Ambassador Jean De Ruyt (born September 14, 1947) retired from the Belgian diplomatic service in March 2012 after some 40 years. Now an independent consultant and political analyst Jean De Ruyt currently consults for Covington & Burling LLP as Senior Advisor and for other consulting firms for EU affairs and security issues. He is a member of the Belgian Royal Academy and co-chair of the Europe-Asia Center.

Career
Ambassador Jean De Ruyt was the Permanent Representative of Belgium to the European Union until September 2011. He was then appointed to advise the European Union's High Representative / Vice-President Catherine Ashton on specific foreign policy issues. He was previously Ambassador to Italy, covering also, from Rome, the FAO (UN Food and Agricultural Organization), Albania and the Republic of San Marino. From April 2001 until August 2004 he was the Permanent Representative of Belgium to the United Nations in New York. In this capacity and as the Representative of the European Union Presidency in 2001, he contributed actively in the UN reaction to the events on September 11.

His first diplomatic postings were in Kinshasa, Algiers and the Industrial Development Office in New York. He served from 1982 until 1987 in the Permanent Representation of Belgium to the EU as the assistant to the Ambassador (Antici). In 1987, he was appointed deputy Chief of Mission in the Belgian Embassy in Washington where he served until mid-1991.

During the 1990s, his diplomatic career allowed him to participate closely in the shaping of the new European Security Architecture emerging after the end of the cold war. First as Senior official to the CSCE and Ambassador to the Western European Union (WEU), then as Ambassador to Poland (1994–1996), Permanent Representative to the NATO Council (1996–1997) and Belgian Member of the Political Committee of the European Union (1997–2001).

De Ruyt has a doctorate from Louvain University Law School (1969) and studied at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.  He was Assistant Professor in Public Law at Louvain University before entering the Diplomatic career. Since his return to Brussels in 2007, he is a regular visiting professor at Louvain University (UCL) and in the College of Europe in Poland (Natolin). He has conducted seminars on European issues for the joint European Studies Institute of Louvain and St Louis Universities and sits on the Board of The Royal Institute for International Relations, the Egmont Institute

Published works
His publications include L 'Acte Unique Européen Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles 1987, second Edition 1989; European Political Cooperation towards a European Foreign Policy, Atlantic Council of the U.S., 1989; A Minister for a European Foreign Policy, Schuman Centre, European University Institute, Florence, 2005 and various articles on European institutions and defence policy. 'Leadership in the European Union' was published by Louvain University Press; the English version is available on Amazon kindle. His latest book, ‘Le Privilege du Diplomate’, reflections on 40 years of diplomatic career, has just been published by Les Presses Universitaires de Louvain.

Personal life
Jean De Ruyt was born in Louvain, Belgium on September 14, 1947. He is married to Sheila Arora and has five children: Carole, Isabelle, Virginie, Laurent and Amber.

References

External links
 European Voice Profile - July 2010
Law Society Gazette - March 2012
 Global Policy Watch - January 2015

Belgian diplomats
1947 births
Living people
Ambassadors of Belgium to Italy
Ambassadors of Belgium to Albania
Ambassadors of Belgium to San Marino
Ambassadors of Belgium to Poland
Permanent Representatives of Belgium to the European Union
Permanent Representatives of Belgium to the United Nations
Permanent Representatives of Belgium to NATO
Representatives of Belgium to the Food and Agriculture Organization


Pieprz i wanilia (en. Pepper and Vanilla) was a popular TV program broadcast by TVP, created and presented by Tony Halik and Elżbieta Dzikowska. Program was broadcasting for over twenty years and had 300 episodes. It is the longest lasting documental program in TVP. The movies were filmed mainly for American televisions.

The program always started with the movie from visited places with the comments of the presenters. After that there was a conversation between them, showing the artefacts brought from the journeys and answering the letters.

The program was extremely popular because of the two presenters, who are great travellers, but mainly because during the PRL people couldn't travel themselves.  The opportunity for travelling was closed for people by government, passport weren't issued, therefore the program was the only way to see the world back then.

Tony Halik died in 1998, most of the things presented in the program and brought from various journey, were given to National Ethnographic Museum and to Torun where Travellers Museum was created.

External links
 Pieprz i wanilia na TVP.PL [pl]

Polish educational television series


Caribbean Bay is an indoor/outdoor water park located in Yongin, South Korea, on the outskirts of Seoul. Opened in 1996.
Caribbean Bay is part of the Everland Resort, but requires a separate admission fee.

With the opening in 2008 of its newest attraction, the "Wild River Zone", Caribbean Bay expanded its capacity by 30%. The park includes a wave pool, the world's Longest Lazy river Ride, a Sandy Pool, a Wading Pool for young children, Various Water Slides, and a Salt Sauna.

Caribbean Bay has received "Must-see Waterpark Awards" from International Association of Amusement Park Attractions.

Facilities

Aquatic Center
The Aquatic Center is an Indoor Waterpark zone in Caribbean Bay. It has several pools including a Wave Pool and Diving Pool. It also has 3 watertube Slides. Its indoor location means it is open all year. It also operates a beauty zone, sauna, hot springs like jjimjilbangs in South Korea.
The main facilities are: Spa & Sauna, Indoor Wave Pool, Quick Rider (indoor tube & water slide).

Sea Wave
The Sea Wave is famous for its large outside wave pool. It generates 2.4m artificial waves. It is the highest wave pool (tied with Ocean World V )  in South Korea.
The main facilities are: Wave Pool, Diving Pool, Wave Village, Sandy rest zone.

Wave Pool
The Wave Pool generates gigantic waves that reach up to 2.5 meters. That is why every person has to wear life jackets inside the yellow line. The wave comes regularly in 90 seconds. Also, a tube is unavailable in the Sea Wave. It is because when the tide retreats, a tube can be swept away in the torrent wave or be turned over.

Bay Slide
Bay slide zone is for water slides. It has 6 tube slides and 3 water bobsleighs.
The main facilities are: Tube Ride, Water Bobsleigh, Bobsleigh Village.

Mega storm
The Mega Storm is an extra-large water slide in the Caribbean Bay, that opened in 2015. Only those who are 120cm tall or more can ride. It is because the attraction can be used in a round tube and the tube spins down the slide from 37m in the air to the ground. Also, in the last part, the tube plummets into the funnel-looking tornado that is 18 diameters. Furthermore, everyone who rides it can enjoy it for 55~60 seconds.

Fortress

Fortress is for fun water play it has world's longest streaming pool (at the construction time) called "Lazy Pool". Adventure pool splashes 2.4 ton of water at once.
The main facilities are: Flowing Water Pool, Surfing Ride, Adventure Pool.

Wild River
The Wild River (opened in 2008) is an extreme water play zone. It has 5 tube slides, 1 Boomerango. Wild Blaster is flume ride-like tube slide but more extreme and wet. Tower Raft is large tube slide track that 4 people can ride at once. Tower Boomerango is one of the most extreme water attraction in South Korea waterparks. Tubes slide down a 90-degree slope.
The main facilities are: Tower Boomerango, Tower Raft, Wild Blaster, San Juan Restaurant.

See also
 List of water parks

References

External links
Official website

Everland Resort
1996 establishments in South Korea
Buildings and structures in Yongin
Samsung subsidiaries
Service companies of South Korea
Water parks in South Korea
Buildings and structures in Gyeonggi Province
Tourist attractions in Gyeonggi Province
20th-century architecture in South Korea


Union Mill or Union Mills may refer to:

British Isles

Communities
Union Mills, a village on the Isle of Man

Windmills
Union Mill, Appledore, a windmill in Kent
Union Mills, Burnham Overy, a combined wind and watermill in Norfolk
Union Mill, Beverley,  a windmill in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Union Mill, Cranbrook, a windmill in Kent
Union Mill, Gainsborough, a windmill in Lincolnshire
Union Mill, Gilberdyke,  a windmill in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Union Mill, Hackney, a windmill in Middlesex
Union Mill, Lynstead, a windmill in Kent
Union Mill, Onehouse, a windmill in Suffolk
Union Mill, Whitby,  a windmill in the North Riding of Yorkshire
Union Mills, Thurning a windmill in Norfolk
Boreas Union Mill, Pontefract,  a windmill in the West Riding of Yorkshire

Watermills
Union Mills, Burnham Overy, a combined wind and watermill in Norfolk

Textile mills
Union Mills, Milnsbridge, Yorkshire

United States
(by state)
Communities
Union Mills, Indiana, an unincorporated community
Union Mills, Iowa, an unincorporated community
Union Mills, Maryland, an unincorporated community
Union Mills, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Union Mill, Washington, an unincorporated community
Union Mills, Pleasants County, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Watermills
Union Mills (Fall River, Massachusetts), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
Union Mill Complex, Ballston Spa, NRHP-listed

Other
Union Mills Homestead Historic District, Westminster, Maryland, NRHP-listed
Union Mills Superintendent's House, Olympia, NRHP-listed in Thurston County


is a retired Nippon Professional Baseball pitcher. He played for the Hanshin Tigers and the Chiba Lotte Marines.

External links

Living people
1970 births
Baseball people from Aichi Prefecture
Chiba Lotte Marines players
Hanshin Tigers players
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball infielders


Stan Getz and the Oscar Peterson Trio is a 1958 studio album by Stan Getz, accompanied by the Oscar Peterson Trio.

Track listing
 "I Want to Be Happy" (Irving Caesar, Vincent Youmans) – 7:35
 "Pennies from Heaven" (Arthur Johnston, Johnny Burke)  – 5:16
 Ballad Medley: "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"/"I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)"/"How Long Has This Been Going On?"/"I Can't Get Started"/"Polka Dots and Moonbeams" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)/(Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk)/(George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin)/(Vernon Duke, I. Gershwin)/(Jimmy Van Heusen, Burke)  – 10:10
 "I'm Glad There Is You" (Jimmy Dorsey, Paul Mertz) – 4:38
 "Tour's End" (Stan Getz)  – 4:55
 "I Was Doing All Right" (G. Gershwin, I. Gershwin)  – 4:08
 "Bronx Blues"  (Getz)  – 5:31

Bonus tracks on CD reissue:
"Three Little Words" (Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby)  – 6:35
 "Detour Ahead" (Lou Carter, Herb Ellis, John Frigo)  – 3:36
 "Sunday" (Chester Conn, Benny Krueger, Ned Miller, Jule Styne)  – 6:08
 "Blues for Herky" (Getz) – 3:45

Personnel

Performance
 Stan Getz – tenor saxophone
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Herb Ellis – guitar
 Ray Brown – double bass

Production
 Nat Hentoff - liner notes
 Norman Granz - producer

Re-releases
1990, (CD) Verve, Cat: 8278262
2015, (CD) Crackerjack Records, with bonus tracks "Candy" and "When Your Lover Has Gone" same personnel plus Gerry Mulligan (baritone saxophone), Harry "Sweets" Edison (trumpet) and Louie Bellson (drums), recorded Los Angeles, August 1, 1957)
2017, (LP) Jazz Images, Cat: LPJIM 37048

References

1958 albums
Stan Getz albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Verve Records albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz

Albums recorded at Capitol Studios


This article lists the presidents of the Chamber of Citizens of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia.

List

See also
Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro#FRY Parliament
List of presidents of the Chamber of Republics of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia

Sources
Yugoslav ministries, etc – Rulers.org

Chamber of Citizens, Presidents
Yugoslavia, Chamber of Citizens


Santiago "Sonny" Cabatu Sr. (born October 10, 1960) is a Filipino retired professional basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association and was the first draft pick of the league in 1985. He is also the father of current Philippine Patriots player Junjun Cabatu. He also played for the Cagayan de Oro Nuggets and Pasig-Rizal Pirates in the Metropolitan Basketball Association.

Amateur career
Cabatu started his basketball career at the University of Northern Philippines from 1977-1979. Later in 1979, he transferred to the University of Baguio where as a UB Cardinal, he was recruited by Coach Nic Jorge to play for Masagana 99 in 1980. During his stint with M-99, Sonny also enrolled at PSBA and played for the Jaguars in the MUCAA. From Masagana, he has played for Filsyn and Presto in the MICAA. In 1982, he was a member of Crispa's Paul Jordan team under coach Nat Canson, which won the Interclub basketball crown.

In 1984, Cabatu was part of the Development Bank of Rizal team that won the championship of the PABL Ambassador's Cup. After Bank of Rizal disbanded, Sonny went to the national team selection, coached by Larry Albano and sponsored by Country Fair Hotdogs, which competed in the Jones Cup tournament in Taipei. He joined ESQ Marketing midway in the PABL second conference and Sonny made history by winning the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award twice in a row with ESQ capturing the second and third conference championships.

National team career
Cabatu has been a national player twice with the Philippine team to the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi, India, coached by Nat Canson, and the 1983 Southeast Asian Games in Singapore under coach Larry Albano.

PBA career
Being the professional league's first-ever number one draft pick in 1985, Cabatu was a starting center for newcomer Shell Azodrin. He became a journeyman throughout his pro career, moving to Great Taste and then to Purefoods after three seasons with Shell. In 1990, he was taken by expansion franchise Pop Cola from the expansion pool. Cabatu was traded to Ginebra in 1992 and played four seasons with the ballclub. He was signed by Purefoods as a temporary replacement for the injured Reuben dela Rosa in the 1997 PBA season and at age 36, he finally won his first PBA championship after 12 seasons as the Purefoods Corned Beef Cowboys captured the All-Filipino crown that year.

References

1960 births
Living people
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel players
Basketball players from Ilocos Sur
Centers (basketball)
Filipino men's basketball players
Great Taste Coffee Makers players
Ilocano people
Magnolia Hotshots players
People from Ilocos Sur
Philippine Basketball Association All-Stars
Pop Cola Panthers players
Power forwards (basketball)
Shell Turbo Chargers players
University of Baguio alumni
PSBA Jaguars basketball players
Shell Turbo Chargers draft picks


Chlorogalum angustifolium is a species of flowering plant, known by the common name narrowleaf soap plant.

Distribution
It is native to the Sierra Nevada foothills and inner North Coast Ranges of California, and the mountains of southern Oregon, where it grows in heavy, rocky soils in woodland and on grassy hillsides.

Description
Chlorogalum angustifolium is a perennial wildflower growing from a fibrous bulb a few centimeters wide. It has narrow basal leaves only a few millimeters wide.

The inflorescence may be up to 70 centimeters long and is composed of several ephemeral flowers which open in the evening and close by the following morning. Each has six tepals about a centimeter long which are white with yellow-green midveins. There are six stamens tipped with large yellow anthers.

The fruit is a capsule 1 to 3 millimeters long.

Uses
The indigenous Karuk people of northern California used the soapy juice from the crushed bulbs of this plant as a detergent for washing clothing.

References

External links
Calflora Database: Chlorogalum angustifolium (narrowleaf soap plant, narrow leaved soaproot)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Chlorogalum angustifolium
USDA Plants Profile for Chlorogalum angustifolium
Flora of North America
UC Photos gallery — Chlorogalum angustifolium

angustifolium
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Gordon Banks (1937–2019) was an English football goalkeeper.

Gordon Banks may also refer to:
Gordon Banks (musician) (born 1955), American guitarist, producer and writer
Gordon Banks (politician) (born 1955), British Labour Party politician
Gordon Banks (American football) (born 1958), former American football wide receiver
Matthew Gordon-Banks (born 1961), British Conservative Party politician


Strange Journey Volume One is the third mixtape and the first installment in the Strange Journey Series from Southern hip hop group CunninLynguists, released on March 24, 2009. The release features guest appearances from Killer Mike, Khujo of Goodie Mob, Skinny DeVille and Fish Scales of Nappy Roots, Slug of Atmosphere, Tonedeff, PackFM, Substantial, Mac Lethal, Looptroop Rockers, Hilltop Hoods, and former group member Mr. SOS. It is entirely produced by Kno.

Release
The first single, "Never Come Down (The Brownie Song)" was released online on February 2, 2009. The song's music video was released on February 23. The second single will be "Don't Leave (When Winter Comes)", featuring Slug, b/w "Nothing But Strangeness", featuring Looptroop Rockers and Hilltop Hoods. Strange Journey Volume One is the first installment in the Strange Journey series, followed by Strange Journey Volume Two in 2009 and Volume Three in 2014.

Track listing

References

CunninLynguists albums
2009 mixtape albums
Hip hop compilation albums


This article lists the presidents of the Chamber of Republics of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia.

List

See also
Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro (Parliament of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
List of presidents of the Chamber of Citizens of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia

Sources
Yugoslav ministries, etc – Rulers.org

Chamber of Republics, Presidents
Yugoslavia, Chamber of Republics


Tinner may refer to:
 Friedrich Tinner, a Swiss engineer
 A person involved in tin mining who came under the jurisdiction of the former Stannary Courts and Parliaments
 Another name for a tinsmith
 A person who applies a coating of tin to iron, copper, or brass.

See also
 The Tinners, a regiment formed by Nicholas Slanning during the English Civil War
 Tinners rabbits, another name for the three hares motif, and a dance by the same name
 Tinner's fluid, a common name for zinc chloride when used as a flux


The Eleanor Lancaster was a 3-masted barque built at Maryport in 1839. Launched in 1840, and initially registered in Liverpool, it was operated by David Laidman (named after his wife, Eleanor Ann Hannah née Lancaster, with Captain P.Cowley as captain. In 1845, the ship was re-registered in London and was operated by Soutter & Co, with Captain Francis Lodge in command.

The ship had a gross weight of 480 tons and was sheathed in copper until 1847, when it was re-sheathed in felt and yellow metal. Amongst its voyages, it sailed to Bombay, Port Phillip, Lima and Sydney.

The Lancaster was one of seven ships that sailed from Australia to San Francisco at the time of the California Gold Rush, leaving Sydney on 21 January 1849 and was the first to arrive in San Francisco on 2 April. Upon arrival, her crew apparently deserted and the captain used the ship along the Sacramento River, until she returned to San Francisco and was used as a bonded storeship until 1850.

On 7 November 1856, the ship was wrecked in a gale on Oyster Bank, Newcastle, New South Wales during passage from Newcastle to Melbourne with 640 tons of coal, under the command of Captain James McLean and with 15 crew. The crew clung to the rigging throughout the night and were finally rescued due to a seaman, William Skilton, who made several trips in a small boat to the wreck, despite raging seas.

The "Perilous Gate" is a 19th-century poem by an anonymous author, describing the shipwreck. It has been abridged into a song of the same name by Phyl Lobl.

References

External links

1840 ships
1851–1870 ships of Australia
1856 in Australia
Barques of Australia
History of Newcastle, New South Wales
Maritime incidents in November 1856
Merchant ships of Australia
Shipwrecks of the Hunter Region
Ships built in England


is a former Nippon Professional Baseball pitcher for the Kintetsu Buffaloes, Yomiuri Giants, and the Yokohama BayStars.

Notes and references

External links

Living people
1964 births
Baseball people from Yokohama
Asia University (Japan) alumni
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Kintetsu Buffaloes players
Yomiuri Giants players
Yokohama BayStars players
Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Japanese baseball coaches
Nippon Professional Baseball coaches


Thomas Barker may refer to:
Thomas Barker (academic), principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, 1777–1785
Thomas Barker (Australian politician) (1799–1875), Australian politician in New South Wales
Thomas Barker (cricketer, born 1798) (1798–1877), English cricketer
Thomas Barker (cricketer, born 1812) (1812–1873), English cricketer
Thomas Barker (fishing guide) ( 1591–1651), British author who wrote about fishing
Thomas Barker (mathematician) (1838–1907), Scottish mathematician and professor of pure mathematics
Thomas Barker (meteorologist) (1722–1809), weather observer
Thomas Barker (painter) (1769–1847), British painter of landscape and rural life
Thomas F. Barker (1828–1896), political figure in New Brunswick
Thomas Henry Barker (1841–1917), secretary of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce
Thomas Holliday Barker (1818–1889), English temperance advocate and vegetarian
Thomas Jones Barker (1815–1882), English historical and portrait painter
Thomas Richard Barker (1799–1870), English Independent minister and college tutor
Thomas William Barker (1861–1912), Carmarthenshire solicitor
Tom Barker (basketball) (born 1955), retired American basketball player
Tom Barker (designer) (born 1966), British designer and academic
Tom Barker (trade unionist) (1887–1970), New Zealand tram conductor, trade unionist and socialist


Albert Arnold "Buddy" Gillespie (October 14, 1899 – May 3, 1978) was an American cinema special effects artist.

Biography
He was born on October 14, 1899, in El Paso, Texas. Gillespie joined MGM as a set designer in 1925, a year after it was founded.  He was educated at Columbia University and the Arts Students League. His first project was the silent film Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, released that same year. He worked at the studio in various capacities until 1962.  In 1936, he became the head of MGM's Special Effects Department.

He died on May 3, 1978, in Los Angeles, California.

Legacy
He wrote a book, The Wizard of MGM: Memoirs of A. Arnold Gillespie. Gillispie's nickname was "Buddy."

Academy Award wins and nominations
Wins shown in bold
 Special Effects 1939: The Wizard of Oz – Photographic
 Special Effects 1940: Boom Town – Photographic
 Special Effects 1941: Flight Command – Photographic
 Special Effects 1942: Mrs. Miniver – Photographic (with Warren Newcombe)
 Special Effects 1943: Stand By For Action – Photographic (with Donald Jahraus)
 Special Effects 1944: Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo – Photographic (with Donald Jahraus and Warren Newcombe)
 Special Effects 1945: They Were Expendable – Photographic (with Donald Jahraus and R. A. MacDonald)
 Special Effects 1947: Green Dolphin Street – Visual (with Warren Newcombe)
 Special Effects 1956: Forbidden Planet
 Special Effects 1958: Torpedo Run – Special Effects (Visual)
 Special Effects 1959: Ben-Hur – Special Effects (Visual) (with Robert A. MacDonald)
 Special Effects 1962: Mutiny On The Bounty – Special Effects (Visual)
 Scientific or Technical (Class III) 1963: For the engineering of an improved Background Process Projection System (with Douglas Shearer)

Personal life
Gillespie married Nell Hill in 1944. She died in 2000. They had one child, Thomas Scott Gillespie (1944–61). A. Arnold was previously married to aviator Ruth Elder, with whom he had a son, William Trent Gillespie (1940–2008).

Partial filmography for special effects

Inasmuch as he worked on numerous films (IMDb credits him with 203), only some of the better known ones and ones involving prominent special effects are listed below.

 Ben-Hur (1925)
 London After Midnight (1927)
 Night Flight (1933) (uncredited)
 San Francisco (1936) (uncredited)
 Test Pilot (1938)
 The Wizard of Oz (1939)
 Boom Town (1940)
 Comrade X (1940)
 Flight Command (1940)
 Mrs. Miniver (1942)
 Stand By For Action (1943)
 A Guy Named Joe (1943)
 Song of Russia (1944)
 The Heavenly Body (1944)
 The White Cliffs of Dover (1944)
 Mrs. Parkington (1944)
 Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
 The Clock (1945)
 They Were Expendable (1945)
 Lady in the Lake (1947)
 The Beginning or the End (1947)
 The Sea of Grass (1947)
 The Hucksters (1947)
 Green Dolphin Street (1947)
 State of the Union (1948)
 Command Decision (1948)
 The Secret Garden (1949)
 Adam's Rib (1949)
 Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
 Kim (1950)
 Angels in the Outfield (1951)
 Quo Vadis (1951)
 Scaramouche (1952)
 Plymouth Adventure (1952)
 Million Dollar Mermaid (1952)
 The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)
 Young Bess (1953)
 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
 Forbidden Planet (1956)
 High Society (1956)
 Jailhouse Rock (1957)
 Torpedo Run (1958)
 North by Northwest (1959)
 The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959)
 Ben-Hur (1959)
 Atlantis, the Lost Continent (1961)
 How the West Was Won (1962)
 Mutiny On The Bounty (1962)
 The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
 The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)

References

External links

Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners
Special effects people
1899 births
1978 deaths
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners


NH 75 may refer to:

 National Highway 75 (India)
 New Hampshire Route 75, United States


Elmer "Boy" Valera Cabahug (born June 1, 1964 in Cebu City, Philippines) is a retired Filipino professional basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association and the former head coach of the University of the Visayas Green Lancers varsity team.

Amateur career
Boy is a third generation representative of the Cabahug clan in basketball, grandfather Atty. Cesar Cabahug was a member of the 1938 National collegiate champions University of Visayas while his father Eduardo Cabahug likewise played for the UV Lancers that were national collegiate champions in 1957.

As a high school at the St. Louis school, Boy had his stint as a junior player in the Cebu Catholic Schools Athletic Association (CSAA) during his first and second year in the secondary level. His biggest break was given to him by his University of Visayas coach Ining Completo. While playing for the Lancers, he won the MVP plum twice in 1981 and again in 1983 in the CAAA. His amateur stint includes being recruited to play for Mama's Love and later on with RFM-Swifts in the PABL, he briefly saw action for the national team before making it to the PBA.

PBA career
He turned pro in 1989 and was picked by the Alaska Milkmen. In his rookie year, Boy was voted Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the PBA All-Star game.  He was acquired by Purefoods in 1991 during the off-season trade with Jojo Lastimosa. In three seasons with the Hotdogs, Boy won two championships, but prior to the start of the 1993 PBA season, Cabahug wanted a better terms in his contract with Purefoods and was denied, he agreed instead to a one-year extension.

In 1994, Boy got his wish as Purefoods dealt him to Pepsi Mega and he signed a P9-million, three-year pact with the Mega Bottlers.  Cabahug became Pepsi's main man and leading scorer during that season. He spent his final two years in the PBA with Sta.Lucia Realtors in 1997-98.

References

1964 births
Living people
Alaska Aces (PBA) players
Basketball players from Cebu
Cebuano people
Filipino men's basketball players
Magnolia Hotshots players
Philippine Basketball Association All-Stars
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Cebu City
Sta. Lucia Realtors players
TNT Tropang Giga players
UV Green Lancers basketball players
Filipino men's basketball coaches
Alaska Aces (PBA) draft picks


The Bellingham Dodgers were a Minor League Baseball team in the Class A-Short Season Northwest League, based in Bellingham, Washington. The franchise played four season as an affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers from 1973 to 1976. In 1977 the team would change names to Bellingham Mariners representative of their new parent club.

History
The franchise arrived in 1973 as the Bellingham Dodgers, affiliated with the Los Angeles Dodgers. After three seasons in Medford and one season in Spokane in 1972, the Dodgers moved their Northwest League affiliate to Bellingham for 1973. In their first season the Dodgers posted a record of 42–37. The Dodgers would build upon their initial success. Bellingham went 52–32 on the year to win the West Division title. In the best of three games league championship series, the Dodgers fell to the Eugene Emeralds.

The team gained unwanted national notoriety in 1975 when it opened the season with 25 straight losses; they finished at . The Dodgers would again find themselves at the bottom of the league standings in 1976. Following the season the franchise signed a player development contract with the expansion Seattle Mariners. The Los Angeles Dodgers shifted their short season affiliation to Lethbridge, where they would play as the Lethbridge Dodgers of the Pioneer League.

Ballpark
The Bellingham franchise played at Joe Martin Field, a venue with a seating capacity near 1,600. The park is currently the home of the Bellingham Bells of the West Coast League.

Season-by-season record

See also
Bellingham Dodgers players   (1973–1976)

References

External links
Baseball Reference

Defunct Northwest League teams
Los Angeles Dodgers minor league affiliates
Defunct minor league baseball teams
Professional baseball teams in Washington (state)
Baseball teams established in 1973
Defunct baseball teams in Washington (state)
Baseball teams disestablished in 1976


Sajni, (also spelled as Sajani or Sajini), is a 2007 Indian Kannada-language film directed by Murugesh. The film stars Dhyan, Sharmila Mandre and Anant Nag in lead roles. lead actress Sharmila Mandre makes her Kannada debut through this film. The film is produced by Sonali Nikhil and Sunanda Murali Manohar. The film is the Kannada remake of
Tamil film Jodi which was released in 1999. For the first time in Kannada cinema, the film featured a soundtrack composed by A. R. Rahman with all compositions re-used from Rahman's Tamil film Jodi which in turn had re-used the tracks from Rahman's Hindi movie Doli Saja Ke Rakhna.
The film was released statewide on 23 February 2007.

Cast
 Sameer Dattani as Vikram (credited as Dhyan)
 Sharmila Mandre as Sajni
 Anant Nag as Ananth Murthy
 Avinash as Vikram's father
 Bhavya as Ananth Murthy's sister
 Amulya as Vikram's sister
 Shivaram as Grandfather
 M. S. Umesh as Secretary
 Master Anand
 Himanshu Malik as Singer Kailash
 Chaya Singh in a cameo appearance

Soundtrack

The official soundtrack contains six songs re-used from A. R. Rahman's Jodi soundtrack, which itself reused some songs of his earlier Bollywood film Doli Saja Ke Rakhna.
The background score of the film was composed by Sabesh–Murali due to Rahman's unavailability.

Reception
R G Vijayasarathy of Rediff.com gave the film 2 out of 5, writing "Though Sajini has all the ingredients of a good family entertainer, it doesn't rise above mediocrity."

References

External links

 movie review

2007 films
2000s Kannada-language films
Kannada remakes of Tamil films
Films scored by A. R. Rahman


Burrough Hill is an Iron Age hillfort in Burrough on the Hill,  south of Melton Mowbray in the English county of Leicestershire. Situated on a promontory about  above sea level, the site commands views over the surrounding countryside for miles around. There has been human activity in the area since at least the Mesolithic, and the hillfort was founded in the early Iron Age. In the medieval period, after the hillfort was abandoned, the hill was used as farmland. This ended in the 17th century when the parish the hill was in was enclosed. Traces of ridge and furrow show where the medieval fields were ploughed. Since the 1930s the site has been the subject of archaeological investigations and renewed excavations under the auspices of the University of Leicester began in 2010. Part of Burrough Hill Country Park and open to the public, the hillfort is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

According to archaeologist Dr Jeremy Taylor "sites like Burrough Hill were the nearest thing we have to a town before places like Leicester ever existed".

Location and layout

The hillfort stands on an ironstone promontory around  above sea level,  south of the modern settlement of Melton Mowbray. shaped during prehistoric ice ages. The bedrock is marlstone, limestone containing iron. Although the rock contains iron, the levels are low and little attempt was made to extract it. The iron gives the limestone a distinctive hue, ranging from orange to light brown as the proportion of iron changes across the site. Surrounded by a single ditch and rampart, the hillfort is trapezoidal in shape and covers an area of around . The ramparts, constructed from stone and earth, stand  above the interior of the hillfort and would originally have been higher. There is also a counterscarp  beyond the northern rampart.

The hillfort was entered from the south-east via a gap in the ramparts turned inwards. The gatepassage extends for  into the fort and is flanked by  high banks, although they were probably much higher when they were originally built. The passage would have been faced with stone. A chamber, possibly a guardhouse,  was built into the banks. Timber posts indicate there may have been a wooden gallery above the entrance, allowing people to cross the ramparts next to the entrance. The design, with an extended gatepassage and an adjacent room, has parallels with hillforts to the north such as Eddisbury in Cheshire and The Wrekin in Shropshire. An extended entrance, as seen at Burrough Hill, was a common theme in hillfort design and served to increase the time it took to enter. There may have been a second entrance in the south-west of the site. Later activity on the site has caused breaks in the ramparts, but the remains generally survive well.

A magnetometry survey of the interior of the hillfort in 2010 revealed over 400 circular anomalies of uncertain purpose (maculae) distributed across the fort, although there were fewer around the south-east. Their size and number, as well as finds from similar features in previous excavations, suggests they may have been storage pits. The survey also discovered curved features that probably indicate the presence of roundhouses. They were grouped close to the ramparts on the north, west, and south sides. There are signs of post-medieval quarrying outside the main entrance to the fort. Outside the hillfort were more curved anomalies, suggesting roundhouses in a settlement beyond the ramparts. It was surrounded by a ditch.

History
Burrough Hill is the best example of a univallate hillfort (surrounded by a single ditch and rampart) in Leicestershire. Finds from the site date from as early as the Mesolithic, indicating the area has seen human activity over an extended period of time, however it is likely that a settlement was only created in the Late Bronze or Early Iron Age. The subsequent development of the hillfort is unclear. As yet it is uncertain whether the settlement outside the hillfort was contemporary with the occupation of the hillfort or represent a different phase of activity on the site. The period of most intensive activity at Burrough Hill was between 100 BC and AD 50. Artefacts indicate that the settlement had a wide range of trade links. Towards the end of the Iron Age, the fort gradually degraded. A layer of refuse bears testament to this and contains Roman pottery. It is likely the site was still in use between the 1st and 4th centuries AD, at which point Britain was under Roman control. During the Roman period, habitation was focused in the northern part of the fort.

In the medieval period, the interior of the hillfort along with the surrounding area was farmed; traces of ridge and furrow still mark where the fields were ploughed. As well as being used agriculturally, locals used the hill to hold a fair. According to 16th-century antiquarian John Leland, on Whit Mondays the hill was used for social events such as dancing and games. In his Itinerary, Leland noted that curiosity prompted him to excavate some of the earthworks near the entrance and his account may be regarded as the earliest archaeological field report. The hill was used as farmland until the 17th century when the parish was enclosed. In the 19th century, Burrough Hill was used by the Melton Hunt for steeple-chasing.

The first professional archaeological excavation on Burrough Hill was in 1935; it was not well recorded, and the exact location of the trench is not certain, but it covered some  and was somewhere outside the east of the hillfort. Finds included animal bones and twelve pieces of Iron Age and Roman pottery. Excavations were next undertaken in 1960, by which time new technology meant non-invasive techniques such as magnetometery could be used alongside digging. About half the fort was surveyed using a proton magnetometer. Several features identified through this geophysical survey were partially excavated; they turned out to be storage pits and produced artefacts such as animal bones, quern stones for grinding, and various shards of Iron Age and Roman pottery. The entrance was also examined, and excavations revealed a cobbled surface leading into the fort as well as what may have been a guardhouse. More animal bone was found here as well as Iron Age and Roman pottery, and a brooch from the La Tène culture.

Further excavations were undertaken in 1967 when an area  was excavated within the northern part of the hillfort with the intention of investigating pit-like features identified in the 1960 magnetometry survey. Finds from the twelve pits consisted of Iron Age and Roman pottery, animal bones, and charcoal. The layer of topsoil above the pits produced Roman pottery and some Roman coins from the 3rd and 4th centuries. The 1960 survey again guided the excavations of 1970 and 1971 when several trenches totalling an area of  were dug in the interior near the rampart on the north side of the site. A trench was dug across the rampart to provide a cross-section. Despite multiple excavations, the results have generally been poorly published and as a result the hillfort remains little understood.

The  country park containing the hillfort has been leased by the Ernest Cook Trust, who own the site, to Leicestershire County Council since 1970. The area is still used as farmland, mostly for crops but with some livestock such as cows and sheep. Burrough Hill Country Park, which contains the hillfort, is open to the public in daylight hours.

In 2010 a five-year excavation began on the site, carried out by the University of Leicester School of Archaeology & Ancient History with the University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS). According to Dr Patrick Clay research in the 1990s and 2000s on farmsteads and undefended settlements had revealed much about Iron Age Leicestershire, however the role of hillforts in the county was less clear. The excavations aimed to address the issue of the purpose of hillforts in the region, and also acted as a training dig for students at the university. The hillfort is a Scheduled Monument, which means it is a "nationally important" structure and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. Assessing the progress of the excavations after the first three years of excavations, John Thomas who was in charge of the project remarked

See also
Hallaton Treasure – a large hoard of Iron Age treasure discovered in Leicestershire
Hillforts in Britain

References
Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 The Burrough Hill Research and Fieldwork Training Project: A ULAS and University of Leicester Excavation Initiative
 Burrough Hill Country Park
 The Ernest Cook Trust

Country parks in Leicestershire
Hills of Leicestershire
Hill forts in Leicestershire
Scheduled monuments in Leicestershire
Tourist attractions in Leicestershire
Somerby, Leicestershire


Christophe Diandy (born 25 November 1990) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a left-back and left midfielder.

Career
Diandy began his career with AS Yego Dakar before spending two years with Liberty Professionals.

On 5 March 2009 he went on trial at Anderlecht, playing with the team at Torneo di Viareggio, and signed a contract six days later, on 11 March 2009.

International career
He played with the Senegal U-21 and is member of the extended squad from the A team.

Style of play
Diandy is a versatile player, he plays in the offensive midfield or on the left wing.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Senegalese men's footballers
Senegal men's international footballers
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Oud-Heverlee Leuven players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
R.A.E.C. Mons (1910) players
Royal Excel Mouscron players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Senegalese expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Belgium


Trevor John Wood (born 3 November 1968) is a former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played 130 league games in the English Football League, 100 league games in the League of Ireland, and won one international cap for Northern Ireland in 1995.

He began his career at Brighton & Hove Albion, but did not feature in the first team before he signed with Port Vale in May 1988. Mostly a back-up keeper for the "Valiants", he moved on to Walsall in May 1994. He helped the "Saddlers" to promotion out of the Third Division in 1994–95, before he signed with Hereford United in 1997. He then moved to Ireland to play for St Patrick's Athletic, and helped his new club to the League of Ireland title in 1997–98 and 1998–99, before he retired in 2001.

Playing career
Wood was a squad member for Brighton & Hove Albion before having a successful trial with John Rudge's Port Vale in May 1988. He kept a clean sheet on his debut; a 2–0 home win over Huddersfield Town on 3 October 1988. Despite this he was used mainly as a reserve keeper, and made only two appearances in the Third Division as back-up to Mark Grew and loanee Mike Stowell during the promotion campaign of 1988–89. He played just three Second Division games in 1989–90, with Grew retaining his place between the sticks at Vale Park. Wood earned the first team jersey in August 1990. He injured his thigh however, in a 2–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic on 16 February 1991, and took two months to win his first team place back. He made 37 appearances in all competitions in 1990–91, being preferred ahead of Grew. In August 1991 he once more fell out of favour, as Grew played every minute of the 1991–92 campaign. Wood was in goal for the 4–3 defeat on penalties to Go Ahead Eagles in the TNT Tournament on 9 August 1992, a tournament the Vale still managed to win. He started the 1992–93 season as first choice keeper, but lost his place to new signing Paul Musselwhite after five league games, having conceded a penalty at Vetch Field in an 'off the ball' incident with a Swansea player. At the end of the 1993–94 season, Wood was given a free transfer, and signed with Walsall in May 1994.

The "Saddlers" won promotion out of the Third Division as runners-up in 1994–95 under the stewardship of Chris Nicholl. They then went on to finish eleventh in the Second Division in 1995–96, before Wood moved on to Graham Turner's Hereford United in the 1996–97 campaign. The "Bulls" finished bottom of the Football League, and were relegated into the Conference.

He then signed for St. Patrick's Athletic and played in the Champions League preliminary round against Celtic in 1998, keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw at Celtic Park. Celtic won the second leg 2–0 at Tolka Park. The "Saints" won the League of Ireland title in 1997–98 and 1998–99, also boasting the best defensive record on both occasions. However they dropped to sixth and fifth in 1999–2000 and 2000–01, and Wood left the club, having made 100 league appearances.

International career
FIFA regulations at the time allowed a player born outside of the United Kingdom with a British passport to choose which national team he wanted to represent, despite the Jersey Football Association having county football association status within England's Football Association. Wood was the first player to take advantage of the lax regulations when he was called up for a qualifying game against Republic of Ireland for UEFA Euro 1996 in March 1995.

Wood earned a Northern Ireland cap on 11 October 1995 during the same qualifying campaign, coming on for Alan Fettis at half-time in a 4–0 win over Liechtenstein at the Sportpark Eschen-Mauren. He had been suggested to coach Bryan Hamilton by Chris Nicholl, his manager at Walsall. He then slipped down the international pecking order behind Fettis, Tommy Wright, Roy Carroll, and Aidan Davison. On 26 March 1996, he played in a rare Northern Ireland B team game, a 3–0 win over Norway Olympic XI at The Showgrounds in Coleraine.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Walsall
Football League Third Division second-place promotion: 1994–95

St Patrick's Athletic
League of Ireland: 1997–98 & 1998–99

References

1968 births
Living people
People from Saint Helier
Jersey people of Irish descent
Jersey men's footballers
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Northern Ireland men's B international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
League of Ireland players


The royal situado () was the Spanish term for revenues that the viceroyalties of Peru, New Spain, New Granada, and Rio de la Plata sent to finance colonial frontier defenses against internal and external enemies.

Soon after Pedro Menendez de Aviles founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 , it became apparent to the Spanish crown that depredations by pirates and the resistance of the native population would prevent Spanish settlements from becoming self-sufficient in , despite their ranching and farming operations. As a consequence of this state of affairs, Philip II instituted annual transfers, known as the , from the Spanish treasury  to pay the presidio payroll and other expenses.

This money was derived from the king's portion of precious metals mined in the Americas that was not transported to Spain, but rather was distributed throughout the colonial territories to fund their administrative and defense expenses. This system of financial transfers between the hundred or so treasury offices or royal cajas () spread across the Spanish Empire in the Americas and the Philippines. These intercolonial tax flows, or , formed a vital part of the Spanish monarchy's vast and complex fiscal system. There was a royal office in every important town. This system ensured a mutual interchange of compensation and financial support among the colonies. Remittances by the colonies that yielded the largest tax revenues defrayed the administration and defense costs of the poorer colonies.
The silver mines of Mexico, especially in the second half of the 18th century, furnished an increasing sum spent directly in the Americas and not recorded by the royal treasury in Madrid.

The Viceroyalty of New Spain therefore not only provided important sums of precious metals for the Spanish metropole but also financed the largest part of the empire's defenses in the greater Caribbean. Private business developed to take advantage of the flow of capital raised by the situado and reaped growing profits for the upper colonial classes in military provisions, transport, currency exchange premiums, loans, and private trading.

The Real Situado from the Viceroyalty of Peru financed the Spanish Army of Arauco as a result of the Arauco War. Most of the silver came from Potosí in present-day Bolivia.

See also
Mapuche silverwork
Wreckage of San José, ship carrying the Real Situado to Valdivia in 1651

References

History of the Captaincy General of Chile
Arauco War
Economic history of Chile
Military economics
Viceroyalty of Peru


Daniel George Gough (18 March 1900 – 15 April 1952) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy and Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

George Gough was one of these schoolboys who would one day be a competent footballer, he started as a youngster playing with the Croxton I.O.R. junior team, till 1918, when he came of age and transferred to Preston in the V.J.F.A. competition. Fitzroy recruited him the following year.
Gough, a small forward, had the first of two separate stints in the VFL. He played mainly as a half-forward and rover but after three seasons he had enough of Fitzroy's coach so he crossed over to play for his local VFA side, Northcote.

He then turned out for Northcote playing at full forward. In his third season he topped the league's goal-kicking with 83 goals. His tally that year included a bag of 25 goals against Prahran which set a VFA record which has never been broken.
In 1926 he was second in the league goalkicking for the year. He was so consistent that Carlton express keen interest in him.

On the back of these performances, Gough was picked up by Carlton and started well by kicking five goals on his debut for the club. He finished the season with a tally of 30 goals and backed it up the following year with 36 goals, four of them in the Semi Final loss to Richmond. In his 24 games at Carlton, Gough went goal-less only once.

After two years with Carlton, Gough returned to Northcote in 1929 and played up the field on the wing. He lost his passion for the game and retired mid-season.

He was cleared to Preston for the 1930 season.

He died after a long illness, at his home in Regent and was survived by his wife and two sons.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1900 births
1952 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Fitzroy Football Club players
Carlton Football Club players
Northcote Football Club players
Preston Football Club (VFA) players


Kevin Goh Wei Ming (born 7 July 1983) is a chess player from Singapore. He is a seven-time Singaporean champion (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013 and 2017) and has represented Singapore in the Chess Olympiad since 2004.

Chess career
In 2000, Goh won the boys under 18 section at the 1st ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships in Vũng Tàu, Vietnam. At the 2005 Southeast Asian Games, Goh won two bronze medals, in the men's standard individual event and in the teams' one. In 2010 he played in Singapore the first game of an exhibition blitz match between top Singaporean players and Garry Kasparov. In March 2011, in Hungary, he won back to back the First Saturday GM tournament in Budapest and the Caissa GM tournament in Kecskemét; in this latter he achieved his first norm required for the title of Grandmaster. The next year, Goh gained his second norm at the Asian Nations Cup in Zaozhuang, China, where he played for team Singapore. In 2018, he finished second, behind Tsegmed Batchuluun, in the QCD-Prof Lim Kok Ann Grandmasters Invitational tournament, held in Singapore, also achieving his third and final grandmaster norm. Goh was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 2020, when his Elo rating exceeded 2500.

Books

References

External links

 ChessBase.com - Chess News - Goh Weiming Ready for war over the board
 IM Kevin Goh's Chess Site

1983 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess writers
Singaporean chess players
Singaporean sportspeople of Chinese descent
SEA Games bronze medalists for Singapore
SEA Games medalists in chess
Competitors at the 2005 SEA Games
21st-century Singaporean people


The State Reserves Bureau copper scandal refers to a loss of approximately US$150 million as a result of trading LME Copper futures contracts at the London Metal Exchange (LME) by rogue trader Liu Qibing, who was the chief trader for the Import and Export Department of the State Regulation Centre for Supply Reserves (SRCSR), the trading agency for the State Reserve Bureau (SRB) of China in 2005.

Unauthorized trading
After obtaining a bachelor in economics, Liu Qibing started working for the SRCSR, and was sent to the LME for training in 1995. Liu became the director of Import and Export Department at SRCSR, in 1999, and was authorized to place orders on LME and the Shanghai Futures Exchange
(SHFE). In 2002, Liu was promoted again to be the chief trader of SRCSR. Between 2002 and 2004, Liu had traded long positions on copper to bet that China's construction boom at the time would lead to price increases. Starting around 2003, Liu started to arbitrage copper prices between the SHFE and the LME by holding opposite positions simultaneously on the SHFE and the LME. Liu was typically long copper futures on the SHFE and short LME copper contracts on the LME. Since foreign investors are not allowed to access the SHFE, Liu found disparities between SHFE and LME copper prices that he exploited. Liu's trading activities earned approximately US$300 million for the Chinese government between 2002 and 2004.

2005 trades
Liu began shorting copper in the spring of 2005, allegedly because he observed that the SRB will be selling copper on the spot market, and that the Chinese central bank was preventing state banks from lending to real estate developers to prevent inflation, which would reduce demand for copper. These central bank policies proved to be temporary, however, and lending for real estate construction resumed, leading to copper price increases. According to sources published by the Washington post, as Liu suffered trading losses, his supervisors apparently pressured him to double his bets hoping to recover his losses and avoid reporting those losses to higher authorities. According to China Daily, Liu's position grew to a short 130,000 tonnes of copper in July and August 2005 for delivery in December 2005. By early September, Liu's position grew to a short 220,000 tonnes of copper, with an average price of US$3500 per tonne, due for delivery mostly on December 21 and the rest in 2006. LME traders at the time, who thought they were dealing with the SRB through Liu, apparently did not believe that the SRB had enough copper stocks to execute those contracts, and they bought copper contracts against Liu's position. When copper prices continued falling, Liu Qibing disappeared from public view on November 14, 2005.

SRB Response
Immediately after Liu's disappearance, officials at the SRB denied knowing Liu Qibing and stated that the SRB was not involved in short selling copper. However, other traders at the London Metals Exchange stated that they knew him as China's main metals trader. The confusion stems from the fact that the SRB is a Chinese government entity that acts through the SRCSR, which is a separately registered government-owned nonprofit organization with its own registered capital. Both the SRB and the SRCSR are owned by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China, which means that SRCSR is not the subsidiary of SRB, rather that SRCSR is acting as an agent for the SRB. SRCSR can participate in market trading, but the commodities underlying those trading activities belong to the SRB. SRCSR's separate capital pool also implies that exposure to losses by the NDRC is limited by its invested capital. Contrary to Western press reports, Liu Qibing was not an employee at the SRB, but a senior official at the SRCSR, which explains SRB's first denials of the incident.

The SRB eventually acknowledged knowing Liu Qibing, stated that he had been on leave, and later announced that the trader had acted on his own, without authorization. This raised the possibility that the SRB might not settle Liu's positions, and leave LME brokers who executed trades for Liu with losses. The UK Financial Services Authority warned the LME that if the SRB could prove that Liu was not authorized to trade futures, they do not have to honour his trades. The LME stated that the SRE was not a clearing member of the exchange, and that other clearing members were liable for the SRB's positions on the exchange should the SRB default on their positions.

Eventually, the SRB did take ownership of Liu's trades, and tried to manage the loss they incurred rather than immediately close the Liu's positions. The SRB announced copper stockpiles of 1.3 million tonnes that greatly exceeded market estimates of SRB stock at the time, which were about 250,000 tonnes. On November 16, 2005 and November 23, 2005, the SRB auctioned 20,000 tonnes of copper, and auctioned more copper on November 30, 2005. These actions led to copper price declines during this period, but LME traders ultimately did not believe SRB's new stockpile data and drove prices even higher; LME copper prices increased from $4100 before the first SRB auction to $4400 after the fourth SRB auction. On December 21, LME copper warehouse stocks in Korea increased by around 50,000 tonnes, most of which were sent from China. Consensus among LME traders then was that these additional stocks were sent by the SRB to settle part of Liu's positions, at a realized loss of an estimated US$45 million, while the rest of those short positions had been extended to 2006 and 2007.

Lax controls
The incident highlights the lax trading controls of Chinese government entities at the time. Between 2002 and 2004, Liu made US$300 million for the Chinese government speculating on copper prices, even though the SRCSR had no mandate to speculate for profit. By June 2004, Liu Qibing was the only authorized trader in SRCSR's futures and forwards trading group down from an originally larger group of traders, and this situation persisted for more than a year until the trading incident. The lack of personnel implied a lack of human resources for internal controls at the SRCSR. The SRB denial of knowing Liu Qibing implies that the organization was unaware of activities at the SRCSR and the state of its trading group. Additionally, the Chinese derivatives supervisor, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), did not supervise the derivatives trading of other government agencies such as the SRB. The lack of controls at the SRB, the SRCSR, and at the CSRC over Liu Qibing's trading activities allowed him to build his large trading position.

Aftermath
In March 2008, Liu Qibing and his supervisor both went on trial in China, accused of breaking various regulations. Liu Qibing was sentenced to seven years in prison.

See also
Sumitomo copper affair
Silver Thursday
List of trading losses

References

External links
 BBC News
 Washington Post
 Asia One News

Commodity markets
Financial scandals
2005 in China
Copper


Museum Mayer van den Bergh is a museum in Antwerp, Belgium, housing the collection of the art dealer and collector Fritz Mayer van den Bergh (1858-1901). The major works are from the Gothic and Renaissance period in the Netherlands and Belgium, including paintings by Pieter Brueghel the Elder.

History
Fritz Mayer van den Bergh, born in 1858, collected art for most of his life, making his most expensive and important additions between 1897 and his death in 1901. He was especially interested in art from the 14th to sixteenth century, while his contemporaries considered the Gothic and Renaissance art dated. This fact enabled him to create a collection of 1.000 pieces of mostly Northern Renaissance art. After his death, his mother Henriette Mayer van den Bergh built a neo-gothic house in the banking district of Antwerp between 1901 and 1904, as a museum for the expansive art collection.

Collection
The Mayer van den Bergh Breviary, a late 15th-century or early 16th-century illustrated manuscript of 1412 pages, probably made for a rich Portuguese in Antwerp by Simon Bening, Gerard Horenbout and Jan Provost, Flemish miniaturists from the Ghent-Bruges school.
Pieter Brueghel the Elder: Dulle Griet (Mad Meg or Dull Gret), ca. 1562
Pieter Brueghel the Elder: Proverbs
Master Heinrich of Constance, Christ and Saint John Group, 14th century
Pieter Huys, The Temptation of Saint Anthony, 1577
Jan Mabuse, Magdalen
Quentin Matsys, Crucifixion
 a Pleurant, 15th Century.

Gallery

Notes

External links

Art museums and galleries in Belgium
Museums in Antwerp
Art museums established in 1904
1904 establishments in Belgium
Former private collections


A submarine's net cutter is a device mounted on the bows of some naval submarines to cut through anti-submarine netting.
Some net cutters are powered by explosives.

See also
 Torpedo net cutter
 Net cutter (fisheries patrol)

References

Anti-submarine warfare


The 22nd Biathlon World Championships for men were held in 1986 in Oslo, Norway. The 3rd women's world championships were held in Falun, Sweden.

Men's results

20 km individual

10 km sprint

Peter Angerer, West Germany, was stripped of silver due to use of a forbidden substance.

4 × 7.5 km relay

The West German team was stripped of bronze due to Peter Angerer's use of a forbidden substance.

Women's results

10 km individual

5 km sprint

3 × 5 km relay

Medal table

References

1986
Biathlon World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Sweden
1986 in Norwegian sport
1986 in Swedish sport
International sports competitions in Oslo
Biathlon competitions in Sweden
Biathlon competitions in Norway
1980s in Oslo
Sports competitions in Falun
Holmenkollen
February 1986 sports events in Europe


Philippe Guillaume aka Philipp Wilhelm Graf von Forbach, then Vicomte de Deux-Ponts and later Freiherr von Zweibrücken (1754–1807) was an officer of the French and later general of the Bavarian Army.

Early life and ancestry
Wilhelm von Zweibrücken was the second of six children of Christian IV Herzog von Pfalz-Zweibrücken and Maria Johanna Camasse, Gräfin von Forbach (1734-1807). The children were unable to succeed to their father's Duchy due to the morganatic nature of their parents' marriage at first, but were allowed to wear the name Freiherr von Zweibrücken in 1792.

Biography
Due to a former business agreement of Louis XV of France and his father from March 1751, who promised to the French king to raise a German battalion of infantry for France when and if needed, the Infantry Regiment "Royal Deux-Ponts" (raised on 19, 1757) of two battalions to the French crown after the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, when it was at first deployed in the Battle of Rossbach. The commander of the regiment at this time was his older brother Christian, and Wilhelm was deputy commander.

In 1780, he married Martine-Adelaide de Polastron (1760-1795). The couple had four children, named Christian (1782–1859, a later general), Karl (1784-1812), Maria Anna, Gräfin von Forbach (1785-1857) and Henriette.

As part of De Rochambeau's expedition corps the "Royal Deux-Ponts" during the American Revolutionary War, where the regiment served in the siege of Yorktown, also called the "German Battle", on October 4, 1781. Especially the assault of Redoubt 9 by 400 French regulars under his command, that opened the British defenses was mentioned. After the French Revolution, he served as a general in the Bavarian army, and died in Munich, where he and his brother Christian are buried in the Old Southern Cemetery.

In the European Rosegarden in Zweibrücken there is a memorial of him and his brother.

Awards
 Order of Saint Louis

References and notes

Bavarian generals
French Army officers
House of Wittelsbach
French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
1754 births
1807 deaths
Counts Palatine of Zweibrücken
Order of Saint Louis recipients
Sons of monarchs


Dode is a village in Jalandhar. Jalandhar is a district in the Indian state of Punjab. It lies on the Kartarpur-Kala Bakra road which is almost 1 km away from it. The nearest railway station to Dode is Kala Bakra railway station at a distance of 4 km.

Post office
Dode's post office is Mustafapur.

References

 Official website of Punjab Govt. with Dode's details

Villages in Jalandhar district


The Conservatorio Profesional de Música de Getafe (Getafe Professional Conservatory of Music in English) is a public institution providing specialised pre-college education in Music located in Getafe, Madrid.

Studies
The conservatory offers the LOGSE basic and intermediate levels diplomas in music (Grado Elemental y Medio LOGSE). All the orchestral instruments, guitar, piano, accordion and saxophone are taught. These studies are to be taken alongside highschool studies, in order to obtain a diploma, which allows students to progress to a music college without having to pass theory, aural and history entrance exams.

Facilities
The conservatory has 49 teaching rooms and 18 practice rooms, library, computer room, large rooms for rehearsals and a 429-seats auditorium.

References

Music schools in Spain


Chlorogalum grandiflorum is a species of flowering plant known by the common name Red Hills soap plant. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada foothills, such as the Red Hills (Tuolumne County), of California, where it grows in chaparral, woodland, and forest.

Description
This uncommon perennial wildflower grows from a red or brown-coated bulb up to 7 centimeters wide. The basal leaves have very wavy edges. The inflorescence may be a meter long and is composed of many flowers, each with six tepals which are white with a purple midvein. The tepals are narrow, up to 3 centimeters long, and curl back as they spread open. Each ephemeral flower opens in the evening and closes by the following morning. There are six stamens tipped with yellow anthers. The fruit is a capsule just over half a centimeter long.

References

External links
Calflora Database: Chlorogalum grandiflorum (Red Hills soaproot)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Chlorogalum grandiflorum
USDA Plants Profile for Chlorogalum grandiflorum
Flora of North America
UC Photos gallery — Chlorogalum grandiflorum

grandiflorum
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of El Dorado County, California
Natural history of Placer County, California
Natural history of Tuolumne County, California


August "Agi" Lindegren (December 29, 1858 – 16 November 1927) was a Swedish architect and illustrator.

Biography
Lindegren was born at Hudiksvall in Gävleborg County, Sweden. He studied at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1877-82 and at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm in 1882–85. He then traveled to France, Germany and Italy for various periods over four years. In 1885, Lindegren became an architect at the Swedish government agency for the administration of state buildings (Överintendentsämbetet (sv)). In 1894, he was appointed architect at Drottningholm Palace.Among his designs were Biological Museum (Biologiska museet) at Djurgården in Stockholm (1893), Gustaf Vasa Church (Gustaf Vasa kyrka) in the Vasastaden district of Stockholm (1906) and New Church (Ny kyrka) in Värmland (1887-1889). Renovations included Västerås Cathedral (Västerås domkyrka) in Värmland (1896–98) and St. Mary's Church, Sigtuna (1904-05).

References

1858 births
1927 deaths
Swedish architects
Litteris et Artibus recipients
People from Gävleborg County
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni


Caloptilia serotinella (cherry leaf roller) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae, found in North America.

The caterpillar generates the force required to roll leaves by stretching the silk strands it fixes between opposable plant surfaces. It communicates with other cherry leaf rollers by scraping, plucking and vibrating.

References

serotinella
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1910


Portrait of Francisco Lezcano or The "Niño de Vallecas" is the 1645 portrait by Diego Velázquez of Francisco Lezcano (died 1649), also known as Lezcanillo or el Vizcaíno, a jester at the court of Philip IV of Spain. It has been in the Prado since 1819.

The mountains round Madrid can be seen in the right background, whilst the subject holds cards in his hands. The painting is part of a series of paintings of jesters at the court, and this one was possibly painted whilst the subject was accompanying the king on a hunt, since he is shown in hunting attire in the open air. It was produced for display in the Torre de la Parada (a hunting lodge on the outskirts of Madrid in the Sierra de Guadarrama near El Pardo).

On 28 July 1714 it was moved to the Palacio del Pardo, before appearing in 1772 at the home of infante Javier in the new Palacio Real in Madrid. In 1794 it was in the "Pieza de Trucos" of the same palace, at which time it gained its alternative name of Niño de Vallecas.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

Bibliography
Museo del Prado. Pintura española de los siglos XVI y XVII. Enrique Lafuente Ferrari. Aguilar S.A. 1964

External links
Velázquez , exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this portrait (see index)

Lezcano
Lezcano
1645 paintings
Lezcano
1640s in Spain
Lezcano


Flat wagons (sometimes flat beds, flats or rail flats, US: flatcars), as classified by the International Union of Railways (UIC), are railway goods wagons that have a flat, usually full-length, deck (or 2 decks on car transporters) and little or no superstructure.  By contrast, open wagons have high side and end walls and covered goods wagons have a fixed roof and sides. Flat wagons are often designed for the transportation of goods that are not weather-sensitive. Some flat wagons are able to be covered completely by tarpaulins or hoods and are therefore suitable for the transport of weather-sensitive goods. Unlike a "goods wagon with opening roof", the loading area of a flat is entirely open and accessible once the cover is removed.

Flats form a large proportion of goods wagons; for example in 1998 they comprised 40% of the total goods fleet owned by the German carrier, DB, the overwhelming majority of which were flat wagons with bogies.

Typical goods transported by these railway wagons are: vehicles, engines, large pipes, metal beams, wire coils, wire mesh, half-finished steel products, (sheets, coils, pipes, bars and plates), containers, rails, sleepers and complete sections of railway track. Gravel, sand and other bulk goods are transported on flat wagons with side panels.

International UIC classification

Flat wagons are classified by the UIC into:

 Ordinary goods wagons with category letters "K", "O" and "R", and
 Special goods wagons with category letters "L" and "S".

The main difference between the ordinary and special types of flat wagon is that the former always have to have a flat deck that can be driven on, whereas the special types do not have to be so designed. Within both types of flat wagon, there are variants with separate axles as well as bogie wagons.

In addition numerous other terms are used to classify flat wagons according to their purpose, but without clear and comprehensive specifications.

UIC standard goods wagons
Attempts by the International Union of Railways (UIC) to standardise flat wagons go back to the 1950s. These efforts led to the establishment of characteristics for so-called "standard wagons".  Standardised flat wagons are specified in the following UIC pamphlets:

 UIC 571-1 – Standard wagons – ordinary two-axle wagons
 UIC 571-2 – Standard wagons – ordinary bogie wagons
 UIC 571-3 – Standard wagons – Special-purpose wagons
 UIC 571-4 – Standard wagons – Wagons for combined transport

The implementation of these guidelines is partly binding and partly voluntary for members of the UIC. Since the end of 1977, flat wagons that partially conform to these guidelines are identified by the designation "UIC". Flat beds that comply fully with the leaflets, and are therefore true UIC standard wagons, are given the designation "UIS St".

K: Ordinary two-axle flat wagons
The Class K flats were originally one of the largest families of goods wagons, not least in Germany, thanks to the many older type stake wagons (stanchion wagons) that were assigned to it. The bulk of their work has since been taken over by special flat wagons. By 1998, DB only had 10,000 of this type left.

The majority of ordinary two-axle flat beds built since the 1950s were those with folding sides and short swivelling stanchions of UIC type 1 with, at least in Germany, an axle base of only 8 metres.

In recent years new K wagons have been developed. These have fixed ends and a tarpaulin cover and are therefore also suitable for hygroscopic goods. Their designation is Kils, based on the UIC classification of goods wagons.

In addition to the normal letters indicating length and weight (k, kk, n, m and mm) the Type K may also have the following index letters:
 b – with long (side-)stanchions (usually designed as insertable stanchions)
 i – with removable cover and non-removable ends (tarpaulin wagon) and
 l – without stanchions
 p – without sides (not used with i)

L: Special flat wagons with separate axles
Today this class contains:
 Three and four-axle car transporters (see below) with one or two decks, and
 Two-axle container wagons
Only of historic significance, by contrast, are pod wagons (see below) and cradle wagons (see below). As a rule, L wagons do not have stanchions.

The most important index letters for basic classification of current types are:
 a – articulated wagon with 3 axles,
 aa – double wagon with 4 axles,
 d – fitted out for the transport of motor cars without deck,
 e – with decks for the transport of motor cars (double decker),
 g – fitted for the transport of containers (Container wagons).

The UIC has standardised three types of L wagon, the Class Lgss being based heavily on the Class Ks (see above):

O: Mixed open flat wagons
The standard mixed open flat wagon group has folding sides, stanchions and two or three axles.

The most important index letters for this group are:

 a – with 3 axles,
 k – maximum load <
 kk – maximum load
 l – without stanchions
 m – loading length
 mm – loading length <
 n – with 2 axles: maximum load > , with 3 axles: maximum load >

The dimensions of the UIC standard wagon largely conform to the considerably more common Class Ks wagon (see above):

R: Ordinary flat wagons with bogies

The exclusively four-axle bogie wagons of Class R are equipped with a solid, level deck, usually made of wood, and, unless indicated otherwise by the code letters, also furnished with stanchions and end walls. Most types have short, removable, swivelling stanchions. They are especially suited to the transport of long steel elements, building materials, machines and large vehicles. In the 1990s, the DB purchased Class R wagons with long, sturdy, light metal stanchions and high end walls for the increasing amount of log transport required. In 1998, the DB had about 17,000 R wagons in service.

The most important index letters for distinguishing the basic types are as follows:
 e – with drop sides,
 g – fitted for the transport of containers (Container wagons),
 h – fitted out for the transport of steel coils, eye to side,
 i – with removable cover and non-removable ends (tarpaulin wagon),
 l – without stanchions,
 mm – very short loading length (less than ),
 oo – with non-removable ends,  or more in height and without covers (wagons for timber transport).

The UIC has specified two standard R wagons, both of which are very common e.g. in Germany. In the mid-1970s there was a switchover to newly built wagons with foldable sides.

S: Special flat wagons with bogies

This is the largest group of flat wagons both in terms of variety and numbers. Their classification as special wagons arises either as a result of not having a wagon deck that is drivable or due to their axle count. Unlike the standard wagons, these flats are predominantly optimised for a specific purpose. In 1998 the DB had about 22,000 Class S wagons in its fleet.

The large variety of variants may be seen from the number of index letters, of which only the most important are given here; i.e. those that are needed to distinguish the basic types:
 a – 6 axles,
 aa – 8 or more axles,
 d – fitted out for the transport of motor cars,
 g – fitted for the transport of containers (Container wagons),
 gg – fitted for the transport of containers, total loading length over ,
 h – for the transport of steel coils, eye to side
 i – with removable cover and non-removable ends,
 l – without stanchions (optional in certain combinations),
 mm – very short loading length (four-axle wagons < , otherwise < ),
 p – without sides (the use of this code letter is optional in certain combinations),
 r – articulated wagon, three bogies.

S wagons for heavy loads

These wagons are so designed that the loading is limited only by the class of railway line, not the wagon itself. In order to keep the sag as low as possible, they are relatively short and thus mainly inscribed with the index letters mm.

The six-axle wagons with drivable decks of class Samm… are similar to the four-axle Rmm wagons, but are grouped with this special class due to the number of axles. In the Deutsche Bahn, these mainly consist of RRym wagons with a  payload.

In considerably larger numbers, and designed for transporting steel coils, are the four and six-axle wagons equipped with loading troughs of the class S…hmm…. Some have fixed end walls and removable covers in the shape of tarpaulins or telescopic hoods. The Shimmns708 serving with the DB, which is the most common German S wagon, has an unladen weight of about  and a loading limit of  and is thus able to carry coils with a total weight of about .

The UIC has standardized a four and a six-axle telescopic hood wagon for the transport of coils. Such wagons have been used in Germany since the 1970s and 1980s respectively, but usually fitted with (light) tarpaulins instead of the hoods:

S wagons for combined transport
The group known as wagons for combined transport have specific designs and equipment for the transport of the various transport units. The UIC has standardized several wagons, whose most important dimensions are given in the following table:

Flat wagons for ISO containers and swap bodies
These wagons of Class Sg… are most common in combined transport. Their foldable trunnions (klappbare Tragzapfen) make them suitable for various transport systems. Some of these rail vehicles are equipped with long-stroke shock absorbers (index letter j) as special equipment for the protection of loads.
 Wagons with a loading length of at least  (Type 2 conforming to UIC norm 571-4) can carry ISO containers with a total length of ; the majority can also be used for the transport of swap bodies. The Deutsche Bundesbahn expanded its fleet in 2007 by 615 wagons of Class Sgns (delivered by March 2009) with the option for a further 600 wagons (delivery by 2010).
 On transporter wagons with a loading length of at least  (Type 1 conforming to UIC norm 571-4) there are an A swap body, up to two C swap bodies or an ISO container with a corresponding total length place.
 For the transport of High Cube swap bodies and ISO containers with an inside height of  wagons with especially low-lying loading areas and a loading length of  have also been available since the 1990s.
 Two-part articulated wagons with  loading length can be loaded with swap bodies or ISO containers with a total length of  (index letters gg and r).

The use of  and Wippenwagen remained restricted in the period from the 1960s to the 1980s, despite their utility in enabling horizontal cross-loading without cranes, because at that time facilities for swap body cross-loading were still widely available in western Europe.

The CargoSprinter, conceived as a goods wagon for the transport of ISO containers, did not get any further than trials.

ACTS wagons
These wagons for the ACTS roller container transport system with horizontal crossloading are common especially in Switzerland and the Netherlands. The Swiss wagons bear the national index letter x.

Flat wagons for road vehicles
Flat wagons for road vehicles (Class S…d…) are less common, because this typ of combined transport is only efficient on certain routes.
 Pocket wagons (Class Sd[g]…) are used specifically for the transport of semi-trailers. They may usually however be loaded either with ISO containers or swap bodies as required, thus avoiding empty running.
 Low floor wagons for the rolling road (Class Saad…) are suitable for loading entire articulated lorries including their tractor units. The necessary low floors required are achieved by using especially small wheel diameters in each of the four-axle bogies. These make the wagons relatively expensive to build and maintain.
 CargoBeamer: This newly developed type of waggon (TSI conformity since 8/2010) enable the transport of semi-trailers, loading of which is automated by a tub (Wanne) and pulled parallel onto the railway wagon.
 Kangourou wagons are used specifically for the transport of semi-trailers.
 Modalohr is used for specifically for the transport of Semi-trailer trucks

S wagons for special purposes

For the transport of logs, four-axle wagons with non-drivable decks and equipped with high, fixed stanchions are used (Class Snps).

Wagons with a flat deck for transporting assembled track sections, some of which are fitted with special equipment and used in maintenance of way trains, are usually classified as departmental wagons.

Under some circumstances bucket wagons (Kübelwagen) are not classified as open wagons, but grouped into Class S.

The group known as Spreizhaubenwagen (Sins, Sfins) are related to the Sliding wall wagons and, like them are for hygroscopic goods, but have no fixed roof. The sliding walls taper inwards towards the top and are connected by an articulated joint so the walls can be spread and slid apart, so that one half of the wagon is entirely open and may be loaded or unloaded from the side by forklift truck or from above by crane.

Flat wagons for specific purposes that are grouped under several classes

Container wagons

Container wagons are flats specially fitted with securing equipment for transporting ISO containers. Depending on their design they may be grouped into classes L, R or S. Class K wagons are rarely used because even an 8 foot (2.591 m) high ISO container exceeds the European loading gauge. The presence of container pins is always indicated by the index letter g. Only general purpose wagons that have to be specially prepared for container transport and have a drivable floor, are classed as standard wagons. Wagons that are exclusively used for container transport are classified as special types. In the latter case, the profile of the wagon underframe is left open and the container only rests on the beams and the trunnions.

Most container flats are designed to take standard 20 and 40 foot ISO containers. Two-axle wagons of this type are able to carry two 20-foot or one 40-foot container; many four-axle wagons have room for three 20-foot or one 40-foot and one 20-foot container.

In India double stacking of containers is done on flat wagons instead of well cars under 7.5m high catenary because the wider Indian Gauge permits more height while keeping the centre of gravity still low.

Car transporters

Car transporters (US: autoracks) are predominantly used for the delivery of factory-new cars and vans to dealers.

Because cars are a relatively light form of freight, European car transporters have two decks and, despite their great length, only need at most three axles. Where there are three axles, the centre one rests on a swivel and the wagon has an articulated joint in the middle. The cars can be loaded over the joint. These wagons are open as a rule and are thus classified as flat wagons of Class L (see above).

Before the development of these specials, standard open wagons were fitted with a second deck, the end walls were removed and pairs of wagons were permanently coupled in order to be used as car transporters. In Germany in the 1950s their capacity proved no longer sufficient for the transport of the VW Beetle. As a result, engineers at Volkswagen and Deutsche Bundesbahn jointly designed an extra long wagon for the transport of factory-new vehicles. The result was a wagon that could carry ten cars from the factory to the ports for export from 1958 onwards.

The car-carrier wagons used in motorail trains are not classed as goods wagons despite their similar design.

See also

 Barrier vehicle
 Bogie bolster wagon
 Class U special wagon
 Conflat
 Flatcar
 Flatbed trolley
 Flatbed truck
 Goods wagon
 Rolling highway
 Side stake
 Slate waggon
 Tie down strap
 Transporter flatcar

References

Literature and sources
 H. Behrends: Güterwagen-Archiv Band 1. Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin, 1989.
 H. Behrends: Güterwagen-Archiv Band 2. Transpress VEB Verlag für Verkehrswesen, Berlin, 1989.
 Deutsche Bundesbahn: Güterwagen, Großbehälter, Straßenroller. Werbe- and Auskunftsamt für den Personen- and Güterverkehr, Frankfurt(Main), 1960.
 Gerd Wolff: Die Autotransportwagen. Güterwagen-Lexikon DB, EK-Verlag Freiburg, 1991 and 2005.
 Stefan Carstens: Die Güterwagen der DB AG – Zahlen, Fakten, Entwicklungen.. MIBA-Verlang, Nuremberg, 1998
 Stefan Carstens: Güterwagen Band 5. Rungen-, Schienen- and Flat wagons. MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg, 2008
 Wolfgang Diener: Anstrich and Bezeichnung von Güterwagen. Verlag Dr. Bernhard Abend, Stuttgart, 1992

External links

 DB-Güterwagenkatalog
 Dybas – Privates Güterwagenarchiv
 Artikel über Behälter-Tragwagen auf Drahtkupplung.de
 Artikel über ISO-Container and Wechselbehälter auf Kombimodell.de

International Union of Railways
Freight rolling stock