Lee Bong-chang (; August 10, 1900 – October 10, 1932) was a Korean independence activist. In Korea, he is remembered as a martyr due to his participation in the 1932 Sakuradamon incident, in which he attempted to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Hirohito with a grenade.

Early life
Lee was born on August 10, 1900, in Hyochang-dong, Yongsan District, Seoul, Korean Empire. He was born into the Jeonju Yi clan, to father Lee Chin-ku. He had an older brother, Lee Pŏm-t'ae.

His family was so poor that as soon as he graduated from elementary school, he began working. Around 1917, he worked in a shop owned by a Japanese person, but was fired in 1919. In 1920, he worked as an apprentice railroad engineer. However, as an ethnic Korean, he received poor pay and was not promoted for years. He decided to move to Japan to seek better opportunities, and resigned from his job in April 1924.

In September 1924, he founded and led an anti-Japanese resistance group.

Move to Japan
He and his brother arrived in Osaka, Japan in November 1925. He worked at an ironworking factory and was taken in by a Japanese family. He also took on the Japanese name . He had hoped to receive better treatment as a "New Japanese" () person, but was instead initially discriminated against. However, he learned to blend in and lived relatively comfortably.

In 1928, Lee heard that the new Japanese Emperor Hirohito was to be coronated in November of that year. He thought that, as a New Japanese, he should see the face of his Emperor, and decided to go to Kyoto to see the ceremony. However, while there, he was arrested and detained for eleven days because he had a letter from a friend in his pocket that had Korean writing on it. This experienced shocked him. He reflected on what "New Japanese" even meant, and decided that he was really a Korean.

Lee decided that if a proper leader for the independence movement emerged, he would follow them. But he gradually abandoned this idea, as he worked and lived in Japanese society. He distanced himself from everything Korean, including his relatives. He obtained work as a soap wholesaler by February 1929, by lying that he was Japanese to the store owner. But one day he witnessed a Korean customer being scolded for being unable to speak Japanese fluently. He suddenly felt ashamed that he had done nothing but watch as it had happened. He moved to Tokyo in October 1929 and worked odd jobs, then returned to Osaka in November 1930 and could not find work.

After this, he decided to join the independence movement. He wanted to stop pretending to be Japanese and going by pseudonyms, and to embrace being a Korean. On December 6, 1930, he boarded a ship in Chikko, Osaka, and departed for Shanghai, one of the hubs for independence activists in exile.

To Shanghai and the independence movement
Lee arrived in Shanghai on December 10, 1930. He wanted to become economically stable before joining in with the independence movement. After spending two to three days in an inn, he went out to find work. But even after a month of searching, he could not find anything and was nearly completely broke. He stayed in the house of a Japanese tailor for free. Meanwhile, he asked around for information on where the Korean Provisional Government (KPG) could be, in hopes that they could help him find a job. He eventually learned from a ticket inspector the location of the  (SKRA), which happened to be secretly harboring the KPG at that time.

In early January 1931, he visited the office of the SKRA and asked to join the KPG. But he unintentionally used a Japanese term for the group, which made them suspect that he was a spy. Prominent KPG member Kim Ku heard the commotion and came down to investigate. Kim introduced himself using a pseudonym. Lee repeated his story, but Kim too viewed Lee with suspicion. Kim gave vague and noncommittal answers, and agreed to speak with him again another day.

A few days later, Lee visited the office again, this time bringing noodles and alcohol. A few Koreans there sat down with him. After the drinking started, he raised his voice and asked the table: "If it's so easy to kill the Japanese emperor, why haven't Korean independence activists done it yet?" The table responded skeptically and coldly, asking "If it's so easy, why haven't you done it?" Lee replied, "One day when I was in Tokyo, I heard that the Emperor was going to visit Hayama, so I went to go see him. He passed right in front of me, and I immediately thought, 'What if I had a gun or bomb with me right now?'"

Kim had been eavesdropping on their conversation from the second floor. Realizing that Lee had promise for a mission, Kim went to where Lee was staying in the evening. The two had an open conversation. Lee told Kim:

Kim later wrote that this conversation moved him to tears, and that he agreed to put Lee to work in the independence movement.

Preparing for the attack
Lee agreed to continue pretending to be Japanese while covertly training to become a guerrilla. Through the connections of Kim, Lee found an ironworking job, and eventually achieved a degree of economic stability.

Lee and Kim Ku met a number of times afterwards to plan the attack. Meanwhile, Kim worked on acquiring weapons for the attack, but progress was slow due to the financial difficulties and political issues that plagued the KPG. In May, Lee asked Kim if he could join the KPG or any similar organization, but Kim declined, saying the organizations weren't worth joining because of their instability and weakness. This conversation, as well as the Wanpaoshan Incident that Japan used to stir up racial tension between Koreans and Chinese people, convinced Kim to create the Korean Patriotic Organization (KPO).

Lee and Kim met less frequently after that: once every three or four months. Each time Lee came around, he brought food and alcohol. Lee became intoxicated a number of times and loudly sang songs in Japanese, which drew the ire of onlookers. Lee was also once chased off by Chinese guards because he was dressed like a Japanese person. Members of the KPG reprimanded Kim for bringing on someone who was so difficult to distinguish from a Japanese person, but Kim defended Lee each time. Around the end of August, Lee was asked to quit his job by his manager. His pay had been poor, and his motivation to work had been dropping. He stayed for ten days at the Japanese tailor's house again, and pressed Kim for the grenades so he could go to Japan. Preparations finally concluded by November.

Leaving Shanghai
On December 13, Kim Ku and Lee went to the house of An Gong-geun (the younger brother of another famous activist An Jung-geun). Waiting for Lee at the house was the flag of the KPG and the two grenades. Lee then swore this oath:

They took a photograph to commemorate the occasion.

On December 15, Kim gave Lee the two grenades and taught him how to use them. They spent the next few days preparing for the trip. On December 17, the day finally came for Lee to depart. They both arose at 8:30 am. After eating at a restaurant, they decided to take one last photo together. Lee, while posing for the photo, noticed that Kim had a dour expression on his face. He told Kim, "I'm about to set off on a journey for eternal bliss, so let the two of us take a picture with smiles on our faces". Moved, Kim smiled. The two shook hands, and Lee boarded a taxi bound for the docks.

Return to Japan
At 3:00 pm, he boarded the ship Hikawa Maru bound for Kobe. He arrived at 8:00 pm on December 19 and stayed the night in an inn. He made his way through Osaka and arrived in Tokyo on December 22. On either December 28 or 29, Lee saw an article in the Tokyo Asahi Shinbun that said that the Emperor would be present at a public military parade on January 8 in Yoyogi Park.

On January 6, after planning the attack, he wrote a quick memoir of his life, but suddenly felt that there was no point to it, and threw it in the trash bin of a restaurant he ate at. He then decided that he could hide the grenades in two paper candy boxes at the location in advance, but he did not end up doing this. Feeling that security was too tight in the area, he went all the way south to Kawasaki and spent the evening of the 7th in a brothel there.

Sakuradamon incident

Legacy

After Korea achieved independence, Kim Gu interred Lee's remains at Hyochang Park, along with those of Yun Bong-gil and Baek Jeong-gi. Their grave site is known as the Graves of the Three Martyrs (). A statue of Lee wielding a hand grenade is also located at the park.

Lee was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation (Order of the President) in 1962.

Personal life
Lee was popular and well-liked by many Japanese people. Kim later wrote of Lee departing from Shanghai:

To Tokyo, Lee carried with him a glowing letter of reference from the chief of police at the Japanese consulate in Shanghai. The chief was one of many police and staff of the consulate that Lee had befriended. According to historian , there were rumors that after Lee's attack, the chief was demoted and recalled to Japan, where he eventually committed suicide.

Son alleges that, after Lee arrived in Japan, he was irresponsible with the money given to him. On December 20, 1931, Lee allegedly sent a telegram to Kim Ku, asking for 100 yen, as he had spent his travel expenses on alcohol. Running out of money, Lee pawned the watch Kim bought for him and went to an employment agency to find a quick job. On December 28, the employment agency found a spot for him at a sushi restaurant supply store. That same day, Kim sent Lee the 100 yen he had asked for. Ashamed, Lee wrote Kim a letter that read "I spent money like a madman, and I've since racked up debts even for my meals. With this money, I'll have more than enough to pay back my debts".

See also
An Jung-geun
Assassination attempts on Hirohito

Notes

References

1900 births
1932 deaths
20th-century executions by Japan
20th-century executions for treason
Militant Korean independence activists
People convicted on terrorism charges
People from Seoul
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
Executed Korean people
People executed for treason against Japan
People executed by Japan by hanging
Failed regicides
Hirohito
Executed failed assassins
Jeonju Yi clan
Kim Ku


Protosteliomycetes/Protosteliales (ICBN) or Protostelea/Protostelia/Protosteliida (ICZN) is a grouping of slime molds from the phylum Mycetozoa. The name can vary depending upon the taxon used. Other names include Protostelea, Protostelia, and Protostelida. When not implying a specific level of classification, the term protostelid or protosteloid amoeba is sometimes used.

Protosteloid amoebae, also called protostelids, are amoebae that are capable of making simple fruiting bodies consisting of a cellular stalk topped by one or a few spores.  All species are microscopic and are typically found on dead plant matter where they consume bacteria, yeasts, and fungal spores. Since protostelids are amoebae that make spores, they are considered to be slime molds.

Classification
It includes for example the following genera:
 Cavosteliaceae (family)
 Cavostelium (genus)
 Planoprotostelium (genus)
 Ceratiomyxaceae (family)
 Ceratiomyxa (genus)
 Protosteliaceae (family)
 Protostelium (genus)

Taxonomy and relationships
As a subclass, Protostelia has been described as paraphyletic to the protostelid clade, as Protostelia excludes the clade of myxomycetes, which are embedded in the protostelid clade.

The formal taxonomy of protosteloid amoebae groups them all according to fruiting bodies, mostly leaving out characteristics of the amoebae. Recent studies have shown that all protosteloid amoebae studied to date are probably included in the group known as Amoebozoa or Eumycetozoa.  However, protosteloid amoebae are not all closely related and some fall within groups of amoebae in which the other amoebae are nonfruiting.  Therefore, it appears that the ability to make fruiting bodies may have evolved more than once.

Ecology

Protosteloid amoebae are typically found on dead plant matter, including stems and leaves of herbaceous plants, stems and leaves of grasses, bark of living trees, decaying wood and other types of dead plant matter.  Protosteloid amoebae are found on dead plant matter that has fallen on the ground, on dead plant parts that are still hanging in the air and on dead parts of plants that are submerged in a pond.  They have also been detected on the petals of living flowers and on living tree leaves. Since protosteloid amoebae eat bacteria, yeasts, and fungal spores in the laboratory, it is thought that they also do this in nature.  They are thus thought to be predators in the decomposer community.

Distribution
Collections of protostelids have been made from all continents, including the Antarctic peninsula. Protostelids have also been found on isolated islands like Hawaii in the Pacific and Ascension Island in the southern Atlantic, indicating that protostelids have a worldwide distribution. Most studies of protostelid distribution have been done in the temperate zones so they are best known from these areas.
However, tropical studies have turned up protostelids, often in great abundance.

Collection and laboratory culture
Since protosteloid amoebae are microscopic one must bring their substrates, dead plant matter, into the laboratory to find them. Dead plant matter is placed on the agar surface in a petri plate and allowed to incubate for several days to a week. Then the edges of the substrates are scanned with a compound microscope and species are identified by their fruiting body morphology and amoebal morphology.

When protosteloid fruiting bodies are found they can be moved into laboratory culture onto an appropriate food organism or mix of organisms. This is done by picking up fruiting bodies or spores with a sterilised needle and moving them onto agar in a fresh petri plate that has been smeared with a bacterium or yeast upon which the protosteloid amoeba species has been known to grow. If the spores germinate then the protostelid begins eating the food organism and a culture is established.

References

Eumycetozoa
Amoebozoa orders


Myxogastria/Myxogastrea (myxogastrids, ICZN) or Myxomycetes (ICN), is a class of slime molds that contains 5 orders, 14 families, 62 genera, and 888 species. They are colloquially known as the plasmodial or acellular slime moulds.

All species pass through several, very different morphologic phases, such as microscopic individual cells, slimy amorphous organisms visible with the naked eye and conspicuously shaped fruit bodies. Although they are monocellular, they can reach immense widths and weights: in extreme cases they can be up to  across and weigh up to .

The class Myxogastria is distributed worldwide, but it is more common in temperate regions where it has a higher biodiversity than in polar regions, the subtropics or tropics. They are mainly found in open forests, but also in extreme regions such as deserts, under snow blankets or underwater. They also occur on the bark of trees, sometimes high in the canopy. These are known as corticolous myxomycetes. Most species are very small.

Taxonomy and classification

Nomenclature

The Latin name Myxomycota comes from the Ancient Greek words μύξα , which means "mucus", and μύκης , which means "fungus". The name Myxogastria was introduced in 1970 by Lindsay Shepherd Olive to describe the family Myxogastridae, which was introduced in 1899 by Thomas Huston Macbride. Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries described numerous slime moulds as Myxogasteres in 1829. Species in the class Myxomycota are colloquially known as plasmodial or acellular slime moulds. Some consider the Myxomycota  to be a separate kingdom, with an unsettled phylogeny because of conflicting molecular and developmental data. The relations among Myxogastrid orders are as yet unclear.

Range
The continuous classification of new taxa reveals that the class is not fully described. The class comprises around 900–1000 species. According to a 2000 inquiry, there were 1012 officially accepted taxa, including 866 on species level. Another study in 2007 stated a number of more than 1000, in which the Myxogastria comprised the biggest group of slime moulds, with over 900 species. On the basis of sequenced environmental samples it is estimated that the group has between 1200 and 1500 species – more than previously estimated. Among the 1012 taxa only a few species are common: 305 species were discovered in a single location or groupings, a further 258 species were found in a few areas between 2–20 times, and only 446 were common in several locations with over 20 discoveries.

Reclassifications encounter problems because the Myxogastriae are morphologically very plastic, which is to say susceptible to environmental influences; only a few characteristics are diagnostic for a small number of species. In the past authors have unsuccessfully tried to describe a new taxon based on a small number of examples, but this leads to numerous duplications, sometimes even at genus level. For example, Squamuloderma nullifila is actually a species from the genus Didymium.

Classification and phylogeny

The following classification is based on Adl et al. (2005) while the classes and further divisions on Dykstra & Keller (2000) who included the Myxogastria in Mycetozoa. The sister taxon is the subclass Dictyostelia. Together with the Protostelia they formed the taxon Eumycetozoa. Other subclasses differ from the other species mainly in the development of fruit bodies; while Protostelia create a separate fruit body from each single mononuclear cell, Dictyostelia develop cell complexes – the so-called pseudo-plasmodia – from separate cells, which then become fruit bodies.

Clade Myxogastria (or myxomycetes)
 Class Ceratiomyxomycetes Hawksworth, Sutton & Ainsworth 1983
 Order Ceratiomyxida Martin 1949 ex Farr & Alexopoulos 1977
 Order Protosporangiida Shadwick & Spiegel 2012
 Class Myxomycetes Link 1833 em. Haeckel 1866
 Subclass Lucisporomycetidae Leontyev et al. 2019 (Clear‑spored acellular slime moulds)
 Superorder Cribrarianae Leontyev 2015
 Order Cribrariales Macbride 1922
 Family Cribrariaceae Rostafinski 1873
 Superorder Trichianae Leontyev 2015
 Order Reticulariales Leontyev 2015
 Family Reticulariaceae Rostafinski 1873
 Order Liceales Jahn 1928
 Family Liceaceae Rostafinski 1873
 Order Trichiales Macbride 1922
 Family Dianemidae Macbride 1899
 Family Trichiidae Rostafinski 1826
 Subclass Collumellidia Leontyev et al. 2019 (Dark‑spored acellular slime moulds)
 Order Echinosteliopsidales Shchepin et al.
 Family Echinosteliopsidaceae Olive 1970
 Superorder Echinostelianae Leontyev 2015
 Order Echinosteliales Martin 1961
 Family Echinosteliaceae Rostafinski ex Cooke 1877
 Superorder Stemonitanae Leontyev 2015
 Order Clastodermatales Leontyev et al. 2019
 Family Clastodermataceae Alexopoulos & Brooks 1971
 Order Meridermatales Leontyev 2015
 Family Meridermataceae Leontyev 2015
 Order Stemonitales Macbride 1922
 Family Comatrichaceae Leontyev 2015
 Family Stemonitidaceae Fries 1829
 Order Physarales Macbride 1922
 Family Didymiaceae Rostafinski ex Cooke 1877
 Family Lamprodermataceae Leontyev 2015
 Family Physaraceae Chevallier 1826

Some classifications place part of the orders above in the subclass Myxogastromycetidae.

Characteristics and life cycle

Monocellular, mononuclear phase

Spores

The spores of Myxogastria are haploid, mainly round and measure between 5 μm and 20 μm, rarely up to 24 μm in diameter. Their surface is generally reticular, sharp, warty or spiky and very rarely smooth. The typical colour of the spore mass becomes visible through the structure, since the spores themselves are not pigmented. In some species, especially of the genus Badhamia, the spores produce lumps. The colour, shape and diameter of spores are important characteristics for identifying species.

Important factors for the germination of spores are mainly moisture and temperature. The spores usually remain germinable after several years; there were even spores preserved in herbarium specimens which germinated after 75 years. After the spores' development, they first receive a diploid nucleus, and the meiosis takes place in the spore. At the germination, the spore shells open either alongside special germinal pores or chinks, or rip irregularly and then release one to four haploid protoplasts.

Myxamoebae and Myxoflagellates

In those species which reproduce sexually, haploid cells bud from the spores. Depending on the environmental conditions, either a myxamoeba or a myxoflagellate buds from the spore. Myxamoebae move like amoebae – that is, crawling on the substrate – and are produced in dry conditions. Myxoflagellates, which are peritrichous and can swim, develop in moist to wet environments. Myxoflagellates almost always have two flagella; one is generally shorter than the other and sometimes only vestigial. The flagella are used for locomotion and to help to move food particles closer. If the humidity changes, cells can switch between the two manifestations. Neither form has a cell wall. This developmental stage (and the next one) serves as a nourishment provider and is also known as the first trophic phase (nourishment phase). In this monocellular phase, the Myxogastria consume bacteria and fungus spores, and probably dissolved substances, and they reproduce through simple cell division. If the environmental conditions change adversely in this phase, for example extreme temperature, extreme dryness or food shortage, the Myxogastria may switch to very long-lived, thin-shelled quiescent states – the so-called microcysts. For that to happen, the myxamoebae assume a round shape and secrete a thin cell wall. In this state they can easily survive one year or longer. If living conditions improve, they become active again.

Zygogenesis
If two cells of the same type meet in this phase, they cross-fertilise to a diploid zygote through the fusion of protoplasms and nuclei. The conditions which trigger this are not known. The diploid zygote becomes a multinucleated plasmodium through multiple nuclear divisions without further cell division. If the resulting cells were peritrichous, they change their shape before the fusion from the peritrichous form to the myxamoeba. The production of a zygote requires two cells of different mating types (heterothallic).

Plasmodium

The second trophic phase begins with the development of the plasmodium. The multinucleated organism now absorbs via phagocytosis as many nutrients as possible. These are bacteria, protists, dissolved substances, moulds, higher fungi and small particles of organic material. This enables the cell to undergo enormous growth. The nucleus divides multiple times, and the cell soon becomes visible to the naked eye and usually has a surface area – depending on the species – up to one square metre; however, in 1987 one artificially cultivated cell of Physarum polycephalum attained a surface area of 5.5 sq m. Myxogastria species have numerous nuclei in their trophic plasmodium phase; the small, non-veined proto-plasmodia have between 8–100 nuclei, while large, veined meshworks have between 100 and 10 million nuclei. All of these remain part of a single cell, which has a viscous, slimy consistency, and may be transparent, white, or brightly coloured in orange, yellow, or pink.

The cell has chemotactic and negative phototactic capabilities in this phase, meaning that it is able to move towards nutrients and away from dangerous substances and light. The movements originate in the grainy cytoplasm, which streams by pulsation in one direction within the cell. In this way the cell reaches a speed of up to 1000 μm per second – the speed in plant cells is 2–78 μm per second. A resting state, the so-called sclerotium, may occur in this phase. The sclerotium is a hardened, resistant form composed of numerous "macrocysts", which enable the myxogastria to survive in adverse conditions, for example during winter or dry periods, in this phase.

Fructification
Mature plasmodia can produce fruit bodies under appropriate circumstances. The exact triggers for this process are unknown. According to laboratory researchers, changes in humidity, temperature or pH value as well as starvation periods were thought to be the triggers in some species. The plasmodia abandon their nutrient intake and crawl, attracted by light – a positive phototaxis – towards a dry, light area, to get an optimal spread of the spores. Once the fructification begins, it cannot be stopped. If disturbances occur, malformed spore-bearing fruit bodies are often produced.

The plasmodium or parts of the fruit bodies can be smaller than one millimetre, in extreme cases they are up to a square metre and weigh up to  (Brefeldia maxima). Their shape is often pediculated or unstiped sporangia with non-cellular stems, but can also appear as veined or netted plasmodiocarps, pincushion-shaped aethaliae or seemingly pincushion-shaped pseudo-aethaliae. The fruit bodies almost always have a hypothallus on the edge. The abundantly produced spores are stored in a reticular or filamentous structure – the so-called capillitium – and are found on nearly all species except Liceida and other species from the genus Echinostelium. When the open fruit bodies have dried, the spores are dispersed by wind or by small animals such as woodlice, mites or beetles, which either pick up the spores through contact with the fruit bodies or ingest and then excrete them. Dispersal by running water is also possible, but it plays a minor role.

Asexual forms
Some Myxogastria species may produce asexually. These are continuously diploid. There is no meiosis before the germination of the spores and the production of the plasmodium proceeds without germination of two cells.

Distribution and ecology

Distribution
Myxogastria are distributed worldwide; species were found by early researchers on all continents. However, as many parts of the world were yet not discovered or explored, the exact distribution is not fully known. Europe and North America are often considered the basic habitat of the Myxogastria species. According to recent research, the majority of species are not widely distributed. The Myxogastria are most commonly found in temperate latitudes, and rarely in the polar regions, the subtropics or tropics. The physical features of the substrate and climatic conditions are the major aspects of the species' presence. Endemism is rare.

In the northern areas, the species can be found in Alaska, Iceland, northern Scandinavia, Greenland and Russia. These are not only particular, specialised species; according to an overview study, more than 150 species were found in the arctic and subarctic regions of Iceland, Greenland, northern Russia and Alaska. These distinctly exceed the tree line. In Greenland, the habitat may reach the 77th latitude line. The Myxogastria species reach their largest biodiversity and highest frequency in forests of temperate regions, which are ideal habitats because of the amount of rich organic material, suitable humidity (not too high) and long-lasting snow cover for snow-inhabiting species.

Few Myxogastria species are found in the tropics and subtropics, mainly because of the high humidity which prevents the necessary dehydration of the fruit bodies to permit spore dispersal and promotes infestation by moulds. Other factors are low light levels under the forest canopy which reduces phototaxis, light winds, poor soils, natural enemies and heavy rainfall which can wash away or destroy cells. Species living in soil or deadwood decrease as humidity increases. In a study from Costa Rica, 73% of the total findings were in the relatively dry Tropical Moist Forest, while 18% were in the very moist Tropical Premontane Wet Forests and only 9% in Lower Premontane Rain Forest.

In the Antarctic, species were found in the South Shetland Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Georgia and the Antarctic Peninsula. Species from the Antarctic or subantarctic regions are rarer than specimens in the Arctic regions, although lack of access may be a factor. Until 1983, only 5 records were made, with only individual finds since then. According to two studies of the myxomycete flora of these regions, more species were discovered in the subantarctic forests, for example 67 species in Argentinian Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, and 22 on high ground on Macquarie Island.

Habitats

The majority of Myxogastria species live terrestrially in open forests. The most important microhabitat is deadwood, but also the bark of living trees (corticolous myxomycetes), rotting plant material, soil, and animal excrements. Slime moulds may be found in numerous unusual locations. The comprehensive group of the nivicol Myxogastria populate closed snow blankets, to quickly fructificate at exposure – for example during thaws – and release their spores. Other habitats are deserts – 33 species were found in the Sonora desert, for example – or living on leaves from plants in the tropics. Some species live in aquatic environments, such as those of the genera Didymium, Physarum, Perichaena, Fuligo, Comatricha and Licea, which were found living underwater as myxoflagelletes and plasmodia. All but one species, Didymium difforme, fructificated only when the water ebbed or when they left it.

Relationship to other creatures

The relationships of the Myxogastria to other creatures have not been thoroughly researched as of 2012. Their natural predators include many arthropods, including mites and springtails, and especially beetles such as the rove beetles, round fungus beetles, wrinkled bark beetles, Eucinetidae, Clambidae, Eucnemidae (false click beetles), Sphindidae, Cerylonidae, and minute brown scavenger beetles. Various Nematodes have also been observed to be their predators; they attach their posterior portion on the cytosol of the plasmodia or even live within the strands. Certain Diptera species have evolved to specialise in this way: these are mostly representatives of the Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae and Drosophilidae. The species Epicypta testata was especially frequently found, especially on Enteridium lycoperdon, Enteridium splendens, Lycogala epidendrum, and Tubifera ferruginosa.

Some true fungi specialise in the colonisation of the Myxogastriae: almost all of these are species of sac fungi. The most common such fungus is Verticillium rexianum – mainly species from Comatricha or Stemonitis. Gliocladium album and Sesquicillium microsporum are often found on Physaridae, while Polycephalomyces tomentosus is often found on certain species of Trichiidae. Nectriopsis violacea specialises on Fuligo septica. Bacterial associates, mainly from the family Enterobacteriaceae, were discovered on plasmodia. The combination of plasmodia and bacteria can bind atmospheric nitrogen or produce enzymes which make possible the decomposition of e.g. lignin, carboxymethylcellulose, or xylan. In a few cases, the plasmodia acquired salt tolerance or tolerance of heavy metals through this association.

Some myxomycetes (Physarum) cause disease in plants such as turfgrasses, but no control is usually necessary against them.

Fossil records
Fossil records of Myxogastria are extremely rare. Due to their short lifespan and the fragile structures of the plasmodia and the fruit body, fossilisation and similar processes are not possible. Only their spores can be mineralised. The few known examples of fossilised living states are preserved in amber.

 three fruit bodies, two spores and one plasmodium have been described. Two older taxa – Charles Eugène Bertrand's Myxomycetes mangini and Bretonia hardingheni from 1892 – are now considered dubious and are today often disregarded. Friedrich Walter Domke described in 1952 a 35 to 40 million year old find in Baltic amber of Stemonitis splendens, an extant species. The state and completeness of the fruit bodies are remarkable, enabling accurate determination. From the same period, location and material is an Arcyria sulcata, first described in 2003 by Heinrich Dörfelt and Alexander Schmidt, a species very similar to today's Arcyria denudata. Both discoveries imply that the fruit bodies of the Myxogastria have changed only slightly in the last 35–40 million years.

However, the Protophysarum balticum from Baltic amber, first described by Dörfelt and Schmidt in 2006, is considered questionable. The fossil was inconsistent with the typical characteristics of the genus and it was not a valid publication because no Latin name was identified with it. Also, important details of its fruit bodies were not visible or contradicted the identification. Today it is assumed that the fossil belongs to a lichen similar to the genus Chaenotheca.

The only known discovery of a preserved plasmodium was found in Dominican amber, and was then grouped into the Physarida. However, this claim is also considered doubtful as the publication was later classified as insufficient due to lack of evidence.

In 2019 sporocarps belonging to Stemonitis was described from Burmese amber, considered to be of a mid-Cretaceous age around 99 million years old. The sporocarps are indistinguishable from extant taxa, suggesting a long morphological stasis.

The only known mineralised fossils are the two spore findings from 1971, one of which, Trichia favoginea, is assumed to be from the postglacial period. In palynologian researches, by absorbing Myxogastria spores, the fossil was not recognised.

History of research
Because of their unprepossessing nature, the Myxogastriae were for a long time not well researched. Thomas Panckow first named the mould Lycogala epidendrum as "Fungus cito crescentes" (fast-growing fungus) in his 1654 book Herbarium Portatile, oder behendes Kräuter- und Gewächsbuch. In 1729, Pier Antonio Micheli thought that fungi are different from moulds, and Heinrich Friedrich Link agreed with this hypothesis in 1833. Elias Magnus Fries documented the plasmodial stage in 1829, and 35 years later Anton de Bary observed the germination of the spores. De Bary also discovered the cyclosis in the cell for the movement, he saw them as animal-like creatures and reclassified them as Mycetozoa, which literally translates "Fungus animals". This interpretation prevailed until the second half of the 20th century.

From 1874 to 1876, Józef Tomasz Rostafiński, a student of Anton de Bary, published the first extensive monograph on the group. Three monographs by Arthur Lister and Guilielma Lister were published in 1894, 1911, and 1925. These were groundbreaking works about the Myxogastria, as was the 1934 book The Myxomycetes by Thomas H. Macbride and George Willard Martin. Important works in the late 20th century were the 1969 monographs by George Willard Martin and Constantine John Alexopoulos, and the 1975 monograph by Lindsay Shepherd Olive. The first is perhaps the most notable, as with it "the modern era of the taxonomy of the Myxogastria began". Other notable researchers were Persoon, Rostafinski, Lister, Macbridge, and Martin and Alexopoulos, who discovered and classified many species.

Notes

References

Amoebozoa classes


Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Hiller, Op. 100, is a set of variations for orchestra written by the German composer Max Reger in 1904. They are based on an original melodic line by the 18th-century composer Johann Adam Hiller. Reger conducted the premiere in Cologne, Germany on 15 October 1907. Along with the composer's Mozart Variations, the Hiller Variations are one of his most popular and frequently recorded works.

History
Reger was occupied with the Hiller variations at a fairly tumultuous period of his life. In 1906, Reger resigned from the Akademie für Tonkunst and lapsed back into his recurring alcoholism. A planned premier of the work in that year was pushed back.

Description
The work consists of the initial exposition of Hiller's theme followed by eleven variations and a concluding fugue. Like many of Reger's orchestral works, the piece is heavily Brahmsian in both style and sound, even though there is a lot of Wagnerian chromaticism in some variations (Var. XI). The concluding fugue reveals the composer's enthusiasm for the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Writing in 1921, the American critic and musicologist James Huneker noted:

Notes

External links

1904 compositions
Hiller
Compositions by Max Reger
Compositions for symphony orchestra
Composer tributes (classical music)


The Iranian Film Festival (IFF) was a film festival held annually in the Netherlands. Until now, the festival has taken place in Utrecht (2007), Rotterdam (2008), and in 2009 the festival will take place in filmtheatre De Fabriek in Zaandam.

Aim of the festival
The Iranian Film Festival focuses on the film culture of contemporary Iran. The festival mainly shows the work of young, independent Iranian filmmakers, who give their vision of Iran with special attention to political and social aspects of Iranian society. In 2006 the festival only lasted one day, but because of its success it was expanded to three days in 2007.

The Iranian Film Festival was set up by an independent organisation, that cooperates with independent filmmakers, distributors and production companies from Iran. In this manner, the organisation has the freedom to compose its own program. The director of the Iranian Film Festival is Parwin Roghyeh Mirrahimy.

References

External links
 (English version)
Filmtheatre and café De Fabriek, Zaandam

Film festivals in the Netherlands
Cinema of Iran


Daniel Reid Topping Jr. (born February 1, 1938) is a former executive with the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB).

The son of New York Yankees co-owner Dan Topping and actress Arline Judge, Topping joined the Yankees organization in 1961. In his first season, he worked on the grounds crew, in the ticket office, and in publicity. In 1962 he became general manager of the Yankees' minor league team in Fort Lauderdale.

Topping was the assistant general manager of the MLB Yankees for two seasons before becoming a vice president in 1965, after controlling interest in the team was sold to CBS. On May 8, 1966, he was named general manager after Ralph Houk returned to uniform as the team's field manager. Topping's father sold his remaining interests in the club to CBS on September 19, 1966 and 24 days later Lee MacPhail was named the club's new general manager. Topping remained a Yankees' vice president until his resignation in June 1967.

References

External links
Baseball America

1938 births
Living people
New York Yankees executives
Major League Baseball executives
Major League Baseball general managers
Loyola School (New York City) alumni


Razumkov Centre (), or fully the Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies named after Olexander Razumkov (), is a Ukrainian non-governmental public policy think tank.

The Razumkov Center carries out research in domestic, economic, social and foreign policy, state administration, energy, land relations, international and regional security, and national security and defence.

At the International Economic Forum in Krynica-Zdrój, Poland in 2004, the Razumkov Centre received one of the awards in the category "Non-Governmental Organization of the year in Central and Eastern Europe 2004".

In 2009, The Washington Post newspaper referred to Razumkov Centre as "a top research institute."

According to the 2016 Global Go to Think Tank Index Report published by the Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, the Razumkov Centre was ranked as follows:

 36 among the Top 150 Think Tanks Worldwide (non-US)
 55 among the Top 175 Think Tanks Worldwide (including the US)
 5th among the Top 90 Think Tanks in Central and Eastern Europe.
Until the year, 2000, the think tank was named Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies. Almost a year after the death of Olexander Razumkov, a former employee, its founders decided to attach his surname to the think tank's name.

References

External links

1994 establishments in Ukraine
Research institutes in Ukraine
Sociological research companies of Ukraine
Think tanks established in 1994


The 2010 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 2009–10 season. It was held at the Hwasan Ice Arena in Jeonju, South Korea on January 27–30. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Qualification
The competition was open to skaters from a non-European member nation of the International Skating Union. The countries that were eligible to send skaters to the competition were Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, DPR Korea, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Republic of Korea, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, United States of America, and Uzbekistan. The corresponding competition for European skaters was the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships.

Unlike the other three ISU championships, each nation was allowed to enter 3 skaters/couples in each event, regardless of its skaters performance in the previous year's championships. Skaters must have reached the age of 15 by July 1, 2009 in order to compete.

Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+9).

 Wednesday, January 27
 11:20 Ice dancing – Compulsory dance
 13:30 Pairs – Short program
 15:45 Opening ceremony
 16:30 Ladies – Short program
 Thursday, January 28
 12:00 Ice dancing – Original dance
 14:20 Pairs – Free skating
 17:30 Men – Short program
 Friday, January 29
 13:00 Ladies – Free skating
 18:00 Ice dancing – Free dance
 Saturday, January 30
 11:00 Men – Free skating
 17:00 Gala exhibition

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

References

External links

 ISU Media Guide PDF

Four Continents Figure Skating Championships
Four Continents
Four Continents
Four Continents
Sports competitions in Jeonju


Rose Gregorio (October 17, 1925 – August 17, 2023) was an American actress. She began her career appearing mostly in theatre in Chicago and New York City during the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1970s she became more active in television and film, appearing mostly in supporting roles.

Early years
Gregorio's parents came from Italy. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on October 17, 1925.

Early career
Gregorio began her career appearing onstage in Chicago in the 1950s. She made her television debut in 1961 on Armstrong Circle Theatre in The Fortune Tellers, starring opposite Val Avery. The following year, she moved to New York City, making her Off-Broadway debut as the title character in William Snyder's The Days and Nights of BeeBee Fenstermaker at the Sheridan Square Playhouse, a production which included Robert Duvall. She next appeared as Martha in the 1963 play Journey to the Day at the Lucille Lortel Theatre.

During the mid-1960s, Gregorio served as a standby performer for many Broadway shows in case the regularly scheduled actress was unable to perform. She made her official Broadway debut in 1968 in Jack Gelber's The Cuban Thing at the Henry Miller's Theatre. The same year, she landed her first film role, the role of Sylvia Finney in Frank Perry's The Swimmer. The following year, she returned to Broadway to appear with Dustin Hoffman in Jimmy Shine.

Later career
In the 1970s, her career became more centered on film and television. Her movie appearances include Gloria Soloway in Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me? (1971), Ruth in Desperate Characters (1971), Angela in Mr. Ricco (1975), Elaine Cassel in Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) and Brenda Samuels in True Confessions (1981). She appeared in television movies such as Paradise Lost (1971) and The Death of Richie (1977).

In 1977, Gregorio returned to Broadway after an eight-year hiatus in the original production of Michael Cristofer's The Shadow Box as Agnes; she garnered nominations for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play. Since then, her theatre appearances have been sporadic. She appeared as Laurie in the Off-Broadway production of David Blomquist's Weekends Like Other People at the Marymount Manhattan Theatre in 1982. The following year, she returned to Broadway as Beatrice in the original production of A View from the Bridge at the Ambassador Theatre and again in 1988 as Helga in the original production of M. Butterfly at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. In 1993, she appeared as Karen Frick in the Manhattan Theatre Club's production of Arthur Miller's The Last Yankee, and in 2000, she portrayed the roles of Lena and Sandra in Beth Henley's Family Week at the Century Center for the Performing Arts.

Gregorio remained active in film and television during the 1980s and 1990s. Her film credits include Brenda Samuels in True Confessions (1981), Mrs. Sabantino in Five Corners (1987), Pina in City of Hope (1991), Pina in Tarantella (1995), Grandma Rosie Cappadora in The Deep End of the Ocean (1999), and Helen in Maze (2000). On television, she portrayed Helen Hathaway, the mother of Carol Hathaway, on ER from 1996 to 1999. She made guest appearances on The Doctors (1972), The Bob Newhart Show (1974), Medical Center (1974), The Rookies (1975), Harry O (1975), Jigsaw John (1976), Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976), The Rockford Files (1978), Charlie's Angels (1979), Falcon Crest (1984), Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989), Murder, She Wrote (1991), The Practice (1997) and Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2003), and appeared in numerous television movies.

Personal life and death
Gregorio was married to Belgian-American stage and film director Ulu Grosbard from 1965 until his death in 2012.

Gregorio died of pneumonia at her home in Greenwich Village on August 17, 2023, at the age of 97. She will be interred at Kensico Cemetery.

Awards
In 1977, Gregorio received the Clarence Derwent and Drama Desk Awards, as well as a Tony nomination, for her portrayal of Agnes in the original production of Michael Cristofer's The Shadow Box.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1925 births
2023 deaths
21st-century American women
Actresses from Chicago
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Italian descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Clarence Derwent Award winners
Burials at Kensico Cemetery


Imperial Ambitions: Conversations with Noam Chomsky on the Post-9/11 World is a 2005 Metropolitan Books American Empire Project publication of interviews with American linguist and political activist Noam Chomsky conducted and edited by award-winning journalist David Barsamian of Alternative Radio.

In the interviews Chomsky offers his opinions on such topics as the occupation of Iraq, the doctrine of pre-emptive attack, and the threat to international peace posed by the U.S. drive for global domination, in which, according to Deirdre Fernand, writing in The Times, "He lambasts all forms of American colonisation."

This is the 6th volume is a series of interviews between Barsamian and Chomsky that began with the 1992 Common Courage Press publication Chronicles of Dissent and was preceded by the 2001 South End Press publication Propaganda and the Public Mind; it is the first collection of interviews with Chomsky since the 2001 Seven Stories Press publication 9-11.

The interviews in this volume were conducted between March 22, 2003, and February 8, 2005, for the most part in Chomsky's office at M.I.T. and had previously been published in part in International Socialist Review, Monthly Review, The Progressive, The Sun and Z Magazine.

Contents

Introduction
In his introduction, written in Boulder, Colorado in July 2005, Barsamian discusses what it is like to interview Chomsky, after having done so for the past 20 years, and states that, "It's to be in the presence of someone who insists that it's not so complicated to understand the truth or to know how to act." He goes on to conclude that, "it is my hope that the conversations in this book will spark thought, discussion, and, most of all, activism."

One: Imperial Ambitions
In this interview conducted in Cambridge, Massachusetts on March 22, 2003, Chomsky begins by stating that the 2003 invasion of Iraq demonstrates a new doctrine he defines as preventative war where the U.S. moves to destroy any perceived challenge to its domination and in order to create this norm Saddam Hussein was falsely portrayed to the American people as a threat to their existence. If the establishment of a new regime in Iraq is successful he postulates that the U.S. will target other nations such as Venezuela or Iran in order to establish control over oil production and that the build-up to a U.S.-Turkish-Israeli invasion of Iran is already underway with the Israeli airforce flying reconnaissance missions from U.S. bases in Turkey and attempts to stir-up Azeri nationalist forces over the border. He adds however that this attack will only go ahead if Iran is perceived as unable to fight back and that this has encouraged Iran to undertake the development of nuclear weapons just as Iraq was encouraged to do so by the Israeli bombing of the Osirak reactor in 1981. He concludes by stating that anti-war protestors should not lose hope but prepare for the long haul like the abolitionist and civil rights movements did before.

Two: Collateral Language
In this interview conducted in Boulder, Colorado on April 5, 2003, Chomsky begins by musing on the progress of co-ordinated propaganda efforts first used by the British government and later U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to gain the backing of the American public for joining the First World War, then by Edward Bernays and Walter Lippmann in the 1920s to turn the on-job control of Taylorism into the off-job control, and in the elitist policies of Harold Laswell in the 1930s that had their origins in the Madisonian Model and would re-appear in Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, before moving largely into the private sector with the abolition of U.S. President Ronald Reagan's Office of Public Diplomacy in the 1980s. He sees Karl Rove as the inheritor of this legacy with the instigation of a campaign to instil fear in the American populace with false claims about Iraq and portray George W. Bush as their saviour, so that they will accept a domestic policy that goes against their own interests. He postulates that there is a propensity for fear particular to U.S. culture, possibly related to the country's history, that makes the American people especially susceptible to this form of propaganda and that it is necessary for them to develop an attitude of critical examination in order to overcome this.

Three: Regime Change
In this interview conducted in Cambridge, Massachusetts on September 11, 2003, Chomsky begins by outlining the U.S's long standing policy of instigating regime change back to the 1953 Iranian coup and then compares Iraq's U.S. installed regime, under Paul Bremer, with that the British government installed after the First World War under the direction Lord Curzon, highlighting the similarities in both cases of a foreign nation assuming real power behind an Iraqi façade. He states that the drive for resources is an important factor in U.S's imperialist policies but not the only one and that whilst North Korea was a tempting target due to its strategic location amidst the developing economies of Northeast Asia it had a deterrent (artillery pointed at Seoul) that Iraq lacked and goes on to point out that imperialist occupation is actually quite costly although these costs are in effect gifts from the taxpayers to private corporations like Bechtel and Halliburton. He agrees with Indian politician Jawaharlal Nehru's suggestion that imperialism is inherently racist but points out that it is necessary for supporters of imperialism to bestow their arguments with a moral basis (pointing to historical examples such as John Stuart Mill) and claims that now Michael Ignatieff and other American intellectuals are doing it for American imperialism but the general public in the U.S. should ignore these apologists and speak the truth.

Four: Wars of Aggression
In this interview conducted in Cambridge, Massachusetts on February 12, 2004, Chomsky starts by responding to Robert McNamara's comments about the World War II firebombing of Tokyo in The Fog of War by pointing out that definition of a war crime at the Nuremberg Trials was anything the enemy did that the Allies didn't do and goes on to point out that this logic is central to the Bush doctrine. One of the key crimes prosecuted at the Trials was that of waging a war of aggression but Chomsky claims that the U.S. invasion of Iraq is the latest in a series of aggressive wars lead or backed by the U.S. that have not been legally questioned as the U.S. sets the law rather than follows it. He cites polls that state the majority of Iraqis view the U.S. forces as occupiers and points out that Iraqis have a far better understanding of imperialism than the Western media, which criticises the implementation but not the basis of the invasion; noting that Iraq's current borders were artificially created in 1920 under the Mandate for Mesopotamia. He concludes that the U.S. and Israel's shortsighted stockpiling and development of nuclear weapons spurs proliferation and terrorism so that even if Iraq was found to have weapons of mass destruction it would still not justify the invasion.

Five: History and Memory
In this interview conducted in Cambridge, Massachusetts on June 11, 2004, Chomsky begins by relating the bloody history of El Salvador in the 1980s under a military junta supported by U.S. President Reagan and his 'proconsul' John Negroponte, who with this history effaced was then being sent to Iraq, and goes on to discuss other actions of the administration including the invasions of Grenada and Nicaragua that have been effaced by a post 1992 propaganda campaign. He uses the example of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état to highlight the role of the Central Intelligence Agency and the complicity of the media in this propaganda, which he claims is necessary for the public to allow the things done in its name and that public opposition back home resultant from the failure of this propaganda on Iraq was the reason for the recent restraint of U.S. forces in Falluja. He concludes that while it was the Reagan administration that funded and trained the militants that would later develop in Al-Qaeda it was the Clinton administration's cruise missile attacks on Afghanistan and Sudan that turned them into anti-Western symbols and the actions of the George W. Bush administration that intensified their terrorist activities and that the only real difference between presidential candidates John Kerry and George W. Bush would be with regard to domestic policy.

Six: The Doctrine of Good Intentions
In this interview conducted in Cambridge, Massachusetts on November 30, 2004, Chomsky begins by dismissing the false conflict between Wilsonian idealism and hard-headed realism, which has become standard story in scholarship and the media regarding U.S. foreign policy and goes on to compare the invasion of Iraq with the Vietnam War, both of which are said to have been mistakes undertaken with the best of intentions. He goes on to dismiss the concept of a Vietnam Syndrome and claims that while the U.S.'s maximal objectives were not achieved it still achieved a substantial victory by ensuring that the country did not become a model for its neighbours. Such false conceptions, he claims, allow the U.S. to get away with major war crimes such as the 2004 occupation of the general hospital in Falluja and the turning back of civilians fleeing the city as the media focuses on minor war crimes committed by individual soldiers or units in the field, such as the My Lai massacre, whilst ignoring the greater war crimes of the planners in Washington, D.C. He concludes by opposing the concept of an all-volunteer army as this amounts to a mercenary army of the disadvantaged whilst the draft encourages more civilising ties to the citizen culture to which he attributes in part the failure of U.S. Imperial aims in Vietnam.

Seven: Intellectual Self-Defense
In this interview conducted in Cambridge, Massachusetts on December 3, 2004, Chomsky begins by stating that his analysis work is largely the detailed routine of finding and decoding the internalised assumptions of the educated elite and highlights this indoctrinated bias with the example of the attack on Social Security, which, he claims, is intended to undermine solidarity and atomise the population so that they are easy to control. He points out that the elite media (e.g., BBC and New York Times) and the business press (e.g., Wall Street Journal and Financial Times) have a duty to report the facts to their primary constituency (economical, political and doctrinal managers) and all he has to do is deconstruct the doctrinal slant to discover the truth. These techniques of intellectual self-defense are, he claims, essential for people to understand their power over governments, which relies on their consent to govern and he uses the example of the changing role of women in modern society to demonstrate how the questioning of these underlying biases can lead to real social change. He concludes that these movements do not necessarily have to come from the oppressed but in fact oppressors who realise their guilt and more importantly attempt to do something about it can be even more effective.

Eight: Democracy and Education
In this interview conducted in Lexington, Massachusetts on February 7, 2005, Chomsky begins by reminiscing about his early education in a Deweyite school and his relationship with his father, a Hebrew scholar, who first introduced him to Semitic linguistics. He goes on to recall his subsequent disappointment with the academic discipline of high school and college, which he only continued with under the influence of Zellig Harris, who ran the linguistics department at the University of Pennsylvania. He states that the academically unprestigious school allowed him an intellectual freedom that worked to his advantage but which means he is mostly self-educated with no formal training in any field, including linguistics. He rejects the use of labels but accepts that he is an old fashioned conservative in regard to his taste in music, literature and classical liberal doctrines with political views that grow out of the anarcho-syndicalist tradition. He states that he finds the threatening of Enlightenment ideals by extremist religious beliefs a very worrisome feature of U.S. culture that is unique amongst industrial countries and has undermined democracy. He concludes that his goal in teaching and research has been to understand something about the human mind whilst his goal in activism has been to help people become engaged in overcoming human suffering.

Nine: Another World is Possible
In this interview conducted in Lexington, Massachusetts on February 8, 2005, Chomsky begins by stating that the U.S. has been a deeply religious country since its settlement by fundamentalists and that the typical inverse correlation between extremist religious belief and industrialization breaks down in this case. He states that since U.S. President Jimmy Carter there has been a conscious takeover of the electoral system by the public relations industry, which sells candidates as Bible-fearing evangelical Christians, and that this process can be observed in other aspects of American life as an undeniable aspect of U.S. exceptionalism, which he attributes in part to the country's strong sense of insecurity. He then turns his attention to the planning of the U.S. economy, which he claims has over the preceding 30 years shifted to benefit the corporations and the superrich at the cost of the general population and future generations. He theorises that economists have highly ideological ways of measuring costs which by concentrating on productivity shifts costs to the consumer creating what is in actuality an extremely inefficient system as a whole. He concludes that the U.S. is a failed state with basic institutions that are totally illegitimate, but he hopes one-day it will become as democratic as Brazil or Haiti.

Reviews

David Swanson writing in Political Affairs Magazine commends Barsamian for consistently asking "penetrating and provocative questions", and states that this book is an "ideal place to start" for readers not familiar with Chomsky whilst those that are will still be surprised by his "analyses of recent events".

Swanson comments on Chomsky's philosophical background but states that this book "contains none of Chomsky the philosopher"; rather it is "purely the political activist", and when he "turns to politics he forswears not only pretentious language but also metaphysical theories of history" so that in these interviews he "is completely down to earth and pragmatic".

Swanson references Chomsky's example of the Mexican ambassador's comment to U.S. President Kennedy that "If we publicly declare that Cuba is a threat to our security, forty million Mexicans will die laughing" in his concluding comment that "The danger in reading Chomsky is that millions of Americans will die laughing every time they turn on their televisions."

The reviewer in the South China Morning Post also comments on the plain language in these interviews commenting that "Those who have tackled Chomsky's latest book, Hegemony or Survival, may be excused for thinking otherwise, but Barsamian's skilful editing makes [him] accessible."

Laurence Phelan writing in The Independent also comments on this and goes on to state that, "These transcripts find [Chomsky] in a sprightly and sometimes even playful mood, able to draw upon a seemingly encyclopedic knowledge of world affairs and history, making connections, alighting on unexpected topics of conversation and arguing with persuasive logic."

Barry Weisleder writing in Socialist Voice also makes comparisons to Chomsky's Hegemony or Survival, stating that the "'fast flowing dialog" in these interviews "traces some of the same ground", "but delves more into strategic questions, though not always rewardingly", and goes on to criticise "the extreme limitation of his outlook", which "is the tragedy that dulls the brilliance of Chomsky's body of work".

References

Books by Noam Chomsky
2005 non-fiction books
Political books
Books about foreign relations of the United States
Books about politics of the United States
Metropolitan Books books
Books of interviews


The Women's Team Sprint is one of the 7 women's events at the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Pruszków, Poland.

Ten teams of 2 cyclists each participated in the contest. After the qualifying, the fastest 2 teams raced for gold, and 3rd and 4th teams raced for bronze.

The Qualifying and the Finals were held on the evening session on 26 March.

Qualifying

Finals

References

Women's team sprint
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's team sprint


Taste The Nation is a British daytime cookery show on the ITV Network. The judges are Henrietta Jane Green, William Sitwell and Richard Johnson. Nick Hancock is the host of the show, which airs weekdays at 5pm.

The Chefs

Series Guides
Series 1: 16 March – 24 April 2009

Round 1

Round 2

Quarter finals

Semi finals

Final

Chef Victories

See also
Britain's Best Dish

References

External links
 - Henrietta Green
 - William Sitwell

2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
English-language television shows
ITV game shows
Television series by ITV Studios


Made man is a fully initiated member of the Mafia.

Made man may refer to:

 Made Man (video game), a 2006 third-person shooter video game
 Made Man (album), a 1999 album by rapper Silkk the Shocker

See also
 Made Men (film), a 1999 film by Louis Morneau


Urban Knights II is an album by the Urban Knights which was issued in 1997 on GRP Records. The album reached No. 5 on the Billboard Top Contemporary Jazz Albums Chart.

Critical reception

Jazz Times stated "With moods playful to passionate and players in a relaxed goodtime frame of mind, it’s a perfect party disc."
Don Adderton of the Sun Herald wrote "When you surround a master artist with a strong supporting cast, usually great things happen. On this second outing, Ramsey Lewis scores big on Urban Knights II (GRP)." Adderton added "Still the master craftsman, Lewis leads this all-star aggregation rampaging into funk, jazz, rhythm-and-blues and Latin-flavored ballads." Don Heckman of the Los Angeles Times found that "The music that results can perhaps best be described as rhythm & jazz--bits and pieces of improvising from Lewis and the horn players juxtaposed against insistent, funk-driven rhythms. South African Butler, especially on the tracks in which he sings (“South African Jam” and “Brazilian Rain,” especially), brings a seductive world-music ambience to the proceedings."
Jonathan Widran of Allmusic called the album a "Maurice White-produced exercise in easy funk and potent, machine generated urban grooves."

Track listing
 "Scirroco" (Meyers, White) – 4:03
 "Get Up" (Lewis, Lewis, Randolph) – 3:47
 "Come Dance with Me" (Boyd, Lewis, Randolph) – 4:01
 "South African Jam" (Butler) – 4:51
 "Brazilian Rain" (Emory, Pleasure) – 4:19
 "Interlude #1" (Lewis) – 0:35
 "Summer Nights" (Meyers, Randolph, White) – 5:32
 "Tell Me Why" (Butler, Meyers, Williams) – 4:19
 "Urban Paradise" (Lewis, Lewis, Randolph) – 4:23
 "Drama" (Cornwell, Guillaume, Hawkins, Jones) – 3:47
 "Step by Step" (Lewis, Lewis, Randolph) – 4:01
 "The Promise" (Meyers, Vannelli, White) – 4:10
 "Interlude #2" (Lewis) – 2:02
 "Dawn" (Randolph) – 4:38

Charts

Personnel
 Gerald Albright – soprano saxophone
 Najee – flute, saxophone, soprano saxophone
 Frayne Lewis – keyboards
 Ramsey Lewis – piano, electric piano
 Mike Logan – keyboards
 Bill Meyers – synthesizer, backing vocals, Fender Rhodes
 Jimi Randolph – synthesizer
 Kevin Randolph – keyboards, synthesizer bass
 Jonathan Butler – guitar, vocals, backing vocals
 Sheldon Reynolds – guitar, backing vocals
 Morris Pleasure – bass
 Chuck Webb – bass
 Verdine White – bass
 Sonny Emory – drums
 Tony Carpenter – percussion
 Paulinho Da Costa – percussion
 Karen Boyd – backing vocals
 Carl Carwell – backing vocals
 Theresa Davis – backing vocals
 Valerie Mayo – backing vocals
 Maurice White – backing vocals

References

1997 albums
Albums produced by Maurice White
Urban Knights albums
GRP Records albums


The 2006 Pro Tour season was the eleventh season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. On 18 December 2005 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Lille and Charlotte. It ended on 3 December 2006 with the conclusion of the 2006 World Championship in Paris. The season consisted of 22 Grand Prixs and 5 Pro Tours, held in Honolulu, Prague, Charleston, Kobe, and Paris. At the end of the season Shouta Yasooka from Japan was proclaimed Pro Player of the year. At the Worlds in Paris the second class of the Hall of Fame was inducted. The inductees were Bob Maher, Jr., Dave Humpherys, Raphaël Lévy, Gary Wise, and Rob Dougherty.

Grand Prixs – Lille, Charlotte, Hasselt, Richmond, Dortmund

GP Lille (18–19 December)
Format: Legacy
Attendance: 939
 Helmut Summersberger
 Daniel Krutil
 Nicholas Labarre
 Luca Verdiani
 Martin Brenner
 Loïc Le Briand
 Max Bracht
 Nicolas Francois

GP Charlotte (18–19 December)
Format: Extended
Attendance: 456
 Michael Krumb
 Alex Majlaton
 Kyle Goodman
 David Shiels
 Antonino De Rosa
 Alan Hubbard
 Chris Boozer
 Thomas LaPille

GP Hasselt (28–29 January)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 1070
 Sam Gomersall
 Julien Goron
 Maurice Palijama
 Ziga Fritz
 Helge Nelson
 Dimitri Reinderman
 Quentin Martin
 Francois Moreau

GP Richmond (4–5 February)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 558
 Richard Hoaen
 Jonathan Sonne
 Adam Chambers
 John Fiorillo
 Eugene Harvey
 Taylor Webb
 Gerry Thompson
 Michael Pinnegar

GP Dortmund (18–19 February)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 1029
 David Brucker
 Julien Goron
 Mathias Wigge
 Marco Rothaupt
 Dennis Grudowski
 Julien Nuijten
 Olivier Ruel
 Stefan Rentzsch

Pro Tour – Honolulu (3–5 March 2006)

Mark Herberholz won Pro Tour Honolulu piloting a green/red aggro-deck. He defeated Craig Jones in the finals. The final eight included both Ruel brothers, Antoine and Olivier. Notably absent from the Top 8 were the Japanese players after thirteen consecutive final day appearances.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $240,245
Players: 410
Format: Standard
Head Judge: John Shannon

Top 8

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Manila, Cardiff, Madison, Hamamatsu, Barcelona

GP Manila (18–19 March)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 368
 James Porter
 Jiro Francisco
 Cynic Kim
 Bo Sun
 Jake Hart
 Felix Gonzales
 Takuya Osawa
 Dominic Ortega

GP Cardiff (25–26 March)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 370
 Martin Dingler
 Wesimo Al-Bacha
 Roel van Heeswijk
 Julian Jardine
 Quentin Martin
 Bram Snepvangers
 Raphaël Lévy
 Antoine Ruel

GP Madison (25–26 March)
Format: Team Unified Standard
Attendance: 456 (152 teams)
1. Faddy Josh
 Brian Ziegler
 Tim Bulger
 Takanobu Sato
2. Free James Beeton
 Kyle Goodman
 Mark Ioli
 Benjamin Lundquist
3. 4815162342
 Richard Hoaen
 Eric Froehlich
 Bob Maher, Jr.
4. Cedric Philips Stole My Bike
 John Pelcak
 Chris McDaniel
 Jonathan Sonne

GP Hamamatsu (8–9 April)
Format: Team Unified Standard
Attendance: 495 (165 teams)
1. Tanii Monogatari
 Kotatsu Saitou
 Takahiro Katayama
 Yuusuke Tanii
2. Stardust Crusader
 Akira Asahara
 Masaya Kitayama
 Shouta Yasooka
3. Limit Break
 Takuya Oosawa
 Ryou Ogura
 Itaru Ishida
4. Kiosk
 Takashi Ishihara
 Shuhei Itou
 Daisuke Saitou

GP Barcelona (8–9 April)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 1208
 Helmut Summersberger
 Raphaël Lévy
 Jelger Wiegersma
 Johan Sadeghpour
 Olivier Ruel
 Aniol Alcaraz
 Jean Charles Salvin
 Sebastian Aljiaj

Pro Tour – Prague (5–7 May 2006)

Takuya Osawa won Pro Tour Prague, defeating Aaron Brackmann in the finals. In a Top 8 of rather unknown players Shuhei Nakamura was the only one to have made it to the final stage of a PT before.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $240,245
Players: 415
Format: Booster Draft (Ravnica-Guildpact-Dissension)
Head Judge: Jaap Brouwer

Top 8

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Torino, Toronto, Kuala Lumpur

GP Torino (3–4 June)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 656
 Nico Bohny
 Antoine Ruel
 Bram Snepvangers
 Klaus Jöns
 Marco Lombardi
 Guillaume Wafo-Tapa
 Giacomo Mallamaci
 Pierre Canali

GP Toronto (3–4 June)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 504
 Antonino De Rosa
 Jonathan Sonne
 Kyle Sanchez
 Mark Lovin
 John Fiorillo
 Brad Taulbee
 Jay Jiang
 Jelger Wiegersma

GP Kuala Lumpur (3–4 June)
Format: Limited
Attendance:316
 Kenji Tsumura
 Osamu Fujita
 Quentin Martin
 Ruud Warmenhoven
 Terry Soh
 Shouta Yasooka
 Cynic Kim
 Itaru Ishida

Pro Tour – Charleston (16–18 June 2006)

The Japanese team "Kajiharu80" won Pro Tour Charleston, defeating the Brazilian team "Raaala Pumba" in the final. "Kajiharu80" consisted of Tomohiro Kaji, Shouta Yasooka, and Tomoharu Saitou. With 525 competitors in 175 teams Pro Tour Charleston was the biggest Pro Tour ever. It was also the only Team Constructed Pro Tour ever.

Tournament data

Players: 525 (175 teams)
Prize Pool: $234,000
Format: 3-Person Team Block Constructed (Ravnica, Guildpact, Dissension)
Head Judge: Sheldon Menery

Top 4

Final standings

Grand Prixs – Toulouse, St. Louis, Malmo, Hiroshima, Phoenix, Sydney, Athens

GP Toulouse (24–25 June)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 674
 Kenji Tsumura
 Marijn Lybaert
 Shuhei Nakamura
 Adrian Olivera
 Julien Soum
 Olivier Ruel
 Shouta Yasooka
 Thomas Didierjean

GP St. Louis (22–23 July)
Format: Limited
Attendance:466
 Shuhei Nakamura
 Zac Hill
 Kenji Tsumura
 Chris Fennell
 Alex Kim
 Pierre Mondon
 Dalton King
 Jeremy Kunkel

GP Malmo (22–23 July)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 539
 Wessel Oomens
 Vasilis Fatouros
 Wilco Pinkster
 Axel Berglund
 Jelger Wiegersma
 Kamiel Cornelissen
 André Coimbra
 Asbjørn Fallesen

GP Hiroshima (19–20 August)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 417
 Shuhei Nakamura
 André Coimbra
 Takahiro Suzuki
 Basam Tebet
 Julien Nuijten
 Kentarou Nonaka
 Ichirou Shimura
 Yuusuke Wakisaka

GP Phoenix (2–3 September)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 387
 Carlos Romão
 Sean Inoue
 Raphaël Lévy
 Sam Stein
 Geoffrey Siron
 Gadiel Szleifer
 André Coimbra
 Shu Kumuro

GP Sydney (7–8 October)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 213
 James Zhang
 Anatoli Lightfoot
 Tomoharu Saitou
 Jeremy Neeman
 Steven Aplin
 Takuya Oosawa
 Shouta Yasooka
 Hugh Glanville

GP Athens (14–15 October)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 469
 Sebastian Aljiaj
 Vincent Lemoine
 Marcio Carvalho
 Guillaume Wafo-Tapa
 David Brucker
 Antoine Ruel
 Evangelos Papatsarouchas
 Aaron Brackmann

Pro Tour – Kobe (20–22 October 2006)

German Jan-Moritz Merkel won Pro Tour Kobe. It was his first appearance at a Pro Tour.

Tournament data

Players: 388
Prize Pool: $240,245
Format: Booster Draft (Time Spiral)
Head Judge: John Shannon

Top 8

Final standings

Grand Prixs – New Jersey, Yamagata

GP New Jersey (11–12 November)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 913
 Guillaume Cardin
 Richard Hoaen
 Timothy Aten
 Jason Imperiale
 Gerry Thompson
 John Pelcak
 Andrew Stokinger
 Shouta Yasooka

GP Yamagata (18–19 November)
Format: Limited
Attendance: 359
 Takihiro Suzuki
 Takeshi Ozawa
 Jelger Wiegersma
 Katsuhiro Mori
 Richard Hoaen
 Antoine Ruel
 Ryo Ogura
 Yuu Murakami

2006 World Championships – Paris (29 November – 3 December 2006)

The tournament began with the Hall of Fame induction of Bob Maher, Jr., Dave Humpherys Raphaël Lévy, Gary Wise, and Rob Dougherty. In an all-Japanese final Makihito Mihara defeated Ryo Ogura. The Dutch team of Kamiel Cornelissen, Julien Nuijten, and Robert van Medevoort won the team finals against Japan.

Tournament data

Prize pool: $255,245 (individual) + $210,000 (national teams)
Players: 356
Formats: Standard, Booster Draft (Time Spiral), Extended
Head Judge: Jaap Brouwer, Jason Ness

Top 8

Final standings

National team competition

  The Netherlands (Julien Nuijten, Kamiel Cornelissen, Robert van Medevoort)
  Japan (Hidenori Katayama, Katsuhiro Mori, Shuhei Yamamoto)

Pro Player of the year final standings

After the World Championship Shouta Yasooka was awarded the Pro Player of the year title.

References

Magic: The Gathering professional events


Protostelium okumukumu is a species of Protostelium.

See also

 Protosteliales

References

Mycetozoa


Christianity is a minority religion in Maharashtra, a state of India. Approximately 79.8% of the population of Maharashtra are Hindus, with Christian adherents being 1.0% of the population. The Roman Catholic archdiocese whose seat is in Maharashtra is the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay. There are two different Christian ethnic communities in Maharashtra: the Bombay East Indians, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and the Marathi Christians, who are predominantly Protestant with a small Roman Catholic population. The Catholics in Maharashtra are mainly concentrated in coastal Maharashtra, especially Vasai, Mumbai, and Raigad, and are known as Bombay East Indians; they were evangelized by Portuguese missionaries during the 15th–16th centuries. Protestants, who reside throughout the Maharashtra, being significant in Ahmednagar, Solapur, Pune, Aurangabad, and Jalna, are called Marathi Christians, who were evangelized by British and American missionaries during British rule in India. The Church of North India has dioceses in the state and is a large Protestant church with full communion with the Anglican Church.

There are also some members of the Christian Revival Church in Maharashtra.

History

Christianity was brought to the North Konkan region of Maharashtra by Bartholomew, one of the twelve apostles of Christ. Pantaneus visited India in about AD 180, and there he found a Gospel of Matthew written in the Hebrew language, left with the Christians there by Barthlomew. This is mentioned by church historian Eusebius, and by Jerome in one of his letters. A flourishing Christian community in the 6th century was mentioned by Kosmos Indicopleustes and Jordanus, who worked among the Christians in Thana and Sopara areas in the 13th century. The French Dominican friar Jordanus Catalani of Severac (in south-western France) started evangelizing activities in Thana and Sopara and was the first work of Rome in North Konkan.

Most of the history of the church in India is lost between the 9th and 14th centuries, as Persia went over to Nestorianism in 800 AD. Since the provision of church offices and all the apparatus of public worship was looked to a foreign source, the Indian Christians were reduced to "nominal" Christians when this foreign aid was withdrawn. When Dominican and Franciscan missionaries arrived in the 1300s with the intention of preaching the Gospel, they were surprised to find a small Christian community already in existence. Protestant missionaries first arrived in Maharashtra from England and the United States in 1813 after the passing of the Charter Act of 1813 by the British parliament.

East Indians (Mobaikars)

East Indians, also known as Mobaikars, are an ethno-religious group native to the Seven Islands of Bombay and Mumbai metropolitan area in the northern Konkan Division. Christianity was first installed by Bartholomew, one of Jesus Christ's apostles. Owing to a shortage of priests for many years, the locals were reduced to being "nominal Christians". It was because of the arrival of Portuguese and with them Jesuit missionaries who spread a new form of Christianity called Roman Catholicism in the area. The name Bombay East Indians was taken in the British India to differentiate native Christians of Greater Bombay, from those of Goa and Mangalore who came to Mumbai in search of jobs, on the occasion of golden jubilee of Queen Victoria.

They are engaged in agriculture, fishing and other occupations handed down to them by their ancestors. Bombay East Indians are generally more anglicised than other Maharashtrian Christians. The influence of the Portuguese Bombay and Bassein era can be seen in their religion and names, but their language has dominated by Marathi since the Mahratta Confederacy seized control of Konkan in 1739 AD.

Bardeskars

Konkani Catholics, commonly called Bardeskar (natives of Bardes, Goa—their ancestral homeland), are an ethno-religious Christian community adhering to the Roman Rite from the Sindhudurg diocese (Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts) of the southern Konkan division of Maharashtra, India. Sporadic settlements of Ghata Voylem Kristanv (Konkani for "Christians from above the Ghats") are found in the uplands of Kolhapur, Belgaum, North Canara & Dharwad districts. They belong to the Konkani ethnicity and Konkani is their first language. Marathi and Kannada are among the other languages spoken by them.

Marathi Christians

Marathi Christians are predominantly Protestant with small numbers of Roman Catholics. They belong to several Protestant denominations, but mainly the Church of North India. British missionary William Carey was instrumental in translating the Bible into the Marathi language.

In Maharashtra, Protestant Christians are mainly converts from Hinduism and some from Islam. The first Protestant mission to India was the American Marathi Mission. The main center of Protestant activity in the Maharashtra region during British colonial rule was in Ahmadnagar district. The first Protestant mission in the district was opened in 1831 by the American Marathi mission.

In Maharashtra, the Protestant missionaries concentrated not only on direct evangelism but also founded numerous small vernacular schools. Scottish Presbyterian Missionary John Wilson built Wilson College, Mumbai.

Culture
There are similarities of customs and culture between Hindus and Marathi Christians, such as dress, food, and cuisine. The Hindu custom of wearing saree, mangalsutra, and bindis is still prominent among native Christians. Marathi Christians highly retain their Marathi culture, and they have kept their Pre-Christian surnames. In Maharashtra, the great Marathi poet Narayan Wamanrao Tilak realised that a Hindu–Christian synthesis was simply not possible, unless the Christian religion had deep roots in the Indian culture. He trained the Marathi Christians to worship and sing bhajan and kirtan. He showed Christian faith in a genuinely Indian way.

List of denominations

Assemblies of God
Catholic Church in India
St Thomas Christians
Church of North India
Christian Congregation in India
The Pentecostal Mission
Greater Grace World Outreach- Indian Missions
Hindustani Covenant Church
Methodist Church in India
Indian Evangelical Team
International Christian Fellowship
Separate Baptists in Christ
New Life Fellowship Association
Christian Revival Church
Free Methodist Church

Notable Marathi Christians

Chandu Borde, a former cricket player from the Pune district. He played for the Indian cricket team in 83 matches between 1958 and 1969. His younger brother Ramesh was also a noteworthy cricket player.
Vijay Hazare, a cricket player from the Solapur district. He captained the Indian cricket team in fourteen matches between 1951 and 1953. He also captained Baroda, with whom he won the Ranji Trophy in 1959. Hazare is considered by many to be one of the best middle-order bats to play for India.
Shahu Modak, a Marathi/Hindi movie actor from Ahmednagar. He primarily acted as Lord Krishna in 29 mythological films.
Baba Padmanji, a Brahmin and a Christian convert. An author of over 100 books, his Yamunaparyatan is considered the first novel of Marathi literature.
Pandita Ramabai (1858–1922) – a social reformer, activist, Sanskrit scholar and evangelist. She was born a Brahmin and later converted to Christianity.
Lakshmibai Tilak (1868–1936) – wife of Narayan Wamanrao Tilak, was a writer who received recognition for her autobiography Smruti Chitre (स्मृतिचित्रे). When her husband died in the process of writing Khristayana (क्रिस्तायन), a Marathi epic about the life of Jesus, she completed it, adding 64 chapters of her own.
Narayan Wamanrao Tilak (1861–1919) – Marathi poet born in Maharashtra as a Brahmin. He converted to Christianity, and later wrote many Christian songs and bhajans in Marathi. He edited the American Marathi mission magazine Dnyanodaya for many years. He was the husband of Lakshmibai Tilak.
 Harish Salve, renowned jurist.
 N. K. P. Salve, former union minister and Congress leader from Vidarbha.
 Rajanikant Arole, Magasayse award winner and Padmabhushan.
 Vinod Kambli, a former cricket player for India and Mumbai, converted to Christianity recently. Many consider him one of the most talented middle-order batsmen to have played for India.
 Proff.Jayantkumar Tribhuvan, a President Awardee Teacher (1996). He was an educationist and also a notable writer, poet, dramatist, director, radio broadcaster, music director, and lyricist. He was the principal of a well-known school in Pune called Abhinav Vidyalaya High school. His songs are famous especially in the Christian community of Maharashtra. He wrote more than 35 books. He was a Sanskrit scholar. Sanskrit–Marathi–Hindi–English language teaching was his specialty along with his profound knowledge in dramatics. Many of his drama students are very successful actors in Bollywood as well as in Marathi films. He was the community advisor member of the national AIDS research council of India, where he had developed a model of teaching students about AIDS awareness which was accepted by UNO to teach student in their peer age group around the globe. He was also a very successful radio broadcaster who produced, wrote and directed more than 4000 radio programs for short wave radio stations. He dramatized the entire Bible in Marathi radio drama form. Those programs were on air (Radio Ceylon) during 1973–1990.

See also

 Marathi Christian
 Bombay East Indians
 Goans
Konkani people
 Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai
Christian Revival Church

References

Religion in Maharashtra
Social groups of Maharashtra


Pecoma Grizzlies Groningen were a professional ice hockey team in Groningen, Netherlands. They played in the Dutch Eredivisie, the highest-level hockey division in the Netherlands.  Home games were played at the Sportcentrum Kardinge.

History

Founded on December 23, 1969, as Groninger IJshockey Stichting (GIJS), the team played in the lower divisions until 1976, when it began competing in the Eredivisie.  It won its first and only Eredivisie championship in the 1985-86 season, with 7 wins and 1 loss in the playoffs.

Failure to attract a major sponsor forced the team out of the Eredivisie from 1988 until 2007.  In 2007-2008, after winning two straight championships in the eerste divisie (the top amateur division), the team re-entered the Eredivisie for three seasons.  However, after three losing seasons and weak ticket sales, the team dropped out of the Eredivisie in the summer of 2010.

Season results

Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, OTW = Overtime Wins, OTL = Overtime Losses, L = Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Squad 2008-09

Goalies

 31 Mathieu Blanchard
 35 Tom Korte

Defence

 13 Jeroen Oosterwijk
 14 Noel Coultice
 19 Ronald Trip
 4 Preston Cicchine
 44 Blair Tassone
 98 Ricardo Dijkema

Forwards

 9 Derek Bachynski
 11 Danny Kerstholt
 14 Blair Lefebvre
 15 Ram Sidhu
 19 Jolke Balt
 20 Zahir Hup
 21 Alwin Assenberg
 22 Reinier Holthof
 24 Klaver Jan Middelweerd
 29 Nick Pomponio
 69 Arjan Peters

Coaches

 Coach: Sergey Yashin
 Team manager: Kees Lok

Championships
Eredivisie National Championship
once: 1985-86

Eerste divisie championship
twice: 2005-06; 2006–07

External links

 Netherlands Ice Hockey Union

Ice hockey teams in the Netherlands
Ice hockey clubs established in 1969
Sports clubs and teams in Groningen (city)
1969 establishments in the Netherlands


Samsung GT-i8910 Omnia HD is a smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics, first announced at MWC 2009 on February 18, 2009. The device was the first phone capable of playing and recording 720p HD video. It runs on the S60 5th Edition (Symbian^1) platform, the only Samsung device to do so.

Features and capabilities
The HD comes in two versions: with 8 or 16 GB of integrated storage, both having a hot-swappable microSD card slot handling up to 32 GB. The i8910 HD is a quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE handset with tri-band UMTS support, HSDPA (up to 7.2 Mbit/s) and HSUPA (up to 5.76 Mbit/s) support. The Australian release supports the UMTS 2100/900Mhz frequency band, making it dual band UMTS and operational on Optus' 'yes G' dual band network but not on Telstra's 'Next G' network, as that operates on the UMTS 850Mhz band only. In this instance the GSM network would be used (slower speeds, no video calls, etc.).

3.7-inch capacitive touchscreen
This handset comes with a 3.7-inch AMOLED capacitive touchscreen (instead of Resistive) having a resolution of 640 x 360 pixels, capable of displaying up to 16 million colors.(instead of LCD(16:9 aspect ratio)

8.1-megapixel camera with LED flash
It has an 8-megapixel camera with the industry-first 720p HD video recording at 24 frame/s. Other imaging assets include geotagging, face detection, smile detection and WDR (Wide Dynamic Range) setting. The i8910 HD runs on Symbian (on Symbian s60 5th edition), with Samsung's TouchWiz interface.**
The camera at normal settings clicks photos at 4:3 aspect ratio. But can also click at 16:9 aspect ratio by downscaling to 6-megapixel (w6m).

Connectivity
The device offers Wi-Fi with DLNA, Bluetooth 2.0 with A2DP, a standard microUSB port, a 3.5 mm audio jack and TV-out. A GPS receiver with S-GPS+Xtragps is included, along with the optional Samsung Mobile Navigator by Route 66.

Other features
 DivX/XviD, MPEG4 support, subtitles support
 HD (720p) output to compatible televisions via DLNA technology
 S60 5th edition
 Accelerometer for screen auto rotate and turn-to-mute
 Proximity sensor for auto screen turn-off
 Magnetometer for digital compass
 GPS receiver with A-GPS
 FM radio with RDS
 Virtual 5.1 channel surround (on headphones)
 Web browser with Flash video support
 Office document viewer

Windows Phone
Although this device is not based on either Windows Mobile or Windows Phone, in 2010, Microsoft successfully made a modification on this device to be able to run Windows Phone just before the official debut of Samsung's first Windows Phone smartphone, Omnia 7.
(The Windows Phone operating system can't run on the Omnia HD's original OMAP3 processor, as the WP7 handset had a Snapdragon-based processor.)

See also
OMAP
Samsung i900 Omnia
Samsung i8000 Omnia II
Samsung i8510 Innov8
Sony Ericsson Satio
Nokia N97
HTC Hero
iPhone 3GS
Palm Pre

References

External links
 Samsung OmniaHD - Samsung Official Website
 Biggest Help and Modding Forum for Samsung i8910

I900
Samsung smartphones
Symbian devices
Portable media players
Mobile phones introduced in 2009
Discontinued smartphones
Mobile phones with user-replaceable battery