An obstacle (also called a barrier, impediment, or stumbling block) is an object, thing, action or situation that causes an obstruction. Different types of obstacles include physical, economic, biopsychosocial, cultural, political, technological and military.

Types

Physical

As physical obstacles, we can enumerate all those physical barriers that block the action and prevent the progress or the achievement of a concrete goal. Examples:

 architectural barriers that hinder access to people with reduced mobility;
 doors, gates, and access control systems, designed to keep intruders or attackers out;
 large objects, fallen trees or collapses through passageways, paths, roads, railroads, waterways or airfields, preventing mobility;
 sandbanks, rocks or coral reefs, preventing free navigation;
 hills, mountains and weather phenomena preventing the free traffic of aircraft;
 meteors, meteorites, micrometeorites, cosmic dust, comets, space debris, strong electromagnetic radiation or gravitational field, preventing a spacecraft from navigating freely in space.

Sports

In sports, a variety of physical barriers or obstacles were introduced in the competition rules to make them even more difficult and competitive:

 in the athletics, there are barriers in obstacle running contests of 110 meters and 3000 meters, as well as in high jump and in pole vault;
 in equestrian competitions, there are also jumps over obstacles;
 in tennis and volleyball, a net stands as an obstacle that divides the court;
 in the cycling, motorcycle and motor racing, circuit designs are interposed with difficult paths to obstruct and render more difficult the competition;
 in team sports, like soccer, football, basketball and volleyball, attack players are hampered by defensive players, that make it difficult to move or throw the ball towards the goal;
 in other sports, such as Parkour, the competitor aims to move from one point to another in the most fluid and fast as possible, jumping obstacles of urban architecture that get in the way.

Economic
Can be defined as those elements of material deprivation that people may have to achieve certain goals, such as:

 the lack of money as an obstacle to the development of certain projects;
 the lack of water as an obstacle to the human capacity to produce certain crops on the field and to their own survival;
 the lack of light as an obstacle to mobility at night;
 the lack of electricity as an obstacle to the benefits provided by electronic devices and electrical machines;
 the lack of schools and teachers as obstacles to education and the fullness of citizenship;
 the lack of hospitals and physicians as obstacles to a system for the improvement of public health;
 the lack of transportation infrastructure as an obstacle to trade, industrial and tourism activities, among others, and to economic development.

Biopsychosocial and cultural
People are prevented to achieve certain goals by biological, psychological, social or cultural barriers, such as:

 diseases, as obstacles to human life in its fullness;
 physical disabilities as obstacles to the mobility of handicapped, which can be facilitated by accessibility resources;
 shyness as an obstacle to social relations;
 fear as an obstacle that prevents facing potential enemies or socio-political opponents, or facing possible economic barriers;
 social exclusion or the arrest of individuals as obstacles to socio-cultural integration into a community;
 the lack of psychomotor coordination as an obstacle to the development of qualified abilities;
 the level of mastery of the spoken idiom, or the differences between the spoken languages, as barriers to national or international social relations;
 the different religions as obstacles to the mutual moral understanding or interreligious dialogue, nationally or internationally;

Political

Obstacles or difficulties which groups of citizens, their political representatives, political parties or countries interpose to each other in order to hinder the actions of certain of their opponents, such as:

 the prevention of a political minority group to achieving their aspirations in the parliament by the politically dominant voting majority, in the parliamentary procedure;
 the ideological repression, persecution and imprisonment for political reasons;
 the blocking of the international political and economic influence of a country by a multilateral treaty or alliance between countries opposed to such influence.

Technological
The improvement of living conditions of any human community is constantly challenged by the need of technologies still inaccessible or unavailable, which can be internally developed or acquired from other communities that have already developed them, and in both cases must overcome such barriers as:

 in the technology transfer between different countries, the trade and diplomatic negotiating skills with the countries which are providers of the desired new technologies;
 in the internal development approach, the educational level of the community or country, the accessible collection of specialized information, their technological and industrial base, their institutional level of scientific and technological research, development and innovation, and the level of practiced international collaboration.

Military
When different communities or countries, which border or not, cannot develop good relations, for economic, cultural or political reasons, they may exceed the limits of diplomatic negotiations, creating military defensive or offensive obstacles to their opponents or enemies, such as:

 building fortifications, entrenchments, barbed wire beds or mine fields, and other similar tactics intended to prevent or hinder movement of the enemy in a certain direction, and to protect your own forces from attack;
 blocking or destroying physical resources or logistic interconnections, such as bridges, highways, ports or airports, creating barriers to migration, trade, tourism, etc.;
 the invasion of the opponent's territory, seeking to block, destroy or use physical, logistical or strategic resources, in order to hinder existing threats.

Image gallery

Architectural elements
Civil engineering
Military tactics
Borders


All in One Voice is the twelfth studio album by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler.  It was released in 1998 by EastWest Records, following her previous album with EastWest, Free Spirit (1995). The album remains the least commercially successful in Tyler's career as it failed to chart worldwide.

Recording
Tracks produced by Jimmy Smyth were recorded at Full Moon, Westland and Park House Studios in Dublin, Ireland. "The Reason Why" was recorded at Boogie Park Studios in Hamburg, and "I Put a Spell on You" was recorded for Mike Batt's album Philharmania at Abbey Road Studios in London. The remaining tracks were recorded at Red Deer Studios in Germany.

Promotion

Singles
"He's the King" was released ahead of All in One Voice in December 1997. The song was originally used for the German TV series . Tyler made an appearance in one of the episodes performing the song in a casino. "He's the King" spent one week on the German Singles Chart at number 95.

"Heaven" was released as the second single in 1998. The song was first performed at Melodifestivalen 1997—Sweden's national selection competition for the Eurovision Song Contest—by N-Mix, under the title "Där en ängel hälsat på" (Where an angel has visited in English), where it came 2nd.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes; the credits for tracks 8–14 are incomplete.

Musicians

 Bonnie Tyler – lead vocals , backing vocals
 Jimmy Smyth – production , backing vocals , choir arrangement , electric guitar , acoustic guitar , gut string guitar , programming  Hammond organ , bass
 Graham Laybourne – production , programming , keyboards , backing vocals , mandolin , Gibson guitars
 Harold Faltermeyer – production , arrangement
 Gernot Rothenbach – production
 Mike Batt – production , arrangement , conducting
 Tessa Niles – backing vocals
 Katie Kissoon – backing vocals
 Jenny Newman – backing vocals
 Ed Kenehan – backing vocals
 Conor Stevens – backing vocals
 Karen Hammill – backing vocals
 Robbie Casserly – backing vocals
 Irish Film Orchestra
 Fiachra Trench – strings arrangements
 David Downes – uilleann pipes , low whistle , choir arrangement
 Paul McAteer – additional drums
 Anto Drennan – electric guitar , gut string guitar
 Frank Gallagher – violin , viola , fiddle , tin whistle
 Tom Molloy – bass
 Billy Farrell – programming
 Peter McKinney – additional drums
 Gerry O'Connor – violin
 Benjamin Hüllenkrämer – bass
 Axel Wernecke – drums
 Maik Bösenberg – percussion
 Herbert Böhme – backing vocals
 Sebi – special effects
 Andreas Linse – arrangement

Technical

 Achim Kruse – mastering
 Graham Laybourne – remixing
 Harold Faltermeyer – engineering , mixing
 Gernot Rothenbach – engineering , mixing
 David Cooke – mixing
 Bill Somerville-Large – engineering
 Jon Mallison – engineering
 Tim Martin – engineering
 Ed Kenehan – assistant engineering
 Ciaran Cahill – assistant engineering
 Ryan Martin – assistant engineering

References

1999 albums
Bonnie Tyler albums
East West Records albums


WZHL (101.7 FM, "WZHL") was a radio station licensed to serve the community of New Augusta, Mississippi, and serving the Laurel-Hattiesburg area.

Status
As of 2006, the station ceased broadcasting, having received a construction permit. The construction permit expires on March 3, 2011, at (or before) when it was expected that the station would have resumed broadcasting.

On November 21, 2014, the Federal Communications Commission canceled WZHL's license because the station had been silent for more than twelve months.

External links

ZHL
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in Mississippi
ZHL


WQID-LP (105.3 FM, "Hot 105.3") is a low-power FM radio station licensed to serve the community of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and serving the Laurel-Hattiesburg area. The station airs an urban contemporary format.

External links

QID-LP
QID-LP
Urban contemporary radio stations in the United States


The Super Summer Sizzler Spectacular was a professional wrestling live event produced by NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling (ECW) on June 19, 1993. The event was held in the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States.

The Super Summer Sizzler Spectacular was ECW's first "supercard" and the first ECW event to be released on VHS. In 2020, it was added to the WWE Network.

Event
The commentator for the Super Summer Sizzler Spectacular was Jay Sulli, with guest commentary from Paul E. Dangerously, Terry Funk, Joey Styles and Tod Gordon. The referees were Jim Molineaux, John Finnegan, and Kevin Christian. The event was attended by approximately 650 people.

The opening bout saw Don E. Allen wrestle Herve Renesto to a no contest. This match was not included on the VHS release.

In the first match to appear on the VHS release, ECW Television Champion Jimmy Snuka defended his championship in a bout with J.T. Smith, defeating him with the Superfly Splash.

In the third bout, former tag team partners Larry Winters and Tony Stetson faced one another in a first blood match. The match ended when Rockin' Rebel came to ringside and distracted Winters, enabling Stetson to hit him with a chain wrapped around his fist and draw blood.

In the fourth bout, Miss Peaches faced Terrible Tigra in a "catfight humiliation match", with the loser being the first woman to be stripped. After both women removed one another's t-shirts, Peaches - with assistance from the debuting Angel - won the match by tearing off Tigra's shorts. Following the match, Stetson and Rockin' Rebel attacked Peaches and Angel, stripping Angel topless before being driven off by Larry Winters and the Sandman.

In the fifth bout, Jimmy Snuka (accompanied by his manager, Paul E. Dangerously) defended his ECW Television Championship for a second time, this time against ECW Pennsylvania Champion Tommy Cairo. Snuka retained his championship after Dangerously tripped Cairo, enabling Snuka to pin him using a roll-up with his feet on the ring ropes.

In the sixth bout, Rockin' Rebel faced the Sandman in a "Philadelphia street fight", with Rockin' Rebel pinning the Sandman using a schoolboy after an unnamed Tammy Lynn Sytch entered the ring and momentarily blinded the Sandman with hair spray.

The seventh bout was scheduled to be between Dark Patriot and Dick Murdoch. Before the match, Dark Patriot's manager, Paul E. Dangerously, announced that he was unavailable and introduced the masked Dark Patriot II as his substitute. Murdoch went on to defeat Dark Patriot II with a roll-up.

The eighth bout was a six-man tag team match pitting Sal Bellomo, Super Destroyer #1, and Stevie Wonderful (substituting for Super Destroyer #2) against ECW Tag Team Champions the Suicide Blondes (Sir Jonathan Hotbody and Sir Richard Michaels) and Hunter Q. Robbins III. The match ended after Bellomo delivered a Pizza Splash to Michaels and pinned him.

The main event was a "Texas Chain Match Massacre" between "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert (accompanied by Paul E. Dangerously) and Terry Funk, with the winner to be named "King of Philadelphia". The match saw the two competitors chained together at the wrist, with the winner being the first man to touch all four turnbuckles consecutively. Towards the end of the match, Funk succeeded in touching all four turnbuckles, but was not named as winner by referee Kevin Christian. Subsequently, Gilbert hit Funk with a chair and then gave him a piledriver on the chair, enabling him to touch all four corners and win. After the match, Dangerously revealed that Kevin Christian was in fact "Freddie Gilbert", Eddie Gilbert's brother, and had cheated on his behalf. Following the match, Funk and ECW commissioner Tod Gordon brawled with Gilbert and Dangerously, after which Funk gave Gordon the "King of Philadelphia" crown and cut a promo praising ECW.

Results

References

External links

1993 in Pennsylvania
1993 in professional wrestling
Extreme Championship Wrestling supercards and pay-per-view events
Events in Philadelphia
June 1993 events in the United States
Professional wrestling in Philadelphia


The Hôtel de Beauvais is a hôtel particulier, a kind of large townhouse of France, at 68 rue Francois-Miron, 4th arrondissement, Paris. Until 1865 rue Francois-Miron formed part of the historic rue Saint Antoine and as such was part of the ceremonial route into Paris from the east. The hotel was built by the royal architect Antoine Le Pautre for Catherine Beauvais in 1657. It is an example of eclectic French baroque architecture.

History

Catherine Beauvais was the first lady to Anne of Austria, and was rumored to have provided Louis XIV with his first heterosexual experience. Favoured by the Queen regent, Catherine Beauvais was given gifts of money and later expensive building materials that had been destined to be used in the extension of the Cour Carrée of the Louvre Palace. The Hôtel Beauvais was built partly over land that had belonged to Cistercian monks during the 13th century. All that is left of their town house is the vaulted cellar that has been preserved in the basement of the 17th century building.

On August 26, 1660, King Louis the XIV and his new wife Maria-Theresa made a triumphal entry into Paris, stopping at the Hotel de Beauvais to salute Beauvais, who stood on the protruding balcony that overlooked the street. In 1763 the hotel came into possession of the Bavarian ambassador, who received a visit that year from Mr. Leopold Mozart, his wife, and children, including Wolfgang, age seven. During the French Revolution the building was requisitioned by the state and sold to a private individual. In 1800 the building was divided up into 40 apartments. The building was significantly changed and some parts became damaged or demolished. An extra floor is also added between the first and second floors in order to create extra rental space. In 1918, the building was damaged during shelling. Until 1987 the Hôtel was home to a variety of tenants including a school and, between 1941 and 1972, a private maternity clinic. During the Nazi occupation Jewish residents were moved out.

In 1926 the Hôtel de Beauvais was partly listed as a historical monument because of its main entrance, the grand staircase and the façade overlooking the central courtyard. The entirety of the building wasn't listed until 1966.
In the early 20th century, the building was in danger of demolition as part of an effort to redevelop poor and insalubrious areas of the city. The Marais and the areas around what is now the Pompidou Centre are particularly targeted. However, due to the efforts of the Minister of Culture André Malraux and heritage activists, much of the Marais was slowly restored during the late 20th century rather than demolished. Between 1967 and 1970 the medieval cellar was cleared and restored by the association Paris Historique. The restoration of the building was completed in 2003, and today contains the administrative court of appeal of Paris and is mostly inaccessible to the public except for the court public audiences. However, the historic parts of the building can be visited during European Heritage Days. The building can also be visited once a month under the auspices of Paris Historique. The courtyard has been used as a theatre, notably during the Festival du Marais.

Architecture
Hôtel de Beauvais’ façade is in the French Baroque style, common to hôtels particuliers. Strict symmetry is created using false walls and windows. The façade uses vertical bands of rusticated stone and horizontal moldings instead of orders to define major lines.

Novel Elements & Precedents
The building contains several unexpected elements for an hôtel particulier. Public shops are located along the ground level, which may be a continuation of an ancient Roman tradition. The mezzanine windows, which were uncommon in Paris, may have been a throwback to High Renaissance in Rome. In the plan, there are different paths for circulation for servants and noblemen. Many unusual details of the plan: the corps de logis placed along the street with the cour d’honneur behind, the circular vestibule, the angled passage from the court to the rue de Jouy, the semicircular ending of the court, and the stair at the left rear of the court, were the result of Le Pautre's use of the foundations of the three medieval houses that originally occupied the lot.

Critical reception
Le Pautre's major triumph was in his treatment of the irregular site and the creation of a symmetrical façade. Architectural historians also laud the building for its influence on the free plan; seen in the central cour d’honneur, created by the articulation of pochè and an ambivalence towards solid space.

Notes

References

Berger, Robert W. Antoine Le Pautre: A French Architect of the Era of Louis XIV. New York: New York University Press, 1969.
Hibbard, Howard. The Architecture of the Palazzo Borghese: Memoirs of the American Academy of Rome, XXVII. Rome: American Academy in Rome, 1962.
Matthews, Kevin, Hotel de Beauvais,  Artifice, Inc., 2008.
Pitt, Leonard. Walks Through Lost Paris. Berkeley: Counterpoint LLC, 2006.
Rowe, Colin and Koetter, Fred. Collage City. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1978
Seigneur, M. Du. La Construction Moderne. 1886.

Beauvais
Buildings and structures in the 4th arrondissement of Paris
Baroque buildings in France
Buildings and structures completed in 1657
1657 establishments in France


WKNZ (88.7 FM) is a non-commercial educational broadcast radio station licensed to Harrington, Delaware, United States. WKNZ is owned and operated by The Bridge of Hope, Inc.  WKNZ programming can also be heard on WNJH in Cape May, New Jersey WNKZ-FM to the south of Salisbury, Maryland and on 100.1 (W261AE) in Templeville, Maryland and on 94.9 (W235DD) in Ocean City, Maryland.

Programming
WKNZ broadcasts an adult Contemporary Christian music format, serving Central Delmarva.  The primary focus of the station is to bring people of different Christian denominations together, to strengthen families and churches through positive and uplifting music and to offer hope to people trying to find their way through difficult situations.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on January 25, 2008.  The new station was assigned the call letters WKNZ by the FCC on June 9, 2008.

In July 2009 the station unveiled its new name, logo and slogan: 88.7fm The Bridge, Connecting, Strengthening. Originally planned to launch in the first quarter of 2010, WKNZ began regular broadcast operations on Tuesday, December 7, 2010, at 10:00 a.m.

References

External links
WKNZ official website
WKNZ construction blog

Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2009
KNZ
2009 establishments in Delaware
Harrington, Delaware


The First Presbyterian Church in Buffalo, New York was the first organized religious body formed in what was then the western frontier of New York State. The town of Buffalo was sparsely populated when the church was organized on February 2, 1812. However, having survived the War of 1812, the town of Buffalo was rebuilt and rapidly grew with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. The first two buildings were located on the same downtown lot. However, the congregation relocated between 1889 and 1891 to its present location approximately one and-a-half miles to the north in a more residential area.

Early years (1812–1824)
Organized February 2, 1812, by the traveling Missionary, Reverend Thaddeus Osgood during his fifth annual visit to the then village of Buffalo, "The First Presbyterian and Congregationalist Church of the town of Buffalo" as it was then known, was a small, but devoted group of pioneers, who could not afford a building of their own.  Thus, services were held in either a schoolroom on Pearl St. near Swan, or at the home of Mrs. Esther Pratt, whose home was on the southwest corner of Main and Exchange Street (then called Crow Street). After the War of 1812, public worship was resumed as the work of reconstruction began. The faithful met in Landon's Tavern, or at the unfinished home of Deacon Amos Callender, located on the east side of Pearl Street (south of Swan Street), or at various locations around town such as the homes of other church members. Worship services were regularly held in the south room of the Old Court House building that was situated on Washington Street, (now the present site occupied by the Public Library) this arrangement was made until the first wooden building was constructed a few blocks to the south at "The Commons" which would later be renamed Shelton Square. On December 5, 1815, the church was formally incorporated as "The First Presbyterian Society of the Town of Buffalo" the trustees presented themselves on December 28, 1815, to Judge Charles Townsend, Judge of Niagara County, of which Erie County was then part, and the record of incorporation was duly recorded in the records on April 16, 1816.

The wooden church (1824–1827)

This first church building, really only a lecture hall was only forty by fifty feet in size, it was a wooden building constructed per a contract with Mr. John Stacy, a church member.  Authorized on December 24, 1822; and built on land donated by Joseph Ellicott (November 1, 1760 – August 19, 1826) of the Holland Land Company on December 12, 1820; the total cost of construction was $874; Mr. Stacy, however, deducted the cost of a pew for his own use.  Thus, money raised from pew sales totaled $100 in excess over the cost of construction. This humble edifice, located on the northwest parcel of land at Main, Church & Niagara Streets was completed in May 1824. The building was on the northeast corner of the plot of land at Pearl Street and Niagara Street with the front of the building facing east, it had two doors in the front with the pulpit standing between those doors.  Inside, the pews were square and were lit by candles supplied by the worshipers in the evening, at the west end of the building was a platform for the singers.

With the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, and the powerful sermons preached by Rev. Gilbert Crawford, the church and city experienced a rapid growth in population which was mirrored by attendance growth in worship. With membership increasing from pre-Canal numbers of 120 to 203 after its opening, the church quickly outgrew this building and plans were obtained for a larger building.

The wooden frame structure remained next to the new Brick Church until it was sold to the Methodists in 1828, which moved it from the corner of Pearl and Niagara Streets; they had been using an even smaller building. Later, this original First Church building was sold around 1835 to the St. Peter's society, a German Evangelical Church congregation, who in turn moved it to their lot on the corner of Genesee and Hickory Streets before it finally ended up being moved to Walnut Street around 1878.  This little building saw successive service thereafter as a school-house, a tenement and as a cooper's shop, before it finally fell completely from grace to become an icehouse for a brewery. It was destroyed by fire in 1882; thus ended the nearly sixty-year history of the first church building; no photographs of this structure are known to exist.

The Brick Church, also known as "Old First" Church (1827–1890)

The Brick Church, dedicated in March 1827, with a seating of approximately 800, was at the time of its dedication, the largest church building west of the Genesee River. An imposing, square red structure, trimmed in immaculate white, with a balustrade around the roof and a clock and bell tower surmounted by a golden ball that blazed in the sunlight, it served as a landmark for mariners on Lake Erie. Following some formalities by the congregations second pastor, Rev. Gilbert Crawford.  Foster Young broke ground for the building with an oxen drawn plow starting at Main Street and working his way towards Pearl Street. Theodore Coburn furnished the mason work began on June 23, 1826, and was completed by September 22, 1826, before the inclement weather set in, thus, work could continue undisturbed inside during the winter months.  Henry Brayman provided the woodwork; the total price for the construction was $17,500.00.  Early church members played their part in assisting in the construction, for example, Joseph Stocking took time around noon to help carry bricks for the mason, while other members wheeled sand or lime to the site for mortar.
On the day of the buildings dedication, on Wednesday, March 28, 1827, started at eleven o’clock, with everyone, participants, clergy, choir members all packed into the little wooden frame church that still stood to the north of the plot, and in a solemn procession marched the few hundred steps over to the new building. The dedication day service was three hours in length, and was led by Rev. Gilbert Crawford, D.D., assisted by former pastor Rev. Miles P. Squire, D.D., who traveled from his home in Geneva, New York, to attend the event, both offered prayers. The dedication sermon was preached by Rev. Ansel D. Eddy, the text from Luke 10:20.  The choir, believed to have been led by William Ketchum, sang "I Was Glad" and "Lord, From Thine Inmost Glory, Send".  During those early years, pews were "sold" to families or individuals subject to a pew tax of seven per cent, of the original valuation. The pew rental rate was increased several times during the years until it reached seventy-five per cent.
Entrance to the church was through three large doors that opened into a high, spacious vestibule with circular stairways on the right and left that led to the upstairs gallery or balcony.  Directly across from the center entrance was the middle door into the high, square, well-lit sanctuary that for many years was an unpainted white. The balcony that ran around three sides of the sanctuary was supported by wooden posts with the broad center isle leading to the front of the sanctuary where the old wooden pulpit was hung.  The pulpit, supported by two Corinthian pillars of wood, was surmounted by a crimson cushion and was quite an imposing structure.  A high crimson curtain hung behind the pulpit arranged in a row of straight folds or "flutes", like the pipes of a great organ topped with a straight lambrequin of the same material.  The pulpit had doors on either side, similar to those in the pews below, from which the minister entered.  Opposite the pulpit in the gallery was the choir loft, this opened from a large room that was directly over the vestibule where the choir practiced, and instruments were tuned.

The 50th anniversary of the church was a celebrated event where the longest-surviving church member, Dr. Bristol, (although not the oldest member of the church) addressed the congregation during the service; Dr. Bristol was also a member of session at that time.  Prayers were led by Dr. Steilman of Dunkirk and Rev. Dr. Walter Clarke. Letters were read from former pastors Dr. Squier and Dr. Thompson, who were unable to attend in person.  The choir sang "Every Star-Thirty-Four" with music by the organist, Mr. Degenhard.

The building exterior was in later years painted a warm grey, as shown in existing photographs. This was performed during an ambitious remodeling of the building between June and August 1870 where the original high pulpit was cut down and in its place, a platform was added three feet high, twenty feet wide and between eight and ten feet deep.  This platform was again supported by two Corinthian columns. Matching curving banistered stairways were also added on each side at that time that led to the pulpit backed by a crimson curtain. All pews were lowered by three inches, black walnut railings added and the pew seats were upholstered in a crimson color. The ceiling was in a fresco painted by Sig. Garibolda. Anyone entering the church came through one of three great doors opening into the spacious vestibule, and visitors walked up the circular stairways at either end to the balcony around three sides of the high, square sanctuary.  Such heat as there was came from wood stoves; the building was illuminated by oil lamps. Foot-warmers containing hot coals were indispensable for comfort during winter months. One such coal foot warmer that was used can be viewed in the Historical Hall located in the current building on Symphony Circle.

On each side of the pulpit that was on the west wall there were biblical passages that through close examination of existing interior photographs from 1877 and 1885, reproduced below were determined to be from the old King James Version. On the left side was a passage from Psalms 100 verses 2-5, and on the right side, Psalms 24: verses 2-5.

The church bell, known as the "town clock bell," weighed approximately 2500 pounds and had a clear, sonorous tone that could be heard great distances. The bell served not only the congregation, but the whole town as its fire alarm; it was while sounding an alarm of fire in 1833 while in this capacity that the bell cracked.  However, it was soon recast and continued to serve in that capacity until 1891. Before the building was razed, the bell was presented to a church in Tonawanda, New York, and the front clock face was preserved before the property was sold to the Buffalo Savings Bank.
The congregation experienced tremendous growth during these early years, especially during the leadership of its first five pastors; it was in 1852 during the pastorate of Dr. Matthew La Rue Perrine Thompson that congregation first considered moving to a new location. Funding was obtained through a subscription project and by January 1854 over $100,000.00 was raised, by April plans for a new building were selected and bids were advertised. However, no responsible architect or builder was found that would undertake the project, so the plan was abandoned and the funds were returned to the subscribers.

By the mid-19th century music played an increasing role in many churches and the decision was made to install an organ in the church.  In the 1850s a small organ was rented from William R. Koppock, who also played the instrument during services.  However, this instrument proved unsatisfactory, so the church returned to instrumental arrangements.  Not until August 1860 was the only organ installed in the church. However, this was not without some controversy among the congregation, many of whom still held the puritan belief that organs were tools of the devil and had no place in a church building. Up until that time, the congregation was traditionally accompanied by a trio of musicians playing bass viol, violoncello and flute. The new organ was built by Garrett House  of Buffalo, New York, at the price of $2,500 that was raised entirely by subscriptions from the members.  The new organ was dedicated August 26, 1860.  Mr. Sykes, the organist at Central Presbyterian Church, played for the opening anthem, "Praise the Lord" and to close the service, "Old Hundred".  When in 1891 after the congregation moved to its present location, the organ was sold and the same builder relocated it to St. Stephen's (Shrine of Saint Jude) Roman Catholic Church at 193 Elk Street in 1891.  This organ, the oldest Buffalo-made pipe organ extant, is still in service today. A wooden model of this organ stands in the Historical Hall near the Wadsworth Street entrance.

During the pastorate of Dr. David R. Frazer a proposal to sell the church building and to unite with Calvary Church on Delaware Avenue opposite Tracy Street was considered in 1879, but after some debate, that proposal was rejected.  However, by the time that Rev. Samuel S. Mitchell, D.D. began his tenure as pastor, many members had moved from the central part of the city and had thus transferred their membership to other churches which became a cause of real concern.
"Old First" Church was by now showing its age, the building, still beautiful and impressive, was now almost sixty-years-old; its many limitations and design problems were soon brought to light. It was deficient of a proper lecture room, Sunday-school room, Bible class rooms and parlors. The ventilation of the Sunday-school room was considered defective, and it was subject to dampness. The main audience room opened on Main Street and not on Church Street, which was a complaint of many in the congregation. In summer the windows had to be opened for ventilation, as the ventilator in the ceiling was inadequate, and when the windows were opened the congregation was to some extent disturbed by increasing noises from the passage of street cars, carts, beer wagons and so on. At the time of the construction, most of the church members resided near the church. However, as the city expanded, a large number of members had moved uptown, many of these families who formerly worshiped soon joined congregations closer to their homes, leaving Old First Church without proper financial support.

Dr. Mitchell wisely shared the view of his predecessor, in that the church should seek a location not so hemmed in by ever-growing businesses that had taken over the area. The trustees felt likewise; but still, many members of the congregation did not agree. The dispute was taken to Presbytery; eventually the matter was taken to court, and soon news of the discernment broke out in the newspapers. The matter was finally resolved, in favor of removal to a new location. In 1887, Mrs. Truman G. Avery who lived at the site now occupied by Kleinhans Music Hall donated a parcel of land across the circle at the corner of Wadsworth and Pennsylvania Streets in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen G. Austin.  The matter now settled; the days of historic "Old First" were now numbered.  By April 1889 the congregation was ordered by the city to sell the property to Erie County Saving Bank and it was announced in July 1890 that the Old First Church would soon be demolished to make way for the Erie County Savings Bank's new office.

First Presbyterian Church at Symphony Circle (1889–present)
In 1887, following a much publicized period of discernment and debate concerning moving the congregation away from Shelton Square, Mrs. Trueman G. Avery, a faithful member of the congregation who lived at the site now occupied by Kleinhans Music Hall, donated a parcel of land across the circle at the corner of Wadsworth and Pennsylvania Streets in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Stephen G. Austin. Thus begins the story of the present edifice, designed by the renowned architectural firm of Green & Wicks.  Following a well published design competition the winning design by the architectural firm of Edward Brodhead Green & William Sidney Wicks stood out from the other three finalists, it was noted for its Romanesque exterior, Byzantine-revival styled sanctuary and tall central tower that would dominate the skyline of late 19th century Buffalo through the present day.
Ground breaking took place and the first services were held in the newly built chapel on September 11, 1889, then on December 13, 1891, the first services were held in the newly constructed sanctuary.  However, the new building was not dedicated until after the completion of the tower on May 16, 1897. The dedicatory sermon that day was preached by the Rev. Francis L. Patton, D. D., President of Princeton University, which was the Alma Mater of the pastor, Dr. Samuel S. Mitchell, who would, following his retirement in 1904, return there for a year to lecture on the English Bible. It was also during this time on May 16, 1897, that construction began for Welcome Hall. The building, designed by the same architectural firm of Green & Wicks, was located at 404-408 Seneca St. as a mission of First church to the community; the lands and buildings costing about $50,000.00.
With the dedication of the new edifice came Dr. Mitchell's reinstallation as pastor.  That event occurred on June 24, 1897, when Dr. Mitchell was once again installed as pastor of the "New" First Church. The Rev. Henry Elliott Mott, pastor at Central Presbyterian Church, acted as moderator; the installation sermon was preached by the Rev. Samuel Van Vranken Holmes, senior pastor at Westminster Presbyterian Church; the charge to the congregation was given by the Rev. Henry Ward, pastor at East Presbyterian Church of Buffalo; the charge to the people, by the Rev. William Waith, pastor of the Lockport Presbyterian Church in Lockport, New York, and father of the church's organist, William S. Waith; the installation prayers were offered by the Rev. William Burnett Wright, D.D., pastor at the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church.
During the Pan-American Exhibition of 1901, Theodore Roosevelt worshiped at the First Presbyterian Church, both as vice president and following the assassination of William McKinley.  Dr. Mitchell breakfasted with Theodore Roosevelt on the morning following his inauguration, and there is some evidence to support that they were on familiar terms with each other, due in part possibly to Dr. Mitchell's pastorate in Washington, D.C. from 1869 to 1878.
With Dr. Mitchell's retirement in 1904 came the pastorate of Dr. Andrew Van Vranken Raymond, D.D., who came to the church in 1906 from the office of president of Union College.  Dr. Raymond served first supplied the pulpit as the stated "supply pastor", but then following the death of his wife in 1907, congregation decided to extend to him a call as pastor which he decided to accept.  It was during Dr, Raymond's tenure as pastor that on February 2, 1912, the church celebrated its centennial in style, with the sanctuary decorated for the occasion with ropes of green garland, touched here and there with red and white flowers and the dates 1812 and 1912 adorning either side of the chancel.

The building has undergone several modifications over the years; most noted was the rebuilding of the old Roosevelt organ in 1915 by Austin Organs, Inc., retaining most of the Roosevelt pipes, then the redecoration of the sanctuary in 1924 under direction of Mr. William Carson Francis (1879–1945), a fourth-generation member of the congregation. Redecoration began on June 9, 1924, and was completed before October 19 service.  This required the sanctuary spaces to be closed from September 11 through October 12 forcing the congregation to worship nearby at the State Normal School at the corner of Jersey and 14th Streets.

A special dedication ceremony was held the following Sunday on October 19, 1924.  It was during this redecorating that the memorial windows of such exquisite design and color were installed. In 1925 the cornerstone for the Parish House was laid, the new parish house was dedicated in February 1926, both during the pastorate of Dr. George Arthur Buttrick, D.D.

On November 5, 1931, Dr. Ralph B. Hindman was installed as pastor and because of the economics of the times; the church was forced to give up the mission of Welcome Hall following the retirement of Rev. William E. McLennan, who had been the director since 1909. The building and mission was sold to the City of Buffalo where it remained in operation as a community center before being closed and torn down a few years later.
In 1949 because of concerns voiced by parishioners in the main sanctuary that the noise made during the children's services was disturbing worship, the chapel was redesigned, this included reorientation of the chapel chancel, replacing the pews, enclosing the staircase to the sanctuary balcony, changing the lighting fixtures and replacing the glass windows with special dedicated stained glass windows. In 1957, the old Roosevelt organ was also replaced, this time with a new Schlicker organ that was crafted locally in Buffalo. The next major renovation of the Chapel took place in 2004 during the pastorate of the present minister Dr. Geri Lyon.  This time the pews were removed, new chairs purchased, the chapel was repainted and the floor refinished.

The sanctuary was remodeled again between June–September 1957 during the tenure of Dr. Hindman's pastorate.  This time a canopy was added above the pulpit, the pulpit lowered a foot, ornate carvings installed behind the chancel and a second doorway added on the right side of the chancel. Also, an extension of the existing balcony outside the Historical Hall was added to connect the Parish House with the Old Library, additional bathrooms and storage was added in this new connecting balcony area.
In 1959 during Dr. Theodore G. Lilley's pastorate, the church merged with First United Presbyterian Church. With this church, which stood on the north-east corner of Summer St. and Richmond Ave. additional gifts for expansion became available; this was realized in 1968, during the pastorate of Dr. Arthur W. Mielke, D.D. The sanctuary underwent additional modifications, this time, the chancel was extended, the communion table enlarged by the same craftsmen that carved the original table, the pulpit and lectern were also redesigned, and the dividing wall in the chancel was removed to reduce congestion.
The ornate, carved chancel and pulpit railings were reused around the pulpit and lectern.  The effect gave parishioner a better view of the chancel, opening it up too. Also redesigned was the Youth Center in the Parish House.

The Austin Organ rebuild, installed in 1915, was now over a half century old and Squire Haskin, who was the organist & choirmaster since 1936, was a close friend with Dr. Robert Noehren, well-known concert organist, organ designer and native of Buffalo, New York.  In 1969 the old Austin Organ gave its final performance and was dismantled and replaced with a customized organ of Dr. Noehren's design.  This instrument when dedicated was known as the Noehren organ until 1986, following Squire Haskin's untimely murder a few days before his retirement celebration was to commence.  Dr. Noehren had returned to Buffalo for that celebration and instead performed for his memorial service along with other notable guest organists. Dr. David R. Bond, who was Squire Haskin's hand-picked successor assumed his duties a few weeks earlier than was expected, and has been organist and choirmaster since that tragic event.

Following the sudden death of Dr. Mielke's first wife Hazel on April 1, 1973, funds were raised for a memorial cross to be erected in place of the Tiffany chandelier.  The -foot-high Byzantine cross was designed and carved by Richard Lippich of Bowmansville, New York, constructed by E. M. Hager & Sons Co., of Buffalo, New York, and dedicated on Sunday, June 22, 1975. The Tiffany chandelier was then moved to the Historical Hall, where it remained until being sold in 2007 to a private party somewhere in Texas.  This move required some lighting modifications in the chancel, so two banks of lights was added above and below the chancel carvings.

During the pastorate of Rev. Gilbert Horn, the first three rows of pews were removed and stored in the basement below the chapel.  This was done to accommodate the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra that held concerts and rehearsals there on occasion.  Unfortunately, those pews were stored in less than favorable condition and because of poor humidity they have been rendered useless due to dry rot.  Other than some minor restorations and repainting performed by church member Timothy Hess, the sanctuary remains as you see it today.

On May 27, 2008, another historic event occurred at First Presbyterian Church when the congregation of Central Presbyterian Church and First Presbyterian Church formally merged back together after almost 173 years.  Central Presbyterian Church was founded on November 14, 1835, following some liturgical differences of opinion regarding interpretation of the scripture.

References

 On December 30, 1813, the British Army burned the town of Buffalo to the ground in retaliation for the American Army's taking and later burning of the town of Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) earlier that year. Amos Callender, a church member and county official, saved the county and church records from destruction and fled to Batavia, New York, thus preserving the documented continuity of the county and church as established organizations.
 Source; Buffalo Commercial Advertiser & Journal dated March 29, 1877, p. 3, col. 1 (Buffalo Historical Society Archives)
 Garrett House (1810-1900) Buffalo organ builder born in Johnstown, New York, he settled in Buffalo, New York, around 1845 and continued in the organ building business until he sold his company to Charles B. Viner & Son about 1898.  he died July 21, 1900.
 Source: The Organ by Douglas Earl Bush & Richard Kassell
 Annual Church Report of 1898, Church Archives
 William Francis Carson: (May 21, 1879 – September 8, 1945) American architect, mural painter, painter and decorator, born in Buffalo, New York, where he was active as an architect, mural painter, painter and decorator in Buffalo, New York City and later moved from Buffalo, New York, to  Ossining, New York, in 1925.  He graduated from Columbia University School of Architecture. He received the McKim Fellowship to the American Academy in Rome.  He died at his home in Ossining, New York, aged sixty-six years.
 Source: ArchINForm.net The Francis family lived on Upper Croton Avenue from 1925 to 2006. In 2006, son, Bill (William Corning Carson) died there in a house fire.  Paintings by both father and son were found in a studio on the property and have been restored. Several of the paintings are of Ossining and environs. The elder Wm. Francis painted murals in OHS
 First Presbyterian Church website
 In 1974, genealogist Dorothy Dehn typed up the church's baptisms, marriages, deaths, and membership rolls, 1812-1961, and had it privately printed.  The book is not digitized or online but can be consulted in person at these libraries.

Presbyterian churches in New York (state)
Churches in Buffalo, New York
Buildings and structures in Buffalo, New York


Yigal Menahem (, born 10 September 1963) is an Israeli former footballer who now works as a lawyer.

Personal life
Yigal's younger brother Shimon was a defender and both played together in Maccabi Netanya during the 1980s.

Honours
 Israeli Premier League runner-up: 1981-82
 League Cup/Toto Cup winner: 1983-84
 runner-up: 1986–87, 1988–89

External links

1963 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Israel men's international footballers
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. players
Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. players
Israeli lawyers
Liga Leumit players
Men's association football forwards


The 2007 WNBA Finals was the championship series of the 2007 WNBA season, and the conclusion of the season's playoffs. The  Phoenix Mercury, top-seeded champions of the Western Conference, defeated the Detroit Shock, top-seeded champions of the Eastern Conference, three games to two in a best-of-five series. This was Phoenix's first ever professional basketball title.

2007 marked the first time in WNBA history that the series was won on the opponent's home floor. The Mercury beat the Shock in Detroit. The Shock made their third appearance in the Finals in five years. The Mercury appeared in the Finals for the second time since in franchise history.

Going into the series, the Shock had won two championships, tied with the Los Angeles Sparks for second most in WNBA history. The now defunct Houston Comets hold the record with four championships won.

The Shock's 24–10 record gave them home court advantage over Phoenix (23–11). It did not matter, however, as the Mercury won game five on the Shock's home floor and became champions of the WNBA.

Road to the finals

Regular season series
The Detroit Shock won both games in the regular season series:

Game summaries
All times listed below are Eastern Daylight Time.

Game 1

The Detroit Shock shook off the absence of their interior star Cheryl Ford and held off the run-and-gun Phoenix Mercury in a wild 108–100 victory in Game 1 of the WNBA finals. Detroit outrebounded Phoenix 48-30 and scored often on putbacks and other high-percentage shots. The Shock's bench outscored Phoenix's 50–12.

Penny Taylor scored 32 points and Cappie Pondexter had 27 to lead the Mercury, who struggled when All-Star Diana Taurasi missed significant stretches of the game with foul trouble.

Taurasi, who averaged 20 points in the Mercury's first four playoff games and 25 during the regular season, was held scoreless in the first half. She scored a quick nine points in the third before being whistled for a loose ball foul with 5:37 to go in the quarter. The contact on Detroit's Katie Smith resulted in Taurasi's fifth foul and she sat on the bench for the remainder of the quarter. Taurasi fouled out with two minutes remaining in the game. She finished with 10 points in 22 minutes.

Game 2

Diana Taurasi bounced back from her woeful Game 1 with 30 points to help the Mercury even the five-game series. During Game 2, she stayed out of foul trouble and scored from all over the court, including seven 3-pointers. Taurasi's long 3 made it 76–44 with less than 3 minutes to play in the third quarter and capped a 15–2 Mercury run. She also had eight rebounds and three assists.

Taurasi's inspired play helped offset the return of forward Cheryl Ford to Detroit's lineup. The four-time All-Star, who missed the first game with a left knee injury, had five points and seven rebounds, but played less than half the game.

Phoenix outscored Detroit in the first three quarters and played most of the fourth without its starters. The Mercury led by as many as 34 and were ahead for the final 37 minutes of the game.

Game 3

Katie Smith scored 22 points, one shy of her career playoff high, to help the defending champions beat the cold-shooting Mercury 88–83 and take a 2–1 lead in the WNBA finals.

The 33-year-old Detroit forward, in her 12th pro season, made 4-of-8 3-pointers, 3-for-4 in an 11-point third quarter. Phoenix, meanwhile, shot 35 percent, including a miserable 5-for-31 on 3s, in front of a loud home crowd of 12,024.

Deanna Nolan, who scored 20, sank a crucial 3-pointer with 1:53 to go, then sealed the victory with four consecutive free throws in the final 8.3 seconds. Diana Taurasi scored 22 for the Mercury. Tangela Smith scored 17 but made only 6 of 17 shots for Phoenix. She was 0-for-6 on 3s. Penny Taylor was in foul trouble most of the night but still played 33 minutes and had 16 points and 14 rebounds for the Mercury.

Game 4

With the poor-shooting Phoenix Mercury on the verge of elimination, coach Paul Westhead decided to run the offense through Cappie Pondexter. Pondexter scored a game-high 26 points, including a driving bank shot with 21 seconds to play, and the Phoenix Mercury defeated the Detroit Shock 77–76 to force a deciding fifth game in the WNBA finals.

The Mercury would try in Game Five to become the first team in WNBA history to win a title on the road. Detroit, which won championships in 2003 and 2006, goes home to the Palace of Auburn Hills, where it is 5–1 this postseason. The only loss was a 28-point rout by the Mercury in Game 2.

Phoenix shot 34.7 percent from the floor in an 88–83 loss in Game 3 - matching the worst shooting percentage in Westhead's two seasons as head coach. The Mercury came out just as cold this time, hitting two of their first 11 shots and finishing the first period 5-for-18 (27.8 percent). But Detroit was even more out of sync, and the Mercury went on a 14–4 run late in the first quarter and early in the second to take a 22–14 lead. The Shock found their rhythm in the second quarter, hitting 9-of-19 shots to take a 35–33 halftime lead. But they had missed an opportunity to bury the Mercury.

Game 5

A fast start helped Phoenix become the first team in the WNBA's 11-year history to claim the title on the road. Cappie Pondexter, in her second year in the league, scored 26 points and was chosen as the series MVP. Penny Taylor scored 30 points and Diana Taurasi had 17 for the Mercury.

The Shock lost the last two games of the series, ending their bid to win back-to-back titles. Detroit also won the championship in 2003.

Phoenix took some steam out of the home crowd, announced at more than 22,000, by surging to a 20–9 lead midway through the first quarter. Taurasi had eight points, including two 3-pointers, in that stretch. The large deficit quickly took Detroit out of its game. The Mercury's smallest lead in the second half was nine points. Katie Smith had 18 points for Detroit, which committed 17 turnovers compared to only nine for the Mercury.

This was the Mercury's first WNBA championship. They previously appeared in the WNBA Finals in 1998.

Awards
 2007 WNBA Champion: Phoenix Mercury
 Finals MVP: Cappie Pondexter

Rosters

{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #00008B; color: #D3D3D3; text-align: center;" | 2007 Detroit Shock Finals roster
|- style="background-color: #DC143C;color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! Players !! Coaches
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;"
! Pos. !! # !! Nat. !! Name !! Height !! Weight !!class="unsortable"| !! From
|-

{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #4B0082; color: #FFFF00; text-align: center;" | 2007 Phoenix Mercury Finals roster
|- style="background-color: #DC143C;color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! Players !! Coaches
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;"
! Pos. !! # !! Nat. !! Name !! Height !! Weight !!class="unsortable"| !! From
|-

References

Finals
Detroit Shock
Phoenix Mercury
WNBA Finals
WNBA Finals
Women's National Basketball Association Finals
WNBA Finals
2000s in Phoenix, Arizona
Basketball competitions in Phoenix, Arizona
Basketball competitions in Michigan


Somrit Ornsomjit (Thai สมฤทธิ์ อ่อนสมจิตร) is a Thai former professional footballer and played for Thailand national football team.

Somrit represented Thailand at the 1994 Asian Games.

References

Somrit Ornsomjit
1970 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
Footballers at the 1994 Asian Games
Somrit Ornsomjit


"In a Different Light" (sometimes shortened to "Different Light") is a song written by Bob McDill, Dickey Lee and Bucky Jones, and recorded by American country music artist Doug Stone.  It was released in February 1991 as the fourth and final single from his self-titled debut album.  It peaked at number 1 in both the United States and Canada, thus becoming his first number one hit.

Content
The song is about a male office worker who has a fantasy-come-true about one of his female co-workers, who—despite her apparent youthful appearance—is always bespectacled, her hair in a bun and conservatively dressed in business attire. The protagonist takes note of his male co-workers' lack of interest in the woman, while not letting on (to them) about his social encounters with the woman.

It is during these encounters that the protagonist reveals that "I see you (the co-worker) in a different light," remarking that he had seen the woman with her hair worn long and with "love in [her] eyes," revealing her physical beauty to him.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

1991 singles
Doug Stone songs
Songs written by Bob McDill
Songs written by Dickey Lee
Epic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Doug Johnson (record producer)
Songs written by Bucky Jones
1990 songs


RNLB Mary Stanford (ON 733) was the Ballycotton Lifeboat from 1930 to 1959. Ballycotton is on Ireland's southern coast, a trade route to the Americas. There are many dangerous rocks and shallows with on-shore prevailing winds. Ballycotton has a long tradition of life-saving. Mary Stanford had 41 rescues, or "shouts", and saved 122 lives. She performed the notable Daunt Lightship rescue on 11 February 1936. After her withdrawal from service she lay for some years in a backwater of Dublin's Grand Canal Dock, but has now been returned to Ballycotton and restored.

Ballycotton
The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) established a lifeboat station in Ballycotton in 1858. There is a long history of life saving at Ballycotton. The first acknowledged by the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, as the RNLI was then called, was when they awarded a silver medal in 1826. On 21 December 1825, the vessel Britannia was wrecked in Ballycotton Bay. Her master, the only survivor, lashed himself to a rock. There he remained for seven hours. In spite of the danger, a local man, Dennis Cronen rowed out and rescued him and then sheltered him in his cottage for four days.

There were many early rescues by coastguards.

RNLI

The need for a purpose-built lifeboat was evident. The boat was delivered in time for the visit of the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward in 1858. The lifeboats prior to the Mary Stanford were all powered by oars and sail. As ships became larger the need for a motorised craft was realised. On 12 December 1928, the RMS Celtic was wrecked at Roche's Point, Queenstown (later Cobh). At the time of her launch in 1901, she was the largest ship in her day, one of the "Big Four", the first to exceed 20,000 tons, dwarfing the Ballycotton Lifeboat, which came to the rescue.

The Mary Stanford was named on 7 July 1930 by Mrs. Louisa Cosgrave, wife of President Cosgrave. The cost, £11,000, was covered by a donation from John Frederick Stanford of London. There was a previous lifeboat, named . Two years earlier, it had capsized with the loss of all 17 crew in Rye Harbour, England. The new Mary Stanford would be more fortunate. She would save many lives, including the famous rescue of the Daunt Lightship.

Daunt Lightship Puffin
Daunt Rock has always been a hazard to shipping. The first lightship was stationed there by the Irish Lights Board in 1864 following the wreck of the City of New York on the rock. Lightvessel Puffin took up this duty. There was a severe gale on 8 October 1896 and the Puffin vanished.
The wreck was not found until a month later, on 5 November 1896. The remains of the crew were never located. In folklore they remain at their post, as a ghost ship, appearing to warn of impending danger.

Daunt rescue

On 10 February 1936 a south-eastern gale, with rain and snow, developed into a hurricane. Mountainous waves were crashing over the pier and breakwater transforming the harbour into a seething cauldron, the spray was flying over the lantern of the  lighthouse; "stones, some a ton in weight, were being torn from the quay and flung about like sugar lumps". At 8 am next morning an SOS was received: the LV Comet, on station at Daunt rock, had broken from her moorings and was drifting dangerously. Without waiting for orders, in horrendous conditions, Coxswain Patrick ("Patsy") Sliney took Mary Stanford to sea. Comet was not at Daunt rock, she was riding at anchor a quarter-mile away. Other ships arrived, but dared not approach the Comet in such conditions. Although heavy and built for endurance, the Comet was being tossed around by the waves and was risk to other ships.

Mary Stanford made several attempts to get a steel cable aboard the Comet. Every time they did, a large wave crashed the ships further apart and the cable snapped. When darkness fell, Mary Stanford headed for Cobh to get stronger cables. The  and  stood by. The Lifeboat crew had been all day without food. They ate, slept for three hours and received a change of clothing. Early next morning (Wednesday) Mary Stanford returned to Daunt rock. The sea was just as stormy. It was now enveloped by a thick fog, and it was impossible to effect a rescue. The lifeboat remained in the storm all day and all night. The Commissioners of Irish Lights vessel ILV Isolda had arrived and stood by while Mary Stanford went to Cobh at 7 am to refuel, and promptly returned.

That evening, the storm increased. Comet drifted closer to Daunt rock. When she was 60 yards from the rock, as darkness approached, the Coxswain decided the only option was to try to get alongside and for the crew to jump for the lifeboat. He knew the dangers. On the first attempt, one man got on board, on the second attempt no one jumped; a third time, and five men were safe. The lifeboat went in a fourth and fifth time, but no more were able to make it. Two men were still on board, clinging to the rails, too exhausted to jump. On the sixth attempt, as the Mary Stanford came alongside, the two were seized by the lifeboat crew and dragged aboard. (This moment was depicted on an Irish postage stamp)

They then went to Cobh and disembarked the rescued at 11 pm and then returned to Ballycotton. Mary Stanford had been away for 79 hours.
The crew had only three hours sleep during the 63-hour rescue (from leaving Ballycotton to disembarking Comet's crew at Cobh), they all suffered from colds, saltwater burns and hunger.

An RNLI Gold Medal was awarded to Coxswain Patrick Sliney, Silver Medals to Second Coxswain John Lane Walsh and Motor Mechanic Thomas Sliney, and Bronze Medals to Crew Members Michael Coffey Walsh, John Shea Sliney, William Sliney and Thomas Walsh. This rescue became famous, and was depicted by marine artists. and featured in popular books. When a postage stamp was issued by the Irish Post Office to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the RNLI, this rescue was chosen. The design of the stamp was based on the painting by Bernard Gribble, which depicts the last two lightshipmen being pulled onto the lifeboat.

Other rescues

Mary Stanford had many other rescues to her credit. The years of the Emergency during World War II were difficult. There was a serious risk from drifting mines. On 27 January 1941 a mine exploded on the Ballycotton shore, demolishing the curate's house and smashing the windows in the church.

Rescues which merited RNLI medal were:
 On 30 January 1941, there was a strong wind, thick fog and drifting mines. The eight-man crew of the SS Primrose of Liverpool were rescued just as she was sinking. A bronze medal was awarded.
 On 23 December 1943, the Irish Ash was in difficulties. This rescue took 30 hours. They managed to bring the ship to safety in Cobh. One silver and two bronze medals were awarded.

Some rescues involved the Cliff Rescue Team. On 1 February 1947, the Irish Plane was driven onto rocks below cliffs, west of Ballyshane. The Mary Stanford did not launch that as little could be done in the weather conditions so close to the shore. The crew of the Irish Plane were rescued by the Cliff Rescue Team.

Epilogue
Mary Stanford retired and on 16 September 1959 and was replaced by Ethel Mary. Lifesaving continues at Ballycotton; there have been many callouts, including during the 1979 Fastnet race. Up to 2002, seventeen RNLI Medals have been awarded to Ballycotton lifeboatmen; two gold, seven silver, and eight bronze. Since March 1998, Ballycotton has been served by Trent Class lifeboat Austin Lidbury.

The Daunt Lightship Comet survived. After she was sold, she became Radio Scotland, a Pirate radio station.

Coxswain Patsy Sliney retired in 1950, he had taken part in the rescue of 114 lives and was awarded Gold, Silver and bronze medals.

Mary Stanford was a reserve lifeboat from 1959 until 1969 when she was sold to the Limerick Harbour Commissioners, where she served as a harbour pilot launch until the mid-1980s. An organisation called the "Irish Nautical Trust" announced plans to establish a floating museum in Grand Canal Dock. They were given a number of historic craft on the understanding that they would be preserved. Without funding the work was abandoned. Subsequently, further boats were refused admission to the dock without assurance that they would be preserved. Mary Stanford lay for some years in Hanover Dock, a backwater of Grand Canal Dock, beside Naomh Éanna which served the Aran Islands.

A group was formed to return Mary Stanford to Ballycotton by April 2014 where, after restoration work, she was put on display.

Effective services

References

Bibliography

Maritime history of Ireland
1930 ships
Barnett-class lifeboats


Cancer Science is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in oncology, which is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Japanese Cancer Association. Established in 1907, the journal publishes original articles, editorials, and letters to the editor, describing original research in the fields of basic, translational, and clinical cancer research. The editor-in-chief is  Kohei Miyazono (University of Tokyo). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 6.71, ranking it 50 out of 242 journals in the category "Oncology".

History
The journal was established in 1907 as the Japanese Journal of Cancer Research by Katsusaburō Yamagiwa (University of Tokyo), who first produced tumors in animals by painting tar on their skin. In 1908, he joined the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research as the first president, and the journal became the official journal of the foundation. The journal was transferred to the Japanese Cancer Association in 1941 and able to continue its work throughout the Second World War. The name of the journal obtained its current name in 2003.

Association awards
The "Cancer Science Young Scientists Award for researchers in Asia" was established for the development of young researchers from the Asian region in the area of cancer research.

References

External links

Japanese Cancer Association

Publications established in 1907
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Oncology journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals


Washington Writers' Publishing House is a cooperative, non-profit small press publishing poetry, fiction (novels and short story collections), and creative nonfiction (memoirs, essay collections).  The press was founded by four poets including Grace Cavalieri and John McNally in 1975. The Washington Writers' Publishing House is dedicated to publishing writers who live in Washington DC, Maryland, and Virginia and has an annual contest for manuscripts. The press also publishes a bi-weekly literary journal WWPH Writes also featuring the work of writers from the DMV.

The press has received financial support through grants from the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities, the Lannan Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, The Nation magazine, and the Poetry Society of America.

Critical reviews
The poet Henry Taylor has stated that the Washington Writers' Publishing House had "built an audience of national significance. It is among the most successful recent literary experiments in the country."

References

External links
Washington Writers Publishing House Website

Book publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1973
Poetry publishers
Non-profit publishers
Small press publishing companies


Anthony Bernard (25 January 18916 April 1963) was an English conductor, organist, pianist and composer.

Early life
Anthony Bernard's birth was registered as Alan Charles Butler in West Ham, then classified as Essex, in early 1891. His mother was Rosetta Ann Casselden, who had married Alfred Charles Butler, a coal-merchant (son of Henry Butler, also a coal-merchant) four years earlier on 21 September 1887. Bernard changed his name by deed poll in 1919 according to the National Archives.

Further family research has uncovered that Bernard was the illegitimate child of Casselden and the Edwardian band leader Thomas Bidgood. Another of Bidgood's sons was the dance band leader Harry Bidgood, also known as Primo Scala. In the 1901 census, Casselden was not living with her husband; she declared herself to be Rosetta Barnard and her 10-year-old son Alan Charles Butler to be "Allan Barnard" who was born in New York. Prior to cohabiting with Bidgood, she had three more sons (1893 - Thomas George who died in infancy; 1896 - Thomas Walter; and 1898 - Henry James), all were registered as "Barnard" (Harry Bidgood was Henry James Barnard). Thomas Walter was registered with Butler as the mother's name, the other two with Casselden. By the time Thomas Bidgood left his wife and son Albert Thomas, and set up home with Rosetta Casselden/Butler, Alan Charles Butler had moved on, and the remaining three sons adopted the surname Bidgood. A fourth was born in 1914 and named Warwick Bidgood. It is not a requirement of English law to register a change of name, and deed poll is optional.

The adopted surname of Anthony Bernard therefore seems to have derived from his mother's use of Barnard, though her reasons for doing so remain unclear.

Anthony Bernard studied with Joseph Holbrooke, John Ireland, Leonard Borwick and Sir Granville Bantock. He was appointed organist at St. Augustine's, Ramsgate in 1910. He worked in some other churches, and also became well known as an accompanist to singers, such as Muriel Foster, who retained him for the rest of her career, and John Coates.

Career
In 1921 he was one of the people at a luncheon convened by Sir Edward Elgar, the other invitees being Arthur Bliss, Eugene Goossens, John Ireland, Adrian Boult, and W. H. "Billy" Reed, leader of the London Symphony Orchestra. The purpose of the meeting turned out to be Elgar's suggestion that Bliss, Goossens and Herbert Howells each write a new piece for the 1922 Three Choirs Festival, to be held in Gloucester. Bliss's contribution was his A Colour Symphony. Goossens wrote Silence for chorus and orchestra. Howells wrote Sine Nomine for wordless chorus (which was not given its second performance until his centenary year 1992). Elgar's own contribution was his orchestration of Bach's Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 542.

London Chamber Orchestra
That year Anthony Bernard formed the London Chamber Orchestra (LCO), and led them in unfamiliar and better-known repertoire from the early masters through to contemporary composers such as Frederick Delius. He also founded the London Chamber Singers. From 1922 to 1926 he conducted the Dutch Chamber Orchestra, and in 1926 he took the LCO on a tour of Spain. He conducted the British National Opera Company in 1924 and 1925.

Notable performances
He conducted the first performance of Christian Darnton's Octet for flute, clarinet, bassoon, cornet and string quartet, on 26 March 1927.

In 1927, he presented a festival of the music of Manuel de Falla, in which the Harpsichord Concerto and Master Peter's Puppet Show had their first performances in England; the solo part in the concerto was played by Falla himself. In 1928 his orchestra became associated with the New English Musical Society. In 1929, Bernard conducted the London Chamber Orchestra in the first complete recording of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos. It is not certain that this recording was officially issued, and only excerpts are now known to exist.

Anthony Bernard conducted the first recording to be released of Frederick Delius's Sea Drift (1929) with the baritone Roy Henderson and the New English Symphony Orchestra, and was praised by the composer's wife Jelka for his conducting.

He also conducted the first concert performance of Ralph Vaughan Williams's A Christmas Carol Suite, on 17 December 1929 in London. Lennox Berkeley was another composer who entrusted the first performances of some of his works to Anthony Bernard.

Other activities
In 1930 he organised a festival of Italian music from the 11th to the 20th centuries. He performed similar services for French music and was later honoured by the French government for his services. He also conducted opera both at home and abroad. From 1932 to 1942 he was musical director of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford-upon-Avon. His activities also included conducting orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra, the Concerts Colonne, and others in Copenhagen, The Hague, Madrid, Athens and Prague. Later in life, he wrote a great deal of incidental music, both for the theatre (such as In Parenthesis (David Jones) and Queen Mary (Tennyson, 1947)) and for radio plays by Euripides (Iphigenia in Aulis (1951), and Ion and Bacchae), Shakespeare (The Tempest (1951) and A Midsummer Night's Dream) and others. He produced a version of The Beggar's Opera scored for flute, oboe, bassoon, harpsichord and strings. His other compositions include an organ prelude, Rorate Coeli (1916), Petite Suite: Aucassin et Nicolette for violin and piano (published Winthrop Rogers, 1917), the Variations on a Hill Tune, for piano (1920), and songs, such as The Cherry Tree Song.

Robert Simpson dedicated his Symphony No. 2 (1956) to Anthony Bernard, who conducted the premiere performance with the LCO.

Bernard died in 1963, aged 72.

Bernard and Elgar
Anthony Bernard played a role in the story of Edward Elgar's Concert Allegro, Op. 46, for piano solo. Elgar started to revise and shorten the piece after its first performance by Fanny Davies in 1901, and even toyed with the idea of turning it into a piano concerto. These revisions were never finished, and the original version was never published. Elgar may have given the manuscript away; in any event, it was not found in his papers at his death, and was considered lost. In around 1942, however, Bernard was given the manuscript (by whom is not recorded), and was asked to arrange the piece for piano and orchestra. He thought it worked better as a solo piano piece, and did no work on his commission. The manuscript was still in his study when it was bombed during World War II, and it was assumed destroyed along with other papers of his. After his death, however, his widow came across the manuscript. It came to the attention of the pianist John Ogdon and the musicologist Diana McVeigh, who together worked on it to extricate the original work from Elgar's crossings out, additions and changes, all made after Fanny Davies' first performance. Ogdon gave the first modern performance of the work in 1969.

Personal life
Anthony Bernard was married twice, his first marriage ending in divorce. His elder daughter Nicolette Bernard was an actress. The younger, Christine Bernard, was an editor, publisher, author and agent.

The singer-songwriter Elly Jackson is his great-granddaughter.

Recordings
His recordings were numerous. They included:
 Francis Poulenc's Piano Concerto with the composer as soloist
 the Bach Double Violin Concerto with Yehudi Menuhin and Gioconda de Vito
 Hans Hotter singing Bach with the Philharmonia Orchestra
 Lois Marshall in Handel and Haydn with the London Symphony Orchestra
 the Water Music and Royal Fireworks Music of Handel, again with the LSO
 Richard Lewis, Alfred Deller, and Norman Walker singing Purcell
 and accompanying Teresa Stich-Randall in Handel, Mozart and Schubert lieder.

References

1891 births
Place of birth missing
1963 deaths
Place of death missing
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English classical pianists
Male classical pianists
English classical organists
British male organists
English classical composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century British conductors (music)
English male classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century English composers
20th-century organists
British male pianists
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
Male classical organists


Jacques Natteau (15 November 1920 – 17 April 2007) was a French director of photography.

Early life
Natteau was born on 15 November 1920 in Istanbul, Turkey. His father, Edouard Chiuminatto, was a captain in the French Army who had fought in World War I and was wounded multiple times in the battles of the Somme, Chemin des Dames, and Verdun.  After World War I, his father was dispatched to Turkey as part of the Allied occupation force where he met Rosine Foscolo, a direct descendant of the 19th century Italian poet, Ugo Foscolo.  Edouard and Rosine married and gave birth to their only child, Jacques Etienne Chiuminatto. Under the terms of the 1919 Versailles Treaty, the defeated Ottoman Empire, as an ally of Imperial Germany, surrendered and was occupied by Anglo-French forces.  The French Army seized Turkey's railways and Edouard was put in charge of administering the railway network.

When Natteau was three years old, Kemal Atatürk came to power and ended the Allied occupation of Turkey.  The family settled in Paris and the young Jacques Natteau won admittance to Paris's prestigious Lycée Henri IV where he graduated in 1938 earning his Baccalauréat. He later remembered that, on 4 February 1934, he literally ran for his life as violent riots broke out in Paris prior to the collapse of the French government.

Growing up in Paris's artistic 6ème arrondissement in the 1930s, Natteau came to know some of its most successful residents including Jean Cocteau, Jacques Prévert, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus, Pablo Picasso.

World War II
In 1939 on the eve of World War II, Edouard, haunted by the horrendous slaughter he had seen as a foot soldier in the bloody Battle of Verdun, persuaded his son to join the French Air Force. In the summer of 1939, Jacques Natteau enlisted in the air force with his Lycée Henri IV friends, many of whom were scions of the French nobility: Jean-Marie de Premontville, Armagnac, Raoul de Vibray, and Prince Louis Murat (direct descendant of Joachim Murat, Napoleon's famous cavalry general).

By the time, Natteau and his friends had earned their wings as fighter pilots, the Franco-German Phoney War (September 1939 – May 1940) and the Battle of France and Hitler's victorious blitzkrieg against the West (May–June 1940) had all but ended. But as fighter pilots they had engaged German and Italian enemy fighters on multiple occasions.  On one occasion Natteau, flying a Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighter, engaged three Italian fighter pilots who were strafing French civilians on the road. He shot down two and the third escaped.

Upon France's collapse in 1940, Jacques Natteau linked up with the Royal Air Force and fought in the Battle of Britain. His exploits earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross and the French Legion of Honor.

Career
In 1938, the legendary French film director, Jean Renoir, gave him his first job as assistant camera man for the film La Bête humaine. But his career was interrupted by the onset of World War II.

After the war, he resumed his career in the late 1940s and went on to become one of Europe's most famous cinematographers in the 1950s and 1960s.

He served as cinematographer for such French directors including Jean Renoir, Claude Autant-Lara, Marc Allégret, Marcel Carné and Jules Dassin. Among the films to his credit as cinematographer are He Who Must Die, Never on Sunday, Phaedra, and Le Comte de Monte Cristo.

Personal life
Natteau was married twice, first in 1942 to Geneviève Langevin, with whom he had a daughter, Catherine; the couple divorced in 1953. In 1961, while working on Le Comte de Monte Cristo, he met actress Yvonne Furneaux who starred as "Emma" in La Dolce Vita (Federico Fellini). They lived between London, Paris, and Rome in the 1960s as they continued to pursue their film careers. They were married from 1962 until his death. He had two children: Catherine with Geneviève and Nicholas Natteau, a director and producer, with Yvonne. Catherine and her only child Alexandre were murdered in 1980 by her estranged ex-husband Maxime Breguet who then committed suicide.

Death
Jacques Natteau died of pneumonia while traveling in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 17 April 2007.

Filmography
Mollenard, 1938 (assistant camera) ... aka Hatred
La Bête humaine, 1938 (assistant camera) (as Natteau)  ... aka The Human Beast
Sarajevo, 1940 (camera operator) (as Natteau)  ... aka From Mayerling to Sarajevo (US: video title)
Le bal des passants, 1944 (camera operator)
Les malheurs de Sophie, 1946 (camera operator)
Le Comédien, 1948 (camera operator) ... aka The Private Life of an Actor
L'Héroïque Monsieur Boniface, 1949 (camera operator) ... aka The Heroic Mr. Boniface (International: English title)
Occupe-toi d'Amélie..!, 1949 (camera operator)
L'école buissonnière, 1949 (camera operator – as J. Natteau)
Un chant d'amour, 1950  ... aka A Song of Love (US)
L' Auberge rouge, 1951  ... aka The Red Inn (US)
Sans laisser d'adresse, 1951 (camera operator)
L'aiguille rouge, 1951 (camera operator)
Les Sept péchés capitaux, 1952 (segment "Pride") ... aka The Seven Deadly Sins (UK) (US)
La P... respectueuse, 1952 (camera operator) ... aka The Respectful Prostitute
La neige était sale, 1954 (camera operator) ... aka Stain on the Snow
Le Blé en herbe, 1954 (camera operator) ... aka The Game of Love (US)
Casta diva, 1954 (assistant director)
Marguerite de la nuit, 1955 ... aka Marguerite of the Night (US: literal English title)
La Traversée de Paris, 1956 ... aka Four Bags Full (US)
Celui qui doit mourir, 1957 ... aka He Who Must Die (US)
Les Misérables, 1958  ... aka The Miserable Ones (US)
En cas de malheur, 1958  ... aka Love Is My Profession (US)
Le Joueur, 1958  ... aka The Gambler
Un drôle de dimanche, 1958  ... aka Sunday Encounter (US: TV title)
La Jument verte, 1959  ... aka The Green Mare (US)
Normandie-Niémen, 1960
Jamais le dimanche, 1960  ... aka Never on Sunday (US)
Le Bois des amants, 1960  ... aka Between Love and Duty (UK)
Tu ne tueras point, 1961  ... aka Thou Shalt Not Kill
Vive Henri IV... vive l'amour!, 1961  ... aka Long Live Henry IV... Long Live Love! (US: literal English title)
Le Comte de Monte Cristo, 1961  ...aka The Count of Monte Cristo (US)
Phaedra, 1962 (director of photography)
Le Magot de Josefa, 1963  ... aka Josefa's Loot (International: English title)
Du mouron pour les petits oiseaux, 1963  ... aka Chicken Feed for Little Birds (International: English title)
, 1963  ... aka Enough Rope (UK) (US)
Le Scandale, 1967 (associate producer)  ... aka The Champagne Murders (US)
Les oiseaux vont mourir au Pérou, 1968 (producer)  ... aka Birds in Peru (US)

External links

List of Jacques Natteau's films at Le Cinéma Français
Jean Gabin In 'Les Miz,' In French at The New York Times

1920 births
2007 deaths
French cinematographers
French film producers
Film directors from Paris
French Air Force personnel of World War II
French Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
French people of Italian descent
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Switzerland


The California Public Records Act (Statutes of 1968, Chapter 1473; currently codified as Chapter 3.5 of Division 7 of Title 1 of the California Government Code) was a law passed by the California State Legislature and signed by governor Ronald Reagan in 1968 requiring inspection or disclosure of governmental records to the public upon request, unless exempted by law.

The law is similar to the Freedom of Information Act, except that "the people have the right of access to information concerning the conduct of the people's business" is enshrined in Article 1 of the California Constitution due to California Proposition 59 (the Sunshine Amendment, 2004).

Purpose
When the legislature enacted CPRA, it expressly declared that "access to information concerning the conduct of the people's business is a fundamental and necessary right of every person in this state." Indeed, in California "access to government records has been deemed a fundamental interest of citizenship" and has emphasized that "maximum disclosure of the conduct of governmental operations [is] to be promoted by the act." By promoting prompt public access to government records, the CPRA is "intended to safeguard the accountability of government to the public." As the California Supreme Court recognized in CBS v. Block:

Public records and exemptions
In accordance with this policy, public records are broadly defined to include "any writing containing information relating to the conduct of a public's business prepared, owned, used or retained by any state or local agency regardless of physical form or characteristic[.]" Citing with approval an even broader definition of public records adopted by the California Attorney General, another court has stated:

Moreover, unless the public records of a local agency are exempt from the provisions of the CPRA, they must be made available for public inspection. Exemptions must be narrowly construed and the public agency bears the burden of proving that an exemption applies.

Most of the exemptions under the CPRA are set forth under Section 6254 and are specific as to certain records or types of records, but under Section 6255 a general exemption exists where, on the facts of the particular case, "the public interest served by not making the record public clearly outweighs the public interest served by disclosure of the record". In reviewing the propriety of an agency decision to withhold records, a court is charged with ascertaining whether nondisclosure was justified under either of these statutes.

Because the CPRA was modeled after the federal Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA"), 5 U.S.C. Section 552 et seq, courts may look to case law under FOIA in construing the CPRA.

The California Supreme Court held that when a public official or employee uses a personal account and/or device to communicate about the conduct of public business, such as e-mails or text messages, the applicable writings may be subject to disclosure under the California Public Records Act.

Orders and appeals
To facilitate prompt public access to public records, court orders either directing disclosure of public records or supporting an agency's decision of nondisclosure are immediately reviewable by an appellate court by way of an emergency petition seeking issuance of an extraordinary writ. In 1991, the California Supreme Court made clear that under this writ procedure, trial court orders are reviewable on their merits. Thus, when a trial court order under the CPRA is reviewed by an appellate court, the independent review standard is employed for legal issues and factual findings made by the trial court will be upheld if they are based on substantial evidence.

Changes to Act

On November 2, 2004, California voters overwhelmingly approved Proposition 59.  Commonly called the Sunshine Amendment, it added Article I, Section 3(b) to the California Constitution, which reads in part:

In 2013, as part of budget negotiations, the Legislature approved a plan to make certain provisions in the Act optional for local agencies. The move was done in order to save "tens of millions of dollars" in state reimbursements to local agencies that comply with the Act,  according to Legislative Analyst's Office projections.

The changes were added to the 2013 budget as rider bills AB 76 and SB 71, the former of which was vetoed by Jerry Brown. According to the bills, local agencies would no longer be required to provide the following, but are encouraged to follow them as "best practices":
 Respond to a public record request within 10 days
 Provide electronic records in its native format
 Provide a reason for denying a request

Open government advocates and several California newspapers came out strongly against the measure. Jim Ewert, general counsel of the California Newspaper Publisher's Association, called the move "the worst assault on the public's right to know I have seen in my 18 years of doing this." Several newspapers, including the Oakland Tribune, Fresno Bee, and Visalia Times-Delta, published editorials against the changes.

Because of the outcry from the media, state leaders backed down within the week and reversed the changes. The Assembly passed a measure to revoke that provision in the budget bill, which Jerry Brown signed into law.

In September 2013 the legislature approved a constitutional amendment proposal, authored by state senator Mark Leno, which would incorporate the Public Records Act into the California State Constitution. The amendment clarifies that local governments must comply with requests for publicly available documents, and requires local governments to pay the costs of those requests in full. The proposed amendment went to the voters for approval in June 2014, and was passed with 61.8% of the vote.

In 2018, the legislature enacted SB 1421, which went into effect on January 1, 2019.  The law provides that public records are not confidential if they pertain to an incident in which police discharged a firearm at a person, an incident in which police use of force resulted in death or great bodily injury, an incident in which police committed sexual assault against a member of the public, or sustained findings of police dishonesty. SB 1421 also sets relatively short timelines for withholding such records during a criminal investigation or criminal enforcement proceeding.

In 2021, Assemblymember Chau proposed a bill, AB 473 (Chau), to carry out the recommended recodification. Alongside, he presented a companion bill, AB 474 (Chau), to bring about the associated revisions. Both these bills were successfully passed, as seen in 2021 Cal. Stat. chs. 614, 615. However, a few of the associated revisions were invalidated by substantive bills that impacted the same code sections. These cancelled revisions have been reintroduced in the Legislature, evident in SB 1380 (Committee on Judiciary).

See also
 Bagley-Keene Act
 Brown Act
 Californians Aware
 County of Santa Clara v. California First Amendment Coalition
 Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States: California

Notes

References

External links
 CPRA guide from the First Amendment Project
 Constitution of California, Article 1, §3(b)
 California Government Code, §6250-§6270.5
 CalAware Today (News Blog about CPRA and Other Public Records Issues)
 Community Forum from CalAware (Public Records Access Discussion Board)

Public Records Act
Freedom of information legislation in the United States
1968 in American law
1968 in California


Klairung Treejaksung (Thai: ใกล้รุ่ง ตรีจักรสังข์) is a  Thai football coach and former Thailand national football team player He is currently assistant head coach Thai League 1 club of Port.

References

1973 births
Living people
Klairung Treejaksung
Klairung Treejaksung
Klairung Treejaksung
Klairung Treejaksung
Klairung Treejaksung
Klairung Treejaksung
Men's association football forwards
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
Klairung Treejaksung


Windsor Forks is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipal District of West Hants .

Education
Windsor Forks is home to the Windsor Forks District School which is teaches from primary to grade 5

References

Windsor Forks on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Todor Gečevski (; born 28 August 1977) is a Macedonian former professional basketball player. Standing at a height of , he played at the center and power forward positions.

Professional career
While playing with KK Zadar, Gečevski was named to the All-EuroCup First Team in the 2008–09 season, being named the league's best center. He then signed with PAOK in Greece, and played there from 2009 to 2011. In 2011, he returned to Macedonia, and signed with MZT Skopje Aerodrom. In 2014, he joined Rabotnički.

Macedonian national team
Gečevski was one of the most influential players of the Macedonia national basketball team in the past decade. He played at the 1995 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship with Macedonia's junior national team. As a member of the senior Macedonian national team, he played at the EuroBasket 1999 and the EuroBasket 2009. He was considered a leader of the team at the EuroBasket 2011 in Lithuania, where he was crucial in the victories of the Macedonian national team against Croatia (78–76) and Greece (72–58), in the group stage. Despite carrying multiple injuries throughout the tournament, he participated until breaking both hands against Georgia. After that incident, he still wanted to play, even with fractures, which was an inspiration for his teammates, in their historic run to the semi-finals.

Championships and cups as player

National domestic league championships
1999–2000: Nikol Fert: Macedonian League
2003–2004: Rabotnički: Macedonian League
2004–2005: Zadar: Croatian League
2007–2008: Zadar: Croatian League
2011–2012: MZT Skopje Aerodrom: Macedonian League
2012–2013: MZT Skopje Aerodrom: Macedonian League
2013–2014: MZT Skopje Aerodrom: Macedonian League

National domestic cup championships
1997–1998: Tikveš: Macedonian Cup (Finalist)
2001–2002: Nikol Fert: Macedonian Cup
2003–2004: Rabotnički: Macedonian Cup
2004–2005: Zadar: Croatian Cup
2005–2006: Zadar: Croatian Cup
2006–2007: Zadar: Croatian Cup
2011–2012: MZT Skopje Aerodrom: Macedonian Cup
2012–2013: MZT Skopje Aerodrom: Macedonian Cup
2013–2014: MZT Skopje Aerodrom: Macedonian Cup
2014–2015: Rabotnički: Macedonian Cup

References

External links
Todor Gečevski at aba-liga.com
Todor Gečevski at eurobasket.com
Todor Gečevski at euroleague.net
Todor Gečevski at draftexpress.com
Todor Gečevski at fiba.com

1977 births
Living people
ABA League players
Centers (basketball)
Greek Basket League players
KK MZT Skopje players
KK Rabotnički players
KK Zadar players
Macedonian men's basketball players
P.A.O.K. BC players
Sportspeople from Kavadarci
Power forwards (basketball)
S.S. Felice Scandone players


The 1959–60 Detroit Red Wings season saw the Red Wings finish in fourth place in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 26 wins, 29 losses, and 15 ties for 67 points. They lost in the Semi-finals to the Toronto Maple Leafs, four games to two.

Regular season

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus-minus PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals;
      MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals-against average;  SO = Shutouts;

Awards and records
Gordie Howe, Hart Memorial Trophy
Gordie Howe, Right Wing, NHL First All-Star Team
Marcel Pronovost, Defence, NHL First All-Star Team

References

Detroit
Detroit
Detroit Red Wings seasons
Detroit Red Wings
Detroit Red wings


Hardwoodlands  is a community in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in The Municipality of the District of East Hants in Hants County. Hardwoodlands remains a rural community today. The main road Highway 14 (Hardwoodlands Rd.) connects the community to the Trans-Canada Highway and to the other rural community Nine Mile River.

References
Hardwood Lands on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia