The Mechanized Brigade "Aosta" () is a mechanized infantry brigade of the Italian Army based on the island of Sicily. The Brigade is one of the oldest of the Italian Army and the name connects the brigade to its original area of recruitment the Aosta Valley and therefore the brigade's coat of arms is modeled after the coat of arms of Aosta. The brigade is part of the Division "Acqui".

History

1831 to 1914
After Charles Albert of Sardinia ascended to the throne of the Kingdom of Sardinia on 27 April 1831 a major reform of the kingdom's military was started. Thus on 25 October 1831 the Brigade "Aosta" was raised with two infantry regiments. These two regiments were the "His Royal Highness; Fusilier Regiment" () founded on 20 February 1690 and a newly raised infantry regiment. Earlier from 1 November 1815 to 25 October 1831 the "HRH Fusilier Regiment" was already known as "Brigade of Aosta" (), however in size and function this unit was an infantry regiment with two battalions. Between 1774 and 1799 the "HRH Fusilier Regiment" was known as the "Regiment of Aosta" (). After the founding of the Brigade "Aosta" its two regiments consisted of three battalions each: the regiment's 1st and 2nd battalions fielded three companies of fusiliers and one company of grenadiers, while the third battalions consisted of four companies of skirmishers. Later a fourth battalion was added to each regiment and the companies' strength was increased. By 1839 each regiment fielded four battalions, which in turn fielded 4 companies of 250 men each. In 1839 the regiments of the "Aosta" were numbered and renamed as 5th Infantry Regiment Brigade "Aosta" and 6th Infantry Regiment Brigade "Aosta".

The brigade participated in the First Italian War of Independence, fighting in the battles of Santa Lucia, Goito, Pastrengo and Novara, where the brigade's two regiments earned a Silver Medal of Military Valor. In 1855 the brigade provided two battalions for the Sardinian Expeditionary Corps in the Crimean War. In the Second Italian War of Independence the brigade was employed in the battles of Magenta and Solferino. The brigade was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor for its conduct at Solferino. Furthermore, the IV Battalion of the 5th Regiment was awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor for its conduct during the Battle of Aspromonte. In the following years the brigade was employed in Calabria and the region of Salerno to suppress the popular revolt of the peasant population against the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the new Kingdom of Italy. In the Third Italian War of Independence the brigade fought in the Battle of Custoza.

Personnel of the brigade was also employed in the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the Italo-Turkish War.

World War I

At the outbreak of World War I the brigade was based in the city of Gemona with its two regiments fielding three battalions each and each of the battalions consisting of four companies and a machine gun section. The 6th Regiment was the first to see action on the Italian front when it tried to conquer the Plöcken Pass on 3 July 1916. Afterwards the brigade reinforced by two battalions of Alpini was given the task to conquer Monte Rombon. In 1916 the brigade was engaged in combat in the region of Kras. From 22 to 26 November 1917 the brigade defended the summit of Col della Berretta on the Monte Grappa massif during the Battle of Monte Grappa, which put an end the Austrian offensive after the Battle of Caporetto.

In October 1918 the brigade conquered the summit of Monte Valderoa and held it against repeated Austrian counterattacks. For this last engagement of the war the "Aosta" Brigade's two regiments were awarded their second Gold Medal of Military Valor.

World War II

After the end of World War I the brigade moved to Sicily and was garrisoned in the city of Palermo. In November 1926 the brigade assumed the name of XXVIII Infantry Brigade and received the 85th Infantry Regiment "Verona". The brigade was the infantry component of the 28th Territorial Division of Palermo, which also included the 22nd Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 28th Infantry Division "Vespri". On 20 May 1937 the division ceded the 85th Infantry Regiment "Verona" to the newly raised 60th Infantry Division "Sabratha" in Gharyan in Libya. On the same date the XXVIII Infantry Brigade raised the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" as replacement in Trapani.

On 15 April 1939 the 76th Infantry Regiment "Napoli" was transferred to the newly activated 54th Infantry Division "Napoli" and on the same date the XXVIII Infantry Brigade was dissolved and the two remaining infantry regiments came under direct command of the division, which changed its name to 28th Infantry Division "Aosta".

On 9 July 1943 the Allied invasion of Sicily began and the division was badly mauled by US Army troops during the Battle of Troina in the North of the island. The remnants of the division were evacuated to mainland Italy between 9 and 12 August 1943. After the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces of 8 September 1943 the division was disbanded by German Forces near the city of Trento.

On 20 September 1944 the Italian Co-Belligerent Army formed in Sicily the III and IV internal security brigades with the regiments of the disbanded 47th Infantry Division "Bari". On 14 October 1944 the two brigades entered the newly activated Internal Security Division "Aosta", which was tasked with public duties, demining and airfield protection tasks until the end of the war.

Cold War

Infantry Division "Aosta"
On 15 August 1946 the Internal Security Division "Aosta" was reorganized as Infantry Brigade "Aosta". On 1 September 1946 the regiments of the brigade returned to their old names 5th respectively 6th Infantry Regiment "Aosta" and were based in Messina and Palermo. With the expansion of the Italian Army after World War II the brigade was expanded to a full division on 1 February 1948 and the two "Aosta" infantry regiments were joined by the 46th Infantry Regiment "Reggio" and the 22nd and 24th Field Artillery regiments from the dissolved Infantry Brigade "Reggio". However already on 15 June 1955 the division began to shrink with the disbandment of the 6th Infantry Regiment. The III Battalion of the 5th Infantry Regiment received the colors and traditions of the disbanded regiment. The Division was under the command of the XI Military Territorial Command/Sicily Military Region in Palermo, which had administrative command of all units based in Sicily and was tasked with the defense of the islands of Sicily, Pantelleria and Pelagie.

  Infantry Division "Aosta"
 5th Infantry Regiment "Aosta", in Messina
 I Infantry Battalion
 II Infantry Battalion
 6th Infantry Regiment "Aosta", in Palermo (disbanded on 15 June 1955)
 III Infantry Battalion (joined the 5th "Aosta" on 15 June 1955)
 IV Infantry Battalion
 45th Infantry Regiment "Reggio", in Catania (disbanded on 15 June 1955)
 I Infantry Battalion
 II Infantry Battalion (joined the 46th "Reggio" on 15 June 1955)
 46th Infantry Regiment "Reggio", in Palermo (left the division on 31 January 1959)
 III Infantry Battalion
 IV Infantry Battalion
 22nd Field Artillery Regiment "Vespri", in Palermo
 I Artillery Group
 II Artillery Group
 24th Field Artillery Regiment "Peloritani", in Messina
 I Artillery Group
 II Artillery Group
 XI Engineer Battalion
 11th Signal Company

Infantry Brigade "Aosta"
On 21 February 1961 the division was reduced once more to infantry brigade and consisted now of the 5th Infantry Regiment "Aosta" (with three infantry battalions), the LXII Armored Battalion and the Field Artillery Group "Aosta". The 46th Infantry Regiment "Reggio" became a training unit under direct command of the XI Military Territorial Command. After the reform the structure was as follows:

  Infantry Brigade "Aosta", in Messina
  5th Infantry Regiment "Aosta", in Messina
 Command and Services Company, in Messina
 I Infantry Battalion, in Messina
 II Infantry Battalion, in Catania
 III Infantry Battalion, in Palermo
 Regimental Anti-tank Company, in Messina (anti-tank guided missiles and M47 tanks)
 LXII Armored Battalion, in Catania (M47 Patton tanks and M113 armored personnel carriers)
 Field Artillery Group "Aosta", in Messina (M14/61 105mm towed howitzers)
 Light Aviation Unit "Aosta", at Catania-Fontanarossa Air Base (L-21B Super Cub)
 Engineer Company "Aosta", in Siracusa
 Signal Company "Aosta", in Messina
 Supply, Repairs, Recovery Unit "Aosta", in Messina
 Transport Unit "Aosta", in Messina

Motorized Brigade "Aosta"
With the 1975 reform the army abolished the regimental level and battalions came under direct command of the brigades. Therefore, on 1 October 1975 the 5th Regiment was disbanded and its three battalions came forthwith under direct command of the Motorized Brigade "Aosta". The new organization of the brigade was therefore:

  Motorized Brigade "Aosta", in Messina
 Command and Signal Unit "Aosta", in Messina
  5th Motorized Infantry Battalion "Col della Berretta", in Messina (former I Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment)
  46th Infantry Battalion "Reggio" (Recruits Training), in Palermo (former I Battalion, 46th Infantry Regiment, disbanded 14 February 1978)
  62nd Motorized Infantry Battalion "Sicilia", in Catania (former II Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment)
  141st Motorized Infantry Battalion "Catanzaro", in Palermo (former III Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment)
  62nd Armored Battalion "M.O. Jero", in Catania (Leopard 1A2 main battle tanks and VCC-2 armored personnel carriers)
  24th Field Artillery Group "Peloritani", in Messina (M114 155mm towed howitzers)
  Logistic Battalion "Aosta", in Messina
 Anti-tank Company "Aosta", in Messina
 Engineer Company "Aosta", in Syracuse

The brigade continued to be under command of the Sicily Military Region ( – R.M.SI.) in Palermo. As the command was tasked with defending the outlying islands of Pantelleria and Pelagie a battalion staff was activated on Pantelleria and Aosta units rotated to the island for garrison duty. Besides the Aosta the following units were part of the XI Military Territorial Command after the reform:

Sicily Military Region, in Palermo
 R.M.SI. Command Unit, in Palermo
  60th Infantry (Recruits Training) Battalion "Col di Lana", in Trapani (former I Battalion, 60th Infantry Regiment)
  46th Signal Battalion "Mongibello", in Palermo
 30th Light Airplanes and Helicopters Squadrons Group "Pegaso", at Catania-Fontanarossa Air Base
 Command and Services Squadron
 301st Light Airplanes Squadron (SM.1019A planes)
 430th Reconnaissance Helicopters Squadron (AB 206 reconnaissance helicopters)
 530th Multirole Helicopters Squadron (AB 204B/205 multirole helicopters)
 11th Logistics Unit, in Messina
 11th Mixed Maneuver Transport Unit, in Palermo (became  11th Transport Battalion "Etnea" on 1 October 1987)
 11th Medical Company, in Palermo
 11th Provisions Supply Company, in Palermo
 11th Army Repairs Workshop Type B, in Palermo
 Military Hospital Type B, in Palermo
 Military Hospital Type B, in Messina
 Garrison Detachment, on Pantelleria island

Recent history

With the end of the Cold War the Italian Army began to disbanded a large number of its mechanized brigades in Northern Italy and redistributed their materiel: the Aosta received VCC-2 armored personnel carriers for its infantry battalions and M109 self-propelled howitzers for the 24th "Peloritani". Accordingly, the brigade changed its name on 18 August 1992 to Mechanized Brigade "Aosta". In the same year the brigade began its six-year involvement in the Operation "Sicilian Vespers" a security and policing operation in Sicily undertaken by the Italian Armed Forces between 25 January 1992 and 8 July 1998.

After the end of the Cold War the brigade continuously changed composition as the Italian Army was drawing down its forces and moving a large number of units from the North to the South of the country, as most volunteers came from the economically less developed Southern regions.

 21 April 1991 the 141st Motorized Infantry Battalion "Catanzaro" disbanded its companies and transferred its name, flag and traditions to the "Minor Islands" Battalion on Pantelleria (the "Catanzaro" was disbanded on 27 May 1995)
 7 May 1991 the 6th Tank Squadrons Group "Lancieri di Aosta" of the Armored Brigade "Vittorio Veneto" left Cervignano del Friuli and moved to Palermo to join the Aosta
 31 March 1992 the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion "Castel di Borgo" of the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete" left Tauriano and moved to Trapani to join the "Aosta"
 27 August 1992 the 62nd Armored Battalion "M.O. Jero" merged with the 62nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion "Sicilia" to form the 62nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Sicilia"
 31 August 1992 the 5th Mechanized Infantry Battalion "Col della Berretta" changed its name to 5th Infantry Regiment "Aosta"
 2 September 1992 the 23rd Bersaglieri Battalion "Castel di Borgo" changed its name to 12th Bersaglieri Regiment
 19 September 1992 the 51st Pioneer Battalion "Simeto" in Palermo reformed as the 4th Engineer Regiment and joined the Aosta
 16 October 1992 the 24th Field Artillery Group "Peloritani" changed its name to 24th Self-propelled Field Artillery Regiment "Peloritani"
 3 March 1993 the 6th Tank Squadrons Group "Lancieri di Aosta" changed its name to Regiment "Lancieri di Aosta" (6th)
 1 January 1996 the 62nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Sicilia" reformed as the 62nd Tank Regiment "Sicilia"
 during 2001 the 62nd Tank Regiment "Sicilia" reformed to a mechanized infantry regiment
 15 April 2005 the 12th Bersaglieri Regiment changed its name to 6th Bersaglieri Regiment

Organization

During the late 1990s the "Lancieri di Aosta" exchanged its Leopard 1A2 main battle tanks for Centauro wheeled tank destroyers. In 2013 the brigade gained the Logistic Regiment "Aosta" in Messina. As of 4 October 2022 the brigade is organized as follows:

  Mechanized Brigade "Aosta", in Messina
  6th Command and Tactical Supports Unit "Aosta", in Messina
  Regiment "Lancieri di Aosta" (6th), in Palermo
  5th Infantry Regiment "Aosta", in Messina
  6th Bersaglieri Regiment, in Trapani
  62nd Infantry Regiment "Sicilia", in Catania
  24th Field Artillery Regiment "Peloritani", in Messina
  4th Engineer Regiment, in Palermo
  Logistic Regiment "Aosta", in Palermo

All regiments are battalion sized.

Equipment
The infantry regiments and the Bersaglieri regiment of the brigade are equipped with Freccia wheeled infantry fighting vehicles. The "Lancieri di Aosta" regiment is equipped with Centauro wheeled tank destroyers and VTLM Lince vehicles. The brigade's artillery regiment fields 18x FH-70 towed howitzers.

Gorget patches

The personnel of the brigade's units wears the following gorget patches:

References

External links
 Italian Army Homepage: "Aosta" Mechanized Brigade

Mechanized brigades of Italy


Michael Stadnyk (born August 8, 1986) is a former professional Canadian football defensive end. He was a member of the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the Roughriders in the second round of the 2008 CFL Draft. He played college football for Montana Grizzlies.

External links
Saskatchewan Roughriders bio

1986 births
Living people
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football defensive linemen
Edmonton Elks players
Montana Grizzlies football players
Canadian football people from Regina, Saskatchewan
Players of Canadian football from Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Roughriders players


Fire Station No. 2, and variations such as Engine House No. 2, may refer to:

in the United States
(by state then city)
Alpine Hose Company No. 2, Georgetown, Colorado
Hose House No. 2 (Idaho Springs, Colorado)
Fire Station No. 2 (Miami, Florida)
Fire Station No. 2 (Athens, Georgia)
Fire Station No. 2 (Waterloo, Iowa)
Fire Station No. 2 (Topeka, Kansas)
Falls Fire Station No. 2, North Attleborough, Massachusetts, now the Falls Fire Barn Museum
Fire Department Headquarters; Fire Station No. 2, Kansas City, Missouri
Fire House No. 2 (Billings, Montana)
Fire Station No. 2 (Charlotte, North Carolina)
Fire Station No. 2 (Tacoma, Washington)

See also
List of fire stations


The Höllental (English translation: Hell's Valley) in the Black Forest is a deep valley - in places like a gorge - in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The valley, which is about 9 km long, is located in the southern part of the Southern Black Forest Nature Park about 18 km southeast of Freiburg im Breisgau between Hinterzarten and Buchenbach-Himmelreich. The Rotbach stream (also called Höllenbach in the upper Höllental) runs through the valley.  "Hölle" is the German word for "hell". In the narrow, dark valley, travellers almost felt like moving underground.  The valley was the locale of the Battle of Emmendingen in 1796, part of the French Revolutionary Wars.

Formation
The Höllental is one of the valleys in the Black Forest that cuts through the asymmetric ridgeline of mountains from its plateau-like eastern uplands and runs down its steep western escarpment. The valley follows the line of the Bonndorf Rift Valley (Bonndorfer Graben), which runs from Kaiserstuhl via the Wutach gorge and Hegau to Lake Constance and is part of this tectonically formed fault. Additionally, it could have been created as a result of repeated glaciation of the Black Forest's uplands by ice lakes that could have spilled westwards over the eroded ridgeline. As a result, the tributaries of the Höllenbach east of the ridgeline flow initially southeast, turning almost 180° towards the northeast into the Höllental itself, a situation similar to that of the Maloja Pass in Engadin.

Course – "Hell" and "Heaven"

Below the high-lying hollows of Hinterzarten, the federal highway B 31 winds downhill, partly in spectacular loops, at the head of the former glacial valley. In this enclosed bowl with the hamlet of Höllsteig ("Hell Path"), the so-called Löffeltal ("Valley of Spoons"), where beginning in the 18th century metal spoons were forged, joins the Zartenbach stream south of the road. To the north, the Ravenna gorge, with its numerous waterfalls, opens up under the Ravenna viaduct of the Höllental Railway. From the south the Bistenbach and Alpersbach streams tumble into it, becoming waterfalls. After the station of Hirschsprung and following the U-shaped valley with steep slopes up to 600 m high (and its four-lane road) is a section with towering cliffs up to 130 m and known as the Höllenpass ("Hell Narrows"). The narrowest part of the gorge is called the Hirschsprung ("Deer's Jump") and was originally only 9 m wide. Thus, a common tale is existing about a red deer's jump across it. Behind the rocks with the ruins of Falkenstein Castle, the valley broadens out somewhat and provides more space for the houses and farms of Falkensteig. At Himmelreich ("Heaven") hamlet and its railway station, the valley abruptly opens up into the Basin of Zarten.

Importance for transportation

The great importance of the Höllental today for long-distance traffic crossing the relatively low-lying Hinterzarten saddle (about 910 m) was only achieved at significant cost. Initially, the cart track through the Wagensteige ("Wagon Ascent") valley to the north was more important. But by the 12th century, another track, the Falkensteige ("Hawk Ascent"), had been built by the dukes of Zähringen from Freiburg im Breisgau to Donaueschingen, through what was then called the Falkenstein ("hawk stone") Valley (Falkensteiner Tal), the present-day Höllental. The track was guarded at the exit to the narrow pass by the Falkenstein Castle ("Hawk Rock Castle"), but was later threatened, nevertheless. Not until the coach and the large bridle train of Marie Antoinette, which was to bring her to her future husband, the subsequent Louis XVI of France, had to traverse the route, was the track developed into a road. The Falkenstein Valley achieved fame again during the retreat of French troops under General Moreau in 1796, at the Battle of Emmendingen, and was referred to as the Val d'enfer ("Hell Valley"). As early as 1691, Emperor Leopold I had described the present-day Hirschsprung as die Höll ("hell", formerly also "hollow"), when he reviewed the defence of routes through the Black Forest. Even the name of the Ravenna ravine had French or other Romanic origins; it is related la ravine. The term arose considerably earlier because it was already in use by 1560. During subsequent work on the route, the gorge at Hirschsprung was successively blasted open. The level of traffic on the present-day B 31 has resulted in plans to replace the main road through Falkensteig, the gorge, and the bends at Höllsteig by tunnels.

Since 1887, the Höllentalbahn (Hell Valley Railway) has passed up the gorge, initially using a rack railway system. The incline is 1:18 and it climbs a total of 441 m.

The walking trail along the bottom of the ravine, known as the Jägerpfad ("hunter's path"), once belonged to the Freiburg-Lake Constance Black Forest trail (Schwarzwald-Querweg Freiburg-Bodensee), but this has been currently diverted over the northern side of the valley due to the weight of road traffic.

Hell Valley Wind
A regional wind, which constantly supplies the town centre of Freiburg with fresh air, is named after the Höllental, although in fact only part of the wind blowing through Freiburg comes from the Hell Valley. The foehn wind from the valley combines with streams of cold air from the other side valleys of the Zarten Basin and blows through the narrow pass at Ebnet, accelerating at the exit of the basin into the Freiburg area of the Upper Rhine Plain (Oberrheinische Tiefebene).

Places of interest

 Hirschsprung gorge with a deer monument (Hirschsprung saga)
 St. Oswald Chapel in Steig with a late-Gothic altar
 Ravenna gorge with its viaduct and waterfalls (height: 16 m und 4 m)
 Bisten waterfall (height: 50 m)
 Ruins of Falkenstein Castle
 Himmelreich

References

Further reading
 Annika Lindenberg: Das kleine Buch vom Höllental. 3. Auflage, Maienstein, Kirchzarten 2001,
 Werner Skrentny (Hrsg.): Regional- und Freizeitführer Schwarzwald. VSA, Hamburg 1990,
 Ekkehard Liehl, Wolf Dieter Sick (Hrsg.): Der Schwarzwald. Beiträge zur Landeskunde. Veröffentlichung des Alemannischen Instituts Freiburg i. Br. Nr. 47 - 4. Auflage, Konkordia, Bühl 1989,
 Wolfgang Kleiber: Romania submersa. Neue Funde zum galloromanischen Substrat im Mittleren Schwarzwald. In: Albrecht Greule/Hans-Walter Herrmann/Klaus Ridder/Andreas Schorr (Hrsg.): Studien zu Literatur, Sprache und Geschichte in Europa. 2008

Valleys of Baden-Württemberg
Natural regions of the Black Forest
Regions of Baden-Württemberg
Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
Baden


Charles Skinner Hallpike, CBE, FRS (19 July 1900 – 26 September 1979) was an English otologist.

He was born in Murree, India, a hill station now in Pakistan, the son of Frank Hallpike. The family returned to the UK when he was 3 years old. He attended St Paul's School (London) as a classical scholar and then Guy's Hospital in 1919 on an Arts scholarship. He qualified MRCS and LRCP in 1924. He then obtained an MB of the University of London in 1926 and was elected FRCS in 1931.
He was House Surgeon at the Ear, Nose and Throat Department of Guy's Hospital and the Cheltenham General Hospital.
He became a Research Fellow at the Middlesex Hospital in 1929 where he specialised in the physical aspects of hearing and balance.

In 1940 he moved to join the Medical Research Council team at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Queen Square, London as Assistant Aural Surgeon and later Aural Physician, which post he held until his retirement in 1967.

He published with Sir Hugh Cairns in 1938 a ground-breaking paper on the causes of Ménière's disease. He is best remembered for describing the Dix-Hallpike test used in the diagnosis of benign positional vertigo.

In 1935 he had married Barbara Lee Anderson; they had two sons and a daughter.

References

External links

English surgeons
1900 births
1979 deaths
British people in colonial India
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Murree
British otolaryngologists
20th-century surgeons


We All Lay Down In The End () is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Stanley Huang's () 6th Mandarin studio album. It was released on 5 December 2008 by Warner Music Taiwan (華納唱片).

Like previous albums, one more edition was released, We All Lay Down In The End (AERO Version)(最後只好躺下來 (AERO旗艦版)), on 10 January 2009, including a bonus DVD containing three behind-the-scene footages with music videos.

Track listing
吃我 (Chi Wo) - Eat Me, Drink Me - 3:24
黑夜盡頭 (Hei Ye Jin Tou) - Night's Almost Over - 3:40
明天見 (Ming Tian Jian) - See You Tomorrow - 3:26
黑寡婦 (Hei Gua Fu) - Kiss of the Black Widow - 3:13
最後只好躺下來 (Zui Hou Zhi Hao Tang Xia Lai) - We All Lay Down In the End - 4:52
望塵莫及 (Wang Chen Mo Ji) - Hey You - 3:15
巴別塔 (Ba Bie Ta) - Tower of Babel - 3:59
侵略地球 (Qin Lue Di Qiu) - My Earth - 3:50
狂信者  (Kuang Xin Zhe) - Adulation - 3:43
十八啊 (Shi Ba A) - Ah Eighteen - 3:15

Bonus DVD
We All Lay Down In The End (AERO Version) - Behind The Scenes + MV
 "最後只好躺下來" (We All Lay Down In the End)
 "黑夜盡頭" (Night's Almost Over)
 "巴別塔" (Tower of Babel)

References

2008 albums
Stanley Huang albums


Study for a Self-Portrait—Triptych, 1985–86 is a triptych painted between 1985 and 1986 by the Irish-born English artist Francis Bacon. It is a brutally honest examination of the effect of age and time on the human body and spirit, and was painted in the aftermath of the deaths of many of his close friends. It is Bacon's only full-length self-portrait, and was described by art critic David Sylvester as "grand, stark, ascetic".

The triptych is widely considered a masterpiece and one of Bacon's most personal works, but is one of his least experimental and most conventional paintings. Bacon believed that the fatigue of old age and the complications of fame led him to appreciate simplicity as a virtue of its own, a sentiment which he attempted to transfer into his work.

Description
The painting is built up from very even and smooth brush strokes, using mostly brown, cream, white and black colours, except around the faces. Bacon is ill-at-ease in each panel, seated cross-legged with his hands around his knees, though in the centre panel one arm rest on the chair arm. The descriptions are based on passport photographs; he never used a mirror for these works, claiming that he hated the sight of his own face, especially close up, and more as he got older. This is reflected in the current work; in the left and centre panels large parts of his head have disintegrated or are missing. He explained to Sylvester that he continued "painting it [his face] because I haven't any other people to do...One of the nicest things Jean Cocteau said was 'each day in the mirror I watch death at work.' That is what one does to oneself".

Themes

A number of Bacon's closest friends had died in the years before he began the triptych, and their loss is evident in the triptych's sorrowful, mournful atmosphere. In 1979 Muriel Belcher, proprietor of Soho's Colony Room, died and in 1981 Bacon's youngest sister Winifred died. During the 1970s, he lost many of his friends, including his long term lover George Dyer. In an interview with Sylvester in the early 1980s, Bacon admitted his friends had been "dying around me like flies and I've had nobody else to paint but myself ... I loathe my own face, and I've done self-portraits because I've had nothing else to do".

Formally the work departs from Bacon's usual style, but in many ways it can be considered as an extension of themes explored in his early-1970s Black Triptychs. It may be more symmetrically refined, and not as raw and has smoother edges, while it places the figures more centrally; previous triptychs typically positioned the figures unequally, typically slightly towards the edge so as to unnerve the viewer. The three panels share a cool, light-brown surface, while the figures are unusually diminished in size. Before this work his heads had been characterised by broad, almost wanton, brushstrokes. There were even instances, notably in his mid-1960s portraits of Lucian Freud, where the whole head was depicted with a single stroke. In the 1985 triptych he abandons that approach, building the self-portraits from tight and very fine brush strokes. Instead Bacon chooses to focus on disintegration; the skulls are blood-spattered, with bone and blood flying out of them.

Study for a Self-Portrait continues a painterly motif that Bacon began early in his career: a spatially uniform and simple background (although the back line is curved in the centre panel, a device generally only seen in much later work). Here, the figures are held together by pairs of vertical blinds in the background of each frame. In contrast to most of Bacon's work, this background references contemporary art, drawing on the stillness of Barnett Newman's Voice (1950), while the elegance of the figures echoes Henri Matisse's Music.

While Bacon's earlier work often hid the figures behind veils or other concealing devices, the 1985 triptych leaves nothing hidden. His mid-career reduced portraits of friends to broad brush strokes cast with an almost drunken abandon, but the 1985 triptych is precise and reduced. In this respect, the triptych can be read as the artist retreating into the academic finesse against which he once raged. The technique also evokes the background details of his seminal early-1970s Black Triptych series.

See also
 List of paintings by Francis Bacon

References

Sources

 Farr, Dennis; Peppiatt, Michael; Yard, Sally. Francis Bacon: A Retrospective, 1999. Harry N Abrams.
 Peppiatt, Michael. Francis Bacon: Anatomy of an Enigma. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996.
 Schmied, Wieland. Francis Bacon: Commitment and Conflict. Munich: Prestel, 1996.
 Sylvester, David. The Brutality of Fact: Interviews With Francis Bacon. London: Thames and Hudson, 1987.
 Sylvester, David. Looking back at Francis Bacon. London: Thames and Hudson, 2000.
 Zweite, Armin (ed). The Violence of the Real. London: Thames and Hudson, 2006.

External links
1996 Daily Telegraph article

Paintings by Francis Bacon
1986 paintings
Triptychs
Self-portraits
20th-century portraits


George Dearborn Spindler was a leading figure in 20th-century anthropology and regarded as the founder of the anthropology of education. He edited a very large series of short monographs, turning nearly every significant ethnographic text of the 20th century into a shorter work accessible to the public and to anthropology students everywhere. He was one of the first to teach courses on the anthropology of American culture (culture of the United States). Nearly all of his publications and activities were in collaboration with his wife, Louise.

Spindler was originally trained as a psychologist, but departed from traditional psychological methods to do participant-observation with the Menominee.

He was at one time the editor of American Anthropologist. He died on July 1, 2014, at the age of 94 (Turan, 2014)

References

20th-century American anthropologists
Year of birth missing
American Anthropologist editors


Otto Weidt (2 May 1883 - 22 December 1947) was the owner of a workshop in Berlin for the blind and deaf. During the Holocaust, he fought to protect his Jewish workers against deportation and he has been recognised for his work as one of the Righteous Men of the World's Nations. The Museum of Otto Weidt's Workshop for the Blind remains on the original site of the factory and is dedicated to his life.

Life
Otto Weidt was born on 2 May 1883 to Max Weidt and Auguste Weidt, née Grell, in Rostock. He grew up in modest circumstances, attended elementary and high school and like his father, became a paperhanger. Soon after the Weidt family moved to Berlin he became involved in anarchist and pacifist circles of the German working-class movement. With decreasing eyesight he learned the business of brush making and broom binding. He avoided the draft for World War I due to an ear infection.

In 1936 Weidt established a workshop to manufacture brooms and brushes in the cellar apartment of Großbeerenstraße 92 in Berlin-Kreuzberg, which was in close proximity to his apartment at Hallesches Ufer 58. In 1940 he moved to the backyard of 39 Rosenthaler Straße in Berlin-Mitte. As one of his customers was the Wehrmacht, Weidt managed to have his business classified as vital to the war effort. Up to 30 blind and deaf Jews were employed at his shop between the years of 1941 and 1943. When the Gestapo began to arrest and deport his Jewish employees, he fought to secure their safety by falsifying documents, bribing officers and hiding them in the back of his shop with the help of others such as Hedwig Porschütz. Though Weidt, forewarned, kept his shop closed on the day of the Fabrikaktion in February 1943, many of his employees were deported. Among those he was able to save were Inge Deutschkron and Alice Licht, both non-blind young women in their twenties, and Hans Israelowicz. Nevertheless, Alice Licht travelled to Theresienstadt to join her deported parents, where Weidt could support them with food parcels. All of 150 parcels arrived. Eventually Alice was deported to KZ Birkenau herself. She managed to send a postcard to Weidt who promptly traveled to Auschwitz in attempt to help her. Weidt found out that as Auschwitz was emptied, Alice was moved to the labor camp/ammunition plant Christianstadt. He hid clothes and money for her in a nearby pension to aid her return, and traveled back to Berlin. Alice eventually managed to return to Berlin in January 1945, and lived in hiding with the Weidts until the end of the war. She left when she received a visa to enter the USA.

After the war, Otto Weidt established an orphanage for survivors of the concentration camps.
He died of heart failure only 2 years later, in 1947, at 64 years of age. His wife Else Weidt continued his workshop until the Wirtschaftsamt of the East-Berlin Magistrate dissolved it in 1952. She died 8 June 1974.

Posthumous honors
On September 7, 1971, Yad Vashem recognized Weidt as a Righteous Man of the World's Nations.

In 1993, Inge Deutschkron affixed a plaque honoring Weidt at the site of the workshop and in 1994, an Ehrengrab in the Zehlendorf cemetery was established. In 1999, a museum at the site of the workshop opened, since 2005 run by the Memorial to the German Resistance foundation. Also on the initiative of Inge Deutschkron, the construction of a square in Europacity, named Otto-Weidt-Platz, was started in Berlin in 2018.

The 88-minute film  focusing on the years 1941-45 and Weidt's relationship with Alice Licht followed a book by Heike Brückner von Grumbkow and Jochen von Grumbkow with the same title, and aired January 6, 2014 on German television channel ARD.

References

Literature
 (in German) Inge Deutschkron, Lukas Ruegenberg: Papa Weidt: Er bot den Nazis die Stirn. Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer 2001, .
 (in German) Robert Kain: Otto Weidt. Anarchist und „Gerechter unter den Völkern“ (Schriften der Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand / Reihe A / Analysen und Darstellungen; Band 10). Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2017,  (Reading sample Online (in German)).
 (in German) Robert Kain: Pierre Ramus’ Begegnung mit dem späteren „Stillen Helden“ Otto Weidt. In: Erkenntnis, Jg. 19, Nr. 19 (2011), S. 82–89.
 (in German) Robert Kain: Otto Weidt: Vom Anarchisten zum „Gerechten unter den Völkern“. In: Hans Coppi, Stefan Heinz (Hrsg.): Der vergessene Widerstand der Arbeiter – Gewerkschafter, Kommunisten, Sozialdemokraten, Trotzkisten, Anarchisten und Zwangsarbeiter. Dietz, Berlin 2012, , S. 185–198.
 (in Japanese) Noriko Oka:"A Person with disabled who resisted Nazis, Blind man Otto Weidt's rescue the Jews(Nachisu ni aragatta shougaisha  Moujin Otto Weidt no Yudaya jin kyuen)", Akashi Shoten, Japan 07/2020, ISBN：978-4-7503-5037-0

External links

 Otto Weidt. From Anarchist to Righteous Among the Nations. 1883-1947. A biographical study. - A doctorate from Robert Kain, Berlin
  The Museum of Otto Weidt's Workshop for the Blind

1883 births
1947 deaths
German resistance members
People from Rostock
German Righteous Among the Nations


Fair Game is a 2010 biographical political drama film directed by Doug Liman and starring Naomi Watts and Sean Penn. It is based on Valerie Plame's 2007 memoir Fair Game and Joseph C. Wilson's 2004 memoir The Politics of Truth.

Watts stars as Plame and Penn as her husband, Joseph C. Wilson. It was released in 2010 and was one of the official selections competing for the Palme d'Or at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival. The film won the "Freedom of Expression Award" from the National Board of Review. The film marked Watts' and Penn's third collaboration, having previously co-starred in the films 21 Grams and The Assassination of Richard Nixon.

Plot

Valerie Plame is employed by the Central Intelligence Agency, a fact known outside the agency to no one except her husband and parents. She is an intelligence officer involved in a number of sensitive and sometimes dangerous covert operations overseas.

Her husband, Joseph C. Wilson, is a diplomat who most recently has served as the U.S. ambassador to Gabon. Due to his earlier diplomatic background in Niger, Wilson is approached by Plame's CIA colleagues to travel there and glean information as to whether yellowcake uranium is being procured by Iraq for use in the construction of nuclear weapons. Wilson determines to his own satisfaction that it is not.

After military action is taken by George W. Bush, who justifies it in a 2003 State of the Union address by alluding to the uranium's use in building weapons of mass destruction, Wilson submits an op-ed piece to The New York Times, claiming these reports to be categorically untrue.

Plame's status as a CIA operative is subsequently revealed in the media, the leak possibly coming from White House officials, including the vice president's chief of staff and national security adviser, Scooter Libby, in part to discredit her husband's allegation that the Bush administration had manipulated intelligence to justify the invasion of Iraq. As a result, Plame is instantly dismissed from the agency, leaving several of her delicate operations in limbo and creating a rift in her marriage.

Plame leaves her husband, further angered by his granting of television and print interviews, which expose them both to public condemnation and death threats. Wilson ultimately persuades her, however, that there is no other way to fight a power as great as that of the White House for citizens like them. Plame returns to him and testifies before a Congressional committee, while Libby is convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice and given a 30-month prison sentence, although President Bush commutes the jail time on Libby's behalf.

Main cast

Production
Nicole Kidman and Russell Crowe were originally cast in the lead roles in 2008.

Production took place in Washington, D.C. and New York City. In October 2009 the film news website Corona's Coming Attractions published an exclusive review from a source that had been invited to a test screening of the film. The reviewer gave the rough cut a positive recommendation calling it, "A wonderful human drama with political suspense that should interest anybody no matter how they vote."

The film had a public screening during the Abu Dhabi film festival on October 21, 2010, and it got a generally positive review. There was also a  session with the director afterwards.

There was a second preview screening in Brisbane, Australia as part of the Brisbane International Film Festival (BIFF) on October 28, 2010.

Critical reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 79% based on 174 reviews, with an average rating of 6.89/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "It struggles with the balance between fact-based biopic and taut political thriller, but Fair Game brims with righteous anger – and benefits from superb performances by Naomi Watts and Sean Penn." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it a grade "A−" on a scale from A+ to F.

Historical accuracy
The film's premisethat Joe Wilson's fact-finding trip to Niger debunked the British claim that Saddam Hussein had tried to obtain uranium thereremained contested by some political writers. In a November 2010 Washington Post column about the film, Walter Pincus and Richard Leiby, two reporters who had covered the Plame affair, wrote that Wilson's assessment of the situation was accurate, while National Review journalist Clifford May disagreed, writing that "the most important piece of information Wilson brought back from his mission to Africa was that a high-level Iraqi trade mission had visited Niger in 1999." Separately a December 2010 Washington Post editorial also disagreed with Pincus and Leiby, citing the 2004 British Butler Review, which stated that the original claim by the British government was accurate. In response, journalist David Corn wrote in Mother Jones that, contrary to the Butler Review, the CIA had stated in a private memo that the British uranium claim had been an exaggeration.

Another contested issue in the film was that Plame's name had been leaked to conservative political commentator Robert Novak by someone in the White House, as retribution for Wilson's public comments about the uranium deal. The Washington Post editorial and Clifford May both stated that the leak was from the State Department, specifically Richard Armitage, who was himself an opponent of the Iraq War and thus would have no reason to try to discredit Wilson. Pincus and Leiby, on the other hand, called this portion of the film accurate. Corn agreed, writing that, though Armitage had been a source for the leak, he may not have been the only source, and that Karl Rove may have also leaked the information. Rove had in fact confirmed Plame's identity to Novak, but only after Novak had already heard the information from another source. Rove had also mentioned Plame, though not by name, to another reporter, Time magazine's Matthew Cooper, although Cooper did not publish this information before Novak's revelation.

There was more consensus about other aspects of Fair Game. In the film, Valerie Plame is shown working closely, and covertly, with a group of Iraqi scientists until her cover is blown; it is implied that the scientists were then abandoned as a result. Pincus and Leiby, May and the Washington Post editorial all agreed that Plame never worked directly with the scientists, and that the program did not end when her name was revealed.

Pincus and Leiby also took issue with the film's depiction of Plame and Wilson's appearance in a profile in Vanity Fair magazine after Plame's outing – the two are shown in the film agonizing over whether to appear in the profile, but it is not shown that their decision to appear in a fashion-style photograph alongside the profile ended up becoming, in Pincus and Leiby's words, "a PR debacle for them."

On the other hand, Pincus and Leiby praised the film for accuracy on several other points, including the indication that Plame had been a covert operative at the time of her outing (some reports indicated that she was not), and that, contrary to the original Novak column, Wilson had not been chosen to go on the Niger fact-finding trip due to a recommendation from his wife.

Home media
Fair Game was released on DVD and Blu-ray for Region 1/Region A on March 29, 2011, and for Region 2/Region B on July 11, 2011.

Director's cut
A director's cut of the film was released on Netflix in 2018, running six minutes longer.

See also
 Plame affair

References

External links

2010 films
2010 biographical drama films
2010s spy films
2010 thriller films
American biographical drama films
American spy films
American thriller films
Drama films based on actual events
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films based on memoirs
Films directed by Doug Liman
Films produced by Akiva Goldsman
Films set in 2003
Films set in Malaysia
Films shot in Egypt
Films shot in Jordan
Films shot in Malaysia
Iraq War films
Participant (company) films
Spy films based on actual events
Summit Entertainment films
Thriller films based on actual events
Films scored by John Powell
Films based on multiple works
Films about diplomats
Films with screenplays by Jez Butterworth
2010 drama films
Cultural depictions of George W. Bush
American political drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
Films with screenplays by John-Henry Butterworth
Films produced by Jerry Zucker


Geographic information systems (GISs) and geographic information science (GIScience) combine computer-mapping capabilities with additional database management and data analysis tools.  Commercial GIS systems are very powerful and have touched many applications and industries, including environmental science, urban planning, agricultural applications, and others.

Public health is another focus area that has made increasing use of GIS techniques.  A strict definition of public health is difficult to pin down, as it is used in different ways by different groups.  In general, public health differs from personal health in that it is (1) focused on the health of populations rather than of individuals, (2) focused more on prevention than on treatment, and (3) operates in a mainly governmental (rather than private) context.   These efforts fall naturally within the domain of problems requiring use of spatial analysis as part of the solution, and GIS and other spatial analysis tools are therefore recognized as providing potentially transformational capabilities for public health efforts.

This article presents some history of use of geographic information and geographic information systems in public health application areas, provides some examples showing the utilization of GIS techniques in solving specific public health problems, and finally addresses several potential issues arising from increased use of these GIS techniques in the public health arena.

History

Public health efforts have been based on analysis and use of spatial data for many years.  Dr. John Snow (physician), often credited as the father of epidemiology, is arguably the most famous of those examples.  Dr. Snow used a hand-drawn map to analyze the geographic locations of deaths related to cholera in London in the mid-1850s.  His map, which superimposed the locations of cholera deaths with those of public water supplies, pinpointed the Broad Street pump as the most likely source of the cholera outbreak.  Removal of the pump handle led to a rapid decline in the incidence of cholera, helping the medical community to eventually conclude that cholera was a water-borne disease.

Dr. Snow's work provides an indication of how a GIS could benefit public health investigations and other research.  He continued to analyze his data, eventually showing that the incidence rate of cholera was also related to local elevation as well as soil type and alkalinity.  Low-lying areas, particularly those with poorly draining soil, were found to have higher incidence rates for cholera, which Dr. Snow attributed to the pools of water that tended to collect there, again showing evidence that cholera was in fact a water-borne disease (rather than one borne by 'miasma' as was commonly believed at the time.

This is an early example of what has come to be known as disease diffusion mapping, an area of study based on the idea that a disease starts from some source or central point and then spreads throughout the local area according to patterns and conditions there.  This is another area of research where the capabilities of a GIS have been shown to be of help to practitioners.

GIS for public health

Today’s public health problems are much larger in scope than those Dr. Snow faced, and researchers today depend on modern GIS and other computer mapping applications to assist in their analyses.  For example, see the map to the right depicting death rates from heart disease among white males above age 35 in the US between 2000 and 2004.

Public health informatics (PHI) is an emerging  specialty which focuses on the application of information science and technology to public health practice and research. As part of that effort, a GIS – or more generally a spatial decision support system (SDSS) – offers improved geographic visualization techniques, leading to faster, better, and more robust understanding and decision-making capabilities in the public health arena.

For example, GIS displays have been used to show a clear relationship between clusters of emergent Hepatitis C cases and those of known intravenous drug users in Connecticut.  Causality is difficult to prove conclusively – collocation does not establish causation – but confirmation of previously established causal relationships (like intravenous drug use and Hepatitis C) can strengthen acceptance of those relationships, as well as help to demonstrate the utility and reliability of GIS-related solution techniques.  Conversely, showing the coincidence of potential causal factors with the ultimate effect can help suggest a potential causal relationship, thereby driving further investigation and analysis

Alternately, GIS techniques have been used to show a lack of correlation between causes and effects or between different effects.  For example, the distributions of both birth defects and infant mortality in Iowa were studied, and the researchers found no relationship in those data.  This led to the conclusion that birth defects and infant mortality are likely unrelated, and are likely due to different causes and risk factors.

GIS can support public health in different ways as well.  First and foremost, GIS displays can help inform proper understanding and drive better decisions.  For example, elimination of health disparities is one of two primary goals of Healthy People 2010, one of the preeminent public health programs in existence today in the US.  GIS can play a significant role in that effort, helping public health practitioners identify areas of disparities or inequities, and ideally helping them identify and develop solutions to address those shortcomings.  GIS can also help researchers integrate disparate data from a wide variety of sources, and can even be used to enforce quality control measures on those data.  Much public health data is still manually generated, and is therefore subject to human-generated mistakes and miscoding.  For example, geographic analysis of health care data from North Carolina showed that just over  40% of the records contained errors of some sort in the geographic information (city, county, or zip code), errors that would have gone undetected without the visual displays provided by GIS.  Correction of these errors led not only to more correct GIS displays, but also improved ALL analyses using those data.

Issues with GIS for public health

There are also concerns or issues with use of GIS tools for public health efforts.  Chief among those is a concern for privacy and confidentiality of individuals.  Public health is concerned about the health of the population as a whole, but must use data on the health of individuals to make many of those assessments, and protecting the privacy and confidentiality of those individuals is of paramount importance.  Use of GIS displays and related databases raises the potential of compromising those privacy standards, so some precautions are necessary to avoid pinpointing individuals based on spatial data.  For example, data may need to be aggregated to cover larger areas such as a census tract or county, helping to mask individual identities.  Maps can also be constructed at smaller scales so that less detail is revealed.  Alternately, key identifying features (such as the road and street network) can be left off the maps to mask exact location, or it may even be advisable to intentionally offset the location markers by some random amount if deemed necessary.

It is well established in the literature that statistical inference based on aggregated data can lead researchers to erroneous conclusions, suggesting relationships that in fact do not exist or obscuring relationships that do in fact exist.  This issue is known as the modifiable areal unit problem. For example, New York public health officials worried that cancer clusters and causes would be misidentified after they were forced to post maps showing cancer cases by ZIP code on the internet.  Their assertion was that ZIP codes were designed for a purpose unrelated to public health issues, and so use of these arbitrary boundaries might lead to inappropriate groupings and then to incorrect conclusions. Further, when comparing data in different aerial units, the difference in size and population means that comparing totals can hide underlying trends in the data. This issue is particularly prevalent with choropleth maps. To solve this, cartographers often apply some form of normalization, such as cases per 100,000 people. Unfortunately, this practice is not always adhered to and can cause potentially misleading maps.

Summary

Use of GIS in public health is an application area still in its infancy.  Like most new applications, there is a lot of promise, but also a lot of pitfalls that must be avoided along the way.  Many researchers and practitioners are concentrating of this effort, hoping that the benefits outweigh the risks and the costs associated with this emerging application area for modern GIS techniques.

See also

 Arbia's law of geography
 boundary problem
 Biogeography
 Cartography
 Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography
 distance decay
 ecological fallacy
 geography
 Geospatial predictive modeling
 geographic information systems
 geographic information science
 modifiable areal unit problem
 Public health
 spatial analysis
 spatial autocorrelation
 Spatial epidemiology
 Time geography
 Tobler's first law of geography
 Tobler's second law of geography
 Transportation geography
 Uncertain geographic context problem
 Urban geography
 Waldo Tobler

Footnotes

External links
 National Center for Health Statistics
 GIS and Public Health at Esri
 Consortium for Public Health Informatics
 International Journal of Health Geographics

Applications of geographic information systems
Spatial analysis
Health informatics
Public health


Diet plays an important role in the genesis of obesity. Personal choices, food advertising, social customs and cultural influences, as well as food availability and pricing all play a role in determining what and how much an individual eats.

Dietary energy supply

The dietary energy supply is the food available for human consumption, usually expressed in kilocalories per person per day.  It gives an overestimate of the total amount of food consumed as it reflects both food consumed and food wasted. The per capita dietary energy supply varies markedly between different regions and countries. It has also changed significantly over time. From the early 1970s to the late 1990s, the average calories available per person per day (the amount of food bought) has increased in all part of the world except Eastern Europe and parts of Africa. The United States had the highest availability with 3654 kilo calories per person in 1996. This increased further in 2002 to 3770. During the late 1990s, Europeans had 3394 kilo calories per person, in the developing areas of Asia there were 2648 kilo calories per person, and in sub-Sahara Africa people had 2176 kilo calories per person.

Average calorie consumption

From 1971 to 2000, the average daily number of calories which women consumed in the United States increased by 335 calories per day (1542 calories in 1971 and 1877 calories in 2000). For men, the average increase was 168 calories per day (2450 calories in 1971 and 2618 calories in 2000).  Most of these extra calories came from an increase in carbohydrate consumption, though there was also an increase in fat consumption over the same time period. The increase in caloric consumption is attributed primarily to the "consumption of food away from home; increased energy consumption from salty snacks, soft drinks, and pizza; and increased portion sizes". Other sources note that the consumption of soft drinks and other sweetened beverages now accounts for almost 25 percent of daily calories in young adults in America. As these estimates are based on a person's recall, they may underestimate the amount of calories actually consumed.

Fast food
As societies become increasingly reliant on energy-dense fast-food meals, the association between fast food consumption and obesity becomes more concerning. In the United States, consumption of fast food meals has tripled and calorie intake from fast food has quadrupled between 1977 and 1995. Consumption of sweetened drinks is also believed to be a major contributor to the rising rates of obesity.

Portion size

The portion size of many prepackage and restaurant foods has increased in both the United States and Denmark since the 1970s.
Fast food servings, for example, are 2 to 5 times larger than they were in the 1980s. Evidence has shown that larger portions of energy-dense foods lead to greater energy intake and thus to greater rates of obesity.

Meat consumption
A 2010 study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition closely tracked 373,803 people over a period of 8 years across 10 countries. At its conclusion, the study reported that meat consumption (processed meat, red meat, & poultry) is positively associated with weight gain and increased abdominal obesity in men and women. In response, the National Cattlemen's Beef Association countered that increased meat consumption may not be associated with fat gain. However, a subsequent response controlled for just abdominal fat across a sample of 91,214 people found that even when controlling for calories and subjects with cancer or smoking cessation, meat consumption is linked with obesity. Further population studies, reviews, and meta-analysis studies have corroborated the claim that greater meat consumption is linked to greater rates of obesity, especially in regards to red meat and processed meat.

Sugar consumption

Drinking more sugary beverages (including fruit juices, soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy and enhanced water drinks, sweetened iced tea, and lemonade) increases overall energy intake, and thus increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (see Obesity#Pathophysiology). Children who consume more added sugar in foods and beverages have a higher risk of becoming overweight. By itself, sugar is not a factor causing obesity and metabolic syndrome, but rather – when over-consumed – is a component of unhealthy dietary behavior. Adults who increase or decrease their free sugar intake increase or decrease their weight.

Reviews indicate that governmental health policies should be implemented to discourage intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, and reduce the obesity in children and adults. Obesity has been rising in the 21st century. Other than adding excessive calories, the mechanisms by which high sugar consumption causes obesity are unclear because of limitations in clinical research involving uncontrolled factors, such as overall diet, physical activity, and sedentary lifestyle.

Ultraprocessed food consumption
Numerous large studies have demonstrated that eating ultraprocessed food has a positive dose-dependent relationship with both abdominal obesity and general obesity in both men and women. Consuming a diet rich in unprocessed and minimally processed foods is linked with lower obesity risk and less chronic disease. These results are consistent among American, Canadian, Latin American, British, Australian, French, and Spaniard populations.

Particular processing ingredients used in ultraprocessed foods have been linked with increasing the risk of obesity further. Intake of trans fat from industrial oils has been associated with increased abdominal obesity in men and increased weight and waist circumference in women. These associations were not attenuated when fat intake and calorie intake was accounted for.

Similarly, heavy consumption of fried food is linked to greater obesity risk on a population level. On a more individual level, the relative risk of fried food consumption and increased weight gain seems to depend on genetic predisposition.

Social policy and change
New agricultural technologies have led to an overall reduction in the cost of food relative to household income, especially in high-income countries. In his popular book, "The Omnivore's Dilemma," the journalist Michael Pollan linked the subsidies offered to farmers of corn, soy, wheat, and rice through the U.S. farm bill to over-consumption of calories derived from these crops and to rising obesity rates. While increased consumption of foods derived from these commodities is correlated with an increase in BMI (at the population level), no current research supports a causal relationship between farm subsidies and obesity. From a policy perspective, the cost of sugar would actually decrease in the US if the commodity support programs in the farm bill were removed, largely due to the tariffs in the farm bill that restrict the importation of lower-cost sugar available on the global market.

Participation by adults in the United States Department of Agriculture Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (i.e. Food Stamps) is positively associated with obesity, waist circumference, elevated fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome.

Metabolism
Evidence does not support the commonly expressed view that some obese people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism. On average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than normal weight or thin people and actually have higher basal metabolic rates. This is because it takes more energy to maintain an increased body mass. Obese people also underreport how much food they consume compared to those of normal weight.  Tests of human subjects carried out in a calorimeter support this conclusion.

See also
 Abdominal obesity
 Criticism of fast food
 List of countries by dietary calorie intake

References

Obesity
Diets


Wehda Street () also spelled Wihda Street is a thoroughfare that runs through central Gaza City, more or less parallel with Omar Mukhtar Street. It branches off west of the main Salah al-Din Road which runs north–south through the Gaza Strip and opens into Nasser Street just before it ends at al-Shifa Hospital. Notable Gaza landmarks, namely Qasr al-Basha and the Sayed Hashem Mosque are situated off Wehda Street. On 16 May 2021, Wehda Street was bombed by the Israel Defense Forces during the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, killing 44 civilians.

References

Bibliography

Streets in Gaza City


"Burnt Out Car" is a single by Saint Etienne. It was released by Heavenly Records on  to promote the November 2008 release of the band's latest best of album, London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne. The release of London Conversations was eventually delayed to February.

"Burnt Out Car" was originally slated to be a single in 1996 and remixes were commissioned. The release was eventually dropped but the Balearico Mix surfaced on the Casino Classics remix collection and the Continental album. The original mix was not released until 2006, when it appeared on the outtakes collection Nice Price.

The track was re-recorded and produced by the Xenomania team for the 2008 release. The single was backed by three b-sides spanning the 7" and CD single as well as a remix by Mark Brown.

Track listing

All tracks written and composed by Stanley and Wiggs; except where indicated.

1996 release

2008 release

References

Saint Etienne (band) songs
2009 singles
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Bob Stanley (musician)
Songs written by Pete Wiggs
2008 songs
Heavenly Recordings singles


James Michael Bartolotta (born October 27, 1986) is an American former professional basketball player. He completed his collegiate career as the most decorated basketball player ever to play at MIT.

High school
Bartolotta graduated in 2005 from Heritage High School (Littleton, Colorado).  He earned Colorado All-State selections for basketball in both his junior and senior year.  During his senior season Bartolotta led Heritage High to the big school Colorado 5A State Championship, a 27–1 record, and a 43rd ranking in the national high school poll.  He also played doubles on the varsity tennis team where he and his partner finished 3rd in the state tournament.

Along with his athletic accolades, Bartolotta excelled in the classroom and was selected as the 2005 Denver Post/DAC Colorado Male Student-Athlete of the Year.

College career

Freshman year
Bartolotta played and started in all 30 games during his freshman season.  He was the second leading scorer for the 21–9 squad at 11.1 points per game.  His 4.5 rebounds per game and 82% free throw mark helped the Engineers finish second in the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (NEWMAC) regular and post season play.  Bartolotta was part of an MIT sweep for post season conference awards as MIT coach Larry Anderson, senior Mike D'Auria, and Bartolotta were selected as the NEWMAC Coach, Player, and Rookie of the year respectively.

Sophomore year
In his second season, Bartolotta stepped into the lead role for the young Engineers as almost all of his statistics increased.  He averaged 21.2 points, 8.7 rebounds, 4.2 assists, 1.9 steals, and 1.0 blocks per game as he split time at the point guard and shooting guard positions due to a season-ending injury of MIT's starting point guard, Bradley Gampel.  Bartolotta's 86.6% free throw clip (162 for 187) was good enough for an MIT single season record and a national ranking of 25th.  Bartolotta ranked in the top 15 of every NEWMAC statistical category during his second season of play.

Bartolotta finished tied for Player of the Year voting in the NEWMAC and was selected to the All-Conference first team and the Academic All-Conference team.

Junior year
During the 2007–2008 basketball campaign, Jimmy Bartolotta continued his stellar play in NEWMAC competition.  From the shooting guard position, his 23.9 points per game scoring average was the 8th highest average in the country.

Bartolotta again finished tied for Player of the Year voting in the NEWMAC and was selected to the All-Conference first team and the Academic All-Conference Team.  He also earned ESPN/CoSida First Team Academic All-American recognition and was one of 10 finalists for the prestigious Josten's Trophy which recognizes athletic, academic, and community service accomplishments.

Senior year
The 6'4" guard led the 2009 MIT Men's Basketball team to a 21–9 overall record, and 8–4 NEWMAC record.  He had the nation's 2nd highest scoring average of 27.6 points per game his senior season.

Featured on ESPN as the "Cinderella Story" of the year, the team fought through an OT upset of nationally ranked Rhode Island College in the first round of NCAA play only to lose in a highly contested six point game to Farmingdale State in the second round of the tournament.

For being named the NABC National Player of the Year, Bartolotta was invited to play in the Hershey's/NABC Senior All-Star Game, at the site of the Division I Final Four at Ford Field in Detroit, MI.  He is the only Division III player, and the only non-scholarship athlete, to compete in the event.

An outstanding student, as well as athlete, Bartolotta has seen much attention from the press during his career.  He has been chronicled in the NY Times, the Boston Herald, the Boston Globe, ESPN, and the Denver Post, among others.  He was also profiled and interviewed in the second half of the live broadcast of the 2009 NABC/Hershey's All-Star game on the CBS College Sports Channel on April 3, 2009.

Bartolotta completed his collegiate career as the most decorated basketball player ever to play at MIT. A four-year member of the Men's Basketball team, Bartolotta is the MIT and NEWMAC all-time leading scorer, finishing his career with 2,279 points.

MIT Statistics

College awards
NEWMAC
Rookie of the Year, 2006.
All-Conference 1st Team, 2007, 2008, 2009.
Player of the Year, 2009.
Academic All-Conference Team, 2007, 2008, 2009.
D3HOOPS
Northeast Region 1st Team, 2008, 2009.
Honorable Mention All-American, 2008.
All-American 1st Team, 2009.
National Player of the Year, 2009.
ESPN
Academic All-District 1st Team, 2007, 2008, 2009.
Academic All-American 1st Team, 2008, 2009.
Academic All-American of the Year, 2009.
NABC
Northeast Region 2nd Team, 2008.
Northeast Region 1st Team, 2009.
All-American 1st Team, 2009.
National Player of the Year, 2009.
Josten's Trophy
Finalist, 2008, 2009.
Winner, 2009.

Professional career
In June 2009, Bartolotta signed a 10-day contract with Serie A club Angelico Biella for the Italian Summer League. In October 2009, Bartolotta joined Air Avellino of the Serie A for a trial.

In December 2010, Bartolotta signed with ÍR of the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild karla, where he averaged 21.6 points and 3.6 assists in 14 regular season and playoff games. In the playoffs, ÍR was knocked out in the first round by Keflavík after losing the third and deciding game of the series in overtime. In September 2011 he resigned with ÍR for the 2011–2012 season. On October 30, Bartolotta broke his nose in a game against Grindavík after a collision with J'Nathan Bullock. In a midst of a disappointing season for ÍR, the club released him in end of January 2012. For the season he averaged 19.8 points and 2.8 assists and led the league in three-point accuracy by shooting 53.85% from three-point range.

Personal life
Bartolotta is married to Abby Waner, who also played high school basketball in Colorado and then at Duke University.

Sources
 ESPN
 Boston Herald
 NY Times
 Boston Globe
 Denver Post
 Icelandic statistics at kki.is

References

1986 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Iceland
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Colorado
MIT Engineers men's basketball players
People from Englewood, Colorado
Sportspeople from Arapahoe County, Colorado
Sportspeople from Littleton, Colorado
Úrvalsdeild karla (basketball) players
ÍR men's basketball players
Guards (basketball)


Calista H. Vinton (19 April 1807 – 18 December 1864) was an American Baptist missionary who labored for 30 years in Burma (now known as Myanmar) preaching, teaching and caring amongst the Karen people.  Both Calista and her husband Justus Vinton were eminently successful in making conversions.

Early life
Calista Vinton was born on  to Thomas and Lavinia Holman in Union, Connecticut.  When she was sixteen years old she had a severe illness.  After two years, her family and doctors had given up hope.  Being a pious girl, she requested baptism as her dying wish and was carried on a chair and helped by the pastor and a deacon into a brook and baptized in March, 1822.  She was received into the West Woodstock Baptist Church, and pastor Elder Grow, while administering the Lord's Supper to her, said "This is our sister's first communion, and it will probably be her last."  However, she recovered her health and began to think her life was given to her for a special purpose.  She completed her education by alternately teaching and studying.

She met Justus Vinton, who was studying at the Hamilton Literary and Theological Institute (now Colgate University).  They chose Burma as their field of their future work and spent a year together at Hamilton studying the Karen language from Ko Chet Thaing, one of two native disciples brought along by Rev. Jonathan Wade on his furlough.  Calista and Justus were married on April 9, 1834, and they sailed in July 1834 for Burma with other missionaries, including Rev. and Mrs. Wade and Ko Chet Thaing.

Working in the jungles around Moulmein
Since Justus and Calista were sufficiently familiar with the Karen language, they immediately commenced their mission work to the Karens in the jungles around Moulmein (now known as Mawlamyine. They traveled in native canoes, on horseback, on elephants, on buffalo carts and on foot. At first they went together from village to village preaching. Afterward, they went separately because they received so many invitations from distant villages.  The work of preaching was combined with the ministering to the sick.  Calista held prayer meetings in villages.  Jungle traveling was extremely dangerous because tigers and other wild animals were abundant, and she narrowly escaped them on many occasion.

Calista established many schools in mission stations and staffed them with native scholars she had trained.  The British government offered "grant in aid", a sum of money equal to the amount expended by the school for educational purposes.  The only restriction was for the school to be open to the government director of education for inspection.

In April 1840, Calista gave birth to a son Justus Brainerd, and in September 1841 a daughter Calista was born.  Also in 1841, Justus's sister Miranda joined them for jungle mission work and later worked as a teacher in Normal Karen Mission School; she was known as Sister Miranda to the Karens.  In 1846, a third child, Harvey Howard, was born to Mrs. Vinton.

Visit to America
In 1847, Mrs. Vinton's health failed and it was thought best to return to America to recover.  Rev. Vinton also needed a rest after fourteen years of strenuous jungle work.  They also felt the missionary spirit in the American churches needed to be rekindled.  Rev. Vinton took two Karen disciples, Myah A and Kone Lowk, to assist him in his translation of the bible into Karen.  While they were waiting for a transfer ship in Cape Town, their youngest child fell ill and died.  The family landed in Boston in the early part of 1848.

Rev. Vinton spent most of his time in America visiting churches to reawaken the missionary spirit, often accompanied by Myah A and Kone Lowk.

The five-franc piece that grew into a chapel
Mrs. Vinton, who was still very ill, rested at the home of Deacon Granger in Suffield, Connecticut.  She held conversation gatherings in her sickroom.  A poor lady named Mary Ann Bestor had been given a five-franc piece to buy a warm dress for the winter.  She wanted to contribute something to the cause of mission but was fearful that people would blame her for "giving from the depth of her poverty".  Consequently, she concealed the money in the toe of one of a pair of stockings she was knitting; she handed them to Myah A and told him to give them to Mrs. Vinton and tell her that the contents of the toe were for the mission to the Karens.

When Mrs. Vinton learned how poor Mary Ann was, she wanted to do something special with that holy money.  She mentioned about it to a deacon from Hartford.  The deacon said, "It is cold weather, Frankie should have a wrapper", and handed her a ten-dollar bill, which she wrapped around the five-franc piece "to keep him warm".  The next day, another ten-dollar bill was given by another Hartford deacon, "to buy Frankie an overcoat, as the weather had grown colder".  A lady from Suffield, hearing the story, said, "These are stinging nights to sleep alone: Frankie must have a bedfellow", and a five-dollar gold piece was laid  by his side.

Mrs. Vinton thought if she could get some more wrappers, she would send Frankie to Boston to buy some bibles for the Karens.  She wrote the "Frankie" story and sent it to the pastor of Suffield Church.  The pastor keenly appreciated the wit and read the letter from the pulpit  Thirty dollars were donated to "purchase Frankie suitable clothes for the journey".  Mrs. Vinton sent off "Frankie and the wrappers" to a Boston publisher with a note about his story.  The publisher returned "Frankie" with additional wrappers and the bibles.  Next, Mrs. Vinton sent "Frankie" to a doctor in Philadelphia to buy a box of medicine for the Karens.  The doctor returned "Frankie" with more wrappers and a box of medicine.  "Frankie's" travel kept continuing from cities to cities, churches to churches.  Rev. and Mrs. Vinton then decided they would build a house of the Lord for the Karens and it would be called Frank's Chapel.  But unknown to them, war, pestilence, famine and censure awaited them and the Frank's Chapel would not be materialized for another five years.

Relief mission to Rangoon
In 1850, the Vintons returned to Moulmein accompanied by a large contingent of missionaries, including Eugenio Kincaid and Jonathan Wade.  They were immediately engaged in their respective mission works.  The Vintons had a special affinity to the Karens in the vicinity of Rangoon.  On his frequent visits to the then Burmese-controlled Rangoon District, he baptized many Karen converts won over from the seeds sowed by Saw Tha Byu, a disciple of Adoniram Judson.  The Karens were illiterate until their language was reduced by Jonathan Wade and Francis Mason into written form using the Burmese script.  Some young Karen in the Rangoon district traveled on foot through the forests and mountain ranges from Rangoon to Moulmein to attend the Karen schools established by Mrs. Vinton.  On their return, they brought back tracts and copies of the New Testament translated by Jonathan Wade into Sgaw Karen, risking the ire of the intolerant local authorities.  They then read in secret to their fellow converts.

On the eve of the Second Anglo-Burmese War, lawlessness prevailed over the Rangoon district, and Karens, in particular, suffered heavily.  Seventeen Karen churches in the district asked Rev. Vinton to come to their aid, and he went to Rangoon.  Six weeks after the fall of Rangoon to the British, Mrs. Vinton and the family followed suit.  They set up an emergency hospital in  a vacant monastery, and soon it was overflowing with cases of smallpox, measles, whooping cough, dysentery, cholera, etc.  The pestilence was followed by famine, and the Vintons fed multitudes of both Christians and non-Christians with provisions procured on credit from friendly merchants.  When they were evicted from the monastery, the Vintons purchased land in Kemmendine (now known as Kyimyintaing), three miles from Rangoon.  There they built the mission center, a hospital, and a school.  The Baptist Mission Union censured Rev. Vinton for his insubordination and for abandoning his assigned post in Moulmein.  The Vintons accepted the offer from Baptist Free Mission Society to act as their agent in collecting donations from friends in America and transmitting the funds.

Kemmendine mission
Mrs. Vinton was completely responsible for running the mission school in Kemmendine, which had 200 to 250 pupils. Besides teaching, conducting prayer meetings, acting as physician and nurse to her own pupils and the sick in the neighborhood, making and translating textbooks and hymns, she traveled, in the dry season, to villages in the north and west of Rangoon, preaching the gospel.  During the dry season, her older pupils usually went home to help their parents in harvesting.  In addition, she educated her son Brainerd and daughter Calista. In 1854, Brainerd was sent to Hamilton, New York, and Calista to Suffield, Connecticut, to continue their studies.

In 1854, Sister Miranda went home to visit her aged parents, and on her return to Rangoon she married Rev, Norman Harris of the Karen Mission in Shwekyin, a very unhealthy place in those days.  Less than four months after the marriage, Sister Miranda was taken ill with a high fever and died.

After the situation had stabilized in Rangoon, renewed efforts were made to build Frank's Chapel.  More donations came in from the native Christians as well as the British residents in Rangoon.  Many officers of the British army donated their architectural and engineering talents and their time to draw plans for the church.  Lord Dalhousie, the Governor General of India, made the land in Kemmendine overlooking the Rangoon River a gift to the mission.  On 20 May 1855, a cornerstone of the church was laid by Rev. Vinton in the presence of many native and British friends.  It was a large two-story brick building with the upper story for church services and the lower story for schoolrooms.  The Karen Home Mission Society was also housed in that building.  It was called Frank's Church, and later came to be known as Reverend Vinton Memorial Church.

In 1858, Rev. Vinton went on an excursion to Shwekyin, to select locations to post his native preachers and came home with the jungle illness and died on 31 March.  Mrs. Vinton continued the mission work of Rev. Vinton assisted ably by native preachers, Mao-yay, Nga-lay, and Yai-pau.  She deputized two very able assistants, Fidelia and Eliza who were earlier trained by Sister Miranda in Karen Normal School in Moulmein.  In 1858 Calista arrived back from Suffield and mother and daughter were reunited.  Calista engaged in the mission work immediately teaching mathematics, vocal music and supervising the boarding school.  As usual, Mrs Vinton traveled and spent time in jungle villages.  Often, she found herself settling disputes between church members.

In 1861, Brainerd completed the course in Madison University (now Colgate University) and married Julia A. Haswell, eldest daughter of Rev. James Madison Haswell of the Burmese Mission in Moulmein.  Brainerd and Julia were playmates in the mission compound in Moulmein.  He found both his mother and sister to be in failing health.  Nevertheless, Mrs. Vinton went on a tour with Brainerd, and the disciples in villages rejoiced at seeing the "son of his father".  In 1862, Mrs. Vinton and Calista left Rangoon for Falmouth, England and visited many British friends, most of whom had retired from civil and military service in Burma.  They spent one month as guests of their old friend Mrs. and General Bell, Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces during the Second Anglo-Burmese War.  They then sailed for New York, where Mrs. Vinton attended the Free Mission Society meeting and met R. M. Luther, who had just completed his study at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was resolved to devote his life to mission work but had not decided on his field. Mrs. Vinton persuaded him to make the Karen mission his field.  While in America, she was called upon to make many missionary addresses.  She and Luther made a trip through Buffalo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and churches of northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin and part of Canada.  She sailed to England in December 1863 and took the overland route through Egypt and Red Sea to Calcutta and Rangoon.

Mrs. Vinton engaged immediately in the work of the mission and started building a second mission house for the newly married Rev. R. M. Luther and her daughter Calista.  On 1 November, Mrs. Vinton was attacked with an acute form of inflammation of the alimentary canal.  On 6 December, Mr. and Mrs. Luther arrived and gave her some strength for a while, but she died peacefully on 18 December 1864.

In 1872, the Baptist Missionary Union vindicated Rev. Vinton of the "deputation" and Brainerd and Calista rejoined the Union.

Mr. and Mrs. Luther remained at the Kemmendine Mission until 1872, when Mr. Luther fell sick with jungle fever and they were compelled to return to America.  He later became the district secretary of the Baptist Missionary Union and a pastor at Newark, New Jersey.  Calista became a practicing physician.  She wrote a memoir, The Vintons and the Karens, Memorials of Rev. Justus H. Vinton and Calista H. Vinton, and published it in 1880.

Dr. J. Brainerd Vinton continued the mission work of his parents until his death on 23 June 1887.

See also
List of Protestant Missionaries to Southeast Asia

References

1807 births
1864 deaths
People from Union, Connecticut
Baptist ministers from the United States
Baptist missionaries from the United States
Female Christian missionaries
Baptist missionaries in Myanmar
American expatriates in Myanmar
People from Willington, Connecticut
19th-century American clergy


Louis Emanuel Lomax (August 16, 1922 – July 30, 1970) was an African-American journalist and author. He was also the first African-American television journalist.

Early years
Lomax was born in Valdosta, Georgia. His parents were Emanuel C. Smith and Sarah Louise Lomax. Lomax attended Paine College in Augusta, Georgia for two years, where he later claimed he was editor of the student newspaper and had graduated in 1942. He subsequently attended American University, claiming he was awarded an M.A. in 1944, as well as claiming he attended Howard University and Yale University, where he had indicated he earned a Ph.D. in 1947. Despite reporting these credentials throughout his career, Lomax never completed a degree after his two years at Paine and his one year at American.

Lomax was married three times. His first wife was Betty Frank (1958–1961), his second was Wanda Kay (1961–1967), and his third was Robinette Kirk (1968–1970).

Career
Lomax began his journalism career at the Afro-American and the Chicago Defender. These two newspapers focused on news that interested African-American readers. In 1958, he became the first African-American television journalist when he joined WNTA-TV in New York.

In 1959, Lomax told his colleague Mike Wallace about the Nation of Islam. Lomax and Wallace produced a five-part documentary about the organization, The Hate That Hate Produced, which aired during the week of July 13, 1959. The program was the first time most white people heard about the Nation and its leader, Elijah Muhammad, as well as its charismatic spokesman, Malcolm X.

Lomax later became a freelance writer, and his articles were published in publications such as Harper's, Life, Pageant, The Nation, and The New Leader. His subjects included the Civil Rights Movement, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. In 1961, he was awarded the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his book, The Reluctant African.

From 1964 to 1968, Lomax hosted a semi-weekly television program on KTTV in Los Angeles. Lomax also spoke frequently on college campuses.

Lomax was a supporter of several civil rights organizations, including the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation maintained a file on Lomax containing over 150 pages. According to the Lowndes County Historical Society and Museum, the file "consists of letters, telegraphs, FBI inter-office memos, newspaper clippings; copies of speeches and several sheets headed FBI Deleted Page Information Sheet."

Death
Lomax had received a $15,000 Esso Foundation grant and was writing a three-volume work about black history at the time of his death. On July 30, 1970, Lomax was returning to New York after completing a lecture tour on the West Coast when he died in a car accident along Interstate 40, 26 miles east of Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Witnesses reported that he was traveling at a high speed on the double-laned highway and lost control of his rented Ford station wagon while attempting to pass another motorist. An investigation by New Mexico State Police determined that Lomax was not wearing his seatbelt and was ejected from his car after it overturned three times. Pronounced dead at the scene, he died due to head and internal injuries. His body was identified by his Hofstra class ring.

Karl Evanzz, a staff writer for The Washington Post, wrote in his 1992 book The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X that Lomax was working on a documentary concerning the role played by the FBI in the death of Malcolm X, and claimed that Lomax's own death may have been connected to that project.

Selected works
The Reluctant African (1960)
The Negro Revolt (1962)
When the Word Is Given: A Report on Elijah Muhammad, Malcolm X, and the Black Muslim World (1963)
Thailand: The War That Is, The War That Will Be (1967)
To Kill a Black Man: The Shocking Parallel in the Lives of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)

References

External links

A Guide to the Louis E. Lomax papers, 82-30. Special Collections, University Libraries, University of Nevada, Reno

1922 births
1970 deaths
People from Valdosta, Georgia
African-American journalists
20th-century American journalists
African-American non-fiction writers
American male journalists
American tax resisters
American University alumni
Paine College alumni
Road incident deaths in New Mexico
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century African-American people


Donald Rossiter (8 June 1935 – 18 February 2016) was an English professional association football player turned politician. During his footballing career he made two appearances in The Football League and gained a winner's medal in the FA Amateur Cup. He later became active in local politics and served as Mayor of Rochester, Kent.

Football career
Born in Strood, Rossiter represented Kent at football and played local youth football before being spotted by Arsenal and signed up at the age of 15. The club loaned him to amateur club Walthamstow Avenue of the Isthmian League for the 1951–52 season. Still aged just 17, he gained an FA Amateur Cup-winner's medal as Avenue defeated Leyton at Wembley Stadium. Upon his return to Arsenal in June 1952 he turned professional, but failed to make a single appearance in the first team for the "Gunners". In March 1954 he was transferred to Hartlepool United, where he again failed to break into the first team. In July 1955 Arsenal re-signed him, but he once again could not progress beyond the reserve team and he moved on to Leyton Orient in March 1956.

While with Orient he finally made his Football League debut, but he only remained with the club until August 1956, when he joined non-league club Dartford. From there he rejoined the professional ranks when he signed for another Kent-based club, Gillingham. He made one further Football League appearance when he lined up for the "Gills" against Brighton & Hove Albion in August 1957, but the following month he left the club and joined non-league Dover. He later played for Ashford Town, Chatham Town and Tunbridge Wells before retiring. He also had a stint as manager of Chatham Town.

Post-football career
After leaving football, Rossiter became involved in local politics in the Medway towns. He was elected to the Medway District Council and spent a year as Mayor of Rochester between 1985 and 1986.  He died in 2016 in Somerset.

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
People from Strood
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Walthamstow Avenue F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Dartford F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Dover F.C. players
Ashford United F.C. players
Chatham Town F.C. players
Tunbridge Wells F.C. players
Kent Football League (1894–1959) players
British sportsperson-politicians
Footballers from Kent


Heberden is a surname. It may be:

 Charles Buller Heberden (1849–1921), Principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University
 Thomas Heberden (1703–1769), F.R.S.  English physician
 Thomas Heberden (priest) (1754–1843), Canon of Exeter cathedral
 William Heberden (1710–1801), English physician
 William Heberden the Younger (1767–1845), English physician

See also
Heberden family tree


Socialism 2000 () was a democratic socialist political association in Italy led by Cesare Salvi.

History
The group was launched in August 2000 as a left-wing faction within the Democrats of the Left (DS). Socialism 2000 was since then part of the internal left of the party. In 2007 Salvi and his followers chose to leave the DS, as they had refused to merge into the new Democratic Party (PD), and took part to the foundation of Democratic Left (SD).

Soon after the 2008 general election Socialism 2000 regained its autonomy and chose to join the Anticapitalist and Communist List composed of the Communist Refoundation Party (PRC), the Party of Italian Communists (PdCI) and the United Consumers (CU) for the 2009 European Parliament election. The group was represented in the lists by four candidates: former Senator Massimo Villone, Maria Rosaria Marella, Daniele Valletta and Sara Sbizzera. In September 2012, Socialism 2000 merged with Labour–Solidarity to form the Labour Party.

References

External links
Official website

Political party factions in Italy


is a 1993 scrolling shooter video game developed by Aprinet and published by Soft Vision International for the Sega Mega Drive. The game was released in Japan on June 25, 1993 and in South Korea in 1993. Eliminate Down gives players immediate access to three directional-based weapons that could all be powered up as they fought strange alien enemies through eight enormous levels.

Gameplay

Reminiscent of Hellfire, the Steel Pyron has three firing directional weapons all ready at the player's disposal: a forward firing blaster, a rear laser attack and diagonal, four-way firing bombs. The forward firing attack also has the Super Crash Shot, a small white straight-firing rocket, that with upgrades changes into a long white laser beam that can fire through foreground objects. Unlike Hellfire however, the game has no checkpoint system, though the game makes players restart a level once they lose all of their lives. Extends are set at every 100,000 points.

The weapons are upgradeable by collecting Power-Up icons; obtaining a certain number of Power-Ups level-ups the size and strength of the player's weapons, but the weapons are upgradable to just three different levels. The only other defenses the players has is a shield pick-up called the Barrier that protects the ship for at least two hits. The A and C buttons allow the player to switch among the three weapons. Players can also change the speed of the ship by pausing the game and adjusting the speed level on the pause screen.

Eliminate Down also has a mini-game playable at the main menu similar to Concentration where players have to find the right image under a certain time limit.

Plot
Mankind has begun its space pioneering era as the 30th century is about to begin. However, an alien race known as the Amuleto appears out of a space distortion and travels toward the Earth. Its intentions prove hostile as human investigations are destroyed and the Amuleto space fleet grows. Mankind's best chance against the invaders is the Steel Pyron, a space fighter designed for multiple combat situations and warp drive jumping.

Development and release

Reception

Eliminate Down received mixed reception from critics.

Notes

References

External links
 Eliminate Down at GameFAQs
 Eliminate Down at Giant Bomb
 Eliminate Down at MobyGames

1993 video games
Scrolling shooters
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Science fiction video games
Side-scrolling video games
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games
Video games set in the 30th century


Just Another Cowboy Song is the second solo album by long time Buck Owens and the Buckaroos guitarist and vocalist Doyle Holly. It was released in 1973 and reached number thirty-one on the Billboard Country charts. "Lila" was the album's first single; it peaked at number 17 on the top 20 Billboard Country Singles chart.

Other singles released were "Just Another Cowboy Song", "Darling Are You Ever Coming Home" and "Lord How Long Has This Been Going On".

The back of the album contains a photograph of Doyle Holly and friend Kris Kristofferson.

Track listing

Side one
 "Lila" (Bob Milsap) – 2:43
 "I Overlooked An Orchid" (Carl Story, Carl Smith, Shirly Lynn) – 2:58
 "Mama Lou" (Larry Murray) – 3:34
 "Darling, Are You Ever Coming Home" (Willie Nelson, Hank Cochran) – 2:10
 "Just Another Cowboy Song" (Dennis Coats) – 2:09

Side two
 "Lord How Long Has This Been Going On" (Lee Morris) – 2:36
 "January Bittersweet Jones" (Pat Bunch, Jimmy Chappell) – 2:57
 "What Price Gloria" (Pat Bunch, Jimmy Chappell) – 2:47
 "Watch Out Woman" (Glen Mooney) – 3:49
 "The Dumb Thing" (Bob Morris) – 2:20
 "(Villain Mean) Woman Scorned" (J. Cunningham, C.A. Isop, R. Duncan) - 3:25

Doyle Holly albums
1973 albums


Steve Pickton a.k.a. Stasis is an English electronic-techno musician, record producer and sound engineer. He started with a release on B12 Records under his Stasis moniker. After that, he released quite a number of 12"es and albums on several labels as Stasis, Paul W. Teebrooke, Phenomyna and The Otherworld Collective. His latest alias is Soul 223.

Steve Pickton's music is characterized by a very dreamy, melodic, melancholic and yet powerful, driving, energetic sound, combining Detroit-influenced beat patterns and basslines with beautiful string sounds.

Beside his solo work, he also collaborates with Mark Broom and Dave Hill as Kapé I'llmusier or Ted Howler Rhythm Combo.

He also set up a label called Otherworld.

Discography

Albums
 Inspiration - (Peacefrog Records, 1994)
 From The Old To The New - (Peacefrog Records, 1996)

Singles
 "Circuit Funk" (12") - (Peacefrog Records, 1993)
 "Disco 4000" (12") - (Time Is Right, 1993)
 "Likemind 01" (12") - (Likemind, 1993)
 "Point Of No Return!" (12") - (B12 Records, 1993)
 "History Of Future" E.P. (12", EP) - (Mo Wax Excursions, 1996)
 "Block" (12") - (Pure Plastic, 1997)
 "Sound Of Stas" (12") - (Multiplex, 1997)
 "Split" (7") - (Smallfish, 2001)
 "Past Movements" (3xLP) - (Peacefrog Records, 2003)
 "Old Skool Reunion" (12") - (Pure Plastic, 2005)

References

External links
 Steve Pickton at Discogs

English electronic musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Peacefrog Records artists