Nepenthes bokorensis  is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Cambodia. It is known from Mount Bokor (also Phnom Bokor or Bokor Hill) in the south of the country, and an as yet undetermined specimen suggests that it may also be present in other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains of Kampot Province. The specific epithet bokorensis refers to both Mount Bokor and Bokor National Park.

Botanical history

Despite only being formally described in 2009, N. bokorensis has been known since at least the early 20th century. The oldest known herbarium specimens are three taken by French plant collector C. Geoffray on January 14, 1904. Two of these consist of lower pitchers with leaves, while the third comprises upper pitchers with leaves. All three specimens were collected from Popokvil falls, Mount Bokor, and are deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.

The next known collection of this species was made by J. E. Vidal in 1965. It consists of a plant with upper pitchers. Three years later, Marie Martin collected M. Martin 1231bis, which includes lower pitchers and female floral material. Further herbarium material, consisting of two rosette plants, was collected by David Middleton and Meng Monyrak in 2001.

In July 2007, François Sockhom Mey found N. bokorensis on Mount Bokor during a field trip to southern Cambodia. He posted photographs of the species on a number of online message boards the following month. Mey formally described the species in the March 2009 issue of Carniflora Australis, the journal of the Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society. M. Martin 1231bis, deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, was designated as the holotype.

A specimen collected by Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1917 may also represent this species and if confirmed as such would increase the known range of N. bokorensis to include other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains. Material deposited at Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF) and identified as N. thorelii likely also belongs to N. bokorensis.

Nepenthes bokor, described by Martin Cheek in June 2009, is a later synonym of N. bokorensis.

In August 2011, François Mey and Alastair Robinson discovered two large new populations of N. bokorensis on the Mount Bokor massif, which they called "Location B" and "Location C" (the original roadside population being "Location A").

Description
Nepenthes bokorensis is a climbing plant, attaining a height of up to 7 m. In rosettes and on lower parts of the plant, the stem is up to 0.9 cm thick and circular in cross section. On climbing parts, the stem is terete and measures up to 1 cm in diameter. Internodes are around 3 cm long.

Leaves are sessile to sub-petiolate and coriaceous (leathery) in texture. The lamina or leaf blade is oblong to linear-lanceolate in shape and measures up to 35 cm in length by 8 cm in width. Its apex varies greatly, ranging from acute to obtuse and it may sometimes also be acuminate. The lamina is attenuate at the base, clasping the stem by around three-quarters of its circumference and rarely becoming decurrent. Three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins originate obliquely from the midrib. Tendrils are up to 18 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. Those produced on upper parts of the stem may be coiled.

Rosette and lower pitchers measure up to 20 cm in height by 6 cm in width. They are ovate in the basal third, before narrowing to become cylindrical or slightly infundibular towards the peristome. A pair of fringed wings (≤15 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. Fringe elements are up to 12 mm long. The pitcher mouth has an oblique insertion. The peristome is approximately cylindrical and may be up to 20 mm wide. It bears ribs (≤0.8 mm high) spaced up to 1 mm apart. The pitcher lid or operculum is orbicular to broadly elliptic in shape, has a cordate base, and measures up to 7 cm in length by 6 cm in width. The underside of the lid lacks appendages, but bears numerous, densely packed crater-like glands. Those concentrated along the midrib reach the greatest dimensions (≤0.5 mm in diameter), while the rest are much smaller (0.2 to 0.3 mm in diameter) and more sparsely distributed. A spur measuring up to 12 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid. It is typically unbranched, but may also be bifurcate.

Upper pitchers exhibit great variability in both form and colouration, but generally grow to 25 cm in height by 6 cm in width. They are infundibular throughout, becoming narrower in the basal portion. Wings are reduced to ribs in these aerial pitchers. The peristome is up to 17 mm wide and often somewhat flared at the margins. The peristome ribs are less developed than in lower pitchers, measuring only up to 0.4 mm in height, and spaced only up to 0.5 mm apart. The lid is similar to that found in terrestrial traps, although slightly smaller (up to 6 cm long by 5 cm wide) and often bearing a revolute margin. Other parts of upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts.

Nepenthes bokorensis has a racemose inflorescence measuring up to 100 cm in length. It bears up to 80 flowers borne on one-flowered pedicels (≤9 mm long), or rarely two-flowered partial peduncles. In male plants, the peduncle reaches 70 cm and the rachis 30 cm, while female plants produce a rachis up to 20 cm long. Tepals are orbicular to elliptic, ranging in length from 2 mm in male flowers to 4 mm in female flowers. The former have androphores up to 2 mm long, while the latter bear ovaries around 4 mm long. Fruit are typically 10 to 25 mm long and each contain 50 to 100 fusiform seeds measuring around 7 mm in length.

All vegetative and floral parts of N. bokorensis bear an indumentum of silvery or brownish hairs up to 1 mm long. In some places this covering may be reduced, giving an almost glabrous appearance.

It is not certain whether N. bokorensis produces a well-developed rootstock like other Indochinese species, but observations of cultivated plants suggest that this is likely to be the case.

Ecology
Nepenthes bokorensis is known with certainty only from the Mount Bokor massif in Bokor National Park, Kampot Province, Cambodia, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 800–1080 m above sea level. Three populations are known from the mountain. An as yet undetermined specimen (Aug. Chevalier 36411) suggests that the species may also be present in other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains.

The typical habitat of this species is seasonally dry upland scrub. It also grows in stunted lower montane forest under sparse tree cover. Plants growing in exposed sites under direct sunlight are very stunted and often flower when less than 60 cm tall. The species attains much greater heights under the shade of surrounding vegetation. Natural hybrids with N. kampotiana have been recorded.

In open areas, N. bokorensis is sometimes sympatric with other carnivorous plants, including sundews and bladderworts. The N. bokorensis plants found by François Mey in 2007 grew alongside a crimson form of Drosera peltata, but this population was destroyed by the time of the author's return in 2009. Drosera peltata still grows sympatrically with N. bokorensis at "Location C", a massive clearing discovered in 2011 on the Bokor plateau. The D. peltata plants at this site range in colour from yellowish-green to red and frequently exceed 30 cm in height. Nepenthes bokorensis also shares this habitat with another sundew—D. burmannii—as well as with various grasses, stunded shrubs, and lithophytic orchids. Local bladderwort species include U. bifida, U. odorata, U. minutissima, U. striatula, U. subulata, and U. uliginosa.

On Mount Bokor, the species grows on sandy, acidic soils. The substrate has a pH of 4.6 according to the herbarium label of Middleton & Monyrak 589.

Carnivory

The prey assemblage of N. bokorensis appears to consist primarily of ants. A 2012 study recorded 10 ant species, representing 9 genera and 3 subfamilies, from 30 N. bokorensis pitchers in Bokor National Park. Polyrhachis (Myrma) sp. was found to be the most abundant taxon, accounting for 40% of all specimens, followed by Dolichoderus thoracicus and Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) sp. The authors suggested that the relatively large-bodied members of the genera Camponotus and Polyrhachis may be of particular importance to the plant in terms of nutrient intake. Also among the prey assemblage of N. bokorensis was the tramp species Cardiocondyla wroughtonii (actually a species complex).

The ant-trapping habit of N. bokorensis is reflected in the local Khmer name for the plant, ampuong sramoch, which means "ants' pithole". This name is not specific to N. bokorensis but refers to Nepenthes in general, and is used in Kampot Province and the town of Pursat.

The pitcher fluid of this species is strongly acidic; the label on the herbarium specimen Middleton & Monyrak 589 states that it has a pH of 2.7.

Conservation
Cambodia ranks among the countries with the highest deforestation rates worldwide. Despite this, the habitat of N. bokorensis remained relatively undisturbed until 2009, lying as it did within the boundaries of Bokor National Park. At the time, François Mey assessed the conservation status of N. bokorensis as "potentially vulnerable" based on the IUCN criteria, citing increasing tourism and land development as potential threats (Mount Bokor had been leased for private development by the government of Cambodia). Habitat loss accelerated rapidly in the following two years as work on the massive "Bokor City" project began in earnest. As of 2011, both the type population and the two newly discovered sites are threatened by the ongoing development.

Recently, a new threat has been identified.  People, particularly women, have taken to picking the plants and having their photos taken with them because while the leaves are still developing, the mouths of the plants resemble men's genitalia.  The Cambodian Ministry of Environment has taken to social media to plead with the public to stop picking the plants, which it says could be driven to extinction if people continue to harvest them, as the pitchers allow the plants to obtain nutrients they cannot obtain otherwise.

Related species
Nepenthes bokorensis is most closely allied to several other Indochinese pitcher plants, particularly N. kampotiana, N. smilesii, and N. thorelii. It can be distinguished from all three on the basis of its wider, more oblong-shaped lamina and occasional two-flowered partial peduncles.

The indumentum of N. bokorensis is also distinctive, and distinguishes it from N. kampotiana, which typically has glabrous leaves. Compared to N. smilesii, N. bokorensis has more robust and colourful pitchers with a broader peristome and longer tendrils. The species differs from the enigmatic N. thorelii in several aspects of vegetative morphology. Firstly, the lamina of N. bokorensis is sessile to sub-petiolate and only slightly decurrent down the stem, if at all. In comparison, N. thorelii has an amplexicaul leaf attachment and the base of the lamina is decurrent into two wings that extend up to 2.5 cm down the stem. In addition, N. thorelii has wholly ovoid lower pitchers, whereas those of N. bokorensis are only ovate in the basal third, becoming cylindrical above.

Nepenthes bokorensis also appears to be closely related to N. kerrii of Thailand. It can be distinguished from this species on the basis of its laminae, which are linear to lanceolate as opposed to obovate in the latter. It also differs in having a variable indumentum covering all vegetative and floral parts. In contrast, the indumentum of N. kerrii is restricted to the leaf axils. The androphore of N. kerrii is also considerably shorter than that of N. bokorensis.

Notes

a.Geoffray 324, Geoffray 325 and Geoffray 328 were collected on January 14, 1904, from Popokvil falls, Mount Bokor, at an altitude of 960 m. They are deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P) in Paris. Geoffray 324 consists of upper pitchers with leaves, while Geoffray 325 and Geoffray 328 include lower pitchers with leaves.

b.Vidal 4780 was collected on December 20, 1965, at an unknown altitude on Mount Bokor. It consists of a plant with upper pitchers and is deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P).

c.M. Martin 1231bis was collected on December 7, 1968, on Mount Bokor at an altitude of 800 m. It includes female floral material and lower pitchers, and is deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P). It is the designated holotype of N. bokorensis.

d.Middleton & Monyrak 589 was collected on March 7, 2001, on Mount Bokor at an altitude of 944 m. It consists of two rosette plants and is deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P).

e.The original Latin description of N. bokorensis reads:

N. thorelii Lecomte simile, sed foliis longioris latioris oblongis sessilibus vel subpetiolatis basaliter amplexicaulibus peristomio robusto cylindrico pedicellis interdum 2-floribus differt.

f.Aug. Chevalier 36411 was collected on December 15, 1917, from the Dâmrei Mountains of Kampot province. It is deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (P).

g.Three specimens deposited at the Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF) have been tentatively identified as N. bokorensis from photographs. These are specimens SN 093094, SN 098240, and a third specimen whose number is unknown. The collector of this material is also uncertain.

References

Further reading

 Kosterin, O.E. 2011. Odonata of the Cambodian coastal regions revisited: beginning of dry season in 2010. International Dragonfly Fund - Report 40: 1–108.
 Kosterin, O.E. 2012. A rapid survey of Odonata on Bokor Plateau, Preah Monivong National Park, Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2012(1): 75–86.
 McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
 Mey, F.S. 2010. Introduction to the pitcher plants (Nepenthes) of Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History 2010(2): 106–117.
 Mey, F.S. 2014. 'Nepenthes of Indochina', my 2010 ICPS lecture now on Youtube. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 3, 2014.
 Mey, F.S. 2014. Lecture on Nepenthes bokorensis in French language. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 21, 2014.
 New Blood: New species discovered in the Greater Mekong. World Wide Fund for Nature.
 Rare Nepenthes Collection. Ark of Life.

External links

Photographs of N. bokorensis at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder

Carnivorous plants of Asia
bokorensis
Endemic flora of Cambodia
Threatened flora of Asia
Plants described in 2009


Borland is a surname of Scottish origin. The Borland ancestors came to Scotland with the Normans in the 11th Century.

Notable people with the surname include:

Adrian Borland (1957–1999), English singer
Albert Borland (1901–1961), South African cricketer
Billy Borland (1888–1915), Scottish footballer
Bruce Borland (1958–1999), American golf course designer
Carroll Borland (1914–1994), American professor
Charles Borland (contemporary), American actor
Charles Borland Jr. (1786–1852), American politician
Chris Borland (born 1990), American football player
Christine Borland (born 1965), Scottish artist
Frank Borland (1925–2013), Canadian soldier
Hal Borland (1900–1978), American journalist and author
James A. Borland (born 1944), American evangelical professor
Jeff Borland, Australian economist
Jimmy Borland (1910–1970), English professional ice hockey player
John Borland (born 1977), English footballer
John Borland (Scottish footballer) (born 1951), Scottish footballer
Johnny Borland (1925–1990), New Zealand high jumper and athletics administrator
Kevin Borland (1926–2000), Australian architect
Kyle Borland (born 1961), American football player
Polly Borland (born 1959), Australian photographer
Scott Borland (contemporary, born 1979), American musician
Solon Borland (1808–1864), American newspaperman and politician
Toby Borland (born 1969), American professional baseball player
Tom Borland (1933–2013), American professional baseball player
Tuf Borland (born 1998), American football player
W. S. Borland (1878–1959), American football and baseball coach
Wes Borland (born 1975), American musician and rock guitarist
William Borland (darts player) (born 1996), Scottish darts player
William Borland (loyalist) (1969–2016), Northern Irish former footballer
William Patterson Borland (1867–1919), American politician
Willie Borland (born 1952), Scottish footballer

Characters
Al Borland, character on the American television series Home Improvement

See also
 Borland (disambiguation)

Surnames of Scottish origin


Humphrey Richard "Hugh" Slater (1906–1958) was an English author and painter.

Born in Carlisle, Cumberland in 1906, he spent his early childhood in South Africa, where his father served in Military Intelligence in Pretoria, before returning to England. He attended the Slade School of Art in the mid-1920s, and exhibited an abstract painting at Lucy Wertheim's gallery, a leading London gallery. Painter William Coldstream considered him "a very gifted and rare artist".

Getting involved in anti-Nazi politics in Berlin in the early 1930s, he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain. On the outbreak of Spanish Civil War in 1936 he went to Madrid as a war correspondent, returning the following year to join the International Brigade, where he became Chief of Operations.

Back in England, he helped Tom Wintringham set up the Osterley Park training centre in 1940 which taught guerilla warfare and street fighting for the Home Guard before being drafted into the regular army as a private. The public outcry led to questions being asked in Parliament and an article in the magazine Time. He was also editor of the short-lived magazine Polemic (1945–1947).

Slater wrote the historical novel The Heretics (1946). The Heretics had two parts: the first set in France during the Albigensian Crusade and the second part set in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Slater drew a parallel in The Heretics between the persecution of the Albigensians in France and that of the Trotskyists in 1930s Spain.

The MGM film Conspirator (1949), starring Elizabeth Taylor and Robert Taylor, was based on his novel The Conspirator.

Publications
 1941: Home Guard for Victory! Gollancz
 1946: The Heretics
 1948: The Conspirator
 1955:  Who rules Russia? Batchworth Press (London)
 1958: The Channel Tunnel A. Wingate (London)
 2009: Los herejes, Spanish translation of The Heretics; Galaxia Gutenberg/Círculo de Lectores (Barcelona). Translated by Montserrat Gurguí and Hernán Sabaté.
 2009: El conspirador, Spanish translation of The Conspirator; Galaxia Gutenberg/Círculo de Lectores (Barcelona). Translated by M. Gurguí and H. Sabaté.

References

External links

1906 births
1958 deaths
Communist Party of Great Britain members
British people of the Spanish Civil War
English columnists
English communists
English male novelists
20th-century English novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the Middle Ages
English expatriates in South Africa
International Brigades personnel


British Air Transport Ltd (BAT) was a British independent airline from 1932 until 1951.

History

Prewar operations
BAT was formed during 1932 to perform public charter flights. BAT based its aircraft fleet at Croydon Airport south of London. It was one of the first UK airlines to operate the four-passenger de Havilland Fox Moth single-engined light airliner. BAT's commercial operations ceased at the outbreak of World War II.

Postwar operations
BAT resumed air charter operations from RAF Kenley in Surrey in May 1946 equipped with two Auster Autocrats and one Airspeed Consul. The Austers were used on pleasure flying and photography from both Kenley and Croydon.  The eight-seat Consul was joined by four others and performed passenger and freight charters within the U.K. and to the near Continent.

BAT owned Redhill Aerodrome and as soon as the Royal Air Force moved out in 1947, the firm's charter and other operations were set up there. The sole remaining airworthy de Havilland Flamingo 17-passenger airliner G-AFYH was purchased by BAT in May 1947. It flew passenger charter flights from Croydon. During 1947-1948, BAT had a regular contract to fly newspapers from Croydon to Jersey and Guernsey and the airline bought six Avro Ansons for the flights, which were supplemented by the Flamingo when loads were heavy. In late 1948, the newspaper contracts were lost to a competitor and the airline operation was gradually run down, ceasing in 1951. The twin-engined aircraft were disposed of, and after storage, the Flamingo was scrapped in 1954, but BAT continued to own and operate the airfield at Redhill.

Fleet
Auster Autocrat
Airspeed Consul
Avro Anson
de Havilland Fox Moth
de Havilland Flamingo
de Havilland Dove

See also
 List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom

References
Notes

Bibliography

Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom
Airlines established in 1932
Airlines disestablished in 1951


The Duck Club was a right-wing organization within the United States, founded in 1980 by a Florida businessman Robert White when he was diagnosed with cancer.  In summer 1980 White published a magazine, and a cartoon featuring a duck in a B1 bomber defending the Panama Canal became the namesake of the clubs White founded. In 1983, White's cancer was responding to treatment and began to restructure the Duck Club organization to stem financial losses.

Among White's subscribers, David Lewis Rice was a member of the Duck Club, and in 1985 murdered four members of the Goldmark family in Seattle, mistakenly believing them to be Communists.

A 1988 report by the Center for World Indigenous Studies lists the Duck Club as one of several anti-Native American organizations operating in support of the Northwest Territorial Imperative, an irredentist movement to establish a White homeland in the Pacific Northwest.

On July 19, 1988, Robert White was shot and killed in rural Belize, in what was believed to be a robbery.

References

Far-right organizations in the United States


Viggo Brodersen (26 March 1879 - 7 February 1965) was a Danish composer and pianist. Among his teachers in Copenhagen was Louis Glass.  Much of his work is for his own instrument.

References

1879 births
1965 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century Danish composers
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Danish composers
20th-century Danish male musicians
Danish classical composers
Danish classical pianists
Danish male classical composers
Male classical pianists


"Yo-Yo" is a song written by Joe South and first released as a single by Billy Joe Royal in 1966, peaking at #117 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and #28 in Canada. The Osmonds covered the song and released it as a single on September 4, 1971.

It reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 16, 1971.  The song was included on the Osmonds' 1972 album, Phase III.  It was certified Gold by the RIAA on November 17, 1971. Joe South also recorded his own version for his self-titled 1971 album.

Charts
The Osmonds version

Certifications

References

External links
Genius: Yo-Yo - Lyrics

1966 songs
1966 singles
1971 singles
Songs written by Joe South
Billy Joe Royal songs
The Osmonds songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Columbia Records singles
MGM Records singles


Ingolf Georg August Gabold (born 31 March 1942 Heidelberg, Germany) is a Danish composer.  He is a graduate of the Royal Danish Academy of Music.

He has been the head of the dramatic fiction department at DR, the Danish national broadcaster.

References
Portrait article at Berlingske Tidende
Analysis of work at DVM
Analysis of work at DVM
Opera works

Danish composers
Male composers
1942 births
Living people


The Catholic Church of St Paul the Apostle, in Bossiney Road, Tintagel, Cornwall, England, UK, was built in 1967 and consecrated by the Bishop of Plymouth, Cyril Restieaux, in February 1968. It was originally a mission administered by the Canons Regular of the Lateran based in Bodmin, services being held in the Social Hall, Trevena. It is now administered as part of the Plymouth Diocese and is part of the Parish of Bodmin which consists of churches in Bodmin, Wadebridge, Padstow and Tintagel. Fr. Bryan Storey was  priest from  1973 until his death 26 July 2018. He was priest in charge for 45 years.

Works of art
A thirty-thousand piece mosaic of St Paul regaining his eyesight was made for the church by Swiss artist Hanspeter Steiner.

Since January 2008 when the church celebrated its 40th anniversary, a modern version of Leonardo da Vinci's "Last Supper" by local artist Nicholas St John Rosse has hung above the main altar in the church. It was reported internationally due to its use of modern villagers as the apostles.

The statue of the Blessed Virgin was carved from serpentine stone from Cornwall, and the stained glass windows made by the monks of Buckfast Abbey.

Memorial book
People come to Tintagel from all over the world to view the names of their babies lost due to miscarriage, stillbirth or other cause. The names are recorded in the Miscarriage & Infant Loss Memorial Book, a prayer request book closed in 2011, which is kept at the church.

Gallery

References

External links
  Shows mass times and other news

Roman Catholic churches in Cornwall
Tintagel


Astragalus zionis is a species of legume known by the common name Zion milkvetch.  It is one of the earliest flowers to bloom in Zion canyon.

Its range extends from Zion National Park across southern Utah through Glen Canyon to San Juan County, Utah; at altitudes of 970 to 2200 meters.

Flowers are purple and the foliage is silvery.  Pods are rather hairy, somewhat inflated, divided into up to 19 ovate, usually mottled and become nearly one inch long.

The whole plant's height is up to 18 inches. Its bloom season is April to June.

References

zionis
Flora of Utah
Plants described in 1895
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


UFC 102: Couture vs. Nogueira was a mixed martial arts pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on August 29, 2009 at the Rose Garden in Portland, Oregon. It featured former five-time UFC champion and UFC Hall of Famer Randy Couture, facing off against former PRIDE FC Heavyweight Champion and former Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion, Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira.

Background

Randy Couture was originally offered a title defense against Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira at UFC 81, however turned the fight down after his resignation from the UFC in October 2007.  While Couture and the UFC sorted out their legal issues, Nogueira defeated Tim Sylvia for the Interim UFC Heavyweight Championship becoming the first fighter to hold both PRIDE and UFC title belts.  Nogueira was then set to coach against Frank Mir on the eighth season of The Ultimate Fighter with the two facing off for the Interim Championship after the season aired.

Eventually Couture and the UFC reconciled and it was announced that he would return to the Octagon to defend his title against Brock Lesnar at UFC 91. Neither Couture or Nogueira were successful in their defense efforts and then faced each other in what amounted to a "losers bracket" of the UFC's mini heavyweight tournament.

A previously announced bout between Kyle Kingsbury and Razak Al-Hassan was moved to UFC 104 in Los Angeles, California on October 24, 2009. Matt Hamill pulled out of a bout with Brandon Vera due to injury. Krzysztof Soszynski took his place.

A knee injury forced James Irvin out of his bout with Wilson Gouveia.  He was replaced by Ed Herman. On August 7, 2009 it was reported that Gouveia was also off the card due to a back injury. Marcus Aurélio replaced an injured Matt Veach.

This was the UFC's first event in Oregon.

Results

Bonus awards
Fighters were awarded $60,000 bonuses.

Fight of the Night: Randy Couture vs. Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira
Knockout of the Night: Nate Marquardt
Submission of the Night: Jake Rosholt

Reported payout
The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the Oregon State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money or "locker room" bonuses often given by the UFC.

Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira: ($400,000 includes $150,000 win bonus) def. Randy Couture: ($250,000)
Thiago Silva: ($58,000 includes $29,000 win bonus) def. Keith Jardine: ($55,000)
Jake Rosholt: ($26,000 includes $13,000 win bonus) def. Chris Leben: ($30,000)
Nate Marquardt: ($80,000 includes $40,000 win bonus) def. Demian Maia ($28,000)
Brandon Vera: ($70,000 includes $35,000 win bonus) def. Krzystzof Soszynski: ($8,000)
Aaron Simpson: ($18,000 includes $9,000 win bonus) def. Ed Herman: ($24,000)
Gabriel Gonzaga: ($120,000 includes $60,000 win bonus) def. Chris Tuchscherer: ($10,000)
Mike Russow: ($20,000 includes $10,000 win bonus) def. Justin McCully: ($15,000)
Todd Duffee: ($10,000 includes $5,000 win bonus) def. Tim Hague: ($7,000)
Mark Muñoz: ($24,000 includes $12,000 win bonus) def. Nick Catone: ($5,000)
Evan Dunham: ($14,000 includes $7,000 win bonus) def. Marcus Aurélio: ($13,000)

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2009 in UFC

References

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2009 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Oregon
Events in Portland, Oregon
Sports in Portland, Oregon
Sports competitions in Oregon
2009 in sports in Oregon
2009 in Portland, Oregon


Mitsuneyama Keiji, real name Tōichi Shimamura (7 February 1922 – 15 August 1989) was a sumo wrestler from Arakawa, Tokyo, Japan who won the top division yūshō or tournament championship in 1954. His highest rank was ōzeki and he earned nine kinboshi or gold stars for defeating yokozuna when ranked as a maegashira, and seven special prizes. After his retirement in 1960 he was the head coach of Takashima stable.

Career

He began his professional career in 1937, joining Takashima stable, reaching the top makuuchi division in 1944. He earned nine kinboshi or gold stars for defeating yokozuna whilst ranked as a maegashira, and seven sanshō or special prizes. In 1953, at the age of 31, he was promoted to the second highest rank of ōzeki, after 16 tournaments in the lower san'yaku ranks, ten at sekiwake and six at komusubi. Three tournaments later he took his only top division yūshō or tournament championship, with a 12–3 record. At 32 years and one month he is the sixth oldest first time yūshō winner since World War II, behind Kyokutenhō, Tamawashi, Tamanoumi, Yoshibayama and Takatōriki. He lost the ōzeki rank in 1955, largely due to injuries. He carried on fighting in the maegashira ranks, last under the shikona Mitsuneyama Hōkoku, until January 1960 when he retired at the age of nearly 38.

Retirement from sumo
He remained in the sumo world as a toshiyori or elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Kumagatani Oyakata and founded his own Kumagatani stable. In May 1961 he acquired the Takashima elder name and changed the name of the stable to Takashima stable. He produced the top division wrestlers Daiju and Kōbōyama, but resigned due to ill health in 1982, the heya being absorbed into another incarnation of Kumagatani stable founded by the former Yoshinomine. He continued to work as a coach at Kumagatani before leaving the Sumo Association in January 1985. He died in 1989.

Pre-modern top division record

Through most of the 1940s only two tournaments were held a year and only one tournament was held in 1946. The New Year tournament began and the Spring tournament  returned to Osaka tournament in 1953.

Modern tournament record
Since the addition of the Kyushu tournament in 1957 and the Nagoya tournament in 1958, the yearly schedule has remained unchanged.

See also
List of sumo record holders
List of sumo tournament top division champions
List of sumo tournament second division champions
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of ōzeki

References

1922 births
1989 deaths
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Ōzeki
People from Arakawa, Tokyo
Sumo people from Tokyo


The Polish People's Republic pursued a policy of agricultural collectivization throughout the Stalinist regime period, from 1948 until the liberalization during Gomułka's thaw of 1956. However, Poland was the unique country in the Eastern Bloc where large-scale collectivization failed to take root. A legacy of collectivization in Poland was the network of inefficient State Agricultural Farms (PGRs), many of which can still be seen in the countryside of modern Poland, especially in its northern and western provinces (the Recovered Territories).

Origins
The Central Committee of the Polish Workers' Party decided in September 1948 to collectivize Polish farms, acting on the June 20, 1948 Bucharest resolution of the Cominform, which stipulated that collectivization should start in all Communist countries. In July 1948, during a Politburo meeting, the Minister of Industry and Commerce, Hilary Minc, gave a speech on private ownership in the Polish economy. Referring to Lenin's notion of the "permanent rebirth of capitalism", Minc announced the transformation of the Polish economy into a socialist one.

The process of restructuring Polish agriculture was officially presented as protection for small farmers, whose position the rich kulaks allegedly endangered. The restructuring was supposed to take place in the "fire of the class struggle".  Minc saw the kulak as a "village capitalist", who "exploits other peasants". Given this imprecise definition, Party officials decided that a Polish kulak was a farmer whose farm was larger than 15 hectares (in Southern and Eastern Poland - 8 to 10 hectares). Furthermore, those farmers who had at least two horses were identified as kulaks, so any Polish peasant who ran his farm properly could have been accused of being a kulak.

Despite the widespread use of force, by 1951 only 2200 cooperatives operated in Poland - they occupied only 0.8% of arable land, and had some 23,000 members. The cooperatives were divided into groups, such as Associations of Land Cultivation (Zrzeszenia Uprawy Ziemi, ZUZ), which kept private ownership of tools and machines, and Farmer’s Cooperative Teams (Rolnicze Zespoły Spółdzielcze, RZS), in which both land and machines were collective. Most members of these cooperatives were poor peasants, who had received land during the land reforms of 1944 - 1948. Since the Polish peasantry mostly opposed giving up their land, in June 1952 several repressive measures were introduced against those who resisted collectivization. Their houses were searched, they were arrested, extra tax and quotas were imposed on them, their machines and goods were illegally destroyed. Furthermore, there were financial fees; between 1948 and 1955, some 1.5 million farmers were fined and some ended up in labour camps and prisons.

High pressure
In 1952, after special privileges were introduced for collective farms, the number of such establishments grew. A year later there were 7,800 collective farms, which occupied 6.7% of the arable land in Poland. In 1955 the number of such farms reached 9,800, covering 9.2% of Poland’s arable land, with 205,000 farmers. An average collective farm in Poland employed approximately 20 people and covered 80 hectares, with 65 livestock. In comparison to privately owned farms, productivity at collective farms was low. In 1949 State Agricultural Farms, or PGRs () were created. In course of time these farms came to control approximately 10% of Poland’s arable land. Like collective farms, the PGRs were inefficient, with low productivity.

Polish farmers fiercely resisted collectivization. In some cases, they cut down forests that were marked for nationalization. According to sources, peasants feared collectivization more than a hypothetical future World War Three, hoping that such a war would help them to keep their land. However, a number of poor peasants, influenced by official propaganda, supported the changes, hoping that their quality of life would improve. Collectivization was more widespread in the so-called Recovered Territories, where settlers were not emotionally connected to the land. Collectivization and persecution of private farmers, on whom quotas were enforced, led to a collapse of Polish agricultural production after 1950, and a large-scale exodus of villagers. Furthermore, government planners decided that the national budget would favor financing heavy industry at the expense of agriculture. As a result, farms experienced shortages of fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and tools. Official propaganda blamed "Western imperialists", "saboteurs" and kulaks for these problems.

Decline
After the political changes of the Polish October of 1956, Władysław Gomułka officially recognized private farming as a specific element of the so-called "Polish road to Socialism", and the government changed its course. The number of collective farms declined. In September 1956 Poland had had some 10,000 of them. On December 31 of the same year, the number of such farms had reduced to fewer than 2,000.

The idea of collectivization returned in the early 1970s, after Gomułka's successor as  First Secretary, Edward Gierek, visited Moscow in January 1971; there  General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev stated that Gomułka had not carried out collectivization and that that accounted for his "problems". However, the position of private farmers had become well-established in Poland by that time, and after some attempts at promotion, the Polish government abandoned the policy of expanding collectivization.

References

Agriculture in Poland
Agricultural cooperatives
Agricultural labor
Collective farming
Economic history of Poland
Polish People's Republic
1948 in economics
Cooperatives in Poland


Indirect abortion is the name given by Catholic theologians to a medical procedure which has a beneficial medical effect and also results in an abortion as a secondary effect. Edwin F. Healy makes a distinction between "direct abortions" that is, abortion which is either an end or a means, and "indirect abortions", where the loss of the fetus is then considered to be a "secondary effect".

The relevant distinction may be between cases where the woman's life may be "in jeopardy", and cases where the woman would almost certainly die without the procedure that would also destroy the fetus. However, this does not mean the Catholic Church teaches that a direct abortion, even when intended to save the life of a woman, is not sinful.

Humanae vitae

This view is also held in Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, which says that "the Church does not consider at all illicit the use of those therapeutic means necessary to cure bodily diseases, even if a foreseeable impediment to procreation should result there from—provided such impediment is not directly intended for any motive whatsoever". Paul VI quotes Pius XII in a 1953 address to the Italian Association of Urology. For example, the removal of a cancerous uterus is allowed if life at conception and beyond is not present in uterus, so removal of uterus is allowed but procreation is not possible when uterus is removed.

As distinct from therapeutic abortion
According to Archbishop Jose Antonio Eguren in Peru, indirect abortion is not the same as a therapeutic abortion. Eguren asserts that indirect abortion is an extraordinary moral case which has nothing to do ‘therapeutic abortion’; in Catholic doctrine, therapeutic abortion simply does not exist, since abortion is never a cure for anything.

Possible confusion with direct abortion
According to Elio Sgreccia, President of the Pontifical Academy for Life, a great number of indications for such abortions have lost their raison d'être. He further asserts that the progressive extension of these indications beyond the scope of medicine has often been driven by political reasons, part of which are related to the eugenics movement.

Tuberculosis, cardiopathies, vascular diseases, diseases of the hematopoietic system (some forms of anemia), kidney diseases, hepatic and pancreatic diseases, gastro-intestinal diseases, pregnancy-related chorea, myasthenia gravis, and tumors are all diseases claimed to be motives for indications.

However, a thorough study of each one of them shows that the medical basis of these motives is very limited, and that in the cases where, in the absence of a therapeutic alternative, there remains a real risk for the life or health of the woman, these cases are in a strong and progressive downward trend.

Pope Benedict XVI speech in Angola
Pope Benedict XVI later gave a speech in Angola where he appeared to blur the distinction between indirect abortion and direct abortion. He condemned all forms of abortion, even those considered to be therapeutic. The Holy See Press Office subsequently reiterated the distinction between direct and indirect abortion, and commented that the allocution merely re-stated the Church's opposition to some sections of the gender-oriented Maputo Protocol.

Indirect treatments
There are licit and illicit approaches in dealing with ectopic pregnancies. The most commonly addressed by Catholic bioethicists is extrauterine tubal pregnancies in which salpingectomy is seen with consensus to be indirect while some claim salpingostomy and  methotrexate to be indirect.

Of the other 7-10% of ectopic pregnancies, there are interstitial pregnancy and cesarean scar pregnancy. Hysterectomy is the common treatment of choice for interstitial pregnancy with a loss of fertility.

References

Catholic Church and abortion


Jessie Evans is an American born songwriter, singer, saxophonist, and record producer currently residing in Brazil. On stage, while based out of Berlin, she was often accompanied by Iggy Pop's drummer, Toby Dammit.

Her first solo album Is it fire? was released on her label 'Fantomette Records' in November 2009. The sessions were recorded with drummer Budgie of bands Siouxsie and the Banshees and The Creatures. In 2011, in Berlin, a video collaboration for Black Sand –song from her first album– was released. Among the participants were renowned artists Toby Dammit, King Khan from King Khan and the Shrines and Namosh. The video was directed by Evans and Azul Violeta Bermejo.

Evans' music is a sensual and exotic mix of three different genres : afro-beat, pop and electro.

References

External links
Jessie Evans on my space
Official site
Jessie Evans video Interview for Allomusic

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers


Sethi-Skiba points, also known as DNSS points, arise in optimal control problems that exhibit multiple optimal solutions. A Sethi-Skiba point is an indifference point in an optimal control problem such that starting from such a point, the problem has more than one different optimal solutions. A good discussion of such points can be found in Grass et al.

Definition
Of particular interest here are discounted infinite horizon optimal control problems that are autonomous. These problems can be formulated as

s.t.

where  is the discount rate,  and  are the state and control variables, respectively, at time , functions  and  are assumed to be continuously differentiable with respect to their arguments and they do not depend explicitly on time , and  is the set of feasible controls and it also is explicitly independent of time . Furthermore, it is assumed that the integral converges for any admissible solution . In such a problem with one-dimensional state variable , the initial state  is called a Sethi-Skiba point if the system starting from it exhibits multiple optimal solutions or equilibria. Thus, at least in the neighborhood of , the system moves to one equilibrium for  and to another for . In this sense,  is an indifference point from which the system could move to either of the two equilibria.

For two-dimensional optimal control problems, Grass et al. and Zeiler et al. present examples that exhibit DNSS curves.

Some references on the applications of Sethi-Skiba points are Caulkins et al., Zeiler et al., and Carboni and Russu

History
Suresh P. Sethi identified such indifference points for the first time in 1977. Further, Skiba, Sethi, and Deckert and Nishimura explored these indifference points in economic models. The term DNSS (Deckert, Nishimura, Sethi, Skiba) points, introduced by Grass et al., recognizes (alphabetically) the contributions of these authors. These indifference points have been also referred to as Skiba points or DNS points in earlier literature.

Example
A simple problem exhibiting this behavior is given by   and . It is shown in Grass et al. that  is a Sethi-Skiba point for this problem because the optimal path  can be either  or . Note that for , the optimal path is  and for , the optimal path is .

Extensions
For further details and extensions, the reader is referred to Grass et al.

References

Optimal control
Mathematical economics


Edgar Henrichsen (19 January 1879 - 24 August 1955) was a Danish composer and organist.  He was the brother of Roger Henrichsen, and was a student of Gustav Helsted and Alexandre Guilmant.

Danish composers
Male composers
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
1879 births
1955 deaths


Ten Bodhisattas refer to ten future Buddhas during their lives as bodhisattvas. They have also been referred to as successors of Gautama Buddha.

In Dasabodhisattuppattikathā
Dasabodhisattuppattikathā ("Ten Bodhisattva Birth Stories" or "Lives of the Ten Bodhisattvas") is a Pali Buddhist text that deals with ten future Buddhas during their lives as bodhisattvas. It is a "strange small work of late Pali literature" and "the only example of a book devoted entirely to extolling the Bodhisattas who will be Buddhas in future ages."

There are several recensions to the text, all of which were consulted in the publishing of Saddhātissa’s book. Despite frequent differences in vocabulary, they agree in the arrangement and content of the stories. Each story is about a virtuous person near the end of his or her cycle of rebirths. Each character has lived a meritorious life and dies through some self-inflicted act, often gruesome, which serves as an offering to the universal Buddha. Each will be reborn one final time and attain full Buddhahood.

In Sotattakī
In the Sotattakī Scripture, one of the exclusive texts to the Pali Canon, Ānanda asked Gautama Buddha about the people who were practising to achieve the Buddhahood. Gautama Buddha answered that there will be 10 future Buddhas. The Bhodhisattas are introduced as:
"Metteyyo Uttamo Rāmo, Paseno Kosalobibū, Dīghasoṇīca Caṅkīca, Subo, Todeyya Brahmano. Nāḷāgirī Pālileyyo, Bodhisatthā imedasa anukkamena sabhodiṁ, pāpuṇissanti nāgate".
which can be translated as:
"The 10 people who will gain enlightenment in the future are: The noble Maitreya Buddha, King Uttararama, King Pasenadi Kosala, Abhibhū, Dīghasoṇī, Caṅkī (Candanī), Subha, a Brahmin named Todeyya, an elephant named Nāḷāgirī and the king of elephants Pālileyya. They will become the Future Buddhas in such order"

The 10 Bodhisattas

Maitreya

According to the Anāgatavamsa, Maitreya buddha was a monk disciple named Ajita. One day, Gotamī offered a golden robe to Gautama and his disciples. As no disciple accepted it, Ajita accepted the offering. The monk crowd were not satisfied as they felt that the robe was dedicated to the Buddha. In order to prove that Ajita is his successor, Gautama Buddha hid his emerald alms bowl and told his disciples to help retrieve it. Only Ajita was able to retrieve his bowl. After getting his alms bowl back, Gautama Buddha explained to his disciples that Ajita would become the next future Buddha. He also had told the future biography of Maitreya as Sāriputtara requested for it. After getting the omen, Ajita donated Gotami's robe as the ceiling of the monastery. Maitreya is currently residing at the Tushita realm.

Uttararama
In the time of the Kassapa Buddha, King Uttarāma was a young man named Nārada. When he saw the Buddha, he thought it worthwhile to give his life for the Buddha. And he burnt himself, like a torch. Then the Buddha Kassapa foretold that Nārada would be the future buddha.

After Maitreya Buddha died, there will be 100,000 Sunya-Kalpas. After the 100,000 Sunya-Kalpas, there will be a Maṇḍa-Kalpa. In the Maṇḍa-Kalpa, he will become Rāma Buddha (Rāmasambuddha Buddha).

Pasenadi

King Pasenadi of Kosala was an Upāsaka of Gautama Buddha. He usually invited him and his disciples to his palace for meals and also went to Buddha's Place to listen to his Dhamma.

In the time of Koṇāgamana Buddha, he was a young man named Suddha. He guarded lotuses in a lake. He sold two flowers every day. Having appreciated his work, he foretold him that he would be the future Buddha. He also had protected him against the heat of the sun with two pieces of cloth. After his death he was reborn in one of the desire realm.

In the future, he will become a Buddha named Dhammarājā Buddha in the same kalpa as Rāmasambuddha Buddha.

Abhibhū
Abhibhū Buddha will be born in the next Sārā-kalpa, which will be formed a few Sunya-Kalpas later. After Abhibhū Buddha dies, there will be another 100,000 Sunya-Kalpas.

Dīghasoni
In the newly formed Kalpa, Dīghasoni asurin (Rahu Asurin), a deva, will become a Buddha first.

Caṅkī
Caṅkī (Candanī), a brahmin, will become a successor of Dīghasoni.

Subha
According to the Majjhima Nikāya of the Pali Canon, Subha was the son of Todeyya.

When Gautama Buddha visited Subha's house, his pet dog barked continuously. As soon as he revealed the past of the dog, it ran away in fear. When Subha knew about the matter, he went to the Buddha to disprove his statements. However, he only told him to ask his pet about the possessions he buried in the past life. As they could find the hidden possessions, Subha began to respect him and to do donations for his father.

Another time, Subha asked the Buddha seven questions about the difference between humans. Having got satisfactory answers, he decided to become a devoted Buddhist and to practise Pāramitā. The Buddha did not see an omen, so their practice to gain enlightenment was not complete.

Todeyya
Todeyya was a rich Brahmin during the time of Gautama Buddha. Despite the wealth, he did not manage to donate his possessions and hid them instead. Because of his obsession, he became a pet dog of Subha in the afterlife.

Nāḷāgiri
Nāḷāgiri was the elephant that was used by Devadatta to murder Gautama Buddha. It was fed sixteen pots of alcohol and ordered to fight the Buddha. When it was rushing towards him, he gently soothed the drunk elephant. He then began to preach some Dharma.

After preaching, the elephant was tamed and paid respect to Buddha, then gradually walked away. Gautama Buddha did not give him the omen but had told him to follow the Five precepts. It also had got another name, "Danapāla".

Palileyya
Gautama Buddha once left alone to the Palileyaka village due to the conflict between his disciples. The villagers built a monastery for him at the Rakkhita forest which was near their village.

Meanwhile, an elephant named Palileya (Burmese: ပလလဲ) left his family because he felt cramped. He thought that living alone would be a solution. Then, he met the Buddha at his monastery. The Buddha told him about the benefits of solitude.

In the Jinatthapakāsanī (The explicit life of Buddha) written by Kyee Thel Lay Htet Sayadaw, Palileya looked after the Buddha. He usually guarded while he was sleeping. He gave a lot of fresh fruits to him and followed him to the village during alms. He had taken care of him for the Vassa(three months). After three months, Gautama Buddha had to leave him. He told him that he was not ready to practise for enlightenment. Palileyya died of grief. In the afterlife he became a Deva named Palileyya in the Tāvatiṃsa realm.

According to the Hmannan Yazawin of Myanmar, it is believed that the Bagan Kings, Thamoddarit, Anawrahta and Kyaswa are the future lives of Palileyya. King Myet-Hna Shay of Prome was also believed to be another afterlife as he spent most of his time mediating at a pagoda.

References

Sources

Theravada Buddhist philosophical concepts
Bodhisattvas


Roger Henrichsen (12 February 1876, in Copenhagen – 12 January 1926, in Copenhagen) was a Danish composer and pianist.  He was the brother of Edgar Henrichsen, and was a student of Louis Glass.  His son was the jazz pianist Børge Roger-Henrichsen.

1876 births
1926 deaths
Danish composers
Male composers
Danish classical pianists
Musicians from Copenhagen
19th-century classical pianists
Male classical pianists
19th-century male musicians


Ebrachosuchus is an extinct genus of basal phytosaur known from the Late Triassic (late Carnian stage) of Bavaria, southern Germany. It is known only from the holotype BSPG 1931 X 501, a complete skull missing both mandibles. It was collected at Ebrach Quarry, bed number 9 from the late Carnian-aged Blasensandstein Member of the Hassberge Formation. It was first named by Oskar Kuhn in 1936 and the type species is Ebrachosuchus neukami.

Hunt and Lucas (1991) mistakenly referred to Francosuchus angustifrons as Ebrachosuchus angustifrons, and considered it and the other two Francosuchus species, F. broilii and F. latus, to be synonyms of E. neukami. Furthermore, they reassigned the species to Paleorhinus, and synonymized Ebrachosuchus with the former. Subsequent researches accepted this referral. More recently, a phylogenetic analysis found E. neukami to be more closely related to Mystriosuchinae than to Paleorhinus and thus the genus Ebrachosuchus was re-validated, while F. angustifrons was reassigned as P. angustifrons as it shares unique synapomorphies with the type species of Paleorhinus (P. bransoni) and was found to be its sister taxon. F. broilii and F. latus were also removed from E. neukami, as they were found to be nomina dubia.

References

Phytosaurs
Prehistoric reptile genera
Late Triassic reptiles of Europe
Triassic Germany
Fossils of Germany
Fossil taxa described in 1936
Taxa named by Oskar Kuhn


Henry F. Brauns (October 4, 1845 – May 7, 1917) was an architect based in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. He was a son of Ferdinand L. (consul general of the Kingdoms of Saxony, Württemberg, Bavaria and Prussia) and Henrietta Brauns (born Focke) and was one of ten brothers and sisters. His grandfather C.W. Brauns had fought during the Revolutionary War in a Hessian regiment. Among his brothers were Rev. F.W. Brauns a Presbyterian minister, Ferdinand L. Brauns an accountant of local repute. Brauns came from the German Brauns family from Lower Saxony (one of his ancestors, Johann Brauns, was a councilor of George I.) and was also a descendant of Benjamin Edes and Peter Tufts. He started his practice at the age of 18. He was a charter member of the Baltimore Chapter of the Archaeological Institute of America in December 1870.

Many of Brauns’s known works were industrial buildings, most of which are now destroyed, and various buildings for Baltimore city’s water and sewer works. Among these was the Mount Royal Pumping Station at the corner of North Avenue and McMechen Street in Baltimore, designs of which were completed in 1897. In keeping with the times, these structures were highly ornamental. In summer 1894, he completed design of the Pratt Street Power-House for the City and Suburban Railway Company in Baltimore. He also designed the Romanesque Revival tower and facade of Holy Cross Polish National Catholic Church in 1902.

Brauns interest and expertise in public work led him to champion "the latest and best methods of school building architecture", as paraphrased by the Baltimore Sun coverage of a symposium November 12, 1898, in Easton, Maryland, where he presented and participated.

He died in 1917 at the summer resort of Betterton, Maryland, and is buried in Lorraine Park Cemetery with his wife, Isabella Stewart, and five other family members rather than at the family lot in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore. Emilia Brauns, his last surviving sibling, died after him on August 6, 1917.

Selected works
 1884: Lorraine Park Cemetery Gate Lodge, Baltimore, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
 1899: Northern District Police Station, Baltimore, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
 1904: Brown's Arcade, Baltimore, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

1845 births
1917 deaths
Architects from Baltimore
19th-century American architects
20th-century American architects


Erich Kamke (18 August 1890 – 28 September 1961) was a German mathematician, who specialized in the theory of differential equations.  Also, his book on set theory became a standard introduction to the field.

Biography
Kamke was born in Marienburg, West Prussia, German Empire (modern Malbork, Poland).

After attending school in Stettin, Kamke studied mathematics and physics from 1909 at the University of Giessen and the University of Göttingen. He was a volunteer in the signals force in World War I. In 1919, he married Dora Heimowitch, who was the daughter of a Jewish businessman. He earned his doctorate in 1919 at the University of Göttingen under Edmund Landau with thesis Verallgemeinerungen des Waring-Hilbertschen Satzes (Generalizations of the Waring-Hilbert theorem). While teaching between 1920 and 1926, Kamke earned his habilitation at the University of Münster in 1922. He was appointed as a professor at the University of Tübingen in 1926.

Because of his marriage and his opposition to National Socialism, he was denounced by fellow mathematician Erich Schönhardt and eventually forced to retire in 1937.

Following World War II, he was reappointed as a professor at the University of Tübingen, and was instrumental in the organisation of a mathematical congress in Tübingen in autumn 1946, the first scientific congress in Germany after the war. In 1948, he re-established the German Mathematical Society, and was the chairman until 1952, when he became vice-president of the International Mathematical Union, which he remained until 1954.

He died in Rottenburg am Neckar from a heart attack.

Works
 Das Lebesguesche Integral. Eine Einführung in die neuere Theorie der reellen Funktionen, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1925
 Mengenlehre, Sammlung Göschen/Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1928
 Differentialgleichungen reeller Funktionen, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1930; ab der 4. (überarbeiteten) Auflage 1962 in zwei Bänden:
 Band 1: Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen
 Band 2: Partielle Differentialgleichungen
 Einführung in die Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie, S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1932
 Differentialgleichungen. Lösungsmethoden und Lösungen I. Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen, Leipzig 1942
 Differentialgleichungen. Lösungsmethoden und Lösungen II. Partielle Differentialgleichungen 1. Ordnung für eine gesuchte Funktion, Leipzig 1944
 Das Lebesgue-Stieltjes-Integral, B. G. Teubner, Leipzig 1956

References

1890 births
1961 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
People from Malbork
People from West Prussia
German Army personnel of World War I
University of Giessen alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Münster alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen


Peter Bruun (born 1968) is a Danish composer.  He is a native of Aarhus, and studied philosophy at Aarhus University before turning to composition.

He won the Nordic Council Music Prize in 2008 for his composition Miki Alone.

References

Danish composers
Male composers
1968 births
Living people
Musicians from Aarhus
Ilk Records artists


Bonnie's Kitchen 2 is Bonnie Pink's second greatest hits album released under the Pony Canyon label on January 19, 2000.

Track listing
Evil & Flowers (Piano Version) (from Evil & Flowers)
Forget Me Not (from Evil & Flowers)
Hickey Hickey (from Evil & Flowers)
Silence (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Friends, Aren't We? (Non-album song)
Only for Him (from Evil & Flowers)
Melody (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Quiet Life (from Evil & Flowers)
Meddler (from Evil & Flowers)
Mad Afternoon (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Get in My Hair (from Heaven's Kitchen)
The Last Thing I Can Do (Non-album song)
Blackbird (Previously Unreleased)
Bonus Track: We've Gotta Find a Way Back to Love (Non-album song)

Bonnie Pink albums
2000 compilation albums
Pony Canyon compilation albums


Burton Crosby Hallowell (May 2, 1915 – November 21, 2006) was the ninth president of Tufts University.

Early life and education
Born in Orleans, Massachusetts, he received bachelor's and master's degrees from Wesleyan University, and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1949. After working as an instructor of economics at Wesleyan from 1941 to 1942, Hallowell worked for the Office of Strategic Services in 1942 and the United States Army from 1942 to 1946. He then returned to Wesleyan, where he served as a professor of economics from 1946 until 1967, helping establish "the best small department of economics in the country" (as appraised, at the time, by an external evaluation). He also served as Wesleyan's Vice President for Planning and Development from 1962 to 1965 and as Executive Vice President from 1965 to 1967.

Career at Tufts
In 1967, Hallowell was inaugurated as the ninth president of Tufts University. He is credited with successfully applying his financial planning skills to Tufts' budget. Committees such as the University Steering Committee, the Committee on Undergraduate Education, and the President's Administrative Advisory Group were very active during his tenure. Hallowell was a proponent of self-designed study for students; he supported both the Experimental College and the College Within program. He resigned as president in 1976, in accordance with his belief that such a position should be held for no longer than a decade.

Hallowell Hall on the Tufts University campus is named for him.

References

Sources

2007 deaths
Wesleyan University alumni
Princeton University alumni
1915 births
Wesleyan University faculty
Presidents of Tufts University
20th-century American academics


Nedbank Cup is a South African club football (soccer) tournament. The knockout tournament, based on the English FA Cup format, was one of a weak opponent facing a stronger one. The competition was sponsored by ABSA until 2007, after which Nedbank took over sponsorship.

Format
The 16 Premier Soccer League clubs, 8 National First Division teams, as well as 8 teams from the amateur ranks compete for the prize money of R6 million. The winner also qualifies for the CAF Confederation Cup.

The teams are not seeded at any stage, and the first 16 sides drawn out of the hat receive a home-ground advantage. There are no longer any replays in the tournament, and any games which end in a draw after 90 minutes are subject to 30 minutes extra time followed by penalties if necessary.

Teams
The 32 teams competing in the Nedbank Cup competition are: (listed according to the league that they are playing in).

Premier Soccer League

 Ajax Cape Town
 AmaZulu
 Bidvest Wits
 Black Leopards
 Bloemfontein Celtic
 Free State Stars
 Golden Arrows
 Jomo Cosmos
 Kaizer Chiefs
 Mamelodi Sundowns
 Moroka Swallows
 Orlando Pirates
 Platinum Stars
 Santos
 Supersport United
 Thanda Royal Zulu

National First Division

 FC Cape Town
 Nathi Lions
 Ikapa Sporting
 Mpumalanga Black Aces
 Winners Park
 Durban Stars
 FC AK
 Vasco Da Gama

Vodacom League

 Yebo Yes United
 Matatiel Professionals
 Peace Lovers
 African Warriors
 Inspection FC
 Bloemfontein Young Tigers
 North West Shining Stars
 Young Ones

Results

Bracket

First round (round of 32)

Matches

Teams Qualified for Second round

 Kaizer Chiefs (PSL)
 Jomo Cosmos (PSL)
 Mamelodi Sundowns (PSL)
 Free State Stars (PSL)
 Santos (PSL)
 AmaZulu (PSL)
 Moroka Swallows (PSL)
 Black Leopards (PSL)
 Winners Park (NFD)
 FC Cape Town (NFD)
 FC AK (NFD)
 Nathi Lions (NFD)
 Ikapa Sporting (NFD)
 Vasco Da Gama (NFD)
 Mpumalanga Black Aces (NFD)
 Matatiel Professionals (Vodacom League)

Second round (round of 16)

Teams Qualified for Quarter-finals

 AmaZulu (PSL)
 Black Leopards (PSL)
 Free State Stars (PSL)
 Mamelodi Sundowns (PSL)
 Santos (PSL)
 FC Cape Town  (NFD)
 Mpumalanga Black Aces (NFD)
 Nathi Lions (NFD)

Quarter-finals

Teams Qualified for Semi-finals

 Mamelodi Sundowns (PSL)
 Free State Stars (PSL)
 AmaZulu (PSL)
 Mpumalanga Black Aces (NFD)

Semi-finals

Teams Qualified for Finals

 Mamelodi Sundowns (PSL)
 Mpumalanga Black Aces (NFD)

Finals

References

External links
Nedbank Cup Official Website
Nedbank Official Website
Premier Soccer League
South African Football Association
Confederation of African Football

Nedbank Cup
Nedbank Cup, 2008
2008


Ādaži Municipality () is a municipality in the historical region of Vidzeme, and the Riga Planning Region in Latvia, which consists of Ādaži and Carnikava parishes plus the administrative centre, Ādaži. The municipality is located 25 km from the center of Riga.

The municipality was formed in 2006 from Ādaži Parish of Riga District and became a first level unit in 2009. After the 2021 administrative reform, Carnikava Municipality was merged into Ādaži Municipality.

Description

Geography
Prior to 2021, the municipality consisted of the following villages: Alderi, Atari, Āņi, Baltezers, Birznieki, Garkalne, Kadaga, Stapriņi, Divezeri, Iļķene, Eimuri. The largest of them were Ādaži, Kadaga, Baltezers, Garkalne and Stapriņi. The total area is 162.9 km2.

A large part of the territory of Ādaži municipality consists of the Ādaži military training ground of the Latvian National Armed Forces. A notable geographical feature is the Gauja River, which flows into the Gulf of Riga within the borders of the municipality.

History and society
The Ādaži Parish had been a historical municipal unit before and throughout the 20th century. The present borders of the unit were created in 1992 after the separation of Carnikava Parish.

The population is growing every year, reaching 12,000 at the beginning of 2020.

Symbols
After the formation of the new municipality, a process to design a new coat of arms was launched in 2021. The previous coats of arms were re-used for both of the new parishes since 27 December 2021. Eventually, a design by Edgars Sims was selected, featuring the mouth of the Gauja River (in a pattern similar to the Latvian letter Ā) on a silver field and the Lobelia dortmanna (a flower common in the lakes of Ummis and Mazuika but otherwise endangered in Latvia) in silver and gold. The design was approved on 27 January 2022, making Ādaži the first newly created municipality to have approved a coat of arms.

The previous coat of arms of Ādaži Municipality was approved on 28 March 2012, by the decision of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Latvia No.3.1.-4/13. It was based on the coat of arms of Ādaži Parish approved on 29 July 1998, and registered in the Coat of Arms Register. It consisted of a green water lily leaf in a silver field, a white water rose flower in natural colors in the center and a green thread border. The symbol of Ādaži municipality indicated the Gauja river and the flora characteristic of the territory of the municipality. The white color of the water rose located in the center symbolizes clarity, wisdom, courage and support.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia

References

Municipalities of Latvia
Vidzeme


Living Streets may refer to:

Living street, a design methodology for urban areas that aims to reduce the speed of motorized traffic, making spaces more attractive to pedestrians
Living Streets (UK), an advocacy group in the United Kingdom
Living Streets Aotearoa, an advocacy group in New Zealand


Joseph Marie François Volkmar Busch (20 November 1812 – 3 November 1893) was a Danish composer.  He studied music with Friedrich Wieck in Leipzig, and there became acquainted with Wieck's daughter Clara.

References

Danish classical composers
Danish male classical composers
Danish Romantic composers
Danish classical pianists
1812 births
1893 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century Danish composers
Male classical pianists
19th-century male musicians
19th-century musicians


Carnikava Municipality () is a former municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by reorganization of Carnikava Parish of the Riga District, with the administrative centre being Carnikava. The population in 2009 was 6,261 people.

The parish itself was created in 1992 after splitting from Ādaži Parish. After the municipal reform of 2009, the districts were abolished and the Municipality became a national administrative unit. On 1 July 2021, Carnikava Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Ādaži Municipality as Carnikava Parish.

Symbols
The coat of arms, first adopted in 2002 for the parish, featured a Carnikava lamprey and the mouth of the Gauja River, which flows into the Gulf of Riga in Carnikava. In 2015, the coat of arms was modified to bring the drawing of the lamprey closer to its real-life appearance. After Carnikava Municipality was merged into Ādaži Municipality, the old coat of arms remained as the symbol of Carnikava Parish yet again.

Nature

The total area of the county is 80.2 square kilometers, which is the third smallest county in Latvia after the Saulkrasti and Stopiņi Municipalities, moreover, most of it is covered by forests, but a quarter of the total area is used for agriculture. Carnikava is known for its Piejūra ('Seaside') Nature Park, which is part of the European Union's Natura 2000 network of specially protected areas and which contains a number of protected plant species. Many plant species characteristic of non-draining, clear-water lakes have been found in Lake Ummis: Lobelia dortmanna, lakes, etc. Several rare bat species have been found near Garezeri Lakes. The park occupies about one-fifth of the entire territory of the municipality. There are five rivers and canals, eight lakes and four lake islands in the area. The region has a 19-kilometer-long beach along the Vidzeme coast of the Gulf of Riga from Kalngale to Lilaste.

Rivers: Gauja, Langa, Eimuri Canal, Dzirnupe, Vecgauja

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia

References

External links

Former municipalities of Latvia


Banduxu is one of eight parishes in Proaza, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 43 (INE 2005). The postal code is 33114.

Banduxu is located at a distance of 11 km from Proaza, the capital of the council.

The church of St. Mary is of medieval origin and underwent reform in the eighteenth century. The palace of Banduxu and its "Tower of Tuñón" or "Tower of Banduxu" is one of the best preserved late medieval defensive towers of Asturias.  This building, which also served as a prison and town hall, was declared of cultural interest on 29 October 2009.

Villages

References

Parishes in Proaza


The jamoats of Tajikistan (; , "village communes") are the third-level administrative divisions, similar to communes or municipalities, in the Central Asian country of Tajikistan. As of January 2020, there are 368 rural jamoats, 65 towns and 18 cities in Tajikistan. Each jamoat is further subdivided into villages (or deha or qyshqol)

The jamoats and towns, and their population figures (as of January 2015) by district of each region are listed below:

Sughd Region

Districts of Republican Subordination

Khatlon Region

Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

References

External links
List of Jamoats

Subdivisions of Tajikistan
Tajikistan 3
Tajikistan 3
Municipalities, Tajikistan


Garkalne Municipality () was a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2007 by reorganization of Garkalne Parish. The seat of the council of the municipality is situated extraterritorially in Berģi, Riga. The population in 2020 was 8,923.

On 1 July 2021, Garkalne Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged with Ropaži Municipality.

The main rivers are Lielā Jugla, Mazā Jugla (as a border river between Garkalne municipality and Stopiņi municipality), Krievupe, Jugla, in a small section of the river Tumšupe. The largest lakes in the region are Lielais Baltezers, Langstiņi Lake, Lielais Jūgezers, Mālezers, Mašēnu Lake and Upesciems Ponds. Maltuve swamp is located in the eastern part of the county.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Michel Joseph Dumas (born July 8, 1949) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender and chief amateur scout for the Chicago Blackhawks. Dumas played eight games in the National Hockey League with Chicago during the 1974–75 and 1976–77 seasons. He spent most of his playing career, which lasted from 1969 to 1977, with the Dallas Black Hawks in the Central Hockey League, where he was a two-time Second Team All-Star. His career was cut short after an eye injury while playing against the Colorado Rockies in 1976. Dumas was hired by the Black Hawks the following year as an amateur scout, and was promoted to chief amateur scout in the 1992–93 season, a role he held until 2010. Dumas was born in Saint-Antoine-de-Pontbriand, Quebec.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1949 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Chicago Blackhawks players
Chicago Blackhawks scouts
Dallas Black Hawks players
Dayton Gems players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
Sportspeople from Thetford Mines
Undrafted National Hockey League players
French Quebecers


Inčukalns Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by merging Inčukalns Parish and Vangaži town, the administrative centre being Inčukalns. The population in 2020 was 7,640.

On 1 July 2021, Inčukalns Municipality ceased to exist. Inčukalns Parish was merged into Sigulda Municipality and Vangaži town was merged into Ropaži Municipality.

Inčukalns underground gas storage

Inčukalns underground gas storage facility, which helps to serve the Baltic States, is located in the municipality. The facility has a storage capacity of 4.47 bcm. The gas is stored approximately 800 meters underground. The facility is linked to the Balticconnector.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Ropaži Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2005 with the reorganization of Ropaži parish. The administrative centre is Ropaži. The population in 2020 was 6,835.

On 1 July 2021, Ropaži Municipality was enlarged when Garkalne Municipality, Stopiņi Municipality and Vangaži town were merged with it. The entire territory of Ropaži Municipality is defined by Latvian law as a part of the region of Vidzeme.

The center of Ropaži is 36 km from Riga, the capital of Latvia. The Riga – Ērgļi railway, European route E67 (also known as Via Baltica), and the highways Riga – Lubāna and Ogre – Inčukalns pass through the territory of Ropaži municipality.

Statistics
Territory: 322 km2.

Population: 6.832 inhabitants.

As of 1 January 2002 the largest villages are:

Ropaži – 1900 inhabitants,
Zaķumuiža – 1221 inhabitants,
Silakrogs – 779 inhabitants,
Mucenieki – 689 inhabitants,
Tumšupe – 633 inhabitants,
Kākciems – 513 inhabitants,
Augšciems – 372 inhabitants.

History

The territory of the Ropaži Municipality has been inhabited since the Stone Age – Neolithic era (3,000 years B.C.). 4 ancient cemeteries and stone objects have been discovered here.

The first written evidence of Ropaži and its inhabitants go back to 1205, when Henry of Livonia mentioned Ropaži in the Indriķis Chronicles. Ethnographer Augusts Bīlenšteins considered the inhabitants of the district to be Livs of the Daugava. In about 1320 the Livonian Order built a stone castle at Ropaži which served as the centre of the district administration. The castle was destroyed during the Livonian War in the 17th century.

In the 16th century one of the most important routes of Vidzeme led through Ropaži.

In the 18th century the baronial Berg family obtained Ropaži manor and carried out large construction works. The gardener Daniel Ebel formed one of the first garden parks of Latvia. In an area of 93,000 square metres 29 species of trees and bushes were planted.

In reports of 1736 we can find information about the education of children. In 1766 the parish school “Pārupes” was established. Two famous Latvians worked there: the writer and translator Augusts Kažoks, an adherent of "The New Current", and the poet Doku Atis.

On 18 August 1804 the clergyman C. von Walter described Professor Robertson's flight from Riga to Ropaži in a hot-air balloon.

In 1855 Ropaži manor became the property of Baron Victor von Wolf. At the beginning of the 19th century the Ropaži manor burned down.

Ropaži was seriously affected by World War I and World War II. In 1949 over 150 inhabitants suffered in Soviet repressions.

In 1936 Ropaži 7–grade Primary School was built; in 1960 it was transformed into a secondary school.

In Ropaži are many significant cultural and natural features:
Kangari Hills – 65 m above sea level, and a restricted nature area of 6.72 km2
Lielkangari Marsh - 8.32 km2
Ancient cemetery – Stone Age

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

References

Municipalities of Latvia
Vidzeme


The European plan on climate change consists of a range of measures adopted by the members of the European Union to fight against climate change. The plan was launched in March 2007, and after months of tough negotiations between the member countries, it was adopted by the European Parliament in December 2008. The package focuses on emissions cuts, renewables and energy efficiency.

Timeline
10 January 2007: The European Commission presented a series of proposals setting ambitious targets of greenhouse gases reduction. It announced the EU would commit itself to reducing emissions of developed countries by 30% (compared to 1990 levels) by 2020 in international negotiations. In addition, the Commission planned its commitment to reduce its domestic emissions by at least 20% by 2020.

8–9 March 2007: The European Council approved of the objectives of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases presented by the commission on 10 January 2007. As part of a plan of action on energy policy for the period 2007–2009, it also supported the 20-20-20 targets.

23 January 2008: The European Commission presented the definitive package, including proposals outlined by the European Council. The plan was to be discussed and adopted by the European Council in March 2008. The commission also proposed to extend the system of emissions trading, to impose reductions of GHG emissions to economic sectors that are not covered by the system, and to promote renewable energies.

13–14 March 2008: The European Council agreed on the guiding principles of the package and set an agenda.

11–18 December 2008: Discussion about the package during the European Council, and definitive adoption of the package by the European Parliament.

December 2009: World Climate Conference in Copenhagen to find an international agreement to succeed the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, which expires at the end of 2012.

Origin and adoption
After the Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 by most European countries but expiring in 2012, a new international agreement to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases was to be negotiated at Poznan (Poland) and in Copenhagen in 2009. To play a leading role in these negotiations, the European Union wanted to develop as quickly as possible a common position in the fight against climate change, and thus implemented its own measures to deal with climate change.

Initial propositions
Meeting on 8 and 9 March 2007, the European Council adopted new environmental targets even more ambitious than that of the Kyoto Protocol. The plan included the so-called "three 20 targets", but in reality it consisted in four proposals. These aims were:
 To reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 20% by 2020 taking 1990 emissions as the reference.
 To increase energy efficiency to save 20% of EU energy consumption by 2020.
 To reach 20% of renewable energy in the total energy consumption in the EU by 2020.
 To reach 10% of biofuels in the total consumption of vehicles by 2020.

Propositions by the Commission
After having launched the negotiations on the package by proposing to implement measures to fight against climate change in January 2007, the European Commission proposed new measures a year later. The proposals include the three "20 targets" of the previous European Council.

The new guidelines set by the Commission proposed a limit of  emissions by vehicles, to develop capture and storage of , to invite each member state to reduce their greenhouse gases emissions, and to reform the European emission trading system. This last proposal was subject to much debate between the member states. The Commission proposed first to extend this system from 2013, and to extend it to all greenhouse gases instead of restricting it to  emissions. It also proposed to extend emission ceilings to more sectors and industries. It finally planned to end free allocation and to switch to paying quotas in 2013 for all power producers, and by 2020 for other industries.

Final adoption
The plan was concluded rapidly: it was adopted at the European Council on 11 and 12 December 2008, and was voted by the European Parliament one week later. The initial deadline for the adoption of the package in the Parliament was March 2009. However, protests from some countries arose regarding the modalities for achieving these objectives, notably because of the economic and financial crisis, which caused tough negotiations between countries.

The European Council of 11 and 12 December 2008 definitively adopted the package, but modified the initial measures. The 27 Heads of State and governments finally agreed to implement the 20-20-20 targets: by 2020, reduce by 20% the emissions of greenhouse gases compared to 1990 levels, increase by 20% the energy efficiency in the EU and to reach 20% of renewables in total energy consumption in the EU. As for the auctioning of emission of greenhouse gases, a gradual introduction is scheduled: companies will have to buy 20% of allowances from 2013, 70% in 2020 and 100% in 2027. However, if no international agreement is reached in the next years, the industrial companies most exposed to international competition will benefit free allocation of quotas. Finally, in the sector of electricity, exceptions are envisaged for the new member states until 2020, while the auctioning of all the allowances will be effective from 2013 for other EU members. The package was then submitted to the European Parliament from 15 to 18 December. The EU aims to lead the world towards climate neutrality by the year 2050.

Debates
During the negotiations, some member states have expressed concerns about the increase in energy costs caused by the implementation of the package: the increase could be of 10% to 15% by 2020. Above all, several countries were concerned about the supposed consequences of the auctioning of all emissions of greenhouse gases on electricity prices, on the one hand, and above all on the competitiveness of the most polluting industrial companies.

Poland and most new member states, whose electricity relies mainly on coal, fear that this reform, increasing electricity prices, could undermine their economic growth and their energy security. They wanted to benefit from a derogation allowing a progressive switch to paying quotas, starting at 20% in 2013 to reach 100% in 2020. Poland and the Baltic States also claimed that the package would force them to develop their gas imports from Russia to reduce their GHG emissions, limiting their energy independence. The member states responded by proposing to improve the electrical interconnections of these countries with the European market. In late October, the Prime Ministers of Poland, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania agreed to establish a plan of energy interconnection.

On the other hand, member states disputed on how to avoid the outsourcings of the most polluting industries, subject to competition of rivals from countries with little involvement in the fight against global warming. Germany proposed the allocation of free emission quotas to the most vulnerable (especially steel industry) companies.

See also
Climate and energy
Climate of Europe
Climate change in the European Union
Effort Sharing Regulation
Energy policy of the European Union
European Climate Change Programme
European Environment Agency
Third Energy Package

References

External links
 European Commission website

Climate change in the European Union
Energy in the European Union
Energy policy
Climate change policy
Environmental policy in the EU


The Rupel Group is a stratigraphic group of rock strata in the subsurface of Belgium. It is subdivided into three formations that are all marine deposits (sands and clays) of Oligocene age.

Name
The Rupel Group was first named by Belgian geologist André Hubert Dumont in 1849. It shares its name with the Rupelian age (34 to 28 million years ago) of the geological timescale. Both group and age are named after the Belgian river Rupel. The Rupel Group corresponds with the Rupel Formation in the Netherlands.

Facies and lithologies
The Rupel Group can be 250 meters thick at maximum. During the Rupelian age Belgium was covered by a shallow sea. The formations of the Rupel Group therefore have a shallow marine to near coastal facies.

Stratigraphy
The group is subdivided into three formations: the Bilzen Formation (yellow-white glauconiferous fine sand, containing fossils), the Boom Formation (a thick clay deposit, containing loam layers and septaria) and the Eigenbilzen Formation (strongly layered sands).

The Rupel Group lies stratigraphically on top of the late Eocene Tongeren Group (Sint Huibrechts-Hern Formation or Zelzate Formation) or Maldegem Formation. The group can be covered by a range of younger formations, such as the late Oligocene Voort Formation, the Miocene Berchem Formation or Bolderberg Formation or the Pliocene Kattendijk Formation.

References
; 1849: Rapport sur la Carte géologique du Royaume, Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique 16 (2ième partie), p. 370 ()
 (eds.); 2001: Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigraphic units (Belgium), Geologica Belgica 4(1-2), p. 135-152

Geologic groups of Europe
Geologic formations of Belgium
Lithostratigraphy of Belgium
Oligocene geology


Salaspils Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2004 by reorganization of Salaspils town and its rural territory, the administrative centre being Salaspils. In 2010 the rural territory was renamed Salaspils parish. The population in 2020 was 22,758.

Twin towns — sister cities

Patron of the University of Latvia
Salaspils municipality is a silver patron of the University of Latvia Foundation. Has been supporting the University of Latvia since 2013, when a scholarship was established to support young people in their region who start basic studies in one of Latvia's higher education institutions, fulfilling the criteria, support is provided throughout the basic studies.

Salaspils is twinned with:
 Finspång, Sweden
 Finsterwalde, Germany
 Wieliszew, Poland

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia

References

External links

Municipalities of Latvia
Vidzeme


Furuvik is a locality situated in Gävle Municipality, Gävleborg County, Sweden with 575 inhabitants in 2010.

Furuvik Zoo
Furuvik Zoo (Furuviksparken) is an amusement park and zoo in Furuvik. It attracted a degree of international attention when it was reported in March 2009 that a chimpanzee residing there had planned attacks on visitors. Santino planned attacks by taking stones from the protective moat and placing them only on the side facing the visitors on the island where he lives. Later, when the visitors arrived, he would throw the stones across the moat at them.

This shows that the cognitive ability for forward planning is not uniquely human.

References

Populated places in Gävle Municipality
Gästrikland


Sēja Municipality () was a former municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2006 by reorganization of Sēja Parish; the administrative centre being Loja. The population in 2020 was 2,156.

On 1 July 2021, Sēja Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Saulkrasti Municipality as Sēja Parish.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Sigulda Municipality () is a municipality in Vidzeme, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2003 by merging Sigulda town, Sigulda Parish and More Parish. In 2009 it absorbed Allaži parish, too; the administrative centre being Sigulda. The population in 2020 was 17,992.

On 1 July 2021, Sigulda Municipality was enlarged when Krimulda Municipality, Mālpils Municipality and Inčukalns Parish were merged into it.

Twin towns — sister cities

Sigulda is a member of the Douzelage, a town twinning association of towns across the European Union. This active town twinning began in 1991 and there are regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries and festivals. As of 2019, its members are:

 Agros, Cyprus
 Altea, Spain
 Asikkala, Finland
 Bad Kötzting, Germany
 Bellagio, Italy
 Bundoran, Ireland
 Chojna, Poland
 Granville, France
 Holstebro, Denmark
 Houffalize, Belgium
 Judenburg, Austria
 Kőszeg, Hungary
 Marsaskala, Malta
 Meerssen, Netherlands
 Niederanven, Luxembourg
 Oxelösund, Sweden
 Preveza, Greece
 Rokiškis, Lithuania
 Rovinj, Croatia
 Sesimbra, Portugal
 Sherborne, England, United Kingdom
 Siret, Romania
 Škofja Loka, Slovenia
 Sušice, Czech Republic
 Tryavna, Bulgaria
 Türi, Estonia
 Zvolen, Slovakia

Other twinnings

 Angus, Scotland
 Birštonas, Lithuania
 Chiatura, Georgia
 Chocz, Poland
 Falköping, Sweden
 Keila, Estonia
 Stuhr, Germany
 Vesthimmerland, Denmark

Images

See also
Administrative divisions of Latvia

References

Municipalities of Latvia
Vidzeme