United Nations Security Council Resolution 382, adopted unanimously on December 1, 1975, after examining the application of Suriname for membership in the United Nations, the Council recommended to the General Assembly that Suriname be admitted.

See also
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 301 to 400 (1971–1976)

References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

External links

 0382
 0382
 0382
1975 in Suriname
December 1975 events


The Belmond Hotel Splendido is a hotel in Portofino, Italy.  The site was formerly home to a Benedictine monastery which was ransacked so many times by Saracen pirates that the monks abandoned it in the 16th century. The four-storey high building subsequently fell into disrepair. In the 19th century the property was purchased by Italian aristocrat Baron Baratta, who renovated and converted it into a family summer house.
In 1901 the building was purchased by Ruggero Valentini who transformed it into a hotel which opened in 1902. Since its inception, the hotel has played host to various famous people and noble families. The 1950s witnessed the discovery of Portofino by American visitors who made the hotel their accommodation of choice. Among the visitors from this time to the present have been the Duke of Windsor, Winston Churchill and Rex Harrison.in 1952, Clark Gable in 1953, Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Groucho Marx and Ava Gardner in 1954, Fredric March in 1955, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in 1967. Christopher Plummer in 1971. Italian President of Republic Giuseppe Saragat in 1971. The whole Families of Counts Agusta in 1965. Valentina Cortese 1965.

In 1986 Orient-Express Hotels bought the hotel.

Orient-Express Hotels Ltd. purchased an existing building on the piazzetta in Portofino which had originally been the village's first osteria and after conversion opened it in 1998 as the Splendido Mare which offers 16 rooms and suites, most with a balcony or terrace. On the ground floor is the Chuflay Bar and Restaurant.

In 2014, Hotel Splendido was renamed Belmond Hotel Splendido as part of the rebrand of Orient-Express Hotels Ltd.

Notes

Further reading

External links

Hotels in Italy
Belmond hotels
Hotels established in 1901


Gomola is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Adam Gomola (born 1972), Polish ski mountaineer
 Jan Gomola (1941–2022), Polish footballer
 Roman Gomola (born 1973), Czech bobsledder

See also

Polish-language surnames


The 1939–40 football season was the 13th season of the Latvian Virsliga. It was also the last season of football in independent Latvia before its annexation by the Soviet Union (the last matches of the season were played with Latvia already being part of the USSR).

Competition modus

Every team played two games against each other team, one at home and one away. Teams received two points for a win and one point for a draw.

Team changes to 1938-39
16.JAPSK were relegated to Zemgale league after losing additional matches for the 6-8th places in the previous Virsliga season against US and Hakoah Riga. They were replaced by the winner of the promotion battles VEF Riga who beat out Venstpils Spars in the decisive match for a Virsliga berth.

Season overview
The battle for the title was mostly between the defending champions Olimpija Liepāja and the former champions RFK. Until midseason Hakoah Riga also kept up in the race but it fell back later in the season. Olimpija squad suffered a serious loss when five of its footballers were disqualified because of problems with discipline by the club for a longer period. Those included leading players like Roberts Heiblihs, Pēteris Jurčenko and Fricis Laumanis. Eventually the disqualification of Laumanis was shortened but both Jurčenko and Heiblihs missed out nearly the entire season. In their absence the young forward from Kuldīga Bērziņš became the club's leading goalscorer.

Final classification

Top goalscorers
15 goals
  Fricis Kaņeps (RFK)
  Aleksandrs Vanags (ASK)

13 goals
  Vaclavs Borduško (ASK)

12 goals
  J.Bērziņš (Olimpija Liepāja)

10 goals
  Edgars Klāvs (US)
  Ēriks Raisters (RFK)

9 goals
  Zamuels Garbers (Hakoah)

8 goals
  Jānis Rozītis (VEF)
  Voldemārs Apsēns (Olimpija Liepāja)

7 goals
  Ernests Ziņģis (Olimpija Liepāja)

Champion squad

References and sources
Latvijas futbola vēsture by Miķelis Rubenis, Rīga, 2001

Latvian Higher League seasons
1939 in Latvian football
1940 in Latvian football
Latvia


"Best" S. Ramasamy is an Indian politician and entrepreneur from Tamil Nadu. He is the president of the Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam (KMK) party. He is also the chairman of "Best Group"– a group of  apparel and textile companies in the city of Tirupur.

Early life and education
Ramasamy was born into a small agricultural family in a place near Tirupur. His father died when he was 7 years old. Due to difficulty cultivating agricultural lands, he moved into Tirupur at the age of 12, where he became a worker in a small garment factory.

He holds B.A in Economics and in History and is fluent in Tamil, English, and Hindi.

Business career
From the age of 12 to 18, he worked as an employee in a small garment factory in Tirupur. At the age of 19, he started a shop to sell firewood.

During the mid-1960s, Tirupur's garment industry grew. In 1966, when he was 20, Ramasamy started Best Knitting Company with an initial investment of . He has consolidated his companies under the name Best Corporation Pvt Ltd and leads it as its chairman.

, companies under Best Group employed more than 5,000 people in and around Tirupur.

Political career
Starting in 1978, he worked in various Kongu organisations. In 1988, was one of the founders of Kongu Vellala Goundergal Peravai. In 2007, he became its president. He was declared as the president of Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam (KMK) when the party was launched in 2009 at Coimbatore. He contested in the 2009 Lok Sabha elections as a KMK candidate in the Pollachi constituency; he came in third with 103,004 votes.

See also
 E. R. Easwaran

References

External links
 Official Website of KMK Party

Indian Tamil people
Tamil Nadu politicians
Living people
1946 births


Moïse Plante (1830 – March 18, 1892) was a merchant and political figure in Quebec. He represented Beauharnois in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in 1892 as a Conservative member.

He was the son of Arthur Plante. Plante served as mayor of Valleyfield from 1875 to 1878 and from 1880 to 1889. He married Hermine Bergevin. Plante was elected to the Quebec assembly in 1892 but died at Valleyfield without ever taking his seat.

His son Arthur and his nephews Célestin Bergevin and Achille Bergevin were also elected to represent Beauharnois in the Quebec assembly.

References

1830 births
1892 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec
People from Salaberry-de-Valleyfield


The 1997–98 Pro Tour season was the third season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. It began on 30 August 1997 with Grand Prix Toronto, and ended on 16 August 1998 with the conclusion of 1998 World Championship in Seattle. The season consisted of thirteen Grand Prix, and five Pro Tours, located in Chicago, Mainz, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle. At the end of the season Jon Finkel from the United States was awarded the Pro Player of the Year title.

Grand Prix – Toronto, Copenhagen

GP Toronto (30–31 August)

GP Copenhagen (6–7 September)

Pro Tour – Chicago (10–12 October 1997)

Attending a Pro Tour for the first time, Randy Buehler defeated David Mills in the finals to win the inaugural Pro Tour of the 1997–98 season. Olle Råde's final eight appearance made him the first player to reach the Top 8 four times.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 324
Format: Extended

Final standings

Grand Prix – Como

GP Como (8–9 November)

Pro Tour – Mainz (5–7 December 1997)

Eventual Pro Player of the year Paul McCabe won Pro Tour Dallas. The Canadian defeated Jason Zila from the US in the final. Olle Råde had his third Top 8 appearance while playing only his fourth Pro Tour.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 291
Format: Rochester Draft (Tempest)

Final standings

Grand Prix – San Francisco, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro, Lyon, Melbourne

GP San Francisco (6–7 December)
 Robert Swarowski
 Ryan Fuller
 Steve Shears
 Brett Quorn
 Daniel Clegg
 Steve Aldrich
 Ernest Alexander
 Casey McCarrel

GP Lyon (7–8 February)
 Raphaël Lévy
 Kurt Foket
 Manuel Bevand
 Michaël Debard
 Emmanuel Beltrando
 Loïc Degrou
 Nicolas Lacorne
 Laurent Laclaverie

GP Madrid (24–25 January)
 Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz
 Michaël Debard
 Jérémie Lagarde
 Herve Drevillon
 Christian Celades
 Omar Sagol
 Gabriele Pisicchio
 Marc Iglesias

GP Melbourne (14–15 February)
 Philip Davey
 Matt Goodall
 Lenny Collins
 Craig Sheppard
 Daniel Turner
 Adam Kemp
 Kevin Cheng
 Andrew Corney

GP Rio de Janeiro (31 January – 1 February)
 Jon Finkel
 Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz
 Carlos Jeucken
 Adam Katz
 Leandro Buck
 Romario Tavora Britto
 Rodrigo Cesar Barbosa
 Julio Cesar Conceicao

Pro Tour – Los Angeles (6–8 March 1998)

David Price won Pro Tour Los Angeles. In the finals he defeated Ben Rubin, who thus made it to the second place at his first Pro Tour attendance.

Tournament data

Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 342
Format: Block Constructed (Tempest)

Final standings

Grand Prix – Stockholm

GP Stockholm (21–22 March)
 Olle Råde
 Tuomo Nieminen
 Johan Franzen
 Jan Pieter Groenhof
 Manuel Bevand
 Viktor Forsman
 Ole Bergesen
 Sigurd Eskeland

Pro Tour – New York (17–19 April 1998)

In an all-American Top 8 Jon Finkel won his first Pro Tour. Mark Justice reached his fourth and as yet last final eight.

Tournament data

Prize pool: $151,635
Format: Booster Draft (Tempest-Stronghold)

Top 8

Final standings

Grand Prix – Atlanta, Antwerp, Zurich, Indianapolis

GP Atlanta (27–28 March)
 Randy Buehler
 Bob Coonce
 David Mills
 Derek Rank
 Patrick Callahan
 Ray Deguzman
 Nate Clark
 Chris Donahue

GP Indianapolis (27–28 June)
 Eric Jordan
 Koby Kennison
 Michael Chiumento
 Worth Wollpert
 Randy Buehler
 Michael Katz
 Ryan Joe
 Darwin Kastle

GP Antwerp (25–26 April)
 Stephan Valkyser
 Lukas Ladra
 Brian Hacker
 Michael Sochon
 Randy Buehler
 Timo Meimberg
 Peer Kröger
 Michaël Debard

GP Zurich (30–31 May)
 Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz
 Rudy Edwards
 Michaël Debard
 Alexander Blumke
 Janosch Kühn
 Jon Finkel
 Marcel Baran
 Michael Huth

1998 World Championships – Seattle (12–16 August 1998)

Brian Selden defeated fellow American Ben Rubin to become the 1998 World Champion. He played a Control-Combo deck revolving around . The Top 8 was one of the most star-studded final eights ever, with all players making at least one other Top 8 appearance, and four of them later becoming Hall of Famers.

The US national team, consisting of Matt Linde, Mike Long, Bryce Currence, and Jon Finkel won its third team title. Long thus won his third team title, too, as he had been precisely on those teams which had won the title.

Tournament data

Players: 203
Format: Standard, Rochester Draft (Mirage-Visions-Weatherlight), Extended
Individual formats: Booster Draft (Tempest-Stronghold-Exodus), Standard, Tempest Block Constructed (Tempest, Stronghold, Exodus)
Team formats: 4-Person Team Sealed (4 5th Edition Starter + 4 5th Edition Booster) – Swiss; Constructed (2x Tempest Block Constructed + 2x Standard) – Finals

Top 8

Final standings

National team competition

 United States (Matt Linde, Mike Long, Bryce Currence, Jon Finkel)
 France (Pierre Malherbaud, Manuel Bevand, Marc Hernandez, Fabien Demazeau)

Pro Player of the year final standings

After the World Championship Jon Finkel was awarded the Pro Player of the year title.

References

Magic: The Gathering professional events


Deby may refer to:

 Idriss Déby (1952–2021), President of Chad and military officer
 Brahim Déby (1980–2007), son of Idriss Déby
Mahamat Déby Itno (b. 1983/1984), son of Idriss Déby
 Deby Callihan (), American poker player
 Deby LaPlante (born 1953), American retired hurdler
 Dęby (disambiguation), various places in Poland


The Barton River is a river in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.

The headwaters of the river rise on the edge of the Carson Escarpment where it meets the Barton plain  and flows in a westerly direction until it discharges into the Drysdale River, of which it is a tributary.

The traditional owners of the areas around the river are the Miwa people.

The river was named in 1901 by government surveyor Frederick Slade Drake-Brockman, after the first Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton.

References

Rivers of the Kimberley region of Western Australia


Sergio Scariolo (born 1 April 1961) is an Italian professional basketball coach who is the head coach of the senior Spain national team. Scariolo latest coached also Virtus Bologna of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Having won four EuroBasket championships and a World Cup at the head of Spain, Scariolo is one of the most successful coaches in the history of international competitions, and according to many players, journalists and commentators, he is regarded as the greatest national team coach of all time.

Coaching career

Early years
Sergio Scariolo started his coaching career in the early 1980s, as the assistant coach of Basket Brescia, the team of his hometown, and Scavolini Pesaro. In 1985, he became the coach of Italy's military national team, with whom he won the world championship. As assistant coach of Valerio Bianchini in Pesaro, Scariolo won its first Italian Serie A championship in 1988.

First successes in Italy (1989–1997)

In 1989, Bianchini became the new coach of Virtus Roma and Scariolo was hired as new head coach of Pesaro. In the 1989–90 season, Scariolo's Scavolini was able of winning another Italian league title, defeating Pallacanestro Varese 3–1 in the national finals. Aged 29, Scariolo became the youngest coach ever to win the trophy.<ref>1990, allenatore dell'anno: Sergio Scariolo, 'SuperBasket</ref> In the same season, the team also reached the FIBA Korać Cup Final, which lost against Joventut Badalona. In 1990–91 season, the club arrived 7th in the regular season and was ousted in the national quarterfinals by Phonola Caserta. However, Pesaro succeeded in reaching the European Champions Cup Final Four, but it was defeated 93–84 in the semi-finals by KK Split, which then won the trophy.

In the following year, he unexpectedly moved to Aurora Desio, of the Italian 2nd Division. After two seasons in which he failed to reach the promotion, he left the club. In 1993, Scariolo was hired by Fortitudo Bologna, a team which was becoming more and more ambitious under the new ownership of the entrepreneur Giorgio Seragnoli. In 1994, he was awarded as Coach of the Year of the Italian Serie A. In 1994–95 season, Fortitudo arrived second in the regular season but it was defeated in the national semi-finals by Benetton Treviso, while in 1995–96, Scariolo's team succeeded in reaching the national finals, the first ones in the history of the club, but Fortitudo was defeated 3–1 by Olimpia Milano.

Triumphs in Spain (1997–2008)

In 1997, he moved to Spain, a nation which deeply marked his entire career. With Scariolo as head coach, TAU Vitoria reached its first Spanish Championship final in 1998 and won a Spanish King's Cup title in 1999.

In 1999, Scariolo was hired by Real Madrid, one of the most important clubs of the Liga ACB. In the first season, he immediately led Real to win the Spanish national league title, defeating 3–2, Real's historic rival FC Barcelona; the team also reached the EuroLeague's quarterfinals, which lost against Fortitudo Bologna. However, in the following season, Real was defeated 3–0 by Barcelona in the national finals, while in 2001–02, it was ousted in the quarterfinals by CB Estudiantes and Scariolo was sacked.

From 2003 to 2008, Sergio Scariolo was the head coach of the Spanish club Unicaja Málaga, which, under his tenure and thanks to the leadership of Jorge Garbajosa, lived its so-called "golden age". In 2005, Málaga won the Spanish King's Cup title against Real Madrid and in the next year, during the 2005–06 season, it won its first-ever Spanish League championship, defeating TAU Vitoria 3–0 in the national finals. The club finished its best years to date, by qualifying for the 2007 Euroleague Final Four, where it was defeated in the semi-finals by CSKA Moscow, and thus finished in third place in the EuroLeague. In October 2007, Unicaja faced the NBA's Memphis Grizzlies in a friendly match, and they defeated the Grizzlies, by a score of 102–99. That was one of the few times that an NBA team has lost to a foreign club.

Difficult years in Moscow, Milan and Vitoria (2008–2014)
From 2008 to 2010, Scariolo served as the head coach of the Russian club BC Khimki Moscow. In both seasons he arrived second, losing the national finals against CSKA Moscow. In 2009, Scariolo's Khimki was also defeated 80–74 in the EuroCup Final against Lietuvos Rytas. On 20 December 2010, Scariolo and the club mutually agreed to rescind the contract.

In 2011, Scariolo returned to Italy, becoming the new head coach of Olimpia Milano. In 2011–12 EuroLeague, Milan reached the Top16, but did not pass the round. Scariolo's team reached the national finals, but it was defeated 4–1 by Monte Paschi Siena. In the following season, Olimpia failed in reaching EuroLeague's Top16 and was once again defeated 4–3 by Siena in the playoffs' quarterfinals and Scariolo resigned from his post.

In June 2013, Scariolo became the head coach of Laboral Kutxa, a club which he had already coached during the late 1990s. However, after poor results both in national and European competitions, he was fired at the end of the 2013–14 season.

NBA champion with the Toronto Raptors (2018–2021)
On July 25, 2018, Scariolo was hired by the Toronto Raptors as an assistant coach, aiding them to win their first NBA championship. Scariolo became the first Italian coach and the second Italian ever, after the shooting guard Marco Belinelli, to become an NBA champion. On 26 February 2021, Scariolo served as interim head coach of the Raptors for a game against the Houston Rockets after head coach Nick Nurse and five assistants missed the game due to the NBA's health and safety protocols; Toronto won the game 122–111. Raptors point guard Kyle Lowry collected the game ball after the game and presented it to Scariolo as a memento.

At the head of Virtus Bologna (2021–2023)
On 18 June 2021, Scariolo signed a three-year deal with Virtus Bologna, of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). On 21 September, the team won the second Supercup in its history, defeating Olimpia Milano 90–84. Moreover, after having ousted Lietkabelis, Ulm and Valencia in the first three rounds of the playoffs, on 11 May 2022, Virtus defeated Frutti Extra Bursaspor by 80–67 at the Segafredo Arena, winning its first EuroCup and qualifying for the EuroLeague after 14 years. However, despite having ended the regular season at the first place and having ousted 3–0 both Pesaro and Tortona in the first two rounds of playoffs, Virtus was defeated 4–2 in the national finals by Olimpia Milan.

On 29 September 2022, after having ousted Olimpia Milano in the semifinals, Virtus won its third Supercup, defeating 72–69 Banco di Sardegna Sassari and achieving a back-to-back, following the 2021 trophy. However, despite good premises Virtus ended the EuroLeague season at the 14th place, thus it did not qualify for the playoffs. Moreover, the team was defeated in the Italian Basketball Cup final by Brescia. In June, after having ousted 3–0 both Brindisi and Tortona, Virtus was defeated 4–3 by Olimpia Milan in the national finals, following a series which was widely regarded among the best in the latest years of Italian basketball.Basket, Milano batte Bologna 67-55 nella finalissima e si conferma campione per la trentesima volta. Rai News

On 15 September, just a few weeks before the season start, Scariolo was fired following controversial statements regarding the new roster and the upcoming season.

National team career

Scariolo served two times as head coach of the Spanish national team: from 2009 to 2012 and from 2015 to present. Under Scariolo, Spain won the gold medal at the EuroBasket 2009, EuroBasket 2011, the EuroBasket 2015 and the EuroBasket 2022, and the bronze medal at EuroBasket 2017. He also won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics. He also coached Spain at the 2010 FIBA World Championship. In 2019, Scariolo led Spain to victory in the FIBA Basketball World Cup.

In October 2020, Scariolo announced that he will remain as head coach of the team through the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Personal life
Scariolo is married to Blanca Ares, a former Spanish basketball player. The couple has two children: Alessandro, who also plays basketball, and Carlota. Scariolo is an avid fan of Inter Milan.

Sergio Scariolo appeared in the Netflix film Hustle'', produced by LeBron James and Adam Sandler, who was the co-star along with Juancho Hernangómez, which was released on 8 June 2022. In the movie, Scariolo portrayed himself as the head coach of Spanish national team.

Coaching record

|-
| align="left" |Scavolini Pesaro
| align="left" |1990–91
|18||10||8|||| align="center" |Lost in Semi-finals
|-
| align="left" |Teamsystem Bologna
| align="left" |1996–97
|31||22||9|||| align="center" |Lost in Quarter-finals
|-
| align="left" |Tau Cerámica
| align="left" |1996–97
|10||5||5|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Group stage
|-
| align="left" rowspan=3|Real Madrid
| align="left" |1999–00
|28||15||13|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" |2000–01
|15||10||5|||| align="center" |Lost in Quarter-finals
|-
| align="left" |2001–02
|20||12||8|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" rowspan=5|Unicaja Málaga
| align="left" |2003–04
|14||4||10|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Group stage
|-
| align="left" |2004–05
|14||6||8|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Group stage
|-
| align="left" |2005–06
|20||15||5|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" |2006–07
|25||14||11|||| align="center" |Lost in Semi-finals
|-
| align="left" |2007–08
|20||13||7|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" |BC Khimki
| align="left" |2009–10
|16||10||6|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" rowspan=2|EA7 Milano
| align="left" |2011–12
|16||7||9|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" |2012–13
|10||3||7|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Group stage
|-
| align="left" |Laboral Kutxa
| align="left" |2013–14
|24||11||13|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Top 16 Stage
|-
| align="left" |Virtus Segafredo Bologna
| align="left" |2022–23
|34||14||20|||| align="center" |Eliminated at Regular season
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan=2|Career||315||171||144||||

See also
List of FIBA EuroBasket winning head coaches
 List of foreign NBA coaches

References

External links

 Sergio Scariolo at acb.com
 Sergio Scariolo at euroleague.net
 Sergio Scariolo at legabasket.it

1961 births
Living people
Baloncesto Málaga coaches
BC Khimki coaches
Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna coaches
Italian basketball coaches
Italian expatriate basketball people in Canada
Italian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Italian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Liga ACB head coaches
Olimpia Milano coaches
Olympic coaches
Real Madrid basketball coaches
Saski Baskonia coaches
Sportspeople from Brescia
Toronto Raptors assistant coaches
Victoria Libertas Pesaro coaches
Olympic coaches for Spain


The following list provides information relating to the minimum wages (gross) of countries in Europe.

The calculations are based on the assumption of a 40-hour working week and a 52-week year, with the exceptions of France (35 hours), San Marino (37.5 hours), Belgium (38 hours), United Kingdom (38 hours), Germany (38 hours), Ireland (39 hours) and Monaco (39 hours). Most minimum wages are fixed at a monthly rate, but some countries set their minimum wage at an hourly rate or annual rate.

Maps

Net income
The map below shows monthly adult minimum (after tax, social charges & deductions) income; some countries have a lower rate for under-25-year-olds.

Countries marked on the map in dark red do not have a minimum wage.

Gross income
The map below shows monthly (before tax, social charges & deductions) minimum adult income; some countries have a lower rate for under-25-year-olds.

Countries marked on the map in dark red do not have a minimum wage.

The disparity between the gross and net income ratios, across countries, is given by the differences in national tax systems.

Minimum wages by country

Minimum wages by country (other countries)
Countries that have main territories in Asia, with small or no territories in Europe:

Minimum wages by country (other territories)
The following list includes states with limited recognition:

Countries with no minimum wage
In some countries, minimum wage has been replaced with another system to provide an income.

See Guaranteed minimum income and Basic income.

 (Except for 9 selected industries that have minimum wage set by law, to protect vulnerable workers.)

 (Except cantons of Basel-Stadt, Jura, Neuchâtel, Ticino, and Geneva)

For comparison

See also
 List of European Union member states by minimum wage
 List of European countries by average wage
 International organisations in Europe
 List of European countries by budget revenues per capita
 List of European countries by GNI (nominal) per capita
 List of minimum wages by country
 List of countries by GDP (nominal)
 List of countries by GDP (PPP)

References

External links
 Eurostat, Monthly minimum wages - bi-annual data
 Eurostat, Minimum wage statistics
 Google - public data: Minimum Wage in Europe

Minimum wage
EU


Emma Hamilton (born 13 November 1984) is an Australian actress. On television, she stars in the Seven drama RFDS (2021). She has also appeared as a series lead in the Nine Network drama thriller Hyde & Seek (2016), along with series regular roles as Anne Stanhope in the Showtime historical drama The Tudors (2009–2010), Rosie Dolly on the ITV/PBS period drama Mr Selfridge (2015), and in the ITV crime thriller Fearless (2017). Her films include the Australian drama Last Cab to Darwin (2015), which earned her an AACTA nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.

Background
Hamilton trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

Career
Hamilton made her television debut in the hit Showtime drama series The Tudors, portraying the sharp-tongued Anne Stanhope in seasons three and four. Her breakthrough role was in the highly acclaimed film Last Cab to Darwin in 2015, for which she was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the AACTA Awards. She is known for her roles in Mr Selfridge, Hyde & Seek and Mary: The Making of a Princess.

Notable feature films include the black comedy Whole Lotta Sole with Brendan Fraser by Oscar-winning director Terry George, and the action thriller The Cold Light of Day where she starred alongside Bruce Willis and Henry Cavill.

Hamilton won her first professional role in HBO's World War II film Into the Storm, produced by Ridley Scott, upon graduating drama school. Subsequently, she made her stage debut as Isabella Thorpe in an adaptation of Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey at the Salisbury Playhouse in September 2007. Her first major stage role followed in 2008 in the Royal Exchange Theatre's production of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie where she played Laura Wingfield opposite Brenda Blethyn, her portrayal described as "a haunting, heartbreaking performance". In 2010 she performed alongside Gemma Arterton and Stephen Dillane in the off-West End production of Ibsen's The Master Builder. Hamilton's leading performance in the title role of Ibsen's Hedda Gabler at the Royal & Derngate Theatre in 2012 was critically acclaimed.

In 2013 Hamilton joined the Royal Shakespeare Company playing Queen Isabella opposite David Tennant in Richard II (play), Gregory Doran's first production as artistic director. Richard II broke records as the fastest selling production in RSC history and when screened live to cinemas around the UK on 13 November 2013, played to an audience of over 60,000.

Hamilton returned to international screens as Eleanor, the malevolent red-headed half-sister of Porthos in the BBC's The Musketeers. She then went on to star in the romantic comedy Mary: The Making of a Princess in the title role of Mary Donaldson, the future Crown Princess of Denmark. The television biopic was the highest rating drama for the network for that year, earning praise as "fun...tearjerking film-making." Hamilton physically transformed herself for the role, dying her hair brunette and wearing brown contact lenses. In that year Hamilton also featured as Rosie Dolly (one of the infamous Dolly sisters), the blonde American love interest of Mr Selfridge in the fourth season of the period drama starring Jeremy Piven. In 2016 she starred in her first major series television lead role as ex-NZSIS agent Claire McKenzie in the crime thriller Hyde & Seek.

Film

Television

Theatre

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Actresses from Melbourne
Alumni of RADA
Australian emigrants to England
Australian expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom
Australian film actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian television actresses
British stage actresses
British film actresses
British television actresses
Australian expatriates in England


Minuscule 436 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 172 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th or 12th century.
Formerly it was labelled by 73a and 80p.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles on 165 parchment leaves () with only one lacuna (Epistle to Philemon). Written in one column per page, in 30 lines per page. The leaves are arranged in quarto.

It contains Prolegomena, lists of the  (tables of contents) before each book, Menaion, lectionary markings at the margin (for church reading), Synaxarion, Menologion, and stichoi.

The order of books: Acts, Catholic epistles, Pauline epistles (Hebrews, 1 Timothy).

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type with numerous allies reading. Aland placed it in Category III.

According to F. H. A. Scrivener it is an excellent manuscript. According to Gregory its text is good.

In Romans 8:1 it has singular reading Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα, majority of manuscripts reads Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.

In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μυστηριον along with 𝔓46, א, Α, C, 88, ita,r, syrp, copbo. Other manuscripts read μαρτυριον or σωτηριον.

In 1 Timothy 3:16 it has textual variant  (God manifested) (Sinaiticuse, A2, C2, Dc, K, L, P, Ψ, 81, 104, 181, 326, 330, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (he was manifested) supported by Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, Boernerianus, 33, 365, 442, 2127, ℓ 599.

In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 81 104 326; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν.

In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην — P, 81, 104, 629, 630, and 1985.

History

The manuscript was used by Caryophilus.
It was examined by Birch and Scholz. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).

Formerly it was labelled by 73a and 80p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 436 to it.

The codex is cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (NA26).

It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Vat. gr. 367) in Rome.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 M. Davies, The Text of the Pauline Epistles in MS. 2344 (Studies & Documents 38, 1968) collates 436 for Paul, and discusses its relationship with 330, 462, and especially 2344.

External links

 Minuscule 436 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts
Manuscripts of the Vatican Library


Arthur Plante,  (September 29, 1869 – January 31, 1927) was a lawyer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Beauharnois in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1898 to 1900, from 1908 to 1912 and from 1923 to 1927 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec, the son of Moïse Plante and Hermine Bergevin, and was educated in Valleyfield, at the Jesuit College in Montreal and at the Université Laval. Plante articled in law, was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1894 and practised in the Montreal and Beauharnois regions. In 1909, he was named King's Counsel. Plante was president of the Valleyfield Chamber of Commerce. He was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1898 by-election held after Élie-Hercule Bisson accepted an appointment as prothonotary. Plante was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1900 and 1904. Reelected in 1908, he was defeated in 1912. He was elected again in 1923 and died in office at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield at the age of 57.

His cousins Achille Bergevin and Célestin Bergevin also represented Beauharnois in the Quebec assembly.

References

Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
1869 births
1927 deaths
People from Salaberry-de-Valleyfield


Lisa Therese Hegertun Wiik (born 5 October 1979) is a Norwegian snowboarder from Trondheim.

Career
Wilk began competing on the Swatch TTR Tour in 1996. She finished tenth in the half pipe at the 2002 Winter Olympics. In 2008, she finished 11th on the Swatch TTR Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour). In 2009, she finished 2nd on the Swatch TTR Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour).

Competition Results
Swatch TTR 2008/2009 Season
1st - Slopestyle - 6Star Burton European Open - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
7th - Halfpipe - 6Star Burton European Open - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
4th - Slopestyle - 5Star Burton Canadian Open - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
3rd - Halfpipe - 5Star Burton Canadian Open - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
9th - Halfpipe - 6Star Burton US Open - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
12th - Slopestyle - 6Star Burton US Open - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
5th - Halfpipe - 6Star Roxy Chicken Jam - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)
3rd - Slopestyle - 6Star Roxy Chicken Jam - Ticket to Ride (World Snowboard Tour)

References
 Official Swatch TTR profile

Norwegian female snowboarders
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic snowboarders for Norway
1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Trondheim


Public Cemetery is 1967 South Korean horror film.

Plot
A mother murders the woman who married her son, only to have her return as a ghost to get revenge.

External links

South Korean horror films
1967 films
1967 horror films


Minuscule 437 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Απρ12 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.

Description

The codex contains only the text of the Acts of the Apostles on 257 parchment leaves () with a catena. The text is written in one column per page, in 24 lines per page.

Text
Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

History

Scrivener dated the manuscript to the 12th century, Gregory dated it to the 11th century.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).

The manuscript was examined by Birch and Scholz. It was designated by 74a. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

It is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Vat. gr. 760) in Rome.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

External links

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts
Manuscripts of the Vatican Library


Combined Aptitude Test (CAT) is an exam for admission into the courses MBBS, BDS, BE, B.Arch, MCA, MBA in colleges in Maharashtra, India. This exam should not be confused with Common Admission Test conducted by IIMs.

It was added to the selection procedure by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in civil services preliminary exams.

References

CAT/GATE Class

External links

Education in Maharashtra
Standardised tests in India
Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing


The 1996 AFC Youth Championship was held from 17 to 31 October 1996, in Seoul, South Korea. The tournament was won by for the eighth time by South Korea in the final against China PR.

Venues

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semifinal

Third-place match

Final

Winner

 South Korea, China PR, UAE, Japan qualified for 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship.

1996
1996
Youth
1996 in South Korean football
1996 in youth association football


Nobodies may refer to:

 The Nobodys (band), a Californian band
 The Nobodies (novel), a 2005 fantasy novel by N. E. Bode
 The Nobodies (song), a song from Marilyn Manson's 2000 album Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death)
Nobodies (TV series), an American comedy television series

See also
 Nobody (disambiguation)


Mariusz Wargocki (born 18 December 1970) of the TKN Tatra Team is a Polish ski mountaineer.

Wargocki lives in his hometown Zakopane. He started ski mountaineering in 1999 and competed first in a race in Štrbské Pleso in 2005.

Selected results
 2005:
 1st, Polish Cup
 2006:
 2nd, Polish Championship
 2nd, Polish Cup
 2009:
 8th, European Championship relay race (together with Szymon Zachwieja, Jacek Żebracki and Andrzej Bargiel)
 2010:
 10th ("ISMF men" ranking), Patrouille des Glaciers together with Jacek Żylka-Żebracki and Andrzej Bargiel

References

External links
 Mariusz Wargocki at Skimountaineering.org

1970 births
Living people
Polish male ski mountaineers
Skiers from Zakopane


The UWA World Lightweight Championship (Campeonato Mundial de Peso Ligero UWA in Spanish) is an inactive professional wrestling championship promoted by the Mexican wrestling promotion Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) from 1975 until some time around 2000 when Kato Kung Lee, Jr. stopped defending it. The official definition of the lightweight weight class in Mexico is between  and , but the weight limits are not always strictly adhered to. The first champion was El Matematico, winning the title in December 1975. When the UWA closed in 1995 the title was vacated, but 2 years later it was brought back as an Independent circuit title when Kato Kung Lee, Jr. won it.

As it was a professional wrestling championship, the championship was not won not by actual competition, but by a scripted ending to a match determined by the bookers and match makers. On occasion the promotion declares a championship vacant, which means there is no champion at that point in time. This can either be due to a storyline, or real life issues such as a champion suffering an injury being unable to defend the championship, or leaving the company.

Title history

Footnotes

References

External links
UWA World Lightweight Title

Lightweight wrestling championships
Universal Wrestling Association championships
World professional wrestling championships


Élie-Hercule Bisson (July 7, 1833 – May 28, 1907) was a notary and political figure in Quebec. He represented Beauharnois in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1873 to 1878, from 1886 to 1892 and from 1892 to 1889 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Saint-Rémi, Lower Canada, the son of Alexis Bisson and Esther Lonctin. Bisson was educated at the Collège de Montréal and, after articling as a notary, was admitted to practice in 1860. He practised at Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague from 1860 to 1876. In 1861, he married Virginie Rapin. He was recorder for the town of Beauharnois, secretary for Beauharnois County and served as mayor of Beauharnois in 1894 and 1895. Bisson was a director for the Beauharnois Junction Railway.

He was first elected to the Quebec assembly in an 1873 by-election held following the death of George-Étienne Cartier. Bisson was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1878. He was defeated by Moïse Plante in 1892 but then was elected in a by-election held later that year after Plante's death. In 1898, he resigned his seat to become prothonotary for Beauharnois district. He died in Beauharnois at the age of 73.

References

1833 births
1907 deaths
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec


Minuscule 438 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 211 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 452 parchment leaves () with only one lacunae (Matthew 1:6-15). The leaves of the manuscript were split in two volumes (211 + 241 leaves). The text is written in one column per page, in 18 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234, 16:9), with references to the Eusebian Canons (not subscribed).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, and pictures of Evangelists.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K1. Aland placed it in Category V.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the textual family Kx in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

History

The manuscript was written by Gregory, a monk who died in 1189. It once belonged to Anthony Askew (1722–1774) (as codices 439 and 443). It was examined by Bloomfield. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1883.

It is currently housed at the British Library (Add MSS 5111-5112) in London.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
12th-century biblical manuscripts


The bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, rabbits, and since the Middle Ages, for tracking people.  Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium, in French it is called, le chien de Saint-Hubert.

This breed is famed for its ability to discern human scent over great distances, even days later. Its extraordinarily keen sense of smell is combined with a strong and tenacious tracking instinct, producing the ideal scent hound, and it is used by police and law enforcement all over the world to track escaped prisoners, missing people, and lost pets.

Appearance

Bloodhounds weigh from 36 to 72 kg (80 to 160 lbs). They are 58 to 69 cm (23 to 27 inches) tall at the withers. According to the AKC standard for the breed, larger dogs are preferred by conformation judges. Acceptable colors for bloodhounds are black, liver, and red. Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat, typical for a scent hound, is hard and composed of fur alone, with no admixture of hair.

Temperament
This breed is reported to be gentle and is tireless when following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train and handle on a leash. Bloodhounds are known to have an affectionate and even-tempered nature to humans, with them considered to be excellent family pets.

Colour types

Up to at least the 17th century, Bloodhounds were of all colors, but in modern times the color range has become more restricted. The colors are usually listed as black and tan, liver and tan, and red. White is not uncommon on the chest and sometimes appears on the feet. Genetically, the main types are determined by the action of two genes, found in many species. One produces an alternation between black and brown (liver). If a hound inherits the black allele (variant) from either parent, it has a black nose, eye rims, and paw pads, and if it has a saddle, it is black. The other allele suppresses black pigment and is recessive, so it must be inherited from both parents. It produces liver noses, eye rims, paw pads, and saddles.

The second gene determines the coat pattern. It can produce animals with no saddle (essentially all-tan, but called 'red' in Bloodhounds), ones with saddle-marking, or ones largely covered with darker (black or liver) pigment, except for tan lips, eyebrows, forechest, and lower legs. These last are sometimes referred to as 'blanket' or 'full-coat' types. In a pioneering study in 1969, Dennis Piper suggested five alleles in the pattern-marking gene, producing variants from the red or saddleless hound through three different types of progressively greater saddle marking to the 'blanket' type. However, more modern study attributes the variation to three different alleles of the agouti gene.  Ay produces the non saddle-marked "red" hound, As produces saddle-marking, and at produces the blanket or full-coated hound.  Of these Ay  is dominant, and at is recessive to the others. The interaction of these variants of the two genes produces the six basic types shown below.

Another source does not recognise as as a separate variant. Instead, it says "at includes tan point and saddle tan, both of which look tan point at birth. Modifier genes in saddle tan puppies cause a gradual reduction of the black area until the saddle tan pattern is achieved." 'Tan point' refers to the blanket type from the typical tan eyebrows, muzzle, and socks.

It is likely that a third gene determines whether or not there is a melanistic mask. Em, the allele for a mask, is dominant over E, the allele for no mask.

Health

Illnesses
Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds suffer an unusually high rate of gastrointestinal ailments, with gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat) being the most common type of gastrointestinal problem. The breed also suffers an unusually high incidence of eye, skin, and ear ailments; thus these areas should be inspected frequently for signs of developing problems. Owners should be especially aware of the signs of bloat, which is both the most common illness and the leading cause of death of Bloodhounds. The thick coat gives the breed the tendency to overheat quickly.

Lifespan
Bloodhounds in a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey had a median longevity of 6.75 years, which makes them one of the shortest-lived dog breeds. The oldest of the 82 deceased dogs in the survey died at the age of 12.1 years. Bloat took 34% of the animals, making it the most common cause of death in Bloodhounds. The second leading cause of death in the study was cancer, at 27%; this percentage is similar to other breeds, but the median age of death was unusually young (median of about 8 years). In a 2013 survey, the average age at death for 14 Bloodhounds was 8.25 years.

History

Chien de Saint-Hubert

The St. Hubert Hound was, according to legend, first bred ca. AD 1000 by monks at the Saint-Hubert Monastery in Belgium; its likely origins are in France, home of many of modern hounds. It is held to be the ancestor of several other breeds, like the extinct Norman Hound, and Saintongeois, and the modern Grand Bleu de Gascogne, Gascon Saintongeois, Ariegeois and Artois Normande, as well as the Bloodhound. It has been suggested that it was a dog of mixed breeding, not at all uniform in type.

Whether they originated there, or what their ancestry was, is uncertain, but from ca. 1200, the monks of the Abbey of St. Hubert annually sent several pairs of black hounds as a gift to the King of France. They were not always highly thought of in the royal pack. Charles IX 1550–74, preferred his white hounds and the larger Chiens-gris, and wrote that the St. Huberts were suitable for people with gout to follow, but not for those who wished to shorten the life of the hunted animal. He described them as pack hounds of medium stature, long in the body, not well sprung in the ribs, and of no great strength. Writing in 1561, Jaques du Fouilloux describes them as strong of body, but with low, short legs. He says they have become mixed in breeding so that they are now of all colors and widely distributed. Charles described the 'true race' of St. Hubert as black, with red/tawny marks above the eyes and legs usually of the same color, suggesting a 'blanket' black and tan (see the section on colour types above). To De Fouilloux, the 'pure black' was the best of this mixed breed. Both writers thought them only useful as leash hounds. They both refer to a white hound, also a St. Hubert, which by their time had disappeared, having been interbred with another white hound, the greffier, to produce the king's preferred pack hound, sometimes called le chien blanc du roi, "the white dog of the king".

They appear to have been more highly thought of during the reign of Henry IV (1553–1610), who presented a pack to James I of England. By the end of the reign of Louis XIV (1715), they were already rare. In 1788, D'Yauville, who was master of the Royal hounds, says those sent by the St. Hubert monks, once much prized, had degenerated, and scarcely one of the annual gift of six or eight was kept.

Upon the French Revolution of 1789, the gifts ceased, and hunting in France went into a decline until the end of the Napoleonic wars. When it recovered during the 19th century, huntsmen, with many breeds to choose from, seem to have had little interest in the St. Hubert. An exception was Baron Le Couteulx de Canteleu, who tried to find them. He reported that there were hardly any in France, and those in the Ardennes were so crossbred that they had lost the characteristics of the breed.

Writers on the Bloodhound in the last two centuries generally agreed that the original St. Hubert strain died out in the 19th century, and that the European St. Hubert owes its present existence to the development of the Bloodhound.

Bloodhound

References to Bloodhounds first appear in English writing in the early to mid-14th century, in contexts that suggest the breed was well established by then. It is often claimed that its ancestors were brought over from Normandy by William the Conqueror, but there is no actual evidence for this. That the Normans brought hounds from Europe during the post-Conquest period is virtually certain, but whether they included the Bloodhound itself, rather than merely its ancestors, is a matter of dispute that probably cannot be resolved on the basis of surviving evidence.

In Medieval hunting, the typical use of the Bloodhound was as a 'limer', or 'lyam hound', that is a dog handled on a leash or 'lyam', to find the hart or boar before it was hunted by the pack hounds (raches). It was prized for its ability to hunt the cold scent of an individual animal, and, though it did not usually take part in the kill, it was given a special reward from the carcass.

It also seems that from the earliest times the Bloodhound was used to track people. There are stories written in medieval Scotland of Robert the Bruce (in 1307), and William Wallace (1270–1305) being followed by 'sleuth hounds'. Whether true or not, these stories show that the sleuth hound was already known as a man-trailer, and it later becomes clear that the sleuth hound and the Bloodhound were the same animal.

In the 16th century, John Caius, in the most important single source in the history of the Bloodhound, describes its hanging ears and lips, its use in game parks to follow the scent of blood, which gives it its name, its ability to track thieves and poachers by their foot scent, how it casts if it has lost the scent when thieves cross water, and its use on the Scottish borders to track cross-border raiders, known as Border Reivers. This links it to the sleuth hound, and from Caius also comes the information that the English Bloodhound and the sleuth hound were essentially the same, though the Bloodhound was slightly bigger, with more variation in coat color.

The adjacent picture was published in Zurich in 1563, in Conrad Gesner's Thierbuch (a compendium of animals) with the captions: 'Englischen Blüthund' and 'Canis Sagax Sanguinarius apud Anglos' (English scent hound with associations of blood). It was drawn by, or under the supervision of, John Caius, and sent to Gesner with other drawings to illustrate his descriptions of British dogs for European readers. It is thus the earliest known picture published specifically to demonstrate the appearance of the Bloodhound. We are told it was done from life, and detail such as the soft hang of the ear indicates it was carefully observed. Fully accurate or not, it suggests changes between the Bloodhound of then and today. The collar and long coiled rope reflect the Bloodhound's typical functions as a limer or leashed man-trailer in that period.

The earliest known report of a trial of the Bloodhound's trailing abilities comes from the scientist Robert Boyle, who described how a Bloodhound tracked a man seven miles along a route frequented by people, and found him in an upstairs room of a house.

With the rise of fox hunting, the decline of deer hunting, and the extinction of the wild boar in Great Britain, as well as a more settled state of society, the use of the Bloodhound diminished. It was kept by the aristocratic owners of a few deer parks and by a few enthusiasts, with some variation in type, until its popularity began to increase again with the rise of dog shows in the 19th century. Numbers, however, have remained low in Britain. Very few survived the Second World War, but the gene pool has gradually been replenished with imports from America. Nevertheless, because of UK quarantine restrictions, importing was expensive and difficult throughout the 20th century, and in the post-war period exports to the US, and to Europe where the population had also been affected by the war, considerably exceeded imports.

During the later 19th century, numbers of Bloodhounds were imported from Britain by French enthusiasts, who regretted the extinction of the ancient St. Hubert. They wished to re-establish it, using the Bloodhound, which, despite its developments in Britain, they regarded as the St. Hubert preserved unchanged. Many of the finest specimens were bought and exhibited and bred in France as Chiens de Saint-Hubert, especially by Le Couteulx de Canteleu, who himself bred over 300. Whatever few original St. Huberts remained either died out or were absorbed into the new population. As a result, the Bloodhound became known on parts of the Continent as the Chien de Saint-Hubert. In the mid-20th century, the Brussels-based FCI accepted the claim of Belgium to be the country of origin. There are now annual celebrations in the town of Saint-Hubert, in which handlers in period dress parade their hounds. In Britain, the Bloodhound has continued to be seen as a native breed, with European St. Huberts being accepted by the UK KC as Bloodhounds.

In Le Couteulx' book of 1890, we read that 'Le Chien de St Hubert actuel' is very big, from 69 cm to 80 cm (27½–31½in) high. This does not accord with the 16th century descriptions of the St. Hubert given above, nor with the FCI standard, but the idea that the St. Hubert is much bigger (up to 91.5 cm, 36 in) than the Bloodhound persisted well into the 20th century, even among some St. Hubert enthusiasts.

When the first Bloodhounds were exported to the US is not known. Bloodhounds were used to track runaway slaves before the American Civil War, but it has been questioned whether the dogs used were genuine Bloodhounds. However, in the later part of the 19th century, and in the next, more pure Bloodhounds were introduced from Britain and bred in America, especially after 1888, when the English breeder, Edwin Brough, brought three of his hounds to exhibit at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in New York City. He went into partnership with Mr. J. L. Winchell who, with other Americans, imported more stock from Britain. Bloodhounds in America have been more widely used in tracking lost people and criminals – often with brilliant success – than in Britain, and the history of the Bloodhound in America is full of the man-trailing exploits of outstanding Bloodhounds and their expert handlers, the most famous hound being Nick Carter. Law enforcement agencies have been much involved in the use of Bloodhounds, and there is a National Police Bloodhound Association, originating in 1962.

In Britain, there have been instances from time to time of the successful use of the Bloodhound to track criminals or missing people. However, man-trailing is enjoyed as a sport by British Bloodhound owners, through national working trials, and this enthusiasm has spread to Europe. In addition, while the pure Bloodhound is used to hunt singly, Bloodhound packs use Bloodhounds crossed with foxhounds to hunt the human scent.

Meanwhile, the Bloodhound has become widely distributed internationally, though numbers are small in most countries, with more in the US than anywhere else. Following the spread of the Bloodhound from Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries, imports and exports and, increasingly, artificial insemination, are maintaining the world population as a common breeding stock, without a great deal of divergence in type in different countries.

During the late 19th century, Bloodhounds were frequent subjects for artists such as Edwin Landseer and Briton Riviere; the dogs depicted are close in appearance to modern Bloodhounds, indicating that the essential character of the Bloodhound predates modern dog breeding. However, the dogs depicted by Landseer show less wrinkles and haws than modern dogs.

Origin issues
Throughout most of its history the Bloodhound was seen as a dog of English or Anglo-Scottish origin, either of unknown ancestry, or, more recently, as developed in part from the St. Hubert. It was only in the 19th century that it was claimed, primarily by Le Couteulx, to be the St. Hubert itself. Medieval hunting pictures show raches and limers, of the general sagax type, with hanging ears and lips, but not having the specific characteristics of the Bloodhound. 16th century descriptions of the St. Hubert as short-legged, and only medium-sized have led to speculation that the main European antecedent of the Bloodhound was rather the Norman hound, which was very large, than the St. Hubert.

Others, such as the sleuth hound, the Talbot Hound, the dun hound and the Southern Hound, as well as pack hounds, have also been supposed to have contributed to its make-up. Some writers doubt whether anything certain can be said about specific breed ancestry beyond the last few centuries. The picture given by Le Couteulx and D'Yauville of the St. Hubert was that it changed considerably through mixed breeding, and perhaps degenerated, before its disappearance, while the Bloodhound which replaced it preserved its original character. However, it is apparent from 16th century pictures that the Bloodhound itself has changed considerably.

The modern St. Hubert is the English Bloodhound, in descent and type. Generally, national and regional variants of hounds, terriers, spaniels, etc. have been recognised as separate breeds, France in particular having many regional breeds of hound; the Bloodhound's identification as the St. Hubert makes it an anomaly in this respect. Whether the Bloodhound is British or Belgian in origin is ultimately not something one can prove historically, depending as it does on whether one chooses to regard two related animals differing in tradition, and history, and somewhat in type, as separate breeds, or variants of the same one.

Breed standard
Descriptions of the desirable physical qualities of a hunting hound go back to medieval books on hunting. All dogs used in the hunting field were 'gentle', that is of good breeding (not necessarily pure breeding), and parents were carefully chosen to maintain and improve conformation. In 1896, making some use of wording found in earlier descriptions, Edwin Brough and Dr. J. Sidney Turner published Points and Characteristics of the Bloodhound or Sleuth-Hound.  This was adopted by the newly formed Association of Bloodhound Breeders, and ultimately became, with very little change, the 'official' breed standard of the KC and the AKC.

Meanwhile, the Belgian or Dutch Comte Henri de Bylandt, or H A Graaf van Bylandt, published Races des Chiens in 1897, a huge and very important illustrated compilation of breed descriptions, or standards. In this French edition, the Bloodhound appears as the Chien de St. Hubert, although the pictures illustrating the standard are all of British Bloodhounds, many of them those of Edwin Brough. The book was revised and reprinted in four languages in 1904, and in this edition the English text of the standard is that of the Association of Bloodhound Breeders, while the French text is closely based on it. However, the present FCI standard uses a quite different layout and wording.

The AKC standard has hardly been altered from the original of 1896, the principal change being that the colours, 'black and tan', 'red and tan', and 'tawny', have been renamed as 'black and tan', 'liver and tan', and 'red', but the British KC has made considerable changes. Some of these were simply matters of presentation and did not affect content. However, responding to the view that the requirements of some breed standards were potentially detrimental to the health or well-being of the animal, changes have been made affecting the required eye shape and the loose skin, the most recent revision being 2008–9.

Etymology
The word 'bloodhound' is recorded from c. 1330. Most recent accounts say that its etymological meaning is 'hound of pure or noble blood'. This derives from an original suggestion of Le Couteulx de Canteleu in the 19th century, which has been enthusiastically and uncritically espoused by later writers, perhaps because it absolved this undoubtedly good-natured dog from suggestions of bloodthirstiness. Neither Le Couteulx nor anyone since has offered any historical evidence to support this view. The suggestion sometimes seen that the word derives from 'blooded hound' is without basis, as the expression does not appear in early English, and 'blooded' in this meaning is not found before the late 18th century.

Before then, 'bloodhound' had been taken to mean, 'hound for blood', or 'blood-seeking hound'. This was the explanation put forward by John Caius, who was one of the most learned men of his time, and had an interest in etymology, in the 16th century. It is supported by considerable historical linguistic evidence, which can be gleaned from such sources as the Oxford English Dictionary (OED): the fact that first uses of the word 'blood' to refer to good breeding in an animal postdate the first use of 'bloodhound'; that other comparable uses, as in 'blood horse' and 'blood stock' appear many centuries later; and that derogatory uses of the word 'bloodhound', which any suggestion of noble breeding would sadly weaken, appear from as early as c. 1400. Other early sources tell us that hounds were supposed to have an interest in blood, and that the Bloodhound was used to follow the trail of a wounded animal.  In the absence of anything in early usage, or any historical evidence whatsoever, to support the modern explanation, the older must be regarded as correct.

Working the Bloodhound

Scenting ability
The Bloodhound's physical characteristics account for its ability to follow a scent trail left several days in the past. The olfactory bulb in dogs is roughly 40 times bigger than the olfactory bulb in humans, relative to total brain size, with 125 to 220 million olfactory receptors. Consequently, dogs have an olfactory sense 40 times more sensitive than that of a human. In some dog breeds, such as Bloodhounds, the olfactory sense has nearly 300 million receptors.

The large, long pendent ears serve to prevent wind from scattering nearby skin cells while the dog's nose is on the ground; the folds of wrinkled flesh under the lips and neck—called the shawl—serve to catch stray scent particles in the air or on a nearby branch as the Bloodhound is scenting, reinforcing the scent in the dog's memory and nose. However, not all agree that the long ears and loose skin are functional, some regarding them as a handicap.

Human trailing
There are many accounts of Bloodhounds successfully following trails many hours, and even several days old,  the record being of a family found dead in Oregon, in 1954, over 330 hours after they had gone missing. The Bloodhound is generally used to follow the individual scent of a fugitive or lost person, taking the scent from a 'scent article' – something the quarry is known to have touched, which could be an item of clothing, a car seat, an identified footprint, etc. Many Bloodhounds will follow the drift of scent a good distance away from the actual footsteps of the quarry, which can enable them to cut corners and reach the end of the trail more quickly. In America, sticking close to the footsteps is called 'tracking', while the freer method is known as 'trailing' (in the UK, 'hunting'), and is held to reflect the Bloodhound's concentration on the individual human scent, rather than that of, say, vegetation crushed by the feet of the quarry. If the scent is lost, a good Bloodhound persistently casts about to recover it. The Bloodhound is handled on a tracking harness, which has a metal ring above the shoulders, to which a leash is attached, so that the hound's neck is not jerked up when the leash becomes taut, as it would with a collar. The leash is at least long enough to allow the hound to cross freely in front of the handler, some handlers preferring quite a short leash, giving better communication with the hound, others liking something longer, maybe .

Training
It is generally agreed that the basis of initial training is to make the experience enjoyable for the puppy or young hound to keep their enthusiasm high. Whitney preferred waiting until the hound is 18 months old, to start training, but others start as young as possible; say, three months. Training can be started by running short trails on a family member whom the puppy sees walk away, at first remaining visible, and later going out of sight. Even though familiar with the scent of the 'runner', the dog can be given a scent article to sniff, and given the command to follow. The dog can also be introduced to the tracking harness, which is put on just before the trail starts, and removed as soon as it is finished. On reaching the runner, the puppy is given lavish praise and perhaps a reward. Generally in training, the handler must know exactly where the runner went, so that the handler does not encourage the hound to go the wrong way, or 'correct' the hound when the hound is on the scent; however, the handler should not be too ready with corrections if the hound goes astray, or the hound may come to rely on the handler too much. The handler should give the hound time to realise their mistake and put themselves right, if possible. As training progresses the handler learns to 'read' the hound's behaviour. The hound must trust their own nose and the handler must trust the hound. From early hot trails on a familiar person, the young hound progresses to colder trails on the scents of strangers. Later training can be designed to teach particular lessons: crossing trails with false scents, having the runner start out with a companion, who leaves the runner somewhere along the trail, laying a trail on ground frequented by wild animals. This will teach the hound not to change on to other humans, or riot on animal scents (known as 'staying clean' [US], or 'freedom from change' [UK]). The hound also needs to work over a variety of ground and learn to cope with distractions of many kinds, as well as being introduced to 'negative trails': given a scent article which has not been handled by anyone in the area, so that the hound will learn to indicate to a handler that the required scent is not there. If the hound is becoming discouraged they can revert to simpler tasks to recover enthusiasm.

Identification
Canine identification of a suspect can help police with their inquiries, and evidence of identification is accepted in some courts. The most approved method of identification is for the hound to jump up, and place its paws on the subject's chest. In the case of a lost person or a known fugitive identification will not be significant, and in the case of a potentially violent, possibly armed, fugitive, a Bloodhound handler will not want their dog to approach the quarry for fear of injury to the Bloodhound. Many Bloodhounds reaching the end of a trail will show no interest in the person they have been trailing, and are difficult to train to identify. Leon Whitney recommended a method of initial training in which identification was the first thing learned, based on giving the young hound a scent article from someone who walks a very short distance out of sight into a barn, where they stand with a piece of liver, while another person, also smelling of liver, stands nearby. The hound is led along the 'trail', and if they show an inclination to go to the wrong person, they are chastised, but they get the liver if they go to the right one. When the hound goes to the right person almost infallibly, the number of people is increased, making the choice more difficult, and eventually the brief walks are extended into full trails.

Voice
A common misconception is that Bloodhounds are employed in packs; while this is sometimes the case in Britain, where foxhound blood is mixed into them to increase speed, in North America, Bloodhounds are used as solitary trackers. When they are on a trail, they are usually silent and do not give voice as do other scent hounds. The original use of the Bloodhound as a leash-hound, to find but not disturb animals, would require silent trailing.

Nevertheless, the Bloodhound bay is among the most impressive of hound voices. When hunting in a pack, they are expected to be in full cry. They are more likely to 'give tongue,' 'throw their tongue,' or 'speak' when hunting in a pack than when hunting singly, and more when hunting free than when on the leash. The quality of 'speaking to the line', that is giving tongue when on the correct scent while remaining silent when off it, is valued in British Bloodhound circles, on aesthetic grounds and because it makes it very easy to 'read' the hound's tracking behaviour. As a result, special trophies for speaking to the correct line are on offer at British working trials (where hounds hunt singly), although rarely awarded.

Trials in Britain

Bloodhound Working Trials, first held in 1898, take place in Britain four times a year, under Kennel Club rules, organised by either the Association of Bloodhound Breeders , or The Bloodhound Club. They are run over farm land by permission of the landowners. A line walker (runner) is given a map, and sets off to follow a course marked on it, leaving a scent article ('smeller') attached to a flag marking the beginning of the trail. A hound and its handler start a set time later, and try to follow the trail, while the judge, equipped with a copy of the map, follows behind assessing their performance. When each of the entered hounds has completed a trail, the judge picks a winner. There are a series of 'stakes' of increasing difficulty, the simplest being 1 mile long, ½ an hour cold, and the hardest 3 miles long, 2 hours cold. On winning a stake, a hound moves up to the next one. Hounds may work unleashed if they have passed a test showing they will not bother livestock, especially sheep. Special prizes are on offer for identification and voice ('speaking to the line'). The best hounds may be invited to take part in special stakes, the most difficult being 3 miles long, 24 hours cold.

Bloodhound packs

The medieval Bloodhound was not primarily a pack hound, but a leash hound, though there may have been packs in different places or at different times. Up to the 19th century, a single hound or a brace was used on deer parks, to find deer for the gun. However, mid-century two packs appeared, that of Thomas Neville, who hunted in the New Forest area, and who preferred very black hounds, and that of Lord Wolverton.

Both of these hunted semi-domesticated deer ('carted deer'), which were recaptured on being brought to bay and returned home. It was said of Lord Wolverton's hounds that he found it difficult to get them to hunt as a pack, because each liked to follow the scent on his own. Eventually, many were sold to Le Couteulx de Canteleu and taken to France.

Around the start of the 20th century, several packs existed briefly, following either deer, or the 'clean boot' – individual human scent without any enhancement such as animal blood or aniseed. Since the Second World War there have been several packs, including that of Eric Furness, who introduced a cross to a Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhound into his Peak Bloodhounds.

Generally, masters of Bloodhounds since then maintain a level of out-cross breeding in their packs to improve speed and agility, while retaining Bloodhound type. These packs hunt the clean boot and are followed by a field on horseback.

Noteworthy Bloodhounds
Grafton was the Bloodhound in Landseer's famous painting Dignity and Impudence. Both dogs in the picture belonged to Jacob Bell.

Mr. T. A. Jennings' Ch Druid, known as 'Old Druid' was the first Bloodhound champion. Born in 1857, he was later bought by Emperor Napoleon III for his son, Prince Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, and taken to France. Photographs of him, of another famous hound, Cowen's Druid, and a bitch named Countess, appear in a rare book from 1865 in the British Library, and may be the oldest photographs of Bloodhounds to have survived.

A Bloodhound named Nick Carter is frequently cited as the archetype of the trailing Bloodhound and the extensive publicity this dog received may be the source of much Bloodhound-related folklore. Born in 1900, Nick Carter was owned and handled by Captain G. V. Mullikin of Lexington, Kentucky; he is credited with more than 650 finds, including one that required him to follow a trail 300 hours old; that is, 12 days.

Ch. Heathers Knock on Wood, known as Knotty, was one of the most awarded Bloodhounds of all time. He received more Best-in-Shows than any other Bloodhound, and is the first liver-and-tan Bloodhound ever to win a Best-in-Show. Knotty was awarded Best-in-Show at the Eukanuba Tournament in 2005 and won the Hound Group in the Westminster Kennel Club Show the same year. Knotty's offspring have also been show dogs, and as a result of many of his puppies receiving the title of "Champion" by the AKC, Knotty was inducted into the AKC's Stud Dog Hall of Fame. He died in the spring of 2008, from a rattlesnake's bite, which he suffered while trying to protect his owner from the snake.

On the popular 1960s sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies, veteran canine actor Stretch portrayed Jed Clampett's Bloodhound, Duke.

Ladybird on the popular animated sitcom King of the Hill is a purebred Georgia Bloodhound belonging to the Hill family.

The US Army 615th Military Police Company's mascot is a Bloodhound named for the company's pet and mascot during Vietnam named Andy.

McGruff the Crime Dog is the mascot of the US National Crime Prevention Council.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds
 Dog type
 Hunting the Clean Boot
 Northern (North Country Beagle) and Southern Hounds

References

Further reading
 Barwick, M.  Aspects of Bloodhound History
 Boitard, Jean-Pierre, Le Chien de Saint-Hubert, éditions Artémis 2002.
 Dalziel, Hugh.  British Dogs Ch IX

External links

 "Training Bloodhounds for Police Work". Popular Science, June 1942, pp. 117–119.
 Dalziel, Hugh: British Dogs 1879

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Belgium
Scent hounds
Dog breeds originating in England
Dog breeds originating in Scotland
Dog breeds originating in France
Hunting with hounds


Lord John William Grey is a fictional character created by Diana Gabaldon. He is a recurring secondary character in Gabaldon's Outlander series of novels, and the main character of the Lord John series of historical mystery novels and novellas. Secretly homosexual "in a time when that particular predilection could get one hanged", the character has been called "one of the most complex and interesting" of the hundreds of characters in Gabaldon's Outlander novels.

Outlander series
Grey first appears in the second Outlander novel Dragonfly in Amber (1992) as a 16-year-old English soldier who chances upon Jamie and Claire Fraser on the eve of the Battle of Prestonpans. Recognizing Jamie as a wanted rebel and presuming Claire to be his prisoner, Grey attempts to save her. Using the threat of harm to Claire, Jamie tricks Grey into revealing information about the nearby British forces, and spares the boy's life.

In Voyager (1994), a mortally injured Jamie is saved from execution as a traitor after the Battle of Culloden in 1746 by Harold Grey, Earl of Melton, as repayment for sparing the younger Grey. Jamie is sent home to Lallybroch to die, but recovers, and goes into hiding. Years later in 1753 he allows himself to be caught, and is placed in Ardsmuir Prison. An adult Lord John Grey is named the new governor of the prison in 1755, and the two form an awkward friendship, which is complicated by Grey's unrequited attraction to Jamie. Grey eventually paroles Jamie at Helwater, the country estate of the Dunsany family, in 1756. Jamie secretly fathers a son with Geneva Dunsany named William, who is raised as the son of Geneva's husband, Lord Ellesmere, after Geneva and Ellesmere's deaths. Jamie decides to leave Helwater in 1764 as the boy's resemblance to him becomes increasingly apparent, and Grey becomes William's stepfather by marrying the boy's aunt and guardian, Isobel Dunsany. A grateful Jamie offers himself to Grey, who declines, but Jamie kisses him. Years later, Grey and Jamie are reunited in Jamaica, where Grey is serving as governor.

The character makes subsequent appearances in Drums of Autumn (1997), A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005), An Echo in the Bone (2009), and Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014), as well as in The Fiery Cross (2001) by way of a series of letters to Jamie and his family.

Television adaptation

Outlander, a television adaptation of Gabaldon's series, premiered on Starz in August 2014, with each season based on a novel in the sequence. The introduction of Grey in the series was confirmed by Executive Producer Ronald D. Moore in March 2015.

Casting
The casting of Oscar Kennedy in the role was announced on Twitter in November 2015. Kennedy portrays a young Grey in the 2016 season two episode "Je Suis Prest", adapting the character's appearance in Dragonfly in Amber.

In August 2016, Starz announced that David Berry had been cast as the adult Grey for season three of the series, which adapts Voyager. A photo of Berry as Grey was released in July 2017, prior to the season's debut in September 2017. He debuted in the 2017 episode "All Debts Paid", and made appearances through season five. In May 2020, Berry made a post on Twitter that many took to mean that he would not be returning to Outlander after the fifth season finale. However, it was only the character who did not return for the sixth season, and Berry did reprise the role in season seven.

Season two
In "Je Suis Prest", young John William Grey, second son of Viscount Melton, encounters Highland warrior Jamie Fraser and his wife Claire in Scotland near where his British regiment is camped. In the mistaken belief that Claire is an English prisoner of the Highlanders, Grey tries to "save" her; Jamie subdues him but spares his life. Information gleaned by Jamie from the encounter helps the Jacobites defeat the British forces at the Battle of Prestonpans.

Unlike in the novel, it is Claire who initiates the ruse of Jamie threatening her to coerce Grey. Pri Figueiredo of Moviepilot called the change "a wasted opportunity to show viewers that Jamie Fraser is more than a bulky and sensual sex toy for Claire", but Terri Schwartz of IGN wrote that "Lord John William Grey's first appearance did not disappoint, and it did a great job establishing who he is as a character without overplaying his future importance."

Season three
As in Voyager, the season three episode "All Debts Paid" finds an adult Grey as the new governor of Ardsmuir Prison, where Jamie has been incarcerated. Years later, Grey arranges for Jamie's parole at the country estate Helwater. He eventually becomes the stepfather of Jamie's illegitimate son Willie, who is being raised as an earl, in "Of Lost Things". Later in "The Bakra', Grey and Jamie are reunited in Jamaica, where Grey is governor and Jamie is seeking his missing nephew, Young Ian. Jamie is arrested in "Eye of the Storm", but Grey is able to release him due to a lack of evidence of Jamie's alleged crimes.

Season four
In the season four episode "Blood of My Blood", Grey and Willie visit Jamie and Claire in Fraser's Ridge, their homestead in North Carolina. While Jamie gets to know Willie, Claire nurses Grey, who has contracted measles. He grieves his late wife Isobel, and admits to Claire his lingering attraction to Jamie. Jamie is pained to see Grey and Willie leave. In "If Not For Hope", Grey is a dinner guest of Jamie's aunt Jocasta MacKenzie Cameron. He meets Claire and Jamie's daughter Brianna, and learns that she is unmarried and pregnant. Brianna later spies Grey having sex with another male guest, Judge Alderdyce. Knowing an unwanted suitor plans to propose, Brianna asks Grey to marry her, believing she will be safe with him. He refuses, but then relents when he realizes how much she needs him to help her.

Season five
Grey attends Brianna's wedding to Roger Mackenzie in "The Fiery Cross". He tells Jamie that Stephen Bonnet, the convicted criminal who raped Brianna, is not dead as they believed, and has been sighted in Wilmington, North Carolina. Brianna overhears. Grey later attends the wedding of Jamie's aunt, Jocasta Cameron, in "Better to Marry Than Burn". Grey visits Claire and Jamie in "Journeycake" with news that William's grandfather Lord Dunsany has died, leaving William as heir to Helwater. Grey leaves a portrait of the boy with Jamie. Grey tells Brianna he is taking Jocasta's manservant Ulysses, a former slave, with him back to England.

Lord John series

Most notably, Grey is also featured in his own Lord John series of historical mystery novels and shorter works that all take place between 1756 and 1761, during the events of Voyager. When Gabaldon was invited to write a short story for the 1998 British anthology Past Poisons: An Ellis Peters Memorial Anthology of Historical Crime, she was interested in the challenge of writing a shorter work but hesitant to use any of the main characters from the Outlander series for fear of creating "a stumbling block in the growth of the next novel." The Lord Grey character came to mind.

That first Lord John story became Lord John and the Hellfire Club (1998); it was well-received and Gabaldon decided that she would write more Grey-centric tales in her spare time. Her next attempt was a larger manuscript that secured the author a deal for three full Grey novels: Lord John and the Private Matter (2003), Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade (2007) and The Scottish Prisoner (2011). Gabaldon would also write five additional Lord John novellas between 2003 and 2011. The Lord John spin-off series currently consists of six novellas and three novels. Though they and the main Outlander books can be understood independently of each other, according to Gabaldon there are events in each that will be more thoroughly understood having read both series. They can be generally categorized as historical mysteries, and the three novels are shorter and focus on fewer plot threads than the main Outlander books.

 Lord John and the Hellfire Club (1998), a novella. Originally published in the 1998 British anthology Past Poisons: An Ellis Peters Memorial Anthology of Historical Crime (edited by Maxim Jakubowski), as well as by Bantam Dell as Lord John and the Hell-Fire Club in a "Complimentary Collector's Special Edition" the same year. It was later included in the Lord John and the Hand of Devils collection (2007).
 Lord John and the Private Matter (2003), a novel. Published by Delacorte Press on September 30, 2003. Though Gabaldon had intended it to be a novella, Private Matter came in at 320 pages and secured the author a deal for two additional full Grey novels, Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade (2007) and The Scottish Prisoner (2011).
 Lord John and the Succubus (2003), a novella. Originally published in the 2003 Del Rey Books anthology Legends II: New Short Novels by the Masters of Modern Fantasy (edited by Robert Silverberg), and later collected in Lord John and the Hand of Devils (2007).
 Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade (2007), a novel. Published by Delacorte Press on August 28, 2007.
 Lord John and the Haunted Soldier (2007), a novella. Published in the 2007 Delacorte Press collection Lord John and the Hand of Devils alongside previously-published novellas Lord John and the Hellfire Club (1998) and Lord John and the Succubus (2003). As Haunted Soldier is a direct follow-up to her novel Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade, Gabaldon pushed the publication of the Hand of Devils collection until after the novel's release.
 The Custom of the Army (2010), a novella. First published in the 2010 Tor Books fantasy anthology Warriors, edited by George R.R. Martin and Gardner Dozois. In May 2012 it became available as a standalone eBook, and was later included in A Trail of Fire,  an Outlander collection released in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand in late 2012 and released in the United States and Canada in 2014. It was later collected in Seven Stones to Stand or Fall (2017).
 The Scottish Prisoner (2011), a novel. Published by Delacorte Press on November 29, 2011.
 Lord John and the Plague of Zombies (2011), a novella. First published in the 2011 Ace Books urban fantasy anthology Down These Strange Streets, edited by George R.R. Martin and Gardner Dozois. In April 2013 it became available as a standalone eBook titled A Plague of Zombies, and was later included in A Trail of Fire, an Outlander collection released in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand in late 2012 and expected to be released in the United States and Canada in early 2014. The novella was nominated for an Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America, for the “Best Short Mystery Story” of 2011.
 Besieged (2017), a novella. Published in the 2017 Gabaldon collection Seven Stones to Stand or Fall.

With the TV series adaptation of Gabaldon's Outlander series premiering on Starz in 2014, Executive Producer Ronald D. Moore was asked in March 2015 about the possibility of a Lord John series. He said, "It's in the back of our minds as a potential thing, but right now our minds are pretty firmly set on just delivering the second season. We'll see what happens down the line on Lord Grey."

Character overview
Lord John Grey himself has been called one of Gabaldon's "most complex and interesting" Outlander characters. Publishers Weekly notes Grey to be "a competent and likable sleuth" and a " soldier-hero with secrets of his own." Comfortable with his sexuality but necessarily "discreet", Grey navigates mystery and intrigue "with characteristic élan, intelligence, and fortitude, assisted by jeweled goblets of wine and meaningful glances from fetching men." Robert Silverberg wrote of the character, "A gay man in a time when that particular predilection could get one hanged, Lord John is a man accustomed to keeping secrets. He's also a man of honor and deep affections — whether returned or not." Grey is described as being about five feet six inches, slight and good-looking, with fine-boned features. He has long, blond hair and "large, beautiful" blue eyes.

Background
Born around June 1729, John William Grey is the second child of the Duke and Duchess of Pardloe, Gerard and Benedicta Grey. His brother Harold, called "Hal", is nine years older. John also has two other siblings—Paul and Edgar DeVane—half brothers from his mother's earlier marriage to Captain DeVane. When John is 12, the Duke dies in an apparent gun-inflicted suicide just as accusations surface that he may be a Jacobite. Subsequently, Harold takes the Duke's second title, Earl of Melton, to distance the family from the scandal. John continues to be called Lord John Grey, as is befitting a duke's younger son.

John's godfather had immediately enrolled him into the Beefsteak Club after his birth. He had been taught the use of a blade starting from age three, and when John was seven, his godfather had begun taking him to the Beefsteak Club every Wednesday for lunch.

Chronology
In 1745, when Grey is sixteen, he informally joins the 46th Regiment, which Hal had raised to restore the family's reputation. Grey mainly serves as a forager and a scout during this time. During the events of Dragonfly in Amber (1992), he comes across Highland warrior Jamie Fraser and his wife Claire in Scotland while exploring the hills surrounding the English campsite. In the mistaken belief that Claire is an English prisoner of the Scots, Grey tries to "save" her; Jamie breaks his arm but spares his life. Information gleaned by Jamie from the encounter leads to the Highlanders defeating the English forces at the Battle of Prestonpans in 1745.

As related later in Voyager (1993), to most of Grey's own regiment he subsequently "had been a pariah and an object of scorn." Around this time, Grey is raped by an unknown fellow soldier, but keeps silent. Grey's first lover is Hector, a twenty-year-old lieutenant in his regiment. Grey is still with the 46th Regiment at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, but is prevented from fighting by his brother Lord Melton. Hector dies in the battle. The English are victorious and the Scottish forces are slaughtered; Lord Melton spares Jamie's life in gratitude for his sparing Grey's, and allows him to flee persecution as a Jacobite rebel.

Around 1747, Grey's cousin Olivia Pearsall is orphaned, and becomes Hal's ward. She moves in with Benedicta and lives there until marriage, and Olivia and Grey become very close. At eighteen, Grey enters into a relationship with George Everett, who takes him to the Lavender House—a discreet club in London that caters to homosexual men. In 1755, a scandal involving Everett causes Grey—now a major—to be reassigned to Ardsmuir Prison in Scotland, where he serves as Governor for a year and a half. At Ardamuir, Grey is reunited with Jamie. After Culloden, Jamie had lived in hiding for seven years, but had finally turned himself in to the English so that the starving people at his estate of Lallybroch could collect the reward on his head. Grey and Jamie begin having weekly dinners, playing chess and exchanging information related to the prisoners. Grey falls in love with Jamie, who rejects his advances. Still, Grey cannot dismiss his feelings. In 1756, after the prison is successfully rebuilt into a fortress, Grey arranges for Jamie to be paroled to Helwater, under the eye of family friend Lord Dunsany, instead of being transported to the American colonies for seven years of indentured servitude.

In 1757 during the events of Lord John and the Private Matter (2003), Grey begins investigating Olivia's fiancé, Joseph Trevelyan, whom Grey suspects to have syphilis. During the course of his investigation, Grey visits the Lavender House and has a one-night stand with a young man there. Grey also meets and is joined in his adventure by the handsome Hanoverian Captain Stephan von Namtzen, Landgrave of Erdberg, and takes young Tom Byrd into his employ as his valet. In addition to puzzling out the Trevelyan mystery, Grey helps solve the murder of a fellow soldier who had been suspected of espionage.

In Lord John and the Succubus (2003), Grey is in Prussia serving as the English liaison officer to the First Regiment of Hanoverian Foot. Briefly stationed at the town of Gundwitz with a group of English and Hanoverian soldiers, Grey is at first skeptical when he receives reports of a local succubus victimizing a number of men and murdering a Prussian soldier. While attempting to solve the mystery, Grey tries to navigate his perhaps-mutual attraction to the dashing von Namtzen, as well as to deflect the advances of the beautiful young widow Louisa, Princess von Lowenstein, at whose castle both men are staying.

Later, in Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade (2007), Grey becomes romantically involved with Percy Wainwright, the stepson of General Sir George Stanley, Grey's new stepfather. The scandal of the Duke of Pardloe's death is reignited, and despite Hal's prohibitions, Grey investigates. Secretly knowing that his father had been murdered, with Jamie Fraser's help Grey finds that his father had been innocent. He is also reunited with Stephan von Namtzen, who has married Louisa. Percy is discovered in flagrante delicto with a Hanoverian soldier by Grey and two of his men. Faced with hanging for this capital crime, Percy escapes to Ireland with Grey's assistance. Percy's Hanoverian lover allows his commanding officer, von Namtzen, to kill him rather than face the shame of dismissal. Grey returns to the 46th Regiment, which is assigned to fight under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick and chases French and Austrian troops around in the Rhine Valley for weeks until the Battle of Krefeld. During the battle, Grey takes charge of a gun crew that had lost its commander, and the cannon blows up after a few shots.

Subsequently, in Lord John and the Haunted Soldier (2007), the Royal Commission of Inquiry opens an inquiry into the circumstances surrounding the cannon explosion, and Grey is called to stand before a tribunal. He begins his own investigation as accusations threaten him and his half brother DeVane. In The Custom of the Army (2010), it is 1759 and Grey finds himself both about to be promoted within His Majesty's Army and fresh from a gentlemen's duel in which his opponent was killed. He gladly accepts an urgent summons from his old friend Charlie Carruthers, who is facing court-martial in Canada. There Grey meets and becomes romantically involved with a Native American man named Manoke.

In 1760 in The Scottish Prisoner (2011), Grey and Jamie Fraser find themselves traveling together to Ireland to try to bring back an English soldier with the intent of instigating court-martial procedures against him. During this process they manage to begin to rebuild their friendship. Grey and Stephan von Namtzen finally consummate their long-simmering attraction.

Grey later marries Isobel Dunsany, in part to take care of Jamie Fraser's illegitimate son William by Isobel's deceased sister Geneva.

In 1765 Grey, by then a lieutenant-colonel, has retired from military life and is appointed the Governor of Jamaica.

During Grey's journey to Jamaica, he meets Claire Fraser again, and is later re-acquainted with Jamie in Jamaica. Afterwards, Isobel and William go to join Grey in Jamaica, but Isobel dies during the sea voyage. At the end of his governorship, Grey takes William with him to visit Jamie at Fraser's Ridge, en route to a Virginian plantation that belongs to William. Later, Grey goes to North Carolina to visit Jocasta Cameron, Jamie's aunt, and is introduced to a very pregnant Brianna Fraser, to whom Grey is temporarily engaged so that she would not be bombarded by suitors.

While in Virginia, Grey keeps up a correspondence with the Frasers and brings for Claire several of the ingredients she needs to create ether. Grey also becomes involved again with Manoke, who takes a job at the plantation as his cook. After the American Revolutionary War breaks out, Grey goes to Philadelphia to check on the status of his nephew Henry, who had been wounded in the war. Claire, also visiting Philadelphia at the time, is able to operate on Henry and save his life. Grey and Claire then receive the (erroneously reported) news of Jamie's death, and John later marries Claire to keep her from being arrested as an American spy.

Reception
In August 2016, Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair called Grey "a character so popular, Gabaldon eventually spun him off into his own novels". Grey has been called "one of the most complex and interesting" of the hundreds of characters in Gabaldon's Outlander novels. Publishers Weekly described him as "a competent and likable sleuth" in 2003. In 2015, Fandomania named him among their "Top 10 Crushworthy LGBT Characters in Sci-Fi/Fantasy". TooFab.com called Grey a "fan favorite", noting that followers of both the book and TV series are eager for a spin-off featuring the character.

References

External links

Characters in American novels of the 20th century
Characters in American novels of the 21st century
Fictional British Army personnel
Fictional English people
Fictional gay men
Fictional historical detectives
Fictional LGBT characters in literature
Fictional LGBT characters in television
Fictional lords and ladies
Fictional characters from the 18th century
Literary characters introduced in 1992

Outlander (franchise)