The transgender rights movement is a movement to promote the legal status of transgender people and to eliminate discrimination and violence against transgender people regarding housing, employment, public accommodations, education, and health care. A major goal of transgender activism is to allow changes to identification documents to conform with a person's current gender identity without the need for gender-affirming surgery or any medical requirements, which is known as gender self-identification. It is part of the broader LGBT rights movements.

History

Identifying the boundaries of a trans movement has been a matter of some debate. Conventionally, evidence of a codified political identity emerges in 1952, when Virginia Prince, a trans woman, along with others, launched Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress. This publication is considered by some to be the beginning of the transgender rights movement in the United States, however it would be many years before the term "transgender", itself, would come into common usages.

In the years before the Stonewall riots, other actions for LGBT rights had taken place.

An early, but not widely known, action is the Cooper Do-nuts Riot of 1959 that took place in Downtown Los Angeles, when drag queens, lesbians, gay men, and transgender people who hung out at Cooper Do-nuts and who were frequently harassed by the LAPD fought back after police arrested three people, including John Rechy. Patrons began pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD called for backup and arrested several rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees were able to escape.

In August 1966 the Compton's Cafeteria riot occurred in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded LGBT-related riots in United States history. In an incident similar to Cooper's, drag queens, prostitutes, and trans people fought back against police harassment. When a transgender woman resisted arrest by throwing coffee at a police officer, drag queens poured into the streets, fighting back with their high heels and heavy bags. The next night, the regular patrons were joined by street hustlers, Tenderloin street people, and other members of the LGBT community in their stand against police violence. It marked the beginning of trans activism in San Francisco.

In 1969, the year of the Stonewall riots, the term transgender was not yet in use. But gender nonconforming people like drag king Stormé DeLarverie, and self-identified "street queen" Marsha P. Johnson were in the vanguard of the riots, with DeLarverie widely believed to be the person whose struggle with the police was the spark that set the crowd to fight back. Witnesses to the uprising also place early trans activists and members of the Gay Liberation Front, Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona along with Johnson, as combatants "in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police on the multiple nights of the rebellion.

Marsha P. Johnson later went on to co-found Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) with a close friend, Sylvia Rivera. Rivera's early definitions around trans were very broad, including all gender-nonconforming people.
Rivera continued to be an advocate for trans rights, and inclusion of protection for trans people in all LGBT rights legislation, until her death in 2002.

In the 1980s female to male (FTM) transsexuality became more broadly known.

In 1992 Leslie Feinberg printed and circulated a pamphlet titled "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come". Feinberg's pamphlet begins by calling on the trans community to compose their definitions, invoking language as a tool that unites people divided by oppression. From here, Feinberg traces the emergence of oppression imposed by the ruling class using institutions. These institutions, run by the elite, enforce a gender binary at the expense of communal societies that encouraged liberal gender expression. Women were devalued and effeminacy was disparaged to promote patriarchal economic privilege. According to Feinberg, the gender binary is a contrivance of Western civilization. Having acknowledged this, Feinberg encourages all humans to reclaim the natural continuum of gender expression that identifies trans individuals as sacred. Feinberg concludes by empowering the working class to liberate themselves from the ruling class, which can be achieved by directing the labor of marginalized groups towards the common goal of revolution.

During the early 1990s, travesti activism took off in Argentina, which established itself within the broader national LGBT movement as among the groups with the longest trajectory and impact.

In 1993, Adela Vázquez, a Latina transgender woman, protested in San Francisco over the government removing the transgender community from the workforce because they labeled them disabled. However, that situation is making some progress and is changing. In 2014, per The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force record, only 17 states (and the District of Columbia) in the United States of America have laws that protect individuals in the transgender community, which equals to about 45%. States that present these protections are: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Furthermore, there are organizations that are working to increase the numbers of States having these laws like: The Transgender, Gender Variant and Intersex Justice Project; The Transgender Law Center; and the National Center for Transgender Equality.

On December 31, 1993, a trans man named Brandon Teena was murdered in Nebraska along with two of his friends. This murder was documented in the 1999 movie Boys Don't Cry starring Hilary Swank as Brandon Teena.

With the publication of 1996's Transgender Warriors, Leslie Feinberg brought the word "transgender" more fully into use. Like Rivera, Feinberg also defined "transgender" very broadly, including drag queens and gender-nonconforming people from history. A dedicated communist, Feinberg included an analysis of many who are oppressed by the apparatus of capitalism.

Transgender Day of Remembrance, an annual day of remembrance to commemorate those murdered in transphobic hate crimes founded by transgender advocate, Gwendolyn Ann Smith, was first held in 1999 following the murder of Rita Hester in 1998. The "Remembering our Dead" web project was also set up in 1999.

In June 2012 CeCe McDonald was wrongfully imprisoned for having defended herself against Neo-Nazi attackers with a pair of scissors, which resulted in the death of one of her assailants. Her story was publicized by a GLAAD Media Award winning article in Ebony.com. Laverne Cox, openly trans actress on Orange Is the New Black, launched a campaign to raise the consciousness of cruel prison conditions for incarcerated trans individuals and rallied to free CeCe. After serving 19 months, she was released in January 2014.

 On March 26–27, 2013, LGBT activists gathered at the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C., to support marriage equality, but amid these demonstrations, one speaker was asked to edit their proceedings to conceal their trans identity, and the trans community was asked to lower their pride flags. This incident follows years of tension between activist groups, namely Human Rights Campaign and the trans community because the trans community is often neglected or blatantly excluded from events and political consideration. The incident resulted in a backlash and public criticism by the trans community. In response, activist groups apologized for the incident, and in 2014 HRC promised to energize efforts for promoting trans rights.

In Florida in March 2015, Representative Frank Artiles (R-Miami) proposed House Bill 583, which would ensure that individuals who enter public facilities such as bathrooms or locker rooms designated for those who are of the "other biological sex" could be jailed for up to 60 days. Artiles claims that it was proposed for the sake of public safety.

In September 2017, the Botswana High Court ruled that the refusal of the Registrar of National Registration to change a transgender man's gender marker was "unreasonable and violated his constitutional rights to dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, equal protection of the law, freedom from discrimination and freedom from inhumane and degrading treatment". LGBT activists celebrated the ruling, describing it as a great victory. At first, the Botswana Government announced it would appeal the ruling, but decided against it in December, supplying the trans man with a new identity document that reflects his gender identity.

A similar case, where a transgender woman sought to change her gender marker to female, was heard in December 2017. The High Court ruled that the Government must recognize her gender identity. She dedicated her victory to "every single trans diverse person in Botswana".

In 2023 trans rights protesters occupied the Oklahoma state capital after passage of Senate Bill 129

Issues of concern

Legislation regarding usage of public restrooms

In the United States, the "bathroom bill" issue first came to public attention in 2013 when the Colorado Civil Rights Division ruled in favor of transgender six-year-old student Coy Mathis' right to use the girls' toilet at her elementary school in Fountain, Colorado. The case, along with Mathis and her family, was again brought to public attention with the 2016 release of the documentary Growing Up Coy.

In the wake of the Mathis case, numerous states have put forth or passed legislation which obligates transgender people to use the public bathroom corresponding to their sex as assigned at birth. As of July 2017, sixteen states had considered such bills and one state, North Carolina, passed its bill into law. The North Carolina House Bill 2, or HB2, was passed into law in February 2017. HB2 quickly garnered attention as the first law of its kind and sparked high-profile condemnation, including cancellations of concerts and sporting events by Bruce Springsteen and the NCAA. In the midst of the controversy and the inauguration of a new governor of North Carolina, the bill was repealed by the state legislature on March 30, 2017.

Education

The treatment of transgender people in educational environments has often been a focal point of the movement's concern. In a survey of Canadian high schools conducted between 2007 and 2009, 74% of students who identified themselves as transgender reported having experienced verbal harassment over their gender expression, 37% reported physical harassment over their gender expression, and 49% of trans students reported at least one instance of sexual harassment within the last school year.

In 2013, Smith College, an all women liberal arts US college gained notoriety for denying admission to Calliope Wong, a transgender woman. Following the incident, the college's administration and student activists engaged in a protracted battle around transgender women's rights. The first women's college in the United States to open admission to transgender women was Mills College in the year of 2014 followed closely behind by Mount Holyoke in the same year. After Mills and Mount Holyoke, Simmons University, Scripps College, Bryn Mawr and Wellesley changed their policy to accept transgender students. Smith College and  Barnard College were the last US women's colleges to change their policies to admit transgender students effective on May and June 2015, respectively. Student activists at US women's colleges are credited for the introduction of more inclusionary policies allowing admission of trans women in spaces which historically have excluded them. Mount Holyoke remains gender-inclusive, admitting not only transgender women but also transgender men and non-binary people under its all-persons-but-cisgender-men policy.

Statistics of oppression

In a survey conducted by National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, called "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", respondents reported that 90% of them had experienced discrimination and harassment in the work place and at school. The trans community experiences rates of unemployment that are double the national average. Additionally, one out of every twelve trans women, and one out of every eight trans women of color, are physically attacked or assaulted in public.

Health care
In 2021 Alabama introduced house bill 1 the Vulnerable Child Compassion and Protection Act make it a felony for doctors to prescribe hormone blockers, delay or prevent puberty, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Arkansas introduced and passed HB1570 the Save Adolescents from Experimentation (SAFE) act. The SAFE act prohibits doctors from treating anyone under the age of 18 with gender-affirming care. North Carolina SB 514 and Oklahoma SB 676 implement similar medical bans as the previous bills but extend the age restriction to anyone under 21. In 2021, 33 states have introduced bills targeted at transgender individuals with the majority of them being similar to previous listed bills, these bills are aimed to limit access to healthcare for transgender individuals and youth.

People of color

Transgender people of color often face an identity that is under speculation, suspicion, doubt, and policing. Those within the trans community are often left out from the wealthy, able-bodied, American, and white experience that those in the non-trans community often focus on, and are subject to discrimination as a transgender person and as a person of color.

Historically, this is in part due to the rejection of an individual by family members at a young age. "The majority of transgender women of color", say Juline A. Koken, David S. Bimbi, and Jeffrey T. Parsons, "experience verbal and physical abuse at the hands of their family members upon disclosing their transgender identity."

As transgender women of color face both gender and racial discrimination, their experiences may be qualitatively different from white transgender women. African-American and Latino families are deeply rooted in religious tradition, which may lead to more socially conservative and rigid ideas about gender roles, homosexuality, and traditionalism. In addition, parents also worry that their children will face additional hardships as members of double minorities.

Some of the ways white transgender people have more privilege than those of their non-white counterparts include racialized violence, better pay, better representation and benefits from the mainstream media movement. According to a National Transgender Discrimination survey, the combination of anti-transgender bias and individual racism results in transgender people of color being 6 times more likely to experience physical violence when interacting with the police compared to cisgender White people, two-thirds of LGBT homicide victims being transgender women of color, and a startling 78% attempt suicide. Of the 17 homicides of trans and gender-nonconforming people in 2017 that the project has counted so far, 16 had been people of color; 15 had been transgender women; and 13 had been black transgender women. The NCAVP survey also found that trans survivors were 1.7 times more likely to be the victims of sexual violence than cisgender survivors. Transgender/non-conforming individuals also reported over four times the national average of HIV infection (2.64% compared to 0.6%, respectively) with rates for transgender women (3.76%) and those who are unemployed (4.67%) being even higher. Black transgender people were affected by HIV even more so than these averages; 20.23% of transgender individuals with HIV are black. According to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 41% of respondents reported attempting suicide compared to 1.6% of the general population with unemployment, low income, and assault (both sexual and physical) raising the risk factors.

The social stigma of being transgender is a cause for poor health care, which manifests into other areas of transgender people. Social determinants of health, including violence and discrimination, may result in negative personal psychological and physiological effects. The access to proper health care is essential in both the transitioning and resilience. In a study of resilience of transgender people of color, Jay, a 41-year-old FTM POC, stated he "had no place to turn to get help in transition—and worked five jobs trying to save money for surgery that [he] never knew if [he] would be able to afford." Another key factor to the resilience to opposition of transgender POC involved having a strong sense of pride in both ethnic and gender identities. Developing this sense of pride can be a process, which involves overcoming barriers such as transphobia and racism. However, once these barriers are in fact crossed, transgender POC can start to see themselves in a better light and use their inner strength and confidence to be more persistent, optimistic, and positivity-oriented.

In recent years, there have been several housing crises among transgender people, especially transgender people of color. According to a 2016 Gallup poll, 10.052 million people in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or transgender, and millennials, or those born between 1980 and 1998, drive virtually all of all of the increases overall LGBT self-identification. As the millennial generation has entered the college age, trans individuals have seen difficulty in securing basic housing rights and needs. There is a definite predominance of sex-segregated bathrooms, locker rooms, and housing where transgender people regularly are denied access, and are harassed and challenged for their gender identity. Most universities operate on the premise that gender is binary and static, and this can be especially problematic with either poorer transgender individuals or transgender people of color, since 55% of college students in the United States are white and the average income for families with college students is $74,000 – 60% higher than the national average of $46,326.

Poverty
Black transgender people live in extreme poverty with 34% reporting a household income of less than $10,000 a year, which is more than twice the rate for transgender people of all races (15%), four times the black population (9%), and eight times the U.S. population (4%). Transgender people of color are more likely to be poor, be homeless, or lack a college degree. Multiple factors pile up on each other that force many transgender people of color to be homeless; for instance, many individuals are involved in abusive relationships or live in crime-ridden neighborhoods because of the difficulty finding employment as a transgender person and/or experiencing job loss due to transphobia in the work place. Those with greater socioeconomic status might use their social connections to advocate for access to appropriate housing for transgender students in ways that are not possible for most lower-income families; one proposal comes from the Administration for Children and Families, which issued the largest-ever LGBT focused federal grant to develop a model program to support LGBT foster youth and prevent them from being homeless.

Intersectionality

Trans communities experience problems with intersectionality when it comes to traditional male and female gender roles. The experiences trans men face are vastly different from those of trans women; trans men who were raised as female were treated differently as soon as they came out as male. They gained professional experience, but lost intimacy; exuded authority, but caused fear. Cultural sexism is evident towards trans men because it is easier to be "low-disclosure" than trans women. They are usually not recognized as trans, which is known as passing, and it avoids transphobia and discrimination by others. "Women's appearances get more attention," says Julia Serano, a transgender activist, "and women's actions are commented on and critiqued more than men, so [it] just makes sense that people will focus more on trans women than trans men."

The focus of the realms of trans visibility in pop culture and trans organizations has mostly been on white people, especially with Caitlyn Jenner joining the trans community.

Definition of gender

In 2018, over 2,600 scientists signed an open letter in opposition to Trump administration plans to legally define gender as a binary condition determined at birth, based on genitalia, including plans to clarify disputes using "genetic testing," stating, with emphasis, "This proposal is fundamentally inconsistent not only with science, but also with ethical practices, human rights, and basic dignity." Mika Tosca, an assistant professor of climate science at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, told BuzzFeed News, "As a trans woman and as a scientist, [the Trump administration proposal is] inherently an attack on my humanity, my ability to exist in the world, and to safely navigate certain spaces," and "It was really important that we gather as many scientists as we could to say that so scientists ourselves were not complicit in promoting this wholly flawed nonscientific effort." The New York Times wrote that the Trump administration proposal, if implemented, "would be acutely felt in schools and their most visible battlegrounds: locker rooms and bathrooms."

Organizations

International organizations such as GATE, and World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) work specifically towards transgender rights.  Other national level organizations also work for transgender rights, such as: in the United States, the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE), GenderPAC, Sylvia Rivera Law Project, the Transgender Law Center, and in the U.K., The Gender Trust, Trans Media Watch, and Press for Change.

Religions

Reform Judaism

In 2015, the American Union for Reform Judaism adopted a Resolution on the Rights of Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People, urging clergy and synagogue attendants to actively promote tolerance and inclusion of such individuals.

In popular culture

Major events
Carey Purcell states that these moments have been key to bringing awareness to the transgender movement and fight for transgender rights.
 Renée Richards sues the US Open to play as a woman after sex reassignment surgery, 1976
 Paris is Burning is released depicting the lives of Latino, African-American, gay and transgender communities and drag ball competitions in New York, 1991
 Boys Don't Cry wins acclaim and Oscar, 1999
 Alexis Arquette appears on The Surreal Life, 2006
 Candis Cayne appears on Dirty Sexy Money, 2007
 Isis King is the first trans model on America's Next Top Model, 2008
 Chaz Bono announces he will be transitioning from female to male, 2009
 Kye Allums is the first openly transgender NCAA athlete, 2010
 Miss Universe allows transgender women to compete, 2012
 Laverne Cox is the first transgender person to appear on Time magazine, 2014
 Transparent wins a Golden Globe, 2015
 Caitlyn Jenner interviews with Diane Sawyer, shedding light on her transition experience, 2015
 Jazz Jennings is the youngest transgender person to become a pop culture icon, first interviewed by Barbra Walters at the age of six, 2007
Gottmik becomes the first transgender male to compete on reality television series RuPaul's Drag Race (Season 13) 2021

Representation in media
Representation in pop culture has major effects on both the transgender and cisgender communities. In addition to the above list, Wendy Carlos, synthesizer player and recording artist, in 1979 announced that she had been living at least 11 years as a woman, and that she had undergone reassignment surgery. Elizabeth Tisdell and Patricia Thompson conducted a study on the effects of representation in the media on teachers and its effect on the way they teach in the classroom. This study found that when teachers had been exposed to programming that featured diverse characters in a positive light, teachers were more open to teaching their students in a more open, accepting way. In this study, the authors found that media reinforces the values of the dominant culture, and is one of the most powerful ways to informally educate people. Tisdell and Thompson state that this representation is a way in which people construct ideas of themselves and others, and that more representation lends legitimacy to identities and movements such as the transgender movement.

In a separate study, GLAAD looked at the representation of transgender characters in the media over the last ten years. After examining many different episodes and storylines, GLAAD found that transgender characters were cast in a "victim" role in 40% of the catalogued episodes, and were cast as killers or victims in 21% of the episodes. They also found that the most common profession of transgender characters in the episodes was sex workers, seen in about 20% of the episodes. In addition to the representation of transgender characters, the authors found that anti-transgender slurs, language, and dialogue were present in at least 61% of the episodes.

Activists within the transgender rights movement argue that representation such as these set the movement back in gaining understanding within mainstream society. Jayce Montgomery is a trans man who argues that these types of representation "always displaying [transgender people] in the stereotypical way. You know, 'masculine,' [or] this is the man/this is the woman role. And not really delving into their background and what they actually go through."  In the same conversation, Stacey Rice goes on in the same conversation with Bitch Media to make the point that well known transgender celebrities are not representative of the general transgender community's experiences. Rice then goes on to say that while these celebrities are not representative of the average transgender person's experience, the visibility they bring to the transgender rights movement does nothing but help the cause.

Personalities

Many celebrities have spoken out in support of transgender rights and often in conjunction with overall support for the LGBTQ community. Numerous celebrities voice such support for the Human Rights Campaign, including Archie Panjabi, Lance Bass, Tituss Burgess, Chelsea Clinton, George Clooney, Tim Cook, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Sally Field, Lady Gaga, Whoopi Goldberg, Anne Hathaway, Jennifer Hudson, Caitlyn Jenner, Jazz Jennings, Elton John, Cyndi Lauper, Jennifer Lopez, Demi Lovato, Natasha Lyonne, Elliot Page, Brad Pitt, Geena Rocero, Bruce Springsteen, Jeffrey Tambor, Charlize Theron, Miley Cyrus, and Lana Wachowski.

Magnus Hirschfeld was a German physician and advocate for sexual minorities. Much of his medical research was on sexuality, specifically homosexuality. He was one of the earliest to suggest that homosexuality was innate. Along with Max Spohr, Franz Josef von Bülow, and Eduard Oberg, he founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee in 1897, which is considered to be the first gay rights organization. Hirschfield also established the Institute for Sexual Research, which would go on to perform the first modern vaginoplasties by 1930. Unfortunately, most of his books and research were burned by the Nazis.

In the same vein, Harry Benjamin German-American sexologist, author of The Transsexual Phenomenon was a supporter of transgender rights and helped establish the medical procedures and Standards of Care for transgender persons in the United States.

Laverne Cox

Orange Is the New Black actress Laverne Cox has been particularly outspoken about the importance of transgender rights. Being transgender herself, Cox has experienced firsthand the issues that surround those who are transgender and often uses her own story to promote the movement for transgender rights. She sees her fame as an opportunity to bring awareness to causes that matter and that her unique position legitimizes the transgender rights movement. Particularly, she believes that transgender individuals have been historically overlooked and sidelined not just socially, but in the fight for civil rights as well. Cox acknowledges the progress that has been made for Gay rights, but that it is important to focus on transgender rights separately, seeing as it has historically been grouped together with other causes and used as an umbrella term. In 2014, Glamour magazine named Cox Woman of the Year in recognition of her activism.

Caitlyn Jenner

In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and reality TV star Caitlyn Jenner came out as transgender. The news had been speculated for months leading up to the announcement, but still shocked the public and received considerable attention. Jenner expressed the desire to transition and to be known as Caitlyn Jenner and introduced herself for the first time on the cover of Vanity Fair. Jenner's transition has been documented by the short-lived reality television series titled I am Cait. Jenner was determined to make a difference and bring awareness to transgender rights, believing that telling her story can do so. Jenner did increase transgender visibility, however, her commentary and series were criticized for misrepresenting the struggles of the majority the trans community, who are much less privileged than her and face deeper problems.

Jenner has been sharply criticized by many activists in the transgender rights movement for stating in an interview with TMZ that trans girls should not be allowed to compete in girls' sports at school, backing Republican Party views on transgender people in sports. Her comments lead to criticism amongst the trans and broader LGBTQ+ community; some advocates have questioned Jenner's status as a trans activist, saying that "[Jenner] did not represent the broader LGBT community".

Janet Mock

Janet Mock is an author, activist, and TV show host who advocates transgender rights, sex workers' rights, and more among marginalized communities. Mock uses storytelling as a way to diminish stigma of marginalized communities. She has authored and edited many works addressing her personal struggles as well as exploring various social issues affecting various communities. Mock acknowledged in an interview that her experience alone does not speak for all in the transgender community, but it can provide a platform for some to reflect upon.
She addressed and encouraged intersectionality and inclusiveness in the feminist movement at the 2017 Women's March.

Notable transgender activists

A list of notable transgender activists, listed in alphabetical order by surname.

 Tamara Adrián, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to office in Venezuela.
 Carla Antonelli, Spanish actress and politician who was the first openly transgender person to participate in Spain's legislature.
 Jenny Bailey, Cambridge, UK mayor who is also married to a transgender partner.
 Georgina Beyer, former New Zealand politician who was the first openly transgender mayor and the first transgender politician to become member of Parliament in the world.
 Elie Che, British model and trans activist; she became an international cultural focus due to her early death.
 Anna Grodzdka, a Polish politician and the first openly transgender person to be elected as an MP in Europe.
 Jamie Lee Hamilton, the first transgender person who ran for office in Canada.
 Kim Coco Iwamoto, Hawaii's Civil Rights Commissioner and former member of the Board of Education.
 Aya Kamikawa and Tomoya Hosoda, Japan's first openly transgender politicians.
 Kit Malone, transgender rights activist and educator in Indiana.
 Shabnam Mausi, the first transgender person in India to be elected for public office.
 Sarah McBride, Delaware State Senator from Senate District 1, is the first openly transgender person elected to any state Senate in the United States in 2020.
 Micheline Montreuil, Canadian politician, lawyer, and transgender rights activist.
 Luisa Revilla Urcia, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to office in Uruguay.
 Geraldine Roman, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to Congress in the Philippines.
 Lauren Scott, US LGBTQ activist who ran for Nevada Assembly as a Republican.
 Amanda Simpson, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy and the highest ranking openly transgender appointee in the United States.
 Nikki Sinclaire, former member of the European Parliament.
 Michelle Suaréz, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to office in Uruguay.
 Brianna Titone, Colorado State Representative from HD27, is the first openly transgender person elected in 2018 and reelected in 2020.
 Brianna Westbrook, a US democratic socialist politician and Vice Chair of the Arizona Democratic Party.

See also

 Anti-gender movement
 Outline of transgender topics
 Transgender flag

References

Activism
Transgender history
Transgender culture
Transgender rights


Moose River is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Pictou County.

References
Moose River on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Pictou County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333 (1890), was a United States Supreme Court case affirming, by a 9–0 vote, that federal laws against polygamy did not conflict with the free exercise clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Background
Congress had passed the Edmunds Act in 1882, which made polygamy a felony; over 1,300 Mormons were imprisoned.  The Act also required test oaths requiring voters to swear they were not bigamists or polygamists.  A statute of the Idaho Territory required a similar oath in order to register to vote, in order to limit or eliminate Mormons' participation in government and their control of local schools. The loyalty also forbade being a member of any organization that advocated or spent resources defending bigamy or polygamy.

Mormons initiated a challenge to Idaho's oath test by having members who did not have plural marriages registering to vote.  Samuel D. Davis, a resident of Oneida County, Idaho, was convicted in the territorial district court of swearing falsely after taking the voter's oath.  Davis appealed his conviction via a habeas corpus writ, claiming that the Idaho law requiring the oath violated his right to the free exercise of his religion as a member of the LDS Church.

Supreme Court ruling
Justice Field, writing for the Court, condemned polygamy, writing that "Few crimes are more pernicious to the best interests of society, and receive more general or more deserved punishment."  He went on to echo Reynolds v. United States (1878): "However free the exercise of religion may be, it must be subordinate to the criminal laws of the country, passed with reference to actions regarded by general consent as properly the subjects of punitive legislation."  He wrote by way of comparison that if a religious sect advocated fornication or human sacrifice, "swift punishment would follow the carrying into effect of its doctrines, and no heed would be given to the pretense that, as religious beliefs, their supporters could be protected in their exercise by the Constitution of the United States."

Field listed the limits that federal law placed upon the rights of United States territories to qualify voters, noted Idaho's specific prohibition of polygamists and people encouraging polygamy from the right to vote, and wrote that this was "not open to any constitutional or legal objection," as the Idaho law "simply excludes from the privilege of voting ... those who have been convicted of certain offenses".

Subsequent events
Richard Morgan wrote, "The decision became one of the principal underpinnings of what later came to be called the 'secular regulation' approach to the free exercise clause whereby no religious exemptions are required from otherwise valid secular regulations."

106 years later, in Romer v. Evans (1996), the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional a Colorado constitutional initiative that prevented any jurisdiction from protecting homosexual citizens from discrimination.  In the dissent, Justice Scalia asked how Romer could be reconciled with Davis v. Beason:

References

External links

1890 in United States case law
Legal history of Idaho
United States law and polygamy in Mormonism
United States marriage case law
Political history of Idaho
United States elections case law
United States free exercise of religion case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Idaho
1890 in Christianity
1890 in Idaho
19th-century Mormonism
Christianity and law in the 19th century
Oneida County, Idaho


Plaza Centenário is an office skyscraper in the city of São Paulo located in United Nations Avenue, where there was also the construction of several commercial buildings of high standard.

Architecture
The Centennial Plaza building, shell, metal and glass, is a monument of modern and future. Its 32 floors and 139 meters in height that is given prominence in a region with other major constructions. Its architect, Carlos Bratke, his work included among the 10 highest buildings in São Paulo, although, with the construction of new buildings, today he became the 12th highest in the city, and is also the 16th tallest building Brazil. In addition to a cyber cafe and an auditorium at the top of the building there is even a heliport. The Centennial Plaza is one of the most "intelligent" buildings in São Paulo. Pioneering work in the country, the building received about 40 thousand square meters of aluminum composite panels. The work of 77,500 square meters, took eight years to be built.

See also

 List of tallest buildings in South America
 Eldorado Business Tower
 Mirante do Vale
 Edifício Copan

Skyscrapers in São Paulo
Skyscraper office buildings in Brazil

Office buildings completed in 1995


Papulonecrotic tuberculid is usually an asymptomatic, chronic skin disorder, presenting in successive crops, skin lesions symmetrically distributed on the extensor extremities.

See also
 Tuberculid
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions


"Ghost of a Chance" is a song by the Canadian rock band Rush released as the third single from their 1991 album Roll the Bones. The single peaked at No. 2 on the U.S. Album Rocks Track chart. The lyrics focus on finding love, and as its strength over any other force.

Although the song was a radio hit at the time of its release, it has rarely been performed live. It was most recently featured on the 2008 leg of the Snakes & Arrows Tour.

Track listing
Music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson; lyrics by Neil Peart.

US release:
Ghost of a Chance (Edit) – 4:25
Ghost of a Chance (Album Version) – 5:19

UK / German release:
Ghost of a Chance – 5:19
Dreamline – 4:38
Chain Lightning – 4:33 [only on CD]
Red Tide – 4:29 [only on CD]

Personnel
Geddy Lee – vocals, bass
Alex Lifeson – guitar
Neil Peart – drums

References

Rush (band) songs
1991 songs
1992 singles
Songs written by Neil Peart
Songs written by Geddy Lee
Songs written by Alex Lifeson
Song recordings produced by Rupert Hine
Atlantic Records singles


U.S. Route 20 (US 20) is a major west–east cross-state highway in the northern part of the U.S. state of Oregon, especially east of the Cascade Mountains. It connects U.S. Route 101 in Newport on the central Oregon Coast to the Idaho state line east of Nyssa.

Route description

US 20 starts at an intersection with US 101 in Newport, and travels eastward over the Central Oregon Coast Range to Corvallis. In Corvallis, it intersects Oregon Route 99W (OR 99W) and briefly travels concurrent with OR 34 before proceeding northeast to Albany. From Albany, US 20 briefly travels concurrent with OR 99E before turning east through Lebanon and Sweet Home and entering the Cascade Mountains. It intersects OR 126 west of Santiam Pass and the two routes travel concurrent through Sisters. US 20 then continues eastward and southward to Bend, where it travels roughly parallel to US 97 for about  before turning east through Brothers and Riley. At Riley, US 20 travels concurrent with US 395 through Hines and Burns to about  northeast of Burns. From Burns, US 20 continues east through Juntura and Vale. In Vale, US 20 travels concurrent with US 26, and the two highways continue east to Cairo Junction, south of Ontario, and turn south, where they then also travel concurrently with OR 201 to Nyssa. Eastward from Nyssa, US 20/US 26 continue to the Idaho state line. The route throughout most of Oregon serves as an important link between Central and Southern Oregon and far Northern California to Boise, Idaho.

History

Under the initial 1925 plan for the United States Numbered Highway System, US 20 was originally planned to follow the Columbia River from Astoria to Pendleton and continue southeast into Idaho. The Oregon Highway Commission requested that US 30 be assigned to the Columbia River Highway instead and have US 20 truncated at Pocatello, Idaho. The American Association of State Highway Officials ultimately agreed to truncate US 20 further to Yellowstone National Park, but later extended it via central Oregon in 1940.

A  section of the Corvallis–Newport Highway between Chitwood to Eddyville was replaced by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) in the early 21st century to accommodate higher traffic volumes. The section, originally opened in 1917, was winding and had no shoulder for vehicle breakdowns. Construction on a straighter,  route began in 2005 and was planned to be completed in 2009, but landslides and other hazards caused delays. In 2012, ODOT took over the project from the original design–build contractor after an agreement was reached in their liability dispute. The project was completed in October 2016 at a cost of $365 million.

In 2017, the Oregon legislature designated Oregon’s 451-mile stretch of U.S. Route 20 as the state’s official Medal of Honor Highway.  Twelve roadside signs were placed along the route to honor Oregon’s Medal of Honor recipients.  Oregon was the first state to designate a border-to-border route as its official Medal of Honor Highway.  Supporters hope other states will extend the Medal of Honor designation from the Oregon border to highway’s eastern terminus in Massachusetts.

Oregon highway designations

The Oregon section of US 20 consists of the following highways numbered using ODOT's internal numbering system (see Oregon highways and routes), from west to east:

 The Corvallis-Newport Highway No. 33;
 Part of the Corvallis-Lebanon Highway No. 210;
 The Albany-Corvallis Highway No. 31;
 The Santiam Highway No. 16;
 Part of the McKenzie Highway No. 15;
 The McKenzie-Bend Highway No. 17;
 The Central Oregon Highway No. 7.

Major intersections

Special routes

US 20 has 2 business routes in Oregon: one in Toledo, and one in Bend.

See also

 Ghosts of Highway 20

References

External links

 U.S. 20: Route crosses the Cascades and heads east - The Oregonian

20
 Oregon
Transportation in Deschutes County, Oregon
Transportation in Linn County, Oregon
Transportation in Benton County, Oregon
Transportation in Harney County, Oregon
Transportation in Lincoln County, Oregon
Transportation in Malheur County, Oregon


Judson Lincoln Transue (February 15, 1897 – December 17, 1980) was a Michigan politician.

Political life
He was elected as the Mayor of City of Flint in 1924 for three 1 year terms.  Transue was supported by the Ku Klux Klan, who mounted A recall effort of his predecessor, Cuthbertson, for his appointment of a Catholic Police Chief, James P. Cole.  Despite the KKK's support, he kept Cole on as police chief.

References

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
1897 births
1980 deaths
People from Wayne County, New York
20th-century American politicians


The New Possibility: John Fahey's Guitar Soli Christmas Album is a 1968 album by American folk musician John Fahey. It is a collection of solo-guitar arrangements of familiar Christmas songs and has been Fahey's best selling recording, remaining in print since it was first released. The album is especially noteworthy since holiday music had never before been played in Fahey's acoustic-steel string blues guitar style.

History
As Fahey recounts, "I was in the back of a record store in July and I saw all these cartons of Bing Crosby's White Christmas albums. The clerk said it always sells out. So I got the idea to do a Christmas album that would sell every year." The New Possibility has been one of Fahey's best selling recordings, selling over 100,000 copies initially, and has been continually in print.

Fahey's original liner notes discuss the German-American theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher Paul Tillich's reference to the birth of Jesus Christ as "The New Possibility". Fahey notes the scholarly research on the secular and mythological/superstitious ideas connected with the "Christmas Story". These liner notes were removed in later reissues. When asked why, Fahey said, "I just didn't feel that way any more."

In 1979, Fahey said, "Well, the arrangements are pretty good, but on the other hand there are more mistakes on this album than on any of the other 17 albums I’ve recorded. And yet, here’s the paradox… this album has not only sold more than any of my others, I meet people all the time who are crazy about it. I mean really love it. What can I say. I’m confused."

Fahey recorded three more Christmas albums, as well as re-recording the tracks of The New Possibility. There were numerous reissues on LP, 8-track tape, and cassette. Some later reissues confusingly used the cover art from the 1975 album Christmas with John Fahey Vol. II.  A 2000 CD reissue of The New Possibility includes the entire contents of both that album and Christmas with John Fahey Vol. II.

John Fahey's Guitar Christmas Book, a folio of guitar transcriptions of songs from The New Possibility and Christmas with John Fahey Vol. II, was published by Stropes Editions in 1981. It is no longer in print.

Reception

In his Mojo review of the 2000 reissue - which also includes Christmas with John Fahey Vol. II - critic Andrew Male wrote "This beautiful collection of the American steel-string guitarist’s festive efforts, from 1968 and 1975, possesses a deliciously deep and spooky ambience, a disjointed jauntiness coupled with a frost-fall morning melancholy, Fahey’s guitar somehow sounding like an Elizabethan harpsichord grown wild and mad out in the Appalachian mountains." However, another Mojo article, "How To Buy Fahey", dismisses these recordings as "Cliff-territory bland".

Jonathan Widran, writing for AllMusic writes it "reminds one of the simple charms of the season and how easy it is to capture that when you keep a no-frills approach. Because he rarely varies the tempos among the tracks—he's mostly in the slow to gently loping ballad mode—the songs have a slight tendency to run into each other."

In 2017, Pitchfork dedicated an entire article - titled "Why You Should Listen to John Fahey’s Christmas Music—Even If You Hate Christmas Music" to The New Possibility and Fahey's other Christmas releases, hailing the former as a "landmark" release and praising its experimental interpretations of Christmas music.

Track listing

Side one
 "Joy to the World" (Lowell Mason, Isaac Watts) – 1:52
 "What Child Is This?" (William Chatterton Dix, Traditional) – 3:02
 "Medley: Hark! The Herald Angels Sing/O Come All Ye Faithful" (Felix Mendelssohn, Traditional) – 3:10
 "Auld Lang Syne" (Robert Burns, Traditional) – 2:01
 "The Bells of St. Mary's" (A. Emmett Adams, Douglas Furber) – 2:10
 "Good King Wenceslas" (John Mason Neale) – 1:10
 "We Three Kings of Orient Are" (John Henry Hopkins, Jr.) – 1:50
 "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen Fantasy" (Traditional) – 3:00

Side two
 "The First Noel" (William B. Sandys) – 2:12
 "Christ's Saints of God Fantasy" (Hopkins, Traditional) – 10:12
 "It Came Upon a Midnight Clear" (Edmund Sears, Richard Storrs Willis) – 1:28
 "Go I Will Send Thee" (Traditional) – 3:00
 "Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming" (Michael Praetorius, Traditional) – 3:45
 "Silent Night" (Franz Gruber, Josef Mohr) – 1:14

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar
Production notes:
John Fahey – producer
Tom Weller – cover art

References

1968 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
John Fahey (musician) albums
Takoma Records albums
Albums produced by John Fahey (musician)
Folk Christmas albums


Lichen scrofulosorum  is a rare tuberculid that presents as a lichenoid eruption of minute papules in children and adolescents with tuberculosis. The lesions are usually asymptomatic, closely grouped, skin-colored to reddish-brown papules, often perifollicular and are mainly found on the abdomen, chest, back, and proximal parts of the limbs. The eruption is usually associated with a strongly positive tuberculin reaction.
Of the three tuberculids, the incidence of lichen scrofulosorum was found to be the lowest (2%) in a large study conducted in Hong Kong. This highlights its rarity and significance as an important marker of undetected tuberculosis.

See also
 Tuberculid
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions


The Graaf Sisters, or Graaf, consists of two Swedish glamour models by the name of Hannah and Magdalena Graaf. The two earned notoriety for appearing in men's magazines together. In 1998, they both gave up glamour modeling and established the pop group named, Graaf. The group is best known for their hit, "You Got What I Want".

History
In her early teens, Hannah worked as a fashion model. After seeing how much success Pamela Anderson had, Hannah decided to get breast augmentation and pursue glamour modeling. Hannah began modeling with her older sister Magdalena. The two became immensely popular and were featured in Slitz, Café, and Moore Magazine. The pair received a lot of heat for appearing in lads magazines together which only generated more buzz for the pair.

In 1998, the sisters gave up glamour modeling to pursue a music career. In their youth, the sisters grew up singing in the Swedish Pentecostal Church. With successful modeling careers behind them, the pair formed the musical duo, The Graaf Sisters. Under the guidance of producers Christer Sandelin, Per Adebratt, and Tommy Ekman, the two released their debut album Graaf. They earned some success with their debut single You Got (What I Want).

Controversy
In 2002, the sisters were involved in a civil suit against Michael Brinkenstierna. Brinkenstierna alleged that the sisters began working with him in 1996 and that they had a management contract in which he was entitled to 25% of all revenues from the sisters' future disc sales. After the success of their first album, Brinkenstierna received no money after he allegedly spent hours helping them be a success. The sisters claim that Brinkenstierna gave them nothing but money and accused him of being a crook after a similar dispute Brinkenstierna had with the pop group, Aqua.

Discography

Albums
Graaf (1998)

Singles

See also
Hannah Graaf
Magdalena Graaf

References

Swedish pop music groups
Swedish women singers
Sibling musical duos
Musical groups established in 1997
English-language singers from Sweden


Events in the year 1847 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar I

Events

Arts and literature

Births

11 April – Ebbe Carsten Horneman Hertzberg, politician (d.1912)
14 April – Karl Lous, barrister (d. 1928).
17 April – Just Bing Ebbesen, priest and politician (d.1929)
31 July – Johan Kristian Skougaard, military officer and politician (d.1925)
20 October –Frits Thaulow, painter (d.1906)
26 October – Helge A. Haugan – Norwegian-American banking executive  (d.1909 in USA)
9 November – Carl Wilhelm Bøckmann Barth,  artist (d. 1919).
18 November – Oluf Iversen, politician (d.1917)
1 December – Agathe Backer Grøndahl, pianist and composer (d.1907).
15 December  – Rolf Andvord, shipowner and consul (d. 1906)
26 December – Hans Christian Albert Hansen, politician (d.1925)

Deaths
16 January – Ole Devegge, librarian, numismatist and collector (b.1772)

Full date unknown
Knut Andreas Pettersen Agersborg, politician (b.1765)
Paulus Flood, merchant and politician (b.1804)

See also

References


Viktoria Forst was a German association football club from the city of Forst (Lausitz), Brandenburg. It was established in 1901 and played in the regional Südostdeutschland division.

History
In 1920 Viktoria advanced to the league final where they were beaten 2:6 by Vereinigte Breslauer Sportfreunde. The two clubs met again in the final of the 1920–21 season and the Breslau side repeated their victory (2:1).

Forst exacted a measure of revenge the following season when they beat Breslau 6:1 in a contest to determine who would advance to the German national playoffs. However, they lost to Breslau (0:0, 7:3) in contesting the Südost division title. In later national level play Viktoria were put out in a quarterfinal match versus Norden-Nordwest Berlin (0:1). The team remained competitive through the 1920s claiming their only title win in 1925 before being eliminated from the national playoffs by Schwarz-Weiß Essen in an eighth-final contest (1:2). After a third divisional title loss to Breslau (1:3) in 1926, Viktoria made another early exit from the national stage, this time falling to SpVgg Fürth (0:5) which was at the time one of the country's dominant sides.

Forst stumbled its way through to the end of the decade and on into the early 1930s, making just one more appearance in the regional playoffs before fading from sight. The club disappeared following World War II.

Honours
 South Eastern German champions: 1922, 1925

References

Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Viktoria
Association football clubs established in 1901
Defunct football clubs in Brandenburg
1901 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Association football clubs disestablished in 1945


Smiths Settlement is a small rural community located in the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located along Route 207, which is a winding two-lane road that runs through the community. The area is known for its scenic beauty, with forests, fields, and streams in the surrounding countryside. There are a few small businesses in the community, including a gas station, a general store, and a post office. The community is home to a small number of residents, many of whom are involved in agriculture or forestry. There are several churches and a community hall in the area, and the community is known for its close-knit and friendly atmosphere.

Navigator

References
Explore HRM
Smiths Settlement

Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


WBEH-CD (channel 38) is a low-power, Class A television station in Miami, Florida, United States, airing as a Daystar affiliate religious network. The station is owned by the Word of God Fellowship.

History
Launched March 2, 1993, W20BE on channel 20 went defunct within six months. The license was reactivated on September 27, 1995, becoming W20BE once more. What followed was a move to channel 27 as W27BS on January 9, 1997; and an attempt to move to channel 61, which would have made the station W61DD – the same day the change was made in FCC records on July 1, 1999; the calls changed again to W31CD and the station moved to channel 31. On May 31, 2000, W31CD became WPMF-LP, and a year later, WPMF received a class A television license (though its calls retained the -LP suffix). The station received its license to broadcast digitally on January 3, 2014, at which point the call sign changed to WPMF-CD.

WPMF-LP joined Azteca América in November 2002. In 2011, it switched to My Family TV, which became The Family Channel in 2013. On November 1, 2017, WPMF-CD rejoined Azteca América, replacing WGEN-TV (channel 8). The station changed its call sign to WBEH-CD on November 9, 2018.

HC2 Holdings planned to acquire the station from Prime Time Partners in June 2019, along with WSPF-CD. The sale of WBEH-CD would fall through in 2020; in June 2022, Prime Time Partners would sell the station to the Word of God Fellowship, parent of the Daystar Television Network.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

References

BEH-CD
BEH-CD
Television channels and stations established in 1993
1993 establishments in Florida
BEH-CD
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Miami


Lines, Vines and Trying Times is the fourth studio album by the Jonas Brothers. It was released June 16, 2009, in the US. The album received mixed reviews from critics and fans. In its first week, the album sold 247,000 copies, debuting at number one on the Billboard 200. It was their third and last album released under Hollywood Records, and their last before a hiatus, which lasted from October 2013 to March 2019.

Background
In an interview with Rolling Stone, Nick Jonas explained the title, Lines, Vines and Trying Times as "a bit of poetry we came up with on the set for the TV show." On the meaning, he stated, "Lines are something that someone feeds you, whether it's good or bad. Vines are the things that get in the way of the path that you're on, and trying times – well, obviously we're younger guys, but we're aware of what's going on in the world and we're trying to bring some light to it." He noted, "this new album for us, I wouldn’t say it’s a big jump, but it definitely is a progression in our music and a growth for us. It has a lot more kinds of horns and a lot more strings." Added Joe Jonas, "there’s more to the music rather than just a typical kind of relationship song."

Promotion

The Jonas Brothers were promoting the album on their 2009 world tour which began on May 18, 2009 in Lima, Peru. The track "Fly with Me" was featured during the end credits of Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian. They hosted three live web chats via Facebook (May 7, May 28 and June 4) to promote the album. The brothers performed songs off the album for a Walmart Soundcheck concert which was released on June 9, 2009. They performed on Good Morning America on June 12, 2009 as part of GMA's Summer Concert Series. Radio Disney premiered all the songs from the album over a period of four days between June 11 and June 14. The entire album premiered on June 16, 2009. On June 21, 2009, they co-hosted and performed at the 2009 MuchMusic Video Awards. The Jonas Brothers appeared on various television programs to promote the album which included: Live with Regis & Kelly, Late Show with David Letterman, Good Morning America, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, El Hormiguero, Larry King Live, The Today Show, Ellen and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. On August 9, 2009, they hosted the 2009 Teen Choice Awards along with performing "Much Better".

Critical reception

Reviews for the album were mixed, both from critics and fans saying that it was "premature". According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received mixed or average reviews, scoring 56 out of 100 points based on 11 reviews. Allmusic named "overthinking and over-production" as the album's main flaws, and noted that the group's combination of "teen pop that skews adult in its sound and form" seemed effortless on their previous album, A Little Bit Longer, but felt that on Lines the "seams are showing." Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune claimed, "The rush to maturity is, well, premature," and added that "the strings and horns [...] only bog things down." Entertainment Weekly criticized "Don't Charge Me for the Crime," calling it "the sonic equivalent of being held at gunpoint by a baby rabbit," but praised "Black Keys" as being the most honest track, adding that "its quiet brushstrokes of teenage despair easily transcend Lines misdemeanor mutinies." The New York Daily News criticized "World War III," saying, "it sounds like they just pulled a collective hernia."

Singles

"Paranoid" was released as the album's lead single on May 12, 2009. Hollywood Records confirmed on April 29, 2009 that the track "Paranoid" would be the album's official single. On May 7, 2009 the song debuted on Radio Disney. It was released as an official radio single on May 8, 2009 and as a digital download on May 12. The music video was directed by Brendan Malloy and Tim Wheeler. The music video for Paranoid premiered on May 23, 2009 on Disney Channel. Paranoid peaked at number 37 on the Billboard Hot 100.
"Fly with Me" was released as a single on June 9, 2009. The song was first used during the end credits of the movie Night at the Museum 2: Battle of the Smithsonian. A music video for the song premiered on Disney Channel on June 7, 2009. "Fly with Me" peaked at number 83 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it one of the group's lower charting singles.

Promotional single
"Keep It Real" was released as promotional single on September 6, 2009. Critiques of the song noted its strong similarities to Maxine Nightingale' 1975 recording "Right Back Where We Started From".

Commercial performance
Lines, Vines and Trying Times debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 247,000 copies, becoming the Jonas Brothers' second number-one album in the country.  As of March 2015, the album has sold
757,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing

Limited Edition Fan Pack Bonus DVD
Exclusive Photo Shoot Video Montage
Jonas Brothers Questions And Answers
Jonas Brothers Talk You Through The Album

Music videos:
Paranoid (Music Video)
Paranoid (Making of the Video)
Paranoid (Karaoke Version)
Fly with Me (Music Video)
Fly with Me (Karaoke Version)

Personnel
Jonas Brothers
Kevin Jonas II: lead guitar, backing vocals
Joe Jonas: lead vocals
Nick Jonas: guitars, lead vocals, keyboards, piano, glockenspiel, drums on "What Did I Do to Your Heart", "Hey Baby" and "Keep It Real"
Additional musicians
John Fields: bass, guitars, keyboards, programming, vocals, percussion, baritone guitar, talk box
John Taylor: lead guitar, vocals
Dorian Crozier: drums, percussion, programming
Ken Chastain: percussion, programming, keyboards
Steve Lu: keyboards
Commissioner Mike: police scanner on "Don't Charge Me for the Crime"
Common: guest rap on "Don't Charge Me for the Crime"
Chris Beaty: guitar solo on "Much Better"
Will Owsley: pedal steel and guitar on "Turn Right"; mandolin and baritone guitar on "What Did I Do to Your Heart"
Stuart Duncan: fiddle on "Turn Right" and "What Did I Do to Your Heart"
Greg Garbowsky: bass on "What Did I Do to Your Heart"
Jon Lind: acoustic guitar on "What Did I Do to Your Heart"
Frédéric Yonnet: harmonica on "What Did I Do to Your Heart"
Bruce Bouton: pedal steel on "Before the Storm"
Miley Cyrus: guest vocal on "Before the Storm"
Millard Powers: 12-string acoustic guitar on "Before The Storm"
Michael Bland: drums on "Hey Baby" and "Paranoid"
Jonny Lang: lead guitar on "Hey Baby"
Steve Roehm: vibraphone on "Paranoid"
Strings on "Black Keys", "Don't Speak", "Fly with Me", and "Before the Storm" arranged and conducted by Steve Lu and performed by Eric Gorfain, Daphne Chen, Radu Pieptea, Wes Precourt (violins), Caroline Buckman, Briana Bandy (violas), Richard Dodd and Matt Cooker (cellos). Horns on "Much Better" and "Hey Baby" arranged by Michael Nelson and performed by The Hornheads: Steve Strand (lead trumpet), Dave Jensen (trumpet), Michael Nelson (trombone), Kenni Holmen (tenor saxophone), Kathy Jensen (baritone saxophone). Horns on "Poison Ivy" arranged by Ken Chastain and performed by Matt Darling (trombone), Joe Mechtenberg (saxophone), Zack Lozier (trumpet). Horns on "World War III" arranged by Jerry Hey (trumpet), Gary Grant (trumpet), Dan Higgins (saxophone), Bill Reichenbach Jr. (trombone). Horns on "Keep It Real" arranged by Steve Lu and performed by Dan Fornero (trumpet), George Stanford (trombone), Brian Gallagher (saxophone). Common appears courtesy of GOOD Music/Geffen/Interscope Records.
Production
John Fields - producer, mixing
Paul David Hager - mixing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Release history

References

External links
Jonas Brothers' official website

2009 albums
Jonas Brothers albums
Hollywood Records albums
Albums produced by John Fields (record producer)


Spry Bay is a rural community on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The community is situated along the Marine Drive on Trunk 7 about  southwest of Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia. The community extends around the shores of Tomlee Bay, an inlet of Spry Bay, itself an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. The mi'kmaq name for the area was Sebimkouaak, which translates to "extensive bog". Dutch families settled across the bay in 1818, and their settlement was named Dutch Town. The community is the home of the Spry Bay Campground and Cabins, as well as Taylor Head Provincial Park. The park contains sand beaches,  of hiking trails and user facilities.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Aquarium granuloma (also known as fish tank granuloma and swimming pool granuloma) is a rare skin condition caused by a non-tubercular mycobacterium known as Mycobacterium marinum. Skin infections with M. marinum in humans are relatively uncommon, and are usually acquired from contact with contaminated swimming pools, aquariums or infected fish.

Signs and symptoms
Aquarium granuloma presents as a slow-growing, inflamed red bump (nodule or plaque) at the site of infection. It is characterized by a painful, itchy skin lesion, and may become ulcerated or crusted. Skin changes usually appear roughly three weeks after the aquatic exposure.

If this condition is acquired from an aquarium, then the dominant hand is often affected. If this condition is acquired from a swimming pool, then symptoms can also develop on trauma-prone body zones, such as the elbows, knees, feet and the tip of the nose.

Cause
For the infection to develop in humans, the two main factors required are exposure to contaminated water, and abrasion or injury to the skin. Hence, this infection is commonly seen in individuals who clean fish tanks, handle ornamental fish and work in wet fields.

Aquatic systems with a high density of fish and warm waters appear to be conditions particularly favorable to this infectious agent, and increase the chances to contract fish tank granuloma. Poor water quality and various nutritional deficiencies are also possible contributing factors.

Swimming pool granuloma can occur when there is inadequate chlorination of swimming pools.

Diagnosis
Aquarium granuloma is relatively nonspecific in clinical presentation. Therefore, more common skin conditions, like cellulitis, foreign body reaction, skin cancer, and fungal or parasitic infections, are often explored first. Overall, diagnosis and treatment of this rare skin infection is often delayed because of a lack of suspicion.

Lab tests for finding M. marinum include cultures where a swab or sample is taken and grown in the laboratory. Cultures of M. marinum are fairly difficult to grow, and results may take several weeks. The culture may be negative, even if there is an active infection. Treatment may still be considered even if the test results are negative, especially if the patient's history supports past fish or fish-tank exposure.

In the absence of positive culture results, a skin or tissue biopsy may be a helpful test to render a microscopic diagnosis. Another technique that can be used to detect the bacteria is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A biopsy sample itself is sufficient to detect the exact type of bacteria by means of PCR.

Prevention

 Avoid fresh or saltwater activities if there are open cuts, scrapes, or sores on the skin, especially in water where this bacterium is known to exist.
 Wear heavy gloves (leather or heavy cotton) while cleaning or processing fish, especially fish with sharp spines that may cause cuts to the hands and skin. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after fish processing or use a waterless cleanser.
 Wear waterproof gloves while cleaning home aquariums or fish tanks. Wash hands and forearms thoroughly with soap and running water after cleaning the tank, even if gloves were worn.
 Ensure regular and adequate chlorination of swimming pools to kill any bacteria that may be present.

Treatment
Treatment involves the use of antibiotics. Since M. marinum has a high tendency for multi-drug resistance, treatment by one particular drug will not be effective. Often, up to six different antimicrobial regimes may be needed before the infection responds to a particular drug combination. This combination of antibiotics is based on the results of the culture and skin biopsy. The treatment can take up to several months.

Surgery may also be needed to remove dead tissue if the lesions do not clear with antibiotics. This helps the wound to heal.

Epidemiology
Mycobacterium marinum infection is not contagious; it is not spreading from person to person. It is also not transmitted in hospitals like other common bacteria.

See also
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions


Events in the year 1841 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles III John

Events
 27 February – Frederik Due succeeds Severin Løvenskiold as prime minister, when Løvenskiold is appointed Governor-general of Norway.

Arts and literature

Births
29 July – Gerhard Armauer Hansen, physician (d.1912)
10 September – Thore Torkildsen Foss, politician (d.1913)
1 October – Sophus Christian Munk Aars, civil servant and writer (d.1931)

Full date unknown
Lars Anton Nicolai Larsen-Naur, politician (d.1896)

Deaths

12 June – Hans Jørgen Reutz Synnestvedt, military officer and politician (b.1777)
21 October – Niels Hertzberg, priest and politician (b.1759).
21 November – Thomas Fasting, naval officer and government minister (b.1769)

Full date unknown
Osmund Andersen Lømsland, farmer and politician (b.1765)
Jens Schou Fabricius, politician (b.1758)

See also

References


The Galician Assembly () was the joint session of the regional oblast councils of Lviv, Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk  on February 16, 1991 in Ukraine (at the time part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic). The assembly approved an agreement of cooperation between the three regional councils in political, economic, scientific, humanitarian and cultural spheres to counterbalance the political instability in the Soviet Union.

See also
Regionalism in Ukraine

History of Eastern Galicia
Political history of Ukraine


De Gelderlander (founded 1848) is a Dutch daily newspaper focused on Gelderland and immediate surroundings. It is published in Nijmegen by the Belgian Persgroep.

De Gelderlander evolved in 1848 from the Nijmegen biweekly newspaper De Batavier, published from 1843 to 1845.

Contributors

Thomas von der Dunk

References

External links

 Official website

Daily newspapers published in the Netherlands
Mass media in Gelderland
Nijmegen


Lost Zombies was a zombie themed social network with the goal of creating a community generated zombie documentary. The website, built on the Ning platform, launched on May 1, 2008 and was created by Ryan Leach, Skot Leach and Rob Oshima.

Overview
Lost Zombies followed a fictional timeline which begins in February 2007 with a Flu epidemic. The flu virus mutates out of control, eventually causing Zombism. The timeline leads to the present day where 75% of the world's population is dead or undead. Users were able to create a profile on the Lost Zombies website and submit videos, audio, pictures and written accounts that reflect some portion of the Lost Zombies timeline. The creators of Lost Zombies intended to compile the user submissions into a single, cohesive, mock documentary.

Closure
The Lost Zombies website shut down on March 22, 2014, due to the creators abandoning the project for other ones and leaving the community to dwindle.

Awards
Lost Zombies received the Best Community Website Award and the People's Choice Award at the 2009 SXSW Web Awards held on March 15, 2009.

Lost Zombies was featured as one of the 25 new faces of independent film by FilmMaker Magazine.

References

External links
SXSW Interactive awards for TDK ARG, We Tell Stories, Lost Zombies | ARGNet: Alternate Reality Gaming Network

Defunct social networking services
Zombies and revenants in popular culture


Tax protester arguments are arguments made by people, primarily in the United States, who contend that tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid.

Tax protester arguments are typically based on an asserted belief that their government is acting outside of its legal authority when imposing such taxes. The label "tax protester" should be distinguished from "tax resister", an individual who refuses to pay tax on moral rather than legal grounds.

In the United States, tax protester arguments are generally directed to the U.S. federal income tax.

Denial of tax liability

Arguments made by tax protesters generally deal with the U.S. federal income tax and not with other taxes such as the gift tax, estate tax, sales tax, and property tax (although some tax protesters have attacked the last category under allodial title claims).

Constitutional arguments

Some tax protesters may cite what they believe is evidence that the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution (removing any apportionment requirement for income taxes) was never "properly ratified" or that it was properly ratified but does not permit the taxation of individual income, or particular forms of individual income.  One argument is based on the contention that the legislatures of various states passed bills of ratification with different capitalization, spelling of words, or punctuation marks (e.g., semi-colons instead of commas) (see, e.g., United States v. Thomas).

Another argument made by some tax protesters is that because the United States Congress did not pass an official proclamation recognizing Ohio's 1803 admission to statehood until 1953 (see Ohio Constitution), Ohio was not a state until 1953 and therefore the Sixteenth Amendment was not properly ratified (see Ivey v. United States and Knoblauch v. Commissioner in the referenced article).

Another tax protester argument is that the manner in which the income tax is enforced violates the Fifth Amendment, which protects individuals from having to make self-incriminating statements. In particular, they argue that the Fifth Amendment protects individuals from being required to file a personal income tax return. This argument was ruled invalid by the United States Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Sullivan.

The argument is occasionally made that Federal Reserve Notes (paper money) are not real, lawful money and therefore do not constitute income as they are not backed by gold or silver and are issued by a quasi-private organization; in the case of the Posse Comitatus and similar groups and individuals, hybrid arguments incorporating elements of the below-mentioned conspiracy theories appear to predominate.

Statutory arguments

Some protesters have claimed that statutes enacted by the United States Congress pursuant to its constitutional taxing power are defective, invalid (see e.g., the Irwin Schiff quote below), or that the statutes are misapplied by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the courts, lawyers, Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), law professors, and legal experts generally, and that the tax "protesters" are not liable for tax under the law (see below). Other protesters have argued that the term "income" is not defined in the Internal Revenue Code or the Constitution, and that the tax law should therefore be invalid.

These protesters claim that without clear definitions, Chapter 1 of Title 26 of the Code of Federal Regulations suggests IRS agents must rely on voluntary compliance. No court has upheld this argument, and many courts have rejected it, and 26 U.S.C. §§ 61–64 does define various classes of income ("Gross income", "[a]djusted gross income", "[t]axable income", and "[o]rdinary income defined").

Conspiracy arguments

Some tax protesters claim that since the year 1913 (the year of the inception of the modern Federal income tax), several generations of IRS employees, Department of Justice employees, the United States Congress, Federal court judges, lawyers, certified public accountants, and other experts have engaged in various continuing conspiracies to conceal the above deficiencies. For example, convicted tax offender Irwin Schiff states on his web site:

Other arguments
Some tax protesters argue that an income tax is enforced upon threat of imprisonment, and is akin to "government sanctioned extortion", in which a citizen is forced to give up a percentage of his or her income in exchange for not being put in prison. Strictly speaking, a genuine inability to pay taxes is not a crime (although "willful failure" to pay taxes is a crime). For the most part, unpaid tax bills are settled through civil actions rather than in the criminal courts. The government may seize assets, file liens, garnish wages and pursue other civil legal actions to satisfy the tax debt, but persons may not be jailed simply for failing to pay taxes. Instead, criminal charges arise from closely related actions, such as willfully failing to file a tax return, willfully filing a false tax return, willfully failing to pay in a timely manner, concealing income or assets, and certain other actions constituting illegal tax evasion.

Frank Chodorov wrote "... you come up with the fact that it gives the government a prior lien on all the property produced by its subjects." The government "unashamedly proclaims the doctrine of collectivized wealth. ... That which it does not take is a concession."  Issues with civil liberties are also charged at the tax system, such as social inequality, economic inequality, financial privacy, self-incrimination, unreasonable search and seizure, burden of proof, and due process.  For these reasons, some argue for the FairTax proposal of implementing a national sales tax to replace the federal income tax.

In the United States, debtor's prison was seen as an inhumane practice, and was mostly abolished in the 19th century. Tax protesters argue that prison for tax evasion is just as inhumane, for the same reasons. One owes a bank or a person, while the other owes the government. Some argue for gentler penalties instead of imprisonment, such as fines, community service, wage garnishment, lien on house, taking tax money owed from a bank account, repossession, and foreclosure, much like the penalties of private or bank debt.

Position of the Internal Revenue Service

The position of the Internal Revenue Service based upon the statutes and upon the related legal precedents in case law, is that these and similar tax protest arguments are frivolous and, if adopted by taxpayers as a basis for failure to timely file tax returns or pay taxes, may subject such taxpayers to penalties. On its web site, the IRS states:

As stated in the Alaska District Court case of United States v. Rempel: "It is apparent ... that the defendants have at least had access to some of the publications of tax protester organizations. The publications of these organizations have a bad habit of giving lots of advice without explaining the consequences which can flow from the assertion of totally discredited legal positions and/or meritless factual positions." Commentator J. J. MacNab has stated that tax protester arguments will not work, and that with respect to people who use tax protester arguments, the Internal Revenue Service "will come after you with a passion".

Belief about the law as a defense in criminal cases

In criminal cases, the law distinguishes between beliefs about constitutionality of the tax law from other beliefs about the tax law:

Works
America: Freedom to Fascism, a film that promotes tax protester arguments
Zeitgeist: The Movie, another film that promotes tax protester arguments

See also
 Pseudolaw

Notes

External links
The Truth About Frivolous Tax Arguments - Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Dep't of the Treasury
Criminal Tax Manual, § 40.00: “Tax Protesters” — From the Tax Division of the U.S. Department of Justice
Income Tax:  Voluntary or Mandatory? A law professor describes his views on errors in some popular tax protester arguments.
 The Tax Protester FAQ by Daniel B. Evans

Tax protesters
Fringe theories


Rapid growing mycobacterium consists of organism of the Mycobacterium fortuitum group and Mycobacterium chelonae/Mycobacterium abscessus group and these usually cause subcutaneous abscesses or cellulitis following trauma in immunocompetent patients.

List of rapidly growing Mycobacteria
 Mycobacterium fortuitum
 Mycobacterium chelonae
 Mycobacterium smegmatis
 Mycobacterium abscessus
 Mycobacterium mucogenicum
 Mycobacterium peregrinum

Nonchromogenic
 Mycobacterium abscessus
 Mycobacterium agri
 Mycobacterium alvei
 Mycobacterium arupense
 Mycobacterium fortuitum

Chromogenic
Scotochromogenic

Yellow-Orange

•Mycobacterium aichiense

Photochromogenic

•Mycobacterium novocastrense (sp.nova)

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Acid-fast bacilli


Oliver Heywood (1630–1702) was a British nonconformist minister, ejected for his beliefs.

Biography

Early life and education
Oliver Heywood, third son of Richard Heywood, yeoman, by his first wife, Alice Critchlaw, was born at Little Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, in March 1630, and baptised (without the sign of the cross) at Bolton Parish Church on 15 March. His parents were strong puritans. After passing through Bolton Grammar School and other schools, he was admitted at Trinity College, Cambridge, on 12 June 1647, his tutor being Akehurst, who afterwards became a quaker.

In religious matters he was much influenced by the preaching of Samuel Hammond and joined with other students in a kind of religious club which met in the "garret-chamber" of Thomas Jollie. In 1650 he graduated Bachelor of Arts and soon began to preach; his first sermon was delivered at a village near to Preston, Lancashire. By his uncle, Francis Critchlaw, he was recommended as preacher at Coley Chapel, near the village of Northowram, in the parish of Halifax in the West Riding. He accepted this post, with a stipend of £30, on 26 November 1650, and refused an offer of Houghton Chapel, Lancashire. Though under the regular age, he was ordained on 4 August 1652 at Bury, Lancashire, by the second presbyterian classis of that county. His younger brother, Nathaniel, was minister at Illingworth Chapel, in the same parish of Halifax, and the two lived together in 1654 at Godley House.

Heywood removed to Northowram on his marriage in 1655. For many years before his settlement there had been no administration of Communion at Coley; he restored a monthly celebration in 1655, connecting it in 1657 with the introduction of church discipline in the presbyterian way. Hitherto his parishioners had been united in attachment to his ministry; the discipline divided them, and 'sincere Christians' became his 'greatest trouble;' his communion list reached seventy-three names. He persevered against opposition, declining calls to one of the two churches of St. Martin, York, and to the vicarage of Preston.

Silenced
Heywood was a royalist presbyterian, and though he took no part in the insurrection under George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer, he disobeyed the order requiring a public thanksgiving for its suppression, and was accordingly apprehended and threatened with sequestration in August 1659. On the news that Monck had declared for the king, he breaks out in his diary into a psalm of praise. With the Restoration, however, his serious troubles began. Richard Hooke, the new vicar of Halifax, prohibited baptism in the outlying chapelries. Heywood continued to baptise, making his peace by sending the customary perquisites to the vicar. On 23 January 1661 his 'private fast' was stopped by authority. Among his parishioners an influential party, headed by Stephen Ellis of Hipperholme, the man of most substance in the chapelry, was in favour of the resumption of the prayer-book. A copy was accordingly laid on the pulpit cushion on 25 August 1661. Heywood quietly set it aside. At the instigation of Ellis, Heywood was cited to York on 13 September, after several hearings his suspension from ministering in the diocese of York was published on 29 June 1662 in Halifax Church. For two or three Sundays he persisted in preaching; within a month of the taking effect of the Uniformity Act (24 August 1662) he was excommunicated, the sentence of excommunication being publicly read in Halifax Church on 2 November, in the parish church of Bolton, Lancashire, on 4 January 1663, and again at Halifax on 3 December 1663. Hence attempts were made to exclude him from churches, even as a hearer; while, on the other hand, Ellis, as churchwarden, claimed fines for his non-attendance at Coley Chapel, under the statute of Elizabeth. John Angier, his father-in-law, admitted him to the communion at Denton Chapel, Lancashire; on 5 June 1664 he preached, by the vicar's invitation, in the parish church of Mottram-in-Longdendale, Cheshire; and on 13 August 1665 he preached at Shadwell Chapel, near Leeds, Hardcastle, the minister, being then in prison for nonconformity.

Roving ministry
Though according to law a 'silenced' minister, Heywood persistently held conventicles at the houses of the presbyterian gentry and farmers, in open defiance of the act of 1664. On the passing of the Five Mile Act (1665) he left his residence (at that time Coley Hall), but only to become an itinerant evangelist throughout the northern counties. It was his opinion that this act, by carrying the ejected ministers into new localities, promoted rather than hindered the nonconformist cause. Taking advantage of his successor's absence, he preached at Coley Chapel on the first Sunday of 1668 to 'a very great assembly;' his appearances in the pulpits of parish churches were frequent at this time. At length, on 13 March 1670, he was apprehended after preaching at Little Woodhouse, near Leeds, but was released two days after. His goods, however, were seized (13 July) to meet the fine under the new Conventicle Act, which came into force on 10 May. Under the royal indulgence of 1672 he took out two licences as a presbyterian 'teacher,' one (20 April) for his own house at Northowram, the other (25 July) for the house of John Butterworth at Warley in the parish of Halifax. Over a hundred of his former parishioners entered with him (12 June) into a church covenant void of presbyterian peculiarities, and hence joined (18 June) by the members of a congregational church gathered at Sowerby Chapel in Halifax parish, by Henry Root (d 20 October 1669).

On 29 October 1672 he took part in the first ordination by presbyterians of the north since the Restoration, held in Deansgate, Manchester, at the house of Robert Eaton, an ejected divine, afterwards minister of Stand, Lancashire. When the licences were recalled (February 1675) Heywood resumed his itinerant labours. He is said in a single year to have travelled 1,400 miles, preached 105 times, besides Sunday duty, and kept fifty fast days and nine of thanksgiving. He assisted in the first presbyterian ordination in Yorkshire, at Richard Mitchel's house in Craven, on 8 July 1678. On 16 January 1685 he was convicted at the Wakefield sessions for 'a riotous assembly' in his house. Refusing to pay a fine of £50, and to give sureties for good behaviour, he was imprisoned in York Castle until the end of the year. He approved of James's declaration (1687) for liberty of conscience, and at once set about building a meeting house at Northowram (opened 8 July 1688), to which he subsequently added a school. The first master was David Hartley (appointed 5 October 1693), father of David Hartley the philosopher. His meeting house was licensed under the Toleration Act on 18 July 1689.

Heywood was one of the many nonconformist divines who attended solemn fasts (September 1689) in connection with the case of Richard Dugdale, known as the 'Surey demoniac.' It is clear that he originally believed in the reality of Dugdale's possession, yet in the subsequent defence of the ministers concerned he took no part.

"Happy union"
The London agreement (1691) between the presbyterians and congregationalists, known as the "happy union", was introduced into Yorkshire mainly through Heywood's influence. On 2 September 1691 he preached in Mrs Kirby's house at Wakefield to 20 ordained and four licensed preachers of the two denominations and the "heads of agreement" were adopted. The meeting was the first of a series of assemblies of nonconformist divines of the West Riding at which preaching licences were granted and ordinations arranged.

Death
The last ten years of Heywood's life were somewhat troubled by symptoms of declining orthodoxy in some of his coadjutors. Although some supporters such as ironmaster William and Anna Cotton did not allow the Cotton children to be baptised until after Heywood died.  Heywood maintained his own evangelistic work till the close of 1699. In 1700 his health broke; asthma confined him to Northowram. From 5 December 1701 he was carried to his meeting house in a chair. He died at Northowram on Monday, 4 May 1702, and was buried in a side chapel of Halifax Church, known as 'Holdsworth's works,' in his mother's grave. There is no monument there to his memory, but in Northgate End Chapel, Halifax, is a memorial slab erected by a descendant.

Family
He married, first, on 24 April 1655, at Denton, Elizabeth (d 26 May 1661, aged 27), daughter of John Angier, by whom he had three sons:
John, born 18 April 1656, minister at Rotherham and Pontefract, died 6 September 1704;
Eliezer, born 18 April 1657, minister at Wallingwells, Nottinghamshire and Dronfield, Derbyshire, died 20 May 1730;
Nathaniel, born 7 August and died 24 August 1659.

Heywood married, secondly, on 27 June 1667, at Salford, Abigail, daughter of James Crompton of Breightmet in the parish of Bolton, Lancashire; she died without issue in 1707.

Publications
Heywood's Works were collected by Richard Slate (1825–27, 5 vols); the collection is complete with the exception of one or two prefaces from his pen.

Among his best publications are:
Heart Treasure &c., 1667, 2nd part, 1672
Closet Prayer &c., 1671
Life in God's Favour &c., 1679
Baptismal Bonds Renewed &c., 1687
The Best Entail &c., 1693
A Family Altar &c., 1693
A Treatise of Christ's Intercession &c., Leeds, 1701

Most of his books are on topics of practical religion, and he sent them out in large quantities among his friends for free distribution. For his inner life the best authority is the series of his 'Diaries,' edited, with other papers, by J. Horsfall Turner, Brighouse, 1881–85, 4 vols. His registers of baptisms, marriages and deaths, edited, with those of his successor, Thomas Dickenson, by J. Horsfall Turner, under the title of The Nonconformist Register, Brighouse, 1881, are of great biographical value.

Notes

References

External links

By Heywood:
Life in God's Favour. A Seasonable Discourse in Death-threatening Times
Nonconformist register, of baptisms, marriages, and deaths
The Rev. Oliver Heywood, B.A., 1630–1702: His Autobiography, diaries, Anecdote and Event Books
The Whole Works Of the Rev. Oliver Heywood:
Volume 1
Volume 3
Volume 4
Volume 5
The rise of the old dissent, exemplified in the life of Oliver Heywood by Joseph Hunter, 1842
Four Worthies: John Chamberlain, Anne Clifford, John Taylor, Oliver Heywood, by Wallace Notestein, 1957

1630 births
1702 deaths
English Presbyterian ministers
People excommunicated by the Church of England
Ejected English ministers of 1662
Oliver
People from Little Lever
17th-century English Presbyterian ministers
People educated at Bolton School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge


Andy Roddick was the defending champion, but chose not to participate that year.

Roger Federer won in the final 6–1, 6–3, against Stanislas Wawrinka.

Players

Draw

Main draw

Play-offs

External links
Official AAMI Classic website

Kooyong Classic
AAMI