Jean-Baptiste Monge (born June 11, 1971 in Nantes) is a French fantasy author and illustrator. He lives presently in Canada, in a small town, north of Montreal.

Biography

Jean-Baptiste Monge issued his first illustrated book Halloween in 1996, in collaboration with Erlé Ferronnière with whom he worked for 10 years; the book has been published by Avis de tempête, further renamed Au Bord des Continents.

In 2004, Jean-Baptiste Monge and Erlé Ferronnière agreed to end their collaboration, each willing to go it alone.

In 2006, he issued his first solo book, Carnet de croquis, archives de Féerie Tome I, illustration, texts and layout.

In October 2007, he attended FaeriCon ‘07 in Philadelphia (USA) in order to get contacts for the publication in the United States of  A la recherche de Féerie Tomes I and II, Carnet de croquis as well as Celtic Faeries.

In 2007 and 2008, he worked for the collective books L'Univers des Dragons published by Galerie Daniel Maghen.

In October 2008, during the Utopiales, 9th edition of the International Science-Fiction Festival (Nantes 2008-10-29 to 2008-11-02), he received the Wojtek Siudmak Award 2008 for the cover illustration of Comptines assassines, Pierre Dubois's book published by Hoebeke.

The jury of Spectrum 16 (Kansas City 2009-03-02) has given special recognition for superior achievement to artists in each of eight categories. Silver Award for Book Illustration has been given to Jean-Baptiste Monge. The jury consisted of Kevin Brimmer [artist/art director Muller Bressler Brown], David Dorman [artist], Donato Giancola [artist/instructor School of Visual Arts], Steven Sanders [artist], and Robert Self [publisher: Baby Tattoo Books].

He was presented the Art&fact Award 2009 for his entire work by James Gurney (Dinotopia) during the Utopiales, 10th edition of the International Science-Fiction Festival (Nantes 2009-10-28 to 2009-11-01).

The jury of Spectrum 19 (Kansas City 2009-05-19) has given to Jean-Baptiste Monge the Silver Award for Book Illustration and the Golden Award for Editorial. The jury consisted of Peter de Sève [artist], Jeremy Cranford [Sr. Art Manager/Blizzard Entertainment], Dawn Rivera-Ernster [Director: Talent Development & Recruitment Walt Disney Animation Studios], Scott Gustafson [artist], and Jon Schindehette [Senior Creative Director Wizards of the Coast].

Monge has his own publishing company, Goblin's WAY.

Illustration works
 Halloween (1997), with Erlé Ferronnière.
 Baltimore & Redingote (1999), with Pascal Moguérou (texts).
 À la Recherche de Féerie tome I (2002), with Erlé Ferronnière.
 À la Recherche de Féerie tome II (2004), with Erlé Ferronnière.
 Carnet de croquis, archives de Féerie Tome I (2006).
 Celtic Faeries (2007), prefaced by Pierre Dubois.
 L'Univers des Dragons, Premiers Feux (2007), collective work, contribution for texts and illustrations.
 Carnet de croquis, archives de Féerie Tome II (2008), new images of Féerie along with unpublished works on Heroic Fantasy.
 Best of Faeries (2008), portfolio including 15 images (format 30x40cm) ready for framing (5 never before published), selected among his best illustrations.
 L'Univers des Dragons, Deuxième souffle (2008), collective work, contribution for illustrations.

Awards
 Wojtek Siudmak Award 2008 (UTOPIALES 09).
 Silver Award 2009 (SPECTRUM 16), for book illustration : Dunlee Darnan (front cover of ‘’Celtic Faeries").
 Art&Fact Award 2009 (UTOPIALES 10).
 Silver Award 2012 (SPECTRUM 19), for book illustration : Ragnarok (published in l'Univers des Dragons, Premiers Feux).
 Golden Award 2012 (SPECTRUM 19), for editorial : Mic Mac Cormac(published in Best of Faeries).

References

External links
 Official Site Jean-Baptiste Monge
 Spectrum Fantastic Art
 Au Bord des Continents
 Galerie Daniel Maghen
 Utopiales 2009

Fantasy artists
French illustrators
French children's book illustrators
French speculative fiction artists
20th-century illustrators of fairy tales
21st-century illustrators of fairy tales
Living people
1971 births


OnLive was a provider of cloud virtualization technologies based in Mountain View, California. OnLive's flagship product was its cloud gaming service, which allowed subscribers to rent or demo computer games without installing them. Games were delivered as streaming video rendered by the service's servers, rather than running on the local device. This setup allowed the games to run on computers and devices that would normally be unable to run them due to insufficient hardware. OnLive also enabled other features such as the ability for players to record gameplay and to spectate.

The service was available through clients for personal computers and mobile devices, as well as through smart TVs and a dedicated video game console-styled device known as the OnLive Game System. OnLive also expanded into the cloud desktop market with a sister product, OnLive Desktop—a subscription service offering a cloud-based instance of Windows Server 2008 R2 accessible via tablets.

The OnLive service received a mixed reception. Reviewers noted that the video quality and amount of input lag depended on the Internet connection and varied on a game-by-game basis. Games featuring fast movement or requiring fast reactions could be frustrating to play. On the other hand, the service received accolades for its built-in spectator mode and its ability to trial games without installing them.

On April 2, 2015, it was announced that Sony Computer Entertainment (now known as Sony Interactive Entertainment) had acquired OnLive's patents, and that all OnLive services would be discontinued on April 30, 2015. Sony operated PlayStation Now, a similar service built using the infrastructure of Gaikai, a former competitor to OnLive, until it was merged with PS Plus in 2022.

Gaming platform

The game service was available via the OnLive Game System and a number of different device categories:

 Windows PCs: PCs running Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8
 Apple Macintosh: Intel-based Macs running Mac OS X 10.6 or later.
 Smartphones: Android smartphones running Android 3.2 or later.
 Tablets: Android tablets running Android 3.2 or later. The OnLive Android player app was released to the Android Market on December 7, 2011.
 Gaming-centric tablet devices: Wikipad, Nvidia Shield, Nvidia Shield Tablet.
 Android TV: OnLive announced that the OnLive Game Service will be pre-installed on Philips' new line of Android-based smart TVs. OnLive is also compatible with various Android set-top boxes for TVs (MadCatz M.O.J.O.).
 Connected TVs: OnLive announced that the OnLive Game Service will be integrated into new VIZIO VIA Plus TVs along with LG TVs and GoogleTV.
 Internet connected media players: Amazon's Fire TV and Fire TV Stick, VIZIO Co-Star, and VIZIO's line of VIA Blu-ray players.

A web browser based demo service was also available for Windows PCs and Intel-based Macs running Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later enabling trials of games to be played without the need to download the OnLive Client.

Network requirements:
 The service required a 2 Mbit/s Internet connection (5 Mbit/s or higher recommended) with low latency.
 OnLive initially required a wired connection. On September 15, 2010 beta Wi-Fi support was made available to all members.

OnLive Game System
The OnLive Game System consisted of an OnLive Wireless Controller and a console, called the "MicroConsole TV Adapter", that could be connected to a television and directly to the OnLive service, so it was possible to use the service without a computer. It came with the accessories needed to connect the equipment, and composite video users could purchase an additional optional cable. The MicroConsole supported up to four wireless controllers and multiple Bluetooth headsets. It also had two USB ports for game controllers, keyboards, mice, and USB hubs. For video and audio output it provided component, HDMI, TOSLINK ports, and an analog stereo minijack. An Ethernet port was used for network access, which was required to access the OnLive service. Pre-orders for the OnLive Game System began to be taken on November 17, 2010.

PlayPack flat-rate plan
OnLive confirmed the details of its PlayPack flat-rate payment plan on December 2, 2010. With this option players pay a monthly fee for unlimited access to "recent, classic and indie titles" in the OnLive library, which includes new releases. PlayPack subscribers also receive a 30% off discount toward purchase of OnLive merchandise excluding PlayPack membership fees. This discount can be applied to sale items, OnLive wireless controllers, and the OnLive Game System.

Desktop service
On January 10, at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show, OnLive announced "OnLive Desktop". OnLive Desktop used desktop virtualization technology to create a remotely hosted Windows Server 2008 desktop environment.

On March 12, 2012, Microsoft told OnLive that its OnLive Desktop service was a violation of the Windows 7 license agreement, and threatened legal action, contending that the license agreement did not permit the use of Windows 7 as a hosted client, nor for Office to be provided as a service on Windows 7 since this would be only allowed using Windows Server and Terminal Services. On April 7, 2012, it was discovered that the OnLive Desktop Service had changed and had begun to use Windows Server 2008, bringing it into license compliance.

Architecture
In the U.S., OnLive was hosted in five co-located North American data centers. There were facilities in Santa Clara, California and Virginia, with additional facilities in Dallas, Texas, as well as Illinois, and Georgia. OnLive stated that users must be located within  of one of these to receive high-quality service.

The hardware used was a custom setup consisting of OnLive's proprietary video compression chip as well as standard PC CPU and GPU chips. For older, or lower-performance, games such as Lego Batman, multiple instances could be played on each server using virtualization technology. High-end games such as Assassin's Creed II required one GPU per game. Two video streams are created for each game. One (the live stream) is optimised for gameplay and real-world Internet conditions, while the other (the media stream) was a full HD stream that was server-side and used for spectators or for gamers to record videos of their gameplay.

International availability
The service was launched in the United Kingdom on September 22, 2011 in partnership with British Telecom as a bundled service with their broadband packages. The company planned to make its service available in the rest of Europe as well.

History
OnLive was announced at the Game Developers Conference in 2009. The service was originally planned for release in the winter of 2009. OnLive's original investors include Warner Bros., Autodesk and Maverick Capital. A later round of financing included AT&T Media Holdings, Inc. and Lauder Partners as well as the original investors. In May 2010, it was announced that British Telecom and Belgacom invested in and partnered with OnLive.

On March 10, 2010, OnLive announced the OnLive Game Service would launch on June 17, 2010, in the US, and the monthly service fee would be US$14.95. At launch the membership option available was through AT&T's Founding Members promotion, which provides the service for free for the first year and US$4.95 per month for the optional following year. On October 4, 2010, OnLive announced that there would no longer be any subscription fees for the service. On March 11, 2010, OnLive CEO Steve Perlman announced the OnLive Game Portal, a free way to access OnLive games for rental and demos, but without the social features of the Game Service. It was stated that it would roll out later in 2010 after the OnLive Game Service launch. The OnLive Game Service was launched in the United States on June 17, 2010. Shortly afterwards, on December 10 Onlive was awarded a patent for cloud gaming The US Patent Office. The service was launched in the United Kingdom on September 22, 2011. On January 10 at the 2012 Consumer Electronics Show, OnLive announced "OnLive Desktop". OnLive Desktop used virtualization technology to create a remotely hosted Windows 7 desktop.

Layoffs and buyout
On August 17, 2012 the company laid off all of its employees. OnLive entered into a proceeding known as an "Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors", wherein OnLive shareholders lost their stakes in the company. OnLive then sold off its assets and started a new company, also called OnLive. On August 20, 2012 the company officially revealed Lauder Partners as the buyer. On August 27, 2012, founder Steve Perlman stepped down as CEO, Gary Lauder became Chairman, and Charlie Jablonski, former VP of Operations, was appointed COO and acting CEO. It was revealed in October of that year that OnLive was sold for only $4.8 million. For a company that analysts once estimated was worth approximately $1.8 billion, there was some surprise at the low figure for which the company was sold. Some analysts speculated that the true value of the patents held by the company was potentially in the hundreds of millions of dollars, but that the firm's poor bargaining position led to the cheap sale.

Relaunch
In March 2014 the company hired a new CEO, Mark Jung and released a new gaming service, CloudLift. Cloudlift links to selected titles in a player's game library and allows the player resume gameplay on another device.

Sale to Sony and Shut down
On April 3, 2015, OnLive announced it had sold most of its assets to Sony Computer Entertainment and would be shutting down all services on April 30, 2015.

Reception

Pre-launch
Soon after the company's announcement at GDC 2009, there was skepticism expressed by game journalists. They were concerned about how the OnLive service might work and what the quality of the service might be. Both in terms of the hardware required in OnLive server centers to render and compress the video, as well as the impact of commercial Internet broadband connections on its delivery. During GDC 2009, which was held in San Francisco, the OnLive service was  from its Santa Clara data center. The closed beta had "hundreds of users on the system". Near E3 in 2009, which is approximately  away from their data center, OnLive demonstrated their service performed well with a consumer cable modem and Internet connection. Matt Peckham from PC World stated in his blog that it might be technically difficult to transfer the amount of data that a high definition game would require. He stated he believed OnLive customers would need a broadband line with "guaranteed, non-shared, uninterruptible speed", but "broadband isn't there yet, nor are ISPs willing to offer performance guarantees". He also mentioned his concerns that the mod community would be unable to create and offer mods since all game data will be stored on the OnLive servers, and that games played on OnLive might not be "owned" by the user, and thus if OnLive were to go under, all the user's games would be inaccessible.

Cevat Yerli, the CEO of Crytek, had researched a method for streaming games but concluded that Crytek's approach would not be viable until 2013 "at earliest". Yerli made it clear Crytek was not directly involved with the OnLive service, and Yerli had no personal experience using the service. Rather, Electronic Arts, the publisher of Crytek's Crysis Warhead, had partnered with OnLive and had tested and endorsed the OnLive technology. Yerli stated:

Eurogamer's Digital Foundry was amongst the most harshly skeptical in an article published upon OnLive's unveiling and public demonstration entitled, "GDC: Why OnLive Can't Possibly Work" by Digital Foundry's Richard Leadbetter. The article's analysis characterized OnLive as a faked demo that was technically impossible to accomplish over a consumer Internet connection.

Post-launch
After the launch of the service in the United States, favorable reviews by game journalists stated that the service performed well, and they looked forward to the service improving over time. Hiawatha Bray of The Boston Globe stated, "It felt exactly as if I had installed the software on my local computer." Chris Holt of Macworld, in his review of Assassin's Creed II on OnLive using his Mac, wrote that he looks forward to future higher resolution improvements that are already promised, he "never encountered any frame rate issues," and "the game is on the whole every bit as immersive, rewarding, and free as the console version." Dan Ackerman of CNET wrote that, "OnLive was an overall very impressive experience, and several minds around the CNET offices were officially blown – a difficult task among this jaded bunch."

In examining latency, Eurogamer's Digital Foundry initial test found that in some of their test scenarios, users of OnLive could expect 150ms of latency over a consumer Internet connection; however, they also noted inconsistencies, in that some games had higher latency, and that this would also depend on the quality of the customer's internet connection. Furthermore, they also noted that while acceptable, these values ran contrary to figures suggested by OnLive before release of lag "being under 80ms" and "usually... between 35-40ms". In their later full-feature article on OnLive, Digital Foundry noted that "during intense gameplay, OnLive is hovering right at the boundary of what is acceptable lag and often exceeds it, resulting in a variable, often unsatisfactory experience", but that "the latency level is probably the most pleasant surprise with this system. Let's be clear: it is most definitely not a replacement for the local experience, but if the system can be tightened up and that 150ms becomes the norm, then it's clear there is potential here for the infrastructure to find a home with certain types of game or certain types of player".

In terms of video quality, Digital Foundry noted that video compression meant image quality also varied depending on the title. Games with a lower number of frame-to-frame differences, or games where such changes were less important, such as Assassin's Creed II or Batman: Arkham Asylum fared well, with these games being "strongly suited to video compression" and "cut-scenes in particular can look very good". However, games that had a greater amount of motion or relied on fast reactions, such as Colin McRae: Dirt, Dirt 3 or Unreal Tournament 3 fared less well, with questions about the playability of the latter when video compression artifacts were taken into account. Digital Foundry felt that the quality of rendering was mostly good, with high frame rates, but with less consistency than console counterparts and with screen-tearing in some scenarios.

Gaming Examiner judged that the graphics were like "playing a PlayStation 3 on a 480p standard [definition] TV", that they thought that they experienced much lower framerates than expected, and that the controller was not working reliably.

After the launch in United Kingdom, Computer and Video Games remarked that, after one month of use, the service was "working" and was adequate for trying or renting a game, but that it was not a substitute for owning a game on another platform due to the limitations imposed by internet connections (lag, freezing and smeary visuals, as well as high data usage for those on capped connections).

References

External links

American companies established in 2010
Cloud gaming services
Cloud gaming companies
Microconsoles
Eighth-generation video game consoles
Computer-related introductions in 2010
2010 establishments in California


Koo Kam (Thai: คู่กรรม) is a Thai novel written by Thommayanti. It was adapted into a 1996 film, Sunset at Chaopraya, and a 2013 remake that shared the same name.

Plot summary

Set in 1939, the early days of World War II in Thailand, the novel opens with Angsumalin meeting one last time with her childhood friend, a young Thai man named Vanus. He is leaving for England for his studies and hopes that Angsumalin will wait for him and marry him when he returns.

Shortly thereafter, Thailand is invaded by Japanese military forces. In Thonburi, opposite Bangkok on the Chaophraya River, the Imperial Japanese Navy establishes itself at a base. The forces there are led by Kobori, an idealistic young navy lieutenant. One day he sees Angsumalin swimming in the river and falls for her. She, being a proudly nationalistic Thai woman, despises him because he is a foreigner.

Nonetheless, Kobori persists at seeing her and a courtship develops. Angsumalin found that Kobori is a real nice gentleman and start falling for him but she kept her feelings in secret because of the war.

Then, for political reasons, Angsumalin's father – who is a leader in the Free Thai Movement, insists that she marry Kobori. Understanding that Angsumalin is not marrying him out of love, Kobori promises not to touch her, but he breaks that vow after the wedding.

Despite this, Angsumalin develops tender feelings for Kobori, but is still torn by her feelings for her nation and feel guilty to Vanus, who returns to set in motion a conflict between the two men.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
 Koo Gum (1973) – Starring Nard Poowanai as Kobori
 Koo Gum (1988) – Starring Waruth Woratum as Kobori and Chintara Sukapatana as Angsumalin (Hideko) – is the author's favourite version of Koo Gum, the review mentioned this is the best version of Koo Gum that have ever been made
 Koo Gum (1990) – 26 episode TV series on Channel 7 starring Kwang Komoltithi as Angsumalin and Thongchai McIntyre as Kobori, regarded as the most successful TV series in the Thai entertainment industry history, because it received a high rating of 40, which is the highest record to date.
 Sunset at Chaopraya (1996) – Starring Thongchai McIntyre as Kobori and Apasiri Nitibhon as Angsumalin
 Koo Gum - The Musical (2003) – Starring Ozeki Seigi as Kobori and Teeranai Na Nongkai as Angsumalin. Seigi was the only Japanese actor who played Kobori.
 Koo Gum (2004) – 12 episode TV series on Channel 3 starring Benz Pornchita as Angsumalin and Num Sornram as Kobori
 Koo Gum 2 (2004) – A sequel showing the journey of Kobori and Angsumalin's son
 Sunset at Chaophraya (2013) – 24 episode TV series on Channel 5 Starring Sukrit Wisetkaew (Bie the Star) as Kobori and Noona Nuengtida as Angsumalin
 Sunset at Chaopraya (2013) – Starring Nadech Kugimiya as Kobori and Oranate D.Caballes as Angsumalin

References

External links
 Koo Gum (1988)
 Sunset at Chaophraya (2013)
 Koo Gum (2013)
Novels by Thommayanti
Novels set in Thailand
Novels set in the 1930s
History of Thailand in fiction
Thai romance novels
Novels set during World War II
Historical romance novels


Phalasia is a village in Rajasthan, India, approximately 80 kilometers from Udaipur.
The main places to visit in Phalasia  are Lapni saat, Nagmala Talab.

The people of Phalasia village are very religious.
Some of famous temples in phalasia -
1. Shree 1008 Padamprabhu Jain Mandir
2. Ambey mata mandir
3. Paaleshwar Mahadev
4. Sheetala mataji Mandir
5. Thakurji mandir
6. Vijasan Mataji

The main source of income here is farming.

The tehsil headquarter is Jhadol .

As of 2009, the population is estimated to be 5000.

Phalasia Pin Code

References

Villages in Udaipur district


SARIA Bio-Industries AG & Co. KG is a company group based in Selm (Westphalia / Germany) and active throughout Europe. The company acts as a service provider for agricultural and food sectors (with emphasis on recycling waste from meat and food industries), as a producer of new forms of energy, and as a manufacturer of products for human consumption, pet food, aquaculture, oleochemistry and agriculture. SARIA is one of the largest companies of its kind in Europe and is owned by family-run Rethmann Group.

History
RETHMANN first became active in the field of recycling animal by-products when it took over the firm "Gebr. Schaap" in Marl, Germany in 1977. SARIA Bio-Industries AG & Co. KG was then founded in 1998 as an independent division of the RETHMANN Group. The new company united all of the Group's activities within the product and service segments that had previously been run by a number of companies including RETHMANN TBA GmbH & Co. KG.

Processing plants were already being operated at the time of the company's foundation in:
 Germany (7 plants)
 Austria (1 plant)
 Czech Republic (1 plant)
 France (10 plants, previously Soporga and SFM)
 Spain (1 plant)
 Poland (1 plant)

Since 1998, the company has been steadily growing in size by expanding into new areas, extending existing processing plants, and by taking over existing companies operating in the same sector of business. A milestone in the company's history was, for example, when it put Germany's first ever plant into operation in 2001 to produce biodiesel from animal fat. This plant is located in Malchin, Germany. Further plants have followed, with vegetable oils now also being used to produce biofuels.

De Mulder Group Acquisition
In 2011 the group acquired a controlling 51% interest in Prosper De Mulder Group, the UK's largest company associated with animal by-products. Members of the founder's family controlled the remaining share. In February 2016, SARIA purchased the remaining 49% of shares from the De Mulder Family.

Company structure
SARIA's individual national controlling companies operate under the umbrella of SARIA Bio-Industries AG & Co. KG, which is based in Selm, Germany. SARIA is active in the following countries:

Germany
 France
 Poland
 Czech Republic
 Spain
 Austria
 Hungary
 Belarus
 Lithuania
 Russia
 United Kingdom

Locations
Around 11,000 employees work at the company's approx. 200 sites which are located in 26 countries worldwide.

References

Bioenergy companies
Companies based in North Rhine-Westphalia
Food and drink companies of Germany
Waste management companies of Germany


is a high rise apartment building, situated at 1-1-36 Tamagawa, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan.

This building was once highest in Fukushima ward, when constructed on 1998. Also is face to Dōjima River and Dōjima Ōhashi bridge.

Access
 on the Keihan Nakanoshima Line is next to the building.

See also
Osaka
Nakanoshima
Shimo-fukushima Park  : public park and sports centre next to this building

Skyscrapers in Osaka
Fukushima-ku, Osaka
Residential skyscrapers in Japan
Residential buildings completed in 1998
1998 establishments in Japan


Henry Pelham (c.1694 – 2 June 1725) was a British landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1715 to 1725.

Pelham was the eldest son of Henry Pelham and his wife Frances Byne, daughter of John Byne of Rowdell, Sussex.

Pelham was the first cousin of the Duke of Newcastle, who brought him in to stand for Hastings at the 1715 election shortly after Henry reached his majority. Newcastle's ownership of Hastings Castle and the lordship and Rape of Hastings gave him considerable local influence; the borough's corporation asked him to recommend one candidate, while the incumbent members, the independent Whig Archibald Hutcheson and the Tory Sir Joseph Martin also stood.  Pelham was returned at the top of the poll, and Hutcheson, who enjoyed both a personal interest in town and the support of Lord Ashburnham and the Duke of Marlborough, finished nearly as strongly, while Martin was defeated with less than half of Hutcheson's votes.

Pelham was a reliable Government supporter, although he absented himself from the Peerage Bill debates in 1719. He voted with the government in favor of the Septennial Act 1716, despite a petition from the corporation against it. He was brought in for Lewes in 1722 on the Newcastle interest, and died three years later of tuberculosis.

Pelham succeeded his father in 1721, inheriting Stanmer Park near Lewes, Sussex. He commissioned French architect Nicholas Dubois to remodel the mansion house in 1722, although it would not be completed until after his death, when the estate had passed to his younger brother Thomas.

References

1690s births
1725 deaths
18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Whig (British political party) MPs
British MPs 1715–1722
British MPs 1722–1727
Henry
Tuberculosis deaths in England


Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Walter de Gruyter. It covers research on fractional calculus, special functions, integral transforms, and some closely related areas of applied analysis.

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Zentralblatt MATH, and Mathematical Reviews.

The journal's Founding Editors were Professors Eric Love, Ian Sneddon, Bogoljub Stanković, Rudolf Gorenflo, Danuta Przeworska-Rolewicz, Gary Roach, Anatoly Kilbas, and Wen Chen.

References

External links

Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1998
Quarterly journals
De Gruyter academic journals
English-language journals


hOCR is an open standard of data representation for formatted text obtained from optical character recognition (OCR). The definition encodes text, style, layout information, recognition confidence metrics and other information using Extensible Markup Language (XML) in the form of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or XHTML.

Software
The following OCR software can output the recognition result as hOCR file:
 OCRopus
 Tesseract
 Cuneiform
 HebOCR
gcv2hocr

Example
The following example is an extract of an hOCR file:

...

    Die
    Darlehenssumme
    ist
    in
    ihrem
    ursprünglichen
    Umfange
    zu
    ver-

  ...

The recognized text is stored in normal text nodes of the HTML file.
The distribution into separate lines and words is here given by the
surrounding span tags. Moreover, the usual HTML entities are used,
for example the p tag for a paragraph. Additional information is
given in the properties such as:
 different layout elements such as "ocr_par", "ocr_line", "ocrx_word"
 geometric information for each element with a bounding box "bbox"
 language information "lang"
 some confidence values "x_wconf"

hOCR Docs

Visit the hOCR Specification to view in depth about hOCR.

bbox

General
The Layout of the Bounding Box Object or bbox Object is Grammar.

 property-name = "bbox"
 property-value = uint uint uint uint

Example
 bbox 0 0 100 200
The bbox - short for "bounding box" - of an element is a rectangular box around this element, which is defined by the upper-left corner (x0, y0) and the lower-right corner (x1, y1).

the values are with reference to the top-left corner of the document image and measured in pixels

the order of the values are x0 y0 x1 y1 = "left top right bottom"

Usage
 Use x_bboxes below for character bounding boxes
Do not use bbox unless the bounding box of the layout component is, in fact, rectangular, some non-rectangular layout components may have rectangular bounding boxes if the non-rectangularity is caused by floating elements around which text flows.
 ...

 The bounding box bbox of this line is shown in blue and it is span by the upper-left corner (10, 20) and the lower-right corner (160, 30). All coordinates are measured with reference to the top-left corner of the document image which border is drawn in black.

Searchable PDF Files
The hOCR format is most commonly used in order to make searchable PDF files or as an extracted metadata of the PDF file. In order to create searchable PDF files we can use a scanned document image and a .hocr file of the particular image. We can use the following open source tools in order to achieve that.

hocr-tools
hocr-tools is an open source library written in Python that supports both Python 2.x Versions and Python 3.x Versions. It has a command line utility attached in the scripts called hocr-pdf  that enables us to convert standard hocr files to a searchable pdf file. It is also worth noting that the version for dealing with hocr files in RTL or non-Latin scripts like Arabic, we need to use the GitHub Repo at the moment.

hocr-pdf

We can use the hocr-pdf utility using the following basic syntax.
 hocr-pdf—savefile final.pdf folder_images_and_hocr
The folder_images_and_hocr must contain the respective .jpg and .hocr format files with their file extensions changed.

Known Issues
Some of the known issues of hocr-pdf script in PyPI installation are the following.

 Not up to date with GitHub Repository.
 hocr-pdf is broken on line 134 due to decodebytes() depreciated after Python 3.1

Known Fixes
Compile hocr-tools using latest GitHub Repository.

hocr2pdf
hocr2pdf is another library that supports the conversion of hocr files. It is written in C++ and is cross-compatible with other libraries. It also has support for utf-8 languages but that may require some additional debugging and browsing through some google conversation records to achieve that.

According to Ubuntu Manpages,ExactImage is a fast C++ image processing library. Unlike many other library frameworks it allows operation in several color spaces and bit depths natively, resulting in low memory and computational requirements. hocr2pdf creates well layouted, searchable PDF files from hOCR (annotated HTML) input obtained from an OCR system.

hOCR to PDF Attempts
In addition to the following discussed and stable libraries there have been many contributions to the hOCR formant over the years with support from many of the early adopters of this format. You can get access to inlaying text on an Image with hOCR and converting that in a PDF file using Python2 with this 12 Year old script as of 2021. This script can also be updated and made functional by converting that Python 2 Source code to Python 3 Supported Context.

- HOCRConverter by jbrinley (Documentation)

HOCRConverter
The HOCRConverter is a script written in Python 2.x that can used in order to convert a hOCR file with a specified image file in order to convert it to a searchable pdf file. You can see the documentation using the link above.
 from HocrConverter import HocrConverter

 hocr = HocrConverter("myHocrFile.html") # this can be done by changing .hocr to .html and vise-versa

 hocr.to_text("output.txt")

 hocr.to_pdf("myImageFile.png", "output.pdf")

Known Issues

 Has not been tested.
 Does not natively support Python 3.x

See also
 ALTO (XML)—another OCR data representation format

References

External links
 specification of current version (1.2 as of February 2021)

Optical character recognition
Microformats


Havelock Town is a neighbourhood of Colombo, Sri Lanka, part of an area zoned as Colombo 5. It is located approximately 6 kilometres south of Fort, the central business district of Colombo. Havelock City, a mixed-used development in Havelock Town is to be the largest property development in Sri Lanka incorporating residential and commercial facilities.

It is named after Arthur Havelock who served as the British governor of Ceylon from 1890 to 1895.

Schools
 Hindu College
 Isipathana College
 Lumbini Vidyalaya
 Royal Institute
 Wesley College, Colombo Primary School
 Royal Institute International School
 St.Peter's College
 Hindu College
 Ramanathan Hindu Ladies College

Diplomatic missions

 Honorary Consulate of Serbia
 Embassy of Italy
 Embassy of Cuba
 Honorary Consulate General of Sweden
 Honorary Consulate of Ukraine

Places of interest
 Isipathanaramaya Temple
 Edward Henry Pedris Grounds (Havelock Grounds)
 Edward Henry Pedris Children's Library
 Edward Henry Pedris Park

References

Populated places in Western Province, Sri Lanka


Rumi (1207–1273) was a Persian poet, Islamic scholar, and Sufi mystic.

Rumi may also refer to:
 Rumi, (literally "Roman") any person, non-Muslim or Muslim, such as the Muslim Sufi poet Rumi, who was from the lands of Rûm (literally "Romans" or "Rome") —traditionally divided into Rumelia and Anatolia— during most of the Rum-Seljuk and Ottoman times. Also used as an adjective denoting anything relating to these people.
 al-Rumi or Rumi, people with a nisba (surname) derived from the historical region(s) of the Rum
 Rumi (given name), a Japanese given name
Shafi Imam Rumi, a guerrilla fighter of the Bangladesh Liberation War
 Rumi (opera), a Persian-language opera by Behzad Abdi
 Rumi calendar, a calendar used by the Ottoman Empire
 Rumi cheese - a hard cheese from cows' milk, or from a mixture of cow and buffalo milk, produced in Egypt
 Rumi Numeral System, used in North Africa and Iberia between the 10th and 17th centuries
 Rumi script, the Malay alphabet

See also
 Rûm


The Nehru–Gandhi family is an Indian political family that has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India. The involvement of the family has traditionally revolved around the Indian National Congress, as various members have traditionally led the party. Three members of the family—Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi—have served as the prime minister of India, while several others have been members of parliament (MP).

The Guardian wrote in 2007, "The Nehru brand has no peer in the world—a member of the family has been in charge of India for 40 of the 60 years since independence. The allure of India's first family blends the right to rule of British monarchy with the tragic glamour of America's Kennedy clan."

The Gandhi surname came from Feroze Gandhi, a politician of Gujarati Parsi ancestry, who  after joining the independence movement, changed the spelling of his surname from Ghandy to Gandhi, to match that of Mahatma Gandhi despite not being related familially. Indira Priyadarshini Nehru, daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, married Feroze Gandhi in 1942 and adopted his surname.

Family trees

Earliest record

Raj Kaul (late 1600s to early 1700s) a Kashmiri Pandit. He is the earliest recorded ancestor of the Nehru family. He is believed to have moved from Kashmir to Delhi in 1716 AD. A Jagir with a house situated on the banks of a canal was granted to Raj Kaul, and, from the fact of this residence, 'Nehru' (from Nahar, a canal) came to be attached to his name. Kaul was the original family name; this changed to Kaul-Nehru; and, in later years, Kaul was dropped out and the family name became only "Nehru".
During the early part of the 19th century, Gangadhar Nehru’s father, Lakshmi Narayan Nehru, worked as a clerk in Delhi for the East India Company. Lakshmi Narayan Nehru was the son of Mansa Ram Nehru who was the son Vishwanath Kaul Nehru who in turn was the son of Raj Kaul.

First generation
 Gangadhar Nehru (1827–1861), a direct descendant of Raj Kaul. He was the last Kotwal of Delhi (equivalent to Chief of Police), prior to the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was the father of freedom fighter Motilal Nehru and grandfather of Jawaharlal Nehru who was the first prime minister of India, thus part of the Nehru family.

Second generation
Bansi Dhar Nehru, Gangadhar's eldest son. He worked in the judicial department of the British Government and, after being appointed successively to various places, was partly cut off from the rest of the family.
Nandlal Nehru (1845–1887), older brother of Motilal Nehru. He was the Diwan (prime minister) of the princely state of Khetri in Rajputana.
Motilal Nehru (1861–1931), patriarch of Nehru–Gandhi family. He was a lawyer and a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement. He also served as the president of Congress twice, 1919–1920 and 1928–1929.
Swarup Rani Nehru (1868–1938), played a prominent role in India's freedom movement in the 1920s–30s as an advocate of civil disobedience against the British Raj and its salt laws.

Third generation

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964), son of Motilal Nehru. He was the first prime minister of India and was one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement. He had succeeded his father as president of the Congress in 1929.
Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1900–1990), eldest daughter of Motilal Nehru. She was an Indian diplomat and politician who later became the president of the United Nations General Assembly. Married Ranjit Sitaram Pandit in 1921.
Krishna Nehru Hutheesing (1907–1967) was an Indian writer, the youngest sister of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and part of the Nehru–Gandhi family.
Kamala Nehru (1899–1936), wife of Jawaharlal Nehru. She was a prominent social reformer and was an active member of the All India Congress Committee.
Brijlal Nehru (1884–1964), son of Nandlal Nehru and a nephew of Motilal Nehru. He was the Finance Minister of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir during the rule of Maharaja Hari Singh.
Rameshwari Nehru (1886–1966), wife of Brij Lal Nehru. She was a journalist and social worker who co-founded All India Women's Conference
Uma Nehru (1884-1963) was an Indian independence activist and politician. She married Shamlal Nehru, cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru.

Fourth generation
Indira Gandhi (1917–1984), only daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru. She became the first woman prime minister of India.
Feroze Gandhi (1912–1960), husband of Indira. He was a politician and journalist.
Braj Kumar Nehru (1909–2001), son of Brijlal Nehru. He served as the Indian diplomat and ambassador to the United States and as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He later served as Governor of several Indian states and was an adviser to his cousin Indira Gandhi.
Magdolna Nehru (1908–2017), nicknamed Fori, wife of Braj Kumar Nehru.
Balwant Kumar Nehru (1916–1996), son of Brijlal Nehru and brother of Braj Kumar Nehru. Engineer and corporate manager who rose to become the deputy chairman of ITC and the president of the All-India Management Association.
Sarup Nehru, wife of Balwant Kumar Nehru.
Harsha Hutheesing (1935–1991) and Ajit Hutheesing (1936–2017), sons of Krishna Nehru Hutheesing and Raja Hutheesing
Chandralekha Mehta, the eldest of the three daughters born to Jawaharlal Nehru's sister, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Nayantara Sahgal (born 10 May 1927), the second of the three daughters born to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Rita Dar, the youngest of the three daughters born to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
Ratan Kumar Nehru (1902–1981), civil servant and diplomat, son of Mohanlal Nehru, grandson of Nandlal Nehru.
Shyam Kumari Khan (1904-1980), daughter of Uma Nehru she was an Indian lawyer, freedom fighter, politician and social worker. She was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1963 to 1968. She married Abdul Jamil Khan.

Fifth generation

Arun Nehru (1944–2013), great grandson of Nandlal Nehru. He was a politician and union minister during the 1980s.
Rajiv Gandhi (1944–1991), eldest son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi. He became the 6th prime minister of India after Indira's death.
Sanjay Gandhi (1946–1980), second son of Indira. He was also one of the most trusted lieutenants of his mother during the 1970s and was widely expected to succeed his mother as prime minister of India, but met with an untimely death in a plane crash.
Sonia Gandhi (née Maino 1946), widow of Rajiv Gandhi. She was born in Italy and took Indian citizenship, 11 years after marrying Rajiv Gandhi. She was the president of the Indian National Congress from 1998 to 2017, from 2019 to 2022 and has served as the Chairperson of the United Progressive Alliance since 2004.
Maneka Gandhi (née Anand 1956), widow of Sanjay Gandhi. She is a noted environmentalist and animal welfare activist. She is a prominent member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.  She has served as a cabinet minister in four government. She also served as the Indian Union Cabinet Minister for Women & Child Development in the BJP led Government of 2014–2019.
Subhadra Nehru, wife of Arun Nehru.
Sunil Nehru (born 1946), eldest son of Balwant Kumar Nehru. Engineer and corporate strategist, senior company executive at Max India, adventurer, scuba diver, and ardent trekker.
Neena Nehru (born 1946 née Neena Heble), wife of Sunil Nehru. Artist, poet, architect.
Nikhil Nehru (born 1948), second son of Balwant Kumar Nehru.  He had a stellar career in advertising, rising to become the president of McCann-Erickson and Chairman of Results International Group, India.
Samhita Nehru, wife of Nikhil Nehru.
Vikram Nehru (born 1952), third son of Balwant Kumar Nehru.  Entered the field of international development with a career at the World Bank. Became the World Bank's Chief Economist and Director for Poverty Reduction, Economic Management, Private and Financial Sector Development for East Asia and the Pacific. Subsequently, became the Chair in Southeast Asian Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C., and then Distinguished Practitioner-in-Residence at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.

Sixth generation
Rahul Gandhi (born 1970), son of Rajiv Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi. He was the president  of the Congress party from 2017 and 2019, and was a member of Parliament from Amethi, UP from 2004 to 2019. He was the Chairman of the Congress coordination panel for 2014 Lok Sabha polls and the current MP from Wayanad, Kerala in the Lok Sabha.
Priyanka Gandhi (born 1972), daughter of Rajiv Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi. She is the General Secretary of the Indian National Congress. Priyanka is married to Robert Vadra, a businessman.
Varun Gandhi (born 1980), son of Sanjay Gandhi and Maneka Gandhi. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, National Executive and the youngest National Secretary in the history of the party. He is a member of 2014 Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament of India, representing the Sultanpur constituency.
 Yamini Gandhi, wife of Varun Gandhi.
 Avantika Nehru, elder daughter of Arun Nehru.
 Radhika Vickram Tikkoo, younger daughter of Arun Nehru.

Seventh generation
 Anasuya Gandhi (born 2020), daughter of Varun Gandhi and Yamini Gandhi.
 Raihan Vadra and Miraya Vadra—children of Priyanka Gandhi and Robert Vadra.
Akhil Madan, Yash Madan and Vickram Tikkoo, grandsons of Arun Nehru.

Gallery

See also
 List of political families

References

External links

 The making of the Ghandhi dynasty at The Guardian

Indian National Congress
People from Prayagraj
Parsi people
Hindu families
Political families of India
History of Prayagraj


Emirates Financial Towers is a 27 story twin-tower commercial development located in the Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai’s central financial district.

The development, which was completed and handed over in June 2011, consists of office and retail units and the towers are connected on the 16th floor by a glass skybridge, designed as a food and beverage space.

Emirates Financial Towers holds the Guinness World Record for the largest automated parking system in the world.

The development was a joint venture between ENSHAA PSC and MAG Group.

References

External links
 New office spaces to test Dubai’s market
 Emirates Financial Towers in Aboutdubai.com
 Emirates Financial Towers on bnc bulletin

Buildings and structures in Dubai


Minuscule 411 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1013 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.
It has been marginalia.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 375 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 20 lines per page. It is very beautifully written in upright characters.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 233 Sections, the last in 16:8), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, Prolegomena, matter of Cosmas, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, Synaxarion, Menologion, and pictures.
The manuscript has survived in a good condition.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 10 and Luke 20. In Luke 1 it has a mixture of the Byzantine families.

History

The manuscript was written by Philip, a monk.

Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated some portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 18) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
10th-century biblical manuscripts


The National Philatelic Society is one of two national philatelic societies in Great Britain. The other is the Royal Philatelic Society London.

History

The National, as it is known, was formed in 1899 by Fred Melville and the first meeting is believed to have been at a shop in Clapham, South London. Melville had applied for membership of the Philatelic Society, London, now The Royal Philatelic Society London, but was rejected as he was under 18 years of age. This led to him forming The Junior Philatelic Society (now The National Philatelic Society) that same year.

The society was a huge success, capitalising on pent-up demand for a philatelic society that anyone could join and the new society soon had to seek a larger meeting place. In 1906 Melville formed a Manchester branch of the society. Branches were also formed at Brighton and Liverpool.

The success of the J.P.S. in its early years has been attributed to the partnership between Melville as propagandist and writer, and Herbert "Johnny" Johnson as businessman and organiser.

Aims
The Constitution of the society (1997) states:

"The Aims of the Society shall be:

(a) To promote, encourage and contribute to the advancement of the practice of philately in all its branches.
(b) To encourage and undertake the preparation and publication of books, catalogues, guides, journals and papers bearing on philately.
(c) To provide facilities for the practice of philately and to assist and encourage young philatelists.
(d) To encourage the detection and prevention of philatelic fakes, forgeries and spurious material and to give assistance in the prosecution of offenders.
(e) To establish and maintain a permanent centre for philately."

Today
Today the society is still going strong, and continues to hold regular meetings and to publish its journal Stamp Lover, as it has since 1908. The society also has an extensive philatelic library.

See also
List of philatelic libraries

References

External links
Society website
NPS Library Online search page
The British Postal Museum & Archive
June 2010 edition of Stamp Lover.

Philatelic organisations based in the United Kingdom
1899 establishments in the United Kingdom


Henry Cressett Pelham (1729? – January 1803) was a British politician, known as Henry Pelham until 1792.

The youngest son of Thomas Pelham, he was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and became a fellow of Peterhouse in 1751.

In the same year, he was returned for Bramber as a Government supporter; the electoral patronage there was leased by Lord Archer from Sir Henry Gough, who controlled it. In the 1754 election, he was instead returned for another government borough, Tiverton in Cornwall.

Pelham apparently took little interest in politics, and in 1758, through the patronage of his second cousin once removed, the Duke of Newcastle, obtained an appointment as a Commissioner of Customs. This obliged him to vacate his seat, and he was replaced by Sir Edward Hussey-Montagu. Pelham's political detachment led him to be spared in December 1762, when other relatives of Newcastle were removed from office.

He married Jane, the daughter of Nicholas Hardinge, on 1 September 1767. They had three children:
John Cressett Pelham (?1769–1838)
Frances Cressett Pelham, married Rev. George Thursby; their descendants became the Thursby-Pelhams
Anne Cressett Pelham, married Thomas Papillon

Pelham succeeded his brother John in the Catsfield and Crowhurst estates in 1786. He resigned his Customs office in 1788 and was granted an annual pension of £761. He adopted the additional surname of Cressett in 1792 after inheriting from his niece Miss Cressett, and died in early 1803. He was buried at Cound on 8 January 1803.

References

1720s births
1803 deaths
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Fellows of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Whig (British political party) MPs
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
Henry
People from Catsfield


T. Damodaran (; c. 1935 – 28 March 2012) was a screenwriter who predominantly worked in Malayalam cinema.

Life
Damodaran wrote the screenplays of films such as Angaadi (1980), Ahimsa (1981), John Jaffer Janardhanan (1982), Ee Nadu (1982), Iniyengilum (1983), Ithiri Poove Chuvanna Poove (1984), Vaartha (1986), Avanazhi (1986), 1921 (1988), Aryan (1988), Arhatha (1990), Inspector Balram (1990), Abhimanyu (1991), Adhwaytham (1992), Jackpot (1993) and Kaalapani (1996) among which the latter won four National Film Awards and seven Kerala State Film Awards.

As a writer and producer, he frequently collaborated with the directors I. V. Sasi and Priyadarshan. He also penned for the film Unaroo with director Maniratnam. His daughter, Deedi Damodaran, is also a screenwriter of Malayalam cinema. She made her debut with the film Gulmohar.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Malayalam-language writers
Writers from Kozhikode
Malayalam screenwriters
1930s births
2012 deaths
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Screenwriters from Kerala


The British Institute of Florence is a cultural institute founded in 1917 in Florence, Italy, with the aim of promoting Anglo-Italian cultural relations, teaching English and Italian languages, and running a library of English books to illustrate British and Italian literature, art, history and music. It is the oldest overseas British cultural institute in the world.

History

The institute was set up in late 1917, towards the end of the First World War, by a group of Anglo-Italian scholars, intellectuals and public figures who were keen to counter anti-British propaganda. Discussions had taken place shortly before the outbreak of war as to the possibility of founding an institute similar to the Institut Français de Florence (established in 1907). Among those involved in the early days of the British Institute were Walter Ashburner, Guido Biagi, Guido Ferrando, Edward Hutton, Carlo Placci, Angelo Orvieto, Gaetano Salvemini, Aldo Sorani, G.M. Trevelyan and his wife Janet Trevelyan, daughter of Mrs Humphry Ward, Herbert Trench and Lina Waterfield (née Duff Gordon), niece of Janet Ross, who first set up a library in 1916. The institute was formally opened in June 1918 by the Ambassador, Sir Rennell Rodd.

In 1923 with Rodd's assistance and with Janet Trevelyan's hard work a royal charter was applied for and granted by King George V. Among the signatories to the petition for the royal charter were the Consul C.W. Maclean; R.S. Conway, Professor of Latin at Manchester University; Arthur Acton, father of Harold Acton; R.S. Spranger; the Irish poet Herbert Trench. According to the Charter, the aims of the institute included “the promotion of the study in Italy of English language, literature, art, history, philosophy and institutions”; “the formation and maintenance in Florence of a General Library of books illustrating English and Italian culture”; and “the promotion of a good understanding between Italians and English-speaking people by providing opportunities for intellectual and social intercourse; and, as ancillary thereto, the provision of opportunities for English-speaking Students to study Italian language, literature, art, history, philosophy and institutions".

The institute occupied various premises (including the beautiful Loggia Ruccellai, where the sister of Lorenzo the Magnificent was married in 1460) before settling into the Palazzo Antinori in 1923. The library and classrooms were located in this elegant but austere building until 1966.

Directors
The first two directors drew no salary and were therefore styled Honorary Directors:

Harold Goad’s predilection for Benito Mussolini’s New Italy damaged the institute's reputation in the 1930s (he wrote a number of apologies for Fascism and the Corporate State). Its reputation was restored under the musicologist Francis Toye, who was fortunate on his return after the war to find that the library had been preserved intact: this was partly due to the dedication of the librarian Giulietta Fermi and to the protection of the Swiss Consulate. Toye was replaced in 1958 by Ian Greenlees, who had worked for the British Council of Rome and had many contacts among the Italian Left dating from his wartime experience at Radio Bari, which he founded in order to broadcast Allied propaganda. His portrait in the uniform of a Major in the British army was painted by his friend Renato Guttuso. Greenlees and his librarian Robin Chanter greatly expanded the library. '

When the lease on the Palazzo Antinori expired in the mid-1960s, Greenlees's friend Harold Acton made available three floors of the Palazzo Lanfredini, on the south side of the river, to house the library. There was not however enough room for the teaching operation, and in 1966 the school was moved to the Palazzo Spini-Feroni, in piazza Santa Trinita. Among those who served on the Board of Governors was the art historian (and foreign spy) Anthony Blunt. David Rundle, appointed director in 1981, had a background in the British Council and made contacts with the Foreign Office, whereas the Italianist Frank Woodhouse from Cambridge University established closer ties with British academic life. In 1996 the school was moved again, this time to the Palazzo dello Strozzino in piazza Strozzi. Courses of English and Italian, as well as History of Art, are given. The institute is an authorised centre for the University of Cambridge ESOL examinations. Sara Milne became director in March 2011, and was followed by Julia Race in 2013.

Cultural programme
Among those who in the past have lectured or given readings at the institute are Harold Acton, Piero Bigongiari, Quentin Bell, Elizabeth Bowen, Cecil Day-Lewis, Edward Chaney, Edith Evans, Joan Haslip, Francis King, Fosco Maraini, Edwin Muir, Frank Muir, Iris Murdoch, Tim Parks, John Pope-Hennessy, Mario Praz, Lorna Sage, Edith Sitwell, Muriel Spark, Robert Speaight, William Trevor, Gore Vidal, Marina Warner, Angus Wilson; more recent speakers have included Robin Butler, Geoffrey Hill, Anthony Kenny and Alexander McCall Smith.

Library
The Library of some 50,000 volumes is housed on three floors of the Palazzo Lanfredini and is claimed to be the largest lending library of English books in continental Europe. It is intended to illustrate British and Italian culture. There are substantial holdings in literature, history, music and history of art, as well as smaller sections devoted to philosophy, religion, social sciences and language. Over the years, it has received donations of books from many individuals, including Harold Acton, Bernard Berenson, John Buchan, Irene Cooper Willis (the Vernon Lee collection), Henry Furst, Victor Gollancz, Dorothy Nevile Lees (the Edward Gordon Craig collection), Henry Newbolt, Osbert Sitwell, R.S. Spranger.

Archive
Since 2001 an archive has been housed in the Palazzo Lanfredini, comprising not only the institute's own records but also literary and historical collections donated over time, including the Craig, Horner, Hutton, Vernon Lee, Maquay and Waterfield collections.

Royal visits
Princess Margaret visited the institute in 1972, on the occasion of the Henry Moore exhibition at Forte Belevedere in Florence. Helen, former Queen of Romania, attended lectures and concerts in the 1970s. The then Prince and Princess of Wales visited the School and Library in 1985, after Prince Charles had agreed to become the institute's patron (together with the statesman Giovanni Spadolini). Prince Charles returned in 2002. His co-patron was Signora Wanda Ferragamo until her death in 2018. Catherine, Princess of Wales (then Catherine Middleton) spent part of her gap year in 2000 here. Prince Charles returned again to Florence in March 2017, accompanied by the then Duchess of Cornwall, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the institute.

Trivia
"D.H. Lawrence went into the British Institute one day, upset by the Director’s Fascist leanings, and shouted 'This is the Anti-British Institute'. He was forcibly ejected." This anecdote was told to Hunter Davies by the Director David Rundle in 1985.

Notes

Further reading
 Acton, Harold. (1948). Memoirs of an Aesthete. London: Methuen.
 Davies, Hunter. (1986). The Grand Tour. London: Hamish Hamilton.
 Donaldson, Frances. (1984). The British Council: the first fifty years. London: Jonathan Cape.
 Macadam, Alta. (2005). Florence (Blue Guides). London: Somerset Books.
 Moorman, Mary. (1980). George Macaulay Trevelyan: a memoir. London: Hamish Hamilton.
 Seton-Watson, Christopher. (1973). "British Propaganda in Italy." Inghilterra e Italia nel ’900, Firenze: La Nuova Italia.
 Rodd, James Rennell. (1925). Social and Diplomatic Memoirs (Third Series) 1902-1919. London: Edward Arnold.
 Toye, Francis. (1950). For what we have received: an autobiography. London: Heinemann.
 Waterfield, Lina. (1962). Castle in Italy. London: John Murray.

External links
 British Institute of Florence

Libraries in Florence
Education in Florence
Tourist attractions in Florence
1917 establishments in Italy
British diaspora in Italy
Libraries established in 1917


Minuscule 412 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 419 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1301.
It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 329 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 22 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 241 Sections, the last in 16:9), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, Prolegomena, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, Synaxarion, Menologion, and numbers of .

John 1:1-14 was supplied by a later hand.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. It belongs also to the cluster 1394.

According to Gregory its text is similar to the manuscripts 483 and 484.

History

The manuscript was written by Theodoros Hagiopetrites (as codex 74), a scribe. Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated some portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 19) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts
1301 works


A pocket video camera is a tapeless camcorder that is small enough to be carried in one's pocket.

A typical pocket video camera has an LCD screen of at least 1.5", the ability to capture either only standard video or both standard video and high-definition video (H.264/MPEG-4 AVC), at least 128MB of internal memory and a Secure Digital (SD) card extension or at least 4GB internal memory with no SD card slot. Power may be supplied by a proprietary Ni-MH rechargeable battery or 2 standard AA batteries. Dimensions 2.5 x 4.5 x 0.9 in and a weight of 3.8 oz are typical, and a USB connector is usually built-in.

Pocket camcorders weigh only from 0.2 to 0.4 lbs and fit neatly into any pocket or purse for ultra portability. Examples include the Creative Vado HD and the Flip Video. The Sony Bloggie MHS-PM5 can shoot video in Full HD and has 4x digital zoom. The Sanyo Xacti PD1 can shoot video in Full HD 1080p at 30fps, with Stereo audio and has 3x optical zoom.

By 2012 they had largely been displaced by improvements in camera phones.

References

Consumer electronics
Portable electronics


Michael John Rathbone (born 6 November 1958) is an English former professional footballer who spent a number of years as part of the Everton medical team. He is currently physiotherapist and head of conditioning for Oldham Athletic.

He played 384 games in the Football League representing Birmingham City, Blackburn Rovers and Preston North End. He played as a full back. After injury forced his retirement as a player he studied physiotherapy, and worked in that field for Halifax Town, Preston North End, and, from 2002 to 2010, Everton, where he became head of sports medicine. His son, Oliver, also became a professional footballer.

Playing career

Birmingham City
Rathbone was born in Sheldon, Birmingham, and attended Sir Wilfrid Martineau School. His parents were both factory workers. He had ambitions to become a doctor, but decided instead to pursue a career in football when Birmingham City, the club he supported, offered him an apprenticeship in December 1974; as a schoolboy Rathbone had been associated with local rivals Aston Villa. He was capped twice at youth level by England. The 17-year-old Rathbone made his first-team debut on 31 August 1976 in a League Cup defeat to Blackpool at Bloomfield Road, and had a poor game as he later admitted that "I was at fault for both goals" and "had absolutely no confidence at all" due to what he deemed to be an intimidating atmosphere in the Birmingham City dressing room. He was so low on confidence that he tried to avoid manager Willie Bell so as to avoid training with or playing for the first team. He also recalled how he was never able to effectively pass the ball, either in training or in matches, to star forward Trevor Francis due to the nerves he felt in the presence of his childhood hero. However, he made his league debut on 20 October, as a substitute replacing Archie Styles in a 1–0 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane.

He turned professional in November 1976, and played 16 games in the First Division over the course of the 1976–77 season, but his form dipped and he appeared only rarely over the next 18 months. He was dropped by new manager Alf Ramsey and – at the insistence of his teammates – demanded a transfer; Ramsey told him "You can go by all means, but who's going to sign you? You are fucking crap!" He remained at Birmingham throughout Ramsey's reign, however his confidence remained very low. In March 1979, centre-half Joe Gallagher berated the club's young players in the dressing room, and Rathbone responded by informing manager Jim Smith that he intended to quit the game; Smith placated Rathbone by offering him a short break and a three-month loan spell at Blackburn Rovers to restore his confidence.

Blackburn Rovers
Rathbone joined Blackburn Rovers on a three-month loan in March 1979. Veteran midfielder Alan Birchenall immediately gave him nickname "Baz", in reference to actor Basil Rathbone. Having been struggling near the foot of the table at the Second Division time of his arrival, Blackburn were relegated to the Third Division at the end of the 1978–79 season. He enjoyed his time at Ewood Park however, and was instrumental in the loan being made permanent as he begged Jim Smith to sanction a transfer, which Smith did after accepting Rovers manager John Pickering's offer of £40,000. Rathbone signed a three-year contract and received a £2,000 signing-on fee. However his lack of confidence was then replaced with a lack of discipline, as he admitted that he and teammate Russell Coughlin "slow and surely ... drank and ate ourselves out of the game". New manager Howard Kendall gave him a three-month suspension in punishment for Rathbone's declining physical condition. During his suspension he met his future wife, who helped him to take a more professional approach to his drinking and eating habits.

Following the departure of Pickering, Rathbone was an infrequent member of the starting eleven, but under Bobby Saxton, appointed in 1981, by which time Blackburn had returned to the second tier, he became the regular first choice at left back. He suffered a broken leg in 1983, and a hamstring injury deprived him of an appearance at Wembley Stadium in the final of the Full Members Cup in 1987. In all, Rathbone spent eight seasons with Blackburn before Preston North End manager John McGrath paid a fee of £20,000 for his services in August 1987.

Preston and Halifax
Rathbone's Preston career was disrupted by a succession of injuries, including a broken arm and a fractured cheekbone. When a serious knee injury forced his retirement from playing in 1991, he began a degree course in physiotherapy at the University of Salford. McGrath, by then manager of Halifax Town, offered Rathbone the post of physiotherapist to the club, a role he could perform while continuing his formal study. On 8 December 1992, following McGrath's resignation, Rathbone was placed in temporary charge. The club's financial problems meant his caretaker role lasted until the end of the 1992–93 season, when they lost their Football League status. While continuing as physiotherapist, Rathbone resumed his playing career on an emergency basis for Halifax in the Conference, though his fitness level was rather less than it once had been. Towards the end of his time at Halifax, he added the assistant manager post to his collection, taking on what the Lancashire Evening Telegraph described as "the unique job description of assistant manager-player-physio", but in March 1995 he was sacked as a cost-cutting measure.

Physiotherapy career
Rathbone then returned to Preston North End as physiotherapist. He spent six years at the club, during which time they progressed from Division Three (the fourth tier of English football) to the play-off for a place in the Premier League, latterly as part of David Moyes' backroom staff. When Moyes joined Everton as manager in March 2002, Rathbone followed a few months later after the clubs had agreed compensation. He spent nearly eight years at the club, becoming head of sports medicine, a post he left in May 2010 after what the Liverpool Echo described as "a tumultuous season of injuries" to the Everton players.

After leaving Everton, Rathbone went on to establish a business combining sports injury consultancy with motivational and after-dinner speaking. In January 2011, he rejoined Preston North End on a part-time basis until the end of the 2010–11 season, and also worked with the England under-17 team. In November 2014, he was appointed as Head of Performance at Blackpool, overseeing medical and fitness aspects at the club.

On 25 January 2017, it was announced that Rathbone would link up once again with his former Preston teammate Warren Joyce at Wigan Athletic to become the head of the club's medical team. Rathbone then worked as part of the medical team at Nottingham Forest, before re-joining Everton.

On 6 October 2022, he was announced as physiotherapist and head of conditioning at National League club Oldham Athletic, once again working with now Oldham manager David Unsworth whom Rathbone knew from his time at Everton.

Personal life
Rathbone is nicknamed Basil or Baz, in reference to actor Basil Rathbone. His son Oliver was a member of the Manchester United academy before he joined Rochdale in 2016. Rathbone's autobiography, The Smell of Football, was longlisted for the 2011 William Hill Sports Book of the Year.

Career statistics

Managerial statistics
Source:

Honours
Blackburn Rovers
Football League Third Division runner-up: 1979–80

References
General

Specific

1958 births
Living people
People from Sheldon
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Birmingham City F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
English football managers
Halifax Town A.F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Preston North End F.C. non-playing staff
Everton F.C. non-playing staff
Blackpool F.C. non-playing staff
Wigan Athletic F.C. non-playing staff
Salford City F.C. non-playing staff
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff
Association football physiotherapists
Alumni of the University of Salford
English autobiographers


Winifred "Tim" Alice Asprey (April 8, 1917 – October 19, 2007) was an American mathematician and computer scientist.  She was one of only around 200 women to earn PhDs in mathematics from American universities during the 1940s, a period of women's underrepresentation in mathematics at this level.
She was involved in developing the close contact between Vassar College and IBM that led to the establishment of the first computer science lab at Vassar.

Family
Asprey was born in Sioux City, Iowa; her parents were Gladys Brown Asprey, Vassar class of 1905, and Peter Asprey Jr.  She had two brothers, actinide and fluorine chemist Larned B. Asprey (1919–2005), a signer of the Szilárd petition, and military historian and writer Robert B. Asprey (1923–2009) who dedicated several of his books to his sister Winifred.

Education and work
Asprey attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, where she earned her undergraduate degree in 1938. As a student there, Asprey met Grace Hopper, the "First Lady of Computing," who taught mathematics at the time. After graduating, Asprey taught at several private schools in New York City and Chicago before going on to earn her MS and PhD degrees from the University of Iowa in 1942 and 1945, respectively. Her doctoral advisor was the topologist Edward Wilson Chittenden.

Asprey returned to Vassar College as a professor. By then, Grace Hopper had moved to Philadelphia to work on UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) project. Asprey became interested in computing and visited Hopper to learn about the foundations of computer architecture. Asprey believed that computers would be an essential part of a liberal arts education.

At Vassar, Asprey taught mathematics and computer science for 38 years and was the chair of the mathematics department from 1957 until her retirement in 1982.
She created the first Computer Science courses at Vassar, the first being taught in 1963, and secured funds for the college's first computer, making Vassar the second college in the nation to acquire an IBM System/360 computer in 1967.
Asprey connected with researchers at IBM and other research centers and lobbied for computer science at Vassar. In 1989, due to her contributions, the computer center she started was renamed the Asprey Advanced Computation Laboratory.

References

External links
 Profile at Vassar College Innovators Gallery
 Winifred Asprey Papers at Vassar College Archives and Special Collections Library

Vassar College alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Vassar College faculty
American women computer scientists
20th-century American women scientists
American women mathematicians
Computer science educators
1917 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Mathematicians from Iowa
20th-century women mathematicians
20th-century American scientists
American computer scientists
21st-century American women


Richard E. Sprague (August 27, 1921 – January 27, 1996) was an American computer technician, researcher and author. According to American journalist Richard Russell, who dedicated seventeen years to the investigation of John Kennedy assassination, Sprague was "the leading gatherer of photographic evidence about the Kennedy assassination". Sprague published his investigation in 1976-1985 as three editions of The Taking of America, 1-2-3.

Career
Born in Philadelphia on August 27, 1921, Richard E. Sprague graduated from Purdue University in 1942. During World War II, he served with the U.S. Navy, finishing with the rank of Lieutenant (Junior Grade). After the war, he was employed as an engineer at Northrup Aircraft. By 1950, he had left Northrup to help co-found the Computer Research Corporation located in Hawthorne, California. By 1960, he had moved on to become the Director of Computer Systems Consulting for Touche, Ross, Bailey And Smart which would later be simply known as Touche Ross until 1989.

Appeared as a contestant on the Groucho Marx radio quiz program "You Bet Your Life" on May 21, 1952.

After the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963, Sprague began investigating the deed on his own in 1966 upon seeing the Abraham Zapruder produced Zapruder film.

Sprague served a year as photographic expert in the 1966-1969 investigations conducted by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison.

In 1968 he co-founded the Committee to Investigate Assassinations with Bernard Fensterwald. That same year, he also set up Sprague Research And Consulting.

Sprague later worked as a full-time consultant to Battelle Memorial Institute of Frankfurt, Germany.

Richard E. Sprague died on January 27, 1996, with his last known address in Virginia. He was interred at Washington Park East Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Research on the Kennedy assassination
In the May 1970 issue of Computers And Automation, Sprague said that he used computer analysis of still photographs and movie film from Dealey Plaza to determine that at least four gunmen and fifty conspirators were involved in Kennedy's assassination. Sprague stated that the evidence indicated six shots were fired at John F. Kennedy. According to Sprague, President Kennedy was hit by four shots, Connally was hit by another, and one missed. Five years later in September 1975, Sprague and L. Fletcher Prouty stated that their study of still photographs and film of the assassination revealed that no shots were fired from the Texas School Book Depository's sixth floor window and that Lee Harvey Oswald was framed by planted and altered evidence.

Much of Sprague's information and conclusions had already been published in the magazines Computers And Automation and People and The Pursuit of Truth before Sprague wrote The Taking of America, 1-2-3.

According to Sprague's research, because of the location of the great oak tree with dense crown that crossed the trajectory of the shot from the 6th Floor of the building onto Elm Street, it is unlikely that Lee Harvey Oswald could fire from the window near where the rifle was subsequently found.

Sprague's analysis of Abraham Zapruder's film was used in "The Guns of Dallas" article written by L. Fletcher Prouty.

Notes

External links
 "Richard E. Sprague (ie: From where much of this material is drawn)"
 "Richard E. Sprague Papers"
 "The Umbrella System: Prelude to an Assassination", by Richard Sprague and Robert Cutler
 "The Taking Of America, 1-2-3" 3rd Edition by Richard E. Sprague
 "FindAGrave for Richard E. Sprague"

Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
American non-fiction crime writers
Purdue University alumni
20th-century American writers
1921 births
1996 deaths
Military personnel from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
John F. Kennedy conspiracy theorists
American conspiracy theorists


Wólka Panieńska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zamość, within Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately  south-east of Zamość and  south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

References

Villages in Zamość County


Francis Bernard, 1st Earl of Bandon (26 November 1755 – 26 November 1830) was an Irish peer and politician.

He was the only son of James Bernard and his wife Esther Smith, daughter of Percy Smith. Between 1778 and 1783, Bernard sat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Ennis. Subsequently, he represented Bandonbridge in the Irish House of Commons until 1790.

In 1793, Bernard was raised to the peerage with the title Baron Bandon, of Bandonbridge, in the County of Cork, and in 1795, he was further ennobled as Viscount Bandon, of Bandonbridge, in the County of Cork. On 29 August 1800, he was finally advanced to the dignities of Earl of Bandon and Viscount Bernard. Bernard was one of the thirty original Irish Representative Peers and sat in the House of Lords between from 1801 until his death in 1830.

On 12 February 1784, Bernard married Catherine Henrietta Boyle, only daughter of the 2nd Earl of Shannon and Catherine Ponsonby. They had five sons and four daughters. He died aged 75 at Castle Bernard and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son James.

References

1755 births
1830 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Politicians from County Cork
Peers of Ireland created by George III
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Members of the Irish House of Lords
Irish representative peers
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Clare constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Cork constituencies
Earls of Bandon


Thomas Pelham (c. 1705 — 21 December 1737) was a British politician. Trained as a Turkey merchant, he succeeded to the family estates on the death of his brother, and was placed in Parliament on the family interest by his first cousin, the Duke of Newcastle. His alcoholism did not endear him to the electors, and he died of it in 1737.

Biography

The third son of Henry Pelham, he was apprenticed at a young age to John Lethieullier, a Turkey merchant in Constantinople, from which he got the name of "Turk" Pelham. On 5 February 1725, he married Lethieullier's stepdaughter, Annetta Bridges, by whom he had one son and one daughter:
Thomas Pelham, 1st Earl of Chichester (1728—1805)
Henrietta Pelham, married Hon. Richard Temple and then George Nevill, 1st Earl of Abergavenny

Shortly thereafter, in 1725, he succeeded his elder brother Henry to the family estates, including Stanmer House, which was in the process of being rebuilt by the French architect Nicholas Dubois.

While he declined his cousin, the Duke of Newcastle's proposal to nominate him for Lewes immediately upon his brother's death (Thomas was still abroad at the time), he was brought in at the 1727 election by the Newcastle interest.

Newcastle was not satisfied with Thomas, although he was a government supporter, complaining of his drunkenness and "imprudent and extravagant" talk at Lewes when in his cups. He died in 1737 of the effects of alcoholism.

References

1700s births
1737 deaths
British MPs 1727–1734
British MPs 1734–1741
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
Whig (British political party) MPs
Thomas


Rolf Majcen (born 1966) is a Lower Austrian economist-lawyer, writer and extreme sports athlete.

Biography
Majcen was born in Johannesburg. He is the grandnephew of Karl Majcen, the former General-Inspector of the Austrian Bundesheer. He earned a doctoral degree in law and served as an officer in the Bundesheer from 1985 to 1998. While serving in the Bundesheer he completed air rescuer and army mountain guide assistant training.

Majcen published several juridical economy and sports contributions in Europe, America and Asia. His first book Sieg in den Bergen (victory in the mountains), published in 2002, was awarded by the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA). He also took part in several sports competitions. He was the first Austrian, who competed in all the three classical ski mountaineering events, the Patrouille des Glaciers (2000 and 2004), the Pierra Menta (2001) and the Trofeo Mezzalama (2003). In 2004, Majcen and Hermann Kofler were the first Austrian athletes who gained World Cup points in ski mountaineering for their country.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 2002:
 7th, International Vlado-Tatarka memory race, Hrebienok (together with Franz Hausmann)
 2004:
 1st, Lower Austrian Championship
 6th, International Turnosmučarski-Rallye, Triglav National Park (together with Franz Hausmann)
 7th and Austrian record, Patrouille des Glaciers "seniors II" class ranking (together with Hermann Kofler and Johann Wieland)
 2005:
 1st, Lower Austrian Championship
 2007:
 1st, Lower Austrian Championship

Stair running
 1st, Judenburg-tower race
 1999:
 1st, Royal Mutual Funds CN Tower Stair Climb, Toronto
 2000:
 8th, Empire State Building Run Up
 2001:
 1st, Magdeburger Uni-Hochhaus race, Magdeburg
 9th, Empire State Building Run Up
 14th, Ostankino Tower race
 2002:
 2nd, Original Schlossberg race
 3rd, Donauturm race
 2007:
 5th, Donauturm race
 2008:
 3rd, Frankfurt Messeturm race
 6th, Donauturm race
 7th, "Go Vertical Chicago", Sears Tower
 7th, "Hustle up the Hankock", John Hancock Center
 12th, Taipei 101 race

References

External links

 Official Website
 Interview mit Rolf Majcen (11/2003), Skibergsteiger , Mountain2b-Redaktion, November 5, 2003

1966 births
Living people
Austrian male ski mountaineers
Austrian jurists
Austrian soldiers
Austrian male writers
Sportspeople from Johannesburg
Austrian male long-distance runners
Tower runners


Minuscule 413 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 420 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1302.
It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 266 parchment leaves (). The text is written elegantly in one column per page, in 24 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Αmmonian Sections (in Mark 241 Sections, the last in 16:20), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammomnian Section numbers).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, Prolegomena, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, pictures, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, numbers of , Synaxarion, and Menologion.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. It creates also a cluster 413.

It contains the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11). In John 8:8 it has additional reading ενος εκαστου αυτων τας αμαρτιας  (sins of every one of them) as Codex Nanianus, Minuscule 73, 95, 331, 364, 658, 700, 782, and other manuscripts.

History

The manuscript was written by Theodosius. It once belonged to the monastery on Sinai peninsula.

Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated some portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 20) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts
1302 works