Reinforcement theory is a limited effects media model applicable within the realm of communication. The theory generally states that people seek out and remember information that provides cognitive support for their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs. The main assumption that guides this theory is that people do not like to be wrong and often feel uncomfortable when their beliefs are challenged.

Additionally, this theory focuses on the behavior to consequence connection within the ABC model.  This theory, in management, can also be referred to as operant conditioning or the law of effect.  Quite simply, this theory notes that a behavior will continue with a certain level of frequency based on pleasant or unpleasant results.

Politics
Politics provides an excellent setting for the study of reinforcement theory. The statistics on undecided voters indicate that most people have pre-existing beliefs when it comes to politics. Relatively few people remain undecided late into high-profile elections. For example, about a month prior to the 2008 U.S. presidential election, less than one-fifth of likely voters claimed to be undecided (Sidoti, 2008). Much political advertising is targeted at these individuals not only because of their importance in the overall result, but also because they are the most susceptible to political persuasion (Johnson-Cartee & Copeland, 1997).

Part of the reason why undecided voters are frequent message targets can be found in reinforcement theory. Reinforcement theory predicts that people with already developed opinions will selectively attend to and cognitively incorporate information that supports their own views. Reinforcement theory has three primary mechanisms behind it: selective exposure, selective perception, and selective retention.

Selective exposure

The primary basis for the selective exposure assumption can be located within cognitive dissonance theory, although contemporary work (Knobloch-Westerwick, 2014) draws on numerous theories. Basically, this theory states that people do not like to have previously-held beliefs challenged. When individuals encounter information that is discrepant from their own opinions, they seek to resolve the resultant disharmony somehow. People in general do not like to be wrong. A change or shift in attitude is sometimes interpreted as an admission that the original belief was inaccurate or inadequate. To avoid having their opinions challenged, research indicates that people tend to simply avoid information that might be discrepant in nature (Johnson-Cartee and Copeland, 1997). Support for this tendency to avoid dissonant messages can also be found in mood management theory. Basically, this theory states that people expose themselves to stimuli that are pleasurable and avoid stimuli that might induce a negative reaction (Zillman & Bryant, 1985).

The selective exposure phenomenon focuses on how people manage to avoid incongruent information and primarily encounter information that supports predispositions. Obviously, most are not able to completely avoid all potentially challenging information. In these cases, message receivers may outright reject dissonant messages (Wheeless, 1974). The reasons for rejection are varied and plentiful. For example, the person might justify message rejection by attacking the source's credibility.

A topic as emotional and involving as political preference is especially subject to the selective exposure phenomenon. In fact, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, and Gaudet (1948) found selective exposure early on to be a necessary link in their theory that campaigns primarily reinforce and activate preexisting political notions. The ever-increasing number of media options further facilitates the public's ability to selectively expose themselves to desired media messages. The explosion of the Internet has put the individual in the driver's seat with regard to what kind of information s/he will encounter. McLeod, Kosicki, and McLeod (2002) stated that information selection and "exposure is much more specialized and individualized" (p. 221) in the era of the World Wide Web. Furthermore, cable channel options continue to multiply with specific, niche target audiences in mind. Some researchers worry that this increased level of fragmentation makes it possible for people to effectively avoid diverse viewpoints and perspectives (McLeod, Kosicki, & McLeod, 2002). If a person limits his/her information acquisition to that which is only consistent with a personal point of view, s/he will surely not contribute to a fully informed electorate.

Selective perception
It is not possible to completely avoid all discrepant messages. When exposure to a dissonant message has occurred, the phenomenon of selective perception often follows. This process simply means that people skew their perceptions to coincide with what they desire (Johnson-Cartee & Copeland, 1997). Perception is subjective and dependent on several factors; one factor, for example, is media type. Prior research indicates that people who actively process television news tend to engage in more individualized explanations of an event as opposed to those active processors of newspapers (McLeod, Kosicki, & McLeod, 2002). The selective perception discussed here, however, is done in order to reduce dissonance with previously held beliefs (Wheeless, 1974). Several communication theories use this assumption of skewed perception as their basis (i.e., hostile media phenomenon, third-person effect).

In the political realm, selective perception often occurs when voters are presented with a candidate position that they do not agree with but otherwise supports the candidate. Sherrod (1971) found that "voters preferring a particular candidate do selectively perceive that candidate's position on an issue in such a way as to make it consistent with their own" (p. 554). He pinpointed three primary reasons why the initial disagreement happens. First, the candidate and voter may share political party affiliation, but may not agree on all of the issues. Second, the voter may simply be unaware of the candidate's actual position. Third, social pressure to take a particular stand on an issue may exist that causes the voter to be incongruent with his or her preferred candidate (Sherrod, 1971). Selective Perception is not only associated with the voter and the candidate they affiliate with. Selective perception is also seen when someone attacks a political opponent by focusing on a particular issue they disagree with. Voters will ignore any common stances on issues with the opposition, and thus scorch the opponent on one main idea (Falcon, 2012). An example of political selective perception can be seen in Barry Ritholtz's Politics and Selective Perception chart. In this chart, we are given the unemployment numbers at specific points in time under different House Majorities. Selective perception allows the user to view this chart in any way they feel is deemed correct, though the chart doesn't reveal really anything about politics or unemployment (Ritholtz, 2010).

According to Sherrod (1971), there are three potential actions the voter may take to reduce dissonance in this situation. First, the voter may learn about the candidate's stand on the issue and then change either his or her opinion of the candidate or alter his or her own position on the issue in question to bring them in line. Second, the voter may still choose to disagree with the preferred candidate's position and instead will lessen the issue's personal importance. Last, the voter may engage in selective perception and actually misperceive the candidate's position to align better with the voter's own stand than it actually does. This does not require any change in attitude regarding either the candidate or the issue on the part of the voter. Sherrod's (1971) research found the third option to occur with the greatest frequency: he found that voters most often selectively misperceive a candidate's position on an issue rather than either change one's own view or relegate the issue to a status of lesser importance.

Selective retention

The final mechanism behind reinforcement theory has to do with selective retention and recall. This phenomenon occurs when "people remember only those items that are in agreement with their predispositions" (Johnson-Cartee & Copeland, 1997, 94). The ease with which a person can recall information impacts the level and intensity of judgment related to the topic. For example, people who can easily recall an example related to the message are more likely to make an intense judgment about it (Shrum, 2002).

In general, most people are unable to accurately recall current event information presented on the news. Gunter (1991) found that only about 5% of television news viewers could accurately recall details of what they saw a short time after the newscast. Audience factors such as education and socio-economic status also affect recall ability (Surlin & Gordon, 1976). Although additional variables such as news presentation and format affect information retention, people generally can better remember messages that are consistent with their own attitudes and beliefs (Wheeless, 1974). Surlin and Gordon (1976) found that political information in particular is more readily retained and summoned up when it supports preexisting beliefs and political opinions. Information that threatens such beliefs is more easily forgotten or lost. This phenomenon also extends to political advertising. Prior research found that a candidate's supporters could more easily bring to mind his/her political ad than the opponent's.

See also
Confirmation bias

Notes

References

 Atkin, C. (1973). Instrumental utilities and information seeking. In P. Clark (Ed.) New models for mass communication research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
 Atkin, C. (1985). Informational utility and selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.) Selective exposure to communication. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
 Chaffee, S. H. and Rimal, R. N. (1996). Time of decision and openness to persuasion. In D. C. Mutz, P. M. Sniderman, & R. A. Brody (Eds.), Political persuasion and attitude change (pp. 267–291). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
 Gunter, B. (1991). Responding to news and public affairs. In J. Bryant & D. Zillman (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 229–260). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 Klapper, J. (1960). The effects of mass communication. New York: Free Press.
 Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2014). Choice and preference in media use: Advances in selective exposure theory and research. New York: Routledge. http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780805855159/
 Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1948). The people's choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a Presidential campaign (2nd Ed.). New York, Columbia University Press.
 Johnson-Cartee, K. & Copeland, G. (1997). Inside political campaigns: Theory and practice. Westport, CT: Praeger.
 McLeod, D. M., Kosicki, G. M., and McLeod, J. M. (2002). Resurveying the boundaries of political communications effects. In J. Bryant and D. Zillman (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 215–267). (2nd Ed.). Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 Rouner, D. & Perloff, R. M. (1988). Selective perception of outcome of first 1984 Presidential debate. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 141–240.
 Sherrod, D. R. (1971). Selective perception of political candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 35, 554–562.
 Shrum, L. J. (2002). Media consumption and perceptions of social reality: Effects and underlying processes. In J. Bryant & D.
 Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 69–95). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
 Sidoti, L. (2008). Undecided voters not satisfied with both candidates. Yahoo!. Retrieved April 6, 2008, from https://news.yahoo.com/page/election-2008-political-pulse-the-persuadables.
 Surlin, S. H. & Gordon, T. F. (1976). Selective exposure and retention of political advertising. Journal of Advertising, 5, 32–44.
 Wheeless, L. R. (1974). The relationship of attitude and credibility to comprehension and selective exposure. Western Speech, 38, 88–97.
 Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157–190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Communication theory


Léon Espinosa (1825–1904) was a Dutch-Spanish ballet dancer. He became the first in a long line of dancers and dance teachers, making the name Espinosa "recognised worldwide as one of the most important influences in the development of dance and training of dancers."

Early life
Espinosa’s early interest in dance was encouraged by a succession of outstanding teachers including Jean Coralli, Filippo Taglioni, and Jules Perrot during his time at the Paris Opéra Ballet.

Personal life
In 1825, Espinosa was born in The Hague, Holland to Spanish Jewish parents.

Espinosa married and had six children (Eduard, Marius, Leo, Judith, Ray, and Lea), all of whom became dancers and dance teachers.

Eduard married Eve Louise Kelland, with whom he had two children: Edward Kelland-Espinosa and Yvette Espinosa. Eduard became a Maître de Ballet for the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, Empire Theatre, and Alhambra Theatre. He also established the Association for Operatic Dancing (later the Royal Academy of Dance), as well as the British Ballet Organization.

Judith "performed as prima ballerina at Alhambra Theater, London, under Carlo Coppi."

Both Judith and Lea ran ballet schools in London and overseas. They also served as major examiners for the Royal Academy of Dance.

Espinosa died in 1904.

Career
Espinosa trained at the Paris Opera Ballet school and danced at the Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin. After touring the United States, he joined the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow as premier danseur de contrast  and worked with Marius Petipa. While in Russia, he also danced with the Imperial Maryinsky Theatre.

In 1872, Espinosa moved to London where he continued to dance and eventually opened a dance school.

Bibliography

References

1825 births
Dutch male ballet dancers
Dutch people of Spanish descent
Entertainers from The Hague
19th-century Dutch ballet dancers
1904 deaths


Queen Creek Unified School District (QCUSD)  is a school district based in Queen Creek, Arizona, United States. It was formed in 1947 from land once part of the Higley Unified School District (at the time, neither district was unified; Queen Creek High School would not open until 1967).

High schools
 Queen Creek High School
 Eastmark High School
 Crismon High School

Middle schools
 Queen Creek Junior High School
 Newell Barney Junior High School
 Eastmark Junior High School (At Eastmark High School)

Elementary schools
 Frances Brandon-Pickett
 Desert Mountain
 Jack Barnes
 Queen Creek
 Faith Mather Sossaman
 Gateway Polytechnic Academy
 Silver Valley
 Schnepf
 Katherine Mecham Barney

See also
 Chandler Unified School District
 Higley Unified School District

References

External links

School districts in Maricopa County, Arizona
1947 establishments in Arizona


Serrabone Priory (; ) is a former monastery of Canons Regular in the commune of Boule-d'Amont, in Pyrénées-Orientales.  The priory is located in a wild and beautiful area in the valley of the Boulès in the heart of an oak forest, at the centre of the Aspres mountain range on the eastern foothills of the Canigou, about 30 km from Perpignan.

It is famous for its splendid marble rostrum from the 12th century, regarded as a masterpiece of Romanesque art.

History

The name of the monastery derives from the Catalan "serra bona", meaning "good mountain".  The original foundation - of which order if any is unclear - on the site took place in the 10th or 11th century and is recorded in a document of 1069. In 1082, under the patronage of the local lords and the Count of Conflent, who gave it property and revenues,  it was re-established as an Augustinian priory.

Architecture

The first church at Serrabone had just one nave with a pointed barrel vault.

An extensive transformation took place in the 12th century. A transept and three apses replaced the earlier chevet. The principal apse, protruding on the exterior, is flanked by two absidoles enclosed in the walls. On the north side there is a second nave and a bell tower, on the south side a cloister, and another building containing three rooms.

The thick walls of the nave are built of local schist rubble stone. The second construction was more elaborate and used large blocks of cut schist which were carefully placed.

The sculptures in the cloister, the main portal, the window in the apsidole and the gallery, are all worked in pink marble from the Conflent, which makes a startling contrast to the green-grey of the schist.

References

External links

 Serrabone Priory official page
  Art-Roman.net: photos of Serrabone
 On Google map
 Visiting information

Christian monasteries established in the 11th century
12th-century churches in France
Buildings and structures in Pyrénées-Orientales
Augustinian monasteries in France
Romanesque architecture in France
Churches in Pyrénées-Orientales
Monuments historiques of Pyrénées-Orientales


The Wehra Valley Railway (German: Wehratalbahn) was a 19.7 km long branch line from Schopfheim to Bad Säckingen in southwestern Germany, that was electrified in 1913 at the same time as the Wiesen Valley Railway.  For part of its length it followed the river of the same name. The line runs through the Fahrnau Tunnel (Fahrnauer Tunnel) which, at that time, was one of the longest railway tunnels (3.169 km) in Germany. The Wehra Valley Railway was intended as a strategic railway circumnavigating Switzerland near Basle and was laid ready to take a second track.

Passenger services were withdrawn from the line on 23 May 1971. Goods traffic between Bad Säckingen and Wehr continued to run until 1 September 1990. On 31 December 1994 the line was closed.

In a local council meeting on 19 April 2005, the town of Wehr (Baden) called for an expert opinion to determine whether the line could be reactivated. The report from Tübingen-based local transport advisor Ulrich Grosse was positive, although its restoration would be relatively expensive and only possible for a short time. Initially the route will be protected from being built on. Currently checks are being carried out to see whether the Fahrnau Tunnel can be reopened.

External links

 Comprehensive information by the Eisenbahnfreunden Wehratal e.V.
 Information on the route on Reiner Schruft's home page
 Info at suedbadenbahn.de
 Report on the reactivation in the Südkurier newspaper
 Photos from inside the tunnel

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Strategic railways


Alvia is a high-speed train service in Spain used by Renfe Operadora for long-distance service with a top speed of . The trains have the ability to use both Iberian gauge and standard gauge, which allows them to travel on the recently constructed high-speed lines for part of the journey before switching to the "classic" Iberian gauge network to complete it. Trains that run exclusively on high-speed tracks are branded AVE or Avant.

Routes

, RENFE Class 120 / 121, RENFE Class 130 and RENFE Class 730 trains are in service.

Class 120 trains are used on the routes from Madrid to Pamplona, Logroño, Irún and Hendaye (France) (running on high-speed lines from Madrid to Burgos and changing gauge there), and between Barcelona and Irún, Bilbao (running on high-speed lines between Barcelona and Zaragoza).

Class 121 trains are employed on the routes from Madrid to Huelva, Ponferrada, Gijón and Santander changing gauge at Seville, León and Venta de Baños.

Class 130 trains are used on the routes from Madrid to Bilbao, Irún, and Hendaye (changing gauge at Burgos), from Alicante to Gijón and Santander changing gauge at León and Venta de Baños, between Castellón and Gijón (on high-speed lines from Castellón to León), and between Barcelona and Galicia.

Finally Class 730 are used on the routes from Madrid Chamartín to A Coruña, Ferrol, Vigo, Pontevedra, Lugo and Badajoz. These trains also operate the routes from Madrid to Murcia. Unlike the other classes, these can run on diesel as well as overhead electric power and so are used on those routes where lines are not electrified.

Operational services

 Renfe offers the following Alvia services:

 Alicante–Santander, via Villena, Albacete, Cuenca, Madrid, Segovia, Valladolid, Palencia and Torrelavega.
 Barcelona–A Coruña, via Camp Tarragona, Lleida, Zaragoza, Tudela, Castejon, Tafalla, Pamplona, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Miranda de Ebro, Burgos, Palencia, Sahagun, León, Astorga, Bembibre, Ponferrada, O Barco de Valdeorras, A Rúa, San Clodio-Quiroga, Monforte de Lemos, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela.
 Barcelona–Bilbao, via Camp Tarragona, Lleida, Zaragoza, Tudela, Castejon, Calahorra, Logroño, Haro and Miranda De Ebro.
 Barcelona–San Sebastian, via Camp Tarragona, Lleida, Zaragoza, Tudela, Castejon, Tafalla, Pamplona, Altsasu and Zumarraga.
 Barcelona–Salamanca, via Camp Tarragona, Lleida, Zaragoza, Tudela, Castejon, Tafalla, Pamplona, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Miranda de Ebro, Burgos, Valladolid and Medina del Campo.
 Barcelona–Vigo, via  Lleida, Zaragoza, Pamplona, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Burgos, León, Ponferrada, Ourense and Guillarei, with connection services to Gijón in León and to A Coruña in Monforte de Lemos.
 Gijón–Castellón , via Oviedo, Mieres Del Camín, La Pola, León, Palencia, Valladolid, Segovia, Madrid, Cuenca, Requena Utiel, Valencia and Sagunto.
 Gijón–Vinaros, via Oviedo, Mieres Del Camín, La Pola, León, Palencia, Valladolid, Segovia, Madrid, Cuenca, Valencia, Sagunto, Castellón, Benicàssim, Oropesa del Mar and Benicarló (only in summertime).
 Gijón–Alicante, via Oviedo, Mieres Del Camín, La Pola, León, Palencia, Valladolid, Segovia, Madrid, Cuenca, Albacete and Villena.
 Madrid–A Coruña, via Zamora, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela.
 Madrid–Badajoz, via Leganés, Torrijos, Talavera De La Reina, Oropesa de Toledo, Navalmoral De La Mata, Monfragüe-plasencia, Cáceres and Mérida.
 Madrid–Bilbao, via Segovia, Valladolid, Burgos and Miranda de Ebro.
 Madrid–Badajoz, via Leganés, Torrijos, Talavera De La Reina, Oropesa, Navalmoral De La Mata, Monfragüe-plasencia, Cáceres and Mérida.
 Madrid–Cádiz, via Ciudad Real, Puertollano, Córdoba, Sevilla and Jerez de la Frontera.
 Madrid–Ferrol, via Segovia, Medina del Campo, Zamora, Sanabria, A Gudiña, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Betanzos and Pontedeume.
 Madrid–Gijón, via Valladolid, Palencia, León and Oviedo.
 Madrid–Huelva, via Cordoba and La Palma Del Condado.
 Madrid–Irun, via Segovia, Valladolid, Burgos, Miranda de Ebro, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Zumarraga, Tolosa and San Sebastián.
 Madrid–Logroño, via Guadalajara, Calatayud, Tudela and Calahorra
 Madrid–Lugo, via Segovia, Medina del Campo, Zamora, Sanabria, A Gudiña, Ourense, Monforte De Lemos and Sarria.
 Madrid–Cartagena, via Albacete, Hellin, Cieza, Murcia, Balsicas-mar Menor and Torre-pacheco.
 Madrid–Pamplona, via Guadalajara, Calatayud, Tudela and Tafalla.
 Madrid–Pontevedra, via Zamora, Sanabria, A Gudiña, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela and Vilagarcia De Arousa.
 Madrid–Salamanca, via Segovia and Medina del Campo.
 Madrid–Santander, via Valladolid, Palencia, Aguilar De Campoo, Reinosa and Torrelavega.
 Madrid–Santiago de Compostela, via Zamora, Sanabria, A Gudiña and Ourense.
 Madrid–Vigo, via Segovia, Medina del Campo, Zamora, Sanabria, A Gudiña, Ourense and Pontevedra.

Crash

On 24 July 2013, the train driver of an Alvia 730 train travelling to Ferrol, Galicia, from Madrid took a curve well above the posted speed limit, and derailed near Santiago de Compostela killing 81 people and injuring more than 140.

References

External links
RENFE Alvia

High-speed rail in Spain
Renfe


al-Rumi (, also transcribed as ar-Rumi), or its Persian variant of simply Rumi, is a nisba denoting a person from or related to the historical region(s) specified by the name Rûm. It may refer to:

 Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī, Persian poet, Islamic jurist, theologian, and mystic commonly referred to by the moniker Rumi
 Suhayb ar-Rumi, a companion of Muhammad
 Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī, 14th-century mathematician
 Ibn al-Rumi, 9th-century Arabic poet
 Dhuka al-Rumi, 10th-century Abbasid governor of Egypt
 Al-Adli ar-Rumi, 9th-century Arab chess player and theoretician
Mustafa Rumi, 16th-century Ottoman general
 Sarjun ibn Mansur al-Rumi, Umayyad official
 Yāqūt Shihāb al-Dīn ibn-'Abdullāh al-Rūmī al-Hamawī, 13th-century scholar
 Ahmet Câmî-i Rûmî, 16th-century Ottoman official
 Shah Sultan Rumi, 11th-century Sufi saint of Bengal

Rumi
Toponymic surnames


Víctor Pecci and Balázs Taróczy were the defending champions but did not compete that year.

Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan won in the final 6–4, 3–6, 6–1 against Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez.

Seeds
The draw allocated unseeded teams at random; as a result two seeded teams received byes into the second round.

Draw

Final

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 1979 Fischer-Grand Prix Doubles draw

Doubles


Mary Ann Aspinwall Owens (June 24, 1928 – November 21, 2005), of New York City, was an advocate of thematic collecting of postage stamps, such as collecting stamps showing birds, butterflies, ships, famous art, and so on. She was successful in her effort to officially help introduce thematic collecting into national and international philatelic exhibitions.

Collecting interests
Owens was a collector of thematic subjects on stamps, and was a pioneer in getting the philatelic community to accept thematic collecting as a valid branch of philately. She exhibited her collections at national and international philatelic events, and won numerous gold prizes. Her exhibit of “elephants on stamps” was the first thematic exhibit to win gold and large gold.

Philatelic activity
Owens served on the Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee . She was accredited as a thematic judge by the American Topical Association, the American Philatelic Society, and the Fédération Internationale de Philatélie, and served as judge at many shows.

Honors and awards
In 1969 she was awarded the Distinguished Topical Philatelist Award by the American Topical Association, and, in 1978, she was elected to the Wisconsin Philatelic Hall of Fame. In 1991 she received the Luff Award of the American Philatelic Society in the category ''Exceptional Contributions to Philately'. She was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 2007.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature
 Theodore E. Steinway

References
 Mary Ann Aspinwall Owens

1928 births
2005 deaths
American philatelists
People from New York City
American Philatelic Society
Women philatelists


is a Japanese seinen manga by Shūzō Oshimi that was serialized in the manga magazine, Manga Action. Drifting Net Cafe is a science fiction mystery involving a group of patrons trapped in an internet café, which has become a strange universe of its own. The story focuses primarily on the relationship between Koichi Toki, a salaryman who leads a trouble-free but unexciting life, and Kaho Tono, his first love whom he never forgot.

The manga was adapted into a TBS television series on April 15, 2009, and stars Atsushi Itō as Koichi Toki.

Plot
Koichi Toki is an office worker or salaryman with a wife. He works hard to bring food home and leads a rather simple and boring life. During a work trip, he decides to spend time in an internet cafe, where he meets an ex-schoolmate after not seeing each other for a while. In the same cafe, several clients begin to have problems with their computers and the cellular signal disappears. The group of clients together with the manager of the place, Toki and his partner are trapped, to discover that they are in a mysterious place that is not Japan. The group suffers from disagreements, several escalations of anger and despair trying to survive while Toki and his friend's relationship progresses little by little.

Manga
The manga was serialized in Futabasha's Manga Action and the 63 chapters were compiled into 7 volumes from February 28, 2009 to June 28, 2011. The defunct American publisher JManga licensed the manga and released the first volume in August 2011. The name of the manga is a reference to Kazuo Umezu's The Drifting Classroom, which it is a retelling of. The manga has also been published in Spain by Milky Way Ediciones.

Television series
The series was released in a 4-disc DVD boxset on August 5, 2009. The ending theme「Brave Heart (Remix)」by MAY'S was released as a single on April 22, 2009.

Cast
 Atsushi Itō – Koichi Toki
 KIKI – Kaho Tono
 Reina Asami – Yukie Toki
 Shinpei Takagi – Atsushi
 Masahiro Toda – Osawa
 Mai Takahashi – Kazumi Kato
 Takahiro Hojo – Takashi Matsuda
 Reo Yoshitake – Kameda
 Kazumi Urano – Miku
 Hidekazu Nagae – Terasawa
 Yuko Mano – Sachiko Imai
 Go Riju – Kensuke Kajimachi
 Miyu Watanabe – Saori Mizuno
 Shusuke Tsumura – Satomura

Episode information

Special Rerun

Reception
Katherine Dacey of Manga Bookshelf was disappointed in how the first volume of the manga stood in comparison to The Drifting Classroom, saying the horror was not as well-executed, but felt that the manga had better pacing and artwork: "Long-time fans of Classroom are likely to find Oshimi's update slick but soulless, as it relies more heavily on low-budget disaster movies than the original source material for its characters and conflicts." Sean Gaffney of A Case Suitable for Treatment felt that the horror aspect was pulled off well in the first volume, but was turned off by the excessive violence and sex: "It's as sordid as it sounds, and made me feel ill... [It] didn't take long for morality to erode, much like [The Drifting Classroom]."

References

External links
 Official website: TV Series
 MBS website

2009 Japanese television series debuts
2009 Japanese television series endings
2009 manga
Futabasha manga
Japanese drama television series
Mystery anime and manga
Romance anime and manga
Science fiction anime and manga
Seinen manga
Shūzō Oshimi
TBS Television (Japan) dramas


Ċensu Galea (born 28 August 1956) is a Maltese former politician and architect who served as a Nationalist MP in the House of Representatives of Malta. He is a former Minister in various posts that he retained until 2008 when he lost his place in cabinet. He also served as Deputy Speaker.

Political life

Galea was Secretary of the Nationalist Party Club of St. Paul's Bay. Between 1978 and 1981 he was also Secretary General and President of the Youth Section of the Nationalist Party.

Galea first contested the General Elections in the interests of the Nationalist Party in 1981. He was elected member of Parliament in the 1987, 1992, 1996, 1998 and 2003 General Elections. Following his re-election in 1992, Galea was appointed parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry for Social Security. In 1994, Galea was appointed Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries responsible for Agriculture, Fisheries, Aquaculture and Housing. Between 1996 and 1998, he was shadow Minister for Transport and Ports, Secretary and Whip to the Nationalist Parliamentary Group. Following the General Elections of September 1998, Galea was appointed Minister for Transport and Telecommunications. He was reappointed in the same position following the elections of April 2003.

In March 2004, Galea was appointed as Minister for Competitiveness and Communications in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi. His portfolio included Competition Policy, Small Business and the Self-Employed, Trade Services, Consumer Protection, Malta Standards Authority, Intellectual Property, Civil Aviation, Malta Maritime Authority, Malta Communications Authority, Wireless Telegraphy.

In March 2008 Galea was re-elected to parliament however was not assigned a Ministerial Role and thus lost his place in the Cabinet.

Following the resignation of Carmelo Abela from the role as Deputy Speaker in 2010, Galea was elected as Deputy Speaker. He was re-nominated for this post by the Nationalist party after it lost the national elections in 2013 and he was re-elected.

Personal life

Galea studied at the Lyceum and the University of Malta from which he graduated as an architect in 1982. Galea is married to Grace née Sammut and they have two sons and two daughters. Their daughter Graziella is a Nationalist Party politician previously served as a councillor and mayor of St. Paul's Bay is currently an MP following her co-option into Parliament in January 2022. Graziella Galea was elected in the 2022 Maltese general election later in March of that same year.

References
 Department of Information Article

Members of the House of Representatives of Malta
1956 births
Living people
University of Malta alumni
20th-century Maltese architects
Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians
20th-century Maltese politicians
21st-century Maltese politicians


Eve Louise Kelland (1889-1943) was an actress and singer.

Eve Kelland started her theatrical career as an actress and singer. She became organiser and administrator of the British Ballet Organization founded in England in 1930, and in 1928 she started The Dancer magazine, under the name of Louise Kay. Their working partnership, promoting British dance and the BBO, was to continue for almost forty years.

Personal life
Kelland was born in Sydney, Australia in 1889.

She married Eduard Espinosa, and they had two children, Edward Kelland-Espinosa (born 1906) and Yvette Espinosa (born 1911).

References

1889 births
1943 deaths
20th-century Australian actresses
Australian women singers


Josip Boljkovac (; 12 November 1920 – 10 November 2014) was a Croatian politician who served as the first Minister of Internal Affairs in the Croatian Government, thus being  one of the closest associates of former President Franjo Tudjman.

Biography
Born in Vukova Gorica near Karlovac, Boljkovac was an active member of the anti-fascist movement before World War II.

During World War II, Boljkovac fought with the Yugoslav Partisans since the very beginning of the anti-fascist uprising. He even met Randolph Churchill during his military mission. After the war, he served as the local chief of the Yugoslav secret police OZNA in Karlovac. He was later appointed as mayor of Karlovac, a post he held from 1963 to 1969.

After democratic reforms in Croatia in 1990, Boljkovac joined the conservative Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and became the country's first Minister of Internal Affairs. He was removed from office by Tudjman one year later.

Profiling himself as a moderate, in 1994 he left the party and became a fierce critic of Tudjman's policy. He joined the Croatian Independent Democrats (HND) and later, with that party's marginalization, the liberal Croatian People's Party (HNS). Boljkovac also ran on the electoral list of the Croatian Party of Pensioners (HSU) and the Independent Democratic Serb Party (SDSS) in separate elections.

In 2008, Boljkovac launched a bid to form a Josip Broz Tito Society, to celebrate the role of the former Yugoslav president.

Local police investigated Boljkovac's role in World War II and post-war SR Croatia, which led to his arrest on 2 November 2011 on charges of war crimes for his role  in the massacre of 21 civilians in the vicinity of Duga Resa in May 1945. He was transferred to Remetinec prison where he was detained for one month due to the severity of the charges. After only two days in detention, he was transferred to a hospital for prisoners due to his bad health.
Following the appeal to the Constitutional Court, charges against him were dropped on 29 November 2011.

Following a trial before the County Court, Boljkovac was acquitted on 22 May 2014. “Not a single witness nor a single document indicated the guilt of Josip Boljkovac,” the judge said. His lawyer, Anto Nobilo, claimed that Boljkovac's trial, as well as the one of Josip Manolić, had been set up by former interior minister Tomislav Karamarko to secure his own election at the helm of HDZ.
Boljkovac died later the same year.

References

External links
Mira Petrak: Majka i ja skrivale smo se od Boljkovca punih 12 godina, Slobodna Dalmacija
Depeše Udbe: “Likvidirajte i ženu jer zaslužuje smrt”, Večernji list

1920 births
2014 deaths
People from Netretić
Yugoslav Partisans members
Yugoslav secret police agents
League of Communists of Croatia politicians
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
Croatian Independent Democrats politicians
Interior ministers of Croatia
People indicted for war crimes
Mayors of places in Croatia
Prisoners and detainees of Croatia


DPP1 may refer to one of two enzymes:
Cathepsin C
Diacylglycerol diphosphate phosphatase


Frederick William Banks (9 December 1888 – 16 January 1957) was an English professional footballer who made 72 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham and Nottingham Forest. He played as an outside forward.

Life and career

Frederick William Banks was born on 9 December 1888 in Aston, which is now part of Birmingham. He played local football for teams including Park Road and Myrtle Villa before joining Second Division club Birmingham in 1909. He made his debut on 13 November 1909, deputising for Fred Chapple in a home game against Lincoln City which Birmingham won 1–0. This was the only first-team game he played for Birmingham.

Banks played non-league football for Stourbridge and Wellington Town and then returned to the Football League with Nottingham Forest. According to the Nottingham Evening News report of his debut, In two spells with the club either side of a season with Stalybridge Celtic and interrupted by the First World War, Banks played 73 games in all competitions, before moving back to non-league with Worksop Town in 1920. He was still a Worksop player in March 1922, when he married; the 1939 Register lists him as a widower.

After his playing career ended, Banks became deputy to Tom Ratcliffe as Notts County's trainer, and took over after Ratcliffe resigned in March 1930. He was responsible for the fitness of the squad that won the 1930–31 Third Division South title and with it promotion to the Second Division. He held the post until May 1934, when the newly arrived manager, Charlie Jones, had him demoted to reserve trainer because he wanted to bring in his own man, Bill Seddon. Ahead of the 1936–37 season, Banks returned to Nottingham Forest as assistant trainer, and he remained with that club after the war as a member of the ground staff until taking retirement in March 1956.

Banks died in Nottingham on 16 January 1957.

References

Sources

1888 births
1957 deaths
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Birmingham City F.C. players
Stourbridge F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Midland Football League players
Notts County F.C. non-playing staff
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff


The Tauber Valley Railway (German: Taubertalbahn) is a single-tracked, unelectrified, standard gauge railway between Wertheim and Crailsheim in the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It runs alongside the Tauber to Weikersheim, then along the Vorbach and Blaubach rivers.  It is recorded in the timetable as route no. 782. Until 9 December 2006 it had been route no. 788.

History
After the completion of surveys of the area in 1858, work for the Tauber Valley Railway started in 1864 with the survey of the route. Actual construction of the Tauber Valley Railway began in October 1866 on the Lauda–Wertheim section and in August 1868 construction began on the Mergentheim–Crailsheim section, which cost almost 16 million gulden. The first section between Lauda and Hochhausen was completed in 1867 and the rest of the line was completed a year later. On 23 October 1869, operations on the Lauda–Mergentheim and the Mergentheim–Crailsheim sections were officially inaugurated by officials of the governments of the Kingdom of Württemberg and Grand Duchy of Baden. On that day, it became possible to travel for the first time all the way from Wertheim to Crailsheim. The Tauber Valley Railway from the beginning was of a great importance for travelling for the “cure” in Bad Mergentheim. In the summer of 1939, through coaches ran from Berlin to Bad Mergentheim. During the Second World War, the Tauber Valley Railway was spared from air raids, with the exception of minor destruction in Lauda and Crailsheim. In the 1950s, an express train ran between Frankfurt and Ulm on the Tauber Valley Railway. Through coaches ran again to Bad Mergentheim from Hamburg and Duisburg as well as from Dortmund after 1968. These services ended in 1988 or 1989.

Current situation
Deutsche Bahn has threatened to close the Tauber Valley Railway several times, but this has not come to pass. In 2003 extensive renovation and modernisation work started on the line, including the laying of new tracks on part of the line, the renewal of level crossings, the cleaning of the track bed and the restoration of a damaged railway embankment near Lauda. These measures cost about €15 million. Since October 2009, the Niederstetten tunnel has been extensively renovated and the section between Schrozberg and Niederstetten has been overhauled. Since 1 January 2006, the DB subsidiary Westfrankenbahn has maintained the railway infrastructure as well as operated services on the Tauber Valley Railway.

Passengers
As a result of cycling tourism in the Tauber Valley and the neighbouring Main Valley, many cyclists use trains on the line. So the Main Valley Railway and the Tauber Valley Railway are served from March to October by special carriages for bicycle transportation. On the second Sunday in August there is a car-free Sunday in the Tauber Valley. On this day the Tauber Valley road is closed to traffic and it used only by bicycles and inline skaters. Special trains operate on the Tauber Valley Railway on that day with discounted tickets and excellent accommodation for bicycles, which is well used.

Since 10 September 2007, Satteldorf station has been reopened in the industrial area of the village. At the same time, the bus services was profoundly restructured to focus on the station and reduced on the parallel road.

Following the reopening of Satteldorf, an interest group fought for the reopening of the station in Wallhausen (3,500 inhabitants), which took place after several delays on 15 December 2013.

The line is predominantly operated with class 628 diesel multiple units.

Train crash in Schrozberg
Two Regional-Express trains crashed on 11 June 2003, killing six people and injuring others.

References

Footnotes

Sources

External links

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Railway lines opened in 1867
Buildings and structures in Schwäbisch Hall (district)
Buildings and structures in Main-Tauber-Kreis


The golf swing is the action by which players hit the ball in the sport of golf. The golf swing is a complex motion involving the whole body; the technicalities of the swing are known as golf stroke mechanics.

There are differing opinions on what constitutes a "good" golf swing. In Work and Power Analysis of the Golf Swing, Nesbit and Serrano suggest the golf swing has been studied by scientists and mathematicians who have developed various equations to help explain the complexity of the swing. It is generally agreed that a successful and consistent golf swing requires precise timing and mechanics, from the grip and position of one's fingers, to the position and movement of the feet. At any moment of the swing, whether back-swing, downswing, or upswing, something can go wrong that will throw off the whole body and result in a mishit. The entire swing motion should move on a plane in a fluid manner. The plane can be characterized as horizontal or vertical.

Complex motion
The goal of the golf swing is to direct kinetic energy into the club head so when it comes into contact with the ball, the energy will transfer to the ball, sending it into flight. Before a swing is taken the golfer first adopts their stance. This is usually a partial crouch because it allows for a more effective range of movement whilst also preloading the muscles. The stance is critical in making sure that the golfer has a low center of gravity in order that they may remain balanced throughout the swing path. The swing starts with the arms moving back in a straight line. When the club head reaches the level of the hip, two things happen: there is a stern wrist cock that acts as a hinge along with the left knee (for a right-handed swing), building up its torque by moving into the same line as the belly button before the start of the upswing. As the swing continues to the top of the backswing (again for right-handed golf swing), the golfer's left arm should be perfectly straight and his right arm should be hinged at the elbow.

The downswing begins with the hips and the lower body rather than the arms and upper body, with emphasis on the wrist cock. As the golfer's hips shift towards the target and begin rotate, the right elbow will drop straight down, hugging the right side of the golfer's torso.  As the right elbow drops, the wrists begin to snap through from the wrist cock in the backswing. A solid extension of the arms and good transfer of body should put the golfer leaning up on his right toe, balanced, with the golf club resting on the back of the golfers neck. Importantly, all of the movements occur with precise timing, while the head remains completely still with eyes focused on the ball throughout the entire swing.

Musculature
A golf stroke uses muscles on core (especially erector spinae muscles and latissimus dorsi muscle when turning), hamstring, shoulder and wrist. Stronger muscles on wrist can prevent wrists from being twisted at swings, while stronger shoulders increase the turning force. Weak wrists can also deliver the impacts to elbows and even neck and lead to injury of them. (When a muscle contracts, it pulls equally from both ends and, in order to have movement at only one end of the muscle, other muscles must come into play to stabilize the bone to which the other end of the muscle is attached.) Golf is a unilateral exercise that can break body balances, requiring exercises to keep the balance in muscles. A recommended exercise is free weight, an exercise not reliant on machines to stimulate and balance the fine muscles.

Pre-swing

Posture
 A good golf swing involves having proper posture. This usually means setting up and moving in a balanced and athletic fashion. Proper posture is greatly aided by adopting a good stance to begin with: slightly crouched, with legs slightly bent and the back relatively straight. The width of the stance should be about shoulder wide and the arms should be hanging free. Golfers should have their weight on the balls of their feet.
 Slightly more weight is placed on the front foot for short irons, with balance shifting onto both feet through the middle irons until weight is distributed fairly evenly for long irons and woods.

Alignment
 At address the body is positioned parallel to the target line, although stance can be adjusted for different shots; in general the body and stance should be parallel to the target line.
 The ball is positioned near the center of the player's stance for short irons, moving forward of center through the middle and long irons until it is opposite the heel of the front foot for woods.

Grip
 There are several choices with regard to gripping the club. Generally one of the following three will be used:
Vardon overlap (or overlapping) grip: Named for Harry Vardon, the man who popularized it, the little finger of the trailing hand (the dominant hand) is placed between the index and middle finger of the lead hand (the non-dominant hand). The lead-hand thumb fits along the lifeline of the trailing hand.
Interlocking grip: The little finger of the trailing hand is intertwined with the index finger of the lead hand. The lead-hand thumb fits in the lifeline of the trailing hand.
Ten finger (or baseball) grip: The little finger of the trailing hand is placed close to the index finger of the lead hand. The lead-hand thumb is covered with the lifeline of the trailing hand.

Timing
Timing is the most critical element of the golf swing because it connects all of the different moving parts of the body into one motion. The golf swing follows a double pendulum model, where the arms and shoulders become the first pendulum and movements along the hands, grip, and shaft form the second. Both of these interlocking pendulum movements must be timed correctly in order to reach maximum club head speed.

"On the backswing aka the first part of the swing, the order of movement goes like this: hands, arms, shoulders, hips" (Ben Hogan: Five Lessons: the Modern Fundamentals). The downswing (the second part of the swing) is initiated by the shifting and unwinding of the hips. Then the shoulders and arms follow.

Power
The golf swing is capable of producing great force, though it takes practice to be able to effectively utilize it in a productive manner. Most amateur golfers try to get as much power as possible, and try to hit the ball as far as possible, but this is not an appropriate approach for an amateur. The power of the golf swing is not unlocked by muscle or by fastest club head speed, but by the precise timing and mechanics of a motion that has to be put together in harmony. However, more power in the golf swing can be attributed to the development of these lower limb muscles: tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. With more power, comes the necessity for more control over the body that a golfer must have to control the motions of the swing. "Strength and inertial variations seem more likely than size to account for long and short hitting".

Stroke types

Chip
The chip is a type of shot generally used from short range around the green usually under 40 yards. Although any club may be used, and there are specialist chipping clubs (or chippers) available, a short iron or wedge is most common.

The goal of the chip is to land the ball safely on the green and let it roll out towards the hole.

Pitch
A "pitch shot" is a shot played with a high lofted club, a lob wedge, sand wedge, gap wedge, or pitching wedge, with lofts ranging from 49° to 62°.  These high lofted clubs are designed to hit the ball high from short distances, usually from  and closer.

Putt

The putt is used for putting the ball in the hole or closer to the hole (as in lagging) from the green or the fringe of the green. The putter is used for the putt. The golfer adjusts their putt to fit the circumstances of the play such as distance to the hole and slope of the green.

The face of the club starts square to the target line. The club goes straight back and straight through along the same path like a pendulum. One strategy is to aim the ball 10% past the hole. Another is to look at the hole for long putts instead of the ball.

Shots

List of shots
 A drive is a long-distance shot played from the tee box, intended to move the ball a great distance down the fairway towards the green.
 An approach shot is made with the intention of placing the ball on the green. The term "approach" typically refers to a second or subsequent shot with a shorter-range iron depending on the distance required.
 A lay-up shot is made from the fairway after the drive, but intended to travel a shorter distance than might normally be expected and/or with a higher degree of accuracy, due to intervening circumstances. Most often, a lay-up shot is made to avoid hitting the ball into a hazard placed in the fairway, or to position the ball in a more favorable position on the fairway for the next shot.
 A chip is a very short shot played from near the green, generally made with an abbreviated swing motion. Chip shots are used as short approach shots to the green.
 A pitch is slightly longer than a chip shot and thus requires a slightly larger swing. It is generally hit with a lofted club and expected to stop fairly quickly once reaching the green.
 A bunker shot is a shot played from a sand trap. It is hit with a lofted wedge and is intended to hit the ball high so that it can carry over the lip of the bunker while still staying on the green.
 A flop shot is when a player opens the club face on a chip shot to get the ball to fly over an obstacle and stop quickly or spin back once it hits the ground.
 A putt is a shot designed to roll the ball along the ground. It is normally made on the putting green using a putter, though other clubs may be used to achieve the same effect in different situations. A lag is a long putt designed less to try to place the ball in the cup than to simply move the ball closer to the hole for an easier putt into the hole.
 A bank shot is a shot played from close to a green with a steep bank confronting the player, in which the ball is played so as to pitch on the face of the bank and go over it, either running or on the bounce.

Secondary characteristics
 A draw is a stroke played with the effect that, for a right-handed player, the ball moves from right to left during flight. Conversely the ball will move from left to right for a left-handed player. These characteristics are achieved with sidespin by either an in-to-out swingpath or a closed clubface, relative to the swingpath, at impact.
 A fade is a stroke played with the effect that, for a right-handed player, the ball moves from left to right during flight. Conversely the ball will move from right to left for a left-handed player. These characteristics are achieved by having either an out-to-in swingpath or an open clubface, relative to the swingpath, at impact, again due to sidespin.
 A punch or knock-down shot is one with a low trajectory, that is employed when hitting into the wind or in order to avoid hitting the ball into overhead obstructions. This stroke is achieved by keeping the weight forward and the hands ahead of the clubhead through impact.

Misplayed shots
 A hook occurs when the clubface is closed relative to the swingpath or with an inside-out swingpath and thus flies severely from right to left for a right-handed player, or vice versa for a left-handed player. Skilled players can hook the ball at will, but most commonly it is a misplayed shot that often has negative consequences.
 A slice occurs when the clubface is open relative to the swingpath or with an outside-in swingpath and thus flies severely from left to right for a right-handed player, or vice versa for a left-handed player. Skilled players can slice the ball at will, but most commonly it is a misplayed shot that often has negative consequences.
 A push is a ball whose flight path is straight, with negligible sidespin, that ends up right of the target. The incidence angle of the clubface is x° to the right of the target, and where the path of the clubface is also x° to the right of the target (inside to outside path).
 A pull is a ball whose flight path is straight, with negligible sidespin that ends up left of the target. The incidence angle of the clubface is x° to the left of the target, and where the path of the clubface is also x° to the left of the target (outside to inside path).
 A shank occurs when the ball is struck on the hosel of the club, and thus flies at a sharp angle to the right of the intended direction (or vice versa for a left-handed player).
 A thin shot occurs when the forward edge of the clubhead strikes the ball too high, causing the shot to fly low, sometimes even causing it to travel across the ground, and usually comes up short of the target.
 A top occurs when the player strikes the top half of the golf ball causing it to dribble along the ground and come up severely short of the intended target.
 A fat shot occurs when the forward edge of the clubhead strikes the ground behind the ball first, causing the shot to come up short of the target.
 A pop-up (or sky) occurs when the ball strikes too highly on the clubface, causing the shot to travel very high, leaving it well short of its intended target.
 A whiff (or air shot) occurs when the golfer swings and misses the ball.
 A duff occurs when the golfer makes contact with the top half of the ball on follow through and then it proceeds to bounce along the ground or when the golfer chunks the golf ball causing it to bounce

Other definitions
 Backspin is imparted due to the golf club's loft and the clubhead speed at impact.
 Sidespin is imparted due to the non-perpendicularity of the golf club or the path of the clubhead.

See also

 Golf instruction
 Driving range
 Mike Austin Swing
 Ben Hogan's swing
 Jim Furyk's swing
 Tiger Woods' swing

References

Golf terminology
Golf strokes


Andrei Aleksandrovich Nikolayev (; born 30 August 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Zenit St. Petersburg, and played 1 game, scoring 1 goal in the UEFA Cup 2002–03 for them. In 2006, he was loaned to FK Rīga, playing in the Latvian Higher League. In 2011, he came back to Latvia, signing a contract with Skonto Riga.

Honours
 Russian Premier League runner-up: 2003.

References

1982 births
Footballers from Saint Petersburg
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
FC Moscow players
FK Rīga players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
FC Sibir Novosibirsk players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
Skonto FC players
FC Novokuznetsk players
FC Cherepovets players
Russian Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Latvia
FC Nizhny Novgorod (2007) players
FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg players


The 1980 Fischer-Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria that was part of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 20 October until 26 October 1980. First-seeded Brian Gottfried won the singles title, his second at the event after 1977.

Finals

Singles

 Brian Gottfried defeated  Trey Waltke 6–2, 6–4, 6–3
 It was Gottfried's 8th title of the year and the 66th of his career.

Doubles

 Robert Lutz /  Stan Smith defeated  Heinz Günthardt /  Pavel Složil 6–1, 6–2
 It was Lutz's 7th title of the year and the 49th of his career. It was Smith's 6th title of the year and the 86th of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Fischer-Grand Prix
Vienna Open


Digital Data Exchange (DDEX) is an international standards-setting organization that was formed in 2006 to develop standards that enable companies to communicate information along the digital supply chain more efficiently by:

 Developing standard message and file formats (XML or flat-file)
 Developing choreographies for specific business transactions
 Developing communication protocols (SFTP or based on web services)
 Working with industry bodies to create a more efficient supply chain.

DDEX currently focuses on the music industry and has 3 types of membership: charter, full and associate members, with about 100 members.

Business transactions addressed

DDEX's standards address a series of business transactions, including:
 Release deliveries
 Sales/usage reporting
 Communication with and amongst Music Licensing Companies
 Licensing of musical works
 Collection of information on sound recordings and musical works in the recording studio

Using DDEX standards
All DDEX standards are available from the DDEX Knowledge Base, with complete documentation. DDEX has also created a series of free introductory videos.

Implementers that want to use any of the DDEX standards are required to take out a software licence. This licence is a royalty-free click wrap licence that grants implementers access to the intellectual property embedded in the DDEX standards.

References

External links
 DDEX Homepage

Music industry
Entertainment industry
Standards organizations in the United States
Organizations established in 2006


John Lachlan Taylor (January 10, 1895 – May 1, 1971) was a professional football player who played in the National Football League (NFL) with the Chicago Staleys, Canton Bulldogs, Brooklyn Lions and the Brooklyn Horsemen. Taylor won an American Professional Football Association championship in 1921, with the Staleys, the forerunners of the Chicago Bears. Taylor won another championship in 1922 with the Bulldogs. He finished his career in 1926, playing for the Lions-Horsemen.

References

1895 births
Sportspeople from Superior, Wisconsin
Players of American football from Wisconsin
Players of American football from Ohio
Canton Bulldogs players
Chicago Staleys players
Brooklyn Lions players
Brooklyn Horsemen players
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
1971 deaths


Karen Gennadyevich Oganyan (; born 25 June 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer of Armenian ethnic origin.

Career
Oganyan made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Torpedo Moscow. He has also played in the Premier League with FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow and FC Alania Vladikavkaz. Oganyan made four appearances for FC Metalist Kharkiv in the Ukrainian Premier League.

References

1982 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian sportspeople of Armenian descent
Russian men's footballers
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Torpedo-2 players
FC Moscow players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC Metalist Kharkiv players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
FC Zvezda Irkutsk players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
Expatriate men's footballers in Latvia
Men's association football forwards


Edward Kelland-Espinosa (1906–1991) was the son of Edouard Espinosa, founder of the British Ballet Organization (BBO), and his wife, Eve Louise Kelland.

Personal life
Kelland-Espinosa was born in London in 1906 to parents Edouard Espinosa and Eve Louise Kelland. His sister, Yvette Espinosa, was born in 1911.

Career
Kelland-Espinosa experienced success as both a performer and a teacher before devoting his career to developing the BBO and raising the standard of teaching throughout the country and abroad.

After his father's death in 1950, Edward took over the administration of the BBO and was elected chairman. Alongside his sister, Yvette Espinosa, he ran the organization until his retirement in  January 1987.

Bibliography

 Tap Dancing: Volume 6 (1963)
 Tap Dancing: Analytical Description and Counting of the Entire Syllabus as Used in General Work and Also the Examinations of the Tap Branch of the British Ballet Organization (1967)
 Tap Branch of the British Ballet Organization: Senior Tap Syllabus, Minor Examinations (1967)
 Tap Dancing: The Lower Preliminary Syllabus for Pupils and Teachers (1967)
 The Solo Irish Jig: Analytical Description and Counting of a Simple Sequence of a Traditional Irish Step Dance (1967)
 Tap Branch of the British Ballet Organization: Higher Primary Syllabus, Minor Examination (1968)
 Tap Dancing: The Elementary Syllabus for Pupils and Teachers (1970)
 Tap Branch of the British Ballet Organization: Intermediate Syllabus, Major Examination (1972)
 Tap Branch of the British Ballet Organization: Lower Preliminary Syllabus, Minor Examination (1972)
 Tap Branch of the British Ballet Organization: Preparatory Advanced Syllabus, Major Examination (1973)
 Tap Dancing: The Higher Preliminary Syllabus for Pupils and Teachers (1975)
 Tap Dancing Pt. 1: Elementary (1979)
 Tap Dancing: The Lower Preliminary Syllabus for Pupils and Teachers (1980)

References

Ballet teachers
1906 births
1991 deaths


Gulyana (Urdu: , Potohari Punjabi: ) is a town in the Gujar Khan Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Gulyana is also chief town of Union Council Gulyana which is an administrative subdivision of the Tehsil.

It is the village and union councils of Gujarkhan. It is approximately 62 km (70 km by road) southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 215 km to the north west of Lahore capital of Punjab. The town has a population of approximately 25,000. Gulyana lies at the bank of the sinuous river. It is also the Pothohari cultural region. The area has considerable literate human resources which works in nearby Gujarkhan & Rawalpindi. Ogah Hoon dam also serves fertile land of Gulyana. A private textile mill also increases its importance in the region.

History

Gulyana was approximately 900 years old when Gul Mohammad settled there; it is named for him. Historically before partition Gulyana was the trade centre for surrounding areas. Before the Partition of India Gulyana was the renowned place and Tehsildar office was operating here in Gulyana with judicial, but because of G.T ROAD Gujarkhan became a judicial place. The central peak point called Pind was used for the traders to announce the arrival of new goods, in 1960 and early 1970 "LITTO" a drum beater used to announce at Pind.

Occupations
80% of the population depends on agriculture. Lands of that area are very fertile. Main Crops are: wheat, millet, peanuts and other pulses.

Major industries
 Chicken and fish farming
 Vegetable and fruits farming
 Milk production animals farming
 Pottery

Hospital
Gulyana has one main Govt. dispensary. Private hospitals and healthcare units are also working in the town. Lady health workers are also working with other Govt. Basic Health Units in the area.

Gulyana River
Gulyana river locally called as Kass (کس) flows sinuously around the area from west to east. It is one of many supporting rivers for Jhelum River. It is a typical semi-arid rain river which flows around the area with floods during monsoon season. Young river starts from village Muradi Janjeel (مرادی جنجیل) covering other villages like Sukho(سکھو). Small supporting rivers which start from areas near Mandra–Chakwal Road also add up more water in it. Before reaching gulyana it fills up Ogha Hun Dam.
It flows sinuously making a W-shape around Gulyana and creates typical potohari landscape. The river flows further and crosses GT Road near Bhai Khan city (بھائ خان). It joins another river called kanshi (کانسی) which flows around north east villages of Gujar Khan tehsil. The river drainage basin finishes at Mangla Dam on Jhelum river.

Ogha Hun Dam
Ogha Hun Dam was built on the Gulyana River (Kass) and is located 4km (5km by road) away from the main town. It provides Gulyana's seasonal corps with enough supply of water through canalgulyana

Telecommunication
The PTCL provides the main network of landline telephone. Many ISPs and all major mobile phone, Wireless companies operating in Pakistan provide service in Gulyana.

Education
 Government high school (boys)
 Government high school (girls)
 Government primary school (boys)
 Government primary school (girls)

See also

 Rawalpindi District
 Gujar Khan Tehsil
 List of people from Gujar Khan

References

 ^ a b c Stefan Helders. "World Gazzeteer". https://archive.today/20130210085056/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-172&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=a&va=x&geo=443761330. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
 ^ Election Commission of Pakistan. "Zila, Tehsil & Town Councils Membership for Punjab". https://web.archive.org/web/20090304160001/http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/zttc/townpunjab.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
 ^ Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. "List of Administrative Units of Pakistan (Tehsil/Taluka)". http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/admin_unit/admin_list_tehsil.html. Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
 ^ "Election Commission of Pakistan". https://web.archive.org/web/20120217184209/http://www2.ecp.gov.pk/vsite/ElectionResult/AllResults.aspx?assemblyid=NA.
 ^ Towns & Unions in the City District of Rawalpindi
 ^ 1998 Census details - Official website of Rawalpindi District
 ^ Asia Times Online (Holdings) Ltd. "Business in Asia". http://www.atimes.com/bizasia/DB22Aa01.html . Retrieved on 2007-07-02.
 ^ Gulyana Full Info. "Gulyana". http://www.facebook.com/gulyanaa Retrieved on 2019-07-05.

Union councils of Gujar Khan Tehsil
Villages in Gujar Khan Tehsil
Union councils of Rawalpindi District


Maksim Vladimirovich Primak (; born 26 October 1981) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Uralan Elista.

References

1981 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Energiya Volzhsky players
FC Elista players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
Russian Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Armavir players
Men's association football midfielders


Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian - The Video Game (known as Night at the Museum 2 in other countries) is an action-adventure video game developed by Amaze Entertainment and Pipeworks Software, and published by Majesco Entertainment for Wii, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, and Xbox 360. The BlackBerry and Java ME versions were developed and published by Gameloft. The video game is based on the film of the same name. Ben Stiller reprises his role in the film as the voice of Larry Daley.

Gameplay
Gameplay will involve Larry exploring certain exhibits in the museum. Platforming involves Larry using a rope to swing from hooks and a flashlight that activates different contraptions.

Battling requires Larry to lead his enemies to a certain painting or statue and activating it, causing the object to attack (ex. Thinker will swipe at a passing enemy, an ocean painting releases a shark, etc.). Larry will be able to pilot vehicles, which are the Apollo Lunar Module, a Pitcairn Autogyro, and Rexy the T-rex.

Plot
The plot of the game is almost the same as the plot of the film.

Larry Daley is the CEO and founder of the company Daley Devices, and learns that the Museum of Natural History, where he once worked as a night guard and found out that the exhibits come to life every night, is having renovations, replacing the wax figures and stuffed animals with state-of-the-art 3D holograms. Larry returns to the museum, where he learns from Jedidiah the miniature cowboy and Octavius the Roman general that because of the renovations, they will be shipped to the Federal Archives (Octavius calls it the Imperial Archives) under the Smithsonian Museum, aside from Rexy the T-Rex skeleton, Ahkmenrah and his tablet, (which is the source which makes the exhibits come to life) the Easter Island Head, and other signature exhibits will be staying. Larry meets with Ahkmenrah, who teaches him about the several ingots the tablet consists of, explaining that each ingot has a different power. He tells Larry he can use the tablet's powers using his flashlight and key-chain.

After returning home, Larry receives a call from Jed, informing him that the tablet was stolen by the monkey Dexter while all of them were supposed to be in federal archives without the tablet. Larry rushes to the Smithsonian in Washington DC. He steals a key card from a guard and enters the Federal Archive, and gets the tablet. However, night comes (Larry calls it "magic time" throughout the video game), causing everything to come to life. This brings the evil and power-hungry Kahmunrah, who is Ahkmenrah's evil brother, to life, imprisoning Jed, Dexter and the others. Larry is threatened by Kahmunrah, and is forced to give him the tablet. Kahmunrah smashes the tablet to pieces (an event that did not happen in the film), giving the ingots in the tablet to several other exhibits who are on his side (such as Napoleon, Ivan the Terrible and Al Capone)  who hide the ingots. Larry escapes by releasing a squid, who captures Kahmunrah and his servants, escaping with the tablet with only one ingot left. Larry tracks down the exhibits following Kahmunrah, and finds the ingots in several places in the museum, such as the Art Gallery (where he steals the ingot from Ivan the terrible, fixing the exhibits Ivan damaged on the way), the Air and Space Museum (where he steals an ingot from Napoleon) and so on.

In the end, there is a huge battle over the finished tablet, which is won by Larry's friends and Larry banishes Kahmunrah to the Underworld. Like the movie, the game ends with the museum being open late at night and Larry telling his boss Dr. McPhee that he stuck motors in the exhibits, while he actually just brought the tablet home, and having the exhibits come back to life.

Reception

The DS, Wii, and Xbox 360 versions received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

IGN were the most positive source for the Wii and Xbox 360 versions, saying that they were "Not exhilarating, not mind-blowing, but surprisingly solid. Good job, Pipeworks, you made a game that's educational [and] simple, and, best of all, never outstays its welcome." Official Xbox Magazine called it "A solid choice for couch time with the kids." GameSpot, however, said of the Wii and Xbox 360 versions in its early review, "A few cute moments can't disguise this movie tie-in's biggest problem: its criminally short length."

See also
 Smithsonian Institution

References

External links

2009 video games
BlackBerry games
Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Cultural depictions of Amelia Earhart
Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer
Cultural depictions of Ivan the Terrible
Cultural depictions of Napoleon
Cultural depictions of Al Capone
Gameloft games
J2ME games
Majesco Entertainment games
Night at the Museum
Nintendo DS games
Video games based on films
Video games developed in France
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in museums
Video games set in New York City
Video games set in Washington, D.C.
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Pipeworks Studios games
Single-player video games
The Fizz Factor games
Amaze Entertainment games


Desnoes and Geddes Limited (D&G) is a Jamaican brewer and beverage producer. It was formed in 1918 by Eugene Peter Desnoes and Thomas Hargreaves Geddes who combined their two shops into one business.

Products
D&G produces one of Jamaica's best-known exports, Red Stripe beer, and also exports Old Jamaica Ginger Beer. It brews other malt beverages for the local market under the brand names Red Stripe Light, Dragon Stout, Malta (nonalcoholic), Smirnoff Ice, Guinness, and Heineken.

Dragon Stout
Dragon was introduced in 1920. Its brewing process utilises a Grade A two-row European malt, caramel, roasted malt and dark brown sugar.

Ownership
Only a small portion of D&G's shares are publicly traded. From 1993 until autumn 2015, Guinness and Smirnoff owner Diageo owned a controlling stake in the company. In October 2015, Dutch brewer Heineken acquired Diageo's stake taking its stake to 73.3%. It stated it would launch a full bid for the shares it did not own.

D&G also made soft drinks, including the popular Ting, but sold that division to PepsiCo in 1999.

References

Companies based in Kingston, Jamaica
Beer in the Caribbean
Food and drink companies established in 1918
1918 establishments in Jamaica
Jamaican brands
Heineken brands


Dorwin Demarcus Dorrough (born October 28, 1986), known professionally as Dorrough Music (or simply Dorrough), is an American rapper and songwriter. His singles include "Walk That Walk", "Get Big", "Ice Cream Paint Job", and "Beat Up the Block". He has produced a series of 6 mixtapes (including three with Gangsta Grillz) and 2 studio albums.

Early life
Dorrough Music was born in Dallas, Texas, United States, at Baylor Hospital. Being the youngest of eleven kids, at the age of 7, he developed a strong interest in basketball and played the sport until he was 18. Although he had a love for music, it was not until high school that he developed an interest in creating and writing music, in which he started off mixing mixtapes for close friends that were rappers until he discovered his own talent as a writer and performer. He attended Lancaster High School in Lancaster, where he was captain of the basketball team and became popular from playing his music at games and selling mixtapes during school hours. He also attended Prairie View A&M University where he gained regional stardom through building a student fan base that spread throughout the south, though he did not graduate.

Music career

2008–2009: Dorrough Music
Dorrough Music started his musical career giving out mixtapes at basketball games at his high school. His first single, "Walk That Walk", reached 28 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and 12 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. His second single, "Ice Cream Paint Job", was his first to reach the Billboard Hot 100, reaching number 27. His debut album, Dorrough Music, was released on E1 Music August 4, 2009 and the album peaked at #36 on the Billboard 200, 6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and 2 on the Top Rap Albums. After the success of the second single, "Ice Cream Paint Job", a remix was recorded. On August 18, 2009, the remix was released. It featured Soulja Boy, Rich Boy, Jermaine Dupri, Jim Jones, Slim Thug and E-40.

2010: Get Big
Dorrough Music released two promo singles for his Get Big album: "I Want (Hood Christmas Anthem)" on December 3, 2009 and "Number 23" on January 26, 2010. He also released two official singles: "Hood Bitch Fetish" featuring Yo Gotti and "Get Big". The album was released on September 7, 2010. In 2012, he was featured on a song by E-40 called "I'm Doing It", which appears as a bonus track on E-40's 16th studio album, The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 2.

2010: Gangsta Grillz: Number 23
Dorrough Music released an 18-song mixtape with DJ Drama featuring Yo Gotti, Shawty Lo, Slim Thug, Oj Tha Juiceman, Diamond and more.

2011: Gangsta Grillz: Code Red
Dorrough Music released a 15-song mixtape with DJ Drama with no features.

2011: Gangsta Grillz: Silent Assassin
Dorrough Music released a 19-song mixtape with DJ Drama featuring 2 Chainz, Yo Gotti, Nipsey Hussle Jim Jones, Travis Porter, Trae The Truth, Slim Thug, Diamond and more.

2012: Highlights
Dorrough Music released a 19-song Mixtape with DJ Ill Will featuring Nipsey Hussle, Twista, E-40, Kid Ink, YG, Yo Gotti, Ace Hood, Wale, Juvenile, Paul Wall, Bun B, Lil Duval, Yung Nation, Maino, and more.

2013: Shut The City Down
Dorrough Music released an 18-song Mixtape with Dj Smallz, Dj Scream, & Dj Mr. Rogers featuring Juicy J, Rocko, French Montana, Kevin Gates, Kid Ink, Problem, Kirko Bangz, Chevy Woods, Z-Ro, Snow Tha Product, Waka Flocka, Shawty Lo, Trae The Truth, and more.

2015: Shut The City Down 2
Dorrough Music released a 14-song Mixtape with Dj Skee & Dj Base featuring Lil Boosie, Too Short, Riff Raff, Young Dolph, Chamillionaire, Beatking, Peewee Longway and more.

Awards

2009 BET Hip Hop Awards
Nominated for Best New Artist, Video of the Year, & Viewers Choice

2010 Ascap Awards
Song Writers Award

2010 SEA Awards
Independent Artist of the Year

2008 PV Choice Awards
Rapper of the Year

Discography

 Dorrough Music (2009)
 Get Big (2010)
 Ride wit Me (2017)
 The Jump Back (2018)

References

External links
Dorrough on Myspace

1986 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
MNRK Music Group artists
Rappers from Dallas
Prairie View A&M University alumni
Southern hip hop musicians
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people


The strategy of assumed incumbency is based on a recognition of the value of incumbency in a political campaign.  A high correlation between election and incumbency has been demonstrated in congressional races.  The success rate of incumbent members of the U.S. House of Representatives seeking re-election averaged 93.5 percent during the 1960s and 1970s.  Statistically, the initial edge for the incumbent candidate is 2-4 percent of the vote.

An incumbent is the person currently holding the office; that held position provides an automatic legitimacy, which usually results in an early conclusion of the person being the frontrunner in the campaign.  Powell and Shelby (1891) claim that being the frontrunner allows the candidate to be able to define the parameters of debate and put the burden of the proof on the challenger.

The assumed incumbent strategy occurs when a political position becomes open with no incumbent seeking re-election.  The candidate that runs for the now open spot can assume the incumbency role for that position, usually through same-party affiliation. One case study that examined an assumed incumbency looked at Richard Shelby and his congressional campaign in 1978 in Alabama.  At the time, Shelby was an Alabama state senator, and had announced his intentions to run for the state lieutenant governor's position   However, when Congressman Walter Flowers decided to leave his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives and run for a seat in the U.S. Senate, Shelby decided to abandon his campaign for state lieutenant governor and run for Walter's congressional seat.  The congressional seat was now open with no incumbent seeking re-election.  Thus, the decision for Shelby to run was made using the assumed incumbency strategy.

The strategy of assumed incumbency is developed through three progressive stages that complete a model of spiral progression as follows:

The three stages of the model are as follows:

1. Legitimacy becomes the rhetorical goal of the strategy, and the initial stage of the strategy's development.  This starting point depends on the degree of name recognition that a candidate has with its given audience.  The goal is to generate expectations about the candidate as the likely winner, which is achieved through the rhetorical stance that identifies the candidate as the 'natural choice' for the position sought.  Success comes from identification of the candidate with the incumbent and/or the characteristics of the incumbency.

2. Identification stems from the increased visibility that is given to the candidate during the legitimacy stage, making the candidate a political celebrity.  The goal of this stage is increased voter recognition of a candidate's name.  Press coverage shifts from trying to establish legitimacy to maintaining one's name in the face of the public.

3. Reinforcement occurs when the candidate's campaign reaffirms the legitimacy of the candidate.  If the stages of legitimacy and identification succeed, then a set of expectations will be generated on what the candidate should be like - the 'ideal candidate' image that the voters begin to form and hold

The assumed incumbency model seeks to generate a specific ideal type in the early stage, then provide verification in the final stage.

Assumptions of the Model

1. The importance of legitimacy as a campaign stage is noted.

2. The strategy assumes that direct confrontation between the candidate and the opposition should not occur, as the confrontation would assign legitimacy to the opponent  and reduce the effectiveness of the strategy.

3. The strategy assumes that past voting behavior related to the actual incumbent can serve as the basis for establishing vote expectations for the new candidate.

4. The strategy assumes a progressive acceleration rate, attained by increased media exposure, which is intended to assist in the control of momentum so the candidate is perceived as starting from a strong position and growing stronger as the campaign develops.

5. The strategy dictates what media should be employed and at what times to achieve the effects.

One contingent condition must exist: the strategy is contingent upon the actual incumbent having strong voting appeal in the district.  If the strong vote appeal is not present, the advantage of assuming incumbency would be diminished.  This strategy worked for Shelby, as there was a strong vote appeal present for the actual incumbent; in this case, Walters.  Pre-campaign polls showed that Flowers was the most popular politician with a favorability rating of 67%

References

Political terminology
Elections


Yvette Espinosa (1911–1992) was an English ballerina. She was born in England, the daughter of Eve Louise Kelland and Edouard Espinosa, founder of the British Ballet Organization.

Following her success as a performer and teacher, she joined her brother, Edward Kelland-Espinosa, in devoting her career to developing the BBO and raising the standard of teaching throughout the country and abroad.

References

1911 births
1992 deaths
British ballerinas
Ballet teachers
20th-century British ballet dancers


HadGEM1 (abbreviation for Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 1) is a coupled climate model developed at the Met Office’s Hadley Centre in 2006 and used in IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on climate change. It represents a significant scientific advance on its predecessor, HadCM3. HadGEM1 also provides a basis for further development of models, particularly involving enhanced resolution and full Earth System modelling.

The current version is HadGEM3.

References

Further reading

External links
IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007): Model UKMO-HADGEM1, change fields

Numerical climate and weather models
Met Office


R\West is an American advertising agency based in Portland, Oregon that provides marketing, public relations, and related services.  They are best known for the Trunk Monkey commercials, which they created in collaboration with Limbo Films for Suburban Auto Group.

History
The company was founded in 1997 as Big Ads, and later changed its name to R\West.  According to President Sean Blixseth (not to be confused with lawyer Sean Reed Blixseth), the 'R' in R\West stands for the messenger Revere, symbolizing the company's role as a messenger for its clients.

The agency gained national attention as dealerships across the U.S. licensed the ads. They also received some negative publicity from animal rights activists over their use of a trained chimpanzee.

R\West is also notable for designing an award-winning kids' meal program for the fast food chain Burgerville.  The program received the Grand Award in the 2004 Best Kids' Menu in America Competition.  Through comic books, games and toys, young diners learn about locally grown food and natural resources in the Pacific Northwest.

Clients (list is not expansive)
Teachers Federal Credit Union
Fetzer Vineyards
Overlake Hospital Medical Center
OHSU Foundation
Flir
Raymarine
Demarini
Bonne Maman
Walkers Shortbread International
Sorel
Burgerville
Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
Taco Time

Awards
 2007: two Emmys from The Northwest Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences in the commercial category for the best single-spot award for "Bridge" and best campaign award for "Abduction/Rescue", part of the Trunk Monkey campaign.

References

External links
Official Website
Gekkoshot SEO

Companies based in Portland, Oregon
Privately held companies based in Oregon
Advertising agencies of the United States
1997 establishments in Oregon


Han Hong () (765 – January 19, 823), formally Duke Yin of Xu (許隱公), was a general of the Tang dynasty of China, who also served as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong and Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong.

Background
Han Hong was born in 765, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.  His family was originally from Yingchuan (潁川, in modern Xuchang, Henan), but had for generations lived at Hua Prefecture (滑州, in modern Anyang, Henan).  Neither his grandfather Han Wang () nor his father Han Chui () was prominent, and he lost his father early in his life.  He relied on his mother's clan, particularly his maternal uncle, the general Liu Xuanzuo (), serving on Liu's staff.  When Liu, who was then the military governor (Jiedushi) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), died in 792, the soldiers supported Liu's son Liu Shining () as his successor initially, and, despite some reluctance, Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong agreed.  In 793, after the soldiers mutinied and expelled Liu Shining, Han left Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture () and became an officer at another prefecture of Xuanwu's, Song Prefecture (宋州, in modern Shangqiu, Henan).

As military governor of Xuanwu Circuit
In 799, Liu Shining's successor Liu Quanliang () died, and the Xuanwu soldiers, remembering Liu Xuanzuo, supported Han Hong as the acting military governor.  It was said that Han was good at judging which soldiers were brave and which soldiers were not, and assigning the right soldiers for the right tasks.  Emperor Dezong subsequently made Han military governor.  Meanwhile, Wu Shaocheng the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) had recently rose against the imperial government and had reached a secret agreement with Liu Quanliang to jointly attack Chenxu Circuit (陳許, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) and divide it among them.  Han repudiated the agreement and sent troops to help the imperial forces' attacks against Wu.

In 800, Han, after he became familiar with the officers, came to understand that one of them, Liu E (), had long been involved with the repeated mutinies against military governors.  He gathered Liu E and 300 of Liu E's followers and executed them.  It was said that after this incident, until Han left the circuit two decades later, the Xuanwu soldiers did not dare to create disturbances again.

In 805, after Emperor Dezong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Shunzong, but before the news of Emperor Dezong's death had reached the circuits, Li Yuansu () the military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan), had found out about Emperor Dezong's death.  As he wanted to let the warlord Li Shigu the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), not felt left out, he secretly informed Li Shigu — but Li Shigu, wanting to use this opportunity to enlarge his territory, battered Li Yuansu's messenger and accused Li Yuansu of falsely proclaiming the emperor's death.  He prepared troops to attack Yicheng, and Li Yuansu sought immediate aid from Han.  Han sent messengers to warn Li Shigu, and Li Shigu, apprehensive that Han might attack his back, did not attack Yicheng.  Han further intercepted the messengers of Li Shigu and Wu Shaocheng's successor Wu Shaoyang as the messengers went through Xuanwu, and he confiscated the gifts that Li Shigu and Wu were sending each other — salt from Li Shigu to Wu and cowhide from Wu to Li Shigu, pointing out that imperial regulations forbid military governors from sending each other gifts.  In 808, by which time Emperor Shunzong's son Emperor Xianzong was emperor, Han received the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().

In 812, after another warlord, Tian Ji'an the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), his relative Tian Xing seized control of Weibo from Tian Ji'an's son Tian Huaijian and submitted the circuit to imperial orders.  When Li Shigu's brother and successor Li Shidao threatened to attack Tian Xing along with Wang Chengzong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and threatened Han with this, Han threatened to attack Pinglu's Cao Prefecture (曹州, in modern Heze, Shandong) if Li Shidao attacked Weibo.  Li Shidao became apprehensive and did not act against Weibo.

By this point, Han had become arrogant due to the strong army that he had.  As he had never gone to the capital Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor, it was said that the imperial government did not treat him as a military governor that it could command easily.  After Wang E () the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) also received honorary chancellor title in 814, Han felt disgraced to be sharing the same rank as Wang and wrote the chancellor Wu Yuanheng to complain.  As a result, in 815, Emperor Xianzong conferred on Han the honorary title of acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies) to make Han's title greater than Wang's.  (Chancellors were of the third rank, while the Three Excellencies were of the first rank.)

By that point, imperial forces were locked in a campaign against Wu Shaoyang's son and successor Wu Yuanji, who had resisted the imperial government after failing to receive imperial sanction to succeed Wu Shaoyang after Wu Shaoyang's death in 814.  Initially, Yan Shou () the military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) was made the overall commander of the forces against Zhangyi, but after the chancellor Pei Du pointed out that Yan was incompetent, late in 815, Emperor Xianzong replaced Yan with Han.  However, it was said that Han wanted to hold onto power personally, and therefore did not really want to see Wu Yuanji's quick destruction.  To endear himself to one of the key imperial generals against Zhangyi, Li Guangyan the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, i.e. the new name for Chenxu), he found a beautiful woman and gave her to Li Guangyan as a gift, but Li Guangyan, pointing out that all of the soldiers were also away from their families, thanked Han but declined the woman, sending her back to Han.

The imperial forces continued to be unable to defeat Zhangyi conclusively, and in fall 817, Pei went to the front to oversee the troops himself — but Han remained titularly the overall commander.  Later that year, after a surprise attack by Li Su the military governor of Tangsuideng Circuit (唐隨鄧, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) captured Zhangyi's capital Cai Prefecture () and took Wu captive, it was to Han and Pei that Emperor Xianzong issued the edict for them to list those with accomplishments during the campaign to be rewarded.  For Han's own contributions during the campaign, Emperor Xianzong gave him the additional honorary chancellor title of Shizhong ().  He was also created the Duke of Xu.

It was said that after Wu's destruction, Han became more fearful of the imperial government, and after Emperor Xianzong declared a campaign against Li Shidao in summer 818, Han personally commanded troops against Li Shidao and put Cao Prefecture under siege, even though he was suffering from an illness at the time.  In spring 819, Han captured Pinglu's Kaocheng (考城, in modern Shangqiu, Henan).  With the imperial generals repeatedly dealing Pinglu forces defeats, Li Shidao's own officer Liu Wu killed Li Shidao and surrendered.

In fall 819, Han made his first trip to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong, and Emperor Xianzong treated him with great respect.  He made a large tribute offering of horses, silk, and gold and silver vessels — but despite this, it was said that the Xuanwu treasury continued to be wealthy.  He subsequently requested to remain at Chang'an, and Emperor Xianzong kept Han at Chang'an to serve as Zhongshu Ling (), the head of the legislative bureau of government (), considered a post for a chancellor, as well as acting Situ.  Han was succeeded by Zhang Hongjing as the military governor of Xuanwu.

Subsequent career
At the suggestion of his son Han Gongwu (), Han Hong maintained the good will of the other imperial officials and generals by sending them many gifts.  (One imperial official who refused these gifts was Niu Sengru, who later received renown for declining Han's gifts.)  When Emperor Xianzong died in 820 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong, Han served as regent for three days before Emperor Muzong formally took the throne.  Later in the year, he was made the military governor of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) as well as its capital Hezhong Municipality.  At that time, Han Hong's brother Han Chong () served as the military governor of Yicheng, and Han Gongwu served as the military governor of Fufang Circuit (鄜坊, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi), and it was said that no household was more honored than Han's.  In 822, Han requested retirement based on old age, and he was recalled to Chang'an to again serve as acting Situ and Zhongshu Ling.  He died around the new year 823 and was given posthumous honors.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 156.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 158.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 235, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241.

765 births
823 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Muzong of Tang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xuanwu Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hezhong Circuit
Mayors of Yuncheng
Regents of China
Politicians from Xinxiang
Tang dynasty generals from Henan
9th-century regents


Joseph Cassar (born 19 May 1966), best known as Joe Cassar, was a Maltese politician who served as Minister for Health, The Elderly and Community Care. He was a Nationalist Member of Parliament until he resigned on November 1 2015, both from the Nationalist Party and Parliament.

Education
His education was at St. Aloysius College and then at the University of Malta. He graduated as a doctor on 1990. His after specialisation was as a psychiatrist at Yale University (USA) For a number of years he worked as a consultant within the Department of Health. He is also a lecturer at the University of Malta.

Medical doctor
During his professional career, Cassar was President of the Malta Medical Students Association, an executive member within the Medical Association of Malta, the President of Yale Psychiatry Residents Association and an active member of the International Catholic Movement. He has authored numerous papers related to psychiatry.

Political life
He represented the Nationalist Party in the Medical Board for the Maltese Electoral Commission. He contested the 2008 elections in the interest of the Nationalist Party getting elected to the House of Representatives of Malta. Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi appointed his as Parliamentary Secretary of Health in the Ministry of Social Policy, assisting Minister John Dalli. Following Dalli's resignation from the post of Minister for Social Policy, the portfolios of Health, Elderly and Community Care were assigned a Ministry. Cassar became the Minister for Health, Elderly and Community Care on 9 February 2010. Mario Galea, retained his own position as Parliamentary Secretary for the Elderly and Community Care.

Joe Cassar retired from politics in 2015.

References
 Official Website
 DOI website

1966 births
Living people
Members of the House of Representatives of Malta
Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians
Place of birth missing (living people)
Maltese psychiatrists
21st-century Maltese physicians
20th-century Maltese physicians
21st-century Maltese politicians
Government ministers of Malta