Alexander George Karczmar (May 9, 1917 – August 17, 2017), was a Polish-American neuroscientist and academic. He was tenured for 30 years (1956–1986) as professor and chairman of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics at Loyola University of Chicago Medical Center, and director of its Institute for Mind, Drugs and Behavior.

He is widely recognized for his experimental research, almost all of which is devoted to the cholinergic system, both central and peripheral, and its autonomic and mental functions, including its control of various human and animal behaviors. From the 1970s he explored the existence and the nature of the "self".

Early life
Karczmar was born on May 9, 1917, in Warsaw, Poland. His parents were Stanislas (Szmaya) Karczmar, a businessman, and Helena (Hendla) Karczmar-Billauer. He received his primary education at Collegium High School, Warsaw, from which he graduated in 1934. His subsequent studies in biological and medical sciences at the Józef Piłsudski University of Warsaw were interrupted temporarily by several anti-Semitic outbursts and ultimately, in 1939, by World War II.

Karczmar was naturalized as an American citizen in January 1946. After his emigration to the United States, he entered Columbia University, New York, Graduate School, where he earned his M.A. degree in zoology in 1941 and his Ph.D. degree in biophysics in 1947, his doctoral mentor being biophysicist and explorer of the quantal nature of vision, Professor Selig Hecht. During this time period he was also a Columbia University teaching fellow and he worked as an American Philosophical Society doctoral fellow on limb regeneration with Professor Oscar E. Schotte, of Amherst College, Massachusetts, and on neuromyal relaxation latency with Professor Alexander Sandow of New York University.

Professional career
Upon his graduation, he was successively (1946–1953) assistant and associate professor at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. There, Professor Koppanyi introduced him to the cholinergic field. He became a fellow at Sterling Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, New York from 1953 to 1956, where he was a member of a team which developed Ambenonium (Mytelase), a drug still used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, and the vasodilator amotriphene (Myordil).

In 1956, Karczmar moved to Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, Illinois, where he served from 1956 to 1986 as professor and chairman of the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and as the senior director of the Institute for Mind, Drugs and Behavior from 1964 to 1986; he was also associate dean for research and graduate education from 1981 to 1986. He was acting medical director of Foundation 41, in Sydney, Australia, from 1988 to 1989. He also served from 1956 to 2008 as senior consultant, Research Services, VA and as consultant to the Surgeon General, US (1987-). At present he is a trustee and secretary of the Chicago Association for Research and Education in Science (1987-).

Karczmar organized many international symposia, including the Symposium on Brain and Human Behavior in Chicago, 1978 (with Sir John C. Eccles); Symposium on Interdependence of Neurotransmitter Systems in the CNS at the Seventh International Congress of Pharmacology (IUPHAR). Paris, 1978 (with J. Glowinski); Symposium on Inter-relationships Between Various Neurotransmitter Systems at the Tenth Congress of the Collegium Intern. Neuropsychopharmacologicum, Quebec, Canada, 1978; International Symposium on Aggressive Behavior, Florence, 1969 (with S. A. Barnett and S. Garattini); Symposium on Cholinergic Transmission, Annual FASEB Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1969; and Symposium on New Conceptual Approaches to Prophylaxis and Therapy of Organophosphorus Poisoning, Fort St. Lucie, Florida, 1984.

He maintained his connection with the International Symposia on Cholinergic Mechanisms (1970–2016); he attended most of the fifteen ISCMs and served as the chair of the International Advisory Committee for several of them.

Recognitions and honors
Karczmar received a Guggenheim Fellowship for his studies on paradoxical sleep with Dr. Vicenzo Longo in the Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, and the Senior Fulbright Fellowship for his work on ontogenetic effects of anticholinesterases in primates with Dr. William McBride at Foundation 41 of Sydney, Australia. He was a member of the IBRO Workshop in Warsaw, Poland (1963). He was a charter fellow of the Sherringtonian Society (1969-) and founding member of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

He received many commendations and awards, including the VA Merit Citation (2002), City of Milano Medal (1969) and Award for Distinguished Scientific Achievement from the Council of the International Symposia for Cholinergic Mechanisms (2008). He is an honorary professor at Kurume University, Kurume, Japan; visiting professor at Université Laval, Quebec; visiting professor at Polish Academy of Sciences; visiting professor at INSERM, Paris; professorial lecturer at Actualites Pharmacologiques; and Carl F. Schmidt Honorary Lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

He was a member of several NIH Study Sections, Illinois Krebiozen Committee, Toxicology Committee of the United States National Academy of Sciences and he is recipient of a Festschrift on neurobiology of acetylcholine, 1985. He was a member of editorial boards of scientific journals and magazines, including Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neuropharmacology, European Journal of Pharmacology, Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie, etc.

Scientific achievements
Karczmar published some 400 research papers, reviews and book chapters. He authored, co-authored or edited 7 books. His text, Exploring the Vertebrate Central Cholinergic Nervous System (Springer, New York, 2007) reviews the past and the present status of central cholinergicity, its physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry, its ontogeny and phylogenesis, and its role in functions, behaviors (including cognition), the "self" and such disease states as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease; also, this text describes his own studies of these subjects.

In the 1940s Karczmar proposed the existence of a nerve growth factor on the basis of his demonstration of the quantitative effects of partial ablations of the urodele limb innervations on their post-amputation regeneration (Karczmar, 1946).
Beginning in the 1940s Karczmar pioneered the studies of anticholinesterase agents (antiChe's), discovering (with Theodore Koppanyi; see Koppanyi and Karczmar, 1951) the direct synaptic effects of organophosphorus (OP) antiChEs which are independent of their enzymic block, their morphogenetic (teratologic) effects and their postnatal behavioral actions resulting from their prenatal application. He also demonstrated that the OP antiChe's damage the blood–brain barrier. These studies contributed to the understanding of the role of cholinesterases as morphogens and "transport" or "scavenger" enzymes (Karczmar et al., 1951).

This research led Karczmar to conceptualize on the pre-neurogenetic appearance of components of the cholinergic system, their non-parallel ontogenesis and its significance, and their omni-existent phylogenesis which is independent of the presence of innervation or motility.

Karczmar and Steve Thesleff demonstrated in the 1950s the phenomenon of desensitization (receptor inactivation) at the neuromyal junction, and Karczmar described the reciprocal process, sensitization which is inducible by several drugs such as oxamides and NaF, and which, today, is ascribed to an allosteric receptor change. Karczmar pioneered also the studies of the structural nature of central cholinergic receptors by demonstrating the structural similarity between peripheral and central muscarinic receptors.

With Kyozo Koketsu, Syogoro Nishi and Nae Dun Karczmar identified in the 1950s and 1960s the three ganglionic receptor sites (nicotinic, muscarinic and peptidergic) and their potentials; they described their ionic mechanisms and the contribution of second messengers to ganglionic transmission.

Since the 1960s, Karczmar contributed to establishing the pre-eminent role of the central cholinergic system in functions such as respiration, behaviors such as aggression, perceptions such as nociception, learning, addiction, obsession and fixation, and sexual and motor activity, and in phenomena such as seizures, EEG rhythms, paradoxical sleep, and behavioral and EEG alerting; and he and his associates provided early neurochemical evidence for the interaction between the cholinergic and other transmitter systems.

Karczmar demonstrated that cholinergic agonists counteract the behavior exhibited in animal models of schizophrenia; on this basis and on the basis of other cholinergic behavioral and EEG actions Karczmar proposed that the cholinergic system contributes significantly to alertness, cognitive behavior and to the animal's (and human) "realistic" appraisal of the environment; he named the pertinent syndrome the "Cholinergic Alert Non-mobile Behavior".

Since the 1970s Karczmar explored the "self" (the "I", the self-awareness, the self-consciousness; ); he traced the concept of the body-mind relation to the earliest history of mankind, millennia before the advent of Descartes' dualism. He stressed the need to differentiate the "self" from cognition and perception. While he is a reductionist, he suggests that the current neuroscientific and quantal stage of knowledge is insufficient to yield an intelligible and parsimonious explanation of the "I", and he speculates that with the future success of Einstein's quest for the single equation for all the forces of the universe the nature of "I" will become explainable, perhaps via multidimensional string theory.

Later life and death

Karczmar was latterly professor emeritus of pharmacology at the Stritch School of Medicine. He died in Chicago at the age of 100 on August 17, 2017.

Publications
 Glisson, S. N., Karczmar, A. G. and Barnes, L. 1972. Cholinergic effects on adrenergic neurotransmitters in rabbit brain parts. Neuropharmacology 11: 465-477.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1946. The role of amputation and nerve resection in the regressing limbs of urodele larvae. J. Exper. Zool. 11013: 401-426.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1957. Antagonisms between a bis-quaternary oxamide, WIN 8078, and depolarizing and competitive blocking agents. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 119: 49-47.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1963a. Ontogenesis of cholinesterases. In: Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents, G. B. Koelle, Ed., pp. 129 – 186, Handbch. d. Exper Pharmakol., Erganzungswk., vol. 15, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1963b. Ontogenetic effects. In: Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents, G. B. Koelle, Ed., pp. 799 –832, Handbch. d. Exper. Pharmakol., Erganzungswk., vol. 15, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1972. What we know, will know in the future, and possibly cannot ever know in neurosciences. In: Brain and Human Behavior, ed.. A. G. Karczmar and J. C. Eccles.1 - 20, New York: Springer-Verlag.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1973. Neurochemical and behavioral bases of ethological aggression. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 9: 16-17, 1973.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1974. Brain acetylcholine and seizures. In: Psychobiology of Convulsive Therapy, M. Fink, S. Kety, J. McGaugh and T. A. Willimas, Eds., pp. 251–270, New York: Wiley and Sons.
 Karczmar, A. G. 2007. Exploring the Vertebrate Central Cholinergic Nervous System. Springer, New York.
 Karczmar, A. G. 2009. Do all human functions and behaviors, as well as the "self" have cholinergic correlates? J. Molec NBeurosci., in Press.
 Karczmar, A. G. 1979. Brain acetylcholine and animal electrophysiology. In: Brain Acetylcholine and Neuropsychiatric Disease, K. L. Davis and P. A. Berger, Eds., pp. 265–310, New York, Plenum Press.
 Karczmar, A. G. and Howard, J. W. 1955. Antagonism of d-tubocurarine and other pharmacological properties of certain bis-quaternary salts of basically substituted oxamides WIN 8077 and analogs. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 113: 30.
 Karczmar, A. G. and Koehn, G. L. 1980. Cholinergic control of hypokinesia. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 39: 374.
 Karczmar, A. G. and Long, J. P. 1958. Relationship between peripheral cholinolytic potency and tetraethylpyrophsphate antagonism of a series of atropine substitutes. J. Pharmacol. Exper. Therap. 123: 230 - 237.
 Karczmar, A. G., Koketsu, K. and Nishi, S., Eds. 1986. Autonomic and Enteric Ganglia. New York: Plenum Press.
 Karczmar, A. G., Koppanyi, T. and Sheatz, G. C. 1951. Studies on intravenously injected tru cholinesterase. J. Pahrmacol. Exp. Tehrap. 102: 103 -111.
 Karczmar, A. G. and Richardson, D. L. 1985. Cholinergic mechanisms, schizophrenia, and neuropsychiatric adaptive dysfunctions. In: Central Cholinergic Mechanisms and Adaptive Dysfunctions, M. M. Singh, D. M. Warburton and H. H. Lal, Eds., pp. 193 –221, New York: Plenum Press.
 Karczmar, A. G. and Scudder, C. L. 1969a. Learning and effects of drugs on learning of related mice genera and strains. In: Neurophysiology and Behavioral Aspects of Psychotropic Drugs, W. Koella and A. G. Karczmar, Eds., pp. 132–160, Springfield, Ill.: C. C. Thomas.
 Karczmar, A. G. and Scudder, C. L. 1969b. Aggression and neurochemical changes in different strains and genera of mice. In: Aggressive Behavior, S. Garattini and E. B. Sigg, pp. 209–207, New York, John Wiley & Sons.
 Karczmar, A. G., Scudder, C. L. and Kahn, A. J. 1978. Behavioral, genetic and neurochemical aspects of alcohol preference of mice. In: Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Proc. Of the Tenth Congress of Col. Internat. Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum, P. Deniker, C. Radouco-Thomas and A. Villeneuve, Eds., pp. 799–816, Paris: Pergamon Press.
 Koehn, G. L., Henderson, G. and Karczmar, A. G. 1980. Diisopropyl phosphofluoridate-induced antinociception: possible role of endogenous opioids. European J. Pharmacol. 61: 1617-173.
 Koppanyi, T. and Karczmar, A. G. 1951. Contribution to the study of the mechanism of action of cholinesterase inhibitors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 101: 327-343.
 Scudder, C. L. and Karczmar, A. G. 1966. Histochemical studies of cholinesterases in Ciona intestinalis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 17: 553-558.

References

1917 births
2017 deaths
American centenarians
American neuroscientists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Loyola University Chicago faculty
Men centenarians
Polish centenarians
Polish emigrants to the United States


The Battle of Sidi Brahim was a battle at Sidi Brahim in French Algeria between the troops of Abdelkader El Djezairi and French troops under Lieutenant-Colonel Lucien de Montagnac from 22 to 25 September 1845. The French force was made up of the light infantry troops of the 8th Infantry Battalion and the second squadron of the 2nd Regiment of Hussars.

Battle
The encounter was unplanned and poorly commanded by Montagnac, and went badly for the French troops. After a first encounter, the French's numbers were reduced from 450 to 82 chasseurs and hussars against hundreds of Algerians (Abd-el-Qader's never massed more than ca. 500 horsemen for pitched battle). Cornered, the chasseurs of the carabinier company took refuge in a marabout, from which they repulsed all assaults. After a siege lasting many days, without food or water and short of munitions, they were reduced to cutting up their musket balls in order to keep firing. Emir Abdelkader captured captain adjutant major Dutertre and taken under guard to the front of the marabout to demand the chasseurs' surrender, but instead used his time there to exhort the survivors to fight to the death, for which Abdelkader beheaded him. Abdelkader then demanded that the French bugler (Guillaume Rolland) sound the retreat, but he instead sounded the charge, whilst one chasseur replied to another of Abdelkader's other demands for their surrender with the word, Merde! (Shit). (in reference to Cambronne's answer at Waterloo). When the remaining 80 survivors completely ran out of munitions, they managed to break through the enemy lines with a bayonet charge, but only 16 of them managed to rejoin the French lines (5 of which died some days later). Among the dead was Montagnac himself. The remains of the soldiers killed at Sidi Brahim were gathered at Djemmaa Ghazaouet in the "Tombeau des Braves" then reburied at the Musée des Chasseurs at the old fort in Vincennes in 1965.

Legacy

The extreme bravery shown by the battalion led to its being nicknamed the battalion of Sidi-Brahim and the battle being written up among its battle honours. However, according to Gilles Manceron, the soldiers "were led in quite an inconsiderate manner" by Colonel de Montagnac "whose writings boast, with no remorse, of several war crimes". The expression "faire Sidi Brahim" became a motto of the Chasseurs (light infantry / mountain battalions). During the First World War, the 7th Battalion of Chasseurs Alpins (7°BCA) took a German pass for several days and, lacking munitions, managed to repulse the German attack with stones. There the chasseurs won the nickname "schwarzen Teufel" (black devils), which later became "Blue Devils" (les Diables bleus), which they still use. The insignia of the 7th BCA  is still a devil, in a hunting horn (representing the Chasseurs).

External links
Les Zouaves et les Chasseurs a Pied, Duc d'Aumale, Henri d'Orléans - pseudonym - M. Lévy frères - 1859 - 184 pages
Sidi-Brahim - 23, 24, 25 et 26 septembre 1845, Esquisse Historique - Charleville - Imprimerie Nouvelle - 1889 - 58 pages

Notes

French conquest of Algeria
Conflicts in 1845
Sidi Brahim
Sidi Brahim
1845 in Algeria
September 1845 events


Vernal is a crater on Mars, located at 6°N, 355.5°E in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. It is measures approximately  in diameter and was named after Vernal, Utah, United States. Structures resembling springs on Earth were found in Vernal crater.

Springs
A study of images taken with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter suggests that hot springs once existed in Vernal crater, in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. These springs may have provided a long-time location for life. Furthermore, mineral deposits associated with these springs may have preserved traces of Martian life. In Vernal Crater, on a dark part of the floor two light-toned, elliptical structures closely resemble hot springs on the Earth. They have inner and outer halos, with roughly circular depressions. Many hills are lined up close to the springs. These are thought to have formed by the movement of fluids along the boundaries of dipping beds. The discovery of opaline silica by the Mars Rovers on the surface also suggests the presence of hot springs. Scientists proposed this area as one to be visited by the Mars Science Laboratory.

See also
 Climate of Mars
 Geological history of Mars
 Geology of Mars
 List of craters on Mars
 Water on Mars

References

Impact craters on Mars
Oxia Palus quadrangle


Lahori cuisine  (, ) refers to the food and cuisine of the city of Lahore in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a part of regional Punjabi cuisine. Lahore is a city with an extremely rich food culture.  People from Lahore are famous all over the country for their love for food. The city offers a vast variety of options when it comes to gastronomy. In recent times, the style of food has achieved popularity in a  number of different countries, because of its palatable and milder taste,  mainly through the Pakistani diaspora.

Historical influences
The arrival of Islam within South Asia influenced the local cuisine to a great degree as Muslims are forbidden to eat pork or consume alcohol along with the other enforced Islamic dietary laws. Pakistanis focus on other areas of food such as beef, lamb, chicken, fish, lentils and vegetables as well as traditional fruit and dairy. The influence of Central Asian, North Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine in Pakistani food is ubiquitous.
Much of the food of Lahore is influenced by the local Punjabi and Mughlai cuisine. Along with traditional local food, Chinese, western and foreign foods are popular throughout the city and have often been fused with local recipes to create refined tastes; Pakistani Chinese food is largely available.

Popular dishes

The following is a list of some foods of which Lahore is renowned for having unique tastes.
 Chicken Lahori
 Gosht karahi (chicken or mutton cooked with a spicy tomato-based gravy in a concave-shaped cooking vessel that resembles a wok) is a speciality of Lahore.
 Dal gosht (meat cooked with pulses)
 Murgh Cholay/Channay (chicken cooked with chickpeas)
 Murgh Musallam (chicken cooked with rice and dry fruits stuffed inside)
 Seekh kababs (minced meat rolls)
 Gol-gappe / pani-puri
 Dahi bhallay (appetizers dipped in yoghurt)
 Shawarma/Dhawarma Platter
 Chicken tikka (barbecue-style fried chicken pieces)
 Biryani
 Haleem
 Falooda
 Halwa Poori - a breakfast speciality of Lahore
 Nihari
 Samosa
 Kheer
 Paya (dish)
 Lahori Fried Fish
 Chargha (Lahori-style roast chicken)
 Daal Chawal - Boiled rice with spicy lentils
 Lahori Steamed Charga
 Lahori Chana Chat
 Lahori Daal Murgh
 Lahori Red Chicken Karahi
 Hareesa - A mixture of Mutton & Lentils
 Fried fish
 Beef Bong Paaye - Beef Shank meat with foots
 Chikkarh Chollay - Water Cooked white grains in black pepper
 Naan Haleem - Baked Chapatti bread with mixture of Beef & Lentils
 Chicken pakora - chicken pieces roasted with Maida
 Chicken Sajji - Roasted & Salted Chicken on low flame in hunter style

Food streets
 Fort Road Food Street
 Gawalmandi Food Street

See also
 Pakistani cuisine
 Punjabi cuisine
 Mughlai cuisine

References

External links
 Lahori Recipes
 A Taste of Lahore: Chowk
 Real yum Street Foods of Lahore

Lahore


George Coote may refer to:

 George Cotes (died 1556), or Coote, English academic and bishop
 George Gibson Coote (1880–1959), Canadian accountant, bank manager, farmer, and federal politician


The Capitol Hill Historic District in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Description
The district was originally roughly bounded by Beck, Main and Wall Streets, 300 North, Victory Road, and Capitol Boulevard and includes the Utah State Capitol. The district was increased in 2002 to include an area roughly bounded by 300 North, 400 West, 800 North, Wall Street, and 200 West.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Salt Lake City
 Capitol Hill (Salt Lake City)

References

External links

Georgian Revival architecture in Utah
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Salt Lake City


Knardrup Abbey (; ) was the last medieval Cistercian foundation in Denmark. It was situated to the north-west of Copenhagen between Ganløse and Måløv.

History
The monastery was founded shortly before 1326 by King Christopher II on the royal estate of Knardrupsgård as a daughter house of Sorø Abbey and settled in February 1326 by monks from Sorø. The abbey remained in existence until 1536 when it was secularised as a crown estate and given to the University of Copenhagen. The building materials were later used for the construction of Frederiksborg Castle.

The abbey site is now partly built over, and there are no visible remains of the monastery.

References
Christensen, Villads, 1914: Knardrup Klosters Historie, pp. 72–99. Frederiksborg Amt

Sources and external links
Knardrup Kloster
Cistercienserordenen

Cistercian monasteries in Denmark
1326 establishments in Europe
Monasteries dissolved under the Danish Reformation


The Seattle Chamber Music Society (SCMS) is an American organization of musicians located in Seattle, Washington that is dedicated to the performance and promotion of chamber music. Established in 1982, the presenting organization is currently in its 30th Anniversary Season. Originally the organization only presented a series of summer concerts during the month of July at the Lakeside School. However, in 1999 the organization added a series of winter concerts during the month of January at Benaroya Hall in downtown Seattle. In 2005 they expanded their summer series to include further performances during the month of August at The Overlake School in addition to the July performances.

SCMS was founded by Toby Saks, a cellist and music professor at the University of Washington, who served as artistic director until she handed over to Grammy Award-winning violinist James Ehnes about a year before her death on August 1, 2013. Ehnes had been associate artistic director since 2008, and Connie Cooper has been executive director since 1996. Recent performers with the organization include violist Cynthia Phelps, cellist Ronald Thomas, pianist Jeremy Denk, harpsichordist Byron Schenkman and violist Richard O'Neill. The Society hosts more than forty artists each season who also boast impressive careers, with the Seattle Times describing them as "the equivalent of an all-star lineup. A dream team of chamber players."

References

External links

1982 establishments in Washington (state)
Chamber music groups
Non-profit organizations based in Seattle
Musical groups from Seattle
Arts organizations established in 1982


A zoster (, zōstēr) was a form of girdle or belt worn by men and perhaps later by women in ancient Greece, from the Archaic period () to the Hellenistic period (323–30 BC).

The word occurs in Homer, where it appears to refer to a warrior's belt of leather, possibly covered in bronze plates.  Later references in the late Archaic and early Classical periods show it used as a belt or cloth girdle with men's clothes, especially the shorter chiton.

By the Hellenistic period, it had become synonymous with "zone" and was used for women's clothes as well as men's.

The zoster was also worn and is still worn by Greeks when wearing traditional costumes (regional clothing).

See also
Clothing in ancient Greece

References

Belts (clothing)
Greek clothing


"Love So Right" is an R&B ballad recorded by the Bee Gees. It was the second single released on the album Children of the World.

Background
It was written by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb early in 1976. Recording started on 18 January, then 8 February and finished on 8 May in Quebec, Canada with the other songs "Can't Keep a Good Man Down", "Boogie Child", "Subway", "The Way It Was" and "You Should Be Dancing". It was the second consecutive Bee Gees single (following "You Should Be Dancing") to feature Barry Gibb's falsetto exclusively for lead vocals. Barry later stated that the song's R&B influence was inspired by the group "trying to be The Delfonics."

Release
"Love So Right" hit number three on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as charting on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. In addition, it was a minor hit on the Billboard Black Singles chart, peaking at number 37. Its B-side was "You Stepped into My Life". In Canada, "You Stepped into My Life" was chosen as the A-side and this song was the B-side.

Reception
Cash Box said that "the R&B flavor is still there, so the appeal is across the board" and "those famous harmonies are in full force." Record World said that while it is "slower and not as overtly disco" as the Bee Gees' previous single "You Should Be Dancing", "there appears to be no way they could miss with material like this."

Track listing

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1976 songs
1976 singles
Bee Gees songs
Songs written by Barry Gibb
Songs written by Robin Gibb
Songs written by Maurice Gibb
Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb
Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb
Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb
RSO Records singles
Rhythm and blues ballads
Pop ballads
1970s ballads


Dawahares (pronounced DAW-hairs) was an American retail clothing store chain. It was founded by S.F. Dawahare in 1907 in Neon, Kentucky, and remained within the family for four generations. In 1979, the company expanded into the Cincinnati, Ohio market by acquiring the five-store Martin's Town & Country chain.

The chain operated nearly 30 stores in Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Ohio. It declared bankruptcy in 2008 and liquidated its 22 remaining stores.

References

Retail companies established in 1907
Retail companies disestablished in 2008
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Kentucky


Park Circus is a film distributor based in the United Kingdom, and operating internationally. The company specialises in the distribution of classic and back catalogue / repertory films for theatrical exhibition. They represent over 25,000 films from Hollywood and British studios and a large number of independent rights owners.

They have also released contemporary films such as Kelly Reichardt's Certain Women and Nicolas Pesce's The Eyes of My Mother (2016).

Film Libraries
Park Circus represents over 20,000 titles, including the following film libraries and collections:
 20th Century Studios
 Arrow Films
 American International Pictures
 Cannon
 Cinerama Releasing Corporation
 FilmFour International
 First Independent Films
 Gainsborough Pictures
 Gaumont British
 HandMade Films
 Icon Entertainment International
 ITV Studios Global Entertainment (in conjunction with Shout! Factory’s Westchester Films division)
 Laika, LLC
 MGM/UA
 Network (DVD label)
 New Zealand Film Commission
 Orion Pictures
 Paramount Pictures
 PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
 Rank Organization
 Revolution Studios
 The Samuel Goldwyn Company
 Sony Pictures (Columbia Pictures, Screen Gems, Sony Pictures Classics, and TriStar Pictures)
 Universal Pictures
 Village Roadshow Pictures
 Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures UK
 Warner Bros.

References

External links
Official website

Mass media companies established in 2003
Film distributors of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Glasgow


Hydaspis Chaos is a region in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at
3.2° north latitude and 27.1° west longitude.  The region is about 355 km across.  It was named after a classical albedo feature.

River Valleys and Chaos
Many large, ancient river valleys are found in this area; along with collapsed features, called Chaos.  The Chaotic features may have collapsed when water came out of the surface.  Some of the rivers begin with a Chaos region. A chaotic region can be recognized by a rat's nest of mesas, buttes, and hills, chopped through with valleys which in places look almost patterned. Some parts of this chaotic area have not collapsed completely—they are still formed into large mesas, so they may still contain water ice.  Chaotic terrain occurs in numerous locations on Mars, and always gives the strong impression that something abruptly disturbed the ground.  The chaos regions formed long ago. By counting craters (more craters in any given area means an older surface) and by studying the valleys' relations with other geological features, scientists conclude the channels formed 2.0 to 3.8 billion years ago.

One generally accepted view for the formation of large outflow channels is that they were formed by catastrophic floods of water released from giant groundwater reservoirs. Perhaps, the water started to come out of the ground due to faulting or volcanic activity.  Sometimes hot magma just travels under the surface.  If that is the case, the ground will be heated, but there may be no evidence of lava at the surface. After the water escaped, the surface would collapse.  Moving across the surface, the water would have simultaneously froze and evaporated. Chunks of ice that would have rapidly formed may have enhanced the erosive power of the flood. Furthermore, the water may have frozen over at the surface, but continuing to flow underneath.  Rivers in cold climates on the Earth often become ice-covered, yet continue to flow.

Such catastrophic floods have occurred on Earth. One commonly cited example is the Channeled Scabland of Washington State; it was formed by the breakout of water from the Pleistocene Lake Missoula.  This region resembles the martian outflow channels.

See also
 Chaos terrain
 HiRISE
 List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars
 Martian chaos terrain
 Outflow channels

References

External links

Oxia Palus quadrangle
Chaotic terrains on Mars


The Posidonia Shale (, also called Schistes Bitumineux in Luxembourg) geologically known as the Sachrang Formation, is an Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian) geological formation of southwestern and northeast Germany, northern Switzerland, northwestern Austria, southern Luxembourg and the Netherlands, including exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles. The Posidonienschiefer, as German paleontologists call it, takes its name from the ubiquitous fossils of the oyster-related bivalve Posidonia bronni that characterize the mollusk faunal component of the formation.

The Posidonienschiefer, the German translation, takes its name from the ubiquitous fossils of the oyster-related bivalve "Posidonia bronni" (synonym of Bositra buchii and Steinmannia bronni) that characterize the mollusk faunal component of the formation. The name Posidonia Shale has been used for more than a century, until revisions in 2016 proposed the Sachrang Formation as new name for the Germanic unit, in a same way Altmühltal Formation is the official name of the Solnhofen Limestone. The Posidonia Shales where stablished as a valid vulgar name for this regions lower Toarcian Black Shales. The name Posidonienschiefer, while valid, represents another vulgar nomination, as Posidonia is an invalid genus and junior synonym of Bositra. The type profile is still located on Dotternhausen.

The formation comprises finely laminated layers of oil shales formed of fine-grained sediments intercalated with bituminous limestones and crops out in a number of locations in southwestern Germany, although most remains are from near the village of Holzmaden. The European oil shales deposited on a sea floor during the Early Toarcian in the ancient Tethys Ocean are described as being deposited in an anoxic, or oxygen-depleted, deep water environment, although the details of the depositional environment are the subject of debate by researchers of the formation.

The Sachrang member is among the most important formations of the Toarcian boundary in the Northern Alps realm This Sachrang member is included inside the major stratigraphic groups found on the Tirol Mountains in Central Europe, where is equivalent to the Saubach Formation, also from the Toarcian stage. It is part of the series of formations with the presence of Toarcian black shales, being among the most important of the Alpine-Mediterranean domain. Those Shales on the Northern Calcareous Alps was sedimented based on a strong dependency on the overall palaeobathymetric situation of the region, as recovered by the microfacies types as well as in the composition of the biota. The deeper part is domain of the Sachrang Shales, with a basin radiolaria-rich lithologies, and a parallel series of submarine topographic highs a dominance of echinoderm-and mollusc-biomicrites (Unken Shales) and a strong increase in resedimentation can be observed.

Geology

The Posidonia Shale is part of the so-called Southern German Cuesta Landscape, with the strata referred to being the principal representative of the Lower Jurassic layers in the foreland area of the Swabian and Franconian Alps, where it is one of the dominant layers of the Liassic deposition. The lithology consists mostly of carbonate concretion layers, mixed with abundant pyrite and euhedral crystals. Detrital clay, with a fine grain depositional exposure forms the bulk of the Posidonia, along with the presence of silt-sized quartz, being a component found on the lower layers of the formation. The black shales are the main component of the lithology of the Posidonia Shale, with different ratio of thickness, being more exposed on the southern German realm, specially near Ohmden. Studies of the shales have shown that the rise and fall of the sea level was one of the main effect of change on the Chemofacies present on the Posidonia. Posterior changes set environments for Chlorobiaceae and antiestuarine deposition. It was deposited on the Central European Basin, whose was connected on the Toarcian period with the Proto-Athlantic realm, under the sedimentary influence of the Fennoscandian deltas & sedimentation, along with several massif deposition, such as the Renic and the Bohemian, being the main representative emerged lands on the central European margin. its characterised by and abundant content of organic matter, with a presence of an up to 16% TOC, caused by anoxic to euxinic bottom water conditions. Most of the depositional margins of the German realm were on Pelagic marine settings, where the oxygen was the object of different changes along the layers, due to climate conditions and sea current effects. Outside the Shales, there are other types of lithology present, such as the light grey marls of the Aschgraue and Blaugraue Mergel that occur at the base of the Posidonia Shale section, which are related to sea bottom environment with a large period of well and suitable oxygen conditions, reflected on the presence of organic matter. The Black Shales are the opposite, with anoxic bottom effect and a detailed negative effect on the biota. Other elements of the Formation are the presence of Pyrites on the Black Shales. The effects of the changes to oxygen and depositions have had visible effect, with diagenetic and syngenetic pyrite forms, being the second ones deposited in oxygenated or dysoxic bottom waters, with pores and effects of biotic interaction, and the diagenetic pyrite needing high contents of transition metals. The Posidonia Shale is also one of the Environments where the Methane release on the Toarcian is better exposed. Related to worldwide effects, rapid and large-scale emissions by dissociation of methane hydrate in Europe and worldwide (Related to the Karoo Volcanism) was driven by astronomical forcing superimposed and ending on a longer-term global warming.

The Jurassic sedimentation on the Sachrang member is subdivided into several different units, with drastic changes in the Northern Calcareous Alps. During the Toarcian, carbonate platforms collapsed and several types of bottom reliefs were generated due to tectonic activity, where on the submarine swells the red nodular limestones with an exposure of 20 m of the Adnet Formation were deposited on zones of basinal sedimentology, know due to the presence of grey limestone and marl on an up to 200 m layer of the Allgäu Formation. The marls of the Sachrang member are part of the Lower Toarcian "Black Shale deposition", contemporaneous of other events on central Germany and England. The Sachrang member was geologically divided in the Sachrang section, that presents typical development of a basinal area and the Unken Member, with benthic microfossils with suboxic water influence. The Toarcian Black Shale of the Sachrang member are related to the ones present on the Úrkút Manganese of Hungary, that is related with manganese ores that develop over more than 250 km distance in the Northern Calcareous Alps. All the units where vinculated to the Transdanubian Range Unit, where the Sachrang member and the Úrkút Manganese shared the paleogeographic evolution present on the southern near land margin, influenced by a continuous process of Rifting present on the Tethys Ocean. On the Hettangian the vinculated central European platforms drowned and where affected by Sinemurian-Pliensbachian tensional tectonic events along with marine sedimentation, reoriented by the emersion of horsts on the Úrkút area. The Pliensbachian basin had near 200 m depth, and the presence of slope environments, tectonically influenced basins are indicated on locations such as the Hiertlaz Limestone. The marine sedimentation and the continuous tectonic rework let some of the local basins to last until the latest Jurassic. In the Toarcian, there was a great condensation affecting the subsided highs, where ferric components were deposited. After that, tectonics, faulting and erosion on the Cretaceous change the deposition of the region.

Stratigraphy
Is composed by various levels, starting with a lover level of basal mudstone of 4 m thick. This level is composed mainly by organic filled layers that have some hiatus, occupied by continental-derived deposition. Over the mudstone level, a series represented by the Bächental bituminous marls and a Debrite is exposed. The lower part of this section is composed of greyish marls, with abundant radiolarians, bivalves of the genus Bositra, ostracods, sponge spicules, and some Foraminifera. Samples from Unit 2 show varying microfacies. The stratification of the Bächental level presents a trend of marine to mesosaline conditions, as it was part of a depocenter at the south of the path between the Bohemian Massif & the Vindelician land. Some of the layers at that locality expose also influence of temporal hypersaline conditions on bottom waters, due to the abundance of methylsteranes, associated with Dinoflagellates or halophylic microorganisms and gammacerane. This salinity stratification might have had an impact on the presence of organic matter on the level.

Sachrang Shales
The Sachrang Shales where cited originally on the restudy of the Alpine Upper Black Slate, composed with dark gray, somewhat sandy, disintegrating into thin but large plates of Marl. Other studies where recovering a Greenish-Gray Marl Slate levels, Black Marl limestone on the Middle Toarcian Levels, a dominant level of bituminous marl and the high presence of dark brown manganese slates. until the point that there are works that put the at Sachrang Black Shale under the name Posidonia Shale. The definition of the Sachrang Shales has been convoluted along its history of study of the location, where there are works of the North Alpine Mesozoic that prefer before calling these deposits Sachranger Shale to give it a brief different diagnosis. On the Unken Syncline near Lofen, basinal deposits with abundant Aragonite and Calcite helped to know the major Jurassic basin geometry, where on several layers of the same age was complicated due to the posterior Alpine deformation. Correlated Unken and Diessbach basins developed mostly during the Toarcian, with deposition of abundant material from the near Emerged Landmasses. On the Unken Syncline, the breccias associated with the normal faults were deposited until Oxfordian age.

Bächentaler Bitumenmergel
The Bächental bituminous marls consists of a 24-m-thick succession of bituminous marls in the Bächental valley of Tyrol, that recovers a marginal Marine Basin, where the major Toarcian Events where recorded, with paleoenvironmental changes within the Bächental basin, as recovered by the study of Organic Matter accumulation influenced by the global (Magmatism, opening of the Alpine Atlantic Ocean) and local scales s (Basin morphology, salinity variations). There is not clear whether the Sachrang Shale includes or not all the Iithological type of the "Bächental layers", while subject to the most recent results. "Bächental layers" had recover the influence from the Hungarian Volcanic events that took place during the Lower Toarcian, as was located on the NW continental margin of the Neotethys Ocean and the SW continental margin of the Alpine Atlantic. Also, the occurrence of considerable amounts of Smectite through the entire Sachrang member suggests continuing local inputs from volcanic sources. In the Toarcian this area was located on the northwestern continental margin of the Neotethys Ocean and the southeastern of the new passive margin of the Alpine Atlantic. The Sachrang member on this Valley is dominated by the Bächental bituminous marls, with a level of 0.25-m basal Mudstone (with Quartz and clay minerals of terrigenous origin), followed by a 1.00-m-thick Debrite layer. There is also abundant charred organic material along with the Smectite that show that the volcaniclastic contribution of the sediment may have triggered the onset of OM accumulation in the Bächental basin. Smectite is also common on the other sections of the formation, suggesting continued influx of volcaniclastic material. The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event is well recorded on this section, where as throughout the Mediterranean area and the northeastern West Tethys Shelf depositional conditions in general did not favor preservation of organic matter with low concentrations of Total Organic Matter. Also connects with the same age strata from the Réka Valley. Extensive bioturbation and relatively low Total Organic Content are indicative of normal-marine conditions without major perturbations of the carbon cycle during deposition of the Scheibelberg Formation and the Schrang Formation. Although several redox changes affected the depositional environment of the Bächental bituminous marls, where Suboxic to possibly short-term anoxic conditions prevailed during deposition of several of the units.

Lithology
The Sachrang member is composed mostly by marine depositional components, where the black shales are the main part of the strata present, with a major composition of bacterial origin (as is present on the Marne di Monte Serrone). The Sachrang Shale represent blackish gray to dark brown bituminous, fine-leaved, somewhat sandy marl slate, that lies on the profile of the strata, alternated with storage light brown (max. 4 mm) and darker layers (rarely over 2 mm) characteristic. The lighter layers present in the rock get darker while it keeps its fine-plate character. The Shale has a Dark-Gray to brownish tone, alternated with more rarely light gray shades. There is a relatively common presence of blue fittings, as well as Wood and Fish remains (Bones, scales). The younger strata with the fresh outcrops develops on a series of several meters thick wall, that splits into fine paper Slates when weathered. The Slate is among the most common mineral on the strata, with an average lime content of 40.2%, where maximum values are at 58% and minimum values at 26%. Bituminous Claystones are present in the Edge facies of the Sachrang Shale (="Unken Shales"), with green Clay march engagements. There is not clear separation between "Manganese Shale" and "Bituminous shale" in the main localities of the formation, because the Bituminous content fluctuates with the manganese contents, that is always high. The Unken Shales on the Bächental locality is layered on
a major Silicate component of the 60% with a pronounced dominance of Illite, along with a significant amount of Montmorillonite. The presence of Quartz and Calcite is relative with other locations of the same region from also the Toarcian, while the Pyrite content is also consistently high. Finally, the Unken Shale samples also show minor levels of Dolomite and Feldspar. There is a great abundance of Foraminiferans and Coccoliths.
Dinoflagellates are the major organic component and the most abundant microfossils. Manganese is present, such as in the Toarcian deposits of Hungary. The formation has a laminate Shale horizon associated with the Manganese Ores, with a transition of siliceous limestones and marls to black shales. Those are completed by the marl levels, composed by lithoclasts. quartz and smectite are the main minerals, along with illite, chlorite, and plagioclase in minor amounts. Bächental bituminous marls consist mainly of quartz and carbonate minerals. Isorenieratene derivatives are highly abundant on this level, related to several processes such as sedimentary iron, influenced by anoxic conditions. Rhodochrosite and manganese rich calcite are present in the manganese levels, while the Black Shale levels are rich in Pirite. The lower matrix is composed by clay and carbonate minerals, such as muscovite and feldspar. The presence of altered Celadonite, suggest volcanogenic solutions as the most probable source, where the high amounts of dissolved manganese of continental origin was translated to the epicontinental margins of the Tethys. On the Bächental bituminous marls had a bulk mineralogy where the Calcite is the most abundant fraction (49%), followed by Phyllosilicates (35%), Quartz (11%) and Pyrite (5%). While the Clay mineral distribution includes a large amount of Illite (51%), Montmorillonite (40%) and Kaolinite (9%).

Manganschiefer
The so-called "Manganschiefer" recovers a great part of the Toarcian Bavaric Nappe, being a series of deposits with dominant Magnese Shale, that preserved different kind of fossils, from Ammonites to Fish. The deposits of nodule formation to submarine volcanism present on the "Manganschiefer" are related with occurrences on Sicily. The local manganese mineralization is constituted predominantly of carbonate mineral phases, being the two main A Magnesium-poor paragenesis with association with Calcite, with or without Dolomite, alternated with a Mn-rich one with high presence of calcite, along with Kutnahorite, and Carbon rich Rhodochrosite. Associated, there is a series of second manganese minerals such as Pyrolusite, Manganite, and a lesser presence of Birnessite and Todorokite, that appear in Rhodochrosite-dominated samples. On several places a manganese ore horizon goes up to a 1 m, for example on Pürzlbach to the Kallbrunnalm. At Salzburg there is an horizon made of solid Manganese ore along a deposited few dm of polymictic and poorly sorted breccia. The breccia is composed by angular fragments of at least 7 cm large of manganese Schist and Manganese ore, but also Dachstein Limestone pebbles. The Dachstein limestone blocks are composed of masses of ammonites and up to several cm in size crinoids, that are Fe/M impregnated. Other biota include abundant echinoderm remains. Finally, on the Dachstein limestone in the form of a poorly washed out Pelparites follows first a few mm thick, possibly due to cyanobacteria, precipitated Fe/Mn crust. The Manganschiefer on the Sachrang member consists of the lower part with gray to beige-gray Marl; fine laminated marl, partly with Pyrite and manganese minerals; dark gray, carbonate Siltstones, partly ransacked; alternating reddish and yellowish Laminites, insignificant; fine-grained layers of Breccia;Slumping horizons. The in depth mineralogy revealed that along the manganese oxides of a thin weathering crust (Pyrolusite and Todorokite) there are carbonates (system  –  –  – ) and small amounts of the silicate Braunite (syngenetic Braunite, that is directly related to warm or hot waters). The local manganese minerals are characteristically associated with several Iron minerals. Rhodochrosite, Siderite, Chamosite along with sulfides, mainly Pyrite and rarely Marcasite, are abundant in the manganese-poor black shale facies, alternating with minor content of Chalcopyrite.

Dating

According to sedimentologic and palynologic features, a tidally influenced transgressive development within the Lower Toarcian is inferred. It is the reference formation for this interval. The Posidonia Shale of Dotternhausen and Schesslitz is well dated on the basis of ammonite and microfossil biostratigraphy. The Lower Toarcian sections are subdivided into three ammonite biozones (Dactyloceras tenuicostatum, Harpoceras falciferum, and Hildoceras bifrons) and several subzones. The Posidonia Shale is considered to be the reference formation for the Lower Toarcian section. On the other hand, Black shale formation in the Toarcian of NW Germany is associated with a major turnover in phytoplankton assemblages interpreted as the response to lowered salinities in surface waters of the epicontinental sea. The presence of the Turnover is essential for the datation and the preservation of the fauna of the formation, with detailed index ammonites preserved. The study of the different layers and strata of the Posidonia Shale has given different data about the chronology of the formation. Dormettingen shales have been calculated biochronologically and with isochron data, giving and approximate age of 183.0 million years old, being close to the Pliensbachian boundary based on the recent revisions of the Early Jurassic Subperiods. The Toarcian and the Pliensbachian are considered as strongly constrained in terms of chronology, although that doesn't imply that all the formations labelled to one of the two periods have to be limited; for example Lithuanian Neringa Formation whose upper strata matches with the lowermost Toarcian (183.0). The rich Shale of the foreland area of the Swabian and Franconian Alb have been recovered as part of the Posidonia, with samples that expose an age between 183.0 and 181.1, thus recovering the Lower Toarcian strata. Although the east margin of the formation has yield strata with an age of 179.7 m.a, showing the presence of the depositional environment in Middle Toarcian times.

History
The Posidonia Shale has been a focus of scientific interest for the last 100 years. The first fossils were recorded in 1598 by the medical doctor Johannes Bauhin, who interpreted the local ammonites as “metallic things” in rocks and as “miraculous tricks” of nature, while the crinoids where interpreted as either huge flowers or heads of medusa, and evidencie of the biblical flood.  Many people did important geological and paleontological research on the Swabian Posidonia Shale, including Carl Hartwig von Zieten (1785–1846), Eberhard Fraas (1862–1915), Bernhard Hauff senior (1866–1950) and Adolf Seilacher (1925–2014).

1800s

The first related studies with the Posidonia Shale Strata were done in the early 1800s. At first, the Formation was not identified as a separated unit. The first fossils were recovered on several Collections, some since the Modern Age, present on localities like the pits near the Banz Abbey. Among the oldest examples of fossils found on the formation is included the crocodylomorph Steneosaurus in 1824, but being identified as a Gharial. It was in the 1820s when major studies of the fossil finds were done. Boué in 1829 did a study of the general geology of the Jurassic along Germany, recovering limestone and shale facies, with a superficial assignation of what he considered most of the main Jurassic Strata, without classifying the layers on a concrete subperiod. And in 1830 the pterosaur Dorygnathus was described, being the first one from the Formation. In the 1830–40s, more works were done, becoming more concrete a recovering different data, setting the first assignations for the Lias & Dogger strata along Germany. Buch did a large study about the evolution of the Jurassic on the German realm, identified that most of the layers were associated with marine facies and sedimentation, interpreting a change of the emerged lands, with epicontinental deposits on the Southern German Realm. The found facies were compared with ones from the Baltic Sea deposits. The Posidonienschiefer and the Black Jurassic facies were recovered on an 1837 work that studied the deposition on the Rhenish Transitional Mountains, although it was left as a group of strata related to Lias-Dogger transition. A second edition recovered that the facies were similar to those deposited on tropical settings, like Tanzania & other similar settings, especially on near fluvial deposits. Quenstedt did a major recompilation of the Jurassic in 1843 focused on Würtemberg, covering the Black Shales and the Black Jura as only Liassic in age. The first insight on the flora was done in 1845, with partial leaf fragments. After that, several works were done searching on the Posidonienschiefer, such as Roemer in 1844, returning to the Rhenish Transitional mountains, with the previous works revisited, with a mineral research study for the Posidonia Layers. That was complemented with paleontological studies along other parts, such as Thuringia. The fish genus Lepidotes was recovered on various layers assigned to the Black Jura, being the first main fish genus identified related to the strata. After 1850, the number of studies grew, from general studies recovering the petrology, comparing it to other deposits found several parts of Germany petrified small animals, composition in terms of minerals present, chemistry of the process recovered on the strata, applications for the mineralogical industry, the Foraminiferans present on marine rocks with its affinities and ecological implications, the Crinoids associated to rafting woods, resemblances with the other liassic strata know on central Europe and implications for the general lias sedimentology or for the geology and sedimentology respect to other units along Germany. with research on North Germany, where new deposits were found. And finally, recompilations of the previous discoveries along the last decades, compared to the finds on new pits and its layers.

1900s

While there are paleontological works since 1880, the formation itself gets a deeper view on the 1900s. One of the first main discoveries at the start of the century was the description of the ichthyosaur Stenopterygius in 1904. With also renovated data about the different minerals present of the rocks of the formation. The changes on the deposits of the formation where also recovered, where the thickness changes from North to South deposits become know, and was vinculated mostly to influence of the Glacial erratics. The influence of the Cuaternary events on the strata was compared and proved on latter studies. On 1921, Hauff do the main research of the
found fossils from Holzmaden on the previous decades, finding exquisite specimens, some of them nearly complete, including Ammonites, Fish and Marine reptiles, such as Plesiosaurs and Icthyosaurs. It also recovered that the chemology and know most of the sedimentation of the formation was marine, with pelagic fauna, influenced by marginal marine to deep basin deposits. All with the implications for the Industry, updated from previous works. Hauff described in 1938 "Acidorhynchus" (Saurorhynchus), the latest surviving of the Saurichthyiformes. The stratigraphical works were done after 1930 to corroborate the Pelagic affinities of the locations, along with comparations with other Middle and Late Juarssic deposits. As a result of those works on the strata, organic substances, related to carbonate particles, where found and studied on the late '40s. Also fragments of metallic particles where studied. The Posidonienschiefer was studied after the 60s focusing on some points bituminous shales, and the nature of them, due to the finds on the '30s–'50s. The study of the Shales led to recover data and compare to similar settings to the objective of find similar sedimentation settings, being found that the Pelagic deposits where influenced by changes on the Oxygen composition, that led to decrease the presence of scavengers, and let excepcional preservation of vertebrates and invertebrates to happen. On 1978, Wild described the First and only know Dinosaur Fossil from the formation, what he named Ohmdenosaurus, a small sized Sauropod. As the setting and the importance of the Oxygen levels get important to study the ecological boundary of the formation, new data was provided to expose the influence of the deposits, the fauna, minerals, and other components. The Ecological perspective of the formation had change, being seen as a Stagnant Basin Model, influenced by paleocurrents from the North and the South of the Central European Basin. The newest studies of the Black Shale recovered that its formation was related to anoxic changes, with temporal changes on the fauna, led by the oxygen levels. Due to that, the major fossil collections where re-observed, looking for traces of the new discovered data about the Shale.
 Also proliferate works recovering all the history of the formation, the previous studies and the changes seeing trought the reexamination, with a retrospective of the new knowledge about the changes on the deposition. That included the revision of older specimens, and historical finds on the formation.

2000s

Recent work has recorded and rewritten data from previous works, and focused more on the appearance of the environment and the study of earlier found specimens, distribution of the sediments and its implication to the Sea currents during the Toarcian. New Flora Fragments where reported from the layers near Holzmaden and along the strata on the seashore sections on the Bohemian region, implying terrestrial deposits nearby. The Hauff Museum, where most of the specimens were housed, was revisited for the study of some of the forgotten fossils on the collection. The Black Shales were recovered has biomarkers for the lower Toarcian subperiod of the Lower Jurassic, based on foramifera and algae microfossils. Using Gamma-Ray measurements was found the deposition started on the lowermost Toarcian stage, around 182.5 million years ago, where on some pits the lower layers start with the presence of index Ammonites and Bivalves. Along with the data and the North German Facies, where recovered new Facies on Austria and the Netherlands. The main works referred to the sedimentation where done on relationship with the Toarcian Anoxic Event. The nannofacies show that the anoxic changes where the main reference to follow to see the changes on the bottom of the seas along the Toarcian Boundary, being discovered irregularities along the different regions of the Posidonia Shale. That find also that the deposition of the Shales was restricted on some parts of the formation, what led to changes on the currents, and thus influenced the different stratification on series of layers. Also, Posidonia Shale was present on abundant works relating the impact of the Anoxic event with other formations of same age. Or even changes of the behaviour of the fauna. The most recent finds have been related to old specimens, where fossil Icthyosaurs have reported preserved skin or pathologies. Also the recover of considered synonymous taxa, such as Mystriosaurus.

Paleogeography

The Posidonia Shale was a mostly marine unit, influenced by various highs and emerged lands that provided most of the terrestrial matter found along the Formation. The Main structure of the formation was disposed along the modern southern Germany, recovering the locations of Holzmaden, Ohmden, with Niedersachsen facies at the north, and others appearing along the east, such as the related to the Banz Abbey strata or the near-Bohemia facies. The Formation was divided into various sections, including the Southwest German Basin, the main unit, where the most detailed fossils have been found, including the Icthyosaurus and Plesiosaurs housed at the Hauff Museum. The SW German Basin was a pelagic deposit, with the influence of open sea currents from the North and the South, with an estimated water depth of 500 m to 1.5 km. Abyssal depression sedimentation has not been found for now. Connected to the SW German basin where the Paris Basin, that recovered central France, with correlated sedimentation to the Shale deposition on Germany. The Paris Basin was also mostly a Pelagic to open-shelf deposit, without a major abyssal sedimentation. At the North, the Wenzen Well provide a deeper basinal setting for facies coming from the main continental land present anywhere nearby the formation, Fennoscandia. The main terrestrial units present along the main Posidonia Body, where the Rhenish High at the west, being a small land of the size of Sicily, and on the east, the Bohemian Massif with the Vindelician High, the major units present on the Central European basin on the Toarcian. The Topography of the Massif is believed to be hereditary of the Paleozoic Transgressions that happened on the central European margin, with possible elevated facies, where the major topographical accidents would be situated along the southern coast. The Vindelician Land/High has been represented as a peninsula to the Bohemian Massif, or an isolated landmass, that is due to its connections that had not been recovered in depth, being considered a mostly plain emerged sedimentary structure. Finally, the southernmost part of the Formation, the Bern High (Allemanic Swell) recovered the modern north of Switzerland, a small terrestrial setting with similar conditions to Sardinia. Out of the main basin, the layers of the formation extend to the Danish Central Graben, that deposited on the Baltic coast of Germany and Denmark. The Danish Central Graben was a depositional shelf basin, with depths around 1–2 km maximum, with abundant facies related to Volcanic deposits, coming mostly from the southern Fennoscandia Central Skåne Volcanic Province. The extension of the Facies of the Posidonia Shale come near the London-Brabant Massif, with a similar topography to modern Creta. At the northern shores of the Massif was present the West Netherlands Basin, a seashore to epicontinental deposit, with abundant terrestrial facies.

Oil

Recent studies have shown that the petroleum generation potential of the PS is high in all studied regions due to the high TOC and Hydrogen Index. However, differences exist which can be expressed by SPI values. The latter are highest for northern Germany, where the PS is richest in TOC and has the highest HI values combined with a thickness of 30 to 40 m at most places. Since the first serious evaluations in the 2000s, different organic samples were extracted to revise the changes and potential presence of the Shale Oil on the main quarries of the southern realm. Based on several core samples with abundant organic material (Dinoflagellate cysts and other microorganism fragments, such as microscopic algae) different thermal maturity has been found, especially on the samples from the Hils Syncline strata. The maturation of this strata has implied losing organic carbon and loss of hydrogen index values. Beyond that, the status of the samples has been stable during at least 40 measured years.

Ecology

The Lower Toarcian is characterized by the widespread occurrence of organic-rich mudstones, termed black shales, in western Europe and other parts of the world. It is considered to represent mostly marine units, including Pelagic, epicontinental and on a more less presence, deltaic and seashore environments. Near Shore sections are filled with algal fragments and pollen, that suggest interceded dunar environments with proximal water and Halophile flora, and probably water flooded forests. Most of the fossilized environments are open sea and marine settings, with abundance of shells and coral fragments. The relation between the sea environments and the less present terrestrial match with the paleogeography of the Lower Toarcian of Europe, where a main sea covered most part of the modern countries, with emerged lands such as the Armorican Massif or the Bohemian Massif.

Marine environments
The early Toarcian stage was characterized with the presence of a general deposition of mudrocks along with organic matter mostly on marine strata, showed by different kind of succession in marine strata, that can be observed nowadays worldwide. The Black shales present in the Posidonia Formation are related to deposits present on Lithuania, Canada and several other countries & Continents. This suggests the presence of a general deposition of organic matter, driven by several global events and changes present on the surface. This caused changes on the bottom of the seas, with abundant deposition of organic matter. It is related to a change in carbon-isotope excursion in marine and terrestrial life, and was probably a perturbator of the carbon cycle. Global seawater has been proved to be approximately,  for the interval of the negative carbon-isotope excursion, close to 1.45‰, less than modern values, with estimated 2.34‰. Waters interchange were one of the major effects on the palatine de-oxygenation showed on most of the Lower Toarcian Layers around the word, with the connection with the Viking Corridor as one of the main effects, due to the arctic waters freshening and breaking the oceanic circulation. The effect was consequently negative on the German realm, where the environments expose a tropical fluctuation, with conditions similar to the modern Caribbean Sea, which hosted a high variety of sea fauna, except on the bottom layers, where only a few genera were able to survive when oxygen conditions get slightly better. The changes on the bottom floor oxygen where common, with most of the animals dying without being scavenged by bottom-dweller organisms, and sessile life (Except some Polychaetans on higher oxygen conditions). Posterior facies of the middle Toarcian show changes on the Environments, getting more oxygen and different depositional settings with the presence of trace fossils such as Chondrites and Phymatoderma granulata, surfacing deposit-feeding animals, being adapted for effective nutrient searching, becoming more common on the uppermost layers. The sea levels where transgressive, as it is shown on layers across Bavaria where major events set the fate of the nearshore environments. One example is the case of the Monotis–Dactylioceras beds, that had an extent of +500 km, that has been linked with a possible Tsunami. There is not major indicative of synsedimentary faulting in South Germany, but is present on the western Tethyan Shelf, with breccias created from earthquakes, present on Toarcian levels of the Austrian Adnet Formation. It would start as an initial wave propagation affecting the Altdorf High aiming for the south, where it would have hitten the shoreline of the Bohemian Island.

Terrestrial environments
The main Terrestrial environments of the Posidonia Shale are the near emerged lands where the Black Forest High (known thanks to strata containing fine sand in the tenuicostatum Zone, ‘Glaukonit und viel Feinsand’, at Obereggenen im Breisgau), located at 70 km at the west and the Vosges Massif (known by the abundant detrital quartz from the EST433 borehole located near Bure, Meuse).  Mostly of this lands where of Paleozoic origin, from the London-Brabant Massif at the west, the French Massif Central at the south, the Vindelician High and Bohemian Massif at the east, with minor lands present whose emerged nature on the Toarcian is controversial, including the Vlotho Massif at the northwest, the Swedish Bern high at the south, Rhenish Massif on the Center and the Fuenen High in the north. The Fennoscandian province was the major continental realm, that provide most of the freshwater for the nearshore environments. The Bern high was characterised with being one of the southernmost environments on the formation, with a terrestrial setting characterised by tropical climate, with the presence of enhanced rainfall and river freshwater inputs together with recurrent discharges of northern waters. Is compared with a modern Bahamian setting, with relative humid flora and the presence of abundant rivers, although it is believed to have a more vertical topography. The Vlotho Massif is one of the most interesting cases on the realm, being capable of generate a thermal influence on nearshore waters. With a high deposition of metals, the layers of the High show instead a climate varied between 21° and 26° and a more dry climate, being a Mediterranean climate zone. Same is applied to the Bohemian Shores, populated by large Araucarian and Cycadales. The Environments were influenced by monsoonal conditions, and large scale rains that hit most of the nearshore settings, causing the large accumulation of Insect remains found on the epicontinental layers. Southern summers with humid south-west monsoonal conditions occur on most of the emerged lands, getting a winter with dry north east trade winds. Those were related to the seasonal occurrence of wood rafts on the formation and linked to the life cycle of the stem crinoids. On the land, probably where the main source of seeds and help to interchange species between landmasses.

Micropaleontology
In Austria, the Unken Member of the Formation Recovers Deep Basinal Deposits, while the Salzburg member is related with Epicontinental to Shallow Nearshore Waters. On the After the Pliensbachian-Toarcian locally is observed a significant decrease in the Crinoid skeleton elements, also that of the Ophiurida; the Echinoids take their place, where really blossomed at that time. Pedicellaria are observed very often. On the Bächental bituminous marls there is a great abundance of saturated Hydrocarbons in the hexanesoluble fraction. Methyl and Methylene where found along long-chain paraffinic molecules (n-alkanes). Benzenemethanol resins are especially strong for the Benzene-Methanol fraction. While the occurrence of charred Organic Matter is commonly connected to Wildfire activity, the presence of Alginite as the dominant maceral group in Bächental bituminous marls suggests a mainly marine algal source. The main maceral found is Lamalginite, which may derive from thin-walled planktonic and benthic organisms, including Green Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Bacterial mats. There is a clear low frequency of Vitrinite and Inertinite, what suggests that terrestrial inputs of organic matter to be of less importance, although, the main part of OM contained in the basal mudstone, including charred material, was derived from terrestrial sources. This Mudstone contains charred organic material typically connected to Wildfires along with large amounts of expandable Smectite possibly derived from alteration of volcanic ash, what indicated a clear contribution of volcanic-derived detritus during deposition of the Bächental bituminous marls, whose genesis was probably linked to the rift history of the Valais,  and Piemonte-Liguria domains (Sinemurian-Callovian), and the Toarcian break-up of the Ligurian-Penninic oceanic realm. There is measurements of reduction of the local salinity on the water where elevated inputs of freshwater due to an accelerated hydrological cycle resulted in a surface-water layer.

Paleontological significance

In addition to their Posidonia bronni, the shales contain some spectacularly detailed fossils of other Jurassic sea creatures—ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs, spiral-shelled ammonites and crinoids, or sea-lilies. The best-preserved fossils found on the Early Jurassic can be the ones from the Posidonia Shale. There are also abundant fish fossils (including genera such as Pachycormus, Ohmdenia, Strongylosteus and chondrichthyes like Hybodus or Palaeospinax). Most of the fauna is marine, with several terrestrial specimens, and some of them being semiaquatic, such as the sphenodont Palaeopleurosaurus.

Flora has been found, especially the genus Xenoxylon, but also Otozamites, Equisetites and Pagiophyllum.

Urweltmuseum Hauff
The Main Museum with the taxa Found on the Posidonia Shale, the Hauff Museum recovers the best specimens found in the last 150 years, and it is situated on Ohmden. With different expositions, the museum has several spaces for the marine fauna, where it is exposed, including a disposed strata with the layer showing the provenance of every taxon and its fossil. The Museum has been working since the 1900s, and was founded by Bernhard Hauff, using his private collection of fossils as a base, as an opposite to Alwin Hauff who wanted to use the layers for industrial production. The Museum was reformed on between the years 1967 and 1971. In the year 2000, an external park with Dinosaur models was added. The museum has several halls with different kinds of fauna found on the layers of the formation, where the vertebrate specimens are exposed on the main parts, including on those Icthyosaur remains and several fishes. The Museum has the world's largest colony of sea lilies, measuring an approximate size of 100 square metres. Rolf Bernhard Hauff is the actual director of the museum.

Gallery

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany
 Toarcian turnover
 Toarcian formations
Marne di Monte Serrone, Italy
 Calcare di Sogno, Italy
 Mizur Formation, North Caucasus
 Saubach Formation, Austria
 Úrkút Manganese Ore Formation, Hungary
 Irlbach Sandstone, Germany
 Ciechocinek Formation, Germany and Poland
 Krempachy Marl Formation, Poland and Slovakia
 Djupadal Formation, Central Skane
 Lava Formation, Lithuania
 Azilal Group, North Africa
 Whitby Mudstone, England
 Fernie Formation, Alberta and British Columbia
 Poker Chip Shale
 Whiteaves Formation, British Columbia
 Navajo Sandstone, Utah
 Los Molles Formation, Argentina
 Mawson Formation, Antarctica
 Kandreho Formation, Madagascar
 Kota Formation, India
 Cattamarra Coal Measures, Australia

References

External links
 Images of fossils in the Urwelt-Museum Hauff (Holzmaden)

Geologic formations of the Czech Republic
Geologic formations of Germany
Geologic formations of the Netherlands
Geologic formations of Switzerland
Jurassic System of Europe
Jurassic Germany
Shale formations
Open marine deposits
Source rock formations
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Europe
Paleontology in Germany


Lucien-François de Montagnac (17 May 1803 – 23 September 1845) was a French lieutenant colonel. Sent to Africa in 1845, he was responsible for several massacres of civilians during the French conquest of Algeria and was killed at the Battle of Sidi-Brahim.

Life
Montagnac was born in Pouru-aux-Bois.  He took part in the Spanish expedition of 1823 and rose to lieutenant on 30 December 1827. He severely put down the June Rebellion in 1832 but refused the Légion d'honneur he was offered in reward by Louis-Philippe of France, explaining he was "resolved to await this reward on an occasion I will better deserve it".

Sidi-Brahim

Massacres
Colonel de Montagnac  was quoted as saying while in Algeria, "I have some heads cut off , not the heads of artichokes but the heads of men."

References

1803 births
1845 deaths
People from Ardennes (department)
French Army officers
French nobility
Lucien
Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis


The Ice Hockey World Championship is an annual ice hockey tournament organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). The IIHF has given directorate awards for play during each year's championship tournament to the top goaltender, defenceman and forward (all since 1954), and most valuable player chosen by media (since 1999).

Directorate awards

See also
List of IIHF World Championship medalists
IIHF Centennial All-Star Team

References

External links

International Ice Hockey Federation official website

Award winners
IIHF World Championship directorate


"Boogie Child" is the third hit single from the Bee Gees' 1976 platinum album Children of the World, released in the US in early 1977. The song peaked at no. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 as an A-side and was then used as the B-side of the single "Children of the World" in the UK. It was the last song recorded by the Bee Gees for their album Children of the World.

Content
"Boogie Child" perhaps evolved from the unreleased "Boogie Summer" (recorded on 2 April). It was one of the two songs, alongside "Can't Keep a Good Man Down", that were the last new tracks recorded for the album. "Boogie Child" was released as a single at the start of 1977 with "Lovers" as the B-side. In the UK, RSO Records issued "Children of the World" as the third single from the album with "Boogie Child" as the B-side. In New Zealand, "Children of the World" was chosen as the B-side of this single.

In December 1976, before the release of the single, the Bee Gees performed it at their concert at The Forum, Los Angeles which appears on their first concert album Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live released in May 1977. The original audio of "Boogie Child" on that concert, which features uncredited background vocalists, was replaced by Barry's background vocals when it was mixed in April 1977 in France.

Reception
Billboard described "Boogie Child" as the Bee Gees' "funkiest single to date." Cash Box said it has "a Sly-influenced lead vocal, incredibly crisp instrumentation and several emotive choruses." Record World said that "The Ohio Players-type groove should go across the board."

Personnel
Barry Gibb – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar
Maurice Gibb – bass, backing vocals
Robin Gibb – backing vocals
Alan Kendall – electric guitar
Dennis Bryon – drums
Blue Weaver – synthesizer, piano
Peter Graves – horn
Whit Sidener – horn
Kenny Faulk – horn
Neil Bonsanti – horn
Bill Purse – horn

Chart history

References

1976 songs
1977 singles
Bee Gees songs
British disco songs
RSO Records singles
Song recordings produced by Albhy Galuten
Song recordings produced by Barry Gibb
Song recordings produced by Maurice Gibb
Song recordings produced by Robin Gibb
Songs written by Barry Gibb
Songs written by Maurice Gibb
Songs written by Robin Gibb


Lac-des-Seize-Îles (; French for Sixteen Islands Lake) is a village and municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Les Pays-d'en-Haut Regional County Municipality. The municipality surrounds and is named after Sixteen Island Lake (Lac des Seize Îles) with the village situated at the northern end of this lake.

Geography
Lac-des-Seize-Îles is located about  west of Saint-Sauveur-des-Monts in the Laurentian Mountains. The municipality is rectangular in shape, completely encompassing Sixteen Island Lake. This lake is  long and has an elevation of . Its descriptive name, which was in use as early as 1899 refers to its islands, however is a misnomer. There are in fact eighteen small islands on the lake, although the two smallest have no official name and have been judged too small for habitation:

One of the two unnamed islands is commonly referred to as 'Ile aux Bleuets', although Île Armitage was previously named as such.

The shores of Sixteen Island Lake and most of the islands are developed with cottages, making it a popular summer location when the population swells significantly. Most cottages are inaccessible by land and must be reached by boat.

History

Prior to European contact, this territory was occupied by the Weskarini Algonquin First Nation, and recent archaeological searches have uncovered 500-year old Huron and 700-year old Iriquoan pottery vases, suggesting the lake was possibly a meeting place.

The first pioneers arrived in this place in 1897, coming mainly from Saint-Joachim-de-Shefford and Roxton Falls. The post office opened a year later in 1898, identified under the English name of Sixteen Island Lake. In 1901, the mission of Notre-Dame-de-la-Sagesse was established and became a parish in 1937. In 1914, the Municipality of Lac-des-Seize-Îles was formed by separating from the Township Municipalities of Montcalm and Wentworth.

Pine Lake, located 1.5 km from Lac-des-Seize-Îles, received its first share of summer vacationers in 1907. A post office, identified as Lac-des-Pins, was serving vacationers between 1922 and 1954.

Demographics
Population trend:
 Population in 2016: 172 (2011 to 2016 population change: -22.9%)
 Population in 2011: 223 (2006 to 2011 population change: 39.4%)
 Population in 2006: 160 (2001 to 2006 population change: -33.9%)
 Population in 2001: 242
 Population in 1996: 184
 Population in 1991: 205

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 89 (total dwellings: 190)

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 8.6%
 French as first language: 82.9%
 English and French as first language: 0%
 Other as first language: 5.7%

Education
The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates English-language public schools:
 Morin Heights Elementary School in Morin-Heights serves all of the town limits
 Laurentian Elementary School in Lachute also serves a portion
 Laurentian Regional High School in Lachute

See also
List of municipalities in Quebec

References

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec


Trouvelot is a crater on Mars, located in the Oxia Palus quadrangle at 16.2° north latitude and 13.1° west longitude near the crustal dichotomy in the circum-Chryse region. It is roughly located along the dichotomy between Arabia Terra to the northeast and the southernmost of the circum-Chryse outflow channels to the southwest. Trouvelot crater measures approximately  in diameter and was named after Étienne Léopold Trouvelot, a French astronomer (1827–1895). The name was adopted by IAU's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973.

Description
Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than  in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact.

There is a part of Trouvelot that displays many thin, light-toned layers; these may be evidence that a lake was present in the past. Many craters once contained lakes. Because some crater floors show deltas, we know that water had to be present for some time. Dozens of deltas have been spotted on Mars. Deltas form when sediment is washed in from a stream entering a quiet body of water. The presence of a delta means water was there for a time, maybe for many years. Primitive organisms may have developed in such lakes; hence, some craters may be prime targets for the search for evidence of life on Mars.

Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.
Sometimes the layers are of different colors. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like sulfates. The Mars rover Opportunity examined such layers close-up with several instruments. Some layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into fine dust. Other layers break up into large boulders, so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to be present in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay (also called phyllosilicate) in some layers. Recent research with an orbiting near-infrared spectrometer, which reveals the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb, found evidence of layers of both clay and sulfates in many places, especially craters. This is exactly what would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated. Moreover, since some layers contain gypsum, a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, life could have formed in some craters.

Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water. Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life.

See also
 List of craters on Mars

References

Impact craters on Mars
Oxia Palus quadrangle


The 2009 Cheltenham Gold Cup was a horse race which took place at Cheltenham on Friday March 13, 2009. It was the 81st running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup, and it was won by the pre-race favourite Kauto Star. The winner was ridden by Ruby Walsh and trained by Paul Nicholls.

Kauto Star became the first horse to regain the Gold Cup in the event's history. He had previously won it in 2007, and he was runner-up in 2008. The winning margin of thirteen lengths was the widest in the race since 1995.

Race details
 Sponsor: Totesport
 Winner's prize money: £270,797.50
 Going: Good to Soft
 Number of runners: 16
 Winner's time: 6m 44.95s

Full result

* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. nk = neck; PU = pulled-up.† All trainers are based in Great Britain.

Winner's details
Further details of the winner, Kauto Star:

 Foaled: March 19, 2000 in France
 Sire: Village Star; Dam: Kauto Relka (Port Etienne)
 Owner: Clive D. Smith
 Breeder: Marie-Louise Aubert

References

 sportinglife.com
 guardian.co.uk – "Kauto Star regains Gold Cup in splendid isolation" – March 13, 2009.

Cheltenham Gold Cup
 2009
Cheltenham Gold Cup
Cheltenham Gold Cup
2000s in Gloucestershire


André Caroff (pseudonym of André Carpouzis) (1924 in Paris – 9 March 2009) was a French author of science fiction and horror. His œuvre, particularly abundant, was published primarily by publisher Fleuve Noir.

Caroff was one of the leading authors of publisher Fleuve Noir's popular horror, then science fiction imprints, Angoisse and Anticipation. For Angoisse, he created the character of Madame Atomos, a brilliant but twisted middle-aged female Japanese scientist who is out to revenge herself against the United States for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where she was born. Eighteen novels were published between 1964 and 1970, and were recently collected in a six-volume omnibus edition by Rivière Blanche.

For Anticipation, Caroff had created various series including that of Space Security Agent Tom Rod. While his sight was impaired, Caroff had embarked on a new post-apocalyptic saga for Rivière Blanche in 2006, with two volumes already released and two more to be published posthumously. In total, Caroff's oeuvre included thirty horror novels and thirty-four science fiction novels.

References
Source: Some of the information contained in this article was taken from:

French Science Fiction, Fantasy, Horror and Pulp Fiction by Jean-Marc Lofficier & Randy Lofficier  .

1924 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Paris
French science fiction writers
20th-century French novelists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French novelists
French male novelists
21st-century French male writers


The 51st (Highland) Division Memorial at Beaumont-Hamel is a memorial in France commemorating the soldiers of the 51st (Highland) Division killed during World War I. The memorial is located near Y Ravine on the  Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial site. This position had been the scene of the Division's first major victory on 13 November 1916 during the Battle of the Ancre, the closing stage of the Battle of the Somme.

Memorial
The ground originally donated by the commune of Beaumont-Hamel to the Veterans of the 51st (Highland) Division, for the purposes of a memorial, was found to be unstable because of the many dugouts on the site. Lieutenant Colonel Nangle, the former Roman Catholic padre of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment who was largely responsible for the establishment of the Beaumont Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, offered the association a location overlooking Y Ravine within the boundaries of the site. Y Ravine was a forked gully (hence its name) which contained a formidably-fortified warren of defensive positions that had been the scene of a stunning victory by the Highland Division on 13 November 1916.

The sculptor selected for the 51st Division Monument was George Henry Paulin. The base of the monument consists of rough blocks of Rubislaw granite which were produced by Garden & Co. in Aberdeen, Scotland, and are assembled in a pyramid form. Company Sergeant Major Bob Rowan of the Glasgow Highlanders was used as the model for the kilted figure atop the memorial, though the face is that of Paulin's own brother, Charles. The figure faces east towards the village of Beaumont-Hamel. On the front of the memorial is a plaque inscribed in Gaelic:  which in English translates into "Friends are good on the day of battle".

The 51st Division Memorial was unveiled on 28 September 1924 by Marshal of France Ferdinand Foch, the former Allied Supreme Commander. The memorial was dedicated by the Reverend Sinclair, who had been a chaplain with the Division. The pipers of the 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders played Flowers of the Forest during the event. The memorial was re-dedicated on 13 July 1958, the front panel now also commemorating those of the Division who died during the Second World War.

Notes

References

Battle of the Somme
Scottish military memorials and cemeteries
World War I memorials in France
Monuments and memorials in Somme (department)


The Miss Perú 2009 pageant was held on April 4, 2009. That year, 22 candidates were competing for the national crown. The chosen winner represented Perú in Miss Universe 2009. The rest of the finalists would enter in different pageants.

Placements

Special Awards

 Best Regional Costume - Puno - Dessire Villar
 Miss Photogenic - Huánuco- Carolina Gamarra
 Miss Elegance - Cajamarca - Silvana Vásquez Monier
 Miss Body - Amazonas - Karen Schwarz
 Best Hair - Ica - Sofía del Pinho
 Miss Congeniality - Junin - Alexandra Hidalgo
 Most Beautiful Face - Ica - Sofía del Pinho
 Best Smile - Huánuco- Carolina Gamarra
 Miss Aquavit - Tacna - Karen Menéndez

Delegates

Amazonas - Karen Susana Schwarz Espinoza
Áncash - Gisella Dayana Cava Rivera
Arequipa - Pamela Gonzáles Palomino
Ayacucho - Jessica Schialer Brunetti
Cajamarca - Silvana Sofía Vásquez Monier
Callao - Karla Wendy Flores Guerra
Cuzco - Vanessa Claudia Castillo Aranda
Huancavelica - Bárbara Merino Ibañez
Huánuco - Carolina Gamarra Calleja
Ica - Sofía del Pinho
Junín - Alexandra Hidalgo Schuster
La Libertad - Pamela de la Flor Loly
Lambayeque - Danea Panta
Loreto - Kory Alegría
Madre de Dios - Lilibeth Witting Ubaldo
Pasco - Aymi Dean Carnero Dionisio
Piura - Carol María Alvarado
Puno - Dessire Villar Huamani
Region Lima - Mayra Alejandra Chang Beltrán
San Martín - Nancy Sandoval Rengifo
Tacna - Karen Alicia Menéndez Calle
Tumbes - Kerly Acuña Ramirez

Judges

Luisa María Cuculiza - Congressmember
Fred Vellon - Creative Director of MAC cosmetics
Jessica Tapia - TV Host & Miss Asia-Pacific 1994
Luis Barrenechea - Plastic Surgeon
Luis Argüelles - Manager of public relations of Panamericana Televisión
Monica Chacón - Miss World Peru 1996
Nacho del Águila - Professional Stylist of Tomy's
Olga Zumarán - TV Actress & Miss Peru 1978

Trivia

 Karen became the third Miss Amazonas to win that title since the Miss Peru pageant first began in 1952. The first one was Maria Esther Brambilla, Miss Peru 1968, and the other one was Paola Dellepiane Miss Peru 1995. Karen has German and Peruvian ancestry.

Kori Alegría, Miss Loreto died on March 17, 2010, in a motorcycle accident in Iquitos.

Background Music

Opening Show – Eva Ayllón - "Enamorada de Estar Aqui"

Swimsuit Competition – The Ting Tings - "Shut Up and Let Me Go"

Evening Gown Competition – Jean Paul Strauss - "De Todo lo Mio"

References

External links
Official website

Miss Peru
2009 in Peru
2009 beauty pageants


Držková a municipality and village in Zlín District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

Držková lies approximately  north-east of Zlín and  east of Prague.

References

Villages in Zlín District