Process duct work conveys large volumes of hot, dusty air from processing equipment to mills, baghouses to other process equipment. Process duct work may be round or rectangular. Although round duct work costs more to fabricate than rectangular duct work, it requires fewer stiffeners and is favored in many applications over rectangular ductwork.

The air in process duct work may be at ambient conditions or may operate at up to . Process ductwork varies in size from 2 ft diameter to 20 ft diameter or to perhaps 20 ft by 40 ft rectangular.

Large process ductwork may fill with dust, depending on slope, to up to 30% of cross section, which can weigh 2 to 4 tons per linear foot.

Round ductwork is subject to duct suction collapse, and requires stiffeners to minimize this, but is more efficient in material than rectangular duct work.

There are no comprehensive, design references for process duct work design. The ASCE reference for the design of power plant duct design gives some general guidance on duct design, but does not specifically give designers sufficient information to design process duct work.

Structural process ductwork
Structural process ductwork carries large volumes of high temperature, dusty air, between pieces of process equipment. The design of this ductwork requires an understanding of the interaction of heat softening of metals, potential effects of dust buildup in large ductwork, and structural design principles. There are two basic shapes for structural process ductwork: rectangular and round. Rectangular ductwork is covered by the ASCE "The Structural Design of Air & Gas Ducts for Process Power Stations and Industrial Applications".

In the practical design of primarily round structural process ductwork in the cement, lime and lead industries, the duct size involved ranges from 18 inches (45 cm) to 30 feet (10 m). The air temperature may vary from ambient to 1000 °F (515 °C). Process ductwork is subject to large loads due to dust buildup, fan suction pressure, wind, and earthquake forces.  30 ft diameter process ductwork may cost $7,000 per ton. Failure to properly integrate design forces may lead to catastrophic duct collapse. Overdesign of ductwork is expensive.

Round and rectangular duct structural design
The structural design of ductwork plate is based on buckling of the plate element. Round ductwork plate design is based on diameter to duct plate thickness ratios, and the allowable stresses are contained in multiple references such as US Steel Plate, ASME/ANSI STS-1,SMNACA, Tubular Steel Structures, and other references. In actuality round ductwork bent in bending is approximately 30% stronger than a similar shape in compression, however one uses the same allowable stresses in bending as we do for compression.

Round ducts require typical stiffeners at roughly 3 diameter spacing, or roughly 20 ft. O.C. for wind ovaling and fabrication and truck shipping requirements. Round ducts, larger than  in diameter (1/4" plate) require support ring stiffeners. Smaller-diameter ducts may not require support ring stiffeners, but may be designed with saddle supports. When stiffener rings are required they are traditionally designed based on "Roark", although this reference is quite conservative.

Round duct elbow allowable stresses are lower than the allowable stresses for straight duct  by a K factor = 1.65/(h 2/3power) where h = t (duct) * R (elbow) /(r(duct)*r (duct). This equation, or similar equations is found in Tubular Steel Structures section 9.9.

Rectangular ductwork design properties is based on width-to-thickness ratios. This is simplified, normally to width=t/16, from corner elements or corner angle stiffeners, although in reality, the entire duct top & side plate does participate, somewhat in duct section properties.

Duct logic

Duct logic is the process of planning for duct thermal movement, combined with planning to minimize duct dust dropout.

Ducts move with changes in internal temperature. Ducts are assumed to have the same temperature as their internal gasses, which may be up to 900 °F. If the internal duct temperature exceeds 1000 °F, refractory lining is used to minimize the duct surface temperature. At 1000 °F, ducts may grow approximately 5/8 inch per 10 feet of length. This movement must be carefully planned for, with cloth (or metal) expansion joints at each equipment flange, and one joint per each straight section of ductwork.

Sloping ductwork at or above the duct dust angle of repose will minimize dust buildup. Therefore, many ducts carrying high dust loads slope at 30 degrees, or steeper.

Duct elbow geometry

To minimize pressure loss in duct elbows, the typical elbow radius is 1 1/2 times the duct diameter. In cases where this elbow radius is not feasible, turning vanes are added to the duct.

Duct transition and elbow layout

Process ductwork is often large (6-foot diameter to 18-foot diameter), carrying large volumes of hot dirty gasses, at velocities of 3000 to 4500 feet per minute. The fans used to move these gasses are also large, 250 to 4000 horsepower. Therefore, minimizing duct pressure drop by minimizing turbulence at elbows and transitions is of importance. Duct elbow radius is usually 1 1/2 to 2 times the duct size. The side slopes of transitions are typically 10 to 30 degrees.

Note: the duct gas velocity is chosen to minimize duct dust dropout. Cement and lime plant duct velocity at normal operations is 3000 to 3200 foot per minute, lead plant velocities are 4000 to 4500 foot per minute, as the dust is heavier. Other industries, such as grain have lower gas velocities. Higher duct gas velocity may require more powerful fans than lower duct velocities.

Duct support types
 Fixed supports typically are designed to resist lateral movement of the duct. Depending on the support geometry, fixed supports may also resist rotation of the duct art the support.
 Sliding supports are typically supported on Teflon, (or other material) pads, isolated from the duct so that temperature and dust does not damage the sliding surface.
 Link supports  are often "bents", or braced frames down from the duct support ring (frame) to a foundation or support plane. if the bent is long enough, hinges are not required to allow for duct thermal growth.
 Rod or hanger supports are similar to link supports, but due to the flexibility of the rod supports, that are easier to design and detail.
 Guide supports: Often rings inside a structural frame, with angle guides, that allow the duct to grow vertically while restraining the duct laterally for wind loads.
 Unusual "support" conditions (details):
 Hinges at expansion joints
 Tension ties across dual fixed supports
 Designs that allowing duct elbows to flex under unusual support conditions
 Other unusual design models.

Duct design loads

For cement plant and Lime plant process ductwork, duct loads are a combination of:
 Duct dead loads: are often simplified (in Cement plant usage) by using duct plate weight, multiplied by 1.15 as a stiffener allowance, as duct stiffeners usually weigh less than 15% times the duct plate weight. Duct stiffener allowance for rectangular power plants ductwork may be 50% to 100% of the duct plate weight.
 Duct internal dust loads (bottom of duct): which vary considerably with duct slope. These loads need to be approved by the client, but are often used as follows:
For duct sloping 0 degrees to 30 degrees, duct internal dust is 25% of duct cross section. For duct sloping 30 degrees to  45 degrees duct dust loads are reduced to 15% of cross section, plus internal duct coating loads. For ducts sloping 45 degrees to 85 degrees, duct internal dust is 5% of duct cross section, plus internal duct coating loads. For ducts sloping over 85 degrees.
Because of the potential for high dust loading, most process ductwork is run at a 30 to 45 degree slope.

2a) Duct dust loading in non-process ducts (2-foot diameter and smaller), such as conveyor venting ducts are sometimes run horizontally and can be filled to 100% of cross section.

2b) Power plant internal duct dust loads are coordinated with the client, and are sometimes used at 1 to 2 foot of internal ash loadings.

3) Duct internal, coating dust loads, which sometimes are used as a 2" (50 mm) coating of dust on the internal perimeter.

4) Duct suction pressure loads. Most process duct loads have design pressures of 25 inches (600 mm) to 40 inches (1000 mm) of water pressure. This suction pressure operates to cause suction pressure collapse on the duct side walls. Also this pressure operates perpendicular to the duct "expansion joints" to create an additional load on the duct supports that adds to dead, and live loads. Please note: duct pressure loads vary with temperature, as the gas density varies with temperature. A duct pressure of 25 inches of , at room temperature may become 12 inches to 6 inches at duct operating pressures.

5) Duct wind loads

6) Duct Seismic loads

7) Duct Snow loads, normally inconsequential, as snow will melt quickly unless the plant is in shutdown mode.

8) Top of duct dust loads, often used as zero, since plant dust generation is much less now, than in the past.

9) Duct suction pressure loads, act perpendicular to end of duct cross section, and can be significant. For a duct designed for 25" of water at a startup temperature of 70 degree F, on an 8 foot in diameter duct, this is equal to 8000 pounds at each end of the duct.

Round ductwork

The majority of cement plant process ductwork is round. This is because the round duct shape does not bend between circumferential stiffeners. Therefore, bending stiffeners are not required, and round ductwork requires fewer and lighter intermediate stiffeners than rectangular ductwork. Round cement plant duct stiffeners are sometimes about 5% duct plate weight. Rectangular cement plant duct stiffeners are 15 to 20% times duct plate weight. Power plant ductwork is often larger. Power plant ductwork is usually rectangular, with stiffener weights of 50% (or more) times duct plate weight. (this is based on personal experience, and my vary with loads, duct size, and industry standards)

Large, round process ductwork is usually fabricated from 1/4-inch (6 mm) mild steel plate, with ovaling stiffening rings at 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 M) on center, regardless of diameter. These lengths allow for resistance to wind ovaling and resistance to out of round when shipping by truck. This also works well with fabricator equipment.

The typical intermediate rings are designed for wind bending stresses, reduced as required by the yield stress reduction at working temperatures. The typical rings are fabricated from rolled steel plate, angles or tee's welded together to create the ring cross section required. Rings are fabricated from any combination of plate, tee or W shape that the shop can roll. Rings are usually mild carbon steel, ASTM A36 plate, or equivalent. The location of ring butt welds should preferably be offset 15 degrees(+/-)from point of maximum stress to minimize the effect of weld porosity on weld allowable stress.

See US Steel Plate, volume II for empirical ring spacing, and wind bending stress:
Spacing = Ls = 60 sqrt [Do (ft) * t plate (in) /wind pressure (psf)]
Section = p * L (spacing, ft) * Do (ft) * Do (ft)/Fb (20,000 at ambient T)
This reference is older, but a good starting point for duct design.

SMACNA, (2ND Edition) chapter 4 has many useful formulas for round ducts, allowable stresses, ring spacing, effect of dust, ice, and live loads. The basic factor of safety for SMACNA, 3, is larger than typically used on typical structural engineering projects, of 1.6.
Under SMACNA the critical ring spacing for rings is L = 1.25 * D (ft) sqrt (D(ft)/t(inches)), which is similar to tubular steel structures, L = 3.13 * R sqrt (R/t). In effect, using Spacing = 60 sqrt [Do (ft) * t plate (in) /wind pressure (psf)] is conservative.

Allowable bending and compression stress in ducts can come from several sources.

See API 560 for design of wind ovaling stiffeners

See Tubular Steel structures, chapter 2, 9 & 12 for the allowable stresses for thin, round ducts, their allowable stresses, elbows, elbow softening coefficients, and some procedures for the design of duct support rings. These allowable stresses can be verified with select review of chapters of US Steel Plate, Blodgett Design of plate structures, Roark & Young, or API 650.

Round duct support rings are spaced, often at three diameters, or as require at up to about 50 ft centers (14 m). At this spacing the main support rings are designed for the sum of suction pressure stresses & support bending moments.

Round ductwork allowable compressive stress is = 662 /(d/t) +339 * Fy (tubular steel structures, chapter 2). Other reference use similar equations.

Ductwork typical cement plant pressure drops are: 60% to 80% of high temperature process duct work pressure drop occurs in the process equipment, baghouses, mills and cyclones. Since motor 1 (one) horsepower cost roughly $1000/year (US$) (2005), duct efficiency is important. Minimizing duct pressure drop can reduce plan operating costs. most ductwork, non-equipment pressure drop occurs at transitions and changes of directions (elbows). The bests way to minimize duct pressure drop or to minimize plant operating costs, is to use elbows with an elbow radius to duct radius exceeding 1.5. (For a 15-foot duct, the elbow radius would therefore equal, or exceed, 22.5 ft.)

Process duct pressure drops (US practice) are usually measured in inches of water. A typical duct operates at about - 25 inches (160 psf.) total suction pressure, with roughly 75% of the pressure loss in the bag house, and 10% of pressure lost in duct friction, and 15% (nominal)lost in elbow turbulence. A major consideration of duct design is to minimize duct pressure losses, turbulence, as poor duct geometry, increases turbulence, and increases plant electrical usage.

Round duct work suction pressure collapse, in ducts over 6 feet in diameter, is prevented with rings at supports, and roughly 3 diameter centers.

Round duct support rings are traditionally designed from the formula's found in Roark & Young. However this reference is based on point loads on rings, while actual duct ring loads are based on almost uniform bottom dust. Therefore, these formulars can be shown with Ram, or other analysis methods to have conservatism factor of roughly 2 above the stresses given In Roark. The duct ring force dead, live and dust forces need to be combined with suction pressure stresses. Suction pressure forces concentrate on the rings, as they are the stiffest element present.

Round ductwork elbow allowable stresses are reduced due to the elbow curvature. Various references give similar results for this reduction. Tubular steel structures, Section 9.9 gives the (Beskin) reduction factor of K= 1.65/(h (2/3 power)) where h= t (plate) *R(elbow)/ r (duct) (where suction pressures are smaller). This K reduces the I factor of the duct  I effective = I/K.

Round duct rings are fabricated from rolled tees, angles, or plates, welded into the shape required. Typically these are designed with ASTM A-36 properties.

Factors of safety

Typical duct round plate factor of safety (traditional factor of safety) should be 1.6, because duct plate bending, and buckling is mostly controlled by typical intermediate ring design.

Typical intermediate ring factor of safety should be 1.6, because there is ample evidence in various codes, (API 360, etc.) that intermediate rings designed for wind ovaling and suction pressure combinations are safe.

Typical main support ring factor of safety, if designed by "Roark" formulas should be 1.6, (If constructed to the Roark normal 1% out of round standard tolerance) because it can be shown by various methods that these formulas are at least a factor of two, above three D duct ring analysis results etc..

Typical duct elbow factor of safety should be above 1.6, because it can be difficult to show that shipping out of round for elbows corresponds to the normal 1% out of round standard tolerance. (various code and reference notes).

Round structural conveyor tubes

Round structural tubes are sometimes used to support and contain conveyors transporting coal, lead concentrate, or other dusty material over county roads, plant access roads, or river barge loading facilities. When tubes are used for these purposes they may be 10'-6" to 12 foot diameter, and up to 250 foot long, using up to 1/2" plate and ovaling ring stiffeners at 8 foot (to 20 foot centers). On one such project My firm added L8x8x3/4  at the top 45 degree  location to stiffen the plate near the point of maximum stress for tubes (as per Timoshenko, and others).

Some vendor provide conveyor galleries for the same purpose.

Rectangular ductwork

Rectangular cement plant ductwork is often 1/4" (6 mm) duct plate, with stiffeners spaced at about 2'-6", depending on suction pressure and temperature. Thinner plate requires a closer stiffener spacing. The stiffeners are usually considered pinned end. Power plant ductwork can be 5/16" thick duct plate, with "fixed end" W stiffeners at roughly 2'-5" spacing. Because rectangular duct plate bends, stiffeners are required at reasonably close spacing. Duct plate 3/16", or thinner, may dishpan, or make noise, and should be avoided.

Rectangular duct section properties are calculated from the distance between the upper to lower duct corners of the ductwork The flanges areas are based on the size of corner angles plus duct plate width based on the plate thickness ratio of 16*t. (see AISC structural duct design below) For section properties the "web" plate is ignored.

The typical stiffener spacing for cement plant duct work is usually based on duct plate bending M = W * L * L / 8. This is because using a fixed-fixed condition requires difficult to design plate attachments. Power plant, and other larger ductwork,  usually goes thru the expense of creating "fixed End" corner moment. all stiffeners for rectangular ductwork requires consideration of lateral torsional bracing stiffeners.

Effect of temperature on duct yield stress
Ducts are usually designed as if the duct plate and stiffener temperatures match the internal duct gas temperatures. For mild carbon steels (ASTM A36) temperatures, the design yield stress ratio at 300 °F is 84% of room temperature stress. At 500 °F, the design yield stress ratio is 77% of room temperature stress. At 700 °F, the design yield stress ratio is about 71% of room temperature stress. Temperatures above 800 °F may cause mild carbon steel to warp. This is because, in this temperature range, the crystal lattice structure of mild carbon steel changes with temperatures above about 800 degrees F (reference, US Steel Plate, elevated temperature steel).

For ductwork operating above 800 degrees F, duct plate material should resist warping. Either Core-ten or ASTM A304 stainless steel may be used for duct plate between 800 °F and 1200 °F, Core-ten plate is less expensive than stainless steel.

Corten steels have essentially the same yield stress ratios as Corten through 700 °F. At 900 °F, the yield stress ratio is 63%. At 1100 °F, the yield stress ratio is 58% (AISC tables). Corten steels should not be used above 1100 °F.

Unless the duct and its stiffeners are insulated, the stiffeners can be designed in ASTM A36 steels, even at a duct temperature of 1000 °F. This is because the stiffener temperature is cooler than the duct gas temperature by several hundred degrees (F). Duct stiffener temperatures are assumed to drop about 100 °F per inch of depth (when uninsulated) (no reference available).

Corrosion and wear resistance

Corrosion
As reducing the loss of heat at plants has changed over the years, ductwork now connects more pieces of equipment than ever before. Care needs to be taken to avoid condensation of moisture in plant ductwork. Once condensation occurs, the condensation may absorb , other components in the gas stream, and become corrosive on low carbon steel. Methods to avoid this problem may include
 Duct insulation
 specialty steels, such as COR-10 steels or A304 SS or A316L SS,
 Duct internal coatings. Duct internal coatings are expensive, and may cost more than the stack plate they protect. Uncoated stacks cement plant stacks, with condensation, have been noted to last less than two years.

Sulfuric acid attack may require stainless steel ducts, fiberglass ducts, etc.

Wear resistance
Many plant exhaust gasses contain dusts with high wear potential. Typically wear resistant steels are not useful in resisting duct wear, particularly at higher temperatures. Wear resistant steel ducts are hard to fabricate, and refractory coatings are usually less expensive than wear resistant steel ductwork. Each industry may have different approaches to resist duct wear.

Cement plant clinker dust is more abrasive than sand. In high temperature ducts, or ducts with wear potential, -inch refractory, is often anchored to the duct plate with V anchors at 6" O.C. (+/-) to resist a) temperature, or b) wear at elbows or a combination of these effects. Occasionally ceramic tiles or ceramic mortars are anchored to ductwork to resist temperature and wear.

Grain plant hulls are also very abrasive. Sometimes plastic liners are used to resist wear in grain facilities, where temperatures are lower than in mineral processing facilities.

Expansion joint types

Duct segments are typically separated with metal or fabric expansion joints. These joints are designed and detailed for the duct suction pressure, temperatures, and movements between duct segments. Fabric joints are often chosen to separate the duct segments because they usually cost 40% less than metal joints. Also metal joints place an additional loads onto duct segments. Metal joints prefer axial movements, and provide significant lateral loads onto duct segments.  fabric joints cost $100 to $200 per square foot of joint (2010). Metal joints can cost twice this amount.

fabric expansion duct forces are assumed to be 0 #/inch. Metal expansion joint forces for metal joints a 24-inch diameter duct are on the order of 850#/ inch of movement for axial spring rate, and 32,500 #/inch for lateral movement. These coefficients will vary with duct size, joint thickness, and becomes larger for rectangular ducts (based on one recent job).

Fabric expansion joint life is about 5 years under field conditions. Many plants prefer access platforms near the joints for replacing the joint fabric.

Finite element software

Currently software is available to model ductwork in 3D. This software needs to be used with care, as the design rules for width to thickness and elbow softening coefficients, etc., may not be input into the design program.

Drawing presentation and dimensioning

It is easy to draw ducts in 3D without correct dimensioning. Drawings should be laid out with:

 Work points, with elevations, and plan dimensioning.
 Elbow radius, duct diameters, or width and thickness dimensions, elbow tangent dimensions (true view and plan and elevation views)
 Column grids, dimensions between supports, showing work points
 Lack of dimensions in 3D generated drawings makes drawings hard to follow.
 supports need to be coordinated with elevations.

Special duct loading conditions

Special duct loading conditions may occur outside of dead, live, dust and temperature conditions. Ductwork associated with coal mills, coke grinding facilities, and to some extent grain processing facilities, may be subject to explosive dusts. Ductwork designed for explosive dust is typically designed for 50 psi internal pressure, and will typically have one explosion relief one vent per duct section. the likelihood of a dust explosion on an indirect coal mill system is 100%, over time. This can generate a plum of fire 5 ft. to 15 ft. in diameter, and 20 ft. to 30 ft. long. Therefore, access to areas surrounding explosion vents shall limit personal access with locked access.

Duct details

Ducts are shipped from fabricating facility to job sites on trucks, by rail, or on barges in lengths accommodating the mode of transport, often in 20 foot sections. These sections are connected with flanges, or weld straps. Flanges are provided at expansion joints, or to join low stress duct sections. Flanges may be difficult to design for the duct plate forces. Flange gaskets add flexibility to the flanges that make their ability to carry forces problematic. Therefore, weld straps (short steel straps) are commonly used for higher stress duct plate connections.

Various duct photos
A close look at the fixed duct support photo shows several properties or round ring supports. There are stiffeners at roughly 60 degrees on center. This duct ring is fabricated from two rolled WTs, welded at the center. This is a smaller duct, with light loads, so that the bottom flange was slightly modified by support clearance requirements. A small gap is shown for placing the duct PTFE slide bearing, although a fixed support could also be inserted in this gap. In the background of this photo is a duct flange. The duct flange normally has 3/4" bolts at 6" nominal; spacing. Duct flange angle thickness needs to be designed for duct plate tensile stresses, as flanges will bend. 5/16" or 3/8" angle thicknesses are common.

See above photo of round duct elbows, transitions, and stiffeners. The duct elbow radius is from 1 1/2 to 2 times the duct diameter. The round duct has ovaling, and shipping rings at 20 foot nominal spacing, and larger support rings at supports. The Y split has suction stiffeners at the duct intersection. Note the 3000 HP fan inlet transition and stack inlet transition also shown in this photo.

The adjacent photo also shows several principles of process ductwork. It shows a large baghouse inlet ductwork. The inlet duct is tapered to minimize dust dropout. A shallow taper such at this also reduces pressure losses when changing duct diameters. Note the rectangular duct ring spacing is roughly 2'-6" on center. The round duct is stiffened near each branch duct.

Resources
There are several references for process duct work. These references are worked together to review duct design processes. Other references are often used for duct design, but they give similar results. Finite element design of process duct work is possible, but a requirement of design theory and allowable stresses is required to properly interpret the finite element model.

 ASCE - Structural Design of Air & Gas Ducts for Power Stations and Industrial Boiler Applications
 Roark & Young. Formulas for stress & Strain, various editions
 US Steel Plate, Plate Structures, Volume I & II
 US Steel Plate, Steels for Elevated Service Temperatures 1974
 AISC, On Line steel temperature versus Yield, and steel temperature versus Young's modulus charts.
 Lincoln Arc Welding, Design of Welded Structures, Omar Blodgett, chapter 6, Section 6.6
 Lincoln Arc Welding, Tubular Steel Structures, by Troitsky
 Cold Formed Steel Structures
 ASHRE, for the design of pressure drop, elbows and fans
 API 560, contains references to minimize wind ovaling
 SMNACA can also be use as a reference
 Process Vendor, 2005, Process Ducting Loads
 Similar Design Reference, out of print, Gaylord & Gaylord, Design of Bins.

Cement, lime and lead industry accepted dust loads (for structural loading) are:
Process ductwork is intended to convey large volumes of dust. some of this dust will settle to the bottom of the duct during power outages and normal operation.

The percentage of duct cross section filled with dust is often assumed to be as follows:

 Duct slopes level to 30 degrees, 25% of cross section.
 Duct slopes, 30 degrees to 45 degrees, 15% of cross section
 Duct Slopes, 45 degrees to 85 Degrees, 5%
 Above 85 degrees, a 2 in (50 mm) interior coating of dust.
 These loads are always confirmed with the client, before use, but the above in US common practice

To minimize the buildup of dust, each material has a minimum carrying velocity, lime = about 2800 fpm., cement about 3200 fpm, and lead dust about 4200 fpm.

Dust density depends on industry, Normally these are: cement dust density = 94 pcf, lime industry = 50 pcf, lead oxide dust = 200 pcf.

Duct Wear: High temperature ductwork often carries large volumes of hot abrasive dust. Often the design temperature of the duct, or the abrasiveness of the dust, prevents the use of abrasive resisting steels. In these cases refractory can be anchored inside the duct, or abrasive resisting tiles, with weld nuts, are welded to the inside of the ductwork.

Duct Thermal Movement

Duct steels expand with temperature. Each type of steel may have a different coefficient of thermal expansion, typical mild carbon steels expand with the coefficient of 0.0000065 (See AISC).

References

Building engineering


Events in the year 1824 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles III John

Events

Arts and literature

Births
24 January – Aslak Hætta, Sami leader, executed (d.1854)
24 August – Niels Mathias Rye, politician (d.1905)
4 October – Morten Diderik Emil Lambrechts, jurist and politician (d.1900)
10 December – Aasta Hansteen, painter, writer, and early feminist (d.1908)

Full date unknown
Henrik Laurentius Helliesen, politician and Minister (d.1900)
Johan Jørgen Schwartz, politician and businessperson (d.1898)

Deaths
13 March – Carsten Anker, businessman, civil servant and politician (born 1747)
29 March – Hans Nielsen Hauge, revivalist lay preacher and writer (born 1771)
15 May – Johan Michael Lund, lawyer and Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (born 1753)
8 October - Frants Philip Hopstock, priest (born 1746
2 November – Jens Jensen Gram, jurist and politician (born 1779).
10 December – Peder Anker, businessman and politician (born 1749)

Full date unknown
Johan Andreas Altenburg, merchant and shipowner (born 1763)
Just Henrik Ely, military officer (born 1759).

See also

References


Darren McGinnis (born in Sussex, New Brunswick) is a Canadian country music singer. He debuted in 2009 with the single "More Than Me". It was nominated at the 2010 Canadian Radio Music Awards for Country Song of the Year.

McGinnis' debut album, What's Your Story, was released on March 3, 2009, by AIM Music and distributed by Fontana North. It received three and a half stars from Bruce Leperre of the Winnipeg Free Press, who wrote that "McGinnis's strong writing and great vocals combine with Jason Barry's exquisite production to deliver an album that combines contemporary country with a rootsy feel." Leperre said that McGinnis "understands the importance of a good song" and compared him favorably to Keith Urban and Dierks Bentley, writing that his album "stands tall and proud right alongside either of those artists' offerings as well as anyone else making country music today."

McGinnis was one of eight artists selected to perform at the New Artist Showcase at the 2009 Canadian Country Music Association Awards. What's Your Story was nominated for a CCMA Award for Album Design of the Year, and his producer, Jason Barry, was nominated for Record Producer of the Year for his production on the album.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links

Canadian country singers
Canadian male singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Heikki Aaltoila, (11 December 1905, Hausjärvi – 11 January 1992, Helsinki) was a Finnish film composer who served 40 years as the conductor of Finnish National Theatre's orchestra. Aaltoila's best known composition is a romantic waltz called Akselin ja Elinan häävalssi (Akseli's and Elina's wedding waltz) which originally belonged to the score of the film Here, Beneath the North Star (1968). He won the Jussi Award for best film score twice.

His other film compositions included music for Veteraanin voitto, Kvinnan bakom allt, and Prinsessa Ruusunen.

External links

1905 births
1992 deaths
Finnish film score composers
Male film score composers
20th-century Finnish composers
20th-century Finnish male musicians


The Pioche Shale is an Early to Middle Cambrian Burgess shale-type Lagerstätte in Nevada.
It spans the Early–Middle Cambrian boundary; fossils from the Early Cambrian are preserved in botryoidal hematite, whereas those from the Middle Cambrian are preserved in the more familiar carbon films, and very reminiscent of the Chengjiang County preservation.

It preserves arthropods and worms familiar from the Burgess Shale.

It spans the early Cambrian Olenellus and basal Middle Cambrian Eokochaspis nodosa trilobite zones.

The eastern version of this shale can be found eastwards in Grand Canyon, as the Bright Angel Shale.

References

External links
Graphic of geology of area west-to-east for Lake Mead National Recreation Area (Nevada) & Grand Canyon (Arizona)

Cambrian Nevada
Lagerstätten
Shale formations of the United States
Cambrian System of North America


The Council elections held in Wolverhampton on Thursday 3 May 1988 were one third, and 20 of the 60 seats were up for election.

During the 1984 election the Labour Party gained the Heath Town ward from the SDP–Liberal Alliance.

Candidates that previously would have stood for the SDP–Liberal Alliance stood with the labels, SDP or Social and Liberal Democrats (Liberal Democrats) in the 1988 local elections.

Election result

1988
1988 English local elections
1980s in the West Midlands (county)


Cheng Liang () (born 3 March 1977 in Shanghai) is a Chinese former international football player who played as a defender for Shanghai Pudong, Shanghai Shenhua and Shenzhen Ruby.

Club career

Shanghai Pudong
Originally starting his football career with the Shanghai Shenhua youth team, Cheng Liang would find it difficult to break into the senior team where he was considered too weak and not fast enough to compete in the top tier. Leaving Shanghai Shenhua in 1997, Cheng Liang would instead join second tier club Shanghai Pudong and would eventually start his professional football career in the 1998 league season. After playing for Shanghai Pudong for several seasons he would be part of the squad that won promotion to the top tier. After establishing his club as top tier regulars Cheng would be part of the squad that came runners-up within the 2003 league season and would soon see him transfer back to top tier side Shanghai Shenhua at the beginning of the 2005 league season for 3 million yuan.

Shanghai Shenhua
In the 2005 league season, he would make his debut for Shanghai Shenhua against Qingdao Zhongneng on April 2, 2005 in a 2-0 win. Cheng Liang however found his time limited at left-back due to Sun Xiang being the first choice left back within the team. Cheng Liang would nevertheless still establish himself within the team because of his versatility to also play as a centre-back. From the beginning of the 2009 season, he took the captaincy and on April 16, the club announced that he will also assume the role of assistant manager. His role as an assistant did not last long and when Miroslav Blažević came in to manage the club at the beginning of the 2010 Chinese Super League season he brought his own assistants and during the summer transfer window Cheng was allowed to join Shenzhen Ruby on loan for the rest of the season as a player. When Cheng returned from his loan period he saw his playing time significantly reduced due to injury and his age limiting him to a single game throughout the season against Qingdao Jonoon F.C. on November 3, 2012 in the last league game of the season where Shenhua won 3-0 before he announced his retirement.

International career
Despite already being 32 years old Cheng Liang was to make his international debut against Germany on 29 May 2009, in an impressive 1-1 friendly that saw him play as a centre-back. He would continue to play as a centre-back for China's following friendly against Saudi Arabia on 4 June 2009 where China lost 4-1. Despite the defeat Cheng Liang has continued to be included in several further squads to add experience towards the team.

References

External links

Profile at Shanghai Shenhua
Profile at Hudong.com

1977 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Shanghai
China men's international footballers
Beijing Chengfeng F.C. players
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Shenzhen F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
Men's association football fullbacks
Sichuan Jiuniu F.C. managers


Shorter College may refer to:

Shorter College (Arkansas), a junior college in Little Rock, Arkansas
Shorter University, formerly known as Shorter College, a liberal arts college in Rome, Georgia


The Battle of Finnsburg  (or Finnsburh) was a conflict in the Germanic heroic age between Frisians with a possible Jutish contingent, and a primarily Danish party. Described only in later Anglo-Saxon poetry, if the conflict had an historical basis it most likely occurred around 450 AD.

In the story, the young prince Hnæf, described as a Hocing, Half-Dane, and Scylding, was staying as an invited guest of the Frisian king Finn. For reasons unknown, a battle broke out between the two parties, probably started by the Frisian side, and Hnæf was killed. Hnæf's retainer Hengest took command, and the sides engaged in a peace treaty; but Hengest and the Danes later avenged Hnæf's death and slaughtered the Frisians.

The primary descriptive sources of the events are the Finnsburg Fragment, and an allusive section of Beowulf. Since the battle is well represented amongst such a small corpus of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry, it was probably significant and once widely known. Due to the fragmentary and allusive condition of the sources, however, the story is difficult to reconstruct.

Sources

Finnsburg Fragment

In 1705 a fragment of Anglo-Saxon epic poetry discovered in Lambeth Palace by George Hickes was published. Because of the fragmentary state of the manuscript, the action starts in medias res. It describes a young prince called Hnæf spurring his 60 men into battle, besieged inside a great hall. Some of his men are then named and their actions in battle followed. Two characters from the attacking force are also named, and one of these dies along with others in his force.

The killed attacker is said to be of the Frisian Islands, hinting at a location for the battle, and the specific location is identified as Finnsburg. The action closes with prince Hnæf and his men having been besieged for five days of battle, without any fatalities on their side. The Finnsburg Fragment is short, at around 50 lines long, and almost entirely lacking in internal context. Most of the context must instead be derived from the parallel episode in Beowulf, which describes events that take place mainly after the action narrated in the Finnsburg Fragment.

Episode in Beowulf

Beowulf as a poem primarily follows the exploits of its eponymous hero. After one of Beowulf's victories, a scop or court-poet narrates an old tale to the assembled guests. This tale narrates the events that follow after the story found in the Finnesburg Fragment. The Beowulf poet, however, makes his scop give the account in an extremely compact and allusive way. The audience of the poem were probably expected to already know about the episode in some detail. Because of this, summarising the scenario described in Beowulf will necessarily involve an element of either fragmentation or interpretative reconstruction.

The scop'''s story of the Freswæle (English: Frisian slaughter) begins with Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc, lamenting the loss of her son and brother. Both factions involved in the battle are said to have suffered heavy losses, but especially the þegnas (English: thanes or barons) of Finn. Because of this, Finn enters into a peace treaty with the besieged party led now by Hengest. Finn was to honour the Danes with feasts and gifts of treasure.

Hnæf and his unnamed nephew, said also to be Hildeburh's son, are placed on a funeral pyre. After this most of the Danish warriors leave, but Hengest and probably some of the Danes stay throughout winter. Eventually a figure referred to as the son of Hunlaf places a sword on Hengest's lap to remind him of his loyalties. Other Danes also return, and probably together they wreak havoc on the Frisians and slay king Finn. The Danes take the unnamed Frisian queen back to what appear to be her own people in Denmark, identifying the Frisian queen as probably Danish.

Other sources
The Anglo-Saxon poem fragment Widsith mentions a Finn who is referred to by the patronymic Folcwalding, probably explaining the patronymic allusion in Beowulf to "Folcwald's son" as a reference to Finn. Widsith also mentions a Hnæf who is said to have ruled the Hocings. Since Hildeburh is said in Beowulf to be the daughter of Hoc and the sister of Hnæf, and since Widsith mentions a Hnæf ruling the people of Hoc, it seems clear that Widsith refers to the same Hnæf of the Battle of Finnsburg. It also mentions a Sæferð or Sasferth who can be identified with one of Hnæf's men, Sigeferth.

The only other source to perhaps allude to the battle is the Skáldskaparmál, where Snorri Sturluson mentions a coat of mail called Finnsleif (English: Finn's legacy). The names of some of the characters in the Battle of Finnsburg are mentioned in other sources, usually in genealogies such as the reference to Folcwald and Finn in the Historia Brittonum. Hengest is mentioned in several works, but his identity and exploits are unclear. One argument, still supported by some recent scholars, is that he is the same figure as the Anglo-Saxon founder of the Kingdom of Kent.

Background

Since the unnamed Frisian queen in Beowulf is probably said to be of the Danish people, it seems very likely that Hildeburh is this Frisian queen. This means that Hnæf was probably staying as an invited guest of Finn at his home, Finnsburg (English: fortified stronghold of Finn), in Frisia, with Hildeburh connecting the two factions together:

She was clearly a Danish (or at least 'half-Danish') princess, who had married Finn, prince of the Frisians, doubtless a political move to secure peace between Danes and Frisians. Hildeburh had a brother, Hnæf, who apparently went to Finn with his Danish retinue in friendship.

Though the identification of Hnæf and Finn being brothers-in-law makes the situation much clearer, it shifts the emphasis of explanation onto the reason behind the subsequent battle. The battle may reflect a reoccurrence of the tensions which Hildeburh's marriage may have been a diplomatic move to quell. If the identification between the characters holds, moreover, then the son of Hildeburh and nephew of Hnæf who dies in the battle is probably therefore the son of Finn; he may even have been heir to the Frisian kingdom. In this respect it is especially notable that Hildeburh's son is laid on Hnæf's pyre. Tolkien suggested that Hildeburh's son was raised by Hnæf, and was being brought back to Finn at his coming of age; even that Hildeburh's son was one of the party besieged with Hnæf inside the great hall. Such a theory would add an extra layer of complexity, of a feeling of possible responsibility for filicide, to the already complicated psychological motivations of Finn.

Battle phases

Phase One: The siege battle

The siege is described primarily in the Finnsburg Fragment. Hnæf rouses his troops with a short but powerful speech. Two of his men, Sigeferth and Eaha go to one door (Door A), and another two of his men Ordlaf and Guthlaf go to another door (Door B) of the great hall in which they were trapped at Finnsburg. In Beowulf the pair "Guthlaf and Oslaf" are mentioned returning later to their home, so that Oslaf in Beowulf is probably to be identified with Ordlaf from the Finnsburg Fragment. Hengest follows Ordlaf/Oslaf and Guthlaf to Door B.

Outside the great hall, Garulf is planning to launch the first attack. Guthere counsels him not to do so, saying that Garulf's life is too valuable. Garulf proceeds anyway, and asks who holds that door. Sigeferth replies to Garulf's taunt from within, showing that the attack is being mounted at Door A. Sigeferth is said to be a lord of the Secgena; in Widsith a Sæferð or Sasferth is said to be lord of the Sycges or Secgan, apparently referring to the same character. The two sides fight at that door, and Garulf and many of the attackers die. It is not clear what happens to Guthere whom he was counselled by. Garulf is said to be Guthlaf's son; it is not clear whether or not this is the same Guthlaf who holds the door as a defender at Door B.

The battle continues for five days, and none of the besieged defenders of Hnæf and his men are killed. Then one of the defenders is wounded, and Hnæf asks the unnamed wounded defender how the other men are coping. There the Finnsburg Fragment ends. The narrative continues in Beowulf after the battle has ended; immediately Hnæf and his nephew are said to have been slain.  On the attackers' side, the Beowulf scop says that "all of the thanes of Finn, except a few" were slain. Hengest is now the commander of the defenders.

Interim: Swearing of oaths

Since Finn had lost most of his thanes, he was unable to fight Hengest, and the Beowulf poet says that for this reason they drew up a peace treaty. Nicola Zocco clarifies that the "Frisians offer to come to terms with the Danes because they need to resolve the situation in a bloodless way, given that they cannot afford a military victory." This gives the motivation for the attackers to enter into a peace bargain, but not for the motivation of the defenders. Perhaps the toll on them would also have been too large, that Hengest and his men would not have been able to break the deadlock of the siege. The peace treaty must have been reasonable to both commanders as the best way out of the stalemate.

The fact that the two sides did not fight to the death may indicate that Finn felt some remorse for the rules of hospitality having been broken against his brother-in-law Hnæf and his men. Seiichi Suzuki points out that the Beowulf poet implies twice that Finn was to blame and was blamed. Still, Finn may not have been a primary belligerent, only responsible in the capacity of a figurehead; and the picture is made more complex by the role of the eotena (see below). The Beowulf poet seems to allude to Finn's sincerity about the peace treaty when he says that Finn swore oaths to Hengest "with unfeigned zeal".

Not only were the peace terms probably offered by the Frisians to the Danes, but the Frisians were very submissive in the deal. Though under the treaty the Danes are not to complain about the death of Hnæf, Finn more extremely swears that any Frisian who provokes further violence would be, in the language of the poet, settled with the edge of the sword. The defenders are also to be given half of a new building, which, confusingly they are to share with Finn and the eotena sons (see below), and also to be given feasts and treasure by Finn. The concessions by Finn may reflect his remorse at the events, or it may have been seen as a suitable weregild for the defenders not avenging the killing of Hnæf. The Beowulf poet describes how Finn stuck to his oath by giving treasure.

Meanwhile, Hnæf and his nephew are placed on the funeral pyre and Hildeburh laments. Later most of the warriors go home, "to seek their native lands, / bereft of friends, to behold Frisia, / their homes and high fortresses." Hengest, and some retainers, stayed however with Finn over the winter; it is not clear why they do so. Donald K. Fry contends that Hengest stayed "by his own choice, by his own design."

Phase Two: The Frisian slaughter

Eventually a man described as the son of Hunlaf, but given no more specific name or description, places a sword on the lap of Hengest. The sword, a hildeleoma (English: battle-light) which may either be the name of the sword or a description of it, is said to be renowned to the eotenum (see eotena below). Olivieri suggests that probably "Hunlaf had died in the fight at the castle — the sword had been used with the Jutes — and his son asked for revenge." Meanwhile, Guthlaf and Oslaf/Ordlaf, presumably the same pair who held Door A in the siege, go back to the Danish people and tell them what has occurred.

The Beowulf poet says that as a consequence, without naming the antecedents, Finn and all the Frisians were slaughtered. Most likely the antecedents are both of the actions described above, that Hengest and a returning faction of Danes banded together in force to slaughter Finn and the remnants of his forces, avenge Hnæf, pillage Finnsburg, and return to the Danish people with Hildeburh. This is usually understood to mean that Hengest had been brooding over whether fealty or oaths were strongest, and that he and the Danes broke the terms of the peace treaty, though Zocco argues otherwise.

Eotena

Jutes or giants?

The words eotena and eotenum in the Beowulf episode appear in several places to describe the opponents of the Danes:

 At the beginning of the episode, Hildeburh is said to have "had no need to praise" the eotena good faith (lines 1071–2).
 When a hall is cleared out for Hengest and his men to inhabit as part of the peace treaty terms, he is to share it with Folcwalda's son (Finn), and the eotena sons (line 1088).
 Hengest broods on revenge against the eotena sons, wanting to remind them of his sword (line 1141).
 When the hunlafing sword is placed on Hengest's lap, it is said to be "not unknown" to the eotenum (line 1145).

This has given rise to three basic theories about the term eoten- in Beowulf:

 The term is a corrupted declension of *Eotan (English: Jutes).
 The term is a pun, meaning eoten (English: giant) but referring to Jutes.
 The term is a metaphor, meaning eoten but referring to Frisians.

The first theory was held by Tolkien in the early 20th century, and is now widely accepted amongst scholars. But the second and third theories have seen increasing popularity; more recent dissenters include Williams, Kaske, Gwara, and Vickrey. As three Beowulf editors wrote in 2008:

The terms for Frisians and Jutes seem to be used interchangeably in the Episode (see Beo 1088 and 1093), but it is impossible to be certain, given the fragmentary and allusive nature of the evidence, and the alternate ways of construing the term eotenas that has been thought to designate the Jutes. Historically, scholarship has favored the assumption that MS eotena and eotenum refer to Jutes […], though quite a few scholars, especially in recent years, have seen here common nouns referring to giants

Arguments for giants
The dissatisfaction with the first theory, of the Eotan or Jutes, can be perceived along two axes: morphological and semantic. Vickrey summarises the morphological evidence for a reading of giants, the numbers referring to Beowulf line numbers:

the form eotena, the expected genitive plural of eoten 'giant' (eotena 421, 883), is anomalous as a declensional form of *Eote, *Eotan 'Jutes'; and the form eotenum, along with eotenum 902, the expected dative plural of eoten 'giant,' a disyllabic masculine noun with a short first syllable, is, as a dative plural of *Eote, *Eotan 'Jutes,' without parallel elsewhere in the poem either in weak nouns or i-nouns. […] On philological grounds, then, it is more likely that eoten- meant 'giant' and not 'Jute' in the Finn Episode: if 'Jute,' eoten- is suspect and doubtful; if 'giant,' expected and normal.

Vickrey's point about eotenum refers to line 1145, where the dative plural eotenum is used. The dative plural for Jutes would be eotum, whereas eotenum is the correct dative plural for the sense of giants; despite this, the word in this line is still often translated "Jutes" in accordance with the first theory. Williams argued of eoten that "it is not fact but only possibility that the scribe confused therewith the tribal name, or that this tribal name had a dative Éotenum. A possibility cannot upset a fact!"

Understanding whether the references are to Jutes or giants has a large bearing on the presented social dynamic of the battle. In a more cautious appraisal Fry summarises that "Whoever the eoten''- are, they are probably not Danes and not subject to Hengest."

See also

 Anglo-Saxons
 Battle of Brunanburh
 Battle of Maldon
 Germanic hero
 Germanic Iron Age
 Germanic kingship
 List of legendary kings of Denmark
 Migration Period
 Old English literature
 Tribes of Widsith

Notes and references

Bibliography

External links
 Diacritically-Marked Text of The Battle at Finnesburh
 Understanding The Battle at Finnesburgh through stick figures

5th century
Finnsburg
Finnesburg
Finnsburg
Finnesburg
Finnsburg
450
Finnsburg


The Battle of Grolle (Dutch: Slag om Grolle) is a regular historical reenactment of the siege of the fortified border town of Groenlo (formerly known as Grol or Grolle) in the Achterhoek in 1627 during the Dutch Revolt. It is held in and around Groenlo itself every two years. The event lasts for three days and features a historic battle reenactment and a historic fair, with reenactors from many European countries. During the event, the reenactors try to relive the conditions of 1627 as faithfully as possible, without electricity or heating, while eating traditional food.

The event was held for the first time in 2005, with around 350 reenactors, among which were pikemen, swordsmen, around 100 musketeers and working cannons. In October 2008 the event was held for a second time, this time featuring more than 600 reenactors from France, Germany, England, Scotland, the Czech Republic and the Netherlands. The 2008 event included cavalry, 21 working cannons and more than 250 musketeers. The 'Grols Kanon', left behind as a gift to the people of Grol by Frederik Hendrik in 1627, was also used. The Montferland folk music group 'Het Gezelschap' even composed the song "Grol" as a theme song for the 2008 event. In the streets of Groenlo itself a 17th-century atmosphere is recreated, with beggars, street rascals, lepers, musicians and artisans. More than 30,000 people came to visit the 2008 event, and it was thus decided by the organizers to hold it every two years. The 2014 event was delayed till 2015 so that the beer maker Grolsch could celebrate their 400th anniversary, as the brewery started in 1615 in Groenlo. The latest re-enactment is October 2022, after the event was postponed in 2021 due to COVID-19 restrictions.

Notes

External links

www.slagomgrolle.nl (en)(nl)(de)
Impressions of the Slag om Grolle 2008 (Streekgids.nl)
Impressions of the Slag om Grolle 2005

Historical reenactment events
Early Modern reenactment
Military reenactment
Grolle
History of Oost Gelre
Grolle


Vinterbro is a village in the municipality of Ås, Akershus, Norway. It has 3,000 residents in the subdivisions Togrenda and Sjøskogen. The area features two primary schools and four kindergartens.

This is the location of a large shopping area, including a Steen & Strøm shopping center. The amusement park Tusenfryd and part of the Oslo Tramway Museum is also located at Vinterbro. European Route E6 and E18 run past the area. Part of the E6 was financed by Oslo Package 1.

References

Ås, Akershus
Villages in Akershus


Besullo is a parish (administrative division) in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size.  The population is 109.

Villages and hamlets
 Comba
 Forniellas ("Furniellas")
 Fuentes ("As Fontes")
 Iboyo ("Iboyu")
 Noceda

Notable people
Alejandro Casona, a Spanish dramatist and playwright, was born in Besullo.

References

External links
 Asturian society of economic and industrial studies, English language version of "Sociedad Asturiana de Estudios Económicos e Industriales" (SADEI)
 Allande

Parishes in Allande


Alfred Edward Maybury (born 1877; date of death unknown) was an English footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Nantwich, Burslem Port Vale, and Chesterfield.

Career
Maybury played non-League football with Nantwich, before joining Burslem Port Vale in May 1900. On his debut, on 8 September, he conceded six goals in a 6–1 drubbing by Grimsby Town at Blundell Park. Despite this poor start he was an ever-present for the rest of the season, before being released from the Athletic Ground upon its conclusion. He had played 32 Second Division games, one FA Cup game and two other cup games. He then moved on to Chesterfield. He later played for Crewe Alexandra.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1877 births
Year of death missing
People from Nantwich
Footballers from Cheshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Nantwich Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
English Football League players


Joan Thomas (born 1949) is a Canadian novelist and book reviewer from Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Thomas grew up in Carberry, Manitoba and later worked as a freelance journalist and book reviewer for The Globe and Mail, the Winnipeg Free Press and Prairie Fire, and as a book editor for Turnstone Press. She won a National Magazine Award in 1996 for her journalism.

Thomas's debut novel Reading by Lightning won the 2009 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First Book (Canada/Caribbean) as well as the Amazon.ca First Novel Award.

Her second novel, Curiosity, was nominated for the Scotiabank Giller Prize, the Margaret Laurence Award for Fiction, and the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award. Both novels were longlisted for the International  Dublin Literary Award.

Her third novel The Opening Sky (2014) was shortlisted for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction, the Carol Shields Book Award, and the Margaret Laurence Award for Fiction. It won the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award, and was named a CBC book of the year.

In 2014, Thomas was awarded the Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award for a mid-career writer.

In 2019, her novel Five Wives won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction.

Bibliography

Novels
Reading by Lightning, 2008 (Goose Lane Editions, )
Curiosity, 2010 (McClelland & Stewart, )
The Opening Sky, 2014 (McClelland & Stewart, )
Five Wives, 2019 (HarperCollins, )

References

21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian literary critics
Canadian book editors
Canadian women editors
Canadian journalists
Canadian women journalists
Canadian women novelists
Writers from Winnipeg
Writers from Manitoba
Living people
Canadian women short story writers
Canadian women literary critics
21st-century Canadian women writers
20th-century Canadian short story writers
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian short story writers
Canadian women non-fiction writers
1949 births
Governor General's Award-winning fiction writers
Amazon.ca First Novel Award winners


Referees in the National Basketball Association (NBA) oversee 120 pre-season games, 1,260 regular season games, and four rounds of playoff matches.  These officials "oversee competition in real-time between 10 exceptional athletes, making calls with 95% accuracy."

In March 2015, the NBA began issuing Last Two Minutes reports that detail the performance of referees at the ends of games which the point differential is within five points with two minutes or less remaining in the contest.

Officials
For the 2022–23 NBA season, there are 74 staff officials and 8 non-staff officials:

Staff officials

 Ray Acosta, #54
 Brandon Adair, #67
 Bennie Adams, #47
 Brent Barnaky, #36
 Curtis Blair, #74
 Matt Boland, #18
 Tony Brothers, #25
 Tony Brown, #6
 Nick Buchert, #3
 John Butler, #30
 James Capers, #19
 Derrick Collins, #11
 John Conley, #79
 Sean Corbin, #33
 Kevin Cutler, #34
 Mousa Dagher, #28
 Eric Dalen, #37
 Marc Davis, #8
 JB DeRosa, #22
 Mitchell Ervin, #27
 Cheryl Flores, #91
 Tyler Ford, #39
 Brian Forte, #45
 Scott Foster, #48
 Pat Fraher, #26
 Jacyn Goble, #68
 John Goble, #10
 Jason Goldenberg, #35
 Nate Green, #65
 David Guthrie, #16
 Lauren Holtkamp-Sterling, #7
 Robert Hussey, #85
 Simone Jelks, #81
 Matt Kallio, #88
 Bill Kennedy, #55
 Courtney Kirkland, #61
 Marat Kogut, #32
 Karl Lane, #77
 Eric Lewis, #42
 Mark Lindsay, #29
 Tre Maddox, #23
 Ed Malloy, #14
 Suyash Mehta, #82
 Dannica Mosher, #89
 Rodney Mott, #71
 Ashley Moyer-Gleich, #13
 Matt Myers, #43
 Andy Nagy, #83
 Brett Nansel, #44
 J.T. Orr, #72
 Gediminas Petraitis, #50
 Phenizee Ransom, #70
 Derek Richardson, #63
 Natalie Sago, #9
 Jenna Schroeder, #84
 Brandon Schwab, #86
 Danielle Scott, #87
 Evan Scott, #78
 Kevin Scott, #24
 Aaron Smith, #51
 Michael Smith, #38
 Jonathan Sterling, #17
 Ben Taylor, #46
 Dedric Taylor, #21
 Josh Tiven, #58
 Scott Twardoski, #52
 Justin Van Duyne, #64
 Scott Wall, #31
 CJ Washington, #12
 Tom Washington, #49
 James Williams, #60
 Leon Wood, #40
 Sean Wright, #4
 Zach Zarba, #15

Non-staff officials

 Brent Haskill, #92
 Intae Hwang, #96
 Tyler Mirkovich, #97
 Sha’Rae Mitchell, #98
 Pat O’Connell, #90
 JD Ralls, #94
 Jenna Reneau, #93
 Tyler Ricks, #95

References

NBA referees

National Bask

External links


Petauroidea is a superfamily of marsupials from Australia and New Guinea. It is part of the suborder Phalangeriformes within the order Diprotodontia, which also includes, among others, wombats, kangaroos, cuscuses. The superfamily Phalangeroidea, including cuscuses and brushtail possums (family Phalangeridae) and pygmy possums (family Burramyidae), is the immediate sister group of the Petauroidea. The earliest fossils from this superfamily are from the Oligocene of the Geilston Bay fossil site in Tasmania.

Species

The superfamily includes the following recent species:

Superfamily Petauroidea
 Family Pseudocheiridae
 Subfamily Hemibelideinae
 Genus Hemibelideus
 Lemur-like ringtail possum, Hemibelideus lemuroides
 Genus Petauroides
 Central greater glider, Petauroides armillatus
 Northern greater glider, Petauroides minor
 Southern greater glider, Petauroides volans
 Subfamily Pseudocheirinae
 Genus Petropseudes
 Rock-haunting ringtail possum, Petropseudes dahli
 Genus Pseudocheirus
 Common ringtail possum, Pseudocheirus peregrinus
 Genus Pseudochirulus
 Lowland ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus canescens
 Weyland ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus caroli
 Cinereus ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus cinereus
 Painted ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus forbesi
 Herbert River ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus herbertensis
 Masked ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus larvatus
 Pygmy ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus mayeri
 Vogelkop ringtail possum, Pseudochirulus schlegeli
 Subfamily Pseudochiropsinae
 Genus Pseudochirops
 D'Albertis' ringtail possum, Pseudochirops albertisii
 Green ringtail possum, Pseudochirops archeri
 Plush-coated ringtail possum, Pseudochirops corinnae
 Reclusive ringtail possum, Pseudochirops coronatus
 Coppery ringtail possum, Pseudochirops cupreus
 Family Petauridae
 Genus Dactylopsila
 Great-tailed triok, Dactylopsila megalura
 Long-fingered triok, Dactylopsila palpator
 Tate's triok, Dactylopsila tatei
 Striped possum, Dactylopsila trivirgata
 Genus Gymnobelideus
 Leadbeater's possum, Gymnobelideus leadbeateri
 Genus Petaurus
 Northern glider, Petaurus abidi
 Savanna glider, Petaurus ariel
 Yellow-bellied glider, Petaurus australis
 Biak glider, Petaurus biacensis
 Sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps
 Mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis
 Squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis
 Krefft's glider, Petaurus notatus
 Family Tarsipedidae
 Genus Tarsipes
 Honey possum or Noolbenger, Tarsipes rostratus
 Family Acrobatidae
 Genus Acrobates
 Feathertail glider, Acrobates pygmaeus
 Genus Distoechurus
 Feather-tailed possum, Distoechurus pennatus

References

Possums
Mammal superfamilies
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte


Ralph Barlow (1876 – 1897) was an English footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the mid-1890s.

Career
Barlow joined Burslem Port Vale in January 1895, making his debut in a 2–0 win at Rotherham Town on 7 September 1895. He played 29 Second Division games in the 1895–96 season, and scored his first goal in the Football League in a 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra at the Athletic Ground on 26 October. However he suffered a breakdown in September 1896 and was sent to a convalescent home. His recovery was a slow one, and so the club arranged a benefit match for him in April 1897 and released him from his contract at the end of the 1896–97 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1876 births
1897 deaths
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players


Jan Greve is a Norwegian psychiatrist who is best known for having used cannabis and LSD to treat his patients. In 1972 he was sentenced to one year in prison, of which nine months was probation, and his medical licence was revoked for two years. He resumed his practice following this time.

Retrospectively, Greve has stated that he considered the case to be part of a witchhunt where deviations from the mainstream drug policy view was the real enemy.

External links
  Interview with Jan Greve in Gateavisa

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Norwegian psychiatrists
Norwegian psychedelic drug advocates
Norwegian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Norway


Qalunya (, also transliterated Qaluniya) was a Palestinian village located  west of Jerusalem.
Prior to the village's destruction in 1948, with the exception of 166 dunams, Qalunya's land was privately owned: 3,594 dunams were owned by Arabs, while 1,084 dunams were owned by Jews.

Location
Qalunya stood on a mountain slope, facing southwest; Wadi Qalunya passed through its eastern edge. The village lay on the Jerusalem-Jaffa highway, and a dirt path linked it to its neighboring villages. Qalunya was located where the Israelite and Jewish town of Motza was believed to have been. The Modern Motza is now an outlying neighborhood of Jerusalem, and ruins of demolished buildings from Qalunya are present near Motza, covered in vegetation, just off the main highway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. The town of Mevaseret Zion today is expanding upon some of the territory of former Qalunya.

History

Bronze Age to Roman period

Roman and Byzantine periods
The village was destroyed in the First Jewish–Roman War. After 71 CE, Vespasian settled 800 Roman soldiers in the town, which became a Roman settlement known as Colonia Amosa or Colonia Emmaus.

The word colonia produced the Byzantine-period Greek name, Koloneia, for the site. The status of the site in the early Islamic period has not been established, but the name was preserved in Crusader times as Qalonie or Qalunia and in Arabic as Qalunya. Mujir al-Din al-Hanbali reported that in 1192 it was a village near Jerusalem.

New Testament
It has also been suggested that Qalunya was Emmaus of the New Testament. The site is at more or less the correct distance from Jerusalem to match the story told in the Gospel of Luke (). The village where Vespasian settled the 800 veterans was known as Emmaus at that time. The new military colony completely eclipsed the title town and its name was lost to history. During the Byzantine period the name Emmaus was not in use, so the Byzantine Christians did not know of it. The tradition of Emmaus was attached to Emmaus-Nicopolis instead.  Excavations in 2001-2003 headed by Professor Carsten Peter Thiede let him conclude that Khirbet Mizza/Tel Moza was the only credible candidate for biblical Emmaus.

Ottoman period

In the 1596  tax registers, Qalunya was a village in the Ottoman Empire, nahiya (subdistrict) of Jerusalem under the liwa' (district) of Jerusalem, and it had a population of 19 Muslim households, an estimated 110 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on a number of crops, including wheat, barley and olives, as well as on goats, beehives and molasses; a total of  6,450  akçe. All of the revenue went to Waqf.

In 1838, Kulonieh was noted as a Muslim village in the Beni Malik district, west of Jerusalem.

In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to be a village of 500 inhabitants, while an Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Kalonije had a population of 120, in 43 houses, though the population count included men, only.

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Qalunya as being a moderate-sized village perched on the slope of a hill,  above a valley. Travelers reported that it had a "modern" restaurant. The villagers tended orange and lemon trees that were planted around a spring in the valley. To the west of the restaurant were ruins, possible of Byzantine origin.

In the 1890s, Jews purchased some of Qalunya's farmlands, and established the village of Motza, the first Jewish settlement outside Jerusalem.

In 1896 the population of Kalonije was estimated to be about 312 persons.

British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qalunieh (Qalonia) had a population 549; 456 Muslims, 88 Jews and 5 Orthodox Christians, increasing in the 1931 census to 632, 632 Muslims and 10 Christians; in a total of 156 houses.

During the 1929 Palestine riots, several residents of Qalunya attacked an outlying house in Motza belonging to the Maklef family, killing the father, mother, son, two daughters, and their two guests. Three children survived by escaping out a second-story window; one, Mordechai Maklef, later became Chief of Staff of the Israeli Army. The attackers included the lone police officer and armed man in the area, as well as a shepherd employed by the Maklef family. The village was subsequently abandoned by Jews for a year's time.

In the 1945 statistics, Qalunya had a population of 900 Muslims and 10 Christians, while Motza had a population of 350 Jews.  The total land area was 4,844 dunams. A total of 1,224 dunums of land were irrigated or used for plantations, 955 were used for cereals; while 227 dunams were classified as built-up areas.

1948, and after
On 11 April 1948, as part of Operation Nachshon, Hagana forces entered the village and blew up 50 houses. According to Ilan Pappe, Qalunya was one of four villages that were systematically destroyed by Hagana units in this fashion in the immediate wake of the Deir Yassin massacre; the others being, Beit Surik, Biddu and Saris.

Archaeology
According to the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), the earliest archaeological finds of Qaluniya date back to the Early Bronze Age, Early Bronze Age I, Iron Age II, followed by artefacts retrieved from the Hellenistic-Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, and Crusade period. The remains of a Byzantine Church were discovered on the site.

In 2012 Israeli archaeologists discovered the Tel Motza temple, an Israelite cultic building dating to the monarchic period (Iron Age IIA).

References

Bibliography

 (p. 47)

External links
 Welcome To Qalunya
 Qalunya, Zochrot
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17:  IAA, Wikimedia commons
Qalunya, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Ghost towns in Asia


The Silver Slugger Award is awarded annually to the best offensive player at each position in both the American League (AL) and the National League (NL), as determined by the coaches and managers of Major League Baseball (MLB). These voters consider several offensive categories in selecting the winners, including batting average, slugging percentage, and on-base percentage, in addition to "coaches' and managers' general impressions of a player's overall offensive value". Managers and coaches are not permitted to vote for players on their own team. The Silver Slugger was first awarded in 1980 and is given by Hillerich & Bradsby, the manufacturer of Louisville Slugger bats. The award is a bat-shaped trophy, 3 feet (91 cm) tall, engraved with the names of each of the winners from the league and plated with sterling silver.

Among first basemen, Paul Goldschmidt has won the most Silver Sluggers, with five. Goldschmidt won the award in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018 (Arizona Diamondbacks) and 2022 (St. Louis Cardinals). Tied for second are Todd Helton (Colorado Rockies; 2000–2003) and Albert Pujols (St. Louis Cardinals; 2004, 2008–2010) with four. In the American League, six players have won the award three times: José Abreu (Chicago White Sox; 2014, 2018, 2020), Miguel Cabrera (Detroit Tigers; 2010, 2015, 2016) Cecil Cooper (Milwaukee Brewers; 1980–1982); Carlos Delgado (Toronto Blue Jays; 1999–2000, 2003), Don Mattingly (New York Yankees; 1985–1987); and Mark Teixeira (Texas Rangers, 2004–2005; New York Yankees, 2009). Jeff Bagwell, formerly of the National League's Houston Astros, has also won the award three times (1994, 1997, 1999). Mark McGwire and Eddie Murray each won a combined three Silver Slugger Awards across both leagues. McGwire won two American League Silver Sluggers for the Oakland Athletics in 1992 and 1996, and the National League Silver Slugger for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1998. Murray won two American League Silver Sluggers for the Baltimore Orioles in 1983 and 1984, and the National League Silver Slugger for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1990. One player has won the award while playing for two different teams during his winning season. Fred McGriff was traded by the San Diego Padres to the Atlanta Braves during the 1993 season; he won the Silver Slugger Award with a .291 batting average and 37 home runs between the two teams. One father-son combination has won the award: Cecil Fielder won the American League Silver Slugger with the Detroit Tigers in 1990 and 1991, and his son Prince Fielder won the National League award with the Milwaukee Brewers in 2007 and 2011, and the American League award with the Tigers in 2012. Nathaniel Lowe and Paul Goldschmidt are the most recent winners.

Helton holds the record for the highest batting average in a first baseman's Silver Slugger-winning season with the .372 mark he set in 2000. In the American League, Frank Thomas' .353 batting average in 1994 ranks first, and is the third-best in the history of the award. Mark McGwire holds the records in both leagues for highest slugging percentage, and the National League record for most home runs. McGwire slugged .730 for the Oakland Athletics in 1996, the year before he was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals. In 1998, McGwire hit 70 home runs on his way to the Major League home run record, slugging .752 while battling the entire season with Sammy Sosa. Chris Davis holds the American League record for most home runs in a Silver Slugger season when he hit 53 in 2013. Andrés Galarraga had 150 runs batted in (RBI) in 1996 when he won the award, followed closely by Ryan Howard's 2006 total of 149. The American League record for a Silver Slugger winner is 145 RBI, achieved by Mattingly (1985) and Delgado (2003).

Key

American League winners

National League winners

Footnotes
The Brewers were members of the American League until 1997, when Commissioner Bud Selig offered the team the option to switch leagues due to a realignment of Major League Baseball's divisions. The Brewers have been members of the National League since 1998.

See also

List of Gold Glove Award winners at first base

References

Inline citations

External links
Louisville Slugger – The Silver Slugger Award

Silver Slugger Award
Awards established in 1980


Bustantigo is a parish (administrative division) in Allande municipality located within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. The capital, Pola de Allande, is  away.

While the parish elevation is  above sea level, the highest point is Panchón Peak at , and the lowest point is at the Navia River at . It is  in size.  The population is 19 (INE 2011). The postal code is 33888.

Villages and hamlets
 La Folgueriza ("La Folgueiriza")
 El Plantao ("El Plantáu")
 Bustantigo ("Bustantigu")

References

External links
 Allande

Parishes in Allande


Peter Fleming and John McEnroe were the defending champions and won in the final 6–7, 7–6, 6–1 against Sherwood Stewart and Ferdi Taygan.

Seeds

  Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe (champions)
  Sherwood Stewart /  Ferdi Taygan (final)
  Paul Kronk /  Peter McNamara (first round)
  Bruce Manson /  Peter Rennert (quarterfinals)

Draw

External links
 1981 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships Doubles draw

Doubles


IODE may refer to:

 Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, a Canadian women's organization
 International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange, a worldwide network that operates under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

See also
 iodéOS, an Android operating system


The Ambohitsorohitra Palace is a presidential palace in the capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo. It has only a symbolic role and is not a residence of the president.

The palace was built between 1890 and 1892 by the French architect Jully in order to house the office and the residence of the French governor of Madagascar. The palace is built in the French neo-Renaissance style using bricks and stone and was officially inaugurated on 14 July 1892, the National Day of France.

Political events
During a coup between Marc Ravalomanana and Andry Rajoelina on March 16, 2009, the military took over the palace. The military again threatened to do the same during a failed coup in November 2010.

See also
 Iavoloha Palace
 Rova of Antananarivo.

References

Presidential residences
Buildings and structures in Antananarivo
Government of Madagascar


In Cambodia, drugs are readily available, thus, easy to access, including illegal substances.

Illegal drugs

The Cambodian black market trade of illicit drugs includes cannabis, methamphetamine, ketamine, MDMA and heroin.

Cambodia remains a major supplier of cannabis to countries in East and Southeast Asia and other parts of the world.  Large amounts of heroin are also smuggled throughout the (Golden Triangle). Drug abuse is increasing among street children and rates of HIV/AIDS are increasing due to intravenous drug usage.

Golden Triangle

The Golden Triangle is one of Asia's main opium-producing areas with the other area being the Golden Crescent.   The triangle is an area of roughly 350,000 square kilometers that overlaps the mountainous regions of four nations of Southeast Asian: Myanmar also known as Burma, Laos, and Thailand.  The Golden Crescent is located at the intersection of Central, South, and Western Asia.

This area overlaps the borders of Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan with the mountainous regions which define the location of the crescent.  In both of these areas illicit drugs are produced and traffickers export these drugs out of the country and or shipped throughout neighboring nations.  The Ruak and Mekong rivers of these areas also influences the ease of how drugs are transported through this area.

The drugs are transported through the Triangle by horse and donkey caravans to refineries where the drugs are further processed and refined to become more pure.  They are then most frequently brought to the United States and other countries by couriers traveling on commercial airlines or they are smuggled into the country by shipping containers.

Teng Bunma
Teng Bunma was one of the wealthiest people in Cambodia with connections to leading politicians, military officials, and businessmen. He is believed to have been one of the main Cambodian drug lords. Bunma was the owner of the luxury hotel "Intercontinental" in Phnom Penh and the "Rasmei Kampuchea," the largest daily newspaper in Cambodia with a circulation of about 18,000. For years Bunma was denied entry into the USA because of his appearance on the list of suspected drug dealers. A 1996 article, "Medellin on the Mekong" in the Hong Kong-based Far Eastern Economic Review, by United States journalist Nate Thayer, described Teng Bunma as a significant figure in Cambodia's international drug-smuggling trade.

Recent developments
Pertaining to the (online) drug market/trade which exists in Cambodia, more recently the trade took on its international intervention in which officials were able to prevent 10,000 tablets of Codeine and Valium being sent out of Cambodia to the United States and United Kingdom.

Johanne Vinther Axelsen, 55 of Denmark, was arrested and convicted of drug trafficking and was sentenced to 15 years in prison.  It is alleged she tried to mail out illegal drugs that she claims did not know were illegal out of Cambodia to the United States and United Kingdom on the behalf of her drug dealing son, Niels Eikeland.  Many human rights activists in Denmark are advocating for the release of Axelsen due to the inhumane conditions of the prison and the Danish government are trying to work with Cambodian officials in order to appeal the court ruling. She was later released due to work of diplomacy and a private payment of 8.000 $ to officials so they would bend their policies

In mid-2008 three foreign nationals were arrested in Cambodia on charges of possessing, consuming, and intending to sell drugs   A Taiwanese-American, Pakistani, and Britain national along with a Cambodian citizen were among the arrested.  They were allegedly caught in possession of nearly half a kilo of methamphetamines and cocaine.  The men potentially face life sentences if they are to be convicted.

These recent developments and arrests only further emphasizes that Cambodia is cracking down on the drug trade which exists in the country.  According to secretary-general of the National Authority to Combat Drugs they emphasized that ‘There will be further raids.  We are cracking down hard on people who provide illegal drugs.’

On April 10, 2009, four drug traders and traffickers, including two Cambodian nationals were prosecuted and arrested.  The four had established a ring to transport synthetic drugs from Cambodia to Vietnam across the border for the drugs to be distributed in cafes, bars, and discos.  According to initial investigators, the ring had been operating for nearly a decade

See also
 Crime in Cambodia

References

External links
  Wiley Interscience
  https://web.archive.org/web/20130620151830/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1080.html
  http://www.unodc.org
 UNODC Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific
 2002 Illicit Drug Report – Cambodia - UNODC
 Drug Problem in Southeast and Southwest Asia


In Japanese society, particularly in historical feudal Japan, isagiyosa (, "purity") is a virtue, translated with "resolute composure" or "manliness". Able to be interpreted as "grace with pride", isagiyosa is the capability of accepting death with composure and equanimity. It stands besides other central virtues such as public-spiritedness (kō no seishin), loyalty (seijitsusa), diligence (kinbensa) and steadiness (jimichisa).

Cherry blossoms, because of their ephemeral nature, are a symbol of isagiyosa in the sense of embracing the transience of the world.  Honda (2001) maintains that these virtues are not Japanese in particular but form a moral code common to all Asian agricultural societies.

See also
Mono no aware

References

Japanese aesthetics
Japanese values
Japanese words and phrases


Kampen is a neighborhood in Oslo, Norway. It is located Gamle Oslo borough, between Tøyen, Hasle, Vålerenga and Galgeberg.

History
The name may come from kamp, meaning outcrop, though it may also come from a military campment. During the 18th century, the home guard had military practices at Kampen. The area belonged to the farms Bergsløkken and Oslo Ladegård, before being parcelled up in 1820. A wooden suburb was built between the city expansions—meaning acquisitions of territory belonging to Aker municipality—of 1859 and 1878. Part of the wooden housing burned down in 1879, and was replaced with brick block housing and Kampen Church. The northern part of Kampen has many brick buildings from the 1930s, though the wooden housing still dominates in other parts. There was a controversy related to demolition and rebuilding in Brinken during the 1980s.

Neighbourhoods of Oslo
Gamle Oslo


The 1974 Brussels summit was the second NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time.  The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on June 26, 1974.  This twenty-fifth anniversary event was only the third meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949.

The Summit took place 25 days before the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the first war between 2 NATO Countries and parties.

Background
The organization faced a generational challenge; and the unresolved questions concerned whether  a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been.  The results of 1974 elections would change a significant number of officials at the top of allied governments—in the Britain, Prime Minister Edward Heath was replaced by the election of Harold Wilson; in France, President Georges Pompidou was replaced by Giscard d'Estaing; and in West Germany, Chancellor Willy Brandt was replaced by Helmut Schmidt.  The 1974 resignation of President Richard Nixon caused Gerald Ford to become the new head of the American government.

Agenda
The general discussions focused on the need to confirm the dedication of member countries of the Alliance to the aims and ideals of the Treaty in the 25th anniversary of its signature.  In addition, there were informal consultations on East-West relations in preparation for US-USSR summit talks on strategic nuclear arms limitations.

Accomplishments
NATO leaders signed of the Declaration on Atlantic Relations which had been adopted by NATO foreign ministers in meeting in Ottawa a week earlier.

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References
 Thomas, Ian Q.R. (1997).  The promise of alliance: NATO and the political imagination. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ;

External links
  NATO update, 1974

1974 Brussels summit
Diplomatic conferences in Belgium
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1974 in international relations
1974 in Belgium
1970s in Brussels
Belgium and NATO
June 1974 events in Europe
Events in Brussels


This page shows the results of the Water Ski Competition at the 2003 Pan American Games, held from August 1 to August 17 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. There were six events, three for both men and women, with Canada and the United States dominating the competition.

Men's competition

Slalom

Tricks

Jump

Women's competition

Slalom

Tricks

Jump

Medal table

References
 Sports 123

2000s in water skiing
2003 in water sports
2003
Events at the 2003 Pan American Games


The 1982 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney, Australia and was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the 10th edition of the tournament and was held from 11 October through 17 October 1982. Second-seeded John McEnroe won his third successive singles title at the event.

Finals

Singles

 John McEnroe defeated  Gene Mayer 6–4, 6–1, 6–4
 It was McEnroe's 3rd singles title of the year and the 37th of his career.

Doubles

 John McEnroe /  Peter Rennert defeated  Steve Denton /  Mark Edmondson 6–3, 7–6
 It was McEnroe's 5th title of the year and the 79th of his career. It was Rennert's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career.

References

External links
 ITF – tournament edition details

Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Australian Indoor Tennis Championships
In
Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Sports competitions in Sydney
Tennis in New South Wales


Furman Lee "Jack" Owens (May 6, 1908 – November 14, 1958) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He played in two games for the Philadelphia Athletics in .

Sources

Major League Baseball catchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
Longview Cannibals players
St. Augustine Saints players
Montgomery Rebels players
Greenville Spinners players
Columbia Reds players
Birmingham Barons players
Macon Peaches players
Portsmouth Cubs players
Baseball players from South Carolina
1908 births
1958 deaths


ToFeT is a kinetic Monte Carlo electronic model of molecular films, able to simulate the time-of-flight experiment (ToF), field-effect transistors (FeTs).  As its input, ToFeT takes a description of the film at a molecular level: a description of the position of all molecules and the interactions between them. As its output, ToFeT produces electrical characteristics such as mobilities, JV curves, and transient photocurrents. ToFeT thus allows the microscopic properties of a film to be related to its macroscopic electronic properties.

ToFeT is an open-source project, used by academic and industrial groups around the world.  The current focus in ToFeT's development is to treat a wider range of materials systems, and reproduce a wider range of experimental measurements.

In Hebrew, the word "Tofet" stands for "inferno, scene of horror; hell", thus providing a fitting indication to the complexity of the module.

References

External links
 ToFeT home-page

Monte Carlo molecular modelling software
Monte Carlo software


Inksticks () or ink cakes are a type of solid Chinese ink used traditionally in several Chinese and East Asian art forms such as calligraphy and brush painting. Inksticks are made mainly of soot and animal glue, sometimes with incense or medicinal scents added. To make ink, the inkstick is ground against an inkstone with a small quantity of water to produce a dark liquid which is then applied with an ink brush. By adjusting the strength and duration of the ink grinding process, artists and calligraphers may adjust the concentration of the produced ink to suit their tastes.

Along with the inkstone, ink brush, and paper, the inkstick is considered one of the Four Treasures of the Study of classical Chinese literary culture.

History

The earliest artifacts of Chinese inks can be dated back to 12th century BC, with charred materials, plant dyes, and animal-based inks being occasionally used, mineral inks being most common. Mineral inks based on materials such as graphite were ground with water and applied with brushes. The mineral origins of Chinese inks were discussed by the Eastern Han dynasty calligrapher, politician, and writer Xu Shen (, 58 – ). In his Shuowen Jiezi, he wrote "Ink, whose semantic component is 'earth', is black." (), indicating that the character for "ink" () is composed of the characters for "black" () and "soil" (), due to the earthly origins of the dark mineral used in its production.

The transition from graphite inks to soot and charred inks occurred prior to the Shang dynasty. From studies of ink traces in artifacts of various dynasties, it is believed the inks used in the Zhou dynasty are quite similar to those used in the Han dynasty. However, these early inks, up to the Qin dynasty, were likely stored in liquid or powdered forms that have not been well preserved and thus their existence and constitution can only be studied from painted objects and artifacts. Physical proof for these first "modern" Chinese soot and animal glue inks were found in archaeological excavations of tombs dated to the end of the Warring States period around 256 BC. This ink was formed by manual labor into pellets which were ground into ink on top of a flat inkstone using a smaller stone pestle. Many pellet-type inks and grinding implements have been found in Han dynasty tombs, with large ingot-type inks appearing in the late Eastern Han. These latter inks have physical markings which indicate that kneading was used in their production.

One of the first literary records of inkstick production in Japan is from qimin yaoshu () written during the Northern Wei dynasty. Elaboration of the techniques, technical requirements, and ingredients were also noted in scroll ten of yunlu manchao () and the "ink" chapter of tiangong kaiwu (), the notable Ming dynasty encyclopedia by Song Yingxing ().

Production

In general, inksticks are made of soot and animal glue, with other ingredients occasionally added as preservatives or for aesthetics:
Soot: Soot is produced by hypoxic burning of oils such as tung oil (), soybean oil, tea seed oil, or lard, or from wood such as pine.
Animal glue: Egg white, fish skin, or ox hide glues are used to bind the inkstick together.
Incense and medicines: To improve the physical aesthetics of the inkstick, incense and herb extracts from traditional Chinese medicine such as clove, comfrey, ash (Fraxinus chinensis) bark, sappanwood, white sandalwood, oriental sweetgum, or even deer musk, and pearl dust were added. These ingredients may serve as preservatives for the inkstick.

The ingredients are mixed together in precise proportions into a dough and then kneaded until the dough is smooth and even. The dough is then cut and pressed into a mold and slowly dried. Badly made inksticks will crack or craze due to inadequate kneading, imprecise soot to glue ratio, or uneven drying.

The most common shape for inksticks is rectangular/cuboid though other shapes are sometimes used. Inksticks often have various inscriptions and images incorporated into their design, such as indications of the maker or the type of inkstick, poetry, or an artistic image.

A good inkstick is said to be as hard as stone, with a texture like a rhino, and black like lacquer (). The grinding surface of a quality inkstick should in reflected light have a sheen that is blueish-purple, black if not so good, and white if bad. The best inksticks make very little noise when grinding due to the fine soot used, which makes the grinding action very smooth, whereas a very loud or scratchy grinding noise indicates an ink of poor quality with a grainy soot. Likewise, a quality inkstick should not damage or scratch the inkstone.

Types
There are many types of inksticks produced. An artist or calligrapher may use a specific ink for a special purpose or to create special effects.

Oil soot ink is made using the soot of burnt tung oil or various other oils. There is more glue in this type of ink than the other kinds, so it does not spread as much. It gives a warm black color and is good as a general purpose painting and calligraphy ink.
Pine soot ink is made from the soot of pine wood. It has less glue and so spreads more than oil soot ink. It gives a blueish-black color and is good for calligraphy and gongbi painting.
Lacquer soot ink is made from the soot of dried raw lacquer. It has a shiny appearance and is most suitable for painting.
Charcoal ink is made using ordinary wood charcoal. It has the least amount of glue and so spreads on paper more than other inks. It is mainly used for freestyle painting and calligraphy.
Blueish ink () is oil or pine soot that has been mixed with other ingredients to produce a subtle blueish-black ink. Mainly used for calligraphy.
Coloured ink is oil soot ink that has been blended with pigments to create a solid ink of color. Most popular is cinnabar ink, which was reportedly used by Chinese emperors.

An artist might commission a custom ink to suit their needs. Medical ink is produced by mixing standard ink with herbal medicines, and can be ground and taken internally. Some inks are made in highly decorative and odd shapes for collectors rather than actual use.

Within each type of ink there are many variations regarding additional ingredients and fineness of the soot. An artist selects the best type of ink suited to their needs depending on discipline, paper type, and so on.

References

External links
Images and history of inkstick manufacturing (Chinese)
Inkstick resource (Chinese)
Scholarly work with citations on inksticks (Chinese)

Chinese calligraphy
Chinese inventions
East Asian calligraphy
Inks
Visual arts materials


James Clutton (1869 – 1943) was an English footballer. He made 92 appearances for Burslem Port Vale; 27 of these were friendlies, 29 were in the Football League and 22 in the Midland League.

Career
Clutton joined Burslem Port Vale in the summer of 1889. His appearances were rare until September 1891, when he broke into the first team at the Athletic Ground. He was a member of the side that shared the North Staffordshire Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup in 1891 and won the Staffordshire Challenge Cup in 1892. He featured in the 1892–93 campaign, in what was Vale's first season in the Second Division of the Football League. He featured nine times in the 1893–94 campaign, though his career effectively ended when he broke a leg in October 1893.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
North Staffordshire Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup: 1891 (shared)
Staffordshire Challenge Cup: 1892

References

1869 births
1943 deaths
Footballers from Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players