The Museum of Italian Art (Spanish: Museo de Arte italiano) is a public museum in Lima, Peru, under the administration of the National Culture Institute. It's the only European arts museum in Peru.

History
The Museum of Italian Art was the gift from the Italian community in Peru, for the 100th Anniversary of the Independence, in 1921. Its official inauguration occurred on November 11, 1923.

After many years working, the museum passed to be administrated by the National Culture Institute in 1972. The institution received donations from contemporary Italian artists, and the permanent collection was increased with another 35 art works, in 1989 and 1990. Since 1991, major efforts have been made to recover the museum itself -building and collection- and to revalue it. So far, the steps have been made thanks to the Italian embassy' constant support and the Association of Friends of the Museum of Italian Art.

Museum
The building has remained open since the inauguration. The project was given to the Italian architect Gaetano Moretti, who also designed The Chinese Fount, a gift from the Chinese community for the independence celebration. It's located in the second block of Avenue Paseo de la República in the Historic Centre of Lima. It has a big yard, parking lots and 6 rooms for the exhibition of its permanent collection and for the temporary exhibitions that are held there. In the second room there's a big stained glass inspired in Botticelli's Primavera.

Through the building, as in design and decorative elements, ancient Italian art is represented: elements from Bramante's architecture; reliefs and decorative details inspired in Donatello, Ghiberti, Michelangelo and Botticelli. The façade is completed by the emblems of the principal Italian cities and by two Venetian mosaics with the most famous men in Italy's history.

Permanent collection
The first selection of the art works that'd belong to the museum's permanent collection was in charged of Mario Vannini Parenti. That's how he acquired a collection of more than 200 original art works, including sculptures, paintings, drawings, prints and ceramics. So, in the museum, the art of all Italian regions is represented. Most of the collection is from the beginnings of the 20th Century, although avant garde movement is not present.

Services
The museum has an important library, with several information and books about the Italian artists in the museum and also about its history. there is some audiovisual material about its collection. Another service is the Catalogue, with more than 300 pages, with full information about the 313 art works that belong to the permanent collection, as well as the biographies of the Italian artists which art works are exhibited there.

Guided visits for blind people
Since 1998, the museum offers guided visits for blind people. This unique service is part of the museum's philosophy to bring art and culture for all people. With special gloves they can touch the collection of bronze and marble sculptures, which is a unique experience that only they can feel, because touching the artworks is forbidden to the general public.

Association of Friends of the Museum of Italian Art
The Museum, as well as its collection, requires constant care and restoration, the expenses or which are quite significant. That is why, in order to contribute with it and maintain the museum in its original splendor, the Association of friends of the Museum of Italian Art was created in 1991, under the initiative of the Italian Ambassador in Peru. Its principal purpose is to promote all the activities that help to preserve, renew, revive and stimulate the museum's life.

News

The museum, besides having one of the most important collection in Peru, has also held several important temporary exhibitions, like "Giotto en Padua", in 2004, that included the official replica of the Scrovegni Chapel, that had toured other European and South American countries before. And "Del mito al sueño. Rodin... Dalí", in 2008 and 2009, that included 30 sculptuters that belong to Soumaya Museum, from six European masters: Auguste Rodin, Salvador Dalí, Edgar Degas, Emile-Antoine Bourdelle, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Giorgio de Chirico.

"A collection"
The new temporary exhibition at the museum, entitled "A collection" will be open to public during May, 2010. It will exhibit the private collection of the Italian ambassador in Lima, Francesco Rausi. In the exhibition, 40 art works -between sculptures and paintings- will be shown to public, and will include the work of avant-garde Russian art, and the contemporary plastic expressions from artist from Italy, Brazil, Canada, Corea, and the United States. From Peru, some work of Fernando de Szyszlo will be exhibited in the show.

External links
 Museum of Italian Art in Facebook
 National Culture Institute
 Blind people visiting the Museum of Italian Art

Italian art
Museums in Lima
Museums in Peru
Neoclassical architecture in Peru
Art museums and galleries in Peru


Playing Soldiers () is a 1967 Yugoslav film directed by Bahrudin Čengić. It was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival, but the festival was cancelled due to the events of May 1968 in France.

Cast
 Stole Aranđelović
 Marika Tucanovska
 Zaim Muzaferija
 Zlatko Madunić
 Mija Aleksić
 Zdravko Andrijašević
 Sead Čakal
 Darko Cerar
 Mirsad Ibišević
 Gordan Kulić
 Živko Odak
 Duško Savić
 Milorad Vođević

References

External links

1967 films
1967 drama films
1960s war drama films
Yugoslav war drama films
Serbo-Croatian-language films
Yugoslav black-and-white films
Films about orphans
Films set in Yugoslavia
Films directed by Bato Čengić


Mariachi El Bronx is the fourth studio album by the Los Angeles rock band The Bronx, released on September 1, 2009 through Swami Records in the United States and Wichita Recordings in the United Kingdom. It marks a divergence from the band's usual hardcore punk and hard rock sound in favor of a mariachi style. To promote and perform the album the band adopted the alter ego persona "Mariachi El Bronx", and have performed under both identities concurrently.

Background
The Bronx first expressed intentions to record in a mariachi style in April 2007, when they announced plans to record both a mariachi album and a punk rock album in short succession, hoping to release the former before the end of that summer. However, they did not enter the recording studio until March 2008, by which time they planned to release the mariachi album before the end of the summer. Mariachi El Bronx was recorded in March 2008 at Brandos Paradise in San Gabriel, California with producer and engineer John Avila, who also played charango, sang backing vocals, and mixed the album with the band.

In June 2008 the band posted a video to YouTube of themselves performing "Cell Mates" in mariachi style under the name "Mariachi El Bronx". The punk rock album was released first, on November 11, 2008. Titled The Bronx, it was their third eponymous album. The band supported it with a world tour from September through December 2008 covering Canada, the United States, Europe, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, playing with bands such as Bad Religion, Every Time I Die, and Stick to Your Guns. In a December 2008 interview, singer Matt Caughthran commented that "[Mariachi El Bronx] was something that was a part of us that we didn't really realize. I mean, being from Los Angeles and, you know, growing up and surrounded by Mexican culture, it just kind of happened [...] We were writing two or three songs a day for that record, and the lyrics and everything just kind of shit out of all of us [...] it was the funnest and easiest record we've ever made." Guitarist Joby J. Ford, discussing the band's decision to leave Island Records and to release The Bronx on their own label White Drugs, remarked that "I want to be in a band that plays music that I like and also has another band where they play mariachi music."

In March 2009 The Bronx played the South By Southwest festival in Austin, Texas, followed by a tour of the United States ending in June. In an April 2009 interview, Caughthran spoke more about Mariachi El Bronx:

The record's been done for a while now, hopefully it's gonna come out in like early or mid summer. It's a really really important record; it's the best thing I've ever done. It's all original music, traditional mariachi stuff, and it's the punkest thing in the world for a band like The Bronx to put out a record like that. And I know it's gonna fuck a lot of people up. I want to make sure it gets done the right way, so we're being real careful with it. We don't know if we have the manpower ourselves to put it out on White Drugs, so we're trying to see if we can find a label who's in love with it enough to put it out there.

On the impetus for switching styles for the album, Caughthran remarked that many musicians "kind of blow it by not challenging themselves and not listening to their urges, so to speak. A lot of bands play it safe and make the same record over and over again [...] It was just one of those things, where we got asked to do an acoustic thing for Fuel TV, and it's like nothing sucks more than rock bands playing acoustic rock songs. You know, it just sucks. So we did a song mariachi style, and it just opened up this whole thing where we were like 'This is awesome.' So we wrote some songs, and it just became." He speculated that Mariachi El Bronx might tour with The Hold Steady after the album's release, calling it "a whole different outlet – we can go tour with bands The Bronx couldn't go on tour with."

The first Mariachi El Bronx song to see release was a cover of Prince's "I Would Die 4 U", released on the tribute album Purplish Rain in June 2009. The following month the band announced that Mariachi El Bronx would be released on September 1 through Swami Records, who had released the vinyl version of their second album, 2006's The Bronx. In July Spin exclusively debuted the song "Quinceniera" as streaming media on their website. The website Clashmusic.com then offered a free download of "Slave Labor" in August, the same month that Wichita Recordings released a single for "Cell Mates" in the United Kingdom. The band launched a full album stream on Purevolume, followed by the premier of the music video for "Cell Mates" on August 28, 2009.

Track listing

Personnel

The Bronx
 Matt Caughthran – vocals
 Joby J. Ford – guitar, vihuela, jarana, ukulele, requinto romantico
 Vincent Hidalgo – guitarrón, jarana, guitar, requinto romantico
 Ken Horne – guitar
 Brad Magers – horns, backing vocals
 Jorma Vik – drums, percussion

Additional musicians
 John Avila – charango, backing vocals
 Francesca Fernes – viola
 David Hidalgo – accordion, tresillos, guitar
 Bruce Lee – violin
 Alfredo Ortiz – percussion
 Liza Piccadilly – violin
 Lia Teoni – violin

Production
 John Avila – producer, recording, engineer, mixing engineer
 Gavin Lurssssen – mastering
 William V. Malpede – string arrangement and conducting

Artwork
 Joby J. Ford – artwork
 Lisa Johnson – photography

References

2009 albums
The Bronx (band) albums
Swami Records albums
Wichita Recordings albums
Albums produced by John Avila


Fibrinolysis syndrome  is characterized by an acute hemorrhagic state brought about by inability of the blood to clot, with massive hemorrhages into the skin producing blackish, purplish swellings and sloughing.

Symptoms
Hemorrhages (this includes severe bleeding of any particular area. Be it: nasal, rectal, oral, it also includes bleeding from scrapes, cuts, bruises (big bruises that do not disappear in the first two to three days).

Cause
The cause for Fibrinolysis syndrome, is the inability of the body to produce blood-coagulates to stop bleeding. What causes the body to not produce blood-coagulates are the low levels of fibrin, or therefore non-existent fibrin.

Diagnosis

Treatment

See also
 Skin lesion
 Hemorrhage
 Fibrin

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Syndromes


is a Japanese Magic: The Gathering player. He is the most successful player in the individual portion of World Championships, winning one tournament and making the top eight of two others.

Career
Mori first appeared on the Pro Tour in the 2000–01 season, at Pro Tour Los Angeles. With three Grand Prix top eights and a ninth-place finish at the World Championship, he accumulated enough points to win the rookie of the year title that season. The following season Mori's success abated as he was unable to repeat his strong performance from the previous Worlds at the Pro Tour level. However, he did manage to make a number of Grand Prix top eights. In 2002–03, Mori played only one Pro Tour, Venice. While his finish at the tournament was mediocre, with his teammates Masashiro Kuroda and Masahiko Morita, he won the penultimate Masters Series, also held in Venice on the same weekend. The following season Mori failed to make the top eight of any premier event, although he did come close with a tenth-place finish at Pro Tour Kobe. In 2005, Mori played every Pro Tour but again failed to make a top 8 until the final event of the season, the World Championship. Beating Shuhei Nakamura, Tomohiro Kaji, and Frank Karsten, Mori won the tournament and became the 2005 World Champion. Another top eight appearance at the next World Championship made him the first World Champion to make it back to the top eight of a World Championship after his win. He also captained the Japanese national team to a second-place finish. The following year came to solid start for Mori. He finished ninth at Pro Tour Geneva. However, he was given a six-month suspension for accumulated game play warnings after the following event. In spite of this, Mori made his third, and to date final, Pro Tour Top eight at the World Championship that year. He lost in the quarterfinal to the eventual champion Uri Peleg.

Accomplishments

References

Living people
Japanese Magic: The Gathering players
1983 births
People from Osaka Prefecture
Players who have won the Magic: The Gathering World Championship


My Song is an album by jazz guitarist Joe Pass that was released in 1993.

Reception

Writing for Allmusic, music critic Scott Yanow  wrote of the album "Pass naturally emerges as the main star, interpreting nine standards and two of his originals with taste, hard-driving swing, and creativity within the bop tradition. Pass made so many recordings during the 20 years preceding this date that it is difficult to call any one of them "definitive," but this is an excellent group effort."

Track listing
 "Rockin' in Rhythm" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Harry Carney) – 6:00
 "Azure" (Ellington, Mills) – 7:17
 "Keepin' Out of Mischief Now" (Fats Waller, Andy Razaf) – 7:39
 "Ah Moore" (Al Cohn) – 4:08
 "I Can't Kick" (Tom Ranier) – 6:11
 "Rockin' Chair" (Hoagy Carmichael) – 3:52
 "Song for Ellen" (Joe Pass) – 3:23
 "Jitterbug Waltz" (Waller, Richard Maltby, Jr.) – 8:06
 "The Duke" (Dave Brubeck) – 5:42
 "Jo-Wes" (John Pisano) – 3:25
 "Ain't Misbehavin''" (Harry Brooks, Razaf, Waller) – 6:12

Personnel
 Joe Pass – guitar
 John Pisano – guitar
Jim Hughart – bass
Colin Bailey – drums
Tom Ranier – saxophone, piano, clarinet

References

Joe Pass live albums
1993 live albums


Milano Assicurazioni was an Italian financial services company based in Milan, Italy.

The company was particularly active in the insurance sector, where it underwrites life, property, casualty and marine cover.

In 1992 Roberto Pontremoli was appointed by Paolo Savona as extraordinary commissioner. In one year he resolved economic problems of the company.

The company was listed on the Borsa Italiana and was a constituent of the S&P/MIB index.

On 6 January 2014 the company merged with Unipol Assicurazioni and Premafin by incorporation in Fondiaria-Sai that was renamed to UnipolSai Assicurazioni S.P.A..

Companies based in Milan
Financial services companies established in 1825
1825 establishments in Italy
Defunct insurance companies of Italy
Financial services companies disestablished in 2014


Founded in 1892, The Bibliographical Society is the senior learned society dealing with the study of the book and its history in the United Kingdom.

Largely owing to the efforts of Walter Arthur Copinger, who was supported by Richard Copley Christie, the Bibliographical Society was founded in London in 1892; Copinger was the Society's first president, and held the post for four years. His own work in the field, however, lacked accuracy.

The Society holds a monthly lecture between October and May, usually on the third Tuesday of the month at the Society of Antiquaries of London, at Burlington House.

The first fifty years of the Bibliographical Society were documented in the book The Bibliographical Society, 1892–1942: Studies in Retrospect. The Book Encompassed, a volume of essays marking the Society's centenary was published in 1992.

Objectives
The objectives of the Society are:

 to promote and encourage study and research in the fields of:
   historical, analytical, descriptive and textual bibliography
   the history of printing, publishing, bookselling, bookbinding and collecting
 to hold meetings at which papers are read and discussed
 to print and publish a journal (The Library) and books concerned with bibliography
 to maintain a bibliographical library
 from time to time to award a medal for services to bibliography
 to support bibliographical research by awarding grants and bursaries

Library and archives
The Society's library was housed at Stationers' Hall in the City of London but moved to Senate House in January 2007.  In 2017 it moved again to the Albert Sloman Library at the University of Essex.

The Society's archive is housed at the Bodleian Library and may be used by scholars and members of the Society.

Publications
The Society has published a journal since 1893, originally entitled Transactions of the Bibliographical Society. In 1920 it took over publication of The Library (issued since 1889) and adopted that as the main title of the Transactions. (The Library was founded in 1889 by John Young Walker MacAlister.) The different series of the Transactions and The Library are:

Transactions of the Bibliographical Society, vol. 1–15 (1893–1919)
The Library, vol. 1–10 (1889–1898)
The Library, Second/New series, vol. 1–10 (1900–1910)
The Library, Third series, vol. 1–10 (1910–1919)
The Library, Fourth series, vol. 1–26 (1920–1946)
The Library, Fifth series, vol. 1–33 (1946–1978)
The Library, Sixth series, vol. 1–21 (1979–1999)
The Library, Seventh series, vol. 1– (2000– )

The Library (; ) is a quarterly journal and is issued free to members who also receive a copy of all books published by the Society.

In 1937, Harry Carter, Ellic Howe, Alfred F. Johnson, Stanley Morison and Graham Pollard started to produce a list of all known pre-1800 type specimens. The list was published in The Library in 1942. However, because of the war, many libraries at the European continent were no longer accessible.

Gold medal
The Society occasionally awards a gold medal for "distinguished services to bibliography to individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to the development of the subject and the furtherance of the Society's aims."

See also
 Sir Frank Francis and Julian Roberts, former joint secretaries of the Society
 Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing
 Books in the United Kingdom
 Bibliographical Society of America
 The Bibliographical Society of Australia and New Zealand Official Website

References

External links
 Bibliographical Society official website
  (HathiTrust)

Organizations established in 1892
Clubs and societies in London
Learned societies of the United Kingdom
Bibliography
History of books
University of London
Bodleian Library
1892 establishments in England


Transcendental Students (TS) was a student activist and anarchist group created in 1969 at NYU in New York City. Its motto and philosophy was "insurrection through happiness".

Transcendental Students differed from the more nationally well-known student group, Students for a Democratic Society also based in New York City, both in philosophy and tactics. While SDS believed that government and society would need to be restructured, TS believed that social life could be humanized immediately through actions. As SDS pushed for reform of government or democracy, TS called for decentralization. SDS was influenced by state socialist thinking, while TS drew from anarchist and Situationist philosophy. However, TS and SDS did collaborate on some actions.

Overview

TS began in the spring semester of the 1968-1969 school year after a series of sit-ins protesting overcrowding in the classroom. TS became known for holding events that they referred to as "Freak Ins" (or alternatively, "Freak Outs"). These convergences would occupy and 'free' an area, transforming study halls into radical spaces.

At NYU, TS became a large group. TS would criticize SDS, dismissing its leaders as self-serving and its politics as incomplete or petty. Soon TS eclipsed SDS on that campus. As historian William O'Neill writes in Coming Apart, "In the fall of 1969 the most important radical student group at New York University was called Transcendental Students. At a time when SDS could barely muster twenty-five members, five hundred or more belonged to TS." The group was seen as a threat by some authorities and some members found themselves spied on by the NYPD political intelligence unit or "Red Squad".

In 1970, TS organized the takeover and occupation of NYU's Courant Institute where they held a $3.5 million CDC 6600 computer hostage (equivalent to $19.4 million in 2010 dollars), demanding $100,000 ransom to be used for bail for the "Panther 21". The occupation, involving 200 students and at least 2 professors, was also in opposition to NYU's connection to the Atomic Energy Commission and Richard Nixon's invasion of Cambodia. When their demands were not met, members of TS suggested the computer's memory be erased with magnets while other students (perhaps Weathermen) decided to destroy the multimillion-dollar machine outright with incendiary devices. The devices were disabled and the CDC 6600 computer saved by mathematician Peter Lax, then director of NYU's computing center.

See also

Cacophony Society

References

External links
 Inciting to Riot - clip from the TS film Inciting to Riot

Defunct anarchist organizations in North America
New York University
Student political organizations in the United States


A Report on the Party and Guests (, also known in English as The Party and the Guests) is a 1966 Czechoslovakian political satire film directed by Jan Němec. It was banned in Czechoslovakia from 1966 to 1968 for being an allegory of socialist regimes. After a short release during the Prague Spring, it was banned again, this time for twenty years. In 1974, director Jan Němec was forced to leave the country.

The film was entered in the 1968 Cannes Film Festival, but the festival was aborted owing to the events of May 1968 in France.

Plot
A group of four men and three women are having a picnic in a field. One of the women says they should get going so they will make it to a celebration on time, and the group cleans up and walks into the woods. A man emerges from the trees and, smiling, links arms with Karel, one of the picnickers. Several other men appear and forcibly direct the picnickers to a clearing.

The group of men bring a table and chair out of the woods and place it in the clearing. Their leader sits down and asks the picnickers if they are enjoying their trip to the country. Karel demands to be told what is going on, but the leader's second-in-command just tells the picnickers to spread out. A male picnicker wearing glasses separates the women from the men and arranges each group alphabetically before stepping forward. The second-in-command draws a circle around the six other picnickers, and the leader says they cannot cross the line. Karel tells the leader to leave them alone, but the other picnickers ask him to stop being defiant. The picnicker wearing glasses diplomatically tries to discover why he and his friends have been stopped, and the leader eventually says this has all been a joke. One of the female picnickers says she needs to go to the bathroom and is let out of the circle and led into the woods. Karel says he is leaving and crosses the line without permission. The leader goes after Karel, who knocks him down, so he sics his followers on Karel. They push Karel around and are throwing him in the air when the woman returns from the woods with a man. He tells the leader, who is named Rudolf, to apologize to the picnickers, saying he had sent Rudolf to show them a shortcut to his birthday celebration. The host tells the picnickers he adopted Rudolf the day before and apologizes himself. The picnickers respond by putting the blame for the interaction in the clearing on Karel as much as on Rudolf. Some other guests come out of the trees and exchange greetings with the picnickers before everyone walks down a steep slope through the woods to reach a lake. There are numerous tables and chairs on the shore, complete with white tablecloths and fancy table settings.

When dinner is about to start, one of the picnickers starts to cry. She reveals her husband, who had not said anything in the clearing, has left. Everyone begins to eat before she notices she has sat at the wrong place, which prompts her and almost everyone else switch to their assigned seats. The host, annoyed by the commotion, asks Rudolf why there is not an empty chair if one of his guests is not there. Rudolf begins to look for a missing chair and the host tries to find out why the husband left. None of the picnickers can understand why he responded differently to what happened in the clearing than they did, and one of them suggests they forget about it. The host agrees, saying it is necessary to forget some things, and calls for the next course. Rudolf finds the missing seat next to the missing picnicker's wife; it had gotten pushed under the table.

Rudolf is unable to forget about the missing guest and asks the host if he can go looking for the man. He asks the host to order his men to go with him, but the host refuses to ask guests to leave in the middle of dinner. The host says it would be alright if the picnicker wearing glasses encourages people to go with Rudolf, however, so the picnicker gives a speech. He says everyone should go to bring back the man who left because the man left them all, not just the host.

While everyone is getting ready to leave, Rudolf thinks of using a dog to track the missing picnicker, an idea which excites the host, and the picnicker wearing glasses convinces the host that he and the other picnickers should stay behind in case their friend comes back. When they are alone, he asks the wife of the missing man why she did not leave with her husband. She replies that she just did not want to leave the celebration. The picnickers blow out the candles on the tables while the dog barks savagely in the background.

Cast
 Ivan Vyskočil as Host
 Jan Klusák as Rudolf, the leader of the men who accost the picnickers and the host's newly adopted, adult son
 Jiří Němec as Josef, the picnicker wearing glasses
 Pavel Bošek as František, a picnicker
 Karel Mareš as Karel, the picnicker who most outspokenly questions Josef's antics
 Evald Schorm as Husband, the picnicker who leaves the party
 Jana Prachařová as Wife, the wife of the picnicker who leaves the party
 Zdena Škvorecká as Eva, the picnicker who suggests everyone forget about the interaction in the clearing
 Miloň Novotný as Groom
 Helena Pejsková as Marta, the picnicker who needs to go to the bathroom and finds the host
 Dana Němcová as Olinka, the bride
 Antonín Pražák as Antonín
 Josef Škvorecký as Guest

References

External links

1966 films
1966 drama films
1960s Czech-language films
Czech black-and-white films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films directed by Jan Němec
Absurdist fiction


Darryl Richard Cias (born April 23, 1957) is a former professional baseball player. He played 19 games in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics in 1983, mostly as a late-inning replacement for starting catcher Bob Kearney. He played in the minor leagues from 1975 until 1986, including a stint with the Nettuno Baseball Club in the Italian Baseball League in 1985.

External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota

1957 births
Living people
Bluefield Orioles players
Major League Baseball catchers
Medford A's players
Miami Orioles players
Modesto A's players
Nettuno Baseball Club players
Oakland Athletics players
Salem Senators players
San Jose Bees players
Baseball players from New York City
Tacoma Tigers players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Tulsa Drillers players
West Haven A's players
West Haven Whitecaps players


Friedenau Dam is a gravity concrete dam in Khomas Region, Namibia. Located  southwest of Windhoek, it dams the Kuiseb River and provides water to nearby Matchless Mine. It has a capacity of  and was completed in 1972, when the territory was occupied by South Africa.

References

Dams in Namibia
Dams completed in 1972
Buildings and structures in Khomas Region
1972 establishments in South West Africa


A drunkard's cloak was a type of pillory used in various jurisdictions to punish miscreants.

Description
The drunkard's cloak was actually a barrel, into the top of which a hole was made for the head to pass through.  Two smaller holes in the sides were cut for the arms.  Once suitably attired, the miscreant was paraded through the town, effectively pilloried.

Offences
Drunkenness was first made a civil offence in England by the Ale Houses Act 1551, or "An Act for Keepers of Ale-houses to be bound by Recognisances".  According to Ian Hornsey, the drunkard's cloak, sometimes called the "Newcastle cloak", became a common method of punishing recidivists,  especially during the Commonwealth of England.  From 1655 Oliver Cromwell suppressed many of England's alehouses, particularly in Royalist areas, and the authorities made regular use of the cloak.

Accounts
An early description of the drunkard's cloak appears in Ralph Gardiner's England's Grievance Discovered, first published in 1655. A John Willis claimed to have travelled to Newcastle and seen

Gardiner's account was reproduced in 1789 in John Brand's History of Newcastle-on-Tyne, accompanied by an early illustration of a drunkard's cloak.  A similar device was used in Holland; William Brereton noted its use in Delft in 1634, as did Samuel Pepys at The Hague in 1660. One author also recorded its existence in 1784 in Denmark, where it was called the "Spanish Mantle". These occurrences, along with the observations of one 19th-century historian, who noted that no mention of the punishment was made in any local documentation, including the Newcastle Corporation accounts, prompted William Andrews to suppose in 1899 that the Drunkard's Cloak was a custom imported from the Continent, and that its use in England was confined to Newcastle.

Further afield, instances of its use are found in the US; a paper described in 1862 how a "wretched delinquent was gratuitously framed in oak, his head being thrust through a hole cut in one end of a barrel, the other end of which had been removed, and the poor fellow loafed about in the most disconsolate manner, looking for all the world like a half-hatched chicken."

See also
 Bankruptcy barrel
 Schandmantel

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

Bibliography

American Civil War
History of Newcastle upon Tyne
Medieval instruments of torture
Physical restraint
Punishment


The International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists is the international professional association of people and institutions who are professionally involved in creating, capturing, accessing, or disseminating information and knowledge concerning agriculture and rural development. See list of similar professional associations.

IAALD acts as a community of practice, linking and connecting information professionals worldwide. It convenes conferences and meetings, publishes a peer-reviewed journal, sponsors professional training and education, facilities e-discussions, and publishes a web site, blog, etc. It works through a network of country and regional chapters; cooperating with independent 'sister' regional and specialist associations.

IAALD collaborates with organizations like the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United States National Agricultural Library (NAL) and other leading agricultural research and knowledge institutes.

Over the years IAALD has held twelve world congresses and thirty-three regional conferences on six of the seven continents.

IAALD publications include A Primer for Agricultural Libraries (2 editions), Current Agricultural Serials, World Directory of Agricultural Libraries and Documentation Centres, Agricultural Resource Centers: A World Directory (3 editions), as well as newsletters and training aids.

IAALD was established in 1955 as the International Association of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists - hence the acronym.

Sources

Ballantyne, P.G. 2006. "Focus on - The International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists." Information Development 22(1): 22-23.

Greider, A.P. 2006. "The International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD)." Focus 37(2): 54-56

http://www.iaald.org

IAALD journal articles listed on Google Scholar

E-agriculture
International agricultural organizations
International professional associations


In mathematics, a diffiety () is a geometrical object which plays the same role in the modern theory of partial differential equations that algebraic varieties play for algebraic equations, that is, to encode the space of solutions in a more conceptual way. The term was coined in 1984 by Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov as portmanteau from differential variety.

Intuitive definition
In algebraic geometry the main objects of study (varieties) model the space of solutions of a system of algebraic equations (i.e. the zero locus of a set of polynomials), together with all their "algebraic consequences". This means that, applying algebraic operations to this set (e.g. adding those polynomials to each other or multiplying them with any other polynomials) will give rise to the same zero locus. In other words, one can actually consider the zero locus of the algebraic ideal generated by the initial set of polynomials.

When dealing with differential equations, apart from applying algebraic operations as above, one has also the option to differentiate the starting equations, obtaining new differential constraints. Therefore, the differential analogue of a variety should be the space of solutions of a system of differential equations, together with all their "differential consequences". Instead of considering the zero locus of an algebraic ideal, one needs therefore to work with a differential ideal.

An elementary diffiety will consist therefore of the infinite prolongation of a differential equation , together with an extra structure provided by a special distribution. Elementary diffieties play the same role in the theory of differential equations as affine algebraic varieties do in the theory of algebraic equations. Accordingly, just like varieties or schemes are composed of irreducible affine varieties or affine schemes, one defines a (non-elementary) diffiety as an object that locally looks like an elementary diffiety.

Formal definition
The formal definition of a diffiety, which relies on the geometric approach to differential equations and their solutions, requires the notions of jets of submanifolds, prolongations, and Cartan distribution, which are recalled below.

Jet spaces of submanifolds

For instance, for  one recovers just points in  and for  one recovers the Grassmannian of -dimensional subspaces of . More generally, all the projections   are fibre bundles.

As a particular case, when  has a structure of fibred manifold over an -dimensional manifold , one can consider submanifolds of  given by the graphs of local sections of . Then the notion of jet of submanifolds boils down to the standard notion of jet of sections, and the jet bundle  turns out to be an open and dense subset of .

Prolongations of submanifolds
The -jet prolongation of a submanifold  is

The map  is a smooth embedding and its image , called the prolongation of the submanifold , is a submanifold of  diffeomorphic to .

Cartan distribution on jet spaces

A space of the form , where  is any submanifold of  whose prolongation contains the point , is called an -plane (or jet plane, or Cartan plane) at . The Cartan distribution on the jet space  is the distribution  defined bywhere  is the span of all -planes at .

Differential equations
A differential equation of order  on the manifold  is a submanifold ; a solution is defined to be an -dimensional submanifold  such that . When  is a fibred manifold over , one recovers the notion of partial differential equations on jet bundles and their solutions, which provide a coordinate-free way to describe the analogous notions of mathematical analysis. While jet bundles are enough to deal with many equations arising in geometry, jet spaces of submanifolds provide a greater generality, used to tackle several PDEs imposed on submanifolds of a given manifold, such as Lagrangian submanifolds and minimal surfaces.

As in the jet bundle case, the Cartan distribution is important in the algebro-geometric approach to differential equations because it allows to encode solutions in purely geometric terms. Indeed, a submanifold  is a solution if and only if it is an integral manifold for , i.e.  for all .

One can also look at the Cartan distribution of a PDE  more intrinsically, definingIn this sense, the pair  encodes the information about the solutions of the differential equation .

Prolongations of PDEs
Given a differential equation  of order , its -th prolongation is defined aswhere both  and  are viewed as embedded submanifolds of , so that their intersection is well-defined. However, such an intersection is not necessarily a manifold again, hence  may not be an equation of order . One therefore usually requires  to be "nice enough" such that at least its first prolongation is indeed a submanifold of .

Below we will assume that the PDE is formally integrable, i.e. all prolongations  are smooth manifolds and all projections  are smooth surjective submersions. Note that a suitable version of Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem guarantees that, under minor regularity assumptions, checking the smoothness of a finite number of prolongations is enough. Then the inverse limit of the sequence  extends the definition of prolongation to the case when  goes to infinity, and the space  has the structure of a profinite-dimensional manifold.

Definition of a diffiety

An elementary diffiety is a pair  where  is a -th order differential equation on some manifold,  its infinite prolongation and  its Cartan distribution. Note that, unlike in the finite case, one can show that the Cartan distribution  is -dimensional and involutive. However, due to the infinite-dimensionality of the ambient manifold, the Frobenius theorem does not hold, therefore  is not integrable

A diffiety is a triple , consisting of

 a (generally infinite-dimensional) manifold
 the algebra of its smooth functions
 a finite-dimensional distribution ,

such that  is locally of the form , where  is an elementary diffiety and  denotes the algebra of smooth functions on . Here locally means a suitable localisation with respect to the Zariski topology corresponding to the algebra .

The dimension of  is called dimension of the diffiety and its denoted by , with a capital D (to distinguish it from the dimension of  as a manifold).

Morphisms of diffieties
A morphism between two diffieties  and  consists of a smooth map  whose pushforward preserves the Cartan distribution, i.e. such that, for every point , one has .

Diffieties together with their morphisms define the category of differential equations.

Applications

Vinogradov sequence

The Vinogradov -spectral sequence (or, for short, Vinogradov sequence) is a spectral sequence associated to a diffiety, which can be used to investigate certain properties of the formal solution space of a differential equation by exploiting its Cartan distribution .

Given a diffiety , consider the algebra of differential forms over

and the corresponding de Rham complex:

Its cohomology groups  contain some structural information about the PDE; however, due to the Poincaré Lemma, they all vanish locally. In order to extract much more and even local information, one thus needs to take the Cartan distribution into account and introduce a more sophisticated sequence. To this end, let

be the submodule of differential forms over  whose restriction to the distribution  vanishes, i.e.

Note that  is actually a differential ideal since it is stable w.r.t. to the de Rham differential, i.e. .

Now let  be its -th power, i.e. the linear subspace of  generated by . Then one obtains a filtration

and since all ideals  are stable, this filtration completely determines the following spectral sequence:

The filtration above is finite in each degree, i.e. for every

so that the spectral sequence converges to the de Rham cohomology  of the diffiety. One can therefore analyse the terms of the spectral sequence order by order to recover information on the original PDE. For instance:
  corresponds to action functionals constrained by the PDE . In particular, for , the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation is .
  corresponds to conservation laws for solutions of .
  is interpreted as characteristic classes of bordisms of solutions of .
Many higher-order terms do not have an interpretation yet.

Variational bicomplex
As a particular case, starting with a fibred manifold  and its jet bundle  instead of the jet space , instead of the -spectral sequence one obtains the slightly less general variational bicomplex.
More precisely, any bicomplex determines two spectral sequences: one of the two spectral sequences determined by the variational bicomplex is exactly the Vinogradov -spectral sequence. However, the variational bicomplex was developed independently from the Vinogradov sequence.

Similarly to the terms of the spectral sequence, many terms of the variational bicomplex can be given a physical interpretation in classical field theory: for example, one obtains cohomology classes corresponding to action functionals, conserved currents, gauge charges, etc.

Secondary calculus
Vinogradov developed a theory, known as secondary calculus, to formalise in cohomological terms the idea of a differential calculus on the space of solutions of a given system of PDEs (i.e. the space of integral manifolds of a given diffiety).

In other words, secondary calculus provides substitutes for functions, vector fields, differential forms, differential operators, etc., on a (generically) very singular space where these objects cannot be defined in the usual (smooth) way on the space of solution. Furthermore, the space of these new objects are naturally endowed with the same algebraic structures of the space of the original objects.

More precisely, consider the horizontal De Rham complex  of a diffiety, which can be seen as the leafwise de Rham complex of the involutive distribution or, equivalently, the Lie algebroid complex of the Lie algebroid . Then the complex  becomes naturally a commutative DG algebra together with a suitable differential . Then, possibly tensoring with the normal bundle , its cohomology is used to define the following "secondary objects":

 secondary functions are elements of the cohomology , which is naturally a commutative DG algebra (it is actually the first page of the -spectral sequence discussed above);
 secondary vector fields are elements of the cohomology , which is naturally a Lie algebra; moreover, it forms a graded Lie-Rinehart algebra together with ;
 secondary differential -forms are elements of the cohomology , which is naturally a commutative DG algebra.

Secondary calculus can also be related to the covariant Phase Space, i.e. the solution space of the Euler-Lagrange equations associated to a Lagrangian field theory.

See also
 Secondary calculus and cohomological physics
 Partial differential equations on Jet bundles
 Differential ideal
 Differential calculus over commutative algebras
Another way of generalizing ideas from algebraic geometry is differential algebraic geometry.

References

External links
 The Diffiety Institute (frozen since 2010)
 The Levi-Civita Institute (successor of above site)
 Geometry of Differential Equations
 Differential Geometry and PDEs

Homological algebra
Partial differential equations
Differential geometry
Manifolds


The National Intelligence Distinguished Public Service Medal is the highest award that can be granted to noncareer Federal employees, private citizens or others who have performed distinguished service of exceptional significance for the United States Intelligence Community. The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) established the award on October 1, 2008 to acknowledge individuals who rendered extraordinary service at considerable personal sacrifice and who were motivated by patriotism, good citizenship or a sense of public responsibility.

Award design

The obverse of the medal is a gold circular disc with the symbol of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

The reverse of the medal has the words "DISTINGUISHED PUBLIC SERVICE" encircled from the 9 o'clock position through the 3 o'clock position with the words "FOR EXTRAORDINARY CONTRIBUTIONS IN SUPPORT OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY" inscribed horizontally and centered across the bottom of the emblem.

In addition to the large medal, a miniature medal and lapel pin are provided to awardees.

Recipients

 Senator John Warner (December 12, 2008)
 Senator Jay Rockefeller (January 12, 2009)
 Ambassador Thomas E. McNamara (July 29, 2009)
 Ronald E. Brooks (October 16, 2012)
 Admiral William H. McRaven (2014)
 Robert Hannigan (2017)
 Dr. Paul Taloni, PSM (2018)

See also
 National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal

References

Distinguished Public Service Medal
Awards established in 2008


Jacques Pellegrin (born 17 June 1944- 7 Απριλίου 2021) is a French painter.

Biography
Jacques Pellegrin paints portraits, landscapes and still lifes. He started to paint at age eight. When he was eleven years old, he carried off the first prize from the Aix-en-Provence city hall.
His style connected first to classic and realist art movements, but then he discovered Impressionism.  After studying to be a translator in Munich, he obtained a German (language) licence in Aix-en-Provence. Teaching was quickly forsaken in favour of living a life of chance as a free artist. In 1980 he devoted himself to painting and studied German Expressionism. Pellegrin was influenced by Fauvists and French Expressionists such as Vincent van Gogh, André Derain, Albert Marquet, Kees van Dongen, and Henri Matisse.  He also followed artists of the Provence and Marseille schools, including Auguste Chabaud, Louis Mathieu Verdilhan, and Pierre Ambrogiani.
His fundamental guideline: to paint and depict his epoch, his time.

He frequently uses strong colors and underlines his figures with a thick, black stroke. Each painting tells a story, an anecdote, a memory. At the same time, strongly anchored in his epoch, when Pellegrin raises up the past, he does not emphasize nostalgia, only affection.

He is mentioned in the Benezit Dictionary of Artists (1999 and 2006).

Main exhibitions

Exhibitions
 1967 : Aix-en-Provence, Galerie La Provence Libérée
 1969 : Aix-en-Provence, Galerie La Provence Libérée
 1972 : Aix-en-Provence, Galerie des Cardeurs
 1977 : Marseille, Galerie Le Tigre de Papier
 1978 : Aix-en-Provence, Galerie Les Amis des Arts
 1980 : Marseille, Galerie Mary
 1983 : Aix-en-Provence, Galerie du Belvédère
 1984 : Toulon, Galerie du Var-Matin
 1986 : Marseille, Galerie La Poutre
 1989 : Marseille, Galerie Chaix Bryan
 1990 : Marseille, Galerie Forum Ars-Galicana
 1991 : Marseille, Galerie Sylvestre
 1993 : Ajaccio, Galerie La Marge
 1993 : Lyon, Galerie Auguste Comte
 1994 : Marseille, Galerie Montgrand
 1995 : Ajaccio, Galerie La Marge
 1995 - 1998 : Lyon, Galerie des Brotteaux
 1997 : Aubenas, Château d'Aubenas
 1998 : Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Galerie à l'Espace des Arts
 2000 : Châteauneuf-le-Rouge, Musée Arteum
 2001 : London, Summer's Arts Gallery
 2001 : Tübingen, Casula Gallery
 2005 - 2006 : Aix-en-Provence, Casula Gallery
 2006 : Brussels, Lyon, Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Galerie à l'Espace des Arts
 2006 : Milan, Casula Gallery
 2008 : Dubai, Art Phui
 2009 : Marseille, Galerie Art 152
 2009 : Brussels, Galerie à l'Espace des Arts
 2009 - 2010 : Dubai, The Mojo Gallery
 2010 : Casablanca, Galerie au 9
 2010 : Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Musée Jouenne
 2011 : Marrakech, Marrakech Art Fair
 2012 : Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer, Grand Hôtel Les Lecques
 2012 : Stockholm, La Petite Galerie Française
 2012 : Guangzhou, Canton Art Fair
 2012 : Paris, Salon d'Automne at Grand Palais
 2012 : Shanghai, Shanghai Art Fair
 2013 : Hong Kong, Asia Contemporary Art Show at Marriott hotel
 2014 : Singapore, Ode to Art Gallery
 2014 : Bouc-Bel-Air, Castle
 2014 : Aix-en-Provence, City Hall
 2015 : Ajaccio, Galerie l'Académie
 2016 : Marseille, La Bastide Massimo
 2017 : Aix-en-Provence, Jacquou le Croquant
 2017 : Marseille, La Bastide Massimo
 2017 : Miami (United States), Spectrum Art Fair

Public collections
 Since 2000 : Châteauneuf-le-Rouge, Modern Art Museum

External links
 Provençal masters
 Galerie Art 152
 Galerie Emmanuel Rogé
 Galerie Espace des Arts
 Art actif

Notes

1944 births
Living people
artists from Aix-en-Provence
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
21st-century French male artists


Laurent Fabre (1968 - August 22, 2012) was a French ski mountaineer, high mountain guide and non-commissioned officer of the Chasseurs Alpins corps. He served at the 93rd Mountain Artillery Regiment and was married to the ski mountaineer Valentine Fabre. He was killed in a training accident on the Mont Blanc massif while serving as an instructor at the High Mountain Military School.

Selected results
 2000:
 6th, Patrouille des Glaciers (international military teams ranking), together with Sgt chef Tony Sbalbi and Adj Patrick Rassat
 2001:
 6th, European Championship team race (together with Tony Sbalbi)
 2002:
 1st, Corssa race (together with Olivier Pasteur)
 2nd, Trophée des Gastlosen (together with Olivier Pasteur)

Pierra Menta

 1999: 9th, together with Tony Sbalbi
 2002: 9th, together with Olivier Pasteur
 2003: 8th, together with Gabriel Degabai

External links
 Laurent Fabre at skimountaineering.org

References

1968 births
Living people
French male ski mountaineers
French military patrol (sport) runners


Richard Gordon (June 6, 1945 – October 6, 2012) was an American photographer who photographed all over America for more than 40 years.

Life and work
Gordon was educated at University of Chicago (1963–67).

His book American Surveillance (2009) takes a visually intricate, and often witty look at the role and surveillance and the difference between observation and electronic scrutiny.

He wrote reviews of photography for various publications including for the photo-eye website.

Gordon conceived and then executed The Firestorm Family Portrait Project. Together with Chris Johnson, other local professional photographers, California College of the Arts, local photo labs and Kodak, the project was about replacing, or a new beginning of, a family photo archive for those who lost their possessions in the Oakland firestorm of 1991.

In 2012 Gordon had group shows at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art Portrayal Betrayal, the Robert Koch Gallery (San Francisco) Inside/Outside, and a one-man show at the Thomas Welton Stanford Art Gallery.

Counting The House is one of the books illustrated in photo photo photo books, 802 photo books from the M.+M. Auer Collection, 2007 Editions M+M (Switzerland).

Gordon was a part-time instructor at City College of San Francisco, Stanford University Continuing Studies and other San Francisco Bay Area colleges.

He lived in Berkeley, California.

Death
He died on October 6, 2012, of pancreatic cancer.

Reception
Kenneth Baker on the 2012 group show: Inside/Outside, Various other window views follow, the most conceptually striking, Richard Gordon's "Robert Frank's Window, Bleecker Street" (1984)

A. D. Coleman wrote of One More for the Road "Still photography has its own versions of road movies and buddy pictures, but few of the latter have made it into book form")

Judith Hoffberg, the founder and editor of Umbrella, said in her review of Gordon's One More For the Road, Yet this is more than photographic interest, this is a book of a friendship, personal, yet universal,....that is clear to all us human beings.

David Elliot (long time film critic) in the Chicago Sun-Times on Gordon's Meta Photographs: The book opens with a remark from the writer Bruno Schulz: Reality is as thin as paper and betrays with all its cracks its imitative character." Gordon has taken that rather gnomic attitude and amended it into a series of conscious contemplations, his pictures dealing with all the ways in which people use pictures, see themselves as pictures, become part of the pictorial processes. And in his best work, he slices through that thin paper of reality to reveal things that are not so much imitative as indicative.

Tom Gitterman on Meta Photographs: As the title suggests the works are often photographs about photography. Gordon's images are a part of an early discourse about how society has used photography as a means of representation. Though he is theorizing about the medium, his images are often witty, sometimes humorous, while formally exploring the exotic of the everyday.

David Levi-Strauss on Gordon's political pictures from a review of an exhibit at SF Camerawork, 1984. Gordon's images subvert the hidden ideological agenda of mainstream photojournalism.....The hidden agenda is not a tightly controlled conspiracy but, in effect, is the result of all our public assumptions and perceptions. Gordon's images are often saved from the easy characterisation and pat solution by his attention and sensitivity to faces, as in the image of front line supporters at a Jane Byrne rally in February 1983. Gordon's faces ae seldom generalisations. Gordon is at his best when the ambiguities are active and the frames are filled to the corners with questions rather than answers, causing the viewer to think, rather than to accept or reject.

In a Vicki Goldberg review in The New York Times on July 21, 1991 of an exhibit at Staley-Wise in New York of Women Are Beautiful from Esquire she wrote, The youth and glamour predominant in this show are gently spoofed in Richard Gordon's 32 Marilyns: Miss Artichoke Festival, San Francisco.....These and 15 more like them, not one of whom resembles the original in the least, were hired to pass out pieces of artichoke at the festival to commemorate that great moment in 1947 when Marilyn, still largely unknown, became the first Miss Artichoke in history.

Publications
Meta Photographs. Chimaera, 1978
One More for the Road. Flâneur Bookworks, 1996
American Surveillance. Chimaera, 2009
Jessie Reads a Book. Chimaera, 2011
Notes From the Field. Chimaera, 2012

Awards
1982: N.E.A. Fellowship

Collections
Gordon's work is held in the following permanent collections:
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA
Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Rosenwald Rare Book Collection
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
Wagstaff Collection, Los Angeles
Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, CA

References

1945 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from cancer in California
American educators
American photographers


Innis Palmer Swift (February 7, 1882 – November 3, 1953) was a Major General in the United States Army. He was the grandson and namesake of Civil War Major General Innis Newton Palmer, as well as the grandson of Brigadier General Ebenezer Swift. His four decades of military service culminated in his commanding a unit during the liberation of the Philippines in World War II.

Early life and career

Swift was born at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, the son of Major General Eben Swift and Susan Palmer. He graduated from West Point in 1904 and was commissioned in the cavalry. He served as aide-de-camp to General John J. Pershing in the Philippines and then served in Mexico. While a First Lieutenant commanding C Troop, 13th Cavalry, he accompanied First Lieutenant George S. Patton on the hunt for Julio Cardenas, commander of Pancho Villa's personal bodyguard. During World War I he served as Assistant Chief of Staff for the 86th Division.

Swift attended the Army Command and General Staff School, graduating in 1923, and remained at the school as faculty until 1929. He subsequently attended the Army War College and the Army Industrial College

In 1940 he was promoted to Brigadier General, and in 1941 to Major General and placed in command of the 1st Cavalry Division and Fort Bliss. He participated in the Louisiana Maneuvers, where he coined the nickname used by army light observation aircraft when he told a pilot after a bumpy landing, "You looked just like a damn grasshopper!" [Editor's note: There are numerous versions of the story and it is uncertain as to exactly what Swift's words were. The author quoted (Graff) was paraphrasing]

World War II

He transitioned the division from horse cavalry to essentially an infantry division, though it retained "Cavalry" in the name. He took his division to Australia in July 1942 and remained in command through the Admiralty Islands campaign after which he was reassigned to command I Corps.  He was the oldest U.S. Corps commander to serve in World War II. After the war he remained a close personal friend of Douglas MacArthur.

Private life and death

Swift married the former Lucille G. Paddock and the couple had four daughters. After retiring in 1946 he lived in San Antonio. He retained interest in his old command, staying active in the 1st Cavalry Division Association and avidly following the division's activity in Korea. He died at Brooke Army Hospital after a heart attack and was buried in Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery.

Notes

References

External links
Generals of World War II

United States Army generals
United States Army generals of World War II
1882 births
1953 deaths
United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Burials at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Goshen County, Wyoming
Military personnel from San Antonio
United States Army personnel of World War I
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Wyoming


The 2009 Andalucia Tennis Experience was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the inaugural edition of the Andalucia Tennis Experience, and was an International-level tournament of the 2009 WTA Tour. The event took place at the Club de Tenis Puente Romano in Marbella, Spain, from 6 April until 12 April 2009. Second-seeded Jelena Janković won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Jelena Janković defeated  Carla Suárez Navarro, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3
 It was Jankovic's first title of the year and 10th of her career.

Doubles

 Klaudia Jans /  Alicja Rosolska defeated  Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Virginia Ruano Pascual, 6–3, 6–3

External links
Official website
Singles Draw
Doubles Draw
Qualifying Singles Draw

Andalucia
Andalucia Tennis Experience
Andalucia


Superficial thrombophlebitis is a thrombosis and inflammation of superficial veins which presents as a painful induration with erythema, often in a linear or branching configuration forming cords.

Superficial thrombophlebitis is due to inflammation and/or thrombosis, and less commonly infection of the vein. It is generally a benign, self-limited disorder, however, it can be complicated by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and even pulmonary embolism (PE) Migratory superficial thrombophlebitis is known as Trousseau's syndrome.

Signs and symptoms
Findings of tenderness, induration, pain and/or erythema along the course of a superficial vein usually establish a clinical diagnosis, especially in patients with known risk factors. In addition, there is often a palpable, sometimes nodular cord, due to thrombus within the affected vein. Persistence of this cord when the extremity is raised suggests the presence of thrombus.

Complications
Superficial vein thrombosis extension to the deep vein system and/or recurrence of SVT.

Suppurative thrombophlebitis is suspected when erythema extends significantly beyond the margin of the vein and is likely to be associated with significant fever. If suspected, antibiotic treatment, surgical drainage and potentially vein excision are indicated.

Venous thromboembolism can occur with superficial vein thrombosis. Estimates of the percentage of patients with SVT who also have DVT vary between 6% and 53%, and symptomatic pulmonary embolism has been reported in 0% to 10% of patients with SVT.

Risk factors
Patient characteristics and predisposing factors for thrombophlebitis nearly mirror those for DVT; thrombophlebitis is a risk factor for the development of DVT, and vice versa.
Lower extremity superficial phlebitis is associated with conditions that increase the risk of thrombosis, including abnormalities of coagulation or fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, infection, venous stasis, intravenous therapy and intravenous drug abuse.

Diagnosis
Clinical evaluation is the primary diagnostic tool for thrombophlebitis. Patients with thrombophlebitis complain of pain along the affected area. Some report constitutional symptoms such as low grade fever and aches. On physical examination, the skin over the affected vein exhibits erythema, warmth, swelling, and tenderness. Later in the disease, as induration subsides, erythema gives way to a ruddy or bruised color.

Duplex ultrasound identifies the presence, location and extent of venous thrombosis, and can help identify other pathology that may be a source of the patient's complaints. Ultrasound is indicated if superficial phlebitis involves or extends into the proximal one-third of the medial thigh, there is evidence for clinical extension of phlebitis, lower extremity swelling is greater than would be expected from a superficial phlebitis alone or diagnosis of superficial thrombophlebitis in question.

Treatment
Treatment with compression stockings should be offered to patients with lower extremity superficial phlebitis, if not contraindicated (e.g., peripheral artery disease). Patients may find them helpful for reducing swelling and pain once the acute inflammation subsides.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are effective in relieving the pain associated with venous inflammation and were found in a randomized trial to significantly decrease extension and/or recurrence of superficial vein thrombosis.

Anticoagulation for patients with lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis at increased risk for thromboembolism (affected venous segment of ≥5 cm, in proximity to deep venous system, positive medical risk factors).

Treatment with fondaparinux reduces the risk of subsequent venous thromboembolism.

Surgery reserved for extension of the clot to within 1 cm of the saphenofemoral junction in patients deemed unreliable for anticoagulation, failure of anticoagulation and patients with intense pain. Surgical therapy with ligation of saphenofemoral junction or stripping of thrombosed superficial veins appears to be associated higher rates of venous thromboembolism compared with treatment with anticoagulants.

Epidemiology
Some 125,000 cases a year have been reported in the United States, but actual incidence of spontaneous thrombophlebitis is unknown.
A fourfold increased incidence from the third to the eight decade in men and a preponderance among women of approximately 55-70%.
The average mean age of affected patients is 60 years.

Thrombophlebitis can develop along the arm, back, or neck veins, the leg is by far the most common site. When it occurs in the leg, the great saphenous vein is usually involved, although other locations are possible.

See also
 Septic thrombophlebitis
 Superficial vein thrombosis

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions

pt:Tromboflebite


Brian William Eric Rushton (born 21 October 1943) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham City and Notts County. He played as a full back.

Rushton was born in Sedgley, Staffordshire. He captained the Brierley Hill schools representative side before joining Birmingham City as an amateur in 1959. He made his debut in the First Division on 30 March 1963, deputising for Stan Lynn in a home game against Sheffield Wednesday which resulted in a 1–1 draw; this was the first of a run of eleven games, nine in the league and both legs of the League Cup semi-final, which ended when Lynn regained fitness. He played three more first-team games before joining Fourth Division club Notts County in 1967, but after one season, in which he played only three games, Rushton dropped into non-league football with Stourbridge.

References

1943 births
Living people
People from Sedgley
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Birmingham City F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Stourbridge F.C. players
English Football League players


David Müller (born 22 December 1984) is a German retired footballer

In August 2009, his transfer to Sportfreunde Siegen was confirmed. In January 2010, Müller joined TSV Germania Windeck. In July 2011, he moved to FC Viktoria Köln 1904. In 2014, he moved to SSVg Velbert.

References

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Leverkusen
Footballers from Cologne (region)
German men's footballers
Bayer 04 Leverkusen II players
FC Schalke 04 II players
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen players
VfR Aalen players
TuRU Düsseldorf players
FC Viktoria Köln players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Men's association football midfielders
SSVg Velbert players
Sportfreunde Siegen players


The river Leśna Prawa (Belarusian: Правая Лясная - Pravaja Liasnaja or Pravaya Lyasnaya) is a river in north-eastern Poland and western Belarus. At its confluence with the Lyevaya Lyasnaya near Kamyanyets, the Lyasnaya is formed. The Lyasnaya is a right tributary of the Bug River northwest of Brest.

The Leśna Prawa flows through the geographical region of Europe known as the Wysoczyzny Podlasko – Bialoruskie (English: Podlasie and Belarus Plateau) located within the Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland and the Hrodna Voblast of Belarus. Major part of the river flows through Puszcza Białowieska.

River flows through: Hajnówka, Topiło, Kamyanyets.

Tributaries: Łuch, Chwiszczej, Perebel, Przewłoka, Miedna.

See also

 Dąb Car

Rivers of Brest Region
Rivers of Poland
Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship
International rivers of Europe
Rivers of Belarus


Luigi Negri (1837–1891) was an Italian double bass virtuoso of the romantic era. Known mostly during his lifetime as a conductor of opera, Negri's reputation as a double bassist has long been overshadowed by his contemporary, Giovanni Bottesini.

Negri's concert works remained unpublished during his lifetime and for a long time afterwards. In fact, it was not until 2005 that some of Negri's concert works appeared in print, after the discovery of the scores by Remo Ricci. These concert works for double bass are published by ISG Publications (USA)

1837 births
1891 deaths
Italian double-bassists
Male double-bassists
19th-century Italian musicians
19th-century Italian male musicians


The 27th Biathlon World Championships held in 1992 in Novosibirsk, Russia were only for the team events because these were not part of the Olympic programme in Albertville. This was also the first time when this event was organised in Asian continent.

Men's results

Team event
Date: 22 March 1992.

Women's results

Team event
Date: 22 March 1992.

Medal table

References

Turun Sanomat 23.3. 1992

1992
World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Russia
1992 in Russian sport
March 1992 sports events in Russia
Biathlon competitions in Russia
Sport in Novosibirsk


Timoteo Tobias "Toby" Imada (born April 20, 1978) is a retired American mixed martial artist, grappler and kickboxer of Japanese and Mexican descent. A professional from 1998 until 2013, Imada competed for Bellator, King of the Cage, and the RFA. Imada won the 2009 Submission of the Year award for an inverted triangle choke, defeating Jorge Masvidal.

Mixed martial arts career

Bellator
In the first season Bellator Lightweight Tournament, Imada advanced to the finals after defeating Alonzo Martinez and Jorge Masvidal. The upset win over Masvidal was notable for Imada's bizarre inverse triangle choke while Masvidal was standing up. The submission has been acknowledged by many MMA mediums as the Submission of the Year for 2009. He was awarded a Bazzie award from Inside MMA on HDNet for the unorthodox submission victory and Submission of the Year Honors at the World MMA Awards.

At Bellator 12, Imada fought top five ranked Eddie Alvarez for the chance to become the first Bellator Lightweight Champion. Alvarez got the better of the battle and won the fight in the second round via rear-naked choke.

Imada returned to Bellator the following April, entering the Lightweight Tournament for the second time. His first fight was originally to be a rematch against Jorge Masvidal. He was then scheduled to fight against Ferrid Kheder at Bellator 15, but an injury forced Kheder out of the bout. Instead, at Bellator 14 Imada fought James Krause and won via armbar submission. With the win over Krause, Imada moved onto the semi-final round against Carey Vanier. In the second round after Vanier lost his footing, Imada capitalized and applied an armbar that caused Vanier to tap out.

Imada then moved on to the finals taking place at Bellator 22. There, Imada fought Pat Curran in the Season Two Lightweight Tournament finals to see who would advance to fight champion Eddie Alvarez. Curran defeated Imada via controversial split decision. Immediately following the decision, some in the crowd began booing. Bellator Lightweight Champion Eddie Alvarez weighed in on the decision, saying "It was a tough fight. It could’ve gone either way.”

Bellator again signed Imada for their Lightweight Tournament taking place during their fourth season. Imada had his quarterfinal fight at Bellator 36. He was originally set to fight Ferrid Kheder who was overweight and decided to leave the arena and not weigh-in. Imada instead fought replacement Josh Shockley. Imada won the fight in the first round after Shockley verbally submitted from Imada's reverse omaplata. The win moved Imada into the semifinals. In the semifinals Imada fought Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt Patricky Freire at Bellator 39. He was knocked out at 2:53 of the first round with a flying knee followed by a left hook.

Imada has also fought professionally in kickboxing. In his most recent bout, he defeated Mostafa Abdollahi by majority decision (27–27, 29–27, 29–27) in a non-tournament bout at the Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2012 in Tokyo, Japan on November 17, 2012.

Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Bellator Fighting Championships
Bellator Season One Lightweight Tournament Runner-Up
Bellator Season Two Lightweight Tournament Runner-Up
Total Combat
Total Combat Lightweight Championship (One time)
Neutral Grounds
Neutral Grounds 6 Four-Man Tournament Runner-Up
Neutral Grounds 13 Four-Man Tournament Runner-Up
World MMA Awards
2009 Submission of the Year vs. Jorge Masvidal at Bellator 5
Sherdog
2009 Submission of the Year vs. Jorge Masvidal on May 1
HDNet
2009 Bazzie Awards: Submission of the Year vs. Jorge Masvidal on May 1
FIGHT! Magazine
2009 Submission of the Year vs. Jorge Masvidal on May 1
Inside Fights
2009 Submission of the Year vs. Jorge Masvidal on May 1

Kickboxing
Shoot Boxing
Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2010 Runner-Up

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Draw
| align=center| 30–18–1
| Hiroyuki Takaya
| Draw (majority)
| Shoot Boxing: Ground Zero Tokyo 2013
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|Featherweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 30–18
| James Krause
| Decision (unanimous)
| Resurrection Fighting Alliance 6
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Kansas City, Missouri, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 30–17
| Luiz Firmino
| Decision (unanimous)
| CFA 08: Araujo vs. Bradley
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 30–16
| Sean Wilson
| TKO (punches)
| C3 Fights: Rumble at Red Rock
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:51
| Red Rock, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 29–16
| Patricky Freire
| KO (flying knee & punches)
| Bellator 39
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:53
| Newkirk, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 29–15
| Josh Shockley
| Submission (armbar)
| Bellator 36
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:36
| Shreveport, Louisiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 28–15
| Ludwing Salazar
| Submission (armbar)
| Fite Nite 14
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:49
| San José, Costa Rica
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 27–15
| Pat Curran
| Decision (split)
| Bellator 21
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 27–14
| Carey Vanier
| Submission (armbar)
| Bellator 17
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:33
| Boston, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–14
| James Krause
| Submission (armbar)
| Bellator 14
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:44
| Chicago, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–14
| Daisuke Hanazawa
| KO (punch)
| KOTC: Toryumon
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:29
| Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 24–14
| Eddie Alvarez
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Bellator 12
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:38
| Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–13
| Jorge Masvidal
| Technical Submission (inverted triangle choke)
| Bellator 5
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:22
| Dayton, Ohio, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–13
| Alonzo Martinez
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Bellator 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:26
| Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–13
| Jason Meaders
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| UnleashedFIGHT
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Alpine, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–13
| Shad Smith
| TKO (punches)
| Total Combat: Nevada
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:25
| Laughlin, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–13
| Preston Scharf
| Submission (punches)
| Total Combat 26
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:29
| San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–13
| David Gardner
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Total Combat 22
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| N/A
| San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–13
| Zach Light
| Submission (armbar)
| Total Combat 21
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:35
| San Diego, California, United States
|Welterweight bout.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–13
| Randy Velarde
| Submission (armbar)
| KOTC: Caged Chaos
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:23
| Laughlin, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 16–13
| João Cunha
| Submission (armbar)
| Cage of Fire 5
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:30
| Tijuana, Mexico
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–12
| Brandon Adamson
| TKO (cut)
| TC 18: Nightmare
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:00
| San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–12
| Danny Affleje
| KO (punches)
| Proving Ground
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Yuma, Arizona, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–12
| Tetsuji Kato
| TKO (punches)
| FFCF 6: Undisputed
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:13
| Mangilao, Guam
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–11
| Hermes França
| Submission (armbar)
| TC 14: Throwdown
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:53
| Del Mar, California, United States
|Return to Lightweight.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–10
| Akbarh Arreola
| Decision (unanimous)
| Total Combat 12
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tijuana, Mexico
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–10
| Jerimiah Carson
| TKO (punches)
| Total Combat 11
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| N/A
| Yuma, Arizona, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–10
| Jake Shields
| Decision (unanimous)
| Kage Kombat
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–9
| Tim Carey
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Total Combat 10
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:25
| San Diego, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–9
| Akbarh Arreola
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Total Combat 9
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tijuana, Mexico
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–9
| Cassio Werneck
| Submission (triangle choke)
| WEC 15
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:54
| Lemoore, California, United States
|Return to Welterweight.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–8
| Antonio McKee
| Decision (unanimous)
| Ultimate Cage Fighting 1
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Los Angeles, California, United States
|Lightweight bout.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–7
| Jason Miller
| Decision
| Xtreme Pankration 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Los Angeles, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–6
| Dennis Asche
| Submission (triangle choke)
| IFC: Warriors Challenge 12
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:42
| Friant, California, United States
|Middleweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–5
| Joe Stevenson
| Decision
| KOTC 3: Knockout Nightmare
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| San Jacinto, California, United States
|Lightweight bout.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–4
| Sean McCaan
| Submission (armbar)
| IFC: Warriors Challenge 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:51
| Friant, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–4
| Dave Strasser
| Submission (armbar)
| Neutral Grounds 13
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Lakeside, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–3
| David Harris
| Decision (unanimous)
| Neutral Grounds 13
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Lakeside, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–3
| Brennan Kamaka
| Submission (armbar)
| Rage in the Cage 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:00
| Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
|Lightweight bout.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–3
| Ken Tonaria
| Submission (armbar)
| Ready to Rumble
|
| align=center| N/A
| align=center| N/A
| Woodland Hills, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–3
| Steve Heath
| Decision (unanimous)
| Extreme Challenge 27
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Fresno, California, United States
|Light Heavyweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–2
| Adrian Serrano
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Extreme Challenge 27
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Davenport, Iowa, United States
|Welterweight debut.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Jason Von Flue
| Submission (armbar)
| IFC: Warriors Challenge 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:08
| Jackson, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Johnny Molano
| Submission (triangle armbar)
| Kage Kombat 18
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:03
| United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–1
| Thiago De Fritas
| Submission (heel hook)
| Neutral Grounds 12
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–1
| Giovanni Lemm
| Submission (armbar)
| Neutral Grounds 11
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:01
| Los Angeles, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–1
| Ken Kellenberger
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Neutral Grounds 9
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:45
| United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–1
| Jason Dallas
| TKO (punches)
| Neutral Grounds 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Lee Cox
| Submission (armbar)
| Neutral Grounds 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| United States
|

Kickboxing and shootboxing record

Submission grappling record
KO PUNCHES
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|-
|Loss||  Ricardo Morais || Choke || 1998 ADCC World Championships|| March 20, 1998 || 1  || 9:22 ||
|-
|Loss||  Karimula Barkalaev || Choke || 1998 ADCC World Championships|| March 20, 1998|| 1  || 3:05 ||
|-
|Win||  Lafee Al Ajloony || Shoulder Injury || 1998 ADCC World Championships|| March 20, 1998|| 1 || 3:46 ||
|-

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from California
Lightweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing shootboxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing jujutsu
American male kickboxers
Kickboxers from California
Welterweight kickboxers
American male judoka
American jujutsuka
Sportspeople from Chula Vista, California
American sportspeople of Japanese descent
American mixed martial artists of Mexican descent


The Kurilian Bobtail is a cat breed (or breed group, depending on registry) originating from the Russian Kuril Islands, as well as Sakhalin Island and the Kamchatka peninsula of Russia. Short- or long-haired, it has a semi-cobby body type and a distinct short, fluffy tail. The back is slightly arched with hind legs longer than the front, similar to those of the Manx.  The breed is also called the Kuril Islands Bobtail, Kuril Bobtail (both often misspelled "Kurile") and Curilsk Bobtail, and may be referred to without "Bobtail". It is sometimes also spelled Kurilean. The original short-haired variant is a natural breed, known on the islands for over 200 years. As selectively bred pets, they have been popular in USSR and to some extent other parts of Europe, especially for their rodent-hunting abilities, since the middle of the 20th century, but remained rare in North America .

Kurilians are recognized as a breed group of a pair related short- and [semi-]long-haired breeds by The International Cat Association (TICA), which considers them "Advanced New Breeds" ineligible for championship status, ) and by the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe). The World Cat Federation (WCF) recognizes them as a single breed.  , the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) did not recognize the breed at all.

While possibly closely related to the Japanese Bobtail breed – both share the same kind of kinked, short tail, but the Japanese is leaner, more angular and less cobby – the Kurilian originated on the opposite side of Eurasia from the similarly named Karelian Bobtail of western Russia and Finland, and is thus unlikely to be a near relative.  Genetic studies may eventually demonstrate the breed's connection to others. Just as the Japanese Bobtail and tailless-to-short-tailed Manx arose independently on islands a world apart, the Kurilian's bobbed tail may be an isolated spontaneous mutation that became common on the Kuril and Sakhalin islands because of the limited genetic diversity of island biogeography (an example of the founder effect and, at , of the species-area curve).

Origin
This new breed is not well known outside of its native territories. Though it is a native to Japan with a long history on a chain of islands, known as the Kurils, that runs from the easternmost point of Russia to the tip of Japan's Hokkaido Island. Also known as the Kuril Bobtail or the Curilsk Bobtail, because the Kuril Islands are Russian-owned, this breed is being developed and promoted as a Russian aboriginal breed that is separate and distinct from the Japanese Bobtail. There are several versions of the origin of the breed. The main origin of the breed is considered to be from a mixture (crossbreeding) of Japanese Bobtail cats with Siberian cats brought by sailors to the Kuril Islands. It was adopted by the WCF in 1994.

Characteristics
In the wild, this cat is an excellent fisher and hunter, which may explain why the Kurilian loves to play in water. The Kurilian's wild look is not reflected in the temperament of the breed. It is known for its clever and gentle nature.

The variety is mostly known for its distinctive "pom-pom" kinked, short tail. Short- or longhaired, it has a distinct short, fluffy tail ranging from 2 to 10 vertebrae. The back is slightly arched, with hind legs longer than the front,. It has a medium to large, substantial, muscular build and rounded-rectangular, wide face. Eye colors conform to the color of the coat. The colors yellow, green, and yellow-green are preferred. There are semi-longhair and shorthair Kurilians. All colors without colorpoint and solid are allowed. Part of the reason for its rarity is that there are just two or three kittens in a litter. The most common coat colors are in red, to grey, to bobtail stripes. The lifespan of a Kurilian Bobtail ranges from 15 to 20 years, owing to their breed's being developed in the wild.

References

External links

Cat breeds
Cat breeds originating in Russia
Cat breeds originating in Japan
Cat breeds and types with suppressed tails
Natural cat breeds
Fauna of Sakhalin


Glenturret distillery is  northwest of Crieff in Perthshire, Scotland on the banks of the Turret River.

The distillery is hidden in the glen and its secluded location may have contributed to its early history as the site of several illicit bothy stills. The high hills to either side of the distillery were thought to act as lookout points for the smugglers. When Alfred Barnard visited the distillery he described the glen as "a perfect paradise to artists, who come in great numbers to transfer some of its transcendent beauties to canvas". The distillery is located in the parish of Monzievaird and Strowan.

History
The distillery was officially established in 1763, but had previously been under the control of illicit distillers, who sought to avoid paying taxes, since 1717. This early history has led to claims that Glenturret is the oldest distillery in Scotland, a title contested by other establishments such as Littlemill or Strathisla.

The distillery was originally known as “Hosh” and was originally owned by the Drummond family. "Hosh" comes from the Gaelic "cois", meaning foot. It was taken over by John McCallum in 1845, until 1875 when Thomas Stewart took it over and renamed it Glenturret in its centenary year.

The First World War saw the closure of the distillery, but following the war it reopened under the Mitchell Brothers until 1921, when the great depression and prohibition in America saw it closed again. The buildings during this period were kept as storage by the Murrays of Ochtertyre. It did not reopen again to production until 1957 when it was revitalised by James Fairlie. Fairlie was a whisky enthusiast and his intention was to make a malt whisky created in traditional fashion and to preserve the craft of distilling. The distillery was bought by Cointreau in 1981 and from there passed to Highland Distillers in 1990. It was taken over by The Edrington Group in 1999. It then became the home of “The Famous Grouse Experience”, which was nominated for an Interactive Entertainment Award at BAFTA in 2002. The distillery was put on the market in end 2018 and acquired by the Lalique Group and one of its major shareholders.

Production and character

The water supply for the Glenturret comes via its own pipeline from Loch Turret which has its origin in Ben Chonzie. As the water used contributes much of the taste and character of the whisky, the purity and quality of the water is essential in the whisky making process. Ben Chonzie is part of the Grampian Mountain Range and is a granitic intrusion, with a diorite composition. This geology has resulted in the extreme softness of the water of Loch Turret making it a suitable source for the whisky.

Barley is soaked in water from the source for two to three days then spread over the floor of the malting house. The green malt is then dried in a kiln over peat smoke, before being milled into grist, which is then mixed with hot water in the mash tun at about 70 °C for an hour. This is drained off and the second water, which is hotter, is added and allowed to run straight through. The third water is even hotter and is used as the first water for the next batch. The sugary wort is collected, cooled and then fermented in large pine vessels called wash backs. Yeast is added and after 48 hours of fermentation the wash is made. The wash is then pre-heated in a wash-charger and from there goes to the wash still. This is a traditional pot still made of copper and is of a shape unchanged in the history of Scotch whisky making. The wash is heated in the pot still so the alcohol vapour rises up and cools and condenses in the low wines receiver. The low wines then passes through to the spirit still where it is distilled again. The spirit running through the pot and spirit stills is subject to Her Majesty's Customs and Excise Duty and so is kept under lock and key. It can be sampled and tested by the stillman via the spirit sample safe. The spirit from the spirit still is divided in three parts, but only the middle cut or “Heart of the Run” is suitable to be made into malt whisky. The other two parts are fed back into the low wines receiver to be re-distilled. The middle cut then goes to an oak spirit receiver and from there to the filling vats in the spirit store.

At this stage more water is added to reduce the concentration of alcohol from 75% to 64%. Each oak cask is handmade and therefore unique, so each must be weighed before and after filling to determine how much spirit is in each. Each cask is stencilled with the name, year, cask number and number of litres. The casks are then laid aside in the warehouse for a minimum of three years when it can be used for blending. But for the malt whisky range it is matured for 8, 10, 12, 15 or 21 years or longer for very special bottlings.

Philip Hills has described Glenturret with the words:- "Its nose has the floweriness which is characteristic of such [bourbon cask]; it opens up with water and yields scents of elderflower and liebfraumilch. It is entirely honest, not appearing to be anything it isn't, but what it is, is sufficient; an entirely pleasing and agreeable whisky."

Towser the mouser
Towser, a female long-haired tortoiseshell cat, the resident feline pest control expert at Glenturret from 1963 till 1987, was an officially recognised record breaker. Her record-breaking victim count was estimated as 28,899 mice, which were laid out on the Still House floor each morning to be inspected by the stillman. The auditors for the Guinness Book of Records observed Towser's prowess over a number of days, and her total kill count was estimated statistically. She was commemorated by a bronze statue at the visitor's centre at Glenturret and her story was featured on BBC Television's Blue Peter. Her paw prints also decorate the label on a bottle of Fairlie's light Highland Liqueur. Her immediate successors were Dylan and Brooke, who were chosen for their friendliness and photogenic looks rather than for their mousing skills.  The distillery currently "employs" Glen, an orange tabby, and Turret, a gray tabby for mousing duties.

Illicit distilling
Excise duty was introduced in Scotland in 1660. The taxation laws were very complex and it was unclear how much tax should be paid. Duties also continued to rise gradually and Robert Burns wrote the poem "Earnest Cry and Prayer" in 1785 about the problems these high duties caused. Burns himself was an exciseman between 1789 and 1796. He was reported to be "not a bustling active gauger" and was allegedly too impatient for the lengthy stake-outs required in his investigations. But the job paid very well and there were often sizeable rewards paid and the job had very good security.

In 1814 the act banning the use of stills of less than  was introduced. This limited whisky production to commercial concerns and from then on farmers had no way of raising enough money to pay their rents, as distilling allowed them to use their excess grain for whisky which could be sold at a profit greater than that of the grain itself. This drove many honest people to smuggling as a way to survive. Many widespread difficulties were caused by farmers moving off the land, that agriculture in the Highlands was in danger of dying out. The law was changed in 1816 to allow stills of more than  to be legal to encourage small distillers. However this still meant that stills under  were determined to be portable and hence illegal which eradicated a lot of domestic distilling.

Smuggling gangs set up stills in secret places. The stills themselves were small so that if the exciseman was spotted they could be removed and hidden. Smuggling chiefs were often men of high standing in the community. When one of their men was arrested the chief's name would be kept secret. This was partly due to the fact that the excise duties were seen as a tax by a foreign power, i.e. England, and so denying this revenue was their patriotic duty.

There are many tales of the deviousness of the whisky smuggler in outwitting the gaugers (an itinerant exciseman who measured containers and their content), and the excisemen. In one such story the gaugers confiscated a large cask of spirit and transported it to a nearby inn where they were staying. They took the cask to their room on the second floor for safe keeping. The smugglers came to the inn and employed the serving girl to locate where the cask sat on the floor above and, using an auger bore into the bottom of the cask, removed all the spirit so that there was none left for the gaugers to sample.

The only way to tackle the illegal distilling entirely was to decrease the duty so that it was no longer profitable and increase policing so that the military and gaugers were increased. Revenue cutters were employed up and down the coast and the numbers excisemen was increased as they were often outnumbered by smuggling gangs. Further tariff reforms and generous rewards for informers were introduced and these measures became known as "the burning and starving act".

Illicit distilling has died out from lack of profitability, but rumours still persist in remote places of homemade moonshine like "Melvaig Mist" and in Shropshire.

See also

 List of distilleries in Scotland
 List of historic whisky distilleries

References

External links

The Glenturret
Glenturret

Distilleries in Scotland
Scottish malt whisky
1763 establishments in Scotland


The Drift River Terminal Facility, also known as the Drift River Oil Terminal, is a tank farm which holds crude oil before it is loaded onto oil tankers and transported to refineries. It is located in Alaska along Cook Inlet, at the terminus of the Drift River, an historic floodplain of nearby volcanic Mount Redoubt. The facility is owned and operated by Cook Inlet Pipeline Company, a Houston-based corporation owned by Hilcorp. Oil is collected into the tanks via the submerged Cook Inlet Pipeline, which connects the tank farm to the oil fields on the west side of Cook Inlet. Oil tankers load crude from the tanks via a pump station located approximately one mile offshore, known as the Christy Lee Platform.

The tank farm's location has been controversial since the 1989/1990 eruption of Mount Redoubt, when the facility was flooded by lahars. Concerns were renewed during the 2009 eruptions of Redoubt. Dikes built after the 89/90 eruptions have kept the 2009 flooding away from the tanks, but an adjacent aircraft hangar and runway were damaged.

A major eruption of Redoubt on April 4, 2009 and subsequent flash floods damaged a generator facility and disrupted plans to remove the remaining crude oil from the facility and replace it with ballast water to stabilize the tanks and protect them from being dislodged during any future flooding. While the facility was again surrounded by lahars, the tank farm itself was not flooded and workers at the facility were not injured. The workers on site were evacuated to a "safe room" complete with food and sleeping quarters, as well as bathrooms and entertainment facilities to wait out the flooding.

On April 5, the Coast Guard determined that the tanks could not be refilled with ballast water after the oil was removed, as the water would then become a hazardous waste that the facility would not be able to dispose of properly. Instead, the oil will simply be removed and sent to refineries, with damage to the tanks from further flooding still possible. The Coast Guard will coordinate the oil removal with the Alaska Volcano Observatory and proceed when it is safe to do so.

References

External links
Chevron Corporation official site
Pacific Energy Resources website
Alaska Division of Environmental Conservation
Alaska Volcano Observatory Mount Redoubt activity page

Buildings and structures in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska
Oil terminals
Oil infrastructure in Alaska
Chevron Corporation


Orthostatic purpura is a skin condition that results from prolonged standing or even sitting with the legs lowered (as in a bus, airplane, or train), which produced edema and a purpuric eruption on the lower extremities.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions