HMS Spitfire was a  of the Royal Navy. She served during the years of peace following the end of the American War of Independence, and by the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, had been reclassified as a 14-gun sloop-of-war. Spitfire went on to serve under a number of notable commanders during a successful career that saw her capture a considerable number of French privateers and small naval vessels. She spent most of her career in Home waters, though during the later part of her life she sailed further afield, to the British stations in North America and West Africa. She survived the Napoleonic Wars and was eventually sold in 1825 after a period spent laid up.

Early career
Spitfire was built at the yards of Stephen Teague, of Ipswich, and was launched on 19 March 1782. She had been completed at Sheerness by 18 July 1782, having been first commissioned in March that year under Commander Robert Mostyn, for service in the English Channel. He was succeeded by Commander Thomas Byard in November, and he by Commander Charles Bartholomew in January 1783. Spitfire was paid off in April that year and spent a period laid up in ordinary at Sheerness, briefly being refitted for a period of service in 1790 under the command of Commander Robert Watson. Spitfire was then paid off again. More extensive work was carried out the following year, and she recommissioned in March 1791 under Commander Thomas Fremantle. Fremantle commanded her until her paying off in September that year, upon which she was almost immediately recommissioned as a sloop under Commander John Woodley. She served under Woodley in the Irish Sea and the English Channel until Commander Philip Charles Durham succeeded him on 12 February 1793.

French Revolutionary Wars
Durham went on to enjoy considerable success during his brief stint in command during the early months of the French Revolutionary Wars. On 13 February 1793 he captured the privateer cutter Affrique (or Afrique), of Le Havre. Affrique was a small vessel of only 22 tons (bm). She carried six swivel guns, twelve stand of small arms, fifty pistols, and 25 swords, all for a crew of 21 men. The capture of Affrique was the first capture of a vessel flying La tricolore. For this feat Lloyd's of London gave him a piece of plate worth 100 guineas, or £300 pounds, their first such award of the war.

On 19 February 1793 he sent off his boats against a privateer sloop and two other sloops near Treeport, about a dozen miles north-east of Dieppe. The fire from some 2,000 troops ashore with field pieces made it impossible to bring the prizes off but the British managed to knock the privateer to pieces and stove in and set fire to the other two vessels, one of which was carrying a cargo of fine brandy.

In the following month Spitfire captured the privateer St Jean and burnt the merchant vessel Marguerite. On 27 April Spitfire fell in with two French armed brigs, one of 16 guns and the other of 12. Spitfire and the brigs exchanged fire for half an hour under the fort at Cherbourg, which contributed her fire to the encounter. The brigs fled into the harbour and Spitfire let them go rather than risk grounding. Despite the cannonading  that she had been subject to, Spitfire suffered no damage or casualties.

Spitfire recaptured the galiot Two Brothers in May.

Durham was promoted to post captain on the frigate  on 24 June, and Commander James Cook replaced him on Spitfire. Cook's death by drowning in January 1794 necessitated the assigning of Commander John Clements to take over the Spitfire.

Commander Amherst Morris succeeded Clements in October. In 1796 Commander Michael Seymour replaced Morris.

Commander Michael Seymour
Seymour would spend the next four years as her commander and, like Durham before him, enjoyed considerable success in actions against small French raiders. He captured at least nine privateers and small vessels of the French Navy.

In September and October Spitfire captured a number of merchant vessels, one being particularly valuable. On the 2nd, she captured the Danish ship Sobestern. On 15 September Spitfire captured the Concordia. Thirteen days later, Spitfire captured the Danish brig Apollo. Then on 4 October Spitfire captured the Argos, and two days later the Jacoba.

Spitfire was active off the English and Irish coasts during the French attempt to invade Ireland in early 1797 and on 12 January 1797 she captured one of the expedition's storeships, Allègre (or Allegrer), about 30 leagues west of Ushant. She was a brig of 200 tons (bm), and was carrying ammunition and entrenching tools.

Seymour followed this success by capturing the privateer cutter Bons Amis, of six guns and 32 men, off the Eddystone on 2 April 1797, and after a five-hour chase. She had been out three days and had not made any captures. Bons Amis was the former Friends Endeavour, of Fowey.

Next, Seymour captured the privateer brig Aimable Manette in the Channel on 1 May 1797, after an eight-hour chase. She was armed with 14 guns and had a crew of 69 men. She was a new vessel, half coppered, and beautiful. She had been out 13 days, and not only had she not taken anything, the evening before she had encountered an outward-bound English yellow-sided ship armed with sixteen 9-pounder guns. The engagement had cost Aimable Manette 15 men killed and wounded and forced her to sheer-off.

Then Spitfire captured the privateer schooner Trompeuse, of Morlaix, later that month. Trompeuse was armed with six guns and had a crew of 40 men. Trompeuse had been out five days and had taken two Prussian vessels from Embden, one sailing to Liverpool and the other to Oporto. Spitfire had also been in sight when HMS Unite recaptured a brig. Spitfire also recaptured the Rodney and Hannah.

In July, Spitfire captured the ship Sally.

Seymour and Spitfire took the French privateer schooner Incroyable 13 leagues SW off the Lizard on 15 September. She was armed with three 6-pounder guns and had a crew of 31 men. She was 14 days out of Saint Malo but had captured nothing.

During the first half of 1798 Spitfire also captured the smuggling lugger Argus.

At the end of 1798, on 27 December, Spitfire recaptured Sybille, of Dartmouth, while in the Channel. The French privateer schooner Vigilant had captured Sybille on 25 December while Sybille was carrying bullocks and sheep to Guernsey for the troops there. She then had a narrow escape from Vigilant off Start Point while returning to Plymouth.

One week later Spitfire captured the 14-gun transport , of 400 tons (bm), in the Bay of Biscay. Wildings crew consisted of seamen from three French ships of the line and she had been taking firewood for the French Navy from Aber Wrac'h to Brest under the escort of Levrette, a gun vessel from which she had parted company. Wilding had been a British ship in the West Indies trade before the French had captured her.

On 15 March 1799, the prize agent, J. Hawker esq., paid Spitfires foremast men nearly £40 each. One man not only spent it in two days but ended up owing his landlady 15 guineas. (This money may have been prize money for Concordia.)

On 31 March 1799 Spitfire took the privateer brig Résolue of St. Malo, 14 leagues off Scilly during a violent gale. She was armed with fourteen 6 and 8-pounder guns, and had a crew of 65 men. She was a new vessel, out two days from Saint Malo on her first cruise, and had made no captures. Her owners also owned Hirondelle, which the ill-fated Telegraph had captured in a notable fight.

On 12 April, orders arrived at Plymouth for  to take on board 183 French prisoners from  and Spitfire for onward conveyance to Portsmouth.

On 9 May Spitfire brought a smuggling lugger called Providence into Plymouth. The lugger had a cargo of 90 ankers of spirits and 26 bales of tobacco.

Later that month  came upon seven enemy vessels which made to engage her, but then turned away when she sailed towards them in "a spirited style". Arethusa captured one, an armed ship, which was carrying sundries from Saint-Domingue. Spitfire took the prize into Plymouth on the 23rd while Arethusa sailed off in search of the other six.

On 28 June Jupiter, Monk, master, arrived at Plymouth. She had been sailing from Surinam to Copenhagen with sugar and coffee, supposedly Dutch property, when Spitfire detained her.

In September, Spitfire convoyed the linen fleet from Belfast to The Downs. On 3 November, she brought into Plymouth the Guernsey smuggling lugger Endeavour, with her cargo of 299 ankers of spirits and 23 bales of tobacco.

Spitfire and the cutter  captured the brig Gute Hoffnung. In December 1799 Spitfire captured the Danish ship Twilling Riget.

On 22 January 1800 Spitfire came in from Kinsale to Plymouth with a Danish vessel, Havel Rerli, with a cargo of spices and the like, from Batavia. The cargo was worth £150,000 and supposed to be Dutch property. Five more vessels were reported to be following.

On 16 April 1800, a French privateer in the Channel plundered the American vessel A. B. C. two hours before Spitfire boarded her. When A.B.C. reported the privateer, Seymour left A.B.C. to make her own way into Plymouth and set off in pursuit. A.B.C. arrived at Plymouth on 19 April.

Early in the morning of 17 April 1800, Spitfire was nine leagues south of the Bolt Head when she sighted a brig. She gave chase, a chase that a Guernsey privateer and  joined until by noon Spitfire had left them behind and out of sight. Then Telegraph, from under Alderney, came up and fired a broadside at the quarry, but then too fell behind. At 2p.m. Spitfire finally captured the privateer about four leagues from Cape Levy on the French coast. The privateer was Heureuse Societé of Pleinpont, of 14 guns and 64 men. She was a new vessel that had been out only three days and had made no captures. Spitfire later shared the prize money with Telegraph.  Spitfire brought Heureuse Societé into Plymouth on 20 April.

Spitfire captured a French privateer brig Heureux Courier, of Granville on 19 June, ten leagues SSE of Scilly. The privateer was armed with sixteen brass French 6-pounders and had a crew of 54 men, others being away on the three captures she had made. She was on her way home from her first cruise. Her three captures were two Newfoundland brigs and a Portuguese schooner, Nostra Senora del Carno, De Casta Pinto, master. The privateer had cut out the schooner at St. Michael's (probably St Michael's Mount), where the schooner was loading. The British privateer Tartar, of Guernsey, recaptured the schooner.

In May Spitfire sailed through a severe gale on the 16th to arrive safely in Guernsey. The gale had set several vessels, including Telegraph on their sides, but none were lost.

Spitfire returned to Plymouth on 14 July from a cruise off the Île de Batz. She then sailed to cruise against smugglers and captured the lugger Three Friends, with 150 ankers of spirits. Three Friends had landed part of her cargo at Polperro. Spitfire took several boats that were endeavouring to escape, in the process killing one smuggler. She brought Three Friends into Plymouth on 4 August.

On 11 August Seymour received a promotion to post-captain.

Commander Robert Keen
His replacement on Spitfire was Commander Robert Keen, who spent the next four years on the Irish station.

On 13 December 1800 Spitfire, Suffisante, , and cutter Swift (2) shared in the recapture of Defiance.

On 25 December, Spitfire and Renard captured the Danish galiot Palmboom. That month Spitfire also captured Vrouw Elizabeth.

Suffisante and Spitfire shared the proceeds of the recapture of the brig Honduras Packet. Honduras Packet (or Honduras Planter), of eight guns and 16 men under the command of Captain J. Goodwin, had been sailing from London to New Providence. A French privateer, of fourteen guns and 125 men, captured her after an action of one hour and a quarter. Spitfire recaptured her on 18 February 1801 off Abervrac and she arrived at Plymouth four days later. Spitfire arrived the next day.

During 20 to 21 March a hurricane blew in the Channel. Even so, Spitfire, Suffisante, and Renard arrived safely in Jersey.

Spitfire and Renard shared in the proceeds of the capture on 25 April of Prince Frederick van Prussia. On 26 May Spitfire and  captured a French brig of unknown name carrying a cargo of rye.

In July, a court martial on board Cambridge in the Hamoaze tried Spitfires purser, Mr. Banfield, for disobeying Keen's orders. The charge was fully proven, however several naval officers testified to Banfield's excellent character; the board reinstated him as purser but ordered him mulcted of a year's pay.

On 11 July Spitfire captured Commerce. Then in August Spitfire captured St. Esprit and a sloop of unknown name, as well as a chasse maree carrying "310 Burr Stones". Lastly, on 2 September, she captured Betsey.

Towards the end of September Spitfire detained the American merchantman Robust, on passage from Baltimore to Amsterdam, off the Eddystone. Kean put a mate and six men on board as a prize crew and sent her to Plymouth. On the way, while three men were aloft trimming the sails, two in the hold stowing the cable tier, one at the helm, and the prize-master having breakfast, the Americans, armed with pistols, seized the steersman and the prize master. The Americans threatened to shoot the men aloft and below if the prize crew did not give up the ship. The Americans put the prize crew into a boat, and after a long pull the seven men reached Salcombe. Robust resumed her voyage, reaching Amsterdam.

On 3 October, Spitfire brought Anna, Gildea, master, bound for Philadelphia from Amsterdam, into Plymouth. Anna, was carrying supposed Dutch property.

Then on 12 November, Spitfire arrived at Plymouth where an order was in effect that as vessels came in their crews were to be paid off and their sails furled. Spitfire, however, remained in service on the Milford and Irish stations. After Keen arrived, he reported that he had encountered a French convoy of 30 vessels off Havre, under the escort of a gun-brig. Spitfire did not engage as hostilities had ended two days earlier.

On 17 January 1802 Spitfire and  were ordered to fit-out and victual for foreign service, Spitfire for the West Indies and Weazel for the Mediterranean. It was assumed that they would carry with them copies of the definitive peace treaty.

On 21 January a messenger came by express from the Admiralty to Plymouth with orders for a fast sloop to be ready to sail at a moment's notice with dispatches for the Straits. Weazle and Spitfire went out into the Sound, still very rough from a gale the previous night, to await orders. The dispatches arrived in the morning three days later and Weazle sailed immediately. Spitfires orders, however, did not come.

Spitfire had to wait for orders until 6 February. The next morning she, Hunter, and two gun-brigs sailed for the St. Georges Channel to intercept smugglers.

In early 1802, Spitfire recaptured the brig Lowestoffe.

On 19 March 1803 Admiral Lord Keith hoisted his pennant aboard  as commander in chief of the fleet. Admiral Dacres, second in command of the fleet and port admiral, shifted his flag to Spitfire.

On 9 April Keen again recommissioned Spitfire in the Hamoaze. Before she could sail, however, she had to have her bottom examined. By 4 May she was completely rigged and fitted for sea, but lacked a full crew. War with France resumed on 22 May.

On 2 March Spitfire escorted a convoy that was leaving Waterford for Newfoundland. That same night two vessels from the convoy, Ranger and Mary Ann, separated in the night in a heavy squall. Four days later the French privateer General Aujereau, of Bayonne, and of 16 guns and 120 men, captured them about 120 miles west of Cape Clear. The privateer plundered Ranger and then released her; she returned to Waterford on the 10th. The privateer sent Mary Ann into France or Spain.

Spitfire was paid off and laid up in ordinary at Sheerness on 30 August 1804 and she remained out of commission through 1805.

Napoleonic Wars
Spitfire underwent a repair and refit at Sheerness between April 1805 and April 1806, returning to active service under Captain William Green.

While in the Channel under the command of Lieutenant R. Parry (acting), on 28 December she recaptured the English trading brig Friendship, from Mogadore that the French privateer luggers Deux Freres and Espoir had captured, and sent her in to the Downs. The next day Spitfire captured Deux Frères, which had only four of her 14 guns mounted, the rest being stored in her hold. She nevertheless put up a fight and did not surrender till she had lost her captain, H. Trebon, and her third officer killed. and four men wounded out of her crew of 55. (Spitfires surgeon had to amputate the arm of one of the wounded men.) Spitfire was unable to rescue Friendships master and crew as they were on Espoir, which escaped. Spitfire was then paid off.

She recommissioned again in February 1807 in her original role as a fireship, under the command of Commander Henry Samuel Butt. She served in the Downs, at first under Butt, and then from mid-1807 under Commander John Ellis. Ellis would eventually spend six years with Spitfire, serving at a number of British ports and spending some time in North American waters, including the Greenland station in 1813.

In 1814, Spitfire received a grant from His Royal Highness, the Prince Regent, for what should have been her share of Danish ships detained at Sheerness between 26 and 29 August and on 1 September 1807 on the outbreak of war with Denmark. Ellis and Spitfire had been omitted from the original grant.

On 4 June, Spitfire 1808 captured Alexis, Rebecca Angel, and Duen.

On 22 October 1808, Spitfire and  sailed to the assistance of the sloop , which the Dowlaw signal station, near Dunbar, reported had cut away her masts and bowsprit and thrown some of her guns overboard. Basilisk and Spitfire brought Cygnet back to Leith Roads.

On 29 June 1809, Spitfire captured Wilhelmina Fredericka.

Ellis sailed Spitfire from Leith on 23 May 1810, escorting a convoy to Quebec.

On 11 January 1811, Ellis and Spitfire towed into port Economy, which had fought off or out-sailed several privateers and lost her rudder in a gale and was trying to steer by sails.

Spitfire, Surveillante, and Sybille (Sybelle), shared in the capture on 28 January 1812 of the American vessel Zone.

Lastly, when news of the outbreak of the War of 1812 reached Britain, the Royal Navy seized all American vessels then in British ports. Spitfire was among the Royal Navy vessels then lying at Spithead or Portsmouth and so entitled to share in the grant for the American ships Belleville, Janus, Aeos, Ganges, and Leonidas seized there on 31 July 1812.

Spitfire was in company with  when they recaptured the brig Fermina on 18 April 1813.

Spitfire was cruising with the 32-gun frigate  off North Cape on 19 July 1813. There they chased the 44-gun American frigate  and her consort, the privateer schooner Scourge, away from a British convoy out of Archangel. Captain John Rodgers of President excused his fleeing the British by claiming that he had fled from a ship of the line and a frigate.

On 14 June 1814 Spitfire recaptured Hugh Jones. Hugh Jones, Thomas, master, had been sailing from Belfast to Guadeloupe when a privateer had captured her. Hugh Jones arrived at Plymouth on 7 July.

Post-war
Commander James Dalton took over in 1814. Spitfire arrived on the West African coast in January, under the command of Commander John Ellis, to join the West Africa Squadron. When she arrived, HMS Favorite, Captain John Maxwell, captain of the sloop  and governor of the Sierra Leone station, sent her to the Gallinas River where an English slave trader called Crawford was working with a Spanish schooner carrying slaves that Crawford had gathered. The schooner had captured the British privateer  and murdered John Roach,  her master. The Spaniards plundered Kitty before scuttling her. The schooner also enslaved the black crew on Kitty, including two freed Negroes from Sierra Leone, and sold them into slavery at Havana. On 22 February Spitfires boats narrowly missed capturing Crawford, though they were able to seize his trade goods and free Kittys crew.

In April, Spitfire engaged in an unsuccessful chase of an American privateer sailing under British colours.

Fate
Spitfire returned to Britain in 1815, where she was paid off for the final time and laid up at Portsmouth in May. She remained at Portsmouth in ordinary for the next ten years. Some records report that she served as a prison hulk at Portsmouth between 1818 and 1820.

Finally the "Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy" offered the "Spitfire sloop, of 422 tons", "lying at Portsmouth", for sale on 11 July 1825. She was sold for breaking up to a Mr Ranwell for the sum of £1,205 on 30 July.

Notes

Citations

References

Edwards, Bryan (1819) The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British West Indies. (G. and W.B. Whittaker).

O’Byrne, William R. (1849) A naval biographical dictionary: comprising the life and services of every living officer in Her Majesty's navy, from the rank of admiral of the fleet to that of lieutenant, inclusive. (London: J. Murray).
Page, William, ed. (1907) The Victoria History of the County of Suffolk. (Constable).

Fireships of the Royal Navy
Brigs of the Royal Navy
1782 ships
Ships of the West Africa Squadron


An error correction model (ECM) belongs to a category of multiple time series models most commonly used for data where the underlying variables have a long-run common stochastic trend, also known as cointegration. ECMs are a theoretically-driven approach useful for estimating both short-term and long-term effects of one time series on another. The term error-correction relates to the fact that last-period's deviation from a long-run equilibrium, the error,  influences its short-run dynamics. Thus ECMs directly estimate the speed at which a dependent variable returns to equilibrium after a change in other variables.

History
Yule (1926) and Granger and Newbold (1974) were the first to draw attention to the problem of spurious correlation and find solutions on how to address it in time series analysis. Given two completely unrelated but integrated (non-stationary) time series, the regression analysis of one on the other will tend to produce an apparently statistically significant relationship and thus a researcher might falsely believe to have found evidence of a true relationship between these variables. Ordinary least squares will no longer be consistent and commonly used test-statistics will be non-valid. In particular, Monte Carlo simulations show that one will get a very high R squared, very high individual t-statistic and a low Durbin–Watson statistic. Technically speaking, Phillips (1986) proved that parameter estimates will not converge in probability, the intercept will diverge and the slope will have a non-degenerate distribution as the sample size increases. However, there might be a common stochastic trend to both series that a researcher is genuinely interested in because it reflects a long-run relationship between these variables.

Because of the stochastic nature of the trend it is not possible to break up integrated series into a deterministic (predictable) trend and a stationary series containing deviations from trend. Even in deterministically detrended random walks spurious correlations will eventually emerge. Thus detrending does not solve the estimation problem.

In order to still use the Box–Jenkins approach, one could difference the series and then estimate models such as ARIMA, given that many commonly used time series (e.g. in economics) appear to be stationary in first differences. Forecasts from such a model will still reflect cycles and seasonality that are present in the data. However, any information about long-run adjustments that the data in levels may contain is omitted and longer term forecasts will be unreliable.

This led Sargan (1964) to develop the ECM methodology, which retains the level information.

Estimation
Several methods are known in the literature for estimating a refined dynamic model as described above. Among these are the Engle and Granger 2-step approach, estimating their ECM in one step and the vector-based VECM using Johansen's method.

Engle and Granger 2-step approach
The first step of this method is to pretest the individual time series one uses in order to confirm that they are non-stationary in the first place. This can be done by standard unit root DF testing and ADF test (to resolve the problem of serially correlated errors).
Take the case of two different series  and . If both are I(0), standard regression analysis will be valid. If they are integrated of a different order, e.g. one being I(1) and the other being I(0), one has to transform the model.

If they are both integrated to the same order (commonly I(1)), we can estimate an ECM model of the form

If both variables are integrated and this ECM exists, they are cointegrated by the Engle–Granger representation theorem.

The second step is then to estimate the model using ordinary least squares:
If the regression is not spurious as determined by test criteria described above, Ordinary least squares will not only be valid, but also consistent (Stock, 1987).
Then the predicted residuals  from this regression are saved and used in a regression of differenced variables plus a lagged error term

One can then test for cointegration using a standard t-statistic on .
While this approach is easy to apply, there are numerous problems:

 The univariate unit root tests used in the first stage have low statistical power
 The choice of dependent variable in the first stage influences test results, i.e. we need weak exogeneity for as determined by Granger causality
 One can potentially have a small sample bias
 The cointegration test on  does not follow a standard distribution
 The validity of the long-run parameters in the first regression stage where one obtains the residuals cannot be verified because the distribution of the OLS estimator of the cointegrating vector is highly complicated and non-normal
 At most one cointegrating relationship can be examined.

VECM
The Engle–Granger approach as described above suffers from a number of weaknesses. Namely it is restricted to only a single equation with one variable designated as the dependent variable, explained by another variable that is assumed to be weakly exogeneous for the parameters of interest. It also relies on pretesting the time series to find out whether variables are I(0) or I(1). These weaknesses can be addressed through the use of Johansen's procedure. Its advantages include that pretesting is not necessary, there can be numerous cointegrating relationships, all variables are treated as endogenous and tests relating to the long-run parameters are possible. The resulting model is known as a vector error correction model (VECM), as it adds error correction features to a multi-factor model known as vector autoregression (VAR). The procedure is done as follows:

 Step 1: estimate an unrestricted VAR involving potentially non-stationary variables
 Step 2: Test for cointegration using Johansen test
 Step 3: Form and analyse the VECM.

An example of ECM
The idea of cointegration may be demonstrated in a simple macroeconomic setting. Suppose, consumption  and disposable income  are macroeconomic time series that are related in the long run (see Permanent income hypothesis). Specifically, let average propensity to consume be 90%, that is, in the long run . From the econometrician's point of view, this long run relationship (aka cointegration) exists if errors from the regression  are a stationary series, although  and  are non-stationary. Suppose also that if  suddenly changes by , then  changes by , that is, marginal propensity to consume equals 50%. Our final assumption is that the gap between current and equilibrium consumption decreases each period by 20%.

In this setting a change  in consumption level can be modelled as . The first term in the RHS describes short-run impact of change in  on , the second term explains long-run gravitation towards the equilibrium relationship between the variables, and the third term reflects random shocks that the system receives (e.g. shocks of consumer confidence that affect consumption). To see how the model works, consider two kinds of shocks: permanent and transitory (temporary). For simplicity, let  be zero for all t. Suppose in period t − 1 the system is in equilibrium, i.e.  . Suppose that in the period t, disposable income  increases by 10 and then returns to its previous level. Then  first (in period t) increases by 5 (half of 10), but after the second period  begins to decrease and converges to its initial level. In contrast, if the shock to  is permanent, then  slowly converges to a value that exceeds the initial  by 9.

This structure is common to all ECM models. In practice, econometricians often first estimate the cointegration relationship (equation in levels), and then insert it into the main model (equation in differences).

References

Further reading

Error detection and correction
Time series models
Econometric models


Country Boy is Bobby Vinton's fourteenth studio album, released in 1966. This album contains country songs, most of which were hits for different country music artists. All of the songs were recorded in Nashville. Cover versions include "Detour", "Riders in the Sky", "Crazy" and "Once a Day". There were no singles released from this album.

Track listing

Personnel
Bob Morgan – producer
Billy Sherrill – producer

References

1966 albums
Bobby Vinton albums
Epic Records albums
Albums produced by Billy Sherrill


Ilya Viktorovich Abayev (; born 2 August 1981) is a Russian former professional football goalkeeper.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Football Premier League in 2004 for FC Torpedo Moscow.

Career statistics

Notes

Honours
Lokomotiv Moscow
Russian Cup: 2014–15, 2016-17

External links

1981 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's B international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Torpedo-2 players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Krasnodar players
FC Rostov players
FC Chertanovo Moscow players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players
FC Olimp-Dolgoprudny players


Eothoracosaurus is an extinct monospecific genus of eusuchian crocodylomorphs found in Eastern United States which existed during the Late Cretaceous period. Eothoracosaurus is considered to belong to an informally named clade called the "thoracosaurs", named after the closely related Thoracosaurus. Thoracosaurs in general were traditionally thought to be related to the modern false gharial, largely because the nasal bones contact the premaxillae, but phylogenetic work starting in the 1990s instead supported affinities within gavialoid exclusive of such forms.  Even more recent phylogenetic studies suggest that thoracosaurs might instead be non-crocodilian eusuchians.

Discovery and naming
Fossils are known from the Ripley Formation in Mississippi and date back to the early Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous. Some fragmentary material from the Coon Creek Formation of western Tennessee dating back to the late Campanian (slightly older than the specimens from Mississippi) has been referred to Eothoracosaurus as well. The holotype specimen of Eothoracosaurus (MSU 3293, a skull and associated postcrania) was originally discovered in 1931 and first described by Kenneth Carpenter in 1983 and initially referred to Thoracosaurus neocesariensis. The material was eventually reexamined by Christopher Brochu in 2004, taking note of substantial differences to other thoracosaurs and finding them severe enough to warrant a separate genus: Eothoracosaurus.

The name derives from the genus Thoracosaurus and the prefix "eos" meaning dawn, chosen to reflect the fact that Eothoracosaurus appeared earlier in the fossil record than its relative. The species name mississippiensis represents the state of Mississippi, where the holotype was discovered.

Description
Like in the modern gharial, the skull of Eothoracosaurus is strongly elongated with the head growing notably broader further back. The external nares are entirely surrounded by the premaxilla, which extends between the maxilla as far back as the approximate position of the fourth maxillary tooth on the dorsal surface and up to the third tooth when viewed from below. Each premaxilla contains 5 teeth, with the first four roughly equal in size while the fifth is notably smaller. There is a small lateral notch between the premaxilla and maxilla. The maxillae contain 21 to 22 teeth on each side. The first tooth is smaller than those following it, with the size of the successive teeth remaining roughly uniform until the last 7 teeth, which grow progressively smaller. The preserved teeth show they were slender and conical and fairly evenly spaced. Although the skull overall widens, the width of the maxilla stays approximately the same regardless. The paired nasal bones extend over most of the rostrum, creating a small wedge been the premaxilla. They run parallel to the maxilla up to the eleventh tooth, at which point they expand until roughly their contact with the lacrimal bones. The back of the nasal is contacted by the elongated and slender frontal process of the frontal bone. In Eothoracosaurus, the frontal process is twice as long as the main body, while in Thoracosaurus the ratio is closer to 1:1. In gharials, the process is even shorter. The interfenestral bar of the parietal bone is another key trait that differentiates Eothoracosaurus, being relatively wider (around half the length of one fenestra), while in Thoracosaurus, the width varies between less than a third or a fourth depending on the species. The width of the bar varies in modern gharials based on age, but is also generally smaller relative to the width of the fenestra.

Phylogeny
The relationship between thoracosaurs and modern crocodylians is traditionally uncertain and commonly debated. Early research into the matter linked thoracosaurs to the Tomistominae, the extant false gharial and relatives, which at the time were believed to form a distinct clade within Crocodylidae. In his 2004 redescription, Brochu instead recovered thoracosaurs as a paraphyletic grade at the base of Gavialidae. The study notes that most characters linking thoracosaurs and tomistomines are plesiomorphic in nature and that, even if Tomistoma and Gavialis were more closely related then assumed in the phylogenetic tree, Eothoracosaurus would still clade closer with Gavialis. This possibility would eventually be repeatedly supported by molecular studies that recovered tomistomines as a paraphyletic grade at the base of Gavialoidea.

The below cladogram is an example of thoracosaurs as basal gavialoids as recovered by Rio and Mannion (2021) based on morphological data alone. Although the anatomy matches gavialoid affinities, the authors note that those synapomorphies are generally ambiguous and possibly related to convergent evolution caused by the independent evolution of a longirostrine skull morphology.

Alternatively, recent phylogenetic studies combining morphological, molecular and stratigraphic data argue that rather than being gavialoids, thoracosaurs were basal, non-crocodylian Eusuchians, as shown in the cladogram below:

Paleoenvironment
Thoracosaurs such as Eothoracosaurus are typically associated with marine environments and a coastal habitat. The Coon Creek Formation yielded oceanic fauna such as the sharks Otodus and Squalicorax, the sea turtle Toxochelys, and mosasaurs including Plioplatecarpus and Globidens.

References

Neosuchians
Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs of North America
Cretaceous crocodylomorphs
Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera


Claudia Hill is an interdisciplinary artist, based in Berlin. Her work engages in performance art, costume and stage design, experimental film, visual art and sense-driven (somatic) form. Her practice has been presented internationally at venues such as Mumok, Centre Pompidou, Paris Internationale, Les Rencontres Internationales, ZKM, BAM, HAU, Broadway, the Smithsonian and New York Fashion Week.

Background and Education

Born in Germany, Hill comes from a background of tailors of Czech origin on her mother's side. In 1993, she moved to New York to study contemporary dance. Shortly after, she enrolled at
FIT and Parsons. At the same time, she began to work as a costume designer and was admitted to the United Scenic Artists in 1997. She returned to Europe in 2008 and now lives in Berlin, where she is an active member of the performing arts scene and continues to work with textiles as a costume and stage designer.

Fashion (1998–2011)

In 1998, she founded two fashion labels, the eponymous Claudia Hill and The Number After 10, which were presented and sold in Japan, the USA and Europe, at her own store, in high-end boutiques, such as Barneys New York or Fred Segal and later exclusively at private salons in limited editions. Her New York Fashion Week shows were deemed unconventional and took the form of performances or installations,  often in collaboration with other artists, such as Asymptote Architecture or Skúli Sverrisson.

Collaborations

As her designs expanded beyond the boundaries of the fashion industry, she created the costumes for William Forsythe's Decreation in 2003 and for The Wooster Group's production of Hamlet in 2007. She became a frequent collaborator of choreographer Meg Stuart, creating costumes for Sketches/Notebook and Hunter, the two productions that won Stuart the choreographer of the year award from Tanz.

References

External links
 Official Website

1969 births
Living people
German women fashion designers
German costume designers
Fashion Institute of Technology alumni


In the Moment: Live in Concert is a live album by American singer Dianne Reeves. It was recorded on January 20–21, 2000, at Studio Instrument Rentals Sound Stage 1 in Los Angeles, California, and released in 2000 through Blue Note Records. Reeves won her first Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album at 43rd Annual Grammy Awards.

Track listing

Personnel
Dianne Reeves – lead vocals
Otmaro Ruiz – piano, synthesizer, background vocals
George Duke – additional keyboards, background vocals, producer, piano (track 4)
Romero Lubambo – guitar
Reginald Veal – bass, background vocals
 Rocky Bryant – drums, background vocals
 Munyungo Jackson – percussion, background vocals
 Wayne Holmes – additional background vocals, engineering
 Erik Zobler – engineering

Chart history

References

External links

In the Moment: Live in Concert on her website
In the Moment: Live In Concert by Dianne Reeves on iTunes

2000 live albums
Dianne Reeves albums
Blue Note Records live albums
Albums produced by George Duke
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album
Live vocal jazz albums


The 1986 United States Senate election in South Dakota was held on November 4, 1986. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator James Abdnor ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democrat Tom Daschle.

Republican primary

Candidates
 James Abdnor, incumbent U.S. Senator
 Bill Janklow, Governor of South Dakota

Results
Although Abdnor won the primary by a fairly comfortable margin, it hurt him badly. Daschle was uncontested for the Democratic nomination and therefore was able to focus on the general election early, while Abdnor had to fight a challenge from a popular incumbent governor. Many political analysts say this was one of the factors in Abdnor's general election loss.

General election

Candidates
 James Abdnor (R), incumbent U.S. Senator
 Tom Daschle (D), U.S. Representative

Results

See also
 1986 United States Senate elections

References

South Dakota
1986
United States Senate


R290 may refer to:
 Ericsson R290, a telephone
 R290 road (Ireland), a regional road in Ireland
 Propane, as used in refrigeration


The Beeches, also known as the Huntington-Skinner House and Woman's Club of St. Albans, is a historic home located at St. Albans, West Virginia.  It was built about 1874 for Henry Edwards Huntington in the Italianate style.  After its purchase in 1903 by locale magnate J. V. R. Skinner, the two story home was transformed with a mix of formal interior and exterior details and additions.  It commands an excellent view of Kanawha Terrace, a principal street of St. Albans, atop a hill that descends in a gentle slope shaded with trees and shrubbery.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

References

Houses completed in 1874
Houses in Kanawha County, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Italianate architecture in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Kanawha County, West Virginia
St. Albans, West Virginia
1874 establishments in West Virginia


Turmer is a small hamlet near Harbridge in Hampshire, England.  It lies within the civil parish of Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley.

Turmer is unusual for a settlement in England. No paved roads reach the hamlet and traditional farming techniques, including heavy horses, are still used there. The council describes it as "a village almost lost in time".

The hamlet is part of a conservation area and includes an 18th-century farm, a 19th-century school built by the Earl of Normanton and thatched cottages, all grouped around a pond.

The Avon Valley Path passes through the hamlet.

References

External links

New Forest District
Hamlets in Hampshire


The State Boat Channel Bridge is a bascule bridge (drawbridge) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It crosses over the Long Island New York State Boat Channel connecting Captree Island and Jones Beach Island on Robert Moses Causeway in the Oak Beach–Captree area within the town of Babylon.

The  bascule bridge meets the Ocean Parkway at a cloverleaf interchange. This interchange, which provides access to Captree State Park, Gilgo State Park and Jones Beach State Park, served as the southern terminus of the Robert Moses Causeway that leads to the Fire Island Inlet Bridge, the Fire Island Lighthouse, and Robert Moses State Park.

References

State Boat Channel Bridge (Bridgehunter.com)
http://trains.rockycrater.org/cfr/33cfr117.php
http://www.tradewindsfishing.com/directions.cfm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/2748346/Rule-Drawbridge-Operation-Regulations-Longwood-Events-Wedding-Fireworks-Display-Boston-Harbor-Boston-MA

Bridges on Long Island
Road bridges in New York (state)
Bascule bridges in New York (state)
Bridges in Suffolk County, New York


Filip Kurto (born 14 June 1991) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the A-League Men club Macarthur FC.

Club career
Kurto began his career when he was 7 years old at Naki Olsztyn. In 2005, he moved to OKS 1945 Olsztyn youth team. In 2006 Kurto joined Warmia Olsztyn. In 2007, he moved to Promień Opalenica. In the 2008–09 season he played regularly for the Promień first squad in the Polish Third League. In December 2008, he was invited by Wisła Kraków for a trial. In March 2009, he moved to Wisła Kraków. In July 2009 Kurto signed a new three-year contract with Wisła Kraków. In July 2013, Kurto moved to Dutch side Roda JC Kerkrade on a free transfer. In September 2013, Kurto scored an own goal during a 3–3 draw against FC Utrecht in the Eredivisie. He was released in July 2014 and signed with FC Dordrecht later on. After the relegation of FC Dordrecht, Kurto found a new Eredivisie club in Excelsior.

Wellington Phoenix

On 18 July 2018, it was announced that Kurto had signed a two-year deal with New Zealand club Wellington Phoenix who play in the A-League. After consolidating his starting position at the club, on 2 December 2018 Kurto suffered a serious head injury following a collision with Perth Glory striker Andy Keogh.

Western United
On 14 May 2019 it was announced that Kurto was leaving the Phoenix to join new A-League club Western United.

Macarthur FC
On 26 October 2021, Kurto signed for Macarthur FC.

International career
Kurto made his debut for the Poland U18 team on 24 March 2009 in a match against Portugal. On 13 August 2009, he played his first match for under-19s.

In August 2010, he earned his first call-up to Poland U20s for the friendly matches against Uzbekistan and Italy.

Statistics
 As of 13 June 2023

Honours
Wisła Kraków
Ekstraklasa: 2010–11

Macarthur
Australia Cup: 2022

Individual
 A-League Goalkeeper of the Year 2018-19
A-Leagues All Star: 2022

References

External links
 Voetbal International profile

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Olsztyn
Men's association football goalkeepers
Polish men's footballers
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Poland men's youth international footballers
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Wisła Kraków players
Roda JC Kerkrade players
FC Dordrecht players
Excelsior Rotterdam players
Wellington Phoenix FC players
Western United FC players
Macarthur FC players
Ekstraklasa players
III liga players
Eredivisie players
A-League Men players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Expatriate men's association footballers in New Zealand
Polish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Australia
Polish expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand


The Blue Note 7 are a jazz septet formed in 2008 in honor of the 70th anniversary of Blue Note Records. The group consists of Peter Bernstein (guitar), Bill Charlap (piano), Ravi Coltrane (tenor saxophone), Lewis Nash (drums), Nicholas Payton (trumpet), Peter Washington (bass), and Steve Wilson (alto saxophone, flute).

The group recorded an album in 2008, entitled Mosaic, which was released in 2009 on Blue Note/EMI, and toured the United States in promotion of the album from January until April 2009. The group plays the music of Blue Note from various artists, with arrangements by members of the band and Renee Rosnes.

Band members

 Peter Bernstein – guitar
 Bill Charlap – piano
 Ravi Coltrane – tenor saxophone
 Lewis Nash – drums
 Nicholas Payton – trumpet
 Peter Washington – bass
 Steve Wilson – alto saxophone, flute

Albums
 Mosaic: A Celebration of Blue Note Records (Blue Note Records/EMI, 2009)

References

External links
The Blue Note 7 official website
[ allmusic entry]
http://www.bluenotesix-vienna.at/content/29/29/biografie_blue_note_six.htm

American jazz ensembles
Septets
Post-bop ensembles
Jazz supergroups
Musical groups established in 2008
Blue Note Records artists


The Clear Springs Wilderness is a 4,730-acre (19.1 km²) parcel of land listed as a Wilderness Area of the United States.  It contains the LaRue-Pine Hills Ecological Area, a National Natural Landmark noted for a large and diverse population of snakes.

The wilderness is located within the Shawnee National Forest in southwestern Jackson County and northwestern Union County is the U.S. state of Illinois.  The nearest town of any size is Wolf Lake, Illinois.

Second-growth wilderness
The steep hills of the Clear Springs Wilderness are drained by many limestone springs, including Clear Springs, which drains into Hutchins Creek and then into Clear Creek.

As with other wilderness areas within Shawnee National Forest, the Clear Springs Wilderness is made up of second-growth forested areas that were used, until the land acquisitions of the 1930s, as agriculture land.  The steep eastern bluffs over the Big Muddy River were not good ground for agriculture.  Most of the soil that used to be here has eroded into the Big Muddy's bed.  Firewood was cut here, and farmers may have tried to use the region's well-watered, temperate climate for livestock grazing.  Shawnee National Forest was created in 1939, and in 1990, the Illinois Wilderness Act set aside seven separate parcels of land within this National Forest as relatively small wilderness areas.  The Clear Springs Wilderness, one of these parcels, is a roadless parcel of land within the national forest.

The Clear Springs Wilderness borders the Bald Knob Wilderness, which lies to the south and east.  The two wilderness parcels are separated by Hutchins Creek.  Both wildernesses are managed by the United States Forest Service and are served by the forest's River to River Trail.

From Wolf Lake, visitors may choose to drive north approximately 3.5 miles (5.5 km) on Illinois Route 3 until they get to the ghost town of La Rue, Illinois.  From here an eastward local road, by means of a series of hairpin turns, provides motor vehicle access up the bluff to the edge of the wilderness area, which is perched atop the bluff.  The local road is officially called LaRue Road, but is widely and unofficially called Snake Road because of the large quantities of snakes that use the road for their seasonal migrations.  For this reason the access road is often closed to motorized traffic.  Snake species found here include the black rat, common king, rough green, western ribbon, ringneck, red-bellied, black racer, the venomous copperhead, and the venomous cottonmouth.

The LaRue-Pine Hills zone has also been listed as an Important Bird Area of Illinois.

References

External links
United States Forest Service

IUCN Category Ib
Protected areas established in 1990
1990 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas of Jackson County, Illinois
Protected areas of Union County, Illinois
Wilderness areas of Illinois
Shawnee National Forest
National Natural Landmarks in Illinois


Julian Hails (born 20 November 1967) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a midfielder for Fulham and Southend United. He is a maths teacher at the St Albans High School For Girls.

Biography

Football career
Hails was studying for a maths degree and playing part-time at Hemel Hempstead Town, before being offered a trial at Fulham. Part of the deal that took Hails to Fulham was that he could stay on and finish his degree. He joined Fulham permanently in 1990. He played as a right-winger for Fulham, a position his father used to play for Lincoln City, Peterborough United, Luton Town and Northampton Town. Hails made 126 appearances in all competitions scoring 13 goals, being voted as the "Player of the Season" by Fulham fans during his spell with the London club.

Peter Taylor signed Hails for Southend United in early December 1994. He made 182 appearances for Southend in all competitions scoring seven goals. Hails was moved into right-back position in September 1997, when Alvin Martin took control as the manager. He won the "Player of the Season" award that season after a number of impressive performances. He was forced to retire in 2000, after a two-year struggle with knee injuries.

Life after football
Hails has a BSc honours in Mathematical Studies. He is now a maths teacher at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, when he joined in May 2006, and has had various football and tennis coaching roles at the school.

Personal life
Hails was born in Lincoln and is married. He now lives with his wife and 3 sons in Hertfordshire. His father, William, was also a professional footballer in the 1950s and 1960s, who played for Lincoln City, Peterborough United, Luton Town and Northampton Town.

References

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Lincoln, England
English men's footballers
Schoolteachers from Lincolnshire
Hemel Hempstead Town F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders


Dimorphocarpa wislizeni, commonly known as spectacle pod, Wislizeni's spectaclepod, and touristplant,  is a flowering plant in the mustard family native to western North America, where it occurs in the southwestern United States as far east as Oklahoma and Texas, and Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, and Coahuila in Mexico.

Description
This species is an annual herb with a branching or unbranched stem 10 to 80 centimeters tall. The basal leaves are lance-shaped with toothed or lobed edges. Leaves higher on the stem are narrower, with less divided or smooth edges. The flowers have white or lavender petals 4 to 8 millimeters long. The fruit is a double-lobed, winged silicle that breaks in half at maturity, each lobe carrying a flat seed 2 or 3 millimeters wide.

The plant grows in sandy and sandstone substrates in desert shrubland, pinyon-juniper, and ponderosa pine associations.

The seed pods of Dimorphocarpa wislizeni are flat, green, two-lobed capsules that superficially resemble spectacles, hence the common name. This feature makes identification of Spectacle Pod easy.

Uses
The Zuni people applied a warm infusion of the pulverized plant to swelling, especially the throat. A decoction of entire plant was given for delirium. An infusion of the plant was taken by men to "loosen their tongues so they may talk like fools and drunken men." The flower and fruit eaten as an emetic for stomachaches.

References

External links
 Dimorphocarpa wislizeni. CalPhotos.
Dimorphocarpa wislizeni, touristplant. USDA PLANTS.
Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Dimorphocarpa wislizenii. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Brassicaceae
Flora of the Western United States
Flora of Mexico
Plants described in 1848
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine


Valerian Tristanovich Bestayev (; born 5 March 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Alania Vladikavkaz.

External links

1982 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
Footballers from Vladikavkaz
Men's association football defenders
FC Avtodor Vladikavkaz players


Möbius sign is a clinical sign in which there is an inability to maintain convergence of the eyes. It is found in patients with Graves' disease.

The sign is named after Paul Julius Möbius.

References

Symptoms and signs: Endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism
Endocrinology


Paramoudras, paramoudra flints, pot stones or potstones  are flint nodules found mainly in parts of north-west Europe: Norfolk (United Kingdom), Ireland, Denmark, Spain and Germany.  In Norfolk they are known as pot stones and can be found on the beach below Beeston Bump just outside Beeston Regis.  In Ireland they are known as paramoudras. The term paramoudras was first used by Buckland in 1817 and is a corruption of a Gaelic name, probably padhramoudras "ugly Paddies" or peura muireach "sea pears".

Pot stones are flint nodules with a hollow center and have the appearance of a doughnut (torus).  They can be found in columns resembling a backbone.

These flints are trace fossils of the burrows of an organism otherwise unknown except for these relics sometimes referred to as Bathicnus paramoudrae.

Notes

External links

 geography,org  Paramoudra on chalk outcrop
 Aranzadi Science Society - Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi  Paramoudras en arenisca de la Formación Jaizkibel

Geography of Norfolk
Trace fossils


Greatest Hits is a collection of songs recorded by Freda Payne for the label of Invictus Records. Like many collections of Payne's music, it begins with her biggest hit "Band of Gold." It contains all eight singles from that label, along with four album tracks. It mistakenly says that the ninth track is "I'm Not Getting Any Better," as it is actually two songs put together: "I'm Not Getting Any Better" and "Suddenly It's Yesterday." Both of these songs were written by Brian Holland and Lamont Dozier. Inside the album cover are liner notes from Eddie Holland along with a brief history of Freda Payne's life and career that mainly focuses on her career with Invictus Records.

Track listing

Album credits
Project producer: Richard J. Davis
Executive producer: Eddie Holland
Compiled by: Rodney J. Brown
Digital transfers: L.T. Horn for Supertec
Preproduction: Rodney J. Brown
Project coordinator: Victoria J. Canchola
Digital mastering: Joe Tarantino (Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, CA)

1991 compilation albums
Freda Payne albums


This is a list of all Hardy Boys books published, by series.

The Hardy Boys Mystery Stories (1927–2005)

Grosset & Dunlap

Simon & Schuster
In 1979, the Hardy Boys books began to be published by Wanderer Books Simon & Schuster in paperback format. Though formatted differently from the original 58-volume series which continued under Grosset & Dunlap's control, these new books were published under the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories banner. These books feature increasingly contemporary cover illustrations and some books have multiple versions of the cover art.

To collectors of Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew books, books in the original series published at Simon & Schuster are called "Digests". This is due to the books resembling Digest-size paperbacks, differing from Grosset & Dunlap's hardcover books (one of the reasons Adams switched to Simon & Schuster was that Grosset & Dunlap did not like this move, while Simon & Schuster agreed to it).

In 2005, the first eight volumes from Wanderer (#59-66) were republished by Grosset & Dunlap, alongside the first eight Nancy Drew volumes from Wanderer. These republications went out of print in 2013.

Wanderer editions
The main plot, formula, and continuity of the books remained similar to the original Grosset & Dunlap books still being published at the time. After Harriet Adams died in 1982, the Syndicate continued with five of its partners (Adams' remaining three children, plus authors Nancy Axelrod and Lilo Wuenn), until its sale to Simon & Schuster in 1987.

Night of the Werewolf was originally listed as the next book at the end of Sting of the Scorpion. Grosset & Dunlap continued to list this until they lost a court case against the Syndicate and Simon & Schuster in May 1980. The book was later revised to eliminate the next title and instead referenced the first book in the series, The Tower Treasure. They later published Night of the Werewolf and the next seven titles in 2005, with the permission and collaboration of Simon & Schuster. These last eight titles were discontinued once the license ran out.

Minstrel editions
After volume 85, the series took a two-and-a-half-year hiatus due to the sale of the Stratemeyer Syndicate to Simon & Schuster. At this point, book packager Mega-Books took over the series, and hired different ghostwriters for the job (many of whom are still unknown).  Mega-Books worked on the series until #153 Eye On Crime in 1998.  Starting with #154 The Caribbean Cruise Caper, Simon & Schuster handled all books internally. The ghostwriters who are known are ones who have either been discovered through other resources, or have publicly revealed themselves as a ghostwriter for the series.

Aladdin editions
With the new millennium, the series changed publishers to the Aladdin subdivision of Simon & Schuster. With the reboot of Nancy Drew into Girl Detective, coupled with declining sales, Simon & Schuster ended the original series in April 2005.

Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys: Be a Detective Mystery Stories (1984–1985)
In these books the reader controls the outcome of the story by choosing different options of advancing the plot, similar to the Choose Your Own Adventure books.

 The Secret of the Knight’s Sword
 Danger on Ice
 The Feathered Serpent
 Secret Cargo
 The Alaskan Mystery
 The Missing Money Mystery

The Hardy Boys Casefiles Series (1987–1998)
The Hardy Boys Casefiles are aimed at early-to-mid teen readers and have more mature themes, including espionage, murder, and slight romance. The new direction the series would take was set in the first volume, Dead On Target, as a bomb planted in the Hardy Boys' car blows up Joe's longtime girlfriend, Iola Morton, in the first chapter. Book packager Mega-Books and Simon & Schuster released the first two Casefiles under the Archway imprint in April 1987 and continued to release a new title monthly until November 1997. In January 1998 the last Casefile, #127 Dead in the Water, was released. This series was published in mass-market, or rack-sized, paperbacks to widen the distribution of the books to supermarkets and other outlets. In September 1987 the Hardy Boys Digest series was revived and continued with #86 The Mystery of the Silver Star.  Events from the Casefiles are not referenced in the Digest series, and Iola Morton is alive and connected with Joe Hardy as in the previous 85 titles. The Casefiles universe also merges with the Nancy Drew Files and Tom Swift worlds in titles published as A Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys SuperMystery and A Hardy Boys and Tom Swift UltraThriller. Several spin-off series were cancelled by Simon & Schuster at the end of 1997, including The Hardy Boys Casefiles.

In addition, there were three unpublished titles, only two of them known: Book #128, titled Explosive Force, was written by Jerry Novick, and a complete manuscript exists; Book #130, titled The Crisscross Crime, was rewritten for the original series, and released as #150.

Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys Super Mystery Series (1988–1998)

The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew teamed up in this 36-volume series of paperbacks. This series follows the formula of the main characters and their friends typically involved in separate mysteries that end up being connected. The sleuths join forces to solve the overall mystery. This series is based in the Nancy Drew Files and Hardy Boys Casefiles continuity, so murder, romance, and flirtation between the series regulars are common. Nancy Drew and Frank Hardy share an attraction in this series, though after a brief kiss in The Last Resort this attraction is not acted on. Subsequent books focus on the respect and friendship that developed between the two and their continued feelings for Ned Nickerson and Callie Shaw. Several spin-off series were cancelled by Simon & Schuster at the end of 1997, including the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys SuperMystery series.  Starting in 2007, in order to differentiate between the new Super Mystery series, many fans started referring to this series as SuperMystery'88.

Hardy Boys and Tom Swift Ultra Thriller Series (1992–1993)
The two-volume Ultra-Thriller series is a short-lived Hardy Boys spin-off that joined boy inventor Tom Swift with the crime-solving Hardy Boys, Frank and Joe. Although the Franklin W. Dixon pseudonym was used, the series was more akin to the then-current Tom Swift IV series and listed in the Tom Swift books as part of that series. Published as mass-market paperback books under the Archway imprint of Simon & Schuster.  Both books were written by Bill McKay.

 Time Bomb
 The Alien Factor

Collector's editions and foreign publications
From 1998 to 1999, Simon & Schuster published three Hardy Boys Casefiles Collector's Editions that contained three previously published Casefiles stories (Vol. 1 #'s 38, 39 and 40; Vol. 2 #'s 48, 51 and 52; Vol. 3 #'s 55, 58 and 59).  In 2005, Simon & Schuster reprinted Vol. 3 in hardcover with a different cover that used the current Hardy Boys Mystery Stories (Digest) cover of a file folder with modified art from Hardy Boys #152, exclusively for Borders Bookstores.

The Canadian rights to the Casefiles and its spin-offs have been held by Paperjacks (April 1987-December 1989) and Distican, Inc./Simon & Schuster Canada (January 1990 – present; Simon & Schuster US bought out Distican in 2002 and just changed the company name).  Aside from inserting an ad for their 'Books By Mail' program, their address on the copyright page, and a small Maple Leaf with "Printed In Canada" being put on the front covers, and distributing the books, Paperjacks was allowed no other editorial/layout changes to the books.  Once Distican took over the rights in January 1990, the books were all published in the US and just distributed by Distican in Canada with no publishing occurring in Canada.

Simon & Schuster UK have published many 2-in-1 and 3-in-1 books of the Casefiles since the early 1990s in the UK and other British Commonwealth Nations (except Canada).  In 2005/06 Simon & Schuster UK reissued four Casefiles under the Undercover Brothers label, with two other books being planned but cancelled before publication.

Armada/Collins held the UK/British Commonwealth (except Canada) rights to the Casefiles from about 1988 till 1991, with reprint rights continuing throughout the 1990s, allowing Armada to publish different 2-in-1 and 3-in-1 books of the first 10 Casefiles.

The Clues Brothers (1997–2000)
The Clues Brothers books were aimed at younger readers, particularly in third and fourth grades. The series was introduced in 1997 and was cancelled in 2000 for lack of popularity. Starting in 2013 the series is available as ebooks.

This series had some big differences from the other Hardy Boys books, such as:

 The Hardy Boys do not solve major crimes as they do in the others.
 In these books, Joe and Frank are only 8 and 9, unlike the other books where they are 17 and 18.
 They go to Bayport Elementary School; in the others, they go to Bayport High School.

The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers (2005–2012)

The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers is a series of paperback books which replaced the Digest paperbacks in early 2005.

The Hardy Boys are now agents of A.T.A.C. (American Teens Against Crime) and are solving more realistic and/or violent crimes.

This series is written in first-person narrative style with Frank and Joe alternating chapters.

2005
1. Extreme Danger
2. Running On Fumes
3. Boardwalk Bust
4. Thrill Ride
5. Rocky Road
6. Burned
7. Operation: Survival

2006
8. Top Ten Ways to Die
9. Martial Law
10. Blown Away
11. Hurricane Joe
12. Trouble in Paradise
13. The Mummy's Curse

2007
14. Hazed
15. Death And Diamonds
16. Bayport Buccaneers
17. Murder At The Mall
18. Pushed
19. Foul Play

2008
20. Feeding Frenzy
21. Comic Con Artist
22. Deprivation House (Murder House trilogy)
23. House Arrest
24. Murder House
25. Double Trouble (Double Trouble trilogy)

2009
26.  Double Down
27.  Double Deception
28.  Galaxy X (Galaxy X trilogy)
29.  X-plosion [Galaxy X trilogy]
30.  The X-Factor [Galaxy X trilogy]
31.  Killer Mission (Killer Mystery trilogy)

2010
32.  Private Killer
33.  Killer Connections
34.  The Children of the Lost (Lost Mystery trilogy)
35.  Lost Brother

2011
36.  Forever Lost
37.  Movie Menace (Deathstalker Trilogy)
38.  Movie Mission

2012
39.  Movie Mayhem - last book in series; Hardy Boys UB canceled January 2012
40.  The Case of the MyFace Kidnapper (working title) - series cancelled before publication

Spy Set - box set of volumes 1–4 (2005)

Super Mysteries
 Wanted - 2006
 Kidnapped at the Casino - 2007
 Haunted (Special Ghost Story edition) - 2008

Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys Super Mystery Series (2007–2012)
The Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys Super Mystery books are a new series first published in June 2007 and are not to be confused with the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys SuperMystery series that was published between 1988 and 1998.  Many fans, in order to avoid confusion with the earlier series, refer to this series as the Super Mystery'07 series.

This is a spin-off series of the Nancy Drew: Girl Detective series and The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers series. Books are narrated in the first person with chapters alternating between Nancy's, Frank's, and Joe's view. Series was cancelled with Nancy Drew: Girl Detective and The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers in 2012.
 Terror on Tour - 2007
 Danger Overseas - 2008
 Club Dread - 2009
 Gold Medal Murder - 2010
 Bonfire Masquerade - 2011
 Stage Fright - 2012

The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers Graphic Novels (2005–2010)
The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers also appear in a series of graphic novels by Papercutz.

The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers – The New Case Files Graphic Novels (2010–2011)
(A new graphic novel series from Papercutz)
 Crawling with Zombies - October 26, 2010
 Break-Up! - March 15, 2011
 Nancy Drew: Girl Detective - The New Case Files #3 / Together With The Hardy Boys – August 2, 2011 (this book is listed as number 3 in the second Nancy Drew graphic novel series, but it is also the 3rd story in the second Hardy Boys graphic novel series and concludes the plot that was begun in The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers – The New Case Files #1 and #2, and Nancy Drew: Girl Detective – The New Case Files #1 and #2)

The Hardy Boys Adventures (2013–present)
In 2011, Simon & Schuster cancelled the Undercover Brothers series and launched a new series, Hardy Boys Adventures, publishing four volumes in 2013. The reboot series publishes two to three new titles a year in paperback, hardcover book with dust jacket, and as eBooks. This series is written in the first person with chapters alternating between Frank's and Joe's narration. The first four titles had an initial printing of 25,000 copies in paperback and 2,500 copies in hardcover. Books 5 through 8 had an initial print run of 25,000 in paperback and 5,000 in hardcover. Books 9 and 10 had an initial print run of 10,000 in paperback and 5,000 in hardcover. Audio books were released starting in 2015 on CD and download, read by Tim Gregory. The first three titles were published as a single volume in June 2016 using the cover art from the first book in the series.

Titles

Trivia
 The original title for Mystery of the Phantom Heist was Masked Mayhem, and listed as such for pre-order on several online sites before the name change.
 The working title for Bound for Danger was Foul Play. This would have been the third use of this title in a Hardy Boys series.
 The original book scheduled for February 2019 was The Vanishing Room, and listed for pre-order as such on several online sites. It was later retitled The Disappearance, which had a different plot. The cover art was retained, with only the book title being changed.
 The Hardy Boys appear in the Nancy Drew Diaries title A Nancy Drew Christmas, which was released in September 2018.

The Hardy Boys Secret Files (2010–2015)
The Hardy Boys Secret Files is a series begun in 2010 by the publisher Simon & Schuster under their Aladdin imprint. It features the Hardy Boys, Frank and Joe, as grade-school detectives. Three new titles are published yearly as paperback books and eBooks. This series rebooted in 2016 as the Hardy Boys Clue Book series.
 Trouble at the Arcade
 The Missing Mitt
 Mystery Map
 Hopping Mad
 A Monster of a Mystery
 The Bicycle Thief
 The Disappearing Dog
 Sports Sabotage
 The Great Coaster Caper
 A Rockin' Mystery (October 2012)
 Robot Rumble (April 2013)
 Lights, Camera...Zombies! (August 2013)
 Balloon Blow-Up (December 2013)
 Fossil Frenzy (April 2014)
 Ship of Secrets (August 2014)
 Camping Chaos (December 2014)
 The Great Escape (April 2015)
 Medieval Upheaval (August 2015)
 The Race Is On (December 2015)

The Hardy Boys Clue Book (2016–present)
This is a re-boot of the Hardy Boys Secret Files series published by Aladdin Paperbacks in paperback, hardcover, and eBook editions written by Franklin W. Dixon with covers and internal illustrations by Matt David. Illustrations and cover art for book #7 by Santy Gutierrez. This is an interactive series, as readers will get to write down their clues and predictions. A page before the final chapter has questions the reader can answer regarding suspects, clues, and solutions. The first book in the series references events in the last book of the Hardy Boys Secret Files series, making this a continuation of that series.

Titles

Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys Dynamite Comic Books (2017)
Published by Dynamite Entertainment.
 Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys: The Big Lie (March–August 2017; 6 issues): In this modern take, teenage brothers Frank and Joe Hardy are accused of the murder of their father – a detective in the small resort town of Bayport – and must team up with the femme fatale Nancy Drew to prove their innocence (and find the real guilty party in the process) in a twisting, hardboiled tale, complete with double-crosses, deceit, and dames.
 Nancy Drew & The Hardy Boys: The Mystery of the Missing Adults! (July 2019)
 Nancy Drew & The Hardy Boys: The Death of Nancy Drew (April–November 2020; 6 issues)

Specials
 The Hardy Boys Detective Handbook (1959)
 The Hardy Boys Handbook: Seven Stories of Survival (1980)
 Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys: Super Sleuths (1981)
 Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys: Super Sleuths #2 (1984)
 Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys: Campfire Stories (1984)
 The Hardy Boys Ghost Stories (1984)

Notes

References

Book series introduced in 1927


Josh Richard Grispi (born October 14, 1988) is an American former professional mixed martial artist. A professional competitor from 2006 until 2014, he has competed for the UFC and WEC.

Background
Grispi, a talented hockey player, was kicked out of many schools and even a paintball facility before venturing into mixed martial arts when he was 13 years old, following the advice of his father. Grispi went to South Shore Sportfighting. The sport grew on Grispi, and he began fighting in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, winning local tournaments while often being the youngest competitor.

Mixed martial arts career

World Extreme Cagefighting
After beginning his career in 2006 and going 10–1 in smaller promotions, Grispi was signed by the WEC.

He made his promotional debut against Mark Hominick at WEC 32, locking in a rear-naked choke submission in the first round. This was followed up by an early first round TKO victory over Micah Miller.

His next fight came against former UFC Lightweight Champion Jens Pulver at WEC 41 on June 7, 2009. He won the fight via guillotine choke submission 33 seconds into the fight. Two days before the Pulver fight, Grispi injured his ankle while training, but agreed to fight anyway. He underwent surgery and returned in the summer of 2010.

Grispi returned after a year off to face LC Davis on June 20, 2010, at WEC 49. Grispi submitted Davis by guillotine choke submission at 2:33 of the first round, earning Submission of the Night honors.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Grispi was expected to face Erik Koch on November 11, 2010, at WEC 52. However, in October 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, all WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC.

He was expected to fight José Aldo at UFC 125 for the UFC Featherweight Championship but Aldo was forced to withdraw due to injury. Risking his #1 contender status, Grispi instead fought late replacement Dustin Poirier at the event and lost via unanimous decision. Grispi suffered a jaw injury in the fight which sidelined him for 5 months.

Grispi faced George Roop on June 4, 2011, at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale. He lost the fight via TKO in the third round.

Grispi was expected to face Matt Grice on October 8, 2011, at UFC 136.  However, Grispi was forced from the bout and replaced by Nam Phan.

Grispi was expected to face Pablo Garza on August 4, 2012, at UFC on FOX 4.  However, Garza was forced out of the bout and replaced by Rani Yahya. Grispi lost to Yahya after he tapped out to a north–south choke in the first round.

Grispi faced Andy Ogle on February 16, 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV: Barão vs. McDonald. Grispi lost the fight via unanimous decision and was subsequently released from the promotion.

Post-UFC career
After serving his sentence in jail, Grispi has returned to the mixed martial arts and was expected to face Bruce Boyington for NEF Lightweight Championship at NEF 42 on February 8, 2020. However on January 20, 2020, news surfaced that Grispi was forced to withdraw from the bout due to legal complications and was replaced by Manny Bermudez.

Personal life
Grispi filed for divorce while incarcerated and has a son and a daughter with ex wife Kaitlyn. He is a distant relative of legendary boxer Rocky Marciano. Aside from fighting, Grispi used to do construction work with his father.

Legal issues
On August 6, 2014, Grispi was held without bail on domestic abuse and assault charges against his wife. Grispi had first been arrested on August 1, 2014, and charged with multiple counts of improperly storing firearms near minors, as well as assault and battery on his wife. However, Grispi was released on August 4, 2014, after posting $2,000 bail.  That same day, Grispi allegedly assaulted his wife again by punching and kicking her repeatedly, as well as sending his bull terrier dog who had been trained to attack her after her. However, his wife was able to escape and reach a neighbor's house to receive help. The neighbor then called police to report the assault.  The police searched Grispi's house and found 20 marijuana plants and 15 grams of cocaine. Grispi's wife told police her husband had been abusive to her for the past two years in their three-year marriage. One officer described the event as "the worst case of domestic abuse I've ever seen." On June 16, 2017, Grispi was convicted on 25 of 29 charges in Plymouth County Superior Court in Brockton, Massachusetts. He received a sentence of  years of incarceration and 5 years of probation upon release. Several charges, such as witness intimidation and witness tampering, related to behavior while incarcerated and awaiting trial, were added.

Championships and accomplishments
World Extreme Cagefighting
Submission of the Night (One time) vs. LC Davis (technical guillotine choke)

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–5
| Andy Ogle
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC on Fuel TV: Barão vs. McDonald
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England, United Kingdom
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–4
| Rani Yahya
| Submission (north/south choke)
| UFC on Fox: Shogun vs. Vera
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:15
| Los Angeles, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–3
| George Roop
| TKO (body punch)
| The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:14
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–2
| Dustin Poirier
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 125
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–1
| LC Davis
| Technical submission (guillotine choke)
| WEC 49
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:33
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–1
| Jens Pulver
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| WEC 41
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:33
| Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–1
| Micah Miller
| TKO (punches)
| WEC 35: Condit vs. Miura
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:50
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–1
| Mark Hominick
| Technical submission (rear-naked choke)
| WEC 32: Condit vs. Prater
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:55
| Rio Rancho, New Mexico, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–1
| Spencer Paige
| KO (head kick)
| FFP: Untamed 18
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:11
| Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Paul Gorman
| Submission (triangle choke)
| FFP: Untamed 14
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:29
| Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–1
| Glen Medeiras
| KO (punches)
| RF: Domination
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:40
| Concord, New Hampshire, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–1
| Charlie Murphy
| Submission (armbar)
| WFL 16: Moment of Truth 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Fernando Bernandino
| Decision (majority)
| FFP: Untamed 10
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Edward Odquina
| Submission (armbar)
| WFL 15: Winter Brawl 2007
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:11
| Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–1
| Henrique Bilcalho
| Submission (heel hook)
| CZ 19: Above and Beyond
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:32
| Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Eddie Felix
| TKO (punches)
| FFP: Untamed 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:49
| Mansfield, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Cylde Ganthier
| KO (punches)
| WFL 12: Calloway Cup 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| N/A
| Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Dan Bonnell
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| CZ 18
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:27
| Revere, Massachusetts, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Nick Zimmerman
| TKO (punches)
| RF: Invasion
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:18
| Manchester, New Hampshire, United States
|

See also
List of male mixed martial artists

References

External links

Official UFC Profile

American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Massachusetts
Featherweight mixed martial artists
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
1988 births
Living people
People from Rockland, Massachusetts
People convicted of domestic violence
Sportspeople from Plymouth County, Massachusetts


Aleksandr Vladimirovich Danishevsky (; born 23 February 1984) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for Spartak Moscow. He played 1 game for Spartak Moscow in the UEFA Champions League 2001–02, 6 games in the UEFA Champions League 2002–03 and 3 games in the UEFA Cup 2003–04. On 1 September 2014, he signed for FC SKChF Sevastopol, which plays in Zone South of the Russian Second Division.

Honours
 Russian Premier League champion: 2001.
 Russian Premier League bronze: 2002.
 Russian Cup winner: 2003.
 Russian Cup finalist: 2005.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sevastopol
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC Khimki players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Rostov players
FC Arsenal Kyiv players
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi players
FC Sevastopol players
FC Sevastopol-2 players
FC Belshina Bobruisk players
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
FC Sevastopol (2014) players
FC Sportakademklub Moscow players


Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley is a civil parish in the west of the English county of Hampshire. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 Census was 1,171.

The civil parish was formed in 1974 by the amalgamation of the three titular villages which had all been civil parishes in their own right, it forms part of the New Forest District.

The main geographical features of the area are the A338 road (connecting Poole and Bournemouth with Salisbury) and the Hampshire Avon. The nearest towns are Ringwood and Fordingbridge.

Populated places in the parish include:
Ellingham
Furze Hill
Harbridge
Highwood
Ibsley
Linford
Linwood
Mockbeggar
Moyles Court School
Poulner
Rockford
Shobley
Somerley
South Gorley
Turmer

References

External links

Ellingham, Harbridge and Ibsley Parish Council

Civil parishes in Hampshire
New Forest District


The 2009 Amstel Gold Race was the 44th edition of the Amstel Gold Race classic cycle race and took place on April 19, 2009. It was held on a  course from Maastricht to Cauberg, the Netherlands, as the fifth event of the 2009 UCI ProTour, and the ninth event in the inaugural UCI World Ranking series. It was won by Serguei Ivanov, who formed a late breakaway with Robert Gesink and Karsten Kroon with 8 km to go.

The top three from 2008 event, Damiano Cunego, Fränk Schleck, and Alejandro Valverde, were present but only Cunego finished in the top ten.

Over the course of the race, many riders sought to break away from the peloton. While some breakaways lasted for some time, all were eventually retrieved. The final attempt, by Roman Kreuziger, ultimately contributed to the winning move:
Andy Schleck led the peloton at a steady pace over the Kruisberg while Gasparotto did the same over the famous Eyserbosweg. In the descent Kreuziger sneaked away on his own and he rode up the following climb of the Fromberg on the big ring. Still, he gained no more than 100 metres over a peloton that was reduced to no more than 50 riders.

Serguei Ivanov (Katusha), marked by Vincenzo Nibali (Liquigas), tried to bridge up towards Kreuziger but the attempt from the Russian fell short since the Italian didn't co-operate in this counter-attack.

On the Keutenberg, the penultimate climb, Simon Gerrans (Cervélo TestTeam) caught Kreuziger, followed by Ivanov, Robert Gesink (Rabobank), Philippe Gilbert (Silence-Lotto), Andy Schleck, Michael Albasini (Columbia-Highroad), Christian Pfannberger (Katusha) and Karsten Kroon (Saxo Bank).

Meanwhile, the likes of Samuel Sánchez (Euskaltel-Euskadi), Alejandro Valverde (Caisse d'Epargne), Damiano Cunego (Lampre-NGC) and Davide Rebellin (Serramenti PVC Diquigiovanni-Androni Giocattoli) missed this move and were consequently effectively shut out of contesting the finale.

Gesink attacked the leader's group after the climb of the Keutenberg. The Dutchman was joined by Ivanov and Kroon a little later, and while Albasini tried to bridge towards the leaders on his own, it didn't stick. The leading trio was left on its own out front and soon after were the occupants of the podium's three steps.

Result

References

External links

Race Report by Cycling News

Amstel Gold Race
Amstel Gold Race
2009 UCI World Ranking
2009 in Dutch sport


The 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship was the inaugural FIA GT1 World Championship, a motor racing competition reserved for FIA GT1 cars. The championship was a replacement for the FIA GT Championship which had been held annually from 1997 to 2009. It was the first sports car racing series to be sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) as a World Championship since the demise of the World Sportscar Championship at the end of the 1992 season.

Developed by the Stéphane Ratel Organisation (SRO), the 2010 championship was decided over ten events in ten countries on three continents. It was contested by twelve teams, each being independent of the automobile manufacturer that they represented, although they were permitted limited support from that manufacturer. Aston Martin, Corvette, Ford, Lamborghini, Maserati, and Nissan were each represented by two teams. Unlike the FIA GT Championship, where several tyre manufacturers competed, the FIA GT1 World Championship has a single provider, Michelin.

Michael Bartels and Andrea Bertolini, who won the final FIA GT Championship for Drivers in 2009, won the first GT1 World Championship for Drivers with a race to spare. Despite finishing twelfth in the Qualification Race in Argentina, Bartels and Bertolini were assured of the title as the Young Driver AMR pairing of Tomáš Enge and Darren Turner could only finish tenth which failed to keep them within reach. A non-scoring weekend for Enge and Turner dropped them to fourth in the final championship standings, as Matech Competition's Thomas Mutsch and Hexis AMR's Frédéric Makowiecki moved into second and third places respectively as Makowiecki won both races and Mutsch finished second in each race. With the assistance of Miguel Ramos, Enrique Bernoldi and Alexandre Negrão in the team's second car during the season, Vitaphone Racing also claimed the Teams' Championship in the same race, as Young Driver AMR, Hexis AMR and Reiter all failed to score enough points to take the championship to a final race.

Aston Martin was awarded the SRO Trophy for Manufacturers.

Calendar
The SRO announced a provisional 2010 calendar featuring twelve events, although host circuits were not named. A revised twelve event calendar was announced on 21 October 2009, removing the previously planned rounds for Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, and Russia. Eastern Creek Raceway had been part of the unsuccessful bid for the Australian round, while the Russian round planned for 2010 was cancelled due to delays in the completion of the Eurasia Autodromo, while Romania's planned event was cancelled due to a change in the Bucharest government.  A further calendar was released on 11 December 2009 with just ten rounds listed, removing the proposed Canadian, Hungarian, and Chinese rounds but adding the Argentinian round at the Potrero de los Funes Circuit once more.  The Yas Marina Circuit later requested to the FIA that their event be pushed back two weeks to the weekend of 17 April in order to avoid a conflict with the FIA World Cup for Cross Country Rallies which was to be held in the United Arab Emirates on 5 April. The British round was to incorporate the RAC Tourist Trophy while also serving as the first motor racing event held on the newly built Arena layout for the Silverstone Circuit. Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps would continue to host a round, but the GT1 races would be held separately from the Spa 24 Hours during the same weekend.

In July 2010, following delays in completing alterations to the Durban street circuit due to construction for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the South African round was postponed until 2011.  A Spanish event at the brand new Circuito de Navarra was proposed as a replacement for Durban on the calendar, and was confirmed at the FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting of 24 October.

All events consisted of a one-hour Qualifying race and a one-hour Championship race. For European rounds, FIA GT1 would be joined at the circuit by the FIA GT3 European Championship.

Entries

Manufacturers

The SRO initially expected at least five manufacturers to participate in the inaugural 2010 season.  A maximum of six manufacturers would be accepted, with each manufacturer limited to supplying two privateer teams of no more than two cars.  To ensure close competition, each model of car would be tested by the FIA to determine any mandatory adjustments for performance balancing. The FIA employed Christophe Bouchut, Anthony Davidson, and Heinz-Harald Frentzen for balance of performance test sessions held at Circuit Paul Ricard as well as just prior to the first race event at Yas Marina Circuit.

, three manufacturers had announced their entries for the 2010 season.  Nissan's performance division, Nismo, developed their GT-R for GT1; the GT-R was initially tested for the World Championship by competing in select 2009 FIA GT events with Gigawave Motorsport.  Ford also used 2009 as a development year for its Ford GT race car built by Matech Concepts. Lamborghini was the third announced manufacturer, fielding a car based on the Murciélago LP670-4 SV and built by Reiter Engineering who had built the previous GT1-spec Murciélago R-GT.

Following the announcement of the initial three manufacturers, Aston Martin Racing and Prodrive submitted a proposal to the FIA World Motor Sport Council for modifications to the existing Aston Martin DBR9 to allow customers to enter the series.  The FIA would be required to make technical waivers on the DBR9 in order for it to be allowed to compete. General Motors' Corvette brand also asked for a technical waiver on a modification to their 2009 Corvette C6.Rs in order to compete in 2010. Maserati and Saleen also sought those technical waivers for their 2009 cars, but required a further waiver due to the MC12 and S7 not meeting the minimum requirement of 300 production cars for the 2010 regulations.  In November 2009, the SRO confirmed their six manufacturers for the 2010 season, allowing Corvette, Aston Martin, and Maserati their technical waivers to join Nissan, Ford, and Lamborghini.

Teams
For the teams which represented each of the six manufacturers, two privateers were selected by each manufacturer. During the launch of the FIA GT1 World Championship, Matech Concepts and VDS Racing Team announced their continuation with the Ford GT project. Hexis Racing of France also announced their intent to participate in the series with Aston Martin, joining fellow FIA GT3 European Championship competitor Fischer Racing which would participate under the Young Driver AMR title. Swiss Racing Team announced on 5 November that they would enter using the Nissan GT-R, to team alongside Sumo Power GT which replaced the departing 2009 development team of Gigawave Motorsport.

Maserati retained the five-time FIA GT champions Vitaphone Racing Team, while the second squad was formed by Altfrid Heger's Triple H Team Hegersport of Germany. Corvette also retained several of its privateer teams from the FIA GT Championship, with DKR Engineering and Selleslagh Racing Team combining their C6.Rs to form Mad Croc Racing, and Phoenix Racing and Carsport Holland merging into Phoenix Racing Carsport. Lamborghini would be represented by previous Lamborghini FIA GT campaigners Reiter and Münnich Motorsport.

On 17 January 2010 the SRO confirmed the twelve teams which had submitted entries for the championship.

Drivers
Each event comprised 48 drivers, with many of these drivers featuring in every round of the season. The full-season line-up included drivers from varying backgrounds, including experienced sports car drivers and relative newcomers. Seven former FIA GT Champions were contracted with teams, including three-time co-champions Michael Bartels and Andrea Bertolini once again sharing a Vitaphone Maserati. Fellow three-time champion Christophe Bouchut drove one of Münnich Motorsports' Lamborghinis, while 1998 champion Ricardo Zonta returned with the fellow Lamborghini at Reiter. 1999 champion and the record holder for most FIA GT wins, Karl Wendlinger was enlisted by Swiss Racing Team for Nissan while 2000 champion Jamie Campbell-Walter drove the Nissan of Sumo Power.  2003 champion Matteo Bobbi returned to a Maserati for the Hegersport squad. Other sports car veterans included 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Seiji Ara and 2007 FIA GT3 Champion Henri Moser at Swiss Racing, 2008 Le Mans Series champions Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke co-driving for Young Driver AMR, former American Le Mans Series champions Mika Salo and Oliver Gavin driving a Mad-Croc Corvette, and two-time Super GT champion Michael Krumm with Sumo Power.

Several drivers already had world championship experience in other forms of motorsport, including the Formula One World Championship and World Touring Car Championship. Romain Grosjean moved directly from a 2009 seat at Renault F1 to drive for Matech Competition in GT1, while former Formula One driver Enrique Bernoldi, who had won races during his rookie season in the 2009 FIA GT Championship, switched to Vitaphone Maserati.  Jean-Denis Délétraz was another driver with experience in grand prix racing. Drivers making the transition from touring car racing to sports cars included Hegersport founder Altfrid Heger and 2005 WTCC Independents Champion Marc Hennerici.

A unique driver line-up amongst the field of 24 cars was the No.6 Matech Ford which featuring the only females in the series. The two Swiss women, Natacha Gachnang and Cyndie Allemann, both had experience in various open wheel racing series, but were teaming together to make their debuts in sports car racing.

Entry list
On 27 January 2010 the FIA published the full entry list of teams and manufacturers for the 2010 season.
On 26 February 2010 the SRO published a first partial entry-list of drivers. All teams used Michelin tyres.

Results and standings

Race results

Championships
Championship points were awarded for the first three positions in each qualifying race and for the first ten positions in each championship race. Entries had to complete 75% of the winning car's race distance in order to be classified and earn points. Individual drivers were required to participate for a minimum of 25 minutes in order to earn championship points in any race.

Drivers' Championship

Teams' Championship
Prior to the Nürburgring round, Phoenix Racing / Carsport informed the FIA that they were no longer able to enter the No. 14 Corvette due to the car being returned to its private owner.  Phoenix's inability to enter two cars for the remainder of the season led race stewards to deem the team to be in violation of GT1 regulations.  This required the team to forfeit all points earned over the course of the season, and team points from the Nürburgring round onward would also be redistributed to other competitors finishing behind the remaining Phoenix entry. Prior to the San Luis finale, Mad-Croc also failed to maintain a two-car entry and forfeited their Teams' Championship points.

SRO Trophy for Manufacturers
The SRO Trophy for Manufacturers was established mid-season by the SRO Group as an award for the best of the season's six manufacturers, although unlike the Drivers' and Teams' Championships it was not an official FIA championship. Rankings for the Trophy were based on the results for each car in both the Qualifying and Championship Races, with all finishing cars in points earning positions combining their points toward the manufacturer's total.  Aston Martin secured the inaugural Trophy, having previously won the FIA GT Manufacturers' Cup in 2006.

References

External links

 FIA GT1 World Championship As archived at web.archive.org on 15 December 2010

FIA GT1


Peaks-Kenny State Park is a seasonal public recreation area covering  on the south shore of Sebec Lake, mostly located in the town of Dover-Foxcroft, Maine. The state park grounds include a white sand beach at South Cove, 56 campsites, picnic area, hiking trails, and canoe and kayak rentals.

The park is 1 of 5 Maine State Parks that are in the path of totality for the 2024 solar eclipse, with 1 minute and 56 seconds of totality.

History
The area of land that now constitutes the park was donated to the state in 1964 by Francis J. Peaks. The gift was made in memory of his sister, Annie Peaks Kenny, and their parents, Joseph and Eliza Peaks, for whom the park was named.

Landmarks
Norwood Castle sits along the shore of the lake. It was built in 1890 as a wedding gift of wealthy Foxcroft attorney Willis Parsons for his bride. Parsons became the first Commissioner of the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife.

References

External links
Peaks-Kenny State Park Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
Peaks-Kenny State Park Guide & Map Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry

State parks of Maine
Protected areas of Piscataquis County, Maine
North Maine Woods
Dover-Foxcroft, Maine


José Francisco Canales García (born 4 May 1987) is a Mexican former footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Club career
After several seasons as a back-up goalkeeper, Canales earned the starting role following a serious injury to Pedro Hernández during the Clausura 2009.

On 18 July 2020, Canales joined Atlético Ensenada from the Liga de Balompié Mexicano.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Men's association football goalkeepers
Mexican men's footballers
Atlas F.C. footballers
Leones Negros UdeG footballers
Lobos BUAP footballers