The Cerne Abbas Giant is a hill figure near the village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, England.  high, it depicts a standing nude male with a prominent erection and wielding a large club in its right hand. Like many other hill figures it is outlined by shallow trenches cut in the turf and backfilled with chalk rubble. It is listed as a scheduled monument of England; the site is now owned by the National Trust.

The origin and age of the figure are unclear and there is archaeological evidence that parts of it have been lost, altered or added over time; the earliest written record dates to the late 17th century. Early antiquarians associated it, on little evidence, with a Saxon deity, while other scholars sought to identify it with a Romano-British figure of Hercules or some syncretisation of the two.  The lack of earlier descriptions, along with information given to the 18th-century antiquarian John Hutchins, has led some scholars to conclude it dates from the 17th century, but recent optically stimulated luminescence testing has suggested an origin between the years  and , possibly close to the 10th century date of the founding of nearby Cerne Abbey.

Regardless of its age, the Cerne Abbas Giant has become an important part of local culture and folklore, which often associates it with fertility. It is one of England's best-known hill figures and is a visitor attraction in the region.

The Cerne Giant is one of two major extant human hill figures in England; the other is the Long Man of Wilmington, near Wilmington, East Sussex. Both are scheduled monuments.

Description

The Giant is located just outside the small village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, about  west of Bournemouth and  north of Weymouth. The figure depicts a naked man and is of colossal dimensions, being about  high and  wide. It is cut into the steep west-facing side of a hill known as Giant Hill or Trendle Hill. Atop the hill is another landmark, the Iron Age earthwork known as the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan". The figure's outline is formed by trenches cut into the turf about  deep, and filled with crushed chalk. In his right hand the giant holds a knotted club  in length, and adding  to the total height of the figure. A line across the waist has been suggested to represent a belt. Writing in 1901 in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Giant presents five characteristics: (1) It is petrographic... It is, therefore, a rock carving... (2) It is colossal... (3) It is nude.... (4) It is ithyphallic... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."

A 1996 study found that some features have changed over time, concluding that the figure originally held a cloak over its left arm and an object, possibly a severed head, beneath its left hand. The former presence of a cloak was corroborated in 2008 when a team of archaeologists using special equipment determined that part of the figure had been lost; the cloak might have been a depiction of an animal skin. In 1993, the National Trust gave the Giant a "nose job" after years of erosion had worn it away.

The Giant sports an erection, including its testicles, some  long, and nearly the length of its head; it has been called "Britain's most famous phallus". One commentator noted that postcards of the Giant were the only indecent photographs that could be sent through the English Post Office. However, this feature may also have been changed over time. From a review of historical depictions, the Giant's current large erection has been identified as the result of merging a circle representing his navel with a smaller penis during a 1908 re-cut: the navel still appears on a late 1890s picture postcard. Lidar scans conducted as part of the 2020 survey programme have concluded that the phallus was added much later than the bulk of the figure, which was probably originally clothed.

The hill figure is most commonly known as the "Cerne Abbas Giant" or  "Cerne Giant", the latter being preferred by the National Trust, while English Heritage and Dorset County Council call it simply "the Giant". It has also been referred to as the "Old Man", and occasionally in recent years as the "Rude Man" of Cerne.

Although the best view of the Giant is from the air, most tourist guides recommend a ground view from the "Giant's View" lay-by and car park off the A352. This area was developed in 1979 in a joint project between the Dorset County Planning Department, the National Trust, Nature Conservancy Council (now called Natural England), the Dorset Naturalists Trusts, the Department of the Environment, and local land-owners. The information panel there was devised by the National Trust and Dorset County Council.

History

Early accounts
Like several other chalk figures carved into the English countryside, the Cerne Abbas Giant is often thought of as an ancient creation but its written history cannot be traced back further than the late 17th century. Medieval sources refer to the hill on which the giant is located as Trendle Hill, in reference to the nearby Iron Age earthwork known as the Trendle. J. H. Bettey of the University of Bristol noted that none of the earlier sources for the area, including a detailed 1540s survey of the Abbey lands and a 1617 land survey by John Norden, refer to the giant, despite noting the Trendle and other landmarks. In contrast, there are documentary references to the 3,000 year-old Uffington White Horse as far back as the late 11th century.

The earliest known written reference is a 4November 1694 entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts from St Mary's Church in Cerne Abbas, which reads "for repairing ye Giant, three shillings". In 1734, the Bishop of Bristol noted and inquired about the giant during a Canonical visitation to Cerne Abbas, while in 1738 the antiquarian Francis Wise mentioned the giant in a letter. The bishop's account, as well as subsequent observations such as those of William Stukeley, were discussed at meetings of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1764.

Beginning in 1763 descriptions of the giant also began to appear in contemporary magazines, following a general increase in interest in "antiquities". The earliest known survey was published in the Royal Magazine in September 1763. Derivative versions subsequently appeared in the October 1763 St James Chronicle, the July 1764 Gentleman's Magazine and the 1764 edition of The Annual Register. In the early 1770s the antiquarian John Hutchins reviewed various previous accounts in his book The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, published posthumously in 1774. Noting a local tradition the giant had only been cut in the previous century, he described and drew it as then having three roughly-cut letters between its feet, and over them the apparent Arabic numerals "748", features since lost; Hutchins' account was copied by several early 19th century guidebooks.

A map referred to as the "1768 Survey Map of Cerne Abbas by Benjamin Pryce" is held at the Dorset History Centre, though a record at the National Archives notes there is evidence the map may date to the 1790s. By the following century the phallus was invariably omitted from depictions, either in line with the prevailing views on modesty at the time or as it had become grassed over; the figure seems to have become increasingly neglected and overgrown during the 19th century until in 1868 its owner Lord Rivers arranged to have the Giant restored "as near as possible to his original condition".

Interpretation
18th century antiquarians were able to discover little about the figure's origin: Stukeley suggested that local people "know nothing more of [the Giant] than a traditionary account of its being a deity of the ancient Britons". Several other local traditions have, however, been recorded, including that the Giant was cut in 1539 at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries as a "humiliating caricature" of Cerne Abbey's final abbot Thomas Corton, who amongst other offences was accused of fathering children with a mistress. Hutchins, noting the apparent figure "748" then visible between the Giant's feet, suggested that if this did not refer to the date of an earlier repair such as "1748", it could be a representation of Cenric, the son of Cuthred, King of Wessex, who died in battle in 748: Arabic numerals however did not come widely into use in England until the 15th century. Another 18th century writer dismissed it as "the amusement of idle people, and cut with little meaning, perhaps, as shepherds' boys strip off the turf on the Wiltshire plains."

Richard Pococke, in a 1754 account, noted the figure was called "the Giant, and Hele", while Richard Gough, editor of the 1789 edition of William Camden's 1637 work Britannica, linked the Giant with a supposed minor Saxon deity named by Camden as "Hegle"; In the 1760s William Stukeley recorded that locals referred to the giant as "Helis". Stukeley was one of the first to hypothesize that "Helis" was a garbled form of "Hercules", a suggestion that has found more support; Pococke had earlier noted that "[the Giant] seems to be Hercules, or Strength and Fidelity". The close resemblance of the giant's features to the attributes of the classical hero Hercules, usually portrayed naked and with a knotted club, have been strengthened by the more recent discovery of the "cloak", as Hercules was often depicted with the skin of the Nemean lion over his arm.

Modern histories of the Cerne Giant have been published by Bettey 1981, Legg 1990, and Darvill et al. 1999. In recent times there have been three main theories concerning the age of the Giant, and whom it might represent:
 One, citing the lack of documentary evidence prior to the 1690s, argues that the giant was created in the 17th century, most likely by Lord Holles, who held the Cerne Abbas estate by right of his second wife Jane. J.H. Bettey was the first to suggest Holles could have cut the figure as a parody of Oliver Cromwell, though a further tradition local to Cerne was that the Giant was created by Holles' tenants as a lampoon aimed at Holles himself.
 Another, based largely on an idea developed in the 1930s by archaeologist Stuart Piggott, is that due to the giant's resemblance to Hercules, it is a creation of the Romano-British culture, either as a direct depiction of the Roman figure or of a deity identified with him. It has been more specifically linked to attempts to revive the cult of Hercules during the reign of the Emperor Commodus (176-192), who presented himself as a reincarnation of Hercules.
 Another is that the giant is of earlier Celtic origin, because it is stylistically similar to an image of the Celtic god Nodens on a skillet handle found at Hod Hill, Dorset,  dated to between 10 CE to 51 CE.

Proponents of a 17th-century origin suggest that the giant was cut around the time of the English Civil War by servants of  Denzil Holles, then Lord of the Manor of Cerne Abbas. This theory originated in the 18th century account of John Hutchins, who noted in a letter of 1751 to the Dean of Exeter that the steward of the manor had told him the figure "was a modern thing, cut out in Lord Hollis' time". In his History and antiquities of the county of Dorset, first published in 1774, Hutchins also suggested that Holles could perhaps have ordered the recutting of an existing figure dating from "beyond the memory of man".

It has been speculated that Holles could have intended the figure as a parody of Oliver Cromwell: while Holles, the MP for Dorchester and a leader of the Presbyterian faction in Parliament, had been a key Parliamentarian supporter during the First English Civil War, he grew to personally despise Cromwell and attempted to have him impeached in 1644. Cromwell was sometimes mockingly referred to as "England's Hercules" by his enemies: under this interpretation, the club has been suggested to hint at Cromwell's military rule, and the phallus to mock his Puritanism. In 1967 Kenneth Carrdus proposed that the Holles referred to in Hutchins' account was Denzil Holles' son Francis, MP for Dorchester in 1679-80: he claimed that the figures and letters noted by Hutchins could be made to read "fh 1680", though was unable to find much other evidence to support this.

The deepest archeological horizon of the Giant is 1 metre. Results of optically stimulated luminescence testing of samples from this deepest level were published in 2021. Some of these samples support a construction date between  and , suggesting the Giant was first cut in the late Anglo-Saxon period. As this date coincides with the founding of nearby Cerne Abbey, archaeologist Alison Sheridan speculated that it may have been a challenge to the new religion from the still-pagan local inhabitants, although other scholars have noted that early medieval monks could equally have been responsible for the figure.

Other samples, however, gave later dates ranging up to 1560; one possible explanation is that the Giant may have first been cut in the late Saxon period, but then abandoned for several centuries. As the survey evidence also suggested that the giant's penis is of much later date than the rest of the figure, the National Trust has proposed that the feature could have been added by Holles as part of his parody of Cromwell when re-cutting the older figure.

Modern history
In 1920, the giant and the  site where it stands were donated to the National Trust by its then land-owners, Alexander and George Pitt-Rivers, and it is now listed as a Scheduled Monument. During World War II the giant was camouflaged with brushwood by the Home Guard in order to prevent its use as a landmark for enemy aircraft.

According to the National Trust, the grass is trimmed regularly and the giant is fully re-chalked every 25 years. Traditionally, the National Trust has relied on sheep from surrounding farms to graze the site. However, in 2008 a lack of sheep, coupled with a wet spring causing extra plant growth, forced a re-chalking of the giant, with 17 tonnes of new chalk being poured in and tamped down by hand. In 2006, the National Trust carried out the first wildlife survey of the Cerne Abbas Giant, identifying wild flowers including the green-winged orchid, clustered bellflower and autumn gentian, which are uncommon in England.

In 1921 Walter Long of Gillingham, Dorset, objected to the giant's nudity and conducted a campaign to either convert it to a simple nude, or to cover its supposed obscenity with a leaf. Long's protest gained some support, including that of two bishops, and eventually reached the Home Office. The Home Office considered the protest to be in humour, though the chief constable responded to say the office could not act against a protected scheduled monument.

Archaeology

A 1617 land survey of Cerne Abbas makes no mention of the giant, suggesting that it may not have been there at the time or was perhaps overgrown. The first published survey appeared in the September 1763 issue of Royal Magazine, reprinted in the October 1763 issue of St James Chronicle, and also in the August 1764 edition of Gentleman's Magazine together with the first drawing that included measurements.

Egyptologist and archaeology pioneer Sir Flinders Petrie surveyed the giant, probably during the First World War, and published his results in a Royal Anthropological Institute paper in 1926. Petrie says he made 220 measurements, and records slight grooves across the neck, and from the shoulders down to the armpits. He also notes a row of pits suggesting the place of the spine. He concludes that the giant is very different from the Long Man of Wilmington, and that minor grooves may have been added from having been repeatedly cleaned.

In 1764, William Stukeley was one of the first people to suggest that the giant resembled Hercules. In 1938, British archaeologist Stuart Piggott agreed, and suggested that, like Hercules, the giant should also be carrying a lion-skin. In 1979, a resistivity survey was carried out, and together with drill samples, confirmed the presence of the lion-skin. Another resistivity survey in 1995 also found evidence of a cloak and changes to the length of the phallus, but did not find evidence (as rumoured) of a severed head, horns, or symbols between the feet.

In July 2020, preliminary results of a National Trust survey of snail shells unearthed at the site suggested the hill figure is "medieval or later". Snails dating only from the Roman period (brought from France as food) were not found at the site, while species first found in England from the 13th and 14th centuries were found in soil samples examined. In 2020 the National Trust commissioned a further survey, using optically stimulated luminescence, and the results contradicted earlier research and theories. Samples from inside the deepest layers of the monument yielded a date range for construction of  early medieval late Anglo-Saxon period.

Earthworks
North-east of the head of the giant is an escarpment called Trendle Hill, on which are some earthworks now called The Trendle or Frying Pan. It is a scheduled monument in its own right. Antiquarian John Hutchins wrote in 1872 that "These remains are of very interesting character, and of considerable extent. They consist of circular and other earthworks, lines of defensive ramparts, an avenue, shallow excavations, and other indications of a British settlement."

Unlike the giant, the earthworks belong to Lord Digby, rather than the National Trust. Its purpose is unknown; the claim that it was the site of maypole dancing, made by the former village sexton in the late 19th century, was disputed by other villagers who located the maypole site elsewhere. It has been considered to be Roman, or perhaps an Iron-Age burial mound containing the tomb of the person represented by the giant.

Folklore
Whatever its origin, the giant has become an important part of the culture and folklore of Dorset. Some folk stories indicate that the image is an outline of the corpse of a real giant. One story says the giant came from Denmark leading an invasion of the coast, and was beheaded by the people of Cerne Abbas while he slept on the hillside.

Other folklore, first recorded in the Victorian era, associates the figure with fertility. According to folk belief, a woman who sleeps on the figure will be blessed with fecundity, and infertility may be cured through sexual intercourse on top of the figure, especially the phallus.

In 1808, Dorset poet William Holloway published his poem "The Giant of Trendle Hill", in which the Giant is killed by the locals by piercing its heart.

In popular culture

In modern times the giant has been used for several publicity stunts and as an advertisement. For example, Ann Bryn-Evans of the Pagan Federation recalls that the Giant has been used to promote "condoms, jeans and bicycles".

In 1998, pranksters made a pair of jeans out of plastic mesh with a  inside leg, and fitted them to the giant to publicise American jeans manufacturer Big Smith. In August 2002, the BLAC advertising agency, on behalf of the Family Planning Association, rolled a large latex sheet down the Giant's phallus to promote condom use.

As a publicity stunt for the opening of The Simpsons Movie on 16 July 2007, a figure of Homer Simpson clad in y-front underpants and brandishing a doughnut was outlined in water-based biodegradable paint to the left of the Cerne Abbas Giant. This act displeased local neopagans, who pledged to perform rain magic to wash the figure away.

An August 2007 report, in the Dorset Echo said a man claiming to be the "Purple Phantom" had painted the Giant's penis purple. It was reported that the man was from Fathers 4 Justice, but the group denied any involvement and said they did not know who did it.

In 2012, pupils and members of the local community recreated the Olympic torch on the Giant, to mark the passing of the official torch in the run-up to the 2012 London Olympics.

In November 2013, the National Trust supported Movember, which raises awareness of prostate and testicular cancer. It authorised the temporary placement of a huge grass moustache on the giant. The moustache was  wide and  deep according to the designer but both the National Trust and the BBC reported it as being .

In October 2020, to promote the release of Borat Subsequent Moviefilm people added a 'mankini' and banners stating "Wear Mask." and "Save Live." on the site.

The Cerne Abbas Giant has appeared in several films and TV programmes, including the title sequence of the 1986 British historical drama film Comrades, a 1996 episode of the Erotic Tales series "The Insatiable Mrs Kirsch", directed by Ken Russell (featuring a replica of the Giant), in 1997, the series6 finale "Sofa" of the comedy series Men Behaving Badly, and the 2000 film Maybe Baby directed by Ben Elton. and even appeared in one of BBC One 'Balloon' idents between 1997 and 2002.

The giant has also been depicted in multiple video games, including Pokémon Sword and Shield.

In June 2023 the Oxford Cheese Company was criticised for using an image of the giant on one of its products without the distinctive phallus.

Representations
In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud planned to produce a companion  female figure on the opposite hill, featuring Marilyn Monroe in her iconic pose from the film The Seven Year Itch where her dress is blown by a subway grating.

In 1989, Turner Prize-winning artist Grayson Perry designed a set of motorbike leathers inspired by the Cerne Abbas Giant. In 1994, girls from Roedean School painted a  replica of the Giant on their playing field, the day before sports day.

In 2003, pranksters created their own  version of the Giant on a hill in English Bicknor, but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand". In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a  advert on a field near Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with two scantily clad women. In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" which is on display at Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. In 2009, the Giant was given a red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity event. In 2011, English animators The Brothers McLeod produced a 15-second cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.

In 2015, the giant was used as a character in an online comic book published by Eco Comics; the giant's character appeared in various adventures accompanying a character based on St George, though his erect penis was removed from the artwork as many "outlets, particularly in the US, refuse any form of nudity in comic books".

The giant's image has been reproduced on various souvenirs and local food produce labels, including for a range of beers made by the Cerne Abbas Brewery. In 2016, the BBC reported that the beer company's logo had been censored in the Houses of Parliament.

Gallery

See also
 Long Man of Wilmington
 Fovant Badges
 Marree Man
 Osmington White Horse

References

Bibliography

Books
 Rodney Castleden, with a foreword by Rodney Legg, The Cerne Giant, published by Wincanton DPC, 1996, .
 Michael A., Hodges MA., Helis, the Cerne Giant, and his links with Christchurch, Christchurch, c. 1998, 15 pp.
 Dr. T. William Wake Smart, Ancient Dorset, 1872, "The Cerne Giant," pp. 319–27.
 Darvill, T., Barker, K., Bender, B., and Hutton, R., The Cerne Giant: An Antiquity on Trial, 1999, Oxbow. .
 Legg, Rodney, 1990, Cerne; Giant and Village Guide, Dorset Publishing Company, 2nd edition, .
 Knight, Peter, The Cerne Giant – Landscape, Gods and the Stargate, 2013, Stone Seeker Publishing.

Journal articles
 Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Giant", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872.
 Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol. 22, 1901.
 W. M. F. Petrie, The Hill Figures of England, "III. The Giant of Cerne", Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No. 7, 1926.
 O. G. S. Crawford, "The Giant of Cerne and other Hill-figures", Antiquity, Vol. 3 No. 11, September 1929, pp. 277–82.
 Stuart Piggott, "Notes and News: The name of the giant of Cerne", Antiquity, Vol. 6, No. 22, June 1932, pp. 214–16.
 Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth – beginnings and ends", Antiquity, Vol. 12 No. 47, September 1938, pp. 323–31.
 "Editorial: regarding the Home Office file, Obscene Publications: the Cerne Abbas Giant (PRO HO 45/18033)", Antiquity, Vol.50 No.198, June 1976, pp. 93–94.
 Leslie Grinsell, "The Cern Abbas Giant 1764–1980", Antiquity, Vol. 54 No. 210, March 1980, pp. 29–33.
 J. H. Bettey, "The Cerne Abbas giant: the documentary evidence", Antiquity, Vol. 55, No. 214, July 1981, pp. 118–21.
 J. H. Bettey, "Notes and News: The Cerne Giant: another document?", Antiquity, Vol. 56 No. 216, March 1982, pp. 51–52.
 Temple Willcox, "Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument", Antiquity, Vol. 62 No. 236, September 1988, pp. 524–26.
 Chris Gerrard, "Cerne Giant", British Archaeology, Issue no 55, October 2000. A review of the book: The Cerne Giant: an Antiquity on Trial by Timothy Darvill, Katherine Barker, Barbara Bender and Ronald Hutton (eds), Oxbow, .

National Monument Records
 1979 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, which "found evidence for the 'lion skin' feature over the giant's left arm"
 1988–1989 Resistivity surveys, testing for the existence of possible additional features, 1988, 1989, 1994
 1995 Resistivity survey finding evidence of a cloak, penis length change, and navel, but, not for a severed head, horns, nor lettering/symbols between the feet
 "Cerne Giant", National Monument Records, No. ST 60 SE 39 (on Pastscape.org.uk)

External links

 Cerne Giant at the National Trust
 Cerne Abbas giant at Mysterious Britain & Ireland

 Cerne Abbas Giant, Hill-Figure at the National Trust Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR)
 Cerne Abbas Giant at the Dorset Historic Environment Record (via heritagegateway.org.uk)
 "The Trendle, Possible Roman Rectangular Earthwork Enclosure" (Scheduled Monument record)

National Trust properties in Dorset
Archaeological sites in Dorset
Dorset folklore
Hill figures in England
Scheduled monuments in Dorset
Tourist attractions in Dorset
Nude art


Annie Hawkins-Turner, better known by the stage name Norma Stitz, is a website entrepreneur and fetish model. Her pseudonym is a word-play on "enormous tits", a result of gigantomastia. She holds the Guinness World Record for largest natural breasts.

Career

According to Stitz, she won a layout contest for the amateur section of Juggs magazine at the age of 37, after which she began working in the adult entertainment industry. On 15 July 2012, Hawkins-Turner appeared on the TLC television series Strange Sex. She has also appeared on The Jenny Jones Show. As Norma Stitz, she has made approximately 250 softcore pornography films. She describes herself as a "fantasy model", adding: "No hardcore, that means no sex." Her video "The Amazing Norma Stitz" has been reviewed in Adult Video News.

Awards
She was inducted into the 'BBW Hall of fame' in 2018.

Honors and recognition

In 2016, Hawkins-Turner's likeness was included in a newly opened wax museum in Ha Long, Vietnam.

See also

Bra size
Breast hypertrophy

References

External links

 Annie Hawkins-Turner at LinkedIn

Living people
People from Atlanta
21st-century American women
African-American female models
American female adult models
Year of birth missing (living people)


James William Thomas Hill, OBE (22 July 1928 – 19 December 2015) was an English footballer and later a television personality. His career included almost every role in the sport, including player, trade union leader, coach, manager, director, chairman, television executive, presenter, pundit, analyst and assistant referee.

He began his playing career at Brentford in 1949 and moved to Fulham three years later. As chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association, he successfully campaigned for the abolition of the Football League's maximum wage in 1961. After retiring as a player, he took over as manager of Coventry City, modernising the team's image and guiding them from the Third Division to the First. In 1967, he began a career in football broadcasting, and from 1973 to 1988 was host of the BBC's Match of the Day.

Early life
Hill was born in Balham, London, the son of William Thomas Hill, a World War I veteran, milkman, and bread delivery worker and Alice Beatrice Hill née Wyatt. He was a pupil at Henry Thornton Grammar School, Clapham (1939–45), and later became President of the Old Boys' Association. He completed his national service as a clerk in the Royal Army Service Corps in which he attained the rank of Corporal and was considered a potential candidate for officer training.

Football playing career
Hill first came into football as a fan, regularly watching football at local club Crystal Palace. During his national service, Hill played three trial games for Folkestone Town before suffering a serious cartilage injury. However, he was recommended to Reading who he joined as an amateur, playing mainly for their third team before being told they would not offer him a professional contract.
In 1949, he joined Brentford, making 87 appearances before moving to Fulham in March 1952, for whom he played nearly 300 games, scoring 52 goals. He set a club record by scoring five goals for Fulham in an away match against Doncaster Rovers in 1958 and was part of the team that gained promotion to the First Division.

In 1957, he became chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA) and campaigned to have the Football League's £20 maximum wage scrapped, which he achieved in January 1961, when Fulham teammate Johnny Haynes became the first £100-a-week player.

He was one of many signatories of a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 opposing "the policy of apartheid" in international sport and defending "the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games".

Football management
In November 1961, after retiring as a player aged 33, Hill became manager of Coventry City. His time at Coventry was marked by great changes to the club, nicknamed "The Sky Blue Revolution". He changed the home kit's colours to sky blue, coining the nickname "The Sky Blues". Alongside journalist and club director John Camkin, he also penned the club song "The Sky Blue Song", sung to the tune of the "Eton Boating Song". Among his other innovations (many originally dismissed as "gimmicks" but later adopted by other clubs across Britain) were the first fully fledged match programme in English football, chartered trains to away games, regular "pop and crisps" parties where young fans could meet players and get autographs, the first "club call" line, souvenir merchandise made available through the post, and a variety of pre-match entertainment to encourage fans to arrive early. His partnership with the chairman, Derrick Robins, also led to a redevelopment of the stadium, Highfield Road, with two new stands and extensive social facilities being built.

After winning the Third Division title in 1963–64 and the Second Division title in 1966–67, Hill left the club shortly before the start of the 1967–68 season as they entered the First Division for the first time.

Television career
After leaving Coventry in 1967, Hill moved into broadcasting, acting as technical adviser to the BBC's football-based drama series United! before becoming Head of Sport at London's co-ITV region, London Weekend Television, from 1968 to 1972. He also co-hosted their 1970 World Cup coverage which, at his suggestion, used the first panel of football pundits.

Along with his role in the abolition of the £20 per week maximum wage for players in English football in 1961, Hill was also instrumental in two other big rule changes in English football. The first of these was in August 1976, when the Football League agreed to Hill's suggestion to replace goal average with goal difference, with Hill explaining that goal average over the decades had favoured fewer goals conceded over more goals scored, which he believed should not be the case, with goal difference a way to ensure that more goals scored would be more rewarded over fewer goals conceded. Five years later in August 1981, the Football League agreed to Hill's suggestion of introducing three points for winning a match instead of two, with Hill saying that three points for a win would encourage teams to go for the win more rather than settle for a draw, with a win worth three times what a draw was worth instead of two times what a draw was worth.

He was briefly LWT's Deputy Controller of Programmes, before joining the BBC to present Match of the Day. Hill made 600 appearances on the show, and became a television icon, instantly recognisable and often caricatured for his long chin and distinctive beard. As a presenter or analyst, he worked on every major international championship from 1966 to 1998. As a broadcaster with the BBC he was present at the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, whilst covering the game for Match of the Day.

In 1999, Hill moved from the BBC to Sky Sports, where he featured on Jimmy Hill's Sunday Supplement, a weekly discussion show between Hill and three football journalists. In 2007, he was replaced by his co-presenter Brian Woolnough and the programme was renamed Sunday Supplement.

In 2004, Hill defended fellow pundit Ron Atkinson over racist comments Atkinson had made, believing his microphone was off, which were broadcast live in the Middle East. Hill was asked whether he thought Atkinson should resign for describing a Chelsea player as a "lazy, fucking thick nigger", to which he said it was the "language of the football field". Hill went on to say: "In that context, you wouldn't think that words like nigger were particularly insulting: it would be funny. Without meaning to insult any black men, it's us having fun ... I mean, nigger is black – so we have jokes where we call them niggers because they're black. Why should that be any more of an offence than someone calling me chinny?" (Hill, famously, had a prominent chin). Hill's comments were described as "mind-boggling" by the then director of Kick it Out, football's anti-racism group. He went on to say: "Jimmy Hill's comments are as offensive as Ron Atkinson's".

Directorships
Despite his departure as manager in 1967, Hill returned to Coventry City as managing director in April 1975 before becoming the chairman.

When Coventry played their last match at Highfield Road in 2005, Hill received a post-match hero's welcome from the capacity crowd and led them in a rousing chorus of "The Sky Blue Song". In 2007, fans voted for a bar at the new Ricoh Arena to be named "Jimmy's" in his honour.

Following a spell as chairman of Charlton Athletic, Hill made a return to Fulham in 1987 to become chairman, helping his old club survive near-bankruptcy and blocking an attempted merger with Queens Park Rangers.

Hill was a trustee of the Stable Lads' Association, and a patron of Labrador Rescue South East and Central.

Coventry vs Bristol City controversy
As chairman, at a crucial relegation match at home to Bristol City at the end of the 1976–77 season, Hill was advised to delay the kick off by ten minutes for fans still outside caught in the heavy traffic. Relegation rivals Sunderland, playing at Everton, kicked off on time, Sunderland eventually losing the game 2–0. The Sunderland result was announced over the PA at Highfield Road, reportedly at Hill's insistence, and Coventry City and Bristol City played out the last ten minutes of the game apparently without any intent to attack each other's half, thereby ensuring that both avoided relegation. (Coventry's game with Bristol City stood at 2–2, and a goal for either team would have led to the other side being relegated and Sunderland staying up.) A Football League inquiry was held subsequently, but the result stood. Sunderland fans had still not forgotten the incident more than thirty years later; in 2008 they gave Hill a hostile reception when he appeared near the Sunderland end during a match against Fulham.

Personal life
Hill married three times, having three children by his first wife, Gloria, and two by his second, Heather. Hill published his autobiography, The Jimmy Hill Story, in 1998. He also wrote Striking for Soccer in 1963 and Tips from the Top, a football coaching book, in 1970. In September 2013 it was revealed that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008. His children by his second wife expressed concern that they had no role in determining his care, as Hill had assigned power of attorney in 2005 to his third wife, Bryony, and a solicitor. Bryony Hill published a memoir in 2015, My Gentleman Jim, detailing her husband's illness.

Hill died on 19 December 2015, aged 87. A celebration of Hill's life took place at Coventry Cathedral on 12 February 2016.

Hill was the president of non-league team Corinthian Casuals. He lived in Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex.

Hill is credited with writing the words to Arsenal's 1971 Top 10 hit "Good Old Arsenal".

Statue

Sculptor Nicholas Dimbleby was commissioned to build a statue of Hill at a cost of £150,000. The statue is at Coventry's Ricoh Arena ground and was unveiled by Hill himself on 28 July 2011. The money to build the statue was raised from public donations. Other former Coventry City players from Hill's six-year term as manager were there for the unveiling ceremony, including Bobby Gould, John Sillett and George Curtis, all of whom went on to manage the club during the 1980s.

Footballing legacy and public image
Hill had a reputation as a moderniser and all-round innovator in football: as well as helping abolish the players' maximum wage, he commissioned the first English all-seater stadium at Highfield Road, lifted a ban on media interviews, introduced the first electronic scoreboard in 1964, the first colour matchday programme and in 1965 Coventry were the first club to show a live match via CCTV on four giant screens. He has been credited  with the introduction of the three points for a win system, pioneered by The Football Association in 1981. He was also credited with the idea of using a panel of football pundits for the 1970 World Cup.

While long regarded as a cornerstone of televised football in England, Hill was often held in disdain by Scottish football fans, who regularly sang derisory songs about him. Seen by them as being belittling and dismissive about Scottish football, Hill said in 1982 in an interview with the Glasgow Evening Times, "In no way am I anti-Scots, although I know that's how I'm looked on. I think that as a nation you need somebody to hate, and I seem to fit the bill pretty well."

In 1972, Arsenal were hosting Liverpool at Highbury on 16 September, when linesman Dennis Drewitt pulled a muscle and was unable to continue. FA rules state that the match could not be completed without a referee and two linesmen, so the game was in danger of being abandoned. The matchday announcer put a message over the loudspeaker asking if anyone was a qualified referee and would volunteer to run the line. Hill was a qualified referee and had been at Highbury that day as a spectator. He quickly donned a tracksuit before stepping in for the injured Drewitt.

Memorial garden
A memorial garden in Hill's honour was opened in 2006 outside Coventry City's arena Ricoh Arena. A new memorial garden twice the size of the old was revealed on 30 April 2016 before the game against Sheffield United.

Honours

As a manager
Coventry City
 Third Division: 1963–64
 Second Division: 1966–67

Managerial statistics

Bibliography
 Brown, Geoff and Hogsbjerg, Christian. Apartheid is not a Game: Remembering the Stop the Seventy Tour campaign. London: Redwords, 2020. .

References

External links

1928 births
2015 deaths
BBC sports presenters and reporters
Brentford F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. directors and chairmen
Coventry City F.C. directors and chairmen
Coventry City F.C. managers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
English association football commentators
English autobiographers
English football chairmen and investors
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
English football managers
English men's footballers
English game show hosts
English male non-fiction writers
English sports broadcasters
English television presenters
English trade unionists
Fulham F.C. directors and chairmen
Fulham F.C. players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) commentators
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) executives
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Footballers from Balham
People from Hurstpierpoint
Royal Army Service Corps soldiers
English Football League players
English Football League managers
Men's association football inside forwards
English male songwriters
20th-century British Army personnel
20th-century English businesspeople
Deaths from dementia in England


Octavian "Tavi" Grigore (15 July 1964) is a Romanian professional football manager and former player.

Playing career
Born in Urlați, Prahova County, Grigore played as a centre-back and spent his entire career at nearby team Petrolul Ploiești. He amassed totals of 519 matches and 74 goals during his 19 years with "the Yellow Wolves".

Managerial career
Following his retirement as a player, Grigore started his managerial career by coaching teams such as Unirea Urziceni, FCM Târgoviște or Dunărea Galați among others, but also returning to Petrolul Ploiești for several stints.

Honours

Player
Petrolul Ploiești
Divizia B: 1981–82, 1984–85, 1988–89
Cupa României: 1994–95

Manager
Petrolul Ploiești
Divizia B: 2002–03
Liga IV – Prahova County: 2016–17

See also
List of one-club men

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
People from Urlați
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
Liga II players
Liga I managers
Liga II managers
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
Romanian football managers
FC Petrolul Ploiești managers
FC Unirea Urziceni managers
Sportspeople from Prahova County


Koynare (, also transliterated as Kojnare, ) is a town in northern Bulgaria, part of Cherven Bryag Municipality, Pleven Province. It lies on the left bank of the Iskar River, at one of the river's meanders. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 4,464 inhabitants.

The vicinity of Koynare has been inhabited since the Neolithic time period, with remains dating to then in the Beli Breg and Borishnitsa areas. In Antiquity, that region was settled by the Thracians: there are ruins of Thracian settlements in the Progon and Novoselski Pat areas and a Thracian warrior grave in the Gruya area. During the Roman Empire, there was a Roman waystation north-northeast of the modern town, at the Oescus–Serdica and Melta–Montana crossroads. With the arrival of the Slavs in the Middle Ages, Koynare was populated by these people, who later became part of the Bulgarian ethnicity. Medieval Christian burials have been unearthed near Koynare, testifying to the existence of a settlement during the Bulgarian Empire.

However, Koynare was first mentioned in historical registers in 1516–1517, when it was already part of the Ottoman Empire. At the time, the town, listed as Koynar, was part of the Nikopol (Niğbolu) district. In his 1882 study Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan, Austro–Hungarian geographer Felix Philipp Kanitz mentions Koynare as a village inhabited by 310 Bulgarian Orthodox, 130 Muslim Bulgarian (Pomak) and 70 Romani families. Afterwards many Muslims established new villages in Ipsala, Eastern Thrace in villages such as Kojnare (Aličo Pehlivan), Koca Hıdır etc. still speaking their slavic language. With the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, Koynare became part of the modern Bulgarian state. In 1964, it was proclaimed an urban-type settlement and 10 years later, in 1974, it acquired town privileges.

Today, the bulk of the population is Bulgarian Orthodox, belonging to the Byala Slatina district of the Eparchy of Vratsa. The town has an Orthodox church called the All Saints Church. In the past, the town had a Muslim Bulgarian population, which in 1893 numbered 446. Some of the Roma people are Protestant. There are two schools and a kindergarten in Koynare. The economy is traditionally based on agriculture and stock breeding: Koynare was a major producer of sheep cheese (sirene) until 1944. The town has a small hydroelectrical power plant and two tailoring companies who produce clothing for export.

Koynare Rocks in Hero Bay in Livingston Island, Antarctica is named after Koynare.

References

External links
Official website

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Pleven Province


The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report, published in 1972 by Basic Books, is based on a World War II report by psychoanalyst Walter C. Langer which probed the psychology of Adolf Hitler from the available information. The original report was prepared for the United States' Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and submitted in late 1943 or early 1944; it is officially entitled A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend. The report is one of two psychoanalytic reports prepared for the OSS during the war in an attempt to assess Hitler's personality; the other is Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler by the psychologist Henry A. Murray who also contributed to Langer's report.

The book contains not only a version of Langer's original report but also a foreword by his brother, the historian William L. Langer who was Chief of Research and Analysis at the OSS during the war, an introduction by Langer himself, and an afterword by the psychoanalytic historian Robert G.L. Waite.

The report made several predictions about Hitler's future which proved to be accurate:

 As the war turns against him, his emotions will intensify and will have outbursts more frequently. His public appearances will become much rarer, because he's unable to face a critical audience.
 There might be an assassination attempt on him by the German aristocracy, the Wehrmacht officers or the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, because of his superhuman self-confidence in his military judgment.
 There will be no surrender, capitulation, or peace negotiations. The course he will follow will almost certainly be the road to ideological immortality, resulting in the greatest vengeance on a world he despises.
 From what we know of his psychology, the most likely possibility is that he will commit suicide in the event of defeat. It's probably true he has an inordinate fear of death, but possibly being a psychopath he would undoubtedly "screw himself up" into the superman character and perform the deed.

History of the report
The wartime report was commissioned by the head of the OSS, William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan. The research and investigation for it was done in collaboration with three other clinicians – Professor Henry A. Murray of the Harvard Psychological Clinic, Dr. Ernst Kris of the New School for Social Research, and Dr. Bertram D. Lewin of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute – as well as research associates Langer notes in his introduction to the book that one of the three essentially dropped out of the project because he was too busy with other work, but he gives no names. "He promised, however, to write down his views and conclusions and submit them ... Unfortunately, not a word was ever received from him" although he did apparently confirm to Langer by telephone that he agreed with the diagnosis of Hitler's perversion.

Historian Hans W. Gatzke and others have suggested that Langer borrowed extensively from prior work by Murray without properly crediting him, such as his lurid sexual analysis and his prediction of suicide; Langer has disputed some of the claims although the texts show similarities. In addition, similarities have been noted to perhaps the earliest published psychological profile of Hitler developed by Murray and influential psychologist Gordon Allport for Harvard seminars on 'Civilian Morale' (1941), intended to be distributed to private organisations throughout the US to prepare a consensus for war. The Harvard University Archives register stated that Murray started work on this profile in 1938 upon request from the Roosevelt administration.

The Langer report was classified as "Secret" by the OSS, but was eventually declassified in 1968. After receiving some encouragement from fellow scholars, particularly Professor Henderson Braddick of the Department of International Relations at Lehigh University, Langer decided to publish the report in book form. The original report is in the public domain and is available on the Internet on a number of sites. Numerous substantial unexplained differences were noted by Gatzke, however, between the report as published in 1972 and a separate copy of the 1943/44 report. Gatzke writes "Recent correspondence with the publisher...has revealed that the original [OSS report] manuscript was changed and edited several times by Dr. Langer and others, both in 1943 and again before publication.

Content and conclusions
The report used many sources to profile Hitler, including a number of informants, including Hitler's nephew, William Patrick Hitler, his family physician, Dr. Eduard Bloch, Ernst Hanfstaengl, Hermann Rauschning, Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Otto Strasser, Friedlinde Wagner, and Kurt Ludecke. The so-called "Hitler Source Book" which was appended to the wartime report, ran over one thousand pages and was indexed against the report. The groundbreaking study was the pioneer of offender profiling and political psychology, today commonly used by many countries as part of assessing international relations.

In addition to predicting that if defeat for Germany was near, Hitler would most likely choose suicide, Langer's report stated that Hitler was "probably impotent" as far as heterosexual relations were concerned and that there was a possibility that Hitler had participated in a homosexual relationship. The report stated that:

[t]he belief that Hitler is homosexual has probably developed (a) from the fact that he does show so many feminine characteristics, and (b) from the fact that there were so many homosexuals in the Party during the early days and many continue to occupy important positions. It is probably true that Hitler calls Foerster "Bubi", which is a common nickname employed by homosexuals in addressing their partners. This alone, however, is not adequate proof that he has actually indulged in homosexual practices with Foerster, who is known to be a homosexual.

Langer's report also concluded that Hitler loved pornography and masochistic sex, and in particular that he had "coprophagic tendencies or their milder manifestations" in his heterosexual relationships, and masochistically derived "sexual gratification from the act of having a woman urinate or defecate on him."

According to Langer's introduction to the 1972 publication, he and his fellow investigators made a preliminary conclusion from a "survey of the raw material" and "knowledge of Hitler's actions as reported in the news" that Hitler "was, in all probability, a neurotic psychopath" (page 17) (the term "psychopath" was applied prior to the popularization of its modern definition in The Mask of Sanity and likely just refers to being mentally ill, with "neurotic" being the key descriptor). On page 126 the claim is slightly different, and in turn different from the statement in the scan of the original 1943/44 OSS report (page 127-128): "There was general [OSS: unanimous] agreement among the collaborators [OSS: four psychoanalysts who have studied the material] that Hitler is probably a neurotic psychopath [OSS: is a hysteric] bordering on schizophrenia [OSS adds: and not a paranoiac as is so frequently supposed]."

The report briefly mentions some claims that a Rothschild fathered Alois Hitler – Adolf's father, who was illegitimate – when Hitler's paternal grandmother, Maria Schicklgruber, supposedly worked as a house servant in Vienna, but concludes "it is not absolutely necessary to assume that he had Jewish blood in his veins in order to make a comprehensive picture of his character with its manifold traits and sentiments. From a purely scientific point of view, therefore, it is sounder not to base our reconstruction on such slim evidence but to seek firmer foundations. Nevertheless, we can leave it as a possibility which requires further verification."
Some statements in the report have proven, on further investigation, to be erroneous.

The bibliography of the report contains close to 400 entries.

Purposes and effects
The Langer report was ostensibly an objective analysis of the mind of Adolf Hitler and related aspects of his life and society, based on written material, interviews, psychoanalytic theory and clinical experience. The first words of the OSS report are: "This study is not propagandist in any sense of the term. It represents an attempt to screen the wealth of contradictory, conflicting and unreliable material concerning Hitler into strata which will be helpful to the policy-makers and those who wish to frame a counter-propaganda." The preface further asserts that despite the 'extremely scant and spotty' material for a psychological analysis, one was possible due to their informants knowing Hitler well and their descriptions agreeing relatively well with each other, combined with the writers' own 'clinical experience in dealing with individuals of a similar type'. Ernst Hanfstaengl has been noted as likely the main informant, a Harvard-educated German businessman who was an intimate of Adolf Hitler, who was interviewed for several weeks once returned to the US.

Others, however, have suggested that the analysis was intended to be useful for propaganda and 'psychological warfare'. Historian and authority on the OSS, Bradley F Smith , states that Langer's report was known in the OSS as the “spiced-up” version, and that the idea originally came from Fred Oechsner, the chief of the London station of the OSS's Morale Operations Branch.

In a review of The Mind of Adolf Hitler for The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Martin Waugh concluded that Langer's work is important "because of its value to the historian; because it was a 'first' for this country's intelligence services; and because of the official recognition of psychoanalysis the assignment implied." Historian Gasket agrees that the original document is of historical interest, but not more due to the unreliability of its descriptions of the evidence and of its interpretations. Regarding the earlier Murray report which fed into the Langer report, psychiatrist Michael Stone states "There's a whole lot of what we would now think of as psychobabble...", including discredited psychoanalytic theories and psychiatric labels used in different ways to today. The dust jacket of the 1972 publication states: "What effect did this astounding secret document have on Allied war policy?  That is not yet known.  But in the words of Robert G.L. Waite, the distinguished historian [who wrote the afterword], Dr. Langer’s The Mind of Adolf Hitler is, in itself, “fascinating…a significant and suggestive interpretation which no serious student of Hitler will ignore.”.

In popular culture
The Military Channel program Inside the Mind of Adolf Hitler is based on The Mind of Adolf Hitler, and dramatised scenes connected to Langer's investigation.

See also
List of Adolf Hitler books
Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler

References
Notes

Sources

External links
Langer, Walter C. - A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler His Life and Legend. Including summaries of the Source Book materials. The original Wartime Report to OSS as made publicly available. Reproduced from Nizkor but in one searchable PDF document.
 Murray, Henry A. (1943) Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and After Germany's Surrender at Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection, Cornell University Law Library

1972 non-fiction books
Books about Adolf Hitler
Basic Books books
Psychological studies of Adolf Hitler


Pieter Borsseler or Pieter Borselaer (1633/1634 Middelburg - in or after 1687, Middelburg) was a Dutch portrait painter who was prominent in England during the second half of the 17th century.

Borsseler was born in Middelburg. He was a student of Thomas Willeboirts Bosschaert in Antwerp between 1651 and 1654. He eventually returned to Middelburg, but painted between 1665 and 1679 in England. In 1681 he is reported to be in The Hague and from 1684 and 1687 in Middelburg again.

Borsseler's earliest known dated work is from 1664, but his signature work was his painting of the antiquarian Sir William Dugdale (1665), which established his distinctive sober and melancholic style. Borsseler also painted the portraits of Dugdale's wife and of Orlando Bridgman that are at Dugdale's seat of Merevale Hall. Several paintings of the Hoby family are at Bisham Abbey, Buckinghamshire, most notably his sensitive picture of the elderly Mrs Peregrine Hoby.

Borsseler also painted the writer Samuel Butler, now in the National Portrait Gallery, and was probably responsible for the posthumous "Chesterfield portrait" of William Shakespeare, which is based on the Chandos portrait. His studio may also have painted the anonymous portrait of a woman now in the National Gallery.

Borsseler's style is closest to fellow Anglo-Dutch artist Gerard Soest, who coincidentally also painted Butler and a posthumous portrait of Shakespeare.

References

1630s births
1680s deaths
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Painters from Middelburg


Koningsplein ('King's Square') is a square in Amsterdam. It is located between the Singel and Herengracht canals. It has become a meeting place for the local community.

References

External links

TERENA Webcam Koningsplein, Amsterdam, via TERENA

Squares in Amsterdam


Tanju Kayhan (born 22 July 1989 in Vienna, Austria) is a retired Austrian footballer.

Club career

Kayhan began his career 1999 with Rapid Wien Amateur and was promoted to the first team in November 2008 from  and made his debut on 15 November 2008 against LASK Linz. On 30 January 2010 left SK Rapid Wien on loan to SC Wiener Neustadt, he will return on 30 June 2010. He signed a two-year deal with Göztepe SK in June 2016.

On 30 August 2018, he has signed 2-year contract with Adana Demirspor. However, due to an anterior cruciate ligament injury a week after his arrival, he never played an official game for the club, before leaving the club in March 2020. In May 2020, Kayhan was also operated for a articular cartilage damage.

Later career
In February 2021, Kayhan returned to Austria when he signed with SV Stripfing. However, he later revealed that he never signed a specific agreement with the club and he never really appeared on the teamlist for the club.

Kayhan later began a career as a personal football coach. Together with is brother, Coskun Kayhan, they founded Football-CTK.

International career
He received his first call-up for Austria in winter 2008–2009 but only made his debut against Italy national under-21 football team on 11 February 2009.

Personal life
Kayhan was born to Turkish parents. He has three brothers who plays football Coskun played for SC Zwettl, Ercan for ASC Götzendorf and Orhan Kayhan for SVR Wolfersberg. He also holds Turkish citizenship.

References

External links

Rapid stats – Rapid Site
Guardian Football

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Vienna
Turkish men's footballers
Austrian men's footballers
SK Rapid Wien players
1. Wiener Neustädter SC (2008) players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Mersin Talim Yurdu footballers
Eskişehirspor footballers
Elazığspor footballers
Kardemir Karabükspor footballers
Göztepe S.K. footballers
Adana Demirspor footballers
Süper Lig players
TFF First League players
Austrian people of Turkish descent
Austria men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks


Park Cha-jeong (May 8, 1910 – May 27, 1944) was a Korean independence activist and the second wife of Kim Won-bong. Her assumed names were Yim Cheol-ae (임철애, 林哲愛) and Yim Cheol-san (임철산, 林哲山). She led the female students' pro-independence protest by the Korean Women's League.

Park was born in Busan. Her father committed suicide fighting Japan, and her family were independence activists. In 1929, she graduated from the J.B. Harper Memorial School, the first Australian missionary school founded in Korea. In 1930, she went to China and worked in Beijing to rebuild the Communist Party of Korea. She married Kim Won-bong in 1931. In 1939 she was injured in Jiangxi and died at Chongqing in 1944. She was buried in Miryang, where Kim Won-bong was born. In 1995, she was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation. Her statue is located in Busan.

Legacy
Park contributed the following to the Manifesto of the Namkyeong Joseon Women's Society, established in 1936.The traditional suppression has violated us Korean women's human rights, and again, our rights to live have been seized by Japanese Imperialism. We have fallen as not only slaves of our homes by traditional suppression, but slaves of wage labor as products of the plunder market of Japanese Imperialism. If we do not overthrow the Japanese Empire, we women cannot liberate from the feudal system's restriction and colonial oppression. And even when the Japanese Empire is overthrown, if Chosŏn's revolution is not truly of a genuine, free, and equal revolution politically, economically, and socially, we women will not achieve true liberation.

See also
Anarchism in Korea

1909 births
1944 deaths
Women Korean independence activists
Communist Party of Korea politicians
Korean women in politics
Kim Won-bong
Recipients of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
Militant Korean independence activists

References


"Spidey Meets the President!" is a backup feature in The Amazing Spider-Man #583, written by Zeb Wells, with art by Todd Nauck and Frank D'Armata. The cover of the issue shows Barack Obama giving a thumbs-up to Spider-Man. The comic book was published the week before Obama's inauguration in January 2009.

Plot
The story begins with Peter Parker standing among other reporters on the presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, photographing this historic moment. Suddenly a limo pulls up and reveals another Obama. The Secret Service does not know what to do, so Peter, who quickly dons his Spider-Man costume, asks both questions that only the real Barack Obama would be able to answer. When he asks what his nickname was during his college days, the actual Barack says his true name, and the fake one is confused and angry, causing him to reveal his true form, which turns out to be the super-villain known as the Chameleon. This gives Spider-Man the opportunity to capture the Chameleon and the Secret Service arrests him. Obama tells Spider-Man that he is a fan of the hero and thanks him. Afterward, as Obama swears his oath as President, Spider-Man is shown sitting at the top of the Washington Monument, where he thinks Biden notices him.

Prologue
This story was prepended in The Amazing Spider-Man Presidents Day Special digital comic. The additional pages depict the minutes before the original story took place, with Obama getting ready for the inauguration. The Chameleon, disguised as Obama's tailor, locks him inside and takes his place, driving to the inauguration in the presidential limousine. However, the real Obama escapes and is driven to the ceremony in a second limousine by his soon-to-be Vice President Joseph Biden. Meanwhile, outside the capital, Peter Parker is running late to the inauguration ceremony and has forgotten his press credentials. So, he enters the area stealthily by using his spider-like abilities to climb over a high wall. However, he is spotted by Senator John McCain and a few Secret Service agents. The senator recognizes as him as the photographer from The Daily Bugle and even provides him with a spare press credential. Parker then joins the press corps and the prequel story connects to the main story.

Reception
Typical sales for The Amazing Spider-Man are about 70,000 copies per issue. Issue #583 sold over 350,000 copies and went to five printings. It was the highest-selling regular series book of the 2000s.

Collected edition

References

Cultural depictions of Barack Obama
2009 comics debuts
Individual stories from issues of anthology comics


Glodzhevo (, also transliterated Glojevo or Glodjevo, ) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Vetovo Municipality, Rousse Province.

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Ruse Province


Gandhigram, locally known as Shidi, is a village inhabited by Lisu people in Vijoynagar circle, Changlang district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. The population was 1,754 at the 2011 Indian census. There is no road connectivity to the nearest town, Miao, and it is a five- or six-day walk.

Education
The village has a government middle school established in 1961 and the newly-established Katha Lisu School, with class I and preceding Nursery and KG classes and an enrollment of about 200 students.

References

Villages in Changlang district


Everybody's Fine may refer to:

 Everybody's Fine (1990 film), an Italian film
 Everybody's Fine (2009 film), an American remake of the 1990 Italian film
 Everybody's Fine (2016 film), a Chinese film


Cătălin Marcel Cursaru (born 29 March 1978) is a retired Romanian footballer.

Over the course of seven Liga I seasons, Cursaru amassed totals of 167 games and 51 goals.

Club career
Born in Ploieşti, Prahova, Cursaru came through the youth ranks of local Astra Ploieşti, going on to finish his sporting formation with the Divizia C team Chimia Brazi. After one season in Divizia C, he made his Divizia A debut in 2000–01, against Steaua on 7 August 2000 (scoring twice in the process).

FCM Bacău
On 26 January 2000, he signed for FCM Bacău, but he played no matches, because he was a dispute subject between Bacău and his former club Astra. The striker was eligible to play, starting August 2000, and soon after he scored his first two goals in his Liga I debut. He finished his first top flight season with 15 goals.

In his second season, he partnered Cristian Ciocoiu, and he netted 17 goals (competition best) but his reference point, was when he scored a scissor kick against Dinamo, and his goal was selected "Play of the Day" by CNN. At the end of the season, media reported that German side Hertha Berlin offered $1,800,000, but Sechelariu asked $300,000 more, and the negotiations collapsed. To not be criticised by Cursaru, Sechelariu raised his player's wage up to $10,000 per month. However, after the transfer failure, the player never regained his form and confidence. In the next three years, he produced only 17 goals, in 75 matches. In 2003, he impressed in a trial for the Norwegian side SK Brann, but once again, Sechelariu's demands, made the transaction collapsing.

In total, Cursaru scored 49 goals in the shirt of FCM Bacău in five seasons, leaving the club in July 2005 after he refused to extend his contract.

Rest of career
Cursaru signed a two-year contract with Divizia A side SC Vaslui on 11 October 2005, but he ultimately failed to impress, scoring none during the season, in which Vaslui eventually remained in the top flight. He released his contract in late April. Following the unsuccessful spell in Vaslui, in June 2006 he signed with FC Naţional. He played for a year and a half for the "Bankers", but ultimately he was released following his low goal-per-match rate. Following two unsuccessful attempts to revive himself in the lower divisions, for Aerostar Bacău and Tricolorul Breaza, and without any offer for almost a year, he officially retired in mid-2011 from professional football.

Club statistics

Statistics accurate as of match played 15 October 2009

Honours

Individual
Topscorer of Romanian First League: 2002.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Ploiești
Romanian men's footballers
FCM Bacău players
CS Sporting Vaslui players
FC Progresul București players
CS Aerostar Bacău players
Men's association football forwards


Grevillea australis, commonly known as alpine grevillea or southern grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is a spreading to prostrate shrub with simple, narrowly egg-shaped leaves and groups of white to pale pink flowers with a glabrous ovary.

Description
Grevillea australis is a densely-foliaged, erect to spreading or prostrate shrub that grows to a height of . Its leaves are simple, narrowly egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base or linear,  long and  wide with the edges turned down or rolled under. The flowers are arranged in groups near the ends of braches along a rachis  long, and are white or pale pink. The pistil is  long and cream-coloured, the style is hooked near the tip, the ovary stalked and glabrous. Flowering mostly occurs from December to February and the fruit is a glabrous follicle.

Taxonomy
Grevillea australis was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The specific epithet (australis) means "southern".

Distribution and habitat
Alpine grevillea grows heath and woodland, usually in moist, rocky places in mountain and alpine areas south from the Brindabella Range in the Australian Capital Territory, through southern New South Wales to Mount Buller and Mount Baw Baw in Victoria. It is also common in Tasmania, especially on the Central Plateau, and is the only grevillea species in that state.

Use in horticulture
Grevillea australis grows best in cool to cold climates. It grows best in sunny locations in well-drained soil.

References

australis
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Tasmania
Flora of Victoria (state)
Proteales of Australia
Plants described in 1810
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)


"Pen & Paper", otherwise known as "Pen & Paper (Something Typical)", is the second single released from The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus' second album, Lonely Road. The song charted at #75 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the music video of the song Ronnie Winter describes the song as "Taking someone in your life that's fake and removing them".

2009 singles
The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus songs
2008 songs
Virgin Records singles


Robert Scotland Liddell  (1885-1972) was a British reporter and photographer for The Sphere newspaper, who covered the events on the Russian front during the World War I.

Scotland Liddell arrived in Petrograd in the spring of 1915 and soon moved to Warsaw, where he served as a member of the Group of Polish Red Cross Volunteers with the Russian army. He also contributed articles to The Sphere as its special correspondent. Mr Liddell was also representing British media in Mesopotamia and Baku towards the end of World War One. He has written many articles about the political situation in the South Caucasus region between 1918 and 1920. He also interviewed several members of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic (1918/20). One of his interesting interviews was conducted with the foreign minister of the Azerbaijani Democratic Republic, M.Y.Jafarov in 1919. The name of the article was First Muslim Republic: British interests.

References

Books
 The Track of the War: With Special Notes by Albert De Keersmaecker. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1915
 On the Russian front. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & co., limited, 1916
 "Sestra": Sketches from the Russian Front. Hodder and Stoughton, 1917
 Actions and Reactions in Russia. Chapman & Hall, 1917, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, ,
 Big brother Bob. Simpkin, Marshall, 1923
 Fifty Thousand Miles of Sun. Cassell and co., ltd., 1925
 The gilded sign. 1927
 The key of content. Cassell, 1928
 Moulded in sand. McCutchan, 1930

British war correspondents
Scottish photographers
1885 births
1972 deaths


Simon Guy Sheppard (born 1957) is a British far-right extremist from Hull, England, who runs a number of websites that promote misogynist and antisemitic doctrines. His main website contains many articles about women, the multiracial society, and Jews, stating that they have negative effects upon western society and for white males in particular.

He has been prosecuted three, and imprisoned four times for his ideology: in the Netherlands for disseminating Holocaust denial propaganda in 1995, in the UK for inciting racial hatred in 1999 and 2000 for a British National Party (BNP) election leaflet, and again in the UK between 2008 and 2011 for publishing material on the Internet that was in breach of racial hatred legislation, after having been subject to a number of raids by police. He was released on licence after serving less than half his sentence to a bail hostel on 17 May 2011 and was banned from accessing the Internet. He was rearrested in January 2013 for breach of his licence conditions and returned to prison in Northallerton.

Career and work
Sheppard initially had a career as a recording engineer in the music industry and claims to have met famous figures like Robert Fripp and even Andy Warhol. He then set up his own company, the Heretical Press, to distribute his self-published books.

The Heretical Press website at heretical.com contains an eclectic mixture of excerpts taken from Sheppard's books, stand-alone articles by Sheppard, work by his associate Steven Whittle (using the pen name Luke O'Farrell), and many pieces of work by other writers whose work fits with Sheppard's ideas, along with miscellaneous entries. Subjects mentioned on the site include Sheppard's theories such as his own "Procedural Analysis" concept, racial theories and stereotyping, Holocaust denial and general antisemitism, the inferiority of women and opposition to women's rights and feminism, the science behind sexual intercourse and its biological implications, and accounts of cannibalism around the world, among other topics. Despite lacking relevant qualifications or membership of the British Psychological Society, Sheppard presents himself as a psychologist and attempts to apply game theory and evolutionary psychology to the analysis of biological competition between the sexes and between different races, in a social Darwinistic sense. One notable aspect of his theories is that he claims that it is the male instinct to be racist, because this has evolved as an evolutionary drive to try to prevent females, who are evolutionarily inclined to view alien males as having high biological fitness as they have penetrated a territory without being killed, from engaging in miscegenation in the presence of males of other races, which would be genetically disadvantageous to the males as a group.

Sheppard used the pseudonym "Thomas Sparks" to apply his anti-semitism to Christianity, by producing works that support pre-Vatican II Catholicism and call for the Catholic Church to return to its policies of discriminating against Jews and banishing them from Christian society. Sheppard's identity was confirmed when an anti-racist Catholic group in the UK did online research that showed that Sparks' internet ID number was the same Hull, UK-based one as Sheppard's.

One of his books, The Tyranny of Ambiguity, details his life in Amsterdam in the early 1990s and his interactions with other people, and his attempts to view the events in the book in terms of his own personal theories of psychology. Another of his books, All About Women, identifies Sheppard's self-created concept of "Big Sister" (analogous with Orwell's concept of Big Brother) as consisting of all groups within society that express "female characteristics" such as being dishonest, to conspire, and to manipulate, and that such groups include women, non-Whites, and Jews.

Sheppard was also the host of Redwatch, a site used by far right activists that publishes photographs, names, addresses and telephone numbers of anti-racist campaigners from across the political spectrum. Redwatch also contained a section called "Noncewatch" (nonce being English slang for a paedophile) containing details of individuals, including politicians and political activists, whom the site accused of paedophilia.

Criminal convictions and imprisonment
On 8 June 1999, Sheppard and David Hannam were arrested in Hull for distributing racist election literature on behalf of the British National Party. He was expelled from the BNP the same day (though Hannam was not and remained a senior administrator in the party until his death in October 2011 at the age of 30). On 14 June 2000, Sheppard was convicted at Kingston upon Hull Crown Court of publishing or distributing racially inflammatory material. According to his website, Sheppard has been banned from every public library in Hull, Hull University and Hull College.

In 2004, a complaint had been made regarding an anti-Semitic comic book called Tales of the Holohoax (the script of which was written by Michael A. Hoffman II) after it was pushed through the door of a synagogue in Blackpool, Lancashire. Subsequently, it was traced back to a post office box in Hull registered to Sheppard. Holocaust denier Mark Weber was asked to write an analysis for the court hearing regarding this publication.

In 2005, Sheppard's house was raided by police following complaints about allegedly racist material published by his Heretical Press.

In 2008, Sheppard was arrested in the UK, from the investigation that started in 2004, and charged with using his website to circulate "material likely to incite racial hatred". The website is based in Torrance, California, so Sheppard rejects English legal jurisdiction over the published writings. Sheppard and his associate Steven Whittle absconded from bail, took a ferry to Ireland, and flew to Los Angeles, USA. After they demanded political asylum, the pair were put into Santa Ana Jail.

On 24 March 2009, the two appellants addressed the California court themselves before Judge Rose Peters. According to the neo-nazi website Lasha Darkmoon, the two men claimed that their actions in England were legal because they were based upon the Edict of Expulsion of 1290 when England expelled all Jews living in the country at the time, and the two said that since the edict has never been repealed (like all royal decrees, it could only be cancelled by a living king or queen of England), their anti-semitism was backed by British law and they were eligible for asylum due to being persecuted for their beliefs. On 5 April 2009, with reasons reserved, Sheppard and Whittle were denied asylum, upon which the former stated that they would not appeal, and they were deported and returned to prison in the United Kingdom on 17 June 2009. On 10 July 2009, Sheppard was sentenced to 4 years and 10 months in prison, and his co-defendant, Whittle, was convicted of five similar offences. These sentences for publishing material on the Internet were described as "groundbreaking" by Adil Khan, representing Humberside police, whilst Sheppard's lawyer, Adrian Davies, said in his defence during the trial that he had come from a "very troubled background" and revealed that his mother had committed suicide, whilst noting that Sheppard was an intelligent man who had problems with authority, especially the police. In January 2010, Sheppard and Whittle lost an appeal against their convictions, but succeeded in having their sentences reduced slightly.

Sheppard was arrested again on 25 January 2013 for breaching his licence conditions. The breach related to an article entitled "Spree Killers" from the Heritage and Destiny publication. Sheppard was returned to prison for a further three months. In June 2018, Sheppard was convicted of racist harassment of a neighbour. He was sentenced to nine months in prison and given a five-year Criminal Behaviour Order.

In February 2022, Sheppard was convicted of trying to have sex with four 14-year old girls. He was convicted of eight offences involving attempting to engage in sexual communication with a child and inciting the sexual exploitation of children. He was subsequently sentenced to a prison term of 3 years and 9 months, and will have to register as a sex offender in the UK for the rest of his life.

Bibliography
Sex and Power: A Manual on Male-Female Relations
All About Women: What Big Sister Doesn't Want You to Know
Anne Frank's Novel: The Diary is a Fraud
The Tyranny of Ambiguity: An Account of the Development of a System of Human Behaviour Analysis Called Procedural Analysis

References

External links

1957 births
Alt-right activists
Living people
British National Party politicians
English neo-Nazis convicted of crimes
Male critics of feminism
British Holocaust deniers
People from Kingston upon Hull
Alumni of the University of Sussex
English people imprisoned abroad
British people convicted of hate crimes
People convicted of Holocaust denial
People convicted of racial hatred offences
English far-right politicians
Alt-right politicians in the United Kingdom
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
Prisoners and detainees of the Netherlands


Joshua Thomas Bell (13 March 1863 – 10 March 1911) was an Australian barrister and politician.

Bell was the son of Sir Joshua Peter Bell, and his wife Margaret Miller, née Dorsey and was born in Ipswich, Queensland. Bell was educated at Brisbane Grammar School and University of Cambridge, where he became president of the union.

Bell was admitted to the English bar and was a marshal on the Northern Assizes circuit in 1888. In 1889 Bell returned to Australia and a year later became private secretary to Sir Samuel Griffith. In 1893 Bell was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the electoral district of Dalby in which his family home, Jimbour Homestead, was located. He was to hold this seat for the rest of his life. Bell was elected chairman of committees in 1902 and in September 1903 joined the Arthur Morgan ministry as minister for lands. William Kidston succeeded Morgan in January 1906 but Bell held his old position in the new cabinet until November 1907, and was also minister for railways from February to July of that year. Bell was minister for lands in the second Kidston ministry from February to October 1908, and then home secretary until 29 June 1909, when he was elected speaker.

In 1901, Bell unsuccessfully contested the federal seat of Darling Downs in Australia's first federal by-election, but he was defeated by Littleton Ernest Groom, the son of the original member.

Bell died at Rakeevan, his Graceville residence on 10 March 1911 after a long illness. He had married in 1903 a daughter of John Ferguson, who survived him with a son and a daughter. Bell was accorded a state funeral which proceeded from St John's Anglican Cathedral to the Toowong Cemetery where he was buried next to his father.

References

Bibliography

 D. B. Waterson, 'Bell, Joshua Thomas (1863 - 1911)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, p. 258. Retrieved 6 July 2009
 Bell, Joshua Thomas  — Brisbane City Council Grave Location Search

External links
 Joshua Thomas Bell entry on Jimbour History. Jimbour Homestead was the Bell family home for many years.

1863 births
1911 deaths
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Burials at Toowong Cemetery
Speakers of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Australian people of Irish descent
Colony of Queensland people


Events in the year 1908 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Haakon VII

Events

Popular culture

Sports

26 September – SK Brann football club is founded.
Football Association of Norway joins FIFA.

Music

Film

Literature
 The Knut Hamsund novels Benoni and Rosa: Af Student Parelius' Papirer, was published.
 The Olav Duun novel Marjane was published.

Births

January to March
22 January – Kåre Hatten, cross-country skier (died 1983).
3 February – Ragna Johanne Forsberg, politician (died 1984)
3 February – Oddbjørn Hagen, skier, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion (died 1983)
4 February – Ellisiv Steen, literary scholar (d. 2001).
26 February – Einar Hovdhaugen, politician (died 1996)
15 March – Sverre Kolterud, Nordic combined skier (died 1996)
17 March – Oscar Christian Gundersen, politician and Minister (died 1991)
28 March – Hans Engnestangen, speed skater and World Champion (died 2003)

April to June
9 April – Odd Bang-Hansen, novelist and children's writer (died 1984)
10 April – Oskar Steinvik, politician (died 1975)
21 April – Nic. Stang, art historian and writer (died 1971)
24 April – Jonas Enge, politician (died 1981)
9 May – Lars Mathias Hille Esmark, civil servant and business person in the tourist industry (died 1998).
2 June – Michael Staksrud, speed skater and World Champion (died 1940)
6 June – Bjarne Eilif Thorvik, politician (died 1972)
19 June – Leo Tallaksen, politician (died 1983)
21 June – Erik Brofoss, economist, politician and Minister (died 1979)
28 June – Nini Haslund Gleditsch, political activist and advocate for peace (died 1996).
28 June – Olav Reiersøl, statistician and econometrician (died 2001)
29 June – Arne Berge, priest.
30 June – Thor Myklebust, politician (died 1989)

July to September
1 August – Gidsken Jakobsen, aviation pioneer (died 1990)
6 August – Arthur Klæbo, journalist (died 1985).
13 August – Nils Kristen Jacobsen, politician (died 1993)
17 August – Harald Selås, politician (died 1986)
18 August – Olav H. Hauge, poet (died 1994)
19 August – Birger Haug, high jumper (died 1981)
22 August – Synnøve Lie, speed skater (died 1980)
2 September – Olaf Hoffsbakken, Nordic skier, Olympic silver medallist and World Champion (died 1986).
23 September – Oscar Olsen, politician (died 2004)
24 September – Hans Borgen, politician (died 1983)

October to December
19 October – Geirr Tveitt, composer and pianist (died 1981)
4 November – Olaf Fredrik Watnebryn, politician (died 1977)
1 December – Torstein Olav Kuvaas, politician (died 1996)
8 December – Synnøve Anker Aurdal, textile artist (died 2000).
31 December – Carl Fredrik Wisløff, theologian and Christian preacher (died 2004)

Full date unknown
Reidar Carlsen, politician and Minister (died 1987)
Helmer Dahl, engineer (died 1999)
Jens E. Ekornes, businessperson (died 1976)
Nils Johan Rud, novelist, short story writer and magazine editor (died 1993)
Rolf Ingvar Semmingsen, civil servant (died 1979)
Oskar Skogly, politician and Minister (died 1988)

Deaths

28 January – Ragnhild Jølsen, author (born 1875)
13 April – Aasta Hansteen, painter, writer, and early feminist (born 1824)
2 June – Aimar August Sørenssen, politician and Minister (born 1823)
5 July – Jonas Lie, novelist (born 1833)
2 August – Jørgen Breder Faye, banker and politician (born 1823)
27 November – Knud Bergslien, painter and teacher (born 1827)

Full date unknown
Lars Christian Dahll, politician and Minister (born 1823)
Einar Løchen, jurist and politician (born 1850)

See also

References

External links

Norway
Norway


Little Fyodor is the performance name of Dave Lichtenberg, an underground punk/garage musician from Denver, Colorado, who has been on the scene for four decades. He originally performed in the band Walls of Genius, and then went on to become a solo act (now with a full band, but still carrying the name Little Fyodor). He is also known as a public radio DJ, and a reviewer of self-published music.

Biography

Little Fyodor is originally from suburban New Jersey where during college he was particularly inspired by the Ramones album Leave Home including the song "Carbona Not Glue". He moved to Colorado in 1981. In the 1980s he was a member of Walls of Genius, a cassette culture band which consisted of Little Fyodor, Evan Cantor, Ed Fowler and Brad Cartin, an experimental group from Colorado which produced 30 tapes from 1982 to 1986. Dave Lichtenberg later went on to work on his solo project Little Fyodor.

Little Fyodor is also notable for his association with the Elephant 6 collective. The Apples in Stereo performed some of their earliest shows opening for his band. "Let it be known that the very first time the Apples ever performed with a real drum set, they were opening for Little Fyodor and Babushka." Returning the favor, Fyodor's record "Dance of the Salted Slug" was released on the Elephant 6 label. In 1993 he toured with Negativland.

Before moving to Denver, Lichtenberg had a show on WTJU, the student-run station at the University of Virginia. Now, as Little Fyodor, he hosts a biweekly radio show every other Saturday at 11 PM on Boulder's KGNU titled "Under the Floorboards", which showcases obscure artists. 2011 marks the 27th anniversary of Little Fyodor's career as a DJ at KGNU. After an initial interview in 1997, Little Fyodor also began a column based on his radio show, "A Few of the Interesting Characters I've Discovered Under the Floorboards", in Denver-based fringe magazine CyberPsychos AOD.

After a live appearance by Little Fyodor and Babushka at the Death Equinox '97 convention, attendees were so enthusiastic about the performance that they requested having them play every year.  Little Fyodor became the con's Audial Terror Guest of Honor in '98 as a result, and they continued to play every year.  Rev. Ivan Stang of the Church of the SubGenius witnessed their '98 performance and asked them to play at the next X-Day gathering.

Denver group Von Hemmling was reportedly named by Fyodor.

As of June 2015 the group is still performing.

Discography

Little Fyodor (and Babushka) releases
 Peace is Boring - 2009, Public Eyesore
 Boyd Rice Presents:The Very Best Of Little Fyodor's Greatest Hits! - 2005, Discriminate Audio
 Babushka's Naughty XXXmas! (with Little Fyodor & The Inactivists) - 2005
 Live @ XX-Day (with Babushka) - 2004
 Revolution 9 - 2000
 Dance Of The Salted Slug -1994, Elephant 6 Recording Co
 Idiots Are Closer To God - 1990
 Beneath The Uber-Putz - 1988
 Slither / Sloth - 1985/1986

Appearances/Contributions

 Madness Lives: The Walls Of Genius Compilation - 2005
 Raw Sewage, VOL. II - 2004
 Before... and After - 2004
 Ludovico Treatment - Music To Cure Your Ills - 2003
 Raw Sewage, VOL. I - 2002
 Crazed To The Core - 2001
 The Way I Feel (with Boyd Rice & Winona Righteous) - 2000

TV appearances and radio broadcasts

 The Dr. Demento Show #86-14 - April 6, 1986
 The Dr. Demento Show #97-46 - November 16, 1997
 Setlist TV - 1 hour Staten Island Cable TV special featuring Little Fyodor and Babushka - January 2011
 Outsight Radio Hours #719 - September 15, 2013

Reviews
http://aural-innovations.com/2004/january/fyodor02.html - Walls Of Genius - "Raw Sewage, Vol. I" (self-released 2003, originally released on cassette 1983–1984)
Walls Of Genius - "Ludovico Treatment: Music To Cure Your Ills" (self-released 2003, originally released on cassette 1984)
Little Fyodor - "Idiots Are Closer To God" (self-released 2001, originally released on LP 1990)

http://www.aural-innovations.com/issues/issue22/fyodor01.html - Walls Of Genius - "Crazed To The Core" (self-released on CDR in 2001, originally released 1984 on cassette, WOG 0017)
Little Fyodor - "Dance Of The Salted Slug" (The Elephant 6 Recording Co. 1994, EL6-901)

http://www.aural-innovations.com/issues/issue30/fyodor03.html - Walls Of Genius - "Raw Sewage, Vol. II" (self-released 2004, originally released various cassettes, 1983–1985)
Walls Of Genius - "Before …and After" (self-released 2004, originally released on cassette, 1984)
Little Fyodor - "Beneath The Uber-Putz" (self-released 2002, originally released on LP, 1988, Small Tools Tradition)

http://www.westword.com/2009-09-03/music/little-fyodor - Little Fyodor - "Peace is Boring" Review from Westword, September 2009

References

External links
Little Fyodor's home page
Under the Floorboards schedule on KGNU
interview, The Gri:n Files #1, May 31, 2001.
Discriminate Audio label site
Westword comic strip interview, September 24, 2009
Walls Of Genius archive site

The Elephant 6 Recording Company artists
Living people
Musicians from Denver
University of Virginia alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Radio personalities from Virginia
Radio personalities from Colorado
Cassette culture 1970s–1990s


Edward Gurney (16 April 1868 — 17 June 1938) was an English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Wriddenham and died in Hove.

Gurney made a single first-class appearance for the team, at the age of 43, in the 1911 season, against Cambridge University. From the opening order, he scored 2 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 8 runs in the second.

External links
Edward Gurney at Cricket Archive

1868 births
1938 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers


Walter Heath (20 January 1860 — 7 March 1937) was an English cricketer. He was a wicket-keeper who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Tewkesbury and died in Evesham.

Heath made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1886 season, against Nottinghamshire. From the tailend, he scored a duck in the only innings in which he batted.

External links
Walter Heath at Cricket Archive

1860 births
1937 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
People from Tewkesbury
Cricketers from Gloucestershire


George Edward Hemingway (29 January 1872 — 11 March 1907) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and left-arm bowler who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Macclesfield and died in Rangoon.

Hemingway made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1898 season, against Yorkshire. From the lower-middle order, Hemingway scored a duck in each innings in which he batted, as Gloucestershire lost the match by an innings margin.

Hemingway's brothers, Ralph and William, both played first-class cricket.

External links
George Hemingway at Cricket Archive

1872 births
1907 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Sportspeople from Macclesfield
Cricketers from Cheshire
British expatriates in British Burma


Antony Francis Hignell (6 July 1928 – 23 October 2015) was an English cricketer and javelin thrower.

Cricket career
He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-pace bowler who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Kroonstad.

Hignell made a single first-class appearance for the team, during the 1947 season, against Cambridge University. He scored 7 runs in the only innings in which he batted, and conceded 48 runs with the ball in 18 overs.

Hignell played for Gloucestershire Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship during the 1948 season.

Athletics career
In 1949 he was AAA champion in the javelin event, and represented England in 1950 where he placed fourth at the British Empire Games in Auckland.

Personal life
He was the father of Alastair Hignell, who played cricket for Cambridge University and Gloucestershire and rugby union for England, Cambridge University and Bristol.

Hignell died on 23 October 2015 at the age of 87.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
People from Kroonstad
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
English male javelin throwers
Commonwealth Games competitors for England
Athletes (track and field) at the 1950 British Empire Games


Debelets ( ) is a town in northern Bulgaria, part of Veliko Tarnovo Municipality, Veliko Tarnovo Province. It is situated in the bottom side of the Belichinata valley near to Belitsa river. North from the town is situated a high peak named "Selski bair".

References

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Veliko Tarnovo Province