Shades of Ray is a 2008 independent film written and directed by Jaffar Mahmood.  The film stars  Zachary Levi as a half-white, half-Pakistani male wrestling with his mixed identity while waiting for his girlfriend to respond to his marriage proposal.  The film was screened at numerous film festivals.

Synopsis
American-born Ray Rehman comes home one night to find his Pakistani father on his doorstep. Ray's Nordic mother threw him out. It's an awkward time for his father to move in as Ray just proposed to his girlfriend - who hasn't given him an answer. While trying to get his parents back together, Ray meets a South Asian girl of mixed descent, just like him, and must decide where his identity truly lies.

Plot
Ray Rehman (Zachary Levi) is a half-American, half-Pakistani male, in his mid-twenties, who has moved to LA from New Jersey to pursue an acting career.  He auditions for roles by day and works as a bartender at night.  He lives with his lifelong best friend, Sal.  As a child, Rey's father taught him that he should marry a Pakistani woman and follow a Muslim morality.  However, Rey only dates white women and is only vaguely Muslim.  He also leads his father to believe that he is an investment banker, though his mother knows the full truth about his career and his love life.

Rey proposes to his girlfriend, Noelle, and despite insisting that she wants to say yes, she tells him that she has to put off her answer until after a family vacation so that she can get her parents to agree to the marriage.  Ray is disappointed but optimistic.  When he comes home one evening, his father has come all the way from New Jersey and is sitting on his porch.  Ray learns that his mother threw his father out.  He insists that his parents try to reconcile, but his father says he will only agree to if Ray agrees to meet with the daughter of one of his Pakistani friends living in LA.  Irritated and promising nothing, Ray agrees.

During the course of the dinner, which includes Ray, his father, Sana (the daughter) and Sana's parents, Ray and Sana go outside and soon discover that they have a lot in common, not the least of which is their half-white, half-Pakistani heritage.  At the close of evening, Ray's father concludes that Ray does like Sana, a fact that confuses and frustrates Ray; he reveals to his father that he has proposed to Noelle and is awaiting her answer.  Ray and Sana then meet by chance in a bookstore, and they connect further.  While Ray and his father are golfing, Noelle calls and tells Ray that she is tired of trying to please her parents and that she will marry him, to Ray's delight.

Meanwhile, Ray's parents have some contentious phone conversations, sparked by Ray's pleas for a reconciliation.  Ray's mother surprises everyone by appearing on Ray's doorstep, and the parents work to make amends.  Tensions flare, however, when the mother finds out that the father put Ray up to seeing Sana.  As they argue, Ray gets a text message from Sana and they tacitly agree to meet up again.  Ray's mother finds him and tells him that she apologizes if she ever discouraged him from meeting girls that were more like him; they hug and he goes to work.  Noelle suddenly comes to visit Ray, but finds his parents home instead.  She casually mentions that Ray works at a bar, which infuriates Ray's father.  Meanwhile, at work, Sana comes to visit Ray; she is tipsy and very flirtatious and encourages him to take his break.  She pulls him into the men's bathroom and begins to caress him; he mildly protests, saying he needs to tell her something, but eventually concedes to a kiss.  He then suddenly shouts "I'm engaged" to a stunned Sana, before he apologizes profusely and exits the bathroom to find Noelle standing there.  Moments later, a breathless Sana exits.  Noelle storms out.  A little later, his father appears, furious about Ray's deceit.  Ray explains that he does not know how to do the things his father wants, namely, make a lot of money and marry a Pakistani woman.  Ray also accuses his father of hypocrisy, as he did not conform to Pakistani ideals either.

After work, Ray finds a very angry Noelle at her home.  After he assures her that he didn't have sex with Sana, he hesitantly agrees to never see Sana again and the couple agrees to never discuss the incident again.  The next day, he meets Sana at her house and apologizes to her again but explains that he had never met anyone who understood him better than her.  Sana seems to cheer up and tells him she is leaving to teach English in Mexico.  They hug.

Later, Ray has a conversation with Sal about fate, and Sal asserts that everyone can make their own choices.  The conversation inspires Ray to go and end his engagement with Noelle.  Three months pass and Sana (who has a weekend off) stops by with a sombrero she brought him from Mexico.  They reconnect and they have lunch together.

Cast
 Zachary Levi ... Ray Rehman
 Fran Kranz ...  Sal Garfinkle
 Sarah Shahi ...  Sana Khaliq
 Bonnie Somerville ...  Noelle Wilson
 Brian George ...  Javaid Rehman
 Kathy Baker ...  Janet Rehman
 Gerry Bednob ...  Naseem Khaliq
 Cristine Rose ... Mrs. Khaliq
 Philip Rosenthal ...  Director #1
 Jasen Wade ...  Mitch
 Rex Lee ...  Dale
 Cody Klop ...  Sal, age 12
 Jake Kasdan ...  Director #3
 Art Evans ...  Tyler
 David Doty ...  Pierre
 Sharmila Devar ...  Shirmeen
 Caitlin Crosby ... Nicki Evans

Awards and recognition
Asia Pacific Arts ranked "Shades of Ray" the #4 Asian American Film of 2009 ahead of Ang Lee's "Taking Woodstock"
Audience Award for Best Narrative Film, 2008 South Asian International Film Festival
Best International Feature Film, 2009 ReelWorld Film Festival
Star! ReelChoice Audience Award, 2009 ReelWorld Film Festival
Official Selection, 2008 Austin Film Festival
Centerpiece Film, 2008 Lone Star International Film Festival
Official Selection, 2008 Cairo International Film Festival
Official Selection, 2008 Bahamas International Film Festival
Official Selection, 2009 Garden State Film Festival
Best of Fest Series, 2009 Lone Star International Film Festival

Distribution
Shades of Ray is currently distributed through Netflix, Amazon.com, iTunes, LoveFilm and Verizon FiOS on-demand.

Music
Kanhi Aar Kabhi Paar - Shamshad Begum
Sick, Twisted & Wonderful - Matt Kapuchinski
Orvillie - Chris Leier
Taking back December - Walter Rodriguez (ray sleeping on sofa, phoning Noelle)
Na Bol Pee Pee More - Shamshad Begum
Just when you least expect - Walter Rodriguez  ( Ray watching Sana's website)
Are we different - Pricilia Anh
Reasons - Walter Rodriguez
Aftermath - five o'clock people (Alex Walker)  ( Bar music - Sana kissing Ray)
Lonely Town - Sandy Adorjan Chila
Leaving for good - Matt Kapuchinski
A little more time ( To find you again) - Chris Leier
The Heart of Life - John Mayer  ( Sana is back with a sombrero)
Fight Good sinners - five o'clock people (Alex Walker, Drew Grow)  ( End credits)

References

External links

2008 films
Films about Pakistani Americans
Films scored by the Newton Brothers
2000s English-language films


Wilfred Marcus Askwith  (24 April 1890 – 16 July 1962) was the 2nd Bishop of Blackburn who was later translated to Gloucester. Born in Hereford and educated at Hereford Cathedral School, Bedford School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge he was ordained in 1914. His first post was as Curate at St Helens Parish Church. After this he was a Master and Assistant Chaplain at his old school then Rector of Stalbridge. From 1925 to 1932 he was Chaplain to Europeans at Nakuru in Kenya. Returning to England he was Vicar of Sherborne then Rural Dean of Leeds before his elevation to the episcopate. He died on 16 July 1962.

References

1890 births
People educated at Bedford School
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Bishops of Blackburn
Bishops of Gloucester
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
1962 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops


Nchimunya Mweetwa (born March 22, 1984) is a Zambian football striker for Nico United.

Career
Mweetwa began his career whilst still at high school, with his Choma based school being a feeder club for local second division club Kabibya United.

After playing for Medical Stars, Ndola United, Kitwe United and Zesco United in Zambia, Mweetwa went on trial with Finnish Veikkausliiga club RoPS, eventually signing with them. During his first season with RoPS, Mweetwa scored 17 goals in 24 games, which included a run of scoring 1 goal in 12 consecutive games. Mweetwa's second season was cut short by a serious knee injury.

In the 2010 Ykkönen season Mweetwa made dramatic come-back with total of 13 goals in 23 games, of which in 13 he was in the starting line-up. He was the top scorer for RoPS and according to local newspaper Lapin Kansa, he received three offers from foreign clubs outside Finland.

In August 2014, Mweetwa was named as one of three foreign players for SC Villa's 2014–15 Uganda Super League season.

In September 2015, Mweetwa received a work permit to join Botswana Premier League club Nico United.

Match fixing
On 24 March 2011, Mweetwa and seven other RoPS players, Godfrey Chibanga, Chileshe Chibwe, Francis Kombe, Stephen Kunda, Christopher Musonda, Chanda Mwaba, Pavle Khorguashvili and Valter Khorguashvili were all arrested and taken into custody on match-fixing charges. In July 2011, Mweetwa received a suspended jail sentence for his part in the match fixing scandal. On 30 April 2012, Chibanga, Chibwe, Kunda, Musonda, Mwaba, Nchimunya and Mweetwa were all banned from football by FIFA until 5 April 2013.

Career statistics

International

Statistics accurate as of match played 1 October 2005

References

External links
  at rops.fi
  at veikkausliiga.com

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Lusaka
Zambian men's footballers
Zambia men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Ndola United F.C. players
Kitwe United F.C. players
ZESCO United F.C. players
Rovaniemen Palloseura players
NAPSA Stars F.C. players
SC Villa players
Nico United players
Zambia Super League players
Veikkausliiga players
Zambian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Zambian expatriate sportspeople in Finland


Philip Gotsall Cox CBE (born 22 September 1951 in Birmingham) is the Chief Executive Officer of International Power, the energy company based in London, formed from National Power when Innogy de-merged from it in April 2000.

Early life
He attended Bishop Vesey's Grammar School in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. At Queens' College, Cambridge, he completed an MA in Geography.

Career
He joined Price Waterhouse in 1973 as a chartered accountant, moving to Lucas in 1977. From 1981 to 1988 he worked for small engineering and marketing companies. He was Chief Financial Officer at Siebe from 1988-99. In 1999 he became Senior Vice-President of Operational Planning at Invensys, in the same year that Invensys was formed from Siebe merging with BTR.

In May 2000 he became Chief Financial Officer at International Power when the company was formed, becoming CEO in December 2003 when David Crane left to join NRG Energy.

Cox was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to the energy industry.

He subsequently took several non-executive and chair roles.

Personal life
He is married with a son and daughter.

Footnotes

External links
 International Power
 Appointed as CFO of IP in 2000

People from Sutton Coldfield
1951 births
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
British chief executives in the energy industry
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English chief executives
English accountants
Living people
People educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School


Dave MacFarlane (16 January 1967 – 30 October 2013) was a Scottish professional football player who is best known for his time with Kilmarnock.

MacFarlane began his career with Ayr United Boys Club before joining Rangers. Whilst at Ibrox he made seven league appearances and picked up a winner's medal in October 1986 when he came on as a second-half substitute in Rangers 2–1 win over Celtic in the Scottish League Cup Final. MacFarlane also had loan spells with Kilmarnock and Dundee, before joining the former on a permanent basis in 1988. He spent nearly two seasons at Rugby Park.

A brief spell with Partick Thistle followed before MacFarlane moved to the junior leagues to Glenafton Athletic, who were managed by Scottish former international goalkeeper Alan Rough. He became a regular pick for the junior side and played in three consecutive Scottish Junior Cup finals, winning the trophy in 1992.

References

External links

1967 births
2013 deaths
Footballers from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Rangers F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
Glenafton Athletic F.C. players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Caroline Springs George Cross FC players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Australia


"Miracle's Are Real" is the second episode of the American animated television series Sit Down, Shut Up. It was originally broadcast on April 26, 2009, in the United States on the Fox network. In the episode, Miracle Grohe loses her faith in spirituality because of Larry's pragmatism. Meanwhile, Acting Principal Sue Sezno holds a school fair to raise money for the staff's insurance.

The episode was co-written by the series creator Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely and directed by Raymie Muzquiz. It received generally mixed reviews from critics. According to the Nielsen ratings, it was watched by 4.20 million households in its original broadcast.

Plot
Miracle celebrates the first day of spring by giving out flowers, but fails to realize that she is actually giving out hemlock, which ultimately puts Andrew in a coma. Because the staff's insurance does not cover "voluntary self-poisoning", Acting Principal Sue Sezno suggests they hold a school fair to raise money, advertising it as a "fair fair". Miracle tells Larry that tonight is the night her prophecy will come true. Larry challenges her spiritually-based life style by spending the night at the commune waiting for Miracle's birth star to align with Pluto. When the stars finally align, Larry is too busy trying to disprove Miracle's way of life that he does not notice that she is trying to kiss him. She runs away and throws away her fortune. Larry reads it and finds out that when Miracle's star is align with Pluto, she would receive a kiss from the greatest love of her life.

At the fair, Miracle feels depressed and gives Ennis her baby Merch to babysit. The booth Miracle got her fortune from is delivered by a mysterious man and Larry plans on using to make Miracle believe in spirituality again. Meanwhile, Sue does the raffle for the German coffee maker, which she wins herself. Ennis admits that he lost Merch, which upsets Miracle. Outraged, Ennis takes a crystal ball and throws it at the ball toss, at which Sue falls into the tub of water. Andrew and Helen then notice a magnet in Sue's skirt, which indicates that Sue cheated for the coffee maker. Ennis gets some prizes in a booth, including Merch clinging onto a Pluto doll, and Miracle sees that her prophecy has come true and thanks Ennis with a hug. She says that it is still a magical world no matter what Larry says.

Production
"Miracle's Are Real" was co-written by the creator Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely and directed by Raymie Muzquiz. It was the second episode to be produced. The first episode had to be rewritten several times before the series was picked up by Fox. The series was picked up in May 2008, but production was halted only a month later due to a contract dispute between the writers and the production company, Sony Pictures. In July 2008, a compromise was reached and the writers returned to work. On April 17, 2009, TV Squad posted an early look on various elements in the series, including the content in "Miracle's Are Real". The article's writer noted that Jason Bateman and Will Arnett's characters interacted a lot more than in the pilot episode. The writer recalled it as "Michael/Gob magic", referring to Bateman and Arnett's characters on Hurwitz's previous series, Arrested Development.

Reception
In its original broadcast on April 26, 2009, "Miracle's Are Real" was watched by 4.20 million households, according to the Nielsen ratings, earning a 1.9 rating/5 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49, and a 2.1 rating/7 share among viewers between 18 and 34. The episode dropped in almost one million viewers from the pilot episode. "Miracle's Are Real" finished third in its timeslot in the 18-49 demographic, after Amazing Race and Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.

The episode received mixed reviews from television sources and critics. Kona Gallaghar of TV Squad, who liked the pilot episode more the second time, was not as impressed with "Miracle's Are Real". She concluded, "The main problem I have right now with Sit Down, Shut Up, is that even that simple plot-point is too deep for it. Maybe I'm expecting too much from an animated series, but is it wrong to want the characters to feel at least as real as their backgrounds?". Jonah Krakow of IGN gave the episode 7.3 out of 10 saying that "there's still plenty to like about this show even if this wasn't the strongest episode [..] I'm not worried about Sit Down, Shut Up's ability to create some classic television episodes because there's way too much talent involved. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club graded the episode a C saying that "the major problem with this show is that there isn't a central character [...] Even Larry, the straight man of the bunch, plays second fiddle to the ambiguous sexual talk of Andrew, and the pathetic ball of sweat that is Willard. I need something, anything, to ground these shenanigans, of which there are many, many, many."

References

External links

Sit Down, Shut Up (2009 TV series) episodes
2009 American television episodes


"Conduit" is the fourth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. It premiered on the Fox network on October 1, 1993. It was written by Alex Gansa and Howard Gordon, directed by Daniel Sackheim, and featured a guest appearance by Carrie Snodgress as the mother of an abducted teenager.

The show centers on FBI agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Mulder and Scully, when investigating the possible alien abduction of a teenage girl, find that the missing girl's younger brother may be capable of receiving satellite transmissions and that her mother was also party to a UFO encounter over twenty years earlier. Mulder finds himself becoming emotionally attached to the case due to its similarities to his own childhood experiences, when his younger sister Samantha was abducted from their home.

The episode, although not directly tied to the series' ongoing story arcs, provides more information on how Mulder's sister had been abducted as a child; a plot thread which would go on to become one of the more prominent of the series. The episode was filmed in British Columbia, with Buntzen Lake being used as Lake Okobogee.

Plot
At a campground at Lake Okobogee National Park in Sioux City, Iowa, Darlene Morris witnesses a flash of light outside her RV. She ventures outside to find her young son, Kevin, who claims that his teenaged sister, Ruby, has vanished.

In Washington, FBI Division Chief Scott Blevins informs Dana Scully that, unbeknownst to her, Fox Mulder has requested travel expenses to Sioux City based on a tabloid article about Ruby's disappearance. Blevins also shows Scully an X-File on the disappearance of Mulder's sister Samantha. When Scully asks Mulder about the travel expenses, he explains that Lake Okobogee was the scene of a series of UFO sightings in 1967; Darlene, then a member of a Girl Scout troop, was one of the witnesses.

When Mulder and Scully travel to Iowa and meet the Morrises, Mulder observes Kevin writing down binary code on a piece of paper; Kevin claims they are coming from static on a television screen. After submitting Kevin's code for analysis, the agents meet with the local sheriff, who tells them that Ruby was a juvenile delinquent who likely ran away. They also meet a young woman, Tessa, who says that Ruby had gotten pregnant and was planning to run away with her boyfriend, Greg Randall. The agents are unable to find Greg at the bar where he works; however, his boss tells them about UFO activity at Lake Okobogee.

Kevin's code is revealed to be part of a Defense Department satellite transmission. NSA agents ransack the Morris household, looking for any other documentation that might supposedly compromise national security. After the Morrises are taken into custody (which causes Darlene to lose her trust in him and Scully) Mulder examines the charred roof of their RV, prompting him to head to Lake Okobogee. There, the agents discover sand turned to glass and a burned tree line, indicating the presence of a massive heat source. Upon encountering some white wolves, Mulder and Scully find Greg's body in a shallow grave.

On his person, they find a note in Greg's wallet that eventually leads Mulder and Scully to conclude that it was Tessa, not Ruby, who was pregnant. Under interrogation, Tessa confesses to killing Greg but denies Ruby was at Lake Okobogee that night. The agents return to the Morris' house, and, finding it deserted, discover the binary-covered pieces of paper laid out across the living room floor, forming an image of Ruby's face. Returning to Lake Okobogee, they find Darlene and Kevin in the nearby woods. A motorcycle gang appears, and as Mulder hurries to rescue Kevin from their wake, Scully discovers Ruby nearby.

Ruby is then seen in a hospital bed, with Kevin by her side. When questioned about her ordeal, she says she was told by an unnamed group not to say anything. Darlene also refuses to cooperate any further, given the ridicule that she faced after her past experiences. Back in Washington, Scully listens to a tape of hypnotic sessions in which Mulder recalls the night his sister vanished. Mulder, meanwhile, sits in a church, crying as he looks at a picture of his sister.

Production
The episode was filmed in British Columbia, with Buntzen Lake being used as Lake Okobogee. Several crew members became lost in the surrounding area after the van responsible for installing signage got lost itself. The mural of Ruby made up of binary code was designed by assistant art director Greg Loewen and Vivien Nishi, who hand-wrote all the numbers on the mural.

Co-writer Howard Gordon said of the episode, "Alex [Gansa] and I made an effort to play to our own strength, which is character. We thought this was an interesting place to reiterate Mulder's quest for his sister. We set out to tell a simple abduction story, which was played out behind the shadows. We wanted to create an air of tension. With everything that happened, we wanted to explain what it could be. At every point, everything can be explained. Was she taken or killed by her boyfriend, who she was seeing against her mother's wishes? Is it Twin Peaks or an alien abduction? That was the theme of the show." Gordon and Gansa were afraid that series creator Chris Carter would not like the script, but Carter did and approved the episode they wrote.

Gordon praised the episode's ending, saying, "I think we're most proud of the ending: Mulder's quest is re-established (and Daniel Sackheim directed it beautifully) with Mulder sitting alone in a church with only his faith. The story, again, was fueled by Mulder's belief and emotional connection with this case. Another girl taken from her family. And, in a way, the little boy who is the conduit, who is also perhaps touched by the aliens, is essentially Mulder. These little touches the fans seem to respond to. It was difficult for us, but in the end satisfying. It came out of frustration on our parts, and creative uncertainty".

Producer Glen Morgan felt that the episode's writers, Gordon and Gansa, "have a better character-dramatic sense", adding that he believed the episode "really helped define Mulder". Carter felt the episode's highlights were the ending and the realization by Scully that Mulder may not be a crackpot, feeling it was very important to the show in establishing its point of view. He also felt that the episode proved effective at highlighting that the series was told from Scully's point of view, citing instances of the character "pulling Mulder back" from his fringe theories and emotional attachment.

The character Kevin Morris was played by actor Joel Palmer, who would appear in the series again in the second season episode "The Calusari".

Broadcast and reception
"Conduit" premiered on the Fox network on October 1, 1993, and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on October 10, 1994. The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 6.3 with an 11 share—meaning that in the US, 6.3 percent of television-equipped households, and 11 percent of all households actively watching television, were watching the program. It was viewed by 5.9 million households.

In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly, "Conduit" was rated a B, with the episode being described as "excellent for background" for the series, though it was noted that Duchovny gave "a performance that makes wood look lively".  Keith Phipps, writing for The A.V. Club, reviewed the episode positively, rating it a B+, feeling that the episode worked well to expand on the motivations of the two lead characters, noting that "the work done here will pay off well later". The episode has been seen as laying the foundation for the recurrence of Fox Mulder's obsession with finding his missing sister, which would come to be one of the main plot threads of the series.

Duchovny's portrayal of Fox Mulder in this episode has been cited as an example of the character's reversal of traditional gender roles—his openness and vulnerability when dealing with the similarities between the Morris case and that of his sister casts him "in a pattern typically engendered as female". He represents a break from past archetypes, with his "emotional and empathic balance" providing a contrast to previous male detectives in fiction.

Footnotes

References

External links

"Conduit" on The X-Files official website

1993 American television episodes
Television episodes set in Iowa
The X-Files (season 1) episodes
Television episodes about transhumanism
Television episodes directed by Daniel Sackheim
Television episodes written by Howard Gordon

it:Episodi di X-Files (prima stagione)#Omicidi del terzo tipo


Alessio Chiaverini  (born July 20, 1984 in Firenze, Italy) is an Italian footballer currently free agent.

External links
Profile

1984 births
Living people
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
CS Sporting Vaslui players
Liga I players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
SSD Sanremese Calcio players
US Imperia 1923 players
Footballers from Florence


Scandinavian Weekend Radio (SWR) is a shortwave and medium wave radio station in Virrat, Finland, established in 2000. It broadcasts for 24 hours on the first Saturday of every month and on Christmas Day. It is the only shortwave and medium wave radio station in Finland.

The station is run by volunteers of which many are amateur radio operators, DXers and former pirate radio operators. Funding comes from membership fees of the voluntary association and PR product sales. Even though SWR is a commercial station, there are just a few advertisers.

References

External links
 http://www.swradio.net

Shortwave radio stations
Radio stations established in 2000
Radio stations in Finland


Sheddrick Tobias "Buck" Gurley (born April 7, 1978) is a high school football coach and former American football defensive tackle.  Gurley played college football for Florida. He played professionally in the NFL for the Miami Dolphins, Chicago Bears, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was part of the 2002 Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl XXXVII.

Early years

Gurley was born in Quincy, Florida in 1978.  He attended Amos P. Godby High School in Tallahassee, Florida, and he played high school football for the Godby Cougars.  Gurley was considered one of the nation's top defensive line prospects, and was recognized as a consensus high school All-American, including first-team All-American honors from USA Today, in 1995.

College career

Gurley accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Steve Spurrier's Florida Gators football team from 1997 to 2000.  As a redshirt senior in 2000, he was a member of the Gators' 2000 SEC Championship team.  Gurley graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor's degree in health and human performance in 2001.

Professional career

Gurley was not selected during the 2001 NFL Draft, and he signed with the Miami Dolphins as a free agent after the draft in April 2001. He was cut from the Dolphins after the preseason and later was signed to the Chicago Bears practice squad for several days during the regular season. He signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on March 7, . He played in eight games during the Buccaneers' Super Bowl XXXVII championship season.

See also

 Florida Gators football, 1990–99
 History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 List of University of Florida alumni

References

Bibliography
 Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  .
 Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators!  An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002).  .
 Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002).  .
 McCarthy, Kevin M.,  Fightin' Gators: A History of University of Florida Football, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (2000).  .

1978 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Florida Gators football players
Players of American football from Florida
High school football coaches in Florida
Colonial High School Faculty
People from Quincy, Florida
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players


The Protagonists () is a 1968 Italian drama film directed by Marcello Fondato. It was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival, but the festival was cancelled due to the events of May 1968 in France.

Cast
 Sylva Koscina as Nancy
 Jean Sorel as Roberto
 Pamela Tiffin as Gabriella
 Lou Castel as Taddeu
 Luigi Pistilli as Tassoni
 Maurizio Bonuglia as Nino
 Giovanni Petrucci as Carlo
 Gabriele Ferzetti as Il Commissario
 Renato Romano
 Massimo Sarchielli
 Claudio Trionfi
 Paola Corinti
 Paolo Luciani

References

External links

1968 films
Italian drama films
1960s Italian-language films
1968 drama films
Films directed by Marcello Fondato
Films scored by Luis Bacalov
1960s Italian films


Cyldon was the brand name for a range of model stationary steam engines, manufactured in Enfield, Middlesex, England between 1947 and 1951 by Sydney S Bird & Sons. The name Cyldon was an amalgamation of Sydney Bird's two son's names Cyril and Donald.

The range extended to five different models, numbered 13/1 to 13/5. The designs were notable for their extensive use of non-ferrous metals, especially aluminium alloys, with very little steel used in most of the models.

All the engines were methylated spirit-fired with wick type burners, and all except the 13/3 were fitted with whistles.

Other Cyldon products included other toys, reels for magnetic tape and cine film, and variable capacitors.

Models

13/1

The 13/1 was (presumably) the first model made by Cyldon and is atypical in some details. The firebox is a different style from the usual Cyldon type and is steel instead of aluminium. The meths burner is also slightly different. The base is made of wood (as is the 13/2 but none of the other models).

The brass boiler is fired by a brass cylindrical three wick meths burner. It has a safety valve and a separate filler plug and overflow plug and is fitted with a whistle. It has a dummy chimney. The boiler is held onto the steel firebox with a single brass band. The copper steam pipe exits from the bottom of the boiler inside the firebox, thus getting a very small degree of superheat.

The steam is fed directly to the back of the port face of the oscillating cylinder. The brass cylinder is a single acting oscillating type. The crank shaft is steel, with a brass disk crank at one end, a small pulley at the other and mazak flywheel in the centre.

This model is vaguely similar in some respects to a one-off model identified as made by Mersey Model Co. Ltd. It has been suggested by some people that the Mersey model was used as a prototype for the Cyldon 13/1 and that there may be a link between the two companies.  This is very unlikely and there is no known documentation to support this speculation.

A later version of the 13/1 had changes to the firebox and burner which were then adopted in the later models 13/2 - 13/4.

13/2

The 13/2 is interesting for a couple of reasons. Firstly, the overall layout, with the crankshaft, cylinder, boiler and burner all in line longitudinally, on a long thin wooden base. Secondly, and the most interesting aspect, is the semi-rotative valve gear (see below).

The meths burner has three short wick tubes set into a cylindrical fuel tank. In working position, half of the tank sits under the boiler and the other half protrudes outside.

Steam feed is taken from the bottom of the boiler and directly to the valve chest housing the semi-rotative valve. This consists of a brass rod, cross drilled with two holes at right angles to each other, a small distance apart. The outside end of the rod has a crank, linked to a crank on the engine crankshaft, so that it rocks back and forth by about 90 degrees. This causes the two holes to alternately line up with the steam and exhaust passages.

The cylinder is a substantial brass casting. It is single acting but the open end is small in comparison with the overall diameter, giving it the appearance of a double acting type. The cylinder is fixed (not oscillating) but it contains a long piston, as found in oscillating cylinders, so that it does not require a cross-head guide.

The end of the piston rod is connected to a built-up crank at the centre of the crankshaft. The crankshaft has the valve return crank at one end and a flywheel at the other.

13/3

The 13/3 is similar to the 13/1 but with mostly minor differences. The main difference being that it has a metal base instead of wood. Both are simple oscillating cylinder models - very conventional in style. Typical of Cyldon, all major parts are made from non-ferrous materials - brass, aluminium, copper and mazak; the only exceptions being small parts like screws, springs etc. The only painted part is the mazak flywheel.

The brass boiler is fired by a brass cylindrical three wick meths burner. It has a safety valve and a separate filler plug and overflow plug and a dummy chimney. Unlike the 13/1, it has no whistle. This is strange as all the other Cyldon models do have whistles. The copper steam pipe exits from the bottom of the boiler inside the firebox, thus getting a very small degree of superheat.

The steam is fed directly to the back of the port face of the brass single acting oscillating cylinder. The crank shaft is one of the few steel parts, with a brass disk crank at one end, a small pulley at the other and mazak flywheel in the centre. The simple brass engine bracket is fixed to the aluminium base plate; which has a rubber foot at each corner.

13/4

The 13/4 is very typical of Cyldon, having similarities with most of the other models. It has the same main components as the 13/3 but laid out in an in-line configuration like the 13/2. It has a geared output like the 13/5.

The brass boiler is fired by a brass cylindrical three-wick meths burner. It has a whistle, a safety valve, overflow plug and dummy chimney. The boiler is held onto the aluminium firebox with the single brass band typical of Cyldon practice. The copper steam pipe exits from the bottom of the boiler inside the firebox, but does not pass through the flame, so gets no superheat.

The steam is fed directly to the back of the port face of the oscillating cylinder. The brass cylinder is a single acting oscillating cylinder type. The crank shaft is one of the few steel parts, with a brass disk crank at one end, and mazak flywheel in the centre. (The flywheel is the only painted part of the whole engine). At the other end of the crankshaft is a small pinion meshing with a larger gear wheel mounted on a short shaft in its own bracket, giving a 3:1 speed reduction. The second shaft has a small pulley attached. The simple brass brackets are fixed to the long thin aluminium base plate, which has a rubber foot at each corner.

13/5

The 13/5 is relatively conventional by Cyldon standards. The overall layout is typical of many stationary steam toys. It is unusual in the extensive use of aluminium alloys. The base, engine frame, valve block, flywheel, firebox and chimney are all mazac or aluminium alloy; most of the rest of the engine is brass. There is very little steel used, only the crank shaft, piston / valve rods and a few other minor items.

The burner is an unusual four wick design, fixed to the base with the cylindrical tank outside of the firebox, at right angles to the wick holders inside. Lighting the wicks has to be done through a slot in the firebox. Adjusting or replacing the wicks requires detaching the burner from the base. The boiler is a pretty standard design, slightly larger than the other models.

Steam feed is taken from the bottom of the boiler, through the burner flame for superheating, and out to a compression fitting on the valve chest. The slide valve is controlled by a fixed crank on the crankshaft. The engine is not reversible.

The cylinder is a mazac casting with brass end caps, mounted on a substantial mazac frame. It is double acting. Exhaust is piped to the bottom of a chimney, which is mounted on the base.

The end of the piston rod is connected to a built-up crank at the centre of the crankshaft. The crankshaft has the valve return crank at one end and a flywheel at the other. Also at the flywheel end is a small pinion meshing with a larger gear wheel mounted on a bracket cast in with the engine frame, giving a slightly more than 2:1 speed reduction. The second shaft has a small pulley attached.

References

Toy steam engine manufacturers


Plon may refer to:
 Plön, the district seat of the Plön district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
 Plon, Pomeranian Voivodeship, a village in Poland
 Plon (publisher), a French book publishing company


This page shows the results of the archery competition at the 2003 Pan American Games, held from August 1 to August 17, 2003 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Men's competition

Recurve Individual

Recurve Team

Women's competition

Recurve Individual

Recurve Team

Medal table

See also
Archery at the 2004 Summer Olympics

References
 Sports 123
 cbc results

Pan American Games
2003
Events at the 2003 Pan American Games


Francis Edward Millard (May 31, 1914 – October 19, 1958) was an American wrestler who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1936, he won the silver medal in the Freestyle featherweight competition.

External links

1914 births
1958 deaths
Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
American male sport wrestlers
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in wrestling
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
20th-century American people


Sean Bentivoglio (born October 16, 1985) is a retired Canadian-Italian professional ice hockey forward who last played for the Cardiff Devils in the UK's EIHL.

Playing career
Bentivoglio was born in Thorold, Ontario. Undrafted, Bentivoglio played four years of collegiate hockey with Niagara University of the CHA.  In his senior year and captain of the Purple Eagles in the 2006–07 season, Sean was named the CHA's player of the year. After finishing his collegiate career, Sean made his professional debut with the AHL's Providence Bruins. Bentivoglio made an impact with the P-Bruins helping them get past the first round in the playoffs with 9 points in 13 games.

On May 21, 2007, Bentivoglio signed a three-year entry level contract with the New York Islanders. Sean was assigned to AHL affiliate, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers for the 2007–08 season. In the 2008–09 season, Sean matched his 32-point rookie campaign with the Sound Tigers and made his NHL debut with the Islanders in a 5-1 defeat to the Montreal Canadiens on April 2, 2009.

After three years within the Islanders organization, Sean left as a free agent. On July 22, 2010, he signed a one-year contract with German club Augsburger Panther of the DEL.

After a spell with Asiago, Bentivoglio joined the UK's Cardiff Devils for the 2016/17 season.

Bentivoglio remained with Cardiff until March 2020 when he announced his retirement.

Career statistics

Awards and honours

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Augsburger Panther players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Asiago Hockey 1935 players
Cardiff Devils players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Islanders players
Niagara Purple Eagles men's ice hockey players
People from Thorold
Sportspeople from the Regional Municipality of Niagara
Providence Bruins players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Wales
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany


Je t'aime, je t'aime ("I Love You, I Love You") is a 1968 French science fiction film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Jacques Sternberg. The plot centres on Claude Ridder (Claude Rich) who is asked to participate in a mysterious experiment in time travel when he leaves the hospital after a suicide attempt. The experiment, intended to return him after one minute of observing the past, instead causes him to experience his past in a disjointed fashion.

The film was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival, but the festival was cancelled due to the countrywide wildcat strike that occurred in May 1968 in France.

While seldom ranked among Resnais's best works, Je t'aime, je t'aime has received positive reviews since its release. It has been cited as an influence on the 2004 Michel Gondry film Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind.

Plot
Claude Ridder (Claude Rich) is leaving hospital after an attempt at suicide by shooting himself through his heart, when he is asked to participate in a mysterious experiment in time travel by a private research body. They have succeeded in sending mice back unharmed for periods of one minute, but need to send a human back to confirm the subject did actually revisit the past. Claude agrees, but instead of returning promptly as the mice had done, he re-experiences many episodes from his past in a highly disjointed and fragmented manner, in interludes of seconds or minutes.

Claude's observations culminate in his admission – which, throughout the movie, he has frequently dismissed as a fabrication – that he had killed his morbid, sad, and terminally ill life partner, Catrine (Olga Georges-Picot), painlessly by gas poisoning, upon seeing her in her sleep – for the first time in her life – completely happy and without fear. Subsequently, his attempted suicide is shown to emerge from the painful realization that not only can he not live with her, he cannot live without her.

The researchers wait an hour before concluding they will never get him out of the time machine. As they leave the lab, they happen upon Ridder's body on the grass, a gunshot through his heart. Seemingly, in the instant of revisiting his suicide attempt, he has traversed not only time but space as well and broken out of the time machine – as a man who is about to die. As his mortally wounded body is carried inside by the scientists, he opens his mouth in a struggle to speak, and a single teardrop falls down his cheek. His fate – that is, whether or not the "second" suicide attempt was successful – is left ambiguous.

Cast
 Claude Rich as Claude Ridder
 Olga Georges-Picot as Catrine
 Anouk Ferjac as Wiana Lust
 Alain MacMoy as Le technicien qui vient chercher Ridder
 Vania Vilers as Le technicien-chauffeur
 Ray Verhaeghe as Le technicien aux souris
 Van Doude as Jan Rouffer, le chef du centre de recherches de Crespel
 Yves Kerboul as Le technicien au tableau noir
 Dominique Rozan as Le médecin de Crespel / Doctor Haesserts
 Annie Bertin as La jeune femme à la trompette
 Jean Michaud as Le directeur de la maison de diffusion
 Claire Duhamel as Jane Swolfs
 Bernard Fresson as Bernard Hannecart
 Sylvain Dhomme as L'homme qui invite Ridder à dîner
 Irène Tunc as Marcelle Hannecart

Reception

Box office
According to Fox records the film required $875,000 in rentals to break even and by 11 December 1970 had made $450,000 so made a loss to the studio.

Critical response
Today, Je t'aime, je t'aime is reviewed positively by critics; review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 83% approval (based on six critics' reviews), with an average rating of 7.5/10. IMDB reviewers gave the film the average rating of 7.2/10. The film made two critics’ top-10 lists in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.

Penelope Houston, writing in Sight and Sound winter issue of 1969-1970, praised Resnais for the film's editing, saying that "one has never been more aware of Resnais exploring time through timing: matchless editing, an unfailing instinct for the duration of a shot."

Manohla Dargis of The New York Times highlighted the theme of memory in the film, "Claude’s journeys into the past resemble nothing less than memory — fragmented, inconstant, taunting, joyous and heartbreaking. We are, the movie reminds us, what we remember, with a consciousness built from reminiscences that flicker, fade and repeat, flicker, fade and repeat."

After Kino Lorber's Blu-ray release of the film in 2015, American film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote, "but for better and for worse, Je t’aime je t'aime functions as a first-person narrative, even more than Resnais’ earlier Hiroshima mon amour and his later masterpiece Providence, although we may have some trouble accepting its melancholy and marginal protagonist, a sort of bureaucratic fixture whose professional identity resides in the fringes of the publishing world, as a full-fledged hero."

David Gregory Lawson of Film Comment wrote, "Alain Resnais’s psychologically bruising film maudit is a sci-fi romance that charts a long-term relationship’s evolution from an atypically sullen meet-cute to the bitter resentment only the profound understanding of another human being can breed," and noted the use of time travel as a film device that explores "exploring the obstacles life poses to receiving or displaying affection and for probing the pleasures of solitude."

Leo Gray of The Baltimore Suns summarized the film, "this 1968 film's title, "Je t'aime, je t'aime," translated into English is "I love you, I love you," which suggests that what you are about to watch very well could be a sappy French romance. Nothing could be further from the truth. Instead, director Alain Resnais' film is a futuristic psychological drama and a deep dive into the disturbing nuances of a damaged relationship and the suicidal mind."

References

External links

1968 films
1960s avant-garde and experimental films
1960s French-language films
1960s science fiction films
French avant-garde and experimental films
French science fiction films
Films directed by Alain Resnais
Films about time travel
1960s French films


Reproductive toxicity refers to the potential risk from a given chemical, physical or biologic agent to adversely affect  both male and female fertility as well as offspring development. Reproductive toxicants may adversely affect sexual function, ovarian failure, fertility  as well as causing developmental toxicity in the offspring. Lowered effective fertility related to reproductive toxicity relates to both male and female effects alike and is reflected in decreased sperm counts, semen quality and ovarian failure. Infertility is medically defined as a failure of a couple to conceive over the course of one year of unprotected intercourse. As many as 20% of couples experience infertility. Among men, oligospermia is defined as a paucity of viable spermatozoa in the semen, whereas azoospermia refers to the complete absence of viable spermatozoa in the semen.

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) separates reproductive toxicity from germ cell mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, even though both these hazards may also affect fertility.

Effects
Many drugs can affect the human reproductive system. Their effects can be

 desired (hormonal contraception),
 a minor unwanted side effect (many antidepressants) or
 a major public health problem (thalidomide).

However, most studies of reproductive toxicity have focused on occupational or environmental exposure to chemicals and their effects on reproduction. Both consumption of alcohol and tobacco smoking are known to be "toxic for reproduction" in the sense used here.

One well-known group of substances which are toxic for reproduction are teratogens – substances which cause birth defects.  (S)-thalidomide is possibly the most notorious of these.

Another group of substances which have received much attention (and prompted some controversy) as possibly toxic for reproduction are the so-called endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors change how hormones are produced and how they interact with their receptors. Endocrine disruptors are classified as estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic or anti-androgenic. Each category includes pharmaceutical compounds and environmental compounds. Estrogenic or androgenic compounds will cause the same hormonal responses as the sex steroids (estrogen and testosterone). However anti-estrogenic and anti-andogenic compounds bind to a receptor and block the hormones from binding to their receptors, thus preventing their function. A few examples of the many types of endocrine disruptors are trenbolone (androgenic), flutamide (anti-androgenic), diethylstilbestrol (estrogenic), bisphenol A (estrogenic) and tributyltin (anti-estrogenic).

However, many substances which are toxic for reproduction do not fall into any of these groups: lead compounds, for example, are considered to be toxic for reproduction given their adverse effects on the normal intellectual and psychomotor development of human babies and children.

Examples

Heavy metals

Lead

Lead, a heavy metal that can exist in both organic and inorganic forms,  is associated with adverse effects on male libido, erectile disfunction,  premature ejaculation and poor sperm quality.  Lead is believed to predominantly affect male reproduction by the disruption of hormones, which reduces the quantity of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules. It has also been proposed that lead causes poor semen quality by increasing reactive oxygen species due to lipid per-oxidation, leading to cellular damage.

Cadmium

Cadmium is a heavy metal used in jewelry making, electronics, welding and galvanizing steel. The human route of exposure is primarily inhalational or oral; environmental exposure among the non-occupationally exposed can occur due to exposure to cigarette smoking.  The oral route of exposure can occur due to ingesting  plants and shellfish that have taken up cadmium from water and soil. Exposure to cadmium results in adverse male fertility in terms of decreased spermatogenesis, semen quality, sperm motility and impaired hormonal synthesis. Likewise, exposure to cadmium impairs female fertility in terms of menstrual cycle regularity and reproductive hormonal balance.

Chromium

Hexavalent chromium ( Cr VI) is used in the electronics industry and for metal plating. Chromium exposure is primarily inhalation or through ingestion.  Human and animal studies show that exposure to hexavalent chromium decreases semen quality and sperm counts.

Mercury

Elemental mercury( Hg0) is a metal that exists as liquid form at room temperature and is commonly found in thermometers, blood pressure cuffs and dental amalgams. In terms of exposure, the route of absorption is primarily via inhalation through mercury vapor. Data among female dental technicians exposed to mercury vapors have demonstrated decreased fertility among those who were exposed and practiced  poor industrial hygiene while handling dental amalgams. Among female workers in mercury smelting plants an increase in spontaneous abortions has been reported.

Dibromochloropropane
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) is used as a pesticide against nematodes in the agricultural industry. DBCP is one of the most  well-known reproductive toxicants known to cause testicular toxicity. Workers in chemical factories exposed to dibromochloropropane have been shown to develop dose-dependent oligospermia and azoospermia. Additional studies also demonstrated that DBCP-exposed workers in banana and pineapple plantations in central America and other countries also developed oligospermia and azoospermia.  In 1977,  the United States Environmental Protection Agency banned the use of DBCP in agriculture due to its effect on male fertility. Despite being banned from use in agriculture, DBCP is still used as an intermediate in chemical manufacturing as well as a reagent in research.

Ethylene dibromide

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is a fumigant that was originally used to protect citrus fruits, grains and vegetables from insects. Use of EDB in the United States was banned by the United States Environmental Protection Agency  in 1984, however EDB is still used in the United States as fumigant to treat timber logs for beetles and termites. Likewise, it is still used as an intermediate in chemical manufacturing. Exposure to EDB has been shown to adversely affect male fertility by leading to a decreased sperm counts, decreased numbers of viable sperm and increased abnormal sperm morphology. The primary route of exposure is through inhalation.

Industrial solvents

Solvent exposure is common among men and women working in industrial settings. Specific solvents including xylene, perchloroethylene, toluene and methylene chloride have been shown to be associated with a concurrent elevation in risk for spontaneous abortion

Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation in the form alpha, beta and gamma emissions are well known to adversely affect male fertility. Exposure in the range of 0.1 to1.2 Gy is associated with spermatogonial injury; whereas between 4-6 Gy reductions of sperm counts have been reported.

Radio frequency electromagnetic fields

Radio frequency electromagnetic fields, such as those generated from mobile phone devices, have been shown to decrease semen quality production in experimental animal models; however human data is still equivocal at best. The International Association for the Research of Cancer(IARC) classifies radio frequency electromagnetic fields as a group 2B or possibly carcinogenic.

Thalidomide
Thalidomide was once prescribed therapeutically from the 1950s to  early 1960s in Europe as an anti-nausea medication to alleviate morning sickness among pregnant women. While the exact mechanism of action of thalidomide is not known, it is thought to be related to inhibition of angiogenesis through interaction with the insulin like growth factor(IGF-1) and fibroblast like growth factor 2 (FGF-2) pathways.  In the 1960s, it became apparent that thalidomide altered embryo development and led to limb deformities such as thumb absence, underdevelopment of entire limbs, or phocomelia. Thalidomide may have caused teratogenic effects in over 10,000 babies worldwide.

Endocrine disrupting compounds

Lipid soluble compounds that can cross the cell lipid bilayer and bind cytoplasmic steroid hormone receptors can translocate to the nucleus and act as estrogen agonists. Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, is one such endocrine disruptor and acts as an estrogen agonist. Diethylstilbestrol was used from 1938 to 1971 to prevent spontaneous abortions. Diethylstilbestrol causes cancer and mutations by producing highly reactive metabolites, also causing DNA adducts to form. Exposure to diethylstilbestrol in the womb can cause atypical reproductive tract formation. Specifically, females exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero during the first trimester have are more likely to develop clear cell vaginal carcinoma, and males have an increased risk of hypospadias.

Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA)  is used in polycarbonate plastic consumer goods and aluminum can liners. BPA  is an example of an endocrine disruptor which negatively affects reproductive development by acting as an estrogen mimicker (xenoestrogen) and a likely androgen mimicker. Bisphenol A exposure in fetal female rats leads to mammary gland morphogenesis, increased formation of ovarian tumors, and increased risk of developing mammary gland neoplasia in adult life. In lab animal models, BPA is  considered to be both an ovarian and uterine toxicant as it impairs endometrial proliferation, decreases uterine receptivity and decreases the chances for successful implantation of the embryo  The adverse reproductive toxicological impacts of bisphenol A have been better studied in females than in males.

See also
 Developmental toxicity
 CLP regulation
 Lead toxicity
 Mercury poisoning

References

Further reading

Chemical safety
Developmental biology


Anthony Jordan Price (born October 7, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He was born in Orange, New Jersey and raised in East Massapequa, New York. He is the son of former NBA player Tony Price.

High school career
Price attended Amityville Memorial High School, where he led the Warriors to three straight Long Island Championships and state titles in his sophomore and junior seasons.  As a junior (2003) he averaged 25.4 points, seven rebounds, five assists and three steals. His numbers continued to increase as a senior;  he averaged 28.5 points and eight rebounds. He finished his three-year career with 130 career three-pointers and 1,394 career points.  He was a two-time Newsday Suffolk County Player of the Year.

Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Price was listed as the No. 7 point guard and the No. 32 player in the nation in 2004.

College career
Price chose UConn over Florida State, Kansas and St. John's. He missed his freshman (2004–05) season after a life-threatening battle with AVM, which caused bleeding in his brain. He underwent radio-surgery treatment in February 2005 and spent more than 14 months recovering from his illness. It was not until May 2006 that he received clearance from his doctors to return to the court.

However, Price was suspended by the university for the 2005–06 academic semester due to violations of the University Student Code of Conduct. He was arrested, along with fellow basketball player Marcus Williams in August 2005 on charges of trying to sell stolen laptops. He pleaded not guilty to larceny charges. Price was not permitted to take classes during the Fall 2005 semester, but returned to classes in the Spring 2006 semester.

He returned to the court for the 2006–07 season as a sophomore.  He appeared in all 31 games, starting at point guard in 23 contests.  For the season he averaged 9.4 points per game with 113 assists and 37 steals to his credit in 23.9 minutes per game.  In the 2007–08 season, Price started all 33 games at point guard and was UConn's second leading scorer.  He won many awards and was named to the U.S. Basketball Writers Association's All-America Team. He was also a unanimous selection to the First Team All-BIG EAST squad and selected as USBWA District Player of the Year and member of All-District First Team, named a finalist for the John R. Wooden Award, and was chosen as one of ten finalists for the USBWA Player of the Year Award, the Oscar Robertson Trophy and named to the NABC All-District 1 First Team.  In the first round of the 2008 NCAA Tournament against San Diego Price played nine minutes before tearing his left anterior cruciate ligament.  The team would go on to lose the game by one point in overtime.

The next season 2008–09 was the best season for Price.  Coming off the ACL injury he was the Huskies' leading scorer with 14.7 points a game and was critical in their run to the final four. In a game versus Gonzaga he hit a falling down three-pointer to force the game into overtime. In the 2009 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament he was named the most outstanding player in the West Region, but the Huskies fell in the semi-finals to the Michigan State Spartans. He was a liberal arts major at Connecticut.

College statistics

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut Huskies
| 31 || 23 || 24.0 || .387 || .273 || .690 || 3.0 || 3.7 || 1.2 || .1 || 9.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut Huskies
| 33 || 33 || 32.1 || .437 || .369 || .746 || 3.5 || 5.8 || 1.3 || .1 || 14.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
| style="text-align:left;"| Connecticut Huskies
| 35 || 35 || 31.8 || .408 || .402 || .721 || 3.5 || 4.7 || .7 || .0 || 14.7
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Career
| 99 || 91 || 29.4 || .413 || .365 || .722 || 3.3 || 4.7 || 1.1 || .1 || 13.0

Professional career

Price was selected in the second round of the 2009 NBA draft at number 52 overall by the Indiana Pacers on June 25, 2009.

Midway through the 2009–10 season, Price, along with Earl Watson, moved ahead of T. J. Ford on the team's depth chart.  In December, Watson became the starter and Price became the primary backup point guard.

In the 2011–12 season, Price backed up Darren Collison when George Hill was injured; however, when the Pacers acquired Leandro Barbosa, he received fewer minutes.

On July 24, 2012, Price signed with the Washington Wizards.

On September 30, 2013, Price signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves. On April 3, 2014, he was waived by the Timberwolves.

On September 26, 2014, Price signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers. On November 1, 2014, he was waived by the Cavaliers before playing in a regular season game for them.

On November 6, 2014, Price signed with the Indiana Pacers to help the team deal with numerous injuries. Indiana had to use an NBA hardship exemption in order to sign him as he made their roster stand at 16, one over the allowed limited of 15. On November 28, 2014, he was waived by the Pacers. Two days later, he was claimed off waivers by the Cavaliers. On January 7, 2015, he was waived again by Cavaliers. On March 21, he signed a 10-day contract with the Phoenix Suns and made his debut for the team later that night, recording 2 points, 1 rebound and 1 assist in a 117–102 win over the Houston Rockets. He was not retained by the Suns following the expiration of his 10-day contract on March 31.

In September 2015, Price signed with the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association. He then spent the 2016–17 season with the Shandong Golden Stars.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 56 || 2 || 15.4 || .410 || .345 || .800 || 1.6 || 1.9 || .6 || .1 || 7.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 50 || 0 || 15.9 || .356 || .275 || .667 || 1.4 || 2.2 || .6 || .0 || 6.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 44 || 1 || 12.9 || .339 || .295 || .800 || 1.4 || 2.0 || .5 || .0 || 3.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 57 || 22 || 22.4 || .390 || .350 || .790 || 2.0 || 3.6 || .6 || .1 || 7.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Minnesota
| 28 || 0 || 3.5 || .413 || .273 || .000 || .4 || .5 || .0 || .0 || 1.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 10 || 0 || 19.3 || .438 || .385 || .667 || 1.4 || 2.7 || .4 || .0 || 10.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland
| 11 || 0 || 7.9 || .265 || .000 || .667 || 1.4 || 1.2 || .3 || .0 || 2.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Phoenix
| 5 || 0 || 8.8 || .214 || .000 || .000 || .6 || 1.2 || .0 || .0 || 1.2
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" | Career
| 261 || 25 || 15.1 || .380 || .316 || .742 || 1.4 || 2.2 || .5 || .0 || 5.8

Playoffs

|-
| align="left" | 2011
| align="left" | Indiana
| 5 || 0 || 16.0 || .371 || .438 || .900 || 1.4 || 1.2 || .6 || .0 || 8.4
|-
| align="left" | 2012
| align="left" | Indiana
| 4 || 0 || 1.8 || .500 || .000 || .000 || .5 || .3 || .0 || .0 || .5
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | Career
| 9 || 0 || 9.6 || .378 || .438 || .900 || 1.0 || .8 || .3 || .0 || 4.9

Personal life
Price is the older of two children born to Tony and Inga Price.  His younger sister's name is Raven.  His father Tony was a standout basketball performer at the University of Pennsylvania, helping the team advance to the 1979 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament and eventually into the Final Four.  Tony was the top scorer of the tournament with 142 points and earned a spot on the 1979 East Regional All-Tournament Team.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in China
American men's basketball players
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Indiana Pacers draft picks
Indiana Pacers players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
People from Amityville, New York
Basketball players from Suffolk County, New York
Sportspeople from Orange, New Jersey
Basketball players from Essex County, New Jersey
People from Oyster Bay (town), New York
Phoenix Suns players
Point guards
Shanghai Sharks players
UConn Huskies men's basketball players
Washington Wizards players


Crescent Beach State Park is public recreation area on the Atlantic Ocean in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, United States. The state park features a mile-long, crescent-shaped beach for swimming and sunbathing, fishing, sea kayaking, and trails for hiking and cross-country skiing.

Geology
The park's 1.4-km pocket beach is subject to erosion from wind and water. Measurable erosion seen in 2005 and 2007 also occurred at the smaller, adjoining pocket beach known as Kettle Cove.

Ownership
The state has leased 100 acres of the park from The Sprague Corporation (owned by the privately held Black Point Corporation) since 1961. In 2013, the state's lease was extended for five years at a cost of $500,000. Under the original 50-year lease, the state paid $1 per year for use of the land, an amount that increased to $10,000 annually with a series of one-year lease extensions that began in 2011. The state has expressed interest in purchasing the entire property, one of the largest revenue-generating parks in Maine, when the current lease expires in 2018. In 2012, the Maine State Employees Association (MSEA) protested the possible privatization of the park by Governor Paul LePage's administration, saying privatization would endanger the entire public park system.

Gallery

References

External links
Crescent Beach State Park Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry

State parks of Maine
Beaches of Maine
Protected areas of Cumberland County, Maine
Portland metropolitan area, Maine
Protected areas established in 1966
Cape Elizabeth, Maine
Landforms of Cumberland County, Maine
Parks in Cumberland County, Maine


Black Meadow Creek is a  tributary of the Otter Kill in Orange County, New York, in the United States. Via the Otter Kill, it is part of the Moodna Creek watershed, flowing onward to the Hudson River, in one of New York State's most biodiverse natural areas. Home to 13 species of salamander as well as to New York's largest population of the Northern Cricket Frog (Acris c. crepitans), the state's only listed "Endangered" frog species, the creek area is considered by biologists to be one of the state's herpetological "hot spots".  Black Meadow Creek has several confirmed bald eagle nests along its length.

Roughly 1/2 of the creek's length runs through a reservoir preserve owned by Orange County. This preserve status is credited with maintaining the upper creek's floodplain in its natural state for over one century.

Black Meadow Creek begins in the town of Warwick, near Glenmere Lake, and flows north into the town of Chester before converging with the Otter Kill in the village of Chester. Studies of the creek and its watershed are conducted by the nonprofit Sugar Loaf Historical Society and the nonprofit Glenmere Conservation Coalition, which maintain a small launch and study area on the creek.

The creek was named for the expansive, dark, forested swamp that settlers found along its floodplain, most of which was transformed into agricultural areas by the mid 19th century. Its floodplain hosts the Black Meadow Hunting Club, the Straub Farm and the Chester Industrial Park at its confluence with the Otter Kill.

See also
List of rivers of New York

References

External links
 State says Black Meadow Creek threatened

Rivers of New York (state)
Goshen, New York
Warwick, New York
Rivers of Orange County, New York
Tributaries of the Hudson River


Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos (before 1289 – May 1350), was an illegitimate son of King Denis of Portugal and Grácia Frois. He was made the 3rd Count of Barcelos on 1 May 1314.

Biography

Much like the other illegitimate children of King Denis, Pedro Afonso was raised by Queen Elizabeth of Portugal along with his half-brothers and -sisters at court. The children were sent at an early age to live there as a political, not charitable necessity, as they were seen as a method of cementing alliances and creating a network of influence within the courts of Europe. King Denis in his October 1298 will stated that the Queen would specifically administer and instruct his illegitimate children, and provided that they would be disinherited if they were to dishonour or disobey the authority of Infante Afonso.

The Count always counted on the protection and support of his father, receiving dominion over lands in Lisbon, Estremoz, Evoramonte, Sintra and Tavira, among others. He soon became an important manager, from 1306, of the inheritances that the king bestowed.

In 1307, he became the steward to Beatrice of Castile.

With the conflicts that developed between Denis and the crown prince Afonso, the King invested his illegitimate son with the title of Count of Barcelos (in 1317), at the time, a non-hereditary title in the kingdom.Pedro Afonso remained on the King's side during the initial phases of the civil war, between 1319 and 1324. At the same time he continued to stay close to the Crown Prince. After disagreements with his brothers João Afonso and Afonso Sanchez, principal opponents of Afonso, he was seen as doing a disservice to the King and exiled to Castile, where he remained between 1317 and 1322.

On returning from exile in 1322, he looked to reconcile with his father, in order to recuperate his lost titles and properties. At the same time, he attempted to fill the role of conciliator between Denis and the Infante Afonso, alongside his stepmother, Queen Elizabeth.

After the death of Denis in 1325, and the accession to the throne of the Infante Afonso as Afonso IV of Portugal, Count Pedro Afonso began to occupy his time in the parish of Lalim, near Lamego, limiting himself to interventions with his brother Afonso against the Crown of Castile. In this role he was seen as "the strong arm, and strong blow, that drowned the resistance in their own blood".

Afonso named royal representative to the peace agreement between the kingdoms of Castile and Portugal, but illness prevented him from accompanying Archbishop Gonçalo Pereira to the meeting.

Francisco Brandão indicated that Pedro Afonso was recognized at Court (in Portugal, Castile and Aragon) as a man of "great opinion, discreet, valorous, and generally applauded by those of important rank in Spain".

He died in 1354 at his home in the Paço de Lalim, and was buried in the Monastery of Tarouca.

Works
Following his "retirement" to the civil parish of Lalim, Pedro Afonso was credited with a group of literary works on various themes, including the Crônica Geral de Espanha (1344) and the Livro de Linhagens, in addition to the Livro das Cantigas.

Marriages
Count Pedro was married first to Branca Peres de Sousa, the daughter of wealthy and powerful courtiers, Pedro Eanes de Portel and Constança Mendes de Souza, and had one child who died in infancy. In his five-volume work, the Monarquia Lusitania, Friar Francisco Brandão reported that the child was buried in Santa Maria dos Olivares, in Tomar, where the church records refer to the burial of "a nephew of King Denis".

Queen Elizabeth, ever involved in the marriage alliances, arranged his second marriage, around 1300, with Maria Ximénez Cornel (who was later buried in the Monastery of Santa Maria de Sigena), one of the Queen's Aragonese ladies-in-waiting, and the daughter of a powerful Aragonese nobleman, Pedro Cornel.

After the death of Maria Ximénez, the Infante married for a third time, this time with Teresa Annes, a lady-in-waiting to the Queen Consort of Portugal Beatrice of Castile, wife of the King Afonso IV.

Ancestry

Notes

Sources

External links
Project on the final section of Crónica Geral de Espanha de 1344

1288 births
1354 deaths
House of Burgundy-Portugal
Portuguese nobility
13th-century Portuguese people
14th-century Portuguese people


R v Bonjon was a criminal court case, decided in the Supreme Court of New South Wales for the District of Port Phillip on 16 September 1841, in which Bonjon, an Aboriginal man, had been charged with murder for killing Yammowing, another Aboriginal man. The main issue in the case was whether the colonial courts had jurisdiction over offences committed by Aboriginal people inter se, that is, by one Aboriginal person against another.

Judge Willis extensively considered the legal situation as to the British acquisition of sovereignty over Australia, and its consequences for the Aboriginal people. Though not finally deciding the question, he indicated that he strongly doubted that he had jurisdiction. The trial of Bonjon was allowed to proceed without prejudice as to the question of jurisdiction, but the prosecution ultimately abandoned the case and Bonjon was eventually discharged.

The case, long forgotten after it was decided, has more recently been recognised for the significance of its reasoning; several commentators have compared it to the famous 1992 Mabo case, though "reached 150 years earlier by an irascible judge in the bush town of Melbourne."

Background to the case

The defendant Bonjon (or, alternately, "Bon Jon") was an Aboriginal man of the Wathaurong people. According to the Wesleyan missionary Francis Tuckfield, one of the witnesses in the case, Bonjon had been in contact with Europeans more than any other member of the Wathaurong, having even been a volunteer member of the Native Police for some time. According to police magistrate Foster Fyans, Bonjon was with the Native Police for seven months, tracking runaway horses and generally assisting the other members.

The victim Yammowing was of the Gulidjan people, whose territory bordered that of the Wathaurong. Tuckfield knew Yammowing well, as he had lived among the Gulidjan from time to time while working at the Buntingdale mission station near Birregurra.

The prosecution alleged that on or about 14 July 1841, Bonjon shot Yammowing in the head with a carbine at Geelong, killing him. At the time, the area was part of the Port Phillip District within the colony of New South Wales, and so the case fell within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New South Wales for the District of Port Phillip. The case was heard before Judge Willis, the Resident Judge, in Melbourne on 16 September 1841.

Arguments

Bonjon was represented by Redmond Barry, and the Crown Prosecutor James Croke appeared for the prosecution.

Capacity of Bonjon

There were two issues as to the capacity of Bonjon for the jury to consider: firstly, whether Bonjon had the capacity to enter a plea to the jurisdiction; and secondly, whether Bonjon had the capacity to enter a plea to the general issue, that is, a plea of guilty or not guilty.

A number of witnesses were called as to the question of capacity. Barry initially called George Augustus Robinson, then the Chief Protector of Aborigines in the Port Phillip District, who testified that he was "acquainted with the customs of the natives", but had no "intimate knowledge" of Bonjon personally; he informed the court that Francis Tuckfield had been responsible for Bonjon's people.

Tuckfield was the next witness called, and he testified that Bonjon "entertains some ideas of a Supreme Being", but that his ideas were "very imperfect and indistinct notions, not sufficient for him to understand the nature and obligations of an oath." Justice Willis explained to Tuckfield the nature of a plea to the jurisdiction, after which Tuckfield added that he did not think Bonjon could enter such a plea, although he was satisfied Bonjon could plead guilty or not guilty. On cross-examination by Croke, Tuckfield testified that "[m]urder is considered a crime amongst the Aboriginals, but under all circumstances I do not think they would consider it as such, there are some exceptions."

The final witness was Fyans, who outlined Bonjon's service with the Native Police, and added that he considered Bonjon "particularly sharp and intelligent in his own way", though he could not speak English very well.

After this, Judge Willis put the question to the jury, who unanimously decided that Bonjon did not have the capacity to enter a plea to the jurisdiction. At Judge Willis' suggestion, and with the agreement of the parties, the question as to the general plea was put to the jury without recalling the witnesses: the jury decided that Bonjon had capacity to know whether he did or did not kill Yammowing, but not to plead guilty or not guilty, "as murder is not always considered a crime with the Aborigines".

Judge Willis however considered that Bonjon "is not so totally wanting intellect as not to say guilty or not guilty", and thus decided that the case could proceed to the question of jurisdiction.

Plea to the jurisdiction

The main arguments in the case were as to whether the court had jurisdiction over Bonjon.

Defence

Barry opened his argument by acknowledging the significance and novelty of the case, adding that he was "also impressed with the assurance of its being highly interesting as well to those resident in this district as to the inhabitants of the neighbouring colonies." Barry also referred to a report recently made by George Grey, the recently appointed Governor of South Australia, to the Colonial Secretary concerning his views on the Aboriginal people of South Australia, in which Grey advocated that "the aboriginal natives should be tried by British law as now dispensed with respect to the European subjects of Her Majesty resident in the colony, and visited with punishment for offences committed by the natives amongst themselves". Barry used this, along with the Colonial Secretary's reply (although he was unable to obtain a copy of for the court), to introduce his proposition that the ability under the current law to try Aboriginal persons for crimes committed against other Aboriginal persons either "[did] not exist, or... is so debatable a matter, so much of a 'vexata questio,' as to call for some declaratory expression on the part of Her Majesty's government."

Barry refined the proposition in this way: "That there is nothing in the establishment of British sovereignty in this country which authorizes our submitting the aboriginal natives to punishment for acts of aggression committed 'inter se.'"

Much of Barry's argument related to concepts at international law on the acquisition of sovereignty. Barry referred to the methods of acquisition recognised under English law, as laid out in Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, where Blackstone describes the doctrine of reception:

Barry also noted the 1774 case of Campbell v Hall, in which one issue was the British acquisition of sovereignty over Grenada, where those same principles had been explored by Lord Mansfield. Grenada had been ceded to the English by the French under the 1763 Treaty of Paris, and so Lord Mansfield's principles dealt with conquest and cession; Barry however argued that the asserted basis for British sovereignty in Australia was not either of these methods, but rather "occupancy alone".

In order to explain the position in international law relating to acquisition by settlement, Barry turned to Vattel's The Law of Nations, quoting two long passages, in which Vattel posited that:

Barry, though not challenging this principle, said that nothing in it meant that the laws and customs of the indigenous peoples of any territory so settled were necessarily negated. Indeed, Barry argued that the "mere act of occupancy that gives to the crown a right to the soil, can confer no authority whatsoever over the aboriginal inhabitants as subjects, unless there be some treaty or compact, or public demonstration of some kind on the part of the natives, by which they testify their desire to come beneath the yoke of the law"; he argued that the Aboriginal peoples of Australia had made no such treaty, nor any such demonstration.

Barry acknowledged the introduction of the Native Police, and the institution of the Port Phillip Protectorate, but said that in reality those measures were intended more for the protection of white settlers than for the Aboriginal people. Barry also raised the example of laws which prohibited the sale or supply of alcohol to Aboriginal people, but which did not introduce any penalty for Aboriginal people possessing alcohol, and similar laws relating to firearms. As a final point on that line of argument, Barry referred to the writings of James Kent on the corresponding position under American law with respect to Native Americans.

Barry then attempted to anticipate some of the counter-arguments that might be made. To the argument that someone denying the jurisdiction of a court must also indicate some jurisdiction that is competent, Barry said that the customary legal system of the Aboriginal people themselves was the correct jurisdiction. Barry indicated he was prepared to call witnesses to testify on the methods within the Aboriginal legal system of dealing with such matters, and also argued that although there were certainly differences between the Aboriginal and English legal systems, that did not mean that the former was not a valid jurisdiction.

To the argument that it would be anomalous to recognise two different jurisdictions within the one country, Barry referred to the case of Mostyn v Fabrigas. In that case, a native Minorquin had successfully sued the British governor John Mostyn after Mostyn exiled him from the island; Barry relied on it for the fact that both Spanish law and English law were accepted to coexist together on the island. Barry further argued that parts of the Brehon law of Ireland existed in parallel with the English law for several centuries after the Norman invasion of Ireland, that French law continued to be applied in French-speaking Canada, and Dutch law in the Cape Colony, and even reminded Judge Willis that "your honor dispensed the Danish civil law for several years in British Guiana."

Barry concluded his argument by saying to the prosecutor Croke that he "will not, though he were to erect on every hill throughout the district a gallows as lofty as that on which Haman expiated his guilt, reduce these people to the condition of willing, consenting, and convinced dependants on the British crown."

Prosecution

Croke, in reply, began with the proposition that:

Croke argued – like Barry basing his argument on Vattel's The Law of Nations – that international law validated such acquisition of sovereignty over "uncivilised" peoples, providing that adequate territory were left to them for their sustenance, and said that that was certainly the case in the Australian colonies.

Croke argued that it was the location of the crime, and not the nationalities of the people involved, which determined the jurisdiction, and that anyone present in an English territory "owes a local allegiance to the , receiving protection at her Majesty's hands whilst within the district, and consequently reciprocally bound by the laws that prevail within that district". Croke posed as a rhetorical question whether, supposing Bonjon had instead killed Yammowing in England, or similarly, supposing one Frenchman had killed another Frenchman in England, "my learned friend [could] deny that the slayer would be amenable to the law of England?"

Lastly, Croke advanced an argument "derived from the laws of nature herself", saying that the laws of a sovereign power must extend to everyone within the territory, in order to give effect to the maxim in  that "whosoever sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed". This applied to all persons within a territory because all of them were also entitled to the protection of those laws.

Judgment

Judge Willis opened his judgment by stating that "I do not consider myself bound by the opinion of either Mr. Chief Justice Forbes, Mr. Justice Burton, or Mr. Chief Justice Dowling in the present case." He then noted that it was not disputed that the colonial courts had jurisdiction over crimes committed by Aboriginal people against the colonists, or vice versa, giving several examples of such cases. He also emphasised the duty of a judge, not only to fully exercise their jurisdiction, but also to refrain from doing so where there is reasonable doubt about that jurisdiction.

Judge Willis frequently referred to the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Aborigines throughout his judgment. He quoted from the testimony before the Committee of William Broughton, the Anglican Bishop of Australia, who was of the view that the early settlers were wrong to presume that the Aboriginal people were lacking in intellect, that rather their way of life was attributable to their "love of erratic liberty". He also quoted from the submission of the Attorney-General of New South Wales Saxe Bannister, who had argued that the customary laws of the Aboriginal people ought to be studied and recorded, so that they could be followed and respected by the colonial courts in appropriate cases. From these and other opinions, the Judge concluded, it was evident that the Aboriginal people had their own legal system, and that treaties ought to be made with them.

Next, Judge Willis discussed the notable decline in Aboriginal population around the colonial settlements, as noted in the Select Committee's report, and posed the question that, if the Aboriginal people were indeed to be considered British subjects, subject to British laws and entitled to their protection, why had the executive government done nothing to help them, and why had the judiciary not "put forth the protecting arm of legal authority"? He noted the example of Batman's Treaty, an "attempted bargain" (Batman offered only a few supplies as consideration for a large area of land) which was "happily frustrated" by the administration in Sydney, and lamented that no official efforts had been made to secure a treaty with the various Aboriginal peoples, "no terms defined for their internal government, civilization, and protection."

Judge Willis defined the question to be considered as:

The answer, he said, would largely depend on the way in which sovereignty was said to have been acquired. He observed that although the legal authorities claimed that sovereignty over Australia was acquired by occupation, the country was not vacant, but already occupied; nor had it been conquered or ceded under a treaty. Rather, Judge Willis said, sovereignty was actually acquired under the principle expounded by Vattel in his The Law of Nations, referred to by both the prosecution and the defence, that a 'civilised' people may take possession of territory occupied by 'uncivilised' people, provided they leave for them sufficient land for their sustenance.

The Judge next discussed the example of William Penn (an example noted also by Vattel) and his many negotiations with the Lenape Native Americans, but said that his example had "hitherto been neglected". The position of those Native Americans, he said, was that they had by treaty become dependent states, but according to Vattel, they had not in doing so surrendered their sovereignty. Considering the position of a dependent state that "does not resist the encroachments of the superior power... [that] preserves a profound silence when it may and ought to speak", the Judge said that over time such silence may become consent. However, the silence must be voluntary, and if such silence is the result of fear or oppression, then that is not the case. In any event, he concluded, the many violent clashes between the Aboriginal people and the white settlers "make it... sufficiently manifest that the Aboriginal tribes are neither a conquered people, nor have tacitly acquiesced in the supremacy of the settlers."

Citing the example of the Treaty of Waitangi, first signed on 6 February the preceding year, Judge Willis declared himself "quite at a loss to discover how the aborigines of New Zealand can be considered in a different light to those of Australia Felix." The amended Commission given to Captain Arthur Phillip had, after all, included within the definition of the colony of New South Wales most of New Zealand, and the Judge said that he could think of no reason why a similar treaty might be pursued in Australia, given that the rights of indigenous peoples within the same territory and under the same government could surely not be different. From a speech given by Governor of New South Wales George Gipps to the Legislative Council of New South Wales on 9 July 1840, on a bill relating to land grants in New Zealand, Judge Willis quoted long passages demonstrating Gipps' familiarity with American jurisprudence in relation to the relations between Native Americans and white settlers; just as Gipps considered the American experience relevant to the position of the Māori in New Zealand, in Judge Willis' view, it applied equally well to the Aboriginal people in Australia.

This was based on Judge Willis' view that sovereignty in Australia was acquired in the same way as in America. Yet, if the actual position was that Australia was acquired by conquest, then, the Judge said, there was another comparison to be made. In Jamaica, over which Britain had acquired sovereignty by conquest, a treaty was concluded in 1738 between British authorities and the Jamaican Maroons, one of the terms of which provided that if a crime was committed by a Maroon against a British subject, they would be subject to the British law, but British law had no jurisdiction over crimes between Maroons. Though the Maroons were not indigenous peoples, the treaty was nevertheless "[a] pretty strong acknowledgement of a rude and dependent community being permitted to govern itself by its own laws in a British colony", the Judge said. In a similar vein, Judge Willis cited the example of Saint Vincent, where the British, despite acquiring sovereignty by treaty from the French, nevertheless decided to enter into a peace treaty with the local Carib people.

Having compared the Australian situation with America, New Zealand, Jamaica and Saint Vincent, Judge Willis then drew a contrast with the areas under the British Raj. Those territories, he said, were certainly claimed by conquest, yet "the unchristian practice of Suttees and the Jughernaut were permitted to prevail"; but more pointedly, the Charter Act 1833 expressly gave the Governor-General of India powers to make, alter and repeal laws for both British and native inhabitants of India. "There is", the Judge said, "no express law, that I am aware of, that makes the Aborigines subject to our colonial code." He then recalled Barry's argument with respect to local alcohol and firearms laws.

Finally, Judge Willis (recalling Croke's argument as to the Frenchmen in England) said that this situation was not the same as that of a foreigner traveling in another country, who would surely be subject to that country's laws; indeed, he said, in Australia "the colonists and not the aborigines are the foreigners; the former are exotics, the latter indigenous, the latter the native sovereigns of the soil, the former uninvited intruders."

Judge Willis concluded that:

However, he added that the question was of too great import to be resolved immediately, and unless the parties agreed to proceed on the footing that the question was not waived by so doing, the proceedings would be adjourned. He concluded:

Consequences

Following delivery of the judgment, counsel for the parties agreed that the trial would proceed, without prejudice to the question of jurisdiction, which Judge Willis would consider further. The court then adjourned for the day. On returning the following morning (17 September), there was debate about the way in which depositions from the witnesses had been taken in Geelong, specifically, whether they were taken in Bonjon's presence, and whether Bonjon had the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses. Evidence was also given that Bonjon had not had the proceedings translated for him adequately, and that as such he did not understand the nature of the case against him. Under these circumstances, the Crown Prosecutor Croke decided not to proceed with the case, and Bonjon was remanded until the following month's session. The following month, Bonjon was discharged.

Several months after the case, on 15 December 1841, Bonjon's defence counsel Redmond Barry accepted the position of Standing Counsel for the Aborigines, for which he was paid three guineas for each case. Shortly after that appointment, Barry defended five Palawa (including Truganini and Tunnerminnerwait) who were alleged to have murdered two whalers; Barry advanced a similar argument to that in this case, arguing that the five were not British subjects and that the court had no jurisdiction (and that the jury ought to include Aboriginal people). However, Barry lost the case, and two of the five were hanged.

Jusge Willis' decision was in apparent conflict with an earlier decision of a full bench of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in the 1836 case of R v Murrell; it was this case that Judge Willis was referring to at the beginning of his judgment when he declared that he did not consider himself bound by decisions of Chief Justice Forbes and Justices Burton and Dowling. That case also concerned the alleged murder of one Aboriginal man by another, and the question of whether the court had jurisdiction, the court ultimately deciding that it did. Dowling – Chief Justice by the time of this case – criticised Judge Willis' decision, saying that R v Murrell was the authoritative case on the question, a view shared by Governor Gipps and the authorities in Britain. Bruce Kercher suggests that, if Bonjon had not ultimately been discharged, and instead tried and found guilty, the jurisdiction point would have been heard by a full court in Sydney, which almost certainly would have overturned Judge Willis' position. Gipps was so displeased that he censured Judge Willis. He also wrote to the Colonial Secretary Lord Stanley on 24 January 1842, requesting that a law be passed to ensure that colonial courts had jurisdiction over crimes committed between Aboriginal persons.

Ann Galbally has argued that, rather than his true concern being for the Aboriginal people, Judge Willis' aim was to embarrass the government and his judicial rivals in Sydney by way of the decision. Judge Willis had long been in conflict with his colleagues in judiciary and government, first in Upper Canada, then in British Guiana and also in Sydney. Kercher, however, argues that Willis' views were drawn from the same stock as the abolitionist movement that had recently ended slavery in the British West Indies, and said that he "was the most important legal official in colonial Australia who took seriously the idea that Aborigines had their own laws and customs".

Stanley Yeo, in contrast to Galbally's assessment, attributes the difference between this case and the decision in R v Murrell to Judge Willis' consideration of which, if any, of the valid methods of acquiring sovereignty were used by the British when establishing their settlements in Australia; this was not considered by the court in Murrell. Yeo has also compared the decision in Bonjon with the 1992 decision of the High Court of Australia in Mabo v Queensland, in the sense that both decisions accepted British settlement in Australia, and the introduction of the English common law, but held that the act of settlement alone was "insufficient to extinguish native laws and jurisdictions". However the Mabo case, Yeo says, also recognised "that settlement can take the enlarged form of establishing sovereignty over a territory inhabited by natives who were not already subject to the jurisdiction of another European nation-state", and this was the method by which sovereignty over Australia was established.

The decision of the full bench in R v Murrell was published in 1986 by lawyer and soldier James Gordon Legge, along with other selected cases from 1825 to 1862, whereas R v Bonjon was never published in a law report. Whether because R v Murrell was decided by a full bench, or because it was the case that was made available to practising lawyers, it remained the preferred position in legal sources throughout the twentieth century. Kercher has argued that the decision in R v Bonjon (along with the 1829 decision in R v Ballard) "deserve closer attention, not least because they are more consistent with the writings of Vattel on the rights of nomadic peoples and, as the judgment of Willis J in Bonjon shows, because they are more consistent with the treatment of native peoples in other jurisdictions."

Notes

References

Australian criminal law
1841 in Australia
1841 in case law
Supreme Court of New South Wales cases
Indigenous Australian case law