The Würzburg–Aschaffenburg railway (also known in German as the Main-Spessart-Bahn) is an 89 kilometre-long railway line in the Bavarian province of Lower Franconia. It runs from Würzburg via Gemünden (Main) to Aschaffenburg. It is particularly important for long-distance and goods traffic because it links the Rhine-Main conurbation immediately northwest of Aschaffenburg with the Lower Franconian city of Würzburg and beyond it to the metropoles of Nuremberg and Munich. The German name derives from the fact that it initially runs parallel to the River Main and then cuts through the Spessart hills. It was opened on 22 June 1854 by the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway Company and is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

History

The Bavarian section
Development of the line was licensed under the Bavarian law of 23 May 1846. The Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen) opened the section of the Main–Spessart railway from Würzburg to the then national border with the Electorate of Hesse, which lay between Kahl am Main and Großkrotzenburg, via Aschaffenburg on 1 October 1854. It formed part of the Bavarian Ludwig Western Railway, which ran from Bamberg via Schweinfurt.

The 96-metre-long railway bridge over the A 3 was rebuilt near Hösbach between February 2010 and October 2011.

Until June 2017, the most operationally demanding section of the line was the 5.4 kilometre-long Spessart Ramp, a steep section between Laufach and the Schwarzkopf Tunnel with an average gradient of 1.9%, which meant that heavy freight trains required assistance from a bank engine. Since June 2017, the Spessart ramp has been replaced by a new line on a significantly flatter route.

The Electorate of Hesse section

The section in the Electorate of Hesse from the former state border to the former Hanau station, where it connected to the Frankfurt–Hanau railway was built and operated on the basis of a license from the Electorate and a treaty between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Electorate signed on 7 June 1850. The financing of the construction of the line by the Hanau bank, Bernus du Fay, caused a government crisis in the Electorate in 1852, because the elector, Frederick William I expected a bribe of 100,000 Thalers before he signed the concession. The leading minister in the Electorate, Ludwig Hassenpflug, then offered his resignation, but the elector refused it. The Hanau–Aschaffenburg section was originally operated by the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway Company (Frankfurt-Hanauer Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) and the Bavarian part was leased to them. The Hessian Ludwig Railway (Hessische Ludwigsbahn) took over the operations of the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway in 1863 and acquired it in 1872 as it now lay in Prussia, as a result of the Austro-Prussian War.

20th century

During the Second World War, the Main-Spessart Railway was the target of Allied air raids as an important route for traffic. One raid took place on the night of 1/2 April 1942.

The section from Würzburg to Veitshöchheim has been electrified since 10 October 1954 and the whole line has been operated electrically since 26 September 1957. Since then, the number of freight trains requiring a bank engine has declined sharply. Until the opening of the new Spessart Ramp, such a locomotive was still based in Laufach station. With 365 trains per day, the line was heavily congested in the summer of 1970 according to Deutsche Bundesbahn.

New plans

In conjunction with the planned "Hanover–Gemünden supplementary line", which was listed in Deutsche Bundesbahn's expansion program (Ausbauprogramm für das Netz) of 1970, the Aschaffenburg–Würzburg supplementary line (Ergänzungsstrecke) was designated as a planned new line. This was to relieve the congested section between Gemünden and Würzburg.

The line would cross the Spessart towards Würzburg, initially running approximately parallel and north of Autobahn A 3 to Waldaschaff and cross the Main at Hafenlohr. The connection to the existing line would be made north of Würzburg and the route length be shortened from 90 kilometres to 67 kilometres and the running time from 50 minutes to 25 minutes. The quadruplication of the existing line was considered, but it was not pursued due to the substandard route east of Aschaffenburg, the Spessart ramp and the narrow profile of the Schwarzkopf Tunnel. In mid-1971, the line was one of four "supplementary lines" with the highest priority level, which were planned to be largely realised by 1980.

Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1973

The Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (Bundesverkehrswegeplan) 1973 contained a line between Würzburg and Aschaffenburg as one of seven planned high-speed railways. Construction of the planned 65 kilometre-long new line was estimated to cost around DM 1.2 billion.

In the pre-planning as of November 1973, the line at Hösbach was to leave the existing line and run eastwards along the existing line to the southeast of Partenstein. It would continue north to Lohr am Main and south to Neuendorf. From there, the line would run in an arc in a southeasterly direction. South of Gemünden, in the vicinity of Wernfeld, it would connect with the new line coming from Hanover and run towards Würzburg-Zell along largely straight lines.

The planned new line encountered strong resistance from nature conservation associations, which feared damage to the Spessart, and was therefore abandoned by Deutsche Bundesbahn.

Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1980
The Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1980, which was determined at the end of 1979, included as a "new project" the upgrading of the existing line between Aschaffenburg and Gemünden by 1990 instead of a section of new line. The estimated cost was DM 850 million.

The Hanover–Würzburg Süd project group, which was planning the southern route section of the Hanover–Würzburg new line at the railway division (Bundesbahndirektion) of Nuremberg, was commissioned to develop plans for the upgrade of the line between Gemünden and Aschaffenburg on 25 February 1980. In addition to the construction of a new tunnel in the area of the Spessart Ramp, this included the Nantenbach Curve (10 kilometres). The integration of the new tunnel into a new Aschaffenburg–Gemünden high-speed line was explicitly intended as an option. The planning of 1982 provided for a 37.6 kilometre-long section between Aschaffenburg and Gemünden upgraded for a maximum speed of 200 km/h (with the Linienzugbeeinflussung cab signalling and train protection system).

According to another source, an Aschaffenburg–Gemünden upgraded line was planned around 1982 and consisted of the Nantenbach Curve and an 18 kilometre-long bypass of the steep section to the west of the Schwarzkopf Tunnel. The new line would start southwest of Hösbach and connect with the existing line at Wiesthal. As part of the overall 28.0 kilometre-long line, which could be operated at 200 km/h, 7 tunnels would be built with a total length of eleven kilometres. A 32 kilometre-long upgrade was planned in 1983.

The Aktionsgemeinschaft Laufachtal (Laufach valley action group), which campaigned against the upgrade of the line, was founded at the beginning of March 1983 under the motto of Das Laufachtal muß leben (the Laufach valley must live).

Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1985
Finally, the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1985 included an upgrade of the line between Gemünden and Aschaffenburg only in the "planning" category. DM 520 million was provided for the “Aschaffenburg–Gemünden upgraded line”.

Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1992
The Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan 1992 contained the ABS/NBS Hanau–Nantenbach/Würzburg–Iphofen project as an “urgent need” with an estimated cost of DM 1.495 billion.

An area sensitivity test for the Hanau–Fulda/Würzburg new and upgraded railway (Neu- und Ausbaustrecke Hanau–Fulda/Würzburg) in 2002 excluded straightening of the winding section east of Heigenbrücken due to very high to extremely high sensitivities of the large-scale continuous, uncut forest areas. A low-impact corridor could not be found for a possible environmental impact assessment.

Construction of the new Spessart Ramp

The need to avoid the costly and rolling stock-intensive use of pusher locomotives between Laufach and Heigenbrücken and also to increase the maximum speed on this section, led the Federal Ministry of Transport to decide to fundamentally re-route the entire section on 28 August 2006. Following the award of contracts to a consortium, construction began in the summer of 2013.

The newly built section, which was opened on 19 June 2017, shortened the rail route between Würzburg and Aschaffenburg by half a kilometre. It forms section 3 of the planned “Hanau–Nantenbach upgraded railway” (Ausbaustrecke Hanau–Nantenbach).

Route
The Main–Spessart railway is 112.5 kilometres long, although the system of kilometre markings change in Aschaffenburg. This is a relic from the time when the section north of Aschaffenburg was operated by non-Bavarian railway administrations. After leaving Würzburg Hauptbahnhof, the line first passes the new port and the marshalling yard, which was closed in 2004 by the then Railion (now DB Cargo). Before reaching Veitshöchheim station, which is noteworthy for its entrance building, the Main–Spessart railway crosses the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway, which crossed the Main valley here on a 30-metre-high bridge. The line continues to follow the Main valley, where in places the very cramped right bank side is shared with the Bundesstraße 27. In Wernfeld, it meets the tracks of the Wern Valley Railway (Werntalbahn) from Waigolshausen, although the two lines do not initially connect but run parallel. In the vicinity of Gemünden the line makes an almost 180° degree curve next to the Main and again passes under the high-speed line.

The Nantenbach Curve (Nantenbacher Kurve) connects the Main–Spessart railway and the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway between the operations yard of Rohrbach on the high-speed line and Nantenbach junction, east of Lohr, on the Main–Spessart railway. This shortcut allows long-distance trains to use the high-speed line between Würzburg and Lohr and shortens their travel times considerably as the curvy section through the Main valley only permits moderate speeds.

From Lohr, it heads west through the Spessart. From Lohr station (200 metres above sea level), the line climbed steadily for 20 kilometres to Heigenbrücken (275 m ASL) until 2017. Immediately west of Heigenbrücken station, it passed through the 926 metre-long almost horizontal Schwarzkopf Tunnel. At the western end of the tunnel at Hofgut Wendelstein was the highest point of the line and the Heigenbrücken West operations yard, where pusher locomotives were detached and returned to Laufach. As far as Laufach station (175 m ASL), the line ran over the Spessart Ramp, the trains on the 5.2 kilometre-long route overcame a height difference of 100 metres, corresponding to an average slope of 1.9%. In fact, this varied between 1.54 and 2.17%. Most of the section from Lohr to Laufach is now bypassed by a new line with four tunnels. Shortly before the halt of Hösbach the line crosses the A 3.

Operations

The Main-Spessart Railway between the junction with the Nantenbach Curve and Hanau is used by long-distance services, but elsewhere passenger services are dominated by local services. Until recently, an exception was the Saturday Intercity train pair, branded Rottaler Land, from Passau and Mühldorf to Hamburg, between Würzburg and Fulda and used the North–South railway instead of the high-speed line and stopped in Gemünden (Main). At the timetable change in December 2014, it was discontinued and was the last long-distance train pair to run on this section.

With the commissioning of the Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line, ICE trains replaced the former Intercity services on the Ruhr–Frankfurt–Munich corridor, initially running every two hours and hourly since December 2006. In addition, a long-distance services run from Passau to Dortmund via the Main–Spessart railway every two-hours. It uses the West Rhine Railway (Linke Rheinstrecke) between Frankfurt and Cologne and runs through the Ruhr via Wuppertal in the Bergisches Land. Some trains of this service begin in Vienna or Budapest and continue to Hamburg or Kiel. Intercity, Eurocity and Intercity-Express services of the first generation run alternatively here. A Vienna–Frankfurt am Main ICE service was established on the line, in collaboration with the Austrian Federal Railways, and operated with tilting ICE sets from December 2007. During the day, if the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed line is not available for passenger trains, individual long-distance trains run between Frankfurt and Würzburg over the full length of the Main–Spessart railway. In addition, individual long-distance trains run between Hanover and Würzburg over the Main–Spessart railway between Gemünden and Würzburg.

In local traffic, the line is served hourly by Regional-Express services on the Würzburg–Aschaffenburg–Hanau–Frankfurt route. The services that previously ran to Nuremberg were largely abandoned in December 2006, since there is cross-platform interchange in Würzburg with services to and from Nuremberg. The rolling stock used on the line is mainly composed of push-pull trains composed of double-deck cars. Trains composed of Modus (converted from old Deutsche Bahn carriages in 1998-99) or Silberling carriages, hauled by locomotives of class 111 or class 146 are occasionally used, although the class 146 locomotives are operated mostly in "sandwich" mode (one locomotive at the front and one at the back of the train). Every two hours, the RE services continue from Würzburg to Schweinfurt and Bamberg and vice versa. These cycles consist of five double-deck coaches hauled by a class 146.2 based at the Nuremberg depot. A Regionalbahn service, which runs on the Würzburg–Gemünden section, is offset by approximately thirty minutes from the hourly Regional-Express service; it generally runs from Schweinfurt or Bamberg and continues through Gemünden to Jossa or Schlüchtern. On weekdays, during peak hours, there are also some additional trains between Würzburg and Karlstadt, which come from Treuchtlingen. Regionalbahn services also run from Aschaffenburg to Heigenbrücken hourly, with some continuing to Gemünden.

Fare zones

Since 1 August 2013, the Main–Spessart railway from Würzburg to Wiesthal has been  part of the fare zone of the Verkehrsverbund Mainfranken (Main-Franconia transport association, VVM), which replaced the former Würzburger Tarifverbund (Würzburg fare association, WTV) on 1 August 2004. The section from Heigenbrücken to Aschaffenburg is located in both the Verkehrsgemeinschaft am Bayerischen Untermain (Transport association of Bavrarian Lower Main, VAB) and the transition area of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (Rhine-Main transport association, RMV), the main fare area of which begins at Großkrotzenburg station between Aschaffenburg and Hanau.

Prospects

Mottgers Link

A project called the Mottgers Link (Mottgers-Spange) involves a new line from the Frankfurt area towards Fulda and possibly towards Würzburg. One option being considered would consist of a section of new line branching off from the Kinzig Valley Railway in the area of Wächtersbach to connect with the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed line between Würzburg and Fulda. If a southern variant of this project was realised, long-distance trains between Würzburg and Frankfurt would in future bypass the Main–Spessart railway and use the Hanau–Gemünden section of the line towards Fulda. The project was temporarily postponed and resumed in 2013. The selection of a route on a large-scale has not yet been determined.

Lohr bypass

In early October 2010, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bahndreieck Spessart (Spessart rail triangle working group) proposed a line running north of Lohr. This approximately four-kilometre-long new line through a tunnel was designed to accelerate through traffic and reduce noise pollution. By contrast, regional trains would continue to operate on the existing line.

Renovations at stations

The new halt (Haltepunkt) of Mainaschaff Nord will replace the previous halt of Rückersbacher Schlucht. Two halts are being planned in Hösbach Ort and Aschaffenburg Ost.

Only three of the 17 stations on the line have not been upgraded to make them barrier-free.

In Wernfeld, the former station at the junction of the Main–Spessart railway and the Wern Valley Railway was abandoned in favour of a stop closer to the centre, which was completed in the summer of 2002 after 13 months of construction. The total cost of the two external platforms built using prefabricated parts amounted to €2.3 million. Two new prefabricated external platforms and a new underpass were installed in Veitshöchheim station at a cost of €3.2 million. Aschaffenburg Hauptbahnhof experienced a comprehensive modernisation up to 2008.

References

Footnotes

External links
NetzNachrichten Dezember 2006 from DB Netz AG
Photographs of the tunnels

Railway lines in Bavaria
Spessart
Buildings and structures in Würzburg (district)
Main-Spessart
Buildings and structures in Aschaffenburg (district)
Buildings and structures in Aschaffenburg
Buildings and structures in Main-Kinzig-Kreis
Buildings and structures in Würzburg
Railway lines opened in 1854
1854 establishments in Bavaria


t(11;14) is a chromosomal translocation which essentially always involves the immunoglobulin heavy locus, also known as IGH in the q32 region of chromosome 14 , as well as cyclin D1 which is located in the q13 of chromosome 11 . Specifically, the translocation is at t(11;14)(q13;q32).

The translocation is mainly found in mantle cell lymphoma, but also in B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, in plasma cell leukemia, in splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and in multiple myeloma. All these diseases involve B-lineage lymphocytes.

Prognosis
In multiple myeloma, t(11;14) is a neutral prognostic factor in general, but it may confer a worse prognosis for overall survival in African American people with multiple myeloma.

References

Chromosomal translocations


Eurovision 2007 could refer to:
Eurovision Dance Contest 2007, the first Eurovision Dance Contest that was held in September 2007
Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the fifty-second Eurovision Song Contest that was held in May 2007
Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the fifth Junior Eurovision Song Contest that was held in December 2007


is a Japanese former professional baseball player, baseball commentator, baseball critic, coach.

Toritani was one of the most highly coveted position players in years as a senior for Waseda University in 2003. He holds the current NPB record for most consecutive games played without missing an inning as a shortstop, and appeared in every Tigers game for over 13 years from 2005 to May 27, 2018 (1,939 regular season games).

Early life and high school career
Toritani was born in Higashimurayama, Tokyo, the eldest of three brothers.  He played for the Higashimurayama Junior Mets, Ozakudai Little League Club in his elementary school days in Higashimurayama and Hamura, and Mizuho Senior in his junior high school days in Hamura.

He played both shortstop and pitcher at Seibō Gakuen Senior High School in Saitama. He played in the 81st National High School Baseball Championship in 1999, coming on in relief in Seibō Gakuen's first game against Hita-Rinkō High School (the Ōita champions) and clocking , but his team lost 5–3.

College career
Toritani went on to enroll at Waseda University as a human sciences major. There, he was surrounded by an impressive collection of talent: his year included then-right fielder Norichika Aoki (Tokyo Yakult Swallows), third baseman Toshimitsu Higa (Hiroshima Carp) and center fielder Shintaro Yoshida (Orix Buffaloes), all three of whom would later go on to the pros. Left-hander Tsuyoshi Wada (Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks) was in the year above him, and second baseman Hiroyasu Tanaka (BayStars) and first baseman Shinichi Takeuchi (Swallows) would join the team one and two years later, respectively.

In the spring of 2001, then-sophomore Toritani led the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League in all three Triple Crown categories (batting average, home runs, runs batted in), tying current Saitama Seibu Lions third baseman Taketoshi Gotoh as the fastest player (by academic year) to win Triple Crown honors in the history of the league. Toritani drew 19 combined walks and hit-batters in the spring 2003 season as a senior, a Tokyo Big6 record (later broken by then-Rikkyo University outfielder Yuichi Tabata in 2004). He won his second batting title that fall.

He won five Tokyo Big6 Best Nine awards during his eight seasons (spring and fall) at Waseda, playing in 96 games and hitting .333 with 11 home runs and 71 RBI for his college career and leading Waseda to a record four consecutive league titles along with the likes of Aoki, Higa and Yoshida. He was one of the most highly touted position players in recent years in the months preceding the  and was said to be a complete five-tool player.　The Hanshin Tigers signed him as a pre-draft pick in early November.He was assigned the jersey number 1.

Professional career

Hanshin Tigers
In 2004, amid much hype from both fans and members of the media, Toritani was named the Tigers' starting shortstop and No. 7 hitter in the Tigers' season opener as a rookie despite the presence of 26-year-old Atsushi Fujimoto, who had hit .301 at the same position the year before. He got the first base hit of his career off left-hander Yukinaga Maeda in the eighth inning of the opener against the Yomiuri Giants on April 2. However, struggling to make contact with the ball on a consistent basis, Toritani was replaced by Fujimoto in the sixth game of the season and saw most of his playing time at third base until Fujimoto left the team to play for Japan in the 2004 Athens Olympics, hitting his first career home run off then-Yokohama BayStars right-hander Kazumasa Azuma on May 27 and recording his first career stolen base against the BayStars on July 19. As luck would have it, Fujimoto struggled with his hitting upon rejoining the Tigers after the Olympic Games, and Toritani got most of the starts at shortstop for the remainder of the season. He hit just .251 with three home runs and 17 RBI in 235 at-bats, slugging a mere .345 in a disappointing rookie campaign.

In 2005, Fujimoto was permanently moved to second base, and he and Toritani manned the Tigers' middle infield to begin the season. Toritani became the team's No. 2 hitter after Fujimoto and Kentaro Sekimoto, who had platooned in the 2-hole, struggled with their hitting. He played in all 146 games, hitting .278 with nine home runs and 52 RBI and even hitting two walk-off home runs in contributing to the Tigers' league championship.

It was reported that he had married his high school sweetheart, who had been a year older than he was and the baseball team's team manager, on December 20 during the off-season.

Toritani continued to make strides offensively, hitting .289 with 15 home runs and 58 RBI for the season in 2006. During one stretch from June 1 to 3, he hit a two-run home run to give his team the lead in the first game against the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, a solo home run and an RBI double against Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks ace Kazumi Saito in the second, and a walk-off hit against Hawks right-hander Yoshiaki Fujioka in the third. He struggled on the defensive end, however, leading all of Japanese professional baseball with 21 errors.

His wife gave birth to their first child (a boy) in September.

Toritani replaced center fielder Norihiro Akahoshi as the team's leadoff hitter in 2007, but struggled with this new role, hitting .273 with 10 home runs and seeing declines in almost every offensive category. Despite this, he established a new NPB record for consecutive games played without missing an inning with 340 on July 24 in a game against the Chunichi Dragons. He extended this record to 398, but was taken out of the game early on September 29 to heal an injury he had suffered when hit by a pitch several days earlier. Toritani also made headlines when a Japanese tabloid reported that he had invited three women over to his hotel room while the team was staying in Tokyo during one away game stretch in September. The Tigers organization issued him a warning for his actions.

In 2008, Toritani became the Tigers' No. 6 hitter, hitting over .300 for most of the year and even seeing time at the 3- and 5-hole (along with Sekimoto) while slugger Takahiro Arai was recovering from an injury. He returned to the No. 6 spot after Makoto Imaoka was promoted to the ichigun  (Japanese equivalent of "major league") level. Toritani was one of only three players in either of the Japanese leagues (along with teammate and left fielder Tomoaki Kanemoto and Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters second baseman Kensuke Tanaka) to play all 144 games without missing an inning. He finished the year with a .281 batting average, 13 home runs and a career-high 80 RBI, winning his first Best Nine Award. His wife gave birth to their second child on September 13.

For 2009, Toritani was named the Tigers' No. 3 hitter by newly appointed manager Akinobu Mayumi, hitting .333 with three home runs and 14 RBI and scoring a league-leading 20 runs in front of cleanup hitter Kanemoto (who himself hit .379 with eight homers and 30 RBI) in the month of April.

In 2014, Toritani informed Tigers' management of his wish to exercise his free agent right to transfer to Major League Baseball(MLB), but eventually re-signed with the Tigers.

On December 2, 2019, he become free agent.

Chiba Lotte Marines
On March 10, 2020, Toritani signed with the Chiba Lotte Marines of the NPB.He was assigned the jersey number 00.

On October 31, 2021, he announced his retirement from active duty for the season only.

Playing style

Hitting
Toritani was a left-handed spray hitter listed at 5 ft 11 in and 170 lb. He stands upright in the batter's box, employing an exaggerated open stance with his hands held shoulder-high away from his body. Toritani has gap power and can hit fairly evenly to all fields; though the majority of his extra-base hits were to the opposite field earlier in his career, he has gradually shown an ability to pull the ball for extra bases as well. He was a fast base runner (his six triples in 2008 were the third-most in the league) and rarely makes mistakes on the basepaths, but was generally passive and does not look to steal unless given the sign to do so.

Fielding
Toritani has good range on the defensive end (he set a single-season Central League record for assists as a shortstop with 490 in 2006) and one of the strongest throwing arms of any NPB player at his position, routinely making plays from deep in the 5.5 hole (the area between third and short). However, he was somewhat error-prone, particularly on the throwing end of plays. His 15 errors in the 2008 season tied for most among Central League shortstops (Yomiuri Giants shortstop Hayato Sakamoto also committed 15).

Career statistics

Bold indicates league leader; statistics current as of 2019

References

External links

 NPB.com
Japanese stats and info of Takashi Toritani

1981 births
Living people
Baseball people from Tokyo
Hanshin Tigers players
Chiba Lotte Marines players
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball shortstops
People from Higashimurayama, Tokyo
Waseda University alumni
2013 World Baseball Classic players


Wielka Sowa ("Great Owl", ) with a height of  is the highest peak of the Owl Mountains, a range of the Central Sudetes. The mountain is located in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

Geography

The peak made up of metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian rises above the village of Walim near Dzierżoniów in the north and the Nysa Kłodzka Valley in the west. It is surrounded by the Owl Mountains Landscape Park. Its slopes are a popular skiing area in winter.

In 1906 a Bismarck tower was erected at the summit at the behest of the German authorities. The granite and reinforced concrete construction replaced an older wooden viewing tower located about  to the south. Renamed several times after World War II, it recently has been restored in the course of the EU Interreg incentive program and re-opened in 2008. It is today just called wieża widokowa (observation tower) and offers a panoramic view to the Krkonoše range, to Mount Ślęża, into the Kłodzko Valley and over the Oder Basin in the north up to Wrocław on a bright day.

External links
 The Great Owl photo gallery
 Photo gallery of Wielka Sowa
 naszesudety.pl
 History of the observation tower

Mountains of Poland
Dzierżoniów County


Mark Davoren is an Irish Gaelic footballer who plays for the Kilmacud Crokes club and for the Dublin county team.

He made his debut for Dublin against Kerry in the National Football League (Ireland) in 2009 scoring a total of 1-03 in the game which finished as a draw in Parnell Park. He won an All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship medal with Kilmacud Crokes on St Patricks Day 2009 in Croke Park against Crosmaglen Rangers. He scored a goal in the game. Davoren won a Leinster Senior Club Football Championship medal with Crokes against Rhode of Offalyin 2008 at Parnell Park, he scored 1-00 in the final. He won the Dublin Senior Football Championship in 2008 by beating St Oliver Plunketts/Eoghan Ruadh in Parnell Park scoring a goal in the process. He won an AFL Dublin Division One title with Kilmacud Crokes in 2008, although he did not make an appearance in the league final.

On 7 June 2009, he suffered a torn cruciate ligament during the Leinster Championship victory over Meath, which ruled him out for the rest of the season.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers
Kilmacud Crokes Gaelic footballers


Francis Henry Crittall (1860–1935) was an English businessman and philanthropist who in 1884 in the Essex town of Braintree instigated the manufacture of metal-framed windows by the Crittall Manufacturing Company Ltd. This company, now known as Crittall Windows Ltd, became the world's leading manufacturer of steel-framed windows. Crittall also funded the development of the model village of Silver End in Essex.

Francis Henry Crittall was the son of Francis Berrington Crittall and Fanny Godfrey. Crittall, in 1849, bought the Bank Street ironmongery in Braintree. After gaining work experience in Birmingham and Chester, Francis Henry took over the family business following his father's death, and in 1884 began to manufacture metal-framed windows. Five years later (1889), the Crittall Manufacturing Company Ltd was incorporated.

At this time the firm's output in a two-year period was 20 tonnes. In 1880 the company employed 11 men, by the 1890s this figure was 34, by 1918, 500.

Under Crittall's management, the company expanded both domestically and internationally, manufacturing munitions during the First World War and then providing metal window frames for the UK government's post-war housing investment programme.

Crittall's portrait was painted by Augustus Edwin John in 1919, and the work was donated by the Crittall family to the National Portrait Gallery in 1994.

Silver End
By the 1920s, it was clear that the town of Braintree could not support the needs of the Crittall workforce. Crittall employees and their families made up an estimated 10,000 of the 18,000 population of the town. Francis Crittall, after an experiment with housing in Cressing Road, Braintree, therefore decided to build a village for his factory and workforce. The Silver End Model Village, near Witham, was started in 1926, and was intended to provide a good standard of living accommodation and civic amenities centred on a Crittall factory.

While Francis Henry Crittall funded the Silver End development, it was his second son, Walter 'Pink' Crittall (1887–1956) who provided much of the artistic and technical direction. He designed houses for himself and for Crittalls' employees and, with architect Thomas S. Tait, was largely responsible for the style and appearance of Silver End.

Family life
Crittall married Ellen Laura Carter, daughter of George Carter and Laura Hadley Rodway, on 6 September 1883. Together they had four children, including Valentine George Crittall, 1st and last Baron Braintree (1884–1961), and lived at Manors in Silver End. The couple produced a memoir, Fifty Years of Work and Play, published by Constable in 1934.

References

English businesspeople
People of the Industrial Revolution
1860 births
1935 deaths
People from Braintree, Essex


Kunwar Indrajit Singh (; 1906 – 4 October 1982), popularly known as Dr. K.I. Singh or just K.I. Singh was a Nepali politician and revolutionary who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Nepal in 1957. He was key Nepali Congress in organizing  the 1951 Nepali Revolution, and was a leader in its militant wing, the Muktisena, who later refused to recognize the Delhi Accord and was forced to flee the country following a revolt he took part in. In 1955 he returned and formed the United Democratic Party, and following the installation of the Panchayat system he agitated for its end, for which he was jailed. Following his release, he went into self-imposed exile, and much later returned to Nepal and was elected a member to the Rastriya Panchayat. He was known as the "Robin Hood of the Himalayas", and was very popular throughout the country.

Pre-revolution

Early life
K.I. Singh was born in the Doti District of Nepal, and his father was a minor Thakuri landlord. He was educated in India, and also served in the Indian Army, where he received medical training. Eventually, he set up a medical practice in Nautanwa, an Indian town on the India-Nepal border.
he was a important person to make a revolution against RANA.

Nepali Congress organizer
Before the revolution, he met with Bholanath Sharma, a Nepali Congress organizer, and other Congress members, which led to him joining the Congress in their struggle against the Rana Dynasty. He operated out of Nautanwa, and became a manager of the Congress party office there. He was an effective organizer, and was able to get support from people he knew through his medical practice and ex-servicemen from India.

During the revolution

The revolution
When the fighting began, he crossed the border into Nepal with a group of around a dozen men and around 8-9 rifles. He set himself up in the village of Myudihawa, but was faced with much pressure from government forces, which forced him and his men to move to Karabla, another village that was more defensible for it was surrounded on three sides by a river. Though he lacked both weapons and food at first, he was able to get both from the countryside, defeating government forces, his old Indian ex-serviceman friends, and a wealthy zamindar called Radhakumari(popularly called 'Muwa by her well wishers'), one of the few zamindar's who took the side of the rebels. He was not, however, properly supported by Gopal Shumsher, the son of Rudra Shumsher, a Rana who was in the line of succession but was removed following Juddha Shumsher's purge in 1934. Gopal was a C-class Rana who was in command of Singh's section of the border, but Singh had a history of being hostile to all Rana's, even boycotting a merger with the Nepali National Congress and Subarna Shamsher Rana's Nepali Democratic Congress, and therefore did not work effectively with Gopel and did not receive proper support from him.

K.I. Singh's main focus throughout the revolution was the city of Bhairawa (current day Siddharthanagar), which he tried to take from the forces of the Bada Hakim (leader) of Bhairawa, though he was unsuccessful. Singh's most serious clashes were with the local zamindars, who were extremely unpopular among the peasantry for allegedly bringing in Indian goodas to loot their villages in 1949–50. When the fighting began, these zamindars sent their families to India and started cooperating with the Bada Hakim of Bhairawa. Singh's battles with the zamindars was extremely brutal. For example, after storming the house of zamindar Bhubaneshwar Shukla, nine government soldiers who were inside were gunned down immediately for allegedly mistreating rebels previously, and fifty Indian goondas who were there tried to escape but were killed by the villages who helped Singh with the siege. When he begged Singh for his life, one of Singh's followers clubbed him to death with a lathi, and the villagers later battered his corpse.

The Delhi Accord
The Delhi Accord officially brought about the end of the revolution. It was a compromise between the Rana's, King Tribhuvan, and Nepali Congress, which allowed for the creation of a government of a mix between Rana's and Nepali Congress members, with Mohan Shumsher remaining as Prime Minister. Though K.I. Singh was asked to stop the fighting, he refused to accept the Delhi Accord, and was dissatisfied with the leadership of Nepali Congress. He launched another unsuccessful attack on Bhairawa, but was soon arrested in February 1951 by Indian and Nepali troops. When he was captured, his force was said to number 200-400 men. Following his arrest, he quickly escaped, but was recaptured, and sent to a jail in Kathmandu.

The Raksha Dal Revolt
The Raksha Dal was an auxiliary security force set up immediately after the revolution, mostly from members of the Muktisena, Nepali Congress' militant wing. In January 1952, Ram Prasad Rai, a militant revolutionary similar to K.I. Singh who also refused to accept the Delhi Accord, started a protest in Kathmandu against Prime Minister Mohan Shumsher and the Delhi Accord. After Rai had made a speech in the city, declaring the need for a renewed revolt, he was arrested. This arrest led to a revolt of the Raksha Dal in Kathmandu, who freed both Ram Prasad Rai and K.I. Singh from jail and occupied the Singha Durbar. Rai and Singh tried to negotiate with the government, but after a few days, the revolting Raksha Dal were defeated, for the army and most of the Raksha Dal officers remained loyal to the government. Both Rai and Singh fled Nepal into Tibet to the north, but Rai died on route.

Exile and return
Following his escape to Tibet, K.I. Singh was allowed in by the Communist Chinese government and stayed in Beijing during his exile. During his exile, he lived a secluded life, and was not heard from for around two years. He also did not receive any support from the Chinese government, and apparently did not meet either Mao Zedong or Zhou Enlai. While he was away, he became a legend in Nepal, and the "Society of Friends of K.I. Singh" was formed, to agitate for his return.

In 1955, he was sent back to Kathmandu from Beijing for allegedly threatening suicide if he wasn't allowed to return. He re-entered Nepal in August 1955, and was pardoned by King Mahendra. A massive parade was held in Kathmandu to celebrate his return.

Post-return political career

United Democratic Party
In October 1955, K.I. Singh formed the United Democratic Party (UDP), or United Democratic Front, as an alternative to the Nepali Congress, a party that had dominated Nepal since the 1951 revolution. He claimed that the political parties of Nepal had been unsuccessful, and were full of infighting while the people suffered. However, it was mostly just a party based solely around Singh, rather than a party with any proper platform or ideology. It is also alleged that Singh formed the UDP with funding from King Mahendra, to try to counter the influence of Nepali Congress.

Singh did not espouse any particular ideology, though he was generally left-wing. Many claimed that he was a communist, but he denied it, even though many of his views on issues coincided with those of the Communist Party, and the communists allegedly assisted in the Raksha Dal Revolt. He was said to be both a royalist and a revolutionary, and he espoused nationalist, isolationist, and anti-imperialist rhetoric. He claimed to not work for any party or have any ideology; rather, he was solely working for the betterment of Nepal. His view on India was contradictory, both claiming India was an imperialist power who controlled Nepal and talking of the need of Nepali-Indian cooperation.

In July 1957, K.I. Singh was made Prime Minister by Mahendra, replacing his predecessor Tanka Prasad Acharya of the Nepal Praja Parishad. However, his 110-day premiership was unremarkable, and mostly wasted with conspiracies and attempts to curtail Singh's enemies. He resigned as Prime Minister on 15 November, however the reason for this is unclear. There were claims that there were conspiracies against Singh, involving foreign powers like the United Kingdom, though it is not known for sure. There were also rumors that he resigned due to a disagreement with the King.

In 1959, there were the first democratic elections in Nepali history, where Nepali Congress won a massive victory, taking 74 of the 109 seats available. Many notable party leaders, like K.I. Singh and Tanka Prasad Acharya, did not win their seats, but their parties still gained some. With Nepali Congress forming a government, the second largest party, the right-wing Gorkha Parishad, who were supported and made up by the Ranas, became the opposition. However, Singh wanted to lead the official opposition party, and therefore formed a United Front with Acharya's wing of the Praja Parishad, the Nepal Praja Parishad (Acharya). This United Front was, according to Singh, formed to guard Nepal's highest values, like nationalism, democracy, good government and social justice. Later on in 1959, Singh convinced the two members of parliament for Acharya's party to instead join his party, leaving Acharya with no political representation.

Panchayat System
In 1960, King Mahendra removed the Nepali Congress government and installed the Panchayat system, a party-less semi-dictatorial system. At first, K.I. Singh supported the move, however his opinion began to shift wildly soon after it began, changing from ardent support for the king to criticism of the system multiple times. In April 1963, he stated he planned to launch a satyagraha to agitate for the restoration of parliamentary democracy. Eventually, after negotiating with the King to try to gain some form of political office, in March 1964 he announced the satyagraha would go ahead, leading to his arrest. Following an appeal to the Supreme Court he was acquitted and released in June 1965, after which he went into self-imposed exile. Many years later, he joined the Nepali Congress (Subarna), and was elected as a representative in the Rastriya Panchayat in the 1981 election. A year later, K.I. Singh died of throat cancer, aged 77.

See also

List of prime ministers of Nepal
Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev

References

1906 births
1982 deaths
People from Doti District
Thakuri
Nepalese Hindus
Nepali Congress politicians from Sudurpashchim Province
Samyukta Prajatantra Party politicians
Nepali Congress (Subarna) politicians
Prime ministers of Nepal
Members of the Rastriya Panchayat
Nepalese revolutionaries
Nepalese physicians
20th-century physicians
Deaths from cancer in Thailand
Deaths from throat cancer


Plummet Airlines, was a British pub rock band of the mid-1970s, which was originally formed in Nottingham.  Band members later joined The Pogues and Darts.

History
The band was formed by students at Nottingham School of Art (now Nottingham Trent University, School of Art and Design), who needed a band for a film that fellow students John Crumpton and Graham Langford were making called 'One More Chance' about a fading rock and roll star, Shane Ventura. The band was initially called "The Brothel Creepers", after the band in the film.  Harry Stephenson (vocal/guitar) had previously been in Harrogate band "Junkyard Angel", whilst Richard Booth (guitar/vocal), Darryl Hunt (bass) and Simon Bladon (drums) had played in a jazz-influenced band Moonlight Drive.  Having completed the film, the band started playing gigs, and writing their own songs, mostly written by Stephenson.

In 1974 Duncan Kerr (guitar/vocals) joined.  They changed their name to 'Glider' and got a residency at The Kensington, Olympia, London; one of the new pub-rock venues. A band called 'Glyder'  forced them to change their name, so they became Plummet Airlines. Bladon left and was replaced on drums by Keith Gotheridge, and they played at the Hope and Anchor, Islington, where they met Malcolm Morley (ex Man and Help Yourself) who was living in the pub, and they soon moved in, after Fred Grainger and John Eichler, who ran "The Hope", became their managers.

They recorded their first Peel Session in August 1976. Dave Robinson, who ran the recording studio at The Hope and Anchor, gave them a one-record deal with Stiff Records who issued their first single: "Silver Shirt" / "This is the World" (BUY 8) produced by Sean Tyla. Morley started jamming with them and joined them for a Dutch tour in 1976, where they also supported Clancy. Morley recorded a solo album, at Foel Studios, using Plummet Airlines as the backing musicians, but the master tape was then lost until 2002, when it was issued as Lost and Found (Hux 34).

Gasper Lawal, who had been in Clancy, joined the band and appeared on their second Peel show in January 1977, and they supported Van der Graaf Generator, Rockpile and other bands.  A second single "It's Hard" / "My Time in a While" was issued on State Records, but Grainger, their manager, could not agree an album deal.  They split with Grainger, and sued him for mismanagement, as he was being ousted from "The Hope" by a coup d'état.

When punk arrived, they could not agree on what direction to follow.  Booth left first, followed by Stephenson, and the band broke up in 1977.  After the band split, Booth compiled a double album of their work, including live and studio recordings.  This was issued in 1981 as a double LP On Stoney Ground on Armageddon Records.
Three of the band formed The Favourites, a power-pop band. Bass player Darryl Hunt became lead vocalist, while Duncan Kerr on guitar and Keith Gotheridge on drums were joined by Tony Berry, guitar, and Kev Green, on bass, from Derby band the GTs. They played a lot of gigs and recorded two singles on Fourplay Records, covers of Abba's "SOS" and The Wasps "Angelica", and belatedly in 2017 released a full LP of unreleased songs from 1978 to 1979 by Kerr and Hunt, in the wake of an inferior Japanese bootleg.
Gotheridge joined successful doo-wop/ r'n'b band Darts in 1980, joined by Kerr in 1982. Most of the original band still play occasional Darts gigs. Kerr played with The Electric Bluebirds for a while in 1985, joined up again with Booth in Country / honky-tonk band Audio Murphy from 1988 to 1992, playing in London and doing radio sets for Mary Costello on London radio GLR. From 2000 to 2019, Kerr collaborated with singer/songwriter Michael Proudfoot, releasing 2 CDs "Proudfoot" 2008, produced by BJ Cole, and 2016 "Flower of London".
In 2004 there were two reunion concerts in Nottingham and one in London at former manager John Eichler's pub 'The Three Kings', Clerkenwell. In 2006 Kerr appeared in the 'Richard Booth Band', along with Ken Whaley (ex Man, and Help Yourself), on bass. Booth now fronts 'The Richard Booth Trio' along with keyboard player Andrew Hawkey and David Cornelius Eger on mandolin, releasing an album, Spill the Moon in early 2014.

Harry Stephenson continues to write and perform his material with his band 'The Last Pedestrians', which also includes Wayne Evans, front man and bass player of 'Gaffa' and occasional bassist for Plummet Airlines, now playing double bass. 'The Last Pedestrians' have played in Nottingham pubs since 2004.

Personnel
Simon Bladon – (drums) 1973-74
Richard Booth – (guitar, vocals) throughout
Keith Gotheridge – (drums) 1974-77
 Darryl Hunt – (bass, vocals) throughout
Duncan Kerr – (guitar, vocals) 1974-77
Gasper Lawal – (percussion) 1976-77
 Malcolm Morley – (guitar, keyboards) 1976
Harry Stephenson – (guitar, vocals) throughout

Subsequent careers
Bladon – Played and recorded with British Bluesman Brian Knight, New Wave outfit AerialFX, Toured England/Europe and Greece with Folkband Pyewackett, London/Irish Band Schooners Rig and many others. Taught [drums] and has played in a Charity Band 'Step on the Gas' for the last 14 years including a concert in India following the 2003 tsunami. Retired from playing in 2015 following hearing problems.
Booth – Played with Brainiac 5, Farenji Warriors and Audio Murphy before forming the Richard Booth Band, currently with The Richard Booth Trio who released Spill The Moon in 2014
Hunt – Joined The Pogues and played with Steve Earle
Gotheridge – Joined Darts
Kerr – Joined Darts, later also joining Audio Murphy. As of May 2013 is with Brainiac 5.
Lawal – Appeared with numerous other bands, including Stephen Stills, Graham Bond, Babe Ruth, Vinegar Joe, Camel and Wishbone Ash
Morley – Played with Deke Leonard, Wreckless Eric and Kirsty McColl, issued solo albums Aliens (2001) and Lost and Found (see above)
Stephenson – Played with Harry & The Atoms, Gaffa, Cycle Annie and The Last Pedestrians as well as regular solo slots on many Heineken Music Festivals during the 1990s.

Discography
"Silver Shirt" / "This is the World" – Stiff Records (BUY 8) Single (1976)
"Silver Shirt" also appeared in The Big Stiff Box Set 4CDs (SALVOBX402)
"This is the World" also appeared on the Hits Greatest Stiffs LP (FIST 1)
"It's Hard" / "My Time in a While" – State Records – Single (1977)
On Stoney Ground – Armageddon Records (Hedonics 1/2) Double LP (1981)
With Malcolm Morley
Lost and Found – (Hux 34) CD (2002)

In popular culture
The 2006 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, features an airline named after the band. The company logo, partially inspired by Australian airline Qantas, is that of a plane flying downwards and its slogan is called "The Last Resort".

References

External links

English rock music groups
British pub rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1973


The State Hockey Centre, currently known as MATE Stadium (formerly known as the Pines Stadium and Distinctive Homes Hockey Arena (2003–2009)), is a 4,000 capacity, government owned outdoor field hockey stadium located in Gepps Cross, a northern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It offers two international-standard wet hockey pitches which are used for both competition and training activities.

It is the home to the Southern Hotshots and SA Suns in the Australian Hockey League.

Features
Pitch 1 has a 'TeamSports Surface - Auqaturf Evolution' surface and Pitch 2 has a 'STI - Poligras Olympia CoolPlus' surface.

The stadium has fixed seating capacity of 330 and room for a further 4,000 temporary seats.

The car park is capacity is 200 cars plus four disabled cars. Adjacent grassed areas to the west and north are used as overflow car parks for major events.

The State Hockey Centre upstairs area has a Main Function Area and adjoining Pak Poy Room, along with bar/cafeteria facilities.

A number of significant South Australian hockey identities are recognized in naming of parts of the hockey centre:
Pitch One is named after inaugural groundsman Dave Scarman
Patrick Pak Poy who helped to get the State Hockey Centre built originally has the 'Pak Poy' function room named after him
The northern section of the grandstand is known as the Gerry Phillips Enclosure
The central section of the grandstand is known as the Lorna Jolly Enclosure

Uses

Hockey
The stadium is home to both Adelaide based teams in the Australian Hockey League, the men's SA Hotshots (formerly the Southern Hotshots) since 1991 and the women's SA Suns (formerly the Southern Suns) since 1993.

The stadium is home to Hockey SA, the peak body for hockey in South Australia, who utilize the facilities for state championships, state team training and other major events such as grand finals in the Hockey Metropolitan Competition.

It is used as the primary training facility for the South Australian Sports Institute hockey program.

The stadium is used for club hockey and is home to Burnside Hockey Club, Forestville Hockey Club and Grange Royals Hockey Club.

Gridiron
The venue was also home to South Australian Gridiron Association from 1997 until 2009.

Lacrosse
The stadium was used for major lacrosse events in the 1990s and 2000s. The stadium was sometimes referred to as "The Pines Hockey and Lacrosse Stadium"

Major Events
The State Hockey Centre has played host to many major championships and events including:
1997 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy
2012 Hockey Australia U21 National Championships
2013 Hockey Australia Women's Masters National Championships
2014 Australian Hockey League Men and U13 Boys National Championships
2015 Hockey Australia U18 National Championships
2016 Hockey Australia Men's Masters National Championships
2017 Pacific School Games
2017 Hockeyroos vs Japan test series

History of Development
The stadium was built and opened in 1988, ahead of the cycling Adelaide Super-Drome being opened in the same sporting precinct.

It was opened in a ceremony by then Australian representative Paul Lewis, a Forestville Hockey Club player.

The venue's lighting was upgraded in 2013, and a second pitch was constructed costing $3.31 million.

References

External links
State Hockey Centre
State Hockey Centre at austadiums.com

Sports venues in Adelaide
Field hockey venues in Australia
American football venues in Australia


Acacia Valley is a valley in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in The Municipality of the District of Digby in Digby County in the Hillgrove area .

References
Hillgrove on Destination Nova Scotia
Acacia Valley
Acacia Valley,1913

Communities in Digby County, Nova Scotia


PAETEC Headquarters was a building proposed and approved for construction in Rochester, New York. It was to serve as the new headquarters for the Rochester-based telecommunications company, PAETEC Holding Corp. Its original proposed height was 40 floors, with a LEED-certified rooftop garden and was originally slated for completion in 2012. The proposed PAETEC building would have sat on the southeast corner of the intersection of Main Street and Clinton Avenue, taking advantage of both the refreshed (abated) skeletal structure of the former Seneca Building and adjacency to an enormous underground parking facility (1600+spaces) and truck tunnel. In addition to reusing the Seneca structure, PAETEC revealed plans at an RDDC luncheon in June 2010 that detailed the construction of a semi-transparent NOC on the north side of the building with viewing lines for pedestrians into its command center, additional office space on the south side of the structure, as well as retail on the first floor.

The new downtown headquarters for PAETEC was to be part of a redevelopment plan, with the state of New York using a $40 million state grant to clear the Midtown site.

Midtown Plaza
It was announced on October 16, 2007 that Midtown Plaza will be knocked down to make way for the new PAETEC headquarters via eminent domain. Midtown Plaza was the first urban indoor mall in the United States.

Fate
With the economic recession of 2008–2009, PAETEC scaled down their plans significantly, first to a much smaller new building, and then to a simple re-use of the existing Seneca Building.  With PAETEC's acquisition by Windstream Communications, the new plan involved only two-thirds of the Seneca Building; the city then began considering options for the corner parcel on which the Tower would have been built. The corner was sold to Pike Construction who built a new headquarters for the Democrat and Chronicle on the site. The building, completed in 2016 is three stories like the current Seneca Building which currently houses offices for PAETEC's successor Windstream.

References

Office buildings in Rochester, New York
Unbuilt buildings and structures in the United States
2012 in New York (state)


During the Maoist era, particularly during the Anti-Rightist Movement and the Cultural Revolution, the judicial system of China was often used for political persecution of rivals, and penalties such as jail terms or capital punishment were largely imposed on the authority's political enemies, or anyone who attempted to challenge it. During those times, vague accusations such as "counter-revolutionary" (), capitalist roader (), "running dog of the imperialist " () could have had the accused imprisoned, or shot by firing squad. These labels fell out of use following the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976.

In more recent times, accusations such as “illegal possession of state secret” () and “inciting subversion of state power” () carry long jail terms. The vague charge of “picking quarrels and provoking trouble” has also been frequently used to detain human rights activists.

Former (1949-1990)

Rightist
"Rightists" officially referred to those intellectuals who appeared to favour capitalism and against collectivization during the Anti-Rightist Movement. It was estimated that 550,000 Chinese were prosecuted as a result.

Counter-revolution
The crime of counter-revolution () was established in February 1951, involving accusations such as the following:
 collaborating with foreign forces
 to incite government officials, military personnel and/or people's militia to revolt;
 taking part in a group revolt using weapons
 taking part in special agents and/or spy organization
The term was used during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries to target former Kuomintang elements and other opposition against the PRC government.

According to Article 28 of the Chinese constitution. The state maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes actions that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy and other criminal activities, and punishes and reforms criminals.

The charge was used to label Lin Biao after his death in 1971 from a plane crash. He was alleged to have been planning a coup against Mao Zedong, and Mao's wife Jiang Qing used the opportunity to launch the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign against her political rivals. Subsequently, the charge was used against Jiang Qing herself following the death of Mao in 1976.

In 1997, this law was replaced by a new law: Inciting subversion of the government. In 2008 the law received media attention when Professor Yang Siquan () of East China University of Political Science and Law was reported to police by his students for alleged counter-revolutionary activities.

Accused
 He Long, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. He Long died in confinement in 1969, and was rehabilitated in 1974.
 Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four, at the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1980. Jiang received life imprisonment, and committed suicide in 1991 while in prison. Charges against Jiang and the Gang of Four still remain.
 Kang Sheng, who died in 1975, was posthumously accused of the crime in 1980 and had his party membership stripped.
 Lin Biao, during the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign in 1973, and onwards. Lin Biao and his family died in 1971 died in a plane crash when trying to fly out of China. Charges against him still remain.
 Lin Zhao, during the Hundred Flowers Movement in 1960. She was executed in prison in 1968.
 Liu Shaoqi, during the Cultural Revolution in 1967. He died in 1969 as a result of torture and medical neglect, and was rehabilitated in 1980.
 Peng Dehuai, during the Cultural Revolution in 1966. He died in 1974, and was rehabilitated in 1978.
 Harry Wu, during the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1956.
 Zhang Zhixin, during the Cultural Revolution in 1969. She was executed in prison in 1975, and was rehabilitated in 1979.

Capitalist roader
Capitalist roaders as described to be representatives of the capitalist class within the Chinese Communist Party, as well as those who attempt to restore capitalism. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were the two most famous "Capitalist roaders" during the Cultural Revolution. After the Cultural Revolution, Deng's policies led to economic reform in China, and a resurgence of capitalism.

Collusion with foreigners
During the Cultural Revolution, victims who were being accused of collusion with foreigners () would often face long jail term, or death penalty.

Anti-party and anti-socialism
The charge of anti-party and anti-socialism () could result in death penalty. The term received media attention in 2010, when Xia Yeliang, a professor of Peking University, was accused of this offence by his students after referring to Taiwan as a country.

Reactionaries
The accusation of reactionaries () often resulted in long jail term and/or death penalty. This accusation was discontinued following the end of the Maoist era.

Class enemy
The accusation of class enemy () often resulted in long jail term and/or capital punishment. With the demise of Maoism in China after the rise of Deng Xiaoping, the use of the term "Class enemy" is now extraordinarily rare in China.

Current

Inciting subversion of the state

Inciting subversion of the state () was announced in a 1997 amendment of the Criminal Code of the People's Republic of China. According to Article 105, Paragraph 2,

"Anyone who uses rumor, slander or other means to encourage subversion of the political power of the State or to overthrow the socialist system, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years.  However, the ringleaders and anyone whose crime is monstrous shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years."

The charge of inciting subversion has been leveled against a number of dissidents, Weiquan lawyers, and political reformers. Rights activists, along with international human rights organizations, have argued that article 105 is inconsistent both with China's own constitution and with international human rights standards, particularly in light of the lack of transparency and clear guidelines used in applying the laws. According to the United Nations "Working Group on Arbitrary Detention", the vague and broadly defined wording of the legislation allowed the communication of thoughts and ideas to be regarded as "subversion", even without intentions to commit criminal acts.

Accused
Among the most prominent Chinese citizens to have been charged with inciting subversion are:
Gao Zhisheng, sentenced in Dec 2006 of 3 years of imprisonment, 1 year deprivation of political rights.
Guo Quan arrested in Nanjing on 13 Nov 2008. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in October 2009.
Hu Jia, sentenced in April 2008 of 3 and half years of imprisonment.
Huang Qi, was sentenced in Feb 2003 to 5 years of imprisonment, with 1 year deprivation of political rights. He was sentenced to three years imprisonment in November 2009 for "illegal procession of state secrets"
Liu Xiaobo, arrested in 2008 due to the publication of Charter 08. He was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment and 2 years deprivation of political rights in December 2009. Liu had three previous convictions beginning in 1989.
Ruan Xiaohuan, was sentenced in February 2023 to 7 years in prison, with 1 year deprivation of political rights.
Tan Zuoren, was sentenced to 5 years in prison for “inciting subversion of state power” in February 2010
Wang Xiaoning, arrested for publishing controversial material online. In September 2003, Wang was convicted of charges of "inciting the overthrow of the state" and sentenced to ten years in prison.
Yang Chunlin, sentenced in February 2008 to 5 years of imprisonment, with 2 year deprivation of political rights.

Inciting separatism and sabotaging national unity
Inciting separatism and sabotaging national unity () are offences typically used to prosecute members of separatist movements, such as the Tibetan independence movement and East Turkestan independence movement.

Accused
The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso

Stealing state secrets
Stealing state secrets () is the crime of stealing state secrets and giving them to foreigners.

Shi Tao, sentenced in 2005 to 10 years imprisonment, and 2 year deprivation of political rights, on the charge of leaking state secrets to foreigners.
Song Yongyi, researcher on the Cultural Revolution, was arrested and jailed in December 1999, and was released after the intervention of the US government.

Espionage
Espionage, or being a foreign spy, carries a long jail term and possible death penalty.
Ching Cheong, senior journalist with The Straits Times, was imprisoned in April 2005 on allegations that he engaged in espionage by selling state secrets to Taiwan. He was released in February 2008 following outcry from Hong Kong politicians and journalists.
Rebiya Kadeer, convicted in March 2000 of "leaking state secrets to foreigners" and "endangering state security". She spent 2 years in solitary confinement, and was released in March 2005 .
Wei Jingsheng, sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in November 1979 for allegedly selling military secrets to a British correspondent. He was again arrested in April 1994 for "Inciting subversion of the state", until his release in November 1997.

See also
Human rights in China
Re-education through labor
Laogai
Black jails
Zhen Fan

Further reading
Julia Strauss. "Paternalist Terror: The Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries and Regime Consolidation in the People's Republic of China, 1950-1953," in Comparative Studies in Society and History 44 (2002), p. 80-105.

References

Footnotes

Penal system in China
Political repression in China
Chinese law


Kew Cricket Club plays matches on Kew Green in Kew, which is now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

The club was formed in 1882 following the amalgamation of two local clubs, Kew Oxford Cricket Club and Kew Cambridge Cricket Club, but cricket had been played on Kew Green for many years before this.  In August 1732, the Whitehall Evening Post reported that Frederick, Prince of Wales attended "a great cricket match" at Kew on Thursday 27 July. A report in The London Evening Post dated 16 July 1737 refers to a match between a Prince of Wales XI and The Duke of Marlborough XI.

Current activities
Today's Kew Cricket Club has four Saturday League teams, a Sunday League team and a Sunday friendly team. Kew Cricket Club operates a thriving Colts section, fielding league teams at the U17 (under 17 years of age), U15, U13 and U11 levels.
The current 1st XI team plays in Division 1 of the Thames Valley Cricket League. The 1st and 2nd XI teams play their cricket matches at Kew Cricket Club Ground on Kew Green, and the 3rd and 4th XIs play at St Mary's University's grounds in Teddington.

A charity cricket match takes place annually, each May bank holiday.

History

 1732 – Frederick, Prince of Wales, attended "a great cricket match" at Kew on Thursday 27 July
 1737 – Cricket was first reported on Kew Green
 1824 – Kew Green was enclosed by Private Act of Parliament
 1853 – The Windsor and Eton Express reported that a meeting had been held at the Rose and Crown pub to re-establish the Kew Cambridge Cricket Club
 1855 – Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle referred to "Kew Cambridge Cricket Ground" as the venue for a match between the Goodenough House School Club and Clifden House that took place on 16 May
 1868 – The Windsor and Eton Express reported that despite being said to have included four professional players, a Kew United Cricket Club team had lost a match at Kew Green on 9 July against the Slough and Upton Cricket Club
 1876 – Kew Cambridge Cricket Club was given permission to cordon off the wicket
 1881 – Kew Cambridge Cricket Club and Kew Oxford Cricket Club amalgamated to form Kew Cricket Club
 1962 – Kew Cricket Club was given permission to erect a pavilion
 1964 – Pavilion was opened
 1966 – Sunday cricket was allowed on Kew Green for the first time
 1973 – Jamaica played New Zealand on Kew Cricket Club's ground in the 1973 Women's Cricket World Cup; however, the match was abandoned due to rain

References

Further reading
 M Burgess (ed.) (1982). Kew Cricket Club 1882–1982. London: Kew Cricket Club, 32pp

External links
Official website
Kew Cricket Club Ground on Cricinfo

1732 in England
1737 in England
1732 in sports
1737 in sports
1882 establishments in England
Cricket grounds in London
Club cricket teams in England
English cricket teams in the 18th century
Kew, London
Kew Green
Sport in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Sports clubs and teams in London
Sports venues completed in 1973
St Mary's University, Twickenham


Dr. William E. Evans, Pharm.D. served as St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital’s fifth director and CEO from 2004 to 2014. From 1986 to 2002, he chaired the St. Jude Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and from 2002 to 2004 served as the hospital’s scientific director and executive vice president. He also currently holds the St. Jude Professorship and Endowed chair at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine and Pharmacy.

Evans received his doctoral degree (Pharm.D.) from the University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy (1975), and spent a sabbatical year at the University of Basel (1987–88) studying pharmacogenomics. He received an honorary doctor of science degree (honoris causa) from Ohio State University in 2008.

Evans' research is on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics of anticancer agents in children, exploring genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying differences in drug effects among children. Evans has received three consecutive NCI MERIT Awards from the National Institutes of Health for his research of antileukemic agents in children. He has received several national and international awards for his research, including the Leon Goldberg Award in 1991 and the Rawls Palmer Progress in Medicine Award in 2006 from the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, the Therapeutic Frontiers Lecture Award in 1989 and the Russell Miller Research Award in 1992 from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) and the Volwiler Research Award in 1994 from the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, the Research Achievement Award in 1996 and the Tyler Prize in 2002 from the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). He is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists and the ACCP. He has also held elected offices as president of the ACCP (1982) and chair of AAAS’s Pharmaceutical Sciences Section (2009–10). He was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2002. With citations of his publications ranking among the top one percentile of scientists worldwide in his field, Evans is recognized by ISI as a “Highly Cited Scientist”. He has authored over 300 scientific publications and book chapters.

Under his leadership, St. Jude has expanded its research focus to include Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Epidemiology and Cancer Control, and has exploited new technologies to further elucidate the genomic basis of childhood cancers and to develop individualized approaches to cancer treatment through translation of pharmacogenomic discoveries into innovative treatment protocols of childhood cancers.

During his tenure as CEO, St. Jude has been consistently ranked among the top ten Best Places to Work in Academia by The Scientist magazine including their No. 1 ranking in 2006, and was ranked the No. 1 Children’s Cancer Hospital by Parent Magazine in 2009. In 2008, St. Jude was awarded comprehensive status by NCI, making it the only NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center devoted solely to children.

References

Living people
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
University of Tennessee alumni
American pharmacists
Cancer researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the National Academy of Medicine


Klansmen:  Guardians of Liberty was a book published by the Pillar of Fire Church in 1926 by Bishop Alma Bridwell White and illustrated by Branford Clarke. She claims that the Founding Fathers of the United States were members of the Ku Klux Klan, and that Paul Revere made his legendary ride in Klan hood and robes. She said: "Jews are everywhere a separate and distinct people, living apart from the great Gentile masses ... they are not home builders or tillers of the soil." Her book, which contains many anti-Catholic themes, became popular during the United States presidential election of 1928 when Al Smith was the first Catholic presidential candidate from a major party.

History
White authored over 35 books and founded the Pillar of Fire Church, where she made herself a bishop.

This book primarily espouses White's anti-Catholicism, while it also promotes antisemitism, racism, white supremacy and women's equality. Guardians is a compendium of essays and sermons by White and illustrations by Clarke that were originally published in her pro-KKK political periodical The Good Citizen, one of the numerous periodicals published by her Pillar of Fire Church at their communal headquarters in Zarephath, New Jersey.

The book contains an introduction by Arthur H. Bell, the Grand Dragon of the New Jersey Ku Klux Klan. It is the second of three books White published to promote the KKK.  The other two books were 1926's The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy, and 1928's Heroes of the Fiery Cross. White republished her Klan books as a three volume set in 1943, three years before her death and 21 years after her initial association with the Klan, under the title Guardians of Liberty.

The contents included essays entitled The Hebrew Rock, Klansmen of the Revolution,  Rome's Idolatrous Shrines and Papal Prisons in America.

References

Further reading

External links
Klansmen: guardians of liberty at archive.org

Books about the Ku Klux Klan
Anti-Catholicism in the United States
Pillar of Fire International
Antisemitism in the United States
Books about politics of the United States
White supremacy in the United States
1926 non-fiction books
Anti-Catholic publications


Kalenica () is a mountain in the Owl Mountains, part of Central Sudetes. Its height is 964 meters. It lies in Owl Mountains Landscape Park.

The mountain located in Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

External links
 Photo gallery of Kalenica

Mountains of Poland


Jill Mulvay Derr (born September 8, 1948) was a senior research historian in the Church History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. She previously served as Managing Director of the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History at Brigham Young University (2003-2005), where she was also Associate Professor of Church History (1998-2005). Her research and publications have focused on the history of Mormon and Utah women, and she is past president of the Mormon History Association (1998-1999).

Derr was raised as Jill Carol Mulvay in Salt Lake City.  Some of her publications have been credited under her maiden name.

Derr is a member of the LDS Church. Derr is married to C. Brooklyn Derr, and they are the parents of four children. Longtime residents of Alpine, Utah, they have also lived in Fontainebleau, France, and Tolochenaz, Switzerland.

Jill Mulvay Derr holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Utah and an MA in teaching from Harvard University.

Writings

Derr edited Women's Voices: An Untold History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900 with Kenneth W. Godfrey and Audrey M. Godfrey (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1982; 2000).  She also co-wrote Women of Covenant: The Story of Relief Society (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1992; 2000).  Her articles have appeared in BYU Studies, Journal of Mormon History, Utah Historical Quarterly, and Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought   Her paper on Sarah M. Kimball received first prize in the 1976 Utah Bicentennial Biographies contest.

In 2016, the Church Historian's Press released the book The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-day Saint Women's History, which was edited by Derr, Matthew Grow, Carol Cornwall Madsen and Kate Holbrook.

The following is a partial list of Derr's published work:
.  Published as a pamphlet by Signature Books in 1981.

Books

Davidson, Karen Lynn; Derr, Jill Mulvay (2012). The Life and Faith of Eliza R. Snow. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book. .

Notes

Sources
Open Library listing
Derr's vita

External links

1948 births
American expatriates in France
American Latter Day Saint writers
Brigham Young University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Living people
University of Utah alumni
Writers from Salt Lake City
American women historians
Latter Day Saints from Massachusetts
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Mormon studies scholars


Covington House may refer to:

Covington House (Tallahassee, Florida), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Florida
Covington House (Richmond, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
Covington Institute Teachers' Residence, Springfield, KY, listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
Covington House (DeSoto, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
Robert L. Covington House, Hazlehurst, MS, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
Covington Plantation House, Rockingham, NC, listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
Robert D. Covington House, Washington, UT, listed on the NRHP in Washington
Covington House (Vancouver, Washington), listed on the NRHP in Washington


Mark Howell is an American musician, composer, ethnomusicologist, and music archaeologist.

Early life and education
Howell was born in Philadelphia, Mississippi in 1952 and moved to New York City in 1982.
In 1996 Howell earned an M.F.A. in music composition at SUNY Stony Brook; and in 2004 a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology from the CUNY Graduate Centerwith a dissertation called "An Ethnoarchaeological Investigation of Highland Guatemalan Maya Dance-Plays."

Career
In 1983 he formed an avant-garde post-rock band called Better Than Death (BTD) with bass clarinetist Michael Lytle.
In 1986 he collaborated with Etron Fou saxophonist, Bruno Meillier to form a Euro-American group called Zero Pop.    They recorded, All the Big Mystics and  Glows in the Dark.  In between Zero Pop tours BTD recorded Swimman (1987), and followed that release with a U.S. tour. Between 1986 and 1994 Zero Pop toured Europe seven times and the United States three.

Howell played guitar on the Curlew record, North America, and met Martin Bisi, Rick Brown, Tom Cora, and Fred Frith.  In 1989 he and Frith, Nick Didkovsky, and Rene Lussier formed the Fred Frith Guitar Quartet.In 1989 Howell formed a third band, Timber, with drummer, Rick Brown and bass player, Faye Hunter who was later replaced by Jenny Wade.  Between 1989 and 1996 Timber made two U.S. tours and one in Europe.  They released one CD, Parts and Labor, were included on Matador's LP and CD New York Eye and Ear Control, as well as on two of Elliott Sharp's State of the Union compilation CDs.  Howell's involvement with the Fred Frith Guitar Quartet between 1989 and 1995, included five European tours, several U.S. performances and the recording of "The As Usual Dance Towards the Other Flight to What is Not," which was released on Frith's CD, Quartets.  He also played with Frith, Didkovsky, Lussier, and others, at the Brooklyn Academy of Music performance of, "In Memory," in 1989.

In addition to his band work, Howell has composed for Lynn Shapiro (at the American Dance Festival 1994), Amy Sue Rosen, Diane Torr, and Stephanie Artz.  He was also commissioned by several ensembles including "North By South," (1993) for percussionist Kevin Norton, and  "To the Heart," (1997) for the ten-piece mixed ensemble, New Ear.  His composition scores were published by Frog Peak Music.

Howell has researched the music of Precolumbian America.  He has presented papers and published books and journals on topics related to music archaeology.  In 2006 he became the director of the Winterville site, an archaeology park and museum in the Mississippi Delta.

Howell is a member of the duo called Inconvenient Music.

Select Discography
Inconvenient Music, MP3 downloads. Myspace.com/Inconvenient Music (2007).
State of the Union (Elliott Sharp compilation, with Timber), CD. EMF (2001).
Quartets (with the Fred Frith Guitar Quartet), CD. Rec Rec Zurich (1994).
Parts and Labor (Timber), CD and LP. joint distribution by Rift and Rough Trade London (1992).
New York Eye and Ear Control (compilation, with Timber), CD and LP. Matador (1991).
Glows in the Dark (Zero Pop), CD. Rec Rec Zurich (1987).
All the Big Mystics (Zero Pop), LP. Rec Rec Zurich (1987).
Swimman (Better Than Death), LP. Lost/Twin Tone (1987).
North America (Curlew), LP. Moers (1986); reissue as CD, Cuneiform (2002).

Select Publications
“Origin and Meaning of the Hopewell Panpipe.” In Flower World: Archaeology of the Americas. Mundo Florido Arqueomusicología de las Américas, I. Eds., Matthias Stöckli, Mark Howell and Arnd Adje Both. Ēkhō Verlag, Berlin (to be published in 2014).

“Music Evidence of Spanish, French, and English Encounters with Native Americans: The Similarities, Differences, and Consequences.” In Sound, Political Space and Political Condition: Exploring Soundscapes of Societies Under Change. Topoi—Excellence Cluster Publication. Eds., Ricardo Eichmann, Mark Howell, and Graeme Lawson, Berlin (to be published in 2013).

“The Concise ISGMA Handbook of Music Archaeological Practice.” Eds., Mark Howell, Graeme Lawson, and Stefan Hagel (to be on-line in 2013).

“An Organology of the Americas as Painted by John White and Other Artists.” In Flower World: Archaeology of the Americas. Mundo Florido Arqueomusicología de las Américas, I. Eds., Matthias Stöckli and Arnd Adje Both. Ēkhō Verlag, Berlin (2013), 155-168.

“Tzunam Bailes and the Role of Music Instruments in Precolumbian Highland Guatemala.” In Orient Archäologie Band 27 Studien zum Musikarchäologie VIII . Eds., Ricardo Eichmann, Fang Jianjun, and Lars-Christian Koch. Berlin (2013), 281-289.
“Sonic-Iconic Examination of Adorno Rattles from the Mississippian-Era Lake George Site.”  Music and Art 36 (2011:1-2), 231-244.

“A Hermeneutic Re-examination of Select Commentaries on Aztec Music.” In Orient Archäologie Band 25 Studien zum Musikarchäologie VII.  Eds., Ellen Hickmann, Arnd Adje Both, Ricardo Eichmann, and Lars-Christian Koch. Berlin (2010), 213-225.

“Music Syncretism in the Postclassic K’iche’ Warrior Dance and the Colonial Period 	Baile de los Moros y Cristianos.” In Maya Worldviews at Conquest.  Eds. Leslie G. Cecil and 	Timothy W. Pugh. University Press of Colorado, Boulder (2009), 279-297.

“Las transcripciones musicales del Baile Drama del Rabinal Achi.” Ethnomusicología en 	Guatemala, 66:165-167.
“Concerning the Origin and Dissemination of the Mesoamerican Slit-Drum” Music and Art 28 (2003:1-2), 45-54.
Enchanted Music. Alley Tracts, a Division of Autonomedia (2001).

“Locronots: An Automatic Drawing Technique.” in The Improvisor (1989).

References

External links
http://www.frogpeak.org/fpartists/fphowell.html
http://www.myspace.com/nanihwaya

1952 births
Living people
Stony Brook University alumni
American male composers
21st-century American composers
American musicologists
21st-century American male musicians


Gabe Eastman (born March 7, 1977 in Modesto, California) is a retired American soccer defender.

Career

College
Eastman attended Modesto Junior College, where he was voted his college soccer team's MVP in 1995.

Professional
Eastman began his professional career with his hometown team, the Stanislaus County Cruisers in the USISL D3-Pro League in 1997, and was voted Rookie of the Year in his debut season. He moved to play for Nashville Metros in 1998 and was equally successful, being voted to the All A-League First Team.  Eastman was drafted with the first pick of the 1999 MLS Supplemental Draft by Los Angeles Galaxy, but only made one single MLS appearance for them, as a substitute for Robin Fraser, three minutes before the end of a game against Colorado Rapids on March 20, 1999. The Galaxy sent him on loan to both MLS Pro 40 and to the Orange County Zodiac.  He was waived by the Galaxy at the end of the 1999 season, and was picked up by the San Jose Earthquakes in the 1999 Waiver Draft. Again, Eastman never managed to hold down a regular spot with the team, and made just two league appearances for the Earthquakes, he requested his released half way through the 2000 campaign, and it was granted in June of 2000.

He rejoined his first team, Stanislaus United Cruisers, and played against San Jose in a US Open Cup game in late 2000 recording 1 assist. After spending two more years in the lower leagues, including a short sting with Charleston Battery in the A-League, he retired from competitive soccer in the mid-2000s.

References

Living people
1977 births
American men's soccer players
Men's association football defenders
LA Galaxy players
Major League Soccer players
Nashville Metros players
Orange County Blue Star players
San Jose Earthquakes players
Stanislaus County Cruisers players
Charleston Battery players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Virginia Beach Mariners players
MLS Pro-40 players
Soccer players from California
LA Galaxy draft picks
Sportspeople from Modesto, California


William Montagu may refer to:

William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu (c. 1285–1319), English peer, soldier and courtier
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344), English nobleman
William de Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–1397)
William Montagu, 2nd Duke of Manchester (1700–1739)
William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester (1771–1843), British peer, soldier, colonial administrator and politician
William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester (1823–1890), British peer and Member of Parliament
William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester (1877–1947), British peer and politician
William Montagu (younger) (1652–1691), English MP for Midhurst and Stockbridge, imprisoned for debt
William Montagu (judge) (1618–1706), British judge
William Montagu (MP) (c. 1720–1757), British politician for Huntingdonshire and Bossiney
William Augustus Montagu (c. 1785–1852), British military officer
William Augustus Montagu (MP) (1752–1776), British politician
William Montagu Manning (1811–1895), Australian politician

See also
William Pepperell Montague (1873–1953), philosopher
William Montacute (disambiguation)
Montagu Williams (1835–1892), English teacher, soldier, playwright, barrister and magistrate


Azazga(), is a town in the Tizi Ouzou Province in northern Algeria. It is the third largest Kabyle city, after Béjaïa and Tizi Ouzou. It is the district seat of the so-named Daïra. The population in 2008 was 34,683.

History

Azazga is a rich locality by its culture and its history. It was created under the French occupation in 1882. It was the chief town of the canton of the commune of Haut-Sébaou. In Kabyle, its name means "the deaf persons", a name which would have been given to the inhabitants of the village by the French at the time of colonization. It is said that one day, the inhabitants refused to hear French troops passing near the village and who asked them to locate rebels; from this came the name of the village.

The inhabitants of Azazga are very attached to their freedom. They played a very important role at the time of the Algerian War of Independence, of which Chekini Mohand Said of the village of Rabta was a leader on November 1, 1954, and in 1963 during the revolts against the Algerian state of that time. Later he became a prefect until his retirement. In the same way during the riots of the Black Spring in 2001 where nearly 126 died and more than 5000 wounded and led to closing and the destruction of barracks of Gendarmerie after one year of quarantine.

Azazga was built on a marshy ground named "ilmathen" (ilmaten meaning swamp), which was the source of drained water, and until 1962 many fountains were built in the city.

The inhabitants of this commune knew many waves of emigration towards the Middle East. For this reason many Kabyles hearths today are found in Syria, the countries situated near Syria, Lebanon, New Caledonia and Guyana.

Sport

The football team of Azazga, Jeunesse Sportive Azazga or JSA, is one of the oldest clubs of Algeria. Founded in 1946, this club did not play in the Premier League for a long time. The other team of the area is OC Azazga, which was created in 1998 in Cheurfa, and is now better classified than the JSA. In June 2008, Ighil Bouzel created a new club, Union Sportive Azazga (USA). It began in the 2008/2009 season with its Brazilian behavior (blue and yellow).

Jeunesse Sportive Azazga is also made up of several sections of boxing, volleyball, athletics, karate.

References

Kabylie
Communes of Tizi Ouzou Province


William Montacute or William de Montacute may refer to:

William de Montacute, 2nd Baron Montacute (c. 1285–1319)
William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344)
William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–1397)

See also
William Montagu (disambiguation)

fr:William Montagu


Samuel Bayley (November 1878 – after 1899) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Small Heath.

Bayley was born in Rugby, Warwickshire, and played for St Saviour's, Rugby and Leamington Town before joining Small Heath in 1899. An inside forward, he made his debut in the Second Division on New Year's Day 1900 in a home game against Middlesbrough which Small Heath won 5–1. Bayley scored one goal and contributed to two others, but never played for the club again, and left soon afterwards to return to Leamington. He died in Coventry, Warwickshire.

References

1878 births
Year of death missing
Sportspeople from Rugby, Warwickshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Leamington F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
English Football League players
Footballers from Warwickshire