Arvid Hansen (1 March 1916 – 13 February 1945) was a Norwegian resistance member who was executed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

He was born in Oslo as the son of Harald and Helga Marie Hansen. He worked in Oslo as an electrician. When Norway was invaded by Germany in 1940, he became involved in the subsequent fighting. He later involved himself in the illegal press, and later in Milorg. He conducted several sabotage missions as a part of the group D.B. He was also a part of the group Aks 13000. His last mission was Aksjon smør, in which Milorg men stole foodstuffs from two warehouses, one in the street Tollbugata belonging to German forces, and one in the street Skippergata belonging to Arbeidstjenesten. The foodstuffs were distributed to Milorg men who hid in the forests surrounding Oslo. This was his 28th sabotage mission.

On 13 February 1945, the day after Aksjon smør, two Gestapo officers by coincidence intercepted a resistance meeting in Storm Weinholdt's home. Storm Weinholdt and Frank Olsen were arrested, and Adolf Bogstad was killed. This kickstarted a crackdown in which several people were arrested. Four Nazis then stormed Hansen's home just before midnight on 13 February 1945. They rang the doorbell, and shot Arvid Hansen's father Harald who answered at the door. Almost immediately they met Arvid Hansen, who was in his bedroom. Hansen managed to fire three shots and kill one of the Nazis, but when firing for a second time, he was himself hit and instantly killed. His fiancée, who had been assisting in the resistance work, was wounded. His mother survived, and fled to Sweden the next week.

Together with eight other resistance members—Adolf Bogstad, Erik Bruun, Henry Gundersen, Ingolf Nordstrøm, Kåre Olafsen, Frank Olsen, Kjell Ramberg and Storm Weinholdt—he is commemorated with a memorial stone at Sarabråten in Østmarka.

References

1916 births
1945 deaths
Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
Military personnel from Oslo
World War II resistance press activists
Deaths by firearm in Norway
Burials at Vestre gravlund


Henderson Waves is a pedestrian bridge crossing Henderson Road in the Southern Ridges in Singapore. The bridge is one of two pedestrian bridges that form part of the walking trail connecting the Southern Ridges with Mount Faber along with Alexandra Arch, and is the highest pedestrian bridge in Singapore. The sun-shading, curved, wooden ribs are illuminated at night.

History

Plans for two new pedestrian bridges in the Southern Ridges were first announced in 2002 as part of the Urban Redevelopment Authority's plan to enhance the unique qualities of selected areas. A competition was launched by the Urban Redevelopment Authority to seek designs for both bridges, with the design by Singaporean architectural firm RSP Architects Planners & Engineers and IJP Architects being selected as the design for the bridge travelling over Henderson Road. The bridge was opened on 10 May 2008 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. The bridge is 36m above Henderson Road, thus making it the tallest pedestrian bridge in Singapore, and 274m long and 8m wide. In July, the bridge was shortlisted for the inaugural World Architecture Festival Awards under the transport category.

The bridge went under maintenance works in November 2014, while remaining open to the public.

References

Buildings and structures in Singapore
Bridges completed in 2008
2008 establishments in Singapore
Bridges in Singapore
Bridge light displays


Charles Victor Woirgard (16 October 1764, Metz - 19 February 1810, Valverde), also known by the surname of Beaugard or Beauregard, was a French général de brigade of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. His name is engraved on the 38th column of the Arc de Triomphe as Beauregard.

1764 births
1810 deaths
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe


4 Vulpeculae is a single, orange-hued star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It forms part of the asterism, formerly thought to be an open cluster, called the coathanger or Brocchi's Cluster. The star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.16. The distance to this star, based upon an annual parallax shift of , is around 260 light years.

At the age of about 2.6 billion years old, this is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III, having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolved off the main sequence. It is now a red clump giant, indicating that it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through the fusion of helium at its core. The star has an estimated 1.72 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 11.42 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 67.6 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,763 K.

References

K-type giants
Horizontal-branch stars
Vulpecula
Durchmusterung objects
Vulpeculae, 04
182762
095498
7385


Joe or Joseph Bradley may refer to:

Politicians
 Jeb Bradley (Joseph E. Bradley, born 1952), Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for New Hampshire
 Joseph P. Bradley Jr. (1926–1994), Pennsylvania politician

Others
 Joe Bradley (basketball) (1928–1987), American basketball player
 Joe Bradley (artist) (born 1975), American painter
 Joseph P. Bradley (1813–1892), American jurist on the United States Supreme Court
 Joseph S. Bradley (1900–1961), American Army major general
 Joseph Bradley (buccaneer) ( 1670), English buccaneer

Characters
 The character played by Gregory Peck in the 1953 film Roman Holiday
 The character played by Tom Conti in the 1987 remake Roman Holiday
 Joe Bradley (90210)

See also
 Bradley Joseph (born 1965), American composer
 Bradley (disambiguation)


The InterTown Series is a summer rugby league competition organised by the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA). It is contested by teams representing districts made up of players from clubs in that area.

Winter leagues fully or partially affiliated to BARLA include: the National Conference League, North West Counties League, CMS Yorkshire League, Pennine League, Cumberland League, Barrow & District League and the Hull & District League.

The InterTown Series takes place between representative teams during the summer off-season with games in June and July to avoid affecting clubs. Players are eligible for selection by the district which their last club is a member of. At present the InterTown Series is restricted to districts in Yorkshire.

History

The competition started in 2008 with Castleford & Featherstone, Leeds and Wakefield districts producing representative teams to take part in a summer competition. The first title was won by Wakefield.

Interest was expressed in the 2009 Series by a number of other Yorkshire service areas and York, Heavy Woollen district and Halifax joined the competition which was divided into two pools.

2009 structure

The competition is split into two groups of three with each team playing opposition both home and away. The eventual winners of each group will be play off in the grand final and plans are for it to be held at Headingley Stadium.

Past winners

 2008 Wakefield

References

External links
 BARLA Official Website

BARLA competitions


Nizamabad (Urdu: نظام آباد) is a small town near Wazirabad in Gujranwala District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is about a kilometer from Wazirabad towards Lahore. And 100 km from lahore, 40 km from Gujranwala

Nizamabad also has many manufacturers of cutlery, which mainly provide raw material for bigger industries in Wazirabad. Nizamabad has one girls college. It also has a school for primary education.

See also
 Wazirabad

References

Cities and towns in Gujranwala District


Liga Paralela de Béisbol (translated: Parallel Baseball League) is a baseball league competition held in Venezuela during the winter. Its relationship to the  Venezuelan Professional Baseball League is similar to that of the AA and AAA Minor League Baseball leagues to Major League Baseball in the U.S.A.  After players finish the league competition, they often join the MLB. It gives some of the younger Venezuelan players an opportunity to play in their home country during the winter.

Many player who join the league during the international signing period have not played in the Dominican Summer League or the Venezuelan Summer League, thus the Liga Paralela can provide a first glimpse at some of the year's top Venezuelan signings.  International scouts say the quality of the league has improved over the last few years and has become an indicator of whether players are ready to make the leap to a rookie league in the United States.

This winter league is organized by the same organization that runs the Venezuelan Summer League.

Teams

References

External links
 Official site

Baseball leagues in Venezuela


Drei Kapuziner is a mountain in Liechtenstein in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, close to the towns of Malbun and Steg, with a height of .

References

Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of the Alps


Mark Bradley (born 1982) is an American football wide receiver.

Mark Bradley may also refer to:
 Mark Edward Bradley (1907–1999), U.S. Air Force general
 Mark Bradley (footballer, born 1976), Scottish footballer
 Mark Bradley (footballer, born 1988), Welsh international footballer
 Mark Bradley (baseball) (born 1956), American baseball player
 Mark Bradley (cricketer) (born 1966), New Zealand cricketer
 Mark Bradley (Gaelic footballer) (born 1994/95)

See also
 Mark Bradly (born 1977), Australian rules footballer


Frank Henter (born 30 January 1964) is a former freestyle swimmer from West Germany.

Frank competed in the 50 metres freestyle at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, finishing seventh in the Championship Final in a time of 23.03 seconds. His preliminary time was slightly quicker at 22.98 seconds.

References

German male swimmers
Olympic swimmers for West Germany
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
1964 births
Living people


"Old Shep" is a song composed by Red Foley, with lyrics by Willis Arthur, published in 1935, about a dog Foley owned as a child. In reality, the dog, poisoned by a neighbor, was a German Shepherd called "Hoover." Foley first recorded the song on December 9, 1935, for American Record Corporation (ARC) in Chicago, then re-recorded it on March 4, 1941, his first session for Decca Record Company, and again for them on July 31, 1946. He recorded for Decca the rest of his life, 1941 to 1968.

Other versions
The song, later recorded by many artists including Hank Snow and Elvis Presley, became a country classic.
Tex Morton 1941, Hank Williams 1942, Elvis Presley 1956, Hank Snow 1959, Ralph DeMarco (1959 - #10 in Canada), Walter Brennan 1960, Dave Dudley 1965, Johnny Cash 1975, Everly Brothers & Garrison Keillor 1988, Pat Boone 1994, Burton Cummings (as Elvis) 1994, Alabama 2006.

A version of the song by Clinton Ford appeared in the UK Singles Chart in October 1959, spending one week at number 27.

Colombian performer Marco recorded a Spanish language version in 1986.

Elvis Presley connection
On October 3, 1945, Elvis Presley sang "Old Shep" at age ten for his first public performance, a singing contest at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show. Dressed as a cowboy, he stood on a chair to reach the microphone. He came in fifth place, winning $5 and a free ticket to the fair rides. At sixteen years of age, in 1951, he again performed it for a talent show at L. C. Humes High School, where he was a student, winning an encore for his performance.  Elvis' cover version was released in 1956.

Cultural references
Led Zeppelin's 1970 song "Bron-Y-Aur Stomp", which is about Robert Plant's dog, mentions "Old Shep" in the line "When you're old and your eyes are dim / Ain't no Old Shep gonna happen again."

In the British TV sitcom Only Fools and Horses, "Old Shep" is Del Boy's favourite song about a dog. In the 1982 Christmas special "Diamonds Are for Heather," Del gets a local mariachi band to sing "Old Shep." At the end of the episode, after being dumped by Heather, he pays some Christmas carol singers to sing the song to cheer himself up. In a later episode, "Modern Men," Del has "Old Shep" as the "on hold" music on his mobile phone, plus it plays on the radio in Sid's café in "The Long Legs of the Law." The song was also heard in the third episode of the prequel series Rock & Chips, "The Frog and the Pussycat", when Del was listening to the song in a bar.

In the 1987 episode "Oh, Brother" of American sitcom Family Ties, it is revealed that Steven Keaton's older brother, for amusement, would hold down Steven and make him listen to "Old Shep" when both were children, knowing that the song would always make Steven start crying. (Series creator Gary David Goldberg later revealed that this was based on his own childhood, when his real-life older brother would do this to him.) At the end of the episode, Steven and his son, Alex P. Keaton, listen to the song, and both start crying.

In The Waltons episode "The Fighter" (S4E3, 1975), Grandpa Zebulon Walton sings the last verse of "Old Shep" in reference to the Walton family dog, Reckless, who is lying fast asleep in the yard.

References

1935 songs
1936 singles
Elvis Presley songs
Hank Snow songs
Red Foley songs
Songs about death
Songs about dogs
Walter Brennan songs


Claude François Dupré or Claude François Duprès (3 October 1755 – 21 July 1808) was a French general.

Born in Fort-Louis, Bas-Rhin, he first joined up in 1776 and served in the armies of the French Revolution and First French Empire. He was killed at Battle of Bailén in Bailén, Andalucia.

1755 births
1808 deaths
People from Bas-Rhin
Barons of the First French Empire
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
Commanders of the Legion of Honour


Rauher Berg is a mountain on the border of Liechtenstein and Austria in the Rätikon range of the Eastern Alps, close to the town of Malbun, with a height of .

References

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Liechtenstein
Mountains of Vorarlberg
Austria–Liechtenstein border
International mountains of Europe


Alex Bobidosh (September 9, 1890 – September 11, 1981) was a professional football player. He played in one game in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1922 season with the Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe.

References

1890 births
1981 deaths
American football ends
Native American players of American football
Oorang Indians players
People from Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin


Einar Olav Christiansen Dønnum (19 April 1897 – 22 April 1947) was a Norwegian Nazi collaborator who was executed during the legal purge in Norway after World War II.

Early life
Before the war, Einar was a manager and Sunday school teacher at a church. He worked there for 8 years before being forced to quit. Einar had been unfaithful to his wife and initiated a sexual relationship with a 17-year-old girl. Outside the church he ran a scrap shop, buying and selling used clothes.

When the Nazi occupied Norway, Einar became a member of Nasjonal Samling on November 1, 1940. After a few weeks at the Order Police in Oslo, Einar came to the surveillance department, a unit that was a kind of forerunner of the State Police.

World War II
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, Einar became a member of Nasjonal Samling on November 1, 1940. The following year, he began as a temporary police constable. Einar joined the Statspolitiet in 1941.

Einar was known for brutal interrogation methods, which included torture. He hired his teenage son, Ole Bernhard Dønnum, as an assistant. In addition to torturing resistance fighters, Einar also participated in several executions of them. Members of the Norwegian resistance movement, including Asbjørn Sunde, made several failed assassination attempts on Einar. Near the end of the war, Einar's name became synonymous with torture.

In May 1945, Einar fled with his son to Sweden. They were both arrested there, and extradited to Norway in July 1945. The two were tried for treason. Einar faced underlying charges of assault, torture, and murder, but Ole only faced underlying charges of torture. During his trial, Einar tried to portray himself as an insignificant figure who had not done anything particularly serious.

Both Dønnums were found guilty. Einar was sentenced to death and Ole was sentenced to six years in prison with hard labour. Einar was executed by firing squad at Akershus Fortress on 22 April 1947. Ole Dønnum was released from prison on 18 December 1948, and changed his name after his release.

References

1897 births
1947 deaths
Norwegian police officers convicted of murder
Norwegian people convicted of war crimes
Executed Norwegian collaborators with Nazi Germany

Members of Nasjonal Samling
People convicted of torture
People convicted of murder by Norway
Police officers convicted of assault
Police officers executed for murder
Police officers executed for treason


The 2007–08 OPJHL season is the 15th season of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL). The thirty-five teams of the North, South, East, and West divisions will compete in a 49-game schedule.

Come February, the top six teams of each division competed for the Frank L. Buckland Trophy, the OJHL championship.  The winner of the Buckland Cup, the Oakville Blades, competed in the Central Canadian Junior "A" championship, the Dudley Hewitt Cup, and won.  Once successful against the winners of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and Superior International Junior Hockey League, the champion Blades then moved on to play in the Canadian Junior A Hockey League championship, the 2008 Royal Bank Cup where they finished last.

Changes
Couchiching Terriers are back for 2007-08
Streetsville Derbys have moved to Rexdale
Oswego Admirals are now Toronto Dixie Beehives
Trenton Sting are now Quinte West Pack
Toronto Thunderbirds are now Villanova Knights
Bancroft Hawks are folding for 2007-08 season
Bramalea Blues are folding for 2007-08 season

Final standings
as of February 13, 2008

Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title

Please note: (x-) denotes playoff berth, (y-) denotes elimination, (zx-) denotes first round bye.

Teams listed on the official league website .

Standings listed by Pointstreak on official league website .

2007-08 Frank L. Buckland Trophy Playoffs

Note: E is East, S is South, W is West, N is North, WC is Wild Card.

Playoff results are listed by Pointstreak on the official league website .

Dudley Hewitt Cup Championship
Hosted by the Newmarket Hurricanes in Newmarket, Ontario.  Oakville finished first, Newmarket finished second.

Round Robin
Oakville Blades 5 - Dryden Ice Dogs 1
Newmarket Hurricanes 5 - Sudbury Jr. Wolves 1
Oakville Blades 5 - Sudbury Jr. Wolves 3
Newmarket Hurricanes 7 - Dryden Ice Dogs 1
Oakville Blades 5 - Newmarket Hurricanes 2
Semi-final
Newmarket Hurricanes 2 - Dryden Ice Dogs 1 OT
Final
Oakville Blades 6 - Newmarket Hurricanes 3

2008 Royal Bank Cup Championship
Hosted by Cornwall Colts in Cornwall, Ontario.  Oakville finished fifth.

Round Robin
Cornwall Colts 5 - Oakville Blades 4
Weeks Crushers 4 - Oakville Blades 3 OT
Oakville Blades 7 - Humboldt Broncos 6
Camrose Kodiaks 6 - Oakville Blades 1

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average

Players selected in 2008 NHL Entry Draft
Rd 2 #36	Corey Trivino -	New York Islanders	(Stouffville Spirit)
Rd 2 #52	Brandon Burlon -	New Jersey Devils	(St. Michael's Buzzers)
Rd 6 #179	Braden Birch -	Chicago Blackhawks	(Oakville Blades)
Rd 7 #185	Paul Karpowich -	St. Louis Blues	(Wellington Dukes)
Rd 7 #210	Nicholas D'Agostino -	Pittsburgh Penguins	(St. Michael's Buzzers)

See also
 2008 Royal Bank Cup
 Dudley Hewitt Cup
 List of OJHL seasons
 Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Superior International Junior Hockey League
 Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League
 2007 in ice hockey
 2008 in ice hockey

References

External links
 Official website of the Ontario Junior Hockey League
 Official website of the Canadian Junior Hockey League

Ontario Junior Hockey League seasons
OPJHL


Absolute is the sixth album released by the Japanese metal band Aion. The album consists of traditional heavy metal, contrasting sharply with the power metal and thrash metal early in their career, but it was a transition slowly seen throughout their releases. Exactly 7 days before the album's release, the single "Missing" came out to promote it. Oddly, a promotional video for the single's B-side "Killer" was made, but there was never an official promotional video, based on Absolute.

Track listing

Personnel
Nov – vocals
Izumi – lead and rhythm guitars
Dean – bass guitar
Shu – drums

References

1994 albums
Aion (Japanese band) albums


Mikhail Nikolayevich Elgin (; born 14 October 1981) is a Russian professional tennis player.

Elgin became famous when he advanced to the quarter–finals in singles at the 2008 St. Petersburg Open, where he lost to Victor Hănescu from Romania 1–6, 4–6.

ATP career finals

Doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runners-up)

Futures and Challenger finals

Singles: 27 (17 titles, 10 runners-up)

Doubles: 95 (62 titles, 33 runners-up)

Career statistics

Doubles performance timeline

External links

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saint Petersburg
Russian male tennis players


Jedwabno  is a village in Szczytno County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Jedwabno. It lies approximately  west of Szczytno and  south-east of the regional capital Olsztyn. It is located in the region of Masuria.

History
In 1436, in records of the commander of Ostróda, a first time mention of the settlement of Gedwangen in the Prussian territory of Sassen is noted. The name Gedwangen includes the Prussian language words "gedian" thicket and "wangus"  (cleared oak forest). A church was built at that time and the inhabitants are recorded to have lived mainly from forest beekeeping. Later Protestant settlers from other parts of Poland to Masuria introduced the name Jedwabno.

In the late 19th century, the village had a population of 700, solely Polish Protestants. It hosted two annual fairs in the late 19th century.

Notable people
 Maria Gurowska (1915-1998), Polish judge

References

Jedwabno


In 1794 the Battle of Arlon covers two separate episodes of the French Revolutionary Wars, one in April and the other in May, both at the stronghold of Arlon (also fought over at the First Battle of Arlon the previous year). Both engagements pitched the French general Jean-Baptiste Jourdan against the Austrian general Johann von Beaulieu.

17, 18 and 29 April
General Jourdan arrived in Metz on 19 March 1794 to take command of the Army of the Moselle in place of Hoche. The first orders he received from the Committee of Public Safety were to take 20,000 men in front of Longwy as far as Bouillon to intercept enemy movements from Namur and Liège towards Luxembourg, and at the same time to detach 20,000 others under general Hatry to make an incursion into Luxembourg and take Arlon.

On 17 April he presented himself before this position, whilst his right (linked to a division of the Army of the Rhine) attacked the Austrians at Merzig near Trier. The heights of Arlon were defended by 16,000 Austrian soldiers under Beaulieu. This general's vanguard was forced to retire at the bridge in Aubange by Lefebvre who, ignoring his orders and pursuing the enemy as far as the heights of Bubange, suddenly found himself in front of Beaulieu's forces that stopped his advance. Jourdan was forced to demote Lefebvre so as not to leave him exposed to a bombardment that would be as murderous as it would be useless, and the affair was postponed until the following day.

On 18 April Lefebvre, Morlot and Hatry made a frontal assault on the Austrian redoubts, but at the moment they had formed up for a bayonet charge, the division under Championnet, which had turned the enemy left in taking the heights of Toernich, threw the Austrian ranks into such disorder that they fled on the road to Luxembourg. Many were killed by the light artillery under general Debelle, whose batteries had followed Championnet's movement. On this occasion Championnet was made chef de brigade (colonel). The left of the Army of the Moselle set up base in Arlon, but Beaulieu returned in force on 29 April and surprised Hatry and Championnet who, at their turn, had to retreat in disorder to Aubange and Longwy.

During these days these positions were the theatre of bloody fights that had no decisive result for either side, which both returned to their original positions afterward.

21 May
The following month saw more fighting at the same location. Jourdan received orders to bring assistance to the Army of the Ardennes and the Army of the North, then having difficulties around Charleroi. He set off on 21 May 1794 with 45,000 men and camped around Arlon. Unaware of the extent of this advance, Beaulieu rashly advanced on Bouillon on 17 May. Faced with Jourdan's advance, he then retired to a defensive position at Ardoy, across the river Meuse from Namur, via Dinant. However, Jourdan was able to attack and rout detachments of his rearguard at Dinant on 29 May.

Bibliography
 Général de Jomini: Histoire critique et militaire des campagnes de la Révolution (1811);
 A. Hugo: Histoire des armées françaises de 1792 à 1837 (1838);
 P. Giguet: Histoire militaire de la France (1849);
 C. Clerget: Tableaux des armées françaises pendant les guerres de la Révolution (1905).

Conflicts in 1794
1794 in the Habsburg monarchy
1794 in the Holy Roman Empire
French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands
Battle of Arlon
Battle


Sihaul is a village with population of about 11,000 in the sub-district of Satar Kataiya, where it ranks as the third most populous village. The sub-district forms a part of Saharsa district in the state Bihar, India. The geographical area of the village is  and it is the third biggest village by area in the sub-district. Population density of the village is 1287 persons per km2.

The nearest town to the village is the district headquarters at Saharsa,  distance . The village has its own post office and the pin code of Sihaul village is 852124. The village comes under Sihaul panchayat. Sattarkattya is the sub-district headquarters.

Sihaul is surrounded by Bara, Lalganj, Rohua, Tulsiahi, Dorma, Bihra etc. Sihaul and its surrounding areas are a flat alluvial plain forming part of the Kosi (Dudh Kosi) river basin. This makes the land very fertile. However, frequent changes in the course of the Kosi River, one of the largest tributaries of the Ganges, have led to soil erosion.

Demographics
The village is home to about 11,000 people, among them 5857 (53%) are male and 5286 (47%) are female. 91% of the whole population are from general caste, 9% are from schedule caste and 0% are schedule tribes. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Sihaul village is 18%, among them 53% are boys and 47% are girls. There are 2197 households in the village and an average 5 persons live in every family. In Sihaul village population of children with age 0-6 is 2011 which makes up 18.05% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Sihaul village is 903 which is lower than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Sihaul as per census is 888, lower than Bihar average of 935.

The famous temple are Durga mandir (van Devi), Shiv mandir near sihaul chouk, shiv mandir near in west tola one of a Saraswati mandir in Rajput Tola. Main education Hubs are Shri Durga High school sihaul (having the capacity of almost five hundred matriculation pass out examinees and approx. one thousand students of standard VII, IX, and X). It is one of  multi religious village in sahasra

There is also a river (DHAR) which is flowing from the middle of the village. Origin of this river is Koshi. In Sihaul may fairs are celebrated, such as kojagra, durga puja, and tajiya. Kojagra (laxmi puja) is the main fair and occurs after five days of durga puja, in which with puja a programme (orchestra) is held after puja for two days.
→→→→

Growth of populations
Population of the village has increased by 10.5% in last 10 years. In 2001 census total population here were about 10 thousand. Female population growth rate of the village is 8.4% which is -4.1% lower than male population growth rate of 12.5%. General caste population has increased by 9.8%; Schedule caste population has increased by 18.3% and child population has decreased by -1.6% in the village since last census.

Sex Ratio - Females per 1000 Male
As of 2011 census there are 903 females per 1000 male in the village. Sex ratio in general caste is 891, in schedule caste is 1030 and in schedule tribe is 1000. There are 888 girls under 6 years of age per 1000 boys of the same age in the village. Overall sex ratio in the village has decreased by 34 females per 1000 male during the years from 2001 to 2011. Child sex ratio here has decreased by 75 girls per 1000 boys during the same time.

Literacy
Total 4326 people in the village are literate, among them 2794 are male and 1532 are female. Literacy rate (children under 6 are excluded) of Sihaul is 47%. 58% of male and 35% of female population are literate here. Overall literacy rate in the village has increased by 10%. Male literacy has gone up by 9% and female literacy rate has gone up by 11%.

Workers profile
Sihaul has 34% (3759) population engaged in either main or marginal works. 47% male and 19% female population are working population. 28% of total male population are main (full-time) workers and 20% are marginal (part-time) workers. For women 6% of total female population are main and 13% are marginal workers.
The food crop in the village is paddy rice and wheat. Cash crops includes Makhana, Vegetables, Mango (of different quality and quantity well known in nearby villages), mustard, mecca (maize).

How to reach Sihaul
Flooding is a major reason for the poor connectivity of the area as bridges tend to get washed away. Major flooding occurs almost annually, causing a significant loss of life and property but after 1984 no flood occurs in this area.

 By rail
The closest railway station is Saharsa Junction.

 By road
Saharsa and Supaul are the nearby by towns to Sihaul having road connectivity.

See also
List of villages of Saharsa

References

Villages in Saharsa district
Populated places in Mithila, India


Wentworth-Nord (French for North Wentworth) is a municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Les Pays-d'en-Haut Regional County Municipality.

Its communities include Saint-Michel, Laurel, and Montfort. Its many lakes attract many cottage vacationers each summer.

History
The original Wentworth Township, formed in 1809, included both Wentworth and Wentworth-Nord, so their histories are closely related until 1958 when Wentworth-Nord became a separate municipality.

The community of Laurel formed when the first families arrived from Ireland between 1855 and 1860, calling it New Ireland in memory of their homeland. The Laurel Post Office opened in 1886. In  1856, the mission of Wentworth was established, officially renamed to Saint-Michel in 1884. By 1860, McCluskey or McClosky Court opened, probably named after pioneer James McClosky.

From 1899, several mines were commercially exploited, extracting mica (from 1899 onward), chalk (from 1919 to 1923), marl, and graphite. Other economic activity included logging, agriculture, and the manufacture of potash.

Geography
Wentworth-Nord is composed of three small towns: Montfort, Laurel, and Saint Michel-de-Wentworth. The largest of these is Laurel, which contains the Town Hall and other major municipal and civic installations.

The municipality of Wentworth-Nord is largely wooded and mountainous terrain. It is one of two main head waters for the Rivière à Simon (English: Simon River), and has one main river, the Rivière de L'Ouest (English: West River). Both are tributaries of the Rivière du Nord.

Lakes
A small portion of Lac Louisa is located in Wentworth-Nord, Quebec.

Lac Saint-François-Xavier () is believed to have been named after François-Xavier Froideveaux. Work undertaken in 2011 restored the lake's natural shore near the Montfort recreational building.

Demographics

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 13.7%
 French as first language: 78.5%
 English and French as first language: 2.7%
 Other as first language: 4.5%

Local government

Wentworth-Nord forms part of the federal electoral district of Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation and has been represented by Stéphane Lauzon of the Liberal Party since 2015. Provincially, Wentworth-Nord is part of the Argenteuil electoral district and is represented by Agnès Grondin of the Coalition Avenir Québec since 2018.

List of former mayors:

 André Genest  (2005–2017)
 François Ghali (2017–2021)
 Danielle Desjardins (2021–present)

Tourism and activities
Wentworth-Nord is known primarily for outdoor oriented activities. It is one of many municipalities that has a section of the Aerobic Corridor passing through its territory. The majority of the tourist activity is located at either one of three camp grounds, or in Montfort at the Pavilion. The main summer activities are hiking, mountain biking, kayaking, and SUP. In the winter they are cross country skiing, fat bike, and snowshoeing. Wentworth-Nord maintains 25 km of trails in the Montfort Sector for recreational use, and the municipality is also home to 9 km of the Aerobic Corridor.

Municipal services

Fire Department
The municipality of Wentworth-Nord has a part-time fire department, the Service Security et Incendie Wentworth-Nord (SSIWWN) that was founded in 1972. The SSIWWN has its force trained as both Fire Fighters and Medical First Responders, allowing them to respond to medical emergencies. The municipality Fire Stations, one located in each of the three towns. Each station is equipped with one custom fire truck and one modified Ford pick up truck as a specialty vehicle (medical emergency, SAR, or extrication.) The department averages approximately 200 calls per year.

Special Constables
Since June 2020 the Municipality has hired and created a department of Public Security staffed by Special Constables. They enforce municipal by-laws and ensure public order.

Education
The Commission scolaire de la Rivière-du-Nord operates French-language public schools.
 École polyvalente Lavigne in Lachute

The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates English-language public schools:
 Laurentian Elementary School in Lachute serves most of the town
 Morin Heights Elementary School in Morin-Heights serves some of the town
 Laurentian Regional High School in Lachute

See also
List of municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec


Nettala Muthappa Rai Derla (known as Muthappa Rai (M. R)) (died 15 May 2020) was an Indian underworld don, businessman, philanthropist and a social activist based in Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Personal life
Rai was born in Puttur, Karnataka, into a Tulu-speaking Bunt family of Nettala Narayana Rai and Susheela Rai. He was married to Rekha and has two sons. His wife Rekha died at Mt Elizabeth Hospital, Singapore in 2013. Rai made his appearance in a Tulu movie Kanchilda Baale in 2011.

Starting his career as a clerk in Vijaya Bank, Muthappa claimed to have accidentally turned to a life of crime in Bengaluru to protect his business — a bar and restaurant — from the onslaught of the underworld in 1980s. He is also the founder of Jaya Karnataka a not-for-profit organisation that aims at improving the quality of life of the people of Karnataka.

Involvement in crime

In the late 1980s, Rai came in contact with Bengaluru’s underworld and became an overnight sensation after he murdered the then don of Bengaluru, M. P. Jayaraj, in broad daylight in 1990. That murder elevated him to the "post" of a mafia boss and he never looked back.

The Karnataka police had issued warrants of arrest against Rai in eight cases under Sections 302 (murder) and 120B (conspiracy) of the Indian Penal Code, the Arms Act and the Explosive Substances Act. The murder of a realtor, Subbaraju, in January 2001 by hired killers from Mumbai followed a dispute over a prime property in Bangalore.

In 2002 he was interrogated by the Central Bureau of Investigation, Research and Analysis Wing, Intelligence Bureau and Karnataka police. Due to lack of substantial information on his career in crime, for allegedly operating extortion rackets, helping property developers, taking possession of land in prime localities and collecting 'protection money' from business houses in Karnataka, through his links with Dawood Ibrahim, he was later acquitted.

Death
In a press meeting in January 2020, Rai had announced that he was diagnosed with brain cancer. He went on to die from brain cancer on 15 May 2020.

Popular culture
A biopic titled Rai on the life of Muthappa Rai is being written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. It is to be filmed in Mangalore, Bangalore, Mumbai, Dubai and London.

References

2020 deaths
Tulu businesspeople
Businesspeople from Bangalore
Indian philanthropists
Mangaloreans
Year of birth missing
People from Dakshina Kannada district
Deaths from brain tumor
Deaths from cancer in India
Indian gangsters


Jharal Yow Yeh (born 22 December 1989) is an Australian radio presenter and former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Brisbane Broncos in the NRL. An Australian international and Queensland State of Origin representative  or , he also played for the Indigenous All Stars. Yow Yeh spent his entire club career with the Broncos, which was cut short due to a bad leg break and complications.

Background
Yow Yeh was born in Brisbane, Queensland, to Rhonda Yow Yeh; Yow Yeh is an Aboriginal Australian of the Margany tribe and is also of part Chinese descent. His surname is Mandarin; his great-great-grandfather was Chinese and his grandmother was part Samoan and lived in Vanuatu before settling in Queensland. Yow Yeh is related to former Balmain Tigers player Kevin Yow Yeh, who died before Jharal was born. While Kevin Yow Yeh has often been reported as Jharal's great-uncle, he was actually Jharal's grandfather's first cousin; the family describes their relationship as "third cousins".

Yow Yeh attended Ferny Grove State High School, where he finished his senior education in 2006.  In 2007, Yow Yeh was in The Parramatta Eels junior system and played there for one season but then had his scholarship torn up and was told by then Parramatta recruitment chief Rod Reddy that he would never make first grade and would not be able to cut it.  When reflecting back on the moment he was told the news Yow Yeh said "Parramatta told me that I wouldn't be able to cut it and I thought that was it, I had no idea what I was going to do". After graduating from school Yow Yeh played junior football for West Arana Hills and Norths Devils. He played in the Under-20s for the Brisbane Broncos and was named in the 2008 National Youth Competition's team of the year.

Playing career
Yow Yeh made his National Rugby League debut for the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium in the 2009 NRL season's Round 1 clash with the North Queensland Cowboys.

Yow Yeh was named to the Indigenous All Stars team in 2010, during which season he injured his leg, missing five rounds. The same year he was named to the Queensland rugby league team for Game II of the 2010 State of Origin series, but was not needed to play. He saw playing time for Queensland in the 2011 State of Origin series, scoring his first State of Origin try in his Game I debut. The same year he was named to the Australian national team, filling in for injured wingers Lote Tuqiri and Darius Boyd.

On 3 November 2011 Yow Yeh was named international rookie of the year at the annual RLIF Awards dinner at the Tower of London.

Yow Yeh featured in the 2012 NRL All Stars Game as the right winger for the Indigenous All Stars team. Yow Yeh started strong in the 2012 NRL season, scoring a crucial try in the second half against the Parramatta Eels, the Broncos winning 18–6. In round 4 against the South Sydney Rabbitohs of the 2012 NRL season, Yow Yeh suffered compound fracture of the lower right leg. Down 12–0 at the time of his injury, the Broncos went on to win 20–12. However Yow Yeh's 2012 season was over with a serious injury described as "motorbike-like". On 28 April 2013, Yow Yeh returned to rugby league, playing second row for the Norths Devils.

Yow Yeh announced, in March 2014, that he would retire from the game after failing to fully recover from the leg injury he suffered in 2012.

Statistics

References

External links
NRL profile
Jharal Yow Yeh at Brisbane Broncos
Jharal Yow Yeh at rleague.com

1989 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Rugby league players from Brisbane
Indigenous Australian rugby league players
Australian people of Chinese descent
Australian people of Vanuatuan descent
Australia national rugby league team players
Brisbane Broncos players
Queensland Rugby League State of Origin players
Indigenous All Stars players
Norths Devils players
Redcliffe Dolphins players
Rugby league wingers


Selected ion monitoring (SIM) is a mass spectrometry scanning mode in which only a limited mass-to-charge ratio range is transmitted/detected by the instrument, as opposed to the full spectrum range. This mode of operation typically results in significantly increased sensitivity. Due to their inherent nature, this technique is most effective—and therefore most common—on quadrupole mass spectrometers and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers.

See also
 Selected reaction monitoring

References

Mass spectrometry


The Nullagine River is a river in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

The headwaters of the river rise south of Bonney Downs and then flow in a northerly direction. The river crosses the Marble Bar road at Nullagine and continues to flow in a north-easterly direction until it merges with the Oakover River to form the De Grey River. The river is bounded by the Chichester Range in the south.

The river flows through several permanent pools on its journey, including Garden Pool, Rock Pool, Tumbinna Pool and Cordooin Pool.

The river periodically floods during the wet season and can cut roads in the area as a result.

The Nullagine river has 19 tributaries, including Beaton Creek, Bookabunna Creek, Walgunya Creek, Wild Dog Creek and Connabunna Creek.

The name of the river is an Indigenous Australian word that was first recorded as Ngullagine in the 1880s. The meaning of the word is not known.

References

Rivers of the Pilbara region


The Army of the Ardennes (armée des Ardennes) was a French Revolutionary Army formed on the first of October 1792 by splitting off the right wing of the Army of the North, commanded from July to August that year by La Fayette. From July to September 1792 General Dumouriez also misused the name Army of the Ardennes for the right wing of what was left of the Army of the North after the split, encamped at Sedan and the name of Army of the North for the left flank of the army.

It was reorganized by a decree of the Conseil exécutif on the first of March 1793, leading to only the right flank of the army keeping the name of Army of the Ardennes. The first division of the Army of the Ardennes re-merged back into the Army of the North on 5 October 1793, at which date the rest of the Army of the Ardennes continued as the Army of the Ardennes until 29 June 1794, when it merged with the Army of the North's right wing and the Army of the Moselle's left wing to form the Army of Sambre-et-Meuse.

Command of the army
After the command of La Fayette (July–August 1792), Dumouriez leads the whole army from 1 October 1792 to 4 April 1793, but he is replaced by Lanoue and Leveneur, both under the command of Miranda, from 12 January to 22 February. Then by Valence.

On 5 April 1793, Dumouriez defects and is replaced by Dampierre which is himself replaced by Lamarche on 29 April 1793. Lamarche will remain in command until 28 July 1793, but will be subordinated to Dampierre from 29 April to 7 May, then independent from the 8th to 27 May, subordinated again under Custine from 28 May to 16 July, and finally under Kilmaine from the 17th to 28 July. Kilmaine then replaces Lamarche and is in command of the army from 29 July to 10 August 1793, and is replaced by Houchard. Houchard is in command from 11 August to 12 September 1793, and is replaced on 13 September by Jourdan. Jourdan will then command directly the army until 4 November, Ferrand will then subordinately command the army for Jourdan until 4 December, he is replaced by Sistrières.

Sistrières will then be subordinated to the Head General of the Army of the North, Charbonnier, from 4 February to 2 June 1794. He is finally replaced by Jourdan, now subordinated to Pichegru, until the army ceased to exist due to its fusion with the Army of Moselle and the Army of the North.

Left flank command
The left flank of the army is under the command of Général Beurnonville from the 13th to 20 October 1792, and by Général Lanoue from 12 January to 22 February 1793, under the name of Army of Belgium.

Right flank command
The right flank of the army in 1792 is successively under the command of Général Kellermann from 6 to 24 October, and by Général Valence, subordinated to Dumouriez, from 25 October to 29 December. It will be commanded by Général Leveneur from 12 January to 22 February, before becoming the only part of the army under the name of Army of the Ardennes by decree on 1 March 1793.

Composition in 1793
The composition of the Army of the Ardennes in January 1793 was:

 Commanding General , Jean-Baptiste de Thiembronne, Comte de Valence
 Left Advance Guard, in Neuilly-sur-Suize
 47éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Lorraine) (1 Company)
 5e Compagnie de Chasseurs à Pied (National Guard)
 Detachment from Bataillon de la Commune de Paris (National Guard)
 1st Brigade
 2éme Régiment de Dragons (Condé)
 Bataillon de Grenadiers Nationaux (National Guard)
 1er Bataillon de la Charente-Inferieure (National Guard)
 2nd Brigade
 10éme Régiment de Dragons (Mestre de Camp Général)
 1er Bataillon du 73éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Royal–Comtois)
 1er Bataillon de Cher-et-Loire (National Guard)
 Bataillon de la Commune de Paris (National Guard)
 1st Division, commanded by Lieutenant Général Alexis Le Veneur de Tillières
 7éme Régiment de Hussards (Lamothe)
 23éme Régiment de Cavalerie (Royal–Guyenne)
 75 troops in the Artillery Park
 1st Brigade
 1er Bataillon du 17éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Auvergne)
 1er Bataillon du 25éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Poitou)
 1er Bataillon de la Mayenne (National Guard)
 2éme Bataillon de Saône-et-Loire (National Guard)
 2nd Brigade
 1er Bataillon du 38éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Dauphiné)
 1er Bataillon du 43éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Royal des Vaisseaux)
 1er Bataillon de la Sarthe (National Guard)
 5éme Bataillon des Vosges (National Guard)
 2nd Division, commanded by Lieutenant Général Diettmann
 16éme Régiment de Cavalerie (Royal–Lorraine)
 18éme Régiment de Cavalerie (Berry)
 21éme Régiment de Cavalerie (Royal–Picardie)
 75 troops in the Artillery Park
 3rd Brigade
 1er Bataillon du 45éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (La Couronne)
 1er Bataillon du 47éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Lorraine)
 1er Bataillon de la Haute-Vienne (National Guard)
 2éme Bataillon de la Meurthe (National Guard)
 4th Brigade
 1er Bataillon du 56éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Bourbon)
 1er Bataillon du 58éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Rouergue)
 2éme Bataillon des Ardennes (National Guard)
 3éme Bataillon de la Meurthe (National Guard)
 Right Advance Guard, in Lamarche
 1st Brigade
 9éme Bataillon de Chasseurs (Cévennes)
 5éme Bataillon de Paris (National Guard)
 10éme Bataillon de Paris (National Guard)
 Chasseurs de Golbey (National Guard)
 2nd Brigade
 1er Bataillon de Grenadiers de Ligne (National Guard)
 1er Bataillon du 6éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Armagnac)
 7éme Bataillon de Paris (National Guard)
 3rd Brigade
 5éme Régiment de Hussards (Colonel Général)
 1er Bataillon du 8éme Régiment d'Infanterie de Ligne (Austrasie)
 2éme Bataillon de l'Ille-et-Vilaine (National Guard)
 6éme Bataillon de Paris (National Guard)

See also
French Revolutionary Army
List of French generals of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

References

1792 establishments in France
Military units and formations disestablished in 1794
French military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Ardennes
Ardennes
Military units and formations established in 1792


Jurģi is an ancient Latvian festival.

Jurgi may also refer to the following villages in Poland:
Jurgi, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
Jurgi, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)


Nidd Valley Light Railway was a light railway in upper Nidderdale in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It was owned by Bradford Corporation Waterworks Department and the corporation also operated its public passenger services. Power & Traction Ltd of London obtained a Light Railway Order for the  railway from Pateley Bridge to Lofthouse in 1900, but these powers were taken over by Bradford Corporation. A contract to build Angram Reservoir was awarded to John Best & Son in 1903, and he also won the contract to build the public railway and a  private extension to the reservoir site. This was initially built to  gauge but was converted to standard gauge by 1907, when the public railway opened. Best had his own locomotives, and Bradford Corporation equipped the public railway with second hand locomotives and carriages from the Metropolitan Railway.

The Angram Reservoir project was completed in 1916. The corporation had obtained powers to build another reservoir at Scar House in 1913, and in 1920 decided to proceed, using direct labour rather than a contractor. The railway was upgraded, with the purchase of new and second hand locomotives, a railmotor for the public services, and second hand carriages for the workmen's trains. Curves on the line above Lofthouse were eased, and a short tunnel was built. At its height, the corporation were running fourteen locomotives, three steam navvies and 19 or 20 steam cranes. The work was essentially completed by 1931, but filling of the reservoir did not begin until 1935 and the official opening was the following year. With the work complete, the railway was lifted, and a sale was held at Pateley Bridge. Scar Village, which at its peak had housed 1,135 people, of whom 780 worked on the project, was reduced to eight occupied houses by 1936, with seven pupils at the school. The railway workers were not entitled to a pension, but pensions were awarded to four men who had served for many years.

History
The origins for a railway in the upper Nidd Valley can be traced back to 1887–88, when Bradford Corporation began to investigate the valley as a source for the public water supply, following the discovery that Leeds Corporation had obtained rights to the waters of the River Burn, a tributary of the River Ure, above Masham. Alexander Binnie, who was the Waterworks Engineer for Bradford at the time, and Professor Alexander Henry Green, a geologist from Oxford, visited the area, and Green advised Binnie that the valley was suitable for the construction of large dams. The Bradford Corporation Water Act 1890 was obtained on 14 August 1890, authorising the construction of four dams, but in the meantime, Binnie had moved on to work for London County Council as their Chief Engineer, and was replaced by James Watson of Dundee. A second Act of Parliament was obtained on 27 June 1892, by which time the four reservoirs were Angram, Haden Carr, High Woodale and Gouthwaite. Gouthwaite Reservoir was designed as a compensation reservoir, to maintain flows in the Nidd further down the valley.

Haden Carr reservoir was completed in 1899, together with a  pipeline (the Nidd Aqueduct) to deliver the water to Chellow Heights service reservoir on the outskirts of Bradford. The route included over  of tunnels. Gouthwaite reservoir was built concurrently by a different contractor, between 1893 and 1901. The Corporation next turned their attention to Angram, but the level of activity in the valley had attracted outside interest, and Power & Traction Ltd of London applied for a Light Railway Order to construct a line from the terminus of the Nidd Valley Railway at Pateley Bridge to Lofthouse. The board of Power & Traction included Thomas Greenwood of Greenwood and Batley, which made electric vehicles and equipment for electric tramways. Following a hearing at Harrogate on 9 October 1900, the Light Railway Commissioners awarded an order to Power & Traction for a  gauge railway. Bradford Corporation initially agreed to invest £2,000, by buying shares in the light railway, but following meetings between them, the newly formed Nidd Valley Light Railway Company, Power & Traction, and Henry Jackson the nominated contractor, the Company decided not to proceed with the project, and Bradford withdrew their offer to buy shares.

In 1903, Bradford invited tenders for the construction of Angram Reservoir, and the project was awarded to John Best in October–November, at a contract price of £365,492. Meanwhile, the corporation had reached provisional agreement with the Nidd Valley Light Railway Company to purchase the powers awarded to them to build the light railway. There was some debate about the gauge of the railway. Bradford wanted to ask the Light Railway Commissioners for permission to increase it to , probably influenced by Best, who knew that there were supplies of suitable contractors stock available for such a railway. They also wanted to ensure that they bought enough land to allow a standard gauge railway to be constructed "at any future time." The North Eastern Railway, owners of the Nidd Valley Railway, argued that it should be standard gauge from the outset, since they were running excursions to Pateley Bridge twice a week, and these could continue over the Nidd Valley Light Railway. It would also remove the necessity of transshipping goods.

The Board of Trade were reticent about allowing a Municipal Authority, in this case Bradford, to build a railway which was located outside its area of jurisdiction, and was not connected to a railway which started within its area. However, on 30 December 1903, a transfer order was granted, with powers to borrow up to £30,000 to fund the project. In May 1904, the Board of Trade agreed to a change to standard gauge, and borrowing powers were increased to £66,000 in 1908, because of the extra costs of building the wider formation. The document was signed by Winston Churchill, the President of the Board of Trade. In addition to the main reservoir contract, John Best was awarded a contract to build the light railway to Lofthouse for £23,000, and a tramway from Lofthouse to Angram for £5,385.

Construction

Prior to Best starting on the main contract, Holme and King had been awarded a contract in April 1902 to build a road from Lofthouse to Angram. Bradford had purchased enough land to allow the light railway to be built beside the road, and although Best was awarded a contact for the railway in 1903, it appears that Holme and King built a  gauge contractor's railway beside part or all of the road. They had two locomotives on site, both 0-4-0 saddle tanks, one bought second hand some years earlier and moved to the site in spring 1902, after working on several other projects, and the second bought new for delivery to Pateley Bridge. By mid-1904, there was a  line from Angram, which crossed the River Nidd on a  bridge just before it reached Lofthouse. Best began extending the line towards Pateley Bridge, and by 13 July 1904, it had reached a level crossing at Sykes Bank,  below Lofthouse, and work had commenced at several other sites. On that date, a party of 150 members of Bradford City Council, with invited guests, arrived by train at Pateley Bridge, and were transported to Gouthwaite Dam in carriages. Here there was a ceremony in which the Lord Major cut the first sod for the Nidd Valley Light Railway. The party then proceeded to Sykes Bank, where a train was waiting, which consisted of 15 wagons fitted with makeshift seats, and two locomotives, one of which was Holme and King's Xit and the other was Best's Angram. It took about an hour to reach Angram, where there were presentations, and Alderman Holdsworth cut the first sod for the dam. Refreshments were then served and the party returned to Lofthouse by train and to Pateley Bridge by carriage.

The  gauge line soon reached Pateley Bridge, and Angram became the 'route engine', working the main line, with another named Bunty shunting the sidings there. The standard gauge rails were laid from Lofthouse outwards in both directions, and when the first standard gauge locomotive arrived, it was towed along the road to Sykes Bank by a Foden steam lorry, its flanged wheels making a mess of the road surface. The main line and sidings became mixed gauge for a while, although the third rail was gradually removed from 1906. At the Angram Dam site, a village for the workers was built, and the railway terminated in several sidings, which included a locomotive shed. The sidings were at a similar level to the crest of the dam. A branch left the main line and descended to the valley floor, where there was a cement mixing plant and more sidings. This line included a winch-operated incline which descended on a gradient of 1 in 15 (6.7%). Another incline, of  gauge, ascended the far side of the valley, giving access to Nidd sluice and lodge. A third incline brought rock down to the main line from a quarry, some  below the terminus.

At Pateley Bridge, the Nidd Valley Light Railway station was to the north west of the North Eastern Railway's Pateley Bridge railway station, close to the River Nidd. The two were connected by a single track which crossed a level crossing. There were a series of sidings immediately after the level crossing, with the station and more sidings beyond that. A carriage shed and a locomotive shed were located a little further along the valley of the Nidd. Best built two-storey stone buildings for the stations at Pateley Bridge, Wath, Ramsgill and Lofthouse. He built a signal box at Pateley Bridge, with the other stations having ground frames and simple signalling. Operation of the line was controlled by the Tyer's Electric Train Tablet system, and six machines were ordered at a cost of £360. Both intermediate stations had goods sidings on the eastern side of the main track, while Lofthouse had a passing loop and sidings to the west.

Operation
Best had a number of locomotives, both  gauge and standard gauge, which operated over the entire line from Pateley Bridge to Angram during the construction phase. For the opening of the Nidd Valley Light Railway proper, the  from Pateley Bridge to Lofthouse, Bradford Corporation ordered six open wagons and two brake vans from Hurst Nelson of Motherwell. Locomotives and carriages were obtained second-hand from the Metropolitan Railway in London. These consisted of ten 4-wheeled coaches and two 4-4-0 Beyer Peacock side tank locomotives. All had become surplus to requirements, as electrification of the line had been completed in 1905. The locomotives were fitted with condensing equipment, for working in the tunnels under London, but the price of £1,350 for the pair included removal of this, and the fitting of cabs. All twelve vehicles arrived at Pateley Bridge, with one engine in steam, and were driven to the exchange sidings by Mr McCallum, who worked for Best & Sons. The locomotives were named Holdsworth and Milner after two Aldermen who had served Bradford Waterworks since 1898.

An inspection of the line was carried out by Colonel von Donop for the Board of Trade on 24 July 1907. Its condition was found to be suitable for passenger traffic, with just a few minor recommendations needing to be carried out. An official opening took place on 11 September, when a train consisting of three carriages and the Corporation saloon were hauled by Holdsworth from Pateley Bridge to Lofthouse, with stops at Wath and Gouthwaite reservoir. At Lofthouse the engine was replaced by one of Best's engines, and continued to Angram where luncheon was served in the village reading room. Invited guested included a number of men from the Midland Railway and the North Eastern Railway. The secretary of the Power & Traction Company was also invited, but it is not known whether he was there on the day.

The two locomotives were much too heavy to comply with the Light Railway Order, which specified a maximum axle loading of 6.5 tons. They weighed 46.6 tons in working order, with 36.7 tons carried by the two driving axles. The Corporation applied for an increase in the axle loading, specifying the weight as "over 42 tons". Milner, the newest of the two locomotives, dating from 1879, did not perform well, and was replaced by a Hudswell Clarke 0-6-0 side tank, also named Milner in May 1909. The original Milner was sold to the North Wales Granite Company at Conwy in 1914. Following discussions with the Board of Trade in 1906, the Corporation and the North Eastern Railway had obtained permission for three passenger trains per week to pass over the goods yard and sidings at Pateley Bridge, so that excursions could continue up to Lofthouse between June and September only. Despite the agreement, when the first excursion was due to make the journey on 14 September 1907, the NER decided not to allow their stock to pass onto the Nidd Valley Light Railway, nor to allow the Corporation engine and carriages to come to their station, and so the passengers had to walk between the two stations. In order to avoid confusion for parcels traffic, Lofthouse station became Lofthouse-in-Nidderdale on 12 December 1907, and Wath became Wath-in-Nidderdale in February 1908 for similar reasons.

Scar House

The work on Angram reservoir drew to a close in 1916. It had been allowed to fill in late 1915, and overflowed in January 1916. The school at Angram village was closed by June 1916, and the population was depleted. A certificate of completion was awarded to John Best & Sons on 4 August 1917. For a contract worth £365,493, and lasting fourteen years, it had overrun by just £7,267, which included the cost of some large granite rocks, located near the dam for decoration. Bradford Corporation had already obtained an Act in 1913, allowing them to abandon their plans for a reservoir at High Woodale, and instead to build a much larger one at Scar House. It would submerge the site of Haden Carr reservoir, and the Act allowed them to start construction "when appropriate". The cost of the new works was estimated at £2,161,500, and although three tenders were received, they decided on 14 May 1920 to build it themselves, using direct labour. Scar village was built between 1920 and 1921, consisting of ten hostels for a total of 640 men, a school, canteen, recreation room, concert hall, mission church and some bungalows.

Plans to electrify the railway using hydro-electric power, were considered in March 1920, but rejected as being uneconomic. Holdsworth, dating from 1866, was thought to be too heavy for the line, but when no buyers could be found, it was used as a stationary steam supply for a further 14 years. There were plans to overhaul Milner, to obtain another lighter engine, and to purchase two railmotor cars. From August 1920, work was carried out to improve the line between Lofthouse and Angram. This included easing the alignment on many of the curves, the addition of loops near Lofthouse and at Woodale, just below the Scar House site, and the construction of a  tunnel near Goyden Pot, which was used by up trains only. The line at Angram was extended to a small quarry in 1921, along the trackbed of Best's  gauge line beyond the dam. Stone was extracted for remedial work, caused by wind and wave erosion of the southern bank of the reservoir near the dam.

Near the Scar House dam site, a network of sidings were constructed, zig-zagging down to the Nidd, and back up the other side of the valley. A double track self-acting incline provided access to the Carle Fell Quarry, to the north of the reservoir, and as the quarry was worked, two further inclines were constructed. One was single track, with a winding engine at the top, and around 1930, an incline worked by locomotives was added. Above the later quarry face, a Simplex petrol locomotive worked on a  track, removing overburden. Hydro-electric power for the works was generated using water from Angram reservoir, which was discharged into Haden Carr reservoir. A  pipeline supplied the turbines. This was later supplemented by a steam generating station. Two locomotive sheds were built, one near the village and another on the north side of the River Nidd, with a further two at Carle Fell Quarry. All had two tracks. Twelve four-wheeled carriages were bought from the Maryport and Carlisle Railway, to provide transport for the workers and their families from Scar House to Lofthouse, and a two-track carriage shed was built to the east of the main complex.

Six locomotives worked in the quarry. Allenby, Beatty, Haig and Trotter were based at the shed at the top of the main self-acting incline, while Ian Hamilton and Stringer were based in a shed at a higher level. Three steam navvies were used to load stone into the railway wagons, and there were nineteen or twenty steam cranes, all of which were self-propelled and ran on the tracks either in the quarry or on top of the dam. An official visit by officers of the corporation on 5 June 1925 used motor transport to reach Scar House, but the party then made the zig-zag railway journey to cross the valley and inspect the steam generating plant, which was on the far side. They ascended the incline to Carle Fell Quarry, sitting in wagons fitted with transverse seats, and having inspected the new workings, descended again, a scene which was officially recorded by a photographer.

The main engineering work was almost complete by the time of another official visit on 24 September 1931, but for whatever reason, filling of the reservoir did not start until 5 July 1935, when the main overflow valve was closed. The official opening was more than a year later, on 7 September 1936. Scar House, which gave its name to the reservoir, and which had been the home of Allan Best during the construction of Angram Reservoir, and of the resident engineer for this project, was demolished. A new Scar House was built, at the foot of the incline from Carle Fell Quarry, which provided a home for the reservoir keeper, and a boardroom for official visits. A project to re-route the waters from Armathwaite Gill and Howstean Beck through a tunnel and into the reservoir began in May 1929. A  gauge line was laid, on which two battery-electric locomotives and twelve wagons ran.

Decline
The start of work on Scar House Reservoir led to an overhaul of existing stock. Seven of the original Metropolitan Railway coaches were upholstered and repainted, while the remaining five were used for the workmen. A steam railmotor was obtained in 1921, which had previously been owned by the Great Western Railway. It was named Hill and was fitted with electric lights in 1923. It worked on the public section of the railway, and never travelled beyond Lofthouse. Numerous new and secondhand locomotives were purchased, most for use on construction work, but two, Blythe and Gadie, were fitted with vacuum brakes, and so worked goods trains from Pateley Bridge to Scar House, as well as passenger trains between Scar House and Lofthouse and sometimes Pateley Bridge. Passenger trains for the residents of Scar village ran on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, the mid-week ones connecting with Hill at Lofthouse, and the Saturday ones running through to Pateley Bridge. The 1927 printed timetable showed five trains a day between Pateley Bridge and Lofthouse, but also showed the trains onwards to Scar Village, with a note that these were for exclusive use of residents. Saturday trains were hauled by Blythe or Gadie, but were banked at the rear by another engine above Lofthouse because of the steep gradients.

Traffic returns showed 106,216 journeys by workmen in 1921, and 41,051 by ordinary passengers. The figure for workmen was not declared after 1922, as the accommodation at Scar Village was available. The peak year for journeys was 1923, with 63,020, after which there was a gradual decline, with 24,906 journeys for the final nine months before closure. The line made a total operating loss of £36,435 between 1908 and 1924, and then made a modest profit until 1929. Fares were cut by one third in early 1929, in the face of competition from motor buses, and a decision was taken to close the line in April 1929. An approach to the London and North Eastern Railway to take over the railway was unsuccessful, and on 31 December 1929, the railway closed to public passenger and goods services. The sections below and above Lofthouse continued to be run as a private railway. The Saturday train to Pateley Bridge for the residents of Scar Village continued until 1932.

The construction of the main dam at Scar House finally severed the line to Angram in 1933. By 1936, with construction completed, the railway was lifted, and a sale was held at Pateley Bridge on 1 March 1937, where everything was sold as a single lot. The staff of the Nidd Valley Light Railway were laid off, and although their jobs did not qualify for a pension, pensions were paid to G Pearson, who had worked for the company as a locomotive driver for 30 years, and to J Brown, who had been a platelayer for 20 years. Pensions were also to be paid to another platelayer and the locomotive fireman on reaching the age of 65. At its peak, the Scar House reservoir project had employed about 780 men, and the population of Scar Village had been 1,135. By 1936, there were just eight houses occupied, and seven pupils at the school, which closed on 31 January 1938.

Rolling stock

Locomotives
Most of the locomotives were saddle tanks, and there were four distinct groups. Holme & King Ltd owned two  gauge locomotives, which were used during the building of the road from Lofthouse to Angram. John Best and Son, the main contractor for the Angram Reservoir project, owned five  gauge and nine standard gauge locomotives, which were initially used on the whole line and then only above Lofthouse, while Bradford Corporation, as owners of the Nidd Valley Light Railway, had sixteen of their own standard gauge locomotives.

Holme & King Ltd
Xit, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Manning Wardle no. 475 of 1873. Arrived 1902 from Brighouse. Left after 1904 for Courtaulds factory at Coventry.
Nidd, 0-4-0 saddle tank, W G Bagnall no. 1658 of 1902. Bought new. Sold after 1907 for work on Leighton Reservoir, Colsterdale.

John Best & Son
Eileen, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 297 of 1887. Arrived 1904 from an Irish contract, and left 1911 to work on Delph Reservoir, Bolton. Formerly named Tullibardine.
Angram, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 397 of 1892. Arrived by 1906 from an Irish contract, and left 1908 for Delph Reservoir. Formerly named Whittle Dean.
Bunty, 0-4-0 wing tank, W G Bagnall no. 1480 of 1896. Arrived 1904 from an Irish contract. Sold by 1908 to Sir John Jackson Ltd for a project in Kinlochleven. Formerly named Crosshaven.
The Nidd, 0-4-0 wing tank,  W G Bagnall no. 1423 of 1893. Arrived by 1906 from Penicuik aqueduct project near Edinburgh. Sold by 1908 to Sir John Jackson Ltd for a project in Kinlochleven.
Firefly, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Black Hawthorn no. 252 of 1873. Arrived 1910 from Butterknowle Colliery, West Auckland. Left 1913 to work on Delph Reservoir.

John Best & Son
No. 12 Midge, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 688 of 1891. Arrived after 1906 from Leith Docks project. Sold to a sand and gravel company.
No. 13 (unnamed), 0-4-0 saddle tank, possibly Andrew Barclay no. 241 of 1882. Arrived 1906. Possibly sold at Pateley Bridge in 1920.
No. 14 Glencoe, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 723 of 1892. Arrived 1906 from Ballachulish. Sold at end of contract.
No. 15 Gameshope, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 820 of 1898. Arrived 1906 from Talla Waterworks, Edinburgh. It worked as the 'route engine' bringing materials up from Pateley Bridge to Angram. Left by 1914 for Edinburgh, and then sold.
No. 17 Jim, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 754 of 1895. Arrived 1906 from Penicuik. At Vogrie Colliery, Fushiebridge by 1918.
No. 18 John Best No 18, 0-4-0 saddle tank by Andrew Barclay. Arrived 1906. Disposal uncertain.
No. 19 J.B., 0-4-4 side tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 612 or 1902. Arrived from Talla. Restricted to working between Scar House Quarry and Angram, as it did not negotiate the curves very well. Later sold to Armstrong Whitworth at Tyneside.
No. 20 Warriston, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Black Hawthorn, other details uncertain. Arrived 1906. Used to supply steam to a pump in 1910/11. Disposal uncertain.
Molly, 0-4-0 saddle tank, other details uncertain. Arrived some years after the contract started. Severely damaged when the boiler was lit up without water. Broken up on site.

Bradford Corporation
No. 1 Holdsworth, 4-4-0 side tank, Beyer Peacock no 707 of 1866. Ex-Metropolitan Railway A Class. Arrived 1905. Used as a steam source after 1921. For sale in 1934, and broken up soon afterwards.
No. 2 Milner, 4-4-0 side tank, Beyer Peacock no 1878 of 1879. Ex-Metropolitan Railway B Class. Saw limited use, and its name was erased in 1909. Sold to North Wales Granite Company in 1914.
Milner, 0-6-0 side tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 882 of 1909. Bought new to replace the previous Milner. It worked the main line, but after 1921, was based at Scar Village for use on passenger and goods trains. Sold 1934.
Gadie, later Craven, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 1411 of 1920. Bought new, and renamed Craven in 1925, when its nameplates were transferred to another locomotive. Moved to Laisterdyke Gas Works, run by Bradford Corporation Gas Department in 1930.
Watson, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 1197 of 1916. Arrived 1921 from the Gretna factory of the Ministry of Munitions. Sold 1934, and worked on the Ladybower Reservoir contract in Derbyshire. Watson was the chief engineer of the Waterworks Department from 1891 to 1919.
Mitchell, later Illingworth, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 1208 of 1916. Arrived 1921 from Gretna factory. Sold 1934, and worked on Ebbw Vale Steelworks construction. Mitchell was the corporation's engineer, who resigned in 1930. Councillor Illingworth was a member of the Waterworks committee. Although officially scrapped in 1957, it survived intact, and in 2014 was being restored for use on the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway.
Pioneer, later Haig, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Manning Wardle no. 1224 of 1891. Acquired 1921 by Bradford Corporation from Gretna factory, and may have worked at Chellow Heights briefly before transfer to the Nidd Valley. It was the first locomotive to work in Carle Fell Quarry. Sold 1934 and worked on the London Transport Ruislip extension.
Ian Hamilton, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Hudswell Clarke no. 480 of 1897. Arrived from Gretna factory. It worked between the north concrete plant and the dam, and later on the top level of the quarry. Sold 1934.
Allenby, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Manning Wardle no. 1379 of 1898. Arrived 1921 from Rosyth Dockyard. Worked in the quarry. Sold 1934, and subsequently worked at ROF Chorley in Lancashire.
Beatty, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Manning Wardle no. 1669 of 1905. Arrived 1921 from Rosyth or Newport. Worked between the concrete plant and dam at Scar, then supplied steam to a pump in 1924, and later worked in the quarry. Sold 1934, and worked at Dunston-on-Tyne steelworks.
Kitchener, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Peckett and Sons no. 939 of 1902. It worked between the quarry incline and the stone crusher. Sold 1934, and worked at Millom Iron Works, Cumberland.
Blythe, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Avonside Engine Company no. 1894 of 1922. Bought new. It was based at Scar Village and worked goods trains to Pateley Bridge. It was fitted with vacuum braking and an electric generator, and also worked Saturday passenger trains to Pateley Bridge. Sold 1931 or 1932, and worked at Southampton New Docks.
Gadie, 0-6-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 1866 of 1925. Bought new. The nameplates were transferred from the previous Gadie on arrival.  It was based at Scar Village and worked goods trains to Pateley Bridge. It was fitted with vacuum braking and an electric generator, and also worked Saturday passenger trains to Pateley Bridge. Sold 1934, and worked at Whifflet Foundry, Coatbridge. Lt. Colonel Anthony Gadie (later Sir Anthony) was a prominent person in the Waterworks Department from the 1890s until completion of Scar House Reservoir in 1936, and later chairman of the Waterworks Committee.
Trotter, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay 1810 of 1925. Bought new. Worked in the quarry. Sold 1931 or 1932. Alderman Trotter was a member of the Waterworks Committee from 1912.
Stringer, 0-4-0 saddle tank, Andrew Barclay no. 1877 of 1925. Bought new. Worked in the quarry. Transferred to Laisterdyke Gas Works in 1931 or 1932.
Hill, 0-4-0 steam railmotor, Kerr Stuart no. 906 of 1905. Ex-Great Western Railway, arrived 1921. Fitted with electric lighting, and worked the Pateley Bridge to Lofthouse public passenger service. For sale 1934, scrapped 1937.

Coaches
 Ten 4-wheel, ex-Metropolitan Railway, bought 1906 or 1907. Upgraded in 1921. Sold 1934.
 Twelve 4-wheel, ex-Maryport and Carlisle Railway, bought 1921 for workmen's trains. Sold 1934.

Route
The railway began in Pateley Bridge, close to the River Nidd, with the goods yard just to the north of the B6265 road. The passenger station was a little further north, and is now occupied by a road called "The Sidings". It headed north along the east bank of the river, and this section of it now forms part of the Nidderdale Way, a long-distance footpath. Wath station was just to the south of the minor road that crosses Wath Bridge, and had two sidings. The footpath leaves the course of the railway before the station, and follows the bank of the river, crossing over the railway trackbed by Gouthwaite Dam. The trackbed was close to the shore of the reservoir, and the footpath rejoins it after a deviation to the north west. Ramsgill Station was at Bouthwaite, rather than Ramsgill, just to the south of Bouthwaite Bridge, where the Ramsgill to Bouthwaite road crosses Lul Beck.

The footpath rejoins the trackbed briefly at Low Sikes, where there was a level crossing over the Ramsgill to Lofthouse road. Lofthouse station was to the south of Lofthouse, sandwiched between the road and the River Nidd. The railway crossed the river on the bridge which is now the road bridge, and turned north, along a route which is now a metalled road owned by Yorkshire Water, but open to the public. The bricked up tunnel can be seen about  from Lofthouse, where the road and river turn sharply west.  There is a picnic spot near the southern portal of the tunnel. At Scar Village there is another picnic spot and a car park. The railway followed the most northerly of the two tracks at this point. Another track down to the weirs follows the course of one of the zig-zag tracks across the valley. A footpath crosses the dam to the north side of the lake, where the incline to the quarry is still clearly visible. Another road, open to the public on foot, follows the trackbed along the southern edge of Scar House Reservoir, to reach Angram dam. The course of the railway is clearly visible on the modern 1:25,000 Ordnance Survey map for almost the entire length of the railway.

See also
 Nidd Valley Railway

Notes

References

Bibliography

Rail transport in North Yorkshire
Closed railway lines in Yorkshire and the Humber
Nidderdale
Railway lines opened in 1907
History of Bradford
Light railways
Reservoir construction railways


Antonio Winterstein (born 30 May 1988) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played for the North Queensland Cowboys and Brisbane Broncos in the NRL. A Samoan international captain, he was a member of the Cowboys' 2015 NRL premiership and 2016 World Club Challenge winning sides.

Background
Born in Auckland, New Zealand he moved to Brisbane in his early years, playing junior rugby league for Logan Brothers, and attended Marsden State High School, where his classmates included future NRL stars Israel Folau and Chris Sandow. Winterstein joined the Sydney Roosters Jersey Flegg side in 2007 and played for their inaugural NYC in 2008.

Playing career

2009
Following the 2008 Toyota Cup (Under-20s) season, Winterstein returned to Brisbane to be closer to family and was invited to train with the Broncos during the off-season. He was selected to play in Round 1 of the 2009 NRL season against his future club the North Queensland Cowboys, and scored a try on début. He scored 16 tries and played almost every game of his first NRL season. He was later named in the New Zealand train-on squad for the 2009 Four Nations series.

2010
Winterstein's streak of 31 consecutive first grade games since his debut was cut in early April 2010 when coach Ivan Henjak dropped him and Ben Te'o for turning up to training late in the lead up to the match against the Dragons, which the Broncos lost. As punishment, Winterstein was relegated to second division for a week, and returned the following week against Cronulla.

At the end of the 2010 NRL season, Winterstein's last with Brisbane, he was part of the New Zealand squad for the 2010 Four Nations but not selected to play in any of the tournament's matches.

2011
Winterstein moved to the North Queensland Cowboys on a 3-year deal with starting from the 2011 NRL season. Winterstein broke his jaw in the Cowboys first trial of the year in February against his former club Brisbane, which resulted in him missing the first month of the NRL. Winterstein returned for the Cowboys in Round 5 against the Gold Coast Titans, playing Centre and starring in the win. After 9 NRL games in 2011, Winterstein tore his pectoral muscle and damaged his shoulder badly in the Round 14 clash against the eventual Premiers Manly. Winterstein was ruled out for the remainder of the season, having played 9 games and scored 4 tries.

2012
In 2012 Winterstein edged out fellow Kiwi international Kalifa Faifai Loa for the Cowboys final wing spot, as the club signed talented Grand Final centre Kane Linnett from the Roosters. Winterstein stayed injury-free in season 2012 and played in all 26 games for the Cowboys; scoring 8 tries. While Wintersteins preferred position is right centre, he was forced to play the majority of the season on the left wing.

Winterstein was awarded for his second season with the Cowboys club with a spot in New Zealand's one-off test squad to play against Australia on 13 October 2012. Winterstein made the New Zealand Four Nations squad in 2010 but missed out on selection in 2011 due to injury.

On 7 December 2012, it was announced that Winterstein had re-signed with the Cowboys on a three-year-deal, which will keep the Samoan international at the Townsville-based club until at least the 2016 NRL season.

2013
Antonio made his debut for Samoa in the Pacific Rugby League International against Tonga on 20 April 2013. He was selected for Samoa again later in the year to feature in Samoa's 2013 Rugby League World Cup campaign. Winterstein inspired Samoa to the World Cup quarter-finals scoring 5 tries in 4 games. 3 of those tries came against 'The Kumuls' in the group stage.

2014
On 7 October 2014, Winterstein was selected for the Samoa's 24-man squad for the 2014 Four Nations series.

2015
On 4 October 2015, Winterstein was a member of the Cowboys' Grand Final winning side, starting on the wing in the side's 17–16 victory over the Brisbane Broncos. Winterstein finished the season as the Cowboys' top tryscorer, with a career-high 16 tries.

2016
On 21 February 2016, Winterstein was a member of the Cowboys' World Club Challenge winning side, starting on the wing in the side's 38–4 victory over the Leeds Rhinos at Headingley Stadium. He was originally selected on the wing for the World All Stars in the NRL All Stars game but would later withdraw with teammate Matthew Wright replacing him, albeit on the bench.

On 22 April 2016, Winterstein re-signed with the Cowboys until the end of 2018.

On 7 May 2016, Winterstein played for Samoa in the 2016 Polynesian Cup against Tonga, where he played on the wing and scored a try in the 18–6 win at Parramatta Stadium.

2017
On 3 May 2017, Winterstein was named captain for Samoa in their test against England on 6 May 2017. In the Cowboys' preliminary final win over the Sydney Roosters, Winterstein played his 150th game for the club. On 1 October, he started on the wing in the Cowboys' 2017 NRL Grand Final loss to the Melbourne Storm. He finished the season with just 4 tries from 19 games, his lowest try tally since 2011.

2018
In Round 2 of the 2018 NRL season, Winterstein played his 200th NRL game. On 25 July 2018, after playing 16 games in the 2018 NRL season, Winterstein announced his retirement from rugby league, effective immediately, on advice from the club medical staff due to a persistent knee injury.

Achievements and accolades

Team
2014 NRL Auckland Nines: North Queensland Cowboys – Winners
2015 NRL Grand Final: North Queensland Cowboys – Winners
2016 World Club Challenge: North Queensland Cowboys – Winners

Statistics

NRL
 Statistics are correct to the end of the 2018 season

International

Personal life
Winterstein and his wife Brooke Winterstein (née Peninton) have four daughters, Milanah, Harlan, Novah and Finnlay.

Winterstein comes from a very large rugby league family. His uncles are Paddy and Tony Tuimavave, and he is a cousin of Evarn Tuimavave, current Hull F.C. player Carlos and Manly Sea Eagles forward Frank Winterstein.

In 2021 Antonio took up coaching for Norths Thuringowa Devils U17s, the first ever under 17s side the club has had.

In 2022 Antonio became a coach for PSM academy.

References

External links
North Queensland Cowboys profile
NRL profile

1988 births
Living people
Australian sportspeople of Samoan descent
Brisbane Broncos players
New Zealand sportspeople of Samoan descent
New Zealand rugby league players
North Queensland Cowboys players
NRL All Stars players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Auckland
Rugby league wingers
Samoa national rugby league team players
Samoan rugby league players
Rugby league players from Logan, Queensland
Tuimavave family


Selected reaction monitoring (SRM), also called Multiple reaction monitoring, (MRM), is a method used in tandem mass spectrometry in which an ion of a particular mass is selected in the first stage of a tandem mass spectrometer and an ion product of a fragmentation reaction of the precursor ions  is selected in the second mass spectrometer stage for detection.

Variants
A general case of SRM can be represented by

where the precursor ion ABCD+ is selected by the first stage of mass spectrometry (MS1), dissociates into molecule AB and product ion CD+, and the latter is selected by the second stage of mass spectrometry (MS2) and detected. The precursor and product ion pair is called a SRM "transition".

Consecutive reaction monitoring (CRM) is the serial application of three or more stages of mass spectrometry to SRM, represented in a simple case by

where ABCD+ is selected by MS1, dissociates into molecule AB and ion CD+. The ion is selected in the second mass spectrometry stage MS2 then undergoes further fragmentation to form ion D+ which is selected in the third mass spectrometry stage MS3 and detected.

Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is the application of selected reaction monitoring to multiple product ions from one or more precursor ions, for example

where ABCD+ is selected by MS1 and dissociates by two pathways, forming either AB+ or CD+. The ions are selected sequentially by MS2 and detected. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) is the application of SRM with parallel detection of all transitions in a single analysis using a high resolution mass spectrometer.

Proteomics
SRM can be used for targeted quantitative proteomics by mass spectrometry. Following ionization in, for example, an electrospray source, a peptide precursor is first isolated to obtain a substantial ion population of mostly the intended species. This population is then fragmented to yield product ions whose signal abundances are indicative of the abundance of the peptide in the sample. This experiment can be performed on triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, where mass-resolving Q1 isolates the precursor, q2 acts as a collision cell, and mass-resolving Q3 is cycled through the product ions which are detected upon exiting the last quadrupole by an electron multiplier. A precursor/product pair is often referred to as a transition. Much work goes into ensuring that transitions are selected that have maximum specificity.

Using isotopic labeling with heavy-labeled (e.g., D, 13C, or 15N) peptides to a complex matrix as concentration standards, SRM can be used to construct a calibration curve that can provide the absolute quantification (i.e., copy number per cell) of the native, light peptide, and by extension, its parent protein.

SRM has been used to identify the proteins encoded by wild-type and mutant genes (mutant proteins) and quantify their absolute copy numbers in tumors and biological fluids, thus answering the basic questions about the absolute copy number of proteins in a single cell, which will be essential in digital modelling of mammalian cells and human body, and the relative levels of genetically abnormal proteins in tumors, and proving useful for diagnostic applications. SRM has also been used as a method of triggering full product ion scans of peptides to either a) confirm the specificity of the SRM transition, or b) detect specific post-translational modifications which are below the limit of detection of standard MS analyses. In 2017, SRM has been developed to be a highly sensitive and reproducible mass spectrometry-based protein targeted detection platform (entitled "SAFE-SRM"), and it has been demonstrated that the SRM-based new pipeline has major advantages in clinical proteomics applications over traditional SRM pipelines, and it has demonstrated a dramatically improved diagnostic performance over that from antibody-based protein biomarker diagnostic methods, such as ELISA.

See also
 Quantitative proteomics
Protein mass spectrometry

References

External links
SRMatlas; quantify proteins in complex proteome digests by mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry
Proteomics


Thomas Leo "Ted" St. Germaine (February 2, 1885 – October 4, 1947) was an American football player, coach, and lawyer. He served as the head football coach at Villanova College—now known as Villanova University—for one season, in 1913, compiling a record of 4–2–1. Germaine played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1922 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians, a team based in LaRue, Ohio, which was composed solely of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. St, Germaine was qualified to play for the Indians since he was a Chippewa.

Germaine attended the University of Wisconsin, but found the atmosphere more friendly at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, located in Pennsylvania, where he played football and earned his bachelor's degree. He then furthered his education at Howard University and Yale Law School where, in 1913, he acquired a law degree. He returned to Lac du Flambeau to represent the Lake Superior Band of Chippewa in treaty rights cases and subsequently argued before the Wisconsin Supreme Court.

He was recruited to play for the Oorang Indians, in 1922, at the age of 37, by Jim Thorpe. He is believed to have been the first attorney at law to play for an NFL team.

After his football career ended, St. Germaine became a tribal judge and, in 1932, was the first Native-American admitted to the bar in Wisconsin. When President Franklin Roosevelt ended the Native-American assimilation policies, St. Germaine served as the spokesman for the Lac du Flambeau delegation at the Hayward, Wisconsin, hearings. At these hearings, St. Germaine argued for Indian self-government and tribal control of natural resources as stipulated in the treaties of the 19th century. Some of these concepts were incorporated into the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Germaine died of a heart attack in 1947.

Head coaching record

References

1885 births
1947 deaths
American football centers
American football guards
American football tackles
Carlisle Indians football players
Oorang Indians players
Villanova Wildcats football coaches
Haskell Indian Nations University alumni
Howard University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Players of American football from Wisconsin
Wisconsin lawyers
People from Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin
Ojibwe people
Native American sportspeople
20th-century American lawyers


Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 is a sports video game developed by EA Tiburon for the PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360 versions and HB Studios for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions and published by EA Sports for PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii and Xbox 360.

The servers that supported the online mode for this game, and many others, were permanently shut down by the publishers on August 11, 2011. Users who attempt to log on see a message that says "The EA servers are not available at this time. Please try again later."

Features

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 features the U.S. Open, the USGA Championship and the USGA's Rules of Golf for the first time in the franchise's history. The Weather Channel (Forecast Channel on the Wii) provides dynamic weather data for the game.  The new "Tournament Challenge" mode allows players to replicate famous shots and moments from the PGA Tour's history.

There are several new courses available for this version of the game, including Bethpage Black, Pinehurst (Course 2), Torrey Pines, Oakmont, Hazeltine National, Banff Springs, and Turnberry, with all listed courses having hosted major championships before. There are many well-known golfers featured in the game, as well as fictitious golfers.

The Wii version of the game features support for the Wii MotionPlus, allowing for a more authentic sports motion to the golf swing, including the ability to draw and fade. In Europe and North America, the Wii version was available in a bundle with a Wii MotionPlus accessory for limited time at launch. Along with the use of the Wii MotionPlus there is a new Disc Golf option in the game.

Reception

Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 received "mixed or average" and "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.

Many critics praised the PlayStation 3, Wii and Xbox 360 versions for impressive graphics and smart gameplay. The experience and upgrade system, however, led Tycho of Penny Arcade to say "Tournaments that don't normalize player statistics aren't skill competitions... they're time competitions, measuring not the quality of your leisure hours but the volume", and Gabe, "You can not compete unless you put the time in."

According to NPD for the month of June, Tiger Woods PGA Tour 10 for Wii sold 272,400 units in North America, outselling Wii Fit in its debut month, putting it in fourth place for the month in overall sales. The game did not make the top 10 positions for other platforms according to NPD June sales.

References

2009 video games
EA Sports games
Golf video games
HB Studios games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Sports video games set in the United States
Tiger Woods video games
Video games developed in the United States
Sports video games set in Canada
Video games set in China
Video games set in Ireland
Video games set in Shanghai
Video games set in South Africa
Video games set in the United Kingdom
Wii games
Wii MotionPlus games
Xbox 360 games