Interpreting contracts in English law is an area of English contract law, which concerns how the courts decide what an agreement means. It is settled law that the process is based on the objective view of a reasonable person, given the context in which the contracting parties made their agreement. This approach marks a break with previous a more rigid modes of interpretation before the 1970s, where courts paid closer attention to the formal expression of the parties' intentions and took more of a literal view of what they had said.

The process of interpretation was often skewed by courts who tried to construe contracts in a way that was fair. Before the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, the courts had not developed a jurisdiction to strike down unfair terms. When faced with harsh exclusion clauses they would often "interpret their way out" of the plain meaning of the clause through a process of strict construction against the party relying on a clause (in Latin, contra proferentem). This would often run contrary to the common sense meaning of a contractual document, and embodied a strained approach.

Interpretation

Objectivity
For some time it had been orthodox to take an objective view of interpretation, best demonstrated by Smith v Hughes. Where Mr Smith thought, after testing a sample, he was buying old oats but in fact was buying green oats, he was not able to assert that he was unbound by his agreement. Blackburn J said:

A remarkable example of the objective approach to interpreting a contract is found in Thake v Maurice. A couple were assured by a private doctor that Mr Thake's vasectomy would work. They were not explicitly informed there was a small risk of it not working. They had a healthy child. They sued Dr Maurice (and his clinic) for damages to pay for bringing up the child, arguing that his failure to properly perform the operation was a breach of contract which had resulted in great financial burden for them. But the Court of Appeal held that there was no entitlement to damages because a reasonable person knows that there is inherent risk in medical operations, and the chance it could go wrong (now compare Chester v Afshar in tort law). A reasonable person knows that people providing services contract to provide the service, but do not necessarily guarantee the outcome of the service will be fool proof.

Proforce Recruit Ltd v The Rugby Group Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 69
Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2008] EWCA Civ 183
Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 11

Purpose and context

The move to a contextual, or purposive approach to construing contracts is a recent feature of English contract law. For instance in 1911, in Lovell & Christmas Ltd v Wall Lord Cozens-Hardy MR stated,

it is the duty of the court… to construe the document according to the ordinary grammatical meaning of the words used therein.

Notably the move away from a literal approach came only after the courts pronounced that in interpreting statutes, they had moved from a literal to a purposive approach (see Pepper v Hart). Now, the leading statement of interpreting contracts is found in Lord Hoffmann's decision in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society. He referred to changes in approach led by Lord Wilberforce in cases such as Rearden Smith Lines Ltd v Hansen Tangan and said the courts should follow five general principles. When interpreting contracts courts ask,

what the document conveys to a reasonable person
with regard to all relevant background circumstances, or the "matrix of fact"
except prior negotiations
that the meaning of words is not their literal, dictionary meaning, but one that would be understood from the context
that the meaning construed should not run contrary to a common sense viewpoint.

In ICS Ltd v West Bromwich BS itself, a group of investors had been given negligent advice by various building societies (including West Bromwich BS), financial advisers and solicitors, and so had potential claims for breach of statutory duty. Under the government's Investors Compensation Scheme, the investor could simply get money from the Scheme directly, and the Scheme would carry through the expense of litigation on their behalf. However, in the contract to assign the claims, it said there was an exclusion for,

"Any claim (whether sounding in rescission for undue influence or otherwise)"

Taking a literal approach, this could mean - and the building societies were trying to argue - that any claim to rescind a contract (i.e. have it made void) would not be assigned by investors to the Scheme, whether it was for rescission based on a claim in undue influence, or any other claim. The building societies were trying to argue this, because if there was no valid assignment, then ICS would not be empowered to sue them. ICS Ltd was arguing that in fact (probably through unclear drafting) the clause was really intended to mean that claims for rescission based on undue influence would not be assigned. But others would. Lord Hoffmann and the House of Lords unanimously accepted this interpretation, since it was the correct one given the context in which the contract was signed.

Staffordshire Area Health Authority v South Staffordshire Waterworks Co [1978] 3 All ER 769, per Lord Denning MR
Rainy Sky v Kookmin Bank [2011] UKSC 50

Negotiations?
One point of controversy was Lord Hoffmann's acceptance that the courts would not look at negotiations prior to the contract as an aid to interpretation. Professor G McMeel has argued that, "The best way forward is for the matter to be one of weight rather than admissibility." In other words, that evidence of negotiations may not necessarily weigh very heavily in the face of contradictory evidence in a contract itself, but it should not be barred entirely. Declarations of subjective intent, prior negotiations and subsequent conduct should not be ruled out as irrelevant where they could be a valuable aid to interpretation. Lord Nicholls has also been supportive of this view, and has argued that in fact evidence of prior negotiations and conduct subsequent to the conclusion of a contract are already admissible for cases on rectification (e.g. The Karen Oltman [1976] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 708). He argues the courts are well accustomed to determining what weight should be place on admissible evidence. Finally, the absolute bar on admissibility on prior negotiations also stands at odds with art 5-102(a), Principles of European Contract Law. This document, which draws on principles found across most European Union member states that preliminary negotiations are relevant to interpretation. The exclusion may also be seen to be at odds with the leading case on statutory interpretation, Pepper v Hart, in which the House of Lords held that it would have recourse to authoritative statements of purpose by ministers or promoters of Bills in Hansard when ascertaining the meaning of a statute.

Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] UKHL 38

Mistake and rectification

The general rule in English law is that if one party to the contract is mistaken about the terms of the contract, this is not an excuse to fail to perform, the classic case being Smith v Hughes. There has been debate about whether at any point courts do in fact have regard to the subjective intentions of the parties. In Scriven Bros & Co v Hindley & Co Scriven Bros made a bid at an auction (the auctioneer was trading as Hindley & Co) for bales of hemp and tow. The auction catalogue suggested that one of the batches contained both hemp and tow. But it only contained tow. When the auctioneer tried to enforce the high bid by Scriven Bros, Lawrence J held he could not, because the sale had been procured by the auctioneer's own negligence. Guenter Treitel has argued that the case is best explained on the basis that the court will have regard to the subjective intentions of the parties - that in fact hemp and tow was being contracted for. But Ewan McKendrick argues that this case is still explicable through taking an objective approach to the parties expressed wishes: a reasonable person in Hindley's position would not have thought there was a contract with someone misled by their negligently prepared auction catalogue.

A mistake about the contract's terms will also entitle a party to the contract to escape when the other side may have unfairly "snapped up" an offer. In Hartog v Colin & Shields Colin & Shields mistakenly advertised Argentine hare skins for 10d per pound, instead of per piece (i.e. they had made them much cheaper). In the trade, such skins were always sold by the piece. So when a Belgian called Hartog ordered the skins, Singleton J held that Colin & Shields did not need to deliver. A reasonable person could not have believed the price was not mistaken.

Rectification
It may however be that a contractual document has failed to adequately reflect the intentions of the parties, in which case they can ask the court to "rectify" the agreement (i.e. pretend the words written down were different and give an order accordingly). Asking a court to rectify a document does not mean asking for the contract to be changed. It just asks for the recording of the document to be changed. Rectification is an equitable discretionary remedy, and therefore unavailable to claimants who delay excessively and it has no effect against a bona fide purchaser for value without notice. There is a fine line between interpretation and rectification, since evidence assisting in interpretation is also evidence which can give rise to rectification. Claimants can ask for both.

But the order for rectification is rare. The reason for this is the necessity of promoting certainty. In The Olympic Pride Mustill LJ remarked,

The Court is reluctant to allow a party of full capacity who has signed a document with opportunity of inspection, to say afterwards that it is not what he meant. Otherwise, certainty and ready enforceability would be hindered by constant attempts to cloud the issue by reference to pre-contractual negotiations. These considerations apply with particular force in the field of commerce, where certainty is so important. Various expressions have been employed in the reported cases to describe the standard of proof required of the person who seeks rectification. Counsel in the present case were agreed that the standard can adequately be stated by saying that the Court must be "sure" of the mistake, and of the existence of a prior agreement or common intention before granting the remedy.

Generally, a unilateral mistake by itself is not enough to win an order. An exception, however, is made where it is proven beyond reasonable doubt that one party is aware of the other's mistake and idly stands by as the wrong details are recorded. The conduct must be unconscionable, perhaps by diverting one's attention with false and misleading leading statements, but not amounting to a mistake caused by misrepresentation. So for instance, in George Wimpey UK (Ltd) v VI Construction Ltd a land buyer misunderstood the formula for assessing extra payments if the sale price of flats exceeded a particular figure. But it was not shown that any dishonesty was involved on the part of the seller, and so no rectification was granted.

Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd [1953] 2 QB 450
Joscelyne v Nissen [1970] 2 QB 86, a father agreed with his daughter that she would buy his business and in return pay his home gas, electricity and coal bills. The contract did not express this ‘continuing common intention’. Russell, Sachs and Phillimore LJJ held that there could be rectification, because there was ‘convincing proof’ (98) of the intention.

Exclusion clauses

In order to tackle the unfairness that can result from the use of exclusion clauses, courts have a variety of tools at their disposal. They can,

choose to not incorporate a term, e.g. Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd
interpret a clause restrictively, e.g. Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd
restrict its effect through construction with an implied term, e.g. Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority
apply the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
apply the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999

But before 1977, legislation to directly regulate unfair terms did not exist, and jurisprudence on implied terms was underdeveloped. Even now, with one notable exception, the courts have not accepted that they have any inherent jurisdiction to control unfair terms. It is only under legislation that authority appears to exist. This meant that modes of interpretation were much more important to control unfair terms. In Gillespie Bros v Roy Bowles Ltd Lord Denning remarked,

judges have… time after time, sanctioned a departure from the ordinary meaning. They have done it under the guise of ‘construing’ the clause. They assume that the party cannot have intended anything so unreasonable. So they construe the clause ‘strictly’. They cut down the ordinary meaning of the words and reduce them to reasonable proportions. They use all their skill and art to that end.

But apart from Lord Denning, courts are still unwilling to reserve for themselves an explicit role to regulate contractual terms that could result in manifest unfairness. They have left the job to Parliament.

Contra proferentem

Contra proferentem means an exclusion clause is interpreted strictly against the party seeking to rely on it, so any ambiguity is resolved against them. As a mode of interpretation it is used particularly against exclusion clauses for negligence on the basis that the courts regard it as inherently unlikely that one party will agree to allow the other contracting party to exclude liability for his own negligence. However, since the enactment of UCTA 1977, the extent to which courts have employed the contra proferentem rule has waned. There has not been such a need to "interpret the contract out" of unfairness.

Wallis, Son and Wells v Pratt and Haynes [1911] AC 394
A seed sale contract clause said the sellers gave ‘no warranty express or implied’ as to the seeds’ description. The seeds did not match the description.
Held, that the clause only applied to a warranty, and the description was actually a condition of the contract.

Andrews Bros (Bournemouth) Ltd v Singer and Co Ltd [1934] 1 KB 17
In a contract for ‘new Singer cars’ the clause was ‘all conditions, warranties and liabilities implied by statute, common law or otherwise are excluded.’ One car delivered was used.
Greer LJ noted they were probably trying to avoid Wallis but the defendants had forgotten about express terms. Here an express term was broken.

BCCI SA v Ali [2001] UKHL 8, Lord Hoffmann [60] (dissenting), the doctrine ‘is a desperate remedy, to be invoked only if it is necessary to remedy a widespread injunstice.’ So contra proferentum should only operate where there is real ambiguity.
Alderslade v Hendon Laundry Ltd [1945] KB 189
Ten large handkerchiefs were lost by the laundry. ‘The maximum amount allowed for lost or damaged articles is twenty times the charge made for laundering.’ That was 11s 5d. The cost of the handkerchiefs was £5.
Lord Greene MR held the limitation clause did apply, because although negligence was not mentioned, the defendants could only have been liable for the handkerchiefs if they had been negligent.

Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v The King [1952] AC 192
Clause 8 said the Crown would keep a freight shed in repair, where Canada Steamship’s goods were being stored. This was at St. Gabriel Basin, on a wharf of the inner harbour of Montreal. Unfortunately, while trying to keep the shed in repair with an oxy-acetylene torch, an employee started a fire and burned down the shed. He should have used a hand drill because sparks flew and lit some cotton bales. $533,584 of goods were destroyed, $40,714 belonging to Canada Steamship. Clause 7 said ‘the lessee shall not have any claim… for… damage… to… goods… being… in the said shed.’ Clause 17 said “the lessee shall at all times indemnify ... the lessor from and against all claims ... by whomsoever made ... in any manner based upon, occasioned by or attributable to the execution of these presents, or any action taken or things done ... by virtue hereof, or the exercise in any manner of rights arising hereunder.”
Lord Morton of Henryton for the Privy Council said that clause 7 did not exclude negligence liability in clear enough terms and clause 17 was ambiguous and would be construed against the Crown. The Crown could realistically be said to have been strictly liable for damage to the goods (e.g. by breach of obligation to keep the shed in repair) and were therefore negligence should not be covered. He set out these principles.
(1)	if a clause expressly excludes liability for negligence (or an appropriate synonym ) then effect is given to that. If not,
(2)	ask whether the words are wide enough to exclude negligence and if there is doubt that is resolved against the one relying on the clause. If that is satisfied then
(3)	ask whether the clause could cover some alternative liability other than for negligence, and if it can it covers that.

Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 1 All ER 399
The Raphael [1982] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 42, the above three rules are merely aids to identify the parties’ intentions. You cannot pick ‘fanciful or remote’ alternatives to negligence. Stephenson LJ said if the alternative was sufficiently realistic for the parties to intend the clause to apply that was enough. Lord Donaldson MR and May LJ said the question was ultimately one of construction.
Dorset CC v Southern Felt Roofing Ltd (1989) 48 Build LR 96, an example of passing the second rule only to fall foul of the third. McKendrick, 230, says the rules put conflicting demands on draftsmen because (2) requires a widely drafted clause but (3) says the wider it is drafted the more likely it will exclude something other than negligence.
Schenker & Co (Aust) Pty Ltd v Malpas Equipment and Services Pty Ltd [1990] VR 834, 846, McGarvie J said the rules were contrary to ordinary rules of construction from Darlington Futures.
EE Caledonia Ltd v Orbit Valve Co Europe [1993] 4 All ER 165, 173, Hobhouse J asserted the rules should be applied because draftspeople expect courts to follow established principles, and they can always change their drafting.
These rules on interpretation are like exclusion clauses themselves. The courts send out one message with general principles of construction, and then surreptitiously add another. Fighting fire with fire just fans the flames of confusion. It would be preferable to be forthright and say unreasonable clauses will be struck down, while applying ordinary principles of construction.
Rules also endorsed in The Fiona [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 506 and Shell Chemicals UK Ltd v P&O Roadtanks Ltd [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 297, 301.
McKendrick, 231, suggests that the rules frustrate the intention of parties, especially when they want a clause to cover negligence and something else (e.g. late delivery) and should not be applied, or ‘quietly laid to rest’ (233).
Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v Malvern Fishing Co Ltd [1983] 1 WLR 964: Securicor was watching the Aberdeen fishing fleet's boats in harbour. Clause 2(f) of the contract limited liability to £1000 ‘in respect of any one claim arising from any duty assumed by the company’ and to £10,000 ‘in respect of all and any incidents arising during any consecutive period of twelve months’. A vessel belonging to Ailsa Craig Fishing (ACF) was sunk on New Year’s Eve, 1971, after another boat crashed into it. The judge held Securicor’s negligence caused that and awarded £55,000 in damages. The Court of Appeal reduced it to £1000. Lord Wilberforce held the limitation clause did apply. It is ‘a question of construction of that clause in the context of the contract as a whole.’ Exclusions for negligence are contra proferentum, but a strained construction is no good, the ‘relevant words must be given, if possible, their natural, plain meaning.’
‘Clauses of limitation are not regarded by the courts with the same hostility as clauses of exclusion: this is because they must be related to other contractual terms, in particular to the risks to which the defending party may be exposed, the remuneration which he receives, and possibly also the opportunity of the other party to insure.’
Lord Fraser, the Canada Steamship ‘principles are not applicable in their full rigour when considering the effect of clauses merely limiting liability.’ They are read contra proferentum and must be clear, but that is it. The purpose of the rules for excluding liability is ‘the inherent improbability that the other party… intended to release the proferens from a liability that would otherwise fall upon him. But there is no such high degree of improbability’ for limitations.

Darlington Futures Ltd v Delco Australia Pty Ltd (1987) 61 ALJR 76, refused to differentiate between exclusions and limitations; but it was affirmed by Lord Bridge in George Mitchell Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd
HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank [2003] UKHL 6: Chase Manhattan was acted as leader of a loan syndicate funding five films. An insurance contract between HIH and Chase Manhattan had a ‘truth of statement’ clause. But there was a general exclusion for misrepresentation. It was held not to exclude liability for fraudulent misrepresentation or non-disclosure. But obiter, negligent misrepresentation and non-disclosure were excluded effectively (even though Canada would say it is not, given liability for innocent misrepresentation and non-disclosure was also a possibility).
The paramount task of the court is to give effect to the parties’ intentions, Lord Bingham [6], Lord Hoffmann [61-3], Lord Hobhouse [95] and Lord Scott [116]. But the rules will be retained where they give effect to the parties’ intentions. Lord Bingham [11], ‘There can be no doubting the general authority of [Lord Morton’s principles], which have been applied in many cases, and the approach indicated is sound. The courts should not ordinarily infer that a contracting party has given up rights which the law confers upon him to an extent greater than the contract terms indicate he has chosen to do.’

Fundamental breach

The courts tried to control and strike down very extreme exclusion clauses, those which excluded liability for very serious breaches of contract. The simple rule now, is that it is a matter of construction whether an exclusion clause covers a fundamental breach which occurred. Lord Denning wanted a ‘rule of law’ approach so that liability for some fundamental breaches of contract could never be excluded no matter how widely the clause was drafted. But Suisse Atlantique Societe d’Armament Maritime SA v NV Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale [1967] 1 AC 361 held that the preferable ‘rule of construction’ approach was to interpret the clause against the party relying on it. In Harbutt's Plasticine Ltd v Wayne Tank Pump Co Ltd [1970] 1 QB 477, Lord Denning MR seized on the judgments ambiguities and resurrected his own rule. But that was stopped at last in…

Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827
Clauses which exempt someone from a serious breach, such as for a term going to the contract’s root (Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v Wallis [1956] 1 WLR 936) or a deliberate refusal to perform (Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd v Rambler Cycle Co Ltd [1959] AC 576) must be very expressly excluded.
Curtis v Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co Ltd [1951] 1 KB 805, a party cannot rely on an exclusion clause if he has misrepresented its effect.
Couchman v Hill [1947] KB 554, a written exclusion clause can be overridden by express and inconsistent undertakings at the time of the contract.

There is no general power to strike down unreasonable exclusion clauses.

Exclusion of remedies
Any language purporting to exclude a remedy for breach of contract available under common law or as an extra-contractual remedy is subject to a requirement for clear words to this effect. Lord Diplock established authority for this requirement in the case of Gilbert-Ash (Northern) Ltd. v Modern Engineering (Bristol) Ltd. in 1974:

See also
Contractual terms in English law
Unfair terms in English law
English contract law
Law Commission, Unfair Terms in Contracts (Report No. 292, 2005) produced an Unfair Contract Terms Bill

Notes

References
Articles
G McMeel, ‘Prior Negotiations and Subsequent Conduct - the Next Step Forward for Contractual Interpretation’ (2003) 119 LQR 272
Lord Nicholls, ‘My Kingdom for a Horse: The Meaning of Words’ (2005) 121 LQR 577
Spencer, ‘The Rule in L’Estrange v Graucob’ [1973] CLJ 104
Adams and Brownsword, ‘The Unfair Contract Terms Act: A Decade of Discretion’ (1988) 104 LQR 94

External links

English contract law


Orion Application Server is a Java EE application server developed by Swedish company IronFlare AB, founded by Magnus Stenman and Karl Avedal. First released in 1999, Orion claims to be the first commercially available application server with full Java EE support. The current stable version is 2.0.7 which is compliant with Java EE version 1.3.

Oracle Corporation acquired license to the source of Orion in 2001, and developed it as Oracle Application Server Containers for Java EE (OC4J). OC4J and some of its documentation contains reference to the Orion server. Orion developers were involved in maintenance and enhancements of the source for Oracle.

IronFlare became an official Java EE licensee in 2003, which enabled them to access the Sun Microsystems compatibility testing tools to ensure correct implementation of the Java EE specification by Orion.

Orion is the only product of IronFlare, hence Orion has been marketed more than the company itself.

Version history
 1.5.4, February 2002
 1.6.0, July 2002
 2.0, March 2003
 2.0.1, April 2003
 2.0.2, June 2003
 2.0.3, May 2004
 2.0.4, November 2004
 2.0.5, November 2004
 2.0.6, February 2005
 2.0.7, March 2006 (stable release)
 2.0.8 (experimental build)

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070723181214/http://forums.orionserver.com/viewlist.jsp?name=orion-announce-interest&first=484
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090330131027/http://forums.orionserver.com/

External links
 Oracle licences Orion Server

Java enterprise platform
Oracle Application Server
Oracle software


Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is (also known by its shorter title of Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is) is an 1852 plantation fiction novel written by William L.G. Smith.

Overview
Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is is an example of the anti-Tom or pro-slavery plantation literature genre, novels that were produced following the publication of the bestselling Uncle Tom's Cabin by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe.  Critics felt Stowe's work inaccurately depicted or otherwise exaggerated the evils of slaveholding.

Smith's novel follows the general pattern of most anti-Tom novels: a story of loyal slaves convinced to leave their benign masters by abolitionists who did not really care about their welfare. Like several of the genre, Smith also references Uncle Tom's Cabin throughout, both in title and in plot. Other anti-Tom novels followed similar strategies, such as Uncle Robin, in His Cabin in Virginia, and Tom Without One in Boston (1853).

Smith's novel features a dedication to the southern American statesman Henry Clay from Kentucky, as an advocate of the American Colonization Society, which promoted resettlement of free blacks from the United States to Africa. Clay had died earlier in 1852, the year the novel was published.

Plot
Smith's novel begins on a plantation in Virginia, owned by the benevolent and kindly Mr. Erskine. Among his slaves is Uncle Tom (Smith's version of Stowe's character), who is convinced to run away by an abolitionist schoolteacher from the North.  The teacher is portrayed as envious of the prosperity of Erskine and seeks to ruin him by convincing his slaves to desert the plantation.

As Tom's journey continues, the man realizes that the abolitionists who are "helping" him wish to enslave him for their own ends. After being abused and mistreated in Buffalo, Illinois, after attempting to return home, Tom finally ends up in Canada. Erskine is waiting there to "rescue" Tom from his freedom and to take him back to "good old Virginia".

In other works
The main title of Smith's novel – Life at the South; or "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is – resembles the full title of another anti-Tom novel, Aunt Phillis's Cabin: or, Southern Life As It Is by Mary Henderson Eastman, which was published the same year as Smith's novel.  Eastman's novel was a bestseller, with tens of thousands of copies in circulation.  Both novels likely based their titles on American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, an 1839 volume co-authored by abolitionists Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters.  This had also been a source for some of Stowe's material for Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Life at the South, a Companion to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), was an anti-Tom novel with a similar name, written by C. H. Wiley.

References

External links

Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is at the University of Virginia

1852 American novels
Anti-Tom novels
Slave cabins and quarters in the United States


SM U-132 was a German Type U 127 submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The U-boat was ordered on 27 May 1916 and laid down sometime after that. At the end of World War I, the submarine was only 80 to 90% complete; had she been completed and commissioned into the German Imperial Navy she would have been known as SM U-132. U-132 was broken up in place between 1919 and 1920.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Type U 127 submarines
World War I submarines of Germany
Ships built in Bremen (state)


Place de Wagram is a square in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, at the junction of Boulevard Malesherbes, Boulevard Pereire and Avenue de Wagram. It forms one end of Avenue de Wagram (the other is Place de l'Étoile) and was renamed after the 1809 French victory at Wagram in 1868.

Wagram
Buildings and structures in the 17th arrondissement of Paris


Stob Coire an Laoigh () is a Scottish mountain in The Grey Corries Range, 15 kilometres north east of Kinlochleven.

At an elevation of  Stob Coire an Laoigh is equal 37th in height (with Aonach Beag) on the Munro table.

See also
 Ben Nevis
 List of Munro mountains
 Mountains and hills of Scotland

References

Munros
Mountains and hills of the Central Highlands
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)
One-thousanders of Scotland


Bolen may refer to:

Bolen (surname)
Boleń, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, village in Poland
Boleń, Lubusz Voivodeship, village in Poland
Boleń (bay), a bay in Poland
Bolen, Georgia, a community in the United States
Bolen Building, in Hindman, Kentucky, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Roti bolen, an Indonesian bread


The 2008 New Zealand Grand Prix was an open wheel racing car race held at Manfeild Autocourse, near Feilding on 13 January 2008.

It was the fifty third New Zealand Grand Prix and was open to Toyota Racing Series cars (based on international Formula 3 regulations). The event was also the third race of the third round of the 2007–08 Toyota Racing Series.

Classification

Qualifying

Grand Prix

References

External links
 Toyota Racing Series

New Zealand Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Toyota Racing Series


Minuscule 435 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1031 (in the Soden numbering),  is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. The marginalia are almost complete.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 286 parchment leaves (size ) with some lacunae (Matthew 1:20-2:13; 22:4-19; John 10:14-21:25). The text is written in one column per page, in 24-26 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections, without references to the Eusebian Canons.

It contains some pictures, lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use) and  (lessons) were added at the margin by a later hand.
The text of John 10:14-21:25 was added by a later hand.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is mixed with a predominant element of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Iκ. Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

Scrivener stayed: "It has somewhat unusual text".

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents Kx in Luke 1; 10; 20. It belongs also to the textual cluster 1053.

History

Scrivener and Gregory dated the manuscript to the 10th century. Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 12th or 13th century.

The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).
It was examined by Jac. Dermout. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1891.

285 leaves of the codex are currently housed at the Leiden University Library (Gronovii 137) in Leiden.

The codex is cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (NA26).

1 leaf of the codex (Matthew 22:4-19) was classified as minuscule 576 (Gregory-Aland), before it was identified as a part of the same codex as minuscule 435. Currently it is housed at the Arundel Castle and belongs to the Duke of Norfolk (M.D. 459).

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 J. Dermout, Collectanea Critica in Novum Testementum (1825)

External links

Greek New Testament minuscules
12th-century biblical manuscripts


Place des Ternes is a square in the 8th and 17th arrondissements of Paris, at the junction of Avenue de Wagram, Boulevard de Courcelles, Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré and Avenue des Ternes. It has borne its present name since 1893. In the middle of the square is the Paris Métro Line 2 station Ternes. It is located in the centre of one of the most vibrant communities of the city. Place de Ternes is surrounded by various markets, parks, landmarks and local shops such as the Marché du Poncelet and Parc Monceau.

It takes its name from its neighborhood with the Avenue des Ternes which crossed the old hamlet of Ternes .

Ternes
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 17th arrondissement of Paris


Avenue des Ternes is an avenue in the 17th arrondissement of Paris, between Place des Ternes and boulevard Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. It is  long and  wide and was given its present name in 1863. It is on both sides of place Tristan-Bernard.

Description
Avenue des Ternes begins at the intersection of number 1, Place des Ternes and number 49, avenue de Wagram. It ends at number 59, boulevard Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. It passes through the Quartier des Ternes, after which it was named on 23 May 1863.

Ternes
17th arrondissement of Paris


An Alisol is a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).

Alisols have an argic horizon, which has a high cation exchange capacity. In the subsoil, the base saturation is low.

There exist mixed forms, for example 'Stagnic Alisol', that are mainly Alisol, but also contain components that are found in Stagnosols.

Alisols occur in tropical and humid subtropical climates, but are also found in temperate regions. Compared to Lixisols, Acrisols and Ferralsols, Alisols have much higher-activity clays and are likely to be found on younger terrains or more geologically active regions such as Kyushu and Chugoku.

Agricultural use
Alisols are acidic (increased by limited drainage) and therefore need liming, contain few nutrients and therefore need fertilizer, and do not have much surface coherence so are easily eroded.

Aluminium and manganese toxicity is a very serious problem in Alisols, because at the low pH of these soils such generally insoluble metals become soluble and can poison plants which are not tolerant of them. Encyclopædia Britannica mentions oil palm, cotton, and maize (corn) as crops suitable to be grown on Alisols, though most crops require very intensive fertilisation for long-term success.

References

Article "Alisol" in Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 20 Aug. 2011

Further reading
 W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 7.3.2.

External links
 profile photos (with classification) WRB homepage
 profile photos (with classification) IUSS World of Soils

Pedology
Types of soil


Jose Karingozhackal Mani (born 29 May 1965) is an Indian politician and Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha and former Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from Kerala. He is the son of veteran politician K. M. Mani and the Chairman of Kerala Congress (M).

Political career
He unsuccessfully contested in the parliament election in 2004 from Muvattupuzha constituency, losing to P. C. Thomas. In 2007, he was elected as the General Secretary of Kerala Congress (Mani) party. He won the 2009 Lok Sabha election from the Kottayam constituency, by a margin of more than 70,000 votes over K. Suresh Kurup of CPI(M). He was re-elected in 2014 with a winning margin of 120,599 over Mathew T. Thomas of JD(S).

Jose was a Member of the Lok Sabha Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture for the 15th Lok Sabha. He is the Chairman of Centre for Reform and Research, a youth empowerment society. He is also the President of Vikasana Sena, a youth association associated with Prateeksha Rotary Centre for Mentally Challenged Children.

As Chairman of Kerala Congress (M)
After the death of Kerala Congress (M) chairman K.M Mani, a power struggle erupted in the party between Jose K. Mani faction and P. J. Joseph faction. The Election Commission intervened and ruled in favor of Jose K Mani. Later, the faction led by P.J Joseph merged with Kerala Congress and faction led by Jose K Mani elected K.M Mani's son Jose K Mani as the Chairman of Kerala Congress (M).

Expulsion from UDF
After the death of KM Mani, as per a previous agreement, UDF asked the Mani faction to give up the post of Kottayam District Panchayat presidency which they dismissed. UDF expelled Kerala Congress (M) from the alliance on June 30, 2020 citing the District Panchayat presidency dispute. Later, Jose K. Mani and his party Kerala Congress (M), joined the Left Democratic Front (Kerala) in October 2020.

With Left Democratic Front (2020-Present)
Kerala Congress (M) joined hands with the LDF for the 2020 Kerala local elections held in December and also for the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election. It is alleged that KEC(M) allowed a CPI(M) party member to contest as a KEC(M) candidate in the Piravom (State Assembly constituency). During the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, Jose K. Mani was defeated from Pala constituency for more than 15,000 votes to the UDF candidate Mani C. Kappan.

Personal life
Jose K. Mani was born in a Syrian Catholic family to K. M. Mani and Kuttiyama on 29 May 1965 in Pala, Kerala. Jose did his schooling at St. Thomas Primary School, Pala and Montfort School, Yercaud, where South Indian actor Vikram was his classmate. He attended Loyola College, Chennai for his undergraduate degree in B.Com and then graduated with a M.B.A from PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore.

References

External links
Official Website

|-

India MPs 2009–2014
Malayali politicians
Syro-Malabar Catholics
Politicians from Kottayam
Living people
Lok Sabha members from Kerala
India MPs 2014–2019
1965 births
Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala
Kerala Congress (M) politicians
Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni


Henry Slater (23 February 1855 – 20 November 1916) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire between 1882 and 1887.

Slater was born at Heanor, Derbyshire the son of  James Slater and his wife Elizabeth Baimbridge. He became a coal miner.

He made his cricket debut for Derbyshire in the 1882 season in June against Lancashire in which he took a wicket but scored no runs. His next game was against Nottinghamshire in the 1885 season when again he took a wicket. In the 1886 season he played against MCC and took two catches. He played two first-class games in the 1887 season and took a wicket against Lancashire. He also played two non-status matches that season in one of which he scored 54, a contrast to the low single figures he managed in most of his games Slater was a right-hand batsman and played 9 innings in five first-class matches with a top score of 21 and an average of 5.57. He was a right-arm medium pace bowler and took 3 wickets with an average of 61.66.

Slater  married Sarah Ann Bestwick on 28 December 1878. Their sons Herbert Slater and Archibald Slater both played for Derbyshire. Slater died at Worksop, Nottinghamshire at the age of 61.

References

1855 births
1916 deaths
Derbyshire cricketers
English cricketers
People from Heanor
Cricketers from Derbyshire


Rue de Tilsitt is a street in the 8th and 17th arrondissements of Paris. It is one of two streets which form a circle around the Place de l’Étoile (renamed the Place Charles de Gaulle in 1970) - the other is the Rue de Presbourg. It was named after the Peace of Tilsit by a decree of 2 March 1864 (its spelling with the two final "t"s reflects old German spellings, which tended to double terminal consonants after short vowels).

The Embassy of Belgium in Paris is located on Rue de Tilsitt.

Tilsitt
Tilsitt


Gordon Fung Siu-yuen, QPM, CPM, SBS is a retired Hong Kong police officer. He was awarded the Silver Bauhinia Star in recognition of his long and exemplary service to the Government of Hong Kong.

Gordon Fung Siu-yuen served on the Hong Kong Police Force for 36 years. He retired in 2008 as the Deputy Police Commissioner & Director of Management Services.

External links
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200102/22/eng20010222_63082.html
http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/622/news1.h
http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/874/eng/p01.htm
http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/667/018_e.htm
http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/610/enews2.html

Year of birth missing (living people)
Hong Kong police officers
Hong Kong civil servants
Living people
Hong Kong recipients of the Queen's Police Medal
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Police officers from British Hong Kong


George Lane may refer to:
 George Lane, better known as Clubfoot George, alleged outlaw who was hanged on January 13, 1864, in Virginia City, Montana
 George Lane (British Army officer) (1915–2010), Hungarian-born British World War II commando
 George Lane (mental calculator) (born 1964), mental calculator and author
 George Lane (minister) (1842–1904), inaugural president-general of the Methodist Church of Australasia
 George Lane (musician), pseudonym for Eric Dolphy (1928–1964) on John Coltrane's Olé Coltrane album
 George Lane (politician) (1856–1925), Canadian cattle baron and legislator
 George Lane (technical analyst) (1921–2004), American technical analyst; developer of the stochastic oscillator model
 George Washington Lane (1806–1863), U.S. federal judge
 George Lane (cricketer) (1852–1917), English cricketer
 George Martin Lane (1823–1897), American scholar
 George Sherman Lane (1902–1981), American linguist
 George Lane, 1st Viscount Lanesborough (1620s–1683), Irish politician
 George W. Lane Jr. (1880–1963), American banker and political candidate
 George M. Lane (diplomat), U.S. ambassador to Yemen
 Chappy Lane (George M. Lane, died 1901), baseball player
 George A. Lane, British historian

See also
George Lane-Fox (disambiguation)


Brodzki (feminine: Brodzka, plural: Brodzcy) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ewa Brodzka (born 1959), Polish film-maker
Guillaume Brodzki (born 1977), Contemporary French Poet
Marek Brodzki (born 1960), Polish film director and television director
Nicholas Brodzsky (1905–1958) Russian-born film music composer

See also
Bródzki
Brodsky

Polish-language surnames


Leonard Henry Piper (born 8 August 1977) is an English former professional footballer. Born in London, he began his career with Wimbledon but in 1996 moved to Gillingham for a transfer fee of £40,000. He made 24 appearances for the Kent-based club, including 20 in The Football League, before dropping into non-league football after suffering a broken leg.  He proved a fans' favourite at St Albans City, making 98 appearances and scoring 28 goals in just two seasons at the club, before moving to Farnborough in July 2000 where he made 80 appearances in the Football Conference.  He later played for Dagenham & Redbridge and Margate. In 2009, he signed for Whyteleafe.

References

External links
Soccerbase listing

1977 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Wimbledon F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Welling United F.C. players
Whyteleafe F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Greater London


Rue de Presbourg is a street in the 8th and 16th arrondissements of Paris, France. Since 1864 it has been named after Napoleon's 1805 diplomatic success at the Peace of Pressburg and, with the Rue de Tilsitt (named after another such success in 1807), it forms a circle around Place Charles de Gaulle.

Presbourg
Presbourg


County Tipperary was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until its abolition on 1 January 1801.

Members of Parliament
 1560: Patrick Sherlock and Oliver Grace
 1585: Redmond Everard and James Butler
 1613–1615 Sir John Everard and Walter Butler (inherited peerage in 1614 and replaced by John Tobyn)
 1634–1635 Thomas Butler and Tibbett Purcell
 1661–1666 Thomas Sadlier and Bartholomew Fowke

1689–1801

Notes

References

Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Historic constituencies in County Tipperary
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


Thake v Maurice [1986] QB 644 is an English contract law case, concerning the standard of care that must be exercised by surgeons in performing operations.

Facts
Mr Thake was a railway guard and they were not financially comfortable with five children already (two grown up), living in a three-bedroom council house. Mrs Thake wanted to be sterilised, but the NHS waiting list was long and they could not afford to go private. Their doctor suggested Mr Thake have a vasectomy and arranged for them to see Mr Maurice. He did not advise Mrs Thake that there was a small chance that after a vasectomy there could be recanalisation and Mr Thake would become fertile again. Mrs Thake ignored the signs of pregnancy because she thought it had worked, and then only realised when she was five months pregnant. She wanted an abortion, but it was too late. A healthy child was born called Samantha. They sued in contract and tort for damages.

Judgment
The Court of Appeal held that a normal, reasonable person knows that medical operations are not always successful, and that simply by promising to do an operation, there is no promise for success. Speaking about what an ordinary person would think, Nourse LJ said "it does seem to me to be reasonable to credit him with the more general knowledge that in medical science all things, or nearly all things are uncertain." All agreed that as a matter of tort, failure to warn about a small risk of failure amounted to a breach of the duty of care between surgeon and patient. The measure of tort damages were less than potential contract damages of £2500, being only £1500 to take account of the fact that she did not have the pain of an abortion. But there would be no damages for breach of contract, to put the patient in the position as if the contract had been successful, or in other words, to reimburse for the expenses of bringing up the child.

Kerr LJ concluded his judgment as follows. He referred to Lord Denning MR in Greaves & Co (Contractors) Ltd v Baynham Meikle & Partners when he said, “The surgeon does not warrant that he will cure the patient.”

Neill LJ said,

So stressing that the operation was ‘irreversible’ did not amount to giving a guarantee that it would work, no binding promise.

See also
Interpreting contracts in English law

Notes

References
Hugh Collins, The Law of Contract (4th edn CUP, Cambridge 2003) 338
HG Bishop, WD Beale and MP Furmston, Contract: Cases and Materials (5th edn OUP, Oxford 2007) 330

English interpretation case law
English implied terms case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases
1986 in United Kingdom case law


Ben Rubin is an American Magic: The Gathering player. Rubin played his first Pro Tour in Los Angeles at the age of 15, making it to the finals of the tournament, where he lost to David Price. He is the only player who has won two Masters tournaments. Ben Rubin also made the Top 8 of four Pro Tours and six Grand Prixs, winning two of the Grand Prix. In 2008 he was inducted into the Magic: The Gathering Hall of Fame. Despite having not attended many Pro Tours for several years, in 2015 Rubin returned to the game by playing at Pro Tour Dragons of Tarkir.

Accomplishments

References

Living people
American Magic: The Gathering players
People from San Diego
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Women's Individual Pursuit was one of the 9 women's events at the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Pruszków, Poland on 25 March 2009.

21 Cyclists from 19 countries participated in the contest. After the qualification, the fastest 2 riders advanced to the Final and the 3rd and 4th best riders raced for the bronze medal.

The qualification took place on 25 March and the Finals later the same day.

World record

Qualifying

Finals

References

Women's individual pursuit
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's individual pursuit


Murphy Lake is a lake at Moultrie in Colquitt County, Georgia, United States. Its surface area is .

It is a location for bass, channel catfish and bream fishing.

References

Murphy
Bodies of water of Colquitt County, Georgia


Dadeus Grings (born 7 September 1936) is a Roman Catholic bishop who is the current ordinary of the archdiocese of Porto Alegre. He also serves as the chancellor of the Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Grings was ordained a priest on 23 December 1961. He was appointed bishop of São João da Boa Vista on 23 January 1991. He was appointed as Coadjutor Archbishop of Porto Alegre on 12 April 2000, and succeeded to the position of Archbishop on acceptance of the resignation of his predecessor, the late Archbishop Altamiro Rossato, C.Ss.R., on 7 February 2001. He was succeeded at some point in 2013 by Archbishop Jaime Spengler.

The Archbishop Emeritus is the author of 27 books.

Remarks on 4 May 2010

International controversy was stirred up in connection with remarks by Archbishop Emeritus Grings on 4 May 2010 when speaking of accusations of paedophilia against priests. He said that society as a whole is paedophile and that sexual abuse of children and adolescents is more common among doctors, teachers and businessmen than among priests. The problem, he said, is that today's society is paedophile, with the result that people easily fall into it, and the fact that it is being denounced is a good sign. In his view, all forms of sexuality were being banalized, and the acquisition of legal rights by homosexuals was likely to lead to recognition of the rights of paedophiles. Grings stated clearly that sexual abuse of children and adolescents is a crime and should be punished, but he admitted that, while the Church does adopt internal measures against the guilty, it finds it difficult to denounce its own members to the police. It is unjust, he said, to present paedophilia as a matter that concerns only the Church, when in Germany it had been found that only 0.2% of child abuse was committed by priests. He also said that homosexuality is innate in few cases and generally results from failure to overcome an adolescent experimental stage. A spokesman for the Bishops Conference distanced himself from the Archbishop's remark that society as a whole is paedophile, while English-language reports misinterpreted his admission that the Church finds it difficult to denounce priests to the police as if he had said that "internal punishment of priests guilty of abuse was sufficient and that police should not be involved".

References

1936 births
Living people
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Brazil
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Brazil
Roman Catholic bishops of Porto Alegre
Roman Catholic archbishops of Porto Alegre
Roman Catholic bishops of São João da Boa Vista


Padure Manor () is a manor house built in empire style located about 200 metres from a large pond formed by the waters of the Venta river, in Padure Parish, Kuldīga Municipality, Latvia. Used as a war hospital during the German occupation in the Second World War, it housed the Padure parish library until 2005.

History
The manor house was erected in the late 1830s to the early 1840s. The first owner was the Scottish merchant John Louis Balfour who acquired the property from the von Stempel family, who owned the Padure estate and Turkalne Manor. His eldest son, Alfon Balfour, managed the estate until the beginning of the 1920s. After the Latvian Agrarian Reform was instituted, from 1922 the manor was managed by the government of Latvia.

From 1 April 1923, a school was opened. During the German occupation the manor served as a war hospital and after 1945, the buildings of the estate began to be used as an agricultural experimental station. Until 2005, the manor housed the Padure parish library.

See also
 List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia

References

Manor houses in Latvia
Kuldīga Municipality


The 1938 Jersey Airport disaster occurred at 10:50am on Friday 4 November 1938 when the Jersey Airways de Havilland D.H.86 airliner St Catherine's Bay (G-ACZN) crashed in the parish of Saint Brelade, 500 yards east of Jersey Airport, killing the pilot and all twelve passengers on board as well as farm hand Edmund Le Cornu, who was working on the ground. In terms of loss of life, it was the worst crash of a rigid aircraft on British territory to date and the second-worst overall crash of a British rigid aircraft after the crash of an Imperial Airways airliner in Belgium in 1933 (in which 15 people died).

The airliner had just taken off from Jersey en route to Southampton. The sky was overcast, with a cloud base of 120–150 feet. The aircraft had been fully inspected and was not carrying a full load.

The Air Ministry investigation concluded that the accident was due to pilot error. The pilot had made a climbing turn into the clouds and inadvertently allowed the aircraft to sideslip when he was still too close to the ground to avert disaster. The aircraft had exploded and several bodies had been thrown up to 40 feet away.

Among the dead were the daughter, son-in-law and baby granddaughter of surveyor and aerial archaeology pioneer G. A. Beazeley.

Footnotes

References
"Jersey Air Disaster Inquest", The Times, 7 November 1938
"Crash that Caused 14 Deaths 'An Error of Airmanship'", The Times, 19 April 1939
From Sea Eagle to Flamingo: a history of Channel Island Airways, Neville Doyle, 1991 (Self Publishing Association)

External links
Details on PlaneCrashInfo.com

Jersey Airways accidents and incidents
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1938
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
History of Jersey
Aviation in Jersey
Saint Brélade
1938 in Jersey
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Channel Islands
November 1938 events
Disasters in Jersey


Pulse 87 is an online radio station with an electronic dance music music format. It started as the audio feed of a channel-6 "Franken-FM" television station in New York City, audible on traditional FM radios at 87.7, before moving solely to streaming online.

History
The brand was formerly owned and operated by Mega Media, which it operated under a leasing deal with WNYZ-LP, broadcasting at 87.7 (channel 6), with plans to expand the format to other cities only to incur financial losses and disputes over the business arrangements, leading to the station's demise in 2009. In February 2010, the format was resurrected as an online non-profit Internet station under new management following the bankruptcy and liquidation of its former owner.

Return to terrestrial radio
On June 24, 2014, LKCM Broadcasting, the owners of KYLI in Las Vegas, adopted the "Pulse 87" brand, replacing the interactive Jelli format it had used since 2011. This brought the Pulse brand back to radio for the first time since its 2009 demise. The Pulse 87 brand continued online. KYLI was sold in August 2016 and changed formats the following October.

On October 24, 2014, Metro Radio announced that its FM translator, W249BE Alexandria, Virginia, would become the second station to adopt the Pulse 87 brand. The station, which simulcasts Spanish AC WTNT, covers the Washington metropolitan area. The move was the first time since 2009, when it attempted to bring the format to the market as the proposed format for WDCN-LP until it was cancelled at the last minute by the station's owners. However, the plans for W249BE fell through after it was announced.

On January 8, 2018, Entercom (now called Audacy Inc.) entered a deal to bring Pulse 87 to Los Angeles as a HD2 subchannel of the top 40/contemporary hit radio KAMP-FM, billing it as "Pulse 97.1 HD2". The deal was expanded to Entercom's Radio.com platform the following March.

By October 2018, KAMP-HD2 was no longer a simulcast of Pulse 87.

References

External links

Internet radio stations in the United States
Dance radio stations
Radio stations established in 2008


Gretel "Greti" Oberhollenzer-Rogger, née Rogger (born 1958), is an Italian ski mountaineer. She and her husband are dairymen of the Rifugio Pian di Cengia aka Büllelejochhütte near Sexten.

Selected results
 2003:
 4th, Pierra Menta (together with Astrid Renzler)
 2004:
 1st, Dolomiti Cup team (together with Astrid Renzler)
 2nd, World Cup team (together with Astrid Renzler)
 7th, World Championship team race (together with Astrid Renzler)

References

1958 births
Living people
Italian female ski mountaineers
People from Sexten


The Saryu class of offshore patrol vessels (OPV) are advanced patrol ships of the Indian Navy built at the Goa Shipyard Limited. These vessels are capable of ocean surveillance and monitoring and can maintain control of shipping lanes. They can also be deployed to provide security to offshore oil installations, and other naval assets.

Design and development
Saryu class was derived from Sankalp-class vessels built for the Indian Coast Guard. The ships were designed by GSL's in-house design team and built at a cost of . The vessels are powered by two Pielstick diesel engines rated at a combined , each driving a Wärtsilä WCP 5C10 controllable-pitch propeller through a reduction gearbox.

Construction
The first ship,  was launched on 30 March 2009 in the presence of Chief of the Naval Staff, Admiral Sureesh Mehta. INS Saryu was handed over to the Navy on 21 December 2012 and was commissioned on 21 January 2013 at Vasco da Gama, by the Commander-in-Chief of Andaman and Nicobar Command, Air Marshal P K Roy.

The second ship, INS Sunayna, was handed over to the Indian Navy on 2 September 2013; her first CO was to be Cdr Aftab Ahmed Khan. The three remaining ships were delivered subsequently with an interval of six months each. INS Sumitra, the fourth and last OPV, was delivered to the Navy by GSL on 16 July 2014. Two ships were delivered to Sri Lankan Navy in 2017 and 2018.

Ships of the class

Operators

Gallery

See also
List of active Indian Navy ships
List of Sri Lanka Navy equipment

References

External links

 Saryu Class Offshore Patrol Vessel
 Images from INS Saryu launch ceremony
 Graphical Image of NPOV

Patrol vessels of the Indian Navy
Patrol ship classes
Ships built in India
Saryu-class patrol vessels


Shaune Corrigan (born 7 October 1987) is a rugby league footballer who captains The Entrance Tigers in the NSW Cup. He plays as  or er. He previously played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs.

Background
Corrigan was born in Gosford, New South Wales, Australia. He has natural red hair and has his entire back tattooed with the southern cross

Playing career
Corrigan, whilst playing for the North Sydney Bears in the NSW Cup competition was selected in the annual NSW Residents clash against Queensland residents in July 2013, playing and scoring a try in the curtain-raiser to the State of Origin decider.

Corrigan made a total of 26 appearances for South Sydney in the NRL and 63 appearances for North Sydney in the NSW Cup.

References

External links
Shaune Corrigan Official Player Profile
Shaune CORRIGAN at rleague.com
NRL profile

1987 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
North Sydney Bears NSW Cup players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league wingers
Rugby league players from Gosford, New South Wales
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Wyong Roos players


Jama Masjid Mosque is the oldest, major and prevalent mosque in Furus, in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, India. Jaama Masjid, is a reference to the weekly Friday noon congregation prayers of Muslims, which are usually done at a mosque, the "congregational mosque" or "jaama masjid".

Structure
The courtyard of the mosque can hold up to five hundred worshipers. Jama Masjid Mosque is a very simple, bold, vast and majestic in its expression. It is crowned by large dome made up of masonry cement. There is inscriptions in the mosque on the gateway.

Mosques in Maharashtra
Furus


Sir Harley Hugh Dalrymple-Hay (1861-1940) was an engineer working on underground railways in and around London, England. He was awarded the Telford Medal in gold by the Institution of Civil Engineers for his paper on the Waterloo and City Railway.

Life and career
Harley Dalrymple-Hay was educated privately in Edinburgh and was articled as pupil to the Chief Engineer of the Midland Railway, working on the lines being built by that company in South Wales. From there he moved on to the drawing office of the London & South Western Railway. In 1894 he was appointed resident engineer on the Waterloo & City Railway, and after this he continued to work on various underground railway lines. He worked on the Bakerloo line, the Hampstead tube and the Piccadilly line, and was consulting engineer to the London Post Office Railway which was completed in 1928.

After World War I he was involved in an extensive programme of station reconstruction on the London Underground system, including the replacement of many lifts with escalators.
He died in 1940.

References

1861 births
1940 deaths
English civil engineers
British railway civil engineers
People associated with transport in London
People from Chorleywood
British people in colonial India
People from the Bengal Presidency


Leonard St Clair Morgan (19 September 1879 – 5 July 1947) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL) at the turn of the 20th century.

References

External links

1879 births
1947 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Collingwood Football Club players
Ballarat Imperial Football Club players
People from Hamilton, Victoria


Badzyn may refer to:
Bądzyn, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
Bądzyń, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland


Eplivanserin (SR-46,349; planned trade name Ciltyri) was an experimental drug for the treatment of insomnia which was being developed by Sanofi Aventis.

Sanofi Aventis announced in December 2009 that it was withdrawing its application for approval of eplivanserin from both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency.

Mechanism of action

Eplivanserin is an inverse agonist on the serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT2A. In contrast to older sedating drugs acting on 5-HT2A receptors (e.g., mirtazapine, clozapine, risperidone), eplivanserin has practically no affinity to dopamine, histamine and adrenergic receptors.

Study results

In a placebo controlled Phase II clinical trial with 351 subjects, eplivanserin reduced the sleep latency by 39 minutes (versus 26 minutes under placebo).

Synthesis

The condensation between 2'-Fluoroacetophenone [445-27-2] (5) & 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [123-08-0] (6) give a chalcone intermediate (also an enone), i.e. CID:53982926 (7).

(2-chloroethyl)dimethylamine (CDMA) & acetone oxime are reacted together to give dimethylaminoacetoxime (DMA acetoxime), CID:16641114 (3).

Convergent synthesis gives the product as a mixture of isomers.

See also
 Pimavanserin
 Volinanserin

References

Hypnotics
Phenols
Fluoroarenes
Ketoximes
Dimethylamino compounds


Steven James Biggins (born 20 June 1954) is an English former footballer. A forward, he scored 66 goals in 237 league games in a fifteen-year career in the Football League.

Starting at Hednesford Town, he signed to Shrewsbury Town for £6,000 in December 1977, and helped the "Shrews" to the Third Division title in 1978–79, and also featured in Welsh Cup finals in 1979 and 1980. Transferring to Oxford United for £8,000 in July 1982, he helped the club to the Third Division title in 1983–84 and the Second Division title in 1984–85. He moved on to Derby County in October 1984. He had brief loan spells with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Port Vale, as both Derby and Port Vale won promotion in 1985–86. He spent a brief period playing in Sweden for Trelleborg, before returning to England to play for Exeter City and non-League sides Telford United and Worcester City.

Career
Biggins was a pupil at the Shire Oak Grammar School (now Shire Oak Academy) in Walsall Wood, West Midlands. He began his career at non-League Hednesford Town before being signed by Third Division side Shrewsbury Town for £6,000 in December 1977. The Gay Meadow club went on to finish the 1977–78 campaign in 11th place. New manager Graham Turner then led the "Shrews" to the Welsh Cup and the Third Division title in 1978–79, they had though finished just two points ahead of fourth placed Gillingham. They retained their Second Division status in 1979–80 with a comfortable mid-table finish. They also competed in the final of Welsh Cup, losing 5–1 to Newport County. Shrewsbury dropped to 14th in 1980–81, just three points above the relegation zone. They dropped to 18th in 1981–82, two places and two points above the drop.

He was sold to Third Division club Oxford United for £8,000 in July 1982. The "Yellows" finished fifth in 1982–83, two places and two points short of promotion. Biggins was their leading goalscorer with 24 goals in all competitions in 1983–84, as manager Jim Smith led Oxford to the Third Division title. However, Biggins soon moved on again, joining Derby County in October 1984; Oxford would go on to finish top of the Second Division. Despite moving back down to the third tier, the striker was unable to hold down a place under Arthur Cox at the Baseball Ground. The "Rams" finished seventh in 1984–85, and Biggins also had a brief spell on loan at Wolverhampton Wanderers. Derby won promotion in third place in 1985–86, though he spent a four-game period on loan at Port Vale, who John Rudge led to promotion out of the Fourth Division that season.

He had a short spell with Trelleborg in Sweden, before returning to England to sign with Exeter City in October 1986. He played 14 Fourth Division games for the "Grecians" in 1986–87, playing his last game in the Football League in January. He moved on to Telford United, scoring 20 goals for the Conference side in 1987–88. He later played for non-league side Worcester City and Ludlow Town. He later served as assistant manager of Ellesmere Rangers.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Shrewsbury Town
Football League Third Division: 1978–79
Welsh Cup: 1979; runner-up: 1980

Oxford United
Football League Third Division:  1983–84
Football League Second Division:  1984–85

Derby County
Football League Third Division third-place promotion: 1985–86

Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1985–86

References

1954 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lichfield
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Hednesford Town F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Oxford United F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Trelleborgs FF players
Exeter City F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Worcester City F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players


The New Zealand War Medal was a campaign medal authorised in 1869  to be awarded to Imperial and Colonial troops involved in the New Zealand Wars of 1845–47 and 1860–66. The New Zealand Wars were previously known as the Māori Wars, Anglo-Māori Wars or Land Wars.

Imperial forces included British Army, Royal Navy and Royal Marines. The Colonial militia were recruited both locally and in Australia, and included mobile forces like Von Tempsky's Forest Rangers and the Arawa Flying Column from a Māori tribe for the guerrilla war in the New Zealand bush.

For Imperial forces, it was awarded to those "who actually served in the field against the enemy in New Zealand".

The medal was granted to Colonial Forces and Friendly natives who had "been actually under fire, or otherwise conspicuous for distinguished service in the field," and also to nearest relatives of anyone killed in action or who had died of his wounds. Claims from Colonial forces were closed in 1900 but reopened in 1910 and 1913 in association with land claims for service in the war. Claims were finally closed for Europeans in 1915 and Māori in 1916.

Description
The medal is silver, circular,  in diameter and with a straight bar suspender ornamented with New Zealand fern fronds. The medal was designed by the brothers  A. B. and J. S. Wyon.

The obverse shows an effigy of Queen Victoria, facing left and wearing a diadem and veil, with the legend: VICTORIA D: G: BRITT : REG : F : D : The bust is similar to, but larger than, that on the Abyssinian Medal issued in the same year.

The reverse has a laurel wreath containing the year or years between which the recipient served, with the words NEW ZEALAND above and VIRTUTIS HONOR (Honour of valour) below. Generally Colonial militia medals are undated, as were some to Imperial forces. The year(s) of service, within the period 1845 to 1866, were shown over three lines, for example: 1863 / to / 1865. Uniquely for a British campaign medal, the years are die struck in the centre. The longest period shown on an awarded medal was "1846 to 1865", of which only one was bestowed, while unawarded specimens are known bearing the dates "1846 to 1866".

The rim of the medal was impressed with the recipient's number, name, regiment and – for those above private – their rank. Some medals with an undated reverse also have the relevant years of service engraved on the rim.

The ribbon,  wide, is of blue with a 10 mm red centre stripe.

No clasps (bars) were issued.

Number issued
The number struck was 1,957 (Imperial government) and 2,500 (Colonial government), total 4,457, of which about 4,400 were issued.The New Zealand Ministry of Defence retained a few unclaimed medals, some of which they sold in the 1960s marked "specimen" and with the name of the recipient obliterated.

See also

References

External links

British campaign medals
New Zealand Wars
New Zealand campaign medals


The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies is a bi-national United States Department of Defense and Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany) security and defense studies institute. When the Marshall Center was founded in 1993, its mission was to create a more stable security environment by advancing democratic institutions and relationships, especially in the field of defense; promoting active, peaceful, security cooperation; and enhancing enduring partnerships among the nations of North America, Europe, and Eurasia. As of Oct. 1, 2014, the Marshall Center's regional mission changed to a transnational one based on an Office of the Secretary of Defense directive to change from a European to a global participants' base.

The current mission of the Marshall Center is to enable solutions to regional and transnational security challenges through capacity building, access, and a globally connected network.
The Marshall Center conducts a variety of unique programs involving to date more than 14,000 officials from more than 157 countries.

Most programs are taught in English.

The Marshall Center is named after American statesman and soldier Gen. George Catlett Marshall, Jr. After World War II and in his service as Secretary of State, Marshall advocated a significant U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recovery, often referred to as the Marshall Plan – a plan that saved millions of Europeans from starvation and Soviet domination.

The Marshall Center is co-located with the Armed Forces Recreation Center's Edelweiss Lodge and Resort, a U.S. Department of Defense owned hotel in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. Located in the Bavarian Alps near the Austrian border, the Edelweiss opened in September 2004. Both the Marshall Center and the Edelweiss are supported by the U.S. Army Garrison Bavaria-Military Community Garmisch, which falls under Army Installation Management Command-Europe.

Background
After the failed August 1991 coup attempt in Russia, defense specialists identified the need for an institution such as the Marshall Center. The United States European Command (EUCOM) began to develop proposals to expand defense and security contacts with the emerging democracies of Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia in order to positively influence the development of security structures appropriate for democratic states. In February 1992, a proposal was submitted to then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell to use the facilities of the former U.S. Army Russia Institute (USARI) to create a European center for security studies in order to rapidly develop opportunities to work with European and Eurasian defense establishments. He endorsed the plan on March 17, 1992. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Paul Wolfowitz approved the proposal that summer, and the staffs began developing a charter for the proposed center.

Former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney signed DOD Directive 5200.34 in November 1992, establishing the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies as an element of EUCOM under the authority, direction and control of the EUCOM commander. Then EUCOM Commander Gen. John M. Shalikashvili hosted the June 5, 1993, ceremony officially dedicating the Marshall Center in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The center was given the charter of stabilizing and thereby strengthening post-Cold War Europe. Secretary of Defense Les Aspin and German Minister of Defense Volker Rühe were the keynote speakers. The date of the Marshall Center’s Inauguration Day Ceremony on June 5 was specifically chosen to commemorate the date of the historic speech by then Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who proposed a radical plan to assist postwar Europe in a Harvard University address June 5, 1947. This plan, the Economic Recovery Program or Marshall Plan, would be signed into law less than one year later and would shape the success of postwar Europe.

The Marshall Center became a German-American partnership when a memorandum of agreement was signed on December 2, 1994, between headquarters EUCOM and the German Ministry of Defense. An updated MoA with Germany that increased German contributions to the Marshall Center was signed in October 2016.

The Marshall Center is one of five DOD regional centers of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency.

The facilities of the Marshall Center encompass the Sheridan Kaserne and Artillery, formerly the Krafft von Dellmensingen Kaserne. Sheridan Kaserne, originally named Jaeger Kaserne, was built in 1937 to house German military (Wehrmacht) troops. The U.S. Army first used the installation in 1945 as a prisoner-of-war camp for officers. The headquarters of the First Mountain Division of the new German Army was located on the Kasernes from 1960 to 1992. The installation became home to the Garmisch U.S. military community, the headquarters of the Armed Forces Recreation Center and the former U.S. Army Russia Institute (USARI) in May 1964. In June 1992, the USARI facilities transferred to the newly formed George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies.

College of International and Security Studies
The Marshall Center’s College of International and Security Studies offers 12 resident courses, and outreach and alumni events that examine transnational, regional and international security issues. Due to the COVID Pandemic, the Marshall Center also now offers virtual events. The Marshall Center Website lists resident, outreach and alumni events.

In cooperation with Bundeswehr University of Munich, the Marshall Center also has a Master of Arts in International Security Studies (MISS).[24] Visit the public website at marshallcenter.org for information and eligibility requirements.
The CISS faculty are civilian academics, policy practitioners, and active duty U.S., German, and allied military.
As of February 2021, CISS resident programs are listed below. For an updated listing and course description, visit the public website at marshallcenter.org.

 Program on Countering Transnational Organized Crime (CTOC)
 Program on Countering Transnational Organized Crime International Forum (CTOC-IF)
 European African Security Seminar (EASS)
 European Security Seminar-East (ESS-E)
 European Security Seminar-EU-NATO Cooperation (ESS-EU/NATO)
 European Security Seminar-North (ESS-N)
 German-American Regional Security Seminar (GARSS)
 Program on Applied Security Studies Main Modules Course (PASS MMC)
 Program on Cyber Security Studies (PCSS)
 Program on Terrorism and Security Studies (PTSS)
 Senior Executive Seminar (SES)
 Seminar on Regional Security (SRS)

The Marshall Center's Alumni Office works to support and expand its network of more than 14,000 alumni from 157 nations through dialogue and information exchange, continuing professional development opportunities, and collaboration with graduates who seek to uphold its ideals and vision. NOTE: This alumni count is updated as of February 2021. This network is supported through a program including in-country events, web-based professional involvement and opportunities for selected graduates.

Graduates have access to many resources via the Marshall Center’s alumni portal "GlobalNET." This password-protected website includes access to many commercial databases of periodical and scholarly journal articles. The alumni portal also makes graduate essays and papers available, hosts discussion forums about the key security challenges of the day, and links to other materials of topical interest to alumni. The portal also provides a searchable directory of alumni maintained by the Graduate Support Program as a networking tool for security professionals.  In addition, the GlobalNET portal hosts all the Marshall Center resident course programs and content.

Special opportunities for selected graduates include the opportunity for practitioners or experts in specific security fields to return to Garmisch as part of a one-week Community of Interest event, to focus and collaborate with other graduates in their specific areas of expertise. Additionally, graduates with exceptional scholarly and writing skills can return for up to five weeks as a Marshall Center Scholar to conduct research under the sponsorship of Marshall Center faculty.

The Marshall Center Research Library advances and supports the learning, teaching, and research goals of participants, faculty and alumni. The library’s collection primarily focuses on global security, terrorism, cyberterrorism, international relations and strategic communication, as well as peace and stabilization operations, including crisis and conflict management. The library houses more than 65,000 volumes of books and multimedia in English, German and Russian, and subscribes to more than 150 journals. They also offer access to a much larger collection by way of e-books, e-journals, online databases and other electronic resources that can be accessed from anywhere on-campus, or via the GlobalNET portal when off-campus. Other services include Research Guides and research skills instruction in classes and workshops, as well as individualized help.

Research & policy analysis

The Marshall Center conducts collaborative teaching, dialogue, and research into democratic security building, with a focus on identifying and analyzing challenges in order to discuss and promote security policy responses that uphold the national interests and values of friends and allies, while mitigating risk and escalation.

Research at the Marshall Center involves collaborative efforts by Faculty, Fellows and Alumni, leading to multi-partner research projects that result in publications. The following is a list of publications, current as of February 2021.

 Russia Strategic Initiative
 Marshall Center Occasional Papers
 Marshall Center Security Insights
 Marshall Center Perspectives
 per Concordiam
 Marshall Center Papers
 Marshall Center Book Projects

Other programs
Also located at the Marshall Center are the Eurasian Foreign Area Officer Program (FAO), Fellows/Joint Professional Military Education (JPME)and the Partner Language Training Center Europe (PLTCE.)

The FAO Program prepares U.S. military officers and officers of allied nations to be leading regional experts and to serve in key political-military assignments throughout Eurasia. While each FAO executes a unique, tailored, individual training program, most FAOs can expect to spend 12–18 months living, working, and traveling in Eurasia, as well as participating in Marshall Center activities. After completing the program, FAOs will go on to serve in U.S. embassies in the region, on NATO and major U.S. theater command staffs, and on numerous operational missions throughout the world.

The U.S. Senior Fellows Program provides a regionally focused, professional education experience at the senior service school level for U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force officers of the rank of Major to Colonel. Fellows are selected by their respective services for the 11-month program, during which they participate in a variety of Marshall Center resident courses and conferences and, if suitably qualified and experienced, have the opportunity to teach as co-seminar leaders for resident programs.

The Partner Language Training Center Europe offers advanced and specialized classroom instruction in Arabic, English, French, Persian, and Russian to more than 400 U.S. military and NATO/Partner attendees each year. PLTCE is a NATO Partner Training and Education Centre. English classes are also offered to the international participants enrolled in the College of International and Security Studies' resident programs.

Additionally, the operations staff of the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes is located at the Marshall Center. This international organization is dedicated to strengthening defense and military education and research through enhanced institutional and national cooperation.

Notable alumni
As part of its continuing engagement with alumni, the Marshall Center offers support for alumni-led activities, such as outreach networking events in capital cities across the region, which provide an opportunity for alumni to discuss important security issues in an inter-ministerial forum. As of February 2021, 241 graduates of Marshall Center resident programs are serving in the following positions:
Minister - 17; Deputy Minister - 18; Chief of Defense - 10; Ambassador - 151; Member of Parliament - 45.

DSCA regional centers
The Marshall Center is one of five regionally-focused security studies organizations, all of which are managed by the Defense Security Cooperation Agency. The other four are:

The Africa Center for Strategic Studies (ACSS) supports the development of U.S. strategic policy towards Africa by providing a variety of programs, fostering awareness of and dialogue on U.S. strategic priorities and African security issues, building trusting long-term relationships with African military and civilian leaders, assisting U.S. policy-makers in formulating effective African policy, and articulating African perspectives to U.S. policymakers

The Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (APCSS) officially opened September 4, 1995, in Honolulu, Hawaii. The APCSS is a regional study, conference and research center with a non-warfighting mission to enhance Asia-Pacific security cooperation through programs of executive education, professional exchange and policy relevant research.
The Center provides a focal point where national officials, decision makers and policy makers can gather to exchange ideas, explore pressing issues and achieve a greater understanding of the challenges that shape the security environment of the Asia-Pacific region.

The William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (WJPC) is a U.S. Department of Defense institution for defense and security studies in the Western Hemisphere. Through courses, seminars, outreach, strategic dialogue, and focused research in support of policy objectives, the Perry Center works with senior civilian and military officials from the Americas to build strong, sustainable networks of security and defense leaders and institutions. In so doing, the Perry Center promotes greater understanding of U.S. policy, mutually supportive approaches to security challenges, and improved, sustainable institutional capacity.

The mission of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA) is to enhance stability in the Near East and in South Asia by providing an academic environment where strategic issues can be addressed, understanding deepened, partnerships fostered, defense-related decision-making improved, and cooperation strengthened among military and civilian leaders from the region and the United States.

See also
German Marshall Fund
George C. Marshall High School
Marshall Scholarship
Marshall Mission to China
Marshall Space Flight Center
The George C. Marshall Foundation
USS George C. Marshall (SSBN-654)
Defense Diplomacy

References

External links
 George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies
 Learning to Understand Evil The George C. Marshall Center dedicates itself to countering terrorism – By Mehmet Toprak The Atlantic Times, September 2008
 The German Marshall Fund of the United States - Strengthening Transatlantic Cooperation
 The German Marshall Fund Blog - Expert Commentary
 Garmisch-Partenkirchen's Official website
 Alpine Ski Maps.com - winter map of Garmisch-Partenkirchen area
 Richard-Strauss-Institut
 Virtual Tour through Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Webshots Album of Garmisch Pictures

Security Cooperation Agency
Bundeswehr
Military education and training in Germany
Garmisch-Partenkirchen


MusicFest Aberystwyth is a fusion of international Music festival and Summer school held in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales. Founded in 1987 by the cellist Nicholas Jones, MusicFest initially started as a small series of concerts. In 1988 a small Summer School was run alongside the concerts which provided chamber music coaching for pianists and string players. MusicFest has since evolved into an international Festival and Summer School.

Throughout the Festival there are daily evening and lunchtime festival concerts, together with student foyer performances and student showcase concerts. The 2009 festival features guest artists and visiting tutors include Orion Orchestra, cellist Guy Johnston, pianist Tom Poster, the National Youth Jazz Wales, Solstice Quartet, Sacconi Quartet.

Summer School

The Summer School offers young and up and coming music students an opportunity to study with leading professionals. A team of internationally renowned musicians and tutors, led by Artistic Director David Campbell, offers organised, structured chamber music opportunities. Throughout the week the artists in residence coach ensembles, lead workshops, and give master-classes as well as performing in the Festival concerts. Based on the ethos of 'learning through listening, practice & performance', courses are run for string chamber music, solo strings, clarinet, wind chamber music, conducting, composition, saxophone, jazz, voice, and harp. Students also have the opportunity to perform in public.

Courses

Courses run included clarinet, run by David Campbell, saxophone, Jazz/Latin, string, brass, voice, composition, wind octet, flute and practical psychology.

Artists-in-residence

Tom Poster - Piano
Guy Johnston - Cello
Simon Lane - Piano
Juliet Edwards - Piano
John Flinders - Piano
Orion Orchestra
National Youth Choir of Wales
Solstice Quartet
Eleanor Turner - Harp
Laurence Perkins - Bassoon
Sigyn Fosness - Violin
Nicholas Jones - Cello
Gerard McChrystal - Saxophone
Lucinda Mackworth-Young - Practical Psychology
John Metcalf - Composition
Toby Purser - Conducting
Veronica Veysey-Campbell - Voice

Performance Venues

Aberystwyth Arts Centre
Joseph Parry Hall
Llanbadarn Church
Ceredigion Museum
The Bandstand

Friends of MusicFest

Friends of MusicFest is a charitable organisation which exists to support individual students attending MusicFest who may not otherwise be able to afford to do so.

References

External links
Festival website
Aberystwyth Arts Centre

Cultural festivals in the United Kingdom
Festivals in Wales
Aberystwyth


Balkány is a town in Hungary.

Balkany may also refer to:

 Balkany (surname)
 Bałkany, Pomeranian Voivodeship, a village in Poland
 Bałkany, the Polish name for the Balkans


Major General James L. Williams (Ret.) was the commanding general of the 4th Marine Division, a position he was appointed to in April 2007.

Biography

His previous position was as the assistant division commander, 2nd Marine Division which began in November 2006. His previous assignment was as deputy commanding general (Mobilization), Marine Corps Combat Development Command. He also served during combat operations as the assistant division commander, 2d Marine Division from 2005 to 2006, at Camp Blue Diamond, Ar-Ramadi, Iraq, and earlier with I Marine Expeditionary Force as the deputy commanding general in Fallujah, Iraq. He also serves on the SecDef Reserve Force Policy Board.

Major General Williams was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. His formative years were spent in Reading and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He received a B.S degree from Slippery Rock University, in 1975. He reported to Officer Candidate School in January 1976, and received his commission in March 1976. He received master's degrees from Georgetown University in government and national security affairs in 1981, from Yale University in hospital management/public health in 1984, and from the U.S. Army War College in international security studies in 2000. Currently, he is in the process of working on his master's degree in computer engineering and computer science.

Upon completion of The Basic School, Quantico, Virginia, in 1976, he did a short tour with the Officer Selection Office in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was subsequently assigned in 1976 to the 3rd Marine Division to serve with 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines serving as a rifle platoon leader and the Super Squad Platoon.

Returning from overseas in January 1978, he reported to 2nd Force Troops (now 2nd Marine Logistics Group), as the assistant command inspector. He was then assigned to 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company as a Force Recon platoon leader and deployed several times for NATO exercises. During this period he attended reconnaissance training schools.

In 1979, he was transferred to the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. He was promoted to captain in 1980. During this tour, he served as ceremonial platoon leader; White House presidential military social aide to Presidents Carter and Reagan; coach of the barracks boxing team; head, The Basic School Correspondence Course, Marine Corps Institute; and attended graduate school at Georgetown University from 1979 to 1981. He completed the Amphibious Warfare Non-Resident Course in 1980.

In 1981, he was assigned to the Reserve component of the Marine Corps and was assigned to duty with the 14th Marines where he served with 2nd Battalion, 14th Marines, 4th Marine Division as a forward observer, battery executive officer, battery commanding officer, and battalion logistics officer. While with the 14th Marines, in 1986, he was the recipient of the Outstanding Junior Marine Corps Reserve Officer Award presented by the Reserve Officers Association. He was promoted to major in 1987. He also completed graduate school at Yale University during this period.

He was then assigned to the 4th Reconnaissance Battalion in 1988, where he served as the battalion operations and training officer, battalion diving officer, and executive officer. During 1990–1991, the battalion was called to duty for Operation Desert Shield/Storm. One reconnaissance company was assigned to lead the reconnaissance efforts for both the 1st and 2nd Divisions in their attacks on Iraq. The remainder of the battalion was assigned to conduct counter-narcotics operations in CONUS and OCONUS. In 1991, he attended the Marine Corps Reserve Command and Staff College Course as a student.

In 1992, he completed school and was assigned to the 4th Marine Division as assistant operations officer. In 1993, he completed the Air Command and Staff College Reserve Component Course. In October 1993, he was assigned as the assistant G-6. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1994. In 1995, he was assigned as commanding officer, 1st Battalion, 23rd Marines. In 1997, the battalion was assigned to the 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division for Kernel Blitz '97. He was selected in 1997, to attend the U.S. Army War College Distant Education Program. He was promoted to colonel in 1998.

He was then selected and assigned to be the deputy commander, 1st Marine Expeditionary Force Augmentation Command Element (I MACE) in 2000. In 2000, he graduated from the U.S. Army War College. In 2002, while in this assignment he was assigned as the deputy director, Operations CJTF-180, conducting combat operations in Afghanistan for Operation Enduring Freedom. He was selected for promotion to brigadier general 2003.

From 2003 to 2005, he served as the commander, 1st Marine Expeditionary Force Augmentation Command Element (I MACE), during this period he served as the acting commanding general, I Marine Expeditionary Force at Camp Pendleton.

American Board of Disaster Medicine

In 2009, Williams was appointed a public board member of the American Board of Disaster Medicine (ABODM).  The ABODM, found in 2006, is a board member of the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS), headquartered in Tampa, Florida.  The ABPS is the third largest nationally recognized physician multi-specialty certifying organization.  For more information about the American Board of Disaster Medicine visit www.abodm.org.

Cyber crime fighter
Williams chaired the North Texas Crime Commission, Cyber Crime Committed from 2012 to 2015.  His suggestion founded the UT Dallas / Cyber Defense Labs, Cyber Summer Camp is 2013.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
United States Marine Corps generals
People from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Yale School of Public Health alumni
United States Army War College alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Military personnel from Pennsylvania


Jeremy West (born 29 April 1961) is a British sprint canoeist who competed in the mid to late 1980s. He won two gold medals at the 1986 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Montreal, earning them in the K-1 500 m and K-1 1000 m events.

West also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fifth in the K-4 1000 m event at Los Angeles in 1984.

References

1961 births
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Great Britain
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
British male canoeists


Balkow may refer to:
Balków, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
Bałków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland