The first legislative assembly Election to the Madras state based on universal adult suffrage was held in March 1952. This was the first election held in Madras state after the Indian Independence. This election was officially known as the 1951 Madras State Election, even though through delays, actual voting didn't take place until early 1952.

No single party obtained a simple majority to form an independent government. C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) of the Indian National Congress became the Chief Minister after a series of re-alignments among various political parties and Independents. The Telugu speaking regions of Madras state split to form the Andhra state in 1953, leading to the consolidation of the non-Brahmin Congress faction under the leadership of K. Kamaraj. Faced with internal dissent and heavy opposition to his Hereditary education policy, Rajaji resigned in 1954. In the ensuing leadership struggle, Kamaraj defeated Rajaji's chosen successor C. Subramaniam and became the Chief Minister on 31 March 1954.

Background

Factionalism in Congress
In the years after the 1946 election, factionalism was common place in the Congress party in Madras. During 1946–51, three different Congress chief ministers headed the Madras government. T. Prakasam was the Chief Minister of Madras presidency immediately after the 1946 election. As a Telugu speaker, he was often at odds with the Madras Provincial Congress Committee president K. Kamaraj. Kamaraj forced the resignation of Prakasam within a year. In 1947, Omandur Ramaswamy Reddiar, Kamaraj's nominee, became the Chief Minister. When Reddiar showed signs of independence, Kamaraj engineered his removal by a vote of no confidence in Congress Legislature Party on 31 March 1949. P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja, the next Chief Minister who formed the Government on 6 April 1949 was believed to be a stooge of Kamaraj. He retained the chiefministership till the 1952 election when he lost his seat in Srivilliputhur constituency. The main factions within the Madras Congress Party during this period were: 1) the Andhra (Prakasam) faction, 2) the Rajaji faction 3) Kamaraj faction (Tamil non-Brahmin members) and 4)the Bezawada Gopala Reddy and Kala Venkata Rao faction supported by the All India Congress Committee president Pattabhi Sitaramayya

The Prakasam faction later split from the Congress to form the Hyderabad State Praja Party. The party merged with the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party in June 1951.

Communists in electoral process
In 1951, the Communist Party of India (CPI) which had been waging an armed struggle during 1948–51, gave up the attempt to wrest power through force and joined the political mainstream. At the 1951 congress of the party, "People's Democracy" was replaced by "National Democracy" as the main slogan of the party and the decision was made to contest the elections. One of the armed movements supported by the CPI was the Telangana Rebellion in the princely state of Hyderabad. Though the rebellion was crushed by 1951, the communists retained widespread support in the neighboring Andhra region. This was due to their policy of linguistic nationalism (the demand for a separate state of Telugu speaking people) and their support base amongst the Kamma caste which was opposed to the Reddy supported Congress. Till then, all the previous elections had been conducted on a limited franchise based on property ownership qualifications. The election of 1951 was the first one to be based on a universal franchise. The Communists had the support of most of the first time voters – landless peasants and agricultural labourers. They also had a strong presence in the agrarian district of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu where they were supported by the Dravidar Kazhagam.

Split in the Dravidian Movement
The Dravidar Kazhagam (DK), the main opposition party to the Congress in the Tamil speaking areas of the state split in 1949. C. N. Annadurai, once a protege of the DK leader Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, quit the DK and founded a new party – Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Both the DK and the DMK were secessionist advocates for Dravidistan- a separate state for Dravidians. Some of the old guard of the Justice party, which had been renamed as Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944, refused to accept Periyar's leadership. Led by P. T. Rajan, they insisted they were still the real Justice party and contested the 1952 elections under the "Scales" symbol.

Constituencies
According to the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Madras) Order, 1951, made by the President under sections 6 and 9 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, the Madras Legislative Assembly consisted of 375 seats to be filled by election, distributed in 309 constituencies and 62 two-member constituencies in each of which a seat had been reserved for Scheduled Castes and four two-member constituencies in each of which a seat had been reserved for Scheduled Tribes. Three seats were uncontested. The elections were conducted for the remaining 372 seats.

The two member constituencies were established in accordance to Article 332 of the Indian Constitution. The voting method and the plurality electoral formula were defined in The Representation of People Act, 1950. Out of the total 309 constituencies in the undivided Madras State, 66 were two member constituencies, 62 of which had one seat reserved for Scheduled Caste candidates and 4 for Scheduled Tribe candidates. These constituencies were larger in size and had greater number of voters (more than 1,00,000) when compared to general constituencies. Two separate list of candidates, a general list and a reserved list, contested in those constituencies. Each voter had to cast two votes – one for each list.

The two winners were chosen as follows:

 Reserved Member – Candidate with the most votes among the reserved (SC/ST) list candidates
 General Member – Candidate with the most votes among the rest of the candidates excluding the Reserved Member (including both reserved and general lists).

This system led to anomalies. In some cases like the Coimbatore – II constituency in the 1957 election, both elected members belonged to the reserved list – the candidate with second highest number of votes in reserved list secured more votes than the highest vote getter in the general list. Multiple members were elected only in the 1952 and 1957 elections as double member representation was abolished in 1961 by the enactment of Two-Member Constituencies Abolition Act (1961).

Political parties
The main opponents for the Congress in Madras were the CPI, Prakasam's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party (KMPP) and the Krishikar Lok Party led by N. G. Ranga (a breakaway group from KMPP's predecessor - the Hyderabad State Praja Party). The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) did not contest the 1952 election. Instead it supported the candidates of the Vanniyar caste based parties – the Commonweal Party and the Tamil Nadu Toilers Party – and five independents in Chengelpet, Salem, North and South Arcot districts. The candidates they backed had to sign a pledge to support DMK's agenda in the legislative assembly. The Dravidar Kazhagam also did not participate directly in the election. However, it supported the Communists in an effort to defeat the Indian National Congress which it claimed was a Brahmin dominated party. It also supported a number of other parties and Independents in the election. The Justice party, led by P. T. Rajan contested in nine seats.

Election
Polling was held in nine phases (2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 16, 21 and 25 January) in January 1952. In all, 2,507 persons filed their nominations-2,472 men and 35 women. Of these, the nominations were rejected in respect of 79 candidates-78 men and one woman. Seven hundred and fifty-one candidates withdrew their nominations in time-741 men and 10 women.

Results

!colspan=9|
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political party !! Flag !! Seats  Contested !! Won !! % of  Seats !! Votes !! Vote %
! class="unsortable"|Govt.  Formation
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|
|
| 367 || 152 || 40.53 || 69,88,701 || 34.88
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#90EE90;text-align:center"|Leading Party

|-
|
|
| 163 || 13 || 3.47 || 12,99,282 || 6.48
|-
|
|
| 148 || 35 || 9.33 || 18,03,377 || 9.00
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00FF00;text-align:center"|**Full support
|-
|
|
| 131 || 62 || 16.53 || 26,40,337 || 13.18
|- style="background: #00FF7F;"
|#
|
| 63 || 15 || 4.00 || 6,29,893 || 3.14
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:#00FA9A;text-align:center"|*Outside support, joined the cabinet  in 1954
|-
|
|
| 37 || 2 || 0.53 || 3,39,680 || 1.70
|- style="background: #00FA9A;"
|*
|
| 34 || 19 || 5.07 || 8,52,330 || 4.25
|- style="background: #00FF00;"
|**
|
| 13 || 6 || 1.60 || 2,18,288 || 1.09
|- style="background: #00FF00;"
|**
|
| 13 || 5 || 1.33 || 1,86,546 || 0.93
| rowspan="4" style="background-color:#00FF7F;text-align:center"|#3 KLP legislators  and  15 Independents  joined Congress
|-
|
|
| 9 || 1 || 0.27 || 82,231 || 0.41
|-
|
|
| 6 || 3 || 0.80 || 1,38,203 || 0.69
|- style="background: #00FF7F;"
| #
|
| 667 || 62 || 16.53 || 47,58,768 || 23.75
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3| Total seats
! 375 !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 3,66,00,615 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout

! colspan = 2| 2,00,38,423 (54.75%)
|}

Government formation

Election of C. Rajagopalachari

The composite Madras State then included parts of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka with a total of 375 assembly members.  The Indian National Congress was reduced to a minority with 152 members in an assembly of 375. It won 4 seats from the 29 in Malabar, 43 of the 143 in the Andhra areas, 96 of the 190 Tamil constituencies and 9 of the 11 seats from Kannada speaking areas. Kumaraswami Raja, the incumbent Chief Minister lost the election along with five members of his cabinet (Bezawada Gopala Reddy, Kala Venkata Rao, K. Chandramouli, K. Madhava Menon and M. Bhaktavatsalam).

A large number of CPI members were elected from Andhra region of Madras state which had for some years demanded a separate state for Telugu speaking areas. In February 1952, the non-congress members convened under T. Prakasam, leader of the KMPP, at Madras to form the United Democratic Front (UDF) and issued a "Common Minimum Program". They claimed to control 166 seats (CPI and CPI backed independents – 70, KMPP – 36, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party – 19, Commonweal party – 6, FBL (MG) – 3, SCF – 1, JUSP −1 and Independents – 30). Prakasam wrote to the Governor Sri Prakasa staking his claim to form the Government as the leader of the single largest formation. The Congress did not want the Communists taking power or to impose Governor's rule in the state. It brought Rajaji out of retirement to form the Government as a consensus candidate.
Kamaraj, President of the Madras Provincial Congress Committee was of the opinion that the UDF should be allowed to form the Government as he had predicted the weak coalition might eventually fall apart. However other leaders such as T. T. Krishnamachari and Ramnath Goenka wanted Rajaji to be nominated to form the Government.

Rajaji was invited by Sri Prakasa to form the Government on 1 April 1952 and was sworn in on 10 April 1952. He refused to run for a by-election and the Governor nominated him for the assembly's upper house (Legislative Council). It was considered to be a "constitutional impropriety" as the nomination of a member to the Council could be done only at the recommendation of the cabinet. But in this case, the Governor acted unilaterally when no cabinet had been formed yet. On 6 May, the incumbent Speaker of the assembly, J. Shivashanmugam Pillai of the Congress was reelected as the Speaker defeating independent MLA Swayamprakasam by 206 votes to 162. On 3 July, Rajaji was able to win a vote of confidence with the support of 200 members with 151 opposing (and 1 neutral). This was the first time such a "confidence motion" was moved in any legislature in India. He was able to secure the majority by engineering a series of defections from the UDF and with the help of other parties:

 The support of the 6 members of Commonweal Party, (one of the two parties representing the cause of Vanniars) was obtained by giving a cabinet position to its leader  – M. A. Manickavelu Naicker. 19 members of the other Vanniyar party – Tamil Nadu Toilers Party led by S. S. Ramasami Padayachi also supported the vote of confidence but did not join the cabinet. (They later joined the Kamaraj cabinet in 1954).
 Many independents joined Congress and became Congress Legislators. The strength of the Congress Legislative Party (CLP) which was 152 on 1 April 1952, increased to 165 by 3 May and to 167 by 30 September.
 Rajaji split the Krishikar Lok Party and KLP legislators P. Thimma Reddy, Neeladri Rao Reddy and Kumisetti Venkatanarayana Dora joined the Congress.
 The 5 members of the Madras State Muslim League provided their support to congress to prevent the communists from gaining power.

Election of K. Kamaraj
Andhra State was formed from the Telugu-speaking regions of Madras State after a widespread agitation in 1953. The Madras assembly was reduced from 375 to 230, 140 members going to Andhra and 5 to Mysore with the Congress Party controlling 118 seats; an outright majority. This strengthened the positions of non-Brahmin Congress forces under the leadership of K. Kamaraj. He ousted Rajaji on 31 March 1954 and was elected the leader of Congress Legislative Party. Kamaraj consolidated his position by offering ministerial position to leaders of Tamil Nadu Toilers Party and Commonweal Party. This event marked the end of Brahmin domination in Tamil Nadu Congress.

Impact
Kamaraj resigned his presidency of the Provincial Congress Committee owning responsibility for the election loss and was soon replaced by P. Subbarayan. Rajaji's nomination to the Legislative Council was challenged in the Madras High Court by P. Ramamurthi, the CPI MLA from Madurai North Constituency. Chief Justice Rajamannar and Justice Venkatarama Ayyar, who heard the public interest writ petition declined to intervene by opining that "the court could not decide political rights or enforce public interest or constitutional conventions". This precedent set by Governor Prakasa became the first among a long list of constitutional improprieties committed by governors to help the party in power in the central government. The Sarkaria Commission established in 1983 to examine the balance of power between state and central governments remarked on the precedent that the "Governor's task is to see that a government is formed and not to try to form a government which will pursue the policies he approves".

Cabinet

Rajagopalachari's Cabinet

Changes
 Ministers belonging to Bellary and Andhra constituencies (Naganna Gowda, Sankara Reddi, Pattabirama Rao, Sanjeevayya and Ranga Reddi) stepped down on 30 September 1953, a day before Andhra State split to form a separate state. The portfolios of Agriculture, Forests, Fisheries, Cinchona, Rural Welfare, Community Projects and National Extension Schemes were handed over to M. Bhaktavatsalam on 9 October 1953. Jothi Venkatachalam was made minister for Prohibition and Women's Welfare. K. Rajaram Naidu became the Minister for Local Administration. C. Subramaniam was given the additional portfolios of education, information and publicity. V. C. Palaniswamy Gounder was put in charge of Veterinary, Animal Husbandry and Harijan welfare.

Kamaraj's Cabinet
Members of cabinet who served between 13 April 1954 – 13 April 1957 under the Chief Ministership of Kamraj are

 Changes

 Following the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, A. B. Shetty quit the Ministry on 1 March 1956 and his portfolio was shared between other ministers in the cabinet.

List of elected members

Tamil Nadu
Election results from constituencies which would later become part of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka are listed here.

Andhra

Karnataka

Kerala

Delimitation and Reorganisation
On 1 October 1953, a separate Andhra State consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State was formed and the Kannada-speaking area of Bellary District was merged with the then Mysore State. This reduced the strength of the Legislative Assembly to 231.

On 1 November 1956, Madras State was re-organized as per States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Malabar District of the State was transferred to the new State of Kerala, and a new union territory, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands, was carved out. The southern part (Tamil-speaking area) of Travancore-Cochin (present day Kanyakumari district) and Shenkottah taluk were merged into the State. Later in 1968, the state was renamed as Tamil Nadu. This led to re-organization of legislative assembly constituencies during 1957 assembly elections in the State.

The strength of the Madras Legislative Assembly was increased to 205 in accordance with the new Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956, made by the Delimitation Commission of India under the provisions of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. The 1957 elections were conducted for these 205 seats.

See also
Elections in Tamil Nadu
Elections in Andhra Pradesh
Elections in Kerala
Legislature of Tamil Nadu
Government of Tamil Nadu

Footnotes and References

External links
 Election Commission of India
 1951/52 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
Madras
March 1952 events in Asia
1950s in Madras State


Sclerosing lymphangitis, also known as lymphangiosclerosis or sclerotic lymphangitis, is a skin condition characterized by a cordlike structure encircling the coronal sulcus of the penis, or running the length of the shaft, that has been attributed to trauma during vigorous sexual play.

Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis is a rare penile lesion consisting of a minimally tender, indurated cord involving the coronal sulcus and occasionally adjacent distal penile skin. The condition involves the hardening of a lymph vessel connected to a vein in the penis. It can look like a thick cord and can feel like a hardened, almost calcified or fibrous, vein, however it tends to not share the common blue tint with a vein. It can be felt as a hardened lump or "vein" even when the penis is flaccid, and is even more prominent during an erection. This disorder is fairly common and most often occurs after vigorous sexual activity and resolves spontaneously.

Cause
Etiology of sclerosing lymphangitis is unknown but has been postulated to be secondary to thrombosis of lymphatic vessels.

Management
In most cases it tends to go away if given rest and more gentle care, for example by use of lubricants. Even without rest or gentle care, in some cases it will simply disappear after a few weeks on its own. Spontaneous recovery can occur anywhere within a couple weeks to several months.

Although it is commonly recommended the patient abstain from sexual activity during recovery, there is no evidence that this expedites resolution or that engaging in sexual activity worsens the condition.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Overuse injuries
Penis disorders


Krimūna Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Krimūna Parish
Krimūnas
Akācijas
Ceriņi
Lauciņi
Parūķis
Degumuiža

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


The second legislative assembly election to the Madras state (presently Tamil Nadu) was held on 31 March 1957. This was the first election held after the linguistic reorganisation of Madras State in 1956. Indian National Congress and its leader, K. Kamaraj won the election and defeated their rival, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. In 1954, due to the resignation of C. Rajagopalachari, for his controversial Kula Kalvi Thittam, the leadership of Congress was contested between K. Kamaraj, and C. Subramaniam (who got the support of M. Bhaktavatsalam). Eventually, K. Kamaraj, won the support of the party, was elected leader and chief minister of Madras State in 1954.  In a surprise move, he appointed both M. Bhaktavatsalam and C. Subramaniam, to his cabinet, allowing great unity amongst the Congress that ruled the state of Madras, for the next decade. This election saw future DMK leaders M. Karunanidhi and K. Anbazhagan win their first MLA seats in the legislative assembly.

Delimitation and reorganisation
On 1 October 1953, a separate Andhra State consisting of the Telugu-speaking areas of the composite Madras State was formed, and the Kannada-speaking area of Bellary District was merged with the then Mysore State. This reduced the strength of the Legislative Assembly to 231.

On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganisation Act 1956 took effect, and consequently, the constituencies in the erstwhile Malabar district were merged with the Kerala State. This further reduced the strength to 190. The Tamil-speaking area of Kerala (present-day Kanyakumari district) and Shenkottah taluk were added to Madras State.

According to the new Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1956, made by the Delimitation Commission of India under the provisions of the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, the strength of the Madras Legislative Assembly was increased to 205. The 1957 elections were conducted for these 205 seats. In 1959, as a result of The Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1959, one member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly was allotted to Madras, increasing its Legislative Assembly strength to 206.

Two-member constituencies
Out of the total 167 constituencies in the state, 38 were two-member constituencies, 37 of which had one reserved for Scheduled caste candidates and one for Scheduled tribe candidates. These constituencies were larger in size and had a greater number of voters (more than 1,00,000) when compared to general constituencies. Two separate lists of candidates, a general list and a reserved list, are contested in those constituencies. Each voter had to cast two votes, one for each list.

The two winners were chosen as follows:

 Reserved Member: Candidate with the most votes among the reserved (SC/ST) list candidates
 General Member: Candidate with the most votes among the rest of the candidates, excluding the Reserved Member (including both reserved and general lists).

This system led to anomalies. In some cases, like the Coimbatore-II constituency in the 1957 election, both elected members belonged to the reserved list; the candidate with the second highest number of votes in the reserved list secured more votes than the highest vote-getter in the general list. Multiple members were elected only in the 1952 and 1957 elections, as double-member representation was abolished in 1961 by the enactment of the Two-Member Constituencies Abolition Act, 1961.

Parties and issues
Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Forward Bloc, Praja Socialist Party, Socialist Party, Congress Reform Committee (Indian National Democratic Congress), and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) were the major parties contesting this election. This was the first election contested by the DMK since its formation in 1949. The decision to contest elections was taken in 1956 at the party's Trichy conference. The party fielded its candidates in 8 parliamentary and 117 assembly seats as independents since it was not an officially recognised party. The increased Tamilian character of the Congress party after the appointment of K. Kamaraj, a non-Brahman, as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, robbed DMK of its main electoral plank as the sole proponent of Tamil nationalism. It increasingly changed its focus to economic issues and the slower industrialization of the South as an election issue. The DMK election manifesto had a socialist image, and the creation of Dravida Nadu became a side issue as it implicitly accepted the prevailing constitutional order.

Periyar E. V. Ramasamy issued a statement in support of K. Kamaraj before the commencement of the election. In October 1956, the central executive of Dravidar Kazhagam resolved to support K. Kamaraj.

Since Mr. Kamaraj has done his best to serve the Tamilians, since he has changed Acharyar's educational system designed to perpetuate the caste system, since he has conferred many jobs and many benefits on Tamilians in the educational and other spheres and since the Brahman and DMK people are trying to oust him from power, it has become the duty of all Tamilians to support Mr. Kamaraj and his followers in the electionThe Hindu (10 October 1956)

K. Kamaraj accepted the support of Dravidar Kazhagam and said if the Kazhagam canvassed votes for him out of their own free will, he could not possibly tell them he did not want their votes. He also made it clear that the Congress party cannot support a party that is communal in nature, and he did not in any way share E. V. Ramasamy's views.

K. Kamaraj's decision to accept support and provide candidature to some former members of Dravidar Kazhagam caused division within Congress, resulting in a new party called the Congress Reform Committee (CRC). Though the party was created in the last moment, it fielded candidates in 12 parliamentary and 55 assembly seats.

Voting and results
Source: Election Commission of India

!colspan=9|
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"
! class="unsortable" |
! Political party !! Flag !! Seats  Contested !! Won !! % of  Seats
! Votes !! Vote % !! Change in vote %
|- style="background: #90EE90;"
|
| style="text-align:left;" |Indian National Congress
|
| 204 || 151 (1) || 73.66 || 50,46,576 || 45.34 ||  10.46
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" |Communist Party of India
|
| 58 || 4 (58) || 1.95 || 8,23,582 || 7.40 ||  5.78
|-
|
| style="text-align:left;" |Praja Socialist Party
|
| 23 || 2 (New) || 0.98 || 2,93,778 || 2.64 || New
|-
|
|
| 602 || 48 ( 14) || 23.41 || 49,67,060 || 44.62 || N/A
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
! colspan = 3|
! style="text-align:center;" |Total Seats !! 205 (170) !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 2,39,05,575 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! colspan = 2|1,11,30,996 (46.56%)
|}

DMK was not officially recognised as a party by the Election Commission of India until 1962, so it was registered as an independent party. The Congress Reform Committee was the second and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was the third party in the assembly. Congress won 45% of the vote, the CRC 8%, and the DMK 14%.

By constituency

Kamaraj's second cabinet
Kamaraj's council of ministers during his second tenure as chief minister (1 April 1957 – 1 March 1962)

See also
 Elections in Tamil Nadu
 Legislature of Tamil Nadu
 Government of Tamil Nadu

Footnotes and references

External links
 Election Commission of India
 1957 Election

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
Madras
1950s in Madras State
March 1957 events in Asia


Lielauce Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia. Before the 2021 administrative reforms it was part of Auce Municipality.

Towns, villages and settlements of Lielauce parish
Lielauce
Ķieģeļceplis
Ražotāji

Parishes of Latvia
Dobele Municipality
Semigallia


Naudīte Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Naudīte Parish
Naudīte
Apgulde
Līdumi

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Allan Wilson High School is a boys' high school in Harare, Zimbabwe, named after British Army officer Allan Wilson. Wilson led the Shangani Patrol in the First Chimurenga (war) against the people of Matabeleland. He died in that war near Shangani River, defending Rhodesians who were fighting to colonise Zimbabwe.

The school shares a boundary fence/wall with Prince Edward School to the north and Harare Polytechnic to the south.

History

The school was founded in 1940 after running for 25 years as a hospital for the white minority that had colonised then-Rhodesia. Its sister school is Queen Elizabeth Girls' High School, which was founded in the same year. The school war cry is "Umkhulubafana, dzi, Izichesuzubaba, dzi, klahba, vimba, khosa, duma, zha, zhavella, Allan Wilson, waah. It was founded as a "modern general secondary school," and originally did not offer public examinations. This changed in 1952 when it was accorded the status of "technical high school," and named Allan Wilson Technical Boys' High School. Between 1952 and 1974, the school was academically selective and taught a mainly technical and scientific curriculum. From 1974, the curriculum was broadened, and the school offered a comprehensive range of subjects.

Historically, the school offered College of Preceptors 'O' level and 'A' level examinations under the auspices of the Oxford Examination Board and Associated Examining Board, later by the University of Cambridge Local Examination Syndicate UCLES, and also as a collaborative effort with the University of Zimbabwe.

Modern developments

The school motto was originally "They were Men of Men" in homage to the Allan Wilson's Shangani Patrol, who lost their lives to Lobengula's men at Shangani in 1893 during the First Matebele War. With Zimbabwean independence, and a feeling that the motto had lost its relevancy, staff and students chose the motto "We are Men of Men" as a reflection of the sentiment of the time.

Since 1988, 'O' and 'A' Level curricula have revolved around the Zimbabwe Schools Examination Council (ZIMSEC) protocol of 'O' Level and 'A' LEVEL examinations. O-Levels are written after the first four years of high school, at the end of Form IV (Year 11). A-Levels after the last 2 years of school, in Form VI (Year 13).

The school enrollment and staff changed from predominantly white to predominantly blacks, accurately reflecting the country's demographics.

Notable alumni

Philemon Hanneck, athlete.
David Lowe, swimmer.

References

External links
Allan Wilson High School Homepage

Boarding schools in Zimbabwe
Day schools in Zimbabwe
Boys' schools in Zimbabwe
Boys' high schools in Zimbabwe
High schools in Zimbabwe
Educational institutions established in 1940
1940 establishments in Southern Rhodesia


The third legislative assembly election to the Madras state (presently Tamil Nadu) was held on 21 February 1962. The Indian National Congress party, led by K. Kamaraj, won the election. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam made significant in-roads in the election and emerged as the second party for the first time by winning 50 seats. 1962 Election remains the most recent election in which Indian National Congress to form a majority Government in the State as its support was heavily declined due to rise of Dravidian political parties.

Constituencies
Two member constituencies were abolished in 1961 by the Two-Member Constituencies(Abolition) Act, 1961. 38 two member constituencies were abolished and an equal number of single member constituencies were established and reserved for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe candidates. The total number of constituencies remained at 206.

Background
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was emerging as a major challenger to Indian National Congress party in Tamil Nadu. However, its popularity was limited to the urban areas surrounding Madras and North and South Arcot districts. It had lacked a major support base in rural central and southern Tamil Nadu, a strong base of the Congress party. It won three city elections of the five largest cities, Madras, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Salem and Coimbatore in Madras state in alliance with the Communist Party of India in 1959 capitalising on its powerful urban base.

While trying to clarify DMK's position on "Northern domination", Annadurai said his party only meant that the existing Central Government was holding extraordinary powers over the States and his party only seeks to change this by "amendment of the Constitution through Constitutional methods". Infuriated by the softening of DMK's position, E. V. K. Sampath condemned what he called Annadurai's "dictatorship".

Parties and issues
Indian National Congress contested the election alone. Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported Congress headed by K. Kamaraj. He said
I am old. I may not live long. After I am gone, Kamaraj will safeguard the interest of the Tamils. He is my heir. Ultimately it is Kamaraj who counts-not others, candidates or even voters who are anyway unfit to judge what is right and good for them! Take my word, vote Congress and you will be well. If you don't, the ingenious Rajaji riding the DMK horse will trample you all without mercy.

Kamaraj fully made use of the popularity of E. V. Ramaswamy and identified himself with Tamil Nationalist aspirations. In February 1962, he introduced a bill Changing the name of Madras to Tamil Nadu for communications within the state and advocated to establish Madurai as the capital city of Madras.

As the 1962 election approached, the two wings of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam further polarised over the issue of electoral alliance. E. V. K. Sampath favoured alliance with Communist Party of India and Annadurai favoured alliance with the newly formed C. Rajagopalachari's Swatantra Party. Rajaji, the Chief Minister of Madras State between 1952 and 1954 had been a declared enemy of DMK and now he sought alliance with DMK. He said that the Congress party is more communal than parties which are openly communal.
In 1961, Sampath left DMK to form his own party Tamil Nationalist Party with an objective and goal to establish an "autonomous Tamil State". Annadurai's idea to include Swatantra Party in the electoral alliance was not totally welcome in the DMK party and despite Rajaji's opposition DMK aligned with the Communist Party of India. It also formed coalition with Muthuramalinga Thevar's Forward Bloc and Mohammad Ismail's Muslim League.

Support from Tamil film industry
M. G. Ramachandran actively campaigned for Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. S. S. Rajendran, one of the popular actors contested and won from Theni Constituency. Shivaji Ganesan extended his support & actively campaigned to Congress Party. Congress party made a movie Vakkurimai by popular film actors which was played all across Tamil Nadu.

Voting and results
Source: Election Commission of India

Results

By constituency

See also
 Elections in Tamil Nadu
 Legislature of Tamil Nadu
 Government of Tamil Nadu

Footnotes

External links
 Election Commission of India
 Rethinking Dravidian Hegemony in Tamil Nadu Party Politics

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
Madras


Penkule Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Penkule Parish
Penkule
Baldonas
Ezeriņi
Skujaine

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Black heel and palm is a skin condition characterized by a sudden shower of minute, black, punctate macules occurring most often on the posterior edge of the plantar surface of one or both heels.

See also
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


Ukri parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ukri parish

Parishes of Latvia
Dobele Municipality
Semigallia


Adtalem Global Education Inc. is an American corporation based in Chicago, Illinois, that operates several for-profit higher education institutions, including American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Chamberlain University, EduPristine, Ross University School of Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, and Walden University.

History
Adtalem Global Education was a successor to two separate entities: DeVry Institutes and the Keller-Taylor Corporation, doing business as Keller Graduate School of Management.  DeVry Technical Institute was acquired by the Bell & Howell company in 1966, and became part of its Education Group division. The school was renamed to DeVry Institute of Technology in 1968. In 1984, the education division was renamed DeVry, Inc. ("Old DeVry"), and became publicly traded on the American Stock Exchange.

The Keller-Taylor Corporation was formed in 1973 by Dennis Keller and Ronald Taylor. Keller-Taylor was the holding company of CBA Institute in Chicago, which later became Keller Graduate School of Management. In 1987 Keller-Taylor acquired the DeVry Institutes from Bell & Howell and merged it with Keller Graduate School of Management. The holding company's name changed to DeVry, Inc.

In 1991, DeVry became the first publicly traded education provider with an initial public offering on the NASDAQ stock exchange. In 1995, DeVry moved to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and began trading under the symbol DV (). In 2017, the company changed its ticker symbol to ATGE (). In 1996 DeVry acquired Becker CPA Review, now Becker Professional Education. In 2002 DeVry Institute of Technology and Keller Graduate School of Management became DeVry University. The company diversified into healthcare in 2003 with the acquisition of Ross University and added Chamberlain College of Nursing (then Deaconess College of Nursing) in 2005.

In 2007, DeVry expanded its reach into online education with the addition of Advanced Academics, an online secondary education that partners with schools and school districts across the United States. Carrington College, formerly known as Apollo College and Western Career College, joined DeVry in 2008. In 2009, DeVry acquired a majority stake in Fanor, later known as DeVry Brasil, a provider of post-secondary education with campuses located in northeastern Brazil. In June 2009, Standard and Poor's added Devry Inc. to its index of stocks, replacing newly-bankrupt General Motors.

In 2011, DeVry continued its international reach with the acquisition of ATC International (a subsidiary of Becker Professional Education), which provides professional finance and accounting training in Central and Eastern Europe as well as Central Asia; and American University of the Caribbean, a medical school located in St. Maarten. In November 2013, DeVry Inc. was renamed DeVry Education Group.

Daniel Hamburger resigned in 2016 as CEO of DeVry with a payout of 5.3 million dollars. Eight-year board member, Lisa Wardell was appointed president and CEO of DeVry Education Group.  In 2017, DeVry Education was rebranded as Adtalem Global Education.

In December 2018, Adtalem completed transferral of DeVry University and Keller Graduate School of Management properties to Cogswell Education LLC. This was completed just days after the transfer of Carrington College to San Joaquin Valley College.

In 2019, Adtalem partnered with Dillard University, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, and Tuskegee University to increase physician diversity and entered into the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) Partnership Challenge, created by the Bipartisan Congressional HBCU Caucus, to increase diversity in key workforce sectors.

In September 2020, Adtalem Global Education Inc announced that it began the process of purchasing Walden University. In August 2021, Adtalem Global Education Inc completed its acquisition of Walden University for $1.48 billion.

In 2022, Adtalem sold the Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists, Becker Professional Education and OnCourse Learning to Wendel Group and Colibri Group, respectively.

Lawsuits and controversies
For-profit higher education in the United States has been the subject of hearings by the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Specifically regarding DeVry, the Committee found that over half of the students enrolled at DeVry in 2008-2009 withdrew by mid-2010. DeVry spends more on marketing than on student instruction. Approximately 80% of DeVry's revenue is Federal education funds.

, DeVry Inc. was under investigation by the Attorneys General of the states of Illinois and Massachusetts.

A lawsuit filed against DeVry alleged deceptive recruiting practices in violation of federal law.

In January 2016, The Federal Trade Commission filed a lawsuit against DeVry Education Group alleging false or misleading advertising. A class action lawsuit was also filed against DeVry Group in US District Court, Northern District of California claiming breaches of contract, good faith and fair dealing, violations of the California Unfair Trade Practices Act, the California False Advertising Act and the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act, and negligent misrepresentations. A confidential settlement was reached.

In May 2016, a shareholder class action lawsuit was filed against DeVry Group, in the US District Court, Northern District of Illinois. The plaintiffs claimed that defendants made false or misleading statements regarding DeVry University's graduate employment rate and the earnings of DeVry University graduates relative to the graduates of other universities and colleges.

In June 2016, T’Lani Robinson and Robby Brown filed an arbitration demand with the American Arbitration Association, seeking relief for breach of contract, negligence, violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act, conversion, and unjust enrichment.

In December 2017, a former administrator filed  a civil lawsuit number with the Los Angeles Superior Court, seeking relief for a number of causes of action including Retaliation and Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy for complaining about an incentive-based compensation program that rewarded campus deans for recruiting and enrolling students.

Customers who earned a degree at Walden University accumulated $289 million in additional loan interest within 5 years of finishing their degree.

The Department of Education decided to forgive $6 billion in debt to students at predatory institutions, including American University of the Caribbean and Ross University.

References

External links

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Education companies of the United States
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Downers Grove, Illinois
Education companies established in 1973
Companies based in DuPage County, Illinois


James Martin (Jacobus Martinus, Jacques Martin) (fl. 1577) was a Scottish philosophical writer and early Ramist.

Life
He was a native of Dunkeld, Perthshire, and is said to have been educated at the University of Oxford. A James Martin, whose college is not mentioned, commenced M.A. at Oxford on 31 March 1522.

He was professor of philosophy at Paris. In 1556 he was proctor of the Germans in the University of Paris, and in May 1557 was chosen by them to negotiate with the king concerning a tax which he desired to impose on the university. He subsequently is said to have become professor at Turin. He was dead by 1584.

Works
Martin wrote a 1577 treatise in refutation of some of Aristotle's dogmas in Generation of Animals. Another edition appeared, with a preface by William Temple. A reply by Andreas Libavius appeared at Frankfort in 1591.

Other treatises by Martin are vaguely mentioned by Thomas Tanner in his Bibliotheca Britannico-Hibernica (1718), viz.: 1. In Artem Memoriae, Paris. 2. De Intelligentiis Motricibus, Turin. 3. In Libros Aristotelis de Ortu et Interitu, Paris, 1555. None of them appear to be now extant.

Notes

References

Scottish philosophers
People from Perth and Kinross
16th-century Scottish people


Vītiņi Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vītiņi parish

Parishes of Latvia
Dobele Municipality
Semigallia


Zebrene Parish () is an administrative unit of Dobele Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Zebrene Parish
Zebrene

References

Dobele Municipality
Parishes of Latvia


Piezogenic papules are protrusions of fat just beneath skin.

Signs and symptoms
They present as multiple small or large bumps characteristically on the heels and wrists. Most are asymptomatic and pain is rare, although some may present with pain before the bumps are noticed. They generally occur bilaterally and display a yellowish to skin-color. They may feel soft or firm.

Cause and risks
The bumps are caused by pressure. There may be an association with Prader–Willi syndrome, and around a third of individuals with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome may have them. Risk factors include obesity, flat feet, athletics, figure skating, and long-distance running.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by its appearance. If present in a child it may appear similar to juvenile aponeurotic fibroma.

Treatment
Generally, no treatment is required. They usually disappear when pressure is relieved; avoidance of prolonged standing, taping foot, compression stockings, heel cups, padding devices.

Epidemiology
Piezogenic papules are relatively common; in one small population-based study, the prevalence was found to be 76%. The same study found that it was not unusual to demonstrate the bumps when pressing a person's wrist.

History
The term was first coined by W. B. Shelley and Rawnsley, who first described them in 1968.

See also
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is known by various common names such as  prickly Russian thistle, windwitch, or common saltwort. It is widely known simply as tumbleweed because in many regions of the United States, it is the most common and most conspicuous plant species that produces tumbleweeds. Informally, it also is known as "'salsola", which was its generic name until 2007.

For a brief phase during its youth, it may be grazed but afterwards becomes too spiny and woody to be edible to most wildlife and livestock (if it is not processed first). Mature specimens are often more than a meter in diameter. As its fruits mature, the diaspore of the plant dies, dries, hardens, and detaches from its root. This detached anatomical part of  is called a tumbleweed, which is why  is colloquially called "tumbleweed" (although there are many other plant species that also produce tumbleweeds). Once mature, dry, and detached from the plant, this tumbleweed will tumble (i.e., roll) due to the force of the wind. As this dead structure tumbles in the wind, it gradually degrades and falls apart, thereby spreading (possibly as many as 200,000) seeds. If it happens to come to rest in a wet area then it can germinate rapidly, even with very small amounts of moisture. It has a high tolerance of salinity and can successfully compete with many native plants in certain environments, such as along sea beaches and especially in grassland, desert, or semiarid regions. Consequently, it now occupies a wide variety of habitats. Native to Eurasia,  has proven to be highly invasive as an introduced species and rapidly became a common ruderal weed of disturbed habitats throughout the world. The tumbleweed's tumbling is known to damage non-native plants and environments and its highly flammable nature also sometimes helps wildfires spread, especially during windy conditions. An ignited tumbleweed may spread a fire across firebreaks and may even ignite buildings or structures that it stops against.

Taxonomy
Linnaeus originally described the species as . It was given its current name by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli.

 is native to Eurasia, but in the 1870s, it appeared in South Dakota when flaxseed from Russia turned out to be contaminated with  seeds. Although it is the best-known of this group of weeds, and was at first thought to be a single well-defined species, it now is known to have included more than one species plus some hybrids. This has led to taxonomic confusion in dealing with species in the genera  and  in America. Recent studies show that the population that once was assigned to  really includes three or more morphologically similar species that differ in flower size and shape. The group was widely assigned to the family Chenopodiaceae, but the Chenopodiaceae – including the genera  and  – have since been included in the Amaranthaceae. They now are allocated to the Salsoloideae, a subfamily of the Amaranthaceae.

Description

 is an annual forb. In habit, the young plant is erect, but it grows into a rounded clump of branched, tangled stems, each one up to about a metre long. Depending on the plant's genetics and condition, the leaves and stems may be green, red, or striped, and they may be hairless or pubescent. The leaves are tipped with spines that in most varieties are so sharp that the plants are best handled with gloves and other suitably protective clothing, though some genetic variants have only a hair at the tip. On the young plant, leaves may be more than 5 cm long, succulent and more or less cylindrical; these juvenile leaves are deciduous and drop off as the plant matures. The leaves of the mature plant are persistent, leathery, broader and shorter than the young leaves (seldom more than 1 cm in length), rigid and spine-tipped. They remain on the stem till the plant dies at the end of the season. In the axil of the mature leaf, there are two leaf-like bracts with a flower between them. The flower lacks petals, but is surrounded by a disk of wide, winged sepals, whitish to pink in color.

Ecology

Reproduction and dispersal

The plant becomes woody as the fruits develop. As they ripen, the plant begins to die, dries out and becomes brittle. In that state the base of the stem breaks off easily, particularly in a high wind. The plant then rolls readily before the wind and disperses its seeds as a tumbleweed.

A large specimen of  may produce some 200,000 seeds.

Invasive potential
 has proven to be highly invasive as an introduced species and rapidly became a common ruderal weed of disturbed habitats in many regions of North America, particularly in the Midwest. The species also has become naturalized in various regions of Central and South America and in parts of Southern Africa and Australia. It now occupies a wide variety of habitat types in those regions and often is the first or even the only colonizer in conditions where no local species can compete successfully. Because of its preference for sand and its tolerance of salinity, it commonly grows along sea beaches as well as in disturbed grassland and desert communities, especially in semiarid regions.

Edibility

The plant is considered edible when young, and the young shoots can be harvested and eaten. As the plant matures, it becomes too woody, bitter, and spiny to be considered edible.  The young shoots can be eaten raw in salads, and are reported to be even more flavorful when cooked as a pot herb. Young plants are also reported as good fodder for livestock. Some varieties of Russian thistle can contain above average levels of oxalic acid, particularly in older plants, and people who are sensitive to oxalic acid should avoid the genus as it is a severe allergen for some people. Oxalates in certain vegetables contribute to gout and are a causative agent in certain types of kidney stones and bladder stones, therefore K. tragus is not recommended for people with a history of such conditions or whom have diabetic kidney disease.  People who have adverse reactions to eating spinach, which also can have high levels of oxalates, should avoid consumption of Russian thistle.

Ecology and agricultural management

 is a ruderal annual forb. It germinates rapidly even in very small amounts of moisture in arid conditions. When young it may be grazed freely, but that phase lasts for only a brief period, and generally at a time when other forage is relatively plentiful. After this it becomes a weed in most contexts. One reason is that as they mature most varieties become too spiny and woody for most stock to browse. Moreover older foliage develops higher levels of oxalates, bitter tannins and alkaloids making it unpalatable. As its fruits mature, the plant dies, dries and becomes hard and brittle. It is in this state that it is likely to detach from its root and become a tumbleweed. As tumbleweeds go, it is very large, often a metre or more in diameter, spiny, largely inedible to most livestock if unprocessed, and a fire hazard. However, in regions where there is plentiful winter rain, the moisture softens both the twigs and the spines, after which hardy breeds of livestock and some wildlife species once again will eat it.

 has acquired a bad reputation for its spininess, its woodiness when mature, and its general ecological competitiveness, augmented by its tumbleweed nature, which enables it to spread rapidly over open ground. Prince Gallitzin reported that on the journey out of his native Russia he passed through southwest Siberia and found the Imperial government's irrigation project abandoned and the farms deserted, on account of K. tragus. Furthermore Oryol Oblast and Kyiv Oblast were also especially infested. During the past century or more, the majority of the publications that dealt with the topic have discussed its pernicious nature, the increasing threats that the species poses, and how to combat its invasiveness; they largely have ignored its other attributes.

However, even early publications did concede that the plant is of value as a forage in severely arid conditions where few other forage species are viable. As for its harmful competitiveness, most authors emphasised its invasiveness, though some did mention its value in regenerating overgrazed or otherwise abused land.

Apart from its value to domestic cattle and sheep in some regions,  is a source of food and shelter for several species of wild life. Its nutritional value is high; it is rich in various minerals, Vitamin A, and phosphorus. It is a minor forage component for bison, mule deer, and wapiti. Pronghorn eat it with reluctance in drought conditions, but feed on it avidly under rainy conditions, especially in wet years. Prairie dogs consume it as a major food wherever they encounter it.  Seed-eating birds and small mammals such as rodents feed on the seeds.

 offers shelter for some wildlife. Medium-sized deer species make some use of it, but it is mainly of value to small mammals and bird species that normally live close to the ground and shelter under bushes.

Some livestock species such as camels and some breeds of stock that are adapted to semi-desert conditions will brave the spines when forage becomes scarce. Many goats and some breeds of sheep such as karakul browse the bushes. The plant, like many members of the Amaranthaceae, is rich in high-quality proteins with a good balance of essential amino acids, the seed even more so.

Oxalic acid occurs in a wide range of plants such as K. tragus as an adaptation to alkaline, relatively drier soils rich in calcite, gypsum, alumina, and/or other metal ions. Oxalic acid forms highly insoluble salts with calcium, aluminum, chromium, copper, lead, and many other transition metals. Oxalic acid is produced in specialized parenchyma cells called Idioblasts. There it binds with excess calcium from plant tissue forming needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate inside such cells, called Raphides. Calcium along with other metal ions are sequestered in idioblast cells, reducing their impact on the rest of the plant's tissues. Rhaphides also serve as a deterrent against insect predators, as the sharp crystal injure an insect's digestive tract.

 and many related species, including some that are widely regarded as invasive weeds in other countries, are valued in their regions of origin. They are adapted to inhospitable environments that do not support many other forage species. In Uzbekistan, for example, stems, fruits, and leaves are nutritious year-round camel feed; sheep and goats prefer it in summer, but also to some extent in autumn and winter. The fruits are important for fattening camels, goats, and karakul sheep; the fruit may partially substitute for concentrates, especially in autumn and winter. In those regions annual  species are known as "solyanki"; they are important as drought- and salt-tolerant forage and form a dominant group in the flora and vegetation of the most challenging environments. Some are useful for stabilising shifting sands and for rehabilitation of degraded rangelands such as the saline soil of the red desert of Kyzyl Kum. Some of the species also invade ruderal sites or occur as weeds in cultivated fields.

Although  still has not won much recognition in contemporary first-world livestock nutrition, this might reflect short memories rather than shortage of evidence for its merits; during the Dust Bowl era, it was credited with having rescued beef cattle husbandry in North America. The usual hay crops had failed and when all other sources failed farmers fed their cattle on tumbleweed.

Kali management and soil rehabilitation

In spite of the reigning conception that its presence is harmful,  is of particular value in rehabilitating certain classes of disturbed land. Often its presence is beneficial, especially when the original topsoil still is present; the species happens not to be host to any mycorrhizal fungi, whereas many or most common plants in fact are so adapted. As a result, when mycorrhizae surviving in the topsoil invade  roots they tend to kill the tissue, commonly stunting or even killing the plant. When the plant is dead and the mycorrhizae have consumed what they can of its remains, they spread out and infect more plants, beneficially to most desirable grasses and forbs, but to the disadvantage of most of the  that had been occupying the soil. They only remain to enrich, mulch and aerate it. This promotes reinvasion of the soil by other plants adapted to forming advantageous symbiotic associations with mycorrhizae. Above the ground, any dead  plants that remain standing provide shade that favours other plants' seedlings;  plants themselves on the other hand are highly intolerant of shade, being very much adapted to open, barren soil. This apparently complex process tends to repopulate the soil better and faster than killing the  with herbicides and waiting for apparently more desirable plants to make good the original damage to the soil.

In disturbed sites with no topsoil and therefore few or no mycorrhizae, the  population may remain dominant for over a decade. To speed the recovery, it is better to add rich topsoil with plenty of organic material and mycorrhizae than to attack the  population. However, it is important not to regard the ecological interrelationships too simplistically; in some cases the presence of the healthy weed plants on a harsh site without mycorrhizae actually seems to facilitate the succession of grass better than where a mycorrhizal inoculum had reduced the population of the . The assumed competitive effect of the  should be assessed and monitored in each case. Furthermore, of course, where degraded soil is effectively barren,  is better as a pioneer population than simply leaving the soil completely barren.  grows best on sandy or at least loose-surfaced soil, so it might pay better to rake the soil to encourage  invasion for a few years until its presence has mitigated the conditions.

Another factor to bear in mind in dealing with  is grazing or, more particularly, overgrazing. In regions where competitive vegetation is present together with the , overgrazing may favour the weed, while managing the grazing intensity to favour the desired plants may be the most economical, and in the long term, the most effective way of dealing with its overgrowth. A good example was in controlling troublesome  on Bighorn Sheep Winter Ranges in Jasper National Park by proper management of grazing intensity.

Kali and phytoremediation
A special class of soil mitigation is phytoremediation, in which the removal and accumulation of toxic elements from soils by suitable management of plant growth is a major component. Because such soil situations as mine dumps tend to be extreme examples of disturbed sites, and often are of fine texture,  species show promise for certain classes of such work. Simply by growing there in high density they can play a valuable role in phytostabilization by reducing wind erosion and similar processes that promote the spread of pollution.  The dry tumbleweed material also has been used as a mulch on replanted coal mine spoils in Arizona.

However, these plants also show promise as hyperaccumulators for phytoremediation by phytoextraction, the absorption of certain classes of toxic or at least undesirable chemicals from the soil. Commonly these are ions of heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd(II)), chromium (both  Cr(III) and  Cr(VI)), lead (Pb(II)), arsenic (both As(III) and As(V)), copper (Cu(II)), nickel (Ni(II)), and zinc (Zn(II)). Such processes have been studied in  for all those ions, and others such as iron and cobalt.   proved to be an active absorber of all those ions, plus some others, and it may well be a hyperaccumulator of both copper and cadmium. It certainly accumulated lead and arsenic very actively and also chromium in the most toxic hexavalent form.

It is not yet clear that  would be a useful species for commercial phytoextraction, either for phytoremediation or for phytomining, but there are genetic variables that could, in principle, be selected for. For instance, the ions the plant species absorb are variously bound or chelated by organic acid groups such as oxalate, or by thiol groups, among others. Some, such as arsenate, pass through phosphate metabolic processes before being bound by sulfur groups.

However, a plant that has absorbed some of the levels of toxic substances (e.g., arsenic, lead, or cadmium) that the  species can accumulate  probably would not be suitable for food or fodder. Thus, phytoextraction sites would have to be protected from livestock.

Prospects for genetic improvement
Such considerations have led some workers to recommend that the plant be actively exploited for its very attractive merits. Frustratingly however, the plant in the wild is very variable; apart from its intrinsic genetic variability, invasive populations have hybridised extensively with other species of  that apparently were imported at the same time, and to some extent the genus hybridises in the countries of its origin as well. Apart from such sources of variability, there are considerable variations in ploidy. The unpredictability of the merits of wild strains may frustrate farmers who have tried the species and found that seeds from wild plants do not produce  crops that live up to their hopes, so they tend to abandon the attempts.

However, in spite of the associated difficulties, the plants' genetic variability does imply opportunities for genetic improvement. The presence of tetraploids and hexaploids improves the prospects for new variants to be established in the population. The species and its hybrids and variants have attracted attention as valuable prospects for selective breeding for various agricultural purposes. The most desirable and the most undesirable genetically determined attributes have turned out to assort independently, which is a necessary condition for efficient selection of independent characters, so that for example, one can select breeding stock with desirable attributes, without being unable to select for the absence of undesirable attributes. One could select say, lines rich in protein, but without spines.

To appreciate the implications of the variability, consider the following isolated examples of variability in key attributes of dry matter, as found in some 70 samples collected from the south-western United States:

 crude protein: 5.4–22.3%
 acid-detergent fiber: 20.1–48.8%
 acid-detergent lignin: 3.1–10.4%
 nitrate: 0.1–6.2%
 water-soluble oxalate: 0.2–9.1%

These figures are not the only important genetically determined variables, but they are illustrative. Note that the high values in the list differ from the corresponding low values by factors ranging from a little over 2 in the case of acid-detergent fiber, to more than 60 for nitrate content. Other physical variables such as size and spininess also diverge markedly. As already noted, in many regions the plant passes through its most palatable and vulnerable phase before the need for forage begins to become more pressing. However, some strains are not spiny, so that there is scope for breeding lines that are useful throughout most of the season. Note too that while some variables, such as protein content, should preferably be as high as possible, others, while harmless or even beneficial at low levels, may be undesirable or even dangerous at the highest recorded levels. For example, rumen flora in ruminants metabolise nitrate and oxalate profitably at modest concentrations, but if the concentration overwhelms their metabolic capacity, the unprocessed ions may poison livestock. Strains of plants selected for modest levels of such content can therefore be fed without strict precautions, but the toxic components of other strains would best be diluted by mixing Kali fodder with other, safer forage, or treating it with mitigating agents. For example, excess soluble oxalate can be precipitated by adding lime to the fodder; precipitated oxalate is harmless. Digestibility also varied in this study, but the digestibility of Kali was in general greater than the digestibility of grasses.

Another desirable trait of Kali tragus and several related species, is that it is salt-tolerant in arid and sandy environments. In fact, it seems to do best at salt levels that – though modest – are far too high for most crops to tolerate. Growing the plant in environments too saline for most other forage species, even high enough to stress the Kali, actually increases some of its merits as a forage. In particular, it increases total nitrogen content but reduces some (possibly harmless) levels of potentially toxic substances such as soluble oxalate and nitrate.

Other problems and products

One of the unwelcome attributes of  is that it commonly presents a fire hazard, firstly because it is flammable once it is thoroughly dry, partly as a result of its nitrate content, which may be very high, sometimes over 6% dry weight. Secondly, in a season in which the  growth has been heavy, high winds often accumulate shocking tangles of the tumbleweeds, covering entire buildings or trapping vehicles so completely as to prevent unaided escape, particularly in the event that the dry material ignites. When they bank up against wire fences, the force of the wind against the mass is likely to damage the fence, and so will the fire if the mass ignites. In wildfire conditions in open country, strong winds often blow burning tumbleweeds across firebreaks, frustrating standard fire control measures. When the burning weeds are stopped by buildings or stacks, they ignite such objects more effectively than any other tumbleweed on the open plains, being compact and woody at maturity, as well as highly flammable.

The  complex has been associated with presumably allergic sensitivities to various parts of the plant. Many people develop skin rashes and assorted other reactions after exposure to the plant. Scratches and abrasions from spines or hard stems from the plant may cause itching or inflamed skin. Furthermore, fertilisation in this genus plus most species in the entire family is at least partly by wind pollination, and in some regions their pollen load may represent up to 5% of the total pollen load, causing many allergic sensitizations.

Some species also are harvested for the extraction of compounds such as the alkaloid “salsolin”, used in the preparation of certain pharmaceuticals.

In its dried, tumbleweed form, the  plant is generally difficult to work with, being springy, spiny, flammable and brittle, but like many other dried vegetable materials, primarily grass straw, it has been baled and used in building houses in regions such as parts of Nebraska, where not only timber, but even sod, often was in short supply.

Experimental work in Turkey suggests that chopped, milled and briquetted, optionally with the addition of other organic wastes such as sawdust and nut shells, the woody tumbleweed waste makes a usable rural fuel.

In its freshly sprouted form, before it has developed spines or unpleasantly tough fibres,  has been recommended as a salad, stir-fry, or potherb for human consumption. Such dishes would be harmless in modest quantities or if the strain used has a low oxalate and nitrate content.

Gallery

See also

 Oppositeleaf Russian thistle
 Russian globe thistle
 Salsola
 Tumbleweed

References

External links

 Jepson Manual Treatment -
 Washington Burke Museum -
  - U.C. Photo gallery

Amaranthaceae
Barilla plants
Edible plants
Flora of Lebanon
Flora of Russia
Tumbleweeds


Daniel Roth may refer to:

Daniel Roth (organist), French organist, composer, and pedagogue
 Daniel Roth (watchmakers), a watch company
Daniel Roth (writer), editor in chief, LinkedIn

Roth, Daniel


Cyril Charles Bowman Bardsley (13 February 1870 – 20 December 1940) was an Anglican bishop in the first half of the 20th century.

Bardsley was educated at Marlborough College and New College, Oxford and ordained in 1895. His first post was as a curate at Huddersfield Parish Church. He then held incumbencies at Nottingham and St Helen's, Merseyside.  He then became  the secretary of the Church Missionary Society until  his ordination to the episcopate as the Bishop of Peterborough in 1924. In 1927, he was translated to be the first diocesan Bishop of Leicester in the modern era. Described in his Times obituary as "a pastoral Bishop who lived for nothing but to serve his Master and minister to his people", he died shortly after resigning his see in Tunbridge Wells.

His nephew was Cuthbert Bardsley, who was Suffragan Bishop of Croydon from 1947 to 1956, and Bishop of Coventry from 1956 till 1976. He was also related to John Bardsley, Bishop of Sodor and Man from 1887 to 1891, and Bishop of Carlisle from 1891 to 1914.

References

1870 births
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Bishops of Peterborough
Bishops of Leicester
1940 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops


Narcotic dermopathy is a skin condition caused by the injection of drugs intravenously, resulting in thrombosed, cordlike, thickened veins at the site of injection.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


Juncal Island is an island belonging to Uruguay, located where the Uruguay River empties into the Río de la Plata, a bit above the Uruguayan town of Carmelo. It is separated from Uruguay by the Canal de Camacho.

The much smaller Juncalito Island lies a kilometer north; to the west, separated by the principal channel, lies Portuguese Island (Isla del Portugues), which belongs to the Argentine province of Entre Rios.

History
The chief historical event associated with Juncal Island is the Battle of Juncal, one of the most important naval battles of the Cisplatine War.  Occurring on 8 and 9 February, 1827 between squadrons of the Brazilian Empire and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, the result was a complete victory for the United Provinces.

Description
From a geological point of view, the island is a mass of riverine affluvient founded on a precambrian granite core.  The coasts are sandy and feature gentle inclines near the channels.  The island is low and flat, and can be completely submerged during high water.  It has a total length of 4.91 km and a maximum width of 1.95 km.

The western coast of the island is washed with waters from the river Guazú in addition to those of the Uruguay River from the north, while the east receives the cleaner and more oxygenated waters of the Camacho River; in this area a type of fish called a pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) can be found in abundance.  As a result, it is a habitual destination for fishing boats.

The vegetation of the island is primarily scrubland, although some trees can be found towards the center.

References
Carlos María Domínguez, Tres muescas para mi carabina, Alfaguara Argentina, 2002,
José María Reyes, Descripción geográfica del territorio de la República Oriental, Establecimiento Tipográfico y Litográfico de Luciano Mége, 1859

River islands of Uruguay
Birdwatching sites in Uruguay
Islands of the Río de la Plata
Islands of the Uruguay River
Geography of Colonia Department


Bilska Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia.

Painter Rūdolfs Pērle was born in Bilska Parish.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Blome Parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Branti parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Valka District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Branti parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Ērģeme Parish () is an administrative unit of Valka Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ērģeme parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Valka Municipality


The Two Castles Trail is a waymarked long distance footpath in Devon and Cornwall, England.  It runs for  from Okehampton in Devon to Launceston in Cornwall, linking the two Norman castles of Okehampton and Launceston.

The trail passes through the villages of Bridestowe, Lewdown and Lifton.  Between Okehampton and Bridestowe, the trail coincides with the West Devon Way.

External links

 Explore Devon

Long-distance footpaths in England
Footpaths in Cornwall
Footpaths in Devon


Ēvele Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Valmiera Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ēvele Parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Valmiera Municipality
Vidzeme


Grundzāle Parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Uetersen Airfield is an aerodrome near the town of Uetersen in the district of Pinneberg within the municipalities of Heist and Appen.

History

As early as 1928, there were deliberations to construct a glider landing field in Uetersen, but it took several years before the first aircraft would take flight. In June 1933 the first glider lifted off and 69 gliders were started until 1934. The biggest challenge, however, was that the sports grounds had to share with the local sports clubs and a large number of people were always present.

The airfield was transformed into a military airfield in the summer of 1935 when the runway was completed. On July 25, 1936, the first motor aircraft landed, piloted by a flight-student of the Flying School Magdeburg. The military-airfield was used in World War II by the Ju 52, Heinkel He 111, Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 and several crashes occurred, killing people.

It was also connected to the international airfreight network. The German Lufthansa began operating the air cargo route Uetersen-Copenhagen on January 29, 1940.

The Royal Air Force remained here until the end of November 1955.

The airfield was renamed Marseille Barracks (Marseille-Kaserne) on October 24, 1975, named after German World War II fighter pilot Hans-Joachim Marseille.

On May 13, 1987 private pilot Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen, flying a Cessna F172P, registration D-ECJB, and eventually landed in Red Square Moscow.

The airfield was also home of German Air Force Museum Uetersen from 1956 until 1995, when Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr was relocated to Berlin-Gatow.

In the 1970s, a Goodyear Blimp N2A airship was a guest.

Today's airfield is used exclusively for civil purposes.

The wings & wheels event was done annually here.

Airlines companies, clubs and destinations
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Uetersen Airfield:

It is the homebase for the business charter operations of Air Hamburg, the biggest company located at the airfield.
Luftsportverein Kreis Pinneberg e. V. LSV (gliding flight)
Sailing club Uetersen e.V. SCU (gliding flight)
Aero-Club Pinneberg e.V. (motor flight)
Hamburger Luftsport e.V. (roof club of some Hamburg air sports clubs, motor and gliding flight)
Canair aviation company and pilot training,
Nordcopters GmbH (Helicopter Flight School & Aviation Company),
HanseAIR, flying school for private pilots, aerobatics and airplane,
AerialSign, (aerial advertising).

Major incidents
 1. On July 29, 1999, a Cessna 152 crashed while attempting a go-around during landing. The flight instructor died, the student survived but was seriously injured.
 2. On February 12, 2000, a Ruschmeyer R90 crashed on runway 27. All 3 occupants were killed.
 3. On September 2, 2009, a Robinson R22 being used for training crashed shortly after takeoff. The helicopter was completely destroyed, the pilot survived.
 4. On March 18, 2010, a Cessna 152 crashed on the runway during landing. One of the two occupants was lightly injured in the accident.
 5. On August 7, 2013, a Cessna 172 (REG. D-EGUP) crashed into a nearby forest after takeoff. Both occupants were killed.
 6. On March 22, 2019, a Van's RV 12 crashed into trees during landing with engine problems. Both occupants were uninjured.
 7. On September 2, 2021, a B&F Technik FK-9 Mark II D-MNOM at the north south direction curve made a too close approach at the wrong side of the airfield building, crashed on the Trees at Parking Lot and felt to ground, suffered serious injuries and ultralight airplane was complete destroyed.

Curiosities

 The former German Air Force Canadair Sabre CL-13B Mk.6 JB+110 Luftwaffe, Construction Number 1643, with its Turbine removed remains on display in the parking lot. It was on exhibit at the museum until the relocation of the museum to Berlin.

See also
 Transport in Germany
 List of airports in Germany

References

External links

 Official website

Uetersen
Airports in Schleswig-Holstein


Jērcēni Parish () is an administrative unit of Valmiera Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. In the Inter-war period, it was a part of Valka County.

Population

References

Parishes of Latvia
Valmiera Municipality
Vidzeme


Angelika Overath (born 17 July 1957 in Karlsruhe) is a German author and journalist.

Overath studied German literature, History, Italian Studies, and Cultural Studies at the University of Tübingen and wrote a PhD-thesis in 1986 about the colour blue in modern literature.

She regularly works as Writer in Residence for the German Section in the School of Modern Languages, Newcastle University, and at Queen Mary's College, London. She also teaches creative writing for the Swiss Hyperwerk and has founded the Schreibschule Sent which offers seminars in creative writing both in German and Rumantsch.

Prizes

1996 Egon-Erwin-Kisch Prize for literary reportage
2002/2003 One-year scholarship of the Deutscher Literaturfonds, Darmstadt
2005 Thaddäus-Troll Prize
2006 Ernst-Willner-Prize at the Ingeborg-Bachmann-Competition
2007/2008 Writer in Residence at Queen Mary and Westfield College London
2008 Swiss prize for independent journalism
2009 Longlist for the German Book Prize by the Börsenverein Deutscher Buchhandel
2009 Shortlist for the Swiss Book Prize
2023 Longlist German Book Prize

Books

Das andere Blau, Zur Poetik einer Farbe im modernen Gedicht. (1987) Stuttgart: Metzler.
Händler der verlorenen Farben. (1998) Lengwil: Libelle.
Vom Sekundenglück brennender Papierchen. (2000) Lengwil: Libelle.
Schlimme Ehen. Ein Hochzeitsbuch, aus vielen Quellen zusammengetragen. together with Manfred Koch. (2000) Frankfurt: Eichborn.
Spatzenweisheit. together with Horst Munzig. (2001) Freiburg: Herder.
Mussenpraat. Dutch translation by Annette van Schoonhoven. (2003) Amsterdam: Palet Gifts. .
Schlaflos: das Buch der hellen Nächte. together with Manfred Koch. (2002) Lengwil: Libelle.
Die Kunst des Einfachen. together with Manfred Koch. (2000) Freiburg: Herder.
Toleranz. together with Navid Kermani and Robert Schindel. (2003) Göttingen: Wallstein.
Das halbe Brot der Vögel. (2004) Göttingen: Wallstein.
Generationen-Bilder. (2005) Lengwil: Libelle.
Nahe Tage. novel (2005) Göttingen: Wallstein. / (2008) Munich: dtv.
Genies und ihre Geheimnisse. 100 biographische Rätsel. together with Manfred Koch and Silvia Overath (2007) Berlin: List.
Hunde mitzubringen ist erlaubt: Ein literarischer Salon. together with Manfred Koch. (2008) Berlin: List.
Genies und ihre Geheimnisse, Band 2. 100 neue biographische Rätsel. together with Manfred Koch and Silvia Overath. (2009) Berlin: List.
Flughafenfische. novel. (2009) Munich: Luchterhand.
Short interview with the author about the genesis of the book and the difficulties translating her.
Alle Farben des Schnees. Senter Tagebuch. (2010) Munich: Luchterhand.
English review in New Books in German
Rumantsch and German Interview in Televisiun Rumantscha
Sie dreht sich um. Munich: Luchterhand 2014,  [Excerpt http://www.randomhouse.de/leseprobe/Sie-dreht-sich-um-Roman/leseprobe_9783630873497.pdf], dedicated to Henrike Lähnemann
Ein Winter in Istanbul. Munich: Luchterhand 2018, translation of a short extract in the Fortnightly Review
So träume und verschwinde ich. Liebesgedichte von Edip Cansever, Cemal Süreya und Turgut Uyar. Türkisch-Deutsch, herausgegeben und übersetzt zusammen mit Nursel Gülenaz, btb München 2021, .
Krautwelten. Insel Bücherei 1504, Suhrkamp 2021, .
Schwarzhandel mit dem Himmel/ Marchà nair cul azur. Gedichte Deutsch/Vallader. Telegramme Verlag, Zürich 2022, .
Unschärfen der Liebe. Luchterhand, München 2023,

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
20th-century German women writers
21st-century German women writers
German women novelists
German journalists
German women journalists


The Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca is a catalogue of Greek hagiographic materials, including ancient literary works on the saints' lives, the translations of their relics, and their miracles, arranged alphabetically by saint.  It is usually abbreviated as BHG in scholarly literature.  The listings include MSS, incipits, and printed editions.  The first two editions (1895, 1909) were edited by the Bollandists, which included the Jesuit scholar Hippolyte Delehaye.  The most recent editions have been the product of a single editor François Halkin.  The BHG along with the Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina and Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis are the most useful tools in the research of literary documents concerning the saints.

Editions

  3 volumes. Reprinted in 1986.

See also
Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina
Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis

References

External links
 Online database search of Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca
 Society of Bollandists
 Open Library.
 Clavis Clavium, a database containing all BHG records

Christian hagiography
Catalogues
Jesuit publications
Greek-language books
Belgian books
20th-century non-fiction books
20th-century history books


V is the fifth full-length album by San Francisco metal/indie group The Fucking Champs, released in 2002 on Drag City.

Track listing
Never Enough Neck Pt. 1
Never Enough Neck Pt. 2
Children Perceive the Hoax Cluster
I Am Tte Album Cover
Nebula Ball Rests in a Fantasy Claw
The Virtues of Cruising
Aliens of Gold
Air on a G-String
Hats Off to Music
Major Airbro's Landing
Policenauts 2000
Crummy Lovers Die in the Grave
Part Three
Happy Segovia
Chorale Motherfucker

2002 albums
Drag City (record label) albums


Toramana also called Toramana Shahi Jauvla (Gupta script:  Toramāṇa, ruled circa 493-515 CE) was a king of the Alchon Huns who ruled in northern India in the late 5th and the early 6th century CE. Toramana consolidated the Hephthalite power in Punjab (present-day Pakistan and northwestern India), and conquered northern and central India including Eran in Madhya Pradesh. Toramana used the title "Great King of Kings" (Mahārājadhirāja ), equivalent to "Emperor", in his inscriptions, such as the Eran boar inscription.

The Sanjeli inscription of Toramana speaks of his conquest and control over Malwa and Gujarat. His territory also included Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Kashmir. He probably went as far as Kausambi, where one of his seals was discovered.

According to the Rīsthal inscription, discovered in 1983, the Aulikara king Prakashadharma of Malwa defeated him.

Overview
Toramana is known from Rajatarangini, through coins and inscriptions.

Punjab inscription
An inscription found at Kura in the Salt Range records the building of a Buddhist monastery by a person named Rotta Siddhavriddhi during the reign of the Huna ruler Toramana. The donor expresses the wish that the religious merit gained by his gift be shared by him with the king and his family members. In the Khurā inscription (495-500, from the Salt Range in Punjab and now in Lahore), Toramana assumes the Indian regnal titles in addition to central Asian ones: Rājādhirāja Mahārāja Toramāṇa Shahi Jauvla. Among which Shahi is considered to be his Title and Jauvla being an epithet or Biruda. This is a Buddhist record in hybrid Sanskrit, recording the gift of a monastery (vihāra) to members of the Mahīśāsaka school.

Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula

In the Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula, from Gwalior in northern Madhya Pradesh, India, and written in Sanskrit, Toramana is described as:

Eran Boar inscription

The Eran Boar inscription (in Eran, Malwa, 540 km south of New Delhi, state of Madhya Pradesh) of his first regnal year indicates that eastern Malwa was included in his dominion. The Eran Boar inscription was erected in honor of the deity Vishnu as his avatar, Varaha.

The statue is of the deity in form of a boar, with engravings display it protecting rishis and upholding Dharma. Additionally, the statue contains Sanskrit inscriptions inscribed on the neck of the boar, in 8 lines of in Brahmi script.
It also records the building of the temple in which the current Varaha image stands, by Dhanyavishnu, the younger brother of the deceased Maharaja Matrivishnu. The first line of the inscription, made after 484/85 CE mentions the "Maharajadhiraja Toramana" ("The great king of king Toramana") and reads:

Sack of Kausambi
The presence of seals in the name of "Toramana" and "Hunaraja" in Kausambi, suggests that the city was probably sacked by the Alkhons under Toramana in 497–500.

Defeats

According to the Rishtal stone-slab inscription, discovered in 1983, the Aulikara king Prakashadharma of Malwa defeated him in 515 CE.

Toramana may also have been defeated by the Indian Emperor Bhanugupta of the Gupta Empire in 510 A.D. according to the Eran inscription, although the "great battle" to which Bhanagupta participated is not explicited.

A few silver coins of Toramana closely followed the Gupta silver coins. The only difference in the obverse is that the king's head is turned to the left. The reverse retains the fantailed peacock and the legend is almost similar, except the change of name to Toramana Deva.

A Jaina work of the 8th century, the Kuvalayamala states that he lived in Pavvaiya on the bank of the Chandrabhaga and enjoyed the sovereignty of the world.

Successor
Toramana was succeeded by his son Mihirakula.

See also
 Hephthalite Empire
 Mihirakula
 Alchon Huns

Notes

5th-century Indian monarchs
6th-century Indian monarchs
History of Kashmir
Hephthalites


Kārķi parish () is an administrative unit of Valka Municipality, Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Valka District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kārķi Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Valka Municipality


Launkalne parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was a part of Valka District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Launkalne parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is a derivative of glucose 1-phosphate.  In the glycogenesis metabolic pathway, glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is an intermediate in the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate into glucose 1-phosphate by the enzyme glucose-1,6-bisphosphate synthase.

References

Monosaccharide derivatives
Organophosphates


Palsmane parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Valka District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Palsmane parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Plāņi Parish () is an administrative unit of Valmiera Municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Plāņi Parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Valmiera Municipality
Vidzeme


The Next Chapter is a Canadian radio program, which airs on CBC Radio One. Hosted by Shelagh Rogers, the program is an hour-long weekly magazine show on books and literature, including interviews with writers.

The program was launched in 2008, replacing Ian Brown's similar show Talking Books.

In May 2023, Rogers announced her retirement from the program, effective June 24. The show is slated to be hosted by Ryan B. Patrick through the summer, with an announcement of the show's new permanent host to be made later in the year.

References

External links
 The Next Chapter

Radio shows about books and literature
Canadian talk radio programs
CBC Radio One programs
2008 radio programme debuts
Book podcasts
2000s Canadian radio programs
2010s Canadian radio programs
2020s Canadian radio programs


Smiltene Parish () is an administrative unit of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Smiltene Parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Trikāta Parish () is a constituent part of Valmiera Municipality. From 2009 until 2021, Trikāta Parish was part of the former Beverīna Municipality (formerly of Valka District, Latvia, before the July 1, 2009, administrative reform). Latvian law defines Trikāta Parish as a part of the Vidzeme region.

Trikāta, the central settlement of the parish lies approximately 17 km to the east of Valmiera, 23 km north-west of Smiltene, and 14 km south of Strenči.

Towns, villages and settlements of Trikāta Parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Castles of the Teutonic Knights
Valmiera Municipality
Vidzeme


Valka Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Valka Municipality, Latvia. It was an administrative unit of Valka District. The administrative center is Lugaži.

Towns, villages and settlements of Valka Parish
 Alieši
 Bērzezers
 Lugaži
 Pedele
 Saule
 Sēļi
 Tomēni
 Zīle

References

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Valka Municipality


End of a Priest () is a 1969 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Evald Schorm. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 Vlastimil Brodský as Verger Albert
 Jan Libíček as Teacher
 Zdena Škvorecká as Anna
 Jana Brejchová as Majka
 Jaroslav Satoranský as Toník
 Vladimír Valenta as Farmer
 Helena Růžičková as Farmer's wife
 Josefa Pechlatová as Grandmother
 Martin Růžek as White bishop
 Gueye Cheick as Black Bishop
 Andrea Čunderlíková as Božka
 Libuše Freslová as Bride
 Václav Kotva as Jan Páně
 Pavel Landovský as Watcher

References

External links

1969 films
Czech comedy films
1960s Czech-language films
1969 comedy films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films directed by Evald Schorm
1960s Czech films


Variņi Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Smiltene Municipality, Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Valka District.

Towns, villages and settlements of Variņi Parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Smiltene Municipality


Vijciems Parish () is an administrative unit of Valka Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vijciems Parish
  - parish administrative center
 Mežmuiža

References

Parishes of Latvia
Valka Municipality


Zvārtava Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Valka Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Zvārtava Parish

Parishes of Latvia
Valka Municipality


Hubie Oliver (born November 12, 1957, in Elyria, Ohio) is a former American football running back in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 10th round of the 1981 NFL Draft. He played college football at Arizona.

Oliver also played for the Indianapolis Colts and Houston Oilers.

1957 births
Living people
American football fullbacks
Arizona Wildcats football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Indianapolis Colts players
Houston Oilers players
Players of American football from Ohio
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


István Mészáros (30 April 1933 – 6 May 1994) was a Hungarian sprint canoeist who competed in the mid-1950s. He won two medals at the 1954 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Mâcon with a gold in the K-2 1000 m and a bronze in the K-4 10000 m events.

References

Biography of István Mészáros

1933 births
1994 deaths
Hungarian male canoeists
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
20th-century Hungarian people


Oops TV is a British television programme which features comedic video clips of people and animals, broadcast between February 2009 and November 2010, hosted and narrated by Justin Lee Collins.

References

External links
Official website

Sky UK original programming
2000s British comedy television series
2010s British comedy television series
2009 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
Video clip television series
English-language television shows


The Redes Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Natural de Redes) is located in the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain. Its total area is , split between two municipalities: Caso () and Sobrescobio (). It was declared a natural park in 1996.

Conservation
In September 2001, the park was included by Unesco in the global network of Biosphere reserves.  Redes is one a group of biosphere reserves in the Cantabrian Mountains, which includes Picos de Europa National Park and Somiedo Natural Park. Since 2007 there has been discussion of creating a single super-reserve called Gran Cantabrica to protect the mountain eco-system.
This integration is expected to benefit animals such as the Cantabrian brown bear which have been adversely affected by habitat fragmentation.

Since 2003 Redes has been protected as a Special Protection Area for birds.

Tourist attractions

There are three natural monuments in the park:
 Ruta del Alba, an old miners' road by the river Alba.
 Deboyu Cave
 El Tabayón del Mongayu (waterfall)

There are various museums in the area including a bee-keeping museum.

Flora

Temperate deciduous woodland is typical of the park.

Fauna

Farming
The human population carries out traditional livestock farming including transhumance using high pastures called "brañas". The biosphere reserve aims to protect traditional farming as a sustainable use of natural resources.

Mammals
Cantabrian brown bears are often found in the park, which appears to have a key role in the corridors used by this endangered species.
Genetic studies show that the surviving Cantabrian brown bears were divided in the twentieth century into two populations separated by a bear-free zone. (This rupture has been interpreted as the consequence of the development of communication infrastructures and human pressure).  However, genetic evidence has been found in Redes of hybridisation, the result of recent breeding between individuals from the two populations. This is good news for the bears as it shows that they have found a way to reverse the fragmentation of their habitat.

There is a breeding population of wolves.

Birds
Bird-life includes the Cantabrian Capercaillie, a member of the grouse family which is dependent on large tracts of mature woodland. The subspecies has been in decline, partly related to a decline in the quality of its habitat. A recovery plan has been in operation, funded by the LIFE Programme, which is due to end in 2016. The recovery plan operates across 16 SPAs, including Redes. There has been work to improve the birds' habitat and to reintroduce them to areas where it appears they have become extinct.  Reintroductions have involved a facility for raising capercaillies in captivity at Sobrescobio.

Invertebrates
Gastropod species include the Kerry slug.

See also

 Ponga, a nearby locality which also has a natural park.

References

External links

 Walking route of Alba
 Walking route El Tabayón del Mongayu

Protected areas of Asturias
Biosphere reserves of Spain
Natural parks of Spain
Special Protection Areas of Spain
Protected areas established in 1996
Cantabrian Mountains
Natural parks of Asturias


Phil Hansen may refer to:
 Phil Hansen (artist) (born 1979), American artist
 Phil Hansen (American football) (born 1968), retired player of American football and Republican candidate for State Senate in Minnesota in 2012
 Phil L. Hansen (1923–1992), Attorney General of Utah

See also
 Philip Hanson (civil servant) (1871–1955), British civil servant
Philip Hanson (racing driver)