This is a list of teen sitcoms that are originally targeted towards teens aged 13 to 18.

Argentina
  (2000), Canal Trece
  (1997–1998), Telefe
 Champs 12 (2009–2010), América TV
 Consentidos (2009–2010), Canal Trece
 Cuando toca la campana (2011–2012), Disney Channel Latin America
 Divina, está en tu corazón (2004), Canal Trece
 Floricienta (2004–2005), Canal Trece
 Highway: Rodando la Aventura (2010), Disney Channel Latin America
 Jake & Blake (2009), Disney Channel Latin America
 Jungle Nest (2016), Disney XD Latin America
  (1994–1996), Canal Trece
  (1996), Canal Trece
 Niní (2009–2010), Telefe
 Patito Feo (2007–2008), Canal Trece
 Peter Punk (2011–2013), Disney Channel Latin America
  (2013–2014), Canal 7
 Simona (2018), Canal Trece
 Supertorpe (2011), Telefe, Disney Channel Latin America
 Violetta (2012–2015), Disney Channel Latin America

Australia
 Angry Boys (2011), ABC1
 As the Bell Rings (2007–2011), Disney Channel Australia
 The Bureau of Magical Things (2018–2021), 10 Peach
 Chuck Finn (1999–2000), ABC
 Dead Gorgeous (2010), ABC1, ABC3
 Don't Blame Me (2002–2003), Nine Network, ABC3
 Driven Crazy (1998), Network Ten
 The Elephant Princess (2008–2011), Network Ten
 The Genie from Down Under (1996–1998), ABC
 Ja'mie: Private School Girl (2013), ABC1
 Jonah from Tonga (2014), ABC1
 Mal.com (2011), ABC3
 Mind Over Maddie (2013), Disney Channel Australia
 Mortified (2006–2007), Nine Network
 Mustangs FC (2017–2020), ABC Me
 Pugwall (1989–1991), Nine Network
 Round the Twist (1989–2001), Seven Network, ABC
 Scooter: Secret Agent (2005), Network Ten
 Ship to Shore (1993–1996), ABC, Nine Network
 Summer Heights High (2006–2009), ABC1
 Worst Year of My Life Again (2014), ABC3

Brazil
 Cúmplices de um Resgate (2015–2016), SBT
 Floribella (2005–2006), Rede Bandeirantes
  (2014–2016), Disney Channel Brazil
 Julie e os Fantasmas (2011–2012), Rede Bandeirantes, Nickelodeon Brazil
  (1999–2002), Globo Network

Canada

 6teen (2004–2010), Teletoon
 15/Love (2004–2006), YTV
 18 to Life (2010–2011), CBC
 About a Girl (2007–2008), E!, The N
 Alice, I Think (2006), The Comedy Network
 Baxter (2010–2011), Family
 Big Wolf on Campus (1999–2002), YTV
 Boogies Diner (1994–1995), syndication
 Braceface (2001–2004), Teletoon
 Breaker High (1997–1998), YTV
 Clone High (2002–2003, 2023–present), Teletoon, Max
 Connor Undercover (2010–2011), Family
 Daft Planet (2000–2002), Teletoon
 Darcy's Wild Life (2004–2006), Family
 Debra! (2011–2012), Family
 Dog House (1990–1991), YTV
 Family Biz (2009), YTV
 Flash Forward (1995–1997), Disney Channel
 Fred's Head (2008), Télétoon
 Fries with That? (2004–2005), YTV
 Game On (2015), YTV
 Hangin' In (1981–1987), CBC
 Home Sweet Rome! (2023–present), Family
 How to Be Indie (2009–2011), YTV
 I Woke Up a Vampire (2023–present), Family
 The Latest Buzz (2007–2010), Family
 Life with Boys (2011–2013), YTV
 Life With Derek (2005–2009), Family
 Majority Rules! (2009), Teletoon
 Make It Pop (2015–2016), YTV, Nickelodeon
 Monster Warriors (2006–2008), YTV
 Mr. Meaty (2006–2009), Nickelodeon Canada
 Mr. Young (2011–2013), YTV
 My Babysitter's a Vampire (2011–2013), Teletoon
 Naturally, Sadie (2005–2007), Family
 Overruled! (2009–2011), Family Channel
 Radio Active (1998–2001), YTV
 Radio Enfer (1995–2001), Canal Famille, Vrak.TV
 Really Me (2011–2013), Family
 The Sausage Factory (2001–2002), The Comedy Network
 Some Assembly Required (2014–2016), YTV
 Son of a Critch (2022–present), CBC
 The Stanley Dynamic (2015–2017), YTV
 Student Bodies (1997–1999), YTV
 Toby (1968–1969), CBC
 What's Up Warthogs! (2011–2012), Family
 Wingin' It (2010–2013), Family
 Young Drunk Punk (2015), City

China
 As the Bell Rings (2007–2011), syndication
 Nonstop (2009), Dragon TV

Chile
 Floribella (2006–2007), TVN
 Pobre Rico (2012–2013), TVN

Colombia
  (2006–2007), RCN Televisión
 Isa TK+ (2009–2010), Nickelodeon Latin America

France
 (1995–1998), TF1
  (1993–1994), M6
 Fred's Head (2008), France 2, Unis
  (2001–2002), France 2
 Hélène et les Garçons (1992–1994), TF1
 Mère et Fille (2012–2017), Disney Channel France
  (1991–1995), TF1
 Trop la Classe (2006–2010), Disney Channel France

Germany
  (2020), Amazon Prime Video
 Kurze Pause (2006–2008), Disney Channel Germany
 Türkisch für Anfänger (2006–2009), Das Erste

India
 Agadam Bagdam Tigdam (2007), Disney Channel India
 Best of Luck Nikki (2011–2016), Disney Channel India
 Break Time Masti Time (2008–2009), Disney Channel India
 Dhoom Machaao Dhoom (2007–2008), Disney Channel India
 Hostel Daze (2019–present), TVF
 Kya Mast Hai Life (2009–2010), Disney Channel India
 Palak Pe Jhalak (2015), Disney Channel India
 Sanya (2005–2006), Hungama TV
 Shake It Up (2013), Disney Channel India
 Shararat (2003–2007), StarPlus
 Sunaina (2008), Pogo TV
 Sun Yaar Chill Maar (2007–2008), Bindass
 The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir (2012–2013), Disney Channel India
 Vicky & Vetaal (2006–2007), Disney Channel India

Israel
  (2005–2012), Nickelodeon Israel
  (2019), Nickelodeon Israel
 Hapijamot (2003–2015), Arutz HaYeladim
  (2020–present), Nickelodeon Israel

Italy
 Alex & Co. (2015–2017), Disney Channel Italy
 Casa Pierpiero (2011), Disney Channel Italy
 Chiamatemi Giò (2009), Disney Channel Italy
 Compagni di scuola (2001), Rai 2
 Fiore e Tinelli (2007–2009), Disney Channel Italy
 Fuoriclasse (2011–2015), Rai 1
 In tour (2011–2012), Disney Channel Italy
 Maggie & Bianca: Fashion Friends (2016–2017), Rai Gulp
 Quelli dell'intervallo (2005–2008), Disney Channel Italy
 Quelli dell'Intervallo Cafe (2010–2011), Disney Channel Italy
  (2018), Disney Channel Italy

Japan
 As the Bell Rings (2010–2011), Disney Channel Japan
 Blazing Transfer Students (2017), Netflix
 Minna! ESPer Dayo! (2013), TV Tokyo
 Mischievous Kiss: Love in Tokyo (2013), Fuji TV
 Mob Psycho 100 (2018), Netflix, TV Tokyo
 My Neighbor Seki (2015), MBS
 Kyō Kara Ore Wa!! (2018), NTV
 Ouran High School Host Club (2011), TBS
 Switch Girl!! (2011–2013), Fuji TV
 Tadashii Ouji no Tsukuri Kata (2008) TV Tokyo

Malaysia
 Waktu Rehat (2010–2012), Disney Channel Malaysia
 Wizards of Warna Walk (2019), Disney Channel Malaysia

Mexico
 Atrévete a soñar (2009–2010), XEW-TDT
 Cachún cachún ra ra! (1981–1987), Televisa
 Miss XV (2012), Nickelodeon Latin America
 ¿Qué le pasa a mi familia? (2021), Canal de Las Estrellas
 Skimo (2006–2007), Nickelodeon Latin America
 Soltero con hijas (2019–2020), Canal de Las Estrellas

New Zealand
 The Amazing Extraordinary Friends (2006–2010), TV2
 Being Eve (2001–2002), TV3
 Girl vs. Boy (2012–2014), TV2

Norway
 Rektors kontor (2020), NRK Super
 Verst når det gjelder (2021), NRK Super

Pakistan
 Bulbulay (2009–2017), ARY Digital
 Rubber Band (2005–2007), ARY Digital

Philippines
 Boys Nxt Door (2007–2008), GMA Network
 Gokada Go! (2007), ABS-CBN
 Iskul Bukol (1977–1990), IBC-13
 Let's Go (2006–2007), ABS-CBN
 Luv U (2012–2016), ABS-CBN
 Rakista (2008), TV5

South Korea
 Feel It, Genie (2018–2019), Olleh TV, YouTube, Facebook
 Nonstop (2000–2007), MBC
What Happens to My Family? (2014–2015), KBS2

Spain
 Cambio de clase (2006–2009), Disney Channel Spain
 Campamento Newton (2022–present), Disney Channel Spain
  (1994–1995), Telemadrid
  (1997–1999), Telecinco
 Mónica Chef (2017), Clan

United Kingdom

 As the Bell Rings (2007–2008), Disney Channel UK
 All at Sea (2013–2015), CBBC
 Atlantis High (2001–2002), Channel 5
 Bad Education (2012–2014; 2023–present), BBC Three
 Belfry Witches (1999–2000), BBC One
 Big Boys (2022–present), Channel 4
 Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School (1952–1961), BBC
 Bromwell High (2005), Channel 4
 A Bunch of Fives (1977–1978), ITV
 Cavegirl (2002–2003), BBC One, CBBC
 Coming of Age (2007–2011), BBC Three
 The Crust (2004–2005), CBBC
 Dani's House (2008–2012), CBBC
 Dani's Castle (2013–2015), CBBC
 Derry Girls (2018–2022), Channel 4
 Fresh Meat (2011–2016), Channel 4
 Harry and Cosh (1999–2003), Channel 5
 Help! I'm a Teenage Outlaw (2004), CITV
 Hollywood 7 (2001), CBBC
 Hotel Trubble (2008–2011), CBBC
 I Dream (2004), CBBC
 The Inbetweeners (2008–2011), E4
 Jinx (2009–2010), CBBC
 Kerching! (2003–2006), CBBC
 L.A. 7 (2000), CBBC
 The Legend of Dick and Dom (2009–2011), CBBC
 Miami 7 (1999), CBBC
 Microsoap (1998–2000), CBBC
 Millie Inbetween (2014–2018), CBBC
 Mike and Angelo (1989–2000), CITV
 My Almost Famous Family (2009), CBBC
 My Life as a Popat (2004–2007), ITV, CITV
 My Parents Are Aliens (1999–2006), ITV, CITV
 My Phone Genie (2012), CITV
 No Sweat (1997–1998), CBBC
 Nova Jones (2021–present), CBBC
 Off the Hook (2009), BBC Three
 Pixelface (2011–2012), CBBC
 Pramface (2012–2014), BBC Three
 PRU (2022–present), BBC Three
 Raised by Wolves (2013–2016), Channel 4
 Renford Rejects (1998–2001), Nickelodeon UK
 Roy (2009–2015), CBBC
 Sadie J (2011–2013), CBBC
 So Awkward (2015–2021), CBBC
 Some Girls (2012–2014), BBC Three
 Spatz (1990–1992), CITV
 Starstreet (2001–2002), CITV
 Still So Awkward (2021), CBBC
 Summer in Transylvania (2010–2011), Nickelodeon UK
 Teenage Health Freak (1991–1993), Channel 4
 Viva S Club (2002), CBBC
 Weirdsister College (2001), ITV
 The Wild House (1997–1999), CBBC
 Young Dracula (2006–2014), CBBC
 Young, Gifted and Broke (1989), ITV
 The Young Ones (1982–1984), BBC Two

United States

 10 Things I Hate About You (2009–2010), ABC Family
 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd (1999–2002), Nickelodeon
 100 Things to Do Before High School (2014–2016), Nickelodeon
 A.N.T. Farm (2011–2014), Disney Channel
 The Adventures of Pete and Pete (1993–1996), Nickelodeon
 Alexa & Katie (2018–2020), Netflix
 Alien Dawn (2013–2014), Nickelodeon, TeenNick
 Aliens in America (2007–2008), The CW
 All About Us (2001), NBC
 All Grown Up! (2003–2008), Nickelodeon
 All Night (2018), Hulu
 American Vandal (2017–2018), Netflix
 Andi Mack (2017–2019), Disney Channel
 As the Bell Rings (2007–2009), Disney Channel
 The Astronauts (2020–2021), Nickelodeon
 Austin & Ally (2011–2016), Disney Channel
 Awkward (2011–2016), MTV
 Bella and the Bulldogs (2015–2016), Nickelodeon
 Best Friends Whenever (2015–2016), Disney Channel
 Best.Worst.Weekend.Ever. (2018), Netflix
 Big Mouth (2017–present), Netflix
 Big Time Rush (2009–2013), Nickelodeon
 Bizaardvark (2016–2019), Disney Channel
 Blossom (1990–1995), NBC
 Blue Mountain State (2010–2011), Spike TV
 Boo, Bitch (2022), Netflix
 Boy Meets World (1993–2000), ABC
 The Brothers Garcia (2000–2004), Nickelodeon
 Brothers and Sisters (1979), NBC
 Brutally Normal (2000), The WB
 Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures (2011–2013), Nickelodeon, TeenNick
 Bunk'd (2015–present), Disney Channel
 Cake (2006), CBS
 California Dreams (1992–1996), NBC
 Chad (2021–present), TBS
 Crash & Bernstein (2012–2014), Disney XD
 City Guys (1997–2001), NBC
 Clarissa Explains It All (1991–1994), Nickelodeon
 Clueless (1996–1999), ABC, UPN
 Co-Ed Fever (1979), CBS
 Coop & Cami Ask the World (2018–2020), Disney Channel
 Cory in the House (2007–2008), Disney Channel
 Cousin Skeeter (1998–2001), Nickelodeon
 Daria (1997–2002), MTV
 Dead End: Paranormal Park (2022), Netflix
 Delta House (1979), ABC
 Diary of a Future President (2020–2021), Disney+
 A Different World (1987–1993), NBC
 Do Over (2002), The WB
 Dog with a Blog (2012–2015), Disney Channel
 Danger Force (2020–present), Nickelodeon
 Drake & Josh (2004–2007), Nickelodeon
 Drama Club (2021), Nickelodeon
 Duncanville (2020–2022), Fox
 Erin & Aaron (2023–present), Nickelodeon
 Even Stevens (2000–2003), Disney Channel
 Every Witch Way (2014–2015), Nickelodeon
 Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009), UPN, The CW
 Everything's Gonna Be Okay (2020–2021), Freeform
 The Expanding Universe of Ashley Garcia (2020), Netflix
 The Facts of Life (1979–1988), NBC
 Fairfax (2021–present)
 Faking It (2014–2016), MTV
 Fast Layne (2019), Disney Channel
 Fast Times (1986), CBS
 Ferris Bueller (1990), NBC
 Filthy Preppy Teen$ (2016), Fullscreen
 Fred: The Show (2012), Nickelodeon
 Free for All (2003), Showtime
 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–1996), NBC
 Gabby Duran & the Unsittables (2019–2021), Disney Channel
 Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything (2015–2017), Disney XD
 Game Shakers (2015–2019), Nickelodeon
 Gidget (1965–1966), ABC
 Gilmore Girls (2000–2007), The CW
 Girl Meets World (2014–2017), Disney Channel
 Go Fish (2001), NBC
 Good Luck Charlie (2010–2014), Disney Channel
 Good Morning, Miss Bliss (1988–1989), Disney Channel
 Good Vibes (2011), MTV
 Gordita Chronicles (2022), HBO Max
 Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street (2014–2016), Amazon Prime Video
 Grachi (2011–2013), Nickelodeon Latin America
 Great Scott! (1992), Fox
 Grosse Pointe (2000–2001), The WB
 Grown-ish (2018–present), Freeform
 Hang Time (1995–2000), NBC
 Hannah Montana (2006–2011), Disney Channel
 Happy Days (1974–1984), ABC
 Happyland (2014), MTV
 The Hard Times of RJ Berger (2010–2011), MTV
 The Haunted Hathaways (2013–2015), Nickelodeon
 Head of the Class (1986–1991), ABC
 Head of the Class (2021), HBO Max
 Henry Danger (2014–2020), Nickelodeon
 Hey Dude (1989–1991), Nickelodeon
 High School USA! (2013), Fox
 How to Rock (2012), Nickelodeon
 Hunter Street (2017–2021), Nickelodeon, TeenNick
 I Didn't Do It (2014–2015), Disney Channel
 I'm in the Band (2009–2011), Disney XD
 iCarly (2007–2012), Nickelodeon
 The Inbetweeners (2012), MTV
 The Jersey (1999–2004), Disney Channel
 Jessie (2011–2015), Disney Channel
 Jonas (2009–2010), Disney Channel
 The Journey of Allen Strange (1997–2000), Nickelodeon
 Just Jordan (2007–2008), Nickelodeon
 Karen (1964–1965), NBC
 K.C. Undercover (2015–2018), Disney Channel
 Kickin' It (2011–2015), Disney XD
 Kenan & Kel (1996–2000), Nickelodeon
 The Kicks (2015–2016), Amazon Prime Video
 The Kids From C.A.P.E.R. (1976–1977), NBC
 Knight Squad (2018–2019), Nickelodeon
 Lab Rats (2012–2015), Disney XD
 Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016), Disney XD
 Legends of Chamberlain Heights (2016–2017), Comedy Central
 Level Up (2012–2013), Cartoon Network
 Little Demon (2022), FXX
 Liv and Maddie (2013–2017), Disney Channel
 Lizzie McGuire (2001–2004), Disney Channel
 Lugar Heights (2001–2008), mun2, MTV Tres
 Malcolm in the Middle (2000–2006), Fox
 Malibu, CA (1998–2000), syndication
 Malibu Rescue (2019–2020), Netflix
 The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis (1959–1963), CBS
 Margie (1961–1962), ABC
 Marvin Marvin (2012–2013), Nickelodeon
 Max & Shred (2014–2016), Nickelodeon
 Maybe It's Me (2001–2002), The WB
 Meet Corliss Archer (1951), CBS
 Mighty Med (2013–2015), Disney XD
 Moesha (1996–2001), UPN
 Mr. Student Body President (2016–2018), go90
 My Brother and Me (1994–1995), Nickelodeon
 My Wife and Kids (2001–2005), ABC
 The Naked Brothers Band (2007–2009), Nickelodeon
 Napoleon Dynamite (2012), Fox
 Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (2004–2007), Nickelodeon
 The New Adventures of Beans Baxter (1987–1988), Fox
 No Good Nick (2019), Netflix
 Noah Knows Best (2000), Nickelodeon
 O'Grady (2004–2006), The N
 Odd Man Out (1999–2000), ABC
 One World (1998–2001), NBC
 The Other Kingdom (2016), Nickelodeon
 Out of the Blue (1995–1996), syndication
 Out of Jimmy's Head (2007–2008), Cartoon Network
 Out of This World (1987–1991), syndication
 Pair of Kings (2010–2013), Disney XD
 Parker Lewis Can't Lose (1990–1993), Fox
 Partners in Rhyme (2021–present), ALLBLK
 Pepper Ann (1997–2000), ABC, UPN
 Phil of the Future (2004–2006), Disney Channel
 The Popcorn Kid (1987), CBS
 Pretty Freekin Scary (2023–present), Disney Channel
 Prince of Peoria (2018–2019), Netflix
 Project Mc2 (2015–2017), Netflix
 Raven's Home (2017–present), Disney Channel
 Resident Advisors (2015), Hulu
 Richie Rich (2015), Netflix
 Romeo! (2003–2006), Nickelodeon
 Running the Halls (1993), NBC
 Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996–2003), ABC, The WB
 Salute Your Shorts (1991–1992), Nickelodeon
 Sam & Cat (2013–2014), Nickelodeon
 Saturdays (2023–present), Disney Channel
 Saved by the Bell (1989–1993), NBC
 Saved by the Bell (2020–2021), Peacock
 Saved by the Bell: The College Years (1993–1994), NBC
 Saved by the Bell: The New Class (1993–2000), NBC
 School of Rock (2016–2018), Nickelodeon
 Scout's Safari (2002–2004), Discovery Kids
 Shake It Up (2010–2013), Disney Channel
 Side Hustle (2020–2022), Nickelodeon
 Sister, Sister (1994–1999), ABC, The WB
 So Little Time (2001–2002), Fox Family, ABC Family
 Sonny with a Chance (2009–2011), Disney Channel
 Spencer (1984–1985), NBC
 Square Pegs (1982–1983), CBS
 Star Falls (2018), Nickelodeon, TeenNick
 Stuck in the Middle (2016–2018), Disney Channel
 Suburgatory (2011–2014), ABC
 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–2008), Disney Channel
 The Suite Life on Deck (2008–2011), Disney Channel
 Supah Ninjas (2011–2013), Nickelodeon
 Sydney to the Max (2019–2021), Disney Channel
 Taina (2001–2002), Nickelodeon
 Talia in the Kitchen (2015), Nickelodeon
 Team Kaylie (2019–2020), Netflix
 Teen Angel (1997–1998), ABC
 That '70s Show (1998–2006), Fox
 That '90s Show (2023–present), Netflix
 That Girl Lay Lay (2021–present), Nickelodeon
 That's So Raven (2003–2007), Disney Channel
 The Thundermans (2013–2018) Nickelodeon
 The Troop (2009–2013), Nickelodeon, TeenNick
 True Jackson, VP (2008–2011), Nickelodeon
 Tucker (2000–2001), NBC
 Ultra Violet & Black Scorpion (2022), Disney Channel
 Undeclared (2001–2002), Fox
 Undergrads (2001), MTV
 Unfabulous (2004–2007), Nickelodeon
 Unsupervised (2012), FX
 USA High (1997–1999), USA
 Velma (2023–present), HBO Max
 Victorious (2010–2013), Nickelodeon
 The Villains of Valley View (2022–present), Disney Channel
 The Wannabes (2009–2011), Starz Kids & Family
 Warped! (2022), Nickelodeon
 Weird Science (1994–1998), USA
 Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–1979), ABC
 Welcome Freshmen (1991–1993), Nickelodeon
 Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015), Netflix
 What I Like About You (2002–2006), The WB
 What's Happening!! (1976–1979), ABC
 WITS Academy (2015), Nickelodeon
 Wizards of Waverly Place (2007–2012), Disney Channel
 The Wonder Years (1988–1993), ABC
 The Wonder Years (2021–2023), ABC
 Young Rock (2021–2023), NBC
 Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous (2013), MTV
 Zeke and Luther (2009–2012), Disney XD
 Zoe, Duncan, Jack and Jane (1999–2000), The WB
 Zoey 101 (2005–2008), Nickelodeon

Venezuela
 Isa TKM (2008–2010), Nickelodeon Latin America
 NPS: No puede ser (2011), Venevisión, Boomerang

Other countries
 Belgium – Buiten De Zone (1994–1996), VRT
 Ireland – The Young Offenders (2018–present), RTÉ2, BBC Three
 Netherlands – Hunter Street (2017–present), Nickelodeon, TeenNick, Nickelodeon UK
 Portugal – Floribella (2006–2008), SIC
 Russia – As the Bell Rings (2010–2012), Disney Channel Russia
 Singapore – As the Bell Rings (2007), Disney Channel Asia
 Taiwan – As the Bell Rings (2012–2013), Disney Channel Asia
 Turkey – Zil Çalınca (2012–2013), Disney Channel Turkey
 Ukraine –  (2018),

See also
 Teen sitcom
 Teen drama — (List of teen dramas)
 Teen films — (List of teen films)
 Teen pop
 Teen magazine — (List of teen magazines)

References

Sitcoms

Works about adolescence
Lists of television series by genre
Adolescence-related lists


Green Bay  is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Lunenburg Municipal District in Lunenburg County.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Green Bay is a humid continental climate
typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold (sometimes severely) winters.

Parks
Bush Island Provincial Park
Rissers Beach Provincial Park
Crescent Beach Public/ Private beach
Green Bay Private beaches that are open to the public.

References
Green Bay on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Helena (Ilona) of Hungary ( – 25 December 1199), a member of the royal Árpád dynasty, was Duchess of Austria from 1177 and Styria from 1192 to 1194 by her marriage with the Babenberg duke Leopold V of Austria.

Biography
Helena was the daughter of King Géza II of Hungary and his wife, Euphrosyne of Kiev, a daughter of Grand Prince Mstislav I of Kiev by his second wife, Liubava Dmitrievna. Little is known of her life or character. The only clear facts about her life are that at Pentecost 1174 she was married to Leopold V of Austria. The marriage reflected the westward orientation of the Hungarian House of Árpád in view of the expansionist politics of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Leopold's sister Agnes had already married King Stephen III of Hungary, Helena's elder brother who had died in 1172.

Helena and Leopold had issue; he died on 31 December 1194 as a result of a horse accident. Helena died five years later in 1199 and was buried beside her husband in Heiligenkreuz Abbey.

Marriage and children
By her marriage to Duke Leopold V, Helena had at least two (possibly as many as four) children:
 Frederick I (d. 16 April 1198)
 Leopold VI (d. 28 July 1230)
 ?Agnes
 ?Bertha

Footnotes

1150s births
1199 deaths
Hungarian princesses
House of Árpád
Austrian royal consorts
Babenberg
Year of birth uncertain
12th-century Hungarian people
12th-century Hungarian women
12th-century Austrian people
12th-century Austrian women
Daughters of kings
Mothers of monarchs


Jerrell Alexander Freeman (born May 1, 1986) is a former American football linebacker. He played college football for the Mary Hardin-Baylor Crusaders under Pete Fredenburg and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL) in 2008. He then played three seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Saskatchewan Roughriders, where he led the league in tackles 2011. In 2012, he signed with the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL, and spent two seasons with the Chicago Bears.

College career
Freeman played four seasons of collegiate football for the Mary Hardin-Baylor Crusaders. He was twice named a D3football.com All-American, including being honored as the 2007 D3football.com Defensive Player of the Year. When he left, he was the school's all-time leading tackler. As a senior, he had 59 tackles, 18 tackles for a loss, and six quarterback sacks.

Professional career

Tennessee Titans
Although Freeman was not selected in the 2008 NFL Draft he was signed by the Tennessee Titans immediately following the conclusion of the draft. He became the first Mary Hardin-Baylor Crusader to reach the NFL. Jerrell Freeman was released by the Titans prior to the start of the 2008 NFL season.

Saskatchewan Roughriders
In March 2009, Freeman signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL. In the 2009 CFL season, Freeman was used primarily as a special teams tackler, recording a team high 25 special teams tackles. He was nominated as the team's Most Outstanding Rookie. In his second season with the Riders, Freeman saw more time as a regular linebacker. He made the starting lineup for one game in the regular season and started in two playoff games and the Grey Cup. Jerrell Freeman won CFL Defensive Player of the Week honors in week 7 after recording three sacks against the BC Lions. He led the team in sacks by the end of the season with seven.

The 2011 season was a breakout year for Freeman. Freeman lead the CFL in tackles with 106. Freeman won CFL Defensive Player of the Week in week 10 and earned CFL Defensive Player of the Month for the month of September.

Indianapolis Colts
In January 2012, Freeman signed with the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL. In Week 1 against the Chicago Bears, Freeman returned a Jay Cutler interception for a touchdown in the first quarter. Freeman had an outstanding first season with the Colts finishing with 145 tackles (90 solo and 55 assisted) and two sacks. His 145 tackles was the fifth highest total in the league. Freeman won the AFC Defensive Player of the Week award for his performance in a 23–7 win over the Kansas City Chiefs on December 22, 2013. He finished the game with seven tackles, one quarterback sack, one forced fumble, one interception, and three passes defended. He was also initially credited with two interceptions, but one was later adjusted to a strip/sack for teammate Robert Mathis and a fumble recovery for Freeman. In the 2013 season, he had 5.5 sacks, 126 total tackles, two interceptions, six passes defended, six forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries. In 2014, he recorded 95 combined tackles, six pass deflections, and one forced fumble in 12 games played. On March 5, 2015, the Colts made a qualifying offer to Freeman, which he signed on April 27. In Week 17 of the 2015 season, Freeman had a 23-yard interception return for a touchdown in the 30–24 victory over the Tennessee Titans. In the 2015 season, he finished with three sacks, 112 total tackles, one interception, two passes defended, and one fumble recovery in 13 games and starts.

Chicago Bears
On March 12, 2016, Freeman signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the Chicago Bears. He was suspended four games on November 21, 2016, for violating the league's performance-enhancing drug policy. In the 2016 season, he appeared in 12 games an finished with 110 total tackles (86 solo) and five passes defended.

On September 12, 2017, Freeman was placed on injured reserve after sustaining a pectoral injury and a concussion in Week 1 against the Atlanta Falcons.

On October 30, the Chicago Bears announced that Freeman had been suspended for 10 games for violating the NFL's performance-enhancing drug policy for a second time. Freeman apologized for the suspension, adding that his playing career might be in jeopardy due to a head injury and memory loss.

On May 2, 2018, Freeman announced his retirement from the NFL. He was suspended an additional two years by the NFL on May 11, 2018, after failing a third drug test.

Career stats

Regular season

Postseason

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
American football linebackers
Canadian football linebackers
Players of American football from Waco, Texas
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Tennessee Titans players
Indianapolis Colts players
Chicago Bears players
Mary Hardin–Baylor Crusaders football players
University of Mary Hardin–Baylor alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


Cesar Esteban Grillon was born in Asunción, Paraguay in 1957. He was the first Consul General of Paraguay in Miami. He served in this position from 1986 - 1993.  He promoted his country and greatly increased the diplomatic, commercial, and cultural relationship between the United States and Paraguay.

He was the first Ambassador of Paraguay to Jakarta, Indonesia. The Republic of Paraguay closed their Embassy to Indonesia in 2015 as part of right-sizing efforts.

Grillon was mentioned in a South Florida Business Journal article while he was Consul General. The article states:
 And the country's 31-year-old Consul General in Miami, Cesar Esteban Grillon, is receiving much credit for softening Paraguayan government policy that leaned for decades towards protectionism. "Cesar does in fact represent the new Paraguay," says Miami attorney Margaret Kent, a member of the law firm Feinchrieber & Associates. "I think he is knocking down the doors that need to be knocked down."

Notes

Paraguayan diplomats
1957 births
Living people
Paraguay–United States relations
Ambassadors of Paraguay to Indonesia
People from Asunción


Michiel Andrieszoon (fl. 1683–1684) was a Dutch buccaneer who served as lieutenant to Captain Laurens de Graaf. He commanded the le Tigre, with a 300-man crew and between 30 and 36 guns. He is occasionally referred to in English as Michel or Mitchell, and is often erroneously given the nickname "Bréha Michiel".

In 1683, he was one of the leaders of the attack on Veracruz. This was one of the last major buccaneering raids in the Spanish Main and included such captains as Yankey Willems, Nicholas van Hoorn and Michel de Grammont. He was with de Graaf when they rendezvoused with the rest of the fleet from Petit-Goâve in February 1683. The two men had two ships, a bark and a sloop, and 500 men. Andrieszoon took part in raiding Spanish ships in the Bay of Honduras and off the coast of Central America for several weeks. They arrived at Veracruz on May 17 and, after some reconnaissance, attacked at dawn the following morning and successfully looted the Spanish stronghold.

In late November, Andrieszoon was with de Graff, Yankey Willems, Francois Le Sage and several others for the raid on Cartagena. When Viceroy Juan de Pando Estrada was informed of the buccaneers' presence, he ordered three Spanish warships to confront them. On December 23, the small squadron sailed out to meet the enemy fleet. Under the command of 26-year-old Captain Andres de Pez y Malzarraga were the 40-gun San Francisco, the 34-gun Paz and a 28-gun galliot carrying 800 soldiers. Instead of fleeing, the smaller ships sailed around the Spaniards, confusing its gunners. The San Francisco ran aground early in the battle, the galliot was captured by Willems, while the Paz struck after four hours of fighting. Casualties were relatively light, with only twenty buccaneers and ninety soldiers killed and the rest taken prisoner. The buccaneers took the warships for themselves, de Graaf raising the San Francisco and making it his new flagship, and later released the prisoners with a message for the governor thanking him for the Christmas present. Andrieszoon took Paz for his own, giving Tigre to Le Sage. Andrieszoon presumably remained with the expedition as they maintained the blockade for three weeks, before de Graff headed northwest for Roatan and Saint Domingue.

Over the next two years Andrieszoon returned to the Caribbean alongside Willems, taking ships near Cuba before sailing north to resupply in New England. Afterwards they and several others raided off the Spanish Main, eventually sacking Campeche in 1685 before returning to Santo Domingo to retire.

See also
Nicolas Brigaut - French buccaneer who served as Andrieszoon's quartermaster. Whey they traveled to Boston to resupply, Brigaut purchased a ship of his own and parted from Andrieszoon.

References

Further reading
Galvin, Peter R. Patterns of Pillage: A Geography of Caribbean-based Piracy in Spanish America, 1536–1718. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Little, Benerson. The Buccaneer's Realm: Pirate Life on the Spanish Main, 1674–1688. Potomac Books, 2007.
Marley, David. Sack of Veracruz: The Great Pirate Raid of 1683. Winsor, Ontario: Netherlandic Press, 1993.

Pirates from the Dutch Republic
17th-century pirates
17th-century Dutch criminals
Caribbean pirates
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


The United Farmers of British Columbia was a union of farmers established in 1917. Unlike some of their sibling United Farmers organizations in other provinces, the United Farmers of British Columbia were never directly incorporated as a full political party in their own right, although two candidates stood under the United Farmers banner in the 1920 provincial election, and the United Farmers subsequently participated in the creation of the Provincial Party of British Columbia.

References

Agrarian parties in Canada
Defunct agrarian political parties
Defunct political parties in Canada
Provincial political parties in British Columbia
Social democratic parties in Canada
Trade unions established in 1917
1917 establishments in British Columbia
Trade unions in British Columbia
United Farmers
1930s disestablishments in British Columbia


Jacques Tavernier or Le Lyonnais (1625–1673) was a French privateer and buccaneer supposedly active in the Caribbean during the mid-17th century. His existence has since been disputed among modern historians as little to no pre-19th century evidence exists prior to his entry in Appletons' Cyclopedia in 1889. He first arrived in the West Indies as a member of French privateering expeditions in the Gulf of Mexico and later became a buccaneer when hostilities ceased between France and Spain. Tavernier served under numerous buccaneers including Laurent van Graaf, Michel de Grandmount, Jacques Nau, Pierre le Picard and Sir Henry Morgan among others in his career, however he himself did not rise to command his own command largely due to his illiteracy.

Around 1664, Tavernier was captain of the 12-gun Le Perle and successfully raided the coasts of Venezuela, Panama, Cuba and Mexico. He also took part in the capture in Maricaibo in 1666, Portobelo in 1667 and Morgan's raid against Panama in 1671. He and Bradley attacked Spanish shipping in the Bay of Honduras during this time.

While returning from a recent voyage in 1673, Tavernier encountered two Spanish men-of-war. One of these ships took fire early in the fight and was forced to head for the coast while the other was boarded by Tavernier and his men. They had nearly captured the vessel when a sudden squall broke the cables holding the two ships together and trapping the buccaneers. Finding themselves unable to retreat to their own ship, they chose to continue fighting. When Tavernier was severely wounded, the crew lost their will to fight and eventually surrendered. The dying captain was taken to nearby Havana where he was convicted of piracy and was publicly executed.

Notes

References

1625 births
1673 deaths
French privateers


The ǂKhomani ( ), or Nǁnǂe, are Khoekhoe-speaking Bushmen (San) people of South Africa. Until the 20th century the ǂKhomani spoke the Nǁng language, but as the people shifted to Khoekhoe, they increasingly out-married, and identity as ǂKhomani has expanded to include the descendants of speakers of other (now extinct) ǃKwi languages.

See also
 ǀXam and ǂKhomani heartland

San people
Ethnic groups in South Africa
Indigenous peoples of Southern Africa


Tracy Lynn Grose (July 31, 1977 – September 12, 2020) was a professional soccer player and college soccer coach.

Early life
While playing for JB Marine SC in St. Louis, Mo., Grose was a member of two national championship teams. Grose's 1998 (U23) and 1993 (U16) squads were champions, while taking third place in 1995 (U18).

Indiana University
 1998 NSCAA All American (First woman All American in Indiana history); 1998 NSCAA All Great Lakes Region 1st Team; 1998 1st Team All Big Ten; 1998 Indiana school record, single season scoring (37 points on 15 goals, 7 assists); led Indiana to 2nd Round of NCAA tournament
 1996 Big Ten Freshman Player of the Year; 2nd Team All Big Ten Conference

Professional

Carolina Courage
In 2002, she played for the Carolina Courage.

Coaching career
She was an assistant coach for Indiana Hoosiers, Northern Arizona Lumberjacks, and Iowa State Cyclones.

Grose served as administrative assistant for the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville men's soccer program.

Personal life and death
She married her husband Jerome Souers in 2015.

She died September 12, 2020.

References

External links
 Iowa State coach profile
 Carolina Courage player profile (archived)

1977 births
2020 deaths
Soccer players from St. Louis
Sportspeople from St. Charles, Missouri
American soccer coaches
American women's soccer players
Carolina Courage players
Indiana Hoosiers women's soccer coaches
Indiana Hoosiers women's soccer players
Iowa State Cyclones women's soccer coaches
Northern Arizona Lumberjacks women's soccer coaches
Women's association football forwards
Women's United Soccer Association players


This is a list of hospitals in Niger. While the World Bank classified 40 hospitals in Niger in 2001, most are small clinics. There were on 296 Physicians in a country of over 13 million people in 2004. Some of the larger hospitals are listed below.

Niamey Capitol District

Niamey

National Hospital of Niamey
Created in 1922 by the colonial administration, it received the title of National Hospital of Niamey (Hopital National de Niamey or HNN) in 1962. It is a modern and government operated hospital in the capital of Niger. It is the largest hospital in the country that provides a full range of medical and surgical services to patients in Niamey and the rest of the country. Along with the Lamorde National Hospital, it is the leading hospital in the country. Other regional hospitals refer cases to the National Hospital of Niamey and the Lamorde National Hospital when in need. It is equipped with radiology equipment and provides psychiatry, neurosurgery and cardiology services.

Maradi Region

Dosso Region

Diffa Region

Tillabéri Region

Tahoua Region

Agadez Region

Zinder Region

See also
Health in Niger
List of companies based in Niger

References

VILLAGES WITH CLINICS/HOSPITALS: REPUBLIC OF NIGER. PRELIMINARY ATLAS OF POVERTY/VULNERABILITY. Prepared for The World Bank Technical Department, Africa Region (2001)
Niger: sign-post.org. Todd Ulmer, MD (June 2008) Surgical Implant Generation Network, Richland, WA, US
Participating Hospitals: BlueCard Worldwide (2002).

 List
Niger
Niger
Hospitals


Stoke Lyne is a village and civil parish about  north of Bicester, Oxfordshire in southern England.

Etymology
The name Stoke Lyne is first attested, simply as Stoches, in the Domesday Book of 1086. This name comes from the Old English word  ('secondary settlement, outlying farmstead, dairy farm'). As Stoke is a very common name in England, this was later disambiguated: the form Stoke del Isle ('Stoke of the Del Isle family') is attested in 1328, and in the Latinised form Stoke Insula already in 1316. In the early fifteenth century, the estate was bought by William Lynde, and the name came to be disambiguated through the addition of his family's name. This is first attested in 1526 in the form Stokelynde; the present-day form is first attested as Stoke-lyne in 1658.

Battle of Fethan leag
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in 584 CE a Saxon army led by King Ceawlin of Wessex and his son Cutha fought an army of Britons "at the place which is named Fethan leag". Cutha was killed but his father Ceawlin won "many towns and countless war-loot". A 12th-century document records a wood called "Fethelée" in a reference to Stoke Lyne, so it is now thought the Chronicle is depicting a battle near Stoke Lyne.

Modern historians doubt, however, that such a battle took place. In the assessment of Patrick Sims-Williams, "the name means 'wood (or clearing) of the soldier or band of soldiers (or of the battle)'. That could be a coincidence, or the site
could be named after the 584 battle; but in view of the earlier folk-etymologies [in the Chronicle] one is bound to suspect that the annal really reflects a legend explaining the place-name".

Manor
Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria held the manor of Stoke Lyne before the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. When Tostig's elder brother Harold Godwinson was crowned King Harold II in January 1066, Earl Tostig encouraged Harald III of Norway to invade England, but in September Harold II defeated the Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge and both Harald and Tostig were killed in the fighting.

The Domesday Book records that in 1086 Stoke Lyne's feudal overlord was Walter Giffard, who William II made 1st Earl of Buckingham in 1097. The manor remained part of the honour of Giffard until Walter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham died without an heir in 1164. It then passed to Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, who was descended from a sister of the first Walter Giffard. It remained with his heirs until Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke died without a male heir in 1245. Anselm's estates were divided between five co-heiresses and Stoke Lyne passed to Richard de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford and 2nd Earl of Gloucester, whose mother Isabel Marshal was a daughter of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. Richard de Clare's grandson Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 leaving no male heir. His estates were divided between his three sisters but there is no mention of Stoke Lyne being among them.

Thereafter the Earls of Oxford held Stoke Lyne as part of their honour of Whitchurch until at least the 16th century.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Peter has a late Norman nave and chancel. A north aisle was added in the 13th century and a south tower was added early in the 14th century. Most of the north aisle was demolished, leaving just the easternmost bay as a north transept. St. Peter's is a Grade II* listed building.

The tower has three bells, all cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. Thomas II Mears cast the second bell in 1812, while Mears and Stainbank cast the treble in 1869 and the tenor in 1925.

The parish is now part of the benefice of Stratton Audley with Godington, Fringford with Hethe and Stoke Lyne. The benefice is part of the Shelswell group of parishes.

A Church of England school for the village was built in 1864 and reorganised as a junior school in 1930. It was still open in 1954 but has since closed.

Amenities
Stoke Lyne has a public house, the Peyton Arms, controlled by the Hook Norton Brewery. Stoke Lyne has a Women's Institute.

References

Sources

External links

Villages in Oxfordshire
Civil parishes in Oxfordshire


Shaban Bantariza (1963 – 27 October 2020) was a Colonel in the Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF). He served as the deputy director of the Uganda Media Centre and deputy government spokesperson, from June 2015.

Background and education
Bantariza was born in Mitooma District in Uganda's Western Region, circa 1963. He attended St. Leo's College, Kyegobe, in Fort Portal, Kabarole District for his O-Level studies. He then joined the Catholic brotherhood, where he trained as an elementary school teacher.

While pursuing a course at Makerere University in 1985, he abandoned his studies and joined the National Resistance Army, led by Yoweri Museveni. He attended guerrilla bootcamp in the Kabarore area, in foothills of the Rwenzori Mountains. He also attended and graduated from the Uganda Senior Command and Staff College, having studied the senior command course offered annually at the college.

Career
Bantariza served as the UPDF spokesperson from 2000 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2006. For a period of time, prior to February 2009, Bantariza, at the rank of lieutenant colonel, served as the commander of the Oliver Tambo Leadership School, in Kaweweta, Nakaseke District, in Uganda's Central Region. On 26 February 2009, he was appointed commandant of the National Leadership Institute (NALI), in Kyankwanzi, Kyankwanzi District. He served in that capacity until he was relieved of his duties on 7 October 2011.

In June 2013, he was appointed Deputy Executive Director of the National Media Centre. On 2 July 2013, at the rank of colonel, he was arrested, charged with embezzlement and remanded to Makindye Military prison by the General Court Martial on charges of alleged fraud. After proceedings that lasted nearly three years, the Court Martial, chaired by Major General Levi Karuhanga, acquitted Colonel Bantariza due to lack of evidence against him, on 14 April 2015. On 24 June 2015, following his acquittal by the general court martial, he resumed work at the Uganda Media Centre, the president of Uganda having directed in writing that Bantariza resumes work.

Retirement from the UPDF
On 28 September 2015, Bantariza retired from the UPDF. He continued to serve as the deputy government spokesperson until his death on 27 October 2020.

Death
He died on 27 October 2020, at Mulago National Referral Hospital, where he had been admitted two days before, complaining of chest discomfort, fatigue and cough. Before his death, his samples had tested positive for COVID-19. He also suffered from diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension.

See also
 Aronda Nyakairima
 Felix Kulayigye
 Nobel Mayombo
 Uganda Ministry of Information and Communications Technology

References

External links
Website of Uganda Media Centre

1963 births
2020 deaths
Ugandan military personnel
Ugandan civil servants
People from Mitooma District
Uganda Senior Command and Staff College alumni
Makerere University alumni
People from Western Region, Uganda
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda
People educated at St. Leo's College, Kyegobe


The Völkisch Work Community (Völkische Werkgemeinschaft) was a German fascist movement founded and led by Otto Dickel that existed from the 1920s until 1933, which was not associated with Nazism.

History
The movement was one of a number of Völkisch nationalist movements that existed in Germany during the Weimar Republic era and in 1921, the Nazi Party under the leadership of Anton Drexler attempted to negotiate with Dickel to merge the Volkisch Work Community with the Nazi Party and the German Socialist Party. However such plans were scrapped when Adolf Hitler, then only a member of the Nazi party, vehemently rejected the plan and threatened to resign from the Nazi Party, if the Nazis agreed to merge with the German Socialist Party and the Völkisch Work Community, Hitler personally accused Dickel of being an enemy of National Socialism. Over time, Dickel gradually drifted away from his economic statism, and by the 1930s he had become a proponent of laissez-faire capitalism.

Otto Dickel spoke of the need to revive of the German nation as well as German and Western culture, supported the creation of a Greater German nation and wanted to abandon what he saw as a cowardly contemporary culture. he stated:

References

Far-right political parties in Germany
Fascist parties in Germany
German nationalist organizations
German nationalist political parties


Saint Mary's Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness Area in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests. The wilderness area is located next to the Blue Ridge Parkway near the Parkway's northern terminus and consists of . Saint Mary's Wilderness is the largest Virginia Wilderness on national forest land.  Saint Mary's Wilderness ranges in elevation from about  to . The area has about  of hiking trails within or near its boundaries.

Saint Mary's Wilderness includes the drainages of Cellar Hollow, Spy Run, and the upper part of the Saint Mary's River. Each waterway is a tributary of the South River; via the Maury and James rivers, which are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed.

History
The Saint Mary's River gorge was mined for manganese ore and iron ore from the early 1900s until the mines were abandoned in the 1950s. Scattered remains of the mining operations are still evident. Mine Bank Mountain, a creek, and a trail are all named Mine Bank after the mining operations.

Saint Mary's was designated a Wilderness as a part of the Virginia Wilderness Act of 1984.

Recreation
Saint Mary's Wilderness is particularly popular during summer due to a large number of waterfalls within its boundaries. Fishermen can take native trout from the Saint Mary's River.

There is an extensive network of hiking trails, including:
Saint Mary's River Trail
Saint Mary's Gorge Trail
Mine Bank Creek Trail
Cellar Mountain Trail

See also
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
Wilderness Act

References

External links
 National Forest Web site
 Hiking Upward website account of Saint Mary's hike
 Wilderness.net
 TopoQuest topographic map
 Saint Mary's Hike detail
 Details of a joint Forest Service/James Madison University project to lime streams in Saint Mary's Wilderness

Protected areas of Augusta County, Virginia
George Washington and Jefferson National Forests
IUCN Category Ib
Wilderness areas of Virginia
Protected areas established in 1984
1984 establishments in Virginia


Acholi nationalism is a political ideology that seeks self-determination by the Acholi people.

See also
Ugandan nationalism

References

Stateless nationalism in Africa
Political history of Uganda


Chorizanthe polygonoides is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name knotweed spineflower. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows widely scattered in many types of habitat. It is a petite plant taking a prostrate form with stems just a few centimeters long at maximum. It may be green to red in color and is hairy in texture. The leaves are no more than a centimeter long and the flower is under two millimeters wide. The minute flower is surrounded by three hairy point-tipped bracts.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

polygonoides
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Balada por un amor (English title: Ballad for a love) is a Mexican telenovela produced by José Rendón for Televisa in 1989.

Daniela Romo, Alfredo Adame and Jorge Rivero starred as protagonists, while Isaura Espinoza and Leticia Perdigón starred as antagonists. Enrique Lizalde starred as special performance.

Plot
The story is about the singer Brianda (Daniela Romo), the girlfriend of Gustavo (Alfredo Adame). On a trip Brianda's plane suffers an accident and falls into the sea. She runs to a forest where she meets Manuel Santa María (Jorge Rivero) who flees from thugs. Brianda and Manuel fall in love until he discovers that he is her father. Brianda is slowly discovering that who she really loves is Gustavo.

Cast
 Daniela Romo as Brianda Portugal Mercader
 Alfredo Adame as Gustavo Elenes Salamanca
 Jorge Rivero as Manuel Santamaría
 Enrique Lizalde as Fernando Portugal
 Leticia Perdigón as Lucía Allende
 Isaura Espinoza as Lidia Mercader
 Claudio Brook as Marcelo Allende
 Daniela Castro as Simona Portugal
 Meche Barba as Adela
 Javier Díaz Dueñas as Sebastián
 Margarita Gralia as Virginia
 Magda Guzmán as Beatriz
 Nelly Horsman as Pachita
 Arsenio Campos as Eloy Allende
 Irma Lozano as Leonora Mercader
 Miguel Macía as Benjamín Allende
 Yolanda Mérida as Ángela Pérez
 María Teresa Rivas as Victoria
 Rafael Banquells Jr. as Agustín
 Héctor Cruz Lara as Bruno Sagasta
 Alicia Fahr as Eloísa Negrete
 Jorge Pais as Octavio Elenes
 Darío T. Pie as Pablo Negrete
 José Gálvez as Tony Vargas

Awards

References

External links

1989 telenovelas
1989 Mexican television series debuts
1990 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas


7ball is a discontinued Christian music magazine, first published in 1995. They focused on rock, hip-hop, and other "alternative" forms of Christian music. The magazine was initially published by the Royal Magazine Group (a division of Thomas Nelson) alongside Release magazine and others. Its primary competition were magazines such as HM, True Tunes News, and CCM.

Background
7ball magazine was initially edited by Chris Well, former editor of the Christian rock magazine Syndicate, until 1996. In 1996, the magazine was sold to VoxCorp (Nashville). Well was promoted to editor in chief of the entire company, overseeing 7ball, Release, and others, and former CCM assistant editor Bruce A. Brown was hired as managing editor of 7ball. Brown edited through the end of 1997, and was eventually replaced by Cameron Strang.

In early 1999 7ball gained distribution to Family Christian Stores, the largest Christian bookstore chain. HM Magazine editor Doug Van Pelt would later report that during its tenure 7ball cost them some of their advertising base. Strang edited into 2001, then founded the Relevant Media Group, which began publishing Relevant Magazine in 2003.

7ball ceased publication in 2004.

References

1995 establishments in Tennessee
2004 disestablishments in Tennessee
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Christian magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1995
Magazines disestablished in 2004
Magazines published in Tennessee
Mass media in Nashville, Tennessee
Music magazines published in the United States


Chorizanthe procumbens is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name prostrate spineflower. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in scrub and chaparral habitat. It is variable in appearance, up to 25 centimeters long or much shorter, usually growing prostrate along the ground. It is often yellowish green in color but there are grayish and reddish forms. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers with each minute white or yellow flower surrounded by spine-tipped bracts.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

procumbens
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Taxa named by Thomas Nuttall
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league with teams in the United States and Canada. Nearly every team, with one exception, has a squad of dancers for cheerleading that are usually involved in dancing, charity work, fundraisers, and modeling. However, the #MeToo Movement has resulted in many NBA teams replacing their all-girl dance teams with family-friendly hype teams in recent years.

Teams

The only team currently without traditional NBA dancers is the San Antonio Spurs. Until 2018, they had a dance squad called the Silver Dancers.

Notable NBA cheerleaders

Atlanta Hawks
Deneen Graham (1994) – Miss North Carolina 1983
Kaylin Reque (2008–11) – Miss Georgia USA 2011
Laurie Flynn – wife of Matt Schaub

Boston Celtics
Michelle Leonardo (2013–present) – Miss New Jersey USA 2012

Chicago Bulls
Shanon Lersch (2004–09) – Miss Illinois USA 2008
Ashley Bond (2007–13) – Miss Illinois USA 2009
Maya Hayes (1996-1999) – dancer and choreographer Currently the Founder and President of the National Basketball Dancer Alumni Club est. 2023. She also served as the game day entertainment coordinator and choreographer for the Jr. Basketball League under the direction of Mr. LaVar Ball.

Dallas Mavericks
Cindy Villarreal (1989–90) – choreographer
Kandi Harris (2004–05) – fiancee of Hunter Mahan
Jill Marie Jones – actress, Toni on Girlfriends
Maya Hayes (2007-2009) – dancer and choreographer Currently the Founder and President of the National Basketball Dancer Alumni Club est. 2023. She also served as the game day entertainment coordinator and choreographer for the Jr. Basketball League under the direction of Mr. LaVar Ball.

Denver Nuggets
Lindsey Kovacevich (2005–07) – anchor and reporter of KVAL-TV

Detroit Pistons
Cassandra Ferguson – contestant on The Bachelor season 18
Heather Zara – traffic reporter of WDIV-TV

Golden State Warriors
Bonnie-Jill Laflin (1992–94) – model, actress, television personality

Houston Rockets
Natalie Alvarado (1997–2004) – singer and dance team director of the Minnesota Timberwolves
Casey Potter (2016-2018) –  director of the Houston Texans Cheerleaders

Indiana Pacers
Angela Sparrow (2006–07) – Miss Illinois USA 2011
Jocelyn Peck (2013–present) – wife of Stanley Havili

Los Angeles Clippers
Eve Torres (2006–07) – wrestler
Jocelyn Peck (2010–12) – wife of Stanley Havili

Los Angeles Lakers
Paula Abdul (1980s) – singer, dancer, choreographer, television personality
Tina Landon (1980s) – dancer, choreographer
Emily Harper (2000–03) – actress
Cindy Leos (2000–01) – dancer, choreographer, celebrity trainer
Sandra Colton (2002–03) – dancer, author
Taylour Paige (2010) – dancer, actress
Leah Van Dale (2010–11) – WWE wrestler
Natasha Martinez (2011–12) – Miss California USA 2015
Moon Bloodgood – model, actress
Vanessa Curry – singer

Memphis Grizzlies
Stacey Tookey – dancer, choreographer

Miami Heat
Jessica Sutta (1999–2002) – singer, dancer, actress, member of the pop girl group Pussycat Doll
Trista Rehn (2000–02) – contestant on The Bachelor season 1
Jenni Croft (2005–06) – contestant on The Bachelor season 11
Layla El (2004–06) – model, dancer, actress, wrestler
Hennely Jimenez (2006–07) – Actress, starred in the film 200 mph
Kristina Akra – reporter for Fox Sports South
Traci Young-Byron – (8 Year Vet) MTV's America's Best Dance Crew Season 3 Lifetime's Bring it Set it up

Milwaukee Bucks
Tanya Fischer (2003–04) – Actress of The Defenders
Bishara Dorre (2008–11) – Miss Wisconsin USA 2014

Minnesota Timberwolves
Brittany Thelemann – Miss Minnesota USA 2011

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
Denise Garvey (1999–2000) – former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader, former New York Knicks dancer, director of the New York Jets Flight Crew

New Orleans Hornets
Dawn Richard – singer, dancer, former member of Danity Kane

New York Knicks
Heather Van Arsdel (1998–2005) – WPTZ news anchor
Denise Garvey (2001–05) – former Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader, former New Jersey Nets dancer, director of the New York Jets Flight Crew
Asia Nitollano (2006–07) – singer, dancer, former Pussycat Doll
Amanda Grace (2008) – director of the New Jersey Devils Ice Dancers
Sarah Mitchell – dancer, actress
Sydney Lotuaco (2015–18) – Contestant of The Bachelor season 23

Oklahoma City Thunder
Kimberly Sullivan (2008–09) – contestant on The Bachelor season 14
Ali Dudek – singer (during the team's Seattle days)

Orlando Magic
 Megan Clementi (2003–08) – Miss Florida USA 2010
 Trinity McCray – WWE wrestler
 Sandy Fox (1988–91) – Voice actress

Philadelphia 76ers
Amber-Joi Watkins (2005–07) – Miss Pennsylvania USA 2011

Phoenix Suns
Brittany Bell (2006–09) – Miss Arizona USA 2010
Jenni Croft (2006–09) – contestant on The Bachelor season 11
Kat Hurd (2013–present) – contestant on The Bachelor season 18
Tiffany Dunn – singer

Portland Trail Blazers
Caysie Torrey (1997–98) – dancer, actress, clothing model
Shannon Bex (1999–2004) – singer, dancer, former member of Danity Kane

Sacramento Kings
Vanessa Born (2001–03) – actress and dancer
Aubrey Aquino – TV reporter and host

Toronto Raptors
Nicole Arbour – YouTube comedian and provocateur
Nikki Grant (2007–09) – actress

Utah Jazz
Tiffany Coyne (2000–02) – Co-host and model on Let's Make a Deal on CBS
Jocelyn Peck (2007–10) – wife of Stanley Havili
Jessica Sanchez – morning traffic reporter of WKMG-TV

See also

National Football League Cheerleading

References

External links

Atlanta Hawks A-Town Dancers Official Site
Boston Celtics Dancers Official Site
Brooklyn Nets Brooklynettes Official Site
Charlotte Honey Bees Official Site
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Crawshay's zebra (Equus quagga crawshayi) is a subspecies of the plains zebra native to eastern Zambia, east of the Luangwa River, Malawi, southeastern Tanzania, and northern Mozambique south to the Gorongoza District.  Crawshay's zebras can be distinguished from other subspecies of plains zebras in that its lower incisors lack an infundibulum.  Crawshay's zebra has very narrow stripes compared to other forms of the plains zebra.

References

Images

Zebras
Mammals of Zambia
Mammals of Malawi


The Nauvoo House in Nauvoo, Illinois, is a boarding house that Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, began constructing in the 1840s. The boarding house was never completed, but the structure was later converted into a residential home and renamed the Riverside Mansion. The Nauvoo House, as it is referred to today, is part of the Nauvoo Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.

In January 1841, Smith received a revelation with instructions to construct a house in Nauvoo which would be "a resting-place for the weary traveler". The revelation also instructed that the building should be called the Nauvoo House, and set out detailed instructions about how the building of the house would be financed. George Miller, Lyman Wight, John Snider, and Peter Haws were appointed as the overseers of the project, and they created the Nauvoo House Association on 23 February 1841.

Construction of the Nauvoo House began later in 1841, with Smith placing the original manuscript of the Book of Mormon in the cornerstone of the building. Construction continued until 1844, when resources were pulled away from the Nauvoo House to concentrate on completion of the Nauvoo Temple.

After Smith and his brother Hyrum were killed by a mob in June 1844, their bodies were secretly buried in the cellar of the unfinished house to prevent their bodies from being stolen. Later, their bodies were removed and buried close to the Homestead.

After Smith's death, his widow Emma Smith retained title to the Nauvoo House. When the majority of Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo in the late 1840s, the house was still only partially completed. In the 1870s, Emma and her husband Lewis C. Bidamon converted the unfinished hotel into a smaller structure called the Riverside Mansion (also called Bidamon House). At this time, Lewis Bidamon removed the Book of Mormon manuscript from the cornerstone, and it was subsequently purchased by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Emma Bidamon and Lewis Bidamon  both lived in Riverside Mansion from 1871 until their deaths.

In 1909, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) purchased the property. The Nauvoo House is still owned by the RLDS Church, which is now called the Community of Christ, and it operates the house as a dormitory available for group rental, as well as a stop on their guided walking tour of the Joseph Smith Historic Site.

Notes

External links

 Joseph Smith Historic Site, including the Nauvoo House, Community of Christ
 Historic Nauvoo: Joseph Smith Historic Site

Community of Christ
Historic house museums in Illinois
Joseph Smith
Latter Day Saint movement in Illinois
Museums in Hancock County, Illinois
Nauvoo, Illinois
Religious museums in Illinois
Significant places in Mormonism


Salvia transsylvanica is a herbaceous perennial native to a wide area from north and central Russia to Romania. It was described and named in 1853 by botanist Philipp Johann Ferdinand Schur, with the specific epithet referring to the Transylvanian Alps located in central Romania. It was introduced into horticulture in the 1980s.

Salvia transsylvanica puts out several lax  stems from a basal clump of leaves. The leaves that grow on the stem vary in size—being larger at the bottom—with the upper side being dark yellow-green and the underside pale with yellow veins. The leaves are very scalloped around the edges. The  flowers are slightly longer than , and have a rich violet color, growing in loose whorls that are about  apart. Many flowers bloom at once, giving the plant a very colorful and striking appearance.

Notes

transsylvanica
Flora of Romania
Flora of Russia
Plants described in 1853


Blush () is a 1995 Chinese film about the experience of two women during China's campaign to re-educate prostitutes. Blush was directed by Li Shaohong and stars He Saifei, Wang Ji, and Wang Zhiwen. The film was a co-production between Hong Kong's Ocean Film and Beijing Film Studio. The film is based on the novel Petulia's Rouge Tin (in Chinese, named Hóngfěn) by the writer Su Tong. Blush won the Silver Bear for Outstanding Single Achievement at the 45th Berlin International Film Festival, and Golden Peacock (Best Film) at the 27th International Film Festival of India.

Plot
Blush takes place in the 1950s during a campaign by the new Communist government in China designed to "re-educate" prostitutes to become contributing members of society. Two such prostitutes, Xiao'e (He Saifei) and Qiuyi (Wang Ji), have recently been sent to a re-education camp by the People's Liberation Army. Rebelling against her new life of uniforms and forced re-education, Qiuyi escapes and becomes a kept woman for Laopu (Wang Zhiwen). When Qiuyi becomes pregnant, she seeks refuge in a Buddhist temple but is cast out when the nuns discover her pregnancy - soon after, the baby miscarries.

Left in the training camp, Xiao'e undergoes her ideological re-education and emerges from her ordeal as a factory worker. Detesting physical labor, she goes on to marry Laopu and has a child with him, forcing him to steal money from work. When Laopu is caught, he is sentenced to death, and Xiao'e abandons him and her child to remarry. As the film ends, Xiao'E's child is adopted by Qiuyi, who had gone on to marry a simple old teahouse owner.

Reception
Blush was well received by most critics in the West, with Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader calling it the "most emotionally complex picture I've seen from mainland China about the effect of the communist revolution on the lives of ordinary people."

Notes

Names in native languages

References

External links

 Blush at the Chinese Movie Database

1995 films
Films about prostitution in China
1995 drama films
1990s Mandarin-language films
Films set in the 1950s
Films directed by Li Shaohong
Beijing Film Studio films
Chinese drama films
Films scored by Guo Wenjing


Rudi Šeligo (14 May 1935 – 22 January 2004) was a Slovenian writer, playwright, essayist and politician. Together with Lojze Kovačič and Drago Jančar, he is considered one of the foremost Slovenian modernist writers of the post-World War II period.

Life
Šeligo was born in a Slovene family in Sušak, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now part of the city of Rijeka, Croatia. In 1939, he moved with his family to the industrial town of Jesenice in north-western Slovenia. After finishing high school, he worked as an industrial worker in the local iron mill for few years. He then moved to the small town of Tolmin, where he finished a teacher's academy. In 1956, he moved to Ljubljana, where he enrolled in the University of Ljubljana, studying philosophy and sociology. In Ljubljana, Šeligo became involved with a group of young and intellectuals known as the Critical generation. He published several short stories in the alternative literary journal Revija 57. He became friends with the dissident intellectual Jože Pučnik, and witnessed his arrest in 1958.

In 1962, he became a lecturer at the School for Sociology and Working Management in Kranj, and continued publishing his works, mostly in the alternative journal Perspektive. When the journal was forced to close down by the Communist regime, Šeligo entered a "creative strike", refusing to publish any of his works for two years. In the late 1960s, he started collaborating the renowned literary theorists and philosopher Dušan Pirjevec Ahac.

In the 1987, Šeligo was elected as president of the Slovene Writers' Association. In a period of social and political ferment, Šeligo used his position to transform the association in an open platform of public debate, promoting the values of pluralism and democracy. In 1989, he was among the founding members of the Slovenian Democratic Union. In the first free elections in Slovenia in 1990, he was elected to the Slovenian Parliament. Between 1990 and 1994, he also presided the Advisiory Board of the Slovenian Radio and Television Broadcast. In 1994, he joined the Slovenian Social Democratic Party. Between June and November 2000, he served as Minister for Culture in the short lived centre-right government of Andrej Bajuk. During this short period, he compiled the so-called "National Program for Culture", an integrative document on the aims of cultural policy in Slovenia, which became the basis for the cultural policies of all later Slovenian governments. In 2001, he became a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

He died in Ljubljana and was buried in the Žale cemetery.

Work
In the 1950s, Šeligo was among those who brought radical avantgardist innovations to the Slovenian literature. His short novel "The Triptych of Agata Schwarzkobler" (Triptih Agate Schwarzkobler), published in 1968, is considered the first example of reism in Slovene literature. His early novels were under the influence of the French Nouveau roman, and were characterized by thick descriptions and anti-psychologic attitude.

References

News of Šeligo's death
Eulogy in the journal Mladina
Biography
Literature in Context

1935 births
Slovenian writers
Slovenian dramatists and playwrights
Slovenian essayists
Slovenian Democratic Union politicians
Slovenian Democratic Party politicians
University of Ljubljana alumni
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Prešeren Award laureates
Kresnik Award laureates
Writers from Rijeka
People from Jesenice, Jesenice
2004 deaths
Presidents of the Slovene Writers' Association
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century essayists
Burials at Žale


Otto Dickel (5 June 1880 in Darmstadt – 15 June 1944 in Undingen) was the founder of the fascist Völkisch Work Community that existed in Germany during the Weimar Republic era. In 1921, Dickel participated in negotiations with the Nazi Party under the leadership of Anton Drexler, who attempted to negotiate with Dickel to merge the Volkish Work Community with the Nazi Party and the German Social Party. However such plans were scrapped when Adolf Hitler, then only a member of the Nazi party, vehemently rejected the plan and threatened to resign from the NSDAP if the Nazis agreed to the merger. Hitler personally accused Dickel of being an enemy of National Socialism. Over time, Dickel would gradually drift away from his economic views and by the 1930s had become a proponent of laissez-faire capitalism.

Otto Dickel spoke of the need for the creation of a Greater German nation, the revival of the German nation as well as German and Western culture and the need to abandon what he saw as a cowardly contemporary culture.

References

Weimar Republic politicians
1880 births
1944 deaths
German fascists
Politicians from Darmstadt


The Birim River is one of the main tributaries of the Pra River in Ghana and the country's most important diamond-producing area, flowing through most of the width of the Eastern region. The river rises in the east of the Atewa Range, flows north through the gap between this range and the Kwahu Plateau, then runs roughly south-west until it joins the Pra. It gives its name to the Birimian rock formation, which yields most of the gold in the region. Ghana is the second largest producer of gold in Africa.

Geology

The Birim River basin lies in the Man Shield area of the West African craton, which has been overlaid by Early Proterozoic metasedimentary Birimian rocks. These rocks appear to have originated in mid-oceanic arcs of volcanoes, which formed a crust that collided with and rode over the Man shield portion of the West African Craton and was compressed to form a series of folds generally trending northeasterly. The Birimian rocks include Akwatian formations, named after the town of Akwatia in the Birim valley, which have yielded more than  of diamonds. The great majority of the diamonds are found in Harzburgitic rocks and seem to have crystallized at unusually high temperatures and pressures deep in the lithosphere.

Environment

The river rises in the Kibi or Akim district of the Eastern Region of Ghana, in the Atewa Range, which rises to 780m. The surrounding lowlands are about 180-200m above sea level. Much of the Atewa range is a forest reserve, with large areas of primary forest holding many rare plant, animal and insect species despite persistent timber poaching. There are many unstudied archeological sites. The Kibi area has 1500–2000mm of rain annually.

The Birim basin is in the wet semi-equatorial zone of Ghana. There are two rainy seasons, one from May to June and the second from September to October. In the drier seasons, temperatures are around 26 °C in August and 30 °C in March. Relative humidity is 70% - 80% throughout the year. At one time covered by dense tropical forest, large areas have been cleared for farming. Ghana's forest area dropped from 8.2 million hectares around 1900 to 1.6 million hectares by 2000, and continues to decline due to demand for exports and for construction material by the growing population. Managed plantations are being introduced and may help to reverse the decline.

The river water contains levels of faecal coliforms and streptococci, mostly of human origin but in some cases due to pollution from livestock operations, that make it unsafe to drink without treatment. Below Akwatia the river holds high levels of silt from the mining operations.

Galamsey
The Birim river has been degraded as a result of illegal mining activities. The community members and some organizations have requested the government to take action against the illegal miners and protect the river. A group has been formed which consist of 62 people to assist in protecting the river.

Mineral wealth

The Birim basin is rich in minerals and has been a source of gold for centuries, the basis for the former name of Ghana: the Gold Coast. It is also a major source of diamonds.

Gold

The Birim river gravels hold gold which has long been extracted through panning or Placer mining, used in making ornaments and for trans-Saharan trade long before the Europeans discovered the Gold Coast. Starting in the late 19th century, British gold mining companies adopted conventional mining and extraction processes, developing deep underground mines in the underlying Ashanti belt. After independence in 1957 the government nationalized the gold mining industry. With inadequate investment, the mines deteriorated and profitability fell. However, after privatization in 1992 the new owners injected capital, mostly into the Ashanti belt mines, discovering new world-class deposits. The Ashanti Belt now has an aggregated gold endowment of over 125,000,000 ounces of gold.

Diamonds

Ghana has produced gems from alluvial gravels since the 1920s, mostly industrial grade. In the early 1990s the government announced plans to privatize its diamond-mining operations but found no buyers. The government still owns Ghana Consolidated Diamonds, since 2005 the only formal commercial producer of diamonds.  Ghana Consolidated Diamonds uses a strip and mine method at their placer mine in Akwatia, using Manitowoc draglines. The plant is old and obsolescent, available only 38% of the time and producing under capacity. The government is looking for a strategic investor to take over the mine.

In 1989 the government of Ghana set up the Precious Minerals Marketing Corporation (PMMC) to promote small-scale gold and diamond mining and to purchase and resell the output. As much as 70% of the diamonds were smuggled out of the country before the PMMC was created. In its first sixteen months of operation, the PMMC bought  of diamonds and 20,365 ounces of gold and sold  of diamonds worth US$8 million. However, because of complaints over raw gem sales, the government in March 1992 ordered an investigation into the operations of the state agency and suspended its managing director.

In the 1950s and 1960s the Akwatia area of the Birim valley produced more than  annually. However, both volumes and quality are declining. Ghana produced a total of about  of diamonds in 1995, about half of it from Akwatia. The available reserves cover an area of 240 km2 along the Birim River and are estimated to contain  of proven reserve. Although the Akwatia deposits are nearly depleted, large additional resources have been identified in the nearby Birim River deposits, including an altered meta-lamproite that may represent a primary diamond source.

Most of the diamond production in the Birim basin is now by artisanal miners from alluvial and in situ diamond deposits near Akwatia.  There is some evidence that production volumes from these small-scale operations are increasing.

Bauxite

The Atewa Range at the headwaters of the river contains extensive bauxite deposits with minor kaolin occurrences, which are being evaluated by groups such as BHP. However, the bauxite deposits are generally poor quality compared to larger deposits of higher-quality bauxite in nearby Guinea and are in an environmentally sensitive area, so are unlikely to be developed.

Farming

The fertile soil and warm, humid climate of the Birim basin support staple food crops such as cassava, yam, cocoyam, maize, rice and vegetables, and commercially more valuable crops  such as citrus, pineapple, pawpaw and cola nut. The region also produces exotic crops such as black and sweet pepper, ginger, cashew nuts, rubber and mangoes, which are gaining importance as export commodities. Cocoa farming is one of the more important sources of income, with the dried product exported for further processing. Palm oil production is also increasing, with byproducts used for making soap locally. Bamboo is another important crop. The fast-growing plant provides inexpensive material for construction and in furniture making.

Tourism

The government is attempting to develop the tourist potential of the region. The Atewa Range forest reserve is managed by the Okyeman Environment Foundation, which has restricted people from farming in the area and instead is trying to encourage eco-tourism.
The Birim South District has attractive scenery, waterfalls, historic places and nine forest reserves. The Ghana Tourist Development Board, in collaboration with the District Assembly and Traditional Authorities has developed a Business Plan for developing the "Big Tree" site in the Esen Epan Forest Reserve near Akim Oda as a tourist site, in cooperation with the private sector. This site has the biggest tree in West Africa at 12 meters in circumference and  66.5 meters tall. Working with the University of Georgia, plans are being made to improve the access roads, eating and relaxation places, souvenirs and shops.

In the town of Akyem (Akim) Oda, the capital of the Birim South District, attractions include dug-out boat tours to view the mining operations, traditional ceremonies usually including impressive drumming performances and a bustling outdoor market. The exotic and tasty local food may also be an important attraction.

References

External links

Rivers of Ghana


The PONA number is an index for oil components used to determine the paraffins (P), olefins (O), naphthenes (N) and aromatics (A) content of FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) and coker (visbreaker) gasoline.

The PONA number plays a significant role in determining the quality of naphtha. Various grades of naphtha are produced depending on the PONA specifications, such as 60/15, 65/12, 70/10, etc. The first number represents the minimum allowable total parafins percentage and the second number specifies the maximum allowable aromatics percentage. It also determines the price of naphtha in international markets.

See also
Crude oil assay
 SARA

References

Petroleum


Charles Godfrey Guth (June 3, 1877May 24, 1948) was an American businessman, who, as executive of the Loft Candy Company, purchased the trademark and the syrup recipe of the twice-bankrupt Pepsi-Cola Company. He was President of Loft Candy Company from 1930 to 1935 and President of Pepsi-Cola Company from 1931 to 1939.

Biography
He was born on June 3, 1877, in Baltimore, Maryland to Emil Guth of Dresden, Germany.

Murder of George A. Murphy
While living in Baltimore during September 1913, Guth was arrested for murdering George A. Murphy, an African American man who was employed as his chauffeur. The NAACP-published magazine The Crisis reported on the incident several times, and noted that Guth "killed his colored chauffeur in a dispute which arose because Guth didn't want his milk delivered at the same time as his chauffeur's." In Guth's version of events, he fired the man, and Murphy allegedly responded by trying to attack him with an axe. Guth responded by shooting Murphy dead. Guth was later cleared of all charges by both a coroner's jury and a grand jury. The NAACP noted in its annual newsletter that the "not guilty" verdict in Guth's case was "a woeful miscarriage of justice".

Loft Candy Company
In April, 1929, Charles Guth became Vice-President of the Loft Candy Company when Loft bought Mavis Candies, of which Guth was president at the time. In 1930, he was elected president at a stockholder conference where the police had to intervene to ensure it did not become a riot. He remained president of Loft until he resigned in 1935 amidst a stockholder revolt arising from his using Loft's resources to build his other company, Pepsi-Cola Company.

Pepsi-Cola
Charles Guth owned a family business, Grace Company, which made syrups for soft drinks in a plant in Baltimore, Maryland. Then, he became interested in the Pepsi-Cola Company after Coca-Cola refused to give him concessions on the sale of the cola in his drugstore. He stopped selling Coke and started selling Pepsi. When Pepsi-Cola Company went bankrupt (for the second time) on June 8, 1931, he bought the Pepsi-Cola Co. from Roy Megargel, for the price of $10,500. Megargel, however, kept a third of the 300,000 shares.  Guth was also supposed to pay him a $25,000 annual royalty. Guth never paid the royalty and Megargel sued him for $11,000, even though the amount Guth owed was near $70,000. The lawsuit was settled out of court with Guth giving Megargel $35,000 and Megargel's giving Guth his 97,000 remaining shares.

However, Guth did not have any success with the company and almost declared bankruptcy himself. In a desperate bid, Guth approached Coca-Cola and offered to sell them the company but officials from Coca-Cola declined his offer, not even placing a bid. In 1935 he moved the entire company to Long Island City, New York.

After Loft chemists changed the recipe "more to his liking", Guth negotiated a contract to bottle Pepsi in a six ounce bottle. After the product still failed to become a success, he introduced Pepsi in a twelve-ounce format but with the same price as the six ounce drink. By 1933, Pepsi-Cola was sold in 313 stores in the United States and in 83 other countries. By 1936, his company was making two million dollars of profit and had become the second largest soda company. That year alone, 500 million bottles of the cola were consumed.

Lawsuit

In 1935, Loft sued Guth for breaching his duty of loyalty to the company by failing to sell the syrup formula to Loft, and instead appropriating it for himself. Loft argued that while its president, Guth used Loft's assets, credit, finances, facilities and employees to build up the other company. Guth argued that the opportunity came to him personally and that it was out of Loft's business sector. Loft sued for the 237,500 shares that Guth owned (91% of Pepsi-Cola's total shares). He remained president of Pepsi during the process. In 1939, the Delaware Supreme Court rendered the verdict in favor of Loft.

Guth was then removed from the board and replaced with Walter Mack. He was also ordered to give Loft $475,000. However, he remained general manager while he appealed the verdict. He left Pepsi shortly before his appeal was denied. Loft merged with Pepsi in 1941, but kept the Pepsi-Cola name.

In American corporation law, the Guth rule now stipulates that no representative of a company should take a business opportunity for himself if the corporation is doing well enough financially to carry out the action, if the corporation is interested in it or if it is reasonably expected that the opportunity will do well and the opportunity is in the company's line of business.

Noxie-Kola
After leaving Pepsi he worked for Noxie-Kola.

Death
He died on May 24, 1948, in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

1877 births
1948 deaths
American business executives
American people of German descent
PepsiCo people


The University of Wisconsin–Madison Lakeshore Nature Preserve is a 300-acre (1.2 km2) nature reserve along  of the southern shore of Lake Mendota. The preserve's primary goals are to protect native plant and animal communities, as well as to uphold the campus's signature natural landscapes, all while providing an educational facility for the university.

Areas of the preserve
Areas are listed in order of appearance along the Lakeshore Path, starting in the east.

Muir Woods
Muir Woods is a heavily forested area covering  of land on the northern slope of Bascom Hill. Despite its location in the heart of the campus, the woods have remained relatively secluded from human activity. The forest is named after John Muir, a former UW–Madison student and naturalist.

Willow Creek Woods

Willow Creek Woods consist of the forested areas surrounding Willow Creek, located in the central part of the campus.  The area is populated with several types of oak trees including bur oak, white oak, and black oak, as well as various weeds, and other woody plant life.

Willow Beach
Willow Beach is located just to the east of the mouth of Willow Creek.  It is a popular location for swimming and sightseeing. The area is also used to store rowboats and canoes.

Triangle Marsh
Triangle Marsh, located just to the east of Walnut Street, is a small pond connected to the Lake Mendota water system.  The area is being developed for use as a northern pike nursery.

University Bay Marsh
The University Bay Marsh is located along the western edge of University Bay where natural lake currents have been accumulating silt, thus encouraging the growth of marsh vegetation.

Class of 1918 Marsh
The Class of 1918 Marsh is a small wetland created by the recession of glaciers from the Wisconsin area about 15,000 years ago.  The wetland system had been connected to Lake Mendota before lake currents built up a sandbar dividing the lake from the system.  At one time, the wetland was much larger, but development in the area reduced it to its current size. The marsh was drained in 1910 after the university acquired the land and began farming experiments there.  It was restored in 1969 as part of an environmental studies class project, with funds donated by the class of 1918 during their 50-year reunion.

Picnic Point
Picnic Point is a nearly  long peninsula that reaches into Lake Mendota just north of University Bay. Recent archaeological surveys indicate that the point may have been inhabited for at least 12,000 years.  During European settlement in the 19th century the point was densely covered with farm land.  The university acquired the property in 1941.

The Narrows
About halfway to the end of the peninsula, Picnic Point narrows into an isthmus where the lake can be seen on either side.  Formerly known as "The Portage" because the narrow strip of land was a prime location for crossing the peninsula, its extensive view has made it a favorite resting area along Lakeshore Path.

Picnic Point Marsh
Picnic Point Marsh is a relatively secluded inland pond densely covered with silver maple, elm, and box elder trees and reed canary grass.  Other wildlife include sora rails and wood ducks. Despite its proximity to Lake Mendota, the marsh has its own source of water.

Old Orchard and Fields
The Old Orchard and Fields are the remnants from agricultural use in the late 19th century. The future use of this area has yet to be determined.

Bill's Woods
Bill's Woods, like many other areas of the preserve, is a restoration of the original forest that was cropped to make room for farming and agricultural research. The canopy of the restored forest includes white oak, red oak, bur oak, and hickory trees.

Big Woods
The Big Woods is one of the most recent additions to the preserve. It has remained relativity undisturbed and is therefore one of the most biologically diverse areas of the preserve. The canopy includes species such as white and red oak, sugar maple, basswood, black cherry, and hackberry.  Understory species include nannyberry, pagoda dogwood, and red elder.  Because of the area's location on a slope and its recent inclusion as part of the preserve, trails have not yet been constructed and entry by the public without a guide is discouraged.

Caretaker's Woods
Caretaker's Woods, named for the caretaker's house that was once in the area, are located on  of land along the lake, just to the north and west of Picnic Point. The land in this area slopes quite dramatically toward the lake, which means that it receives less direct sunlight in comparison to other parts of the preserve. Vegetation in this area prefers a cool, moist environment. Trees in the woods are a mix of young maples, basswoods, and slippery elms, and older red oaks.

Second Point Woods
Located just to the east of Frautschi Point (formerly known as Second Point), Second Point Woods were originally a small grouping of red oak trees surrounded by several agricultural fields.  Those fields have since grown over during the second half of the twentieth century, which has left a distinctive division between the older core of the woods and the newer vegetation at its perimeter.

Frautschi Point
Frautschi Point, the northernmost part of the preserve, is a heavily wooded area that extends from Lake Mendota in the north to agricultural fields in the south. The site seems to have had a large concentration of ancient settlements, as revealed by a 2004 archeological survey of the UW–Madison campus. Formerly known as Second Point, it was renamed after the Frautschi family bought the land and donated it to the university.

Vegetation in the area is divided into several sections. Near the Lake Mendota Drive entrance there is a heavy population of red pine, spruce, white pine, red cedar and catalpa trees. Species in the southern portion of the point include silver maple, hackberry, green ash, box elder, and cottonwood trees. Several hardwood trees round out holes in the forest, including sugar maple, hackberry, basswood, and black cherry, along with red elderberry shrubs. The area has issues with invasive non-native vegetation, such as buckthorn, honeysuckle, and Norway maples.

The point has a dense bird population, especially during migration season. Other wildlife include gray squirrels, eastern chipmunks, and eastern cottontails, along with some nocturnal species.

Tent Colony Woods
The Tent Colony Woods were the home of "Camp Gallistella," a temporary summer home for up to as many as 300 graduate students and their families that existed between 1912 and 1962. This housing practice ended when the Eagle Heights Apartments were constructed.

Raymer's Cove
Raymer's Cove is a small cove that is being formed where Raymer's Ravine meets Lake Mendota. It is named after George Raymer who donated the land to the Madison Park and Pleasure Drive Association.

Raymer's Ravine
Raymer's Ravine is a water collection channel that serves as a storm drain for the surrounding areas. The mouth of the ravine connects to Lake Mendota via Raymer's Cove. Because parts of the ravine are lined with sandstone, which is very susceptible to erosion, much of the preservation in this area is aimed at controlling erosion.

Wally Bauman Woods
Wally Bauman Woods is  of forested land at the westernmost point of the reserve.  It is named after Walter R. Bauman, who was instrumental in the preservation of the land from development.

The university originally obtained rights to the land in 1911, but in 1941 exchanged them for the rights to Picnic Point, before the land could be protected. Parts of the land were eventually recovered by the university, with other portions slated for residential development. Public outcry over these development plans spurred the creation of the Natural Heritage Land Trust (formerly the Dane County Natural Heritage Foundation), a joint public/private organization that served as a vehicle for land acquisition. After many years of collecting donations, the Land Trust was able to acquire the woods in 1984.

Because the area has never been developed, it is one of the most ecologically diverse areas of the preserve. Problems with invasive species have caused much of the preservation effort to be aimed at controlling them.

Eagle Heights Woods
The Eagle Heights Woods is  of forested area located atop a bluff just to the southeast of the Wally Bauman Woods. It is best known as the location of three Native American burial mounds located at the woods' highest point.

The university originally came to the land in 1911, but the land was turned over to Edward Young in exchange for Picnic Point, along with the Wally Bauman Woods. Three years after Young's death in 1948, the northern portion of the woods was sold to Thomas Brittingham Jr. who then donated the land back to the university. The remainder of the woods was sold to residential developers.

The woods' vegetation is well known for its oak tree population and diverse understory. Understory species include shooting stars, trillium, and wild geranium.

The Lakeshore Path
The Lakeshore Path, the main connecting route among all areas of the preserve, consists of two separate trails: the Howard Temin Path in the east and the Lake Mendota Path in the west. The path traces its history back 12,000 years to when the first people in the area created footpaths in order to access the water and move from settlement to settlement.

Pictures from the path

References

University of Wisconsin–Madison
Nature centers in Wisconsin
Protected areas of Dane County, Wisconsin