El Chal is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site located in the upper San Juan River valley of the southeastern Petén Basin region, Guatemala. The site is situated in the municipality of El Chal, lying some  to the south of the municipal seat also called El Chal.

El Chal was occupied from approximately 300 BC through to 1300 AD (from the Late Preclassic through to the Early Postclassic Periods of Mesoamerican chronology), although some Middle Preclassic activity has been identified in the acropolis. The Late Preclassic occupation of the city was concentrated around an E-Group ceremonial complex some  north of the later site core. The site's major period of occupation was during the Late Classic Period, when it was an important centre in the southeastern Petén region. Among the structures at the site is a large quadrangular residential complex, a structural type that is uncommonly found at Southern Maya lowland sites although there is a smaller one with similar characteristics at Machaquilá.

 very little restorative work has been undertaken at the site. The archaeological site is protected by the Guatemalan Instituto de Antropología e Historia.

Location

El Chal is located in the municipality of El Chal in the department of Petén in northern Guatemala. El Chal is  south of Flores, the departmental capital. The archaeological site is within the southern area of the village and municipal seat also named El Chal,  to the south of the highway to Flores. The site is situated in the central Petén wet savanna in a well-drained area not subject to seasonal flooding. The local topography is karstic in nature, and includes hills that support some of the city's architecture.

El Chal is located within the valley of the San Juan River, which is a tributary of the Pasión River, at an altitude of  above mean sea level. The site is situated on a natural north-south communication route between the Maya Mountains and the central Petén region. This route was used during the Colonial Period and was likely to have been inherited from pre-Conquest times.

Some of the major architecture of the site core is covered by secondary forest, including some large trees, while much of the city's remains lie within the modern village, including mounds of various sizes. Some mounds were destroyed in order to build the modern streets, in other cases the mounds were robbed of stone that was reused in modern construction. There are also instances where modern houses have been built on top of ancient mound platforms. Modern houses had previously also occupied the outskirts of the acropolis but were relocated during the Guatemalan Civil War in the late 20th century due to guerrilla activity.

History
El Chal was first occupied in the Middle Preclassic Period, with ceramics associated with a burial being recovered from the acropolis. Late Preclassic occupation has only been identified in a few residential groups in the site core. During the Preclassic the centre of the city was probably situated some distance to the northeast of the Late Classic centre, where a large ritual complex is located.

The major period of occupation at the site was during the Late Classic, when most of the major architecture was built. At this time the city centre was moved to the site core around the newly built acropolis complex. The sculpted monuments of the city indicate that it was important enough during the Late Classic to possess its own Emblem Glyph. The city experienced a period of intensive construction lasting from the Late Classic through to the Terminal Classic. All hieroglyphic texts sculpted on monuments at El Chal date to the 8th century AD, although the inscriptions are heavily eroded. The residential groups constructed upon platforms in Panorama Sector were built in the Late Classic, when a flint workshop was in production in Panorama Group 19. During the Late Classic occupation also expanded throughout the other sectors of the city; Arrepentimiento, Municipal and Central.

During the Terminal Classic, El Chal maintained its primary place in the San Juan valley. This is evidenced by major building activity in the site core where the massive structures were underwent new phases of construction and by the erection of new monuments to accompany the already existing Late Classic monuments. The continued importance of El Chal in the Terminal Classic resulted in other centres in the region being eclipsed, such as El Edén and El Tigrillo to the west and Copoja, La Puente and El Ocote to the southeast. During the Terminal Classic, El Chal developed its own ceramic production industry.

In spite of the continued intensive activity in the site core, in Panorama Sector and the other peripheral residential sectors there was a diminishing of activity compared to the Late Classic, perhaps leading up to the abandonment of the city.

Postclassic Period occupation of El Chal has been identified from ceramic fragments recovered from Structure 1 in the Northwest Plaza. A few Postclassic potsherds were also excavated from Group 15 in the Central Sector.

Modern history
The name El Chal first appears on a Spanish Colonial watercolour from 1735 together with other villages in the region, with the name of El Chal or El Chacal. It also appears on a map of central and southeastern Petén from 1860, together with Poptún, Concepción, San Clemente and the ruins of Ixkun. Some of the stonework from the ruins has been stripped to be used in the construction of the modern village.

The site was visited by archaeologists Richard Kirsch and Ian Graham in 1974 and 1975 but their work was never published. In 1975, the Department of Prehispanic Monuments at IDAEH designated it as a protected site covering roughly . In 1989 the Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala mapped the site and catalogued the remaining monuments. In 1993 the first test excavations took place and an area of  around the site core was explored.

In the 1970s some sculpted monuments were removed from El Chal by FYDEP (Fomento y Desarrollo del Petén - "Petén Patronage and Development") and were later transferred to the Tikal National Park. By the mid-1990s the exact location and identity of these monuments had been lost.

Further excavations have taken place since the 1990s, including investigations of the West Plaza in 2003, the East Plaza in 2004, the acropolis in 2005–2006 and the Northwest Plaza in 2006.

Site description

The site core of El Chal consists of an acropolis and three ceremonial plazas in which the majority of sculpted monuments were found, the East Plaza, West Plaza and Northeast Plaza. There are also a number of other plazas in the site core. The plazas and the majority of the residential structures were laid out upon naturally level terrain, while the acropolis was built upon a natural limestone hill and a very few residential groups were built upon artificial basal platforms.

A reservoir is located to the northwest of the acropolis. It was built with irregular limestone blocks and measures  across. In the rain season it fills to a depth of  and contains .  A second, natural reservoir, is located to the south of the artificial reservoir and west of the acropolis. In the rain season it also fills to a depth of .

The large ritual complex of El Chal was located a considerable distance to the northeast of the civic centre of the city and was probably first built in the Preclassic Period.

Archaeologists have mapped 268 structures clustered in 53 groups around approximately 68 patios in the site core. Residential structures were concentrated in the area surrounding the ceremonial centre, especially on the north and west sides near to the reservoir. Residences tended to be larger the closer they were to the reservoir. The residential area of El Chal was extensive and archaeologists have divided it into four sectors. Municipal consists of the area occupied by the modern village, El Arrepentimiento is the northeastern portion of the site, Panorama is the northwestern area, and Central is the site core. Central El Chal contains 25 groups, Arrepentimiento contains 40 groups, Panorama contains 53 groups and Municipal contains 18 groups. Panorama was an area of chert production while Municipal is associated with the ritual complex of the city.

Central Sector

Acropolis
The acropolis was built on a  high limestone hill. The base is almost square, measuring  on each side. The acropolis complex faced northwards onto the south side of the West Plaza. The upper part of the hill was levelled into three wide terraces with an average area of . The terraces were linked by a sunken stairway on the north side of the acropolis. The architecture of the acropolis is arranged in six groups.

Terraces
Terrace 1 is the highest terrace in the acropolis. It supports three small patios labelled as Patios A, B and C. These patios are laid out between 10 structures. Among the structures found on Terrace 1, Structures 1, 3, 5 and 6 have been excavated by archaeologists. Structure 5 is the largest, on the west side of Patio A. Terrace 1 has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic. A complex stairway divided into three flights gave access to the terrace from the south side. The upper flight descended seven steps to a small room measuring . These steps had a tread of  and a riser of . The second flight descended from the small room to another similar room, and the third flight descended in the opposite direction to the terrace supporting Patio F (Terrace 3). The wall of the upper flight was decorated with a sculpted bas-relief frame, the wall of the middle flight was coated with stucco and were painted with a red and black design.

Terrace 2 is situated  below Terrace 1. It is divided into two patios (Patios D and E) by a  high pyramid temple. Patio D was accessed via a stairway from the West Plaza directly to the north, the stairway rose in two sections with a minor terrace between them, referred to as the Lower Terrace. The lower section of the stairway measured  long, extending  into the plaza at its lower end. Material excavated from the area around the stairway where it joined the base of the acropolis has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic. Patio D itself was laid out at the very beginning of the Late Classic Period. It was resurfaced a number of times in the Late Classic, and the earliest of the surrounding structures were built at this time. Additional structures were built in the Terminal Classic, and the patio area was extended with the construction of the adjacent Patio G. Patio E was also accessed via a stairway from the base of the acropolis, although it is very poorly preserved. Ceramics recovered from the western portion of the Lower Terrace dated it to the Late and Terminal Classic. A low platform was excavated in the extreme southwestern corner of the Lower Terrace, although most of the ceramic finds were dated to the Terminal Classic, some pieces dating to the Late Preclassic were also found.

Terrace 3 is located on the southwest side of the acropolis at the same height as Terrace 2. It supports one residential patio group, Patio F, formed by five structures.

Patio A
Patio A was formed by a group of 5 buildings serving a dual residential and administrative function. Evidence of this is the fact that the structures in the group were divided into multiple rooms with internal benches, a form of architecture that is recognised as being a palace and that may serve for either elite domestic or administrative activity. The stone blocks used in construction measured approximately  on each side with a finely dressed front face, tapering towards the back in order to grip the structural fill. This patio is situated on the west side of the main terrace of the acropolis, Terrace 1. Patio A has an area of , with the largest building on the west side. Patio B lies to the east and Patio C to the west, a lower terrace supports Patio F to the southwest and Patio D to the north. The patio was accessed via a short 3-step stairway on the southeast side.

Excavations identified 3 construction phases in Patio A, with the first two dating to the Late Classic and the final phase dating to the Terminal Classic.

Terrace 1 Structure 1 is on the north side of Patio A. It consists of a long platform access via a  wide stairway on the south side. The stairway had three steps, each with a tread of  and a riser measuring . Structure 1 experienced two construction phases, in the Late Classic and in the Terminal Classic. In its final form it measured  long by  wide and stood  high. The superstructure of the building possessed a C-shaped bench.

Terrace 1 Structure 2 is on the northeast side of Patio A. It was a single level platform measuring  by  high. It was accessed via a projecting stairway measuring  wide and protruding  from the structure. The five steps each had a tread of  and a riser measuring . Archaeologists were unable to investigate the summit of Structure 2 due to the large size of the trees growing upon it. The structure clearly shows two construction phases, the first dating to the Late Classic and the second to the Terminal Classic. Finds dating to the Middle Preclassic were recovered from trenches sunk into the patio in front of the structure, consisting of 378 potsherds associated with Burial 265. A Late Classic cache was also found at the base of the stairway, consisting of 2 eccentric obsidian artefacts shaped like centipedes, a flint arrowhead, various pieces of waste flint, and a number of flint blades and obsidian prismatic blades.

Terrace 1 Structure 3 is on the east side of Patio A and separates it from Patio B. Structure 3 was built in two construction phases. The first phase was covered in stucco and raised  above the level of the patio. The second phase consisted of a square platform that was  high. A bench on the east side of the platform raised the height to  above the floor of the patio. Structure 3 was built from small limestone blocks around a rubble core. In its final form the structure was a rectangular platform measuring  and standing  high. The stairway measured  wide and was divided into two by a  block. The platform supported a bench measuring . An incomplete human skeleton was found next to the south wall (Burial 73), together with broken ceramic fragments dating to the Terminal Classic. Although material excavated from the two construction phases has been dated to the Late Preclassic and the Early Classic, this material is believed to have been transported there and used as infill during the Late Classic construction of the building and not to represent earlier phases of the structure itself.

Terrace 1 Structure 4 is on the south side of Patio A. The earliest version of the building measured . It supported a room that measured  with three doorways. The central door was  wide and the flanking doorways measured  wide. The front of the building was dominated by a bench that ran the entire width of the structure and became a  wide stairway descending to the patio and extending  from the platform. The stairway had 3 steps, each with a height of  and a tread of . The first construction phase included a  high wall that was later covered by the stucco floor of a small north-facing room. On the east side of the structure, the walls were still found to stand to a height of . Structure 4 was deliberately demolished in antiquity. The second construction phase extended the building to a size of . It supported three rooms with benches, the combined width of the rooms was  by . The same three doors from the earlier phase continued in use.

Terrace 1 Structure 5 is on the west side of Patio A. It consists of a single platform that is the highest in the entire acropolis. It measures  and was  high. Structure 5 was joined to Structures 1 and 4 since its earliest phase of construction. Structure 5 was accessed by a projecting stairway that ascended the east side, it measured  wide and protruded  from the platform. The stairway joins a  talud wall topped by a  high cornice that projects  from the talud wall. The walls of Structure 5 were built from finely dressed limestone blocks. No trace of any superstructure was found on top of the platform, nor was any earlier substructure identified. Only the lowest courses of limestone blocks were found to be still in place and it is believed that the upper courses were stripped in antiquity. Finds made near the southeast corner of Structure 5 include a piece of a greenstone axe, two spherical stones, pieces of human bone (labelled as Burial 70) and a concentration of broken domestic ceramics. These finds are believed to represent activity from the very end of the Terminal Classic prior to the abandonment of the site. Burial 278, that of an infant, was found under the floor of Structure 5 and was dated to the Late Classic.

Patio B

Patio B was filled with a large amount of rubble in order to bring it up to the same level as the pre-existing Patio A, which lies immediately to the west. It is an enclosed courtyard with an area of . Three structures were built upon the new patio, closing it on the north, east and south sides, while the west side was enclosed by Structures 1,2 and 3 of Patio A.

Terrace 1 Structure 6 is on the south side of Patio B. It is a square platform with two stepped levels. After the last phase of construction it had two benches on the top and a wide projecting stairway on the north side, it measures  wide. The structure measures , the first bench measures  and the second . Various human bone fragments, representing pieces of three individuals, were excavated together with domestic ceramics. A smaller second stairway jutted from the southeast corner of the building. Structure 6 has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic.

Terrace 1 Structure 7 is a low platform on the east side of Patio B. It measured  and stood  high. Upon the platform was a  wide bench, and a single  wide step lead down to the patio. Excavations of the platform uncovered material that was dated to the Late Preclassic, Late Classic and Terminal Classic. Structure 7 was the last to be built on Patio B, postdating the construction of Structures 6 and 8.

Terrace 1 Structure 8 is on the north side of Patio B. It is a rectangular platform measuring  with a  wide south-facing embedded stairway. The structure was not completely explored due to the dense vegetation covering it.

Patio C
Patio C was added to Terrace 1 at the same time as Patio B, using a large amount of rubble to extend the terrace. It is to the northwest of Patio A and is slightly lower than it. Patio C is bordered by 2 structures, on the north and west sides, with the West Structure being the largest. The fill beneath the patio has a depth of , which was previously the height of the retaining talud wall of the northwest side of Patio A, as found during excavations. Patio C had 2 construction phases and served an administrative function directly associated with the buildings of Patio A.

The West Structure contained a  wide room accessed via a  wide doorway. The rear room of the structure contained a bench, or throne, that measured  and stood  high. Material recovered from the structure has been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic Periods, with a small amount dating to the Postclassic.

The North Structure was a low platform that was covered with stucco and painted red.

Patio D
Terrace 2 Structure 1 is on the north side of Patio D. It is a low rectangular platform measuring  high. Its walls rest upon the last surface layer of the patio and the structure's surface was littered with abundant Terminal Classic ceramic remains. A sunken stairway climbed the structure at a point  from the southeast corner. The tread of the steps measured  deep while the risers measured  high. During the Late Classic this structure apparently had an administrative function. However, by the Terminal Classic it was used as a domestic building, as evidenced by the abundant ceramics and stone artefacts recovered, the latter include a fragment of a metate milling stone, an obsidian knife and two flint knives.

Terrace 2 Structure 2 is on the east side of Patio D. It was a  tall pyramidal platform that did not possess a summit superstructure. The upper east side of the pyramid has collapsed and looters' trenches on the west side were filled in by IDAEH in 1991. The walls possessed taluds and excavations uncovered traces of red paint. The stairway faced west onto Patio D, the treads measured  and the risers . The stairway projected  into the patio from the pyramid. A burial cist was found near the front of the pyramid, it was labelled as Burial 264 and was dated to the Late Classic. The platform had five layers of stucco flooring. Material recovered during excavation of the stairway dated to the Terminal Classic.

Terrace 2 Structure 3 encloses the west side of Patio D. Structure 3 does not face onto Patio D but rather is part of the Terminal Classic construction activity that extended Terrace 2 with the addition of Patio G. The structure measured  from east to west. Excavated artefacts around the base have been dated to the Late and Terminal Classic. The stairway is on the west side, facing onto Patio G. The structure is believed to have been built in a single burst of activity in the Terminal Classic. It had two stepped levels and a north-south stairway was identified upon the summit of the structure.

Patio F
Patio F is on a terrace at the same level as Patios D and E. The patio is a closed courtyard formed by 5 structures on the west and south sides, while the other two sides are formed by the retaining walls of Patios A and C. The structures were residential buildings built upon low platforms, with the principal structure on the south side of the patio. A long, low platform on the west side supports two structures, labelled as Structures 1 and 2. Excavations of this platform recovered ceramic remains dating to the Late and Terminal Classic.

Structure 1 measures  north-south by  east-west and was built upon the same platform that supports Structure 2. The structure had a single room measuring , which contained a bench.

Structure 2 is to the south of Structure 1, resting upon the same basal platform. It measured  with a room measuring .

Structure 3 was built directly upon Patio F, and is therefore lower than Structures 1 and 2. It was on the southwest side of Patio F and measured  and had a  wide projecting stairway extending  from the facade. Ceramics from the structure were largely dated to the Terminal Classic, with a few pieces dating to the Postclassic.

Structure 4 was located on the south side of Patio F. Ceramics from the structure were dated to the Terminal Classic.

East Plaza

The East Plaza covers an area of , making it the largest open ceremonial space in the entire city. On its east side it is delimited by 2 medium-height structures (East Plaza Structures 1 and 2), on the south side by the base of the acropolis, on the west side by Structure 3 of the West Plaza and on the north side by the South Structure of the Northeast Plaza. Six stelae and three altars were found in the East Plaza. The plaza had two construction phases, the first dated to the Late Classic and the second to the Terminal Classic. A few Late Preclassic ceramic fragments were also recovered. The levelling of the East Plaza involved a considerable inversion of labour due to the limestone bedrock being extremely close to the surface at one side and  under the surface at the other.

East Plaza Structure 1 is on the east side of the plaza. In its final form it was a platform with two levels standing to a total height of . It measured  north-south by  east-west. The structure had a  wide stairway climbing from the plaza on the west side, the stairway was  long. The lower level was the main platform. It was built from finely dressed limestone blocks. The upper level was built of very poor quality limestone and is extremely badly preserved. A bench was built on top of the structure. It measured  with a protruding section measuring . The bench was  high. A large number of flint chippings were excavated from the structure. They have been dated to the Late Classic.

East Plaza Structure 2 is also on the east side of the plaza. It is a rectangular platform measuring  and facing westwards onto the plaza itself. A stairway climbs the west side of the building. It measures . The platform supports a bench measuring . The broken remains of Stela 6 are scattered in front of the structure. Relatively few ceramic remains were found associated with this structure. Those that were have been dated to the Terminal Classic, although a pit sunk into the summit uncovered remains dating to the Late Classic at a depth of . Lithic artefacts included a piece of an obsidian knife.

West Plaza

The West Plaza covers an area of . The south side of the plaza is formed by the north side of the acropolis and the plaza is also enclosed by four structures that measure more than  high. The highest structure is on the west side and measures  high. A  series of three steps stretched between the north wall of Structure 4 and the southwest corner of Structure 1 and gave access to the Northwest Plaza. These steps had a  tread and were  high. Six monuments were found in the West Plaza. During the final phase of occupation during the Terminal Classic, refuse found at the base of the acropolis indicates that the West Plaza was occupied as a residential area, with the inhabitants using flimsy perishable structures.

West Plaza Structure 1 is on the north side of the West Plaza, near the northwest corner. The structure faces southwards onto the plaza and has a stairway that measures  climbing the front of the building. The final version of the structure measured . A bench on the summit of the structure measures . The structure has two phases of construction, the earliest of which dates to the Late Classic.

West Plaza Structure 2 is on the north side of the West Plaza. It is a rectangular platform measuring  with a projecting stairway on the south side that measures . It is the only building on the West Plaza that did not possess a bench upon the summit. A number of potsherds dating to the Terminal Classic were recovered from the front of the platform.

West Plaza Structure 3 is on the east side of the West Plaza and separates it from the East Plaza. It is a rectangular building with a wide stairway climbing from the west. The structure measures  and possesses a bench on the summit that measures . After its final construction phase the platform stood  high. A pit sunk into the structure revealed the presence of two earlier substructures. The first was  high and the second stood  high. All three stages were filled with a rubble core, although the earliest stage consisted of larger pieces than the latter stages. Various artefacts were recovered from the southwest corner of the final stage of the stairway, including pieces of flint, obsidian blades, metates (milling stones) and a large amount of domestic ceramics.

Structure 4
West Plaza Structure 4 is on the west side of the West Plaza and is the tallest structure at El Chal. The platform measures  north-south and  east-west; it has a rectangular base that was formed of three stepped sections. The lowest section measured  high with a  wide platform between its upper edge and the beginning of the second section.  The middle section was  high with a  platform between its upper edge and the base of the upper section. The wall of the top section is poorly preserved with just two courses of stonework remaining in place. The sides of the structure have largely collapsed due to erosion, leaving the north side as the best preserved. The stairway has not been positively identified but is believed to be a wide sunken stairway on the east side. The broken fragments of Stela 1 were found at the base of this stairway.

The platform supported a long superstructure facing onto the West Plaza, as evidenced by the bases of its walls. Originally the superstructure consisted of a single, long room but this was later subdivided; another room to the south was probably demolished at the same time. The floor of the superstructure is  above the level of the West Plaza. The walls were  thick and the entrance doorway measured  wide. This superstructure was divided into five rooms, each measuring . These rooms were completely sealed, and in some cases destroyed, by a layer of compact white soil during the Terminal Classic. The rooms were upon a low platform upon the summit and were accessed from the upper section of the basal platform via three steps measuring  wide, with a tread of  and a height of . Stucco fragments with traces of pigment indicate that the rooms were once painted.

Room 1 was extremely poorly preserved and is the southernmost of the rooms. Only one doorjamb and a portion of wall belonging to a rear bench were found during excavations.

Room 2 is one of the best preserved of the rooms atop Structure 4. It measured  north-south by  east-west. The doorway to the room was  wide. The room has been dated to the Terminal Classic.

Room 3 is the middle room of the superstructure. It was the only room not to have been sealed during the Terminal Classic and due to this is in a poor state of preservation. The room possessed a bench against the back wall the measured  in height and  wide.

Room 4 was well preserved and is very similar to Room 5. It measured  north-south by  east-west, the door was  wide. The bench of the room measured  high by  thick.

Room 5 is of identical proportions as rooms 2 and 4. It was extremely well preserved, including the rear wall of the bench and the room was used as a model for investigations of the other rooms in Structure 4.

Some artefacts were recovered from the northeastern portion of the structure. They included fragments of a metate and of a manos (handstone for use with a metate) and a large quantity of domestic ceramics. Stela 1 and Altar 7 were found in front of Structure 4.

Ballcourt
The Ballcourt is on the north side of the West Plaza. It runs north-south and measures  long by  wide. The sides of the ballcourt measure approximately  high. These side structures supported rectangular stone benches. The west structure has been damaged by a looters' trench and originally had a stairway that climbed the west side. Sculpted blocks of stone were found on the benches of both side structures and once decorated the aprons of the ballcourt. The four surviving blocks bear geometric designs and parts of sculpted figures deity masks. The stucco floor at the south end of the ballcourt was found to be well preserved. The ballcourt has been dated to the Late Classic Period.

Northeast Plaza
The Northeast Plaza covers an area of . It is located to the north of the East Plaza. The Northeast Plaza is enclosed by four structures of similar size and form and was accessed from the northeast corner. The tallest structure measures  high. The four buildings completely enclose an area measuring . These four structures consist of stepped rectangular platforms and were built from finely dressed limestone blocks. Excavations revealed remains of the superstructure of the tallest structure, including rooms with different entrance doorways. Construction at the plaza dates to the Late Classic period.

Northeast Plaza Structure 2 has a rectangular base. The structure is believed to have had three stepped levels that were built with finely dressed stone blocks, some of which were decorated with a double-trapezoid design. Some of the blocks were found to have a thin coating of cream-coloured stucco. The rear of the structure has the form of a truncated pyramid. The stairway and the upper parts of the structure were deliberately destroyed in antiquity, leaving only the lower courses of stonework in place. The southeastern portion of the platform is the best preserved, where a talud wall stands to a height of . Structure 2 is believed to have faced onto the Northeast Plaza. Ceramic remains were found on the east side of the platform and also where Structure 2 joins Structure 4. Excavations of the upper platform revealed five layers of stucco flooring, all dating to the Late Classic. Burial 67 was found deposited in a cist under the second layer, its location had been marked on that floor with a painted red circle. Upon the top of the platform were found traces of a small ( wide) room with doorways facing the east and west. The walls were  thick and their remains stand to a height of . The floor of the room slopes noticeably down to the east.

Northwest Plaza

The Northwest Plaza covers an area of .  It is enclosed by two structures, the largest of which is a pyramid on the west side. No monuments were found within the Northwest Plaza. The plaza occupies a privileged position at the centre of the city although it does not have a high concentration of structures. Three construction levels have been identified within the Northwest Plaza, all of them date to the Late Classic.

Northwest Plaza Structure 1 has a rectangular base measuring  east-west by  north-south and standing  high. The lowest level of the platform body has an inclining talud wall. A  wide stairway projects  from the wall of the structure. The stairways was built during the earliest construction phase of the plaza, rising from the lowest plaza level. After the second surfacing of the plaza an unusual inclining talud-style dado was added to the stairway. At the same time a small bench-type structure was attached to the west side of the platform in order to widen the lower level of the building. The small blocks used in this extension contrast with the large, finely dressed blocks used in the main structure. Potsherds recovered from the structure mainly represent Late to Terminal Classic utilitarian wares, with additional fragments representing a Postclassic occupation of the structure.

Northwest Plaza Structure 2 is a  high pyramid on the west side of the plaza. Its base measures . The architectural quality of the pyramid was poor, as demonstrated by the small, irregular blocks used in construction, and it has been badly damaged by the collapse of its sides. These blocks average  on each side. The pyramid has also been damaged by a looters' pit on the west side of the structure. Architectural detail has been largely obliterated by the pyramid's poor state of preservation, but inset corners have been identified on the north and south sides. Surface ceramic finds all date to the Terminal Classic. Artefacts recovered include portions of a ceramic incense burner and broken obsidian prismatic blades.

Southeast Plaza
Southeast Plaza Structure 1 is a rectangular platform with at least two levels. It has been dated to the Late Classic Period.

Groups 13 and 15
Group 13 and Group 15 are located just outside the protected archaeological zone, opposite the custodian's house. Group 15 is situated immediately north of Group 13 and some structures are shared by both groups. Ceramic fragments recovered from the two groups have been dated to the Late Preclassic, Late Classic, Terminal Classic and Postclassic, with the majority dating to the Terminal Classic.

Group 15 Structure 2 is a rectangular platform with a projecting stairway. It measures  with a projecting stairway that measures . A few domestic ceramics were recovered during excavations.

Group 15 Structure 5 was found to have a midden near the northwest corner from which were excavated a large amount of Terminal Classic potsherds together with a few pieces dating to the Postclassic Period.

Group 18
This group is a residential group to the northeast of the site core. Four low structures were built upon a basal platform, largely clustered on the east side. The plaza area had an area of . The plaza had two construction phases, the earliest dating to the Late Preclassic Period and the second to the Late Classic. Burial 68 was found in the centre of the plaza, under the earlier floor level.

Group 18 Structure 1 is on the north side of the plaza. It was severely damaged when a modern street was laid out, cutting through its north side. Only the south wall remains.

Group 18 Structure 2 is on the east side of the plaza. Its earliest phase dates to the Late Preclassic. The Preclassic remains consist of a low north wall running east-west. A later construction phase was built over this. It consisted of a rectangular platform that supported a bench. A small pyrite disc was found near the front wall. Obsidian prismatic blades were found on top of the platform, together with pieces of a thin earthenware bowl. Burial 69 was found in front of the base of the platform.

Group 18 Structure 3 is a rectangular platform located on the south side of the plaza. The core consists of large pieces of rubble that suggest some kind of older substructure. The platform has been dated to the Late Classic.

Group 18 Structure 4 is situated on the west side of the plaza.

Group 21
This group is located to the north of the reservoir. The layout of the group is difficult to discern due to destruction caused by the construction of a street, although two low structures survive. Group 21 is distinguished by being the only group outside of the ceremonial centre of the city to possess stone monuments, the badly eroded Stela 10 and Altar 6.

Other structures
The various minor residential groups, including Groups 7 through to 12, were formed by clusters of very small structures with platforms not exceeding  in height. Groups 4 to 6, 13 to 17, 20 to 24, 26 and 52 all date to the Late and Terminal Classic. Late Preclassic ceramics were recovered from Group 23.

Municipal Sector and E-Group
The Municipal Sector is the area north of the highway running from Flores to Dolores. Part of this sector actually falls within the municipality of Santa Ana. Eighteen residential groups have been mapped in this sector. These residential groups are clustered around a group of larger structures forming an E-Group ceremonial complex, located  from the site core.

The E-Group consists of a number of structures around a small plaza. These include a pyramid at the west side, a long structure on the east side supporting an upper platform and two smaller structures on the north and south sides. The E-Group was first built in the Late Preclassic Period, it was lightly occupied during the Early Classic and was then expanded with the addition of two structures in the Late Classic. By this time major activity at El Chal had been transferred to the area around the acropolis, leaving the once central E-Group on the periphery.

The East Platform of the E-Group has produced ceramics dating to the Late Preclassic, Early Classic and Late Classic. The East Platform was built from limestone blocks and was accessed via a stairway at the rear of the building that projected . This stairway climbed a  wide projection from the rear of the building. The east platform does not support the usual lateral structures found at E-Groups, with the Central Platform being the only upper platform upon the basal platform.

The Central Platform of the E-Group is situated upon the middle section of the East Platform. It has produced ceramics dated to the Late Preclassic. The platform has a total height of .

The West Pyramid of the E-Group produced ceramic evidence dating the Late Preclassic, Early Classic and Late Classic. Although the limestone blocks used for its construction are very poorly preserved, the West Pyramid is believed to have been a radial pyramid dating to the Late Preclassic Period.

The North Structure of the E-Group has not been securely dated but is believed to date to the Late Classic, based on comparisons with E-Groups at other Maya cities.

The South Structure of the E-Group has not been securely dated but is also believed to have been built in the Late Classic.

Arrepentimiento Sector
The Arrepentimiento Sector is located beside the highway running from El Chal to Santa Elena. It contains about 40 groups of structures concentrated upon karstic hills, with lesser occupation in low-lying areas. Settlement extends northwards from the highway for about  until the dry riverbed of the Río El Chal. The majority of the architectural groups are located among cattle pasture. Some of the groups have been heavily looted, mostly those groups covered by dense vegetation. Those groups in open pasture have not been subject to looting but have suffered from the stripping of their stonework in order to use it in modern construction.

The architectural groups of the Arrepentimiento Sector are residential in nature, with low platforms measuring between  high laid out around patios with alignments of uncut stones. The structures in these groups date to the Late Classic.

The North Mound of Group 1 and the South Mound of Group 2 are the only structures that are greater than  in height.

Panorama Sector

This sector is located within the lands owned by Finca Panorama, some  from El Chal along the highway towards Santa Elena. The altitude is very close to that of the site core, averaging  above mean sea level. Panorama Sector occupies an area of cattle pasture with very few trees but a great many Corozo Palms, the fruit of which is used locally to produce vegetable oil. The northern part of the sector possesses a number of hills upon which residential groups were built, while towards the south the land descends towards an area of unoccupied seasonal swamps. Panorama Sector possesses 53 architectural groups, 34 of which are in the periphery, together with a causeway.

Of the ceramic fragments recovered from Panorama Sector, 374 pieces have been dated to the Late Classic, representing 62% of the total ceramics found in the sector. The vast majority of these are domestic in nature. 234 pieces were dated to the Terminal Classic, representing the remaining 38%.

Group 4 is located  west of Group 1. It consists of three structures arranged around a courtyard that is open on the south side. Structure 1 is the largest structure in the group. Structures 2 and 3 have been looted. The group has been dated to the Late Classic Period.

Group 5 is  southwest of Group 1. It consists of three structures laid out around a patio that is open of the east side. Group 5 is dated to the Late Classic.

Group 6 is  south of Group 1. Like Group 5 it consists of three structures laid out around a courtyard that is open on the east side. Group 6 is dated to the Late Classic.

Group 7 is located on a hillside to the east of Group 15. It consists of five structures completely enclosing a patio. Structure 1, on the north side, and Structure 5, on the west side, are the largest structures in the group. Structures 1, 2 and 3 have all been looted. Group 7 dates to the Late Classic Period.

Group 9 is  south of Group 7. It consists of 5 structures, four of them are small while the west structure is larger. This group is dated to the Late Classic.

Group 10 is on a hillside to the southeast of Group 9. It consists of four structures forming an enclosed patio group and dates to the Late Classic.

Group 15A is located on an artificial platform formed by levelling a natural elevation. The group is formed of six structures, four of these are large and enclose a patio. Two smaller structures are located to the southeast and southwest. The group has been looted, recovered ceramics date to the Late and Terminal Classic.

Group 15B is situated on the south side of the same artificial platform that supports Groups 15A and 15C.

Group 15C is situated at the south end of the same artificial platform that supports Group 15A. It is composed of three structures arranged around a patio that is open on the north side. Group 15C has been dated to the Late Classic.

Group 16 has not been excavated but is notable for a  long causeway running north-south past its plaza. The causeway is  wide and bordered by  high parapets. The original length of the causeway has not been determined. The plaza itself is bordered by the remains of walls that stand  high.

Group 19 consists of three structures laid out around a patio that is open on the south side. The group has been tentatively identified as a stone workshop due to the great quantity of waste product found there, and it may have produced flint cores. Group 19 has been dated to the Terminal Classic. Stela 19 and Altar 9 were found  east of Group 9. They are the only monuments that have been found in Panorama Sector.

Monuments
Nineteen carved stone monuments were originally found at El Chal, all of which are badly eroded. Various monuments are broken into fragments. Only five stelae and three altars bore sculpted designs. The stelae exhibit a variety of forms but all the altars are circular. None of the hieroglyphic texts found on the monuments of El Chal have yet been deciphered. The sculptural style of the monuments is similar to that of 8th century monuments from Sacul, Ucanal and Naranjo.

Stela 1 was found at the west side the West Plaza, at the base of Structure 4. It was associated with Altar 7. The stela is broken into various fragments and was sculpted with a rectangular frame containing the portrait of a standing person with an elaborate feathered headdress, holding a staff in his right hand. The figure is accompanied by a vertical hieroglyphic panel containing a calendrical date. The text is badly eroded but the numbers 10 and 13 can be read. The stela was resting upon the last construction phase of the plaza. Stela 1 measured  high by  wide and was  thick. The best preserved fragment, that possessing the sculpted portrait, was moved to the Museo Regional del Sureste de Petén ("Southeastern Petén Regional Museum") in Dolores in 2005. This fragment measured  high by  wide and was  thick. Five stela fragments were left where they had fallen, they contained parts of the frame and of the feathered headdress. The central pieces of the stela were not found during the excavations that took place in 2004 and 2005.

Stela 2 was found in centre of the West Plaza. The butt of this stela was found in its original location, although the shaft has broken and fallen backwards. Stela 2 does not appear to have had any sculpted designs or text. It was associated with Altar 1.

Stela 3 was found in the West Plaza.  Stela 3 was originally erected at the base of Structure 3. It was sculpted with a rounded frame containing the figure of a person facing left and accompanied by a badly eroded and completely illegible hieroglyphic text. Stela 3 had been moved from its original location and was associated with Altar 2.

Stela 4 was found in the northern part of the East Plaza. It was the only monument at El Chal to have been sculpted on both sides and had been moved from its original location. Due to its sculptural style and its location, it is believed to have been associated with Altars 3 and 4. The upper portion of the front of the stela bears a hieroglyphic text with a calendrical date that has been interpreted as 9.16.10.0.0. 1 Ahau 3 Zip (17 March 761) together with the site's Emblem Glyph. This side of the stela depicts a Maya bloodletting ritual with a richly dressed person standing with legs apart standing on top of three sitting prisoners, the middle of which bears his own name written upon his left leg. The principal figure bears a spear topped by a serpent head with a flint spearhead emerging from it. This spear is very similar in style to one depicted on Stela 8 at Naranjo. The reverse of the stela depicts three individuals standing upon a monster mask seen in profile. A child or youth is seated before two adult figures. All of them wear rectangular headdresses and hold something in their hands that cannot now be distinguished. Hieroglyphic texts are carved above the heads of the two standing figures and probably represent their names. The sculptural style of the two sides is different, and the foot-level of the standing figures on each side is different, with the figures on the reverse being positioned higher up the shaft than the figure on the front. This probably indicates that both sides were sculpted in situ at different times, with the reverse of the stela being crafted after the floor level of the plaza had risen to cover the base of the front side.

Stela 5 was situated at the base of Structure 1 in the East Plaza. It was carved with a rounded frame containing a figure in profile facing to the left. The figure is standing with the legs together and is wearing a feathered headdress and bears a zoomorphic head on its back, from which hang more feathers. The hands of the figure are extended forward and appear to bear a staff of rulership. The stela bears a hieroglyphic panel with an incomplete dedicatory date that must fall within the range from December 740 to November 805. The text also contains the name of the king who dedicated the stela, Shield Jaguar, and the Emblem Glyph of El Chal.

Stela 6, Stela 7, Stela 8 and Stela 9 are all either fragments or butts of stelae that were removed in the 1970s by FYDEP and are now lost. All of these stelae fragments are situated in the southern half of the East Plaza, with Stela 6 to the east and Stela 9 to the west.

Stela 6 is broken into multiple pieces that are scattered at the base of East Plaza Structure 2. It was a plain limestone monument.

Stela 10 was found in Group 21 together with Altar 6. They are among the very few monuments that were placed outside of the ceremonial centre of the city. Stela 10 was carved with a frame containing a figure, now badly eroded. The figure is standing with feet separated and turned outwards. Small hieroglyphic panels accompany it. Stela 10 had been moved from its original location, which was probably somewhere nearby.

Stela 11 was found at the base of one of the structures in the Southeast Plaza, it was a plain monument. Stela 11 has fallen and is lying on its back.

Stela 12 was found with Altar 9 some  east of Group 19 and  south of the highway to Flores, in Panorama Sector. They are the only monuments to have been found in Panorama Sector. Stela 12 is a plain monument sculpted from limestone. It has fallen from its upright position and is half buried. It is broken in the middle and measures  long by  wide by  thick.

Altar 1 was found in centre of the West Plaza, together with Stela 2. This altar was found in its original location. It was a plain monument.

Altar 2 was found in the West Plaza, where it was associated with Stela 3 at the base of Structure 3. Altar 2 was a plain monument and had been moved from its original location.

Altar 3 was found in the northern part of the East Plaza, where it was associated with Stela 4. It was sculpted although it is now badly eroded. It bears the images of two seated anthropomorphic figures but further details cannot be distinguished.

Altar 4 is a circular monument. It was also found in the northern part of the East Plaza and was associated with Stela 4. It depicts three seated prisoners, the central figure is facing to the left while the other two are facing inwards towards him. Hieroglyphic texts are carved underneath the prisoners and upon the sides of the altar. The altar has been dated on stylistic grounds to the latter part of the 8th century AD.

Altar 5 was found in the East Plaza. It has been broken into various pieces and is badly eroded but is believed to have been sculpted with a scene similar to that represented on Altar 4.

Altar 6 is a plain monument that was found in Group 21 together with Stela 10. Like its associated stela it had been moved from its original location in antiquity but was probably not moved far.

Altar 7 was found in the West Plaza at the base of Structure 4 together with Stela 1. The altar is plain, without sculpted figures or text and rests upon the last construction phase of the plaza. It was circular and measured  in diameter and was  high. It is broken in three parts.

Altar 8 was found in its original location in the Southeast Plaza. It was a plain altar without signs of being sculpted. The monument is badly cracked.

Altar 9 was found with Stela 12 in Panorama Sector, near Group 19. It is located  from one end of Stela 12 and is also a plain monument. It is a circular altar, broken in fragments and half buried. It measures  in diameter and  thick. Only the upper  are exposed.

Altar 11 was found in its original location.

Altar 19 was found in its original location.

Burials
Burial 67 was found in a cist under the second of five stucco floor levels in Northeast Plaza Structure 2. The skeleton was lying on its back with the head towards the north. The remains were poorly preserved but belonged to an adult. Of the skull only some dental remains were found. A ceramic plate had been placed under the head of the deceased and another plate was placed upon the knees. The plate was painted with four seated anthropomorphic figures with inclined head and wearing leather gloves with jaguar claws. The facial features of the figures are unusual. The bottom of the plate bears the image of a dancer. The ceramics date the burial to the Late Classic.

Burial 68 was found in the centre of the Group 18 plaza. The corpse was poorly preserved, it was laid out on its back with the skull towards the north. The remains were covered with small pieces of limestone mixed with brown soil. A piece of the upper jaw indicated that the remains were those of a child aged between 5 and 10 years old. Four ceramic pieces were deposited as an offering; two plates, an earthenware bowl and a bowl. Burial 68 is dated to the Late Preclassic.

Burial 69 was found in front of the base of Group 18 Structure 2. The remains were extremely poorly preserved but the deceased may have been laid out on their back with the head towards the north. Associated funerary offerings included a tripod plate, a polychrome vase and a flint projectile point. The burial was securely dated to the Late Classic.

Burial 264 was found in a cist under the earliest level of the stucco flooring of Terrace 2 Structure 2, a pyramid on the acropolis. The cist was built from stone slabs and measured  by . The human remains consist of some skull fragments and some pieces of the longbones, with the skull at the east end. The offering consisted of a ceramic pot with lid dated to the Late Classic period.

Burial 265 was found at the base of the stairway of Terrace 1 Structure 2 in the acropolis. Ceramics associated with the burial have been dated to the Middle Preclassic Period. This burial is the only evidence yet found of such early activity at the site. It consists of the burial of a seated infant together with a newborn. The burial was laid out upon a layer of large stones and was accompanied by a plate and other ceramics as a funerary offering. The child's skull was found underneath the plate itself. Burnt stones and earth were found next to the burial.

Burial 278 was that of an infant, deposited in a cist under the floor of Terrace 1 Structure 5 in the acropolis. It was unaccompanied by any offering, the few ceramic fragments found associated with the cist were dated to the Late Classic Period. The remains were laid out on their back, with the skull oriented to the south.

Notes

References

Chal
Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Former populated places in Guatemala
Classic period in Mesoamerica
3rd-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
14th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization


Mike Casey may refer to:

Mike Casey (labor leader) (born 1958), American labor leader from California
Mike Casey (basketball) (1948–2009), American basketball player who played at the University of Kentucky
Mike Casey (hurler) (born 1995), Irish hurler

See also
Michael Casey (disambiguation)


The Carnahan Courthouse, originally the U.S. Court House and Custom House, is a former federal courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri.  Its namesake is former Missouri governor Mel Carnahan.  The architectural partnership of Mauran, Russell & Crowell designed the building which was completed in 1935 at 1114 Market Street at the corner of Market Street and South Tucker Boulevard

The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri met at this building until 2001, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit met here until 2000.
The building now provides office space and facilities for the Twenty-Second Judicial Circuit Court of Missouri, the City of St. Louis Sheriff's Department, the St. Louis Circuit Attorney, the St. Louis Circuit Clerk, the St. Louis Public Defender, and other city departments. The Carnahan Courthouse is featured on many of Saint Louis's Architectural tours, because of its notable columns.

References

Former federal courthouses in the United States
Buildings and structures in St. Louis
Courthouses in Missouri
Custom houses in the United States


Bazita Peak TV Tower is a  broadcasting tower in Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. The tower has a  antenna atop the main structure and an observation level  up the structure.  The Alps can be clearly seen from the observation deck. Built in 1975, an elevator transports visitors to the café on the observation level and a staircase outside of the main shaft allows maintenance access.

See also
 List of towers

External links

Kiskutas tourist information

Towers in Hungary


Mixed-mode ventilation refers to a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation from operable windows (either manually or automatically controlled), and mechanical systems that include air distribution equipment and refrigeration equipment for cooling. A well-designed mixed-mode building begins with intelligent facade design to minimize cooling loads. It then integrates the use of air conditioning when and where it is necessary, with the use of natural ventilation whenever it is feasible or desirable, to maximize comfort while avoiding the significant energy use and operating costs of year-round air conditioning.

References

Ventilation


William Henry Loverseed (1876–1914) was an English footballer.

Career
Loverseed played for Newark before joining Burslem Port Vale in June 1902. He was a regular during the 1902–03 season, scoring five goals in 30 games, but never had a particularly lengthy first team spell afterwards. In a 5–0 defeat at Bolton Wanderers on 2 January 1904 he managed to injure himself rather badly in a fall after stepping on the ball. He was released at the end of the 1904–05 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1876 births
1914 deaths
People from Basford, Nottinghamshire
Footballers from Nottinghamshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Newark Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players


ZooBorns is a zoology news blog and book line that announces animal births at AZA, EAZA, CAZA, ZAA, and WAZA accredited zoos and aquariums. ZooBorns was founded in 2008 with the mission to "educate while it entertains", and typically shares related conservation information along with pictures and video of baby animals.

ZooBorns has been featured in The Washington Post, NBC News, Discover Magazine, and on the Martha Stewart Show among other media outlets. The site was created by Andrew Bleiman, co-founder of Zooillogix who lives in Chicago, and Chris Eastland, an artist living in Brooklyn.

Content
ZooBorns showcases baby animals as ambassadors for their species in order to build empathy and awareness for the plight of those species in the wild. Content is written to be accessible to a wide audience and typically provides background on individual animals followed by conservation information about the species. The site is notable for providing easily navigable categories enabling it to serve as a non-exhaustive survey of recent  juvenile animals at zoos and aquariums. As of May 2012, the site had documented over 1,250 births, comprising over 200 species from over 200 different zoological institutions.

Books
In 2010 ZooBorns released two books published by Simon & Schuster: ZooBorns, written for adults and young adults and ZooBorns!Zoo Babies from Around the World, for young children, age 3-6. Both featured animal babies born at accredited zoos and aquariums around the world. ZooBorns was recognized as a 2012: American Library Association's Quick Pick for Reluctant Young Readers  and ZooBorns!
Zoo Babies from Around the World was a 2011–2012: Keystone to Reading Book Award Nominee.

In 2011 ZooBorns released ZooBorns Cats!, which showcased kitten and cub photos of 30 species of the 36 known feline species, including rare photos of the critically endangered Iriomote cat and vulnerable kodkod, also known as the guiña.

In 2012 ZooBorns is slated to release follow-ups to their first two books, ZooBorns The Next Generation, for all ages and ABC ZooBorns, for young children. Two Ready-to-Read books for toddlers will also be released, Welcome to the World, ZooBorns! and I Love You, ZooBorns!

References

External links

Association of Zoos & Aquariums

Science blogs


Agustín Gajate Vidriales (born 23 March 1958) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender.

Not a skilled player (he was nicknamed Zapatones (Big shoes)), he excelled in man-marking, and played for Real Sociedad's first team for 15 years.

Club career
Gajate was born in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa. A Real Sociedad youth graduate, he played solely for the Basque club, making his first-team debut on 1 January 1978 away against Valencia CF (1–0 win, 90 minutes played); he appeared very rarely for the back-to-back La Liga champions – only four matches – as he his favoured position was occupied by another youth graduate, Alberto Górriz, but gradually carved a starting XI niche in place of veteran Inaxio Kortabarria, going on to form an effective centre-back partnership with Górriz.

After only missing a total of three games from 1986 to 1988 (adding five goals) as Real won the Copa del Rey in one season and finished league runners-up in the other, Gajate retired in June 1992, having appeared in 364 top-flight matches, 469 overall.

International career
Gajate played three times for the Spain under-21 team, also appearing at the 1980 Summer Olympics as the nation exited in the group stage after three draws.

Honours
Real Sociedad
La Liga: 1980–81, 1981–82
Copa del Rey: 1986–87
Supercopa de España: 1982

See also
List of one-club men in association football
List of Real Sociedad players

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from San Sebastián
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Tercera División players
Real Sociedad B footballers
Real Sociedad footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's under-23 international footballers
Spain men's amateur international footballers
Olympic footballers for Spain
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Basque Country men's international footballers


"You Should Hear How She Talks About You" is a song performed by American singer Melissa Manchester from her album Hey Ricky.

Overview
First recorded by Charlie Dore for her 1981 Listen! album, "You Should Hear How She Talks About You" was written by Dean Pitchford and Tom Snow. According to lyricist Pitchford, the song's lyrical concept was borrowed from "She Loves You" by the Beatles: "the idea of somebody reporting to somebody else on hearing this girl's in love with you, or this boy's in love with you." Pitchford and Snow had had that idea in mind for some time; then when Snow first played for Pitchford a new tune which had come to him, Pitchford felt: "this [could] be the song where we write our modern day 'She Loves You.'" Pitchford came up with the main hook line as "You should hear the way she talks about you" which Snow amended to "You should hear how she talks about you".

Arif Mardin who produced Manchester's recording described the track as "a real departure for Melissa because it has a new wave dance quality and she had been known for her ballads", Manchester having reached the top 10 of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 with the ballads "Midnight Blue" and "Don't Cry Out Loud", as well as the Manchester-Mardin collaboration "Through the Eyes of Love". Mardin continued: "But music is music. You can't turn your back on new formats or styles." A 1985 interview with Manchester would state that the singer "had to be dragged kicking and screaming into [the] studio to record...'You Should Hear How She Talks About You'."

The track would earn Manchester the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the year 1982, besting nominated performances by superstars Linda Ronstadt and Olivia Newton-John as well as Juice Newton and Laura Branigan. Manchester had previously been nominated in that category for her 1979 Top 10 hit "Don't Cry Out Loud."

In a 2012 interview Manchester would say of "You Should Hear How She Talks About You": "What was wonderful was that the song was written by two colleagues of mine, Tom Snow and Dean Pitchford. It's a solid song; but it was not the norm for me because I’m basically a troubadour. But I cut my hair off, lost lots of weight, glammed up, and ran it up the flagpole - and it worked! It worked all the way to a Grammy, which was kind of surprising. It was a lot of fun. I stopped singing it for awhile, because I needed a little perspective on it. But now I sing it again, and it’s kinda fun."

Chart performance
"You Should Hear How She Talks About You" reached number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in September 1982 to become Manchester's highest-charting record. On the Cash Box chart, it spent six weeks at number four. The success enabled the song to rank at number 18 on the Hot 100's year-end chart for 1982. The song would also prove to be Manchester's last top-40 hit. The song also peaked at number 10 on the Adult Contemporary chart and number eight on the Dance/Disco Top 80 chart. "You Should Hear How She Talks About You" was also a worldwide hit in Canada (number five), New Zealand (number 20), and Australia (number four). In Australia, it ranked as the number-25 single of 1982.

Personnel
 Melissa Manchester – lead vocals
 Robbie Buchanan – synthesizers, rhythm arrangements
 Larry Williams – alto saxophone
 Steve Lukather – guitar
 Abe Laboriel Sr. – bass guitar
 Jeff Porcaro – drums
 Millie Whiteside, Ula Hedwig, Will Lee – background vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

1982 singles
Melissa Manchester songs
Songs written by Dean Pitchford
Songs written by Tom Snow
1981 songs
Arista Records singles
Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin
Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance


The National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (Shanghai), China) is an institution within the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which contains:

 The Department of Schistosomiasis
 The Department of Malaria
 The Department of Leishmaniasis, Filariasis and Echinococcosis
 The Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases and International Journal of Medical Parasitic Diseases, a health education center

The precursor of National Institute of Parasitic Diseases is the East China Branch of the National Institute of Health, established in Nanjing in 1950. And then it was part of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in 1956.

References

Medical and health organizations based in China
Research institutes in China


DeAnna Marie Stagliano (née Pappas, born November 20, 1981) is an American television personality best known for her participation in season 11 of the ABC reality television show The Bachelor, and season 4 of The Bachelorette.

Early life
Pappas, of Greek heritage, who is the middle of three children, was born in Marietta, Georgia, and shortly thereafter moved to Kentucky with her mother and siblings. When she was twelve years old, her mother died of cancer and she relocated with her brother, Thomas, and sister, Chrissy, to Newnan, Georgia, to live with her father. She is a one-time resident of Nashville, Tennessee.

After high school she attended Georgia Military College and received a degree in General Studies.

Television career
In 2007, Pappas decided to audition for The Bachelor, a reality television dating game show on ABC Television. She made it to the final rose ceremony, where bachelor Brad Womack rejected both women.  He was chastised by Ellen DeGeneres, who later retracted her statement. ABC Television then tapped Pappas to star in The Bachelorette. The news was broken to her by Ellen DeGeneres while she was a guest on DeGeneres' daytime talk show.

In the 2008 season of The Bachelorette, Pappas eventually rejected single dad Jason Mesnick and accepted the marriage proposal of professional snowboarder Jesse Csincsak. Their relationship lasted a few months before the engagement was called off. Mesnick went on to become The Bachelor in 2009.

In October 2008, Pappas won Fox Reality Channel's "Golden Realtini", given to the most memorable reality performer of the year.

During her engagement, in 2009, Pappas became the co-host of Get Married on Lifetime reporting on wedding planning.

In late 2011, DeAnna was on the "Big Fat Greek Bachelorette Party" episode of the Oxygen cable-channel show Bachelorette Party.

Personal life
In August 2010, Pappas became engaged to Stephen Stagliano, whose brother, Michael Stagliano, was on season five of The Bachelorette. They were married October 22, 2011, in Georgia. Their daughter, Addison Marie, was born on February 6, 2014. Their son, Austin Michael, was born on March 1, 2016.
On January 20, 2023, she announced on social media that she and husband Stephen are separated.

Other work

In January 2009, Pappas visited American troops in Kuwait as part of a USO visit. She was joined by actress Christine Lakin and Miss USA 2007 Rachel Smith.

References

Other Releases

TV Guide "The Bachelor's Terrible Track Record: A History of Failed Romances"

External links
 DeAnna Pappas' Official Website

1981 births
Living people
American people of Greek descent
People from Marietta, Georgia
American real estate brokers
People from Newnan, Georgia
Bachelor Nation contestants


Thinking Out Loud is Bonnie Pink's ninth studio album released under the Warner Music Japan label on July 25, 2007.

Track listing

Charts

Album

Singles

2007 albums
Bonnie Pink albums
Warner Music Japan albums


An emergency tow vessel, also called emergency towing vessel, (ETV) is a multi purpose boat used by state authorities to tow disabled vessels on high seas in order to prevent dangers to man and environment. The disabled vessel is either towed to a safe haven or kept in place against wind and current until commercial assistance by tug boats has arrived on site or until it has been repaired to the extent of being able to manoeuvre on its own. The need for ETVs as a preventive measure has arisen since the number of available commercial salvage tugs was reduced while potential dangers from individual vessels have increased. E.g. Spain has fourteen, Turkey has eleven, Germany operates eight, Norway has seven, France has five, Sweden three and the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Iceland and Finland each have one official emergency tug boat. Australia also operates emergency response vessels. The United Kingdom's four strong ETV fleet was to be disbanded in September 2011 due to budget cuts but the two vessels operating in Scottish waters received an extension of contract until the end of 2011.

External requirements
Distressed vessels that request the service of towing vessels have means to make towing as safe as possible. Oil tankers have emergency towing equipment fixed at the forward and aft part of the vessel that will allow to connect the towing line. The connection of these apparatuses to the vessel's hull is reinforced according with class requirements. Bulk carriers and general cargo vessels are not required to have a specialized emergency towing arrangement. Depending on the vessel's type and keel laid date, in accordance with the MSC256(84) standard they must have on board an emergency towing procedure manual. This ship-specific manual describes procedures that will allow the vessel to be towed using its own equipment. The procedure should make use of the standard mooring equipment like mooring ropes, bits, rollers and Panama chock.

National ETV fleets

Algeria

In 2010 Algeria ordered three tug boats of the Bourbon class which was already in use in the French harbours of Brest and Cherbourg. The ships were built by STX OSV in Norway and STX Tulcea in Romania. A first vessel El Moundjid was ready for delivery in December 2011, the two others were scheduled for delivery in June and September 2012.

With a bollard pull of 200 tons and a speed of , the Algerian ETVs are an improved version of the French Bourbon class. They are based in Oran and Skikda. By acquiring these three ships, Algeria became the leading Mediterranean nation in terms of marine salvage as of 2012.

Finland
The Ministry of the Environment operates the Louhi. The ship is listed as a multi-purpose oil recovery vessel and can be used for emergency towing, fire-fighting, icebreaking, mine-laying, to combat oil/chemical spills, as well as other rescue operations. The vessel has a bollard pull of 60 t. YAG Louhi is based at the Port of Upinniemi approximately 40 km west of Helsinki in the Archipelago Sea.

France

For assistance and salvage, 5 ocean-going tugs and their crews are ready to respond around-the-clock
Abeille Bourbon: based in Brest, bollard pull of 200 tons.
Abeille Liberté: based in Cherbourg, bollard pull of 200 tons.
Abeille Normandie: based in Boulogne sur Mer, bollard pull of 280 tons.
Abeille Méditerranée: based in Toulon, bollard pull of 280 tons.
Jason: based in Toulon, bollard pull of 124.2 tons.
The tugs are chartered by the French government and crewed by merchant marine sailors. France also shares funding of the Dover based British ETV.

Germany

Responsible for the German ETV flotilla is the Central Command for Maritime Emergencies (CCME) in Cuxhaven. The German concept of emergency towing prescribes a maximum response time of two hours for any incident in German coastal waters. This requires three ETVs in the North Sea and five in the Baltic Sea despite a considerably smaller area to cover there. Equipment and performance of the vessels have been adapted to the size of the vessels in the respective areas of operation and include the ability to operate in shallow waters. Moreover, it is mandatory to have one vessel with 200 t of bollard pull and 100 t each in the North Sea and Baltic respectively. Both ship types are also required to be able to operate under hazardous conditions such as explosive areas and gas leaks.

Four out of the eight German ETVs are multi purpose vessels owned by the Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration and are part of the German Federal Coast Guard, while another four have been chartered from tug companies. Since 2001 a cooperation agreement with the Netherlands comprises the Dutch ETV and the German Nordic (successor to ETV Oceanic).

Current fleet:
North Sea
Nordic: operating off the East Frisian Islands while based in Cuxhaven, bollard pull of 201 t
Mellum:  southwest off Heligoland, bollard pull of 100 t
Neuwerk:  southwest off Süderoogsand (Nordfriesland), bollard pull of 113 t

Baltic Sea
Bülk: Kiel Fjord, bollard pull of 40 t
Scharhörn: Hohwacht Bay (between Kiel and Fehmarn), bollard pull of 40 t
Baltic: Warnemünde, 127 t of bollard pull.
Arkona: Stralsund, bollard pull of 40 t
Fairplay 25: Sassnitz, Rügen, bollard pull of 65 t

Iceland

Iceland has the ICGV Þór. With a bollard pull of about 110 tonnes it has been specified so, that in case of emergency the new Icelandic Coast Guard vessel will be able to tow stricken tankers of up to about 200,000 dwt.

Netherlands
The Netherlands Coastguard operates one ETV on charter. She is based in Den Helder. As of April 2014, the Ievoli Amaranth is in operation and crewed by Svitzer Wijsmuller. Previously operated tugs are the Waker (former names: Smit Houston, Solo (Greenpeace)) and the Ievoli Black. A new charter contract is under construction.

The Waker was damaged by a fire and scrapped. The Ievoli Black was succeeded by the Ievoli Amaranth, which remains in operation as ETV until January 2016.

 Guardian (ex Ievoli Amaranth), 130 ton Bollard Pull, Den Helder
 Multraship Commander (ex ALP ACE), 192 ton Bollard Pull, Rotterdam
 Multraship Protector (ex ALP IPPON), 198 ton Bollard Pull, Terneuzen

Norway

The Norwegian Coast Guard owns three Barentshav class OPV multi-purpose vessels and operates another multi-purpose vessel named NoCGV Harstad on charter. Their main purpose is the prevention of pollution by oil tankers along the Norwegian coastline. Therefore, the ships can also be used in the ETV role with a bollard pull exceeding 100 tonnes.
Norway also charters the following tugs:
Beta, bollard pull of 118 t
Normand Jarl, bollard pull of 150 t
North Crusader, bollard pull of 144 t

Poland

The Polish Ministry of Transport has organised a marine pollution-combatting service in Poland. It operates one ETV on charter, the tug Kapitan Poinc, bollard pull of 74 t.

South Africa
The tug Smit Amandla (bollard pull of 181 t) has been contracted for emergency towing. She is based in the port of Cape Town.

Spain

The Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima has a total of 14 multi-purpose vessels for search and rescue and pollution prevention duties.

Don Inda Class - 2 sister ETV's based on Ulstein's UT 722 L design (bollard pull of 228 t.)
Luz de Mar Class - 2 sister ETV's (bollard pull of 128 t.)
Alonso de Chaves - (bollard pull of 105 t.)
Punta Salinas - (bollard pull of 97 t.)
Punta Mayor - (bollard pull of 81 t.)
María de Maeztu Class - 7 sister ETV's (bollard pull of 60 t.)

Sweden

The Swedish Coast Guard operates three EVT's of the same type. Built by Damen, these multifunctional patrol and emergency response vessels have a bollard pull of 100 tons. They were taken into operation during 2009 and 2010 and are operated by the Swedish Coast Guard.
 Poseidon (KBV 001), based in Gothenburg
 Triton (KBV 002), based in Slite on Gotland
 Amfitrite (KBV 009), based in Karlskrona

Turkey

The Turkish Directorate General of Coastal Safety operates 11 ETVs along with numerous SAR, oil spill response and fire fighting vessels at Bosphorus and Dardanelles, where the organization has a de jure monopoly for marine salvage along with the Sea of Marmara. Some of these ETVs also serve as escort tugs for vessels passing through Bosphorus and Dardanelles, which make up the Turkish Straits System, one of the busiest and dangerous seaways all around the world. The organisation also deals with navigational aids all around Turkey, SAR, pilotage at both straits and some other Turkish ports and most importantly Turkish Straits Vessel Traffic Systems.

 Gemi Kurtaran, bollard pull of 39 t
 Kurtarma 1, bollard pull of 53 t
 Kurtarma 2, bollard pull of 53 t
 Kurtarma 3, bollard pull of 70 t
 Kurtarma 4, bollard pull of 70 t
 Kurtarma 5, bollard pull of 65 t
 Kurtarma 6, bollard pull of 66 t
 Kurtarma 7, bollard pull of 60 t
 Kurtarma 8, bollard pull of 60 t
 Kurtarma 9, bollard pull of 105 t
 Kurtarma 10, bollard pull of 105 t
 Kurtarma 11, bollard pull of 75 t
 Kurtarma 12, bollard pull of 73 t
 Kurtarma 13, bollard pull of 82 t
 Kurtarma 14, bollard pull of 83 t
 Kurtarma 15, bollard pull of 91 t
 Kurtarma 16, bollard pull of 91 t
 Seyit Onbasi, Oil spill response vessel
 Nene Hatun, bollard pull of 205 t

United Kingdom

The UK's ETV vessels were chartered by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) for use in pollution control or towing vessels that were in difficulty. The vessels are a combination of tugboat, anchor handler, fireboat and buoy tender.

As of 2010, four ETVs, Anglian Prince, Anglian Princess, Anglian Sovereign and Anglian Monarch, were based in strategic locations around the UK, with two covering the south coast of England, at Falmouth in Cornwall and Dover in Kent, and two in Scottish waters, at Stornoway the Western Isles (the Outer Hebrides), and Lerwick in the Northern Isles (Shetland and Orkney). The four strong ETV fleet was intended to be operational 24 hours a day 365 days a year and maintained at 30 minutes readiness to sail, with one tug is allocated to each of the four operating areas on a rotational basis, worked around maintenance schedules. The Dover station was funded jointly with French maritime authorities. A fifth tug, the Anglian Earl, was an anchorhandling and salvage tug regularly used on commercial work, but also fitted the ETV criteria, and acted as cover for any of the four ETV stations as and when required.

In 2010, the Government announced as part of the Department for Transport's share of cuts in the Comprehensive Spending Review, that the ETV fleet would be no longer be funded by the MCA from September 2011, saving £32.5m over the Spending Review period. The Department stated that "state provision of ETVs does not represent a correct use of taxpayers money and that ship salvage should be a commercial matter between a ship's operator and the salvor".

On 30 September 2011 it was however announced that the two ETVs operating in the Minch and the Shetland Islands received a moratorium of three months with an interim funding by the United Kingdom's government.

References

External links
 Maritime Search and Rescue Assets
The United Kingdom's Response and the National Contingency Plan

Ship types


Qiming Zhang is a distinguished professor of Electrical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering at Pennsylvania State University. He is also the vice President & CTO at Strategic Polymer Sciences, Inc.

Bibliography

  Large electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric polymers near room temperature,2008,SCIENCE,321,5890,821-823,
  A dielectric polymer with high electric energy density and fast discharge speed,2006,SCIENCE,313,5795,1887-1887
  A dielectric polymer with high electric energy density and fast discharge speed 2006, SCIENCE,313,5785,334-336
  An all-organic composite actuator material with a high dielectric constant,2002,NATURE,419,6904,284-287
  Giant electrostriction and relaxor ferroelectric behavior in electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer, 1998,SCIENCE,280,5372,2101–2104

References

External links
Strategic Polymer Sciences, Inc. - Electroactive Polymer (EAP) - Films - High Energy Density Capacitors - High Strain Actuators

Pennsylvania State University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society


Catherine Zena Bearder  (née Bailey; born 14 January 1949) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the European Parliament between 2 July 2014 and 12 November 2019. She was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for South East England from 4 June 2009 to 31 January 2020.

She was elected to the European Parliament in 2009, and re-elected in 2014; and in 2019, coming in second behind Nigel Farage of the Brexit Party with 25.75% of the vote.

Personal life
Born in Hertfordshire, she was educated at the independent Hawthorne's School in Frinton on Sea and the independent St Christopher School, Letchworth. She is married to Professor Simon Bearder, a zoologist at Oxford Brookes University. The couple have three sons, Tim, Ian and Peter. Prior to becoming an MEP, she worked as a development officer in a number of major national charities.

Political career
A former Lib Dem councillor in Cherwell and on Oxfordshire County Council, twice European candidate and parliamentary candidate for Banbury in 1997 and Henley in 2001, Bearder has been an active Liberal Democrat for many years. She is also President of the Liberal Democrat European Group (LDEG).

She was the second placed Liberal Democrat candidate for the European Parliament in the South East region of England. Replacing Emma Nicholson MEP, she was placed behind Sharon Bowles MEP on the party list for the 2009 European elections. Bearder was elected to the European Parliament  on 4 June 2009, and took her seat on 14 July. In 2014 she was re-elected, as the sole British Liberal Democrat MEP.

Bearder was a member of the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, where she served as her parliamentary group's coordinator. She focused on environmental issues, especially wildlife conservation and biodiversity, and has founded the cross-party "MEPs for Wildlife group" which is calling for an EU Action Plan against Wildlife Trafficking. She was  appointed as one of the lead MEPs working on the revision of the National Emissions Ceiling Directive, which was to set national targets to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants. This formed part of the EU's Clean Air Package, which according to the European Commission could prevent an estimated 38,000 premature deaths a year in the EU by 2030.

Bearder is a longtime campaigner on the issue of human trafficking and was appointed to draft a European Parliament report looking at the implementation of the EU Human Trafficking Directive 2011/36/EU.

Following the 2014 European elections, Bearder was elected as Quaestor of the European Parliament and served from 2014 to 2019. In this capacity, she was also a member of the High-level Group on Gender Equality and Diversity and chairwoman of the Artistic Committee. Her role as quaestor made her part of the Parliament's leadership under President Martin Schulz. In addition to her committee assignments, Bearder was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on SMEs.

In 2015, the European Parliament approved an amendment introduced by Bearder demanding immediate publication of existing inquiries into member states involvement in secret flights operated by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and linked to "enhanced interrogations" conducted outside US territory, in particular the inquiry into UK involvement led by John Chilcot.

After the 2019 European Parliament elections, Bearder was elected as leader of the Liberal Democrat group.

References

1949 births
Living people
Liberal Democrats (UK) MEPs
MEPs for England 2009–2014
MEPs for England 2014–2019
MEPs for England 2019–2020
21st-century women MEPs for England
People educated at St Christopher School, Letchworth
Articles containing video clips
Liberal Democrats (UK) parliamentary candidates


The 2003 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship was the twelfth edition of Asian Championship, a biennial international volleyball tournament organised by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with Volleyball Federation of Vietnam (VFV). The tournament was held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from 20 to 27 September 2003.

Pools composition
The teams are seeded based on their final ranking at the 2001 Asian Women's Volleyball Championship.

Preliminary round

Pool A

Pool B

Classification 9th–10th

Final round

Quarterfinals

5th–8th semifinals

Semifinals

7th place

5th place

3rd place

Final

Final standing

Awards
MVP:  Zhao Ruirui
Best scorer:  Choi Kwang-hee
Best spiker:  Miyuki Takahashi
Best blocker:  Zhao Ruirui
Best server:  Yang Hao
Best setter:  Yoshie Takeshita
Best digger:  Fan Hsin-wen
Best receiver:  Zhang Na
Miss Volleyball:  Pham Thi Kim Hue

References
Results
www.jva.or.jp

V
A
Asian Women's Volleyball Championship
V


"You Take My Breath Away" is the debut single by singer-actor Rex Smith and the first release from his third studio album Sooner or Later which is also featured in the 1979 made-for-television film of the same title starring Smith and Denise Miller. It was produced by Charles Calello and Stephen Lawrence, and written by Lawrence and Bruce Hart.

Charts
The song reached number ten on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1979 for two weeks (dated on June 23) and spent two weeks at number seven on the Cash Box Top 100.  It also peaked at number 11 on the Adult Contemporary chart. The song was certified Gold.  In Canada, "You Take My Breath Away" reached as high as number three on the Pop chart and number one on the Adult Contemporary chart. It peaked at #27 in New Zealand.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1979 songs
1979 debut singles
Rex Smith songs
Columbia Records singles
Songs written for films
Songs written by Bruce Hart (songwriter)
Songs with music by Stephen J. Lawrence


Fritz F. Billig (1902–1986) was a Viennese philatelist and stamp dealer who fled to the United States after the Austrian Anschluss in 1938 and continued his career from Jamaica, New York. There he published a successful and long-running series of philatelic handbooks that are still regularly referred to by philatelists today.

Life in Austria
Fritz F. Billig was born in 1902. He was a philatelist, stamp dealer, and philatelic author and with Otto E. Stiedl produced a 44 part handbook of philatelic forgeries between 1933 and 1938. He began to publish his handbook on postmarks in German which was continued in English from volume 8 in 1949. Publications by Billig won a silver medal at the Jubilee exhibition in Budapest 1934, the Prize of Honor at NABA Zurich 1934 and a bronze medal at OSTROPA 1935.

In 1936 he founded and was the editor of the Mondial index to philatelic literature which was published loose-leaf in three languages and ran to over 200 pages before it was abandoned. He appeared in the 1938 Blue Book of Philately where his address was given as 1 Herreng 6/4, Vienna, Austria, however, he was forced to flee to the United States after the Anschluss where he continued his career in Jamaica, New York.

United States
In the United States at the outbreak of the Second World War, Billig temporarily changed his name to Fritz Billings in order to avoid the anti-German sentiment current at the time and traded as the Billings Stamp Co. His former partner in Vienna, Fred Rich, joined Billig in New York in 1945 and they operated the auction firm of Billig & Rich Inc. at 55 West 42nd Street in New York.

From 1939 he began to publish Billig's Specialized Catalogues which eventually ran to 11 volumes, and from 1942, Billig's Philatelic Handbooks which reached 44 volumes.

Later life
In the late 1960s, the firm of HJMR Co. of Miami Beach, Florida, succeeded to Billig's business and reprinted the Billig Handbooks. Billig died in 1986.

Publications as author or publisher
Expert Billig's Großes Handbuch der Fälschungen - 44 Parts 1933-38, published in German by Fritz Billig (with Otto E. Stiedl), Vienna.
No. 1, 1933, Kirchenstaat (Roman States)
No. 2, 1934, Bremen
No. 3, 1934, Hanover
No. 4, 1934, Braunschweig
No. 5, 1934, Lubeck
No. 6, 1934, Baden
No. 7, 1934, Bergendorf
No. 8, Modena
No. 9, Romagna
No. 10, 1934, Bayern
No. 11, 1935, Hamburg
No. 12, 1935, Mecklenburg-Schwerin
No. 13, 1935, Elsass-Lothringen
No. 14, Thurn und Taxis
No. 15, 1935, Sachsen
No. 16, 1935, Schleswig - Holstein
No. 17, 1935, Oldenburg
No. 18, 1935, Wurttemberg
No. 19, 1935, Helgoland
No. 20, 1935, Sizilien
No. 21, Parma
No. 22, 1935, Toskana
No. 23, 1936, Neapel
No. 24, Sardinien
No. 25, 1935, Italien
No. 26, Lombardei-Venetien
No. 27, 1938, Montenegro,
No. 28, 1936, Sowjet-Russland,
No. 29, Samos
No. 30, 1936, Sebien, $25.50
No. 31, 1936, Griece I
No. 32, Griece II, no 31 & 32
No. 33, Russland, Kaiserreich und Levante
No. 34, Bulgaria
No. 35, Bosnia-Herzeguina, S.H.S. I
No. 36, Bosnia-Herzeguina, S.H.S. II, no 35 & 36
No. 37, 1937, Turkey I, 28 pages, card
No. 38, Turkey II, 24 pages, card, no. 37 & 38, $55.00, sold
No. 39, 1937, Luxemburgh, $25.50
No. 40, 1937, Belgien, 34 pages, card
No. 41, 1937, Belgisch-Kongo, enquire first
No. 42, 1938, Rumania I, Moldau-Walachei
No. 43, 1938, Rumania, II
No. 44, 1938, Rumania, III
Billig's Handbooks on Postmarks (in English language from Vol. 8 onwards)
Vol. 1 Schweiz, Svizzera & Suisse, R. Botta.
Vol. 2 Baden, A. Grossmann.
Vol. 3 Italien, Italia & Italie, Prof. A. Carozzi.
Vol. 4 Lombardei & Lombardo-Veneto, Fritz Billig.
Vol. 5 Sizilien & Sicilia, Fritz Billig.
Vol. 6 Oesterreich & Austria-Italy Annullamenti, Fritz Billig, 1935.
Vol. 7 Samos, Ernst Hartmann.
Vol. 8 United States County and Postmaster Postmarks, H.K. Thompson, 1949.
Vol. 9 British Postmarks, with reference to the "1844" and subsequent numbered obliterations. F. Hugh Vallancey, 1950.
Vol. 10 Japan Scenery Postmarks, Dr. H.K. Thompson, 1956.
Vol. 11 Postal Markings of the Allied Forces in Great Britain, 1940-46, Norman Hill.
Vol. 12 Illustrated Handbook of U.S. Naval Postmarks, Part I.
Vol. 13 Postal Markings of Spain, Theo. Van Dam, 1965.
Mondial index to philatelic literature. 1936. Loose leaf. Discontinued c. 1938.
Billig's Specialized Catalogues
Vol. 1 Austria, 1939.
Vol. 2 Czechoslovakia, German language, 1937. (Second edition, English language, 1942)
Vol. 3 Norway: The Plating of the First Issues, J. Jellestad, A, Odfjell & J. Anderssen, 1948.
Vol. 4 Greece, 1948. The Large Hermes Head.
Vol. 5 France Plating of the 20 Centimes Blue Laureated, General Dumont, 1950.
Vol. 6 Handbook of the Private Local Posts, edited by E.F. Hurt & L.N. & M. Williams, 1950.
Vol. 7 Canada: Catalogue of constant plate varieties, Hans Reiche, 1954.
Vol. 8 Rocket Mail, Stephen H. Smith, 1955. (Supplement 1958)
Vol. 9 Canada War Tax, The War Tax Study Group, Hans Reiche Chairman, 1959.
Vol. 10 Czechoslovakia, First Issue: The Hradcany, J. Velek, 1961.
Vol. 11 A Catalogue of the Revenue Stamps of France, Brainerd Kremer, 1962.
Billig's Philatelic Handbooks
44 Volumes of mixed content from 1942. (see links below)

References

Further reading
"Fritz Billig's contribution to philatelic literature", Philatelic Literature Review, Vol. 1 (June 1951), p. 60.

External links
List of contents of the Handbooks.
Alternative contents list 1.
Alternative contents list 2. (Archived here)

1902 births
1986 deaths
Philatelic literature
Stamp dealers
Philatelic authors
Austrian philatelists


Hugh Edward Holdcroft (c. 1882 – 4 February 1952) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Burslem Port Vale and Stoke in the early 1900s.

Career
Holdcroft joined Burslem Port Vale in October 1901. His debut came at centre-half in a goalless draw with Preston North End at the Athletic Ground on 8 September 1902. He scored his first goal in the Football League on 25 October, converting a penalty in a 3–3 draw with Burnley at Turf Moor. He became a first team regular for the Second Division side from the next month until he suffered a toe injury in February 1903 and transferred to local rivals Stoke in March 1903. At £500 this was a club record for Stoke.

Holdcroft was converted into a centre forward at the Victoria Ground with mixed success. He hit two goals in a 5–2 win over Liverpool on 17 October 1903, and opened the 1905–06 season with a goal in each of the first three First Division games, but other than these highlights he proved to be far from a natural goalscorer and in three seasons he scored 11 goals in 44 appearances. After retiring due to an ankle injury and later suffering a serious illness that prevented him finding a job, Vale and Stoke held a benefit match on his behalf on 29 April 1907; the game finished 1–1. This would prove to be Burslem Port Vale's final ever match, as the club were dissolved, only to re-emerge later in the year when Cobridge Church renamed themselves Port Vale F.C.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1880s births
1952 deaths
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
English Football League players


Yanchi may refer to:
 Yanchi County, Wuzhong, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
 Yanji or Yanchi (延吉市), a city in Jilin Province, China
 Yanchi, Shimen (雁池乡), a township in Shimen County, Hunan, China


"Chain" is an EP released by Bonnie Pink under the Warner Music Japan label on November 26, 2008.

Track listing

2008 EPs
Bonnie Pink albums
2008 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by Japanese artists
Warner Music Japan EPs
Pop rock Christmas albums


"Up the U's" is a football chant regularly sung by fans of the English League Two football team Colchester United and is generally considered to be the club's anthem. It has also been recorded twice by local punk band and fans of the club, Special Duties.

Lyrics
Up the U's, Up the U's, Up the good old white and blues,
When we get together what a game we'll see,
We're as strong as the old oak tree,
All for one and one for all,
We're football good and clean,
You can hear the crowd shout oh what a team,
Up the U's, up the U's, up the U's!

Notable recordings
The song has been recorded twice by the Colchester-based punk band Special Duties. It originally appeared as a B-side to the song "Wembley! Wembley! (Wembley, here we come)" which was released in support of Colchester United reaching the final of the Auto Windscreens Shield. Both songs were included in a compilation of Special Duties' singles which was released in 2000. It was later re-recorded in 2006 to raise money for the Teenage Cancer Trust in memory of fan of the club, Emily Begg who had been suffering from leukemia and had died earlier that year aged fourteen. A version of the song by Colchester indie rock band Absent Kid is currently played at home games.

See also
 Superfluous apostrophes

References

Association football songs and chants
Colchester United F.C.
Songwriter unknown
Year of song unknown


Leiki Loone (née Sikk; born 29 February 1944), is an Estonian mathematician specialising in applications of functional analysis in theory of summability and in the structure theory of topological vector spaces.

She is married to Estonian philosopher Eero Loone. The couple have two daughters.

Sources

 Universitas Tartuensis 27 February 2004: Dotsent Leiki Loone 60

Estonian mathematicians
1944 births
Living people