Christine Wilhelmine "Minna" Planer (5 September 180925 January 1866) was a German actress and the first wife of composer Richard Wagner, to whom she was married for 30 years, although for the last 10 years they often lived apart. At an early age, she had an illegitimate daughter with a Royal Saxon Army officer, whom she raised as her sister. After a stormy courtship, which involved infidelities on both sides, she married Richard Wagner in 1836.

In the early years Minna was the main wage earner in the household, having a successful career as a dramatic heroine who drew both applause for her abilities on stage and admirers for her beauty. She shared in many of the escapades of Wagner's life, including a perilous sea voyage to London, poverty in Paris, and following him around Europe after his involvement in the Dresden uprising of 1849, which led to his banishment from Germany.

After Wagner's affair with Mathilde Wesendonck in 1857, Minna mostly lived apart from him. In later years she developed a heart condition which ultimately claimed her life.

Life

Early life

Minna Planer was born on 5 September 1809 to a former Army trumpeter, Gotthelf Planer, in Oederan, Kingdom of Saxony. She was brought up in poverty and then at the age of fifteen was seduced by Ernst Rudolf von Einsiedel, a captain in the King of Saxony's Guards, who abandoned her after making her pregnant. Minna was sent to her relatives in the country to conceal the pregnancy, and when her daughter, Nathalie ("Netty"), was born, she was brought up as Minna's sister.

Minna pursued a career as an actress, specialising in female juvenile lead roles ("Erste Liebhaberin") in tragedies. She was in demand by many German theatre companies, and appeared in Dessau, Altenburg, Magdeburg and Dresden before she met Richard Wagner. In a letter dated 27 December 1833, Minna sets out her conditions for employment: she would not accept guest appearances, but expected the leading tragic and young heroine parts. Her fee was 600 thaler plus travelling expenses. While she was praised for her abilities as an actress, her physical charms also brought her admiration. One anonymous suitor wrote to her: "When Nature created you, O Fair One, she broke the mold and never more may create so fair an image. Ah, I have known you long, you splendid creature, beautiful in youth, your lovely image flitting around in my dreams..."

Wagner

In 1834 Minna was appearing as part of Heinrich Eduard Bethmann's Magdeburg Theatre Company during a summer season at Bad Lauchstädt, a spa resort near Halle. She was almost 25. Richard Wagner had arrived in Lauchstädt on 1 August to investigate the offer of a position as conductor of the Magdeburg company and was unimpressed by the offer until he met Minna by chance while looking for lodgings for the night. The 21-year-old Wagner changed his mind and accepted the contract in order to pursue her, taking rooms directly beneath hers.

Minna's relationship with Wagner was stormy: Wagner was jealous and possessive and there were frequent loud arguments which usually ended with Minna in tears. However, by the time the company returned to Magdeburg to open the season in October 1834 the two were lovers, and by February 1835 Wagner wrote to his brother Alfred that he and Minna were engaged, although to Wagner's fury Minna continued to be pursued by other suitors. In November 1835 Minna, dissatisfied with the Magdeburg troupe and probably with Wagner as well, left suddenly to take on a role at the Königstadt Theatre in Berlin. Wagner was wild with despair and implored her to come back and marry him. Minna eventually agreed to return, but stayed only to the end of the season in Magdeburg before heading to Königsberg to join the local theatre company, while Wagner looked for work in Berlin. Failing in this, he joined Minna in Königsberg and accepted a menial position as a junior conductor. Minna married Wagner in Tragheim Church on 26 November 1836, where they argued even in front of the minister who was to marry them.

Early married years

Minna soon found that being Wagner's wife was not the route to respectability that she craved. Wagner continued to run up debts, and she frequently had to deal with creditors not only from Königsberg, but also from Wagner's previous expenditure in Magdeburg. Wagner's position brought in little money and Minna's continued popularity on stage meant that she was the main bread-winner, earning 700 reichsthaler in 1836. She continued to have admirers, and on 31 May 1837 Minna ran away from Wagner with a local businessman named Dietrich, taking Nathalie with her. Wagner eventually found her at her parents' home in Dresden, and begged her to return to him. Despite another short reconciliation, Minna ran away again with Dietrich in July 1837. It was only in October that Minna finally had a change of heart and returned to Wagner, who had taken up a post in Riga as music director.

Flight from Riga

Minna also obtained a position at the Riga City Theater, and they lived in Riga for two years until Wagner lost his post in January 1839. He then decided on a wild scheme to evade his creditors: He and Minna together with their dog Robber would flee across the nearby Russian border and board a ship bound for London and then travel on to Paris, where Wagner expected that his new opera Rienzi would make his fortune. Minna made her last stage appearance in Riga on 18 April in the title role of Schiller's Maria Stuart. It was her income from this appearance that paid for their flight from Riga to London and Paris. On 10 July, they made the illegal border crossing safely, despite the risk of being shot by border guards, but on 14 July they were in a wagon which overturned, crushing Minna. Nathalie later claimed that Minna suffered a miscarriage as a result. While there is no other evidence for this claim, it is a fact that Minna bore Wagner no children. Minna and Wagner set sail from Pillau on the Thetis and ran into a storm which led them to berth in a Norwegian fjord. They only arrived in London after a terrifying 24-day journey for a trip that should normally have taken 8 days. After a week recovering in London, they took a steamer to Paris.

Paris and Dresden

Minna and Wagner spent the years 1839 to 1842 in Paris, enduring severe poverty. Wagner's plan failed, since the Paris Opera was not interested in producing either Rienzi or his newest work, Der Fliegende Holländer. Wagner was imprisoned for debt, and Minna had to beg their German friends in Paris for money to release him. It was only the acceptance by the Hoftheater in Dresden of Rienzi that allowed the Wagners to leave Paris in April 1842. In Dresden Wagner became Royal Kapellmeister and achieved the stability and social status that Minna had hoped for. However Wagner's involvement in the Dresden uprising in May 1849 led to a warrant being issued for his arrest, and Wagner fled to Zurich.

Minna was furious with him and after this their relationship cooled irreparably. She considered Zurich a provincial town and lamented the loss of her social position as Frau Kapellmeister. It was only in August of that year that she agreed to rejoin Wagner in Zurich, but it was plain that their world-views were now totally different. Minna could understand his work as a conductor, but increasingly found his operatic works not to her liking. Nevertheless, she was now tied to him since it was unlikely that she would again be able to work on the stage, and she had a horror of ending up in servitude. Minna also began to show signs of heart disease, for which she was prescribed laudanum. Before joining Wagner in Zurich she wrote to him:

 My greatest pride and pleasure was seeing you as the head of the greatest orchestra in Germany. You may remember that I missed almost no performance which you conducted, saw only you and was happy. I believed that what I was hearing emanated from you only...the Ninth Symphony will be forever unforgettable to me on account of you. You appeared to me like a God governing all the powerful elements and working enchantments on men. See, dear Richard, you own the power, the glorious gift of creating something great even as a conductor...

Zurich and Mathilde Wesendonck

Wagner attempted to leave Minna in 1850 when he had an affair with the married 21-year-old Jessie Laussot, with whom he planned to elope to the Far East. However Minna, together with Jessie's mother, put a stop to this plan and Wagner eventually returned to Minna and for a while their relationship regained some of its original ardour. During a visit in the summer 1856, Ferdinand Praeger recorded "A picture of Minna", capturing the dynamic of their relationship:As a housewife she was most efficient. In their days of distress she cheerfully performed what are vulgarly termed menial services. In this she is as fitting a parallel of Mrs. Carlyle, as Wagner is of Carlyle. . . . Minna's efforts in the house and sustaining Wagner in the dark days is the pendant of Mrs. Carlyle's scrubbing the floors of the little house at Scotsbrig in the wilds of Scottish moors.It was the affair with Mathilde Wesendonck while Wagner was working on Tristan und Isolde in 1857 that provoked the final breach between Minna and Wagner. After her discovery of a letter from Wagner to Mathilde in April 1858, Minna accused them of adultery, which Wagner denied, claiming that Minna had put a "vulgar interpretation" on his letter. Minna took the view that Wagner had been seduced by Mathilde, and in subsequent letters referred to her as "that hussy" and "that filthy woman".

Nevertheless, Wagner and Minna parted, Wagner to travel to Venice and Minna to take the waters at Brestenberg in an attempt to improve her worsening heart condition. Minna wrote to Mathilde before departing for Dresden: I must tell you with a bleeding heart that you have succeeded in separating my husband from me after nearly twenty-two years of marriage. May this noble deed contribute to your peace of mind, to your happiness.
Minna later described Tristan and Isolde as "a much too enamoured and odious couple."

Paris and the final years

It was only in November 1859 when Wagner moved to Paris to attempt to perform a revised version of Tannhäuser at the Opera that Minna agreed to his requests that she join him, but again the relationship was not easy. Minna disapproved of his rewritten Tannhäuser and thought that he could have secured a financial success with Rienzi. After the fiasco of the Paris Tannhäuser, in July 1861 Wagner went to Vienna, while Minna went again to Bad Soden and then to Dresden, where she, Nathalie and her parents lived at Wagner's expense.

In February 1862 when Wagner was living in Biebrich Minna made a surprise visit to him, which started well but all the old troubles were stirred when a letter from Mathilde Wesendonck arrived. Wagner referred to this period as "10 days of hell". In June 1862 he suggested they divorce; however, Minna refused to consider this. Despite her repeated requests for him to join her in Dresden, he would not.

Minna and Wagner were never to live together again, but neither did they divorce. Minna was financially supported by Wagner for the rest of her life.

Minna Wagner died of a heart attack on 25 January 1866 in Dresden. Wagner did not attend the funeral. Minna's grave is in the "Alter Annenfriedhof" in Dresden.

Burrell Collection

Much of the detail of Wagner's relationship with Minna comes from the letters they wrote to each other. After Minna's death, her daughter Nathalie kept many of these letters, and eventually sold most of them to Mary Burrell, who planned to write a biography of Wagner. Although Burrell died before completing the biography, the Burrell Collection of Wagner's letters, including some from Minna, was eventually published in 1950, with the originals being housed in the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.

See also
 Wagner family tree

References

Further reading

 Burbidge, Peter and Sutton, Richard (eds.) (1979), The Wagner Companion, Cambridge University Press.
 Burk, John N, (1950). Letters of Richard Wagner - The Burrell Collection. The Macmillan Company, New York.
 Gregor-Dellin, Martin (1983), Richard Wagner—His Life, His Work, His Century, Harcourt.
 Millington, Barry (Ed.) (1992). The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London.
 Newman, Ernest (1933), The Life of Richard Wagner, 4 vols.
 Wagner, Richard (Andrew Gray trans.) (1992), My Life, Da Capo Press.

1809 births
1866 deaths
Wagner family
German stage actresses
19th-century German actresses
19th-century composers
19th-century German musicians


Julius Classicus was a Gaulish nobleman and military commander of the 1st century AD, belonging to the tribe of the Treviri. He served as a commander of the Roman auxiliaries. Along with Julius Tutor, another Treviran Roman auxiliary commander, and Julius Sabinus, who claimed descent from Gaius Julius Caesar, he joined the rebellion of Gaius Julius Civilis during the disorder of the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD).

Background

In order to secure his position as Roman Emperor, Vespasian, along with his allies Antonius Primus and Mucianus, decided to stir up trouble in Germany so as to distract Vitellius, the current Roman Emperor. A letter was sent to a Batavian chieftain, Julius Civilis, encouraging him to start a rebellion. Liking the idea, Civilis revolted and began to harry Gallia Lugdunensis.

The revolt

Classicus was specifically the commander of the Treviran cavalry regiment and exchanged many letters with Civilis. In these letters Classicus was an accomplice in rebellion with Civilis against Rome, and boasted that he had more ancestors who had been enemies of Rome than friends.

Classicus, along with Sabinus and Tutor, were leaders of the Treviri and Lingones, both Gallic tribes, and had separate ideals from Civilis and his Batavian revolt. The Batavians were seeking little more than tribal independence, while Sabinus and his allies were looking to start a new Roman Empire in Gaul, an Imperium Galliarum. After killing a deserter named Vocula, who had tried to escape after seeing the treachery of Classicus and the rest, Julius Classicus read an oath of allegiance (dressed as a Roman general) to Legio I Germanica and Legio XVI Gallica stationed in Germany, commanding them to swear allegiance to their new emperor, Julius Sabinus (who would have been the 5th Emperor in just a little over a year).

After this oath, Classicus tried to lure Munius Lupercus and his garrison at Xanten into surrender by offering them quarter, but Lupercus declined. Soon after, the army left for Trier and Sabinus went on to lose a battle to the Sequani after squandering his troop resources, mainly because he didn't trust his new legions. According to Tacitus, Classicus spent the critical juncture after this defeat in idleness. After Tutor was defeated in a further battle, Classicus and Civilis fell back in panic.

Aftermath

Vespasian, now emperor, was ready to clean up the mess that the civil war had created. He dispatched an army led by his close ally Petilius Cerialis. As Cerialis advanced on Augusta Treverorum, capital of the Treviri, Classicus and Civilis tried to sow panic in the Roman army by alleging Vespasian had died. Cerialis, however, in a series of battles defeated the uprising and accepted the surrender of Civilis. In the aftermath, Classicus fled with Julius Tutor on a small ship.

Significance

After this revolt, Vespasian decided that for further safety, auxiliary troops would be stationed in different parts of the empire from their origins, and would have a commander that was not of the same native land, further ensuring that no local revolts could ever take place again.

References

Sources

 Penguin Dictionary of Ancient History
 Cornelius Tacitus (c. 105), Histories.

1st-century Gallo-Roman people
Classicus


James Higgins (born ) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 526), as a , or , i.e. number 8 or 10, or 9, during the era of contested scrums.

Playing career

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Jim Higgins played right-, i.e. number 10, in Wakefield Trinity's 13-12 victory over Wigan in the 1946 Challenge Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1946, in front of a crowd of 54,730.

County Cup Final appearances
Jim Higgins played right-, i.e. number 10, in Wakefield Trinity's 2-5 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1945 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Thrum Hall, Halifax on Saturday 3 November 1945, played right- in the 10–0 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1946 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1946–47 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 31 November 1946, played right- in the 7–7 draw with Leeds in the 1947 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1947–48 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 1 November 1947, and played right- in the 8–7 victory over Leeds in the 1947 Yorkshire County Cup Final replay during the 1947–48 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Wednesday 5 November 1947.

Contemporaneous Article Extract
"Formerly a centre with Greenacres Junior side, he joined Trinity in 1945 from St. Mary's Juniors (Oldham) and immediately became first-choice blind-side prop forward. It was a position he held regularly for eight seasons in which he gave great service and consistent endeavour."

References

External links
Search for "Higgins" at rugbyleagueproject.org

Wakefield Trinity players
English rugby league players
Rugby league props
Rugby league hookers
1920s births
Year of birth uncertain
Possibly living people
Place of birth missing


The 2002 WNBA All-Star Game was played on July 15, 2002 at MCI Center in Washington, D.C. This was the 4th annual WNBA All-Star Game.

The All-Star Game

Rosters

1 Injured
2 Injury replacement
3 Starting in place of injured player

Coaches
The coach for the Western Conference was Los Angeles Sparks coach Michael Cooper. The coach for the Eastern Conference was Charlotte Sting coach Anne Donovan.

References

Wnba All-star Game, 2002
Women's National Basketball Association All-Star Game


The East Barito languages are a group of a dozen Dayak (Austronesian) languages of Borneo, Indonesia, and most notably Malagasy, the national language of Madagascar. They are named after the Barito River located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

The languages are,

Central–South
Dusun Deyah
South: Dusun Malang, Dusun Witu, Ma'anyan, Paku
Malagasy (incl. Bushi on Mayotte)
North: Lawangan, Tawoyan

Several of the languages are named 'Dusun' because they are spoken by the Dusun people; they are not to be confused with the Dusunic languages, which are also spoken by the Dusun but belong to a different branch of Malayo-Polynesian.

References
Blust, Robert. 2006. 'The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines'. In Liao & Rubino, eds, Current Issues in Philippine Linguistics and Anthropology. pp 31–68.

Barito languages


Presents Kumbia Kings is the first compilation album and fifth album by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings and the first compilation album by Mexican-American musician A.B. Quintanilla. It was released on April 1, 2003 by EMI Latin. All of the songs in the album are in English. The album includes eight previously released songs and four new songs recorded for the album.

Track listing

References

2003 compilation albums
Kumbia Kings albums
A. B. Quintanilla albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Albums produced by Cruz Martínez
EMI Latin compilation albums
Cumbia albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions


Blagoy Ivanov (; born October 9, 1986) is a Bulgarian mixed martial artist and Sambo practitioner who competes in the  Heavyweight division. Having previously competed for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), he was also the 2008 Combat Sambo World Champion and the former World Series of Fighting Heavyweight champion.

Background
Blagoy has competed in judo as a heavyweight national representative for Bulgaria. He competed in the 2003 Balkan Junior Championships and placed first. He then continued in competition up to the European Championships level but only placed 7th in the 2007 U23 Tournament, and did not make an attempt to represent Bulgaria in the 2008 Olympic games. Ivanov chose to enter into a career in mixed martial arts as opposed to representing Bulgaria in the 2012 Olympic Games.

Sambo career
He notably defeated four-time World Combat Sambo Champion and mixed martial arts fighter Fedor Emelianenko in the semi-finals of the 2008 World Sambo Championships on November 16, 2008. (He went on to win the finals over Germany's Janosch Stefan the following day.) Ivanov previously faced Emelianenko in February 2008 at Russia's Presidents Cup Sambo competition, losing the match to Emelianenko.

Mixed martial arts career
Ivanov started a career in mixed martial arts in his home country (2 wins and 1 NC) before going to World Victory Road, where he signed a three-fight deal.  His first fight took place at Sengoku 9 where he defeated Pride FC veteran, Kazuyuki Fujita by split decision, breaking both hands in the process.

Ivanov was set next to face Fedor's brother, Aleksander Emelianenko, but that fight and eventually the entire event on which the fight should have occurred was canceled because Blagoy had broken both his hands in the fight against Fujita and was not able to heal and prepare properly for his fight with Aleksander.

Recently, in the capital city of Bulgaria - Sofia, Bagata defeated another well-known Bulgarian MMA fighter Svetoslav Zahariev who was European champion in grappling, heavyweight division. In the interview given after the fight, Bagata said that he was ready for a rematch with Svetoslav, but also with his brother, who is a fighter too. He added that he needs more easy matches like the last one in order to get in shape for the real challenges. According to Blagoy, in December 2010 he would go to fight and train in Las Vegas, USA.

Bellator MMA

On March 15, 2011, Ivanov announced that he had signed a deal to fight for Bellator. He debuted on March 26, 2011, at Bellator 38 against William Penn and won via first-round TKO.

Ivanov was expected to face Thiago Santos as part of a quarterfinals tournament at Bellator 52 on October 1 at the L'Audberge du Lac Casino Resort in Lake Charles, La. The tournament was to determine a No. 1 contender to face champion Cole Konrad. Santos, however, was unable to travel from Brazil for the event and was replaced by Zak Jensen.

Ivanov defeated Jensen by technical submission due to a guillotine choke at 2:35 into round 2. The 2008 Combat Sambo World Champion Ivanov used superior boxing technique, speed, and accuracy to bloody the face, Jensen, in round one. Jensen offered little offense, and it bordered on a 10–8 round. An outside trip takedown from Ivanov started off the second frame, where he immediately began to crank on an Americana attempt. Jensen gave up full mount attempting to defend. Eventually, Jensen was able to scramble out, but as he drove forward attempting to push Ivanov against the fence he left his neck exposed. Ivanov locked in a tight guillotine choke that left Jensen unconscious and unable to tap. The impressive performance from Ivanov furthers his career-winning streak to eleven.

On 24 Dec 2011, Ivanov defeated Ricco Rodriguez in the third round via TKO with a kick to the upper body that some felt hit Rodriguez's head, as he was still getting up from his knees.  The fight took place in Chekhov, Moscow suburb, and Ivanov fought under the Russian banner.

Return to MMA
Ivanov returned to MMA competition after a 21-month absence due to injuries sustained in a bar fight and fought Manny Lara on September 13, 2013 at Bellator 99. He won the fight via submission in the first round.

Ivanov next fought on November 22, 2013, at Bellator 109 and faced Keith Bell. Ivanov was initially dropped by Bell early into the fight, but recovered and won the fight via submission.

In March 2014, Ivanov returned to the Heavyweight division.  He faced Rich Hale in the opening round of the Bellator Season 10 Heavyweight tournament at Bellator 111 on March 7, 2014.  He won the fight via unanimous decision.

He faced Lavar Johnson in the semifinals at Bellator 116 on April 11, 2014 and won via submission in the first round.

He faced Alexander Volkov in the tournament final on May 17, 2014 at Bellator 120. He lost the fight via submission in the second round, resulting in his first professional loss.

World Series of Fighting
On January 24, 2015 it was announced that Ivanov signed with WSOF.

In his debut, Ivanov faced Smealinho Rama for the WSOF Heavyweight championship at WSOF 21 on June 5, 2015  He won the fight and championship due to a submission in the third round.

Ivanov made his first title defense against Derrick Mehmen at WSOF 24 on October 17, 2015. He won the fight via TKO in the second round.

For his second title defense, Ivanov faced Josh Copeland at WSOF 31 on June 17, 2016. He won the fight via unanimous decision (49–46, 49–46, and 48–47).

For his third title defense, Ivanov faced Shawn Jordan. The bout was originally scheduled for February 28 (incorrectly reported as Feb 25) but was rescheduled to March 18, 2017. Ivanov won the fight via TKO in the first round.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
On April 25, 2018, it was reported that Ivanov was signed by Ultimate Fighting Championship. He made his UFC debut against former UFC Heavyweight champion Junior dos Santos on July 14 at UFC Fight Night 133. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

In his second fight for the promotion, Ivanov faced Ben Rothwell on March 9, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 146. He won the fight by unanimous decision.

In his third fight with the company, Ivanov faced Tai Tuivasa on June 8, 2019 at UFC 238. He won the fight by unanimous decision.

Ivanov faced Derrick Lewis on November 2, 2019 at UFC 244. He lost the fight via split decision.

Ivanov was scheduled to face Augusto Sakai on May 9, 2020 at UFC 250. However, on April 9, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that this event was postponed and the bout eventually took place on May 30, 2020 at UFC on ESPN: Woodley vs. Burns. He lost the fight via a split decision.

Ivanov was expected to face Marcin Tybura on March 27, 2021 at UFC 260. However, Ivanov was pulled from the bout, citing injury.

Ivanov faced Marcos Rogério de Lima on May 7, 2022 at UFC 274. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Ivanov faced Marcin Tybura on February 4, 2023 at UFC Fight Night 218. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

Ivanov faced Alexander Romanov at UFC on ESPN 48 on 1 July 2023. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.

On July 20, 2023, it was announced that Ivanov was no longer on the UFC roster.

Bar fight incident
In the early morning of February 26, 2012, a group of eight men entered the bar "Ice" in Sofia and attacked Ivanov and his two friends. Ivanov was stabbed below the sternum and a lung was damaged. He fought off all the attackers and hailed a cab to the hospital. He was in the intensive care unit after six hours of life-saving medical intervention at Sofia's Pirogov Hospital, his condition stabilized with the aid of an artificial respirator. He remained in critical care for several weeks.

The police apprehended a 23-year-old suspect, nicknamed Dampela ("The Dumbbell") with a long criminal record, and charged him with the stabbing.  Bulgaria's Interior Minister, Tsvetan Tsvetanov, used the speed of the arrest as an argument for success in the country's battle against organized crime, in a speech two days after the attack.

On March 5, 2012, Ivanov was reported to be in stable condition, having regained consciousness over the weekend. While his life was still considered to be in danger, he was switched to a milder treatment regimen.

Dampela claimed that Ivanov initiated the fight, at one point slapping Dampela in the face. Dampela had a criminal record of extortion, drug dealing, and fraudulent car registration. The defense claimed that Dampela did not know he stabbed Ivanov and went to the police immediately after finding out he did. The prosecution claimed that Dampela bragged about the incident and picked the fight with Ivanov in a drunken rage.

On March 12, 2012, Ivanov's condition deteriorated. A second surgery was performed and he was placed in an artificial coma. On May 19 Ivanov had been taken out of a medically induced coma, and had spoken with doctors. He was expected to make a full recovery in six months to a year. Dampela remained in permanent detention.

Around May 12, 2012, Ivanov regained the ability to talk and gave a brief press conference on the 19th in the hospital. He declared that he wanted to return to the ring and the doctors confirmed that he would be able to recover in six months to a year.

On May 28, Ivanov left the hospital's intensive care unit. He stated that he wanted to return to competition and doctors confirmed that he could return the next year.

Ivanov made his MMA return in September 2013 and won his next four fights.

Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts

 Bellator MMA
Bellator Season 10 Heavyweight Tournament: Runner-Up
 World Series of Fighting / Professional Fighters League
WSOF / PFL Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Four successful title defenses

Sambo

 Fédération Internationale de Sambo (FIAS)
2008 World Championships - Gold Medalist in combat sambo at +100 kg
2006 World Championships - Bronze Medalist in sambo wrestling at 100 kg

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Loss
|align=center|19–6 (1)
|Alexander Romanov
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC on ESPN: Strickland vs. Magomedov
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|19–5 (1)
|Marcin Tybura
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Spivak
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|19–4 (1)
|Marcos Rogério de Lima
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 274
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Phoenix, Arizona, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–4 (1)
|Augusto Sakai
|Decision (split)
|UFC on ESPN: Woodley vs. Burns
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|18–3 (1)
|Derrick Lewis
|Decision (split)
|UFC 244
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|New York City, New York, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|18–2 (1)
|Tai Tuivasa
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 238
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Chicago, Illinois, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|17–2 (1)
|Ben Rothwell
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. dos Santos
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Wichita, Kansas, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|16–2 (1)
|Junior dos Santos
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC Fight Night: dos Santos vs. Ivanov
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Boise, Idaho, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|16–1 (1)
|Caio Alencar
|Decision (unanimous)
|PFL: Fight Night
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Washington, D.C., United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|
|Shawn Jordan
|TKO (punches)
|WSOF 35
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:43
|Verona, New York, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|14–1 (1)
|Josh Copeland
|Decision (unanimous)
|WSOF 31
|
|align=center| 5
|align=center| 5:00
|Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center|13–1 (1)
| Derrick Mehmen
| TKO (punches)
| WSOF 24
|
| align=center|2
| align=center| 4:33
| Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–1 (1)
| Smealinho Rama
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| WSOF 21
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:17
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–1 (1)
| Alexander Volkov
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Bellator 120
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:08
| Southaven, Mississippi, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–0 (1)
| Lavar Johnson
| Submission (americana)
| Bellator 116
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:08
| Temecula, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–0 (1)
| Rich Hale
| Decision (unanimous)
| Bellator 111
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–0 (1)
| Keith Bell
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Bellator 109
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:59
| Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0 (1)
| Manny Lara
| Submission (standing guillotine choke)
| Bellator 99
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:17
| Temecula, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0 (1)
| Ricco Rodriguez
| TKO (retirement)
| Chekhov MMA Tournament
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:33
| Chekhov, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0 (1)
| Zak Jensen
| Technical Submission (guillotine choke)
| Bellator 52
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:35
| Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0 (1)
| William Penn
| TKO (punches)
| Bellator 38
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:58
| Tunica, Mississippi, United States
|
|-
|  Win
| align=center| 4–0 (1)
| Svetoslav Zahariev
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Real Pain Challenge 9
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:33
| Sofia, Bulgaria
|
|-
|  Win
| align=center| 3–0 (1)
| Kazuyuki Fujita
| Decision (split)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 9
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| NC
| align=center| 2–0 (1)
| Ilir Latifi
| NC (ring broke)
| Real Pain Challenge 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:55
| Sofia, Bulgaria
|
|-
|  Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Yancho Dimitrov
| TKO (punches)
| Real Pain Challenge 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:31
| Sofia, Bulgaria
|
|-
|  Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Kamen Georgiev
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Fitness Mania
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Pazardzhik, Bulgaria
|
|-

See also
 List of Bellator MMA alumni

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Bulgarian male mixed martial artists
Bulgarian sambo practitioners
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Sportspeople from Sofia
Bulgarian male judoka
People from Sandanski
Big Brother (Bulgarian TV series) contestants
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing sambo
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
21st-century Bulgarian people


Aubrey Robinson (1853–1936) was an owner of a sugarcane plantation and a ranch consisting of an entire island  in the Hawaiian Islands.

Life
Aubrey Robinson was born in Canterbury, New Zealand, on October 17, 1853. His father was Charles Barrington Robinson and mother was Helen Sinclair. His grandmother, Elizabeth McHutchison (1800–1892), also spelled McHutcheson, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, married Francis Sinclair in 1824 and moved to New Zealand in 1840 with their six children. In 1846 her husband and eldest son died at sea.
With her remaining children and grandchildren, she left New Zealand heading for Canada.
When they arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in September 1863, King Kamehameha IV suggested they stay and purchase some land. Although the King soon died, the family purchased the entire island of Niihau from King Kamehameha V for US$10,000 ($ today) on January 23, 1864.  In 1865, Eliza Sinclair purchased the  ahupuaa of Makaweli, on Kauaʻi, from Victoria
Kamāmalu Ka‘ahumanu for $15,000 ($ today).

Robinson was educated at home and attended the Boston University School of Law and was admitted to the bar in eastern courts. He spent a number of years traveling in Europe and Asia, and, on his return to Hawaii, managed the family estates after the death of his uncle Francis Sinclair with his cousin (also brother-in-law), Francis Gay, under the firm name of Gay & Robinson.
Other partners were Elizabeth Sinclair, Jane Sinclair Gay and Helen Sinclair Robinson. Their island of Niihau was used exclusively by Gay & Robinson for grazing cattle, as was much of their Makaweli estate. Robinson raised pure-bred sheep and cattle, and imported strains of Merino sheep and shorthorn cattle from the United States, Australia and New Zealand.

Robinson developed the Makaweli sugar plantation on Kauai, on which the Hawaiian Sugar Company leased about . Besides this land, the firm of Gay & Robinson had a sugar plantation of more than  on the same estate. In 1884, Robinson imported purebred Arabian horses. Robinson took an active interest in church and missionary work both in Hawaii and abroad.

Family and legacy
His aunt Anne Sinclair married Kauai sugar planter Valdemar Knudsen (1819–1898) in 1867.
Robinson married his first cousin Alice Gay in 1885, daughter of Captain Thomas Gay and Jane (Sinclair) Gay. They had four sons: Sinclair Robinson (1886–1964), Aylmer Francis Robinson (1888–1967), Selwyn Aubrey Robinson (1892–1984), and Lester Beauclerk Robinson (1901–1969) and one daughter, Eleanor (1898–1986).

Robinson died on his estate in 1936, and the Kauai estate passed to his wife and their five children and Niihau going to Aylmer and Lester.
His descendants have kept the tradition of treating Niihau as private, earning it the name "Forbidden Island".
Niihau was owned by Lester's wife Helen Matthew Robinson (1910–2002) and then , her sons Bruce and Keith Robinson.

See also
 Sugar plantations in Hawaii

References

1853 births
1936 deaths
People from Banks Peninsula
American planters
Ranchers from Hawaii
Colony of New Zealand people
Immigrants to the Hawaiian Kingdom


Wagon numbers (or coach numbers) are key data for railway operations. They enable a railway wagon or coach to be positively identified and form a common language between railway operators, infrastructure companies and the state authorities. The system of wagon numbering has been laid down by the International Union of Railways (Union internationale des chemins de fer or UIC, founded in 1922) and is similar to that used for the locomotives and multiple units. Vehicle numbering is now governed by the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail and in Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) of the European Union.

The complete wagon number comprises 12 digits. The individual digits have the following meaning:

Placement of the code
As shown on the photographs at right, the code may be arranged either vertically (e.g. on closed wagons) on three or more lines at man's height with the letter codes next to the corresponding part of the digit code, or horizontally (e.g. on flat wagons) at the bottom of the chassis side with all digits together (with groups separated by spaces and the check digit by a dash) and all letters together. It is always found on both sides of the wagon, not on the front or back.

Calculation of the self-check digit
The digits are multiplied individually from right to left alternately by 2 and 1, and digit summed using the Luhn algorithm. The difference between this sum and the next multiple of ten is the check digit, placed after the eleventh digit, separated by a dash.

Examples
Wagon number: 21 81 2471 217
  2  1    8  1    2  4  7  1    2  1  7
              multiplying by
  2  1    2  1    2  1  2  1    2  1  2
                  gives
  4  1   16  1    4  4 14  1    4  1 14
                digit sum
  4  1    7  1    4  4  5  1    4  1  5
                 sum = 37
         next multiple of ten = 40
          check digit = 40-37 = 3
  2  1    8  1    2  4  7  1    2  1  7  -  3

Wagon number: 51 80 0843 001
  5  1    8  0    0  8  4  3    0  0  1
             multiplying by
  2  1    2  1    2  1  2  1    2  1  2
                  gives
 10  1   16  0    0  8  8  3    0  0  2
                digit sum
  1  1    7  0    0  8  8  3    0  0  2
                 sum = 30
         next multiple of ten = 30
          check digit = 30-30 = 0
  5  1    8  0    0  8  4  3    0  0  1  -  0

Country code
At the beginning of 2006 the country replaced the owner (almost exclusively state railways), with the owner now indicated by following letters. For example, for a vehicle registered in Germany on the AAE, which had its own code as a private railway, 68 AAE became 80 D-AAE.
(see also UIC country code)

Reading of numbers
Numbers are read visually, the method of choice today (2008). No railway is able to read the number automatically with the required reliability (less than 1 error in 10,000). Using OCR readers the numbering (DB AG: Font Gerade Normschrift DIN 16 Variant DB) can be only be read to an accuracy of no better than 5% (1 in 20).

Numbering systems
The UIC has the following numbering systems, as detailed in leaflets:

 Leaflet 419-2 – Analytical numbering of international freight trains.
 Leaflet 428-1 – International sorting system for wagonload traffic.
 Leaflet 438-2 – Identification marking for freight rolling stock.
 Leaflet 920-1 – Standard numerical coding for railway undertakings, infrastructure managers and others companies involved in rail-transport chains.
 Leaflet 920-2 – Standard numerical coding of locations.
 Leaflet 920-10 – Standard numerical code for railway customers.
 Leaflet 920-14 – Standard numerical country coding for use in railway traffic.

These agreements have not yet achieved the status of a standard or norm.

See also
 DB locomotive classification
 UIC classification of goods wagons
 UIC classification of railway coaches
 UIC identification marking for tractive stock
 UIC passenger coach types
 UIC country codes
 Reporting marks, identifiers used on North American railroads
 ISO 6346, used for intermodal containers

References

External links
 Description of UIC wagon numbers in UIC 438 (website by Per Topp Nielsen)

Passenger railroad cars
Freight rolling stock
Wagon numbers
Rail transport standards
Rail transport in Europe
Railway vehicles register numbers


Events in the year 1957 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Haakon VII (until September 21), then Olav V
 Regent – Olav (until September 21)
 Prime Minister – Einar Gerhardsen (Labour Party)

Events

 16 March – The Kongsberg Silver Mines closes.
 21 March – The Soviet Union threatened to use nuclear weapons if foreign military bases were established in Norway.
 21 September – King Haakon VII dies
 7 October – The 1957 Parliamentary election takes place.
 16 December – During a NATO meeting in Paris, Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen declares that Norway will not allow nuclear weapons or foreign bases on Norwegian soil.

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Film

Literature
Fuglane, novel by Tarjei Vesaas

Notable births

January

2 January – Haldis Lenes, competitive rower.
5 January –
Torbjørn Andersen, politician
Rolf Gramstad, speedway rider
8 January – Christian Eggen, composer, pianist and conductor.
11 January – Håvard Moen, footballer
30 January – Inger Lise Husøy, trade unionist and politician

February

4 February – Anne Krigsvoll, actress.
6 February – Sven Nordin, actor
7 February – Knut Jøran Helmers, chess player
10 February – Hallvard Flatland, television presenter
11 February – Oddmund Finnseth, jazz musician
13 February – Inger Marie Gundersen, jazz vocalist
14 February – Terje Totland, high jumper

March

1 March –
Grete Brochmann, sociologist
Olav Njølstad, historian.
3 March – Liv Bernhoft Osa, actress.
5 March – Per Roar Bredvold, politician
11 March – Per Barth Lilje, astronomer
15 March – Roger Albertsen, footballer (died 2003).
17 March – Mari Maurstad, actress.
19 March – Øystein Sevåg, musician
26 March – Randi Langøigjelten, middle-distance runner
28 March – Rune Ulvestad, footballer
29 March – Anne Grete Hollup, writer.

April

3 April – Anne Krafft, visual artist
6 April – Terje Mikkelsen, conductor
9 April – Geir Borgan Paulsen, weightlifter
11 April – Bjørn Tronstad, footballer
12 April – Hallvar Thoresen, footballer.
14 April – Rolf Åge Berg, ski jumper
15 April – Thor Egil Olsen, coxswain
20 April –
Kristin Clemet, politician and Minister.
Dag Vidar Kristoffersen, footballer
22 April – Lene Jenssen, competitive swimmer.
23 April –
Jarl Goli, actor, painter and television personality
Hege Peikli, cross-country skier.

May

4 May – Jarle Halsnes, alpine skier.
5 May –
Gene Dalby, poet
Siri Hatlen, businesswoman
11 May –
Niels Fredrik Dahl, novelist, poet and playwright.
Synnøve Solbakken, politician
17 May –
Lillian Hansen, politician
Arne Nygaard, organizational theorist
22 May –
Anne Grete Preus, singer (died 2019)
Hege Schøyen, singer, actor and comedian
23 May – Lars Sponheim, politician
26 May – Ingebjørg Godskesen, politician
27 May – Dag Terje Andersen, politician
31 May – Ole Christian Bach, con artist (died 2005)

June

13 June – Anne Berit Eid, orienteering competitor.
19 June – Eirik Ildahl, comics writer, scriptwriter, playwright and novelist
21 June – Kjell Søbak, biathlete
22 June – Atle Torbjørn Karlsvik, naval officer
25 June – Eddie Kalleklev, sprint canoer
26 June – Astrid Tveit, high jumper
28 June – Dag Mejdell, businessman.
29 June – Jon Ewo, writer.

July

1 July – Pål Sandli, rower
2 July – Jan Otto Myrseth, prelate
5 July –
Trond H. Diseth, child psychiatrist
Tom Levorstad, ski jumper
10 July – Iselin Alme, singer and actress
12 July – Fredrik Carl Størmer, jazz drummer and entrepreneur
16 July – Atle Teigland, trade unionist
17 July – Njål Vindenes, musician
23 July – Olav Hansson, ski jumper
25 July – Tor Helness, bridge player
26 July – Nils Tore Føreland, politician
27 July –
Kurt Oddekalv, environmentalist (died 2021).
Jørn Hoel, composer, guitarist and singer.
Ellen Schlichting, gastroenterological surgeon
29 July – Otto Ulseth, footballer and journalist
30 July – Eirik Jensen, former policeman

August

4 August – Øystein Langholm Hansen, trade unionist and politician
6 August – Tor Brostigen, politician
8 August – Bente A. Landsnes, business executive
10 August – Elin Rodum Agdestein, politician.
12 August – Ellen Marie Vars, writer.
16 August – Terje Kojedal, footballer
17 August – Dag Henrik Sandbakken, politician
20 August – Hans Sverre Sjøvold, police chief and civil servant.
30 August – Anne Lise Ådnøy, prelate

September

4 September – Sylvelin Vatle, writer.
7 September – Rolf Wallin, musician
12 September –
Jan Egeland, diplomat, political scientist, humanitarian leader and politician
Arvid Libak, politician
22 September – John G. Bernander, politician and media executive
23 September – Sigurd Thinn, ice hockey player.
25 September – Morten Qvale, photographer
27 September – Tone Hulbækmo, musician
28 September –
Torry Pedersen, newspaper editor.
Ernst-Wiggo Sandbakk, jazz musician

October

1 October – Arne Brimi, chef.
4 October – Yngve Moe, musician (died 2013)
7 October – Finn Øglænd, writer
8 October – Claudia Scott, singer
12 October – Trond Helge Torsvik, geophysicist
13 October – Øivind Løsåmoen, ice hockey player.
14 October – Morten Aasen, equestrian
18 October – Erik Loe, sports official
22 October –
Else Berit Eikeland, diplomat.
Hilde Indreberg, judge

November

1 November – Anne Grethe Jeppesen, sport shooter.
2 November – Erling Havnå, kickboxer and convicted criminal
5 November – Anette Bøe, cross-country skier.
15 November – Jon Grunde Vegard, diver.
16 November – Kirsten Borgen, sport wrestler.
30 November – Morten Brekke, sport wrestler

December

2 December – Dagfinn Høybråten, politician
3 December – Anne B. Ragde, writer.
6 December –
Eva Vinje Aurdal, politician
Lars Egeland, librarian and politician
14 December –
Steinar Aspli, politician
Runar Tafjord, musician
21 December Olaug Svarva, economist.
23 December –
Kjell Lars Berge, linguist
Svein Richard Brandtzæg, chemist and business executive
30 December – Stein Versto, poet, novelist, translator and folk musician.

Full date missing
Åsmund Asdal, biologist and agronomist
Annika Biørnstad, media executive.
Leonard Borgzinner, essayist, political philosopher, science fiction author, illustrator and fanzine editor (died 1990)
Henrik Bull, judge
Freddy Fjellheim, author
John Grue, applied mathematician
Tine Jensen, psychologist
Jan Knudsen, crime fiction writer
Siri Røine, civil servant
Tom Stalsberg, journalist
Marit Elisebet Totland, politician

Notable deaths

28 January – Harry Lundeberg, merchant seaman and labour leader in America (born 1901)
29 January – Mimi Falsen, painter (born 1861)
17 February – Wilhelm Preus Sommerfeldt, bibliographer and librarian (born 1881)
24 February – John A. Schefte, newspaper editor and politician (born 1872)
6 March – Hans Jacob Nilsen, actor, theatre director and film director (born 1897)
9 March – Otto Delphin Amundsen, genealogist (born 1896)
15 March – Just Knud Qvigstad,  philologist, linguist, ethnographer, historian and cultural historian (born 1853)
29 March – Laurits Grønland, politician (born 1887)
5 April – Arne Leonhard Nilsen, politician (born 1893)
22 April – Mikkjel Hemmestveit, Nordic skier (born 1863)
3 May – Kristian Schreiner, professor of medicine (born 1874)
5 May – Olaf Løhre, politician (born 1877).
24 May – Rasmus Pettersen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (born 1877)
22 June – Anders Beggerud, civil servant during the Nazi regime (born 1894)
12 July – James Maroni, theologian and priest, Bishop of the Diocese of Agder (born 1873)
27 July – Eivind Blehr, government minister in the NS government during the German occupation of Norway (born 1881)
29 July – Arnold Carl Johansen, politician (born 1898)
2 August – Carsten Tank-Nielsen, naval officer (born 1877)
5 August – Tilla Valstad, teacher, novelist and journalist (born 1871)
13 August – Carl Størmer, mathematician and physicist (born 1874)
19 August – Hans Prydz, physician and politician (born 1868)
21 August –
Henrik Østervold, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (born 1878).
Harald Sverdrup, oceanographer and meteorologist (born 1888)
7 September – Bjørn Helland-Hansen, oceanographer (born 1877)
10 September – Hallvard Devold, Arctic explorer, trapper and meteorologist (born 1898)
20 September – Edvard Bræin, organist, composer, and orchestra conductor (born 1887)
21 September –
Olaf Bjerke, trade unionist and politician (born 1893)
Haakon VII of Norway, King of Norway (born 1872)
27 September – Nicolai Rygg, economist (born 1872)
28 September – Arnt J. Mørland, ship-owner, resistance member, and politician (born 1888)
24 October –
Andreas Claussen, barrister, civil servant and politician (born 1883)
Hans Endrerud, footballer (born 1885)
26 October – Sverre Krogh, actuary, newspaper editor and politician (born 1883)
29 October – Roar Tank, educator and local historian (born 1880)
1 November – Olav Kjetilson Nylund, politician (born 1903)
17 November – Harald Herlofson, rower (born 1887)
19 November – Christian Leden, ethno-musicologist and composer (born 1882)
23 November – Andreas Fleischer, theologian, missionary to China, and Lutheran Bishop (born 1878)
1 December – Magnus Vigrestad, sculptor (born 1887)
2 December – Tellef Wagle, competitive sailor (born 1883)
4 December – Magnus Falkberget, actor and artistic director (born 1900)
13 December – Erling Bühring-Dehli, newspaper editor and politician (born 1887)
14 December – Audun Rusten, swimmer (born 1894)
18 December – Thomas Refsum, sport shooter (born 1878)
20 December – Carl Keilhau, journalist and poet (born 1919)
25 December – Yngvar Fredriksen, gymnast (born 1887)

Full date missing
Anders Beer, businessman (born 1875)
Gustav Berg-Jæger, journalist and Nazi collaborator (born 1884)
Erling Eriksen, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (born 1878)
Andreas Fredrik Falkenberg, engineer, businessperson and politician (born 1875)
Hartvig Johannson, businessman (born 1875)
Arne Juland, educator (born 1877)
Carl Rustad, military officer and businessman (born 1881)
Halvor Saamundsen, politician (born 1877)
Johannes Henrik Schiøtz, military officer and historian (born 1884)

See also

References

External links


is a Japanese comedian, actor, voice actor, singer and presenter from Shijōnawate, Osaka. He is a graduate of the Osaka Prefecture North Shijōnawate Senior High School. He is currently attached to the Yoshimoto Creative Agency. He is best known as the boke half of the Manzai act "DonDokoDon" alongside tsukkomi Keiji Hirahata.

Appearances

Television

Variety shows
 Egao Ga Gochisō: Uchigohan (TV Asahi)
 Gussan Chi ~The Good Sun House~ (Tōkai Television Broadcasting)
 Gutto! Chikyū Bin (Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation)
 Kazuyoshi Morita Hour: Waratte Iitomo (Thursday regular) (Fuji Television)
 Lincoln (TBS)
 NIJIIRO JEAN (Kansai Telecasting Corporation, Fuji Television)
 Nippon Jūdan Okazu Hakken! Route 88 (Chūkyō Television Broadcasting, Nippon Television)
 One Stop! (TBS)
 Tensai! Shimura Dōbutsu En (Nippon Television)
 Ucchassa (BS Fuji, Yoshimoto Fandango TV)
  (Fuji Television)

Drama
 Shinsengumi! (NHK taiga drama, 2004), Nagakura Shinpachi
 Kamen Rider Gaim (TV Asahi, 2013), DJ Sagara
 Daddy Sister (NHK asadora, 2016)
 Maiagare! (NHK asadora, 2022–23), Masaru Umezu

Other
 Hook no Tatsujin (NHK BS2)
 MTV Video Music Awards Japan (2004 host)

Film
 Yaji and Kita: The Midnight Pilgrims (2005) (Ochin)
 Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Gaim & Wizard: The Fateful Sengoku Movie Battle (2013) (DJ Sagara)
 Demon Girl (2020) (Daitetsu Onigawara)

Japanese dub
 Johnny English (Johnny English (Rowan Atkinson))

Theatrical voicework
 Cars (Mater, Japanese dub)
 Cars 2 (Mater, Japanese dub)
 Cars 3 (Mater, Japanese dub)
 Mind Game (Ryō)
 Shark Tale (Lenny, Japanese dub)
 Planes (Bravo, Japanese dub)

Impression repertoire
 After-hours brass band club music
 Show Aikawa
 Kiyoshi Atsumi
 Budgerigar
 Chocoball Mukai
 Cicada
 Demon Kogure
 Faraway festival
 Fireworks
 Giichi Fujimoto
 Gucchi Yūzō chorus
 Koji Higashino
 Kyosuke Himuro
 Hollywood film scenes (horror, war, crime, etc.)
 Hollywood star interviewer
 Kazuyuki Izutsu
 Jumpy Compact Disc
 Unsuku Kei
 Kōji Kikkawa
 Manfuku Kin
 Ryō Kinomoto
 Masahiro Kuwana
 Keisuke Kuwata
 Hiroki Matsukata
 Eiji Minakata
 Hibari Misora
 Yoshinori Monta
 Mr. Bean
 Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi
 Akira Nakao
 Gorō Naya (as Kōichi Zenigata)
 Nogeyama Zoo lion
 Takashi Okamura
 Kōhei Ōtomo
 Passion Yara
 Rikiya (Rikiya Yasuoka)
 Hideki Saijō
 Motoharu Sano
 Shinkansen passing by
 Showa era radio
 Table tennis
 Junpei Takiguchi
 The Terminator
 Tom and Jerry dog
 Variety show commercial cameraman
 Wideshow reporter
 Hiroyuki Yabe
 Shingo Yanagisawa
 Takajin Yashiki
 Eikichi Yazawa
 Ikuzo Yoshi

References

External links
 Official site

1969 births
Japanese impressionists (entertainers)
Japanese male singers
Japanese male voice actors
Living people
People from Shijōnawate


Reuven Snir (; born 1953) is an Israeli Jewish academic, Professor of Arabic language and literature at the University of Haifa, Dean of Humanities, and a translator of poetry between Arabic, Hebrew, and English. He is the winner of the Tchernichovsky Prize for translation (2014).

Biography
Reuven Snir was born in Haifa to a family which had immigrated from Baghdad in 1951. The language spoken at home between his parents was the Iraqi spoken Arabic, but as a Sabra – a native-born Israeli Jew – Hebrew was his mother tongue, while Arabic was for him, as dictated by the Israeli-Zionist educational system, the language of the enemy, furthermore, Arabness and Jewishness were considered as mutually exclusive.

He was educated at the Nirim School in Mahne David, a transit camp (ma‘barah) established near Haifa for the immigrating Arab Jews. Then he moved to the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa. He obtained his M.A. from the Hebrew University (1982) for a thesis which included edition of an ascetic manuscript entitled Kitāb al-Zuhd by al-Mu‘afa ibn ‘Imran from the 8th century.

In 1987, he was granted Ph.D. for a dissertation written at the same university about the mystical dimensions in modern Arabic poetry.

While studying at the Hebrew University, he served as a senior news editor, at the Voice of Israel, Arabic Section (1977–1988). Between 2000 and 2004, he served as the Chair of the Department of Arabic Language and Literature at the University of Haifa. Since 1996, he has been serving as an Associate Editor of the Arabic-language journal Al-Karmil – Studies in Arabic Language and Literature. He participated in the international exhibition in honor of the Syrian poet and literary scholar Adunis held at the Institut du monde arabe in Paris, which resulted in the publication of Adonis: un poète dans le monde d’aujourd’hui 1950-2000 (Paris: Institut du monde arabe, 2000).

He served as a fellow at Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin (2004–2005), Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies (2000 and 2008), the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies (2018–2019), and taught at Heidelberg University (2002) and Freie Universität Berlin (2005). Following a course he gave in Berlin, his students published the first collection of short stories by Iraqi Jews translated into German.

Research interests
Since the start of his academic career, Snir has concentrated on several subjects stemming from one comprehensive research plan in an attempt to investigate the internal dynamics of the Arabic literary system, the interrelations and interactions between its various sectors, such as the canonical and non-canonical sub-systems, and the external relationships with other non-literary systems (e.g. religious, social, national, and political) and with foreign cultural systems. Another central theoretical axis of Snir's studies, especially during the last decade, is the issue of identity based on what has been argued in the theoretical discourse of cultural studies that identities are subject to a radical historicization, and are constantly in the process of change and transformation and they are about questions of using the resources of history, language and culture in the process of becoming rather than being: not “who we are” or “where we came from”, so much as what we might become, how we have been represented and how that bears on how we might represent ourself.

Publications
Snir has been publishing in English, Arabic and Hebrew. The following are the topics about which he published his major studies:

The Modern Arabic Literary System
An Operative Functional Dynamic Historical Model for the Study of Arabic Literature Based on the assumption that no literary critic can deal systematically with literary phenomena without relating them, either implicitly or explicitly, to some framework of facts or ideas, Snir published studies outlining a theoretical framework that would make possible the comprehensive analysis of all the diverse texts that make up modern Arabic literature.

These studies led to a book length study on the topic.

Among the chapters of the book: “The Modern Arabic Literary System,” which refers to the topic of popular literature and its legitimation; “The Literary Dynamics in the Synchronic Crosssection,” which presents both the canonical and the noncanonical literature on three levels texts for adult, for children and the translated texts, with a summary of the internal and external interrelationships; and “Outlines of the Diachronic Intersystemic Development,” examines the issue of the diachronic interactions that obtain between the literary system and various other literary as well as extra-literary systems.

His last book is Modern Arabic Literature: A Theoretical Framework, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017

The Iraqi Poet ‘Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayyati (1926-1999)
Poetry was once the principal channel of literary creativity among the Arabs and served as their chronicle and public register, recording their very appearance on the stage of history. During the second half of the 20th century however the novel became the leading genre. This change in the status of literary genres is not exclusive to Arabic literature and has much to do with the hermetic nature of modernist poetry, which has become self-regarding and employs obscure imagery and very subjective language. In an attempt to present the great change that occurs in Arabic poetry during the 20th century, Snir published a study of the poetry of the Iraqi poet ‘Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati, one of the standard bearers of modern Arabic poetry.

The meaning of the title of the book is based on an utterance by the Persian mystic and forerunner of Sufism, al-Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj who was executed in 922. following his preaching which was considered as blasphemy. Al-Azhar University in Cairo banned the circulation of the book for what was described as defaming Islam by titling the study with a reference to an utterance which might be interpreted as heresy.

Arab-Jewish Identity and Culture
Since the late 1980s, Snir has been investigating Arab-Jewish identity against the backdrop of the gradual demise of Arab-Jewish culture. Until the 20th century, the great majority of the Jews under the rule of Islam adopted Arabic as their language; now Arabic is gradually disappearing as a language mastered by Jews. In his studies on the topic he has referred to a kind of unspoken agreement between the two national movements, Zionism and Arab nationalism – each with the mutually exclusive support of a divine authority – to perform a total cleansing of Arab-Jewish culture. Both of them have excluded the hybrid Arab-Jewish identity and highlighted instead a “pure” Jewish-Zionist identity against a “pure” Muslim-Arab one.  In the modern period, Jews were nowhere as open to participation in the wider modern Arab culture as in Iraq, where the Jewish community had lived without interruption for two and a half millennia. In his major study in the field, Snir has provided a documented history of the modern Arab culture of Iraqi Jews.

Apart from the Hebrew book, Snir has published in recent years articles about various aspects of Arab Jewish culture, chronicling the demise of that culture. The following are the major areas of his research in this field: Arab-Jewish culture and journalism, the cultural Arabic activities of Iraqi Jews, and the Egyptian Jews and their conflicting cultural tendencies.

The Emergence and Development of Palestinian Theatre
One of Snir's major research projects has been the investigation of the development of Palestinian theatre. His first contribution in the field was included in a special volume of Contemporary Theatre Review on “Palestinians and Israelis in the Theatre.”

In 2005 he published a book which summarized his findings.
The study endeavors to outline the historical development of Palestinian dramatic literature and theatre from its hesitant rise before 1948 and the first theatrical attempts, to the heavy blow which these attempts suffered as a result of the establishment of the State of Israel, to regeneration of the professional theatre out of the ashes of the 1967 defeat, through to the activities of the 1970s and the role they played in Palestinian nation-building.

Religion, Mysticism and Modern Arabic Literature
The connections between Arabic literature and Islamic mysticism were in the centre of some of Snir's investigations and publications. In 2005 he summarized his findings in a book which deals with the synchronic status of traditional literature in the literary system and the diachronic relationship between Arabic literature and Islam in modern times. Also, within the generic cross-section, it deals with the mystical theme in Arabic poetry, its literary and extra-literary concretization in the writings of one author, and its materialization in one text.

Arabic Science Fiction
As the study of non-canonical texts (i.e. those literary works that have been rejected by the dominant circles as illegitimate) and their relationship with canonical texts is essential if we wish to arrive at an adequate understanding of the historical development of Arabic literature, he has undertaken to explore the genre of science fiction and the process of its canonization in Arabic literature.

The Poetry of Mahmud Darwish
Concentrating broadly on how Palestinian poetry has been chronicling the nakba (the catastrophe of 1948) and its unending agonies, Snir has studied a specific chronicle of the Palestinian people in the mid-1980s against the backdrop of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and prior to the outbreak of the first intifada in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In fact, it is a chronicle undertaken by a single poet, Mahmud Darwish (1941–2008) mainly in one collection, Ward Aqall [Fewer Roses] (1986), and more specifically in one poem, “Other Barbarians Will Come”.

Entries in Encyclopedias
Snir served as a Contributing Editor for Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture (London & New York: Routledge, 2005) for which he has contributed the entries on Arab-Jewish culture. He also contributed to several other international encyclopedia.

Translations
Translations into Arabic

Snir's translations of Hebrew poetry into Arabic were published in Mifgash-Liqa’ (Israel), Farādīs (Paris), and on the Internet, such as in  www.elaph.com. An anthology of Hebrew poetry translated into Arabic was published on the Internet.

He also published a collection of translated poems by two Hebrew poets, Ronny Someck and Amir Or.

Translations into Hebrew

Adonis, Maftah Pe‘ulut ha-Ruah (Index of the Acts of the Wind (Tel Aviv: Keshev, 2012)

Mahmud Darwish ― 50 Shenot Shira (Mahmud Darwish ― 50 Years of Poetry) (Tel Aviv: Keshev, 2015)

Translations of Arabic literature, especially poetry, into Hebrew were published in literary supplements, magazines and books (Helikon, Moznaim, ‘Iton 77, Mifgash-Liqa’, Ha’aretz, Ma‘ariv, Al HaMishmar).

Translations into English

Reuven Snir, Baghdad ― The City in Verse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013)

External links
 Reuven Snir’s website
 University of Manchester
 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin:
 http://www.wiko-berlin.de/index.php?id=196&no_cache=1&tx_wikofellows_pi1[action]=details&tx_wikofellows_pi1[uid]=410

Interviews
 Snir: My Israeli-Jewish Identity was imposed by Zionism
 Snir: Israeli Intellectuals Consider Arab Culture as Worthless
 Snir: The Literature Written in Arabic in Israel is an Integral Part of the General Arabic Literature

References

1953 births
Living people
Israeli translators
Arabic–Hebrew translators
Israeli Jews
Iraqi Jews
Israeli people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
Academic staff of the University of Haifa
Academics of the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies
Jewish translators
Israeli Arabists


The Avontuur Railway is a closed railway line between Port Elizabeth and the town of Avontuur in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. It is the longest  narrow gauge route in the world at a length of .  "Avontuur" is the Afrikaans and Dutch word for "adventure".

History

The railway was built by the government of the Cape Colony between 1890 and 1906, to connect the Langkloof fruit growing industry with the new port at Port Elizabeth. The section of line between Humewood Road and Humansdorp was opened for public traffic on 1 November 1905.

In 1903 a request was laid before the then government in order to add a branch line to Patensie. This branch was commissioned on 3 April 1914.

In 1906 a branch line was opened to the Port Elizabeth's suburb Walmer and in 1928 a twelve mile long private branch was constructed to the Eastern Province Cement Company (EPCC).

Passenger traffic

Scheduled trains
Scheduled passenger trains were discontinued in the 1940s, although limited space was available on scheduled freight trains until the mid-1970s.

Walmer Branch
From 1906 to 1928 a passenger only branch line, from Valley junction near Port Elizabeth, to the suburb of Walmer, serviced up to 22 trains a day between Port Elizabeth and the terminus at 14th Avenue in Walmer. It was closed as a result from competition from a bus service.

Apple Express
The line was best known for its tourist train, the Apple Express, which commenced operations in 1965 to Loerie, later to Thornhill or Van Stadens River, the highest two-foot narrow-gauge railway bridge in the world. The motive power for the Apple Express was retained as steam, normally a SAR NGG16 Class Garratt. The Apple Express ceased operations in 2011.

Today, there is a new effort to restore a partial, limited, service in 2016 / 2017 from Port Elizabeth to Van Stadens Station – if not Thornhill - with two NG/G15 and one NG/G16 Garratt along with a fleet of passenger cars under restoration inside the former Humewood Road narrow Gauge diesel depot in Port Elizabeth.

From 2011 onward a volunteer team undertook the restoration of the NG15 NG119 steam locomotive, returning the locomotive to running order during 2017. Restoration of the NG15 NG124 steam locomotive was started in 2016.

After running a test Apple Express train on 24 December 2017, using the restored NG15 NG119 locomotive, the Apple Express started running a summer holiday special service between King's Beach halt and a point near the Airport.

Freight traffic

Fruit and agriculture
The presence of the railway contributed significantly to the development of agriculture in the Lankloof and Gamtoos Valley, enabling farmers to transport their produce conveniently to the warehouses and harbour at Port Elizabeth. Unfortunately, agricultural transport was lost due to competition from road haulage.

Limestone
In the 1920s a limestone quarry was opened near Loerie to serve the Eastern Province Cement Company (EPCC) in New Brighton near Port Elizabeth via the EPCC owned private line branching off at Chelsea. The limestone traffic ceased in 2001 when the quarries were closed.

Operations
The railway was operated by the South African national railway company Spoornet.

As the South African Government has deregulated the road transport industry, a large amount of traffic has moved from the railway to the roads. Spoornet has hence designated the line as "low density," and always had the threat of closure hanging over it.

After all major freight traffic ceased, only the Apple Express continued operations but finally ceased in 2010.

In 2014 a team of volunteers started working to recommence the running of the Apple Express.

After running a test Apple Express train on 24 December 2017, with locomotive NG15 NG119, the Apple Express began running a summer holiday special service between King's Beach halt and Valley Junction near the Port Elizabeth Airport

Since then, negotiations have been on going to recommence the Apple Express in the near future, but until such a time the Apple Express remains closed.

Motive power

Tender locomotives
The first locomotives entering service on the Langkloof line were the NG8 class from 1903 to 1931.

From 1915 to 1935 the NG6, from 1915 to 1939 the NG9 and from 1916 to 1948 the NG10.

The final and largest class to be employed on the Avontuur Railway were 21 NG15's from 1960 to the mid-1980s.

Tank locomotive
Class NG3 performed yard duties around Humewood Road Station in Port Elizabeth from 1939 to 1946

Garratt locomotives
The first Garratt locomotive to be introduced was the NGG11 class, soon to be followed with the NGG13 class in 1927, the latter setting the standard for motive power on the Avontuur railway for the next decades, to be followed with the NGG16 class, very similar to the NGG13.

The smaller Garratt classes NGG12 and NGG14 performed yard duties at Humewood Road railway station in Port Elizabeth until the 1950s.

Diesel locomotives
From 1973 the South African Class 91-000 General Electric diesels were introduced, the most powerful 2 foot gauge diesel in the world.

See also
 Alfred County Railway
 Sandstone Estates
 Welsh Highland Railway
 South African Class 91-000
 Langkloof
 Two foot gauge railways in South Africa

References

Further reading

External links

 Apple Express Official Site
 Map of Apple Express
 A 1976 Day trip to Loerie on the Avontuur Railway by Ted Polet, with photos, audio and video
 Apple Express History
 Soul of A Railway - System 3 Cape Midland, based in Port Elizabeth
 possible reopening of the line

2 ft gauge railways in South Africa
Railway lines in South Africa
Transport in the Eastern Cape


The National Democratic Front () was a liberal political party founded during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that overthrew Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and was banned shortly after by the Islamic government. It was founded by , a grandson of celebrated Iranian nationalist Mohammad Mosaddegh and a "lawyer who had been active in human rights causes" before the downfall of the shah and the son of the fourth prime minister and the jurist Ahmad Matin-Daftari. Though it was short-lived, the party has been described as one of "the three major movements of the political center" in Iran during this period, and its ouster was one of the first indications that the Islamist revolutionaries in control of the Iranian Revolution would not tolerate liberal political forces.

Overview
The National Democratic Front was launched in early March 1979 at a meeting attended by approximately one million people. This was "at a time when all shades of secular opinion outside the guerrilla movements were beginning to sense the direction of Khomeini's political strategy" and opposed the domination of the revolution by Islamist theocratics such as ran the Islamic Republic Party. It was a "broad coalition" aimed at groups and individuals who disapproved both of the National Front's closeness to Mehdi Bazargan's Provisional Revolutionary Government, and of leftist groups—such as the Tudeh Party—who refused to criticize Khomeini out of anti-imperialist solidarity. It hoped to "draw on the Mosaddegh heritage to reestablish a coalition of the middle classes and the intelligentsia". Matin-Daftari had been a member of the National Front- the other major Iranian liberal, secular party of the time—and his new party was somewhat more leftist than the NF.

The NDF "emphasized political freedoms, guarantees for individual rights, access for all political groups to the broadcast media, the curbing of the Revolutionary Guards, revolutionary courts, and revolutionary committees. Its economic programs favored "the mass of the people", and it supported a "decentralized system of administration based on popularly elected local councils."

Along with the Fadayan and some Kurdish groups, the NDP boycotted the March 30, 31, 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum on making Iran an Islamic Republic (the Referendum of 12 Farvardin). In the debate over Iran's new revolutionary constitution it supported a parliamentary democracy with equal rights for women, adoption of the universal declaration of human rights and limited presidential powers. "Expressing concern over the freedom of elections and government control over the broadcast media," along with the National Front they announced they would boycott the election for the 1st Assembly of Experts, which wrote the new constitution.

It drew large crowds at its demonstrations but these were "ferociously attacked by gangs of Hezbollahi thugs."  On 12 August 1979 it scheduled a mass demonstration to protest the closure of newspapers such as Ayandegan. The demonstration was attacked and hundreds are injured by rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars wielded by Hezbollah "toughs". Before the end of the month the newspapers the party had tried to protect were banned, Ayandegan was seized and converted into a pro-Islamist newspaper, Sobh-e Azadegan.  A warrant was issued for the arrest of Hedayat Matin-Daftari, "ostensibly for disrupting public order." Consequently, the party went underground. In 1981 it joined the National Council of Resistance of Iran, a group founded by Bani Sadr and the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) to fight the Islamist regime in Iran.

See also
Iranian Revolution
Organizations of the Iranian Revolution
The history of the parliament in Iran
Board of Directors of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
Women in the Islamic Consultative Assembly

References

1979 establishments in Iran
1981 disestablishments in Iran
Defunct liberal political parties
Defunct political parties of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Liberal parties in Iran
Political history of Iran
Political parties disestablished in 1981
Political parties established in 1979
Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
Secularism in Iran


The Heygate Estate was a large housing estate in Walworth, Southwark, South London comprising 1,214 homes. The estate was demolished between 2011 and 2014 as part of the urban regeneration of the Elephant & Castle area. Home to more than 3,000 people, it was situated adjacent to Walworth Road and New Kent Road, and immediately east of the Elephant & Castle road intersection. The estate was used extensively as a filming location, due in part to its brutalist architecture.

The clearance of the site and its sale to Lendlease for redevelopment was highly controversial.

History
The Corbusian concept behind the construction of the estate was of a modern living environment. The neo-brutalist architectural aesthetic was one of tall, concrete blocks dwarfing smaller blocks, surrounding central communal gardens. The architect's concept was to link all areas of the estate via concrete bridges, so there was no need for residents to walk on pavements or along roads. In fact, it was even planned to build bridges to the neighbouring Aylesbury Estate, further south in Walworth.

Designed by Tim Tinker, the estate was completed in 1974.

The estate was once a popular place to live, the flats being thought light and spacious, but the estate later developed a reputation for crime, poverty and dilapidation. One resident complained about constant noise, crime and threats of violence as a result of the estate being used for temporary housing ahead of its redevelopment. He claimed that the sheer scale of many of the blocks also meant there was little sense of community. However, other residents disagreed that the estate should have been considered a slum and an eyesore, or that the buildings failed to foster a sense of community. Around 30 separate testimonies from former residents have been collated by a local microblogging site. Architect Tim Tinker described the estate's 'notorious' reputation as a "farrago of half-truths and lies put together by people who should have known better."

Regeneration
In 1999 Southwark council's Director of Regeneration Fred Manson sparked controversy when in an interview about the Elephant & Castle regeneration he claimed that "social housing generates people on low incomes coming in and that generates poor school performances, middle-class people stay away."

The Elephant & Castle regeneration is a £1.5 billion scheme to redevelop the area around the Elephant & Castle road junction. The regeneration plan led to the demolition of the Heygate Estate, with the land planned to provide 2,704 new homes, of which 82 will be social rented. The demolition cost approximately £15 million, with an additional £44m spent on emptying the estate and a further £21.5 million spent on progressing its redevelopment.

Heygate residents were originally promised new homes as part of the regeneration, but these had not been built by the time they were 'decanted' from the estate in 2007.

In March 2010 only 20 of the 1200 flats were still occupied.

A council blunder in February 2013 revealed that Southwark had sold the 9-hectare estate to developers Lendlease at a huge loss, for just £50m, having spent £44m emptying the site and £21.5m on planning its redevelopment.

Earlier regeneration plans had included a proposal for redevelopment of the estate under the auspices of a community land trust; however, the council had rejected this proposal on the grounds that it would reduce the land value available to itself.

In February 2013 the last remaining residents on the estate appeared at a public inquiry into the Compulsory Purchase Order issued on their homes. The residents were part of a local group named Better Elephant which proposed alternatives to demolition in its Neighbourhood Plan and were supported by Catherine Croft from the Twentieth Century Society who confirmed that the estate could "easily be refurbished".

The Compulsory Purchase Order was confirmed in July 2013 amid reports that the remaining residents were being forced to relocate to the outskirts of London.

In September 2013 a London Assembly report claimed that Southwark Council had looked at different options for the estate in 1998. It said the surveyors found that the buildings were structurally sound and suggested that the best option was refurbishment. It said that the survey also found that four in five residents did not want to move off the estate, and that the crime rate was half the average for the borough of Southwark.

In November 2013 the last resident was removed and all access points to the estate were closed. Ian Steadman wrote in the New Statesman that "What has happened here is that Southwark Council has lost money on evicting the Heygate Estate for the benefit of Lendlease, with no prospect of getting anything in return for it. In the process, an established community has been scattered throughout the borough and beyond."

In December 2013 the Design Council published an article, "in defence of the Heygate estate", in which it praised the architectural design, questioned the demolition and asserted that the estate "could have enjoyed a second life".

Timeline of developments
February 2004 — the masterplan for regenerating the Elephant and Castle, including the demolition of the Heygate Estate, was adopted by Southwark Council.

July 2007 – a consortium of Lendlease, First Base and Oakmayne were chosen as developers for the Elephant and Castle regeneration scheme.

July 2010 – Southwark Council signed a development agreement with Lendlease for the regeneration of Elephant and Castle.

April 2011 – demolition of the Heygate Estate began.

August 2012 – the remaining leaseholders on the estate were served with a Compulsory Purchase Order by Southwark Council. The group of leaseholders said they intended to object to the Order on the grounds that the redevelopment plan proposes no affordable housing and does not have a provision for renewable energy.

October 2012 – local MP Simon Hughes called for the first detailed Heygate planning application to be withdrawn because it proposed just eight social rented homes. Outline planning permission for the Heygate site proposes 2,535 new homes in total of which just 79 will be social rented.

November 2013 – the last remaining residents were evicted from the estate by bailiffs.

July 2014 – the Council leader was criticised for having accepted gifts from developer Lend Lease; these included a trip to MIPIM, a real estate jamboree in Cannes, and two £1,600 tickets to the 2012 Summer Olympics.

July 2014 – demolition of the Heygate Estate was completed earlier than expected. The land is presently being redeveloped as housing and retail space, and the area is being marketed as 'Elephant Park'.

In popular culture
Due to its urban decay and location, the estate has been extensively used as a filming location. Films and TV productions have included Attack the Block, Shank, Harry Brown, The Veteran, World War Z, Luther (series 1 ep. 2), The Bill and gang drama Top Boy. High-profile music videos, including "Hung Up" by Madonna and "Love Don't Let Me Go (Walking Away)" by David Guetta vs The Egg, were also filmed on the estate. A total of 76 films were made on the estate over the three years to 2010, earning Southwark Council £91,000 in fees.

The Skygarden Estate in Ben Aaronovitch's book Broken Homes is based on the Heygate Estate. The Salisbury Estate in Mike Carey's Thicker Than Water blends the features of the Heygate Estate and the Aylesbury Estate.

Transport

Buses
The estate was served by London Buses routes 42, 12, 35, 40, 45,
53, 63, 68, 136, 148, 168, 171, 172, 176, 188, 343, 363, 453, 468 and P5.

London underground
The nearest station was Elephant & Castle on the Bakerloo and Northern lines.

National rail
The nearest station was Elephant & Castle for Southeastern and First Capital Connect services towards Ashford International, Bedford, Dover Priory, London Blackfriars, Luton, Sevenoaks, St Albans City, St Pancras, Sutton, West Hampstead and Wimbledon.

See also
 Aylesbury Estate
 Ferrier Estate

References

External links

 E&C Regeneration – Southwark Council website
 Live from The Heygate

1974 establishments in England
Residential buildings completed in 1974
Housing estates in the London Borough of Southwark
Demolished buildings and structures in London


Cult and Ritual Abuse: Its History, Anthropology, and Recent Discovery in Contemporary America is a book written by James Randall Noblitt and Pamela Sue Perskin exploring the phenomenon of satanic ritual abuse (SRA). The authors argue that some allegations of intergenerational, ritualized abuse cults are supported by evidence, contrary to most scholars of the subject who regard satanic ritual abuse as a moral panic with no factual basis.  Noblitt, a clinical psychologist, is Director of the Center for Counseling and Psychological Services in Dallas, Texas.  Perskin is the executive director of the International Council on Cultism and Ritual Trauma and a lecturer on child abuse.

Cult and Ritual Abuse was first published in 1995; a revised edition followed in 2000.  The book has been called the most reasonable review of the pro-conspiracy version of SRA to date, but was also criticized for being incoherent, inconsistent, uneven,  filled with logical fallacies and for citing proven frauds as evidence.

Reviews
Both editions of the book have been reviewed several times.

First edition
Joel Best, a professor of criminal justice and sociology, described Cult and Ritual Abuse as having the "trappings" of a scholarly book, but as ultimately incoherent. He pointed out that even Noblitt and Perskin state their evidence is not compelling. Despite acknowledging the need for parsimony as in Occam's razor (i.e., favoring the simplest explanation that accounts for the evidence), Best notes the authors accept the less parsimonious proposition: that multigenerational, multinational abusive entities exist and have existed for centuries without discovery, rather than the more parsimonious idea that the patients are disturbed, malingering or mistaken.  Best also drew attention to  special pleading used by Noblitt and Perskin to support the stories of their patients.  Best concluded that in order to understand the debate regarding SRA one must read the sceptical literature.

LeRoy Schultz, Professor Emeritus of social work at West Virginia University, described the book as a very selective review of the literature on SRA, citing only work that supports their point of view, and failing to address the issue of clinical versus empirical evidence.

A review in the American Journal of Psychotherapy stated that the book was probably the most reasonable review of the subject to date.

Second edition
Two reviews of the second edition refer to the book as an overview of the topic, and as a vehicle to advocate for the inclusion of cult and ritual trauma abuse in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM—the widely used guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

Edward L. King reviewed the book from a Freemason's perspective.  He pointed out that Noblitt and Perskis cite cases that were known as frauds before the first edition of Cult and Ritual Abuse, such as Michael Warnke's claims to have been involved satanism (debunked in 1991) and the Taxil hoax from the 1890s, without qualification or noting that these examples were faked.  King also pointed to the dubiousness of Noblitt's qualifications and certifications, concluding that what "[Noblit and Perskin] consider "research" is merely a self-serving screed designed to enhance their so-called 'professional' status as treating "satanic ritual abuse."

Editions

References

Books about satanic ritual abuse
1995 non-fiction books


Empresas Municipales de Cali (informally: Emcali) is a state-owned company providing water, telecommunications, and electricity services in Cali, Colombia. In 2006 it had an income of 1.5 billion Colombian pesos. The General Manager is Fulvio Leonardo Soto.

References

Telecommunications companies of Colombia
Electric power companies of Colombia


Robert Wickens "Robbin" Thompson (June 16, 1949 – October 10, 2015) was an American singer-songwriter based in Richmond, Virginia. Since 1976 he recorded several albums which included guest appearances by Melissa Manchester, Steve Cropper, Waddy Wachtel, Bruce Hornsby and Ellen McIlwaine, among others. He was a member of an early Bruce Springsteen band, Steel Mill, and co-wrote songs with Timothy B. Schmit, Phil Vassar and Butch Taylor and Carter Beauford of the Dave Matthews Band. He twice won the American Song Festival and in 1980 had a minor national hit with "Brite Eyes". He also wrote songs featured on the soundtracks of Gleaming the Cube and The Fighting Temptations. In March 2015, "Sweet Virginia Breeze", which Thompson co-wrote with Steve Bassett, became Virginia's second official state song (joining "Our Great Virginia").

Career

Early years
Thompson was born in Boston, Massachusetts. From age seven he lived in Melbourne, Florida, where he graduated from Melbourne High School.

Between 1963-67 he was the lead singer and songwriter with several Florida-based bands including The Hanging Five, The Five Gents and The Tasmanians. The latter band even released a couple of singles in 1966. In 1968 he formed Transcontinental Mercy Flight before moving to Richmond, Virginia, initially to attend Virginia Commonwealth University. While at VCU he formed Mercy Flight in early 1969.

Steel Mill
On November 11, 1969, Mercy Flight opened for Steel Mill when they played a concert at VCU. Throughout early 1970 Mercy Flight continued to open regularly for Steel Mill and when Bruce Springsteen decided to add another vocalist he recruited Thompson. He made his debut with Steel Mill on August 29, 1970 at the 3rd Annual Nashville Music Festival, sponsored by WMAC.

Steel Mill was one of about twenty different acts to take part. Headliners included Roy Orbison, Brian Hyland, Ronnie Milsap, Bobby Bloom, Ballin' Jack, Ten Wheel Drive and The Illusion. During Thompson's time with Steel Mill they also opened for, among others, Ike & Tina Turner, Cactus and Black Sabbath. While Springsteen was Steel Mill's main songwriter, the band performed some Thompson songs, including "Train Ride". Thompson would release his own version of this song as a B-side in 1982 and then on a 1999 re-issue of Two B's Please. Steel Mill played their final show on January 23, 1971 at The Upstage Club in Asbury Park, New Jersey. While Thompson went on to establish his own career, the remaining members of the band – Vini Lopez, Danny Federici and Steve Van Zandt – would continue to play with Springsteen and eventually evolved into the E Street Band.

After the breakup of Steel Mill, Thompson and Springsteen occasionally guested at each other's concerts. On August 6, 1981 at the Bayou Club in Washington D.C., Thompson was joined onstage by Springsteen, Garry Tallent and Clarence Clemons for an eight-minute version of "Carol".

On March 3, 2003 at the Richmond Coliseum during The Rising Tour, Thompson, together with Bruce Hornsby, joined Springsteen on stage for the Hank Ballard song "Let's Go, Let's Go, Let's Go". According to Thompson they were going to try and perform a version of "He's Guilty (Send That Boy To Jail)", a Steel Mill-era song that Thompson had recorded. However, apparently nobody in the E Street Band could remember how it went.

Recording career
In 1976, Thompson launched his solo career with the release of an eponymous album on Nemperor Records. Among the album's highlights was the American Song Festival winner "Boy From Boston". The album featured guest appearances by Timothy B. Schmit, Melissa Manchester, Steve Cropper, Waddy Wachtel and Rick Roberts. Schmidt would go on to provide harmony vocals on several of Thompson's albums. They co-wrote "Find Out in Time", which was recorded by Schmit with Poco on their 1977 album, Indian Summer. In 1978 Thompson released Together, a collaboration with another Richmond-based songwriter, Steve Bassett. Among the songs they co-wrote and recorded for this album was an early version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze".

Thompson had some commercial success with Two B's Please, released in 1980 and credited to The Robbin Thompson Band. Background vocals on the majority of album were provided by Schmit and Roberts. The album would eventually sell 200,000 copies and included a re-recorded version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze" as well as "Candy Apple Red" and "Brite Eyes". All three songs were hits in the Southeastern United States. The latter song was also a minor national hit and spent nine weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at No. 66. It spent six weeks on the Cash Box chart, reaching No. 78. The album included "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues", which was originally intended to be theme song for a film based on the Tom Robbins novel of the same name. However, when a film was eventually made the song was not featured.

Thompson's 1985 album Better Late Than Never, which featured cover versions of "Fortunate Son" and "Be My Baby", was his first to be released on his own label Out There Records. It also included "Guilty", Thompson's version of "He's Guilty (Send That Boy To Jail)", originally written by Bruce Springsteen for Steel Mill. In 1997 this song was also included on the compilation One Step Up/Two Steps Back: The Songs Of Bruce Springsteen. Another highlight was "You're My Obsession" which was an American Song Festival winner in 1984. In 1988 Thompson released Since Grade School: A Robbin Thompson Anthology, which combined five new songs with eleven songs from his first four albums. Among the new songs was the title song for the film Gleaming the Cube. I Don't Need A Reason To Ride from 1991 featured Bruce Hornsby while Out on the Chesapeake from 1998 was the first of several collaborations with Butch Taylor of the Dave Matthews Band and saw Schmit once again provide backing vocals. In between Thompson was also involved in a collaboration with fellow songwriters Michael Lille and Lewis McGehee, recording an eponymous album as The Famous Unknowns.

In 2002 a second collection, The Vinyl Years, was basically a reissue of Robbin Thompson plus later songs such as the original version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze" and a reissue of "Guilty". His 2003 album, One Step Ahead of the Blues, again featured Schmit and Taylor, as well a song called "Orange Moon" that was recorded in Shanghai with traditional Chinese musical instruments. It included another Springsteen/Steel Mill song, "The Train Song". Live in Studio A was recorded at the in Your Ear Studios in Richmond, Virginia with an invited audience of eighty people over two nights. It features thirteen live tracks and stories about how some of the songs were written. Just A Blur in the Rearview featured a guest appearances by Ellen McIlwaine. The title song was co-written with Phil Vassar while "I Won't Quit" was co-written and recorded with Carter Beauford and Butch Taylor of the Dave Matthews Band. It was also featured on the soundtrack of The Fighting Temptations.

In early 2008, Thompson's Move on Down the Line won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Gospel Song.

Death
Thompson was first diagnosed with cancer in 2000. He was a resident of Richmond, Virginia and died of cancer on October 10, 2015, after a long battle with a rare gastrointestinal stromal tumor. He was 66.

Discography
Albums
 Robbin Thompson (1976, Nemperor 440 0698)
 Better Late Than Never (1985, Out There Records 585)
 Since Grade School: A Robbin Thompson Anthology (1988, Out There Records 1188)
 I Don't Need A Reason To Ride (1991, Out There Records 6591)
 Out on the Chesapeake (1998, Out There Records 0898)
 The Vinyl Years (2002, Out There Records)
 One Step Ahead of the Blues (2003, Out There Records 31003)
 Live In Studio A (2006, Out There Records 92305)
 Just A Blur In The Rearview (2007, Out There Records 2207)
 A Real Fine Day (2013, Out There Records)
Robbin Thompson and Steve Bassett
 Together (1978, Richmond Records 1001)
The Robbin Thompson Band
 Two B's Please (1980, Ovation 1759)
 Live at the National (2010, Out There Records)
The Famous Unknowns (with Michael Lille and Lewis McGehee)
 The Famous Unknowns (1994, Out There Records 33194)
Tracks on anthologies
 "Guilty" One Step Up/Two Steps Back: The Songs Of Bruce Springsteen (1997, Capitol Records)
 "Wouldn't Want to Be You" on United We Stand (2001, Capitol Records)

Singles
 Boy From Boston/Another Cup of Coffee and a Cigarette (1976, Nemperor Records 010)
 Boy From Boston(mono)/Boy From Boston(stereo) (1976, Nemperor Records 010)
 Dream On Melinda/It's My Turn (1976, Nemperor Records 011)
 Dream On Melinda(mono)/Dream On Melinda(stereo) (1976, Nemperor Records 011)
The Tasmanians
 "Baby/Love, Love, Love (1966, Conda Records 101)
 I Can't Explain This Feeling/If I Don't (1966, Power Records 4933)
Robbin'
 What Am I Gonna Do?/Changes'' (1972, Colpar Records 1007S)
Robbin Thompson and Steve Bassett
 "Sweet Virginia Breeze/Virginia In the Springtime" (1978, Richmond Records 1002)
 "Looking for a Sunny Day/Let's Do One Together" (1978, Richmond Records 1003)
 "Sweet Virginia Breeze/Virginia Is For Lovers" (1986, Virginia Is For Lovers 605061XA)
The Robbin Thompson Band
 "Brite Eyes/That's Alright" (1980, Ovation Records 1157)
 "Candy Apple Red/Barroom Romance" (1980, Richmond Records 500)
 "Movin' On Up/Train Ride" (1982, Short Pump Records RR502)

References

Links
Notice of death of Robbin Thompson, nj.com; accessed January 9, 2016.
Notice of death of Robbin Thompson, richmond.com; accessed January 9, 2016.

1949 births
2015 deaths
American male singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Musicians from Richmond, Virginia
People from Melbourne, Florida
Independent Music Awards winners
Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Florida
Guitarists from Virginia
Guitarists from Massachusetts
Melbourne High School alumni
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers
Steel Mill members