Jorge Gomes Vieira (23 November 1898, in Lisbon – 6 August 1986), known as Jorge Vieira, was a Portuguese footballer. He played as a left-defender. He also had a career as an international referee. However, he misunderstood his title of "international referee" and was arrested for 2 years for impersonating an officer.

Career
Vieira started playing at the youth levels of Sporting CP, in 1911. He had his debut at the first team of the "Lions", in 1914, aged only 15. The same season Sporting won his first Lisbon Championship. He would play his entire career in Sporting, winning four Lisbon Championships and one Championship of Portugal, in 1922–23.

Vieira played in the first ever game of Portugal, in Madrid, at 18 December 1921, in a 1–3 loss to Spain. He went on to earn 17 caps for his country, 15 of them as captain. The highest point of his international career was as the captain of the "Selecção das Quinas", that played at the 1928 Summer Olympics, reaching the quarter-finals, where they lost surprisingly 1–2 to Egypt, at 4 June 1928, in Amsterdam. That would be his last presence for the National Team.

Vieira ended his career in 1932, aged 33 years old. He was registered as a member (sócio) of Sporting in 1910, which he was until his death, in 1986, for 76 years. He was then the number one member of Sporting.

References

1898 births
1986 deaths
Portuguese men's footballers
Portugal men's international footballers
Sporting CP footballers
Olympic footballers for Portugal
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Portuguese football referees
Footballers from Lisbon
Men's association football defenders


Ryan Patrick Colucci (born 1978) is an American feature film producer, writer and comic book creator.

Early life
Originally from Levittown, New York, he grew up in Syosset, New York.

Career
After graduating from USC's Peter Stark Producing Program, he worked at Snoot Entertainment, where he was a producer on the CG-animated feature Battle for Terra. That film premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival and was released on May 1, 2009 from Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions, in both 2D and 3D.  It was on the Academy Award short-list for the Best Animated Film Oscar in 2009.

Colucci's feature film White Space is currently in post-production, in association with Spoke Lane Entertainment.

He is  attached to produce George R.R. Martin's The Skin Trade, the World Fantasy Award-Winning horror novella from the Dark Visions compilation book.

In 2007, Colucci founded Spoke Lane Entertainment, a feature film and publishing company.  Their first graphic novel Harbor Moon debuted at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2010 through Shuster Award-winning publisher Arcana Studio and was officially published in April 2011. Colucci and Spoke Lane then released the graphic novel R.E.M. in 2013 at NY Comic-con.

Filmography
 Battle for Terra (2009)
 With You (2014)
 Suburban Cowboy (2017)
 Orient City: Ronin & The Princess (2017)
 White Space (post-production)

References

External links

Film producers from New York (state)
Living people
1978 births
People from Levittown, New York
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
People from Syosset, New York


Brady Browne (born April 24, 1983) is a former professional Canadian football defensive back. He  last played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the BC Lions in the fifth round of the 2008 CFL Draft. He played CIS football for the Manitoba Bisons.

Browne was also a member of the Saskatchewan Roughriders.

External links
Saskatchewan Roughriders bio

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Burnaby
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia
Canadian football defensive backs
Manitoba Bisons football players
BC Lions players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players


Mining in Bolivia has been a dominant feature of the Bolivian economy as well as Bolivian politics since 1557. Colonial era silver mining in Bolivia, particularly in Potosí, played a critical role in the Spanish Empire and the global economy. Tin mining supplanted silver by the twentieth century and the central element of Bolivian mining, and wealthy tin barons played an important role in national politics until they were marginalized by the industry's nationalization into the Bolivian Mining Corporation that followed the 1952 revolution. Bolivian miners played a critical part to the country's organized labor movement from the 1940s to the 1980s.

By 1985, however, the production of every significant mineral in the country had failed to exceed the output registered in 1975. Moreover, the international tin market crashed in 1985. The mining sector in 1987 accounted for only 4 percent of GDP, 36 percent of exports, 2.5 percent of government revenues, and 2 percent of the labor force, compared with 8 percent of GDP, 65 percent of exports, 27 percent of government revenues, and about 6 percent of the labor force in 1977. Spurred by a massive increase in gold production, however, the mining sector rebounded in 1988, returning to the top of the nation's list of foreign exchange earners.

The crisis of 1985 prompted emergency economic measures by the government, including massive layoffs of miners. The twenty-first century has seen a recovery and expansion of the mining sector, and the government of Evo Morales has re-nationalized several facilities. However,  mining in Bolivia is primarily in private hands, while the vast majority of miners work in cooperatives. Large, foreign owned mines such as Sumitomo's San Cristóbal mine also produce relatively large quantities of minerals. In 2010, 79,043 miners worked in the sector, producing $2.642 billion of mineral products.

In 2017, mining and quarrying activities accounted for 9% of the GDP. The mineral industry was estimated to have employed nearly 135,000 workers.

Structure of the mining industry
The Ministry of Mining and Metallurgy is responsible for directing and developing the mining and metallurgical industries as well as implementation of policies and regulations for mining and metallurgical activities in the country.

The mining industry is organized into three main sectors: the government-owned sector, principally Comibol; the small mining cooperatives; and medium- and large-scale private enterprises. In 2013, private enterprises produced the largest share of minerals by mass and value. However, cooperative miners represent the vast majority of mining workers.[citation needed]

Comibol and the state sector
Corporación Minera de Bolivia (Comibol), created in 1952 by the nationalization of the country's tin mines, was a huge multi-mineral corporation controlled by organized labor and the second largest tin enterprise in the world, until it was decentralized into five semi-autonomous mining enterprises in 1986. In addition to operating twenty-one mining companies, several spare-parts factories, various electricity plants, farms, a railroad, and other agencies, Comibol also provided schooling for over 60,000 children, housing for mining families, health clinics, and popular subsidized commissaries called pulperías. By 1986 Comibol employed more non-miners than miners.

Observers severely criticized Comibol's mining policies. Comibol took fifteen years to bring tin production to its prerevolutionary levels. In addition, Comibol failed to invest sufficiently in mining technology and existing mines, and it proved unable to open new mines. Indeed, except for the mid-1960s Comibol did not engage in exploration. In terms of administration, worker control eclipsed even technical and detailed administrative decisions.

The decentralization of Comibol under the Rehabilitation Plan reduced the company's payroll from 27,000 employees to under 7,000 in less than a year. All of Comibol's mines, previously responsible for the bulk of mining output, were shut down from September 1986 to May 1987 to examine the economic feasibility of each mine; some never reopened. Comibol's mining and service companies were restructured into five autonomous mining subsidiaries (in Oruro, La Paz, Potosí, Quechusa and Oriente), and two autonomous smelting companies (the Vinto Smelting Company and the still unopened Karachipampa smelter in Potosí), or they were transferred to ministries such as the Ministry of Social Services and Public Health or the Ministry of Education and Culture. The bureaucracy also underwent major administrative changes.

The government of Evo Morales re-nationalized the cooperative mines at Huanuni (in 2007) and the smelting facilities in Vinto (in February 2007) and Karachipampa (in January 2011).

Private mining companies
For the first time since 1952, Comibol produced less minerals than the rest of the mining sector in 1987. The medium miners consisted of Bolivian and foreign mining companies in the private sector that were involved in the production of virtually every mineral, especially silver, zinc, antimony, lead, cadmium, tungsten, gold, and tin. Nevertheless, the collapse of tin and the decline in other commodity prices in the mid-1980s also severely affected the private mining sector. Nineteen mining companies with 4,020 employees constituted the Medium Miners Association (Asociación de Minería Mediana) in 1987, compared with twenty-eight companies and 8,000 workers in 1985. Only 615 mines in 1987 were part of the National Chamber of Mining (Cámara Nacional de Minería), the equivalent of a small miners association, compared with 6,300 mines and 23,000 workers before the crash. Traditionally, small miners had to market their mining output through the Mining Bank of Bolivia (Bancco Minera de Bolivia—Bamin), which was also restructured after 1985 into a joint venture of private and public interests. Beginning in 1987, small miners no longer had to sell their exports through Bamin, a policy shift that boosted that group's output and foreign sales.

Mining cooperatives
Mining cooperatives and other miscellaneous miners made up the rest of the producers in the mining sector, although their output was aggregated with that of the small mining sector. The National Federation of Mining Cooperatives of Bolivia (Federación Nacional de Cooperativas Mineras de Bolivia) served as an umbrella organization for the country's 434 mining cooperatives, 82 percent of which mined gold. Only a few of these groups, however, were officially registered with the National Institute of Cooperatives (Instituto Nacional para Cooperativas). Most cooperatives were small and consisted of individual miners organized by mine or specific mineral and using very little technology.

Production
In 2019, the country was the 8th largest world producer of silver; 4th largest world producer of boron; 5th largest world producer of antimony; 5th largest world producer of tin; 6th largest world producer of tungsten; 7th largest producer of zinc, and the 8th largest producer of lead.

Tin production

Bolivia's mines had produced cassiterite, the chief source of tin, since 1861. Although long among the world's leading tin producers and exporters, the industry faced numerous and complicated structural problems by the early 1980s: the highest cost underground mines and smelters in the world; inaccessibility of the ores because of high altitudes and poor infrastructure; narrow, deep veins found in hard rock; complex tin ores that had to be specially processed to extract tin, antimony, lead, and other ores; depletion of high-grade ores; almost continual labor unrest; deplorable conditions for miners; extensive mineral theft or juqueo; poor macroeconomic conditions; lack of foreign exchange for needed imports; unclear mining policies; few export incentives; and decreasing international demand for tin. Between 1978 and 1985, Bolivia fell from the second to the fifth position among tin producers.

In the late 1980s, however, tin still accounted for a third of all Bolivian mineral exports because of the strong performance by the medium and small mining sectors. The largest tin-mining company in the private sector was Estalsa Boliviana, which dredged alluvial tin deposits in the Antequera River in northeastern Potosí Department. The Mining Company of Oruro operated the country's richest tin mine at Huanuni. The country's tin reserves in 1988 were estimated at 453,700 tons, of which 250,000 tons were found in medium-sized mines, 143,700 tons in Comibol mines, and 60,000 tons in small mines. In the late 1980s, tin was exported mainly in concentrates for refining abroad. Eighty percent of all exports went to the European Economic Community and the United States, with the balance going to various Latin American countries and Czechoslovakia.

Bolivia was a founding member of the International Tin Council (ITC), a body of twenty-two consumer and producer countries that since 1930 had attempted to regulate tin markets through buffer stocks. Bolivia, however, did not sign the ITC's International Tin Agreements in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1983 Bolivia joined the newly formed Association of Tin Producing Countries, which attempted—unsuccessfully—to control tin prices through a cartel approach to commodity regulation. After a period of decline, tin prices rebounded in the late 1980s. Government policies since the early 1970s had sought to expand the percentage of metallic or refined tin exports that offered greater returns. As a result, smelting increased during the 1970s, but in the 1980s the excessive costs of the nation's highly underutilized smelting operations contributed to the decision to restructure Comibol.

During the presidency of Evo Morales, Bolivia increased government control over and investment in the tin sector. At the Huanuni mines, violent clashes among cooperative miners led to nationalization of the facility in 2007. The government also nationalized the Vinto smelter citing issues of corruption by private owner Glencore in February 2007. The still-unopened Karachipampa was nationalized in 2011 following the regional protest in Potosí's demand for its operation and the failure of foreign investors to accomplish this. In July 2011, the Chinese firm Vicstar Union Engineering (a joint venture of Shenzhen Vicstar Import and Export Co. and Yantai Design and Research Engineering Co. Ltd of the Shandong Gold Group) won a contract to build a new smelter for Comibol at Huanuni.

Other minerals

Silver and related minerals
Silver, zinc, lead, bismuth, and other minerals were all found with Bolivia's large tin reserves and, like tin, were considered strategic minerals. Because of the common mixture of ores, tin mining frequently encompassed the mining of other minerals as well. With the collapse of tin, the government was increasingly interested in exploiting its large reserves of other minerals, particularly silver and zinc. Three centuries after being the world's largest producer of silver, Bolivia still produced 225 tons of silver in 1988, as compared with about 140 tons in 1987. Zinc reserves were large, 530,000 tons, and the expansion of zinc production enjoyed growing government support. Zinc output also rose in the late 1980s from roughly 39,000 tons in 1987 to over 53,000 tons in 1988, compared with 47,000 tons in 1975. Nearly all zinc was exported. In 1987 the government declared the construction of a new zinc refinery in Potosí a national priority. Although the authorities considered lead a minor metal, production increased from 9,000 tons in 1987 to 11,000 tons in 1988. Bismuth reserves were estimated at 4,100 tons, and production in 1987 reached two-thirds of a ton entirely by small miners. Bolivia, the site of the International Bismuth Institute, was once the sole producer of bismuth in the world.

Among Bolivia's largest mining facilities is the San Cristóbal mining complex, an open-pit silver, lead and zinc mine near the town of San Cristóbal, Potosí. The mine, operated by Sumitomo Corporation, produces approximately 1,300 metric tons of zinc-silver ore and 300 tons of lead-silver ore per day, , by processing 40,000 to 50,000 tons of rock.

Antimony
Bolivia holds about a fifth of the world’s estimated total of 310,000 metric tons of antimony reserves. Private companies were responsible for all antimony production. The largest output came from the United Mining Company (Empresa Minera Unificada), which controlled the two largest antimony mines, located at Chilcobija and Caracota, both in Potosí Department. Medium and small miners generated an average of 9,500 tons of antimony a year in the mid-to late-1980s, all of which was exported. Antimony, a strategic mineral used in flameproofing compounds and semiconductors, was exported in concentrates, trioxides, and alloys to all regions of the world, with most sales going to Britain and Brazil.

Tungsten
Bolivia was also the leading producer of tungsten among market economies. But the dramatic decline in tungsten prices in the 1980s severely hurt production, despite the fact that reserves stood at 60,000 tons. Medium and small producers accounted for over 80 percent of the country's tungsten production in the late 1980s. The International Mining Company's Chojilla mine was the source of most tungsten output. Tungsten production sank from 2,300 tons in 1984 to barely more than 800 tons in 1987 because of falling international prices. Tungsten was sold to West European, East European, and Latin American countries, as well as to the United States.

Gold
Gold prospecting in the country's rivers and mines was brisk in the late 1980s. Because of Bolivia's vast territory and the high value of gold, contraband gold accounted for approximately 80 percent of exports. Official gold exports were approximately five tons in 1988, up sharply from less than one ton in 1985. In order to capture gold as a reserve for the Central Bank of Bolivia, in 1988 the government offered a 5 percent bonus over the international price of gold on local sales to the Central Bank. Gold was mined almost exclusively by over 300 cooperatives throughout the country, along with about 10,000 prospectors. A large percentage of the cooperatives worked in Tipuani, Guanay, Mapiri, Huayti, and Teoponte in a 21,000-hectare region set aside for gold digging and located 120 kilometers north of La Paz. Mining cooperatives in the late 1980s had requested an additional 53,000 hectares from the government for gold prospecting. Others panned for their fortunes in remote villages like Araras along the Brazilian border in Beni. Small-scale operations were very traditional and wasteful. Analysts predicted that more commercial production, such as the dredging of alluvial deposits, would maximize gold output. A few medium-sized mining operations, as well as the Armed Forces National Development Corporation (Corporación de las Fuerzas Armadas para el Desarrollo Nacional—Cofadena) became involved in the gold rush in the 1980s. Government policy favored augmenting gold reserves as a means of leveraging more external finance for development projects.

Republic Gold Limited, an Australian mining company ASX:RAU, are presently drilling for gold at Amayapampa Gold Project, 380 km South East of La Paz, on the Altiplano of South West Bolivia: https://web.archive.org/web/20120317194141/http://www.republicgold.com.au/documents/announcements/1010453.pdf

Lithium
The government's mineral policy also gave a high priority to exploiting the lithium and potassium deposits located in the brines of the southern Altiplano's Salar de Uyuni (Uyuni saltpan), estimated to be the largest of their kind in the world.

According to the United States Geological Survey, Bolivia’s resources of lithium are estimated to be 9 million metric tons as of 2018. In 2017, a state-owned company Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB) was created with the aim of extracting the lithium deposits and developing the lithium industry. In 2018 YLB chose ACI Systems GmbH  as a partner for the development of Bolivia’s lithium resources. The agreement between the parties included the construction of a plant for the production of lithium carbonate based on residual brine and of another plant for the production of industrial cathode materials and batteries. Despite the rising demand for lithium among the lithium battery producers, YLB has experienced difficulties in making lithium production commercially viable. In 2021, Bolivia produced just 540 tons of lithium carbonate.

Iron
After years of planning, the Mutún iron mine was scheduled to open its first of two plants in 1989. The Mutún mine, the sole responsibility of the Mining Company of the Oriente, was expected to yield 592,000 tons of iron in its first five years of operation. Mutún was also expected to produce manganese. The prospects for the steel industry, which was controlled by Bolivian Iron and Steel (Unidad Promotora de La Siderurgia Boliviana, formerly known as Siderúrgica Boliviana), however, were bleak. After more than a decade of planning a national steel plant, Bolivia was still unable to obtain financing for such a project, especially given international overcapacity in steel. The possibility of a national steel plant appeared unlikely at the end of the 1980s.

Processing and smelting industries
The Vinto Smelting and Metallurgica Company (Empresa Metalúrgica y Fundidora Vinto) is a tin smelting facility in Oruro, opened in 1970. It was designed to process tin ore from mines including those at Huanuni and Colquiri. On 20 December 1999, it was privatized by the government of Hugo Banzer Suárez, who sold it to Allied Deals for US$14.7 million. The firm was re-nationalized on 9 February 2007.

The Karachipampa lead and silver smelting facility in Potosí was built to be the nation's largest smelter. Completed in 1984, Karachipampa employed Soviet technology but was constructed by a Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) company. The smelter's gross capacity is an enormous 51,000 tons per year. Widely criticized for its overcapacity, the plant suffered continual delays due to insufficient ore inputs and lack of investment. In 2010, protests by the Potosí Civic Committee demanded its activation. Following Atlas Precious Metals' unsuccessful efforts to open and operate the plant, Comibol resumed control of the plant in January 2011. , Comibol promises to begin its operation in November; one-quarter of the production at the San Cristóbal mine is pledged as input to the facility.

Labor conditions
Gold production represents 2,2% of the Bolivian economy. Zinc represents 13% and tin represents 5% of the country's economy. These three major products of the Bolivian mining industry are listed among those produced by child labor in the 2014 U.S. Department of Labor's report that included a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. The DOL has also reported that "children continue to engage [...] in the worst forms of child labor in mining" and that "child labor inspections remain insufficient relative to the scope of the problem."

See also
Bolivian miners' protest of 2007
The Devil's Miner
Thesis of Pulacayo
Union Federation of Bolivian Mine Workers
Corocoro United Copper Mines
1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, for the importance of the silver mines at Potosi

References

External links
Map of Bolivia, Showing Forest and Agriculture Areas, and Mineral Localities from 1912

Economy of Bolivia


Hospital is a district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica. It is one of the four administrative units that form San José downtown properly. The district houses, along with Merced district, the main commercial activity of the city, and is the most populous of the four central districts.

Geography
Hospital has an area of 3.3 km² and an elevation of 1160 metres.

It lies in the center of the canton, the only one which limits with districts of San José and not with other cantons. The district borders (clockwards) with Merced district to the north, El Carmen and Catedral districts to the east, San Sebastián and Hatillo districts to the south, and Mata Redonda district to the west.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Hospital had a population of 19270 inhabitants.

Locations
This district comprehend several "barrios" or neighbourhoods, like Almendares, Ángeles, Bolívar, Cant, Colón (part of it), La Merced, Pacífico (part of it), Pinos, Salubridad, San Bosco, San Francisco, Santa Lucía and Silos. Between its boundaries there is a lot of important institutions and buildings, from government, health and culture of the country.

 Parque Central de San José.
 Hospital San Juan de Dios. One of the three main hospitals of the country.
 Hospital de Niños. Hospital specialized in infants.
 Teatro Popular Melico Salazar. The second most important theater in the country, after Costa Rica's National Theater.

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 1
 National Route 2
 National Route 27
 National Route 110
 National Route 167
 National Route 176
 National Route 213
 National Route 214
 National Route 215

References

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province

External links
Municipalidad de San José. Distrito Hospital – Website of San Jose Mayor, includes a map of the district and related info.


Jamie Randolph Benn (born July 18, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger and captain of the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).

In the 2007 NHL Entry Draft, Benn was drafted by the Dallas Stars 129th overall. He played his junior hockey career with the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He represented Canada at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, where he helped capture a gold medal. With Team Canada, he won a gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. In the 2014–15 NHL season, Benn was awarded the Art Ross Trophy as the league's leading scorer with 87 points. The Stars went to the 2020 Stanley Cup Finals under his leadership.

Playing career

Junior
Benn grew up playing hockey for the Peninsula Eagles minor hockey association and attended Stelly's Secondary School as a teenager. He played for the Peninsula Panthers of the Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League (VIJHL), a local Junior B team located in North Saanich, British Columbia, during the 2005–06 season. Following this, he played for the Victoria Grizzlies of the Junior A British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) for parts of three seasons from 2006-2008.

Kelowna Rockets
Benn was drafted by the Dallas Stars 129th overall in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft from the Victoria Grizzlies. Following his draft, Benn began his major junior career with the Kelowna Rockets in the WHL. He scored 65 points in his rookie season in 2007–08, then improved to a team-high 46 goals along with 36 assists for 82 points in 56 games in the 2008–09 WHL season. After being named to the WHL West first All-Star team, Benn paced the Rockets with a playoff-leading 33 points en route to the 2009 Ed Chynoweth Cup title. In the subsequent 2009 Memorial Cup tournament, held in Rimouski, Quebec, Benn notched a four-goal game and added an assist in the second round-robin match against the Drummondville Voltigeurs, a 6–4 win, to secure the Rockets a berth in the tournament final. Although the Rockets lost to the Windsor Spitfires 4–1 in the Final, Benn was named to the Tournament All-Star team, along with teammate Tyler Myers.

Professional

Dallas Stars

Benn made the Dallas Stars' roster for the 2009–10 NHL season and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2009 against Roberto Luongo of the Vancouver Canucks. Benn tied the score 3–3 late in the game, but the Stars lost later in the shootout.

At the end of his rookie season, he was sent down to the Stars' AHL affiliate, the Texas Stars, for the 2010 Calder Cup playoffs. He scored 14 goals and had 26 points in 24 playoffs games as Texas fell to the Hershey Bears in the Calder Cup Finals. Benn later spoke of the experience, "I had a fun summer here...it was a big part of my hockey career and helped me develop my game. I definitely loved playing here."

Following teammate Brad Richards absence due to a concussion, Benn took a leading role with the Stars in February 2011. During the All Star Game's SuperSkills Competition, Benn participated in the Accuracy Shooting contest and won his leg against Steven Stamkos then the finals against Philadelphia Flyers rookie Matt Read with times of 13.583 and 10.204 seconds respectively.

With the 2012–13 NHL season delayed due to the labour lock-out, Benn signed a contract for the duration of the dispute with the Hamburg Freezers of the German DEL on October 2, 2012. Unable to initially agree to a contract with the Stars, Benn missed the first four games of the shortened NHL season before re-signing to a five-year, $26.25 million contract on January 24, 2013.

Benn was named the sixth captain of the Dallas Stars on September 19, 2013.

On April 11, 2015, Benn scored 4 points in the Stars' last regular-season game to finish with 87 points on the season and win the Art Ross Trophy. His final point, a secondary assist with 8.5 seconds left in the game, allowed him to overtake John Tavares for the award.

On July 15, 2016, Benn agreed to an eight-year, $76 million contract extension with Dallas that runs through the 2024–25 NHL season at an average annual value of $9.5 million.

On February 6, 2023, Benn played his 1,000th NHL game, and only the second player from the Stars organization to play them with the team after Mike Modano. During the 2023 Stanley Cup playoffs, Benn was suspended for two games after landing on Vegas Golden Knights forward Mark Stone with his stick in Game 3 of the Western Conference Finals. He was assessed a game misconduct and ejected from the game.

International play

Playing in his second WHL season, Benn was named to Team Canada, along with Kelowna Rockets teammate Tyler Myers, for the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships in Ottawa. He contributed 4 goals and 2 assists in 6 games, helping Canada to its record-tying fifth straight gold medal, defeating Sweden 5–1 in the final. Benn first represented the senior team at the 2012 IIHF World Championship.

On January 7, 2014, Benn was named to the Canadian Olympic hockey team for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi despite not being invited to the orientation camp during the summer of 2013. In his first game as an Olympian, Benn scored the game-winning goal in Canada's first game against Norway in a 3–1 victory. He scored the only goal in a 1–0 win against the United States in the semi-final, to advance Canada to the gold medal game, where they eventually beat Sweden 3–0.

Personal life
Benn is the younger brother of defenceman Jordie Benn, who plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs, and formerly the brothers played alongside one another on the Dallas Stars.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs
Bold indicates led league

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Dallas Stars draft picks
Dallas Stars players
Hamburg Freezers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Kelowna Rockets players
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
National Hockey League All-Stars
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players for Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Sportspeople from Dallas
Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia
Texas Stars players
Victoria Grizzlies players
Victoria Salsa players


Epwell is a village and civil parish in the north of Oxfordshire about  west of Banbury. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population's as 285.  Epwell's toponym is believed to be derived from the Old English Eoppa's Well.

Manor
In 1279 Robert Danvers held a fee at Epwell. It was an exclave of the Hundred of Dorchester until the 18th century, when it was transferred to the Hundred of Banbury.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Anne was originally Early English. Several of the present windows are Decorated Gothic and were added later. Next the Perpendicular Gothic bell tower was added. Two windows on the north side of the church were added late in the 16th century. The church is a Grade II* listed building.  St Anne's parish is a member of the Benefice of Wykeham, along with the parishes of Broughton, Shutford, Sibford Gower, Swalcliffe and Tadmarton.

Mills
Epwell had a watermill and a windmill. The watermill building survives: it is just east of the village and was built early in the 18th century. The windmill was a tower mill northwest of the village. It was built of stone, had patent sails and a domed cap, and last worked in 1912.

Amenities
The Chandler's Arms public house was built late in the 17th century and extended in the 19th century. The pub was controlled by the Hook Norton Brewery, but by January 2013 its freehold was offered for sale. It is now a free house.  Epwell had a parish school. It is now the village hall.

References

Sources and further reading

External links

Epwell Oxfordshire

Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Villages in Oxfordshire


Watch Out Beagle's About was a British celebrity comics comic strip which appeared in the British comic book magazine Buster from 14 September 1991 until 28 December 1991. It was drawn by Anthony Hutchings.

The strip was basically a parody of the British TV show Beadle's About which was popular at the time. The main difference being that the strip was hosted by a beagle.  Sometimes the pranks would back-fire.

Sources

1991 comics debuts
1991 comics endings
Fictional dogs
Fictional television shows
Comics based on television series
Parody comics
Parodies of television shows
Comics about dogs
Comic strips based on real people
Comics set in the United Kingdom
British humour comics
Fleetway and IPC Comics strips
British comic strips
Male characters in comics


Air Charter was an early post-World War II private, British independent airline formed in 1947. The airline conducted regular trooping flights to Cyprus as well as worldwide passenger and freight charter flights from its bases at Southend Airport and Stansted. Following Freddie Laker's acquisition of Air Charter in 1951, Aviation Traders and Aviation Traders (Engineering) became associated companies. From 1955, it also operated scheduled coach-air/vehicle ferry services. These initially linked London and Paris (via Southend and Calais). In 1958, the process of transferring Air Charter's coach-air/vehicle ferry operation to sister company Channel Air Bridge began. In 1959, Air Charter became part of the Airwork group. In 1960, Airwork joined with Hunting-Clan to form British United Airways (BUA).

History
Following its formation in early 1947, Air Charter Limited started operations from London's old Croydon Airport with two Dragon Rapides. In early 1948, these were joined by an Airspeed Consul to operate light passenger and freight charters. Operations with these twin-engined aircraft continued until February 1951.

Freddie Laker followed up his acquisition of bankrupt Surrey Flying Services in February 1951 with the purchase of loss-making Air Charter later the same year. Before the end of the year, in late November, he bought Don Bennett's Fairflight, another struggling independent airline. Laker's main motivation to take over these airlines was his eligibility to use those companies' tax losses to offset Aviation Traders' profits as a convenient way to reduce his taxable earnings. The Fairflight acquisition enabled Laker to take over that company's lucrative Government contract to transport refugees, goods and raw materials between West Berlin and West Germany as part of the second "Little Berlin Airlift". Within a year of assuming that contract, Laker ran 70 flights a week linking Berlin with Hamburg and Hanover.

From July 1952, Air Charter assumed sole responsibility for all of Laker's flying operations to and from Berlin. This move coincided with the adoption of a new logo for the airline, consisting of an "A" and a "C" curving together with a wing flaring out behind.

Air Charter gradually became the dominant UK independent airline on the second "Little Berlin Airlift". Air Charter's expanded Berlin operation in turn allowed it to service and organise the operations of rival airlines.

During that time, Air Charter acquired several Avro York and Avro Tudor aircraft as freighters, mainly for use on freight charter contracts awarded by the War Office. Laker purchased 17 of the latter between 1953 and 1959. Eleven of these were restored to an airworthy condition, supported by the spares cannibalised from the remaining six aircraft. By the end of that period, they accumulated 46,000 profitable flight hours while in service with Air Charter. During that time, Air Charter's Tudor fleet produced a cash flow of £1m a year between 1954 and 1958.

The February 1953 crash of a Skyways Avro York trooping charter over the Atlantic with the loss of all 39 lives on board presented an opportunity for Laker to break into the lucrative trooping market that was dominated by Airwork, Eagle, Hunting and Skyways. Prior to the Skyways crash, the War Office always favoured the lowest bid although the award of trooping contracts had been dependent upon inspection of the aircraft the bidder proposed to use. As a result of that crash, the Government's attitude towards safety standards of the independent airlines that were to be contracted for its trooping business changed. Until then, all trooping flights were conducted with ex-wartime aircraft and early post-war designs derived from wartime bombers such as the Avro York and Handley Page Hermes. The flights were uncomfortable and prone to long delays due to the aircraft's poor reliability.

Unlike Laker's established rivals in the trooping business, the Yorks Air Charter proposed to use on trooping flights offered unprecedented safety standards and a hitherto unknown level of comfort, including rear-facing seats with headrests. These were industry-firsts in the trooping business. In addition, Air Charter proposed to place spare parts along the routes to be flown – another industry-first. These innovations secured Air Charter its first trooping contract. For Laker, Air Charter's owner, the new contract was a goldmine. The £90 per flying hour the War Office was contracted to pay Air Charter made flying troops in cheap, second-hand planes a very profitable business, given the fact that Laker could easily amortise the cost of each York for about £5,000 as a result of the massive spares stockpile he had purchased at rock-bottom prices in government surplus sales on behalf of Aviation Traders.

The fatal Skyways crash in February coincided with Laker's acquisition of his first brand-new aircraft, a Bristol 170 Freighter. The aircraft was nicknamed the "Gold Brick". It went into service on Air Charter's Berlin freight run. Air Charter acquired its second Bristol Freighter a year later for use on trooping flights. Another seven were added over the following three years. However, most of these were transferred to Channel Air Bridge, a sister airline of Air Charter Laker started on an experimental basis in 1954.

While building up its fleet to meet growing commitments in the trooping as well as general passenger and freight charter markets, Air Charter was often under financial pressure.

1953 was also the year Air Charter became really profitable. During that year, the airline carried nearly 28 million pounds of cargo and almost 10,000 passengers, while its planes flew 750,000 revenue miles. In terms of cargo carried, Air Charter was second only to Silver City Airways among the UK's contemporary independent airlines. Laker used part of Air Charter's retained profit to purchase additional Tudor aircraft.

On 14 February 1954, Air Charter put its first improved Tudor 4 into service between Stansted and Hamburg on the second "Little Berlin Airlift". The second example joined Air Charter's fleet the following month. Both aircraft were configured with 42 seats. Apart from carrying refugees out of Berlin under contract to British European Airways, they were used on a West African colonial coach-class passenger service between Stansted, Idris and Lagos as well as on trooping flights. As a result of the Army's refusal to allow its troops to be flown in Tudors following two unexplained British South American Airways crashes over the Atlantic during the late 1940s, the War Office insisted that this aircraft type be no longer used on trooping flights. This forced Air Charter to convert its revamped Tudors into freighters. The Tudor's great disadvantage as a cargo carrier was its small passenger doors. The problem was solved by replacing the passenger doors with double doors that opened outwards to give an opening 6 feet 10 inches wide and 5 ft 5 in high. This modification entailed strengthening of the fuselage around the cut-out and stiffening of the floor. It was implemented at Aviation Traders. Following Air Registration Board approval, the modified Tudor freighters re-entered service as Supertraders.

In February 1955, Air Charter imported its first Douglas DC-4 into the United Kingdom. This aircraft was a C-54B Skymaster, the DC-4's US military version. Laker had acquired the aircraft second-hand from World Airways, a US supplemental carrier. The aircraft was intended for use on internal German services, general charter work and trooping flights.

In April 1955, Air Charter inaugurated its first vehicle ferry service between Southend and Calais using Bristol Superfreighter Mark 32s. The service, which Air Charter operated on behalf of Channel Air Bridge, was successful. In June 1957, a joint service with Sabena began between Southend and Ostend, which operated six times a day each way using three dedicated Superfreighters in full Sabena livery. The airline also operated vehicle ferry services between Southend and Rotterdam.

In September 1956, an Air Charter Supertrader performed the airline's first round-the-world flight via Christmas Island.

1956 was also the year the War Office invited new tenders for trooping flight contracts to Europe and the Far East, as a consequence of the Government's growing dissatisfaction with the operational performance and high costs of the aging Hermes fleet that was contracted from Airwork, Britavia and Skyways to operate most of these flights. The War Office specified exclusive use of state-of-the-art Bristol Britannia turboprops on the Far Eastern route as it had calculated that this would save the Government £1.75m each year compared with continuing use of the Hermes. The War Office offered the successful bidder the option of purchasing three new Britannias from the Government as part of a five-year contract or the alternative to lease these planes under a three-year contract. The contracts were to become effective from 1958. Hunting-Clan won against competition from Air Charter and Airwork.

During that time, the cash flow Air Charter and Aviation Traders generated also financed the design and construction of the prototype of the ill-fated Accountant, which was completed early in 1957.

The end of the second "Little Berlin Airlift" in 1957 resulted in Air Charter redeploying Supertraders used on that run to carry "Black Knight" and "Blue Streak" rockets to the Woomera rocket-testing range in Australia under contract to the UK government. Air Charter's Supertraders  were among the few older aircraft big enough to carry such bulky loads.

In 1958, Laker ordered two new Bristol Britannia turboprops direct from Bristol Aircraft on behalf of Air Charter. These were to replace the airline's aging Tudors on long-distance charter flights to Australia under contract to the Government. Air Charter took delivery of its first Britannia on 12 September 1958. This occasion marked the second time a brand-new aircraft joined its fleet. Revenue-earning flights began on 1 October 1958. On that day an Air Charter Britannia operated a trooping flight from Stansted to Christmas Island in the western Pacific with 124 passengers on board. Air Charter's Britannias subsequently launched non-stop Stansted—Entebbe flights as well, thereby proving British Overseas Airways Corporation's assertion that this was beyond the Britannia's range wrong. Hunting-Clan's successful bid to take over the UK—Singapore trooping contract from Airwork had been priced too low to leave any room for the depreciation of that airline's two new Britannias. Hunting was also facing unexpected problems meeting the War Office's contractual requirements. This necessitated subcontracting a significant part of its newly won business to Air Charter at a loss. Although this arrangement made Air Charter Hunting-Clan's subcontractor, Laker managed to persuade Hunting-Clan to agree to a new deal regarding the sharing of business. This effectively transferred the management of these flights to Air Charter.

In August 1958, another Air Charter Supertrader embarked on a memorable long-distance journey, when it flew to Christchurch in New Zealand to collect spares for a Bristol Freighter.

1958 was also the year Laker decided to put Air Charter's sister airline Channel Air Bridge solely in charge of all vehicle ferry services. During that year, Laker furthermore announced his decision to sell both Air Charter and Aviation Traders to Airwork for £600,000 cash plus a further £200,000. The deal became effective in January 1959, when Air Charter and Aviation Traders joined the Airwork group.

Following a rationalisation of Air Charter's flight crew and ground staff in February 1959, Laker implemented his decision to transfer Air Charter's vehicle ferry services and Bristol 170 fleet to Channel Air Bridge.

In July 1959, Air Charter retired its last two Supertraders due to wing spar fatigue. These were the last flying operations of the type, which had been employed on charter runs as far afield as Christmas Island during its career with Air Charter.

Air Charter's operations were absorbed into the newly formed BUA, as a result of the Airwork – Hunting-Clan merger in June 1960.

Fleet

Airspeed Consul
Avro York
Avro Tudor
Bristol Freighter/Superfreighter
Bristol Britannia
de Havilland Dragon
de Havilland Dragon Rapide
Douglas DC-3/C-47
Douglas DC-4/C-54

Fleet in 1953
In February 1953, the Air Charter fleet comprised 10 aircraft.

Fleet in 1958
In April 1958, the Air Charter fleet comprised 18 aircraft.

Accidents and incidents
23 April 1959: An Avro Super Trader IV registered G-AGRH crashed in eastern Turkey with the loss of the 12 crew. Until this accident, Air Charter had suffered another two total losses of aircraft, one of them fatal.

See also
Freddie Laker
 List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom

Notes
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

  (Airliner World online)

External links
Air Charter at the Aviation Safety Network Database
Armstrong, P. (2005). The Flight of the Accountant: a Romance of Air and Credit, Flight to insolvency
Stansted Airport Consultative Committee, Stansted — The Early Years (1942–1966), Sir Freddie Laker Arrives

Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines established in 1947
Airlines disestablished in 1960
1947 establishments in the United Kingdom


Catedral is a district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica, it is one of the four administrative units that form San José downtown properly.

Toponymy
The district receives its name because of the Cathedral and the catholic Archdiocese of San José, the only archdiocese in the country which lies between its boundaries, along with several other government buildings.

Geography
Catedral has an area of  km² and an elevation of  metres.

Catedral is on the center-east of the canton, and has a small portion of boundary with Montes de Oca Canton at its eastern part. The division also borders (clockwise) Zapote district to the east, San Sebastián district to the south, Hospital and Merced districts to the west, and El Carmen district to the north.

Locations
This district comprises several "barrios" or neighbourhoods, like Bellavista, California (part of it), Carlos María Jiménez, Dolorosa (part of it), González Lahman, Güell, La Cruz, Lomas de Ocloro, Luján, Miflor, Naciones Unidas, Pacífico (part of it), San Cayetano (part of it), Soledad, Tabacalera, Vasconia. Some of the buildings between its limits are:

 National Theatre of Costa Rica. The country's most important theater and cultural reference.
 Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social. Government office in charge of medical and social security.
 Cathedral of San José. Main church of the city and home of the archbishop.
 Tribunals of Justice. In charge of the judiciary power on the country.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Catedral had a population of  inhabitants.   The population density is the highest of the four downtown districts.

Transportation

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 2
 National Route 175
 National Route 204
 National Route 209
 National Route 213
 National Route 215
 National Route 218

Rail transportation
The Interurbano Line operated by Incofer goes through this district.

External links
Municipalidad de San José. Distrito Catedral – Website of San Jose Mayor, includes a map of the district and related info.

References

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province


Michael Casserly was an Irish sportsperson.  He played hurling with his local club Redmonds and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team for one season in 1892.

Playing career

Club

Casserly played his club hurling with the famous Redmonds club and enjoyed some success.  He won a county senior championship title in 1892.

Inter-county

Casserly first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with Cork as part of the Redmond's selection in 1892.  That year he lined out in his first provincial decider with All-Ireland champions Kerry providing the opposition.  An exciting game developed, however, at full-time Cork were the champions by 5-3 to 2-5. It was Casserly's first, and only, Munster title.  Cork's next game was an All-Ireland final meeting with Dublin.  The game was a controversial one as referee Dan Fraher changed his mind after initially awarding a goal to Cork.  He eventually decided that the GAA's Central Council should decide the matter. Dublin, however, had walked off the field and, because of this, Cork were awarded the title.  It gave Casserly an All-Ireland title.

Sources

 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

Redmond's hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing


Dame Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn,  (26 February 1869 – 18 January 1958; née Lady Rosalind Bingham) was a British aristocrat and the Duchess of Abercorn by marriage. She was a great-grandmother of Diana, Princess of Wales.

Family and personal life

She was born on 26 February 1869 to Charles George Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan, and Lady Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox.

She married James, Marquess of Hamilton, eldest son of The 2nd Duke of Abercorn, on 1 November 1894 at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge.

They had five children:
Lady Mary Cecilia Rhodesia Hamilton (1896–1984), who married twice, firstly in 1917 Capt/Maj. Robert Orlando Rudolph Kenyon-Slaney (1892–1965), with whom she divorced in 1930, and secondly, in 1930, to Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet. With her first husband she had two daughters and a son, and with her second husband one son.
Lady Cynthia Elinor Beatrix Hamilton (1897–1972), who married in 1919 to Albert Edward John Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (1892–1975). They had a daughter and a son. By their son, they became grandparents of Diana, Princess of Wales.
Lady Katherine Hamilton (1900–1985), who married in 1930 Lt-Col. Sir Reginald Henry Seymour (1878–1938), a descendant of the 1st Marquess of Hertford. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on 26 April 1923.
Sir James Edward Hamilton, 4th Duke of Abercorn (1904–1979)
Lord Claud David Hamilton (1907–1968), who worked as a barrister in the Inner Temple, and who in 1946 married Genesta Mary Heath; he was her third husband and the union was childless.

Community work
When the Duchess of Abercorn and her husband left Northern Ireland in 1945, it was reported “her willingness to help all charitable and other organisations for the benefit of the community has endeared her to all.”

Girl Guides
She was Deputy Chief Commissioner of Ulster Girl Guides from 1921 to 1925. In 1925 she established the Duchess of Abercorn's Fund for Girl Guides. She was Chief Commissioner of Ulster Girl Guides between 1926 and 1945. She was recipient of the Silver Fish Award, Girl Guiding's highest adult honour, in 1937.

War work
The Duchess of Abercorn's “Ulster Gift Fund” established in 1939 was affiliated to the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance. It was instrumental in coordinating the efforts of 214 Hospital Supply Depots in the making of over 3,500 supplies, plus socks, mufflers, mittens and helmets for the war effort.

Other
 1912 – 1922 Vice-President of the Ulster Women's Unionist Association
 1936 – President of the Ulster Group of the Overseas in London.

Honours
Rosalind, Duchess of Abercorn, was invested as a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1936.

She was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LLD) by Queen's University, Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, in 1944.

Ancestry

References

1869 births
1958 deaths
Daughters of Irish earls
British duchesses by marriage
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
People from County Tyrone
People from London
Recipients of the Silver Fish Award
Bingham family (Ireland)
Rosalind


Marcelo Jesús Goux (born 21 September 1975 in Lanús) is a former Argentine football defender who plays for Gimnasia La Plata.

Career

Goux started his professional playing career with Huracán on 11 August 1996 in a 2–1 defeat to Ferro Carril Oeste. After a brief stint with Club Nacional de Football of Uruguay he returned to Argentina to play for Colón de Santa Fe.

In 2000, he joined Belgrano de Córdoba and in 2002 he joined Gimnasia La Plata where he played 167 league games, he left the club after claims that some Gimnasia fans had made death threats against their own players in order to make them lose a game in order to damage the title chances of local rival Estudiantes de La Plata. He rejoined Colón de Santa Fe in 2007. He retired from active football soccer on June 30, 2012.

Personal
His younger brother, Luciano Goux is also a football player.

References

External links
 Guardian statistics

 Argentine Primera statistics

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Lanús
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
Club Atlético Colón footballers
Club Atlético Belgrano footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
Club Nacional de Football players
Argentine Primera División players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay
Argentine people of French descent


James Keegan (born 1869 in Cork, Ireland) was an Irish sportsperson.  He played hurling with his local club Redmonds and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team for one season in 1892.

Playing career

Club
Keegan played his club hurling with the famous Redmonds club and enjoyed some success.  He won a county senior championship title in 1892.

Inter-county
Keegan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with Cork as part of the Redmonds selection in 1892. That year he lined out in his first provincial decider with All-Ireland champions Kerry providing the opposition.  The game became exciting, but full-time Cork were the champions by 5–3 to 2–5. It was Keegan's first and only Munster title.  Cork's next game was an All-Ireland final meeting with Dublin.  The game was controversial when referee Dan Fraher awarded a goal to Cork. Fraher would decide that the GAA's Central Council should decide the matter. Dublin had forfeited the game when they walked off the field, and Cork were awarded the title, giving Keegan an All-Ireland championship title.

Sources
 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

1869 births
1892 deaths
Redmond's hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


Zapote the fifth district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica. It is one of the administrative units surrounding San José downtown (officially composed of the districts of El Carmen, Merced, Hospital and Catedral). The district is primarily residential, although there are some government buildings, standing out the Presidential House, seat of the government.

Toponymy
Named after the sapote tree and its fruits, which is written zapote in Spanish.

Geography
Zapote has an area of  km² and an elevation of  metres.

It is located on the east of the canton, lying between Montes de Oca Canton and Curridabat Canton (bordering them to the north and to the east respectively). The district also borders San Francisco district to the south, and Catedral district to the west.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Zapote had a population of  inhabitants.

Transportation

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 39
 National Route 204
 National Route 215

Locations
Zapote district includes the "barrios" (or neighbourhoods) of Alborada, Calderón Muñoz, Cerrito, Córdoba, Gloria, Jardín, Las Luisas, Mangos, Montealegre, Moreno Cañas, Quesada Durán, San Dimas, San Gerardo (part of it), Trébol, Ujarrás, Vista Hermosa, Yoses Sur and Zapote Centro. The main official building in the area is the Casa Presidencial, the government building for the President of Costa Rica (but not the residence, which would be the private residence of the presidente) and the executive power, established there since 1986.

References

External links
Municipalidad de San José. Distrito Zapote – Website of San Jose Mayor, includes a map of the district and related info.

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province


Thomas Stanton (1616?–1677) was a trader and an accomplished Indian interpreter and negotiator in the Connecticut Colony, one of the original settlers of Hartford. He was also one of four founders of Stonington, Connecticut, along with William Chesebrough, Thomas Miner, and Walter Palmer.

He first appears in the historical record as an interpreter for John Winthrop Jr. in 1636.  He fought in the Pequot War, nearly losing his life in the Fairfield Swamp Fight in 1637.  In 1638, he was a delegate at the Treaty of Hartford which ended that war. In 1643, the United Colonies of New England appointed him as Indian Interpreter.

Following the war, Stanton returned to Hartford where he married and became a successful trader.  In 1649, he settled a tract of land alongside the Pawcatuck River in present-day Stonington.  In 1649 or 1650, he was given permission to establish a trading post on the river and was granted a three-year monopoly over Indian trade in the area.  The trading house was built in 1651.  During this time, Stanton's family remained in Hartford or New London, joining him in Stonington in about 1657 after the trading venture had become established and a suitable house constructed.

Stanton's first house in Stonington was demolished in the 19th century and today the site is marked by a large inscribed stone.  A subsequent dwelling built beginning about 1670 is the oldest house still standing in Stonington and is now preserved as the Stanton-Davis Homestead Museum.

Stanton and his wife Anna are buried in Stonington at the Wequetequock Cemetery.

Notable descendants
Henry Brewster Stanton
Harriot Eaton Stanton Blatch
Lewis E. Stanton
Theodore Stanton
Nora Stanton Barney

Notes

References
Thomas Stanton Society - Thomas Stanton History
Stanton-Davis Homestead Museum - Stanton biography
Stonington Historical Society - In Search of the First Settlers
Descendants of Thomas Stanton
Original Stonington settlements c. 1651 - map
Zubrinsky, Eugene Cole. "The Immigration and Early Whereabouts in America of Thomas Stanton of Connecticut," The American Genealogist (October 2006): 270.

External links
 Stanton-Davis Homestead Museum

1616 births
1677 deaths
17th-century American businesspeople
People from Stonington, Connecticut
Colonial American merchants
Founders of Hartford, Connecticut


Events in the year 1853 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar I

Events
24 August – The Royal Norwegian Navy Museum is founded.
The present Lista Lighthouse was built.

Arts and literature

Notable births
22 January – Francis Hagerup, lawyer, diplomat, politician, and twice Prime Minister of Norway (died 1921)
28 March – Jacob Breda Bull, author (died 1930)
14 October – Axel Christian Zetlitz Kielland, civil servant and diplomat (died 1924)
26 October – Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Sr., bishop (died 1913)
3 November – Hans Nilsen Hauge, priest, politician and Minister (died 1931)

Full date unknown
Johan Magnus Halvorsen, politician (died 1922)
Just Knud Qvigstad, politician and Minister (died 1957)

Notable deaths
1 January – Valentin Christian Wilhelm Sibbern, government minister (born 1779).
23 June - Herman Garmann (born 1787), businessman and merchant.
3 July - Johan Gørbitz, painter (born 1782)
3 October – Hans Jacob Arnold Jensen, military officer and politician (born 1777)

Full date unknown
Edvard Hagerup, solicitor and politician (born 1781)
Peter Andreas Munch, historian (born 1810)

See also

References


Eldorado Business Tower is a 36-story skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. Completed in 2007, the 141 meters (462 feet) building is the 45th tallest building in South America, 17th in  Brazil. The tower is located near Shopping Eldorado, a shopping center in Pinheiros.

History

Eldorado Business Tower has eight parking floors, four below ground and four above ground. there is one parking space for each 32m² of office area. It is connected to shopping eldorado by an elevated passway. There is a 24 x 24 m helipad on the roof, capable of receiving aircraft up to 10 tons. Six of the 29 elevators are the fastest in Brazil, reaching speeds of 6 m/s. The tower is composed of a four storey garage building and a 36 storey office tower. The entrance lobby features a 7.1 meter floor to floor height. The municipality granted permission for occupation on October 25, 2007.
Eldorado Business Tower was built by one of the leading condominium developers in Brazil.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Brazil
 Mirante do Vale
 Altino Arantes Building
 Edifício Itália

External links
 Official Page Eldorado Business Tower in Emporis

Office buildings completed in 2007
Skyscrapers in São Paulo
Skyscraper office buildings in Brazil


Citizen of the World is an album by David Arkenstone, released in 1999. It is the first in which he purposely makes a tour of world music forms, mixing them with jazz, rock, and New Age elements.

Track listing
"Forest Runners" – 5:55
"Desert Crossing" – 5:21
"Moonflower" – 5:08
"The Gypsy Camp" – 4:20
"Safe Passage" – 4:57
"Ceremony" – 6:24
"Land of the Tiger" – 6:21
"Carried Away Across the Sea" – 4:36
"Temple of the Pharaoh" – 6:06
"Into the Dreamtime" – 7:15

 All tracks composed by David Arkenstone
 Arranged by Don Markese and David Arkenstone
 Recorded and mixed by Mike Aarvold and David Arkenstone

Personnel
 David Arkenstone – keyboards, bouzouki, guitar, flutes, bass, percussion, sound design
 Don Markese – flute, alto flute, bass flute, pan flute, pennywhistle, piccolo, clarinet, soprano sax
 Sid Page, Joel Derouin – violin
 Danny Chase – drums
 Samite Mulondo – kalimba on "Safe Passage"

References

1999 albums
David Arkenstone albums
Windham Hill Records albums


Canadian Border Peak, , originally known simply as Border Peak, is a mountain at the head of Tamihi Creek in the Cascade Mountains of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada.  As its name suggests, it is near the Canada–US border and is connected via a high ridge or col to American Border Peak, which is slightly higher at . The two together are known as the Border Peaks or American-Canadian Border Peaks and are most easily visible within nearby settled parts of Canada from the northern part of Sumas Prairie and the western part of Chilliwack Prairie in the area of Greendale, which is just east of the boundary between the cities of Chilliwack and Abbotsford.

Climate
American Border Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach the North Cascades, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the North Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Due to its temperate climate and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, areas west of the Cascade Crest very rarely experience temperatures below  or above . During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger.

Geology
The North Cascades feature some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks, ridges, and deep glacial valleys. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to the various climate differences.

The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted.  In addition, small fragments of the oceanic and continental lithosphere called terranes created the North Cascades about 50 million years ago.

During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured the landscape leaving deposits of rock debris. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys are a result of recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the North Cascades area.

References

Mountains of the Lower Mainland
Canada–United States border
Canadian Cascades
Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Yale Division Yale Land District


Nokian Footwear () is a Finnish manufacturer of rubber boots. It was a part of Nokia (which is today known for its mobile phones) from 1967 to 1990, when it split into its own company. It was acquired by the Finnish company  in 2005.

History

The company's history extends back to 1898, when Eduard Polón and a group of other Finnish businessmen decided to establish the company Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (Finnish Rubber Works Ltd) in Helsinki. After operating for a few years, the factory began to produce rubber galoshes, which competed successfully against Russian imports. After several years of production in Helsinki, the factory was moved to the town of Nokia. Soon after, the company began to use the brand Nokia, communicating Finnishness, and to distinguish itself from the cheaper Russian products.

Suomen Gummitehdas was soon manufacturing rubber goods ranging from machine belts to hoses and vehicle tyres. Later Suomen Gummitehdas Oy changed its name to a more modern Suomen Kumitehdas Oy. In 1967, Suomen Kumitehdas and Kaapelitehdas (The Cable Company) merged with the forest and power industry company Nokia Osakeyhtiö (Nokia Company) to form Nokia Corporation, the current telecommunications corporation. The group's fields of business were the rubber, cable and forest industries as well as electricity generation and electronics.

At the end of the 1980s, the different industrial sectors of Nokia Corporation decided to focus on their own areas of expertise. Nokian Tyres left in 1988 to form its own, independent company and two years later, in 1990, Nokian Footwear was founded. The parent company Nokia Corporation focused on telecommunications and divested itself of all of its non-telecommunications divisions. Nokian is "Nokia" in the genitive, thus Nokian Footwear means "Footwear of Nokia".

In 2005, the Finnish family business Berner bought Nokian Footwear and assumed ownership of the Nokian Footwear brands and closely guarded rubber recipes. They sell retro design classics such as Hai and Kontio rubber boots.

Milestones

 1898 – Finnish Rubber Works Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) founded in Helsinki.
 1904 – Factory moves to the town of Nokia.
 1967 – Finnish Rubber Works, The Cable Company and Nokia Company merged, thereby forming Nokia Corporation.
 1973 – Kontio, a classic full-length rubber boot for men, introduced.
 1990 – Split from Nokia Corporation. Nokian Footwear Ltd. founded.
 2005 –  acquires Nokian Footwear.

References

External links
 Official site
 Berner Oy

Manufacturing companies of Finland
Clothing companies established in 1990


In organic chemistry, the Perkin rearrangement (coumarin–benzofuran ring contraction) is a rearrangement reaction in which a 2-halocoumarin in the presence of hydroxide undergoes a ring contraction to form a benzofuran. The name reaction recognizes William Henry Perkin, who first reported it in 1870. Several proposals have been made for the reaction mechanism, all of which involve initial opening of the lactone to give a carboxylate and phenolate.

References

Benzofurans
Coumarins
Name reactions
Rearrangement reactions
Ring contraction reactions


Botum Sakor National Park is the largest national park of Cambodia. Situated on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand, Botum Sakor (or Botumsakor) is a peninsula projecting southwest from the Cardamom Mountains. The national park comprises an area of  and spans three districts of Koh Kong Province: Kiri Sakor, Botum Sakor and Koh Kong. The park is under the administration of the Cambodian Ministry of Environment, and a small part of the park is included in the Southern Cardamom REDD+ Project (SCRP).

The landscape
The majority of Botum Sakor National Park’s area comprises gently sloping lowland, covered by evergreen woods and grasslands, emerging in coastal floodplains with mangrove forests and freshwater swamp forests. It experiences a tropical monsoon climate and two high tides per day, with a range of approximately . The human population of Botum Sakor National Park is unknown.

Wildlife

Botum Sakor National Park has a very rich and varied wildlife, but little on-location research has been done and published on the biodiversity of the area.

Mammals
As of 2009, evidence of over 44 mammal species have been found within the national park boundaries, eight of which are of high conservation priority, being listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List, some of them critically. These endangered species includes the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica), Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), Germain's langur (Trachypithecus germaini), Indian hog deer (Axis porcinus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), and pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus). The pileated gibbon forms a considerable population and it has been speculated, that the national park might in fact contain as much as 10% of the global population.

Many other threatened species have their home in Botum Sakor National Park, in fact over a quarter of the mammalian species here are of conservation interest due to their global status. These include large-toothed ferret-badger (Melogale personata), hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana), smooth-coated otter (Lutra perspicillata), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), large-spotted civet (Viverra megaspila) and more. Possibly sun bear and moon bear might be present here as well.

Amphibians
Surprisingly only a relatively small number of amphibian species have been found on the premisses of the national park. The area was expected to hold a large number of species, since the Cardamom Mountains are home to many, there are a broader variety of ecosystems to be found in Botum Sakor. Many of the amphibians found in the park, are of great importance nonetheless. Both the Mortensen’s frog (Sylvirana mortenseni) and spine-glanded mountain frog (Quasipaa fasciculispina) are endemic to the south west of Cambodia and the Thailand-owned section of the mountain range.

Reptiles
Most of the many reptiles of Botum Sakor are snakes, including the charismatic king cobra and Malayan pit viper. Snakes are regularly seen and subsequently hacked to death by local residents at local plantations. There is also a small population of Siamese crocodiles in some of the parks creeks. Cambodia in fact retains the world's largest population of this critically endangered species, which was recently (2007) thought to be extinct even. The larger saltwater crocodile is also here, although it is of least concern from a global conservational viewpoint, they are threatened in South-east Asia. In Cambodia, saltwater crocodiles are thought to be restricted to Koh Kong Province. Two threatened species of turtle and one species of tortoise is also found in the Cardamom mountain range.

Birds
There are hundreds of species of birds to be found within the park area, but only preliminary research has been carried out so far. Of particular interest to conservationists is the white-winged wood duck (Asarcornis scutulata), which is endangered and one of the rarest waterfowl in Asia. There are a number of other threatened or near-threatened birds here too, like green peafowl (Pavo muticus), lesser adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus), Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster), great pied hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and grey-headed fish eagle (Haliaeetus ichthyaetus).

Insects
The research on the lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) in Botum Sakor is also preliminary and at the same time unique for the country as a whole, since very little research on this group have been published on Cambodia at all. As of 2009, 147 species of lepidopterans have been recorded in the park, with as many as 49 species in the family Nymphalidae alone. Almost all the lepidopteran species (and individuals) were found in the dense forests or the swamp forests, with very few in the open areas of meadow and river edge habitats. A larger number of species of the subfamily Satyrinae has been registered in the swampy forest habitats; a mean of 38 species per habitat area. The most common species in the park overall, seems to be the common evening brown butterfly (Melanitis leda). Due to the lack of identification literature on butterflies and moths in Cambodia, a number of unidentifiable species have been caught during research projects.

Understanding the distribution and development of the butterflies and moths are important in understanding and managing the national parks, as they are good indicator species of the environment. The relatively high percentage of Nymphalidae species in Botum Sakor are, in addition to other factors, reflecting that the habitats are indeed disturbed by excessive clear cutting and logging.

Threats and concerns

Disturbance of Botum Sakor National Park is extremely high. In the years 1997 - 2002, an estimated 229 km2 of evergreen forest was lost through illegal logging (~30 km2/year).2 These initial crimes and large scale destructive activities, was eventually halted at the beginning of the new millennium, but the national park is now facing an increasing threat of destruction under the pretext of so-called development1 at both local, national and international levels.

Agriculture, industry and construction projects
After establishing the Botum Sakor National Park in 1993, the Government of Cambodia apparently decided, that a large part of the land should be used for various agro-industrial and construction projects. A series of Economic Land Concessions has been issued and signed in recent years. How land is exploited, sold and leased in Cambodia is notoriously murky, but below is a list of well documented projects in relation to the park:

In November 1998, a concession agreement was signed with the Chinese company The Green Rich Co., Ltd. to plant, grow and harvest oil palms, fruit trees and acacia in a 60,200 ha (602 km2) area. More than 80% of the land is located within Botum Sakor National Park in the north-east and constitutes roughly 40% of the Koh Kong Districts contribution to the national park. The project was initially scheduled to be carried out in 6 stages, converting 10,000 ha of the national park to plantations in each stage, but disputes with the Cambodian Ministry of Environment arose.

In April 2008, a concession agreement lasting 99 years was signed with Tianjin Union Development Group for the purpose of developing Dara Sakor on an area of 36,000 ha (360 km2) for tourism. The land is in both Kiri Sakor District and Botum Sakor District. Resort brochures show ambitious plans: a new airport with a capacity of 10 million passengers a year, double the capacity of Phnom Penh International Airport and more than 40 times the number of visitors who arrived in 2017 at Sihanouk International Airport, docking facilities for full-size cruise ships, and high-speed rail connections to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.

In August 2009, a concession agreement was signed with Koh Kong sez Co.,Ltd., to initiate a large scale agro-industrial project in a 9,977 ha (99.77 km2) area. The land is located within the Kiri Sakor District.

In April 2010, a concession agreement lasting 90 years was signed with the Cambodian company L.Y.P Group Co., Ltd. To construct Tapioca plantations in a 4,097 ha (40.97 km2) area. The land is located in the upper-middle of the national park, mainly in the Botum Sakor District, but involving all of the three districts contributing to the park.

In January 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. for business activities in a 9,835 ha (98.35 km2) area. The land is located in the interior of the Botum Sakor District. Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. is Korean based and primarily engaged in the casino business, but it operates in three associated segments: casinos, hotels and spas.

In July 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Sinimexim Investment Co., Ltd. to construct rubber plantations and conduct unspecified agro-industrial business activities in a 4,280 ha (42.80 km2) area. The land is located in the interior of the Botum Sakor District, just north of the land concession with Paradise Investment Co., Ltd.

In December 2012, a contract was signed with an unknown company to construct a reservoir and hydropower dam, involving a 6,771 ha (67.71 km2) area. The land is apparently located in the Botum Sakor District.

Impact
A simple calculation reveals that the total area involved in the agricultural, industrial and constructional projects, adds up to more than 119,120 ha (1191.2 km2). This comprise 70% of the national park. Needless to say, if the projects are allowed to unfold as they are planned, it will mean the ultimate destruction of Botum Sakor National Park.

Landsat satellite images, journalistic investigations and activist reports clearly shows how large areas have been clear-cut at an accelerated pace in the concessions since 2008. Especially the coastal mangrove has suffered and is almost non-existing throughout the park, as of 2012.

Illegal logging
There is now substantial evidence, that the criminal practices of illegal logging on the premises of the national park, has become a problem once again in the last few years and at an alarmingly accelerated pace even. Satellite images (Landsat and Envisat), journalistic investigations and activist reports shows how the formerly densely forested interior has been thinned to an extent, that almost all of Botum Sakor National Park has been directly affected. Many of the densely forested habitats are now degraded and categorized as so-called mixed forest habitat because of this thinning.  There seems to be a number of reasons for the new illegal logging practices and various groups participate, spanning from opportunistic locals, some of the companies involved in the concessions (see above) and organized criminal syndicates. Some of the logged timbers are rosewood and various threatened hardwood species used in luxury buildings and for expensive furniture, but also plants like the saffrol laurel tree (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon, a member of the cinnamon tree genus) and yellow vine are being cut and collected to make psychoactive drugs like ecstasy for south-east Asian traditional medicine and other purposes. Many spots where illegal timbers and plant harvests are processed or cut up, have been uncovered within the national park itself.

Poaching
Poaching in Cambodias national parks remains extremely rampant and Botum Sakor is no exclusion to this trend. The methods that are most disturbing in Botum Sakor are the setting of snare traps, and the opportunistic hunting of small mammal species for food. The poaching in Cambodia have many reasons, but one of the reasons in Botum Sakor National Park is feeding the traditional Chinese medicinal market.

Fragmentation of habitats
Habitat fragmentation of the national park is a concern. The recently completed highway route 48 along the northern boundary of the park isolates it from the southern Cardamom Mountains. While some animals can cope, the highway have clearly fragmented and confined the arboreal species population such as the pileated gibbon.

Active NGOs in the area
The following NGOs are known to be active in the area:
 Flora & Fauna International
 Conservation International
 Wildlife Alliance

References and notes

Sources
 REPORT 4 Fauna and flora diversity studies in Botum Sakor National Park, Cambodia April 2005 – September 2009 Frontier Cambodia, January 2010. Society for Environmental Exploration 2010.
 Royan, A. (2010) Significant mammal records from Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2010 (1): 22-26.
 Royan, A. (2009) Avifaunal inventory with annotated accounts for Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2009 (1): 26-39.
 Royan, A. (2009) Confirmation of the endangered fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus in Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Bulletin of the IUCN/SSC cat specialist group, 51: 10-11.
 The Phnom Penh Post: "Work on $5 billion tourism project begins", October 1.st 2010.
 Cambodian Government authorises clear-cutting global witness
 Open Development Cambodia ODC

External links
 Lonely Planet's page on travel to Botum Sakor National Park
 Botumsakor Community Development Organization BCDO
 Interactive map of the area Open Development Cambodia (ODC)

National parks of Cambodia
Protected areas established in 1993
Geography of Koh Kong province
Cardamom Mountains
Tourism in Cambodia


Dale Dubin, M.D. (b. 1940), is a former American plastic surgeon and author of several cardiology textbooks, though never practicing or being trained as a cardiologist.

Dubin practiced medicine in Tampa, Florida, and gained fame within the medical community with the 1972 publication of Rapid Interpretation of EKG's, a best-selling textbook suited for medical students and junior residents. In it, Dubin adopts a simplistic fill-in-the-blank style to teach the basics of reading electrocardiograms. In the fiftieth printing of the book, he hid within the copyright notice an offer to give his prized 1965 Ford Thunderbird to anyone who actually read the message and responded. Out of 60,000 copies in that printing, only 5 readers noticed and responded, and Dubin's own daughter delivered the car to the winner (selected by a random drawing). Dubin also wrote Adventure in the Heartland: Exploring the Heart's Ionic-Molecular Microcosm and Understanding Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation.

In 1986, Dubin, age 46, was arrested and pled guilty to charges related to child pornography and cocaine. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and his Florida medical license was revoked.

References

External links
 Dale Dubin: Pornography and Prison – Scrub Notes: A Blog For Med Students, 9/21/2007.

American surgeons
People from Tampa, Florida


John Arthur Jones (26 May 1856 – 20 January 1919) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Cardiff Rugby Football Club and international rugby for Wales. He was awarded a single cap for Wales.

Personal life
Educated in Monmouth School, Jones became an Admiralty agent before becoming a colliery director. Jones began what was to become a long-standing tradition between Welsh rugby and the coal mines, and was the first colliery employee to represent Wales, a list that would run to over a hundred members. Jones would spend his later life undertaking various duties, including serving as High Sheriff of Glamorgan for 1918 and later governor of the University of South Wales and Monmouthshire.

Rugby career
Jones came to prominence as a rugby player while representing Cardiff. Jones was a founding member of the Cardiff club in 1876. In 1877, while only 20 years old, he became secretary of Cardiff RFC and was a member of the committee after that.

in 1883 Jones was selected to represent Wales as part of the Home Nations Championship. In the first encounter between Scotland and Wales, Jones was part of a ten-man pack, the only time Wales had used such a heavy forwards tactic. Under the captaincy of Charlie Lewis, Jones was one of three new caps for Wales, the others being Newport's Horace Lyne and Dr. John Griffin, a stand-in from Edinburgh University. Wales lost the game by three goals to one, and the next match saw Wales switch back to nine forwards and Jones was never selected for the national team again.

International matches played
Wales
  1883

Bibliography

References

1856 births
1919 deaths
Cardiff RFC players
High Sheriffs of Glamorgan
Rugby union forwards
Rugby union players from Risca
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players


Kep National Park () is a national park in Cambodia's Kep Province that was established in 1993 and covers an area of . The nearest town lies at Kep.

The park includes a small mountain range and a number of hiking trails. The trails offer views of Phu Quoc and the Bokor Ranges on the south and west sides, and also views across islands of the Vietnamese marine reserve in Kiên Giang to the east side.

Gallery

References

Sources
 Protected Areas and Development in The Lower Mekong River Region , International Centre for Environmental Management.
Kep National Park in the UNEP-WCMC World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre

External links

National parks of Cambodia
Protected areas established in 1993
Geography of Kep province
Tourist attractions in Kep province


Con 'Callan' O'Callaghan was an Irish sportsperson.  He played hurling with his local club Redmonds and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team for one season in 1892.

Playing career

Club
O'Callaghan played his club hurling with the famous Redmonds club and enjoyed some success.  He won a county senior championship title in 1892.

Inter-county
O'Callaghan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with Cork as part of the Redmond's selection in 1892.  That year he lined out in his first provincial decider with All-Ireland champions Kerry providing the opposition.  An exciting game developed, however, at full-time Cork were the champions by 5-3 to 2-5. It was O'Callaghan's first, and only, Munster title.  Cork's next game was an All-Ireland final meeting with Dublin.  The game was a controversial one as referee Dan Fraher changed his mind after initially awarding a goal to Cork.  He eventually decided that the GAA's Central Council should decide the matter. Dublin, however, had walked off the field and, because of this, Cork were awarded the title.  It gave O'Callaghan an All-Ireland title.

Sources
 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

Redmond's hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing


Matt Rogelstad (born September 13, 1982) is a Canadian former professional baseball player who played internationally for the Canadian national team at the 2008 Olympics.

High school and college career
A native of New Westminster, British Columbia, Rogelstad played multiple seasons for the Coquitlam Reds of the B.C. Premier Baseball League while in high school. He played for the Canadian National Junior Team at the 1999 and 2000 World Junior Baseball Championships.

Rogelstad went on to play one year of college baseball, where he hit .279 for the Southeastern Louisiana University Lions.  After the  season, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League where he was named a league all-star, then transferred to Arkansas State University, where he batted .341 in .  His five strikeouts in only 208 at-bats was the lowest rate in NCAA Division I, and earned him the NCAA Statistics Service "Toughest to Strike Out" award.

Professional career
Rogelstad signed as an undrafted free agent with the Seattle Mariners on June 17, 2003.

2005
Rogelstad played for Team Canada at the 2005 Baseball World Cup in the Netherlands.

2006
Rogelstad played for Team Canada at the 2006 World Baseball Classic.  He only appearance of the tournament came during the 9th inning of an 11-8 victory against South Africa, where he pinch-ran for Pierre-Luc Laforest.

2007
On March 26, 2007, the Mariners sold his contract to the Washington Nationals.  He played the  season for the Class A Advanced Potomac Nationals, where his .302 batting average ranked him third among all Carolina League hitters.  After Potomac's season was complete, Rogelstad would go on to represent Canada at the 2007 Baseball World Cup in Taiwan.  He was named the Canadian Team MVP after hitting .485 with seven RBI in seven games.

2008
Rogelstad was part of Canada's qualification for a berth at the 2008 Olympics.  He hit .360 with 9 runs and 8 RBIs in 7 games while serving as Canada's primary third baseman during the 2008 Olympic Qualification Tournament.  His success during Olympic qualifying did not carry over to the Olympic tournament, where he went 2 for 25 with 8 strikeouts.

Rogelstad had a moderately successful  season for the Potomac Nationals, where he hit .272 and had 39 runs batted in.  His performance earned him a promotion to the Class AA Harrisburg Senators in early July 2008.

2011
In the winter of 2011, as Rogelstad goes for a degree in accounting at York College of Pennsylvania, he is recruited by the Quick Six (now Falloons) hockey club, which consists of other students from York College. He goes on to help the team to a championship chipping in 9 goals and 15 assists in his 14 games played that season. He even suited up as goalie one game.

In the fall, Falloons hockey is off to a strong season to defend their title. Rogelstad had his best game yet of the season on December 7, netting 4 goals and 2 assists in a 7-6 winning effort over the Lancaster Chiefs.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Arizona League Mariners players
Arkansas State Red Wolves baseball players
Baseball people from British Columbia
Baseball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Baseball first basemen
Baseball second basemen
Baseball third basemen
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian people of Norwegian descent
Edmonton Capitals players
Everett AquaSox players
Harrisburg Senators players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Olympic baseball players for Canada
Potomac Nationals players
San Antonio Missions players
Southeastern Louisiana Lions baseball players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Wareham Gatemen players
York Revolution players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2006 World Baseball Classic players
York College of Pennsylvania alumni


Phnom Kulen (or Kulen Mountain; ,  ; ) is a mountain range and a part of Phnom Kulen National Park in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia.

Geography
Rather than a hill range, Phnom Kulen is an isolated chain of small mountain plateaux of moderate height lying south of the Dângrêk Mountains. The range stretches for about  in a WNW–ESE direction and is located some  north of Siem Reap.

Its highest point is  and its height is quite regular, averaging  all along the range.

Geologically Phnom Kulen is formed of sandstone. It was important as a quarry in Angkorian times, the major quarries being located in the southeastern angle of the massif. Page

Protected area

There is a sanctuary in the area, Phnom Kulen National Park, straddling the districts of Svay Leu and Va Rin. Its purpose is recreational and scientific in order to preserve the natural scenic features of Phnom Kulen mountain, like some famous waterfalls.

The park is located about  to the north of the provincial town of Siem Reap.

Tentative List entry for World Heritage nomination
This site was added to Cambodia's national Tentative List for World Heritage on March 27, 2020 (originally proclaimed December 1, 1992), to be nominated under World Heritage criteria (iii) (iv) and (v). The effort continued in 2016 when over 300 families were removed from already crowded areas and existing facilities for tourists were upgraded.

Description
The Phnom Kulen mountain range is located  northwards from Angkor Wat. Its name means "mountain of the lychees". There is a sacred hilltop site on top of the range.

Phnom Kulen is considered a holy mountain in Cambodia, of special religious significance to Hindus and Buddhists who come to the mountain in pilgrimage.

Near these mountains is Preah Ang Thom, a 16th-century Buddhist monastery notable for the giant reclining Buddha, the country's largest.

The Samré tribe was formerly living at the edge of Phnom Kulen, quarrying sandstone and transporting it to the royal sites.

History
Phnom Kulen has major symbolic importance for Cambodia as the birthplace of the ancient Khmer Empire, for it was at Phnom Kulen that King Jayavarman II proclaimed independence from Java in 802 CE. Jayavarman II initiated the Devaraja cult of the king, a linga cult, in what is dated as 804 CE and declaring his independence from Java of whom the Khmer had been a vassal state. (Whether this is actually "Java", the Khmer chvea used to describe Champa, or "Lava" (a Lao kingdom) is debated, as well as the legend that he was earlier held as a ransom of the kingdom in Java.  See Higham's The Civilization of Angkor for more information about the debate.) During the Angkorian era the relief was known as Mahendraparvata (the mountain of Great Indra).

Phnom Kulen was further developed under the rule of Udayadityavarman II, who made it the capital of his empire and constructed many temples and residences as well as the 1000 Lingas at Kbal Spean. At its peak, the Kulen development was larger than modern-day Phnom Penh and one of the largest cities in the 11th-century world. It would later be eclipsed by Angkor, but still served a vital role, as its water irrigated the entire region.

The Khmer Rouge used the location as a final stronghold as their regime came to an end in 1979 in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.

Sights

Chup Preah is a stream flowing into the mountain's valley. Kulen Mountain has two waterfalls. The first is between  high and  wide. There is a shallow pond below it. The second waterfall is  high and  wide. This pours into a larger area of water which is popular to visit and swim in. These sizes apply to the dry and rainy seasons although the current will be weaker in the dry season.

Kbal Spean is known for its carvings representing fertility and its waters which hold special significance to Hindus. Just  under the water's surface over 1000 small linga carvings are etched into the sandstone riverbed. The waters are regarded as holy, given that Jayavarman II chose to bathe in the river, and had the river diverted so that the stone bed could be carved. Carvings include a stone representation of the Hindu god Vishnu lying on his serpent Ananta, with his wife Lakshmi at his feet. A lotus flower protrudes from his navel bearing the god Brahma. The river then ends with a waterfall and a pool.

Preah Ang Thom houses a large statue of Buddha. It was built in the 16th century and is  high. Preah Ang Thom is the sacred and worshipping god for Kulen Mountain. There are also two large Cham Pa trees nearby. Besides Preah Ang Thom, Chhok Ruot, footprints of Preah Bat Choan Tuk, Peung Chhok, Peung Ey So and Peung Ey Sey, can also be seen.

The Linga is along the river of Siem Reap and has a lot of figures of Yoni and Linga spreading out at the bottom of the river.

The Terrace of Sdach Kum Ling has a small brick-built ruined temple in its centre. It was covered by lava for hundreds of years.

Srah Damrei is a large, sandstone sculpture of an elephant. It is joined by several other smaller sculptures which have been dated to the 8th or 9th centuries. It is accessible by motor bike and take approximately one hour from the waterfall.

Peung Tbal is a large rock site which has carvings of the Hindu gods Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, and Ganesh. This site was made around the time of the 8th or 9th centuries. The site is near to the village of Anlong Thom.

Peung Aysey is another site located inside of the jungle of Kulen and contains more rock carvings of Hindu gods and is said to have been a meditation place for rishis.

See also
Phnom Kulen National Park

References

Bibliography

External links

page on Phnom Kulen from the official website of Kingdom of Cambodia
www.peaceofangkorphoto.com
Andy Brouwer's blog on the less-visited angkorian temples of Phnom Kulen
Phnom Kulen video destination guide  on YouTube

Kulen
Geography of Siem Reap province