Jamie Alexander Kilstein (born May 17, 1982) is an American writer, radio host, and stand-up comic. He grew up in Pennington, New Jersey, and is the oldest of five children. He lives in Austin, TX.

Career

Writing
Kilstein's writing has appeared on left-leaning sites including Wonkette, which featured a recurring column in summer 2012 titled Sundays with Jamie Kilstein and the Lord. The column covered topics like pundits' penchant for overusing 9/11 analogies and "anchor babies". In September 2013, Kilstein came out publicly as suffering from both alcoholism and an eating disorder in a front-page article for Jezebel, "I'm an Alcoholic Dude With an Eating Disorder. Hi."

He and Kilkenny (his Citizen Radio co-host and wife at the time) wrote the book Newsfail, which was released on October 14, 2014. The book covers topics including Palestine, trans rights, feminism, atheists, and factory farming.

Comedy
Kilstein's first comedy album, Please Buy My Jokes, was recorded on February 23, 2008 in front of a live audience at the Lakeshore Theater in Chicago. It was released in 2008. His second comedy album, Zombie Jesus, was also recorded at the Lakeshore Theater in Chicago, on September 11–13, 2008. It was released on October 27, 2009. Kilstein released his third album, Libel, Slander, and Sedition, on September 13, 2011. It was recorded at the Acme Comedy Company in Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 13–16, 2010.

Kilstein made his U.S. debut TV appearance on February 2, 2011, on the talk show Conan, on which he performed a stand-up routine critical of continued involvement in the Iraq War.

Kilstein's fourth comedy album, What Alive People Do, was released on October 22, 2013. It was a double album recorded in front of an Austin audience at the New Movement Theater on December 2, 2012.

He is heavily influenced by comedian and actor Robin Williams who helped him through tough times.

Controversy

On February 27, 2017, Kilstein announced on that day's Citizen Radio episode that he was leaving the show. Later that day his co-host and ex-wife Allison Kilkenny accused Jamie of inappropriate behavior associated with the show. On October 30, 2017 Jamie clarified on the Joe Rogan Experience that he and Kilkenny had been in an open relationship.

References

External links

 Huffington Post archives
 Citizen Radio's free podcast

1982 births
Living people
American male comedians
American male non-fiction writers
American atheists
American political commentators
American political writers
Jewish American writers
Writers from Washington, D.C.
21st-century American comedians
Stand Up! Records artists
21st-century American Jews
Timcast people


Krøyer or Kroyer is a surname and can refer to:

Henrik Nikolai Krøyer (1799–1870),  Danish zoologist
Peder Severin Krøyer (1851–1909), Norwegian-Danish painter
Marie Triepcke Krøyer Alfvén (1867–1940), commonly known as Marie Krøyer, Danish painter
Hans Ernst Krøyer (1798–1879), Danish composer
Bill Kroyer, American animator and director

See also

Krøyer's deep sea angler fish


Cold coffee may refer to:

 An undesirable form of hot coffee after it loses heat
 Iced coffee, a cold drink along the lines of iced tea
 Cold brew coffee, a specific method of brewing without heat, also served cold
 Cold Coffee, an album by Barrie-James O'Neill


Stylidium affine is a species in the genus Stylidium (family Stylidiaceae) that is endemic to Western Australia.

Description
Stylidium affine is a perennial plant that possesses long erect or recurved lanceolate leaves. Leaves are  long, 2–4 mm wide, and arranged in groups of 2–4, emerging from a basal papery sheath, having the overall appearance of a tuft. Inflorescences are paniculate,  long, and densely glandular. Peduncles have 1–3 flowers, which are rose pink to mauve coloured with vertically-paired corolla lobes (anterior and posterior lobes both 8–11 mm long). It has 4 throat appendages, the upper two of which are white, wing-like, and around 4 mm long. It has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=14. Stylidium affine flowers in October.

Distribution and habitat
Stylidium affine grows in lateritic soils often near granite outcrops in association with Eucalyptus wandoo in open woodland. It is native to an area from east of Gingin south-east to Kojonup and west to Dunsborough. In the southern part of its range, S. affine is found in open woodland in association with E. wandoo or Corymbia calophylla. Its distribution is separate and west of related species like S. caricifolium.

Taxonomy and botanical history

The species now known as S. affine was first described by Robert Graham as Stylidium drummondii in an 1841 volume of the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. Graham based his new species description on plants raised from seed that were sent from James Drummond to a Mr Low of Clapton, England. Mr Low sent a plant to Graham in October 1839. The specimen first flowered in November 1840. The exact provenance of the seed sent to Mr Low is not explicitly stated by Graham in his description, but it is speculated that the seed came from Drummond's travels in the Swan, Avon, Helena, and Toodyay valleys, which are within the bounds of the known distribution of S. affine.

In 1845, Otto Wilhelm Sonder published the name Stylidium affine. Since then, it has been used in multiple publications including Johannes Mildbraed's 1908 taxonomic monograph on the family, whereas S. drummondii has only been used sparingly. While preparing a revision of the family for the Flora of Australia series, Juliet Wege discovered that the description and illustration of S. drummondii is synonymous with and antedates that of S. affine, thus making S. drummondii the proper name for the species under strict priority nomenclature rules regulated by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Citing the extensive use of S. affine over S. drummondii and the preference for preserving nomenclatural stability (Article 14.2 of the ICBN), Wege proposed and argued for the conservation of the name S. affine over S. drummondii in 2007. The conservation of the name S. affine was recommended by a 17 to 1 vote by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants in February 2009, but the proposal has not yet been assessed by the International Botanical Congress.

Two varieties of S. affine have been described in the past, the first of which were S. affine var. minus and the autonym S. affine var. affine described in Sonder's original 1845 publication. In 1904, Ernst Georg Pritzel published S. affine var. laxum. Both var. minus and var. laxum are now considered to be synonymous with S. caricifolium, rendering the autonym var. affine unnecessary.

For a brief period of time, S. affine was considered to be a subspecies of the allied S. caricifolium. Sherwin Carlquist found very little difference between S. affine, S. nungarinense, and S. caricifolium, arguing in 1969 that the former two could not be maintained at the species rank. Subsequent publications in the early 1980s determined that S. affine was worthy of species rank due to differential leaf morphology and differences in chromosome count.

See also
 List of Stylidium species

References

External links

Asterales of Australia
Carnivorous plants of Australia
Eudicots of Western Australia
Plants described in 1845
affine
Taxa named by Otto Wilhelm Sonder


Dueling Creek is a tributary of the Anacostia River in southern Maryland in the United States, located in the town of Colmar Manor.

The Bladensburg Dueling Grounds on the creek was a favorite spot for duels in the 19th Century, and was the site of a duel between Stephen Decatur and James Barron.

See also
 Bladensburg Dueling Grounds
 List of rivers of Maryland

References

Anacostia River
Rivers of Prince George's County, Maryland
Rivers of Maryland


Stephen Hopkins (born 14 May 1951) is a British former musician who worked (as Steve Hopkins) with different Manchester punk and new wave artists including John Cooper Clarke, Pauline Murray, Morrissey and Ed Garrity amongst others. After retiring as a musician, he pursued a career in experimental cold atom physics.

Biography
Between 1970 and 1990, Hopkins worked as a musician. He was primarily a session keyboard player and pianist. However, during his career he also worked as a composer, programmer, lounge lizard, record producer, teacher and recording engineer. His role began to be shown with his collaboration with John Cooper Clarke, playing keyboards and co-producing his discs alongside producer Martin Hannett. Both formed The Invisible Girls in Salford to be the Cooper Clarke's backing band in the rest of the years. However, the band also helped to relaunch the careers of former Penetration singer Pauline Murray, with whom they released one album and two singles between 1980 and 1981, and of Nico, of Velvet Underground fame.

Hopkins also collaborated with Jilted John, Ed Garrity (former Ed Banger and the Nosebleeds frontman), and later with Morrissey and Distant Cousins.

Following his music career, in 1991, he began a PhD in experimental atomic physics at the Open University. This was followed by postdoctoral positions at Oxford and Sussex, as well as a teaching fellow post at the Manchester Photon Science Institute. In 2010 he joined the Atomic and Molecular Physics group at Durham University where he worked as a postdoctoral researcher until 2016.

His father is Billy Hopkins, author of seven bestsellers, including Our Kid and Kate's Story. His sister is the author Cathy Hopkins, best known for her teenage books Mates, Dates series.

References

External links
 Steve Hopkins personal web pages Official site
 [ allmusic - Steve Hopkins]
 Author Billy Hopkins Official site

British rock keyboardists
Living people
1951 births
Suns of Arqa members
The Invisible Girls members


Pregnanediol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, is an inactive metabolic product of progesterone. A test can be done to measure the amount of pregnanediol in urine, which offers an indirect way to measure progesterone levels in the body.

From the urine of pregnant women from London clinics, Guy Frederic Marrian isolated a substance that contained two hydroxyl groups and could be converted into a diacetate with acetic anhydride. However, the formula had not been clearly clarified. Almost at the same time, Adolf Butenandt at the Chemical University Laboratory in Göttingen investigated the constituents of pregnant urine and clarified the structure of the diol. The name pregnandiol, coined by Butenandt, is derived from the Latin verb praegnans (pregnant) or the English pregnant and pregnancy. This gave rise to the name pregnane for the underlying parent hydrocarbon.

In 1936, Venning and Browne demonstrated the presence of pregnanediol, specifically the glucuronide of pregnanediol in pregnancy urine. Their study extracted pregnanediol from pregnancy urine and revealed that pregnanediol concentration in urine indicates the amount of progesterone excreted. Since progesterone levels indicate the functionality of a corpus luteum, and pregnanediol concentration represents 40-45% of the progesterone excreted, estimations of pregnanediol reveal the functionality of a corpus luteum. However, pregnanediol concentrations vary with menstrual cycle phases, so it is essential to consider the menstrual cycle phase when examining them. Furthermore, current research has demonstrated that pregnanediol concentration in urine is also a measure of ovarian activity.

Chemistry

See also
 Pregnanedione
 Progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione)

References

5β-Pregnanes
Human metabolites


Pregnanetriol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol, is a steroid and inactive metabolite of progesterone.

Urine testing
Urine excretion of pregnanetriol can be measured over a period of 24 hours. Elevated urine pregnanetriol levels suggest adrenogenital syndrome. In monitoring treatment with cortisol replacement, elevated urine pregnanetriol levels indicate insufficient dosage of cortisol.

Reference ranges
For females:

 0 to 5 years: < 0.1 mg/24 hours
 6 to 9 years: < 0.3 mg/24 hours
 10 to 15 years: 0.1 to 0.6 mg/24 hours
 16 years and older: 0 to 1.4 mg/ 24 hours.

For males:

 0 to 5 years: < 0.1 mg/24 hours
 6 to 9 years: < 0.3 mg/24 hours
 10 to 15 years: 0.2 to 0.6 mg/24 hours
 16 years and older: 0.2 to 2 mg/ 24 hours

See also
Pregnanetriolone

References

5β-Pregnanes
Human metabolites


5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP, allopregnanedione, or 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione) is an endogenous progestogen and neurosteroid that is synthesized from progesterone. It is also an intermediate in the synthesis of allopregnanolone and isopregnanolone from progesterone.

5α-DHP is metabolized by the aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) AKR1C1, AKR1C2, and AKR1C4 with high catalytic efficiency. AKR1C1 preferentially forms 20α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-3-one while AKR1C2 preferentially forms allopregnanolone. Similarly AKR1C1 reduces and consequently inactivates allopregnanolone into 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol. In contrast to the other AKRs, AKR1C3 has low catalytic efficiency for reduction of 5α-DHP. These AKRs are highly expressed in the human liver and mammary gland but have relatively modest expression in the human brain and uterus.

5α-DHP is an agonist of the progesterone receptor and a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor (albeit with an affinity for this receptor that is regarded as relatively low (in comparison to 3α-hydroxylated progesterone metabolites such as allopregnanolone and pregnanolone)). It has also been found to act as a negative allosteric modulator of the GABAA-rho receptor. The steroid has been found to possess 82% of the affinity of progesterone for the progesterone receptor in rhesus monkey uterus. 5α-Dihydroprogesterone has been said to possess about 33% of the relative progestogenic potency of progesterone. In addition, it is a weak agonist of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) (EC50 >10,000 μM), with approximately six-fold lower potency relative to its 5β-isomer, 5β-dihydroprogesterone.

Allopregnanolone is transformed back into 5α-DHP by 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase, and conversion of allopregnanolone into 5α-DHP is responsible for the progestogenic activity of allopregnanolone. 5α-DHP, via the progesterone receptor, and allopregnanolone, via the GABAA receptor, act together to induce lordosis in animals. A study found that 41% of allopregnanolone that was administered via injection was transformed into 5α-DHP in the rat brain.

Levels of 5α-DHP have been quantified.

Chemistry

See also
 3α-Dihydroprogesterone
 Epipregnanolone
 3β-Dihydroprogesterone
 Allopregnanediol

References

Neurosteroids
Progestogens
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
GABAA-rho receptor negative allosteric modulators
Pregnane X receptor agonists
Diketones
Pregnanes
5α-Pregnanes


Estetrol (E4), or oestetrol, is one of the four natural estrogenic steroid hormones found in humans, along with estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estetrol is a major estrogen in the body. In contrast to estrone and estradiol, estetrol is a native estrogen of fetal life. Estetrol is produced exclusively by the fetal liver and is found in detectable levels only during pregnancy, with relatively high levels in the fetus and lower levels in the maternal circulation.

In addition to its physiological role as a native hormone, estetrol can be used as a medication, see estetrol (medication).  Estetrol, in combination with drospirenone, has recently been approved as a new estrogenic component of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) and estetrol alone is in clinical development for the treatment of menopausal symptoms as well as breast and prostate cancer.

Biological function
So far, the physiological function of estetrol remains unknown. The potential role of estetrol as a marker for fetal well-being has been studied quite extensively, but no correlation was found due to the large intra- and inter-individual variation in maternal estetrol plasma levels during pregnancy.

Biological activity
Estetrol has a moderate affinity for estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), with Ki values of 4.9 nM and 19 nM, respectively. As such, estetrol has 4- to 5-fold preference for ERα over ERβ. In different animal models, the potency of estetrol regarding its estrogenic effect observed in vivo is generally 10 to 20 times lower than the potency of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and is also lower than the potency of estradiol.  Estetrol displays a highly selective binding to its primary targets ERα and ERβ, which ensures that estetrol has a low risk of non-specific side effects.

Mode of action

Tissue-selective effect
Estetrol shows selective estrogenic, neutral or anti-estrogenic activities in certain cell types and tissues. In rodent models, estetrol has shown to elicit potent estrogenic activity on ovulation, brain, bone tissue, cardiovascular system, and uterus, associated with ovulation inhibition, prevention of bone demineralization, cardioprotective effects and maintenance of uterovaginal tissues, respectively.

Data from preclinical studies also suggest that estetrol has anti-estrogenic like effects on the breast and a limited impact on normal or malignant breast tissue when used at therapeutic concentration. This property of estetrol is associated with antagonistic effects on breast cell proliferation, migration and invasion in the presence of estradiol.

The molecular mechanisms of action driving its tissue-selective actions rely on a specific profile of ERα activation, uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation.

In the liver, Estetrol has a neutral activity, which is reflected by a minimal impact on synthesis of hepatic coagulation factors, minimal impact on sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) synthesis and limited impact on lipid parameters, including triglycerides.

Estetrol can therefore be described as the first Native Estrogen with Selective Tissue activity (NEST).

Differences vs SERMs
The selective tissue activity of estetrol is different from the effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), like tamoxifen and raloxifene. Estetrol, like SERMs, has selective tissue activity. However, SERMs interact with the ligand binding domain of ERα in a manner that is distinct from that of estrogens, including estetrol. Estetrol recruits the same co-regulators as other estrogens, while SERMs recruit other co-regulators.

ERα activation
Estrogens can elicit their effects via nuclear ERα and/or membrane ERα signaling pathways. Estetrol presents a distinctive mode of action in terms of ERα activation. Like other estrogens, estetrol binds to, and activates the nuclear ERα to induce gene transcription. However, estetrol induces very limited activity via membrane ERα in several tissues (e.g. in the breast) and antagonizes this pathway in the presence of estradiol, thereby uniquely uncoupling nuclear and membrane activation.

Biochemistry

Biosynthesis
In the fetal liver, estetrol is synthesized from estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) by two fetal liver enzymes, 15α- and 16α-hydroxylase, through hydroxylation. Estetrol can be detected in maternal urine from the 9th week of gestation. After birth, the neonatal liver rapidly loses its capacity to synthesize estetrol. During the second trimester of pregnancy, high levels of estetrol can be found in maternal plasma, with steadily rising concentrations of unconjugated estetrol to about 1 ng/mL (>3 nM) towards the end of pregnancy. Fetal plasma levels have been reported to be over 10 times higher than maternal plasma levels at parturition.

Distribution
In terms of plasma protein binding, estetrol displays moderate binding to albumin, and shows no binding to SHBG. The overall low plasma protein binding results in a ~50% free active fraction. This compares to a 1% active form for EE and ~2% for estradiol.  Estetrol is equally distributed between red blood cells and plasma.

Metabolism
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes do not play a major role in the metabolism of estetrol.  Instead, estetrol undergoes extensive phase 2 metabolism in the liver to form glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. The two main metabolites, estetrol-3-glucuronide and estetrol-16-glucuronide, have negligible estrogenic activity. (see Drospirenone/estetrol)

Excretion
Estetrol is mainly excreted in urine. Estetrol is an end-stage product of metabolism, which is not converted back into active metabolites like estriol, estradiol or estrone.

Chemistry

Estetrol, also known as 15α-hydroxyestriol or as estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15α,16α,17β-tetrol, is an estrane steroid and derivative of estrin (estratriene). It is structurally different from the other estrogens because of the presence of four hydroxyl groups, which explains the abbreviation E4.

Synthesis
Estetrol itself is a naturally-produced estrogen by the human fetal liver. However, for human use, estetrol is synthesized from estrone, which is obtained from phytosterols extracted from soybeans. The synthesis of estetrol results in very pure estetrol (>99.9%) without contaminants.

History
Estetrol was first described in 1965 by Egon Diczfalusy and coworkers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, who identified and isolated this novel, native estrogen from late pregnancy urine and from the urine of newborn infants. Basic research on estetrol was conducted from 1965 to 1984. It was established that estetrol is exclusively synthesized in the human fetal liver. Since 1984, further research was virtually abandoned because estetrol was regarded as a weak and unimportant pregnancy estrogen.  In 2001 Herjan Coelingh Bennink at Pantarhei Bioscience in the Netherlands re-started the investigation of estetrol as a potentially useful natural estrogen for human use, resulting in the introduction of E4 as the estrogenic component of a combined oral contraceptive in 2021.

References

Animal reproductive system
Estranes
Estrogens
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis
Hormones of the pregnant female
Human female endocrine system
Phenols
Polyols
Sex hormones
Orphan drugs


Tetrahydrocortisone, or urocortisone, also known as 3α,17α,21-trihydroxy-5β-pregnane-11,20-dione, is a steroid and an inactive metabolite of cortisone.

See also
 Tetrahydrocortisol
 Tetrahydrocorticosterone

References

Human metabolites
Corticosteroids


Chad Brannon is an American actor. Brannon is recognized for his role as Zander Smith on General Hospital.

Career
In 2000, Chad Brannon started playing Zander Smith on the daytime soap opera General Hospital. He played the character from 2000 to 2004, until he was killed off, and won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series in 2004.  He has also guest starred on Friday Night Lights, Cold Case, and Deadwood. Another of his roles includes Tolten from the Xbox 360 RPG Lost Odyssey. In 2008, FOX brought on Chad as one of the main network announcers covering many of their hit shows such as The Simpsons, Family Guy, Glee, Sons of Tucson, American Dad, and The Cleveland Show.

On December 22, 2009, Brannon returned to General Hospital, in a cameo as a character known only as Aaron. He appeared alongside Natalia Livingston, who was playing the twin of her previous character. In February 2021, Entertainment Weekly reported Brannon had returned to General Hospital in an undisclosed role. Brannon appeared on the March 16, 2021 episode as the "ghost" of Zander, interacting in scenes with Zander's son, Cameron.

Filmography

References

External links
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0105172/
http://chadbrannon.com/

1979 births
American male soap opera actors
Living people
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series winners


Tetrahydrocortisol, or urocortisol, also known as 3α,11β,17α,21-tetrahydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one, is a steroid and an inactive metabolite of cortisol.

Tetrahydrocortisol is a neurosteroid and has been found to act as a negative allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, similarly to pregnenolone sulfate.

See also
 Tetrahydrocortisone
 Tetrahydrocorticosterone

References

Human metabolites
Corticosteroids


WUA may refer to:

 IATA code for Wuhai Airport, China
 Water user associations
 Workers and Unemployed Action
 World Umpires Association


Renewal is a 2008 feature-length documentary film about religious-environmental activists. Directed and produced by American filmmakers Marty Ostrow and Terry Kay Rockefeller, the film includes eight stories that represent the growing religious-environmental movement. Each story is set in a different religious-tradition, addressing a different environmental concern. Renewal began airing on public television stations in the United States in April 2009.

Stories

The eight stories in Renewal are:
 A Crime Against Creation: Evangelicals bear witness to mountaintop removal mining and the destruction of Appalachia  (11:20 min.)
 Going Green: GreenFaith in New Jersey helps congregations take the first steps to environmental action  (14:20 min)
 Food for Faith: Muslim tradition and charity forge bonds between urban communities and sustainable farms in Illinois  (14:50 min)
 Ancient Roots: The Teva Learning Center and Adamah in Connecticut bring environmental education together with Jewish tradition  (17:30 min)
 Compassion in Action: Green Sangha, a Buddhist community in northern California, leads a campaign to save trees  (11:10 min)
 Eco-Justice: The Holy Spirit inspires a battle against industrial contamination in small-town Mississippi  (11:30 min)
 Sacred Celebration: Catholics and Native Americans embrace religious ritual in a struggle to protect New Mexico’s land and water   (9:30 min)
 Interfaith Power and Light: Across America people of all faiths mount a religious response to global warming  (9:25 min)

Presentation history
 In honor of World Environment Day 2008, Renewal was screened at the United Nations.
 Renewal is featured in Humane Society of the United States’ “All Creatures Great and Small Campaign.”
 Voted “Best of Fest” at the Hazel Wolf Environmental Film Festival in Seattle.
 Screened by over 1000 Interfaith Power and Light-affiliated congregations, in 29 states.
 Showcased as a workshop at Bioneers by the Bay, a conference dedicated to visionary and practical solutions for restoring the Earth and its inhabitants.
 An official selection of the Wild and Scenic Environmental Film Festival and National Tour, the largest environmental film festival in the United States, a festival for activists by activists.

DVD release
The Renewal DVD includes the 90-minute sequence of the eight stories, as well as uncut stand-alone versions of the stories.  It is being promoted as a flexible tool for community action groups, congregations, religious and environmental organizations.

See also
 Religion and environmentalism
 Spiritual ecology
 Yale Forum on Religion and Ecology

References

External links
 Film Web Site
 Interfaith Power and Light
 GreenFaith

Environmentalism and religion
American documentary films
Documentary films about religion in the United States
Documentary films about environmental issues
2008 films
2008 in the environment
2008 documentary films
Films about activists
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Donald J. Kurth, Jr. (April 26, 1949 - October 4, 2023) was a physician, businessowner, educator, and former mayor of the City of Rancho Cucamonga, California (2006–2011). He was elected President of the Rancho Cucamonga Chamber of Commerce in 1994, Director of the Cucamonga County Water District in 1996, appointed to the Rancho Cucamonga City Council in 2002, and elected mayor of Rancho Cucamonga on November 7, 2006.

Early life
Donald James Kurth, Jr. was born in Newport, Rhode Island where his father, also named Donald James Kurth, was stationed in the United States Navy. Kurth's father and mother, Isabelle, both served in the hospital corps in the Navy throughout World War II. His mother taught Navy carrier pilots how to use oxygen masks for high altitude missions. His father served on the heavy cruiser, the USS New Orleans, in battles including Pearl Harbor, Coral Sea, Midway, Eastern Solomons and Tassafaronga. During the night Battle of Tassafaronga in November 1942, the New Orleans engaged the “Tokyo Express” troop convoy which was supplying troops and supplies to block the United States Marine invasion of Gaudalcanal.

During the battle, the New Orleans was hit and cut nearly in half by an enemy submarine torpedo, losing her bow and two hundred seamen. The ship travelled backwards to port in Sydney, Australia and was later repaired and returned to action. Following the war, Kurth's father was stationed first in Newport Rhode Island and subsequently transferred to the Brooklyn Naval Yard when Kurth was less than a year old and the family bought a home in northern New Jersey, where Kurth was raised.

Education
Kurth graduated from Westwood High School in 1967. He later completed his undergraduate studies at Columbia University (BA), graduating cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa in 1975 before attending medical school at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, from which he graduated in 1979 (MD). Following a fellowship in orthopedic surgery at Oxford University, he returned to the United States to complete his medical education. After completing his internship at Johns Hopkins University, he trained at the UCLA Hospital Medical Center and later became Board Certified first in Emergency Medicine and then in Addiction Medicine.

Dr. Kurth subsequently received his master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) from the Loma Linda University School of Public Health and his Masters in Public Administration (MPA) from the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government.

Public policy
Dr. Kurth has been a prolific writer and advocate regarding matters of healthcare public policy, particularly in the area of substance dependence and abuse. In 1999, he founded California Legislative Day for the California Society of Addiction Medicine (CSAM), and in 2003 the National Legislative Day for the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). He and his colleagues were instrumental in the repeal of the Uniform Policy Provision Law (UPPL) in California and passage of the bipartisan Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008. In 2003, Dr. Kurth received the prestigious Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Fellowship for Developing Leadership in Reducing Substance Abuse.

Professional activities
He served as president of the California Society of Addiction Medicine from 2002 to 2004, and was elected President Elect of the American Society of Addiction Medicine in 2008. In 2002 Dr. Kurth's peers awarded him the title of Fellow of the American Society of Addiction Medicine, an honor given to less than 300 physicians worldwide.

Kurth also served as the California State Healthcare Coalition Chairperson for Presidential Candidate John McCain in 2008. In this capacity, he served as a speaker on national healthcare issues in the state of California.

Kurth currently serves on the faculty of Loma Linda University School of Medicine as an assistant professor with appointments in both Preventive Medicine and Psychiatry. In addition, he holds a faculty appointment in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Loma Linda University School of Public Health.

Kurth owns the Urgent Care Center and Alta Loma Medical Group in Rancho Cucamonga, California. He is founder of the Children's Free Immunization Clinic, which has provided free immunizations to many thousands of local children since 1983. He has also served as a medical volunteer with the Flying Samaritans, a group of physicians and other volunteers who use private airplanes to bring free medical care to underserved children in inaccessible regions of rural Mexico.

Kurth is married to Dee Matreyek, Ph.D., who is the founder and president of the Restorative Justice Center of the Inland Empire.

External links

1949 births
Columbia University alumni
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
American emergency physicians
Mayors of places in California
People from Rancho Cucamonga, California
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Loma Linda University alumni
Loma Linda University faculty
Living people
American addiction physicians


Mama Too Tight is an album by Archie Shepp released on Impulse! Records in 1967. The album contains tracks recorded by Shepp, trumpeter Tommy Turrentine, trombonists Grachan Moncur III and Roswell Rudd, tuba player Howard Johnson, clarinetist Perry Robinson, bassist Charlie Haden and drummer Beaver Harris in August of 1966.

Reception
The AllMusic review by Thom Jurek states: "Shepp had hit his stride here compositionally... lots of free blowing, angry bursts of energy, and shouts of pure revelry are balanced with Ellingtonian elegance and restraint that was considerable enough to let the lyric line float through and encourage more improvisation. This is Shepp at his level best."

Track listing
Side 1
1. A Portrait Of Robert Thompson (as a young man)
Introducing
a) Prelude to a Kiss (Duke Ellington, Irving Gordon, Irving Mills)
b) The Break Strain-King Cotton (public domain)
c) Dem Basses (public domain) - 18:57
Side 2
1. Mama Too Tight - 5:25
2. Theme for Ernie (Fred Lacey) - 3:21
3. Basheer - 10:38
All compositions by Archie Shepp except as indicated
 Recorded at Van Gelder Studio, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, August 19, 1966

Personnel
 Archie Shepp: tenor saxophone
 Tommy Turrentine: trumpet
 Grachan Moncur III: trombone
 Roswell Rudd: trombone
 Howard Johnson: tuba
 Perry Robinson: clarinet
 Charlie Haden: bass
 Beaver Harris: drums

References

Archie Shepp albums
Impulse! Records albums
albums produced by Bob Thiele
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio


Newmarket railway station (Suffolk) was opened by the Great Eastern Railway on 7 April 1902.  It is on the Ipswich–Ely line and is  south of the site of the original Newmarket station.  Since March 2013, passenger services have been operated by Abellio Greater Anglia.

Description
When built the station consisted of two through platforms (760 feet on the down side and 1170 feet long on the up side) and an east-facing up side bay. The two through platforms, generously provided with canopies, were connected by a subway faced with white-glazed bricks.  There were buildings on both platforms which were of brick construction with white stone reliefs. On the up side there was a large refreshment room (with floor space of 1,648 feet) with kitchen and cellar as well as stores for footwarmers and lamps. Here separate rooms for porters, ticket collectors and inspectors were supplied as well as a general waiting room, a waiting room for Ladies travelling Third Class and more luxurious First Class general and Ladies waiting rooms. All of these facilities were equipped with lavatories.

A wooden tiled and panelled booking office was located midway along the station buildings. Also located on this platform was the parcels and stationmaster’s (a Mr. Barrett at the opening) office and a telegraph office.  The down side buildings were less extensive but contained the full range of waiting rooms, a smaller refreshment room and booking office as well as a bicycle store. The station was built by Rugby firm Parnell and Son under GER supervision and was electrically lit throughout.  A signal box was provided at the east end of the up platform and some goods facilities including cattle pens were also located to the east of the station. The signal box was built by contractors McKenzie and Holland.

History

Following the Railways Act 1921 Newmarket station was operated by the London and North Eastern Railway from 1 January 1923.  After nationalisation in 1948 the station was operated by the Eastern Region of British Railways from 1 January 1948.  British Railways demolished the buildings on the up platform and a number on the down side in September 1965.  Although general goods traffic ceased in 1969 there was a grain terminal operated by the firm Dower Wood located north east of the station that received traffic until summer 1991.  The station buildings at the "New Station"  were sold, and the current station uses the east end of the down platform and is equipped with basic passenger shelters.

Further line rationalisation took place in 1978 when on 1 October tokenless block working was introduced between Newmarket and Dullingham stations. Five years later in May 1983 the line between Dullingham and Coldham Lane Junction was singled leaving a mile long passing loop at Dullingham.  In April 1994, Railtrack became responsible for the maintenance of the infrastructure. Railtrack was succeeded by Network Rail in 2002.

Passenger services
Passenger services have been operated by the following franchises:
 April 1994 - December 1996       Operated as a non-privatised business unit under the InterCity name
 January 1997 - March 2004       Anglia Railways - owned by GB Railways but bought out by FirstGroup in 2003
 April 2004 - February 2012      National Express East Anglia
 March 2013 – present            Abellio Greater Anglia

The following services in the May 2016 timetable call at Newmarket:

The services in the May 2019 timetable are similar, starting weekdays and saturday at 06:09 then approximately hourly to 22:20. The Sunday timetable is 2-hourly from 08:31 to 22:01.

See also
 Railway stations in Newmarket

References

Newmarket
DfT Category F1 stations
Newmarket
Newmarket
Newmarket, Suffolk


Garfield Avenue/Cherry Avenue is a major north-south street in Los Angeles County, California, US.

The avenue lies between Atlantic Boulevard and Rosemead/Lakewood Boulevard. It begins as Garfield Avenue as a minor street north of Grevelia Street in South Pasadena.  It runs through cities like South Pasadena, Alhambra, Monterey Park, Montebello, Commerce, Bell Gardens, South Gate, on way to Paramount before it changes to Cherry Avenue on entrance to Long Beach, Lakewood, and Signal Hill, ending at Ocean Boulevard.

Garfield Avenue/Cherry Avenue intersects with the following freeways:

Interstate 10, San Bernardino Freeway
State Route 60, Pomona Freeway
Interstate 5, Santa Ana Freeway
Interstate 105, Century Freeway
State Route 91, Artesia Freeway
Interstate 405, San Diego Freeway

Transportation
Montebello Transit line 30, Metro Local line 258, and Long Beach Transit line 21, 22 & 23 run along the avenue.

Landmarks
Garfield Theater (Alhambra, California)
The Hat sign (Valley Boulevard and Garfield Ave.)

Alhambra, California
Montebello, California
Streets in the San Gabriel Valley


Game Council New South Wales was a statutory authority of the Government of New South Wales established in 2002 pursuant to the Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002 ('the Act'), subject to the control and direction of the Minister for Primary Industries. The Game Council was established as a result of legislative pressure exerted by the Shooters Party, when it held the balance of power in the Legislative Council of New South Wales. Shooter's MP Robert Brown was instrumental in the formation of the legislation.

On 4 July 2013 the Minister for Primary Industries announced the dissolution of the statutory authority following a review of governance of the council by the NSW Government.

However, the review of governance, completed by retired public servant, Steve Dunn, found that:

Immediately after releasing the recommendations of the review, the government announced the abolition of the Game Council; replaced by an appointed advisory body, the New South Wales Game Board; and the regulatory aspect of the Council transferred to the Department of Primary Industries.

Functions and scope
The aim of the Game Council was to provide for the effective management of introduced species of game animals, as well as promoting responsible and orderly hunting of those game animals on public and private land and of certain pest animals on public land.

The Act specified a range of functions for the Game Council centred on administering the game hunting licensing system, representing the interests of game hunters, making recommendations and providing advice to the Minister on game and feral animal control, liaising with other stakeholders in managing game and feral animals, promoting and funding research into game and feral animal control issues and engaging in such other activities relating to the objects of the Act as are prescribed by the regulations.

An annual Public Benefit Assessment was conducted, based on survey data from licence holders, that reported the Game Council's activities as a community service and as a cost-effective method of achieving its natural resource management objectives, specifically game and feral animal control. In 2009–10, there was an increase in public benefit reported.

Controversies
In May 2012, supported by the Game Council, the NSW Government announced plans to allow pest control by licensed individuals to help control pest animals in selected national parks, nature reserves and state conservation areas. The Game Council was to play a role as both the licensing agency and as the regulating agency. The proposal generated significant community resistance, and was subjected to a campaign from its opponents in an environment where a group of hunters were shooting at kangaroos in a national park camping ground  an illegal act  and the hunting of native animals close to metropolitan areas,

In January 2013 it was reported that two of the staff of the Game Council, including the council's communications manager and acting chief executive, Greg McFarland, were suspended from work by the Minister as police investigated allegations that McFarland hunted on private property near Cobar without permission, in a Game Council-owned vehicle. Police charged McFarland with a raft of offences including hunting without permission, possessing a prohibited weapon in a nature reserve and firing a firearm onto enclosed lands. The other staff member was found to have been in Sydney at the time of the incident and was exonerated by police.

At the same time, the government commissioned a review of the governance of the Game Council; that ultimately led to its abolition.

References

External links
Game Council New South Wales
Game and Feral Animal Control Act 2002

Government agencies of New South Wales
Hunting in Australia
2002 establishments in Australia
Government agencies established in 2002
2013 disestablishments in Australia
Government agencies disestablished in 2013


FPInnovations is a not-for-profit R&D private organization which spans the pulp and paper industry, forest operations, wood products, and bio-sourced products. FPInnovations employs more than 400 specialists throughout Canada and has an annual operating budget of $76 million. Its membership totals to 180 industry companies. Its board of directors represents industry members as well as provincial and federal governments.

The organization's headquarters are located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, and has its main research centers located in Vancouver, Quebec City, and Pointe-Claire, as well as regional offices located throughout Canada.

History

FPInnovations came into existence April 1, 2007 through an amalgamation of Forintek Canada Corporation (founded in 1918), the Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada (FERIC, founded in 1975), and the Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada (Paprican, founded in 1925)
.
Each of these institutes focused on different areas of the Canadian forest industry, and now operate within FPInnovations.

References

Scientific organizations based in Canada
Organizations based in Quebec
Pointe-Claire


Rudolf von Jaksch, also Rudolf Jaksch von Wartenhorst (16 July 1855 – 8 January 1947), was an Austrian-Czech internist. He was the son of physician Anton von Jaksch (1810–1887). In 1889 he described the disease anaemia leucaemica infantum, a chronic anemic disease that affects children under three years of age, which was named "Jaksch's anemia" for him.

Life
He studied medicine at the universities of Prague and Strasbourg, earning his doctorate at Prague in 1878. Following graduation he remained in Prague as an assistant to pathologist Edwin Klebs. From 1879 to 1881 he worked with his father, and in 1881–1882 was an assistant to Alfred Pribram. In 1882 he moved to Vienna, where he was assistant to Hermann Nothnagel. The following year he received his habilitation in internal medicine.

In 1887 he was appointed professor of pediatrics at the University of Graz, later becoming a professor of internal medicine and director of the second internal clinic at Karl-Ferdinands-Universität (German University) in Prague. Here, he was instrumental in the construction of a modern clinic that first opened in 1899. He worked in Prague until his retirement in 1925.

He was a prolific author, one of his better efforts being Klinische Diagnostik innerer Krankheiten (1882), a work that was published over several editions and later translated into English as Clinical diagnosis : the bacteriological, chemical, and microscopical evidence of disease.

On his initiative he started with the construction of a new, much more modern and hygienic designed clinic that was opened in 1899. Jaksch was awarded in 1899 for this construction of his permanent bathrooms at the nursing exhibition in Berlin.
He was widely honored and awarded, and was included as a member of the Leopoldin-Karolin, the German Academy of Natural Scientists in Halle and the medical surgical academy in Perugia.

In 1882 von Jaksch married Adele von Haerdtl (1867−1944) in Vienna. They had one son and three daughters. He had one brother named August Jaksch von Wartenhorst (1859–1939).

Discoveries
In urine Jaksch discovered acetoacetic acid, a melanin probe and manganese toxicosis.
He also discovered new diseases such as Von Jaksch's disease (he himself named it anemia pseudoleukaemica infantum). In 1923 he was the first one who discovered the autoimmune disease relapsing polychondritis, that he himself named polychondropathia.

Further reading

 Jaksch von Wartenhorst, Rudolf (1855–1947) in Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (in German), Bd. 3 (Lfg. 11, 1961), p. 66 (also online here)

References

External links

1855 births
1947 deaths
19th-century Czech physicians
Physicians from Austria-Hungary
Austrian pediatricians
Academic staff of Charles University
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
German Bohemian people
Physicians from Prague


Foursquare City Guide, commonly known as Foursquare, is a local search-and-discovery mobile app developed by Foursquare Labs Inc. The app provides personalized recommendations of places to go near a user's current location based on users' previous browsing history and check-in history.

The service was created in late 2008 by Dennis Crowley and Naveen Selvadurai and launched in 2009. Crowley had previously founded the similar project Dodgeball as his graduate thesis project in the Interactive Telecommunications Program (ITP) at New York University. Google bought Dodgeball in 2005 and shut it down in 2009, replacing it with Google Latitude. Dodgeball user interactions were based on SMS technology, rather than an application. Foursquare was similar but allowed for more features, allowing mobile device users to interact with their environment. Foursquare took advantage of new smartphones like the iPhone, which had built-in GPS to better detect a user's location.

Until late July 2014, Foursquare featured a social networking layer that enabled a user to share their location with friends, via the "check in" - a user would manually tell the application when they were at a particular location using a mobile website, text messaging, or a device-specific application by selecting from a list of venues the application locates nearby. In May 2014, the company launched Swarm, a companion app to Foursquare City Guide, that reimagined the social networking and location sharing aspects of the service as a separate application. On August 7, 2014, the company launched Foursquare 8.0, a new version of the service. This version removed the check-in feature and location sharing, instead focusing on local search.

In 2011, user demographics showed a roughly equal split between male and female user accounts, with 50 percent of users registered outside of the US. Most recent statistics show Foursquare with approximately 55 million monthly active users.

Features
Major features include local search and recommendations, tips and expertise, tastes, location detection, ratins, lists, superusers, brands, and Places API.

Location detection

Foursquare uses proprietary technology, Pilgrim, to detect a user's location. When users opt in to always-on location sharing, Pilgrim determines a user's current location by comparing historical check-in data with the user's current GPS signal, cell tower triangulation, cellular signal strength and surrounding wifi signals.

Superusers
The service provides ten levels of Superuser. Superuser status is awarded to users after they apply and perform a special test where users should meet quality and quantity criteria. Only Superusers have the ability to edit venue information. Superusers can attain different levels as they contribute more high-quality edits over time.

Brands
In the past, Foursquare has allowed companies to create pages of tips and users to "follow" the company and receive tips from them when they check-in at certain locations. On July 25, 2012, Foursquare revealed Promoted Updates, an app update expected to create a new revenue generation stream for the company. The new program allowed companies to issue messages to Foursquare users about deals or available products.

Places API
Foursquare's underlying technology is used by apps such as Uber and Twitter.

Former features
Earlier versions of Foursquare supported check-ins and location sharing, but as of Foursquare 8.0, these were moved to the service's sibling app, Foursquare Swarm.

In previous versions of Foursquare, if a user had checked into a venue on more days than anyone else in the past 60 days, then they would be crowned "Mayor" of that venue. Someone else could then earn the title by checking in more times than the previous mayor. Businesses could also incentivize mayorships through rewards for users who were the mayor (such as food and drink discounts). As the service grew, it became increasingly difficult to compete for mayorships in high-density areas where the service was popular. The mayorship feature was retired from version 8.0 and reimplemented in Swarm.

Badges were earned by checking into venues. Some badges were tied to venue "tags" and the badge earned depended on the tags applied to the venue. Other badges were specific to a city, venue, event, or date. In September 2010, badges began to be awarded for completing tasks as well as checking in.   In version 8.0, badges were retired, which upset some existing users.

Earlier versions of the app also used a "points" system with users receiving a numerical score for each check-in, with over 100 bonuses to gain additional points, such as being first among friends to check into a place or becoming the venue's mayor. The use of gamification and game-design principles were integral features. In version 8.0 points and leaderboards were retired, but were reimplemented in the Swarm app.

"Specials" were another feature of the app that acted as an incentive for Foursquare users to check in at new spots or revisit their favorite hangouts. Over 750,000 businesses offered "Specials" that included discounts and freebies. They were intended for businesses to persuade new and regular customers to visit their venues. "Specials" included anything from a free beer for the first check-in to 10% off at a restaurant.

Swarm

In May 2014, the company launched Swarm, a companion app to Foursquare, that migrated the social networking and location sharing aspects of the service into a separate application. Swarm acts as a lifelogging tool for the user to keep a record of the places they have been, featuring statistics on the places they have been, and a search capability to recall places they have visited. Swarm also lets the user share where they have been with their friends, and see where their friends have been.  Check-ins are rewarded with points, in the form of virtual coins, and friends can challenge each other in a weekly leaderboard. Checking in to different categories of venue also unlocks virtual stickers. Though it is not necessary to use both apps, Swarm works together with Foursquare to improve a user's recommendations - a user's Swarm check-ins help Foursquare understand the kinds of places they like to go.

Availability

Foursquare is available for Android, iOS & Windows Phone devices. Versions of Foursquare were previously available for Symbian OS, Series 40, MeeGo, WebOS, Maemo, Windows Phone, Bada, BlackBerry OS, PlayStation Vita, and Windows 8. Users may also use their mobile browsers to access Foursquare mobile, but feature phone users must search for venues manually instead of using GPS that most smartphone applications can use.

History

Launch and early years
Foursquare started out in 2009 in 100 worldwide metro areas. In January 2010, Foursquare changed their location model to allow check-ins from any location worldwide.

In September 2010 Foursquare announced version 2.0 of its check-in app which aimed to direct users to new locations and activities, rather than just sharing their location. Foursquare has also created a button that would add any location in the app to a user's to-do list, and the app would now remind the user when there were to-do items nearby.

On February 21, 2011, Foursquare reached 7 million users IDs. The company was expected to pass 750 million check-ins before the end of June 2011, with an average of about 3 million check-ins per day. On August 8, 2011, President Barack Obama joined Foursquare, with the intention that the staff at the White House would use the service to post tips from places the president has visited.

2012 redesign
On June 7, 2012, Foursquare launched a major redesign, which they described as a "whole new app". The app's "explore" function now allowed users to browse locations by category or conduct specific searches like "free wi-fi" or "dumplings". Foursquare incorporated features from social discovery, and local search applications as well as the "like" feature made famous by Facebook.

Swarm
In May 2014, Foursquare launched Swarm, a companion app to Foursquare City Guide, which moved the social networking and location sharing aspects of the service to a separate application. On August 7, 2014, the company launched Foursquare 8.0, a new version of the service which removed location-sharing and check-in features, pivoting to local search instead.

Foursquare Day
Foursquare Day was coined by Nate Bonilla-Warford, an optometrist from Tampa, Florida, on March 12, 2010. The idea came to him while "thinking about new ways to promote his business".

In 2010, McDonald's launched a spring pilot program that took advantage of Foursquare Day. Foursquare users who checked into McDonald's restaurants on Foursquare Day were given the chance to win gift cards in $5 and $10 increments. Mashable reported that there was a "33% increase in foot traffic" to McDonald's venues, as apparent in the increase in Foursquare check-ins.

Privacy
In February 2010, a site known as Please Rob Me was launched, a site which scraped data from public Twitter messages that had been pushed through Foursquare, to list people who were not at home. The purpose of the site was to raise awareness about the potential thoughtlessness of location sharing.

As of March 2010, a privacy issue was observed for users who connected their Twitter account to Foursquare. If the user was joined at a location by one of their Foursquare contacts who was also using Twitter, that user could allow Foursquare to post a message such as "I am at Starbucks – Santa Clara (link to map) w/@mediaphyter" to their own Twitter feed. Similarly, if a user had agreed to Foursquare location sharing, that user's Foursquare contacts would be able to share their location publicly on Twitter.

Later in 2010, white hat hacker Jesper Andersen discovered a vulnerability on Foursquare that raised privacy concerns. Foursquare's location pages display a grid of 50 pictures that is generated randomly, regardless of their privacy settings. Whenever a user "checks in" at that location, their picture is generated on that location page, even if they only want their friends to know where they are. Andersen then crafted a script that collected check-in information. It is estimated that Andersen collected around 875,000 check-ins. Andersen contacted Foursquare about the vulnerability, and Foursquare responded by fixing their privacy settings.

In 2011, in response to privacy issues regarding social networking sites, Foursquare co-founder Naveen Selvadurai stated that "Users decide if they want to push to Twitter or Facebook, over what information they want to share and send" and "There is a lot of misunderstanding about location-based services. On Foursquare, if you don't want people to know you are on a date or with a friend at a certain place, then you don't have to let people know. You don't check in." Selvadurai also stated that Foursquare does not passively track users, which means a user has to actively check in to let people know where they are.

On May 8, 2012, Foursquare developers changed its API in response to a number of "stalker" applications which had been making the locations of all female users within a specific area available to the public.

In late December 2012, Foursquare updated its privacy policy to indicate it would display users' full names, as opposed to an initial for a surname. In addition, companies could view a more detailed overview of visitors who have checked into their businesses throughout the day.

Foursquare has since updated both its privacy policy and cookies policy to detail how location data is used in new features and products.

See also
Gowalla
Jiepang – a similar service often dubbed the "Foursquare of China"
Digu – a similar social network from China

References

External links

Geosocial networking
American social networking websites
Android (operating system) software
BlackBerry software
IOS software
Symbian software
Internet properties established in 2009
Windows Phone software
Bada software
Proprietary cross-platform software
WatchOS software
City guides


Grand Island is an unincorporated community in Lake County, Florida, United States. Grand Island is  northwest of Eustis and has a post office with ZIP code 32735.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lake County, Florida
Unincorporated communities in Florida


Tapulous, Inc. was an American software and video game developer and publisher headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It was a wholly owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company as part of Disney Interactive's Disney Mobile unit. The company's most profitable products were the Tap Tap series of music games, which surpassed thirty-five million downloads.

Tapulous was founded in February 2008 with the specific intention of developing software applications for the iOS platform. The company's Tap Tap Revenge gained at least one million players in less than one month of availability, and was the most-downloaded free game of the App Store in 2008. Building on the success of the game, Tapulous then heavily focused on the Tap Tap Revenge series by expansion and partnership with Universal Records. As of December 2009, the company's sales totaled nearly $1 million per month. In July 2010, the company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company. On January 9, 2014, the company shut down and removed all its remaining games from the App Store.

History
With the advent of unofficial applications being distributed across the internet, Apple announced the availability of a native SDK for the iOS/iPhone platform in October 2007.

As a reaction to the announcement of the SDK, Tapulous formed in January 2008 with the initial name of "Gogo Apps". Its co-founders were Bart Decrem, an entrepreneur who helped launch the Firefox browser and was the founding CEO of Flock, Inc. and Andrew Lacy, a consultant of McKinsey & Company. The company thereafter changed its name to the current one, and hired developers Nate True and Guy English to develop Tap Tap Revenge as a launch title for the App Store, although the actual release date was eventually several days after the launch of the store. Meanwhile, Layton Duncan and Tristan O'Tierney developed Twinkle as another launch product. Initial investment in the company was provided by Rob Theis in 2007, and later followed by $1.8 million USD, from Andreas Bechtolsheim and Roy Thiele-Sardina via HighBAR Ventures, Marc Benioff, the late Rajeev Motwani, and others.

Within a month of publishing, Tap Tap Revenge, the game became one of the most popular applications available for the iOS, and had over one million players, and was installed on about twenty percent of all iPhone and iPod Touch devices. In December 2008, it was announced that the game was the most-downloaded free game in the App Store for the year. In April, 2009, comScore announced that Tap Tap Revenge was the most-installed app on the App Store. Tapulous continued to release sequels of the game as a part of the Tap Tap series, and has since been involved with major label Universal Records in June 2009 to feature their artists in their games.

On July 1, 2010, Tapulous was acquired by The Walt Disney Company and incorporated into Disney Mobile as a wholly owned subsidiary, part of Disney Interactive Media Group. As of January 7, 2014, Bart Decrem officially resigned as CEO of Tapulous. This was followed days later with an announcement that the Tap Tap apps would be pulled from the iPhone store on January 10 and servers would be shut down by the company some time in February.

See also
Riddim Ribbon feat. The Black Eyed Peas
Riddim Ribbon

References

External links

Companies based in Palo Alto, California
Video game companies established in 2008
Video game companies disestablished in 2014
Disney Interactive
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game publishers
Video game development companies
Disney acquisitions


"Simple Explanation" is the 20th episode of the fifth season of House. It first aired on April 6, 2009.

Plot
As Eddie Novack (Meat Loaf) lies on his deathbed, his wife Charlotte is stricken with respiratory failure. The team takes Charlotte's case and wheels Eddie into her room, as he seems to gain strength when he sees her suffering. Taub suggests she could have picked up something in Hawaii when she went there, and Foreman suggests melioidosis. They start her on an IV drip and aciclovir, which works, until she starts gasping. Thirteen suggests polyserositis, so the team starts Charlotte on indomethacin. In the meantime, Taub does a hormone panel on Eddie which turns out normal, so he does an echo-cardiogram on him as well to see if his heart's improving, but it isn't.

Unusually, Kutner does not show up for work, and House dispatches Thirteen and Foreman to check his apartment. Thirteen finds Kutner's body; he has died by suicide. The team must then try to save Charlotte while struggling to make sense of Kutner's death. House, Thirteen and Foreman go to see Kutner's parents, but House blames the parents and leaves. Taub seems to show little interest in Kutner's death. Cuddy tells the team she's hired a grief counselor and offers them time off. She then goes to talk to Wilson, who hasn't been with House yet. Wilson goes with House to Kutner's home. House looks around and finally suspects that someone murdered Kutner. House suspects it was the same person who killed Kutner's birth parents.

House eventually realizes Charlotte feigned her illness, but then her liver fails. Thirteen does an MRI on her, but her spleen ruptures in the middle of it. House thinks she could have Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, so Thirteen and Taub run her AAT proteins. Foreman takes time off. Her proteins come back normal. She then tries to take her own life by overdosing so that Eddie can have her heart.

The team manages to stabilize Charlotte, but the drugs she took damaged her liver. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do a partial liver transplant. With his failing heart, he's bound to die on the table. Then they can give his whole liver to Charlotte, which is what she needs, not part of one. House gets Cameron to convince Eddie to do this. He wants to say goodbye to her, but Cameron notes she would never agree to this if she knew what would happen. As Eddie signs off on the transplant, Cameron notices nodules on Eddie's fingers, which could indicate that his condition might be curable. Meanwhile, House finds out that the murderer of Kutner's birth parents died of an aneurysm two months before. Eddie still wants to proceed with the liver donation, but Taub reveals to Charlotte that Eddie can be cured. House realizes Charlotte was in Rio without telling Eddie, where she contracted visceral leishmaniasis. The team starts her on antimony.

The episode ends with Cameron, Chase, Foreman, Thirteen, Cuddy, Wilson, Kutner's parents and many other people attending Kutner's funeral. Foreman takes Thirteen's hand as they watch Kutner's body be cremated. Before Cuddy leaves for the funeral, Taub says that they diagnosed Charlotte too late and she will die. Cuddy offers Taub a ride; he refuses, saying he will stay with Charlotte. Cuddy says that Charlotte's death bought them more time to save Eddie and to transplant her heart which will give her death meaning, but Taub says it won't. Taub stays with Charlotte and Eddie until she dies. Then he is shown sitting in the corridor finally breaking down crying at the loss of his friend. House goes to Kutner's apartment and looks through a pile of photos of Kutner looking happy until he finds one of Kutner looking off into the distance depressed.

Kutner's death
Kutner's suicide was scripted due to actor Kal Penn's decision to accept the position of Associate Director of the White House Office of Public Liaison in President Barack Obama's administration.

Critical reception
Leading up to the premiere of "Simple Explanation", Fox aired commercials suggesting that the episode would contain a major event, calling the episode, "beyond words". Kutner's death was criticized in The Star-Ledger, with columnist Alan Sepinwall arguing that the death was pointless, and seemingly written only to create a "Very Special Episode." The A.V. Club praised the episode for its surprising twist, but also claimed that the sudden death of a major character for no discernible reason was "a dramatic cheap shot". However, Entertainment Weekly commended the show's handling of the death, believing that it was presented in a dramatically effective and realistic manner.

Music
 "Lose You" by Pete Yorn, played at the end of the episode.

References

External links

House (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Greg Yaitanes
Television episodes about suicide
Television episodes about funerals

fr:Il n'y a rien à comprendre
it:Episodi di Dr. House - Medical Division (quinta stagione)#Una spiegazione semplice


Cod fisheries are fisheries for cod. Cod is the common name for fish of the genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae, and this article is confined to three species that belong to this genus: the Atlantic cod, the Pacific cod and the Greenland cod. Although there is a fourth species of the cod genus Gadus, Alaska pollock, it is commonly not called cod and therefore currently not covered here.

Cod are demersal fish found in huge schools confined to temperate waters in the northern hemisphere. Atlantic cod are found in the colder waters and deeper sea regions throughout the Northern Atlantic. The Pacific cod is found in both eastern and western regions of the Pacific. Atlantic cod can grow to  in length. Its average weight is , but specimens weighing up to  have been recorded. Pacific cod are smaller, and may grow up to  and weigh up to . Cod feed on mollusks, crabs, starfish, worms, squid, and small fish. Some migrate south in winter to spawn. A large female lays up to five million eggs in mid-ocean, a very small number of which survive.

Cod has been an important economic commodity in international markets since the Viking period (around A.D. 800). Cod are popular as a food fish with a mild flavour, low fat content and a dense white flesh. When cooked, cod is moist and flaky. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil. Cod are currently at risk from overfishing.

Species
In the United Kingdom, Atlantic cod is one of the most common kinds of fish to be found in fish and chips, along with haddock and plaice. It is also well known for being widely consumed in Portugal and the Basque Country, where it is considered a treasure of the nation's cuisine.

Cod are highly prolific, producing several million eggs at each spawning. This contributes to their high population numbers, which, in turn, makes commercial fishing relatively easy.

Adult cod are active hunters, feeding on sand eels, whiting, haddock, small cod, squid, crabs, lobsters, mussels, worms, mackerel, and molluscs, supplementing their diets. Young cod eat the same but avoid larger prey.

Atlantic cod

Atlantic cod is a well-known demersal food fish belonging to the family Gadidae. In the western Atlantic Ocean, cod has a distribution north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and round both coasts of Greenland; in the eastern Atlantic it is found from the Bay of Biscay north to the Arctic Ocean, including the North Sea and Norwegian Sea, areas around Iceland and the Barents Sea.

It can grow to  in length. Its average weight is , but specimens weighing up to  have been recorded. Sexual maturity is generally attained between 2 and 4 years, but can be as late as 8 years in the northeast Arctic. The Atlantic cod can change colour at certain water depths, and has two distinct colour phases: grey-green and reddish brown. Colouring is brown to green with spots on the dorsal side, shading to silver ventrally. A lateral line is clearly visible. Its habitat ranges from the shoreline down to the continental shelf.

Several cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s (declined by >95% of maximum historical biomass) and have failed to recover even with the cessation of fishing. This absence of the apex predator has led to a trophic cascade in many areas. While the north west Atlantic cod stocks have not yet recovered fully from overfishing in the past, most stocks in the East Atlantic are currently in good condition and well managed, such as those at North Norway and Svalbard.

In the early 2000s the European Union introduced a Cod Recovery Plan which covers the North Sea (incl. the Eastern English Channel and the Kattegat), the Irish Sea and waters to the West of Scotland where cod has continued to decline. It is broadly accepted that the plan has been a failure and has not delivered its objective of recovering the cod stocks in these areas because of the plan's over reliance on effort (days-at-sea) that created an indiscriminate ‘race to fish’ which in fact increased fishing mortality on the biomass for cod, on other demersal species and had a destructive impact on the benthic zone of the seabed where it is intensely fished.  On the other hand, conservation initiatives undertaken by fishermen working in cooperation with government, such catch-quota management, have made a very meaningful contribution to the recovery of cod in the central and northern North Sea.  The biomass of cod in the Irish Sea and West of Scotland remains depleted.  A temporary cod plan that excludes a days-at-sea regime will apply from 1 January 2017 before this is superseded by new multi-species plans for individual sea basins; e.g. the North Sea multi-annual plan which was proposed by the European Commission in August 2016.

Pacific cod
The Pacific cod is an important commercial food species. It has three separate dorsal fins, and the catfish-like whiskers on its lower jaw. In appearance, it is similar to the Atlantic Cod. A bottom dweller, it is found mainly along the continental shelf and upper slopes with a range around the rim of the North Pacific Ocean, from the Yellow Sea to the Bering Strait, along the Aleutian Islands, and south to about Los Angeles, down to the depths of . They may grow up to 78–79 cm and weigh up to . It is found in huge schools. In Northwest Pacific catches of Pacific cod by the United States trawl fishery and joint-venture fisheries increased from less than  in 1979 to nearly  in 1984 and reached  in 1995. Today, catches are tightly regulated, and the Pacific cod quota is split among fisheries that use hook and line gear, pots, and bottom trawls.

Greenland cod
Greenland cod is generally sombre-coloured, ranging from tan to brown to silvery. Its appearance is similar to that of other cod species; generally heavy-bodied, elongate, usually with a stout caudal peduncle. They can grow to a length of .

They are bottom fishes inhabiting inshore waters and continental shelves, up to depths of . Their range covers the Arctic Ocean and Northwest Atlantic Ocean from Alaska to West Greenland, then south along the Canadian coast to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cape Breton Island generally from 45 to 75 degrees north.

Their wholesome flesh is whitish and flaky but firmer and tougher and less desirable than that of the Atlantic cod. The stock of Greenland cod has been strongly reduced in recent years.

Distribution

Northeast Atlantic cod

The Northeast Atlantic is the world's largest population of cod. By far the largest part of this population is the North-East Arctic Cod, as it is labelled by the ICES, or the Arcto-Norwegian cod stock, also referred to as skrei, a Norwegian name meaning something like "the wanderer", distinguishing it from coastal cod. The North-East Arctic Cod is found in the Barents Sea area. This stock spawns in March and April along the Norwegian coast, about 40% around the Lofoten archipelago. Newly hatched larvae drift northwards with the coastal current while feeding on larval copepods. By summer the young cod reach the Barents Sea where they stay for the rest of their life, until their spawning migration. As the cod grow, they feed on krill and other small crustaceans and fish. Adult cod primarily feed on fish such as capelin and herring. The northeast Arctic cod also shows cannibalistic behaviour. In 2012 the biomass of the Northeast Atlantic cod stock was estimated to be at an all-time high since scientists started observing stock status some 100 years ago.

The North Sea cod stock is primarily fished by European Union member states and Norway. In 1999 the catch was divided among Denmark (31%), Scotland (25%), the rest of the United Kingdom (12%), the Netherlands (10%), Belgium, Germany and Norway (17%). In the 1970s, the annual catch rose to between 200,000 - 300,000 tons. Due to concerns about overfishing, catch quotas were repeatedly reduced in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2003, ICES stated that there is a high risk of stock collapse if current exploitation levels continue, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004. However, agriculture and fisheries ministers from the Council of the European Union endorsed the EU/Norway Agreement and set the total allowable catch (TAC) 27,300 tons.

Baltic Sea cod are divided into two stocks: Western Baltic cod and Eastern Baltic cod. In 2013 the main catches of Western Baltic cod were by Denmark (55%), Germany (25%) and Sweden (13%), and the main catches of Eastern Baltic cod were by Poland (38%), Denmark (19%) and Sweden (17% ). The Eastern Baltic cod stock had quite low abundance until the 1970s, but then grew rapidly due to low fishing pressure and favourable environmental conditions for egg and larvae survival (high salinity, oxygen amount and abundance of prey copepods). In the late 1980s, stock size declined as a result of overfishing and degradation of spawning areas (decreased oxygen amount in the deeper zones of the Eastern Baltic). The stock recovered somewhat in 2010, but concentrated mainly in Bornholm Basin.

Spawning
The spawning stock of North-East Arctic cod was more than a million tons following World War II, but declined to a historic minimum of 118,000 tons in 1987. The North-East Arctic cod catch reached a historic maximum of 1,343,000 tons in 1956, and bottomed out at 212,000 tons in 1990. Since 2000, the spawning stock has increased quite quickly, helped by low fishing pressure. However, there are worries about a decreased age at first spawning (often an early sign of stock collapse), combined with the level of discards and unreported catches. The total catch in 2003 was 521,949 tons, the major fishers being Norway (191,976 tons) and Russia (182,160 tons).

Northwest Atlantic cod

The northwest Atlantic cod has been regarded as heavily overfished throughout its range, resulting in a crash in the fishery in the United States and Canada during the early 1990s.

Newfoundland's northern cod fishery can be traced back to the 16th century. "On average, about  of cod was landed annually until the 1960s, when advances in technology enabled factory trawlers, many of them foreign, to take larger catches. By 1968, landings for the fish peaked at  before a gradual decline set in. With the reopening of the limited cod fisheries last year, nearly  of cod were hauled in. Today, it's estimated that offshore cod stocks are at one per cent of what they were in 1977" .

Technologies that contributed to the collapse of Atlantic Cod include engine-powered vessels and frozen food compartments aboard ships. Engine power vessels had larger nets, larger engines, and better navigation. The capacity to catch fish became limitless. In addition, sonar technology gave an edge to catching and detecting fish. Sonar was originally developed during World War II to locate enemy submarines, but was later applied to locating schools of fish. These new technologies, as well as bottom-trawlers that destroyed entire ecosystems, contributed to the collapse of Atlantic Cod. They were vastly different from old techniques used, such as hand lines and long lines.

The fishery has yet to recover, and may not recover at all because of a possibly stable change in the food chain. Atlantic cod was a top-tier predator, along with haddock, flounder and hake, feeding upon smaller prey such as herring, capelin, shrimp and snow crab. With the large predatory fish removed, their prey has had a population explosion and have become the top predators.

Population tracking

Cod populations or stocks can differ significantly both in appearance and biology. For instance, the cod stocks of the Baltic Sea are adapted to low-salinity water. Organisations such as the Northwest Atlantic Fishery Organization (NAFO) and ICES divide the cod into management units or stocks; however these units are not always biologically distinguishable stocks. Some major stocks/management units on the Canadian/US shelf are the Southern Labrador-Eastern Newfoundland stock (NAFO divisions 2J3KL), the Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock (NAFO divisions 3Pn4RS), the Northern Scotian Shelf stock (NAFO divisions 4VsW), which all lie in Canadian waters, and the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine stocks in United States waters. In the European Atlantic, there are numerous separate stocks: on the shelves of Iceland, the coast of Norway, the Barents Sea, the Faroe Islands, off western Scotland, the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the Celtic Sea and in the Baltic Sea.

History

Cod has been an important economic commodity in an international market since the Viking period (around AD 800). Norwegians used dried cod during their travels, and soon a dried cod market developed in southern Europe. This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, passing through periods of Black Death, wars and other crises and still is an important Norwegian fish trade. The Portuguese since the 15th century have been fishing cod in the North Atlantic, and clipfish is widely eaten and appreciated in Portugal.

The Basques also played an important role in the cod trade. Basque fishermen were present in Newfoundland and Labrador from at least 1517 onward, predating all recorded European settlements in the region except those of the Norse. Basque fishing expeditions led to significant trade and cultural exchanges with Native Americans. A fringe theory suggests Basque sailors first arrived in North America prior to Columbus' voyages to the New World (some sources suggest the late 14th century as a tentative date) but kept the destination a secret in order to avoid competition over the fishing resources of the North American coasts. However, there is no historical or archaeological evidence to support this claim.

The North American east coast developed in part due to the vast amount of cod, and many cities in the New England area spawned near cod fishing grounds.  New England profited greatly from the golden trade route between England, Africa, the West Indies, and New England in the 17th and 18th centuries.  New England cod went to England and then to the West Indies to feed slaves working in the sugar cane fields producing molasses for rum manufacture in Massachusetts and England to be used as payment for more slaves from West African slave traders to be used in the ever-expanding sugar cane fields in the West Indies.

Between the 1530s and 1626 Basque whalers frequented the waters of Newfoundland and the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence from the Strait of Belle Isle to the mouth of the Saguenay River. They constructed stone ovens ashore for fires to melt whale fat. However, as whales became scarce, the cod fishery off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland became hotly contested by the British and French, in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. The British used small boats close to shore, from which they caught the cod with hook and line. They practiced the "dry fishery" technique, which involved shore-based settlements for the drying of cod on flakes or racks placed in the open air for their subsequent transport back to Europe. The French on the other hand practiced the "green fishery", which involved processing the catch with salt aboard ship. At the same time a fleet of schooners fishing for cod, halibut, haddock, and mackerel became prominent off the Atlantic coast. The use of the long line and purse seine net increased the size of the catch.

Apart from its long history, this particular trade also differs from most other fishing trades by the location of the fishing grounds, far from large populations and without any domestic market. The large cod fisheries along the coast of North Norway (and in particular close to the Lofoten islands) have been developed almost uniquely for export, depending on sea transport of stockfish over large distances. Since the introduction of salt, dried salt cod ('klippfisk' in Norwegian) has also been exported. The trade operations and the sea transport were by the end of the 14th century taken over by the Hanseatic League, Bergen being the most important port of trade.

William Pitt the Elder, criticizing the Treaty of Paris in Parliament, claimed that cod was "British gold"; and that it was folly to restore Newfoundland fishing rights to the French.

In the 17th and 18th centuries in the New World, especially in Massachusetts and Newfoundland, cod became a major commodity, forming trade networks and cross-cultural exchanges. In 1733, Britain tried to gain control over trade between New England and the British Caribbean by imposing the Molasses Act, which they believed should have eliminated the trade by making it unprofitable. After Britain began to tax the American settlers, the cod trade grew instead of being eliminated, because the "French were eager to work with the New Englanders in a lucrative contraband arrangement" (p. 95). The American settlers traded cod with the French Caribbean for molasses to make rum at this time, and the increase in trade benefited the American market because of the contraband agreement. In addition to increasing trade, the New England settlers were organized into a "codfish aristocracy". The American settlers rose up against British "tariff on an import, instigated by merchants, including John Hancock and John Rowe, in which the scions of the codfish aristocracy" disguised themselves, boarded their own ships, and disposed of their own goods into the harbor in protest to the tariff, more commonly known as the Boston Tea Party (p. 96). In the 20th century, Iceland re-emerged as a fishing power and entered the Cod Wars to gain control over the north Atlantic seas. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, cod fishing off the coasts of Europe and America severely depleted cod stocks there, which has since become a major political issue, as the necessity of restricting catches to allow fish populations to recover has run up against opposition from the fishing industry and politicians reluctant to approve any measures that will result in job losses. The 2006 Northwest Atlantic cod quota is set at 23,000 tons, representing half the available stocks, while it is set to 473,000 tons for the Northeast Atlantic cod.

The Pacific Cod is currently suffering due to a strong global demand. The 2006 TAC for the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea Aleutian Islands was set at 260,000,000 kg (574 million pounds).

Fleets

Scandinavian shipbuilding technology failed to advance beyond that of the Viking days. The traditional Viking ships performed quite well in the relatively tranquil summer seas of the medieval warm period, but the stormier climates rendered these vessels particularly dangerous to the point of obsolescence. Viking technology spread earlier throughout Europe, and craftsmen along the Atlantic seaboard of western Europe began to develop ships capable of withstanding heavy seas and the gales that struck commonly even during mid-summer. Rarely did a medieval mariner without a death wish dare to venture beyond easy sight of port during the long winter season.

The Hanseatic League promoted trade throughout the Baltic Sea aboard cogs and hulks that mariners propelled with square sails and oars. The pious European population – especially the monasteries, convents, and bishops – demanded enormous quantities of fish, and Dutch, English, other British, Breton and Basque mariners sought suitable fishing grounds. Earlier generations of Europeans frequently fished in Norwegian waters and in the North Sea; however, the cooling climate led to the decline of the former fisheries, and the reduced supply in the latter could not satiate the increasing demand for salted cod, herring, and other fish.

In an era of very brief life expectancies and an imploding medieval demography, the clearly risky maritime culture provided an attractive means of subsistence. Death constantly haunted medieval Europeans, who took risks unconscionable to the modern mind; the overwhelming majority of the population lived in a state of desperate poverty comparable or perhaps even worse than most Third World countries today. Most medieval Europeans toiled long hours to produce or earn much less than the equivalent of $2 per person per day, from which they paid tithes, taxes, and rents. To make fishing a viable economic alternative to other means of subsistence, a significant majority of fleets leaving port had to reach the fisheries and return alive and intact.

The cooling climate and increasing storminess, however, led to a sharp increase in the proportion of traditional Norse-style boats that left port never to return. These casualties at sea led shipbuilders to develop a stronger boat that could ply the Dogger Bank and return full of fish with some reliability. Boat builders, especially prominent in Dutch ports and Basque seaside towns, however, prospered as they provided new vessels to budding mariners or to replace those wrecked or lost at sea. These new ships proved adequately seaworthy for the expectations of the era.

Declining fishing stocks and frequent tax evasion led the Hansa cabal to close the fisheries near Bergen off the Norwegian coast in 1410. English fishermen responded by taking their craft to the closed Icelandic colony and trading and fishing there in 1412. Besides several local fishing boats, very few if any ships had visited Iceland in several decades. English ships, however, began to set sail for Iceland early each spring through the frigid gales and freezing spray to trade and fish just as their Danish predecessors did centuries earlier. Each dogger that successfully returned to Britain in the autumn carried roughly 30 tons of fish. Although the Danish masters of Iceland convinced King Henry V of England to forbid the Icelandic cod trade, English fleets continued to visit the otherwise isolated island. The Hanseatic League copied the shipbuilding technologies of their English rivals and began to reassert Scandinavian sovereignty over Iceland. This struggle led to piracy and pillaging on the high seas and ultimately to the development of modern naval warfare.

The settlement probably disappeared during the 15th century.

The historical record, however, does reveal a competition between Basque, English, and other fishermen and pirates for the North Atlantic fisheries. Foreigners moved beyond peaceful trade with Iceland, and pirates plundered the utterly defenseless Scandinavian community severely and repeatedly during the late 15th century. Some English fleets began to reach the western North Atlantic Ocean by 1480 and found fish so plentiful that the British port of Bristol prospered immensely from the trade.

Newfoundland

Cod fishing in Newfoundland was carried out at a subsistence level for centuries, but large-scale fishing began shortly after the European discovery of the North American continent in 1492, with the waters being found to be preternaturally plentiful, and ended after intense overfishing with the collapse of the fisheries in the 1990s.

Native Canadian fishing
The Beothuk (called Skrælings by the Vikings) were the native people of Newfoundland, and survived on a diet of fish. With British and French coastal settlements, the Beothuk were forced inland, and coupled with the European propensity of murdering them on sight, the lack of their normal food source gradually decreased the Beothuk. By the 19th century, the tribe no longer existed.

15th and 16th century
After his voyage in 1497, John Cabot's crew reported that "the sea there is full of fish that can be taken not only with nets but with fishing-baskets," and around 1600 English fishing captains still reported cod shoals "so thick by the shore that we hardly have been able to row a boat through them."

In the early sixteenth century, fishermen from England, France, Spain and Portugal discovered the best places to fish for cod in the waters off Newfoundland, and how best to preserve the fish for the journey home.

The French, Spanish and Portuguese fishermen tended to fish on the Grand Banks and other banks out to sea, where fish were always available. They salted their fish on board ship and it was not dried until brought to Europe. The English fishermen, however, concentrated on fishing inshore where the fish were only to be found at certain times of the year, during their migrations. These fishermen used small boats and returned to shore every day. They developed a system of light salting, washing and drying onshore which became very popular because the fish could remain edible for years. Many of their coastal sites gradually developed into settlements, notably St. John's, now the provincial capital.

In the late sixteenth century the Spanish and Portuguese fisheries were terminated, mainly as a result of the failure of the Spanish Armada, and thereafter the English and French shared the fishery every summer until 1904 when the French agreed to relinquish it to the Newfoundland residents.

Modern fishing methods and the Atlantic northwest fishery collapse

Around 1992 the Northern Cod population on the Grand Banks and around Newfoundland collapsed.

Communities
In Newfoundland and Labrador:

 Anchor Point, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Aspen Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Bay de Verde
 Strait of Belle Isle
 Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia
 Cape Island, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Daniel's Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Frederickton, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Gooseberry Cove
 Heart's Content, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Keels, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Lower Island Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Noggin Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Northern Bay Sands
 Port Hope Simpson, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Port Saunders, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Portugal Cove South, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Savage Cove-Sandy Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Swain's Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 Paspebiac
 History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon

In England:
 Newton Abbot

In Norway:
 Honningsvåg, Finnmark
 Lofoten, including Svolvær, Henningsvær and Røst, Nordland
 Nordland
 Senja island (several villages), Troms
 Vesterålen, including Andenes, Sortland and Myre, Nordland
 Vestfjord

Personalities

 Harold Innis
 Samuel Hearne
 Jacques Le Ber
 Joseph Crandall
 Roger Grimes
 Michael Sars
 Charles Robin
 William Coaker
 John N. Cobb
 William Henry Whiteley
 John Osborn Williams
 William Shirley
 Roger Curtis
 Carl Walters
 Georg Ossian Sars
 Sir Charles Hamilton, 2nd Baronet, of Trebinshun House
 William Coaker

See also

 Cod Wars
 Grand Banks of Newfoundland
 Banks dory
 Cod liver oil
 Sacred Cod
 Eastern freshwater cod
 Harold Innis and the cod fishery
 Diffusion of technology in Canada
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
 North Atlantic oscillation
 Pechora Sea
 Economy of Canada
 History of immigration to Canada
 Precautionary principle
 Gazela Primeiro
 Barents Sea

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 Links the collapse of Newfoundland and Labrador cod fishing to state management of the resource.

 David J. Starkey, Jon T. Thor & Ingo Heidbrink: A History of the North Atlantic Fisheries: Vol. 1, From Early Times to the mid-Nineteenth Century. Bremen (Hauschild Vlg. & Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum) 2009.

Fishing industry


Jamar Butler (born September 27, 1985) is a basketball point guard. His career started at Shawnee High School in Lima, Ohio, where he was named Ohio's Mr. Basketball his senior year. Butler was then recruited by both the University of Cincinnati and Ohio State University. Jamar chose Ohio State, where he broke multiple school records while majoring in African American and African Studies.

Early career
Butler attended Shawnee High School in Lima, Ohio, and scored a total of 2,412 points throughout his high school career. He placed tenth on Ohio's all-time scoring list. In his senior year, Butler averaged 31.6 points a game, 8.3 assists, 5.8 rebounds, and 2.6 steals a game, and he was named Ohio's Mr. Basketball of 2004. Butler was honored for his Mr. Basketball honor on January 14, 2011 at a varsity game vs. Elida High School. Jamar was Lima's 4th Mr. Basketball in Ohio winner, the others, Greg Simpson (twice) and Aaron Hutchins.

As a sophomore, Butler averaged 10.1 points per game and was named Big Ten Player of the Week in February 2006 after leading Ohio State to wins against two ranked opponents. He also led the team in foul shots, with an accuracy rate of about eighty percent. As a junior, Butler scored 18 points in the first game of the season and did so again against Penn State. He played for thirty minutes or more in twenty-eight of Ohio State's thirty-nine games.

As a senior, Butler helped lead Ohio State to victory in the 2008 National Invitation Tournament

Butler set the career records in assists (579) and games played (139) at Ohio State. (His assists record has since been eclipsed by Aaron Craft.) He is also twenty-third all-time in scoring, with 1,313 points.

References

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
American expatriate basketball people in Cyprus
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Greece
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Basketball players from Ohio
Eisbären Bremerhaven players
Greek Basket League players
KK Igokea players
Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball players
Olympia Larissa B.C. players
Piratas de Quebradillas players
Point guards
American men's basketball players


These are lists of New York City landmarks designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission:

 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan:
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan above 110th Street
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan on smaller islands
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Brooklyn
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Queens
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in the Bronx
 List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Staten Island

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County, New York
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan above 110th Street
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan on islands
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County, New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Queens County, New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County, New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, New York

External links
NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Flickr group