Park Jung-Min (; born: April 3, 1987) is a South Korean singer, entertainer, actor, and a member of boyband SS501.

In 2009, Park made his musical debut in Grease as Danny Park, where he received the Best New Musical Talent award by the Golden Ticket Awards. He also had his acting debut as a main lead in Human Theater 2010.

In 2010, Park opened his own online shopping mall called Royal Avenue, with him as the CEO. ONstyle Magazine created a documentary about the shopping center named What Women Want.

With the expiration of the contract, Park left DSP Media, who managed him as part of SS501 and joined CNr Media as a solo artist. He made his debut as a soloist in January 2011 with single Not Alone, and had his first Japanese drama entitled Love Song In August in 2011. However, Park joined Yamaha A&R's Victor Entertainment eventually after successfully terminating his contract with CNr Media in 2012.

Park speaks Korean, Japanese, and Chinese fluently.

On July 2, 2015, he started his two years of military duties as a public service worker and returned on July 1, 2017.

Biography

Early life
Park Jung-min was born on April 3, 1987, in Seoul, South Korea. His family consists of his parents and two siblings: one brother and one sister, neither of whom work in the entertainment industry.

He studied in the Department of multi-media images, Major in Acting at the Kyonggi University, where he was the student council president with fellow SS501 member Kim Hyung Jun. However, because of Kim Hyung Jun's constant absence from school due to his training with DSP Media, which later became their agency, Jung Min said that he had never met Kim before SS501 was formed.

Pre-debut
Before his debut, Park was once a commercial model for condoms. When he was 13 years old, he was scouted by an agency and was accepted by both DSP Media and S.M. Entertainment. At that time, S.M. Entertainment told him that they were preparing a new group, but that the group consisted of many members, which according to Park was probably Super Junior since he saw them rehearsing too. Park eventually chose DSP Media because he believed that he would debut faster through DSP.

2005-2009: SS501 debut

Park Jung Min debuted as a member of SS501 on June 8, 2005, along with their debut album entitled Warning. Their second mini album, Snow Prince was released in late 2005, five months after their debut. During this time, they also established their official fan club name, "Triple S", and its fan club color, pearl green. The group earned popularity right away as they won many rookie awards after their debut.

In 2006, Jung Min hosted radio program SS501's Youngstreet on Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) with fellow SS501 member, Heo Young Saeng beginning on May 1, 2006. He, then, continued to host with Kim Kyu Jong, co-SS501 member, when Heo left the program on August 21 due to a throat condition requiring laryngeal surgery. The SS501 members, except for Heo Young Saeng who was recovering from surgery, also lent their voices to the Korean version of 2006 animated film Pi's Story.

SS501 soon promoted their first studio album, which was released on November 10 entitled S.T 01 Now. In late 2007, they expanded their activities in the Japanese market to challenge themselves outside Korea with the release of their Japanese single Kokoro, along with the establishment of "Triple S Japan". After the single debuted at number five, they had two more successful releases in Japan entitled Distance and SS501. In around one year in Japan, they received the Newcomer Award by Japan Gold Disc Award in January 2008; this was the first time for Korean artists to receive this award.

Having built their foundation as artists in both countries, they continually released singles and albums back-and-forth such as Deja Vu in Korea and Lucky Days in Japan, both released in 2008.

In 2008, he made his musical debut in Grease, playing the lead role, 'Danny Park', that the group had to stop their group activities for a short period of time. In 2009-2010, SS501 released All My Love, Solo Collection, Rebirth, and Destination consecutively before their contracts ended. In the meantime, he starred in his first acting career as a main lead entitled Human Theater 2010, playing himself as the main character in 2010.

2010-2011: leaving DSP Media and solo artist

In June 2010, upon the expiration of Park Jung Min's contract with DSP Media, he signed with CNr Media on August 10, 2010, a company jointly set up by Taiwanese producer Comic-Ritz and Korean Roy Media, to embark on his solo career. CNr Media stated that SS501's activities are top priority in his contract and that they have not disbanded. He also signed with Sony Music Asia for his Asia activities after finalizing his contract on September 30, and Yamaha Music Entertainment for his Japan activities which is revealed on September 17. During this time, Park Jung Min and Kim Hyung Jun also attended the 21st Golden Melody Awards in Taiwan to present an award together with Ken Chu.

Park Jung Min was the first one to release a solo album, with his debut solo single, Not Alone, on January 20, 2011. His albums are distributed in Taiwan by Sony Music Taiwan. and he even visited Taiwan and Singapore to promote it.

In July 2011, he has been cast as the lead in Japanese mobile drama LISMO August's Love Song. He also contributed to KBS2's The Princess' Man OST in August, where he sang "Missing You" composed by Park Jung Wook.

2012: Fondant Garden, lawsuit against CNr Media and Beautiful album
In February 2012, Park starred alongside Jian Man Shu, Kingone Wang and Lia Lee, in a Taiwanese drama named Fondant Garden, playing the lead role of Park Hee Hwan.

Between April 2 and 7, Park participated in Dominic's Way fashion show during the 2012 Seoul Fashion Week, for designer Song Hye-myung, who designed SS501's clothes for their Destination mini album jacket. He was dressed as vdette in a dark angel attire with spreading wings. Four days later, on April 12, Park filed an injunction at Seoul Central District Court against his agency CNr Media to cancel his exclusive representation contract, citing improper distribution of profits. A source close to Park said:

According to another media source, Park departed from CNr Media in March 2012 but continued with his schedule in Japan on April 14 despite the injunction.

The decision of the court came on July 30, favoring Park Jung Min's case against CNR Media. With this decision, he is now free to promote in Korea and overseas regardless of his contract with CNR Media until the judgment on merits is issued, especially that if the contract was continued, Park Jung Min's career might be in danger. However, despite the lawsuit, he still continued to uphold his promise with his fans, attending all schedules set by CNR Media including promotions for the Taiwanese drama Fondant Garden. On October 10, his new agency, Yamaha A&R, announced that Park filled a two hundred million won lawsuit against his former agency, seeking compensation. Finally on May 22, the legal battle between Park and his former agency, CNr Media, has finally come to an end. It was said through a press release on May 28 that Park agreed to receive an amount that could be paid by his former agency since CNr Media is in poor financial status recently.
Park Jung Min's attorney said:

After the lawsuit, Park Jung Min debuted in Japan using the name 'Romeo' under Victor Music. He released two albums, named Give Me Your Heart and Tonight's The Night in September and October respectively. Afterwards, he returned to Korea to continue his music career as 'Park Jung Min' and released his first self-produced single album entitled Beautiful. At the end of the year, he released a full length Japanese album Midnight Theatre back as Romeo. During his 'Face Off Concert' at the Tokyo Dome City Hall, however, he performed as both 'Park Jung Min' and 'Romeo'.

2013-present: International tours
Park Jung Min attended and performed at the 2013 StarHub TVB Golden Viva Spectacular together with other K-Pop artists on February 9, that was initially filmed during the January 31 at the Seoul Student Jamsil Gymnasium. The performances were broadcast simultaneously in Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong to celebrate the Lunar New Year with their Hong Kong fans.

On February 14, he held a press conference at the Sony Music Square in Tokyo about his upcoming concert tour. He had eight performances in total, starting on March 19 in Fukoka, March 21 in Osaka, March 22 in Tokyo, and March 23 in Nagoya. His shows had a different concept, though: light/dark; good/bad concept. In particular, he performed by the name 'Park Jung Min' during the day, then changing his persona to 'Romeo' when the night comes.

During SS501's eight anniversary, Park, along with the SS501 members posted one video of them celebrating and greeting their fans onto each of their own official YouTube accounts. Kim Hyun Joong was not able to be in the video at that time because he had a shooting on his variety show, Barefooted Friends. However, Kim Hyun Joong still talked about their anniversary on his Korea fanmeeting entitled 2013 KHJ Show - Party People, held at the same day of their anniversary.

Park had his first fanmeeting tour in South and Latin America together with co-member Heo Young-saeng starting on August 17. Although it is said to be a joint fanmeeting tour, which was put by Zafiro Productions, the two of them would not have the same time and meetings with their fans. The tour consisted of three stops: two in Peru, and one in Mexico. Fanmeetings in Lima, Peru on August 17 and Mexico on August 20 were held as originally planned, and an encore in Lima, Peru on August 24 was added later on.

Park attended Heo Young-saeng's first and farewell concert in Seoul entitled 2013 Heo Young Saeng Seoul Concert 0513 My Story on October 26 at the UNIQLO AX Hall. This time, all of the SS501 members appeared together on one stage and performed together as one group again after three years. They sang their self-written song dedicated to their fans, "Green Peas", and their a cappella version of the song, "In the Still of the Night".

On December 14, DSP Media had its first festival held at Seoul Jamsil Indoor Gymnasium in celebration of DSP Media's 22nd anniversary. Together with the company's artists, Park and Eun Ji-won of Sechs Kies joined and performed in the festival.

In the beginning of 2014, Park had his first European Tour, Park Jung Min Reverso Tour. He made stops in Paris, Germany, and Russia starting on January 29. His first stop was Dortmund at FZW on January 31. The next day, he headed to Paris at the Le Divan du Monde before wrapping things up in Moscow on February 3 at the Concert Hall. In all of his shows, he had shared the stage with his opening act, Choi Soo Min, a boxer-turned-pianist who has received critical acclaim for his dynamic style of music. He became the first ever Korean singer to perform in the country of Russia, as well as the first solo artist to perform in Dortmund city.

On May 12, 2014, he released his third Japanese single album Save Us Tonight under his real name, Park Jung-min. It also offers a Korean version of the single album.
On July 2, 2015, he entered the army through the Nonsan Army Training Center. He is still serving as a public service worker. He is expected to be discharged in July 2017.

Image and artistry

Public image
...I want people to know how I grew up those years, from IDOL Park Jung Min to ARTIST Park Jung Min. Of course; I know it might look like a role play, but the character I chose is part of the "real me". — Park Jung-min
Park Jung-min always tries to interact with his fans, one way or another. He interacted with his European audience, for instance, by asking them to teach him their language and used the words taught to talk to them.

His professionalism was shown during one of his concert tours in Germany wherein he stayed calm and composed despite having numerous technical problems. As stated by German-based "K-Colors of Korea' Magazine":

Musical style, lyrics, and composition
Personally, I have no particular preference. The melody, lyrics, or what kind of message I want to convey and share; this is the most important thing. This is what I care about when I choose a music style. I wish people could become happy when they hear my songs. — Park Jung-min
During his SS501 days, Park Jung-min had already been composing songs, and contributing some of his creations to their albums.
For example, he penned the song "Kiss", which was sung by Rainbow from their Gossip Girl album. The song was even performed by himself during SS501's Persona encore concert in Seoul. He also contributed to the lyrics of "Green Peas", which is a dedication to their fans. At the time that he went solo, he contributed to some songs from his debut album Not Alone, particularly its titular single. He also wrote the lyrics, which was in Japanese, his song "Your Colour" for LISMO channel's mobile drama Love Song In August.

Park Jung-min is not restricted, but continuously transforming his style: "...he reinvented himself, from boygroup member to solo singer; to artist." During his solo debut in Not Alone, for example, the music video includes a dark-themed music video instead of a typical K-pop one with fashionable, colorful outfits. When he transforms himself to Romeo in 2012, his personality also transforms into a completely different image: he shows an even darker, sexier image. On the other hand, his single album Save Us Tonight in 2014 has a bright, vibrant theme.

Philanthropy
In April 2011, Park performed with Japanese duo Mihimaru GT at a UN Charity Concert in Yokohama, Japan to aid victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. He volunteered and performed during the United Nations charity event: Friend's Whistle! Act For Tomorrow!. Along with the members of Choshinsei(Supernova), he also stood outside the event hall at Pacifica Yokohama to collect monetary donations. Moreover, he performed on April 28 to encourage people to donate.

Also in 2011, Park was one of the artists who donated their favorite hat to "쇼나조각 展" held in an open pavilion in Gyeongbokgung Subway Line 3 to collect donations and give them to underprivileged children. At the end of the year, he was reported to have ranked 4th in donating rice (1.2 tons of rice) in the "Salvation Army by the company Dreame". The centre is known for donating rice and sending them to local children's shelters as well as the national center for social welfare and undernourished children; benefiting young boys and girls as well as the elderly.

On May 31, 2012, Park performed in the "Music Echo Together of Love" charity concert at the Amsa Rehabilitation Center.

On May 29, 2015, Park again made an appearance & performed in "Echoes of Love" Charity Concert, also at the Amsa Rehabilitation Centre.

Discography

Korean
Mini albums/singles
 2011 :Not Alone
 2011 :The, Park Jung Min
 2012 :Beautiful
 2013 : "Give Me Your Love"
 2014: Summer Break!
 2020 : Love So Sweet -with PIXY Ella-

Japanese
Studio albums
 2012: Midnight Theatre
EPs/Singles
 2011: Wara Wara The, Park Jung Min
 2012: Give Me Your Heart
 2012: Tonight's the Night
 2014: Save Us Tonight
 2014: Summer Break!
 2014: Alive
 2014: Winter Love
 2014: Christmas Kiss
 2015: 10th Anniversary -Memories-
 2015: It's Summer Time...
 2015: Last Note
 2015: Run Away
 2015: In the Forest
 2015: FAITH
 2016: Happiness
 2017: TOXIC LOVE
 2017: Fan Selection Best

Filmography

Film

Television series

Variety shows

Musical theater

Radio DJ
 May 1, 2006 - April 15, 2007: SBS Power FM - SS501's Young Street ()

Awards

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Singers from Seoul
SS501 members
DSP Media artists
Dankook University alumni
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean radio presenters
South Korean male idols
South Korean male singers
South Korean pop singers
Male actors from Seoul


A bar in a river is an elevated region of sediment (such as sand or gravel) that has been deposited by the flow. Types of bars include mid-channel bars (also called braid bars and common in braided rivers), point bars (common in meandering rivers), and mouth bars (common in river deltas). The locations of bars are determined by the geometry of the river and the flow through it. Bars reflect sediment supply conditions, and can show where sediment supply rate is greater than the transport capacity.

A mid-channel bar, is also often referred to as a braid bar because they are often found in braided river channels. Braided river channels are broad and shallow and found in areas where sediment is easily eroded like at a glacial outwash, or at a mountain front with high sediment loads. These types of river systems are associated with high slope, sediment supply, stream power, shear stress, and bed load transport rates. Braided rivers have complex and unpredictable channel patterns, and sediment size tends to vary among streams.  It is these features that are responsible for the formations of braid bars. Braided streams are often overfed with massive amounts of sediment which creates multiple stream channels within one dominant pair of flood bank plains. These channels are separated by mid-channel or braid bars. Anastomosing river channels also create mid-channel bars, however they are typically vegetated bars, making them more permanent than the bars found in a braided river channel which have high rates of change because of the large amounts of non-cohesive sediment, lack of vegetation, and high stream powers found in braided river channels.

Bars can also form mid-channel due to snags or logjams. For example, if a stable log is deposited mid-channel in a stream, this obstructs the flow and creates local flow convergence and divergence. This causes erosion on the upstream side of the obstruction and deposition on the downstream side. The deposition that occurs on the downstream side can create a central bar, and an arcuate bar can be formed as flow diverges upstream of the obstruction. Continuous deposition downstream can build up the central bar to form an island. Eventually the logjam can become partially buried, which protects the island from erosion, allowing for vegetation to begin to grow, and stabilize the area even further. Over time, the bar can eventually attach to one side of the channel bank and merge into the flood plain.

A point bar is an area of deposition typically found in meandering rivers. Point bars form on the inside of meander bends in meandering rivers. As the flow moves around the inside of the bend in the river, the water slows down because of the shallow flow and low shear stresses there reduce the amount of material that can be carried there. Point bars are usually crescent shaped and located on the inside curve of the river bend. The excess material falls out of transport and, over time, forms a point bar. Point bars are typically found in the slowest moving, shallowest parts of rivers and streams, and are often parallel to the shore and occupy the area farthest from the thalweg, on the outside curve of the river bend in a meandering river. Here, at the deepest and fastest part of the stream is the cut bank, the area of a meandering river channel that continuously undergoes erosion. The faster the water in a river channel, the better it is able to pick up greater amounts of sediment, and larger pieces of sediment, which increases the river's bed load. Over a long enough period of time, the combination of deposition along point bars, and erosion along cut banks can lead to the formation of an oxbow lake.

A mouth bar is an elevated region of sediment typically found at a river delta which is located at the mouth of a river where the river flows out to the ocean. Sediment is transported by the river and deposited, mid channel, at the mouth of the river. This occurs because, as the river widens at the mouth, the flow slows, and sediment settles out and is deposited. After initial formation of a river mouth bar, they have the tendency to prograde. This is caused by the pressure from the flow on the upstream face of the bar. This pressure creates erosion on that face of the bar, allowing the flow to transport this sediment over or around, and re-deposit it farther downstream, closer to the ocean. River mouth bars stagnate, or cease to prograde when the water depth above the flow is shallow enough to create a pressure on the upstream side of the bar strong enough to force the flow around the deposit rather than over the top of the bar. This divergent channel flow around either side of the sediment deposit continuously transports sediment, which over time is deposited on either side of this original mid channel deposit. As more and more sediment accumulates across the mouth of the river, it builds up to eventually create a sand bar that has the potential to extend the entire length of the river mouth and block the flow.

See also

References

Further reading

Fluvial landforms
Sedimentology
Geomorphology
Hydrology
River islands
Water streams


The 7th Goya Awards were presented in Madrid, Spain on 13 March 1993. The gala was hosted by Imanol Arias.

Belle Époque won the award for Best Film.

Winners and nominees

Major award nominees

Other award nominees

Honorary Goya
 Imanol Arias

References

07
1992 film awards
1992 in Spanish cinema


"Living in the Heart of the Beast" is a 1975 song written by Tim Hodgkinson for the English avant-rock group Henry Cow. It was recorded in 1975 by Henry Cow with Slapp Happy, who had recently merged with Henry Cow after the two groups had recorded a collaborative album, Desperate Straights the previous year. The song was released on In Praise of Learning in May 1975 by Virgin Records.  "Living in the Heart of the Beast" was the first of two "epic" compositions Hodgkinson wrote for Henry Cow, the second being "Erk Gah" (1976), later known as "Hold to the Zero Burn, Imagine".

In 1986 "Living in the Heart of the Beast" inspired the title of the Kalahari Surfers' second album, Living in the Heart of the Beast. Former Henry Cow members Chris Cutler and Hodgkinson had toured with the South African band across Europe in the mid-1980s and Cutler's Recommended Records had released several of their albums. A jazz interpretation of "Living in the Heart of the Beast" was recorded by the  with spoken texts by John Greaves and released on their 2019 album, Echoes of Henry Cow.

Development
Hodgkinson began writing "Living in the Heart of the Beast" in mid-1974 and presented it a few months later to Henry Cow as an unfinished and untitled instrumental. The group cut the piece up into fragments, interspaced them with improvisational sections, and performed it live. One such performance, Halsteren was recorded in Halsteren in the Netherlands on 26 September 1974, and appears in Volume 2: 1974–5 of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009). This instrumental suite was also performed in Groningen in the Netherlands two days later, and part of it was released as "Groningen" on Concerts (1976). In early 1975, after a successful collaborative album, Desperate Straights with Slapp Happy, the two groups decided to merge, and Henry Cow, for the first time, acquired a vocalist, Dagmar Krause from Slapp Happy.

There were never any plans to add lyrics to "Living in the Heart of the Beast". Hodgkinson developed it as an instrumental before Krause had joined the group. The addition of a singer opened up new possibilities for the piece and Hodgkinson commissioned Slapp Happy's songwriter Peter Blegvad to write lyrics for Krause to sing. However, after several attempts, Blegvad (who was soon to be asked to leave the band) admitted that he was "out of [his] depth", and Hodgkinson wrote the lyrics himself. Blegvad presented a slightly different interpretation of this situation in a 1996 interview with Hearsay magazine:

"Living in the Heart of the Beast" was recorded in February and March 1975 and released on In Praise of Learning in May 1975.  The piece was recorded in sections which were stitched together because the group had yet to master playing it all in one go. In his book Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture, Edward Macan described the song as a 15-minute piece that opens with an "atonal, highly distorted electric guitar solo" and closes with a "stately modal march".

After recording the album, the Henry Cow/Slapp Happy merger ended, but Krause elected to remain with Henry Cow. The final song version of "Living in the Heart of the Beast" was performed live by Henry Cow between 1975 and 1977. In a concert with Robert Wyatt at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris on 8 May 1975, Wyatt joined Krause in singing the closing verses.

"Living in the Heart of the Beast" was later remixed and slightly shortened by Fred Frith, Hodgkinson and Martin Bisi, and was released by East Side Digital Records on the 1991 CD reissue of In Praise of Learning. It also appeared on Henry Cow's The Virgin Years – Souvenir Box (1991). The original mix of the song was used on all subsequent reissues of this album.

Composition and structure
In his 2019 book Henry Cow: The World Is a Problem, Benjamin Piekut wrote that themes in Hodgkinson's lyrics for "Living in the Heart of the Beast" include "Marxist humanism, linguistics and situationism". Quotes from Mao Zedong also feature in Hodgkinson's texts. Piekut said the song begins in the first-person (the "subjective 'I) and tells the story of someone discovering that they are oppressed by huge corporations which distort history and corrupt the truth. As the song progresses, this individual unites with like-minded comrades who question their situation, and the "I" becomes "the communist 'we' of the collective revolution". Aware now of their plight and armed with "a historical consciousness", the song culminates with the call to rise up and seize their destiny. Piekut said the song's "abstract poetics" in the early sections, "give way [in the final section] to a more direct style impelling action".

In Beyond and Before: Progressive Rock Since the 1960s, Paul Hegarty and Martin Halliwell wrote that the song's opening verses chart the decline of revolt, from "rebellion to helpless loathing" to "wallow[ing] in the hopelessness of capitalist society". They suggested that the variations in the instrumental sections are "purposeful, illustrating the dormant hope of devising ways towards a new society." These sections become longer with "atonal interruptions" and "short group crescendo moments", which give way to a "long developmental section" that culminates in the closing verses. Here the rift between labour and consumption is exposed and calls to "overturn the existing order" are made. Hegarty and Halliwell stated that the instrumentation in these final sections stabilises "to illustrate that a desired outcome must be established instead of deferred".

Piekut said that Hodgkinson developed the musical structure for "Living in the Heart of the Beast" from concepts he had read in Rudolph Reti's book, The Thematic Process in Music. Hodgkinson created a set of musical cells which he combined in various permutations to build the piece's major movements. Sequences of cells were repeated using different transpositions in sections of the piece in a way that each successive movement was longer than its predecessor.These sequences were never intended to specify precise rhythm, dynamics and melody, but rather to serve as a "roadmap". Piekut said Hodgkinson did, however, deviate from the resulting structure from time to time when he found the "musical logic of growing consciousness [did not] match the radical transformation communicated in the lyrics".

Reception
Reviewing In Praise of Learning in Let It Rock, Dave Laing wrote that he was impressed with Hodgkinson's "Living in the Heart of the Beast", noting its "long controlled lyric" and its "determined fermenting movement to its climax". Writing in The Wire, Philip Clark suggested that "Living in the Heart of the Beast" is "perhaps the archetypal Cow statement" (italics in the original text), and the prototype of the soon-to-be Rock in Opposition movement.

In a review of the album in Melody Maker, Steve Lake called "Living in the Heart of the Beast" "the album's tour-de-force". He described the music as "threatening and propulsive", and said Krause's "very flexible voice" becomes "increasingly harsher" as the song advances to its "nobly powerful finish". Lake wrote that the "almost majestic theme" that fades-out at the end of the song "echoes through the brain long after the album's finished." He saw this "echo" as symbolic, stating that "[t]he struggle for freedom is, after all far from finished."

In another review of the album in New Musical Express, music critic Ian MacDonald wrote that "Living in the Heart of the Beast" begins well, but despite "a remarkable instrumental interlude", it "run[s] out of cool" towards the end with some pretentious lyrics and "sinks awkwardly to earth beneath the would-be climactic exhortations of the finale". MacDonald added, however, that Henry Cow's use of a wide range of instruments gives the song a "genuinely orchestral sound" evoking shades of Stravinsky, Varèse, Messiaen and Weill. MacDonald concluded that "Living in the Heart of the Beast" demonstrates that Henry Cow "could be said to be the only genuine rock/classical fusion since [Frank Zappa's] Uncle Meat".

Personnel
Tim Hodgkinson – Farfisa organ, piano
Fred Frith – guitar, violin, xylophone
John Greaves – bass guitar
Chris Cutler – drums
Dagmar Krause (credited as "Dagmar") – voice
Peter Blegvad – guitar
Anthony Moore – piano, electronics and tapework

Live performances
"Living in the Heart of the Beast" was performed by Henry Cow at a number of their concerts between 1975 and 1977, including:
8 May 1975 with Robert Wyatt at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, France
Released in Volume 2: 1974–5 of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set
May and June 1975 with Robert Wyatt in London, England and Rome, Italy
25 August 1976 in Vevey, Switzerland for the Swiss TV program, Kaleidospop
Released on DVD in Volume 10: Vevey of The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set, the only known video recording of Henry Cow
January 1976 in London, England
September and November 1976 in Italy and France
May 1977 in Sweden
June 1977 in Southend-on-Sea, England

References

Works cited

External links
"Living in the Heart of the Beast" lyrics. The Canterbury Website.

1975 songs
Henry Cow songs
Slapp Happy songs
Songs against capitalism


Mirco is a masculine given name popular in Italy. Mirco is an alternative spelling of the name Mirko. It may refer to:

 Mirco Antenucci (born 1984), Italian footballer
 Mirco Baldacci (born 1977), rally driver from San Marino
 Mirco Bergamasco (born 1983), Italian rugby player
 Mirco Bertolina (born 1991), Italian cross-country skier
 Mirco Born (born 1994), German footballer
 Mirco Colina (born 1990), Curaçaoan footballer
 Mirco Di Tora (born 1986), Italian swimmer
 Mirco Gasparetto (born 1980), Italian footballer
 Mirco Gennari (born 1966), Sammarinese footballer
 Mirco Gualdi (born 1968), Italian racing cyclist
 Mirco Lorenzetto (born 1981), Italian racing cyclist
 Mirco Lüdemann (born 1973), German ice hockey player
 Mirco Maestri (born 1991), Italian cyclist
 Mirco Mezzanotte (born 1974), Italian ski mountaineer
 Mirco Miori (born 1995), Italian footballer
 Mirco Müller (born 1995), Swiss ice hockey player
 Mirco Poloni (born 1974), Italian footballer
 Mirco Pruyser (born 1989), Dutch field hockey player
 Mirco Reseg (born 1972), German actor and comedian
 Mirco Ruggiero (born 1969), Italian bobsledder
 Mirco Sadotti (born 1975), Italian professional footballer
 Mirco Scarantino (born 1995), Italian weightlifter
 Mirco Severini (born 1997), Italian footballer
 Mirco Spighi (born 1990), Italian footballer
 Mirco Zuliani (born 1953), Italian Air Force officer

See also
 Mirko
 Mirco Games, a pinball and arcade game manufacturer from Phoenix, Arizona that existed from 1969 to 1978

Italian masculine given names
Masculine given names
German masculine given names


James A. Leonard (November 6, 1841 Ireland – September 26, 1862 Annapolis, Maryland) was a young American chess master, who grew up as a son of poor Irish immigrants in New York City. He learned to play chess at age 16 or 17. Before his 20th birthday, he was already famous for his fierce attacking play and prowess at blindfold chess, at which he played as many as ten games simultaneously.

In 1862, he fought for the Union in the American Civil War. He was captured, and while being held as a prisoner of war, died of dysentery before reaching his 21st birthday. Commentators have compared his promise, never realized, to that of American chess giants Paul Morphy and Harry Nelson Pillsbury.

Early life
Nineteenth-century chess journalists and Jeremy Gaige's book Chess Personalia: A Biobibliography state that Leonard was born in New York City. However, his biographer John S. Hilbert, states, based on Leonard's military records, that "recent evidence strongly suggests he was born in Ireland".

Leonard grew up in New York City with his parents, who were poor, working-class Irish immigrants. Hilbert believes, based on 1850 United States Census records, that his parents may have been John Leonard, a cabinet maker, and his wife Eleanor. Leonard also had a brother Joseph, about two years his junior.

Chess career
Leonard learned chess at age 16 or 17. He played chess primarily at the Morphy Chess Rooms in New York. Chess journalist Myron Hazeltine remarked that Leonard was the Rooms' "light and lustre". In the summer of 1860, he won the second New York Handicap tournament held there. In October 1860, Paul Morphy, the de facto world chess champion, visited New York and played Leonard, giving him rook odds. The result of the game is unknown.

In 1861, Leonard visited Philadelphia, where he played a match against William Dwight, who later became a general in the Union Army. The match was a class of chess cultures. Leonard wrote of Dwight, to Hazeltine, "OH GOLLY ain't he a slow player! ... He considers 3 moves a side every hour as getting along very fast." The Philadelphians treated Leonard as a social inferior, and took offense at an article about the match he published in the New York Clipper. Francis Well wrote of that article in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, "It is as vulgar, coarse, and illiterate as might be expected from anything emitting from such a source, and published in such a column." The match was a disaster for Leonard, whose second stole his money, leaving him penniless. Leonard returned to New York with the match unfinished, while leading with six wins, two draws, and three losses, and needing only one more win for victory in the match.

By late 1861, Leonard was giving simultaneous exhibitions of blindfold chess, commonly on eight boards. Hazeltine referred to Leonard's "wonderful blindfold séances in the Fall of 1861, the Winter and Spring of 1862". The most blindfold games that Leonard ever played simultaneously was apparently ten, in New York on November 16, 1861. He scored four wins, two draws, and four losses. The number of boards played by Leonard was close to the world record, which was then held by Louis Paulsen, who had played as many as 12 blindfold games simultaneously.

Biographer Hilbert writes that "during his short career he won three major New York tournaments and defeated all the finest chessplayers of the city, and most of the finest players in the country, save one. Although the two main chess matches he played were left unfinished, his dominance in those matches was evident."

Civil War, death
On February 1, 1862, Leonard enlisted on the side of the Union in the American Civil War in Company F., 88 N.Y. Volunteers, an Irish regiment. After seven days of battles, he was captured by the Confederate Army. While held in a facility in Annapolis, Maryland that housed prisoners of war captured by both sides, he contracted scorbutic dysentery and died on September 26, 1862.

Legacy
Chess historian Edward Winter writes that Leonard "acquired fame among his contemporaries for his brilliant attacks and blindfold prowess". William Ewart Napier wrote in the mid-1930s, "Among the neglected masters of this country who should be kindly remembered as exhibiting the premonitory signs and urge of champions was Leonard. In style, he was no doubt frankly satellited to Morphy, whose exploits were still a fresh memory in Leonard's day."

James D. Séguin, in a tribute to Harry Nelson Pillsbury on page 127 of the July 1906 American Chess Bulletin (reprinted from the New Orleans Times-Democrat) remarked of Leonard: With the admitted exception of the king of chess kings, our own Paul Morphy, Pillsbury assuredly stands as the finest exponent of the game that America has yet produced – unless perhaps on a plane with him may be placed the natural (though never fairly developed) capacity of that remarkable if erratic and early eclipsed genius of the early sixties, James Leonard, of New York, whose life so soon disappeared amid the smoke and gloom of battle in the great Civil War. But, of course, lack of opportunity to attain development of genius on Leonard's side precludes fair comparison in this instance. Gustavus Reichhelm went even further, writing in 1898 that Leonard "was, after Morphy, the most promising player America ever produced". In 2005, a biography of Leonard by chess historian John S. Hilbert was published, entitled The Tragic Life and Short Chess Career of James A. Leonard, 1841–1862.

Notable games

Leonard vs. Matthews, Brooklyn Chess Club, blindfold exhibition, November 30, 1861 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4 Bxb4 5. c3 Bc5 6. 0–0 d6 7. d4 exd4 8. cxd4 Bb6 9. Nc3 Nf6 10. e5 dxe5 11. Ba3 Nxd4 12. Nxe5 Be6 13. Re1 c5 14. Qa4+ Nd7 15. Nxf7 Kxf7 16. Rxe6 Nxe6 17. Rd1 (diagram) Kg6 According to Fritz 8, Black could have achieved approximate  by sacrificing his queen with 17...Nf6 18.Rxd8 Raxd8 19.f4 Ke7. 18. Bxe6 Qe7 19. Qg4+ Qg5 20. Bf5+ Kf6 21. Rd6+ Ke5 22. Re6

Leonard vs. L. Mark, New York, date unknown 1. e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 h6 4. d4 exd4 5. 0-0 d6 6 .Nxd4 Ne5 7. Bb3 c5 8. f4 Nc6 9. Qh5 g6 10. Qd5 Qc7 11. Nb5 Qd7 12. e5 Nb4 13. Nxd6+ Bxd6 14. Qxd6 Qxd6 15. exd6 Be6 16. a3 Bxb3 17. axb4 Bxc2 18. bxc5 f5 19. b4 Nf6 20. Nc3 a6 21. Re1+ Be4 22. Bb2 Rf8 23. b5 Kd7 24. Na4 Nd5 (diagram) 25. c6+ bxc6 26. Nc5+ Kd6 27. Ba3 Rfe8 28. Nxe4+ Kd7 29. bxc6+ Kxc6 30. Rac1+ Kb6 31. Bc5+ Kc7 32. Ba7+ Kb7 33. Nc5+ Kxa7 34. Nxe8 Nxf4 White mates in five moves: 35.Rc7+ Kb6 36.Rb1+ Ka5 37.Rc2 etc. 1–0

In the following game, Leonard nonchalantly allows Black to trap his bishop, then launches a blistering attack:

Leonard vs. Perrin, place and date unknown 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Nc3 Nf6 5. Nxe5 d5 6. Bb3 Bd6 7. d4 0-0 8. Bg5 h6 9. Bh4 Be6 10. f4 c5 11. Qd2 c4 12. Ba4 a6 13. 0-0-0 b5 (diagram) 14. f5 Bxf5 15. Rdf1 Bh7 16. Rxf6 gxf6 17. Nxd5 Bxe5 18. dxe5 Nd7 19. Qxh6 "and White wins".

References

External links

American chess players
Irish chess players
Irish emigrants to the United States
1841 births
1862 deaths
Deaths from dysentery
19th-century chess players
Union Army personnel
Union military personnel killed in the American Civil War
American Civil War prisoners of war
American people who died in prison custody


Janell Moon is an American author of spiritual non-fiction and poetry. In 2002, her book The Wise Earth Speaks to Your Spirit was voted one of the year's best spiritual books by Spirituality and Health magazine.

Her poetry awards include the National Main Street Rag Poetry Contest, The Stonewall Prize from the Chestnut Hills Press, the Salt Hill National Prize from Syracuse University in New York, the Whiskey Hill Award, the Georgia State University Randall Jared Award, the Billie Murray Denny Poetry Award, The Red Rock Review Prize, The Villa Montalvo Poetry Prize, the Gertrude Award, Comstock Poetry Award, and the Poet Lore Award.

She is also a hypnotherapist.

Works

 Riding Free in a Blue Studebaker (2008)
 The Prayer Box: Create, Write and Live Your Prayers (2004)
 How to Pray Without Being Religious (2004)
 The Wise Earth Speaks to Your Spirit: 52 Ways to Find Your Soul Voice Through Journal Writing (2002)
 Stirring the Waters: Writing to Find Your Spirit (2001)
 The Mouth of Home (1999)

References

External links
 http://www.janellmoon.com

American non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women poets
Hypnotherapists
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American women


Mansoor Ghandriz (; 2 March 1936 – 26 February 1966) was an Iranian painter and printmaker. He used Iranian forms in modern art and was one of the pioneers of the Saqqakhaneh movement. Ghandriz is best known for his abstract paintings of mythical creatures.

Biography

Mansoor Ghandriz was born on 2 March 1936 in Tabriz, Pahlavi Iran. While still in high school, Ghandriz was drawn to the progressive realist paintings of Ilya Repin (1844–1930) and Russian-Armenian seascape artist Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900).

Starting in 1954 he attended Jalil Ziapour's Tehran School of Decorative Arts (); followed by study at the College of Decorative Arts at Tehran University (now University of Tehran). He had studied painting under Shokouh Riazi at the College of Decorative Arts. While in college, he was introduced to European modernism, and he delved into the tradition of Russian realists and European classical and figurative art.

After college he turned to a paradigmatic exhortation of modernist language within local Iranian narrative, and developing his own semi-abstract style. Incorporating the figurative techniques of old masters, he created his own corporeal abstraction, which also indicates a process of gradual formalization, progressing from free forms to order. Matisse, Picasso, and Persian miniature paintings inspired Ghandriz's early figurative work. Persian metalwork and Persian textiles inspired is later work.

Ghandriz played a pivotal role in the establishing the Iran Gallery (), founded in 1964 by Ghandriz, Rouin Pakbaz, Faramarz Pilaram, Sadegh Tabrizi, Mohammad-Reza Jodat, Ghobad Shiva, Massoud Arabshahi, Sirus Malek, Farshid Mesghali, Parviz Mahallati, Morteza Momayez, and Hadi Hezareiy.

Death and legacy
Ghandriz died on 26 February 1966 in a traffic accident in northern Iran, near Esfand, Gilan province.

After his death in 1966, the Iran Gallery was renamed Ghandriz Gallery () in his honor; and it remained open until the summer of 1978 during the Iranian Revolution. In 2016, his work "Untitled" sold for US $250,000.

Sources

External links

Grey Art Gallery, University of New York

1936 births
1966 deaths
Iranian printmakers
Artists from Tabriz
20th-century Iranian painters


The Estonian Special Operations Force (; ESTSOF) is the command charged with overseeing the special operations units of the Estonian Defence Forces. Its primary objective is the development of capabilities for unconventional warfare. It is tasked with planning, preparing and executing special operations. These include special reconnaissance and surveillance, military support and direct action. ESTSOF is under direct command of the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces.

The Special Operations Task Group () is a special forces unit within the Estonian Special Operations Force.

History

Preceding units (1993-2007)
Part of the roots of Estonian special operations forces could be traced to the long-range reconnaissance and diversion unit that was created in 1993 as part of a military intelligence department in the Estonian Defence Forces. The unit was originally modeled after Soviet spetsnaz groups. However, the attempt to form this new unit was unsuccessful and never properly materialised. In 1998, when the Military Intelligence Battalion was created, another attempt was made, but this too failed.

A parallel attempt to create a special operations force was made within the Estonian Defence League in 1994. The new unit was named Special Operations Group (SOG). Andrei Ambros became the units commander. In 1998, SOG was transferred to the Guard Battalion but remained under the direct command of the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces. In 1999, a member of SOG attempted an armed robbery using the units weapons, which led to the disbanding of the unit.

In 2002, under the structure of the Military Intelligence Battalion, the effort to create a special operations force was restarted. A reconnaissance team, formed from specially trained operators and named ESTHUMINT, was sent to Afghanistan in 2005. However, the mission was cut short in 2007 due to issues with intelligence sharing.

Formation (2008-2014)
The official creation date of Special Operations Task Group (SOTG) is May 8, 2008. On that day a directive, ordering the creation of the unit, was signed by the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces at the time - Ants Laaneots. Recruitment was initially very difficult because the unit was largely unknown and not understood at the time. There were also cases when other unit commanders forbade participation in the selection because they didn't want to lose good soldiers. However, this was later solved with a decree which permitted all soldiers to participate of their own free will. Attitudes towards the selection gradually changed and passing it became a thing of pride. The unit found a lot of support from the NATO Special Operations Headquarters, part of SHAPE, which sent the NATO Special Operations Coordination Centre (NSCC) to evaluate it. At the same time the unit was allowed to participate in courses organized by the NSCC. Because the unit initially lacked competence to train NATO compliant special forces, the decision was made to send soldiers to train in courses in Hungary. In 2009, the unit also started receiving support from US led Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR), which was critical for the development of SOTG. By 2010, the unit had developed enough to organize a special forces qualification course in Estonia. The unit received its flag on October 2, 2012. On January 1, 2013, SOTG was split from the Military Intelligence Battalion and placed under the direct command of the Commander of the Estonian Defence Forces.

Estonian Special Operations Force was officially created on August 1, 2014. At the same time the Special Operations Task Group became its subordinate unit. The two main areas that ESTSOF has focused on from the beginning are unconventional warfare and military support - acting as a force multiplier in low intensity conflicts and supporting allies. ESTSOF operators have provided support in Afghanistan, Ukraine, Georgia and Senegal.

War in Afghanistan (2012-2014)
At the end of 2012, ESTSOF started a mission in Afghanistan with ISAF. Preparations involved determining the logistics, communications, reconnaissance and other aspects of the mission. A large part of the preparations focused on learning and analysing the local geography, climate, social and economic situation, but also the strength, structure, activity and area of operations of the insurgents and allies. After the arrival and first survey in the area, it was clear that the situation was as difficult as thought. One of the main roads going through the province was among the top ranked in terms of number of exploded IEDs. Local units were mostly preoccupied with defending their own bases and insurgents had completely free rein right outside one of the central cities in the province. Rocket attacks on bases were extremely common. The Afghan National Army had to deliver supplies to their positions with civilian vehicles because military vehicles couldn't pass. On the other hand, the police special unit in the area was well managed and equipped. The initial goal of ESTSOF was to provide military aid to said unit and conduct operations with them. It soon became clear that this was not enough to stabilize the situation.

A few weeks after the arrival of the Estonian Special Operations Task Unit (SOTU), the Provincial Chief of Police changed. While conducting his first patrol he came under ambush just a few kilometers from his headquarters. He was forced to take cover under a nearby bridge and couldn't break out of the firefight. The SOTU was notified of the situation by the police special forces. The Estonian unit decided to take physical action and managed to solve the situation without any allied casualties.

After months of planning and difficult persuasion of the various security forces, the SOTU had reached the goal of conducting the first joint operations. The army was made responsible for clearing the roads and guarding the outside perimeter, while the police was tasked with guarding the inside perimeter, conducting searches, interrogations and arrests. The criminal police, security services and special reconnaissance units were tasked with providing intelligence on the activities of the insurgents. The police special force was usually the focal point of the operations. In addition, the operations were supported by the activities of the prosecution, courts and the media. This proved to be successful and soon such operations, sometimes involving over 1000 members, became regular.

Another big challenge was the situation with IEDs. Checking and clearing the roads was slow and stressful, and if there was nobody left to guard them, in a matter of hours they had to be considered unsafe. Because of that, the local army and police established checkpoints on the roads. To man those checkpoints, they started training local people and incorporated them into the Afghan Local Police. Every checkpoint had 10-20 policemen and were placed no further than 10 km from each other.

By the end of the service of the first SOTU, the situation had changed drastically. Local forces were continuously working at checkpoints and conducting joint operations. The police special forces were independently planning and conducting relatively complex operations. Movement on roads became safer and much quicker. Rocket attacks against bases became rare. This had even forced Taliban to change local leaders. In the end it provided ESTSOF with more time to focus on developing the police special forces and improving their joint operations capabilities.

In 2013, a second SOTU was sent to Afghanistan to replace the first unit. Preparations for the rotation began several months before the first contingent had even entered the country. A lot of time was dedicated to polishing the necessary skills and knowledge, and learning the environment. Gaps in the preparation were filled on location with the help of the first SOTU and during planning of operations. Taking over the mission was a lot easier due to the groundwork laid by the first contingent.

The second SOTU continued advising the local forces. In addition, gradual steps were made to start arresting key Taliban personnel. Training of police special forces started involving high risk arrests, air transportation and night operations. To ensure operational safety and prevent leaks, planning was done within a limited circle of members and revealed to subordinates just before its execution. Operations were conducted in sequence of gradually increasing difficulty to accustom the units. This, combined with previous successful steps, eventually forced Taliban to move into more distant regions.

Insurgency in Mali (2020-2022 )
In March 2020, it was announced that Estonian special forces would join Takuba Task Force in Mali. They would work alongside French special forces in supporting Malian security forces. The Estonian task group would also employ four Jackal armored vehicles, which were loaned from the UK for the mission. In July, the Estonian task group started its mission in Gao, where troops from the Estonian Defence Forces, which were participating in Operation Barkhane, were already based. The mission ended in July 2022 due to diplomatic tensions with Mali's ruling junta.

Structure
The Estonian Special Operations Force consists of a headquarters and the Special Operations Task Group. Information regarding the organisation of other units under ESTSOF is classified. ESTSOF is led by the Commander of ESTSOF, whose tasks are determined by the Estonian Defence Forces Organisation Act and the Estonian Defence Forces Statute. The headquarters is tasked with advising and supporting the Commander of ESTSOF, in addition to planning, arranging and assuring the activities of ESTSOF. The SOTG is tasked with planning, preparing and organising special operations. It consists of sections and squads.

Personnel

Selection
Official recruitment to SOTG began in 2005. In early phases of the project, at least a three-year service experience was required from candidates. That requirement was later dropped. Current requirements for the candidate are as follows: at least general secondary education, completed conscript service, passing a general fitness test (at least 62 push-ups in two minutes, 72 sit-ups in two minutes, 3,2 km run under 13:49), a valid decision from the medical committee of the Defence Forces, high proficiency in Estonian and basic proficiency in English. People with a criminal record or an addiction aren't allowed to apply for a spot in SOTG. In 2019, it was announced that ESTSOF would also begin recruiting and training conscripts to create reserve forces.

The selection consists of four phases. First phase is called the administrative phase and lasts two days. The administrative phase tests include a general fitness test, pull-ups, swimming (500 metres on water, 25 metres underwater, ABC test - which involves diving to a depth of 4,5 metres, putting on a diving mask and swimfins and swimming to the surface), English test, psychological test, interview and an essay. The second phase is called the individual phase and it lasts four days. During that phase, the candidates have to perform many physically and mentally difficult tasks, which test their resilience. The third phase is called the orienteering phase, which lasts four days. This phase requires the candidates to complete different orienteering challenges with a 1:50,000 map and a compass. The candidates have to orienteer during day and night with a full backpack. The final phase is called the team phase and it lasts four days. This phase tests the candidates capability to lead and act as part of a team. Around 80-85% of the participants fail the selection. However, getting through the four phases of the selection does not guarantee acceptance into SOTG either. Each qualified person will also be individually analysed and evaluated and an invitation to the unit will be made after they have been found suitable.

Training
The initial training of the special forces operator will take about 3 years. The first year will be spent improving the soldiers personal skills, going through NCO training and ESTSOF basic training. The second year involves passing qualification courses and learning special skills. The third year is spent in team training and cross training, which is normally capped off with a mission. This is followed by 2–3 years of supplemental training.  After that, the operator, together with his team, will specialise in a certain set of tasks. In total, it takes about 8 years to prepare a special forces operator.

Equipment

See also

Latvian Special Tasks Unit
Lithuanian Special Operations Force
Utti Jaeger Regiment

Notes

References

Special forces of Estonia


Jan Mohammad Abbasi (Urdu جان محمدعباسي) was the Vice President of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan.

Contribution
Abbasi had been the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan's vice president for 27 years. He had earlier served the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal as its Sindh chief. He contested the 1977 elections against the founder of the Pakistan People's Party Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from Larkana constituency.

References

External links
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan (official)

Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan politicians
Sindhi people
Pakistani scholars


Derol railway station is a small railway station in Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Its code is DRL. It serves Derol village. The station consists of 3 platforms.

Major trains

Following trains halt at Derol railway station in both directions:

 12929/30 Valsad–Dahod Intercity Superfast Express
 11463/64 Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Itarsi)
 11465/66 Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Bina)
 19309/10 Shanti Express
 19037/38 Bandra Terminus–Gorakhpur Avadh Express
 19039/40 Bandra Terminus–Muzaffarpur Avadh Express
 19019/20 Bandra Terminus–Dehradun Express
 19023/24 Firozpur Janata Express

References

Railway stations in Panchmahal district
Vadodara railway division


Equipment rental, also called plant hire in some countries (in the UK for instance), is a service industry providing machinery, equipment and tools of all kinds and sizes (from earthmoving  to powered access, from power generation to hand-held tools, etc.) for a limited period of time to final users, mainly to construction contractors but also to industry and individual consumers. Renting can be defined as paying someone for the use of something for temporary or short-term purposes.

History

Equipment rental is a relatively new industry, first developed in Anglo-Saxon countries. It emerged in the UK after the First World War and has now become a multi-billion euro business providing a wide range of construction and industrial equipment for customers globally.The American Rental Association was founded as early as 1955, and the first waves of consolidation took place in the 1970s in North America, leading to the creation of companies with nationwide operations. Consolidation was slow in the 2000s but a buyout joined the two largest North American rental companies: United Rentals and RSC.

Europe is catching up since the 1980s. In Europe alone there are over 17,000 equipment rental companies and the industry is now growing quickly in other areas of the world, including the Middle East, Latin America and Asia. The industry has moved from mostly family-owned small businesses to the creation of a number of international groups, some of which have an annual turnover over €1billion. Around 40 of the 100 largest equipment rental companies in the world are European. The majority of companies in the industry still have fewer than 5 employees. Concentration in the industry is expected to renew at a fast pace, following a pause in 2008–2009 as a consequence of the international credit crunch.

The situation of the equipment rental industry in Europe varies from one country to another, with some markets being more mature. Equipment rental penetration is lower in Southern and Eastern Europe and highest in the UK and the Nordic Countries. The potential for growth is important in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, where some countries saw a double-digit growth rate for rental in recent years.

Equipment rental market - key figures
In 2017, the Global Rental Alliance (GRA) estimated the combined rental revenue among the GRA member associations (US, Canada, Europe and UK, Japan, Australia and New Zealand) to be US$91.5 billion for 2015.

North America

Based on research by the ARA (American Rental Association), rental revenues in 2019 in the U.S were expected to be $55.7 billion, up 5 percent from 2018. Rental revenue in Canada was expected to grow 2.1 percent in 2019 to total nearly $5.5 billion

Europe
The ERA (European Rental Association) annually publishes the ERA Market Report, based on a research carried out in 15 countries (Austria, Belgium, The Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Finland, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK). In 2019, equipment rental companies and other companies providing rental services generated a total rental turnover of more than EUR 27.7 billion in these countries (EU-EFTA-UK), with the most recent estimates putting the number of rental companies in Europe at 17,280 and people employed in the industry at 133,480.

Reasons for renting

There are several reason why companies choose to rent equipment instead of buying it: financial and economic, operational and environmental.

Financial and economic
Equipment rental helps companies reduce their fixed costs and minimises the financial risks of owning equipment fleets. By renting rather than owning, the user only pays for equipment when it is needed, and rental reduces the ongoing costs that come with equipment ownership, including maintenance, in-service inspections, repairs, transportation and storage. Rental allows companies to cope with peak workloads without having to invest in extra equipment. It represents a low-risk way of obtaining equipment when market conditions are uncertain and allows companies to enter new markets or sectors without burdensome investments in machinery – capital that would otherwise be tied up in equipment can be channelled into a company's core business.

Oftentimes the decision to rent over financing or purchasing a piece of equipment will come down to a decision balanced in risk and the long term usefulness of the equipment. Renting can be up to three times more expensive over financing, but comes with the benefits of lower risk and commitment. Where buying starts to make more sense is when there is a consistent and forecastable use case for the equipment. Renting again is much better suited to infrequent or one time uses.

Capital Release: In times where they have to demonstrate high levels of profit compared  to invested capital, contractors are increasingly eager to rent equipment, as it allows them to minimize the size of their equipment fleet. Less immobilized capital allows for improved cost control, lower maintenance costs, and a reduction in transport fleets. Renting equipment with operators allows for optimizing staff costs.

The ERA Total Cost of Ownership calculator can help in deciding whether to buy, rent or lease equipment from financial perspective.

Operational
Range of recent equipment available: Some rental companies have inventories up to the hundreds of thousands of pieces of equipment, while others are specialized in a few specific products. They can supply the most comprehensive range of state-of-the-art equipment – with or without qualified operators – when and where customers need it.

Maintenance, compliance with standards and regulations: Rental companies bear the responsibility for ensuring the equipment they rent out complies with applicable regulations, performing safety check before delivery. Routine maintenance and major repairs are typically handled by the rental company, saving the renter the expense of having a maintenance crew on staff. Safety checks are performed before each delivery.

Outsourcing risk: The rental company is responsible for providing safe equipment on-site and shoulders any risk connected to the transportation of equipment (when this is carried out by the rental company).

Procurement of equipment by a contractor: It is  a time-consuming task – sourcing the right equipment, negotiating with suppliers, and ensuring that the most modern and productive equipment is operated. Rental companies invest vast sums each year in maintaining modern fleets, providing access to the latest, most productive and safest equipment on the market.

Flexibility: Rental companies give operational flexibility as well, with the option to rent equipment over the short, medium or long-term.

Environmental
Renting by definition operates in a circular business model and seen as part of the sharing economy and circular economy, it can contribute to environmental and societal sustainability. The European rental industry, through its representative association ERA, has published a Manifesto for the Promotion of the sustainable benefits of the rental concept.

The Manifesto defines how principles of the circular economy are applied in the rental business:

Shared usage:
The construction companies can access equipment when required,
The centralised ownership leads to a more frequent hence more efficient use of equipment.
 Reparability:
The rental companies contribute to a product design facilitating maintenance and repair activities,
The rental companies focus on spare parts management,
The rental companies ask for increased information on product repair from the equipment manufacturers.
 Resource use:
Rental companies search for equipment to offer the most sustainable option to their customers.
Rental companies provide theoretical and practical trainings to their customers to optimise the use of equipment.
 Reusability:
Components of the dismantled construction equipment can be reused.
 Recyclability:
Rental companies take care of their equipment by:
Repairing when it is still possible,
Recycling when it is at the end of its life cycle,
Selling it to second hand markets, if it complies with regulations.
Rental companies use their bargaining power to demand equipment suppliers to invest more in R&D to limit the use of non-recyclable material, and take responsibility for end-of-life of equipment by collecting, reusing or recycling.

Carbon footprint of construction equipment
An independent research study on the carbon footprint of construction equipment has demonstrated that the rental business model stimulates the efficient use of equipment and that this efficient use lowers the total carbon footprint. Depending on specific user practice, this can lead to significant reductions, in the range of 30%.

The researchers of the study built a calculator to determine the carbon footprint of the use of construction equipment, based on various parameters. The parameters with the biggest influence on the carbon footprint of equipment are:
Intensity of use - maximising the utilisation rate could reduce the amount of equipment required
Using the right equipment for the job
Transportation - shorter distances to a jobsite and higher load factors of the vehicles transporting the equipment
Maintenance - allowing extended lifetime

ERA used this study to develop a free online tool to determine exact carbon footprint of construction equipment per hour of use of the equipment. The ERA Equipment  calculator is accessible here.

What can be rented
The equipment rental market goes well beyond construction machinery and can include rental equipment such as a dedicated server housed in a data center. In addition to the construction sector, the rental market supplies a wide range of customers and industries, including gardening and landscaping, municipal and forestry services, the event industry [like PA equipment, LED screens, Camera/videography equipment, etc], IT infrastructure, and private clients. Depending on the customer segment, specialised machinery and equipment are available. Furthermore, the equipment on rental offer is often complemented by additional services. A brief overview of the different categories of equipment that can be rented is detailed below.

Construction machines & equipment
Construction machines on offer for rental range from small machines, such as mini-excavators and skid steer loaders, to heavy equipment, including hydraulic excavators and dumpers, which some rental companies offer with trained operators. When contractors need specialised equipment that they do not hold in their own fleet, renting is often preferred. This can include equipment such as machines for road or railway construction and forestry or agricultural work. Customers can also rent a wide range of commonly used construction equipment, such as compressors, pumps and compaction machines, or even small machines.

Power & temperature control
Rental companies offer a wide range of temporary power solutions, whether for site use, events, petrochemical applications, manufacturing needs, shutdowns or power failures. The product range available includes generators, load banks, transformers and mobile fuel tanks. Various climate control solutions, such as heating and cooling systems and heat exchangers, as well as a variety of lighting systems, are also available.

Powered access, forklifts & telehandlers
Powered access is an important sector in the rental market. For different works at great height, for example for roof or hall construction, industrial cleaning or installation works, customers can choose from a wide range of working platforms or building construction lifts. Furthermore, telehandlers can be rented for diverse transportation tasks on construction sites. The industrial and event sectors often demand efficient logistics, and a range of forklifts are available.

Modular & sanitary space
Modular space is an effective means of providing additional space on a customer's site, for short-term as well as long-term projects. The containers can be combined to build site offices and accommodation, sanitary facilities or storage space. In addition, a wide range of interior equipment or furnishings is available. Some rental companies offer special rental services for modular space, including preparing outlines and foundation plans, transport and installation services.

Traffic safety
Safety is a critical issue on every construction site, especially when construction works are carried out along busy roads or on highways. Therefore, rental companies offer various professional solutions for traffic safety. This is not limited to the provision and installation of beacons or traffic signs. As specific traffic safety regulations may apply depending on the country or region in which the construction site is located, traffic safety requires an enormous planning effort and the knowhow of well-trained professionals. Thus, some rental companies have extended their rental services in this area and take care of the whole planning process, including obtaining official approval or preparing traffic regulation plans.

Falsework, formwork and groundworks
Some rental companies offer a range of temporary construction solutions, such as formwork, panels used to hold concrete in place until it sets, and falsework, which is propping to hold a concrete structure until it sets. Groundworks may also be included in the product range. That is, equipment designed to hold holes in the ground open and allow operatives to work safely.

Smaller equipment and Tools
Whether for woodwork, metalwork, construction or do-it-yourself projects, an extensive inventory of well-maintained smaller equipment and hand/power tools is available to tackle any job size or surface type. Smaller equipment can range from portable generators, concrete mixers and fan heaters to LED stand lights, wallpaper stripper and floor sanders. Tools can include power drills, power saws, electric rotary hammers, rock splitters and breakers, and portable cut-off saws.

Who to rent from and how
The choice of a rental company is dependent on the nature of the product to be rented, the company profile, the profile of the customer and the type of equipment needed. Here are some key criteria:

Definition of equipment needs
For specific equipment, it is useful to establish relationships with rental depots that have experience with the products required. If the customer knows what task they need the equipment for, the rental company will identify the best equipment for the job. Besides equipment, it is important to define which accessories are required. Rental depots usually have a full range of accessories. If the only item required is an accessory, the widest range will be found with the specialists in the sector.

Location of the branch(s) or depot(s)
The proximity of the rental depot provides economic and sustainability benefits because it reduces transport costs and the environmental footprint. When renting small equipment, the economic aspect is among the most decisive factors in the choice of a rental company. With larger equipment, the transportation cost and environmental impact becomes more important.

Fleet inventory
The fleet inventory should guarantee the immediate availability of the equipment required, especially when the equipment is booked in advance. Dealing with a large depot allows customers to find, from a single source, the full range of services required during the contractual period. Especially in the initial phase of the relationship, it is important to talk personally with the depot manager and check the fleet. Rental depots must provide equipment that is fully compliant with legislative regulations and in good operating condition. Many rental companies rent equipment fitted with telematics solutions (especially large equipment). This enables the tracking of equipment, a detailed analysis of the way it is being used and a reduction of the maintenance costs, among other benefits. All rented equipment must be compliant with existing legislation on safety.

Rental rates and conditions
Rental rates is the easiest parameter to compare. Special offers for weekend or long-term rentals can make a rental depot more attractive. Together with rental rates, it is important to assess the full range of services included in an offer, as well as the specifications of the equipment provided, which may be more or less expensive to run.Some rental companies may be more competitive in short-term rentals and others in long-term rentals. It is, therefore, necessary to compare individual fees precisely and thoroughly. Rental conditions lay out the policies applied by the rental depot and provide all the information regarding the services ancillary to rental that are included in the rental rates and those that are excluded. Some of the services / issues rental conditions should address include:

 Transportation of the equipment (generally excluded from the rental fee);
 Damage waiver coverage (ranging from no coverage to full coverage);
 Responsibility for maintenance (which tasks are performed by the rental company and which are the responsibility of the customer);
 Rules applying to downtime.

Rental depots should also guarantee continuity of service through the replacement of the equipment or through assistance services.

Length of rental period
For long-term rentals, the focus should be on rental depots offering attractive conditions. In the case of a short-term rental, the best rental fees should be searched for from depots offering flexible contractual conditions.

Who will use the equipment
Rental depots offering equipment with standard instructions for use should be the preferred choice. Rental depots should have well-trained staff who are able to explain the practical and safe use of the equipment and provide answers to technical questions.

Sustainability
An increasing number of rental companies have stringent procedures in place with regard, for example, to waste management, energy saving, environmentally adapted fuels and oils, and reduction of chemicals.  They usually publish their own Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies on their website. These relate to all aspects of sustainability (economic, social and environmental).

Rental platforms / marketplaces
In recent years, new players have appeared in the equipment rental market, namely online platforms. These companies offer digital solutions to the rental needs of customers, acting as an intermediary between customers and rental companies:

The customer sends an inquiry to the platform, the platform checks the availability of the machine in its network and the customer receives an offer, either from the platform or from a rental company. Whether it is a good idea to rent equipment via a rental platform depends on the type of equipment requested, on the customer's knowledge of the machine and on the location of the job site.

On the one hand, rental platforms offer fast price comparisons, but on the other hand, they do not show the full spectrum of services offered by different rental companies that accompany the requested equipment.

See also
Renting
Operated equipment rental
Equipment service management and rental
Rental relocation
Rental accessories and attachments

References

Construction equipment rental companies


The J1–J2 model is a quantum spin model like the Heisenberg model but also includes a term for the interaction between next-nearest neighbor spins.

Hamiltonian
In this model, the term  represents the usual nearest-neighbor interaction as seen in the Heisenberg model, and  represents the exchange interaction to the next nearest-neighbor.

See also
Spin model
Heisenberg model (quantum)
Hubbard model
t-J model
Majumdar–Ghosh model

References

Spin models
Quantum magnetism


The 24th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1989 in Feistritz, Austria. These world championships were the first to hold the men's and women's championships simultaneously.

Men's results

20 km individual

10 km sprint

Team event

4 × 7.5 km relay

Women's results

15 km individual

This marked the first time that the women's individual event was held over 15 km in the World Championships.

7.5 km sprint

This marked the first time that the women's sprint event was held over 7.5 km in the World Championships.

Team event

3 × 7.5 km relay

Medal table

References

1989
Biathlon World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Austria
1989 in Austrian sport
February 1989 sports events in Europe
Biathlon competitions in Austria
Sport in Carinthia (state)


Mohammad Abbas Ansari (Urdu: محمد عباس انصاری) (17 August 1936 – 25 October 2022) was a separatist political leader and a well known Shia Muslim scholar, reformer, preacher and cleric from Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. He was known for his religious lectures and as a Kashmiri separatist, ex-chairman of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference, also founder & chairman of the Ittihadul Muslimeen also known as Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen (JKIM) a Kashmiri nationalist Shia separatist political party which aims for Shi'a–Sunni unity in Kashmir & independence of Jammu and Kashmir from India through peaceful struggle. He is considered a moderate and has called for an end to violence in that region. He is Succeeded by his son Maulana Masroor Abbas Ansari.

Early life and education

Abbas was born on 18 August 1936, in Srinagar to the influential Ansari family.
After his preliminary education at a local school in Srinagar, he graduated from the Oriental College in Srinagar. In 1950, he left for further studies in Lucknow, the centre of Islamic theological education in India. After spending years in Lucknow's Sultanul Madaris, he undertook higher studies in Najaf, Iraq, commencing in 1954. He majored in Arabic literature, Philosophy, Hadith and Tafseer, Islamic Jurisprudence and Political Science. After eight years of study in Iraq he returned to Kashmir and launched a religio-political monthly magazine named "Safeena".

Entry in politics
On 27 March 1962 Abbas founded the political party "Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen"(JKIM) (Unity of Muslims) with the main object of keeping the various sects of Muslims united. JKIM also works for the political, social and economic welfare of Muslims and demands a UN-supervised plebiscite in Kashmir in accordance with the UN resolutions of 1948 and 1949.

Abbas appeared on the political scene of Kashmir in December 1963 amidst the Holy Relic Movement when people clandestinely lifted the Holy Relic of Prophet Mohammad from Hazratbal Shrine of Srinagar. The "Holy Relic Action Committee" was formed as a response to that incident and Abbas was named coordinator after the removal of Mirwaiz Farooq. The group dissolved after the return of the Relic.
Along with political leaders including Mohammad Farooq and Sofi Mohammad Akbar, he formed a political party named "Peoples Action Committee" in March 1964 to seek the right of self-determination for the people of Kashmir. Abbas opposed holding the state political convention in 1967 and 1968 and staged a walk out from the convention in protest against the policies of Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah. He was arrested several times during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 War under the National Security Act.

Political activities
During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Abbas again advocated for self-determination for the people of Kashmir. He was then arrested for inciting people against their own nation.
After the Indira Gandhi-Sheikh Abdullah accord of February 1975, the Plebiscite Front ended and Sheikh Abdullah revived his National Conference. Ansari met Sheikh Abdullah in Kotla Lane, New Delhi and appealed to him to not let down cause of Jihad. He told the Sheikh that Kashmiris had "sacrificed" a lot from 1947 to 1974 for self-determination and their sacrifices could not be exchanged for the Chief Ministership. Sheikh Abdullah, however, signed the accord with Indira Gandhi and became the Chief Minister of the State. He opposed this accord and described it as unacceptable to the people of the state. Consequent upon the signing of the accord, Abbas brought all the people of identical ideology on a single political platform and declared creation of Peoples United Front. The Pakistani Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, called for a strike on 28 February to protest against the accord.

The period from 1975 to 1985 witnessed the continuous struggle of Abbas against New Delhi and democratic government in Kashmir. Abbas was opposition leader. During this period he always stood for the right of self-determination and launched a campaign against the liquor trade in Kashmir. The Government opposed these activities and  Abbas was again detained and charged with mutiny and conspiracy against the Indian government. His trial occurred in a closed room in the central jail in Srinagar.

Muslim United Front
In 1986 Abbas assembled Muslim scholars, politicians and parties from various factions on a single platform named Muslim United Front (MUF), on the fundamental issue of strengthening the Muslim community. It argued that Kashmir was occupied by fraud and brute force and its people had yet to exercise their right of self-determination. Abbas was selected conveyor of the Front. In 1987, the Front accepted the challenge of the chief Minister Farooq Abdullah to fight elections of state assembly to show the world that Kashmiris do not consider themselves to be a part of India. The election was rigged by the government. The Front's candidates were defeated by heavy margins and the National Conference-Congress Alliance formed a coalition government in the state. This was a turning point in the history of Kashmir and culminated in armed rebellion against Indian authority. The Front's supporters, particularly the youth who were harassed (and some were tortured) during and after elections, switched to militancy, which changed the situation dramatically. Abbas was arrested on 13 April 1990 under the "public safety act" and lodged in Srinagar's Badami Bagh cantonment interrogation centre. After a month of interrogation he was put in Jammu central jail from where he was exiled to Jodhpur in western India. From Jodhpur, Abbas was shifted to the Tihar Prisons, New Delhi and finally to the heavily guarded Mehrolli BSF camp, some 25 kilometers from New Delhi.

Diplomatic struggle
In a January 1967 letter to U. Thant, then the Secretary General of the U.N., Abbas requested that the U.N. intervene over Kashmir. In 1974, Ansari called upon the leaders of India, Pakistan and world bodies to join hands in granting Kashmiris their birthright.

After his release in May 2000, Abbas undertook an overseas tour to present the freedom movement of Kashmir and highlight the atrocities reportedly being perpetrated on Kashmiris. In the United Kingdom, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, he apprised the leadership and the public about the struggle. Abbas also gave a comprehensive presentation on Kashmir at the OIC meetings in Casablanca (Morocco) and Doha (Qatar) in December 1994 and November 2000 respectively. Later the government of India impounded his passport to prevent him from traveling abroad to champion the Kashmir cause, so he was not allowed to attend OIC's 10th and 11th summit in Malaysia and Senegal in 2003 and 2008 respectively and other conferences across the globe. Abbas was one of the senior Hurriyat leaders to meet the Pakistan president, General Pervez Musharraf and Iranian President Seyed Mohammad Khatami. He apprised them about the political situation in Kashmir and invited the Iranian government to mediate to resolve the issue. Resuming the process of interaction in the valley on his return, Ansari toured towns and villages to address public meetings.

All Parties Hurriyat Conference
In 1992, Abbas was released along with his political companions like Abdul Gani Lone, Abdul Gani, Shabir Shah, Syed Ali Shah Geelani and Qazi Nisar Ahmed. After his release from jail, Abbas, along with his other colleagues, started organizing different political, religious, social and humanitarian organizations and played a role in the formation of All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC). APHC was founded in 1993 to unite various political parties of Jammu & Kashmir demanding the right of self-determination. Abbas represents Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen in its seven-member Executive council, the chief policy making and executive body of A.P.H.C.
The All Parties Hurriyat Conference kept up its campaign for a solution to the Kashmir issue. The leadership of the All Parties Hurriyat Conference was arrested once again in September 1999. Along with his colleagues, Abbas spent eight months in the prison.

On 12 July 2003, the APHC elected Abbas as its chairman at a meeting of Executive Committee members. Out of the seven constituents, representatives of six parties were present at the meeting. Abbas Ansari was the fourth chairman of the Hurriyat who replaced Abdul Ghani Bhat on the latter's completion of his two-year term. Ansari is the first Shiite head of the Hurriyat Conference.

Soon after taking over as chairman, he called for an immediate ceasefire between the security forces and the militants, saying that "the Kashmir issue is not a border dispute, but a humanitarian problem. It cannot be solved through gun, but only through negotiations."

On 21 May 2004 Abbas Ansari offered to resign his post in an effort to bring about the reunification of the coalition's factions and did so on July of that year. Organization's founder-chairman Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, was asked to work towards restoring the Hurriyat's original executive council and send invitations to all the pre-split executive council members.

Hurriyat-New Delhi Talks
During his tenure as Chairman of APHC, Abbas initiated a dialogue process with Indian government on the basis that it should be unconditional, level-based and exclusively centered on Kashmir problem. An APHC delegation led by Abbas Ansari and composed of Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, Prof Abdul Ghani Bhat, Bilal Ghani Lone and Fazal-ul-Haq Qureshi negotiated with deputy prime minister of India L. K. Advani in New Delhi on 22 January 2004. The APHC delegation stressed that an honorable and durable solution should be found through dialogue. It was agreed that meeting was the first significant step in the dialogue process and a step-by-step approach would lead to the resolution of all outstanding issues relating to Jammu and Kashmir. The APHC delegation was committed to the enlargement of the dialogue process to cover all regions of Jammu and Kashmir and concerns of all communities. Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf termed these talks as "a very good beginning". The next round of APHC discussion with Indian government took place in the latter part of March.

Srinagar-Muzaffarabad road
During his tenure as APHC Chairman, Abbas advocated the re-opening of the Srinagar-Rawalpindi road so that the people of both parts of Kashmir could meet their kin and help survivors of the 2005 earthquake. "The people on both sides of the Line of Control (LoC) have been craving to meet each other. When India and Pakistan can resume the New Delhi-Lahore bus service, there is no harm in reopening the Srinagar-Rawalpindi road", Abbas said in an interview.
On 7 April 2005, the first passengers from either side of the Line of Control cross divided Kashmir as the first Srinagar Muzaffarabad Bus Service was launched. Hurriyat leaders including Abbas visited Pakistan and Muzaffarabad in June 2005 crossing the Line of Control by bus.

Death
Ansari died in Srinagar on the morning of 25 October 2022, at the age of 86. Thousands of people attended his funeral.

See also
 Hurriyat and Problems before Plebiscite
 Syed Ali Shah Geelani
 Kashmir conflict
 Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri
 Masroor Abbas Ansari
 Destruction of Kashmiri Shias

References

External links
APHC open to US role on Kashmir
on Proceedings.htm Senate meetings held on 12 & 18 June 2005 at Parliament House, Islamabad
"Human rights violations and peace cannot go together": Maulana Abbas Ansari
Abbas Ansari Threatens to Withdraw from Peace Talks
Maulana Abbas Ansari asked India to respond "positively" to President Zardari
Pakistan's stand on Kashmir 'historical'
Ansari Addressed a huge public Rally in Muzaffarabad
India suppressing Kashmiris' struggle by force: Ansari
Maulana Abbas Ansari's views on dual currency proposal
India is using brute force to suppress the freedom movement: Ansari
Top Shia cleric Maulana Abbas Ansari placed under house arrest
Ansari and others in jail 1999
Amnesty international reports Ansari arrested 1999

Photographs

APHC Delegation with the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh

1936 births
2022 deaths
Kashmir
Kashmiri people
Kashmir separatist movement
Jammu and Kashmir politicians
Politics of Jammu and Kashmir
People of the Kashmir conflict
People from Srinagar
Indian Shia clerics


Four Winds is the sixth studio album by the rock band The Lightning Seeds. It was released in 2009 through Universal. The record is the band's first album of new tracks since 1999. The first single, "Ghosts", was released on 11 May 2009.

Track listing
All tracks written by Ian Broudie (except where stated).
 "4 Winds" – 5:02
 "Things Just Happened" – 3:18
 "Ghosts" (Broudie, James Skelly) – 3:09
 "Said and Done" – 3:28
 "Don't Walk On By" – 3:46
 "The Story Goes" (Broudie, J. Mullen) – 3:03
 "On a Day Like This" (Broudie, Skelly) – 3:15
 "All I Do" – 3:46
 "I'll Be Around" – 2:35
 "I Still Feel the Same" (Broudie, Matt Cullen) – 3:00

Personnel
The Lightning Seeds
 Ian Broudie – vocals, guitar, producer

Production
 Simon Rogers – string and woodwind arrangements
 Dave Bascombe – mixing
 Stephen Harris – mixing

Additional musicians
 James Skelly – guitar
 Paul Duffy – guitar
 Nick Power – keyboards
 Lee Southall – bass
 Ian Skelly – drums
 Raife Burchell – drums
 Scott Marmion – backing vocals
 Sophie Paterson – backing vocals

Other personnel
 Pelle Crépin – photography

Charts

References

2009 albums
The Lightning Seeds albums
Albums produced by Ian Broudie


Night Life is a 1989 American zombie comedy film directed by David Acomba and starring Scott Grimes, John Astin, and Cheryl Pollak.  It centers around a high school nerd named Archie Melville who is harassed from beyond the grave by the zombie corpses of his former high school bullies (recently deceased) after they are brought back to life by a freak lightning storm.  It is also known as Grave Misdemeanors.

Plot
As teenager Archie Melville is disposing of remains from his Uncle Verlin's mortuary business, where he works under the agreement that Verlin will pay for his college tuition, he runs across high school jocks John, Rog, and their girlfriends Roberta and Joanie who have trespassed onto the property in their car to make out.  This escalates into a conflict between Archie and the jocks which Roberta, the only one in the group sympathetic to Archie, shuts down by calling John out on his bullying.

The harassment only escalates when Rog believes Archie is staring at Joanie leading to a series of conflicts including vehicular assault from John and Rog, a prank by Archie on John, a showdown at a gas station where Archie's only friend Charly works, and a joint prank where John and Rog rig up a body at the mortuary to fall on Archie while Joanie seduces him.  This last stunt results in Archie getting fired from his job, blowing his chances at college.  Finally, Archie learns that Charly has accepted a job on a pit crew with her boyfriend and will be leaving town.

While Archie is wallowing in his depression he receives a phone call from Verlin offering him one last chance at his job if he can help him transport and ready four corpses at once; the bodies of John, Rog, Roberta, and Joanie who were just killed in a car accident.

That night, an intense storm causes the mortuary to be struck by lightning which revives the four dead teens as zombies who go on a violent rampage, killing a repairman at the mortuary and terrorizing Archie.  Archie flees to Charly's garage where he finds her heartbroken as things with her boyfriend did not work out.  Soon after, the boyfriend and eventually Uncle Verlin who attempted to punish the teens for breaking into the mortuary despite Archie's warnings are killed along with a couple of police officers who stop the zombies for speeding.

Archie and Charly flee the garage to another building where they attempt to trap the zombies in a furnace with Roberta, who has been trying to kiss Archie since reanimating, being killed by Charly with an axe to the head. The fire only slows the others down and further disfigures them leading to another gory conflict on a train bridge where John is killed by a train.  Caught between the zombies in a stolen police car and an oncoming train, Archie and Charly jump for their lives into the water below where Archie is captured and drug into a graveyard by Rog and Joanie.  Charly, despite not being able to swim, rescues Archie from the two zombies and they are finally killed in the process.

Later that morning, as the teens reflect on what has happened, Archie asks Charly how she was able to avoid drowning. Charly jokes that she did drown and is a zombie herself, causing a terrified Archie to have to check her body heat to make sure she's really alive.

Cast
 Scott Grimes as Archie Melville
 John Astin as Uncle Verlin
 Cheryl Pollak as Charly
 Anthony Geary as John Devlin
 Alan Blumenfield as Frank
 Kenneth Ian Davis as Rog Davis
 Darcy DeMoss as Roberta Woods
 Lisa Fuller as Joanie Snowland
 Mark Pellegrino as Allen Patumbo
 Phil Proctor as Randolph Whitlock
 Erik Cord Police Officer

Reception
Writing in The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, academic Peter Dendle called the film "a routine and laborious living-dead exercise".  Glenn Kay, who wrote Zombie Movies: The Ultimate Guide, called it a "rather minor teen effort".

References

External links

1989 films
1989 comedy horror films
1980s supernatural horror films
1980s high school films
American comedy horror films
American zombie comedy films
American supernatural horror films
1989 comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films


Samuel Hewlings Chisholm AO (8 October 1939 – 9 July 2018) was a New Zealand-born Australian media executive who was a significant figure in the Australian media.

Career
Chisholm attended King's College, Auckland.

Chisholm had been for several years the sales director of Kerry Packer's Channel Nine before he was appointed Managing Director in 1977. The network was taken over by Alan Bond in 1988. In mid-1990 he moved to the UK to work for Packer's rival Rupert Murdoch, rescuing the newly established British Sky Broadcasting BSkyB from financial problems after the merger of Sky and British Satellite Broadcasting. In 2000, he returned to Australia, and in 2003 received a double lung transplant. In 2005, at the request of Kerry Packer, he returned briefly to the Nine Network as Acting Chief Executive.

Awards
On 25 November 2013 he was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia.
On 19 February 2014 he was awarded the King's College honours tie in Auckland, New Zealand for outstanding achievement in his selected career.

Benefactor
When leading Australian television personality Graham Kennedy became ill in his later years, an anonymous benefactor came forward and donated a substantial sum (reported to be 150,000) for Kennedy's ongoing support and health care.  On 27 May 2005, two days after Kennedy's death, his close friend and carer Noeline Brown confirmed that the benefactor was Sam Chisholm.

Death
Chisholm died on 9 July 2018, after a short battle with an illness, with his wife Sue and daughter Caroline by his side.

References

External links
Sam Chisholm at Bloomberg Businessweek
Sam Chisholm, Return of the great sacker, Raymond Snoddy, The Independent, 5 December 2005

1939 births
2018 deaths
Australian media executives
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
Logie Award winners
Lung transplant recipients
People educated at King's College, Auckland