Hell (a.k.a. Gehenna, Hades, Hel, Jahannam, Sheol and Tartarus) is a fictional location, an infernal Underworld utilized in various American comic book stories published by DC Comics. It is the locational antithesis of the Silver City in Heaven. The DC Comics location known as Hell is heavily based on its depiction in Abrahamic mythology. Although several versions of Hell had briefly appeared in other DC Comics publications in the past, the official DC Comics concept of Hell was first properly established when it was mentioned in The Saga of the Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #25–27 (June–August 1984) and was first seen in Swamp Thing Annual #2 (1985), all of which were written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Stephen Bissette and John Totleben.

The hierarchy of Hell, specifically the triumvirate of Lucifer, Azazel, and Beelzebub, was first referred to in John Constantine, Hellblazer #12 (December 1988) ("The Devil You Know..." (page 6) by Jamie Delano and Richard Piers Rayner) and first appeared in The Sandman (vol. 2) #4 (April 1989) ("A Hope in Hell" by Neil Gaiman and Sam Kieth). In the story, Lucifer had been forced to accept the position of the ruler of Hell due to the disruption caused by the Great Evil Beast's attack on Creation during the Crisis on Infinite Earths in the 16-part storyline "American Gothic" in Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #35–50 (April 1985–July 1986). John Constantine, Hellblazer, would also later add in the First of the Fallen, who preceded Lucifer and his failed rebellion in Heaven. In Who's Who in the DC Universe #11 (July 1991), the entry on "Hell's Hierarchy" included all the elements of Gaiman's version, plus John Constantine the Hellblazer's demonic enemy Nergal, Agony and Ecstasy the Slave-Twins of the Inquisition, Asteroth, Abaddon the Destroyer, Morax and Superman's demonic enemy Blaze, who, along with her brother Satanus, came to rule Hell in the eight-issue miniseries Reign in Hell (September 2008–April 2009, also including DC Universe Special: Reign in Hell #1 (August 2008).

Publication history
Because of the multiplicity of imprints and acquisitions under the DC Comics umbrella, there have been many different versions of both "Satan" and "Hell".

At Quality Comics in 1942, the superhero known as Midnight encountered the Devil and his domineering Wife after his untimely death. At Fawcett Comics in 1942, Ibis the Invincible I (Prince Amentep) confronted a demonic entity who inexplicably named itself "Satan". At DC Comics, the pages of Showcase #60 (January–February 1966) featured the first appearance of Azmodus and Justice League of America #49 (November 1966) introduced the demon Abaddon, who possessed a farmer named Hiram Spiezel. DC Comics' interpretation of Lucifer debuted in a dream sequence in Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen #65 (December 1962). Lucifer was introduced for real in DC Special Series #8 (1978), a.k.a. The Brave and the Bold Special, which teamed up the Batman I (Bruce Wayne), Sgt. Franklin John "Frank" Rock and Deadman and depicted Lucifer being summoned by the ghosts of Guy Fawkes, Benedict Arnold, Adolf Hitler, Jack the Ripper, Nero and Bluebeard and controlling a human operative named Edward Dirkes. Jason Blood had a nightmare about Hell in Jack Kirby's The Demon #14 (November 1973), but otherwise, the concept was in absentia other than through retcon. Etrigan the Demon debuted in the first issue of the 16-issue Jack Kirby series The Demon (August–September 1972–January 1974), but Hell was never actually mentioned, seen or shown in a concrete manner in any of the original Demon stories until The Saga of the Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #25–27 (June–August 1984), in which Alan Moore made the first canonical claim for Etrigan the Demon being a denizen of Hell, referring to his promotion to a Rhyming Demon and having him speak consistently in rhyme, which he did not do at all during the Kirby series. Many stories in DC's various mystery and horror anthology titles featured "Satan" and at least one, in Weird Mystery Tales #4 (January–February 1973), featured Lucifer, but these stories may or may not be in mainstream DC Universe continuity. Satan did appear, along with an angelic pre-Fall Etrigan the Demon, in one of the four possible origins of the Phantom Stranger (three of which are Judeo-Christian inspired, the fourth, science fiction inspired) in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #10 (January 1987).

Aside from the above-mentioned stories, Hell made its actual first appearance in Swamp Thing Annual #2 (1985). Subsequently, it would appear again in Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #49–50 (June–July 1986), in which there was a civil war going on in Hell and Etrigan the Demon was there. The Spectre's (James Brendan "Jim" Corrigan I) failure in his intervention in this conflict led to a reduction of his powers, as described in The Spectre (vol. 2) #1 (April 1987). While Hell appeared in the 31 issues (and one Annual (1988)) of that series (April 1987–November 1989), readers never saw any major developments outside of characters being condemned to go there and the occasional demon or demons tormenting them, such as in The Spectre (vol. 2) #21 (December 1988). Hell also appeared in the 31 issues (and one Annual (1985)) of Blue Devil (June 1984–December 1986; also including a special insert in the center of The Fury of Firestorm the Nuclear Man #24 (June 1984), which started the series). In The Sandman (vol. 2) #4 (April 1989), the rulers of Hell are introduced, a triumvirate consisting of Lucifer, a fallen angel deliberately drawn to resemble David Bowie, Azazel, a shadowy, many-eyed former djinn ("genie") (Azazel had previously appeared as an incubus in a Madame Xanadu story that was first published in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #1 (summer 1978) and then was officially published in The Unexpected #190 (March–April 1978)) and Beelzebub, a high-ranking demon resembling a large fly. This triumvirate (albeit with Beelzebub referred to as Belial; possibly a continuity error) returned in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #48 (April 1990), presenting the never-before-told origin of Stanley and his Monster, in which Lucifer banishes a minor demon from Hell to Earth for being "too nice" for Hell, where he is discovered by Stanley Dover Junior, who names him Spot. This version of Hell is also depicted in the 58 issues (plus two Annuals (1992 and 1993) and one #0 issue (October 1994)) of The Demon (vol. 3) (July 1980–May 1995), the four-issue miniseries The Books of Magic (December 1990–March 1991) and the three-issue miniseries Kid Eternity (vol. 2) (May–October 1991) by Grant Morrison and Duncan Fegredo.

In Swamp Thing Annual #2, Hell was said to be a place that mortal beings went to only because they truly believed that they belonged there. During the fourth Sandman story arc, Season of Mists, in The Sandman (vol. 2) #21–28 (January–July 1991), Lucifer decides to abdicate the throne of Hell and forces all of these beings to leave it. He closes the gates of Hell behind him, locks them and gives the key to Dream of the Endless, who does not want it, and many divine beings, such as Odin, Bast and Shivering Jemmy of the Shallow Brigade, a Lord of Chaos, attempt to persuade him to give the key to them. Odin attempts to bribe Dream with the Twilight Dimension of Ragnarok from Last Days of the Justice Society of America Special #1 (1986), specifically because it contains his successor's grandfather, Hawkman I (Carter Hall (a.k.a. Prince Khufu Kha-Tarr)) and his protégé, the Sandman I (Wesley Bernard "Wes" Dodds), but this attempt fails, as do all of the others. Eventually, Dream gives the key to the angels Remiel and Duma, who, having been denied re-entry into the Silver City, reinstate Hell as a place of spiritual rehabilitation rather than eternal punishment. This version of Hell is also depicted in the four-issue miniseries Stanley and His Monster (vol. 2) (February–May 1993), Vertigo Visions: Phantom Stranger #1 (October 1993), a one-shot issue under the Vertigo imprint by Alisa Kwitney and Guy Davis, the 16-issue series Kid Eternity (vol. 3) (May 1993–September 1994) by Ann Nocenti and Sean Phillips, also under the Vertigo imprint (albeit with Beelzebub having taken human form) and Batman #544–546 (July–September 1997), which guest-starred Etrigan the Demon.

John Constantine, Hellblazer under Garth Ennis would have its own Satan and, to avoid clashes with The Sandman (vol. 2), this version was turned in John Constantine, Hellblazer #59 (November 1992) into the First of the Fallen: the first being in Hell, preceding Lucifer and his failed rebellion in Heaven. The First and two other demons ruled Hell once Lucifer had abdicated the throne, with the two demons said to be only barely in charge, and in a fourth wall moment the First complained about "those endless, bloody triumvirates".  John Constantine the Hellblazer, to save himself from death from terminal lung cancer, set up the First to be killed by the succubus Chantinelle, who then briefly took control of Hell, but the First returned from the dead and reclaimed the throne of Hell shortly afterward. The First also killed the other two demons after he found out that they were not truly two of the Fallen after all (instead, they were only mere demons) and transformed their dead bodies into a two-bladed knife that was called the Knife of the Fallen, which was then used by Chantinelle to kill him.

The Master Baytor was an ineffective ruler who was unable to govern Hell due to his constant babbling and lack of coherent leadership.

In The Sandman Presents: Lucifer #1–3 (March–May 1999) and the 75-issue series Lucifer (June 2000–August 2006; including a one-shot issue called Lucifer: Nirvana (2002)), a human was eventually placed in charge of Hell while Lucifer roamed Earth and owned a piano bar named Lux (the Latin word for "light") as depicted in the ninth Sandman story arc, The Kindly Ones, in Vertigo Jam #1 (August 1993) and The Sandman (vol. 2) #57–69 (February 1994–July 1995).

The six-issue miniseries Human Defense Corps (July–December 2003) detailed the U.S. military designation for demons as "Hostile Species NHH-014". The Human Defense Corps were able to defeat a minor Lord of the Damned named Scarmaglione, then Sergeant Montgomery Kelly of the Corps killed him, assumed his powers and claimed his clan for the United States of America. His status as a minor ruler of Hell was confirmed by no less an authority than Neron himself, who was still the ruler of Hell at that time.

Superman briefly became the Lord of Hell in Superman #666 (October 2007).

The eight-issue miniseries Reign in Hell, also including DC Universe Special: Reign in Hell #1 and created by Keith Giffen and Tom Derenick, introduced a new status quo for the mainstream DC Comics version of Hell; it also gave readers specific geographical references of the region and defined a codex of rules that governed the damned (however, it is also known to have had many internal continuity errors that make its place in mainstream DC Universe canon questionable at best). Two years after Reign in Hell, DC Comics decided to remove all DC Universe characters from their Vertigo imprint, though Vertigo would have its own version of John Constantine the Hellblazer for a time.

DC Comics

Description
In the mainstream DC Universe, Hell is an alternate plane of reality, traditionally accessible only by those with demonic heritage, beings of a higher order, and those whose souls have been barred from entering the Silver City because of any evil that they had committed in their lives. DC Comics' Hell is a debased reflection of Earth, meaning that as Earth became more technologically or socially advanced so did Hell, due to an effect not unlike time dilation: "[a] day in Hell is equal to a minute's passage on Earth". All denizens of the mainstream DC Comics version of Hell are capable of using some form of maleficium; the most powerful infernal magic users are the ruling gentry of Hell and their enforcers the Necro-Mages, Forges, Exegesis Guild, Renderers, Howlers, Incendiaries, Rhyming Demons and Wishweavers. Every building, weapon, piece of furniture, piece of armor, article of clothing, serving of food, etc. in Hell is made from the bodies of the damned. The damned are turned into resources for the functioning of Hell through the process of rendering, which is carried out by the Exegesis Guild and their helpers, the Renderers.

Fictional history

Underworld Unleashed

During the Underworld Unleashed crossover event, Neron appeared in the mainstream DC Universe for the first time and established himself as the ruler of Hell, a position that he held for many years.

He then devised an elaborate scheme to conquer Earth and to gain a "pure soul" that he could corrupt, which ultimately involved many of the DC Universe's supervillains and a number of the DC Universe's superheroes. Neron offered both groups numerous deals to give them their greatest desires in exchange for their souls or for completing a task for him. The scheme was ultimately defeated by the combined efforts of both Justice League America and the Trickster I (Giovanni Giuseppe a.k.a. James Montgomery Jesse).

The Final Night

During The Final Night crossover story line, the Rhyming Demon known as Etrigan the Demon offered to bring all of the living people of Earth into Hell so that they could stay warm in exchange for their souls. The people rejected his offer, primarily because his plan was to shift Earth into Hell.

Day of Judgment

During the Day of Judgment crossover storyline, a renegade King-Angel of the Bull Host named Asmodel, with the help of Etrigan the Demon (who was trying to cause chaos on Earth and defeat his enemy, Neron), briefly took control of the then-hostless Spectre-Force using the ashes of an angel's wing feather and sought to destroy both Heaven and Hell. He used the Spectre's powers to extinguish the hellfire font, causing Hell to freeze over. A team of superheroes, including Superman, Zatanna Zatara, Sebastian Faust, Firestorm the Nuclear Man II (Ronald Roy "Ronnie" Raymond), the Atom II (Raymond "Ray" Palmer), the Enchantress and Deadman, were sent deep into Hell's depths to reignite the hellfire font. The reignition required an act of true evil, so Sebastian Faust took matters into his own hands and killed the Enchantress by slitting her throat, thereby damning himself to Hell and thus satisfying the infernal conditions.

The crossover storyline ended with a three-way battle between Neron, Asmodel and the then-deceased Harold "Hal" Jordan (the former Green Lantern II) for control over the Spectre-Force (which ultimately chose Hal Jordan, thus making him the Spectre for a time).

Reign in Hell

During the events of the Reign in Hell miniseries, Hell was thrown into a massive conflict while Neron and his generals are confronted with a rebellion led by Blaze and Satanus, the rulers of Purgatory. Neron soon discovered that the rebel demons were offering the damned "hope to the hopeless" and redemption for them, which had never happened before, and that this was a powerful spur. Realizing what would happen if the damned ever rose against him, Neron has his consort Lilith, the "mother of all Earthborn fiends", summon all of the vampires,  werewolves, ghouls and infernally powered humans to Hell to fight on his side.

This unrest in the infernal realms attracts the attention of Earth's magical superheroes, who are concerned with the outcome and possible repercussions of the war. Many of them descend into Hell and take sides in the conflict (all for reasons of their own), including Giovanni "John" Zatara, his daughter Zatanna Zatara, Jason Blood a.k.a. Etrigan the Demon, Randu Singh, Doctor Fate V (Kent V. Nelson), the Ragman III (Rory Regan), the Creeper II (Jack Ryder), Detective Chimp, the vampire Lord Andrew Bennett, Acheron,  the angel Zauriel, the Enchantress, Deadman, the Phantom Stranger, Sargon the Sorcerer II (David John Sargent), Ibis the Invincible II (Daniel Kasim "Danny" Khalifa), the Nightmaster, Nightshade II (Eve Eden), the Midnight Rider, the Warlock's Daughter, Black Alice, Blue Devil, Red Devil and the fallen angel Linda Danvers. In the miniseries' backup story, Doctor Richard Occult, aided by the Yellow Peri, also descends into Hell, but separately from the others and with his ulterior motive - to free the soul of his beloved, Rose Psychic, from damnation.

Lobo, who, at this time, is confined to the Labyrinth, Hell's only prison (due to the deal that he had earlier made with Neron in the Underworld Unleashed crossover event) and whose suffering alone is enough to power Neron's entire palace, is freed from his torment as a result of the titanic battle between Etrigan the Demon and Blue Devil, a battle that results in Etrigan the Demon's (temporary) death at Blue Devil's hands. Lobo then tears apart the soul of Zatara, which forces Zatanna to destroy his soul and banish it to the Abyss (a place that even Hell cannot touch) at his request, rather than to consign him to an eternity of pain and torment(later, in the 16-issue miniseries Zatanna (vol. 2) (July 2010–October 2011), Zatara's soul is shown to have been saved from destruction by a demon who owes him a favor).

Despite all of this and just when Neron seems to be victorious, Satanus finally reveals that he used the war as a cover to spread a modified viral version of DMN, the anagogic drug that changes humans into monsters and that he had used once before to destabilize Metropolis and confound Superman. This variation of DMN is airborne and, when combined with the speaking of the magic word "Shazam", it transforms Neron and all of Hell's demons into soulless humans, all except Lilith, who was not a true demon. It also causes all of the demonic entities that Neron had consumed over the millennia to be cast out of him. Satanus then kills Neron and takes the throne of Hell for himself. The damned then turn their rage upon the now-human and powerless demons, slaughtering them wholesale and thus damning themselves anew.

Blaze later takes advantage of her brother's momentary weakness during a moment when he allows Black Alice to touch him and sample his powers. This action shatters Black Alice's psyche and allows Blaze to drain Satanus' power and take the throne of Hell for herself, thus winning the war. Towards the end of the miniseries, the Unspoken Principium of Hell is revealed by Doctor Occult to be "You can leave whenever you want", reiterating what was said about Hell in the Neil Gaiman version. However, the miniseries is known to have many internal continuity errors that make its place in mainstream DC Universe canon questionable at best.

Geography
In the Reign in Hell miniseries, the Infernal Dominion is divided up into nine Provinces, each of which have their own rulers. All of the rulers of the Provinces bowed down to Neron, then to Satanus when he took the throne of Hell from Neron and then to Blaze when she did the same thing to Satanus. The Nine Provinces included Pandemonia, the Odium, the Gull, Praetori, Internecia, Ament, the Labyrinth, Err and Purgatory (below, there are descriptions of the Nine Provinces of the Infernal Dominion as depicted in the miniseries).

 Pandemonia - the First Province, home of Hell's high-caste demons and the location of the throne of Hell, the seat of the Dominus or Domina.
 The Odium - the Second Province, the industrial and manufacturing center. It is home of the rendering factories, the Exegesis Guild and the Renderers.
 The Gull - the Third Province, the mercantile, and commerce center.
 Praetori - the Fourth Province, the administrative and governmental ministries.
 Internecia - the Fifth Province, the military and enforcement ministries.
 Ament - the Sixth Province, the cultural propaganda ministry.
 The Labyrinth - the Seventh Province, the judicial detainment ministry, and Hell's only prison.
 Err - the Eighth Province, the theological suppression ministry.
 Purgatory - the Ninth Province, the place of secondary damnation. It was formerly ruled by Blaze and Satanus. Anyone can leave Purgatory and enter Hell, but they can never leave Hell once they have arrived there.
 The Selvage - the Selvage is the infernal aether, a dimensional waste which separates and surrounds the Provinces; all passage between the Provinces must pass through the Selvage. The very nature of the Selvage is such that it rejects magic.
 Masak Mavdil - the lowest place in Hell; the pit of rejected failures where demons exile their own kind, and which is guarded by the Archfiend Abaddon the Destroyer.

The Infernal Hosts
According to the Reign in Hell miniseries, Blaze, the sister of Satanus, is the current ruler of Hell; she succeeded her brother who, in turn, succeeded Neron. The mainstream DC Comics version of Hell always has a single ruler known as the "First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion" and holding the title of either Dominus (male) or Domina (female); the first such Dominus was Neron, the current Domina is Blaze, sister of Satanus and daughter of the wizard Shazam and a demoness (name unknown).

The First Seated rules by his (or her) "infernal will and chthonic way"; he (or she) is addressed as the  "Lord"  (or "Lady") "of the Hosts of Hell, First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion".

The First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion
 Blaze - the former co-ruler of Purgatory; the current Domina, the First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion and the hybrid daughter of the wizard Shazam and a demoness (name unknown).
 Satanus - the former co-ruler of Purgatory; the former Dominus, the First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion and the hybrid son of the wizard Shazam and a demoness (name unknown).
 Neron - Neron is also known as the "King of Hate" and the "Lord of Lies". He was a high-ranking Wishweaver who mysteriously emerged from obscurity several years ago and soon established himself as the ruler of Hell, a position that he held for many years. He is the former Dominus, the First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion.

Archfiends
 Abaddon the Destroyer - the guardian and oracle of Masak Mavdil, the lowest place in Hell.
 Asmodel - a renegade King-Angel and the former leader of the Bull Host, an elite order of angels tasked with protecting the Silver City. Asmodel served as Neron's Dominion Overseer, in charge of the armies of the Infernal Dominion.
 Asteroth - Asteroth once captured Merlin I and Etrigan the Demon in a failed attempt to disrupt the political structure of Hell.
 Belial - the father of the demons Lord Scapegoat and Etrigan the Demon and of the half-human/half-demon hybrid wizard Merlin I (who all had different mothers; see below). Belial physically resembled his son Etrigan the Demon. He also served as Neron's Archfiend of Internal Security; his spies kept watch on demon and damned alike.
 Lilith the Mother of Monsters - the mother of all Earthbound monsters and the first wife of the human progenitor Adam in Judeo-Christian mythology. She held dominion over any human empowered by infernal energies, as well as the lilim, incubi, succubi, vampires, werewolves and ghouls.
 Myrddin Ambrosius - Myrddin Ambrosius is the modern-day version of DC Comics' original version of Merlin I as introduced in the 12-issue maxiseries The Trials of Shazam! (October 2006–May 2008). He is the youngest son of Belial, born of a blasphemous mating between his father and a human woman (name unknown), and the younger half-brother of the demons Lord Scapegoat and Etrigan the Demon.
 Mordecai Smyt - a tactical genius from the Crusades who served as one of Satanus' generals.
 Nebiros - the ruler of an unnamed Infernal Province and an enemy of both the Swamp Thing IV ("Alexander "Alec" Holland") and Blue Devil.
 Prince Ra-Man the Mind-Master - a powerful magician who served as Satanus' Secretary of State.
 Rann Va Dath of the Pit - the Serpent Queen and the Spirit of Deceit, also a former mate of Belial and the mother of Etrigan the Demon.
 Shamma - a protoplasmic shapeshifter who served as Satanus' Chief of Intelligence.
 The Thing-That-Cannot-Die - a resident of a prison called the "Region Beyond", which may be a section of the Labyrinth.
 Trigon - the ruler of an unnamed Infernal Province and the father of Raven VI.

Fiends
 The Abortives - the Abortives are the lowest caste of demons, creatures born in Hell without a language or the ability to travel. They can only escape from Hell by inhabiting a "hollow" - the demonic term for a human with a body and a mind, but without a soul.
 The Arkannone - the "Lords of Gunfire".
 Azmodus - an enemy of the Spectre created by the union of Caraka (the Spectre's first human host) and the demon Sekuba.
 Baphomet - a 6th century demon who battled Arak, Son of Thunder.
 Bathopet, Maw and Atopeh - a trio of demons who were offered to Madame Xanadu - along with the power to command and control them - by Neron during the Underworld Unleashed crossover event in exchange for her soul when she died. Madame Xanadu accepted the offer only to trick Neron because she was immortal and, therefore, could not die. Neron, however, in a cruel twist, revealed to Madame Xanadu that he had only made a deal with her just to prove that he could tempt those with "gray souls" as well as those who were evil.
 Black Nergal - a demon who fought Doctor Fate I (Kent Nelson) in More Fun Comics #67 (May 1941). He may be the same being as Vertigo's Nergal.
 Bloodklott the Prince of Pox - a Rhyming Demon who is terrible at rhyming and a sometimes ally of Etrigan the Demon.
 Etrigan the Demon - the middle son of Belial, born of a mating between his father and Rann Va Dath of the Pit, and a prominent Rhyming Demon who once made an attempt to claim the throne of Hell for himself and failed to do so.
 The Exegesis Guild - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Exegesis Guild controls manufacturing in the Odium; their servants - also one of the Infernal Hosts - are the Renderers, infernal machines which are Hell's architects, capable of transmuting damned souls into building materials and using the rendered brick and mortar in their projects.
 The Forges - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Forges are infernal robotic constructs built by the Exegesis Guild; they are tasked with scouring anomalies from Hell.
 Grockk the Devil's Son - due to his unique facial appearance, Grockk the Devil's Son appears to be related to Etrigan the Demon. He is a Dial H for Hero supervillain.
 The Howlers - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Howlers are described as lycanthropes, so they appear to be infernal werewolves. They have also been mentioned in Merlin I's book of spells titled The Book of Eternity and have been known to work for Morgaine le Fey.
 The Incendiaries - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Incendiaries are living hellfire constructs used by Satanus' armies.
 Lord Scapegoat - the oldest son of Belial, born of a blasphemous mating between his father and a nanny (female) goat, and a sometimes ally of his younger half-brother Etrigan the Demon.
 Morax - the Bull-Beast of Stygia and a sometimes ally of Etrigan the Demon.
 The Necro-Mages - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Necro-Mages, while under Neron's rule, were tasked with monitoring all magical activity in Hell.
 Rhavenj - a purple, minotaur-like demon of vengeance from Action Comics #569 (July 1985).
 The Rhyming Demons - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Rhyming Demons (like Etrigan the Demon) are compelled to rhyme all spoken word conversations.
 The Scabbies - one of the Infernal Hosts; according to the Yellow Peri, the Scabbies are former angels who were captured and tortured by demons, becoming demons themselves in the process. They appear to have also become cannibals, feeding on demon and damned alike.
 Shathan the Eternal - a giant demon who ruled Dis and fought the Spectre in Showcase #61 (March–April 1966).
 The Wishweavers - one of the Infernal Hosts, the Wishweavers are demons who specialize in fulfilling mortals' greatest desires in exchange for their immortal souls or for completing a task for them, usually by making deals with said mortals (with such deals usually not ending well for the mortals). Neron is the most prominent, powerful and well-known Wishweaver and, possibly, might have been their ruler.
 Xolotl - the demon guardian of the "Mictlan Gate" and the servant of Lord Mictlāntēcutli, the Aztec god of death.

Notable damned
 Baal - a Semitic fertility and storm god who is confined to a temple that is hidden in an unnamed corner of Hell.
 Buzz - Buzz was born Gaius Marcus, a Roman patrician from A.D. 41; he was a frequent enemy of the fallen angel Linda Danvers.
 Chthon - one of Echidna's monstrous children and the guardian of the "Pillars of Unreason".
 Daemon - an incubus who assaulted Supergirl.
 The Demons Three (Abnegazar, Rath and Ghast) - three proto-demons who predate humanity and yet, at the same time, are among the many children of Lilith.
 Echidna - the Mother of Monsters in Greek mythology, to whom Power Girl promises to return once a year for instruction.
 Lobo - an intergalactic bounty hunter and a former prisoner in the Labyrinth, Lobo was briefly tormented by Neron when he was "Lord of the Hosts of Hell, First Seated of the Entire Infernal Dominion". His suffering in Hell alone was enough to power Neron's entire palace.
 Mawzir - the 10-armed and gun-wielding Nazi hit man of Hell.

Lesser damned
 Barbariccia - a demonic astral guard.
 Calcabrina - a demon from Scarmaglione's clan who was captured by the Human Defense Corps.
 The Master Baytor - the former Lord of the Criminally Insane in Hell and a sometimes ally of Etrigan the Demon, who later escaped from Hell and became a bartender at Noonan's Bar in the Cauldron, a section of Gotham City.
 Scarmaglione - a minor demon-lord from the Human Defense Corps six-issue miniseries.
 Sergeant Montgomery Kelly - a member of the Human Defense Corps; he killed the minor demon-lord Scarmaglione, assumed his powers and succeeded him as ruler of his clan, claiming it for the United States of America. His status as a minor ruler of Hell was confirmed by no less an authority than Neron himself.
 Spot (a.k.a. The Beast With No Name and Stanley's Monster) - a minor demon who was banished from Hell to Earth by Lucifer for being "too nice" for Hell and has befriended a human named Stanley Dover Junior. Hell has tried to reclaim this demon many times without any success.

Notable half-demons
 Black Alice - a young woman whose infernally-made powers allow her to steal magical energy.
 Blue Devil - a former stuntman turned superhero.
 The Creeper II (Jack Ryder) - a superhero who is a human that has somehow been bonded to a demon.
 Felix Faust - a damned sorcerer.
 Linda Danvers - a fallen angel summoned to Hell by Lilith the Mother of Monsters, but mysteriously released shortly afterward.
 Lord Satanis - a warlock (real name unknown) from the distant future who sold his soul to a demon-lord (name unknown) in exchange for power while living in 14th century Great Britain.
 Raven VI (Rachel Roth) - the hybrid daughter of the Archfiend Trigon (see above) and a human woman named Arella.
 Sabbac - a cursed human able to take on demonic power by saying the magic word "Sabbac".
 Sebastian Faust - the son of Felix Faust, who is also a sorcerer and damned like his father, but is a superhero (while his father is a supervillain).
 The White Magician - a powerful human warlock who is able to summon a demonic aspect of himself after selling his soul to one of Hell's demons.
 Witchfire - a homunculus sorceress.

Infernal artifacts
 The Ace of Winchesters - a powerful demon-forged Winchester rifle that is capable of killing any mortal or immortal being, no matter who - or what - that being might be.
 The Crown of Horns - a powerful magical artifact that is supposedly worn by some of the rulers of Hell.
 The Trident of Lucifer - a powerful magical weapon with the ability to return exiled demons to Hell; it is currently in the possession of Blue Devil.

Other versions
According to the six-issue miniseries Artemis: Requiem (June–November 1996) by William Messner-Loebs and Ed Benes and the second story in Wonder Woman Annual (vol. 2) #6 (1997) by Joan Weis and Ed Benes (which do not take place in mainstream DC Universe canon), there are 13 princely thrones in Hell, each selected to oversee 13 different realms of it. It is then assumed that these demon princes ultimately answer to the crowned head of Hell. The demoness Belyllioth is Princess of 1/13th of Hell's realms in these stories. She supposedly replaced the previous ruler, Dalkriig-Hath, once he was destroyed by his bride Artemis of Bana-Mighdall. Artemis was, by right, next in line to rule her former husband's realm, but instead she had the other 12 Princes of Hell grant Belyllioth her station instead. Notable in this depiction were the Myrmidons, a race of savage ant-like demons that were faithful to Belyllioth.

Vertigo

Description

The Vertigo imprint of DC Comics also has its own version of Hell, with its own very specific infernal sovereignty formerly ruled by Lucifer Samael Morningstar.

Fictional history
Contrary to popular belief, the term Satan (a Hebrew word meaning "adversary") represents a title within the legions of Hell and is not an actual name. The most well-known Satan is Lucifer Samael Morningstar, whose rule supplanted both that of the First of the Fallen and the First Triumvirate and Etrigan the Demon and the Second Triumvirate. Lucifer was the fourth fallen angel and yet not the first ruler of Hell, though he later became the ruler of Hell for many centuries. When the Great Evil Beast threatened all of existence by making an attack on Creation during the Crisis on Infinite Earths, a civil war erupted in Hell as a result and the regency was split into the Second Triumvirate, which consisted of Etrigan the Demon, his mother Rann Va Dath of the Pit and Abaddon the Destroyer. This was only an interim triumvirate, however, and was soon replaced by the Third Triumvirate. Eventually, Lucifer grew bored with his position, abdicated the throne of Hell and retired to Earth with his mistress, the lilim known as Mazikeen.

Geography
The realms of the Vertigo version of Hell are not as defined as the ones in the DC Comics version after the Reign in Hell miniseries, but specific areas have been mentioned in various stories:

 Dis - a Hellcity, home to the palace of Lucifer Samael Morningstar.
 Effrul - the home Province of Lord Arux, an Arch-Duke of Hell.
 Mashkan-Shapir - a Hellcity formerly ruled by Nergal, an Arch-Duke of Hell.

Infernal sovereignty
The hierarchy of the Vertigo version of Hell has changed several times over the millennia, the ruler of which has always assumed the title of Satan. There are also ranks among the demons, including Kings, Queens, Princes, Lords, Arch-Dukes, Dukes and several others as well. Eventually, Lucifer grew bored with his position, abandoned Hell entirely, forced every being within it out of it, closed its gates behind him, locked them and gave its key to Dream of the Endless, who eventually gave it to two angels, Remiel and Duma, who then transformed Hell into a place of spiritual rehabilitation rather than eternal punishment. In the interim, Lucifer was shown as the ruler of Hell in the mainstream DC Comics series The Spectre (vol. 2) #1–31 (April 1987–November 1989, plus one Annual (1988)) and The Demon (vol. 3) #1–58 (July 1990–May 1995, plus two Annuals (1992 and 1993) and one #0 issue (October 1994)) and the mainstream DC Comics miniseries Stanley and His Monster (vol. 2) #1–4 (February–May 1993).

The Triumvirs of Hell (both DC Comics (Second) and Vertigo (First and Third))

The First Triumvirate
 The First of the Fallen - the first being created and the first to be banished to Hell.
 The Second of the Fallen - the second being created and the second to be banished to Hell. Killed by the First of the Fallen after the First discovered that the Second was not truly one of the Fallen after all, but was merely a demon.
 The Third of the Fallen - the third being created and the third to be banished to Hell. Killed by the First of the Fallen for the same reason that the Second was killed.

The Second Triumvirate
 Lucifer Samael Morningstar - the fourth being created and the fourth to be banished to Hell.
 Azazel the Abomination - a former djinn ("genie") who ascended to Lucifer's triumvirate.
 Beelzebub the Lord of the Flies - a prominent Arch-Duke of Hell who was later promoted to Lucifer's triumvirate alongside Lucifer and Azazel.

The Third Triumvirate
 Etrigan the Demon - a prominent Rhyming Demon, he established this interim triumvirate at a time when he had - or when he thought that he had - conquered the power of Hell.
 Rann Va Dath of the Pit - the Serpent Queen and the Spirit of Deceit; also, a former mate of Belial (Etrigan the Demon's father) and the mother of Etrigan the Demon.
 Abaddon the Destroyer - the guardian and oracle of Masak Mavdil, the lowest place in Hell.

Lesser demons

Arch-Dukes of Hell
 Adramalech - an ally of Timothy Hunter.
 Lord Arux - the ruler of the Province of Effrul and the father of Brosag and Lady Lys, the latter of whom succeeds him as ruler.
 Mazikeen - the lilim mistress of Lucifer.
 Nergal - the former ruler of the Hellcity of Mashkan-Shapir and the Arch-Duke of Mendacity; he was demoted from his rule by the First of the Fallen. He may be the same being as DC Comics' Black Nergal.

In his appearance in Constantine the Hellblazer #8–13, Neron is mentioned as now being an Arch-Duke of Hell (a far cry from the ruler of Hell that he had once been) by no less an authority than John Constantine the Hellblazer himself.

Dukes of Hell
 Agares - a minor Duke of Hell and a possible future servant of Timothy Hunter.
 Asmodeus - a minor Duke of Hell who is believed to be the hybrid son of the Phantom Stranger and a human woman named Naamah, who was apparently damned to Hell for daring to love an angel (this angel is later strongly hinted to have become the Phantom Stranger himself sometime after the incident).

Minor gentry
 Braid the Assassin - Braid was sent by Remiel and Lord Arux to kill Lucifer but failed in his mission and died.
 Cerberus the Hellhound I - the three-headed watchdog of the gates of Hell; he allowed the souls of the dead to enter into Hell - if they had paid Charon the Ferryman his fare of a gold coin - but none to leave and also prevented the living from entering - or leaving if they did somehow manage to enter - as well. He especially devoured all those who tried to leave Hell without permission.
 Charon the Ferryman - the blind ferryman of the river Styx; he transported the souls of the dead across this river in his boat- for a fare of a gold coin - to the gates of Hell.

Notable half-demons
 John Constantine the Hellblazer - a dilettante con man, thief, exorcist and minor wizard.

Infernal artifacts
 The Knife of the Fallen - a two-bladed knife created by the First of the Fallen from the dead bodies of the Second of the Fallen and the Third of the Fallen.

In other media

Television
Hell exists in the CW's Arrowverse. It was first mentioned in season 4 of Arrow, where Oliver Queen stated that he could not call for John Constantine's help, because he was literally in Hell. Hell was then depicted in season 4 of Legends of Tomorrow, where Constantine and Nora Darhk traveled there to rescue Ray Palmer's soul. The Arrowverse's version of the Triumvirate of Hell was made up of the demons Beelzebub, Belial and Satan, who were engaged in a power struggle against another demon, Neron.

Film
Hell exists in the DC Extended Universe film Black Adam. The place was composed of the demons Satan, Aym, Belial, Beelzebub, Asmodeus and Crateris at the Rock of Finality to have Ishmael Gregor's spirit as his champion and where he receives the power of the six demons to turn him into the demon Sabbac to take the throne of Kahndaq in unleashing Hell on Earth.

References

External links
 DCU Guide: Hell
 DCU Guide: Demons
 DCU Guide: Etrigan the Demon
 DCU Guide: Neron
 DCU Guide: Blaze
 DCU Guide: Satanus
 DCU Guide: The Triumvirate of Hell
 DCU Guide: The First of the Fallen
 DCU Guide: The Second of the Fallen
 DCU Guide: The Third of the Fallen
 DCU Guide: Lucifer Morningstar
 DCU Guide: Azazel
 DCU Guide: Beelzebub

Fictional elements introduced in 1985
The Sandman (comic book)
The Books of Magic
DC Comics demons
Hell in popular culture
Mythology in DC Comics


Hòa Bình () is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Hòa Hưng  is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Hòa Hiệp  is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Hoà Hội  is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Bưng Riềng  is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

Gallery
Some scenes at Hồ Cóc resort in Bưng Riềng commune.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Tân Lâm  is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Bình Châu  is a commune (xã) and village in Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province


Phước Bửu  is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Xuyên Mộc District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

It is located along National Route 55.

A nature reserve is located in the area.

Gallery

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Aerophile SAS is a French company specialized in building and operating tethered helium balloons. Formed in 1993 the tethered gas balloons operate as tourist attractions around the world. The company has sold more than 60 balloons in 30 countries.

History
Aerophile was founded in 1993 by two 25-year-old French engineers from the École Polytechnique, Mathieu Gobbi and Jerome Giacomoni. In 1994, they installed their first large tethered balloon in Chantilly, France) and in 1998, Aerophile celebrated its first flight to an altitude of .
In 1999, the company launched the large Paris Balloon and improved it in 2008 by adding a lighting system.

In 2000, the company created a mobile tethered balloon approved to carry two people to a height of : the Aero2.

In 2002 they operated the first modern tethered gas ballon on a water-based platform at Neuchâtel.

In 2005 the company installed a large PanoraMagique balloon, operated by a subsidiary Aerotourism, at Disneyland Paris, it was the first 8-point Aero30NG balloon.

In 2007, they set up and opened the first Aerophare in Evry 2 (France), an attraction with an air-filled captive balloon within a  tower. Aerophare is a novel adaptation of a tethered balloon operating in an enclosed tower.

An Aerophile ballon holds the record for carrying 30 passengers in a gas balloon.

The company currently runs six Aero30NG : Paris Balloon, one at Disneyland Paris, one in Walt Disney World Resort, one in the Orange County Great Park, one in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and one Aerobar, the latest creation, at Futuroscope.

Subsidiaries
The Aerogroupe company has several subsidiaries :
Aerophile SA, the principal subsidiary (Balloon's manufacture and sale).
Aeroparis to operate the Paris Balloon
Aeromobile to operate the balloon at Irvine
Aerotourism to operate the balloon at Disneyland Paris
Aerophile Orlando to operate the balloon at Walt Disney World Resort

Balloons

The Aero30NG
This tethered balloon 22,5 meters in diameter can receive up to 30 people at a time in its nacelle and can rise up to  . Its winch system ensures a climb speed of 0.8 m / s and its patented platform optimizes landings.
This balloon has been installed over the 5 continents : France :Château de Cheverny, Château de Chantilly, Bordeaux, Beaune, Parc de Samara, Paris Balloon and Disneyland Paris, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Tunisia, Turkey, Irak, Lebanon, Dubai, Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam, Cambodia (Angkor Wat), Thailand, Singapore and Australia.
Ocean Park Hong Kong, Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, . This model has also been adapted to allow parachute jumps as part of military training in Yemen.

The Aero2
This is a charged helium balloon of 9 meters in diameter which offers a view to two passengers to around 90m above ground. The moored balloon can be seen at 10 kilomètres around. This balloon has been used as a marketing tool for Danao Tour in 2002 but also by Fortis and throughout France.

The Aerophare
The Aerophare is a balloon operating within a  tower structure.  The structure allows it to operate worse weather than a conventional tethered balloon.

The Aerobar
The first aerial bar of the world. This new concept allows 15 persons to rise up to 120 feet in the sky while enjoying their favorite drink. Visitors are experiencing a triple emotion: the chills of seeing the ground away from their feet, great view while discovering the scenery and the canopy of heaven meeting the earth on 360° and the conviviality with the other passengers that share a drink aboard this aerial bar. The first Aerobar is installed in Futuroscope, second largest theme park in France.

The Little Prince Park:
The first aerial park in the world is in Alsace. The Little Prince Park invites its visitors to a journey on the planet of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's hero with 23 hectares, 30 attractions, three movie theaters from 60 to 500 seats, two tethered balloons, one Aerobar, flying chairs, two giant labyrinths…and plenty of animals.

External links
Aerophile SA (official site)
Paris balloon
Balloon at Walt Disney World
Balloon at Disneyland Paris
The Little Prince Park

Transport companies of France
Balloon manufacturers
Companies established in 1993


Ngãi Giao is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Châu Đức District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam. It is in the south of Vietnam.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Ben Kelsey may refer to:

Benjamin Kelsey (1813–1889), California pioneer
Benjamin S. Kelsey (1906–1981), U.S. Air Corps fighter projects officer
Ben Kelsey (strongman) (born 1984), English strength athlete


Đất Đỏ is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Đất Đỏ District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

It is located along National Route 55.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Long Điền is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Long Điền District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

It is located along National Route 55. It is home to the Long Ban pogoda, which was built in the 17th century.

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Benjamin or Ben Kelsey (1813 Kentucky – February 19, 1889 Los Angeles, California) was an early American pioneer of California with his brothers Andy and Sam Kelsey. He was a founder, often with one or more of his brothers, of several settlements in California.

Kelsey was born in Kentucky in 1813. He and his wife Nancy Kelsey arrived in Alta California in the Bartleson–Bidwell Party in 1841. In 1844, he brought a party of immigrants including his father David and brother Samuel from Oregon on the Siskiyou Trail to Sutter's Fort.

With his brothers he participated in the Bear Flag Revolt of 1846, which ended Mexican control of California and established the California Republic. He also served with his brothers in the California Battalion under Col. John C. Fremont and were honorably discharged at Los Angeles or San Gabriel in the early part of 1847.

In 1848, during the California Gold Rush Ben Kelsey took fifty Pomo men from his brother Andrew's rancho near Kelseyville, on Rancho Lupyomi, to the Sierra foothills in a gold mining venture, establishing a mining camp called Kelsey Diggings. Once at the diggings, Ben decided it was more profitable to sell all the company's supplies to other miners than to pan for gold. After falling ill with malaria, he headed back to his home in Sonoma, leaving the others behind. The Pomo workers, forced to camp near a hostile group of local Indians and suffering from malaria and starvation, were left on their own. Only one or two are thought to have survived. This mistreatment of the Pomo and that of Andrew and his partner later provoked the Bloody Island Massacre.

Benjamin Kelsey’s willful neglect combined with disease and exposure to kill as many as ninety-nine Indian men in 1849. Following the murder of his brother Andrew in 1850, Benjamin Kelsey seems to have joined a vigilante group that killed an unknown number of Indians. Released on bail in California’s first Supreme Court case, he never stood trail. Vigilante violence Kelsey led and participated in was, in part, a response to the killings of his Brother Andrew, but widespread violence against any and all Indians far from the site of the murder was motivated by four factors. One, failure to distinguish between different California tribes. Two, belief in the efficacy of pedígogical violence: the idea that extreme violence against one tribe would “teach” others to respect whites. Three, the physical elimination of their perception of unfair economic and social advantages then enjoyed by ranchers and farmers who employed Indians. Four, the wish that local Indians would go away brought them the decision to kill and chase off Indians as the way to do this. [Sourse: American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, Benjamin Madley, Yale University Press, 2016; page 126-127]

After recovering from malaria, Ben used his profits to buy sheep which he drove to the mines and used that money to set up a trading post in the Sacramento Valley but lost his investment when he became ill. In September 1850 Ben and his brother Samuel came to Union in Humboldt County. He purchased land there and built a house on it. His brother Samuel purchased property directly south of Ben and also owned a smaller parcel. However both eventually lost their properties, Ben to mortgage foreclosure and Samuel to a default on a note.

Ben returned with his family to Sonoma for a short time, then moved to Oregon. In 1859, he moved his family to Mexico, and then to Texas in 1861. There his wife and children survived an attack by Comanche, one of his daughters survived being scalped but suffered mental illness afterward. In 1865 his family was back in California near Fresno, where his mentally ill daughter died. It was at this time he and his sons were accused of being members of the Mason Henry Gang. Suspicion may have fallen on him because his brother Samuel had been accused of being a leader among the secessionists in San Bernardino at the start of the American Civil War.

In later years, he moved on to Inyo County during the time of the 1872 Lone Pine earthquake, working in the Cerro Gordo Mines, and finally lived in Los Angeles. Ben Kelsey died February 19, 1889, at the age 76, at Los Angeles. He was buried at Rosedale Cemetery, Los Angeles.

References

1813 births
1889 deaths
California pioneers
American people of the Bear Flag Revolt
American slave owners
People of the Conquest of California
People of the California Gold Rush
American emigrants to Mexico
Foreign residents of Mexican California
People from Kentucky


Long Hải is a township (Thị trấn) and town in Long Điền District, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, in Vietnam.

Gallery

References

Populated places in Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Communes of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu province
Townships in Vietnam


is a fine-grained Japanese sugar, traditionally made in the Shikoku prefectures of Tokushima and Kagawa, centered to the towns of Kamiita-cho and Donari-cho in Tokushima, where it has been made since about the 1770s. The sugar is often used for Japanese sweets (). The sugar is made from thin sugarcane plants (Saccharum sinense) grown locally in Shikoku, called  or  (locally known as ).

Use
It is a light golden colour, with granules slightly larger than icing sugar, and has a unique aroma and flavour, with butter and honey overtones.  is used in making sweets and , as a coffee and tea sweetener, in dipping sauces at sushi restaurants, and in baking at home.

A grade of the sugar called  is considered by some people to be the highest grade.

Production
The traditional manufacturing process of  involves 8 stages, and takes roughly 20 days as a whole. The sugarcane is harvested between December and February. It is harvested late in the year on purpose, to allow the sugar content of the cane to develop to its maximum, as the variety of sugarcane used produces less sugar than other varieties used elsewhere in the world.

The cane is pressed by machine to extract its juice. The juice goes into a tank; the crushed canes are used as cattle fodder, or fertilizer. The juice is then brought to a boil and boiled for about 30 minutes, producing a green foam, which is removed, as it contains a bitter green lye.

At the end of this process, the juice is a light yellow coloured, and is allowed to stand to allow sediment to settle to the bottom. The clarified juice is drained off, then boiled again to condense it, then cooled. The juice develops a light brown colour. It is allowed to stand for one week, during which time it mostly solidifies into crystalline masses. These solids are wrapped in a cloth and squeezed in a pressing tub for a day to press liquid out of those solidified pieces.

The pieces are then washed and kneaded with water 4 or 5 times, to refine the sugar in them and make it whiter.

The pieces are then dried quickly so that the sugar does not ferment, and then crushed and sieved into a fine sugar.

References

Further reading

Matsui T, Kitaoka S. Contents and compositions of the aroma in "Wasanbon" sugar. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1981;27(6):563-72.
Hosking, Richard. A dictionary of Japanese food: ingredients & culture. Tuttle Publishing. 2004. Page 234 to 235.
 Okada Sugar Manufacture. Retrieved September 2010 from http://www.wasanbon.co.jp/wasanbon/index_eng.html

Tokushima Prefecture
Shikoku region
Sugars
Wagashi


John Arthur Frederick Poole (12 December 1932 – 17 November 2020) was an English football goalkeeper who made 33 league appearances for Port Vale in the Football League between 1953 and 1961. He later played for non-League sides Macclesfield Town and Werrington.

Career
John Poole was born in Stoke-on-Trent on 12 December 1932. After playing for numerous youth teams, including Ashley, Penkhull Youth Club, and Stoke City's youth team, Poole graduated through the Port Vale juniors to sign professional forms in September 1953. He did his national service with the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers and served in Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia. Manager Freddie Steele handed him his debut on 28 April 1956, in a 3–2 win over Middlesbrough at Vale Park. Remaining as understudy to Ray King, he featured in three Second Division games in the 1956–57 relegation campaign. He played three Third Division South games in 1957–58, as new manager Norman Low recruited former Wales international Keith Jones as the "Valiants" new number one.

Poole did not play in the 1958–59 Fourth Division winning campaign, but had a run of games in the 1959–60 season, including playing in front of a Vale Park record crowd of 49,768 in 2–1 defeat to Aston Villa in the FA Cup. He managed to earn the first team goalkeeping spot off Ken Hancock in November 1959, but he lost this position after fracturing his nose in a 6–3 defeat at Mansfield Town on 25 April 1960 – the penultimate game of the season. Manager Norman Low informed Poole's wife with a brief phone call: "Hello, Mrs Poole, Norman Low here. John's in the hospital with a broken nose. The good news is he hasn't fractured his skull. Goodnight!" He played just three Third Division matches in 1960–61, as Hancock firmly established himself as the club's preferred goalkeeper. Poole left on a free transfer in May 1961, and later played for Macclesfield Town and Werrington. Poole retired from playing in 1963.

Style of play
Poole was a goalkeeper with great anticipation and bravery. He played one game with a broken wrist.

Personal life
Upon his retirement he became a keen Port Vale fan; he co-founded the club's Ex-Players Association with former teammate Ken Hancock. He worked as a motor mechanic. He married Pat, who was named as Miss Port Vale 1954. He had two sons: Greg and Duncan; and two grandchildren: Reece Poole and Katie Poole. His uncle, Tom Davis, also played for Port Vale in the 1920s. Poole's death was announced by Port Vale on 19 November 2020.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Stoke City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Mechanics (people)
1932 births
2020 deaths


The  was the main stream of the Yodo River before 1907, when the current (new) Yodo River was constructed by a normalisation project. Now called the Kyū-Yodo River, it is a major waterway in central Osaka and the main drainage of Neyagawa river.

The name Kyū-Yodo river means former Yodo river in Japanese.

Subdivisions

The name Kyū-Yodo River is a geological name, locally it is called by subdivision names. From the source to the mouth, it is named as follows:

Ōkawa (river)
This is the name for the section from the Kema Lock to the Tenjimbashi (bridge); the Japanese name is Ōkawa (大川).

Dōjima River

This is the name for the section from the Tenjimbashi (bridge) to the Funatsubashi (bridge) along the north shore of Nakanoshima Island; the Japanese name is Dōjima-gawa (堂島川).

Tosabori River
This is the name for the section from the Tenjimbashi (bridge) to the Funatsubashi (bridge) along the south shore of Nakanoshima Island; the Japanese name is Tosabori-gawa (土佐堀川).

Ajigawa (river)
This is the name for the section from the Funatsubashi (bridge) to Tempōzan, Osaka Bay; the Japanese name is Aji-gawa (安治川).

Points of interest
Points of interest from the source to the mouth.

Kita ward, Miyakojima ward
Yodo River
Kema Lock
Kema Sakuranomiya Park
OAP Tower
Imperial Hotel Osaka
National Mint Factory

Kita ward, Chūō ward
Keihan City Mall (department store)
Minami-Temma Park
Nakanoshima
Nakanoshima Park
Osaka Stock Exchange
Museum of Oriental Ceramics
City Hall
High District Court Osaka branch
Bank of Japan Osaka branch

Fukushima ward, Kita ward, Nishi ward
Hotarumachi
National Museum of Art, Osaka
Osaka Science Museum
Rihga Royal Hotel
Osaka International Convention Center
Osaka Central Wholesale Market

Konohana ward, Minato ward
Universal Studios Japan
Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan
Tempōzan

Access
For Nakanoshima area, each station of Keihan Nakanoshima Line is nearest. For Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan and Tempōzan, Metro Ōsakakō Station is nearest.

Rivers of Osaka Prefecture
Geography of Osaka
Rivers of Japan


The Association of Vologne Valley communes (French: Communauté de communes de la Vallée de la Vologne) is a former administrative association of communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was created in December 2002. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes Bruyères - Vallons des Vosges in January 2014.

The association, which took its name from the valley of the river Vologne, had its administrative offices at Bruyères.

Composition
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

Beauménil
Bruyères
Champ-le-Duc
Charmois-devant-Bruyères
Cheniménil
Deycimont
Docelles
Faucompierre
Fays
Fiménil
Laval-sur-Vologne
Laveline-devant-Bruyères
Laveline-du-Houx
Lépanges-sur-Vologne
La Neuveville-devant-Lépanges
Prey
Le Roulier-devant-Bruyères
Xamontarupt

References

Vologne Valley


Expo Real (written EXPO REAL) is the biggest trade fair for real estate and investment in Europe. Since 1998 it has been organized by Messe München GmbH in the grounds of Messe München every year. Expo Real is Europe's biggest B2B trade fair.

In 2019 Expo Real covered an exhibition area of 72,250 square meters. There were 46,747 participants from 77 countries, including 24,682 representatives from 2,190 exhibiting companies.

Concept
The exhibition zones of Expo Real reflect the complete supply chain of the real estate industry and extend from planning and project development to advisory activities and financing as well as implementation, operations and investment. The conference program does not only include topics related to real estate, but also addresses topical economic and political questions. The participants are offered an international networking platform. They have the opportunity to initiate business, present and initiate projects and make new contacts.

The participants of Expo Real come from all over the world, mainly from Europe. This is also reflected in the so-called national pavilions in which exhibitors with the same geographical background are clustered in a common exhibition area. At Expo Real 2019, representatives from new cities including Belfast, Porto and Copenhagen and countrywide representation from Malta and Lebanon attended for the first time.

Joint stands focusing on important asset classes have also been established: for the logistics properties the “LogRealCampus”, for hotel properties the “World of Hospitality”. Apart from that, 2016 saw the first special networking area for retailers and their partners, the “Grand Plaza”. In 2019, the new NOVA3 hall, dedicated to exploring how innovative proptech can benefit the sector, was introduced.

Under the title “Intelligent Urbanization” the topic of “sustainable urban planning and development” is discussed at Expo Real. Participants can obtain information in a separate exhibition area as well as from presentations and panel discussions of the supporting conference program.

The extensive international conference program with about 400 speakers provides a profound overview of the latest topics, trends and innovations in the industry. In 2019, there was a series of panels ranging from Brexit, coworking, to the state of proptech, the future of urban planning and climate-friendly development. Another major topic was affordable housing, where measures ranging from rent caps to increasing the density of development in urban areas were discussed.

The “CareerDay” on the third day of the trade fair is particularly attractive for students. This is where young professionals and newcomers to the industry make contacts with company representatives and attend a specialized conference program. Participants of the CareerDay can use the complete range offered by Expo Real at reduced rates on all three days of the trade fair.

Number of participants
46,747 participants from 76 countries (2018: 45,058/73) came to the 22nd International trade fair for real estate and investment in 2019 (plus 3.8 per cent compared to 2018). The total number of visitors consisted of 22,065 individual visitors (2018: 22,029) and 24,682 company representatives (2018: 23,029). The percentage of international visitors went up to 33 per cent in 2019 (2018: 31.5 per cent). Behind Germany the top ten visiting countries were: United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, France, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, the US and Spain.

The total of 2,190 exhibitors (a rise of 4.5 percent compared to 2,095 in 2018) came from 45 countries. Behind Germany the top ten exhibiting countries were: Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, Poland, UK, France, Romania, US, Czech Republic and Luxembourg.

References

EXPO REAL website
FKM statistics of shows from 2008 to 2010 at Auma
FKM statistics of Expo Real 2014 at Auma

Real estate in Germany
Trade fairs in Germany
Economy of Munich


Bjarni  is an Icelandic male given name and may refer to:

Bjarni Ármannsson resigned as CEO of Glitnir (formerly Íslandsbanki) in May 2007
Bjarni Ólafur Eiríksson (born 1982), footballer (defender) from Iceland
Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1908) (1908–1970), Prime Minister of Iceland from 1963 to 1970
Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970), Prime Minister of Iceland since 2017
Bjarni Bjarnason (born 1965), Icelandic writer from Reykjavík
Bjarni Friðriksson (born 1956), retired Icelandic judoka
Bjarni Fritzson (born 1980), Icelandic handball player
Bjarni Guðjónsson (born 1979), Icelandic footballer
Bjarni Herjólfsson (fl. 10th century) was an Icelandic explorer who sighted America in 986
Bjarni Jónsson (born 1920), Icelandic mathematician and logician
Bjarni Jónsson (artist) (1934–2008), Icelandic painter
Bjarni Thorarensen (1786–1841), Icelandic poet and official
Bjarni Tryggvason (born 1945), Icelandic-born Canadian engineer and a former NRC/CSA astronaut
Bjarni Viðarsson (born 1988), young Icelandic footballer
Kalli Bjarni aka Kalli Bjarni (born 1976), Icelandic singer and winner of Idol Stjörnuleit
Kalli Bjarni - Kalli Bjarni, album of songs by Kalli Bjarni

See also

Bjarne
Björn

Scandinavian masculine given names
Icelandic masculine given names
Masculine given names


The 1995 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament began with 48 teams and ended on December 16, 1995, when Nebraska defeated Texas 3 games to 1 in the NCAA championship match.

Nebraska defeated Texas 11-15, 15-2, 15-7, 16-14. Nebraska was led by Katie Crnich and Billie Winsett who each had 25 kills. After losing its second match of the season to then-No. 1 Stanford, Nebraska reeled off 31 consecutive matches to claim the NCAA title and had the program's best season at 32-1 (.970%).

Play-in games

Records

Brackets

Pacific regional

East regional

Central regional

Mountain regional

Final Four - Mullins Center, Amherst, Massachusetts

See also
NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship

References

NCAA women's volleyball tournament
NCAA
Volleyball in Massachusetts
December 1995 sports events in the United States
College sports tournaments in Massachusetts
Women's sports in Massachusetts


The Hall of Honor is a memorial at the National Security Agency headquarters in Fort Meade, Maryland. It honors individuals who rendered distinguished service to American cryptology.

The Hall of Honor
The Hall of Honor is located on the grounds of the National Cryptologic Museum adjacent to NSA's headquarters in Ft. Meade, MD. Created in 1999, The standards are high for induction into the Hall of Honor. The individuals honored were innovators over their entire peers or made major contributions to the structure and processes of American cryptology.

Inductees
Yearly, the National Cryptologic Museum Foundation recommends a slate of honorees to the National Security Agency for consideration along with nominees from other sources.

2021
 Joseph E. Gilligan, Jr.
 Jack C. Mortick
 Clifford Cocks, James H. Ellis, and Malcolm J. Williamson

2020
 George Cotter
 Whitfield Diffie
 David Kahn (writer)
 Barbara McNamara
 Lester Myers

2019
 Edward M. Drake
 Chief Radioman Harry Kidder, USN
 Colonel Alva Bryan Lasswell, USMC
 Lieutenant General Kenneth A. Minihan, USAF

2018
 Richard L. "Dick" Bernard
 Seymour R. Cray
 Michael J. Jacobs
 Hilda Faust Mathieu
 Whitney E. Reed

2017
 Mary H. "Polly" Budenbach
 Dennis M. Chiari
 Colonel Frank E. Herrelko, USAF
 Admiral Bobby Inman, USN
 Floyd L. Weakley

2016
 Gerald Hale
 Captain Leonard T. Jones, USCG
 Command Sergeant Major Odell Williams, USA

2015
 Ralph W. Adams, Jr.
 Charles R. Lord
 William O. Marks
 Robert J. McNelis
 Virginia Jenkins Riley

2014
 Frank C. Austin
 Walter Deeley
 Howard Ehret
 Marian Rejewski
 Alan Turing

2013
 Vera Ruth Filby
 Richard Proto
 Washington Wong
 Native American Code talkers

2012
 Ann Caracristi
 Robert E. Drake
 Ronald Hunt
 Juliana Mickwitz

2011
 William D. Coffee
 Joseph Desch
 Colonel Parker Hitt
 Laura Holmes

2010
 Joseph Amato
 David Boak
 Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein
 Leo Rosen

2009
 Richard A. Day Jr.
 Minnie M. Kenny
  Major general Doyle E. Larson
 Arthur Levenson

2008
 Benson K. Buffman
 Charles L. Gandy
 General Alfred M. Gray
 Oliver R. Kirby
 Rear Admiral Donald M. Showers

2007
 Jacob "Jack" Gurin
 Robert J. Hermann
 Samuel Simon Snyder
 Milton Zaslow

2006
 Brigadier General Bernard Ardisana
 Edward A. Everett
 Cecil J. Phillips
 James W. Pryde
 Thomas E. Tremain

2005
 William Blankinship
 Francis Raven
 Arthur J. Salemme
 Rear Admiral Joseph N. Wenger

2004
 Dorothy T. Blum
 James R. Chiles
 Meredith Gardner
 Brigadier General John Tiltman

2003
 Lambros D. Callimahos
 Lowell K. Frazer
 Juanita Moody
 Howard E. Rosenblum

2002
 Captain Thomas H. Dyer
 Norman Wild
 Richard A. Leibler
 Mitford M. Mathews
 Charles C. Tevis
 Julia Ward

2001
 Howard C. Barlow
 Mahlon E. Doyle
 Sydney Jaffe
 Major General John E. Morrison

2000
 Louis W. Tordella
 Captain Joseph Rochefort
 Agnes Meyer Driscoll

1999
 William F. Friedman
 Elizebeth Friedman
 Herbert Yardley
 Captain Laurance Safford
 Frank Rowlett
 Abraham Sinkov
 Solomon Kullback
 Lieutenant General Ralph Canine

References

See also
 National Security Agency/Central Security Service Cryptologic Memorial
 CIA Memorial Wall
 Military Intelligence Hall of Fame
 National Security Agency
 National Cryptologic Museum

National Security Agency
Monuments and memorials in Maryland
Science and technology halls of fame
Halls of fame in Maryland
Awards established in 1999


Tân Thới may refer to several commune-level subdivisions in Vietnam, including:

Tân Thới, Cần Thơ, a commune of Phong Điền District, Cần Thơ
Tân Thới, Tiền Giang, a commune of Tân Phú Đông District

See also
Tân Thới Nhất, a ward of District 12, Ho Chi Minh City
Tân Thới Nhì, a commune of Hóc Môn District in Ho Chi Minh City


Kevin Gilbertson is an American web developer best known as the creator of TinyURL launched in January 2002. TinyURL is a URL shortener, a web service that provides short aliases for redirection of long URLs.

According to Wired, Gilbertson had been riding unicycles since he was a kid, and created TinyURL to convert postings on unicycling newsgroups into Web pages (since fewer people know their way around newsgroups than the Web).   Google's AdSense links covered operating costs.

Gilbertson, known by friends as "Gilby," lives in Mexico with his wife. He learned about computers from his father, a software engineer, with whom he also rides unicycles as part of the Twin Cities Unicycle Club.

External links
 Kevin Gilbertson's personal website (a link is not reachable as of 12/14/20)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Web designers


Bình Mỹ may refer to several commune-level subdivisions in Vietnam, including:

Bình Mỹ, Hà Nam, a township and capital of Bình Lục District
Bình Mỹ, Củ Chi, a commune of Củ Chi District in Ho Chi Minh City
Bình Mỹ, Bình Dương, a commune of Bắc Tân Uyên District
Bình Mỹ, Quảng Ngãi, a commune of Bình Sơn District
Bình Mỹ, An Giang, a commune of Châu Phú District


Masha Gessen (; born 13 January 1967) is a Russian-American journalist, author, translator, and activist who has been an outspoken critic of Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump.

Gessen is nonbinary and trans and uses they/them pronouns. Gessen has written extensively on LGBT rights. Described as "Russia's leading LGBT rights activist", they have said that for many years they were "probably the only publicly out gay person in the whole country". They now live in New York with their wife and children.

Gessen writes primarily in English but also in their native Russian. In addition to being the author of several non-fiction books, they have been a prolific contributor to such publications as The New York Times, The New York Review of Books, The Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, The New Republic, New Statesman, Granta, Slate, Vanity Fair, Harper's Magazine, The New Yorker, and U.S. News & World Report. Since 2017, they have been a staff writer for The New Yorker.

Early life and education
Gessen was born into a Jewish family in Moscow to Alexander and Yelena Gessen. Gessen's paternal grandmother Ester Goldberg, the daughter of a socialist mother and a Zionist father, was born in Białystok, Poland, in 1923 and emigrated to Moscow in 1940. Ester's father Jakub Goldberg was murdered during the Holocaust in 1943, either in the Białystok Ghetto or a concentration camp. Ruzya Solodovnik, Gessen's maternal grandmother, was a Russian-born intellectual who worked as a censor for the Stalinist government until she was fired during an antisemitic purge. Gessen's maternal grandfather Samuil was a committed Bolshevik who died during World War II, leaving Ruzya to raise Yelena alone.

In 1981, when Gessen was a teenager, their family moved via the US Refugee Resettlement Program to the United States. As an adult in 1991, Gessen moved to Moscow, where they worked as a journalist. They hold both Russian and US citizenship. Their brothers are Keith, Daniel, and Philip Gessen.

Career

Activism and journalism

Gessen was on the board of directors of the Moscow-based LGBT rights organization Triangle between 1993 and 1998 and has led gay rights demonstrations in Moscow.

Gessen served as a volunteer board member at PEN America for nine years until resigning in May 2023 when the organization withdrew an invitation to two, exiled Russian authors to speak at the PEN World Voices event. Gessen was Vice President of the board at the time, and will continue to be a member of PEN America.

In an extensive October 2008 profile of Vladimir Putin for Vanity Fair, Gessen reported that the young Putin had been "an aspiring thug" and that "the backward evolution of Russia began" within days of his inauguration in 2000.

They contributed several dozen commentaries on Russia to The New York Times blog "Latitude" between November 2011 and December 2013. Among their subjects were the banning of so-called "homosexual propaganda" and other related laws; the harassment and beating of journalists, and the depreciation in value of the ruble.

In March 2013, politician Vitaly Milonov promoted the Russian law against foreign adoption of Russian children by saying, "The Americans want to adopt Russian children and bring them up in perverted families like Masha Gessen's."

Dismissal from Vokrug sveta
Gessen was dismissed from their position as the chief editor of Russia's oldest magazine, Vokrug sveta, a popular-science journal, in September 2012 after Gessen refused to send a reporter to cover a Russian Geographical Society event about nature conservation featuring President Putin because Gessen considered it political exploitation of environmental concerns. After Gessen tweeted about their firing, Putin phoned them and claimed he was serious about his "nature conservation efforts". At his invitation, Gessen met him and Gessen's former publisher at the Kremlin and were offered their job back. Gessen rejected the offer.

Radio Liberty
In September 2012, Gessen was appointed as director of the Russian Service for Radio Liberty, a U.S. government-funded broadcaster based in Prague. Shortly after their appointment was announced and a few days after Gessen met with Putin, more than 40 members of Radio Liberty's staff were fired. The station also lost its Russian broadcasting license several weeks after Gessen took over. The degree of Gessen's involvement in both of these events is unclear, but has caused controversy.

Return to the U.S.
In December 2013, they moved to New York because Russian authorities had begun to talk about taking children away from gay parents. In March of that year, "the St Petersburg legislator [Milonov] who had become a spokesman for the law [against 'homosexual propaganda' towards children] started mentioning me and my 'perverted family' in his interviews", and Gessen contacted an adoption lawyer asking "whether I had reason to worry that social services would go after my family and attempt to remove my oldest son, whom I adopted in 2000." The lawyer told Gessen "to instruct my son to run if he is approached by strangers and concluding: 'The answer to your question is at the airport.'" In June 2013, Gessen was beaten up outside of the Parliament; they said of the incident that "I realized that in all my interactions, including professional ones, I no longer felt I was perceived as a journalist first: I am now a person with a pink triangle." They stated that "a court would easily decide to annul Vova's adoption, and I wouldn't even know it". Given this potential threat to their family, Gessen "felt like no risk was small enough to be acceptable," they later told the CBC Radio. "So we just had to get out."

In a January 2014 interview with ABC News, Gessen claimed that the Russian gay propaganda law had "led to a huge increase in antigay violence, including murders. It's led to attacks on gay and lesbian clubs and film festivals .. and because these laws are passed supposedly to protect children, the people who are most targeted or have the most to fear are LGBT parents."

Gessen wrote in February 2014 that Citibank had closed their bank account because of concern about Russian money-laundering operations.

Gessen worked as a translator on the FX TV channel historical drama The Americans.

, Gessen taught as a distinguished professor at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at the City University of New York. From 2020 to 2023, Gessen taught as Distinguished Writer in Residence at Bard College. Previously at Amherst College, they were named the John J. McCloy '16 Professor of American Institutions and International Diplomacy for the 2017–18 and 2018–19 academic years. In October 2017, they published their 10th book The Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia. They were included in the 2022 Fast Company Queer 50 list.

Personal life
Gessen has dual Russian and US citizenship. In 2004, Gessen married Svetlana Generalova, a Russian citizen who was also involved in the LGBT movement in Moscow. The wedding took place in the U.S. Generalova and Gessen later divorced, and by the time Gessen returned to the U.S. from Russia in December 2013, Gessen was married to Darya Oreshkina.

Gessen has three children—two sons and a daughter. Their eldest son, Vova, was born in 1997 in Russia and was adopted by Gessen from an orphanage in Kaliningrad for the children of HIV-positive women. Their daughter, Yolka, was born to Gessen in the U.S. in 2001. Their third child, a son, was born in February 2012.

Gessen tested positive for the BRCA mutation that is correlated with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy in 2005.

Gessen came out as nonbinary in 2020 and began using they/them pronouns at that time. When speaking of their childhood, Gessen said, "I remember, at the age of five [...] hoping that I would wake up a boy. A real boy. I had people address me by a boy’s name. My parents, fortunately, were incredibly game. They were totally fine with it." As a child, Gessen used the male denoting verb forms (a feature of Russian syntax in which verbs denote the speaker's gender), but as a teenager switched to using female  denoting verb forms. In a Russian-language interview, Gessen said that they continue to use the female form of verbs when speaking Russian.

Awards
 2005: National Jewish Book Award for Ester and Ruzya: How My Grandmothers Survived Hitler's War and Stalin's Peace
2012: Stora Journalistpriset (Swedish Grand Prize for Journalism), Guest of Honor
 2013: Liberty Media Corporation, Media for Liberty award for their article "The Wrath of Putin," published in the April 2012 edition of Vanity Fair
 2015: University of Michigan Wallenberg Medal, 24th recipient
2017: National Book Award for Nonfiction for The Future Is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia
2018: Hitchens Prize
2023: Hannah Arendt Award

Summaries of select works

The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin

In The Man Without a Face, Gessen offers an account of Putin's rise to power and summary of recent Russian politics. The book was published on 1 March 2012 and translated into 20 languages.

The New York Review of Books described the book as written in "beautifully clear and eloquent English," and stated that it was "at heart a description of th[e] secret police milieu" from which Putin originated and was "also very good at evoking…the culture and atmosphere within which [Putin] was raised, and the values he came to espouse." The Guardian called the book "luminous"; the Telegraph called it "courageous".

CIA officer John Ehrman's review stated: "As a biography it is satisfactory, but no more than that" and "little of what Gessen has to say is new." He described the images as ". . effective as anti-Putin propaganda".

Words Will Break Cement: The Passion of Pussy Riot

When this book was published in 2014, A.D. Miller wrote in the Telegraph that "even readers who do not share Gessen's esteem for Pussy Riot as artists will be convinced of their courage." Miller described Gessen as "the right person to tell this story" and said their journalistic approach was "scrupulous and sensitive". Booklist described the book as "prickly, frank, precise, and sharply witty." The New York Times called it "urgent" and "damning." The Washington Post called the book an "excellent" portrait of Pussy Riot and said that "Gessen gives a particularly brilliant account of their trials". The Los Angeles Times said that Gessen was "Not just a keen observer of these events" but "also an impassioned partisan."

The Brothers: The Road to an American Tragedy

Published in April 2015 by Riverhead, The Brothers investigates the background of Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, the perpetrators of the Boston Marathon bombing.

Bibliography

Books

  - also known in the UK as Two Babushkas: How My Grandmothers Survived Hitler's War and Stalin's Peace
  - a New York Times Notable Book of the year
  - about Grigori Perelman
  - Short-listed for Pushkin House Russian Book Prize 2013, Long-listed for Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction 2012

  - 2017 National Book Award for nonfiction

Essays and reporting

 Articles from The New Yorker

See also
 LGBT rights in Russia
 Russia under Vladimir Putin

References

External links

 (March 11, 2023). What We Talk About When We Talk About Trans Rights (an interview with David Remnick), The New Yorker.

External links

 Bloomsbury Books author pages
 "The Wrath of Putin" re: Russian prime minister's relationship with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Vanity Fair, April 2012.
 "A Call from the Kremlin" re: face-to-face meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin, The New York Times, September 2012.
 "Putin Biography Chronicles Rise Of A 'Street Thug'", interview with Dave Davies on Fresh Air, 1 March 2012.
 Review of Blood Matters, The Independent
 Review of "Words Will Break Cement: The Passion of Pussy Riot"

1967 births
Living people
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century Russian journalists
20th-century Russian writers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Russian writers
American LGBT journalists
American non-binary writers
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American transgender writers
Jewish American journalists
Jewish Russian writers
National Book Award winners
The New Yorker people
Non-binary activists
Non-binary journalists
People with acquired American citizenship
Russian Jews
Russian LGBT journalists
Russian LGBT rights activists
Russian LGBT writers
Russian non-binary people
Russian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Russian transgender people
Russian translators
Soviet emigrants to the United States
Transgender academics
Transgender Jews
Transgender journalists
Transgender non-binary people
Writers from Moscow
CUNY Graduate School of Journalism faculty


Phú Hưng may refer to several places in Vietnam, including:

Phú Hưng, Bến Tre, a commune of Bến Tre city
Phú Hưng, Cà Mau, a commune of Cái Nước District
Phú Hưng, An Giang, a commune of Phú Tân District, An Giang


Thalassemys is a genus of extinct thalassochelydian turtle from the Late Jurassic of western and central Europe. While the genus was originally named by Rütimeyer in 1859 for a large carapace and other associated fragments from the late Kimmeridgian of the Reuchenette Formation of Switzerland, although the taxon was not validly named until 1873 when Rütimeyer designated the type species T. hugii. Rütimeyer also named T. gresslyi from the Reunchenette Formation in the same paper as T. hugii, but it cannot be differentiated from the type material of T. hugii and is therefore a junior synonym. A large assemblage of shell and postcranial material from the Reunchenette was named as a species of Eurysternum, E. ignoratum, by Bräm in 1965. While originally distinguished based on the presence of fontanelles on the plastron, the feature was later identified on T. hugii and E. ignoratum was designated a junior synonym. Additional material from the Kimmeridge Clay of the United Kingdom has also been referred to T. hugii.

The second valid species of Thalassemys is T. marina, named in 1903 by Fraas for a partial carapace and half a plastron from the late Kimmeridgian deposits of Schnaitheim, Germany. It was suggested to be a species of the related taxon Eurysternum by Maisch in 2001, who referred additional material from Schnaitheim to the species. In 2003, it was suggested that T. marina was a synonym of the related turtle Palaeomedusa, which was based on an unknown but restored region of the original carapace.

Thalassemys heusseri was validly named in 1924 by Oertel for a partial carapace from the Kimmeridgian or Tithonian of Holzen, Germany, a different spelling from the invalid name "T. heuseri" he used previously in 1815. As the type specimen was lost, the species cannot be distinguished from others of the genus, and is therefore a nomen dubium.

In addition to E. ignoratum, Bräm also named the species Thalassemys moseri in 1965 for a partial carapace from the Reunchenette Formation. An additional shell and also a skull were referred to the taxon in 1980 by Rieppel, who suggested that the species should be included in Plesiochelys rather than Thalassemys. This skull was given the name Jurassichelon in 2015, leaving the species T. moseri, based on other material, in an uncertain position. Further assessment of the material by Anquetin and colleagues in 2017 concluded that T. moseri was distinct from the species J. oleronensis named for the skull, but was representative of the same genus.

Thalassemys bruntrutana was described in 2015 by Püntener and colleagues for an almost complete carapace and plastron from a lower member of the Reunchenette Formation than other species, with referred material also from the British Kimmeridge Clay of the Isle of Purbeck.

While the genus Thalassemys was placed in the family Thalassemydidae, it represents the only definitive member of the family due to the uncertain relationships of other members of Thalassochelydia, primarily due to the lack of cranial material in Thalassemys.

References

Thalassochelydia
Prehistoric turtle genera
Kimmeridgian genera
Late Jurassic turtles
Late Jurassic reptiles of Europe
Jurassic England
Fossils of England
Jurassic Germany
Fossils of Germany
Jurassic Switzerland
Fossils of Switzerland
Fossil taxa described in 1873


Alfred Ernest Bauman (January 3, 1920 – May 20, 1980) was an American football player.

Bauman was born in 1920 in Chicago and attended  Austin High School in that city. He then attended Northwestern University, where he played college football for the Wildcats from 1939 to 1941. As a junior, he was a consensus pick for the 1940 All-America team, having received first-team honors at the tackle position from the United Press, Hearst Newspapers, Collier's Weekly, New York Sun, and Walter Camp Football Foundation.  He also received the Wailing Wall award as lineman of the year in 1940.  In 1941, he was named Northwestern's most valuable player.

Bauman was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the second round (15th pick overall) of the 1942 NFL Draft. He tried out with the Lions but was released. After five years away from the game, he played four seasons as a tackle in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Rockets (1947), Philadelphia Eagles (1947), and Chicago Bears (1948-1950).  He played in a total of 39 AAFC and NFL games. During his time with the Rockets and Eagles, he appeared in only five games and never started a game. It was not until the 1950 season at age 30 that Bauman finally won a regular spot in the Bears' starting lineup.

Bauman moved to San Francisco in 1955. He served for a time as personnel director for the San Francisco 49ers. He lived in Pacifica, California, from 1962 until his death in 1979 at age 59. The cause of death was heart failure. His body was donated to the University of California hospital. His wife died several days later at the same hospital.

References

1920 births
1980 deaths
American football tackles
Chicago Bears players
Chicago Rockets players
Philadelphia Eagles players
All-American college football players
Northwestern Wildcats football players
Players of American football from Chicago
Austin Community Academy High School alumni


Tân Hải may refer to several places in Vietnam:

Tân Hải, Bình Thuận, a commune of La Gi
Tân Hải, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, a commune of Phú Mỹ
Tân Hải, Ninh Thuận, a commune of Ninh Hải District
Tân Hải, Cà Mau, a commune of Phú Tân District, Cà Mau Province


Motta may refer to:

People
 Motta (surname)
 nickname of Mordechai Gur (1930–1995), Israeli politician, lieutenant general and the 10th Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces
 Motta Navas (born 1966), Indian serial killer

Other uses
 Motta, Graubünden, a settlement in Brusio, Graubünden, Switzerland
 Battle of Motta (1412), fought at Motta di Livenza, Italy

See also
 Mota (disambiguation)
Motta Baluffi, a municipality of Cremona, Italy
Motta Camastra, a municipality of Messina, Italy
Motta d'Affermo, a municipality of Messina, Italy
Motta de' Conti, a municipality of Vercelli, Italy
Motta di Livenza, a municipality of Treviso, Italy
Motta Montecorvino, a municipality of Foggia, Italy
Motta San Giovanni, a municipality of Reggio Calabria, Italy
Motta Santa Lucia, a municipality of Catanzaro, Italy
Motta Sant'Anastasia, a municipality of Catania, Italy
Motta Visconti, a municipality of Milan, Italy
Motta Vigana, a civil parish of Massalengo, Italy


Team Halfords Bikehut was a 2008 UCI elite women's cycling team based in the United Kingdom. The team was formed in January 2008 with Dave Brailsford, performance director of British Cycling, the general manager. It had been a pro/national team mooted as the first full British professional women's team but there were two men in the team (Rob Hayles and Tom Southam). The team was in 2009 not an UCI Women's Teams anymore and consisted of a mix of mountain bikers and road racers (mainly men): Rob Hayles, Ed Clancy, Ian Wilkinson, Andy Tennant, Mark McNally, Rob Partridge, Seb Batchelor, David Fletcher, Annie Last, Sharon Laws, Ian Bibby. The team disbanded ahead of the 2010 season, with a number of riders moving to the Scottish-based Endura Racing team.

The team helped train some of the UK's medal-winning cyclists such as Nicole Cooke, who said: "Setting up Team Halfords was crucial to my success,".

Team roster

Ages as of 1 January 2008.

Male riders: Tom Southam, Rob Hayles

Season victories

Results in major races

UCI World Ranking

The team finished 10th in the UCI ranking for teams.

References

Cycling teams based in the United Kingdom
Defunct cycling teams based in the United Kingdom
Cycling teams established in 2008
Cycling teams disestablished in 2009
UCI Women's Teams
Cycling teams disestablished in 2008


Tender as Hellfire is a debut novel by Chicago author Joe Meno. Released by Punk Planet books in 1999. Meno limns a near-fantastical world of trailer park floozies, broken-down '76 Impalas, lost glass eyes, and the daily experiences of two boys trying to make sense of their random, sharp lives.

Plot summary
Dough and Pill are brothers bound by more than blood. The anguish of their past, the terror of their present, and the uncertainty of their future all underscore the only truth that is within their grasp: each other. For beneath the cruel surface of their trailer park community lies a menagerie of odd characters, each one strange yet somehow beautiful, including Val, the blowsy bottle-blonde who shows surprising maternal instincts when the boys need it most, and El Rey del Perdito, the "Undisputed King of the Tango," a widower who dances nightly, imagining his wife in his arms, as Dough peers through the window contemplating a love that seems not to die. Surrounded by the strange and displaced, Dough and Pill must navigate through a world of constant pain and confusion. Finding beauty in unexpected places and maintaining reverence for hard-won scars, these two brothers learn, finally, that even broken things can be perfect.

External links
 Amazon.com : Articles and reviews about 'Tender as Hellfire'.

1999 American novels
Novels by Joe Meno
1999 debut novels


Saint Gabriel of Georgia (), born Goderdzi Urgebadze (; 26 August 1929 – 2 November 1995) was a Georgian Orthodox monk venerated for his dedicated monastic life and piety. With many miracles ascribed to him, Saint Gabriel's grave in Mtskheta has attracted an increasing number of pilgrims. The Georgian Orthodox Church officially canonized him as Holy Father Saint Gabriel, Confessor and Fool for Christ (წმ. ღირსი მამა გაბრიელი აღმსარებელი-სალოსი), on 20 December 2012.

Biography
Gabriel was born as Goderdzi Urgebadze in Tbilisi in the family of a Communist Party functionary, who died under suspicious circumstances in 1931. After completing his compulsory service in the Soviet army, he decided to join the monastic life and was tonsured a monk under the name of Gabriel in 1955. On 1 May 1965, he first became well-known in Georgia by setting fire to a banner depicting Vladimir Lenin during an International Workers' Day parade in downtown Tbilisi. He was arrested, tried, ruled to be psychotic, and confined to a mental hospital for seven months, where he was tortured for his faith. An account of this incident was also published in the West, in the Orthodox zine Death to the World in 1994.

Gabriel spent much of his later life at the convent of Saint Nino, a nunnery attached to Samtavro Monastery in Mtskheta, an ancient town north of Tbilisi. He died there in 1995 and was buried in the Samtavro churchyard.

Veneration

The hieromonk Gabriel is believed by Eastern Orthodox Christians to have possessed powers of healing and prophecy, while his remains are considered to be incorrupt. The oil from a lamp which constantly burned at his tomb in Mtskheta was also considered to have been miraculous. The grave became an increasingly popular site of pilgrimage. In 2012, the Georgian Orthodox Church officially recognized him as a saint. In January 2014, rumors that Gabriel made the promise in a vision to a local nun in Mtskheta that two wishes would supposedly be granted to those who arrived at the tomb just before Christmas on 7 January sparked mass pilgrimage to the saint's tomb so much so that extra police units had to be deployed to control traffic. The church officials and the nun eventually dismissed the rumors as false.

The relics of Gabriel were exhumed for reburial into a special crypt within the Samtavro monastery on 22 February 2014. Prior to the reburial, his body was rested at four major Orthodox cathedrals in Georgia, attracting thousands of pilgrims from all over the country.

References

Further reading

 "Confessor of Christ in present day Georgia", The Orthodox Word, 1992, USA

External links
 Official website: www.monkgabriel.ge
 English documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOVB-6st9TU

1929 births
1995 deaths
20th-century Christian saints
Archimandrites
Ascetics
Christian monks from Georgia (country)
Eastern Orthodox saints
People from Tbilisi
Saints of Georgia (country)
Miracle workers
Yurodivy


Jorge Armando Porras  (born 25 December 1959 in Medellín) is a former Colombian football player.

Club career
Porras played for Atlético Nacional, América de Cali, Independiente Medellín and Once Caldas, appearing in more than 300 Colombian league matches during his professional career.

International career
Porras made 20 appearances for the senior Colombia national football team from 1980 to 1987, including participating in eight qualifying matches for the 1982 and 1986 FIFA World Cups and the 1987 Copa América.

He also played for Colombia at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

References

1959 births
Living people
Footballers from Medellín
Colombian men's footballers
Colombia men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Colombia
1987 Copa América players
Categoría Primera A players
Atlético Nacional footballers
América de Cali footballers
Independiente Medellín footballers
Once Caldas footballers
Men's association football defenders