Alexander "Sanya" Moiseyevich Schapiro or Shapiro (in Russian: Александр "Саня" Моисеевич Шапиро; 1882 or 1883 – December 5, 1946) was a Russian anarcho-syndicalist activist. Born in southern Russia, Schapiro left Russia at an early age and spent most of his early activist years in London.

During the Russian Revolution, Schapiro returned to Russia and aided the Bolsheviks in their seizure of power during the October Revolution. Following the Russian Civil War and the Kronstandt Uprising, anarchists were suppressed in the Soviet Union, and Schapiro escaped to Western Europe, eventually settling in New York City. Schapiro lived in exile for the remainder of his life.

Schapiro associated with many other prominent anarchists throughout his life, including Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and Peter Kropotkin. When Kropotkin died, Schapiro was one of the organizers of his funeral. Schapiro collaborated with Goldman and Berkman on anarchist pamphlets denouncing the Soviet state for its authoritarianism and suppression of anarchism.

Early life
Alexander Schapiro was born in 1882 or 1883 in Rostov-on-Don in southern Russia. He grew up in Constantinople because his father Moses, a member of the secret revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya, which assassinated Tsar Alexander II in 1881, was forced to flee the Russian Empire. There, he attended the French school. Schapiro grew up speaking Yiddish, Russian, French, and Turkish, and would later learn German and English. In the mid-1890s, Moses Schapiro converted to anarchism and by age eleven Alexander Schapiro started studying the works of anarchist theorists like Peter Kropotkin, Jean Grave and Élisée Reclus. In the late 1890s, the Schapiro family moved to London and came into contact with the milieu of Jewish anarchists behind the journal Arbeyter Fraynd. After finishing school, Schapiro moved to Sofia, Bulgaria in 1899 to study mathematics and physics.

In August 1900, he moved to Paris to attend the Sorbonne and possibly to participate in an international anarchist congress, which in the end was banned by the authorities. He started studying either engineering or biology with the intention of embarking on a career in medicine, but was forced to drop out for financial reasons. In Paris, he came to know many of the city's leading anarchists and became a member of Étudiants socialistes révolutionnaires internationalistes, an anarcho-syndicalist group involved in the preparations for the banned international congress. Syndicalism was an international movement which first emerged in France and the General Confederation of Labor and then spread to many other countries. The movement fought for a revolution to abolish the state and capitalism and conceived of this revolution as being based on the general strike.

London

In 1900 or 1901, at Kropotkin's suggestion, Schapiro moved to London. Like his father, he became an active member of London's anarchist movement. At the time the movement was predominantly Russian Jewish. Its leading figure was Rudolf Rocker, a non-Jewish German exile, but the city's best-known anarchist was Kropotkin. In London, Schapiro worked as an assistant for the physiologist Augustus Waller, the inventor of the electocardiagram. Schapiro is listed as an author on several publications from Waller's lab, but the job also allowed him to devote a lot of his time to the anarchist movement.

Schapiro was a member of the Worker's Friend Group. The collective was split on the question of participation in trade unions. Schapiro was opposed because he feared anarchist principles could be compromised by unionism. According to Sam Dreen, another member, he was intelligent and capable, but also a stubborn and overbearing intellectual who was not in touch with workers' issues. Fermin Rocker, the son of Rudolf Rocker, another member of Arbeter Fraynd, liked Schapiro and considered him well-educated and intelligent, but dogmatic, intolerant, and self-important.

Schapiro was also a member of the Jewish Anarchist Federation, a group of Eastern European anarchist immigrants. He was in charge of the federation's Jubilee Street Club, which was established in 1906. It was mostly a library and a center for adult education where workers could learn about art and the humanities. The club used Yiddish but it was open to all workers. It became a forum for workers, anarchists, and socialists of different nationalities and political views and introduced many people to the world of the labor movement and politics. In 1906 and 1907, Schapiro helped publish Listki Chleb i Volja, a series of pamphlets written by Kropotkin. In the years after the Russian Revolution of 1905, Russian anarchists were the targets of severe government repression. Hundreds were executed or sentenced to long prison terms and many fled to the West. In 1907, anarchist exiles established the Anarchist Red Cross to protest the Russian Empire's treatment of anarchists and in order to help imprisoned activists. It was headquartered in London and New York and had branches in several European and North American cities. It organized lectures and collected money and clothing for Russian prisoners. Along with Kropotkin, Varlam Cherkezov, and Rocker, Schapiro directed the London headquarters.

In August 1907, Schapiro was the delegate of the Jewish Anarchist Federation at the International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam, the largest anarchist meeting ever, and one of the organizers of the event. Syndicalism was one of the main points of discussion. The French anarchist Pierre Monatte was the primary advocate of syndicalism, while the Italian Errico Malatesta criticized it. The congress helped form links between syndicalists in various countries and spread the movement. The congress decided to form an International Bureau which also became known as the Anarchist International. Schapiro, Rocker, and Malatesta were chosen as the bureau's secretaries. Schapiro became the editor of the Bureau's journal, the Bulletin de l'Internationale  Anarchiste, which he published in French from London until 1910. The Bulletin disseminated information about anarchist and syndicalist movements between countries. For about a year, it appeared almost every month, but then died off slowly. Schapiro wrote that the lack of enthusiasm of the international anarchist movement for the Anarchist International and the Bulletin was due to "the fear that organisation might be the way whereby centralisation and authoritarianism could sneak into the anarchist movement". Rocker praised the patience, intelligence, and talent Schapiro exhibited in his work for the Anarchist International. In 1909, Schapiro, Rocker, Malatesta, and John Turner repeatedly called for a follow-up congress, but their calls received no replies. A second congress was finally planned to take place in London in August 1914. Schapiro was heavily involved in the preparations and published a bulletin to facilitate communication in the run-up to the congress. It focused on anti-militarism, syndicalism, and organizational questions. Anarchists from several countries pledged to attend and Schapiro was optimistic the congress would be a success. However, after World War I broke out, it had to be canceled.

Schapiro took part in the First International Syndicalist Congress in London in 1913. He did not represent any organization, but was one of two translators, with Christiaan Cornelissen the other. The German delegates praised Schapiro's objective approach, while Alfred Rosmer deemed him the only participant who did not lose his poise. There were numerous disputes at the congress, but it ultimately passed a Declaration of Syndicalist Principles calling for the abolition of the state and capitalism.

By the time World War I broke out, Schapiro was an important organizer in the international anarchist movement, although he was never as well-known an activist as the likes of Emma Goldman or Alexander Berkman as he was usually preoccupied with behind-the-scenes work for the movement. The outbreak of war became an incisive moment for the international anarchist movement and the broader radical left. The milieu of anarchist exiles in London was divided by the war. Several anarchists supported their respective home nations in the war. In October 1914, Kropotkin declared his support for the Allies. He argued that German militarism was to blame for the war, that Germany was the primary supporter of reaction in Europe, that France and Belgium had to be freed from German attack, and that the German working class was as bad as the German ruling class. Kropotkin's views put him in the minority in the anarchist movement, although Cherkesov, the French anarchist Jean Grave, and the American Benjamin Tucker agreed with him. The question split the movement. Schapiro was immediately and sternly opposed to the war. In the fall, Schapiro, Malatesta, Rocker, and others who opposed the war debated the issue with Cherkesov who presented Kropotkin's views. In March 1915, about 40 anarchists, including Schapiro, Malatesta, and the Americans Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman signed the International Anarchist Manifesto on the War. The manifesto denounces the war as "the most frightful butchery that history has ever recorded" and a consequence of capitalism's drive for profit and power. Anarchists' role, according to the signatories, "is to summon the slaves to revolt against the masters" and they therefore have no business rooting for one side or the other. The pro-war side in the anarchist debate responded with a manifesto of its own, the Manifesto of the Sixteen, which was mostly written by Kropotkin. It was also signed by Cherkezov, Grave, Cornelissen and several others and argues that opposition to the war only served to weaken the Allies.

Most anarchists broke with Kropotkin over his views on the war. Schapiro and Rocker were among the few who maintained their friendship with him. Rocker, however, was interned as enemy alien in December 1914. Schapiro became the editor of the Arbeter Fraynd journal and worked with Rocker's partner Milly Witkop to keep it running. In 1916, Witkop was also interned, Schapiro was imprisoned for his opposition to the war, and the journal was shut down by the authorities. After Schapiro's release and the February Revolution in Russia, he campaigned for Russian exiles being allowed to return to their home country. He was a member of a committee headed by Georgy Chicherin, the later Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

Russia

Revolution
Schapiro returned to Russia, arriving in Petrograd on May 31, 1917. He was one of several anarcho-syndicalists returning from exile including Vladimir Shatov, Maksim Raevskii, and Volin. The three had been on the editorial board of the syndicalist journal Golos Truda (Voice of Labor), the organ of the Union of Russian Workers of the United States and Canada. They brought the journal with them back to Russia. The syndicalists formed the Union of Anarcho-Syndicalist Propaganda and Golos Truda became its mouthpiece. Schapiro joined the editorial staff of Golos Truda. The journal began appearing in August 1917. It published articles on French syndicalism and the theory of the general strike. Schapiro was the driving force behind Golos Trudas'''s publishing house, which released Russian translations of works by Western syndicalist theorists like Fernand Pelloutier, Émile Pouget, or Cornelissen. The group sought the abolition of the state and its replacement by a federation of "peasant unions, industrial unions, factory committees, control commissions, and the like in the localities all over the country." It supported the soviets emerging in the revolutionary process, but was most excited about the factory committees, which arose after the February Revolution as vehicles of workers' control over production. Golos Truda considered these committees "the cells of the future socialist society". In an article in Golos Truda in September, Schapiro called for "complete decentralization and the very broadest self-direction of local organizations" to keep the soviets from becoming a new form of political coercion. In another article, Schapiro criticized the upcoming elections of the Constituent Assembly, calling for "the abolition of all power, which only impedes and smothers revolutionary creativity" and criticizing the idea that parliaments can create a free society.

During the Provisional Government, there was some convergence between Lenin and the Bolsheviks on the one side and anarchists on the other, as both called for the government's removal and several radical statements by Lenin led anarchists to believe he had adopted their views on revolutionary struggle. Yet, when the Bolsheviks gained majorities in the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets, the anarchists, including Schapiro, became apprehensive. The Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, was dominated by Bolsheviks, but also included four anarchists, Shatov among them. On October 25, it overthrew the Provisional Government, the event that became known as the October Revolution. Elated by the revolution, Golos Truda was also pleased when the Bolsheviks mandated workers' control in all enterprises with at least five employees in November, but control over factories was soon transferred to the state after workers' control led to economic chaos.

The 1918–1921 Civil War split the anarchist movement. Most syndicalists viewed the Bolshevik government as the lesser evil, because they feared a White Army victory. Details on Schapiro's activities are scarce, but he collaborated more openly with the Bolshevik government than most syndicalists. He worked for the Commissariat of Jewish Affairs, part of the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, which was headed by Chicherin whom Schapiro had come to know in London. For the Commissariat, he produced Yiddish periodicals that promoted the Revolution but were not specifically Bolshevik. By 1920, he was working as a translator for the Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. At one point he held a high post in the Moscow rail workers' labor union. While he worked for the Bolshevik regime, Schapiro continued to criticize it, in a measured way according to both supporters and critics of Bolshevik rule.

 Suppression
In 1918, the Bolshevik government initiated a wave of repression towards the anarchist movement. In May, Golos Truda was shut down. Schapiro turned his attention to pushing back against this repression and helping anarchist prisoners. In 1920, syndicalists from several western countries came to Moscow to attend the second congress of the Comintern. They knew little about conditions in Russia. While in Moscow, several syndicalists including Augustin Souchy, Ángel Pestaña, Armando Borghi, and Bertho Lepetit visited anarchists like Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, both of them Russian-born anarchists who returned from the United States in 1919, Kropotkin, who had also returned to Russia, and Schapiro. Schapiro relayed to them Russian syndicalists' critique of the regime and their fears of persecution. Some of those syndicalists then raised these issues with the Bolshevik leadership. After the congress, Alfred Rosmer, a French syndicalist who became a communist and a member of the Executive of the Comintern, stayed in Russia. Rosmer contacted Schapiro and met him at the Golos Truda printing house. The Russian syndicalists had written a letter of protest and hoped it would receive attention if Rosmer submitted it to the Comintern. Rosmer and Schapiro discussed the issue and Rosmer was optimistic it could be resolved. The defiant tone of the letter the Russian syndicalists then drew up surprised Rosmer and he refused to submit their declaration unless they softened it. Eventually, Shapiro and Grigorii Maksimov, another member of Golos Truda, rewrote the letter and Rosmer submitted it in February 1921. They never received a reply, as the Kronstadt uprising put an end to attempts at reconciliation between the Bolshevik leadership and the anarchist movement.

Schapiro, like several other anarchists, had regularly visited Kropotkin. While carefully avoiding the question of the war, they had long discussions on the situation in Russia. In January 1921, Kropotkin, almost eighty years old and living in Dmitrov, a suburb of Moscow, contracted pneumonia. Schapiro, with Goldman and Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlov, took a train to visit him, but their train was delayed and they arrived an hour after he died on February 8. Schapiro and Berkman were part of a commission formed by the country's anarchist groups to organize Kropotkin's funeral. The funeral drew 20,000 anarchists and was the last anarchist demonstration in communist Russia.

In early 1921, the government started to ban syndicalist and anarchist writings. After the Kronstadt uprising in March, the Bolshevik government began rounding up anarchists. Schapiro's critique of the regime, which had been fairly moderate, turned into fundamental opposition. In May, Schapiro was one of several signatories to an open letter to Lenin and the Bolshevik leadership circulated in the West. It protested the persecution of Russian anarchists in the wake of Kronstadt. In June 1921, Schapiro, along with Goldman, Berkman, and fellow anarchist Alexei Borovoi, anonymously wrote a pamphlet entitled The Russian Revolution and the Communist Party, which was smuggled to Germany and published by Rocker. They argued that anarchists had refrained from protesting the repression leveled against them in Russia as long as the Civil War was being fought so as not "to aid the common enemy, world imperialism". The end of the war, however, had made it clear that the biggest threat to the revolution "was not outside, but within the country: a danger resulting from the very nature of the social and economic arrangements which characterize the present 'transitory stage'."

Although wary of the persecution of syndicalists in Russia, representatives of syndicalist organizations from several Western countries attended the founding congress of the Red International of Labor Unions (RILU), which the Bolsheviks convened in July 1921. Disputes between syndicalists and communists over tactical issues dominated the congress. The Bolshevik suppression of the anarchist movement also became an issue. The day before the congress began, thirteen imprisoned Russian anarchists entered a hunger strike. Goldman, Berkman, the anarchist-turned-Bolshevik Victor Serge, and above all Schapiro made sure that the visiting syndicalists were apprised of the imprisonment of anarchists and the hunger strike. The foreign syndicalists raised the issue with the head of the Cheka, Felix Dzerzhinsky, and with Lenin himself. Finally, negotiations in which Schapiro, Berkman, two Spanish delegates, and two French delegates represented the syndicalist side yielded a compromise with the Bolshevik leadership. The anarchist prisoners would end their hunger strike, be released, and leave the country. They remained imprisoned until September, when they were released and allowed to emigrate to Germany by the end of the year. Among them were Maksimov, Volin, Mark Mrachnyi, and Efim Yarchuk who had all worked with Schapiro in the Golos Truda group. While the negotiations were still ongoing, Nikolai Bukharin addressed the RILU congress in the name of the Bolshevik Party and attacked the Russian anarchist movement. This caused the congress to erupt into chaotic shouting. The French syndicalist Henri Sirolle then responded for the syndicalist delegates and defended Russian anarchism. He demanded that a representative of the Russian syndicalist movement who was present, most likely Schapiro, be allowed to address the congress, but he was denied. After the congress, Schapiro denounced the RILU as "the illegitimate daughter of the Communist International, and consequently the handmaiden of the Russian Communist Party" and warned Italian syndicalists against associating with it.

In November 1921, Schapiro, Berkman, and Goldman received permission from the Soviet government to attend an international anarchist congress in Berlin in December. They were held up in Latvia when the visa for Germany they had been promised was not issued. Goldman suspected the Bolsheviks were behind this, but this is unlikely. The American government had circulated photos Schapiro, Berkman, and Goldman to its foreign embassies, as it was concerned that Goldman might try to return to the United States. With them having already missed the congress, Sweden issued the trio visas two weeks later, but on the train on their way to Stockholm the Latvian police arrested them. Their belongings were searched and they were jailed for a week. This was engineered by the American commissioner in Riga who was then able to search the anarchists' belongings and make copies of all documents the American government might be interested in. Schapiro, Berkman, and Goldman were released and able to leave Latvia for Sweden on December 30. Their status in Sweden was precarious and they were only allowed to stay as long as they pledged not to participate in anarchist activities. While Berkman and Goldman remained in Stockholm and wrote about their experiences in Russia, Schapiro decided to join the Russian syndicalist exiles in Berlin after entering Germany secretly.

In June 1922, he attended a syndicalist conference in Berlin. The meeting was called to discuss the international organization of the movement and whether to negotiate with the RILU or start an independent syndicalist international. Schapiro and Mrachnyi represented the Russian syndicalist movement, but a representative of Russia's centralist unions also attended. Schapiro and Mrachnyi used the meeting as another opportunity to denounce the Soviet government's repression of syndicalists and anarchists. The meeting decided to create an international Syndicalist Bureau, to which Schapiro would be the Russian representative, and discussed the position the syndicalist movement should take on the RILU. Concerning negotiations with the RILU, Schapiro presented the congress with two options. Syndicalists could present the Bolsheviks with minimal conditions, which they might accept, or harsher conditions, which they could not. The former he deemed a betrayal of syndicalist principles and the latter a mere ploy. Instead, he proposed that the syndicalists break off negotiations with the RILU and go their own way. The assembly adopted a resolution which made no mention of negotiations with the RILU. This was the end of collaboration between the syndicalist and the communist movements in most countries. In its stead, the conference formed a Syndicalist Bureau, in which Schapiro represented Russia, to prepare a second conference at which a syndicalist international was to be formed.

After the meeting Schapiro decided to return to Russia, feeling he could make a contribution there. He contacted Chicherin and received assurances he could safely return to Russia. However, on the night of September 2–3, two weeks after Schapiro's return to Russia, he was arrested in Moscow. The secret police charged him with working with underground anarchists, but was mostly interested in his international contacts. Chicherin ignored a letter Schapiro sent him from prison and the RILU refused to notify the Syndicalist Bureau of his arrest. Nevertheless, the news soon reached the West and sparked an international solidarity campaign to free Schapiro. After Western syndicalists, particularly the French CGTU, protested his incarceration, the Soviet government became worried about damaging the RILU's relations with them. Schapiro was released and, charged with anti-Soviet activities, expelled from Russia in October 1922, on the anniversary of the October Revolution. Schapiro himself sarcastically called this coincidence an "exceptional honour". He subsequently wrote about his imprisonment in several syndicalist journals in the West.

 Exile
Schapiro decided to return to Berlin. He became one of the most active Russian syndicalist exiles. In December 1922, at conference in Berlin, he participated in the establishment of the anarcho-syndicalist International Working Men's Association (IWMA). Schapiro and Efim Iarchuk, another former editor of Golos Truda, represented the Russian syndicalist movement. Reflections on the Russian Revolution played a central role in the deliberations, as the Russian experience demonstrated the fundamental differences between syndicalism and state socialism, according to the delegates. Rocker pointed to the Bolshevik government's treatment of Schapiro in making the case against participation in the RILU and for the formation of a syndicalist international. Schapiro himself argued that participation in the RILU would be incompatible with syndicalist principles. The establishment of the IWMA finalized the international syndicalist movement's break with Bolshevism. Berlin was selected as the seat of the IWMA. Schapiro, Souchy, and Rocker were elected to its secretariat. Within a few years, the IWMA consisted of union federations in Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Norway, Portugal, the Netherlands, France, Argentina, and Mexico as well as minor affiliates in numerous other countries. Schapiro considered the IWMA more important than did the other members of the secretariat who mainly thought of it as a response to both Bolshevism and reformism. He viewed the IWMA as the continuation of the efforts to unite the international syndicalist movement that had begun before World War I and performed most of the secretariat's work during the organization's first year. He hoped discussions within the IWMA would lead to unity among syndicalists on questions concerning revolutionary tactics and strategy. He later found that the IWMA frequently had to mediate between contradictory understandings of anarcho-syndicalism.

From 1923, Schapiro served on the Joint Committee for the Defense of the Revolutionaries Imprisoned in Russia and then on the IWMA's Relief Fund for Anarchists and Anarcho-Syndicalists Imprisoned in Russia. They sent numerous aid packages and letters of encouragement to anarchists in prisons and gulags in the Soviet Union. Schapiro and a group of exiles that also included Maksimov edited the anarcho-syndicalist newspaper Rabochii Put (The Workers' Way), the IWMA's Russian-language organ. It was printed on the presses of the German syndicalist journal Der Syndikalist with financial support from the IWMA and secretly distributed in Russia. It ran for six issues from March to August 1923. Schapiro used the journal to expound on the lessons he drew from the Russian Revolution. According to him, anarchists reacted to the revolution in two ways, both of them partly counter-revolutionary. The first position was taken by the Soviet anarchists who regarded dictatorship as a necessary transitional phase on the way to a stateless society. The second held that the revolution must be immediately fully anarchist and therefore resorted to militarism like Nestor Makhno. He concluded that anarchism could only overcome such problematic reactions by giving more attention to a theory of the revolutionary process rather than the ideal of a post-revolutionary society. Schapiro repeatedly criticized Makhno und his movement, the Makhnovshchyna, as "non-anarchist" or "war anarchism". Schapiro met Makhno when the latter stayed in Berlin for a few weeks in 1925 and the dispute repeatedly escalated into shouting.

In April 1932, Schapiro was elected to the secretariat of the IWMA again, having left in 1925. With initially around 1.5 million workers organized in the IWMA's member organizations, it quickly declined in large part due to government repression and it had less than half a million members by its own estimates in 1929–1930. This number grew at once when democracy was restored in Spain and the Spanish affiliate of the IWMA, the National Confederation of Labor (CNT), was able to operate openly, becoming the IWMA's largest member organization. In December 1932, Schapiro went to Barcelona on behalf of the IWMA in order to set up its Iberian organization. The CNT was beset by internal turmoil, divided between the more moderate leadership, known as the treintistas, and the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), which was established in 1927 to ensure that anarchist principles were strictly followed. Schapiro was tasked with mediating the conflict between the FAI and treintistas.

He traveled on to France, where he continued to work with the IWMA and edited another anarcho-syndicalist paper, La Voix du Travail (The Voice of Labour).

Thoroughly disillusioned, Schapiro left Europe for New York in June 1939. From September 1945 to August 1946, he edited a new anarchist journal entitled New Trends''. He published articles on anarcho-syndicalism, the situations in Spain and Russia, as well as the killing of Carlo Tresca. Alexander Schapiro died of heart failure in New York on December 5, 1946. The anarchist Mollie Fleshin reacted to Schapiro's death writing that "the best brains of the movement are passing out one after another and [...] I have a feeling as if the movement itself is passing out".

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Year of birth unknown
1880s births
1946 deaths
Anarcho-syndicalists
Jewish anarchists
Russian anarchists
Russian Jews
Soviet anarchists
Russian expatriates in England


Alexander Henry Ross (1829 – 3 December 1888)  was a British barrister and Conservative politician.

Ross was born in Marylebone, the son of Charles Ross and Lady Mary Cornwallis daughter of Sir Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Marquess Cornwallis and Lady Louisa Gordon.

Ross served as a major in the militia and as a J. P. and was living at Portland Place, London. In 1880 he was elected as one of the MPs for Maidstone. In 1885 representation was reduced to one member, but Ross retained the seat until his death three years later at the age of 59.

Ross married Juliana Moseley of Bobbongton Staffs in 1859 and had a family. Mrs. Ross died in early 1902.

References

External links

1829 births
1888 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892


Yannick Buffet (born December 23, 1979) is a French ski mountaineer.

Buffet was born in La Rivière-Enverse. He is member of the Praz Montagne and has been member of the French national selection since 2007. He lives in Praz sur Arly.

Selected results
 2007:
 3rd, European Championship relay race (together with Bertrand Blanc, Tony Sbalbi and Fabien Anselmet)
 7th, European Championship team race (together with Bertrand Blanc)
 2008:
 6th, World Championship
 9th (and 7th in the "international men" ranking), Patrouille des Glaciers (together with Philippe Blanc and Martial Premat)
 2009:
 1st, European Championship single race
 1st, European Championship combination ranking
 3rd, European Championship vertical race
 3rd, Dachstein Xtreme
 4th, European Championship team race (together with Grégory Gachet)
 2011:
 2nd, World Championship vertical race
 3rd, World Championship single race
 3rd, World Championship relay, together with Didier Blanc, Xavier Gachet and William Bon Mardion
 4th, World Championship vertical, combined ranking
 2012:
 2nd, European Championship vertical race
 2nd, European Championship team, together with Mathéo Jacquemoud
 2nd, European Championship relay, together with Alexis Sévennec-Verdier, Valentin Favre and William Bon Mardion
 7th, World Championship vertical, combined ranking

Pierra Menta

 2009: 3rd, together with Florent Perrier
 2012: 6th, together with Yannick Ecoeur

External links
 Yannick Buffet at skimountaineering.org

References

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Haute-Savoie
French male ski mountaineers


Amos Westcott (April 28, 1815 July 6, 1873) was an American dentist who served as Mayor of Syracuse, New York, in 1860.

Biography
Amos Westcott was born on April 28, 1815, in Newport, New York, the youngest of seven children. His father, Gorton Westcott, was a farmer. Amos attended local schools but, according to a profile in the 1910 History of Dental Surgery, "as a boy manifested a desire to obtain an education beyond the ability of his parents to provide." As a result, Westcott began teaching district school during the winter in Delphi in Onondaga County, and during the summer attending an academy in Truxton, New York.

Westcott entered Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1834, earning a Bachelor of Natural Science. The next year he was one of the first to receive a degree in civil engineering from the Rensselaer Institute in 1835. After graduation, he taught chemistry, natural philosophy, and mathematics at the Pompey Academy in Pompey, New York, while studying medicine with Jehiel Stearns. Westcott spent 1836 to 1837 or 1838 at the academy, returning to school after, this time at the Geneva Medical College and Albany Medical College, where he graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1840.

Westcott settled in Syracuse, New York, the following year, opening a dentistry practice. As a dentist he was a member of the American Society of Dental Surgeons, American Dental Convention and, American Dental Association. In 1859 he was an organizer and first president of the New York State Dental Association. By 1868 he was a founder and first president of the New York Dental Society. Westcott was involved in the early development of dentistry as a formal profession. He worked on aspects of the trade including books and technology. He held the chair of professor of operative and prosthetic dentistry at the Baltimore College of Dentistry from 1846 to 1849. Westcott was involved in founding the New York College of Dental Science in 1852, where he was dean and a professor before it burned down and closed in 1855. He also served as an editor of the American Journal of Dental Science. Westcott was also known as an inventor, creating a version of a butter churn, a door spring, a lock for a door, and jackscrews for teeth.

Westcott was a well-regarded citizen in Syracuse; historian Scott Tribble describes him as "one of Syracuse's most respected and popular citizens" of the era. soon became involved in local politics, serving first as an Alderman of Syracuse and being elected Mayor in 1860. Nine years later he was a member of a consortium that purchased the Cardiff Giant, an archeological hoax, and displayed it in Syracuse. Westcott's health failed in 1871, and he visited Europe for several years in an unsuccessful attempt to improve his health. He returned to Syracuse and died by suicide on July 6, 1873, with no explanation.

Personal life
Westcott was married twice: first to Cora Babcock, with whom he had three children, Watts, Katherine, and Edward Noyes Westcott; and second to Harriet Nash, with whom he had two children, Margaret Westcott Muzzey and Frank Nash Westcott.

References

1815 births
1873 deaths
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
19th-century American dentists
Mayors of Syracuse, New York
Albany Medical College alumni


A total lunar eclipse took place on Monday, May 13, 1957, the third of fourteen total lunar eclipses of Lunar Saros 130. The Moon was plunged into darkness for 1 hour and 18 minutes, in a deep total eclipse which saw the Moon 30% of its diameter inside the Earth's umbral shadow. The visual effect of this depends on the state of the Earth's atmosphere, but the Moon may have been stained a deep red colour. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 32 minutes in total.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 137.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1957-05
1957 in science
May 1957 events


Jonette Ellen Engan (born November 29, 1951) is an American politician and a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party.

DFL Party leader
A resident of Willmar, Minnesota, Engan is a former DFL Party leader.  She served as chair of the old 2nd Congressional District DFL from 1989 to 1997, succeeding longtime chair Harold Windingstad.  The sprawling district encompassed southwestern Minnesota, and included all or portions of 31 counties.  Prior to being elected chair, she had served as associate chair of the district from 1983 to 1989.

In addition to her activism in congressional district politics, Engan was also involved at the state and national level.  She was a member of the Minnesota DFL's central and executive committees, and was selected as a presidential elector for the 1992 presidential election in which Bill Clinton defeated George H. Bush and Ross Perot.  The support of Engan and the ten other Minnesota members of the Electoral College went to Clinton, who had solidly won the state in the November election.  She was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1984 and 2000, and also attended the 1996 convention as a DFL official.

Congressional campaign manager and adviser
Engan served as campaign manager for Madison teacher Doug Peterson's unsuccessful 1991 bid for Congress against incumbent Vin Weber. In 1993, she was a key adviser to David Minge in his successful bid for the same congressional seat against opponent Cal Ludeman.  Minge later honored Engan by entering official remarks into the Congressional Record thanking her for her service to the DFL and the congressional district, and for her valued counsel and advice to him as a candidate and congressman.

DFL "woman of distinction"
Engan opted not to run for re-election as chair of the congressional district in 1997.  She was later honored by the state party as a "woman of distinction," and was inducted into the Minnesota DFL Women's Hall of Fame.  In 2004, she served as a co-chair of the John Kerry for President organization in Minnesota.

While Engan has cut back on her political involvement, she is active in her community and her church.  She remains involved in the DFL at the local level, currently serving as vice chair of the Kandiyohi County party organization.

References

External links
Congressional Record Remarks on Jonette Engan by Congressman David Minge
1992 U.S. Electoral College
DFL Women's Hall of Fame Past Award Winners

1951 births
Living people
Minnesota Democrats
People from Kandiyohi County, Minnesota
People from Willmar, Minnesota
Women in Minnesota politics
21st-century American women


The Association of middle Moselle communes (French: Communauté de communes de la Moyenne Moselle) is a former administrative association of communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was merged into the Communauté d'agglomération d'Épinal in January 2017.

Created on the last day of 1999, but based on an association originally formed in 1966, the association had its administrative offices at Charmes.

Member communes
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

 Avillers
 Avrainville
 Battexey
 Bettoncourt
 Bouxurulles
 Brantigny
 Chamagne
 Charmes
 Damas-aux-Bois
 Essegney
 Évaux-et-Ménil
 Florémont
 Gircourt-lès-Viéville
 Hadigny-les-Verrières
 Haillainville
 Hergugney
 Langley
 Marainville-sur-Madon
 Moriville
 Pont-sur-Madon
 Portieux
 Rapey
 Rehaincourt
 Rugney
 Savigny
 Socourt
 Ubexy
 Varmonzey
 Vincey
 Vomécourt-sur-Madon
 Zincourt

History
The district of the Mid-Moselle (district de la moyenne Moselle) was born in February 1966, its objectives being at that time as follows:

  Promotion of economic development
  Housing improvement
  Attention to environmental problems (which in 1966 was an innovative objective)
  Road maintenance
  Creation of a networked drinking water supply

Following the passing in 1999 of the Chevènement Law of 1999, the district of the Mid-Moselle transformed itself into the Association of middle Moselle communes. The association was founded either on the final day of 1999 or on the first day of 2000 (sources differ).

In addition to the name change, the new millennium also marked a total change of objectives, because of the way in which an administrative grouping was transformed into a true project driven community of communes (communauté de projet) in terms of the entities named communautés de communes under the statute of 1992.

References

middle Moselle


The Great Led Zeppelin Wine Pairing is a series of “wine and music pairings,” created by noted restaurateur and viticulturist Joe Bastianich and writer-musician Mike Edison,  along with writer and wine expert David Lynch. Bastianich and Lynch are both recipients of the James Beard Award.

The idea was formed when Bastianich and Edison were pondering how to pair the songs of Led Zeppelin with various wines.

"Our passion for wine is only rivaled by our passion for Zeppelin,” said Bastianich, and encouraged attendees to "taste with their ears and listen with their mouths."

Edison, in an interview with publishing blog Galley Cat, said, "Either you see this as a hyper-intellectual exercise in promoting the lexicon of oenology as a valid critical system while simultaneously subverting it and subjecting it to ridicule—or you think it is just some dudes who want to drink some really good wine and listen to Led Zeppelin. No matter what, it is still going be the best salon since Dorothy Parker made that crack about horticulture.”

Reasoning for the Led Zeppelin name
Edison has explained that “Zep is the perfect band to pair with wine—maybe the only band. They have all the right qualities: They can be earthy and intense, or dark and mellow, or just insanely huge. They've got some very real, edgy twang, and some rich, complex textures. They embrace both the Old World and the New. I can't think of any other band that shows so much depth and development, both within individual songs and across entire records,” adding, that the wine pairings were both “freakishly sophisticated and patently absurd.”

History
The first Great Led Zeppelin Wine Pairing was held at Becco restaurant in New York City on March 17, 2009,  and received excellent reviews and widespread media attention. The New York Post reported, “Guests at Tuesday night's first-ever Great Led Zeppelin Wine Tasting were an odd combo of wine fans and Zep heads but it didn't take many samplings for everyone to start feeling a whole lotta love.”

The menu, created by chef Billy Gallagher, featured six courses, each paired with wine and select Led Zeppelin songs, as follows:

~Antipasto~

“The Song Remains the Same”

Grilled Calamari & Dandelion Salad with Hard-Boiled Egg

Champagne 1er Cru Vertus NV, Guy Larmandier (France)
Gruner Veltliner Smaragd Terrassen 2007,
Domane Wachan (Austria)

~Primi~

“Going to California”

Pappardelle with Wild Mushroom Ragu

Pinot Noir Knox Alexander 2006, Au Bon Climat (California)

“Black Dog”

Black Spaghetti Arribiata with Sautéed Shrimp

Malbec 2005, Tritono (Argentina)

~Secondi~

“Kashmir”, “Whole Lotta Love”

Bistecca alla Becco

Black Angus Rib-Eye Steak grilled Medium-Rare  with Garlic Mashed Potatoes & Sauteed Broccoli Rabe

Barolo Vigne Rionda 2000, Oddero   (Italy)

~Dolci~

“Tangerine”

Farm Fresh Tangerines

Moscato d’Asti 2008, Vietti (Italy)

“Custard Pie”

Vanilla Custard Pie & Led Zeppolini

The second Great Led Zeppelin Wine Tasting was held at City Winery in New York City and featured the Led Zeppelin Tribute band Six Foot Nurse performing live with special guest Scott Ian from the band Anthrax. More events are expected, including one in Las Vegas in May 2010. <-- did this take place? -->

Quotes
Joe Bastianich: “I think because of the sheer complexity and the deep roots of the music—where the music comes from, and how profound it is— Led Zeppelin's music can only really be paralleled with the kind of evolution, importance and complexity of wine, as both a cultural thing as well as a beverage.”

Mike Edison: “Back when I was in seminary school, attempting to pair Boones Farm apple wine with "Stairway to Heaven" and having disastrous results, I stumbled upon this little theory: "Led Zeppelin IV" is the record that when you're stoned and listening to it really loud you think the phone is ringing when it's really not. ’Black Dog’ is like a fully fucking awesome motherfucker—this is when they got really heavy.”

David Lynch (referring to the “Black Dog” pairing): We're bringing the thunder. We're bringing the tannin. We're bringing the viscosity. We're coming at you with guns blazing, with a Malbec from Argentina.

References

External links
Full report and photographs of the Great Led Zeppelin Wine Tasting on New York Metromix
Joe Bastianich official website

Wine tasting
Wine-related events
Music events


Doctor and the Healer () is a 1957 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Monicelli.

Plot
The young Dr. Marchetti relocates to a small mountain village in rural southern Italy. He quickly runs into trouble with Don Antonio Locoratolo, the local quack who prescribes dubious cures and potions to the naïve and superstitious populace. Don Antonio knows that his methods are fraudulent and sees Dr. Marchetti as a threat to his livelihood. Don Antonio convinces the local populace not to get vaccinated against typhoid fever. To convince the population of their continued need for him, Don Antonio arranges for an old man in the village to feign sick for several days and not improve under Dr. Marchetti's treatment, but who is miraculously "cured" during a visit by Don Antonio. Meanwhile, Pasqua, Dr. Marchetti's young assistant, has fallen in love with him, even though he does not notice her. She is given a love potion by Don Antonio's assistant, Scaraffone, but it only causes Dr. Marchetti stomach pains; Dr. Marchetti thinks Don Antonio has tried to poison him.

The mayor's sister, Mafalda, is pining after her fiancé, Corrado, who was last heard from 15 years ago, and is presumed to have been lost fighting in Russia on the Eastern Front. For years, Don Antonio has been using fraudulent fortune-telling techniques to tell her that Corrado is still alive, as she pays well for each session, even though he desires her for himself. She puts an advertisement in the paper to see if anybody has heard from or seen her fiancé. When Don Antonio tells Mafalda that her beloved Corrado is dead, she denounces him to the police as a fraud. The following day, she receives a telegram stating that Corrado is alive and will meet her at the train station. The reunion is not a happy one: Corrado is confused about details of his life, telling her he was captured "by bedouins". He says has been living 40 km away, unhappily married, and asks her for money. She gives him money and tells him to leave, and he boards the next train.

Meanwhile, Dr. Marchetti goes to the police to seek justice over the supposed "poisoning" and Mafalda's denouncement of Don Antonio, but the charges do not stick.

Don Antonio's niece Rosina is in love with a soldier from a poor family. Furious, he locks her in and forbids her from continuing the relationship. Despondent, she takes an overdose of barbiturates, forcing Don Antonio to publicly seek the doctor's help to save his niece's life. The movie ends with Dr. Marchetti administering typhoid vaccines to the local populace, while Don Antonio leaves on a train.

Cast
 Vittorio De Sica - Antonio Locoratolo
 Marcello Mastroianni - Dr. Francesco Marchetti
 Marisa Merlini - Mafalda
 Lorella De Luca - Clamide
 Gabriella Pallotta - Pasqua
 Alberto Sordi - Corrado
 Virgilio Riento - Umberto
 Carlo Taranto - Scaraffone
 Ilaria Occhini - Rosina
 Riccardo Garrone - Sergeant
 Giorgio Cerioni - Galeazzo Pesenti
 Gino Buzzanca - Il sindaco di Pianetta

References

External links

Doctor and the Healer at Variety Distribution

1957 films
Films scored by Nino Rota
1950s Italian-language films
1957 comedy films
Italian black-and-white films
Films directed by Mario Monicelli
Medical-themed films
Films with screenplays by Age & Scarpelli
Italian comedy films
1950s Italian films


The Canadian Film Centre (CFC) is a charitable organization founded in 1988 by filmmaker Norman Jewison in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Originally launched as a film school, today it provides training, development and advancement opportunities for professionals in the Canadian film, television and digital media industries, including directors, producers, screenwriters, actors and musicians.

History

CFC was established in 1988 by Canadian filmmaker Norman Jewison as the Canadian Centre For Advanced Film Studies; the first program was attended by 12 residents. The inaugural class included writer Robert Hunter, filmmakers Holly Dale, Gerald L'Ecuyer, Anne Petrie and Peter Raymont, and producer Ann Medina. The school's campus was located at Windfields Estate, the former home of Canadian business magnate E. P. Taylor.

In 1991, after producer Robert Lantos received a $250,000 prize from Telefilm Canada to honour Black Robe winning the Genie Award for Best Picture, he immediately donated the money to the Canadian Film Centre to help establish its film unit, which serves as the primary film studio for projects being developed by CFC students.

Peter O’Brian was appointed as executive director of CFC by Norman Jewison in 1988 and remained in the role until 1991. Wayne Clarkson served as the organization's executive director from 1991 until 2005. At that point, Slawko Klymkiw, previously the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's executive director of network programming, became the CEO of CFC until he retired in the spring of 2021. Maxine Bailey, former Vice-President of Advancement at TIFF, was appointed as Executive Director of CFC in May 2021.

In 2014, CFC unveiled the new Northern Dancer Pavilion, a building to house its multidisciplinary study programs, on the Windfields campus.

As of 2018, its 30th year of operation, CFC had more than 100 residents and participants in 16 programs annually. CFC has more than 1,700 alumni and 100 alumni partner companies to date.

Training and advancement
CFC offers a variety of programs in five separate media streams: film, television, music, screen acting, and digital media. Each stream offers practical, intensive, hands-on programs that are administered under the guidance of faculty and industry professionals, and are operated in conjunction with entertainment companies and educational institutions including Netflix, AMC, A&E, Cineplex Entertainment, the National Film Board of Canada, Telefilm Canada, NBC Universal, Slaight Communications, WildBrain, Bell Media, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and OCAD University.

CFC's film programs include the Norman Jewison Film Program and CFC Features. Television programs include Bell Media Prime Time TV Program for series writers, and the WildBrain Experience for development of kid- and family-targeted content. CFC also runs the Netflix/CFC Global Project, which targets Canada's traditionally under-served creatives and communities

Its main program for actors is the CBC Actors Conservatory, a six-month program. For musicians, the centre operates the Slaight Family Music Lab, a part-time nine-month program for composers and songwriters.

The CFC Media Lab is a digital media think tank and production facility that provides a research, learning and production environment for digital media content developers and practitioners, as well as acceleration programs and services for digital entertainment start-ups. Its programs include the Fifth Wave Initiative, to accelerate and sustain the growth of women-owned or led businesses in southern Ontario’s digital media sector, Ideaboost, a digital entertainment accelerator, and VR Strategy, a program to develop virtual reality productions, and the UK-Canada Immersive Exchange, an immersive talent development lab and co-production fund for UK and Canadian artists and filmmakers.

Work produced by CFC
CFC has been involved in hundreds of film, television, and interactive productions and has produced a large catalogue of works, including the below productions.

Features
CFC has supported the development of 47 feature films to date, including:
19 Months (Randall Cole)
22 Chaser (Rafal Sokolowski)
Adventures in Public School (Kyle Rideout)
The Art of Woo (Helen Lee)
Beans (Tracey Deer)
Blood and Donuts (Holly Dale)
Cast No Shadow (Christian Sparkes)
Closet Monster (Stephen Dunn)
Clutch (Christopher Grismer)
Cruel & Unusual (Merlin Dervisevic)
Cube (Vincenzo Natali)
The Dark Hours (Paul Fox)
Easy Land (Sanja Zivkovic)
Fairytales & Pornography (Chris Philpott)
The Fishing Trip (Amnon Buchbinder)
Horsie's Retreat (Tony Asimakopoulos)
House (Laurie Lynd)
Khaled (Asghar Massombagi)
The Lockpicker (Randall Okita)
Mary Goes Round (Molly McGlynn)
Never Steady, Never Still (Kathleen Hepburn)
Molly Maxwell (Sara St. Onge)
Nurse.Fighter.Boy (Charles Officer)
Old Stock (James Genn)
Rhymes for Young Ghouls (Jeff Barnaby)
Rude (Clement Virgo)
Shoemaker (Colleen Murphy)
Show Me (Cassandra Nicolaou)
Siblings (David Weaver)
Tammy’s Always Dying (Amy Jo Johnson)
Too Much Sex (Andrew Ainsworth)
The Uncles (James Allodi)
What We Have (Maxime Desmons)

CFC has also accelerated the development of various TV series, including:
 Orphan Black
 Mary Kills People
 Travelers

Short films
173 short films have been created through CFC's Short Dramatic Film Programs to date, including:
Benjamin (Sherren Lee)
Big Girl (Renuka Jeyapalan)
Cleo (Sanja Zivkovic)
Cold Feet (Daniel D'Alimonte)
Elevated (Vincenzo Natali)
The Fairy Who Didn't Want to Be a Fairy Anymore (Laurie Lynd)
Frost (Jeremy Ball)
The Home for Blind Women (Sandra Kybartas)
How to Rid Your Lover of a Negative Emotion Caused By You! (Nadia Litz)
Kumar and Mr. Jones (Sugith Varughese)
Lunchbox Loser (Virginia Abramovich)
Oliver Bump's Birthday (Jordan Canning)
Prey (Helen Lee)
Still (Slater Jewell-Kemker)
We Wanted More (Stephen Dunn)
What Doesn't Kill You (Rob Grant)

Digital media
CFC's interactive productions include:
Late Fragment: Canada's first interactive feature film co-produced with the NFB.
Body/Mind/Change: A transmedia experience starring David Cronenberg, co-produced with the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF).
What's Your Essential Cinema: A dynamic mobile visualization project co-produced with TIFF.
VR Sketches Series: The first in a series of VR Sketches produced with Occupied VR, inviting the filmmaking community to learn about and discover the grammar and language of VR storytelling.
Small Wonders: The VR Experience: Allows a user to immerse themselves inside a prayer bead and explore the intricate carvings made visible through the power of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and virtual reality. Produced by the Canadian Film Centre's Media Lab (CFC Media Lab) and Seneca College School of Creative Art & Animation, this artistic and technical collaboration between AGO conservateur, Lisa Ellis, and interactive artist and designer, Priam Givord (Seneca), marks the first time anyone will be able to move through, around and within one of these small wonders.

References

External links

Film schools in Canada
Film organizations in Canada
Colleges in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 1988
Education in Toronto
Cinema of Ontario
1988 establishments in Ontario


The Pines Beach is a small town situated roughly 4 km east of Kaiapoi in the Canterbury region of the South Island of New Zealand. It is 1 km north of the mouth of the Waimakariri River.
It takes its name from its close proximity to both a pine forest and the beach.

The Pines Beach is a relatively small town. The majority of the area consists of residential housing and a park called "The Pines Beach Oval". The village store was demolished after the September 2010 Canterbury earthquake, along with a considerable number of the houses in the village, which were placed into a residential red zone by the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority. Empty green spaces upon entering the village from Beach Road is all that remains of these earlier parts of the settlement.

The Oval is a small section of land in the centre of the town. It is in the shape of an oval and has a playground, basketball court, swings, a skate park and a BMX track. An annual gala is held on the Oval.

Demographics
The Pines Beach is described by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and covers . It had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2. The Pines Beach is part of the larger Pegasus Bay statistical area.

The Pines Beach had a population of 327 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 27 people (−7.6%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 159 people (−32.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 126 households, comprising 174 males and 153 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.14 males per female, with 57 people (17.4%) aged under 15 years, 57 (17.4%) aged 15 to 29, 177 (54.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 36 (11.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 85.3% European/Pākehā, 19.3% Māori, 2.8% Pasifika, 0.9% Asian, and 1.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 64.2% had no religion, 23.9% were Christian, 0.9% had Māori religious beliefs and 0.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 42 (15.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 57 (21.1%) people had no formal qualifications. 33 people (12.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 141 (52.2%) people were employed full-time, 42 (15.6%) were part-time, and 15 (5.6%) were unemployed.

Pegasus Bay statistical area
Pegasus Bay statistical area, which also includes Woodend Beach and Kairaki, covers . It had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Pegasus Bau had a population of 1,047 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 12 people (−1.1%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 111 people (−9.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 402 households, comprising 570 males and 477 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.19 males per female. The median age was 46.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 177 people (16.9%) aged under 15 years, 141 (13.5%) aged 15 to 29, 555 (53.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 177 (16.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.8% European/Pākehā, 13.2% Māori, 1.4% Pasifika, 1.4% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 12.9, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.7% had no religion, 28.7% were Christian, 1.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.3% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 102 (11.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 240 (27.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,400, compared with $31,800 nationally. 105 people (12.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 402 (46.2%) people were employed full-time, 144 (16.6%) were part-time, and 48 (5.5%) were unemployed.

References

Waimakariri District
Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand


Nzagi Airport  is an airport serving Nzagi (Andrada) in the Lunda Norte Province, in northeastern Angola.

See also

 List of airports in Angola
 Transport in Angola

References

External links

OpenStreetMap - Nzagi

Nzagi


A total lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, May 3, 1939. A shallow total eclipse saw the Moon in relative darkness for 1 hour and 2 minutes. The Moon was 18% of its diameter into the Earth's umbral shadow, and should have been significantly darkened. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 27 minutes in total.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Saros series

Inex series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two solar eclipses of Solar Saros 137.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1939-05
1939 in science


Moufida Tlatli (; 4 August 19477 February 2021) was a Tunisian film director, screenwriter, and editor.  She is best known for her breakthrough film The Silences of the Palace, which won several international awards and was praised by critics.  She made two more well received movies,The Season of Men  and Nadia and Sarra.

Early life
Moufida Tlatli was born in Sidi Bou Said, a suburb of the capital Tunis, on 4 August 1947.  Her interest in cinema was piqued by her philosophy teacher.  She moved to Paris in 1965, where she studied film editing and screenplay at the Institut des hautes études cinématographiques.  She subsequently went back to Tunisia in 1972 and started off as a film editor.  One of the notable films she edited was Halfaouine Child of the Terraces (1990) by Férid Boughedir.

Career
Moufida Tlatli made her directorial debut with The Silences of the Palace (1994).  She drew inspiration for the film from the challenging experiences her mother endured as an Arab woman.  The film was acclaimed critically and won several awards: Cannes Film Festival's Golden Camera, the Carthage Film Festival's Golden Tanit, British Film Institute's Sutherland Trophy, Toronto Film Festival's International Critics' Award, and Istanbul International Film Festival's Golden Tulip.  It was later categorized as one of the ten best films from Africa by film director and critic Mark Cousins in September 2012.

The second film Moufida Tlatli directed, The Season of Men (2000), was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the Cannes Film Festival that year.  It was awarded the Grand Prix by the Arab World Institute, as well as awards at film festivals held in Namur, Valencia, Torino, and Stuttgart.  She subsequently sat as a juror of the Cannes Film Festival.  She became only the second director from the Maghreb to do so, after Boughedir one decade before.  Her third and final film, Nadia and Sarra (2004), featured Palestinian actor–director Hiam Abbass in the title role.

Later life
Tlatli was appointed as Minister of Culture by Tunisia's provisional government in 2011, following the Tunisian Revolution and the ousting of president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.

Tlatli died of COVID-19 on 7 February 2021, at age 73. She was survived by her husband, Mohamed Tlatli, her daughter Selima Chaffai and son, Walid, and five grandchildren.

Filmography

Editor

Director

Writer

References

1947 births
2021 deaths
Tunisian women film directors
Tunisian film directors
People from Tunis Governorate
Tunisian expatriates in France
Tunisian screenwriters
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia


A total lunar eclipse took place on Friday, April 22, 1921. This was the first total lunar eclipse of Saros cycle 130. A shallow total eclipse saw the Moon in relative darkness for 40 minutes and 6 seconds. The Moon was approximately 7% of its diameter into the Earth's umbral shadow, and should have been significantly darkened. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 22 minutes in total.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 137.

17 April 1912
!April 17, 1912
|

28 April 1930
!April 28, 1930
I

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1921-04
1921 in science


"The Garden" is a song by British group Take That. It was released on 20 March 2009 as the third single from their fifth studio album, The Circus.

Song information
Mark Owen originally intended to sing the song's bridge during its writing and recording but was surprised and impressed when Howard Donald sang it instead, which was kept in the final recording.

The song's B-side is "84", the same B-side of their preceding single "Up All Night", and is sung by Jason Orange.

Promotion
The band performed "The Garden" on BBC's Comic Relief show on 13 March 2009. The song has been performed on Mooi! Weer De Leeuw in the Netherlands on 14 March 2009. The song was then performed on Swiss television on the show Music Stars on 15 March 2009. The group then made an appearance on the Italian version of The X Factor on 17 March 2009. The band also performed the song on the German TV show Wetten, dass..? on 21 March 2009. The band then performed the track at the final of The X Factor (Denmark) on 27 March 2009.

Critical reception

Digital Spy commented: "'The Garden' is a stunning, string-laden epic with a chorus so massive it requires a marching brass band for backing." The Sunday Times described the song as "propulsive and swollen with a giant chorus."

Music video
The video for "The Garden" debuted on 21 March 2009, with all members singing lead vocals. The video for the song was shot at the Greenwich Maritime Museum, South London. The video is black and white and shows the band dressed in black performing the song. The video is interspersed with blurred images of people going about their daily lives. In the official Take That book Take Two the band express their dislike for the video, claiming that it worked with still images but as a music video, it did not work.

Release
A physical version of the single was released in Europe. The single was available on two CDs, both containing the same track listing; however, a Limited Edition CD2, housed in a large jewel case, contained an exclusive foam car sticker of the TT logo, with 'The Garden' written underneath.

Personnel
Gary Barlow – co-lead vocals
Howard Donald – co-lead vocals, backing vocals
Jason Orange – co-lead vocals, backing vocals
Mark Owen – co-lead vocals, backing vocals

Track listings
 "The Garden" (radio edit) – 3:22
 "84" – 3:11

Charts

References

Take That songs
2009 singles
Pop ballads
Songs written by Gary Barlow
Songs written by Mark Owen
Songs written by Jason Orange
Songs written by Howard Donald
2008 songs
Songs written by Jamie Norton
Songs written by Ben Mark


Tom Homer (born 1 April 1990) is an English former rugby union player who recently played at centre, wing and fullback for London Irish in Premiership Rugby. He was a member of the Grand Slam winning England U18 side in 2008 and was a member of the England U20 squad in January 2008.

Career
Homer started playing rugby at Andover RFC in Hampshire before moving on to Salisbury RFC in Wiltshire. Homer attended Norman Court Preparatory School and then Milton Abbey School in Dorset, where as a flyhalf, he was captain of rugby at both establishments.

England
Homer was a regular for England at under-18 and 20 levels and is the all time leading scorer in the IRB Junior World Championships with 118 points. </ref></ref>

London Irish
On leaving school, Homer signed to London Irish's academy. He signed a professional contract with the club in June 2008, making his debut against Worcester Warriors and scored his first tries for the club in their victory over Saracens on 23 November 2008. (during his debut, the speedy winger made an immediate impact scoring two tries against Saracens as an 18-year-old). He went on to score 51 points in 13 appearances in that season. He continued to be an important member of the London Irish first-team squad over the next two season and in December 2010 he signed a new two-year deal with the Exiles. </ref></ref>

Homer also kicked two penalties in the Exiles' 38–17 win over Worcester on 15 March 2009, and kicked eight from eight (six penalties and two conversions) against Northampton Saints on 22 March 2009. At the start of the 2012-13 Premiership campaign Homer stated that he wanted to be known for more than just his kicking and was looking to get more involved and to use the opportunity of the attacking blueprint of coach Brian Smith to do so. Homer cites former England centre Mike Catt as a major influence.

Bath
On 23 January 2015, London Irish announced that Homer would leave the club at the end of the 2014-15 season, on resultant expiry of his contract. On 11 February 2015, Homer officially signed for Bath with immediate effect, following the departure of Gavin Henson to Bristol Rugby.

Return to London Irish
In July 2020 it was confirmed that Homer has rejoined former club London Irish.
In February 2021 it was confirmed that Homer would leave London Irish to join French Pro D2 side Montauban ahead of the 2021–22 season. However, it was later confirmed he had retired with immediate effect.

References

External links
Bath Profile
London Irish profile

1990 births
Living people
Bath Rugby players
English rugby union players
London Irish players
People educated at Milton Abbey School
Rugby union centres
Rugby union fullbacks
Rugby union players from Salisbury
Rugby union wings


Saurimo Airport (, ) is a public use airport serving the city of Saurimo in Lunda Sul Province, Angola. It was formerly known as Henrique de Carvalho Airport.

The Saurimo VOR-DME (Ident: VSA) is located on the field. The Saurimo non-directional beacon (Ident: SA) is located  off the Runway 13 threshold.

Airlines and destinations

See also
 List of airports in Angola
 Transport in Angola

References

External links

 OurAirports - Saurimo
 OpenStreetMap - Saurimo

Airports in Angola
Lunda Sul Province


The Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame, located in Muskogee, Oklahoma, honors Oklahoma musicians for their lifetime achievements in music. The induction ceremony and concert are held each year in Muskogee. Since its establishment in 1997, the Hall of Fame has inducted more than 100 individuals or groups, held numerous concerts, and renovated in part the facility that will educate Oklahomans for generations about those innovators and industry icons from Oklahoma.

History
In 1996, the Oklahoma Legislature began the vision for the Hall of Fame. State Senator Benn Robinson (D-Muskogee) and State Representative Barbara Staggs (D-Muskogee) co-authored a concurrent resolution designating Muskogee as the site of the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame. State Representative Bill Settle (D-Muskogee) continued to champion the cause by securing legislative appropriations that served to further promote the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame. In 1997, Friends of Oklahoma Music was incorporated to serve as producer for annual induction ceremony events. In that same year, Friends of Oklahoma Music hosted and produced the first Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony and Concert at the Muskogee Civic Center. Two years later, in 1999, Governor of Oklahoma Frank Keating created the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame Board and appointed seven members to facilitate fundraising, site selection, and construction of a facility honoring the history and legacy of Oklahoma's music, which has contributed so much to the history and roots of American music.

In 2003, Friends of Oklahoma Music entered into a long-term lease agreement with the City of Muskogee and completed phase one of renovation to The Frisco Freight Depot, an old train depot. In October 2003, Friends and The Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame moved their offices into the Depot, which is the site of the future Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame Museum. In 2004, Friends of Oklahoma Music was renamed Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame Foundation. Then in 2005, the Hall of Fame assumed its current name by being renamed Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame & Museum.

Inductees

1997
Merle Haggard
Woody Guthrie
Patti Page
Claude Williams

1998
 Gene Autry
 Albert E. Brumley
 David Gates
 Jay McShann

1999
Byron Berline
Vince Gill
Barney Kessel
KVOO

2000
Roy Clark
Color Me Badd
Wanda Jackson
The Oklahoma City Blue Devils
Jim Halsey

2001
Leona Mitchell
Caddo Nation
The Texas Playboys
Bob Wills
Johnnie Lee Wills
Billy Jack Wills
Luke Wills

2002
Hank Thompson
Joe Diffie
Kay Starr
Charlie Christian

2003
Ronnie Dunn
Benny Garcia Jr.
Flash Terry
D.C. Minner
John Wooley
Lee Wiley
Keith Anderson—Rising Star Award

2004
Dr. Louis Ballard
Merle Kilgore
Roger Miller

2005
Tommy Allsup
Cain's Ballroom
Toby Keith
Billy Parker
Carrie Underwood—Rising Star Award

2006
Leon Russell
Mel McDaniel
Carl Radle
Eldon Shamblin
Barbara Staggs

2007
Hoyt Axton
Mae Boren Axton
Tommy Crook
Cal Smith
Sammi Smith
Hinder—Rising Star Award

2008
Bob Childers
Chick Rains
The All-American Rejects—Rising Star Award
Cherokee National Youth Choir
Wichita and Affiliated Tribes

2009
Carrie Underwood
Ramona Reed
Rocky Frisco
C.H. Parker

2010
Jean Shepard
Les Gilliam
Sam Harris
Jamie Oldaker

2011
Kristin Chenoweth
Gene Triplett
Nole "Nokie" Edwards
Cheevers Toppah
Jesse Ed Davis
Wayman Tisdale
Ralph Blane
Robert Lenard "Bob" Bogle
Kings of Leon—Rising Star Award

2013
Jimmy Webb
Mason Williams
Sandi Patty
Norma Jean Beasler
Neal Schon
Barbara McAlister
Mabee Center
Bob Dunn
Thompson Square—Rising Star Award
The Swon Brothers—Rising Star Award
Roger Davis

2015
Restless Heart
Tim DuBois
Scott Hendricks
Becky Hobbs
Smiley Weaver

2016
B.J. Thomas

2017
Bill Grant
Hanson
Rodney Lay
Red Dirt Rangers
David Teegarden Sr.
Jimmy Markham
Carl Belew
Jimmy LaFave

2018
Cassie Gaines
Steve Gaines
Point of Grace
Smokie Norful
Dennis Jernigan
Jody Miller
Gail Davies
Gayle Peevey
Katrina Elam
Gus Hardin
Lorrie Collins
Kellie Coffey
Evelyn Pittman
Molly Bee
Michael Brewer

2019
Molly Bee
Michael Brewer
Kellie Coffey
Lorrie Collins
Gail Davies
Katrina Elam
Gus Hardin
Jody Miller
Gayla Peevey
Evelyn LaRue Pittman

2020
David Osborne
Kelly Lang
Don Byas
Wade Hayes
Mike Settle

2021
Scott Musick (The Call)
Steve Huddleston (The Call)
Michael Been (The Call)
Jerry Lynn Williams
Ann Bell
Tommy Collins

2022
Randy Crouch
Mike McClure
Don White
Don Byas

See also
 List of music museums

References

External links
Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame website

Halls of fame in Oklahoma
Music halls of fame
State halls of fame in the United States
Music museums in Oklahoma
Museums in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Muskogee, Oklahoma
Awards established in 1997
Tourist attractions in Muskogee, Oklahoma


St. Gregory's Abbey is a Roman Catholic monastery of the American-Cassinese Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation. The monastery, founded by monks of the French monastery of Sainte-Marie de la Pierre-qui-Vire in 1876, was originally located in present-day Konawa, Oklahoma and called Sacred Heart Abbey. At present the community numbers around twenty-one monks who celebrate the Eucharist and Liturgy of the Hours. They used to staff various parishes but no longer do so, and their school, St. Gregory's University, was closed and filed for bankruptcy in 2017.

The abbey is located in Shawnee, Oklahoma.

History
Benedictine monks first arrived from France in 1873, settling in Louisiana. They relocated to what was then Indian Territory in October 1875 at the suggestion of the Archbishop of New Orleans, Napoléon-Joseph Perché. He recruited his compatriots to provide pastoral care to the Native Americans of the region who had recently become a part of his ecclesiastical province. In 1876 the monks founded Sacred Heart Abbey in what today is Konawa, Oklahoma, led by the Rev. Dom Isidore Robot, O.S.B., who had been appointed Prefect Apostolic of the Indian Territory of Oklahoma by the Holy See upon the recommendation of Perché.

The monastic community grew steadily until 1901, when a fire destroyed much of the abbey. At the invitation of the city, the monks built their new monastery in Shawnee. At that time, they also established St. Gregory's College and High School, which was known as St. Gregory's University until it closed in 2017. The main building, known as Benedictine Hall, still stands and was included in the bankruptcy sale. It has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma.

See also
Rev. Gregory Gerrer, OSB

References

External links
 Abbey Website

Benedictine monasteries in the United States
Buildings and structures in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
St. Gregory's University
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Oklahoma City


Luena Airport ()  is an airport serving Luena, the capital of the Moxico Province in Angola.

The Luena VOR-DME (Ident: VUE) and the Luena non-directional beacon (Ident: UE) are on the field.

Airlines and destinations

Facilities

The airport has a small and modern terminal building built to replace and older terminal. The control tower is now located next the terminal (old tower was atop of the old terminal building. Hangars and other airport buildings are located next to the main terminal building.

See also
 List of airports in Angola
 Transport in Angola

References

External links
OpenStreetMap - Luena
OurAirports - Luena

Airports in Angola
Moxico Province


Leroy Reams (born August 11, 1943) is a retired American professional baseball player. An outfielder, first baseman and third baseman by trade, he had a nine-year pro career but appeared in only one Major League game as a pinch hitter for the Philadelphia Phillies on May 7, 1969. Batting for Barry Lersch in the eighth inning of a game at Connie Mack Stadium against the Houston Astros, Reams struck out against Larry Dierker, who pitched a five-hit, 14-strikeout 6–1 victory against Reams' Phillies.

Born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Reams attended Castlemont High School in Oakland, California. He batted left-handed, threw right-handed and was listed as  tall and .

Reams signed with the New York Yankees in  and, after two seasons with Idaho Falls of the Pioneer League, he was selected ay Phillies in the  minor-league draft. Most of his career was spent at the Double-A level. After his one game in the big leagues, Reams spent the rest of 1969 with the Double-A Reading Phillies and Triple-A Eugene Emeralds. He retired after the 1970 season, and after playing in 954 minor league games.

References

External links
Baseball Reference.com page

1943 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Baseball players from Arkansas
Baseball players from Oakland, California
Castlemont High School alumni
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Eugene Emeralds players
Idaho Falls Yankees players
Macon Peaches players
Montgomery Rebels players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Toledo Mud Hens players


Carlo Taranto (18 October 1921 – 4 April 1986) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 50 films between 1949 and 1984.

Partial filmography

 The Firemen of Viggiù (1949)
 Assi alla ribalta (1954)
 Wives and Obscurities (1956) - aiutante di Carmine
 Doctor and the Healer (1957) - Scaraffone
 Primo applauso (1957)
 I prepotenti (1958) - Numa
 Carmela è una bambola (1958) - Pasqualino
 Sorrisi e canzoni (1958)
 Ricordati di Napoli (1958) - Domenichino
 Avventura a Capri (1959) - Giovane operaio in piazzetta
 Lui, lei e il nonno (1959)
 La cento chilometri (1959) - Righetto
 La nipote Sabella (1959) - The Porter in Salerno Railway Station
 Nel blu dipinto di blu (1959) - Remo
 Cerasella (1959) - Suanatore di mandolino
 Some Like It Cold (1960) - Cesarino
 Appuntamento a Ischia (1960) - Gennaro
 Caravan petrol (1960) - The Head of the Execution Squad
 Akiko em Roma (1961)
 The Last Judgment (1961)
 Don Camillo: Monsignor (1961) - Marasca, il marito di Gisella
 Pesci d'oro e bikini d'argento (1961) - Secondo ladro
 The Italian Brigands (1961) - O Scaraffone
 Che femmina!! E... che dollari! (1961)
 Toto vs. Maciste (1962) - Consigliere Assiro
 The Four Monks (1962) - Il mafioso
 Divorzio alla siciliana (1963)
 In ginocchio da te (1964) - Serg. Scannapietra
 Made in Italy (1965) - Office Employee (segment "4 'Cittadini, stato e chiesa', episode 1")
 Te lo leggo negli occhi (1965)
 Non son degno di te (1965) - Scannapieco
 How We Robbed the Bank of Italy (1966) - Pasquale
 Dio, come ti amo! (1966) - Taxi Driver
 Perdono (1966) - Carlo
 Nessuno mi può giudicare (1966) - Carlo
 7 monaci d'oro (1966) - Pasquale Volterra, detto 'Vesuvio'
 Tears on Your Face (1967) - Chitarrista
 Nel sole (1967) - Giacomo
 Il ragazzo che sapeva amare (1967)
 L'oro del mondo (1968) - Cessionario
 Chimera (1968) - Roberto Mendoza
 The Nephews of Zorro (1968) - Cleptomane
 Operazione ricchezza (1968)
 Il ragazzo che sorride (1969) - Little hotel owner
 Il suo nome è Donna Rosa (1969) - Francesco - the butler
 Lisa dagli occhi blu (1970) - Inspector's helper
 Mezzanotte d'amore (1970) - Francesco - the butler
 The President of Borgorosso Football Club (1970) - The South American Coach
 Figlio mio, sono innocente! (1978) - Don Pasquale
 Neapolitan Mystery (1979)
 Where's Picone? (1984) - Gannina
 Al limite, cioè, non glielo dico (1985)

References

External links

1921 births
1986 deaths
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors


An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? (also known as Is this a fairy host in Navan Fort?) is an Irish poem dated to the late 16th century.

An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? is

See also

 Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean

External links
 Full text

References

Medieval poetry
Irish literature
Irish poems
Texts in Irish
Early Irish literature
Irish-language literature
O'Neill dynasty


Frédéric Ebong-Salle, better known as Fred Salle (born 10 September 1964) is a male retired athlete who specialized in the long jump.

Great Britain and England
He represented Great Britain for most of his career, except for a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s when he represented Cameroon. His personal best jump of 8.10 metres was achieved at the 1994 IAAF World Cup, which he won; he also won the silver medal at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, representing England.

Cameroon
Starting in the 1986–87 indoor season, Salle opted to represent Cameroon. He competed in a high jump meeting in December 1986, jumping a personal best of . His best jump while representing England had been 2.13 metres, achieved in May 1985 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Salle competed internationally for his new country, starting at the 1987 World Championships, though he did not reach the final round. At the 1987 Central African Games, he won the gold medals in both long and high jump, and at the 1988 African Championships, he won the silver medal in the long jump—behind Yusuf Alli—and the bronze medal in the high jump. He then competed at the 1988 Olympic Games, but 7.65 metres in the qualifying round was not enough to reach the final. At the 1989 World Indoor Championships he only managed 7.31 metres, ending in last place of the qualifying round. At the 1991 World Indoor Championships, he ended third to last with 7.11 metres. He won a silver medal as a guest competitor at the AAA Indoor Championships of 1990.

Back to England
By 1992 he returned to representing Great Britain in competitions. He competed at the World Championships in 1993 and 1995 as well as the 1995 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final. However, he won the 1994 IAAF World Cup competition in London with a jump of 8.10 metres. This was Salle's personal best jump. He did have one wind-assisted 8.10 result in the same year, achieved in July in Gateshead. He represented England, at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

In domestic competitions, he won several medals. At the UK Championships, he won a bronze medal in 1992 and a silver in 1993. At the AAA Championships, he won gold medals in 1993 and 1995 and a silver in 1994. At the AAA Championships, he won the bronze medal in 1993, behind two Swedish guests.

The Present
After working at many different ICT firms, Fred Salle had turned his passion to teaching, inspiring many young people to achieve through telling them of his own experiences.

References

1964 births
Living people
English male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Cameroonian male long jumpers
World Athletics Championships athletes for Cameroon
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Cameroon
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games


Balgale Parish () is an administrative unit of Talsi Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Balgale parish
  – parish administrative center

Notable people
 Uģis Brūvelis

See also
 Dursupe Manor

References

Parishes of Latvia
Talsi Municipality


Bilateral relations between the countries of France and Trinidad and Tobago have existed for about two hundred years. Currently, France has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium).  Trinidad and Tobago also has bilateral investment agreements with France.

Colonial history
France colonized Tobago during the seventeenth century. France occupied the colony from August 1666 to March 1667.  On 6 December 1677, the French destroyed the Dutch colony and claimed the entire island, before restoring it to the Dutch by the first Treaty of Nijmegen on 10 August 1678.  In 1751, the French settled colonists on the island, but ceded it to Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 10 February 1763. Nevertheless, most "of the settlers were French, and French influence became dominant." It was again a French colony from 2 June 1781 to 15 April 1793, nominally part of the Lucie département of France from 25 October 1797 to 19 April 1801, and once again a French colony from 30 June 1802 to 30 June 1803.

Cultural legacy
By the later 1790s, the white upper class on Trinidad "consisted mainly of French creoles", which created "a powerful French cultural influence in Trinidad. This was expressed not only in the widespread use of French Patois (French-lexicon Creole)...but also in the general population's enthusiasm for the Catholic tradition of Carnival." Sean Sheehan explains further that for "about a hundred years, the language spoken in Trinidad and Tobago was a pidgin form of French, which was basically French with Twi or Yoruba words included. Even today, there is a strong element of French in Trini, and in some rural areas, people speak a language that is closer to French than to English."

See also
 Foreign relations of France
 Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago

Notes and references

External links
Embassy of France in Port of Spain
Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the Government of France on the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments

Trinidad and Tobago
Bilateral relations of Trinidad and Tobago


Dundaga parish (, ) is an administrative unit of Talsi Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. Dundaga parish is the largest parish in Latvia.

Villages of Dundaga parish
 Dundaga

References

Parishes of Latvia
Talsi Municipality
Courland


Ģibuļi parish () is an administrative unit of Talsi Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ģibuļi parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Talsi Municipality


Ilaria Occhini (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian stage, television and film actress. She appeared in more than 30 films.

Life and career
Born in Florence, niece and daughter of novelists, Occhini started her film career at 19 with the Luciano Emmer's comedy film Terza Liceo with the stage name Isabella Redi, then attended the Accademia d'Arte Drammatica in Rome, graduating in 1957. The same year she came back to acting with Mario Monicelli's Il medico e lo stregone, and at the same time she debuted on stage with Luchino Visconti's La ragazza delle smirne and had her first leading role in the Anton Giulio Majano's TV series Jane Eyre. In 1959 she appeared in the television adaptation The Vicar of Wakefield.

Her mother, Gioconda Papini (1910-1954), was one of the two daughters of writer Giovanni Papini and his wife Giacinta Giovagnoli, the other being writer Viola Paszkowski Papini. Her father was writer, art historian and journalist Barna Occhini (pseudonym of Carlo Luigi Occhini) (1905-1978), the son of senator Pier Ludovico Occhini and his wife Maria Luisa Tettamanzi.

Occhini obtained her major successes on stage, working several times with Luchino Visconti, then joining the Piccolo Teatro of Naples, where she received large critical appreciation by interpreting classical and contemporary authors. She was also a constant presence in RAI television series, and also starred in many films, but rarely in leading roles.

In 1992 Occhini won the Nastro d'Argento for best supporting role for her performance in Benvenuti in Casa Gori. In 2008 she was awarded Best Actress at the Locarno International Film Festival for her role in Mar Nero. In 2010 she won a David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Loose Cannons; the same year she was awarded a special Nastro d'Argento for her career.

She married screenwriter and author Raffaele La Capria, with whom she had a daughter, Alexandra.

Selected filmography

 High School (1954)
 Doctor and the Healer (1957)
 The Dragon's Blood (1957)
 Carthage in Flames (1960)
 His Women (1961)
 Damon and Pythias (1962)
 The Shortest Day (1962)
 The Betrothed (1964)
 The Tramplers (1965)
 I complessi (1965)
 The Man Who Laughs (1966)
 Brigade antigangs (1966)
 Almost a Man (1966)
 Hearth Fires (1972)
 Two Men in Town (1973)
 Welcome to Home Gori (1990)
 Return to Home Gori (1996)
 Tomorrow (2001)
 Loose Cannons (2010)
 All at Sea (2011)
 A Perfect Family (2012)

References

External links

1934 births
2019 deaths
Italian film actresses
Actresses from Florence
Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
20th-century Italian actresses


The old Marxgrün station was located on the Hof–Bad Steben railway which was opened in 1887. It was the terminus on that line until 1898. From 1901 it became the junction for the railway line through the Höllen valley to Gera and, later, also Saalfeld. With the end of the Second World War the Höllen Valley railway (Höllentalbahn) losts its pan-regional significance and it was completely closed in the early 1980s. Today a halt has been built (Haltepunkt Marxgrün) on the site of the former station which is part of the Regionalbahn from Hof to Bad Steben. The village of Marxgrün has been a district of the town of Naila since 1978.

History

On 1 June 1887 this Lokalbahn (a type of Bavarian branch line) route in the eastern part of the Franconian Forest was opened by the Royal Bavarian State Railways (Königlich Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen or K.Bay.Sts.B.). Railway services started from the new Hof Hauptbahnhof, where there were connexions to Munich, Nuremberg, Würzburg, Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden. This standard gauge branch line reaches its terminus near the village of Marxgrün running via Selbitz and Naila.

The line from Hof to Marxgrün was extended in 1898 by the K.Bay.Sts.B. to the Bavarian state spa town of Steben. The engine shed and other railway facilities typical of terminal stations remained, however, in Marxgrün.

In 1901, a link was established to Thuringia. This new line ran through the Höllental to Blankenstein and from there to Triptis and Gera. The railway was built and operated by the Prussian state railways. The station of Marxgrün was therefore designated as the transfer station between the Bavarian and Prussian state railways. Later a branch to Saalfeld was added to this line. Following the formation of the Deutsche Reichsbahn through trains ran on the Hof–Marxgrün–Lobenstein–Saalfeld route.

The K.Bay.Sts.B. had plans in 1920 for another branch line from Marxgrün to Geroldsgrün. The existing railway facilities in Marxgrün, with its locomotive shed and workshop, would have been able to be used to support this route. The line was never built however.

On the foundation of the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1924, Marxgrün station lost its role as a transfer station between Bavarian and Prussian state railways. Nevertheless, the boundary between the Regensburg railway division (Rbd) of the Bavarian Group Administration and the Thuringian division of Erfurt continued to be located on the approach to Marxgrün station.

In the Second World War diversionary routes were established for important main lines and they were upgraded accordingly. The Hof–Naila–Marxgrün–Lobenstein–Triptis–Gera route was part of such a diversion between southern and central Germany. As part of the upgrade of this route, Marxgrün station was given a mechanical signal box and semaphore signals for its approach and departure tracks.

This high point of the line's development was quickly followed by its low point. After the war the Inner German Border separated the German states of Bavaria and Thuringia. Rail services between Marxgrün and Blankenstein were withdrawn. Only goods traffic continued to run to the stations at Hölle and Lichtenberg on the edge of the Höllen valley. the section of line from Marxgrün to the border was finally transferred from Rbd Erfurt to Rbd Regensburg and therefore became "Bavarian".

Buildings

Within the former station yard the old station building still exists. It has become a holiday residence for holidaymakers. Attached to the station building is a wooden cabin in which the station's signal equipment added, as mentioned above, during the Second World War, was housed.

Next to the station building in the direction of Bad Steben and Höllental is a toilet block typical of the type found on Bavarian branch lines. Behind the station building are two former railwaymen's accommodation blocks. They are used today as rented accommodation.

On side of the station opposite the station building is the station's two-road locomotive shed with its attached workshop. The shed was the heart of locomotive operations in Marxgrün. The building, which has not been used for a long time, is increasingly dilapidated and is up for sale. At the end of the 20th century the locomotive for the planned museum railway was stored. When it was put up for sale, the shed had to be cleared and the locomotive was transferred to the shed at Bahnbetriebswerk Adorf.

Features

 In Marxgrün station Horwagen marble was loaded onto the railway. In several publications this marble from Horwagen was therefore also described as Marxgrün marble. A stationary crane in the station was used to load the marble.
 Marxgrün is the railhead for the Bobengrün Whitsun Conference, an annual Christian, open-air gathering that attracts around 10,000 people.
 In autumn 1976 Marxgrün station was the location of the external scenes for the film The Stationmaster's Wife, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. A steam locomotive stood by in Marxgrün for the filming.

See also
Royal Bavarian State Railways
List of railway stations in Bavaria

Sources
 Andreas Kuhfahl, Wolfram Alteneder: Die Nebenbahnen der BD Nürnberg. Verlag C. Kersting, Bonn 1986,
 Siegfried Bufe: Eisenbahn in Oberfranken. Bufe-Fachbuch-Verlag, München 1982,
 Ralf Roman Rossberg: Grenze über deutschen Schienen. Eisenbahn-Kurier Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1980,
 Robert Zintl: Bayerische Nebenbahnen. Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1977,
 Deutsche Reichsbahn, Horst-Werner Dumjahn: Die deutschen Eisenbahnen in ihrer Entwicklung 1835-1935. Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1935 / Nachdruck mit Vorwort von Horst-Werner Dumjahn: Dumjahn Verlag, Mainz 1984,

References

Railway stations in Bavaria
Franconian Forest
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1887


The Houston Mayoral Election of 1991 took place on November 5, 1991. The race was officially non-partisan. Bob Lanier defeated five term incumbent mayor Kathy Whitmire. A run-off election was held on December 7, 1991.

Most white voters of all economic levels voted for Lanier. His strongest tallies came from affluent neighborhoods like River Oaks, Meyerland, Uptown, Memorial and Sharpstown; in those areas he won with 60 to 65 percent or more of the vote. Lanier won 75 percent of the votes in his home Houston precinct. In racially mixed areas such as Westbury and Alief, Lanier had the majority of votes with his main opponent, Sylvester Turner, having finished in a close second place. Lanier did not win in Montrose and many African-American neighborhoods.

Candidates

Incumbent Mayor Kathy Whitmire
Businessman and real estate developer Bob Lanier
State Representative Sylvester Turner

Results

Turner would later campaign in 2003 but took third place. He won the mayoral runoff on December 12, 2015.

References

1991 in Houston
1991 Texas elections
Houston
1991
Non-partisan elections


Carey Wayne Bender (born January 28, 1972, in Marion, Iowa) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League and in Europe. He attended Coe College, where he still holds numerous rushing records. He was given an opportunity to play in the NFL by Buffalo Bills head coach Marv Levy, a fellow Coe College graduate. He played with the Buffalo Bills in 1996 as a member of the team's practice squad. After playing well in the NFL pre-season, he appeared in one game of the regular season, but recorded no carries. He then played for the Scottish Claymores in Europe in 1998.

External links
Pro-Football reference

1972 births
Living people
Players of American football from Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Buffalo Bills players
People from Marion, Iowa
Coe Kohawks football players


PULSE (Police Using Leading Systems Effectively) is a computer system used by the Garda Síochána, the police force of the Republic of Ireland. The system was introduced in November 1999.

The contract for the system was awarded to Andersen Consulting (now Accenture) and is managed by a directorate of three senior Gardaí and an Accenture consultant. The system is run by the PULSE Project teams of the IT section of the Garda Síochána.

The system cost €61.3 million originally and between 2001 and 2006 €12.88 million was spent on updating and maintaining it. The system is available in 519 of 565 Garda stations.

Under data protection legislation, it is possible to request personal data held on the system, unless that information would identify someone else or if disclosing the personal data is being held in order to prevent, investigate or detect crime or is being used for prosecuting or arresting offenders.

Insurance investigation
In 2007 between 40 and 50 Gardaí were questioned as part of an internal inquiry into allegations that Gardaí had supplied confidential information to insurance companies in  order to settle road traffic claims. The PULSE system was included in the investigation.

Reliability
PULSE has been the subject of complaints by the Association of Garda Sergeants and Inspectors and the Garda Representative Association on grounds that it is unreliable and has caused backlogs in bringing cases to court. Kathleen O'Toole criticised the system for being difficult to use and not being user-friendly.

See also
 Police National Computer, the equivalent system in the United Kingdom
 Prawo Jazdy (alleged criminal)

References

Garda Síochána


Īve parish () is an administrative unit of Talsi Municipality, Latvia. The parish center is located in Tiņģere.

Towns, villages and settlements of Īve parish
 Dūmciems
 Grodnieki
 Īve
 Kalnmuiža
 Ķurbe
 Ozolmuiža
 Silmuiža
 Silciems
 Tiņģere

See also
 Tiņģere Manor

References

Parishes of Latvia
Talsi Municipality