Air Commodore Raymond James Brownell,  (17 May 1894 – 12 April 1974) was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a First World War flying ace. Born in Hobart, Tasmania, Brownell was working as a clerk with a firm of accountants when he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on the outbreak of the First World War. He served during the Gallipoli Campaign before transferring to the Western Front. Awarded the Military Medal for his actions during the Battle of Pozières, he was accepted for a transfer to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917. After flight training in the United Kingdom, Brownell was commissioned as a second lieutenant and posted for operational service over the Western Front in September 1917. Moving with his squadron to Italy, he was awarded the Military Cross and credited with shooting down 12 aircraft by war's end. Taking his discharge in 1919, Brownell returned to Australia.

Commissioned in the RAAF in 1921, Brownell had risen to the rank of group captain by the beginning of the Second World War. Establishing the RAAF base in Singapore, he returned to Australia in 1941 as an air commodore and was appointed to lead No. 1 Training Group. He was Air Officer Commanding Western Area from January 1943 until July 1945, when he took charge of the recently formed No. 11 Group on Morotai. Retiring from the Air Force in 1947, Brownell assumed a partnership in a stockbroking firm. He died in 1974 aged 79; his autobiography, From Khaki to Blue, was published posthumously.

Early life
Brownell was born in the Hobart suburb of New Town, Tasmania, on 17 May 1894 to William Percival Brownell, a draper, and his wife Julie Ann James (née Scott). Initially educated at Leslie House School, Brownell later attended Scotch College, Melbourne where he was an active sportsman. On graduation, he was apprenticed to a firm of public accountants and auditors in Hobart. In 1912, Brownell enlisted in the Citizens Military Force and was posted to the 41st Battery, Australian Field Artillery.

First World War

Australian Imperial Force
On 12 September 1914, Brownell transferred to the Australian Imperial Force for service during the First World War. Allotted to the 9th Battery, 3rd Field Artillery Brigade with the rank of gunner, Brownell embarked from Hobart aboard HMAT Geelong on 20 October, bound for Egypt. On arrival, the unit spent several months training in the desert, before it was posted for service during the Gallipoli Campaign. Instead of landing on the peninsula with the battery, Brownell was transferred to Alexandria where the Army required his administrative abilities as an accountant.

During July 1915, Brownell was shipped to Gallipoli and rejoined the 9th Battery. Promoted to bombardier on 12 November, he was in one of the final Australian waves to be evacuated from the peninsula in December during the Allied withdrawal. Returning to Egypt, he was advanced to provisional sergeant on 24 February 1916. Embarking with his unit from Alexandria, Brownell arrived in France for service on the Western Front on 29 March, following a six-day voyage.

On 21–22 July 1916, Brownell was in action with his battery at Pozières, during which the unit was subject to severe German shellfire. Throughout the engagement, Brownell established and maintained communications between the battery and firing line, despite fatigue or personal risk to himself. Commended for his "particularly meritorious service ... and ... gallantry in this work", Brownell was subsequently recommended for the Military Medal. The notification for the award was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 16 November 1916.

Royal Flying Corps
In October 1916, Brownell applied for a transfer to the Royal Flying Corps. One of 5,000 applicants, Brownell was accepted on 1 January 1917 along with a further 200 Australians. Posted for pilot training, he proceeding to England and was posted to No. 3 School of Military Aeronautics at Exeter College, Oxford, from 26 January. On graduating from the course, Brownell was discharged from the Australian Imperial Force on 16 March and commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps the following day.

Allotted to No. 45 Squadron RFC flying Sopwith Camels, Brownell moved to France for operational service over the Western Front during September 1917. On 10 September, he took part in his first patrol, during which he shot down a two-seater German aircraft. In his time flying over the Western Front, Brownell accumulated a total of five victories and achieved 'ace' status before his squadron was transferred to Italy in December. Later that month, Brownell and his observer, Lieutenant Henry Moody, shot down German ace Alwin Thurm over Asolo.

Appointed a flight commander in No. 45 Squadron, Brownell was promoted to temporary captain on 11 February 1918. During aerial engagements against Central aircraft over the Italian front, he was accredited with the destruction of a further seven aircraft, bringing his total to 12 plus nine probables. Brownell's aerial victories were composed of five aircraft and one shared destroyed, two and one shared out of control, one shared captured, and one balloon. For his success in bringing six of these aircraft down over a three-month period, Brownell was awarded the Military Cross. The announcement of the decoration was published in a supplement of the London Gazette on 4 March 1918, with the citation for the award being published in a later issue on 16 August 1918, reading:

In April 1918, Brownell was granted compassionate leave to visit his seriously ill mother. Leaving No. 45 Squadron, he travelled to Tasmania. At the end of his leave in September, he commenced his return journey to the United Kingdom. During the voyage, he became grievously ill with pneumonic influenza. On arrival, Brownell accepted a commission in the newly formed Royal Air Force (RAF). Brownell's mother again suffered a deterioration in health, so he sought to resign from the RAF and was placed on the unemployed list on 14 August 1919. Embarking for Tasmania, he arrived during September.

Inter-war years

On his return to Australia, Brownell was employed as a sub-accountant for a firm of merchants in Melbourne, and later with the Hobart City Council as a clerk. On 22 April 1920, Brownell acted as one of the pallbearers at the military funeral of his friend and fellow No. 45 Squadron officer, Captain Cedric Howell, who had been killed in an aeroplane crash while participating in the England to Australia air race. Seeking a position in the newly formed Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Brownell was commissioned as a flying officer on 12 September 1921 and posted to RAAF Point Cook in Victoria, training Air Force cadets. In a ceremony at St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Hobart, on 26 August 1925, Brownell married Rhyllis Jean Birchall; the couple would later have two daughters. The following year, Brownell assumed command of No. 1 Squadron. He led the squadron until 1928, when he was appointed to the RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne as Director of Personnel Services.

During 1934, Brownell was posted to England for exchange service with the RAF. Made second-in-command of No. 3 Flying Training School at Grantham, he was promoted to wing commander on 1 April 1936. While still serving in the United Kingdom, Brownell was appointed commanding officer of No. 23 (City of Perth) Squadron (later No. 25 Squadron), which had been formed earlier in 1937. The squadron moved to RAAF Base Pearce in Western Australia during March 1938, at which time Brownell returned to Australia and assumed command of the unit along with the base. Brownell was the first Commanding Officer of Pearce, which was not only the first RAAF establishment to be located in Western Australia, but also the first permanent air force unit to be established in the state.

Second World War

On the outbreak of the Second World War, more units were placed under Brownell's purview at RAAF Base Pearce and he was consequently promoted to temporary group captain in December 1939. With the introduction of Lockheed Hudson aircraft to the RAAF in February 1940, several units were re-equipped, including No. 14 Squadron at RAAF Base Pearce. The Hudsons replaced the squadron's Avro Ansons, which were to be ferried back to the eastern coast of Australia to be used as training aircraft. On one occasion, Brownell took part in ferrying an Anson to RAAF Point Cook with No. 14 Squadron pilot Charles Learmonth. Arriving with the aircraft, the pair piloted a de Havilland Moth Minor—a two-seated, open-cockpit, monoplane—back to Pearce. The return journey took Brownell and Learmonth seven days to complete, and involved a total of twenty-one refuelling stops along the way.

In August 1940, Brownell was ordered to Singapore to establish and command an RAAF station on the island, as well as administer the RAAF squadrons located in Malaya. Embarking aboard the SS Strathallan in mid-August, Brownell and his staff formed the RAAF station within two weeks of arrival at Sembawang. Under the control of RAF Far East Command, the station was established as RAF Sembawang. During this time, Brownell frequently visited the Malaya peninsula.

Promoted to acting air commodore, Brownell returned to Australia in August 1941 and was appointed Air Officer Commanding No. 1 Training Group in Melbourne. In this position, Brownell commanded approximately thirty establishments located in southern Australia. On 1 January 1943, he was posted as Air Officer Commanding Western Area. Based at RAAF Base Pearce, Brownell's responsibilities involved coordinating training and directing long-range bombing operations. Following intelligence reports that a Japanese force was en route to raid Western Australia, the Australian Government ordered a build-up of the defences in the area. In response to this, Brownell organised air defences around Perth and the Exmouth Gulf during March 1944. With the use of Army transports, he also reinforced Cunderdin with supplies and bombs for the use of the heavy bombers in the area. The Japanese attack did not occur. For his service as Air Officer Commanding Western Area, Brownell was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1945 New Years Honours.

Relinquishing command of Western Area in July 1945, Brownell was appointed commander of the recently formed No. 11 Group. No. 11 Group was established as a static organisation that was to take administrative control of all RAAF units based on Morotai. The group assumed its role on 30 July, and had the initial jurisdiction of all Dutch territory in the area, along with British North Borneo and Sarawak. It also held the three main responsibilities of local air defence and sea lane protection, support of adjacent formations and offensive operations against Japanese targets within range, and line-of-communication duties. The group was formed too late to assume all of its responsibilities before the Second World War drew to an end. Brownell was present at the Japanese surrenders in Manila, Tokyo, and on Morotai. He was selected by the Australian government to attend the ceremony aboard the  on 2 September 1945, but was replaced by the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, when Jones became available to make the trip to Japan.

Later life
Returning to Western Australia after the war, Brownell attended an investiture ceremony at Government House, Perth, on 3 January 1947, where he was presented with his CBE by the Lieutenant-Governor of Western Australia. On 24 March that year, Brownell retired from the RAAF on medical grounds. He had in any case been slated for early retirement, along with other senior officers and veterans of the First World War, to make way for the advancement of younger and equally capable officers.

Following his retirement from the Air Force, Brownell was made a partner of S. G. Brearley & Co., a stockbroking firm located in Perth. In 1951, he became chairman of the associated sporting committee of the National Fitness Council of Western Australia; he served in this role until 1967. Aged 79, Brownell died at Subiaco, Western Australia, on 12 April 1974 and was accorded a funeral with full Air Force honours. Brownell's autobiography, From Khaki to Blue, was posthumously published by the Military Historical Society of Australia in 1978.

Notes

References

Further reading

|-

1894 births
1974 deaths
Australian Army soldiers
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian recipients of the Military Cross
Australian recipients of the Military Medal
Australian World War I flying aces
British Army personnel of World War I
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
Military personnel from Hobart
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Flying Corps officers
Australian military personnel of World War I


Majcen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Igor Majcen (born 1969), Slovenian freestyle swimmer
 Karl Majcen (born 1934), Austrian general
 Luka Majcen (born 1989), Slovenian footballer
 Nace Majcen (born 1968), Slovenian freestyle swimmer
 Rolf Majcen (born 1966) Austrian economist, lawyer, writer and ski mountaineer


The Casoni test is a skin test used in the diagnosis of hydatid disease. The test involves the intradermal injection of 0.25 ml of sterilised fluid from hydatid cysts/human cyst and sterilised by Seitz filtration on forearm and equal volume of saline injected on the other forearm. Observations made for next 30 mins and after 1 to 2 days. A wheal response occurring at the injection site within 20 minutes is considered positive (immediate hypersensitivity). Delayed hypersensitivity reactions usually read after 18–24 hours. The test is positive in about 90% of cases of hydatid disease affecting the liver, but positive in less than 50% of patients with hydatid disease elsewhere in the body; false positive results are also common. Being a type I hypersensitivity reaction, anaphylactic reaction tray must be kept ready before carrying out the test. Consequently, serological tests are now generally used. The test was described in 1912 by Tomaso Casoni.

References

Skin tests
Parasitic diseases


Cunchelim  or Kucheli is a village in Bardez taluka, in the district of North Goa, in the state of Goa in India.

Geography
It is located at  at an elevation of 14 m above MSL. It occupies an area of 197.3 hectares.

Location
Cunchelim lies at a distance of 2 km to the north of Mapusa []. The village was originally located by the Haran River, but now includes the nearby plateau. It is bounded on the west by the village of Siolim, on the north by the village of Camurlim, on the east by the village of Colvale and by Caraswaddo, a suburb and Ward III of Mapusa.

History
Cunchelim as a village has existed for centuries, as an agricultural settlement besides the Haran River that flows toward the Anjuna River. As a result, the villagers had close relationships with those of Siolim and Tivim.

Traditions of the villagers of Cunchelim state that they were settled by people from Tivim.
The original Hindu deity of the village of Goa was called Barazann.
The founding of the church and parish of St. Jerome (São Jerónimo) by the Franciscans headed by Fr. Jeronimo de Espirito Santo in 1594 at Mapusa, marks the establishment of Catholicism in the area. This parish church is sometimes known as the Church of Our Lady of the Miracles. The villages of Cunchelim and Corlim were placed under the parish of Mapusa. Those Hindu residents that fled the village during the Portuguese period and established themselves elsewhere are known by the name Kunchelkar.

Oral tradition states that the at São José Vaddo the original buildings were arranged around a narrow lane for protection against bands of Marathi "dacots" who would attack at night during the seventeenth century. The top of the lane was on high ground were villages would appoint a night guard that could overlook each hamlet.

The Jesuit Province of Malabar owned palm groves at Cunchelim in 1759 from which it earned an income and they continued to own the palm groves at Cunchelim in 1773  The village was within walking distance of Mapusa and was served by a chapel for daily prayer, but all major religious events took place at Mapusa, where in 1779 the church of St. Jerome was rebuilt. A map of Bardez, probably produced by a trainee cartographer in the British army around 1797-1800 clearly shows the chapel at Cunchelim. The village is shown on the sloping higher ground with rice fields on the floodplain. The village was a centre for agriculture, producing rice, coconuts, Cashew nuts, and buffalo milk. People lived on higher ground beside seasonal streams where their wells could access the high water table away from the rice fields and on the less valuable rocky ground that led to a small plateau. The slope was covered in thick forests which the villages harvested for building materials.

In 1842 a local cleric from the DeSouza family, Friar Manoel DeSouza was appointed rector of the Seminary of Rachol and held that post until 1859. Perhaps as a result of his position the chapel of Cunchelim was given a new provision of erection on 20 December 1847, though it remained filial to the Parish of Mapusa. The plots and palm groves owned by the Jesuit Province of Malabar at Cunchelim remained in their possession until 1862. According to one reference the village had a revenue of £908:00 in 1876 Though this was more than many other villages in Goa, it was still quite low. Among the families that lived at Cunchelim at this time was the Almeida family who married into the Pinto family of Candolim. The later were famous for their part in the Pinto Rebellion. In 1877 the local chapel was dedicated to Our Lady of Flight (Nossa Senhora da Fuga). Cunchelim became more involved with the outside world in early nineteenth century with the creation of a school with a chair of Latin at Mapusa. This institution was to pave the way for better education and therefore job prospects in British India (especially Bombay).
A road connecting Cunchelim with Mapusa and Colvale was built by 1876 and smaller tracks connected the village to Tivim. Young men of the village started to leave for Bombay where they would seek work in the British Indian civil service or with the growing number of steamship companies. Some young men even ventured to British East Africa, finding employment in present-day Kenya and Uganda.

The legacy of non-permanent migration mainly of men to East Africa is in the number of early twentieth century houses in the village built by the returning "Afrikanders" and their income from Africa. By the mid-twentieth century many families moved to other parts of India and to Africa. Many
never returned and their old grand houses fell to ruins.
In the later twentieth century like other Goans many people from Cunchelim emigrated to the Persian Gulf seeking work in Kuwait, Bahrain, Dubai and Oman. Their wealth has helped greatly in the upkeep of the village institutions (the church, cemetery, houses, etc.). The church of Our Lady of Flight (Nossa Senhora da Fuga) was separated from the Mapusa parish in 1977.

Government
Cunchelim falls within the jurisdiction of Mapusa Municipal Council. The village comprises Ward I and Ward II of the municipality and since the Goa state municipal elections of 2015, is represented by Mr Chandrashekar Benakar from Ward I and Mrs Alpa Anand Bhaidkar from Ward II.

Cunchelim forms part of 05-Mapusa Legislative Assembly constituency, which is represented by Mr Joshua Peter D'Souza of the Bharatiya Janata Party. It also forms part of 01-North Goa Lok Sabha/Parliamentary Constituency, represented by Union Minister of State for Defence and AYUSH, Mr Shripad Yesso Naik, elected on the Bharatiya Janata Party ticket.

Transportation
Cunchelim is connected by bus to the towns of Mapusa and Panaji/Panjim and to the villages of Morjim, Chopdem, Siolim, Camurlim and Colvale. Buses operated by private owners and Kadamba Transport Corporation halt at several stops across the village. Buses connecting to other towns and villages within Goa; to Mumbai and Pune in Maharashtra state and to Karwar, Belagavi, Hubbali, Dharwad, Mangaluru in Karnataka state can be boarded at Mapusa bus terminus. The nearest railway station is at an approximate distance of 8 km at Tivim/Thivim, on the Konkan Railway line, connecting to Mumbai, Margao and Mangaluru. The nearest wharf or jetty is 10 km to the south at Panaji/Panjim city. The nearest airport is Dabolim International Airport, at an approximate distance of 41 km to the south.

Facilities

 Cunchelim sports grounds and clubhouse
 Weekly market on Fridays at Mapusa town
 Mauli provision store
 Landmark supermarket
 Nora's Beauty Parlour
 Saiba Bar & Restaurant
 Goa State Horticultural Corporation licensed vegetable and fruit kiosks

Institutions

 Government Primary School, Marathi medium
 Communidade of Cunchelim

Places of interest
 The Church of Our Lady of Flight or Nossa Senhora da Fuga
Shree Datta Saunsthan Temple
 Kuntla Spring

References

External links
 Satellite map of Cunchelim
 About Cunchelim

Villages in North Goa district


Marc Fascher (born 4 August 1968) is a German football manager and former player, who last managed Sportfreunde Lotte.

Coaching career
Fascher began his coaching career with Harburger SC, before being named head coach at SC Concordia in 2000. He coached Concordia for four years before being named as the new head coach of Kickers Emden. In the 2004–05 season, his first with Kickers Emden, he led the club from Oberliga Nord to the Regionalliga Nord. He suddenly resigned his position on 1 June 2007, and after four months without a club he then signed a contract to coach Sportfreunde Siegen. He coached Siegen until 1 May 2008, and then spent seven months without a club.

Fascher signed a contract on 23 March 2009 as interim coach at Carl Zeiss Jena for the final four months of the 2008–09 season and was fired on 29 May 2009, after having saved the club from relegation out of the Regionalliga.

On 21 March 2010, he took over as head coach of Preußen Münster and led the club to promotion to the 3. Liga at the conclusion of the 2010–11 season. In January 2012, Fascher left Preußen Münster and was appointed coach of Hansa Rostock eight months later.

He was appointed as the new head coach of Sportfreunde Lotte on 27 July 2017. He was sacked on 1 November 2017.

References

External links

FC Carl Zeiss profile
Kicker profile

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Hamburg
German men's footballers
West German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
SC Concordia von 1907 players
SC Victoria Hamburg players
Hamburger SV II players
German football managers
3. Liga managers
Kickers Emden managers
FC Carl Zeiss Jena managers
Sportfreunde Siegen managers
FC Hansa Rostock managers
SC Preußen Münster managers
Sportfreunde Lotte managers


Goderich may refer to:

Places
 Goderich, Ontario, in Canada
 Goderich, Sierra Leone
 Goderich County, Western Australia

Other
 Goderich Airport
 Goderich Celtic Roots Festival
 Goderich District Collegiate Institute
 Goderich Ministry
 Goderich Pirates
 Goderich Sailors
 Goderich United
 Goderich–Exeter Railway
 Viscount Goderich


Tommaso Casoni (1880–1933) was an Italian physician remembered for describing the Casoni test for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.

Biography
Tommaso Casoni  was born on 27 August 1880 in Imola. He studied at the Liceo Torricelli College of Faenza and the University of Bologna, gaining his M.D. in 1906. In 1910 he moved to Sardinia to research hydatid disease, leading to the publication of his eponymous test. He subsequently moved to Tripoli to the new hospital, L’Ospedale Coloniale Vittorio Eumanuele III. He remained there as chief medical officer for 20 years. He died in Imola on 6 September 1933 of kidney disease at the age of 53.

References

20th-century Italian physicians
1880 births
1933 deaths
Italian hospital administrators


The Italian word Cancello (meaning gate), plural Cancelli, may refer to:

Places of Italy
Cancelli, hamlet of Foligno, in the Province of Perugia
Cancello, hamlet of San Felice a Cancello, in the Province of Caserta
Cancello e Arnone, municipality of the Province of Caserta
San Felice a Cancello, municipality of the Province of Caserta

Architecture
Cancelli (or cancellarii), lattice-works placed before a window


Navacchio is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Cascina, province of Pisa.

Navacchio is about 10 km from Pisa and 6 km from Cascina.

References

Bibliography

Frazioni of the Province of Pisa


S. Rangarajan (3 May 1935 – 27 February 2008), better known by his allonym Sujatha, was an Indian author, novelist and screenwriter who wrote in Tamil.  He authored over 100 novels, 250 short stories, ten books on science, ten stage plays, and a slim volume of poems. He was one of the most popular authors in Tamil literature, and a regular contributor to topical columns in Tamil periodicals such as Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam and Kalki. He had a wide readership, and served for a brief period as the editor of Kumudam, and has also written screenplays and dialogues for several Tamil films.

Sujatha was also an engineer; he supervised the design and production of the electronic voting machine (EVM) during his tenure at Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), a machine which is currently used in elections throughout India. As an author he inspired many authors, including Balakumaran, Madhan.

Career
Penning with his wife's name, Sujatha's Tamil literary career spanned more than four decades. An Electronics-Engineer by profession, he was proficient in the language of technology. Widely read and knowledgeable, he presented his knowledge in simple Tamil.

His works stood out during a time when Tamil writing was dominated by social/family dramas and historical novels. His identification with the masses, and his uncanny adoption of their way of talking, behavior, mindset and slang, helped make him popular across multiple demographic segments.

His popularization of technology was one of his greatest contributions – starting with his Silicon Chip writing in Dinamani Kadhir and Yen, Yedharku, Eppadi in Junior Vikatan. At one point, his writings were appearing in numerous Tamil weeklies and journals simultaneously, including Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kungumam, Kalki and Dhinamani Kadhir. Later he contributed as script/screenplay author for several Tamil movies. His notable movies included  Vikram, Thiruda Thiruda, Boys and Sivaji. Most of his early novels/stories were made as movies, including Priya, Gaytri, Karaiyellam Senbagapoo and Anandha Thandavam, among others.

Brought up in Srirangam, Trichy, and having spent most of the later part of life in Bangalore, he described both places vividly in his various writings. Among his popular novels are Pirivom Sandhipom (not related to the movie of the same name), Rathham Ore Niram, and Kolaiyudhir Kaalam.

He also immortalized Ganesh-Vasanth – an imaginary advocate pair serving as the main characters in most of his detective stories. Ganesh is a level-headed, senior advocate and Vasanth is his flirtatious junior advocate. The Ganesh-Vasanth pair was based on James Hadley Chase's characters, Vic Malloy and his sidekick.

In his later days he restricted his writing to essays such as Katradhum-Petradhum. He began to spend more time reading, especially old rare Tamil literature and writings on the latest developments in information technology and computing.

Biography

Sujatha Rangarajan was born in Triplicane, Chennai but spent his childhood in Srirangam near Tiruchirapalli under the care of his paternal grandmother owing to his father's frequent transfers in his job.

Education

Sujatha did his schooling in the Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam and attended the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli. He graduated in the 1954 batch with a BSc in physics (1952–54). Later he studied engineering in Electronics from Madras Institute of Technology, where he was a friend of Abdul Kalam (who later became the President of India). His writing interests were largely inspired by the short stories and serials published in popular Tamil magazines.

Early writings

Srirangathu Devathaigal (Angels of Srirangam) is a series of short stories based on incidents in Srirangam during 1940s and 50s which appeared in Ananda Vikatan. Sivaji, a minor magazine from Tiruchirappalli, published a story during his student days. His first short story was published in the Kumudam magazine in 1962. His Kolaiyuthir Kalam was an exciting ghost-themed novel.

Engineering career

He worked first in Civil Aviation Department of Government of India and later for Bharat Electronics Limited in Bangalore, India before his retirement to Chennai, India, where he lived till his last days. As an engineer, he was a forward thinker and he was the key person behind the development of the Electronic Voting Machine in India. He initiated the development of advanced word processing before the days of personal computers. He is known for coining new Tamil words for computer terms like password, file, directory, etc. These words have been adopted by many software companies of today for translating their software/software products to Tamil.

Works
 En Iniya Iyanthira
 Meendum Jeano
 Kolaiyuthir Kalam
 Adhalinaal Kaadhal Seiveer
 Sorga Theevu
 Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo
 Niramatra Vanavil
 Kolai Arangam
 Nil, Kavani, Thaakku (1970)
 Ore Oru Throgam (1983)
 Virumbi Sonna Poigal (1987)
 Ilamaiyil Kol (1987)
 Ainthavathu Athiyayam (2000)
 Meendum Oru Kutram
 Thoondil Kathaigal
 Computer Gramam
 Oru Naduppagal Maranam
 Maelum Oru Kuttram
 Thanga Mudichu
 Rayil Punnagai
 Sivandtha kailkal
 Manaivi Kidaithal
 Pirivom Sandhippom
 Srirangaththu Devadhaigal
 Mathyamar
 Singaramayangar
 Ullam Thuranthavan
 Thedathey
 Vairangal
 Vizhundha Natchaththiram
 6961
 Andru Un Arukil

Awards

 Sujatha received an award from Government of India's National Council for Science and Technology in 1993 for making science accessible to the public through his books, magazine contributions and other media.
VASVIK Award for Electronic Voting Machine.
 Kalaimamani Award from the Tamil Nadu Government.
 Mylapore Academy award for Doordharshan best serial "Mahan Ramanujar".
 Best Writer Award from Tamil Nadu Cinema Kalaimandram in the year of 1999.

Style and influence

Sujatha was a versatile Tamil author, with several short stories, novels, poems, plays, screenplays for movies, articles on popular science and other non-fiction articles, to his credit. Sujatha wrote a number of sci-fi stories in Tamil and sought to explain science in simple terms to the layman. He would routinely answer science questions in magazines like Junior Vikatan. His science FAQ has been released as separate books called Yen Etharku Eppadi and Athisaya Ulagam by Vikatan Publications.

He worked on "Katradhum, Petradhum" in Anantha Vikatan and "Sujatha Bathilgal" in Kumudam and Kungumam.

Death

Sujatha, who had been suffering from diabetes and had undergone a bypass heart surgery, died of multiple organ failure at Apollo hospital.

Filmography

He extended his writing skills and expertise from science to movies. The first of these efforts were Gaayathri and Priya. In Priya, his fictional character Ganesh was played by Rajinikanth. Kamal Haasan's Vikram was written by him. He penned dialogues for the movie Roja, directed by Maniratnam. In recent times he has been associated with Mani Ratnam (for Kannathil Muthamittal, Aayitha Ezhuthu, etc.), Shankar (for Indian, Mudhalvan, Boys, Sivaji: The Boss and Enthiran: The Robot) and Azhagam Perumal in Udhaya. He was also a co-producer for the banner Media Dreams, which went on to produce the critically acclaimed Bharathi, a biopic of the great Tamil poet Bhaarathiyaar.

He was working on Shankar's Enthiran before he died on 27 February 2008.

Films
As Writer

Story
Gaayathri (1977)
Priya (1978)
Yaarukku Yaar Kaaval (1979)
Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo (1981)
Poi Mugangal (1986)
Vikram (1986)
Ananda Thandavam (2009)
Dialogue
Ninaithale Inikkum (1979)
Nadodi Thendral (1992)
Roja (1992)
Thiruda Thiruda (1993)
Indian (1996)
Uyire (1998)
Kannedhirey Thondrinal (1998)
Mudhalvan (1999)
Kandukondain Kandukondain (2000)
Nila Kaalam (2001)
Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
Whistle (2003)
Boys (2003)
Chellame (2004)
Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004)
Kangalal Kaidhu Sei (2004)
Udhaya (2004)
Ullam Ketkumae (2005)
Anniyan (2005)
Sivaji (2007)
Enthiran (2010)

As Producer
Bharathi (2000)
Little John (2001)
Nila Kaalam (2001)
Pandavar Bhoomi (2001)

See also
 List of Indian writers
 Abdul Rasheed

References

External links
Sujatha – One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century
Sujatha @ Tamil Friends
transparenttides.wordpress.com
Tribute to Writer Sujatha திரு.சுஜாதா அவர்களுக்கு சமர்ப்பணம்

2008 deaths
Madras Institute of Technology alumni
1935 births
Writers from Chennai
St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni
Indian male novelists
Tamil screenwriters
20th-century Indian novelists
Screenwriters from Chennai
Tamil film producers
Film producers from Chennai
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian short story writers
Novelists from Tamil Nadu
Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian male writers
20th-century Indian screenwriters
Indian science fiction writers


is the seventh installment in the Puyo Puyo series, released in Japan for the Nintendo DS on July 30, 2009, and for the PlayStation Portable and Wii on November 26.

The staple gameplay mode, Great Transformation, allows characters to take on child or adult forms, the Puyos used by them becoming smaller or bigger respectively.

Gameplay
There are five modes of gameplay used in Free Battle games. Except in Mission mode, a player is eliminated when they top out, and the last player (or side) standing wins the round.

The main focus of the game. There are two transformations,  and , with each character having representations of each. The Transformations refer to the grid size, not so much the character representation.

This is Fever mode. It is identical to the mode in 15th Anniversary.

This mode emulates the gameplay of Puyo Puyo Tsu.

This mode emulates the gameplay of the original Puyo Puyo.

In Mission mode, the player is given a task which they must complete before their opponents. The first player (or side) to complete all tasks wins the round. This mode is named after the Puyo Puyo spin-off game released in 1993.

The story mode focuses mainly on Great Transformation, but has a small number of other modes in addition. The first three modes were also available for use in multiplayer games over Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection until its disconnection in 2014.

Plot
The game opens with a storm of Puyo falling down onto Earth, flooding a high school in its wake. Ringo Ando, a student who witnesses the flood, trembles until Arle Nadja appears. She teaches Ringo how to play Puyo Puyo and fight the many enemies with her skill. Arle soon finds herself being endangered and runs off; Ringo sets out to find her, encountering old and new friends and rivals along the way. During most battles, she is able to use a special ability: she can transform into an adult or a child while playing, which affects the size of the Puyos she uses in the process.

After a match with Klug, Ringo decides that in order to solve the problem, she must travel to seven power spots of the planet, encountering the strongest opponents. During the trek, she discovers that Arle has been possessed by a new adversary: Ecolo. When Ringo comes upon the newly transformed Dark Arle, she defeats her, reverting her to normal. Ecolo decides to bury the universe in Puyos, just for amusement. Ringo, Arle, and Amitie team up to save the day. Ecolo is defeated, and everyone returns home.

References

External links
 Official website

2009 video games
Fictional trios
H.a.n.d. games
Japan-exclusive video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation Portable games
Puyo Puyo
Sega video games
Sonic Team games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Masaru Setsumaru
Wii games


Minuscule 415 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 421 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1356.
It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 226 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 27 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, the  (titles) at the top of the pages.

It contains tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, Argumentum, lectionary markings at the margin at the margin,  (lessons), subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, Synaxarion, Menologion, and pictures.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kr. Aland placed it in Category V.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Πb in Luke 1 (weak member) and family Πa in Luke 20 (weak member). In Luke 10 no profile was made.

History

According to the colophon the manuscript was written in January, 1356. Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated some portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 22) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts
1356 works


Kēlen (pronounced [ˈke:.len]) is a constructed language created by Sylvia Sotomayor in 1998. The language is designed to be a truly alien language by violating a key linguistic universal — namely that all human languages have verbs.  In Kēlen, relationships between noun phrases making up the sentence are expressed by one of four relationals.  According to Sotomayor, these relationals perform the functions of verbs but lack any of the semantic content.  However, the semantic content found in common verbs, such as those that are semantic primes, can also be found in Kēlen's relationals, which calls into question whether Kēlen is technically verbless.  Despite its distinctive grammar, Kēlen is an expressive and intelligible language. Texts written in Kēlen have been translated into other languages by several people other than the creator of the language. In an interview, Sotomayor stated that she aimed for Kēlen to be naturalistic apart from its verblessness, and that to achieve this she employs the principle "change one thing and keep everything else the same".

Background and history
In its concultural setting, Kēlen is spoken by an alien species called the Kēleñi, for whom the language was created.

Kēlen has gained recognition and acclaim within the conlanging community. It is mentioned prominently by Sarah L. Higley in her book Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An edition, translation and discussion (Palgrave Macmillan 2007), The New Middle Ages , ) where she discusses Lingua Ignota in the context of constructed languages up to the present day. Higley describes Kēlen as an example of the desire for originality in contemporary conlanging, by virtue of its verbless grammar, and notes that it is a prominent example of a conlang created by a woman. She also says that "fellow conlangers consider Kēlen to be efficient, elegant, strange and innovative, and its writing system is greatly admired."
Kēlen is also discussed at length in a book by M. Yu. Sidorova and O.N. Shuvalova, including several glossed examples.

At the third Language Creation Conference David J. Peterson awarded the Smiley Award to Kēlen, describing it as "an engineered language with the soul of an artistic language". Peterson explains that while its experimental structure is in many ways similar to an engineered language, the amount of linguistic and concultural detail given by Sotomayor (including inflection of the relationals, three different scripts, and information on Kēleñi culture and society such as a calendar and a method of divination) make it a fully-fledged artistic project rather than a simple experiment.

Phonology

Consonants

Sylvia Sotomayor analyses the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ as a stop, because "it used to be [pronounced] like German /z/ or /ts/. This pronunciation is still found in some dialects." In addition, all sonorants, except /ʎ/, can be geminated, as follows: mm /mː/, nn /nː/, ññ /ɲː/, ŋŋ /ŋː/, ll /lː/, rr /rː/.

Vowels
Kēlen has the same five monophthongs as in Spanish, with the addition of vowel length and diphthongs making it similar to the system found in Hawaiian. Some dialects also use a central short monophthong.

Monophthongs

Diphthongs
Sotomayor specifies that when any two vowels appear next to one another that are not specified as being read as diphthongs, they are instead spoken as two separate vowels.

Syllable Structure
Kēlen uses a (C)V(C) syllable structure.

Writing systems
The romanization of Kēlen is given in the phonology section next to the phonemes that each Latin character represents. However, Kēlen also features three original writing systems by Sylvia Sotomayor.

 Kēlen Writing System - While not given its own name by Sotomayor, the primary writing system of Kēlen is ostensibly an alphabet, and bears a superficial resemblance to Devanagari.
 Box Script - A variation upon the standard writing system which encloses text within a box.
 Ceremonial Interlace Alphabet - An alphabet used for ceremonial purposes where each character is represented by a pattern which crosses over itself, "interlacing." as Sotomayor says, "Letters start in the bottom right hand corner, and continue over - under - over - under (or under - over, etc.) until they end at the top right hand corner."

Grammar

Syntax
The word order of Kēlen depends upon the relational used in a given sentence. However, adjectives always come after nouns.

Pronouns
Personal pronouns in Kēlen have singular, dual, paucal, and plural forms, as well as distinctions of clusivity in the first-person.

Kēlen features reflexive pronouns, most of which can also be used as so-called "reduced" forms of the ordinary personal pronouns with the exception of the 3rd person inanimate, "ja". When used as reduced pronouns, some are considered more or less polite than others.

Le, ri, and ma can all be used as reduced forms of the singular, dual, and paucal of their corresponding full-length personal pronouns. Ma can be freely used in place of any 3rd person pronoun. Using le as a reduced pronoun is considered polite, ri is considered impolite, and ma is "neutral as far as politeness is concerned".

There are three demonstrative pronouns in Kēlen, distinguishing between the proximal, medial, and distal. They can be used as adjectives, and "generally follow the noun they modify, but can immediately precede it. They can also be used to reference a previously mentioned noun. However, in certain contexts, the noun they are assumed to modify is 'place'". The table below outlines potential uses of the demonstrative pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns in Kēlen function similarly to the demonstratives, where they can be used either as modifiers or standalone. Unlike the demonstratives, however, which indefinite is used depends upon number and animacy.

Nouns

Animacy
Kēlen makes extensive use of a system of animacy, with a set of mandatory prefixes on all noun stems, the usage of which depends upon the speaker's view of what they are talking about. Sotomayor provides an animacy hierarchy as follows, with 1 being the most likely to be considered animate by any given speaker, and 7 the least:

 Kēleñi Kin
 Kēleñi Non-Kin
 Īrāñi & Humans
 Natural Forces, Pets
 Animals, Natural Objects
 Tools
 Everything Else

Prefixes are given for animate, inanimate, and possessed nouns. Sotomayor describes the latter as "[referring] to those inanimates that are considered to be part of a person, such as body parts."

Number
Kēlen's nouns are suffixed for grammatical number, distinguishing between the singular and the plural. The suffixes used for the singular are dependent upon the ending of the noun stem, and the suffixes for the plural depend upon the animacy.

Relationals
According to Sotomayor, in lieu of verbs Kēlen uses four so-called "Relationals". She describes these on her site with examples of the potential uses of each within the context of larger sentences, with the abbreviation "NP" for "Noun Phrase".

La
La is the relational of existence: "La is used to express a static state, a location, or equivalence." It inflects for tense, aspect, and modality.

Ñi
Ñi is the relational of change: "Ñi is used to express a coming into existence, a change in state (when the noun phrase that is the object of ñi has more than one noun in it), or a change in location." Ñi inflects for agent.

Se
Se is the transactional relational, "Se is used to express giving and receiving, with the object given or received as the object of se and the giver as the source and the receiver as the beneficiary. This pattern is extended to encompass speech and information. Se is also used to express sensing and experiencing of mental states." Se inflects for source, beneficiary and tense.

Pa
Pa is the most recent relational in-fiction, "In many ways it expresses the same thing as LA NP pa NP", but indicates a passive meaning. Pa is never inflected.

References

External links

 An Introduction to Kēlen
 "Verblessness in Kēlen", presented at the 2nd Language Creation Conference

Artistic languages
Constructed languages
Constructed languages introduced in the 1990s
1998 introductions


Engineers Without Borders New Zealand (EWBNZ) is a not-for-profit organisation based in New Zealand who champion humanitarian engineering as a means to improve community well-being, opportunity and alleviate poverty in all its forms. The organisation is member-based and incorporates several chapters of professional engineers, in Auckland, Hamilton, Wellington and Christchurch as well as two student chapters, from the University of Canterbury and the University of Auckland.

History

The organisation was founded in early 2008 from the merging of several student groups based at the University of Auckland and the University of Canterbury with similar goals of community development.
The foundations of EWBNZ were laid in 2006 when a group of eight engineering students called PULSE, led by student Holly Corbett and engineer Craig Omundsen, undertook a water scheme design for World Vision in Vanuatu. The PULSE group then completed an assessment programme of village-managed water schemes in Samoa in 2007. These trips inspired another group to form in 2007 called CREW led by student Haydn Luckman. Their work in Samoa included collaboration with the local community to install water tanks, and design and construct a new wharf. These two groups, based in Auckland, merged along with a group from the University of Canterbury, led by student Sofian Irsheid, to come under the name "Engineers Without Borders New Zealand" (EWBNZ). "Engineers Without Borders" is a well recognised name that has been adopted by similar organisations in Australia (Engineers Without Borders Australia), Canada (Engineers Without Borders Canada) and worldwide.

EWBNZ works to make a difference for communities within New Zealand and the South Pacific by:

 Partnerships: Working in partnership with communities to address a lack of access to basic human needs such as clean water, sanitation and hygiene, energy, basic infrastructure, waste systems, information communication technology and engineering education.
 Education: Educating and training New Zealand students, engineers and the wider community on issues including sustainable development, appropriate technology, poverty and the power of humanitarian engineering.
 Network: Leading a movement of like-minded people with strong values and a passion for humanitarian engineering within New Zealand and overseas.

EWBNZ is an incorporated society and is a registered charitable trust.

Chapters
Engineers Without Borders has a number of chapters throughout New Zealand.

Auckland University Chapter (EWBNZ Auckland)

The EWBNZ University of Auckland chapter  works to achieve the EWB Mission with a combination of projects and awareness programmes. Since the beginning of 2008, they have engaged in projects in Tonga and Vanuatu.

University of Canterbury Chapter

The University of Canterbury chapter was established in 2008, and is based at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch.

Professional Chapter (EWBNZ Professionals)

The professional chapter was established in late 2008 with a core working group organising a committee and formulating the chapter goals. The chapter was formally launched on 11 March 2009. It is different from the university chapters in that its base is professionals (mainly practicing engineers), who range from graduates to chartered professional engineers with several years of experience. With this broad range of expertise the chapter is able to apply its members to a wide range of engineering work.

EWB In-Schools

The EWB in-schools programme works to educate school students on issues facing humanity and also develop an interest in engineering and sustainable development. Volunteers partner with local schools and visit classrooms to run workshops with students.

EWB Design Challenge

The EWB Design Challenge is a competition run annually at universities nationwide, including the University of Auckland, Auckland University of Technology, University of Canterbury and Massey University focusing on fostering an appreciation of real problems faced by communities by providing real-world situations. It is generally run as a part of a first year Engineering Design paper, and involves all first year students. Since 2009, it has been run in conjunction with EWB Australia's Design Challenge and has focused on communities within places such as the Mekong Delta in Vietnam (2013) and the Gorkha District in Nepal (2015).

See also
Engineers Without Borders
Humanitarian engineering
Transition engineering
Sustainable engineering

References

External links
Engineers Without Borders

Development charities based in New Zealand
Engineers Without Borders
Student organisations in New Zealand
Appropriate technology organizations


Mudumbai Veeraraghavachariar (1857-1906) was an Indian journalist, freedom-fighter and teacher from the erstwhile Madras Presidency. He was one of the founders of The Hindu newspaper and served as its Managing Director from 1878 to 1905.

Early life

Veeraraghavachariar was born in a Vaishnavite Brahmin family of Vadakapattu village near Chingleput. He had his schooling and graduation in Madras. On graduating, he was employed as a lecturer in Pachaiyappa's College, Madras. At about this time, he befriended fellow tutor, G. Subramania Iyer.

Founding of The Hindu

In 1878, 21-year-old Veeraraghavachariar and four of his friends, G. Subramania Iyer, T. T. Rangachariar, P. V. Rangachariar, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu, who later became popular in history as "The Triplicane Six", founded the English-language newspaper, The Hindu. While Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer were lecturers at the college, the rest were all students.

With The Hindu

Soon after its founding, most of the Triplicane Six parted ways to practice as lawyers. Chief-editor Subramania Iyer and Managing Director Veeraraghavachariar were the only ones who remained. Subramania Iyer took a bold stand and questioned the British masters as well as the Hindu orthodoxy. Veeraraghavachariar, on the contrary, was a moderate and opposed Subramania Iyer's militant views. The difference in ideologies caused a rift between the two. This rift was further compounded when Veeraraghavachariar lashed out at Iyer's friend Eardley Norton in some of The Hindu 's editorials. Subramania Iyer's revolutionary views on Hindu society proved detrimental to the newspaper and soon it began to decline landing its owners in dire financial straits.

In 1898, G. Subramania Iyer left The Hindu and took over the management of the Swadesamitran. Left alone, Veeraraghavachariar employed C. Karunakara Menon as the Chief-Editor and tried to convert the newspaper into a joint-stock company in 1901.The plan failed landing the newspaper in heavy debt. In a special edition commemorating its twentyfifth anniversary, Veeraraghavachariar noted that the newspaper had defended four libel suits since its founding and lost three. Faced with a crisis, Veeraraghachariar sold the newspaper in 1904-05. The paper was purchased by S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar in April 1905.

Later years

Veeraraghavachariar died in 1906 at the young age of 47.

Notes

References

1857 births
1906 deaths
Indian male journalists
The Hindu Group
Businesspeople in mass media
Journalists from Kanchipuram district
Journalists from Tamil Nadu
19th-century Indian journalists
20th-century Indian journalists
19th-century Indian businesspeople
20th-century Indian businesspeople
People from the Madras Presidency
Journalists from British India


Silviu-Ionuț Manea (; born April 5, 1983) is a Romanian endurance sports athlete.

Manea was born in Zărnești, and attended the Liceul Silvic din Braşov. He also competes in mountain biking, mountain running, duathlon and triathlon events.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 2001
 1st, National Championship (ind.)
 1st, National Championship (team)
 2002
 1st, National Championship (ind.)
 1st, National Championship (team)
 1st, Balkan Championship
 11th, World Championships of Ski Mountaineering
 2003
 1st, National Championship
 1st, Balkan Championship
 2nd, European Championship of Ski Mountaineering
 2nd, Brigade Skimeisterschaft
 2004:
 1st, National Championship
 1st, Brigade Skimeisterschaft
 5th, World Championship of Ski Mountaineering
 7th, World Championship relay race (together with Ionuț Gălițeanu, Péter Károly and Lucian Clinciu)
 2005:
 1st, National Championship
 1st, Brigade Skimeisterschaft
 1st, World Cup of Ski Mountaineering
 5th, European Championship (individual)
 5th, European Championship (vertical race)
 7th, World Cup of Ski Mountaineering
 8th, European Championship relay race (together with Ionuț Gălițeanu, Rareș Manea and Lucian Clinciu)
 2006
 1st, National Championship
 5th, European Cup
 7th, World Championship of Ski Mountaineering
 2007:
 1st, National Championship
 8th, European Championship relay race (together with Dimitru Frâncu, Rareș Manea and Ionuț Gălițeanu)
 21st, European Championship (individual)
 21st, World Cup of Ski Mountaineering
 26th, European Championship (vertical race)
 2008:
 1st, National Championship - Sinaia Winter Race 2008
 1st: Postăvaru Nigh
 1st, Balkan Championship
 2009:
 1st:  Postăvaru Night
 1st,  Brigade Skimeisterschaft
 1st,  Cupa Poiana Zanelor
 1st,  Concurs Memorial Mike Csaba
 26th, World Cup of Ski Mountaineering
 2010:
 1st, Cupa Muntele Mare (high mountain cup)
 1st: Postavaru Night
 2011:
 2nd, Postavaru Night
 2012:
 1st,  Bucegi Winter Race
 1st,  Postavaru Night
 1st,  Cupa memorială Zoli Buzasi
 1st,  Cupa Vlădeasa
 2nd,  Zwieselalm Aufstieg (Austria)
 11th, Bergfex Sprinter (Austria)
 16th, Knauf Stoderzinken Challenge (Austria)
 2013:
 2nd, Mountain Attack Tour
 1st, Cupa Honey Energy
 1st, Semenic Vertical Race
 1st, Bucegi Winter Race
 2nd, Postăvaru Night
 2014:
 1st,  Postăvaru Night
 1st,  Parângul Night Challenge
 1st,  Bucegi Winter Race
 1st,  Cupa Călimani
 3rd,  City Speed Up, Bischofshofen (Austria)
 5th,  Knauf Stoderzinken Challenge (Austria)
 5th,  Kampstein Schitourenlauf
 8th,  Mountain Attack Tour (Austria)
 10th, Laserzlauf (Austria)

Mountain running
 2005:
 11th, Red Bull Dolomitenmann (Austria)
 12th, Red Bull Cape Tawn Man (Africa de Sud)
 2006:
 2nd, Piatra Craiului Mountains|Piatra Craiului marathon
 2007:
 3rd, Piatra Craiului marathon
 2008:
 2nd, Piatra Craiului marathon
 2009:
 1st, Piatra Craiului marathon
 2012:
 1st, Ultra Trail Făgăraș
 2013:
 1st, Ultra Trail Făgăraș
 1st, Cheile Rasnoavei Adventure Semimaraton
 2nd, Piatra Craiului marathon
 2nd, Azuga Trail Race
 2nd, Honey Energy Vertical Race

Mountain biking
 2008:
 2nd, Geiger Mountain Bike Challenge
 1st, Cupa Conpet
 2009:
 1st, Alpin Sport MTB Marathon
 2nd, Geiger Mountain Bike Challenge
 2010:
 1st, Argeș County|Argeș Winter Race
 2nd, Geiger Mountain Bike Challenge
 2nd, Mediaș half marathon
 2nd, Surmont MTB Challenge
 2nd, 3 Mountains Marathon
 2012:
 1st, Trofeul Chindiei (MTB)
 2nd, XCM Brasov (MTB)
 2nd, On Top of The World
 3rd, Geiger MTB Challenge
 2nd, Maros MTB
 2013:
 1st, 3 Mountains Marathon (M>30 ani)
 2nd, XCM Brasov MTB (M>30 ani)

Duathlon
 2008:
 1st, Cetatea Brașovului duathlon
 2009:
 1st, Cetatea Brașovului duathlon
 2010:
 3rd, Cetatea Brașovului duathlon
 2011:
 2nd, Duatlon Țara Bârsei
 2012:
 1st, Cetatea Brașovului duathlon
 1st, Duatlon Țara Bârsei
 2013:
 1st, Cetatea Brașovului duathlon
 2nd, Duatlon Țara Bârsei

Triathlon
 1st, Fără Asfalt triathlon

External links
 Silviu Manea at skimountaineering.org

References

1983 births
Living people
Romanian male ski mountaineers
Romanian male long-distance runners
Marathon mountain bikers
People from Zărnești
Sportspeople from Brașov County


This list of tallest buildings in Corpus Christi ranks high-rises in the U.S. city of Corpus Christi, Texas by height. The tallest building in Corpus Christi is the 28-story One Shoreline Plaza South Tower, which rises 411 feet (125 m) and was completed in 1988.   It also stands as the tallest building in Texas south of San Antonio. The building is located on a complex which also contains the second tallest building in the city at 375 feet (114 m). The third tallest building is the Frost Bank Plaza. It stood as the city's tallest building from 1983 to 1988.

The history of skyscrapers in Corpus Christi began with the construction of the Wilson Plaza East Building in 1927, formerly known as the Wilson Tower.    Most of Corpus Christi's tall buildings are located downtown; however, there are some high-rises scattered throughout other areas of the city. Overall, Corpus Christi has 11 structures over . However, no Corpus Christi buildings are among the tallest in the United States.

As of April 2011, there are no skyscrapers under construction or being proposed in Corpus Christi.

Tallest buildings
This lists ranks Corpus Christi high-rises that stand at least 165 feet (50 m) tall, based on standard height measurement. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

References

Corpus Christi
Tallest
Corpus Christi


S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar  (15 December 1859 – 12 December 1923) was an Indian lawyer, Indian independence activist, politician and journalist who served as the managing director of The Hindu from 1 April 1905 till his death.

Ancestry and family

His eldest brother, Diwan Bahadur S. Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar, served as the Inspector General of Registration in the Madras Presidency. Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar, in 1893, wrote Memorandum of Progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British administration to refute the charges of economic exploitation made by nationalists. Yet another elder brother, Soundararaja Iyengar, was the father of Sangeetha Kalanidhi awardee T. Brinda, and he was Deputy Collector in Madras and Kumbhakonam, and was associated with Madras Music Academy. The Music Academy confers an award in the memory of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar.

Early life

Kasturi Ranga Iyengar was born on 15 December 1859 in the village Innambur in Kumbakonam. On completion of his education, he moved to Coimbatore to commence practice as a lawyer. He set up a prosperous vocation and moved to Madras to try his luck there. He was not as successful in Madras as he had been in Coimbatore. Eventually, in 1895, he became a legal correspondent with The Hindu which was run by G. Subramania Iyer. He wrote a well known column in the newspaper The Coimbatore Letters. During this period, he also got ample encouragement from C. Karunakara Menon.

The rich and prosperous Kasturi Ranga Iyengar purchased the newspaper for a price of INR 75,000 on 1 April 1905. He became the editor of The Hindu and became the powerful voice of people's aspiration.

As Managing Director
In July 1905, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar appointed his nephew A. Rangaswami Iyengar as assistant editor. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar worked to rescue The Hindu by increasing advertisements and terminating subscriptions to customers who did not pay in advance. The tactic proved successful and Kasturi Ranga Iyengar was able to clear his debts by 1910. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar subscribed to the Reuters news service and allotted space for weather reports, court cases, trade and commerce as well as sports. In 1905, The Hindu, in its editorial, demanded partial autonomy but not independence for India. It also strongly criticised Annie Besant and her Theosophical Society, including her lavish promotional campaign of J. Krishnamurti as the Maitreya Buddha. However, The Hindu offered its enthusiastic support to her Home Rule Movement and protested her internment at the orders of Lord Pentland. It also strongly condemned the protests and the resultant killings of Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Death
Kasturi Ranga Iyengar died on 12 December 1923, three days before his 64th birthday. He was succeeded as editor by his nephew, S. Rangaswami Iyengar. and as Managing Director of The Hindu by his eldest son, K. Srinivasan.

Legacy

Prior to Kasturi Ranga Iyengar's purchase of The Hindu, he was not much interested in entering public life. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar had the courage to buy a struggling newspaper and embark upon a new enterprise he had no experience in. He was also comparatively new to politics when he made a plunge into the political scenario; yet he was extremely successful for a newcomer. There was always the concern that at some point or the other, he might abandon his anti-British and Indian nationalist attitude. However, this estimation proved to be false. Contemporaries assert that he was just as intelligent and talented as his illustrious brother.

During his tenure as Managing-Director, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar locked horns with V. Krishnaswami Iyer, Annie Besant and Sir Valentine Chirol to whom he gave the rejoinder: "I am not here to learn journalistic etiquette from you," when the former made rude comments on the latter. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar also fought with Governors Sir Arthur Lawley and Lord Pentland.

Iyengar exerted as much influence by his fabulous wealth as he did with his writing. Instead of being chastised and compelled to undergo ritual cleansing on his arrival from England, he was instead given a grand welcome with all honours by the Vaishnavite orthodoxy.

Iyengar's descendants now own The Hindu Group through their family's company, Kasturi & Sons. Ltd.

Notes

References

Further reading

1859 births
1923 deaths
Indian male journalists
The Hindu Group
Businesspeople in mass media
People from Thanjavur district
Journalists from British India
Businesspeople from British India
Lawyers in British India
People from the Madras Presidency


Minuscule 414 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 425 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.
It has full marginalia.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 225 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 26 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 Sections, the last section in 16:9). References to the Eusebian Canons are absent.

It contains lectionary markings at the margin for liturgical reading, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, Synaxarion, and Menologion.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual cluster M349 in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20.

History

The manuscript was written by Philip, a monk. Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 21) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts


The Mumbai Skywalk Project is a series of skyways for pedestrian use in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The skywalks connect Mumbai Suburban Railway stations or other high-concentration commercial areas with various heavily targeted destinations. The purpose of the skywalks is efficient dispersal of commuters from congested areas to strategic locations, such as bus stations, taxi stands, shopping areas, etc. and vice versa.

The first skywalk was inaugurated on 24 June 2008. There are 36 skywalks in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The average daily foot count for 23 skywalks in August 2010 was estimated at 565,000.

History

Mumbai's Suburban Railway already has one of the highest passenger densities of any urban railway system in the world. With almost 7 million passengers using the system daily, as well as the associated transport interchanges in their vicinity (bus stations, taxi stands, autorickshaw stands, car parks, etc.) the suburban railway stations are the most congested areas of the city. The problem is further aggravated by the presence of hawkers and parked vehicles, making the commute hazardous for pedestrians. In 2007, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) conceived the idea of skywalks in response to these problems.

MMRDA planned to build 50 skywalks in the first phase, ranging from 1 to 2 miles in length. The first 18 skywalks were to be built by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC). Following feedback and criticism of some of the skywalks based on the proposed routes or other conflicting development plans, 17 of these were cancelled and others added.

The first phase of Mumbai Skywalks consisting of 50 skywalks was expected to cost about . The proposed Mahim East skywalk was challenged by the Mahim Skywalk Protest Committee. MMRDA announced in June 2009 that it was cancelling the proposed Mahim East skywalk due to "alignment conflicts with the Dharavi Redevelopment Project".

The first Skywalk was completed in June 2008 from Bandra station to Kalanagar Junction, measuring 1.3 km. It is used by over 100,000 pedestrians daily.

MMRDA recovered some of the cost of maintenance through the sale of advertising space on the walkways.

Skywalks

There are currently 37 skywalks in Mumbai Metropolitan Region.

References
8. Siddha Sky – Located at Wadala, Mumbai, having longest rooftop skywalk.

Skyways
Transport in Mumbai
2008 establishments in Maharashtra
Transport infrastructure completed in 2008


Paul Costelloe (born 23 June 1945) is an Irish designer and artist.

In popular culture
In 2010, Costelloe was one of six contemporary and internationally renowned Irish fashion designers featured on a set of Irish postage stamps issued by An Post. The other designers featured were Louise Kennedy, Lainey Keogh, John Rocha, Philip Treacy and Orla Kiely.
Along with Kennedy, he was a celebrity guest judge for the 2013 final of RTÉ Television's Craft Master show.

See also
List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland

References

External links

Official Menswear Shop
London Fashion Week profile

1945 births
Irish fashion designers
Living people
People educated at Blackrock College


The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic was the first race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 17 May in the Marketa Stadium in Prague, Czech Republic It was the first Czech Republic SGP and was won by American rider Greg Hancock. It was the second win of his career.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Tomas Topinka from Czech Republic as Wild Card.

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Czech Republic
C
1997


Fatorpa is a village in Quepem taluk, South Goa, Goa. There are two famous temples of Shree Shantadurga in this Village.

Geography
It is located at an elevation of 147 m above MSL.

Location
Nearest Mail/Express Trains main railway station is at Margao.
Nearest Passenger/Shuttle/Local Trains railway station is at Bali.

Places of interest
 Shri Shantadurga Temple
 Shri Mahamaya Temple

References

External links
 Satellite map of Fatorpa
 About Fatorpa

Villages in South Goa district


The Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate (Malay: کسلطانن قدريه ڤونتيانق, Kesultanan Kadriyah Pontianak) was an Islamic Malay state that existed on the western coast of the island of Borneo from the late 18th century until its disestablishment in 1950. It was founded in 1771 by Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Ibni Alhabib Husein bin Ahmad Alkadrie, allegedly a descendant of Sayidina Husain, in the area of the mouth of the triple junction of the small Kapuas River and the porcupine river which included a small area area ceded by the Sultan of Banten to the Dutch VOC. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan, the first to the princess of the Mempawah Kingdom, Utin Chandramidi, and the second in 1768 to Ratu Syahranum (Ratoe Sarib Anom) of the Banjar Sultanate (daughter or brother of Sultan Saat/Sulaiman Saidullah I), earning him the title Pangeran Nur Alam.

The sultanate was located at the mouth of the Kapuas River in what is today the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, and the sultan's residential palace was situated in what later grew to become the modern-day Indonesian city of Pontianak.

History

Founding
The Pontianak Sultanate was founded in 1771 by explorers from Hadhramaut led by al-Sayyid Syarif Abdurrahman al-Kadrie, a son of a Hadramaut Arab cleric from the Mempawah Kingdom and descendant of Imam Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, on Wednesday, 23 October 1771 (14 Rajab 1185 H) which was marked by clearing the forest at the junction of the Landak River, Kapuas Kecil River, and Kapuas Besar River to build a hall and house as a residence. He had two political marriages in Kalimantan, first with the daughter of Panembahan Mempawah and then with the daughter of the sultan of Banjar.

In 1778 (1192 AH), Syarif Abdurrahman was confirmed as the Sultan of Pontianak. The location of the centre of government is marked by the establishment of the Jami Mosque of Pontianak (also named Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Mosque) and Kadariyah Palace which is now located in Dalam Bugis Village, East Pontianak District, Pontianak City, West Kalimantan.

Colonial Period

In 1778, Dutch colonialists from Batavia entered Pontianak led by Willem Ardinpalm. The sultan gave permission to the Dutch to occupy the area opposite the sultanate palace, now known as Tanah Seribu or Verkendepaal. Palm was later replaced by Wolter Markus Stuart who acted as Resident van Borneo's Wester Afdeling I (1779-1784) with a seat in Pontianak. Initially, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Alkadrie refused the offer of co-operation with foreigners. But after the envoy came for the second time, Syarif accepted the Dutch as a commonwealth partner with open arms.

On 5 July 1779, the Dutch made an agreement with the Sultan regarding the inhabitants of Tanah Seribu so that it could be used as an area of Dutch activities which later became the seat of government of the Regional Head of the West Borneo Prefecture (Resident het Hoofd Westeraffieling van Borneo) and the Assistant Resident Head of Pontianak Regency (Asistent Resident het Hoofd der Affleeling van Pontianak). This area later became Controleur het Hoofd Onderafdeeling van Pontianak or Hoofd Plaatselijk Bestuur van Pontianak. After the explorers arrived in Pontianak, they established the Kadariah Palace and received endorsement as the sultan of Pontianak by the Dutch East India Company in 1779.

In 1808, Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman passed away. He was buried in Batu Layang, Pontianak. Subsequently, Syarif Kasim Alkadrie (1808-1819) ascended the throne to become Sultan of Pontianak in place of his father. Under the reign of Sultan Syarif Kasim, the Pontianak Sultanate further strengthened its cooperation with the Dutch Kingdom and later the neighboring British since 1811.

After Sultan Syarif Kasim died on 25 February 1819, Syarif Usman Alkadrie (1819-1855) ascended the throne as Sultan of Pontianak. During the reign of Sultan Syarif Usman, many beneficial policies were issued by him, including by continuing the construction project of the Jami' Mosque in 1821 and the expansion of Kadriyah Palace in 1855. In April 1855, Sultan Syarif Usman gave up his position as sultan and later died in 1860.

Sultan Syarif Usman's eldest son, Syarif Hamid Alkadrie (1855-1872), was then crowned Sultan of Pontianak on 12 April 1855. And when Sultan Syarif Hamid died in 1872, his eldest son, Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie (1872-1895) ascended the throne after a few months of his father's death. Sultan Syarif Yusuf is known as the only sultan who interfered the least in government affairs. He was more active in the religious field, as well as concurrently spreading Islam.

Sultan Sharif Yusuf's reign ended on 15 March 1895. He was succeeded by his son, Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie (1895-1944) who was crowned Sultan of Pontianak on 6 August 1895. During this period, the Pontianak Sultanate's co-operative relationship with the Dutch became closer and stronger. The reign of Sultan Syarif Muhammad was the longest reign in the history of Pontianak Sultanate. He was very instrumental in encouraging renewal and modernisation in Pontianak. In the social and cultural fields, he was the first Malay sultan in West Kalimantan to dress in European regalia in addition to Malay clothing, Teluk Belanga, as official clothing. He was also the one who supported the advancement of education and health. In addition, he also encouraged the entry of European and Chinese private capital, and supported the Malays and Chinese to develop rubber, coconut and copra plantations and the coconut oil industry in Pontianak. In the political aspect, the Sultan facilitated the establishment and development of political organisations, both by sultanate relatives and community leaders.

The Pontianak Sultanate had friendly relations with the Lanfang Republic.

Japanese Occupation

The era of Sultan Syarif Muhammad's reign faded quickly with the arrival of the Imperial Japanese army to Pontianak in 1942. On 24 January 1944, considered rebellious and allied with the Dutch, the Japanese destroyed the Pontianak Sultanate and several Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan.

The Japanese had actually suspected that in West Kalimantan there were plots consisting of scholars, nobles, kings, sultans, community leaders, Chinese people, and officials. So they took the initiative to crush them with arrests. These arrests took place between September 1943 and early 1944. Not only making arrests, the Japanese also tortured and mass murdered thousands of residents of Pontianak and its surroundings. On 28 June 1944, the Japanese killed Sultan Syarif Muhammad along with several family members and relatives of the sultanate, traditional leaders, scholars, and community leaders of Pontianak. Two of his sons were also beheaded by the Japanese. The same fate also befell other kings and sultans and communities in West Kalimantan. This bloody tragedy became known as the Mandor Incident. The murder of Sultan Syarif Muhammad and the arbitrary actions of the Japanese were one of the main factors in the Dayak Desa War.

The body of Sultan Syarif Muhammad was only found in 1946 by his son named Syarif Hamid Alkadrie. Syarif Hamid survived the genocide because he was not in Pontianak. At that time he had been a Japanese prisoner of war in Batavia since 1942 and was released in 1945.

After the Proclamation of Independence

The last sultan was Syarif Hamid Alkadrie, who was interned by the occupying Japanese forces, returned to Pontianak and was crowned Sultan of Pontianak (1945-1978) on 29 October 1945 with the title Sultan Syarif Hamid II, or better known as Sultan Hamid II.

After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence in 1945, at the initiative of Sultan Hamid II, the Pontianak Sultanate and the Malay sultanates in West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia. He supported the federal state of RIS. During this time Sultan Hamid II served as President of the State of West Kalimantan (Head of the Special Region of West Kalimantan) from 1947-1950. Sultan Hamid II designed the national emblem of indonesia, Garuda Pancasila, and adopted it as the national emblem of Indonesia. Besides being the Chairman of the Federal Consultative Assembly (Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg / BFO) in 1949, he was also Minister of State Zonder Porto Folio in the Cabinet of the United Republic of Indonesia.

On 28 October 1946, the Civil Government of the Dutch East Indies as the Council of West Borneo formed the Special Region of West Kalimantan and was granted the status of Special Region on 12 May 1947. The Special Region of West Kalimantan included the monarchies (swapraja) in West Kalimantan, including the Pontianak Sultanate. At that time, Sultan Hamid II was appointed as the Head of the Special Region of West Kalimantan. Prior to 5 April 1950, the Special Region of West Kalimantan joined the Republic of Indonesia (RIS). The area then became part of the Administrative Province of Kalimantan. After the dissolution of the Republic of Indonesia on 17 August 1950, the Pontianak Sultanate area became part of West Kalimantan Province. He was deposed when he was involved in a coup d'état attempt of APRA led by Raymond Westerling.

After Sultan Hamid II passed away on 30 March 1978, there was a vacancy in the position of sultan in the Paontianak Sultanate family. The vacancy lasted for 25 years. However, on 15 January 2004, the Kadriyah Palace nobles appointed Syarif Abubakar Alkadrie as the 8th Sultan of Pontianak. Long before that, on 29 January 2001 a senior noble, Syarifah Khadijah Alkadrie bint Sultan Syarif Muhammad Alkadrie bin Sultan Syarif Yusuf Alkadrie, inaugurated the Kadriyah Palace Young Relatives of the Pontianak Sultanate. This kinship aims to maintain all Pontianak Malay cultural traditions and values, including reviving and preserving them.

List of sultans of Pontianak

Family Tree

References

melayuonline.com

Further reading

1950 disestablishments in Indonesia
States and territories established in 1771
P
West Kalimantan
Precolonial states of Indonesia
Islamic states in Indonesia
States and territories disestablished in 1950
Former sultanates
Pontianak


Samuel Green (18 November 1889 – 18 August 1949) was a Grand Wizard  of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1940s, organizing its third and final reformation in 1946.

Biography
Green was born on 18 November 1889 in Atlanta, Georgia.

He became an obstetrician and joined the Ku Klux Klan in 1922. By the early 1930s, Green had become the Grand Dragon of Georgia.

Starting from the late 1920s, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan had a problem with declining membership. In 1939, Imperial Wizard Hiram Wesley Evans sold the organisation to two Klan members, Green and James A. Colescott. Colescott served as the Imperial Wizard and Green as his assistant. While Colescott was forced to dissolve the organization in 1944, Green began to reform the Association of Georgia Klans with its focus on white supremacy and anti-communism.  In October 1945, his group announced their return to public life with a cross-burning.

From the autumn of 1945 to the spring of 1946, the Klan regularly signaled their presence through lighting up "huge fiery crosses" on top of Stone Mountain. During this period, Green and his associates started contacting former Klansmen and inviting them to rejoin the ranks. On May 9, 1946, this version of the Klan staged its first major initiation ceremony. In October of the same year, Green orchestrated a formal revival ceremony on Stone Mountain. According to historian Robert P. Ingalls, the fiery cross lit for the ceremony was between 200 and 300 feet in height (60.96-91.44 metres). The initiation ceremony of the night closely followed the patters established by William Joseph Simmons in 1915. The only problem for the ceremony was that there were more members and initiates present than robes and hoods available to them. Many of them wore handkerchief masks instead of more traditional Klan uniforms. Green sold to Life magazine the rights of taking and publishing photos of the event.

New Klan units soon emerged throughout the Southern United States. Chester L. Quarles, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Mississippi, points out that new conditions in the region helped the Klan in its recruitment drive. One factor was the supposed "new assertiveness" of the Negroes. In other words, African American veterans of World War II were returning home. Having fought for liberty and freedom abroad, they were now demanding these rights for themselves in their own homeland. They were joining the Civil Rights Movement en masse. In response, the Klan re-embraced its original goals of seeking to contain and control the Negroes. In Green's own words on the subject:

The Klan focused its recruitment drives towards White American veterans of the war who felt restless. Their rhetoric called attention to non-combatant negroes "who got all the good jobs while you were in uniform". Another factor to the revitalization of the Klan was a then-recent wave of refugees and immigrants entering the United States, including Jews who survived the Holocaust. Green described the country as having been "flooded with Jewish refugees". The Klan once again embraced both nativism and antisemitism. A third factor was that Roman Catholicism was increasing its influence over the American population, gaining new adherents. Green found this to be a disturbing trend and spoke against these "papists". Meaning that the Klan was re-embracing Anti-Catholicism. The final factor was the ongoing Operation Dixie, which involved labor organizers operating in the South. The Klan was opposed to the labor movement and Green characterized these organizers as carpetbagger arriving to "tell Southerners how to run ... their business". Green assured his audience that "niggahs" (sic), Jews, Catholics, labor organizers, and any alliance between them would not be tolerated by the Klan. In his words:

In this period of the Klan, it was relatively normal for Klansmen to attend church service in full uniform. The practice both asserted their predominance in their respective areas, and implied their connection to local church leaders. At times these Klansmen offered cash donations to the congregations. At least some religious figures opposed the practice. For example, Hugh A. Brimm of the Southern Baptist Convention instructed its pastors to refuse to accept "blood money" from the Klan. In his view the Klansmen were covered with the blood of "lynched victims" and their "superficial piety" was merely hypocritical. In 1947, the Klan was included in the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations, and denounced as Un-American. It shared the list with organizations embracing totalitarianism, fascism, and communism. In the Klan's case, the list accurately reflected their subversive ideology. While declaring itself the "American social conscience", the Klan consistently favored ignoring and disobeying laws which went against their ideology. Their rhetoric had taken an increasingly anti-statist turn.

With the Klan attracting some negative attention, it soon started facing internal problems. Their ranks were infiltrated by government informants, federal agents, and investigative journalists. All were eager to expose the violent nature of the Klan, the one Klansmen publicly denied. The most notable infiltrator was Stetson Kennedy, whose later book I Rode With The Ku Klux Klan (1954) covered the activities of the Klavalier Klub. The Klub was an elite squad of Klansmen devoted to flogging campaigns, active within Georgia itself. By 1949, following the revelations to the public, the Klan's name had become synonymous with terrorism and violence. But this reputation failed to discourage people from seeking membership. In the summer of 1949, shortly before his death, Green himself presided in a major initiation ceremony. About 700 members joined in a single day.

Meanwhile, Green led the Klan in renewing its political activities. He was active in the 1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, reportedly serving as an aide-de-camp to candidate Herman Talmadge. Talmadge was seen as the Klan's candidate for the office. When he did win the election, the Klan took credit for it. According to
Stetson Kennedy, Talmadge had promised the Klan "a free hand in any racial rioting".

He was elected Imperial Wizard two weeks before his death from a heart attack in Atlanta, Georgia on 18 August 1949. He died in the rose garden of his home. His death weakened the Klan by further splintering its leadership. He was replaced by Samuel Roper.

1949 Exhibition Baseball Games
After the Brooklyn Dodgers announced in January that their exhibition games would be in Macon and Atlanta, Green stated "there is no law against the game. But we have an unwritten law in the South – the Jim Crow law." His statements were against the black players on the team.   During the exhibition games, Green used the influence of Herman Talmadge to try and ban Dodgers players Jackie Robinson and Roy Campanella.

Organizations
During his command, the Ku Klux Klan infiltrated and controlled the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Green's successor Samuel Roper was the second director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Green also made alliances with the Atlanta Police Department and Atlanta taxi drivers.

References

Sources

1889 births
1949 deaths
Activists from Atlanta
Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons
Anti-Catholic activists
American obstetricians
Ku Klux Klan in Georgia (U.S. state)
Physicians from Georgia (U.S. state)


Zambaulim is a village in South Goa, Goa.

In the 1800s, it was the regional capital for the colonial Provincias de Zamboulim (also called Panchemal), which was formed by merger of 5 surrounding districts of:
Embarbacem,
Chandrovadi,
Balli,
Astagrar,
Cacora

Geography
It is located at an elevation of 39 m above MSL.

Location
Nearest railway station is at Margao.

Places of interest
 Shri Damodar Temple

References

External links
 About Zambaulim

Villages in South Goa district


The Rome–Cassino–Naples railway is a railway in Italy,  the first of the three existing railway lines between the capitals of Latium and Campania to be opened when it was completed by the Società per le strade ferrate romane in 1863. The line is now fully electrified at 3 kV DC.  It is now mainly used by regional trains, some trains to and from the Adriatic coast and a few night trains. The Rome–Naples high-speed railway line (which was largely opened on 19 December 2005) generally follows the same route.

History
The first part of the line to be opened was at the southern end, built by the Royal Neapolitan Railway Company and was opened between Naples, Cancello and Caserta on 20 December 1843 and was the second line opened in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies after the Naples–Portici line opened in 1839. It operated from a terminal at Napoli Porta Nolana, now used by the Circumvesuviana Railway. This line was extended to Capua on 26 May 1844. A branch line was opened from Cancello to Nola in 1846 and extended to Sarno in 1856.

The northern part of the line was opened between a station at Porta Maggiore (southwest of the modern Termini station) and Ciampino on 14 July 1856 as part of the Rome–Frascati line by the Società Pio Latina ("Latin Pius Railway"), a French company named in honour of Pope Pius IX, who had overturned the Vatican's previous opposition to innovations such as railways in the Papal States. This line was extended to the new Roma Termini station on 22 October 1863.

In 1860 the Società Pio Latina and the Società Pio Centrale—the builder of the Rome–Civitavecchia railway, opened in 1859—combined to form the Società per le strade ferrate romane ("Roman Railway Company"), which then absorbed the Royal Neapolitan Railway Company.  It opened an  section from Roma Termini to Ceprano–Falvaterra (including the Porta Maggiore–Ciampino section) on 1 December 1862. The  Capua–Tora–Presenzano section had been opened on 14 October 1861 and the final  section between Ceprano–Falvaterra and Tora–Presenzano was opened on 25 February 1863.

Branches and connections
Ciampino to Frascati, Albano Laziale and Velletri
Roccasecca to Avezzano (Roccasecca–Avezzano line)
Rocca d'Evandro to Isernia and Campobasso ( Rocca d'Evandro–Venafro line )
Vairano-Caianello to Isernia and Campobasso (Termoli–Campobasso–Carpinone–Isernia–Vairano line)
Sparanise to Gaeta (Sparanise–Gaeta line)—currently suspended
Santa Maria Capua Vetere to Piedimonte Matese
Caserta to Benevento and Aversa
Cancello to Benevento, Salerno and Torre Annunziata

Notes

See also
 List of railway lines in Italy

Railway lines in Campania
Railway lines in Lazio
Railway lines opened in 1863