General Nicholas Nikolaievich Annenkov (Николай Николаевич Анненков) (December 1799 in Sergachsky Uyezd, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate – 25 November 1865 in St. Petersburg, Russia) was an influential Russian General of the Infantry, Governor-General of Kiev and Bessarabia, and member of the State Privy Council.  He was the brother of prominent Russian poet, Varvara Annenkova.

1799–1830
Born into great wealth as a member of the nobility of Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, Nicholas Annenkov was the son of Colonel Nicholas Nikanorovich Annenkov (1764–1839).  After briefly attending Moscow University, he joined the Army to fight against Napoleon, thereby beginning a military career that would last the rest of his life.  By his mid-20s he was appointed Aide-de-Camp to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich of Russia and promoted to Colonel of the Infantry.  During the Turkish Campaign of 1828, Annenkov distinguished himself and was awarded the Order of St. Anna.

1831–1850
During the 1831 November Uprising in Poland, Annenkov served as Chief of Staff to General Baron Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken.  During one attack, Annenkov routed an entire enemy division and captured 1,200 combatants.  He was awarded the Order of St. George (4th Class) and appointed to Tsar Nicholas I’s personal suite.

Owing to his military successes, in 1844 Nicholas Annenkov was promoted to Adjutant General of the Infantry. On November 3, 1848, he was made a member of the State Council.

1851–1865
In 1854 General Annenkov was appointed Interim Governor-General of New Russia and Bessarabia, a posting that coincided with the Crimean War.  His actions during the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) and the bombardment of Odessa resulted in further decorations: the silver medal and the light-bronze medal.

Annenkov was a co-founder, in 1856, of the Moscow-Saratov Railway with General Semyon Alexeievich Yurievich, Paul von Derwies, and the Privy Councilors M.N. Zhemchuzhnikov and Konstantin I. Arsenyev. The initial line of this railway was opened from Moscow to Kolomna on 20 July (1 August) 1862. It was reorganized as the Moscow-Ryazan Railway in 1863, and an extension to Ryazan was opened on 27 August (8 September) 1864.

From 1856 to 1862 Annenkov served as State Comptroller of the Imperial Court.  In 1861 Tsar Alexander II of Russia promoted him to Full General, Order of St. Vladimir.  His final posting, from 1862 to 1865, was as Governor-General of Kiev and the western provinces; however, illness cut short his service, and he retired to Nice, France, for recuperation.  As a final duty to the state, General Annenkov accompanied the body of Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, back to Russia.  Even though Annenkov rejoined the State Council upon returning, he died shortly thereafter.

Family
General Nicholas Annenkov was married to Vera Ivanova Bukharina (1813–1902), daughter of Ivan Bukharin (1772–1858), Governor-General of Kiev (1820–22).  They had five children:
	1) General Mikhail Annenkov (1835–1899)
	2) Elena (1837–1904), married to Ambassador Aleksandr Nelidov and mistress to Russian Minister of Finance Alexander Abaza;
	3) Elizabeth (1840–1886), married to Viktor, prince Golytsin, Master of the Horses for the Imperial Household
       3a) Viktor, prince Golytsin (1860–77)
       3b) Sophie, princess Golytsin
       3c) Vera, princess Golytsyn
	4) Maria (1844–1889), married to Karl de Struve, diplomat and Imperial Privy Councilor
       4a) Boris de Struve
       4b) Olga de Struve
       4c) Vera de Struve
       4d) Elena de Struve
       4e) Maria de Struve
	5) Alexandra (1849–1914), married Vicomte Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé
       5a) Comte Henry de Vogüé
       5b) Comte Raymond de Vogüé
       5c) Comte Felix de Vogüé

Until their marriages, General Annenkov's daughters served as ladies-in-waiting to Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

Index

1799 births
1865 deaths
People from Sergachsky Uyezd
Nobility from the Russian Empire
Nicholas
Governors-General of Novorossiya
Governors-General of Kiev
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian people of the November Uprising


Diagrams and Explanations of the Wonderful Machines of the Far West (Chinese: Yuǎn xī qí qì túshuō lù zuì, 遠西奇器圖說錄最, often abridged as Qí qì túshuō, 奇器圖說) was an encyclopedia of Western mechanical devices translated into Chinese by the Jesuit Johann Schreck (1576-1630), and the Chinese scholar Wang Zheng (王徵 1571–1644). This book was the first to present Western mechanical knowledge to a Chinese audience. The book was published in 1627.

Particularly, the works of the Italian engineers Agostino Ramelli or Vittorio Zonca were reproduced in this translation, as well as those of the French engineer Jacques Besson. Plates depicting European machine were reproduced quite precisely, although in a Chinese pictorial style.

See also
 Jesuit China missions

References

Citations

Sources
 Zhang Baichun, 'An Inquiry into the History of the Chinese Terms Jiqi (Machines) and Jixie (Machinery)', in Michael Lackner et al., New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China BRILL, 2001
 Brian Scott Baigrie Picturing Knowledge: Historical and Philosophical Problems Concerning the Use of Art in Science University of Toronto Press, 1996
 Joseph Needham, Ling Wang, Gwei-Djen Lu Science and civilisation in China Cambridge University Press, 1965

Chinese encyclopedias
1627 books
History of science and technology in China
Engineering books


Scott Fraser (born 24 April 1963) is a Scottish former professional footballer, who played for Rangers, East Fife, Berwick Rangers and Cowdenbeath in the Scottish Football League. He also played in Australia for three years, representing Green Gully, Heidelberg United and Fawkner Blues.

After ending his football career in the early 1990s, Fraser became involved in property investment. He co-founded property investment business McEwan Fraser, which subsequently became a main sponsor of Hibernian, as well as McEwan Fraser Legal, an estate agency based in Edinburgh.

Notes

External links

Scott Fraser at Aussie Footballers
McEwan Fraser
McEwan Fraser Legal

1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Men's association football defenders
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Scottish Football League players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Berwick Rangers F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
East Fife F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Heidelberg United FC players
21st-century Scottish businesspeople


Cameron Robert Dick is an Australian politician and member of the Labor Party currently serving as the 51st Treasurer of Queensland and Minister for Trade and Investment. He previously served as  Minister for State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning and was Minister for Health and Minister for Ambulance Services in the Palaszczuk Ministry. He also served as Attorney-General, Minister for Education and Minister for Industrial Relations in the Bligh government. He is currently a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly representing the seat of Woodridge.

Early life and education
Dick's family arrived in Queensland from Scotland in 1862 aboard the sailing ship Conway. His father, a veteran of the Second World War serving in the Royal Australian Navy (1941–1945), was a butcher and later an owner and operator of taxi cabs. His mother was a nurse.

He grew up in the suburb of Holland Park and attended a local primary school, Marshall Road State School.

Dick was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School, formerly known as the Church of England Grammar School. He studied at the University of Queensland, and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce and a Bachelor of Laws, and later, a Bachelor of Arts. He gained a Master of Law (LLM) degree at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

After undertaking articles of clerkship at Brisbane law firm Goss Downey Carne, he was admitted as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland and the High Court of Australia.

Legal career

Tuvalu
Following practice as a solicitor in Brisbane, Dick worked as an international development volunteer in the South Pacific island nation of Tuvalu from 1993 to 1996, under the Australian Volunteers Abroad program operated by the then Overseas Service Bureau (now known as Australian Volunteers International), Australia's oldest international volunteer-sending organisation. Dick assisted in the Office of the Attorney-General during his time in Tuvalu, initially as Crown Counsel and then as the acting Attorney-General of Tuvalu for one year. He is a former ex officio Attorney-General of the Pacific Island nation of Tuvalu.

Queensland
Dick was a solicitor at Crown Law, the Queensland Government's legal office, and  a senior advisor in the Queensland Government, before becoming a barrister in 2006. He practised law prior to his election to the Queensland Parliament.

Political career
Dick was elected as the Member for Greenslopes in the Queensland Parliament at the 2009 Queensland state election. Queensland Premier Anna Bligh asked him to serve as the Attorney-General and Minister for Industrial Relations. He was sworn in as Attorney-General and Minister for Industrial Relations on 26 March 2009. On 21 February 2011 he was sworn in as Minister for Education and Industrial Relations. He lost his seat at the 2012 state election. He gained a new seat, Woodridge, at the 2015 state election, and did so with the largest two-party preferred vote (75.95 per cent) of any party in any electorate of Queensland.

On 16 February 2015, Dick was sworn in as Minister for Health and Minister for Ambulance Services in the Palaszczuk Ministry.

On 12 December 2017, Dick was sworn in as Minister for State Development, Manufacturing, Infrastructure and Planning in the second Palaszczuk Ministry.

Alongside Queensland Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk and representatives from the Australian Government, including then Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, Dick was part of the announcement on 14 March 2018 that Rheinmetall Defence Australia would be awarded the $5 billion LAND 400 contract to build and service up to 5000 military vehicles in Queensland. Regarding the decision, Dick called the "landmark project" an "economic game-changer" that will create "450 advanced manufacturing and engineering jobs for Queenslanders" and "pump $1 billion into the state’s economy" in its first ten years of operation. Following this, Rheinmetall selected Redbank, near Ipswich, as the location for its $170 million Military Vehicle Centre of Excellence (MILVEHCOE). The first sod was turned at the facility 16 November 2018, with reference made to Queensland as "Australia's khaki state".

Dick was in attendance to press the launch button for Australia's first commercial payload rocket flight on 21 November 2018. The five-metre rocket was developed by Queensland-based BlackSky Aerospace and successfully launched into the sky from a farm in Tarawara, west of Goondiwindi. Dick said that the launch – which saw the rocket reach roughly the same height as Mount Everest – showed the possibilities for developing a space industry in Queensland. He added that the state wanted to promote its aerospace capabilities to national and international markets, and that this launch was a substantial step forward in achieving that aim.

In May 2020, Dick replaced Jackie Trad as Queensland Treasurer.

Personal life

Dick is married and has two sons.

He is the brother of Milton Dick, a member of the Australian House of Representatives for Oxley, Speaker of the House of Representatives and former Brisbane City Council Labor leader.

See also
Bligh Ministry
First Palaszczuk Ministry
Second Palaszczuk Ministry
Third Palaszczuk Ministry

References

1967 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland
Labor Right politicians
Attorneys-General of Queensland
Treasurers of Queensland
Australian barristers
Australian solicitors
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
University of Queensland alumni
People educated at Anglican Church Grammar School
Australian people of Scottish descent
21st-century Australian politicians


Gracehill Moravian Church and Cemetery is a historic church and cemetery located southwest of Washington, Iowa, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In 1854 the Provincial Board of the Moravian Church provided the funds to Amos Miksch to buy a substantial amount of property to create a Moravian settlement. Lots of various sizes were sold to colony members. Gracehill was organized in 1866, and the church building was completed the next year.

The cemetery was laid out the same year. The church is a simple rectangular, frame structure that measures . A two-stage bell tower rises over the main entrance. From 1908 until it closed in 1970 Gracehill was the last of Iowa's seven Moravian communities. While the congregation continued until 1970, the last resident minister left in 1932. Graves in the cemetery were originally laid out with men on the north and women on the south. After the 1890s people were buried in family plots.

References

Churches completed in 1867
Moravian Church cemeteries
Moravian churches in the United States
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Iowa
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Iowa


("Reich Citizens' Movement") or  ("Reich Citizen[s]", the German word is the same in singular and in plural) is a label for several anticonstitutional revisionist groups and individuals in Germany and elsewhere who reject the legitimacy of the modern German state, the Federal Republic of Germany, in favour of the German Reich.

One typical claim is that the German Reich continues to exist in its pre-World War II borders, and that it is now governed by one of the Reichsbürger groups.

Several incidents with violent members of the movement and illegal weapons depots earned the movement the attention of the media and the German authorities. The latter estimated that some 21,000 people belong to the movement in Germany .

History
The original  (Commissary Reich Government, KRR) was founded in 1985 by Wolfgang Gerhard Günter Ebel. The movement espouses conspiracy theories, antisemitism, and racism. The movement has been described as neo-Nazi in character, although The Economist reported in 2016 that  adherents "draw ridicule even from neo-Nazis". Many supporters of the  movement are also monarchists who support a restoration of the German Empire or Holy Roman Empire.

The German Federal Ministry of the Interior concludes that only a small part of the movement is part of the organized neo-Nazi milieu proper (for about 5%). Nonetheless, as the movement rejects the existence of the Federal Republic, it is very likely that members of the movement violate the legal order of the Federal Republic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the so-called Querdenker-movement was formed in Germany. The only consensus of the movement was the rejection of government measures against the pandemic. Many Reich citizens were also part of the Querdenker-movement. Reichsbürger and other right-wing extremists strengthened within this movement  In 2021 the state office for the Protection of the Constitution in Lower Saxony published a study and came to the conclusion: "The mixing of corona deniers, Reich citizens and right-wing extremists leads to a dangerous radicalization of corona denier and Querdenken-movement."

Definition and theories
A handbook of the state of Brandenburg explains the Reichsbürger movement as 'extremist' according to the framework of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (). There, 'extremist' refers to attitudes and ideologies that are directed against the basic conditions of a modern democracy and open society, such as the right of the people to elect their government democratically. The  defines the Reichsbürger movement as:

The  movement is characterized by a rejection of the modern Federal Republic of Germany; denial of its legality and legitimacy; and denial of the authority of the federal, state, and local governments in Germany.  believe that the German Empire borders of 1932 or 1871 borders still exist and that the modern Federal Republic of Germany is "an administrative construct still occupied by the Allied powers".

The  movement has used some of the concepts and techniques of the One People's Public Trust, an American sovereign citizen movement operated by pseudolaw ideologue Heather Ann Tucci-Jarraf.

Historical revisionism

The self-described Reichsbürger maintain that the Federal Republic of Germany is illegitimate and that the Reich's 1919 Weimar Constitution (or an earlier constitution) remains in effect. The Reichsbürger use a variety of arguments. One of them is a selective reading of a 1973 decision of the Federal Constitutional Court concerning the 1972 treaty between West and East Germany.

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany ("West Germany") and the German Democratic Republic ("East Germany", GDR) were established. The constitution of the Federal Republic mentioned a Germany and a German people beyond the Federal Republic. An example is article 23 (old version):

During the first twenty years, the Federal Republic tried to isolate the GDR. After this goal seemed to be no longer feasible, the federal government arranged a treaty with the GDR Basic Treaty to establish diplomatic relations and limited cooperation. The Christian Democratic opposition in the Federal Republic rejected the treaty. The state of Bavaria even appealed to the Federal Constitutional Court: the Basic Treaty violates the constitutional objective of re-unification.

The judgement of the Court on July 31, 1973, ruled that the Basic Treaty does not violate the constitution because it does not make a German re-unification impossible. In its judgement, the Court also declared:

The Reichsbürger usually only cite the part that the German Reich survived the collapse. They remain silent on the Court's statement that the Federal Republic is identical to it. Therefore, many members of the Reichsbürger movement typically conclude that the German Reich still "exists" and that the Federal Republic of Germany is not an actual sovereign state but a corporation created by Allied nations after World War II.

Consequently, many Reichsbürger groups claim that they have restored the governmental bodies of the German Reich and now act as the official German government (of the German Reich). In practice, a group of Reichsbürger had a meeting that 'elected' the office holders of the Reich (e.g., Reich chancellor, Reich President).  As there are several of such groups, there are several people in Germany who claim these offices.

Some Reichsbürger groups maintain a different point of view. According to them, the Weimar constitution was not legitimate and therefore the older imperial constitution of 1871 is still in effect. These people claim to be Kaiser (emperor), leader of Prussia etc.

Still other groups have 'created', in their point of view, German sovereign states without historical precedent, for example a Kingdom of Germany or a regional entity.  Other groups do not operate under the label of a 'restored' or new German state but call themselves simply Selbstverwalter (literally, 'someone who governs himself').  They reject the Federal Republic and claim that their house is a sovereign entity.

Antisemitism
According to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, some of the Reichsbürger groups and individuals hold antisemitic views. One example is the organization "Geeinte deutsche Völker und Stämme", which was prohibited in March 2020: it promotes the idea that Jews and Muslims have no human rights nor a right to property.

A handbook of the Amadeu Antonio Stiftung holds that most views of the "Reichsideologie" have an antisemitic core. Usually the Reichsbürger use antisemitic codes, such as "those from the Eastern Coast" or "the Rothschilds". Antisemitic conspiracy theories are attractive for the people in the Reichsbürger movement because they provide a simple explanation of the world by dividing humanity into friends and foes. A group of enemies of the people is made responsible for wars and poverty.

Membership
, Germany's domestic intelligence service, the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV), estimated that  movement membership had grown by 80% over the previous two years, more than estimated earlier, with a total of 18,000 adherents, of whom 950 were categorized as right-wing extremists. This marked an increase from BfV's 2016 estimate of 10,000 adherents and 2017 estimate of 12,600 adherents. The increase in numbers may be attributable to more adherents becoming known to authorities, rather than an actual increase in the number of adherents. The heterogeneity of the movement and its division into many small groups that are often independent of one another make it difficult to estimate the number of active .

 adherents are scattered around Germany, but concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the country, in the states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Bavaria. BfV has estimated that there are 3,500 adherents in Bavaria and around 2,500 in Baden-Württemberg.

Adherents tend to be older, with most aged 40–60 years old and an average age of over 50. The majority are male and socially disadvantaged. The Amadeu Antonio Foundation, which monitors far-right activities in Germany, states that  adherents are "often isolated" and "completely cut off from reality". German counterextremism official Heiko Homburg states that the  movement is an amalgamation of right-wing extremists, esoterics, and "sovereign citizens", and that the movement attracts conspiracy theorists, the economically troubled, and "people who are a little mentally disordered".

Activities

As of 2009, there was no reliable count of the number of KRRs then existing, but the KRR FAQ, an online registry maintained by a German jurist, lists some 60 persons or organizations associated with operating competing KRRs. Several (though by no means all) KRRs have links to far-right extremist or neo-Nazi groups. The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Germany's federal domestic security agency, has monitored  since November 2016, and the security services of individual states have been monitoring the activities of the group for longer.

Some KRRs are ready to issue, for a fee, "official" documents such as building permits, and driving licences, which their adherents may attempt to use in everyday life. In one instance, Wolfgang Ebel's KRR issued an "excavation permit" to the Principality of Sealand (a micronation), who then had men dig up a plot of land in the Harz region in search of the Amber Room for two weeks, until the landowner hired a private security service to drive them off. Similarly, in 2002 Ebel's KRR "sold" the , a manor in Kleinmachnow south of the Berlin city limits that had been owned by the German Reichspost (and therefore, according to Ebel, by his KRR) to one of the two competing governments of Sealand, thus creating, in their view, an enclave of Sealand in Germany.

KRR adherents have also on occasion refused to pay taxes or fines, arguing that the laws providing for such sanctions have no constitutional basis. In the ensuing judicial proceedings, they refuse to recognize the courts as legitimate. Some also pursue their activities abroad. In 2009, after Swiss authorities refused to recognize the "Reich Driving Licence" of a German KRR adherent, he unsuccessfully appealed the case up to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.

Wolfgang Ebel's original organization, in particular, continues to attempt enforcing its asserted authority through attempts at intimidation. According to Ebel, his "government" has issued more than 1,000 "arrest warrants" against people who have disregarded documents issued by the KRR. These warrants inform the addressee that, once the Reich Government is in power, they will be tried for high treason, for which the penalty is death. Ebel has also admitted owning a "government helicopter" painted in the national colours, but has denied using it for intimidating fly-overs. Several attempts to prosecute Ebel for threats, impersonating a public servant and so forth have failed because, according to German prosecutors, all courts have found him to be legally insane.

Strategies
As reported by the television network ARD, some activist of Reichsbürger movement founded Jewish Associations (Qahal) (Jüdische Gemeinden) on different places in Germany. Possible aim is to spread antisemitic theories and claim to be the "true Jews". Also to gain founding from public entities. The Berlin citizen Iwan Götz claimed to be Rischon leZion of this groups.

Violence by  activists

In 2016, Adrian Ursache, a self-proclaimed  and the 1998 winner of the "Mister Germany" beauty contest, violently resisted his eviction from his house in Reuden. When the German police arrived on scene they encountered a group of around 120 people, who were staying on Ursache's and his in-law's property. Ursache deemed his property as part of the self-proclaimed "State of Ur" and flew the flag of the old German Reich above the home. After a first eviction attempt failed, the German police returned with a special response team the day after. When the eviction started, Ursache opened fire and injured two officers. Ursache was shot and rushed to a hospital. In 2019, Ursache was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to 7 years in prison.

Also in 2016, in Georgensgmünd near Nuremberg, a self-described  fired on a special response unit of the Bavarian Police when they attempted to confiscate his 31 firearms. Three police officers were injured. One of them later died from his injuries. The weapons confiscation followed the revocation of the murderer's firearms permit and his repeated refusal to co-operate with local authorities. German authorities expressed concern at the escalation in violence. The event attracted international attention. Bavarian ministers called for increased surveillance of the right-wing extremist movement. On 23 October 2017, Wolfgang P. was sentenced to imprisonment for life.

In Höxter, North Rhine-Westphalia, in 2014, one  group (the "Free State of Prussia") attempted to smuggle weapons into Germany in an attempt to create its own militia. Police raids have found large stockpiles of guns and ammunition hoarded by  adherents. In 2018, the German magazine Focus reported that  adherents had been attempting to build an armed militia in preparation for "Day X"—"an imagined day of reckoning or uprising against the German government".

In April 2022 four members of a Reichsbürger group called United Patriots () were detained for plotting to overthrow the government. They planned to destroy electrical substations and power lines through bomb attacks to cause a nationwide power outage to create 'civil war-like' conditions. Two members are also alleged to have been plotting to kidnap the German health minister Karl Lauterbach. Lauterbach was said to have been aware of the plans.

Patriotic Union

"Patriotic Union" (Patriotische Union) or "The Council" (Der Rat) is the name of a German right-wing extremist  group. It aims is to establish a new government in Germany in the tradition of the German Empire of 1871. The gang wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany and thus take over power in the Federal Republic of Germany. Among other things, the German Bundestag was to be taken by force of arms and taking into account, that there will be killings of people.

Aims
The group wanted to establish a new government ('Council'). Since November 2021 the network had been planning an armed attack on the Bundestag, as well as public arrests of politicians to cause public unrest. The "Patriotic Union" assumed that parts of the German security authorities would then have shown solidarity with the terrorist group, which would have led to an "overthrow" and the group would have taken power.

Members
Heinrich Reuss, a German aristocrat, is alleged to have led the group and been the planned head of state of the group.

The group, which comprised more than a hundred people, was divided into areas of responsibility. The Federal Public Prosecutor has 52 suspects and arrested 25 of them.

The gang also included several former members of the Special Forces Command (KSK), including a former Staff Sergeant of the Paratrooper Battalion of the Bundeswehr, Rüdiger von P. The GSG9 searched a KSK site of the Graf Zeppelin Barracks near Calw. Rüdiger von P. was supposed to lead the "military arm" of the group. The Federal Public Prosecutor describes von P. alongside Heinrich Reuss as a "ringleader". Von P. is said to have tried to recruit police officers and soldiers.

A lawyer and judge in the state of Berlin, Birgit Malsack-Winkemann, was designated as the future "Minister of Justice". Malsack-Winkemann was a member of the German Bundestag from 2017 to 2021 for the AfD and was arrested on December 7, 2022. The group included at least one other AfD politician, an AfD Stadtrat from Olbernhau in the Saxon Ore Mountains.

Other members were doctors and at least one was an entrepreneur.

2022 investigations and arrests
German police authorities have been investigating the group since spring 2022. The group is also made up of parts of the radicalized German Querdenker movement, a heterogeneous group of COVID-19 protesters and deniers. Reuss was the starting point for the investigations, which ended up being carried out by the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) under the name "Shadow". In addition, several state criminal investigation offices and state offices for the protection of the constitution were involved.

Over 3,000 police officers, including officers of the GSG 9 unit, searched more than 130 sites (including homes, offices, and storage facilities) throughout Germany, one of the largest anti-extremist raids in the nation's history. Searches of areas in Austria and Italy took place simultaneously. During the raids, coordinated by the Federal Police, 25 people were arrested out of a total of 52 suspected far-right coup plotters associated with the Reichsbürger movement. Those implicated in the suspected plot included active military personnel and policemen. Prosecutors stated that those arrested plotted an armed overthrow of the German government and the democratic constitution. The "Patriotic Union" group had stockpiled Iridium satellite telephones, expensive devices which could operate even if the electricity network was down. The General Federal Prosecutor Office said: "The arrested suspects belong to a terrorist organization which was founded by the end of November 2021 at the latest and which has set itself the goal of overthrowing the existing state order in Germany and replacing it with its own form of state, the outlines of which have already been worked out."

Those arrested included aristocrat Heinrich Reuss (who styles himself "Heinrich XIII, Prince Reuss of Greiz") a 71-year-old descendant of the House of Reuß, who owns an estate in Thuringia where the group met, several of his followers, and a 69-year-old former Bundeswehr parachutist commander identified as Rüdiger von P. Also arrested was Birgit Malsack-Winkemann, a former Alternative for Germany (AfD) member of the Bundestag and a current judge.

Police connections with  movement
There were renewed calls for more serious measures against the movement in 2016, including revocation of firearms permits and seizure of their weapons, following disciplinary action against police officers allegedly connected to the movement. On 27 October 2016, a Bavarian Police officer was suspended from duty because of his connections to one of the  movements. There have been allegations of similar kind against other police officers in different states of Germany as well.

List of  groups
The following is a non-exhaustive list of KRRs that have received media coverage.
 Fürstentum Germania, formerly based at Krampfer Palace, established in 2009, claims 300 adherents.
 Interim Partei – Das Reicht
 Zentralrat Souveräner Bürger, based in an inn in Schwanstetten.
 Ur, based in Elsteraue. Its leader Adrian Ursache was injured in a 2016 shootout with police.
 NeuDeutschland, based in Wittenberg. Founded in 2012, it claims 3,500 members. Lead by self-proclaimed 'King of Germany' Peter Fitzek.
 United Patriots, right-wing group uncovered in 2022.

See also
 Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany
 Inner emigration
 Racism in Germany
 Radical right (Europe)
 Free Saxons - Monarchist and regionalist political party operating in the German state of Saxony.
 Sovereign citizen movement – a similar movement which is primarily active in the United States and the Commonwealth countries.
 Freeman on the land movement – an offshoot of the sovereign citizen movement, it is active in Canada and other Commonwealth countries.
 Union of Slavic Forces of Russia – a similar movement with members and supporters in Post-Soviet Russia.

Notes

References

External links
  a  database.

German irredentism
Conspiracy theories in Germany
Far-right politics in Germany
Micronations in Germany
Political movements in Germany
Sovereign citizen movement
Monarchism in Germany


Greatest Hits II is a compilation album by American country music artist Kenny Chesney. It was released on May 19, 2009, and it is his second greatest hits album since Greatest Hits in 2000. The album includes twelve singles from 2002 to 2009, as well as two non-singles from previous albums ("Be as You Are" from Be as You Are (Songs from an Old Blue Chair) and "I'm Alive" from Lucky Old Sun). Also included is the new song "Out Last Night", which was issued as a single in April 2009, followed by "I'm Alive" in August 2009.

The album was re-released on February 9, 2010 to include two new tracks, "This Is Our Moment" and "Ain't Back Yet". The former was used by the television network ESPN as a college football theme and peaked at number 46 based on unsolicited airplay, while the latter was released to radio as the album's single in February 2010.

For unknown reasons, several hits, including the number-one singles "Don't Blink", "Better as a Memory", and "Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven" were excluded from this album.

Critical reception
Stephen Thomas Erlewine, reviewing the album for Allmusic, gave it four stars out of five. He said that the album was stronger than his last two studio albums because it did not contain as many laid-back songs. Erlewine also called "Out Last Night" an "amiable day-after shuffle."

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Country Albums in its first week of release. On November 27, 2012, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) selling over a million copies in the United States. As of April 2017, the album has sold 1,343,500 copies in the United States.

Track listing

Personnel on "Out Last Night"
 Wyatt Beard - background vocals
 Mark Beckett - drums
 Pat Buchanan - electric guitar
 Kenny Chesney - lead vocals
 Kenny Greenberg - electric guitar
 John Hobbs - Wurlitzer
 Randy McCormick - Hammond B-3 organ
 Larry Paxton - bass guitar
 Scott Vestal - banjo
 John Willis - acoustic guitar

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Singles

Certifications

References

2009 greatest hits albums
Kenny Chesney albums
Albums produced by Buddy Cannon
BNA Records compilation albums


Dundas was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1897 to 1911.

First created for the 1897 election, the district was located in the Goldfields region. It was abolished ahead of the 1911 election, at which point sitting member Charles Hudson of the Labor Party transferred to the seat of Yilgarn.

Members for Dundas

Election results

Dundas


Seasonal migration, locally called the Exode, plays an important part of the economic and cultural life of the West African nation of Niger. While it is a common practice in many nations, Niger sees as much as a third of its rural population travel for seasonal labour, during the Sahelian nation's long dry season. Common patterns of seasonal travel have been built up over hundreds of years, and destinations and work vary by community and ethnic group.

Nigerien Exode
About 78% of the almost 14 million people in Niger are engaged in crop or livestock agriculture, many in small rural villages operating at subsistence levels. As a solution to both the variability of harvests in the dry Sahel and a way to earn currency, Nigerien communities often seek alternate and seasonal sources of income. Each year, during the dry season following harvest, men from many communities in rural Niger travel for temporary work.
 That process, called the Exode (French for Exodus) normally takes place between January and April in Niger, but it is a process common to many other nations of West Africa.

Scope and patterns
Historically, different ethnic and regional communities have traveled to different areas. The patterns are in part inherited from precolonial trade networks; cross-border ethnic solidarities; colonial-era industrial, mining/and harvest projects and the attraction of areas with greater work potential, combined with communities of immigrants from the source ethnic group. Areas in the north of the country, where stock raising is more common, see around 20% of the total population migrate for season work, but in the south, dominated by small farming communities, as much as a third of the population travels for seasonal work.

While some women take part, most who take part in the Nigerien Exode are men (unmarried and married) between 15 and 40 years old. Certain communities have traditions of women traveling for seasonal work both domestically and abroad, but it is purely a male preserve in others. Most men travel outside Niger, but cities like Maradi and Niamey also will see a large seasonal influx seeking labor. The major destinations remain Nigeria, which shares large Hausa ethnic communities with Niger, and the former French colonies of Côte d'Ivoire, Togo, Benin and Burkina Faso. In southern destinations, agricultural work is available long after the season has passed in Niger, and cities offer a variety of casual labor. The famines of the 1960s–1980s Sahel drought helped to cement such seasonal migration patterns.

Men from a community will often travel together to the same towns on each year, many to the same areas that their fathers had traveled. For many in rural communities that pursue subsistence farming, that provides most of their yearly cash income and is thus a crucial element of the rural economy, but it is not counted in the formal economy of Niger. Cash earned is partially spent abroad for necessities such as clothing, carried back at the end of the season, or sent via friends and clan or ethnic networks. A 2008 study found that not only most migrant workers never use of banks or money transfer systems but also the Exode period is often a time that men will take out informal loans against their expected seasonal earnings.

Disease spread
Men on Exode may also bring back sexually transmitted diseases from their season abroad. That has been flagged as a potential vector for HIV/AIDS to enter Niger, which currently has one of the lowest infection rates in the world.

Measles outbreaks (largely among young children) still occur in Niger, in part because of the low vaccination rate and in part due from the transhumance seasonal migration of semi-nomadic herding populations. Sporadic outbreaks in Nigerien communities were found to have occurred beginning at the end of the rainy season, when many rural populations begin seasonal migration pattern, with traveling children often missing their vital second immunization booster against the disease.

Ethnic differentiation
Zarma-Songhai men often travel to Ghana and Burkina Faso, retracing a pattern of migration recorded from at least the 17th century, when Zarma soldiers were recruited to fight for the small kingdoms in what is now northern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso. The trade networks that resulted from the migration survived throughout the colonial period, and they also allowed Djerma a way of escaping to British-controlled Gold Coast Colony during times of particularly onerous French forced labour under the Indigénat as well as in times of drought in the 1910s, 1930s and 1940s.

The example of the Zarrma-Songhai of Niger's migration to the former Gold Coast Colony is memorably portrayed by French filmmaker Jean Rouch in his film "Jaguar" (1954-1955). For the film and accompanying academic study, Rouch joins an urban educated Songhai (Damouré Zika), a Sorko fisherman (Illo Gaoudel), and a Fula herdsman (Lam Ibrahima Dia) who travel from the Niger river town of Ayorou to Accra and Kumasi. The Songhai finds work with other Songhai in an Accra lumber market, the Sorko fishes the coast among Ewe fishermen to finance a small business in Accra, and the Fula finds a job selling perfumes with a family member in Kumasi market.

Hausa communities in Niger often send men south to Nigeria during the Exode, not only to majority-Hausa areas in the north of the nation but also to large cities such as Lagos that contain networks of Hausa immigrants.  Hausa immigrant communities, as far afield as Ghana, also provide a focus for Nigerien seasonal migration. During the late pre-colonial and the early colonial period, Hausa communities also saw frequent labor migrations to escape rule by states linked to the Sokoto Caliphate to the south and the French to the north and west.

Fula communities, scattered across all of West Africa, provide a frame for Nigerien Wodaabe-Fula seasonal labor networks as far afield as Abidjan in Côte d'Ivoire and Lagos in Nigeria. Wodaabe women are more likely to travel for seasonal work migration than other groups, especially the Hausa people, and they often face discrimination in Nigerian communities to which they travel.

Tuareg communities in the north, like the pastoralist Fula, have their own established seasonal migration patterns revolving around moving their herds in transhumance cycles for pastures and markets. However, they too see seasonal labor migration.  Algeria and Libya and south into Nigeria are the more common destinations, amongst Tuareg communities of the complex interrelated Kels or clan structure. The successful export industry coming from the Aïr Mountains oases production of produce such as onions carries other local men as far south as Côte d'Ivoire. Tuareg men are often seen in cities across the Sahel region working in security, an evolution of the traditional self-imposed cultural preference for certain jobs by aristocratic or warrior caste Tuareg men.

Pattern of emigration
Exode traditions also provide the basis for modern longer term emigration from Niger to the Maghreb and to Europe. Niger is a transit point for immigrants from throughout West Africa, traveling by truck and bus northward, especially to Libya, a frequent starting point in attempting to cross to Europe.

See also
Agriculture in Niger
Economy of Niger
Sahel drought
2005–06 Niger food crisis
Seasonal human migration
Migrants' African routes

References

Society of Niger
Internal migrations in Africa


The Living and the Dead is Jolie Holland's fourth studio album. It was released on October 7, 2008, through Anti Records. The album was mixed and engineered by Joel Hamilton.

Track listing
 "Mexico City"
 "Corrido Por Buddy"
 "Palmyra"
 "You Painted Yourself In"
 "Fox In its Hole"
 "Your Big Hands"
 "Sweet Loving Man"
 "Love Henry"
 "The Future"
 "Enjoy Yourself"

Personnel
 Jolie Holland – vocals, guitar, drum, fiddle, clapping, whistling, producer
 M Ward – guitar, bass, producer
 Shahzad Ismaily – bass, percussion, electric guitar, moog, shruthi box, robots, duck call, producer
 Marc Ribot – guitar
 Samantha Parton – harmonies
 Garth Steel Klippert – trumpet
 Colin Stetson – cornet
 Marc Alan Goodman – clapping
 Marika Hughes – cello
 Kenny Wolleson – drums
 Joel Hamilton – guitar
 Rachel Blumberg – drums
 Jim White – drums
 Samantha Parton – vocals
 Jenni Quilter – dishes

References

External links
 http://www.anti.com/news/index/516/JOLIE_HOLLAND_TO_RELEASE_THE_LIVING_AND_THE_DEAD_OCTOBER_7TH

2008 albums
Jolie Holland albums


Sam White (October 16, 1906August 8, 2006) was an American film producer, film director and actor.

White was born in Los Angeles on  to parents who had immigrated from Austria and Hungary.  In 1937, he  married  Claretta Ellis, a studio contract dancer.  They were married for 65 years until her death in 2002.

For much of the 1930s, Sam White directed numerous musical sequences in films such as Roberta with Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers and Irene Dunne; Old Man Rhythm with Betty Grable and Buddy Rogers; Top of the Town with George Murphy; and Hooray for Love, with Ann Sothern.

During World War II, Sam made six training films for the U.S. Armed forces.  Also in the 1940s, the feature films he produced and directed included Reveille with Beverly, starring Ann Miller (Frank Sinatra's first film); People Are Funny, starring Jack Haley and Rudy Vallée; The Return of the Vampire, starring Bela Lugosi; The Girl in the Case, starring Edmund Lowe; After Midnight with Boston Blackie, starting Chester Morris; Louisiana Hayride, starring Judy Canova; and Tahiti Nights, starring Jinx Falkenburg for RKO, Columbia, Universal and Paramount Studios.

During the next two decades, Sam directed commercials and produced and directed early television series such as Perry Mason, The Outer Limits, Oh! Those Bells, My Friend Flicka, Boston Blackie, Philip Marlowe, and Big Town, among many others.  In 1969 he produced and directed White Comanche with William Shatner and Joseph Cotten.  He was also a successful businessman with his production facility in Pioneer Town and commercial real estate ventures in Los Angeles.

Throughout his later years, Sam remained interested in world affairs and traveled extensively as a valued ombudsman for the Directors Guild to cement relations between foreign and American filmmakers. In 1990, the Directors Guild of America published an oral history entitled The White Brothers which tells the history of the family as well as the history of early movie making in Los Angeles.

Sam White, one of the famous White Brothers film and television pioneers, died peacefully at his Encino home just short of his 100th birthday.  A retrospective was held in 2003 at the Motion Picture and Television Home where a wall of honor was dedicated to him. His professional memorabilia was positioned alongside those of his renowned brothers, Jack White and Jules White.

Selected filmography
 Louisiana Hayride (1944)
 Swing Out the Blues  (1944)
 Kickin' the Crown Around (1933)

References

External links

1906 births
American television directors
Film directors from Los Angeles
Film producers from California
American male film actors
2006 deaths
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Jewish American male actors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews


Hans Urwyler (20 February 1925 - 18 November 1994) was the sixth Chief Apostle (international church president) of the New Apostolic Church.

Life
Hans Urwyler was born into a New Apostolic parents' house in Bern, Switzerland. His maternal ancestors, French Huguenots, had emigrated to Switzerland. His grandfather, Hans Plüss, was one of the first New Apostolic bishops in Switzerland.

He studied to be a machine engineer and after training at the technical school of Biel he joined the automotive industry business of his college friend.

In his youth, he was the choir conductor in his home congregation in Schwarzenburg. There, he had also met his wife Hedi Wenger, whom he married in 1949. They have two sons.

After the sudden death of Chief Apostle Ernst Streckeisen during a service tour in South Africa, Hans Urwyler was elected as Chief Apostle by an international apostles' meeting on 18 November 1978, but he remained leader of the District Church Switzerland until 1 January 1980.

Term in office
During his term in office the membership of the church was growing rapidly. Chief Apostle Urwyler undertook many tours inside Europe and 28 overseas. He ordained more than 180 apostles worldwide. In 1986, he declared that every New Apostolic Christian had personal responsibility for his own faith's existence, and he proved love, helpfulness and sympathy toward believers whose lifestyle outside the currently acceptable limits of the church (e.g. homosexuality, concubinage and divorce) and arranged their permit for the Holy Communion.

In 1985, a major schism occurred in the Wiesbaden area, led by apostle Hermann Gottfried Rockenfelder, who founded the Apostolische Gemeinde Wiesbaden with 1,000 adherents.

After a tour of Africa, he suffered a severe stroke, from which he had not convalesced completely. On 28 August 1987, he ordained Richard Fehr as Chief Apostle Helper, therefore his representative, in Bern hospital and in presence of several European District Apostles. On 3 May 1988, he ordained Richard Fehr as new Chief Apostle, while still in the hospital in Bern and in presence of several District Apostles from Germany, France, Canada and Zambia. Finally, he retired himself.

His sunset years were marked by his severe disease. He died in his domestic circle, after further strokes, in 1994.

Ministries
1949  Subdeacon
1952  Deacon
1953  Priest
1964  Shepherd
1965 District  Evangelist
1966 District  Elder
27 April 1969  Bishop
1 January 1976 District Apostle - Church president NAC Switzerland
18 November 1978  Chief Apostle

External links
 Image of Hans Urwyler

Swiss Christian religious leaders
People from Bern
1925 births
1994 deaths
Members of the New Apostolic Church


Semi-structured data is a form of structured data that does not obey the tabular structure of data models associated with relational databases or other forms of data tables, but nonetheless contains tags or other markers to separate semantic elements and enforce hierarchies of records and fields within the data. Therefore, it is also known as self-describing structure.

In semi-structured data, the entities belonging to the same class may have different attributes even though they are grouped together, and the attributes' order is not important.

Semi-structured data are increasingly occurring since the advent of the Internet where full-text documents and databases are not the only forms of data anymore, and different applications need a medium for exchanging information. In object-oriented databases, one often finds semi-structured data.

Types

XML
XML, other markup languages, email, and EDI are all forms of semi-structured data. OEM (Object Exchange Model) was created prior to XML as a means of self-describing a data structure. XML has been popularized by web services that are developed utilizing SOAP principles.

Some types of data described here as "semi-structured", especially XML, suffer from the impression that they are incapable of structural rigor at the same functional level as Relational Tables and Rows.  Indeed, the view of XML as inherently semi-structured (previously, it was referred to as "unstructured") has handicapped its use for a widening range of data-centric applications.  Even documents, normally thought of as the epitome of semi-structure, can be designed with virtually the same rigor as database schema, enforced by the XML schema and processed by both commercial and custom software programs without reducing their usability by human readers.

In view of this fact, XML might be referred to as having "flexible structure" capable of human-centric flow and hierarchy as well as highly rigorous element structure and data typing.

The concept of XML as "human-readable", however, can only be taken so far. Some implementations/dialects of XML, such as the XML representation of the contents of a Microsoft Word document, as implemented in Office 2007 and later versions, utilize dozens or even hundreds of different kinds of tags that reflect a particular problem domain - in Word's case, formatting at the character and paragraph and document level, definitions of styles, inclusion of citations, etc. - which are nested within each other in complex ways. Understanding even a portion of such an XML document by reading it, let alone catching errors in its structure, is impossible without a very deep prior understanding of the  specific XML implementation, along with assistance by software that understands the XML schema that has been employed. Such text is not "human-understandable" any more than a book written in Swahili (which uses the Latin alphabet) would be to an American or Western European who does not know a word of that language: the tags are symbols that are meaningless to a person unfamiliar with the domain.

JSON
JSON or JavaScript Object Notation, is an open standard format that uses human-readable text to transmit data objects consisting of attribute–value pairs. It is used primarily to transmit data between a server and web application, as an alternative to XML. JSON has been popularized by web services developed utilizing REST principles.

There is a new breed of databases such as MongoDB  and Couchbase that store data natively in JSON format, leveraging the pros of semi-structured data architecture.

Pros and cons

Advantages
 Programmers persisting objects from their application to a database do not need to worry about object-relational impedance mismatch, but can often serialize objects via a light-weight library.
 Support for nested or hierarchical data often simplifies data models representing complex relationships between entities.
 Support for lists of objects simplifies data models by avoiding messy translations of lists into a relational data model.

Disadvantages
 The traditional relational data model has a popular and ready-made query language, SQL.
 Prone to "garbage in, garbage out"; by removing restraints from the data model, there is less forethought that is necessary to operate a data application.

See also
 Semi-structured model
 NoSQL
 Unstructured data
 Structured data

References

External links
 UPenn Database Group semi-structured data and XML
 Semi-Structured data analytics: Relational or Hadoop platform? by IBM

Data modeling


The M28 Jarmann harpoon rifle was a modification of the Jarmann M1884 Norwegian service rifle.

Between the wars, several Norwegian gunsmiths attempted to create harpoon guns, intended for hunting seals and shooting rescue lines to boats in distress. Seeing a ready market, and having access to the several thousand Jarmanns in storage, Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk designed a harpoon gun referred to as the M28. As part of the rebuild, the magazine and the repeating mechanism were removed, and the handguard and barrel were shortened. In addition, a heavy rubber shoulderpad was added to reduce the considerable recoil. The rifle could still fire the ordinary 10.15 x 61R cartridge after the conversion. A box could be mounted under the handguard containing up to  of thin rope. Kongsberg manufactured the M28 harpoon gun until 1952, when they started using the Mauser 98 mechanism in a new harpoon gun called the M52. The sources indicate that around 1,911 Jarmann rifles were modified to M28s, about half of them after World War II.

The M28 was advertised as being suitable for use for hunting and rescue work, as well as for general shooting of lines. The advertisement reproduced here specifically mentions its suitability for firefighters, people erecting telephone lines and general construction work. The M28 was seen as suitable for hunting Atlantic bluefin tuna, seals, swordfish and other large marine animals. Among the equipment that could be delivered for the M28 were hunting harpoons, rescue harpoons, rocket-assisted harpoons, 'dum-dum bullets' and rope of various lengths in special crates. The special rounds for launching harpoons were manufactured until the mid-1970s.

See also
Krag–Jørgensen harpoon rifle

References

Harpoons
Firearms of Norway


Robert E. Lee Day  is a state holiday in parts of the Southern US, commemorating the Confederate general Robert E. Lee. It is rooted in the rise of the Lost Cause myth prevalent throughout the Southern United States, as Lee was a central figure in Lost Cause mythology due to his social status, military exploits, and personality.

Current observances
In Tennessee, January 19 (Lee's birthday) was established as a holiday in 1917. In 1969, it was changed to a "special day of observation" in the state. Since then, state law requires the governor to proclaim each January 19 "Robert E. Lee Day".

Texas made "Lee Day" a holiday in 1931. In 1973, "Lee Day" was renamed Confederate Heroes Day.

Florida Statute 683.01(d) marks January 19 as Robert E. Lee Day, although no offices or schools close down for it.

Alabama and Mississippi observe it on the third Monday in January, in order to split the date with the federal holiday Martin Luther King Jr. Day.

Past observances
Arkansas combined the observance of Robert E. Lee Day with Martin Luther King Jr. Day in 1985, after two years of requiring state employees to select between the two holidays or their own birthday as a day off from work. In 2017, it passed a law removing General Lee's name from the January holiday; the law also established a state memorial day on the second Saturday of October in honor of Lee.

Virginia observed a holiday honoring Lee on January 19 from 1889 until 1904, at which time Stonewall Jackson was added to the observance and the holiday renamed Lee–Jackson Day. The combined holiday was observed on the Friday preceding the third Monday in January. In 1983, the holiday was merged with Martin Luther King Jr. Day when the latter became a federal holiday. In 2000, with a Democratic governor and both houses of the state legislature controlled by Democrats, the observance of Lee–Jackson Day was abolished.

Georgia formerly called the Friday after Thanksgiving Robert E. Lee Day; now it is only an unnamed paid holiday.

See also
 List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
 Jefferson Davis's Birthday

References

Further reading

Alabama state holidays
Annual events in the United States
Arkansas state holidays
Florida state holidays
Holidays related to the American Civil War
January observances
Mississippi state holidays
Monuments and memorials to Robert E. Lee


"She Left Love All Over Me" is a song written by Chester Lester, and recorded by American country music artist Razzy Bailey.  It was released in December 1981 as the first single from the album Feelin' Alright. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart.  The song was Bailey's fifth (and final) No. 1 song in a string that dated back to 1980's "Lovin' Up a Storm"; Bailey's streak includes several double-sided hits where the flip side had its own peak.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Roland, Tom, "The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits." (Billboard Books, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1991 ())
[ She Left Love All Over Me] at Allmusic.

1982 singles
Razzy Bailey songs
Songs written by Chester Lester
Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery (songwriter)
RCA Records Nashville singles
1981 songs


Treasure of Matecumbe is a 1976 American adventure western film directed by Vincent McEveety and produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was based on the novel A Journey to Matecumbe by Robert Lewis Taylor. The filming locations were in Danville, Kentucky, Sacramento River at Colusa, California and Walt Disney Productions' Golden Oak Ranch in California. The final scene at a beached shipwreck was filmed at Walt Disney World's Discovery Island.

Plot
In post-Civil War Kentucky, ex-slave Ben (Robert DoQui) arrives at Grassy, the decaying plantation where young Davie Burnie (Johnny Doran), his aunts Effie (Jane Wyatt) and Lou (Virginia Vincent), and young ex-slave Thad (Billy Atmore) live. Ben reveals that Davie's father hid a treasure map in a book in the home. That night, Northern carpetbagger Captain Spangler (Vic Morrow) and his men attack the plantation, but Effie helps the boys escape. Ben rips the map from the book and gives it to the boys before being shot and killed by Spangler.

The boys book cheap passage on a steamboat headed down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. They find stowaway Lauriette Paxton (Joan Hackett), a "runaway bride". She cheats a gambler (Dick Van Patten) out of $400 and a ring. One night, a thief steals Davie's wallet (which has his money and map). When Lauriette tries to stop him, he pushes her overboard. The boys jump into the river and save her. Lauriette trades her ring for a mule and cart and the trio make it to the next town. Lauriette turns the boys in as runaways, but they escape. Spangler hears of the jail break, and is back on the boys' trail.

Davie and Thad meet snake oil salesman Dr. Ewing Snodgrass (Peter Ustinov), and join his show. In the next town, Lauriette sees the show. Spangler and his men also see the boys on stage, and Davie flees. Just as Spangler is about to push Davie over a cliff, Lauriette intervenes and drives him off with a gun. Lauriette and Dr. Snodgrass now realize that the boys' tale of a treasure map is true. Based on Davie's description of the map, Snodgrass embroiders a rough copy of the map onto a handkerchief.

Davie suggests they seek out his Uncle Jim (Robert Foxworth), whose home is downriver at a place called Friar's Point. Using Snodgrass' boat, they arrive at Jim's home just as he is about to be lynched by the Ku Klux Klan for, or so their leader claims, interfering in the Klan's business. Taking one of the Klansmen's rifles, Davie shoots down the noose, while Thad and Dr. Snodgrass lob Molotov cocktails at the Klan, which drives them off. They continue downriver, and stop for the night with some rivermen. Lauriette's dancing proves too provocative for the rough men, and Jim rescues her from their advances. At the next landing, they are suddenly attacked by Spangler and his men, who have caught up to them aboard a small steamboat. Fleeing into the woods, Jim leads Spangler and his men off and is seemingly killed by Spangler's lieutenant, Catrell (Mills Watson). Meanwhile, Snodgrass, Davie, Thad, and Lauriette double back and steal the steamboat, blowing up Snodgrass' keelboat to prevent pursuit.

In New Orleans, the foursome boards a train headed for Florida, but are spotted by Spangler's men. Reaching Tampa, Florida, the group hires a local guide, Cooter Skaggs (Don Knight) to get them through the Everglades to Matecumbe. Skaggs betrays them and takes them to Spangler. Dr. Snodgrass turns his embroidered copy of the treasure map over to Spangler to save Davie's life. Spangler and his men abandon the group in the swamp and head for Matecumbe. Hours later, Davie and the others are surprised to see Uncle Jim arrive in a boat, guided by his Seminole friend, Charlie (Valentin de Vargas). The group uses Charlie's boat to head for the island and the treasure site even though Charlie says it is located in the territory of the dangerous "Cougar" tribe of Native Americans.

The group finds the buried treasure just as a hurricane hits. Snodgrass is swept out to sea by a giant wave. The others stumble into a Cougar burial ground, and take refuge in a chief's tomb. After the hurricane passes, the group finds and digs up the treasure. Davie and his friends are spotted by Spangler and his men, and flee. Davie and Thad lead Spangler into the burial ground just as a large number of Cougars arrive. Spangler and his men desecrate several graves and structures as they chase Davie and Thad. Stopping when they see the treasure chest, Spangler and his men are caught by the Cougars. The Native Americans, uninterested in the chest, take the villains off to be made into "squaws"---slaves for the rest of their lives.

Davie and his friends take the treasure and head back to the beach, where they find Dr. Snodgrass injured but alive. Jim and Lauriette, now in love, agree to move to Grassy with Davie and Thad, and Davie invites Dr. Snodgrass to come live with them.

Cast
 Johnny Doran as Davie
  Billy Attmore as Thad
 Robert Foxworth as Uncle Jim
 Joan Hackett as Lauriette Paxton
 Peter Ustinov as Dr. Ewing T. Snodgrass
 Vic Morrow as Captain Spangler
 Jane Wyatt as Aunt Effie
 Virginia Vincent as Aunt Lou
 Robert DoQui as Ben
 Mills Watson as Catrell
 Don Knight as Cooter Skaggs
 Dub Taylor as Sheriff Forbes
 Dick Van Patten as The Gambler
 George Lindsey as Coahoma Sheriff
 John Myhers as Captain Boomer
 Logan Ramsey as Coley
 Valentin de Vargas as Charlie
 Jonathan Daly as Paxton Farrow
 Warde Donovan as Sheriff Coffey
 James Brodhead as Groom
 John Steadman as Guide
  Rex Holman as Informant
 Clint Ritchie as Flatboat Leader
 Ken Renard as Customer
 Brion James as Roustabout
 John Hayes as Mule Driver
 John C. Flinn III as Spangler's Men
 Louie Elias as Spangler's Men
 Richard Wright as Spangler's Men
 David S. Cass Sr. as Spangler's Men

Music
The film's score was written by Buddy Baker. The film features one original song, "Matecumbe," written by Richard McKinley and Shane Tatum. The song was performed by Bahler, Olsson, Murray, and Haas and plays during the film's opening credits.

Reception
Blogger Dean L. Jones wrote of the film, "An adventure saga influenced by elements from the fiction of Robert Louis Stevenson, Mark Twain, and others—then illustrates those elements through the nostalgic and memorable prism of the Walt Disney Productions house style—Treasure of Matecumbe is as wonderful a depiction of... whimsy and imagination. […], Treasure of Matecumbe includes murder, mystery and an exciting journey in the search of the treasure of Matecumbe [Key]."

Upon its release in 1976, The Treasure of Matacumbe premiered throughout the U.S. and was a moderate success. As of 2020, the motion picture has been available on Disney+.

References

External links

1976 films
American adventure films
1970s adventure films
American Western (genre) films
1976 Western (genre) films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Films directed by Vincent McEveety
Danville, Kentucky
Films shot in Kentucky
Films shot in Florida
Films shot in California
Films set in the 1860s
Films based on American novels
Films scored by Buddy Baker (composer)
Films about treasure hunting
1970s English-language films
1970s American films


Rostratus (masculine), rostrata (feminine) or rostratum (neuter) is a Latin adjective meaning "beaked, curved, hooked, with a crooked point, or with a curved front".

In marine warfare, the term beak (rostrum) referred to the ram bows on warships, which were metal or metal-covered beams projecting from ships' bows, used to pierce enemy vessels by ramming.

Roman usage
Columna rostrata (Rostral column)

After the Battle of Mylae in 260 BC during the First Punic War, a columna rostrata (a victory column), was placed in the Roman Forum in honour of Gaius Duilius. It was so called because it was adorned with the beaks (ram bows) of the captured Carthaginian vessels. The columna rostrata became a favourite site for speeches.

Corona rostrata

A corona rostrata was a golden wreath, decorated with small golden prow and beak of a ship. These were awarded to commanders who were victorious in naval warfare.

Modern usage

In modern usage the adjective is used in Linnaean taxonomy to refer to a wide variety of species because of the beaked form of part of their anatomy. Examples include:
 Abrotanella rostrata is a species of cushion plant in the family Asteraceae whose white florets produce distinctively beaked cypselae (fruiting bodies).
 Bembix rostrata is a species of sand wasp native to Central Europe whose labrum is extended into a narrow beak.
 Canthigaster rostrata, known as the Caribbean sharpnose-puffer fish, lives in the Western Central Atlantic and is a puffer fish in the fish family Tetraodontidae
 Carex rostrata, known as beaked sedge or bottle sedge, is a large waterside grasslike perennial whose fruits have a beaked shape
 Helicina rostrata is a species of tropical land snail with a small beak-like projection on one side of the aperture of its shell (see image)
 Heliconia rostrata, known as Patujú or lobster claw, is a herbaceous perennial native to north west South America, with characteristic claw-shaped or beak-shaped flowers (see image)
 Yucca rostrata, the beaked yucca, is a tree-like plant belonging to the genus Yucca in southern U.S. and northern Mexico.
 Zebrasoma rostratum, known as the longnose surgeonfish or black tang, is a marine reef tang in the fish family Acanthuridae. It is so called because of its protruding snout.

See also
Rostrum (disambiguation)
Rostra

References

External links
Image of the Columna Rostrata of C. Duilius taken from A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. William Smith, LLD. William Wayte. G. E. Marindin. Albemarle Street, London. John Murray. 1890

Latin words and phrases


Mungo Thomson (born 1969, Woodland, California) is a contemporary visual artist based in Los Angeles.

Education
Thomson attended the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program and the UCLA MFA program, where he gained a master of fine arts degree.

Career and works
Thomson has had solo exhibitions at the UCLA Hammer Museum, Los Angeles (2008); the Kadist Art Foundation, Paris (2007); and Galleria d’Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (GAMeC), Bergamo, Italy (2006). He participated in the Istanbul Biennial (2011), the Whitney Biennial (2008), and the Performa Biennial of Visual Art Performance (2005). His book Font Study (TIME) was published by Los Angeles County Museum of Art (2011), The White Album was published by RITE Editions (2008), and Negative Space was published by Christoph Keller Editions and JRP|Ringier (2006). Thomson self-published the comic book Einstein #1 in 2008.

In 2012 Thompson created a helium-filled copy of a sculpture by Michael Heizer, for an official Fourth of July float for the Aspen Art Museum.

Family
Thomson's father is psychiatrist Captane "Cap" Thomson, beloved "Doctoring 3" preceptor at UC Davis Medical School.

References

External links
 mungothomson.com
Mungo Thomson's profile at Kadist Art Foundation

1969 births
Living people
American conceptual artists
Artists from California


"South Bronx" is a song by American hip hop group Boogie Down Productions, released as the lead single from their debut studio album Criminal Minded (1987). The song's title references New York City’s South Bronx area and is the representative anthem of the titular inner-city.

The song was produced by DJ Scott La Rock and KRS-One. The song serves as a diss track aimed at MC Shan in response to his song "The Bridge", and is part of what became known as The Bridge Wars.

History
KRS-one reports that DJ Red Alert played this song three times in a row and that the crowd was very engaged. The song had an influence on the new jack swing genre.

Composition
The song samples "Get Up Offa That Thing" and does so through the use of a sampler, where the horn bar is available in several different pitches. Eleven different pitches are used throughout the recording including the actual one, 7 of which were used altogether to create a threatening effect. The two other samples are "Funky Drummer" and "Get Up, Get Into It, Get Involved".

References

External links
 Boogie Down Productions at Discogs.com

1986 songs
KRS-One songs
Answer songs
Songs written by KRS-One
Diss tracks
Songs about New York City
Songs written by Scott La Rock


Michael W. Covel (born September 1, 1968) is a bestselling author, entrepreneur, and film director. In 1996, he co-founded TurtleTrader.com, later expanded into TrendFollowing.com, a popular online resource focused on investment style known as trend following, which allows investors to profit in both up and down markets.

Early life
Covel was born in Quantico, Virginia. He graduated with a B.A. in Politics and Government from George Mason University and received his M.B.A. from Florida State University.

Career

Writing
Trend Following
Covel's first book was Trend Following: Learn to Make Millions in Up or Down Markets (FT Press, April 2004, Nov. 2005, Mar. 2007, Mar. 2009) featuring traders David Harding, John W. Henry, Ed Seykota, Richard Donchian, Jesse Lauriston Livermore and Larry Hite, among others. The book analyzes years of detailed performance data to demonstrate that trend following works. The book was an immediate international bestseller, with over 100,000 copies sold to date. It was first published by Financial Times Press on April 23, 2004.

The Complete TurtleTrader
The Complete TurtleTrader: The Legend, the Lessons, the Results (HarperBusiness, October 2007) tells the story of Chicago commodities trader Richard Dennis, along with an oral history of the investment world in the late 20th century. The book reviews an experiment conducted by  Dennis and then partner William Eckhardt in 1983 with "the Turtles," a group of novices turned top traders based on Dennis' trading advice.  The title refers to a strategy that is based on technical analysis of market prices and is used by traders who aim to ride on market trends. Covel has cited Jack Schwager’s book Market Wizards as partial inspiration for the book.

Other Books
In June 2011, Covel released Trend Commandments: Trading for Exceptional Returns, as a trend following primer for novice traders. In August 2011, Covel released The Little Book of Trading: Trend Following Strategy for Big Winners, which teaches the average person investment practices claimed to beat the market, regardless of the financial climate. Covel's  books have been translated into more than 10 languages.

Film
Broke: The New American Dream
Covel directed the documentary film Broke: The New American Dream, which premiered on Discovery Channel. It covers many   economic themes,  including  the 2008 United States housing bubble, stock-market volatility, and growing economic uncertainty. In the film, Covel interviews financial and economist figures like Harry Markowitz, Vernon L. Smith, Mark Mobius, David Harding, Michael Mauboussin, Larry Hite, Peter Borish, Richard Baker, Barry Ritholtz, Chris Van Hollen, and Eric Bolling. The film criticizes financial news networks like CNBC, stating that they cater to an audience of news junkies in an attempt to score ratings. The film also analyzes behavioral finance, and critiques Americans for not taking personal responsibility for their investment decisions.

Publishing history

Books
2004: Trend Following: How Great Traders Make Millions in Up or Down Markets
2005: Trend Following: How Great Traders Make Millions in Up or Down Markets, New Expanded Edition
2007: The Complete TurtleTrader: The Legend, the Lessons, the Results
2009: Trend Following: Learn to Make Millions in Up or Down Markets, Updated Edition
2009: The Complete TurtleTrader: How 23 Novice Investors Became Overnight Millionaires
2011: Trend Commandments: Trading for Exceptional Returns
2011: The Little Book of Trading: Trend Following Strategy for Big Winners
2012: Trend Following Analytics: Performance Proof for the World's Most Controversial and Successful Black Swan Trading Strategy
2017: Trend Following: How to Make a Fortune in Bull, Bear and Black Swan Markets, 5th Edition
2021: Trend Following Mindset: The Genius of Legendary Trader Tom Basso
2023: Trend Following Masters - Volume 1: Trading Conversations
2023: Trend Following Masters - Volume 2: Trading Psychology Conversations

Films
2011: Broke: The New American Dream

Podcast
2012-2023: Michael Covel’s Trend Following

References

External links

Trend Following
Gray, Wesley (Dec. 2016). 5 Investing Podcasts You Should Listen To, Wall Street Journal.
Hogan, Mike (Nov. 2010). Making the Trend Your Friend, Barrons.
Torbenson, Eric (Nov. 2008). Why We Shouldn’t Bail Out The Big Three Automakers, New York Post.
Murali, D. (April 2008). Make the Right Call, The Hindu.
Steenbarger, Brett (Oct. 2007). Turtle Trading Lessons From Michael Covel, TradeFeeder.
Pressely, James (Nov. 2007). Bloomberg Review of “The Complete TurtleTrader, ” Bloomberg.com.
Collins, Art (Nov. 2005). The Truth About The Turtles (Michael Covel Interview), Yahoo! Finance Financial News.
Cripps, Richard E. (Oct. 2004). Trend Following, Legg Mason Wood Walker, Inc.

American male writers
Living people
1968 births


Toqto’a (courtesy name Dayong, also known as The Great Historian Tuotuo; 13141356) was a high-ranking minister and an official historian of the Yuan dynasty of China.

He was the author of three of the Twenty-Four Histories, writing the History of Liao, the History of Jin, and the History of Song (the three predecessor Chinese states to the Yuan dynasty). Later in life, he was falsely accused, banished, and murdered. Losing him, the Yuan court might have lost its last chance to defeat the Red Turban Rebellion, which started in the early 1350s against their rule. He was Bayan's nephew and Bayan Khutugh's brother.

Biography
Toqto’a was born to the Merkid aristocrat Majarday (also rendered as Chuan) in 1314. His uncle was Bayan of the Merkid (d. 1340), who had been raised to the rank of grand councillor during the reign of Toghon Temur (r. 1333–1370), the last Yuan emperor.

Toqto’a was given a Confucian education. Fearing that his uncle's ambitious character would harm their family's prestige, Toqto’a and his father, allied with the Khagan, organized a plot to dismiss Bayan. In March 1340, they closed the gates of the palace walls while Bayan was hunting in the nearby countryside. They refused to let him in and soon afterwards arrested him. Bayan was sent into exile and Toqto’a toppled him. In November Toqto’a replaced Bayan as grand councillor.

In 1343 Toqto’a led a team of officials to quickly compile dynastic histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties. The immense work was done within a relatively short period (a few years), which caused a lack of proofreading and textual criticism. The three works produced were:
 The History of Liao, or Liao Shi (; "Dynastic History of the Liao Dynasty"), finalized in 1343.
 The History of Jin, or Jin Shi (; "Dynastic History of the Jin Dynasty")
 The History of Song, or Song Shi (; "Dynastic History of the Song Dynasty")

At the time some Chinese scholars argued that as the Khitans were former nomadic barbarians, their Liao dynasty did not deserve a compiled standard official history. Due to the dispute over whether the Liao dynasty should be considered a legitimate dynasty, the Liao Shi was not officially compiled until 1342–1343, when Toqto’a finally decided to treat the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties all as legitimate dynasties in Chinese history. The compilation of the Liao Shi was finished in one year by highly skilled imperial historians, but without elaborate proofreading and textual criticism. Because of this double time and lack of supporting context, the Liao Shi is known for its technical errors, naiveness, lack of precision and over-lapsing.  It has been argued the compilation team did not have suitable contextual material to provide an in-depth analysis, and audacious comments.

In 1344, however, a grand plan to divert the Yongding River to facilitate water transport to the capital of Dadu (modern Beijing) generated heavy opposition, and Toqto’a resigned, joining his father in Gansu. During the 1330s, plague and famine devastated the Huai River area, while unrest appeared in the South Chinese, Manchurian, and the Tibetan borderlands. Massive flooding of the Yellow River inundated more than a decade of cities, putting the Grand Canal out of service and beginning the river’s migration to a new channel north of the Shandong peninsula. Meanwhile, piracy made the sea route for transporting South Chinese grain to the capital increasingly risky. Toqto'a's successor, the new councillor, Berke-Buqa, was too weak to handle all those issues. In August 1349, Toqto’a was recalled to the imperial capital and reappointed grand councillor.

In the winter of 1350–51, Toqto'a's attempt to suppress the activities of the pirate chief Fang Guozhen failed. With the support of Emperor Toghan-Temür, Toqto’a advocated rerouting the Yellow River back to its southern channel as a way to repair the Grand Canal. In April 1351, he began his great project, employing 150,000 civilian workers, 20,000 soldiers, and 1,845,636 yastuq of paper currency. Earlier issues of paper currency had been limited by silver reserves, but Toqto’a issued 2 million ding of unbacked paper currency to pay for labor and materials. This certainly affected the empire's overall economy.

When the religiously oriented Red Turban Rebellion broke out in Yingzhou in 1351, the Yuan attacks failed. Toqto'a was ordered to march against them and assembled an army of mostly Chinese volunteers in 1353–54. He was successful in defeating the rebels. On October 23, 1352, he retook the strategic city of Xuzhou after a six-day siege. Other provincial officials raised Han Chinese, Mongol, and Miao armies to attack the rebels. By winter of 1353–54, the “Red Turban” movement was virtually extinct. Even so, piracy and the occupation of the Grand Canal at Gaoyou by the salt smuggler Zhang Shicheng still blocked grain shipments from the south and caused hunger in the capital. Toqto’a proposed another grand plan for rice farming in central Hebei, importing 2,000 South Chinese farmers and spending 5 million ding of currency, all the while assembling another army to attack Gaoyou and reopen the Grand Canal.

However, Toqto'a's former protégé and now court rival Hama of the Qanqli and the heir apparent, Ayushiridara, backed by the Emperor's Korean consort Lady Ki, falsely accused him of corruption and induced the Khagan to strip him of his dignities in 1354. They quickly arranged his dismissal and banishment by imperial decree, just as the siege of Gaoyou was nearing victory.

Although Toqto’a had a vast number of loyal troops under him, on January 7, he accepted the Khagan's (Emperor's) decree and gave instructions to his soldiers that they must respect their new commander who had come to replace him. Because of his popularity, many of the troops under his command refused to serve under a new commander and left the army or joined the rebels. While Toqto'a was in exile in Yunnan, he was poisoned by Hama's assassins on January 10, 1356.

In popular culture
 Portrayed by Jin Yi-han in the 2013 television series Empress Ki.

References

1314 births
1356 deaths
Yuan dynasty historians
Assassinated Chinese politicians
Yuan dynasty right chancellors
14th-century Chinese historians
Chinese reformers


Zero reject is an educational philosophy which says that no child can be denied an education because they are "uneducable". It is part of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is the main special education law that seeks to guarantee free and public education for students with disabilities. Because of this policy, the services that have been previously inaccessible to this group of learners are already routinely provided. Zero reject also include additional components such as the requirement for general education placements to be age- and grade-appropriate in keeping with its inclusion philosophy.

Background
The origin of zero reject policy and IDEA can be traced back to the Education of All Handicapped Children Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1975. IDEA replaced this law in 1990, which also underwent a succession of amendments starting in 1997. The law aims to facilitate the movement of qualified individuals with disabilities from their home, their school, and into mainstream employment.

One of the six core principles of IDEA states that no child with a disability can be denied a free appropriate public education. It requires that schools receiving federal funding must educate all children with disabilities without conditions and exceptions. This principle applies regardless of the nature or severity of the disability; no child with disabilities may be excluded from a public education. The requirement to provide special education to all students with disabilities is absolute between the ages of 6 and 17. If a state provides educational services to children without disabilities between the ages of 3 to 5 and 18 to 21, it must also educate all children with disabilities in those age groups. Each state education agency is responsible for locating, identifying, and evaluating all children, from birth to age 21, residing in the state with disabilities or who are suspected of having disabilities. This requirement is called the child find system.

The zero reject principle also ensures that students with communicable diseases (e.g. AIDS) cannot be excluded from schools. Secondly the principle also stands behind children who have committed serious offenses, so they're not suspended from school long-term.
Friend, Marilyn. Special education: contemporary perspectives for school professionals. 3rd ed. Allyn & Bacon, Inc., 2011.

References

Philosophy of education


Yochanan Sofer (January 1, 1923 – February 22, 2016) was the rebbe of the Erlau dynasty. He was born in Eger, Hungary, where his father and grandfather were also rebbes. After surviving the Holocaust, he founded a yeshiva, first in Hungary and then a few years later in Jerusalem.

Family history
Sofer's father Moshe Sofer, grandfather  Shimon Sofer, great-grandfather Samuel Benjamin Sofer and great-great-grandfather Moses Sofer (known as the Chasam Sofer) were all rabbis.

Shimon Sofer led the Jewish community in Eger for some 64 years. He and his community were deported to Auschwitz by the Nazis in 1944 where at the age of 94 he was murdered by the Nazis, as was his son, Moshe Sofer, and many others from the city of Eger.

Early life
Yochanan Sofer was born in Eger in 1923. He received his rabbinical education from his father, and at yeshivas.

His father and grandfather were murdered at Auschwitz, but he survived the war in the "Glass House" in Budapest and returned to Eger to lead the few Jewish survivors.

In 1946 he and Moshe Stern, the rabbi of Debrecen became co-roshei yeshiva of the year-old Yeshivas Chasam Sofer, the only yeshiva in Hungary at that time, with Sofer serving as rosh yeshiva Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday and Stern for the second half of the week, while serving their respective communities the rest of the time. Sofer slept in the dormitory with the students and refused to accept a salary. After a year and a half he opened a yeshiva in Eger. After the Budapest yeshiva closed, the rest of the students moved to Eger.

In 1947, he re-established the yeshiva in Eger with a small group of boys and adolescents (mostly orphans). He married and was appointed rabbi of the Orthodox Jewish community there.

Move to Israel

Due to Communist Hungary's oppression of Judaism, Sofer and members of his community escaped Hungary. For a short period of time, the yeshiva merged with the Pressburg Yeshiva in Jerusalem, which was headed by Akiva Sofer (known as the Daas Sofer), a great-grandson of the Chasam Sofer. Yochanan Suffer served there as a maggid shiur.

During this time he became a close disciple of Aharon Rokeach, the Belzer rebbe. Although Sofer's ancestors were not hasidic, he was influenced by Rokeach and the Skverer rebbe to adopt numerous hasidic customs. Sofer named his youngest son Aharon after Rokeach.<name=obit/>

In 1953 Sofer founded the Erlau yeshiva and community in the Katamon neighbourhood of south-central Jerusalem, starting with the purchase of a few rooms in the building of the former Syrian Consulate on Yotam Street. The yeshiva was named the High Yeshiva of Rabbi Akiva Eiger after the father-in-law of the Chasam Sofer and later expanded to the whole building, where Sofer founded a dormitory and orphanage for Holocaust survivors and students from needy families. According to the Jerusalem Post, "He never moved from the non-haredi neighborhood, unlike other hassidic leaders who once lived in the area but who moved to haredi neighborhoods elsewhere in Jerusalem."

In 1961, Sofer constructed a new building in the empty lot adjacent to the yeshiva, named Ohel Shimon-Erlau after his grandfather. The campus includes a beth midrash, which serves as the main synagogue and study hall for the yeshiva gedola, a smaller study hall for the yeshiva ketana, dormitory, classrooms, library, kitchen and offices. In addition, Sofer opened the Institute for Research of the Teachings of the Chasam Sofer. This Institute researches, deciphers, and distributes handwritten documents of the Chasam Sofer, his pupils and descendants.

He died on February 22, 2016. Streets in Jerusalem were closed as thousands attended the funeral procession. Israeli President Reuven Rivlin said he was
a unique figure, beloved and admired by secular, religious and ultra-Orthodox Jews. With his pleasant ways, he represented both the Hasidim and Mitnagdim of Hungarian Jewry. The death of a public leader and head of a dynasty who was a Holocaust survivor and refugee who lost his father, mother and sisters in the labor and death camps, must also remind us of the respect and concern for the Holocaust survivors whose numbers are steadily dwindling, and the obligation to tell our people's history until the last generation.

Erlau communities
Sofer set up a network of communities around Israel and abroad, including batei medrash (called by the name Yad Sofer), Talmud Torahs (known as Ksav Sofer) and kollelim (called by the name Chasam Sofer). The main communities are in Katamon, Ezrat Torah, El'ad, Bnei Brak, Beitar Illit, Ashdod and Haifa. The community in Israel is estimated to number 500 families.

Sofer was known to the Jewish population as the Erlauer Rebbe (Yiddish) or Admor of Erlau (Hebrew). He was actively involved in all aspects of the yeshiva, giving daily shiurim to both students and elderly members of the Erlau community and surrounding neighbourhood, and prayed the daily prayers together with his pupils.

Opinion and politics
Sofer was considered a leading halakhic authority with enormous influence on the Orthodox Jewish community, as well as an expert in Israeli politics and security issues. He was often called upon to voice his opinion on global Jewish issues.

He was appointed to the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah of Agudath Israel by Yisrael Alter when he was 38 years old after the protocol was amended to allow him, as the original protocol allowed only rabbis above the age of 40 to join. He was also appointed a member of the administration of Mifal HaShas by its founder, Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam, the Klausenberger rebbe.

The rabbinical authorities of the Sofer family and their disciples opposed Zionism. They did not approve of the formation of a Jewish state nor the use of Hebrew for mundane purposes. They believed that the Messiah must arrive prior to the liberation of the Holy Land and that the Hebrew language was designated solely for the use of Torah study and prayer.

Sofer adopted an approach to Zionism similar to that of Aharon Rokeach. This ideology allows for dialogue with the Zionist leaders and for representation in the Knesset, though it does not give mandate or halachic justification to the legislative system of the State of Israel.

Sofer maintained that as a matter of Jewish law, any territorial concession to Arabs by Israel would endanger the lives of all the Jews in the Land of Israel and was therefore forbidden. He also insisted that even discussing the possibility of such concessions shows weakness and would encourage Arab attacks, and thus endanger Jewish lives. He was quoted as saying to Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister Silvan Shalom: "I am not prepared to cede even one grain of the Land of Israel to the Arabs." Sofer was also opposed to the unilateral pullout from Gaza and was quoted as saying, "Whoever leads to the transfer (of Jews from parts of Israel) is destroying the country".

He also came out publicly against the Hebron Protocol of 1997 which divided the city into H1 and H2. He was quoted as saying that if not for the existence of the Jewish community of Hebron, regular visits to the Tomb of Machpela would not be possible.

Sofer's wife Miriam Pall, died in 1999. They had seven sons.

References

Hasidic rebbes
Hasidic rabbis in Israel
Hungarian Hasidic rabbis
20th-century Hungarian rabbis
21st-century Israeli rabbis
People from Eger
1923 births
2016 deaths
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Hungarian emigrants to Israel
20th-century Israeli rabbis
Burials at Har HaMenuchot


Umaru Musa Yar’Adua University (UMYU), formerly Katsina State University, was established by the Katsina State Government in 2006, to "serve as a nucleus for socio-economic, technological and political development of the State by producing highly skilled human resource through conventional face-to-face and distance learning modes." Umaru Musa Yar'adua, then the executive governor of Katsina State and later the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, began the work of creating the university before his death in 2010.

The law establishing the Katsina State University was passed by the Katsina State House of Assembly on 5 September 2006, and the University commenced academic activities in January 2007 with three faculties (Education, Humanities, and Natural and Applied Sciences), and 16 undergraduate programmes. The State House of Assembly passed a law changing the name of the university to honor Umaru Musa Yar'adua on 8 April 2009.

The first 25 years of the university's existence have been divided into four phases—three phases of 5 years each, followed by a 10-year phase. In each phase, the university will add faculties, departments, and academic programmes, until it has a total of 13 faculties, 76 departments and 236 academic programmes (undergraduate and postgraduate).

The Visitor of the University is the serving governor of the state (currently Aminu Bello Masari); the Chancellor is Nigeria's one-time Minister of Economic Development, Dr. Umaru Mutallab; and the current Vice Chancellor (as of 2021) is Professor Sanusi Mamman.

History of the University

Faculties
Natural and Applied Sciences
Social and Management sciences
Humanities
Law
Medicine
Education

Faculty of Education

Among the pioneer faculties in the University, Faculty of Education has the highest number of applicants and graduates highest number of students every year. The faculty has link with almost all the faculties and departments in the university where its students are expected to belong to another department for their second course. Thus, students of education are found in courses offered in the university except departments like Business Administration, Sociology, Political Science, and Political Science. In the year 2016, the Faculty offered admission to six hundred and twelve students

The Faculty is made of Departments of Education and that of Library and Information Science.

The Department offers education courses for undergraduate students in addition to the courses they receive from their second departments such as Arabic, Biology, Chemistry, Economics, English Language, Geography, Hausa, History, Islamic Studies, Mathematics, and Physics. The Department also offers post graduate courses in Curriculum, Educational Administration, Sociology of Education, Psychology of Education and Philosophy of Education for Masters and PhD students.
Since its inception, the Department of Education employed old timers in education drawn from colleges of education, polytechnics, and teachers with first and second degree working in secondary schools.
Among its Heads of Department are Ma'aruf Nuhu Batagarawa, Mani Ahmad, Sunusi Mamman, C. C. Okam, Yahaya Aliyu Sa'idu Kankara, Talatu Ibrahim Umar.

Courses offered
Below are the list of courses offered by the university according to their respective faculties;

Faculty of Humanities
 Arabic Studies
 English Language
 French Language
 Nigerian Language (Hausa)
 History
 Islamic studies

Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences
 Biochemistry
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Industrial Chemistry
 Computer Science
 Geography
 Mathematics
 Physics
 Microbiology

Faculty of Education
 Education and Arabic
 Education and Biology
 Education and Chemistry
 Education and Economics
 Education and English Language
 Education and Geography
 Education and Hausa
 Education and History
 Education and Islamic Studies
 Education and Mathematics
 Education and Physics

Faculty of Law
 Islamic Law
 Common Law
Faculty of Social and Management Science

•  Accounting

•  Business Administration

•  Economics

•  International Relations

•  Political Science

•  Public Administration

•  Local Government and Development Studies

Additional programmes

The National Universities Commission has approved for the establishment of fourteen (14) new programmes in the university as follows:
 Medicine and Surgery (MBBS.)
 Forestry and Wildlife Management (B. Forestry)
 Integrated Science (B.Sc. (Ed.))
 Business Studies Education (B.Sc. (Ed.))
 Primary Education Studies (B.A. (Ed.))
 Early Childhood Education (B.A. (Ed.))
 Special Education (B.A. (Ed.))
 Computer Science Education(B.Sc. (Ed.))
 International Relations (B.Sc.)
 Environmental Management (B.Sc.)
 Local Government and Developmental Studies (B.Sc.)
 Meteorology (B.Sc.)
 Agricultural Science B. Agric)
 Fisheries and Aquaculture (B. Fisheries)

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 2006
2006 establishments in Nigeria
Public universities in Nigeria
Katsina
Education in Katsina State


Rhoemetalces II was a Client Ruler in association with his mother Antonia Tryphaena of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under the Romans. He ruled from 19 until 38 AD. On coinage his royal title is in Greek: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΡΟΙΜΗΤΑΛΚΟΥ or of King Rhoemetalces. Rhoemetalces II and Tryphaena succeeded his paternal great-uncle Rhescuporis II, who had usurped the throne from Rhoemetalces II's father Cotys VIII. The Roman Emperor Tiberius deposed Rhescuporis II and installed Rhoemetalces II and Tryphaena on the throne in his place. They served as loyal client rulers, even in 26 putting down Thracian malcontents for Tiberius. Rhoemetalces II never married and had no children. After his death in 38, his father's cousin Rhoemetalces III, the son of Rhescuporis II, was appointed king, while his mother retired to live as a private citizen in Cyzicus.

References

External links
 Coinage of Rhoemetalces II

38 deaths
Roman client monarchs
1st-century monarchs in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Odrysian kings