Sandra Lizé (born July 8, 1977) is a Canadian female water polo player. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team, that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Born in Quebec City, Quebec, Lizé was a member of the 2000 Summer Olympics squad. Lizé resides in Montreal, Quebec.

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo

References

External links

1977 births
Canadian female water polo players
French Quebecers
Living people
Olympic water polo players for Canada
Water polo players from Quebec City
Water polo players from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
Water polo players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


The Expotrade Arena or Expotrade Convention and Exhibition Center is an indoor arena and convention center located in Pinhais, metropolitan area of Curitiba, Brazil, with a capacity of up to 20,000 for concerts and 10,000 for exhibitions.

List of concerts
The arena was set to substitute the venue concert Pedreira Paulo Leminski that was closed in late 2008 until 2014, when Pedreira was re-opened.

 Oasis: May 10, 2009 - Dig Out Your Soul Tour
 Scorpions: September 21, 2010 - Get Your Sting and Blackout World Tour
 Iron Maiden: April 5, 2011 - The Final Frontier World Tour
 Maroon 5: August 24, 2012 - Overexposed Tour

External links
Official website

Indoor arenas in Brazil
Buildings and structures in Paraná (state)


A launch status check, also known as a "go/no go poll" and several other terms, occurs at the beginning of an American spaceflight mission in which flight controllers monitoring various systems are queried for operation and readiness status before a launch can proceed. For Space Shuttle missions, in the firing room at the Launch Control Center, the NASA Test Director (NTD) performed this check via a voice communications link with other NASA personnel. The NTD was the leader of the shuttle test team responsible for directing and integrating all flight crew, orbiter, external tank/solid rocket booster and ground support testing in the shuttle launch countdown. The NTD was also responsible for the safety of all personnel inside the pad after external tank loading, including the flight crew, about 10 go/no go reports. He reported to the Launch Director, who has another about 5 go/no go reports. The Launch director declares if a mission is go for launch.

Checklist of firing room positions

Space Shuttle
OTC – Orbiter Test Conductor Prime
TBC – Tank/Booster Test Conductor and Tank/Booster Test Conductor Prime
PTC – Payload Test Conductor
LPS – Launch Processing System Test Conductors
Houston Flight – Flight Director at the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center in Houston, TX
MILA – Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking & Data Network Stations
STM – Support Test Manager
Safety Console – Safety Console Coordinator
SPE – Shuttle Project Engineer
LRD – Landing and Recovery Director
SRO – Superintendent of Range Operations
CDR – Mission Commander (Crew)

Apollo Program

In the Apollo program, the MCC launch status check was initiated by the Flight Director, or FLIGHT. The following "preflight check" order was used before the launch of Apollo 13:
BOOSTER – Booster Systems Engineer (monitored the Saturn V in pre-launch and ascent)
RETRO – Retrofire Officer (responsible for abort procedures and Trans-Earth Injection, or TEI, retrofire burns)
FIDO – Flight Dynamics Officer (responsible for the flight path of the space vehicle)
GUIDANCE – Guidance Officer (monitored onboard navigational systems and onboard guidance computer software)
SURGEON – Flight Surgeon (directs all operational medical activities)
EECOM – Electrical, Environmental, and Consumables Management (monitored cryogenic levels, and cabin cooling/pressure systems; electrical distribution systems)
GNC – Guidance, Navigation, and Control Systems Engineer (responsible for the reaction control system, and CSM main engine)
TELMU – Telemetry, Electrical, and EVA Mobility Unit (lunar spacesuit) Officer
CONTROL – Flight Controller
PROCEDURES – Procedures, or Organization and Procedures Officer (enforced mission policy and rules)
INCO – Integrated Communications Officer
FAO – Flight Activities Officer (checklists, procedures, etc.)
NETWORK – Network (supervised ground station communications)
RECOVERY – Recovery Supervisor (coordinated capsule recovery)
CAPCOM – Capsule Communicator (communicated with the astronauts)

Other/Uncrewed spaceflight
Varies depending on the type of mission and model of craft, here is one example:
 LCDR - Launch Conductor
 Talker - Person responsible for directing countdown steps as delegated by the Launch Conductor
 Timer- Countdown Clock Operator and person who calls out the T- time
 QAM - Quality Assurance Monitor
 SSC - Second Stage Console
 SSP - Second Stage Propulsion
 FSC - First Stage Console
 Prop 1 - Propulsion 1st Stage #1
 Prop 2 - Propulsion 1st Stage #2
 TSC - Third Stage Console
 MCE - Missile Chief Engineer
 PTO - Propulsion Telemetry Observer
 TM-1 - Telemetry Monitor 1st Stage
 TM-2 - Telemetry Monitor 2nd Stage
 LWO - Launch Weather Officer
 AFLC - Air Force Launch Conductor
 LD - Launch Director

See also

 Spaceflight
 Space launch
 Launch vehicle
 Mission control center
 Launch Control Center
 Spacecraft
 List of human spaceflights
 List of launch vehicles
 Timeline of spaceflight
 Space exploration
 Space logistics
 Spacecraft propulsion

References

External links

Video recordings
Endeavour Go For Launch (STS-123)
STS-122 Go/No Go Poll (STS-122)
STS-115 Atlantis long countdown to launch (launch status check at 3:03) (STS-115)
Space Shuttle STS-114 Launch Final Poll (STS-114)
Go For Launch Part 1 of 2 (2 examples launch director's poll)
Go For Launch Part 2 of 2 (example final readiness poll)
Delta II - ICESat-2 (example Final Readiness Poll)

Text transcripts
Space Shuttle Launch Countdown (NASA Transcript from 1995)

Spaceflight concepts
Spaceflight
Rocketry


Events in the year 1846 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar I

Events

Arts and literature

Births
22 February – Peder Nilsen, politician and Minister (d.1921)
4 August – Stephan Sinding, sculptor (d.1922)
5 August – Alvilde Prydz, Norwegian novelist (d.1922 in Norway)
22 August – Amalie Skram, author and feminist (d.1905)
30 September – Oscar Ambrosius Castberg, painter and sculptor (d.1917)
22 October – Anders Andersen, politician (d.1931)
10 December – Gregers Winther Wulfsberg Gram, jurist and politician (d.1929)
15 December – Kittel Halvorson, a U.S. Representative from Minnesota (d.1936)

Full date unknown
Hans Konrad Foosnæs, politician and Minister (d.1917)
Axel Otto Kristian Hagemann, politician

Deaths
28 April – Christen Smed, blacksmith and mountaineer (b.1797)

See also


Bulnes may refer to:

People
 Eduardo Pérez Bulnes (1785–1851), Argentine statesman
 Francisco Bulnes (politician) (1847–1924), Mexican intellectual
 Manuel Bulnes (1799–1866), Chilean military and political figure
 Manuel Bulnes Pinto (1842–1899), Chilean military and political figure

Places and structures
 Bulnes (Buenos Aires Underground), a station in Argentina
 Bulnes (Cabrales), a parish in Asturias, Spain
 Bulnes, Chile, a city and commune in Ñuble Region, Chile
 Bulnes, England, historical name of the town of Bowness-on-Windermere

See also
 Fuerte Bulnes, a fort in Patagonia, Chile
 Juan Francisco Bulnes, a municipality in Honduras
 Naranjo de Bulnes, a limestone peak in Asturias, Spain


TMS Global was founded in 1984 as The Mission Society for United Methodists, a supplemental mission-sending agency to the United Methodist Church's General Board of Global Ministries (GBGM). Based in Norcross, Georgia, United States, TMS Global was incorporated on January 6, 1984. The organization is Wesleyan in theology and currently supports more than 225 missionaries to 32 nations.

History
TMS Global was founded in 1984 as The Mission Society for United Methodists, a supplemental mission-sending agency to the United Methodist Church's General Board of Global Ministries (GBGM). H.T. Maclin, the founding president and president emeritus, had previously served with GBGM for 20 years in Congo and Kenya before coming on staff with the organization. He resigned in 1983 to found TMS Global, along with other United Methodists. Other founders of the organization included Ellsworth Kalas and David Seamands

TMS Global's board of directors voted to change the name to "The Mission Society" in 2006, in order to reflect the interdenominational nature of the organization.

TMS Global currently has more than 200 missionaries from many denominational backgrounds serving in 34 countries.

Operations
TMS Global receives no denominational funding and is supported by individuals and churches, primarily located in the United States. All missionaries are responsible for raising their own financial support. TMS Global is a member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA), an accreditation agency for Christian ministries.

In addition to recruiting the training missionaries, TMS Global's church culture department trains congregations in the United States and abroad to conduct missionary work.

TMS Global published a quarterly magazine, Unfinished, about its work around the world. The magazine was formerly named Heartbeat, before undergoing a design change in 2006. Unfinished was awarded a 2007 Award of Merit from the Evangelical Press Association (EPA) on May 9, 2008.

List of President/CEOs
 1984–1991 - H.T. Maclin
 1991–1994 - Julia McLean Williams
 1994–2000 - Alvern Vom Steeg
 2001–2009 - Phillip R. Granger
 2009–2014 - Dick McClain
 2014–present - Max Wilkins

References

Non-profit organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Organizations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Christian missionary societies
Christianity in Georgia (U.S. state)


Cezar or Cézar may refer to:

Arnaldo Cézar Coelho (born 1943), the first Brazilian to take charge of the FIFA World Cup final
Cezar (footballer, born 1986), Roberto Cezar Lima Acunha, Brazilian football midfielder
Cézar (footballer, born 1985), Cézar Augusto do Nascimento, Brazilian football striker
Cezar Bădiță (born 1979), international medley swimmer from Romania
Cezar Baltag (1937–1997), Romanian poet
Cezar Bolliac (1813–1881), Wallachian and Romanian radical political figure, amateur archaeologist, journalist and Romantic poet
Cezar Drăgăniṭă (born 1954), former Romanian handball player
Cezar Kurti, Albanian translator, known for his many contributions to Albanian literature
Cezar Lăzărescu (1923–1986), Romanian architect and urban planner
Cezar Mateus (born 1961), American lutenist, composer and luthier working in Princeton, New Jersey
Cezar Niculescu (born 1927), Romanian basketball player
Florin Cezar Ouatu (born 1980), Romanian opera countertenor and operatic pop singer
Cezar Papacostea (1886–1936), Romanian classicist
Cezar Petrescu (1892–1961), Romanian journalist, novelist and children's writer
Fabiano Cezar Viegas (born 1975), Brazilian central defender
Julio Cézar Ribeiro Vaughan (1845–1890), Brazilian writer and grammarian
Philip Cezar, former Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) basketball player

Romanian masculine given names
Masculine given names


Legends of Zork was a browser-based online adventure game based on the Zork universe created by software company Infocom.

Production
A Zork massively multiplayer online game was originally announced in January, 2009. However, the developers recanted that MMO statement, calling it a "casual adventure game", instead. Game mechanics were similar to those of Kingdom of Loathing, and there was no charge to sign up.

Premise and gameplay
Players controlled a recently fired traveling salesman for FrobozzCo International, now fighting monsters and solving puzzles for zorkmids (the world's currency). A class, leveling, equipment and skill system give each character unique attributes. Free accounts were given 30 action points per day, but could pay a fee to receive more and other "perks".

Upon defeating monsters, players may have recovered enchanted Double Fanucci cards which could be arranged into four-card hands called "gambits", which enhanced types of skills. In addition, having face cards in a gambit could provide other enhancements, like additional hit points or inventory capacity. Legends of Zorks Double Fanucci cards were drawn by artist Greg Brown and colored by Jim "Zubby" Zubkavich.

Critical reception
Legends of Zork received mixed reactions from the gaming community, with many reviews complaining that the game was not true to the original Zork.

Alec Meer of Rock, Paper, Shotgun criticized the game, saying it's "as though someone designed a micropayment system then awkwardly shoved a very crude game on top of it." Meer goes on to describe the game as "rudimentary" and "unfunny."

Kenneth Newquist of nuketown.com called it "a barebones MMORPG-style game designed for the casual gamer" which was all about number crunching, although pointed out that it was not necessarily a bad thing, comparing the game to the Facebook app D&D Tiny Adventures. He criticised the lack of a story within the game, but admitted that later additions to the game in the form of quests came some way to fixing this problem. He also said "Still, it is Zork-like. The locations, the artwork, and the tone all evoke the Infocom games I loved." He conceded that while it did not come up to his expectations (although he was still playing it several months after release), other players might, and thought that as "an amusing little app, and as a lunch time diversion, I think it works."

Game closure
Jolt Online Gaming quickly killed off the game on May 31, 2011 without any warning notice to its adventurers.

References

External links

2009 video games
Activision games
Browser games
Browser-based multiplayer online games
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
Video games developed in Ireland
Zork


The Woggle-Bug Book is a 1905 children's book, written by L. Frank Baum, creator of the Land of Oz, and illustrated by Ike Morgan. It has long been one of the rarest items in the Baum bibliography. Baum's text has been controversial for its use of ethnic humor stereotypes.

Background
The book grew out of another promotional project, Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1904-5), a popular comic strip that promoted Baum's second Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904). The comic strip, written by Baum and illustrated by Walt McDougall, brought Oz characters including the Scarecrow, the Tin Woodman, and others to the United States for various humorous adventures. The Woggle-Bug Book employs the same concept: H. M. Woggle-Bug, T. E. is shown maladjusted to life in an unnamed American city. The book's artist, Ike Morgan, was a Chicago cartoonist who had earlier provided illustrations for Baum's American Fairy Tales (1901).

Baum's Woggle-Bug was a popular character at the time; he "became something of a national fad and icon...." There were Woggle-Bug postcards and buttons, a Woggle-Bug song, and a Woggle-Bug board game from Parker Brothers. Baum and Morgan's picture book was published in January 1905, to help publicize a new musical play, The Woggle-Bug, that was being mounted that year. (The play flopped.) The book was copiously illustrated, with pictures and text alternating on recto and verso pages; it was printed in bright colors in a large format, eleven by fifteen inches.

Plot
The Woggle-Bug Book features the broad ethnic humor that was accepted and popular in its era, and which Baum employed in various works. The Woggle-Bug, who favors flashy clothes with bright colors (he dresses in "gorgeous reds and yellows and blues and greens" and carries a pink handkerchief), falls in love with a gaudy "Wagnerian plaid" dress that he sees on a mannequin in a department store window. Being a woggle bug, he has trouble differentiating between the dress and its wearers, wax or human. The dress is on sale for $7.93 ("GREATLY REDUCED" reads the tag). The Bug works for two days as a ditchdigger (he earns double pay since he digs with four hands) for money to buy the dress.

He arrives too late, though; the dress has been sold, and makes its way through the second-hand market. The Bug pursues his love through the town, ineptly courting the women (Irish, Swedish, and African-American, plus one Chinese man) who have the dress in turn. His pursuit eventually leads to an accidental balloon flight to Africa. There, menacing Arabs want to kill the Woggle-Bug, but he convinces them that his death would bring bad luck. In the jungle he falls in with the talking animals that are the hallmark of Baum's imaginative world.

In the end, the Bug makes his way back to the city, with a necktie made from the dress's loud fabric. He wisely reconciles himself to his fate:

"After all, this necktie is my love – and my love is now mine forevermore! Why should I not be happy and content?"

There are plot exploits elements that occur in other Baum works: An accidental balloon flight took the Wizard to Oz in Baum's most famous book; hostile Arabs are a feature of John Dough and the Cherub (1906).

Humor
The ethnic humor in The Woggle-Bug Book is crude by modern standards; one critic has called it "egregious." At its best the book also delivers zany absurdities:

Now the greatest aversion the Arabs have is to be chewed by a crocodile, because these people usually roam over the sands of the desert, where to meet an amphibian is simply horrible....

In Africa, the Bug meets a charming Miss Chimpanzee who guides him through the intricacies of jungle life. Miss Chim has a low opinion of human beings:

"Those horrid things they call men, whether black or white, seem to me the lowest of all created beasts."

"I have seen them in a highly civilized state," replied the Woggle-Bug, "and they're really further advanced than you might suppose."

The Bug has his fortune told by a hippopotamus:

"You think you have won," continued the Hip; "but there are others who have 1, 2. You have many heart throbs before you, during your future life. Afterward I see no heart throbs whatever. Forty cents, please."

The king of this jungle is not a lion but a weasel, who rejects flattery and accepts only insults and face slaps. His kingdom is guarded by bears with guns, who form a "bearier" or "bearicade." They "oblige all strangers to paws."

Later editions
After decades out of print, a black and white facsimile edition of The Woggle-Bug Book was released in 1978. The text of The Woggle-Bug Book was included as the final chapter of The Third Book of Oz (1989), a slightly edited reprint of the Queer Visitors stories. (A later edition of this, called The Visitors from Oz, was published by Hungry Tiger Press with minimal editing in 2005.) A larger facsimile that excluded the cover artwork was reprinted in Oz-story Magazine in 1999. Another edition appeared in 2008.

References

External links

Oz (franchise) books
1905 American novels
1905 fantasy novels
1905 children's books
Children's books about insects
Children's books set in Africa
Children's books set in jungles


Ohad Maiman was born in Israel in 1977; upon completing his studies he served for 3 years in the Israel Defense Forces, traveled extensively in the Far East and South America, eventually settling down in New York City in 1999. In 2003, he graduated in philosophy and visual arts from Columbia University.  He currently lives and works in New York City.

Upon his graduation, Ohad Maiman has co-founded A Matter of Substance with Eytan Rockaway - a cross platform media/entertainment entity spanning the fields of music, film, and television.  In 2007, the company's focus shifted to a new TV Channel - Amos TV.

Maiman has shown his photography in various group shows, and a solo show at the Richard Avedon studio in December 2005. His photographs and writings from '04-'07 are now collected in the trilogy 'Theory of Wants', a book published October 2008 by Damiani Editore, along a solo show at Milk Gallery. He is represented in New York by Carlo Zeitschel, at CVZcontemporary. He is having a show in the Fall of 2011 at the Richard Young Gallery.

General references

References

External links
 Ohad Maiman's Official Website
 A Matter of Substance Website
 A Matter of Substance Television Website
 Special Design Project by Ohad Maiman

Israeli photographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Events in the year 1750 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Frederick V

Events
11 September - Jacob Benzon is appointed Vice Steward of Norway.
16 December - The Norwegian Military Academy is founded.
The construction of Fredriksvern naval base was finished.

Arts and literature

The construction of Frogner Manor is finished.
The oldest written account of Selma, a legendary sea serpent in Lake Seljord.

Births
15 May - Christian Jensen Lofthuus, revolutionary peasant leader (died 1797)

Deaths

See also


Clive (Frederick William) Egleton (1927–2006) was a British author of spy novels.

He enlisted in the Royal Armoured Corps in 1945 to train as a tank driver while still underage. He was subsequently commissioned into the South Staffordshire Regiment for whom he served in India, Hong Kong, Germany, Egypt, Cyprus, The Persian Gulf and East Africa. He retired in 1975 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

He was elected to Arreton Parish Council on the Isle of Wight in 2005 .

His novel Seven Days to a Killing was filmed as The Black Windmill, starring Michael Caine. Escape to Athena is a novelization of the 1979 movie of the same name.

Bibliography

Novels (as Clive Egleton)
Seven Days to a Killing [1973]
 The Bormann Brief [1974]
The October Plot [1974]
Skirmish [1975]
State Visit [1976]
The Mills Bomb [1978]
Backfire [1979]
The Winter Touch [1981]
A Falcon for the Hawks [1982]
The Russian Enigma [1983]
A Conflict of Interests [1984]
Troika [1984]
A Different Drummer [1985]
Picture of the Year [1987]
Gone Missing [1988]
Death of a Sahib [1989]
In the Red [1990]
Last Act [1991]
A Double Deception [1994]

Garnett novels (as Clive Egleton)
A Piece of Resistance [1970] published in US as Never Surrender [2004]
Last Post for a Partisan [1971] published in US as The Sleeper [1971]
The Judas Mandate [1972] published in US as The Last Refuge [2006]

Peter Ashton novels (as Clive Egleton)
Hostile Intent [1993]
A Killing in Moscow [1994]
Death Throes [1995]
Warning Shot [1996]
A Lethal Involvement [1996]
Blood Money [1997]
Dead Reckoning [1999]
The Honey Trap [2000]
One Man Running [2001]
Cry Havoc [2003]
Assassination Day [2004]
The Renegades [2005]

Novels (writing as Patrick Blake)
Escape to Athena [1979]
Double Griffin [1981] aka The Skorzeny Project [1981]

Novels (writing as John Tarrant)
A Spy's Ransom-2003
The Rommel Plot [1977]
The Clauberg Trigger [1978]
China Gold [1982] aka Operation Sovereign [1998]

References

English spy fiction writers
2006 deaths
1927 births
20th-century English novelists
Royal Armoured Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War II
South Staffordshire Regiment officers


FC Stavropolye-2009 () was a Russian football club based in Stavropol and formally representing the whole Stavropol Krai, founded in 2009. In 2009, it played in the Russian Second Division. It took over the license of FC Dynamo Stavropol, which experienced financial difficulties. For the 2010 season, the club was transformed to a new version of FC Dynamo Stavropol.

External links
Club page at 2liga.ru

References

Association football clubs established in 2009
Association football clubs disestablished in 2010
Defunct football clubs in Russia
Sport in Stavropol
2009 establishments in Russia
2010 disestablishments in Russia


Admiral John de Mestre Hutchison,  (4 September 1862 – 9 October 1932) was a Royal Navy officer who held senior posts during the early part of the 20th century.

John de Mestre Hutchison was born on was 4 September 1862, the son of Captain John Hutchison. The young Hutchison attended Eastman's Naval Academy in Southsea, Portsmouth before he joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1876. Hutchison was promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1882 and was promoted from lieutenant to commander on 22 June 1897. At the start of January 1903, Hutchison was promoted to captain, and by 1904 he was serving as the Extra Naval Attache to the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War. In October 1905, Hutchison was appointed Captain of , serving in that appointment until May 1907. From May 1907 to March 1909 Hutchison commanded , which was part of the Atlantic Fleet.

Hutchison was appointed naval aide-de-camp to King George V on 19 September 1911. Also in 1911 Hutchison was appointed as Commodore of the RN Barracks Devonport, a post he held until 1913 when he was promoted to rear admiral (in May) and relinquished his aide de camp appointment. He retired from the Navy on 9 May 1916 but in early 1918 he was Flag Officer of the Royal Naval Air Service depot at Tregantle and Withnoe in Cornwall.  On 1 April 1918 when the Royal Naval Air Service merged with the Royal Flying Corps to become the Royal Air Force, Hutchison was made a temporary colonel and granted the honorary rank of lieutenant general (both these ranks existed in the RAF during its first year). His command was probably retitled General Officer Commanding, RAF Tregantle and Withnoe Depot.

After the war in 1921, Hutchison was granted the rank of admiral as a retired officer on the Navy list.  He died on 9 October 1932.

References

External links
 Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Lieutenant-General J de M Hutchison

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1862 births
1932 deaths
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class
Royal Air Force generals of World War I
Royal Navy admirals of World War I


Spring Valley is a valley in Polk County, Oregon, United States, situated north and east of the Eola Hills and west of the Willamette River. It corresponds roughly to the drainage of Spring Valley Creek. Populated places in Spring Valley include Zena and Lincoln. Oregon Route 221 passes along the east side of the valley, next to the Willamette River.

The area is in the Eola-Amity Hills AVA wine region and is home to several notable vineyards, including Cristom.

See also
John Phillips House
Spring Valley Presbyterian Church

References

External links
Coordinates
 Southern end of Spring Valley
 Northern end of Spring Valley

Valleys of Oregon
Landforms of Polk County, Oregon


The following is a history of MSNBC from 2008–2015. MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was founded in 1996. This era is known for its focus on more opinionated programming, which was drastically cut back in the recent shift towards hard news.

2008 election under Dan Abrams

Race for the White House
Tucker Carlson's program was canceled in March 2008 and replaced at the 6pm slot with Race for the White House, hosted by David Gregory. The show was later renamed 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in November after the election. When Gregory became the permanent host for Meet the Press, he stepped down as host of his MSNBC show, and David Shuster became the permanent host for the show.

Controversies
During the 2008 election, MSNBC was accused of bias in favor of Barack Obama and bias against primary challenger Hillary Clinton. During the conventions, Matthews and Olbermann had a bitter argument on the air. As a result, David Gregory took over as the only news anchor of debates and election night. Despite this, however, all of the aforementioned anchors were present on the 2008 general election coverage without incident, giving notion that the "dust-up" earlier in the year was taken completely out of proportion.

In the fall of 2008, MSNBC had a new channel slogan called "The Power of Change", which put emphasis on their support for Obama's "change" rhetoric.

New leadership under president Phil Griffin
In July 2008, former CNN producer Phil Griffin was announced as President of MSNBC, replacing Dan Abrams. He worked with NBC for over 25 years, including working for MSNBC since its launch. The network's primetime ratings were up 54% in the first half of 2008, propelling MSNBC into the tightest race with its cable news competitors since 2001. In addition to his responsibilities at the 24-hour cable news channel, Griffin also oversees NBC News' specials coverage.

The Rachel Maddow Show
On September 8, 2008, The Rachel Maddow Show debuted in the 9pm slot, effectively replacing Verdict with Dan Abrams. Rachel Maddow, who describes herself as a progressive, is openly lesbian, and is also a radio talk show host. In his first big move, Phil Griffin said"Those people should just watch the show. We're hiring Rachel because she's a smart person. Rachel goes far beyond politics. She's an expert on military affairs. She was a Rhodes scholar."

Reviews for the show were mostly positive. Los Angeles Times journalist Matea Gold stated that Maddow, "finds the right formula on MSNBC", while Christopher Goodwin of The Guardian wrote Maddow has become the "star of America's cable news". The New York Times writer Alessandra Stanley opined, "Her program adds a good-humored female face to a cable news channel whose prime time is dominated by unruly, often squabbling schoolboys; Ms. Maddow's deep, modulated voice is reassuringly calm after so much shrill emotionalism and catfights among the channel's aging, white male divas".

The move to create a new program for the network was widely seen as a smart ratings move, where beforehand, the network lagged behind in coveted primetime ratings. The show began to regularly outperform CNN's Larry King Live, and made the network competitive in the program's time slot for the first time in over a decade.

Third primetime show

Speculation
On January 21, 2009, The New York Times reported that Phil Griffin would be prioritizing on increasing MSNBC's ratings in the 10pm slot. In an interview done after the first presidential inauguration of Barack Obama, Griffin said that the channel needed a third original show in its lineup. "We can't let this momentum stop", he said. The new show would compete with Fox News Channel's On the Record with Greta Van Susteren and CNN's Anderson Cooper 360°. Keith Olbermann was reported to be working with Griffin to develop the show. He said:
"Losing the 10p.m. replay is a very small price to pay for a last piece to the puzzle."

Three talk show hosts were campaigning for the job. They included Cenk Uygur, Sam Seder and David Sirota, all of whom are self-declared or considered by critics as liberal or progressive. Cenk Uygur, host of The Young Turks, was lobbying for the 10pm slot. On January 22, Uygur announced his candidacy for the bid. He encouraged his viewers to send MSNBC emails or simply mail them. The show received endorsements from Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and former General Wesley Clark. A Facebook group lobbied for MSNBC to choose Air America Radio liberal talk show host Sam Seder on the 10pm slot; Seder, also a comedian and actor, was the co-host for The Majority Report and his own show The Sam Seder Show, and also co-hosted the weekday Air America Media webcast Breakroom Live with Maron & Seder with comedian Marc Maron. David Sirota is a progressive commentator who has made guest appearances on many television shows. On February 25, 2009, Sirota announced his candidacy and also created a Facebook page. He stated four reasons: he's great on TV, he's a leading anti-corporate, influence over the media, and increasing a chance the slot will be landed by a progressive.

On March 31, 2009, Griffin announced that at that time the 10pm slot would not be filled because ratings of the Countdown rerun were higher. However, Cenk Uygur decided to continue the campaign anyway and decided to start "Stage 2". On June 1, 2009, Griffin went back on what he said a few months earlier by saying:"Clearly it should be someone who is both smart and funny like she is. ... But I will make one promise: we're not done yet! This is such a vibrant time in media, and I want to say to Rachel's audience – and everywhere I go I get stopped, there's such a connection between her and her audience, she's helped open a new world of approaches for us – that people who like Rachel will like our new 10o'clock show host and what we are going to do there. No, I take that back, Rachel's audience will love it! I promise."

The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell
MSNBC eventually launched a 10pm show to replace the Countdown rebroadcast and to pad out its primetime lineup with entirely first-run talk programs. Lawrence O'Donnell began hosting a 10pm ET show on the channel called The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell, which premiered on September 27, 2010.

The Ed Show
On March 10, 18, and 23, 2009, Air America radio host Ed Schultz served as a substitute host for David Shuster on 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. On March 20, 2009, The New York Observer reported that Griffin was in discussions with Schultz to join MSNBC as a host. Around this time, Schultz's radio program The Ed Schultz Show was the most listened to progressive radio show with 3 million listeners each week.

On April 1, 2009, the network announced that Schultz had been given the 6:00pm ET slot, replacing 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, with Shuster being reassigned by the network as substitute host for Olbermann on Countdown. Schultz's new talk program The Ed Show premiered as a weeknightly program on MSNBC on April 6, 2009.

The Dylan Ratigan Show
Morning Meeting with Dylan Ratigan was a news show hosted by former host of sister CNBC's Fast Money, Dylan Ratigan. It debuted on June 29, 2009, as part of sweeping changes to MSNBC's weekday daytime program schedule, along with a revamp of the channel's graphics and the launch of its high definition simulcast feed. It aired weekdays from 9 to 11am ET.

When the show relaunched as The Dylan Ratigan Show on January 11, 2010, the show featured a new graphics package and set design. The change was made in order to make room for The Daily Rundown with Chuck Todd and Savannah Guthrie at 9am, as part of MSNBC's commitment to straight news programming during the day. The show focused on debate and discussion relating to politics and the economy. Ratigan often offered commentary on the subject matter and rebuttal to many of the guests who appear on the show.

MSNBC HD
On April 2, 2009, it was announced that MSNBC would launch a 1080i high-definition simulcast feed, MSNBC HD, on June 29, 2009.

Ratings under Griffin
In March 2009, MSNBC finished in second place in primetime, ahead of CNN for the first time in its existence. Phil Griffin, MSNBC chief executive, attributed this to the network's decision to go liberal with Olbermann and Maddow along with problems at CNN.

In the first quarter of 2010, the network beat CNN in primetime and overall ratings, marking the first time it did so since 2001. The network also beat CNN in total adult viewers in March, marking the seventh out of the past eight months that MSNBC achieved that accolade. In addition, the programs Morning Joe, The Ed Show, Hardball with Chris Matthews, Countdown with Keith Olbermann and The Rachel Maddow Show all finished ahead of their time slot competitors on CNN.

During 2014, MSNBC's total ratings in the 25 to 54 age group declined 20%, falling to third place behind CNN. The only demographic in which MSNBC still leads is among Hispanics and even more so among African-Americans.

Keith Olbermann's suspension and departure
In November 2010, MSNBC announced that Keith Olbermann, the host of the highly rated news/opinion show Countdown, was suspended for violating an NBC News policy barring personalities from donating to political candidates; MSNBC had discovered that Olbermann had donated to three Democratic Party candidates in the run-up to the 2010 mid-term congressional elections.

On the January 21, 2011, episode of Countdown, Olbermann abruptly announced that the show would be his final MSNBC broadcast. Before reading a James Thurber short story called "The Scottie Who Knew Too Much", Olbermann thanked viewers, producers, and technical staff for his show's eight-year success. However, he did not thank or even mention Griffin or NBC News president Steve Capus. Olbermann did not disclose the reason for his departure, and a statement from MSNBC would only reveal that the two parties had ended the commentator's four-year contract. Many liberal bloggers and commentators blamed cable provider Comcast for Olbermann's sudden departure, accusing the company of silencing the host for political purposes just days after acquiring NBCUniversal on January 18. Statements from MSNBC and Comcast denied this allegation. Daily Beast media critic Howard Kurtz, former MSNBC anchor David Shuster, and an anonymous NBC executive said that Olbermann's past suspension and subsequent conflicts with network management was a more likely precipitating factor in Countdown'''s cancellation.

The following month, Olbermann announced he had joined a soon-to-be-relaunched Current TV as its new primetime host and news director. He also started a blog called FOKNewsChannel.com, a commentary site parodying Fox News, which included written commentaries and articles based on former Countdown segments.

Ratings 2015–present
In 2015, Mediaite reported that the ratings of CNN's morning show New Day almost doubled those of MSNBC's Morning Joe. However, Chris Hayes of All In with Chris Hayes'' said that the "primetime lineup is solid."

References

MSNBC
MSNBC 2008-2015
MSNBC 2008-2015
MSNBC 2008-2015
MSNBC 2008-2015
MSNBC 2008-2015


Events in the year 1726 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Frederick IV

Events

Arts and literature
Følling Church was built.

Births
 10 April - Lucia Pytter, philanthropist

Full date unknown
Hans Strøm, zoologist (died 1797)

Deaths


Rosanna Tomiuk (born October 1, 1984) is a Canadian water polo player from Quebec turned professional coach. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2011 Pan American Games. They also claimed the silver medal at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Italy.

Early life and education
Tomiuk, who was raised in Montreal, graduated from Loyola Marmount University with a degree in Biology and a minor in Music in 2007.

Career

Early career
Rosanna began swimming at age 10 with the Beaconsfield Bluefins. At 14, she began playing water polo with the Dollard Water Polo Club. By 15, she was playing with the Quebec Team and at 17 she became a member of the Junior Canadian Women's National Water Polo Team. At 18, she began her career with the Canadian Women's Water Polo Team, winning various international medals. She retired from her career as a professional athlete in 2012.

2012–present
Rosanna is a certified coach (ACC) with the International Coach Federation. She is also certified in different psychometric assessments: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, The Birkman Method, Strong Interest Inventory and StrengthsFinder. She works with individuals and teams using a strengths-based approach to create more teamwork and engagement. Rosanna works independently and with a U.S.-based firm, Trybal Performance.

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo

External links

1984 births
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian female water polo players
Living people
Loyola Marymount University alumni
People from Pointe-Claire
Water polo people from Quebec
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games


Carballo may refer to:

In people:
 Carballo (name), the family name Carballo
 Diego de Souza Carballo, a Uruguayan footballer
 José Rodríguez Carballo, a Spanish Roman Catholic priest
 Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo, was president of El Salvador
 Manuel Carballo (epidemiologist), epidemiologist
 Manuel Carballo (gymnast) (born 1982), Spanish artistic gymnast
 Marcelo Carballo, a Bolivian football defender
 María Elena Carballo, the Minister of Youth and Culture in Costa Rica
 Miguel Ángel Carballo, an Argentine professional golfer
 Pablo Marcos Carballo, an Argentine Air Force Air Commodore
 Ramiro Carballo, a Salvadoran professional soccer player
 Carlos Velasco Carballo, (born 16 March 1971) is a Spanish professional football referee
 Jesus Carballo, (born 26 November 1976) Spanish former gymnast who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and again in 2004
 Néstor Carballo, a Uruguayan football defender for Uruguay in the 1954 FIFA World Cup
 Ramiro Carballo,(March 1978) Salvadoran professional football player for the Salvadoran Premier League.
 Marcelo Carballo,(December, 1974) Bolivian football defender playing for first division club Wilstermann
 Héctor Federico Carballo,(March, 1980) Argentine footballer currently playing for CA Mitre in Argentina.
 Ezequiel Carballo,(November, 1989) is an Argentine footballer currently playing as a striker.
 Hugo Carballo,(April, 1944) Chilean footballer who played for clubs of Argentina and Chile.

In places:
 Carballo, a municipality in the Province of A Coruña, Spain
 Carballo (Narcea), a civil parish in Asturias, Spain

In music:
 Carballo, the name of the closing track of the Everything Is Green album by New York band The Essex Green


The Borno Emirate, or Borno Sultanate, is a traditional Nigerian state that was formed at the start of the 20th century. It is headed by the descendants of the rulers of the Bornu Empire, founded before 1000. The rulers have the title Shehu of Borno (var. Shehu of Bornu, Sultan of Borno/u). The traditional emirate of Borno maintains a ceremonial rule of the Kanuri people, based in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, but acknowledged by the 4 million Kanuri in neighbouring countries.

The current ruling line, the al-Kanemi dynasty, dates to the accession of Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi in the early 19th century, displacing the Sayfawa dynasty which had ruled from around 1300.

History

The old Bornu Empire collapsed in 1893 when the Funj warlord Rabih Zubayr ibn Fadlallah seized power and transferred the capital to Dikwa. When the French, then expanding in West Africa, defeated and killed Rabih they installed Shehu Sanda Kura, a member of the old Bornu dynasty, as the first Shehu of Borno in Dikwa in 1900. In 1901, he was succeeded by his brother, Umar Abubakar Garbai, the ancestor of the current Emirs of Borno. Based on a treaty between the French, Germans, and British, the old Bornu was split up and Dikwa became part of the German colony of Cameroon. The British invited Umar Abubakar Garbai to become ruler of the part falling to the British, and he moved in 1902 first to Monguno and later to Maiduguri.
Later Dikwa was transferred to the newly created British Northern Nigeria Protectorate, resulting in two Shehus, the Shehu of Borno based at Maiduguri and the Shehu of Dikwa based at Dikwa.

Rulers

Rulers of the Borno Emirate since the beginning of the colonial period with the title of "Shehu":

Local Government Areas in Borno Emirate
Borno Emirate covers fifteen Local Government Areas:
 Abadam
 Chibok
 Gubio
 Guzamala
 Jere
 Kaga
 Konduga
 Kukawa
 Mafa
 Magumeri
 Maiduguri
 Marte
 Mobbar
 Monguno
 Nganzai

See also
Bornu Empire
Kanem Empires
Nigerian traditional rulers

References

Maiduguri
Nigerian traditional states
Emirates


The Futurist may refer to:

 The Futurist (magazine), published by the World Future Society
 The Futurist (Shellac album), 1997
 The Futurist (Robert Downey Jr. album), 2004
 "The Futurist Manifesto", a 1909 essay by Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
 The Futurist Cinema, Liverpool, a cinema in England
 Futurist Theatre in Scarborough, North Yorkshire

See also
 Futurism (disambiguation)


Ingemar is a given name. People with the name include:

Ingemar Backman (born 1976), Swedish professional snowboarder
Ingemar Burgström (1926–1951), Swedish flyweight boxer
Olai Ingemar Eikeland (1915–2003), Norwegian politician for the Centre Party
Ingemar Erlandsson (born 1957), Swedish footballer
Ingemar Hedberg (born 1920), Swedish flatwater canoeist
Ingemar Hedenius (1908–1982), Swedish philosopher
Ingemar Johansson (1932–2009), Swedish boxer, former heavyweight champion of the world
Ingemar Johansson (racewalker) (1924–2009), Swedish athlete
Byron Ingemar Johnson (1890–1964), 24th Premier of British Columbia, Canada (1947–1952)
Ingemar Lindh (born 1945), Swedish theatre director and pedagogue
Ingemar Henry Lundquist (1921–2007), inventor and mechanical engineer
Ingemar Nilsson (born 1956), Swedish politician
Carl Ingemar Perstad, for 24 years host of the Swedish Broadcasting Company (SVT) motoring show Trafikmagasinet
Ingemar Ragnemalm, computer programmer, writer of the Sprite Animation Toolkit (SAT)
Ingemar Ståhl (1938–2014), Swedish economist
Ingemar Stenmark (born 1956), Swedish skier
Ingemar Svensson (1929–2004), Swedish rower
Ingemar Teever (born 1983), Estonian professional footballer
Ingemar Thillberg, Swedish footballer
Ingemar Vänerlöv (born 1944), Swedish Christian democratic politician

See also
Ivar

Norwegian masculine given names
Masculine given names
Swedish masculine given names
Scandinavian masculine given names


Boat shoes (also known as deck shoes or top-siders) are typically canvas or leather with non-marking rubber soles designed for use on a boat. A siping pattern is cut into the soles to provide grip on a wet deck; the leather construction, along with the application of oil, is designed to repel water; and the stitching is highly durable. Boat shoes are traditionally worn without socks.

History
Modern boat shoes were invented in 1935 by American Paul A. Sperry of New Haven, Connecticut after noticing his dog's ability to run easily over ice without slipping. Using a knife, he cut siping into his shoes' soles, inspiring a shoe perfect for boating and a company called Sperry Top-Sider. Sperry Top-Siders are still a popular brand of boat shoe today, among many others, including Boatman Shoes, Portside, Sebago and Timberland. Boat shoes are worn by both women and men.

Use
Sailors use boat shoes, as the name suggests; however, since the 1970s they have become casual footwear in coastal areas of the Netherlands, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, China, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom. Many boat shoes today retain traditional white, non-marking soles, though many others have dark non-marking soles. They usually have a moc-toe (like a moccasin) construction.

They are partially seen as a status symbol as boat ownership is associated with wealth.  The fashion is widely popular in many countries from elementary to college age. Boat shoes are popular for school, church, and everyday wear. Many schools with uniform requirements allow boat shoes to be worn as they are made in part or entirely of leather.

In the 1980s, they became a fashion trend that returned in the late 2000s. They can be worn with everyday and dress wear by all ages and genders.

Sebago, Sperry Top-Siders and Eastland were the most popular brands and have remained so through 2000s revival. Boat shoes are a common component of the preppy fashion and associated lifestyle. They can be worn with socks and pants or shorts and no socks.

References

External links

Shoes
History of fashion
American inventions


Joëlle Stephanie Békhazi (born April 27, 1987) is a female water polo player from Canada. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

In June 2021, Bekhazi was named to Canada's 2020 Summer Olympics team.

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Canadian female water polo players
Aquatic sportspeople from Ontario
Olympic water polo players for Canada
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2011 Pan American Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2020 Summer Olympics


David Poplack is an American pediatrician and was the Director of the Texas Children's Cancer Center at Texas Children's Hospital from 1993 to 2018. He was Principal Investigator of an NCI K12 Pediatric Oncology Clinical Research Training Grant, and the Program Director of an NCI T32 Pediatric Oncology Training grant at Baylor College of Medicine. Dr. Poplack has authored more than 350 original articles and book chapters relating to pediatric oncology, and serves on the editorial board of numerous subspecialty journals. He is co-editor of Principles and Practice of Pediatric Oncology, the leading textbook of pediatric oncology, which is in its seventh edition.  He also has served on numerous NIH, FDA and Institute of Medicine committees.

References

External links
 Dr. David Poplack, former Director, Texas Children's Cancer Center

American pediatricians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Laemodonta is a genus of small air-breathing, saltmarsh snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Ellobiidae.

Description
(Description as Plecotrema) The solid shell has an ovate-conic shape and is umbilicated. The acute spire is elevated. The oblong aperture is contracted. The inner lip shows three plaits, the middle one bifid. The outer lip has a marginal varix and is  internally bidentate.

Species
Species within the genus Laemodonta include:
 Laemodonta bella (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855)
 Laemodonta blaisei  (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1905)
 † Laemodonta blesensis (Tournouër, 1870) †
 † Laemodonta bourgeoisi (Tournouër, 1870) †
 Laemodonta clausa (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854)
 Laemodonta cubensis (Pfeiffer, 1854)
 † Laemodonta delaunayi (Tournouër, 1870) †
 Laemodonta exaratoides Kawabe, 1992
 Laemodonta hirsuta (Garrett, 1872)
 Laemodonta livida Perugia, 2010
 Laemodonta madagascariensis Bozzetti, 2007
 Laemodonta minuta (Möllendorff, 1885)
 Laemodonta monilifera (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854)
 Laemodonta oblonga Jickeli, 1874
 Laemodonta octanfracta (Jonas, 1845)
 Laemodonta punctatostriata (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854)
 Laemodonta punctigera (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853)
 Laemodonta rapax (Dohrn, 1860)
 Laemodonta siamensis (Morelet, 1875)
 † Laemodonta striata (Förster, 1888) †
 Laemodonta typica (H. & A. Adams, 1854)

Species brought into synonymy
 Laemodonta affinis (Férussac, 1821) : synonym of Pedipes affinis Férussac, 1821
 Laemodonta amplicatus C. F. Jickeli, 1874: synonym of Pedipes amplicatus (C. F. Jickeli, 1874)
 Laemodonta bronni' (sic)': synonym of Allochroa bronnii (Philippi, 1846)
 Laemodonta ciliata (Tate, 1879): synonym of Laemodonta octanfracta (Jonas, 1845)
 Laemodonta conica (Pease, 1863): synonym of Allochroa layardi (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855)
 Laemodonta exarata (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) synonym of Melampus exaratus H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
 Laemodonta exigua (H. Adams, 1867): synonym of Laemodonta bella (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855)
 Laemodonta striata (Philippi, 1846): synonym of Laemodonta octanfracta (Jonas, 1845)

References

 Zilch, A. 1959. Euthyneura. In, Schindewolf, O.H. (ed.). Handbuch der Paläozoologie. Berlin-Zehlendorf : Bornträger Vol. 6(2)(2) xii 834 pp.
 Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca''. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.
 Smith B.J. (1992). Non-marine Mollusca. In: Houston W.W.K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia, volume 8. xii + 405 pp

External links

 Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1854). Monograph of Plecotrema, a new genus of gasteropodous mollusks, belonging to the family Auriculidae, from specimens in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. (1853) 21: 120-122
  Möllendorff, O. F. von. (1898). Verzeichnis der auf den Philippinen lebenden Landmollusken. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Görlitz. 22: 26-208
 Morgan J. de. (1917). Observations sur les Auriculidés du Falunien de la Touraine. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. ser. 4, 16: 21-49

Ellobiidae


A cardo is a north–south-oriented street in ancient Roman city planning.

Cardo may also refer to:

People

Cardo (name)
Cardo (record producer) (born 1984), American producer and rapper

Places
 Cardo (Gozón), a civil parish in Asturias, Spain
 Cardo-Torgia, a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France

Other uses
 Cardo (TV series), Spanish TV series
 Carbazole 1,9a-dioxygenase, an enzyme
 Cardo polymer
 Cardo, a Bembo-like open-source font
 A goat cheese produced by Mary Holbrook
 Cardo Dalisay, protagonist of Philippine TV series Ang Probinsyano

See also

Carlo (name)
Kardo (disambiguation)


Ernest Anthony Kehr (September 10, 1911 – November 13, 1986), of New York City, was a promoter and spokesman of stamp collecting, creating interest for the hobby using all media at the time, including radio, television, books, articles and newspapers columns devoted to philately; an American philatelist who was added to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1975.

Philatelic literature
Kehr had philatelic columns in numerous newspapers, including the New York World-Telegram, the New York Herald Tribune, and Long Island’s Newsday. On radio and television, he promoted philately in over two thousand shows. He wrote several books, with the most popular one being “The Romance of Stamp Collecting” published in 1947.

Philatelic activity
Kehr was active in the Collectors Club of New York and wrote numerous articles in their philatelic publications. He was the special representative for the United States for the Royal Philatelic Society London.

Honors and awards
Besides being named an Honorary Fellow of the Collectors Club of New York, Kehr received the Lichtenstein Medal in 1974, signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1975, and was awarded the Luff Award in 1976 for Exceptional Contributions to Philately. He was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1987.

Legacy
The Ernest A. Kehr award for excellence in the promotion of Youth Philately was established by the American Philatelic Society in 1991 in his honor.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

Notes

References
 Ernest Anthony Kehr
 Kehr Award

1911 births
1986 deaths
People from New York City
Signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
Philatelic literature
American Philatelic Society
Fellows of the Royal Philatelic Society London
American philatelists
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Mischling Test refers to the legal test under Nazi Germany's Nuremberg Laws that was applied to determine whether a person was considered a "Jew" or a Mischling (mixed-blood).

Background
On 11 April 1933 the regime promulgated the First Supplementary Decree for the Execution of the Law of Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, colloquially known as the First Racial Definition. This implementing decree stipulated that a person would be regarded as a racial Jew for purposes of the law if he had one Jewish parent or one Jewish grandparent, i.e. if the ancestor was "of the Jewish faith."

Under the law, Jews were to be discharged from the civil service, unless they had been employed since before World War I or unless they had fought on the front lines in the war, or had a father or son who had been killed in the war.

The "one Jewish grandparent" rule was predominant for a period of time in the Third Reich, and had typically been the test incorporated into the Aryan Paragraph, which had been in currency before Hitler's assumption of power on 30 January 1933. However, various social and political factions militated in favor of a new set of discriminatory laws, which were forthcoming at the NSDAP party rally in 1935 in Nuremberg.

The Nuremberg Laws, as originally promulgated in September 1935, used the term "Jew" but did not define the term. The definition of the term was problematic for the Nazis and it was not until the issuance of a supplementary regulation in mid-November 1935 that a legal test that was specific to the Nuremberg laws was formally published.

The original draftsmen of the Nuremberg Laws, puzzled over the problem and pressed for a quick solution, solved it by the simple expedient of limiting the meaning of the term to encompass only "full Jews" (). This test was relatively easy to state and apply, but Hitler vetoed the idea, without stipulating what he wanted as a replacement.

Meetings among Government and Party officials after the September 1933 annual Nuremberg party rally revealed the existence of two factions:
the radicals, generally non-government party officials, who wanted a broad meaning of the term "Jew," with the concomitant effect of a stricter standard for having "German blood." Their focus was ideological and their justification was the extreme Hitlerian rhetoric of the last ten years. The radicals wanted "quarter-Jews" classified as "Jews": a person with one Jewish grandparent would be deemed "Jewish." Persons with less Jewish ancestry would be considered "Mischlinge."
the pragmatists, generally government officials, who were concerned with foreign policy and international implications, including possible economic sanctions at a time that the economy of Nazi Germany was still fragile. Their view was that only persons with three or four Jewish grandparents would be classified as "Jewish," with others considered "Mischlinge."

The resulting compromise was implemented by the First Supplementary Decree. The practical application of "mischling" first and second degree were further elaborated in the Wannsee Conferences and meetings on the "final solution".

Categories
The First Supplementary Decree of 14 November 1935 (Decree) addressed this issue by defining three categories:
Persons of German or kindred blood
Jews
Persons of mixed Jewish blood (Mischlinge)

By applying the test, a person would be classified into exactly one of the preceding categories.

The test
The Decree sets up the legal test defined here.

Part one
The first part of the test is implemented by setting up three categories as follows:
A person with 3 or more Jewish grandparents is considered to be a Jew.
A person with exactly two Jewish grandparents is considered to be either a Jew or a Mischling of the first degree (discussed below, second part of test)
A person with only one Jewish grandparent is considered to be a Mischling of the second degree.

Part two
The remaining problem was the treatment of a person with two Jewish and two non-Jewish grandparents. This leads to the second part of the test, which has four subdivisions. A person with exactly two Jewish grandparents was deemed a Jew (specifically, a ) if either:
(a) he is a member of the Jewish religious community on 14 November 1935 or later becomes a member; or
(b) he is married to a Jew on 14 November 1935 or later marries a Jew; or
(c) his parents were married on or after 17 September 1935, and one of his parents is Jewish; or
(d) he is born out of wedlock after 31 July 1936, and one of his parents is Jewish.

If such a person is not classified as a Jew under any of these four subtests, then he is a Mischling of the 1st degree (by the terms of Part One).

Examples

The following Examples demonstrate how Part Two of the Decree's legal test operates. Remember that in every case, X always has exactly two Jewish grandparents. Unless this initial condition applies, there is no point in applying these tests, as the categorization into the three basic classes (Jew, Mischling, German) is only complicated in the case of "exactly two" Jewish grandparents.

Test A
X had always worshiped as a Jew but on 1 November 1935 he converted to Catholicism. He is a Mischling (1st degree) as a result. If he had waited two more weeks to convert, he would be classified as (and would always remain) a Jew.
X had left the Jewish religious community but rejoins it on 1 December 1935. He was a Mischling but on 1 December he will be classified as a Jew.

Test B
X had been married to a Jew for years but on 1 November 1935, their divorce becomes final. He is a Mischling (1st degree) as a result. If the divorce proceedings had lasted for two more weeks, he would be classified as (and would always remain) a Jew.
X was a lifelong bachelor but married a Jew on December 1, 1935. He was a Mischling but on December 1 he will be classified as a Jew.

Test C
X has one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent and they are married 15 September 1935. He is born two years thereafter. He is a Mischling (1st degree). Same result if he is born on 1 October 1935.
X has one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent and they are married 15 October 1935. He is born two years thereafter. He is classified as a Jew. Same result if he is born 1 November 1935.

Test D
X has one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent, who never marry right. He is born 10 August 1936. He is classified as a Jew. If he had been born two weeks earlier (e.g. 27 July 1936), he may have been classified as a Mischling (1st degree), depending on when his parents married (or if they did at all).
X has one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. He is born 27 July 1936.
if his parents were married on 15 September 1935, he is a Mischling (1st degree).
if his parents were married on 15 October 1935, he is a Jew.
if his parents never marry, he is a Mischling (1st degree).

See also
Ahnenpass
Antisemitism
Geltungsjude
Holocaust
Metic

References

Notes

Bibliography

 (Kershaw)

External links
 Reich Citizenship Law of 15 September 1935 and 14 November 1935 Supplementary Decree
 Supplementary Decree

Law of Nazi Germany
Nazi eugenics
Multiracial affairs in Europe


The name Verbindungsbahn (German for connection line) is used in Stuttgart to describe the railway line between the subterranean S-Bahn Stuttgart station at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof and the tunnel exit at the station in Stuttgart-Österfeld, which connects, via tunnel, the Stuttgart valley and the Filder plateau. The term originates from the planning stages in the 1960s, when similar projects for the S-Bahn München and S-Bahn Rhein-Main were referred to with the same term.

With a length of 8.788 km, the tunnel is the longest S-Bahn tunnel in Germany, and was the longest railway tunnel of any kind in Germany from 1985 until 1988, when the Landrückentunnel was opened for service.  The tunnel is made up of two sections: the 2.6 km long section from Stuttgart Hbf to the station at Schwabstrasse, and the 5.5 km long Hasenberg tunnel, which ascends to the Filder plateau.  As part of the project Stuttgart 21, the tunnel is scheduled to be extended by new underground construction, such as the new Rosenstein tunnel.

The first section of the tunnel was constructed between 1971 and 1978, mostly utilizing the cut-and-cover method of construction; only at the terminal loop and a short piece between the Hauptbahnhof and city center was the mining/boring technique of construction used.  The second section, constructed between 1981 and 1985, utilized the mining method, with the exception of the station at the University of Stuttgart.

History

Planning phase

Stuttgart mayor Arnulf Klett, in a letter to Deutsche Reichsbahn dated 11 July 1949, proposed the construction of a tunnel, roughly 1.2 kilometres in length, to run between Central station and Alter Postplatz, just south of Rotebühlplatz; he also mentioned the willingness to undertake financial participation in the project by the city of Stuttgart.  This tunnel was meant to absorb the suburban service utilizing electric multiple unit trains, which had started in 1933.  In response, Deutsche Bundesbahn underwrote a study, which was published in 1956 in the journal Die Bundesbahn.  The initial plans envisioned an extension of that line to the Stuttgart–Horb railway, which would also offer faster connections to commuters in the area to the south and southwest of Stuttgart.  To achieve this, a tunnel with a grade of 50 ‰ was planned, which would have connected to the Stuttgart–Horb railway just before the former station at Wildpark, and units of DB Class ET 30 were slated for service.  A new, four-track subterranean station, called Stadtmitte (city centre), was planned to be built underneath the then-under-construction Theodor-Heuss-Strasse, where half of the trains originating at Hauptbahnhof would have turned around.  The station underneath Hauptbahnhof was also meant to be expanded to four tracks to enable a concept to utilize the highest possible operational efficiency; this concept was later put into operation in the S-Bahn station under the Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof.  Another subterranean station, with the name Schwabstraße, was planned for the west of Stuttgart.

Initially, no progress was made in terms of the financing of the project.  In 1964, the Bundesbahn published an updated planning document, which featured these differences to the study of 1956:

 the stations at Hauptbahnhof and Stadtmitte would have only three tracks
 the tunnel to connect the line to the Stuttgart–Horb railway was to be lengthened, reducing the grade to 35 ‰

In 1967, the city of Stuttgart decided not to go forward with existing plans for an underground railway line (by then labelled “U-Bahn”) parallel to the Verbindungsbahn.  As a result, a new station with the name Feuersee, between Stadtmitte and Schwabstraße, was added to the plans for the Verbindungsbahn.  Also, all trains originating from Hauptbahnhof were to stop at all stations to Schwabstraße, in the name of better service along the line.  These changes now enabled the Bundesbahn to develop the plan for the Verbindungsbahn as it was later realized:

 Stations featuring two tracks, with an island platform between these tracks, at the stations Hauptbahnhof, Stadtmitte, Feuersee, and Schwabstraße.  The Bundesbahn favored the clear arrangement and ability of passengers to change trains on the same platform.
 A terminal loop, with the ability for passing, connected to the station at Schwabstrasse.  Even though this meant higher construction costs, the Bundesbahn saw this method as economically more efficient than an underground terminating track, especially in light of the many trains that were scheduled to turn around at this station.
 The reduction to two tracks made possible the relocation of the station at the Hauptbahnhof closer to the city center, underneath the narrow Lautenschlagerstrasse.  This change made changing service to the Stuttgart Stadtbahn easier, shortened the walking distance to the city centre, and meant no change in getting to trains in the above-ground main line station.

Construction of the inner city section Hauptbahnhof–Schwabstraße

In May 1971, construction began to build the three subterranean levels for the Klett-Passage for pedestrians, the Stadtbahn, and the S-Bahn. On 5 July 1972, work started on the construction of new a raised track in the Hauptbahnhof apron.  In April 1972, the first phase of construction on the actual Verbindungsbahn began with the construction of a tunnel underneath the tracks of the main line station, parallel to the underground passages under the main hall.

Hauptbahnhof

During the construction of the Verbindungsbahn section underneath tracks 1 through 3 of the Hauptbahnhof, no more than one main line track was scheduled to be taken out of service at any time.  For this reason, a makeshift platform was constructed at the north-westerly track 1a, and the excavation pit was split lengthwise into two lateral pieces.  Construction was done utilizing the cut-and-cover top-down method, where the outer shell was made up of a 28-metre-deep bored pile wall, on top of which the roof structure of the tunnel was built.  The tracks and platforms where then reconstructed on this tunnel roof by May 1974, which meant the complete resumption of main line traffic.  Underneath the roof structure, space was then excavated from the top down, and the inner shell was constructed, consisting of a floor and inner walls, which carried the roofs of up to three internal levels.  On the topmost internal level, an underground parking garage with 120 spaces was built, which doubled as a civilian shelter, secure against airborne agents, such as poison gas, and nuclear attack, with a capacity for 4,500 persons.  The inner shell was completed at the end of 1975.

The technically most challenging aspect of the construction of the Verbindungsbahn was thought to be the subterranean section, 74.6 metres long and about 25 meters wide, underneath the main building of the Hauptbahnhof, which is a protected cultural monument, in the area under the Kleine Schalterhalle (small counter hall).  In deciding whether to use the mining/boring construction method, or dismantling and reconstructing parts of the building, here too the decision was made to instead utilize the top-down cut-and-cover method.  To be able to move the weight of the building onto newly constructed outer support pillars, the foundation walls were surrounded by concrete sleeves, or pairs of concrete beams, which braced each other.  Underneath the sleeves, horizontal beams, which rested on the new support pillars, were constructed.  Once both the sleeves and beams were in place, hydraulic presses were used to put pressure onto this supporting structure, until the pressure generated equaled the weight of the building to be put on top.  To complete the process, the presses were then replaced by wedges, and the resulting settling of the Kleine Schalterhalle was limited to 1 millimetre.  The old building foundation was removed, the site underneath the building was excavated, and in September 1973, construction of the inner shell of the tunnel was begun.

Management of the construction process underneath the main line station forecourt, with the Klett-Passage, Stadtbahn station, and S-Bahn station, was the responsibility of the City of Stuttgart.

The section between the Hauptbahnhof and the station Stadtmitte was to be built utilizing open construction, according to the plans, where roads above the construction site would be demolished, the tunnel built, and then the road and other structures would be replaced.  However, a bidding construction company suggested that a 322-metre-long section between Thouretstrasse und Fürstenstrasse should be constructed using a mining method, in a depth of 8 to 10 metres.  As the most economical solution, this suggested method was used, but as it resulted in settling of over 50 centimeters in places along the section, instead of the expected settling of 5 centimetres, the sewer system and roads above the site had to be reconstructed.  Utilizing the open method of construction after that point, an emergency exit was also added near the Kanzleistrasse.  In June 1973, this section was the first shell section of the Verbindungsbahn to be completed.

Stadtmitte

Starting in November 1972, the station Stadtmitte, 22.5 meters wide, with a platform 12.8 metres in length, was constructed under the Theodor-Heuss-Straße, which is near the Rotebühlplatz and is 45 metres wide.  The platform area was also built to be able to serve as a civilian shelter with a capacity for 4,500 people, which would be usable in case of an emergency if the S-Bahn traffic was also stopped.

In addition, a crossing tunnel was constructed in advance for the Stadtbahn Stuttgart, which was taken into service on 31 October 1983. Lines U2, U4 and U14 operate there, but due to Stuttgart 21 project, lines are redirected in 2017 (now U1, U14 and U21). The western entrance to a pedestrian tunnel under the Rotebühlplatz was constructed in the inner courtyard of a new building for the Allgemeine Rentenanstalt, a public pensions institution.

Feuersee

The Verbindungsbahn continues on its way under the 23-metre-wide Rotebühlstrasse, and this section was also built using the open construction method, starting in November 1973.  The existing tram line was rerouted to run on the Gutenbergstrasse, which runs parallel to the northwest of the Rotebühlstrasse, while the road traffic was rerouted to the Augustenstrasse, parallel southwest of the Rotebühlstrasse.  This section of the tunnel has a lengthwise grade of 37.5 per mille, and the station at the Feuersee has a grade of 20 per mille.  The Feuersee, a lake which had been built in 1701, and borders both the excavation zone as well as the Johanneskirche, was drained of all but half a metre of water during the construction phase.

Schwabstrasse

The Schwabstrasse station (German spelling: Schwabstraße) was constructed at a depth of 11 metres to 27 metres under the street surface, underneath the ground water table, which is at a depth of 6 to 8 metres.  Lengthwise, this section has a grade of 1.6 per mille, and was only completed in December 1977, due to complications in the construction of the ascending terminal loop, which utilized a mining construction method.

Terminal loop

On 7 October 1974, the tunneling work began to construct the terminal loop, which is connected to the Schwabstrasse station, branching structures, and 60-meter-long sections of two single-track tubes of the Hasenbergtunnel, started in 1979, to connect to the Stuttgart–Horb railway.  The front section of the terminal loop is located in depleted anhydrite, which is brittle in consistency.  For this reason, and because the thin vertical cover in the area, the rock above the tunnel roof ridge was stabilized by artificially freezing the ground water (Bodenvereisung). In the rear of the terminal loop section, undepleted anhydrite posed different problems, because this mineral, when it comes in contact with water, tends to massively expand, which puts enormous pressure on the tunnel structure. For this reason, the inner shell of the tunnel in the area is up to 1 metre thick.

For the survey of the terminal loop, 40 measuring points were used.  Since there was no access to the surface, the only point of reference for the survey was the station at Schwabstrasse.  After tunneling for 850 meters to the right, and 900 meters to the left, the cut-through was achieved underneath the Westbahnhof, with a horizontal defect of 8 millimetres, and a vertical defect of 2 mm.  The tunnel features a diameter of 6.7 metres in the single-track section, and 9.8 metres in the twin-track area.  The vertical cover between tunnel and surface is 17 meters at the Schwabstrasse station, and 80 meters at the Westbahnhof.

Completion

Above the Verbindungsbahn, the two streets Lautenschlagerstrasse and Theodor-Heuss-Strasse were opened again for surface traffic in April 1977, to coincide with the Bundesgartenschau in Stuttgart that year.  In March 1978, the Rotebühlstrasse, followed by the section above the Schwabstrasse station in July 1978, were returned to normal service.  On 1 October 1978, S-Bahn service was officially started on the Verbindungsbahn.

Construction of the Hasenbergtunnel between Schwabstrasse and the Stuttgart–Horb railway

On 2 April 1979, the second phase of construction began.  In an attempt to achieve better control over the pressure put on the tunnel by the expansion of the anhydrite material around it, the rear, 2.2 kilometer-long section of the Hasenbergtunnel, originally planned in 1967 to feature one twin-track tube, was redesigned to feature two smaller single-track tubes with an egg-shaped profile.  The upper section was left to be built in single-tube, twin-track configuration with an arch profile.  The redesign of the rear section also eliminated the need for the construction of an emergency exit in an area with thick vertical cover; in case of an emergency, exits to the other tube would be utilized.

The tunneling process was begun at three access points, named Heslacher Wand, Leonberger Strasse, and Magstadter Strasse.  At the Heslacher Wand access point, a loading track was operated to assist in the removal of 180,000 cubic metres of excavation material from the site.  In total, 396,000 cubic metres of material were removed in the section between Schwabstrasse and the station at Universität.  Once the Verbindungsbahn was put into service, these access points serve as emergency exits, ventilation shafts, and smoke funnels in case of fire.

Operations

Main S-Bahn section

The section between the stations at the Hauptbahnhof and Schwabstraße is the main section of the  S-Bahn network, and is served by all 7 S-Bahn routes.  With the exception of two early-morning trains, which begin or end at Hauptbahnhof, all S-Bahn trains traverse this entire section. S-Bahn trains branch off from the main line tracks in the apron area of the main line station, and are routed underground through separate tunnel entrances into the S-Bahn station Hauptbahnhof.

Connected to Schwabstraße station is a subterranean terminal loop, which enables the trains of the routes S 4, S 5, S 6 and S 60, which terminate there, to turn around.  This terminal loop features a twin-track section, which, in the early years, housed a reserve S-Bahn train; today the 2nd track serves as a passing track, so that the train sequence can be normalized in case of any operational anomalies.

The top speed on this section is 60 kilometres per hour (km/h), and 50 km/h in the area of the terminal loop.  Railway signals of the type H/V (Haupt-/Vorsignal, home/distant signal), are present in pre-determined intervals, which allow trains to follow each other in distances of 400 to 700 metres, or 1.9 minutes.  In addition to the usual PZB train protection system, speed detection zones are also installed.

Hasenberg tunnel

After the station at Schwabstraße, the line connects to Hasenberg tunnel. This tunnel initially runs in a straight line under the eponymous Hasenberg and Glemswald, until, after about 5 kilometers, it approaches University station, named for the Vaihingen campus of the University of Stuttgart, after completing a curve of about 500 metres radius.  The grade ascends at 35 ‰ to the station, then descends at 38 ‰ and emerges to surface level before the station  at Österfeld, in between the tracks of the Stuttgart–Horb railway.  The tunnel is very close to the building developments on the surface before emerging, and a shock-absorbing system (Masse-Feder-System) is utilized to minimize the ground vibrations caused by the trains.

Until November 2004, the top speed permitted in the Hasenbergtunnel was 80 km/h, but since then, S-Bahn trains going in the ascending, i.e. outbound direction, may travel at 100 km/h.

Stations

The five stations of the Verbindungsbahn each feature their own color to make station identification easier for passengers:

Hauptbahnhof (tief - low level): red
Stadtmitte: green
 Feuersee: blue
 Schwabstraße: yellow
 Universität: brown

At the station Hauptbahnhof (tief), the tracks were originally labelled as Track 1 and 2, but were later changed to Track 101 and 102, which eliminated the possibility of mistaking these tracks with the main line tracks aboveground.  In all other stations, tracks are labeled as Track 1 and 2.  The stations from Hauptbahnhof to Schwabstrasse feature island platforms, and the station at Universität has two side platforms.  The stations at Hauptbahnhof, Stadtmitte, and Schwabstrasse are staffed by station supervisors around the clock, while the stations at Feuersee and Universität do not, or no longer, have personnel present at any time.

All stations except for Feuersee, which features a grade of 20 ‰, are level.  The station at Schwabstrasse features the longest escalator in the S-Bahn system, with a length of 37 metres.

Scheduled expansion

As part of the project Stuttgart 21, the S-Bahn tracks between Hauptbahnhof and Bad Cannstatt are scheduled to be renewed and expanded.  This would mean the following:

 New construction of an underground route between Hauptbahnhof and a new S-Bahn station named Mittnachtstraße.
 New construction of a two-track station (to serve as a transfer point) at Mittnachtstraße, northeast of Hauptbahnhof.
 New construction of the Rosensteintunnel between Hauptbahnhof and Mittnachtstraße
 New construction of the railway bridge over the Neckar river

These new construction and expansion plans would make the length of the Verbindungsbahn tunnel about 11 kilometres, and it would again become the longest railway tunnel in Germany.

References

  (out-of-print)

Transport in Baden-Württemberg
Transport in Stuttgart
Underground commuter rail
Railway lines opened in 1978
1978 establishments in West Germany
Stuttgart S-Bahn


Escamp () is a district of The Hague, Netherlands, built largely after the Second World War, on the 15th century Eskamppolders. With the addition of the Vinex neighbourhood Wateringse Veld, Escamp is the most populous district of the city; as of January 2013, it had 118,483 inhabitants. The district features one railway station: Den Haag Moerwijk.

Escamp consists of the following neighbourhoods:
 Bouwlust & Vrederust
 Leyenburg
 Moerwijk & Zuiderpark
 Morgenstond
 Rustenburg & Oostbroek
 Wateringse Veld

References

Boroughs of The Hague


Laemodonta siamensis is a species of small air-breathing saltmarsh snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Ellobiidae.

Distribution
The distribution of Laemodonta siamensis includes:
 Japan. It is critically endangered and endangered (CR＋EN) in Japan.
 Thailand
 Philippines

References

 Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J.-C., 2008 Mangrove environments and molluscs, Abatan river, Bohol and Panglao islands, central Philippines,, p. 1–160, 38 pls

External links

Ellobiidae
Gastropods described in 1875


Susan McKelvie (born 15 June 1985) is a Scottish hammer thrower from Edinburgh. She is currently ranked first in Scotland, and throws for Edinburgh Athletic Club, Scotland and Great Britain. She represented her country at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Currently a PE teacher, she is training with Alan Bertram. Her personal best throw is , set in Birmingham on 20 August 2011.

References

1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Scottish female hammer throwers
Commonwealth Games competitors for Scotland
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


M for Montreal (M pour Montréal) is an annual 4-day music event produced by Avalanche Prod, which is held in various venues in Montréal, Québec. It usually takes place in the third weekend of November.

Description
M for Montreal is an independent organization whose mission is to help artists launch their career and/or export their music outside Québec and Canada. It was founded in 2006 by Sebastien Nasra and British festival programmer Martin Elbourne. The festival is divided in two parts: a conference including panels and workshops, and a festival, which showcases close to 100 bands annually. From music buyers to journalists, more than 200 international delegates attend M for Montreal.

Over the years, M for Montreal became a marquee event in Montreal’s cultural scene, as well as a catalyst for the local industry. Past notable acts include: Mac DeMarco, Grimes, Patrick Watson, Half Moon Run, Of Monsters and Men, Coeur de Pirate, Blue Hawaii, M83, The Stills, Pierre Lapointe, Foxtrott, A Tribe Called Red, and many more.

M on the Road
To fulfil its mission, M for Montreal also produces events at South by Southwest (SXSW), The Great Escape Festival, CMJ Music Marathon, Canadian Music Week (CMW), North by Northeast (NXNE), Iceland Airwaves and Festival Les Inrocks in Paris. Additionally, M programs events throughout the year in Montreal, partnering with organizations such as OUMF and Quartier des Spectacles. The festival has also worked with Planète Québec and Québec in Hollywood on events taking place in the United-States.

Lineup

2006 Edition
Patrick Watson, The Besnard Lakes, Galaxie 500, Killa-Jewel, The Lovely Feathers, The Mission District, Taïma

2007 Edition
Chocolat, Plants and Animals, We Are Wolves, Priestess, Torngat, Bloodshot Bill, Les Breastfeeders, Numéro#, Patrick Krief, Shapes and Sizes, Hot Springs, Karkwa, Elsiane, The Stills, Creature, Thunderheist

2008 Edition
Coeur de Pirate, Karkwa, We Are Wolves, Pierre Lapointe, Arkells, Radio Radio, Jon Lajoie, Les Dales Hawerchuk, Sweet Thing, The National Parcs, Duchess Says, Lioness, Pas Chic Chic, Chinatown, Wintergloves, Beast, Woodhands, Claas, Colin Munroe, Red Mass, Gatineau

2009 Edition
Marie-Pierre Arthur, Malajube, Fucked Up, Final Flash, The Luyas, Miracle Fortress, The Rural Alberta Advantage, You Say Party! We Say Die!, Think About Life, Mark Berube and The Few, Elisapie Isaac, Two Hours Traffic, Silly Kissers, DD/MM/YYYY, Parlovr, Silver Starling, Le Matos, Automelodi, La patère rose, Géraldine, Orange Orange, Xavier Caféïne, Misstress Barbara, Melissa Auf Der Maur,  Champion et ses G-Strings

2010 Edition
The Barr Brothers, Alex Nevsky, Misteur Valaire, Elephant Stone, Marco Calliari, Jason Bajada, PS. I Love You, Black Feelings, AIDS Wolf, Molly Rankin, METZ, Valleys, Suuns, Random Recipe, Courtney Wing, Ladies Of The Canyon, Ensemble, Leif Vollebekk, Yann Perreault, Les Surveillantes, La Patère Rose, Geneviève Toupin, Monogrenade, Jesuslesfilles, Damien Robitaille, The Dears, Pascale Picard Band, Priestess, POIRIER

2011 Edition
Karkwa, Bran Van 3000, Ariane Moffatt, Misteur Valaire, Random Recipe, Duchesse Says, Active Child, Galaxie, M83, Alfa Rococo, The Barr Brothers, Jimmy Hunt, Alexandre Désilets, The Midway State, Bobby Bazini, Plaster, Fanny Bloom, Karim Ouellet, Marie-Pierre Arthur, Peter Peter, Alaclair Ensemble, Hollerado, Parlovr, Cadence Weapon, Creature Claass, Young Empires, Ben Wilkins, D’eon, Prince Club, Half Moon Run, Uncle Bad Touch, Passwords, Trigger Effect, Adam and Amethusts, Absolutely Free, Barn Burner, Doldrums, Tonstartssbandht, For A Minor Reflection, Of Monsters and Men, Buddy McNeil & The Magic Mirrors, Canailles, Daniel Isaiah, Elephant Stone, Anoraak, Thus :Owls, I.No, Ed Wood Jr. Lena Deluxe, Concrete Knives, Lack Of Sleep, Leafer, Marième, Qualité Motel, Ango, Foxtrott

2012 Edition
Les Trois Accords, Plants and Animals, SoCalled, Death Grips, Of Monsters and Men, Bran Van 3000, The Mistress Barbara Band, Koriass, Half Moon Run, Suuns, MemoryHouse, Eight and a Half, Esmerine, A Place To Bury Strangers, Sun Airway, Yamantaka // Sonic Titan, Mac DeMarco, Cadence Weapon, Mykki Blanco, Philippe B, David Giguère, Elisapie, Plaster, Danger, Le Matos, Paper Diamond, Duchesse Says, Sóley, Webster, Loud Lary Ajust, Leif Vollebekk, Whitehorse, Young Galaxy, Man Forever, Odonis Odonis, Folly and the Hunter, Maïa Leia, Ian Kelly, Kandle, No Joy, PS I Love You, Ain’t No Love, Alexandre Désilets, Bleeding Rainbow, Cousins...

2013 Edition
Misteur Valaire, Mac DeMarco, Gros Méné, Thundercat, Kandle, Born Ruffians, Laura Mvula, Dusted, Groenland, Damien Robitaille, A Wilhelm Scream, Forêt, Dead Obies, Ponctuation, Black Atlass, Seoul, Young Galaxy, Duchess Says, We Are Wolves, A Tribe Called Red, Pawa Up First, Tommy Kruise, Majical Cloudz, Yamantaka // Sonic Titan, Murray Lightburn, Grand Analog, Foxtrott, The Lemming Ways, Technical Kidman, Odonis Odonis, Solar Year, The Damn Truth, Amelia Curran, Mark Berube, Elliot Maginot, Miracles, Random Recipe, Paul Langlois, The Beaches, M for Meral, Thus:Owls, Tops, Deluxe, Clément Jacques, Lakes of Canada, Les Jupes, Mardi Noir...

2014 Edition
Adrian Underhill, Antoine 93, Alex Calder, APigeon, A L L I E, Around Joshua, BadBadNotGood, Bernhari, Beat Cops, Betty Bonifassi, Beat Market, Blood & Glass, Ben UFO, Bonvivant, Caravane, Canaille, Choses Sauvages, Christ, Cri, Close Talker, CTZNSHP, Dakhabrakha, Cocobeurre, Dave Luxe, Country, Dawn of Midi, Dead Messenger, Diamond Bones, Dead Obies, Doomsquad, Dear Criminals, Dot, Les Deuxluxes, Dramatik, Each Other, Elephant Stone, Eagle Tears, Elliot Maginot, El Napoleon, Eternal Husbands, Eman x Vloopers, Fanny Bloom, Emilie & Odgen, Fallstaf, Essaie pas, ¡FLIST!, Foreign Diplomats, Gazelle Twin, Grimskunk, Gulfer, Half Truth, GyPSy kuMBIA ORChESTRA, Heat, High Ends, Holy Data, Holy Family, Hua Li, Home Shake, How Sad, James Irwin, JJanice+, Jack Name, Joy Orbison, July Talk, Kandle and the Krooks, Katie Moore, Klô Pelgag , L.A. Foster, Le Couleur, Le Trouble, Lemon Bucket Orchestra, Les Sins, Les Zerreurs, Light Fires, Lisa Leblanc, Little Scream, Lydia Ainsworth, Loud Lary Ajust, M-City Solo, Martin Lizotte, Mehdi Cayenne Club, Melt MTL, Milk & Bone, Mise en scène, Moon King, Mozart’s Sister, Narrative Crows, New Swears, Nils Frahm, Ohara, Operators, Pat Jordache, PyPy, Quintron And Miss Pussycat, Receivers, R.E.K.S, Ryan Playground, Sandveiss, Sean Nicholas, Savage, Secret Secret Girl, Secret Sun, Seoul, Slaves on Dope, Slow Down Molasses, Syngja, Syzzors, Technical Kidman, Teenanger, Tei Shi, Thee Oh Sees, The Blind Shake, The Celestics, The Damn Truth, The Dying Arts (band), The Franklin Electric, The Group Sound, The In and Outs, The Lovely Feathers, The Loodies, The Motor League, The Muscadettes, The OBGMs, The Posterz, Tommy Kruise, Unbeing, USA Out of Vietnam, UUBBUURRUU Vesuvio Solo, VioleTT Pi, Wake Island, Weaves, Wrekmeister Harmonies, Yes We Mystics

Accolades
Rencontrer la bonne personne au bon moment, dit l'adage. À M pour Montréal, il y a beaucoup de «bonnes personnes» à rencontrer. – Émilie Côté,  La Presse

The festival, although small and packed over a few short days, seemed to offer a genuine taste of what the music scene in Montreal is like.   – Noisey (Vice)

(...) it's a quirky, off-kilter little festival that's grown quite a bit in recent years. – Noisey (Vice)

The beauty of M for Montreal isn’t that they try to reinvent the festival, but that they streamline it and find efficiencies wherever possible. In its ninth year, the festival excels at presenting music fans with an endless stream of concerts that have all been programmed to be as accessible as possible.   –  Noisey (Vice)

A sprawling fusion of language, culture, style and taste, Montreal is – culturally and politically – one of Canada’s most important cities. / Held in venues across the historic port, M For Montreal is every bit as varied as the city itself. Clash is busy exploring a labyrinthine complex of venues, turning up a few surprises in the process.   – Robyn Murray, CLASH

Plus qu’un festival de musique traditionnel, M pour Montréal est une créature hybride qui étend ses tentacules dans divers quartiers de la ville pour dévoiler un best of de la scène musicale canadienne, en anglais et en français.  – Marie-Hélène Mello, RFI Musique

What the festival showed more than anything was a country’s music scene in rude health (...). There’s a lot going on here, spanning genres often not associated with the city.  – Luke Holland, The Guardian

La deuxième ville du Canada domine la scène musicale mondiale grâce à une activité et une diversité déconcertante. L’effet de mode est passé, l’incroyable vitalité culturelle de la ville perdure. Années après années, tendances après tendances, Montréal continue à distribuer des dizaines d’excitations, incarnées par autant de nouveaux groupes qu’il y a de salles sur le boulevard Saint-Laurent.  – Azzedine Fall, Les Inrocks

C’est dans ce contexte ultraconcurrentiel que M pour Montréal, pourtant arrivé après bien d’autres, est parvenu à se tailler une réputation des plus flatteuses, au beau milieu d’autres concentrations musicales majeures.  – Gilles Renault, Libération

References

External links
 M for Montreal
 M on Facebook
 M on Twitter
 M on Instagram

Music festivals in Montreal
Music conferences
Cultural conferences


Pak Chang-ok (, 1896–1960) was a North Korean official and was a leader of the Soviet Korean faction of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), with members being mainly ethnic Koreans born in Soviet Union, after the suicide of their first leader, Ho Ka-i.

Pak was a member of the Central Committee of the WPK, and the Chairman of the State Planning Commission. He was appointed Vice-Premier of North Korea in March 1954.

Pak formed an alliance Choe Chang-ik and the Yanan Korean faction of the party to criticize Kim Il Sung in 1956, but was expelled following Kim's return from the Soviet Union. Pak died in 1960.

References

Works cited

1960 deaths
Date of birth missing
Date of death missing
Vice Chairmen of the Workers' Party of Korea and its predecessors
Members of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly
People from North Hamgyong Province
People from Onsong County


The Coimbatore Diocese is one of the 24 dioceses of the Anglican Church of South India (CSI).

Office Bearers of the Diocese
President = Rt.Rev. Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep

Vice President = Rev. Jacob Livingston

Hon Secretary = Rev. Prince Calvin

Hon Treasurer = Mr. Amirtham (A-1 )

History of the Diocese
Antony Watson Brough (1861-1936), a missionary who came to Coimbatore from Australia in 1894, has played a major role in the history of the Diocese, served at Coimbatore for two years, moved to Erode in 1897 and established a hospital in Erode, particularly to look after the health needs of Muslim women. Though the hospital is now called CSI Hospital, it is popularly known as Gosh Hospital. It is next to the church, named in his memory, on Brough Road. He also set up one more hospital in Chennimalai, in memory of his son, who died on the battlefront during World War I. In all, Brough established 94 schools in and around Erode and two hospitals.

The diocese was formed at Brough Memorial Church, Erode, on 27 September 1950.

About the Diocese
CSI Coimbatore Diocese is the largest in terms of area, covering the Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Namakkal, Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri.

The diocese has 105 pastorates, 112 pastors and a membership of 150,000.

Bishops of Coimbatore CSI Diocese
 Aiyadurai Jesudasen Appasamy (1950-1959)
 S J Samuel
 Jeevaanandam Thangamuthu
 William Moses
 Manickam Dorai (2000-2010)
 Timothy Ravinder Dev Pradeep (2013– ...)

Cathedral and other major CSI churches in the diocese

Coimbatore

CSI Immanuel Church, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore
CSI Immanuel church is the cathedral church of the diocese. The church is one among the oldest churches in Coimbatore  built in the year of 1830. The church is located in Avinashi road at Gopalapuram. The church underwent a major renovation work in the year 2006.

All Soul's Church, Race Course, Gopalapuram, Coimbatore
Between 1863 and 1869, 8.5 acres were acquired from Anga Naicken and Rangaswamy Gounder in Race Course, at a total cost of Rs. 1488. Prison Superintendent James Grimes and Survey Superintendent Colonel Hessey supervised the construction which began in 1866. In less than Rs. 20,000, All Souls' was built and furnished. The All Soul's Church was consecrated for worship on 27 January 1872 by Gell and Henry Pope was the first resident Chaplin. The church is a successor of the seventeenth century All Souls' Anglican Chapel.

Cruciform shaped chancels accommodate the choir on side and the congregation on the other. The chancels have a low wooden roof, double sided gabled entrances supported by a single column and two pointed arches. The arch openings lead to a 12 feet wide hall culminating in the raised sanctuary. A king post truss supports the steep tiled timber rafter roof. The roof has an intricate woodwork with the lower beams of the truss ending in cross shapes. The walls are of Ashlar masonry and the windows are made of exquisite stained glass. A porch was added at the western end in 1902, in memory of King Edward VII.

CSI Christ Church, Coimbatore
The foundation was laid on 15 October 1898 by Frederick Gell, Bishop of Madras and the church was dedicated on 11 June 1910. The church was extended in the year 1970.
Christ Church, Coimbatore

Nilgiris
St. Stephen's Church, Ooty
St. Stephen's Church is located on the road to Mysore in Ooty and it is one of the oldest churches in the Nilgiris district.
Wesley Church, Coonoor
 C.S.I WEesley Church Hulical Pastorate, Glendale Estate, CoonoorSalemChrist Church, SalemChrist Church is located on Fort Road, near the District Collectorate, in the heart of Salem City, Tamil Nadu, India. The church has been serving the community for the last 140 years, since its consecration in 1875. The church services at Christ Church are conducted both in English and Tamil. The church was designed by architect Robert Fellowes Chisholm, who was a pioneer of the Indo-Saracenic architecture, and also designed the Senate House buildings of the University of Madras and the Madras Presidency CollegeC.S.I. Nathaniel Memorial Church, Sankagiri, SalemOthersCSI Brough Memorial Church, Erode'''
The construction of the church started in 1930 and it was completed in the year 1933 by Antony Watson Brough. The church was dedicated in 1933 by Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah. Built with lime mortar with egg and the stones were brought from Karur, it is constructed in the Indo-Saracenic style architecture.
 CSI St. Johns Church, at Kosavampalayam Road, Palladam
 CSI Yesu Ratchagar Church, Kangayam
 C.S.I Christ Church, Krishnagiri
 CSI Christ Church Mettur Main road Bhavani
 It is one of the main churches established by the London mission.once it belonged to the SIUC.

Educational institutions in the Diocese
Arts & Science Colleges
Bishop Appasamy College of Arts and Science
Bishop Appasamy College of Education
Engineering College
CSI College of Engineering, Ketti
Polytechnic College
CSI Polytechnic College, Salem
Technical College
CSI Technical and Vocational Training College for Women, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore
Teacher Training Institute
CSI Teacher Training Institute for Women, Hasthampatti, Salem
Primary and secondary education
Nursery schools -13
Primary and middle schools -69
High schools -5
Higher secondary Schools -10
Matriculation schools-3
Matriculation higher secondary schools
CSI Boys Higher Secondary School (Formerly Known as London Mission High School & Union High School), Coimbatore
CSI Girls Higher Secondary School, Coimbatore
CSI CMM Higher Secondary School, Ooty
Kindergarten teacher training
Kindergarten Teacher Training Institute, Gopalapuram, Coimbatore

Medical institutions in the Diocese
 Hospitals
CSI Kosha Hospital, Erode.
Herbert Brough Memorial Hospital, Chennimalai.

 School of Nursing
CSI School of Nursing, Erode.

See also
Anglican
 Church of South India
 Trichy-Tanjore Diocese
 Tirunelveli Diocese
 Madurai-Ramnad Diocese
 Diocese of Madras
General and other denominations
 Christianity in Tamil Nadu
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbatore
 Christianity in India

References

External links

CSI Christ Church Coimbatore
CSI Synod
CSI Teacher Training Institute for Women

1950 establishments in Madras State
Coimbatore
Christianity in Tamil Nadu
Coimbatore
Coimbatore district
Dharmapuri district
Erode district
Krishnagiri district
Namakkal district
Nilgiris district
Christian organizations established in 1950
Salem district