Greg Edgelow (born February 10) is a retired freestyle wrestler from Canada and is a nationally certified Wrestling Coach and Aboriginal Coach with Cree Ancestral Heritage and European mix (Irish, Norwegian and Scottish).  In 2018, Greg was inducted into the BC Sports Hall of Fame, Indigenous Gallery. He represented Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain and won a bronze medal at the 1990 Goodwill Games in Seattle, two bronze medals at the 1991 Pan American Games in Havana, Cuba and a gold medal at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria.  He is an eight-time Canadian senior champion (7 Freestyle and 1 Greco). Edgelow is the only Canadian to win a medal in wrestling (bronze) at the Goodwill Games ever. He is also the only Canadian wrestler to win four separate consecutive senior weight classes in Freestyle (82 kg, 90 kg, 96 kg, 100 kg). His last national title was in 1998, the same year that he represented Canada (100 Kg) at the World Championships in Tehran, Iran.

Edgelow was awarded the 1999 Canadian Sport Leadership Award for his athletic achievements and leadership in volunteerism, beating out fellow finalists Wayne Gretzky and downhill skier Brian Stemmle. Edgelow created Canada's only amateur wrestling radio show, the Wrestling Edge Radio Show, where he interviewed over 150 guests, including some of the most prolific wrestlers in history and some top MMA athletes. Greg has travelled to 104 countries, 70 world capitals and 27 Olympic Host cities through sport, business and leisure travelling.

Born in Edmonton, Alberta, Edgelow grew up in Coquitlam, Penticton, Vernon, until he completed high school, and then Burnaby where he completed his undergraduate degree on a 4 year scholarship and now resides in Vancouver. Greg works in Indigenous relations at the corporate level. He has been involved in the Canadian sport, tourism, entertainment and First Nations communities where he has also participated on 8 volunteer boards of directors and councils, including 60 committees. In business, Edgelow has managed non-profits and has aligned himself with some well recognized national and international branded companies. His volunteer experiences allowed him to develop and participate on nine adjudication committees in which he has chaired five and helped adjudicate small grants totalling almost five million dollars for sport infrastructure development to needy communities across the country and  one million dollars in grants to top-performing, volunteer-driven, world-caliber athletes representing Canada. Edgelow was the motivational speaker at the Parade of Nations for the 1997 North American Indigenous Games (NAIG)-Victoria and member of Team BC Mission Staff at NAIG 2006-Denver and Assistant Chef de Mission at NAIG 2008-Cowichan. Greg worked with the Boys under 16 Soccer team at the 2017 NAIG-Toronto where they earned GOLD. Edgelow helps out on occasion with the wrestling clubs around Greater Vancouver as well as coaching First Nation youth around the province. Greg and his father created an endowed scholarship fund at Simon Fraser University in 1996 that has financially assisted over 30 university wrestlers since its creation. A few of the Boards Greg has served on include: BC Wrestling, SFU Alumni, Sport BC, Canadian Sport Tourism Alliance, Athletes CAN, Commonwealth Games Canada & Blanket BC.

1991 Pan American Games (Greco 90 kg)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1991 Pan American Games (Freestyle 90 kg)

1994 Commonwealth Games (100 Kg)----------------------------------- 1999 Canadian Sport Leadership Award

Achievements

Canadian National Wrestling Championships

World Wrestling Championships

Major Canadian & International Games

International

Scholastic

References

Wrestling Edge Radio Show

1964 births
Living people
First Nations sportspeople
Cree people
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Olympic wrestlers for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Sportspeople from Edmonton
Wrestlers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Canadian male sport wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Wrestlers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Goodwill Games medalists in wrestling
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games


Trybała is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Marzena Trybała (born 1950), Polish actress

See also
 Trabala

Polish-language surnames


Tung Chee-chen, GBS, SBS, JP (; born 15 December 1942) is a Hong Kong billionaire businessman. He is the chairman and chief executive of shipping company Orient Overseas and a member of the One Country Two Systems Research Institute, a pro-Beijing political thinktank.  He is Monaco's honorary consul to Hong Kong.

Early life
Tung is the second son of shipping tycoon Tung Chao-yung, and the younger brother of Tung Chee-hwa, the first chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Their ancestral hometown is Ningbo in China's Zhejiang Province.

He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Liverpool and master's in mechanical engineering from MIT.

Career
Tung served as chairman of the Hong Kong Shipowners' Association from 1993 until 1995. He was the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce chairman from 1999 to 2001. In 1996, Tung was appointed chairman and CEO of Orient Overseas (International) Limited, one of the largest shipping companies in the world.

He has acted as an independent non-executive director of the following companies:
 PetroChina Co. Ltd., a Chinese State-owned Enterprise (SOE)
 Zhejiang Expressway Company Ltd., a Chinese SOE
 BOC Hong Kong (Holdings) Ltd., a Chinese SOE
 Wing Hang Bank Ltd.
 Sing Tao News Corporation (2002–2013)
 Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.
 U-Ming Marine Transport Corporation, a unit of the Far Eastern Group

Affiliations
Tung is the chairman of the Institute for Shipboard Education Foundation (most popularly known as Semester-At-Sea Program), a member of the board of trustees of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and a member of the board of trustees of the International Academic Center of the University of Pittsburgh and the Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service.  He was appointed member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Business Advisory Council (ABAC) by the Hong Kong government in 2002.

Wealth
In April 2009, Tung was ranked as the 23rd wealthiest man in Hong Kong, worth US$900 million. In January 2008, Tung and his family were ranked (also by Forbes)  as the 16th wealthiest in Hong Kong, with a total value of 3 billion US$.

Honours
Tung was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Hong Kong Government in 2016 and an honorary doctorate degree by the University of Liverpool in 2009.

References

External links
 CNN.com: Shipping flows in the family blood

1940s births
Living people
Billionaires from Zhejiang
Hong Kong billionaires
Hong Kong chief executives
Georgetown University people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Businesspeople from Ningbo


The King Faisal Prize (, formerly King Faisal International Prize), is an annual award sponsored by King Faisal Foundation presented to "dedicated men and women whose contributions make a positive difference".  The foundation awards prizes in five categories: Service to Islam; Islamic studies; the Arabic language and Arabic literature; science; and medicine. Three of the prizes are widely considered to be the most prestigious awards in the Muslim world.

The first King Faisal Prize was awarded to the Pakistani scholar Abul A'la Maududi in 1979 for his service to Islam. In 1981, Khalid of Saudi Arabia received the same award.  In 1984, Fahd of Saudi Arabia was the recipient of the award. In 1986, this prize was co-awarded to Ahmed Deedat and French Roger Garaudy.

Award process

Designation of subjects

Each year, the selection committees designate subjects in Islamic Studies, Arabic Literature, and Medicine. Selected topics in Islamic Studies category are aimed at highlighting areas of importance in Muslim societies. Arabic Literature  topics relate to specialized areas within the discipline. Topics in medicine are supposed to reflect current areas of international concern. The science category covers a broad range of subcategories e.g. physics, mathematics, chemistry and biology.

Nomination

Islamic institutions, universities and previous winners of the King Faisal Prize can nominate a person for the award. Nominations from ordinary individuals or political parties are not accepted. The nominee or nominated institution(s) must be known for their leading practical or intellectual role in the service of Islam and Muslims. Nominated works must be published, benefit mankind and enrich human knowledge.

Selection

Winners of the Prize for category "Service to Islam" are chosen directly by the respective selection committee. For other Prize categories, pre-selection by peer reviewers is carried out, which is followed by scrutiny of the works of worthy nominees by selected referees of each discipline. Autonomous, international, specialist selection committees are then convened at the headquarters of King Faisal Foundation in Riyadh each January to make their final decisions.

Prizes
The prize in each of the five categories consists of:
 A Certificate written in Arabic Diwani calligraphy and signed by the Chairman of the Prize board, His Royal Highness Prince Khalid Al-Faisal Bin Abd Al-Aziz, enclosed in a binder of the finest leather inscribed with the winner’s name and a summary of his/her work which qualified him/her for the prize.
 A 24 carat 200 gram gold medal, with one side bearing the image of King Faisal, and the prize category written in Arabic, and the other holding the logo of the prize and the prize category in English.
 A check of SAR 750 thousand (an equivalent of US$ 200 thousand), distributed equally between the winners if they are more than one.

Co-winners in any category share the monetary grant. The prizes are awarded during a ceremony in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, under the auspices of the King of Saudi Arabia.

Country standings
The five countries with most award-winners 2022 were:

Sydney Brenner was considered to be the first Jew to win the King Faisal Award, in 1992. Ronald Levy was reported to be a Jewish recipient in 2009.

Winners by subject

Service to Islam

Islamic studies world wide

Arabic language and literature

Medicine

Science

See also
 List of general science and technology awards
 List of religion-related awards
 List of things named after Saudi Kings
 Muhammad VI Awards for the Holy Quran

References

External links
 Official Website of King Faisal Prize
 Complete List of All-time Winners of King Faisal Award
 PDF: Official Archive of all-time winners
 King Faisal Awards 2014
 Rays of Light and Brightness: The King Faisal International Prize by Peter Harrigan, Saudi Aramco World Magazine, Sep/Oct 2000, Vol 51, Nmbr 5

Religion-related awards
Science and technology awards
Saudi Arabian awards
1979 establishments in Saudi Arabia
International awards
Saudi Arabian literary awards
Islamic awards


Andrew Mark Borodow (born September 16, 1969) is retired male wrestler from Canada. An Olympian, he won both the Maccabiah Games championship and the Commonwealth Games championship, and a silver medal in the Pan American Games. He was inducted into the Canada Wrestling Hall of Fame.

Biography

Borodow was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and is Jewish. He lives in Willowdale, North York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He attended and competed for the College of William & Mary and Concordia University. He trained in wrestling under Victor Zilberman.

He won the Canadian Senior National Championship in Freestyle in 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, and 1996. Borodow won the Canadian Senior National Championship in Greco-Roman in 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996.

Borodow twice represented Canada at the Summer Olympics at 130 kg (Super-Heavyweight): in 1992 in Greco Roman (coming in 5th), and in 1996 in freestyle (coming in 14th).

At the 1989 Maccabiah Games in Israel, Borodow won two gold medals.  Borodow won two medals at the 1991 Pan American Games, a silver medal in freestyle and a bronze medal in Greco Roman.  He competed for Team Canada in the 1993 Maccabiah Games, again winning two gold medals, one in freestyle and one in Greco Roman.

Borodow won bronze medals at the 1993 and 1995 Sumo World Championships, and a silver medal in 1996.

He won two bronze medals at the 1995 Pan American Games, one each in freestyle and Greco Roman. Borodow won a gold medal at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in freestyle.

Borodow was inducted into the Canada Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2016.

See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
List of Pan American Games medalists in wrestling

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Canadian male sport wrestlers
Canadian sumo wrestlers
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
Competitors at the 1989 Maccabiah Games
Competitors at the 1993 Maccabiah Games
Concordia Stingers players
Jewish Canadian sportspeople
Jewish wrestlers
Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Canada
Maccabiah Games medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
Olympic wrestlers for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
William & Mary Tribe wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Wrestlers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
20th-century Canadian people
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games


Skojec was a medieval central European unit of account as well as a unit of mass. It was also used as a unit of currency. 1 skojec was equal to 1/24 of a grzywna.

1 skojec = 30 pfennigs
1 wiardunek = 6 skojecs
1 skojec = 2 groschen

The etymology of the word skojec derives from the word skot which in old Polish described cattle; cattle were used as the reference unit of exchange since at least the time of ancient Greece, as there are references in the Iliad to a suit of armor costing 9 oxen. Athenian lawgiver Draco, when establishing his laws in 621 BCE, defined all the fines in terms of how many cattle must be paid. The Latin word for money, pecunia, is proof that Romans always saw cattle (pecus) as the source of wealth. In time, a slab of copper with an imprint of an ox became equivalent to the worth of the animal. In India, the word rupia means both cattle and money. Similarly, in Poland skot meant cattle and its extension skojec described money.

References

Units of mass


Dean and Me: Roadshow of an American Primary is a 2008 documentary film about Howard Dean and his campaign in the 2004 presidential election. Dean and Me was directed by Heath Eiden, co-produced by Eiden, Iris Cahn, and Deanna Kamiel.

The film features Dean, Al Franken, Michael Moore, Ted Kennedy, Walter Mondale, Hillary Clinton, Alexandra Pelosi, and many others.

Background
Director Heath Eiden said that he conceived of the project after watching the artist who painted Dean's  gubernatorial portrait, which depicted the then-governor sitting in a canoe. The film was later renamed Lessons From an American Primary.

Distribution
The film has been shown at several film festivals, including the Vermont International Film Festival, the Hartford International Film Festival, the SNOB (Somewhere North of Boston) Film Festival, the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival.

Legacy
During the 2016 Democratic presidential primary, when fellow Vermonter Bernie Sanders was a candidate, Eiden revisited Dean and Me and said that the film shows that "Bernie campers can learn that, win or lose, Dean's movement is still very influential because he didn't give up".

References

External links

 Review at New England Film

2008 films
2008 documentary films
Documentary films about elections in the United States
Documentary films about American politicians
2004 United States presidential election in popular culture
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films


Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way is a book by the writer Idries Shah that was first published by Octagon Press in 1978. Later editions by Harper & Row (1981) and Penguin Books (1985, 1993, 1996) include an introduction by Nobel Prize Winner Doris Lessing.

Shortly before he died, Shah stated that his books form a complete course that could fulfil the function he had fulfilled while alive. As such, Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way can be read as part of a whole course of study.

Content

Written in response to enquiries about the Sufi tradition, Learning How to Learn: Psychology and Spirituality in the Sufi Way presents traditional teaching stories and anecdotes and articles from newspapers to illustrate prerequisites to Sufi learning. One such prerequisite is that the learner should organise their basic human needs so as to be able to give adequate attention to their studies. The second section of the book is dedicated entirely to Shah's theory on the human need to give and receive attention.

Reception
The theory on attention presented in the book has influenced the school of psychology and psychotherapy known as the Human Givens Approach. In Human Givens: A New Approach To Clear-Thinking and Emotional Wellbeing by Ivan Tyrrell and Joe Griffin, the authors state that in their view Shah's theory represents "a profoundly more subtle understanding of the importance of attention than found in Western psychology till now" and go on to quote in full the 21 principles of attention that Shah considered worthy of study.

Richard Smoley and Jay Kinney, writing in Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions (2006), described Learning How to Learn as one of Shah's best works. They noted that the book provided a solid orientation to Shah's "psychological" approach to Sufi work and added that Shah, at his best, provides "insights that inoculate students against much of the nonsense in the spiritual marketplace."

In September 1978 Psychology Today described the book as "the watershed in studies of the mind" and elsewhere as "a textbook of method and attitude."

References

External links
 Official Idries Shah website

Sufi literature
Sufi psychology
Books by Idries Shah
1978 books
Psychology books


The description Paris of the North has been applied to a large number of locations, including:

Aalborg, Denmark
Dawson City, Yukon, Canada
Newcastle, England, United Kingdom
Riga, Latvia
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Szczecin, Poland
Tromsø, Norway
Turku, Finland
Warsaw, Poland (until 1945)

See also
 Paris of the West
 Paris of the East
 Paris of the South
 Paris of the plains
 Paris of the Prairies
 Little Paris (disambiguation)
 Venice of the North

References

Lists of cities by nickname


Hotel Rodina is a high-rise four-star hotel located in the centre of Sofia, Bulgaria. With height of about 104 metres and 25 stories, it is one of the tallest buildings in the city. It has 500 rooms, 6 luxury apartments and 9 conference rooms.

History
The hotel was completed in 1979. In 2013 – 2014, several auctions were held for its sale, each time its price falling due to low interest. In the fourth consecutive procedure for the public sale of the hotel, organized by the private bailiff Georgi Dichev due to unpaid debts to UBB, the hotel was bought by Ludmil Stoykov. In 2017 a reconstruction of the hotel began, and in 2022 it reopened as the four-star Astoria Hotel & Casino.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Sofia
List of tallest buildings in Bulgaria

External links
Official site
Live webcam

References

Hotels in Sofia
Hotel buildings completed in 1979


Muhammad Mohar Ali (); 1929–2007) was a British Bangladeshi Islamic scholar, historian and barrister. He is the only Bengali to have received the King Faisal International Prize.

Academic career
Mohar Ali was born in 1929 in Khulna in Bengal. Studying at Dhaka University, he obtained a degree in history in 1952 and a master's degree in 1953. In 1963 he obtained a PhD from SOAS, University of London, and in 1964 studied bar-at-law at Lincoln's Inn, London.

Between 1954 and 1976 he worked as a university lecturer in Bengal, becoming a professor, and moved in 1976 to Saudi Arabia to teach Islamic history at Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University in Riyadh for 12 years, followed by 7 years of teaching at the Islamic University of Madinah. He worked then as a researcher at King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an in years 1415–16 AH. He also worked at Dhaka University in 1965–69, at the official Historical Document Centre in 1966–71, and the chief editor for the Historical Society magazine. He was detained after the Independence of Bangladesh and was released in 1974 following an amnesty declaration. His university teaching career lasted for more than 40 years.

Mohar Ali died in London on 11 April 2007.

Author
Ali was a specialist in Islamic history – in particular the history of Bengal. His book, History of the Muslims of Bengal, is considered an important reference in the history of the propagation of Islam in the region and its cultural and political effects. It also deals with the struggle of Bengali Muslims against the British colonial rule, and the Islamic influence on Bengali architecture and literature.

His other books deal with the Islamic rule in India in the 19th century, Islam and the Modern world, the history of the Indian subcontinent, the Bengali reaction to Christian missionaries, in addition to articles in specialist magazines and conference participation in Bangladesh, Pakistan, the UK and the US.

Ali won the King Faisal International Prize for Islamic Studies in 2000.

While most of his books and essays are in English, he has translated Jawhart al-Bukhari from Arabic into Bengali and published a word for word English translation of the Qur'an in addition to Arabic essays such as Orientalists' Claims concerning the Glorious Qur'an.

He has also written books in response to the Orientalists' approach to the biography of Muhammad and their theories about the Qur'an: Sirat Al-Nabi and the Orientalists (1997) and The Qur'an and the Orientalists (2004).

Main works

References
 The main reference used is an Arabic article

External links
 English biography
 Commemoration Meeting on the Life and work of Dr Mohar Ali

Arabic links
 Brief biography at Al-Madinah Research and Studies Center

1929 births
2007 deaths
People from Khulna
Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Bengali writers
University of Dhaka alumni
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Historians of Islam
20th-century Bangladeshi historians
21st-century Bangladeshi historians
Muslim scholars of Islamic studies


Padhri is a village in the Firozpur district of Punjab, India. It is located in the Zira tehsil.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Padhri has 153 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.67%.

References

Villages in Zira tehsil


Sticta is a genus of lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in tropical areas, and includes about 114 species. These lichens have a leafy appearance, and are colored brown or black. Sticta species with cyanobacteria as photobionts can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, and due to their relative abundance and high turnover, they contribute appreciably to the rainforest ecosystem. They are commonly called spotted felt lichens.

Description
The vegetative bodies of the Sticta, the thalli, are foliose, or leafy in appearance. They typically have dimensions of  in diameter, although specimens with diameters of up to  have been recorded. The lobes are rounded, and the upper surface is black or brown, while the lower surface has a light to dark brown layer of fine hairs (a ), with a few craters, called . Thalli often smell of shrimp or fish. The vegetative reproductive structures called isidia or soredia are often present on species in this genus; apothecia (cup-shaped spore-bearing structures) are rarely found. Sticta species are usually found growing on bark, wood, or mossy rock.

Distribution and habitat
Sticta species are primarily tropical in distribution, but some species have been reported from as north as Norway, and as far south as the southern tip of South America.

Most species of Sticta grow on bark, wood, or mossy rock, usually in humid areas.

Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic analysis of small and large ribosomal RNA subunits has confirmed that the genus Sticta is monophyletic.

Indicators of ecological continuity
Some epiphytic lichen species may be used as "ancient woodland indicators"; they can used to quantitatively assess the degree to which a forest has had a long history of canopy continuity. The presence of these species is a reliable indicator that the forest has existed back to early medieval times, without being clear-cut and regrown.  Two Sticta species, namely, S. dufournii or the blue-green algal morphotype S. canariensis, are among several species of lichens that may be used to calculate the New Index of Ecological Continuity (NIEC), considered the most sensitive and accurate determination of forest continuity.

Bioactive compounds
A comprehensive comparative study on the antioxidant activity of lichens from Hawaii and Iceland revealed the Hawaiian lichen S. weigelii to be a potent producer of antioxidative compounds.

Species

Sticta acyphellata  – Hawaii
Sticta alpinotropica  – Papua New Guinea
Sticta antoniana  – Hawaii
Sticta aongstroemii  – Brazil
Sticta arachnofuliginosa  – Colombia
Sticta arbuscula  – Colombia
Sticta arbusculotomentosa
Sticta atlantica  – Europe
Sticta atroandensis  – Colombia
Sticta baileyi  – Australia
Sticta borinquensis  – Puerto Rico
Sticta brevior  – Colombia
Sticta brevipes
Sticta caliginosa
Sticta camarae
Sticta canariensis
Sticta caperata
Sticta carolinensis
Sticta ciliata  – Neotropics; Africa; Macaronesia; Western Europe
Sticta corymbosa  – Puerto Rico
Sticta cyphellulata
Sticta dendroides
Sticta densiphyllidiata  – Puerto Rico
Sticta deyana  – North America
Sticta diversa
Sticta duplolimbata
Sticta emmanueliana  – Hawaii
Sticta filix
Sticta flavireagens
Sticta flavocyphellata  – Australia
Sticta flynnii  – Hawaii
Sticta fragilinata
Sticta fuliginoides  – Continental Europe; Canary Islands; eastern North America; Colombia
Sticta fuliginosa  – widespread
Sticta fuscotomentosa
Sticta gallowayana
Sticta globulifuliginosa
Sticta guilartensis  – Puerto Rico
Sticta harrisii  – Puerto Rico
Sticta hawaiiensis  – Hawaii
Sticta hirsutifuliginosa
Sticta howei  – Australia
Sticta humboldtii
Sticta hypopsiloides
Sticta indica  – India
Sticta isidiokunthii  – Colombia
Sticta jaguirreana
Sticta laciniosa
Sticta latifrons
Sticta leucoblephara
Sticta limbata
Sticta lobarioides
Sticta lumbschiana  – Colombia
Sticta macrocyphellata  – Colombia
Sticta macrofuliginosa
Sticta macrothallina
Sticta maculofuliginosa  – Colombia
Sticta marginifera
Sticta martinii  – New Zealand
Sticta mexicana
Sticta microcyphellata  – Colombia
Sticta minutula
Sticta myrioloba  – Australia
Sticta nashii
Sticta neopulmonarioides
Sticta papillata  – Colombia
Sticta parahumboldtii  – Colombia
Sticta parvilobata  – Puerto Rico
Sticta pedunculata
Sticta phyllidiifuliginosa
Sticta phyllidiokunthii
Sticta plumbeociliata
Sticta pseudohumboldtii  – Colombia
Sticta pseudolobaria
Sticta pulmonarioides
Sticta riparia  – Puerto Rico
Sticta rhizinata  – Colombia
Sticta rubropruinosa  – Colombia
Sticta rutilans
Sticta sayeri
Sticta silverstonei  – Colombia
Sticta sinuosa
Sticta smithii  – Hawaii
Sticta stipitata
Sticta subfilicinella
Sticta sublimbata
Sticta subtomentella
Sticta swartzii
Sticta sylvatica  – continental Europe; Andes (Colombia)
Sticta tainorum  – Puerto Rico
Sticta tatamana
Sticta tesselata
Sticta torii
Sticta tunjensis  – Colombia
Sticta variabilis
Sticta venosa
Sticta viviana  – Colombia
Sticta waikamoi  – Hawaii
Sticta xanthotropa

References

Cited literature

Peltigerales genera
Lichen genera
Taxa described in 1791
Taxa named by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber


The Wiardunek (also referred to as wiardunk, czwartak or ferton; , ) was a Mediaeval Central European unit of mass most widely used in Poland and Germany. Wiardunek was also used as a unit of account, and as a such as commodity money.

As a unit of mass 1 wiardunek (ca. 49 g) was equivalent to 1/4 of grzywna. Two ounces made up one wiardunek, and in turn each ounce consisted of two lots.

As a unit of currency, the wiardunek was introduced probably around 14th century, first in Bohemia and then in other Central European states. This usage followed the same scheme as for other commodities, that is 1 wiardunek of pure silver was equivalent to 1/4 of grzywna, which in turn was composed of 64 groschen. This usage was true regardless of changes in overall weight of grzywna, which was the basic unit of mass in this system.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Units of mass


Carlos Federico Castilla Miguel (born December 26, 1979 in General San Martín, Salta Province) is an Argentine football striker currently playing for Camioneros Argentinos.

Club career
Castilla has an extensive career in football. He began professionally at Gimnasia y Tiro de Salta. Later, he played for important clubs such as Club Atlético Independiente and San Lorenzo de Almagro in Argentina. Castilla also spent some years playing in the Chilean first division for Deportes Concepción and Huachipato. In 2008 and after some years playing in the Argentine second division, he signed with Bolivian side Universitario de Sucre. That same year the team won the Apertura and Castilla was a great contributor in achieving that. His good form rewarded him with a transfer to Blooming in early 2009, but he did not live up to the expectations and was released during the winter break. In July 2009, he relocated to Ecuador and joined Manta Fútbol Club. The following year Castilla returned to Chile and signed for second division side Deportes Antofagasta. In 2011 Castilla joined Universitario for his second stint, but left the club in February 2012.  Textil Mandiyú became his next club not long after.

Club titles

Notes

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Salta Province
Men's association football forwards
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy footballers
San Martín de San Juan footballers
San Martín de Tucumán footballers
Instituto Atlético Central Córdoba footballers
Huachipato FC footballers
Club Blooming players
Universitario de Sucre footballers
Deportes Concepción (Chile) footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Argentine Primera División players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Bolivia
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Bolivia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador


Interactional linguistics (IL) is an interdisciplinary approach to grammar and interaction in the field of linguistics, that applies the methods of Conversation Analysis to the study of linguistic structures, including syntax, phonetics, morphology, and so on. Interactional linguistics is based on the principle that linguistic structures and uses are formed through interaction and it aims at understanding how languages are shaped through interaction. The approach focuses on temporality, activity implication and embodiment in interaction. Interactional linguistics asks research questions such as "How are linguistic patterns shaped by interaction?" and "How do linguistic patterns themselves shape interaction?".

History
Interactional linguistics is partly a development within conversation analysis focusing on linguistic research questions, partly a development of Emergent grammar or West Coast functional grammar. The two approaches can be seen as effectively merged into interactional linguistics, but also with interactional sociolinguistics.

Conversation analysis
While conversation analysis did indeed study language since its beginning, it grew out of sociology and often dealt with sociological research questions and topics. However, over time the use of ideas and methods from conversation analysis for linguistic research questions grew. Some early uses of the term Interactional Linguistics are found in the title of a 1995 conference with the title and 2000 conference Interactional Linguistics: Euro-conference on the Linguistic Organisation of Conversational Activities and in the 2001 book Studies in Interactional Linguistics by Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen and Margret Selting. They mark a development that most clearly took place in the 90s through the publication of various edited volumes - most importantly the book Interaction and Grammar edited by Elinor Ochs, Emanuel Schegloff and Sandra Thompson.

While there is no agreed-upon delineation between the two, interactional linguistics is characterized by looking at linguistic structures and employing linguistic terminology for its description of what interactants orient to (and not only looking at e.g. gesture). It goes against earlier approaches where research was focused on investigating written language. With the improvement of technology, linguists have started to focus on spoken language as well due to its functions in intonation and transcription system. Though the functional linguistic study was not all about conversational interaction, it was really helpful for the language study which saw linguistic form as being useful on the situated occasion of use. The next step which made interactional linguistics develop was the important work on conversation analysis. Some sociologists were saying the study of everyday language was the essence of social order; some other kinds of discourse were said to be understood as habituations of the fundamental conversational order. The term talk-in-interaction was created as an inclusive term for all of naturally speech exchange.

Emergent grammar and West Coast functional grammar
Emergent grammar was proposed by Paul Hopper and postulates that rules of grammar come about as language is spoken and used. This is contrary to the a priori grammar postulate, the idea that grammar rules exist in the mind before the production of utterances. Compared to the principles of generative grammar and the concept of Universal Grammar, interactional linguistics asserts that grammar emerges from social interaction. Whereas Universal Grammar claims that features of grammar are innate, emergent grammar and other interactional theories claim that the human language faculty has no innate grammar and that features of grammar are learned through experience and social interaction.

Relations to linguistic theories
Interactional linguistics has connections to various linguistic approaches, such as discourse analysis and conversation analysis, and is used to investigate the relationship between grammatical structure and real-time interaction and language use. Further, the topic of normativity in a discourse or a social norm both contribute to how a conversation functions. Interactional linguists contrast their perspectives with that of "traditional structuralist descriptions".

Scholars in interactional linguistics draw from functional linguistics, conversation analysis, and linguistic anthropology in order to describe "the way in which language figures in everyday interaction and cognition" and Interactional Linguistics may be considered an usage-based approach to language. Studies in interactional linguistics view linguistic forms, including syntactic and prosodic structures, as greatly affected by interactions among participants in speech, signing, or other language use. The field contrasts with dominant approaches to linguistics during the twentieth century, which tended to focus either on the form of language per se, or on theories of individual language user's linguistic competence. Various scholars have or are attempting to write grammar books from an interactional linguistic perspective, for languages such as Alto Perené and Danish (See Samtalegrammatik.dk).

Interactional linguistics can also be considered compatible with construction grammar and cognitive grammar. Wolfgang Imo has coined the term Interactional Construction Grammar on the recognition of similarities between construction grammar and interactional linguistics. Interactional linguistics does not subscribe to the strict separation of competence and performance of generative grammar. Methodically, it takes what would be considered "performance" as the empirical starting point.

References

Further reading

Interactional Linguistics (John Benjamins journal)

Discourse analysis
Grammar frameworks
Grammar
Syntax
Phonology
Emergence


Doug Carn (born July 14, 1948) is an American jazz musician from St. Augustine, Florida, formerly married to Jean Carne and known for his several albums released for Black Jazz Records. Carn is a multi-instrumentalist known primarily for his work on organ and piano.

Career
Carn studied oboe and composition at Jacksonville University from 1965 to 1967, then finished his education at Georgia State College in 1969. He also taught piano and jazz improvisation at Jacksonville University for several years.

He, along with Chris Lightburn and Rev. H. L. Patterson of St. Mary's Baptist Church, founded the Lincolnville Restoration and Development Committee in his home town of St. Augustine in 1979. One of the group's projects was the organizing, in 1979, of the annual Lincolnville Festival, which has continued into the 21st century and become one of the Ancient City's leading cultural events.

Carn recorded several albums on the Black Jazz Records label during the 1970s that have since achieved cult classic status, including Infant Eyes, Adam's Apple, and Revelation.  He worked with Nat Adderley, Earth, Wind & Fire, Shirley Horn, Lou Donaldson, Stanley Turrentine, and Irene Reid. In 1997 Carn and other jazz organists including Dr. Lonnie Smith and Reuben Wilson recorded Bongobop with The Essence Allstars that featured both solo performances and a duet with Joey DeFrancesco. He was featured on drummer Cindy Blackman's (of Lenny Kravitz fame) album Another Lifetime. Since 2010 Carn and ex-wife Jean have been performing and touring together; including weekend appearances in 2012 at Ronnie Scott's in London and in 2013 at Lincoln Center and the Iridium in NYC and the Savannah Jazz Festival. His release My Spirit (2015), included live performances of selections from the Black Jazz albums, peaking at No. 46 on the JazzWeek chart.

Discography

As leader
 1969: The Doug Carn Trio (Savoy)
 1971: Infant Eyes (Black Jazz)
 1972: Spirit of the New Land (Black Jazz) with Jean Carn
 1973: Revelation (Black Jazz) with Jean Carn
 1974: Adam's Apple (Black Jazz)
 1976: Higher Ground (Ovation) with Jean Carn
 1977: Al Rahman! Cry of the Floridian Tropic Son (Tablighi Records) as Abdul Rahim Ibrahim
 1995: In A Mellow Tone (Lighthouse Records)
 2001: A New Incentive "Firm Roots" (Black Jazz)
 2015: My Spirit [live] (Doodlin' Records)
 2019: Free For All (Doodlin' Records)
 2020: Jazz Is Dead 5 (Jazz Is Dead) with Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad

With The Essence Allstars
 1997: Bongobop (Hip Bop Essence)

As sideman
With Calvin Keys
 Vertical Clearance (2005)
With Cindy Blackman
 Another Lifetime (2010)
With Curtis Fuller
 Keep It Simple (Savant, 2005)
With Intuit
 Intuit (2004)
With Melvin Van Peebles
 As Serious as a Heart-Attack (1974)
With Wallace Roney
 Home (HighNote, 2010 [2012])

References

1948 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz singers
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz oboists
Male oboists
Black Jazz Records artists
Savoy Records artists
Jacksonville University alumni
Savannah State University alumni
Jazz musicians from Florida
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians


The Society of Western Artists refers to two distinct and wholly unrelated organizations in the history of American art:
New Location:  527 San Mateo Avenue, San Bruno, CA 94066   650-225-9250
As of April 1, 2015

Society of Western Artists (1896-1914)
Society of Western Artists (1939-Present)

American artist groups and collectives


William Eugene Russell (December 2, 1932 – May 5, 1981), known as Gene Russell, was an American pop, jazz, and soul keyboardist who played acoustic and Fender Rhodes. He is mainly known for founding and releasing albums on Black Jazz Records.

Russell was born in Los Angeles, California and was a cousin of guitarist Charlie Christian. He studied with Hampton Hawes. In the 1960s and 1970s, he composed music for film and television also appearing as an actor. Russell played with Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Zoot Sims, Leroy Vinnegar, Dexter Gordon, Wardell Gray and Miles Davis.

With financing from Dick Schrory, Russell established Black Jazz Records in 1969. The aim of the record label was to promote young African American jazz musicians and singers.

He died in Los Angeles on May 5, 1981.

Discography
1967: Takin' Care of Business (Dot Records) - As the Gene Russell Trio
1967: Up and Away (Decca)
1971: New Direction (Black Jazz)
1972: Talk to My Lady (Black Jazz)
1981: Autumn Leaves (Sea Breeze)

References

African-American jazz musicians
American jazz organists
American male organists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
1932 births
1981 deaths
Black Jazz Records artists
Jazz musicians from California
20th-century American composers
20th-century American pianists
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century jazz composers
African-American pianists
20th-century African-American musicians


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Beaverhead County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Beaverhead County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 25 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.

Listings county-wide

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Beaverhead


Hi Fi is the fourth studio album by Hugh Cornwell, released on 2 October 2000 by Koch Entertainment.

It is produced by Laurie Latham, who also worked on Cornwell's previous album Guilty (1997). All instrumentation is by Cornwell with appearances from Justin Chapman (drums), Michelle Marti (bass) and Mike Polson (guitar) from his touring band, a string quartet, and harmonica player John Dominic (ex-the Bo Street Runners, Deborah Bonham Band).

In 2001, the album was released in the US (Koch) and Europe (Edel) under the same title but with different artwork, an additional version of "Gingerbread Girl" and two live tracks.

A remixed and remastered vinyl edition of Hi Fi was released by Cornwell's own HIS Records in 2021. It was released in a limited edition of 500 copies, with new cover art work, and with the original track listing.

Critical reception

AllMusic's Mark Deming found the album "pleasingly tuneful, with strong pop melodies," and a "winning psychedelic undertow" on certain tracks. He felt it "ranks with the most confident and accessible work of [Cornwell's] career," with Cornwell's vocals and songwriting being "in fine shape", and Laurie Latham's production serving the material well.

Track listing

US/European 2001 release
Duration of some tracks differ from the UK version.

 Track 2: additional production and mixing by the Black Dog at Black Dog Towers, London.
 Tracks 11 and 12: solo acoustic live recordings; no date or location is given.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

Musicians
Hugh Cornwell – vocals, instrumentation
Justin Chapman – drums (1, 3–8)
Michelle Marti – bass (1, 4–8)
Mike Polson – additional guitar (1, 5, 7, 8)
Sumyungstrings:
Gita Langley – violin
Jesse Murphy – violin
Rachel Helleur – cello
Una Palliser – viola (8, 9)
John Dominic – harmonica (7, 10)

Technical
Laurie Latham – producer, engineer
Jon Astley – mastering
AL at Spot On Design – design, artwork
Gary Bryan – cover photography

2001 US/European release
Steve "Hotdog" Ash – engineer (2)
Jeff Chenault – art direction, design

2021 vinyl reissue
Hugh Cornwell – remixing, artwork
Phil Andrews – remixing
Barry Grint – remastering
Nick Stone – artwork
Andrew J. Davies – photography

References

2000 albums
Hugh Cornwell albums
Albums produced by Laurie Latham


Calvin Keys (born February 6, 1943) is an American jazz guitarist, known for the several albums he released for Black Jazz Records.

Keys has performed and recorded with Ray Charles, Ahmad Jamal, John Handy, Bobby Hutcherson, Eddie Marshall, Sonny Stitt, Pharoah Sanders, Joe Henderson and Leon Williams.

Discography

As leader
 Shawn-Neeq (Black Jazz, 1971)
 Proceed with Caution! (Black Jazz, 1974)
 Criss Cross (Ovation, 1976)
 Full Court Press (Olive Branch, 1985)
 Maria's First (Olive Branch, 1987)
 Standard Keys [live] (Lifeforce Jazz, 1992 [1997])
 Detours into Unconscious Rhythms (Wide Hive, 2000)
 Touch (Olive Branch, 2000) compilation
 An Evening With Calvin Keys [live] (Lifeforce Jazz, 2003) 2-CD
 Calvinesque (Silverado, 2005)
 Vertical Clearance (Wide Hive, 2006)
 Hand Made Portrait (Silverado, 2007)
 Electric Keys (Wide Hive, 2013)
 Close Enough For Love (Lifeforce Jazz, 2015)
 Simply Calvin (Lifeforce Jazz, 2022)
 Blue Keys (Wide Hive, 2022)

As sideman
With Ahmad Jamal
 Recorded Live at Oil Can Harry's (Catalyst, 1976)
 Steppin Out with a Dream (20th Century Fox, 1976)
 One (20th Century Fox, 1978)
 Night Song (Motown, 1980)
 Live in Paris 1996 (Birdology/Dreyfus, 1999)

With others
 Gene Russell, Talk to My Lady (Black Jazz, 1973)
 Billy Brooks, Windows of the Mind (Crossover, 1974)
 Doug Carn, Adam's Apple (Black Jazz, 1974)
 Doug Carn, Higher Ground (Ovation, 1976)
 Gene Russell, Listen Here (Ovation, 1976)
 James Newton Howard, Dying Young (Arista, 1991)
 Dissent, Dissent (Wide Hive, 1999)
 Azeem, Mayhem Mystics (Wide Hive, 2004)

References

External links
Official site
Calvin Keys discography at Jazzlists
Calvin Keys Page at Wide Hive Records
"Electric Keys" Page at Wide Hive Records
"Vertical Clearance" Page at Wide Hive Records
"Detours Into Unconscious Rythms(sic)" Page at Wide Hive Records

Living people
1943 births
American jazz guitarists
Black Jazz Records artists
African-American guitarists
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
Jazz musicians from California
Guitarists from California
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people


Lê Phước Tứ (born 15 April 1984) is a former Vietnamese footballer who last played for Becamex Bình Dương in the V.League 1. He was a regular member of the Vietnam national football team from 2008 to 2014.

On 12 November 2014, he announced his retirement from international football after the 2014 AFF Championship semi-final loss to Malaysia.

Honours
 AFF Championship (1): 2008
 V.League 1 (1): 2014
 V.League 2 (2): 2007, 2011
 Vietnamese National Cup (1): 2012
 Vietnamese Super Cup (1): 2009, 2013

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Quảng Nam province
Vietnamese men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
Vietnam men's international footballers
V.League 1 players
Xuan Thanh Saigon Cement FC players
Becamex Binh Duong FC players


Little Hells is Marissa Nadler's fourth full-length studio album, released in March 2009 on Kemado Records. The poster for the Little Hells European tour was designed by Berlin-based poster artist Stefan Guzy.

Track listing
 "Heart Paper Lover" - 4:08
 "Rosary" - 3:56
 "Mary Come Alive" - 4:44
 "Little Hells" - 2:26
 "Ghosts & Lovers" - 4:16
 "Brittle, Crushed & Torn" - 3:12
 "The Whole Is Wide" - 4:39
 "River of Dirt" - 4:24
 "Loner" - 4:49
 "Mistress" - 5:42

Credits

Album
 Marissa Nadler - vocals, acoustic and electric guitar, wurlitzer
 Myles Baer - acoustic and electric guitar, theremin, wurlitzer
 Dave Scher - lap steel guitar, organ, piano, synthesizer
 Simone Pace - drums, percussion

Production
 Chris Coady - production, mixing, programming
 Brendan Muldowny - engineer
 David Tolomei - engineer
 Howie Weinberg - mastering

References

External links
Marissa Nadler Official Site

2009 albums
Marissa Nadler albums
Albums produced by Chris Coady


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Silver Bow County, Montana.  It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Silver Bow County, Montana, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 20 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks.

Listings county-wide

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Silver Bow


Guilty is the third solo studio album by Hugh Cornwell, released in 1997 on the Madfish label.

The album was released in the US on 23 February 1999 on Velvel Records as Black Hair, Black Eyes, Black Suit with different artwork and two additional tracks: "Jesus Will Weep" and "Not Hungry Enough," and without "Five Miles High".

Critical reception

AllMusic's Jack Rabid wrote that the album is "focused, well-conceived, and finely written as the Stranglers' better post-Black and White LPs." He added that Cornwell "has proven himself a minor master of mannered pop with purpose before, and he's done it again here."

Track listing

Personnel
 Hugh Cornwell - vocals, guitar, banjo
 Steve Lawrence - bass, backing vocals
 Phil Andrews - keyboards, backing vocals
 Chris Bell - drums, percussion
 Laurie Latham - additional percussion
Technical
 Laurie Latham - producer, engineer
 Ray Mascarenas - assistant engineer
 Crispin Murray - mastering
 Tim Young - mastering
 Al at Spot On Design - art design
 Tim Kent - photography

References

1997 albums
Hugh Cornwell albums
Albums produced by Laurie Latham


Ioasaf Aleksandrovich Tikhomirov (1872-1908) was a male actor from the Russian Empire. He trained under Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, who offered "rigorous and intelligent" courses in actor training at the school of the Moscow Philharmonic Society. Tikhomirov was one of twelve students that Nemirovich brought with him to join the Moscow Art Theatre when he founded it with Constantin Stanislavski in 1898. He acted with the company until 1904 and also served as the director of the Art Theatre School. In 1904 Stanislavski sent Tikhomirov to help Maxim Gorky establish his newly founded theatre in Nizhny Novgorod, but the project was abandoned when the Russian censor banned every play that they proposed to stage.

References

Sources

 Benedetti, Jean. 1999. Stanislavski: His Life and Art. Revised edition. Original edition published in 1988. London: Methuen. .
 Whyman, Rose. 2008. The Stanislavsky System of Acting: Legacy and Influence in Modern Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. .
 Worrall, Nick. 1996. The Moscow Art Theatre. Theatre Production Studies ser. London and NY: Routledge. .

1872 births
1908 deaths
Drama teachers from the Russian Empire
Moscow Art Theatre
Male actors from the Russian Empire


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Montana.  It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Montana, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

Listings county-wide

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Madison


Wired is the second solo studio album by Hugh Cornwell, released on 21 June 1993 on the Transmission label. It follows the collaboration album with Robert Williams, Nosferatu (1979), and first proper solo outing, Wolf (1988). Wired was produced by Gary Langan (Art of Noise), with the exception of "Ain't It Strange", which was produced by Cornwell. It was recorded in 1992 at Metropolis Studios in London and Soundlab Studios in Wiltshire. The album's progress was affected by contractual disputes. Cornwell was initially signed to Phoenix Records, but the label started to fall into difficulties and Cornwell cited them for breach of contract. A new deal was struck with NTV (Transmission) to finish the album. Phoenix then maintained that NTV had no right to release the album with arguments over the matter continuing until February 1994. As a result, the album was initially only released in Europe. Two singles were released from the album, "The Story of He & She" in 1993, and "My Kind of Loving" in 1994.

The album was re-released by Griffin Records in 1995 in both CD and cassette formats.

The album was released in the United States on 27 April 1999 on the Velvel Record label, under the title First Bus To Babylon with different artwork and different track listing. The album includes a cover version of Jimi Hendrix's "Stone Free", which according to Cornwell was originally considered for inclusion on the initial release of Wired.

Track listing

The American edition retitled First Bus to Babylon dropped the track "Make It With You" and includes "Stone Free" and "My Kind of Loving" (12" version).

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

Musicians
 Hugh Cornwell – guitar, vocals
 Chris Goulstone – guitar
 Ted Mason – guitar
 Tomoyasu Hotei – guitar
 Alex Gifford – bass guitar
 Phil Andrews – keyboards
 George De Angelis – Hammond organ
 Robert Williams – drums, percussion
 Steve Ferrera – additional drum programming
 Wesley Magoogan – brass
 Joel Squires – harmonica

Technical
 Gary Langan – producer (except "Ain't It Strange"), photography
 Hugh Cornwell – producer ("Ain't It Strange")
 James Cadsky – engineer
 Jamie Cullum – assistant engineer
 John Pasche – artwork, design
 David Mach – artwork (hanger head)
 David Scheinmann – photography

Release history

References

Further reading
 Cornwell, Hugh, A Multitude of Sins. London. Harper Collins Publishers, 2004.

1993 albums
Hugh Cornwell albums


Soekiman Wirjosandjojo (EYD: Sukiman Wiryosanjoyo; 19June 1898 – 23July 1974) was an Indonesian politician and physician who served as prime minister of Indonesia from 1951 until 1952. A member of the Masyumi Party, he also served as the party's first chairman.

Born into a merchant family in Surakarta, Soekiman was educated as a physician at Batavia's STOVIA medical school and at Amsterdam University. Having served as chairman of the Perhimpoenan Indonesia association while in the Netherlands, he returned to Java and began participating in politics while working as a doctor. He was active within the Islamic political organization Sarekat Islam, later the Indonesian Islamic Union Party, from which he was expelled in 1933 due to a dispute. He then co-founded the Indonesian Islamic Political Party (Partii), which in 1938 became the Indonesian Islamic Party. (PII). During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, he was active within the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat propaganda organization, and in 1945 was appointed a member of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence.

When Masyumi was formed as a political party in November 1945, Soekiman was elected its first chairman. He acted as opposition of various government cabinets during the Indonesian National Revolution, namely those of prime ministers Sutan Sjahrir and Amir Sjarifuddin, although he agreed to work with them following the Dutch military offensive of 1947. He was later appointed as Minister of Home Affairs under Mohammad Hatta's cabinet, and became part of the Indonesian delegation in the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference. In independent Indonesia, Soekiman was first replaced as Masyumi's chairman by Mohammad Natsir, and in turn he replaced Natsir as prime minister in April 1951 by forming a coalition with the Indonesian National Party, creating the Soekiman Cabinet.

As prime minister, Soekiman nationalized Bank Indonesia and initiated a holiday bonus program for civil servants. He also arrested thousands of individuals due to a suspected coup attempt, particularly members of the Indonesian Communist Party. In foreign policy, Soekiman's tenure saw an improvement of relations with the Western Bloc and especially with the United States. However, there remained an internal dispute within Masyumi between Soekiman and Natsir, and this coupled with secretive negotiations between foreign minister Achmad Soebardjo and United States ambassador H. Merle Cochran led to the collapse of Soekiman's cabinet. He remained active within Masyumi after his premiership, until his departure from politics following the involvement of Masyumi leaders in the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the advent of Guided Democracy. He died in Yogyakarta in 1974.

Early life

Soekiman was born in Sewu, today within Surakarta, on 19June 1898. He was the youngest of fourth children. Soekiman's father, Wirjosandjojo, was a rice merchant. Wirjosandjojo had a business relationship with a Dutch armed forces veteran, and through his help Soekiman could enroll at an Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) in Boyolali, normally reserved for Europeans and native nobility. After completing ELS and later he continued his education to the medical school STOVIA in Batavia.  During his time at STOVIA, Soekiman had been active within Jong Java, which was founded by his older brother .

Graduating from STOVIA in 1923, he considered working for the colonial train company, but his father convinced him to continue his medical school at Amsterdam University and provided financial support. Also in 1923, Soekiman married Kustami, and the two had a son before Soekiman departed for the Netherlands. In Amsterdam, he studied internal medicine. He was active inside the Indonesian students' organization Indonesische Vereniging during his foreign studies, serving as the organization's chairman between 1924 and 1925. Under Soekiman, the Vereniging translated its official name to Perhimpoenan Indonesia, and also renamed its magazine from Hindia Poetra ("Son of the Indies") to Indonesia Merdeka ("Independent Indonesia").

Early career

Returning from the Netherlands, Soekiman moved to Yogyakarta and initially worked in a hospital run by Muhammadiyah. After two years, he left the hospital and opened a private practice in Bintaran. He was known for his skills in treating lung illnesses and would often give discounts or free treatments for poorer patients.

In 1927, Soekiman joined the Partai Sarekat Islam (PSI). Along with Sukarno, Soekiman co-founded the Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People (PPPKI) in an attempt to unite and coordinate the various Indonesian nationalistic political parties and organizations. However, tensions quickly emerged between PSI and other PPPKI members, as PSI was seen as putting Islam above Indonesian nationalism to the point where many PPPKI members called for PSI to be expelled from the organization, despite PSI's renaming to Partai Sarekat Islam Indonesia (PSII) in January 1930. In response to the calls, Soekiman called PPPKI an "imperialistic" organization at PSII's 1931 congress. In spite of the public disagreements, Soekiman maintained a good personal relationship with secular nationalistic figures such as Mohammad Hatta. When Soekiman launched the nationalist Utusan Indonesia newspaper in 1932, he asked Hatta to become its chief editor.

Soekiman attempted to defend the rights of around 900 PSII members laid off by a colonial government-owned pawnbroking network and succeeded in lobbying for severance pay and secured first priority for the employees to be rehired. However, he did not consult PSII's senior leaders such as H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto and Agus Salim before his efforts. This was used as the reason for his expulsion from the party in March 1933. Soekiman had longstanding disagreements with PSII's noncooperative stance with the colonial government, and after he was expelled he formed the Partij Politiek Islam Indonesia (PARTII) with Muhammadiyah's support. PARTII failed to garner popular support, however, and was disbanded before long. Following Tjokroaminoto's death, Soekiman briefly rejoined PSII in 1937, before leaving in 1938 and founding another political party, the Indonesian Islamic Party (PII). He took part in the founding of Majelis Islam A'la Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic Assembly, MIAI) which was intended to serve as a federation of various Islamic organizations. Along with his brother Satiman, Soekiman also initiated the formation of an Islamic higher education institute, establishing several pilot projects in 1939 and 1940 before the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies interrupted their growth.

Japanese occupation
Early on in the occupation, Soekiman became inactive in politics due to a ban on various political organizations including MIAI. Once MIAI was allowed to operate again in September 1942, Soekiman became one of its leaders along with Harsono Tjokroaminoto and , until it was once again shut down in late 1943. Aside from MIAI, he was also active within the propaganda organization Pusat Tenaga Rakyat as an appointed member.

Soekiman was later also listed as a member of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). After the committee had drafted the Jakarta Charter, Soekiman supported Wahid Hasyim's proposal to formally establish Islam as a state religion, and require that any future elected presidents and vice presidents be Muslim. Initially, other committee members from nationalist and secular parties agreed to Hasyim's proposal. However, before the proposal could be formalized, the Japanese reformed BPUPK into the smaller Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). Soekiman did not become a member of this committee, and PPKI members cancelled Hasyim's proposal, allowing non-Muslims to serve as president and establishing Indonesia's lack of a formal state religion. Beyond this matter, Soekiman also discussed the legal structures of the future People's Consultative Assembly and on the legal rights of citizens within the Constitution of Indonesia.

Indonesian Revolution

Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence on 17August 1945, Soekiman on 22August was appointed as one of the members of the leadership committee of the Indonesian National Party (PNI), at that time the only permitted political party under the new government. This was not to last, as on 3November the government issued a declaration calling for the formation of other political parties. Just days later, the Indonesian Muslim Congress was held in Yogyakarta on 7November, and the Masyumi Party was founded with Soekiman elected its first chairman. Aside from Soekiman, former members of PII dominated Masyumi's first leadership committee. Despite this, however, Soekiman in a speech concluding the congress lambasted the government's decision to allow formation of more political parties, claiming that such a move would divide the nation.

Soekiman was opposed to the formation of Sutan Sjahrir's first cabinet, which he considered to be a constitutional violation. Masyumi had declared in its founding congress that it was opposed to the emerging parliamentary system of government, as the constitution approved less than a year prior had mandated for a presidential system for Indonesia. Along with Tan Malaka's Persatuan Perjuangan (PP) organization, Masyumi placed itself in opposition to Sjahrir's government until March 1946, when a number of PP members were arrested. Following the arrests, Masyumi's hostility to the government softened. Soekiman still criticized the formation of the Second Sjahrir Cabinet in February 1946, despite having been involved in determining its composition. On 3July 1946, Soekiman visited the presidential palace, apparently believing that President Sukarno was to make an announcement. Once he spoke with Vice President Mohammad Hatta, however, he was informed that there was an attempted coup against Sjahrir's cabinet by Mohammad Yamin and several military officers. Upon learning of the fact, he left the palace immediately, with the coup failing and its plotters arrested.

Increased Dutch military activity starting from the end of 1946 forced Sjahrir into the negotiating table, and the Linggadjati Agreement was signed on 15November 1946. Soekiman's Masyumi opposed the agreement, seeing it as too accommodative to Dutch demands, to the point where Soekiman declared his intention to overthrow Sjahrir's government by force. After the collapse of Sjahrir's third cabinet on 27June 1947, Soekiman was appointed by Sukarno as one of four formateurs (along with Amir Sjarifuddin, Adnan Kapau Gani, and ) to form a new government. Soekiman, believing that Masyumi had significant popular backing, demanded several important posts be held by Masyumi members. The other three formateurs rejected his demands, and Sukarno decided to revoke Soekiman's mandate as formateur. The remaining three formateurs organized the First Amir Sjarifuddin Cabinet. Sjarifuddin was generally hostile towards Masyumi, and thus he appointed ministers such as Wondoamiseno and Arudji Kartawinata originating from the Masyumi splinter party PSII.

The hostility between Sjarifuddin and Soekiman continued until the Dutch Operation Product in July 1947, which forced both parties to compromise and Sjarifuddin agreed to appoint several Masyumi members into his cabinet. Regardless, his cabinet collapsed following Masyumi's loss of support later on following the Renville Agreement, and Soekiman was appointed Interior Minister within the succeeding First Hatta Cabinet. Soekiman's appointment was well-received by Islamic organizations, and the Dutch even mistook Soekiman as the leader of the emerging Darul Islam movement. Soekiman later took part in the Indonesian delegation for the negotiations regarding the transfer of sovereignty in 1949.

Premiership

Natsir era and cabinet formation

Soekiman led Masyumi until 1949, when Mohammad Natsir was appointed chair of the party's executive committee to replace him. Soekiman held on to the position of party chairman, however, until he was demoted to deputy chairman in 1951. When Natsir became prime minister in 1950, Soekiman became a critic of his cabinet, judging that it was formed with too much pressure from the Indonesian Army. Soekiman also disagreed with Natsir's decision to exclude the PNI from government, which he believed would result in the government becoming vulnerable. Natsir's cabinet indeed faced such instability in early 1951 due to pressure both from the PNI-led opposition and from Soekiman's supporters within the party. Natsir attempted to form a compromise with PNI, but the cabinet collapsed by 21March 1951 when one of its coalition members the Great Indonesia Party withdrew from government. During Natsir's premiership, Soekiman was also briefly sent abroad as part of a delegation discussing the Western New Guinea dispute, but the delegation was told to return home after less than a month.

Initially, PNI's Sartono was tasked and failed to form a replacement cabinet. In his place, Soekiman along with PNI's Sidik Djojosukarto were appointed formateurs. Following negotiations, Soekiman struck a deal with PNI regarding power sharing within the government, with PNI agreeing to Soekiman becoming prime minister. However, PNI wished for Natsir to lose his influence within the government. This deal resulted in Masyumi's internal split worsening, to the point where the party's executive committee issued a declaration stating that Soekiman's actions did not represent the party. Regardless, a government was formed and Soekiman began serving as prime minister with PNI's Suwiryo as his deputy on 27April 1951. The cabinet included five Masyumi members, but none were part of Natsir's faction within the party. Despite proposals during Natsir's premiership to reduce the number of cabinet positions, Soekiman instead increased it and received criticism for it. Eventually, however, Natsir's faction relented and issued another statement supporting the Soekiman government, allowing it to function politically. Unlike Natsir's slim majority, the government held a significant majority in parliament hence providing Soekiman with plenty of political capital in policymaking. Also unlike Natsir, Soekiman maintained a close personal relationship with Sukarno.

Domestic policy

Soekiman's government took a harder stance against the emerging Darul Islam movement under Kartosoewirjo compared to the preceding government. In January 1951, Soekiman approved a military operation against the movement after Natsir's amnesty program was deemed to be unsuccessful.

During Soekiman's premiership, the former colonial central bank (De Javasche Bank) was nationalized under finance minister Jusuf Wibisono through a share purchase, creating the new national central bank Bank Indonesia. Aside from the bank, the government also agreed to partially nationalize a 255,000-hectare tobacco plantation in Tanjung Morawa, North Sumatra, although its implementation would be left to the next cabinet, which failed to implement it.

Due to increased exports of raw materials, the government budget in 1951 experienced a surplus. Soekiman's government began implementing economist Sumitro Djojohadikusumo's plan for national industrialization, and pressed on despite more vulnerable government finances due to declining exports in later months. Initially, the government implemented a foreign exchange certificate system, but revoked it in February 1952 following former German finance minister Hjalmar Schacht's advice and put a 33 percent export tax in its place. The government promoted trade with the United States, Canada, and Japan, while trade with the Netherlands generally declined.

In 1951, Soekiman decided to grant civil servants a bonus during the month of Ramadan. The bonus is considered the predecessor of the modern Tunjangan Hari Raya (Holiday Allowance) in Indonesia, and at the time amounted to between 125 and 200 rupiah plus some rice. As the bonus was limited to government employees, private employees went on strike on 13February 1952 in order to receive similar benefits. Prior to the strike itself, a number of labor actions had been held, and in August 1951 a rumour circulated that a foreign entity was planning to launch a coup with the support of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Following a shooting at Tanjung Priok on 5August 1951, the police launched a sweep on 16August, arresting members of PKI and other left-wing parties. According to Soekiman in a 29October statement, the arrests involved 15,000 people. The legislature initially did not oppose this action. However, as it became clear that the arrests had been planned by Soekiman by just involving a handful of others, and that no coup had been planned, Soekiman was accused of acting in panic or under pressure from the United States. Despite this, the government coalition remained solid, and the PKI was weakened by the sweeps.

Foreign policy

Relationship with the People's Republic of China (PRC) deteriorated during Soekiman's tenure, as he believed that PKI was being supported and funded by the PRC. Soekiman's cabinet implemented an international trade embargo against the PRC and denied entry to a number of its diplomats. Conversely, Soekiman's foreign policy tended to favor Western countries especially the United States. Soekiman sent foreign minister Achmad Soebardjo to sign the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951, despite internal opposition to the act by some Masyumi leaders such as Mohammad Roem and Sjafruddin Prawiranegara. Regardless, Soebardjo signed the agreement on 6September 1951. While in the United States, Soebardjo also negotiated with the US Secretary of State Dean Acheson, lobbying Acheson to provide loans and aid to Indonesia under the Mutual Security Act (MSA).

In January 1952, Soebardjo resumed negotiations regarding MSA loans and aid with US Ambassador to Indonesia H. Merle Cochran, with Soekiman's knowledge. Once this was made known to the parliament and the general public, an opposition emerged as the negotiations were perceived to pull Indonesia towards the Western Bloc in the Cold War, contrary to the nation's "free and active" foreign policy doctrine. This opposition was strengthened by the secretive nature of Soebardjo and Cochran's negotiations. On 12February 1952, the Masyumi leadership council issued a statement opposing any agreement with Cochran, followed by a similar statement by PNI four days later. This led to Soebardjo's resignation as foreign minister on 21February, and of Soekiman's along with the rest of his cabinet on 23February. Wilopo replaced Soekiman as prime minister on 1April.

Later career

After his resignation as prime minister, Soekiman was appointed as chair of Masyumi's electoral committee, tasked with devising Masyumi's strategy in facing the 1955 Indonesian legislative election. Soekiman was once more appointed as cabinet formateur on 29July 1955 after the collapse of the First Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, this time with PNI's Wilopo and Masyumi's Assaat, but the trio failed to form a cabinet and their mandate was returned by 3August. He also became a member of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia.

In 1958, Natsir along with a number of other Masyumi leaders joined the seditious Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PRRI), triggering an internal split within the remaining leaders of the party. Soekiman attempted to lobby other Masyumi leaders into condemning Natsir's actions, but pro-Natsir politicians such as Prawoto Mangkusasmito blocked his attempt and thus the party limited its public statements against Natsir, simply referring to the PRRI movement as unconstitutional. Prawoto's faction took over the party's leadership following the 1959 Masyumi congress, leaving just Soekiman holding his post as deputy chairman. In 1960, Soekiman was invited to join the newly formed People's Representative Council of Mutual Assistance by Sukarno. However, he publicly rejected this invitation, likely displeasing Sukarno as the two never met face to face afterwards. Soekiman decided to retire from politics, allowing him to evade widespread arrests of former Masyumi leaders during the early 1960s as the government saw him as a non-threat. He floated the idea of forming a new Islamic party after Suharto became president, but shelved his plans after consulting with authorities within the New Order.

Death

Soekiman died at around 11:30 AM on 23July 1974 in his home in Yogyakarta. Following his own request to be buried near Ki Hadjar Dewantara, Soekiman was interred the following day within the Taman Siswa cemetery in Yogyakarta. He had three sons and a daughter.

References

Footnotes

Citations

Sources

1898 births
1974 deaths
BPUPK
Indonesian collaborators with Imperial Japan
Interior ministers of Indonesia
Javanese people
Masyumi Party politicians
Members of the Central Advisory Council
People from Surakarta
Politicians from Central Java
Prime Ministers of Indonesia
Indonesian Muslims
STOVIA alumni
University of Amsterdam alumni


Black Jesus (, lit. "Sitting to his right") is a 1968 Italian drama film co-written and directed by Valerio Zurlini and starring Woody Strode. It is inspired by the final days of the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba. It was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival, but the festival was cancelled due to the May 1968 events in France.

Synopsis
Rebel Maurice Lalubi is arrested by the military on trumped up charges and tortured, which turns him into a martyr.

Cast
 Woody Strode as Maurice Lalubi
 Franco Citti as Oreste
 Jean Servais as Commander
 Pier Paolo Capponi as Officer
 Stephen Forsyth as Prisoner (as Stephen Forsyth)
 Luciano Lorcas as Sergent (as Luciano Lorcas)
 Salvatore Basile (as Salvo Basile)
 Giuseppe Transocchi
 Silvio Fiore
 Renzo Rossi
 Mirella Pamphili (as Mirella Panfili)
 Bruno Corazzari as Torturer (uncredited)
 Inigo Lezzi as Soldier (uncredited)

References

External links

1968 films
1968 drama films
Italian drama films
1960s Italian-language films
Films directed by Valerio Zurlini
Films set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1960s Italian films


Jennie Maas Flexner (November 6, 1882 – November 17, 1944) was a librarian, a suffragist and author.

Life
Jennie Maas Flexner was born November 6, 1882, in Louisville, Kentucky to Jacob Aaron Flexner and Rosa Maas. Both her parents were of deep German-Jewish ancestry. She was the oldest of five children, with one brother and three sisters. Flexner and her siblings experienced a family life full of generous scholarly encouragements and educational backing. Her family was always very supportive and pushed her to pursue an education and develop a career that fit her personality and abilities.

She went to local public school and graduated from Commercial High School in Louisville at the age of 17. After graduating high school, she went to work for her uncle as a secretary. After that, she worked for The Louisville Herald. It was not until a conversation with her mother and a family friend, that Flexner was encouraged to try for a position at the new library in Louisville, which was funded by Andrew Carnegie. At this pivotal point in her life, Jennie Maas Flexner was introduced to a deep-rooted career in librarianship.

Career
As a child, Flexner attended the local public school, however she did not finish college and did not attain a paying job until the age of twenty-four. At this time she began her career as a secretary at the Free Public Library of Louisville in 1903. She took a short leave of absence from the Louisville library in 1908, where she was able to study at the School of Library Service at the Western Reserve University in Cleveland. After her education, she would take her position as the circulation department's head from 1912 to 1928.

Flexner was a strong advocate and leading authority of the newly developing library concept of a reader-centered philosophy, as opposed to the traditional book centered library and she soon became the forefront of writing and discussion for this topic.

Flexner was also known as a key innovator for libraries and their role and utilization of adult education, primarily for immigrants, minorities, and refugees during the troubling time of the Depression and World War II. She chaired a committee that selected books for the Armed Services and advised the council on books in wartime, and when the European refugees came to New York in the 1930s, she actively played a role in the library by helping people find new resources for their professional and intellectual lives.

Flexner was also a strong advocate for the training and knowledge of the individuals working inside the library. In Louisville, she was an advocate of service to the black community and the training of black and white librarians. During her time as the circulation head at her hometown library in Louisville and as a result of her involvement in the professional education of librarians through expanding criteria and developing appropriate materials she wrote a book, "Circulation Work in Public Libraries," 1927, which became a standard text in library schools.

From 1928, until her death, Flexner was the Readers' advisory at the New York City Public Library and author of several books on the library and librarians. In 1926, she served on the curriculum staff of the American Library Association.

In 1928, she was chosen to initiate a special counseling service for adult readers at the New York Public Library from which they opened the Readers' Advisers Service Office, in 1929.

On January 15, 1938, Library Journal published the article titled “Readers and Books” written by Jennie M. Flexner. In this article she discusses what reader's advisory is and how this service provides readers with the opportunity and confidence to use the library.
Here are some quotes from the above-mentioned article:

“An effort is made to survey each reader’s relationship to books and make suggestions which will enable him to follow his own line of interest . . . .”

“Finding this aid in selecting books effective and easily achieved, readers do return to talk over their problems, to ask for more books . . . .”

“But the real service which we hope to render is to make it possible for the reader himself to use the public library more intelligently and effectively . . . .”

What is important about Flexner's article is that the readers’ advisory services can directly relate to a library's usage. Patrons are more likely to return when they have been met with success regarding queries in selecting materials pertinent to their desired tastes. Another important component to Flexner's reader's advisory, is the cooperation with a library's surrounding educational institutions. By keeping in contact with such institutions, libraries can equip themselves with either appropriate materials or a well-planned advisory list for students and participants to lectures and classes.
Flexner ends her article with the following:

“The Readers’ Adviser in any library is there to help in the discovery of some of the pleasures which are to be found through familiarity with books, both old and new, and their use for self-development . . . .”

On November 17, 1944, she died in New York City. She was buried in The Temple Cemetery (also known as the Adath Israel Cemetery) in Louisville.

Woman Suffrage Activism
Jennie Flexner followed in her parents' footsteps by joining the Louisville Woman Suffrage Association. She led the Legislative Committee in that club and also worked to organize the 1911 annual convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association held in Louisville that year. She also served as the Press Superintendent of the Kentucky Equal Rights Association. When Kentucky women won the right to vote in local school board elections in 1912, Jennie and her sisters worked to get the vote out.

Family
Jennie Flexner did not marry but was part of a distinguished family, including uncles Abraham Flexner, founder of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, known for his studies and surveys of medical colleges, and Simon Flexner, known as a scientific director of the Rockefeller Foundation and eminent bacteriologist. A cousin, Abraham's daughter, the feminist writer Eleanor Flexner. Jennie's sisters were  Hortense Flexner King, a poet and a teacher that published seven volumes at Bryn Mawr and Sarah Lawrence Colleges, and Caroline Flexner who became the aide to New York governor and senator Herbert H. Lehman, and held important positions in the Joint Distribution Committee and was with UNRRA in Washington, D.C. Her father, who helped finance his brothers' education, eventually was able to attain his own medical degree as a pharmacist and then a physician.

Publications
The Circulation of Books in Public Libraries  1926
Circulation Work in Public Libraries.  1927
Making Books Work  1943

References

Sources
Halpert, Susan. "Jennie Maas Flexner." Jennie Maas Flexner at Jewish Women's Archive. Accessed April 2, 2009
Brody, Seymour. "Jennie Maas Flexner: Reader's Adviser, Librarian & Author."  Jennie Maas Flexner at FAU Libraries Special Collections & Archives Accessed April 3, 2009
Edge, Sigrid A "Flexner, Jennie Maas" Notable American Women. Vol. 1, 4th ed., The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975

1882 births
1944 deaths
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Kentucky women writers
Kentucky women librarians
American suffragists


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Traill County, North Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Traill County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 22 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  Another 5 properties were once listed but have been removed.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota

References

Traill
Traill County, North Dakota


Wolf is the debut solo album by English musician Hugh Cornwell, released in June 1988 on Virgin Records and produced by Cornwell and Ian Ritchie, with additional production on two tracks by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley. The other musicians involved included drummers Graham Broad and Manny Elias, keyboardists Jools Holland and Simon Clark, brass players Don Weller, Pete Thoms, Steve Dawson and Alex Gifford, singer Haywoode, and guitarist Gus Isadore.

Reception
Cornwell was still in the Stranglers when Wolf was released; writing in Trouser Press Record Guides, Ira Robbins described the album as “a dull stab at playing lightweight dance-pop outside the Stranglers’ sphere” adding that it “contains nothing the Stranglers couldn't have done just as well”. That opinion was shared by the Encyclopedia of Popular Music, which described it as “a hugely disappointing affair, a limp attempt to carve a pop niche”.

Though the album failed to chart, the single "Another Kind of Love", released in September 1988, reached No. 11 on the US Alternative charts. The accompanying music video was directed by the acclaimed surrealist film maker Jan Švankmajer. The Los Angeles Times described the combination as a "fun song and a visual treat". Another review of the live action/stop motion clip suggests that it is the only music video made by Švankmajer, though his work is known to have strongly influenced the Brothers Quay, who worked on the video for Peter Gabriel’s "Sledgehammer" two years before.

Interviewed in February 1998, Cornwell claimed that a number of tracks on Wolf had been so well-received by American radio stations that Virgin US had wanted him to go over on tour to promote the album. It was arranged for him to support A Flock of Seagulls, who had taken their name from a Stranglers song and offered to act as his backing band as well as playing their own greatest hits set, but the tour fell through when Cornwell was sacked by Virgin UK. Cornwell was in New York for promotional interviews at the time.

Appropriately enough, Wolf was re-released in the United States on Velvel Records in December 1999 (appropriately since Velvel means 'wolf' in Yiddish). The same label had already released and re-released a number of Cornwell's other albums during the course of the year.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Hugh Cornwell

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album liner notes.

Hugh Cornwell - vocals, guitar, keyboards, percussion programming (1)
Gus Isidore - lead guitar (2, 6, 7)
Clive Langer - keyboards (3)
Jools Holland - piano (2), organ (7)
Ian Ritchie - keyboard, bass and drum programming (2, 4-8, 10), keyboards (6, 8, 9), saxophone (2, 6, 8)
Simon Clark - bass programming (1), keyboard programming (3)
Manny Elias - drums and drum programming (1-3, 6), percussion (5)
Chris Sheldon - percussion (4)
Graham Broad - drums (8, 10), percussion (7)
Don Weller - baritone saxophone (1)
Alex Gifford - saxophone (4)
Steve Dawson - trumpet (8)
Pete Thoms - trombone (8)
Melanie Newman - "wolf" whistle (6)
Haywoode - backing vocals (2, 5, 6, 10)
Technical
Hugh Cornwell - producer (1-10)
Ian Ritchie - producer (2, 4-10)
Clive Langer - producer (1, 3)
Alan Winstanley - producer, engineer, mixing (1, 3)
Chris Sheldon - engineer (2, 4-10), mixing (2, 5, 7-9)
Andy Wallace - mixing (7, 10)
Michael Hutchinson - mixing (4)
Denis Blackham - mastering
Jay Willis - US mastering
Assorted iMaGes - cover design
Mike Owen - cover photography

Production information
1-7, 10 recorded at Crescent Studios, Bath
8 recorded at Eden Studios, London
9 recorded at Soundlab Studios, Loughton, Essex and Crescent Studios
1, 3 mixed at Westside Studios, London
2, 5, 7 mixed at Odyssey Studios, London
4 mixed at Unique Recording Studios, New York
6, 10 mixed at Electric Lady Studios, New York
8 mixed at Eden Studios, London
9 mixed at Crescent Studios, Bath

Release history

References

External links
 Another Kind of Love music video at YouTube

Further reading
 Cornwell, Hugh, A Multitude of Sins. London. Harper Collins Publishers, 2004.

1988 debut albums
Hugh Cornwell albums
Albums produced by Clive Langer
Albums produced by Alan Winstanley
Virgin Records albums


Joel Rosenberg (May 1, 1954 – June 2, 2011) was a Canadian American science fiction and fantasy author best known for his long-running "Guardians of the Flame" series.  Rosenberg was also a gun rights activist. He is the oldest brother of Miami Herald reporter Carol Rosenberg.

Writing career
Rosenberg began publishing in 1978 with an op-ed piece in The New York Times favoring nuclear power. His stories appeared in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Amazing Science Fiction, and TSR's The Dragon. His novels have been published by Roc, Avon, Berkley, Tor and Baen Books.

Fantasy
His first published fiction, "Like the Gentle Rains", appeared in Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine in 1982.  The following year, he published his first novel, The Sleeping Dragon, which was the first in his long-running Guardians of the Flame series.  This series placed a group of college students into a fantasy setting similar to a role-playing world.  Throughout the series' ten novels, Rosenberg traced these characters, their descendants, and the changes they made to society.  He showed no compunction about killing off popular characters.

The "Keepers of the Hidden Ways" trilogy similarly placed people from the real world into a fantasy setting, making heavy use of Norse mythology.  A third fantasy series, consisting of the novels D'Shai (1991) and Hour of the Octopus (1994) (both lightly humorous mysteries), was set in an Asian-influenced fantasy world with very strict cultural standards and etiquette.

Paladins, the first in his "Mordred's Heirs" series, was published by Baen Books in September 2004; the second, Knight Moves, was published in November 2006.  This series, an "alternate fantasy history", takes place in a world where Mordred defeated King Arthur, establishing the Pendragon Dynasty.

Science fiction
In addition to fantasy, Rosenberg wrote a number of science fiction novels.  Although dealing with different characters, Ties of Blood and Silver (1984) and Emile and the Dutchman (1986) both take place in the same setting.  Two other books in this setting, Not for Glory (1988) and Hero (1990), focus on family members of the Metzadan Mercenary Corps from the Jewish- (and others-) settled World of Metzada (Masada).

Mysteries
In the early years of the 21st century, Rosenberg turned his hand to mysteries, publishing Home Front, the first of his "Sparky Hemingway" mysteries in 2003; the second, Family Matters, was published in early 2004.

Themes and influences
Rosenberg's novels frequently featured the theme of freedom, particularly in the Guardians of the Flame series, where the initial characters make it their life's goal to abolish slavery in their new world, and the right to keep and bear arms. Other themes included protecting children at all costs, and the message that people can overcome hardships and abuse suffered as children.

His heroes also frequently find inspiration in the heroic figures of the Greek classics and of American folklore and history.

Gun rights advocate
Outside of science fiction, Rosenberg was best known as a handgun instructor, gun rights advocate, and author of a manual for people wanting to get a handgun carry permit in Minnesota, Everything You Need to Know About (Legally) Carrying a Handgun in Minnesota, and a similar book for Missouri, Everything You Need to Know About (Legally) Carrying a Handgun in Missouri.  His wife recounted that Rosenberg's experience with gun rights was inadvertent. In an interview following his death, she said a neo-Nazi threatened Rosenberg and his family via emails—specifically enough to describe his home—and Rosenberg decided to seek a permit to carry to protect himself.

Rosenberg once suspected that the threats might have something to do with his Metzada novels—"I do write about Jews in space with big guns." But to this day, he doesn't know anything about his stalker, except that he or she is violently anti-Semitic, and unlikely to win any spelling bees.

The legal back and forth between Rosenberg and the Minneapolis police department prompted him to push for a change in the law, from a "may issue" statute to a "shall issue" statute.

While his books of the Guardians of the Flame series have detailed descriptions of firearm technology, he began seriously dealing with self-defense issues after he thwarted a break-in into his house with a .22 LR pistol he kept in his home.

Arrest for carrying a handgun
In November 2010, Rosenberg openly wore a holstered handgun when coming into the Minneapolis city hall for a meeting with a representative of the city's police chief after providing prior notification as required by state law. After arrival, he was told that a court order prohibited people from carrying a gun anywhere in the building, which houses family and small claims courtrooms on the third floor. He objected, citing the state gun laws, and avoided arrest when he agreed to carry his gun (which the police had confiscated, emptied of ammunition, and returned to him) back to his car. He subsequently filed a complaint against the police sergeant, and posted a YouTube video displaying how many weapons can be concealed on one's body.

In December 2010, he was charged with possession of a dangerous weapon in a courthouse, a felony, and contempt of court, a misdemeanor, arrested, and jailed in lieu of $100,000 bond.  Rosenberg was scheduled to stand trial in August for the incident at Minneapolis City Hall, however the case was still pending at the time of his death.

Personal life and death
A native of Winnipeg, he grew up in Northwood, North Dakota, and later moved with his parents and family to Connecticut.  He had a Canadian mother and American father—he enjoyed dual Canadian and American citizenship.

He attended the University of Connecticut, where he met and married Felicia Herman. He studied to be a social worker and counselor, but took to writing after discussing the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons with a friend. Rosenberg's occupations, before settling down to writing full-time, included truck driving, care work, bookkeeping, gambling, motel desk-clerking, and cooking. Hobbies included backgammon, poker, bridge, as well as cooking.

In an interview following his death, his wife recalled how he came to write his most famous novel series, The Guardians of the Flame:

Herman said Rosenberg was a diabetic, but otherwise in good health. She said he suddenly collapsed and never really recovered, despite efforts to resuscitate him. Rosenberg died June 2, 2011, after a sudden respiratory depression caused a heart attack, brain damage and major organ failures.

His wife, Felicia G. Herman, posted on her blog, "In accordance with his wishes, he shared the gift of life through organ and tissue donation." He is survived by his children, Judith and Jimbo, and his wife Felicia.

Bibliography

Guardians of the Flame
The Sleeping Dragon (1983)
The Sword and the Chain (1984)
The Silver Crown (1985)
The Heir Apparent (1987)
The Warrior Lives (1988)
The Road to Ehvenor (1991)
The Road Home (1995)
Not Exactly the Three Musketeers (1999)
Not Quite Scaramouche (2001)
Not Really the Prisoner of Zenda (2003)

Keepers of the Hidden Ways
The Fire Duke (1995)
The Silver Stone (1996)
The Crimson Sky (1998)

Thousand Worlds
 Ties of Blood and Silver (1984)
 Emile and the Dutchman (1985)
 Not for Glory (1988)
 Hero (1990)

D'Shai
D'Shai (1991)
Hour of the Octopus (1994)
The Last Assassin (not yet published)

Mordred's Heirs (incomplete series)
Paladins (2004)
Knight Moves (November 2006)

Sparky Hemingway
Home Front (2003)
Family Matters (2004)

RiftWar
 Murder in LaMut: Legends of the Riftwar, Book II with Raymond E. Feist (2003)

References

External links
 Rosenberg's personal blog
 Bibliography on SciFan

1954 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century Canadian male writers
American fantasy writers
American gun rights activists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Canadian fantasy writers
Canadian science fiction writers
Jewish American writers
Jewish Canadian writers
Novelists from Minnesota
University of Connecticut alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American Jews