The SENS Research Foundation is a non-profit organization that does research programs and public relations work for the application of regenerative medicine to aging. It was founded in 2009, located in Mountain View, California, USA. The organization publishes its reports annually.

History
Before the foundation was founded in March 2009, the SENS research program was mainly pursued by the Methuselah Foundation, co-founded by Aubrey de Grey and David Gobel.

When the SENS rejuvenation approach was announced in the 2000s, while some biogerontologists supported the SENS program, many contended that the ultimate goals of de Grey's programme were too speculative given the state of technology and referred to it as "fantasy rather than science". By the mid-2010s, the rejuvenation approach gained traction with multiple startup companies created from SENS research findings. In 2021 Michael Greve pledged another €300 million for rejuvenation biotechnology startup companies. In 2021, Underdog Pharmaceuticals, a startup company spun out from a research program at SENS Research Foundation, was awarded an Innovation Passport from the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, which intends to streamline the approval program of promising therapies. In August 2021, Aubrey de Grey was suspended from the foundation. The CEO of the SENS Research Foundation, Jim O’Neill left in the preceding July, at the same time de Grey was suspended.

Goals
According to the organization site, its goal is to "help build the industry that will cure the diseases of aging". It funds research and uses outreach and education in order to expedite the various regenerative medicine research programs that go together to make the SENS project. The foundation also conducts its own student program SRF Education.

Research

Research programs
The SENS Research Foundation (SRF) pursues research projects that correspond to the seven categories of cellular damage due to aging:

Research collaboration
In addition to research undertaken in-house at the Research Center in Mountain View,  has also taken part in and/or selectively funded extramural research at various other institutions, including Yale University, Harvard University, Cambridge University, University of Texas, Rice University, and University of Arizona.

Research advisory board
The SENS Research Foundation's research advisory board includes Pedro J. J. Alvarez, Anthony Atala, George Church, Judith Campisi, William A. Haseltine, Brian K. Kennedy, Jeanne Loring, María Blasco Marhuenda, Bruce Rittmann, Nadia Rosenthal, Rudolph E. Tanzi, Jan Vijg, Michael D. West, and Vladimir Skulachev.

Funding source

Owing to the close relationship between SENS Foundation and Methuselah Foundation and their common activities, during reading articles and public reports there are sometimes misunderstanding about their budgets, directions and amounts of donations which can be distributed between these organizations for various purposes.

On December 9, 2010, Jason Hope, an entrepreneur based in Scottsdale, AZ, pledged a $500,000 donation.

In 2011, Aubrey de Grey inherited $16.5 million on the death of his mother. Of this he assigned $13 million to fund SENS research, which by 2013 had the effect of roughly doubling the SRF yearly budget to $4 million.

According SRF annual reports,
 in 2017 its income was $7,871,530 and expenses $3,915,682 ($2,146,412 on research, $920,533 on education, $172,380 on outreach, $676,534 on administration).
 in 2018 - unclear, the annual report doesn't contain this information.
 in 2019 its income was $2,683,611 and expenses $4,361,258 ($2,331,364 on research, $859,222 on education, $642,056 on outreach, $582,616 on administration).

The Pineapple Fund donated $2 million to SENS in 2017–18, that's in addition to $1 million donated to Methuselah Foundation.

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin donated $2.4 million in 2018. Then in 2020 Vitalik Buterin together with Sam Bankman-Fried and Haseeb Qureshi donated a total of $150,000 to SENS Research Foundation to combat aging and aging-related diseases at the choice of users of Twitter as a result of open voting.

In 2020, Oculus cofounder Michael Antonov donated $1 million, of which $600,000 was a matching donation.

See also
 Ending Aging
 Buck Institute for Research on Aging
 Life Extension Advocacy Foundation
 Methuselah Foundation

References

External links

Regenerative biomedicine
Biogerontology organizations
Life extension organizations
Non-profit organizations based in California
Organizations established in 2009


Two Mothers () is a 1921 Czechoslovak romantic drama film directed by Přemysl Pražský. The film is considered lost.

Cast
Helena Friedlová
Marta Májová
Jiří Myron
Theodor Pištěk
Růžena Šlemrová
Marie Ptáková
Přemysl Pražský
Béda Pražský

References

External links

1921 films
1921 romantic drama films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Czech silent films
Czechoslovak romantic drama films
Czech romantic drama films
Silent romantic drama films


Sean Graham Davies (born 27 February 1985) is an English semi-professional footballer.

Career
Davies started his footballing career at Middlesbrough, before playing for the Sunderland and Newcastle United School of Excellences. He then signed YTS forms with York City, and while still a YTS he played for their first team. York suffered relegation that season, but Davies was awarded a professional contract, and the following season made 36 appearances for the first team in total.

He was a supporter of then manager Chris Brass before Brass was sacked That season, Davies was allowed to leave York and went on trial at Cambridge United and Burton Albion. The following season, 2006–07, he signed for Scarborough and played 28 games for them that season.

Following this, he returned to the North East winning the Northern League 2 with Crook Town, Newton Aycliffe and Sunderland RCA. He is currently captaining Stokesley SC.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
York City F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Men's association football defenders
Place of birth missing (living people)


This is a list of British television related events from 1991.

Events

January
1 January
The Independent Television Commission (ITC) replaces the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA). On the same day, the Broadcasting Act 1990 takes effect, thus beginning the deregulation of British television and radio.
New Year's Day highlights on BBC1 include the network television premieres of the science fiction drama SpaceCamp and the 1987 cult vampire film The Lost Boys.
3 January
The sitcom The Brittas Empire makes its debut on BBC1, starring Chris Barrie and Pippa Haywood. The first episode is called Laying the Foundations.
The puppet Gordon the Gopher returns to television with a 13-episode series on BBC1.
7 January – BBC1 launches the local news programme, East Midlands Today for the East Midlands region. News coverage for the area had previously been provided by a seven-minute opt out from the Birmingham-based Midlands Today.
8 January
The opening episode of the second season of Twin Peaks makes its UK debut on BBC2.
The children's arts and crafts series Bitsa makes its debut on BBC1.
14 January – The US sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, starring Will Smith, makes its debut on BBC2 as part of the DEF II programming strand.
17 January–2 March – Regular programming is suspended to bring live coverage of the Gulf War after Allied Forces launch Operation Desert Storm against Iraq. Over the coming weeks, there is extended coverage of events in the Persian Gulf. On BBC1, in addition to extended and additional news bulletins, a special daytime news analysis programme War in the Gulf, presented by David Dimbleby, is broadcast, although as the war progresses the length of each programme and frequency of broadcast is scaled back. ITV also broadcasts additional news and discussion programmes about the war, including all-night coverage during the early stages of the conflict and Channel 4 broadcasts a two-hour special programme at midnight as well as Saturday editions of The Channel 4 Daily. Some coverage, particularly in the earlier part of the war, comes from CNN.
18 January – BBC2 airs a special edition of Arena in which playwright Arthur Miller meets ANC leader Nelson Mandela. In the show, Mandela talks for the first time about his life and experiences from a personal standpoint.
19 January
The 17 January edition of Top of the Pops is broadcast, having been postponed from that date due to extended news coverage of the Gulf War.
Debut of the comedy talk show The Full Wax on BBC1, starring Ruby Wax.
28 January – Oliver Reed appears on an edition of the late-night Channel 4 discussion programme After Dark discussing militarism, masculine stereotypes and violence to women. Reed drinks alcohol during the broadcast, leading him to become drunk, aggressive and incoherent. He refers to another member of the panel who has a moustache as a 'tache' and uses offensive language. After one hour, Reed returns from the toilet and getting more to drink, rolls on top of the noted feminist author Kate Millett. The show is briefly taken off the air following a hoax call to the station claiming that Channel 4 boss Michael Grade is furious.

February
12 February – A year after the release of Nelson Mandela from prison, BBC2 airs an edition of its Assignment documentary strand in which journalist Donald Woods returns to South Africa to give his personal assessment of that country's future.
15 February – At the close of this day's programmes, the COW ident is seen for the final time on BBC1 after six years and the BBC2 'TWO' ident is also seen for the final time after five years.
16 February
Both BBC1 and BBC2 receive new idents, both generated from laserdisc and featuring the BBC corporate logo introduced in 1986. BBC1 features a numeral '1' encased in a globe and BBC2 features eleven idents based around a numeral '2'. Also on this day, new idents for Open University programmes come into use.
Matthew Kelly succeeds Bruce Forsyth as presenter of ITV's You Bet!.
25 February – Debut of the children's series Radio Roo on BBC1, starring Wayne Jackman.
26 February – Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. As the war comes to its conclusion, television programming begins to return to normal.

March
1 March – The monopoly on listings magazines ends with the deregulation of TV listings. Before today, Radio Times published only BBC listings and TVTimes ITV only (and from 1982, Channel 4, including S4C in a pull-out supplement Sbec). However, from this day, they can carry listings for all channels. Newspapers are also allowed to publish 7-day listings for the first time, having previously been able to publish only the present day's (and two days on Saturdays). A raft of listings magazines and supplements starts up in the wake of the changes.
3 March – Following the conclusion of the Gulf War, the ITN Early Morning News is halved in length and now goes on the air at 5:30am. From this point, the ITN World News is no longer broadcast as part of the bulletin.
9 March – While appearing as a guest on the ITV chat show Aspel & Company, singer Rod Stewart takes off his shoes and tosses them into the audience.
15 March – BBC1 airs Comic Relief 1991.
18 March – ITV broadcasts World in Action Special: The Birmingham Six – Their Own Story, a documentary that airs four days after the release of the wrongly convicted 'Birmingham Six'. It is later nominated for a BAFTA award.<ref>[http://awards.bafta.org/award/1992/television/flaherty-documentary-award bafta.org'''' 1992 awards]</ref>
30 March – Frederick Wiseman's six and a half-hour documentary Near Death, on life in a Boston intensive care unit, is broadcast in full by Channel 4.

April
1 April – Sue Lawley interviews Prime Minister John Major for ITV.
7 April
ITV airs the first Prime Suspect series, starring Helen Mirren as DCI Jane Tennison. The Darling Buds of May makes its debut on ITV, starring David Jason, Pam Ferris and Catherine Zeta Jones.
The final episode of the sitcom Brush Strokes is broadcast on BBC1.
8 April
The Power Station, one of the channels to have survived the BSB merger with Sky, closes down at 4am after it was decided that the American MTV would be used as the music channel on BSkyB's Astra satellite service.
Channel 4's three-week Banned season features a series of films and programmes which had previously been banned from British television or cinema. The season includes the network television premieres of Scum, Monty Python's Life of Brian and Sebastiane. There is also a second broadcast of the controversial 1988 Thames documentary Death on the Rock which investigated the shooting of three members of the IRA by the SAS in Gibraltar. The season proves to be controversial and Channel 4 is investigated by the Obscene Publications Squad and referred to the Director of Public Prosecutions.
9 April – Derek Nimmo makes a cameo appearance in Australian soap Neighbours as an eccentric English aristocrat, the episode having debuted in Australia on 26 February 1990.
12 April – Debut of the children's game show Finders Keepers on Children's ITV, presented by Neil Buchanan.
15 April — BSB's films channel The Movie Channel launches on the Astra 1B satellite.
16 April – The network television premiere of Monty Python's Life of Brian as part of Channel 4's Banned season.
20 April – The Sports Channel on BSB is rebranded as Sky Sports.
29 April – On an edition of Terry Wogan's evening chat show Wogan and amid howls of laughter from the studio audience, public speaker David Icke claims that he is "the son of God" and that Britain will be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes. He later said that he had been misinterpreted and that he had used the term "the son of God" to mean an "aspect" of the Infinite consciousness. The interview proved devastating for him. The BBC was later criticised for allowing the interview to go ahead with Des Christy in The Guardian calling it a "media crucifixion."
30 April – Debut of the long-running snooker-based game show Big Break on BBC1, presented by Jim Davidson.

May
3 May – The Girl from Tomorrow, a 12-part Australian children's series about a girl from the future who finds herself trapped in 1990 makes its UK debut on BBC1.
4 May – Sweden's Carola wins the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest with "Captured by a Storm Wind".
5 May – BBC1 airs the final season of the US drama series Dallas, this time being shown on Sunday afternoons just two days after the final episode had been aired in the US.
6 May
Eurosport briefly closes after the competing Screensport channel had filed a complaint to the European Commission over its corporate structure.
 The Movie Channel begins broadcasting 24 hours a day. Previously the channel had been on air from early afternoon until the early hours of the next morning.
The network television premiere of the 1987 gangster thriller The Untouchables on BBC1, starring Kevin Costner, Sean Connery and Robert De Niro.
8 May – The first terrestrial television showing of Matthew Robbins' 1981 dark fantasy adventure Dragonslayer on ITV, starring Peter MacNichol, Caitlin Clarke, Ralph Richardson and John Hallam.
13 May – ITV airs an edition of World in Action making allegations of malpractice in the Irish beef processing industry. The programme leads to the establishment of the Beef Tribunal which at the time was to become Ireland's longest public inquiry.
20 May – The final episode of ThunderCats is broadcast on BBC1.
22 May – Eurosport resumes broadcasting after TF1 Group steps in to replace BSkyB as their joint owners.
27 May – The network television premiere of the 1987 parody film Dragnet on BBC1, starring Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks.
 May – Midweek Sports Special ends after 13 years when all the English regions opt out for their own midweek sports shows. The programme continues in London as Thames Sports Special.

June
10 June  Postman Pat begins airing on ABC in Australia along with Thomas the Tank Engine & Friendss sister show Tugs.
The popular drama series Soldier Soldier makes its debut on ITV, starring Robson Green and Jerome Flynn.
16 June – BBC1 airs Cry Freedom, Richard Attenborough's acclaimed film about South African journalist Donald Woods. It is shown in two parts with the second aired on 23 June.
18 June – BBC2 airs the concluding episode of David Lynch's drama Twin Peaks.
20 June
The murder of Harry Collinson, the planning officer for Derwentside District Council, takes place at Butsfield, County Durham while television news crews are filming for a news item about a planning dispute. At the time of the murder, the Derwentside District Council is involved in the dispute with Albert Dryden over the erection of a building by Dryden on green belt land without planning permission and as television crews are filming, Dryden aims a handgun, a.455 Webley Mk VI revolver at Collinson and shoots him dead. As the journalists and council staff flee, Dryden opens fire again, wounding television reporter Tony Belmont and Police Constable Stephen Campbell. Dryden is convicted of Collinson's murder following a trial in April the following year. Additionally, he is also convicted of the attempted murder of council solicitor Michael Dunstan and the wounding of Campbell and Belmont. He is sentenced to life imprisonment.
An edition of BBC2's The Late Show is the final programme to be broadcast from the BBC's Lime Grove Studios.
30 June – Channel 4 airs the first episode of Family Pride, the first British soap to feature a predominantly Asian cast. The series is produced by Central and is also shown on ITV in the Midlands region.

July
1 July – The long-lived "Wings" set makes its debut on the Channel 4 game show Countdown, alongside the use of tie-break conundrums.
13 July – Bernard Wenton, performing as Nat King Cole, wins the second series of Stars in Their Eyes on ITV.
14 July – Sue Lawrence wins the 1991 series of MasterChef on BBC1.
14–25 July – Sky Sports broadcasts full live coverage of the 1991 World Student Games which are held in the UK. This is the only time that Sky has broadcast a multi-sport event and it is the only time the event has been broadcast live.
22 July – BBC1 airs an extended edition of Wogan in which Terry Wogan meets and talks to the pop star Madonna.
24 July – The final programme to be recorded at the BBC Television Theatre in Shepherd's Bush is broadcast, an edition of Wogan recorded on 18 July.
29 July–2 August – Tim Brooke-Taylor and Lisa Aziz present QD – The Master Game, a game that aired over five nights on Channel 4 and comprised mental and physical challenges.
30 July – The Australian children's series Johnson and Friends makes its UK debut on BBC2.
31 July
Pavarotti in the Park, a concert celebrating thirty years of Luciano Pavarotti's operatic career, is held in London's Hyde Park. The concert is attended by an audience of 125,000 who gather despite the wet weather and is broadcast to thirty countries. In the UK, the concert is aired by Sky.
The BBC's Lime Grove Studios close.

August
3 August – The network television premiere of the comedy thriller Spies, Lies & Naked Thighs on BBC1, starring Ed Begley Jr.
9 August – Channel 4 debuts the hit HBO comedy series Dream On, which was one of the first US shows to feature uncensored profanity and nudity.
14 August – BBC1 airs Mozart in London, the first of a three-part series marking the bicentenary of his death and in which his earliest pieces are performed by children of about the same age as he was when he wrote them. It is the first time this has been done on British television.
23 August–1 September – Eurosport airs the World Athletics Championships for the first time. The event is also shown on the BBC.
26 August
BBC2 airs a day of programmes paying tribute to the Lime Grove Studios which closed the previous month and includes a remake of the 1950s soap opera The Grove Family featuring stars from the present day.
A repeat is shown of An Unearthly Child, the first-ever episode of Doctor Who from 1963.
29 August – Top of the Pops is simulcast on BBC Radio 1 for the last time, the episode presented by Jakki Brambles.
31 August – NICAM stereo sound is introduced on BBC Television.

September
3 September – The sitcom 2point4 Children  makes its debut on BBC1, starring Belinda Lang and Gary Olsen.
5 September – The actor Arthur Pentelow who died on 6 August, makes his final on-screen appearance as Henry Wilks in Emmerdale. The character dies off-screen on 3 October.
9 September – New idents launch on Children's BBC, featuring the BBC corporate logo.
11 September – ITV airs Thatcher: The Final Days, a dramatisation of the final days of Margaret Thatcher's premiership. The film stars Sylvia Syms as the former Prime Minister.
13 September – The documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife airs on Channel 4. It is set during the final days of the apartheid regime in South Africa, particularly centering on Eugène Terre'Blanche, founder and leader of the far-right, white supremacist political organisation AWB. A year later, Channel 4 faces its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist who objected to her representation in the documentary.
14 September – Channel 4 airs "A Night in Japan", a night of programmes dedicated to all things Japanese, from 8pm to 6am.
17 September – The sitcom Bottom makes its debut on BBC2, starring Rik Mayall and Adrian Edmondson.
20 September – BBC2 begins a rerun of Gerry Anderson's classic 1960s series Thunderbirds. The series proves to be popular, leading to a shortage of Tracy Island toys in stores during the run up to Christmas, something that prompts Blue Peter to show viewers and their parents how to make their own Tracy Island model. An instruction sheet produced by the programme receives more than 100,000 requests.
21 September – More than eight years after launching a weekday breakfast television service, the BBC launches a five-minute long weekend breakfast news bulletin.
22 September
Sponsorship of ITV programmes are first allowed.
The network television premiere of Adrian Lyne's 1987 thriller Fatal Attraction on ITV, starring Michael Douglas, Glenn Close and Anne Archer.
26 September
The children's series Brum makes its debut on BBC1.
The children's game show Get Your Own Back makes its debut on BBC1, presented by Dave Benson Phillips.
28 September – The network television premiere of the 1988 film Buster on ITV, starring Phil Collins as Great Train robber Buster Edwards.

October
1 October – The Comedy Channel launches.
2 October – The 1000th episode of the soap Brookside is broadcast on Channel 4.
3 October–2 November – ITV airs coverage of the 1991 Rugby World Cup. The competition is hosted by England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France.
4 October – The US animated series The Legend of Prince Valiant makes its UK debut on BBC1.
6 October – BBC1 airs Conundrum, the final episode of the original run of Dallas. The feature-length episode imagines a world in which the soap's central character, J. R. Ewing had not existed.
11 October – BBC2 show the late-night Richard O'Brien hosted series Mystery Train featuring cult and B-Movie themed TV programmes and films.
14 October
BBC World Service TV launches its Asian service.
After a five-year absence, Pebble Mill returns to BBC1.
16 October – The ITV franchise auction results are announced and take effect starting midnight on 1 January 1993. It will see many notable names going off air after losing their franchises, including Thames, TVS, TSW, TV-am and ORACLE Teletext.
19 October – The final edition of Channel Television's TV listings magazine, CTV Times is published. It had remained on sale long after the other ITV regions had replaced their listings magazine with the TVTimes in the South of England edition along with TVS as it was feared that Channel Television might cease trading without the revenue from its own magazine.
31 October – Channel 4 shows a number of Halloween themed programmes starting with the documentary Fear in the Dark narrated by Christopher Lee as well as the UK terrestrial premiere of the 1983 Tony Scott film The Hunger, starring David Bowie, Susan Sarandon and Catherine Deneuve.
October
Scottish Television rebrands its overnight service as Scottish Night Time and removes its overnight in-vision continuity.
Cigar and pipe tobacco adverts are banned from British television.

November
14 November
Debut of Dark Season, a six-part BBC1 science fiction series for children which sees actress Kate Winslet make her first on-screen appearance.
 Debut of the dark comedy series Murder Most Horrid on BBC2, starring Dawn French.
15 November – BBC World Service Television begins broadcasting via satellite to Pearl River Delta, a subsidiary of STAR TV and owner of News Corporation, a conglomerate of Rupert Murdoch, a member of Hutchison Whampoa.
16 November – The network television premiere of Christopher Cain's 1988 Brat Pack western film Young Guns on ITV, starring Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Charlie Sheen and Terence Stamp.
17 November – Debut of Biteback on BBC1, a monthly programme that gives viewers a right-to-reply on issues raised by BBC content, presented by Julian Pettifer.
23 November – Debut of the Saturday night series Noel's House Party on BBC1, presented by Noel Edmonds.

December
3 December – Channel 4 airs the controversial documentary The Holy Family Album as part of its Without Walls series.
15–16 December – ITV airs Heroes II: The Return, a British-Australian miniseries about Operation Rimau during World War II.
16 December – ITV's Central airs the final episode of Prisoner: Cell Block H, making it the first ITV region to complete the series.
 20 December – ITV airs Treasure Hunt, the final new episode of the long-running children's series Rainbow, produced by Thames Television. The show continues to air until 31 December, but with repeats of previous episodes.
21 December
The network television premiere of the romantic thriller The House on Carroll Street on BBC1, starring Kelly McGillis, Jeff Daniels, Mandy Patinkin and Jessica Tandy.
BBC2 airs A Perfect Christmas, featuring the best of Christmas programming from the BBC archives. Shows include festive episodes of The Flower Pot Men, Dr. Finlay's Casebook and the 1986 Christmas Day episodes of EastEnders which were watched by over 30 million viewers.
Debut of the entertainment show Barrymore on ITV, presented by Michael Barrymore.
23 December – The network television premiere of the 1988 Oscar winning film Rain Man on BBC1, starring Dustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise.
24 December
Christmas Eve highlights on BBC1 include the first part of the Only Fools and Horses episode Miami Twice.
The network television premiere of the 1987 thriller No Way Out on BBC1, starring Kevin Costner, Gene Hackman and Sean Young.
Debut of the animated film Father Christmas on Channel 4, featuring the voice of Mel Smith.
25 December
Christmas Day highlights on BBC1 includes the second edition of the Only Fools and Horses episode Miami Twice.
The network television premiere of Tim Burton's blockbuster 1989 Batman, starring Michael Keaton and Jack Nicholson, as well as John Landis' 1988 comedy film Coming to America, starring Eddie Murphy, both on BBC1.
In an unusual move for a pre-recorded series, the Royal Christmas Message is integrated into the first of the day's episodes of Coronation Street on ITV. Character Alf Roberts sat down in front of his television, 'watched' the speech in its entirety and the episode resumed. Details of plans to include the Queen's Speech in the episode were leaked a few weeks prior to Christmas, raising concerns that the BBC may attempt to outdo their ITV rivals with their own Christmas Day surprise, but Granada Television decided to go ahead with the idea anyway.
Postman Pat returns to BBC1 with two 10th anniversary special episodes, one on Christmas morning and the other in the New Year.
26 December – Boxing Day highlights on BBC1 include All for Love, a feature-length episode of Bergerac which serves as the series finale and the network television premiere of the 1988 hit comedy film A Fish Called Wanda, starring John Cleese and Jamie Lee Curtis.
28 December – BBC2 shows Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll, Taylor Hackford's acclaimed documentary celebrating Chuck Berry's 60th birthday with footage of two concerts from 1986.
29 December
The network television premiere of White Mischief on BBC2, starring Greta Scacchi and Charles Dance.
Debut of the bloopers series Auntie's Bloomers on BBC1, presented by Terry Wogan.
31 December
New Year's Eve highlights on BBC1 include the network television premiere of Back to School, starring Rodney Dangerfield and the year's end review programme Clive James on 1991.
The network television premiere of the cult 1979 Australian thriller Mad Max on BBC2, starring Mel Gibson.

Debuts

BBC1
2 January – Potsworth & Co. (1990)
3 January
The Brittas Empire (1991–1994, 1996–1997)
Dooby's Duck Truck (1991)
Gordon the Gopher (1991)
7 January – East Midlands Today (1991–present)
8 January
Spender (1991–1993)
Bitsa (1991–1996)
9 January – Five Children and It (1991)
10 January – Billy Webb's Amazing Stories (1991)
19 January – The Full Wax (1991–1993)
25 January – Boys from the Bush (1991–1992)
20 February – Dodgem (1991)
21 February – Doctor at the Top (1991)
25 February – Radio Roo (1991–1993)
30 March – Fast Friends (1991)
2 April – Kinsey (1991–1992)
12 April – The Sharp End (1991)
14 April – Tonight at 8.30 (1991) (Anthology)
30 April – Big Break (1991–2002)
3 May – The Girl from Tomorrow (1990)
14 May – All Good Things (1991)
27 May – Timeless Tales from Hallmark (1990–1991)
13 July – Gravedale High (1990)
19 July – Murder in Eden (1991)
20 July – Roy's Raiders (1991)
31 August – The House of Eliott (1991–1994)
1 September – Trainer (1991–1992)
3 September – 2point4 Children (1991–1999)
25 September – Specials (1991)
26 September
Get Your Own Back (1991–2003)
Spider! (1991)
Brum (1991–1994, 2001–2002)
4 October – The Legend of Prince Valiant (1991–1993)
14 October – Sea Trek (1991)
17 October – So You Think You've Got Troubles (1991)
25 October
Superbods (1991–1993)
Take Two (1991–1996)
27 October – Jute City (1991)
11 November
Watt on Earth (1991–1992)
Lifesense (1991)
14 November
Dark Season (1991)
An Actor's Life For Me (1991)
17 November
 Ashenden (1991)
 Merlin of the Crystal Cave (1991)
23 November – Noel's House Party (1991–1999)
29 December – Auntie's Bloomers (1991–2001)
31 December – Hogmanay Live (1991–present)
Unknown – Clarissa Explains It All (1991–1994)

BBC2
9 January – Parnell and the Englishwoman (1991)
1 February – Lazarus and Dingwall (1991)
14 February – The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–1996)
3 April – For the Greater Good (1991)
10 April – Sleepers (1991)
4 May – The Wolvis Family (1991)
8 May – Birthrights (1991–1993)
10 May – The Real McCoy (1991–1996)
30 July – Johnson and Friends (1990–1997)
16 September – Standing Room Only (1991–1994)
17 September – Bottom (1991–1995)
25 September – The Men's Room (1991)
4 October – The Power and the Glory (1991)
5 October – Performance (1991–1998)
6 October – The Boy from Andromeda (1991)
11 October – Mystery Train (1991)
13 October – Blood and Honey (1991)
30 October – Children of the North (1991)
14 November – Murder Most Horrid (1991–1999)
23 November – Moving Pictures (1991–1996)
27 November – Clarissa (1991)

ITV
3 January – Gawain and the Green Knight (1991)
4 January – Devices and Desires (1991)
5 January – Palmer (1991)
7 January – Toucan Tecs (1991–1992)
8 January – Rod 'n' Emu (1991)
13 February – Shrinks (1991)
19 February – Fiddlers Three (1991)
24 February – Trouble in Mind (1991)
12 March – Jumble (1991–1992)
16 March – The Winjin Pom (1991)
22 March – Movies, Games and Videos (1991–2001)
26 March – The Diamond Brothers (1991)
2 April – The Advocates (1991–1992)
7 April
The Darling Buds of May (1991–1993)
Prime Suspect (1991–2006)
10 April – A Murder of Quality (1991)
12 April – Finders Keepers (1991–1996, 2006)
3 May – Second Thoughts (1991–1994)
17 May – A Perfect Hero (1991)
26 May – The Black Candle (1991)
28 May – The Tuesday Special (1991–1997)
2 June – The Black Velvet Gown (1991)
3 June
 Hope It Rains (1991–1992)
 In Suspicious Circumstances (1991–1996)
10 June – Soldier Soldier (1991–1997)
11 June – Selling Hitler (1991)
5 July – Rich Tea and Sympathy (1991)
7 July – Chimera (1991)
15 July – Plaza Patrol (1991)
19 July – Very Big Very Soon (1991)
21 July – Great Expectations (1991)
1 August – Adventures on Kythera (1991–1992)
4 September – Grotbags (1991–1993)
TV Mayhem (1991)
Fender Bender 500 (1990)
Monster Tails (1990)
Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1990–1991)
2 September – Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992)
6 September
Victor and Hugo (1991–1992)
Get Stuffed (1991–1994)
11 September – Thatcher: The Final Days (1991)
16 October – Time Riders (1991)
17 October – Captain Zed and the Zee Zone (1991–1992)
20 November – The Chestnut Soldier (1991)
November – Cartoon World (1991–1992)
28 November – Stanley and the Women (1991)
29 November – Gone to the Dogs (1991)
30 November – Beetlejuice (1989–1991)
1 December – TaleSpin (1990–1991)
8 December – Red Fox (1991)
15 December – Heroes II: The Return (1991)
20 December – To Be the Best (1991)
21 December – Barrymore (1991–2000)
25 December – Brown Bear's Wedding (1991)
Unknown
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000)
Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990–1996)
Samurai Pizza Cats (1991)
Widget (1990–1992)

BBC Scotland
7 October – Restless Nation (1991–1996)

Channel 4
21 February – The Orchid House (1991)
1 May – Josie (1991)
4 May – Sharky & George (1990–1991)
21 May – Teenage Health Freak (1991–1993)
6 June – G.B.H. (1991)
30 June – Family Pride (1991–1992)
6 July – Alfred J. Kwak (1989–1990)
2 August – Packet of Three (1991–1992)
9 August – Dream On (1990–1996)
25 September – Paul Merton: The Series (1991–1993)
28 October – The Gravy Train Goes East (1991)
14 November – Secret History (1991–2004, 2013–present)
1 December – The StoryTeller: Greek Myths (1990)
3 December – The Holy Family Album (1991)
24 December – Father Christmas (1991)
28 December – The Best of Friends (1991)
 Unknown – Kid 'n Play (1990)

Sky One
12 January – Parker Lewis Can't Lose (1990–1993)
6 February – Anything for Money (1991–1992)
2 October – Something Is Out There (1988)

Channels
New channels

Defunct channels

Rebranded channels

Television shows
Changes of network affiliation

Returning this year after a break of one year or longer
 6 January – Lovejoy (1986, 1991–1994)
 16 January – Van der Valk (1972–1973, 1977, 1991–1992)
 10 April – The Two Ronnies for a 20th Anniversary special (1971–1987, 1991, 1996, 2005)
 16 September – Postman Pat (1981, 1991–1992, 1994, 1996, 2003–2008)
 14 October – Pebble Mill (1971–1986, 1991–1996)
 14 December – Up Pompeii! (1969–1975, 1991–1992)

Continuing television shows
1920s
BBC Wimbledon (1927–1939, 1946–2019, 2021–present)

1930s
The Boat Race (1938–1939, 1946–2019)
BBC Cricket (1939, 1946–1999, 2020–2024)

1940s
Come Dancing (1949–1998)

1950s
Panorama (1953–present)
This Week (1956–1978, 1986–1992)
What the Papers Say (1956–2008)
The Sky at Night (1957–present)
Blue Peter (1958–present)
Grandstand (1958–2007)

1960s
Coronation Street (1960–present)
Songs of Praise (1961–present)
World in Action (1963–1998)
Top of the Pops (1964–2006)
Match of the Day (1964–present)
Mr. and Mrs. (1965–1999)
Jackanory (1965–1996, 2006)
Sportsnight (1965–1997)
Call My Bluff (1965–2005)
The Money Programme (1966–2010)
The Big Match (1968–2002)

1970s
Rainbow (1972–1992, 1994–1997)
Emmerdale (1972–present)
Newsround (1972–present)
Last of the Summer Wine (1973–2010)
That's Life! (1973–1994)
Wish You Were Here...? (1974–2003)
Arena (1975–present)
Jim'll Fix It (1975–1994)
One Man and His Dog (1976–present)
Grange Hill (1978–2008)
The Paul Daniels Magic Show (1979–1994)
Antiques Roadshow (1979–present)
Question Time (1979–present)

1980s
Family Fortunes (1980–2002, 2006–2015, 2020–present)
Children in Need (1980–present)
'Allo 'Allo! (1982–1992)
Wogan (1982–1992)
Brookside (1982–2003)
Countdown (1982–present)
Timewatch (1982–present)
Right to Reply (1982–2001)
Good Morning Britain (1983–1992, 2014–present)
First Tuesday (1983–1993)
Highway (1983–1993)
Blockbusters (1983–93, 1994–95, 1997, 2000–01, 2012, 2019)
Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends (1984–present)
Wide Awake Club (1984–1992)
Spitting Image (1984–1996)
Surprise Surprise (1984–2001, 2012–2015)
The Bill (1984–2010)
Channel 4 Racing (1984–2016)
Busman's Holiday (1985–1993)
EastEnders (1985–present)
The Cook Report (1985–1998)
Crosswits (1985–1998)
Screen Two (1985–1998)
Telly Addicts (1985–1998)
Blind Date (1985–2003, 2017–2019)
Comic Relief (1985–present)
Boon (1986–1992, 1995)
ScreenPlay (1986–1993)
Every Second Counts (1986–1993)
Lovejoy (1986–1994)
Beadle's About (1986–1996)
The Chart Show (1986–1998, 2008–2009)
Equinox (1986–2006)
The Really Wild Show (1986–2006)
Casualty (1986–present)
All Clued Up (1987–1992)
Going Live! (1987–1993)
Watching (1987–1993)
The Time, The Place (1987–1998)
Allsorts (1987–1995)
Going for Gold (1987–1996, 2008–2009)
Chain Letters (1987–1997)
ChuckleVision (1987–2009)
Playbox (1987–1992)
After Henry (1988–1992)
Park Avenue (1988–1992)
Count Duckula (1988–1993)
You Rang, M'Lord? (1988–1993)
You Bet! (1988–1997)
Playdays (1988–1997)
Wheel of Fortune (1988–2001)
London's Burning (1988–2002)
On the Record (1988–2002)
Fifteen to One (1988–2003, 2013–2019)
This Morning (1988–present)
Fun House (1989–1999)
The Channel 4 Daily (1989–1992)
Absolutely (1989–1993)
KYTV (1989–1993)
Press Gang (1989–1993)
Birds of a Feather (1989–1998, 2014–2020)
A Bit of Fry & Laurie (1989–1995)
Byker Grove (1989–2006)
Desmond's (1989–1994)
Children's Ward (1989–2000)
Mike and Angelo (1989–2000)
Bodger & Badger (1989–1999)

1990s
The 8:15 from Manchester (1990–1991)
The Mary Whitehouse Experience (1990–1992)
No Job for a Lady (1990–1992)
The Piglet Files (1990–1992)
Families (1990–1993)
Spatz (1990–1992)
The $64,000 Question (1990–1993)
Jeeves and Wooster (1990–1993)
Waiting for God (1990–1994)
Mr. Bean (1990–1995)
The Crystal Maze (1990–1995, 2016–2020)
The Dreamstone (1990–1995)
Keeping Up Appearances (1990–1995)
Turnabout (1990–1996)
The Upper Hand (1990–1996)
Drop the Dead Donkey (1990–1998)
One Foot in the Grave (1990–2000)
The Generation Game (1971–1982, 1990–2002)
How 2 (1990–2006)
Stars in Their Eyes (1990–2006, 2015)
Rosie and Jim (1990–2000)
MasterChef (1990–2001, 2005–present)

Ending this year
 11 February – About Face (1989–1991)
 5 March – Rod, Jane and Freddy (1981–1991)
 17 March – Grim Tales (1989–1991)
 28 March – Gordon the Gopher (1991)
 7 April – Brush Strokes (1986–1991)
 20 April – The Winjin Pom (1991)
 20 May – ThunderCats (1987–1991)
 31 May
Tricky Business (1989–1991)
Alfonso Bonzo (1990–1991)
 4 June – Chancer (1990–1991)
 21 June – A Perfect Hero (1991)
 15 July – Takeover Bid (1990–1991)
 22 July – Everybody's Equal (1989–1991)
 28 July – Chimera (1991)
 28 August – I Can Do That (1988–1991)
 29 August – The Play on One (1988–1991)
 30 August – All Clued Up (1988–1991)
 3 September – Clockwise (1989–1991)
 14 September – The 8:15 from Manchester (1990–1991)
 8 October – French Fields (1989–1991)
 9 October – Never the Twain (1981–1991)
 23 October – The Men's Room (1991)
 31 October – 4 Square (1988–1991)
 3 November – Bread (1986–1991)
 12 November – Making Out (1989–1991)
 18 November – Naked Video (1986–1991)
 20 November – Children of the North (1991)
 11 December – Clarissa (1991)
 19 December – Stanley and the Women (1991)
 20 December – Rainbow (1972–1991', 1994–1997)
 26 December – Bergerac (1981–1991)
 27 December – To Be the Best (1991)

Births
 2 January
 Ben Hardy, actor (EastEnders, The Woman in White, The Girl Before)
Danny Miller, actor (Emmerdale)
 21 January – Craig Roberts, Welsh actor (The Story of Tracy Beaker'')
 14 February – Charlie G. Hawkins, actor
 17 February – Bonnie Wright, actress
 28 February – Sarah Bolger, actress
 27 April – Rebecca Ryan, actress
 5 September – Skandar Keynes, actor
 26 September – Charlotte Spencer, actress
 14 October – Shona McGarty, actress
 29 October – Toby Tarrant

Deaths

See also
 1991 in British music
 1991 in British radio
 1991 in Scottish television
 1991 in the United Kingdom
 List of British films of 1991

References

External links
List of 1991 British television series at IMDb


The 1985–86 season was the 106th season of competitive football by Rangers.

Overview
Rangers played a total of 44 competitive matches during the 1985–86 season. The team finished a disappointing 5th in the Scottish Premier Division. A total of 35 points were gained from 36 games with only 13 wins and 14 defeats. This resulted in the departure of Jock Wallace as manager in April with the club announcing that Scotland captain Graeme Souness would take over as player-manager after the World Cup Finals in Mexico.

In the cup competitions, they were knocked out of the Scottish Cup in the third round, losing 3–2 at Tynecastle to Hearts. They were knocked out of the League Cup by Edinburgh's other team Hibernian 2–1 on aggregate in the two legged semi final.

The European campaign lasted two matches. The club went out in the first round of the UEFA Cup after losing to Spanish side CA Osasuna. The first leg at Ibrox was won 1–0 thanks to a Craig Paterson goal but the team went down 2–0 in the second leg.

Rangers qualified for Europe on the last day of the season, beating Motherwell 2–0 at Ibrox.

The Glasgow Cup was won with a 3–2 victory over Celtic at Ibrox in May. This match presented an early opportunity for the players to impress their new boss.

Results
All results are written with Rangers' score first.

Scottish Premier Division

UEFA Cup

Scottish Cup

League Cup

*Rangers won 6–5 on penalties

Glasgow Cup

Appearances

League table

See also
 1985–86 in Scottish football
 1985–86 Scottish Cup
 1985–86 Scottish League Cup
 1985–86 UEFA Cup

References

Rangers F.C. seasons
Rangers


Protests against the April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election results began on 6 April 2009 in major cities of Moldova (including Bălți and the capital, Chișinău) before the final official results were announced. The demonstrators claimed that the elections, which saw the governing Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) win a majority of seats, were fraudulent, and alternatively demanded a recount, a new election, or resignation of the government. Similar demonstrations took place in other major Moldovan cities, including the country's second largest, Bălți, where over 7,000 people protested.

The protests and wave of violence is sometimes described as the "grape revolution" but the term was not used much by outsiders; in Moldova, it is sometimes referred as the Chisinău Uprising (). Some of the protesters discussed and organized themselves using Twitter, hence its moniker used by the media, the Twitter Revolution. In Chișinău, where the number of protesters rose above 30,000, the demonstration escalated into a riot on 7 April. Rioters attacked the parliament building and presidential office, breaking windows, setting furniture on fire and stealing property.

Background

The unrest began as a public protest after the announcement of preliminary election results on 6 April 2009, which showed the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova victorious, winning approximately 50% of the votes. Final results, published on 8 April, showed that the PCRM garnered 49.48% of the vote, gaining 60 parliament seats – one less than the three-fifths required for the party to control the presidential election. The opposition rejected the election results, accusing the authorities of falsification in the course of counting the votes and demanded new elections.

The PCRM had been in power since 2001. A series of protests had been organized by opposition parties in 2003, when the government attempted to replace the school subject "History of the Romanians" with "History of Moldova". Students protested for months before the government backed down on its plans.

Petru Negură, a university professor of sociology at the Moldova State University and the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, France, attributed the origins of the crisis to the ethnic identity problem: some people in Moldova identify themselves as "Moldovans", while others as "Romanians".

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) International Election Observing Mission declared the elections generally free and fair, although it also reported that the comparison of data on the voting age population provided by the Moldovan Ministry of the Interior with the number of registered voters provided by local executive authorities revealed a discrepancy of some 160,000. A member of the OSCE observation team, Emma Nicholson disagreed with the assessment of the OSCE report on the fairness of the elections.

A number of voters have also reported cases of fraud where deceased and nonattendant persons were registered as having voted.

According to Vladimir Socor, a political analyst for the Jamestown Foundation, the elections were evaluated as positive on the whole, with some reservations not affecting the outcome or the overall initial assessment. Exit polls had showed a comfortable win for the Communist Party, with the only uncertainty being the size of the winning margin.

Opposition parties pointed out that the lists of eligible voters included 300,000 more people compared to the previous elections, although the population of Moldova has been shrinking. Due to this, they claimed that around 400,000 fictive voters have been created in the last two months and, therefore, changed the voting result. It was also claimed that the authorities have also printed more than one voting bulletin for certain persons.

Demonstration and riot

The first demonstrations, organized as a flashmob by a 25-year-old Moldovan journalist Natalia Morar, began in Chișinău on 6 April 2009, with a larger number of demonstrators arriving on the next day, 7 April. The demonstration, numbering over ten thousand, most of them students and young people, gathered in the city center on Ștefan cel Mare boulevard. The protest against the announced election results turned into clashes with the police, who used tear gas and water cannons. However, the police were soon overwhelmed by the number of the protesters. Rioters broke into the nearby parliament building and the office of president. Entering the building through broken windows, demonstrators set parts of the building on fire, using documents and furniture both inside and outside. The building was retaken by the police later in the evening.

The protesters, some of which carried Romanian flags, chanted pro-Western, pro-Romanian and anti-government slogans such as "We want Europe", "We are Romanians" and "Down with Communism".

Two teenagers, Ion Galațchi and Dragoș Mustețea, with the alleged approval of the policemen, replaced the Flags of Moldova at the Presidential and Parliament buildings with a Flag of Romania and a Flag of Europe, claiming that they expected that this would calm the crowd.

The emergency hospital of Chișinău reported treating over 78 injured police officers and protesters on 8 April, while the Moldovan president stated that 270 people were injured in the riots. Moldovan opposition called on the authorities to carry out new elections and on the demonstrators to cease violence. Moldovan national television had initially reported that a young woman died of carbon monoxide poisoning due to the fires within the parliament building set off by the rioters. However, it was later reported that the woman was saved by a team of medics.

On the evening of 7 April, a group of protesters organised a National Salvation Committee, consisting of student and civic representatives. Writer Nicolae Dabija, a vice-president of the committee said that the intended purpose of the committee is to organise new elections. However, the protests died off as the police intervened during the night to arrest the protesters found in the square.

On 7 April, Serafim Urechean, leader of the opposition Party Alliance Our Moldova, during a meeting with President Voronin said that the riots were orchestrated by security services. However, former Moldovan President Petru Lucinski believes the violence was the spontaneous result of the actions of leaderless youths frustrated with the waning of Moldovan democracy. He said that there is no need to look further to explain the unrest and the movement "didn't have any leaders, one part went in one direction, a peaceful one and another part took a violent turn."

Protests of solidarity with demonstrators in Chișinău took place in Cimișlia, Bălți, Ungheni and other Moldovan cities. Conversely, in some cities (especially in the autonomous region of Gagauzia) the actions of the protesters were condemned.

The protests continued on Sunday, 12 April, when around 3,000 protesters gathered in the central square where the mayor of Chișinău, Dorin Chirtoacă, held a speech about how Moldova's youth reject Communism because they "understand that their future has been stolen". However, the students were notably absent from the crowd, having been sanctioned for their participation in the previous protests.

Arrests and accusations of torture
On the night following 7 April, around 1 am, police forces routed the remaining crowds in the main square and arrested about 200 participants. On the following day, more arrests were issued, with demonstrators beaten and transported away in police cars. Similarly, footage showed demonstrators getting dragged away and beaten by what appears to be plain-clothes police officers. Among the protesters to be hospitalized after being beaten was Andrei Ivanțoc, formerly a political prisoner in Transnistria. An independent MP, Valentina Cușnir, was near the main street of Chișinău at about midnight on 7 April. She reported that she was abused by a police officer.

Amnesty International accused the Moldovan government of violating human rights through the actions of the police, that it detained indiscriminately hundreds of protesters, including minors, who were subjected to torture and other ill-treatment. The organization issued a memorandum to the Moldovan government about this case.

On 9 April, the Moldovan Prosecutor General's Office asked Ukraine to extradite Gabriel Stati, a Moldovan businessman whom the Moldovan government accused of being involved in the organization and financing of the civil unrest. Stati was in Ukrainian custody along with another suspect, Aurel Marinescu, for their alleged "involvement in organizing an attempt to overthrow the Moldovan government." On 16 April, the General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine approved the extradition of Stati and Marinescu.

Romanian journalists from Antena 3, TVR, and newspaper Gândul accused the Moldovan authorities of trying to intimidate them. On 10 April, Moldovan authorities arrested journalist Rodica Mahu (Editor-in-Chief of Jurnal de Chișinău) and Romanian journalist Doru Dendiu, the permanent correspondent of TVR in Moldova, for their alleged involvement in organizing the riots. However, Mahu and Dendiu were released from police questioning later that day, Dediu being told that he must leave Moldova. Another journalist, Natalia Morar, was put under house arrest. Also, the internet access in Chisinau was blocked in reason to limit citizens' access to news sites.

On 11 April, the Moldovan Ministry of Internal Affairs announced it arrested 295 people in Chișinău for their involvement in the protests.

On 13 April, Chișinău mayor Dorin Chirtoacă made an appeal to international organizations regarding the arrests in Moldova, claiming that the protesters had been tortured, not given the right to talk to a lawyer and that NGOs were not allowed access to the detention centres. He also claimed that the real number of arrestees was higher than the official figures, as the list compiled by the press of missing protesters reached 800 names.

A United Nations report, based on a visit to one detention center, said that the hundreds of people arrested following the civil unrest were subject to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, being beaten with clubs, water bottles, fists and feet, were denied food and access to legal counsel, and brought before judges in batches of six and collectively charged. The UN representatives were denied access to other detention centers, despite legislation which allows them to conduct such visits. Edwin Berry, the UN human rights adviser for Moldova said that during the visit to the detention center almost everyone he talked to had visible marks that show that they have been beaten.

On 15 April, President Voronin called for a general amnesty and "an end to all forms of prosecution against participants in street protests", however, Chirtoacă announced that no protesters have been freed by 17 April.

Marian Lupu, the speaker of Moldova's parliament, admitted that the arrested protesters were subjected brutality from the police and he announced that the police officers involved would not be punished, being covered by the amnesty announced by President Voronin.

Deaths
Four deaths occurred at the time of the unrest and have been linked to the events by various sources.

Following his arrest, a 23-year-old protester, Valeriu Boboc, died in a Chișinău hospital on 8 April 2009. The official cause was smoke poisoning from the riot, but his family insisted that he was beaten to death by the police, his body being full of contusions. An investigation was opened into the case and a policeman was arrested on charges of Boboc's murder. As of November 2010, the case is still ongoing.

The body of another protester, Ion Țâbuleac, with multiple wounds and fractures, was allegedly dumped from a car belonging to the Moldovan Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The body of a third protester, Eugen Țapu, was handed to the relatives by the police on 16 April. The official cause of death was given as suicide by hanging, however, the relatives disputed this because they claim that he had no marks on the neck to suggest this. According to Victor Său, the mayor of Țapu's home village Soroca, there is a link between Eugen Țapu's death and the protest from 7 April because the police refuse to provide further explanations and the dates of his death and the protest's day are the same. Său stated that police refused to provide any explanations on the reasons behind the death of Eugen Tapu, and that according to the papers he died on 7 April, the day when police begin the mass arrests of young protesters. The police say they found the decomposing body of Eugen Țapu on 15 April, hanging from his bootlaces in the attic of a building in the capital. "They killed him, that's for sure, and they must answer for what they've done" said Eugen's father.

Maxim Canișev (born 1989, Hristoforovca) died on 8 April, but was found with his spinal column broken in Ghidighici Lake only on 18 April.

The Moldovan government strongly denied any involvement in the deaths. The executive director of Amnesty International Moldova, Evghenii Golosceapov, does not believe the minister's denials. Three of the dead showed signs of violence on their faces and bodies. The causes of their deaths remain unknown as of 2010.

On 8 October 2009, hundreds of people came to Stephen the Great Monument in Chișinău to mark 6 months from the bloody events. While attending the ceremony, the prime minister Vlad Filat said that the Ministry of the Interior has already started a domestic investigation into the police's actions on 7 April 2009, and especially during subsequent days and weeks.

Government reaction
Moldovan President Vladimir Voronin, in an address on 7 April 2009, described the events in the capital as a coup d'état organised by "a handful of fascists drunk with anger" and declared that the Moldovan authorities will defend themselves against the "leaders of the pogrom". The President also urged the West to help restore order and resolve the conflict.

Following the escalation of the riots and the burning of the parliament building, Voronin said "we tried to avoid bloodshed, but if yesterday's situation will be repeated, we will respond accordingly".

Later on 8 April, Voronin made the following statement: "For the first time, the Moldovan people saw the opposition openly betray their own people and their own country by taking the path of provoking open civil war. The whole country saw that there is no opposition whatsoever in Moldova — neither anti-Communist, nor anti-Voronin. There is only opposition to the state." The President also commented on the displaying of Romanian flags: "What happened yesterday brought indelible shame on our politicians, on the whole of our democracy. The entire Moldovan nation witnessed the greatest humiliation of its own sovereignty and its own democracy when the state standards were ripped from the flagpoles of Parliament and the President's Office and replaced with the flags of Romania." In an interview with the Spanish newspaper El País, Voronin claimed the professors and teachers, especially in Chișinău, have a very destructive role as "continuators of Ion Antonescu".

On 10 April 2009, Voronin called on the Constitutional Court of Moldova to authorise a recount of the votes. On 12 April 2009, it decided that there would be a recount. The recount was then set to take place on 15 April 2009. On 14 April, Serafim Urechean announced that the three main opposition parties would boycott the recount, citing fears that the government would use it to increase its majority to the 61 seats required to elect the next president. The recount was scheduled to finish by 16 April 2009 and results were to be submitted by 21 April 2009 to the CEC. The result of the election was not changed through the recount, as no serious errors were determined. The opposition maintain that the ballot was rigged, saying that recounting fraudulent ballots could only yield fraudulent results.

Transnistrian president Igor Smirnov accused the Moldovan government of failing to "protect Transdniestrians from nationalists."

Diplomatic row with Romania
The civil unrest in Moldova led to a diplomatic row with Romania, after President Voronin accused Romania of being the force behind the riots in Chișinău. Romania denied all charges of being involved in the protests.

The Romanian ambassador in Moldova, Filip Teodorescu was declared persona non grata by the Moldovan government, being required to leave the country within 24 hours. The following day, the Romanian parliament nominated a senior diplomat, Mihnea Constantinescu, as the new ambassador to Moldova, but two weeks later, the Moldovan government rejected him without any explanation, deepening the crisis.

The Moldovan government instituted visa requirements for Romanian citizens and closed the border between Romania and Moldova on 7 April. Moldovan students studying in Romania and international journalists were not allowed to enter the country. The following day, train connections between Romania and Moldova were cancelled for undefined period, because of "technical" issues. Romania announced that it will not reciprocate on the expelling of the ambassador and it will keep the same visa regime, with visas free-of-charge for Moldovan citizens. It also condemned as "arbitrary and discriminatory" the new measures brought against Romanian nationals in Moldova and has stated that the visa scheme was "reckless" and broke a Moldova-EU pact.

On a press conference on 22 July 2009, Moldova's state prosecutor, Valeriu Gurbulea, declared that Romania was not involved in the riot.

The Romanian government changed the regulations which allow foreigners who had ancestors who had Romanian citizenship (including most Moldovans) to gain the Romanian citizenship. The new law allows people with at least a Romanian great-grandparent (instead of just a grandparent as before) to request Romanian citizenship, while it added a maximum term of five months for giving a response to the request.

International reaction
 : The European Union's Czech presidency expressed deep concern about the developments in Moldova, calling "on the Government of Moldova, the opposition and the people of Moldova, to refrain from any action that could lead to further escalation of the tensions in the country". EU foreign policy chief Javier Solana called on all parties to the conflict to refrain from violence and provocation. He argued that "violence against government buildings is unacceptable." He added that "international election observers noted in their preliminary findings that the elections met many international standards and commitments, but that further improvements were required." The Party of the European Left expressed its solidarity to President Voronin, stating that "The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) itself admits the conformity of this election to international standards. Being of course understood the legitimacy and everyone's right to manifest his/her opinion freely, there is though no reason for such violence and destruction inside the parliament building." Marianne Mikko, member of the European Parliament and leader of its Moldova delegation, has called for new elections, emphasising the importance of full enfranchisement among people of Moldova. The European Parliament announced that Moldova would participate in the Eastern Partnership summit in Prague on 7 May, which will see the EU upgrade relations with Moldova. But European Parliament "strongly condemned the massive campaign of harassment, grave violations of human rights and all other illegal actions carried out by the Moldovan Government in the aftermath of the parliamentary elections."
 : Romania also backed the European Union assessment of concern and urged a cessation of violence. Several thousand Bucharesters gathered in the University Square to show support for the Moldovan protesters. Hundreds of people also mobilized in the major Romanian cities of Iași, Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, Brașov, Galați, Craiova, Ploiești, Arad, Suceava and Bacău, as well as in Petroșani. President Traian Băsescu said that Moldova is trying to build an "Iron Curtain" across the Prut and that Romania will act responsibly toward the "four million Romanians that live in Moldova".
 : The United States State Department spokesman Robert Wood said "we're calling on the parties to refrain from further violence and resolve their differences peacefully and through peaceful means." In regard to the way the election was handled, Wood declared that the State Department is "still assessing" and that, at the moment of the briefing, "he thinks [...] we basically share that assessment that the OSCE gave." Asif Chaudhry, the US ambassador, stated that "the authorities acted with restraint on Tuesday, as the demonstration in front of the Presidential Palace and the Parliament building went out of control resulting in property damage and injuries. Thus, the potential for more grave consequences was avoided." He also expressed concerns about the arrests that took place after the riot. United States Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton wrote to president Vladimir Voronin: "As our Embassy and the Department of State noted in public statements, we condemn the violence which occurred in the days following the election. We believe it would be helpful for your Government to address the concerns that have been raised about the conduct of the election, as well as the treatment of detainees, journalists, and representatives of civil society following the violence." Students and activists hoisted picket signs in Boston, Washington, D.C., and New York City on 13 April, to protest the incumbent Communist Party's victory.
 : Ukraine's Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko announced an increase in patrols along the state border with Moldova. "Right after the events in Chișinău, the Ukrainian police significantly increased its presence along the Ukraine-Moldova state border in Odesa region to prevent the trespassing of armed extremist groups on the territory of Ukraine." Ukrainian police and customs officers arrested two Moldovan citizens for their alleged "involvement in organizing an attempt to overthrow the Moldovan government." They were extradited a week later.
 : Russian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia Grigory Karasin, said that Russia is concerned about developments in Moldova, while Alexey Ostrovsky, the Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma for CIS, accused Western secret services of trying to destabilise CIS countries in order to attract them towards NATO. He also claimed that Romania helps the process in order to swallow Moldova and create a new unified country. The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent out this statement on 8 April: "Judging by the slogans shouted in the squares, plenty of Romanian flags in the hands of organizers of these outrages, their aim is to discredit the achievements in strengthening the sovereignty of Moldova. The Russian foreign ministry hopes that common sense will prevail, public and constitutional order will be restored in the next few days and the choice of the Moldovan citizens will be confirmed by all politically responsible forces."

Follow-up

After the civil unrest, the climate in Moldova became very polarized. The parliament failed to elect a new president. For this reason, the parliament was dissolved and snap elections were held. The 29 July polls were won by the Communist Party with 44.7% of the vote. That gave the former ruling party 48 MPs, and the remaining 53 seats in the 101-member chamber went to four opposition parties. Opposition parties agreed to create the Alliance for European Integration that pushed the Communist party into opposition. The Communists were in government since 2001.

The original Moldovan Declaration of Independence approved and signed on 27 August 1991 was burned during the civil unrest, but an identical document was restored in 2010.

Legacy
 The book 100 de zile (Tritonic, Bucharest, 2010, 464 pages) by Stela Popa is dedicated to the events of 7 April.
 The book Revoluția Twitter, episodul întâi: Republica Moldova () by Nicolae Negru et al.  (ARC, Chișinău, 2010, 132 pages) related to the events of 7 April.
 The Monument of Liberty is a planned monument to be dedicated to the victims of 2009 Moldova civil unrest.
 The book Aceasta e prima mea revoluţie. Furaţi-mi-o (French: C'est ma première revolution. Volez-la à moi; English: This Is My First Revolution. Steal It; Cartier, Chișinău, 2010, 140 pp) by Maria-Paula Erizanu is dedicated to the events of 7 April.
 Publika TV was launched on 7 April 2010 to recall the civil unrest.
 A "Valeriu Boboc Prize" was instituted as a yearly prize awarded during a symposium organized by the Romanian Senate, in April, on the topic "Defending the fundamental human rights and democratic values".  no prize has been awarded.
 The 2014 film What a Wonderful World is set during the protests, depicting the brutal police treatment of accused protesters.

See also
 March on Rome, Italy
 8888 Uprising, Ragoon (present day Yangon), Burma (present day Myanmar), 1988
 Saffron Revolution, Ragoon (present day Yangon), Burma (present day Myanmar), 2007–2008
 2011 Egyptian Revolution, Cairo, Egypt, 2011
 2021 United States Capitol attack
 2011 Bahraini uprising, Bahrain, 2011
 2013 Pro Europe demonstration in Moldova
 Black May, Thailand
 2015–16 protests in Moldova
 2020 Moldovan protests
 2023 European Moldova National Assembly
 Thammasat University Massacre, Thailand

References

External links

2009 in Moldova
2009 protests
Anti-communism in Moldova
April 2009 events in Europe
History of Chișinău
2009
Moldova–Romania relations
Political violence in Moldova
Pro-Europeanism in Moldova
Protest marches
Protests against results of elections
Protests in Moldova
Riots and civil disorder in Moldova


REPLAY is a management system for audiovisual content developed at ETH Zurich.

Background
REPLAY was developed as the future Multimedia Portal of ETH Zurich within the scope of the ICT strategy 2006–2009 and got branded „REPLAY“ in 2007. It is to manage the audiovisual content of ETH Zurich from production to distribution in an automated manner.

Application area
The main focus of REPLAY is the quasi-automated handling of large number of lecture recordings (>150 per week) and to provide an integrated management solution for other video objects (films, digitization results etc.). Thus, it covers all the audiovisual material usually to be found in academic and other institutions (museums, companies etc.).

Workflow
REPLAY covers the complete lifecycle of the audiovisual objects: In the classroom / lecture hall, the Linux-based Playmobil as an additional hardware component automatically captures audio, video, and VGA (for slides/presentations/computer display/other devices). After the lecture, these sources are bundled with metadata and proceeded into the REPLAY backend. Other video material can be ingested through an inbox.

All bundles are then:
 archived,
 indexed (based on slide content, using Optical Character Recognition),
 encoded according to settings and
 distributed in various channels (RSS, streaming, download etc.)
One of the distribution channels is Interplay, a user interface designed for interactive consumption of video.

Qualities
REPLAY is written in Java, open source and oriented towards standards wherever possible. It is modular in design and envisaged to run on a singular machine as well as in a distributed environment.

License

REPLAY is open source under GNU LGPL license version 2.

Development
Development website. Replay has been developed towards release 0.7 (March 2009); as of June 2009 the project has ended and support was suspended by the end of 2009. Efforts around REPLAY and its technology are being transferred to the Opencast Matterhorn project.

References

External links
 Official website
 Project website
 Article from the proceedings of the 36th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference
The WSU eLearner blog on REPLAY
The ICT en Onderwijs blog on REPLAY (Dutch)
 Presentation of REPLAY at EDUCAUSE 2008
 Article on REPLAY (German)
 Presentation of REPLAY (German, video)

2006 software
Cross-platform free software
Free educational software
Educational software
Java (programming language)


The Northern Tasmanian Football Association may refer to one of two leagues:

Northern Tasmanian Football Association (1886–1986), the original NTFA
Northern Tasmanian Football Association (formed 1996), current version of the NTFA


The Mezzalama Trophy (, , a.k.a. white marathon) is an Italian high altitude ski mountaineering competition in upper Valtournenche and Ayas valleys, in Aosta Valley.

The Mezzalama Trophy, which belongs to the "big three of ski mountaineering" () besides the two other best-known and classical ski mountaineering events, the Patrouille des Glaciers and the Pierra Menta, is the highest alpine ski mountaineering competition of the world. The event in the Monte Rosa's massif was named in honor of the mountain guide Ottorino Mezzalama.

The Mezzalama Trophy is a stage of La Grande Course that includes the most important ski mountaineering competitions of the season.

History
The Mezzalama Trophy Foundation was founded by friends of Ottorino Mezzalama in 1933 in his memory, one of them was Mario Corti. The race was held every year from 1933 and to 1938. Entry was open only to men; the first female participant is presumed to be Paula Wiesinger, who had been invited to view the race in 1935. When Giusto Gervasutti withdrew due to injury, she put on his military uniform and cap and, wearing sunglasses, ran instead of him, but was discovered at a checkpoint. The 1935 Trofeo Mezzalama was filmed by Mario Craveri in his film "Maratona Bianca".

After 1938 the race was discontinued (except that in 1940 a platonic race was carried out under the name marcia nazionale Ottorino Mezzalama by the Ski Club Torino). Further races were held in 1971, 1973, 1975, and in 1978, and the Mezzalama Trophy was revived as a regular biennial race with the eleventh race in 1997.

In 1975, the Mezzalama Trophy was held as World Championship of Skimountaineering. 33 civilian teams, 12 mountain guide teams and 11 military teams participated in this event. In that year, the first female team competed officially. Together with the Pierra Menta and the Tour du Rutor event, the Mezzalama Trophy is part of the Trophée des Alpes (French for Alps' Trophy) series.

Editions and winners
The list shows the winning teams for each edition of the Trofeo Mezzalama.

In 1934, all competing teams were overtaken by the German reserve racer Anderl Heckmair, who started as a single racer one and a half hours after the teams left.

Literature
 Umberto Pelazza, Antonio Vizzi: Il Trofeo Mezzalama 1933-1997 : Storia e leggenda della sci-alpinistica piu alta del mondo (Italian) (Aosta) - ed. La Vallee, 1999
 Rolf Majcen: Bergauf - Abenteuer Ausdauersport (German)

References

External links
 Official Website
 Mezzalama at euroski-on-line.com

Ski mountaineering competitions
Skiing in Italy
Sport in Aosta Valley
1933 in Italy
1933 in Italian sport


Robert Maitland Dinwiddie (born 29 December 1982) is an English professional golfer.

Early years
Dinwiddie was born in Dumfries, Scotland. He was assisted by College Prospects of America to gain a golf scholarship at Tennessee State University, and was the number one ranked English golfer.

Dinwiddie won Welsh and Scottish Amateur Open Stroke Play Championships in 2005, and when he also claimed the English Amateur Open Stroke Play Championship, otherwise known as the Brabazon Trophy, in 2006, he became the first person to hold all three titles at the same time.

Professional career
Dinwiddie turned professional towards the end of 2006 and joined the Challenge Tour. He had an immediate impact, finishing tied 11th in just his second tournament. He went on to end the season in 8th place on the rankings, aided by back to back victories in August at the Scottish Challenge and the Rolex Trophy, which was enough to gain automatic promotion to the European Tour.

In his first season on the European Tour, Dinwiddie had five top ten finishes, including tied 3rd at the BMW Asian Open and tied 6th at the Barclays Scottish Open, on his way to 72nd on the final Order of Merit. He also qualified for the U.S. Open at Torrey Pines, through final qualifying at Walton Heath. He made an impressive major championship début, finishing in a tie for 36th place.

After a difficult 2009 season, Dinwiddie returned to the Challenge Tour for 2010, where he promptly won the Kenya Open, the second event of the year. He followed this with a string of top ten finishes to ensure a return to the main tour for 2011.

Amateur wins
2005 Welsh Amateur Open Stroke Play Championship, Scottish Amateur Open Stroke Play Championship, Simon Bolivar Cup
2006 Brabazon Trophy

Professional wins (3)

Challenge Tour wins (3)

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Note: Dinwiddie only played in the U.S. Open and The Open Championship.

Team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2005
St Andrews Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2006 (winners)
Simon Bolivar Cup (representing England): 2005

See also
2007 Challenge Tour graduates
2010 Challenge Tour graduates
2013 Challenge Tour graduates

References

External links

English male golfers
European Tour golfers
Golfers from Dumfries
Tennessee State Tigers athletes
People educated at Barnard Castle School
1982 births
Living people


Extradition Order are a British band from Warrington, England, now based in London.

The band were originally made up of school friends from the North West of England; lyricist and guitarist Alastair Harper, keyboardist Matthew Bergin, bassist Nicholas Boardman and drummer Mark Davies. Mark Davies left for Colombia in 2009 and long-term drum lender and friend Radhika Aggarwal took the drum seat. Subsequently, long-time Paul Hawkins collaborator Jeremy Walton joined after a string of substitute appearances resulted in his formal ascension into the band's ranks.

Having previously released several homemade EPs, their debut single "Penetrate" came out on I blame the parents, on 8 June 2008. Their debut album Since The Bomb Dropped was released 28 September 2009. Both single and album were produced by Ian Button.

They released their eight-track double EP "Our Thoughts on Failure" and "Our Thoughts on Revenge" on limited edition 12-inch vinyl and download in June 2012 on hlp19. On 17 June 2012, The Sunday Times named single "Canoe" Hottest Download of the week.

They have played with Jeffrey Lewis, Darwin Deez, Paul Hawkins & The Awkward Silences, David Cronenberg's Wife and Benjamin Shaw.

The band are currently preparing for the release of their second album; a concept album focused on the Kennedy dynasty. Their musical output is complemented by a series of music videos, both self-produced and filmed by others, that are available on popular video-hosting sites.

Releases

Albums
Since The Bomb Dropped (28 September 2009)

EPs
 Te Irrumabo EP
 Our Thoughts on Failure / Our Thoughts on Revenge (June 2012, double EP)

Singles
 "Penetrate"  / "Warrington" (8 June 2008)
 "Laura In The Water" / "House Carpenter"
"Bob Hope would": A compilation of exclusives and otherwise for the Japan Relief Effort (Audio Antihero, March 2011)
 "Canoe" / "Hate" (4 June 2012)

References

External links

Angry Ape single review
Music Dash single review
Losing Today album preview

Outsider musicians


Malaria Consortium is an international non-profit organization specializing in the comprehensive control of malaria and other communicable diseases – particularly those affecting children under five.

Established in 2003, Malaria Consortium works in Africa and Asia Pacific with aims to combat malaria and neglected tropical diseases, as well as to improve child health. It is a specialist technical organization that works with governments and partners to strengthen health service delivery.

It headquarters in the United Kingdom, with regional offices in Africa and Asia, and country offices in Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, South Sudan, Thailand, Togo, and Uganda.

Operations
Malaria and parasite control in general, is central to Malaria Consortium's strategy. It focuses on the prevention, control, diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases, including malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea, dengue and neglected tropical diseases. Other operations include enhancement of health systems in the context of neglected tropical diseases, research and monitoring, and national and international advocacy and policy development.

The organization aims to make healthcare more accessible for communities in Africa and Asia, especially regarding children under five, pregnant women, and migrant populations. The intervention strategy is generally based on integrated community case management and community management of acute malnutrition, or a mix of both. Integrated community case management is an approach encompassing the provision of home based treatment for childhood illnesses, malnutrition or neglected tropical diseases. It implies strengthening the availability and quality of care in the communities. To this end, the Malaria Consortium trains volunteers. As part of its community management of acute malnutrition strategy, the organization also funds health promotion and messaging interventions.

Malaria Consortium's parasite control and prevention strategy includes vector control through long lasting insecticidal nets distribution, indoor residual spraying, education, and data surveillance. Malaria Consortium is for instance leading the Beyond Garki Project, an initiative to collect epidemiological data on the evolution of malaria. They also support seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) campaigns, and are the largest organization running SMC campaigns in the Sahel. In this program preventive drugs are given to young children in the form of tablets. The tablets are given to the children during high transmission season. Initially these tablets are distributed to the child by a trained local health worker, and later by the child's caregiver. In addition to providing the drugs, Malaria Consortium helps develop training material as well as training the local staff. Since 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended SMC as a treatment for malaria in Africa's sub-Sahel region.

Malaria Consortium began as a research consortium within the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and was originally funded solely by the UK Department for International Development (DFID, the Overseas Development Administration before 1997). Research remains an important aspect of Malaria Consortium's strategy and the organization publishes research in open access and scholarly journals. For instance, it worked with Cambodian National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control and WHO, contributing on research regarding the use of Guppy Fishes as part of an integrated strategy for dengue control.

Malaria Consortium produces learning materials with the aim to support the advancement of policy and practice. The organization often collaborates with governments on pilot interventions and delivers recommendations based on the findings.

In 2021, Malaria Consortium was awarded independent research organisation (IRO) status by UK Research and Innovation,  making it one of only two international non-governmental organizations to hold this status in the UK.

Funding
The majority of Malaria Consortium's work is funded through grants, contracts and consultancy income. This is mainly restricted funding to deliver on a particular project in either a specific country or multiple countries.

A substantial portion of global funding available for SMC is GiveWell-directed funding from donors. A 2019 GiveWell report states that 53% of the income for SMC came from donations. Furthermore, 16% came from USAID and 13% from UKAID. Other major funders includes the Global Fund, Project Management Institute, the World Bank, Good Ventures and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Reception
Since 2016, the charity evaluator GiveWell included the SMC program in its list of top 9 charities.

SMC is the only Malaria Consortium program reviewed by GiveWell and they recommend it based on the program's strong evidence base and cost-effectiveness, in addition to the fact that there is room for more funding. They also have experience with supporting such projects on a large scale in seven countries with a demonstrated success at reaching a large portion of the targeted children.

References

External links

Health charities in the United Kingdom
Malaria organizations
Organizations associated with effective altruism


Gilly in Prague for the First Time () is a 1920 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Karel Lamač.

Cast
Václav Pražský as  Gilly
Anny Ondra as  Girl (as Anny Ondráková)
Karel Lamač as  Uncle Hron

References

External links

1920 films
1920 comedy films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Czech silent films
Films directed by Karel Lamač
Czechoslovak comedy films


Øyvind Grøn (born 11 March 1944) is a Norwegian physicist.

Biography
Grøn was born in Oslo, and is a twin. He took the cand. real. degree at the University of Oslo in 1973, majoring in meteorology. He followed up with the PhD degree in 1990 with a thesis on repulsive gravitation. He started his academic career as a research assistant at the University of Oslo, and has also been a lecturer there. He was appointed as a professor at Oslo University College in 1994, having been an associate professor since 1985. He has also been professor II at the University of Oslo since 1994.

Scientific contributions

Rotating reference frames
Grøn has conducted research within the areas of general relativity, cosmology and classical electromagnetism. He has thrown new light on themes like the twin paradox, the physics in a rotating reference system (Ehrenfest paradox) and repulsive gravitation associated with vacuum energy. Together with Erik Eriksen at the University of Oslo he has also studied properties of the electromagnetic field produced by accelerated electric charges. They have in particular shown how gravitation impacts such fields. Grøn has also found new solutions to equations in Einstein's theory of gravity that describe time space where one can travel backwards in time. In several studies Grøn has focused on relativistic models of the universe. He has, among other things, shown that it is possible to interpret observations from cosmos so that the concept of dark energy is unnecessary.

Repulsive gravitation
The relationship between gravitation and time and between gravitation and entropy are also themes where Grøn has contributed several journal articles. He has also contributed to the Kaluza–Klein theory that represents a geometric and unified theory of electromagnetism and gravitation. According to this theory the world is five-dimensional with a compact spatial dimension so small that it is not observable directly. He has shown that the electric field around a charged particle is the projection of the relativistic inertial dragging field caused by the particle's movement around the fifth dimension in our four-dimensional spacetime.

Radiation from accelerated charges
Grøn (together with Matthew Aadne) have found solutions to the field equations without a cosmological constant for empty space in the theory of gravitation developed by John Nash. They correspond to the solutions of the field equations with a cosmological constant in the gravitational theory developed by Einstein. Since the physical interpretation of the cosmological constant is that it represents the density of dark energy, the solutions indicate that dark energy may be superfluous according to the Nash-theory. Grøn has written three books on the theory of relativity.

Grøn is a member of the editorial board of Universe. He is also known for his popular contributions, through the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, in popular articles and lectures, in books as well as the encyclopedias Store norske leksikon and Norsk biografisk leksikon.

Bibliography

References

Norwegian physicists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of Oslo University College
Scientists from Oslo
Norwegian twins
1944 births
Living people
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters


Nikyho velebné dobrodružství is a 1920 Czechoslovak comedy film directed by Evzen Nicolsen.

Cast
Anny Ondra
Jan Zelenka ...  Priest

External links

1920 films
1920 comedy films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Czech silent films
Czechoslovak comedy films
Czech comedy films


Ari Tapani Puheloinen (born 26 December 1951) is a Finnish General who was Chief of Defence of the Finnish Defence Forces between 2009 and 2014.

Ari Puheloinen was born in Taipalsaari as the second son of the family of an electrician and a cleaner. Such working-class background is unusual for high-ranking Finnish officers, who usually come from middle-class or military families. For example, the fathers of the four preceding Finnish Chiefs of Defence have been either colonels, admirals, or generals.<ref name="kuukausiliite-tag">Hämäläinen, Unto: Neljä kenraalia ja yksi kenraaliluutnantti. Helsingin Sanomat, kuukausiliite, July 2009. . . This is a hook for DYK nomination made on 2009-07-12. The original source reads: Ari Puheloisen tausta on kenraalille hyvin poikkeuksellinen. Tutkija Veli-Matti Syrjö on selvittänyt kenraalien perhetaustoja ja arvioi kirjassaan Itsenäisen Suomen kenraalikunta, että "yhteiskunnan alimmista kerroksista on ollut todella vaikea päästä kohoamaan puolustusvoimien ylimmän johdon tasolle." Esimerkiksi edelliset komentajat ovat korkeiden upseerien poikia: Juhani Kaskealan ja Jaakko Valtasen isät olivat everstejä ja Jan Klenbergin ja Gustav Hägglundin isät kenraaleja. The English translation: Ari Puheloinen's background is a quite exceptional for a general officer. Researcher Veli-Matti Syrjö has researched the family backgrounds of general officers, and in his book Itsenäisen Suomen kenraalikunta (The General Officers of Independent Finland), he notes: "it has been very difficult to rise from the lower strata of the society to the highest command of the Defence Forces." For example, the previous Chiefs of Defence have been sons of high officers: the fathers of Juhani Kaskeala and Jaakko Valtanen were colonels, while those of Jan Klenberg and Gustav Hägglund were generals.</ref> Later, the family moved from Savonia to Luumäki. Puheloinen's civilian education was accomplished in Taavetin lukio, where he graduated from in 1970.

After leaving secondary school, Puheloinen began his military career as a conscript in the Uudenmaan rakuunapataljoona in Lappeenranta, where he was trained as a reserve officer. After the statutory service period, he entered the military officer-training institution Kadettikoulu, although he had been admitted to both Helsinki School of Economics and University of Tampere. In 1974, Puheloinen graduated as a lieutenant and started service as a regular officer in the Armoured Brigade (). In 1978, Puheloinen was selected to participate with three other Finnish officers in the five-month "Tactical Commander Course of Motorized Infantry Troops" in Soviet Union. Shortly thereafter, Puheloinen entered the Finnish Sotakorkeakoulu, the command college, which he graduated in 1983. After the command college, Puheloinen served for three years as an intelligence officer in the Finnish Defence Staff, specializing in eastern affairs. This was followed by a tour of duty as an assistant military attaché in Moscow at the end of the cold war, until 1990.

Puheloinen returned to Finland in 1990 and was selected to command a battalion in the Armoured Brigade in 1993, as his first command assignment. In 1995, Puheloinen served a tour of duty in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) headquarters, and then returned to Finnish Defence Staff to work on starting the Finnish cooperation with NATO. This was followed by a study period as a Fellow at Harvard University. In 1999, Puheloinen assumed the command of Armoured Brigade. After 2000, Puheloinen worked for three years as the Readiness Chief of the Defence Staff and from 2004 to 2007 as the commander of the Finnish Eastern Command (), a regional command entity responsible for the Defence of Eastern Finland. During this time, he was also responsible for the reorganization of the Finnish Army. From 2007 to 2009 Puheloinen was the Chief of Defence Staff, the second-in-command of the Defence Forces. At the same time, he married a career officer, 1st lieutenant Tiina Laisi-Puheloinen, his second wife.

The selection of Puheloinen as the next Finnish Chief of Defence was announced on 23 January 2009. He succeeded Admiral Juhani Kaskeala on 1 August 2009. He retired in 2014 and was succeeded by Jarmo Lindberg. — In 2023, Puheloinen published his memoirs, Sotilas ja työmies.

 Honors

  Order of the White Rose of Finland (Finland)
  Order of the Lion of Finland (Finland)
  Military merit medal (Finland)
  Royal Norwegian Order of Merit (Norway, 2012)

 References

 External links
 The Finnish Defence Forces: Ari Puheloinen
 Puheloinen, Ari at Uppslagsverket Finland'' (in Swedish).

1951 births
Living people
People from Taipalsaari
Chiefs of Staff (Finnish Defence Forces)
Finnish generals
Harvard Fellows


British school may refer to

Schools in the United Kingdom
Schools established in the 19th century by the British and Foreign School Society
British Schools Museum in Hitchin, a surviving British and Foreign School Society school
Schools elsewhere
Member schools of the British Schools Foundation
Member schools of National Association of British Schools in Spain
The British School - Al Khubairat
British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, now known as the Kenyon Institute
British School of Amsterdam
The British School in the Netherlands
British School at Athens
British School of Bahrain
British School of Barcelona
British School of Brussels
The British School, Caracas
The British School of Guangzhou
The British School, Panchkula
The British School, Kathmandu
The British School of Lomé, Togo
The British Schools of Montevideo
British School - Muscat
The British School, New Delhi
British School in Rome
The British School in Tokyo
British Schools of America
British American School of Charlotte
British School of Boston
British School of Chicago
British School of Houston
British School of Washington
British College
Doha British School

See also
British International Schools (disambiguation)