The history of gangs in Australia goes back to the colonial era. Criminal gangs flourished in The Rocks district of Sydney in its early history in the 19th century. The Rocks Push was a notorious larrikin gang which dominated the area from the 1800s to the end of the 1900s. The gang was engaged in running warfare with other larrikin gangs of the time such as the Straw Hat Push, the Glebe Push, the Argyle Cut Push, the Forty Thieves from Surry Hills, and the Gibb Street Mob.

In the 20th century Italian crime gangs were active in Melbourne and Sydney, and youth gangs like the Sharpies in the 1960s have been large enough to cause disturbances, though lacking criminal organisation.

So-called "outlaw" bikie gangs have had a very visible presence in many places throughout Australia since the 1950s, and several laws have been specifically prompted by their actions.

Gang types

Southeast Asian and Chinese gangs

In the late 1980s, the Vietnamese gang 5T was active in the Cabramatta area of Sydney and were believed to be involved in the murder of John Newman, the Member for Cabramatta in the NSW State Parliament. Newman had been the target of numerous death threats from Asian gangs but did not seek police protection. During the night of 5 September 1994 while outside his Woods Avenue home, he was shot twice and killed.  His fiancée, Lucy Wang, was with him at the time but saw little of what happened because of the swiftness of the murder.

Other gangs active in Cabramatta, Sydney include, T.A.I, 108,  the Four Aces and Madonna's Mob. Chinese gangs have existed as a low level activity for at least 20 years.

Whilst media focus on Asian gangs in Australia is not as severe as it once was in the 1980s, activities across a diverse criminal portfolio continue to occur. Groups at varied states of organisation are involved in murder, violence, drug importation and distribution, money laundering, human trafficking, and coercion of women into illegal prostitution.

In Melbourne, Vietnamese refugees resided in Collingwood and Richmond apartment units in the 1970’s to 1990’s which started the Vietnamese organised crime wave in Melbourne. In the 1990’s the Vietnamese built their own communities into Footscray, Sunshine and St Albans and most of the residents from the apartment flats had moved to the western suburbs. Vietnamese organised crime syndicates also expanded their territory into the Western suburbs. Vietnamese gangs during the 1980’s to 2000’s were highly organised but were also highly violent and used a hierarchy, similar to the Italian Mafia. Unlike the Mafia, the Vietnamese were heavily into drug trafficking, and were known to be the largest traffickers of Heroin in Australia. While the Mafia calls their boss the Don or Capo Famiglia, Vietnamese bosses are called Đại Ca. Vietnamese gangs operated very different from Chinese gangs and Vietnamese gangs share no resemblance on how they conducted business. Chinese gangs operated in the background while Vietnamese gangs operated in the streets. Chinese gangs  are less confrontational while Vietnamese gangs are confrontational and territorial. Vietnamese gangs in Melbourne also includes other South-East Asian ethnics like Cambodian, East-Timorese, Filipino, and Burmese within their gang.

In terms of Chinese gang activity, highly organised crime syndicates in Sydney have looked to Chinese youths on student visas for their recruitment drives. Multimillion-dollar prostitution rackets have been operating in Melbourne for several years, one of the largest by Mulgrave woman Xue Di Yan.

For over two decades there has been concern expressed about the increase of organised criminal activity by Vietnamese in Australia, with media attention focusing specifically on 'crime gangs'. For example, a 1988 media report stated: 'Criminal gangs in the Vietnamese community are increasingly heavily armed, are moving into drugs and gambling, establishing links with Australian crime figures, and becoming involved in standover rackets in their own community'.

Vietnamese criminal groups have been involved in distributing heroin in Australia. It has become apparent that a number of these Vietnamese groups are organising heroin shipments, either independently of or in association with established Chinese heroin trafficking operations. An increasing amount of heroin coming to Australia appears to have been transhipped through Vietnam. A gang called '5T', based in the Sydney suburb of Cabramatta, has become prominent in the distribution of very pure heroin in the district, as well as systematic extortion, home invasion robberies and other offences.

Vietnamese criminal groups appear to be involved in all levels of the heroin trade from street dealing to importing. They are also willing to purchase from Chinese importers and to wholesale to other groups, such as Romanian and Lebanese dealers. The heroin the Vietnamese import themselves is believed to come via Vietnam, which is apparently experiencing both increased production of opium increased transit of heroin.

Western Australia's Deputy Police Commissioner, Mr Les Ayton, said. 'There is good intelligence and anecdotal evidence that the Vietnamese (criminals) are now emerging as major importers of heroin'. A media report in April 1994 cited Queensland police sources as believing that millions of dollars of heroin had been sent from Ho Chi Minh City to Queensland during the earlier part of 1994

The Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence (ABCI) has given the following description of the drug trafficking network in the Sydney suburb of Cabramatta involving the 5T gang.

5T was engaged in "securing a large market with Cabramatta as its centre, by supplying high-quality Southeast Asian heroin (from 65 to 75% pure) for the same price that lower purity heroin was sold for elsewhere (a cap of 0.03 gm cost $40–50 on the street). This attracted addicts and dealers from far and wide. By organising its own importations of heroin (typically impregnated in fabric, or carried by couriers returning from Vietnam), it was able to greatly reduce its reliance (and its overheads) on the Chinese criminals who supply the greater proportion of the market. The 5T gang also cut out the middlemen, and sold directly to the street. A marked increase was noted in heroin overdoses, prompting the New South Wales Health Department to issue a public warning.

Middle Eastern gangs

For a long time, Middle-Eastern gang organisations conducted extortion against nightclubs, ram raids, and car theft. More recently, drive-by shootings have become more common, with tit for tat drive by shooting starting as early as 1998, and becoming more common in recent years, including a drive by machine gun attack on a police station in Lakemba, Sydney.

In 2006, a permanent Middle-Eastern Organised Crime squad was set up following revenge attacks, including stabbings and assaults, by Middle Eastern youths following the Cronulla riots.

Outlaw motorcycle gangs

According to the Australian Crime Commission, Australia is home to 35 outlaw motorcycle gangs, with a combined membership of around 3,500 "patched" bikies. Outlaw motorcycle gangs present in Australia include international outlaw clubs, like the Bandidos, the Hells Angels and the Gypsy Jokers, as well as homegrown groups, such as the Comancheros, the Finks and the Rebels. The Bandidos, the Comancheros, the Hells Angels, the Finks, the Mongols, and the Rebels are considered the "big six" bikie gangs in Australia.

The outlaw bikie scene in Australia is unique in the sense that it avoided to a certain extent the consolidation that occurred elsewhere. In the United States, the four major biker gangs are the Hells Angels, the Outlaws, the Bandidos and Pagans. Elsewhere, the major biker gangs are the local branches of American gangs. The Hells Angels dominate Canada while Europe is divided primarily between the Hells Angels and the Bandidos. The Canadian journalists William Marsden and Julian Sher wrote: "Unlike in Europe or North America, neither the Hells Angles nor the Bandidos succeeded in entirely vanquishing the fiercely independent Australian bikie gangs". In 2006, Sher and Marsden wrote: "The Hells Angels remain the most powerful bikie gang in the country, even though they have fewer members than other gangs such as the Rebels or the Gyspy Jokers.". The Australian Hells Angels benefit from their connections with  Hells Angels chapters in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.  The Port of Vancouver is controlled by the Canadian Hells Angels, who use the port as a conduit for drug smuggling both into and out of Canada. The port of Vancouver is used to smuggle cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin into Canada while also being used to smuggle cocaine and methamphetamine into Australia, New Zealand, and Southeast Asia where the price of drugs is much higher than in North America.

One of the major events in Australian motorcycle gang criminal history was what became known as the Milperra Massacre in 1984, where a fight between two gangs, the Comancheros and the Bandidos in Milperra in the South of Sydney, turned into a gun battle that claimed seven lives - six gang members and an uninvolved bystander. While conflict between various clubs has been ever present, in 2008 the gang conflict escalated, with 13 shootings taking place in Sydney in the space of two weeks.  Despite the shock caused by the Milperra Massacre, bikie gangs increased in number after 1984 due to the profits offered by selling methamphetamine.

Gang violence has become high-profile to the point where various state governments have taken steps to change laws to focus on the problem, and police have set up groups to deal with the threat, including the Crime Gang Task Force in South Australia Bikie gangs in South Australia at least, are involved in drugs, murder, extortion and other forms of intimidation and violence. Bikie gangs in South Australia have diversified their activities into both legal and illegal commercial business enterprises. The South Australian police estimate that 80% of nightclubs and bars in Adelaide use security companies owned by bikie gangs and whose staff are gang members..

In early 1994, representatives of six major gangs, the Hells Angels, the Outlaws, the Bandidos, the Rebels, the Black Uhlans and the Nomads, attended a gang summit in Sydney and informally decided to align under a decree known as the "Australia 2000 Pact". The pact insisted that criminal activities in Australia would be controlled by the six core gangs by the year 2000.  A consolidation began in 1994 as the larger clubs eliminated the smaller clubs, which caused 35 murders between 1994-2000. The number of clubs was reduced down from 178 in 1994 to 32 in 2000. Bikie violence between the various gangs had begun to escalate again by the late 1990s. One major gang which was excluded from the pact, the Comancheros, developed into a considerable presence in the Australian bikie scene in the following decade.

The Hancock case, which saw a former policeman, Don Hancock, murdered in a case widely blamed on the Gypsy Jokers generated much tougher anti-bikie laws in Western Australia, giving the police to power to seize clubhouses and other gang property. In May 2004, the police broke up a joint drug venture involving the Hells Angels, the Gypsy Jokers, the Finks, the Nomads and the Rebels. The police seized drugs worth $23 million Australian dollars. On 3 September 2004, the Coffin Cheaters of Perth established their first chapter outside of Australia in Norway. The fact that the Norwegian Coffin Cheaters were working closely with a Hells Angels puppet gang, the Wizards, suggested that the Coffin Cheaters had the approval of the Hells Angels to operate in Norway, which has a number of secret ecstasy labs.

In Western Australia they are involved in the drug trade. In June 2001, the Western Australia Police Force seized the home of Leslie "Lee" Hoddy, the national president of the Gypsy Jokers, as the proceeds of crime. An enraged Hoddy shouted at the policemen locking him out of his house "I know where you fuckers all live!", which led to him being charged with making death threats. Hoddy who had once been a millionaire died a poor man in 2004 as the Crown had seized his assets, property and bank accounts. Laws to deal with Bikie gangs (applying to any association, bike or otherwise) have been introduced into Northern Territory, South Australia, and are presently being looked at in NSW and Queensland.

In early 2009, the Comanchero and the Hells Angels were involved in a clash at Sydney Airport. One Hell's Angels associate member was beaten to death in plain view of witnesses at the airport, and police estimated as many as 15 men were involved in the violence. Police documents detail the brawl as a result of the Comanchero and Hells Angels Presidents being on the same flight from Melbourne. Four suspects were arrested as a result of the altercation. The head of the Comancheros was initially sentenced to 21 years jail for the murder after a nine-month trial, but in May 2014 he was granted a retrial. 4 years later on 14 February 2018, the now 'ex' Comanchero boss was gunned down out the front of a gym in Sydney in a possible retaliation attack.

Including two murders in the capital city, 4 people were killed in the space of a week in Canberra and in Sydney. As a result of heightening violence, New South Wales Premier Nathan Rees announced the state police anti-gang squad would be boosted to 125 members from 50.

A growing percentage of the crime attributed to outlaw motorcycle gangs since around 2010 has not been committed by known bikie members. Much of the crime has been committed by non-riding members or associates of these gangs, that way the core members of the bikie gangs can be more easily protected from the more aggressive police tactics and the tougher laws. Australia's bikie gangs continue to increase their campaign to completely corner the illicit drug trade in every state and territory.

In 2010, Derek Wainohu of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club successfully obtained a declaration from the High Court that the Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2009 (NSW), which empowered the Supreme Court to make control orders against individual members of organisations and prevented them from associating with one another, was invalid. The High Court held, by majority, that the Act was invalid on the basis that s 13(2) placed no obligation on the eligible judge making the control order to provide reasons when making a declaration of a control order. As such, the section contravened the institutional integrity of the Supreme Court. On construction, it was held that the validity of the whole Act relied on the validity of Part 2, which contained s 13(2), and therefore the whole Act was held invalid. The state of New South Wales was ordered to pay Wainohu's costs.

In 2013, Queensland enacted Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013 to criminalise outlaw motorcycle gangs.

Examples

Motorcycle gangs in Australia include:

 Bandidos - One of the "Big Four" American gangs identified by authorities. They have 45 chapters across Australia and between 250 and 400 members. One of the clubs that has actively recruited from ethnic groups in recent years.
 Coffin Cheaters - They have chapters in Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, as well as in Norway. They have between 200 and 300 members.
 Comanchero - One of the oldest outlaw clubs in Australia founded by Jock Ross during the late 60s early 70s. Its headquarters are in Western Sydney. It has chapters in Western Australia, Victoria and South Australia. They have between 250 and 300 members in Australia and have expanded in Spain and Serbia.
 Outcasts - a West Australian gang that has migrated east to Sydney and Brisbane. The confidentiality has kept names under the radar except for its founder and ex-leader FEZ who is unknown.
 DLASTHR - An Assyrian gang formed by Raymon Youmaran (who is now jailed for murder) in 2002, in the western suburbs of Sydney. The gang has been on the police radar since the mid-2000s.
 Finks - Formed in Adelaide, South Australia, in 1969 and now has chapters in other states. It was reported in October 2013 that most members were to switch to the United States-based Mongols.
 Black Bandits - A youth gang founded in Marsden, Queensland in 2015 and now active across all over Queensland. Consisting of over 400 members, they are notoriously known for burglary and armed robberies.
 Gypsy Joker - The Gypsy Joker MC formed in the US in the late 60's and later amalgamated with South Australia's pre-eminent bad-boys club, Mandamas MC and later joined with the American-formed club, are most notorious for the 2001 car-bomb murders of West Australian police senior investigator Don Hancock and Lawrence Lewis. They have between 200 and 300 members in Australia.
 Hells Angels - Founded in the US and one of the "Big Four" American gangs, now active worldwide. In Australia, they have 150-250 members. The Angels have a Nomad Chapter which has caused friction with the Nomads MC.
 Nomads - The Nomads club has no website and is not as widely known as other clubs, but does have a significant presence in the press as an outlaw motorcycle club engaged in allegedly illegal activities.
 Notorious - The club Notorious, a Middle Eastern gang, started competing with Australian bikie gangs, in a turf war for drug sales. Notorious was reportedly using members of the Middle Eastern and Islander communities in Sydney. As of March 2012 the gang no longer exists as an organised structure after being dismantled by a police operation arresting key members and with other members choosing to quit the gang life.
 Rebels - The Rebels are the largest outlaw motorcycle club in Australia, and have 29 chapters. They are a more traditional club and are run by former boxer and founding member, Alex Vella. They are by far the largest club in Australia with around 2,000 members.

Youth gangs
In contemporary Australia, "youth gangs" are perceived to be an increasing problem, but this notion has been claimed to be not founded upon any extended body of empirical evidence and does not identify to whom the alleged gangs are a problem. Nevertheless, the public perception of the 'street gang' is generally quite the opposite, as it is based upon media generated gang stereotypes that allegedly engage in any new horror.

During 1993–4, moral panic about 'Asian gangs' developed in NSW, after the murder of anti-drug campaigner and Member of Parliament, John Newman, in Cabramatta. Chris Cunneen's investigation into the stereotyping of ethnic gangs revealed that during the same period, not only Asian, but Lebanese and Pacific Islander youths were subjected to unnecessary discrimination by police. In July 1994, the Youth Justice Coalition of NSW reported that young people who were recognisably non-Anglo-Australian, especially those who identified themselves as Asian, Aboriginal or Pacific Islander, were being vigorously searched and arrested by police to a point of harassment.

In November 1994, a series of Daily Telegraph Mirror stories generated sufficient public concern about alleged crime levels in Sydney that it gave NSW Labor Party leader, Bob Carr, the opportunity to mount a political campaign based on gang violence. Three days later, NSW Premier, John Fahey, introduced the Children (Parental Responsibility) Bill 1994 which made parents criminally liable for the offences of their children and gave police the power to detain "at risk" or offending children for a period of 24 hours. In October 1998, another Sydney based moral panic over ethnic gangs was precipitated by the stabbing death of a fourteen year old schoolboy, Edward Lee. The police and the media "fed off each other" linking the crime to ethnicity . The media dutifully circulated police descriptions of racial phenotypes which clearly linked Lebanese males to crime and gangs, while the major NSW political parties took the opportunity to focus upon the forthcoming state election and to begin to out-bid each other on law and order issues.

An alternate opinion is that youth gangs have flourished throughout many of the large cities of Australia, especially Melbourne and Sydney. There are many suburban gangs throughout Melbourne involving clashes between North-West and North-East. As well as ongoing battles in Sydney's and Melbourne's Western suburbs, as well as Melbourne's south-eastern suburbs. There are many other gangs evolving throughout the outer suburbs of Brisbane and the inner Gold Coast. There have been increasing cases of Australian gangs notably Allied brotherz, Menace To Society and The Brotherhood and those claiming the name of American street gangs notably Black P Stones, Black Disciples, Latin Kings, MS-13, Bloods and Crips. There have also been cases of radical gangs such as Friends Stand United, Public Enemy No. 1, Volksfront and Blood & Honour in Australia. The internet has become a focal point for these gangs, posting pictures, post codes and sometimes even running a gang's personal website. Australian youth gangs grow in accordance to general population growth.

Anti-gang legislation
There have been numerous laws passed which aim to specifically "crack down on gangs", in some way - but these have often been successfully challenged in the courts.

Some examples include:

 Serious and Organised Crime (Control) Act 2008, South Australia
 Serious Crime Control Act 2009, Northern Territory
 Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act, 2009, NSW
 Crimes (Criminal Organisations Control) Act 2012, NSW
 Criminal Organisations Control Act 2012, Western Australia
 Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment Act 2013, 2013, Queensland
 Criminal Law (Criminal Organisations Disruption) Amendment Act 2013, Queensland
 Serious and Organised Crime Amendment Bill, Queensland, 2016

A review tabled in the NSW Parliament in 2017 concludes that such laws: "...have been ineffective and police anti-gang squads have stopped using them".

See also
 Organised crime in Australia

Books

References

Further information
 "History of Gangs in Australia". ABC, Late night live. http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2008/2288288.htm
 Silvest, John "Outlaw gangs make killing" The Age, 24 September 2006. http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/outlaw-gangs-make-killing/2006/09/23/1158431948594.html
 Priest, Tim "The rise of Middle Eastern Crime in Australia" https://web.archive.org/web/20120717033909/http://www.australian-news.com.au/The%20rise%20of%20Middle%20Eastern%20crime%20in%20Australia.pdf
 Buttler, Mark "Neighbours fear gang violence will spiral into gun battles as secret police report exposes fears of open warfare"


The Galaure () is a  long river in the Isère and Drôme departments in southeastern France. Its source is in Roybon. It flows generally west-southwest. It is a left tributary of the Rhône, into which it flows at Saint-Vallier.

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
 Isère: Roybon, Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux, Montfalcon,
 Drôme: Montrigaud,
 Isère:Saint-Clair-sur-Galaure,
 Drôme: Le Grand-Serre, Hauterives, Châteauneuf-de-Galaure, Mureils, La Motte-de-Galaure, Saint-Barthélemy-de-Vals, Saint-Uze, Saint-Vallier,

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Isère
Rivers of Drôme


Academia de Talentos is a Portuguese online newspaper, dedicated to youth-level football.

Foundation

In the last few years, some Portuguese players have been in the headlines of newspapers all over the world. Luís Figo and more recently, Cristiano Ronaldo, are two of these. Youth football is growing, and people want to follow it and stay informed about what's new. These are the reasons why "Academia de Talentos" was founded.

At this newspaper, readers can find match reports, interviews with coaches and players, transfers, and many other kinds of articles.

Competitions

"Academia de Talentos" is focused in the coverage of S.L. Benfica, F.C. Porto and Sporting matches. This clubs have teams both at national championships (www.fpf.pt) and regional tournaments (Associação de Futebol de Lisboa e Associação de Futebol do Porto)

National

There are three national championships:

 Under-19
 Under-17
 Under-15

Other tournaments

"Academia de Talentos" has also followed some of the main Portuguese friendly tournaments at youth-level like Nike Premier Cup, Torneio Ponte de Frielas in Loures and the Taça Cidade dos Campeões at Vila Real de Santo António.

Player articles

Some of the players that have had their careers chronicled at the paper:

 Rabiu Ibrahim
 Carlos Alberto
 Alexandre Pato
 Kerlon

Interviews

Every week, "Academia de Talentos" produces an interview with one famous figure at the football industry. Here are some of main interviews:

 Carlos Queiroz, Portuguese national coach
 Ole Gunnar Solskjær, former Manchester United forward and current Reserve Squad Coach
 Rui Jorge, former Sporting and F.C. Porto left-back and current Belenenses youth-squad coach

Quotations

Since its foundation, since it is a reference in the field of youth football,"Academia de Talentos" has been quoted in many Portuguese websites and forums
 and a special reference by Record (One of the top Portuguese sport's newspaper), sub-director Bernardo Ribeiro.

References

External links

 Interview with Carlos Queiroz
 Interview with Solskjaer
 Interview with Rui Jorge
 Interview with Emílio Peixe
 Portuguese Football Association
 Associação de Futebol de Lisboa
 Associação de Futebol do Porto

Mass media in Portugal
European news websites


Harry Nolte (born 11 June 1961, Zwickau) is an East German sprint canoeist who competed in the 1980s. He won two a bronze medal in the K-1 1000 m event at the 1986 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Montreal.

Nolte also finished fifth in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

References

Sports-reference.com profile

1961 births
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
German male canoeists
Living people
Olympic canoeists for East Germany
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


Aleksandra Olsza (; 8 December 1977) is a Polish former tennis player. Her career highlights include winning of the 1995 Wimbledon Championships in both girls' singles and doubles. At the 1996 US Open, Olsza defeated world No. 12, Magdalena Maleeva.

Achievements
 At the 1995 Wimbledon Championships, Olsza won titles in both girls' singles and girls' doubles (with Cara Black).
 At the 1996 US Open, Olsza defeated world No. 12 player Magdalena Maleeva in the first round.
 Olsza represented Poland at the 1996 Summer Olympics, but lost in the first round.

Equipment
Olsza used the Prince racquet model Precision 720.

WTA career finals

Doubles: 3 (3 runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles (1–3)

Doubles (5–5)

Junior Grand Slam finals

Singles (1–0)

Doubles (1–0)

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Katowice
Polish female tennis players
Olympic tennis players for Poland
Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Wimbledon junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles
20th-century Polish women
21st-century Polish women


John Vardy (February 1718 – 17 May 1765) was an English architect attached to the Royal Office of Works from 1736. He was a close follower of the neo-Palladian architect William Kent.

John Vardy was born to a simple working family in Durham. His early training is obscure. His career at the Office of Works, which demanded most of his attention throughout his life, began in May 1736, when he was appointed Clerk of the Works at Greenwich Hospital. He was Clerk of the Works at Hampton Court Palace, January 1745 to 1746; Clerk of the Works at Whitehall, Palace of Westminster and St James's Palace, December 1746 to 1754; Kensington Palace, July 1754 to 1761.  He also served as Clerk of the Works at Chelsea Hospital and as Surveyor to the Mint.

Vardy and William Kent
His relations with William Kent, his senior at the Board of Works, began about 1736 and remained close. Vardy prepared for publication the classic of the Palladian revival, Some Designs of Mr. Inigo Jones and Mr. William Kent, 1744. He redrew and engraved Kent's drawing of the Great Hall at Hampton Court, and drew up Kent's ambitious designs for new Houses of Parliament, under Kent's direction.  After Kent's death Vardy and Thomas Robinson saw Kent's Horse Guards, Whitehall, through to completion; Vardy published engravings of his redrawings of the plan and elevation.

Private clients
Vardy's routine at the Office of Works constrained his time to devote to private clients. His london buildings have mostly suffered the fate of city constructions and have gone. His most prominent surviving work is Spencer House, St. James's, where, ironically the chief fame is garnered by the very early neoclassical interiors of the upper floor, by James "Athenian" Stuart.

For Joseph Damer, 1st Earl of Dorchester Vardy probably designed Dorchester House, Park Lane, London, begun in 1751-52. He exhibited designs for interiors at the Society of Artists, 1764. The house was demolished in 1849.

Family
Vardy's will mentions his brother Thomas Vardy, carver in Park Street, Grosvenor Square, and his son, John Vardy, Jr. who succeeded his father as Surveyor to the Royal Mint. He remodeled and extended  Giacomo Leoni's Queensberry House in Burlington Gardens, for Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, in 1785-89; as Uxbridge House it survives, housing the Royal Bank of Scotland.

His niece Sarah married the sculptor Richard Westmacott (the elder).

Gallery of architectural work

Notes

British neoclassical architects
1718 births
1765 deaths
People from Durham, England
18th-century English architects
Architects from County Durham


The Women's Points Race was one of the 9 women's events at the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Pruszków, Poland

22 Cyclists from 22 countries participated in the contest. Because of the number of entries, there were no qualification rounds for this discipline. Consequently, the event was run direct to the final.

Final
The Final and only race was run on 29 March. The competition consisted on 100 laps, making a total of 25 km with 10 sprints.

Four riders crashed when Belinda Goss of Australia moved up the banking, Aksana Papko of Belarus veered to avoid hitting her rear wheel but high-sided her bicycle, bringing down two other riders in the process, Pascale Jeuland of France and Olga Slyusareva of Russia who had three points and was placed fifth at the time. The American rider Shelley Olds was lucky not to come down also as she was struck by one of the falling riders but managed to keep her balance, although she later crashed when she was moving down the track at speed, clipping the rear wheel of the British rider Elizabeth Armitstead, Armitstead luckily stayed upright to take the bronze medal behind Yumari González of Cuba. Giorgia Bronzini of Italy won the gold medal, having ridden consistently and featured in all but two of the sprints.

Elapsed Time=32:41.800
Average Speed=45.876 km/h

References

Women's points race
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's points race


Bishopville may refer to a location in the United States:

Bishopville, Maryland, an unincorporated place
Bishopville, South Carolina, a town
The Bishopville meteorite of 1843 (see Meteorite falls)


The Dog Problem is a play by David Rabe that premiered, May 6, 2001, in New York City at the Atlantic Theater Company.

The cast included Joe Pacheco as Ronnie, Larry Clarke as Ray, David Wike as Joey, Victor Argo as Uncle Malvolio, Tony Cucci as Tommy Stones, Andrea Gabriel as Teresa, Robert Bella as Priest, and Buddy as The Dog. The Creative team included: Director: Scott Ellis, producer Noel Ashman, Costumes: Michael Krass, Lighting: Brian Nason, Sets: Allen Moyer, Sound: Eileen Tague, Fight Direction: Rick Sordelet.

History
The first version of the play premiered at the Williamstown Theater Festival in the summer of 1998 as a one-act play entitled Corners. The cast included Joe Pacheco as Ronnie, Robert Pastorelli as Ray, Christopher Meloni as Joey, Victor Argo as Uncle Malvolio, Ty Burrell as Tommy Stones, and Kathryn Hahn as Theresa.  The production team included Scott Ellis (director), Allen Moyer (set design), Brian Nason (lights), Eilenn Hague (sound), and Constance Hoffman (costumes).

An expanded version of Corners premiered in 2000 at the Long Wharf Theatre (Stage 2) under the name The Dog Problem. Scott Ellis directed that production and the cast included Joe Pacheco as Ronnie, Larry Clarke as Ray, David Wike as Joey, Victor Argo as Uncle Malvolio, Andrea Gabriel as Theresa, Michael Kell as Priest, and Ed Lemert as The Dog.

References

External links
 The Dog Problem

Plays by David Rabe
2001 plays


Lake Monginup also known as Lake Mongingup and Lake Mortijinup is a freshwater lake in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.

The lake is located approximately  west of Esperance and makes up part of the  Lake Monginup Nature Reserve.

Description
The reserve is managed by the Lake Monjingup Development Committee, which received a $32,000 Lotterywest grant in 2008 to improve facilities, manage dieback and introduce native mammals back into the area.

The area is an excellent example of undisturbed natural vegetation in the area and includes a specimen of Macrozamia dyeri that is over 1,000 years old.

The area was once used as a motorcycle track, a market garden and a watering hole for stockmen's horses.
In 1983 a group of concerned locals started a campaign to preserve the area. The group planted over 30,000 trees then extended the reserve into surrounding farmland and established over  of walking trails.

The area is home to 90 species of birds, 18 species of lizard and 9 species of frogs as well as honey possums, echidnas and western grey kangaroos.

See also

 List of lakes of Western Australia

References

Monginup


Granitites intangendus is a species of flowering plant endemic to Western Australia. It is found on granite outcrops in semi-arid regions of the midwest and south.

The only member of the genus Granitites, a name derived from its habitat, it is placed within the family Rhamnaceae. It bears many similarities to the genus Alphitonia (Ash or Sarsparilla trees), which are found in distant tropical regions of Australia, suggesting that it is an ancient species that became relics by climate changes. Its lineage would therefore extend to an era, some 20 mya, when tropical species covered the southern part of the continent.

The habit of this shrub is low-lying and sprawling, at 0.1 metres tall, or erect to a height of 2 metres. It has spiky branchlets, small leaves in an alternate arrangement, and small flowers that are clustered on relatively long stalks. The leaves are entire, or with a toothed margin, are linear in outline or broader at the base, may have hairs, veins that branch from the central axis, and are rolled upon themselves in a revolute manner. The flowers are generally white, the calyx and corolla might also be this colour or pinkish. Its fruit is a schizocarp, dry carpels that divide when mature into single seed bearing capsules.  It is found in sandy soils on granite outcrops east of Kalgoorlie, the Avon Wheatbelt and Mallee regions in the southern and eastern parts of the state. Specimens have been recorded at The Humps near Hyden.

The first description of the genus was made by Barbara Rye in Nuytsia in 1996. The author refers to the specimens collected at Fraser's Range and Esperance Bay 120 years beforehand, which was described as a species of Pomaderris by Ferdinand von Mueller.

References

External links

Rhamnaceae
Monotypic Rosales genera
Rosales of Australia
Rosids of Western Australia
Rhamnaceae genera
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
Taxa named by Barbara Lynette Rye


Bonsai Barber is a barber-simulation video game developed by Zoonami and released for the Wii console in 2009 in North America, Japan, and the PAL Regions. This video game was a featured WiiWare title for 1,000 Wii Points on the Wii Shop Channel.

Gameplay
Bonsai Barber places players in the role of a barber who must groom and style the foliage of their plant, fruit and vegetable customers in similar manner to the art of bonsai pruning. Using the Wii Remote, the player uses tools such as scissors for cutting, hair clippers for precision cutting, combs to bend twigs, hairspray to re-grow foliage, and pots of paint to change hair color. Players work on the requests of up to five customers per day and try to achieve a professional five star rated cut for each, unlocking new haircuts each day. Players will unlock medals and gifts for performing well, with the insensitive to return the next day to continue obtaining those rewards. If you miss appointments with the in-game patrons, you will get notified in your Wii Message Board; an additional incentive to return to the game the next day and continue cutting hair. Players will be able to send photos of their completed stylings to friends via WiiConnect24.

Development and release
Bonsai Barber was developed by Zoonami. Three prototypes of the game were developed on and off by a team of two people before the game moved into full development. In total, development for Bonsai Barber stretched over a period of two and a quarter years. The game was released in North America on the WiiWare service on March 30, 2009.

Reception

Bonsai Barber received generally positive reviews from critics. IGN commended the tight, responsive controls and the quirky nature of the game, but also called it a pricey one trick pony. Official Nintendo Magazine loved the concept and the humor and called it "an enjoyable, idiosyncratic experience".

References

2009 video games
Action games
Business simulation games
Nintendo games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Wii-only games
WiiWare games
Wii games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games about plants


The Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship is a single elimination tournament held each spring in the United States.  It is organized by the Illinois High School Association (IHSA).

From 1908 to 1971, it was a single tournament contested by nearly all high schools in Illinois.  In 1972, the tournament was divided into two divisions based on school size, (A and AA), each producing a separate champion.  In 2008, the tournament was divided into four separate divisions (1A, 2A, 3A, and 4A being the larger schools).  The Illinois High School Basketball Championship was the first tournament to be called 'March Madness'.  The term was first used about the Illinois tournament in 1939, decades before it was used about NCAA basketball tournament.

Advancement
Under the current four class system, teams are assigned to a class, based on the student population, with adjustments made for single gender schools, and for schools which are not four year high schools.  Within the class, schools are geographically assigned to a regional, which is, in turn assigned to a sectional which, finally, is assigned to a super-sectional. Regional tournaments are generally between four and eight teams, depending on the number of teams in a geographic area in a particular class. There are four regional tournaments within each sectional and two sectionals within each super-sectional. Each tournament is single elimination.

Within the regional, coaches seed the teams. The winners of the four regional tournaments then meet in a single elimination sectional tournament. The teams are not re-seeded after regional play, and the winners of the regional tournament are randomly assigned, in advance, to play the winner of one of the other regionals in the sectional semifinals.

For example, in 2011, in the Class 2A Casey Sectional, there were four regionals: Flora, Monticello, St. Joseph and Robinson. Three of these regionals consisted of five teams and one of six. Before the playoffs began, the IHSA assigned the winner of the Flora Regional (which ended up being Teutopolis) to play the winner of the Monticello Regional (Champaign St. Thomas). The winners of the St. Joseph and Robinson regionals played in the other regional semifinal, with the winners of the two semifinals met in the sectional championship.

The winner of the sectional tournament then faces the winner of another (geographically close) sectional champion for the super-sectional championship. This winner advances to the state tournament.

The state tournament in each class is composed of the four super-sectional winners, and are randomly assigned to play each other in the semifinal round.  The winners of the semifinal round compete for the state championship the next evening, while the semifinal losers compete for third place the next day.  The state semifinals are generally held on a Friday, with the championship and third place games held on Saturday.  Classes 1A and 2A share the same weekend, while 3A and 4A compete the weekend after that.

Under the current four class system, each class has four super sectional games, and thus 8 sectionals. Each sectional has four regionals, giving each class 32 regional tournaments.

The format in the two class system (1972–2007) was similar.  In the two class system, each class had 8 super-sectional games, and thus 16 sectionals and 64 regionals.  The winners of the 8 super-sectional games advanced to the state tournament.  On the Friday of the state tournament, the 8 winners were randomly assigned to play each other in a quarterfinal game.  The winners advanced to the semifinals, which were played on the next day.  The semifinal losers played for third place in the early evening, while the semifinal winners contested the state championship in the evening.  Class A would play one weekend, and Class AA the next weekend.

Prior to 1972, when there was only one tournament for all schools to compete in, there were a variety of formats in use.

The IHSA Girls Basketball tournament is organized in exactly the same way as the boys' tournament; however, the girls' tournament begins two weeks before the boys' tournament.

Title game results

1908–1920

1921–1940

1941–1960

1961–1971

1972–1981

1982–1991

1992–2007

2008–present

Sites

The tournament was originally organized only with the permission of the IHSA, but after one year was taken over by the Association.  The tournament spent 77 years playing at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) before moving to Bradley University's Carver Arena in Peoria from 1996-2019. The 2020 tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and on June 15, 2020, the IHSA announced the tournament would move back to UIUC's State Farm Center.

 1908: Oak Park YMCA
 1909-1910: Bloomington YMCA
 1911, 1913: Bradley University
 1912, 1914: Decatur YMCA
 1915: Millikin University
 1918: Springfield High School
 1919-1925: Kenney Gym at UIUC
 1926-1962: Huff Gym at UIUC
 1963-1995, 2022-present: State Farm Center at UIUC
 1996–2019: Peoria Civic Center

Additional events

The Happening
In 1992, the IHSA added a three-point contest and a slam dunk contest (collectively called "The Happening") to coincide with the boys basketball state series.  The state level of each contest is held on the Thursday evening before their respective class' state semifinals (quarterfinals before 2008), with each class crowning a champion in each contest on the Saturday of their state championship game.  After the Class 3A and 4A champions have been determined, there is a final "King of the Hill" contest among the four class champion to crown the overall champion.

The slam dunk contest has no preliminaries prior to the Thursday competition of the week of the state finals.  Players are nominated by the coaches of their regional or sectional tournament.  Those willing to participate advance automatically to the state preliminaries.

The three point contest starts at the beginning of the regional tournaments.  Each team may select up to 4 players to compete, with a total of four players advancing to the next level of competition.  As teams advance through regional and sectional, the winning individuals advance, irrespective of their team's success.

March Madness Experience
Since 1996, in addition to the on court activities, the IHSA has set up an interactive event at the Peoria Civic Center called the March Madness Experience.  Set up in the  Exhibit Hall, the "Experience" includes interactive games and skill challenges for fans to participate in.  Big screen televisions allow fans to watch the current game being played on the court, and radio and television broadcasts originate from the floor.  The "Experience" opens on the Thursday of each week of the State Championship Tournament, and remains open throughout the tournament.

Wheelchair Basketball
Starting in 2004, the first weekend of the State Championship Tournament also hosts the state high school championship for wheelchair basketball.  The tournament is a round robin tournament, and is composed of teams of high school students, though the teams are not necessarily affiliated with a particular school.

Century of Memories

The IHSA celebrated 100 years of the IHSA State Tournament in the 2006-07 season.  A list of "100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament" was assembled.  Several of the living members of that team made appearances at select games across the state, and signed a "Ball of Fame" which was subsequently raffled off at the state tournament.  Commemorative books and videos were available.  Among the notable members of the "Legends" team were Kenny Battle, Lou Boudreau, Jim Brewer, Quinn Buckner, Landon "Sonny" Cox, Bruce Douglas, Dwight "Dike" Eddleman, LaPhonso Ellis, Melvin Ely, Michael Finley, C. J. Kupec, Marcus Liberty, Shaun Livingston, Cuonzo Martin, Johnny Orr, Andy Phillip, Quentin Richardson, Dave Robisch, Cazzie Russell, Jon Scheyer, Jack Sikma, Isiah Thomas, Frank Williams, and George Wilson.

State title forfeiture
The 2005 Class A state title resulted in the only forfeiture of a state boys basketball title in Illinois history.  The title game resulted in a victory for Chicago's Hales Franciscan High School over Winnebago.  It was the second year in a row Winnebago had lost in the final game, and was the second time in three years that Hales Franciscan had won.

Hales Franciscan's basketball team had been at the center of problems for over a year.  In 2004, the school had been kicked out of the IHSA state series when recruiting violations had been uncovered.

In November, 2005, the IHSA announced that it was suspending Hales Franciscan's membership in the Association, when it was learned that the school's Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) recognition had been lapsed in June, 2003.

In January, 2006, the IHSA announced that due to the lack of recognition (ISBE), Hales Franciscan would forfeit all athletic contests played between June, 2003 and December, 2005, including its 2005 State Championship.

See also
 Illinois High School Association
 March Madness (disambiguation)
 Peoria, Illinois
 Will it play in Peoria?—the IHSA often uses "Playing in Peoria" as a part of its advertising for the state championship

References

Also see John Pruett (Illinois High School Career Field Goal Percentage Champion)

External links
 Illinois High School Association: Boys Basketball
 IHSA Boys Basketball Records Menu
 A Brief History of March Madness (includes the text of H.V. Porter's original poem)

High school sports in Illinois
High school basketball competitions in the United States
Annual sporting events in the United States


FK Kruoja Pakruojis was a Lithuanian football club from the city of Pakruojis. The team first played in the A Lyga, Lithuania's top football division, in 2009. They were promoted after FBK Kaunas and Atlantas Klaipėda voluntarily withdrew. The team's colours are yellow and blue. The club plays at Pakruojis stadium (capacity 2000).
In August 2015, Kruoja withdrew from A Lyga.

European record

Notes
 1Q: First qualifying round

Players

Managers
 Aidas Dambrauskas (July 1, 2009–10)
 Albertas Klimavičius (Jan 1, 2011 – Aug 7, 2011)
 Aidas Dambrauskas (2012–1?)
 Sébastien Roques (Jan 1, 2013 – March 20, 2013)
 Vladimir Cheburin (Feb 21, 2014–Dec, 2014)
  Divaldo Da Silva  (Jan 2015 – Jun 2015)
 Aidas Dambrauskas   July 1, 2015– Aug 2015)

References

Defunct football clubs in Lithuania
Football clubs in Pakruojis
2016 disestablishments in Lithuania
Association football clubs disestablished in 2016
Association football clubs established in 2001
2001 establishments in Lithuania


María Eloisa Meléndez Altieri (born December 26, 1951) also known as Mayita, is a Puerto Rican politician who served as the mayor of the city of Ponce, Puerto Rico, from 2009 to 2021. Meléndez Altieri was elected during the Puerto Rican general elections of 2008, becoming the first woman elected to the office in Ponce's political history. She was also the first mayor of a party other than the Popular Democratic Party in Ponce since 1989, when Rafael Cordero Santiago became mayor.  This is Mayita's second candidacy in politics on the island and her first electoral win.  In the Puerto Rico's 2004 general election, Mayita presented her candidacy for a senatorial seat representing Puerto Rico's 5th district, but lost in her bid for the position. Meléndez Altieri lost her bid for reelection in the 2020 general elections to Luis Irizarry Pabon from the Popular Democratic Party.

Biography
Meléndez Altieri was born in Bayamón, Puerto Rico.

She was the daughter of Eloísa Altieri Brau and José Luis Meléndez Mena. Meléndez studied secondary education in the city of Bayamón. She obtained her high school diploma at Colegio Santa Rosa in 1969 with high honors. Meléndez  studied at the UPRRP College of Natural Sciences where she earned a bachelor of science degree in 1973. After graduating with a degree in dental medicine from the University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine, she worked as a dental assistant until she established her own dental practice in Ponce.

Works
Under her administration, construction of the $4.5 million Parque Ecológico Urbano (English: Urban Ecological Park) was started and completed. She called the construction of the park one of the five "signature" projects of her administration.

Another signature project of her administration was the Sistema Integrado de Transportación del Sur  (SITRAS) (English: Southern Integrated Transportation System).

In all, Melendez Altieri identified five signature projects of her administration:
) Acueducto Municipal del Norte (Northern Municipal Zone Aqueduct) at a cost of $5 million
) Sistema Integrado de Transportación del Sur (SITRAS) mass transit, at $1.66 million the initial phase
) Parque Ecológico Urbano, at an investment of $4.5 million
) Ciudad Deportiva at an initial cost of $4.5 million
) The restoration of the Juan Bigas Building (old Plaza del Mercado) to convert it into "Ponce Servicios" at an undisclosed amount of money

The entire penta-project effort went under the name "Ponce Avanza" and the permanent structures have an assignment of $177 million.

Acueducto del Norte envisions bringing round-the-clock drinking water to the residents of the northern mountainous sections of the municipality. It is expected to serve communities from the easternmost community of Hogares Seguros in the northeastern Barrio of Anón to the northwestern community of Santas Pascuas in the northernmost part of Barrio Guaraguao just south of the border with Adjuntas, and from the southern community of Paraíso in Barrio Machuelo Arriba, to the municipal boundaries with Adjuntas, Utuado and Jayuya. It includes a new water purification plant in the Burenes sector of Barrio Tibes, that would be using water from Río Portugués and Río Inabón in Ponce, and from Río Jauca in the Adjuntas/Jayuya area, and will also use water from four other water purification plants on Guaraguao, Burenes (Tibes), Hogares Seguros (Anón), and Real Anón (Anón).

Family
She was married to Rafael Arturo Mateu Cintrón. She has two daughters, Ana Margarita Mateu Melendez and Maria del Mar Mateu Melendez. Each of her two daughters are officially titled "The First Lady of Ponce".

References

Notes

External links

|-

|-

|-

1950 births
Living people
Mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico
New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) politicians
Puerto Rican Roman Catholics
University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus alumni
Women dentists
Women mayors of places in Puerto Rico


Sherwin Ting Gatchalian (born April 6, 1974), known as Win Gatchalian, is a Filipino politician and businessman serving as a Senator since 2016. A member of the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC), he previously served as the Representative of Valenzuela's 1st district from 2001 to 2004 and from 2013 to 2016. He was the Mayor of Valenzuela from 2004 to 2013.

In 2001, Gatchalian was elected to the House of Representatives. After one term in Congress, he was elected mayor of Valenzuela. During his term as mayor, Gatchalian ended the city's garbage woes and oversaw the clearing operations in the aftermath of Typhoon Ondoy. He also implemented a number of education programs, the establishment of the Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science, and the accessibility to tertiary public educational institutions in the city, among others.

After serving as mayor of Valenzuela for three terms, Gatchalian ran again and was elected as 1st district Representative of Valenzuela in 2013. His return to the lower house saw Gatchalian try to implement some of Valenzuela's education reform initiatives with the filing of House Bill No. 5905, or the Free Higher Education Act.

Gatchalian then ran for and won a position in the Senate during the 2016 elections with his campaign around the promise of passing the Free Higher Education Act. In early 2017, the Senate passed the Free Higher Education Act, which Gatchalian co-authored and co-sponsored. President Rodrigo Duterte signed the measure into law as the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (Republic Act No. 10931) in August 2017.

In addition to being chairman of the Senate Committees on Energy and Economic Affairs, he also authored a number of key measures that have been passed into law, including the Murang Kuryente Act, Electric Cooperatives Emergency and Resiliency Fund Act, the Energy Virtual One Stop Shop Act the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, and the Mobile Number Portability Act.

In 2022, Gatchalian ran for re-election and was elected to the Senate for his second term, placing fourth in the polls.

Early life and education
Gatchalian was born to industrialist William Gatchalian and Dee Hua Ting. He is the eldest of four siblings, including namely Kenneth, Rex, and Wes Gatchalian. The Gatchalian family identifies as evangelical Christian, with Dee Hua being a pastor and chairman at their own church, Jesus our Life Ministries in Barangay Maysan, Valenzuela.

Gatchalian finished his elementary and secondary education at Grace Christian High School in 1980s in Quezon City and graduated with a degree in Finance and Operations Management from Boston University in 1995.

Political career
Gatchalian has been a member of the political party Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) since joining politics in 2001. He is the first generation of politicians from his family, alongside his sibling Rex Gatchalian, who is currently serving as Secretary of Social Welfare and Development and Wes Gatchalian who is the mayor of Valenzuela.

Mayor, Valenzuela (2004–2013)
During his nine-year tenure as local chief executive, Gatchalian revolutionized good governance in the City Government of Valenzuela through reforms which eradicated corruption, fostered growth in the local business sector, and improved the provision of social services in education, health, in-city housing, and other key areas. Gatchalian acknowledged that his style of governance as mayor is based on the practices employed by the Marikina government, which he once observed for two weeks.

Gatchalian developed city infrastructure operations for both citizens and enterprises. In 2008, he opened the government-funded P90-million Lingunan-Lawang Bato.

He formulated the "WIN ang Edukasyon Program" (Education Wins Program). Gatchalian initiated various education programs, such as public schools including the Valenzuela City School of Mathematics and Science, accessibility to college education particularly in the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela and Valenzuela City Polytechnic College, school-based "K to 6 In-School Feeding Program" that mobilized communities; empowerment of parents through the Nanay-Teacher Program, and continuous mastery of skills to strengthen competencies of teachers.

Representative of the 1st District of Valenzuela (2013–2016)
When Gatchalian returned to the Lower House in 2013, he filed education reforms to increase the number of math and science high schools across the country and to establish a nationwide school-based feeding program for kinder and elementary students across the country. On July 6, 2015, he filed the original version of the bill that revolutionized access to college education for millions of Filipino—the House Bill No. 5905, An Act Providing for Full Tuition Subsidy in State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), more commonly known as the Free Higher Education Act, that translated into the current law Republic Act No. 10931 or the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act. He also supports the implementation of K–12 education in the Philippines as an investment for the future of younger generations.

Some of his other proposed bills during this term include acts regulating parking fees in malls and commercial areas, including ROTC among the prerequisites for tertiary level graduation, increasing the budget for NAIA to transform its global image, abolishing the Road Board (a government agency that handled motor vehicle users' tax and road users' tax), protecting passengers against abusive and itinerant taxi drivers, for the declaration of candidates seeking to profit from election polls as nuisance candidates, as well as a proposed bill requiring proofs of parking space to car purchasers as a means to lessen traffic congestion.

Other priority bills authored include:
 House Bill No. (HBN) 5905 Free Higher Education Act
 HBN-5348 Nutri-Skwela Act
 HBN-5098 Proof of Parking Space Act
 HBN-4714 Servando Act
 HBN-4284 CCTV Cameras for Crime Prevention Act
 HBN-4740 Internet Café Regulation Act
 HBN-2338 Mandatory ROTC Act
 HBN-2624 SIM Card Registration Act
 HBN-3681 Bill of Rights of Taxi Passengers

Senator (as of 2016)
In June 2015, in an event in Quezon province, Gatchalian announced his bid for a Senate seat in the 2016 general election. In October 2015, senator and presidential candidate Grace Poe announced her senatorial slate under the coalition Partido Galing at Puso which included Gatchalian. Gatchalian eventually won, receiving 14,953,768 votes and placing 10th in the senatorial race. He challenged then-incoming President Rodrigo Duterte to make education reform a top priority of his administration.

In the 17th Congress, Gatchalian served as chairman of the Committee on Energy and Committee on Economic Affairs. In the 18th Congress, he served again as the chairman of the energy committee and also of the Committee on Basic Education, Arts and Culture.

Some of the significant laws Gatchalian passed include the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act, the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law, the Free Irrigation Service Act, the Masustansyang Pagkain para sa Batang Pilipino Act, the Electric Cooperatives Emergency and Resiliency Fund Act, the Anti-Hazing Act of 2018, the Philippine Identification System Act, the Mobile Number Portability Act, the Energy Virtual One-Stop Shop Act, the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, the Rice Trade Liberalization Act, the Philippine Innovation Act, the Student Fare Discount Act, and the Murang Kuryente Act.

In October 2021, he filed a certificate to continue his term as a Senator. Campaigning for education reform, he won his re-election bid and placed fourth in the polls. He is now serving as Senator of the 19th Congress.  His priority bills include the Teacher Salary Increase Act, Academic Recovery and Accessible Learning (ARAL) Program Act, K to 12 Review, 21st Century School Boards Act, Waste-to-Energy Act, Midstream Natural Gas Industry Development Act, Energy Advocate Act, Energy Transition Act, SIM Card Registration Act and the Internet Transactions Act.

Awards and recognition

 Personal awards

 For Valenzuela
Number 1 in NCR, National Achievement Test (NAT) for Elementary (S.Y. 2010–2011)

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Nationalist People's Coalition politicians
Senators of the 17th Congress of the Philippines
Senators of the 18th Congress of the Philippines
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Mayors of Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Senators of the 19th Congress of the Philippines


Novo () is a village in Kuvshinovsky District of Tver Oblast, Russia.

References

Rural localities in Kuvshinovsky District
Novotorzhsky Uyezd


Archibald Gilbert Slater (22 November 1890 – 22 July 1949) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between  1911 and 1931.

Slater was born at Pilsley, Derbyshire the son of Henry Slater and his wife Sarah Bestwick His father had played for Derbyshire between 1882 and 1887.

Slater made his debut for Derbyshire in the 1911 season in June in a win against Northamptonshire when he scored 43 not out in the first innings which was to remain his best score in the season. In the 1912 season his best bowling performance was 5–80. In  the 1913 season his best bowling performance was 5–43. In the 1914 season his bowling took off when he took 69 wickets. His best performance that year was 6–19 and he had 3 other 5 wicket performances. In the same year, he scored 99 against Hampshire.

After the First World War Slater played two games for Derbyshire in the 1919 season and one in the 1921 season and did not return for the full season until 1927. In the interval he was playing in the Lancashire League. Back to Derbyshire in the 1927 season, he made a century against Warwickshire. In the  1928 season he took 64 wickets and achieved a best performance of 8–24 against the West Indies and had three other 5 wicket performances. In the 1929 season he took 87 wickets with a best performance of 6–54 and again three other 5 wicket performances. In the 1930 season he took 8–46 against Worcestershire and had six other 5 wicket performances in a season when he took 81 wickets. He also managed a top batting score of 95.  In the 1931 season he took 108 wickets took 8–51 against Essex and 8–67 against Kent with five other 5 wicket performances. However, after helping Derbyshire to 7th in the Championship table, he ended his Derbyshire career that season. He resumed his playing in the Lancashire League until 1939 and in 1932 played for Sir L Parkinson's XI v Lancashire. In 1933 the  match for Sir L Parkinson's XI v West Indians qualified as first-class  which  brought his first-class wicket total to 500.

Slater was a right-arm medium pace bowler and took 500 wickets with an average of 21.11 and a best performance of 8–24, against the touring West Indies in May 1928. He was a right-hand batsman who played 327 innings in 211 first-class matches. He made one century, his top score of 105 and his average was 19.87.

Slater married Millicent Atkinson in 1919. His brother Herbert Slater also played for Derbyshire. Slater died in Manchester at the age of 58.

References

1890 births
1949 deaths
Derbyshire cricketers
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
People from Pilsley, North East Derbyshire
Cricketers from Derbyshire
Sir L. Parkinson's XI cricketers


Novo is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
Novo, Tver Oblast, a village in Tver Oblast, Russia
Novo, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Vladimir Oblast, Russia
Novo, name of several other rural localities in Russia


Footballer's ankle is a pinching or impingement of the ligaments or tendons of the ankle between the bones, particularly the talus and tibia. This results in pain, inflammation and swelling.

Causes
A common cause of anterior impingement is a bone spur on anklebone (talus) or the shinbone (tibia). Repeated kicking actions can cause the anklebone to hit the bottom of the shinbone, which can lead to a lump of bone (or bone spur) developing. This bone spur may then begin to impact on the soft tissue at the front of the ankle, causing inflammation and swelling. The condition is most common in athletes who repeatedly bend the ankle upward (dorsiflexion), such as footballers, hence the name.

Symptoms
Pain and tenderness over anterior ankle joint
Pain on dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Band of pain across anterior ankle when kicking a ball
Palpable bony lump on distal tibia or superior talus

Treatment
Soft tissue techniques to stretch muscles crossing the ankle to relieve tension
Mobilisation of ankle joint
Steroid injection to reduce inflammation
Surgery to remove bony spurs

External links
Simon Moyes: Anterior Impingement (Footballer's Ankle)

Ankle
Ankle
Ankle
Ankle
Ankle
Sports injuries


Colonel Thomas Be(e)cher JP (1640 – 10 October 1709) was an Irish politician and soldier. The family's surname varies in its spelling, caused by its pronunciation.

Background
Born in Baltimore, County Cork, he was the son of Major Henry Becher and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Notte. His paternal grandfather Henry was Lord President of Munster. The elder Henry married Mary Lyon, daughter of William Lyon, Bishop of Cork, Cloyne and Ross. Becher was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and graduated in 1658.

Career
Becher was nominated a Justice of the Peace in 1665, assigned to County Cork. He fought in the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, serving as aide-de-camp to William of Orange, for which he was awarded a watch by the later King. In 1692, he was appointed Governor of Sherkin Island. Later in that year he entered the Irish House of Commons, having stood for Baltimore. He was returned for the constituency until his death in 1709. In Parliament he supported Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, at that time the Lord Deputy of Ireland.

Family and legacy
In 1665, he married Elizabeth Turner, daughter of Henry Turner; they had fifteen children, nine sons and six daughters. Becher died in 1709 and was buried at St Matthew's Church in Aughadown. Elizabeth died about 1720, her will being dated 26 September was proved in the prerogative court in Cork in the following year. His son Michael sat also in the Parliament of Ireland, representing the same constituency as his father.

Surviving letters are held by the Bristol Archives. Notable descendants were the social reformer John Thomas Becher (1769–1848), a friend of the poet Lord Byron as well as Anne Becher (1792–1864), the mother of William Makepeace Thackeray.

Notes

References

1640 births
1709 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Irish MPs 1692–1693
Irish MPs 1695–1699
Irish MPs 1703–1713
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Cork constituencies
Williamite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
Politicians from County Cork


QVD may refer to:

 QVD, Quietly Vesting Disease
 QVD (software), a Linux open source VDI platform
 .QVD (QlikView dashboard default extension), QlikView is a dashboard BI tool


Punta Mulas Light, also known as Faro de Vieques, is a historic lighthouse located in the north shore of  Vieques, an island-municipality of Puerto Rico. It was first lit in 1896 and automated in 1949. Punta Mulas Light was the second lighthouse built on Vieques after the Puerto Ferro Light. The light was established to guide through the dangerous passage formed by a chain of reefs. It was of key importance for navigation in the San Juan Passage.

In 1992, the lighthouse was restored in celebration of the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to America. The structure houses a museum featuring the maritime history of Vieques and the Americas as well as other historical exhibits. It's listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

See also
 Puerto Ferro Light: also built in 1896 on Vieques
 List of lighthouses in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Photos of Punta Mulas Lighthouse

Historic American Engineering Record in Puerto Rico
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
Vieques, Puerto Rico
Neoclassical architecture in Puerto Rico
Lighthouses completed in 1896
1896 establishments in Puerto Rico
History museums in Puerto Rico


Turton School is a mixed comprehensive secondary school and sixth form in Bromley Cross, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England.

History and information

Construction for the main school buildings started in 1939, but were postponed due to the Second World War. The school eventually opened in April 1954. The school buildings were extensively renovated in 2018 which included a new dining room, library, learning support area and English department. It is over-subscribed, with two applications per place. Facilities include a community swimming pool and sports hall. The school enjoys sporting success in hockey, netball, football, rugby, basketball, tennis, cricket, rounders, badminton, table tennis, volleyball, and softball, and also offers dance, gymnastics, swimming, and aerobics.

There are junior and senior choirs, a training orchestra and senior orchestra, wind band, flute choir, brass band, string quartet and wind quartet. Other extra-curricular activities range from chess, technology and computers to drama and writing groups that produce a school magazine and newsletter. Turton High also offers an industrial awareness conference, Young Enterprise, sixth-form debating and a variety of charity events.

Admissions
Re-organised as a comprehensive in 1971, the school is situated in the northern extremity of Bolton in a suburban commuter area.

Sixth form

The Sixth Form at Turton offers over 35 Advanced Level courses and is based in a purpose-built centre with all the facilities you would expect to support a quality learning environment.

In addition to the expected Common Room, ICT facilities and Study Area, the Sixth Form has an all-day snack bar, conference room, green screen television studio and media suite.

Pupils join the Sixth Form from all the schools in the local area and beyond due to the ease of access. Over half of these have not previously attended the main school and it is
very much a new start for all those who join.

The current Sixth Form building opened in July 2002.

Awards and achievements
Awarded Healthy School status in March 2007
The latest Ofsted report states: "Standards are well above average and rising, as a result of good teaching and teachers' effective use of data to set targets"
Teachernet school achievement award winner
FA charter standard school

Senior staff
Headteacher: Ms S. Gorse
Deputy Headteachers: Mrs C. Bach. Ms C. Baily
Director of Sixth Form: Mrs K. Bali
Assistant Headteachers: Mrs J L Edge.
Miss A Lane
Miss N R Parry
 Associate Assistant Headteachers:
Mr J Bach - Also SENCO

Notable alumni

Harry Brockbank (born 1998), English footballer, Former player for Bolton Wanderers. now playing for St Patrick’s Athletic FC
James Carlton (aka James Slark; born 1977), Actor, Emmerdale and Heartbeat
Justin Chadwick (born 1968), Producer of The Other Boleyn Girl and Long Walk to Freedom.
John Cunliffe (born 1984), former professional footballer in the United States.
David Flitcroft (born 1974), Footballer now Director of Football at Port Vale
Garry Flitcroft (born 1972), Footballer Blackburn Rovers and Manchester City
Jack Harrison (born 1996), Footballer playing for Leeds United.
Paul Heathcote (born 1960), Chef
Chris Hunt (born 1968), Badminton Gold medalist European and Commonwealth
Andy Kellett (born 1993), footballer Bolton, Plymouth, now Wigan
Tom Lancashire (born 1985), Middle-distance athlete 2008 Olympian
David Andrew Phoenix (born 1966), Biochemist and Educationalist
Craig Pilling (born 1986), Wrestling Commonwealth Games 2014 Bronze Medallist
Clare Pollard (born 1978), Poet and playwright
Paul Sixsmith (born 1971), International Footballer for Malta
Stuart Stokes (born 1976), Athlete, 2012 Olympian 3000m Steeplechase
Simon Whaley (born 7 June 1985), former footballer playing for Bury, Preston North End, Barnsley, Norwich City, Rochdale and Bradford City.
Sammy Winward (born 1985), Actress, Emmerdale.

References

External links
Welcome to the VLE
Main School Website
Ofsted Reports

Secondary schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton
Community schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton


1-Naphthol, or α-naphthol, is a fluorescent organic compound with the formula .  It is a white solid. It is an isomer of 2-naphthol differing by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol, with the hydroxyl group being more reactive than in the phenols. Both isomers are soluble in simple alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. They are precursors to a variety of useful compounds. Naphthols (both 1 and 2 isomers) are used as biomarkers for livestock and humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Production
1-Naphthol is prepared by two main routes.  In one method, naphthalene is nitrated to give 1-nitronaphthalene, which is hydrogenated to the amine followed by hydrolysis:

Alternatively, naphthalene is hydrogenated to tetralin, which is oxidized to 1-tetralone, which undergoes dehydrogenation.

Reactions and degradation
Some reactions of 1-naphthol are explicable with reference to its tautomerism, which produces a small amount of the keto tautomer.

One consequence of this tautomerism is the Bucherer reaction, the ammonolysis of 1-naphthol to give 1-aminonaphthalene.

1-Naphthol  biodegrades via formation of 1-naphthol-3,4-oxide, which converts to 1,4-naphthoquinone.

The 4-position of 1-naphthol is susceptible to electrophilic attack.  This regioselective reaction is exploited in the preparation of diazo dyes, which are form using diazonium salts.  Reduction of the diazo derivatives gives 4-amino-1-naphthol.

Partial reduction of 1-naphthol gives the tetrahydro derivative, leaving intact the phenol ring. Full hydrogenation is catalyzed by rhodium.

Applications and occurrence
1-Naphthol is a precursor to a variety of insecticides including carbaryl and pharmaceuticals including nadolol as well as for the antidepressant sertraline and the anti-protozoan therapeutic atovaquone.  It undergoes azo coupling to give various azo dyes, but these are generally less useful than those derived from 2-naphthol.

1-Naphthol is a metabolite of the insecticide carbaryl and naphthalene. Along with TCPy, it has been shown to decrease testosterone levels in adult men.

Other uses
1-Naphthol is used in each of the following chemical tests:
 Molisch's test gives a red- or purple-colored compound to indicate the presence of carbohydrate.
 rapid furfural test turns purple quickly (<30s) if fructose is present, distinguishing it from glucose.
 Sakaguchi test turns red to indicate the presence of arginine in proteins.
 Voges–Proskauer test changes color from yellow to red to indicate that glucose is being broken down into acetoin which is used by bacteria for external energy storage.

References

External links
NIST Chemistry WebBook 1-Naphthalenol

1-Naphthyl compounds


Grigory Ivanovich Fedotov (29 March 1916 – 8 December 1957) was a Russian and Soviet professional football player and manager who played as a forward.

Personal life
His son was fellow player Vladimir Fedotov.

External links

1916 births
1957 deaths
People from Noginsk
Footballers from Moscow Oblast
Soviet men's footballers
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Soviet Top League players
PFC CSKA Moscow players


Corynoneurella is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

References

Chironomidae
Nematocera genera


Tourism in Paris is a major income source. Paris received 12.6 million visitors in 2020, measured by hotel stays, a drop of 73 percent from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of foreign visitors declined by 80.7 percent. Museums re-opened in 2021, with limitations on the number of visitors at a time and a requirement that visitors wear masks.

In 2018, 17.95 million international, overnighting tourists visited the city, mainly for sightseeing and shopping (and estimated to be well over double if including domestic overnighting visitors). Top sights include Notre Dame (12 million visitors in 2017), Disneyland Paris (11), Sacre Cœur (10), the Versailles Palace (7.7), the Louvre Museum (6.9), the Eiffel Tower (5.9), Centre Pompidou (3.33), and the Musée d'Orsay (3 million). The largest numbers of foreign tourists who come to the Paris region are British, American, German, Italian, Chinese, and Canadian.

In 2012, 263,212 salaried workers in Paris, or 18.4 percent of the total number of workers, were engaged in tourism-related sectors; hotels, catering, transport, and leisure. In 2014 visitors to Paris spent 17 billion dollars (13.58 billion Euros), the third highest sum globally after London and New York.

Tourist attractions

The Eiffel Tower (La Tour Eiffel)

The Eiffel Tower is acknowledged as the universal symbol of both Paris and France. It was originally designed by Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin. In March 1885, Gustave Eiffel, known primarily as a successful iron engineer, submitted a plan for a tower to the French Ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie.  He entered a competition for students studying at the university. The winning proposal would stand as the centerpiece of the 1889 Exposition. Eiffel's was one of over 100 submissions. Eiffel's proposal was finally chosen in June 1886. Even before its construction, the Tower's uniqueness was noticed. The Eiffel Tower was finally inaugurated on March 31, 1889. Currently, about 6.9 million people visit the Eiffel Tower each year.

Centre Georges Pompidou
Centre Georges Pompidou was officially opened on January 31, 1977, by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.  The designers of Pompidou are Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers, and Peter Rice. The Centre Pompidou has had over 150 million visitors since 1977.  Centre Georges Pompidou is a complex in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris, near Les Halles, rue Montorgueil and the Marais. In 1997 renovations had begun to drastically change the interior spaces of the Centre Pompidou. The renovations were still preserving the celebrated and original tubular design  The internal refurbishment was mainly done to enable the building to deal with the pressure of increasing visitor numbers. The renovation also developed the centre's capacity to host the performing arts and increased the display area of the Museum of Modern Art.

Arc de Triomphe

The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle (originally named Place de l'Étoile) at the western end of the Champs-Élysées. It should not be confused with a smaller arch, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre. The Arc de Triomphe (in English: "Triumphal Arch") honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. The Arc de Triomphe is the linchpin of the Axe historique (in English: "historic axis") – a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route which goes from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense.

Musée d'Orsay (Orsay Museum)

The Musée d'Orsay is an art museum on the left bank of the Seine originally constructed as a train station in the late 1890s. It was designed by Gae Aulenti, Victor Laloux, and Émile Bernard. The Musée opened in 1986, and exhibits artworks from 1848 to 1914 with emphasis on French Impressionism.

Sections of the museum focus on Symbolism, Naturalism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Pont Aven School, and Art Nouveau, to name a few.  A culmination of nearly ten years of government commitment and dedicated teamwork, the museum presents some idea of what occurred in France between 1848 and 1914 in the fields of painting, drawing, sculpture, opera design, architecture, photography, metalwork, furniture, ceramics, and textiles.

Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum)

The Louvre Palace, originally built as a medieval fortress in the year 1190 by King Philippe Auguste, was transformed by successive governments. Since the French Revolution, it has hosted the Musée du Louvre, one of the largest museums of the western world. It houses some of the most popular and culturally ethnic form of art. The Louvre opened to the public on August 10, 1793. On March 3, 1989, I.M. Pei inaugurated his Glass Pyramid, which also serves as an official entrance to the main exhibition hall, which in turn leads to the temporary exhibition halls. The Musée is divided into three wings: Sully, Richelieu, and Denon, which showcase 35,000 pieces of art, much of it dating back to the Middle Ages. Some of the most renowned pieces of art in the Louvre are Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, Venus de Milo, the Winged Victory of Samothrace, Liberty Leading the People, and the Dying Slave by Michelangelo.

Notre-Dame de Paris

The Notre-Dame de Paris is the largest cathedral in Paris. Construction began in 1163 by Maurice de Sully, the then appointed bishop of Paris. The construction campaign was divided into 4 parts, and was done by well-known builders of that era: Jean de Chelles, Pierre de Montreuil, Pierre de Chelles, Jean Ravy, Jean le Bouteiller. It took over 100 years for the Notre-Dame to be built completely. It was built in honour of Virgin Mary, making it a bishop’s church, a canon church and a baptistery. It is one of the main symbols of Paris. It is located at Île de la Cité, a small island in the heart of the city. There have been several historical events that have taken place here, including the marriage of King Henry IV and Marguerite de Valois, in 1594 and Napoleon I coronation in 1804.

On April 15, 2019, most of Notre Dame's roof was destroyed in a fire and a few historic artifacts were lost. Repairs and reconstruction are ongoing.

Basilique du Sacré-Cœur

The Basilique du Sacré-Cœur is a Roman Catholic Basilica that was built in 1914 and consecrated in 1919. It is located at the highest altitude in Paris, at butte Montmartre, itself a historically important artist colony. The church contains one of the world's largest mosaic of Jesus Christ, with his arms wide spread. The basilica was built in the honour of the 58,000 lives lost in the Franco-Prussian war in the year 1870. Paul Abadie, the winner of the competition to find the right architectural design, was the architect for the basilica. The basilica offers some beautiful panoramic views of Paris. The walls of the church are naturally always white and clean, due to the travertine stone used in its construction. The stone reacts with water and creates a chemical called calcite, which acts as a natural bleacher.

The Musée du Quai Branly
The Musée du quai Branly features indigenous art, cultures and civilizations from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.  The museum is located at 37 Quai Jacques Chirac, close to the Eiffel Tower. The nearest métro and RER stations are Alma – Marceau and Pont de l'Alma, respectively. MQB is named after its location on the quai Branly, which in turn is named after the physicist Édouard Branly.

The Champs-Élysées
The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is a street with cinemas, cafés, luxury specialty shops and clipped horse-chestnut trees. Around 7 million people visit the Champs Élysées per year and around 19,180 people per day. The Champs-Élysées is arguably one of the world's most famous streets, and is one of the most expensive strips of real estate in the world. Several French monuments are also on the street, including the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. The name is French for Elysian Fields, the place of the blessed dead in Greek mythology. According to a much used description, the Champs-Élysées is la plus belle avenue du monde ("the most beautiful avenue in the world").

Les Invalides

Les Invalides, officially known as "L'Hôtel national des Invalides" (The National Residence of the Invalids), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans, the building's original purpose. The buildings house the Musée de l'Armée, the military museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine, as well as the burial site for some of France's war heroes, notably Napoleon.

The Sainte Chapelle

The Sainte-Chapelle is a royal medieval Gothic chapel, located near the Palais de la Cité, on the Île de la Cité. Begun some time after 1239 and consecrated on 26 April 1248, the Sainte-Chapelle is considered among the highest achievements of the Rayonnant period of Gothic architecture. Its erection was commissioned by King Louis IX of France to house his collection of Passion Relics, including Christ's Crown of Thorns - one of the most important relics in medieval Christendom. Along with the Conciergerie, the Sainte-Chapelle is one of the earliest surviving buildings of the Capetian royal palace on the Île de la Cité. Although damaged during the French revolution, and restored in the 19th century, it retains one of the most extensive in-situ collections of 13th-century stained glass anywhere in the world.

Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris (formerly Euro Disneyland) is an amusement park in the Paris region. It is the most popular amusement park in Europe in terms of attendance records.

Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie
The Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie is the biggest science museum in Europe. Located in Parc de la Villette, it is at the heart of the , a center promoting science and science culture. About five million people visit the Cité each year. Attractions include a planetarium, a submarine (the Argonaute (S636)), an IMAX theatre (La Géode) and special areas for children and teenagers. The Cité is classified as a public establishment of an industrial and commercial character, an establishment specializing in the fostering of scientific and technical culture. Created on the initiative of President Giscard d'Estaing, the goal of the Cité is to spread scientific and technical knowledge among the public, particularly for youth, and to promote public interest in science, research and industry. The most notable features of the "bioclimatic façade" facing the park are Les Serres - three greenhouse spaces each 32 metres high, 32 metres wide and 8 metres deep. The façades of Les Serres were the first structural glass walls to be constructed without framing or supporting fins. Between 30 May and 1 June 2008, the museum hosted the 3rd International Salon for Peace Initiatives.

List of visitors per attraction
The 20 top Paris museums and monuments - (2007/2006 figures from the Paris Office of Tourism)

See also

List of museums in Paris
Landmarks in Paris
List of châteaux in the Île-de-France
List of castles in the Île-de-France
Tourism in France
Panel Histoire de Paris

References

External links

 Official tourism site


The Republican Party of India (Democratic) was a political party in India. The leader and party president of the party was T. M. Kamble. After T. M. Kamble's death, Nanda T. Kamble became the president of the party.

The party was a splinter group of the Republican Party of India. After the 2004 election, it had minor representation within the Lok Sabha and was a constituent of the ruling United Progressive Alliance. Its presence was limited to Maharashtra.

On 5 May 2011, the RP(D) aligned itself with the BJP-led NDA. In 2015, it was listed as one of the 26 political allies for prime minister candidate- Narendra Modi.

On 28 September 2015, the RP(D) was one of 16 parties in Maharashtra to be de-registered for not submitting audited balance sheets and IT return documents going back to 2005. Thus, they lost their official election symbols.

References

Defunct political parties in Maharashtra
Republican Party of India
Political parties in Maharashtra
Dalit politics
Ambedkarite political parties
Political parties with year of establishment missing


Eukiefferiella is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe