Roar Christensen (born 29 April 1971) is a Norwegian football midfielder who currently is the playing head coach of Grovfjord IL.

He started his career in Grovfjord IL, and joined regional greats Tromsø IL ahead of the 1996 season. He made his debut in May 2006 and played his last game in November 2006, amassing 235 league games, most of them in the Norwegian Premier League.

In the 2008 season, Christensen was an assisting coach in Grovfjord IL. Ahead of the 2009 season he was promoted to head coach, doubling as an active player.

References

Norwegian men's footballers
Tromsø IL players
Norwegian football managers
People from Troms
1971 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Troms og Finnmark


was a Sōtō Zen Buddhist priest and anarcho-socialist activist executed in the High Treason Incident. He was one of few Buddhist leaders who spoke out against the Meiji government in its imperialist projects. Gudō was an outspoken advocate for redistributive land reform, overturning the Meiji emperor system, encouraging conscripts to desert en masse and advancing democratic rights for all. He criticized Zen leaders who claimed that low social position was justified by karma and who sold abbotships to the highest bidder.

Biography

Student, village priest and social activist
Uchiyama Gudō learned the trade of carving wooden statues, including Buddhist statues and family altars, from his father.  As a student, Uchiyama received a prefectural award for educational excellence and became influenced by Sakura Sōgorō.  Uchiyama's father died when he was 16.

Gudō was ordained as a Soto Zen priest in 1897 and became the abbot of Rinsenji temple amid the rural region of the Hakone Mountains in 1904, thus completing his Zen studies. According to town legend, every autumn, he distributed the harvest of the temple's trees to local families, who were generally poor. In the same year that Gudō became abbot of Rinsenji, he reflected on the Chinese sangha of his Buddhist lineage as a model of communal lifestyle without private property.  By this time, he had begun to identify as an anarcho-socialist after encountering the ideology in the newspaper Heimin Shimbun. Quoting passages from the Lotus Sutra and the Diamond Sutra in the January 1904 edition of Heimin Shimbun, Gudō wrote:

After government persecution pushed the socialist and anti-war movements in Japan underground, Gudō visited Kōtoku Shūsui in Tokyo in 1908 and purchased equipment which he later used to set up a secret press in his temple. Gudō used the printing equipment to turn out popular socialist tracts and pamphlets and also to publish some of his own work.

One of his most widely read and circulated works was a "scathing denunciation" of the entire government of Japan and its autocratic system: In contrast to the official teachings at the time, he argued that the emperors of the Imperial family were neither divine nor the destined rulers of Japan. Even though their line could be traced back for 2,500 years, their ancestors were not gods but "came forth from a corner of Kyushu, killing and robbing people as they did. They then destroyed their fellow thieves." Furthermore, the emperors had been for much of their history "been tormented by foreign opponents and, domestically, treated as puppets by their own vassals." Gudō denounced his country's educated elite, for they were well aware of all this, but preferred to "deceive both others and themselves" by disseminating and teaching the government's official stance of the Imperial family.

Imprisonment, trial and execution
Resulting from the popularity of Gudō's subversive publications, he was arrested in May 1909 and charged with violating press and publication laws.  After searching Rinsenji, police claimed to have encountered materials used to make explosive devices.  As a result, Gudō was tied to the High Treason Incident, in which 12 alleged conspirators were convicted and executed for plotting to assassinate the emperor in 1911.

Yoshida Kyūichi records that as Gudō climbed the scaffold stairs, "he gave not the slightest hint of emotional distress.  Rather he appeared serene, even cheerful-so much so that the attending prison chaplain bowed as he passed".

Deprivation and restoration of priesthood
In July 1909, before Gudō's conviction, officials of the Sōtō Zen sect moved to deprive Gudō of his abbotship. After he was convicted, they deprived him of his status as a priest in June 1910.  Gudō continued to consider himself a priest until he died.

In 1993, the Sōtō Zen sect restored Gudō's status as a priest citing that "when viewed by today's standards of respect for human rights, Uchiyama Gudō's writings contain elements that should be regarded as farsighted" and that "the sect's actions strongly aligned the sect with an establishment dominated by the emperor system. They were not designed to protect the unique Buddhist character of the sect's priests".

See also
Japanese resistance to the Empire of Japan in World War II
Anarchism in Japan
Buddhist socialism
Inoue Shūten

References

Works cited

Further reading

Rikizan, Ishikawa (1998). The Social Response of Buddhists to the Modernization of Japan: The Contrasting Lives of Two Sōtō Zen Monks, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies,  25 (1-2), 87–115.

1874 births
1911 deaths
20th-century executions by Japan
20th-century executions for treason
Executed Japanese people
Executed priests
Japanese anarchists
Japanese socialists
Soto Zen Buddhists
Buddhist martyrs
People from Niigata Prefecture
Executed anarchists
People executed for treason against Japan
People executed by Japan by hanging


Gilbert Laverne "Gibby" Welch (December 24, 1904 – February 10, 1984) was an American football player who played college football for the University of Pittsburgh. He broke Red Grange's single season yardage record in 1926 and was an All-American in 1927.  He later played professional football for the New York Yankees in 1928 and the Providence Steam Roller in 1929.

Early years
Welch was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia, and attended Parkersburg High School, where he was successful in football, basketball and track.  Welch next attended Bellefont Academy, before enrolling at the University of Pittsburgh in 1924.  He played three seasons of football at Pitt from 1925–1927, including the first game ever played at Pitt Stadium.  Welch also ran track for Pitt in 1926, 1927 and 1928.  He was one of the country's leading college discus throwers, and also competed in the shot put, javelin and broad jump.  Welch was the captain of the football and track teams as a senior.  He was the signal-calling left halfback in the single-wing offense run by coach Jock Sutherland in 1926 and 1927.

In 1926, Welch broke the single-season yardage record set by Red Grange, gaining 1,964 yards in just nine games.  Welch was described as "one of the most dazzling open field sprinters in the collegiate ranks," an athlete whose "sensational runs are aided by his excellent use of twirls and pivots through an open field."

1927 season
He was unanimously selected as an All-American at the halfback position in 1927 by, among others, the Associated Press, United Press, Collier's Weekly, Central Press Association, Hearst newspapers, New York Sun, Billy Evans, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation.  Highlights of Welch's 1927 All-American season include the following:
 In a 21-13 win over Nebraska, Welch took the opening kickoff and ran 84 yards for a touchdown.  In the second quarter of the same game, Welch caught a long forward pass and then "twisted and squirmed his way 71 yards down the field for another score."
Welch also had a 105-yard kickoff return for a touchdown against West Virginia in 1927.  His 105-yard return was the longest run of the year in college football.
In late November 1927, Welch had another big game in a 30-0 win over Penn State.  One newspaper writer noted that Welch "ripped the Penn State line to shreds, bent the Lion ends almost double with his wide sweeping runs, and kicked and passed in almost uncanny form when necessary."
Welch also led Pitt to their first bowl game, the 1928 Rose Bowl game against Stanford.  In a 7-6 Stanford win, Welch was held to 50 yards, as one reporter noted: "Gibby Welch, Pitt's All-American halfback, was a tower of strength for his alma mater, but Stanford had been coached to watch the stocky halfback who made eastern grid circles buzz this season."

Professional football
Welch also played professional football for the New York Yankees in 1928 and the Providence Steam Roller in 1929.  He signed with the Steam Roller after the Yankees disbanded.  A newspaper story announcing his signing by the Steam Roller noted:"'Gibby', who was once known to have been addressed as Gilbert, functions effectively as a punter, pass dispatcher or receiver, line perforator and broken field runner.  It is understood that the Roller management was forced to quote the highest figures ever whispered into a pro football player's ears before Welch affixed his signature to a contract.  'Gibby' was thrown on the open market by the recent dissolution of the New York Yankees."

Later years
After leaving professional football, Welch worked as a football coach at Morris Harvey College in 1931.   He later became a leading real estate man and businessman in Parkersburg, West Virginia.

In 1948, Welch gained attention when he was charged with felonious assault with intent to kill with a deadly weapon.  Welch was charged with beating his third wife, Gladys Welch, after two months of marriage in November 1948.

In 1956, the Charleston Daily Mail called Welch "one of the most fabulous characters ever produced in West Virginia athletics."  As of 1968, Welch's career total of 4,108 total yards was still a school record at Pitt.  Welch's rushing records at Pitt stood for more than 50 years until they were broken by Tony Dorsett in the 1970s.

Head coaching record

References

1904 births
1984 deaths
All-American college football players
American football halfbacks
Charleston Golden Eagles football coaches
Coaches of American football from West Virginia
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
Parkersburg High School alumni
Sportspeople from Parkersburg, West Virginia
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
Players of American football from West Virginia
Providence Steam Roller players
Track and field athletes from Pennsylvania
Track and field athletes from West Virginia


Camnet Internet Service is an Internet service provider operated by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia.  Camnet was established in 1997 by the Cambodian government and Telecom Cambodia with the support of the International Development Research Centre of Canada.  Camnet was the first Internet service provider in Cambodia.  Its main offices are located in Phnom Penh.

See also
 Communications in Cambodia
 Internet

References

External links
 Camnet official site

Government-owned companies of Cambodia
Telecommunications companies of Cambodia
Internet service providers
Government agencies established in 1997
Phnom Penh


In mathematics, the Chinese monoid is a monoid generated by a totally ordered alphabet with the relations cba = cab = bca for every a ≤ b ≤ c. An algorithm similar to Schensted's algorithm yields characterisation of the equivalence classes and a cross-section theorem. It was discovered by  during their classification of monoids with growth similar to that of the plactic monoid, and studied in detail by Julien Cassaigne, Marc Espie, Daniel Krob, Jean-Christophe Novelli, and Florent Hivert in 2001.

The Chinese monoid has a regular language cross-section

and hence polynomial growth of dimension .

The Chinese monoid equivalence class of a permutation is the preimage of an involution under the map  where  denotes the product in the Iwahori-Hecke algebra with .

See also
 Plactic monoid

References

Combinatorics
Semigroup theory


Empty chair may refer to:

 Empty chair (law), a non-party to a lawsuit
 Empty chair crisis, a 1966 diplomatic crisis involving Charles de Gaulle
 Empty chair debating, a political technique involving a feigned lecturing of or debate with an absent person
 Empty-chair technique used in Gestalt therapy
 The Empty Chair (novel), a crime novel by Jeffery Deaver
 "The Empty Chair" (song), a song by Sting
 "Empty chair speech", see Clint Eastwood at the 2012 Republican National Convention


Eric Walsky (born September 30, 1984) is a Swiss-American former professional ice hockey right winger. He played most of his career in the National League (NL) with Genève-Servette HC, HC Lugano, Lausanne HC and on loan with the SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers.

Playing career
Undrafted, Walsky played with the River City Lancers of the USHL before committing to a four-year collegiate career split between the University of Alaska-Anchorage and Colorado College. Upon completing his senior year with the Tigers, Walsky signed a contract with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League on March 20, 2009. He then joined the Canucks American Hockey League affiliate, the Manitoba Moose, on an amateur try-out to conclude the 2008–09 season.

In the 2009–10 season, Eric was assigned to Moose to begin his first professional season. He played only 37 games with Manitoba before he was reassigned to secondary affiliate the Victoria Salmon Kings of the ECHL. He then signed a three-year contract with Genève-Servette HC of the Swiss NLA on June 7, 2010. In January 2013, he signed, with fellow Geneva teammate Dan Fritsche, a three-year contract with the HC Lugano through the end of the 2016 season.

Walsky was forced to retire from professional hockey prior to the 2017-18 season because of multiple concussion issues.

Career statistics

References

External links

1984 births
Alaska Anchorage Seawolves men's ice hockey players
American men's ice hockey right wingers
Colorado College Tigers men's ice hockey players
Genève-Servette HC players
Ice hockey people from Anchorage, Alaska
Living people
Manitoba Moose players
Victoria Salmon Kings players


Stian Lunder Ringstad (born 29 August 1991) is a Norwegian football defender who currently plays for Ullensaker/Kisa. He has previously played for Lillestrøm and Eidsvold Turn.

He hails from the tiny village Bodding near Haga, Nes, and was brought into the senior squad of Eidsvold Turn for the 2007 season. He could have made his debut in 2006, but the Football Association of Norway refused, citing that he was too young.

After the 2008 season he joined regional greats Lillestrøm. He played in the 2009 La Manga Cup, and made his Norwegian Premier League debut against Aalesunds FK in April 2009, in a 2-3 away loss.

Career statistics

Club

References

External links
 Ringstad stats in Altom Football

External links

1991 births
Living people
People from Akershus
Norwegian men's footballers
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Eliteserien players
Primeira Liga players
Norwegian First Division players
Lillestrøm SK players
S.C. Braga players
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Sandefjord Fotball players
FK Haugesund players
Ullensaker/Kisa IL players
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Viken (county)


The War of Laws (, Voyna zakonov) was the series of conflicts between the central government of the Soviet Union and the governments of the Soviet republics during the so-called "parade of sovereignties" in the last years of the Soviet Union (19891991), which  eventually contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. When Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union decided to formally release their control of the republics, the individual governments began to reassert their own sovereignty and dominance in their respective areas. That included making their own laws separate from those of the Soviet central government and refusing to pay taxes. These events worsened the Soviet Union's economic disintegration and was a major factor in its 1991 collapse.

Early conflicts

In 1989-1991 legislative gridlock developed between the Soviet government and the Soviet republics. Many laws were passed by the republics' governments which gave them jurisdiction over their own territory and were overturned by Moscow as unconstitutional. In response, the republics officially stated that Moscow's rulings were not relevant to the matter over which the original law had been passed. That led to a constant conflict over constitutional wording and whether the republics or Moscow were supreme.

The republics began to assert their sovereignty over their regions: the first was Estonia in 1988, and the 14 others had followed by 1990. Native languages were readopted, instead of Russian. That alienated some large cities made up of Russian citizens, which led to attempts to create or recreate even smaller republics. The new governments continued the war of laws by rejecting new laws passed by Moscow and by creating their own. While sometimes the laws passed by the republics were contradictory, they were largely almost identical to those being passed in Moscow and formed a system of what was termed "parallel power."

For instance, Tatarstan, with a plurality population of Muslim Tatars, declared itself an independent state with the right to self-determination in 1990 and claimed ownership of its massive oil reserves. It set itself free of Russian law and Russian taxes,  as did many of Russia's 89 regions.

Dissolution of Soviet Union

As the splits became more and more pronounced, the Soviet government began speaking of returning to the status quo by means that would not have been considered earlier. Gorbachev responded to this by putting marketization and constitutional amendments on hold in order to focus on reorganizing the Soviet Union to maintain its unity. The New Union Treaty was made to give more control to the republics over their own affairs, an attempt to keep them in the Union. However, the act was far too late, and no amount of publicizing made the republics change their minds from withdrawal.

The vacuum of power that had been created was filled with the arrival of Boris Yeltsin, who attempted to gain support for himself and denounced Gorbachev. The Kremlin and Gorbachev responded with a censure of Yeltsin and his remarks.

The anti-government feelings were influenced further by the August Coup, which involved the attempted overthrow of Gorbachev. It was put down, but the destabilization reduced Gorbachev's power drastically. Control of the situation moved toward the republics, and Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were given independence. The 12 other republics settled on much less strict forms of Soviet governance. The Soviet Union was declared to have ended officially with the signing of the Belavezha Accords between Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

The result of the signing was the Commonwealth of Independent States, which still exists, and the resignation of Gorbachev. He was replaced by Yeltsin, new leader of Russia.

Issues in new Russia

While Yeltsin's rise was timely and seemed to express a new future for Russia, he faced considerable opposition in implementing laws vital to the continuance of Russia. The members who had been Soviets were largely stripped of power and replaced with other Russian citizens, but many Soviets were able to switch over to a nationalist stance and retain their positions.

After the new government reorganized itself, Yeltsin found himself in a position that should have offered him the ability to change Russia as he saw fit, but it was undermined by the Russian Parliament. Another war of laws began between Yeltsin and parliament, a conflict that also trickled through the lower echelons of the government. Pressured to find a way to go around the Parliament, Yeltsin made major concessions to his subject regions with the signing of the Federal Treaty in an attempt to gain its favor in his legal battle. He even went further with the creation of the Russian Constitution, which gave more powers to the republics still affiliated with Russia.

The Georgia-Abkhazia War
Georgia, a country in the Caucasus, at the border of Europe and Asia, has frequently been the source of conflict in recent decades. The conflicts have arisen between itself and its seceded partially-recognized republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The ongoing war between Georgia and Abkhazia has resulted in repeated interventions from Russia, the regional power.

Abkhazia was originally part of Soviet Georgia, and its people were under the rule of the Georgian government and thus under the rule of Stalinist Russia. The population transfer of Russians to Georgia and then the further transfer of Georgians to Abkhazia raised nationalistic fears there. Petitions to Moscow to allow separation went unanswered, but a policy preferential toward the Abkazians began to emerge. The ethnic tension that resulted, especially during détente, was a sign of the upcoming war.

In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union began showing signs of its imminent fall. In 1988 the creation of numerous national movements in both countries often had them threaten each other. Georgia began the movement of separation from Russia at the expense of the Abkhazians. In response, the Abkhazians officially announced their secession from the Georgia.

The Soviet intervention on April 9, 1989, resulted in the "Tbilisi Massacre". The event pushed the Abkhazians even further from Georgia in an effort to show themselves as pro-Soviet and the Georgians as offending anticommunists. In an effort to stave off further resentment against itself by invading again, Russia left the region to its own whims. What came was a war of laws between Georgia and Abkhazia.

Russia's modern War of Laws

With Vladimir Putin's rise to presidency in 2000, a much more rigid, "unified" Russia was expected to form. While the constituent republics had obtained a large amount of autonomy and sovereignty after the Soviet collapse, their constitutions still considered them to be unified with Russia in one form or another. Putin's presidency led to the passing of several regulations pushing reintegration.

Tatarstan was the republic that led the way for regional autonomy, the main region pushing for the policy of "official asymmetry." That stance was imperiled by the creation of legislation known as "federal intervention" in which the Russian president can remove any leader of a republic and dissolve the republic's legislature if the region twice refuses to obey court decisions in Moscow.

In response, the courts were bombarded with cases in an attempt to change the law, but that led only to further disintegration of laws protecting the regions. Tatarstan was forced to reword its constitution to foster closer ties with the Russian government. The capital, Kazan, made those conciliatory moves but remained somewhat independent in some forms. However, nationalist movements sprouted among the people and the reintegration of Tatarstan became one filled with strife and conflict.

References

Dissolution of the Soviet Union


Wainfelin is a suburb of Pontypool in the county borough of Torfaen, in south-east Wales.

Demographics
At the United Kingdom Census 2001 demographics showed:
Population 2,422 (Torfaen 90,949)
49.2% Male, 50.8% Female
Ages
21.4% aged between 0-15
40.7% aged between 16-44
21.4% aged 45–59/64
16.5% of pensionable age

References

Suburbs of Pontypool
Electoral wards of Torfaen


Ferenc Cseh (Budapest, 22 October 1943 – San Jose, California, 16 July 2018) was a Hungarian sprint kayaker who competed in the late 1960s. He won two medals at the 1966 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in East Berlin with silver in the K-1 4 x 500 m and a bronze in the K-2 1000 m events.

References

Hungarian male canoeists
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
1943 births
2018 deaths
20th-century Hungarian people


New York State Route 104 is an east–west state highway in western and central New York, United States, that was established in the early 1970s.

New York State Route 104 may also refer to:
New York State Route 104 (early 1930s) in Queens and Nassau counties
New York State Route 104 (1932–1936) in Westchester County


Pieter Willem van der Horst (born 4 July 1946) is a scholar and university professor emeritus specializing in New Testament studies, Early Christian literature, and the Jewish and Hellenistic context of Early Christianity.

Education and career
Van der Horst was born in Driebergen, Netherlands. He studied classical philology and received a doctorate in theology in 1978. From 1969 to 2006, he was a research assistant, junior and senior lecturer, and full professor at the Faculty of Theology of Utrecht University. He is an editor of the series Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature, published by Walter de Gruyter. He became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1994.

"Jewish cannibalism" controversy

In 2006, van der Horst became embroiled in a controversy over his retirement lecture, "The Myth of Jewish Cannibalism," which traced the development of this antisemitic theme from the Hellenistic period through the Middle Ages to Nazism. He planned to conclude by examining the resurgence of the cannibalism myth in contemporary Islamic media, including cartoons, television programs, and sermons, particularly in Iran, Syria, and Palestine. The text of the lecture was reviewed in advance by Utrecht University administrators. According to van der Horst, he was asked by the dean of faculty to delete the passage on what he prefers to call "Islamic Jew hatred." She found the contemporary portions of the lecture to be "pamphlet-like" and "unscientific." When he declined to edit, the dean referred the matter to the rector magnificus Willem Hendrik Gispen, the university's chief administrator. Van der Horst was then asked to appear before a committee composed of the rector, two deans of faculty, and Bas de Gaay Fortman, who holds Utrecht's unique chair of Political Economy of Human Rights. The administration, while not disputing van der Horst's reconstruction of the chain of events, has maintained that he misunderstood the content of that meeting. Van der Horst says that he was given three reasons for editing his lecture:

Van der Horst said that he was given 24 hours to edit the lecture, and left the meeting "in a state of total confusion." In a guest column for The Wall Street Journal, he wrote that he had decided, with no independent means to verify any potential risk to himself or others, to proceed with an expurgated version. Because of the challenge to his academic reputation, he said, he also asked several colleagues, including three professors of Islamic Studies he left unnamed, to review his work from a scholarly perspective. According to van der Horst, none found weakness in the scholarship, nor any statements offensive to Islam, Muhammad, or the Qur'an.

Van der Horst delivered his "castrated" valedictory speech 16 June 2006.

Media reaction
The next day, the incident began to receive Dutch media coverage. The deleted passages were published by the daily newspaper Trouw, which had been contacted by van der Horst's fellow professors. These included passages that van der Horst himself identified as "polemic" involving the connection between German fascism and "Islamic vilification of Jews" in the contemporary Middle East, with statements such as "the Islamisation of European antisemitism is one of the most frightening developments of the past decades."

On 22 June rector magnificus Gispen responded to the controversy in an interview with NRC Handelsblad, another Dutch daily. Gispen maintained that neither "Islamophobia" nor censorship was at issue, but rather the quality of van der Horst's work. He attributed van der Horst's response to resentment over having to retire and the "marginalization" of his academic department.

Van der Horst's Wall Street Journal column was published on 30 June. In it, he asserted that despite the publication of the unexpurgated version of his lecture in multiple media outlets, he "did not receive a single negative, let alone threatening, Muslim reaction," though some had criticized him for overgeneralization.

The incident has been compared to Utrecht University's handling of accusations against Peter Debye, the Nobel laureate after whom the university's Institute of Physics & Chemistry had been named. Debye's name was removed following allegations that he had collaborated with the Nazis while director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin during the 1930s. Gispen himself acknowledged that his position toward van der Horst's lecture had been influenced by the Debye controversy.

Dutch media covered the controversy through news stories and in editorials; the positions of both the rector and van der Horst received support. French media are alleged to have underreported the incident, but French commentator Paul Landau stated strongly that in his opinion it "illustrated the level of 'dhimmitude' elite universities in many European countries have come to today. … Wake up, Erasmus, they've become fools."

Van der Horst went on to publish "The Myth of Jewish Cannibalism: A Chapter in the History of Antisemitism" in Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (English Series), vol. 8 (2008). He traces the origin of the belief — that Jews murder a non-Jew each year to ritually consume the entrails and blood — to Apion, a 1st-century Alexandrian scholar who constructed the myth as a conflict between the civilizing Egyptian deity Isis and the god of the Jews.

Selected works
In addition to numerous articles, van der Horst has published, edited or contributed to the following books:
An Alexandrian Platonist against Dualism: Alexander of Lycopolis' Treatise 'Critique of the Doctrines of Manichaeus'. Translation with introduction and notes with J. Mansfeld. Brill 1974. Limited preview online.
The Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides. Introduction and commentary. Brill, 1978. Limited preview online.
Miscellanea Biblica: Seven Months' Children in Jewish and Christian Tradition. Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 1978.
Chaeremon, Egyptian Priest and Stoic Philosopher: The Fragments Collected and Translated. Brill, 1984. Limited preview online.
Aelius Aristides and the New Testament. Brill Archive, 1980. Limited preview online.
The Jews of Ancient Crete. Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies, 1988.
Jews and Christians in Aphrodisias in the Light of Their Relations in Other Cities of Asia Minor. Theologische Faculteiten der Rijksuniversiteiten, 1989.
Studies on the Testament of Job. With Michael A. Knibb. Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Studies on the Hellenistic Background of the New Testament. With Gerard Mussies. Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1990.
Essays on the Jewish World of Early Christianity. Universitätsverlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1990.
Ancient Jewish Epitaphs: An Introductory Survey of a Millennium of Jewish Funerary Epigraphy (300 BCE-700 CE). Peeters Publishers, 1991. Limited preview online.
"Jewish Poetical Tomb Inscriptions." In Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy. Editor with J. W. van Henten. Brill, 1994. Limited preview online.
The Birkat Ha-minim in Recent Research. T. & T. Clark, 1994.
Aspects of Religious Contact and Conflict in the Ancient World. Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid Universiteit Utrecht, 1995.
Polyhistor: Studies in the History and Historiography of Ancient Philosophy: Presented to Jaap Mansfeld on His Sixtieth Birthday. Editor with Keimpe A. Algra and David T. Runia. Brill, 1996. Essays from twenty-two contributors. Limited preview online.
Hellenism Judaism Christianity: Essays on Their Interaction. Peeters Press, 1998. Limited preview online.
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (DDD). Editor with Karel van der Toorn and Bob Becking. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, 2nd edition. Limited preview online.
Prayers from the Ancient World: Greco-Roman, Jewish, and Christian Prayers. With Gregory E. Sterling. University of Notre Dame Press, 2000. Sixty Greco-Roman, Jewish, and early Christian prayers spanning 700 BC to AD 500.
Japheth in the Tents of Shem: Studies on Jewish Hellenism in Antiquity. Peeters Publishers, 2002. Limited preview online.
"Anti-Samaritan Propaganda in Early Judaism." In Persuasion and Dissuasion in Early Christianity, Ancient Judaism, and Hellenism. Editor with Maarten J. J. Menken, Joop F. M. Smit, Geert Van Oyen. Peeters Publishers, 2003. Limited preview online.
Philo's Flaccus: The First Pogrom. Introduction, translation, and commentary. Brill, 2003. Limited preview online.
Jews and Christians in Their Graeco-Roman Context. Mohr Siebeck, 2006. Limited preview online.
“Jewish Cannibalism: The History of an Antisemitic Myth”. Telos 144 (Fall 2008). New York: Telos Press.
Early Jewish Prayers in Greek: A Commentary. With Judith H Newman. Walter De Gruyter, 2008. Text, translation, and commentary for twelve Jewish prayers composed by Greek-speaking communities.

Van der Horst was honored with the publication of Empsychoi Logoi: Religious Innovations in Antiquity. Studies in Honour of Pieter Willem van der Horst (Leiden: Brill, 2008), as part of the series Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity. The volume was edited by Alberdina Houtman, Albert de Jong, and Magda Misset-van de Weg.

References

Further reading
Gerstenfeld, Manfred. "Utrecht University: The Myth of Jewish Cannibalism, Censorship, and Fear of Muslim Intimidation." Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, September 2008, online.
Koelewijn, Jannetje. "'Ik ben niet bang en van censuur is geen sprake': Rector magnificus Gispen over zijn ingrijpen bij afscheidsrede." NRC Handelsblad, 22 June 2006. English via Google Translate.
 Pieter W. van der Horst, "Tying Down Academic Freedom," Wall Street Journal 30 June 2006 online and archive. Text of the column also reprinted by the Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship, SAFS Newsletter 44 (September 2006), pp. 7–8, downloadable .

External links
Official website
 The text of the lecture "De mythe van het joodse kannibalisme" (in Dutch) in its modified form is available online.
 The uncut text of the lecture (in Dutch) is downloadable only.

1946 births
Living people
Blood libel
Dutch critics of Islam
Dutch biblical scholars
Dutch historians of religion
Judaic scholars
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Driebergen-Rijsenburg
Academic staff of Utrecht University


Saint-Gédéon may refer to:

 Saint-Gédéon, Quebec, a municipality in Lac-Saint-Jean-Est Regional County Municipality, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada
 Saint-Gédéon-de-Beauce, Quebec, a municipality in Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality, Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec, Canada


Lunan Ruben Gabrielsen (born 10 March 1992) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Lillestrøm.

Club career

Early career
He started his career in Kapp IF, always playing with the older teams. Toten came to collect him, and went from there to Gjøvik-Lyn. After half a season on the senior team he was signed by Lillestrøm, featuring for their B team in the 2. divisjon.

Lillestrøm
On 4 April 2009 Gabrielsen became the youngest ever Lillestrøm player to debut in the Eliteserien in a game against Aalesunds at the age of 17 years and 25 days.

Molde
In July 2014, Gabrielsen joined Molde and signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with the club. He made his debut in the first leg of the UEFA Europa League third qualifying round tie against Zorya Luhansk on 31 July 2014. With Molde, Gabrielsen won a double in the 2014 season after Molde became champions of both the 2014 Tippeligaen and the 2014 Norwegian Football Cup. In February 2017, Gabrielsen extended his contract till the end of the 2019 season. In 2017, Gabrielsen succeeded Joona Toivio as club captain. After the end of the 2019 season, he left the club on a free transfer.

Toulouse
On 23 December 2019, Gabrielsen signed a three-year contract with Toulouse.

On 31 August 2021, Gabrielsen joined Danish side Copenhagen on a loan until 31 December 2021.

Austin FC
On 24 January 2022, Gabrielsen signed a two-year deal with Major League Soccer club Austin FC ahead of their 2022 season.

Return to Lillestrøm
On 5 January 2023, Gabrielsen was transferred to Lillestrøm for his second spell at the club.

International career
Gabrielsen was born in Norway to a Cameroonian mother and Norwegian father. Gabrielsen was called up to the senior Norway squad for a friendly against Belgium in June 2016.

Career statistics

Honours
Molde FK
 Tippeligaen/Eliteserien: 2014, 2019
 Norwegian Cup: 2014
F.C. Copenhagen
 Danish Superliga: 2022

References

1992 births
Living people
People from Østre Toten
Norwegian men's footballers
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Norway men's international footballers
Norwegian people of Cameroonian descent
FK Gjøvik-Lyn players
Lillestrøm SK players
Molde FK players
Toulouse FC players
Austin FC players
F.C. Copenhagen players
Eliteserien players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Danish Superliga players
Men's association football defenders
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in France
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
Footballers from Innlandet


The Age of Enlightenment dominated advanced thought in Europe from about the 1650s to the 1780s. It developed from a number of sources of “new” ideas, such as challenges to the dogma and authority of the Catholic Church and by increasing interest in the ideas of science, in scientific methods. In philosophy, it called into question traditional ways of thinking. The Enlightenment thinkers wanted the educational system to be modernized and play a more central role in the transmission of those ideas and ideals. The development of educational systems in Europe continued throughout the period of the Enlightenment and into the French Revolution. The improvements in the educational systems produced a larger reading public which resulted in increased demand for printed material from readers across a broader span of social classes with a wider range of interests. After 1800, as the Enlightenment gave way to Romanticism, there was less emphasis on reason and challenge to authority and more support for emerging nationalism and compulsory school attendance.

History of education

Before the Enlightenment, European educational systems were principally geared for teaching a limited number of professions, e.g., religious orders such as priests, brothers, and sisters, health care workers such as physicians, and bureaucrats such as lawyers and scribes, and they were not yet greatly influenced by the scientific revolution. As the scientific revolution and religious upheaval broke traditional views and ways of thinking of that time, religion and superstition were supplanted by reasoning and scientific facts. Philosophers such as John Locke proposed the idea that knowledge is obtained through sensation and reflection. This proposition led to Locke's theory that everyone has the same capacity of sensation, and, therefore, education should not be restricted to a certain class or gender. Prior to the 17th and 18th centuries, education and literacy were generally restricted to males who belonged to the nobility and the mercantile and professional classes. In England and France, “idealized notions of domesticity, which emphasized the importance of preparing girls for motherhood and home duties, fuelled the expansion of schooling for girls.”

Educational ideas
John Locke in English and Jean Jacques Rousseau in French authored influential works on education. Both emphasized the importance of shaping young minds early.  By the late Enlightenment, there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American and French Revolutions.

Enlightenment children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphical methods that originated during the Renaissance. The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries was associationism; the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines. It offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society.

Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala, Glasgow and Edinburgh. the faculty and graduates of these universities, especially Glasgow and Edinburgh, centres of the Scottish Enlightenment, had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and, later, the American Republic. Glasgow led the way,  in moral philosophy, notably with Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith, and Thomas Reid.

However, in general the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier.

Growth of the education system

Literacy
 Education was once considered a privilege for only the upper class. However, during the 17th and 18th centuries, “education, literacy and learning” were gradually provided to “rich and poor alike”. The literacy rate in Europe from the 17th century to the 18th century grew significantly. The definition of the term "literacy" in the 17th and 18th centuries is different from our current definition of literacy. Historians measured the literacy rate during the 17th and 18th century centuries by people's ability to sign their names. However, this method of determining literacy did not reflect people's ability to read. This affected the women's apparent literacy rate prior to the Age of Enlightenment mainly because, while most women living between the so-called Dark Ages and the Age of Enlightenment could not write or sign their names, many could read, at least to some extent.

The rate of illiteracy decreased more rapidly in more populated areas and areas where there was mixture of religious schools. The literacy rate in England in the 1640s was around 30 percent for males, rising to 60 percent in the mid-18th century. In France, the rate of literacy in 1686-90 was around 29 percent for men and 14 percent for women, before it increased to 48 percent for men and 27 percent for women.

The increase in literacy rate was more likely due, at least in part, to religious influence, since most of the schools and colleges were organized by clergy, missionaries, or other religious organizations. The reason that motivated religions to help to increase the literacy rate among the general public was that the Bible was being printed in more languages and literacy was thought to be the key to understanding the word of God. “By 1714 the proportion of women able to read had risen, very approximately, to 25%, and it rose again to 40% by 1750. This increase was part of a general trend, fostered by the Reformation emphasis on reading the Scripture and by the demand for literacy in an increasingly mercantile society. The group most affected was the growing professional and commercial class, and writing and arithmetic schools emerged to provide the training their sons required”. The impact of the Reformation on literacy was, of course, far more dramatic in Protestant areas. Therefore, literacy rates in predominantly Protestant Northern Europe rose much more quickly than those in predominately Catholic southern Europe. The Jesuits, who were the product of the Catholic Counter Reformation contributed moderately to increased literacy in Catholic regions.

Prussian system
The Kingdom of Prussia introduced a modern public educational system designed to reach the entire population; it was widely copied across Europe and the United States in the 19th century. The basic foundations of the Prussian primary education system were laid out by Frederick the Great with his "Generallandschulreglement," a decree of 1763, drafted by Johann Julius Hecker. It mandated the schooling of all young Prussians, both girls and boys, to be educated by mainly municipality funded schools from age 5 until age 13 or 14. Prussia was among the first countries in the world to introduce a tax-funded and generally compulsory primary education. In comparison, compulsory schooling in France or Great Britain was not successfully enacted until the 1880s.

The Prussian system consisted of an eight-year course of primary education, called Volksschule. It provided not only basic technical skills needed in a modernizing world (as reading and writing), but also music (singing), religious (Christian) education in close cooperation with the churches and tried to impose a strict ethos of duty, soberness and discipline. Mathematic and calculus were not compulsory in the start and taking such courses was requiring additional payment by parents. Frederick the Great also formalized further educational stages, such as the Realschule and the highest stage, the gymnasium (state funded secondary school), which was used as university-preparatory school. The final examination, Abitur, was introduced in 1788, implemented in all Prussian secondary schools by 1812, and extended to all of Germany in 1871 and is in place till the present. Passing the Abitur was a pre-requisite to entering the learned professions and higher echelons of civil service. Generations of Prussian and as well German teachers, which in the 18th century often had no formal education and in the very beginning often were former petty officers without pedagogic training, tried to gain more academic recognition, training and better pay and played an important role in various protest and reform movements.

The Prussian system, after its modest beginnings, succeeded in reaching compulsory attendance, specific training for teachers, national testing for all students (of all genders), national curriculum set for each grade and mandatory Kindergarten. In 1810, Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers, which significantly raised the standard of teaching.

In the 18th century, states were paying more attention to their educational systems because they recognized that their subjects are more useful to the state if they are well educated. The conflicts between the crown and the church helped the expansion of the educational systems. In the eyes of the church and the state, universities and colleges were institutions that existed to maintain the dominance of one over the other. The downside of this conflict was that the freedom of thought on the subjects taught in these institutions was restricted. An educational institution was either a supporter of the monarchy or the religion, never both.

Also, changes in educational criteria for higher income professions such as lawyers and physicians became stricter, e.g., requirements to have certain educational experience before being licensed, helped to promote increases in the numbers of students attending universities and colleges.

Print culture

The explosion of the print culture, which started in the 15th century with Johannes Gutenberg's printing press, was both a result of and a cause of the increase in literacy. The number of books published in the period of the Enlightenment increased dramatically due to the increase in demand for books, which resulted from the increased literacy rates and the declining cost and easier availability of books made possible by the printing press. There was a shift in the percentages of books printed in various categories during the 17th century.

Religious books had comprised around 50% of all books published in Paris at that time. However, the percentage of religious books dropped to 10% by 1790 and there was an increase in the popularity of books such as almanacs. The scientific literature in French might have increased slightly but mostly it remained fairly constant throughout the 18th century. However, contemporary literature seems to have increased as the century progressed. Also, there was a change in the languages that books were printed in. Before the 18th century, a large percentage of the books were published in Latin. As time progressed, there was a decline in the percentage of books published in Latin. Concurrently, the percentage of books published in French, and other languages, increased throughout Europe.

Of course the importance of print culture to education is not simply about counting publication figures. Students had to use the books that were given to them and they had to use pen and paper to organise and make sense of the information that they were learning. In this sense print culture was closely tied to manuscript culture, particularly the skills and routines associated with note-taking. Perhaps one of the most notable accomplishments of Enlightenment educational systems is that they taught students how to efficiently manage information on paper, both in school and then in university.

Public libraries

During the Enlightenment period, there were changes in the public cultural institutions, such as libraries and museums. The system of public libraries was a product of the Enlightenment. The public libraries were funded by the state and were accessible to everyone for free.

Prior to the Enlightenment, libraries in Europe were restricted mostly to academies and the private collections of aristocrats and other wealthy individuals. With the beginning of state funded institutions, public libraries became places where the general public could study topics of interest and educate themselves. During the 18th century, the prices of books were generally too high for the average person, especially the most popular works such as encyclopedias. Therefore, the public libraries offered commoners a chance of reading literature and other works that previously could only be read by the wealthier classes.

Intellectual exchange

During the 18th century, the increase in social gathering places such as coffeehouses, clubs, academies and Masonic Lodges provided alternative places where people could read, learn and exchange ideas. In England, coffeehouses became public spaces where political, philosophical and scientific ideas were being discussed. The first coffeehouse in Britain was established in Oxford in 1650 and the number of coffeehouses expanded around Oxford.

The coffeehouse was a place for people to congregate, to read, to learn and to debate with each other. Another name for the coffeehouse is the Penny University, because the coffeehouse had a reputation as a place of informal learning. “The popularization of new ideas encouraged further changes in the habits and beliefs of many ordinary people. Reading clubs and coffeehouses allowed many urban artisans and businessmen to discuss the latest reform ideas.” Even though the coffeehouses were generally accessible, most of them did not allow women as customers. Clubs, academies, and Lodges, although not entirely open to the public, established venues of intellectual exchange that functioned as de facto institutions of education.

Education of girls and women

During the 17th century, there were a number of schools dedicated to girls, but the cultural norm was for girls to be informally educated at home. During the 18th century, there was an increase in the number of girls being educated in schools. This was especially true for middle-class families whose rising financial status and social aspirations made providing an aristocratic style of education for their daughters both desirable and possible.

In France, one of the most famous schools for girls was the Saint-Cyr, which was founded by Madame de Maintenon. Although the school Saint-Cyr was meant to educate women, it did not dare to challenge the traditional views towards women. Women were excluded from learning subjects such as science and politics. In October, 1795, France created “a National Institute and Normal Schools that excluded women from the professional study of Philosophy.” In Louise d'Épinay's, recollection of her childhood education, she pointed out that girls were not taught much of anything and that a proper education was considered to be inappropriate for the female sex.

Among the earliest published works to challenge notions of women of being the weaker intellectual sex was Francois Poulain de la Barre's De regalite des deux sexes (On the Equality of the Sexes) in 1673 in which he proclaimed "the mind has no sex". John Locke and d'Épinay, were to follow in arguing that women's apparent weakness and lack of accomplishment was due to debilitating expectations and poor education. It was a theme taken up by Germany's first woman medical doctor Dorothea Christiane Erxleben who wrote a Thorough Investigation of the Causes which Prevent the Female Sex from Studying (1742).

Locke's child-centred pedagogical theories are said to have "set the terms by which education was debated in eighteenth century Ireland", including for girls. In the 1760s, a primary exemplar of an enlightened approach to co-education was David Manson's self-styled "play school" in Belfast. In Manson's school, which has also been seen as foreshadowing some of the experiments usually ascribed to the new school of educationalists inspired by Rousseau, "young ladies received the same extensive education as the young gentlemen". They moved together in equal rank through the common play and academic hierarchy: queens alongside kings, duchesses alongside dukes, and ladies alongside lords, and both girls and boys attended a Saturday parliament.

Such practices were broadly consistent with the pedagogy later proposed by Mary Wollstonecraft. Her Vindication of the Rights of Woman, published in London and Dublin in 1791, was translated almost immediately in French and was printed in the United States. Like Rousseau she thought education should be based on espousing and exploring the natural abilities of a person, but protested his suggestion that this required women's education to be differentiated and tailored to a pre-emptive responsibility for care giving. Women's undoubted caring abilities, she argued, could only be enhanced, morally and intellectually, by securing girls equal education opportunities and not least in the skills of logical reasoning and abstract thinking through mastery of such subjects as mathematics, science, history, literature, and language.

Catherine the Great of Russia was a patron of women's education in Russia throughout the 18th century. Heeding to the advice of Ivan Betskoy, an educational reformer and close adviser, the Empress created separate boarding schools for both boys and girls. The Smolny Institute for Noble Girls in 1764 became the first higher learning institute for women in Europe, an institution that Catherine helped establish; the following year the Queen of Russia established the Novodevichii Institute, an all-female institute for the daughters of Russian commoners. Just as Frederick the Great oversaw the establishment of compulsory education in Prussia, Catherine contributed to the evolution of women's education on the continent and enabled for the further modernization of the Russian state during the Enlightenment.

Notes

Further reading
 Brockliss, L.W.B. 1987. French Higher Education in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 Butts, R. Freeman. A Cultural History of Western Education: Its Social and Intellectual Foundations (2nd ed. 1955) online
 Cook, T. G. The History of Education in Europe (1974)
 Cremin, Lawrence A. American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783 (1970)
 Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson. The History of Education: Educational Practice and Progress Considered as a Phase of the Development and Spread of Western Civilization (1920)  online
 Lawson, John, and Harold Silver. A social history of education in England (Routledge, 2013)
 Palmer, Joy A. et al. eds. Fifty Major Thinkers on Education: From Confucius to Dewey   (2001) online
 Ringer, Fritz. Education and Society in Modern Europe (1979); focus on Germany and France with comparisons to US and Britain
 Wardle, David. English popular education 1780–1970 (Cambridge UP, 1970)
 Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. Women's education in early modern Europe: a history, 1500–1800 (1999) online specialized topics

Primary sources
 Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson, ed. Readings in the History of Education (1920)

Informal education
 Cowan, Brian, 2005. Social life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse New Haven:Yale University Press.
 de Bellaigue, Christina. 2007. Educating Women – Schooling and Identity in England and France, 1800–1867 Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Darnton, Robert, 1982. The Literary Underground of the Old Regime. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
 "Education Overview (1754–1783)." American Eras. 8 vols. Gale Research, 1997–1998. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale.
 Education. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/179408/education
 Graff, Harvey J. (1987) The Legacies of Literacy: Continuities and Contradictions in Western Culture and Society (1987) from Middle Ages to present
 Greenhalgh, Liz, Worpole, Ken, & Landry, Charles. 1995. "libraries in a world of cultural change'' London: UCL Press.
 Hesse, Calra, 2001. "The Other Enlightenment: how French women became modern". Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Melton, James Van Horn. 2001. "The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe". Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.

Age of Enlightenment
History of education by period


The 2009–10 UCLA Bruins men's basketball team represented University of California, Los Angeles  during the 2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bruins were led by head coach Ben Howland and played their home games at Pauley Pavilion. They finished the season 14–18, 8–10 in Pac-10 play and lost in the semifinals of the 2010 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament. They were not invited to a post season tournament.

Recruiting class
 In November 2009, five student-athletes signed a national letters of intent to attend UCLA. They are Tyler Honeycutt, a 6-foot-8-inch, 190-pound guard/forward out of Sylmar, Calif. (Sylmar HS); Brendan Lane, a 6-foot-10-inch, 205-pound forward from Rocklin, Calif. (Rocklin HS); Mike Moser, a 6-foot-7-inch, 185 pound forward out of Portland, Oregon (Grant HS); Reeves Nelson, a 6-foot-7-inch, 220-pound forward out of Modesto, Calif. (Modesto Christian HS) and Anthony Stover, a 6-foot-10-inch, 210-pound center from La Cañada, Calif. (Windward HS).
 Tyler Lamb, Mater Dei's 6'4", 190-pound shooting guard, and Josh Smith, a 6'10", 280-pound center from Kentwood, have signed a letter of intent to play for UCLA next season. Lazeric Jones, of John A. Logan College, in Carterville, Illinois, is 6'1", 195 pounds, and he will be a junior for UCLA next year.

Roster

Schedule

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!colspan=9 style=|Exhibition

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!colspan=9 style=|Non-Conference Season

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!colspan=9 style=| Conference Season

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!colspan=9 style=| Pac-10 Tournament

See also
 2009–10 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings

Notes
 Freshman Jrue Holiday left the team to go to the NBA. Seniors Darren Collison, Josh Shipp and Alfred Aboya graduated.
 14 former UCLA players are on the NBA teams on opening day.
 Starter power forward Nikola Dragovic, who averaged 9.4points per game, is returning.
 November 20, 2009 – Dragovic was suspended for the November 20 and 23 games after the Los Angeles County District Attorney filed felony assault charges for an off-court altercation at a Hollywood concert.
 November 26, 2009 – UCLA's worst defeat in the Ben Howland era.
 November 29, 2009 - Long Beach State's first ever win over UCLA.
 December 1, 2009 - Head coach Ben Howland announced that by mutual agreement, sophomore forward Drew Gordon has left the team. Gordon would transfer at the end of the school quarter.
 Feb. 18, 2010 – Senior forward James Keefe's career at UCLA ends with a left shoulder injury.
 July 13, 2010 - Mustafa Abdul-Hamid has been named a recipient of the Pac-10 Postgraduate Scholarship for 2009-10.

References

UCLA Bruins men's basketball seasons
UCLA
NCAA
NCAA


The Buddhist Institute () is the principal Buddhist institution of the government of Cambodia.

The current director is Nguon Van Chanthy. Its primary facilities are located in Phnom Penh.

History

It was founded on May 12, 1930 by King Sisowath Monivong of Cambodia, King Sisavong Vong of Laos, the Governor General of Indochina Pierre Pasquier and head of the École française d'Extrême-Orient, George Coedes.

Organization
Administrative Department
Tripitaka Commission
Mores and Customs Commission
Library
Bookstore

See also
 Pāli Canon (Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka & Abhidhamma Pitaka)
 Early Buddhist Texts
 Pali literature & Palm-leaf manuscript
 List of Pali Canon anthologies
 Theravada Buddhism
 International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University
 State Pariyatti Sasana University, Yangon
 State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay
 Dhammaduta Chekinda University
 Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka
 Lumbini Buddhist University
 Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University
 Mahamakut Buddhist University
 Monastic schools in Myanmar
 International Buddhist Studies College
 Sitagu International Buddhist Academy
 Chittagong Pali College (Bangladesh)
 Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies (UK)
 Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies (Thailand)
 Buddhism in Cambodia

References

External links

Government agencies of Cambodia
Religious organisations based in Cambodia
Buddhism in Cambodia
Buddhist organizations
Religious organizations established in 1930
1930 establishments in Cambodia
Tripiṭaka
Organisations based in Phnom Penh
Buddhist libraries


Jules René Bourguignat (19 August 1829, Brienne-Napoléon, Aube – 7 April 1892) was a French malacologist, a scientist who studied mollusks. He served as secretary-general of the Société malacologique de France. He traveled widely, visiting, for example, Lake Tanganyika and North Africa. He reportedly defined 112 new genera and around 2540 new species of mollusks.

Taxa
Bourguignat named and described many genera and species of mollusks, including:
 Aspatharia Bourguignat, 1885, a genus of freshwater mussel.
 Bridouxia Bourguignat, 1885, a genus of freshwater snail.
 Lanistes alexandri Bourguignat, 1850, a species of freshwater snail.
 Reymondia Bourguignat, 1885, a genus of freshwater snail.
 Spekia Bourguignat, 1879, a genus of freshwater snail.

Bibliography
(partly in French)

1853–1880. Aménités malacologiques. Paris, 2 vol., 45 pl. regroupant 85 mémoires dans les domaines de la paléontologie, l'archéologie, la botanique et la malacologie.
1861–1862. Spicilèges malacologiques. Paris, 1 vol., 15 pl. regroupant 15 mémoires ; ils font suite aux Aménités.
1876–1885. Species novissimae Molluscorum in europaeo systemati detectae, notis diagnosticis succinctis breviter descriptae. Paris.
1852. Testacea novissima quae Cl. de Saulcy, in itinere per Orientem, annis 1850 et 1851, collegit. Lutetiae.
1853. Catalogue raisonné des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. F. de Saulcy, pendant son voyage en Orient. Paris, 4 pl.
1854. Monographie des espèces françaises du genre Sphaerium, suivie d'un catalogue synonymique des Sphéries constatées en France à l'état fossile. Bordeaux, 4 pl.
1860. Malacologie terrestre de l'île du Château d'If, près Marseille. Paris, 2 pl.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1860. Malacologie terrestre et fluviatile de la Bretagne. Paris, 2 pl.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1860. 	Methodus conchyliologicus denominationis.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1861. Étude synonymique sur les mollusques des Alpes maritimes publiés par A. Risso en 1826. Paris: J.B. Baillière. (at Internet Archive)
1862. Malacologie du Lac des Quatre-Cantons et de ses environs. Paris, 4 pl.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1862. Paleóntologie des mollusques terrestres et fluviales de l'Algeie. Paris.
1863. Monographie du nouveau genre français Moitessieria. Paris, 2 pl.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1863–1870. Mollusques nouveaux, litigieux ou peu connus. Paris, 2 vol., 49 pl. regroupant 12 décades ; ils font suite aux Spicilèges.
 1863. Volume 1.
 1865. Volume ?
1864. Malacologie de Grande Chartreuse. Paris, 103 p., 17 pl.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1864. Malacologie d'Aix-les-Bains. Paris, 86 p., 3 pl.
1864. Malacologie de l'Algérie, ou Histoire naturelle des animaux Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis jusqu'à ce jour dans nos possessions du nord de l'Afrique. Paris, 58 pl. et 5 cartes.
1865. Monographie du nouveau genre Paladilhia. Paris, 21 p., 1 pl.
1866. Recherches sur la distribution géographique des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles en Algérie et dans les régions circonvoisines. Ann. Sc. nat. Zool. V, Paris, 2 cartes.
1869. Catalogue des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles des environs de Paris, à l'époque quaternaire. Paris, 32 p., 3 pl.
1869. "Inscriptions romaines de Vence", Paris, Bibliotheca Regia Monacensis.
1876–1877. Histoire des Clausilies vivantes et fossiles de France. Ann. Sc. nat. Zool. (4–6). Paris.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1876. Species novissimae Molluscorum in Europaeo systemati detectae : notis diagnosticis succinctis breviter descriptae.
1877. Aperçu sur les espèces françaises du genre Succinea. Paris.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1880. Monographie du genre Emmericia. Angers: Lachèse et Dolbeau.
1880. Recensement des Vivipara du système européen. Paris.
1880–1881. Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire des Mollusques Acéphales du système européen. Poissy, 2 fascicules.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1883. Aperçu sur les Unionidae de la péninsule italique. Paris, Imprimerie de Jules Tremblay.
1883. Histoire malacologique de l'Abyssinie. Paris, 5 pl. et 1 carte.
  Bourguignat J. R. 1884. Histoire des mélaniens du système européen. Paris, Librairie des sciences naturelles, Paul Klincksieck.
 Bourguignat J. R. (1885). Notice prodromique sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Victor Giraud dans la region méridionale du lac Tanganika. Paris. 110 pp.

References

 Open Library List of principal works by Bourguignat.

Further reading
  Georges Servain 1891. Oeuvres scientifiques de M.J.-R. Bourgignat: précédées d'une préface biographique. Paris: Impr. D. Dumoulin.

External links

French malacologists
People from Aube
1829 births
1892 deaths


Tomasz Chałas (born 20 July 1988 in Pruszków) is a Polish retired footballer who played as a forward.

Career

Club
As a youth, he trained at his hometown club Znicz Pruszków, with a brief spell at Agrykola Warszawa. In the fall of 2008 he joined Legia Warsaw's youth team playing in the Młoda Ekstraklasa. The contract was terminated by mutual agreement during the winter transfer window. He then signed a two-year deal with Znicz Pruszków in the Polish First League. In July 2010, he joined Górnik Zabrze in the Ekstraklasa.

In February 2011, he was loaned to Dolcan Ząbki on a half year deal. He returned to Górnik half a year later.

International
He was a part of Poland national under-21 football team.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's under-21 international footballers
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
II liga players
III liga players
Znicz Pruszków players
Górnik Zabrze players
Ząbkovia Ząbki players
Olimpia Elbląg players
Zawisza Bydgoszcz players
Pogoń Szczecin players
Kolejarz Stróże players
Stomil Olsztyn S.A. players
MKS Kluczbork players
Polonia Warsaw players
KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski players
People from Pruszków
Footballers from Masovian Voivodeship
Men's association football forwards


The North Macedonia ambassador in Washington, D.C. is the official representative of the Government of North Macedonia to the Government of the United States.

The United States formally recognized North Macedonia in 1994, with full diplomatic relations established in 1995. The embassy was formed and the first ambassador sent to the U.S. in the same year, as the administration of Bill Clinton recognized the government of Prime Minister Branko Crvenkovski in Skopje (North Macedonia).

List of representatives

References

United States
North Macedonia


Emanuel Reynoso (born 1 February 1983 in Mendoza) is an Argentine football striker. He currently plays for Deportivo Maipú of the Torneo Argentino A of Argentina.

Reynoso started playing in Godoy Cruz, where it passes in each of the lower divisions, and made his debut in 2001.

In 2003, Reynosa went to Club Atlético Juventud Unida of the Torneo Argentino A equivalent to the Third Division Argentina, then march to Deportivo Maipú of the Torneo Argentino B, which is contained.

He did this after playing in the Universidad de Concepción of the First Division of Chile, where he was top scorer of the team.

He went by Deportivo Azogues in Ecuador, where he played in the Ecuadorian championship 2008.

In 2008, he returned to Deportivo Maipú.

External links
 BDFA profile

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Mendoza, Argentina
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
C.D. Universidad de Concepción footballers
Huracán de Tres Arroyos footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador


David J. Leffell, MD, was born in 1956 in Montreal, Canada and educated at Yale. Leffell is an internationally recognized expert in skin cancer and the Mohs technique, plastic reconstruction, and new technologies in dermatology. He specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer.  He is the David Paige Smith Professor of Dermatology and Surgery, chief of Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, and former Deputy Dean for Clinical Affairs at Yale University School of Medicine . In January 2012, Dr. Leffell stepped down as chief executive officer of the Yale Medical Group , after 15 years of leadership of the organization. He serves on the board of Validus Pharmaceuticals and is a trustee of  The Hopkins School, one of America's oldest independent schools.

Research
While still in medical training, Leffell developed and patented a laser method for measuring the aging of skin. With Douglas Brash and others he has also published work that clarifies the genetic basis of the cancer-causing ultraviolet rays of the sun. This work represented proof that an environmental agent could directly be linked to a genetic injury that causes cancer . Leffell was a member of the international team that discovered PTC1, a tumor suppressor gene that plays a critical role in the development of hereditary and sporadic basal cell cancer. He shares patents for the PTC gene and PTCH protein. In 2012, GenentechRoche introduced an oral medication based on the related hedgehog pathway  Leffell also invented a simple office-based method for the treatment of vitiligo, a depigmenting disorder for which treatment is otherwise limited. In collaboration with Susan Mayne, PhD at the Yale School of Public Health, Leffell has researched the role of tanning parlors in the development of skin cancer in young women.

Publications
Dr. Leffell is the author or co-author of more than 130 publications, book chapters, and other media. He is an editor of the world's leading textbook of dermatology, Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. He is also author of Manual of Skin Surgery (English and Chinese editions), a highly illustrated textbook of fundamental skin surgery for medical students, residents, and all specialties involved in skin surgery. A second English edition was published in 2012 Manual of Skin Surgery. Leffell also wrote Total Skin: The Definitive Guide to Whole Skin Care for Life, a "user-friendly" book intended to educate the general public about skin health. The book, originally published by Hyperion in 2000 has become a standard reference for the lay public on all aspects of skin health and disease and is now available as an ebook Totalskinandhealth.  He has held editorial positions with many dermatology journals, including  the Archives of Dermatology, The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, and Medical & Surgical Dermatology and is on the editorial board of Faculty of 1000. Leffell also appears extensively in print, on television, on the radio and on the web. In addition to medical publications, Leffell has appeared in The Enlightened Bracketologist with a chapter on Longevity and the Final Four of Everything writing on ways to enhance and preserve a youthful appearance. In 2011 Leffell published Connecticut Pastoral, a collection of photographs of the Connecticut Berkshires (Gaoh Press). In 2012, with colleagues Sumaira Aasi, MD of Stanford and Rossitza Lazova, MD of Yale, Leffell published  Atlas of Practical Mohs Histopathology.

Yale Medical Group
Leffell has held successive leadership positions in the clinical practice at Yale since 1996. The group practice currently includes more than 900 full-time Yale School of Medicine faculty physicians who practice in more than 60 locations throughout the state of Connecticut. Leading a  team of operations and strategic executives he focused on developing a patient-centered approach in a large, complex specialty organization. In addition to overseeing a major branding initiative (converting the Yale faculty practice to the Yale Medical Group) and professionalizing the business operations of the organization, he spearheaded initiatives focused on enhanced patient service and integration of clinical research and clinical trials with the clinical practice. Leffell also oversaw the development of the medical billing compliance program and initiated the first program for faculty on the "Business of Medicine". Stephen Rimar, MD, who helped develop the program published one of the first textbooks of its kind  based on the multidisciplinary lectures intended to provide practicing clinicians with fundamental knowledge of business.  In 2010, with colleagues at Yale New Haven Hospital, he led the selection of Epic as the electronic medical record for Yale School of Medicine and the Yale New Haven Health System. Leffell reported on the effort in the CEO Newsletter of the Yale Medical Group. Leffell also believes that the cost/value paradox of academic medical centers is sustainable but requires thoughtful change. The centers, which represent huge capital investment, will always be the high cost providers of healthcare but will also be the source of cost-reducing innovation in medical care. The essay The Ostrich and the Wolf appeared in a  communication to the faculty and staff of the Yale Medical Group.

Education
Dr. Leffell received his undergraduate degree in biology from Yale College where he was on the editorial board of the Yale Daily News and a resident of Pierson College. He returned to Montreal to attend McGill University Faculty of Medicine where he received his MD, CM degree in 1981. He completed residencies in internal medicine at Cornell Cooperating Hospitals and in dermatology at Yale New Haven Hospital. At Yale, he also completed a post-doctoral research year as a National Institutes of Health research fellow. Following his residencies, he completed a fellowship in advanced dermatologic surgery at the University of Michigan. Dr. Leffell founded the Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology program at Yale in 1988.

References

1956 births
Yale School of Medicine faculty
McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni
Living people
Yale College alumni
University of Michigan Medical School alumni


Wynter (Wynter Gordon) is an American singer.

Wynter may also refer to:

People
Angela Wynter, British actress
Andrew Wynter, English physician
Bryan Wynter, British painter
Curtis Wynter, English football player
Dana Wynter, American actress
Danny Lee Wynter, British actor
Ed Wynter, Australian rugby league footballer
Henry Wynter, Australian general
Iona Wynter, Jamaican athlete
Mark Wynter, English singer-actor
Paul Wynter, West Indian bodybuilder
Ray Wynter, West Indian cricketer
Sarah Wynter, Australian actress
Sylvia Wynter, Jamaican writer
Thomas Wynter, English priest and supposed son of Thomas Wolsey

Other
Wynter, a Marvel Comics character who is part of Gene Nation

See also
Winter (disambiguation)


This is a list of schools in Germany sorted by Specialization.

STEM
Saxony
 Martin-Andersen-Nexö-Gymnasium Dresden
Thuringia
 Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena

Languages
Thuringia
 Salzmannschule Schnepfenthal

Sports
Baden-Württemberg
 Helmholtz-Gymnasium Heidelberg

Arts
Saxony
 Kreuzschule Dresden
 Sächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musik "Carl Maria von Weber", Dresden
 Thomasschule zu Leipzig

Schools for gifted children
Baden-Württemberg
 Landesgymnasium für Hochbegabte Schwäbisch Gmünd
Bavaria
 Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium Munich
Saxony
 Landesschule Sankt Afra Meißen
Saxony-Anhalt
 Landesschule Pforta

See also
Education in Germany

Specialist


Endre Hazsik is a Hungarian sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1960s. He won a bronze medal in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1966 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in East Berlin.

References

Hungarian male canoeists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
20th-century Hungarian people


Tommy Sparks is the self-titled debut studio album from the musician Tommy Sparks. It contains 10 tracks written by Tommy Sparks and produced by Mike Crossey. It was released through Island Records on 11 May 2009 in the United Kingdom. The album features his singles "I'm A Rope" and "She's Got Me Dancing". The single "Miracle" was released in August.

Track listing

Music videos
"I'm a Rope", directed by Max Vitali
"She's Got Me Dancing", directed by Eric Wareheim
"Miracle", directed by Shelley Love

2009 debut albums
Island Records albums

References


The Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association (CCTGA) is a trade group for Christmas tree farmers in Canada. It was founded in 1972 and describes itself as an umbrella organization for the various provincial tree growers associations.

History
The Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association was founded in 1972 with Richard Lord as its first president. In Lord's view it was a forest products trade dispute with the United States in 1986 that brought the CCTGA "into its own". Twice the organization has run a donated Christmas tree program. Initiatives by the CCTGA in both 2007 and 2008 donated thousands of Christmas trees to the families of members of the armed forces serving in Afghanistan over the holiday season. The 2008 "Trees for Troops" program garnered mention in a speech by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper in Petawawa, Ontario on December 5.

Description
The CCTGA describes itself as the "umbrella organization" of the various provincial Christmas Tree Growers Associations in Canada. There are provincial associations in British Columbia,  New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and a prairie association with both Saskatchewan and Alberta members.

References

External links
Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association, official site

Christmas tree production
Trade associations based in Canada
Christmas organizations
Forest products companies of Canada


SOOD GANGAAL(Morah Darogha) is a village in [[Rawat, M
|Rawalpindi]], Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

References

Populated places in Murree District


The City University of New York (CUNY) system is the public university system of New York City.  CUNY consists of 11 senior colleges, 7 community colleges, 1 honors college and 7 postgraduate institutions. , CUNY is the United States' largest urban public university, with an enrollment of over 274,000 students.

CUNY and the State University of New York (SUNY) are different university systems, despite the fact that both are public institutions that receive funding from the state of New York. The 64 SUNY and 25 CUNY campus institutions are part of University of the State of New York (USNY). USNY is the governmental umbrella organization for most education-related institutions and many education-related personnel (both public and private) in the state of New York, and which includes, as a component, the New York State Education Department.

All of these schools are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, in addition to other program-specific accreditations held by individual campuses, such as Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business and Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs.

History

CUNY's history dates back to the formation of the Free Academy in 1847 by Townsend Harris. The school was fashioned as "a Free Academy for the purpose of extending the benefits of education gratuitously to persons who have been pupils in the common schools of the … city and county of New York". The Free Academy later became the City College of New York, the oldest institution among the CUNY colleges. From this grew a system of seven senior colleges, four hybrid schools, six community colleges, as well as graduate schools and professional programs. CUNY was established in 1961 as the umbrella institution encompassing the municipal colleges and a new graduate school.

Over the years, the configuration of the institutions of CUNY has changed.  The current College of Staten Island, the largest CUNY school by land area, is the result of a merger between Richmond College (upper-division college founded in 1965) and Staten Island Community College (lower-division college founded in 1955).  Lehman College was formerly a branch campus of Hunter College that was known as Hunter-in-the-Bronx.

The City College is the oldest institution of CUNY, having been founded in 1847. Established in 2018, the School of Labor and Urban Studies is the newest addition to the University.

Institutions

Notes
  Each college's founding year is linked to the category of all schools founded in that year
  Enrollment and Gender ratio data not provided for these units.

References

External links

CUNY website

New York, CUNY
Education in New York City
New York State Education Department
City University of New York
New York, CUNY


(also spelled Heimin Shimbun) was a socialist and anti-war daily newspaper established in Japan in November 1903, as the newspaper of the Heimin-sha group. It was founded by Kōtoku Shūsui and Sakai Toshihiko, as a pacifist response to the approaching Russo-Japanese War. When the newspaper that Kōtoku and fellow socialist Sanshirō Ishikawa had worked for, Yorozu Chūhō, endorsed the war, they resigned in protest to form the group.

Kōtoku Shūsui also served as one of the paper's editors. By the beginning of 1904, it was Tokyo's leading publication advocating socialism. Eighty-two people eventually expressed their allegiance to socialism in this publication. Multiple issues of the newspaper were banned by the Meiji government because they were deemed politically offensive, and editors were arrested, fined, and jailed. The paper ceased publication in 1905. The last issue, published in red, was printed on 18 January 1905. Kōtoku was imprisoned for five months starting in February 1905 due to his participation in the newspaper.

In January 1907, five socialists, including Kōtoku, Sakai, and Sanshirō, renewed the publication, but it was to fold again in April 1907, after a split between advocates of parliamentary reform and advocates of direct action. It was replaced by two newspapers, one for each faction, including the direct-actionist Ōsaka Heimin Shinbun which was published bi-monthly from June 1907 until May 1908 (renamed in November 1907 to Nihon Heimin Shinbun).

Two anarchist contributors to the initial newspaper, Uchiyama Gudō and Kōtoku Shusui, were later convicted and executed in the 1911 High Treason Incident.

In October 1914, the anarchists Ōsugi Sakae and Arahata Kanson attempted to revive Heimin Shinbun. Most issues of this version of the paper were banned by the government, and it was discontinued in March 1915.

After the Second World War, the Japanese Anarchist Federation revived the newspaper in June 1946, but the group collapsed in 1950.

See also
 Shinkigen Monthly
 Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan
 Anarchism in Japan

Notes

References

Further reading

1903 establishments in Japan
1905 disestablishments in Japan
Defunct newspapers published in Japan
Japanese-language newspapers
History of socialism
Newspapers published in Tokyo
Newspapers established in 1903
Publications disestablished in 1905
Socialist newspapers
Meiji socialism


The Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center is a museum located in Skokie, Illinois, near Chicago. According to the Center's mission statement, its founding principle is to "Remember the Past; Transform the Future." Its mission is to preserve the legacy of the Holocaust by honoring victims' memories and to educate in the service of combating hatred, prejudice, and indifference. The Museum fulfills its mission through its collections-based exhibitions and through education programs and other initiatives that promote human rights and the elimination of genocide.

History

The museum began in 1981 as the Holocaust Memorial Foundation of Illinois located in a storefront on Main Street in Skokie, Illinois. The foundation and small museum were established as a response to a Neo-Nazi group's attempt to march through Skokie, in which many Holocaust survivors had settled in the decades following the atrocities.

On April 19, 2009, the museum opened to the public in a new building with festivities including a keynote speech by Bill Clinton with Elie Wiesel in attendance. President Barack Obama spoke through a recorded video message, as did Shimon Peres, president of Israel.

Security arrangements at the museum were tightened after the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting on June 10, 2009. Currently, the museum's volunteers include members of the Action Reconciliation Service for Peace and the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service (since 2009) that work for the museum.

Take a Stand Center
In 2017, the museum opened the Take a Stand Center, four interactive galleries located within the space of the museum that includes interactive Holograms of Holocaust survivors. Connected to the holograph theater is an exhibit concerning organizations and individuals that have promoted human rights including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and such figures as Ruby Bridges and Malala Yousafzai.

Architecture

The museum's building was designed by Stanley Tigerman. The Interior and Exhibition were co-designed by Yitzchak Mais, a former director of Yad Vashem. The first-floor Holocaust exhibition is located next to the auditorium, the main entrance hall, information and membership desks, a coatroom, a gift shop, and a library.

The upper floor contains the remembrance areas, the art gallery, the upper part of the auditorium, and offices. The basement contains classrooms, an exhibition for children, an exhibition on the building's history, and a conference area.

The building's facade is notably two-toned, a black half that includes the entrance doors and a white half with the exit doors. This facade is located in a narrow alley and situated so that one cannot view the entire facade from any one location.

Location and access

The museum is located in the northwest corner of Skokie, west of the Edens Expressway (I-94). The nearest exit is Old Orchard Road. To the east of the museum is also an abandoned railroad right of way. This right of way is considered for a new CTA Yellow Line extension, with a new terminal station in the proximity of the museum. The museum is already accessible through several bus lines nearby: CTA lines 205 and 54A, and Pace lines 208 and 422.

See also
 History of the Jews in Chicago

References

Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, "Skokie Builds to Remember,” The Forward, April 24, 2009.

External links
 Illinois Holocaust Museum and Education Center

See also
 Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership:  Jewish educational and cultural center in Chicago

Museums established in 1981
Skokie, Illinois
Museum education
Skokie Controversy
Jews and Judaism in Chicago
Holocaust museums in the United States
Museums in Cook County, Illinois
Jewish museums in Illinois
2009 establishments in Illinois
1981 establishments in Illinois
Inductees of the Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame


C. Belmont Faries (June 3, 1913 – January 19, 1998), of Washington, D.C., was a philatelist who dedicated his entire career to editing philatelic publications.

Philatelic editing
Faries edited a number of philatelic journals including the SPA Journal (of the Society of Philatelic Americans), the Minkus Stamp and Coin Journal, and the U.S. Specialist. He contributed to various journals and publications, including Scott's Monthly Journal and Stamp Collector newspaper, and was the stamp hobby columnist for the Washington Star.

Philatelic activity
Belmont was a member of the Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee for the U.S. Post Office Department, and continued his work with the committee when it was reorganized as the U.S. Postal Service on July 1, 1971.

Honors and awards
Faries was awarded the Lagerloef Award by the Society of Philatelic Americans in 1969 and the Luff Award for Exceptional Contributions to Philately in 1992. He was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 2001.

Legacy
Faries donated his library, notes, and working papers to the American Philatelic Research Library.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References
 C. Belmont Faries

1913 births
1998 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
People from Washington, D.C.
American Philatelic Society


Rainbow Centre Factory Outlet was an enclosed outlet mall in downtown Niagara Falls, New York, that operated from July 2, 1982 to September 30, 2000. Its design was unusual in that it was contained within its own parking ramp, and opened directly into the now-demolished Wintergarden indoor botanical garden on its southern end. It was built, owned, and managed by the Cordish Company until October 2010, when CEO David Cordish personally donated the abandoned mall to Niagara County Community College for use as a culinary institute, student-run restaurant, and a Barnes & Noble bookstore. The Institute and bookstore opened in 2012.

History
The mall opened on July 2, 1982, as part of a failed Urban Renewal project. Initially, the mall was successful, but it did not turn a profit until 1990, when the original anchor, Beir's Department Store, was replaced with a Burlington Coat Factory and the majority of the mall tenants were replaced with outlet stores. The mall was a popular destination during downtown Niagara Falls' Festival of Lights throughout the 1980s and 1990s. However, by the late 1990s, The mall lost its designation as the most successful in Niagara Falls as the Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls renovated and became the more popular choice. The Rainbow Centre had received no updating since its opening, and simply could not compete with the Fashion Outlets. Burlington Coat Factory closed in 1999, and the entire mall closed in 2000, with all remaining tenants required to evacuate by September of that year. Shortly after closing, the Cordish Co. claimed the mall would be redeveloped into an entertainment complex, but these plans never came to fruition. Despite the closure of all the retail stores in 2000, the mall still remained open to foot traffic for a few years afterward due to the mall's off-track betting parlor remaining successful. Once the center closed in 2005, the mall was officially closed off to all foot traffic and fell into disrepair.  The interior of the mall was gutted in 2011 and the NCCC Culinary Institute and Barnes & Noble opened in the Southern 1/3 of the building on August 31, 2012. The other 2/3 of the structure were turned over to the city of Niagara Falls for future redevelopment. As of 2015 a resort named "Wonderfalls" is planned for the remaining space but development is not yet underway.

References

2000 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defunct shopping malls in the United States
Outlet malls in the United States
Shopping malls in New York (state)
Shopping malls established in 1982
Shopping malls disestablished in 2000
Buildings and structures in Niagara County, New York
The Cordish Companies
American companies disestablished in 2000
American companies established in 1982


Whitney is both a masculine and feminine given name.

Females

 Whitney Able (born 1982), American actress
 Whitney Adebayo (born 1997), English television personality
 Whitney Ashley (born 1989), American athlete
 Whitney Avalon, American actress
 Whitney Blake (1926–2002), American actress
 Whitney Bourne (1914–1998), American actress
 Whitney Chadwick (born 1943), American historian
 Whitney Conder (born 1988), American wrestler
 Whitney Cummings (born 1982), American comedian, actress and television producer
 Whitney Crothers Dilley, American professor
 Whitney Dylan (born 1976), American actress
 Whitney Engen (born 1987), American soccer player
 Whitney Gardner, Canadian author
 Whitney Gaskell (born 1972), American author
 Whitney Genoway (born 1986), Canadian water polo player
 Whitney Hedgepeth (born 1971), American backstroke swimmer who won two silver medals at the 1996 Summer Olympics
 Whitney Wolfe Herd (born 1989), American entrepreneur
 Whitney Houston (1963–2012), American singer and actress
 Whitney Issik, Canadian politician
 Whitney Jensen (born 1992), American ballet dancer
 Whitney Kershaw (born 1962), American actress
 Whitney McVeigh (born 1968), American artist
 Whitney Otto (born 1955), American novelist
 Whitney Port (born 1985), star of The City on MTV
 Whitney Rose (born 1986), American country musician
 Whitney Sloan (born 1988), British actress
 Whitney Thompson (born 1987), winner of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10
 Whitney Tyson, Filipino actress, singer and comedian.
 Whitney Udelson, American product manager
 Whitney Way Thore (born 1984), American television personality
 Whitney Westerfield (born 1980), American politician
 Whitney Williams, American businesswoman and political candidate

Males

 Whitney Anderson (born 1931), American politician
 A. Whitney Brown (born 1952), American actor, comedian, writer
 Whit Johnson (born 1982), American journalist
 Whitney Mercilus (born 1990), American football player
 Whitney North Seymour (1901–1983), American lawyer
 Whitney North Seymour Jr. (1923–2019), American politician
 Whitney Smith (1940–2016), American professional vexillologist
 Whitney Straight (1912–1979), American Grand Prix motor racing driver, aviator, businessman
 Whitney Young (1921–1971), American civil rights leader

Fictional characters
 Whitney, a fictional character from the Animal Crossing series
 Whitney, a fictional character from the PBS children's TV series Barney & Friends
 Whitney, a Gym Leader in the Pokémon series
 Whitney Dean, a fictional character in BBC soap opera EastEnders
 Whitney Conway Ellsworth, a fictional character on the HBO series Deadwood
 Whitney Russell, a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Passions
 Whitney Fordman, a fictional character on the TV series Smallville

See also

 Whitney (surname)
 Witney (name)

References

English given names
English-language unisex given names
English-language feminine given names
English-language masculine given names
English unisex given names
English feminine given names
English masculine given names
Feminine given names
Masculine given names
Unisex given names


The Great South Bay Bridge  is a bridge on the southwest side of Suffolk County, New York, on Long Island. It connects the Robert Moses Causeway from Long Island's mainland over the Great South Bay, connecting to Captree and Jones Beach islands. It serves as access via the Robert Moses Causeway to both of the downstream crossings, the State Boat Channel Bridge and the Fire Island Inlet Bridge, also leading visitors and on-lookers to either the Fire Island Lighthouse or the Robert Moses State Park.

History
The bridge was originally a single span, that opened in 1954 and was called the Captree Bridge. Today it carries southbound traffic.

In 1964, a second parallel span opened to traffic and carried northbound traffic. This brought much needed relief to traffic heading back from Jones Beach, Robert Moses, and Captree parks. The bridges are through trusses and are painted a traditional "bridge green".

In 1997, a major rebuild of the deck of the older span began and was completed in 2000. Safety compliant railings were installed on the older span. In 2013–2014, the northbound span received upgraded railings. Major improvements NYSDOT is considering is a cycle/pedestrian path shared with the northbound lanes. NYSDOT has not released any official plans.

See also

 State Boat Channel Bridge

References

External links
Great South Bay Bridge (Weather Underground.com)
Great South Bay Bridge (Historic Bridges of the United States)
Robert Moses Causeway @ NYCRoads.com

Bridges on Long Island
Road bridges in New York (state)
Truss bridges in the United States
Metal bridges in the United States
Bridges in Suffolk County, New York