Monoplex parthenopeus,<ref>"Cymatium parthenopeum (Salis, 1793)"], CLEMAM, accessed 18 February 2011.</ref> common name the giant triton or giant hairy triton, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. It preys on other molluscs.

Fossil records
This species have been recorded as fossils from the Miocene to the Quaternary (from 15.97 to 0.0 million years ago).

 Distribution
This species occurs worldwide including:
 The Western Atlantic Ocean
 New Zealand

 Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 180 mm.

 Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 75 m.

Life cycle
Hairy tritons are notable for having particularly long planktonic periods. The veliger larvae remain in the plankton for nearly 300 days, dispersing as far as 4000 km. This is the longest known larval duration and dispersal distance of any marine invertebrate which occurs along the west coast of North America.

Gallery

References

 Salis Marschlins C. U. von (1793). Reisen in verschieden Provinzen den Königreischs Neapel. Zurich and Leipzig, Ziegler Vol. I: pp. 442 + 10 pl.
 Beu, A. G. (1970). The Mollusca of the subgenus Monoplex (family Cymatiidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Biological Sciences 11 (17): 225-237
 Morton B. & Morton JE. (1983). The sea shore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
 Gofas, S.; Afonso, J.P.; Brandào, M. (Ed.). (S.a.). Conchas e Moluscos de Angola = Coquillages et Mollusques d'Angola. [Shells and molluscs of Angola. Universidade Agostinho / Elf Aquitaine Angola: Angola. 140 pp
 Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
 Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico'', Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
 Beu A.G. 2010 [August]. Neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and South America: contributions to the Dominican Republic and Panama Paleontology Projects and uplift of the Central American Isthmus. Bulletins of American Paleontology 377-378: 550 pp, 79 pls.

External links
 Pilsbry, H. A. (1945). New Floridian marine mollusks. The Nautilus. 59(2): 59-60
 Perry, G. (1811). Conchology, or the natural history of shells: containing a new arrangement of the genera and species, illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens, and including the latest discoveries. 4 pp., 61 plates. London
 Born, I. Von. (1778). Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis. Pars I.ma. Testacea. Verzeichniß der natürlichen Seltenheiten des k. k. Naturalien Cabinets zu Wien. Erster Theil. Schalthiere; Vindobonae (Vienna); (Kraus)
 Risso, A. (1826-1827). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe Méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes. Paris, F.G. Levrault. 3(XVI): 1-480, 14 pls.
  Hutton, F. W. (1873). Catalogue of the marine Mollusca of New Zealand with diagnoses of the species. Didsbury, Wellington. xx + 116 pp.
 Orbigny A. d'. (1841-1853). Mollusques. In: R. de la Sagra (ed.). Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba. Arthus Bertrand, Paris. Vol 1
 Gould, A. A. (1849). Descriptions of new species of shells, brought home by the U. S. Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 3: 83-85, 89-92, 106-108, 118-121
 Gould, A. A. (1860). Descriptions of new shells collected by the United States North Pacific Exploring Expedition. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 7: 323-336
 Smith, E. A. (1890). Report on the marine molluscan fauna of the island of St. Helena. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. (1890): 247-317, pls 21-24
 Bellardi, L. (1873). I molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria. Parte I. Cephalopoda, Pteropoda, Heteropoda. Gasteropoda (Muricidae et Tritonidae). Stamperia Reale, Torino, 264 pp., 15 pl.
 Drawing of the shell

Cymatiidae
Gastropods described in 1793
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN


The Cobequid Pass is the name given to a  tolled section of Nova Scotia Highway 104 (the Trans-Canada Highway) between Thomson Station, Cumberland County and Masstown, Colchester County in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The section is a public–private partnership; the highway is owned by the Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation, a Crown corporation of the Government of Nova Scotia, with a toll plaza operated under contract by Atlantic Highway Management Corporation Limited, a subsidiary of Aecon Concessions. The toll plaza is located near the halfway point in Londonderry. It opened in 1997.

Tolls
On 16 December 2021 at 11 a.m., Cobequid Pass tolls were eliminated for passenger and commercial vehicles registered in Nova Scotia. As of 2022, Nova Scotia-registered vehicles have free passage through the Cobequid Pass, the toll is $4 for passenger vehicles registered outside of Nova Scotia and $3 per axle for out-of-province commercial vehicles.

From 2004 to 2021, the toll was $4 for all passenger vehicles. From 2005 to 2021, the toll was $3 per axle for large commercial trucks.

According to the Nova Scotia Department of Public Works, as of December 2021, about 50 per cent of passenger vehicles and about 70 per cent of commercial trucks using the Cobequid Pass were registered out-of-province.

There is both electronic toll collection as well as toll booth operators who only accept cash.  Toll collection operations are run by Atlantic Highway Management Corporation Limited (AHMCL), which is a subsidiary of the contractor, Atlantic Highways Corporation (AHC).  Both are now owned by Aecon.  AHC guaranteed the highway for three years, which was an unprecedented warranty period at that time, and all deficiencies were repaired at their expense.  Since the warranty expired in 2000 maintenance has been performed by the Department of Transportation & Infrastructure Renewal.

Name
The Cobequid Pass received its name from a combination of the Cobequid Mountains (which the highway crosses over) and the word "bypass". There is no geographic feature in Nova Scotia, such as an actual mountain pass in the Cobequid Mountains, having the name "Cobequid Pass".

History

This section of highway opened as a 4-lane divided freeway on 15 November 1997, with the prior alignment of Highway 104 between Thomson Station and Masstown being re-designated as part of Nova Scotia Trunk 4.  It has a posted speed limit of  throughout, except for a posted speed limit of  for a  section at the toll plaza.

The Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation was created by a provincial statute, the Highway 104 Western Alignment Act, whose sole purpose was to finance, design, construct, operate and maintain this new alignment of highway.  The Cobequid Pass Toll Highway was built with CAD $66 million in private financing (from CIT Financial) and CAD $27.5 million from the Government of Nova Scotia and CAD $27.5 million from the Government of Canada.  The private financing loan is being paid back through tolls collected at a toll booth located between KM 72 and 73 in Londonderry, Colchester County.

In 2019, an average of 7,600 cars and 2,100 trucks were passing through the Cobequid Pass every day.

1994-1995 funding controversy
Prior to this new alignment, Highway 104 ran east and south from Thomson Station for  to Masstown on the present alignment of Trunk 4 through the Wentworth Valley and over Folly Mountain.  This 2-lane uncontrolled access section included climbing Folly Mountain and was nicknamed "The Valley of Death" due to an increasing number of accidents with a high fatality rate that were occurring in the early to mid 1990s; it was political pressure resulting from these accidents that forced the cash-strapped provincial government to pursue toll financing for the realignment section now known as the Cobequid Pass Toll Highway.

Beginning in the fall of 1994 and continuing into 1995, national and local media began reporting on a controversy involving the $27.5 million funding for this project from the Government of Canada.  It was revealed that the federal Minister of Public Works, David Dingwall, had attempted to redirect approximately $26 million of highway funding designated for Nova Scotia from the proposed bypass of the Wentworth Valley toward upgrading sections of the Fleur-de-lis Trail, a scenic highway that ran through Mr. Dingwall's federal riding of Cape Breton—East Richmond, as well as that of provincial Minister of Transportation and Public Works, Richard Mann's riding of Richmond.  The controversy was capitalized by the Reform Party of Canada which erected a large sign beside the highway at Glenholme which read:

References

External links

Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation official website

Nova Scotia provincial highways
Roads in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
Roads in Colchester County
Toll roads in Canada
Public–private partnership projects in Canada
Electronic toll collection


The Northern Sydney Freight Corridor (NSFC) was a project to improve access between Sydney and Newcastle for freight trains. Frequent passenger services operate on the Main Northern line between Strathfield and Broadmeadow. These passenger services take priority, meaning freight trains can be delayed and are subject to a curfew during peak hours. The Northern Sydney Freight Corridor aimed to reduce delays and increase capacity by providing additional train paths. The delivery of the NSFC projects was managed by Transport for NSW, with the exception of the Hexham freight loop which was delivered in June 2012 by the Australian Rail Track Corporation. The final stage was completed in June 2016.

Previously existent infrastructure

In addition to the two main tracks, there is an extra Down (northbound) line from North Strathfield to Rhodes and a disused extra Up (southbound) track from Concord West to North Strathfield. Between West Ryde and Epping, there is a quadruplicated section of track. Between Pennant Hills and Thornleigh, there are two loops, but these are too short to accommodate 1,500 metre trains.

As part of the Rail Clearways Program in August 2006, an additional platform was opened at Berowra, and in March 2009, an additional platform and passing loop was opened at Hornsby. These allow overtaking of terminating suburban trains. There are also refuges at Cowan and Broadmeadow capable of accommodating 1,500 metre trains. There are shorter loops at Hawkesbury River, Gosford, Morisset and Awaba but these are not capable of accommodating the longer freight trains.

Projects
In December 2011, the New South Wales and Federal Governments signed an intergovernmental agreement to develop a series of NSFC projects. The Federal Government will contribute $840 million and the State Government $214 million. The projects were:

North Strathfield underpass

The Main Northern Line commences at Strathfield where it diverges from the Main Suburban Line. The junction includes four tracks for services to or from the east and one track for services to or from the west. This westbound track is bi-directional and is mainly used by freight trains. Prior to the completion of the North Strathfield underpass, southbound trains that would be heading west were required to cross the northbound track via a flat junction.

The project removed the conflict by constructing an underpass beneath the Main Northern Line for southbound trains. In addition, 850 metres of disused southbound track between Concord West and Strathfield was brought back into use and extended 2.4 km northwards. Concord West received a new concourse and a fourth platform face. The line is electrified, although the only booked passenger journeys to work via the underpass are special event trains to Olympic Park. It opened on 9 June 2015.

Epping to Thornleigh third track

The line from Epping to Thornleigh features a steep gradient slowing heavy freight trains. A third 6 kilometre track allows northbound freight trains to be passed by faster passenger trains. It connects to the existing northbound passing loop from Pennant Hills to Thornleigh. The project required the construction of a new bridge over the M2 Motorway and station modifications at Cheltenham, Beecroft and Pennant Hills, with Cheltenham receiving a new concourse. The line was electrified, and although additional platform faces were built at Cheltenham and Pennant Hills, it is not planned to be used by stopping passenger trains however will provide for some flexibility in case of service disruptions. The new track opened on 14 June 2016.

Gosford refuge loops
This project involved the construction of two passing loops and six bridges on either side of the existing rail line between Gosford and Narara stations. The northbound line was electrified allowing NSW TrainLink services to use it. It opened on 23 February 2015.

Hexham refuge loop
This project completed in June 2012, involved construction of a 1,500 metre refuge loop on the northern side of the Sydney bound main line west of Hexham station.

See also
Southern Sydney Freight Line
Transport in Sydney in the 2010s

References

Rail freight transport in Australia
Rail infrastructure in New South Wales
Rail transport in Sydney


Janet Douglas may refer to:

 Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis (died 1537), Scottish noblewoman falsely accused of witchcraft and burnt to death
 Janet Douglas (seer) (fl. 1670s), Scottish woman who claimed to have the gift of second sight
 Janet Douglas (diplomat) (born 1960), British High Commissioner to Barbados and the East Caribbean since 2017


Crosseola intertexta is a species of minute sea snail or micromollusc, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Conradiidae.

Description
The height of the shell attains 1.8 mm, its diameter 1.65 mm.

Distribution
This species is endemic to Three Kings Islands, New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 List of Mollusca collected; Discovery Reports v.15 (1937); Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (Great Britain)
 New Zealand Mollusca: Crosseola intertexta

intertexta
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1937


Dolicrossea vesca is a species of minute sea snail in the family Elachisinidae.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
  Spencer H.G., Willan R.C., Marshall B.A. & Murray T.J. (2011) Checklist of the Recent Mollusca Recorded from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone

Elachisinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Taxa named by Harold John Finlay


Old Byrd Stadium, also known as Byrd Stadium or Byrd Field and nicknamed "the Byrd Cage", was the home stadium for the University of Maryland from 1923 until 1947. It was located in College Park, Maryland, east of Baltimore Avenue on the site of the school's present-day fraternity row. The seating capacity for the stadium was 5,000.

History
In 1915, Harry "Curley" Byrd, head coach for what was then the Maryland Agricultural football team, petitioned the school for funds for a stadium. At that time, the football team lacked any dedicated facilities and had one poorly suited athletic field on which to practice and play games. The new stadium was originally to be called the University of Maryland Athletic Field, but the student body protested for a better name. The Board of Regents voted to name the stadium after Byrd, who was a former quarterback, the current coach, and future university president.

The stadium was built by the H. D. Watts Construction Company, which was owned by Harry Watts, an alumnus who played as a fullback on the football team from 1901 to 1903. Construction was completed in 1923 at a cost of $60,000. The inaugural game was played against  on September 29, which Maryland won, 53–0. The stadium was officially dedicated on November 24, for the Homecoming game against Catholic. Maryland won that game as well, 40-6, in front of a crowd of 3,000. Between 1924 and 1947, Maryland played most home games in the facility, but for major games often traveled to Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C. or Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, both of which were significantly larger. In 1944, Byrd Stadium hosted the first night game in College Park, which pitted the Terrapins against Hampden-Sydney College. During the 1948 season, the Terrapins played all of their home games at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D.C. In 1950, the old stadium was replaced by the significantly larger Byrd Stadium (which was renamed Maryland Stadium in 2015), and the original stadium was razed in 1953.

References

Maryland Terrapins football venues
Defunct college football venues
American football venues in Maryland
Sports venues completed in 1923
Demolished sports venues in Maryland
1923 establishments in Maryland
Sports venues demolished in 1953
1953 disestablishments in Maryland


Cylichna thetidis is a species of sea snails or bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family Cylichnidae, the chalice bubble snails or canoe bubble snails.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

External links
 Photo

Cylichnidae
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1903


Sphaerocylichna incommoda is a species of deepsea snail or bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Cylichnidae, the canoe bubbles or chalice bubble snails.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Burn R. (2006) A checklist and bibliography of the Opisthobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Victoria and the Bass Strait area, south-eastern Australia. Museum Victoria Science Reports 10:1–42

Cylichnidae
Gastropods described in 1891


Trinchesia zelandica is a species of small sea slug or aeolid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trinchesiidae.

Distribution
This species was described from Auckland Island. It has not been found since the original description.

References

 Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

External links
 Spencer H.G., Willan R.C., Marshall B.A. & Murray T.J. (2011). Checklist of the Recent Mollusca Recorded from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone

Trinchesiidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1924


Echyridella aucklandica is a species of freshwater mussel endemic to New Zealand. E. aucklandica is an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Unionidae, the river mussels.

Description

Echyridella aucklandica was first described by John Edward Gray in 1843 and given the name Unio aucklandicus. It was described again by American malacologist Charles Torrey Simpson in 1902, who used the name Diplodon websteri.
Simpson's original text (the type description) reads as follows:

The length of the shell is 62–81 mm. The height of the shell is 32–39 mm. The width of the shell is 14–20 mm.

Distribution

Echyridella aucklandica is found in two separate locations, Southland and the lower North Island. This broken distribution may have come about due to transportation by Māori. It inhabits lakes and streams.

Ecology

The larval stage of Echyridella aucklandica attaches itself exclusively to the New Zealand smelt, unlike the more common Echyridella menziesii, which generalises to many different host species. It is theorised that the species may have used the New Zealand grayling (upokororo), an extinct species, as its primary host in the past.

References

Unionidae
Bivalves of New Zealand
Bivalves described in 1843
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic molluscs of New Zealand


The port of Hong Kong is a deep water port located in southern China. It is one of the hub ports serving the South-East and East Asia region, and is a gateway to mainland China. The city of Hong Kong began as a colony of the United Kingdom. It was a free port, and became an international trade center connecting land and sea transport between China and other countries. The port has mature infrastructure and well-developed air-sea-land transport. It helps Hong Kong maintain its position on international trade centre and transshipment hub.

As part of the 1997 transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from Britain to China, the  ship registration system has made some adjustments. In 1990, the Marine Department set up a separate system for the Hong Kong Shipping Register. The ordinance of Hong Kong Ship Registration was amended accordingly.

Adjustments
1 Name of Shipping Registry

By authorization of the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Hong Kong Shipping Register should follow the Basic Law by using the name 'Hong Kong, China" to maintain a separate ship registration system.

2 Ownership of Ship
For ship preparing to register in Hong Kong, the shipowner should authorize a local agent, who roles as the representative connected with Marine Department, so as to better manage fleet of ships directly.

3 Employment of Ship Crews

Under the new ship registration system, there are no nationality requirements for officers and crew who serve on Hong Kong registered ships. Crew size depends on the ship's size and nature. Ship officers must have respective certificates of competency issued by Hong Kong Marine Department in compliance with the STCW95 Convention.

4 Equipment of Registered Ships

Equipment should fulfill the requirements on safety and protection of marine environment ratified by International Maritime Organization (IMO). In addition, Shipowners should authorize classification societies to carry out statutory surveys and issue relevant certificates.

5 Preferential Charges

There are 3 types of charges: First Registration Fee, Annual Tonnage Charges (ATC) and Classification Society Charge. To encourage long term and stable registration, a First Registration Fee reduction scheme was put in place in April 1999. For ships not exceeding 500 Gross Tons (GT), the first registration fee is HK$3,500; ships exceeding 500GT, the fee is HK$15,000, much lower than the original charges of HK$100,000.

If a ship has no detention record under Port State Control (PSC) regime within 2 years, the registered ship receives a 6 month ATC reduction for the next year.

Hong Kong registered ships receive around 30% reduction in port dues in China ports since January 2000.

6 Taxation

Revenue generated from international trade including postage, passenger carriage and charter of ships can be exempted from the profits tax. Hong Kong participates in the Taxation Relief Agreement with 12 partner countries including the United States, China, United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea, Singapore, New Zealand, Netherland, Norway, Belgium, Denmark and Sri Lanka.

7 Quality Control System

Hong Kong Shipping Register introduced a quality control system in 1999. The system ensures that ship management companies perform inspection and survey on their ships. Since the Tokyo Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in April 1994, Hong Kong has been on the Committee of Port State Control system. The detention rate of Hong Kong registered ships is lower than other Flag State countries.

Summary
The new measures not only reduce the operation cost of ship management, but also improve service quality. The new system increased Hong Kong's competitive advantage for attracting more ships port. As of January 2009, Hong Kong registered ships have reached 40.56 million tons and over 1,380 vessels.

References

The Hong Kong Shipping Register, Hong Kong Marine Department
Shipping Register Users' Handbook, Hong Kong Marine Department
Port of Hong Kong
Port State Control(PSC)
Tokyo MOU Organization
國際自由港 - 香港

Economy of Hong Kong
Ship registration


Heaven Only Knows may refer to:
 Heaven Only Knows (1947 film)
 Heaven Only Knows (album), an album by Teddy Pendergrass
 "Heaven Only Knows" (Emmylou Harris song), a 1989 song by Emmylou Harris
 "Heaven Only Knows" (k-os song), a 2002 song by k-os
 "Heaven Only Knows", a song by Electric Light Orchestra from their 1986 album Balance of Power
 "Heaven Only Knows", a song by Richard Marx from his 1987 self-titled debut album

See also
 Heaven Knows (disambiguation)
 "Heaven" (John Legend song), whose opening words are "Heaven only knows"
 "Only Heaven Knows", a song by Eddy Grant from Going for Broke


Byrd Field may refer to:

 Byrd Field, the name of Old Byrd Stadium, the playing field for the University of Maryland from 1923 until 1947.
 Byrd Field, an earlier name for Richmond International Airport.


Cytora is a genus of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae. This genus is endemic to New Zealand.

Description
The height of the shell is less than 7 mm.

Species
There are 42 species in the genus Cytora. However, 23 of them were first described in 2007.

Species in the genus Cytora include:
 Cytora ampla (Powell, 1941)
 Cytora annectens (Powell, 1948)
 Cytora aranea (Powell, 1928)
 Cytora calva (Hutton, 1882)
 Cytora chiltoni (Suter, 1896)
 Cytora cytora (Gray, 1850)
 Cytora depressa Gardner, 1968
 Cytora fasciata (Suter, 1894)
 Cytora filicosta (Powell, 1948)
 Cytora hedleyi (Suter, 1894)
 Cytora hirsutissima (Powell, 1951)
 Cytora hispida Gardner, 1967
 Cytora kiama Climo, 1973
 Cytora lignaria (Pfeiffer, 1857)
 Cytora pallida (Hutton, 1883)
 Cytora pannosa (Hutton, 1882)
 Cytora septentrionale (Suter, 1907)
 Cytora solitaria (Powell, 1935)
 Cytora tekakiensis Gardner, 1967
 Cytora torquilla (Suter, 1894)

References

Pupinidae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Cymatona kampyla is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cymatiidae.

References

 Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Cymatiidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1885


Cylichna zealandica is a species of sea snail or bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Cylichnidae, the chalice bubble snails or canoe bubble snails.

Description
The height of the shell is 9 mm, its diameter 3.8 mm. The white, strong shell is smooth and faintly longitudinally striated. The aperture is produced above the spire.

Distribution
This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off North Island at a depth of 60 m.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Spencer H.G., Willan R.C., Marshall B.A. & Murray T.J. (2011) Checklist of the Recent Mollusca Recorded from the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone

Cylichnidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1880


is a 1986 video game software developed and published by Hudson Soft exclusively in Japan for the Nintendo Family Computer. It is based on Fujiko Fujio A's (pen name of Motoo Abiko) Japanese manga series of the same name, which later became an anime series and Asian franchise. The game was released around the same time the anime was aired. It was the fifth best selling Famicom game released in 1986, selling approximately 1,500,000 copies in its lifetime.

Description

Plot
The plot begins when a young ninja name Kanzo Hattori is searching for his master in order to complete his training. While searching for his master, he encounters a young 10-year-old boy named Ken'ichi Mitsuba and makes him his temporary replacement master. In order to develop Ken'ichi's confidence,  they went on many adventures together. The game was aimed at a young audience the same way that the manga and anime did.

Gameplay
In the game, player controls Kanzo Hattori in a side-scrolling action game. Hattori must run to the right over various terrains, but primarily through the woods. In addition to using throwing stars, Hattori can access one of the other ninja techniques (ninpou), like Kagebashin, Happou no Shuriken, etc. In fact, he learns a total of 11 ninpou; however, he must first collect scrolls that provide those abilities before he can use them. Due to sluggish controls, it can be difficult to clear some of the obstacles that he will face without the ninja abilities to enhance his mobility.

References

1986 video games
Hudson Soft games
Japan-exclusive video games
Video games about ninja
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Takeaki Kunimoto
Ninja Hattori-kun


Stephanie Novacek (b. Iowa City, Iowa, 31 August 1970) is an American operatic mezzo-soprano who has appeared at many of the world's opera houses. A regular performer at the Houston Grand Opera and Opera Atelier, Novacek is especially known for her performances in contemporary operas and in obscure operas, particularly baroque works, outside of the standard repertory. Opera News has described her voice as a "rich, seamless flow of solid silk" and an actress "with always a strong presence on stage".

Career
Novacek studied voice at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (M. Mus. 1995) and began her career in 1996 as a member of the Young Artist Programs at the Santa Fe Opera in New Mexico and the Houston Grand Opera (HGO) in Texas. She made her professional opera debut that year as The Page of Herodias in Richard Strauss's Salome with HGO and her career has largely been based with that company ever since. With Santa Fe Opera she appeared in productions of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress, Puccini's Madama Butterfly, and the world premiere of Tobias Picker's Emmeline as a member of the chorus during the summer of 1996.

With HGO Novacek created the roles of Maria Callas in Michael Daugherty's Jackie O in 1997 and Jo March in Mark Adamo's Little Women in 1998. Her role in the latter received particular praise from critic Matthew Gurewitsch of the New York Times stating, "In Stephanie Novacek's portrayal of Jo March, Mr. Adamo's heroine, a star was born." Novacek appears on CD recordings of both operas and her performance of Jo March was recorded for DVD and broadcast on PBS's Great Performances in 2001. Novacek's many other roles with HGO include Hänsel in Humperdinck's Hänsel und Gretel, Messaggera in Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, Marcellina in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, Siebel in Gounod's Faust, Maddalena in Verdi's Rigoletto, Olga in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin, Suzuki in Puccini's Madama Butterfly and the title role in Bizet's Carmen among others.

The recipient of numerous honors, Novacek was awarded a Richard F. Gold Career Grant in 1997 by the Shoshana Foundation, a Sullivan Foundation Grant in 1999, and in 2000 she won a Richard Tucker Career Grant. In 2001 she was chosen to be America's representative to the prestigious BBC Cardiff Singer of the World competition. She was nominated for a Dora Mavor Moore Award in 2002 for her portrayal of the title role in Marc-Antoine Charpentier's Médée with Opera Atelier.

Novacek has also made appearances with several other notable opera companies and ensembles. She sang both Dido and the Sorceress in Henry Purcell's Dido and Æneas with the Mark Morris Dance Group at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1998. That same year she made her European debut at the Zurich Opera singing The Page of Herodias. In 1999 she made her debut with the Washington National Opera as Enrichetta in Vincenzo Bellini's I puritani and sang the roles of Baba the Turk in Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress and the Third Lady in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte with the Wolf Trap Opera Company. In 2000 she made her debut with the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Cincinnati Opera as The Page of Herodias in Richard Strauss's Salome and she portrayed Dinah in Leonard Bernstein's Trouble in Tahiti in a film version made by the BBC Wales. In 2001 she made her debut with the Canadian Opera Company as Ottavia in L'incoronazione di Poppea, a role she also performed with HGO that year.

In 2004 Novacek sang the role of Anner in Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All in her debut with the San Francisco Opera and made her debut with Grand Théâtre de Genève as Alyeya in Leoš Janáček's From the House of the Dead. That same year she performed and recorded the role of Cassiope in Jean-Baptiste Lully's Persée with Opera Atelier for both CD and DVD, and she sang the role of Madame in the United States premiere of Peter Bengston's The Maids with Cincinnati Opera. In 2005 she sang the role of Suzuki in Puccini's Madama Butterfly in her debut at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden and the title role in Lully's Armide with Opera Atelier.

In 2006 Novacek appeared in recital at Carnegie Hall with composers Ricky Ian Gordon and Jake Heggie who played their own works on the piano while she sang. That same year she sang the role of Laura in Alexander Dargomyzhsky's The Stone Guest with the American Symphony Orchestra under conductor Leon Botstein at Avery Fisher Hall, performed the role of Maddalena with Madison Opera, portrayed Messaggera in Monteverdi's Orfeo with Opera Atelier, and sang the role of Annina in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier in her debut with the Lyric Opera of Chicago. In 2007 she returned to Opera Atelier to portray the role of Penelope in Claudio Monteverdi's Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria. In 2008 she sang the role of Marcellina in Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro with Atlanta Opera.

References

American operatic mezzo-sopranos
Living people
1970 births
Musicians from Iowa City, Iowa
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign School of Music alumni
Singers from Iowa
20th-century American women opera  singers
21st-century American women  opera  singers


Cytora calva is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

 Bruce A. Marshall, Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand journal of science; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1995

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


The ICTCM Award is presented each year at the International Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics sponsored by Pearson Addison–Wesley & Pearson Prentice Hall publishers. This award, now in its twelfth year, was established by Pearson Education to recognize an individual or group for excellence and innovation in using technology to enhance the teaching and learning of mathematics. Electronic conference proceedings are available beginning with ICTCM 7. List of free electronic journals in mathematics

ICTCM Award recipients

1997 Chicago, ICTCM-10
 To: Paul Velleman, Cornell University
 For: ActiveStats

1998 New Orleans, ICTCM-11
 To: Laurie Hopkins, Columbia College, SC and Amelia Kinard, Columbia College, SC
 For: An Update on the Impact of handheld CAS Systems on Developmental Algebra
 To: Deborah Hughes Hallett, University of Arizona; Eric Connally, Wellesley College; Rajini Jesudason, Wellesley College (Currently: Benjamin Banneker Charter Public School); Ralph Teixeira, Harvard University; and Graeme Bird, Harvard University
 For: Information, Data and Decisions
 To: John C. Miller, The City College of CUNY
 For: xyAlgebra: Algebra Courseware with Intelligent Help at Every Step

1999 San Francisco, ICTCM-12
 To: Michael E. Gage (et al.), University of Rochester and Arnold K. Pizer, University of Rochester
 For: WeBWork
 To: Christopher Weaver, New Mexico State University
 For: Mathematics Accessible to Visually Impaired Students

2000 Atlanta, ICTCM-13
 To: Deborah Hughes Hallett, University of Arizona and Richard Thompson, University of Arizona
 For: Computer Texts for Business Mathematics

2001 Baltimore, ICTCM-14
 To: Bob Richardson, Massey University, New Zealand and Brian Felkel, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
 For: Networked Business Mathematics

2002 Orlando, ICTCM-15
 To: Robert L. Devaney, Boston University
 For: The Dynamical Systems and Technology Project

2003 Chicago, ICTCM-16
 To: James H. Curry, University of Colorado and Anne Dougherty, University of Colorado,
 For: Mathematics Visualization Toolkit

2004 New Orleans, ICTCM-17
 To: Mike Martin, Johnson County Community College, Overland Park, KS and Steven J. Wilson, Johnson County Community College, Overland Park, KS
 For: Dynamic Web Tools for Undergraduate Mathematics

2006 Orlando, ICTCM-18
 To: Sarah L. Mabrouk, Framingham State College, Framingham, MA
 For: 'Interactive MS Excel Workbooks

2007 Boston, ICTCM-19
 To: Mark H. Holmes, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 For: Integrating the Learning of Mathematics and Science Using Interactive Teaching and Learning Strategies

2008 San Antonio, ICTCM-20
 To: Douglas B. Meade, University of South Carolina and Philip B. Yasskin, Texas A&M University
 For: Maplets for Calculus, Tutoring without the Tutor

2009 New Orleans, ICTCM-21
 To: Douglas Ensley, Shippensburg University and Barbara Kaskosz, University of Rhode Island
 For: Flash and Math Applets: Learn by Example

2010 Chicago, ICTCM-22
 To: Paul Seeburger, Monroe Community College
 For: Dynamic Visualization for Multivariable Calculus

2011 Denver, ICTCM-23
 To: Mamikon Mnatsakanian, California Institute of Technology and Hui Fang Huang "Angie" Su, Nova Southeastern University
 For: Shapes and Numbers: From Counting to Calculus and Beyond

See also

 List of mathematics awards

References

Mathematics awards
Awards established in 1997


Cytora aranea is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora annectens is a species of very small air-breathing land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora ampla is a species of small land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Masuma Esmati-Wardak was an Afghan writer and politician. She was jointly one of the first women to serve in the Afghan parliament and served as Minister of Education.

In 1953 she graduated from Kabul Women's College, and received a degree in business in the United States in 1958.

In 1959, she and Kubra Noorzai became one of the first women to appear in public in Afghanistan without a veil after Queen Humaira Begum had removed hers, supporting the call by the Prime minister Mohammed Daoud Khan for women to voluntary remove their veil.

In 1964 King Mohammed Zahir Shah appointed her to an advisory committee that reviewed the draft 1964 constitution, which granted women the right to vote and stand for election. In 1965 she was elected to represent Kandahar in the House of the People of Parliament, and became a leading advocate of women's rights. She was the only one of the four women elected in 1965 to run for re-election in 1969, but lost her seat.

In 1987 she became President of the Afghan Women's Council.

In May 1990 she was appointed cabinet minister of Education and Training in the government of Mohammad Najibullah.

References

1930 births
Living people
Afghan writers
Afghan feminists
Pashtun politicians
Members of the House of the People (Afghanistan)
Communist government ministers of Afghanistan
Women government ministers of Afghanistan
20th-century Afghan women politicians
20th-century Afghan politicians
Pashtun women politicians
Pashtun women writers


Genisys may refer to:

 Genisys Credit Union, a credit union based in Auburn Hills, Michigan.
 Genisys, a former research project set up by the Information Awareness Office.
 Terminator Genisys, the fifth installment in the Terminator series of films

See also

 Genesys (disambiguation)
 Genesis (disambiguation)


Social technology is a way of using human, intellectual and digital resources in order to influence social processes. For example, one might use social technology to ease social procedures via social software and social hardware, which might include the use of computers and information technology for governmental procedures or business practices. It has historically referred to two meanings: as a term related to social engineering, a meaning that began in the 19th century, and as a description of social software, a meaning that began in the early 21st century. Social technology is also split between human-oriented technologies and artifact-oriented technologies.

History
The term "social technology" was first used at the University of Chicago by Albion Woodbury Small and Charles Richmond Henderson around the end of the 19th century. At a seminar in 1898, Small described social technology as the use of knowledge of the facts and laws of social life to bring about rational social aims. In 1895 Henderson coined the term "social art" for the methods by which improvements to society are introduced. According to Henderson, social art gives directions.

In 1901, Henderson published an article titled "The Scope of Social Technology" in which he renamed this social art as 'social technology', and described it as "a system of conscious and purposeful organization of persons in which every actual, natural social organization finds its true place, and all factors in harmony cooperate to realize an increasing aggregate and better proportions of the 'health, wealth, beauty, knowledge, sociability, and rightness' desires." In 1923, the term social technology was given a wider meaning in the works of Ernest Burgess and Thomas D. Eliot, who expanded the definition of social technology to include the application, particularly in social work, of techniques developed by psychology and other social sciences.

In 1928, Luther Lee Bernard defined applied science as the observation and measurement of norms or standards, which control our relationship with the universe. He then separated this definition from that of social technology by explaining that social technology also "includes administration as well as the determination of the norms which are to be applied in the administration". In 1935, he wrote an article called "The Place of Social Sciences in Modern Education," in which he wrote about the nature of an effective education in the social sciences to reach effective education by the willing masses. It would be of three types: Firstly, "a description of present conditions and trends in society". Secondly, "the teaching of desirable social ends and ideals necessary to correct such social maladjustments as we now have". Thirdly, "a system of social technology which, if applied, might be expected to remedy existing maladjustments and realize valid social ends". Bernard explained that the aspects of social technology which lags behind are the technologies involved in the "less material forms of human welfare". These are the applied sciences of "the control of crime, abolition of poverty, the raising of every normal person to economic, political, and personal competency, the art of good government, or city, rural, and national planning". On the other hand, "the best developed social technologies, such as advertising, finance, and 'practical' politics, are used in the main for antisocial rather than for proper humanitarian ends".

After the Second World War, the term 'social technology' continued to be used intermittently, for example by the social psychologist Dorwin Cartwright for techniques developed in the science of group dynamics such as 'buzz groups' and role playing and by Olaf Helmer to refer to the Delphi technique for creating a consensus opinion in a panel of experts. More recent examples are Human rights & social technology by Rainer Knopff and Tom Flanagan which addresses both human rights and government policies that ensure them. Another example is Theodore Caplow's Perverse incentives: the neglect of social technology in the public sector, which discusses a wide range of topics, including use of the death penalty to discourage crime and the welfare system to provide for the needy.

At the current stage of social technology research, two main directions of usage of this term have emerged: (a) human-oriented technologies and (b) artifact-oriented technologies.

According to the goal of social technology adaption,  technologies oriented toward humans consist of:

 Technologies of power
 Fundamental legal regulations
 System of signs and symbols
 Participation technologies
 Group behavior pattern creation
 Information transfer mediation
 Eugenics
 Individual behavior pattern creation
 Legal norms
 Technologies of the self

Technologies oriented toward artifacts consist of:

 Social interaction technologies
 Relation creation and sustainment technologies
 Co-operation technologies
 Knowledge development technologies
 Information aggregation technologies
 Resource compilation technologies
 Expertise location technologies

As "social engineering"
Closely related to social technology is the term social engineering. Thorstein Veblen used 'social engineering' in 1891, but suggested that it was used earlier. In the 1930s both 'social engineering and 'social technology' became associated with the large scale socio-economic policies of the Soviet Union. The Soviet economist Yvgeni Preobrazhensky wrote a book in which he defined social technology as "the science of organized production, organized labour, of organized systems of production relations, where the legality of economic existence is expressed in new forms." (p. 55 in the translation of 1963)

Karl Popper discusses social technology and social engineering in his book The Open Society and Its Enemies and in the article "The Poverty of Historicism", in which he criticized the Soviet political system and the marxist theory (Marxism) on which it was based. Eventually he combined "The Poverty of Historicism" series in a book "The Poverty of Historicism" which he wrote "in memory of the countless men and women of all creeds or nations or races who fell victim to the fascist and communist belief in Inexorable Laws of Historical Destiny". In his book "The Open Society and Its Enemies", Popper distinguished two kinds of social engineering, and the corresponding social technology. Utopian engineering strives to reach "an ideal state, using a blueprint of society as a whole, is one which demands a strong centralized rule of a few, and which therefore is likely to lead to a dictatorship" (p. 159). Communism is an example of utopian social Technology. On the other hand, there is the piecemeal engineer with its corresponding social technology, which adopts "the method of searching for, and fighting against, the greatest and most urgent evils of society, rather than searching for, and fighting for, its greatest ultimate good" (p. 158). The use of piecemeal social technology is crucial for democratic social reconstruction.

As "social software"
"Social technology" has also been used as a synonym for "social software", such as in the book Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies, by Charlene Li and Josh Bernoff.

Social networking service

A social networking service is a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who, for example, share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections.

Corporate social media
Corporate social media is the use of social media platforms, social media communications, and social media marketing techniques by and within corporations, ranging from small businesses and tiny entrepreneurial startups to mid-size businesses and huge multinational firms.

Within the definition of social media, there are different ways corporations utilize it. Although there is no systematic way in which social media applications can be categorized, there are various methods and approaches to having a strong social media presence. Social media currently can be crucial to the success of growing numbers in a companies value chain activities.

Enterprise social software
Of particular interest in the realm of social computing is social software for enterprise. Sometimes referred to as "Enterprise 2.0", a term derived from Web 2.0, this generally refers to the use of social computing in corporate intranets and in other medium and large-scale business environments.

"Social technology" is also used to refer to the organization and management of private companies, and is sometimes taught under the auspices of university business schools. One book with this orientation is The social technology of organization development, by Warner and Hornstein.
 Social technology changes the way that people communicate; for instance, it enables people across the world to collaborate. This technology shapes society and thus could be considered as a disruptive technology.

Chief Strategy Officer at Jive Software, Christopher Morace, explains that "social technology is changing the way businesses operate and how successful companies are leveraging it to their advantage." Some of the key drivers of a business provided by the use of social technology are collaboration, open communication, and a large network. In addition, business professionals must maintain digital literacy in order to understand the capabilities of social technologies and incorporate them into daily function.

Other uses
Social technology can provide opportunities for digital activism. It eliminates geographic boundaries, potentially enabling protests and revolutions to spread through social technologies. It can also be argued that digital activism through social technology does not produce concrete results, as people might lose sight of what drives the social movement and ultimately participate in "clicktivism." Due to technological advances, social technology could potentially redefine what it means to be an activist.

Social technology is also a prevalent influence in the realm of e-commerce. "The development and rapid growth of mobile computing and smartphones have also facilitated social commerce." Marketing strategies have evolved over the years to conform and align with social technology.

In 1985, MacKenzie published a book titled The social shaping of technology. It showed that technological change is often seen as something that follows its own logic, and introduced about the relation of technology to society and different types of technology are examined: the technology of production; domestic and reproductive technology; and military technology. It moves on to the technologies of the household and biological reproduction, and it also asks what shapes the most frightening technology of all––the technology of weaponry, especially nuclear weapons.

In 2011, Leibetseder, Bettina. published her article "A Critical Review on the Concept of Social Technology". She pointed that social technology provides social science knowledge for a purpose. Such a notion allows an in depth debate about the meaning of social order in modern societies. Social technology forms the basis of governmental decisions; it allows for a use of social theories and methods for a purpose in politics and introduces a specific conception of power between the individual and public powers.

Concerns
Social technologies, as they are technologies dealing with social behaviors or interactions, have caused concerns among philosophers. As Vladislav A. Lektorsky pointed out in his journal, "The Russian philosopher Viacheslav Stëpin calls modern European civilization "technogenic." Initially, this meant the pursuit of technologies for the control of natural phenomena. Then projects began to be put forward for social technologies for the control of social processes. Based on this concept, impacts that social technology might have for man, like "Forcible Collectivization", or the deportation of ethnic groups are recognized because according to Vladislav, social technology blunts the individual's capacity for critical reflection, though it "presents a different possibility which be used to develop man’s creative capacities, to expand his realm of freedom and his social and interpersonal ties."

Similarly, social technology also poses potential threats to human rights. These concerns are based on the notion that humans are a product of their environment. "Social technology assumes that it is possible to know the societal or 'systematic' determinants of human 'behavior' in a way that permits them to be manipulated and controlled." Technology can also overcome certain social forces.

Social technologies have also caused concern among social scientists. According to a study conducted by the Cambridge University Press, it is possible for social technologies to manipulate social processes, including relationship development and group dynamics. Variables such as gender and social status can influence a person's behavior, and these behavior changes can translate to interactions through technology. Social technologies also relate to the theory of technological determinism, which states that "technology has universal effects on social processes."

As the online internet presence of the general population grows, the popularity of social technology increases, which creates a culture of sharing. Internet users develop more connections online due to the global activity on the internet, and as services make it possible to upload content, they likewise facilitate widespread distribution of information. As opinions circulate online, concerns over new problems arise.

Other similar phrases
In general, social technology covers many other terms in social science, as some authors use "social technique", "social pedagogy", "administrative technique", "technocracy", "socio-technique", "political science engineering", "planned society", "efficiency engineer", "social (economic) planning"

See also
 Social
 Technology
 Sociotechnology
 Social innovation
 Social engineering (political science)
 Social software
 Social software (social procedure)
 Social procedure

Notes

Social economy
Social engineering (political science)
Social information processing
Social influence
Social software
Social systems
Technology in society


Tera Mera Ki Rishta is a 2009 Indian Punjabi language romantic drama film directed by Navaniat Singh and produced by Mukesh Sharma. The film stars Jimmy Sheirgill and Kulraj Randhawa in lead roles along with Anupam Kher, Raj Babbar, Archana Puran Singh, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Binnu Dhillon, Rana Ranbir, Balkaran Brar, Tee Jay Sidhu, Dolly Minhas and Akshita in supporting roles. The Movie was released worldwide on 10 April 2009 and had earned $108,741 in first two weeks. The movie was shot by Spice Cine Vision Studios and was distributed by Eros International. The movie was stated to be the costliest Punjabi movie ever made and was the first Punjabi movie to be shot in Switzerland. Tera Mera Ki Rishta was also the first Punjabi Movie to be promoted online by www.punjabiportal.com  and an official movie launch center website  was also introduced. The movie is a remake of the 2005 Telugu movie Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana.

Plot
Meet (Jimmy Sheirgill), a Punjabi boy who lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, is a total fun loving chap. Adventure is his second name. High speed bikes, racing cars, ice hockey and what not, you name any adventure and Meet is there to rock. He is an adventurous brat of a highly sophisticated Canadian family. Rajjo (Kulraj Randhawa) is a girl of principles from Punjab. She has family values & cultural priorities very close to her heart. Come what may, she will never act in a way that will embarrass her family. What happens when Meet and Rajjo, from entirely different worlds, come together, and fall in love!! As everything was going in a merry way, the tale takes a sudden turn. Before they could realise, fate has parted their way, but destiny has something else in store. Meet is not ready to surrender in front of his fate. He will not let his love slip away in front of his eyes. In this topsy turvy tale of love, family & relationships, they just can't help asking each other, Tera Mera Ki Rishta?

Cast
Jimmy Sheirgill as Meet
Kulraj Randhawa as Rajjo
Anupam Kher as Meet's Father Mohinder
Raj Babbar as Kabir
Archana Puran Singh as Meet's Mother Natasha
Gurpreet Ghuggi
 Akshita Vasudeva
Rana Ranbir
Binnu Dhillon as Shingara
Balkaran Brar
Teejay Sidhu as Honey
Dolly Minhas

Soundtrack

The soundtrack album of Tera Mera Ki Rishta consists of 8 songs composed by Jaidev Kumar, the lyrics of which were written by Irshad Kamil and Jaggi Singh.

References

External links
Official Website

2009 films
Punjabi-language Indian films
Punjabi remakes of Telugu films
Films scored by Jaidev Kumar
2000s Punjabi-language films


Cytora chiltoni is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora cytora is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora fasciata is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora hispida is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora hirsutissima is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand. It is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification System as Nationally Critical.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1951
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


Cytora hedleyi is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora filicosta is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Charles Robson (20 June 1859 – 27 September 1943) was an English first-class cricketer, who played as a wicket-keeper for Middlesex between 1881 and 1883, and for Hampshire from 1891 to 1906, for whom he served as captain for three years from 1900 to 1902.

He was also secretary to Southampton Football Club for one season, from 1895 to 1896.

Cricket career
Robson was born at Kilburn, (then in Middlesex) and educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham and at Chatham House Grammar School, Ramsgate, and was a member of the cricket eleven at both schools.

Middlesex
He made his first appearance for Middlesex against Surrey in May 1881 when he opened the batting in the second innings, scoring 5 and 16*, helping Middlesex to victory by ten wickets. At Middlesex, he was played as a batsman rather than a wicket-keeper, with A J Webbe being the long-established 'keeper. His highest score for Middlesex came shortly after his debut, in the match against Oxford University in June, when he scored 57* in the second innings as Middlesex won by seven wickets.

Robson spent three seasons with Middlesex, during which he played twelve matches, totalling 246 runs at an average of 12.94.

Hampshire
In 1891, he made his first appearance for Hampshire, then not ranked as a first-class county. The June 1891 match lasted only two days with Essex winning by an innings and 40 runs, with Robson contributing 52 runs in his two innings. He soon became the wicket-keeper for Hampshire and was often the opening batsman in partnership with Russell Bencraft.

Robson continued to play for Hampshire after they were re-instated as a First Class county in 1896, and in 1899 was a member of K. S. Ranjitsinhji's side who toured the United States, playing twice against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia as well as three other matches.

He was appointed Hampshire's captain in 1900 (taking over from Teddy Wynyard), and marked this by scoring his only century in First Class cricket; this came at Edgbaston in June 1900 when he scored 101 in the second innings against Warwickshire; he shared in a stand of 180 with Edward Sprot for the second wicket in a drawn match.

In June 1901, Hampshire were facing almost certain defeat against Lancashire at Aigburth, Liverpool. Hampshire were bowled out in the first innings for only 106, and Lancashire replied with 413–8 declared. When Hampshire opened the second innings, few people thought that Lancashire would need to bat again. J. G. Greig opened the batting and the score had reached 374, with one wicket remaining and Hampshire still seemingly heading for defeat. Robson came to the wicket as the last batsman in and he and Greig put on an unlikely 113 for the tenth wicket (Robson 52); Greig's innings was 249*. Lancashire's eventual target was 181 in 140 minutes; they closed at 111 for 5, rain having cut short play by almost an hour.

He was a member of Archie MacLaren's touring party to Australia in 1901/02, playing in one match against Victoria in February 1902. For the 1902 season, he passed the Hampshire captaincy to Edward Sprot, but continued to serve Hampshire for a further five seasons, although by 1906 his appearances were rather infrequent. His final match for Hampshire came at Basingstoke in May 1906 against Warwickshire.

Southampton St Mary's Football Club
In the spring of 1895, Robson was appointed secretary to Southampton St Mary's Football Club, then playing in the Southern League. As secretary, he was responsible for signing new players and agreeing player contracts as well as being involved in team selection – the day to day coaching and training of the players was in the hands of the trainer.

One of Robson's first acts as secretary was to accompany Alfred McMinn, one of the club committee, on a trip to the Potteries to recruit players. McMinn was a native of Staffordshire and was "most persuasive on his home turf". On this trip, Robson and McMinn signed six players: Jack Farrell, Samuel Meston and Willie Naughton from Stoke, Watty Keay from Derby County, Joe Turner from Dresden United and Alf Wood from Burslem Port Vale, as well as recruiting Stoke's long-serving trainer, Bill Dawson. The Saints committee were anxious to secure their services and signed them before the Football League season was over. Port Vale and Stoke lodged a complaint with the Football Association (FA) about "poaching", and an emergency FA meeting was held at Sheffield, resulting in the Saints being severely censured for negligence. St Mary's were ordered to pay their own costs, plus £4 6s 3d to Stoke and £1 13s to Port Vale. McMinn was suspended for a year and Dawson for a month. Wood's registration with St Mary's was cancelled (shortly afterwards he moved to Stoke).

The 1895–96 season was the Saints' second in the Southern League, having finished third in the inaugural season. The team started the season badly, losing the first three matches, which was blamed on the inability of the new players to settle in the area. Eventually, under trainer Dawson's guidance, the team's form improved and there were only three further league defeats and they again finished third behind Millwall Athletic and Luton Town. Top scorer in the league was Jack Farrell with ten goals from his 17 appearances. The highlight of the league season was the visit of Millwall on 21 March 1896 when a crowd of 8,000 saw the Saints defeat the reigning champions 2–0, with goals from Charles Baker and Joe Turner.

The greatest excitement, however, came in the FA Cup, when an away victory over local rivals Freemantle in the first qualifying round was followed by comfortable home victories over Marlow (5–0), Reading (3–0) and Uxbridge (3–0). In the First Round proper, the Saints received a home draw against opposition from the Football League First Division for the second consecutive year, this time against The Wednesday. Saints' trainer, Bill Dawson, spent the week leading up to Wednesday's visit with extra training for the players, taking them through their paces on Shawford Down.

For the match, played at the Antelope Ground on 1 February 1896, the crowd was estimated at 12,000, by far the largest yet recorded for a football match in Southampton. The Saints had to play their third-choice goalkeeper, Walter Cox as Tom Cain was injured, and the Royal Artillery refused to allow on-loan 'keeper "Gunner" Reilly to play. The Saints took an early lead, through Watty Keay, before two goals from Alec Brady gave Wednesday the half-time lead. Wednesday increased their lead shortly after the break, and although Joe Turner got one back, the Saints were unable to score an equaliser. Wednesday ran out 3–2 winners and went on to win the Cup the following April.

At the end of the season, the Saints had to vacate the Antelope Ground, which had been sold for re-development, and moved to the County Ground, partly through the connections of the club's president, Robson's former Hampshire strike partner, Dr. H. W. R. Bencraft, who was also Hon. Secretary to the cricket club.

During the summer of 1896, Robson resigned his position as secretary (ready for Hampshire's first season back in the first-class cricket ranks), being replaced by Alfred McMinn (having served his twelve months' suspension), with Mr. E. Arnfield as his assistant.

Robson was one of the founder directors when the football club was incorporated into a limited company, "Southampton Football and Athletic Company Limited" in July 1897; on the Memorandum of Association he was listed as "Charles Robson, Mineral Water Merchant and Hampshire wicket-keeper" of Hill Lane, Southampton. He remained a director of the company for several years.

References

Bibliography

External links

1859 births
1943 deaths
People from Kilburn, London
People from the London Borough of Brent
Cricketers from the London Borough of Camden
People educated at Chatham House Grammar School
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Hampshire cricket captains
English football managers
People educated at Bruce Castle School
Southampton F.C. managers
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
London County cricketers
Southern Football League managers
Wicket-keepers


City of Black & White is the third studio album by Mat Kearney. Released on May 19, 2009, it follows his 2006 major-label debut, Nothing Left to Lose. The first single, "Closer to Love", was released on March 10, 2009, as a digital download. To promote the album, Kearney toured with Keane and the Helio Sequence.  On the day of its release, the bonus track version peaked at #7 on the iTunes Top Albums, and the standard version peaked at #19. Kearney wrote the title track while traveling in Turkey. He explained that this song "was born on a ferry as I crossed the Bosphorus River, which splits Istanbul in two.". "Fire & Rain" was also released as a digital download to MySpace the week of the album release. Immediately after the album was released, "Lifeline" was used in commercial advertisement for season 3 of Lifetime Television's Army Wives. The commercial has been aired not only on Lifetime but ABC as well.

According to Soundscan, as of September 21, 2010, City of Black & White has sold 87,459 copies in the US.

Track listing
All songs written by Mat Kearney unless stated otherwise.

 "All I Have"- 4:49
 "Fire & Rain"- 3:50 (Mat Kearney, Robert Marvin)
 "Closer to Love" – 3:37 (Mat Kearney, Robert Marvin, Josiah Bell)
 "Here We Go" – 4:14 (Mat Kearney, Robert Marvin)
 "Lifeline" - 4:14 (Mat Kearney, Trent Dabbs, Matthew Perryman Jones)
 "New York to California"- 4:15
 "Runaway Car" - 4:12
 "Never Be Ready" - 3:37 (Mat Kearney, Trent Dabbs, Hilary Lindsey)
 "Annie" - 3:49
 "Straight Away" - 3:51
 "On & On" - 4:02 (Mat Kearney, Kate York)
 "City of Black & White" - 5:38 (Mat Kearney, Michael Logen)
 "Everyone I Know" (iTunes bonus track) - 4:33
 "Here We Go (Acoustic)" (iTunes bonus track) - 4:04
 "All I Have (Acoustic)" (iTunes bonus video) - 5:06
 "Closer to Love (Acoustic)" (iTunes pre-order bonus track) - 5:06
 "Save A Line" (Best Buy bonus track) - 4:09
 "Fire & Rain (Acoustic)" (Best Buy bonus track) - 3:51

City of Black & White Revisited (EP)
In 2019, to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the album, an EP titled City of Black & White Revisited was released. It peaked at number 46 on the Top Christian Albums chart.

Track listing
 "City of Black & White (Re-recorded)"
 "All I Have  (Re-recorded)"
 "Fire & Rain (Re-recorded)"
 "New York To California (Re-recorded)"
 "Closer To Love (Re-recorded)"

Source:

Personnel
 Mat Kearney – vocals, acoustic guitar (1, 2, 3, 5, 7-12), electric guitar (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11), Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano (4), keyboards (5), acoustic piano (6, 10), synthesizers (6, 11), vocal choir (6), bells (7), mandolin (12)
 Robert Marvin – acoustic piano (1, 2), synthesizers (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12), programming (2, 3), keyboards (3, 4, 11), vocoder (4, 12), tack piano (5), bass (7, 8, 12), Yamaha CP-70 electric grand piano (8, 9), sampler (11), recorder (12)
 Josiah Bell – programming (3, 10)
 Jason Lehning – keyboards (11, 12), electric guitar (11)
 Tyler Burkum – acoustic guitar (1), electric guitar (1)
 Paul Moak – electric guitar (3, 5-11)
 Lynn Nichols – electric guitar (4, 5, 8)
 Dan Brigham – electric guitar (10), programming (12), guitar (12), cello (12)
 Gabe Scott – dulcimer (3, 12), steel guitar (6, 12)
 Tony Lucido – bass (1, 2, 4-8, 10, 11)
 Mike Elizondo – bass (3)
 Aaron Sands – bass (9)
 Jeremy Lutito – drums (1, 2)
 Aaron Sterling – drums (3, 5, 7, 9-11)
Josh Crosby – drums (4)
 Will Sayles – drums (8)
 Claire Indie – cello (6)

Production
 Mat Kearney – producer
 Robert Marvin – producer, engineer (1, 2, 6), mixing (6, 8)
 Steve Smith – A&R
 Chris Testa – engineer (3, 4, 5, 7-12)
 Paul Moak – engineer (5)
 Kene "Ghost" Bell – assistant engineer (1, 2)
 Dan Martine – assistant engineer (3, 4, 5, 7-12)
 Lowell Reynolds – assistant engineer (3, 4, 5, 7-12)
 Michael H. Brauer – mixing (1-5, 7, 9-12)
 Andy Selby – editing
 Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)
 Maria Paula Marulanda – art direction, design
 James Minchin III – photography
 Gregg Latterman – management
 Jason Rio – management

Charts

References

External links
 Mat Kearney - official site

2009 albums
Mat Kearney albums


Cytora kiama is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora lignaria is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora pallida is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

 Bruce A. Marshall, Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand journal of science; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1995

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora pannosa is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species can be found in New Zealand.

References

 Bruce A. Marshall, Molluscan and brachiopod taxa introduced by F. W. Hutton in The New Zealand journal of science; Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1995

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora septentrionale is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora solitaria is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora tekakiensis is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Cytora torquilla is a species of very small land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occur in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


The Kaili–Pamona languages are a branch of the Celebic subgroup in the Austronesian language family spoken in western Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia.

Languages
Per the 23rd edition of Ethnologue, languages classed under the Kaili–Pamona languages grouping include the following:

Northern
Kaili: Kaili (Ledo Kaili, Da'a Kaili, Unde Kaili, Baras), Lindu, Moma (Kulawi), Topoiyo, Sedoa
Pamona: Pamona (Bare’e), Tombelala
Southern
Rampi
Uma
Sarudu
Badaic: Bada, Behoa (Besoa), Napu

Zobel (2020) lists the Kaili–Pamona languages, which he calls Northern Kaili–Wolio, as Common Kaili, Sedoa, Kulawi, Lindu, Topoiyo, Uma, and Pamona. The Badaic languages (Bada, Besoa, and Napu) are excluded and reclassified with the Seko languages as part of the South Sulawesi branch, while Rampi is excluded as a separate branch coordinate to South Sulawesi and Celebic.

References

External links
"Kaili-Pamona" at Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).

Central Sulawesi
Celebic languages


The International Conference on Technology in Collegiate Mathematics (ICTCM) is an annual conference sponsored by Pearson Addison-Wesley & Pearson Prentice Hall publishers. Electronic proceedings have been available for many years and are included in the List of free electronic journals in mathematics.

Since ICTCM 10, the conference has awarded an annual ICTCM Award to recognize an individual or group for excellence and innovation in using technology to enhance the teaching and learning of mathematics.

References

Mathematics conferences


Balanipa is a subdistrict () of the Polewali Mandar regency, in West Sulawesi, Indonesia.

districts of West Sulawesi


The Saluan–Banggai languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in eastern Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia. They belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family.

Languages
Eastern: Banggai, Balantak
Saluanic: Andio, Bobongko, Saluan, Batui

Grimes & Edwards (2021) have proposed the inclusion of Taliabo (Kadai, Padang/Samala, Mananga, Mangei/Soboyo)<ref>Charles Grimes & Owen Edwards (in process) Wallacean subgroups: unravelling the prehistory and classification of the Austronesian languages of eastern Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Summary presentation at the 15th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics</ref> and the Saluan–Banggai languages in a common branch of Celebic, which they call Saluan–Taliabu.

References

External links
"Saluan-Banggai" at Ethnologue'' (23rd ed, 2020).

Central Sulawesi
Celebic languages


Anomia trigonopsis, also known as the New Zealand jingle, is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family Anomiidae, the anomiids.

References
 Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Anomiidae
Bivalves of New Zealand
Molluscs described in 1877


Polewali Mandar is one of the five regencies in West Sulawesi province of Indonesia.  It borders on the regencies of Mamasa in the North, Majene in the West and Pinrang regency of South Sulawesi in the East.  It covers an area of 2,074.76 km2 and had a population of 396,120 at the 2010 Census and 478,534 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 490,493 (comprising 244,032 males and 246,461 females). The regency is inhabited by various ethnic groups such as the Mandar, Buginese, Javanese and Toraja.

Mandar is an indigenous ethnic group forming the majority of the population. There are several national public figures originated from this region. The most famous one is the legendary Attorney General Baharuddin Lopa. The current provincial governor, Ali Baal Masdar, is the former regent of the region.

The capital town is Polewali, located near the sea-side area, in the bank of Mandar Gulf and about  away from the capital city of West Sulawesi, Mamuju or  away from Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi.

This regency is considered quite fertile with large enough paddy farm as well as plantation for chocolate and coconut plants. The regency covers both coast-line and mountain areas.

Polewali Mandar is also known as the origin of prau sandeq, a  boat propelled especially by sails or paddles.

History
Polewali Mandar Regency used to be part of Polewali Mamasa Regency, a former Indonesian Regency that used to be part of South Sulawesi but later became part of West Sulawesi province. In 2002, the regency was split into two smaller regencies: Polewali Mandar Regency which is located on the sea-side region, and Mamasa Regency on the mountain area. Polewali Mandar is mainly inhabited by the Mandar ethnic group, while Mamasa is home to the Mamasa people, who are related to the ethnic group Mamasa.

Administration
The regency is divided into sixteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the numbers of villages in each district (totaling 144 rural desa and 23 urban kelurahan), and its post code.

Notes: (a) including 1 kelurahan. (b) all kelurahan. (c) including 8 offshore islands. (d) except the desa of Mammi (with a post code of 91311) and the desa of Kuajang and Paku (with a post code of 91351).

See also
Polewali-Mamasa

References

Regencies of West Sulawesi


The Barefoot Theatre Company is a theatre company in New York City.

The company was founded in 1999 by its artistic director Francisco Solorzano, managing director Victoria Malvagno, and producing director Christopher Whalen. The company also develops theater and film (via sister co. Barefoot Studio Pictures) in New York and Los Angeles.

Past productions

Past productions have included the first stage adaptation of Sidney Lumet's Dog Day Afternoon in 2008, and a revival of Lanford Wilson's Balm of Gilead in 2005.

References

External links
 Company blog

Performing groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in New York City
Theatre Ensemble in New York City


Superband was a mandopop supergroup formed by four veteran singers Lo Ta-yu, Jonathan Lee, Wakin Chau and Chang Chen-yue.

The group was formed in 2008. In total they have released over 70 albums in their individual careers, 600 main compositions and more than 350 individual concerts.

After giving twenty performances around the world, the band held their final concert in the Mohegan Sun Arena in Connecticut, USA on 22 February 2010. Afterwards they resumed their individual careers.

Discography

 2009 – North Bound (北上列車) (EP)
 2010 – Go South (南下專線) (EP)
 2010 - Live in Taipei/出发

World Tour Concert

References

Mandopop musical groups
Taiwanese boy bands


Arthritica crassiformis is a species of small marine bivalve mollusc in the family Lasaeidae.

References
 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Lasaeidae
Bivalves of New Zealand
Molluscs described in 1935


John Hossack (December 6, 1806 — November 8, 1891) was a Scottish-American abolitionist whose home, John Hossack House, was a "station" on the Underground Railroad.  He gained notoriety in 1860 when he was tried and convicted for violating the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 by helping Jim Gray, an African American, avoid slave catchers.

Background, 1806-1838
Born in Elgin, Scotland in 1806, Hossack immigrated to North America at the age of twelve when he traveled to Quebec to work in an uncle's confectionery store.  Upon becoming an adult, he set up his own confectionery store.  He married Martha Lens in 1833; the couple would eventually have eleven children together.  Soon after his marriage, Hossack left the confectionery business to become a contractor on the Long Sault canal being built on the Saint Lawrence River.

Early involvement with abolitionism, 1838-1859
In 1838, Hossack moved to Chicago to become a contractor on the Illinois and Michigan Canal.  When funding for the canal dried up however, Hossack, having all of his capital tied up in the canal, was forced to seek other work, and opened up a prairie farm, known as "Hossack's Grove", in Cook County.  It was during this time that Hossack first became involved in the abolitionist cause, and Hossack's Grove became a refuge for runaway slaves.

In 1849, Hossack moved to Ottawa, Illinois to engage in the lumber trade.  He soon became involved in the business of buying and shipping grain to Chicago.  Within a few years, Hossack was one of the largest dealers in lumber and grain in the Midwestern United States.

As a prominent Ottawa citizen, Hossack played a large role in having a bridge erected over the Illinois River.  In 1854, Hossack built John Hossack House on the banks of the Illinois River.  During this period, Hossack deepened his connection with the Underground Railroad, and as many as thirteen fugitive slaves were quartered at John Hossack House at any one time.  Hossack was outspoken in his denunciation of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, calling it infamous and contrary to the laws of God.  During this time, Hossack became a friend and associate of William Lloyd Garrison, Owen Lovejoy, Gerrit Smith, John Wentworth, and other abolitionists.

John Hossack was among the dignitaries on the platform for the first of the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, which took place in Ottawa in August 1858.

The Jim Gray Case, 1859-1860
In 1859, three slaves owned by Richard Phillips fled from Phillips' plantation in New Madrid County, Missouri.  One of those slaves, Jim Gray, was captured by slave catchers in Union County, Illinois on September 4, 1859, and imprisoned in accordance with a state law about runaway slaves. The slave catchers were noticed by abolitionist Benajah G. Roots, who demanded that Gray be taken before the county judge in Jonesboro, Illinois. The county judge denied the slave catchers' request that they be allowed to return Gray to Missouri, but he also refused to release Gray, because he did not possess "freedom papers".  Roots therefore filed a habeas petition with John D. Caton, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois, who was stationed in Ottawa, Illinois. Chief Justice Caton agreed that the state law by which Gray was being held was unconstitutional, but nevertheless ordered the Jonesboro sheriff to turn Gray over to the U.S. Commissioner in Springfield, Illinois so that the federal government could determine how to proceed under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. A number of abolitionists, including Hossack, attended the court that day, and, upon hearing Chief Justice Caton's decision, they yelled at Gray to run, Hossack saying "If you want your liberty, come."  Other abolitionists then blocked the way of law enforcement officials as Hossack ushered Gray into a waiting carriage.  Gray escaped to Chicago, and, eventually, to Canada and freedom.

Hossack was subsequently indicted for violation the Fugitive Slave Law, and tried in Chicago before Judge Thomas Drummond of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.  The jury convicted Hossack, but recommended mercy, and Judge Drummond sentenced Hossack to only ten days in the Cook County jail and fined him $100.

Hossack addressed the court prior to his sentencing, in a speech subsequently published by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Hossack began "I am found guilty of a violation of the Fugitive Slave law, and it may appear strange to your honor that I have no sense of guilt" and then concluded

During his ten days in prison, Hossack was taken out and banqueted by John Wentworth, mayor of Chicago, and greatly acclaimed by the people.

Later years, 1860-1891

During the American Civil War, Hossack was active in the Soldiers' Aid Societies.

In 1873, Hossack became totally blind and therefore retired from his lumber and grain business. He died in Ottawa in 1891.

External links
 Hossack's Obituary in Ottawa newspaper
 Hossack's celebrated speech at his sentencing hearing in 1860

1806 births
1891 deaths
Underground Railroad people
American blind people
People from Ottawa, Illinois


The Bungku–Tolaki languages (also known as Bungku–Mori in older literature)  are a group of languages spoken primarily in South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and in neighboring parts of Central and South Sulawesi provinces.

Languages

Mead (1998:117) presents the following tree-model classification for Bungku–Tolaki.  This classification is based on the historical-comparative method in linguistics.
Eastern
Moronene
East Coast: Bungku, Bahonsuai, Kulisusu (Koroni, Kulisusu, Taloki), Wawonii, Mori Bawah
Western
Interior: Mori Atas (spoken in Mori Atas district of North Morowali Regency), Padoe (spoken in area near Sorowako in Nuha district of East Luwu Regency), Tomadino
West Coast: Tolaki, Rahambuu, Kodeoha (spoken in Kodeoha district in North Kolaka Regency), Waru
This classification supersedes Mead (1999), an earlier classification proposed by Mead in 1994. Based on a lexicostatistical comparison, his earlier classification proposed 'Bungku,' 'Mori,' and 'Tolaki' as primary subdivisions under Bungku–Tolaki.  In view of more recent evidence from shared sound change and innovations in pronoun sets, the unity of the proposed Mori group (comprising Bahonsuai, Mori Bawah, Mori Atas, Padoe and Tomadino) could not be maintained.  Additional information can be found at Mori language.

Phonology
The sound system of all Bungku–Tolaki is characterized by a simple five-vowel system and the complete lack of final consonants.

Reconstruction

Proto-Bungku–Tolaki has been reconstructed by Mead (1998).

References

Celebic languages


{|

{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= Netherlands
|Ship flag=
|Ship name= Tubantia
|Ship namesake=
|Ship owner= Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry= Amsterdam
|Ship route= Amsterdam – Buenos Aires
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder= A Stephen & Sons, Glasgow
|Ship original cost= £300,000
|Ship yard number= 455
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched= 15 November 1913
|Ship completed= 11 March 1914
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification= *code letters PVDL

call sign PET
|Ship fate= Sunk by torpedo, 16 March 1916
|Ship notes=
}}

|}

SS Tubantia was a Dutch-owned ocean liner that was launched in Scotland in 1914. She and her sister ship Gelria were the largest and swiftest ships in the Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd (KHL) fleet. They were also the first KHL ships to have quadruple-expansion steam engines.

A U-boat sank Tubantia in the North Sea in 1916. She was the largest neutral ship sunk in the First World War. Germany variously tried to claim that a British mine or a British torpedo had sunk her, or even a German torpedo that had been astray by itself for ten days. The Dutch public was outraged at both the sinking and the German disinformation campaign. KHL's compensation claim against Germany was not settled until 1922.Tubantia was reputed to be carrying £2 million in specie when she was sunk. Between 1924 and 1927 a British salvage diving operator tried to recover the gold, without success. However, the decision by an English court on a legal dispute between two rival salvors wishing to attempt the salvage remains a leading part of the case law of marine salvage.

Building
In 1913 and 1914 Alexander Stephen and Sons built a pair of sister ships at its yard in Linthouse, Glasgow, for KHL. Gelria was launched in May 1913 and completed that October. Tubantia was built as yard number 455, launched on 15 November 1913, and completed on 11 March 1914. She cost £300,000.Tubantias length overall was  and her registered length was . Her beam was  and her depth was . Her tonnages were ,  and . She had berths for 1,477 passengers: 252 first class, 236 second class, 135 third class and 854 steerage. Her holds had capacity for  of baled cargo.Tubantia had twin screws, each driven by a quadruple-expansion steam engine. Together her twin engines were rated at 1,725 NHP or 11,000 ihp. She achieved  on her sea trials, exceeding the speed required by the contract to build her, and could cruise at .

One author claims Tubantia was among the most luxurious passenger ships of her era. Her electrical equipment ranged from laundry equipment and ventilation fans to cigar lighters. Her name was spelt out in electric lights, suspended between her two funnels.

KHL registered Tubantia at Amsterdam. Her code letters were PVDL. Her navigation equipment included submarine signalling, and she was equipped for wireless telegraphy. Her call sign was PET.

CareerTubantia worked KHL's route between Amsterdam and Buenos Aires. When the First World War broke out in August 1914, she was returning from South America with £500,000 in gold destined for banks in London, much of which for the German Bank of London. She was also carrying about 150 German reservists in steerage and a cargo of grain destined for Germany. After she called at Vigo, Spain, the Royal Navy cruiser  stopped Tubantia, put a boarding party aboard her, and escorted into Plymouth. There, Royal Marines disembarked the German reservists, and the gold was confiscated and taken ashore. Tubantia was released then from Plymouth and allowed to resume her voyage.The New York Times reported that on 17 October Tubantia ran aground on the coast of Kent while en route from Buenos Aires to Rotterdam. Aid had been summoned from Dover, but the report did not say whether Tubantia was damaged.

In December 1915 the Overseas News Agency in Berlin claimed that that the British authorities had seized all the mail and parcels from South America aboard Tubantia. The US expressed concern that the British had seized items from two Dutch ships in transatlantic service between the Netherlands and the US –  and . The British Foreign Office replied by stating that contraband intended for Germany — which included four packages of rubber, and seven containers of wool — had been found among Tubantias mail.

Loss
On 15 March 1916 Tubantia left Amsterdam on a scheduled sailing to Buenos Aires. She carried only 80 passengers. At 0200 hrs on 16 March she anchored about  from the North Hinder Lightship, and about  off the Dutch coast, to await dawn and avoid misidentification or attack. She was completely illuminated.

At about 0230 hrs her lookouts sighted a stream of bubbles rapidly approaching her starboard side. There was an explosion, and she quickly began to sink. Three ships answered her distress signals: Breda, Krakatau, and La Campine. Between them the rescued all 80 passengers and all 294 crew members from Tubantia. She was the largest neutral vessel sunk during the war.

Aftermath

A propaganda war between British and German newspapers broke out, with Germany trying to blame Britain, and Britain rebutting the accusation. Both sides had in mind the serious violation of Dutch neutrality. German newspapers first claimed that a British mine must have sunk Tubantia. The British reported that a German torpedo had sunk her. German newspapers replied that if a torpedo had sunk the ship, it had to have been British. A drifting lifeboat from Tubantia was found, examined, and found to have bronze torpedo fragments embedded in it. Germany was the only country that used bronze in its torpedoes.

Presented with evidence that it was torpedo no. 2033 which had been assigned to the small, coastal submarine , German authorities presented a forged log from UB-13 that showed her nowhere near Tubantia at the time of the attack. They claimed UB-13 had fired that specific torpedo at a British warship on 6 March, ten days before Tubantia was sunk. The US Minister to the Netherlands, Henry van Dyke, writing in Fighting for Peace in 1917, called this explanation "amazing" and derided it:

The Dutch public was furious at what it believed a hostile German act. To help divert the public anger against his country, German diplomat Richard von Kühlmann began a coordinated campaign to spread rumors of an impending British invasion of the Netherlands. One author calls the German plan a "propaganda coup". The rumors caused some panic in the streets, and the Dutch government declared a four-day emergency from 30 March to 2 April.

Despite denials and rumor-spreading, Germany nevertheless offered compensation in the amount of £300,000, Tubantias original cost. Rejected by the Dutch, the two countries agreed to have the issue arbitrated after the end of the war. The dispute was finally settled in 1922, when KHL was awarded compensation equivalent to £830,000.

Salvage attempt
In 1924 two sets of salvors contested the salvage rights to the wreck, each wishing to try to recover £2 million of gold coins that she was reputed to be carrying. An English court resolved the dispute, and its decision The Tubantia'' [1924] P 78, remains the leading authority under English law as to when a salvor takes possession of a sunken shipwreck. The winning party, Royal Naval Air Service veteran Sydney Vincent Sippe, spent three years and £100,000 trying to access the gold, but abandoned the attempt after concluding that it was too dangerous for divers to recover it.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links
Photograph of Tubantia, Koninklijke Hollandsche Lloyd, National Museums Liverpool

1913 ships
Maritime incidents in 1916
Ocean liners
Passenger ships of the Netherlands
Ships built in Glasgow
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
Steamships of the Netherlands
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea


The Wotu–Wolio languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in Sulawesi that belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family.

Classification
The Wotu–Wolio languages comprise five languages which are grouped into three branches:

Kalao–Laiyolo, spoken on the Selayar Islands (South Sulawesi).
Wolio–Kamaru, spoken on Buton Island (Southeast Sulawesi).
Wotu, spoken in Wotu district (South Sulawesi) at the northern shore of the Bone Gulf.

While in earlier classifications, Wolio, Laiyolo, and later also Wotu, were included in the Muna–Buton subgroup, Donohue (2004) has shown that based on phonological evidence, the Wotu–Wolio languages form a distinct subgroup of their own.

Mead (2003) included the Wotu–Wolio languages as one out of six branches in the Celebic subgroup.

Zobel (2020) lists the Wotu–Wolio languages, which he calls Southern Kaili–Wolio, as Ledo, Wotu,
Wolio, Kamaru, Kalao, and Loa' (Barang-Barang). Wolio, Kamaru, Kalao, and Loa' (Barang-Barang) make up the Island Kaili–Wolio subgroup within Southern Kaili–Wolio. Ledo has Kaili–Pamona morphological and grammatical features, while its lexicon is mainly of Wotu–Wolio origin. Mamuju is traditionally classified as South Sulawesi, but has a Wotu–Wolio lexical substratum.

References

Further reading

External links
"Wotu-Wolio" at Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).

Celebic languages


Lee Morgan Sextet (also known as Lee Morgan Volume 2: Sextet) is an album by jazz trumpeter Lee Morgan released on the Blue Note label in 1957.  It was recorded on December 2, 1956, and features performances by Morgan, Hank Mobley, Kenny Rodgers, Horace Silver, Paul Chambers and Charlie Persip. The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow calls the album "An above-average hard bop set".

Track listing
 "Whisper Not" (Golson) - 7:20
 "Latin Hangover" (Golson, arr. Marshall) - 6:43
 "His Sister" (Marshall, arr. Golson) - 6:32
 "Slightly Hep" (Golson, arr. Marshall) - 6:27
 "Where Am I?" (Golson, arr. Marshall) - 5:49
 "D's Fink" (Marshall, arr. Golson) - 7:41

Personnel
 Lee Morgan - trumpet
 Hank Mobley - tenor saxophone
 Kenny Rodgers - alto saxophone
 Horace Silver - piano
 Paul Chambers - bass
 Charlie Persip - drums
The album credits Benny Golson and Owen Marshall with "Compositions and Arrangements". Tracks 1, 2, 4, and 5 are composed by Golson, and 3 and 6 by Marshall.

References

[=[Category:Albums recorded in a home studio]]

Hard bop albums
Lee Morgan albums
1957 albums
Blue Note Records albums
Albums produced by Alfred Lion
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio