Andrea Rita Dworkin (September 26, 1946 – April 9, 2005) was an American radical feminist writer and activist best known for her analysis of pornography. Her feminist writings, beginning in 1974, span 30 years. They are found in a dozen solo works: nine books of non-fiction, two novels, and a collection of short stories. Another three volumes were co-written or co-edited with US constitutional law professor and feminist activist, Catharine A. MacKinnon.

The central objective of Dworkin's work is analyzing Western society, culture, and politics through the prism of men's sexual violence against women in a patriarchal context. She wrote on a wide range of topics including the lives of Joan of Arc, Margaret Papandreou, and Nicole Brown Simpson; she analyzed the literature of Charlotte Brontë, Jean Rhys, Leo Tolstoy, Marquis de Sade, Kōbō Abe, Tennessee Williams, James Baldwin, and Isaac Bashevis Singer; she brought her own radical feminist perspective to her examination of subjects historically written or described from men's point of view, including fairy tales, homosexuality, lesbianism, virginity, antisemitism, the State of Israel, the Holocaust, biological superiority, and racism. She interrogated premises underlying concepts such as freedom of the press and civil liberties. She theorized the sexual politics of intelligence, fear, courage, and integrity. She described a male supremacist political ideology manifesting in and constituted by rape, battery, prostitution, and pornography.

Biography

Early life
Andrea Dworkin was born on September 26, 1946, in Camden, New Jersey, to Harry Dworkin and Sylvia Spiegel. Her father was the grandson of a Russian Jew who fled Russia when he was 15 years old in order to escape military service, and her mother was the child of Jewish immigrants from Hungary. She had one younger brother, Mark. Her father was a school teacher and dedicated socialist, whom she credited with inspiring her passion for social justice. Her relationship with her mother was strained, but Dworkin later wrote that her mother's belief in legal birth control and abortion, "long before these were respectable beliefs", inspired her later activism.

Though she described her Jewish household as being in many ways dominated by the memory of the Holocaust, it nonetheless provided a happy childhood until she reached the age of nine, when an unknown man molested her in a movie theater. When Dworkin was ten, her family moved from the city to the suburbs of Cherry Hill, New Jersey (then known as Delaware Township), which she later wrote she "experienced as being kidnapped by aliens and taken to a penal colony". In sixth grade, the administration at her new school punished her for refusing to sing "Silent Night" (as a Jew, she objected to being forced to sing Christian religious songs at school). She said she "probably would have become a rabbi" if women could have while she was in high school and she "would have liked" being a Talmudic scholar.

Dworkin began writing poetry and fiction in the sixth grade. Around that time, she was undecided about whether to become a lawyer or a writer, because of her interest then in abortion, and chose writing because she could "do it in a room alone" and "nobody could stop me". Throughout high school, she read avidly, with encouragement from her parents. She was particularly influenced by Arthur Rimbaud, Charles Baudelaire, Henry Miller, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Che Guevara, and the Beat poets, especially Allen Ginsberg, and has included among writers she "admired most" Jean Genet, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Byron. She graduated in 1964 from what is now Cherry Hill High School West.

College and early activism
In 1965, while a freshman at Bennington College, Dworkin was arrested during an anti-Vietnam War protest at the United States Mission to the United Nations and sent to the New York Women's House of Detention, known for housing renowned leftist women. After writing to the Commissioner of Corrections Anna Cross, Dworkin testified that the doctors in the House of Detention gave her an internal examination which was so rough that she bled for days afterwards. She spoke in public and testified before a grand jury about her experience, and the media coverage of her testimony made national and international news. The grand jury declined to make an indictment in the case, but Dworkin's testimony contributed to public outrage over the mistreatment of inmates. The prison was closed seven years later.

Soon after testifying before the grand jury, Dworkin left Bennington College on the ocean liner Castel Felice to live in Greece and to pursue her writing. She traveled from Paris to Athens on the Orient Express, and went to live and write on the island of Crete. While there, she wrote a series of poems titled (Vietnam) Variations, a collection of poems and prose poems that she printed on the island in a book called Child (1965), and a novel in a style resembling magical realism called Notes on Burning Boyfriend—a reference to Norman Morrison, a pacifist who had burned himself to death in protest of the Vietnam War. She also wrote several poems and dialogues which she hand-printed after returning to the United States; these became the book Morning Hair (1967).

It was during those years that she produced two books of poetry, Child (1965) and Morning Hair (1967). After living in Crete, Dworkin returned to Bennington College for two years, where she continued to study literature and participated in campaigns against the college's student conduct code, for contraception on campus, for the legalization of abortion, and against the Vietnam War. She graduated with a Bachelor's degree in literature in 1968.

Life in the Netherlands
After graduation, Dworkin moved to Amsterdam to interview Dutch anarchists in the Provo movement, which used theatrical street happenings to instigate change. While there, she became involved with one of the anarchists, Cornelius (Iwan) Dirk de Bruin, and they married. Soon after, she says that de Bruin began to abuse her severely, punching and kicking her, burning her with cigarettes, beating her on her legs with a wooden beam, and banging her head against the floor until he knocked her unconscious.

After she left de Bruin late in 1971, Dworkin said her ex-husband attacked, persecuted, and harassed her, beating her and threatening her whenever he found where she was hiding. She found herself desperate for money, often homeless, thousands of miles from her family, later remarking that "I often lived the life of a fugitive, except that it was the more desperate life of a battered woman who had run away for the last time, whatever the outcome." Due to poverty, Dworkin turned to prostitution for a period. Ricki Abrams, a feminist and fellow expatriate, sheltered Dworkin in her home and helped her find places to stay on houseboats, a communal farm, and in deserted buildings. Dworkin tried to work up the money to return to the United States.

Abrams introduced Dworkin to early radical feminist writing from the United States, and Dworkin was notably inspired by Kate Millett's Sexual Politics, Shulamith Firestone's The Dialectic of Sex, and Robin Morgan's Sisterhood Is Powerful. She and Abrams began to work together on "early pieces and fragments" of a radical feminist text on the hatred of women in culture and history, including a completed draft of a chapter on the pornographic counterculture magazine Suck, which was published by a group of fellow expatriates in the Netherlands.

Dworkin later wrote that she eventually agreed to help smuggle a briefcase of heroin through customs in return for $1,000 and an airplane ticket, thinking that if she was successful she could return home with the ticket and the money, and if caught she would at least escape her ex-husband's abuse by going to prison. The deal for the briefcase fell through, but the man who had promised Dworkin the money gave her the airline ticket anyway, and she returned to the United States in 1972.

Before she left Amsterdam, Dworkin spoke with Abrams about her experiences in the Netherlands, the emerging feminist movement, and the book they had begun to write together. Dworkin agreed to complete the book—which she eventually titled Woman Hating—and publish it when she reached the United States. In her memoirs, Dworkin relates that during that conversation, she vowed to dedicate her life to the feminist movement:

Return to New York and contact with the feminist movement
In New York City, Dworkin worked again as an anti-war organizer, participated in demonstrations for lesbian rights and against apartheid in South Africa. The feminist poet Muriel Rukeyser hired her as an assistant. Dworkin later said, "I was the worst assistant in the history of the world. But Muriel kept me on because she believed in me as a writer." Dworkin also joined a feminist consciousness raising group, and soon became involved in radical feminist organizing, focusing on campaigns against men's violence against women. In addition to her writing and activism, Dworkin gained notoriety as a speaker, mostly for events organized by local feminist groups. She became well known for passionate, uncompromising speeches that aroused strong feelings in both supporters and critics, and inspired her audience to action, such as her speech at the first Take Back the Night march in November 1978, and her 1983 speech at the Midwest Regional Conference of the National Organization for Changing Men (now the National Organization for Men Against Sexism) titled "I Want a Twenty-Four Hour Truce During Which There Is No Rape."

Relationship with John Stoltenberg
In 1974, two occasions brought them together. First, Andrea and John Stoltenberg were introduced by a mutual friend, a theater director, at a meeting of the then-fledgling Gay Academic Union. Later in 1974, not attending together, they both  walked out of a poetry reading—a benefit for the War Resisters League in Greenwich Village—due to the misogynist content. It was then they began their decades-long intellectual and personal relationship. Moving in together, their agreement was that while they would always live together, they could have relationships outside of their partnership. They planned never to marry unless one of two things occurred. As Andrea stated to the New York Times in 1985, "unless one of us is terminally ill or jailed for political activity.'' About that piece, John said the "editor refused to allow the writer to identify us as gay and lesbian, as we had asked." They married in 1998 due to her ill health, specifically painful osteoarthritis. Their life of thirty-one years together ended in April 2005 with Dworkin's sudden death from heart disease, an enlarged heart. Since then, he has lived with his husband in Washington, DC.

In Martin Duberman’s biography, Andrea Dworkin: the Feminist as Revolutionary, John is quoted describing the sexual dimension of their relationship. Andrea’s relationship with a woman, Joanne, was unwinding though the last half of the decade, and John maintained gay relationships with men throughout their time together. But their love was expressed sexually on occasion, intimately and with affection and passion.

Stoltenberg began writing a series of essays, books, and articles examining manhood and masculinity from a radical feminist perspective. Although Dworkin publicly wrote, "I love John with my heart and soul," and Stoltenberg described Dworkin as "the love of my life," she continued to publicly identify herself as lesbian, and he as gay. Stoltenberg, recounting the perplexity that their relationship seemed to cause people in the press, summarized the relationship by saying, "So I state only the simplest facts publicly: yes, Andrea and I live together and love each other and we are each other's life partner, and yes we are both out."

For additional details, see also John Stoltenberg § Personal life.

Later life
From 1974 through 1983, Dworkin wrote prolifically, producing four volumes developing her overall thesis about the practice, meaning, and function of patriarchal, misogynist violence. In 1977, she became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press. Between 1985 and 1997, she produced eight more books: three of them with Catharine A. MacKinnon either as co-author or editor and two collections of formerly unpublished essays and speeches. Her two final books came out in the first years of the 21st century, the latter being a memoir.

Dworkin was a strong opponent of President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton during the scandal centered on his behavior toward Monica Lewinsky, whom she supported. She also expressed support for Paula Jones and Juanita Broaddrick.

In June 2000, she published Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation, in which she compared the oppression of women to the persecution of Jews, discussed the sexual politics of Jewish identity and antisemitism, and called for the establishment of a women's homeland as a response to the oppression of women.

Also that same month, Dworkin published articles in the New Statesman and in The Guardian, stating that one or more men had raped her in her hotel room in Paris the previous year, putting GHB in her drink to disable her. Her articles ignited public controversy when writers such as Catherine Bennett and Julia Gracen published doubts about her account, polarizing opinion between skeptics and supporters such as Catharine MacKinnon, Katharine Viner, and Gloria Steinem. Her reference to the incident was later described by Charlotte Raven as a "widely disbelieved claim", better seen as "a kind of artistic housekeeping." Emotionally fragile and in failing health, Dworkin mostly withdrew from public life for two years following the articles.

In 2002, Dworkin published her autobiography, Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant. She soon began to speak and write again, and in an interview with Julie Bindel in 2004 said, "I thought I was finished, but I feel a new vitality. I want to continue to help women." She published three more articles in The Guardian and began work on a new book, Writing America: How Novelists Invented and Gendered a Nation, on the role of novelists such as Ernest Hemingway, Zora Neale Hurston, William Faulkner, and Eudora Welty in the development of American political and cultural identity, which was left unfinished when she died. Andrea's outline and proposal for the book was made public on June 15, 2022.

Illness and death
During her final years, Dworkin suffered fragile health, and she revealed in her last column for The Guardian that she had been weakened and nearly crippled for the past several years by her weight and severe osteoarthritis in the knees. Shortly after returning from Paris in 1999, she had been hospitalized with a high fever and blood clots in her legs. A few months after being released from the hospital, she became increasingly unable to bend her knees, and underwent surgery to replace her knees with titanium and plastic prosthetics. She wrote, "The doctor who knows me best says that osteoarthritis begins long before it cripples—in my case, possibly from homelessness, or sexual abuse, or beatings on my legs, or my weight. John, my partner, blames Scapegoat, a study of Jewish identity and women's liberation that took me nine years to write; it is, he says, the book that stole my health. I blame the drug-rape that I experienced in 1999 in Paris." When a newspaper interviewer asked her how she would like to be remembered, she said, "In a museum, when male supremacy is dead. I'd like my work to be an anthropological artifact from an extinct, primitive society." She died in her sleep at her home in Washington, D.C., on April 9, 2005, at the age of 58. The cause of death was later determined to be acute myocarditis.

Antipornography activism
Dworkin is known for her role as a speaker, writer, and activist in the feminist anti-pornography movement. In February 1976, she took a leading role in organizing public pickets of Snuff in New York City and, during the fall, joined Adrienne Rich, Grace Paley, Gloria Steinem, Shere Hite, Lois Gould, Barbara Deming, Karla Jay, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Robin Morgan, and Susan Brownmiller in attempts to form a radical feminist antipornography group. Members of this group would go on to found Women Against Pornography in 1979, but by then Dworkin had begun to distance herself from the group over differences in approach. She spoke at the first Take Back the Night march in November 1978, and joined 3,000 women in a march through the red-light district of San Francisco.

In 1981, Dworkin published Pornography: Men Possessing Women, which analyzes contemporary and historical pornography as an industry of misogynistic dehumanization. She argues that pornography is implicated in violence against women, both in its production (through the abuse of the women used to star in it), and in the social consequences of its consumption by encouraging men to eroticize the domination, humiliation, and abuse of women. Dworkin, who joined The American Heritage Dictionary Usage Panel, also argued in Pornography that this denigration of women is built into linguistic norms.

Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance

In 1980, Linda Boreman (who had appeared in the pornographic film Deep Throat as "Linda Lovelace") made public statements that her ex-husband Chuck Traynor had beaten and raped her, and violently coerced her into making that and other pornographic films. Boreman made her charges public for the press corps at a press conference, with Dworkin, feminist lawyer Catharine MacKinnon, and members of Women Against Pornography. After the press conference, Dworkin, MacKinnon, Gloria Steinem, and Boreman began discussing the possibility of using federal civil rights law to seek damages from Traynor and the makers of Deep Throat. Boreman was interested, but backed off after Steinem discovered that the statute of limitations for a possible suit had passed.

Dworkin and MacKinnon, however, continued to discuss civil rights litigation as a possible approach to combating pornography. In the fall of 1983, MacKinnon secured a one-semester appointment for Dworkin at the University of Minnesota, to teach a course in literature for the Women's Studies program and co-teach (with MacKinnon) an interdepartmental course on pornography, where they hashed out details of a civil rights approach. With encouragement from community activists in south Minneapolis, the Minneapolis city government hired Dworkin and MacKinnon to draft an antipornography civil rights ordinance as an amendment to the Minneapolis city civil rights ordinance.

The amendment defined pornography as a civil rights violation against women, and allowed women who claimed harm from pornography to sue the producers and distributors in civil court for damages. The law was passed twice by the Minneapolis city council, but vetoed both times by Mayor Don Fraser, who considered the wording of the ordinance to be too vague. Another version of the ordinance passed in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1984, but was overturned as unconstitutional under the First Amendment by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in the case American Booksellers v. Hudnut. Dworkin continued to support the civil rights approach in her writing and activism, and supported anti-pornography feminists who organized later campaigns in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1985), and Bellingham, Washington (1988), to pass versions of the ordinance by voter initiative.

Testimony before Attorney General's Commission on Pornography
On January 22, 1986, Dworkin testified for half an hour before the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography (also known as the "Meese Commission") in New York City, and answered questions from commissioners after completing her testimony. Dworkin's testimony against pornography was praised and reprinted in the Commission's final report, and Dworkin and MacKinnon marked its release by holding a joint press conference. The Meese Commission subsequently successfully demanded that convenience store chains remove from shelves men's magazines such as Playboy (Dworkin wrote that the magazine "in both text and pictures promotes both rape and child sexual abuse") and Penthouse. The demands spread nationally and intimidated some retailers into withdrawing photography magazines, among others. The Meese Commission's campaign was eventually quashed with a First Amendment admonishment against prior restraint by the United States District Court for the District of Columbia in Meese v. Playboy (639 F.Supp. 581).

In her testimony and replies to questions from the commissioners, Dworkin denounced the use of criminal obscenity prosecutions against pornographers, stating, "We are against obscenity laws. We do not want them. I want you to understand why, whether you end up agreeing or not." She argued that obscenity laws were largely ineffectual, that when they were effectual they only suppressed pornography from public view while allowing it to flourish out of sight, and that they suppressed the wrong material, or the right material for the wrong reasons, arguing that "Obscenity laws are also woman-hating in their very construction. Their basic presumption is that it's women's bodies that are dirty."

Instead she offered five recommendations for the Commission, recommending (1) that "the Justice Department instruct law-enforcement agencies to keep records of the use of pornography in violent crimes", (2) a ban on the possession and distribution of pornography in prisons, (3) that prosecutors "enforce laws against pimping and pandering against pornographers", (4) that the administration "make it a Justice Department priority to enforce RICO (the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act) against the pornography industry", and (5) that Congress adopt federal anti-pornography civil rights legislation which would provide for civil damages for harm inflicted on women. She suggested that the Commission consider "creating a criminal conspiracy provision under the civil rights law, such that conspiring to deprive a person of their civil rights by coercing them into pornography is a crime, and that conspiring to traffic in pornography is conspiring to deprive women of our civil rights." Dworkin compared her proposal to the Southern Poverty Law Center's use of civil rights litigation against the Ku Klux Klan.

Dworkin also submitted into evidence a copy of Boreman's book Ordeal, as an example of the abuses that she hoped to remedy, saying "The only thing atypical about Linda is that she has had the courage to make a public fight against what has happened to her. And whatever you come up with, it has to help her or it's not going to help anyone." Boreman had testified in person before the Commission, but the Commissioners had not yet seen her book.

Addendum: Butler decision in Canada
In 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada made a ruling in R. v. Butler which incorporated some elements of Dworkin and MacKinnon's legal work on pornography into the existing Canadian obscenity law. In Butler, the Court held that Canadian obscenity law violated Canadian citizens' rights to free speech under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms if enforced on grounds of morality or community standards of decency; but that obscenity law could be enforced constitutionally against some pornography on the basis of the Charter's guarantees of sex equality. The Court's decision cited extensively from briefs prepared by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF), with the support and participation of Catharine MacKinnon.

Dworkin opposed LEAF's position, arguing that feminists should not support or attempt to reform criminal obscenity law. In 1993, copies of Dworkin's book Pornography were held for inspection by Canada Customs agents, fostering an urban legend that Dworkin's own books had been banned from Canada under a law that she herself had promoted. However, the Butler decision did not adopt Dworkin and MacKinnon's ordinance, Dworkin did not support the decision, and her books (which were released shortly after they were inspected) were held temporarily as part of a standard procedural measure, unrelated to the Butler decision.

Non-fiction (selected works)

Woman Hating

Published in 1974, Woman Hating: A Radical Look at Sexuality was Dworkin's first book outlining many foundational points comprising her developing feminist philosophy. She identifies the book a revolutionary act, an expression of a "commitment to ending male dominance" in all its cultural and social manifestations. The introduction offers a complex understanding of women's lives. She describes the impossibility of a revolution for women if women with privilege and comfort are not willing to give up each in solidarity with women not so entitled. She recognizes that women occupy multiple positions: of oppression, privilege, and peril, such that one may stand on the freedom of other women and men, or be in more danger for one's ethnicity than one's sex.

The guts of the book, its primary thesis, is that a male supremacist ideology requires female subordination and negation. She endeavors to reveal how it suffuses society, how it becomes mythic, religious. She extracts and analyzes themes in Western fairy tales and pornography, in Pauline Reage's Story of O, in The Image by Jean de Berg. Whether in literature for children or adults, in cultural products portending to be fantasy, she finds the same epistemology: women are either Good or Evil. Either way they are to be ruled by men, spheres of existence severely limited, in mobility such as through foot binding, or snuffed out entirely, such as through witch burning.

The last section explores androgyny in myths and religions across the globe to "discern another ontology, one which discards the fiction that there are two polar distinct sexes." She was not alone in this endeavor. Dworkin's exploration exists in a Western literary lineage that includes Orlando: A Biography, by Virginia Woolf, and Woman on the Edge of Time, by Marge Piercy. In the final chapter, she examines sexual similarities, hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, pansexuality, homosexuality, transsexuality, transvestism, bestiality, incest, the family, and children. About this chapter she reflects on her own theorizing as problematic, existing outside of girls' and women's lived experience: "I think there are a lot of things really wrong with the last chapter of Woman Hating", said Dworkin in an interview with Cindy Jenefsky for her book, Without Apology: Andrea Dworkin's Art and Politics. She identifies factors which influenced the chapter: 'years of reading Freud and trying to figure out abstractly what all this was about'... [A]t the time Woman Hating was written, [there were] roots in the counterculture and the sexual liberation movement."

Dworkin's work from the early 1980s onward contained frequent condemnations of incest and pedophilia as one of the chief forms of violence against women, arguing once that "incest is a crime committed against someone, a crime from which many victims never recover." In the early 1980s, she had a public row with her formerly admired friend Allen Ginsberg, with whom she shared godparent status of a mutual friend's child. The intense disagreement was over his support for child pornography and pedophilia, in which Ginsberg said, "The right wants to put me in jail." Dworkin responded, "Yes, they're very sentimental; I'd kill you."

Right-Wing Women
In 1983, Dworkin published Right-Wing Women: The Politics of Domesticated Females, an examination of women's reasons for collaborating with conservative men for the limitation of women's freedom.

In the preface to the British edition, Dworkin stated that the New Right in the United States focused especially on preserving male authority in the family, the promotion of fundamentalist versions of orthodox religion, combating abortion, and undermining efforts to combat domestic violence, but that it also had, for the first time, "succeeded in getting women as women (women who claim to be acting in the interests of women as a group) to act effectively on behalf of male authority over women, on behalf of a hierarchy in which women are subservient to men, on behalf of women as the rightful property of men, on behalf of religion as an expression of transcendent male supremacy." Taking this as her problem, Dworkin asked, "Why do right-wing women agitate for their own subordination? How does the Right, controlled by men, enlist their participation and loyalty? And why do right-wing women truly hate the feminist struggle for equality?"

In one review, it was described as being premised on agreement between feminists and right-wing women on the existence of domination by men in sex and class, but disagreement on strategy.

Intercourse

In 1987, Dworkin published Intercourse, in which she extended her analysis from pornography to sexual intercourse itself, and argued that the sort of sexual subordination depicted in pornography was central to men's and women's experiences of heterosexual intercourse in a male supremacist society. In the book, she argues that all heterosexual sex in our patriarchal society is coercive and degrading to women, and sexual penetration may by its very nature doom women to inferiority and submission, and "may be immune to reform".

Citing from both pornography and literature—including The Kreutzer Sonata, Madame Bovary, and Dracula—Dworkin argued that depictions of intercourse in mainstream art and culture consistently emphasized heterosexual intercourse as the only kind of "real" sex, portrayed intercourse in violent or invasive terms, portrayed the violence or invasiveness as central to its eroticism, and often united it with male contempt for, revulsion towards, or even murder of, the "carnal" woman. She argued that this kind of depiction enforced a male-centric and coercive view of sexuality, and that, when the cultural attitudes combine with the material conditions of women's lives in a sexist society, the experience of heterosexual intercourse itself becomes a central part of men's subordination of women, experienced as a form of "occupation" that is nevertheless expected to be pleasurable for women and to define their very status as women.

Such descriptions are often cited by Dworkin's critics, interpreting the book as claiming "all" heterosexual intercourse is rape, or more generally that the anatomical mechanics of sexual intercourse make it intrinsically harmful to women's equality. For instance, Cathy Young says that statements such as "intercourse is the pure, sterile, formal expression of men's contempt for women" are reasonably summarized as "all sex is rape".

Dworkin rejected that interpretation of her argument, stating in a later interview that "I think both intercourse and sexual pleasure can and will survive equality" and suggesting that the misunderstanding came about because of the very sexual ideology she was criticizing: "Since the paradigm for sex has been one of conquest, possession, and violation, I think many men believe they need an unfair advantage, which at its extreme would be called rape. I do not think they need it."

Life and Death
In 1997, Dworkin published a collection of her speeches and articles from the 1990s in Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War on Women, including a long autobiographical essay on her life as a writer, and articles on violence against women, pornography, prostitution, Nicole Brown Simpson, the use of rape during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Montreal massacre, Israel, and the gender politics of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Reviewing Life and Death in The New Republic, philosopher Martha Nussbaum criticizes voices in contemporary feminism for denouncing Catharine MacKinnon and Dworkin as "man-haters", and argues that First Amendment critiques of Dworkin's civil ordinance proposal against pornography "are not saying anything intellectually respectable", for the First Amendment "has never covered all speech: bribery, threats, extortionate offers, misleading advertising, perjury, and unlicensed medical advice are all unprotected." Nussbaum adds that Dworkin has focused attention on the proper moral target by making harm associated with subordination, not obscenity, civilly actionable.

Nevertheless, Nussbaum opposes the adoption of Dworkin's pornography ordinance because it (1) fails to distinguish between moral and legal violations, (2) fails to demonstrate a causal relationship between pornography and specific harm, (3) holds a creator of printed images or words responsible for others' behavior, (4) grants censorial power to the judiciary (which may be directed against feminist scholarship), and (5) erases the contextual considerations within which sex takes place. More broadly, Nussbaum faults Dworkin for (1) occluding economic injustice through an "obsessive focus on sexual subordination", (2) reproducing objectification in reducing her interlocutors to their abuse, and (3) refusing reconciliation in favor of "violent extralegal resistance against male violence."

Many of Dworkin's early speeches are reprinted in her second book, Our Blood (1976). Later selections of speeches were reprinted ten and twenty years later, in Letters from a War Zone (1988) and Life and Death (1997).

Fiction
Dworkin published three fictional works after achieving notice as a feminist author and activist. She published a collection of short stories, the new womans broken heart in 1980. Her first novel, Ice and Fire, was originally published in the United Kingdom in 1986. It is a first-person narrative, detailing violence and abuse; Susie Bright has claimed that it amounts to a modern feminist rewriting of one of the Marquis de Sade's most famous works, Juliette. However, Dworkin aimed to depict men's harm to women as normalized political harm, not as eccentric eroticism. Dworkin's second novel, Mercy, reviewed by the New York Times as a Bildungsroman, was first published in the United Kingdom in 1990. According to The Telegraph, the novels "were not popular".

Dworkin's short fiction and novels often incorporated elements from her life and themes from her nonfiction writing, sometimes related by a first-person narrator. Critics have sometimes quoted passages spoken by characters in Ice and Fire as representations of Dworkin's own views. Dworkin, however, wrote "My fiction is not autobiography. I am not an exhibitionist. I do not show myself. I am not asking for forgiveness. I do not want to confess. But I have used everything I know—my life—to show what I believe must be shown so that it can be faced. The imperative at the heart of my writing—what must be done—comes directly from my life. But I do not show my life directly, in full view; nor even look at it while others watch."

Influence
Dworkin's writings were designed to assert the ubiquity and denounce the injustice of institutionalized and normalized sex-based harm against women. She became one of the most influential writers and spokeswomen of American radical feminism during the late 1970s and the 1980s. She characterized pornography as an industry of damaging objectification and abuse, not a metaphysical fantasy realm. She discussed prostitution as a system of exploitation, and intercourse as a key site of intimate subordination in patriarchy. Her analysis and writing influenced and inspired the work of contemporary feminists such as Catharine MacKinnon, Gloria Steinem, John Stoltenberg, Nikki Craft, Susan Cole, and Amy Elman. Rebecca Traister stated that Dworkin's Intercourse was one of the books that inspired her 2018 book Good and Mad. However, Jessa Crispin reproved contemporary feminists for abandoning Dworkin's work in her 2017 book Why I Am Not a Feminist: A Feminist Manifesto.

Dworkin's uncompromising positions and forceful style of writing and speaking, described by Robert Campbell as "apocalyptic", earned her frequent comparisons to other speakers such as Malcolm X (by Robin Morgan, Susie Bright, and others). Gloria Steinem repeatedly compared her style to that of the Biblical prophets.

Critical of what she described as male supremacist values expressed among conservatives, liberals, and radicals, she nevertheless engaged with all three groups. She came out of movements led by leftist men, such as when protesting the Vietnam War or when active in the Gay liberation Movement. She addressed liberal men on the issue of rape. She spoke with and wrote about politically conservative women, resulting in the publication of Right-Wing Women. She testified at a Meese Commission hearing on pornography while Attorney General Edwin Meese was serving socially conservative President Ronald Reagan. She had a political discourse with National Review writer David Frum and their spouses arranged by Christopher Hitchens.

Her life partner John Stoltenberg wrote that Dworkin was a trans ally who "repudiated the sex binary—and the biological essentialism upon which belief in it is based." Stoltenberg also wrote that "she is often invoked to support beliefs she actively repudiated in her work."

Criticism
Dworkin's discursive style, coupled with antipathy for her views, produced sharply polarizing debate. In 1992, Melanie McFadyean wrote: "People think Andrea's a man-hater, she gets called a Fascist and a Nazi—particularly by the American left, but it's not detectable in her work." While often polarizing among the left, Dworkin's views were also divisive in conservative circles, eliciting both praise and condemnation from right-wing critics. After her death, Andrew Sullivan, a conservative gay writer and political commentator, stated that "[m]any on the social right liked Andrea Dworkin. Like Dworkin, their essential impulse when they see human beings living freely is to try and control or stop them—for their own good. Like Dworkin, they are horrified by male sexuality, and see men as such as a problem to be tamed. Like Dworkin, they believe in the power of the state to censor and coerce sexual freedoms. Like Dworkin, they view the enormous new freedom that women and gay people have acquired since the 1960s as a terrible development for human culture." Cathy Young, an American libertarian/conservative journalist,  complained of a "whitewash" in feminist obituaries for Dworkin, arguing that Dworkin's positions were manifestly misandrist, stating that Dworkin was in fact insane, criticizing what she called Dworkin's "destructive legacy", and describing Dworkin as a "sad ghost" that feminism needs to exorcise.

Other feminists published sympathetic or celebratory memorials online and in print. Catharine MacKinnon, Dworkin's longtime friend and collaborator, published a column in The New York Times, celebrating what she described as Dworkin's "incandescent literary and political career", suggested that Dworkin deserved a nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature, and complained that "lies about her views on sexuality (that she believed intercourse was rape) and her political alliances (that she was in bed with the right) were published and republished without attempts at verification, corrective letters almost always refused. Where the physical appearance of male writers is regarded as irrelevant or cherished as a charming eccentricity, Andrea's was reviled and mocked and turned into pornography. When she sued for libel, courts trivialized the pornographic lies as fantasy and dignified them as satire."

Further critics, especially women who identify as feminists but sharply differ with Dworkin's positions and strategies, have offered nuanced views, suggesting that Dworkin called attention to real and important problems, but that her legacy as a whole had been destructive to the women's movement. Her work and activism on pornography—especially in the form of the Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance—were criticized by liberal groups such as the Feminist Anti-Censorship Task Force (FACT).

Dworkin was also met with criticism from sex-positive feminists, in what became known as the feminist sex wars of the late 1970s and 1980s. The sex wars were a series of heated debates that polarized feminist thought on a number of issues relating to sex and sexuality. Sex-positive feminist critics criticized Dworkin's legal activism as censorious, and argued that her work on pornography and sexuality promoted an essentialist, conservative, or repressive view of sexuality, which they often characterized as "anti-sex" or "sex-negative". Her criticisms of common heterosexual sexual expression, pornography, prostitution, and sadomasochism were frequently claimed to disregard women's own agency in sex or deny women's sexual choices. Dworkin countered that her critics often misrepresented her views, and that under the heading of "choice" and "sex-positivity", her feminist critics were failing to question the often violent political structures that confined women's choices and shaped the meaning of sex acts.

However, in the 21st century, Dworkin has garnered favor with younger generations of feminists, Lauren Oyler (b. 1991), Moira Donegan (b. 1989), Jennifer Szalai (b. 1979-80), Michelle Goldberg (b. 1975), and Joanna Fateman (b. 1974), who found liberal and sex-positive feminism lacking in depth of analysis and action.

In 1989, Dworkin wrote an article about her life as a battered wife in the Netherlands, "What Battery Really Is", in response to Susan Brownmiller, who had argued that Hedda Nussbaum, a battered woman, should have been indicted for her failure to stop Joel Steinberg from murdering their adoptive daughter. Newsweek initially accepted "What Battery Really Is" for publication, but then declined to publish the account at the request of their attorney, according to Dworkin, arguing that she needed either to publish anonymously "to protect the identity of the batterer" and remove references to specific injuries, or to provide "medical records, police records, a written statement from a doctor who had seen the injuries". Instead, Dworkin submitted the article to the Los Angeles Times, which published it on March 12, 1989.

Bibliography

Non-fiction

Sole author

Co-authored/co-edited with Catharine A. MacKinnon

Includes:
 Pdf.

 Available online.
In Harm's Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearings, Dworkin, Andrea; MacKinnon, Catharine A., eds. Boston: Harvard University Press. 1998.

Anthology

Last Days at Hot Slit: The Radical Feminism of Andrea Dworkin, Fateman, Joanna; Scholder, Amy, eds. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 2019.

Chapters in other anthologies

 Bell, Diane, & Renate Klein, eds. (1996). "Dworkin on Dworkin". Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed (N. Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Spinifex. pp 203–0217. .

Fiction

Poetry

Articles

  Pdf
  Page 1 of 4 Page 2 of 4. Page 3 of 4 Page 4 of 4
  Pdf. Page 1 of 2 Page 2 of 2
  Pdf
  Page 1 of 2. Page 2 of 2

 Excerpt with Note from John Stoltenberg, May 25, 2007
  A review of Lucky, by Alice Sebold,
  A review of Normal: transsexual CEOs, cross-dressing cops and hermaphrodites with attitude, by Amy Bloom,

Speeches

Andrea Dworkin's Attorney General's Commission Testimony on Pornography and Prostitution
"Freedom Now: Ending Violence Against Women"
"Speech from Duke University, January 1985"

Spoken word recording

Taped Phone Interview Andrea Dworkin interviewed by Nikki Craft on Allen Ginsberg, May 9, 1990. (Audio File, 20 min, 128 kbit/s, mp3)
Dworkin on Dworkin,

Reviews

 Ice and Fire, by Andrea Dworkin; Intercourse, by Andrea Dworkin. "Male and Female, Men and Women". Reviewed by Carol Sternhell for The New York Times (May 3, 1987).
 Intercourse, by Andrea Dworkin; Feminism Unmodified, by Catharine MacKinnon. "Porn in the U.S.A., Part I". Reviewed by Maureen Mullarkey for The Nation (May 30, 1987)
 . Reviewed by Giney Villar for Women in Action (3:1998)
 . Reviewed by Jed Brandt for the NYC Indypendent (February 7, 2005)

In popular culture

In Dworkin's lifetime, two volumes considered and analyzed the body of her work: Andrea Dworkin by Jeremy Mark Robinson, first published in 1994, and Without Apology: Andrea Dworkin's Art and Politics by Cindy Jenefsky in 1998. Dworkin's influence has continued beyond her death. The play Aftermath was produced in 2015 by John Stoltenberg, based on Dworkin's unpublished writing. The Dworkin anthology Last Days at Hot Slit was published in 2019. The documentary feature My Name is Andrea by Pratibha Parmar was released in 2020; the biography Andrea Dworkin: The Feminist as Revolutionary by Martin Duberman was published the same year. Dworkin's book proposal for Writing America: How Novelists Invented and Gendered a Nation was made public in mid-2022.

She appears in Season 3 Episode 4 of The Deuce as a member of Women Against Pornography.

References

Sources

External links

 Portal for Andrea Dworkin's Websites maintained by Nikki Craft
 Official Andrea Dworkin Online Library maintained by Nikki Craft
 Andrea Dworkin Memorial Page maintained by Nikki Craft
 Papers, 1914–2007 (inclusive), 1973–2000 (bulk): A Finding Aid., Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
 Videotape collection of Andrea Dworkin, 1981–1998 (inclusive): A Finding Aid., Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
 Audiotape collection of Andrea Dworkin, 1975–1997 (inclusive): A Finding Aid., Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University

1946 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American LGBT people
Activists from New Jersey
American Book Award winners
American LGBT novelists
American expatriates in Greece
American expatriates in the Netherlands
American feminist writers
American lesbian writers
American literary critics
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American tax resisters
American women critics
American women non-fiction writers
American women novelists
American women's rights activists
Anti-pornography feminists
Anti-prostitution activists in the United States
Anti-prostitution feminists
Bennington College alumni
Cherry Hill High School West alumni
Deaths from myocarditis
Feminist theorists
Jewish American novelists
Jewish feminists
Jewish women writers
Lesbian Jews
Lesbian memoirists
LGBT people from New Jersey
Lesbian feminists
Novelists from New Jersey
People from Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Radical feminists
American women literary critics
Writers from Camden, New Jersey
Writers on antisemitism


San Diego United was an American soccer team based in San Diego, California, United States. Founded in 2008, the team was a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. The team and Southwest Division went on hiatus from the NPSL for the 2009 season due to a lack of teams in the Southwest Division after the 2008 season. As of 2010 neither the Southwest Division nor SD United are listed as being part of NPSL.

The team played its home games in Torero Stadium. The team's colors were black, white, red and gold.

The team had a sister organization, also called San Diego United, which plays in the Women's Premier Soccer League.

History

Players

Current roster

Notable former players

Steve Bruce
Leslie Cunningham

Year-by-year

Honors
 NPSL Southwest Division Champions 2008
National Champions 2008

Head coaches
  Jason Heth (2008)
  Guy Newman (2009–2010)

Stadia
 Valhalla Stadium at Valhalla High School; El Cajon, California (2008)
 Torero Stadium; San Diego, California (2009–present)
 Stadium at Granite Hills High School; El Cajon, California 2 games (2009)

External links
San Diego United

U
National Premier Soccer League teams
2008 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California


Porgy & Bess is a 1997 album by the jazz saxophonist Joe Henderson, released on Verve Records. It contains Henderson's arrangements of music from George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess. It was his final album as a leader.

Track listing
All music by George Gershwin and all lyrics by Ira Gershwin and DuBose Heyward unless otherwise noted
 "Introduction: Jasbo Brown Blues" – 0:56
 "Summertime" – 7:16
 "Here Come de Honey Man/They Pass by Singin'" – 2:04
 "My Man's Gone Now" – 6:58
 "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin'" – 6:52
 "Bess, You Is My Woman Now" – 5:15
 "It Ain't Necessarily So" (G. Gershwin, I. Gershwin) – 6:27
 "I Loves You, Porgy" – 4:18
 "There's a Boat Dat's Leavin' Soon for New York" – 6:42
 "Oh Bess, Oh Where's My Bess?" – 6:58

Personnel
 Joe Henderson – tenor saxophone
 Conrad Herwig – trombone
 John Scofield – acoustic and electric guitars
 Stefon Harris – vibes
 Tommy Flanagan – piano
 Dave Holland – bass
 Jack DeJohnette – drums
 Chaka Khan – vocal on track 2
 Sting – vocal on track 7

References

1997 albums
Joe Henderson albums
Verve Records albums
Joe Henderson album


On February 10, 2009, two communications satellites — the active commercial Iridium 33 and the derelict Russian military Kosmos 2251 —accidentally collided at a speed of  and an altitude of  above the Taymyr Peninsula in Siberia. It was the first time a hypervelocity collision occurred between two satellites; previous incidents had involved a satellite and a piece of space debris.

Spacecraft

Kosmos 2251 was a  Russian Strela military communications satellite owned by the Russian Space Forces. Kosmos 2251 was launched on a Russian Cosmos-3M carrier rocket on June 16, 1993. Notably, this satellite had been deactivated prior to the collision, and remained in orbit as space debris.

The other spacecraft, Iridium33, was a  USA-built commercial satellite that was part of the Iridium constellation for satellite phones. It was launched on September 14, 1997, atop a Russian Proton rocket.

Collision

The collision occurred at 16:56 UTC and destroyed both the Iridium 33 and Kosmos-2251. The Iridium satellite was operational at the time of the collision. Kosmos-2251 had gone out of service in 1995. It had no propulsion system, and was no longer actively controlled.

Fallout

NASA, the U.S. space agency, initially estimated ten days after the collision that the satellite space incident had created at least 1,000 pieces of debris larger than , in addition to many smaller ones. By July 2011, the U.S. Space Surveillance Network had catalogued over 2000 large debris fragments from the collision. NASA determined the risk to the International Space Station, which orbits about  below the collision course, to be low, as was any threat to the shuttle launch (STS-119) then planned for late February 2009. However, Chinese scientists have said that the debris does pose a threat to Chinese satellites in Sun-synchronous orbits, and the ISS did have to perform an avoidance maneuver due to collision debris in March 2011.

By December 2011, many pieces of the debris were in an observable orbital decay towards Earth, and were expected to burn up in the atmosphere within one to two years. In 2016, Space News listed the collision as the second biggest fragmentation event in history, with Kosmos-2251 and Iridium 33 producing respectively 1,668 and 628 pieces of catalogued debris, of which 1,141 and 364 pieces of tracked debris remained in orbit as of January 2016. Fourteen years after the collision the US Space Surveillance Catalog listed 1,014 and 290 debris still in orbit respectively.

A small piece of Kosmos-2251 satellite debris safely passed by the International Space Station at 2:38 a.m. EDT, Saturday, March 24, 2012, at a distance of approximately . As a precaution, ISS management had the six crew members on board the orbiting complex take refuge inside the two docked Soyuz rendezvous spacecraft until the debris had passed.

A number of reports of phenomena in the US states of Texas, Kentucky, and New Mexico were attributed to debris from the collision in the days immediately following the first reports of the incident in 2009, although NASA and the United States Strategic Command, which tracks satellites and orbital debris, did not announce any reentries of debris at the time and reported that these phenomena were unrelated to the collision. On February 13, 2009, witnesses in Kentucky heard sonic booms. The National Weather Service issued an information statement alerting residents of sonic booms due to the falling satellite debris. The Federal Aviation Administration also released a notice warning to pilots of the re-entering debris. Some reports include details that point to these phenomena being caused by a meteoroid shower. A very bright meteor over Texas on February 15, 2009, was mistaken for reentering debris by some witnesses.

Other
Events where two satellites approach within several kilometers of each other occur numerous times each day. Sorting through the large number of potential collisions to identify those that are high risk presents a challenge. Precise, up-to-date information regarding current satellite positions is difficult to obtain. Calculations made by CelesTrak had expected these two satellites to miss by .

Planning an avoidance maneuver with due consideration of the risk, the fuel consumption required for the maneuver, and its effects on the satellite's normal functioning can also be challenging. John Campbell of Iridium spoke at a June 2007 forum discussing these tradeoffs and the difficulty of handling all the notifications they were getting regarding close approaches, which numbered 400 per week (for approaches within ) for the entire Iridium constellation. He estimated the risk of collision per conjunction as one in 50million.

This collision and numerous near-misses have renewed calls for mandatory disposal of defunct satellites (typically by deorbiting them, or at minimum, sending them to a graveyard orbit), but no such international law exists as of 2023. Nevertheless, some countries have adopted such a law domestically, such as France in December 2010. The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002 to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life.

See also
 Kessler syndrome (ablation cascade) – a positive feedback loop where space debris creates more debris until all orbits are prohibited.
 Laser broom – a proposed method of getting rid of space debris
 Space Liability Convention
 ASM-135 ASAT – first known anti-satellite weapon test
 Operation Burnt Frost
 Project West Ford – largest recorded space debris creation event
 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test – another large space debris creation event

References

External links

 Animations and graphic renderings of the collision
 Satellite collision animation video
 Satellite collision animation in 3D with Google Earth

Satellite collision
Satellite collisions
February 2009 events
Iridium Communications


Ken Anderson (October 4, 1975 – April 3, 2009) was a professional American football defensive tackle in the National Football League. He played with the Chicago Bears in 1999. He died of a heart attack on April 3, 2009, at age 33.

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Pro-Football reference

1975 births
2009 deaths
Players of American football from Shreveport, Louisiana
Captain Shreve High School alumni
American football defensive tackles
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Chicago Bears players
Rhein Fire players
Orlando Rage players


Double Rainbow: The Music of Antonio Carlos Jobim is a 1995 album by jazz saxophonist Joe Henderson,  released on Verve Records.   It contains Henderson's rearrangement of music by Brazilian composer Antonio Carlos Jobim.

The album was originally intended to be a collaboration between Henderson and Jobim, but the plan was changed following Jobim's death. Musicians include pianists Eliane Elias and Herbie Hancock, bassist Christian McBride and drummer Jack DeJohnette.

Like his previous two albums for Verve Records, Double Rainbow received excellent reviews and relatively good sales for a jazz album in 1995.   Reviewer Scott Yanow called the album "very accessible yet unpredictable". The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD awarded the album three stars and described it as "essentially high-calibre light-jazz".

Track listing
All compositions by Antonio Carlos Jobim.

 "Felicidade" – 4:45
 "Dreamer" – 5:24
 "Boto" – 6:35
 "Ligia" – 4:31
 "Once I Loved" – 5:22
 "Triste" – 5:28
 "Photograph" – 5:01
 "Portrait in Black and White (A.K.A. Zingaro)" – 5:17
 "No More Blues" – 6:39
 "Happy Madness" – 3:12
 "Passarim" – 5:38
 "Modinha" – 4:33

Personnel
 Joe Henderson – tenor saxophone
 Eliane Elias – piano (tracks 1-4)
 Herbie Hancock – piano (tracks 6-11)
 Oscar Castro-Neves – guitar (tracks 1, 2, 5)
 Nico Assumpção – bass (tracks 1-4)
 Christian McBride – bass (tracks 6-9, 11, 12)
 Paulo Braga – drums (tracks 1-4)
 Jack DeJohnette – drums (tracks 6-7, 9, 11)

References

1995 albums
Joe Henderson albums
Verve Records albums
Antônio Carlos Jobim tribute albums


Thomas G. West (born 1945) is an American academic. He is a professor of Politics at Hillsdale College, and the author of three books.

Early life and education
West was born in 1945. He received his B.A. from Cornell University in 1967 and his Ph.D. from Claremont Graduate University in 1974. He served in the Vietnam War as a lieutenant in the U.S. Army in 1969–70.

Career
West taught at the University of Dallas from 1974 to 2011. Since 2011, he has been a professor of Politics at Hillsdale College.

West was Bradley Resident Scholar at The Heritage Foundation from 1988 to 1989, and a Salvatori Visiting Scholar at Claremont McKenna College from 1990 to 1992. He is a director and senior fellow of the Claremont Institute, which has supported and publicized his research.  He has translated, with Grace Starry West, Plato's Charmides, Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, and Crito, as well as Aristophanes' Clouds. He has also published Vindicating the Founders, an analysis and defense of American political thought in the founding of the United States in the 18th century.

West supported Donald Trump during the 2016 presidential election.

Selected works and appearances

Books

The Political Theory of the American Founding: Natural Rights, Public Policy, and the Moral Conditions of Freedom (Cambridge University Press, 2017)
Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997; paperback edition, 2001)
 (author and translator) Plato's "Apology of Socrates": An Interpretation, with a New Translation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979)

Edited volumes
 (co-edited with Ronald J. Pestritto) Modern America and the Legacy of the Founding (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006).
 (co-edited with Ronald J. Pestritto) Challenges to the American Founding: Slavery, Historicism, and Progressivism in the Nineteenth Century (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004).
 (co-edited with Ronald J. Pestritto) The American Founding and the Social Compact (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2003).
 (editor and introduction) Algernon Sidney, Discourses Concerning Government (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1990; revised edition 1996).
 (co-edited with John E. Alvis) Shakespeare as Political Thinker (Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 1981; revised and expanded edition, Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute Books, 2000).

Public appearances
 Does Our Constitution Still Matter?  (panel discussion with Robert D. Cohen, Allen Fishburn, and Calvin C. Jillson)
 American Federalism in Theory and Practice (panelist, 2011 Constitution Day Celebration)
 Should Conservatives Today Accept the New Deal as a Done Deal? (panelist, 2012 Constitution Day Celebration)
 Locke and the Founders on Sex and Marriage (lecture at University of Dallas)

References

External links

 Academia.edu profile (Selected book chapters, reviews and journal articles)
 Contributor page at Claremont Review of Books website
 Companion website to Vindicating the Founders

1945 births
Living people
Claremont Graduate University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Hillsdale College faculty
The Heritage Foundation
University of Dallas faculty


Redtape was one of the East Village zines published between 1980 and 1992. It featured comics, fiction, poetry, graphic art and photography.

History
Redtape was published between 1980 and 1992. The magazine communicated innovative artistic ideas and divided its pages between literature and graphics.  It encouraged the collaboration of writers and visual artists. Michael Carter, the editor and publisher of Redtape, said that the purpose of the magazine was "to explore new possibilities and forms of expression, to develop craft and technique without becoming sequestered in an intellectual or academic ivory tower."  It featured comics, fiction, poetry, graphic art, and photography.  It also provided a venue for both established and emerging artists and writers of the downtown New York scene.

Publications
For the Left Side of Your Brain (1982)
Assemblage (1982)
Redtape: Double Summer Issue (1983)
ArtDamaged (1984)
White Lies ( 1984)
The Cracked Mirror (1986)
Tragicomix (1992)

Contributors to the magazine included Richard Hambleton, Kathy Acker, David Wojnarowicz, Constance De Jong, John Farris, Greer Lankton, Patrick McGrath, Peter Chereches, James Romberger, Lynne Tillman and others.

References

Visual arts magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1980
Magazines disestablished in 1992
Magazines published in New York (state)
Zines


"Tears of Sorrow" is the first single by The Primettes, later known as The Supremes, released in 1960. This was their first and only single from Lu Pine Records. "Tears of Sorrow," along with the Mary Wilson-led "Pretty Baby", are the only known recordings that feature the vocals of Betty McGlown. It would later appear on the 2000 box set The Supremes. The Supremes would later rerecord the song at Motown, but this version would go unreleased until the 2008 compilation album Let The Music Play: Supreme Rarities 1960-1969.

Credits

Tears Of Sorrow

Lu Pine version
Lead vocals by Diana Ross
Background vocals by Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Betty McGlown
Instrumentation by Ron and the Red Vests

Motown version
Lead vocals by Diana Ross
Background vocals by Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson and Barbara Martin
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers

Pretty Baby
Lead vocals by Mary Wilson
Solo vocals on intro by Florence Ballard
Background vocals by Florence Ballard, Betty McGlown, Diana Ross

References

External links

1960 debut singles
1960 songs
The Supremes songs
Songs written by Richard Morris (songwriter)


Stan Smith was the defending champion and won in the final 6–4, 6–0, 6–2 against Wojciech Fibak.

Seeds
The draw allocated unseeded players at random; as a result five seeds received byes into the second round.

  Eddie Dibbs (third round)
  Gene Mayer (semifinals)
  Wojciech Fibak (final)
  Brian Gottfried (second round)
  Stan Smith (champion)
  Eliot Teltscher (second round)
  Johan Kriek (third round)
  Corrado Barazzutti (quarterfinals)
  Ivan Lendl (semifinals)
  Vince Van Patten (second round)
  Raúl Ramírez (third round)
  Balázs Taróczy (second round)
  Tom Okker (second round)
  Heinz Günthardt (third round)
  Pavel Složil (second round)
  Željko Franulović (quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

References
 1979 Fischer-Grand Prix Draw

1979 Fischer-Grand Prix


Espen Stueland (born 30 May 1970) is a Norwegian poet, novelist, literary critic and essayist. He hails from Porsgrunn, but lives in Vossevangen.

Among his books are the novel Kjærlighet i tide og utide (2001), and the poetry collection Å si om seg selv (2003).

He received the Halldis Moren Vesaas Prize in 2003.

References

1970 births
Living people
21st-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian male poets
20th-century Norwegian novelists
21st-century Norwegian novelists
Norwegian essayists
Norwegian literary critics
People from Porsgrunn
Norwegian male novelists
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
20th-century Norwegian male writers
21st-century Norwegian male writers


The Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Victoria  is part of the Catholic clerical sexual abuse in Australia and the much wider Catholic sexual abuse scandal in general, which involves charges, convictions, trials and ongoing investigations into allegations of sex crimes committed by Catholic priests and members of religious orders. The Catholic Church in Victoria has been implicated in a reported 40 suicides among about 620 sexual abuse victims acknowledged to the public after internal investigations by the Catholic Church in Victoria.

Following a preliminary 2012 police investigation, on 17 April 2012 the Government established the Inquiry into the Handling of Child Abuse by Religious and other Non-Government Organisations "to inquire into, consider and report to the Parliament on the processes by which religious and other non-government organisations respond to the criminal abuse of children by personnel within their organisations." The Inquiry tabled its report to Parliament on 13 November 2013 and the Government tabled its response to the Inquiry's recommendations on 8 May 2014.

History of abuse
In April 2012, citing press reports that police were preparing a coronial brief on some 40 suicides linked to sexual abuse by clergy, the Archbishop of Melbourne, Denis Hart, said he thought "that Victoria Police should give the report to the Coroner. There needs to be a proper investigation of any suicides."

Shortly after press reports of the deaths based on a leaked police report written by Detective Sergeant Kevin Carson the Victorian government moved for the Family and Community Development Committee of the Victorian Parliament to investigate "into the handling of child abuse by religious and other non-government organisations." The committee commenced an inquiry into "the processes by which religious and other non-government organisations respond to the criminal abuse of children by personnel within their organisations". Archbishop Hart made a submission to the parliamentary committee on behalf of the leaders of the Catholic Church in Victoria, called Facing the Truth. In a preliminary statement it indicated that: "In the past 16 years, about 620 cases of criminal child abuse have been upheld by the Church in Victoria. Most claims relate to incidents from 30 and up to 80 years ago. The Church has received very few complaints of abuse that has taken place since 1990." Reasoning that because sexual abuse is rarely reported, campaign groups believe these numbers may represent only a fraction of the cases which actually occurred.

Regarding the inquiry, Shane Mackinlay, master of the Catholic Theological College in Melbourne, said, "Our submission [faces] the truth of those sort of numbers and the horrific extent and the horrific consequences for each of the victims represented by the numbers... Where there was absolutely dramatic and appalling rates of abuse in the 1970s and 1980s, that's dropped off extraordinarily." The submission to Parliament was not released in full.

Archbishop Hart made a statement about the "horrific abuse": "We look to this inquiry to assist the healing of those who have been abused, to examine the broad context of the church's response, especially over the last 16 years, and to make recommendations to enhance the care for victims and preventative measures that are now in place."

The Inquiry finished holding hearings in mid-2013 and tabled its report to Parliament on 13 November 2013 and the Government tabled its response to the Inquiry's recommendations on 8 May 2014. The Government supported all the recommendations of the Inquiry, some of them in principle and others of which had already been implemented.

In May 2020 newly disclosed portions of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse report, which was originally published in redacted form in December 2017, revealed that priests and clergy staff accused of abusing children within the Archdiocese of Melbourne were sometimes "dealt with" by being transferred to other parishes.

Individual cases

Michael Charles Glennon (13 May 1944 – 1 January 2014) - Glennon was sentenced to at least 15 years in jail for sexually abusing four Aboriginal boys between 1984 and 1991 Glennon died in prison on 1 January 2014, aged 69.
Wilfred James Baker (1 July 1936 – 14 February 2014) - Baker was first sentenced on 8 June 1999 to four years, with parole after two, for sex crimes against eight boys, aged 10 to 13, between 1960 and 1979. Baker was scheduled to face further charges in 2014 involving more boys, but died before the hearing on 14 February 2014, aged 77.
Michael Aulsebrook, who was convicted in a retrial for raping a 12-year-old boy in 1988, received a sentence on 7 and a half years in 2018 and will be eligible for parole four and half years in his sentence.
In 2014 it was revealed that the Catholic Church in Australia concluded in 1997 that former priest Peter Searson sexually abusing both boys and girls when was teaching at Holy Family Parish Primary School in Doveton in Melbourne's south-east. However, the results of the investigation was not released to the public and Searson died in 2009 before he could face a criminal trial. Searson also showed hints of his aggressive behavior by using children's toilets and making his students watch him torture animals as well.
Brother Tanson was found to have sexually abused Amber Louise while she resided at a Christian Brothers orphanage in Victoria in the 1970s. Despite belonging to a different order, Tanson was allowed to visit the orphanage on a regular basis. Tanson and an associate who was a Christian Brother were accused of abusing other children at the orphanage as well, though Louise"s case was the only one which was proven.
Another case was David Edwin Rapson, who was jailed in 2013 for at least 13 years, with the possibility of parole after 10 years, for molesting 8 students at a Catholic school in Melbourne between 1973 and 1990.
Frank Kelp was jailed for 10 and a half years in 2014 after he pleaded guilty to 15 sex offences involving many boys, including siblings at the school aged between 11 and 15, at the Salesian College Rupertswood between the 1970s and 1980s and will be eligible for parole six and a half years into his sentence.
In September 2018 Marist Brother Gerald McNamara was sentenced to nine months in molested five boys athletes at St Paul's Catholic College in Traralgon, where he served as principal between 1970 and 1975. He abused one of these boys 30 times including one boy he abused some 30 times.
Cardinal George Pell , a former Melbourne Archbishop and former high ranking Roman Curia official, was convicted in 2018 of molesting two boys in the 1990s; and sentenced in 2019 to six years' imprisonment. In August 2019 the Victorian Court of Appeal rejected an Pell's appeal to have his convictions overturned. Pell then sought leave to have the matter heard in the High Court; however, it was later revealed that he did serve all 405 days of his required prison sentence. Ballarat Bishop Paul Bird apologised for Pell's ties to the Diocese of Ballarat and for the history of sexual abuse in the Diocese of Ballarat as well. On 7 April 2020, Pell won his appeal with the Australian High Court. The same day, Pell was released from prison after serving 13 months of his six-year prison sentence.

On 11 April 2020 it was revealed that Pell, who is still facing multiple sex abuse lawsuits, stated in an interview with Sky News journalist Andrew Bolt, which aired on Sky News Australia on 14 April 2020, that he was "ashamed" of the way the Catholic church handled sex abuse cases and that failures to act on the abuse, which he referred to as "cancer," still haunted him. However, he still denied committing the alleged Melbourne sex abuse, claiming "I don't know" why one of his alleged victims testified against him and even suggested that the alleged victim who testified may have been "used." On 16 April 2020 Pell was denied a reinstatement as Vice-Patron and club ambassador of the Richmond Football Club.

On 6 May 2020 it was revealed that the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse had determined that Pell, who was serving as Archbishop of Melbourne in 1997, shielded Peter Searson from potential prosecution. In 2014, Helen Last, the former director of the Archdiocese of Melbourne's pastoral response office, claimed that in 1997, Pell blocked her from doing more to investigate the claims against Searson, telling her in letter "under control" and "there remains no need for any pro-active measures from your office", and then was removed her from her post one month later after she defied his order. On 7 May 2020, previously undisclosed details of the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse report, which was first published in December 2017 with redacted edits, were made public and revealed that Pell neglected reports he received as Auxiliary Bishop of Melbourne that Searson sexually abused children that as early as 1989, also neglected reports which were used as evidence to mount a sex abuse investigation of Searson, which were his use of children's toilets and habit of torturing animals in front of his students.
On 27 April 2020 the Archdiocese of Melbourne issued an apology for shielding Father Gerard Mulvale, who had sexually abused a girl named Stephanie Piper on at least eight occasions between 1975 and 1979. An investigation against Mulvale later started in 1993, during which the Archdiocese of Melbourne denied his guilt. In January 1994, Stephanie committed suicide at the age of 32. However, Mulvale was eventually convicted on 3 November 1995 of sexually abusing two boys. Stephanie's mother Eileen Piper has along been engaged in legal action against the Archdiocese of Melbourne as well.

See also

 Roman Catholic Diocese of Ballarat#Child sexual abuse
 Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Australia
 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
 Child sexual abuse
 Catholic sex abuse cases
 Sexual misconduct
 Southwell inquiry

References

External links
Melbourne Diocese Response

Crime in Melbourne
History of Melbourne
Victoria
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne


Killing Zone is a fighting video game developed by Scarab and published by Naxat Soft in March 1996 in Japan and by Acclaim in both July 1996 in North America, and September 1996 in Europe and Oceania, for the Sony PlayStation platform. The game was met with a poor critical reception.

Gameplay

In this sequel to Sega Saturn's Battle Monsters, there are a total of 14 characters in the game, and two modes: Normal Mode which is a standard fighting game mode, and Auto Mode. In Auto mode the player selects a type of monster, making their own version of one of the seven playable characters. Auto mode comprises three tournaments, during which the player can upgrade their monster by winning battles. Unlike the 2D digitized actors and platforms of its predecessor, the gameplay is more like Virtua Fighter in terms of 3D characters, move sets and ring outs.

Development
The development team's more ambitious unrealized plans for the game included allowing characters to dismember their opponents during fights.

Critical reception

Killing Zone received mostly negative reviews. Next Generation panned it, citing animation "among the worst we've seen", counter-intuitive controls, disorienting camera movements, poor enemy AI, and overpowered enemies. They remarked that "To call this game frustrating is to give the most unbearably frustrating games a bad name." The game was deemed "awful" by IGN, who repeated nearly all of Next Generations points.

Legacy
In October 2018, the game's rights were acquired by Canadian production company Liquid Media Group along with other titles originally owned by Acclaim Entertainment.

See also
List of fighting games

References

1996 video games
Acclaim Entertainment games
Kaga Create games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Fighting games
Video games developed in Japan
Feelplus games


The Mühldorf–Simbach am Inn railway is a 39 km long, single-tracked, unelectrified main line in Bavaria in southern Germany.

Leaving Mühldorf station it runs in an east-west direction to the German-Austrian state border, where it joins the Innviertel Railway. Until 1969 there was also a junction here with the railway to Pocking. The line is the shortest link between Munich and Vienna, but has losts its importance over the years to the Munich–Salzburg–Linz line.

An industrial siding to the „Inntal“ industrial estate branches off at the eastern end of Töging (Inn) station. Until the mid-1990s it has served the United Aluminium Works (Vereinigte Aluminiumwerke or VAW) in Töging. Currently the firm of Aleris Recycling uses it 3 times per week.

Services

Passenger services
There are currently four stations along the line - Mühldorf (Obb), Töging (Inn), Marktl and Simbach (Inn) - and two halts - Neuötting and Julbach. Julbach was reopened on 30 April 2004, after the halt, built in 1907, had been closed since 1984. In addition, from 1899 there were two other stations - Perach and Buch, which were closed in the 1980s.

Passenger services on this line are currently provided by SüdostBayernBahn, a 100%-owned subsidiary of Deutschen Bahn (DB).
The line is worked hourly in both directions from 5.00 am to 11.00 pm. Apart from the RegionalExpress trains from Munich Hbf the services are provided by regional Class 628 multiples. On weekday mornings two RegionalExpress trains run through to Munich Hbf. They return again in the evening to Simbach am Inn.

Until the implementation of the Linienstern Mühldorf ("Mühldorf route star network") concept in summer 1994 there was through traffic on this line between Bavaria and Austria. This was achieved using a pair of through coaches from Linz to Munich and back. In the final years before its withdrawal the service was shortened on the Austrian side and they only ran as far as Wels.

Since 14 December 2008 through passenger services between Bavaria and Upper Austria have been provided again on this line. A pair of trains consisting of the ÖBB locomotive, BR 2016 "Herkules", and four IC coaches runs every morning from Linz to Munich and back again in the evening, stopping at just a few stations. In addition, between Mühldorf and Linz a direct morning link to Austria and evening return has been established using DB Class 628 multiples which stop at most stations. Regionalbahn trains also run hourly on the line.

Between Julbach and Simbach this line is integrated into the Verkehrsgemeinschaft Rottal-Inn fare scheme.

Goods services

A transfer train runs three times a week between Mühldorf and Töging, which serves the industrial estate there. This train is usually hauled by a DBAG Class 263 or 294. Another transfer task is carried out on work days between Mühldorf and Simbach in both directions by a Südostbayernbahn locomotive (DB Class 218). In addition several single-freight trains operate services on work days to link the chemical works at Burghausen with Austria and Slovakia. These services are delivered by the DB subsidiary Railion with its Classes 217, 218 and 233. In Simbach the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) take over these trains.
A private railway company also uses the line. The Austrian firm of Logistik- and Transport GmbH (LTE) runs a paraffin coke (Petrolkoks) train twice weekly  wöchentlich einen Petrolkokszug between the Wacker works at Burghausen and Ziar and Hronom (Slovakia) via Bratislava. Class 2016 "Herkules" locomotives are used in single and double-traction.

References

Sources
 Reinhard Wanka, Wolfgang Wiesner: The Hauptbahn Munich - Simbach and ihre Zweigbahnen, Bufe-Fachbuch-Verlag, Egglham 1996,
 Bernd Passer: 130 Jahre Eisenbahn Munich – Mühldorf – Simbach, Pro Bahn Verlag, Munich 2001,
 Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland 2008, Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH, Köln Juli 2007,

Railway lines in Bavaria
Mühldorf (district)
Buildings and structures in Rottal-Inn


Gerard B. Wegemer is a professor at the University of Dallas and the founding Director for .  He has published many articles and books on Thomas More and is a member of the Board of Editors for Moreana, the international journal on Thomas More and Renaissance studies.  He has graduate degrees in political philosophy and literature from the University of Notre Dame, Georgetown University, and Boston College. He is co-editor of The Essential Works of Thomas More, which assembles all of More's major English and Latin works for the first time in a single volume. He is also co-editor of essentialmore.org and thomasmorestudies.org. His other notable publications include Young Thomas More and the Arts of Liberty (2011), Thomas More's Trial by Jury: A Procedural and Legal Review with a Collection of Documents (2011), A Thomas More Source Book (2004), Thomas More on Statesmanship (1996), and Thomas More: A Portrait of Courage (1995). He is deemed "one of the pre-eminent scholars on St. Thomas More."

Through years of developing the website of the Center for Thomas More Studies, Wegemer has greatly advanced the field of More scholarship by making available hundreds of primary source documents by More and his associates, in addition to indexed concordances of his works, analyses of the Latin writings, curriculum units for teaching More, annotated editions for the classroom, and a compendious collection of More criticism. The site also houses concordances to each of More's works as well as comprehensive concordances for More's corpus as a whole, and over fifteen volumes of the online journal Thomas More Studies.

In 2005, Wegemer was honored with the "Dignitatis Humanae Award," presented annually by the University of St. Thomas School of Law "to an individual whose professional career is a model of the integration of faith and ethics into professional identity."

Select bibliography
Wegemer, Gerard B; Stephen W. Smith (2020). The Essential Works of Thomas More. New Haven: Yale University Press. .

References

External links
The Center for Thomas More Studies at the University of Dallas
The Essential Works of Thomas More

University of Dallas faculty
Notre Dame College of Arts and Letters alumni
Georgetown University alumni
Boston College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


Noriega is one of three parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadedeva, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 313 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Bojes
 Boquerizo
 Noriega

References

Parishes in Ribadedeva


Clara Martishia Woodruff Beebe (July 23, 1868 – December 29, 1927) was the second counselor in the general presidency of the Primary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1905 to 1925.

Clara M. Woodruff was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. She was the daughter of Wilford Woodruff and one of his plural wives, Emma Smith Woodruff.  Clara married Ovando C. Beebe, with whom she had eight children.

Clara Beebe attended the University of Deseret.  She had served in leadership positions of ward and stake primaries before being called to the Primary General Board in 1904.  In 1905, she was asked by the general president of the primary, Louie B. Felt, to replace Josephine R. West as her second counselor. Beebe served in this capacity until the presidency was dissolved in 1925 when Felt stepped down due to ill health. From this time until her death, Beebe again was a member of the General Board of the Primary.

As a member of the general presidency, Beebe oversaw the performance of baptisms for the dead by Primary-age children.

Beebe died in Salt Lake City at age 59 as a result of appendicitis.

Notes

References
2008 Deseret News Church Almanac (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News, 2007) p. 122.
Andrew Jenson. Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia. 2:805; 4:247.
Encyclopedia of Mormonism, appendix 1, p. 1632.

1868 births
1927 deaths
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Burials at Salt Lake City Cemetery
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Primary (LDS Church)
Deaths from appendicitis
Deaths from peritonitis
Religious leaders from Salt Lake City
University of Utah alumni
Latter Day Saints from Utah


Sardar Muhammad Raza  () was Chief Election Commissioner from 6 December 2014 to 5 December 2019. who previously served as retired judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and as Chief Justice  of the Peshawar High Court. Khan was born in the Namli Maira village in the district of Abbottabad on 10 February 1945.

Education and training
Raza belongs to the prominent Karlal tribe in Abbottabad. After graduating from the Government College of Abbottabad, Khan received a master's degree in economics from Punjab University through the Forman Christian College University in Lahore. He received a LL.B. degree from the same university in 1967. In 1985, Khan visited the United States to study the American legal system. In 1999 he attended a three-month training course in Tokyo, "Corruption Among Public Officials". In June 2004, Khan visited Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in connection with an international seminar on "Human Rights and Independence on the Judiciary in the Islamic and Non-Islamic Judicial Systems". In 2006 he visited Dhaka, Bangladesh for a conference on the criminal judicial system.

Professional career
Raza joined PCS (Judicial Branch) in 1970 after passing a competitive examination held in 1968–69, and was appointed Senior Civil Judge in 1973. In 1976 he was appointed an Additional District and Sessions Judge, and District and Sessions Judge in 1979. Khan was Judicial Commissioner for Northern Areas for over four years, and was appointed Special Judge Customs Taxation and Anti Smuggling in 1992–93. He was named to the Peshawar High Court on 14 December 1993, and confirmed in June 1995.

On 28 April 2000, Raza took the oath of office as Chief Justice of the Peshawar High Court. He was named to the Supreme Court of Pakistan, and took the oath of office on 10 January 2002. After refusing to take an oath on a Provisional Constitutional Order on 3 November 2007, he and eleven other judges were removed from the Supreme Court. On 19 September 2008, after a democratically elected government came to power, Khan was reinstated to the court with his seniority intact.

Major cases
On 28 September 2007, a nine-member Supreme Court of Pakistan bench, in a split 6–3 verdict, held that a petition challenging Pervez Musharraf's candidacy for a second term as president was invalid. Raza, head of bench Rana Bhagwandas and Mian Shakirullah Jan dissented with the majority opinion. Declaring the petition invalid were Javed Iqbal, Abdul Hameed Dogar, M. Javed Buttar, Mohammad Nawaz Abbasi, Faqir Muhammad Khokhar and Falak Sher.

He singularly dissented in a 13 to 1 verdict of the Supreme Court, holding that judges of the superior judiciary should not be condemned unheard; that they should not be proceeded against for contempt; that such notices issued be withdrawn.

In another case, in his separate note, he held that all beneficiaries of NRO be dealt with equality and without discrimination; that the monitoring cell constituted within the supreme court is unprecedented, and the court should take action only when violation of its order is complained by any aggrieved party.

References
https://www.facebook.com/JusticeSardarRaza

1945 births
Living people
Chief Election Commissioners of Pakistan
Forman Christian College alumni
Hindkowan people
People from Abbottabad
University of the Punjab alumni
Chief Justices of the Peshawar High Court
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan


Metti, una sera a cena (a.k.a. "Love Circle", literally "Let's Say, an Evening for Dinner") is a 1969 Italian drama film directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
Michel (Jean-Louis Trintignant) is a successful bourgeois playwright who fantasizes an affair between his beautiful wife, Nina (Florinda Bolkan), and his best friend, Max (Tony Musante), a bisexual actor. Unbeknownst to him, the pair have in fact been lovers for years, though Max is really in love with Michel. While Nina is occupied with Max, Michel drifts into an affair with a rich, but lonely, single woman (Annie Girardot). The four meet regularly for dinner at the home of Michel and Nina where they indulge in bored, amoral conversation.

As a diversion, Max suggests to Nina that they add a third player to their bedroom games: Ric (Lino Capolicchio), Max's anarchist/poet boyfriend who lives in a dankly luxurious basement and sells himself to both men and women. After a while, Ric finds himself falling in love with Nina and eventually attempts suicide over her. Nina discovers Ric in time to save him and decides to leave Michel to live with Ric. But soon their relationship withers and Nina returns to her husband. It's then that Michel decides to invite Ric into the circle, as they go on meeting at dinner and playing their games of love and seduction.

Cast
 Jean-Louis Trintignant as Michel
 Lino Capolicchio as Ric
 Tony Musante as Max
 Florinda Bolkan as Nina
 Annie Girardot as Giovanna
 Silvia Monti as Actress at Press Conference
 Milly as Singer
 Adriana Asti as Stepdaughter
 Titina Maselli as Mother
 Ferdinando Scarfiotti as Son
 Claudio Carrozza as Baby
 Nora Ricci as 1st Actress
 Mariano Rigillo as Comedian
 Antonio Jaia as Young Actor

References

External links

1969 films
1969 drama films
1960s Italian-language films
Italian drama films
Italian films based on plays
Films directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Films with screenplays by Dario Argento
Male bisexuality in film
1960s Italian films


House Calls is 2006 Canadian documentary film about Mark Nowaczynski, a Toronto physician and photographer who makes house calls to elderly patients unable to travel to a clinic or doctor's office. Written and directed by Ian McLeod, this National Film Board of Canada production received the Donald Brittain Award for Best Social/Political Documentary Program at the 2006 Gemini Awards.

In addition to being one of the few doctors who perform house calls, "Dr. Mark" began taking black and white photographs to document the lives of his patients, in an effort "to open doors, to open eyes and hopefully to open people's hearts" to the plight of the elderly. The film focuses on three of Nowaczynski's patients: Connie, aged 93 and partially blind, who longs to go back to her cat Oscar; Joe, aged 86, whose arthritis makes getting on a streetcar or bus impossible; and Ria, who at 90, had been a patient of Dr. Nowaczynski for 20 years and had just accepted his offer to have him come to her house. For Ria, it was a point of pride that she was able to come to his office.

An Assistant Professor in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Nowaczynski was inspired by the work of documentary photographer Lewis W. Hine, a teacher who turned to photography as a way to document the plight of child labourers at the turn of the 19th century.

References

External links
Watch House Calls at NFB.ca
 Website for Mark Nowaczynski's organization

2006 films
Canadian documentary films
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
Canadian Screen Award-winning television shows
Documentary films about health care
English-language Canadian films
Documentary films about photographers
Documentary films about old age
2006 documentary films
Documentary films about people with disability
Films shot in Toronto
2000s English-language films
2000s Canadian films
English-language documentary films


Villanueva is one of three parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadedeva, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 184 (INE 2011).

Villages
Andinas
Vilde
Villanueva

References

Parishes in Ribadedeva


Sinéad Madden (born in County Galway, Ireland) is an Irish singer-songwriter and fiddle player, best known as a member of the Moya Brennan band. She also teaches at Waltons New School of Music in Dublin.

Early life
Sinéad Madden was born in County Galway, but moved to County Mayo aged 6. At the age of 7 she began playing traditional fiddle. As a young adult, Madden went on to study both classical piano and violin while performing at sessions in local pubs.

Introduction to professional music
Sinéad moved to Dublin in 1994 to experience college life and the rock scene in the city at the time. It was in that year that she met Ewan Cowley who had worked with Clannad and Moya Brennan. In the summer of 1998, Madden met Moya through Cowley and has been a member of her live band since. Madden has also performed alongside The Drifters frontman Ben E. King, Peter Baxter and is also a member of Irish-Australian band Tyrella.

Solo career
As well as recording alongside the aforementioned artists, Madden released her début album, Honey Promises in May 2009. The album features Moya Brennan and Cormac de Barra.  Sinead also played live with Def Leppard in 2012.

Discography

Solo albums
2009 – Honey Promises

Moya Brennan
2003 – Two Horizons
2005 – Óró - A Live Session
2005 – An Irish Christmas
2006 – Signature
2007 – Signature Special Tour Edition
2008 – Heart Strings

References

External links
Official website
Official MySpace page

Living people
21st-century Irish women singers
Irish women fiddlers
Musicians from County Mayo
Musicians from Galway (city)
21st-century Irish fiddlers
Year of birth missing (living people)