Bryce Aron Max Harper (born October 16, 1992) is an American professional baseball right fielder and first baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Washington Nationals from 2012 through 2018.

One of the most heavily touted draft players in recent history, Harper has been cited as a "five-tool player." He left Las Vegas High School after his sophomore year so that he could attend the College of Southern Nevada, where he won the 2010 Golden Spikes Award. The Nationals selected Harper as the first overall pick in the 2010 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut with the Nationals on April 28, 2012, at 19 years old. Harper was selected for the 2012 All-Star Game, becoming the youngest position player to play in an All-Star Game.

Harper won the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award in 2012 and tied for the NL lead in home runs in 2015. He was named the NL Most Valuable Player for 2015 by unanimous decision of the Baseball Writers' Association of America; at age 22, he was the youngest MLB  player to win the award. As a free agent during the 2018–19 offseason, he signed a 13-year, $330 million contract with the Phillies, the richest contract in the history of North American sports at the time, until being eclipsed shortly after by Mike Trout. He won his second NL MVP award in 2021 with the Phillies. The next season, he helped lead the Phillies to their first postseason appearance in 11 years, and was instrumental in helping the team win its first pennant since 2009, winning the NLCS MVP in the process.

Early life
Harper attended Las Vegas High School in Las Vegas, Nevada. In May 2009, Sports Illustrated featured Harper in a cover story, comparing him with LeBron James by similarly calling him his sport's "Chosen One". That same spring, he won Baseball America's high school player of the year award.

College career
He earned his GED in October 2009 in his junior year, reclassifying and making him eligible earlier for the Major League Baseball (MLB) draft in June 2010.

For the 2010 college season, 17-year-old Harper enrolled at the College of Southern Nevada of the Scenic West Athletic Conference (SWAC) in the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), where he was a catcher. His older brother Bryan, who had been his teammate at Las Vegas High School, was one of the Southern Nevada Coyotes' starting pitchers, and the brothers often worked as a battery. An advantage for Harper in his eventual transition to his MLB career was that the SWAC, like MLB, uses wooden bats in conference play. In 66 games, he hit 31 home runs with 98 RBIs, hitting .443 with a .526 OBP, and a .987 SLG. Harper's 31 home runs in 2010 broke the school's previous record of 12, and he was named the 2010 SWAC Player of the Year.

In the Western district finals of the 2010 NJCAA World Series, Harper went 6-for-7 with five RBIs and hit for the cycle. The next day, in a doubleheader, he went 2-for-5 with a three-run double in the first game. In the second game, he went 6-for-6 with four home runs, a triple, and a double.

On June 2 that year, Harper was ejected from a National Junior College World Series game by home plate umpire Don Gilmore for disputing a called third strike. Harper drew a line in the dirt with his bat as he left the plate, presumably to show where he thought the pitch was. It was Harper's second ejection of the year and resulted in a two-game suspension. The suspension ended his amateur career, and Southern Nevada lost the game from which Harper was ejected. With Harper suspended, the team also lost their next game, which eliminated them from the tournament. Harper won the 2010 Golden Spikes Award, given to the best amateur baseball player in the nation.

Professional career

Draft and minor leagues
The Washington Nationals chose Harper with the first overall selection of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft. Although Harper had previously and predominantly played catcher, the Nationals drafted him as an outfielder to extend his career and to accelerate his player development so that he could debut in MLB earlier.

At the signing deadline, Harper and the Nationals agreed to a five-year contract worth $9.9 million, including a $6.25 million signing bonus and eight semesters of college tuition. When asked about the signing, Nationals President Stan Kasten said, "The truth is, with a full minute to go, Mike and I both thought we were not going to have a deal." Asked what changed in that final minute, Nationals General Manager Mike Rizzo replied, "It was both sides compromising and knowing that we were so close, it would be fruitless not to get a deal done." On August 26, 2010, Harper was introduced by the Nationals. He said he chose to wear No. 34 because "I always loved Mickey Mantle, three and four equals seven."

After batting .319 with a .407 OBP (and leading his team in hits, home runs, RBIs, and walks) in the Nationals' fall instructional league, Harper was selected to participate in the Arizona Fall League (AFL) as a member of the Scottsdale Scorpions taxi-squad, the second-youngest player in the history of the league (two days older than when Mets' prospect Fernando Martínez appeared in the league in 2006). He batted .343 and slugged .729. On November 20, Harper and the Scottsdale Scorpions won the 2010 AFL Championship.

After batting .399 in spring training, Harper began his minor league career when the Nationals optioned him to the Hagerstown Suns of the Class-A South Atlantic League. In April 2011, after a slow start in the minor leagues, Harper visited optometrist Dr. Keith Smithson, who reportedly told him, "I don't know how you ever hit before. You have some of the worst eyes I've ever seen." In his first 20 games after receiving contact lenses, Harper hit .480, collecting seven home runs, 10 doubles and 23 RBIs.

Harper was selected to represent the United States in the 2011 All-Star Futures Game during the 2011 All-Star Game weekend. He was promoted to the Harrisburg Senators of the Class AA Eastern League on July 4. Harper went 2-for-3 in his AA debut with two singles, a run, and a walk.

On August 18, 2011, Harper injured his hamstring while running from second to third on an extra-base hit. The injury was severe enough for him to be carried off the field by his coaches. He was placed on the seven-day disabled list and the injury ended Harper's season. Harper began the 2012 season with the Syracuse Chiefs of the Class AAA International League.

Washington Nationals (2012–2018)

2012 season: NL Rookie of the Year

The Nationals promoted Harper to the major leagues on April 27, 2012, after Ryan Zimmerman was placed on the disabled list. He made his MLB debut with the Nationals the next day against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Harper grounded out to pitcher Chad Billingsley in his first major league at-bat. He recorded his first major league hit, a double, in his third at-bat against Billingsley and got his first RBI on a sacrifice fly in the top of the ninth against Javy Guerra.

After being hit by a pitch by Cole Hamels in the first inning of a game against the Phillies on May 6, Harper eventually advanced to third, then stole home plate, becoming the first teenager to steal home plate since 1964. Hamels later admitted that he intentionally hit Harper and was suspended for five games by MLB. On May 14, Harper was 19 when he hit his first career Major League home run, connecting off of San Diego Padres pitcher Tim Stauffer. He was the youngest player to homer in the major leagues since Adrián Beltré did in 1998. He was named National League Rookie of the Month for May.

Harper earned his first walk-off hit on June 5 with an RBI single in the bottom of the 12th inning against the New York Mets.

During a game against the Toronto Blue Jays on June 12, Harper hit a deep home run to center field that struck an advertising banner adjacent to the restaurant in the second tier of seats at the Rogers Centre, estimated to travel 438 feet. After the game, a reporter asked if Harper would take advantage of Ontario's lower drinking age (19, versus 21 in the U.S.) by drinking a celebratory beer with his teammates. Harper replied, "I'm not going to answer that. That's a clown question, bro." The comment quickly developed into an Internet meme, and the phrase itself repeated, in response to a question, by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. Harper filed an application to trademark the phrase.

Harper was named a candidate in the All-Star Final Vote, with the winner being added to the All-Star Game roster. Harper finished third behind David Freese and Michael Bourn. However, Bourn would make the roster after Ian Desmond sustained an injury and Harper would become the youngest position player (and third-youngest player, behind Dwight Gooden and Bob Feller) to ever make an All-Star roster when it was announced Giancarlo Stanton would undergo knee surgery. "I don't have words to explain it right now. It's exciting to go. I'm excited to get there and be around all the top guys in the country, of course, and the top guys in baseball. I'm going to take it all in and try to enjoy it with my family and just be as mellow and as calm as I can," Harper stated. He went 0-for-1 with a strikeout and a walk.

Harper struggled in the games following the All-Star break, hitting .176 with 26 strikeouts in his first 116 plate appearances in the second half of the season. Manager Davey Johnson began to give Harper days off due to his poor play and visible on-field frustration. Johnson said that Harper had become "overly aggressive" at the plate.

Harper's play began to improve in late August. He hit two home runs in a game against the Miami Marlins on August 29, his first career multi-homer game, and received his first major league ejection after throwing his helmet down in the ninth inning in response to hitting into a double play. He had a second multi-homer game on September 5, against the Chicago Cubs. Harper was named Rookie of the Month again in September after hitting .330 with seven home runs. Harper's 254 total bases and 57 extra base hits were the most ever for a player under age 20, while his 22 home runs, 98 runs scored, .340 on-base percentage, .477 slugging percentage, and .817 on base-plus-slugging were the best regular season totals for a teenager in the past 45 years.

In Game 5 of the 2012 NLDS against the St. Louis Cardinals, Harper hit his first postseason home run. The Nationals would eventually lose the game 7–9 despite leading by 6 runs. He finished his first postseason appearance with a .130 batting average.

Harper was named the National League Rookie of the Year. He received 112 votes, 16 of them first-place votes, beating Arizona's Wade Miley (105 votes, 12 first-place) and Cincinnati's Todd Frazier.

2013 season
Harper hit two home runs against the Miami Marlins on Opening Day of the 2013 season. At age 20, he became the youngest major league player to hit two home runs in his team's first game of the season. He was voted a starter for the MLB All-Star Game, his second career All-Star selection.

After hitting 13 home runs in just 58 games, Harper was selected to participate in the 2013 Home Run Derby. Harper hit a total of 16 home runs in the first two rounds to advance to the final round, in which he faced Yoenis Céspedes, an outfielder for the Oakland Athletics. Although he lost 9–8 in the finals, Harper was the second-youngest player to participate in the Home Run Derby, and the youngest to ever make it to the final round. Harper hit his 17th homer of the season on August 6, the 39th of his career, passing Ken Griffey Jr. for most home runs by a player younger than 21. Only two other players hit more home runs than Harper before turning 21. In 118 games, he hit .274/.368/.486 with 20 home runs, 58 RBIs, and 47 extra base hits. During the 2013 off-season, Harper successfully underwent left knee surgery to remove a bursa sac.

2014 season
During a game against the San Diego Padres on April 25, 2014, Harper suffered a left thumb injury when he slid into third base on a 3-run triple. He was placed on the 15-day disabled list the next day. An MRI revealed that the thumb had a torn ulnar collateral ligament. On April 28, it was announced that Harper would require surgery to repair the ligament tear in the thumb. During a rehab game with the Double-A Harrisburg Senators on June 28, Harper hit 3 home runs in a single game. Harper returned to the Majors on June 30. In 100 games during the season, Harper batted .273 with 13 home runs and 32 RBI.

After the 2014 season, Harper planned to travel to Japan to participate in the 2014 Major League Baseball Japan All-Star Series, but later withdrew.

2015 season: First NL MVP

On April 18, 2015, Harper hit the longest home run of his MLB career with a 461-foot drive over the center field wall against the Philadelphia Phillies. On May 6, Harper hit three home runs in a single game for the first time in his career. He did it against Tom Koehler, with one of the shots going 442 feet to the second deck in a 7–5 victory over the Miami Marlins. He became the youngest player to accomplish this feat since Joe Lahoud in 1969. Harper was later awarded the Player of the Month Award for May for the first time in his career.

Measured by adjusted OPS (OPS+), Harper's 2015 was a top-5 hitting season (since 1900) for all players under the age of 23, and the best season of any hitter since Barry Bonds a decade earlier. He also led the majors in WAR and tied for the NL home run title with 42. Harper also became the youngest player ever with at least 40 home runs and 120 walks in one season, a distinction previously held by Babe Ruth.

Baseball America named Bryce the 2015 player of the year. On October 31, Harper was named the National League winner of the 2015 Hank Aaron Award. On November 19, Harper was selected as the 2015 National League Most Valuable Player by unanimous decision. With his MVP win at age 23, Harper became the youngest player to unanimously win the award. Harper also became the first player in Nationals/Expos history to win an MVP award and the first player that played for a Washington team to win one. ESPN chose him as their 2015 MLB Person of the Year.

2016 season
On April 14, 2016, Harper hit his first career grand slam for his 100th career home run in a game against the Atlanta Braves. Three days later, he hit a home run for a fourth straight game, setting a new career streak for most consecutive games with a home run. He was named National League Player of the Week on April 18, after driving in 12 runs, tying a club record for home runs in consecutive games and becoming the eighth-youngest player in major league history to reach 100 home runs.

On May 8, Harper was walked six times in a game against the Chicago Cubs, tying the MLB record for most walks in a game. Harper also reached base seven times (besides the six walks he was also hit by a pitch), becoming the first player in over 100 years to reach base seven times without recording an at-bat. In total, Harper was walked 13 times in the four-game series, setting a new MLB record for most walks in a series. On May 9, Harper was ejected from the dugout for yelling at home plate umpire Brian Knight when teammate Danny Espinosa was called out on strikes. Harper returned to the field to celebrate the win with his teammates and was caught shouting profanity towards Knight. Two days later, Harper was given a one-game suspension and an undisclosed fine, but Harper appealed the same day. On May 14, Harper dropped his appeal and began serving the one-game suspension. In 147 games of 2016, Harper finished with a .243 batting average, 24 home runs, and 86 RBI. He also walked 108 times, and 20 of them were intentional that led MLB.

The Nationals finished the season with a 95–67 record, clinching the NL East division, but lost to the Dodgers in the 2016 NLDS.

2017 season
On Opening Day, April 3, 2017, Harper hit a solo home run, struck out, and walked against the Miami Marlins. His home run was the fifth of his career in a season opener, the most by a player younger than 25. He set the MLB record for runs scored in the month of April with 32, surpassing Larry Walker's 29 in 1997.

On May 13, Harper and the Nationals avoided arbitration in 2018 by agreeing to a one-year, $21.625-million contract. That night, he hit a walk-off home run versus the Philadelphia Phillies for the second time in the 2017 season, after doing it on April 16 as well.

On May 16, Harper hit a home run at PNC Park, which meant in his career he had hit a home run in all 15 National League ballparks.

On May 29, in a game against the San Francisco Giants, Harper was hit by a pitch from Hunter Strickland. Harper had hit two home runs off of Strickland in the 2014 National League Division Series (a series the Giants won), leading Harper to believe Strickland was seeking revenge. Harper slammed down his bat and charged the mound, throwing his helmet wide of Strickland before the two players exchanged punches, starting a bench-clearing brawl in which Giants first baseman Michael Morse, one of several former Nationals teammates of Harper on the Giants team, suffered a serious concussion in a collision with Giants pitcher Jeff Samardzija, which would go on to end his career. Both Harper and Strickland were ejected for their roles in the brawl. The next day, on May 30, Harper was suspended four games. Harper appealed, and his suspension was reduced to three games. Harper credited Morse with preventing him from injury during the scrum, as Morse had absorbed a body blow from Samardzija that appeared to be aimed at Harper, telling a MASN reporter, "I'm very thankful for Mikey Mo."

Harper was the top overall vote-getter for the National League to start in the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game and received the most votes of any one player overall. As the starting right fielder for the National League All-Stars, he went 1-for-1 with a walk and made a diving catch to rob American League catcher Salvador Pérez of a base hit. He wore cleats for the All-Star Game in honor of the late Miami Marlins ace José Fernández, a division rival pitcher who had held Harper to a career .211 batting average against him; Fernández had been killed in a September 2016 boat crash.

On July 27, Harper hit one of four consecutive home runs by Nationals hitters off Milwaukee Brewers starter Michael Blazek; this was the first time that the feat had been accomplished in Major League Baseball since the 2011 season. On August 7, he hit his 150th home run. He was 24 years and 295 days old when he accomplished this feat, exactly the same age as Los Angeles Angels superstar Mike Trout when he hit his 150th home run. On August 12, Harper suffered a hyperextended left knee after reaching first base; the injury forced him to leave the game. It was later revealed that his left knee had a significant bone bruise, but no ligament damage, sending him to the disabled list but prompting team officials to say they were confident he could return before the end of the season. On September 27, Bryce was reactivated off of the DL against the Philadelphia Phillies.
On October 13, Harper went 2–4 with an RBI in Game 5 of the NLDS, and made the last out of the game by striking out against Chicago Cubs' closer, Wade Davis, ending the Nationals' NLCS bid.

2018 season
Harper began the 2018 season by drawing more walks than in previous years. He was batting .219 with 21 home runs and 50 RBIs when he was named a starting outfielder for the 2018 MLB All-Star Game, where he also won the homerun derby. He finished the season with a career-high 130 walks, 34 home runs, a .249 batting average, and 100 RBIs, marking his first season reaching triple-digit RBIs. He became a free agent after the 2018 season.

Philadelphia Phillies (2019–present)

Initially the Nationals sought to offer Harper a new contract with the team; however he later rejected two offers, describing them as disappointing. Numerous reports had also linked Harper to possibly sign a $45 million annual contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers, Despite the offer from the Dodgers, Harper signed a 13-year, $330 million contract with the Philadelphia Phillies on March 2, 2019. This deal set the record for the largest MLB contract until Mike Trout signed a 12-year, $430 million contract extension with the Los Angeles Angels.  Harper chose to wear No. 3 with the club, as the number he wore with the Nationals (34) was being considered for retirement by the Phillies in honor of the late Roy Halladay. At his first press conference, Harper misspoke, saying, "We want to bring a title back to D.C." The Nationals won the 2019 World Series in Harper's absence.

2019 season

Harper's first hit as a member of the Phillies was a 465-foot home run to the second deck of the right field bleachers at Citizens Bank Park on March 30, 2019, off Jesse Biddle of the Atlanta Braves. On August 15, 2019, Harper hit a walk-off grand slam against the Chicago Cubs. On September 3, 2019, Harper would bat his 100th RBI of the season for the second consecutive year and was the first Philadelphia Phillies player since Ryan Howard in 2011 to hit for 100 RBIs or more in a season. However, the Phillies missed the playoffs, being eliminated officially on September 24 by losing to the eventual World Series champions and Harper's former team, the Washington Nationals.

2020 season
In March 2020, the MLB season was suspended indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 15, Harper took to Instagram and suggested a potential 135-game season that would last from July through November. MLB eventually settled on a 60-game season that began on July 24. Harper hit .268/.420/.542 with 13 home runs and 33 RBIs and led the majors with 49 walks during the season.

2021 season: Second NL MVP
In 2021, Harper batted .309/.429/.615 with 35 home runs and 84 RBIs in 141 games. His slugging percentage led the major leagues. He also led the National League with 78 extra-base hits and tied for the major league lead with 42 doubles. He won his second career National League MVP award. He is the second player in MLB history to win a league MVP with two different teams before the age of 30, joining Barry Bonds.

2022 season: NLCS MVP and first World Series appearance
On May 12, Harper was diagnosed with a small tear in the ulnar collateral ligament of his right elbow. He received a platelet-rich plasma injection to alleviate the pain on May 15, but was not allowed to throw in the outfield for at least six weeks. He was used exclusively as a designated hitter to avoid further damage. While playing against the San Diego Padres on June 25, Harper was hit by a pitch from Blake Snell. In the aftermath, Harper suffered a fractured left thumb and ruled out indefinitely. He underwent surgery on his thumb on July 6 with three pins being inserted to stabilize the area.

In August, Harper was designated to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs in Allentown, the Phillies' Triple-A affiliate, as a final step in his rehabilitation stint from his thumb fracture in June. IronPigs' fans in Allentown greeted Harper's appearance enthusiastically, and Coca-Cola Park quickly sold out to its 10,100 capacity for Harper's appearance against the Gwinnett Stripers. In his August 23 appearance with the IronPigs, Harper homered twice. The Phillies surged in the second half to reach the playoffs, their first appearance since 2011.

In the 2022 regular season, Harper batted .286/.364/.514 in 370 at bats, with 63 runs, 18 home runs, 65 RBIs, 7 sacrifice flies (6th in the NL), and 9 intentional walks (9th), as he had the ninth-highest salary in baseball ($27.5 million). He played 90 games at DH, and eight games in right field.

In Harper's first postseason series since 2017, he hit a home run in Game 2 of the NL Wild Card Series vs St. Louis in an eventual 2–0 victory. With their advancement to the NLDS, Harper finally won a postseason series. He batted 8 for 16 in the NLDS against the defending champion Atlanta Braves, helping the Phillies win the series 3–1 and advance to the NLCS for the first time since 2010.

On October 23, 2022, during game 5 of the National League Championship Series, Harper hit a go-ahead two-run home run in the bottom of the eighth inning off of Padres right-handed reliever Robert Suárez. It would prove to be the game-winning hit, sending the Phillies to the 2022 World Series against the Houston Astros. At the end of the game, Harper was voted 2022 NLCS MVP.

During his first World Series, Harper went 4 for 20 at bats, scoring a run each in Games 1 and 3. Most notably, in Game 3, Harper hit the first of five homers from the Phillies against Lance McCullers, Jr., with the game tying the record for most home runs from a single team in one World Series game. The Phillies lost against the Astros four games to two.

2023 season
On November 23, 2022, Harper underwent Tommy John surgery for his ligament tear and was expected to be able to return as the Phillies' everyday designated hitter at around the All-Star break. Harper rejoined the team earlier than expected, in early May, brandishing a large arm brace. In July, Harper made his first career start as a first baseman.

International career
Harper played for the United States U-18 baseball team in 2008, before he was drafted by the Nationals. In 2009, he represented the United States at the Pan American U-18 Baseball Championship, in Barquisimeto, Venezuela, where the team won gold.

On August 12, 2022, Harper announced that he would join the United States national baseball team in the 2023 World Baseball Classic, joining fellow Phillies J. T. Realmuto and Trea Turner. However, Harper was unable to play due to rehabbing from Tommy John surgery in the offseason.

Harper later expressed his hope that MLB players would be allowed to participate in the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles after it was announced in 2023 that baseball would return as a competition sport. "I'm going to be old at that point, so I don't know if they're going to want me on the team, but it's always a dream... I would love to put 'USA' on my chest and represent it at the highest level. I know the WBC, and everyone loves that and it's great for the game, but it's not the Olympics."

Career accomplishments

 2× NL Most Valuable Player (2015, 2021)
 7× MLB All-Star selection (2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022)
 National League Rookie of the Year (2012)
 2× NL Hank Aaron Award (2015, 2021)
 Silver Slugger Award (2015, 2021)
 NLCS MVP (2022)
 ESPN MLB Person of the Year (2015)
 All-Star Futures Game selection (2011)
 Golden Spikes Award (2010)
 SWAC Player of the Year (2010)
 Baseball America High School Player of the Year (2009)

Personal life
Harper resides in Henderson, Nevada, during the off-season. His father, Ron, is an ironworker in Las Vegas and his mother is Sherilyn Harper. Harper attributes his work ethic to the lessons he learned from watching his father: "I wanted to come out and I wanted to work hard because he worked hard. He did it for over 25 years." Harper's older brother, Bryan, also played in the Washington Nationals organization. While playing on different teams within the Nationals organization, the Harper brothers spoke by phone "almost every day" during the baseball season, according to Bryce. When he was a youth in Las Vegas, he also played alongside Joey Gallo and Kris Bryant.

Harper is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Though serving a mission is strongly encouraged for male members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who are between the ages of 18 and 26, it is not required.  In a 2016 interview, he said, "Coming up to the draft and trying to make that decision, I always thought that my Heavenly Father upstairs always just wanted me to be a walking Book of Mormon, you could say," [...] "I knew that I could touch a lot of people's lives playing and trying to be the best Mormon that I can be on and off the field."

Harper and his girlfriend Kayla Varner were engaged in 2014, but their wedding that was set for January 2015 did not take place. In July 2016, Kayla announced the couple's reconciliation and re-engagement. They were married at the San Diego California Temple in December 2016. Their first child, a son, was born in Las Vegas on August 22, 2019, while Harper was with his wife on paternity leave. Their second child, a daughter, was born in November 2020.

In 2018, the Washington Nationals Dream Foundation and the District of Columbia Department of Parks and Recreation renovated a baseball field in the Takoma neighborhood of Washington, D.C., and named it Bryce Harper Field.

Harper is a fan of the Vegas Golden Knights of the NHL. He dropped the puck before a game in their inaugural season and put the Golden Knights' logo on his bat during their run to the Stanley Cup Finals in 2018. After his first son's birth, the Vegas Golden Knights gifted him a personalized jersey.

Endorsements and other media appearances
Harper was featured in an episode of ESPN E:60. He was featured naked in ESPN's The Magazine 2015 Body Issue. Harper has appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on two occasions, the first in 2016 to play Catch Phrase with Fallon, Andy Samberg and Gigi Hadid, and the second in 2019 to play the video game MLB The Show 19 with Fallon, the latter of which featured Harper as the cover athlete. In 2016, Harper signed a 10-year extension with apparel company Under Armour, at the time the largest endorsement deal in history for a baseball player.

See also

 List of largest sports contracts
 List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career games played as a right fielder leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
 List of National League annual slugging percentage leaders
 List of people from Las Vegas
 List of Philadelphia Phillies award winners and league leaders
 List of Washington Nationals team records

References

External links

Bryce Harper at Baseball Almanac
Bryce Harper  at Baseball Gauge

1992 births
Living people
Baseball players from Las Vegas
Hagerstown Suns players
Harrisburg Senators players
Las Vegas High School alumni
Latter Day Saints from Nevada
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Major League Baseball right fielders
National League All-Stars
National League Championship Series MVPs
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National League home run champions
Philadelphia Phillies players
Potomac Nationals players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Southern Nevada Coyotes baseball players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Twitch (service) streamers
Washington Nationals players


Araschgen is a village near Chur in the Plessur district, Switzerland.  It is part of the municipality of Churwalden.

The village was first mentioned in the mid-14th century as Giraschga.  The mineral springs in the village were first mentioned in the 16th century and were rediscovered in 1863.  During the late 19th century, a mineral spa and water bottling plant were built between Araschgen and Passugg.  The Chur-Tschiertschen road was built through the village from 1887 to 1894.  In the late 20th century the village became a bedroom community of Chur.

In 2014 the village kindergarten closed due to budget concerns.  It was reopened with eight students for the 2016/17 school year to reduce crowding in Chur schools.

References

Villages in Graubünden


Freeman Hopkins was a Quaker and the first settler of Ontario, New York. He and his wife Martha Patterson, daughter of Charles Patterson and Martha Hall, came to Ontario in the Spring of 1806 from Rhode Island. In 1807 the town of Ontario was founded from a part of the neighboring town of Williamson, and was originally called "Freetown" after Mr. Hopkins.

During the War of 1812 Hopkins left the area and returned to Rhode Island due to the Quakers testimony against participation in wars, and to avoid the hostilities that took place on Lake Ontario. In 1818 the family returned to Ontario.

Martha Patterson Hopkins was born in Mount Washington, Berkshire County, Massachusetts about 1785.

Freeman Hopkins built the first sawmill in the town, and his daughter, Melissa's birth on May 7, 1806, was the first in Ontario. He later went on to father a total of nine children. Sadly, Freeman Hopkins came to an unfortunate end. After becoming blind in his later years, he drowned himself in his cistern.

References

American Quakers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Ontario, New York
Suicides by drowning in the United States
American blind people


The list of Western Australia state by-elections includes every by-election held in the Australian state of Western Australia. By-elections occur whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly (or, historically, the Legislative Council), although an imminent state election may allow the vacancy to remain until the dissolution of parliament.

Section 67 of the Electoral Act 1907 requires the Speaker to issue a writ for a by-election to fill the vacancy. This can either take place after a resolution of the House if Parliament is in session, or simply upon the cause being established by the Speaker acting alone if the Parliament is in adjournment for more than 7 days.

Causes
A by-election occurs whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly. Vacancies can occur for the following reasons, according to Section 38 of the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1899.

The member:

 Is no longer eligible to sit—for example, leaving the State. This historically occurred more frequently when times were less economically stable, and people would move to another state or country where they could work or conduct business.
 Has been convicted for an offence for which the penalty was imprisonment for life, or for more than five years (Section 32). This last happened to John Marquis Hopkins when he was convicted for fraud in 1910, necessitating a by-election in his seat of Beverley.
 Becomes an undischarged bankrupt. This last happened in 1936 when Independent candidate Thomas Hughes won East Perth against the incumbent member in the 1936 election. However it was found that he was an undischarged bankrupt at the time of the nomination and poll (although had since resolved his affairs), and the election was declared void. He won the resulting by-election.
 Is elected to either the Federal Parliament or the parliament of another state or territory (Section 34). In practice, this is never necessary, as the other Parliament usually requires resignation from the Western Australian parliament in order to nominate as a candidate. This last occurred in the Legislative Assembly in 2001 when Hendy Cowan, the member for Merredin, resigned to unsuccessfully contest a seat in the Australian Senate.
 Is appointed as a judge or magistrate in a Western Australian court or as a chairman (or in some cases member) of another state board or tribunal (Section 34). This provision has never been acted upon, although numerous members have resigned over time to take up such an appointment—for example, Ron Davies resigned in Victoria Park in 1986 to become Agent-General for Western Australia in London, whilst Deputy Premier Herb Graham resigned in Balcatta in 1973 to become chairman of the Licensing Board.
 "Holds an office or place in the service of the Crown" at the time at which they take up their seat (Section 36-37). This has never been used at state level, although it has occurred in other States and in the Federal Parliament (for example, the circumstances leading to the federal Lindsay by-election in 1996.)
 Becomes "of unsound mind".
 Pledges allegiance to a foreign power after their election. This does not apply to members who are already dual citizens at the time of their election, unlike the equivalent section in the Federal Constitution.
 Fails to attend the House for one entire session without the permission of the House. The last time this caused a by-election was in 1915 when Joseph Gardiner, the Labor member for Roebourne, disappeared, necessitating a by-election in which an Opposition candidate was victorious, wiping out the Government's one-seat majority.

Additional reasons not within Section 38 include death, resignation, or the voiding of results by a Court of Disputed Returns. The last time a by-election took place for this reason was in 1983, when Gavan Troy, the Labor candidate, narrowly defeated incumbent Liberal member Tom Herzfeld in Mundaring. The seat was won by Troy by a larger margin at the resulting by-election.

Ministerial by-elections
Until a constitutional amendment in 1947, it was necessary for members who were appointed as a Minister to resign their seat and contest their seat at a ministerial by-election. This was because the Ministers became members of the Executive Council, which reported to the Governor of Western Australia and was therefore deemed an "office of profit" under the Crown. Most ministerial by-elections were a formality with the Minister being re-elected unopposed, but on two occasions, in 1901 and 1917, Ministers were defeated at the by-elections, in the former case directly causing the fall of the Morgans Ministry.

List of Legislative Assembly by-elections

2020–2029

2010–2019

2000–2009

1990–1999

  The Independent member for Ashburton, Pam Buchanan, was elected at the 1989 state election as a member of the Labor Party, but resigned on 1 February 1991 to sit as an Independent. As such, the 1992 by-election is noted as a retain for Labor.

1980–1989

1970–1979

1960–1969

1950–1959

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

1940–1949

 At the 1943 election, the Labor candidate for Greenough, John Newton, a farmer from Mingenew who had enlisted in the RAAF as a Flight Lieutenant in 1941 and left for the United Kingdom in 1942, unexpectedly defeated the sitting Country member, William Patrick. On 14 January 1944, he was reported missing after a raid on Germany. On 31 July 1945, a panel of members was appointed to enquire whether a vacancy existed, and on 27 September 1945, the seat was declared vacant. At the resulting by-election on 27 October 1945, Liberal candidate David Brand was successful, becoming the first person to win an Australian election under the new Liberal banner.

1930–1939

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

1920–1929

  Simons had been elected as a Labor member in the 1921 state election, but had resigned to sit as an independent and subsequently joined the Nationalist Party. He was a candidate in the by-election, but was defeated.
† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

1910–1919

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.
 The Labor member for Brown Hill-Ivanhoe and former Premier, John Scaddan, resigned from his seat on 8 August 1916 in order to contest the Canning ministerial by-election against new minister Robert Robinson. On 19 August 1916, Labor candidate John Lutey was elected unopposed to fill the vacancy. However, upon Scaddan's narrow loss in Canning, Lutey resigned from the seat on 15 September 1916 before being sworn in to allow Scaddan to regain his seat, which he did at the resulting by-election on 7 October 1916 against two minor-party candidates. In March 1917, Scaddan and several others left the Labor Party and joined the new National Labor Party. This party formed a coalition with the Nationalists who, under Premier Sir Henry Lefroy, formed a Ministry on 28 June 1917. Scaddan was appointed Minister for Railways, and had to contest a ministerial by-election. John Lutey won the seat at the by-election on 21 July 1917.
 On 18 December 1915, the Labor member for Williams-Narrogin, Bertie Johnston, resigned from the Labor Party and from Parliament. He was returned unopposed as an Independent at the close of nominations for the resulting by-election on 9 January 1916. In mid-1917, he joined the Country Party.

1900–1909

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

1890–1899

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.
†† This was the date which the writ was issued – the date of the event which caused the by-election is unknown.

Ministerial by-elections
The following Ministers had to resign their seats and recontest them at a ministerial by-election. Most were unopposed; these are noted in italics in the table.

List of Legislative Council vacancies

Notes

References
 By-elections in Western Australia (Parliamentary Library)

Western Australia

Elections, state by-elections


Datansha Island () is an island at the west of the central district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It has a total area of 4.4 square kilometres.

Administration
The island was administrated by Baiyun District, but it is administered by Liwan District after 2002.

Economy
The island has been an industrial area in the district, but it is being planned to develop to an economic zone of Bai'etan () region.

Transportation
There are two metro stations in Datansha, Tanwei Station and Hesha Station.

References

Islands of Guangzhou
Liwan District


Paul Levi (22 August 1919 – 5 August 2008) was a German-born picture framer.

Background
Levi played a pivotal role in the transformation of picture framing in the decades following the Second World War and created a wide range of frames based on historic styles for public and private patrons, including a number of the greatest art collections of Europe and North America.

Early life
Levi was born in Leipzig on 22 August 1919, the only son of the mathematician Friedrich Levi. In 1935 his father, who was of Jewish ancestry, was prevented from teaching in Germany and left for India. Levi was sent to Blundell's School in Devon where he developed his interest in carving and architecture, winning a BBC schools' prize for sculpture.

As a German national Levi was interned on the Isle of Man following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940. Whilst interned he became friendly with others in the same situation, including Johannes Wilde (later deputy director of the Courtauld Institute), Max Perutz (the molecular biologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1962) and the mathematician Sir Hermann Bondi.

He was subsequently sent to Canada before being returned to England and set to work as an agricultural labourer in East Anglia.

Post war
After the war Levi met the artist and frame-maker F.A. Pollak and subsequently began to collect examples of antique frames. He later recognised that 16th-century Dutch frames could be dated precisely from the profiles of their mouldings when compared to a sequence of fixed points provided by dated paintings retaining their original frames. This systematic approach was to form the basis for Levi's subsequent career, and in 1950 he set up his own workshop.

The intellectual approach adopted by Levi was unusual at that time, given that the Modern movement was increasingly dominating public museums and galleries (for example Franco Albini's 1950 decision to remove the frames from the Old Master paintings in the Palazzo Bianco and display them against white walls). However, collectors such as Antoine Seilern and Sir Brinsley Ford kept to traditional values and employed Levi regularly. Few public collections followed their examples until the late 1970s.

It was Levi who first reconstructed the machine needed to recreate the black ripple moulding frames for reframing of Dutch 17th-century paintings. One of Levi's greatest successes after his retirement, and in collaboration with William Adair, was the identification of the 11 paintings needed to reassemble Filippo Mazzola’s polyptych that formed the altarpiece in the church of S Maria delle Grazie at Cortemaggiore. Levi had purchased the frame in 1967 and his role in and generosity in donating it were recognised in 2003 when he was awarded the rank of Cavaliere.

Levi married Paula Fuchs in 1951, he had three sons and two daughters and died in Reading.

Sources
Obituary - Paul Levi, The Independent, 31 December 2008
Part 1, A 500-year-old frame returns home, William B Adair, Picture Framing Magazine, August 2003
Part 2, A 500-year-old frame returns home, William B Adair, Picture Framing Magazine, September 2003
Adams, Lorraine, 'Restoration leads to Historical Reunion', The Washington Post, 24 October 2002

1919 births
2008 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
People from Leipzig


Pedro Juan Febles González  (18 April 1958 – 14 December 2011) was a Venezuelan football player and manager.

Club career
Febles played for Deportivo Galicia, Atlético San Cristóbal and C.S. Marítimo de Venezuela.

International career
Febles made 25 appearances for the senior Venezuela national football team from 1979 to 1989, including participation in the 1979 Copa América, 1983 Copa América and 1989 Copa América.

He also competed for Venezuela at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union, where the team was eliminated after the preliminary round.

Manager
Febles was a successful coach for Caracas FC winning the league during the 87-88 season. He also coached Deportivo Italia and the Venezuela National Team under-14 with Augusto Visa as an assistant coach. Many of his player from that National Team went on to play professional in the Venezuelan League, some of them such as: Alejandro Iglesias, Arnold Rivera, Pablo Rosas, Edwin Quilaguri, Pedro Millan and German Yumar.

Personal
Febles died at age 52 on 14 December 2011.

References

1958 births
2011 deaths
Footballers from Caracas
Venezuelan men's footballers
Venezuela men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Venezuela
1979 Copa América players
1983 Copa América players
1989 Copa América players
Deportivo Italia players
C.S. Marítimo de Venezuela players
Venezuelan football managers
Caracas FC managers
Deportivo Italia managers
Men's association football forwards
Mineros de Guayana managers
Deportivo La Guaira managers
Deportivo Miranda F.C. managers


Central Falls School District is a school district headquartered in Central Falls, Rhode Island, United States. It serves the City of Central Falls.

History
The school district fired all teachers at Central Falls High School when they declined to spend 25 minutes more per day as part of remediating deficiencies under the No Child Left Behind Act. The school had been identified as one of the worst in the state. The teachers union sued the school district challenging the requirement that teachers must reapply for their jobs.

In accordance with NCLB legislation, schools deemed failing have four options to follow for restructuring. The teachers' union refused to accept to work 25 minutes of extra time under the "transforming model", so the superintendent went ahead and chose the "turnaround model", which requires a district to fire the entire staff (teachers and administrators). They may rehire up to 50% of the teachers for the beginning of the next school year. The school has a graduation rate of around 50%, and 7% of 11th-graders were proficient in math in 2009. This school had been identified as one of the worst in the state. The teachers union sued the school district challenging the requirement that teachers must reapply for their jobs. The Obama administration sided with the school board. In May 2010, the teachers were rehired when they agreed to work the extra time required.

Schools

Secondary schools

 Central Falls High School
 Calcutt Middle School

Primary schools
Elementary school
 Alan Shawn Feinstein Elementary School
 Ella Risk Elementary School
 Margaret Robertson Elementary School
 Veterans Memorial Elementary School
PreK-kindergarten
 Captain G. Harold Hunt School

References

External links

School districts in Rhode Island
Education in Providence County, Rhode Island


Reunion Sports Group was an investor group which owned the former United League Baseball, an independent baseball league started in 2005.  Owned by league co-founders John Bryant and Byron Pierce, who had left the original ownership group a few years back and then purchased the league out of bankruptcy in 2009, Reunion owned all of the franchises of United League Baseball, including the Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings, Amarillo Dillas, San Angelo Colts, Laredo Broncos, Edinburg Roadrunners, and Coastal Bend Thunder.  The group was also part of a partnership to build a proposed 10,000 seat baseball stadium to house an expansion team to begin play in 2010 in Dallas, Texas but this proposal never came to fruition.

United League Baseball
Entertainment companies of the United States


Laspra is one of the eight parishes in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The main town of the parish is Piedras Blancas, the capital of the municipality.

References

Parishes in Castrillón


"Hold The Line" is a pop song performed by German singer Jeanette. The song was written by Frank Johnes, Bodybrain and Wonderbra, and produced by Tom Remm and Frank Kretschmer for Jeanette's fourth album Break On Through (2003). It was released as a single on 28 June 2004 in Germany.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Hold the Line".

CD single
(602498673737; Released )
"Hold the Line" (Radio edit) – 3:49
"Hold the Line" (Acoustic mix) – 3:40
"Himalaya" – 4:05
"Hold the Line" (Karaoke version) – 3:49
"No Eternity" (Acoustic version) – 3:44
"Hold the Line" music video

Charts

References

External links
Official website

2004 singles
2003 songs
Jeanette Biedermann songs
Songs written by Kristina Bach


Bayas is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Population
It has a population of 96 inhabitants (INE 2011) in 63 households.

Location
Bayas occupies an area of 6.25 km ². It is located in the northwest of the council, 8 km from the capital, Piedras Blancas. It is bordered on the north by the Cantabrian Sea, on the east by the parish of Naveces, on the south by Santiago del Monte, and on the west by the municipality of Soto del Barco.

Within the parish, there is the natural monument of the island of La Deva and the Bayas beach area.

Populations
According to the 2009 list, the parish is formed by the following populations:

Bayas (village) 43.576171°, - 6.024933°: 43 inhabitants.
Infiesta (locale) 43.569402° - 6.020905°: 34 inhabitants.
Muniellas (El Camín de Muniellas in Asturian) (locale): 0 inhabitants.
Navalón (locale) 43.572503° - 6.030425°: 32 inhabitants.
El Pino (El Pinu) (locale): 0 inhabitants.
El Plano (El Planu) (locale): 0 inhabitants.
La Roza (L'Arandona) (locale): 14 inhabitants.
El Sablón (El Camín de Sablón) (locale): 0 inhabitants.

Meanwhile, the village of Bayas is divided into the following districts:
El Cueto 43.577747° - 6.020833°: 29 inhabitants.
La Pedrera: 2 inhabitants.
El Padrón: 12 inhabitants.

References

Parishes in Castrillón


Naveces is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 570(INE 2011).

References

Parishes in Castrillón


Fiat money is a type of currency that is not backed by a commodity, such as gold or silver. It is typically designated by the issuing government to be legal tender, and is authorized by government regulation. Since the end of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the major currencies in the world are fiat money.

Fiat money generally does not have intrinsic value and does not have use value. It has value only because the individuals who use it as a unit of account or, in the case of currency, a medium of exchange agree on its value. They trust that it will be accepted by merchants and other people as a means of payment for liabilities.

Fiat money is an alternative to commodity money, which is a currency that has intrinsic value because it contains, for example, a precious metal such as gold or silver which is embedded in the coin. Fiat also differs from representative money, which is money that has intrinsic value because it is backed by and can be converted into a precious metal or another commodity. Fiat money can look similar to representative money (such as paper bills), but the former has no backing, while the latter represents a claim on a commodity (which can be redeemed to a greater or lesser extent).

Government-issued fiat money banknotes were used first during the 13th century in China. Fiat money started to predominate during the 20th century. Since President Richard Nixon's decision to suspend US dollar convertibility to gold in 1971, a system of national fiat currencies has been used globally.

Fiat money can be:
 Any money that is not backed by a commodity.
 Money declared by a person, institution or government to be legal tender, meaning that it must be accepted in payment of a debt in specific circumstances.
 State-issued money which is neither convertible through a central bank to anything else nor fixed in value in terms of any objective standard.
 Money used because of government decree.
 An otherwise non-valuable object that serves as a medium of exchange (also known as fiduciary money).

The term fiat derives from the Latin word , meaning "let it be done" used in the sense of an order, decree or resolution.

Treatment in economics

In monetary economics, fiat money is an intrinsically valueless object or record that is accepted widely as a means of payment. Accordingly, the value of fiat money is greater than the value of its metal or paper content.

One justification for fiat money comes from a micro-founded model.  In most economic models, agents are intrinsically happier when they have more money.  In a model by Lagos and Wright, fiat money doesn't have an intrinsic worth but agents get more of the goods they want when they trade assuming fiat money is valuable.  Fiat money's value is created internally by the community and, at equilibrium, makes otherwise infeasible trades possible.

Another mathematical model that explains the value of fiat money comes from game theory.  In a game where agents produce and trade objects, there can be multiple Nash equilibria where agents settle on stable behavior.  In a model by Kiyotaki and Wright, an object with no intrinsic worth can have value during trade in one (or more) of the Nash Equilibria.

History

China
China has a long history with paper money, beginning in the 7th century CE. During the 11th century, the government established a monopoly on its issuance, and about the end of the 12th century, convertibility was suspended. The use of such money became widespread during the subsequent Yuan and Ming dynasties.

The Song Dynasty in China was the first to issue paper money, jiaozi, about the 10th century CE. Although the notes were valued at a certain exchange rate for gold, silver, or silk, conversion was never allowed in practice. The notes were initially to be redeemed after three years' service, to be replaced by new notes for a 3% service charge, but, as more of them were printed without notes being retired, inflation became evident. The government made several attempts to maintain the value of the paper money by demanding taxes partly in currency and making other laws, but the damage had been done, and the notes became disfavored.

The succeeding Yuan Dynasty was the first dynasty of China to use paper currency as the predominant circulating medium. The founder of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, issued paper money known as Jiaochao during his reign. The original notes during the Yuan Dynasty were restricted in area and duration as in the Song Dynasty.

During the 13th century, Marco Polo described the fiat money of the Yuan Dynasty in his book The Travels of Marco Polo:

Europe

Washington Irving records an emergency use of paper money by the Spanish for a siege during the Conquest of Granada (1482–1492). In 1661, Johan Palmstruch issued the first regular paper money in the West, by royal charter from the Kingdom of Sweden, through a new institution, the Bank of Stockholm. While this private paper currency was largely a failure, the Swedish parliament eventually assumed control of the issue of paper money in the country.  By 1745, its paper money was inconvertible to specie, but acceptance was mandated by the government. This fiat currency depreciated so rapidly that by 1776 it was returned to a silver standard. Fiat money also has other beginnings in 17th-century Europe, having been introduced by the Bank of Amsterdam in 1683.

New France 1685–1770

In 17th century New France, now part of Canada, the universally accepted medium of exchange was the beaver pelt. As the colony expanded, coins from France came to be used widely, but there was usually a shortage of French coins. In 1685, the colonial authorities in New France found themselves seriously short of money. A military expedition against the Iroquois had gone badly and tax revenues were down, reducing government money reserves. Typically, when short of funds, the government would simply delay paying merchants for purchases, but it was not safe to delay payment to soldiers due to the risk of mutiny.

Jacques de Meulles, the Intendant of Finance, conceived an ingenious ad hoc solution – the temporary issuance of paper money to pay the soldiers, in the form of playing cards. He confiscated all the playing cards in the colony, had them cut into pieces, wrote denominations on the pieces, signed them, and issued them to the soldiers as pay in lieu of gold and silver. Because of the chronic shortages of money of all types in the colonies, these cards were accepted readily by merchants and the public and circulated freely at face value. It was intended to be purely a temporary expedient, and it was not until years later that its role as a medium of exchange was recognized. The first issue of playing card money occurred during June 1685 and was redeemed three months later. However, the shortages of coinage reoccurred and more issues of card money were made during subsequent years.  Because of their wide acceptance as money and the general shortage of money in the colony, many of the playing cards were not redeemed but continued to circulate, acting as a useful substitute for scarce gold and silver coins from France. Eventually, the Governor of New France acknowledged their useful role as a circulating medium of exchange.

As the finances of the French government deteriorated because of European wars, it reduced its financial assistance to its colonies, so the colonial authorities in Canada relied more and more on card money. By 1757, the government had discontinued all payments in coin and payments were made in paper instead. In an application of Gresham’s Law – bad money drives out good – people hoarded gold and silver, and used paper money instead. The costs of the Seven Years' War resulted in rapid inflation in New France. After the British conquest in 1760, the paper money became almost worthless, but business did not end because gold and silver that had been hoarded came back into circulation. By the Treaty of Paris (1763), the French government agreed to convert the outstanding card money into debentures, but with the French government essentially bankrupt, these bonds were defaulted and by 1771 they were worthless.

The Royal Canadian Mint still issues Playing Card Money in commemoration of its history, but now in 92.5% silver form with gold plate on the edge. It therefore has an intrinsic value which considerably exceeds its fiat value. The Bank of Canada and Canadian economists often use this early form of paper currency to illustrate the true nature of money for Canadians.

18th and 19th century

An early form of fiat currency in the American Colonies was "bills of credit." Provincial governments produced notes which were fiat currency, with the promise to allow holders to pay taxes with those notes. The notes were issued to pay current obligations and could be used for taxes levied at a later time.
Since the notes were denominated in the local unit of account, they were circulated from person to person in non-tax transactions. These types of notes were issued particularly in Pennsylvania, Virginia and Massachusetts. Such money was sold at a discount of silver, which the government would then spend, and would expire at a fixed date later.

Bills of credit have generated some controversy from their inception. Those who have wanted to emphasize the dangers of inflation have emphasized the colonies where the bills of credit depreciated most dramatically: New England and the Carolinas. Those who have wanted to defend the use of bills of credit in the colonies have emphasized the middle colonies, where inflation was practically nonexistent.

Colonial powers consciously introduced fiat currencies backed by taxes (e.g., hut taxes or poll taxes) to mobilise economic resources in their new possessions, at least as a transitional arrangement. The purpose of such taxes was later served by property taxes. The repeated cycle of deflationary hard money, followed by inflationary paper money continued through much of the 18th and 19th centuries. Often nations would have dual currencies, with paper trading at some discount to money which represented specie.

Examples include the “Continental” bills issued by the U.S. Congress before the United States Constitution; paper versus gold ducats in Napoleonic era Vienna, where paper often traded at 100:1 against gold; the South Sea Bubble, which produced bank notes not representing sufficient reserves; and the Mississippi Company scheme of John Law.

During the American Civil War, the Federal Government issued United States Notes, a form of paper fiat currency known popularly as 'greenbacks'. Their issue was limited by Congress at slightly more than $340 million. During the 1870s, withdrawal of the notes from circulation was opposed by the United States Greenback Party. It was termed 'fiat money' in an 1878 party convention.

20th century
After World War I, governments and banks generally still promised to convert notes and coins into their nominal commodity (redemption by specie, typically gold) on demand. However, the costs of the war and the required repairs and economic growth based on government borrowing afterward made governments suspend redemption by specie. Some governments were careful of avoiding sovereign default but not wary of the consequences of paying debts by consigning newly printed cash not associated with a metal standard to their creditors, which resulted in hyperinflation – for example the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic.

From 1944 to 1971, the Bretton Woods agreement fixed the value of 35 United States dollars to one troy ounce of gold.  Other currencies were calibrated with the U.S. dollar at fixed rates. The U.S. promised to redeem dollars with gold transferred to other national banks. Trade imbalances were corrected by gold reserve exchanges or by loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The Bretton Woods system was ended by what became known as the Nixon shock, a series of economic changes by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971. These changes included unilaterally canceling the direct convertibility of the United States dollar to gold.  Since then, a system of national fiat monies has been used globally, with variable exchange rates between the major currencies.

Precious metal coinage
During the 1960s, production of silver coins for circulation ceased when the face value of the coin was less than the cost of the precious metal it contained (whereas it had been greater historically). In the United States, the Coinage Act of 1965 eliminated silver from circulating dimes and quarter dollars, and most other countries did the same with their coins. The Canadian penny, which was mostly copper until 1996, was removed from circulation altogether during the autumn of 2012 due to the cost of production relative to face value.

In 2007, the Royal Canadian Mint produced a million dollar gold bullion coin and sold five of them. In 2015, the gold in the coins was worth more than 3.5 times the face value.

Money creation and regulation

A central bank introduces new money into an economy by purchasing financial assets or lending money to financial institutions. Commercial banks then redeploy or repurpose this base money by credit creation through fractional reserve banking, which expands the total supply of "broad money" (cash plus demand deposits).

In modern economies, relatively little of the supply of broad money is physical currency. For example, in December 2010 in the U.S., of the $8,853.4 billion of broad money supply (M2), only $915.7 billion (about 10%) consisted of physical coins and paper money. The manufacturing of new physical money is usually the responsibility of the national bank, or sometimes, the government's treasury.

The Bank for International Settlements published a detailed review of payment system developments in the Group of Ten (G10) countries in 1985, in the first of a series that has become known as "red books". Currently the red books cover the participating countries on Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI). A red book summary of the value of banknotes and coins in circulation is shown in the table below where the local currency is converted to US dollars using the end of the year rates. The value of this physical currency as a percentage of GDP ranges from a maximum of 19.4% in Japan to a minimum of 1.7% in Sweden with the overall average for all countries in the table being 8.9% (7.9% for the US).

The most notable currency not included in this table is the Chinese yuan, for which the statistics are listed as "not available".

Inflation

The adoption of fiat currency by many countries, from the 18th century onwards, made much larger variations in the supply of money possible. Since then, huge increases in the supply of paper money have occurred in a number of countries, producing hyperinflations – episodes of extreme inflation rates much greater than those observed during earlier periods of commodity money. The hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic of Germany is a notable example.

Economists generally believe that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply. Presently, most economists favor a small and steady rate of inflation. Small (as opposed to zero or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly to a recession, and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap (a reluctance to lend money due to low rates of interest) prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy. However, money supply growth does not always cause nominal increases of price. Money supply growth may instead result in stable prices at a time in which they would otherwise be decreasing. Some economists maintain that with the conditions of a liquidity trap, large monetary injections are like "pushing on a string".

The task of keeping the rate of inflation small and stable is usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the national banks that control monetary policy by the setting of interest rates, by open market operations, and by the setting of banking reserve requirements.

Loss of backing
A fiat-money currency greatly loses its value should the issuing government or central bank either lose the ability to, or refuse to, continue to guarantee its value. The usual consequence is hyperinflation. Some examples of this are the Zimbabwean dollar, China's money during 1945 and the Weimar Republic's mark during 1923. A more recent example is the currency instability in Venezuela that began in 2016 during the country's ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis.

This need not necessarily occur, especially if a currency continues to be the most easily available; for example, the pre-1990 Iraqi dinar continued to retain value in the Kurdistan Regional Government even after its legal tender status was ended by the Iraqi government which issued the notes.

See also

 Criticism of the Federal Reserve
 Cryptocurrency
 Debasement
 Fractional-reserve banking
 Hard currency
 Hyperinflation
 Inflation hedge
 Modern monetary theory
 Money creation
 Money supply
 Network effect
 Seigniorage
 Silver coin
 Silver standard

Notes

References

Currency
Monetary reform
Numismatics


"No Eternity" is a song by German recording artist Jeanette. It was written by Frank Johnes, Jeanette, Bodybrain and Wonderbra, and produced by Tom Remm and Frank Kretschmer for Jeanette's fourth album Break On Through (2003). It was released as a single on 8 March 2004 in Germany.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "No Eternity".

CD single
(602498180730; Released )
"No Eternity" – 3:39
"No Eternity" (Extended mix) – 3:57
"No Eternity" (Karaoke version) – 3:38
"Rockin' on Heavens Floor" (Live acoustic version) – 4:20
"Mystery" – 3:39

Personnel
The following people contributed to "No Eternity":

Jeanette – vocals
Frank Kretschmer – production, drums, keyboards
Tom Remm – production
Jörg Weisselberg – guitar
Chris Wirsching, René Schostak – drums, keyboards

Charts

References

External links
Official website

2004 singles
Jeanette Biedermann songs
Songs written by Jeanette Biedermann
2003 songs
Universal Music Group singles
Songs written by Kristina Bach


"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" (originally "One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer") is a blues song written by Rudy Toombs and recorded by Amos Milburn in 1953. It is one of several drinking songs recorded by Milburn in the early 1950s that placed in the top ten of the Billboard R&B chart.  Other artists released popular recordings of the song, including John Lee Hooker in 1966 and George Thorogood in 1977.

Original song
"One Scotch, One Bourbon, One Beer" is one of Amos Milburn's popular alcohol-themed songs, that included "Bad, Bad Whiskey" (1950), "Thinking and Drinking" (1952), "Let Me Go Home, Whiskey" (1953), and "Good, Good Whiskey" (1954). Written by Rudy Toombs, is a mid-tempo song, sometimes described as a jump blues. Milburn recorded the song on June 30, 1953, at Audio-Video Recording studios in New York City.

The lyrics tell the story of a man who is "in a bar at closing time trying to get enough booze down his neck to forget that his girlfriend's gone AWOL, harassing a tired, bored bartender who simply wants to close up and go home into serving just one more round". The song's refrain includes:

Released as a single by Aladdin Records, the performers are listed as "Amos Milburn and His Aladdin Chickenshackers" after his first number one single "Chicken Shack Boogie". It became Milburn's second-to-last appearance on the record charts, when the single reached number two on the Billboard R&B chart during a fourteen-week stay in 1953.

Subsequently, when Milburn performed at clubs, he "incorporated three shot glasses lined up across the top of his piano [which] were filled more often than they should have been by obliging fans or by Milburn himself".  Several of Milburn's contemporaries commented on his indulgence; Milburn added "I practiced what I preached". The song is included on several Milburn anthologies, such as Down the Road Apiece: The Best of Amos Milburn (1994, EMI America) and Blues, Barrelhouse & Boogie Woogie: The Best of Amos Milburn (1996, Capitol Records).

John Lee Hooker
In 1966, John Lee Hooker recorded the song as "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer". It is often identified as an adaptation or cover of the Toombs/Milburn song.  However, biographer Charles Shaar Murray, while acknowledging Hooker's song is "derived from Amos Milburn's [song]", believes Hooker made the song his own as he had done in adapting several other earlier popular tunes. Murray calls the process "Hookerization", in which Hooker made it "into a vehicle for himself [but] edited the verse down to its essentials, filled in the gaps with narrative and dialogue, and set the whole thing to a rocking cross between South Side shuffle and signature boogie". Hooker's opening verse is more insistent than Toombs:

He then adds a narrative:

Hooker's song is notated as a medium tempo blues with an irregular number of bars in 4/4 time in the key of E.  It was recorded in Chicago in 1966 with Hooker on vocal and guitar, guitarist Eddie "Guitar" Burns, and unknown accompanists.  The song was released on the Chess Records album The Real Folk Blues (1966). A live version with Muddy Waters' band recorded at the Cafe Au Go Go on August 30, 1966, has been described as "dark, slow, swampy-deep, and the degree of emotional rapport between Hooker and the band (particularly Otis Spann) [is] nothing less than extraordinary".

George Thorogood
George Thorogood recorded "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" for his 1977 debut album, George Thorogood and the Destroyers.  His version is a medley in which Hooker's version of this song is preceded by another Hooker song, "House Rent Boogie", which serves as a backstory to explain the singer's situation. According to Hooker, "He [Thorogood] told me he was gonna do that [and] I said, 'Okay, go ahead'".  Live recordings of the medley are included on Live (1986). and 30th Anniversary Tour: Live (2004).

References

Bibliography

1953 songs
Blues songs
1953 singles
Songs written by Rudy Toombs
John Lee Hooker songs
George Thorogood songs
Songs about alcohol
Aladdin Records singles


World Series Baseball '95 is a traditional baseball simulation video game by Sega.  It was released in 1995 for the Game Gear and Sega Genesis, as well as a 32X version sold as World Series Baseball Starring Deion Sanders. In Japan, the game features Hideo Nomo on the cover and is called Nomo's World Series Baseball in English and Nomo Hideo no World Series Baseball in Japanese.

Gameplay
The game allows players to put teams involved in the 1994 Major League Baseball season in either exhibition, regular season, or playoff mode.

This video game also permits the player to create two customized teams with their choice of their favorite players (no luxury taxes unlike the modern baseball games). At the conclusion of the regular season there are awards given out for MVP, along with the Cy Young Award, the Triple Crown, amongst other awards that are dependent on regular season statistics. Also, players are selected to the All-Star Game purely based on statistics from the first half of the regular season. Unlocking a code allows a fictional team in exhibition mode. The players are asked how many innings they want to play and if they need a designated hitter prior to starting the game among other options like an optional digitized voice (for all the umpire's decisions) and the way that the game is viewed (front or back).

Reception
World Series Baseball '95 was met with critical acclaim. Quick-Draw McGraw of GamePro applauded the Game Gear version for having "a ton of options that're usually seen only on 16-bit systems." He criticized the music and the limited vocabulary of the digitized voice, but nonetheless decreed it "one of the premiere sports games on the Game Gear." Writing for the same publication, Bacon was similarly enthusiastic about the Genesis version, citing the added modes and improved graphics over the original World Series Baseball. Electronic Gaming Monthly also gave the Genesis version a rave review, commenting that "The best baseball game of all time has been made better." Both their sports reviewers gave it a 9 out of 10. A reviewer for Next Generation similarly said that "The first WSB was the best baseball game of '94 and the '95 version looks even better." Particularly praising the comprehensive modes and content and the new multiplayer leagues, he gave it four out of five stars.

For the 32X version, Next Generation reviewed the 32X version of the game, rating it five stars out of five, and stated, "World Series '95 for the 32X isn't much better than its 16-bit counterpart, but it's easily the best baseball game available. This one won't disappoint."  GamePro, however, criticized the release as being minimally improving over the Genesis version.

See also

 World Series Baseball '96

References

1994 video games
BlueSky Software games
Game Gear games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sega 32X games
Sega Genesis games
Sega video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Sam Powell
World Series Baseball video games


Pillarno (Asturian: Piarnu) is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 791 (INE 2005).

References

Parishes in Castrillón


Quiloño is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

References

Parishes in Castrillón


Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan (1824 – 7 October 1855) was the 12th and last Nawab of the Carnatic. He reigned from 1825 to 1855. He belonged to the Second Dynasty.

Early life

Ghouse Khan was born to the Azam Jah, the eleventh Nawab of the Carnatic in about 1824. His father died when he was one year old. In 1825, Ghouse Khan was proclaimed king with his uncle Azim Jah as regent.

Reign

In 1825, Ghouse Khan was proclaimed king with Azim Jah as regent. He ruled from 1825 to 1842. Azim Jah served as regent to the young king from 1825 till 1842 when Ghouse Khan was formally installed as the Nawab of the Carnatic by Viceroy Lord Elphinstone.

During his reign, Ghouse Khan established the Muhammadan Public Library in Madras and a choultry called Langar Khana. The Langar Khana now houses the Muslim Widows Association.

Death

Ghouse Khan died in 1855 at the age of 31. He did not leave behind any male heir. The candidatures of Ghouse Khan's uncle Azim Jah, the only possible successor to the throne were set aside and the kingdom was formally annexed by the British East India Company as per the Doctrine of Lapse.

References

19th-century Indian Muslims
1855 deaths
1824 births
Nawabs of India


Priscilla Alden Morrill (June 4, 1927 – November 9, 1994) was an American actress. She is best known for playing Edie Grant on the sitcom The Mary Tyler Moore Show in 1973 and 1975.

Career

Born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Morrill attended the Carnegie Institute before making her stage debut opposite John Carradine in Julius Caesar. She made her Broadway debut in The Relapse with Cyril Ritchard.

Morrill's first television performance was on the Outer Limits episode "The Man with the Power" in 1963.  She was a frequent guest star on numerous television series and in television movies. Morrill had recurring roles on Family, Bret Maverick, Santa Barbara, “The Mary Tyler Moore Show” and Newhart. Jean Stapleton stated in an interview for the Archive of American Television that Morrill was the stand-in for her in the ninth-season episode of All in the Family, "A Girl Like Edith", in which Stapleton had a dual role.

In addition to guest-starring roles, she also co-starred in two short-lived series: In the Beginning starring McLean Stevenson, and Baby Makes Five starring Peter Scolari. Morrill made a guest appearance in MacGyver, in the season two episode "D.O.A.: MacGyver" as Helen Wilson. She made her final onscreen appearance on an episode of Coach in 1992.

Death
On November 9, 1994, Morrill died of complications of a kidney infection at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles at the age of 67. She was survived by her husband, Paul Bryson, to whom she had been married since 1954. The couple had lived in Port Hueneme, California. She was cremated and her ashes scattered at sea.

Selected filmography

References

External links

1927 births
1994 deaths
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Boston
Deaths from kidney disease
Infectious disease deaths in California
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers


Salinas  is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 4,635 (INE 2006).

Salinas is a seaside resort and is the second most populated municipality behind Piedras Blancas, which is located just 2 km away.

It has one of the longest beaches in Asturias, which is divided into 3 parts: Salinas, The Espartal and San Juan.

Salinas is visited by hundreds of tourists every year. Most of them come from Madrid, seeking a cooler summer.

Culture
The Philippe Cousteau Anchor Museum is located in Salinas on La Peñon peninsula near the Arnao tunnel.

References

Parishes in Castrillón


In mathematical logic, true arithmetic is the set of all true first-order statements about the arithmetic of natural numbers. This is the theory associated with the standard model of the Peano axioms in the language of the first-order Peano axioms.
True arithmetic is occasionally called Skolem arithmetic, though this term usually refers to the different theory of natural numbers with multiplication.

Definition

The signature of Peano arithmetic includes the addition, multiplication, and successor function symbols, the equality and less-than relation symbols, and a constant symbol for 0. The (well-formed) formulas of the language of first-order arithmetic are built up from these symbols together with the logical symbols in the usual manner of first-order logic.

The structure  is defined to be a model of Peano arithmetic as follows.
 The domain of discourse is the set  of natural numbers,
 The symbol 0 is interpreted as the number 0,
 The function symbols are interpreted as the usual arithmetical operations on ,
 The equality and less-than relation symbols are interpreted as the usual equality and order relation on .
This structure is known as the standard model or intended interpretation of first-order arithmetic.

A sentence in the language of first-order arithmetic is said to be true in  if it is true in the structure just defined. The notation  is used to indicate that the sentence  is true in

True arithmetic is defined to be the set of all sentences in the language of first-order arithmetic that are true in , written . This set is, equivalently, the (complete) theory of the structure .

Arithmetic undefinability

The central result on true arithmetic is the undefinability theorem of Alfred Tarski (1936). It states that
the set  is not arithmetically definable. This means that there is no formula  in the language of first-order arithmetic such that, for every sentence θ in this language,

Here  is the numeral of the canonical Gödel number of the sentence θ.

Post's theorem is a sharper version of the undefinability theorem that shows a relationship between the definability of  and the Turing degrees, using the arithmetical hierarchy. For each natural number n, let   be the subset of  consisting of only sentences that are  or lower in the arithmetical hierarchy. Post's theorem shows that, for each n,  is arithmetically definable, but only by a formula of complexity higher than . Thus no single formula can define , because

but no single formula can define  for arbitrarily large n.

Computability properties

As discussed above,  is not arithmetically definable, by Tarski's theorem. A corollary of Post's theorem establishes that the Turing degree of  is 0(ω), and so   is not decidable nor recursively enumerable.

 is closely related to the theory  of the recursively enumerable Turing degrees, in the signature of partial orders. In particular, there are computable functions S and T such that:
 For each sentence φ in the signature of first-order arithmetic, φ is in   if and only if S(φ) is in .
 For each sentence ψ in the signature of partial orders, ψ is in   if and only if T(ψ) is in  .

Model-theoretic properties

True arithmetic is an unstable theory, and so has  models for each uncountable cardinal .  As there are continuum many types over the empty set, true arithmetic also has   countable models.  Since the theory is complete, all of its models are elementarily equivalent.

True theory of second-order arithmetic

The true theory of second-order arithmetic consists of all the sentences in the language of second-order arithmetic that are satisfied by the standard model of second-order arithmetic, whose first-order part is the structure  and whose second-order part consists of every subset of .

The true theory of first-order arithmetic, , is a subset of the true theory of second-order arithmetic, and  is definable in second-order arithmetic.  However, the generalization of Post's theorem to the analytical hierarchy shows that the true theory of second-order arithmetic is not definable by any single formula in second-order arithmetic.

 has shown that the true theory of second-order arithmetic is computably interpretable with the theory of the partial order of all Turing degrees, in the signature of partial orders, and vice versa.

Notes

References
 .
 .
 .

 Tarski, Alfred (1936), "Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den formalisierten Sprachen". An English translation "The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages" appears in

External links

Model theory
Formal theories of arithmetic


Soren Edsberg (born Søren Edsberg, 1945) was a Danish-born American painter. His work has been highly praised by Alexandre Cirici Pellicer.

He was the son of Knud Edsberg who was also a painter.  First Knud and then Soren joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in 1961.

Many of Edsberg's works are of farm animals.  He also made several abstract works, including ones in which he inscribed verses of scripture on the art work.  One of his more widely acclaimed works was entitled "The Course of Life".

Edsberg was married to Johnna, a convert to the LDS Church whom he met while she was studying at the Royal Academy of Music in Copenhagen.  They had seven children.

In 1987 Edsberg immigrated to the United States and became an adjunct professor at Brigham Young University.  He also was involved in producing videos for educational and medical purposes.  He also operated the Hope Gallery of art in Salt Lake City.  He also operated a branch of the gallery in Provo, Utah.

Edsberg died September 25th, 2021 of natural causes.

References

 askart entry
 Terryl L. Givens. People of Paradox: A History of Mormon Culture. (Oxford: University Press, 2007) p. 338.
 artnet listing
 Jan Underwood Pinborough, "Soren Edsberg: The Gospel Sets the Course of His Life", Tambuli, September 1987, p. 36.
 EU Art Museum bio
 Edsberg biography
 "Hope Gallery re-opens in historic downtown building", The Enterprise, October 29, 2007
 BYU newsnet article on Hope Gallery in Provo
 Doyle L. Green, "The Edsbergs: Father and Son", Ensign October 1975, p. 42
 Obituary for Soren Edsberg

Further reading

1945 births
Brigham Young University faculty
Converts to Mormonism
Danish artists
Danish emigrants to the United States
Danish Latter Day Saints
Latter Day Saint artists
Living people
Artists from Provo, Utah


James Whittington "Jimbo" Elrod (May 25, 1954 – December 12, 2016) was an American football linebacker who was an All-American at the University of Oklahoma and played professionally for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Houston Oilers of the National Football League.

Elrod graduated from East Central High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1972 and was a member of the National Championship football teams of 1974 and 1975.
Elrod earned consensus All-America honors in 1975, when he had 20 tackles for loss. His 44 tackles for loss led the career list at the University of Oklahoma until 2001 (it now stands as sixth-best all-time).

Elrod starred in the 1976 Orange Bowl a 14–6 victory over the University of Michigan that secured the Sooners a fifth national championship. The Oklahoma defense allowed only 202 total yards in the game. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 5th round (144th overall) of the 1976 NFL Draft where he played three seasons and in 1979 he played one season with the Oilers.

He earned a dual scholarship to the University of Oklahoma, where he was a member of the 1974 National Championship Wrestling team. Elrod earned a degree in public relations and business administration and after his NFL career he worked in the personal health care business and well as radio hosting and analysis.

Elrod later became a radio talk show host at KOKC (AM) 1520, the flagship station for the University of Oklahoma located in Oklahoma City.

Elrod was killed in a car accident on December 12, 2016.

References

1954 births
2016 deaths
All-American college football players
American football linebackers
Houston Oilers players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Oklahoma Sooners wrestlers
Players of American football from Memphis, Tennessee
Road incident deaths in Oklahoma


Dick Millman is the former CEO of Bell Helicopter.  He has resided in this position since 2007. Before Bell, Millman was president of Textron Systems following a 20-year career with Avco.

References

Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
Textron
Year of birth missing (living people)


Santa María del Mar (officially Santa María del Mar - El Puertu) is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

References

Parishes in Castrillón


Richard Millman may refer to:

 Dick Millman, CEO of Bell Helicopter
 Richard Millman (historian), American historian


Santiago del Monte is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Castrillón, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parish has a population of 209 (INE 2004).

References

Parishes in Castrillón


The Sony Ericsson T707 (also known as Sony Ericsson Equinox in the US) is a fashion-oriented mobile phone from Sony Ericsson. It was announced on 26 March 2009, in conjunction with tennis star Maria Sharapova.  The product was discontinued in January 2012.

It has a clamshell design, featuring a small 1.1” scratch-resistant, monochromatic OLED external screen (128 × 36 pixel) that’s built into the phone’s casing. The main screen is a 2.2” 240 × 320 pixel, 262k colour TFT. It comes in three colours; Mysterious Black, Spring Rose and Lucid Blue.

One of its lifestyle features is it enables users to personalise pulsating light settings depending on who is calling. It also features gesture control as you can wave your hand over the screen to trigger actions such as muting calls.

The T707 features a 3.2 MP rear-facing camera, which has an up to 3.2x digital zoom and can be used for video calls. It has an FM radio and supports Sony Ericsson standards such as motion gaming and the PlayNow download service for content such as music, games and ringtones.

In terms of software, it uses the Access NetFront web browser and enables photo, video and text blogging. There is direct access to YouTube and the ability to geo-tag photos to Google Maps as well.

GSM/GPRS standby time is up to 400 hours. Talk time is up to 10 hours. This is reduced to 4 hours for UMTS.

Features
 Quad-band GSM and 3G with HSDPA support
 3.15-megapixel camera with Cell-ID geotagging (digital zoom up to 3.2x)
 Video light
 2.2-inch 256K-color TFT display with 240 × 320 pixels resolution
 Secondary monochrome external display (36 × 128 pixels)
 Scratch-resistant surface for both displays
 Bluetooth stereo with A2DP
 Hot-swappable M2 card slot (up to 16 GB)
 FM radio with RDS
 Basic multi-tasking support
 Gesture control
 Light effects with 5 colors, assignable to contacts
 Smart dialing
 Threaded messaging
 Access NetFront
 Google Maps

References

External links
Sony Ericsson official website

T707
Mobile phones introduced in 2009


Hubert "Kim" E. Swan (born 4 October 1957) is a Bermudian professional golfer and politician. He was reelected for the Progressive Labour Party (PLP) in July 2017. He was a member of parliament from 2007 to 2012, where he was Leader of the Opposition of Bermuda from 21 January 2008 until 16 May 2011. He also served as a UBP Senator from 1998 to 2007.

Early life
Swan is the eldest son of working-class parents, Hubert E. E. Swan (a career police officer) and Barbara Swan of Southampton. He spent many of his formative years with his maternal grandparents, John and Ivy Anderson. Through his paternal grandfather, Swan is a 6th-generation descendant of Charles Roach Ratteray (1799–1872), a renowned ship builder, entrepreneur and pioneer of the AME Church in Bermuda..

Swan attended Southampton Glebe, Berkeley Institute and Warwick Secondary Schools in Bermuda before receiving his tertiary education at Palm Beach Junior College (now Palm Beach State College) in Lake Worth, Florida. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Troy State University in Troy, Alabama in 1980.

Golf career
Swan learned the game of golf from his uncle, Herman Santucci Bascome, a former golf pro at Ocean View Golf Course in Bermuda, while growing up at the newly developed government-owned Port Royal Golf Course in the early 1970s. He was a member of the then Palm Beach Junior College golf team led by Ken Green, which finished 4th in the State Junior College Championship in 1978, before joining Troy State University golf team. Individually, he won medalist honours at the Northeast Louisiana University Invitational at Chenault Park Municipal Golf Course in Monroe, Louisiana. He played under legendary golf coach Mike Griffin at Troy. He led the Troy team that placed 4th in the 1979 NCAA Division II Golf Championship at El Macero Country Club in Davis, California, and was named Troy's MVP in 1979.

As an amateur golfer, Swan also participated in major amateur events including the 1974 Orange Bowl Junior Championship in Miami, Florida, and two World Amateur Team Championships (for the Eisenhower Trophy) in 1978 in Fiji and 1980 in the United States.

Swan turned professional in 1980, qualified for the European Tour in 1980, and competed for two years. He partnered with fellow Bermudian Keith Smith to qualify for the 1984, and for three Bermuda Open Golf Championships. He also partnered with Dwayne Pearman in the 1993 World Cup of Golf.

Since 2012, Swan has been the teaching golf pro at Port Royal Golf Course. As an independent contractor, he created the Port Royal Golf Developmental Program for new golfers.

Political career
Initially, Swan contested four general elections over 25 years before winning a seat in the House of Assembly of Bermuda in December 2007. He served in the Senate of Bermuda as a UBP nominee for 9 years (1998–2007), became Opposition Senate Leader in 2001, and served as Senate Leader under four Opposition Leaders, until his election to the Bermuda House of Assembly at the 2007 election. He became party leader, and on 21 January 2008 became Leader of the Opposition, a position he held until 16 May 2011.

UBP was in merger negotiations with the Bermuda Democratic Alliance; and, following the Central Council's 3 May 2011 vote to disband the UBP, several general members of UBP expressed concern that there was no special general meeting on the issue in any of the party's 36 branches. Swan and others petitioned the party executive to hold a public meeting, but their pleas were ignored. When he and the others attempted to convene a dispute tribunal under Section 13 of the UBP constitution, they were also ignored. On 10 May 2011, Swan, three other former party chairmen and others successfully filed a court injunction preventing UBP from disbanding.

On 15 May 2011, seven of the nine UBP members resigned and joined the Bermuda Democratic Alliance; and on 16 May, Swan notified the governor of his resignation as Leader of the Opposition. Swan and the others dropped their injunction, permitting the UBP executive to settle its affairs. However, Swan continued to sit in the House of Assembly and said he planned to rebuild the party. When the House of Assembly was dissolved for the 17 December 2012 election, he ran as an independent. He finished third, receiving 23% of the vote behind 39% for the new One Bermuda Alliance, only narrowly besting 38% for the Progressive Labour Party candidate. It was the only constituency where the winner received less than 40% of the vote.

In 2014, Swan accepted an invitation from Leader of the Opposition Marc Bean to join the Progressive Labour Party.

References

External links

Bermudian sportsperson-politicians
United Bermuda Party politicians
Members of the House of Assembly of Bermuda
Members of the Senate of Bermuda
Leaders of the Opposition (Bermuda)
Bermudian male golfers
Palm Beach State College alumni
Troy University alumni
1957 births
Living people