The Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) is the organization in charge of developing and maintaining all state and federal roadways in the U.S. state of Mississippi. In addition to highways, the department also has a limited role in supporting Mississippi's public transportation system, ports and waterways system, aeronautics and railroads. MDOT is headquartered in downtown Jackson.

Role and Responsibility
MDOT is responsible for providing a safe intermodal transportation network that is planned, designed, constructed and maintained in an effective, cost-efficient and environmentally sensitive manner. MDOT's objective is to maximize taxpayers' dollars by providing a safe, efficient multimodal network that enhances economic stability and growth.

History
In 1916, the Mississippi State Highway Commission was formed by the Mississippi Legislature with three elected commissioners to act in a supervisory capacity in the administration of federal funds allotted to the state and to work with the Federal Bureau of Public Roads on planning a system of highways. The bill was signed on March 29, 1916, passing the first state speed limit law which restricted travel to 15 mph in towns and 30 mph outside of populated areas. Four years later, the highway system was reorganized to broaden the scope of the Commission's work, and it expanded to eight members elected from each of the state's congressional districts.

The Mississippi Legislature enacted the "Stansel Act" in 1930 creating the first effective Highway Department and highway system in the state. This law changed the number of highway commissioners from eight to three. This three-member elected Highway Commission (elected from each of the Supreme Court districts) had full and general supervisory responsibility over all highway matters and the authority to appoint an Executive Director of the State Highway Department with responsibility over the day to day operation of the agency.

In 1956, life was given to the interstate system with the establishment of the Federal Highway Act, which piloted the interstate highway era. The law allowed the Federal Government to provide 90 percent of funds necessary for the construction of interstates.

In 1981, the passage of House Bill 1383 shifted highway investment priorities from construction to maintenance of existing roads, and in 1987, the Mississippi Legislature passed a long-range highway program, which was one of the most comprehensive in the country. The development of Mississippi's transportation system over the past 25 years has grown in large part due to the provisions of this act which came to be known as the 1987 Four-Lane Highway Program or Advocating Highways for Economic Advancement and Development (A.H.E.A.D.). This program was designed as a means to fund the effort of moving Mississippi's citizens and goods through a shared vision among legislative leaders and grass-roots advocates.

In July 1992, the State Highway Commission and Highway Department were reorganized into the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) which is governed by the Mississippi Transportation Commission. Similar to the previous Highway Commission, the state of Mississippi vests oversight of its transportation resources and operations in a three-member elected Commission representing three geographic areas in the state—Central, Northern and Southern. In accordance with state law, the Commissioners have the authority and responsibility for the supervision of all modes of transportation in the state dealing with aeronautics, highways, public transit, ports and rails.

The Transportation Commission is authorized to appoint an Executive Director of MDOT responsible for administering the policies of the Commission and exercising day to day supervision over administrative and technical matters relating to airport and port development, highway construction and maintenance, weight enforcement, public transit and rail safety. Today, the organization has expanded to over 3,400 employees with 35 divisions and six districts.

In 2016, MDOT celebrated 100 years of service by recognizing several major milestones that shaped that state's transportation history. A centennial event was held on the anniversary of the establishment of the State Highway Commission.

For more information about MDOT's history, visit MDOT's Centennial website.

Education Outreach
MDOT's Education Outreach Programs impact tens of thousands of people each year with transportation-related information.

MDOT partners with K-12 schools, community and junior colleges, and universities, the Mississippi Department of Education, government agencies and other organizations to provide transportation education programs and resources in addition to enhancing STEM (Science, Math, Technology, Engineering and Math) education while introducing students to careers in the transportation industry.

Transportation and Civil Engineering (TRAC)

The Transportation and Civil Engineering, or TRAC, program is a hands-on education program designed for use in science, technology, engineering and math classes. By engaging students in 7-12 in solving real-world problems, TRAC connects students to the work world of transportation and inspires them to consider careers in transportation and civil engineering.

Roadways Into Developing Elementary Students (RIDES)

Roadways Into Developing Elementary Students, or RIDES, program is designed to improve math, science, engineering and technology skills, and prepare students in K-8 for the transportation workforce of the future, specifically in civil engineering. Teachers attend two days of high energy training conducted by practicing math and science teachers. The module contains a curriculum and a trunk of resources  for the teachers to use in the classroom to conduct hands-on activities. Through American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) RIDES has been implemented nationwide as a model transportation education outreach program.

Litter Prevention Education

The Litter Prevention Program targets students in grades K-8 through a 30 minute presentation utilizing a character named, "Myrtle the Turtle," and the states litter prevention campaign message, "Don't Trash Mississippi." In 2017, Litter Prevention Coordinators educated 21,160 students through classroom presentations across the state.

Survive Your Drive Safety Education

The "Survive Your Drive" Safety Education Program raises awareness of highway traffic safety issues faced by Mississippi motorist, including occupant protection/seat belt use, impaired driving and distracted driving. Safety professionals provide education and outreach at schools and community events across the state. Through presentations and simulator demonstrations, the public is educated with the driving knowledge and skills to make Mississippi highways safe.

Safe Routes to School

Safe Routes to School (SRTS) is a federally funded program designed to enable and encourage students in K-12 to walk and bicycle to school safely. Through SRTS, pedestrian and bicycle safety instruction is delivered to second and fifth grade students, parents, schools and community members across Mississippi promoting safe walking and biking as a fun, healthy way for travel to and from school.

Operation Lifesaver

Mississippi Operation Lifesaver (MSOL) is a nonprofit public safety education organization committed to eliminating the number of incidents at highway-rail grade crossings and trespassing on railroad rights-of-way. MSOL reached over 31,000 Mississippians from July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017.

Mississippi Summer Transportation Institute

The Mississippi Summer Transportation Institute (MSTI) introduces diverse groups of motivated pre-college students to the transportation industry. The two to three week residential program is a learning opportunity for youth in public and private high schools. MSTI provides a well-balanced curriculum and an environment that is conductive to both academic and personal development.

For detailed information, visit MDOT's Education Outreach website.

References

External links
Official website

Transportation in Mississippi
State agencies of Mississippi
State departments of transportation of the United States


The Württemberg Chamber Orchestra Heilbronn (German: Württembergisches Kammerorchester Heilbronn, WKO) is a renowned German Chamber Orchestra, located in Heilbronn, Baden Württemberg, Germany.

The orchestra was founded in 1960 by Jörg Faerber and has performed with artists such as Martha Argerich, Alfred Brendel, Rudolf Buchbinder, Maurice André, James Galway, Hilary Hahn, Gidon Kremer, Sabine Meyer, Anne-Sophie Mutter, Thomas Quasthoff and Tabea Zimmermann. The WKO has recorded more than 500 classical works for the labels Deutsche Grammophon (DGG) and Teldec.

The orchestra is regularly heard at major festivals like Salzburg Festival, Vienna Music Summer, Lucerne Festival, Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, Schwetzingen Festival and Ludwigsburg Festival.

 was artistic director of the orchestra from 2002 to 2018, when he was succeeded by Case Scaglione.

References

External links

Musical groups established in 1960
Chamber orchestras
German orchestras
1960 establishments in West Germany
Musical groups from Baden-Württemberg


Majocchi's disease, also known as Purpura annularis telangiectodes of Majocchi is a not-well-recognized and uncommon skin condition characterized by purple/bluish-red 1- to 3-cm annular patches composed of dark red telangiectases with petechiae.  It is one of a group of disorders referred to as pigmented purpuric dermatosis that all occur as a result of vascular inflammation and pigment deposition.

Treatment
Majocchi's disease is a chronic condition for which there is no cure.  It often follows a recurrent course of alternating improvement and flares.  There are treatments available to help improve the symptoms for some individuals, but responses vary. Some of these treatments include the application of topical steroids and ultraviolet therapy. The use of narrowband UVB and psoralen have shown to be effective treatments for some patients with pigmented purpuric dermatoses.

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions


East Grand Forks Senior High School is a public high school in East Grand Forks, Minnesota, United States.

History
A fire in February 1919 completely destroyed the school.

Notable alumni
Dave Thompson, radio host and member of the Minnesota Senate, class of 1980.
Tucker Poolman, hockey player
Kurt Knoff, former NFL football safety

References
Report Card, Minnesota Department of Education

Public high schools in Minnesota
Schools in Polk County, Minnesota
Greater Grand Forks


Traudl Maurer (born 1961) from Mittenwald is a German ski mountaineer and long-distance runner.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 2003:
 1st, German Championship
 1st, Dammkarwurm
 2nd, Mountain Attack marathon
 4th, European Championship team race (together with Judith Graßl)
 7th, European Championship combination ranking
 8th, European Championship single race
 2004:
 3rd, Mountain Attack marathon
 3rd, Dammkarwurm
 2009:
 1st, Wildsaurennen (literally: wild sow race) relay rece (together with Christine Gürtler, Regina Regina and Anita Vogelsberger)

Mountain running
 2004:
 1st, Lauf Los Tyrol (women class 1)
 2006:
 1st, Lauf Los Tyrol (women class 1)
 3rd, Zugspitzlauf (Zugspitze run)
 2007:
 1st, Lauf Los Tyrol (women class 1)
 5th, Zugspitzlauf

References

1961 births
Living people
German female ski mountaineers
German female long-distance runners
People from Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)
Sportspeople from Upper Bavaria
Skiers from Bavaria


The Duchy of Aragvi () was an important fiefdom in medieval and early modern Georgia, strategically located in the upper Aragvi valley, in the foothills of the eastern Greater Caucasus crest, and ruled by a succession of eristavi ("dukes") from c. 1380 until being transferred to the royal crown in 1747.

History

The first known dukes of Aragvi belonged to the House of Shaburisdze which flourished in the 13th century. From this house, the duchy passed to those of Tumanisdze and, finally, in the 16th century, to the House of Sidamoni. This latter change of power took place sometime after 1569, when an obscure nobleman of the Sidamoni clan, with the aid of the dukes of the Ksani, massacred the Tumanisdze family and took control of their possessions. In the process of time, the tenure of a duke of Aragvi became hereditary, and the eristavi ranked as mtavari, one of the "undivided" princely houses of Georgia.

The dukes of Aragvi had their residences at Dusheti and Sioni, and the main fortress at Ananuri. Bodorna was their familial abbey and a burial ground. Their possessions extended from the main ridge of the Great Caucasus in the north to the left bank of the Mtkvari (Kura) in the south, and from the Liakhvi River in the west to the mountains of Alevi and Gremi in the east – which formed the watershed between the valleys of the Ksani and the Aragvi. As of the 1770 census, the duchy's population amounted to 3,300 households. The duchy controlled a vital road to the North Caucasus, which would later become the Georgian Military Road, as well as the fertile area of Bazaleti.

The energetic 17th-century dukes of Aragvi – Nugzar, Zurab, and Zaal – waged a relentless struggle to achieve more autonomy from the royal authority of Kartli as well as to subdue the free mountainous communities of Pshavi-Khevsureti and Ertso-Tianeti.

In 1743, the rebellious Aragvians killed their duke Bezhan and surrendered the duchy to Teimuraz II, a Georgian king of Kartli. Teimuraz converted the duchy into a royal appanage and gave it to his grandson Prince Vakhtang. The surviving members of the ducal family were later removed by Teimuraz's son Erekle II to Kakheti and granted a smaller estate. Vakhtang died in 1756 and was succeeded by his brothers, first by Levan (died 1781), and then by Vakhtang-Almaskhan, who was sent into exile by the Russians, once they took control of Georgia, in 1803. Later, the descendants of the dukes of Aragvi attempted to restore their titles and patrimonial estates in the Aragvi valley, but to no avail. In 1828, the Russian Senate ruled their claims to be groundless.

List of Dukes of Aragvi

Shaburidze
c. 1380 : Mihai
c. 1430 : Shanshe I
c. 1440 : Nugzar I
c. 1465–1474 : Vameq I

Sidamoni
1558–1580 : Jason I
Founder of Sidamoni dynasty, recognized as Eristav of Aragvi by King Simeon of Georgia 1558
1580–1600 : Avtandil I
Son of Jason I
1600–1611 : Nugzar I
Grandson of Jason I by brother of Avtandil I, Baadur
1611–1619 : Baadur I
Son of Nugzar I
1619–1629 : Zurab I
Son of Nugzar I
1629–1635 : David I
Son of Nugzar I
1635–1660 : Zaal I
Son of Nugzar I
1660–1666 : Otar I
Grandson of Nugzar I by brother of Baadur I; George
1666–1687 : Revaz I
Son of Nugzar I
1687-1687 : Jason II
Grandson of Nugzar I by brother of Baadur I; George (brother of Otar I)
1687–1696 : Baadur II
Son of Otar I
1696–1723 : George I
Son of Otar I
1723–1724 : Otar II
Son of George I
1724–1730 : Teimuraz I
Son of Jason II, first cousin once removed of Otar II
1730–1735 : Revaz II
Son of George I
1735–1739 : Bardzim I
Son of George I

Pretenders/Anti-Eristavi
1729-1742 : Revaz III
1742-1743 : Bezhan I

(Both installed by the Turks)

Non-dynastic
1743–1747 : Givi II, Prince Amilakhvari
1747 : Annexion by the Kingdom of Kakheti

Bagrationi appanage
1747–1756: Prince Vakhtang of Georgia
1756–1766: Vacant (royal domain)
1766–1781: Prince Levan of Georgia
1782–1801: Prince Vakhtang-Almaskhan of Georgia
1801: annexation by Russia.

References

Aragvi
States and territories established in the 14th century
States and territories disestablished in 1747


Lítky (), in ancient times Litkovychi (, Velyki Litkovychi, Velyki Litky) is a Ukrainian selo, (a market town from the 17th century to 1923) located on the Desna River in Brovary Raion (district) of Kyiv Oblast (province),  to north east from the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv. It belongs to Zazymie rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

History
It is believed that Litkovychi with neighboring Zazymovye were founded in 1128 by Vsevolod Gorodetsky (Prince of Oster, son-in-law of Grand Prince of Kyiv Vladimir II Monomakh, husband of his daughter Ahafiya). The first recorded mention of Litkovychi in the historical sources was written in 1426.

During the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Litky was a nobility residence of Ukrainian boyars and Polish szlachta in Oster Starostwo and called 'Little Oster'. After the Khmelnytsky Uprising it was known as a market town.

After 1664 the market town came under the power of the Vydubychi Monastery. On 10 February 1687, Theodosius Uglytsky founded in St. Nicholas Church of Litkovychi the Brotherhood and Guild. The guild first consisted of blacksmiths, coopers, and saddlers. Brotherhood and Guild had symbols and traditions.

Litky is the birthplace of Vasyl Hryhorovych-Barskyi (Ukrainian 18th-century writer, scholar, traveler), his famous brother-architect Ivan Hryhorovych-Barskyi and Sofia Punko-Chumachenko (mother-in-law of Ukrainian President Victor Yuschenko).

On 28 August 1911, Tsar Nicholas II visited Litky and received a gift — boots — from the local masters. In response, the Shoe Guild received an award from the Tsar — the gold watch.

Notes

References

Villages in Brovary Raion


Nikon's Ohi plant in the Ōi district of Shinagawa, Tokyo was first built in 1918 after the formation of Nippon Kogaku K.K. in 1917. Nikon's first camera, the Nikon (1946) was made in this plant. Early cameras like the Nikon I (1948), Nikon M (1949), Nikon S rangefinders and Nikon F,F2 were also made in this plant. The development of specialized cameras for NASA's space program was also carried out at the Ohi plant.

References

External links
Nikon, Corporate Info, Ohi Plant

Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Shinagawa
Manufacturing plants in Japan
Nikon
Industrial buildings completed in 1918
1918 establishments in Japan


Stefan Edberg was the defending champion but lost in the final 6–4, 6–2, 6–4 to Goran Ivanišević.

Seeds
All sixteen seeds received a bye to the second round.

  Stefan Edberg (final)
  Goran Ivanišević (champion)
  Andre Agassi (third round)
  Ivan Lendl (quarterfinals)
  Wayne Ferreira (third round)
  Richard Krajicek (semifinals)
  John McEnroe (quarterfinals)
  Wally Masur (third round)
  Paul Haarhuis (quarterfinals)
  Derrick Rostagno (second round)
  David Wheaton (second round)
  Henrik Holm (semifinals)
  Todd Woodbridge (second round)
  Mark Woodforde (third round)
  Richey Reneberg (third round)
  Shuzo Matsuoka (second round)

Draw

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

External links
 1992 Australian Indoor Championships draw

Singles


The Boeing Model 203 was a three-seat biplane trainer build by Boeing in the late 1920s and used in the company training school.

Development and design
The 203 was a low-power biplane designed to compete with other standard training aircraft. Its front cockpit accommodated 2 passengers side-by-side, or 1 student with a second set of controls. Its fuselage was welded steel tubing (the last Boeing aircraft to be built this way) and its wings were made of solid wood spars and plywood ribs. Physically it resembled a combination of the Boeing Model 95 and Boeing P-12.

Initially five 203s were built. The first had a 145 hp engine, and first flew on 1 July 1929. The second aircraft was fitted with a 165 hp 5-cylinder Wright J-6-5 engine. It first flew on 29 August 1929 and was designated Model 203A. The final three aircraft had the original Axelson engine, upgraded to 165 hp. All aircraft were delivered to the Boeing School of Aeronautics in Oakland, California, and all were eventually converted into 203As.

After years of service, the vertical tails of the 203As were redesigned to align with those on the Boeing Model 218. Two more aircraft were built at the Boeing School, one in 1935 and one in 1936.

By 1941 the two new 203s and an original aircraft were converted to 203Bs. A larger 220 hp 9-cylinder Lycoming R-680 radial engine was installed, and more advanced training equipment was fitted for use by more advanced students.

When the Boeing School was closed due to the Second World War, the four 203As were transferred to United Air Lines at Cheyenne, Wyoming, two 203Bs were sold to a private owner, and the fate of the final 203B is unknown.

Variants
203prototype powered by a  Axelson A radial engine and four production aircraft powered by  Axelson B radial engines; 4 built.
203A  The second 203 produced with a  Wright J-6-5 engine and the three 203s converted, by replacing their Axelson engines. Also, two additional aircraft built in 1935 and 1936 :3 built + 3 converted.
203BThree 203As converted to 203Bs by installation of  Lycoming R-680 radial engines.

Operators

 Boeing School of Aeronautics
 United Air Lines

Specifications (203)

References

1920s United States military trainer aircraft
203
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929


The 1920 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1920. The four selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1920 season are (1) Walter Camp (WC), whose selections were published in Collier's Weekly; (2) Football World magazine; (4) the International News Service, a news service operated by the Hearst newspapers; and (3) the Frank Menke syndicate (FM).   Additional notable selectors who chose All-American teams in 1920 included Walter Eckersall (WE) of the Chicago Tribune, the United Press (UP), and The New York Times (NYT).

Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1920, the NCAA recognizes four All-America selectors as "official" for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which official and other first-team designations they received.

All-Americans of 1920

Ends

Chuck Carney, Illinois (College Football Hall of Fame) (INS-2; WC-1; UP-1; WE-1; NEA-1; LP-1)
Bill Fincher, Georgia Tech (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1, LP-1 [as T])
Luke Urban, Boston College (FM; FW; WC-2; LP-1; NYT)
Armant Legendre, Princeton (FW; INS-1; WC-2; UP-3; WE-1; LP-2)
Eddie Anderson, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (UP-1; NEA-2)
Frank Weston, Wisconsin (FM; INS-3; UP-2; WE-2; NEA-2; LP-2)
Harold Muller, California (WC-3; NEA-1)
Roger Kiley, Notre Dame (INS-1)
Bird Carroll, Washington & Jefferson (NYT)
Lester Belding, Iowa (WE-2; INS-2)
Eddie Ewen, Navy (WC-3)
Clarence Swanson, Nebraska (College Football Hall of Fame) (INS-3)
Cyril E. Myers, Ohio State (UP-3)

Tackles

Stan Keck, Princeton (College Football Hall of Fame) (FM; FW; WC-1; UP-1; WE-1; NEA-1; LP-1; INS-1; NYT)
Ralph Scott, Wisconsin (WC-1; NEA-2)
Bertrand Gulick, Syracuse (INS-1; UP-1; NYT)
Robert Minturn Sedgwick, Harvard (FW; INS-2)
Tillie Voss, Detroit (WC-3; WE-1)
Gus Sonnenberg, Dartmouth (WE-2; UP-3; NEA-1; LP-2)
Angus Goetz, Michigan (WC-2)
Dan McMillan, Cal (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-2)
Frank Coughlin, Notre Dame (WE-2; INS-2)
Thomas V. Dickens, Yale (WC-3; UP-2; INS-3)
Roy Smoot, Oklahoma (NEA-2)
Tad Wieman, Michigan (LP-2)
Clyde W. King, Navy (UP-3; INS-3)
 Russ Stein, Washington & Jefferson (UP-2)

Guards

Tim Callahan, Yale (INS-1; WC-1; UP-1)
Tom Woods, Harvard (FW; INS-2; WC-1; UP-2; NEA-2; NYT)
Iolas Huffman, Ohio State (FM; LP-1)
Percy W. Griffiths, Penn State (FW; INS-1; UP-1; NEA-1; WE-2)
James Randolph Tolbert, Harvard (FM; NEA-1; WE-1)
Charles McGuire, Chicago (FM; INS-3)
John Acosta, Yale (NEA-2; UP-2; WE-1)
Harold Hess, Penn State (NYT)
Edward E. Wilkie, Navy (WC-2; UP-3)
Fritz Breidster, Army (WC-3; WE-2)
Dean Trott, Ohio State (WC-3)
Dummy Lebey, Georgia Tech (LP-2)
George Hartong, Chicago (LP-2)
John L. Taylor, Ohio State (INS-2)
Albert W. T. Mohr, Illinois (INS-3)

Centers

Herb Stein, Pittsburgh (College Football Hall of Fame) (FM; WC-1; WE-2)
Doc Alexander, Syracuse (FW; INS-1; WC-2 [g]; UP-1; NEA-2; NYT)
Polly Wallace, Ames (WE-1)
Jack Depler, Illinois (NEA-1)
Bill Cunningham, Dartmouth (WC-2; UP-2; INS-2)
Charles Frederick Havemeyer, Harvard (WC-3)
George Bunge, Wisconsin (LP-1; UP-3 [g])
Andy Nemecek, Ohio State (LP-2)
William Day, Nebraska (INS-3)
Jack Heaphy, Boston College (UP-3)

Quarterbacks

Donold Lourie, Princeton (College Football Hall of Fame) (INS-1; WC-1; UP-1; NEA-2; LP-1; NYT)
 Bo McMillin, Centre (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW; INS-3; WC-2; UP-2; WE-1; NEA-1; LP-2 [hb])
Benny Boynton, Williams (INS-2; FM; WC-3; WE-2; INS-2)
Hoge Workman, Ohio State (LP-2)
Aubrey Devine, Iowa (UP-3)

Halfbacks
Gaylord Stinchcomb, Ohio State (College Football Hall of Fame) (INS-2; FM; WC-1; WE-1; NEA-2; LP-1)
Charley Way, Penn State (WC-1; UP-1; INS-1)
Tom Davies, Pittsburgh (College Football Hall of Fame) (FM; FW; INS-2; WC-2; UP-1; WE-2; NYT)
Phil White, Oklahoma (NEA-1)
Hinkey Haines, Penn State (WC-3; WE-2; NEA-2)
Jimmy Leech, Virginia Military Institute (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-3; UP-3)
George Owen, Harvard (INS-3)

Fullbacks
George Gipp, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (FM; FW; INS-1 [hb]; WC-1; LP-1 [hb]; NEA-1 [hb]; UP-1; WE-1 [hb])
Arnold Horween, Harvard (INS-1; WC-3; LP-2; NEA-1; WE-1)
Walter French, Army (FW; INS-3; WC-2; UP-2; LP-2 [hb])
Hank Garrity, Princeton (WC-2 [hb]; UP-2; LP-1; NYT [hb])
Jim Robertson, Dartmouth (UP-2 [e]; NYT)
Jack Crangle, Illinois (UP-2; WE-2; NEA-2; INS-2)
Buck Flowers, Georgia Tech (UP-3 [hb]; INS-3)
Fred Strauss, Penn (UP-3)

Key
NCAA recognized selectors for 1920
 WC = Walter Camp
 FW = Football World magazine
 INS = International News Service, selected by Jake Velock
 FM = Frank Menke Syndicate, Frank G. Menke (sporting editor King Features Syndicate)

Other selectors
 UP = Henry L. Farrell, United Press Staff Correspondent
 WE = Walter Eckersall, of the Chicago Tribune
 NEA = Newspaper Association of America, by Dean Snyder
 LP = Lawrence Perry, "acknowledged authority on college sports," for the Consolidated Press
 NYT = The New York Times

Bold = Consensus All-American
 1 – First-team selection
 2 – Second-team selection
 3 – Third-team selection

See also
 1920 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1920 All-Pacific Coast football team
 1920 All-Southern college football team
 1920 All-Western college football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Gougerot–Blum syndrome  is a variant of pigmented purpuric dermatitis, a skin condition characterized by minute, rust-colored to violaceous, lichenoid papules that tend to fuse into plaques of various hues.  Relative to other variants, it is characterized clinically by a male predominance, pruritus, with a predilection for the legs, and histologically, it features a densely cellular lichenoid infiltrate.

It was characterized in 1925.

Gougerot–Blum syndrome is named after the French dermatologists Henri Gougerot (1881–1955) and Paul Blum (1878–1933).

See also
 Pigmentary purpuric eruptions
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Syndromes
Diseases named for discoverer


Bella Tromba are an all-female trumpet quartet founded in 2004. The four founding members all studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

They regularly appear at the UK's leading music festivals including Cheltenham, Harrogate, and Henley and are particularly active in the commissioning of new works for brass and trumpet quartet.

The group perform on different types of trumpet including bass trumpet, flugel, piccolo, Bflat, C, Eflat and D trumpets.

They are past winners of the Park Lane Group Young Artists award and are currently Selected Artists for Making Music. They performed as Live Music Now artists from 2005-2010.

They regularly appear on BBC Radio 3's In Tune programme with Sean Rafferty, and in 2007 performed and recorded with American rapper and producer Kanye West.

In 2010 they performed at the International Women's Brass Conference in Toronto.

Commissioned works and premieres

 Berceuse in a Box, 2007. By Paul Whitmarsh. Premiered Pump Rooms, Cheltenham Festival.
 Blockhead, 2007. By Maxim Bendall Premiered Pump Rooms, Cheltenham Festival.
 Alveston, 2007. By Howard Skempton. Premiered Purcell Room, London.
 The First Four Trumpets, 2007. By Paul Max Edlin. Premiered Purcell Room, London.
 Ancient Battlefields, 2007. By Giles Easterbrook. Premiered Purcell Room, London.
 Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, 2007. By Joan Towers. Premiered UK, Windsor Castle.
 Booze, Ballads And Bloodshed, 2008. By Ross Brown. Premiered Harrogate International Festival.
 Gestures III, 2008. By Hugo Ribeiro. Premiered Deal Festival.
 There'll never be another you, 2008. By Gavin Broom. Premiered Bichester Jazz Festival.
 Jazz Songs for Trumpets and Vibraphone, 2008. By Gavin Broom. Premiered Harrogate International Festival.
 Colori di Roma', 2009. By Peter Longworth. Premiered Caledonian Club, London.
 Glassblowing, 2009. By Paul Burnell Premiered Recollect Glass Art Gallery, London.
 El Grito del Silencio, 2010. By Susanne Erding Swiridoff Premiered International Women's Brass Festival, Toronto.
 L'homme arme, 2010. By John Reeman. Dartington Music Festival.
 Blast, 2011. By Bruce Knockles. Premiered Church Stretton and South Shropshire Arts Festival.
 Trumpet Quartet no. 1, 2012. By Helena Gascoyne Premiered Milverton Concert Society.
 Days of Bells and Flying Creatures, 2017. By Peter Longworth. Premiered Caledonian Club, London.
 Reflections, 2017. By Becca Toft. Premiered Bledington Music Festival.
 Sea Serpents, 2017. By Peter Yarde Martin. Premiered Brockenhurst Music Society.
 Unconditional Love'', 2022. By Howard Goodall. Premiered UK Milton Court.

Awards
 Park Lane Group Young Artists
Live Music Now Fellows

Dorothy Parkinson Memorial Prize

Making Music Selected Artists

Press
 The Guardian
 The Telegraph
 The Independent
 Metro
 Composition Today
 4 Bars Rest
 Daily Echo

External links
 Bella Tromba official website and blog
 Denis Wick UK Artists
 Bella Tromba on YouTube

Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Musical groups established in 2004
British musical quartets
Women trumpeters


Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura is a skin condition characterized by scaly and eczematous patches, which also have petechiae and hemosiderin staining.

It is a lymphocytic capillaritis of unknown cause. Lesions consist of erythematous and purpuric macules which usually begin around the ankles, coalesce, and spread to involve the whole legs, and sometimes the trunk and upper extremities. The lesions are extremely pruritic (itchy) and occasionally lichenified after prolonged scratching.

It is also known as "eczematoid purpura" or "eczematoid-like purpura".

It was characterized in 1953.

See also
 Pigmentary purpuric eruptions
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions


Orin Levine is an epidemiologist known for his work in the fields of international public health, child survival, and pneumonia.  He is currently the director of vaccine delivery at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, US. In the past he was the executive director of the International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), the co-chair of the Pneumococcal Awareness Council of Experts (PACE), and is a professor at The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the Department of International Health. He is also an adjunct assistant professor of epidemiology at The Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University in Atlanta. Additionally, he is currently president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) Council on Global Health. He resides in Washington, D.C.

Early life and education
Orin Levine was born in Richmond, Virginia. He graduated with a bachelor's degree from Gettysburg College in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He continued his studies at The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland, where he received a PhD in epidemiology.

Research
After receiving his PhD, Levine spent 5 years working for The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta. There, he served first as an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer, and then as a staff epidemiologist in the Respiratory Diseases Branch. He later worked at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.  In 2003, he joined the Department of International Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and started the PneumoADIP, an organization dedicated to accelerating access to pneumococcal vaccines for impoverished children, with Katherine O'Brien. In the past 6 years, Levine and the PneumoADIP team have been awarded over $100 million in research grants from the GAVI Alliance and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He's now at the Gates Foundation in Seattle.

Levine is the executive director of the International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC), and a steering committee member of Johns Hopkins Vaccine Initiative (JHVI), at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene's Committee on Global Health. He is also a steering committee member of the Decade of Vaccines Collaboration, and the co-chair of the Decade of Vaccines Collaboration's Global Access Working Group.

Levine has authored over 100 peer-reviewed publications and book chapters. He also writes a regular blog for the Huffington Post on global health and vaccine-related issues, and appears regularly on radio, television, and in print as an expert authority on these topics.

Levine's research has predominantly been focused on the two most common causes of fatal pneumonia, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b. His work on pneumonia research and prevention has been profiled in the New York Times.

He is also a part of the Accelerated Vaccine Introduction (AVI) Project, which is funded by the GAVI Alliance. The purpose of AVI is to accelerate access to life-saving pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines for children in the world's poorest countries. Levine is also involved in dengue vaccines, acting as the lead at Johns Hopkins in the institution's involvement in the Dengue Vaccine Initiative, a consortium created to accelerate development and subsequent use of dengue vaccines.

Levine currently works on Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH), which studies the causes of pneumonia and is funded by a $43 million grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Pneumonia is the leading infectious disease cause of death among children worldwide. Existing knowledge on the etiologies of childhood pneumonia is largely based on studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s.  With expanded use of new pneumonia vaccines and changes in host and environmental factors, a new evidence base that harnesses novel diagnostic technologies is needed.

Media appearances
In addition to his academic publishing, Levine appears frequently as an expert in print, on the radio, and on television.  He has authored and/or co-authored Op-Eds that have appeared in publications around the world.  His television appearances include two BBC World documentaries on pneumococcal disease and prevention by vaccination, and news interviews on BBC World, BBC News, Al-Jazeera (The Pulse), South African Broadcasting Corporation, and Arirang (South Korea). On August 4, 2009, Levine was featured in an episode of the "Kill or Cure" series on BBC World. This episode, called "Saving Lives", focused on efforts to increase access to pneumococcal vaccines through an initiative called the Advance Market Commitment. Most recently Levine was featured in the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health magazine for his work on advancing vaccine access.

Awards
 In 2000, Levine was awarded the CDC's Iain Hardy award for his outstanding contribution to the control of vaccine-preventable diseases.
 In 2008, in light of his outstanding achievements in pneumococcal disease and its prevention, the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases selected Levine as the first Dr. Robert Austrian Memorial Lecturer at the National Vaccine Research Conference.  The lecture is named for Dr. Robert Austrian, former chair of medical research at the University of Pennsylvania, who developed the first multivalent vaccine against pneumococcus bacteria. Austrian died in March 2007 at the age of 90.

References

Videos
 Powerful 5 Minute Video Produced by PneumoADIP about the Toll of Pneumococcal Disease
 The Pulse Al Jazeera 10 Minute Report on Pneumococcal Disease and Vaccines
 A 25 Minute Video for the BBC Series Kill or Cure (Pneumococcus) Produced by Rockhopper
 A 25 Minute Video for the BBC Series Kill or Cure (Haemophilus Influenzae Type b) Produced by Rockhopper
 A 25 Minute Video for the BBC Series Kill or Cure (Title: Saving Lives) Produced by Rockhopper
 From Survival TV, The Struggle to Breath produced by Rockhopper
 Survival TV Briefing Room with more Videos and Podcasts about Pneumonia Including some by Orin Levine
 Interview with Orin Levine on Global Health TV
 PBS NewsHour interview about PCV introduction in Nicaragua and the potential of the vaccine to improve health in the country.  The story features commentary from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health's Orin Levine and GAVI Alliance's CEO Seth Berkley.

External links
 IVAC's Work on PCV in Nicaragua Featured on PBS NewsHour Report
 PneumoADIP
 Dr. Levine's JHSPH Faculty Page
 The World Health Organization Accelerated Vaccine Introductions Page
 World Pneumonia Day
 Baltimore Sun Article The Right Fight
 Rwanda: President Meets Pneumococcal Vaccine Sponsors
 New Funding Strategy Will Bring Pneumococcal Vaccine To Developing Countries

Johns Hopkins University faculty
Living people
American epidemiologists
Gettysburg College alumni
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni
Emory University faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
American immunologists
People from Richmond, Virginia


Lichen aureus  is a skin condition characterized by the sudden appearance of one or several golden or rust-colored, closely packed macules or lichenoid papules.

See also
 Pigmentary purpuric eruptions
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions


Necmi Sönmez (born 1968 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish-German curator, art critic and writer. He lives and works in Düsseldorf.

Life and work

Necmi Sönmez studied art history, Byzantine art history and classical archaeology in Mainz, Paris, Newcastle and Frankfurt am Main. He gained his doctorate in 2001 in Frankfurt with a dissertation on “Milch, Blütenstaub, Reis und Wachs. Das Gesamtwerk von Wolfgang Laib” (Milk, pollen, rice and wax. The artistic oeuvre of Wolfgang Laib) at Goethe University Frankfurt with Prof. Stefan Germer and Prof. Manfred Schneckenburger .

From 1994 to 1997, Sönmez worked as an independent curator, initiating and organizing numerous exhibition projects, mainly involving young artists, in Turkey, Germany, the Netherlands and France. From 1998 to 2000 he was a project assistant at the Museum Wiesbaden and at the MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig) in Vienna.

Exhibitions
From 2001 until the end of January 2005, Sönmez held the post of curator of contemporary art at the Museum Folkwang in Essen, where he curated several exhibitions and projects, including the first museum exhibitions of artists, such as Didiert Trenet (2001), Daniel Knorr (2001), Surasi Kusolwong (2002), Elisabeth Ballet (2003) and Saâdane Hafif (2005).

From 2006 to 2008, Sönmez was artistic director of the Kunstverein Arnsberg, where he presented artists such as Ekrem Yalcindag, Gregor Schneider (both 2006), Myriam Holme, Florian Bach (both 2007), Sabine Boehl, Martin Dammann and Anja Cuipka (all 2008).

His current activities include co-curating the exhibition “Contemporary Art from Islamic Cultures” Kunstmuseum Bochum, serving as a member of the committee of experts (Comité Technique) of the Regional Contemporary Art Fund (FRAC) in the French region of Franche-Comté and working as guest curator for the Proje4L / Elgiz Museum of Contemporary Art in Istanbul.

Public projects

Necmi Sönmez has changed the structure of Städtische Galerie Museum Folkwang to the Mobile Städtische Galerie from 2001 until 2005. He has developed an interdisciplinary subversive public art program aimed at forging closer links between theoretical formats and exhibition presentations.

 2001 “Tische der Kommunikation” (Table of Communication)
 2002 “Private Öffentlichkeit” (Private Public)
 2003 “Sukûn / Stille” (Silence, 2003)
 2004 “Das Erinnerte Haus” (The remembered house, 2004)

Books

Since 1994, Necmi Sönmez has published number of monographies on artists that function in parallel to his curatorial work including:

 Fahr-el-Nissa Zeid (Aksoy Foundation, Istanbul, 1994)
 Mübin Orhan Robert and Lisa Sainbury Collection (Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 1996)
 „Ecole de Paris et les Peintres Turc“ (Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2000)
 Klaus Jürgen-Fischer, "Kunstspektakel -  Kunstdebakel. Kunstkritisches Tagebuch, (Salon Verlag, Cologne, 2001)
 Sanat Hayati Icerir mi?: Selected Writings 1995–2005 (Yapi Kredi Yayinlari, Istanbul, 2006)
 Turkish Realities, Positions of Contemporary Photography from Turkey, (Kerber Verlag, Heidelberg, 2008)

Critical writing

Necmi Sönmez has contributed to Flash Art, Neue Bildende Kunst, Kunstzeitung, Cumhuriyet and Virgül.

See also

 Turkish art
 Public art
 Curator

Notes and references

External links
 http://www.necmisoenmez.de
 http://www.art-magazin.de/kunst/15236/radar
 http://www.goethe.de/kue/bku/kur/kur/sz/son/enindex.htm

German people of Turkish descent
German art curators
Turkish art curators
German art critics
1968 births
Living people


The 1919 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1919. The two selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1919 season are (1) Walter Camp (WC), whose selections were published in Collier's Weekly; and (2) the Frank Menke syndicate (MS).

Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1919, the NCAA recognizes only two selectors as "official" for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.

All-Americans of 1919

Ends
Bob Higgins, Penn State (College Football Hall of Fame)
Heinie Miller, Penn
Lester Belding, Iowa
Frank Weston, Wisconsin
Joseph DuMoe, Lafayette
Earl Blaik, Army
Red Roberts, Centre
Dick Reichle, Illinois
Bernard Kirk, Notre Dame
Paul Meyers, Wisconsin

Tackles

Pete Henry, Washington & Jefferson (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame)
Belford West, Colgate (College Football Hall of Fame)
William Grimm, Washington
Burt Ingwersen, Illinois
Duke Slater, Iowa
Josh Cody, Vanderbilt (College Football Hall of Fame)
Hoffman, Ohio
Joseph Murphy, Dartmouth

Guards
Doc Alexander, Syracuse (College Football Hall of Fame)
Swede Youngstrom, Dartmouth
Fred Denfeld, Navy
Jack Depler, Illinois
Charles Arthur Clark, Harvard
Lloyd Pixley, Ohio State
Robert Sedgwick, Harvard
Pup Phillips, Georgia Tech

Centers

Red Weaver, Centre
Charles Carpenter, Wisconsin
Russ Bailey, West Virginia
Tim Callahan, Yale
Bum Day, Georgia
Harry J. Robertson, Syracuse

Quarterbacks
Bo McMillin, Centre (College Football Hall of Fame)
John Strubing, Princeton
Benny Boynton, Williams
James Bradshaw, Nevada

Halfbacks
Chic Harley, Ohio State (College Football Hall of Fame)
Eddie Casey, Harvard (College Football Hall of Fame)
Murray Trimble, Princeton
Arnold Oss, Minnesota
Bill Steers, Oregon
Hank Gillo, Colgate
Bodie Weldon, Lafayette

Fullbacks
Ira Rodgers, West Virginia (College Football Hall of Fame)
Jim Braden, Yale
Jim Robertson, Dartmouth

Key

Bold = Consensus All-American
 1 – First-team selection
 2 – Second-team selection
 3 – Third-team selection

Official selectors
 WC = Walter Camp
 MS = Frank Menke Syndicate, by Frank G. Menke

Other selectors
 RE = Reno Evening Gazette, selected by "W.P. Hahn, football expert of national note who is now located in Reno"
 DJ = Dick Jemison

See also
 1919 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1919 All-Pacific Coast football team
 1919 All-Southern college football team
 1919 All-Western college football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Li Yong () (died September 14, 820),  courtesy name Jianhou (), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, briefly commissioned as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong — but declining the office and never actually exercising the authorities of the office.

Background
It is not known when Li Yong was born, but it is known that his family was originally from Jiangxia (江夏, in modern Wuhan, Hubei).  His family claimed to be descended from the Warring States period State of Zhao general Li Mu and also claimed ancestry through a line of officials of Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, and Jin Dynasty (266–420).  By the time of Li Yong's great-great-grandfather Li Yuanzhe (), the family had relocated to Guangling (廣陵, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu).  Li Yong's grandfather Li Pu () served as a prefectural military officer, while his father Li Xuan () served as an imperial archiver.  He had at least one older brother, Li Yun ().

Li Yong himself passed the imperial examinations during the Dali era (766-779) of Emperor Daizong, and he scored high in the class of those who were capable of rendering legal judgments.  He was made Mishu Zhengzi (), a copyeditor at the Palace Library.  He was later invited by the general Li Huaiguang to serve on Li Huaiguang's staff.

During Emperor Dezong's reign
After Li Huaiguang rebelled against the rule of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong in 784 and took up position at Hezhong (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi), Li Yong was concerned that his continuing to serve under Li Huaiguang would cause harm to his family, and therefore informed Li Huaiguang that his older brother was ill at the eastern capital Luoyang and that his mother wished to see his older brother.  Li Huaiguang agreed, but forbid Li Yong from sending his wife and children as well.  Instead, Li Yong sent his mother, wife, and children to Luoyang.  When Li Huaiguang became aware of this and rebuked him, he responded, "I, Li Yong, belongs to this army and therefore cannot follow my mother to serve her, but why would you not let my wife serve her mother-in-law?"  Li Huaiguang could not fault him.  In 785, after Li Huaiguang's officer Lü Mingyue () was found to be secretly in communications with the imperial general Ma Sui, Li Huaiguang massacred Lü's family and further discovered that Li Yong and his colleague Gao Ying were also involved.  When Li Huaiguang gathered the troops and publicly rebuked Li Yong and Gao, both of them responded that they were merely being faithful to the emperor.  Li Huaiguang did not kill them, but put them under arrest.  After Li Huaiguang committed suicide later in the year, and his troops surrendered to Ma, Ma released Li Yong and Gao and invited them to serve on his staff.  Later, after his advice was not accepted by Ma, he left Ma's staff and retired to Luoyang.  Li Gao () the Prince of Cao, who then served as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), then invited him to serve on staff, and he did so.  He was later recalled to the capital Chang'an to serve as Libu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu).

In 800, after Zhang Jianfeng the military governor of Xusihao Circuit (徐泗濠, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) died, the soldiers rejected the imperial orders and supported Zhang Jianfeng's son Zhang Yin () as Zhang Jianfeng's successor, killing several officers who were obeying imperial orders and putting the eunuch monitor under arrest.  Zhang Yin thus claimed the title of acting military governor.  Emperor Dezong sent Li Yong to Xusihao's capital Xu Prefecture () to try to comfort the troops.  Li Yong persuaded the soldiers to release the eunuch monitor.  Zhang Yin submitted a petition and asked Li Yong to relay it for him.  Li Yong, seeing that Zhang Yin referred to himself as acting military governor, pointed out that it was not an imperially sanctioned office and told him to delete the reference, before agreeing to relay the petition for Zhang Yin.  Subsequently, Emperor Dezong made Zhang Yin the military prefect (團練使, Tuanlianshi) of Xu Prefecture.  After Li Yong's return to Chang'an, he was promoted to be Libu Shilang (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs.

During Emperor Shunzong's reign
After Emperor Dezong died in 805 and was succeeded by his severely ill son Emperor Shunzong, Li Yong was made deputy chief imperial censor (御史中丞, Yushi Zhongcheng).  He was then made the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., the Chang'an region) and then Shangshu You Cheng (), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).

During Emperor Xianzong's reign
Early in the Yuanhe era (805-821) of Emperor Shunzong's son Emperor Xianzong, at a time when there was much banditry at Chang'an, Li Yong was again made the mayor of Jingzhao.  It was said that he made much improvement in the safety at Chang'an and became well known for it.  He was soon made the military governor of Fengxiang () and Longyou () Circuits (both headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), as well as the mayor of Fengxiang Municipality (i.e., the capital of Fengxiang Circuit).  Previously, the military governors of Fengxiang often also carried the title of commander of the Shence Army soldiers stationed at Fengxiang, and thus often went to meet the eunuch commanders of the Shence Army prior to going to Fengxiang.  Li Yong found this to be inappropriate, and at his request, Emperor Xianzong did not give him the title of commander of Shence Army soldiers at Fengxiang.  In 809, after the chancellor Pei Ji pointed out to Emperor Xianzong that Yan Shou () the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) was incompetent and recommended Li Yong as his replacement, Emperor Xianzong recalled Yan to Chang'an and made Li Yong the military governor of Hedong.  He was later recalled to serve as the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu), chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu), and the director of the salt and iron monopolies and grain supplies.  In 809, when Emperor Xianzong was set to commission the powerful eunuch Tutu Chengcui as the commander of the imperial forces against the warlord Wang Chengzong, who controlled Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei), Li Yong, along with other officials Li Yuansu (), Xu Mengrong (), Li Yijian, Meng Jian (), Lü Yuanying (), Mu Zhi (), and Dugu Yu () all opposed, and Emperor Xianzong, while still putting Tutu in command, reduced Tutu's title.

In 810, Li Yong was made the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou) and the secretary general of its capital Yang Prefecture ().  It was said that Li Yong did not serve long at either Fengxiang or Hedong because he was stern and often changed regulations, causing the people to be unsettled.  At Huainan, he was also stern, but it was said that the circuit was well-governed and wealthy.  However, he was also said to be harsh in his governance, and his staff members could not stop the officers and technocrats under him from exercising the laws harshly, including carrying out many executions.  His reputation thus suffered.  When the imperial government waged a campaign against the warlord Wu Yuanji, who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), and Wu Yuanji's ally Li Shidao the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) dispatched troops to pressure Huainan's borders, Li Yong dispatched some 20,000 soldiers from Chu (楚州, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu) and Shou (壽州, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) Prefectures to defend against possible actions by Wu and Li Shidao, without requesting funds from the imperial government.  Further, at that time, as the imperial treasury was being depleted by the campaign against Wu, Emperor Xianzong sent the deputy director of monopolies, Cheng Yi to tour the circuits to look for additional sources of revenue.  Li Yong submitted the surpluses that Huainan had, and the other circuits followed, thus relieving the imperial treasury from depletion.

Meanwhile, in 811, Tutu had been demoted and made the eunuch monitor at Huainan.  It was said that he and Li Yong respected each other and did not offend each other.  After Tutu was recalled to Chang'an in 814, he recommended Li Yong as chancellor.  Late 817, Emperor Xianzong recalled Li Yong to be Menxia Shilang (), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng) and chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().  However, Li Yong did not consider himself capable to be chancellor and further felt ashamed to have been recommended by a eunuch.  When the staff members played music to celebrate, Li Yong wept and stated, "I like being secure in a circuit in my old age, and a chancellorship is not properly mine."  When he arrived in Chang'an around new year 818, he claimed to be ill and did not attend to the duties of chancellor.  He further declined an audience with Emperor Xianzong, and when his subordinates arrived at his mansion to see him, he declined to see them.  He submitted repeated offers to resign.  In spring 818, Emperor Xianzong made him the minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu) and removed him from his chancellor position, replacing him with Li Yijian.  He was subsequently made an advisor to Li Heng the Crown Prince but ordered to report to Luoyang, and soon retired.

During Emperor Muzong's reign
In 820, by which time Emperor Xianzong had died and been succeeded by Li Heng (as Emperor Muzong), Li Yong died.  He was given posthumous honors and the posthumous name Su (肅, "solemn").  His grandson Li Xi later served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 157.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 146.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 231, 232, 235, 237, 238, 240.

8th-century births
820 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Mayors of Xi'an
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Fengxiang Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Longyou Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Huainan Circuit


Purpuric agave dermatitis is a skin condition caused by Agave americana, a large, thick, long-leaved, subtropical plant.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions


Helina reversio is a fly from the genus Helina, in the family Muscidae. It is a common and variable fly.

Biology
Larvae are found in cow dung, rotting tree stumps, old hornet's nests, and moss.

Distribution
North America, Many parts of Europe, Northern Asia as far east as Japan.

See also
 Helina reversio on the Ecology of Commanster Site

References

Muscidae
Diptera of Europe
Insects described in 1780
Taxa named by Moses Harris


Parameter names and descri
Omatjenne Dam is a dam in Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. Located 15 km northwest of Otjiwarongo, it dams the Omatjenne River and was built for the purpose of artificial recharge of ground water. It has a capacity of 5.063 million cubic metres and was completed in 1933, when the country was controlled by South Africa.

References

Dams in Namibia
Dams completed in 1933
Buildings and structures in Otjozondjupa Region
1933 establishments in South West Africa
Otjiwarongo


Evgeny Mikhailovich Belyaev, also written as Yevgeny Belyayev (Russian: Евгений  Михайлович Беля́ев) (Klintsy, 11 September 1926 – 21/22 February 1994), was a Russian tenor soloist of the Alexandrov Ensemble under Boris Alexandrov. He is remembered in the  Soviet Union as the Russian Nightingale and in the West as one of the definitive singers of Kalinka.

Biography

Early years and private life
On 11 September 1926, he was born in Klintsy in the Bryansk Oblast. As a child, he was known by the diminutive, Zhenia (the soft "g" of Bryansk). As a schoolboy he won a singing competition at the Artek (camp) (Young Pioneer camp) near the Black Sea.

During World War II he served in the subdivision of zenith troops and gained the Army Olympiad Prize. He fought in  Czechoslovakia and served as a Lance Corporal in the first Red Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov division of the Carpathian Military District of the 4th Ukrainian Front under the command of General-Colonel Andrei Yeremenko. He is also said to have been in an anti-aircraft warfare unit and to have finished the war as a sergeant. He is said to have sung in the lulls between the fighting. (NB: The Suvorov and Kutuzov division later became the 93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)).

He then graduated from Gnessin State Musical College. He married and had two sons, one of whom was a professional pianist.

Musical career

1947: He was a soloist of the Ensemble of Song and Dance of the Carpathian military district.

1952: He became a Member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

1955: He was a soloist of the Ensemble of Song and Dance of the Soviet Army of Alexandrov (Alexandrov Ensemble).
Under conductor Boris Alexandrov he recorded many songs, and performed all over the world: e.g. Europe, USA, Canada and Japan.  The Ensemble performed music by Soviet composers, and Russian and Ukrainian folk songs. Kalinka always drew special applause
 During his time as soloist with the Ensemble, Belyaev's singing teacher was Yevgeny Kanger, who only trained the leading soloists.

1958: Received the title: Honoured Artist of Russia (Meritorious Artist).

1960: Received the title: People's Artist of Russia.

1967: He was made People's Artist of the USSR.
1960s-1970s: When the ensemble visited London, Belyaev was described as the "Russian Nightingale" and "Mr Kalinka", and again "Monsieur Kalinka" in France.

1978: He won the State Prize of the USSR.

1980: He appears to have been associated in some way with Roskontsert (or Roskontserta), the big-band variety orchestra headed by the Russian jazz musician Oleg Lundstrem

Also in this year he sang the voice-over part of the cartoon rabbit in the Russian film,Pif Paf Oi Oi Oi (Russian: Пиф Паф Ой Ой Ой) (possibly Dir. Garri Bardin, 1980).
This animated cartoon dramatizes via opera a Russian nursery rhyme about a hunter shooting a rabbit ("Pif-paf!") which is brought home and found to be still alive ("Oi! Oi!"). Belyaev mainly performed in small chamber concerts in Russia after he left the Ensemble.

At some point he was made Honorary Citizen of Klintsy, his home town.

1994: In the 1990s he sang with the government musical organization RosKontsert as an independent soloist. On February 21 or 22, 1994 he died.  Belyaev attended Burdenko Military Hospital in Moscow with heart problems. He asked the doctors to let him go home for the weekend because there are usually no doctors during the weekend in hospitals, so they agreed. As soon as he arrived home on Kalininsky Prospekt (now Novy Arbat) in Moscow, he died straight away of a heart attack. He was buried in Moscow, not far from his fellow soloist Alexei Sergeev, in a section of Novodevichy Cemetery (Russian: Новоде́вичье кла́дбище) affiliated branch located in Kuntsevo District.

Critical commentary

This commentary is about a music video featuring Evgeny Belyaev (see screenshot, right): Belyaev sings "Kalinka" on the music video "Soviet Army Chorus and Dance Ensemble". The first "Mr Kalinka" was Victor Nikitin who was the second tenor (Pyotr Tverdokhlebov was the first) to perform it with the dramatic, overarching and operatic notes which now precede the chorus in every Ensemble soloist's performance of this song. The origin of this kind of tenor-bravado introduction to a song is in Arab music, and can still be heard in Flamenco cante jondo. "Kalinka" is a trivial song about a fruit tree, but it lends itself perfectly to this kind of operatic showing-off.  Belyaev himself was already the recipient of popular acclaim after the 1956 London tour, and he had already been called "Mr Kalinka": the obvious natural successor to Nikitin. So in this performance, as the screenshot clearly shows, he is an immensely confident man with a great musical future before him.  In fact it was very possibly the Cold War which kept him tied to the Ensemble and away from the operatic career which he clearly deserved. Since Nikitin, "Kalinka" has always been one of the signature songs of the Ensemble, and the performances are always presented as both great achievement and great fun. This ca.1960 video is filmed outdoors, and shows the soldiers laughing, joshing each other, and dancing comically at the end.  This is acting of course, and a striking contrast to the severe picture of Soviet life which was being presented at that time in the West.  In the last moments of the "Kalinka" performance, Belyaev, like the other soldierly soloists not allowed to gesticulate while singing, cannot help himself and performs a brief Russian dance movement with his arms, showing us something we did not know before: that his background was in Russian dance culture as well as in music.

Notability

Worldwide fame

This superb lyric tenor did not get the worldwide acclaim that he deserved during his lifetime; possibly because his prime occurred in the middle of the Cold War. Also his fame was subsumed within the fame of the Alexandrov Ensemble itself, when perhaps he would have gained greater personal fame had he pursued his natural course in the international opera circuit. However, it happens that he sang one of the definitive recorded versions of "Kalinka", and perhaps due to that, he is now becoming widely recognised and appreciated on websites such as YouTube. This is partly the result of "Kalinka" being recently associated with Chelsea Football Club.

Russian fame

April 2007: In celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of Klintsy, Belyaev's home town, it was decided to install a bust of the singer by the sculptor A.Smirnov
in the town
.

February 2008: A memorial concert was given in Bryansk in memory of Belyaev. It was attended by his great-niece Ekaterina Belaeva, fellow Communist Party members, people from his hometown Klintsy, and his old musical colleagues from the Alexandrov Ensemble. On this day the Klintsovskoy children's music school was named after Evgeny Belyaev.

Repertoire

His work as soloist with the Alexandrov Ensemble meant that he sang primarily songs in the Russian folk music genre, traditional songs, and other songs about Russia, besides a few foreign songs and operatic arias.  For this he was considered a "national treasure".

What the songs are about
In alphabetical order of titles, with links to auto-lyrics:

"Accidental Waltz": Probably a love song (lyrics unavailable).

"And Again I Am in Line": Song of the veteran pilots of World War II, and their replacement by younger pilots

"Baikal Beauty" recalls beautiful Lake Baikal and a girl at home for the homesick soldier.

"Before the Long Journey" remembers preparations for people's long journeys in the past; comparing them with the preparations of modern astronauts. Possibly sung as a tribute to Yuri Gagarin and his fellow astronauts.

"Bryanski Partisan Song": A guerilla song about Soviet partisans that mentions an ambush, burnt houses and revenge.

"By Mostochku Narrow": Possibly a veteran soldier's reminiscences (lyrics unavailable).

"Choir of Sailors from the Opera Dawn": (lyrics unavailable).

"Click the Guy": About soldiers, girls and Moscow (lyrics unavailable).

"The Cruiser Aurora": "What do you dream of, cruiser Aurora, in the hour when the morning comes on the Neva?"  The Aurora is a symbol of the Communist Revolution, and she has been a museum ship on the Neva at St. Petersburg since 1957.

"Donetski Night": refers to the horror of the Battle of Stalingrad, and optimism about a woman  (lyrics unavailable).

"Evening on the Road"/"Night on the Road": A sailors' song about going to sea.

"Far Far Away": About border guards far from home, protecting their homeland.

"Favourite Remember Us": Possibly about soldiers under orders, who know they will not come back (lyrics unavailable).

"Immortelle": Ballad about the death by the River Don of a heroic Cossack soldier, his body guarded by a single immortelle or everlasting Helichrysum flower, which according to the lyric does not bend with the wind.

"In a Sunny Forest Clearing": A soldier's love song.

"In the Dugouts"': A soldier in his dugout in the snow, sings to his accordion about his girl far away, and feels warm at the thought before he dies.

"Kalinka": A song about a snowball tree.

"Nightingales" ("Solovii"): The lyric of "Nightingales" asks the nightingale to be quiet as the soldiers are sleeping.  The song says that they need to sleep in preparation for the next battle, and there is an implication in the music that they may not come home. It is possible to interpret their next battle in relation to the afterlife, so the audience has the option to infer that they have died.

.

"Ogonek": Possibly about a girl and a soldier. It may refer to Ogonyok, (Russian: Огонёк), which means "little flame", as a symbol of love (lyrics unavailable).

"Oh You Rye": A love song (lyrics unavailable).

"Cold Waves Lapping": (lyrics unavailable).

"'Ridna My Mother": (lyrics unavailable).

"Rodina": About the Russian landscape.

"Russian Field"': The Russian landscape as Fatherland.

"Shooting Kommunarov": A war story to give encouragement to fight.

"Sing Soldiers": A hearty song for military morale.

"Song of Russia": The Russian landscape and Vladimir Lenin.

Two Maxim: a machine-gun song (lyrics unavailable).

"Where Are You Now, Friends": About soldiers returning from World War II.

Song arrangements

Belyaev was a great lyric tenor, but it's Boris Alexandrov's musical arrangement (see Alexandrov Ensemble) which sets off his skill and creates the magic every time. A good example of this is the "Bryansky Partisan Song" with its Eastern Orthodox Church music tonality and harmony, which has the effect of somehow making the Ensemble sound like a choir of thousands, evoking perhaps the size of the USSR, the history which created its peoples, and pride in the Soviet partisans.  Belyaev sings the secondary harmony in a duet with Alexei T. Sergeev and the choir here, but his enthusiastic voice adds a piquant excitement to the sheer power of the arrangement.   So here is one possible answer to the question of why Belyaev stayed with the Ensemble instead of looking for easy fame on the opera circuit.  Musically, it was worth staying.

Recorded songs

In date order of original recording dates (not album production dates).  Some original recordings have been recycled over many albums, and this is still happening - especially with some earlier recordings - due to their continuing popularity.

Key to links
(a): from Japanese "Red Army" webpage, for images of past album sleeves containing tracks by Belyaev.
(b): from Amazon for current albums containing tracks by Belyaev.

1950s
"Oh You Rye" (1950; 1964; 1978; 1992) (composer A. Doluhanyan; lyrics A. Newcomer 1950)
(a):
(b):

"Choir of Sailors from the Opera Dawn" (1954)  (composer K. Molchanov; lyrics S. Severtsov): no data

"Cold Waves Lapping" (1954) (composer F. Bogoroditsky; lyrics Ya Repninsky): no data

"Kalinka"  (1956; 1963; 1978; 1992).
(a):
(b):

"Annie Laurie"  (1956; 1963).
(a):
(b):

"You Are Always Beautiful" (1956; 1963).
(a):

(b):

"Forever" (1956; 1963).
(a):

"Far Away" (1956) (composer G. Nosov; lyrics  A. Churkin 1950).
(b):

"Troika" (1959) (Traditional).
(a):

1960s

"Ridna My Mother" (1960) (composer P. Maiboroda; lyrics A. Malyshko: no data

"By Mostochku Narrow" (1960) (composer K. Akimov; lyrics M. Vershinin): no data

"Beautiful Moonlit Night" (or "Moonlight") (1960; 1963).
(a):
(b):

"Sing Soldiers", or "That Soldier Sings" (1960) (composer A. Doluhanyan; lyrics Nekrasova L. 1955)
(a):

"I Will Be a Soldier Again" (1960s?).
(a):

"Where Are Your Arms" (1948–65; 1985).
(a):

"My Country I Pledge To You" (1963?).
(a):

"Nightingales" (1963; 1975; 1978) (composer V.Solovev-Sedoy; lyrics A. Fatyanov)
(a):
(b):

"Near the Garden" (1963).
(a):

"Before the Long Journey" (1964) (composer Matvey Blanter; lyrics Vladimir Dyhovichny 1962)
(a):

"Song of Russia" (1964) (composer D. Kabalevsky; lyrics A. Newcomer)
(a):

"Come My Way" (ca.1965).
(a):

"Where This Country Was Built" (1965).
(a):

"On a Hill" (1968).
(a):

"Gorondorina La"' (1968).
(a):

1970s
"Russia" (ca.1970).
(a):

"Song of the Klintsah" (Oct 1971) (composer A. Kulygin, lyrics A. Annual 1971) broadcast in the USSR on All-Union Radio, to celebrate Belyaev's home town Klintsy He performed the song in concerts in the Bryansk region in 1975.

"Album:Русские Песни И Романсы"(1973) CM 03831-2.

"'Wilderness" (1974).
(a):

The Russian Field (1975) (composer J. Frenkel; lyrics I. Goff 1965)
(a):

In My Moscow Suburb (ca.1975?).
(a):

In the Dugouts (1975; 1977) (composer K. Sheets; lyrics A. Surkov 1942): no data

Accidental Waltz (1977) (composer M. Fradkin; lyrics E. Dolmatovskaya): no data

Ogonek (1977) (lyrics M.Isakovsky): no data

My Favourite (1977) (composer M. Blanter; lyrics E. Dolmatovskaya 1942): no data

Two Maxim (1977) (composer S. Katz;
lyrics M. Plyatskovsky 1941): no data

You Who Love (1978).
(a):

Catalina (1978).
(a):

1980s

Evening on the Waterfront (1985).
(a):

Evening on the Road/Night on the Road (undated) (composer V. Solovyov-Sedoy; lyrics A. Churkin 1943). Duet with Boris G. Shapenko)

Execution of the Warrior Revolution (1987)
(a):

1990s

In the Sunny Meadow/Shine in the Field (1992).
(a):
(b):

Black Eyebrows (1992).
(a):
(b):

Happy Girl (1992).
(a):
(b):

Birch Tree Stood in the Meadow (1992).
(a):
(b):

In the Forest (1992).
(a):
(b):

Wait For Your Soldier/Wait a Day to Return (1992).
(a):
(b):

Motherland/Country (1992).
(a):
(b):

Undated

Lying (undated).
(a): no data

Take a Bandura (undated).
(a):

Our Friends (undated).
(a):

Hey Girl (undated).
(a):

Rough sea spray (cruiser "VARYAGU") (undated).
(a):

The Cruiser Aurora (undated) (music: V.Shainskiy; lyrics: M.Matusovskiy)

Soldier's Wife (undated).
(a):

Epitaph (undated).
(a):

In the Central Steppes (undated).
(b):

Baikal Beauty (undated) (composer A. Doluhanyan; lyrics M. Lisyansky): no data

Immortelle (undated) (composer S. Zaslavsky; lyrics A. Sofronov): no data

Donetski Night (undated) (composer E. Zharkovsky; lyrics N. Upenik, L. Titova 1975): no data

Where Are You Now, Friends (undated) (composer V. Solovyov-Sedoy; lyrics A. Fatyanov 1947): no data

And Again I am In Line (undated) (composer B. Muradeli; lyrics S. Bencken 1960): no data

Favourite, Remember Us (undated) (composer Boris Alexandrov; lyrics N. Dobronravov 1978): no data

In a Sunny Forest Clearing (undated) (composer V.P.Solovev-Sedoy; lyrics A. Fatyanov 1970): no data

Bryansky Partisan Song (undated) (composer D. Kabalevsky; lyrics V.Lebedev-Kumach). Duet with Alexei T. Sergeev: no data
.

Shooting Kommunarov (undated) (composer V.Tan-Bogoraz): no data

Rodina (undated)  (composer A. Samoylov; lyrics F. Savinov): no data

Click the Guy (undated) (composer LA Shats; lyrics V. Alferov 1977): no data

At the Gate, The Gate (undated) (traditional): no data

I Left the Army (undated) (composer S. Tulika; lyrics V. Malkov): no data

I Loved You (undated) (composer B.Sheremetyev; lyrics Pushkin): no data

I Met You (undated) (composer B.Sheremetyev; lyrics F.Tyutchev): no data

It Evokes Memories (undated) (composer P.Bulakhov): no data

I Took You into the Tundra (undated) (composer M. Fradkin; lyrics M. Plyatskovsky): no data.

Listen If You Want (undated) (composer N.Shiskin): no data

My Moscow (undated) (composer O. Feltsman; lyrics A. Sofronov): no data

Separation (undated) (composer A.Gurilev; lyrics A.Koltsov): no data

Soldiers' Mothers (undated) (composer Boris Alexandrov; lyrics S. Bencken): no data

Soldiers Pribautki (undated) (composer A. Doluhanyan; lyrics G. Hodos). Duet with B. Ruslanov: no data

Unselfish Soul (undated) (composer A. Pakhmutova; lyrics M. Lisyansky): no data

We Went Out Into the Garden (undated) (composer M.Tolstoy; lyrics A.Butt): no data

The Book Motherland (undated) (composer Boris Alexandrov; lyrics N. Dorizo): no data

Kid (Sucu Sucu) (undated, 1960s?) (composer Tarateño Rojas; translator unknown, Russian & Spanish)

To You I Swear the Fatherland (undated): no data

Discography
His 78s, LPs, CDs and DVDs are listed on the Alexandrov Ensemble discography page.

See also

 Alexandrov Ensemble
 Alexandrov Ensemble soloists
 Alexandrov Ensemble choir
 Alexandrov Ensemble discography
 Georgi Pavlovich Vinogradov

References

External links
 Russian Wikipedia page on Evgeny Belyaev in Russian
  Literature about Belyaev in the russian press (Russian)
 Sci-lib page: Literature about Belyaev in Russian Press Russian-English
 Homepages of the Alexandrov ensemble (Russian)
 Japanese webpage detailing biography and discography of Belaev Japanese
 RUVR Broadcasting company (In English; with Alexandrov Ensemble and Belyaev mentioned halfway down page)
 1tvrus 1977 images of Belyaev (Russian-English)
 Sci-lib biography of Belyaev (Russian-English)
 Communist Party webpage on 2008 memorial service for Belyaev (Russian-English)
 Bryansk Guide webpage on Klintsy's 300th anniversary (Russian-English)
 Image of bust of Belyaev in his home town of Klintsy (Russian-English)
 Klintsy webpage 14th Feb 2007: Plans for bust of Belyaev in Klintsy (Russian-English)
 Images of A.Smirnov, sculptor of the bust of Belyaev in Klintsy (Russian-English)
Voce del leone webpage: Review of /EMI Classics CD: Red Army Ensemble
Red Data book of Russian pop music: Evgeny Belyaev (in Russian; short biography and songlist)
Youtube: Eveny Belyaev sings Motherland (1992), his last recording.

1926 births
1994 deaths
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery
People from Klintsy
People's Artists of the USSR
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Russian tenors
Soviet tenors
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Alexandrov Ensemble
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Gnessin State Musical College alumni
20th-century Russian male singers


Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (CSVV), is inflammation of small blood vessels, usually accompanied by small lumps beneath the skin. The condition is also known as hypersensitivity vasculitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hypersensitivity angiitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and cutaneous necrotizing venulitis,

It is the most common form of vasculitis  seen in clinical practice, usually caused by inflammation of post-capillary venules in the dermis).

"Leukocytoclastic" refers to the damage caused by nuclear debris from infiltrating neutrophils in and around the vessels.

Signs and symptoms

Skin lesions
Initially red to pink, flat spots (formally, "macules") and raised bumps (formally, "papules") may be seen on the skin.

Once fully developed, the classic appearance is "non-blanching, palpable purpura". This appears as deep red to purple spots that feel raised to the touch. Purpura refers to the red-purple discolored spots, while palpable implies that these spots can be felt as raised from the surrounding skin. Additionally, when gently pressed, the color does not fade to a lighter color ("non-blanching"). The red-purple color of the lesions is due to the inflammation in the blood vessels causing red blood cells to escape into the dermis skin layer.

Small fluid-filled blisters (or "vesicles"), pus-filled bumps resembling a pimple (or "pustules"), or shallow ulcers may also develop but are less common.

The location of skin lesions varies but are most commonly found symmetrically below the waist, primarily on the buttocks and legs. Other distributions include localized areas on the upper body or over several areas of the body.

With treatment, the lesions typically resolve in weeks to months and leave behind flat spots that are darker than the surrounding skin (see "Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation" on "Hyperpigmentation").

A portion of cases may be persistent or recurrent. This tends to occur when the vasculitis is associated with chronic conditions such as connective tissue diseases.

Associated symptoms
In most cases skin lesions do not cause symptoms, however itching, burning, or pain may occur.

Frequently reported symptoms include mild fever, muscle pain, joint pain, or an overall feeling of discomfort. Additional symptoms depend on the cause of the vasculitis and if other organ systems are involved. For example, if the vasculitis is a manifestation of Henoch–Schönlein purpura, individuals may also experience abdominal pain or blood in the urine.

Cause
Cutaneous vasculitis can have various causes including but not limited to medications, bacterial and viral infections or allergens. It is estimated that 45–55% of cases are idiopathic, meaning the cause is unknown. In cases where a cause can be determined, medications and infectious pathogens are most common in adults, while IgA vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura) frequently affects children. Other etiologies include autoimmune conditions and malignancies, usually hematologic (related to the blood).

The small vessels in the skin affected are located in the superficial dermis and include arterioles (small arteries carrying blood to capillaries), capillaries, and venules (small veins receiving blood from capillaries). In general, immune complexes deposit in vessel walls leading to activation of the complement system. C3a and C5a, proteins produced from the complement system, attract neutrophils to the vessels. Once activated, neutrophils then release preformed substances, including enzymes causing damage to vessel tissue. Evidence of this process can be seen with a sample of removed skin tissue, or biopsy, viewed under a microscope. Neutrophils are seen surrounding blood vessels and their debris within vessel walls, causing fibrinoid necrosis. This finding on histological examination is termed "leukocytoclastic vasculitis".

Considering the wide range of potential causes leading to cutaneous small vessel vasculitis, there are subtle variations in the underlying pathophysiology for each cause. For example, medications are metabolized to smaller molecules that can attach to proteins in the blood or vessel walls. The immune system senses these altered proteins as foreign and produces antibodies in efforts to eliminate them from the body. A similar process occurs with infectious agents, such as bacteria, in which antibodies target microbial components.

Diagnosis

The diagnostic testing for vasculitis should be guided by the patient's history and physical exam. The clinician should ask about the duration, onset, and presence any associated symptoms such as weight loss or fatigue (that would indicate a systemic cause). It is important to distinguish between IgA and non-IgA vasculitis. IgA vasculitis is more likely to present with abdominal pain, bloody urine, and joint pain. In the case that the cause is not obvious, a reasonable initial workup would include a complete blood count, urinalysis, basic metabolic panel, fecal occult blood testing, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein level. Small vessel cutaneous vasculitis is a diagnosis of exclusion and requires ruling out systemic causes of the skin findings. Skin biopsy (punch or excisional) is the most definitive diagnostic test and should be performed with 48 hours of appearance of the vasculitis. A skin biopsy will be able to determine if the clinical findings are truly due to a vasculitis or due to some other cause.

Classification
Subtypes of small-vessel vasculitis include:

 IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)
 Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy
 Urticarial vasculitis
 Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
 Erythema elevatum diutinum
 Granuloma faciale
 ANCA-associated vasculitis
 Arthropod bites
 Platelet dysfunction or deficiency
 Cholesterol emboli
 Septic emboli
 Livedoid vasculopathy

Treatment
Treatment should be directed towards the specific underlying cause of the vasculitis. If no underlying cause is found and the vasculitis is truly limited to the skin then treatment is primarily supportive. Such treatment involves measures such as leg elevation, stockings, and topical steroids to relieve itching/burning. If the vasculitis does not self-resolve within 3–4 weeks, more aggressive treatment may be warranted. Oral colchicine or dapsone are often used for this purpose. If rapid control of symptoms is needed, a short course of high-dose oral steroids may be given. Immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate and azathioprine may be used in truly refractory cases not responsive to colchicine or dapsone.

Additional images

See also
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Systemic connective tissue disorders
Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Immune system disorders


The Creighton University School of Dentistry is the dental school of Creighton University. It is located in the city of Omaha, Nebraska. It was one of the first dental schools in the United States, having been established in 1905.

Since Creighton University School of Dentistry does not offer residency positions in specialty programs, students are given the opportunity to perform advanced dental procedures including oral surgery, dental implants, etc. Creighton students are prepared to enter residency programs or dental practice, or continue with advanced degrees and specialty training. Approximately 25% of Creighton graduates in the School of Dentistry continue on to earn a specialty degree.  Creighton built a new building to house the dental school at 2109 Cuming Street, which was completed in the fall of 2018.

Research

Research in the School of Dentistry has expanded over the last decade with growing extramural funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ), and numerous foundations and international corporations. The school has active research programs in basic biological and material sciences, health services and translational and clinical trials. Extramural research funding totaled nearly $1.5 million for 2016-2017.

Dental students engage in research early in their academic careers, participating in research projects as part of courses requirement. They are also invited to participate in faculty research projects.

The National Institute of Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) recognizes Creighton as being in the 30th percentile of the nation's dental schools for research funding.

The Creighton University School of Dentistry has international research partnerships with Nihon University, Department of Operative Dentistry, in Tokyo, Japan; and Shofu Corporation in Kyoto, Japan.  Two faculty members from the School of Dentistry at Nihon University School of Dentistry have completed one-year research fellowships at Creighton and a third scholar is scheduled to start in July 2015.  An industrial scholar from the Department of Research and development at Shofu Corporation has also completed a one-year fellowship. These academic and industrial fellowships have resulted in several research abstracts being presented at national and international research meeting and publications in peer-reviewed journals. The Creighton University School of Dentistry plans to encourage more research collaborations at the international level.

Faculty-driven research at the School of Dentistry ranges from basic sciences to clinical investigations, including a variety of materials and techniques with translational potential into clinical applications to provide better care to patients.

Departments
Creighton University School of Dentistry includes the following departments:
 Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry
 Department of Diagnostic Sciences
 Department of Dental Radiology
 Department of Oral Biology
 Department of General Dentistry
 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics
 Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics
 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
 Department of Endodontics
 Department of Periodontics

Accreditation
Creighton University School of Dentistry is currently accredited by the American Dental Association (ADA).

Admissions
The School of Dentistry accepts an average of 115 students per year, with several thousand applicants from around the United States applying each year.

Location
The School of Dentistry is located near downtown Omaha. It is set off to the edge of the main Creighton University campus.

Media
The Creighton School of Dentistry was featured on several websites for the music video "Wax it Fresh and Carve it Smooth" created by Creighton dental students.

See also

 American Student Dental Association

References

Dental schools in Nebraska
Dentistry
Jesuit universities and colleges in the United States


Howard J. Teicher (c. 1954) served as Director for the Near East and South Asia and Senior Director for Political-Military Affairs on the staff of the National Security Council from 1982 to 1987, after working under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan at the Departments of State and Defense.

Teicher received his BA in political science, summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, from Boston University in 1976. He received a Masters in International Affairs from Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies in 1978. Teicher is currently Vice President with Radware.

He is the co-author of Twin Pillars To Desert Storm: America's Flawed Vision in the Middle East from Nixon to Bush.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Boston University alumni
Iran–Contra affair
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni


The 1918 College Football All-America team consists of American football players selected to the College Football All-America Teams selected by various organizations for the 1918 college football season.

All-Americans of 1918

Ends

Paul Robeson, Rutgers (WC-1; MS; TM-1)
Bill Fincher, Georgia Tech (MS; TM-1, WC-2)
 Robert Hopper, Penn (WC-1; MS; TM-2)
 William E. Harrington, Pittsburgh (TM-2)
 Josh Weeks, Brown (WC-2)
 Joseph Schwarzer, Syracuse (WC-3)
 John Tressel, Washington & Jefferson (WC-3)

Tackles

Pete Henry, Washington & Jefferson (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (WC-2; MS; TM-1)
Leonard Hilty, Pittsburgh (WC-1; TM-2)
Lou Usher, Syracuse (WC-1; TM-2)
Joe Guyon, Georgia Tech (MS)
 Pard Larkin, Swarthmore (TM-1)
 John Ripple, North Carolina A&M (WC-2)
 Angus Goetz, Michigan (WC-3)
 James Neylon, Penn (WC-3)

Guards
Doc Alexander, Syracuse (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1; MS; TM-1)
Lyman Perry, Navy (WC-1; MS; TM-1)
 Jake Stahl, Pittsburgh (WC-2; TM-2)
 Alfred Neuschaefer, Rutgers (TM-2)
 Tommy Scaffe, Navy (WC-2)
 Fred Huggins, Brown (WC-3)
 Walter A. Gordon, California (WC-3)

Centers

Bum Day, Georgia Tech (WC-1)
Jack Depler, Illinois (WC-2; MS)
 Thomas Sterck, Washington & Jefferson (TM-1)
 Sam Arthur, Navy (TM-2)
 Tim Callahan, Princeton (WC-3)

Quarterbacks
Frank Murrey, Princeton (WC-1; MS)
 Willard Ackley, Syracuse (WC-3; TM-1)
 Bill Ingram, Navy (TM-2)
 Robb, California (WC-2)

Halfbacks

Tom Davies, Pittsburgh (WC-1; MS; TM-1)
Wolcott Roberts, Navy (WC-1; MS)
 Katy Easterday, Pittsburgh (TM-1)
 Buck Flowers, Georgia Tech (WC-2 [fb]; TM-2)
 Skip Gougler, Pittsburgh (TM-2)
 Frankie Frisch, Fordham (WC-2)
 Gus Eckberg, Minnesota (WC-3)
 Frank Kelley, Rutgers (WC-3)

Fullbacks
Frank Steketee, Michigan (WC-1; TM-2)
George McLaren, Pittsburgh (WC-2 [hb]; MS; TM-1)
 William Butler, Navy (WC-3)

Key
NCAA recognized selectors for 1918
 WC = Walter Camp
 MS = Frank Menke Syndicate, by Frank G. Menke

Other selectors
 TM = Robert "Tiny" Maxwell, of the Philadelphia Public Ledger

Bold = Consensus All-American
 1 – First-team selection
 2 – Second-team selection
 3 – Third-team selection

See also
 1918 All-Big Ten Conference football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


The following applications can be used to create playable DVDs.

Free software
Free software implementations often lack features such as encryption and region coding due to licensing restrictions issues, and depending on the demands of the DVD producer, may not be considered
suitable for mass-market use.

 DeVeDe (Linux)
 DVD Flick (Windows only)
 DVDStyler (Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux using wxWidgets. Recent versions are bundled with Potentially Unwanted Programs that may accidentally be installed unless care is taken during installation.)

Professional studio software
 MAGIX Vegas DVD Architect (previously known as Sony Creative Software's DVD Architect Pro) (discontinued)
 Apple DVD Studio Pro (Mac) (discontinued)
 Sonic DVDit Pro (formerly DVD Producer) (discontinued)
 Adobe Encore (EOL / discontinued)
 Sonic DVD Creator (discontinued)

Professional corporate software
 MAGIX Vegas DVD Architect (previously known as Sony Creative Software's DVD Architect Pro) (discontinued)
 Adobe Encore (Last version is CS6, bundled with Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 / EOL) (discontinued)
 Sonic Scenarist SD/BD/UHj
MediaChance DVD-lab (discontinued)

Home
 Apple iDVD (Mac) (discontinued)
 CyberLink Media Suite
 Nero Vision
 Pinnacle Studio
 Roxio Easy Media Creator
 Roxio Toast (for Mac OS)
 Sonic MyDVD

 TMPGEnc DVD Author
 Ulead DVD MovieFactory
 Windows DVD Maker (discontinued)
 WinDVD Creator
 Ashampoo Burning Studio

See also
DVD-Video
DVD authoring
DVD ripper

References

List

DVD
DVD
DVD


The Canon Ōita Factory in Ōita, Japan, is Canon's main digital imaging product plant and manufactures products such as the PowerShot, IXUS compacts, DSLR cameras, and camcorders. The plant manufactured up to 6.8 million products in 2005.

Since 1999, the factory has moved away from assembly line production to cell based production with teams of up to 20 workers. Each cell can assemble 500 camcorders in an eight-hour shift.

Canon invested 27.6 billion yen to expand the factory in two stages between 2004 and 2005.

References

Canon Insiders, Gadjets, Life, Toronto Sun

Buildings and structures in Ōita Prefecture
Manufacturing plants in Japan
Canon Inc.
1982 establishments in Japan
Buildings and structures completed in 1982


Luis-Mary was a Japanese visual kei post-punk band that was formed in 1989 and broke up in 1993. There were four members.

Members
Yoshitsugu "Zyeno" Yamashita (山下善次) - Guitar
Takehisa "Shien" Maruyama (丸山武久) - Bass
Takanori "Haine" Nishikawa (西川貴教) - Vocals
Ken Arita (有田賢) - Drums

Biography
Luis-Mary began in 1989 by Zyeno and Shien. Haine and Ken joined later in 1990. On January 23, 1991, they released their first single "Lainy Blue". Luis-Mary disbanded in 1993 and various "Best of" CDs were released subsequently. Takanori Nishikawa became very successful under his solo act, T.M.Revolution, and is currently in the band abingdon boys school, which formed in 2005. Yoshitsugu went on to join the band Nude along with Takehisa Maruyama. Following Nude, Yoshitsugu played in Cuve, then Sonic Smart Suzzy, and The Strawberry Gun-Gun. Takehisa moved on to play in the band Raydio.

Discography

Singles

Track list

References

External links
Discography
Luis-Mary at Last.fm

Visual kei musical groups
Japanese rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1993


42 Draconis b (abbreviated 42 Dra b), formally named Orbitar , is a candidate extrasolar planet located approximately 315 light years from Earth in the constellation of Draco. It orbits the 5th magnitude K-type giant star 42 Draconis with a period of 479 days and 38% orbital eccentricity. The planet was discovered using the radial velocity method on March 20, 2009.

Following its discovery the planet was designated 42 Draconis b. In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched NameExoWorlds, a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars. The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names. In December 2015, the IAU announced the winning name was Orbitar for this planet. The winning name was submitted by the Brevard Astronomical Society of Brevard County, Florida, United States. Orbitar is a contrived word paying homage to the space launch and orbital operations of NASA.

A 2021 study found that more recent radial velocity measurements of 42 Draconis were inconsistent with the proposed planetary orbit, casting serious doubt on 42 Draconis b's existence, but with a two-planet solution still being a possibility. The study suggests that the radial velocity signal is likely caused by a yet unknown stellar phenomenon, which might be common in giant stars.

See also
 HD 139357 b
 Iota Draconis b

References

External links

Exoplanets discovered in 2009
Giant planets
Draco (constellation)
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets with proper names


Richard Joseph Laver (October 20, 1942 – September 19, 2012) was an American mathematician, working in set theory.

Biography
Laver received his PhD at the University of California, Berkeley in 1969, under the supervision of Ralph McKenzie, with a thesis on Order Types and Well-Quasi-Orderings. The largest part of his career he spent as Professor and later Emeritus Professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Richard Laver died in Boulder, CO, on September 19, 2012 after a long illness.

Research contributions
Among Laver's notable achievements some are the following.

 Using the theory of better-quasi-orders, introduced by Nash-Williams, (an extension of the notion of well-quasi-ordering), he proved Fraïssé's conjecture (now Laver's theorem): if (A0,≤),(A1,≤),...,(Ai,≤), are countable ordered sets, then for some i<j  (Ai,≤) isomorphically embeds into (Aj,≤). This also holds if the ordered sets are countable unions of scattered ordered sets.
 He proved the consistency of the Borel conjecture, i.e., the statement that every strong measure zero set is countable. This important independence result was the first when a forcing (see Laver forcing), adding a real, was iterated with countable support iteration. This method was later used by Shelah to introduce proper and semiproper forcing.
 He proved the existence of a Laver function for supercompact cardinals. With the help of this, he proved the following result. If κ is supercompact, there is a κ-c.c. forcing notion (P, ≤) such that after forcing with (P, ≤) the following holds: κ is supercompact and remains supercompact in any forcing extension via a κ-directed closed forcing. This statement, known as the indestructibility result, is used, for example, in the proof of the consistency of the proper forcing axiom and variants.
 Laver and Shelah proved that it is consistent that the continuum hypothesis holds and there are no ℵ2-Suslin trees.
 Laver proved that the perfect subtree version of the Halpern–Läuchli theorem holds for the product of infinitely many trees. This solved a longstanding open question.
 Laver started investigating the algebra that j generates where j:Vλ→Vλ is some elementary embedding. This algebra is the free left-distributive algebra on one generator. For this he introduced Laver tables.
 He also showed that if V[G] is a (set-)forcing extension of V, then V is a class in V[G].

Notes and references

External links

Set theorists
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
University of Colorado faculty
1942 births
2012 deaths