Sabki Laadli Bebo was a Popular Indian television drama-series that aired on STAR Plus. The series premiered on 11 March 2009 and was produced by Endemol India and Sachidanand Productions. It was concluded on 25 March 2011.

Sabki Laadli Bebo is all about a cute, cheerful, innocent girl Bebo, who is loved by her family immeasurably. This affluent, respectable, traditional Punjabi family of three brothers and their parents always yearned for a girl. Their happiness knew no bounds when, after years, God answered their prayers and a daughter was born.

Plot

Sabki Laadli Bebo is the story of a family which yearns for a girl after having three boys. Kukku Narang (Kanwaljeet Singh) and his wife Amarjeet's prayers are finally answered and the family is blessed with Bebo, who gradually becomes everybody's laadli (favourite).

Bebo (Shivshakti Sachdev) meets Amrit (Anuj Sachdeva) at a railway station. She assumes he is Shravan, the person whom her family have found as her suitor but later discovers that he isn't. On her wedding day, it is revealed that Bebo is an orphan who was adopted by the Narangs leading to the wedding being called off. Amrit consoles Bebo and they become friends. Amrit falls in love with Bebo. Karan, Simran's brother, also falls in love with Bebo. Simran blackmails Bebo and asks her to marry Karan. Bebo decides to marry Karan, while the whole family disapproves. The blackmail is discovered and her family instead gets her married to Amrit.

Amrit's sister-in-law Gursheel, makes her sister, Goldie the daughter-in-law of the Narangs by tricking them. Wanting the Narangs' property,  Goldi accuses Amarjeet for a fire and Amro and Kuku are sent to jail. Bebo and Amrit uncover their truth. Goldie, Gursheel and Bablu are sent to jail and Amarjeet and Kuku, now proved innocent, return home.

Amrit gets a new job and at his set he meets a girl who looks exactly like Bebo - Rano, who falls in love with him. She stays with Bebo and her family and becomes jealous of Bebo and Amrit, so she makes herself look like Bebo and makes Bebo look like Rano. Rano tells Bebo to meet Rano's husband Tiwari on a cliff where she hits Bebo with an iron rod and pushes her off it. Bebo then recovers and starts living with Tiwari, and she has lost her memory completely. Tiwari's jealous wife tries to harm Bebo but she runs away where she sees Amrit and Rano marry. Amrit thinks she is Rano and so keeps her in his house. Rano gets irritated and worried, and so tries to get her out the house but after so many attempts with her plans with Gursheel she fails to. Bebo finally regains her memory and plans to teach Rano a lesson. Rano kills Babul. Bebo films the murder and shows it to the police and proves that she is the real Bebo. Babul didn’t really die as it was his and Bebo’s plan to trap Rano and to prove that she is not Bebo. Rano then accepts and realises her mistakes and apologises to Bebo and the entire Narang family. The Narang family forgive Rano. Rano places Bebo hands onto Amrit’s hand and then leaves with her mother.

Bebo and Amrit are in an accident, and a new family kidnaps Bebo and lies to her that she is part of their family. Arjun Khanna, who lost his real wife, is pretending to be Bebo's husband. This family gives the entire authority of the Narang house to Goldie and Gursheel. Bebo's family is told that Bebo and Amrit are dead. Bebo tries to find out Amrit and she learns that Amrit was killed. She decides to stay back at the Khanna family and seek revenge for his death. Actually, Amrit is being held captive by Vijender, Arjun's brother. Discovering that her real family is being tortured, Bebo enters their home as Nimmo, a maid. She cures her mentally upset father and helps him to regain his memory. Meanwhile, Vijender convinces Amrit that Bebo cheated on him with Arjun and Amrit now wants to kill Arjun and Bebo.

On Amrit and Bebo's marriage anniversary, Bebo and her family plan to take their wealth back. It is revealed that Vijender killed Arjun's wife. Vijender, Kamini and Anchal are put in jail. Bebo goes back to her parents thinking that Amrit is dead. In a temple, Amrit follows Bebo to kill her. Bebo sees Amrit and takes him to her parents' house. Amrit still thinks that Bebo is cheating on him with Arjun. After a series of misunderstandings, Bebo and Arjun show Amrit the truth who then throws Gursheel and Goldie out of the house.

A mysterious girl (Manjeet) is in jail and calls Kuku Narang. He goes to the jail but does not know the girl - the girl gives a letter to Kuku, he reads it and then bails her out and takes her to live in their house. Kuku then revealed that she is his niece, in other words she is Kuku's younger brother's daughter. Manju falls in love with Amrit. Saru has a baby girl who is named Kanuk by Kuku. As Gursheel and Goldie stay at the women's hostel, Goldie decides that she doesn't want money but wants her family. Goldie goes to apologize to the family, who accept her on Kuku's request. Manjeet confesses her love for Amrit who says that he doesn't love her. While trying to shoot Bebo, the lights go out and Manjeet gets shot. Bebo is blamed for the murder, who then has to go to court. Eventually Gursheel turns a new leaf. The family develop a plan to find Manjeet's shooter by putting Manjeet in the hospital. The killer believes that she is alive and goes to kill her and is revealed to be Veer, who was her colleague and loved Manjeet and wanted to get revenge for mocking his love.

Nevertheless, the show ends on a happy note with all the family finally happy.

Cast

Shivshakti Sachdev as Bebo Amrit Malhotra / Bebo Narang / Rano
Anuj Sachdeva as Amrit Malhotra - Bebo's husband
Kanwaljit Singh as Kuku Narang - Bebo, Ashok, Daljeet and Omi's father
Sayantani Ghosh as herself
Shailley Kaushik as Amro Narang - Bebo, Ashok, Daljeet and Omi's mother
Mohini Sharma as Rajkumari Narang - Bebo, Ashok, Daljeet and Omi's grandmother
Madhuri Pandey as Saru Ashok Narang - Ashok's wife
 Pankaj Bhatia as Ashok Narang - Bebo's brother
 Vineet Kumar as Daljeet Narang - Bebo's brother
Siddharth Bajaj as Omi Narang - Bebo's brother
Anushree Bathla as Goldie Omi Narang - Omi's wife
Jayati Bhatia as Gursheel Malhotra - Goldie's sister, Amrit's sister in law
Nancy Johal as Prabhjot Daljeet Narang - Daljeet's wife
 Preet Kaur Madhan as Geet Malhotra - Amrit's sister
Jatin Grewal as Arjun Khanna
 Hasan Zaidi as Karan Oberoi
 Yajuvendra Singh as Vijendra
 Iira Soni as Simran Kapoor / Simran Karan Oberoi
Jasbir Jassi as Tiwari - Rano's husband
 Priyamvada Kant as Manjeet - Amrit’s Lover

Production
A report stated the reason for the series to end that, "The production house decided to end the show as it was becoming increasingly difficult to meet the absurd demands of the leading couple — Shivshakti Sachdeva and Anuj Sachdeva of the show."

References

External links
Sabki Laadli Bebo Official Site on STAR Plus India

StarPlus original programming
Indian drama television series
2011 Indian television series endings
2009 Indian television series debuts


George Davies (February 1900 – November 1942) was an English professional footballer who scored 18 goals in 92 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham and Southend United.

Davies was born in Wellington, Shropshire. He played football for Wellington St George's and Ironbridge and made guest appearances for Wrexham during the First World War, before joining Birmingham of the Football League Second Division in 1918; he was recommended to the club by Birmingham player Jack Elkes, who came from the same area. He made his debut in a 2–0 win at Wolverhampton Wanderers on 15 November 1919, and played regularly in the second half on that season. The following season, he lost his place to Ted Linley, but returned for the last eight games of the 1920–21 season to score five goals and help the club to the Second Division title. Davies played only three games in the First Division, and had a brief spell with Wellington Town before signing for Southend United of the Third Division South in June 1922. After 13 goals from 70 games in all competitions for Southend, Davies returned to Wellington Town at the end of the 1923–24 season. In June 1934 he was appointed to the club's committee.

References

1900 births
1942 deaths
People from Wellington, Shropshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football outside forwards
Wellington St George's F.C. players
Ironbridge F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of death missing
Footballers from Shropshire


Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital was a public hospital in Marlboro Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, which was operated by the State of New Jersey. Construction of the hospital began in 1929. It first opened in early 1931, with Dr. J.B. Gordon as medical director. According to the site plan, the hospital's campus was on . A perimeter fence completely enclosed the property. The land was mostly a rural environment. When it closed, the hospital was on , having enlarged the grounds over the years. It opened with a capacity to accommodate 500-800 patients. The grounds construction continued after opening and when completed, the hospital was expected to have a capacity of 2,000 patients. However, in 1995, the hospital served an average of 780 adults per day with a staff of 1,157 employees and a total budget of $55.5 million (fiscal year 1995). The budget in 1998 was $68 million. The facility was closed July 1, 1998. The hospital finished complete demolition of the structures, tunnels, roads and other infrastructure in early 2015.

Description
Starting in 1928, Five hundred and nine acres were eventually purchased by the State of New Jersey. Some of the land was in Wickatunk for the construction of Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital. The hospital's original working name was "Hillsdale asylum at Wickatunk". It was later known as "The Hilldale Development" before becoming known as "Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital" When first constructed, the hospital was composed of 17 "state of the art" cottages and central buildings. Each cottage would hold 55 patients. The initial project was budgeted for $6,000,000. Needing additional space, in 1934, two three story dormitories were also constructed for $300,000. In addition to the hospital grounds, the hospital initially maintained outpatient "mental hygiene clinics" in central New Jersey.

Originally set up to treat adults, the hospital started treating children in 1939. At Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital, the cottages were initially Tudor style dormitories which housed as many as 55 patients each. The cottage model was selected because it was felt that treatment could best be provided by grouping similar diagnosed people. The cottages were all constructed around a huge ellipse with the exception of two cottages which were to house violent patients. A decision to provide air conditioning to hospital patients was made in 1965 with a budget of $40,000. This money was obtained from the profits from the patient item store called the "Jigger Shop". However, only a couple of high priority areas were done and the rest of the hospital remained unconditioned.

A decision to expand the scope of serviced counties occurred in 1972. At that time, Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital which handled Essex county was overcrowded and Marlboro started to receive patients from western Essex county. In January 1972, 150 patients began arriving to relieve the over crowding and facilitate the ability to expand Graystone Hospital.

End of year patient population is shown in graph to right.

A decision to close the hospital was made in 1995 by Governor Christine Todd Whitman; following a 1993 investigation by then State Senator Richard J. Codey, during which he went undercover at the hospital and found rampant patient abuse, wasteful spending, and other illegal practices. His report stated that he saw patients "were treated with less care than the average prisoner." The process was to start in 1996 and complete the process in three years. The goal was to place patients in community support homes. An initial plan was to provide a $450 a month stipend and "create 40 mobile outreach teams to provide therapy and help with housing, medication and daily living. The teams would include psychologists, nurses and mental health advocates who would be on call 24 hours a day". The hospital closed in 1998.

Structures

Fireproof construction

The buildings were considered fireproof - the floors were of concrete covered by linoleum, and the walls and partitions were made of hollow tile. Asbestos was used on pipes and between floors to retard any fire outbreak, which became a significant issue during demolition.

Hospital tunnels

Tunnels were constructed between the buildings to facilitate movement of people and supplies between the structures in all types of weather. They were used to deliver equipment, food and the movement of patients and staff. In later years, showing their age, the tunnels were problematic. Low-hanging pipes often dropped dirt and other items. They were reported to be "dark, dirty and had a foul odor... there was urine and excrement on the floors". The tunnels were also the location of a number of suicides.

Building expansion

In March 1931, five buildings were completed to accommodate 500 patients. A few months later in June, a total of six buildings were completed and four more patient cottages were almost complete. The hospital was originally envisioned as being a "self contained community". Originally intended to house a population of 2000 patients; however, 3000 patients was reached in 1933. In 1937 funds from the WPA were used for a building, added to accommodate 650 additional patients. In 1939 three additional administrative buildings, silos, barns and some other out buildings were constructed. Overcrowding was again addressed in 1944 with the passage of a bill authorizing $400,000 part of which was for emergency construction of two dormitory units designed for 80 patients each. Continued to be overcrowded, the hospital population was reported to be 2812 in December 1945. A state review of the hospital in 1947 showed a census of 2736 patients. The review further stated "the scenes in the crowded quarters for senile patients were not such to make anyone proud of the support... given to this needy group." In 1949, Dr. Gordon stated that "patient wards have been established in basements, sun porches and corridors." In 1951, $300,000 was appropriated for a 280-bed building which was constructed for senile patients. State voters provided a $730,000 bond for the construction of four dormitory structures on the property and provide an additional 312 beds. In 1977, the aging hospital required some capitol environmental improvements, electrical upgrades, roof repairs and new boilers. Money was appropriated for these updates in 1975 bond vote. In 1987, a $4 million plan to rebuild parts of the hospital included a second admission unit, two more patient cottages, and conversion of medical services building to a day activity center.

Chapel

An interdenominational Chapel was added to the hospital in 1962. The Chapel construction budget was $80,000 and came from profits at the hospital snack shop. It was constructed for religious services as well as for counseling. It had offices for the Roman Catholic resident priest, Protestant chaplain and the part-time Episcopal and Jewish chaplains. There was also room for visiting ministers. It was 33 feet high and 64 feet long and large enough to accommodate 80 people for services. It was a one-story red brick building with a pitched roof. The Marlboro Hospital Auxiliary funded the purchase of an organ for the chapel. The back edifice held a string of bells suspended vertically. The bells represented the faiths which served religious programs offered at the hospital. In addition to the indoor alter, the building had an outdoor one also to permit larger gatherings, concerts, and other programs.

Other structures

The large barn on the prison property was constructed with funds from President Roosevelt's W.P.A jobs project. This was following approval of $78,761 for construction and improvement of the hospital property. There was an auditorium built in 1956 for functions and services and in 1959 a greenhouse was also constructed for patient occupational therapy services. A medical supply room was added following the awarding of $33,000 budget in 1962. Also in 1962, the sewers and fire hydrants were considered inadequate to the need and required updating.

Outreach programs

Bridgeway House

The Bridgeway House was started in March 1959. The project was a converted three story Victorian building in Red Bank, New Jersey. It was experimental and "the first of its kind in the country". The focus was to provide older persons and psychiatric patients residential and social options after recovery from the illness at Marlboro Hospital. It is to provide a bridge between hospital life and community life. In addition to the facility, a day clinic was also established as a Senior day center. Following on the success of Bridgeway House, a similar program was opened in Elizabeth in 1964. A clinic was also opened at Paul Kimball hospital in Lakewood.

Discovery House

The Discovery House was a building on the hospital grounds. The focus of this building was to house a residential program for drug and alcohol abuse patients.

Staff issues

Budget

In 1995 the hospital was staffed by 1157 employees. The hospital budget in 1998 was at $68 million.

Medical director

Given the length of the hospital's operation; the hospital saw a number of medical directors:
 The first medical director of the hospital was Dr. J. Berkely Gorden. He started at the inception of the hospital and retired in 1962.
 Dr. D. W. McCreight was acting director and appointed to fill the seat till a permanent medical director could be located following the retirement of Dr. Gorden. His tenure was from 1962 to 1963.
 He was replaced by Dr. Robert P, Nenno. Dr Nenno started as medical director in 1963 and was there till 1968. Prior to his appointment at Marlboro Hospital, he was a chairman of Medicine at Seton Hall College.
 Dr. Michael R. Simon was medical director from 1968 to 1973.
 Dr. Harold J. Knobb, took over as acting medical director at the resignation of Dr. Simon. He served from 1973 to 1974.
 Dr Herbert Saexinger became medical director in 1974 to 1976.
 Dr. Charles Webber, became acting medical director in 1976 when Dr. Saexinger resigned and was in office till 1977 when a replacement was found.
 Roy S. Ettlinger - chief executive officer from 1977 to 1983. He left the job to become director of a hospital in Boston.
 Dr. David Sorensen was chief executive officer from 1984 to 1987, when he was removed from office following allegations of patient abuse, staff neglect and sexual assaults while he was in charge.
 Dr. Michael Ross was the acting chief executive officer at the hospital starting in 1987. Dr. Ross was the chief executive officer at Graystone Park Hospital prior to this post.
 Dr. Norbert Binkowski was the Clinical Director from 1978 to 1990.

Emergency services

Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital had its own fire and police emergency departments. These were independent from the emergency services in the Marlboro Township community. However, for criminal investigations, New Jersey State police had jurisdiction to conduct the investigations and charge the suspects.

World War II staffing issues

During World War II the hospital was seriously depleted of trained professionals. The armed services took 10 physicians, 6 dentists and 50 nurses, 200 attendants as well as an assortment of other trained professionals. The staff was complemented by addition of conscientious objectors who were provided housing and a $15 monthly stipend.

Mennonite Camp
From November 1942 to October 1946 the Mennonite Central Committee opened a Civilian Public Service Camp on the ground of the property. The camp was identified as CPS 063–01. The Mennonites are restricted from military service and were considered conscientious objector. Some men of that faith chose to serve the country by helping out at the hospital. The group started with 25 men from central Pennsylvania who were Mennonites or Amish. Most of the men served as ward attendants, however if they had special talents or training they could serve under that capacity. For example, one person was a trained physician (Dr. Clarke T Case). He was allowed to attend to sick patients at the hospital. Over the four years the unit grew. One report put the total men at one hundred and three men, many married. Another report put the total men at one hundred and seventy nine people.

The medical director of the hospital personally selected the first twenty-five men from Medaryville, Indiana CPS Camp No 28 and Henry, Illinois CPS Camp No. 22. Due to staffing shortages when he saw the project working, Dr. Gordon sent a person to other conscientious objector camps in Maryland and Virginia in the hopes of recruiting more people. When speaking at an engagement about the CPS workers he said, "they're strictly on the level - and a blessing to our institution in releasing the manpower shortage... they are not cowards, they just don't believe in war, more specifically in killing their fellow man... for religious reasons"

Using these men as attendants was not without some problems. In 1946, an error occurred when one patient died after a Mennonite worker gave the patient wrong medication, a heart stimulant rather than cough medicine. However, overall they were reported by Dr. Gordon to be "valuable aids" to the patients. After the war service was up, one of the Mennonites returned to the hospital to work there.

Eleanor Roosevelt visited on January 16, 1943. She inspected the hospital and visited with the CPS men.

Staff housing

In addition to single accommodations in the upper floors of the Cottages, the hospital provided furnished housing for single and married staff. There was a larger home, located on the west corner of the hospital grounds facing Route 520. This was used by the medical director. In the 1960s the hospital also constructed a small development consisting of two rows of homes which were next to the medical directors house.

Housing for staff was segregated up to 1964. At that time the segregation policy was eliminated.

Staff strike

Employee strikes

The staff at the Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital had multiple unions for various workers. There were multiple strikes at the hospital to protest pay and working conditions.

 July 1970, the "nonprofessional hospital workers" staged a three-day sick-out over demands for the employees to collectively bargin.
 In August 1977, the staff at the hospital held a "24-hour job action". The focus of this work stoppage centered around "Work schedules and staffing problems". The strike left the hospital with minimal staff. Up to 100 employees picketed the main gate during the strike. The employees walked out for three shifts. Of the 161 staff working the 7am to 3pm shift 23 reported for work. In addition, inmates at the prison camp refused to cross the picket line. However, frequently the unions were not in agreement. In another instance of hospital strikes, one of the union bargaining units voted to strike while the other union bargaining units voted to cross the picket line.
 In August 1983, the staff voted to strike over unsafe working conditions and overcrowding of patients.
 March 1987, 150 employees staged a mass demonstration at the facility, claiming racial discrimination in the hiring practices at the hospital.

Hospital police
In April 1978, about two dozen hospital police picketed the Marlboro State Hospital. The issue was over the right to carry weapons during the shifts at the hospital. The issue started a few days prior when an assailant fired a shotgun at the officers. At the time, if weapons were required, state police were called along with local Marlboro Township police departments.

Interns

Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital utilized the services of interns. The hospital participated in the Department of Human Services Psychology Junior Fellow Program. This was a program which helped to train psychology interns from the area schools.

Patient treatment

Admission diagnosis

In 1942, Medical Director Dr. J.B. Gordon identified the major causes of admission to Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital at that time. He stated that 7% of all admissions were for paresis. He further identified that other major causes were for "Dementia praecox, manic-depressive psychosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis, senility and alcoholism." Dr. C. Coakley Graves, a resident psychiatrist at the hospital,  spoke about syphilis being a significant cause of hospitalization.

Hypnosis

Dr Elsworth Baker, Chief at the woman's unit at Marlboro Hospital, identified hypnosis as a treatment modality for a small percentage of patients at the hospital. He stated it was used for "cases where the imaginary symptoms of disease" presented as the primary symptoms. Dr Sydney Hodas, a consulting psychiatrist, stated that using hypnotic suggestion contributed to cures in about 40% of the patients there.

Children's unit

The children's unit was started in December 1939. In January 1942, the hospital had 22 children ranging in age from 7 to 16, but that number had increased to 37 youth by that December. In 1946, Marlboro Hospital opened a children's unit at the Arthur Brisbane estate in Allaire. 35 Children from the hospital unit were transferred there and only acute patients were kept at the hospital in Marlboro. The children's unit was closed in 1978 and the youth were transferred to other units. In June 1980, adolescent patients were also phased out of treatment at the hospital. In 1946, the Arthur Brisbane estate was willed to the State Hospital. Marlboro Hospital converted this to the "Marlboro State Children's Unit" and most children were transferred to this hospital.

Experimental treatments
In addition to the medical director using "selective sterilization and eugenics" practices, in 1937, consensual Insulin experiments were conducted at Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital. Eight Men and eight women were used in the experiments with mixed results from "definitely cured" to "no improvement". The focus of the treatment was to try to treat dementia praecox The advances in medications brought about drug treatment experiments. Under the direction of Dr. John B.K. Smith there were four classes of drug treatments in 1962.

Hospital reorganization

In September 1963, the hospital was reorganized into four units. The four units were, geriatrics, children (broken into two units "cottage 16" for below 14 years old and "cottage 17" for 14–18 years old), medical-surgical, and maximum security.

Problems with patient care
Going back to 1936 when the hospital was performing autopsies on patients without consent of family; Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital had a history of problems. Following a tour of the hospital in 1967, Assemblyman Joseph Azzolina stated that the hospital conditions were "so bad it turned my stomach".

Food poisoning

On November 2, 1979, 131 patients and two employees became ill and five patients died of food poisoning. The suspected cause was Clostridium perfringens. On May 9, 1987, the eighth probe was conducted by the Public Advocate's Office into patient deaths. It was identified that months before the food poisoning incident, the Senior food service worker had complained to state officials about the "unsanitary kitchen conditions". The conditions included rodent droppings, dirty equipment and mold. Patients became ill and had severe diarrhea after eating tainted chicken. The doctor on duty waited six hours after reports to him about patients becoming sick and misdiagnosed the first few patients he saw until the condition had become very serious for the patients Two months after the poisoning incident, state health department officials examining the kitchens found food service conditions continue to provide "ample opportunity for an outbreak to recur in the future"

Abuse and neglect

In 1986, a 38-year-old patient was transferred to Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital. Her physical condition was serious; she had a low sodium level in her blood from poor nutrition. At the hospital, her blood was not monitored by the staff. The public advocate described the care at the hospital towards this patient as "reckless and negligent".

Money Theft
In 1992, a patient was encouraged to take money out of his hospital account and turn it over to a staff member. In return, a staff member had stated he would take the patient to the Monmouth Mall. This was against hospital policy.

Patients leaving the hospital without permission

Occasionally reported in the press, many patients just walked away from the hospital care. Some of the more notable cases were:
 In September 1937, an escaped patient was held on "morals charges" after a complaint from two women.
 1942, due to low staff levels (due to the war), at least 12 inmates walked away from the hospital.
Edna Gilsenan walked away from the hospital and was "considered very dangerous"
David Hardenbrook walked to a railroad bridge and "dived" to a meadow 60 feet below (he survived).
 In June 1948, two patients were found outside the hospital grounds in a nearby town "acting suspicious".
 June 1971, Henry Mayer, violent offender was hospitalized following severely beating his daughter escaped from the hospital.
 In November 1973, William Coburn left hospital supervision. He hid on the grounds for 6 days and finally surrendered. Because of severe exposure both legs were amputated due to frostbite.
 December 1974, 5 patients escape from the hospital. One is apprehended on the hospital grounds and 4 others steal a car from a local residence. They get into an auto accident shortly after starting out. They abandon the car after the accident and flee on foot.
 In 1976, the Mayor of Marlboro Township requested that Governor Byrne declare a state of emergency due to the high number of incidents of patients leaving without permission. This following an incident of a patient leaving the grounds and assaulted a police officer. The Mayor cited that there had been 650 patients who had walked away from the institute.
 In 1979, a man who had killed his father and brother with a machete, left the hospital grounds and was found trying to steal a tire in Marlboro.
 In 1980, a patient walked out of Cottage 10, grabbed a visitor's keys from her hand and stole the car. He drove across the hospital grounds outside the hospital. He had an auto accident with another vehicle close to the hospital and was returned to his unit.
 In 1984, there were 151 reported incidents of patients leaving the hospital. A patient escaped from the hospital twice and broke into a local house. In one incident, the homeowner hit the patient with a piece of glass before police could arrive to arrest the patient.
In 1995, William Jennings, who was committed to the hospital following murdering his parents, had been granted grounds privileges and left the hospital. He was found at Walt Disney World in Florida confused and disoriented.

At a special community meeting in Marlboro, Dr. Seaxinger stated there had been 900 absent patients in the last year and a half. He stated the hospital was going to change the system and establish a special pass system for hospital grounds use by patients. By 1984, there were 151 incidents of missing patients.

Suicide

Suicide was a constant problem, with reports going back to the time close to the opening of the hospital. Speaking in 1949, Dr. Gordon stated that there had been 15 suicides in the last 18 years. He identified that the suicides at the facility "wouldn't occur if we had the facilities to keep the patients safe". In 1972, within a two-month span, there were at least 4 suicides in the basement of a building at the hospital.

Patient abuse

In 1946, a hospital attendant was charged with beating a patient by fracturing his jaw in two places after the attendant "lost his temper". *A woman who disappeared 48 hours before the hospital noticed her missing was found frozen to death outside. A woman was restricted to liquid food due to an eating disorder, choked to death when someone gave her a peanut butter sandwich. A patient died from brain swelling caused by a sodium deficiency noted in her charts 6 weeks earlier yet left untreated. A man who was strapped to a bed for 80 hours over 5 days died from blood clots caused by the restraints (which must be loosened every two hours).
In November 1995, a 64-year-old patient, Regina Killen, died of a broken neck after being lifted from the floor and getting her head wedged into a wheel chair. However, the autopsy report also listed other issues, "three broke vertebrae, seven broken ribs and a spinal cord injury, along with hemorrhaging and bruising from her chin to her knee."
Police charged a nurse of sexually assaulting two female patients in 1997. He was also charged with distribution of sedatives at the hospital.

Non-psychiatric treatment

While the hospital focus was primarily a psychiatric treatment, there are reports of other medical procedures being performed. Procedures such as an operation for appendicitis were reported. Additionally, the hospital was noted to treat cases of pneumonia for patients and staff.

Benevolent Concentration Camp

In 1977, Dr. Roy Ettlinger - Medical Director - suggested that the reduced funding and state appropriations resulted in the hospital becoming a "benevolent concentration camp".

Overcrowding

Due to Essex County freezing admissions to local facilities, Marlboro Psychiatric hospital had increased admissions from those area. The hospital could only accommodate 790 patients. However, the patient count had exceeded this number - "Overcrowding has become the total preoccupation of the entire hospital". In 1983, the hospital instituted the "Fair Weather" program to address overcrowding. Essentially, this was a plan for deinstitutionalization.

Deinstitutionalization

Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital was the first of the major psychiatric facilities in New Jersey to close. The process known as "deinstitutionalization" was a state plan to move patients to local community living. When the hospital was closed, patients were transferred to non-permanent treatment, state-funded independent living and other psychiatric hospitals. Some patients were transferred to other psychiatric facilities. The hospital sent 760 patients to three other hospitals: Trenton Psychiatric Hospital, Ancora Psychiatric Hospital and Greystone Park Hospital. However, Monmouth County played a major role in the deinstitutionalization of the hospital population. A disproportionate number of people were housed in many of the larger boarding homes in the shore communities along the coast. The patients were given a stipend of $450 a month for room and board.

Patient social offerings

Orchestra

The hospital had a patient orchestra directed by Dr. Julius A. Toren. Started in 1937, it quickly grew to 45 members in 1939. In 1940, the orchestra was directed by Mr. Mankoff. They were regionally known and provided off-site area concerts in locations such as the Marlboro Fire House, The Freehold Presbyterian Church, and the Marlboro Baptist Church, The orchestra also performed and were broadcast on radio at the Berkley Carteret in Asbury Park on October 13, 1939.

Snack shop

The hospital maintained a small store for patients to purchase small personal items and snacks. Called the "Jigger Shop", the snack shop directed the profits from the operation to fund social activities and capitol improvements such as the construction of the chapel on the hospital grounds.

Clothing shops

Run by the hospital Auxiliary, there were two clothing shops ("Esquire" and "Vanity Fair") which contained largely donated clothes. Some of the cloths were also made in the occupational therapy department. With permission, a patient could go to the shop and select an outfit for use for a visitation, weekend pass or home visit.

Social activities

In addition to cards, newspapers, magazines, puzzles, bingo and sporting equipment such as basketball and shuffleboard; There was an active hospital auxiliary at the hospital and they created many social activities for the patients, created radio and television rooms, offered weekly movies, held crafting activities, occasional dances and created seasonal parties:
 An annual 'Christmas Shop' was established by the Marlboro Hospital Auxiliary to help the patients purchase Christmas gifts for friends and family.
 Started in 1947, during the summer months there were two picnics (frequently more) scheduled for 50 patients at a pond on the campus.
 For many years in the 1950s the Marlboro Post American Legion Auxiliary entertained the Veterans at the state hospital - provided various performances throughout the year but specifically at a Christmas Party - Cigarettes were given out as gifts.
 A Monmouth county Symphony orchestra was formed "for the express purpose of giving monthly concerts" at the hospital. However, there were other musical performances from other organizations also offered.
 Local Woman's clubs and American Legion would organize and provide "card parties", "social teas", music and dancing, and ice cream socials for patients at the hospital on a frequent basis.
 Occasionally, local theater productions or magic shows would perform at the hospital for the patients.
 Ceramics, Painting and Wood working craft rooms and multiple beauty parlor were also available for patient use and furnished by the hospital auxiliary. There were occasional exhibits of the art work in various venues.
 Occasional bands and concerts performed at the hospital. At one time, Bruce Springsteen's band The Castiles played at the hospital. During this performance, the patients sang along with the song "We gotta get out of this place!".
 From the late 1960s to the mid 1970s the hospital sponsored an annual "Strawberry Festival".

A drive to collect musical instruments was done in 1949 and again in 1953. At that time, in addition to 15 pianos collected, other musical instruments were obtained for the patients of the hospital to use. The next year the instruments were repaired having gotten hard use by the patients.

In addition to providing significant social activities for the patients, the Marlboro Hospital Auxiliary published a newsletter to announce the activities and appeal to community donations to keep the various projects funded.

Picture initiative
In July 1975, the hospital social committee requested area people to send in pictures about the hospital. The idea was to frame 8x10 pictures to hang in the patient areas, to make the hospital look less institutional.

Scouting involvement

Boy Scout Pack 236 was formed on the hospital grounds for the younger patients in 1964; followed by Troop 236. Richard J, Lord was both the Cubmaster and Scoutmaster. This was mostly for patients with an Intellectual disability diagnosis living at the hospital. They were allowed to attend overnight camping events and cook outside on the campus. They also participated in scouting council activities. In 1964, one of the members from the troop was selected to a one-week tour of duty at the New York Worlds Fair as a service guide. In another council event they were noted to be making corn husk dolls for a Scouting Bicentennial council activity. Dr. Nenno furthered the assessment in saying that the Boy Scout troop on the campus "has done wonderfully for them. Some have been in the hospital for years. It has given them life. Now they feel a little more human. They could not get along more famously."

Semi-pro basketball team

Shortly after the opening of the hospital, it owned a semi-pro basketball team. They recruited players from the local high schools. Hymie Welling was recruited in December 1934.

Prior land use
The grounds which became the hospital were largely rural farms before construction began. However, there was a rather large distillery on the property which was torn down to make room for the hospital. From 1825 to about 1850, part of the land was used as a tannery by John Hulse. The 509 acres purchased by the state for the hospital grounds were purchased for $76,000. It was reported that the houses and farms which were obtained in 1928 were considered "very old". Some of the structured destroyed for the hospital and farm were built before the Revolutionary War.

Homeless housing
In 1988, the Freehold Township council suggested a plan to use some of the property at the Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital to house homeless families. The plan was suggested to place families in mobile homes on the "Doctors Circle", a remote part of the property. Other plans were offered to use 32 small rooms in a building at the hospital to house people.

Farming

Hospital farm

The hospital had a 760 acre working farm on some of the hospital grounds. The farm provided vegetables, pigs, poultry, grains, strawberries, peas, beans, carrots, fruit trees and 120 Holstein cows for dairy products. The produce was used by the hospital for internal consumption as well as was canned and sold to other institutions in the state. In 1951, the farm and slaughterhouse provided 32 percent of the food needed to sustain the hospital population. The hospital patients were used to provide the labor in the fields and during the food production process. It was felt that the "open air work provides relief from the boredom of the hospital wards." The work was voluntary and supervised when the patients were in the field. In 1951, the cannery turned out 60,000 gallons of canned vegetables and fruit and over 60,000 pounds of pork. There were forty acres of apple and peach trees on the farm. The Dairy Barn to house the cows burned in February 1948.

Rahway Prison

In addition to psychiatric patients, Rahway Prison had a work camp unit established in 1959 on 15 acres across the road from the hospital. Called the "Rahway State Prison Honor Camp", it was one of 5 similar camps established in the state. the prison farm helped with the care of the livestock and farming, were groundskeepers, laundry and kitchen aids. It was an ultra-minimum security prison farm located on the hospital property.

It housed 120 inmates and all of them were trustees. In addition to helping at the hospital, the inmates were also eligible for college classes offered through the Brookdale Community College. Generally, one and two classes were offered at a time, three nights a week at the prison camp.

Occasionally, prisoners would escape from this institution. Clyde Norton left the hospital laundry in 1963 and was picked up in Somerville, New Jersey. In 1972, Johnnie Cooper; serving a sentence for armed robbery, was found after another one such escape attempt. Community concern peaked in 1976 when over a 6-month period 15 inmates escaped the facility. However, this continued to be a problem during the life of the prison camp. Escapes would continue to periodically happen. In 1974, a policy was established to provide Marlboro Township police with mugshots of all prisoners housed at the prison farm to facilitate capture of escapees.

In 1977, two prisoners who attempted to escape were charged with the rape of a female patient. Starting in the late 1970s largely in response to community requests, hospital pressures, and inmate escapes; the inmate population started to decrease. The population in 1980 was about 70 inmates. However, prison issues continue; Timothy Knight left the grounds in 1983 and was captured close by in Holmdel Township, New Jersey.

Agricultural Experimental Station

Started in 1938 as the "Erosion Research Station", part of the farm was turned over to the state agricultural college at Rutgers and the US department of agriculture for experimental use. It was on this property that alternative tilling was done, various fertilizers were tried, Irrigation methods used and various experimental farming practices were tried. At one part of the property "contour farming was used" and experimentation tried. Crops produced on this land using these methods were turned over to the hospital for consumption. The director of the experimental station initially was Dr. Jacob G. Lipman. The second director was Gerow Brill who left the post in 1942 after being called to active service by the Army.

Hospital investigations

Codey investigation

Senator Richard J. Codey wanted to determine the standards of employee hiring and training in state institutions. To accomplish this, he went undercover to work at Marlboro Hospital. He had gained access to the hospital by applying for employment using the ID of a convicted rapist and social security number of a deceased convicted felon/possible sex offender. His background was never checked and he was assigned to work on one of the most regressed cottages at the hospital; Cottage 16. This cottage housed patients on two levels; first floor and basement. The basement level, all male, housed patients who were often speechless, incoherent or actively psychotic and included those who had murdered outside or inside the hospital. Senator Codey used his experience at the hospital to advocate for stricter rules of employment, including fingerprint and background checks. Additionally, the investigation resulted in the head of the hospital, Dr. David A. Sorenson, being "reassigned".

1993 investigation
In an executive summary issued in mid-1993, after the 15 month 1993 investigation, showed 'irregularities and questionable activities' at the hospital. "The results of the investigation reveal a tableau of waste, fraud, thievery and corruption in which the squandering of taxpayer dollars virtually has become business as usual at this institution. Senior Hospital officials repeatedly exercised lax supervision and poor judgment, allowing multiple abuses to flourish either by directly participating in them or by simply turning a blind eye." The result was a number of personnel suspended or removed, contracts stopped, and changes to the procedures at the hospital.

1987 investigation

A report by the US Health Care Financing Administration issued a report that Marlboro Hospital could lose its hospital accreditation. This warning was after the report suggested the hospital was understaffed and it was warned it needed to increase the size of its staff. The report also found a general "insensitivity on the part of the administration to patients, staff and community needs".

Joint Commission (1979)

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals reviewed the hospital and the hospital gained accreditation. This allows the hospital to accept medicaid payments for indigent patients. They stayed three days and investigated staff levels, quality of care, facilities and management practices. The reviewers were impressed with the way patient audits were conducted at the hospital by the staff and stated they wanted to use the system developed at Marlboro Hospital as a model for other psychiatric hospitals.

1965 investigation

The New Jersey Tenement House Commission reported deficiencies at the hospital. At that time 272 bedridden patients occupied the fourth floor of a building. In addition, the staff are housed on the top floor of the building. There was no outside fire escape and only one stairway for egress in an emergency. These issues were noted in reports from the state fire marshal in 1947 as well as a report in 1953.

1963 investigation

In 1963, the Monmouth County Grand Jury looked into the treatment of sex offenders and reviewed if the hospital is following the NJ Statue concerning treatment of people committed to the hospital due to sexual offences. It concluded that there was a lack of personnel, lack of program and facilities were unable to give the people the specialized treatment for sexual offence treatment. They found that the patient to doctor ratio was 400 to one and there was one nurse per floor; which was considered inadequate. A solution was reached in that if these patients become security risks, they will be transferred to the Vroom building at Trenton Psychiatric Hospital.

Unusual events
 In 1954, bad weather forced a light plane to land on the hospital property. Robert S. Miller was the pilot of the plane.
 In June 1963 a full circus was presented to the patients, on the hospital grounds. The circus was performed by the Hunt Brothers Circus in front of 1700 patients who then were served a picnic supper. A circus was again brought in in 1964. The Von Brothers Circus performed before almost 2000 patients.
 In 1964, the hospital was used as a backdrop for a film production. "Gateway to Return" was a 27.5 minute color film designed to follow two patients from the entrance to discharge from the state hospital system. It premiered at the hospital on May 23, 1965.
 A bomb scare was called into the hospital on October 29, 1972. The hospital evacuated about 500 patients from the hospital. The caller said the bomb would go off at 5:00 PM. The staff waited till 5:15 PM, as there was no event, the patients at the hospital were returned to the units.

Abandoned hospital grounds

Before demolition, Marlboro Township was informed by the U.S. military that it would be using the property for military training. This training exercise included using explosives in and around the buildings on the property. The property was also used by the New Jersey State Police for training exercises.

Since its 1998 closing, the abandoned hospital has become the focus of numerous local legends. An abandoned slaughterhouse on the property fueled legends of a murderous farmer. It was said that the farmer would lure you down "death row," as he had to two slain hospital guards. Trespassing at the slaughterhouse became a frequent problem, and the township publicly stated that trespassers would be prosecuted. According to an issue of Weird New Jersey magazine, and the book Convergence, shadow people were often spotted in, or around, the slaughterhouse. The slaughterhouse was razed.

In January 2010, a fire was reported in one of the buildings at the former hospital. Local fire companies responded and extinguished the fire but the building was a total loss.

Demolition

The state demolished eight cottages built between 1929 and 1974 in the hospital complex, in part due to the ghost stories and trespassing of ghost hunters who illegally enter the property and in part because of the serious health hazard caused by asbestos used throughout the buildings. The police reported about 100 calls to the property annually.

In June 2013, the demolition of the hospital buildings started. The demolition of the buildings is through a contract with the NJDPMC. Destruction of the buildings could be seen from the main road Route 520. By 2015 the property had been completely demolished. Buildings, streetlights, roads and underground structures were demolished and removed from the property.

The only structures left on the property was an active waste treatment facility and related buildings. The waste treatment plant services New Hope Project facility. In June 2011, $3.58 million was appropriated from Clean Waters bond fund for sewerage infrastructure improvements so the plant could continue to function.

On November 17, 2021, a worker died in a fall at the Marlboro State Hospital site. The man was working on the roof and fell inside the building, according to Sgt. Alejandro Goez, a spokesman for the New Jersey State Police.

Future plans
In 1998, the New Jersey Economic Commission put most of the property at the hospital up for sale. Various land-use suggestions became known. Among the various options were a corporate park, residential development, nursing or assisted living facility, and a school campus. In 2002, Marlboro Township voted to select a developer the rights to develop the property for residential use.

They later reversed themselves after lobbied by multiple parties to create New Jersey Open Space. On November 18, 2011, New Jersey state officials announced that the hospital site would become open space for recreational use. It was no longer be under state jurisdiction. Instead, the Monmouth County Park System would oversee the property. Demolishing buildings and cleaning up the property to meet environmental standards was necessary for completing the $27 million project. In 2013, the clean-up of the contaminated soil, asbestos, and wastewater facility had climbed to $75 million.

The project was slated for completion in 2013, but was pushed back to 2016. The park system has reclaimed some of the hospital land and has opened "Big Brook Park" in 2011. Demolition of the buildings began in May 2014 and has since been completed. All the structures on the property have been removed both above and below ground.

On February 21, 2019, Marlboro Township voted to provide $1.78 million to, in part, provide for the installation of a water main at the Marlboro Hospital Main Loop / Conover Road.

Hospital cemetery

The hospital operated a cemetery on County Route 520. It is located across from the former main hospital entrance. Designed as part of the original grounds plan, it opened along with the hospital in 1931. The cemetery administrators laid out the plat of burial spaces and numbered them. They proceeded to order inexpensive stone grave markers, marked only with corresponding numbers. Except for one, there are over 920 graves which are either metal or cement headstones.

Some patients died without having had contact with family for many years and an immediate next of kin was not readily identified. Under those circumstances the entire record, which may have spanned decades of hospitalization was researched in an attempt to locate a responsible party. In the event that no next of kin was located or they were unable to provide a private burial, a state burial was authorized. The first patient to die with no next of kin at Marlboro Psychiatric Hospital was buried in plot One, and Marker 1 was placed on the grave. The 600th patient to die was placed in grave site 600 and Marker 600 was placed upon the grave, etc. There are 924 graves in the cemetery. The first 600 markers were made of a concrete substance with numbers on them, and after that all the markers were thin and made of pre-fabricated metal.

Originally, the standard practice was followed for cemetery visitors to check a printed list for the plot number of their deceased of interest. They used a printed map of the cemetery to find the burial location. But as burial numbers increased, a different location method was chosen.

In 1991, the state built a pavilion that provided a cross reference for the numbers to names. The names/numbers on the bronze tablets are all in date order. A central location was chosen for constructing the raised, stone dais or platform. The names and plot numbers of the deceased were engraved in brass frames, arranged at waist level in a huge circle. Long since gone, the dais had a rotating azimuth – like a weather vane – which could be aimed at the target marker. This allowed visitors to choose a landmark in or outside the cemetery boundary, and commence walking towards it, in order to reach the correct marker.

References

External links

 NJ Department of Human Services (records)
 1998 NY Times article on closure
 History and photos of hospital campus
 State Hospital Cemetery at Find a Grave
 Photographs of the hospital cemetery and its markers
 Mennonite Service during the War - CPS Unit Number 063-01

Hospital buildings completed in 1931
Government buildings completed in 1931
Hospitals in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Marlboro Township, New Jersey
Psychiatric hospitals in New Jersey
Defunct hospitals in New Jersey
Hospitals disestablished in 1998


William James Lovie (December 30, 1868 – November 24, 1938) was a Canadian farmer and politician.

Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the son of James Lovie and Isabella Moir, Lovie attended Skene Parish Common School in Aberdeenshire before emigrating to Canada in 1885. He settled in Holland, Manitoba where he was a farmer. He was Secretary-Treasurer of the United Farmers of Manitoba for 18 years. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada for Macdonald in 1921. A Progressive, he was re-elected in 1925 and 1926. He did not run for re-election in 1930. He died in 1938 in Holland, Manitoba.

References

External links

1868 births
1938 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba
People from Garioch
Progressive Party of Canada MPs
Scottish emigrants to Canada


The Herman McIntire House is a historic house at 55 Dixwell Avenue in Quincy, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house is one of two houses built and lived in by Herman McIntire, a local realtor.  This one (the other is at 21 Dixwell) is a well-preserved example of a large Shingle-style house, built in the affluent President's Hill neighborhood.  The large gambrel gables are typical of the Shingle style, as are the varied window shapes.  Its exterior has been partially compromised by the application of siding instead of shingling (see photo).

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1900
Shingle Style houses
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Shingle Style architecture in Massachusetts


Nanukton Island is an island located within Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is situated at an elevation of  above sea level.

Other islands in the vicinity include Anchor Island, Duke of York Archipelago, Haodlon Island, Hatoayok Island, Hokagon Island, Kabviukvik Island, Kingak Island, Mangak Island, Nanortut Island, and Takhoalok Island.

References

 Nanukton Island, Nunavut, at Natural Resources Canada

Islands of Coronation Gulf
Uninhabited islands of Kitikmeot Region


The Massachusetts Fields School is a historic former school building at the corner of Rawson Road and Beach Street in Quincy, Massachusetts.  Built in 1896, it is a high-quality Colonial Revival brick building, built during Quincy's revolutionary transformation of its school system in the late 19th century.  The school was closed in 1982 and was renovated into apartments.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Description and history
The former Massachusetts Fields School building occupies the length of a city block on the south side of Rawson Road, bounded on the west by Willet Street and on the east by Beach Street, in the city's Wollaston neighborhood.  It is a two-story brick structure with granite trim, set on a high granite foundation, with a hip roof.  A granite water table separates the foundation from the first floor, and a similar stringcourse separates the two floors.  Windows are set in openings with granite sills and brick lintels.  The original part of the building is T-shaped with a projecting central pavilion that is flanked by lower entry porches.  A large addition, built in 1923-24, stands to the rear of the original block.

Following the publication in 1873 of a blistering report on the poor quality of the city's district schools, Quincy embarked on a program of improvement that included the construction of new, more centralized, graded school buildings.  Between 1892 and 1900 four new school buildings were built, including this one, which was completed in 1896.  It was designed by Arthur W. Wright, possibly in conjunction with the builder, Stephen O. Moxon, and is similar in plan to two of the other schools built, the Gridley Bryant School and the Cranch School.  The building was named for the broad plain between Mount Wollaston and the Neponset River.  It was enlarged in 1923-24 due to increased enrollment, using similar materials, but with more Colonial Revival styling than the original.  The school was closed in 1982, and has been converted into residences.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures in Quincy, Massachusetts
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
School buildings completed in 1896
Schools in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Defunct schools in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
1896 establishments in Massachusetts


The Edwin W. Marsh House is (or was) a historic house at 17 Marsh Street in Quincy, Massachusetts.  The -story five-bay wood-frame house was built c. 1851, and had a rear ell. The Cape style cottage had vernacular Greek Revival styling, including corner pilasters.  It had a bracketed entry portico that was probably added during the Italianate period (1860s-70s).

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.  The lot is now occupied by a multiunit townhouse (pictured).

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Houses completed in 1851
Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
1851 establishments in Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Greek Revival architecture in Massachusetts


Project Gunrunner is a project of the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) intended to stem the flow of firearms into Mexico, in an attempt to deprive the Mexican drug cartels of weapons.

The primary tactic of Project Gunrunner is interdiction of straw purchasers and unlicensed dealers to prevent legal guns from entering the black market; between 2005 and 2008, 650 such cases involving 1,400 offenders and 12,000 firearms were referred for prosecution. However, other tactics ("gunwalking" and "controlled delivery") have led to controversy.

In early 2011, the project became controversial when it was revealed that Operation Wide Receiver (2006–2007) and Operation Fast and Furious (2009–2010) had allowed guns to "walk" into the hands of Mexican drug cartels.

History
The ATF began Project Gunrunner as a pilot project in Laredo, Texas, in 2005 and expanded it as a national initiative in 2006. Project Gunrunner is also part of the Department of Justice's broader Southwest Border Initiative, which seeks to reduce cross-border drug and firearms trafficking and the high level of violence associated with these activities on both sides of the border.

The ATF determined that the Mexican cartels had become the leading gun trafficking organizations operating in the southwest U.S. and is working in collaboration with other agencies and the Government of Mexico to expand the eTrace firearm tracing software system. eTrace provides web based access to the ATF's Firearms Tracing System to allow law enforcement both domestically and internationally the ability to trace firearms encountered in connection with a criminal investigation to the first recorded purchaser (who may have innocently sold the gun years ago). eTrace allows law enforcement to access their trace results directly (name and address of first purchaser) and offers the ability to generate statistical reports to analyze their trace data to estimate firearms trafficking trends or patterns.

The ATF announced a goal to deploy eTrace software to all thirty-one Mexican states. As part of eTrace expansion, the ATF continues to provide training to Mexican and Central American countries to ensure that the technology is utilized to a greater extent. Colombia and Mexico were provided with their own in-country tracing centers with full access to the ATF firearm registration records. In Colombia, a joint ATF–CNP Center for Anti-Explosives Information and Firearms Tracing (CIARA) opened on 6 December 2006.

In Mexico, The National Center for Information, Analysis and Planning in order to Fight Crime (CENAPI) was established in 2003. The ATF states these are models for planned future tracing centers throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean Basin. In December, 2009, the ATF announced deployment of a Spanish version of eTrace to Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica.

A planned second phase will release the software to all Spanish-speaking countries with agreements with the ATF. In June 2011 Congress opened an investigation into Project Gunrunner against the ATF, as some ATF agents have come forward stating that top heads in the ATF and the Department of Justice instructed the agents to encourage gun stores in the U.S. to sell assault-style weapons to Mexican firearm traffickers.

Budget
In 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $40 million to state and local law enforcement agencies. This money was primarily slated for competitive grants to provide assistance and equipment to local law enforcement along the southern border; and, in high-intensity drug trafficking areas, to combat criminal narcotics activity stemming from the southern border. $10 million of the money was to be transferred to the BATF for Project Gunrunner to hire personnel and open facilities in 6 new locations. The use of "stimulus" money to fund Project Gunrunner is controversial, given the ATF Phoenix Field Division's reported initiative of allowing known criminals to purchase guns in an effort to gain intelligence on the cartels (Operation Fast and Furious).

In addition, the FY 2009 Omnibus Appropriations Act provided the ATF with an additional 5 million for Project Gunrunner.

Participants
Countries have access to American gun owner identities and information (first purchaser only) as a result of traces of recovered firearms contained in the database. In GAO Report 09-709, the ATF reports the National Tracing Center, "conducts the gun traces, and returns information on their findings to the submitting party".

The ATF has commissioned approximately 100 special agents and 25 industry operations investigators to the initiative, and is increasing its intelligence activities with other EPIC law enforcement partners stationed at the border, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the Texas Department of Public Safety. The ATF also works closely with these agencies' task forces which operate along the Southwest border, sharing intelligence, and conducting joint investigations.

Operations
By early 2009, Project Gunrunner had resulted in approximately 650 cases by the ATF, in which more than 1,400 defendants were referred for prosecution in federal and state courts and more than 12,000 firearms were involved.

According to the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), during FY 2007 and 2008, the ATF conducted 12 eTrace training sessions for Mexican police (over 961 Mexican police officers) in several Mexican cities, including the same cities where corrupt police were disarmed and arrested: Mexico City, Tijuana, Nuevo Laredo, and Matamoros. Despite the GAO report, the ATF claimed in October 2010 only about 20 people have been trained to use eTrace in Mexico. This discrepancy has not been explained. With the assistance of the ATF's Mexico City office and the Narcotics Affairs Section of the U.S. Department of State, the ATF anticipated conducting numerous additional courses in these subject areas in 2009. According to Mexican government officials, corruption pervades all levels of Mexican law enforcement—federal, state, and local.

The ATF reported they analyzed firearms seizures in Mexico from FY 2005-07 and identified the following weapons most commonly used by drug traffickers. However this conclusion is seriously flawed and not supported by ATF statistics, which only includes guns successfully traced and these are not necessarily connected to drug traffickers. The number of trace requests from Mexico has increased since FY 2006, but most seized guns in Mexico have not been traced as only guns originally from the United States are traced.

Controversy

Project Gunrunner has a stated official objective to stop the sale and export of guns from the United States into Mexico in order to deny Mexican drug cartels the firearms considered "tools of the trade". However, since 2006 under Operation Wide Receiver (2006-2007), Hernandez Case (2007), Medrano Case (2008) and Operation Fast and Furious (2009-2011), the Phoenix offices of the ATF and USAO did the opposite by permitting, encouraging and facilitating 'straw purchase' firearm sales to traffickers, and allowing the guns to 'walk' and be transported to Mexico. The gun-rights group Gun Owners of America accused the ATF of attempting to "boost statistics of seized firearms with American commercial provenance from Mexican crime scenes."

In October 2011, documents were released that indicated Justice Department officials were sent memos in regard to Operation Fast and Furious in 2010. According to ATF agents, Mexican officials were not notified, and ATF agents operating in Mexico were instructed not to alert Mexican authorities about the operation. Under Fast and Furious, the ATF attache at the Mexico City Office (MCO) was not notified (unlike Wide Receiver and most other cases).

Some ATF agents and supervisors strongly objected, and gun dealers (who were cooperating with the ATF) protested the sales, but were asked by the ATF to complete the transactions to expose the supply chain and gather intelligence. It has been established that this operation violated long-established ATF policies and practices and that it is not a recognized investigative technique.

In 2011, KNXV-TV reported that weapons linked to the controversial ATF strategy were recovered in four police seizures of drugs and guns in the Phoenix area (two in Glendale, two in Phoenix).

As of a 2011 report, total of 372 Fast and Furious firearms were recovered in the United States, and 195 were recovered in Mexico.

During Fast and Furious, ATF Phoenix did interdict 105 guns. However, at least 1,856 guns were allowed to walk. Other U.S. agencies, federal, state and local, recovered nearly 270 at crime scenes in the U.S. and 195 Fast and Furious origin guns were recovered by Mexican police at Mexican crime scenes.

In 2010, Border Patrol agent Brian Terry was murdered in a shootout in Arizona with drug cartel members. Cartel member Manuel Osorio-Arellanes pleaded guilty in 2012 to first-degree murder in the case and was sentenced in 2014 to 30 years in prison; according to Osorio-Arellanes, four other cartel members perpetrated the attack. Two rifles from the "Fast and Furious" operation were found at the scene of the crime, but there is no evidence proving that Terry was killed with either of those guns.

See also
 Mérida Initiative
 Mexican Drug War

References

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
George W. Bush administration controversies
Law enforcement operations in the United States
Battles of the Mexican drug war
Obama administration controversies
Operations against organized crime in Mexico
Operations against organized crime in the United States
United States federal firearms law
Arms trafficking


The Charles Marsh House was a historic house at 248 President's Lane in Quincy, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house was built in the 1860s, and was described as one of the city's finest examples of Italianate styling.  It has been demolished around 2009.

Its setting was described as a "Spacious lot adjoining Robert Burns park but close to commercial Granite Street...."

The house was (and remains) listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts


Lyon's Turning Mill is a historic turning mill that created granite columns on Ricciuti Drive in Quincy, Massachusetts.

The first quarry on the site, one of the earliest quarries in Quincy,  was established on the site about 1825.  In the late 1880s James Lyon bought the quarry and organized the Lyons Granite Company in 1893 with a paid in capital of $40,000. The mill, 200 ft by 90 ft (60m by 27m) was built in 1893-94 and equipped with lathes for turning large granite cylinders and jennies for polishing.

The mill's power plant had a 150 hp steam boiler and 100 hp steam engine which ran the shaft, belt and pulley system that drove the plant's machinery.  It had a 20-ton traveling derrick and three other derricks with capacities ranging from 5 to 25 tons.  It was capable of producing spheres up to 6 ft (1.8m) diameter and cylinders up to 3 ft (1.9m) diameter and 22 ft (7m) long.

The mill employed about 80 workers in various trades until 1907, when it closed for unknown reasons.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 25, 1980. It is the proposed home of the recently formed Quincy Quarry & Granite Workers Museum.

Gallery

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts
 Beck and Beck Granite Shed: NRPH listed granite shed in Barre, Vermont
 E. L. Smith Roundhouse Granite Shed: NRHP listed granite shed in Barre, Vermont

References

External links
 http://www.quincyquarrymuseum.org/

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Quincy, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
Turning
Proposed museums in the United States
Granite companies


Beaconsfield services is a motorway service station on the M40 motorway in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, England. It is operated by Extra, and opened on 17 March 2009. It is the fourth and most recent of the service areas to be built on the 89-mile motorway which links London, Oxford and Birmingham. At its opening, it was the largest motorway service area in the United Kingdom. The petrol station with 36 pumps is also the largest filling station in the country. Petrol stations are provided by Shell and a hotel is operated by Ibis Budget.

Access
Local residents feared that the new service station could bring traffic problems because the access is directly off junction 2, rather than the traditional method of locating services between junctions. Traffic leaving the service area to return to the motorway must cross the A355.

Policing
Beaconsfield services is one of few sites to have a dedicated police community support officer on site for crime prevention. Swayfield (who own Extra) contribute half of the cost of the officer, backed up by security guards in the evenings.

References

External links
Official website
Motorway services online

2009 establishments in England
M40 motorway service stations
Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire
Transport in Buckinghamshire
Extra motorway service stations
Services


The George A. Barker House is a historic house located at 74 Greenleaf Street in Quincy, Massachusetts.  Built in the late 1870s for the son of a local granite quarry owner, it is a good local example of Queen Anne architecture with Stick style details.  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 1989.

Description and history
The George A. Barker House is located in a residential area north of downtown Quincy, at the northwest corner of Greenleaf and Putnam Streets.  It is set on a  lot with a low granite retaining wall on the two street-facing sides.  The house is a -story wood-frame structure, with a truncated hip roof, and an exterior finished in wooden clapboards.   It has applied woodwork detailing typical of the style, as well as asymmetrical massing and angled bracketing on the front porch.  The main roof eave is adorned with brackets and a band of jigsawn picket fence woodwork.  The main facade is three bays wide, with the entrance at the center, were a gable is set above the porch stairs.  An early 20th-century garage is located at the back of the property.

The house was built in the late 1870s for George Barker, the son of Henry Barker, owner of some of the largest of Quincy's granite quarries, whose own house also stands on Greenleaf Street. It is one of two Stick Style houses on Greenleaf Street, and one of two well-preserved examples of the style in the city.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1875
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts


Arica was a historical province of Peru, which existed between 1823 and 1883. It was populated by pre-Hispanic peoples for a long period of time before Spanish colonization in the early 16th century saw the transformation of a small town into a thriving port. Trade in both gold and silver  was facilitated through Arica after the precious metals were first extracted from the Potosí silver mines of Bolivia. Following the War of the Pacific, the province was transferred to Chile and became an official Chilean territory in 1929.

History
The department was located in southern Peru, near the Pacific Ocean. It was limited to the north by the Tacna Province, in the south by the Tarapacá Department, on the east by Bolivia, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Arica was established in 1823, as part of the Department of Arequipa. In 1828, the capital city of the province was changed from Arica to Tacna. In 1837, the province joined the established Department Litoral with its capital at Tacna. In 1853, the province was moved to the newly established Department of Moquegua, along with the provinces of Moquegua, Tacna and Tarapacá. In 1855, the province was divided into two, forming the provinces of Tacna and Arica.

In 1868, the city of Arica was almost completely destroyed during an earthquake that also affected the areas north of the city, as well as neighboring Bolivia and Chile.

In 1875, Arica was transferred to the newly established Department of Tacna, along with the provinces of Tacna and Tarata. In 1875, the province itself was divided into six districts: Arica, Belén, Codpa, Livilcar, Lluta, and Socoroma. In the 1883 Treaty of Ancón Arica and Tacna provinces were transferred to Chilean control for ten years, and they were to have been subject to a plebiscite, one that was never held. De facto, that was the end of the Peruvian province of Arica, although the dispute was not settled until the 1929 Treaty of Lima.

Notable people
Guillermo Billinghurst, President of Peru
Gerardo Vargas Hurtado, Author and journalist who campaigned for Arica and Tacna to return to Peru during the Tacna-Arica dispute.

See also
 Tarapacá Department (Peru)
 Treaty of Ancón
 Treaty of Lima (1929)
 Tacna Province (Chile)
 War of the Pacific
 Battle of Arica

Notes

References

External links
Providing that the city of Tacna, is the capital of the province of Arica
Providing that in the provinces of Tacna and Tarapaca, forming a departamento litoral
Again creating the province of Arica in the department of Moquegua

History of Peru


Arthur Reed (1894 – after 1916) was an English professional footballer who scored 12 goals in 28 appearances in the Football League playing as a forward for Birmingham.

Reed was born in Sheffield. A short man of less than athletic physique, he began playing for Leadmill St Mary's and, very briefly, as an 18-year-old, for Doncaster Rovers in March 1912. He had been on the teamsheet for Doncaster reserves as "S.O. Else" and managed a hat-trick in what was his first game. The following Saturday he played for the first team in the Sheffield and Hallamshire Senior Cup final, because one of the Rovers forwards was injured and another ineligible. He scored two goals in a 3−1 victory and was carried off the field by the Rovers supporters. However, because he had not been  officially transferred from Leadmill, Doncaster were fined 10 shillings.

Within a couple of weeks, he had joined Birmingham of the Football League Second Division. He made his debut on 6 April 1912, scoring twice in a 4–0 win at home to Burnley. Over the next three seasons Reed played only intermittently, apart from a run of nine consecutive games at the end of the 1912–13 season in which he scored six goals, and he retired through injury in 1917.

References

1894 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


The Henry F. Barker House is a historic house at 103 Greenleaf Street in Quincy, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house was built in 1871 for Henry F. Barker, owner of some of Quincy's largest granite quarries.  It is one of the best-preserved Italianate houses on Greenleaf Street, which is lined with fashionable 19th-century houses.  The L-shaped house has paired brackets and dentil moulding in the eaves, projecting polygonal window bays with similar features, and a decorated porch in the crook of the L.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1871
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts


The Pabst Plan (, "New German city of Warsaw") was a Nazi German urban plan to reconstruct the city of Warsaw as a Nazi model city. Named after its creator Friedrich Pabst, the Nazis' "Chief Architect for Warsaw", the plan assumed that Warsaw, the historical capital of Poland and a city of 1.5 million inhabitants, would be completely destroyed and rebuilt as a small German town of not more than 130,000 inhabitants.

In modern historical works the term is used to denote any of the German World War II plans concerning the destruction and reconstruction of Warsaw. In particular the "Pabst Plan" refers to a plan prepared by Hubert Gross and Otto Nurnberger in 1940 and another plan, prepared by Pabst himself in 1942. Both plans envisioned the destruction of most of Warsaw with its historical monuments and residential areas. In its place a new model city was to be created as a seat for the German ruling class of the occupied Polish territories. It was to house a large Parteivolkshalle ("People's Party Hall") in place of the Royal Castle in Warsaw and serve as a major transportation hub.

After the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, the Germans decided to destroy the city in its entirety.

History

Pre-war planning
The destruction of the city was already planned long before its almost total destruction in 1944, even prior to the start of World War II. On 20 June 1939, while Adolf Hitler was visiting an architectural bureau in Würzburg, his attention was captured by a project to create a future "German" town—Warsaw (, ), which later became known as the Pabst Plan. Friedrich Pabst prepared a technical plan for the annihilation of Warsaw and the complete ethnic cleansing of its native Polish population, with Polish Jews condemned to be the first destined for extermination. It envisaged the transformation of the Polish capital into a new, provincial German town, containing an exclusively ethnic German population of no more than 130,000 people on the left bank supported by a slave labour camp of 80,000 Poles on the right bank of the Vistula. Warsaw's total population in 1935 was around 1.3 million, consisting of Poles, Jews, and other minorities, which meant that putting the new urbanization plan to work would require the complete removal of its entire population. The project included 15 separate plans and photos, and solid pre-build documentation. Among all the pages of the project the most important is a colored plan of the future town which was created by German architects in 1:20 000 scale titled Die neue deutsche Stadt Warschau (Warsaw, the New German City). The final table bore the caption Der Abbau der Polenstadt und der Aufbau der Deutschen Stadt (The Destruction of the Polish City and the Construction of the German City).

Some parts of the project that were showing Warsaw's urban development from the second half of 17th century until the year 1935 were based on Polish documentation from 1935 and presumably on scientific sources prepared for Warsaw’s Territorial Development of Communication and Transportation by Prof. O. Sosnowski. All these sources were skillfully extracted long before the war. At an early stage, thanks to German deception based on the false pretense of doing scientific research, the German planners concealed the hidden agenda necessary for creating such a plan. German scholars, historians, conservators and professors of architecture, and other experts were enlisted to catalogue all of the most important and culturally significant landmarks of the city, the most exquisite churches and public buildings, and key library collections, artworks, and sculptures.

The "German Varsavia" was planned to be a  built on the crossroad of German highways and railroad networks. It covered a 6 km² built-up area plus 1 km² of Warsaw's centuries-old Prague district, for a combined 7 km² area, with parks and green areas bringing to a total of 15 km². The 7 km² of buildings was just 1/20 of the existing Polish capital city and was very different from the actual existing road network of 1939. The whole town center was to be built into a net of narrow, picturesque streets, resembling the planning of a typical German town. The modern and wide Polish capital avenues (like Ulica Marszałkowska, Twarda, Mokotowska, Dzika, Oś Saska, Oś Stanisławowska) would have been erased forever with all their monumental and beautiful buildings and palaces. Only the remains of the Old Town district (without the Polish King's Castle), the King's Baths Palace (), and Belvedere (), and modified parts of the Vistula riverside buildings would have been saved.

Wartime implementation of the plan

After the start of military operations and the fall of the capital into German hands the project was updated, incorporating the city's partial destruction in the September offensive of 1939. The project was soon to be included as a part of the overall Germanization plan of the East, the genocidal Generalplan Ost.

On October 8, 1939 western areas of Poland were annexed by the Third Reich, and on October 12, 1939 the central areas of Poland were incorporated into the General Government by Hitler's decrees. The capital of the Gubernia was placed in Kraków (Krakau, Cracow) for security reasons. The occupying German elite was afraid of unsubdued Warsaw.

The plan was to be implemented in several stages. One of the parts for the plan, the "Demolition of the Polish City and the Construction of the German City" (Abbau der Polen-Stadt und der Aufbau der Deutschen Stadt) included a list of the Polish capital's centers of life destined for destruction, put in chronological order based on planned liquidation date. The planners also decided to use the destruction caused by bombings and fires during the September 1939 seizure of the city as a pretext for the urbanistic changes. Another part of the plan included a detailed map of the anticipated destruction showing almost all buildings destroyed coincidentally according to the original plan. In reality only 10 percent of the buildings were destroyed in 1939, with total civilian and military losses of around 12,000 killed and 66,000 wounded.

In the "Small Plan" (Kleine Planung), the population of Warsaw was to be limited to 500,000 people. The first group affected by this measure was Warsaw's Jewish population, which the German planners assumed would be removed (Judenaussiedlung) from an area of around 482 hm² and forcibly relocated to a "Jewish Quarter" (Judenviertel) which was only 30% the size, i.e., 143 hm² surrounded by walls and watchtowers. In 1940, the Nazis turned the northern part of mid-town Warsaw (Wola and Muranow) into a Jewish ghetto. The Jewish Ghetto was planned to accommodate around 30,000 of the capital's inhabitants that were of Jewish origin; however it eventually held nearly 400,000 people living in deplorable conditions. The next step for decreasing the original population of the city was the systematic displacement of people captured and destined for either slave labor in the Third Reich or extermination in concentration and labor camps. As early as 1940 all inhabitants of Warsaw were subject to round-ups (łapanki) and mass shootings in the streets. Nearly 250,000 civilians were eventually murdered this way. Memorial plaques can be seen throughout Warsaw today commemorating this indiscriminate program of ethnic cleansing of men, women and children. Those who did not manage to escape were sent to death camps at Auschwitz or Majdanek or forced into labour in Germany. Among the 2,857,500 Poles working as slave labor in the Third Reich during World War II, a significant percentage was composed of Warsaw and Warsaw province inhabitants.

On 6 February 1940 the German mayor of the city presented an unusual gift to Hans Frank, the Governor-General of the Occupied Polish Territories. The gift was a full documentation of the new German town Warsaw (Neue deutsche Stadt Warschau), the so-called Pabst Plan, prepared by German architects Hubert Gross and Otto Nurnberger.

From July 1943 to July 1944, prisoners from the Warsaw concentration camp were tasked with clearing 2.6 million cubic meters of rubble, in order to convert the former Warsaw Ghetto into a park.

See also
 Planned destruction of Warsaw
 Nazi architecture
 Welthauptstadt Germania
 Chronicles of Terror

Bibliography
 Stanisław Jankowski, Adolf Ciborowski "Warszawa 1945 i dziś" Publisher: Wydawnictwo Interpress, Warszawa, 1971,
 Niels Gutschow, Barbara Klain,  "Zagłada i utopia. Urbanistyka Warszawy w latach 1939-1945" (katalog wystawy), Muzeum Historyczne, Warszawa 2003
 Niels Gutschow, Barbarta Klain: Vernichtung und Utopie. Stadtplanung Warschau 1939–1945, Hamburg 1994,

References

External links
 Fragment of Pabst Plan - 1942

 Testimony of Władysław Czerny concerning realisation of Pabst Plan in Warsaw

History of Warsaw
Politics of Nazi Germany
Nazi architecture
Urban design
City plans


Oswald Lutz (6 November 1876 – 26 February 1944) was a German General who oversaw the motorization of the German Army in the late 1920s and early 1930s and was appointed as the commander of the Wehrmacht's Panzer Troops Command in 1935.

Biography
Born in Öhringen, Lutz joined the Bavarian Army as an officer cadet in 1894 and was commissioned as a Leutnant in the 1st Bavarian Engineer Battalion in 1896. After service in the German Imperial Army in World War I, he was retained in the Reichswehr, in which he attained the rank of oberstleutnant in 1923 and oberst in 1928.

On 1 April 1931, Lutz was appointed the Inspector of Motor Transport Troops. Promoted to generalmajor, Oberstleutnant Heinz Guderian was appointed his chief-of-staff and Major Walter Nehring later joined his staff. Both men would go on to be influential in the establishment of the Panzerwaffe. Lutz continued to oversee the motorization of the army and was promoted to generalleutnant on 1 February 1933. Two and a half years later, he was promoted again to General der Panzertruppe and was made commander of the Panzer Troops Command. However, he lost Guderian as his chief-of-staff; he was given command of a panzer division. Guderian's replacement, Friedrich Paulus, was not effective and the momentum of the development of the Panzerwaffe slowed as Lutz was much less energetic.

Lutz was retired from active duty in February 1938 after falling from Adolf Hitler's favour. During World War II he was recalled to service and appointed on 22 September 1941 to head a minor special staff unit before being retired again on 31 May 1942. He died in Munich in 1944 aged 67.

Notes

References

1876 births
1944 deaths
People from Öhringen
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Military personnel of Bavaria
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Lieutenant generals of the Reichswehr
Generals of Panzer Troops


S. H. Barnicoat Monuments, S. H. Barnicoat Granite Works, or, more recently, Hancock Monument Co. was a granite workshop at 114 Columbia Street, at the corner of Centre Street, in Quincy, Massachusetts.  It was housed in a rare surviving 19th-century granite workshop building dating to the 1890s, and was, at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, one of the only 19th-century granite workshops operating in the city.  Its main feature was a derrick more than  tall that was used to move granite around the property.

The workshop has since been demolished and replaced by a Valvoline lubrication garage and Dunkin Donuts.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Commercial buildings completed in 1890
Buildings and structures in Quincy, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts