An integrating ADC is a type of analog-to-digital converter that converts an unknown input voltage into a digital representation through the use of an integrator. In its basic implementation, the dual-slope converter, the unknown input voltage is applied to the input of the integrator and allowed to ramp for a fixed time period (the run-up period). Then a known reference voltage of opposite polarity is applied to the integrator and is allowed to ramp until the integrator output returns to zero (the run-down period). The input voltage is computed as a function of the reference voltage, the constant run-up time period, and the measured run-down time period. The run-down time measurement is usually made in units of the converter's clock, so longer integration times allow for higher resolutions. Likewise, the speed of the converter can be improved by sacrificing resolution.

Converters of this type can achieve high resolution, but often do so at the expense of speed. For this reason, these converters are not found in audio or signal processing applications. Their use is typically limited to digital voltmeters and other instruments requiring highly accurate measurements.

Basic design: Dual-Slope ADC

The basic integrating ADC circuit consists of an integrator, a switch to select between the voltage to be measured and the reference voltage, a timer that determines how long to integrate the unknown and measures how long the reference integration took, a comparator to detect zero crossing, and a controller. Depending on the implementation, a switch may also be present in parallel with the integrator capacitor to allow the integrator to be reset. Inputs to the controller include a clock (used to measure time) and the output of a comparator used to detect when the integrator's output reaches zero.

The conversion takes place in two phases: the run-up phase, where the input to the integrator is the voltage to be measured, and the run-down phase, where the input to the integrator is a known reference voltage. During the run-up phase, the switch selects the measured voltage as the input to the integrator. The integrator is allowed to ramp for a fixed period of time to allow a charge to build on the integrator capacitor. During the run-down phase, the switch selects the reference voltage as the input to the integrator. The time that it takes for the integrator's output to return to zero is measured during this phase.

In order for the reference voltage to ramp the integrator voltage down, the reference voltage needs to have a polarity opposite to that of the input voltage. In most cases, for positive input voltages, this means that the reference voltage will be negative. To handle both positive and negative input voltages, a positive and negative reference voltage is required. The selection of which reference to use during the run-down phase would be based on the polarity of the integrator output at the end of the run-up phase.

The basic equation for the output of the integrator (assuming a constant input) is:

Assuming that the initial integrator voltage at the start of each conversion is zero and that the integrator voltage at the end of the run down period will be zero, we have the following two equations that cover the integrator's output during the two phases of the conversion:

The two equations can be combined and solved for , the unknown input voltage:

From the equation, one of the benefits of the dual-slope integrating ADC becomes apparent: the measurement is independent of the values of the circuit elements (R and C). This does not mean, however, that the values of R and C are unimportant in the design of a dual-slope integrating ADC (as will be explained below).

Note that in the graph, the voltage is shown as going up during the run-up phase and down during the run-down phase. In reality, because the integrator uses the op-amp in a negative feedback configuration, applying a positive  will cause the output of the integrator to go down. The up and down more accurately refer to the process of adding charge to the integrator capacitor during the run-up phase and removing charge during the run-down phase.

The resolution of the dual-slope integrating ADC is determined primarily by the length of the run-down period and by the time measurement resolution (i.e., the frequency of the controller's clock). The required resolution (in number of bits) dictates the minimum length of the run-down period for a full-scale input (e.g. ):

During the measurement of a full-scale input, the slope of the integrator's output will be the same during the run-up and run-down phases. This also implies that the time of the run-up period and run-down period will be equal () and that the total measurement time will be . Therefore, the total measurement time for a full-scale input will be based on the desired resolution and the frequency of the controller's clock:

Typically the run-up time is chosen to be a multiple of the period of the mains frequency, to suppress mains hum.

Limitations

There are limits to the maximum resolution of the dual-slope integrating ADC. It is not possible to increase the resolution of the basic dual-slope ADC to arbitrarily high values by using longer measurement times or faster clocks. Resolution is limited by:

 The range of the integrating amplifier. The voltage rails on an op-amp limit the output voltage of the integrator. An input left connected to the integrator for too long will eventually cause the op amp to limit its output to some maximum value, making any calculation based on the run-down time meaningless. The integrator's resistor and capacitor are therefore chosen carefully based on the voltage rails of the op-amp, the reference voltage and expected full-scale input, and the longest run-up time needed to achieve the desired resolution.
 The accuracy of the comparator used as the null detector. Wideband circuit noise limits the ability of the comparator to identify exactly when the output of the integrator has reached zero. Goeke suggests a typical limit is a comparator resolution of 1 millivolt.
 The quality of the integrator's capacitor. Although the integrating capacitor need not be perfectly linear, it does need to be time-invariant. Dielectric absorption causes linearity errors.

Enhancements

The basic design of the dual-slope integrating ADC has a limitations in linearity, conversion speed and resolution. A number of modifications to the basic design have been made to overcome these to some degree.

Run-up improvements

Enhanced dual-slope

The run-up phase of the basic dual-slope design integrates the input voltage for a fixed period of time. That is, it allows an unknown amount of charge to build up on the integrator's capacitor. The run-down phase is then used to measure this unknown charge to determine the unknown voltage. For a full-scale input equal to the reference voltage, half of the measurement time is spent in the run-up phase. Reducing the amount of time spent in the run-up phase can reduce the total measurement time. A common implementation uses an input range twice as large as the reference voltage.

A simple way to reduce the run-up time is to increase the rate that charge accumulates on the integrator capacitor by reducing the size of the resistor used on the input. This still allows the same total amount of charge accumulation, but it does so over a smaller period of time. Using the same algorithm for the run-down phase results in the following equation for the calculation of the unknown input voltage ():

Note that this equation, unlike the equation for the basic dual-slope converter, has a dependence on the values of the integrator resistors. Or, more importantly, it has a dependence on the ratio of the two resistance values. This modification does nothing to improve the resolution of the converter (since it doesn't address either of the resolution limitations noted above).

Multi-slope run-up

The purpose of the run-up phase is to add a charge proportional to the input voltage to the integrator to be later measured during the run-down phase. One method to improve the resolution of the converter is to artificially increase the range of the integrating amplifier during the run-up phase.
One method to increase the integrator capacity is by periodically adding or subtracting known quantities of charge during the run-up phase in order to keep the integrator's output within the range of the integrator amplifier. The total accumulated charge is the charge introduced by the unknown input voltage plus the sum of the known charges that were added or subtracted.

The circuit diagram shown to the right is an example of how multi-slope run-up could be implemented. During the run-up the unknown input voltage, , is always applied to the integrator. Positive and negative reference voltages controlled by the two independent switches add and subtract charge as needed to keep the output of the integrator within its limits. The reference resistors,  and  are necessarily smaller than  to ensure that the references can overcome the charge introduced by the input. A comparator connected to the integrator's output is used to decide which reference voltage should be applied. This can be a relatively simple algorithm: if the integrator's output above the threshold, enable the positive reference (to cause the output to go down); if the integrator's output is below the threshold, enable the negative reference (to cause the output to go up). The controller keeps track of how often each switch is turned on in order to account for the additional charge placed onto (or removed from) the integrator capacitor as a result of the reference voltages.
The charge added / subtracted during the multi-slope run-up form the coarse part of the result (e.g. the leading 3 digits).

To the right is a graph of sample output from the integrator during such a multi-slope run-up. Each dashed vertical line represents a decision point by the controller where it samples the polarity of the output and chooses to apply either the positive or negative reference voltage to the input. Ideally, the output voltage of the integrator at the end of the run-up period can be represented by the following equation:

where  is the sampling period,  is the number of periods in which the positive reference is switched in,  is the number of periods in which the negative reference is switched in, and  is the total number of periods in the run-up phase.

The resolution obtained during the run-up is given by the number of periods of the run-up algorithm. The multi-slope run-up comes with multiple advantages:
 As the analog stored charge is much smaller, the integration capacitor can be smaller and thus a higher voltage is present at the integrator output for the same charge. This make the comparator noise less critical and smaller charges can be resolved.
 With less charge stored in the capacitor the dielectric absorption has less effect. This reduces a major source of linearity error for the dual-slope ADC.
 With less charge the run-down can be quite fast. Part of the result is already obtained during the run-up.
 The length of the run-up phase can be varied with no problem, just by changing the number of cycles in the run-up algorithm. So the same hardware can be used for fast conversion with reduced resolution or slow conversions with high resolution. The dual slope ADC is less flexible, with ideally an integration capacitor proportional to the integration time to make full use of the integrator's output swing.

While it is possible to continue the multi-slope run-up indefinitely, it is not possible to increase the resolution of the converter to arbitrarily high levels just by using a longer run-up time. Error is introduced into the multi-slope run-up through the action of the switches controlling the references, cross-coupling between the switches, unintended switch charge injection, mismatches in the references, and timing errors.

Some of this error can be reduced by careful operation of the switches. In particular, during the run-up period, each switch should be activated a constant number of times. The algorithm explained above does not do this and just toggles switches as needed to keep the integrator output within the limits. Activating each switch a constant number of times makes the error related to switching approximately constant. Any output offset that is a result of the switching error can be measured and then numerically subtracted from the result.

Run-down improvements

Multi-slope run-down

The simple, single-slope run-down is slow. Typically, the run down time is measured in clock ticks, so to get four digit resolution, the rundown time may take as long as 10,000 clock cycles. A multi-slope run-down can speed the measurement up without sacrificing accuracy. By using 4 slope rates that are each a power of ten more gradual than the previous, four digit resolution can be achieved in roughly 40 clock ticks—a huge speed improvement.

The circuit shown to the right is an example of a multi-slope run-down circuit with four run-down slopes with each being ten times more gradual than the previous. The switches control which slope is selected. The switch containing  selects the steepest slope (i.e., will cause the integrator output to move toward zero the fastest). At the start of the run-down interval, the unknown input is removed from the circuit by opening the switch connected to  and closing the  switch. Once the integrator's output reaches zero (and the run-down time measured), the  switch is opened and the next slope is selected by closing the  switch. This repeats until the final slope of  has reached zero. The combination of the run-down times for each of the slopes determines the value of the unknown input. In essence, each slope adds one digit of resolution to the result.

The multi-slope run-down is often used in combination with a multi-slope run-up. The multi-slope run-up allows for a relatively small capacitor at the integrator and thus a relatively steep slope to start with and thus the option to actually use much more gradual slopes. It is possible to use a multi-slope rundown also with a simple run-up (like in the dual-slope ADC), but limited by the already relatively small slope for the initial phase and not much room for much smaller slopes.

In the example circuit, the slope resistors differ by a factor of 10. This value, known as the base (), can be any value. As explained below, the choice of the base affects the speed of the converter and determines the number of slopes needed to achieve the desired resolution.

The basis of this design is the assumption that there will always be overshoot when trying to find the zero crossing at the end of a run-down interval. This will be true due to the periodic sampling of the comparator based on the converter's clock. If we assume that the converter switches from one slope to the next in a single clock cycle (which may or may not be possible), the maximum amount of overshoot for a given slope would be the largest integrator output change in one clock period:

To overcome this overshoot, the next slope would require no more than  clock cycles, which helps to place a bound on the total time of the run-down. The time for the first-run down (using the steepest slope) is dependent on the unknown input (i.e., the amount of charge placed on the integrator capacitor during the run-up phase). At most, this will be:

where  is the maximum number of clock periods for the first slope,  is the maximum integrator voltage at the start of the run-down phase, and  is the resistor used for the first slope.

The remainder of the slopes have a limited duration based on the selected base, so the remaining time of the conversion (in converter clock periods) is:

where  is the number of slopes.

Converting the measured time intervals during the multi-slope run-down into a measured voltage is similar to the charge-balancing method used in the multi-slope run-up enhancement. Each slope adds or subtracts known amounts of charge to/from the integrator capacitor. The run-up will have added some unknown amount of charge to the integrator. Then, during the run-down, the first slope subtracts a large amount of charge, the second slope adds a smaller amount of charge, etc. with each subsequent slope moving a smaller amount in the opposite direction of the previous slope with the goal of reaching closer and closer to zero. Each slope adds or subtracts a quantity of charge  proportional to the slope's resistor and the duration of the slope:

 is necessarily an integer and will ideally be less than or equal to  for the second and subsequent slopes. Using the circuit above as an example, the second slope, , can contribute the following charge, , to the integrator:

 in steps of

That is,  possible values with the largest equal to the first slope's smallest step, or one (base 10) digit of resolution per slope. Generalizing this, we can represent the number of slopes, , in terms of the base and the required resolution, :

Substituting this back into the equation representing the run-down time required for the second and subsequent slopes gives us this:

Which, when evaluated, shows that the minimum run-down time can be achieved using a base of e. This base may be difficult to use both in terms of complexity in the calculation of the result and of finding an appropriate resistor network, so a base of 2 or 4 would be more common.

Residue ADC

When using run-up enhancements like the multi-slope run-up, where a portion of the converter's resolution is resolved during the run-up phase, it is possible to eliminate the run-down phase altogether by using a second type of analog-to-digital converter. At the end of the run-up phase of a multi-slope run-up conversion, there will still be an unknown amount of charge remaining on the integrator's capacitor. Instead of using a traditional run-down phase to determine this unknown charge, the unknown voltage can be converted directly by a second converter and combined with the result from the run-up phase to determine the unknown input voltage.

Assuming that multi-slope run-up as described above is being used, the unknown input voltage can be related to the multi-slope run-up counters,  and , and the measured integrator output voltage,  using the following equation (derived from the multi-slope run-up output equation):

This equation represents the theoretical calculation of the input voltage assuming ideal components. Since the equation depends on nearly all of the circuit's parameters, any variances in reference currents, the integrator capacitor, or other values will introduce errors in the result. A calibration factor is typically included in the  term to account for measured errors (or, as described in the referenced patent, to convert the residue ADC's output into the units of the run-up counters).

Instead of being used to eliminate the run-down phase completely, the residue ADC can also be used to make the run-down phase more accurate than would otherwise be possible. With a traditional run-down phase, the run-down time measurement period ends with the integrator output crossing through zero volts. There is a certain amount of error involved in detecting the zero crossing using a comparator (one of the short-comings of the basic dual-slope design as explained above). By using the residue ADC to rapidly sample the integrator output (synchronized with the converter controller's clock, for example), a voltage reading can be taken both immediately before and immediately after the zero crossing (as measured with a comparator). As the slope of the integrator voltage is constant during the run-down phase, the two voltage measurements can be used as inputs to an interpolation function that more accurately determines the time of the zero-crossing (i.e., with a much higher resolution than the controller's clock alone would allow).

Other improvements

Continuously-integrating converter

By combining some of these enhancements to the basic dual-slope design (namely multi-slope run-up and the residue ADC), it is possible to construct an integrating analog-to-digital converter that is capable of operating continuously without the need for a run-down interval. Conceptually, the multi-slope run-up algorithm is allowed to operate continuously. To start a conversion, two things happen simultaneously: the residue ADC is used to measure the approximate charge currently on the integrator capacitor and the counters monitoring the multi-slope run-up are reset. At the end of a conversion period, another residue ADC reading is taken and the values of the multi-slope run-up counters are noted.

The unknown input is calculated using a similar equation as used for the residue ADC, except that two output voltages are included ( representing the measured integrator voltage at the start of the conversion, and  representing the measured integrator voltage at the end of the conversion.

Such a continuously-integrating converter is very similar to a delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter.

Calibration

In most variants of the dual-slope integrating converter, the converter's performance is dependent on one or more of the circuit parameters. In the case of the basic design, the output of the converter is in terms of the reference voltage. In more advanced designs, there are also dependencies on one or more resistors used in the circuit or on the integrator capacitor being used. In all cases, even using expensive precision components there may be other effects that are not accounted for in the general dual-slope equations (dielectric effect on the capacitor or frequency or temperature dependencies on any of the components). Any of these variations result in error in the output of the converter. In the best case, this is simply gain and/or offset error. In the worst case, nonlinearity or nonmonotonicity could result.

Some calibration can be performed internal to the converter (i.e., not requiring any special external input). This type of calibration would be performed every time the converter is turned on, periodically while the converter is running, or only when a special calibration mode is entered. Another type of calibration requires external inputs of known quantities (e.g., voltage standards or precision resistance references) and would typically be performed infrequently (every year for equipment used in normal conditions, more often when being used in metrology applications).

Of these types of error, offset error is the simplest to correct (assuming that there is a constant offset over the entire range of the converter). This is often done internal to the converter itself by periodically taking measurements of the ground potential. Ideally, measuring the ground should always result in a zero output. Any non-zero output indicates the offset error in the converter. That is, if the measurement of ground resulted in an output of 0.001 volts, one can assume that all measurements will be offset by the same amount and can subtract 0.001 from all subsequent results.

Gain error can similarly be measured and corrected internally (again assuming that there is a constant gain error over the entire output range). The voltage reference (or some voltage derived directly from the reference) can be used as the input to the converter. If the assumption is made that the voltage reference is accurate (to within the tolerances of the converter) or that the voltage reference has been externally calibrated against a voltage standard, any error in the measurement would be a gain error in the converter. If, for example, the measurement of a converter's 5 volt reference resulted in an output of 5.3 volts (after accounting for any offset error), a gain multiplier of 0.94 (5 / 5.3) can be applied to any subsequent measurement results.

See also

 Analog-to-digital converter
 Voltmeter

Footnotes

References

Measuring instruments
Electronic test equipment
Electronic circuits
Analog circuits


The Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009 (), introduced during the 111th United States Congress by House
Republican Ron Paul of Texas) and House Democrat Barney Frank of Massachusetts) on April 2, 2009, sought to clarify the differences between marijuana and industrial hemp as well as repeal federal laws that prohibit cultivation of industrial, but only for research facilities of higher education from conducting research. Industrial hemp is the non-psychoactive, low-THC, oil-seed and fibers varieties of, predominantly, the cannabis sativa plant. Hemp is a sustainable resource that can be used to create thousands of different products including fuel, fabrics, paper, household products, and food and has been used for hundreds of centuries by civilizations around the world.  If H.R.1866 passes American farmers will be permitted to compete in global hemp markets.  On March 10, 2009, both Paul and Frank wrote a letter to their Congressional colleagues urging them to support the legislation.  This bill was previously introduced in 2005 under the title of Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2005.

The bill

To amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude industrial hemp from the definition of marijuana, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

This Act may be cited as the `Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009'.
SEC. 2. EXCLUSION OF INDUSTRIAL HEMP FROM DEFINITION OF MARIJUANA.

Paragraph (16) of section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(16)) is amended--
(1) by striking `(16)' at the beginning and inserting `(16)(A)'; and
(2) by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
`(B) The term `marihuana' does not include industrial hemp. As used in the preceding sentence, the term `industrial hemp' means the plant Cannabis sativa L. and any part of such plant, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration that does not exceed 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis.'.
SEC. 3. INDUSTRIAL HEMP DETERMINATION TO BE MADE BY STATES.

Section 201 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 811) is amended by adding at the end the following new subsection:
`(i) Industrial Hemp Determination To Be Made by States- In any criminal action, civil action, or administrative proceeding, a State regulating the growing and processing of industrial hemp under State law shall have exclusive authority to determine whether any such plant meets the concentration limitation set forth in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (16) of section 102 and such determination shall be conclusive and binding.'

History

The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 is the beginning of constriction for the growth of marijuana in the United States. An extremely high tax was placed on marijuana; making it nearly impossible to grow industrial hemp. However, congress expected the production of industrial hemp to continue, but the Federal Bureau of Narcotics lumped industrial hemp with marijuana and its successor, the US Drug Enforcement Administration, continued.

Industrial hemp is now legal in the U.S., which advocates hope could eventually loosen laws around the popular marijuana extract CBD.

President Donald Trump signed the 2018 United States farm bill on December 20, 2018, which legalized hemp — a variety of cannabis that does not produce the psychoactive component of marijuana — paving the way to legitimacy for an agricultural sector that has been operating on the fringe of the law. Industrial hemp has a potential multibillion-dollar market for cannabidiol, or CBD, a non-psychoactive compound that has started to turn up in beverages, health products and pet snacks, among other products.

United States companies and industries which sell products made with hemp include  Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps, most of the bird seed sold in the U.S., and even the automobile companies Ford and BMW, historically and currently, experimented with hemp materials in their vehicles. Hemp food manufacturers such as French Meadow Bakery, Hempzels, Living Harvest, Nature's Path and Nutiva now make their products from Canadian hemp. These industries will no longer have to import hemp from other countries to produce these products.

National drug control policies opposed this legislation as it was believed that hemp plants could provide cover during cultivation for marijuana plants.

Ruling of proposed bill

This legislation, the Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2005 and the Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2007, were introduced, referred to committee, and no additional legislative action taken.

Etymology

Currently, the word "marijuana" is the accepted spelling. However, "marihuana" was the correct spelling and most commonly used form in early Federal Government of the United States documents. That is why, as stated in the bill, marijuana is spelled "marihuana;" to maintain consistency across government documents.

See also

 Cannabis in the United States
 Legal history of cannabis in the United States
Gonzales v. Raich
Medical marijuana
States' rights

References

Further reading

External links
H.R. 1866 at THOMAS
H.R. 1866: Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009 at GovTrack
H.R.1866 - Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009 at OpenCongress

Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress
Cannabis law reform in the United States
Hemp agriculture in the United States
Drug control law in the United States
2009 in cannabis


Sherwood Academy (formerly Sherwood E-ACT Academy, The Gedling School and Gedling Secondary Modern) was a secondary school with academy status located in the village of Gedling, Nottinghamshire, England. At its peak, it educated almost 1000 students, and at times, taught A-Levels, O-levels, GCSEs, and BTECs. In the 21st century, the school struggled with critical Ofsted reports, leading to several major changes in management. In 2016, was eventually closed due to financial insolvency.

History
Throughout the 21st century, Gedling scored poorly in both grades and Ofsted reports, though did show some signs of improvement, and in 2007 lay just above the national average. Following an Ofsted inspection in September 2010, the school was given a Notice to Improve because of the school's lack of progress in improving weaknesses highlighted in a previous inspection. Due to the problems faced by the school, Nottinghamshire County Council announced in 2010 that it planned close the school in 2012.

In September 2012, E-ACT Academy Trust became the sponsor for the school, saving it from closure, and renamed it "Sherwood E-ACT Academy". In June 2014, it was announced that E-ACT was to be stripped of the academy by the government, and that the academy again faced the threat of closure By September 2014, the academy shut to years 7, 8 and 9 students, with only year 10 and 11 students remaining to finish their GCSEs. In April 2015, The Redhill Academy Trust took over control of the academy, renamed it "Sherwood Academy", and in September 2016, closed the school permanently.
Demolition of the site commenced in June 2019 and was completed August of the same year. The site now stands vacant.

See also
List of schools in Nottinghamshire
Department for Education

References

External links
Official website
Ofsted reports on the school
Government page on The Gedling School
Government page on Sherwood Academy
County council page on the school
Ofsted reports on the school

Defunct schools in Nottingham
Educational institutions established in 1969
Educational institutions disestablished in 2016
1969 establishments in England
2016 disestablishments in England


Number of public schools (2017)

 Nursery: 471
 Primary: 436
 Secondary: 242
 Special education: 6

Notable secondary schools in Guyana:

Anna Regina Secondary School
Berbice High School
Bishops' High School, Guyana
Central High School, Guyana
Georgetown International Academy
Hindu College, Cove and John
Mackenzie High School
Marian Academy
North West Secondary School
Port Kaituma Community School
President's College
Queen's College, Georgetown
Santa Rosa Secondary School
School of the Nations
St. Rose's High School, Guyana
St. Stanislaus College

See also

 List of universities and colleges in Guyana
 Education in Guyana

References

Guyana
Guyana

Schools
Schools
Schools


Lavoslav Kadelburg (26 August 1910 – 12 December 1994) was a Yugoslavian lawyer, judge, polyglot and activist.

Born in Vinkovci on 26 August 1910 to a Croatian Jewish family, Kadelburg completed his secondary education there. Before the Nazi invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he had been a reserve officer of the Royal Yugoslav Army. He was interned in POW camps in Germany during World War II. With Dr. Albert Vajs, Kadelburg helped tend to surviving Yugoslavian Jews in the aftermath of the Holocaust.

References

Sources
 Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition (ISBN#?)

External links
AJC archive files
 Kadelburg's biography

1910 births
1994 deaths
People from Vinkovci
Croatian Jews
Austro-Hungarian Jews
Croatian Austro-Hungarians
Jewish activists
Holocaust survivors
Yugoslav prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany


Fair Hill may refer to

Places
Fair Hill, Appleby-in-Westmorland (where the Appleby Horse Fair takes place), Cumbria, England
Fair Hill, Maryland, United States
Fair Hill, Penrith, Cumbria, England

Other uses
Fair Hill Railroad; a defunct railroad in Pennsylvania
Fair Hill Training Center; a racehorse training center in Maryland


The 53rd Test and Evaluation Group is a group of the United States Air Force. It is a part of the 53rd Wing, and is headquartered at Nellis AFB, Nevada.

The Group was originally activated in 1942 as the 79th Pursuit Group (Interceptor), becoming the 79th Fighter Group (Single Engine) a few months later.  Later that year it moved overseas to Egypt, where it was assigned to Ninth Air Force and participated in combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Italy until April 1945.  After the end of World War II, it became part of the Army of Occupation until it was inactivated in 1947.

The group was activated again in 1955 as the 79th Fighter Group (Air Defense) as part of a program of Air Defense Command (ADC) to replace its air defense groups with fighter units with distinguished records in World War II.  It provided air defense of the Great Lakes region until it was inactivated in 1960.

In 1988, Tactical Air Command activated the 4443rd Test and Evaluation Group as an operational test unit at Eglin AFB, an Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) base that was home to AFSC's Armament Center.  In December 1991, as the USAF eliminated its Major Command controlled (MAJCON) four-digit units, the 79th was consolidated with the 4443rd, and the combined unit was designated the 79th Test and Evaluation Group.  In 1998, as a result of USAF policy that subordinate groups carry the same number as their parent wing, the 79th TEG was inactivated and replaced by the newly constituted 53rd Test and Evaluation Group.  In 1999, the unit moved from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB, Less than two years later, USAF consolidated the 79th and 53rd TEGs to provide one continuous history to its weapons test and evaluation group.

The unit consists of seven squadrons, two detachments, and a named flight. Its mission is to manage the flying activities of the 53rd wing at Barksdale, Beale, Creech, Dyess, Edwards, Eglin, Nellis, and Whiteman Air Force bases.

Units
The group consists of seven squadrons, two direct detachments, and a named flight. These units perform tactical development, operational tests, and evaluations for Air Combat Command. In addition, the group assists the Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center with testing and operating the YAL-1 Airborne Laser, MQ-9, and F-35A.

Squadrons
 31st Test and Evaluation Squadron
 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 72d Test and Evaluation Squadron
 85th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 337th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 417th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 418th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 422d Test and Evaluation Squadron
 556th Test and Evaluation Squadron

Detachments
The group includes three detachments which are not part of the regular squadron structure:
Detachment 1 – Based at Edwards AFB, Detachment 1 performs operational test.
Detachment 2 – Based at Beale AFB, Detachment 2 performs evaluations of the Lockheed U-2 and RQ-4 Global Hawk and train personnel in the operation of the equipment.
Detachment 3 – Based at Nellis AFB, Detachment 3 trains and evaluates aircrews in the use of Foreign Materiel Exploitations for the Air Force Materiel Command.

Named flights
The group includes one named flight:
Combat Search and Rescue Combined Test Force – Based at Nellis AFB, the CSAR Combined Test Force currently operates the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter and Guardian Angel Weapons System in an attempt to consolidate all combat search and rescue operation efforts.

History

World War II
The group was constituted as 79th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on 13 January 1942 and activated at Dale Mabry Field, Florida on 9 February 1942, drawing its personnel from the 56th and 81st Fighter Groups. its original squadrons were the 85th, 86th, and 87th Pursuit Squadrons. The group was redesignated the 79th Fighter Group (Single Engine) in May 1942. The group trained in the United States, then moved to Egypt by sea via Brazil in October–November 1942, where it became part of Ninth Air Force.

The group trained with P-40 Warhawks's while moving westward in the wake of the British drive across Egypt and Libya to Tunisia. Although many of the group's pilots flew combat missions with other organizations, the 79th group itself did not begin combat operations until March 1943. By escorting bombers, attacking enemy shipping, and supporting ground forces, the 79th took part in the Allied operations that defeated Axis forces in North Africa, captured Pantelleria, and conquered Sicily. The group was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its support of British Eighth Army during that period, March–August 1943.

The group was assigned to Twelfth Air Force in August 1943 and continued to support the British Eighth Army by attacking troop concentrations, gun positions, bridges, roads, and rail lines in southern Italy. It operated in the area of the Anzio beachhead, from January to March 1944. The group participated in the drive on Rome, from March to June 1944, and converted to P-47 Thunderbolts during that time. It flew escort and strafing missions in southern France during August and September 1944, and afterward returned to Italy and engaged in interdictory and close support operations in northern Italy. The group received a second DUC for numerous missions flown at minimum altitude in intense flak to help pierce the enemy line at the Santerno River in Italy in April 1945.

79th Ftr Gp

The group remained overseas as part of United States Air Forces in Europe after the war as part of the occupation force. It was transferred, without personnel and equipment, to the US in June 1947 and inactivated on 15 July 1947.

Air Defense Command

The group was redesignated the 79th Fighter Group (Air Defense), assigned to ADC and activated on 18 August 1955 at Youngstown MAP, Ohio as part of ADC's Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. At Youngstown, the group assumed the personnel and equipment of the 502nd Air Defense Group, which was simultaneously inactivated. The group provided air defense over eastern Ohio as part of 30th Air Division of ADC's Central Air Defense Force and acted as the host unit for the Air Force portion of Youngstown MAP.  The 79th was assigned several support organizations to fulfill this responsibility. One of the group's original components, the 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS), flying radar equipped and rocket armed North American F-86D Sabres was already stationed at Youngstown and transferred from the 502nd.

In September 1957 the 86th FIS traded its Sabres for Convair F-102 Delta Dagger aircraft equipped with data link for interception control through the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment system. The Air Force transferred command of Youngstown MAP from ADC to Continental Air Command on 1 March 1960 and the 79th Fighter Group and its components inactivated that date.

Lineage
79th Test and Evaluation Group
 Constituted as 79th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on 13 January 1942
 Activated on 9 February 1942
 Redesignated 79th Fighter Group (Single Engine) in May 1942
 Inactivated on 15 July 1947
 Redesignated as 79th Fighter Group (Air Defense) on 20 June 1955
 Activated on 18 August 1955
 Inactivated on 1 March 1960
 Redesignated 79th Tactical Fighter Group on 31 July 1985 (remained inactive)
 Redesignated 79th Test and Evaluation Group on 1 December 1991
 Consolidated with 4443rd Test and Evaluation Group on 15 December 1991
 Inactivated on 20 November 1998
 Consolidated on 25 June 2000 with 53rd Test and Evaluation Group as 53rd Test and Evaluation Group

4443rd Test and Evaluation Group
 Designated as 4443rd Test and Evaluation Group and activated on 1 July 1988
 Consolidated with 79th Test and Evaluation Group on 15 December 1991 as 79th Test and Evaluation Group

53rd Test and Evaluation Group
 Constituted as 53rd Test and Evaluation Group and activated on 20 November 1998
 Consolidated on 25 June 2000 with 79th Test and Evaluation Group

Assignments
 Third Air Force, 9 February 1942
 I Fighter Command, 22 June 1942
 Boston Fighter Wing, 1 August 1942 – 28 September 1942
 Ninth Air Force, 18 November 1942 (attached to No. 7 Wing, South African Air Force (SAAF) from 21 February 1943)
 IX Fighter Command, 24 February 1943 (remained attached to No. 7 Wing, SAAF until ca. 2 June 1943, attached to XII Air Support Command to 14 June 1943, No. 7 Wing SAAF)
 Twelfth Air Force, 21 August 1943 (attached to Northwest African Tactical Air Force (NWATAF))
 XII Air Support Command, 1 September 1943 (remained attached to NWATAF)
 57th Bombardment Wing, 1 November 1943 – 1 January 1944 (remained attached to NWATAF until 17 January 1944, attached to 64th Fighter Wing 18 January 1944 – 10 February 1944 and 27 February 1944 – 20 April 1944, 87th Fighter Wing 11 June 1944 – 19 September 1944)
 XII Fighter Command, 20 September 1944 (attached to 64th Fighter Wing 20 September 1944 – 30 September 1944
 Twelfth Air Force, 1 October 1944 (attached to Desert Air Force 1 October 1944 – 9 May 1945, XXII Tactical Air Command, 12 May 1945 – 7 June 1945
 70th Fighter Wing, 31 July 1945
 Tactical Air Command, 25 June 1947 – 15 July 1947
 4708th Air Defense Wing, 18 August 1955
 30th Air Division, 8 July 1956
 Detroit Air Defense Sector, 1 April 1959 – 1 March 1960
 USAF Tactical Air Warfare Center (later USAF Air Warfare Center, 53rd Wing), 1 July 1988 – 20 November 1998, 20 November 1998 – present

Components

 85th Pursuit Squadron (later 85th Fighter Squadron, 4485th Test and Evaluation Squadron, 85th Test and Evaluation Squadron): 9 February 1942 – 15 July 1947, 1 August 1988 – present
 86th Pursuit Squadron (later 86th Fighter Squadron, 86th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron): 9 February 1942 – 15 July 1947; 18 August 1955 – 1 March 1960
 87th Pursuit Squadron (later 87th Fighter Squadron): 9 February 1942 – 15 July 1947
 99th Fighter Squadron: 16 October 1943 – 1 April 1944 (Attached)
 316th Fighter Squadron: 15 March 1943 – 21 May 1943 (Attached)

Support Units
 79th USAF Infirmary (later 79th USAF Dispensary), 18 August 1955 – 1 March 1960
 79th Air Base Squadron, 18 August 1955 – 1 March 1960
 79th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, ca. 8 July 1957 – 1 March 1960
 79th Materiel Squadron, 18 August 1955 –  1 March 1960

Test Units
 31st Test and Evaluation Squadron, 15 April 1993 – present
 Edwards Air Force Base, California
 49th Test Squadron (later 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron), 15 April 1993 – present
 Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana
 72nd Test and Evaluation Squadron, 20 November 1998 – present
 Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri
 417th Test and Evaluation Squadron, 24 April 2018 – present
 Edwards Air Force Base, California
 422nd Test and Evaluation Squadron, 1 August 1997 – present
 Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
 4486th Fighter Weapons Squadron, 1 October 1988 - 30 November 1991
 HH-60G Combined Test Force (later Combat Rescue Combined Test Force), 1 October 2002 – present

Stations

 Dale Mabry Field, Florida, 9 February 1942
 Morris Field, North Carolina c. 1 May 1942
 Hillsgrove Army Air Field, Rhode Island ca. 22 June 1942
 Bedford Army Air Field, Massachusetts 2 July – 28 September 1942
 Egypt 18 November 1942
 Al Amirya (Landing Ground LG-174), Egypt 19 November 1942
 Gazala, Libya (Landing Ground LG-150), 14 January 1943
 Daraugh North Landing Ground Libya, 7 February 1943
 Castel Benito Airdrome, Libya, 27 March 1943
 Causeway Airdrome, Tunisia 13 March 1943
 Sidi El Hani Landing Ground, Tunisia, 17 April 1943
 El Haouaria Airfield, Tunisia, 2 June 1943
 Bou Grara Airfield, Tunisia, 6 June 1943
 Causeway Airdrome, Tunisia 14 June 1943
 Syracuse, Sicily, Italy 16 July 1943
 Cassibile Landing Ground, Sicily, Italy, 26 July 1943
 Palagonia Landing Ground, Sicily, Italy, 30 July 1943
 Isole Landing Ground, Sicily, Italy, 13 September 1943

 Pisticci Landing Ground, Italy, 24 September 1943
 Penny Post Landing Ground, Italy 26 September 1943
 Salsola Airfield (Foggia No. 3), Italy 4 October 1943
 Madna Airfield, Italy 19 November 1943
 Capodichino Airport, Naples, Italy, 15 January 1944
 Pomigliano Airfield, Italy 1 May 1944 – 17 June 1944
 Serragia Airfield, Corsica 20 June 1944
 St. Raphael/Frejus Airfield (Y-12), France c. 25 August 1944
 Valance Airfield (Y-23), France, 30 September 1944
 Iesi Airfield, Italy c. 4 October 1944
 Fano Airfield, Italy c. 5 December 1944
 Cesenatico Airfield, Italy 20 March 1945
 AAF Station Hoersching (later Hoersching Air Base), Austria, 22 July 1945 – 25 June 1947
 Langley Field, Virginia, 25 June 1947 –  15 July 1947
 Youngstown Municipal Airport, Ohio, 18 August 1955 – 1 March 1960
 Eglin AFB, Florida, 1 July 1988
 Nellis AFB, Nevada, 17 June 1999 – present

Awards and Campaigns

Aircraft

 Curtiss P-40 Warhawk, 1942
 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, 1942–1945
 North American F-86D Sabre, 1955
 Convair F-102A Delta Dagger, 1955–1960
 Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
 Rockwell B-1 Lancer
 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
 McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle C & E
 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
 Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk
 General Atomics MQ-1 Predator

Additionally, the group has flying hours assigned to the B-2 Spirit bomber, RQ-4 Global Hawk, and Lockheed U-2.

See also
 53rd Wing
 List of United States Air Force Groups
 United States Air Force
 Aerospace Defense Command Fighter Squadrons

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

 Buss, Lydus H.(ed), Sturm, Thomas A., Volan, Denys, and McMullen, Richard F., History of Continental Air Defense Command and Air Defense Command July to December 1955, Directorate of Historical Services, Air Defense Command, Ent AFB, CO, (1956)

Further reading
 Coles, Harry C., (1945) Ninth Air Force in the Western Desert Campaign to 23 January 1943, USAF Historical Study No. 30
 Coles, Harry C., (1945) Participation by the Ninth and Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, USAF Historical Study No. 37

 Woerpel, Don. The 79th Fighter Group: Over Tunisia, Sicily, and Italy in World War II. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2007. .

0053
Military units and formations in Nevada
Military units and formations established in 1942


An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, consisting of a centrosome and its associated microtubules during the early stages of mitosis in an animal cell. Asters do not form during mitosis in plants.  Astral rays, composed of microtubules, radiate from the centrosphere and look like a cloud. Astral rays are one variant of microtubule which comes out of the centrosome; others include kinetochore microtubules and polar microtubules.

During mitosis, there are five stages of cell division: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. During prophase, two aster-covered centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the nucleus in preparation of mitotic spindle formation. During prometaphase there is fragmentation of the nuclear envelope and formation of the mitotic spindles. During metaphase, the kinetochore microtubules extending from each centrosome connect to the centromeres of the chromosomes. Next, during anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules pull the sister chromatids apart into individual chromosomes and pull them towards the centrosomes, located at opposite ends of the cell. This allows the cell to divide properly with each daughter cell containing full replicas of chromosomes. In some cells, the orientation of the asters determines the plane of division upon which the cell will divide.

Astral microtubules
Astral microtubules are a subpopulation of microtubules, which only exist during and immediately before mitosis. They are defined as any microtubule originating from the centrosome which does not connect to a kinetochore. Astral microtubules develop in the actin skeleton and interact with the cell cortex to aid in spindle orientation. They are organized into radial arrays around the centrosomes. The turn-over rate of this population of microtubules is higher than any other population.

The role of astral microtubules is assisted by dyneins specific to this role. These dyneins have their light chains (static portion) attached to the cell membrane, and their globular parts (dynamic portions) attached to the microtubules. The globular chains attempt to move towards the centrosome, but as they are bound to the cell membrane, this results in pulling the centrosomes towards the membrane, thus assisting cytokinesis.

Astral microtubules are not required for the progression of mitosis, but they are required to ensure the fidelity of the process. The function of astral microtubules can be generally considered as determination of cell geometry. They are absolutely required for correct positioning and orientation of the mitotic spindle apparatus, and are thus involved in determining the cell division site based on the geometry and polarity of the cells.

The maintenance of astral microtubules is dependent on centrosomal integrity. It is also dependent on several microtubule-associated proteins such as EB1 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC).

Growth of Microtubules

Polymerization and nucleation are the two microscopic processes in with the growth of asters occur. At the negative ends of the aster , centrosomes will nucleate (form a nucleus) and anchor to the microtubules. At the positive end, polymerization of the aster will occur towards the outer. Cortical Dynein, a motor protein moves along the microtubules of the cell and plays a key role in the growth and inhibition of aster microtubules. A dynein that is barrier-attached can inhibit and trigger growth.

References

 Ishihara, Keisuke, et al. "Physical basis of large microtubule aster growth." eLife, vol. 5, 2016. Gale OneFile: Health and Medicine, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A476395269/HRCA?u=cuny_hunter&sid=HRCA&xid=5e6ad228. Accessed 28 Apr. 2021.
 Laan, Liedewij et al. “Cortical Dynein Controls Microtubule Dynamics to Generate Pulling Forces That Position Microtubule Asters.” Cell (Cambridge) 148.3 (2012): 502–514. Web.

See also
Mitosis
Centrosome
Centriole
Chromosome

Cell biology
Cell cycle
Mitosis


Ngong Racecourse is a racecourse in Nairobi, Kenya. It is the main and currently only thoroughbred racing venue in Kenya. It is located along the Ngong Road near the Lenana School and next to The Nairobi Business Park, beside ngong forest. It is operated by the Jockey Club of Kenya.

The racecourse was opened 1954, when it replaced the old racecourse in Kariokor, near Nairobi CBD. Ngong Racecourse is nowadays the only racecourse in Kenyan although there were races in other towns, including Eldoret, Nakuru, Nanyuki and Limuru. The first horse racing event in Kenya took place in 1904 in Machakos with Somali ponies.

There are on average 25 race meetings annually of which the most prominent is the annual Kenya Derby, which was first held in 1914. Races are held there on alternate Sundays. Apart from horse racing, the venue has used for cross country running competitions, and it has acted as a special stage for the Safari Rally. It has also been used for Ostrich racing.

References

External links

Jockey Club of Kenya

Horse racing venues in Kenya
Sport in Nairobi
Sports venues in Kenya


Bernard Smith (1908 – after 1938) was an English professional footballer who made 68 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham and Coventry City. He played as a left back.

Smith was born in Sileby, Leicestershire. He played for Loughborough Corinthians, and after an unsuccessful trial with Derby County, joined Birmingham in February 1932.

At the start of the 1932–33 season, Birmingham's regular left back Ned Barkas was recovering from an appendicitis operation, so left-half Jimmy Cringan took his position. Cringan broke a collarbone in his first game, and was replaced by reserve left-back Jack Randle, who played four games before Smith, the second reserve, was drafted in for his debut at Derby County on 17 September 1932, which finished as a 2–2 draw. This was the first of a run of games, but when the experienced Barkas returned to the side Smith could not dislodge him.

Smith moved on to Coventry City in August 1935, and contributed to their Third Division South championship in his first season. He played 56 league games for Coventry, and retired in 1939.

Smith is the grandfather of The Times football journalist Rory Smith.

Honours
with Coventry City'
 Football League Third Division South champions: 1935–36

References

1908 births
Year of death missing
People from Sileby
Footballers from Leicestershire
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Birmingham City F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


Fugglestone St Peter was a small village, manor, and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, lying between the town of Wilton and the city of Salisbury. The civil parish came to an end in 1894 when it was divided between the adjoining parishes, and today Fugglestone is a largely residential area in the north of Wilton parish; however, the 13th-century parish church survives.

History
The ancient parish of Fugglestone contained 1,778 acres and three rivers, the Nadder and two arms of the Wylye, so that some  of the parish were under water. Fugglestone included the tithing of Quidhampton, the chapelry of Bemerton, and part of the hamlet of Burdens Ball.

According to John Leland, King Æthelbert of Wessex was buried at Fugglestone, suggesting an early monastic institution there. Apart from the 13th-century parish church of St Peter, little remains of the ancient village of Fugglestone, which stood at the western end of the parish near Wilton Abbey. Bemerton was at the other end of the parish, next to Fisherton Anger, and is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086; St Andrew's chapel was built there in the 14th century. Fugglestone manor was held by the abbey until the Dissolution, then was granted in 1544 to Sir William Herbert, later Earl of Pembroke; since then the nearby Wilton House has been the seat of the Pembrokes.

In 1236, the settlement was recorded as Fughelistone, meaning Fugol's Farm. The parish was part of Branch and Dole hundred. In the 17th century, the name of the parish had several different forms, including Fouggleston, Foulston and Fulston. The Church of England's record of the institution of Uriah Bankes as rector in 1660 refers to it as "Fouggleston als Foulston".

A 15th-century shoe found near Minster Street, Fugglestone, is in Salisbury Museum. The astrologer Simon Forman was born at Quidhampton in 1552. Fugglestone village was largely extinguished by the expansion of the park around Wilton House, the park's northern boundary reaching the churchyard by 1828. Earlier that century, the road from Wilton to Fugglestone, which passed east of the church, had been replaced by a straighter road to the west.

The Salisbury branch of the Great Western Railway (to  and ) was built across the parish in 1856, and was joined in 1859 by the Salisbury and Yeovil Railway (LSWR to  and Yeovil); the tracks ran side by side from Salisbury and diverged at Wilton. The LSWR's Wilton station – later  – was just inside the parish; the station closed in 1966.

In 1801 and in 1851 the parish population was just over 500, but by 1894 this had risen to 1,060, almost all in the Bemerton area. In the same year, with effect from 30 September, the civil parish was dissolved, being divided between the town of Wilton and the new parish of Bemerton. At the time of this division, sixteen houses and forty-six parishioners were transferred to Wilton, the rest going to Bemerton. Quidhampton became a separate civil parish in 1934.

A farm called 'Fugglestone Farm' still covered some  in the 1920s. In 1949, Fugglestone Farmhouse, a square building of stone north of the A36 and dating from the late 19th century, was acquired by the War Office as the headquarters of the British Army's Southern Command, together with a large area of land where the Army has since built barracks, stores, married quarters, and other buildings, which became Erskine Barracks. After the Army moved to Marlborough Lines at Andover in 2010, the site was sold for housebuilding.

Hospitals and almshouses
In the Middle Ages there was a leper hospital at Fugglestone, called the Hospital of St Giles (Giles being, among other things, the patron saint of lepers), which stood on a spot now enclosed within the park of Wilton House. This was founded in about 1135 by Adelicia of Louvain, the queen of King Henry I, and the hospital claimed that Adelicia was entombed in its chapel. In 1645, the Mayor of Wilton petitioned the Wiltshire Quarter Sessions to provide relief for inmates of the hospital suffering from the bubonic plague. Of some forty poor people who had been admitted to the Hospital of St Giles, ten had died of the plague by 13 July 1645. The hospital was still in existence in 1814, when it supported a prior and four almspeople, but by then only the chapel was still standing, converted into lodgings for the poor. In 1851 these almshouses were replaced by a new row of cottages on the north side of the Warminster Road, the site of the hamlet of Burdens Ball, which are now known as 'St Giles's Hospital'. They were sited near the new almshouses of the former Hospital of St Mary Magdalene at Wilton, which had been founded before 1271, demolished in 1831, and its almspeople moved in 1832 to Fugglestone.

Churches
A church at Fugglestone is first mentioned in 1291, and a chapel at Bemerton in 1286; in 1340 St Andrew's at Bemerton, some  to the east, was described as dependent on St Peter's church at Fugglestone, and this may have been their relationship from the beginning. The rectory house was at Bemerton, close to St Andrew's.

St Peter
The small Church of England parish church dedicated to St Peter is mostly from the 13th century, with a bellcote and spirelet added probably in the 15th. It stands just beyond the northern boundary of the Wilton House estate, next to the A36 which is now a busy route into Salisbury from Wilton and the west. It has a three-bay nave in rubble stone (painted on the south side) and a narrower chancel in freestone. The brick south porch, also painted, is probably mid-19th century.

Inside there is a narrow south aisle, which possibly replaced an earlier wider aisle in the late 18th or early 19th century. The chancel arch may be from 1800 to 1830, and box pews are from the same period, with parts of the 17th-century pews reused against the walls. There was internal restoration in 1848, and the organ and east window are from the 1850s. The small west gallery, on cast iron columns, is also from that century.

In the sanctuary is a small 13th-century Purbeck marble coffin lid with an effigy. Two of the three bells were cast in 1628; they are said to be unringable. The church has no electricity, being lit by gas from Victorian fittings. The building was designated as Grade II* listed in 1951.

St Andrew

The small chapel at Lower Road, Bemerton is from the 14th century, with restoration in the 17th and 18th centuries, and more thoroughly in the 19th. The church is associated with the poet and priest George Herbert (1593–1633), who was rector of the parish from 1630.

St John

A much larger parish church was built near St Andrew's in 1861.

Church parish
The ancient parish of Fugglestone St Peter, or Fugglestone with Bemerton, included Quidhampton tithing. The ecclesiastical parish survived the demise of the civil parish in 1894, but went on to be reduced in size in stages. In 1938 an eastern portion of the parish was transferred, alongside part of Fisherton Anger parish, to form a district of St Michael to serve Bemerton Heath in anticipation of a church being built there. In 1957 the area northeast of the Devizes road was transferred to Stratford sub Castle.

The parish was renamed Bemerton with Fugglestone in 1969 to reflect the growth in population of Bemerton, which had been a suburb of Salisbury since 1927. In 1972 the Fugglestone area was merged with Wilton parish. Today St Peter's church is part of the parish of Wilton with Netherhampton and Fugglestone, and St Andrew's is in Bemerton parish.

Parish registers dating from 1568 (christenings and burials) and 1608 (marriages), other than those in current use, are held in the Wiltshire and Swindon History Centre in Chippenham.

Present day
Apart from the church, no early buildings survive. The Wilton House estate has a garden centre and cafe just east of the church. In the triangle between the A36 and the railway are housing developments from the late 20th century and early 21st, named Fugglestone and Maple Close. Further west, on the southern section of the former Erskine Barracks site, is a 2016 housing development by Redrow which includes retirement apartments by McCarthy & Stone. Further north on The Avenue, redevelopment of the north section of the barracks includes Erskine House, which provides 44 flats for former military personnel and offers training for their return to civilian work.

Proposed railway station
Until 1955,  station was nearby, on the Salisbury to Westbury line. On the opposite side of The Avenue, a park and ride site was opened by Salisbury Council in the early 2000s. Since 2015, proposals have been made for a Wilton Parkway railway station next to it, to serve the west side of Salisbury and provide a fast route to the city centre. , no government funding has been provided to take this forward.

Fugglestone Red and St Peter's Place
A 1990s housing estate was named Fugglestone Red after a nearby farm. , a second housing development (with a primary school) is being built by  Persimmon Homes northwest of Bemerton Heath and Fugglestone Red, called St Peter's Place. Both areas were in the far north of Fugglestone parish and are now part of Salisbury.

List of rectors

 Walter Curle, 1620 to 1629
 George Herbert, 1629 to 1633
 Thomas Laurence, mid 17th century
 Uriah Bankes, 1660 to 1667
 John Norris, 1692 to 1711
 William Periam, 1744
 Henry Hawes, 1744 to 1759
 John Hawes, 1759 to 1788
 William Coxe, 1788 to 1828
 Charles Eddy, 1828 to 1830
 John Eddy, 1830

References

Endowed Charities (County of Wilts): Parish of Fugglestone St Peter (HMSO 1833)

Villages in Wiltshire
Former civil parishes in Wiltshire
Wilton, Wiltshire


Per Michael "Joe" Ljunggren (22 March 1962 – 17 July 1995) was a Swedish outlaw biker and gangster who served as the first national president of the Bandidos Motorcycle Club in Sweden. Ljunggren was a central figure in the Nordic Biker War, in which the Bandidos feuded with the Hells Angels. He was shot dead while riding his motorcycle on the E4 motorway in Småland. The murder remains unsolved, but police believe members of the Hells Angels to be responsible.

Outlaw biker
Ljunggren was a member of the Rebels Motorcycle Club, which was formed in Helsingborg in 1981. The Rebels were affiliated with the Hells Angels chapter across the Øresund strait in Helsingør and, through this association, Ljunggren became acquainted with Hells Angels member Jan "Face" Krogh Jensen. In 1984, Ljunggren founded the White Trash MC with Jensen and another Danish biker who had moved to Helsingborg, with the intention of eventually forming a Hells Angels chapter in Sweden. The White Trash became closely associated with the Black Sheep MC, a Hells Angels prospect club in Roskilde which later became the Hells Angels' South chapter. Two Black Sheep members, including Jan "Clark" Jensen, took refuge with the White Trash in Helsingborg following the Copenhagen Biker War. The White Trash also had good relations with Hells Angels in Helsingør and its then president Michael Garcia "Lerche" Olsen. The Helsingør Hells Angels chapter closed in the spring of 1986 following an internal dispute, however. The same year, police raided the White Trash's clubhouse while searching for Jan "Clark" Jensen and discovered weapons and stolen goods, which resulted in Ljunggren being sentenced to prison. The police operation and Ljunggren's imprisonment caused the White Trash to disband, and Ljunggren applied to return to the Rebels. He withdrew from the biker club scene following the birth of his second son in 1989 and, in 1991, spent time riding through the United States with his friend Lasse "Kalle Fist" Karlsson, another former Rebels member.

Upon his return to Sweden, Ljunggren joined the Morbids MC, which had been formed in Helsingborg earlier that year. In 1993, a fight took place between the Morbids and the Rebels in Stockholm, which left several Morbids members beaten. Some time later, the Hells Angels in Malmö offered a path to membership for the Rebels and Morbids on the condition was that the clubs were merged and that Michael Ljunggren and his friend Lasse Karlsson were not members. The Morbids – a club with only six members – rejected the invitation and, requiring support in its feud with the Hells Angels, instead began an affiliation with the Undertakers MC in Zealand, who had contacts with the first Bandidos chapter in Europe, located in Marseille. The Undertakers were patched over by the Bandidos in December 1993, and the Morbids followed suit in January 1995 after first serving as a probationary chapter for a year. Ljunggren became the Bandidos Sweden national president. Upon its foundation, the Bandidos chapter in Helsingborg was attacked by the Hells Angels, beginning the Nordic Biker War.

Murder
On 17 July 1995, Ljunggren was returning from a visit to the Finnish branch of the Undertakers in Helsinki – which would become a Bandidos probationary chapter the following month before being patched over in October 1996 – with Jan "Clark" Jensen, who joined the Bandidos earlier that year after leaving the Hells Angels. The pair boarded a ferry to Stockholm then rode their Harley-Davidson motorcycles in the direction of Helsingborg. Jensen's motorcycle broke down in Ljungby, however, and Ljunggren continued the journey alone. He was shot while riding his motorcycle on the E4 motorway, south of Markaryd, Småland. He then fell from his bike and was run over by a car. An ambulance took him to a nearby hospital, with doctors initially thinking a simple road accident had occurred. Only at the hospital did it become clear that he had been shot several times with a firearm, likely a Carl Gustaf m/45. He was wearing a flak vest, but one of the shots penetrated the armour, striking him in the back and killing him. There are various theories as to how Ljunggren was shot. One presumption is that he was shot by a sniper; this theory is supported by the testimony of two witnesses, a Danish couple. Another is that he was shot from a car driving behind him, which is supported by the police technical examination of the bullets' trajectory. The murder has gone unsolved and has become a cold case, although police believe the Hells Angels were involved. Information obtained by police from a mobile phone network indicates that Hells Angels members' phones were used and moved along Ljunggren's route from when he stepped ashore in Stockholm. Suspects include a Hells Angels prospect club from Helsinki (Undertakers members fired a rocket-propelled grenade at the prospects' Helsinki clubhouse eight days after Ljunggren's murder in a presumed revenge attack), Choppers MC from Stockholm (which gained prospect status from the Hells Angels shortly after the murder) or another Hells Angels prospect club from Helsingborg (who were, according to rumours, alerted to Ljunggren's location by a corrupt police officer).

See also
List of unsolved murders

References

Further reading
Matti Larsson and Lasse Wierup: Svensk maffia: en kartläggning av de kriminella gängen (2010)

1962 births
1995 deaths
1995 murders in Europe
20th-century Swedish criminals
Assassinated Swedish people
Bandidos Motorcycle Club
Deaths by firearm in Sweden
Male murder victims
Murdered gangsters
People from Helsingborg
People murdered in Sweden
Prisoners and detainees of Sweden
Swedish gangsters
Swedish prisoners and detainees
Unsolved murders in Sweden


The Army of the Grisons (Armée des Grisons) was a field army of the French Revolutionary Army. Its commander-in-chief from 5 October 1800 to 1 April 1801 was Etienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald, during which time it operated as the hinge between the Army of Italy under Brune and the Army of the Rhine under Jean Moreau, crossing the Splügen (4 December) and capturing Trento (6 January).

Operational history
The Army of Grisons was formed between the Army of Italy and the Army of the Rhine. Its first taste of combat occurred in December 1800, when they crossed the Alps, opposing Austrian Forces. The First Consul, Napoleon, also crossing the Alps, ordered that General Macdonald thrust forwards and occupy Austrian Tyrol. The march was slow, with 12,000 men making it though in 4 columns. It almost ended in disaster however. A wave of snow and ice fell upon the army when the last column was making it though. But Macdonald, following Napoleon's orders, moved on and encountered Austrian Forces at Mincio and routed them, turning back the frontier. They moved on to Trento, not yet forcing the Austrians out of Tryol. After the Battle of Hohenlinden, the Army was shortly disbanded in 1801 to later form part of the Grande Armée.

References

French military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Grisons
Grisons


Kilden Teater is a Norwegian theatre based in Kristiansand. It was established in 1991, and has been the regional theatre for Agder since 1995. It was earlier named Agder Teater, but changed its name after moving in to the new Kilden Performing Arts Centre.

Its first theatre director was Bentein Baardson, who led the theatre from 1991 to 1994. Alex Scherpf has been theatre director since 2005.

References

Theatres in Kristiansand
Buildings and structures in Kristiansand
Culture in Agder
Tourist attractions in Kristiansand
Theatres completed in 1991
1991 establishments in Norway


Greg Jackson (born December 29, 1959) is the former head men's basketball coach at Delaware State University.
He is an alumnus of Saint Paul's College in Lawrenceville, Virginia.

Jackson was at the helm as Delaware State from 2000–2014, and was the second winningest coach in the history of the men's basketball program. He led the Hornets to three straight Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference titles from 2004 to 2007. In 2005, Jackson led the Hornets to their first and, to date, only NCAA tournament bid., where the  Hornets lost to number one seeded Duke University by the score of 57–46 in the first round of the 2005 NCAA Tournament. The Delaware Sportswriters and Broadcasters Association named him the 2005 winner of its Tubby Raymond Award for sustained excellence in coaching.

Prior to Delaware State, Jackson was on the coaching staff of the men's basketball team at North Carolina Central University from 1984 to 2000. He served as head coach at NCCU from 1991 to 2000. During his time at NCCU, he helped lead the Eagles to winning the NCAA Division II men's basketball national championship game in 1989. The entire 1989 championship winning team, including Jackson, was inducted into the North Carolina Central University Hall of Fame in 1997.
Jackson led the NCCU Eagles to an overall record of 163–77. He led the Eagles to five Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) division titles, and three trips to the NCAA Division II playoffs.

References

External links
Greg Jackson's profile at the Official Website of Delaware State University Athletics

1959 births
Living people
Delaware State Hornets men's basketball coaches
North Carolina Central Eagles men's basketball coaches
Saint Paul's College (Virginia) alumni


The Chechen diaspora () is a term used to collectively describe the communities of Chechen people who live outside of Chechnya; this includes Chechens who live in other parts of Russia. There are also significant Chechen populations in other subdivisions of Russia (especially in Dagestan, Ingushetia and Moscow Oblast).

Outside Russia, Chechens are mainly descendants of people who had to leave Chechnya during the 19th century Caucasian War (which led to the annexation of Chechnya by the Russian Empire) and the 1944 Stalinist deportation to the Soviet Central Asia in the case of Kazakhstan. More recently, tens of thousands of Chechen refugees settled in the European Union and elsewhere as the result of the First and Second Chechen Wars, especially in the wave of emigration to the West after 2002.

The Chechen diaspora abroad is rather well integrated into the host countries, while keeping their cultures and traditions of origin, despite the difficulties of learning the language of the host country for many nationals.  The Chechens abroad have a reputation of being a rather discreet diaspora, however it suffers from prejudices and negative stereotypes towards them, the Chechens are generally seen as being physically violent people (with an intensive practice of combats sport , such as wrestling, boxing and MMA), having a clannish and tribal culture, medieval mores, and being fundamentalist Muslims or even radical Islamists.

Geography

Statistics by country

See also
Chechen refugees
Chechen Americans

References

External links
Refugees and Diaspora (Chechnya Advocacy Network)

European diasporas


The New Orleans Musicians' Clinic (NOMC) is a health service providing New Orleans musicians access to affordable medical services utilizing such facilities as a medical school, volunteers, and community providers. The NOMC hosts community blood drives including live performers supporting the Blood Center of New Orleans.

The NOMC is a subsidiary arm of the New Orleans Musicians' Assistance Foundation (NOMAF) and was founded as a partnership with Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center together with a group of advocates including Jack McConnell and Bethany Bultman, who is also the current CEO and president.

Founder
The NOMC was the brain-child of Dr. Jack McConnell MD (retired), as he performed "Bill Bailey" with the rock band Phish, at the 1997 New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.

The idea behind the clinic
McConnell met with a team of health advocates for the working poor in Louisiana and musicians' advocates to come up with a medical safety net for New Orleans' musicians. Louisiana has had universal health care since the 1930s, when Louisiana Governor Huey P. Long (1928–1932) pushed a number of bills through the 1929 session of the Louisiana State Legislature to fulfill campaign promises including an universal health program for hospitals and universal "charity" care. In 1995, McConnell set out to design a comprehensive health care system to treat musicians.

Sphere of Support: Medical, Emotional, Financial, and Social
The NOMC's expanded social services include the registration of patients in pharmaceutical assistance programs, crisis and case management, electronic medical records, identifying musician-patients, referral to and follow-up with appropriate agencies, and involvement in regular meetings with partnering organizations to provide outreach to patients in non-clinical settings. The clinic is also involved in local government efforts to improve the health of musicians, such as supporting a ban on smoking in New Orleans bars.

Partnerships
The NOMC works with neighborhood groups like the Musicians' Protective Union. In the Tremé neighborhood (the historic birthplace of Jazz), NOMC collaborated to create the St. Anna's Episcopal Church Musicians' Mission, a lively jam session held weekly, which includes a free meal and a "resource hall", providing multiple services such as 5 point anti-stress acupuncture, legal advice, housing assistance, and medical and mental health screenings, and social service referrals.

New Orleans Musicians Assistance Foundation
The New Orleans Musicians Assistance Foundation (NOMAF) evolved from the NOMC following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, sharing the mission and promise to keep New Orleans music alive.  NOMAF encompasses the Musicians' Clinic as well as the NOMAF Gig Fund,  which provides occupational opportunities for our musicians, the Emergency Fund,  the Prevent Death by Lifestyle Program to engage our patients in their own wellness strategies, the Herman Ernest Memorial Health Screening Initiative which provides head and neck cancer screenings in conjunction with the Interfaith community and the Tulane University School of Medicine.

Herman Ernest Memorial Screening Initiative with Healing Hands Across the Divide
The Herman Ernest Memorial Screening Initiative is a component of NOMAF's partnership with Healing Hands Across the Divide (HHAD), a public outreach program of the Department of Otolaryngology at Tulane University School of Medicine.  This program honors the life of Herman "Roscoe" Ernest III and was formed in March 2011, shortly after he died from oral cancer.  Before his death, Roscoe challenged his medical support staff at NOMAF and his doctors at Tulane to promote head and neck cancer awareness, prevention, and early detection throughout his community.  African Americans have twice the mortality rate of their non-African American counterparts, and this is in part due to African Americans presenting with a late stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis.  Early detection of such cancers is key to improving survival rates.  Since March 2011, HHAD has partnered with several local churches and community events to spread awareness about head and neck cancers and conduct cancer screenings .  This project is important for all members of the community but especially musicians due to their increased occupational exposure to tobaccos and alcohol, both risk factors for developing head and neck cancer.

References

External links
 New Orleans Musicians' Clinic
 New Orleans Musicians' Assistance Foundation

Health charities in the United States
Organizations based in New Orleans


Terrorism in Italy from 1945 To Date is a book written by Giovanni Pellegrino, an Italian lawyer and politician. It discusses the political situation in Italy from the revival of democracy in 1945 until the present day.

Giovanni Pellegrino, who for many years was President of the Italian Parliamentary Commission on Terrorism and an expert on terrorism in Italy, argued that in Italy there was a low-intensity civil war, beginning from 1945 to date between the Western and Eastern Europe, and between democracy and communism. This "war" reached its peaked between 1945 and 1949 after World War II.
With the writer Giovanni Fasanella he coauthored a book, La Guerra Civile (the Civil War) wherein he expressed his opinion on the seeming 60 years long low intensity civil war in Italy.

This book x-rays the specific Italian situation in contra distinction to other European countries, especially Spain and Ireland. According to the authors, while these two European countries have similar terror situations, they however differ in their political engagements and precise causes of terrorism different from Italy:
 Spain with the Basque ethnic conflict and
 Ireland with a long  ethnic conflict and religion-political conflict.

The time frame between 1943 till date is spaced over 11 chapters, and is divided into 4 groups, corresponding to 4 time periods.

Chapters
The book has an introduction, 11 chapters, one analytic index, one book index.
The introduction: "Una storia non conoscibile" based about an unknown History.

Chapter 1: "La Volante rossa", about communist terrorism after the World War II.
Chapter 2: "Atlantici d'Italia", about structures in Italy favorable to Atlantic politics.
Chapter 3: "Il compromesso democratico", about an agreement between Communists and Democrats.
Chapter 4: "La rottura dell'equilibrio", about the crisis of the agreement.
Chapter 5: "La guerra civile a bassa intensità", about the low intensity civil war.
Chapter 6: "Moro e Berlinguer", about the two important leaders.
Chapter 7: "I naufraghi del Titanic", about the old political class, not looking to the future.
Chapter 8: "La rottura del patto di indicibilità", about he breaking of the pact.
Chapter 9: "Il disegno tecnocratico", about one emerging technocratic politic class.
Chapter 10: "Fenomeno Berlusconi", about an emerging new leader.
Chapter 11; "Il sogno infranto della Bicamerale", about the failed attempt to create new politics regulation.

Indice analitico: Name Index
Indice del volume: Book Index

See also
History of the Italian Republic
Giovanni Pellegrino * for more years president of Commissione Stragi.
Years of lead (Italy) (1969–1989)

References

Bibliography
 Fasanella Giovanni, Pellegrino Giovanni, La guerra civile, Editore : BUR Biblioteca Univ. Rizzoli, 2005.  – A book about the more as 60 years long low intensity civil war in Italy.
 Aga-Rossi Elena – Zaslavsky Victor :  Togliatti e Stalin. Il PCI e la politica estera staliniana negli archivi di Mosca – Editore: Il Mulino – 2007.

External links
 Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul terrorismo in Italia e sulle cause della mancata individuazione dei responsabili delle stragi

History books about Italy

20th century in Italy
21st century in Italy
Italian books


Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) was a British politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Disraeli or D'Israeli may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Disraeli (play), a 1911 play by Louis N. Parker
 Disraeli (1916 film), a silent film by Charles Calvert
 Disraeli (1921 film), a silent film starring George Arliss
 Disraeli (1929 film), a film starring George Arliss
 Disraeli (TV serial), a 1978 British miniseries

Places
 Disraeli, Quebec (city), Canada
 Disraeli, Quebec (parish), Canada
 Disraeli Glacier, Nunavut, Canada
 County of Disraeli, a cadastral unit in the Northern Territory of Australia

People
 Benjamin D'Israeli (merchant) (1730–1816), British financier and merchant
 Coningsby Disraeli (1867–1936), British politician
 Isaac D'Israeli (1766–1848), British writer, scholar and man of letters; father of Benjamin Disraeli
 Mary Anne Disraeli (1792–1872), British peeress, wife of Benjamin Disraeli
 Disraeli Lufadeju (born 1992), English basketball player
 D'Israeli (cartoonist), pseudonym of British cartoonist Matt Brooker

Other uses
 Disraeli (horse), a British Thoroughbred racehorse
 Disraeli Freeway, another name for part of Winnipeg Route 42, a major Canadian road

See also

 Dizraeli, stage name of British rapper Rowan Alexander Sawday

Surnames of Jewish origin
Yiddish-language surnames


The siege of Berwick was an event in the First War of Scottish Independence which took place in April 1318.  Sir James Douglas, Lord of Douglas took the town and castle of Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English, who had controlled the town since 1296.

Fall of Berwick
Following the decisive Scots victory at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots had recovered all their strongholds, with the exception of Berwick. In September 1317, King Robert Bruce attempted a siege of Berwick, which lasted until November before he withdrew. The following April, Peter Spalding helped followers of Robert the Bruce enter and seize the town of Berwick from the English. He was English and a burgess of the town, but he was married to a cousin of Sir Robert Keith, Great Marischal of Scotland. The raiding party, led by Sir James Douglas, and possibly the Earl of Dunbar, took the town after a fight. The castle was warned when they lost control of their men, who began to plunder and failed to capture the castle. King Robert soon arrived with an army, and after an eleven-week siege, the castle garrison capitulated due to a lack of supplies. The English burgesses were expelled, and King Robert re-established Berwick as a Scottish trading port, installing his son-in-law Walter Stewart as Keeper.

Aftermath
The retaking of Berwick was a significant victory for the Scots. Historian Michael Brown notes that "symbolically, the capture of town and then castle marked the completion of King Robert's realm and kingship." However, Berwick would change hands several more times in the years to come, before permanently becoming part of England when the town was captured in 1482.

References

Notes

Primary

Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence
Battles between England and Scotland
Sieges involving England
Sieges involving Scotland
Conflicts in 1318
1318 in Scotland
1318 in England
1318 in Europe
Capture


Michael Jerome Bernard (born November 8, 1948) is a former American basketball coach and player.  He played college basketball at Kentucky State. He was selected in the 1970 NBA draft by the Cincinnati Royals.

Early life, education, and playing career
Born and raised in Brockton, Massachusetts, Bernard graduated from Brockton High School in 1964. Bernard played college basketball at Kentucky State, graduating in 1970, the year Kentucky State won the NAIA national championship. In the 1970 NBA draft, the Cincinnati Royals selected Bernard in the seventh round, 107th overall. Bernard played professionally for the Wilmington Blue Bonnets of the Eastern Basketball Association from 1970 to 1972.

Bernard studied political science at Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University) during the 1976–77 school year.

Coaching career
Returning to Kentucky State, Bernard began his coaching career in 1974 as an assistant coach. After two seasons at Kentucky State, Bernard was an assistant coach at Norfolk State, then in NCAA Division II, from 1978 to 1984.

In 1985, Bernard got his first head coaching position at North Carolina Central, a Division II school at the time. Accumulating a 115–56 record, Bernard was head coach at North Carolina Central from 1985 to 1991. Bernard led the Eagles to a 28–4 record and NCAA Division II national championship in the 1988–89 season, for which he was named Division II Coach of the Year by Kodak.

Bernard was then head coach at Norfolk State from 1991 to 1998, going 141–67 in seven seasons. Under Bernard, Norfolk State made two deep runs in the NCAA Division II Tournament, qualifying for the Final Four in 1994 and Elite Eight in 1995. Bernard's final season at Norfolk State was in 1997–98, when the team went 6–21 in the school's first season at the Division I level.

From 1998 to 2002, Bernard was head coach at Division II Fayetteville State, going 65–44 in four seasons. However, in August 2002, the Fayetteville Observer reported that Bernard falsely claimed in his résumé to have completed a master's degree at Clark Atlanta, leading Fayetteville State to start an investigation. On August 8, the day the Observer story was published, Fayetteville State decided to fire Bernard.

Bernard became head coach at Shaw on September 9, 2002, days after the resignation of Joel Hopkins.

He was an assistant coach at Delaware State under head coach Greg Jackson from 2006 to 2009. Then from 2009 to 2012, he served as director of basketball operations on Jackson's staff.

Head coaching record

References

External links
 Michael Bernard's profile at the Official Site of Delaware State Athletics

1948 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Massachusetts
Basketball players from Massachusetts
Cincinnati Royals draft picks
Clark Atlanta University alumni
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Delaware State Hornets men's basketball coaches
Kentucky State Thorobreds basketball coaches
Kentucky State Thorobreds basketball players
Fayetteville State Broncos basketball coaches
Norfolk State Spartans men's basketball coaches
North Carolina Central Eagles men's basketball coaches
Place of birth missing (living people)
Shaw Bears men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Brockton, Massachusetts


CMS Made Simple (CMSMS) is a free, open source (GPL) content management system (CMS) to provide developers, programmers and site owners a web-based development and administration area. In 2017 it won the CMS Critic annual award for Best Open Source Content Management.

Software Design
CMS Made Simple is an open source package, built using PHP with support for MySQL. Although PostgreSQL was previously supported, the developers chose to remove PostgreSQL support and recent versions no longer support any database except MySQL. The template system is driven using the Smarty Template Engine. CMS Made Simple aims to provide easy development and customization with themes, add-on modules, dynamic menus, tags and translations. When developing a new feature, the tab opens full of default text. The developer starts by erasing the bits he doesn't need, and then adding further tags that link to plugins, known here as modules. As it suggests you customise existing working markup code.

Features and Intended Audience
CMS Made Simple has a web-based admin section for theme, template, and style-sheet development, installing and updating add-on modules, configuring page content blocks, and user groups and permissions.

As a development tool, CMS Made Simple has an intended audience of the more experienced developer.  Developing an effective site requires a working knowledge of at least HTML and CSS.  Whilst there is support for installation and subsequent application of a pre-designed theme (such as those available on Drupal), the system allows for the direct coding of page templates in HTML/CSS with the dynamic elements called in using Smarty tags.

Once a CMS Made Simple website is built, using the system for day-to-day content management tasks such as maintenance of a gallery, maintenance of news/blogs and page editing is designed to be straightforward and manageable by non-technical individuals such as site owners.

Modules and Themes

Modules
CMS Made Simple itself is designed as a base package that does not impose unnecessary modules and functionality on the user. It requires that site owners add modules and tags appropriate to the site. A small number of core modules are included with the default installation, notably a news manager, search function, and WYSIWYG editor (MicroTiny, a small, streamlined version of  TinyMCE).

Plugins: add-on modules
 Galleries
Member areas (password protected)
Company and User Directories
 Guestbooks
 Form Builders
 Captchas
 E-Commerce / shops
 Calendars
 Blogs
 RSS
Custom module creators

Numerous additional modules are available via the module repository or Module Manager

Themes
The internal template and stylesheet system allows for end-user theme creation, but others are available in a themes repository to download. Developers can choose the one that is closest to their wishes and customise further.

Support
Support for CMS Made Simple includes the content installed by default, built-in help, online docs, commercial/paid support, and a community.

CMS Made Simple holds an annual meeting for its enthusiasts known as The Geek Moot where how-to seminars and Q&A discussions are held.

History and Awards
‘Best Open Source CMS’ Winner in the CMS Critic 2017 Awards.

'Peoples Choice Award' in the CMS Critic 2014 Awards.

‘Best Budget CMS - Critics Choice’ Nominee in the CMS Critic 2012 Awards.

‘Best Open Source CMS’ Winner in the Packt Publishing 2010 Awards.

Oct, 2009 - Three Quarters of a Million Downloads Reached
 Aug, 2010 - CMS Made Simple Reaches One Million Downloads

See also

 Content management system
 List of content management systems

References

External links
Official sites
 Official site of CMS Made Simple
 Official Support Forum
 Official Core & Module Development Forge
 Official Documentation
Tutorials
 Tutorial for beginners

Free content management systems