Versus populum (Latin for "towards the people") is the liturgical stance of a priest who, while celebrating Mass, faces the people from the other side of the altar. The opposite stance, that of a priest facing in the same direction as the people, is today called ad orientem (literally, "towards the east" − even if the priest is really facing in some other direction) or ad apsidem ("towards the apse" − even if the altar is unrelated to the apse of the church or even if the church or chapel has no apse).

In the early history of Christianity it was considered the norm to pray facing the geographical east. From the middle of the 17th century, almost all new Roman Rite altars were built against a wall or backed by a reredos, with a tabernacle placed on the main altar or inserted into the reredos. This meant that the priest turned to the people, putting his back to the altar, for a few short moments at Mass. However, the Tridentine Missal is not celebrated versus populum since the Ritus Servandus gives corresponding instructions for the priest when performing actions that require him to face the people. In the Ritus Servandus, the rubrics say "with his hands joined before his breast, and with his eyes downcast, he turns toward the people from left to right." This would otherwise not make sense in the context of versus populum since versus populum assumes that he is already facing the people.

History

Earliest churches in Rome
It has been said that the reason the Pope always faced the people when celebrating Mass in St Peter's was that early Christians faced eastward when praying and, due to the difficult terrain, the basilica was built with its apse to the west. Some have attributed this orientation in other early Roman churches to the influence of Saint Peter's. However, the arrangement whereby the apse with the altar is at the west end of the church and the entrance on the east is found also in Roman churches contemporary with Saint Peter's (such as the original Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls) that were under no such constraints of terrain, and the same arrangement remained the usual one until the sixth century. According to Klaus Gamber, in this early layout the people were situated not in the central nave but in the side aisles of the church and, while the priest faced both the altar and east throughout the Mass, the people faced the altar (from the sides) until the high point of the Mass, when they would turn to face east, the direction in which the priest was already facing. This view is strongly criticized on the grounds of the unlikelihood that, in churches where the altar was to the west, they would turn their backs on the altar (and the priest) at the celebration of the Eucharist.

Later pre-twentieth-century churches in Rome
It was in the 8th or 9th century that the position whereby the priest faced the apse, not the people, when celebrating Mass was adopted in Rome, under the influence of the Frankish Empire, where it had become general. However, in several churches in Rome, it was physically impossible, even before the twentieth-century liturgical reforms, for the priest to celebrate Mass facing away from the people, because of the presence, immediately in front of the altar, of the "confession" (), an area sunk below floor level to enable people to come close to the tomb of the saint buried beneath the altar. The best-known such "confession" is that in St Peter's Basilica, but many other churches in Rome have the same architectural feature, including at least one, the present Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, which, although the original Constantinian basilica was arranged like St Peter's, is oriented since 386 in such a way that the priest faces west when celebrating Mass.

Outside of Rome

The earliest Christian churches were not built with any particular orientation in mind, but by the fifth century it became the rule in the Eastern Roman Empire to have the altar at the east end of the church, an arrangement that became normal but not universal in northern Europe. The old Roman custom of having the altar at the west end and the entrance at the east was sometimes followed as late as the 11th century even in areas under Frankish rule, as seen in Petershausen (Constance), Bamberg Cathedral, Augsburg Cathedral, Regensburg Cathedral, and Hildesheim Cathedral (all in present-day Germany). In the east also, the original Constantinian Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem had its apse to the west until it was Byzantinized in 1048.

Modernity

Roman Rite
In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the altar is "the center of thanksgiving that the Eucharist accomplishes" and the point around which the other rites are in some manner arrayed. Its importance was made evident by Romano Guardini (1885–1968), about whom Robert R. Kuehn wrote: "with him [Guardini] on the altar,  the sacred table became the center of the universe" [...] The impact of the sacred action was all the more profound because Guardini celebrated the Mass versus populum – facing the people."

Roman Missal
The present (2002) General Instruction of the Roman Missal says, in the official English translation: "The altar should be built separate from the wall, in such a way that it is possible to walk around it easily and that Mass can be celebrated at it facing the people, which is desirable wherever possible." Where practicable, the church altar should be built in such a way that the priest can easily walk around it and can celebrate Mass versus populum. But at least one popular priest, who resists the liturgical reforms of Vatican II ecumenical council, tends to suggest that the text does not oblige the priest to avail of these possibilities. In actual practice throughout the Roman Catholic Church, popes, cardinals, archbishops, bishops and priests, by their constant examples since the Novus Ordo form of the Roman Missal was initially promulgated, have been nearly unanimous in adopting versus populum as the defining orientation for the priest during the Mass.

In practice, after the Second Vatican Council, altars that obliged the priest to have his back to the people were generally moved away from the wall or reredos, or, where this was unsuitable, a new freestanding altar was built closer to the people. This, however, is not universal, and in some older churches and chapels it is physically impossible for the priest to face the people throughout the Mass, as before 1970 some churches, especially in Rome, had altars at which it was physically impossible for the priest not to face the people throughout the Mass.

The present Roman Missal prescribes that the priest should face the people at six points of the Mass:
When giving the opening greeting (GIRM 124);
When giving the invitation to pray, Orate, fratres (GIRM 146);
When giving the greeting of peace, Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum (GIRM 154);
When displaying the consecrated Host (or Host and Chalice) before Communion and saying: Ecce Agnus Dei (GIRM 157);
When inviting to pray (Oremus) before the prayer after communion (GIRM 165);
When giving the final blessing (Ordo Missae 141).

The Tridentine Roman Missal requires the priest to face the people, without looking at them, since he is directed to have his eyes cast down to the ground (Ritus servandus, V, 1; VII, 7; XII, 1), and, if he is at the same side of the altar as the people, to turn his back to the altar, eight times:
When greeting the people (Dominus vobiscum) before the collect (Ritus servandus in celebratione Missae, V, 1);
When greeting the people (Dominus vobiscum) before the offertory rite (Ritus servandus, VII, 1);
When giving the invitation to pray, Orate, fratres (Ritus servandus, VII, 7);
Twice before giving Communion to others, first when saying the two prayers after the Confiteor, and again while displaying a consecrated Host and saying Ecce Agnus Dei; (Ritus servandus, X, 6);
When greeting the people (Dominus vobiscum) before the prayer after communion (Ritus servandus, XI, 1);
When saying Ite, missa est (Ritus servandus, XI, 1);
When giving the last part of the final blessing (Ritus servandus, XII, 1).

The Tridentine and the Vatican II editions of the Roman Missal expressly direct the priest to face the altar at exactly the same points. His position in relation to the altar and the people determines whether facing the altar means also facing the people.

However, the present Roman Missal does not direct the priest to turn, that is, to change his direction from toward the people to away from the people.  In this sense, the word face, as it is defined, can readily be understood as focusing one's attention, whether on the people gathered in front of the priest or on the altar in front of the priest, while the priest is in a versus populum posture.

Tabernacle on the altar
In the second half of the 17th century, it became customary to place the tabernacle on the main altar of the church. When a priest celebrates Mass at such an altar with his back to the people, he sometimes necessarily turns his back directly to the Blessed Sacrament, as when he turns to the people at the Orate fratres. This seeming disrespect is absent when the priest stands on the side of the altar away from the people; but locating so large an object on the altar is arguably inconvenient for a celebration in which the priest faces the people. Accordingly, the revised Roman Missal states:
[I]t is preferable that the tabernacle be located, according to the judgment of the Diocesan Bishop,
 a. Either in the sanctuary, apart from the altar of celebration, in a form and place more appropriate, not excluding on an old altar no longer used for celebration;
 b. Or even in some chapel suitable for the faithful’s private adoration and prayer and which is organically connected to the church and readily visible to the Christian faithful. (GIRM 315)

The Missal does, however, direct that the tabernacle be situated "in a part of the church that is truly noble, prominent, readily visible, beautifully decorated, and suitable for prayer" (GIRM 314).

Anglican

For the majority of its history, ad orientem worship was the norm, apart from a relatively brief period following the Reformation when priests in the Church of England and other churches of the Anglican Communion celebrated the Holy Eucharist standing at the north-end (i.e. the left side) of the communion table, according to the rubric in the Book of Common Prayer. By the 1630s, Archbishop Laud's refors had returned the altar to its traditional eastern position - there was an Elizabethan injunction on the matter, which Laud used to defend his requirement that the communion tables be stood permanently altar-wise at the east end. Thereafter followed a time of back-and-forth, but at the Restoration, altars in the Chapels Royal were restored to their proper positions, and many Cathedrals followed suit, although there was a notable disuniformity from church to church, with the non-conformists having differing views.

When the City of London churches were rebuilt following the great fire, there was a noticiable uniformity in the chancel layouts of the rebuilt churches, with the communion table stood on a marble floor, raised on one or two steps, railed and most backed by a reredos. The shallow depth of these steps meant that the communion table could only be placed altar-wise, that is, facing east in the traditional arrangement. It is thought that this is partly due to Wren being the son and nephew of distinguished Laudian churchmen, who would certainly have had the traditional ad orientem arrangement in their churches. This also applied to the city churches that survived the fire, such as St Helen, Bishopsgate, which retained its ad orientem orientation until the end of the 20th century. It is thought that celebrations from this period were at the "north end", the celebrant was actually facing east, while standing at the north end of the altar, as the altar arrangements leave little other space for the celebrant to stand. 18th Century Churches also follow suit, with similar altar arrangements to Wren's City Churches, with the baroque church of St Martin-in-the-Fields and the neighbouring Palladian church of St Giles-in-the-Fields both with railed altars at their east ends, preclude any arrangement of the altar other than the eastward position - the sanctuary of the latter (still largely in its original form) is so shallow that the swing of the communion rail gate does not even allow the communion table to be pulled away from the wall (the former has since been enlarged, with a modern stone altar positioned for versus populum celebration)

The rubric was further challenged in the 19th century by the Oxford Movement, many of whose leaders preferred the traditional  ad orientem position, - indeed what is considered the "English Use" altar arrangement has curtains on 3 sides of the altar, only allowing the eastward celebration of the Eucharist. The practices reintroduced by the Anglo-Catholic revival soon became the norm throughout the Church of England, with most mainstream parish churches adopting, among other catholic practices, Eucharistic vestments, altar candlesticks and crucifixes, and most 19th century churches being constructed with ad orientem celebration in mind. Notable examples include the 19th century high altar at St Paul's Cathedral by Bodley and Garner constructed in marble with a large marble reredos, and the various Oxford Movement churches such as All Saints, Margaret Street and St Cyprian's, Clarence Gate by Comper, built to a Sarum Rite ideal.  In America, the rubric requiring that the priest stand at the north end of the table, facing liturgical South, was removed from the 1928 American Book of Common Prayer (the Church of England never adopted the 1928 prayer book, as it was rejected by parliament). This was controversial, despite many notable 19th century Anglican churches and cathedrals in America had been built to Anglo-Catholic ideals, complete with stone eastward-facing altars and using full Eucharistic vestments, but nonetheless regularized a practice that was already widespread. Praying ad orientem then became common especially at the Gloria Patri, Gloria in Excelsis and Ecumenical creeds in that direction. However, following the reforms of the Second Vatican Council in the Roman Catholic Church, many mainstream Anglican churches that had re-adopted many of the traditional catholic practices, likewise adopted the reforms of Vatican II. "the course of the last forty years or so, a great many of those altars have either been removed and pulled out away from the wall or replaced by the kind of freestanding table-like altar", in "response to the popular sentiment that the priest ought not turn his back to the people during the service; the perception was that this represented an insult to the laity and their centrality in worship. Thus developed today’s widespread practice in which the clergy stand behind the altar facing the people." Today, it is not uncommon to find ad orientem celebrations of the Eucharist in more traditional Anglican churches, but the reformed late 20th century Roman Catholic practice of versus populum is undoubtedly more widespread despite never being the historical norm.

Methodist
The United Methodist Book of Worship mandates that:

Lutheran
In the Lutheran German Mass (Deutsche Messe), Martin Luther, the founder of that denomination, wrote that:

In discussing the Divine Service, Lorraine S. Brugh and Gordon W. Lathrop write that "Many Lutherans, in concert with many other Christians, think that the time of which Luther spoke has indeed come, and that the pastor should preside at the table facting the people, i.e., versus populum. The assembly needs to have a sense that it is gathered around that table, sees and hears what happens there, has a promise of Christ clearly addressed to it, participates in the thanksgiving, and is made into a community through God's gift." Thus, in the Lutheran Church, many altars are now built to be freestanding. In churches where the former altar attached to the wall cannot be moved, it has often been converted to be used as a credence table, as a "significant new table is set up, closer to the people and standing free".

Disputation
Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) in his book The Spirit of the Liturgy criticised the use of versus populum as ahistorical and even harmful to the liturgy. He stated that versus populum "turns the community into a self-enclosed circle", where the presider becomes the real point of reference instead of God. He also maintained that praying toward the east (ad orientem) is a tradition that goes back to the beginning of Christianity and that is a "fundamental expression of the Christian synthesis of cosmos and history" and urged Catholics to gradually return to this tradition. On the other hand, he warned against quick and frequent changes to the liturgy, so he proposed a temporary solution - placing the cross in the middle of the altar, so the entire congregation "turns toward the Lord", who should be the real center of the Mass.

Edward Slattery, from 1993 to 2016 Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa, argued that the change towards versus populum has had a number of unforeseen and largely negative effects. First of all, he said, "it is a serious rupture with the Church's ancient tradition. Secondly, it can give the appearance that the priest and the people were engaged in a conversation about God, rather than the worship of God. Thirdly, it places an inordinate importance on the personality of the celebrant by placing him on a kind of liturgical stage".

On the other hand, the Jesuit theologian John Zupez, in an article in Emmanuel based on modern studies in scriptural exegesis, found that the New Testament word for sacrifice (hilasterion) refers to our expiation from sin, not propitiation impacting or appeasing God. This current translation, accepted in the Catholic lectionary, should "eliminate a strong argument for the priest at Mass facing toward God (ad orientem)" and "support the practice of the priest facing the people to elicit their active involvement." However, the Council of Trent had already authoritatively confirmed that "this sacrifice [of the Mass] is truly propitiatory."

See also
 Ad orientem

References

External list

Catholic liturgy
Latin religious words and phrases
Orientation (geometry)


Ruchira Kamboj (, born 3 May 1964) is an Indian Foreign Service officer of the 1987 batch, who currently serves as India's Permanent Representative to the United Nations since August 2022. She has previously served as High Commissioner of India to South Africa, First female Indian Ambassador to Bhutan and Ambassador/Permanent Representative of India to UNESCO, Paris. She was the All India women's topper of the 1987 Civil Services batch and the topper of the 1987 Foreign Service batch.

On 21 June 2022, Kamboj was appointed as the Ambassador/Permanent Representative - designate of India to the United Nations in New York. Her appointment makes her the first female Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations. She assumed charge as PR-designate on 1 August 2022.

Career
She began her diplomatic journey in Paris, France, where she was posted as the Third Secretary in the Indian Embassy to France from 1989-1991. During this period, she studied French then served as Second Secretary in the Indian Embassy to France. She then returned to Delhi where she worked as Under Secretary in the Europe West Division of India's Ministry of External Affairs from 1991–96, dealing with France, UK, the BENELUX countries, Italy, Spain and Portugal. In this capacity, she also handled India's relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations, representing the country at the 14th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in October 1995 at Auckland, New Zealand.

From 1996-1999, she served in Mauritius as First Secretary (Economic and Commercial) and Head of Chancery at the Indian High Commission in Port Louis. She was closely associated with the State Visit of Prime Minister Deve Gowda to Mauritius in 1998 as well as the State Visit of Prime Minister IK Gujral to South Africa in 1997 when she was sent on special duty to South Africa to assist with this visit.

Returning to Delhi, she served as Deputy Secretary and later Director in charge of Foreign Service Personnel and Cadre in the Ministry of External Affairs from June 1999 until March 2002, one of the longest serving tenures in this key administration post at the Ministry.

United Nations, New York
Ruchira Kamboj was then posted as Counsellor at India's Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York from 2002-2005, where she dealt with a wide range of political issues, including UN Peacekeeping, UN Security Council reform, the Middle East crisis etc. Upon release of Secretary General Kofi Annan's Blue Ribbon Panel Report in December 2014, she was part of the G-4 team that worked on the reform and expansion of the United Nations Security Council, which is yet a work in progress.

From 2006-2009, she was India's Consul General in Cape Town, South Africa which position involved close liaison with the Parliament of South Africa. In this period, she also steered the visits of the President of India to Cape Town in 2008 and the visit of the President of the Congress Party to Cape Town in 2007, which visit was accorded the status of a State Visit by the Government of South Africa.

Commonwealth Secretariat, London
Ruchira Kamboj was picked to be the Deputy Head of the Office of the Secretary General at the Commonwealth Secretariat London. She was among the two Staff Officers of the Commonwealth Secretary General in a multilateral setting, overseeing a wide range of political and economic issues, attending as well in this period the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in 2009 at Trinidad and Tobago.

Prime Minister Modi’s Swearing-in Ceremony
In May 2014 she was called in on special assignment to direct the swearing in ceremony of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, which was marked by the presence of Heads of State and Government from the SAARC countries and Mauritius. She resumed her duties in Paris on completion of this special assignment.

Chief of Protocol

From 2011-2014, she was India's Chief of Protocol, the first and only lady so far in Government to have held this position. In this capacity, she directed all outgoing visits of the President of India, the Vice President of India, the Prime Minister of India and the External Affairs Minister of India. She also dealt with all incoming Heads of Government and State to India. As Chief of Protocol, all High Commissioners/Ambassadors to India worked closely with her on day-to-day administration issues including delicate issues surrounding the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.

As Chief of Protocol, she was involved in the organization of international Summits in India inclusive of the 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012 4th BRICS summit the 11th Council of Ministers' Meeting of the Indian Ocean Rim Association at Bangalore, India in 2011.  She also successfully steered the ASEAN India Commemorative Summit in December 2012 marked by the presence of 10 Heads of State and Government in New Delhi. The second edition of the India ASEAN car rally covering 8000 km through 8 Asian countries concluding at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi was a highlight of the Summit. The entire organization of the rally was overseen by her. In 2013, she directed the 11th Asia Europe Foreign Ministers' Meeting held at Gurgaon, Haryana which was attended by 52 Foreign Ministers from Asia and Europe with over 1500 participants.

India-Africa Forum Summit – III, 2015
In August and October 2015, she was called back on special assignment to assist in the organisation of the 3rd India Africa Forum Summit held in New Delhi, which was marked by the presence of Heads of State and Government of the 54 member African Union.  During this period she also steered a special programme on the 'Weaves of Benares' showcasing the rich textile tradition of India's spiritual capital, for the benefit of the Distinguished Visitors.

PR of India to UNESCO, Paris
In her third tryst with multilateralism, she was posted as India's Ambassador to UNESCO Paris in April 2014. Kamboj had a stellar three-year stint at UNESCO with many firsts to her credit. In 2016, a historic three Indian sites were added to UNESCO's World Heritage list: Nalanda Mahavihara,  the Capitol Complex of Chandigarh and Khangchendzonga National Park completing a never-accomplished-before hat trick by any country.  Earlier in 2014, she was part of the team that had inscribed Rani ki Vav  The Great Himalayan National Park to the World Heritage List. In 2015, Varanasi and Jaipur were added as India's first Creative Cities in the UNESCO list. In December 2016, she steered India to victory when Yoga was declared as the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the 24 member intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.  In July 2017, she led the effort to inscribe Ahmedabad as India's first World Heritage City, which was accomplished with the full support of the World Heritage Committee of UNESCO.  Under her stewardship, India set up its first ever UNESCO Chair on Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment at the Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Kerala.

In April 2016, she organized an International Conference on the Zero at UNESCO showcasing the great and glorious tradition of India in Mathematics and Science. The Conference was marked by the presence of leading lights in Mathematics from France, the Arab world and India, inclusive of Fields Medallists Professor Manjul Bhargava from Princeton University and Professor Laurent Lafforgue from IHES, France. As a tribute by India to the world of mathematics and science, a bust of ancient Indian mathematician Aryabhata was gifted to UNESCO  and now adorns the principal entrance of the Organisation, serving as a reminder of this unique and historic event.

High Commissioner for India to South Africa and Lesotho
She was appointed as the High Commissioner of India to South Africa in March 2017 and formally assumed charge of this position upon presentation of her credentials to President Jacob Zuma of South Africa on 24 August 2017.  She is concurrently accredited as High Commissioner of India to the Kingdom of Lesotho.

Personal life
Ruchira Kamboj is married to businessman Diwakar Kamboj and has one daughter. Her late father was an Officer in the Indian Army and her mother is a writer-professor (retired) of Sanskrit from the University of Delhi. She speaks three languages: Hindi, English and French.

She has several OpEds to her credit, in different newspapers and magazines, on a diverse range of topics.

References

External links
 https://www.iol.co.za/thepost/gandhis-teachings-needed-indian-high-commissioner-15136510

Living people
Indian civil servants
Indian women civil servants
Ambassadors of India to South Africa
Ambassadors of India to Bhutan
Women writers from Uttar Pradesh
Indian women ambassadors
1964 births
High Commissioners of India to Lesotho


The 2009 Australian Drivers' Championship was a CAMS sanctioned national motor racing title with the championship winner receiving the 2009 CAMS Gold Star award. The 2009 championship was the 53rd Australian Drivers' Championship and the fifth to be contested with open wheel racing cars constructed in accordance with FIA Formula 3 regulations.  The season began on 19 March 2009 at the Adelaide Street Circuit and finished on 29 November at Sandown Raceway after eight events across four different states with two rounds per event. Team BRM driver Joey Foster became the second successive champion from Great Britain, holding off 2007 series champion Tim Macrow by eight points. In the National classes, Tom Tweedie was champion in National A, recording three top-three overall finishes and twelve class wins, while Peter Kalpakiotis was champion in National B as he was the only driver to contest more than one meeting.

Class structure
Drivers compete in three classes:
 Australian Formula 3 Championship – for cars constructed in accordance with the FIA Formula 3 regulations that applied between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2007
 Formula 3 National A – for cars constructed in accordance with the FIA Formula 3 regulations that applied between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2004
 Formula 3 National B –  for cars constructed in accordance with the FIA Formula 3 regulations that applied between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001

Points System
Championship points were awarded on a 20–15–12–10–8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top ten classified finishers in the Championship Class in each race. One additional point was awarded to the driver setting the fastest lap time in the class in each qualifying session and in each race at each round. The same system was also used for both the National A Class and the National B Class awards.

Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers have competed during the 2009 Australian Formula 3 season.

Race calendar
Originally Event 7 of the series was to have taken place at Symmons Plains Raceway in Tasmania, and was indeed set to host the series signature race, the Tasmanian Super Prix on 18 October, however with several other series involved in the Shannons Nationals Motor Racing Championships withdrawing from the logistically difficult Tasmanian meeting, the event was cancelled. Subsequently, a new meeting was organised to be held at Queensland Raceway on 21 August on the support card of the V8 Supercar Championship Series.

Results and standings

Drivers Championship

See also
 Australian Drivers' Championship
 Australian Formula 3

References

External links
 Official Australian Formula 3 website
 2009 Racing Results Archive

Australian Drivers' Championship
Drivers' Championship
Australian Formula 3 seasons
Australia
Australian Formula 3


This is a list of casinos in the U.S. State of Colorado.

List of casinos

Gallery

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado

References

External links

Lists of buildings and structures in Colorado
Colorado, List of casinos in


"Sea Within a Sea" is a song by English rock band the Horrors, released on 17 March 2009 by XL Recordings as a single from their second studio album, Primary Colours.

Critical reception
"Sea Within a Sea" has been viewed as the Horrors' shift from the garage rock of their 2007 debut album, Strange House. Jacob Sheppard of DIY magazine examined the song as the group's "new direction", where they "take on a more mature sound; more electronic, bass heavy and psychedelic", hailing it as a "Neu! sounding, shoe-gazing seven-minute masterpiece". Similarly, Cam Lindsay from Exclaim! magazine has regarded the track as "an eight-minute beauty that discards the raucous trashed garage of old" and "sinister throwback sound in deep krautrock trances and '60s psychedelia whilst still managing to hold on to their spooky shtick".

Many music writers and critics have stated that the song combines influences from krautrock, post-punk and Portishead (the previous band of the single's producer, Geoff Barrow). Johnathan Garrett of Pitchfork described the song as an "oddly muzaked take on krautrock"; however, he commented that the track was "weirdly restrained" and "the Horrors can't even be bothered to leave an impression". Sean O'Neal of the A.V. Club depicted that the song's instrumentation "drowns its post-punk ebbs in sprays of crashing guitar before being carried out on a sparkling tide of minimalist electronic pulses". Music writer Dorian Lynskey of the Guardian claimed the single as "ascendant krautrock - Can by way of the last Portishead album", praising it as "several kinds of wonderful". Prefix magazine explained that the song "perfectly connects with Portishead touchstones such as Neu!, Can and Kraftwerk" and is a "glacial eight-minute groove that only gets better as its parts disentangle". Emily Tartanella from PopMatters expressed that the lead single was "miles away from anything they’ve done before", outlining that "like Ian Curtis fronting the Cure, it’s mysterious, languid, and just a little bit spooky." NME magazine described the song as "an eight-minute Spacemen 3-meets-Neu! odyssey of ominous motorik rhythms, Faris' mournful incantations and an expanding starfield of synths". In October 2011, NME placed it at number 101 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".

Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Douglas Hart, former bassist of Scottish alternative rock band the Jesus and Mary Chain. Hart integrated old production methods and special effects to forge a psychedelic and colourful eight-minute video, creating a similar atmosphere to live performances of the Velvet Underground at the Factory. Hart stated that "the challenge becomes how to create something psychedelic without resorting to the cliché of trapping the band in a giant lava lamp".

The video starts with a presenter seated in an armchair, introducing the Horrors. The intent was to recreate the situation of bands "performing on the kind of shows that they didn't fit in" with a presenter "who obviously hated the band" in order to build up excitement to the performance. This idea was primarily inspired by Public Image Ltd's performance on American Bandstand in 1980.

Hart processed magnets around a TV with a cathode ray tube that illustrated images of architecture and colourful polka dots. These pictures were then re-shot for projection. Subsequently, the magnets bent the cathode rays elsewhere from the screen, along a magnetic field, and created variations with the vibrant colours. This production technique was utilized by early video artists since machines that colourised video images had not yet been invented. The projected images were developed and created on Final Cut Pro and Adobe After Effects.

Notes

The Horrors songs
2009 singles
2009 songs
XL Recordings singles


Charles Garner was a footballer who played one game for Burslem Port Vale in December 1892.

Career
Garner joined Burslem Port Vale of the Football League Second Division in November 1892. His only match at the Athletic Ground was in the Football League record 10–0 demolishing by Sheffield United on 10 December. He was released at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


A Kegel perineometer or vaginal manometer is an instrument for measuring the strength of voluntary contractions of the pelvic floor muscles.  Arnold Kegel (1894–1972) was the gynecologist who invented the Kegel perineometer (used for measuring vaginal air pressure) and Kegel exercises (squeezing of the muscles of the pelvic floor).  This followed the observation that muscles of the pelvic floor inevitably weakened following the trauma of childbirth.  Ascertaining the air pressure inside the vagina by insertion of a perineometer, while requesting the woman to squeeze as hard as possible, indicates whether or not she would benefit from strengthening the vaginal muscles using the Kegel exercises.  More modern electromyograph (EMG) perineometers, which measure electrical activity in the pelvic floor muscles, may be more effective in this purpose.  Assessment of pelvic floor strength during gynaecological examination may help to identify women with fascial defects of the pelvic floor, as well as those at risk of genital prolapse or urinary incontinence.  Both the Kegel perineometer and a digital examination are effective and concordant in their results in this assessment.

See also
 Perineal tear classification

References

Obstetrics
Medical equipment
Midwifery


Joan Gore Krupa is an American politician, educator, and health center executive, who was a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 92nd Representative District for 9 days in early 2009, after her predecessor, Aaron Schock, was sworn in as U.S. Congressman for Illinois's 18th congressional district.

Biography
Krupa was born and raised in Decatur, Illinois; her father was an assistant superintendent of Decatur Public School District 61 and her mother was a kindergarten teacher.

Krupa started at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, at age 18, graduating from Bradley and later receiving her master's degree in counseling from Bradley as well.  She was a first-grade teacher for a year then became a grade school guidance counselor, and afterwards an assistant dean of women at Bradley.  She also was a part-time teacher at Illinois Central College and director of adult education at the Peoria County Jail.

Krupa was the executive director and CEO of the Heartland Community Health Clinic in Peoria, Illinois for six years, during which time the clinic became the first Federally Qualified Health Center in Peoria.

Political offices
Before running for the Illinois House, Krupa was on the Peoria County Board for two terms.

Krupa ran for the state 92nd Representative District seat in the November 2008 general elections, but lost to Democrat Jehan Gordon. However, in the same election, 92nd District incumbent Aaron Schock won the seat of Illinois's 18th congressional district.  The 111th United States Congress was sworn in on January 5, 2009, and Schock vacated his state representative seat upon becoming United States Representative.  The Republican Party, on the advice of Schock, appointed Krupa to serve the remainder of Schock's term in the Illinois House of Representatives, and she was sworn in about 90 minutes after Schock officially vacated.  The term expired on January 13.

The first vote (HB1671) on the impeachment of Rod Blagojevich was taken during Krupa's time in office.  She signed on as a sponsor of the impeachment bill and voted in favor of impeachment.  Krupa also introduced a bill (HB6734) to put stricter limitations on payday loans in Illinois, but the bill expired with the end of the 95th General Assembly.

References

External links
 Follow the Money — Joan Krupa: 2008 campaign contributions

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century American educators
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Bradley University alumni
County board members in Illinois
Educators from Illinois
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People from Decatur, Illinois
People from Peoria County, Illinois
Women state legislators in Illinois
20th-century American women educators


John Harley Weston (born 24 April 1967) is a Scottish-born Australian based singer-songwriter, who also plays a variety of instruments including guitar, keyboards and piano accordion and, in 2005, won the Australian National Songwriting Contest (rock category) with the song "Last Days of Summer" from his 2004 album, Hope Harbour.

Career
Born in Glasgow, John Higgins grew up in the East Ayrshire town of Stewarton and subsequently immigrated to the Tamborine Mountain region in the southeastern part of Australian state of Queensland.  Using the performing name John Harley Weston, he has been a professional musician since 1990. He won the 2005 Australian National Songwriting Contest rock category with "Last Days of Summer", co-written with drummer/guitarist Tony Beard (who has worked with Crosby, Stills & Nash, Jeff Beck, Hall & Oates and Johnny Winter), extending to its placement with a top 20 place at the Unisong International Songwriting Contest 2005–2006 and receiving an Honourable Mention from the 13th annual Billboard World Songwriting Contest. In the same year, at singeruniverse.com, Weston was voted one of the top 5 best vocalists in the Independent Music World by music publisher Dale Kawashima, former executive at Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Irving Azoff's Giant Records and Mercury Records.

Another song (on the same album), "Brothers and Sisters", produced by Sandy Jones at Foundry Music Lab in Motherwell, Scotland, and Graeme Duffin (Wet Wet Wet guitarist). about the conflict between Israel and Palestine held the number one spot on Ison Live Radio (ILR Australian Indie Radio Charts) for an entire six months in 2007.

In 2008, Weston released the album Welcome Back to Reality. Two songs were chosen by Channel 7 Television Australia for their 2008 Beijing Olympic Games playlist and featured on Channel 9 Television's 'The Voice''.

Readers of the Gold Coast Bulletin (a newspaper servicing Gold Coast, Queensland) nominated John Harley Weston for a Gold Coast Honours Award in Entertainment (2008) for his services to music and support of charities such as Cancer Council Queensland.

In 2016 Weston released another album Music Man, produced again by Sandy Jones of Foundry Music Lab, Motherwell.

In 2022 Weston released the single, Voices'', which includes references to Glasgow's George Square statues of Scottish poet Robert Burns, Scottish novelist, poet and playwright Sir Walter Scott and the 18th century and early 19th century movement known as Scottish Enlightenment.

In 1999, Weston wrote the song "Road To Victory" for the Brisbane Lions Aussie Rules football team (released via Festival Records Fido label now Mushroom Records).

Weston's music has been added to the National Library of Australia and the National Film and Sound Archive a joint venture by Music Australia to create a database of all written and musical works released in Australia.

Solo career
As a solo artist, John Harley Weston has supported Indigo Girls at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow, Duran Duran at Glasgow Barrowlands, John Swan (Swanee) at St Bernards Hotel on Tamborine Mountain and Lighthouse Family also at King Tut's. John has also performed at the Queensland Premier's Australia Day Celebrations at The Piazza, South Bank Parklands, Brisbane as well as shows for Gold Coast City Council and the Gold Coast mayor Ron Clarke MBE, the Beaudesert Shire Mayor, Palazzo Versace's flagship hotel, Gold Coast Arts Centre (Unplugged in the Basement), Brisbane's Acoustic in the Park Festival, Ric's Bar, Brisbane, The centre, Beaudesert and other local venues in South East Queensland.

In the early 1990s, Weston was signed (under his birth name John Higgins) to Polygram Records Vertigo label (now Mercury Records) as lead singer and co-songwriter with Scottish band Frontier Frontier released two singles in 1992, original song "Lonely Heart" (produced by Steely Dan producer Gary Katz) and a cover of the Graham Parker song "The Sun is Gonna Shine Again" (produced by Kenny McDonald). Frontier supported Wet Wet Wet during 1992 UK stadium tour which included gigs at Wembley arena. They also supported the band Gun in the same year on their UK university tour, including venues such as London Astoria.

During his solo career, and as lead singer with Scottish band Frontier, John Harley Weston has worked with producers, engineers and session players such as Gary Katz (Steely Dan), Sandy Jones (see link 8) and Graeme Duffin (Wet Wet Wet), Ian Kewley (Paul Young), Dave Bascombe (Peter Gabriel, Tears for Fears), Kenny McDonald (Texas), Steve Jackson (Bryan Adams), Adam Mosely (Rush), Tony Philips (Seal) and session players Paul "Wix" Wickens (keyboard player for Paul McCartney, Bon Jovi, Bob Dylan), Tony Beard (drummer for Crosby, Stills & Nash, Jeff Beck, Hall & Oates and Johnny Winter, (see link 4)) Graham Broad (drummer for Van Morisson, George Michael, Go West) and Donny Little (guitarist for Paulo Nutini).

Weston has recorded at Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Wales, Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in Box, Wiltshire, England, George Martin's Air Studios in London, Jacobs Studio in Surrey, England, Jimmy Page's Old Mill Studio, Parklane Studios in Glasgow, Pete Townshend's Eel Pie Studios on the River Thames in London, Rooster 2 in London, Swanyard Studio, London, Red Zeds in Brisbane (Australia).

John Harley Weston is endorsed by Takamine Guitars, D'Addario Guitar Strings and Neumann Microphones.

References

External links

 Youtube
 Spotify
 Frontier on Youtube

Living people
1967 births
Scottish male singer-songwriters
Scottish singer-songwriters
People from Stewarton
Musicians from Glasgow


The Arizona and Swansea Railroad (A&S RR) was a mining railroad that operated from a connection with the Arizona and California Railway (later the Santa Fe Railway) at Bouse to a copper and gold mine at Swansea, Arizona, .  The A&S RR was owned and operated by the Swansea Consolidated Gold & Copper Company.

History

The A&S RR was constructed in 1909 to build to the Clara Consolidated Mining Company at Swansea.  Track construction commenced in November 1909 and the line was completed by December 31, 1909.  In 1937 the A&S RR was abandoned.

Motive Power
Engine #1 was purchased used from the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad (#179) and was a 2-8-0 (Consolidation Type) locomotive built (Builder # 3852) by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1876.
Engine #3 was a 2-8-0 (Consolidation Type) locomotive that was purchased new (Builder #48024) in 1910 from the Schenectady Locomotive Works.

Route
0.0 Bouse (Junction with Arizona and California Railway) - later the Santa Fe Railway
11.0 Midway, a watering stop marking the midpoint of the route, located at . Today, a Bureau of Land Management plaque marks the site.
16.0 Summit
18.5 Clara
21.1 Swansea

See also
List of defunct Arizona railroads

References

Defunct Arizona railroads
1909 in Arizona Territory


Tony Horton may refer to:
 Tony Horton (baseball), Major League baseball player
 Tony Horton (personal trainer), developer of the P90X workout system
 Tony Horton (rugby union), England international rugby union footballer


Roch-Moïse-Samuel Mignault (February 5, 1837 – March 26, 1913) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Yamaska in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1904 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Montreal, Lower Canada and educated at the Collège de L'Assomption. Mignault was mayor of Yamaska and also served as justice of the peace. Mignault was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the House of Commons in 1872 and 1887.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill

1837 births
1913 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Mayors of places in Quebec
Canadian justices of the peace


This is a list of casinos in Florida.

List of casinos

Gallery

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

Pari-Mutuel Wagering Facilities with Operating Licenses
INDIAN Casinos & PMW Slots MAP

Casinos
Florida


is a Japanese baseball pitcher from Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan and he currently plays for the Hanshin Tigers.  He was a member of the Japan team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

Early years
Iwata entered Osaka Toin High School in 1998. He became the ace pitcher in the autumn 1999 (his 2nd year of senior high school) and contributed to the school's winning the Osaka High School Baseball Autumn Tournament and advancing to the quarterfinal in the Kansai High School Baseball Autumn Tournament. However, he contracted type 1 diabetes in the winter of his second year. At the time of his diagnosis he had an agreement to join a successful company team after graduation, however the agreement was withdrawn after the company learned of his illness. His treating doctor allowed him to continue playing baseball as part of a balanced lifestyle necessary to stabilize the symptoms of diabetes. After graduating high school he entered Kansai University in 2001, where he was the school team's ace pitcher. He had 6 wins and 10 losses in the university league.

Nippon Professional Baseball
He was drafted by the Hanshin Tigers after 2005 season because of his various breaking balls. In his debut in 2006, Iwata allowed four runs in 3 innings of work and lost his only game in the season. In 2007, Iwata was 0-1 and a 5.40 ERA. In 2008, he was third in voting for the 2008 Central League Rookie of the Year Award, trailing Tetsuya Yamaguchi and Hayato Sakamoto after going 10-10 with a 3.28 ERA and 101 strikeouts.

Iwata missed the 2010 season. The following season, he had a 9-13 record, a 2.29 ERA, and 133 strikeouts in 25 starts.

2009 World Baseball Classic
He was selected to play for Japan in the 2009 World Baseball Classic replacing Hiroki Kuroda due to his shoulder problems.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
People from Moriguchi, Osaka
Baseball people from Osaka Prefecture
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Hanshin Tigers players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Kansai University alumni


Graham Jonathan Zusi (; born August 18, 1986) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder or defender for Major League Soccer club Sporting Kansas City. From 2012 to 2017, Zusi represented the United States national team, earning 55 caps and scoring 5 goals. He is the longest-tenured player to have played with one club in MLS history.

Early life and college
Of Albanian decent born in Longwood, Florida, Zusi, alongside his siblings, was first coached by his father, David. He played high school soccer at Lake Brantley High School.

Zusi played college soccer for the Maryland Terrapins of the University of Maryland, College Park. During his college career with the Terrapins, Zusi played in 89 games, recording 28 goals and 20 assists, and helped Maryland win the National Championship in 2005 and 2008, scoring the game-winning goal in the 2008 National Semi-Final and Championship Games. He graduated with a degree in criminology.

Club career
During his college years Zusi also played with Central Florida Kraze in the USL Premier Development League.

Sporting Kansas City
Zusi was drafted in the second round (23rd overall) of the 2009 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards. He made his professional debut on March 21, 2009, in Kansas City's first game of the 2009 MLS season against Toronto FC.

Zusi enjoyed a breakout season in 2011 helping the renamed Sporting Kansas City franchise to an Eastern Conference championship and earning a call-up to the U.S. national team. His efforts were rewarded by Sporting with a new four-year contract announced on February 16, 2012. In the 2012 season he led the league in assists with 15.

During the 2012–13 offseason, Zusi trialed with English Premier League side West Ham United.

Zusi returned to Sporting Kansas City and became a converted right-back, earning MLS All Star selections in 2016, 2017, and 2018, while helping guide Sporting Kansas City to the 2017 U.S. Open Cup Title.

Zusi re-signed with the club for the 2022 season.

International career

On January 21, 2012, Zusi made his debut for the United States in a 1–0 win over Venezuela in a friendly match. He scored his first international goal on January 25, 2012, in the ninth minute against Panama in a 1–0 victory. Zusi was named to the national team's Hexagonal roster for the February 6, 2013 match against Honduras; he entered the game as a second-half substitute.

On October 15, 2013, Zusi scored a stoppage-time equalizer against Panama in a World Cup qualifier. Though the United States had already qualified, Zusi's goal meant that Mexico would advance to the next round at Panama's expense. As a result, a group of Mexico fans later presented Zusi with a framed photo and plaque with the words San Zusi ("Saint Zusi").

On June 16, 2014, in the United States' first game in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Zusi provided the assist from a corner kick for John Brooks' game-winning goal in the 2–1 victory against Ghana. On June 22, 2014, in the United States' second game in the World Cup, Zusi provided the assist for Clint Dempsey's goal in the 2–2 draw against Portugal.

On March 29, 2016, going two years without scoring for the United States, Zusi scored the fourth goal against Guatemala in their campaign to qualify for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Later that year, Zusi scored a late goal for the United States to put them up 4–0 against Costa Rica during the Copa América Centenario. His goal ensured that the 4–0 win over Costa Rica was the largest against Costa Rica in history for the national team.

Following the failure to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup and Bruce Arena's departure, Zusi was not called into the team by Dave Sarachan and Gregg Berhalter.

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list United States' goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zusi goal.

Honors
Maryland Terrapins
NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship: 2005, 2008

Sporting Kansas City
MLS Cup: 2013
U.S. Open Cup: 2012, 2015, 2017
Eastern Conference (regular season): 2011, 2012
Eastern Conference (playoffs): 2013
Western Conference (regular season): 2018, 2020

United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2017

Individual
MLS Breakout Player of the Year: 2011
MLS Best XI: 2012, 2013
MLS All-Star (7): 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019
Sporting Kansas City Most Valuable Player: 2012, 2013
CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2017

See also
List of one-club men in association football

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Maryland Terrapins men's soccer players
Orlando City U-23 players
Sporting Kansas City players
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Designated Players (MLS)
Sporting Kansas City draft picks
Soccer players from Florida
United States men's international soccer players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Men's association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Seminole County, Florida
People from Longwood, Florida
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
Lake Brantley High School alumni


Paysonia lescurii is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common names Lescur's bladderpod or Nashville mustard. It is native to Middle Tennessee, where it can be found in wet fields, lawns, and roadsides. It is also present in neighboring areas of Kentucky and Alabama.

Description
Paysonia lescurii typically grows from  tall and has small yellow flowers about  wide. The flowers have four petals and are borne in racemes up to  long. The stems are branched from the base and densely hairy. The basal leaves are  long and pinnately lobed. The smaller stem leaves are alternate, simple, and toothed to shallowly lobed with clasping bases.

References

External links

lescurii
Flora of Alabama
Flora of Kentucky
Flora of Tennessee
Endemic flora of the United States
Taxa named by Asa Gray
Taxa named by Sereno Watson
Plants described in 1856


This is a list of casinos in Oklahoma.

List of casinos

Gallery

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

Oklahoma
Casinos


Levi Higginson (born 1867; date of death unknown) was a footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Burslem Port Vale in the early 1890s.

Career
Higginson most probably joined Burslem Port Vale in 1890. He enjoyed a successful spell with the team and was between the sticks for two cup final victories – the North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup in 1891 and the Staffordshire Charity Cup in 1892. He played 43 matches for the club in all; including 21 friendlies, one Football League Second Division and 17 Midland League matches. However, he failed to turn up at the Athletic Ground for a league match with Grimsby Town in February 1893, after conceding two goals to them the previous month. He was not selected again and was instead released at the end of 1892–93 season.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup: 1891
Staffordshire Charity Cup: 1892

References

1867 births
Year of death missing
People from Wolstanton
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players


Wuyangcun Station (), formerly Wuyang New Town Station () during planning, is a  station on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under the junction of Siyou New Road () and Guangzhou Avenue (), in Wuyang New Town, Yuexiu District. It opened on 28December 2009.

Station layout

Exits

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Yuexiu District


Stagecoach in Preston was a network of bus routes running within the city of Preston, Lancashire and into the surrounding area. It was founded in 2009 after Stagecoach Group acquired Preston Bus that was founded in 1904. The company operated from the main depot on Deepdale Road and their other depot on Selbourne Street. In January 2011, the company was sold to Rotala, which now operates the services under the Preston Bus brand.

History
Preston Bus was founded in 1904 as Preston District Travel and was bought from the local authority by its employees in 1993 as part of deregulation, becoming a limited company.

In 2006, Stagecoach North West set up various services using a fleet of new & old Optare Solos, Dennis Enviro 400s, and new & old Dennis Dart SLFs in order to compete with Preston Bus. They were branded as "Preston Citi". Competition grew into a bus war with Stagecoach offering lower fares on the busiest routes.

Both companies accused each other of unprofessional behaviour, with some Stagecoach drivers reported to have thrown eggs at Preston Buses.

On 10 June 2008, both companies were agreed to a code of practice by the traffic commissioner. Competition continued, with Stagecoach operating routes within Preston and Preston Bus operating a route between Preston and Penwortham.

On 30 December 2008, it was announced that Stagecoach had approached Preston Bus to negotiate a possible sale. This was agreed and on 23 January 2009 Stagecoach North West purchased Preston Bus for £10.4 million. From March 2009, the combined network of routes was rebranded as Stagecoach in Preston.

On 28 May 2009, the Office of Fair Trading announced that it was referring the purchase of Preston Bus by Stagecoach to the Competition Commission. Their provisional findings were that the purchase had reduced competition and may potentially harm the interests of passengers. Possible remedies involved the sale of part or all of the business and measures to encourage new entry by other operators, as well as controls on fares and requirements to maintain service levels. The final report was due by 12 November 2009.

On 12 November 2009, the Competition Commission submitted that Stagecoach would have to sell a "reconfigured" (i.e. profit making) Preston Bus. Stagecoach had some freedom over what it sells, although it had to be approved by the Competition Commission.

Stagecoach appealed to the Competition Appeal Tribunal, stating that the Competition Commission's decision was "perverse and irrational" and that the Commission had committed an error in law with its use of the counterfactual argument and handling of Stagecoach's responses.

When the Competition Appeal Tribunal announced their verdict, Stagecoach began actively looking for a buyer. The result was that Stagecoach retained route 11. Things reverted to how they were before the takeover, with services transferring between Stagecoach and Preston Bus. Service 7 was withdrawn, and service 4 revised among other changes. Services 19, 22 & 8 reverted from giving change to fast fare. The 19-22 system was replaced by the original system operated by Preston Bus, and smaller buses were now used on the 19.

From the moment the Competition Commission announced it was investigating, Stagecoach stopped repainting buses out of Preston Bus livery. Some of those that were painted in Stagecoach colours were later returned to Preston Bus livery before the sale.

In January 2011, the company was sold to Rotala, which now operates the services under the Preston Bus brand.

Routes
Below are the routes operated by Stagecoach in Preston in March 2010:

Preston park and ride

All park and ride buses are Easy Access. Services 1 & 2 primarily use Optare Solo SRs, and Optare Solos are additionally used at peak periods. The Orbits are 88A & 88C and therefore use Optare Solos.

School services
Stagecoach in Preston also provided school buses to secondary school and colleges in Preston and the Wyre, running as far as Cabus and Garstang to the north, Accrington to the east, Chorley to the south, and Blackpool to the west.

Brands

Stagecoach in Preston had 6 different brands for services.

 Preston Citi - 1, 2, 3, 3A, 3B, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 19A, 22, 23, 29, 31, 35, 44, 81, 87, 89
 Preston Orbit - 88A, 88C
 Fylde Coastliner - 61, 68
 Stagecoach Express - X61
 Boomerang - 150, 151
 Route 113 - 113
 X2 - X2
 Park & Ride - 1 Portway, 2 Walton-le-Dale, Orbit serves Bluebell Way
 Others - 2B, X59

Depots
Stagecoach in Preston used two depots.

The main depot was the one previously owned by Preston Bus, on Deepdale Road. This could hold over 150 buses and held all buses in Preston Bus Livery, Citi Livery, and Stagecoach in Preston livery.

A smaller depot was on Selbourne Street. This held buses in the liveries of Fylde Coastliner, Network Ribble Valley, 113, Boomerang, and those still in Stagecoach in Lancashire livery. It was also where the outstations at Fleetwood and Clitheroe reported to. This was previously owned by Stagecoach in Lancashire, and before that Ribble Motor Services. Before 2005 this had been rated as one of the worst Stagecoach depots in the UK for timekeeping, because at the time it mainly relied on interurbans.

Fleet

At Stagecoach Takeover
The Preston Bus fleet was originally all double deckers, but latterly the company moved to single deckers and midibuses, with the most common vehicle as of 2008 being the Optare Solo midibus.

When Stagecoach took over Preston Bus in 2009, the fleet comprised

 47 Optare Solo midibuses bought between 2001 & 2009.
 8 Optare Solo SR midibuses with leather seats and television screens bought in 2008 for Park & Ride services.
 6 Optare MetroRiders dating from 1997.
 4 Leyland Lynx bought between 1989 and 1991.
 12 Scania large single-deckers/Optare Esteem bought between 2006 and 2007.
 1 DAF SB220/Optare Delta Driver Trainer
 27 Leyland Olympian double deckers, one new in 1984, the others bought between 1989 and 1992, except for ten examples purchased from Lothian Buses in 2003.
 18 Dennis Trident 2/East Lancs Lolyne double deckers, bought between 1999 and 2000.
 2 Scania N94UD OmniDekka, bought in 2006.

When sold to Rotala
When Preston Bus was sold to Rotala in January 2011, the fleet comprised:

 34 Optare Solo midibuses bought between 2001 and 2009.
 8 Optare Solo SR midibuses with leather seats and television screens bought in 2008 for Park & Ride services. All in Preston Park & Ride livery.
 1 Leyland Lynx
 10 Scania large single-deckers/Optare Esteem bought between 2006 and 2007.
 1 DAF SB220/Optare Delta Driver Trainer
 13 Leyland Olympian
 18 Dennis Trident 2/East Lancs Lolyne double deckers, bought between 1999 and 2000.
 2 Scania N94UD OmniDekka, bought in 2006.

Easy Access Bus
The majority of buses in the Stagecoach in Preston fleet are Easy Accessible. Optare Solos, Dennis Tridents, Optare Esteems, Optare Solo SRs, Optare Versas, MANs, Enviro 400s, and Dennis Dart SLFs are all Easy Access. Services 2, 2B, 3, 3A, 3B, 4, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 19, 19A, 22, 23, 29, 35, 44, 68, 81, Orbits, 113, 150, 151, and X2 are all completely Easy Access. All the others except service 89 are often Easy Access. Service 7 has specified times that aren't Easy access, four times a day.

See also
List of bus operators of the United Kingdom

References

External links

Preston Bus website

Stagecoach Group bus operators in England
Bus wars
Former bus operators in Lancashire


Sourton is a small village and civil parish in West Devon, England. It lies about  south-west of Okehampton. It is at the north-western extremity of Dartmoor, a National Park of England and Wales, and lies along the A386 road. The historic map of Sourton shows that it is located near a river and the Sourton forest this can be seen in the image below. According to the 2001 census Sourton parish had a population of 406, and according to the 2011 census it had a population of 420. There is a public house in Sourton. In the 1870s Sourton was described as

One of Sourton's main tourist attractions is the Highwayman Inn which was built in 1812. In 1959 the inn was transformed into a fairy-tale and Aladdin's cave; this included the old Launceston to Tavistock coach being installed as the entrance to the inn. The main reason for the Highwayman Inn being a tourist attraction is due to the claims that it is the most haunted inn in Britain.

Housing
Many of the houses in Sourton are bungalows with a count of 191 or detached households with a count of 146. This is typical of a small village parish. This also is supported by the occupations in Sourton showing that the income in the area fits with the fact that there are very few terraced houses which make up a total of 9 houses in Sourton. the majority of houses in Sourton are owned outright with very few council houses or rented houses recorded on the 2011 data set. The average number of rooms per house in Sourton is 5 or more. The number of houses in Sourton decreased from 135 in 1841 to just 86 in 1901 which is consistent with the decrease in population it then increases to 105 houses in 1931.

Occupations
From the 1881 occupational data that is available the main occupation was in agriculture with around 75 men working in agriculture, showing that the occupation within agriculture was dominated by the male workforce. However, the majority of the female work force in 1881 is unknown or within the domestic services which would have been the typical role of the female in this time period. From the data that is available in 2001, the average distance that people travelled to work was 10 km with the majority of people remote working. The main occupation in 2001 was in the skilled trade which was mainly related to agriculture. However, there are more people within managers, senior officials and professionals within the technical occupations. In 2011 there is an increase in skilled jobs with a higher number of people working as managing directors and senior officials and with fewer people working with agriculture showing that Sourton has changed from an agriculture workforce to a more skilled and higher paid occupations. Also from the 2001 data available the majority of occupations are full-time with the average person working between 30-60hours a week.

Population
Sourton's population is mainly dominated by the older population with 233 people aged between 45 and 75 years old with only 103 people aged between 20 and 44 this was the recorded figure in 2001 this gives a sense that there is an ageing population  this is also supported by the fact that there are only 62 dependants in Sourton according to the data available from the 2001 census data indicating that the area is attractive to an older population.
 The graph shows there is a population drop between 1841 and 1891 this could be due to a boundary change. Within 1901 the population had levelled out to around 400 up until 2011 where it has started to increase slightly. From the 2011 data available the main ethnic group is White:Irish/British with the main religion in Sourton being Christian

References

External links

Villages in the Borough of West Devon
Civil parishes in Devon
Dartmoor


Alex Grendi (born July 28, 1987) is an American soccer player.

Career

College
Grendi played college soccer at the University of Pennsylvania. During his college years Grendi also played with Long Island Rough Riders in the USL Premier Development League.

Professional
Grendi was drafted in the third round (45th overall) of the 2009 MLS SuperDraft by the Columbus Crew. He made his professional debut on 21 March 2009, in Crew's first game of the 2009 MLS season against Houston Dynamo, and subsequently played two more MLS games before being cut on March 23, 2010.

Having been released due to a recurring knee injury, Grendi returned to the University of Pennsylvania to finish his degree and play for the Long Island Rough Riders in the USL Premier Development League in 2010.

On April 5, 2011, Grendi signed with Wilmington Hammerheads of the USL Pro league.  On June 6, 2011, Grendi tore his ACL and was unable to play for the remainder of the season.

References

External links
 MLS player profile

1987 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Long Island Rough Riders players
Columbus Crew players
Wilmington Hammerheads FC players
Penn Quakers men's soccer players
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
Columbus Crew draft picks
People from Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Sportspeople from Huntington, New York
Soccer players from Suffolk County, New York
Men's association football midfielders


This is a list of casinos in the U.S. state of Louisiana.

List of casinos

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Slot Payback Percentages

Slot payback percentages are acquired yearly from American Casino Guide Book. Louisiana state gaming laws require that casino machines must payback a minimum of 80% and a maximum of 99.9%.

Gallery

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

Casinos
Louisiana


John  McGeady (born 17 April 1958) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a winger in Scotland, England and the United States. He is the father of Republic of Ireland international player Aiden McGeady.

Early life
McGeady was born in Glasgow to parents originally from County Donegal, and educated at Holyrood Secondary School. Residing in Govanhill, with his father and younger brother Pat he attended matches of Third Lanark, whose ground was located a few blocks from their home, until the club folded in 1967.

Playing career
Beginning as an amateur in Scotland with Third Lanark (the juvenile team having continued after the demise of the professional arm), McGeady signed professional terms with Sheffield United in 1975, making 16 league appearances. He was briefly a teammate of the famous former Celtic winger Jimmy Johnstone, but suffered a serious injury to his knee aged 19.

McGeady then spent time in the American Soccer League with the Southern California Lazers, before going to play with Newport County, where he made two league appearances between 1978 and 1979 before retiring aged 23.

Career after football
After the end of his footballing career McGeady worked in the construction industry before becoming an English teacher at Holyrood Secondary, where he had been a pupil.

References

1958 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Third Lanark A.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Southern California Lazers players
Newport County A.F.C. players
English Football League players
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Scottish people of Irish descent
People educated at Holyrood Secondary School
Scottish schoolteachers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Men's association football wingers
People from Govanhill and Crosshill


William Delves (1870 – 1908) was an English footballer who played at half-back for Burslem Port Vale between 1891 and 1893.

Career
Delves joined Burslem Port Vale in the summer of 1891, and made his debut at a friendly game at Newton Heath on 1 September 1891 – the match was abandoned with Vale down 2–1. Despite being a half-back, he played in goal for the Football League record 10–0 demolishing by Sheffield United at the Athletic Ground on 10 December 1892. With that most dubious honour and one Midland League, one friendly and two Football League appearances to his name, he was released at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1870 births
1908 deaths
People from Wolstanton
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players


Sir Richard Butler, 5th Baronet (1699 – 25 November 1771) was an Irish politician and baronet.

Early life
He was the eldest son of James Butler and Frances ( Abney) Parker Butler. His mother was the widow of Sir John Parker, who lived at Fermoyle in County Longford.

His father was the second son of Sir Thomas Butler, 3rd Baronet and his mother was a daughter of Sir Edward Abney, MP for Leicester.

Career
Butler represented County Carlow in the Irish House of Commons from 1730 to 1761.

In 1732, he succeeded his uncle Pierce as baronet.

Personal life
In 1728, he married Henrietta Percy (1701–1794), daughter of Sir Henry Percy and Eliza ( Paul) Percy. Her grandfather was Sir Anthony Percy, Lord Mayor of London in 1699. Together, they had four sons and six daughters, including:

 Judith Butler  (1730–1775), who married Thomas Tennant, Jr.
 Sir Thomas Butler, 6th Baronet (1735–1772), MP for County Carlow and Portarlington who married Dorothea Bayly, only daughter of Very Rev. Edward Bayly, Archdeacon of Dublin.
 Ann Eliza Butler (1736–1764), who married William Steuart, son of Col. Hon. John Steuart (nephew and heir of William Steuart), in .
 James Butler (1736–1787), a captain in the 1st Regiment of Horse who died unmarried.
 Henrietta Butler (b. 1738), who married Nicholas Gordon.
 Jane Butler (1741–1802), who married Nicholas Trench, son of Richard Trench.
 Eleanor Butler (b. 1742), who married Edward Eustace, son of James Eustace, in 1765.
 Pierce Butler (1744–1822), a soldier, Founding Father, signatory of the U.S. Constitution, and South Carolina's inaugural Senator in the U.S. Senate.
 William Butler of Broomville (1747–1789), who married Henrietta Nixon, daughter of Abraham Nixon.

Sir Richard died on 25 November 1771 and was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas.

Descendants
His great-grandson, hereditary and absentee plantation owner Pierce Mease Butler, authorized The Great Slave Auction of 1859 to pay gambling debts.

References

1699 births
1771 deaths
18th-century Irish people
Irish MPs 1727–1760
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Carlow constituencies
Politicians from County Carlow
Richard
Butler baronets, of Cloughgrenan


Daniil Ratnikov (born 10 February 1988) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays mainly as an attacking midfielder.

Career
Born in Tallinn, Ratnikov came through the youth ranks at TVMK Tallinn, reaching the first team at 16.

Personal life
His father Sergei is a former international player for Estonia and football manager, while his brother Eduard Ratnikov was also a professional footballer.

Career stats

References

External links

 Soccernet.ee profile

1988 births
Living people
Footballers from Tallinn
Estonian men's footballers
Estonian people of Russian descent
Tartu JK Tammeka players
FC TVMK players
JK Narva Trans players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
JK Tallinna Kalev players
FCI Levadia Tallinn players
Estonian expatriate men's footballers
Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
JK Sillamäe Kalev players
Meistriliiga players
Men's association football midfielders


, also , is a mountain located in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It has a height of . It is located in the southern part of the Akaishi Mountains, which are known as the "Southern Alps" (南アルプス Minami-Alps). It is located in the Minami Alps National Park
.

Arakawa 3 mountains
Mount Warusawa, Mount Arakawa-Naka and Mount Arakawa-Mae are called Arakawa 3 mountains.

References
 Geographical Survey Institute

See also
 List of mountains in Japan
 100 Famous Japanese Mountains
 Three-thousanders (in Japan)
 Akaishi Mountains
 Minami Alps National Park

War
Mount Warusawa
Warusawa
Mount Warusawa


Langford is a village and civil parish in West Oxfordshire, about  northeast of Lechlade in neighbouring Gloucestershire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 349.

Archaeology
In 1943 a set of ring ditch enclosures was excavated at Langford Downs, in the western part of Langford parish close to the Gloucestershire boundary about  southeast of Southrop. Fragments of Belgic pottery found at the site suggest that it was occupied in the Iron Age and abandoned before the Roman occupation of Britain.

Manor
The Domesday Book of 1086 records that a Saxon, Ælfsige of Faringdon, held the manor. In the reign of Edward the Confessor Ælfsige had been a minor landholder, holding two hides of land at Littleworth. After the Norman conquest of England he amassed an estate of six manors totalling 40 hides spread across Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Gloucestershire.

Parish church

The Church of England parish church of Saint Matthew is Saxon. In about 1200 the Early English Gothic north and south aisles were added, and in the 13th century the chancel was rebuilt. Some of the windows are 14th and 15th century Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic additions. Two flying buttresses were added to the north side of the church in 1574. The architect Richard Pace restored the building in 1829 and the Gothic Revival architect Ewan Christian restored the nave roof to its original pitch in 1864. The tower has a ring of six bells.

Former railway
In 1873 the East Gloucestershire Railway between Witney and Fairford was built past the village. It was operated by the Great Western Railway, which in 1907 opened  Halt  outside the village. British Railways closed the railway and halt in 1962.

Amenities
Langford has one public house, the Bell Inn.

References

Sources

External links

LangfordGL7 (village website)
 360° Panorama of Church interiors

Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Villages in Oxfordshire
West Oxfordshire District


This is a list of casinos in Washington.

List of casinos

List of card rooms
Permitted by the state, card rooms are establishments that offers card games for play.

Gallery

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

Washington State
Casinos


Robert Terry (born 30 April 1980) is a  Welsh bodybuilder and a former professional wrestler. He is known for his work in  Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring names Rob Terry and The Freak.

He is also known for his work in TNA's developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he is a former two-time Heavyweight Champion and a one-time Southern Tag Team and Television Champion. He has also competed for the Wrestle-1 promotion as well as WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling.

Early life
Terry was born in Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom. He is a former bouncer and studied sports science at Neath Port Talbot College, South Wales.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment (2007 - 2008)

Florida Championship Wrestling (2007–2008)
Terry signed a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment in 2007 and was assigned to Florida Championship Wrestling. On 10 November, Terry, under the ring name Big Rob, debuted as Nick Nemeth's bodyguard and accompanied Nemeth to the ring for his matches. On 1 December, Big Rob made his in-ring debut as he and Nemeth defeated Robert Anthony and Bryan Kelly in a tag team match. In December 2007 and January 2008, Terry appeared at several WWE television program tapings, accompanying Nemeth to the ring for dark matches. On 12 January, Big Rob teamed with Nick Nemeth in a losing effort to Mighty Mikey and Matt O'Neal. Three days later, Rob and Nemeth lost to Mikey and O'Neal in a rematch. In August 2008, Terry was released from his WWE developmental contract. According to Chris Jericho's autobiography, he wanted Terry to be his protege when he started his heel run in 2008. However, Terry was released and the role was given to Lance Cade.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2009 - 2015)

The British Invasion (2009–2010)

On the edition of 30 April 2009 of TNA Impact!, Terry made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling debut as a member of the newly formed stable known as The British Invasion alongside Doug Williams and Brutus Magnus. Their first act was to attack Hernandez, thus writing him out of storylines until he recovered from a legitimate injury. They claimed Hernandez' "Feast or Fired" briefcase, awarding it to Terry. This implied that Terry could demand a match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at any time within the remainder of the calendar year, but no formal announcement was made. Since then, Terry had played a minor role, usually performing run-ins on behalf of his teammates. They attacked Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray), instigating a feud that led to several matches, mainly without Terry. In July, Terry, Magnus and Williams joined Eric Young, Sheik Abdul Bashir, Kiyoshi and Homicide to form World Elite. World Elite then formed an alliance with The Main Event Mafia, which led to Terry teaming with such wrestlers as Booker T and Scott Steiner. Together, they feuded with Beer Money, Inc. (James Storm and Robert Roode) and Team 3D.

Terry faced Hernandez at Hard Justice for the "Feast or Fired" briefcase, but lost in nine seconds. This initiated a story in which Terry fell out of favour with his allies. Terry would make a series of mistakes, or would fall victim to a teammate's mistake, and cost the Main Event Mafia or World Elite a match. Initially, World Elite defended their team member and broke their alliance with Main Event Mafia, which dissolved soon thereafter. But the remainder of World Elite would berate Terry for costing them further victories. Eric Young mistakenly hit Terry with a title belt on 5 November 2009 episode of TNA Impact!. One week later, Terry tried to interfere in a match but accidentally caused World Elite to lose. The members of the team were upset with him for causing the loss.

On 18 October 2009, at Bound for Glory Magnus and Williams took part in a four way Full Metal Mayhem match for the TNA World Tag Team Championship and the IWGP Tag Team Championship. While the British Invasion lost the IWGP titles to Team 3D, they won the TNA titles from the Main Event Mafia (represented by Scott Steiner and Booker T), when Terry interfered in the match. As a result of this match, a feud between Beer Money, Inc. and the British Invasion was re-ignited. The entire World Elite stable conspired to prevent Beer Money, Inc. from winning the titles, usually by getting themselves disqualified. Terry objected to the plot, believing that British Invasion could legitimately beat Beer Money, Inc. in a clean match. His confidence irked his teammates further.

For one episode of Impact, Mick Foley offered Kevin Nash full control. Nash subsequently booked the entire show to benefit himself and the World Elite members. Terry, Williams and Magnus faced Chris Sabin in a handicap match, but still lost very quickly, when Sabin pinned Terry. While Magnus and Williams berated Terry, Terry gestured that he was going to fight back, but he quickly dropped his resistance.

At Final Resolution Terry and the rest of World Elite, with the exception of Magnus and Williams, took part in the "Feast or Fired" match. Young claimed that their aim was to prevent Beer Money from earning another match for British Invasion's TNA World Tag Team Championship. During the match, Bashir and Nash acquired a briefcase each. Terry assumed that if World Elite claimed all four briefcases, then it would be impossible for James Storm and Robert Roode to win a title match. But when Terry grabbed a briefcase, Young, Kiyoshi and Homicide reacted as if Terry had betrayed the team. After the match, it was revealed that Terry had the briefcase containing a shot at the X Division Championship.

Global Champion and Immortal (2010–2011)

On 27 January 2010, Terry defeated Eric Young at a house show in Cardiff, Wales, to win the TNA Global Championship. Terry's win also made him the first Welshman to hold a championship in a major wrestling organisation. On the following night's edition of Impact! the British Invasion attacked Amazing Red, but as Terry went to cash in his "Feast or Fired" contract he was ordered by Magnus to hand it over to Williams, who then instead faced Red and quickly defeated him for the X Division Championship. On the edition of 18 February of Impact! Terry finally grew tired of Magnus' abuse and attacked him, thus ending his alliance with the British Invasion and turning face. On the edition of 25 February of Impact! Terry made his first Global Championship title defence, when he defeated Mr. Anderson, after interference from Kurt Angle. Since then, Terry went on to defend the Global Championship in quick squash matches against his former British Invasion team-mate Doug Williams, as well as Magnus at Destination X. The very next day on Impact!, Terry again successfully defended the championship, squashing Tomko in a mere 65 seconds. On the edition of 5 April of Impact! Terry adopted the nickname "The Freak". On the edition of 19 April of Impact! Terry joined Team Hogan and teamed with Abyss, Jeff Jarrett and Samoa Joe to defeat Team Flair (Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm) in an eight-man tag team match. During this time, Terry was being built as an unstoppable monster and was asked and agreed to take an unprotected chair shot to the head during a match with Homicide. Several wrestling news outlets reported on the incident, which caused Terry to legitimately bleed heavily from the top of his head. Dave Meltzer of The Wrestling Observer Online called it "completely disgusting and unnecessary." Later, he started a feud with newcomer Orlando Jordan. After weeks of stalking Terry, Jordan debuted his new interview segment, "The O-Zone" on the edition of 3 May of Impact!, attacking Terry during the segment and beginning a feud. On the next edition of Impact! Jordan attacked Terry with a lead pipe as Terry was preparing to defend his title against Abyss. At Sacrifice Terry defeated Jordan to retain the Global Championship. On 20 June, Terry became the longest reigning Global Champion in history, beating Booker T's reign of 143 days as champion. On 13 July at the tapings of the edition of 22 July of Impact!, Terry lost the Global Championship to A.J. Styles, ending his reign at 167 days. Terry received a rematch for the title, now renamed the TNA Television Championship, on the edition of 5 August of Impact!, but was defeated by Styles after a low blow.

On the edition of 16 December of Impact!, Terry turned heel, costing Mr. Anderson and Matt Morgan their match against Jeff Hardy and Kazarian. The following week, he was recruited by Ric Flair to serve as the bodyguard of Fortune. On 13 February 2011 at Against All Odds, Terry wrestled his first pay-per-view match in seven months when he teamed with his Immortal stablemates Gunner and Murphy and faced James Storm, Robert Roode and Scott Steiner in a losing effort. Terry then began feuding with Steiner, attacking him on the edition of 24 February of Impact! during a posedown between the two. The following week, Steiner defeated Terry in a singles match to end the feud. Two weeks later, Terry was given an opportunity to regain the vacated TNA Television Championship in an all–Immortal three-way match, which also included Murphy and Gunner, who would ultimately go on to win the title. On the edition of 21 April of Impact!, Terry and Murphy unsuccessfully challenged Beer Money, Inc. for the TNA World Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. On the edition of 5 May of Impact!, Terry was kicked out of Immortal, despite defeating Murphy in a "Loser Leaves Immortal" match.

Teaming and feuding with Robbie E (2011–2013)

On the edition of 30 June of Impact Wrestling, Terry returned, as a face, for the first time since being exiled from Immortal to save his former British Invasion partners, Magnus and Douglas Williams, from a beatdown by Mexican America (Hernandez, Anarquia, Rosita, and Sarita). Terry made appearances beside Magnus and Williams for the next two weeks, after which his reunion with the two was abruptly forgotten. On the edition of 25 August of Impact Wrestling, Robbie E proposed Terry an alliance between two with Terry promising to think it over. At the tapings of the edition of 8 September of Impact Wrestling, Terry attacked Eric Young after his match with Robbie E, signifying a new alliance between the two and another heel turn for Terry. Terry's and Robbie's feud with Young eventually led to a tag team match on the edition of 10 November of Impact Wrestling, where Young teamed with Jersey Shore cast member Ronnie to defeat Terry and Robbie. On 16 December 2011, at AAA's Guerra de Titanes, as part of the TNA invasion storyline, Terry faced El Mesías in a match to earn a shot at the AAA World Heavyweight Championship, but was unsuccessful. In May 2012, Terry returned where he, along with Robbie E, began feuding with Devon over the TNA Television Championship, with each of them unsuccessfully him for the title in singles matches on Impact Wrestling and finally in a three-way match on 13 May at Sacrifice. The Robbies would continue their feud with Devon by attacking him during his title matches. On 10 June at Slammiversary, the Robbies were defeated by Devon and Garett Bischoff in a tag team match. While continuing to work for OVW, Terry also remained a regular on TNA's programming and on 25 October episode of Impact Wrestling, unsuccessfully challenged Samoa Joe for the TNA Television Championship. Going into 2013, tension began to be teased between the Robbies, with Terry constantly upstaging and defying Robbie E. On 28 February episode of Impact Wrestling, the alliance between the Robbies ended with Robbie E, who was pretending to reconcile with Terry, hitting him over the head with his VIP sign before being chased off by Terry. The rivalry culminated in a singles match on 10 March at Lockdown, where Terry emerged victorious. On the following episode of Impact Wrestling from Chicago, Illinois, Terry defeated Robbie E in a rematch to end the feud. On the edition of 2 May of Impact Wrestling Terry defeated Robbie E, Jesse and Joey Ryan in a 3 on 1 Handicap match. On 12 January 2013, Terry took part in Joker's Wild (which aired 3 May 2013), teaming with Matt Morgan in a first round victory over Joey Ryan and Al Snow. Later in the night during the main event $100,000-dollar battle royal, Terry entered 11 of 12 but was eliminated by Matt Morgan 8th of 11. On the edition of 13 June of Impact Wrestling, Terry competed in a four-way qualifying match for the Bound for Glory Series, against Matt Morgan, Kenny King and Magnus who ended up getting the victory.

Ohio Valley Wrestling (2012–2013)
On 6 December 2011, it was reported that Terry had been sent to TNA's new developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling. On 18 January 2012, Terry made his debut in OVW as a member of the heel stable The Mascagni Family by attacking Jason Wayne during his OVW Heavyweight Championship match with Rudy Switchblade, thereby disqualifying Switchblade and letting him retain his title. After the match ended, an irate and spent Jason Wayne reentered the ring and called out Terry for interfering in his match. Terry returned to the ring and defeated Wayne in a bonus match after a quick beatdown. On 22 February, Terry and Jessie Godderz defeated Jason Wayne and Shiloh Jonze for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship. The team's reign ended on 7 April, when Godderz and Rudy Switchblade, who was also recognised as part of the champions under "The Family Rule", were defeated by Anarquia and Raul LaMotta. After supposedly defeating stablemate Mohamad Ali Vaez on 21 April in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for the OVW Television Championship, and losing the title back to him four days later, Terry defeated Johnny Spade on 12 May at OVW's Saturday Night Special event to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship. Terry was stripped of the title on 27 June. On 1 December, Terry defeated Crimson to regain the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On 30 January 2013, Terry lost the title to Doug Williams. On 19 June 2013, Terry defeated Jay Bradley in a number one contenders match for the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On 6 July 2013, at the Saturday Night Special Terry was defeated by Jamin Olivencia in a match for the OVW Heavyweight Championship. Terry joined forces with Marcus Anthony winning the 2013 Nightmare Cup Tag Team Tournament and earning a shot for OVW Southern Tag Team Championships.

The Menagerie (2014–2015)
In April 2014, Terry made his return to TNA as part of Knux's new Menagerie stable, working under a mask and the ring name The Freak. On 3 July, episode of Impact Wrestling, The Menagerie (Knux and The Freak) unsuccessfully challenged The Wolves (Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards) in a three-way tag team match for the TNA World Tag Team Championships The BroMans (Jessie Godderz and DJ Z) were also included in the match. On 1 January 2015, Terry's profile was moved to TNA Alumni section and The Freak was removed from The Menagerie profile, confirming his departure from the company.

Wrestle-1 (2013–2014)
As part of a working relationship between TNA and Wrestle-1 it was announced on 6 November 2013, that Terry would be working a tour for the Japanese promotion between 16 November and 1 December. In their debut match for the promotion, Terry and fellow TNA worker Jay Bradley defeated Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo in a tag team match. Terry remained undefeated for the entire tour, teaming with Bradley to win tag team matches against the likes of Koji Kanemoto and Seiki Yoshioka, and Kanemoto and Minoru Tanaka, and finally defeating Bradley in three straight singles matches between 29 November and 1 December. Terry remained with Wrestle-1 over the new year and in January 2014, began working alongside the Wrestle-1 Seikigun against the heel stable Desperado. On 2 March, Terry took part in the big Kaisen: Outbreak event, which featured several wrestlers from TNA, teaming with Keiji Mutoh and Taiyō Kea to defeat Samoa Joe and Desperado members Masayuki Kono and René Duprée in a six-man tag team match. Post-match, Mutoh praised Terry, comparing him to a young Hulk Hogan.

Independent circuit (2014–2019)

On 9 August 2014, Terry made his debut for Britannia Wrestling Promotions defeating Babyfaced Pitbull to win the PWI:BWP World Catchweight Championship in Prestatyn, Wales, UK. He lost the title later that same day to Marc Morgan. On 12 December 2014 at Rock N Wrestle Promotion, Terry was defeated by TJ Rage in Inverness, Highland, Scotland, UK.

On 5 January 2015, at an event for German Wrestling Promotions, Terry was defeated by Absolute Andy for the GWP World Championship. On 25 September 2016, Terry made his debut for Diamond Stars Wrestling in Tokyo, Japan where he and Masakatsu Funaki unsuccessfully challenged The Iron Empire (Rob Conway and Matt Riviera) for the NWA World Tag Team Championships in a two out of three falls match. On 23 February 2017, Terry and Kazushi Miyamoto defeated The Iron Empire in Tokyo to become the new NWA World Tag Team Champions. on 17 June 2017 they would lose the titles to The Heatseekers. Rob Terry left professional wrestling to pursue his career into bodybuilding. He retired from wrestling in 2019.

Other media
On 10 November 2012, Terry, along with several other TNA workers, was featured in an episode of MTV's Made.

Championships and accomplishments

Britannia Wrestling Promotions
PWI:BWP World Catchweight Championship (1 time)
Full Throttle Pro Wrestling
FTPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Deimos
Go Wrestle
GW Powerweight Championship (2 times)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kazushi Miyamoto
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
OVW Television Championship (1 time)
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time)1 – with Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade
Nightmare Cup Tag Team Tournament (2013) – with Marcus Anthony
Eighth OVW Triple Crown Champion
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #67 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA Global Championship (1 time)
Feast or Fired (2009 – X Division Championship contract)2

1Terry defended the title with either Godderz or Switchblade under The Freebird Rule.
2Terry was forced to give the contract to his teammate Doug Williams.

References

External links

 Wrestle-1 profile
 Online World of Wrestling profile
 Rob Terry on Myspace
 Gerweck profile

1980 births
21st-century professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Swansea
Welsh expatriates in the United States
Welsh male professional wrestlers
TNA Television Champions
OVW Heavyweight Champions
NWA World Tag Team Champions