Robert Ramsay Wright (23 September 1852 – 6 September 1933) was a Scottish zoologist and academic whose professional career was spent in Canada.

Born in a manse at Alloa, Clackmannanshire, he studied at Edinburgh High School before receiving a B.Sc. and M.A from the University of Edinburgh.

In 1874, he was appointed a Professor of Natural History at the University of Toronto where he would remain until he retired in 1912. In 1887, he was appointed the first Professor of Biology at the University of Toronto. He was also instrumental in re-establishing the medical school at University of Toronto in 1887. In 1901, he became the first Dean of Arts and in 1902 was appointed a Vice-President of the University.

In 1889 his textbook An introduction to zoology: for the use of high schools was published by The Copp, Clark Company in Toronto.

References

External links
 Robert Ramsay Wright at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Robert Ramsay Wright archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

1852 births
1933 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Canadian university and college faculty deans
Canadian university and college vice-presidents
Scottish zoologists
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
Scottish emigrants to Canada
People from Alloa
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada


Edward Anthony Wharton Gill (1859-1944) was an English Canadian author and Anglican priest.

Gill was born in Scraptoft, England in 1858, and was educated at Loughborough Grammar School and the University of London. He briefly taught at Market Drayton and in the Danish West Indies before emigrating to Canada in 1884. Gill went back to school at the University of Manitoba and was ordained an Anglican priest. He then returned to teaching and became a professor of theology at St. John's College, University of Manitoba. He wrote two novels - Love in Manitoba (1911) and An Irishman's Luck (1914).  He also released a semi-autobiographical work entitled A Manitoba Chore Boy in 1912.

On 21 April 1886, Gill married Ellen Agnes Cook, and they had five children.

References

External links

1858 births
1944 deaths
Canadian Anglican priests
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School


The 2000–01 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball team represented Iowa State University during the 2000–01 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Cyclones were coached by Larry Eustachy, who was in his 3rd season. They played their home games at Hilton Coliseum in Ames, Iowa and competed in the Big 12 Conference.

They finished the season 25–6, 13–3 in Big 12 play to finish in first place.  They lost to Baylor in the quarterfinals of the Big 12 Conference tournament.  They received an at-large bid as a No. 2 seed to the NCAA tournament, where they were upset by 15th-seeded Hampton.

Previous season

They finished the season 32–5, 14–2 in Big 12 play to finish in first place.  They defeated Baylor, Oklahoma State, and Oklahoma to become champions of the Big 12 Conference tournament and earn an automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.  This was their first regular season and conference tournament since joining the Big 12.  In the NCAA Tournament they defeated Central Connecticut State, Auburn, and UCLA to advance to the Elite Eight where they lost to Michigan State.

The Cyclones saw individual success with Marcus Fizer being named a consensus First Team All-American and Big 12 Player of the Year and Larry Eustachy being named AP Coach of the Year.

Incoming players

Roster

Schedule and results

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Rankings

*AP does not release post-NCAA Tournament rankings^Coaches did not release a week 2 poll

Awards and honors

All-American
Jamaal Tinsley (Consensus Second Team)

Big 12 Player of the Year

Jamaal Tinsley

Big 12 Freshman of the Year

Jake Sullivan

Big 12 Coach of the Year

Larry Eustacy

All-Conference Selections
Jamaal Tinsley (1st Team)
Kantrail Horton (2nd Team)
Martin Rancik (3rd Team)
Paul Shirley (Honorable Mention)

Academic All American

Paul Shirley (Second Team)

 Academic All-Big 12 First Team

Paul Shirley

Big 12 Player of the Week

Kantrail Horton (January 8)
Jamaal Tinsley (January 22)

Big 12 Rookie of the Week

Jake Sullivan

Ralph A. Olsen Award

Jamaal Tinsley

References

Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball seasons
Iowa State
Iowa State
Iowa State Cyc
Iowa State Cyc


The Prince & Me: A Royal Honeymoon (also known as The Prince & Me 3 and renamed The Prince & Me 3: Holiday Honeymoon when shown on television) is a 2008 American romantic comedy film, directed by Catherine Cyran, which was released direct-to-video. It is a sequel to the 2006 film The Prince & Me 2: The Royal Wedding.

Plot
At last, the newly crowned King of Denmark, Edvard and his wife/queen, Dr. Paige Morgan, find time to fly to Belavia for their secret honeymoon. They spend their Christmas holidays at a ski resort, but as they take a tour of Belavia's natural beauty, Eddie and Paige discover that the evil Prime Minister Polonius has given orders to bulldoze the precious forests to drill for oil. Paige and Eddie decide they must do everything they can to save the forest, even if it means putting aside their honeymoon. The couple bumps into Paige's ex-boyfriend, Scott, who is a journalist. Eddie immediately becomes jealous. Even though Eddie suspects Scott cannot be trusted, he and Paige ask Scott for help with the media to try and stop the minister's evil plans. Eddie tries to get an audience with the prince of Belavia, but fails, so he and Paige go to the Holiday Ball. At dinner, they learn that Polonius put the idea into Prince Georgiev that Eddie gave the order to cut down the forest. Luckily, Paige is able to persuade him otherwise into listening. After a dance as a means of apology, the prince and Eddie come to a mutual agreement.

Later, after Scott left the party, it is discovered that he is being controlled by Polonius under paid instruction to spy on the couple. Scott tries to back out, but Polonius threatens to expose his intentions to Paige as well as take away his mother's farm. Oliver discreetly takes steps to ensure the press conference does not go in Eddie and Paige's favor. When all else failed, Oliver spooks the horses into causing a sleigh accident. Eddie jumps out into the snow but is rendered unconscious, therefore allowing Oliver to cancel the press conference. With less than a day left, Eddie is frustrated with how things were turning out and starts to suspect that Scott is involved. Paige chastises Eddie before walking out of their room. Eddie goes to a bar and converses with Oliver about the negative circumstances. He realizes his foolish behavior and goes to apologize only to pass out from drinking. Meanwhile, Scott tries to kiss Paige and says he is sorry he let her go. Disgusted, Paige walks away and goes to find Eddie, only to find him drunk having missed his rescheduled conference with Georgiev. Little did she know that Polonius had photographic evidence of Scott kissing Paige.

Paige tries to tell Eddie about the kiss only to be pulled away to meet with Polonius. He uses the opportunity to publicly humiliate Eddie and Paige unless they agree to go no further with their plans. Eddie admits defeat and tells Paige of Polonius' plans to destroy the monarchy, but she refuses to back down and continues moving forward in saving the forest. They confront Scott on the matter who tries to escape, only for Eddie to give chase via snowmobile. Eddie stops Scott and brings him back to the hotel. Scott admits to everything and discovers that everyone was manipulated by Polonius, Oliver's scheming, Eddie's humiliation and Scott's seduction of Paige.

They head to the press conference only to be confronted by Polonius, he has no intention of letting them pass. This leads to Eddie battling Polonius via a sword fight while Paige and Scott make their way to the conference room. Oliver has instructions to blackmail the couple to the press only to be stopped by Paige and Scott. The press also sees the Prime Minister battling with Eddie who distracts and defeats him. With the press and Georgiev present, Polonius has no choice but to admit defeat and is arrested for treason. The conference goes without a hitch as Eddie convinces the world to leave Belavia as it is for its beauty and people and Scott admits his part in everything. Scott apologizes for everything and agrees to work for a living to protect his farm, with the provision from Eddie to have him financially covered.

Later, Paige and Eddie are finally celebrating their honeymoon where Eddie gives her a stethoscope as a way to support her endeavors to be a doctor. Paige turns down the idea of just being a doctor, believing she can be both a doctor and a queen. They celebrate together with the people in a Belavian folk dance.

Cast
Kam Heskin as Paige Morgan, Queen of Denmark.
Chris Geere as Edvard III, King of Denmark. Geere replaces Luke Mably in the role from the previous two films.
Adam Croasdell as Scott Olberson
Todd Jensen as Prime Minister John Polonius
Jonathan Firth as Søren
Joshua Rubin as Oliver Laertis
Valentin Ganev as Prince Georgiev
Kitodar Todorov as Boris
Shelly Varod as Reporter
Branco Vukovic as German Reporter

References

External links

2008 romantic comedy films
2008 direct-to-video films
2008 films
American Christmas films
American direct-to-video films
American romantic comedy films
American sequel films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Films about royalty
Films about vacationing
Films set in Europe
Films shot in Bulgaria
Nu Image films
The Prince & Me films
Films directed by Catherine Cyran
2000s American films


The 2009 Singapore Grand Prix (formally the 2009 Formula 1 SingTel Singapore Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held at the Marina Bay Street Circuit in Singapore on 27 September 2009. The 61-lap race was the fourteenth round of the 2009 Formula One season. It was the second Singapore Grand Prix to be part of a Formula One Championship and the tenth Singapore Grand Prix overall. It was also the second Formula One race to be held at night. The race was won by McLaren-Mercedes driver and reigning World Champion Lewis Hamilton. Toyota's Timo Glock finished second and 2008 race winner Fernando Alonso took third position, making this the only race of the season with neither a Brawn nor a Red Bull driver on the podium. This was also the last race of 2009 for Glock, as he was injured during qualifying for the  and was replaced by test driver Kamui Kobayashi. Heikki Kovalainen scored his last World Championship points at this race, as did second-placed Glock.

As a consequence of the race, Championship leader Jenson Button extended his lead by one point finishing in fifth, one position ahead of Brawn teammate and Championship rival Rubens Barrichello. Fellow rival Sebastian Vettel had been challenging Hamilton for the lead before a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pitlane scuppered his strategy.

Report

Background
Fernando Alonso of Renault was the only previous winner of the race but recent controversy over last year's victory surrounded the race. Last year's pole sitter Felipe Massa sat out the race with injuries sustained in the Hungarian Grand Prix. The previous street circuit races this year were won by Brawn GP with Jenson Button taking the chequered flag in Monaco and Rubens Barrichello victorious in Valencia.

Prior to the race, Button led the Championship by 14 points from teammate Barrichello, with Brawn's closest challenger Sebastian Vettel lying 12 points behind the Brazilian and 26 behind Button. Kimi Räikkönen of Ferrari was looking for a fifth consecutive podium, having scored three quarters of his 40 2009 championship points in the previous four races.

Brawn led the Constructors' Championship on 146 points (and could have clinched the Constructors' title in Singapore), whilst Red Bull were 40.5 behind on 105.5. Ferrari and McLaren were 3rd and 4th respectively.

The circuit was also reprofiled slightly, including modifications to turns 1, 2, 3, 13 and 14 to aid overtaking, and also at turn 10 where high kerbs caused many accidents in 2008. The entrance and exit to the pit lane were also changed. The cars entered the pit lane before turn 22 while the most significant change was the exit of the pits with the cars now joining after turn 1. As a result, the total length of the circuit increased by 6 metres.

Turns 1, 7 and 10 were now known as "Sheares", "Memorial" and "Singapore Sling" respectively. The namesake of these names are as follows: "Sheares" is named after the Benjamin Sheares Bridge that spans on the expressway above the circuit, which is in turn named after ex-President of the Republic Benjamin Sheares. "Memorial" is named after the WWII War Memorial in the middle of the city, and "Singapore Sling" is the name of Singapore's signature drink.

Announced on Thursday evening (UTC) that title sponsor ING and Mutua Madrileña had terminated their sponsorship deals with Renault with immediate effect.  This move followed the previous year's Singapore Grand Prix race-fixing scandal that resulted in a suspended ban for the team. Renault removed the sponsors' logos from their cars before they ran them on track. Mutua Madrileña continued however to back  and  World Champion Fernando Alonso.

Practice

The first session of the weekend ended as the previous race finished with the two Brawns on top, Rubens Barrichello in front of Jenson Button. Renault's Romain Grosjean caused the session to be stopped after losing control of the car at the same corner that Nelson Piquet Jr. crashed out during the race at last year's event. Adrian Sutil and Heikki Kovalainen  were the others who had on track incidents. Fernando Alonso split the two Red Bull's in fourth, Mark Webber finished the session in third and Sebastian Vettel in fifth. Giancarlo Fisichella continued to struggle as he finished the session P17, around 1.6s behind teammate Kimi Räikkönen.

The second session was also red flagged this time with Red Bull's Mark Webber. A big accident on the pit straight as the nose, front left wheel and the wing took the impact as a lot of debris was put onto the track. However the other Red Bull of Vettel finished the session top 0.2s ahead of Alonso. Kovalainen took third, Heidfeld fourth and championship leader Button finished the days final session in fifth. Jenson's teammate Barrichello struggled to take eleventh almost one second slower than Vettel. Although Webber crashed out with one hour remaining in the session he managed to sixth.

The final practice session got under way with no cars posting a time for the best part of 15 minutes. With the first session of the weekend not being red-flagged it was Lewis Hamilton who finished top of the time sheets. Sebastian Vettel finished second trying to make the most of this Red Bull car as his teammate Mark Webber struggled for pace finishing down in thirteenth. The Williams of Nico Rosberg came third with Hamilton's teammate Heikki Kovalainen in fourth. Rubens Barrichello finished in sixth behind the two BMW's of Robert Kubica and Nick Heidfeld. Rubens's teammate and championship leader Jenson Button struggled and only managed fourteenth. The two Force India drivers didn't look quick at all as the high down-force circuit of Singapore didn't seem to suit the car. They ended the session P16 and 17. Giancarlo Fisichella seemed to be struggling a lot being 1.2s behind teammate Räikkönen and 2.4s behind Lewis Hamilton.

Qualifying
The first qualifying session began with Renault's Romain Grosjean going down the escape round at turn 17 due to brake issues. Rosberg set the early pace but Button, Vettel, and Hamilton responded quickly with their own flying laps. Both Ferrari's were struggling until Räikkönen took second with three minutes remaining. His teammate Fisichella was eliminated alongside Sutil, Alguersuari, Romain Grosjean, and Liuzzi..

At the beginning of the second qualifying session, Mark Webber was the pace-setter, but an amazing lap by Nico Rosberg secured his place in Q3. Button was struggling throughout the session, and, after narrowly avoiding putting the car into the wall on his final lap, he qualified a dismal twelfth. His teammate, Barrichello, made it through to Q3, but a post-qualifying gearbox change saw the Brazilian take a five-place grid penalty.  Alongside Button, Nakajima, Kimi Räikkönen, Buemi, and Trulli were knocked out in this session.

The top 10 drivers set their early quick laps. Hamilton took the early lead with Vettel and Rosberg close behind. Barrichello spun off and hit the wall hard, destroying much of the left side of his car, which brought out the yellow flags. The red flag was brought out with 26 seconds remaining on the clock.  The session was restarted, but the very low amount of time meant that no one was able to get back on track, and the session was effectively ended early. Hamilton took pole position ahead of Vettel, Rosberg, and Mark Webber. Although Barrichello qualified fifth, he started the race tenth after his gearbox change. This session was the third of four to be red flagged during the weekend; only the third practice session was not interrupted.

Race
Approximately three hours before the scheduled race start it was announced Nick Heidfeld would be starting the race from the pitlane, after his team discovered insufficient ballast had been fitted to his car. This promoted all the cars behind him one position on the grid, significantly moving both the Brawn cars onto the 'clean' side of the starting grid, on the racing line.

The race began shortly after 8pm local time with Lewis Hamilton making a clean start from pole position. Nico Rosberg took advantage of being on the clean side of the track to overtake Sebastian Vettel into the first corner. Fernando Alonso attempted to also pass Vettel but was unsuccessful, giving Mark Webber the opportunity to overtake Alonso on the outside of Turn 7. Both Alonso and Webber went off track as Webber completed the move. Stewards deemed Webber's move illegal and on lap seven he was told to hand the position back to Alonso, which also meant letting Timo Glock through as the German had also passed Alonso on the first lap. Alonso's Renault teammate Romain Grosjean was not having any more luck, having to retire at the end of lap three with a recurring brake problem.

With Barrichello in seventh and Button out of the points scoring positions in 10th, Vettel looked to capitalise and try to close Button's 26 point lead in the Championship. By lap 13 he was 2.1 seconds behind Rosberg, who was in turn 2.5 seconds behind Hamilton. Vettel was the first of the leaders to stop, on lap 17. A lap later Rosberg pitted but he misjudged the level of grip on the pit exit, causing his car to cross the white line that distinguishes the pit lane from the race track, an offence that is punished by a drive-through penalty. Rosberg was issued with the penalty on lap 20 and would have to serve penalty within three racing laps. Hamilton also pitted on lap 20.

The following lap, an accident involving Adrian Sutil and Nick Heidfeld necessitated the deployment of the Safety Car to remove debris from the track. Sutil spun attempting to pass Jaime Alguersuari on the inside of Turn 14 and, with his car facing the wrong way, attempted to rejoin the circuit as Heidfeld was taking the corner, causing a collision that forced both cars to retire, Heidfeld's first non finish since the 2007 United States Grand Prix. Sutil was later reprimanded and fined $20,000 by stewards for dangerous driving.   Most cars that had thus far not pitted for fuel and tyres did so under the Safety Car conditions, including both Brawn cars. The Safety Car did not benefit Rosberg, as Formula One regulations prevent a drive-through penalty being served under Safety Car conditions, meaning he would have to stop within two laps of the restart when the field was still closely bunched. During this round of pit stops, Alguersuari repeated the infamous mistake made by Felipe Massa at the 2008 race by attempting to exit his pit garage with the fuel hose still attached.

The race restarted on lap 26, with Vettel now pressurising Hamilton for the lead. Rosberg served his penalty on lap 28, demoting him to 14th position. Hamilton and Vettel traded fastest laps with the gap between them hovering under a second. Behind Vettel the longer-fuelled Timo Glock was being encouraged to keep pushing as his team believed they could leap-frog the Red Bull in the pits.

Vettel pitted for his second stop on lap 39 and was clearly pushing very hard, running over a kerb on his out lap and damaging the underside of his car, having already lost his right wing mirror. However, worse was to come, as on lap 40 the stewards handed him a drive-through penalty for speeding in the pit lane.  This left Hamilton 9.2 seconds ahead of Glock, who was in turn 7.6 seconds ahead of Alonso as Vettel served his penalty on lap 43. Red Bull's afternoon went from bad to worse three laps later as Webber spun out at Turn 1 after a right-front brake failure.

McLaren brought in both Hamilton and Heikki Kovalainen for their second stops, and Timo Glock also pitted. The Safety Car was not deemed necessary to clear Webber's car, giving Jenson Button, who had been following Kovalainen, the opportunity to put in a series of fast laps before his pit stop. With Barrichello running in seventh after a small problem at his second pit stop, Button had an opportunity to stay ahead of his teammate and extend his Championship lead. He pitted on lap 51, emerging in a net fifth position behind the impressively recovering Vettel and ahead of Barrichello.

Button seemed to have the speed to catch Vettel, who was concerned about his brakes following the retirement of Webber as well as that of Alguersuari, of Red Bull's sister team Toro Rosso, also with brake problems. Button closed the gap to under two seconds before he too appeared to develop brake problems. Fortunately for Button, his attempts to catch Vettel had given him a ten-second cushion over Barrichello with two laps to go.

Nearly two hours after the race started, Hamilton completed the final lap to take the chequered flag, ahead of Glock and Alonso. Vettel and Button held on for fourth and fifth respectively, ahead of Barrichello, Kovalainen and Robert Kubica in the final points paying position. Button extended his Championship lead by one point to 15 ahead of Barrichello, with just three races remaining. Vettel was 25 points behind Button while Webber's crash meant he was now officially out of the running for the World Championship. Brawn would need 12 points from the remaining three races to clinch the Constructors' Championship, while Ferrari's poor race, with neither driver scoring points, allowed McLaren to close the gap to Ferrari to three points in the battle for third.

Under Bernie Ecclestone's proposed 'winner takes all' medals system, Button would have been declared World Champion after this result, with no other driver able to match his tally of six race wins. The Olympics-style system was planned to be used to decide the 2009 World Champion but was dropped after pressure from teams in favour of the traditional points method.

Classification

Qualifying
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"

1. Rubens Barrichello was given a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change prior to qualifying.
2. Nick Heidfeld was excluded from the qualifying results for an underweight car. He has also had gearbox and engine change prior to race, and he started from the pit lane.

Race
Cars that ran KERS are marked with "‡"

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
 Bold text and an asterisk indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion.

F1 Rocks Singapore With LG

The inaugural F1 Rocks concerts was held in Singapore. Headlining acts include Beyoncé, The Black Eyed Peas, ZZ Top, Simple Minds, N.E.R.D., No Doubt, Jacky Cheung and A*Mei which took place 24 to 26 September nightly at Fort Canning Park. This also included Mark Webber, Sebastian Vettel and Jenson Button doing fun challenges and it was hosted by Lindsay Lohan.

Fuel Festival Singapore
Another massive SingaporeGP Season event Fuel Festival featured headliners Underworld, will.i.am, Peter Hook ex-New Order, Bloc Party, Guru Josh, Darren Emerson, Freaks, Hybrid, Samantha Ronson, and Johnny Vicious and was hosted by Lindsay Lohan which takes place 24 September at Suntec Convention Centre as well as 25 to 27 September nightly at the National Museum of Singapore.

Singapore GP itself is offering a showcase featuring Backstreet Boys, Travis, Carl Cox, and John Digweed on the 25th through 27th nightly throughout the track side areas.

References

External links

Singapore Grand Prix official website
F1 Rocks
Fuel Festival

Singapore
Singapore Grand Prix
Singapore Grand Prix
Singapore Grand Prix


Katja Rajaniemi is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor. She won a bronze medal in the sprint at the 2005 World Ski Orienteering Championships.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


TweetDeck, currently rebranding to X Pro, is a paid proprietary social media dashboard for management of Twitter (currently rebranding to X) accounts. Originally an independent app, TweetDeck was subsequently acquired by Twitter Inc. and integrated into Twitter's interface. It had long ranked as one of the most popular Twitter clients by percentage of tweets posted, alongside the official Twitter web client and the official apps for iPhone and Android.

Like other Twitter applications, it interfaces with the Twitter API to allow users to send and receive tweets and view profiles. On July 4, 2023, Twitter's Support account advised that in 30 days, users must be verified (and subscribed to Premium) to access TweetDeck. TweetDeck was made unavailable to non-verified users by August 17, 2023.

It can be used as a web app. Until 2015 it could also be used as a Chrome app and until 2022 it could also be used as a macOS app. Users are now redirected to the web app.

User interface
TweetDeck consists of a series of customisable columns, which can be set up to display the user's Twitter timeline, mentions, direct messages, lists, trends, favorites, search results, hashtags, or all tweets by or to a single user. It is similar to Twitter's "Dashboard App" that was discontinued in 2016. The client uses Twitter's own automatic and invisible URL shortening whereby a link of any length will only use 23 characters of a Tweet's 280-character limit. All columns can be filtered to include or exclude words or tweets from users. Tweets can be sent immediately or scheduled for later delivery.

Users can monitor multiple accounts simultaneously. For added account security, users signing in with their Twitter username and password can use Twitter's own two-step verification.

As of May 2015, TweetDeck added a "confirmation step" feature, giving users the option to require an extra step before sending a tweet. A February 2018 change to the Twitter API restricted the ability of TweetDeck and other third-party applications from sending mass tweets due to concerns over abuse of bots mass posting content and posts. The change also restricts the ability of using multiple accounts via the API.

In July 2021, Twitter released a new preview version of TweetDeck. It incorporates more functionality from the main Twitter website, including "a full Tweet Composer, new advanced search features, new column types, and a new way to group columns into clean workspaces".

On February 9, 2023, it was reported that TweetDeck would become paywalled and require a Twitter Blue subscription to access. This assertion was based on examination of the website code used for TweetDeck, which specifically referenced Twitter Blue.

On July 1, 2023, legacy TweetDeck's functionality was impacted by API changes imposed by Elon Musk to prevent data scraping of the platform for artificial intelligence models, including strict rate limits and the complete removal of a number of API endpoints that were used by the platform without any prior warning.

On July 3, 2023, Twitter subsequently announced that the "preview" version of TweetDeck had exited beta, with all users to be migrated to this new version by the end of the week, but with certain features (such as Teams, which allows other users to be invited to contribute tweets to an account via TweetDeck) not being immediately available. The service will also only be available to verified accounts from August. It was later reported the original version of TweetDeck had been re-enabled, but it is not yet known whether this version will remain available on a long-term basis or at no charge.

Product history
TweetDeck was originally an independent Twitter client created by Iain Dodsworth. Its first version was released on July 4, 2008. The iPhone version was released on June 19, 2009. In May 2010, the iPad version of TweetDeck was released after a public beta period. The Android version was made available in October 2010.

On May 25, 2011, Twitter, Inc., the then-operator of the social networking service Twitter acquired TweetDeck. On September 15, 2011, TweetDeck tweeted an announcement for a new update for all versions of its application. As part of this update, TweetDeck said that, "As part of the process of making TweetDeck more consistent with Twitter.com & Twitter's mobile apps, we're removing deck.ly from our apps." Deck.ly previously allowed users to post tweets in excess of the 140-character limit. Many users expressed their anger at this feature removal in the comments on the iOS and Android Market.

Twitter released a new version of TweetDeck on December 8, 2011, branded as "TweetDeck by Twitter", as part of Twitter's redesign of its services. TweetDeck changed from an Adobe AIR application to a native Windows and Mac OS X application in this release, introducing a web version of TweetDeck for WebKit-based browsers based on TweetDeck's existing Google Chrome App. The update dropped support for LinkedIn, Google Buzz, Foursquare, MySpace accounts.

On March 4, 2013, TweetDeck announced in a blog post that they would be suspending mobile versions of TweetDeck including TweetDeck AIR, TweetDeck for iPhone and TweetDeck for Android, which were removed from their respective app stores in May. TweetDeck said they would "focus our development efforts on our modern, web-based versions".

Users were informed in May 2013 that "Facebook is no longer supported in TweetDeck", and that Facebook accounts and Facebook columns would be removed on May 7. All unofficial variants of TweetDeck stopped working in early May 2013 because of more restrictive API version 1.1. At 12:00 PM EDT, Twitter turned off API v1, which effectively shut down the Android, iOS, and AIR versions of TweetDeck.

On December 11, 2013, Twitter began allowing new TweetDeck users to sign in with their Twitter usernames and passwords, removing the previous barrier-to-entry requiring users to register a separate TweetDeck account. In a blog post, Twitter said, "When single sign in is fully available to all current users, we'll also make it possible to seamlessly integrate your current TweetDeck settings and preferences".

A cross-site scripting vulnerability in TweetDeck was discovered on June 11, 2014, leading to a self-replicating tweet that affected over 83,000 Twitter users. The Windows app ceased functioning on April 15, 2016. The macOS app stopped functioning on July 1, 2022, with users being directed to the TweetDeck website instead.

Twitter announced on July 3, 2023 that TweetDeck will become a Twitter Blue exclusive feature in a month's time. Elon Musk stated on July 29, 2023 that TweetDeck will soon been renamed XPro, matching Twitter's rebranding to X. Around the same time, the @TweetDeck handle was changed to @Pro, the name was soon altered to have a space between X and Pro. X Pro became a Premium feature on August 15, 2023.

Integration with other social networking services
Originally, as it is now, TweetDeck was aimed towards the Twitter social networking service. Over the years, TweetDeck introduced support for other social networks, but has since removed that support.

On March 16, 2009, a pre-release version was released featuring Facebook status updates integration. As of April 8, 2009, Facebook status updates were part of the standard program. From version 0.30 TweetDeck also supported MySpace integration. Version 0.32, released on November 30, 2009, added LinkedIn integration and new Twitter features. In May 2010 TweetDeck also added integration with the Google Buzz and Foursquare social networks.

In 2012 TweetDeck reverted to only supporting Twitter and Facebook, ending support for LinkedIn, MySpace, and the now defunct Google Buzz effective June 2012.

In May 2013, TweetDeck removed support for Facebook accounts.

TweetDeck Ltd (company)
A year after launching TweetDeck in 2008, Iain Dodsworth received his initial $300,000 seed funding from The Accelerator Group, Howard Lindzon, Taavet Hinrikus, Gerry Campbell, Roger Ehrenberg, betaworks, Brian Pokorny, and Bill Tai. The company raised a Series A round of funding with many of these same investors, and Ron Conway, Danny Rimer, and the SV Angel group.

On May 25, 2011, TweetDeck was bought by Twitter for £25 million, after a bidding war with Bill Gross's UberMedia.

On January 22, 2013, The American directors of Twitter were sent a letter by Companies House (the United Kingdom Registrar of Companies) warning them that their UK subsidiary company TweetDeck Ltd. was at risk of closure, over missed accounting deadlines. This had no bearing on the product or service which was by then run by Twitter, not by TweetDeck Ltd, which was officially struck off the business register by Companies House, and dissolved, for failure to file accounts for 2011.

Notes

References

External links

Twitter services and applications
Cross-platform software
Google Chrome extensions
Twitter, Inc. acquisitions
2008 software
2011 mergers and acquisitions
Shorty Award winners


John Gabriel Hearn (March 26, 1863 – January 28, 1927) was a businessman and political figure in Quebec. He represented Québec-Ouest in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1900 to 1904 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Quebec City, Canada East, the son of John Hearn and Mary Doran, and was educated at the Quebec commercial academy. He studied at the Royal Military College in Kingston from 9 September 1880 until 1884, cadet number 106.

He also studied at the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. Hearn became a real estate agent and also administered the property accumulated by his father. In 1890, he married Katherine M. Ryan. He served on the Quebec municipal council and was president of the finance committee from 1896 to 1898. He died in Quebec City at the age of 63.

References

 La dixième législature de Québec: galerie des membres du Conseil législatif et des députés à l'Assemblée législative (1901) Roy, PG

John Gabriel Hearn
Captain Ernest F. Wurtele, R. L. "Royal Military College Club of Canada reference book [microform] : containing information respecting the graduates, ex-cadets and gentlemen cadets, of the Royal Military College of Canada" Royal Military College Club 1892

1863 births
1927 deaths
Politicians from Quebec City
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian people of Irish descent


Dashang Group (), headquartered in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, operates department stores, Xinmate (New Mart) supermarkets and other retail business. It is the largest retailer in Northeast China.

General
Dashang Group with its headquarters in Dalian, Liaoning Province, operates Dalian Market () in central Dalian, that includes Xinmate (, New Mart) department store & super market, Jiajia Square (for refurbishing materials), Dalian MYKAL (Dalian MYCAL formerly), Dashang Qiulin Women's Store and Dashang Men's Store.

Dashang Group operates 150 retail stores in Dalian, has retail stores in 150 cities in eleven provinces, employs 170,000 people, and had a gross revenue of 62,500,000,000 yuan.  It is the largest retailer in Northeast China. In 2005, it acquired Harbin No. 1 Department Store in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province.

Dashang Group is listed in Shanghai Stock Exchange (600694).

References

External links
 Dashang Group web site (in Chinese)

See also
 Dalian

Retail companies of China
Companies based in Dalian
Retail companies established in 1995
Companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange
Chinese brands


Sanna Savolainen is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor. She won silver medal in the short distance at the 1994 World Ski Orienteering Championships.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


Mets–Willets Point can refer to the following:
 Mets–Willets Point station (IRT Flushing Line), formerly Willets Point–Shea Stadium, a stop on the New York City Subway
 Mets–Willets Point station (LIRR), formerly Shea Stadium, a stop on the Long Island Railroad
 Mets–Willets Point, a proposed stop on the proposed AirTrain LaGuardia


Cyneheard the Atheling (died 786) was the brother of Sigeberht, briefly King of Wessex. Sigeberht was deposed in 757 with the agreement of the Witan. Cynewulf of Wessex succeeded as King.

In 786 Cynewulf "wished to drive out" Cyneheard. Cynewulf went, thinly attended, to a lady at 'Merantune'. Cyneheard with his men surrounded Cynewulf, who fought bravely and wounded Cyneheard before himself being slain. The following events, described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year AD 755, are a classic of warrior loyalty and it has been suggested that they may be a traditional story rather than a strictly accurate report. The atheling immediately offered Cynewulf's men life and rewards; which none of them would accept, but continued fighting together against him, till they all lay dead, except one British hostage, and he was severely wounded.  When the king's thanes that were behind heard in the morning that the king was slain, they rode to the spot, Osric his ealdorman, and Wiverth his thane, and the men that he had left behind; and they met the atheling at the town, where the king lay slain.  The gates, however, were locked against them, which they attempted to force; but he promised them their own choice of money and land, if they would grant him the kingdom; reminding them, that their relatives were already with him, who would never desert him.  To which they answered, that no relative could be dearer to them than their lord, and that they would never follow his murderer.  Then they besought their relatives to depart from him, safe and sound.  They replied, that the same request was made to their comrades that were formerly with the king; "And we are as regardless of the result," they rejoined, "as our comrades who with the king were slain."  Then they continued fighting at the gates, till they rushed in, and slew the atheling and all the men that were with him; except one, who was the godson of the aldorman, and whose life he spared, though he was often wounded.  The murder of Cynewulf is placed by modern historians, including the Rev G. H. Godwin, at Marten, a hamlet in the county of Wiltshire. It has also been considered to have taken place at Merton in Surrey.

Cyneheard is buried at Axminster Monastery.

References

External links

Year of birth unknown
786 deaths
8th-century English people
Anglo-Saxon royalty


Sir William Thomas Gustavus Cook (1834 – 26 January 1908) was a British industrialist and Liberal politician who was active in local government in Birmingham and sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1886.

He was the second son of Anselm Cook of Kingscourt, Stroud, Gloucestershire, where he was born. He took up an apprenticeship to the pin and wire trade in Birmingham and subsequently set up his own business as a manufacturer of tacks and shoe rivets.

In 1872 Cook was elected to Birmingham Town Council, and in 1875 became chairman of the Borough Health Committee. He was made an alderman in 1882, and served as Mayor of Birmingham in 1883/84.

In 1885 he was selected as Liberal candidate for the newly created constituency of Birmingham East, and won the seat at general election of that year. He was only a member of the House of Commons for a brief period, however, as he was defeated by his Conservative opponent when another election was held in 1886. He was an unsuccessful parliamentary candidate for the Bordesley constituency of Birmingham at the 1895 general election.

Cook was a justice of the peace for Warwickshire and the City of Birmingham, and made his home at Ashley House, Birchfield, Staffordshire, on the outskirts of the city. He was knighted in 1906.

William Cook died in Blackpool in January 1908, aged 73.

References

External links

1834 births
1908 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
Mayors of Birmingham, West Midlands
Knights Bachelor
English justices of the peace


The Volvo RM8 is a low-bypass afterburning turbofan jet engine developed for the Saab 37 Viggen fighter. An augmented bypass engine was required to give both better fuel consumption at cruise speeds and higher thrust boosting for its short take-off requirement than would be possible using a turbojet. In 1962, the civil Pratt & Whitney JT8D engine, as used for airliners such as the Boeing 727, was chosen as the only engine available which could be modified to meet the Viggen requirements. The RM8 was a licensed-built version of the JT8D, but extensively modified for supersonic speeds, with a Swedish-designed afterburner, and was produced by Svenska Flygmotor (later known as Volvo Aero).

Variants and applications

 RM8A - AJ 37 Viggen
Since the original civil engine was designed for subsonic speeds, parts had to be thickened and made from improved materials for the higher pressures and temperatures which occur in a Mach 2 military engine. These are higher than in a Mach 2 civil airliner because supersonic combat aircraft go faster at sea level. Here the ambient temperature and pressure are higher than at altitudes where civil airliners are accelerating through the speed of sound. The Viggen was designed with a maximum speed at sea level of Mach 1.2. As an example of a required material change the diffuser case, where the compressed air is slowed for entry to the flame tubes, was changed from steel to nickel alloy to withstand the higher temperatures leaving the compressor. Air cooling for the HP turbine blades was introduced as the turbine entry temperature was 110 degC higher than on the civil engine. Hamilton Standard had supplied the fuel control for the JT8D but Bendix was chosen for the engine and afterburner fuel control systems due to their experience developing the fuel controls for another augmented turbofan engine, the Pratt & Whitney TF30. RM8 thrust boosting of 76% at take-off was much higher than possible with a turbojet. In comparison the Saab 35 Draken with a Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engine and Swedish-developed afterburner had a thrust boost at take-off of 38%. For short landings the engine exhaust was deflected partially forwards by an airframe-mounted reverser. The exhaust passed through three slots (which otherwise supply ambient air to the airframe-mounted exhaust ejector) to give a braking force about 60% of the maximum dry take-off thrust. In comparison the braking force with the reverser design used on the JT8D engine installation on the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 airliner was 40/45% of take-off thrust.

 RM8B - JA 37 Viggen
The flight envelope for the fighter-version demanded both more thrust and better stall margins at high altitudes. This led to redesigns for the fan, the low-pressure compressor and the combustion-chambers with four injectors in each for more complete fuel mixing.

Specifications (RM8B)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 RM8 history in Swedish

Low-bypass turbofan engines
1960s turbofan engines


Thomas Henry Hassall (11 September 1844 - 17 February 1920) was an Anglo-Australian politician.

Early life
Born on 11 September 1844 in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, England. He was educated at Loughborough Grammar School.

Australia
Hassall arrived in Sydney in 1861 on board the White Start liner. He made his way up to Lambing Flat and after working in the interior as a miner, drover and contractor, settled in Moree in 1867.  He was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1886 for the district of Gwydir, until its first abolition in 1894, and represented the replacement district of Moree until he retired in 1901. Hassall held the portfolio of Secretary for Lands in the Lyne ministry, from 1899 to 1901.

South Africa
In 1901 Hassall moved to South Africa. He was  associated with the Federal Cold Storage but deciding on a quiet life, he became a country hotel keeper in Natal. In 1915 he settled at Chelmsford Hotel, Tongaat, on the Natal north coast.

After a long illness, he died on Tuesday 17 February 1920, at his residence, Chelmsford Hotel, and was buried at Verulam Cemetery.

References

1844 births
1920 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
Australian stockmen


Anna Berta, formerly known as Anna Brazhnikova (born 4 October 1991), is a Swedish former tennis player.

She achieved the No. 1 rankings position for Girls Under-18 in Sweden according to the January 2009 tennis rankings list published by the Swedish Tennis Federation.

In 2009, Anna reached four ITF women's singles quarterfinals (twice as a qualifier), at $10k events in Turkey and Egypt. She played her last match on the ITF Pro Circuit in July 2011 in Tampere, Finland.

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 2 (0–2)

Doubles: 8 (3–5)

References

External links

 Profile for Anna Brazhnikova at the Swedish Olympic Committee's list of Active Athletes
 Profile for Anna Brazhnikova at the Swedish Tennis Federation's rankings

1991 births
Swedish female tennis players
Living people
Sportspeople from Tashkent
21st-century Swedish women
21st-century Swedish people


The Peasants' Revolt was a rebellion against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies in Palestine. While rebel ranks consisted mostly of the local peasantry, urban notables and Bedouin tribes also formed an integral part of the revolt. This was a collective reaction to Egypt's gradual elimination of the unofficial rights and privileges previously enjoyed by the various classes of society in the Levant under Ottoman rule.

As part of Muhammad Ali's modernization policies, Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian governor of the Levant, issued conscription orders for a fifth of all Muslim males of fighting age. Encouraged by rural sheikh Qasim al-Ahmad, the urban notables of Nablus, Hebron and the Jerusalem-Jaffa area did not carry out Ibrahim Pasha's orders to conscript, disarm and tax the local peasantry. The religious notables of Safad followed suit. Qasim and other local leaders rallied their kinsmen and revolted against the authorities in May 1834, taking control of several towns. While the core of the fighting was in the central mountain regions of Palestine, the revolt also spread to the Galilee, Gaza and parts of Transjordan. Jerusalem was briefly captured by the rebels and plundered. Faced with the superior firepower and organization of Ibrahim Pasha's troops, the rebels were defeated in Jabal Nablus, Jerusalem and the coastal plain before their final defeat in Hebron, which was leveled. Afterward, Ibrahim Pasha's troops pursued and captured Qasim in al-Karak, which was also leveled.

By the 20th century, the revolt was largely absent in the Palestinian collective memory, from which "the humiliating and traumatic events" were "conveniently erased", according to Israeli historian Baruch Kimmerling. Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal state that the revolt was a formative event for the Palestinian sense of nationhood in that it brought together disparate groups against a common enemy. Moreover, they asserted that these groups reemerged later to constitute the Palestinian people. The revolt represented a moment of political unity in Palestine. The goal of the rebels was to expel the Egyptian army and reinstate Ottoman rule to restore the Ottoman standards that defined the relationship between the government and the governed. These standards were made up of the religious laws, administrative codes and local norms and traditions that were disrupted by Egyptian reforms.

Background

In consolidating his power, Muhammad Ali, the rebel governor of Ottoman Egypt, was modeling his rule on the bureaucratic organization characteristic of modern European states. Like earlier rulers of Egypt, Muhammad Ali sought to extend his control over greater Syria (the Levant) for its strategic value and natural resources. Syria also had a prospering international trading community with well-developed markets. In Muhammad Ali's strategy, Syria would serve as a captive market for goods being produced in Egypt. Moreover, Syria could serve as a buffer state between Egypt and the Ottoman sultan in Constantinople. Muhammad Ali was attempting to become independent of the Ottoman Empire.

A new fleet and army was raised under Muhammad Ali, and on 31 October 1831, his son Ibrahim Pasha invaded Syria, initiating the First Egyptian–Ottoman War. The pretext for the expedition was Muhammad Ali's quarrel with Abdullah Pasha, the governor of Acre. Muhammad Ali alleged that 6,000 fellahin (peasants or farm laborers) had fled to Acre to escape the Egyptian draft, corvée, and taxes, and he demanded their return. Ibrahim Pasha advanced through Palestine, occupied Haifa in December 1831, and made the city his primary military base.

Egyptian economic and political policies alienated four broad and influential factions in Palestine, namely the effendiyat (notables) of Jerusalem, the bulk of the major clans in Jabal Nablus, the clans of the Jerusalem hinterland, and the Bedouin tribes in the areas of Hebron and Bethlehem.

In late 1832, Qasim al-Ahmad, leader of the Qasim clan and the chief of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jamma'in in Jabal Nablus was dismissed by Ibrahim Pasha from his additional post of mutassalim (administrator) of Jerusalem after having served a few months in that office. The official reasoning for Qasim's dismissal was his "advanced age". He was replaced by his son Muhammad al-Qasim, who was consequently removed from the more powerful post of mutassalim of Nablus. Afterward, Sulayman Abd al-Hadi of the Arraba-based Abd al-Hadi clan, a prominent ally of the Egyptians, was appointed to Muhammad's former post in Nablus. The move was a power-play by Ibrahim Pasha and the Abd al-Hadis, who were quickly gaining prominence in the region; their members had been appointed to head the Sidon Eyalet (which included part of northern Palestine) and a number of its districts. The move provoked the Qasim clan's anger with the Abd al-Hadi family and the Egyptian authorities.

The Abu Ghosh clan, based in the Jerusalem-area village of Qaryat al-Inab, traditionally served as toll collectors for the Jerusalem-Jaffa road, and were increasingly considered by Ibrahim Pasha to be extortionists. They were targeted by the authorities in 1833. The clan's leadership was arrested, including their head sheikh Ibrahim Abu Ghosh, and were temporarily sentenced to forced labor in Acre. Relations between the authorities and the Bedouin tribes of south-central Palestine were also antagonistic. Traditionally, during Ottoman rule, the Bedouin were allowed to collect tribute payments from travelers and the inhabitants of the area in return for services to the state. Ibrahim Pasha saw the Bedouin as raiders who exceeded their privileges and abolished this practice. He also imposed additional conditions on the Bedouin, primarily the requirement of transporting grain for Egyptian troops in return for the right to graze livestock. In 1833, the Dura-based Amr tribe of the Hebron Hills, which was headed by Isa Amr and Abd al-Rahman Amr, was targeted in a military campaign by Ibrahim Pasha. The Abu Ghosh, the Ras Karkar-based Simhan clan, and the Amr tribe were essentially at war with the Egyptians.

The imposition of new taxation categories that were a departure from both secular Ottoman law and the traditionally accepted Islamic law drew local Muslim anger at the authorities. However, the principal point of contention between the authorities and the notables of Jerusalem and Nablus was the conscription order by Ibrahim Pasha on 25 April 1834. That day, Ibrahim Pasha convened with all of the clan leaders from both cities to demand the drafting of one out of every five Muslim men of fighting age. The order would begin with the conscription of 200 men from the town of Jerusalem, a combined 3,500 men from Jerusalem Sanjak and Nablus Sanjak, and 500 men from town of Hebron. According to a chronicled account, during the meeting, Ibrahim Pasha attempted to address the reluctance of the notables in sending their kinsmen and peasants to the army, asking that as Muslims at war with Christian nations, "is it not necessary for us to have a big standing army?" The notables replied in the affirmative, but asserted that their men were already trained in the art of war and like the generations before them, they would "willingly shed blood" for the "fatherland" and "defend their country" from "the enemies of our religion". Ibrahim Pasha countered that their fighters would need to be professionally trained, telling them "War is not the place for a herd of useless men". By May 1834, the only prominent ally of the Egyptians in Palestine was the Abd al-Hadi clan.

Revolt

Beginning of revolt
In retaliation for his dismissal and his son's practical demotion, Qasim al-Ahmad organized the a'yan (notables) of Nablus, Hebron and Jerusalem against Ibrahim Pasha. On 19 May 1834, the notables notified Egyptian officials that they were not able to conscript the peasants or collect taxes from them, claiming that the peasantry had taken up arms and fled to the mountains, which were difficult to access. At the time of the notables' stated failure to conscript local peasants, Ibrahim Pasha had been in need of new troops to replenish his army in preparation for further advances against the Ottomans. He considered the notables' position to be treasonous and tantamount to an insurrection.

Following the declaration of the notables, a meeting of local sheikhs (chiefs) from Jabal Nablus was hosted by Qasim in his clan's throne village of Beit Wazan and was attended by Qasim's sons Yusuf and Muhammad, Abdullah al-Jarrar of Sanur, Isa al-Barqawi of Shufa and Nasser al-Mansur al-Hajj Muhammad of Beit Furik. The leaders expressed their frustrations at the close cooperation between the Abd al-Hadi family and the Egyptian government and the meeting concluded with an agreement to oust the Egyptian army from Palestine. Under Qasim's leadership the peasants of Jabal Nablus openly revolted against the authorities. At around the same time, the notables of Safad, the only sanjak (district) in Palestine that was part of the Sidon Eyalet, declared their opposition to Ibrahim Pasha's orders and sent a letter to Qasim affirming their refusal to comply with conscription orders, stating that "the son is the core of the heart, and naturally no one can leave his son without the sacrifice of life itself".

The uprising spread to Jerusalem, Hebron and other mountainous areas in the area roughly corresponding with the present-day West Bank. Although Nablus was the core of the rebels' strength, the first actual clash between the authorities and the rebels occurred in the vicinity of Hebron after a group of Egyptian soldiers were sent by the Egyptian governor of Hebron to enforce the draft orders. Local peasants from the nearby village of Sa'ir and Bedouin fighters from the Bethlehem-based Ta'amirah tribe joined forces and killed some 25 soldiers during the fighting, defeating Ibrahim Pasha's forces in the area. Before this clash, peasants and local Bedouin took up arms against the Egyptian army in al-Salt, the Transjordanian center of the Nablus-based Tuqan family. Following these confrontations, the Egyptian army's Nineteenth Regiment under Mustafa Bey came under rebel assault in the Jezreel Valley en route to the Galilee. About three-quarters of the regiment's roughly 1,200 soldiers were killed or captured, and Mustafa Bey was wounded. With 300 of his soldiers, Mustafa Bey escaped to Haifa and traveled across Haifa Bay to Acre, whose walls were surrounded by rebel forces.

Rebel capture of Jerusalem

While there are no known records of military planning, in early May the notables of Nablus, Jerusalem and Hebron coordinated an assault against Jerusalem. On 8 May armed peasants from Nablus, Jerusalem, Hebron and Gaza besieged the city and about 10,000 fighters attempted to breach the walls. They were initially repulsed by the Egyptian garrison. An earthquake occurred in the city on 13 May and fighting ceased for several days.

On 19 May, some residents of Jerusalem's Silwan neighborhood informed rebel leaders that they could use a sewer tunnel that ran from the Dung Gate to a mill in the Jewish Quarter, to clandestinely enter Jerusalem. The next day, 36 rebels (peasants and Jerusalemites) under the leadership of Sheikh Subh Shawkah, chief of the Bethlehem-area Fawaghirah tribe, entered the city via the tunnel and then opened the Dung Gate to allow thousands of rebels inside the walled city. The Egyptian commander of the city, Rashad Bey, subsequently withdrew his garrison into Jerusalem's citadel to take up positions against the incoming rebels.

The rebels, who were joined by some of the city's poorer Muslim residents, began to loot the homes of Egyptian officers. In response, some 500 Egyptian troops left the citadel to pursue the rebels, but began to loot homes in the city in revenge before Rashad Bey ordered them to cease. Fifty rebels, sixteen residents and five soldiers were killed in the confrontations of 20 May. The following day, the rebels attacked the city and after a brief counterattack, Rashad Bey and his men returned to the citadel. Afterward, residents sympathetic to the revolt opened the Damascus Gate and 2,000 peasant irregulars from Nablus entered to reinforce the rebels, whose numbers in Jerusalem then reached some 20,000. On that same day, but before the rebels' entry, Rashad Bey's troops had arrested Jerusalem's leading notables, including the mufti (leading Islamic scholar) Tahir Effendi al-Husayni, the leading ashraf (locally honored descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) Umar Effendi al-Husayni, and Muhammad al-Khalidi, and others. When the reinforcements from Nablus arrived, Egyptian troops withdrew further into the citadel, and Jerusalem was all but captured.

The rebels besieged and fired at the citadel and a wave of mass looting followed for the next three days. Virtually every Muslim, Jewish and Christian-owned shop was raided and damaged. Because the Muslim shops were the last to be plundered, their owners were able to salvage most of their valuable merchandise. A Greek monk named Spyridon who resided in the city wrote that once the homes of Egyptian officers were looted, the rebels "began to loot the shops of the Jews, the Christians, the Franks, and then the Muslims. The grocers, the shoemakers and every other dealer suffered alike. Within two or three days there was not one shop intact in the market". Protests by some citizens against the looting went unheeded as they were outnumbered by rebels. After the market areas were plundered, rebels began to loot the homes of Christians, which had been abandoned during the chaos, despite prohibitions by rebel leaders and local sheikhs. The rebel leadership warned that such actions would provoke the protestations of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, who was at war with Muhammad Ali. On 23 May, all state-owned supply warehouses and granaries were looted.

Battles in Jerusalem and its environs

On 24 May Ibrahim Pasha departed from Jaffa with 9,000 soldiers and began his march toward recapturing Jerusalem. The next day, thousands of rebels left the city to harry Ibrahim Pasha's forces on their route. A trip that would have normally taken five hours lasted two days as rebels attacked Egyptian troops, inflicting some 1,500 casualties, including at least 500 fatalities. When Ibrahim Pasha reached Jerusalem, he did not enter the city immediately and instead stationed his forces at his headquarters in Mount Zion, which overlooked Jerusalem. On 28 May, he offered an amnesty to any rebel who surrendered, but none did. With 3,000 soldiers he personally commanded a pursuit of rebels inside the city, resulting in the deaths of about 300 rebels and the capture of some 500. Most were promptly released, but seventeen were jailed.

On 30 May Ibrahim Pasha re-entered Jerusalem and the next day Egyptian troops attacked Beit Jala, a nearby Christian village. A reported 33 men and women were killed there because of their alleged involvement in the looting of Egyptian property. The purported revenge killings were halted by Ibrahim Pasha, but the residents' livestock was seized. The next day, over 1,000 rebels from the Ta'amirah tribe entered the adjacent town of Bethlehem to protect their families and the Christian inhabitants from potentially experiencing the same fate as Beit Jala. They refrained from directly confronting Ibrahim Pasha, however. Bethlehem's Muslim Quarter was destroyed by the Egyptian army and its inhabitants disarmed. This move was apparently a punishment for the killing of a favored loyalist of Ibrahim Pasha. Reverend William McClure Thomson wrote "this terrible vengeance failed to quell the turbulent spirit of the people. They are ever distinguished in the great feasts at Jerusalem by their fierce and lawless manners, and if any row occurs they are sure to have a hand in it." The peasant rebels had frequently requested from the Christians of Bethlehem that they fight alongside them against Ibrahim Pasha's troops. The Christians refused, citing their religious beliefs and political status, and sheltered in the town's monasteries for safety. On 3 June, the rebels decided to attack the monasteries and looted the city. On 4 June rebels launched an attack on Ibrahim Pasha and about 4,000 of his men at Solomon's Pools near al-Khader.

In Jerusalem meanwhile, Rashad Bey and his garrison (numbering 1,500 men) were assaulted by rebel forces. Rashad Bey and 800 Egyptian soldiers were killed, while hundreds more were captured by rebels and taken to Hebron. Ibrahim Pasha had since returned to Mount Zion and the rebels attempted to lay siege against him and his troops.

Spread of rebellion and truce negotiations

By 8 June, Nablus was in full-scale rebellion as were the coastal towns of Ramla, Lydda, Jaffa and Acre. At around the same time, rebels from the area of Atlit besieged Haifa and Galilee-based rebels captured Safad and Tiberias in the eastern Galilee, while Bedouins participating in the revolt attacked the Egyptian garrison at al-Karak in Transjordan. In the latter confrontation, 200 Egyptian soldiers were killed. In the rebel attack on Safad on 15 June, an unknown number of the city's Jewish inhabitants were killed or raped over a period of 33 days.

When the notables of Jerusalem learned that Muhammad Ali was set to arrive in Palestine with reinforcements, they offered to mediate a truce between the Egyptians and the rebel leaders through the mufti Tahir Effendi al-Husayni, who had since been released. The leader of the rebels in the Hebron Hills, Isa al-Amr, informed al-Husayni of three conditions for a truce to be reached: the pardoning of all rebels, the cancellation of conscription orders in return for the payment of 1,000 qirsh per male, and the abolition of the new taxation category. The terms were rejected by Ibrahim Pasha, but he continued negotiations with al-Husayni through Husayn Abd al-Hadi, the governor of Sidon.

Qasim al-Ahmad, head of the rebels in Jabal Nablus, then requested a pardon from Ibrahim Pasha so that he could negotiate an end to the fighting himself. Ibrahim agreed and with guarantees of safety by al-Husayni and Abd al-Hadi, Qasim met with Ibrahim in late June. The latter admonished Qasim for his betrayal of Muhammad Ali, to which Qasim responded with an apology and an explanation that his hand was forced. By the end of the meeting, the two reconciled and Ibrahim reappointed Qasim as mutassalim of both Nablus and Jerusalem.

However, some time after Ibrahim's summit with Qasim, Muhammad Ali had several prominent Jerusalemite notables, including Tahir Effendi al-Husayni, Umar Effendi al-Husayni, Muhammad Ali al-Husayni, Muhammad Ali al-Khalidi, Sheikh Abdullah Budayri and Muhammad Abul Saud arrested and sentenced to exile in Egypt where they would be incarcerated. Many of the local village headmen in the Jaffa region were executed by Ali for supporting the revolt. Jaffa's urban notables, who also backed the rebels in their earlier attempt to capture Jaffa's fortress, escaped a similar fate by fleeing to the island of Cyprus. A number of major notables from other parts of Palestine were rounded up as well, including the religious leaders Sheikh Abdullah al-Fahum of Nazareth and Sheikh Said al-Sa'di of az-Zeeb. Both were exiled to Egypt. Mas'ud al-Madi, the mutassalim of Jaffa, and his son Isa al-Madi, the mutassalim of Safad, were arrested and executed by beheading for joining the revolt. The Madi family was the most powerful feudal household in the northern coastal region of Palestine at the time of their leaders' executions.

Defeat of the rebels in Jabal Nablus

Qasim responded to the arrest of the Jerusalemite notables by cancelling his truce with Muhammad Ali and rallying the rebels of Jabal Nablus. He asserted that the truce negotiations had been a ruse to hold off the rebels until the arrival of reinforcements from Egypt. The rebels' strategy in Jabal Nablus was to split their forces (30,000 fighters) into three divisions and fight Ibrahim Pasha's troops on three fronts: Ras al-Ayn, the approaches of the Galilee, and Nablus city. On 24 June Bedouin not directly affiliated to Qasim's irregulars attacked Ibrahim Pasha's camp in Palestine's coastal plain. Four days of battle then followed between the rebels and Ibrahim Pasha's men at Ras al-Ayn, until the fortress in that village was captured by the Egyptians on 28 June.

On 30 June Muhammad Ali landed in Jaffa with 15,000 troops from Egypt and on 2 July he convened with his son Ibrahim Pasha at Ramla, which was captured along with Lydda by Egyptian commander Salim Pasha who led Ali's military convoy. In Ramla, the arrested Jerusalemite notables were assembled. Ali ordered the arrest of rebel leaders Qasim, his sons Yusuf and Muhammad, Abdullah Jarrar and Isa al-Barqawi. Ali then instructed his ally Bashir Shihab II of Mount Lebanon to back Egyptian forces in the Sidon Eyalet. Meanwhile, Sulayman Abd al-Hadi and Ibrahim Abu Ghosh requested the release of Jabr Abu Ghosh from prison. In return for the allegiance of the Abu Ghosh clan, Ali heeded their request, released Jabr and appointed him mutassalim of Jerusalem in place of Muhammad al-Qasim, who had defected to the rebels at the start of the revolt.

Jabr immediately commenced an operation to disarm the people of the Jerusalem region, ordering the execution of anyone found with a weapon. Ali personally ordered the decapitations of the mutasallims of Ramla and Lydda and of the headmen of rebellious villages near Jaffa. Acre was recaptured by the Egyptians and 2,000 of its inhabitants were killed in the process. After receiving personal assurances from Husayn Abd al-Hadi that he would enforce Ibrahim Pasha's rule in Palestine, Ali departed for Egypt on 6 July.

Ibrahim Pasha continued his expedition against the rebels of Jabal Nablus, pursuing them at Zeita. Ninety rebels were slain while the rest fled to Deir al-Ghusun, situated on a hilltop to the east of Zeita. At Deir al-Ghusun, many of the inhabitants and rebels heeded a call by Husayn Abd al-Hadi to flee once the Egyptian troops arrived. In response, Qasim had several of the defectors among his ranks killed. Ibrahim Pasha's troops stormed the hill and the rebels (mostly members of the Qasim, Jarrar, Jayyusi and Barqawi clans) were routed, suffering 300 fatalities. Most of the surviving rebels, including Qasim and his son Yusuf, who were both wounded, fled. Captured rebels of fighting age were sent to Egypt for professional military training, while older rebels had their right hands cut off.

Following the rebels' rout at Deir al-Ghusun on 14 July, Ibrahim Pasha's troops proceeded to Nablus unhindered, passing through Arraba, the loyalist stronghold of the Abd al-Hadi family, and then through Sanur, the throne village of the Jarrar clan. When they entered Nablus on 15 July, no resistance was put up, and shortly afterward, the rest of Jabal Nablus submitted to Muhammad Ali's troops. For the most part, due to the loyalty of the Abd al-Hadi's to Muhammad Ali, and the neutrality of the powerful Nimr clan, the inhabitants of the city of Nablus had not participated in the revolt. From Nablus, Ibrahim Pasha dispatched his troops north to occupy Jenin and Nazareth, before returning to Jerusalem on 20 July with 30,000 new conscripts.

Rebel surrender in Galilee
When Muhammad Ali was in Palestine, he requested military assistance from Emir Bashir of Mount Lebanon, via an emissary, Emir Bashir's son Amin. In late July, Emir Bashir led his forces toward Galilee, but before advancing further southward, he made a number of proclamations advising that the rebels of Safad surrender. The rebel leadership in Safad agreed to negotiate and sent Sheikh Salih al-Tarshihi as an emissary to Bashir to arrange a meeting. Bashir invited the leaders of Safad to the village of Bint Jbeil where they agreed to surrender and submit to Egyptian authority. Afterward, Bashir arrived in Safad where he arranged for rebel leaders from nearby areas to surrender as well.

Battle of Hebron

Qasim and some of his men headed south to the Hebron Hills after their defeat in Jabal Nablus. They confronted Ibrahim Pasha's troops at Solomon's Pools, but were defeated after brief clashes. Afterward they fled to the city of Hebron. On 4 August Ibrahim Pasha's troops besieged the city, leveling its fort by cannon fire. The fort was never restored. They then ransacked the city, and decisively defeated Qasim's forces. According to historian Roger Heacock, the rebels and the townspeople "fought bravely and desperately, but they suffered severely from artillery fire."

Mass killings and rapes by the Egyptian troops took place in Hebron. About 500 people were killed, and 750 men were taken as conscripts. Another 120 adolescents were taken by Egyptian officers "to do with as they wanted", according to historian Baruch Kimmerling. According to Joseph Schwarz, a historian and rabbi who wrote A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine in 1850, most of the Muslim population managed to flee beforehand to the nearby hills. Some of the Jewish community stayed behind, and during the general pillage of the town, twelve of them were killed. The majority however, like most of the Jews of Safad and Tiberias, fled to Jerusalem.

Execution of rebel leadership

Qasim, his sons Yusuf and Muhammad, and Isa al-Barqawi fled Hebron during the fighting and headed east across the Jordan River. They were sheltered in al-Karak by a Bedouin clan affiliated with the Anizzah tribal confederation. Ibrahim Pasha's troops pursued them and laid siege on al-Karak for 17 days. After a hole was blasted into the town's walls in late August, al-Karak was destroyed and the orchards outside the town were uprooted as punitive measures against the residents for hosting Qasim. Fearing further retaliation from Ibrahim Pasha, the Anizzah clan's chief, Duwaikhi al-Samir, handed over the rebel leaders to the Egyptians.

After his capture, Qasim, Arsab al-Kahol, one of Qasim's lieutenants, and al-Barqawi were publicly executed in Damascus. Qasim's sons Yusuf and Muhammad were executed in Acre. His two youngest sons Uthman and Ahmad were exiled to Cairo, Egypt. Ibrahim Pasha also had several other rebellious sheikhs (chiefs) executed in Damascus, including Isa al-Amr of Dura, Ali Rabbah and Abd al-Jabir Barghouti of Bani Zeid, Yusuf Salama of Seluh, Ismail ibn Simhan of Ras Karkar and Ismail Majali of al-Karak. Several other sheikhs were jailed in Acre.

Aftermath
The 1834 revolt and the immediate aftermath reduced the male population of Palestine by about one-fifth. This decrease is attributed to the large numbers of peasants who were either deported to Egypt to work in manufacturing, drafted into Egypt's military, or abandoned their villages and farms to join the Bedouin nomadic populations. Around 10,000 peasants were deported to Egypt and the general population was disarmed. The conscription orders were extended beyond the Muslim population to the local Christians. Taxes were also extended from landed property to include livestock as well. As Ibrahim consolidated his hold over Palestine and disarmed the population, banditry by local tribesmen and civil strife was largely eliminated.

Abandoned or rebellious villages were destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha's troops, which prevented their inhabitants from returning. Ibrahim's army razed 16 villages before taking Nablus. He also forced the heads of the Nablus clans to leave for nearby villages. The absence of the traditional local leadership due to exile or execution left Palestine's urban population to be financially exploited by both the government and its local opponents. The imprisoned headmen of villages were replaced by their sons, although Ibrahim Pasha demoted them as nawatir (watchmen) instead of the higher-ranking title of mukhtar. Qasim's son Mahmud replaced him and the popularity of his father among the peasantry compelled the rural chiefs of Jabal Nablus to request from the government that Mahmud replace Sulaiman Abd al-Hadi as mutasallim of Nablus.

Ottoman rule was subsequently reinstated in 1840 after Acre was recaptured with the critical support of the Royal Navy. The peasants who were drafted into Muhammad Ali's army returned to their hometowns following the reassertion of Ottoman rule. Not long after the end of Egyptian rule, the intermittently recurring civil strife between the Qays and Yaman tribo-political factions resumed in parts of central Palestine. Throughout the 1840s until the 1860s, the Ottomans launched their own modernization reforms, known as the Tanzimat, throughout the empire with varying degrees of success. Coinciding with these efforts, the international powers began a tug-of-war of influence in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the country's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through their consular representatives in Jerusalem.

Combatants and arms

Rebels
The peasants from the mountainous regions of Palestine and Bedouin (nomadic) warriors constituted the bulk of the rebels' forces. Most adult males among the peasantry owned a rifle (typically of the matchlock variety, ownership of which normally transferred from generation to generation) or less frequently, a pistol. The latter were often used in urban environments where they were more effective. A wide array of melee weapons were also utilized, including scimitars (generally used by Bedouin fighters), daggers, javelins, or different types of clubs (generally used by peasant fighters).

The most active rebel forces hailed from Jabal Nablus. The principal rebel clans were the Qasims of Beit Wazan, the Jayyusi clan of Kur, the Jarrar family of Sanur and the Barqawi family of Shufa. Qasim al-Ahmad led the forces of Jabal Nablus. In the greater Jerusalem region, the main rebel clans were Sam'an of Ras Karkar, Barghouti of Bani Zeid and, until their defection to Ibrahim Pasha, Abu Ghosh of Qaryat al-Inab. They were often supported by Qasim's men. The Bedouin Ta'amirah tribe from the Bethlehem region also played a major role in the fighting around Jerusalem. In the Hebron Hills, the rebels were led by the Amr clan of Dura while further southwest around Gaza, the Bedouin tribes of Jabarat and Awawna fought against the Egyptians and their Bedouin allies. In the north, the rebel forces around Acre and Haifa were commanded by the Madi family, while the Hawwara irregulars of Aqil Agha, who had defected from Ibrahim Pasha's service, and local sheikhs did most of the fighting in the heart of the Galilee, outside of Safad. In Safad itself, fighters were led by a council dominated by the city's religious leadership.

The combat that peasant men had engaged in prior to the revolt was restricted to the vicinity in which they lived. During armed conflicts, they would often fight for a short period before returning to cultivate their lands, which remained their main preoccupation. When their service was needed, they were commanded by a local chief who in turn was subordinate to a regional leader. Most armed conflict revolved around the chiefs' bids for local influence and control or protection of villages from Bedouin plundering. There were also instances where peasant fighters would be assembled to back Ottoman authority in the face of local or external challengers, such as during the 1799 Napoleonic invasion, or against Ottoman authority when it interfered in the unofficial local autonomy that was enjoyed in the mountain regions. In most of the conflicts in which the peasant fighters participated, they fought alongside their kinsmen or neighbors.

Egyptian Army and allies
The Egyptian Army in Palestine was divided between infantry and cavalry regiments and consisted of thousands of professional soldiers, known as nezzam. During the revolt, this force was buttressed by over 15,000 reinforcements who arrived with Muhammad Ali, bringing the number of Egyptian soldiers in Palestine to well over 20,000. While its army did most of the fighting, Egypt also commissioned or requested the participation of various irregulars. In the southern Gaza region, Egypt dispatched Bedouin from the tribes of Awlad Ali, al-Jamaiyat, al-Jahma, and al-Fawayd to pursue rebels and raid their villages. In the northern Galilee region, towards the end of the revolt, the forces of Emir Bashir were mobilized upon Ibrahim Pasha's request, but their mobilization sufficed in convincing the northern rebels to surrender. Thus, Bashir's Lebanon-based forces saw no combat. Local peasant fighters under Husayn Abd al-Hadi also fought alongside the Egyptian army, particularly during the final battles for Jabal Nablus.

In contrast with the peasants' arsenals, Egypt's military possessed modern arms and artillery. The use of cannons on open battlefields in particular inflicted heavy losses on the rebels. Egypt's army also possessed considerable organization in contrast to the lack of military coordination between rebel forces in different regions.

Legacy
The revolt in Palestine was markedly different from the revolts that sprung up elsewhere in the Egyptian-ruled Levant, such as the 1838 Druze revolt and those that occurred in the Nusayriyya Mountains and Mount Lebanon. Unlike the other Levantine revolts, the participants were not an ethnoreligiously or socially homogeneous group, but rather an assortment of societal groups from different classes, subcultures, geographical areas and religions. This also significantly distinguished it from previous popular uprisings against Ottoman rule that had occurred in Jerusalem and its vicinity, namely the Naqib al-Ashraf Revolt in 1703–1705 and the revolt of 1825–1826, which failed to attract support from the people of Nablus, Hebron, Galilee and Gaza.

"Palestine" was a term that was used infrequently by its inhabitants at the time of the revolt, and its inhabitants identified themselves as Ottomans or by their religion. However, a "proto-national sense" of Palestine (Filastin) had developed among the people of the Gaza, Jerusalem, Nablus, Lajjun and Safad districts (administratively part of either the Sidon or Damascus Eyalet) by at least the 17th century, according to historian Khaled M. Safi. The 17th century Ramla-based intellectual, Khayr al-Din al-Ramli, used the term often in his fatawat (religious edicts) without specifying its boundaries, suggesting that the population of Palestine was aware of its geographic definition. Historians Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal argue that the revolt was a formative event for the Palestinian sense of nationhood, in that it brought together disparate groups against a common enemy. These groups reemerged later to constitute the Palestinian people.

Israeli historian Benny Morris disputed the claim by Kimmerling and Migdal that the revolt was the birth of the Palestinian people writing:

Israeli scholar Shimon Shamir views the Egyptian period in Palestine as the "first application of the concept of the territorial state ... This was the inception of the modern history of Palestine."

The revolt represented a moment of political unity in Palestine. However, the ultimate intention of the notables and rebel leaders was to force out the Egyptian army and reinstate Ottoman rule as a means of restoring the Ottoman-era standards that defined the relationship between the government and the governed. These standards were made up of the religious laws, administrative codes and local norms and traditions that were disrupted by Egyptian reforms. The people of Palestine did not resist Ibrahim Pasha's conquest of Palestine in 1831 as they were decreed to by the Sublime Porte and only acted against his authority three years later when he decisively interfered in their local affairs by way of conscription and further taxation. This constituted the prime motivation for the revolt, rather than loyalty to the Ottomans. The latter did not provide more benefits to the population than offered by Muhammad Ali's rule, but unlike Ali, they largely left the peasants and the local elite to their own devices, not demanding much more than the traditional taxes and nominal acceptance of the sultanate's authority.

Palestinian historiography
In general, 20th-century historians from Palestine and the Arab world, and Palestinian and Arab nationalists, communists and leftists of all stripes, held a negative view of the Ottoman era, which they associated with backwardness, corruption and tyranny. According to historian Adel Manna, this uniformly negative perception of the Ottomans and the high regard for Muhammad Ali as a modernizer and a liberator of Arab lands from the Ottomans, which he sought to unite under his rule, influenced the later historiography of the 1834 revolt. Another factor that influenced the historians of the 20th century was the limited availability of primary sources from Palestine at the time of the revolt. Most primary Arabic accounts of the events were kept by Egypt's bureaucracy at the time. Other accounts were from European travelers or consuls in the area, while there were no known written 19th-century accounts by people living in Palestine's towns and villages.

By the 20th century, the revolt was also largely absent in the Palestinian collective memory. According to Kimmerling, "the humiliating and traumatic events of 1834 were conveniently erased from the collective memory". During the decades that followed the revolt, the elite classes in Palestine still wanted to maintain healthy relations with the Khedivate in Egypt and the urban population were not keen to glorify a revolt largely led by peasants. This differed from the attitude of the peasantry who continued to hold the revolt's leader, Qasim al-Ahmad, in high regard during the aftermath of the revolt. In the 20th century, the passing along of any oral testimonies from that time period were not sought after and recorded due to the prevailing nationalist atmosphere which largely focused on the anti-Zionist and anti-imperialist struggle in Palestine. Most contemporary Arab sources relied on Asad Rustum's detailed 1938 study, The Royal Archives of Egypt and the Disturbances in Palestine, 1834, which Rustum admittedly states was more or less based on the Egyptian perspective of the revolt.

Due to the aforementioned factors, the revolt was often considered to either be a manipulation of the commoners by a reactionary elite against modernization, a successful Ottoman bid to hamper Egypt's efforts to liberate and unify its Arab lands, or was sidelined. The concept that the revolt's diverse participants were acting based on their own interests and actual grievances rather than manipulation was largely ignored in Palestinian historiography until recent decades.

See also

 List of conflicts in the Near East
 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine
 1834 looting of Safed

References

Bibliography

External links
The Time the Peasants Entered Jerusalem
Territorial Awareness In the 1834 Palestinian Revolt

19th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
Conflicts in 1834
Rebellions in Ottoman Syria
Ottoman Palestine
Abu Ghosh
May 1834 events
June 1834 events
July 1834 events
August 1834 events
1834 in Ottoman Syria


Sirpa Kukkonen (born 7 December 1958 in Tervo) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor and World Champion.

Kukkonen won a silver medal in the relay, with teammates Sinikka Kukkonen and Mirja Puhakka, and a bronze medal in the individual event at the 1982 World Ski Orienteering Championships.

At the 1988 World Championships she won a gold medal in the relay with the Finnish team, with Anne Benjaminsen and Virpi Juutilainen, and also bronze medals in both the long course and in the short course.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
1958 births
Living people


Pink Lake (previously known as Lake Spencer) is a salt lake in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia.  Although historically the water in the lake was visibly pink, as of 2017 it had not been pink for over ten years. Salt concentration is vital to Pink Lake's pink hue, and Pink Lake may turn pink again as conditions change. It lies about  west of Esperance and is bounded to the east by the South Coast Highway.

The dynamics of why a lake turns pink are very complex. External changes and weather conditions can affect the colour of the lake. Esperance's Pink Lake has lost its pink colour due to salinity changes caused by human activity.

Description
The distinctive colour of the water changes is a result of green alga Dunaliella salina, halobacterium Halobacterium cutirubrum, and/or high concentration of brine prawn.  Once the lake water reaches a salinity level greater than that of sea water, the temperature is high enough and adequate light conditions are provided, the alga begins to accumulate the red pigment beta carotene. The pink halobacterium grow in the salt crust at the bottom of the lake.

It is believed that the construction of the South Coast Highway and a rail line altered the flow of water into the lake reducing its salinity which is why (as of 2017) it no longer appears pink.

Name
In 1848 explorer John Septimus Roe named the waterway Lake Spencer after Sir Richard Spencer, a Resident Magistrate in Albany who contributed to the early formation of the colony of Western Australia. Lake Warden, adjacent, is recorded as having been named after Sir Richard Spencer's wife, Lady Ann Warden Spencer.

The Lake has displayed a distinct pink hue in the past and was colloquially referred to as Pink Lake until 1966 when the Shire President, Cr W S Paterson submitted a request to the Geographic Names Committee which was successful and resulted in Lake Spencer officially becoming Pink Lake. For many years Pink Lake was a tourist attraction in the Esperance region with the surrounding area, an arterial road and local businesses adopting the name.

Misleading name

Because tourists who visit Esperance to see the Pink Lake are disappointed not to see a pink lake, there have been proposals to either change the name of the lake and the town back to Lake Spencer or to find a way to alter the salinity so that the lake appears pink once again.

Confusion with Lake Hillier

Lake Hillier is located on Middle Island in the Recherche Archipelago off the coast of Cape Arid, east of Esperance. The Lake is well known for its bright pink hue that contrasts with the deep blue of the ocean. The Island is managed by the Western Australian Government and is accessible by boat and air.

History
Historically Pink Lake was the terminal lake in the Lake Warden wetland system, where water from the central suite of lakes (Wheatfield, Woody and Windabout) and Lake Warden would periodically flush into Pink Lake, bringing accumulated salts into the environment.

Increasing salt concentrations combined with decreasing water levels from evaporation during summer trigger the appearance of the pink hue that can be seen in lakes across the country. Pink Lake lost its connection to Lake Warden and the eastern lakes with the construction of the railway line and South Coast Highway.

Commercial salt mining, which began in 1896 and ceased in 2007 reduced salt levels in the lake. Further reductions to the lake's salt concentration was caused by freshwater entering the system, through a combination of surface water inflow and increased groundwater inflow due to clearing in the catchment area associated with nearby subdivisions.

Salt Production

Prior to salt production the lake's environment was investigated in the 1980s.  Table salt is produced in solar ponds at the eastern end of the lake. The company WA Salt Supply produce water softening salt, coarse salt and sheepskin salt at the Esperance site. The salt is kiln dried, crushed and bagged at the site before being distributed.

Birds
The lake has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area because it usually supports significant numbers of hooded plovers and sometimes over 1% of the world population of banded stilts. It has had many migrant and native birds. Between 1997 and 2006, populations ranging between 12 and 12,000 of the banded stilt were recorded. There was a population of between 5 and 68 of the hooded plovers from 1995 to 2005.

References

Lakes of Goldfields-Esperance (Western Australia)
Saline lakes of Western Australia
Important Bird Areas of Western Australia


"Moments Like This" is the fourth single of the pop rock album Reamonn. It was recorded in 2008 by the German band Reamonn. It was released on  in Germany by Island Records and Universal Music. The song is written by Rea Garvey, Uwe Bossert, Mike Gommeringer, Philipp Rauenbusch and Sebastian Padotzke.

Music video

The video was made in Munich in a Green Screen Studio for four weeks. The music in the video is a little bit different than the Album version.

The video is set in a fictitious world. All band members are seen in it. The video sometimes agrees with the songext: if “…like a bird on a wing.” is song, birds fly top down.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links
Official video at Universal Music

Reamonn songs
2009 singles
2008 songs
Song recordings produced by Julio Reyes Copello


Cirendeu, also spelled Cireundeu, is a suburb of the town of Ciputat.  It is located in the city of South Tangerang, Banten Province in Indonesia.  The suburb was home to the Situ Gintung, an artificial lake and dam which was breached on 27 March 2009, causing the deaths of at least 99 people.

References

Populated places in Banten


Mirja Ojanen (born 27 November 1967 in Hämeenkyrö) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor. She won a silver medal in the long distance at the 1992 World Ski Orienteering Championships, and a silver medal in the relay with the Finnish team.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

1967 births
Living people
People from Hämeenkyrö
Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
Sportspeople from Pirkanmaa


Sam Bobrick (July 24, 1932 – October 11, 2019) was an American author, playwright, television writer, and lyricist.

Early life
Bobrick was born to a Jewish family in Chicago on July 24, 1932. His father was a storekeeper and his mother worked for the postal service. In 1950 he graduated from Benton Harbor High School in Michigan. After a three-year, nine-month, twenty-seven-day stint in the U.S. Air Force between 1951–1955, Bobrick attended the University of Illinois where he graduated with a degree in journalism.

Career
He began his career writing for the popular children's show Captain Kangaroo. He also wrote for such shows as The Andy Griffith Show, Bewitched, The Flintstones, Get Smart, The Kraft Music Hall, and The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. He created the short-lived Disney Channel TV series Good Morning, Miss Bliss, which was resurrected by NBC as the long-running hit show Saved by the Bell. He won three Writers Guild of America Awards for his television work and was nominated for an Emmy. He also wrote several movies and later quit writing for film and television in 1990.

Bobrick wrote over 40 plays. His first play, Norman, Is That You?, which he co-wrote with Ron Clark, opened on Broadway in the early 1970s. While a flop on Broadway, its West Coast premiere at the Ebony Showcase Theater in Los Angeles ran for seven years (1971-1978). The play also ran for five years in Paris (Pauvre France) and has played in over thirty countries around the world. Bobrick and Clark collaborated on three more Broadway plays, No Hard Feelings, Murder at the Howard Johnson's, and Wally's Cafe.

Bobrick's solo works included the plays, Remember Me? Getting Sara Married, Last Chance Romance, Hamlet II (Better Than The Original), New York Water, Passengers and The Crazy Time. He also wrote a number of mystery plays, among them Flemming, An American Thriller, The Spider Or The Fly, Death In England and A Little Bit Wicked. In 2011, his mystery play The Psychic won the Mystery Writers of America's coveted Edgar Award.

With his wife Julie Stein, he wrote two plays: Lenny's Back, about comedian Lenny Bruce, which was nominated for a Los Angeles Ovation Award, and The Outrageous Adventures of Sheldon & Mrs. Levine, an adaption of their book Sheldon & Mrs. Levine, which is performed worldwide.

Bobrick co-wrote the song The Girl of My Best Friend with Beverly Ross which was recorded by Elvis Presley and many other recording artists throughout the years, including Bryan Ferry. Another song, It Will Never Be Over For Me was recorded by the iconic Los Lobos. He also wrote two satirical albums for Mad, Mad Twists Rock n Roll and Fink Along With Mad. His most recent music endeavor was a CD entitled "Totally Twisted Country" that he co-wrote with his son Joey Bobrick for the band The Cow Pies.

Bobrick was a member of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society, as well as the Dramatists Guild and Writers Guild of America. He directed many of his plays in regional theatres in the U.S. and Canada.

Death
Bobrick died on October 11, 2019, at age 87, shortly after suffering a stroke. He had a  wife, Julie, from a second marriage in 2000. His first marriage to Jeanne Johnson in 1963 ended in divorce in 1990. Bobrick also had three children.

References

External links

1932 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
American lyricists
American male dramatists and playwrights
American male screenwriters
Edgar Award winners
Military personnel from Illinois
United States Air Force airmen
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni
Writers from Chicago
Writers Guild of America Award winners