A total lunar eclipse will take place between Monday and Tuesday, June 25-26, 2029. A central total eclipse lasting 1 hour and 41 minutes 53 seconds will plunge the full Moon into deep darkness, as it passes right through the centre of the Earth's umbral shadow. While the visual effect of a total eclipse is variable, the Moon may be stained a deep orange or red color at maximum eclipse. It will be able to be seen from most of the Americas, Western Europe and Africa. The partial eclipse will last for 3 hours and 39 minutes 32 seconds in total.

The moon will pass through the center of the Earth's shadow. Totality will last 101 minutes 53 seconds, the maximum duration for Saros series 130.

With an umbral eclipse magnitude of 1.84362, this is the largest lunar eclipse of the 21st century. Gamma has a value of only 0.01240. Due to the Moon's relatively large size as seen from Earth and greater speed in its elliptical orbit, totality will not last over 106 minutes. This is the darkest and greatest total lunar eclipse in the 21st century.

Visibility
It will be completely visible over South America, seen rising over North America, and setting over Africa and Europe.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Metonic series

Saros series

Inex series

Tritos
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of July 27, 2018

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of May 26, 2040

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of May 16, 2022

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of August 7, 2036

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 137.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

2029-06
2029-06
2029-06
2029 in science


St. Mary's – St. Alphonsus Regional Catholic School, previously known as St. Mary's Academy, is a private Roman Catholic elementary and middle school in Glens Falls, New York, serving kindergarten through 8th grade. The main building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Also known as SMSA, the school teaches children not only academic subjects, but teaches them about the Catholic Faith. SMSA is the oldest parochial school in the area.  It once included a high school, but it was trimmed down to 8th grade.

St. Mary's – St. Alphonsus Regional Catholic School is not only for Catholics. Any child of any faith or religion can attend.

SMSA offers day care, both half and full-day. Noah's Ark, as it is called, offers the children what they would normally get at any other day care, as well as learning and also a sense of their faith, although it is not as complicated and in depth as it will be as they grow older.

SMSA features a large Great Hall where events are hosted. The Great Hall features a 2-story stained glass window. SMSA also has a mini-chapel where confession (optional for those of non-Catholic faith), Adoration and other ceremonies are held. It is open at all times for any who wish to worship or visit. SMSA offers Regents Biology in 8th grade. Advanced mathematics is also offered.

For students with speech disorders or difficulty learning or reading, SMSA offers specialist help.

References

External links
 St. Mary's - St. Alphonsus website

Private middle schools in New York (state)
Catholic elementary schools in New York (state)
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Private elementary schools in New York (state)
Schools in Warren County, New York
Ralph Adams Cram buildings
National Register of Historic Places in Warren County, New York


Leigh Ann Fetter (born May 23, 1969), later known by her married name Leigh Ann Witt, is an American former competition swimmer who represented the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.  She finished fifth in the final of the women's 50-meter freestyle in a time of 25.78 seconds.

Fetter attended the University of Texas at Austin, and swam for the Texas Longhorns swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) competition from 1987 to 1991.  She was the first woman to ever swim the 50-yard freestyle in under 22 seconds, and won the NCAA individual national championship in the event four consecutive years.  She was also a key points contributor to the Lady Longhorns' NCAA national team championships in 1988, 1990 and 1991, and received the Honda Sports Award for Swimming and Diving, recognizing her as the outstanding college female swimmer of the year in 1990–91.  She was inducted into the university's Longhorn Hall of Honor in 2003.

See also
 List of University of Texas at Austin alumni
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)

References

1969 births
Living people
American female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the United States
Sacred Heart Academy (Louisville) alumni
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Texas Longhorns women's swimmers
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming


A total lunar eclipse occurred on Tuesday, 8 November 2022. The southern limb of the Moon passed through the center of the Earth's shadow. It surpassed the previous eclipse as the longest total lunar eclipse visible from nearly all of North America since 17 August 1989, and until 26 June 2029. Occurring only 5.8 days before apogee (on 14 November 2022), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller. The next total lunar eclipse will take place on 14 March 2025. A lunar occultation of Uranus happened during the eclipse. It was the first total lunar eclipse on Election Day in US history. This event was referred in media coverage as a "beaver blood moon".

This lunar eclipse was the fourth and last of an almost tetrad, the others being 26 May 2021 (T), 19 November 2021 (P) and 16 May 2022 (T).

Visibility
The eclipse was completely visible over the Pacific and most of North America. It was seen on the rising moon in Australia, Asia and in the far north-east of Europe, and on the setting moon in South America and eastern North America.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2022
 A partial solar eclipse on 30 April.
 A total lunar eclipse on 16 May.
 A partial solar eclipse on 25 October.
 A total lunar eclipse on 8 November.

Lunar year series

Saros series
This eclipse was a part of Saros cycle 136, and the first of the series that passes through the center of the Earth's shadow. The last occurrence was on 28 October 2004. The next occurrence will happen on 18 November 2040.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse was related to two hybrid solar eclipses of Solar Saros 143.

Metonic series
This eclipse is the third of five Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, 8–9 November:

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of December 10, 2011

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of October 8, 2033

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of September 28, 2015

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of December 20, 2029

Observations

See also
Lists of lunar eclipses and List of lunar eclipses in the 21st century
November 2021 lunar eclipse

References

External links

Saros cycle 136

2022-11
2022-11
2022 in science
November 2022 events


A total lunar eclipse occurred on 15–16 May 2022, the first of two total lunar eclipses in 2022. The event occurred near lunar perigee; as a result, this event was referred to some in media coverage as a "super flower blood moon" and elsewhere as a "super blood moon", a supermoon that coincides with a total lunar eclipse. This was the longest total lunar eclipse visible from nearly all of North America since August 17, 1989 until the next eclipse on November 8.

The eclipse was a dark one with the northern limb of the Moon passing through the center of Earth's shadow. This was the first central eclipse of Lunar Saros 131.

This lunar eclipse was the third of an almost tetrad, the others being 26 May 2021 (T), 19 Nov 2021 (P) and 08 Nov 2022 (T).

Visibility
The eclipse was completely visible over most of North and South America, seen rising over Northwest North America, and the Pacific Ocean, and setting over Africa and Europe. It was the longest eclipse in prime time on the US west coast this century. Because of thunderstorms, clouds covered regions of the US.

Observations

North and South America

Europe

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2022
 A partial solar eclipse on 30 April.
 A total lunar eclipse on 16 May.
 A partial solar eclipse on 25 October.
 A total lunar eclipse on 8 November.

Lunar year series

Saros series

This is the first of the series that passes through the center of the Earth's shadow. The last occurrence was on May 2004 lunar eclipse. The next occurrence is May 2040 lunar eclipse.

Metonic series
This eclipse is the third of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, 15–16 May, each separated by 19 years.

The Moon's path through the Earth's shadow near its descending node progresses southward through each sequential eclipse. The second and third are total eclipses.

Tritos
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of June 15, 2011

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of April 14, 2033

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of April 4, 2015

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of June 26, 2029

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 138.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

References

External links

2022-05
2022-05
2022 in science


Li Jifu () (758 – November 18, 814), courtesy name Hongxian (), formally Duke Zhongyi of Zhao (), was a Chinese cartographer, historian, and politician during the Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.

Background
Li Jifu was born in 758, during the reign of Emperor Suzong.  His family claimed ancestry from Li Mu, a prominent general of the Warring States period state Zhao, and traced its ancestry through a line of officials of Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Jin Dynasty (266–420), Northern Wei, and Sui Dynasty.  His grandfather Li Zai () was not recorded to have carried any official titles, but his father Li Qiyun () was a prominent official during the reign of Emperor Suzong's son Emperor Daizong and served as chief imperial censor, carrying the title of Duke of Zanhuang.  Li Jifu himself was said to be studious in his youth and capable in writing.

During Emperor Dezong's reign
In 784, during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, when Li Jifu was 26, Li Jifu became a Taichang Boshi (), a consultant at the ministry of worship (太常寺, Taichang Si), and became known for his knowledge, especially the past Tang tradition, and was often praised for it.  In 786, when Emperor Dezong's wife Empress Wang died, the regulation on the proper rituals were missing – as there had not been an empress who was mourned since the times of Emperor Suzong's father Emperor Xuanzong.  Li Jifu planned the mourning ceremonies for Empress Wang, and was much praised by Emperor Dezong.

Later, in addition to his Taichang Boshi title, Li Jifu was also made Tuntian Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of public works (工部, Gongbu); he later became Jiabu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of rite (禮部, Lǐbu).  He was respected and treated well by the chancellors Li Mi and Dou Can, but after Lu Zhi became chancellor, he suspected Li Jifu of engaging in partisanship and had him demoted to serve as the secretary general of Ming Prefecture (明州, in modern Ningbo, Zhejiang); later, after a general pardon had been issued, Li Jifu was promoted to be the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern Chongqing).  When Lu was himself exiled, it was said that Lu's rival chancellors wanted to harm him, and then intentionally had him demoted to be the secretary general of Zhong Prefecture – i.e., to serve as Li Jifu's subordinate.  Lu's family and friends were concerned deeply, but Li Jifu showed respect to Lu as if Lu were still a chancellor and caused him no harm.  The two eventually became friends.  Li Jifu served as Zhong Prefecture for six years without further movement, and was later removed on account of illness.  He later served as the prefect of either Liu Prefecture (柳州, in modern Liuzhou, Guangxi) or Chen Prefecture (郴州, in modern Chenzhou, Hunan), before serving as the prefect of Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi).  Previously, after four successive prefects had died, the fort that served as headquarters of Rao Prefectures had been abandoned as there were rumors that it was cursed.  When Li Jifu arrived, he removed the thorns that had grown up around the fort and moved in with no ill consequences, and the people were comforted.

During Emperor Xianzong's reign

Prior to chancellorships
After Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong became emperor in 805, Li Jifu was recalled to serve as Kaogong Langzhong (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Lìbu, note different tone than the ministry of rites) and put in charge of drafting edicts.  Shortly after he arrived at the capital Chang'an, he was made Hanlin Xueshi (), an imperial scholar, and soon was further made Zhongshu Sheren (), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng).  During that time, he made several suggestions that caused him to gain further approval by Emperor Xianzong:

 Early in Emperor Xianzong's reign, a long-time minor official at the legislative bureau, Hua Huan (), who was a close associate to the eunuch general Liu Guangqi (), had much power due to his association with Liu, and Li suggested Hua's removal – which Emperor Xianzong carried out in 806.
 When the Li Qi the military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhenhai Circuit (鎮海, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) requested to also be the director of the salt and iron monopoly, Li Jifu pointed out that Li Qi was ambitious and rebellious and that giving him the economic benefits of running the monopolies would further strengthen him in case of a rebellion, and thus opposed the request.  Emperor Xianzong agreed with Li Jifu.
 When the warlord Liu Pi, who controlled Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), resisted Emperor Xianzong's rule, Li Jifu advised military action against Liu Pi, and further suggested diverting Liu's attention by directing southern troops through the Three Gorges while the main forces under Gao Chongwen were heading over the mountains.
 When, even before the campaign ultimately succeeded, another general who fought Liu Pi along with Gao, Yan Li (), requested that a senior official be put in charge of Xichuan, Li Jifu pointed out that such a move would damage Gao's morale, and under Li Jifu's suggestion, Emperor Xianzong eventually made Gao the military governor of Xichuan while carving out six prefectures from Xichuan, transferring them to its neighbor Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), and making Yan the military governor of Dongchuan.
 When Tufan sought a formal treaty of friendship, Li Jifu pointed out that at the time Tang was allied with Nanzhao against Tufan – and that such a treaty would cause Nanzhao to suspect Tang's good faith and damage the relationship with Nanzhao.  When Tufan further offered to return a number of towns that it had captured from Tang previously, Li Jifu pointed out that at that time, Tang had insufficient troops to defend them.  Emperor Xianzong thus declined Tufan's proposal.

First chancellorship
In 807, when Du Huangchang was removed from his chancellor position, Li Jifu was made Zhongshu Shilang (), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, and made de facto chancellor with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), along with Wu Yuanheng.  It was said that he was greatly touched and stated to his subordinate Pei Ji:

Pei wrote out a list of over 30 people, and within a month, Li Jifu had them put into appropriate positions.  It was believed at the time that Li Jifu was a good judge of character.  As he believed that the military governors at the time had too much power over their domains, he advocated granting the prefects under them greater power.  However, it was also said that Li Jifu, around that time, falsely accused fellow chancellor Zheng Yin of leaking secrets to the warlord Lu Congshi (), the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), and that Emperor Xianzong did not act against Zheng only after the accusation was shown to be unreasonable by the imperial scholar Li Jiang.

Late in 807, Li Jifu submitted a 10-volume work titled the Records of Yuanhe Imperial Accounts (Yuanhe () being Emperor Xianzong's era name) that contained detail accounts of the state of the various circuits of the empire, including the population and revenues.

In 808, at a special imperial examinations where Emperor Xianzong ordered that low-level officials submit honest opinions about the government, several of the examinees – Niu Sengru, Li Zongmin, and Huangfu Shi () stated, without using any veiled language, the issues they saw with the governance at the time.  The officials that Emperor Xianzong put in charge of the examinations, Yang Yuling () and Wei Guanzhi ranked them high.  However, Li Jifu saw these as severe criticisms of himself, and, weeping, accused the reviewing officials, the imperial scholars Pei Ji and Wang Ya, of conflict of interest – as Huangfu was a nephew of Wang's.  As a result of Li Jifu's accusations, Wang, Pei, Yang, and Wei were all demoted, and it was said that while no harm came to Niu, Li Zongmin, and Huangfu at that time, they were effectively stuck at the positions they previously served without promotion.  As a result, they all sought positions as staff members of military governors.  (However, Li Jifu's biographies in the Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang viewed this event as part of the conspiracy by the senior official Pei Jun () to harm Li Jifu and to have Pei Jun made chancellor.)

Soon thereafter, there was another incident in which Li Jifu and the official Dou Qun () came into conflict.  Li Jifu had previously recommended the officials Yang Shi'e () and Lü Wen (), and because Dou was also friendly with Yang and Lü, he recommended them as well, without first informing Li Jifu.  Li Jifu became displeased and refused to act on Dou's recommendations, thus drawing Dou's resentment.  When Dou later found out that one Chen Keming () – whom Dou believed to be a sorcerer but who could have been a physician – was visiting Li Jifu's household because Li Jifu was ill – he submitted an accusation to Emperor Xianzong that Li Jifu was associating with sorcerers.  When Emperor Xianzong investigated and found no proof of Li Jifu's guilt, Dou and his associates were exiled, but Li Jifu felt insecure and offered to resign, recommending Pei Ji to succeed him.  Emperor Xianzong agreed, and, in late 808, made Pei Ji chancellor and made Li Jifu the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), and granted him various medical ingredients from the imperial pharmacy.

Between the chancellorships
While Li Jifu was at Huainan, it was said that he built Pingjin Dam () and two ponds named Furen () and Guben (), for irrigation purposes.  When the Yangtze-Huai region suffered a great drought, particularly hurting Li Jifu's neighboring circuits Zhexi (浙西, headquartered in modern Zhenjiang) and Zhedong (浙東, headquartered in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang), the central government agencies in charge did not act, and it was only after an extensive report by Li Jifu that Emperor Xianzong ordered disaster relief.  It was also said that Li Jifu often sent suggestions about important matters of state to Emperor Xianzong.

In late 810, Pei Ji was removed from his chancellor position on account of illness, and in spring 811, Li Jifu was recalled to again serve as Zhongshu Shilang and chancellor.  He was also given the additional titles of Jinzi Guanglu Daifu (), Shang Zhuguo (), and imperial scholar of Jixian Palace.  He was also put in charge of editing the imperial history and created the Duke of Zhao.

Second chancellorship
It was said that the people of the time looked forward to Li Jifu's return to chancellorship with great expectations.  However, it was also said that soon after his return to chancellorship, fellow chancellor Li Fan was removed, and Pei Ji was further demoted, due to his machinations.  Further, it was also said that he began to try to hide his acts from Emperor Xianzong.  However, he was credited with advocating a major streamlining of government that saved expenses.

In 811, also at Li Jifu's recommendation – as Li Jifu pointed out that the imperial princes, due to various restrictions, were having difficulty finding appropriate husbands for their daughters and getting the marriages approved –  Emperor Xianzong created many princes' daughters ladies and ordered the government agencies to find appropriate gentlemen for them to marry.  However, by this point, Emperor Xianzong had heard that Li Jifu was using his office for personal vengeance, and so decided to make Li Jiang a chancellor as well to create a power balance.  Thereafter, Li Jifu and Li Jiang often had disputes, causing a rift between the two.  In 812, when the chancellors met with Emperor Xianzong, Li Jifu made a comment that the realm was becoming peaceful and that Emperor Xianzong should seek out some pleasure – when Li Jiang commented that there was still much warfare and natural disasters to deal with and it was no time to seek pleasure.  Emperor Xianzong approved of Li Jiang's remarks.  Li Jifu further became distressed when Emperor Xianzong criticized another chancellor, Yu Di, for proposing harsh punishments – as Li Jifu had just himself proposed the same kind of harsher punishments.  On another occasion, however, when Emperor Xianzong met the chancellors, he commented to Li Jifu that he had just read in the imperial archives about the faithfulness of Li Jifu's father Li Qiyun and was impressed – causing Li Jifu to be touched, and he wept and thanked Emperor Xianzong.

Later in 812, when the warlord Tian Ji'an, the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei), died, Li Jifu advocated preparing for a campaign to retake Weibo by force, but Li Jiang advocated another strategy – simply refusing to commission Tian Ji'an's son Tian Huaijian as his successor and waiting for someone else to rise against Tian Huaijian from within Weibo itself.  Emperor Xianzong agreed with Li Jiang, and eventually, when Tian Ji'an's relative Tian Xing rose against Tian Huaijian, Emperor Xianzong commissioned Tian Xing as the new military governor as per Li Jiang's argument, overruling Li Jifu's argument that Tian Xing needed to be observed first; Weibo then began to follow imperial orders.

In 813, when Huigu forces approached Tang borders and announced that they were going through Tang territory to attack Tufan, the border people were alarmed, believing that Huigu might be intending to attack them instead.  Li Jifu advocated not becoming overly alarmed, but simply repairing 11 border posts to watch them.  In 814, he further advocated the reestablishment of You Prefecture (宥州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), a special prefecture to settle the surrendered non-Han tribes.  Emperor Xianzong approved his proposals.

In 814, when the warlord Wu Shaoyang the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), died, Li Jifu advocated preparing for military action to retake Zhangyi by force, rather than allowing Wu Shaoyang's son Wu Yuanji to succeed Wu Shaoyang – pointing out that, by contrast to the warlords north of the Yellow River, Zhangyi was surrounded by circuits loyal to the imperial government.  By Li JIfu's recommendation, the headquarters of Zhangyi's neighbor Heyang Circuit (河陽, then-headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan), which was under imperial control and which was stationed in order to protect the eastern capital Luoyang from Weibo, was moved to Ru Prefecture (汝州, in modern Pingdingshan, Henan), to prepare for action against Zhangyi.  When Wu Shaoyang's subordinate Yang Yuanqing met Li Jifu, Li Jifu persuaded him to report to the imperial government the strengths and weaknesses of the Zhangyi forces, for the imperial government to further prepare for the campaign.  While still preparing for the campaign, Li Jifu died.  Initially, the officials in charge of awarding posthumous names proposed Jingxian (敬憲, "alert and knowledgeable").  One of the junior officials, Zhang Zhongfang () objected, arguing that that was too flattering.  Emperor Xianzong was displeased and exiled Zhang, but subsequently changed Li Jifu's posthumous name to Zhongyi ("faithful and benevolent").  His sons Li Dexiu () and Li Deyu both later served in the imperial government, with Li Deyu becoming a prominent chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong's grandsons Emperor Wenzong and Emperor Wuzong.

Written works
Li Jifu wrote commentaries on the I Ching.  He also compiled a number of historical events from the Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Jin, Northern Zhou, and Sui, commenting on their successes and failures and the reasons, into a 30-volume work known as the Summaries of the Six Dynasties ().  In addition to his Records of Yuanhe Imperial Accounts, he also wrote a 54-volume work on the geographical features and histories of the various circuits, including maps, titling the work the Yuanhe Maps of the Commanderies and Principalities ().  He further wrote a one-volume summary of imperial offices' responsibilities entitled the Key Points on Selecting Officials for the Hundred Offices ().  He submitted these works to the emperor, but the works were also commonly known at the time.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 148.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 146.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 236, 237, 238, 239.
 Yuanhe Maps of the Counties (), Li, Jifu, and He, Cijun (). 1983. Zhongguo gu dai di li zong zhi cong kan (). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju ().

758 births
814 deaths
8th-century Chinese historians
8th-century geographers
9th-century Chinese historians
9th-century geographers
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Chinese cartographers
Medieval Chinese geographers
Tang dynasty historians
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Huainan Circuit


A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node on 27 July 2018. The Moon passed through the center of Earth's shadow in what was the first central lunar eclipse since 15 June 2011. It was also the second total lunar eclipse in 2018, after the one on 31 January. It was the longest total lunar eclipse of the 21st century, but not the longest in the 3rd millennium. The longest total lunar eclipse of the 3rd millennium will occur on May 12, 2264, lasting 106 minutes and 13.2 seconds, which will be the longest total lunar eclipse since 2000, and the longest one until 3107.

The eclipse occurred when the Moon was near its maximum distance from Earth, which caused the Moon to appear smaller than normal (a phenomenon sometimes called a micromoon), and to travel at its slowest speed in its orbit around Earth. This was the longest total lunar eclipse that occurred in the 21st century, but not the longest in the 3rd millennium. Totality lasted one hour and 42.955 minutes, a period "just short of the theoretical limit of a lunar eclipse (one hour and 46.605 minutes)". The Moon remained at least partially in Earth's shadow for three hours 54.55 minutes.

This lunar eclipse coincided with Mars being nearly as close as possible to Earth, a concurrence that happens once every 25,000 years.

Background

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes within Earth's umbra (shadow). As the eclipse begins, Earth's shadow first darkens the Moon slightly. Then, the Earth's shadow begins to cover part of the Moon, typically turning it a dark red-brown color (the color can vary based on atmospheric conditions). The Moon appears to be reddish because of Rayleigh scattering (the same effect that causes sunsets to appear reddish and the daytime sky to appear blue) and the refraction of that light by Earth's atmosphere into its umbra.

The Moon's brightness is exaggerated within the umbral shadow. The southern portion of the Moon was closest to the center of the shadow, making it the darkest, and most red in appearance.

Visibility

The lunar eclipse was completely visible over Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Southern Asia and Central Asia, seen rising over South America, Western Africa, and Europe, and setting over Eastern Asia, and Australia.

Observations

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2018
 A total lunar eclipse on 31 January.
 A partial solar eclipse on 15 February.
 A partial solar eclipse on 13 July.
 A total lunar eclipse on 27 July.
 A partial solar eclipse on 11 August.

Lunar year series

Saros series

It last occurred on July 16, 2000 and will next occur on August 7, 2036.

This is the 38th member of Lunar Saros 129. The previous event was the July 2000 lunar eclipse. The next event is the August 2036 lunar eclipse. Lunar Saros 129 contains 11 total lunar eclipses between 1910 and 2090. Solar Saros 136 interleaves with this lunar saros with an event occurring every 9 years 5 days alternating between each saros series.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 136.

Related eclipses

Inex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of August 17, 1989

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of July 7, 2047

Tritos
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of August 28, 2007

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of June 26, 2029

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of June 15, 2011

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of September 7, 2025

Half-Saros cycle
 Preceded: Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009

 Followed: Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

 Where to see the eclipse and public events (Go Stargazing)

 Hermit eclipse: 2018-07-27
Photo Reveals a Lunar Eclipse Like Never Before

2018-07
2018-07
2018 in science
July 2018 events


Victoria Park is a large recreational area on the Port Hills above Christchurch, New Zealand.

Description
The park was formally opened by William Rolleston on 22 June 1897 for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

The park has an information centre, and features open parkland, planted gardens and pine forest, with a variety of walking tracks and a permanent orienteering course.
Mountain biking tracks extend into the adjacent Bowenvale Reserve, and include several challenging downhill routes, including the Nationals Down Hill Track.

The park was the site of the 1954 Parker–Hulme murder that has inspired plays, novels, non-fiction books, and most notably, the Oscar-nominated film Heavenly Creatures.

References

External links

 Up to date information on mountain bike tracks

Tourist attractions in Christchurch
Parks in Christchurch
Protected areas of Canterbury, New Zealand


A total lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, April 4, 1996, the first of two total lunar eclipses in 1996, the other being on Friday, September 27. The Moon passed through the center of the Earth's shadow.

This was the last central member and 55th overall member of Lunar Saros 122. The previous event was the March 1978 lunar eclipse. The next event was the April 2014 lunar eclipse.

This eclipse was the first of an almost tetrad (that occurred when there were 4 consecutive lunar eclipses that had an umbral eclipse magnitude of 0.9 or greater). The others were 27 Sep 1996 (T), 24 Mar 1997 (P) and 16 Sep 1997 (T).

Visibility

It could be seen completely over Africa, and Europe, seen rising over North and South America, and setting over Western Asia.

Gallery

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1996
 A total lunar eclipse on April 4.
 A partial solar eclipse on April 17.
 A total lunar eclipse on September 27.
 A partial solar eclipse on October 12.

Lunar year series

This is the second of four lunar year eclipses at the ascending node of the Moon's orbit.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two hybrid solar eclipses of Solar Saros 129.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 122
 Andrés Valencia: Total Lunar Eclipse - April 3 '96

1996-04
1996 in science
April 1996 events


Billy Boyd may refer to:

Billy Boyd (actor) (born 1968), Scottish actor
Billy Boyd (ice hockey) (1898–1940), Canadian ice hockey forward
Billy Boyd (footballer) (1905–1967), Scottish professional footballer
Billy Boyd (politician) (born c. 1921), Northern Ireland Labour Party activist

See also
William Boyd (disambiguation)


A total lunar eclipse took place on Friday, June 4, 1993, the first of two total lunar eclipses in 1993, the second being on Monday, November 29. The Moon was plunged into darkness for 1 hour and 36 minutes, in a deep total eclipse which saw the Moon 56% of its diameter inside the Earth's umbral shadow. The visual effect of this depends on the state of the Earth's atmosphere, but the Moon may have been stained a deep red colour. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours and 38 minutes in total. The moon passed through the center of the Earth's shadow.

Visibility

It was seen completely over Australia, seen rising over Asia on  the evening of Friday 4 June 1993, and setting over Western North and South America on the morning of Friday 4 June 1993.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1993
 A partial solar eclipse (north) on May 21.
 A total lunar eclipse (central, passing north of the axis) on June 4.
 A partial solar eclipse (south) on November 13.
 A total lunar eclipse (south) on November 29.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 137.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links
 Saros cycle 130

1993-06
1993-06
1993 in science
June 1993 events


Fifth generation or Fifth Generation may refer to:

Religion
 5th Generation (religious association), a Brazilian Christian association, founded in 2014 by Gabriel Gomes

Technology
 5th-Generation Wireless Systems, mobile telecommunications technologies
 Fifth generation computer, a Japanese computing initiative begun in 1982
 Fifth-generation programming language, a constraint-based programming language
 History of video game consoles (fifth generation) (1993-2002)
 Fifth generation or Video iPod, a version of the iPod Classic
 Fifth Generation Systems, a security and utility software manufacturer for PCs and Macs founded in 1984

Transportation
 Fifth generation jet fighter (2005–present)
 Fifth-generation Chevrolet Camaro (2009–present)
 Fifth-generation Ford Mustang (2005–present)
 Ford Taurus (fifth generation) (2007-2009)
 Honda Civic (fifth generation) (1992-1995)

Other uses
 Fifth generation of Chinese leadership, the expected Communist Chinese leadership from the 2012 18th Party Congress
 Fifth Generation, a 1980s-1990s collective of filmmakers in the cinema of China

See also
Generation (disambiguation)
5G (disambiguation)


Operation Virtual Shield is a program implemented by Chicago, IL mayor Richard M. Daley, which created the most extensive video surveillance network in the United States by linking more than 3000 surveillance cameras to a centralized monitoring system, which captures and processes camera feeds in real time. It also includes sensors such as biological, chemical, and radiological sensors. It is able to detect suspicious or dangerous activity and identify its location, and now incorporates facial recognition.  Virtual Shield is also used to record activity at a potential crime scene before police arrive at a call. The cost of the program was $217 million, much of which came from Homeland Security grants. The retention time of technical data collected is 30 days.

Daley stated that Chicago will have a surveillance camera on every street corner by the year 2016.

See also
 Closed-circuit television
 Human Identification At a Distance
 MATRIX
 Total Information Awareness
 Gabriel Villa

References

External links
Chicago's Camera Network Is Everywhere (Wall Street Journal, November 17, 2009)
USPA International

Chicago Police Department
Crime prevention
Government of Chicago
Law enforcement techniques
Mass surveillance


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Roanoke County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map.

There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke, Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Virginia

References

Roanoke


Lake Sampaloc is a volcanic crater lake on the island of Luzon, Philippines. It is the largest of the Seven Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half of the lake's depth has a shallow depression at the bottom, indicating its volcanic origin. The lake is behind San Pablo city hall and is dotted with fishpens and small cottages built on stilts.

Legend
A giant sampaloc (Tamarindus indica or tamarind tree) once grew in the garden of a selfish, stingy old woman. One day, an old man begged for some tamarind fruit as a cure for his ailing grandson. Instead of helping him, the old woman set her ferocious dogs upon him to drive him away. The old man was badly hurt. He was in fact a diwata (nymph or fairy) in disguise.

After the diwata (still appearing as the old man) had departed, there was a thundering noise and rain, followed by the cracking of the earth. The entire orchard sank into a colossal pit which was immediately filled with water, which villagers thence named after the large tamarind tree.

External links

 San Pablo City Historical Landmarks
 Legend of Lake Sampaloc

Sampaloc
Sampaloc
Sampaloc
Inactive volcanoes of the Philippines


Seyed Abbas Araghchi (,  ; born 5 December 1962 in Tehran) is an Iranian diplomat who is the former political deputy at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran from 2017 to 2021. He previously held office as the Deputy for Asia–Pacific and the Commonwealth Affairs and Legal and International Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran. He served as Iran's chief nuclear negotiator in talks with the P5+1, in Hassan Rouhani's government.

Araghchi entered the Foreign Ministry in 1989. In early 1990s, he served as chargé d'affaires of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Organization of Islamic Conference, based in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

He served as ambassador to Finland (1999-2003) and Japan (2007–2011).

Prior to becoming Ambassador, Araghchi served as Director General of the Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS). From 2004 to 2005, he was chancellor of School of International Relations.

References

1960 births
Living people
Diplomats from Tehran
Iranian diplomats
Alumni of the University of Kent
Ambassadors of Iran to Japan
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch alumni
Spokespersons for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps personnel of the Iran–Iraq War


Marion Boyd may refer to:

Marion Boyd (1946–2022), Canadian politician
Marion Speed Boyd (1900–1988), U.S. federal judge
Marion Boyd (mistress), mistress of James IV of Scotland


Francis Boyle (born 1950) is an American professor of international law at the University of Illinois.

Francis Boyle may also refer to:
 Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon (1623–1699), Privy Counsellor of Ireland
 Francis J. Boyle (1927–2006), U.S. federal judge
 Frank Boyle (born 1945), Democratic Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 Frankie Boyle (born 1972), Scottish comedian


Charles Boynton may refer to:
Charles Lawrence Boynton (1864–1943), American botanist
Charles Albert Boynton (1867–1954), U.S. federal judge
Charles B. Boynton (1806–1883), president of Howard University and chaplain of the United States House of Representatives
Charles F. Boynton (1906–1999), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Puerto Rico
 Charles Boynton Knapp (born 1946), president of the University of Georgia


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Russell County, Virginia.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Russell County, Virginia, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.

There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

References

Russell


Guo Guoting (), is a former Chinese lawyer,
 and chief partner of the Shanghai Tian Yi Law Firm. He was one of few lawyers who would defend dissidents and Falun Gong practitioners. He represented the imprisoned lawyer Zheng Enchong and journalist Shi Tao. Because of these activities, the Shanghai authorities revoked his license to practice law. A year after he lost his right to practice and also his freedom of movement, he left for Canada.

See also
Human rights in the People's Republic of China
List of Chinese dissidents
Political dissidents

References

External links
winning press freedom conference
 Petitioner Roundup as NPC Meets March 11, 2005
GUO GUOTING - Lawyer  Lawyer's right watch Canada

20th-century Chinese lawyers
21st-century Chinese lawyers
Chinese emigrants to Canada
Living people
Chinese dissidents
Chinese democracy activists
Chinese human rights activists
Weiquan movement
Year of birth missing (living people)


is a passenger railway station located in the city of Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keio Corporation.

Lines
Minami-ōsawa Station is served by the Keio Sagamihara Line between  and , with some through services from the Keio Line Tokyo terminus at . The station is located 18.2 km from the starting point of the Sagamihara Line at Chōfu. All services stop at this station.

Station layout
The station consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. The station building and concourse is located above the tracks.

Platforms

History
Minami-ōsawa Station opened on 21 May 1988. It initially formed the western terminus of the Sagamihara Line, until the line was extended to Hashimoto in 1990.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 63,422 passengers daily.

The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area
 Tokyo Metropolitan University Minami-ōsawa campus
 Mitsui Outlet Park Tama Ōsawa
 Minami-ōsawa Police Station

References

External links

 Keio station information

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1988
Railway stations in Tokyo
Stations of Keio Corporation
Hachiōji, Tokyo


Natalya Meshcheryakova (); born 1 June 1972, is a former freestyle swimmer from Russia.

She competed at the 1992 Summer Olympic Games & the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, finishing sixth in the final of the 50 metres freestyle in a time of 25.47 seconds in 1992. Meshcheryakova competed for the Unified team in 1992, & for Russia in 1996.

Her best result at the Olympics was a bronze medal in 1992 whilst swimming the anchor leg for the Unified teams 4 x 100 metre medley relay.

References

Russian female freestyle swimmers
Soviet female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for the Unified Team
Olympic swimmers for Russia
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the Unified Team
Living people
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics


George Bradley (1852–1931) was an American baseball player.

George Bradley may also refer to:
 Foghorn Bradley (George H. Bradley, 1855–1900), American baseball umpire
 George Bradley (cricketer) (1850–1887), English cricketer
 George Bradley (journalist) (1816–1863), English journalist
 George Bradley (Medal of Honor) (1881–1942), U.S. Navy officer
 George Bradley (Minnesota politician) (1833–1879), Minnesota politician
 George Bradley (outfielder) (1914–1982), American baseball player
 George Bradley (poet) (born 1953), American poet
 George Granville Bradley (1821–1903), Dean of Westminster, scholar, and schoolteacher
 George Bradley (rugby league), New Zealand rugby league footballer
 George B. Bradley (1825–1916), New York politician and Supreme Court justice

See also
 USS George H. Bradley, a United States Navy patrol vessel and minesweeper
 Brad Hogg (George Bradley Hogg, born 1971), Australian cricketer


Deutsch-Asiatische Bank (DAB) () was a foreign bank in China. Its principal activity was trade financing, but together with English and French banks, it also played a role in the underwriting of bonds for the Chinese government and in the financing of railway construction in China.

History
Deutsche-Asiatische Bank was founded in Shanghai on 12 February 1889 with the participation of Deutsche Bank, one of the largest banks in Germany. At the time, it was the first large non-British bank to enter the Chinese market. It set up branches in Calcutta (1895), Tianjin (1890), Hankou (1897), Qingdao (1897), Hong Kong (1900), Yokohama (1905), Kobe (1906), Singapore (1906), Beijing (1910), Guangzhou (1910) and Jinan (1914). Until World War I, it developed a cooperative relationship with the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation against encroachments by competing foreign banks from France, Japan and Russia.

In 1906, the bank received the concession to issue its own banknotes in China. Its branch in Qingdao was plundered by the victorious Japanese army following the siege of Tsingtao in 1914, and was subsequently used to host the Japanese Consulate until World War II. The rest of its Chinese network was closed in 1917 by the Chinese government, partly reconstituted in the interwar period, and terminated again during World War II. In 1953, it launched a new beginning in Hamburg. Together with partner banks within the EBIC group, Deutsche Bank subsequently founded "Europäisch-Asiatische Bank" in 1972 (later renamed "European Asian Bank"), which the former Deutsch-Asiatische Bank was merged into. In 1986, the bank was called "Deutsche Bank (Asia)" after the partner banks withdrew from their participations. Between 1987 and 1988, it was then merged into Deutsche Bank.

Branch buildings in China

The Deutsch-Asiatische Bank's branch in Shanghai opened at No. 14 Bund on . After World War I, the property was taken over by China's Bank of Communications, which in the 1940s replaced it with the still-standing Bank of Communications Building.

Banknotes

Like other foreign banks in China at the time, the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank issued paper currency in the concessions where it had established branch offices.

See also
 Banque de l'Indochine
 Yokohama Specie Bank
 Russo-Chinese Bank
 Banque Industrielle de Chine

References

Defunct banks of China
Defunct banks of Hong Kong
Banks based in Shanghai
Banks disestablished in 1972
Banks established in 1889
Chinese companies established in 1889
Deutsche Bank


is a 1986 video game developed and published by Taito exclusively in Japan. It is based on a Japanese sports manga series written and illustrated by Motoka Murakami that focuses on kendo, simply titled Musashi no Ken. The gameplay and design in the one-on-one fighting parts resemble Taito's other fighting game, Great Swordsman, especially its kendo mode.

Plot
The game's plot is about the son of two Kendo champions named Musashi. He strives to become as great at Kendo as his parents. The entire story centers around the world of Kendo and its up-and-coming competitors. The anime is broken up into two parts. The first part follows Musashi's early years in grade school while the second part follows his high school years. In the first episode, Musashi befriends an Akita puppy who is by his side throughout the series.

Gameplay
There are two different modes: single player and two player VS. mode. On single player mode, the player depicts Musashi in the middle of his training. He must run through several obstacle courses collecting swords and other items along the way. At the same time, his pet Akita will be running the course behind him. Musashi must not fall too far behind his dog. After completing three courses, Musashi will be entered into a 2D weapon-based versus fighting-style Kendo tournament. He must defeat five competitors to win the tournament. The swords that Musashi collects during the obstacle courses provide him with access to special strike moves if he has collected enough. If the player succeeds in winning, the game will continue from the beginning at a higher level of difficulty. After winning the championship a second time, the game is over.

On two player vs. mode, each player selects from a roster of competitors, and selects them secretly by pressing different inputs on the control pad. The selections are revealed once five selections have been made. Each player then squares off in a Kendo match with each of their selections. Whoever gets three or more victories wins the game.

1986 video games
Action games
Japan-exclusive video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Taito games
Video games based on anime and manga
Video games developed in Japan


The Canadian Forces Language School (CFLS) is an institution of the Canadian Forces responsible for providing language education. The CFLS has its headquarters in Gatineau, Quebec, along with its National Capital Region Training Company, and detachments at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, and Borden, Ontario. Since 1993, CFLS Detachment Borden, located at Bldg P 153, has been teaching English as a Foreign Language to military officers from Central and Eastern European countries and Far East Countries. Currently, 17 European and 2 Far Eastern countries are represented at the school.

The course is sponsored by the Military Training Assistance Program, one of Canada's initiatives through the Partnership for Peace Programme. CFLS offers two 17-week and four 10-week courses annually. The objective is to provide foreign officers with a working ability in English, while acquainting them with the Canadian Forces and Canadian society. The officers, ranging from Second Lieutenants to Generals, have served or may serve on with NATO, the UN, or as military attachés.

External links

Canadian Armed Forces
Canadian Armed Forces education and training establishments
Academic language institutions
Schools in Ontario
Education in Gatineau
Military language academies
1993 establishments in Quebec
Educational institutions established in 1993


Cor Visser (26 August 1903, Spaarndam, North Holland – 27 September 1982, Ipswich) was a Dutch artist who spent much of his life living in and around Suffolk in the United Kingdom. He first sailed to England in 1937 where he became particularly associated with the River Orwell, living for a while in his boat. He painted numerous watercolours of the river and surrounding area. He became involved in teaching and helping local artists. During the Second World War he was appointed official war artist to the Dutch Royal Family, then living in exile in London, where he painted many culturally important portraits of members of the royal family as well as key exiled government officials and military officers. He established the Fore Street Gallery at 44 Fore Street, Ipswich. He gathered a group of students around him who met every week.

A selection of his work is in the collections of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Portrait Gallery in London. The Ipswich Borough Council's Museums and Galleries Collection also contains a large selection of his paintings.  He and his wife are buried in St Mary's Churchyard Wherstead Ipswich overlooking the River Orwell.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20071211204119/http://www.visualarts-ipswich.org.uk/archive/level2/1994/cor_visser.asp

1903 births
1982 deaths
Painters from Haarlem
People from Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude
Dutch expatriates in England
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
20th-century Dutch male artists


is the second single by the Japanese pop girl group Berryz Kobo. It was released on April 28, 2004, and debuted at number 25 in the weekly Oricon singles chart.

Track listing
 "Fighting Pose wa Date ja Nai!" (Music and lyrics: Tsunku. Arrangement: Takahashi Yuichi)
  (Music and lyrics: Tsunku. Arrangement: Takahashi Yuichi)
 "Fighting Pose wa Date ja Nai!" (Instrumental)

Music video versions
 Normal version
 Dance-shot version
 Close-up version (group)

Charts

References

External links
 Fighting Pose wa Date ja nai! entry on the Up-Front Works official website

2004 singles
2004 songs
Songs written by Tsunku
Berryz Kobo songs
Song recordings produced by Tsunku


is a passenger railway station located in the Kurokawa neighborhood of Asao-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan and operated by the private railway operator Keio Corporation.

Lines
Wakabadai Station is served by the Keio Sagamihara Line, and is located  from the starting point of the line at Chōfu Station.

Station layout
The station has two elevated island platforms serving four tracks.

Platforms

History
Wakabadai Station opened as an elevated station on October 18, 1974.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 26,954 passengers daily.

The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area

 Wakabadai Maintenance Depot
 Kurokawa Station (Odakyu Tama Line)
 Haruhino Station (Odakyu Tama Line)
 Tokyo Metropolitan Wakaba Comprehensive High School
 Inagi Wakabadai Elementary School
 Kodarayato Park

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

Stations of Keio Corporation
Keio Sagamihara Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1974
Railway stations in Kawasaki, Kanagawa


"The Doctor" is a 1968 single recorded and released by singer Mary Wells, released on the Jubilee Records label. The single was the first to be issued on Wells' debut Jubilee album, Servin' Up Some Soul. This was notable as the first released collaboration by Wells and then-husband, The Valentinos' backup singer Cecil Womack. Wells had married Womack in 1966 and as a result credits for the single were for "Mary Wells Womack" and "Cecil Womack". The single became a modest charter for Wells when released. Though Wells was given only scant promotion for the single, it peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number twenty-two on the R&B chart. The b-side of the single, the soulful ballad "Two Lovers' History", was later sampled by J Dilla for the instrumental, "History".

Credits
Lead vocal by Mary Wells
Background vocals by Cecil Womack
Produced by Cecil Womack and Mary Wells Womack

References

1968 singles
Mary Wells songs
Songs written by Cecil Womack
Jubilee Records singles
1968 songs
Songs written by Mary Wells


Vacation from Marriage may refer to:

 Perfect Strangers (1945 film), a British drama film title Vacation from Marriage in the U.S.
 Vacation from Marriage (1927 film), a German silent comedy film


In 1894, Khan Bahadur Raja Saheb Chaudhry Aurangzeb Khan of Chakwal was given the title of Khan Bahadur for his services in establishing the town of Faisalabad (original town name in British India, Lyallpur).

Impact of 19th century canal irrigation
At the end of the 19th century, Chaudhry Aurangzeb Khan, assistant colonisation officer for Chenab Colony, proposed the first system of tying land grants in the region to preserving camel population, which was falling at the time due to camel pasturage being converted to crop land via canal irrigation. The British rulers then signed agreements with the indigenous tribes and local people that traditionally used to raise and maintain herds of camels. According to these agreements, these local people were bound to continue providing camels as needed for military duty for the British Raj.

Camels, at that time, were considered an important means of military transport in the region. Munshi Aurangzeb Khan was also cited by the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab for his assistance in work on irrigation projects. The title of Khan Baradur was conferred on him in 1894.

References

People from Faisalabad
19th-century Indian people
Punjabi people


The Palm Treo Pro is a combination PDA/cell phone offered in both GSM and CDMA. It is Palm's fourth Windows Mobile Treo. It replaced the short-lived Sprint Treo 800w.

Specifications

The phone originally was released in an unlocked GSM format. The updated release of the phone for CDMA networks featured new hardware specifications including a more powerful processor, more storage, and less user-available RAM.

Mobile phone, CDMA model with 800/1900-MHz bands, with EV-DO Rev.A data.  Unlocked GSM model also available
Built-in GPS with both Assisted and Standalone modes
Qualcomm Dual-Core MSM7501A at 528 MHz processor (400 MHz Qualcomm on GSM networks)
300 MB user-available non-volatile storage (105 MB on GSM networks)
128 MB DDR RAM (approximately 65 MB user-available on GSM, 45 MB user-available on CDMA)
Windows Mobile 6.1 Professional
2.36 in (W) x 4.49 in (L) x 0.53 in (D)
4.69 ounces
320x320 TFT flush touchscreen display
Supports MicroSD and MicroSDHC cards up to 32 GB
Built-In Bluetooth 2.0 EDR with stereo support
2-megapixel digital camera
Built-in 802.11b/g Wi-Fi
1500mAh Rechargeable Lithium-ion battery.
Infrared port
Current CDMA Firmware: Version 1.04

Features
The Treo Pro supports A2DP, which allows the user to stream music to a supported device wirelessly over Bluetooth.  In addition the device comes with a 3.5mm standard headphone jack.  The GSM version of the phone comes packed with a stereo-headset, while the CDMA phone does not.  The battery is removable.

The touchscreen is flush with the surface of the phone, a first in the Palm line of products.  The full QWERTY keyboard is in the same style as that of the Palm Centro, with a textured, rubberized feel.  It is roughly 10% wider than the Centro's keyboard.

The familiar ringer switch is located, as expected, on the top of the device.  It switches the phone from having sounds on to a vibrate only mode instantly.

Carriers

GSM: Vodafone (UK), Telstra (Australia)
Vodafone (UK) was the first carrier to officially use the Treo Pro.  Also: Telstra (Australia) & Telecom NZ (from May 2009) although the phone is available unlocked as well. M1 (Singapore) began selling the Treo Pro in 2010.

CDMA: Bell Mobility & Telus (Canada), Alltel, Sprint Nextel (US)
Bell Mobility & Telus in Canada, and Alltel and Sprint Nextel in the US, picked up the Treo Pro in March 2009. The device could also be purchased at list price (about $450) and used on Verizon's network in the US.

References

Windows Mobile Professional devices
Palm mobile phones
Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard


The 2008 Nevada Wolf Pack football team represented the University of Nevada, Reno during the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. Nevada competed as a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC). The Wolf Pack were led by Chris Ault in his 24th overall and 5th straight season since taking over as head coach for the third time in 2004. They played their home games at Mackay Stadium.

Nevada utilized Ault's own creation, the "Pistol" offense. The offense was directed by offensive coordinator Chris Klenakis in his 15th overall and 8th straight season and defense was led by first–year defensive coordinator Nigel Burton.

Nevada finished the regular season with a 7–5 mark and 5–3 in WAC play, which resulted in a three-way tie for second-place in the conference. Hawaii and Louisiana Tech both likewise finished with 5–3 conference records. During the season, the Wolf Pack played three ranked teams: Texas Tech, Missouri and Boise State. Nevada lost each game, but gave Boise State its closest contest in conference play, losing by seven points. Nevada, however, suffered a setback when they lost to New Mexico State, who were called by one publication the "perennial WAC bottom feeders".

Quarterback Colin Kaepernick was named 2008 WAC Offensive Player of the Year. During the regular season, he passed for 2,479 yards and 19 touchdowns and rushed for 1,115 yards and 16 touchdowns. He was aided by running back Vai Taua, who ran for 1,420 yards and 14 touchdowns. It was the first time in school history that Nevada had two 1,000 yard rushers on the team simultaneously.

Nevada secured its fourth straight bowl game appearance and faced Maryland in the 2008 Humanitarian Bowl. The Wolf Pack lost in a high–scoring and record–setting game by 35 to 42.

Schedule

Game summaries

Grambling State

Texas Tech

At Missouri

At UNLV

At Idaho

New Mexico State

Utah State

At Hawaii

At Fresno State

San Jose State

Boise State

At Louisiana Tech

Vs. Maryland

References

Nevada
Nevada Wolf Pack football seasons
Nevada Wolf Pack football


Royal Salute may refer to:
 honors music for royalty
 "Aash Al Maleek", the national anthem of Saudi Arabia
 "As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni", the national anthem of Jordan
 "Royal Salute" (Yemen), the national anthem of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen
 "As-Salam al-Malaki", the national anthem of Iraq from 1932 to 1958
 “Salām-e Shāh”, royal and national anthem of the Qajar dynasty, Persia (1873–1909)
 21-gun salute in the Commonwealth
 Track #13 on The Format (album), 2006 rap album by AZ
 Royal Salute (whisky), a scotch produced by Chivas Brothers


James Robert Beddome (born October 2, 1983) is a Canadian lawyer and politician who was the former leader of the Green Party of Manitoba from November 2014 to March 2023. He has run in several elections for the provincial party, and was also the Green Party of Canada candidate in Winnipeg South Centre for the 2019 federal election. He works as lawyer in Manitoba.

Early life and career

Beddome was born in Brandon, Manitoba, and was raised on a livestock farm north of Rapid City. He has an Honours Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Studies and Economics from the University of Manitoba (2006), and has worked as an administrator at Nesbitt Burns.  In 2008, he and two partners started a bicycle taxi service in Winnipeg.

Beddome joined the Green Party of Manitoba in 2006, and soon became the chair of its economic policy committee. He worked on Kaj Hasselriis's campaign for Mayor of Winnipeg in 2006, and stood as the Green candidate for the rural division of Minnedosa in the 2007 provincial election. He travelled by bicycle in the latter campaign, carrying a trailer and sleeping at campsites.  Beddome said that he wanted to raise awareness about clean modes of transportation as well as the problems faced by family farms.

Party leader

Beddome was elected to a two-year term as Manitoba Green Party leader on November 15, 2008, defeating incumbent Andrew Basham and third candidate Shane Nestruck. After his victory, he said that he would work toward running a full slate of candidates in the next provincial election. He was the party's candidate for a by-election in the northeast Winnipeg division of Elmwood in early 2009. In 2011, he ran as the party's candidate for Wolseley in the general election that year.

In 2013, Beddome stepped down as leader to focus on completing his articles of law after graduating from the faculty of law at the University of Manitoba. Alain Landry was appointed interim party leader for the Manitoba Greens in November 2013.

Beddome ran as a candidate in the party's 2014 leadership race, and was reelected as party leader in November 2014. In the 2016 and 2019 provincial elections he ran in Fort Garry-Riverview and then Fort Rouge. In the 2019 federal election, he ran in Winnipeg South Centre. Beddome had been planning on running for federal election in 2019 before Brian Pallister called the provincial elections early. He was prepared to retract his federal campaign and had a replacement candidate in place, should he have won the provincial seat but  Beddome did not win in either election.

In May 2022, Beddome announced that he would step down as leader of the Green Party of Manitoba. He was succeeded by Janine Gibson on March 26, 2023.

Electoral record

References

External links

 Interview with James Beddome, Leader of the Green Party of Manitoba, CTV News (August 2019)

1983 births
Living people
Green Party of Canada candidates in the 2019 Canadian federal election
Leaders of the Green Party of Manitoba
Politicians from Brandon, Manitoba


Project Koussar, also known as Project Kowsar, is an alleged intermediate range or intercontinental ballistic missile program of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Overview
The program is allegedly an IRBM with a range of 4,000 to 5,000 km.

The book Iran's Military Forces and Warfighting Capabilities by Anthony H. Cordesman and Martin Kleiber mentions Project Koussar in its description of the Shahab-5 and Shahab-6 missile projects, which also are allegedly based on the RD-216 engine. According to the book, "the effort to develop an ICBM with the Russian RD-216 engine in some sources has been named 'Project Koussar.' There reports [about the missile projects] remain uncertain, and Israeli media and official sources have repeatedly exaggerated the nature and speed of Iranian efforts."

The book Tehran Rising by Ilan Berman also mentions the missile project. According to the book, "Opposition groups have charged that Iran's overt missile development masks a much larger clandestine endeavor - one that encompasses both the 4,000-kilometer range Shahab-5 and even a follow in intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) known as the 'Kowsar'. This assessment rings true; according to U.S. intelligence officials, Iran is now estimated to have made sufficient headway to allow for testing of ICBM components in 2005."

References

Post–Cold War weapons of Iran
Military equipment of Iran
Ballistic missiles of Iran


Raja Riaz Ahmad (born 26 July 1955) is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 till August 2023. Previously, he was the Punjab Minister for Irrigation and Power and was also the member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab between 1993 and 2013.
He had been the leader of the opposition in the National Assembly of Pakistan from May 2022 till August 2023.

Early life and education
He was born on 26 July 1955 in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

He graduated from Government College University and has the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

Political career
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from Constituency PP-55 (Faisalabad-XIII) in 1993 Pakistani general election. He received 30,655 votes and defeated Qamar Uz Zaman Awan, a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML(N)).

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PPP from Constituency PP-55 (Faisalabad-XIII) in 1997 Pakistani general election, but was unsuccessful. He received 18,950 votes and lost the seat to Rana Muhammad Afzal Khan.

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PPP from Constituency PP-65 (Faisalabad-XV) in 2002 Pakistani general election. He received 27,788 votes and defeated Muhammad Saqib Malik, a candidate of PML(N).

He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PPP from Constituency PP-65 (Faisalabad-XV) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 29,858 votes and defeated Haji Muhammad Shakeel Ansari, a candidate of PML(N). Following his successful election, he was inducted into the provincial Punjab cabinet of Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for irrigation and power where he continued to serve until 2010.

He ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PPP from Constituency PP-65 (Faisalabad-XV) in 2013 Pakistani general election, but was unsuccessful. He received 17,571 votes and lost the seat to Muhammad Ilyas Ansari.

He joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in May 2016.

He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan as a candidate of PTI from Constituency NA-110 (Faisalabad-X) in 2018 Pakistani general election. securing 114,215 votes against his opponent PML(N) candidate Rana Muhammad Afzal Khan 108,172 votes.

On 27 September 2018, Prime Minister Imran Khan appointed him as Federal Parliamentary Secretary for Petroleum. He resigned this post in December 2018.

In March 2022, he was among the 20 PTI members of the National Assembly, who, in opposition to the PTI leadership, joined then opposition to pass a no-confidence motion against Prime Minister Imran Khan.  In April 2022, the National Assembly of Pakistan passed this motion securing 174 votes in favour. Because the majority of PTI MPs resigned from parliament in protest, he has been appointed leader of opposition in National Assembly of Pakistan on 20 May 2022, as defunct group of PTI having 20 PTI members in National Assembly.

On 16 September 2023, he officially joined the PML(N).

See also
 List of members of the 15th National Assembly of Pakistan

References

External links

Living people
1959 births
Punjabi people
Punjab MPAs 1993–1996
Punjab MPAs 2002–2007
Punjab MPAs 2008–2013
Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023
Pakistan People's Party MPAs (Punjab)
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MNAs
Provincial ministers of Punjab
Government College University Faisalabad alumni


The Russian political term leaderism (, vozhdism) means "a policy directed at the affirmation/confirmation of one person in the role of an indisputable or infallible leader".  Manifestations of vozhdism include clientelism, nepotism, tribalism, and messianism.

Forms of leaderism include Italian Fascism, Führerprinzip, Stalinism, Maoism, and Juche. According to Nikolai Berdyaev (1874-1948), Leninism represented a new type of leaderism, featuring a leader of masses having dictatorship powers, while Joseph Stalin as vozhd exemplifies an ultimate type of such a Supreme leader.

In communist phraseology the term "leaderism" occurs as a pejorative, in opposition to the officially proclaimed "principle of collective leadership".

Some modern Russian authors have implied that the régimes of Mikheil Saakashvili, Islamic leaders, and Vladimir Putin
represent types of leaderist societies.

See also
Autocracy
Caesarism
Caudillo
Cult of personality
Dictatorship
Strongman
Supreme leader

References

Political terminology

ja:ヴォジュディズム
ru:Вождизм


Iffat Liaqat Ali Khan is a Pakistani politician who was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab. She served as a member between 2008 and 2013.

References

Punjabi people
Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan
Living people
People from Chakwal District
Punjab MPAs 2008–2013
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pakistani politicians
21st-century Pakistani women politicians


Ishrat Hussain Usmani ()  (15 April 1917 – 17 June 1992) , best known as I. H. Usmani, was a Pakistani atomic physicist, and later a public official who chaired the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) from 1960 to 1971 as well as overseeing the establishment of the Space Research Commission.

His career was mostly spent in the Government of Pakistan as a public policy official where he pushed for peaceful and commercial usage of the nuclear energy, and later working on arms control with Ministry of Defense to become a party of Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 before joining the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as its Chair of its Board of Governors. Usmani oversaw the nuclear power generation in Pakistan, working towards commissioning the nuclear power grid station in Karachi, and strengthened the role of the atomic energy commission at the United Nations.

Biography

Ishrat Hussain Usmani was born in Delhi in India on 15 April 1917. Usmani hailed from an educated, cultured, and gentry class, having completed his schooling in Aligarh. Usmani attended the St. Xavier's College in Bombay, and graduated with BSc with honors in physics from the Bombay University in 1936. His graduation from the Bombay University was noted in the local Indian press for being the first in the Presidency's Physics and Mathematics Group. Usmani continued his education in physics and went to attend the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) where he attained his MSc in physics. Usmani went to the United Kingdom to attend the doctoral program in physics at the Imperial College in London, to work under George Paget Thomson on electron diffraction. At Imperial College, Usmani qualified for Diploma of Imperial College (DIC).

Usmani later joined Niels Bohr at the London University to continue his investigation on the electron diffraction through crystallization, and submitted his thesis under the supervision of Dr. Bohr, titled: "A study of the growth of compound crystals by electron diffraction" in 1939. His early work and investigation was based on the crystallization, lattice arrangement, and atomic properties of Uranium.

In 1941, Usmani was conferred with PhD in atomic physics, just aged 23, and subsequently returned to India in 1942, where he qualified for the examination for the Indian Civil Service (ICS). Rather than seeking teaching career in physics at the Indian universities, Usmani joined the Indian Civil Service in a view of seeking an employment opportunity with the Indian government, and served as an ICS officer in Madras Presidency from 1942 to 1947.

Career in Government of Pakistan

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

After the partition of India in 1947 by the United Kingdom, Usmani, who had decided to never teach physics at the university, chose to continue his public service with the Government of Pakistan, serving in various federal agencies including his role as Chief Controller of Imports and Exports with the Ministry of Finance. He built up his prestige in the federal government and was noted by President Ayub Khan for his doctorate in physics who could advise the federal government on scientific matters, especially ways of electricity generation in Pakistan besides hydroelectricity.

In 1959, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, then-Minister of Energy in the Ayub administration, lobbied to appoint Usmani to the corporate administration of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission that was being chaired by Dr. Nazir Ahmed, and eventually took its chairmanship in 1960. Under his chairmanship, Usmani engaged the PAEC towards the peaceful usage of  nuclear energy for greater industrial output, and supported the American initiatives for Atoms for Peace. Usmani launched the PAEC scholarship program that selected 50 of the brightest students in physical science, mathematics, and engineering to pursue higher education in the United States, namely attending the University of North Carolina, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Pennsylvania State University, and the University of Michigan. Funding of the students was not restricted to study in United States but also in United Kingdom and Canada. In addition, Usmani placed a request to his American friends, Dr. Alvin Martin Weinberg and Dr. Robert Charpi, to allow Pakistan's foreign exchange students to carry out their research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), asking them to arrange an on-the-job training program at their sites.

In 1961, Usmani commissioned the American firms, the Gibbs and Hill and Internuclear Company, to conduct feasibility and standard study for the establishment of nuclear power plants, whose recommendations became the standard for the PAEC's construction of nuclear power industry in the country. Usmani also provided his support to Planning Commission and Geological Survey (GSP) to independently conduct surveys for the construction of the power plant, and engaged in negotiation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for financial and further support for the power plant to be constructed in Karachi, known as the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP). In 1967, Usmani played a pivotal role in securing the federal funding for establishing the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology near Islamabad– a visionary national laboratory site functioning under Dr. Abdus Salam, a theoretical physicist. He helped negotiate the establishment of the Institute by speaking with the American architect, Edward Durrell Stone, and oversaw the final construction of the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology by 1967–68.

Usmani also took great interest in space exploration by helping Dr. Abdus Salam establishing the Space Research Commission in 1961, serving as its deputy director, and sought NASA's helped in his nation's first rocket launching program.

War with India and arms control

Usmani was well known for his support for the anti-nuclear weapons movement, and saw the American 'Project Plowshare' tests for using nuclear bombs to create artificial lakes as ineffective and insignificant. In 1967–70, he worked with the Ministry of Defense on nuclear arms control by advising the Yahya administration. At one point, Usmani refused to allow a team of Pakistani scientists to participate in the American testing because he believed,  In 1964, he deplored the People's Republic of China's first nuclear test, 'Project 596', but congratulated the Chinese scientists for their achievement while cautiously stressing for the Chinese to focus towards increasing  living standards and their gross national product (GNP) rather than conducting atomic tests.

He also rebuffed Homi J. Bhabha's claim of India following the American nuclear tests, and viewed negatively India's claims of their first test, 'Smiling Buddha' being a "peaceful" atomic test in 1974. In 1971, there was a serious diplomatic incident when PAEC's Dhaka Center complained of the air quality when it detected nuclear particles that originated from China, Usmani reportedly shared the data with Americans when the Pakistan Air Forces' (PAF) Boeing WC-135 Constant Phoenix was flown on a secretive air sampling mission over China— this matter was quietly closed between China and Pakistan.

By 1971, PAEC had become a world leading nuclear organization and focused their role towards the advancement of science and technology while developing the nuclear power generation program, As Chairman of the PAEC, Usmani tried advising for nuclear arms control to the Bhutto administration by keeping their nuclear capability as discreet as possible to prevent unwanted international attention. Usmani was widely notorious at PAEC for disrupting research on nuclear materials by transferring scientists to non-technical and corporate positions. Usmani also strongly objected and vocally disagreed with the appointment of Dr. Mubashir Hassan, an engineer with doctorate in civil engineering, as Finance Minister who was looking after the PAEC's operational scope.

On 20 January 1972, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto relieved Usmani from the Chairmanship by appointing Munir Ahmad Khan, a reactor physicist, in his place. Usmani was dispatched to the Ministry of Science and Technology as its Secretary, remaining involved with  and continued lobbying for arms control. This appointment remained short when he was fired from the position and dispatched to the Ministry of Education.

United Nations

International Atomic Energy Agency

In 1974, Usmani was reassigned in the Bhutto administration when he was appointed as the Education Secretary at the Ministry of Education. He retired from the public service in 1976. He accepted a position at the UN Environment Program, and relocated to New York City in the United States. He advised on solar radiation management until 1978 when he left to join the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

In 1978, Mohammad Rezā Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, contacted Usmani to advise the Iranian nuclear program, asking him for scientific recommendations to establish the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant but he never visited Iran due to the Iranian Revolution.

Even at the IAEA, he remained concerned about nuclear proliferation and called for arms control when he published an article Nucleonics Week in 1981, in which he claimed that Pakistan's atomic bomb program has been a failure and is unlikely ever to be capable of producing even the crudest of nuclear devices— therefore the program is near collapse. Although, Usmani was notified and knew well that the atomic bomb project was a complete success, the  program has gone mature, and the critical phase of producing the fissile cores had been achieved since 1978. His publication played an influential role in convincing the United States' policy to ease off the nuclear embargo on Pakistan.

He remained with the IAEA until 1985 when he joined the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) to oversee the funding and construction of the University of Computer and Emerging Sciences and the Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Technology. He remained associated with the BCCI until 1991 when he retired and returned to Pakistan after 17 years. While in Pakistan, Usmani became a consultant of the New and Emerging Sciences and Technology (NEST)— a scientific think tank based in Pakistan.

Death and legacy

Usmani returned to Pakistan in 1991 where he bought an estate in Karachi, Sindh, and died on 17 June 1992. In his country, Usmanis' advocacy for nuclear arms control and civil use of nuclear power remains popular.

During his public service, Usmani successfully presented the idea of Scientific Services, where scientists could seek promising career and permanent employment with the federal government, which many of his peers and scientists did . In May 1998, Usmani was posthumously recognized for his services when he was conferred with his nation's highest honor, the Nishan-i-Imtiaz.

See also
 International Atomic Energy Agency

References

External links

 Dr. Ishrat Hussain Usmani

1917 births
1992 deaths
Scientists from Delhi
Scientists from Karachi
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
University of Mumbai alumni
Alumni of Imperial College London
Alumni of the University of London
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Muhajir people
Indian emigrants to Pakistan
Pakistani nobility
People associated with nuclear power
Pakistani physicists
Pakistani nuclear physicists
Pakistani scientists
Pakistani scholars
Pakistani environmentalists
Pakistani civil servants
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission people
Chairpersons of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Arms control people
Pakistani anti–nuclear weapons activists
Founders of Pakistani schools and colleges
International Atomic Energy Agency officials
Pakistani diplomats
United Nations officials
Bank of Credit and Commerce International people


Kalmbach is a surname of German origin derived from the name of a habitation, Kalmbach on the river Enz.

Notable people with the surname include:

 Al C. Kalmbach (1910-1981), American publisher and founder of Kalmbach Media
 Edwin Richard Kalmbach (1884—1972), American ecologist
 Gudrun Kalmbach (born 1937), German mathematician
 Herbert Warren Kalmbach (1921–2017), American involved in the Watergate scandal


The Toowoomba Chronicle is a daily newspaper serving Toowoomba, the Lockyer Valley and Darling Downs regional areas in Queensland, Australia.

As of 2016, the newspaper is owned by News Corp Australia,  and forms part of their Regional Media network.

In 2008, the audited circulation of The Toowoomba Chronicle was 22,808 Monday to Friday and 30,270 on Saturday.

History

The Darling Downs Gazette, founded at Drayton by Arthur Sidney Lyon, began publication in a wooden shanty on 10 June 1858. It moved to the burgeoning town of Toowoomba and merged with The Chronicle in 1922. The Chronicle, founded by Darius Hunt, began as a fourpenny weekly on 4 July 1861 in a coachbuilder's shop in James Street. On 4 February 1876, William Henry Groom became sole proprietor, beginning nearly half a century of family control of a newspaper that he transformed into a powerful and persuasive political weapon.

Archibald Meston was one of the editors.

In 1922 the Dunn family acquired the Gazette and the two newspapers were amalgamated as the Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs Gazette. The combined newspaper was published first on 2 October 1922. On 20 October 1969 The Chronicle format was changed from broadsheet to tabloid. The Chronicle and the Downs Star merged on 1 October 1970 under a new company Toowoomba Newspapers Pty Ltd. The newspaper was relaunched as Toowoomba's Mail in September 2003.

In 1988, Australian Provincial Newspapers Ltd (APN) acquired a 50% share in Toowoomba Newspapers.

Notable Breaking Stories

Encores owner named in alleged sex scandal

The Toowoomba Chronicle reported on breakthrough claims regarding a previous Toowoomba Grammar School teacher’s relationship with her student. The alleged private school sex scandal was identified between a prominent teacher and business woman, and former student. The student alleged that this long-running sexual relationship started when he was thirteen years old and the teacher was 29. Whilst the teacher has denied these claims, she was sued for more than $1 million and private notes between the pair were used in court as evidence.

AFP corruption scandal
Reporting on the “biggest corruption scandal to hit the national police force in decades”, The Toowoomba Chronicle covered the dismissal of two senior Australian Federal Police officers. This “Sydney Mafia” scandal saw The Chronicle follow accusations of fraud. In this case, the story surrounded the inappropriate use of Australian Federal Police credit cards to buy goods for personal use including white goods, such as televisions and Xboxes. It broke news of alleged use of police vehicles for personal reasons. and revealed that thirty nine Australian Federal Police members have been suspended in the last two years and 22 Australian Federal Police officers have been fired.

Buried Treasure
In 2018, The Toowoomba Chronicle broke the news that there more than 5,600 coins had been unearthed at a worksite. The reason for the buried treasure was reported as a result of a family that fled Germany due to religious discrimination and stored it for safekeeping.

Eleven Year Flood Anniversary
The Toowoomba Chronicle reflected on 10 January 2011, describing it as an "unforgettable date for many people across Toowoomba City. In reviewing the effects of the 2011 floods on the Queensland community, this was a notable Toowoomba Chronicle tabloid.

Historical Archives

Being founded in 1922, the Toowoomba Chronicle’s previous publications include many articles that illustrate the historical progression of the city of Toowoomba. As such, archives are captured of previously published newspapers to encapsulate the city’s history. Here, in excess of 1.5 million negatives that were published in the Toowoomba Chronicle (from 1953 - 2002) and 37,000 editions of the newspaper (from 1861 - 2009) are stored in the University of Southern Queensland. These can be accessed by contacting the Regional Council Local History Library

Trove has also recently added over sixteen years of The Toowoomba Chronicle’s previous publications in digitised form to their library. This was facilitated by a partnership between the National Library of Australia and the State Library of Queensland. The Trove also holds The Toowoomba Chronicle’s articles that were published from 1861 -1902.

These archived articles draw light to significant moments in Toowoomba’s history, such as the Great Depression Camp for unemployed men. A saved June 1931 publication provides a photograph of the camp’s setting, which features a tent that was received by the camp from the Toowoomba Girl Guides. The location of the camps are also provided by archives from The Chronicle

Historical Exhibitions

In celebration of the newspaper’s one hundred and fiftieth birthday, an exhibition titled “Toowoomba Through The Chronicle Lens” at the Cobb+Co Museum was built and marketed.
This featured the championed Walkley Award winning image by The Chronicle’s Photographer Nev Madsen that illustrates a flood rescue scene. This Chronicle photograph also received a Best Community and Regional Photography category award.
This exhibition also featured other pieces of The Chronicle’s history, with previous Chronicle photographers: Dave Noonan, Bev Lacey and Kevin Farmer’s images on display for the exhibition’s spectators. These works included an elephant race, a man comforting a sick horse and a car that drove off a bridge while towing a caravan. These images that resonated with The Toowoomba Chronicle’s audiences over time were selected as highlights of the exhibition

Circulation and distribution

The Toowoomba Chronicle is available via print edition, desktop format, mobile format and a digital edition. Readers can subscribe to receive one of three different packages, namely: Full Digital Access, Weekend Paper Delivery or a 7-Day Paper Delivery. Payments for these are received on a weekly basis by The Chronicle.

Social media
On social media outlet Facebook, the Chronicle’s stories are also circulated. During the year of 2020, the most distributed post about Prince Charles and Camilla reached 1.4 million people, achieved 900 reactions and over 1,100 comments.

On Instagram, The Toowoomba Chronicle run under the handle @twbachronicle. Their content includes a summary post of their "top stories" that are released frequently to break news in time to their followers. The account is normally related to community news. Their top engaging posts are regarding school formals. The Instagram account also draws attention to social issues, such as the acknowledgement of R U OK? Day. The account has a following of approximately 4,531.

Launch of App
The Toowoomba Chronicle can also be reached on via an App. Released on 20 August 2015, the free application displays news, with a similar layout to the website. APN Newspapers  describes this medium as a way to “bring all the news that matters in your community” to a mobile phone or tablet format.

Launch of updated website
During October 2020, The Toowoomba Chronicle re-launched their website. This update was made with hopes to create a “faster, cleaner and more enhanced user experience”. With this website renewal, the navigation bar was placed at the front, with local news placed first. Along with this, there is a drop down bar for different subject matters that are covered by The Toowoomba Chronicle. A link to the daily edition of the newspaper is also provided on the top left of the home page, where subscribers can access their rewards without Courier-Mail. The Chronicle has described the reason for this modernisation to be a result of “extensive research” and a product of feedback from their tabloid subscribers around the nation.

Contributors

Current Contributors

Previous notable contributors

Digitisation
The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.

See also
 List of newspapers in Australia

References

External links
 The Toowoomba Chronicle

Toowoomba
Toowoomba Chronicle
1922 establishments in Australia
Newspapers established in 1922
APN Australian Regional Media
News Corp Australia
Daily newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers on Trove


Jelgava Palace () or historically Mitau Palace (, ) is the largest Baroque-style palace in the Baltic states. It was built in the 18th century based on the design of Bartolomeo Rastrelli as a residence for the Dukes of Courland in their capital of Mitau (today's Jelgava, Latvia). The Dukes of Courland also had a summer palace by Rastrelli, about 40 kilometers to the southeast, called Rundāle Palace.

History

Construction of the palace started in 1738 on an island between the Lielupe river and its branches. The site had borne the residence of the former Courland dukes of the Kettler dynasty and, before that, a medieval castle belonging to the Livonian Order.

Following Ernst Johann von Biron's fall from grace in 1740, all construction work was stopped, even though the roof of the palace had not yet been completed. Most of the building materials and interior elements were moved to St. Petersburg where Rastrelli used them in building of other palaces.
Work resumed after Biron's return from exile in 1762. However, due to financial difficulties duke moved into palace only in 1772 although interior decorations still was in progress in many rooms. Besides Rastrelli (who, with the death of his patroness, the Empress Elizabeth, lost business in Saint Petersburg), Danish architect Severin Jensen participated in the project, giving the palace a touch of classicism.

After construction was completed in 1772, the duke lived in the palace for six months. In 1779, his successor, Peter von Biron, hosted the famous adventurer Alessandro Cagliostro in the palace. In 1788 part of the palace was damaged by fire.

After Courland was absorbed by the Russian Empire in 1795, the palace served as a refuge for French royalty fleeing the French revolution. Louis XVIII of France and his family lived in the palace between 1798 and 1800. It was here that Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France married Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, in 1799. Later, Louis lived incognito at the palace from 1804 until 1807. French royalty attempted to recreate the court life of Versailles at Jelgava, where many old courtiers still lived, re-establishing all the court ceremonies, including the lever and coucher (ceremonies that accompanied waking and bedding, respectively)

In the beginning of 19th. century, the palace became residence of the governor-general of Courland Governorate. For a short time in 1812, after Napoleon's invasion of Russia, the palace housed a government of the restored Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, led by Count von Medem. After the Napoleonic Wars, the palace again was occupied by the administration of the Governorate of Courland, which was situated there until 1915. In 1815, the northern part of the palace was again damaged by fire.

The interior decorations of the palace were destroyed in 1919 when the palace was looted and burned by the retreating West Russian Volunteer Army under the command of Pavel Bermondt-Avalov. Later, the palace became property of the Latvian Republic, and major reconstruction and restoration started. The new Jelgava Academy of Agriculture was established in the palace, opening in autumn 1939.

From 1941 until summer of 1944, the palace was a residence of Gebietskommissar von Mitau Walter von Medem. The palace suffered heavy damage in World War II, during battles for Jelgava in the summer of 1944. Like many other historical buildings in Jelgava, the palace was almost completely destroyed during heavy shelling and street fighting. The exterior of the palace was restored between 1956 and 1964, but not the interior. After restoration, the Latvia Academy of Agriculture (now the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies) was again located in the palace; today it houses university administration and three faculties.

Architecture
Jelgava Palace is not considered one of Rastrelli's better works. Critics note the dull facade design lacking rhythmic diversity and plastic richness which characterized Rastrelli's works in Empress Elizabeth's period. Also, atypically for Rastrelli, the palace did not feature a garden; nor was the parade yard originally closed, instead facing the urban panorama of Jelgava.

Originally, the palace consisted of two wings connected to the main building forming a U-shape. In 1937 a fourth building was added by Eižens Laube effectively closing the perimeter.

Features of special historical significance include the burial vault of the Dukes of Courland in the south-east basement. All Dukes of Courland from the Houses of Kettler and Biron were buried there between 1569 and 1791. The rooms contain 21 sarcophagi and nine wooden coffins. The crypt was relocated to the palace in 1819.

Gallery

See also
 List of Baroque residences
 List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia
 Jelgava Palace 360 Degree View with WikiCommons equirectangular Image

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Jelgava
Residential buildings completed in 1772
Baroque palaces in Latvia
Bartolomeo Rastrelli buildings
Louis XVIII


Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fair (), commonly abbreviated as Urumqi Fair (), is an annual trade fair held in Urumqi of Xinjiang, China, since it was started on September 2, 1992. Its purpose is to promote trading and market exploration in Northwestern China with foreign countries mainly in Central Asia. Urumqi Fair is the largest trade fair in Western China.

During the 17th Urumqi fair in September 2008, it was the first time that the fair saw participants from the Ministry of Commerce and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade.  The last fair was held in 2010 before the event was upgraded to become the first China-Eurasia Expo in 2011.

See also
 Canton Fair

External links
 Official website

References

Ürümqi
Trade fairs in China
Recurring events established in 1992
1992 establishments in China
2010 disestablishments in China