The following list of G20 summits summarizes all G20 conferences held at various different levels: summits of heads of state or heads of government, ministerial-level meetings, Engagement Group meetings and others.

Summits of state leaders
G20 Summits: The G20 Summits are the highest level of meetings, where heads of state or government from member countries come together to discuss key global issues. These summits usually take place annually and are hosted by different member countries. They provide an opportunity for leaders to engage in high-level discussions, negotiate agreements, and set priorities for international cooperation.

Ministerial-level meetings
In addition to the summits, the G20 holds ministerial-level meetings on specific topics such as finance, trade, agriculture, affordable and accessible healthcare, pharma, tech series, technology advancements, health, and energy. These meetings involve ministers or high-level representatives from member countries who deliberate on policy matters, share experiences, and explore opportunities for collaboration majorly G20 finance and economy ministers, and central bank governors lead the meetings.

Locations in bold text indicate the meeting was concurrent with a G20 summit. Ministerial meetings are not always held in the summit host's country.

Finance Track meetings
The G20 Finance Track includes meetings of finance ministers and central bank governors from member countries. They discuss global economic and financial issues, review the progress of ongoing initiatives, and coordinate policies to foster economic stability and growth.

Working Group Meetings
G20 Working Groups are specialized task forces that focus on specific areas of interest. They work on policy development, research, and coordination to support the discussions and decisions made at higher-level meetings. These groups bring together experts and officials to exchange knowledge and develop practical recommendations.

Labor and Employment Ministers

Foreign ministers

Trade ministers

Pre-conference meetings
G20 engagement groups and pre-conferences are meetings with various stakeholders. These groups make policy recommendations to G20 leaders and help shape the summit agenda.

Sherpas are senior officials who represent their respective countries and play a crucial role in preparing the agenda and negotiating outcomes for G20 meetings. Sherpa meetings allow for in-depth discussions on technical and policy matters before they are presented at higher-level meetings.

B20 summits
B20 summits are summits of business leaders from the G20 countries.

 2012:  Los Cabos
 2013:  Saint Petersburg
 2014:  Sydney
 2015:  Turkey
 2016:  Hangzhou
 2017:  Berlin
 2018:  Buenos Aires
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Rome
 2022:  Bali
2023:  New Delhi

C20 summits
C20 summits are summits of civil society delegates from the G20 countries.

 2014:  Melbourne
 2015:  Istanbul
 2017:  Hamburg
 2018:  Buenos Aires
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Rome
 2022:  Bali
 2023:  Ladakh, Trivandrum, Kochi, Pune, Jaipur

L20 summits
L20 summits are summits of labor and employment leaders from the G20 countries.

 2008:  Washington
 2009:  London
 2009:  Pittsburgh
 2010:  Toronto
 2010:  Seoul
 2011:  Paris
 2012:  Los Cabos
 2013:  Moscow
 2014:  Brisbane
 2015:  Antalya
 2016:  Beijing
 2017:  Berlin
 2018:  Mendoza
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Rome
 2022:  Bali
 2023:  several cities (Amritsar, Kolkata, Raipur, Nagpur, Bhopal, Guwahati, Mumbai, Srinagar, Kochi Thiruvananthapuram, Dhanbad, Delhi, Lucknow, Patna, Pune, Indore, New Delhi)

P20 summits
Parliament20 (P20) Engagement Group, started during Canada’s Presidency in 2010, is led by Speakers from Parliaments of G20 countries.
 2010:
2023:

Science20 summits
Science 20 (S20) meetings and summits draw together academics and civil society delegates from the G20 countries.

 2017:
 2018:
 2019:
 2020:
 2021:
 2022:
 2023:

SAI20 summits
Supreme Audit Institutions 20 (SAI20) is an Engagement Group introduced by the Indonesian Presidency in 2022. It is a forum to discuss the important role played by SAIs globally in ensuring transparency and accountability, and in promoting cooperation among the G20 members.

 2022:
 2023:

Startup20 summits
Startup 20 Engagement Group has been initiated under G20 India presidency of 2023 which aspires to create a global narrative for supporting startups and enabling synergies between startups, corporates, investors, innovation agencies and other key ecosystem stakeholders.

 2023:

T20 summits
T20 summits are summits of think tanks from the G20 countries.

 2012:  Mexico City
 2013:  Moscow
 2017:  Berlin
 2018:  Buenos Aires
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Milan
 2022:  Bali
 2023:  New Delhi, Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Bengaluru, Mysuru, Mumbai, Goa, Bhopal, Pune, Manipal, Hyderabad, Amritapuri

U20 summits
Urban 20 (U20) summits are summits of cities from the G20 countries.

 2018:  Buenos Aires
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Rome
 2022:  Jakarta
 2023:

W20 summits
First W20 women's summit organized by German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
 2017:  Berlin
 2018:  Buenos Aires
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Rome
 2022:  Lake Toba
 2023:  Aurangabad

Y20 summits
Y20 summits are summits of young leaders and changemakers from 18 to 30 years old from the G20 countries.

2010:  Vancouver
2011:  Paris
2012:  Puebla
 2013:  Saint Petersburg
 2014:  Sydney
 2015:  Istanbul
 2016:  Beijing and Shanghai
 2017:  Berlin
 2018:  Córdoba
 2019:  Tokyo
 2020:  Riyadh
 2021:  Milan and Bergamo
 2022:  Jakarta and Bandung
 2023:  Varanasi

See also
 List of G7 summits

References

External links

G20 website of the OECD
G20 Information Centre at the University of Toronto

G20

G-20
G-20


Nguyễn Đăng Kính (born 1941 in Nam Định Province) was a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 pilot of the Vietnamese People's Air Force who flew with the 921st Fighter Regiment from 1965-1972, becoming a deputy commander of the newly established 927th FR from 1972-75, and tied for fourth place amongst Vietnam War fighter aces with six kills.

The following list of victories include the kills credited to him by the VPAF:
 21 July 1966, a USAF Firebee/Lightning Bug unmanned aerial vehicle drone;
 05 December 1966, USAF F-105D Thunderchief (pilot Begley, KIA);
 8 November 1967, an American F-4 Phantom II (pilot Gordon, WSO Brenneman);
 19 November 1967, a USAF EB-66 (shared kill with Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh);
 3 January 1968, a USAF F-105D (pilot Bean);
 14 January 1968, a USAF EB-66C (pilots Mercer and Terrell + 5) (shared kill with Dong Van Song);
 3 March 1968, a USAF EB-66 (shared kill with a pilot named "Thanh");
 21 September 1968, a USAF Firebee/Lightning Bug UAV drone;
 26 October 1968, an F-4 Phantom II (US-side does not confirm).

See also
 List of Vietnam War flying aces
 Weapons of the Vietnam War

References

Bibliography

North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
North Vietnamese Vietnam War flying aces
Living people
1941 births


The 2008 Vuelta a Castilla y León was the 23rd edition of the Vuelta a Castilla y León road cycling stage race, started on 24 March in Valsain, and concluded on 28 March in Riaño. The race was won by Alberto Contador.

Teams
Sixteen teams of up to eight riders started the race:

 Extremadura–Gruppo Gallardo

Final standings

Jersey progress

References

External links

2008
2008 in Spanish road cycling


Polygamous marriages in the Democratic Republic of Congo are officially illegal, the
practice continues. It is still practiced as a part of traditional culture.

References

Polygamy in Africa
Congo, Democratic Republic
Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Women's rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo


"Kiss and Make Up" is a song by Saint Etienne, released as a single in 1990. It is a cover version of "Let's Kiss and Make Up", a song by The Field Mice from their 1989 album, Snowball.

Background

Saint Etienne were "drinking buddies" with Michael Hiscock from The Field Mice.  The group recorded two demos of this song in their first studio session in January 1990, with Moira Lambert on lead vocals.  Notably, they would go on to record with her what would become their first hit single, "Only Love Can Break Your Heart," in that same session.  The first demo of "Kiss And Make Up" was released as a bonus track on the group's 2009 release, Foxbase Beta, a remix of their 1991 debut album, Foxbase Alpha,  the second demo was released on the 25th anniversary vinyl boxset of same album.

A re-recorded version of "Kiss And Make Up," with New Zealand singer Donna Savage of Dead Famous People on vocals, was released in 1990 by Heavenly Records as the band's follow-up single to "Only Love Can Break Your Heart."  This version can be found on several compilation albums.

"Kiss and Make Up" does not feature on the original UK version of Foxbase Alpha, but does feature on the US release.  The US release contains a fourth version of the song, re-recorded with Sarah Cracknell on vocals.  Cracknell had recently joined Saint Etienne as the group's full-time vocalist.

Reception
In an 2016 retrospective review, Justin Chadwick from Albumism described "Kiss and Make Up" as a "piano-driven house number". Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic noted its "irresistible girl group pop". Upon the release, Everett True from Melody Maker wrote, "After repeated listening, time spent happily lost inside the dreamy, slightly ambient tone of this dance track, I have come to a conclusion: this is fab. It has a slightly androgynous female vocal, a piano which cascaded like a rivulet of water from pillar to post, drum machines which take on human characteristics all of their own, words of hope and wistfulness, more piano which, mirroring the percussion, keeps pounding away, a bass line that makes my head swoon."	Selina Webb from Music Week found that Donna Savage "lends her husky tones to this moody swayer", adding that "this, despite its only footshuffling dance appeal, should take them closer to crossover success."

Jack Barron from NME felt that Saint Etienne's new single is "totally addictive", "setting a very white indie female voice against a chugging bassline." Another editor noted, "This is mellow. A product of house-tuned bodies slowing down even further than the Soul II Soul shuffle and spliffing up to a soft skanking rhythm." A reviewer from Smash Hits commented, "These are the people who brought us the brilliant dance version of old hippy Neil Young's "Only Love Can Break Your Heart" tune. This, their second single, is a house reggae cover of a tune written by some weedy indie group called The Field Mice (!). Incredibly girlie and irritating, but there's something quite "appealing" about it."

Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Robert Wratten and Michael Hiscock; except where indicated.
 7" - Heavenly / HVN4
 "Kiss and Make Up" – 4:09
 "Sky's Dead" (Stanley, Wiggs) – 3:02

 12" - Heavenly / HVN4 12
 "Kiss and Make Up (Extended Version)" – 6:19
 "Sky's Dead" (Stanley, Wiggs) – 7:32

 12" - Heavenly / HVN4 12R
 "Kiss and Make Up (Midsummer Madness Mix)" – 8:19
 "Kiss and Make (Midsummer Dubness Mix)" – 7:10
Note: Pete Heller - Producer, Additional Keyboards, Additional Programming

 CD - Heavenly / HVN4CD
 "Kiss and Make Up" – 4:09
 "Kiss and Make (Extended Version)" – 6:19
 "Sky's Dead" (Stanley, Wiggs) – 7:32

Charts

References

Songs about kissing
Saint Etienne (band) songs
1990 singles
1989 songs
Heavenly Recordings singles


Polygamous unions are legally recognized in the Republic of the Congo. The government stated that "regarding polygamy, 'women were free to choose.' Before a marriage is contracted, a woman must state beforehand whether she would be comfortable with her husband taking multiple wives in the future. If she decides she does not feel comfortable with such, her husband is unable to marry any other women while married to his current wife."

References

Polygamy in Africa
Congo, Republic of


Synergetics is the empirical study of systems in transformation, with an emphasis on whole system behaviors unpredicted by the behavior of any components in isolation. R. Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) named and pioneered the field. His two-volume work Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking, in collaboration with E. J. Applewhite, distills a lifetime of research into book form.

Since systems are identifiable at every scale, Synergetics is necessarily interdisciplinary, embracing a broad range of scientific and philosophical topics, especially in the area of geometry, wherein the tetrahedron features as Fuller's model of the simplest system.

Despite mainstream endorsements such as the prologue by Arthur Loeb, and positive dust cover blurbs by U Thant and Arthur C. Clarke, along with the posthumous naming of the carbon allotrope "buckminsterfullerene", Synergetics remains an off-beat subject, ignored for decades by most traditional curricula and academic departments, a fact Fuller himself considered evidence of a dangerous level of overspecialization.

His oeuvre inspired many developers to further pioneer offshoots from Synergetics, especially geodesic dome and dwelling designs. Among Fuller's contemporaries were Joe Clinton (NASA), Don Richter (Temcor), Kenneth Snelson (tensegrity),  J. Baldwin (New Alchemy Institute), and Medard Gabel (World Game).  His chief assistants Amy Edmondson and Ed Popko have published primers that help popularize Synergetics, Stafford Beer extended synergetics to applications in social dynamics, and J.F. Nystrom proposed a theory of computational cosmography.  Research continues.

Definition

Fuller defined synergetics as follows:

A system of mensuration employing 60-degree vectorial coordination comprehensive to both physics and chemistry, and to both arithmetic and geometry, in rational whole numbers ... Synergetics explains much that has not been previously illuminated ... Synergetics follows the cosmic logic of the structural mathematics strategies of nature, which employ the paired sets of the six angular degrees of freedom, frequencies, and vectorially economical actions and their multi-alternative, equi-economical action options ... Synergetics discloses the excruciating awkwardness characterizing present-day mathematical treatment of the interrelationships of the independent scientific disciplines as originally occasioned by their mutual and separate lacks of awareness of the existence of a comprehensive, rational, coordinating system inherent in nature.

Other passages in Synergetics that outline the subject are its introduction (The Wellspring of Reality) and the section on Nature's Coordination (410.01). The chapter on Operational Mathematics (801.00-842.07) provides an easy to follow, easy to build introduction to some of Fuller's geometrical modeling techniques. So this chapter can help a new reader become familiar with Fuller's approach, style and geometry. One of Fuller's clearest expositions on "the geometry of thinking" occurs in the two part essay "Omnidirectional Halo" which appears in his book No More Secondhand God.

Amy Edmondson describes synergetics "in the broadest terms, as the study of spatial complexity, and as such is an inherently comprehensive discipline." In her PhD study, Cheryl Clark synthesizes the scope of synergetics as "the study of how nature works, of the patterns inherent in nature, the geometry of environmental forces that impact on humanity."

Here's an abridged list of some of the discoveries Fuller claims for Synergetics again quoting directly:

 The rational volumetric quantation or constant proportionality of the octahedron, the cube, the rhombic triacontahedron, and the rhombic dodecahedron when referenced to the tetrahedron as volumetric unity.
 The trigonometric identification of the great-circle trajectories of the seven axes of symmetry with the 120 basic disequilibrium LCD triangles of the spherical icosahedron. (See Sec. 1043.00.)
 The A and B Quanta Modules.
 Omnirationality: the identification of triangling and tetrahedroning with second- and third-powering factors.
 Omni-60-degree coordination versus 90-degree coordination.
 The integration of geometry and philosophy in a single conceptual system providing a common language and accounting for both the physical and metaphysical.

Significance

Several authors have tried to characterize the importance of synergetics. Amy Edmonson asserts that "Experience with synergetics encourages a new way of approaching and solving problems. Its emphasis on visual and spatial phenomena combined with Fuller's holistic approach fosters the kind of lateral thinking which so often leads to creative breakthroughs.". Cheryl Clark points out that "In his thousands of lectures, Fuller urged his audiences to study synergetics, saying 'I am confident that humanity's survival depends on all of our willingness to comprehend feelingly the way nature works.'"

Tetrahedral accounting

A chief hallmark of this system of mensuration is its unit of volume: a tetrahedron defined by four closest-packed unit-radius spheres. This tetrahedron anchors a set of concentrically arranged polyhedra proportioned in a canonical manner and inter-connected by a twisting-contracting, inside-outing dynamic that Fuller named the jitterbug transformation.

Corresponding to Fuller's use of a regular tetrahedron as his unit of volume is his replacing the cube as his model of 3rd powering.(Fig. 990.01) The relative size of a shape is indexed by its "frequency," a term he deliberately chose for its resonance with scientific meanings. "Size and time are synonymous. Frequency and size are the same phenomenon." (528.00) Shapes not having any size, because purely conceptual in the Platonic sense, are "prefrequency" or "subfrequency" in contrast.

Prime means sizeless, timeless, subfrequency. Prime is prehierarchical. Prime is prefrequency. Prime is generalized, a metaphysical conceptualization experience, not a special case.... (1071.10)

Generalized principles (scientific laws), although communicated energetically, do not inhere in the "special case" episodes, are considered "metaphysical" in that sense.

An energy event is always special case. Whenever we have experienced energy, we have special case. The physicist's first definition of physical is that it is an experience that is extracorporeally, remotely, instrumentally apprehensible. Metaphysical includes all the experiences that are excluded by the definition of physical. Metaphysical is always generalized principle.(1075.11)

Tetrahedral mensuration also involves substituting what Fuller calls the "isotropic vector matrix" (IVM) for the standard XYZ coordinate system, as his principal conceptual backdrop for special case physicality:

The synergetics coordinate system -- in contradistinction to the XYZ coordinate system -- is linearly referenced to the unit-vector-length edges of the regular tetrahedron, each of whose six unit vector edges occur in the isotropic vector matrix as the diagonals of the cube's six faces. (986.203)

The IVM scaffolding or skeletal framework is defined by cubic closest packed spheres (CCP), alternatively known as the FCC or face-centered cubic lattice, or as the octet truss in architecture (on which Fuller held a patent). The space-filling complementary tetrahedra and octahedra characterizing this matrix have prefrequency volumes 1 and 4 respectively (see above).

A third consequence of switching to tetrahedral mensuration is Fuller's review of the standard "dimension" concept. Whereas "height, width and depth" have been promulgated as three distinct dimensions within the Euclidean context, each with its own independence, Fuller considered the tetrahedron a minimal starting point for spatial cognition. His use of "4D" is in many passages close to synonymous with the ordinary meaning of "3D," with the dimensions of physicality (time, mass) considered additional dimensions.

Geometers and "schooled" people speak of length, breadth, and height as constituting a hierarchy of three independent dimensional states -- "one-dimensional," "two-dimensional," and "three-dimensional" -- which can be conjoined like building blocks. But length, breadth, and height simply do not exist independently of one another nor independently of all the inherent characteristics of all systems and of all systems' inherent complex of interrelationships with Scenario Universe.... All conceptual consideration is inherently four-dimensional. Thus the primitive is a priori four-dimensional, always based on the four planes of reference of the tetrahedron. There can never be less than four primitive dimensions. Any one of the stars or point-to-able "points" is a system-ultratunable, tunable, or infratunable but inherently four-dimensional. (527.702, 527.712)

Synergetics does not aim to replace or invalidate pre-existing geometry or mathematics, as evidenced by the opening dedication to H.S.M. Coxeter, whom Fuller considered the greatest geometer of his era. Fuller acknowledges his vocabulary is "remote" even while defending his word choices. (250.30)

Starting with Universe

Fuller's geometric explorations provide an experiential basis for designing and refining a philosophical language. His overarching concern is the co-occurring relationship between tensile and compressive tendencies within an eternally regenerative Universe. "Universe" is a proper name he defines in terms of "partially overlapping scenarios" while avoiding any static picture or model of same. His Universe is "non-simultaneously conceptual":

Because of the fundamental nonsimultaneity of universal structuring, a single, simultaneous, static model of Universe is inherently both nonexistent and conceptually impossible as well as unnecessary. Ergo, Universe does not have a shape. Do not waste your time, as man has been doing for ages, trying to think of a unit shape "outside of which there must be something," or "within which, at center, there must be a smaller something." (307.04)

U = MP describes a first division of Universe into metaphysical and physical aspects, the former associated with invisibly cohesive tension, the latter with energy events, both associative as matter and disassociative as radiation. (162.00)

Synergetics also distinguishes between gravitational and precessional relationships among moving bodies, the latter referring to the vast majority of cosmic relationships, which are non-180-degree and do not involve bodies "falling in" to one another (130.00 533.01, 1009.21). "Precession" is a nuanced term in the synergetics vocabulary, relating to the behavior of gyroscopes, but also to side-effects. (326.13, 1009.92)

Intuitive geometry

Fuller took an intuitive approach to his studies, often going into exhaustive empirical detail while at the same time seeking to cast his findings in their most general philosophical context.

For example, his sphere packing studies led him to generalize a formula for polyhedral numbers: 2 P F2 + 2, where F stands for "frequency" (the number of intervals between balls along an edge) and P for a product of low order primes (some integer). He then related the "multiplicative 2" and "additive 2" in this formula to the convex versus concave aspects of shapes, and to their polar spinnability respectively.

These same polyhedra, developed through sphere packing and related by tetrahedral mensuration, he then spun around their various poles to form great circle networks and corresponding triangular tiles on the surface of a sphere. He exhaustively catalogues the central and surface angles of these spherical triangles and their related chord factors.

Fuller was continually on the lookout for ways to connect the dots, often purely speculatively. As an example of "dot connecting" he sought to relate the 120 basic disequilibrium LCD triangles of the spherical icosahedron to the plane net of his A module.(915.11Fig. 913.01, Table 905.65)

The Jitterbug Transformation provides a unifying dynamic in this work, with much significance attached to the doubling and quadrupling of edges that occur, when a cuboctahedron is collapsed through icosahedral, octahedral and tetrahedral stages, then inside-outed and re-expanded in a complementary fashion. The JT forms a bridge between 3,4-fold rotationally symmetric shapes, and the 5-fold family, such as a rhombic triacontahedron, which later he analyzes in terms of the T module, another tetrahedral wedge with the same volume as his A and B modules.

He models energy transfer between systems by means of the double-edged octahedron and its ability to turn into a spiral (tetrahelix). Energy lost to one system always reappeared somewhere else in his Universe. He modeled a threshold between associative and disassociative energy patterns with his T-to-E module transformation ("E" for "Einstein").(Fig 986.411A)

"Synergetics" is in some ways a library of potential "science cartoons" (scenarios) described in prose and not heavily dependent upon mathematical notations. His demystification of a gyroscope's behavior in terms of a hammer thrower, pea shooter, and garden hose, is a good example of his commitment to using accessible metaphors. (Fig. 826.02A)

His modular dissection of a space-filling tetrahedron or MITE (minimum tetrahedron) into 2 A and 1 B module serves as a basis for more speculations about energy, the former being more energy conservative, the latter more dissipative in his analysis.(986.422921.20, 921.30). His focus is reminiscent of later cellular automaton studies in that tessellating modules would affect their neighbors over successive time intervals.

Social commentary

Synergetics informed Fuller's social analysis of the human condition. He identified "ephemeralization" as the trend towards accomplishing more with less physical resources, as a result of increasing comprehension of such "generalized principles" as E = Mc2.

He remained concerned that humanity's conditioned reflexes were not keeping pace with its engineering potential, emphasizing the "touch and go" nature of our current predicament.

Fuller hoped the streamlining effects of a more 60-degree-based approach within natural philosophy would help bridge the gap between C.P. Snow's "two cultures" and result in a greater level of scientific literacy in the general population. (935.24)

Academic acceptance

Fuller hoped to gain traction for his nomenclature in part by dedicating Synergetics to H.S.M. Coxeter (with permission) and by citing page 71 of the latter's Regular Polytopes in order to suggest where his A & B modules (depicted above), and by extension, many of his other concepts, might enter the mathematical literature (see Fig. 950.12).

Dr. Arthur Loeb provided a prologue and an appendix to Synergetics discussing its overlap with crystallography, chemistry and virology.

Fuller originally achieved more acceptance in the humanities as a poet-philosopher and architect. For example, he features in The Pound Era by Hugh Kenner published in 1971, prior to the publication of Synergetics.  The journal Nature circled Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth as one of the five most formative books on sustainability.

Errata

A major error, caught by Fuller himself, involved a misapplication of his Synergetics Constant in Synergetics 1, which led to the mistaken belief he had discovered a radius 1 sphere of 5 tetravolumes. He provided a correction in Synergetics 2 in the form of his T&E module thread. (986.206 - 986.212)

About synergy

Synergetics refers to synergy: either the concept of whole system behaviors not predicted by the behaviors of its parts, or as another term for negative entropy —  negentropy.

See also

Cloud Nine
Dymaxion House
Geodesic dome
Quadray coordinates
Octet Truss
Tensegrity
Tetrahedron
Trilinear coordinates

Notes

References
 R. Buckminster Fuller (in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite, Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking , online edition hosted by R. W. Gray with permission , originally published by Macmillan , Vol. 1 in 1975 (with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb; ), and Vol. 2 in 1979 (), as two hard-bound volumes, re-editions in paperback.
 Amy Edmondson, A Fuller Explanation, EmergentWorld LLC, 2007.

External links
 Complete On-Line Edition of Fuller's Synergetics
 Synergetics on the Web by K. Urner
 Synergetics at the Buckminster Fuller Institute

Holism
Cybernetics
Buckminster Fuller


Modern age is a period of history.

Modern age may also refer to:
 Modern Age (periodical), an American conservative academic quarterly journal
 The Modern Age of Comic Books, beginning in the mid-1980s
 The Modern Age, 2001 EP by The Strokes
 The Modern Age, 2019 album by Sleeper
 "The Modern Age", song by The Strokes from the album Is This It

See also
 New Age (disambiguation)


Nguyễn Tiến Sâm (born 1946 in Hanoi – died 2019) was a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 pilot of the Vietnamese People's Air Force, he flew with the 921st fighter regiment from 1968-72 and the 927th fighter regiment from 1972-75, and tied for fourth place amongst Vietnam War fighter aces with six kills.

Five of his six kills, all F-4 Phantom II fighters, are known for certain:
 5 July 1972, a USAF F-4E (serial number 67-0296, 34th TFS/388th TFW, pilot Spencer, WSO Seek, POWs);
 24 July 1972, a USAF F-4E (serial number 66-0369, 421st TFS/388th TFW, pilot Hodnett, WSO Fallert, both rescued);
 29 July 1972, a USAF F-4E (serial number 66-0367, 4th TFS/388th TFW, pilot Kula, WSO Matsui, POWs);
 12 September 1972, a USAF F-4E (serial number 69-7266, 335th TFS/4th TFW, pilot McMurray, WSO Zuberbuhler, POWs);
 5 October 1972, a USAF F-4D (serial number 66-9838, 335th TFS/4th TFW, pilot Lewis, WSO Alpers, POWs).

See also
List of Vietnam War flying aces

References

Bibliography

North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
North Vietnamese Vietnam War flying aces
1946 births
2019 deaths


Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Jumna, after another name for the Yamuna River in India. A ship of the Royal Indian Navy has been named HMIS Jumna:

 was an iron paddle vessel launched in 1832. Her fate is unknown.
 was a 16-gun brig-sloop built as HMS Zebra but renamed in 1846 and launched in 1848. She was sold in 1862.
 was an iron screw troopship launched in 1866. She became a coal hulk in 1893 and took the name C110. She was sold in 1922 as the hulk Oceanic.
 was a modified  sloop launched in 1940. She was later commissioned into the Indian Navy as INS Jamuna and became a survey ship in 1957 before being paid off and broken up in 1980.

Royal Navy ship names


Saint Castor of Karden () was a priest and hermit of the 4th century who is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church.  Castor was a pupil of Maximinus of Trier around 345 AD, and was ordained as a priest by Maximinus.  Like his teacher, Castor may have come from the region of Aquitaine.  At his ordination, Castor settled at Karden on the Moselle as a hermit with various companions, where they dedicated themselves to an ascetic life and established a small religious community.

Castor's companions there included the Aquitanian pilgrim Saint Potentinus, and Potentinus’ two sons Felicius and Simplicius.

Castor died at Karden at an advanced age.

Veneration
By the year 791 AD, there was already a reliquary dedicated to Castor, which was translated to the Paulinuskirchen at Karden.  In 836, the relics were translated to what became the Basilica of St. Castor at Koblenz by Archbishop Hetto of Trier.

References

External links
 Kastor - ein Mann aus Aquitanien
 Kastor van Karden
 Kastor von Karden

Saints of Germania
4th-century Christian saints
4th-century Frankish people
German hermits
People from Cochem-Zell


Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires, familiarly nicknamed as "Muni", is an Argentine sports and social club located in the Núñez district of the city of Buenos Aires. The institution was founded on October 6, 1920.

The nickname "Muni" is a diminutive of the word "Municipalidad", which was the way the Government of Buenos Aires seat was called until the 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution. Since then, the Executive is called "Jefe de Gobierno" ("Chief of Government") instead of "Intendente" ("Mayor") and the former "Municipalidad" denomination became obsolete.

History

On 6 October 1920 employees of the Municipality of Buenos Aires met to found a club which was initially named "Club Atlético Dirección de Alumbrado". After that, they began the search for a field to practice sports.

One year later, the Government of Buenos Aires gave the club a 100 m2 land over Blandengues street (current Del Libertador Avenue) where the club established its headquarters.

Activities
Ciudad hosts a large number of sports and activities, such as artistic gymnastics, artistic roller skating, basketball, basque pelota, cestoball, field hockey, football, golf, judo, karate, roller hockey, rugby union, rhythmic gymnastics, softball, swimming, synchronised swimming, taekwondo, tennis, volleyball, among others. Other recreational activities include latin and pop dance, pilates and yoga among others.

Field hockey is the most representative sport of the club, with competitive teams in both men's and women's divisions. The hockey squads currently play at Metropolitano de Primera División, the top division of Argentine hockey league system.

Although the institution had been founded in 1920, the rugby union team was not formed until 1938. The same year the team was affiliated to the Argentine Rugby Union, taking part in the "Competencia" tournament. The rugby union team is currently member of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires (URBA) playing in Primera División B, the second division of Union's league system.

In 1972 the team promoted to the second division, with 486 points scored and only 99 conceded. The top scorer was Emilio "Cachavacha" Aliaga, team's fullback. A years later Ciudad would be dissolved but was formed again in 1983, with some of the former 1972 players and many other from the youth categories taking part of the team.

In 1986 the top division of Club Ciudad was the "Torneo de Ascenso" sub-champion. In 1994 the team was relegated to lower category but promoted in 1997 after a restructuring of the tournaments by the Argentine Rugby Union.

Honours

Field hockey
Men's
 Metropolitano Primera División (14): 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2014
Women's
 Metropolitano Primera División (5): 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004, 2014

Concerts
Club Ciudad has held many concerts since 2008 to date, as part of the Pepsi Music Festival that takes part in Buenos Aires. Some of the artists that performed there are:

Radiohead
Faith No More
Pet Shop Boys
Zero 7
Tahiti 80
Gogol Bordello
Maxïmo Park
The Ting Tings
Calle 13
Kraftwerk
Keane
Jesus & Mary Chain
Stone Temple Pilots
Depeche Mode

The Offspring
R.E.M.
Kaiser Chiefs
The Mars Volta
The Black Eyed Peas
New Order
Madness
Ian Brown
The Rasmus
The Bravery
The Dandy Warhols
Snoop Dogg
Beastie Boys
Daft Punk

Patti Smith
Yeah Yeah Yeahs
Mötley Crüe
TV on the Radio
The Strokes
Kings of Leon
M.I.A.
Elvis Costello
Massive Attack
rinôçérôse
The Slackers
The Human League

References

External links

c
Roller hockey clubs in Argentina
Tennis clubs in Argentina
Rugby union clubs in Buenos Aires
Rugby clubs established in 1920
Field hockey clubs established in 1920
Sports clubs and teams established in 1920
1920 establishments in Argentina
C


This is a list of films which placed number-one at the weekend box office in Australia during 2002. Amounts are in Australian dollars.

See also
 List of Australian films – Australian films by year

2002
Australia
2002 in Australian cinema


"You've Got to Stand for Something" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Aaron Tippin. It was released in October 1990 as his debut single and the title track to his album You've Got to Stand for Something. It reached the top ten on the country singles chart in early 1991. Tippin wrote the song with Buddy Brock. Charley Pride later recorded the song in 1992 and released it as a single that year.

Content
"You've Got to Stand for Something" is a mid-tempo, exemplifying the patriotic blue collar themes that would show up in many of his later songs as well. In it, the narrator recalls the life lessons taught to him by his father, who told him that he should stand up for his moral convictions.

In 1990, comedian Bob Hope heard Tippin perform the song, and invited Tippin to sing it on his USO tour for soldiers who were serving in the Gulf War at the time.

Music video
This was his first music video and was directed by Bing Sokolsky and premiered in early 1991.

Chart history

Year-end charts

References

1990 debut singles
1990 songs
Aaron Tippin songs
Charley Pride songs
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Songs written by Aaron Tippin
Songs written by Buddy Brock
RCA Records singles


The philosophy of accounting is the conceptual framework for the professional preparation and auditing of financial statements and accounts.  The issues which arise include the difficulty of establishing a true and fair value of an enterprise and its assets; the moral basis of disclosure and discretion; the standards and laws required to satisfy the political needs of investors, employees and other stakeholders.

The discipline of accounting insists that transparency is achievable. Fairness has an important role in the practice of accounting. Accordingly, it seems appropriate that philosophy as a relevant way of understanding truth and fairness in accounting is well considered. Some authors have already underlined the key role played by philosophy in accounting such as social justice, ethical conscience, economic entitlement etc. Thus concepts like fairness, justice, equity, and truth have a due place in accounting.

Introduction
Often, accountants are trusted to provide the knowledge such as financial statement in which financial/managerial decisions are based. According to the IASB project, conceptual framework, it states the role of financial report as 'The primary users need information about the resources of the entity not only to assess an entity's prospects for future net cash inflows but also how effectively and efficiently management has discharged their responsibilities to use the entity's existing resources' Such great significance is put on the role of accounting in business industry yet the issue of trust has always been the fundamental problem. Mackenzie says 'Trust in numbers, however, works only if those who produce the numbers can be trusted.'

Evaluating and understanding the fundamental ideas of accounting is extremely important as they establish the foundational structures of accounting in which most of the constructed knowledge is based on. It introduces the principles of accounting which provide the understanding of reasons behind all decisions.

Objectives of accountancy
Financial reporting aims to provide information about firms' financial performance of which the firm uses to record the past transactions and apply changes to the future financial plan.

IASB (International Accounting Standard Board)
The ultimate aims of the IASB and other accounting standard-setters are:
 to develop, in the public interest, a single set of high quality, understandable and enforceable global accounting standards that require high quality, transparent and comparable information in financial statements and other financial reporting to help participants in the world’s capital markets and other users make economic decisions;
 to promote the use and rigorous application of those standards;
 in fulfilling the objectives associated with (a) and (b), to take account of, as- appropriate, the special needs of small and medium-sized entities and emerging- economies; and to bring about convergence of national accounting standards and IFRSs to high quality solutions.

IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standard)
The mission of IFRS is to bring transparency, accountability and efficiency to financial markets around the world. It aims to build trust in the society and also to provide long-term financial stability.
 IFRS brings transparency by enhancing the international comparability and quality of financial information, enabling investors and other market participants to make informed economic decisions.
 IFRS strengthens accountability by reducing the information gap between the providers of capital and the people to whom they have entrusted their money.   Our standards provide information that is needed to hold management to account. As a source of globally comparable information, IFRS is also of vital importance to regulators around the world.
 IFRS contributes to economic efficiency by helping investors to identify opportunities and risks across the world, thus improving capital allocation. For businesses, the use of a single, trusted accounting language lowers the cost of capital and reduces international reporting costs.

Foundational perspectives

Art versus science perspective
Art is defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, while the philosophy of art also deals with the nature of human creativity.

Science is defined as the knowledge acquired through observation and experimentation which is critically tested, systematised and brought under general principles. The philosophy of science is the investigation of questions that arise from reflection upon the science and scientific practice.

Mattessich says making the accounting discipline more scientific would not be achievable. 'In its functional perspective, accounting can be defined as the generic term for the activities carried out by accountants but also as a broad term that covers the preparation, analysis and audit for all financial information thus as the art of accounting.'

True income versus decision usefulness
This perspective discusses whether the financial paper should provide the information that reflects the true income or that supports decision making which is not necessarily objective or factually true.

True income thought
‘Measurement of wealth and its effectiveness is judged based on how well it approximates the value of the wealth items.' Although one can argue that the meaning of 'true value' needs to be defined and it is true, but at least there exists a value and the accountants attempt to measure it.

Decision usefulness thought
'This approach focuses on measuring and disclosing business in effectiveness is judged based on how well such disclosure and communication are concluded.'

Although the businesses try to reduce uncertainty, the multidimensionality of any businesses makes the effective communication difficult to achieve.

Approaches
In accounting, it is obligatory to follow the prescribed structure that the pre-factual controversies can be engaged in. In science, the knowledge can be principle negotiable and changeable but in accounting, standards are pre-established in the allowable form of knowledge which must be followed. This may seem insignificant as most other sciences operate in a given paradigm yet it provides different motivation: scientists can pursue to seek knowledge at a paradigmatic level yet accountants are restricted and only able to know about particularities in a way that is consistent with their existing knowledge.

Technocratism
The word technical is in relation to accounting work as applying techniques of knowledge construction that are generally and mostly factual. It can be derived from various accepted readings of accounting standards, or from generally accepted accounting principles. Hence, technocratism refers to a belief that the best method of crystallising and resolving the controversies is a technical one.

Economic rationalisation
Max Weber adopts the term rationalisation to illustrate the gradual increase in what he calls rationality in societies. Formal rationality is described as 'calculability of means and procedures'. Weber defines economic rationalisation as'The extent of quantitative calculation or accounting which is technically possible and which is actually applied.'Nowadays, there are many evidence of economic rationalisation in the society. Accounting practice is becoming more complex and strictly monitored. This is also accompanied by an increasing contribution of accounting to firms’ managerial actions.

Problematic consequence
Due to the limitation of scope, it can promote a limited conception of the responsibilities in constructing new knowledge, accounting being heavily based on pre-established and factual standards. Also when accountants argue, technocratic authority can deny any other perspectives. Although technocratism encourage a mechanical, quantitative, and factual way of thinking, this can lead to an elimination of all grey area which can have detrimental effect on firms’ financial/managerial decisions.

Pragmatism
Unlike technocrats, pragmatic accountants are rather liberal and accept various possible means when a controversy can be resolved. Matthew Gill argues that‘Accountants’ training tends to establish a distinction between technical knowledge that can be transmitted in a training centre’s classroom, and a capacity for judgement that can only be acquired on the job. Additionally (and ironically), the more complex and technocratic accounting regulation becomes, the more pragmatically  accountants must approach their work in order to get anything done.’Pragmatic accountants also argues that there needs to be a balance between being fair and allowing the business to operate without too many disruptions.

Strategic pragmatism
Technocratism and strategic pragmatism don’t always contradict each other. Especially in risk assessment, risk bridges the gap between technicality and pragmatic strategy by making strategy a technical matter. Niklas Luhmann states that‘The individualism of risk-calculating merchants, learning from experience, attentive to news, making decisions on the basis of a well-judged mix of trust and distrust…’This discussion extends to the technocratic project of making things quantifiable by calculating and evaluating the possibilities of probable consequences.

Ethics in accounting
The nature of accounting establishes a unique position of trust in relation to the clients, employers and general public, who count on accountants' professional judgment and advice in making financial/managerial decisions.'They have the responsibility to ensure that their duties are performed in conformity with the ethical values of honesty, integrity, objectivity, due care, confidentiality, and the commitment to the public interest before one’s own.'

Theories of ethics

Utilitarianism
The doctrine that an action is right in so far as it promotes happiness, and that the greatest happiness of the greatest number should be the guiding principle of conduct.Jeremy Bentham, the founder of the idea, argues that the more happiness there are in the decision, the better decision it is. However, happiness is an unquantifiable concept. John Stuart Mill supported the idea of utilitarianism but he developed an idea into more detailed one. He believes that there exists a different levels of happiness. It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is only because they only know their own side of the question.

Theory of rights
The theory of rights derives from the belief that people have certain rights as they are being born as human beings which must be respected. Hence, according to this theory, an ethical decision is one that considers the rights of others. On the other hand, a decision is unethical to the extent that it violates another person’s rights. Generally, there are two categories of rights:

(1) natural rights- rights that exist independently of any legal obligations, often known as human rights and

(2) Legal rights and contractual rights- rights that are respected due to social agreement.

Amongst natural rights, the right of truth is the most significant in the function of accounting. The clients who request financial statements have the right to be provided with truthful and accurate financial information in order to make choices in constructing financial strategies. This right enforces a moral obligation on the accountants to produce legitimate and objective/true financial statements. On the other hand, legal and contractual rights are well-regarded in the relationship between accountants and employers and between accountants and clients. These contractual relationships mean that employers and clients have a legal right to expect professional and competent service from the accountants.

Accounting scandals

Enron
Enron's bankruptcy in December 2001 provides a significant example of the issues of trust in accounting.

Golden era of Enron
In 1985, Enron was formed by Kenneth Lay merging the natural gas pipeline companies of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth.  From 1990s to 1998, Enron's stock increased  311% percent which was only slightly higher than the average growth. Then the stock increased by 56% in 1999 and a further 87% in 2000. By December 31, 2000, Enron's stock was valued at $83.13.  In addition, Enron was rated the most innovative large company in America in Fortunes Most Admired Companies survey.

Downfall

 August 22, 2001 – Sherron Watkins gives Kenneth Lay a six-page letter further explaining Enron's accounting issues.
 October 16, 2001 – Enron announces a third quarter loss of $618 million.
 October 31, 2001 – The SEC opens a formal investigation into Enron's transactions.
 November 9, 2001 – Enron and Dynegy announce the $7.8 billion merger agreement. It would form Dynegy Corp, in which Dynegy would own 64% and Enron 36%.
 November 28, 2001 – Dynegy announces it has terminated merger talks with Enron.
 December 2, 2001 – Enron files for Chapter 11 protection, becoming the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history at that time and leaves thousands of workers with worthless stock in their pensions.

See also
 Philosophy of Law
 Philosophy of Economics
 Utilitarianism
 Ethics
 International Accounting Standard Board
 International Financial Reporting Standard
 Enron Scandal
 Technocrat
 Pragmatism
 Jeremy Bentham
 Human right

References

Accounting scholarship


The president (speaker) of the Storting is the presiding officer of the Storting legislature of Norway. The position was created in 1814, when the country received its constitution.

List of presidents of the Norwegian Parliament
Below is a list of the Storting's office-holders:

References

Sources
 Rulers.org

Politics of Norway

Norway, Storting
Storting


Griffith 'Giotto' Griffiths (15 September 1864 – 22 July 1938) was a Welsh international rugby union half-back who played club rugby for Llanelli and international rugby for Wales.

Rugby career
Griffiths came to note as a rugby player when playing for club team Llanelli. In 1888 Griffiths was part of the Llanelli squad who faced the first touring Southern Hemisphere rugby team, the New Zealand Natives. Griffiths was constant in rushes against the Maoris, and the game was decided by a single long range dropped goal from Llanelli's Harry Bowen. Griffiths was later selected for the Welsh national team, partnered with Newport's Charlie Thomas, in a match against Ireland as part of the 1889 Home Nations Championship. The Welsh team on that day included four Llanelli players, Griffith's team-mates being Tom Morgan, Dan Griffiths and Ned Roberts, all four playing their final international match. The game was played at St. Helen's and the Wales team was captained for the first time by rugby superstar Arthur 'Monkey' Gould. Wales lost the game by two tries to nil and in the next game Griffiths was replaced by William Stadden, and never represented his country again.

International matches played
Wales (rugby union)
 Ireland 1889

Bibliography

References

Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players
Rugby union halfbacks
Llanelli RFC players
1864 births
1938 deaths
Rugby union players from Llanelli


Petr Nikolayevich Sedov (; born 24 August 1990 in Sarov, Russian SFSR) is a Russian cross-country skier who participated in his first World Cup in March 2009 in Lahti. Only 18 years old he came in as number ten in 15 kilometre freestyle, in front of prominent names like Dario Cologna, and Tobias Angerer. Previously he has three victories in the FIS Junior Ski World Championships (2008 and 2009).

Sedov finished eighth in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

Olympic Games

World Championships

World Cup

Season standings

Individual podiums
2 victories – (1 , 1 )
2 podiums – (1 , 1 )

Team podiums

 1 victory – (1 )
 3 podiums – (3 )

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Sarov
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic cross-country skiers for Russia
Russian male cross-country skiers
Tour de Ski skiers
Sportspeople from Nizhny Novgorod Oblast


The McCormack reaction is a method for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds. In this reaction, a 1,3-diene and a source of R2P+ are combined to give phospholenium cation. The reaction is named after W. B. McCormack, a research chemist at duPont.

An illustrative reaction involves phenyldichlorophosphine and isoprene:

The reaction proceeds via a pericyclic [2+4]-process. The resulting derivatives can be hydrolyzed to give the phosphine oxide.  Dehydrohalogenation gives the phosphole.

References

Cycloadditions
Cheletropic reactions
Name reactions


Synergetics can refer to:

Synergetics (Fuller),  a study of systems behavior suggested by Buckminster Fuller
Synergetics (Haken),  a school of thought on thermodynamics and other systems phenomena developed by Hermann Haken

See also
Synergy (disambiguation)
Tensegrity, the use of internal forces to overcome external forces, as in a self-supporting sculpture.


An error account is a type of account used for storing compensation for errors in trading, a transaction that is not posted in a timely manner because of inconsistencies, such as an incorrect account or routing numbers to the wrong name on the account, producing a claim that needs to be resolved as soon as possible so payments can be made.

Transaction processing
When many hundreds or thousands of transactions are being done each day, and whenever there is human input involved, error accounts are necessary to keep the audit trail intact. Error accounts also play a role in improving customer service. GAAP recommends daily or weekly monitoring of error accounts depending on volume and transaction size. It is typically up to the company or applicable government department's accounting department to monitor the error accounts that it has in place.

In 1994, Nick Leeson used a poorly monitored error account at Barings Bank in an attempt to cover up evidence of his trading losses and place ever larger unauthorized trades to win back the money. In doing so, he lost over £800 million and bankrupted his employer.

Error accounts can be implemented in manual accounting as well, but this is much less common in the developed world since personal computers became pervasive.

See also
 Accounting standard
 International Financial Reporting Standards
 International Accounting Standards Board
 Center for Audit Quality
 Transaction processing

Notes

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20091221191957/http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/error+account.html

 https://web.archive.org/web/20091225204039/http://jobfunctions.bnet.com/abstract.aspx?docid=147896
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110722153944/http://www.acpsec.org/en/secretariat/Dr_Kathie_Cooper.ppt Forensic Accounting use of Error Accounts

Accounting terminology
Accounting systems
Financial regulation
Transaction processing


This is a list of bridges and other crossings of the Halifax River.

Crossings

See also

 List of crossings of the Aucilla River
 List of crossings of the St. Johns River
 List of crossings of the Ochlockonee River
 List of crossings of the Suwannee River

References

Halifax River
Halifax River

Crossings


Fast Life is the fourth studio album by American rapper Paul Wall. It was released on May 12, 2009, by Swishahouse, Asylum Records and Warner Bros. Records.

Background
Rapper Paul Wall spoke about the album Fast Life, about taking something stronger than his previous albums, with both his lyrics and its production; as well as cover several more topics:

I really stepped it up a lot lyrically because I wanted this record to show real strength and emotion because y'all know Rap is so deep at times and I took that opportunity to just write lyrics that told my story and showed people that I mean something deep which y'all never really realised but now realise, also on the production side we really stepped it up a lot. We worked with a lot of new producers, a lot of new artists that I didn't work with in the past, so they'll get to see a lot of different vibes that they might have not seen with me with past albums. Subject matter we went a little more in-depth, talked about a lot of different things that I never really spoke on—I might have mentioned it here and there but never really made whole songs about. I had a lot of fun working on the album.

"You're going to hear in-depth topics," he says, adding that he's been recording nonstop for the album for the last two years, a feat that has given him more than 50 songs to choose from. "You'll hear some stuff that you might not be used to hearing."

Singles
The album's lead single "Bizzy Body" featuring Webbie and Mouse, who is the producer by the latter on this track. It was released on December 2, 2008. The music video premiered on March 27, 2009 via MySpace.

The album's second single "Lemon Drop" featuring Baby Bash, was released on the same day as the music video on July 13, 2009.

The album's third single "Got to Get It" premiered on July 23, 2009, along with the accompanying music video.

The album's fourth single "I Need Mo" featuring Kobe, was released on the same day as the music video on September 24, 2009. With Paul Wall himself, he said that it was shot and filmed through his iPhone.

Track listing

Sample credits
"Daddy Wasn't Home" contains a sample of "Mama Raised Me" performed by Master P.

References

2009 albums
Paul Wall albums
Albums produced by Happy Perez
Asylum Records albums


Ali Nobakht Haghighi (; born in 1948 in Rasht) is a renowned Iranian physician. He is the president of  and a permanent member and former secretary of Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences. He is a professor of medicine and nephrology and a founding member of reestablishing of the Iranian Society of Nephrology in 1992. He worked as deputy minister of medical students affairs and treatment affairs of the Department of Health during the tenure of Dr. Iradj Fazel and Dr. Reza Malekzadeh. He was elected as a council member and vice president of the Medical Council of Iran (19911996). After the 2009 Iranian presidential election, Nobakht resigned from governmental positions. As a reformist member of parliament, he urged the Iranian president to include women in the cabinet as ministers and avoid ignoring half of the population. Nobakht criticized the government for censorship of the internet and filtering social media applications including Telegram. He did not pursue a second term candidacy for Iran parliament citing ineffectiveness of parliament to fulfill Iranian people expectations.

Education
Nobakht graduated from Isfahan Medical University in 1978; residency of internal medicine at Firoozgar General Hospital, 1982; Nephrology Fellowship at Iranian Council for Graduate Medical Education, 1989.

Scholarship
Nobakht is the author of several scientific papers published in peer-reviewed journals.

References

Iranian nephrologists
Academic staff of Shahid Beheshti University
Iranian educators
1948 births
Living people
People from Rasht
Moderation and Development Party politicians
Members of the 10th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Deputies of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr


Laal ( ) is a musical band from Pakistan known for singing socialist and progressive political songs, especially on the poetry written by leftist Urdu poets such as Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Habib Jalib.

Band members
 Shahram Azhar (Former Member)- Guitar and Vocals
 Taimur Rahman- Guitar and Vocals
 Mahvash Waqar- Backup Vocals
 Haider Rahman- Flute

Discography
The debut album is titled Umeed e Sahar and has been released by Fire Records (owned by Geo TV). The second album is titled "Utho Meri Dunya" and has been released by Times Music in India (2012) and Fire Records in Pakistan (2013).

Albums

 Umeed-e-Sahar (2009)
 Main Nay Kaha (Musheer)
 Umeed-e-Sahar
 Sadaa
 Jaag Punjab
 Dastoor
 Kal, Aaj Aur Kal
 Zulmat
 Mat Samjho
 Na Judaa
 Jaago
 Utho Meri Duniya (2012/2013)
 Utho Meri Duniya
 Fareeda
 Jhoot Ka Uncha Sar
 Meray Dil, Meray Musafir
 Bay Dam
 Chah Ka Ilzaam
 Deshatgardi Murdabad
 Ghum Na Kar
 Na Honay Paee
 Yaad

Controversy
It was reported on 6 June 2014 that the official Facebook page of the band has been blocked by the Facebook at the request of the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. Taimur Rahman, the vocalist and guitarist of the band, said: “The ban was out of the blue and very shameful, there was no controversial entry in the past week that deserved a ban on the page. Our short comments on news clippings we post are usually those that are objected to by the majority of people.” The page, however, was restored later. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority, on other hand, denied that they requested for blocking.

See also
 List of Pakistani music bands

References

External links
 Laal's Official Facebook Page

Political music groups
Pakistani musical groups
Pakistani socialists
Pakistani communists
Musical groups established in 2008
Musical groups from Lahore


"There Ain't Nothin' Wrong with the Radio" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Aaron Tippin.  It was released in February 1992 as the first single from his album  Read Between the Lines.  The song is not only his first Number One hit on the country music charts but also his longest-lasting at three weeks.  Tippin wrote the song, along with Buddy Brock.

Content
"There Ain't Nothin' Wrong with the Radio" is a moderate up-tempo novelty song. In it, the male narrator describes how old and run-down his car is but explains that he continues to drive it because "there ain't nothin' wrong with the radio" — specifically, "there ain't a country station that [he] can't tune in". The song features electric guitar and fiddle accompaniments.

Music video
The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in early-1992. It shows Tippin performing at a concert sporting a mullet.

Other versions
Tippin performed the song with Alvin and the Chipmunks on their 1992 album Chipmunks in Low Places. In this version, Simon repeatedly attempts to correct the song's grammar, singing "there isn't anything wrong with the radio". Tippin then explains that the song is supposed to have grammatical errors because it is country.

Chart positions
"There Ain't Nothin' Wrong with the Radio" debuted at number 54 on Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) for the chart week of February 15, 1992. On the chart week of April 18, 1992, it became Tippin's first Number One hit, holding the position for three weeks and then falling to number 10. It was also his only Number One on the RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada.

Year-end charts

References

1992 singles
Aaron Tippin songs
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Songs written by Aaron Tippin
RCA Records singles
Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller
Songs written by Buddy Brock
1992 songs
Songs about radio
Songs about cars


"Nothing Can Stop Us" is a song by English band Saint Etienne, released in May 1991 as the third single from their debut album, Foxbase Alpha (1991). It is the first release to feature Sarah Cracknell, who would continue to front the band from this release on. The single reached the number one spot on the American dance charts for one week. The song is based on a looped sample from Dusty Springfield's recording of "I Can't Wait Until I See My Baby's Face".

"Nothing Can Stop Us" was released as a double A side with "Speedwell". As such, "Speedwell" takes lead track duty on the remix 12" single with the Flying Mix and Project Mix. The American remixes were done by the Masters At Work team of Kenny "Dope" Gonzales and Little Louie Vega. The lyric was partly re-written for these mixes, and the changes were retained in subsequent live performances. In 1994, Saint Etienne produced a new version of the song for Kylie Minogue, which was released as a b-side on her single "Confide in Me".

Critical reception
In an 2016 retrospective review, Justin Chadwick from Albumism remarked the "buoyant throwback soul" of the song, stating that it is an "indisputable highlight" from the Foxbase Alpha allbum. Upon the release, Larry Flick from Billboard felt that the band returns with a similar-sounding jam to "Only Love Can Break Your Heart". He wrote, "In its original form, the tune is an endearing modern-pop gem. With a little (make that a lot) of help from remixers Louie Vega and Kenny Gonzalez, the track is now a hip deep-houser that should thrill club jocks upon impact." Everett True from Melody Maker praised it as "magnificent!" Davydd Chong from Music Week'''s RM Dance Update said it "sounds so familiar, so classic, that you first thought is that it's another cover version. The breathy vocals of Sarah Cracknell, the joyous strings, the impish guitar licks and the loving kiss of romantic optimism belong to the Northern Soul era, but, no, it's a St Etienne original."

Mandi James from NME wrote, "Music to swoon to. Pure sexy vibes, breathless vocals and brilliant drum rolls. Haunted by the spectre of Northern Soul, wrapped in perfect pop melodies and probably the best record this year." Another editor, Jim Wirth, noted that "it's funky, it's got flutes, and it's a totally awesome pop song. There's nothing even remotely ironic about that." Mark Frith from Smash Hits'' commented, "Their music is light and ambient but dancey with it. Vocals are breathy and euphoric."

Music video
There were produced two different music videos for "Nothing Can Stop Us". The original features the band driving and walking around central London with a late 60s movie style. The second version only featured the group utilizing the remixes done in a sixties-esque background setting.

Track listing

Charts

References

Saint Etienne (band) songs
1991 singles
Songs written by Bob Stanley (musician)
Songs written by Pete Wiggs
Kylie Minogue songs
1991 songs
Heavenly Recordings singles


Four ships and one shore establishment of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Euphrates, after the Euphrates river. Another three were planned but never completed:

 was a 36-gun fifth rate built as HMS Greyhound, but renamed in 1812 and launched in 1813. She was sold in 1818.
 HMS Euphrates was to have been a 46-gun fifth rate. She was laid down, but cancelled in 1831.
 HMS Euphrates was to have been a wooden screw frigate, laid down in 1847 and cancelled in 1849.
 was an iron screw troopship launched in 1866 and sold in 1894.
 HMS Euphrates was to have been an  light cruiser, laid down in 1918 and cancelled in 1919.
  was a shore establishment from 1942 located at Basra.

See also
 , a brig of 255 tons (bm) and 10 guns, was built at the Bombay Dockyard as one of the last vessels built for the EIC's naval arm. She was broken up in 1911.
  was a flat-bottomed, iron, paddle steamer built by Laird & Co. in 1834. She was disassembled, shipped in 1835 to the Bay of Antioch, carried overland, and reassembled in 1836 on the Lake of Antioch for the English Euphrates expedition, together with . She was of 179, or 186 tons (bm) and 40HP, and two guns. She completed the descent of the Euphrates in 1836. Later she served in the Indus flotilla until at least 1858. Her subsequent fate is unknown.

Citations

References

Royal Navy ship names


Wilder Apartments, also known as Emerald Manor, is an Early Commercial-style apartment building in Eugene, Oregon that was built in 1927.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.

The three-story building has 20 units.  Each originally had at least one Murphy bed built in.

The Wilder Apartments were found to meet historical significance criteria laid out in a 2000 study of "Residential Architecture in Eugene, Oregon, 1850-1950".

References

Buildings and structures in Eugene, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Eugene, Oregon
Apartment buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Residential buildings completed in 1927
1927 establishments in Oregon


Bridal Cave is a limestone cave located near Camdenton, Missouri, in the Lake of the Ozarks region. The cave is close to a half-mile long, but only a quarter of it is accessible to the public due to underground lakes. The name refers to a chapter in Indian Romances, a 1933 collection by former owner R.G. Scott, which details an Osage Native American wedding.

According to the book, Conwee, the son of an Osage chief, wanted to marry Wasena, the daughter of another Osage chief. Wasena did not want to marry him, so Conwee and his warriors kidnapped Wasena and her companion, Irona. The group tried to hide the women in the cave, but Wasena escaped and committed suicide to avoid being with Conwee. Irona did not try to escape as she was in love with Buffalo, Conwee's brother. She eventually married Buffalo in the same cave.

The cave has been popular since the 1850s due to its speleothem formations and mineral coloring. The cave's opening was originally , and the cave itself had limited room for movement. Rooms and tunnels were expanded, and the first five rooms opened to the public on October 16, 1948, for tours. Weddings take place within the Bridal Chapel, which features the aptly-named ‘pipe organ’ formation, a prominent piece of drapery in the second room. Another known feature is Mystery Lake, which is a crystal-clear, 18-ft-deep lake created by groundwater mounding following the completion of the Bagnell Dam.  The lake has old wooden structures of unknown origins. Sampling the structures for dating purposes was not possible as the wood has disintegrated over time.The second half of the tour opened to the public in 1990.

Couples can purchase wedding packages for ceremonies in Bridal Cave. The first wedding was hosted June 1, 1949, and as of 2023, over 4,300 weddings have been held at Bridal Cave.

References

External links
 Official site

Landforms of Camden County, Missouri
Caves of Missouri
Show caves in the United States
Tourist attractions in Camden County, Missouri


Wildcat Creek Bridge is a covered bridge built in 1925 at Austa, near Walton, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It uses Howe truss engineering and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The  bridge carries Austa Road over Wildcat Creek near its confluence with the Siuslaw River.

The bridge is among those for which Lane County minted commemorative coins between 2005 and July 2012 for sale to the public to raise funds to maintain and repair covered bridges.Lane County has 17 covered bridges, 14 of which are active. Through 2012, the county issued 325 Wildcat Creek Bridge coins.

See also
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
 List of Oregon covered bridges

References

Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Bridges completed in 1925
Covered bridges in Lane County, Oregon
1925 establishments in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Lane County, Oregon
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Wooden bridges in Oregon
Howe truss bridges in the United States


This is a list of casinos in Kansas.

List of casinos

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

Casinos
Kansas


"Dream Team" is the twenty-second episode of the fifth season of the television series The Office and the 94th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9, 2009. In the episode, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) try to keep each other motivated as the two form their new paper company together. Michael recruits Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) for the company, which sets up a new office in the same building complex as Dunder Mifflin. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) tries to impress new boss Charles Miner (guest star Idris Elba) by claiming to be a soccer enthusiast, but it backfires when Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) convinces the two to face each other in a game.

The episode was written by Novak and directed by Paul Feig. The episode aired the same day as the Office episode "Michael Scott Paper Company"; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes. "Dream Team" marked the return of Ryan, who had not appeared on the show since the November 2008 episode "Frame Toby". The episode received generally positive reviews and, according to Nielsen ratings, was watched by 7.2 million viewers and captured the most viewers in its time slot for adults between the ages of 18 and 49. "Dream Team" received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series.

Plot
In the cold open, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) struggles to correctly transfer phone calls, after having been moved to reception by Charles.

Michael Scott (Steve Carell), having left Dunder Mifflin with Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) to form his own company, is having trouble starting his first day as president of the Michael Scott Paper Company. Pam tries to keep things together and suggests they create a list of things to do to maintain a positive working atmosphere. Michael sets up a meeting with a potential investor and makes a list of potential salesmen to join the company. He receives a letter from his condo association saying that running a business from his condominium is in violation of his residence agreement, so he needs to find office space for the company. Michael and Pam leave to find potential salesmen and then have their meeting with the potential investor.

Michael's first stop is his old part-time telemarketing job to pick up Vikram (Ranjit Chowdhry). Next, they stop at a bowling alley, where Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak), with bleached blond hair, is now working the shoe counter. Michael asks Ryan to join them, despite heavy protests from Pam. Ryan is convinced and steals two pairs of bowling shoes on the way out. They head to the meeting with the investor, who turns out to be Michael's "nana" (Connie Sawyer), at a nursing home. Michael gives her his pitch, but she does not believe his new venture will yield success and refuses to fund his company.

Meanwhile, at the Dunder Mifflin office, Charles Miner (Idris Elba) is revealed to have an obsession with soccer, and the rest of the employees pretend to feel the same way about it. When Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) tries claiming to be an experienced soccer player, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), attempting to humiliate Jim, suggests that the staff play a game after work in the parking lot. During the game, when Charles kicks the ball towards Jim, he ducks and the ball hits Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) in the face. Charles berates Jim for ducking, and Dwight mocks him.

In the car leaving the nursing home, Vikram asks to be brought back to the telemarketing job after he learns "nana" is a term for grandmother. Back at Michael's condo, a frustrated Pam loses her composure and tells Michael she made a mistake leaving Dunder Mifflin and only did it because she was tired of being a receptionist. Michael calms her down, telling her the reality is they both quit and that their only option is to continue trying with the new company. Michael purchases office space in the Scranton Business Park, where Dunder Mifflin is located; it turns out to be a large store room directly underneath the Dunder Mifflin office. Michael and Pam put their company name in the office lobby directory where they encounter Charles. Michael taunts Charles that he cannot kick them out of the building now because they own their own space.

Production

"Dream Team" was written by B. J. Novak and directed by Paul Feig. It originally aired on April 9, 2009, the same day as the episode "Michael Scott Paper Company"; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes. It marks the first appearance of Novak as Ryan since "Frame Toby" in November 2008, when Novak briefly left the show to film his role in Quentin Tarantino's Inglourious Basterds. Mindy Kaling, an Office writer who also stars as Kelly Kapoor, thought of the idea of Ryan dying his hair blond. Novak wore a baseball cap in public between the times his hair was dyed and when the episode aired, in order to make the reveal a surprise, and even kept the cap on when he and the rest of the cast and crew did a public forum and Q&A session. "Dream Team" was the third of six episodes guest starring Idris Elba, best known as Stringer Bell from the television series The Wire. Elba said he did not watch the episode when it aired because "I'm hypercritical about my work, so I try not to torture myself."

Prior to the episode airing, NBC set up a web site for the new Michael Scott Paper Company at michaelscottpapercompany.com, which included a mission statement for the company, photos of the new office space and a downloadable copy of the coupon for "unparalleled customer service" featured in the episode "Michael Scott Paper Company". Another official NBC site, dundermifflininfinity.com, created a Flash game inspired by the episode, in which the viewer attempts to kick a soccer ball past Jim in the office parking lot and hit Phyllis in the face.

The official The Office website included two cut scenes from "Dream Team" within a week of the episode's original release. In one-minute-long clip, Andy continues brown-nosing to Charles; during a documentary interview, Andy says he was not the teacher's pet in school, but that he "walked the teacher's pet, and fed it, and bathed it". A second one-minute clip involves the soccer game itself: Dwight excitedly sets up the game, Jim tries not to show Charles he does not know what "offside" means and Creed picks up the ball and hurls it at Kelly.

Cultural references
Michael refers to his old telemarketing job where he met salesman Vikram; this is a reference to the fourth season episode "Money", in which Michael briefly works a second job as a telemarketer. The bowling alley Ryan works at is Idle Hour Lanes, an actual bowling alley in Dickson City, Pennsylvania, which is just outside the show's setting of Scranton. When Michael discusses song parodies, he names "My Stumps" in a reference to The Black Eyed Peas song "My Humps" and "Achy Breaky Fart" in a reference to the Billy Ray Cyrus song "Achy Breaky Heart". In discussing the formation of the new paper company, Pam refers to the early years of Apple Inc., which she said began in a garage. The seniors at the retirement center where Michael discusses his business are watching Maury, the talk show hosted by Maury Povich, in the background.

Reception
In its original American broadcast on April 9, 2009, "Dream Team" was watched by 7.2 million overall viewers, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode earned more ratings than the Parks and Recreation pilot that immediately followed it (which had 6.8 million viewers) but had less than "Michael Scott Paper Company", which came right after Parks and Recreation and had 8 million viewers. "Dream Team", as well as "Michael Scott Paper Company", had the most viewers in its time slot among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.

"Dream Team" received generally positive reviews. Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said he was enjoying the new paper company storyline and that "Dream Team" was funnier than "Michael Scott Paper Company". Sepinwall said the final scene with Michael trying to comfort Pam in the car was a "good payoff" which was well acted by Steve Carell and Jenna Fischer, and "yet another reminder that Michael does know what he's doing some of the time, which means Pam wasn't a complete idiot for following him out the door." He also liked Kevin's struggle with the phones in the beginning, but said the storyline between Jim and Charles was getting repetitive and, "It would help if the writers ever gave Idris Elba something funny to do." Steven Mullen of The Tuscaloosa News called the episode "stellar", said the Charles Miner soccer subplot ended "perfectly" and said, "Watching [Michael's] fears bubble beneath the surface and slowly erode Pam's confidence was a masterwork."

Travis Fickett of IGN said he was happy with the new, unpredictable direction The Office was taking. He particularly praised the Michael/Pam relationship in the episode, as well as soccer subplot involving Jim and Charles and the return of Ryan; he said Ryan's new bleached blond hair and his theft of bowling shoes were particularly funny moments. Will Leitch of New York magazine said the episode has provided a change the show needed, and said, "Considering how unlikely it was that The Office was going to allow Michael and Pam to degrade into homelessness and squalor, the show has handled the predictable transition as well as possible." Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club said the episode included a good exploration of Michael and Pam's relationship; he said "they're weirdly good together". Phipps, who gave the episode an A− grade, also said the Dunder Mifflin material worked well, "although Idris Elba has been so good at portraying a heartless professional it almost doesn’t seem right for anything to break through his icy exterior."

Margaret Lions of Entertainment Weekly said the episode had "strong moments, and some interesting character play [but] I didn't get quite the same buzz from this week's installments as I did from the previous episode." She said "Dream Team" lacks the usual group interactions between the office co-workers, which she said are normally the funniest parts of the show. However, she praised Michael's pep talk to Pam in the final scene, and said the episode was "the best showcase Jenna Fischer has had in years". Entertainment Weekly listed Michael's pep talk to Pam at the end of the episode as one of the 13 highlights from that week in television.

In her list of the top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office, phillyBurbs.com writer Jen Wielgus ranked Michael's formation of the Michael Scott Paper Company in the downstairs storage closet as number one, citing the "Dream Team", "Michael Scott Paper Company" and "Heavy Competition" episodes in particular. She also said she specifically enjoyed the attempt to solicit investments at the retirement home from "Dream Team". Ryan's return to the series, along with his brief return as a temp in the episode "Weight Loss", ranked number 5 in that list. "Dream Team" was voted the fifteenth-highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally; the episode was rated 8.00 out of 10.

Claire Scanlon received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series. "Dream Team" accounted for one of the ten Primetime Emmy Award nominations The Office received for the show's fifth season at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards, which were held on September 20, 2009.

References

External links

 "Dream Team" at NBC.com

2009 American television episodes
The Office (American season 5) episodes
Television episodes directed by Paul Feig


Cross Seamount is a seamount far southwest of the Hawaii archipelago, about equidistant from the cities of Honolulu and Kona. It is one of the numerous seamounts surrounding Hawaii, although unrelated to the Hawaiian hotspot. It is notable for being one of the best studied of the numerous seamounts surrounding Hawaii, as it has been included in numerous biological surveys, most recently in 2007. It is also a site of offshore fishing, for its abundant tuna. The fishery management problems at Cross Seamount are typical of management problems in many fisheries, and its small size makes it a scientifically useful model for the analysis of fishery management.

Geology
Cross Seamount, a landform arising from the ocean floor,  is one of the more distant lesser seamounts surrounding the island of Hawaii. The NOAA has taken advantage of Cross Seamount’s position, and planted several weather buoys on the seamount. Very little is known about Cross Seamount's geology, as all of its studies as of March 2009 were of its ecology; however, it was mapped in 1996 by a four-year effort to map all of Hawaii's seafloor in detail.

Biology

History of fishing
Cross Seamount is well known in fishery and scientific communities for its small but abundant biologic community. Longline fishing ships occasionally fished at Cross Seamount for many years prior to the development of handline fishing, in 1976. The level of fishing remained fairly constant up until the mid 1980. In the late 1980s, the amount of fishing activity at Cross Seamount more than quadrupled; however, it is
hard to tell because of limited data.

Local tuna populations belong to the same general stocks of tuna that are widely distributed throughout the Pacific.
There are no accurate size data collected on the catches from fishing, aside from limited port sampling by the National Marine Fisheries Service. However, it is known that the largest percent of the catches are juvenile tuna between 10 and 35 pounds. These fish are probably somewhere between one and two years of age, well below sexual maturity.  Fishermen report that the offshore fishing grounds are productive year-round. However, during summer months, large Yellowfin tuna are more abundant. The weight of the catches are estimated to be about 75% Thunnus obesus (Bigeye tuna), and 25% T. albacares (Yellowfin tuna). According to estimates, about 1 million pounds of Bigeye tuna and 400,000 pounds of Yellowfin were fished from offshore operations from the region in 1995. The amount of tuna is thought to depend on conditions on the seamount, and on the current process range of the tuna schools.

Concerns and studies
Reviews of the local catches have seemed to show no impact of the fishing operation on nearby tuna fishing. However, this is not very surprising, as fishery operations exist nearby with as much as 1000 times the activity. Nevertheless, as tuna spawn locally, there are concerns that the fishing eats away at the juvenile tuna population, which has the potential to seriously hurt fish numbers.

1995 tagging project
In 1995, a project to tag the local fish, to analyze the population, was implemented by the NOAA, based on a plan proposed by fishermen in 1992. The first fish were tagged and released in August 1995. The objectives of the project was to investigate the retention rates of tuna on the Cross Seamount, movement patterns of tuna in relation to the fishery patterns, and the interaction between surface and longline fishing.

The recovery rate was found to be 5.2% for Yellowfins, and 8.1% for Bigeyes. The longest-distance recapture was a yellowfin tuna tagged on the Cross Seamount in November 1996 and recaptured off the coast of the Baja California peninsula in July 1997.

Overfishing (as in the rate of depletion) at the Cross seamount appeared to be quite high, causing concerns. However, as much of the population seems to originate elsewhere, this loss is most likely accounted for. Problems with fishery interaction were eliminated, as 90% of the recaptures were in the local area. However, it was not possible to create a model on the overfishing of juveniles, as there was insufficient data to predict this accurately.

HARP
Cross seamount hosts a High-frequency Autonomous Acoustic Recording Package (HARP), installed on its summit by the NOAA in April 2005. The purpose of the HARP is to monitor cetaceans that near the seamount, and ultimately to develop ways to work with the marine mammal population using acoustic data. The unit undergoes routine maintenance, and its data is retrieved and analyzed every so often by an NOAA ship.

NOAA cruises
Cross Seamount was cruised by the NOAA in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

On November 2, 2006, scientists on the NOAA Ship Oscar Elton Sette, led by chief scientist Michael Musyl, conducted an array of biological experiments off of Kona coast and Cross Seamount. Their goal was to investigate and find ways to reduce the impacts of fishing and improve knowledge of the distribution of tunas, and how they are impacted by fishing activity. It also performed routine maintenance on the HARP.

On April 21, 2007, another cruise embarked for Cross Seamount. This cruise's goal, led by Reka Domokos and again on the Oscar Elton Settle, was to test and develop new methods for estimating fish populations using bioacoustics, specifically that of the bigeye tuna. The study was also keyed to try to determine the relationship between seamounts and the local fish population.

On April 15, 2008, another cruise embarked, to study the bigeye tuna population and their migratory patterns. The researchers, again  on the ship Oscar Elton Sette, investigated the seamount waters, measuring the number of bigeye tuna and the prey species that frequent the area.

References

Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean


The Lake Shasta Caverns are a network of caves located near the McCloud arm of Shasta Lake in California. It was formerly named Chalk Cave and Baird Cave, named after Spencer Fullerton Baird.

History

The caverns are dated to at least 200 million years, and were formed by flowing water. Over the years this water drained leaving the caverns seen today. The caves are made entirely of limestone and feature a wide variety of formations, including stalactites, stalagmites, soda straws, columns, and flowstone. The Discovery Room, one of eight known rooms in the cavern system, contains all types of limestone rock formation. The first recorded explorer was James A. Richardson, a federal fisheries employee. His claim of discovery is still clearly legible on the wall where he wrote it that day – November 11, 1878 – with carbide from his miner's lamp.

Until 1964, Lake Shasta Caverns were seen each year by only a handful of hardy spelunkers who inched their way through steep, restricted natural fissures to view its startling formations. Before opening to the public, a new entrance was needed, as the current was a small hole in the ceiling, barely large enough for one person to fit through. Using explosives, workers blasted a tunnel from a rock face deep into the mountain, hoping to reach the lowest known room, the Basement. However, along the way, a large rock wall was knocked down, revealing the Discovery Room, perhaps the most fascinating room in the caverns. As a result of this, the Basement Room is not the lowest room. The idea of preserving this natural phenomenon first came to Grace M. Tucker, an attorney from Chehalis, Washington. In 1955, she obtained sole ownership of the caves. In 1959, Mrs. Tucker, along with Roy Thompson and his two brothers, formed Lake Shasta Properties, Inc.  The site was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 2012.

The Lake Shasta Caverns currently attract thousands of visitors every year. The only transportation to the caverns from the visitor center is a short ride on a catamaran across Shasta Lake, followed by a scenic bus ride up a steep mountain grade. The bus ride terminates at the cavern entrance.

Gallery

References

External links

 Official site.
 Lake Shasta Caverns. Mr Ryono's Physics and Geology pages

Caves of California
Landforms of Shasta County, California
Tourist attractions in Shasta County, California
Show caves in the United States
National Natural Landmarks in California


Pedra sobre Pedra (Portuguese for Stone over Stone) is a Brazilian telenovela co-produced by TV Globo (Brazil) and RTP (Portugal). It aired in Brazil from 6 January to 31 July 1992, with 179 episodes.

Cast
Lima Duarte .... Murilo Pontes
Renata Sorrah .... Pilar Farias Batista
Maurício Mattar .... Leonardo Pontes
Adriana Esteves .... Marina Farias Batista
Fábio Júnior .... Jorge Tadeu
Andréa Beltrão .... Ursula Pontes

Arlete Salles .... Francisquinha
Eloísa Mafalda... Gioconda Pontes
Armando Bogus .... Cândido Alegria
Eva Wilma .... Hilda Pontes
Osmar Prado .... Sérgio Cabeleira
Luíza Tomé .... Vida
Ênio Gonçalves .... Diamantino
Humberto Martins .... Iago
Carla Marins .... Eliane
Isadora Ribeiro .... Suzana Frota
Eduardo Moscovis .... Tibor
Marco Nanini .... Ivonaldo
Elizângela .... Rosemary
Paula Burlamaqui .... Nair
Tânia Alves .... Lola
Pedro Paulo Rangel .... Adamastor
Cecil Thiré .... Kleber Vilares(prefeito da cidade)
Nívea Maria .... Ximena Vilares
Míriam Pires .... Dona Quirina Batista
Carlos Daniel .... Ernesto
Suzana Borges .... Inês
Nelson Xavier .... Delegado Queiroz
Lu Mendonça .... Nice
Raymundo de Souza .... Sete Estrelas/Emanuel
Selton Mello .... Bruno
Lília Cabral .... Alva
Nuno Leal Maia .... Laíre
Reinaldo Gonzaga .... P. H.
Maria Mariana .... Olímpia
Teresa Seiblitz .... Jerusa
Thelma Reston .... Romena

Special guests
Andréa Murucci .... Hilda Pontes (jovem)
Cláudia Scher .... Pilar Farias Batista (jovem)
Elias Gleizer .... motorista de ônibus
Felipe Camargo .... Jerônimo Batista
Lucilio Gomes .... Luciano (Empresario de Diamentes)
Marcio Ehrlich .... Van Damme, negociante belga de diamantes
Nelson Baskerville .... Murilo Pontes (jovem)

TV Globo telenovelas
Rádio e Televisão de Portugal telenovelas
1992 Brazilian television series debuts
1992 Brazilian television series endings
1992 telenovelas
Telenovelas directed by Luiz Fernando Carvalho
Portuguese-language telenovelas


"Hot Mama" is  a song written by Tom Shapiro and Casey Beathard, and recorded by American country music singer Trace Adkins.  It was released in September 2003 as the lead single from his album Comin' On Strong.  The song peaked at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart, giving Adkins his seventh Top 10 single on that chart. It also peaked at number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

Content
In "Hot Mama," the male narrator addresses his lover, telling her that he enjoys her body the way that it is.

The song was featured in the King of the Hill episode, "The Redneck on Rainey Street", in which Adkins voices the character Elvin Mackelston.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling a "thumpin' ode to appreciation of one's good ole gal, particularly when sleeping kids provide opportunity." She goes on to say that Adkins "wraps his muscular baritone around a bold production and a lyric heavy on domestic-life testosterone." William Ruhlmann of Allmusic also gave the song a favorable review, saying that it "has a frisky appeal and, with its erotically charged tag line, 'You wanna?' a novelty quality[.]"

Music video
The music video was directed by Michael Salomon, and premiered in late 2003. It co-stars model Lisa Ligon.

Chart performance
"Hot Mama" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of September 27, 2003.

Year-end charts

See also

 Physical attractiveness
MILF

References

2003 singles
Trace Adkins songs
Songs written by Tom Shapiro
Songs written by Casey Beathard
Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Music videos directed by Michael Salomon
2003 songs


Ten Mile Creek Bridge (No. 01181) is a Conde McCullough-designed bridge near Yachats in Lane County in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The bridge carries U.S. Route 101 over Tenmile Creek. McCullough designed the structure in 1931. Built of reinforced concrete through a tied arch, the total length of the bridge is  with a main span of . Ornate precast concrete railings run along the sides.

See also

List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
List of bridges on U.S. Route 101 in Oregon

References

External links

Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Neoclassical architecture in Oregon
Art Deco architecture in Oregon
Bridges completed in 1931
National Register of Historic Places in Lane County, Oregon
Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon
Bridges by Conde McCullough
1931 establishments in Oregon
U.S. Route 101
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Concrete bridges in the United States
Tied arch bridges in the United States
Bridges in Lane County, Oregon


Robert Clinton Blanche (March 30, 1962 – January 3, 2020) was an American film and television actor.

Early life
Blanche was born in Pomona, California, and raised in Oregon.

Career
Beginning his film and television career in 1994, Blanche appeared in over seventy film and television projects. Among other works, he recurred in a guest-starring role as Lt. Bonanno (and later Capt. Det. Bonanno) on three seasons of the TNT series Leverage. He recurred in the role of Sgt. Franco on NBC's Grimm.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1962 births
2020 deaths
American male film actors
Place of death missing
Place of birth missing
American male television actors