Ajit Narain Haksar (11 January 1925 – 19 May 2005) was the first Indian chairman of ITC Limited and was voted the Chairman Emeritus of the company. He has received the 'Outstanding Industrialist Award' and the 'Udyog Rattan Award.'

Early life
Ajit Narain Haksar was born on 11 January 1925, in Gwalior to a Kashmiri Hindu family.  He was educated at the Doon School and subsequently at Allahabad University. He then did an MBA at Harvard Business School.

ITC

Haksar joined ITC in 1948, and was made Marketing Director in 1966. By 1968, Haksar was made Deputy Chairman and was then instated as chairman in 1969. He retired from ITC in 1983 after 34 years with the company, and was succeeded by his brother-in-law, Jagdish Narain Sapru. Haksar was known as the chairman who first took ITC out of purely the tobacco industry and into hotels and paperboards.

Family life

Haksar is survived by his two children and their spouses, four grandchildren and their spouses, and six great-grandchildren.

References

 Autobiography, Bite the Bullet: Thirty-four Years with ITC, New Delhi, India: Viking, Penguin Books India, (1993) 536 p.
Obituary at Rediff News
Obituary on ITC website

1925 births
2005 deaths
Kashmiri people
The Doon School alumni
Harvard Business School alumni


Black-Eyed Susan; or, All in the Downs is a comic play in three acts by Douglas Jerrold.  The story concerns a heroic sailor, William, who has been away from England for three years fighting in the Napoleonic Wars.  Meanwhile, his wife, Susan, has fallen on hard times and is being harassed by her crooked landlord uncle. A smuggler named Hatchet offers to pay her debts because he wants her for himself; he tries to persuade her that William is dead. Soon after William returns to solve this problem, his drunken, dastardly captain tries to seduce Susan. William, not recognising his captain from behind, strikes him with his cutlass. He is court-martialled for attacking a senior officer and sentenced to be hanged. But it turns out that he had been discharged from the navy before he struck his captain, so all ends well. Much of the humour in the piece centers on the sailor's nautical dialect, combined with his noble character. The play is a nautical melodrama (with all its stock characters) that praises the patriotic British tar (sailor) while critiquing authoritarianism in the British Navy. Aspects of the story were later parodied in H.M.S. Pinafore (1878).

The play was Jerrold's first big success, premiering on 8 June 1829 at the Surrey Theatre and running for a new record of over 150 performances. Britain at the time was recovering from the fallout of the Napoleonic Wars and was in the midst of a class war involving the Corn laws, and a reform movement, which resulted in the Reform Act of 1832 aimed at reducing corruption. Black-Eyed Susan consisted of various extreme stereotypes representing the forces of good, evil, the innocent and the corrupt, the poor and the rich, woven into a serious plot with comic sub-plots. Its topical subject contributed to the play's enormous success. T. P. Cooke starred as William, the nautical hero, becoming a star, and the producer, Robert William Elliston, became rich. The piece played simultaneously at Covent Garden Theatre for part of the original run, and soon after it closed at the Surrey, it was revived at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, for a total run of over 300 nights, which was extraordinarily successful for the time. After this, it was frequently revived.

The play was revived at the Warehouse Theatre in Croydon in 1986, and the same production played at the Playhouse Oxford in 1987.  It was directed by Ted Craig and designed by Michael Pavelka.  The cast included Simon Slater, Rita Wolf and Burt Caesar. The piece was given a 2007 revival at the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds.  The play was made into a 1914 film directed by Maurice Elvey. Among the numerous Victorian burlesques and later parody versions of the play was an 1884 version by F. C. Burnand called Black Eyed See-Usan, first produced at the Alhambra Theatre.

Characters
Doggrass, a wealthy publican
Gnatbrain, a gardener and waterman
Tom Hatchet, a smuggler who covets Susan
Jacob Twig, a ploughboy turned bailiff
Susan, married to William and niece to Doggrass
Dolly Mayflower, a spinner in love with Gnatbrain
William, a sailor married to Susan
Blue Peter, a sailor
Ploughshare, a farm labourer
Lieutenant Pike, of William's ship
Captain Robert Crosstree, of William’s ship
The Admiral, in charge of the court martial
Master at Arms
Country girls and sailors

References

External links
Text of the play

English plays
1829 plays
British plays adapted into films


Yahoo! SearchMonkey (often misspelled Search Monkey) was a Yahoo! service which allowed developers and site owners to use structured data to make Yahoo! Search results more useful and visually appealing, and drive more relevant traffic to their sites. The service was shut down in October 2010 along with other Yahoo! services as part of the Microsoft and Yahoo! search deal. The name SearchMonkey is an homage to Greasemonkey. Officially the product name has no space and two capital letters.

Yahoo! SearchMonkey was selected as one of the top 10 Semantic Web Products of 2008.

Default apps
SearchMonkey had many default "apps" enabled; some were site-specific while others were object-based.

Examples
 Dr. Horrible's Sing Along Blog on Amazon
 Inline Rick Rolls
 Thai food on yelp
 SearchMonkey on wikipedia
 Person search

Creating apps

Apps were made through the SearchMonkey Developer Tool. Two types of apps were possible, ones that overwrote the result (Result Apps) and others that displayed below a result (Infobars). App creation was split into two parts, data and presentation.

Data

The data for an app could be either cached or run-time. Run-time data was limited to infobars, as an external fetch would take too long for the search page to render. Pages could be scraped using XSLT or via a web services call. Any webservice could be queried using a URL Template combined with any cached data. Webservices could be chained to query multiple sources and aggregate them onto the search page. Cached data could come from a variety of sources using standard markup and vocabularies.

 Microformats
 RDFa
 eRDF
 SearchMonkey Feeds

Any data placed on a webpage in these formats would be picked up by Yahoo!'s crawlers and made available to app writers. This data was also available through Yahoo! BOSS (YQL wrapped query or documentation).

One could use the Structured Data Display app to see all the structured data with search results.

Presentation

The data was transformed into the display template using PHP hosted on Yahoo! servers. It was a simplified stripped down version of the language.

End of Life

In 2010, Yahoo shutdown SearchMonkey in favor of Microsoft's Bing search engine.

References

External links
SearchMonkey Yahoo! Developer Network
Paul Tarjan's Semantic / SearchMonkey presentation

SearchMonkey


Oakwood Historic District is a national historic district located at Hickory, Catawba County, North Carolina. It includes work designed by architects Wheeler & Stearn. It encompasses 50 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site (Oakwood Cemetery), and 1 contributing structure in an upscale residential section of Hickory.  It includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Queen Anne style architecture dating from the 1880s to 1930s.  Notable buildings include the Robert E. Simpson House (1922), Walker Lyerly House (1913), Cline-Wilfong House (1912), Abel A. Shuford, II House (c. 1905), Paul A. Setzer House (1927), John H. P. Cilley House (1912), (first) Charles H. Geitner House (1900), Benjamin F. Seagle House (c. 1907), David L. Russell House (c. 1908, 1914), Robert W. Stevenson House (c. 1896), Jones W. Shuford House (1907), Dr. Robert T. Hambrick House (1928), Alfred P. Whitener House (c. 1906), and J. Summie Propst House (1881-1883).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and enlarged in 2019.

References

Hickory, North Carolina
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Queen Anne architecture in North Carolina
Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina
Geography of Catawba County, North Carolina
Churches in Catawba County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Catawba County, North Carolina
Houses in Catawba County, North Carolina


The Deutsche Fotothek () is a picture library in Dresden, Germany, located in the Saxon State Library. It holds more than two million images. Its strengths are in art, architecture, music, geography, technology, the economy, and the Saxony region.  Its collection came from institutions, companies, and individuals such as Hermann Krone.

History
The German Photo Library, also known as the Landesbildstelle Sachsen, is a photo archive located in Dresden, Germany. It was established in 1924 as the Saxon State Association for the Promotion of Film and Photography, and was later renamed the Landesbildstelle Sachsen. The library's main task is to supply educational institutions in Saxony with teaching materials, such as photographs, slides, and films. It also provides further training courses, especially for teachers.

The library's holdings are primarily focused on regional history and geography, and its collections are primarily composed of photographs taken by its own photographers. The first director of the library was Dr. Fritz Schimmer, who held the position until 1936 and again from 1945 to 1950. The library's first photographer was Walter Möbius. In 1944, the library's holdings included 47,000 negatives and 65,000 slides.

During the air raids on Dresden in February 1945, the library was destroyed except for its negative collection (40,000 pieces) and picture card collection, which had been moved to Dippoldiswalde and Gaußig. After the war, the library was re-established in Dresden, and its collections continued to grow. Today, the German Photo Library holds over 2 million photographs and slides, making it one of the largest photo archives in Germany. The oldest photographs in the collection date back to the middle of the 19th century.

The Landesbildstelle was a picture archive and photo workshop located in the Ehrlichstraße 1 vocational school in Dresden, Germany. It was founded in 1946 by Fritz Schimmer and officially reopened in 1947. During this time, the collection profile was expanded to include photographs from Germany, Europe, and the rest of the world. In 1950, the picture archive and photo workshop were spun off from the Landesbildstelle and renamed the Landesbildarchiv, which was assigned to the Landesamt für Volkskunde und Denkmalpflege (State Office for Folklore and Monument Preservation) as the Landesfotothek.

The Landesfotothek was located in the rebuilt Saxon House of Estates and was led by Hans-Heinrich Richter until 1974. He was followed by Walter May (until 1989), Werner Starke (until 1999), and Wolfgang Hesse (until 2003). In 1952, as part of an administrative reform, the Landesfotothek was placed under the State Commission for Art Affairs as the Dresden State Photo Library. At the time, the collections included about 100,000 negatives and 35,000 slides. The main tasks of the photo library were to collect, preserve, maintain, and make the holdings available for scholarly research and work.

In 1956, the Ministry of Culture gave the Landesfotothek its own statute as the "Deutsche Fotothek Dresden – Zentrales Institut für kulturwissenschaftliche Bilddokumente" (German Photo Library Dresden – Central Institute for Cultural Science Image Documents). In 1961, it was affiliated with the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin. By 1966, the collections included over 280,000 negatives, 150,000 picture cards, and 75,000 slides for loan. In 1983, the photo library became a department of the then-Saxon State Library (SLB) due to the close proximity and the fact that the state collection priorities of the two institutions largely overlapped.

The collection grew to include around 650,000 negatives, 12,000 positives, and 60,000 lending slides. In terms of content, the focus of the collections shifted towards social documentary and reportage photography, in line with current cultural policy. The goal was the "cultivation and development of the humanist and proletarian-revolutionary photographic heritage, especially that of the years after 1945". These guidelines and the associated increase in acquisition funds led to a rapid expansion of the holdings.

In 1996, the library of the Technical University and the SLB merged to form the Saxon State Library – Dresden State and University Library (SLUB), and the photo library came under this roof. The Ständehaus was assigned to the Dresden Higher Regional Court, and the Landesfotothek moved to rooms on Bautzner Straße 19. With the new building of the SLUB, the photo library also received new rooms on Zellescher Weg.

Collection
The German Photographic Library holds over 6 million photographic documents. With the Archive of Photographers, the Deutsche Fotothek offers a virtual showcase for the works of important German photographers or photographers working in Germany. In addition to its own photographs, a large part of the holdings come from the collections of institutions, companies and, above all, from estates and bequests, for example of Christian von Alvensleben, Christian Borchert, Ermenegildo Antonio Donadini, Fritz Eschen, Erwin Fieger, Germin, Walter Hahn, Konrad Helbig, Erich Höhne, Paul W. John, Martin Langer, Rudi Meisel, Richard Peter, Abraham Pisarek, Roger Rössing, Wolfgang G. Schröter, Jacques Schumacher, Ingolf Thiel, Reinhart Wolf and Paul Wolff.

Collections in the Deutsche Fotothek:

 Superordinate topics / Photography
 Archive of Photographers
 Worldviews
 Worker photography
 Traffic
 Aerial photos
 Fashion photos of the 20s and 30s
 Collections and Archives
 Historical picture postcards – Collection Sabine Giesbrecht
 Janke Archive
 Talleyrand Collection
 Mill archive Rapp
 Historical
 First World War
 Sorbian Culture
 Special order Linz
 Graphics / Illustration / Magazines
 Virtual map forum
 Illustrations of the history of technology from prints of the 16th and 17th centuries
 Virtual copperplate engraving cabinet
 Architectural drawings
 Furniture design
 GDR art
 Artists' journals
 Persons / Bequests
 Richard Strauss
 Richard Wagner
 M. D. Pöppelmann

Usage

In addition to the usual on-site use, a large part of the photographs, as of April 2022 about 2,200,000 images from 90 institutions, can be searched online. The expansion of online access to the entire collection is a permanent task of the institution.

Wikimedia Commons
In 2009, the library announced that it was donating approximately 250,000 image files to Wikimedia Commons under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.

References

Further reading
 Stadtlexikon Dresden A–Z. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1995.
 Walter May: Führer durch die Abteilung Deutsche Fotothek. Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Dresden 1985.
 Jürgen Hering (ed.): Zeit der Bilder – Bilder der Zeit. 75 Jahre Deutsche Fotothek Dresden. Sächsische Landesbibliothek, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Dresden 1999.

External links

Libraries in Dresden
Stock photography
Photo archives in Germany


Experimental approaches of determining the structure of nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, can be largely classified into biophysical and biochemical methods. Biophysical methods use the fundamental physical properties of molecules for structure determination, including X-ray crystallography, NMR and cryo-EM. Biochemical methods exploit the chemical properties of nucleic acids using specific reagents and conditions to assay the structure of nucleic acids. Such methods may involve chemical probing with specific reagents, or rely on native or analogue chemistry. Different experimental approaches have unique merits and are suitable for different experimental purposes.

Biophysical methods

X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is not common for nucleic acids alone, since neither DNA nor RNA readily form crystals. This is due to the greater degree of intrinsic disorder and dynamism in nucleic acid structures and the negatively charged (deoxy)ribose-phosphate backbones, which repel each other in close proximity. Therefore, crystallized nucleic acids tend to be complexed with a protein of interest to provide structural order and neutralize the negative charge.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)

Nucleic acid NMR is the use of NMR spectroscopy to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA. As of 2003, nearly half of all known RNA structures had been determined by NMR spectroscopy.

Nucleic acid NMR uses similar techniques as protein NMR, but has several differences. Nucleic acids have a smaller percentage of hydrogen atoms, which are the atoms usually observed in NMR, and because nucleic acid double helices are stiff and roughly linear, they do not fold back on themselves to give "long-range" correlations.  The types of NMR usually done with nucleic acids are 1H or proton NMR, 13C NMR, 15N NMR, and 31P NMR.  Two-dimensional NMR methods are almost always used, such as correlation spectroscopy (COSY) and total coherence transfer spectroscopy (TOCSY) to detect through-bond nuclear couplings, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) to detect couplings between nuclei that are close to each other in space.

Parameters taken from the spectrum, mainly NOESY cross-peaks and coupling constants, can be used to determine local structural features such as glycosidic bond angles, dihedral angles (using the Karplus equation), and sugar pucker conformations. For large-scale structure, these local parameters must be supplemented with other structural assumptions or models, because errors add up as the double helix is traversed, and unlike with proteins, the double helix does not have a compact interior and does not fold back upon itself. NMR is also useful for investigating nonstandard geometries such as bent helices, non-Watson–Crick basepairing, and coaxial stacking. It has been especially useful in probing the structure of natural RNA oligonucleotides, which tend to adopt complex conformations such as stem-loops and pseudoknots. NMR is also useful for probing the binding of nucleic acid molecules to other molecules, such as proteins or drugs, by seeing which resonances are shifted upon binding of the other molecule.

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM)

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a technique that uses an electron beam to image samples that have been cryogenically preserved in an aqueous solution. Liquid samples are pipetted on small metallic grids and plunged into a liquid ethane/propane solution which is kept extremely cold by a liquid nitrogen bath. Upon this freezing process, water molecules in the sample do not have enough time to form hexagonal lattices as found in ice, and therefore the sample is preserved in a glassy water-like state (also referred to as a vitrified ice), making these samples easier to image using the electron beam. An advantage of cryo-EM over x-ray crystallography is that the samples are preserved in their aqueous solution state and not perturbed by forming a crystal of the sample. One disadvantage, is that it is difficult to resolve nucleic acid or protein structures that are smaller than ~75 kilodaltons, partly due to the difficulty of having enough contrast to locate particles in this vitrified aqueous solution. Another disadvantage is that to attain atomic-level structure information about a sample requires taking many images (often referred to as electron micrographs) and averaging over those images in a process called single-particle reconstruction. This is a computationally intensive process.

Cryo-EM is a newer, less perturbative version of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is less perturbative because the sample is not dried onto a surface, this drying process is often done in negative-stain TEM, and because Cryo-EM does not require contrast agent like heavy metal salts (e.g. uranyl acetate or phoshotungstic acid) which also may affect the structure of the biomolecule. Transmission electron microscopy, as a technique, utilizes the fact that samples interact with a beam of electrons and only parts of the sample that do not interact with the electron beam are allowed to 'transmit' onto the electron detection system. TEM, in general, has been a useful technique in determining nucleic acid structure since the 1960s. While double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) structure may not traditionally be considered structure, in the typical sense of alternating segments of single- and double-stranded regions, in reality, dsDNA is not simply a perfectly ordered double helix at every location of its length due to thermal fluctuations in the DNA and alternative structures that can form like g-quadruplexes. CryoEM of nucleic acid has been done on ribosomes, viral RNA, and single-stranded RNA structures within viruses. These studies have resolved structural features at different resolutions from the nucleobase level (2-3 angstroms) up to tertiary structure motifs (greater than a nanometer).

Chemical probing

RNA chemical probing uses chemicals that react with RNAs. Importantly, their reactivity depends on local RNA structure e.g. base-pairing or accessibility. Differences in reactivity can therefore serve as a footprint of structure along the sequence. Different reagents react at different positions on the RNA structure, and have different spectra of reactivity. Recent advances allow the simultaneous study of the structure of many RNAs (transcriptome-wide probing) and the direct assay of RNA molecules in their cellular environment (in-cell probing).

Structured RNA is first reacted with the probing reagents for a given incubation time. These reagents would form a covalent adduct on the RNA at the site of reaction. When the RNA is reverse transcribed using a reverse transcriptase into a DNA copy, the DNA generated is truncated at the positions of reaction because the enzyme is blocked by the adducts. The collection of DNA molecules of various truncated lengths therefore informs the frequency of reaction at every base position, which reflects the structure profile along the RNA. This is traditionally assayed by running the DNA on a gel, and the intensity of bands inform the frequency of observing a truncation at each position. Recent approaches use high-throughput sequencing to achieve the same purpose with greater throughput and sensitivity.

The reactivity profile can be used to study the degree of structure at particular positions for specific hypotheses, or used in conjunction with computational algorithms to produce a complete experimentally supported structure model.

Depending on the chemical reagent used, some reagents, e.g. hydroxyl radicals, would cleave the RNA molecule instead. The result in the truncated DNA is the same. Some reagents, e.g. DMS, sometimes do not block the reverse transcriptase, but trigger a mistake at the site in the DNA copy instead. These can be detected when using high-throughput sequencing methods, and is sometimes employed for improved results of probing as mutational profiling (MaP).

Positions on the RNA can be protected from the reagents not only by local structure but also by a binding protein over that position. This has led some work to use chemical probing to also assay protein-binding.

Hydroxyl radical probing

As hydroxyl radicals are short-lived in solution, they need to be generated upon experiment. This can be done using H2O2, ascorbic acid, and Fe(II)-EDTA complex. These reagents form a system that generates hydroxyl radicals through Fenton chemistry. The hydroxyl radicals can then react with the nucleic acid molecules. Hydroxyl radicals attack the ribose/deoxyribose ring and this results in breaking of the sugar-phosphate backbone. Sites under protection from binding proteins or RNA tertiary structure would be cleaved by hydroxyl radical at a lower rate. These positions would therefore show up as absence of bands on the gel, or low signal through sequencing.

DMS
Dimethyl sulfate, known as DMS, is a chemical that can be used to modify nucleic acids in order to determine secondary structure. Reaction with DMS adds a methyl adduct at the site, known as methylation. In particular, DMS methylates N1 of adenine (A) and N3 of cytosine (C), both located at the site of natural hydrogen bonds upon base-pairing. Therefore, modification can only occur at A and C nucleobases that are single-stranded, base paired at the end of a helix, or in a base pair at or next to a GU wobble pair, the latter two being positions where the base-pairing can occasionally open up. Moreover, since modified sites cannot be base-paired, modification sites can be detected by RT-PCR, where the reverse transcriptase falls off at methylated bases and produces different truncated cDNAs. These truncated cDNAs can be identified through gel electrophoresis or high-throughput sequencing.

Improving upon truncation-based methods, DMS mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) can detect multiple DMS modifications in a single RNA molecule, which enables one to obtain more information per read (for a read of 150 nt, typically two to three mutation sites, rather than zero to one truncation sites), determine structures of low-abundance RNAs, and identify subpopulations of RNAs with alternative secondary structures. DMS-MaPseq uses a thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase (TGIRT) that creates a mutation (rather than a truncation) in the cDNA when it encounters a base methylated by DMS, but otherwise it reverse transcribes with high fidelity. Sequencing the resulting cDNA identifies which bases were mutated during reverse transcription; these bases cannot have been base-paired in the original RNA.

DMS modification can also be used for DNA, for example in footprinting DNA-protein interactions.

SHAPE
Selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension, or SHAPE, takes advantage of reagents that preferentially modify the backbone of RNA in structurally flexible regions.  Reagents such as N-methylisatoic anhydride (NMIA) and 1-methyl-7-nitroisatoic anhydride (1M7)  react with the 2'-hydroxyl group to form adducts on the 2'-hydroxyl of the RNA backbone. Compared to the chemicals used in other RNA probing techniques, these reagents have the advantage of being largely unbiased to base identity, while remaining very sensitive to conformational dynamics. Nucleotides which are constrained (usually by base-pairing) show less adduct formation than nucleotides which are unpaired. Adduct formation is quantified for each nucleotide in a given RNA by extension of a complementary DNA primer with reverse transcriptase and comparison of the resulting fragments with those from an unmodified control.  SHAPE therefore reports on RNA structure at the individual nucleotide level. This data can be used as input to generate highly accurate secondary structure models.  SHAPE has been used to analyze diverse RNA structures, including that of an entire HIV-1 genome.  The best approach is to use a combination of chemical probing reagents and experimental data. In SHAPE-Seq SHAPE is extended by bar-code based multiplexing combined with RNA-Seq and can be performed in a high-throughput fashion.

Carbodiimides

The carbodiimide moiety can also form covalent adducts at exposed nucleobases, which are uracil, and to a smaller extent guanine, upon nucleophilic attack by a deprotonated N. They react primarily with N3 of uracil and N1 of guanine modifying two sites responsible for hydrogen bonding on the bases.

1-cyclohexyl-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate, also known as CMCT or CMC, is the most commonly used carbodiimide for RNA structure probing. Similar to DMS, it can be detected by reverse transcription followed by gel electrophoresis or high-throughput sequencing. As it is reactive towards G and U, it can be used to complement the data from DMS probing experiments, which inform A and C.

1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, also known as EDC, is a water-soluble carbodiimide that exhibits similar reactivity as CMC, and is also used for the chemical probing of RNA structure. EDC is able to permeate into cells and is thus used for direct in-cell probing of RNA in their native environments.

Kethoxal, glyoxal and derivatives

Some 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds are able to react with single-stranded guanine (G) at N1 and N2, forming a five-membered ring adduct at the Watson-Crick face.

1,1-Dihydroxy-3-ethoxy-2-butanone, also known as kethoxal, has a structure related to 1,2-dicarbonyls, and was the first in this category used extensively for the chemical probing of RNA. Kethoxal causes the modification of guanine, specifically altering the N1 and the exocyclic amino group (N2) simultaneously by covalent interaction.

Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and phenylglyoxal, which all carry the key 1,2-dicarbonyl moiety, all react with free guanines similar to kethoxal, and can be used to probe unpaired guanine bases in structured RNA. Due to their chemical properties, these reagents can permeate readily into cells and can therefore be used to assay RNAs in their native cellular environments.

LASER or NAz Probing
Light-Activated Structural Examination of RNA (LASER) probing utilizes UV light to activate nicotinoyl azide (NAz), generating highly reactive nitrenium cation in water, which reacts with solvent accessible guanosine and adenosine of RNA at C-8 position through a barrierless Friedel-Crafts reaction. LASER probing targets both single-stranded and double-stranded residues as long as they are solvent accessible. Because hydroxyl radical probing requires synchrotron radiation to measure solvent accessibility of RNA in vivo, it is hard to apply hydroxyl radical probing to footprint RNA in cells for many laboratories. In contrast, LASER probing utilizes a hand-held UV lamp (20 W) for excitation, it is much easier to apply LASER probing for in vivo studying RNA solvent accessibility. This chemical probing method is light-controllable, and probes solvent accessibility of nucleobase, which has been shown to footprint RNA binding proteins inside cells.

In-line probing
In-line probing does not involve treatment with any type of chemical or reagent to modify RNA structures. This type of probing assay uses the structure dependent cleavage of RNA; single stranded regions are more flexible and unstable and will degrade over time. The process of in-line probing is often used to determine changes in structure due to ligand binding. Binding of a ligand can result in different cleavage patterns. The process of in-line probing involves incubation of structural or functional RNAs over a long period of time. This period can be several days, but varies in each experiment. The incubated products are then run on a gel to visualize the bands. This experiment is often done using two different conditions: 1) with ligand and 2) in the absence of ligand.  Cleavage results in shorter band lengths and is indicative of areas that are not basepaired, as basepaired regions tend to be less sensitive to spontaneous cleavage.  In-line probing is a functional assay that can be used to determine structural changes in RNA in response to ligand binding. It can directly show the change in flexibility and binding of regions of RNA in response to a ligand, as well as compare that response to analogous ligands. This assay is commonly used in dynamic studies, specifically when examining riboswitches.

Nucleotide analog interference mapping (NAIM)
Nucleotide analog interference mapping (NAIM) is the process of using nucleotide analogs, molecules that are similar in some ways to nucleotides but lack function, to determine the importance of a functional group at each location of an RNA molecule. The process of NAIM is to insert a single nucleotide analog into a unique site. This can be done by transcribing a short RNA using T7 RNA polymerase, then synthesizing a short oligonucleotide containing the analog in a specific position, then ligating them together on the DNA template using a ligase.  The nucleotide analogs are tagged with a phosphorothioate, the active members of the RNA population are then distinguished from the inactive members, the inactive members then have the phosphorothioate tag removed and the analog sites are identified using gel electrophoresis and autoradiography.  This indicates a functionally important nucleotide, as cleavage of the phosphorothioate by iodine results in an RNA that is cleaved at the site of the nucleotide analog insert. By running these truncated RNA molecules on a gel, the nucleotide of interest can be identified against a sequencing experiment  Site directed incorporation results indicate positions of importance where when running on a gel, functional RNAs that have the analog incorporated at that position will have a band present, but if the analog results in non-functionality, when the functional RNA molecules are run on a gel there will be no band corresponding to that position on the gel.  This process can be used to evaluate an entire area, where analogs are placed in site specific locations, differing by a single nucleotide, then when functional RNAs are isolated and run on a gel, all areas where bands are produced indicate non-essential nucleotides, but areas where bands are absent from the functional RNA indicate that inserting a nucleotide analog in that position caused the RNA molecule to become non-functional

References

RNA
Molecular biology techniques


Joakim Halvarsson (born March 12, 1972) is a Swedish ski mountaineer.

Halvarsson was born in Östersund and has been member of the national team since 2006. He started ski mountaineering in 2000 and competed first in the Swedish Cup Ski Mountaineering in 2005. Together with Patrik Nordin, André Jonsson and John Bergstedt, he placed sixth in the relay event of the 2007 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering.

External links
 Joakim Halvarsson at skimountaineering.org

1972 births
Living people
Swedish male ski mountaineers
Sportspeople from Östersund


Halvarsson is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Jan Halvarsson (1942–2020), Swedish cross-country skier
 Joakim Halvarsson (born 1972), Swedish ski mountaineer

Swedish-language surnames


Fengyuan District () is a district located in north-central Taichung, Taiwan on the south bank of the Dajia River. Fengyuan district is the third most populated district among former Taichung County, ranking after Dali and Taiping district. Fengyuan was recognized as Huludun in early times, meaning "gourd" in Chinese, for a gourd-shape pile of mud that was found in Fengyuan by the aborigines. The rice produced in Fengyuan is famous for its high quality and the bakery industry prospered in later decades. Because of its location of the intersection of Taiwan Railways Administration Western Trunk line and Dongshi branch line, Fengyuan quickly expanded after World War II. It soon became one of the regions with great economic and cultural development in central Taiwan. After the merger of Taichung City and Taichung County in 2010, population and economic growth slowed slightly. so recently, fengyuan faces the challenge of being marginalized .

History
Before the arrival of the Han Chinese, the area of that is now Fengyuan was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines. Their name for the area, meaning "thriving pine forest", was transcribed into Chinese characters as . Before the mid-18th century, the area was a territory of the Pazeh people, which they called Haluton. This name was adapted into Hokkien as Haloton ().

Han immigration to the area began during late Qing rule. Liu Mingchuan gave the area a nickname of "little Suzhou" due to its prosperity and scenic beauty.

Empire of Japan
In 1905, during Japanese rule, the Holotun Station was erected, putting the area along a main thoroughfare. In 1920, the Governor-General of Taiwan gave the town its name, , meaning flourishing plain. Emperor Meiji, Emperor Taishō, and Emperor Hirohito ate rice supplied from Toyohara.

After World War II
After World War II in 1945, the area was renamed to Fengyuan and was organized as an urban township of Taichung County. In 1950, it was made the capital of the county from the former capital Yuanlin after the separation of Changhua County and Nantou County from Taichung County. On 1 March 1976, Fengyuan was upgraded to a county-administered city due to its population. On 25 December 2010, Taichung County was merged with Taichung City and Fengyuan was upgraded to a district of the city with Xitun District as the capital of the city.

Administrative divisions
Fengyuan, Fengrong, Dingjie, Zhongshan, Xiajie, Zhongyang, Danan, Beinan, Tungnan, Xinan, Fengxi, Zunliao, Fengzun, Fuchun, Hulu, Xian, Xishi, Zhongxing, Shepi, Sancun, Tungshi, Minsheng, Tianxin, Fengtian, Liancun, Yangming, Nanyang, Beiyang, Tungyang, Nancun, Nantian, Nansong, Wengming, Wengzi, Wengshe and Pozi Village.

Tourism
 Fengyuan Museum of Lacquer Art
 Taichung Municipal City Huludun Cultural Center
 Fengyuan Golf Course
 Houfeng Bikeway
 Huludun Park

Miaodong Night Market
In the 1970s, citizens created the Miaodong Night Market (), that is full of Taiwanese street foods.

Economy
The restaurant chain KLG has its headquarters in Fengyuan District.

Industrial products
 Athletic shoe

Transportation

Rail

Fengyuan District is accessible from TRA Fengyuan Station.

Road

 National Highway No. 1
 National Highway No. 4

Notable natives
 Chang Yu-sheng, pop singer
 Johnny Chiang, Chairperson of Kuomintang
 Kuan Bi-ling, member of Legislative Yuan (2008–2020)
 Lin Chung-chiu, baseball player
 Liu Fu-hao, baseball player
 Tu Ai-yu, golfer
 Winnie Hsin, pop singer

References

External links

Districts of Taichung


Janbaaz () is a 1986 Indian action drama film, produced and directed by Feroz Khan, which became popular for its portrayal of drug addiction and Anil Kapoor and Dimple Kapadia's steamy sex scene. Sridevi appeared in a cameo appearance, capitalising on her superstardom, Khan featured her in the song "Har Kisiko Nahi Milta Yahan Pyaar Zindagi Mein" which became a chart-topping hit. The movie is greatly inspired by King Vidor's movie Duel in the Sun (1946).

The film was a hit at box office. Dimple Kapadia's performance, with her chemistry and love making scene with co-star Anil Kapoor, was much appreciated and is considered to be one of her best.

Plot
Rana Vikram Singh lives in a huge farmhouse with his wife, Laxmi and two sons: Rajesh, a police officer and Amar, a fun-loving playboy. Amar's entry begins with him playing a round of loaded Russian Roulette which he wins and proclaims himself jaanbaaz.

Rajesh has gone through a traumatic experience of losing his love Seema, when she succumbed to drug injection delivered forcibly by Teja, an international narcotics mafia leader. He vows to fight the drug menace. An underworld kingpin Raja murders Rana's old friend. Reshma, his friend's daughter, takes shelter in Rana's house. Rajesh is on the drug trail. Reshma's father lost a huge bet (by being tricked) to Raja, after which Raja killed him in a fake accident.

When Reshma goes to live with them, Amar has sex with her in a horse stable. After savoring Reshma, Amar refuses to marry her. When Rana learns of Amar's relationship with Reshma, he warns him that Reshma is not suitable for their family. Reshma is heartbroken but continues to move on with her life. Amar maintains an interest and is jealous to see Reshma in the company of Vikas, an employee at the farmhouse. A fight ensues between Vikas and Amar, and Vikas is killed. Amar is now on the run, and Rajesh has been assigned the task of apprehending him.

Cast
 Feroz Khan as Rajesh
 Anil Kapoor as Amar Singh
 Amrish Puri as Rana Vikram Singh
 Sushma Seth as Laxmi Singh
 Dimple Kapadia as Reshma
 Sridevi as Seema (special appearance)
 Shakti Kapoor as Raja
 Raza Murad as Teja
 Puneet Issar as Rocky
 Dalip Tahil as Vikas
 Rekha (Guest appearance)
 Tej Sapru as John
 Barbie Wilde as Robotic Dancer (uncredited)

Production
Dimple Kapadia's role as Reshma was initially offered to Rekha.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Kalyanji-Anandji. The song "Har Kisi Ko" was later re-worked by Chirantan Bhatt for Boss (2013). The song "Pyaar Do Pyar Lo was recreated twice for Thank You and Marjaavaan, which the song is renamed as Ek To Kum Zindagani.

References

External links

1986 films
1980s Hindi-language films
Indian romantic action films
Indian romantic musical films
Indian erotic romance films
Films about drugs
1980s romantic action films
1980s romantic musical films
1980s erotic films
Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji
Films shot in Ooty
Films directed by Feroz Khan
Indian remakes of American films
1980s masala films


Wuri District () is a district in southern Taichung, Taiwan. Both of the two north–south freeways (National Freeway 1 and National Freeway 3), as well as Provincial Highway 74 pass through Wuri. Wuri is also home to a large military training centre, Chengkungling, as well as Taichung HSR station, which can connect to Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan Railways, and Green line of Taichung Metro.

Administrative divisions
Wuri, Huri, Sanhe, Rongquan, Xuetian, Jiude, Rende, Qianzhu, Wuguang, Guangming, Tungyuan, Xiju, Luotan, Beili, Nanli and Xiwei Village.

Geography
 Area: 43.4032 km2
 Population: 78,510 people (February 2023)
Wuri District borders Dadu, Nantun, South, Dali, and Wufeng districts of Taichung City, as well as Changhua City and Fenyuan Township of Changhua County.

Education

Senior high schools
 Mingdao Senior High School

Junior high schools
 Wurih Junior High School
 Guangde Junior High School
 Shinan Junior High School
 Mingdao Senior High School Junior High Department

Elementary schools
 Wurih Elementary School
 Jiude Elementary School
 Qiaoren Elementary School
 Wuguang Elementary School
 Xuguang Elementary School
 Dongyuan Elementary School
 Ka Li Elementary School
 Xiwei Elementary School

Experimental schools
 Mother Earth Waldorf Experimental School

Public library
Taichung Public Library Wuri Branch

Native products
 Beer

Tourist attractions
 Chengkungling History Museum
 Greater Taichung International Expo Center

Transportation

 THSR Taichung Station
 TRA Wuri, Xinwuri and Chenggong Stations
 Taichung Metro Jiuzhangli, Jiude, Wuri and HSR Taichung Stations
 Sun Yat-sen Freeway, No.1
 Formosa Freeway, No.3
 Provincial Highway 1
 Provincial Highway 74

See also
 Taichung

References

External links

Districts of Taichung


are a set of pictograms once used in the Yaeyama Islands of southwestern Japan. The word kaidā was taken from Yonaguni, and most studies on the pictographs focused on Yonaguni Island. However, there is evidence for their use in Yaeyama's other islands, most notably on Taketomi Island. They were used primarily for tax notices, thus were closely associated with the poll tax imposed on Yaeyama by Ryūkyū on Okinawa Island, which was in turn dominated by Satsuma Domain on Southern Kyushu.

Etymology
Sudō (1944) hypothesized that the etymology of kaidā was , which meant "government office" in Satsuma Domain. This term was borrowed by Ryūkyū on Okinawa and also by the bureaucrats of Yaeyama (karja: in Modern Ishigaki). Standard Japanese /j/ regularly corresponds to /d/ in Yonaguni, and /r/ is often dropped when surrounded by vowels. This theory is in line with the primary impetus for Kaidā glyphs, taxation.

History
Immediately after conquering Ryūkyū, Satsuma conducted a land survey in Okinawa in 1609 and in Yaeyama in 1611. By doing so, Satsuma decided the amount of tribute to be paid annually by Ryūkyū. Following that, Ryūkyū imposed a poll tax on Yaeyama in 1640. A fixed quota was allocated to each island and then was broken up into each community. Finally, quotas were set for the individual islanders, adjusted only by age and gender. Community leaders were notified of quotas in the government office on Ishigaki. They checked the calculation using warazan (barazan in Yaeyama), a straw-based method of calculation and recording numerals that was reminiscent of Incan Quipu. After that, the quota for each household was written on a wooden plate called . That was where Kaidā glyphs were used. Although sōrō-style Written Japanese had the status of administrative language, the remote islands had to rely on pictograms to notify illiterate peasants. According to a 19th-century document cited by the Yaeyama rekishi (1954), an official named Ōhama Seiki designed "perfect ideographs" for itafuda in the early 19th century although it suggests the existence of earlier, "imperfect" ideographs. Sudō (1944) recorded an oral history on Yonaguni: 9 generations ago, an ancestor of the Kedagusuku lineage named Mase taught Kaidā glyphs and warazan to the public. Sudō dated the event to the second half of the 17th century.

According to Ikema (1959), Kaidā glyphs and warazan were evidently accurate enough to make corrections to official announcements. The poll tax was finally abolished in 1903. They were used until the introduction of the nationwide primary education system rapidly lowered the illiteracy rate during the Meiji period. They are currently used on Yonaguni and Taketomi for folk art, T-shirts, and other products, more for their artistic value than as a record-keeping system.

Repertoire
Kaidā glyphs consist of
references to animals, plants and their byproducts such as rice, millet, bean, bull, sheep, goat, fish and textile, and
numerals, or basic units such as a bag of rice (俵), a bag of millet, a dipper of rice (斗), a box of rice (升), half a bag of rice, and
household symbols called dāhan.
As for numerals, similar systems called sūchūma can be found in Okinawa and Miyako and appear to have their roots in the Suzhou numerals.

Research history
The first non-Yaeyama author to comment on kaidā glyphs was Gisuke Sasamori, who left copies of many short kaidā texts in his Nantō Tanken (南島探検, Exploration of the Southern Islands), a record of his 1893 visit to Okinawa Prefecture which also mentions the hard labor imposed on the islanders by the regime. Yasusada Tashiro collected various numeral systems found in Okinawa and Miyako and donated them to the Tokyo National Museum in 1887. A paper on sūchūma by British Japanologist Basil Chamberlain (1898) appears to have been based on Tashiro's collection.

In 1915 the mathematics teacher Kiichi Yamuro (矢袋喜一) included many more examples of kaidā glyphs, barazan knotted counting ropes, and local number words (along with a reproduction of Sasamori's records) in his book on Old Ryukyuan Mathematics (琉球古来の数学). Although Yamuro did not visit Yonaguni by himself, his records suggest that kaidā glyphs were still in daily use in the 1880s. Anthropologist Tadao Kawamura, who made his anthropological study of the islands in the 1930s, noted "they were in use until recently." He showed how kaidā glyphs were used in sending packages. Sudō (1944) showed how business transactions were recorded on leaves using kaidā glyphs. He also proposed an etymology for kaidā.

References

See also
Writing in the Ryukyu Kingdom

Japanese writing system
Mathematical notation
Pictograms
Yaeyama culture


Ameneh Bahrami (; born 1978 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian woman blinded in an acid attack. She became the focus of international controversy after demanding that her attacker, Majid Movahedi, be punished by being similarly blinded.  The punishment is permitted under the Qisas principle of sharia law.

Attack

Movahedi had reportedly been harassing Bahrami, who he had met as a fellow student at Azad University in Islamshahr, for some time but no police action had been previously taken. Bahrami was walking home from her job at a medical engineering company  in October 2004 when he attacked her. She attempted to escape, but Movahedi blocked her path and threw acid in her face. She subsequently underwent 17 surgeries, some in Spain, but remains badly disfigured and blind in both eyes. The Iranian government has paid an equivalent of about £22,500 towards her treatment.

Trial and response

Bahrami testified against Movahedi at his trial. She informed the court that she desired "to inflict the same life on him that he inflicted on me". She requested that twenty drops of acid be dropped in his eyes.

Tehran's deputy public prosecutor, Mahmoud Salarkia, defended the punishment. "If this sentence is properly publicized in the media, it will stop the repetition of such incidents," he said. "Awareness of punishment has a huge deterrent effect in stopping social crimes." Human rights advocates strongly criticized the punishment.

The punishment was due to be carried out on April 15, 2009, Movahedi's appeal was rejected by the court, although the blinding did not take place that year.

A new punishment date of May 14, 2011, was revealed, but again the punishment was not carried out and was postponed indefinitely. On July 31, 2011, Ameneh forgave and pardoned her attacker, stating that she did so for her country.

Mohavedi stated that if he were to be blinded, the authorities should also "empty out" Bahrami's eyes to ensure that she could not secretly see.

Subsequent life
Bahrami refused traditional "blood money" from her attacker, as she felt that her attacker deserved harsh retribution for his actions. However, she had no health insurance and her medical bills were high, forcing her to raise money online to help pay for her surgeries. She was described as having become self-sufficient after the attack and had learned how to do tasks such as preparing food and walk to her parents' apartment independently. As of 2010, she lived in Spain.

See also

Human rights in the Middle East
Human rights in Iran
Sharia

Notes

1978 births
Living people
Acid attack victims
Iranian blind people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Human rights abuses in Iran
Iranian victims of crime
Violence against women in Iran
Place of birth missing (living people)
Islamic Azad University alumni


Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Nevada since October 9, 2014, when a federal district court judge issued an injunction against Nevada's enforcement of its same-sex marriage ban, acting on order from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. A unanimous three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit had ruled two days earlier that the state's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Same-sex marriage was previously banned by an amendment to the Constitution of Nevada adopted in 2002. The statutory and constitutional bans were repealed in 2017 and 2020, respectively.

Nevada has recognized domestic partnerships since October 1, 2009, after the Nevada Legislature enacted legislation overriding Governor Jim Gibbons's veto. The state maintains a domestic partnership registry that enables same-sex couples to enjoy most of the same rights as married couples. It allows opposite-sex couples to establish domestic partnerships as well.

History
The LGBT community in Nevada enjoyed a series of political victories in the 1990s, including the repeal of a law that criminalized consensual same-sex sexual relations and the passage of a law banning discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In 1998, the Mayor of Las Vegas, Jan Jones Blackhurst, issued a proclamation declaring February 12 as the National Freedom to Marry Day, a move considered "unprecedented" by local activists. Around the time the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was passed in 1996, religious and conservative groups began campaigning to pass a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage in Nevada. A local version of the National Coalition for the Protection of Marriage was founded in 1999. The group succeeded in filing a petition to amend the Constitution of Nevada prohibiting same-sex marriages and banning the state from recognizing same-sex marriages validly performed elsewhere. Opponents of same-sex marriage gained momentum in Nevada by the successful campaign in California at the same time to pass Proposition 22.

"Caught by surprise and unprepared", LGBT activists were severely underfunded compared to their opponents, who ran media campaigns and raised billboards. Most of the funding to opponents of same-sex marriage came from Mormons in Nevada. The amendment, as Question 2, was placed on the ballot in November 2000, and passed with 69% of the vote. It required approval a second time in 2002, when again it passed with 67% of the vote. Efforts to recognize same-sex unions as reciprocal beneficiary relationships, similar to Hawaii's, were heavily opposed by the Coalition for the Protection of Marriage, and a bill to this effect was defeated in 2001. A month after Question 2 was approved by Nevada voters, the government of the Republic of Molossia, an unrecognized micronation near Dayton, issued a proclamation regarding same-sex marriage effective from December 29, that "Discrimination against any individual in any manner on the grounds of sexual orientation is absolutely prohibited. [...] This prohibition includes but is not limited to: discrimination as regards marriage (Partnering), inheritance, jobs, justice and the redress of wrongs, education, and spiritual sustenance. [...] Furthermore, no distinction will be made between homosexual relationships and heterosexual relationships. Both will be treated equally by the Government of the Republic of Molossia, its agencies, any private organization or agency (to include religious institutions), and any and all private citizens."

A domestic partnership bill successfully passed the Nevada Legislature in 2009, granting same-sex couples various state-level rights, benefits and obligations relating to inheritance, hospital visitation, insurance, property, and adoption. In 2014, the constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage was declared a violation of the Constitution of the United States by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. This decision rendered the amendment unenforceable and legalized same-sex marriage in Nevada, a few months before same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide in the United States. The ban was removed from the Nevada Constitution by voters in 2020.

Domestic partnerships
Senate Bill 283, legislation creating domestic partnerships in which unmarried couples–both same-sex couples and different-sex couples–would have most of the rights of married couples, was sponsored by openly gay Senator David Parks of Las Vegas in 2009. To attract support, he modified his original draft so that the legislation exempted both private and public employers from having to provide health care benefits to their employees' domestic partners. It passed the Senate on April 21, 2009, on a 12–9 vote, and the Nevada Assembly passed the legislation 26–14 on May 15. On May 25, Governor Jim Gibbons vetoed the legislation. In his veto message he wrote: "I believe because the voters have determined that the rights of marriage should apply only to married couples, only the voters should determine whether those rights should equally apply to domestic partners." On May 30, the Senate overrode Gibbons' veto on a 14–7 vote, and the Assembly overrode the veto the next day on a 28–14 vote, obtaining the two-thirds vote needed to override the veto. The law took effect on October 1, 2009. It allows opposite-sex couples to establish domestic partnerships as well.

The Nevada Domestic Partnership Act (DPA) provides many of the state-level rights, responsibilities, obligations, entitlements and benefits of marriage under the name "domestic partnership". They differ from marriage in lacking a requirement that businesses and governments provide health benefits to the domestic partners of their employees if they do so for the spouses of their married employees. On June 26, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Windsor, which challenged the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and declared Section 3 of DOMA unconstitutional, reasoning that it violated the protections of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as well as the equal protection guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment. Because of that ruling, federal government benefits were extended to same-sex couples and their children in states where same-sex marriage is legal. The DPA fails to qualify domestic partnerships as marriages only for the purpose of requiring businesses and governments to provide the health benefits stated above because of that ruling.

Nevada domestic partnerships differ from marriages in that a couple forming a domestic partnership must share a common residence. Domestic partners must be at least 18 years old, the same age required for marriage. While someone who wishes to marry can do so at age 16 with the consent of one parent, no comparable exception is provided for someone who wishes to enter into a domestic partnership before the age of 18.

Some rights provided by a Nevada domestic partnership are:
Hospital visitation, health care decision–making, and information–access rights
Inheritance rights, including the right to administer the estate of an intestate domestic partner, and business succession rights
Rights regarding cemetery plots, disposition of remains, anatomical donations, and ordering of autopsies
A surviving domestic partner may bring a wrongful death action based on the death of the other partner
Community property, domestic violence and testimonial privileges rules apply
Dissolution laws apply (with only a few exceptions)
Domestic partners may sue on behalf of the community
Certain property transfers between partners are not taxed
State veterans' benefits apply
Appointed and elected officials' domestic partners are subject to the same laws and regulations that apply to officials' spouses
Employment benefits, including sick leave to care for a domestic partner; wages and benefits when a domestic partner is injured, and to unpaid wages upon the death of a domestic partner; unemployment and disability insurance benefits; workers' compensation coverage
Insurance rights, including rights under group policies, policy rights after the death of a domestic partner, conversion rights and continuing coverage rights
Rights related to adoption, child custody and child support

Same-sex marriage

Statute
Between 1975 and 2017, Nevada's marriage statute (NRS § 122.020) stated that "a male and a female person...may be joined in marriage".

On February 21, 2017, a bill to make the marriage statute gender-neutral was introduced to the Nevada Assembly by Representative Ellen Spiegel of Henderson. The legislation passed the Assembly on April 17 in a 28–10 vote, and passed the Senate on May 17 in a 20–1 vote. It was signed into law by Governor Brian Sandoval on May 26 and took effect on July 1, 2017. Nevada statutes now read:

Constitutional amendments

Nevada voters approved Question 2, an amendment to the Constitution of Nevada that banned same-sex marriage, by 69.6% in 2000 and 67.1% in 2002. Richard Ziser, a real estate investor, headed the Coalition for the Protection of Marriage, which led the successful campaign that amended the State Constitution to define marriage as a union between "one man and one woman."

In 2013, the Nevada Legislature began work on legislation to repeal the constitutional ban and substitute in its place a gender-neutral definition of marriage. The Senate approved such legislation on April 22 on a 12–9 vote, and the Nevada Assembly passed the resolution on May 23 by a 27–14 vote. It would have required approval by the next legislative session in 2015 and by voters in the 2016 election to take effect. However, as Republicans took control of the Senate following the 2014 elections, no second vote was held.

On February 1, 2017, after the Democratic Party took control of the Senate following the 2016 elections, identical legislation (known as AJR2) was introduced to repeal the now-defunct ban on same-sex marriage in the Constitution. The resolution passed the Assembly on March 9, 2017, in a 27–14 vote. The Senate amended it to include a religious exemption, after which it passed the bill on May 1 in a 19–2 vote, and the Assembly approved the Senate's amendment on May 2. The resolution returned to the Nevada Legislature in February 2019. It was approved by the Assembly on March 29, 2019, in a 38–2 vote and by the Senate on May 23 in a 19–2 vote. The initiative was then placed on the November 2020 ballot for approval by voters. As Question 2, it was approved with 62% of the vote. The constitutional amendment went into force on November 24, 2020. Section 21 of Article 1 of the Nevada Constitution now reads:

Lawsuits

Sevcik v. Sandoval

On April 10, 2012, Lambda Legal filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada. In the case of Sevcik v. Sandoval, it argued that "No legitimate ... interest exists to exclude same-sex couples from the historic and highly venerated institution of marriage, especially where the State already grants lesbians and gay men access to almost all substantive spousal rights and responsibilities through registered domestic partnership." The case raised equal protection claims but did not assert a fundamental right to marry. On November 29, 2012, Judge Robert C. Jones ruled against the plaintiffs, holding that "the maintenance of the traditional institution of civil marriage as between one man and one woman is a legitimate state interest". The decision was appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.

In February 2014, the state withdrew its brief defending Nevada's ban on same-sex marriage. Governor Brian Sandoval stated: "It has become clear that this case is no longer defensible in court". On October 7, 2014, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision of the federal district court and remanded it back to the district court, ordering it to issue an injunction to bar enforcement of Nevada's amendment banning same-sex marriage. The court held that Nevada's ban on same-sex marriage constituted a violation of same-sex couples' Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection. The court also applied heightened scrutiny in concluding that Nevada's ban constituted discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. On October 9, Judge James C. Mahan issued the injunction and same-sex couples began obtaining marriage licenses.

Representative Lucy Flores welcomed the court ruling, saying, "Allowing people to marry who they love is the right thing to do." Senator Michael Roberson said that "[t]he state of Nevada should not discriminate against anyone", while Senator Justin Jones said, "This decision wasn't about being a Democrat or a Republican, but about giving those who love one another, regardless of gender, the rights we all deserve." Secretary of State Ross Miller welcomed the court ruling. The first same-sex couple to receive a marriage license were Kristy Best and Wednesday Smith at around 3 p.m. on Thursday, October 9 in Carson City. Theo Small and Antioco Carillo were the first couple to be issued a license in Las Vegas shortly after 5 p.m. on October 9, followed a few minutes later by State Senator Kelvin Atkinson and his partner Sherwood Howard.

LaFrance v. Cline
The Nevada Supreme Court ruled unanimously in LaFrance v. Cline on December 23, 2020, that the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges obliges the state to recognize same-sex marriages legally performed in other jurisdictions before 2014. Mary Elizabeth LaFrance and Gail Cline had a civil union ceremony in Vermont in 2000 and legally wed in Canada in 2003, but their marriage was not recognized in Nevada at the time. In 2014, they divorced and filed for judicial dissolution. The trial court had to decide what property and assets were part of the "community" for purposes of division of assets. District Court Judge Mathew Harter concluded that pursuant to Obergefell he should find that their "community" came into effect when the couple entered into their civil union in 2000, and divided property accordingly. LaFrance appealed, contending that their marital community, for purposes of Nevada law, did not come into effect until the Sevcik decision in 2014. The state Supreme Court decided that a Vermont civil union could be recognized for these purposes solely if the couple had registered it as a Nevada domestic partnership, which LaFrance and Cline did not do. The court concluded that their marital community was formed in 2003 in Canada. Even though it was not recognized in Nevada at the time, the court found that it must be retroactively recognized pursuant to Obergefell.

Statistics
Clark County issued its 10,000th same-sex marriage license on January 20, 2017. The number of same-sex marriages performed in Clark County was 957 in 2014, followed by 4,055 in 2015, 4,778 in 2016, 4,418 in 2017, 4,269 in 2018, 4,233 in 2019, 3,469 in 2020, and 4,563 in 2021. Often referred to as the "Marriage Capital of the World", Las Vegas (and adjacent communities in Clark County) has one of the highest marriage rates in the U.S., attracting many couples from overseas and other states. In 2019, 420 same-sex spouses were from Mexico, 350 from England, 326 from China, 213 from the Philippines, 147 from Canada, 143 from Germany, 115 from France, 90 from Australia and 87 from Brazil, as well as several dozen from Israel, Spain, Cuba, Vietnam, Italy, Venezuela, Scotland, El Salvador and Thailand.

Native American nations
The Law and Order Code of the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribe states that marriage is governed by state law rather than tribal law. As such, same-sex marriage is legal in the reservation of the tribe. The Law and Order Code of the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe generally refers to married spouses as "husband and wife" but states that marriages entered into outside the tribe's jurisdiction are valid if they are valid in the jurisdiction where they were entered into. Similar language is found in the codes of the Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California, and the Yomba Shoshone Tribe. The laws of the Ely Shoshone Tribe do not allow for the solemnization of same-sex marriages. Its Tribal Code states that "a male and a female person, at least 18 years of age, not nearer of kin than second cousins or cousins of the half blood, and not having a husband or wife living, may be joined in marriage."

Marriages between two-spirit people and men or women have been historically performed among these tribes. In Shoshone culture, two-spirit individuals are known as  (). They performed women's activities but did not always wear women's clothing. Some of them married men, others married women, while others remained unmarried. It was considered inappropriate, however, for two  to form a relationship. The Northern Paiute people refer to two-spirit people who crossed out of the masculine gender as  (), and they were likewise free to marry either men or women. The two-spirit status thus allowed for marriages between two biological males to be performed in these tribes.

Public opinion
{| class="wikitable"
|+style="font-size:100%" | Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Nevada
|-
! style="width:190px;"| Poll source
! style="width:200px;"| Date(s)administered
! class=small | Samplesize
! Margin oferror
! style="width:100px;"| % support
! style="width:100px;"| % opposition
! style="width:40px;"| % no opinion
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| March 11–December 14, 2022
| align=center| ?
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 78%
| align=center| 20%
| align=center| 2%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| March 8–November 9, 2021
| align=center| ?
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 71%
| align=center| 22%
| align=center| 7%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| January 7–December 20, 2020
| align=center| 492 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 80%
| align=center| 16%
| align=center| 4%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| April 5–December 23, 2017
| align=center| 832 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 70%
| align=center| 23%
| align=center| 7%
|-
| American Values Atlas/Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| May 18, 2016–January 10, 2017
| align=center| 977 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 67%
| align=center| 25%
| align=center| 8%
|-
| American Values Atlas/Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| April 29, 2015–January 7, 2016
| align=center| 690 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 57%
| align=center| 35%
| align=center| 8%
|-
| New York Times/CBS News/YouGov
| align=center| September 20 – October 1, 2014
| align=center| 1,502 likely voters
| align=center| ± 3.4%
|  align=center| 55%
| align=center| 31%
| align=center| 13%
|-
| Moore Information
| align=center| September 27–29, 2013
| align=center| 500 likely voters
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 57%
| align=center| 36%
| align=center| 7%
|-
| Public Opinion Strategies
| align=center| 2013
| align=center| 500 likely voters
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 54%
| align=center| 42%
| align=center| 4%
|-
| Public Policy Polling
| align=center| August 23–26, 2012
| align=center| 831 likely voters
| align=center| ± 3.4%
|  align=center| 47%
| align=center| 43%
| align=center| 11%
|-
| Public Policy Polling
| align=center| July 28–31, 2011
| align=center| 601 Nevada voters
| align=center| ± 4%
|  align=center| 45%
| align=center| 44%
| align=center| 11%
|-

See also

 LGBT rights in Nevada
 Same-sex marriage in the United States

Notes

References

External links
Sevcik v. Sandoval, Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, October 7, 2014

Nevada law
LGBT in Nevada
Nevada
2014 in LGBT history
2014 in Nevada


John Bergstedt (born 2 August 1969) is a Swedish ski mountaineer.

Bergstedt was born in Östersund and has been member of the national team since 2007. He started ski mountaineering in 2006 and competed first in the Vertex Vinter race in 2007. He lives in Trillevallen.

Selected results
 2007:
 1st, Bix Cup Oppdal single
 1st, Bix Cup Oppdal team
 6th, European Championship (relay race (together with Patrik Nordin, André Jonsson and Joakim Halvarsson)
 2008:
 10th, World Championship (relay race (together with Patrik Nordin, André Jonsson and Björn Gund)

External links
 John Bergstedt at skimountaineering.org

1969 births
Living people
Swedish male ski mountaineers
Sportspeople from Östersund


Think All, Focus One is an album by Muhal Richard Abrams which was released on the Italian Black Saint label in 1995 and features performances of seven of Abrams' compositions by Abrams, Eddie Allen, David Gilmore, Eugene Ghee, Alfred Patterson, Brad Jones, and Reggie Nicholson.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states "Due to the frequently dense ensembles of the septet and the complexity of the music, this set will take several listens to fully absorb, but it is well worth the effort". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3½ stars calling it "fine, thoroughly thought jazz".

Track listing
All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
 "Before and After" - 8:37
 "The Harmonic Veil" - 6:23
 "Crossbeams" - 8:42
 "The Junction" - 8:33
 "Scaledance" - 5:55
 "Encore" - 12:46
 "Think All, Focus One" - 5:36
Recorded on July 15 & 16, 1994 at East Side Sound, NYC

Personnel
Eddie Allen: trumpet
Eugene Ghee: tenor saxophone, bass clarinet
Alfred Patterson: trombone
David Gilmore: guitar
Brad Jones: bass
Reggie Nicholson: drums
Muhal Richard Abrams: piano, synthesizer

References

1995 albums
Muhal Richard Abrams albums
Black Saint/Soul Note albums


Gregory, Greg or Gregg Lee may refer to:

People

Sportspeople
Greg Lee (defensive back) (born 1965), American football player
Greg Lee (wide receiver) (born 1984), American football player
Greg Lee (basketball) (1951–2022), American basketball and volleyball player

Other people
Greg Lee (actor) (born 1962), American actor
Gregory B. Lee (born 1955), academic, author, and broadcaster
Greg Lee, president of Nokia Technologies
Greg Lee, director of SEO DRUM Agency

Fictional characters
Gregg Lee, a character in video game Night in the Woods

See also
Greg Leigh (born 1994), Jamaican-British footballer
Craig Lee (born 1977), Scottish golfer
Lee Gregory (disambiguation)


Rod Jellema (1927–2018) was an American poet, teacher, and translator.

Life
Jellema held a B.A. from Calvin College and a PhD from the University of Edinburgh (Scotland). He began teaching at the University of Maryland, College Park in 1955, where he founded and directed the creative writing program.  At the time of his death, he was Professor Emeritus.

He was the author of five books of poetry and three translations. His work was awarded the Hart Crane Memorial Poetry Contest, the Pieter Jelles Prize (Piter Jellespriis) (Friesland) and a Columbia University Translation Prize for his translations of Frisian poetry.  He was the recipient of fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, and Yaddo.  His work appeared in various publications including Atlanta Review, Beltway Poetry Quarterly, Field, Many Mountains Moving, Plum Review, and Poet Lore.

He divided his time between Washington, DC, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the Lake Michigan dunelands near Montague, Michigan.

He had been working on an early history of New Orleans jazz titled Really Hot: A New Hearing for Old New Orleans Jazz (co-authored with the late Gordon Darrah).

Bibliography
Poetry
Incarnality: The Collected Poems of Rod Jellema (Eerdmans 2010)
A Slender Grace: Poems (Eerdmans, 2004)
The Eighth Day: New & Selected Poems (Dryad Press, 1984)
Something Tugging the Line (Dryad Press, 1974)
The Lost Faces (Dryad Press), 1979

Translations
The Sound That Remains: A Historical Collection of Frisian Poetry (Eerdmans, 1990)
Country Fair: Poems from Friesland Since 1945 (Eerdmans, 1985)

References

External links
Author's official website
Five poems by Jellema in Beltway Poetry Quarterly
Dryad Press records at University of Maryland Libraries.  The collection contains correspondence, manuscripts, publications, and photographs by and of Jellema.

American people of Frisian descent
American male poets
Translators to English
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
1927 births
2018 deaths
People from Montague, Michigan
20th-century translators


Jack Lee may refer to:

Sportspeople
Jack Lee (cricketer) (1902–1944), English cricketer
Jack Lee (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1995), English footballer and cricketer
Jack Lee (footballer, born 1998), English footballer
Jack Lee (rugby league) (born 1988), English rugby league player
Jack E. Lee (1936–2009), track announcer
Jacky Lee (1938–2016), American football player
Jack Lee (Australian footballer) (1878–1947), Australian rules footballer
Jack Lee (American football) (1917–1972), American football blocking back

Others
Jack Lee (chef) (born 1970), Vietnamese-American celebrity chef
Jack Lee (piper) (born 1957), Canadian bagpiper
Jack Lee (film director) (1913–2002), film director, writer, editor and producer
Jack Lee (judge) (1922–2006), Australian judge
Jack Lee (musician) (1952–2023), American songwriter and musician
Jack Lee (politician) (1920–2014), American politician
Jack Lee, the WW2 nom de plume of French SAS officer Raymond Couraud
T. Jack Lee (born 1935), Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center

See also
John Lee (disambiguation)


Big Figure may refer to:

Big Figure, see List of Watchmen characters#Minor characters
The Big Figure (John Martin, born late 1940s), drummer with Dr. Feelgood (band)


Geoxus annectens, also known as Pearson's long-clawed akodont or Pearson's long-clawed mouse, is a species of rodent in the tribe Abrotrichini of family Cricetidae. Molecular data suggests that its closest relative is Geoxus valdivianus. Formerly classified in its own genus, Pearsonomys, named after American zoologist Oliver Payne Pearson, it was moved to Geoxus in 2016 after a morphological and genetic reevaluation of the tribe Abrotrichini. This rodent is endemic to Chile, where it is found in Nothofagus forest of the Valdivian temperate rainforest ecoregion.

References

Geoxus
Mammals described in 1992
Endemic fauna of Chile


Günther Rittau (born 7 August 1893 in Königshütte (Silesia); died 6 August 1971 in Munich) was a German cinematographer and film director.

After study of science in Berlin, Rittau started his career in 1919 at the documentary-film department of Decla, later at Universum Film AG. He learned the job of camera operator "on the side". From 1924, he was active as a feature cameraman. His experiences with the documentary film production and the production of trick photographs let to the development of his style. Metropolis (1927) and a propaganda movie U-Boote westwärts! (en:U-boats westwards!) (1941, as director) are considered to be among his best artistic achievements. His film The Eternal Tone (1943) about two brothers (a violinist and a violin maker) was considered "artistically valuable" by the Reichsfilmkammer.

After World War II, he did not return to filmmaking until 1954. In 1967, he was awarded the Filmband in Gold. Günther Rittau is buried at the Waldfriedhof cemetery in Munich.

Filmography

Cinematographer
{|width="100%" align="center|
|width="50% valign="top"|
 The Railway King (1921) (2 parts)
 The Stone Rider (1923)
 Die Nibelungen (1924) (2 parts)
 The Found Bride (1925)
 The Tower of Silence (1925)
 Metropolis (1927)
 The Trial of Donald Westhof (1927)
 Heimkehr (1928)
 Prince or Clown (1928)
What's Wrong with Nanette? (1929)
Melody of the Heart (1929)
Asphalt (1929)
 The Blue Angel (1930)
 Burglars (1930)
 Darling of the Gods (1930)
Der Kampf mit dem Drachen (1930)
 Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931)
 Captain Craddock (1931)
Her Grace Commands (1931)
 Caught in the Act (1931)
 Princess, At Your Orders! (1931)
Storms of Passion (1932)
 A Blonde Dream (1932)
 Happy Ever After (1932)
 Quick (1932)
 The Victor (1932)
 F.P.1 Doesn't Respond  (1932)
Die verlorene Melodie (1933)
|width="50% valign="top"|
Wie werde ich energisch? (1933)
Abel mit der Mundharmonika (1933)
Kind, ich freu' mich auf Dein Kommen (1933)
 Count Woronzeff (1934)
 The Double (1934)
 Liebeslied (1935)
The Green Domino (1935)
 The Gypsy Baron (1935)
 Winter in the Woods (1936)
 Ride to Freedom (1937)
 Starke Herzen (1937)
 Faded Melody (1938)
  Nordlicht (1938)
 S.O.S. Sahara (1938)
 The Curtain Falls (1939)
 The Hunter's Cross (1954)
 The Fisherman from Heiligensee (1955)
 Children, Mother, and the General (1955)
 The Forest House in Tyrol (1955)
 Die fröhliche Wallfahrt (1956)
 Das Erbe vom Pruggerhof (1956)
 If We All Were Angels (1956)
 Between Munich and St. Pauli (1957)
 Frauen sind für die Liebe da (1957)
|-
|}

Director
  (1939)
 U-Boote westwärts (1941)
 Der Strom (1942)
 The Eternal Tone (also screenplay) (1943)Meine vier Jungens (1944) Der Scheiterhaufen (1945)
 The Years Pass (1945)
 An Everyday Story (1948)
 Vor uns liegt das Leben'' (also screenplay) (1948)

External links

Günther Rittau at filmportal.de

1893 births
1971 deaths
German film directors
People from Chorzów
People from the Province of Silesia
German cinematographers


The General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B is a long-range carrier-based interceptor aircraft planned as a follow-on to the F-4 Phantom II for the United States Navy (USN).

The F-111B was developed during the 1960s by General Dynamics in conjunction with Grumman for the U.S. Navy as part of the joint Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) with the United States Air Force (USAF) to produce a common fighter for the services that could perform a variety of missions. It incorporated innovations such as variable-geometry wings, afterburning turbofan engines, and a long-range radar and missile weapons system.

Designed in parallel with the F-111 "Aardvark", which was adopted by the Air Force as a strike aircraft, the F-111B suffered development issues and changing Navy requirements for an aircraft with maneuverability for dogfighting. The F-111B was not ordered into production and the F-111B prototypes were used for testing before being retired. The planned F-111B was replaced by the smaller and lighter Grumman F-14 Tomcat, which carried the AWG-9/Phoenix weapons system over the engines, and a similar swing-wing configuration.

Development

Background

The F-111B was part of the 1960s TFX program. The USAF's Tactical Air Command (TAC) was largely concerned with the fighter-bomber and deep strike/interdiction roles; their version of the aircraft would be a follow-on to the F-105 Thunderchief fighter-bomber. In June 1960, the USAF issued a specification for a long-range interdiction and strike aircraft able to penetrate Soviet air defenses at very low altitudes and very high speeds to deliver tactical nuclear weapons against crucial targets.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy sought a long-range, high-endurance interceptor to defend its aircraft carrier battle groups against long-range anti-ship missiles launched from Soviet jet bombers, such as the Tupolev Tu-16, Tupolev Tu-22, and Tupolev Tu-22M, along with submarines. The Navy needed a Fleet Air Defense (FAD) aircraft with a more powerful radar, and longer range missiles than the F-4 Phantom II to intercept both enemy bombers and missiles.

Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX)
The Air Force and Navy requirements appeared to be different. However, on 14 February 1961, the new U.S. Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, formally directed that the services study the development of a single aircraft that would satisfy both requirements. Early studies indicated the best option was to base the Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) on the Air Force requirement and a modified version for the Navy. In June 1961, Secretary McNamara ordered the go ahead on TFX despite Air Force and Navy efforts to keep their programs separate.

The USAF and the Navy could only agree on swing-wing, two seat, twin engine design features. The USAF wanted a tandem seat aircraft for low level penetration, while the Navy wanted a shorter, high altitude interceptor with side by side seating. Also, the USAF wanted the aircraft designed for 7.33 g with Mach 2.5 speed at altitude and Mach 1.2 speed at low level with a length of approximately . The Navy had less strenuous requirements of 6 g with Mach 2 speed at altitude and high subsonic speed (approx. Mach 0.9) at low level with a length of . The Navy also wanted a  radar dish for long range and a maximum takeoff weight of . So McNamara developed a basic set of requirements for TFX based largely on the Air Force's requirements. He changed to a  dish for compatibility and increased the maximum weight to approximately  for the Air Force version and  for the Navy version. Then on 1 September 1961 he ordered the USAF to develop it.

A request for proposal (RFP) for the TFX was provided to industry in October 1961. In December of that year Boeing, General Dynamics, Lockheed, McDonnell, North American and Republic submitted their proposals. The proposal evaluation group found all the proposals lacking, but the best should be improved with study contracts. Boeing and General Dynamics were selected to enhance their designs. Three rounds of updates to the proposals were conducted with Boeing being picked by the selection board. Instead Secretary McNamara selected General Dynamics' proposal in November 1962 due to its greater commonality between Air Force and Navy TFX versions. The Boeing aircraft versions shared less than half of the major structural components. General Dynamics signed the TFX contract in December 1962. A Congressional investigation followed but did not change the selection.

Design phase

The Air Force F-111A and Navy F-111B variants used the same airframe structural components and TF30-P-1 turbofan engines. They featured side by side crew seating in an escape capsule as required by the Navy, versus individual ejection seats. The F-111B's nose was  shorter due to its need to fit on existing carrier elevator decks, and had  longer wingspan to improve on-station endurance time. The Navy version would carry an AN/AWG-9 Pulse-Doppler radar and six AIM-54 Phoenix missiles. The Air Force version would carry the AN/APQ-113 attack radar and the AN/APQ-110 terrain-following radar and air-to-ground ordnance.

Lacking experience with carrier-based fighters, General Dynamics teamed with Grumman for assembly and test of the F-111B aircraft. In addition, Grumman would also build the F-111A's aft fuselage and the landing gear. The first test F-111A was powered by YTF30-P-1 turbofans and used a set of ejection seats, since the escape capsule was not yet available. It first flew on 21 December 1964. The first F-111B was also equipped with ejection seats and first flew on 18 May 1965. To address stall issues in certain parts of the flight regime, the F-111's engine inlet design was modified in 1965–66, ending with the "Triple Plow I" and "Triple Plow II" designs. The F-111A achieved a speed of Mach 1.3 in February 1965 with an interim intake design.

F-111B

The weight goals for both F-111 versions proved to be overly optimistic. Excessive weight plagued the F-111B throughout its development. The prototypes were far over the requirement weight. Design efforts reduced airframe weight but were offset by the addition of the escape capsule. The additional weight made the aircraft underpowered. Lift was improved by changes to the wing control surfaces. A higher thrust version of the engine was planned.

With the F-111B program in distress, Grumman began studying improvements and alternatives. In 1966, the Navy awarded Grumman a contract to begin studying advanced fighter designs. Grumman narrowed down these designs to its Model 303 design. With this the F-111B's end appeared near by mid-1967. During March 1968 congressional hearings for the aircraft, Vice Admiral Thomas F. Connolly, then Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air Warfare, responded to a question from Senator John C. Stennis as to whether a more powerful engine would cure the aircraft's woes, saying, "There isn't enough power in all Christendom to make that airplane what we want!" By May 1968 both Armed Services committees of Congress voted not to fund production and in July 1968 the DoD ordered work stopped on F-111B. A total of seven F-111Bs were delivered by February 1969.

Replacement

The F-111B's replacement, the Grumman F-14 Tomcat, which derived from Grumman's initial Model 303 design, reused the TF30 engines from the F-111B, though the Navy planned on replacing them with an improved engine later. Although lighter than the F-111B, it was still the largest and heaviest U.S. fighter to takeoff and land from an aircraft carrier. Its size was a consequence of the requirement to carry the large AWG-9 radar and AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, both from the F-111B, while exceeding the F-4's maneuverability. While the F-111B was armed only for the interceptor role, the Tomcat incorporated an internal M61 Vulcan cannon, provisions for Sidewinder and Sparrow air-to air missiles, and provisions for bombs.<ref>Colucci, Frank. "Building the Bombcat."  "hobbyfanatics.com, 31 July 2003. Retrieved: 15 November 2010.</ref> While the F-111B did not reach service, land-based, non-fighter F-111 variants were in service with the U.S. Air Force for many years, and with the Royal Australian Air Force until 2010.

Design
The F-111B was an all-weather interceptor aircraft intended to defend U.S. Navy carrier battle groups against bombers and anti-ship missiles. The F-111 features variable geometry wings, an internal weapons bay and a cockpit with side by side seating. The cockpit is part of an escape crew capsule. The wing sweep varies between 16 degrees and 72.5 degrees (full forward to full sweep). The airframe consisted mostly of aluminum alloys with steel, titanium and other materials also used. The fuselage is a semi-monocoque structure with stiffened panels and honeycomb sandwich panels for skin. The F-111B was powered by two Pratt & Whitney TF30 afterburning turbofan engines and included the AN/AWG-9 radar system for controlling the AIM-54 Phoenix air-to-air missiles. Poor visibility over the nose made the aircraft more difficult to handle for carrier operations.

The F-111 offered a platform with the range, payload, and Mach-2 performance to intercept targets quickly, but with swing wings and turbofan engines, it could also loiter on station for long periods. The F-111B would carry six AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, its main armament. Four of the Phoenix missiles mounted on wing pylons and two in the weapons bay. The missile pylons added significant drag when used.

Operational history

Flight testing
Flight tests on the F-111B continued at NAS Point Mugu, California and NAWS China Lake, California even after the program had been terminated. In July 1968, the pre-production F-111B Bureau Number 151974, was used for carrier trials aboard . The evaluation was completed without issue.

Hughes continued Phoenix missile system development with four F-111Bs. In all, two F-111Bs were lost in crashes and a third seriously damaged.  The F-111B's last flight was with 151792'' from California to New Jersey in mid-1971. The seven F-111Bs flew 1,748 hours over 1,173 flights.

Variants
F-111B numbers 1 to 3 were initial prototypes; and No. 4 and 5 were prototypes with lightened airframes. No. 6 and 7 had lightened airframes and improved TF30-P-12 engines and were built to near production standard. These were also approximately  longer due to an added section between the cockpit and radome. The first five aircraft included Triple Plow I intakes. The last two had Triple Plow II intakes. The first three B-models were fitted with ejection seats and the remainder included the escape crew capsule.

Operators

 United States Navy

Specifications (F-111B pre-production)

For pre-production aircraft #6 & #7:

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

 F-111.net
 F-111 page on GlobalSecurity.org
 Aviation Enthusiast's List of F-111 Survivors
 F-111B page on usscoralsea.net

F-111B
F-111B
1960s United States fighter aircraft
Twinjets
High-wing aircraft
Variable-sweep-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Third-generation jet fighter


John Breckin (born 27 July 1953) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

He is the uncle of Nottingham Forest defender, Ian Breckin and is also the great uncle of Manchester City midfielder, Kian Breckin (who currently plays for Wycombe Wanderers on loan).

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Footballers from Sheffield
Men's association football defenders
Rotherham United F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Kiveton Park F.C. players
English Football League players
Rotherham United F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff
Barnsley F.C. non-playing staff


Frances Blaisdell (January 5, 1912 – March 11, 2009) was an American flautist, widely recognized as one of the first female professional flautists. She held positions with the National Orchestral Association, the New Opera Company and the New Friends of Music. In addition, she was the first woman to appear as a soloist and wind player in concert with the New York Philharmonic. In addition to playing, she also held teaching positions at the Manhattan School of Music, New York University, Dalcroze School, Mannes School of Music, and Stanford University where she taught for over 35 years. Blaisdell's teachers included Georges Barrère, Marcel Moyse and William Kincaid.

Biography
Blaisdell was born in Tennessee on January 5, 1912, and was raised on a farm in Red Bank, New Jersey. She attended Red Bank Regional High School. She began studying the piccolo and flute at age 5 with her father, who was in the lumber business but loved playing the flute. Later, her father wrote to Ernest Wagner, then with the New York Philharmonic, asking him to teach "my Jim" flute lessons. He initially refused upon finding out she was actually a female, but was later persuaded to give her lessons.

In 1928, Blaisdell wrote to Georges Barrère at the Institute of Music Art (what is now the Juilliard School of Music) requesting an audition. The secretary at the Institute had recorded her name as "Francis" rather than Frances, and thus the Institute was expecting a male flutist to audition. At the time, the Institute did not accept female wind instrument players because the institution would "'lose its investment.'" Nonetheless, Blaisdell was still able to play the audition for Barrère, and performed the Cecile Chaminade Concertino. Barrère offered her admission on the spot, even if it required a full scholarship. She won the concerto competition at Juilliard while studying there. During the summer of 1932, she spent the summer studying with Marcel Moyse in France. The following December, she was asked at the last minute to substitute for a New York Philharmonic children's concert, where she played Mozart's Concerto in D-major, K. 314 and became the first female soloist with the Philharmonic. She would later study with American flutist William Kincaid, then principal flute of the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Blaisdell realized early on that she could not support herself with solely an orchestral career, so she built a multifaceted career as a soloist, chamber musician and educator in addition to holding several orchestral positions. In the 1930s she was first flute of the National Orchestral Association, New Opera Company, New York City Ballet and the New Friends of Music. In 1935, she appeared as a soloist at Radio City Music Hall in a special set written for her alongside the Rockettes. Additionally, she performed under the baton of Leopold Stokowski at the opening of the Juilliard School in New York City.

After being refused an audition for assistant principal of the New York Philharmonic in 1937 because of her sex, she became the first female wind player to perform with the Philharmonic in 1962, on a piece that required additional flutes. In 1941, she replaced Barrère in the Barrère Trio after her former teacher suffered a stroke, cementing her place in the flute tradition as his protege. Blaisdell also performed with regional, vaudeville and commercial ensembles, including appearances at Madison Square Garden, on Broadway, with the Gordon Quartet at the Library of Congress, at Radio City Music Hall, and on Hour of Charm with Phil Spitalny and His All-Girl Orchestra on CBS and NBC radio. She performed New York premieres of Ruth Crawford Seeger's Suite and Ernest Bloch's Suite Modale.

While in New York she held teaching positions at the Manhattan School of Music, New York University, Dalcroze School, and Mannes School of Music. Additionally, she performed or collaborated with chamber ensembles such as the Gordon Quartet, Blaisdell Woodwind Quintet, Blaisdell Trio, Bach Circle, and soloists soprano Lily Pons, harpist Mildred Dilling, harpsichordist Ernst Victor Wolff, and composer Henry Hadley. The Blaisdell Quintet was composed of Blaisdell on flute, Bruno Labate on oboe, Alexander Williams on clarinet, Benjamin Kohon on bassoon, and Richard Moore on horn. This group frequently performed on NBC and CBS Radio from 1938-1941.

In 1973, she and her husband moved to California where she accepted an interim position at Stanford University, which ultimately lasted for 35 years. She is credited with teaching in the French tradition of flute playing to generations of American flutists while at Stanford and positions in New York. Her tone was characterized as, "full and [with the] musical phrasing of the French School with her own vigorous rhythmic interpretation and an individual use of tone color." Blaisdell also held summer masterclasses, where she reached even more aspiring flutists.

She also served on the executive board of the National Flute Association, who named her an honorary member in 1992 and awarded her their Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. The New York Flute Club held an 80th birthday celebration for Blaisdell in 1992, where internationally renowned flutist and pedagogue Jean-Pierre Rampal made a surprise appearance to introduce her. In 2006, she received the Lloyd W. Dinkelspiel Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Education from Stanford University. She continued to teach until two months before her death on March 11, 2009, in Portola Valley, California. She was 97. Scholarships have been established in her name at Stanford University and the National Flute Association.

Chamber Music Magazine wrote in a 1992 article that "Every woman flute player in every major American orchestra, every little girl who plays the flute in a school band, has Frances Blaisdell to thank. She was the first."

Personal life
She met and married Alexander Williams in 1937. He was the first clarinetist of the New York Philharmonic and principal clarinet of the NBC Symphony. Together, they formed the Blaisdell Woodwind Quintet (with the aforementioned members from the Philharmonic) and the Blaisdell Trio. The couple have two children together, son John and daughter Alexandra Hawley, also a flutist and lecturer at Stanford University. Her daughter studied with Jean-Pierre Rampal.

External links
 Interview with Frances Blaisdell in the April 2005 New York Flute Club newsletter, pages 4-11
 "Remembering Frances Blaisdell, the First Lady of Flute" - 2009 National Flute Association Convention Tribute
 Flutist Quarterly, Spring 1986, Frances Blaidsdell on cover
 1994 Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient Frances Blaidsdell bio by the National Flute Association

References

American flautists
1912 births
2009 deaths
Stanford University Department of Music faculty
20th-century American musicians
Women flautists
People from Red Bank, New Jersey
Red Bank Regional High School alumni
20th-century women musicians
American music educators
American women music educators
20th-century flautists