Online participation is used to describe the interaction between users and online communities on the web. Online communities often involve members to provide content to the website and/or contribute in some way. Examples of such include wikis, blogs, online multiplayer games, and other types of social platforms. Online participation is currently a heavily researched field. It provides insight into fields such as web design, online marketing, crowdsourcing, and many areas of psychology. Some subcategories that fall under online participation are: commitment to online communities, coordination & interaction, and member recruitment.

Knowledge sharing infrastructures
Some key examples of online knowledge sharing infrastructures include the following:
Wikipedia: An online, publicly editable encyclopedia with hundreds of thousands of editors
Slashdot: A popular technology-related forum, with articles and comments from readers. Slashdot subculture has become well known in Internet circles. Users accumulate a "karma score" and volunteer moderators are selected from those with high scores.
Usenet: Established in 1980 as a "distributed Internet discussion system", it became the first medium for Internet communities. Volunteer moderators and votetakers contribute to the community.
 Etc. (the Web 2.0 is also referred to as the "writable web" for indicating that many people participate to the creation of its content)

In the past important online knowledge sharing infrastructures included:
AOL: The largest of the online service providers, with chat rooms which for years were voluntarily moderated by community leaders. Rooms and most message boards are no longer moderated, however.
The WELL: A pioneering online community established in 1985. The WELL's culture has been the subject of several books and articles. Many users voluntarily contribute to community building and maintenance (e.g., as conference hosts).

Motivations

Many online communities (e.g. Blogs, Chat rooms, Electronic mailing lists, Internet forums, Imageboards, Wikis), are not only knowledge-sharing resources but also fads. Studies have shown that committed members of online communities have reasons to remain active. As long as members feel the need to contribute, there is a mutual dependence between the community and the member.

Although many researchers have come up with several motivational factors behind online contribution, these theories can all be categorized under instrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Intrinsic motivation refers to an action that is driven by personal interests and internal emotions in the task itself while extrinsic motivation refers to an action that is influenced by external factors, often for a certain outcome, reward or recognition. The two types of motivation contradict each other but often go hand-in-hand in cases where continual contribution is observed.

Several motivational factors lead people to continue their participation to these online communities and remain loyal. Peter Kollock researched motivations for contributing to online communities. Kollock (1999, p. 227) outlines three motivations that do not rely on altruistic behavior on the part of the contributor: anticipated reciprocity; increased recognition; and sense of efficacy. Another motivation, in which Marc Smith mentions in his 1992 thesis Voices from the WELL: The Logic of the Virtual Commons is "Communion"—a "sense of community" as it is referred to in social psychology. In a simple sentence we can say it is made by people for the people.

Anticipated reciprocity
A person is motivated to contribute valuable information to the group in the expectation that one will receive useful help and information in return. Indeed, there is evidence that active participants in online communities get more responses faster to questions than unknown participants. The higher the expectation of reciprocity, the greater the chance of there being high knowledge contribution intent in an online community. Reciprocity represents a sense of fairness where individuals usually reciprocate the positive feedback they receive from others so that they can in return get more useful knowledge from others in the future.

Research has shown that self esteem needs of recognition from others lead to expectations of reciprocity. Self-esteem plays such an important role in the need for reciprocity because contributing to online communities can be an ego booster for many types of users. The more positive feedback contributors get from other members of their community, the closer they may feel to being considered an expert in the knowledge they are sharing. Because of this, contributing to online communities can lead to a sense of self-value and respect, based on the level of positive feedback reciprocated from the community In addition, there is evidence that active participants in online communities get more responses faster to questions than unknown participants.

A study on the participation in eBay's reputation system demonstrated that the expectation of reciprocal behavior from partners increases participation from self-interested eBay buyers and sellers. Standard economic theory predicts that people are not inclined to contribute voluntarily to the provision of such public goods but, rather, they tend to free ride on the contributions of others. Nevertheless, empirical results from eBay show that buyers submit ratings to more than 50% of transactions. The main takeaways from their conclusion were that they found that experienced users tend to rate more frequently, and motivation for leaving comments is not strongly motivated by pure altruism targeted towards the specific transaction partner, but from self-interest and reciprocity to "warm glow" feeling of contribution.

Some theories support altruism as being a key motivator in online participation and reciprocity. Although evidence from sociology, economics, political science, and social psychology shows that altruism is part of human nature, recent research reveals that the pure
altruism model lacks predictive power in many situations. Several authors have proposed
combining a "joy-of-giving" (sometimes also referred to as "warm glow") motive with altruism to
create a model of impure altruism. Different from altruism, reciprocity represents a pattern of behavior where people respond to friendly or hostile actions with similar actions even if no material gains are expected.

Voluntary participation in online feedback mechanisms seems to be largely motivated by self-interest. Because their reputation is on the line, the eBay study showed that some partners using eBay's feedback mechanism had selfish motivations to rate others. For example, data showed that some eBay users exhibited reciprocity towards partners who rated them first. This caused them to only rate partners with hopes the increase the probability of eliciting a reciprocal response.

Recognition

Recognition is important to online contributors such that, in general, individuals want recognition for their contributions. Some have called this Egoboo. Kollock outlines the importance of reputation online: " in his discussion of the WELL (an early online community) lists the desire for prestige as one of the key motivations of individuals' contributions to the group. To the extent this is the concern of an individual, contributions will likely be increased to the degree that the contribution is visible to the community as a whole and to the extent there is some recognition of the person's contributions. ... the powerful effects of seemingly trivial markers of recognition (e.g. being designated as an 'official helper') has been commented on in a number of online communities..."

One of the key ingredients of encouraging a reputation is to allow contributors to be known or not to be anonymous. The following example, from  study of the computer underground illustrates the power of reputation. When involved in illegal activities, computer hackers must protect their personal identities with pseudonyms. If hackers use the same nicknames repeatedly, this can help the authorities to trace them. Nevertheless, hackers are reluctant to change their pseudonyms regularly because the status and fame associated with a particular nickname would be lost.

On the importance of online identity: Profiles and reputation are clearly evident in online communities today. Amazon.com is a case in point, as all contributors are allowed to create profiles about themselves and as their contributions are measured by the community, their reputation increases. Myspace.com encourages elaborate profiles for members where they can share all kinds of information about themselves including what music they like, their heroes, etc. Displaying photos and information about individual members and their recent activities on social networking websites can promote bonds-based commitment. Because social interaction is the primary basis for building and maintaining social bonds, we can gain appreciation for other users once we interact with them. This appreciation turns into increased recognition for the contributors, which would in turn give them the incentive to contribute more.

In addition to this, many communities give incentives for contributing. For example, many forums award Members points for posting. Members can spend these points in a virtual store. eBay is an example of an online marketplace where reputation is very important because it is used to measure the trustworthiness of someone you potentially will do business with. This type of community is known as a reputation system, which is a type of collaborative filtering algorithm which attempts to collect, distribute, and aggregate ratings about all users' past behavior within an online community in an effort to strike a balance between the democratic principles of open publishing and maintaining standards of quality. These systems, like eBay's, promote the idea of trust that relates to expectations of reciprocity which can help increase the sense of reputation for each member. With eBay, you have the opportunity to rate your experience with someone and they, likewise, can rate you. This has an effect on the reputation score.
The participants may therefore be encouraged to manage their online identity in order to make a good impression on the other members of the community.

Other successful online communities have reputation systems that do not exactly provide any concrete incentive. For example, Reddit is an online social content-aggregation community which serves as a "front page of the Internet" and allows its users to submit content (e.g. text, photos, links, news-articles, blog-posts, music or videos) under sometimes ambiguous usernames. It features a reputation system by which users can rate the quality of submissions and comments. The total votecount of a users' submissions are not of any practical value—however when users feel that their content is generally appreciated by the rest of the Reddit-community (or its sub-communities called "subreddits") they may be motivated to contribute more.

Sense of efficacy
Individuals may contribute valuable information because the act results in a sense of efficacy, that is, a sense that they are capable of achieving their desired outcome and have some effect on this environment. There is well-developed research literature that has shown how important a person's sense of efficacy is (e.g. Bandura 1995). Studies have shown that increasing the user's sense of efficacy boosts their intrinsic motivation and therefore makes them more likely to stay in an online community. According to Wang and Fesenmaier's research, efficacy is the biggest factor in affecting active contribution online. Of the many sub-factors, it was discovered that "satisfying other members' needs" is the biggest reason behind the increase of efficacy in a member followed by "being helpful to others" (Wang and Fesenmaier). Features such as the task progress bars and an attempt to reduce some difficulty of completing a general task can easily enhance the feeling of self-worth in the community. "Creating immersive experiences with clear goals, feedback and challenge that exercise peoples' skills to the limits but still leave them in control causes the experiences to be intrinsically interesting. Positive but constructive and sincere feedbacks also produce similar effects and increase motivation to complete more tasks. A competitive setting—which may or may not have been intended to be competitive can also increase a person's self-esteem if quality performance is assumed" (Kraut 2012)).

Sense of community
People, in general, are social beings and are motivated by receiving direct responses to their contributions. Most online communities enable this by allowing people to reply back to others' contributions (e.g. many Blogs allow comments from readers, one can reply back to forum posts, etc.). Granted, there is some overlap between improving one's reputation and gaining a sense of community, and it seems safe to say that there are also some overlapping areas between all four motivators.

While some people are active contributors to online discussion, others join virtual communities and do not actively participate, a concept referred to as lurking . There are several reasons why people choose not to participate online. For instance, users may get the information they wanted without actively participating, think they are helpful by not posting, want to learn more about the community before becoming an active member, be unable to use the software provided, or dislike the dynamics they observe within the group . When online communities have lurking members, the amount of participation within the group decreases and the sense of community for these lurking members also diminishes. Online participation increases the sense of community for all members, as well as gives them a motivation to continue participating.

Other problems regarding a sense of community arise when the online community attempts to attract and retain newcomers. These problems include difficulty of recruiting newcomers, making them stay committed early on, and controlling their possible inappropriate behavior. If an online community is able to solve these problems with their newcomers, then they can increase the sense of community within the entire group. A sense of community is also heightened in online communities when each person has a willingness to participate due to intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Findings also show that newcomers may be unaware that an online social networking website even has a community. As these users build their own profiles and get used to the culture of the group over time, they eventually self-identify with the community and develop a sense of belonging to the community.

Self-expression

Another motivation for participance may also come from self-expression by what is being shared in or created for online communities.

Self-discovery

Self-discovery may be another motivation as many online-communities allow for feedback on personal beliefs, artistic creations, ideas and the like which may provide grounds to develop new perspectives on the self.

Personal influence

Depending on the online-platform content being shared on them can be perceived by millions around the world which gives participants a certain influence which can serve as a motivation for participation. Additionally high participation may provide a user with special rights within a community (such as modship) which can be inbuilt into the technical platform, be granted by the community (e.g. via voting) or certain users.

Purposive value

Online-participation may be motivated by an instrumental purpose such as providing specific information.

Enjoyment

The entertainment of playing or otherwise interacting with other users may be a major motivation for participants in certain communities.

Motivations towards Facebook use
Users of social networks have various reasons that motivate them to join particular networks. In general "communication technologies open up new pathways between individuals who would not otherwise connect". The ability to have synchronous communication arrived with the development of online social networks. Facebook is one example of an online social network that people choose to openly participate in. Although there are a number of different social networking platforms available, there exists a large community of people who choose to actively engage on Facebook. Although Facebook is commonly known as a method of communication, there are a variety of reasons why users prefer to use Facebook, over other platforms, as their social networking platform. For some users, interactivity between themselves and other user is a matter of fidelity.

Facebook as a community
For many, it is important to maintain a sense of community. Through participation on online social networks it becomes easier for users to find and communicate with people within their community. Facebook often has friend recommendations based on the geography of the user. This allows users to quickly connect with people in their area whom they may not see often, and stay in contact with them. For students, Facebook is an effective network to participate in when building and maintaining social capital. By adding family, friends, acquaintances, and colleagues who use the network, students can expand their social capital. The online connections they make can later prove to be of benefit later on. Due to the competitive nature of the job market "[i]t is particularly important for university students to build social capital with the industry". Since Facebook has a large number of active users it is easier for students to find out about opportunities relating to jobs through their friends online.

Features
Facebook's interface allows users to share content, such as status updates, photos, links, and keep in contact with people they may not be able to see on a day-to-day basis. The messenger application allows friends to have conversations privately from their other friends. Users can also create groups and events through Facebook in order to share information with specific people on the network. "Facebook encourages users to engage in self-promoting". Facebook allows users to engage in self-promotion in a positive way; it allows friends to like and/or comment on posts and statuses.
Facebook users are also able to "follow" people whom they may not be friends with, such as public figures, companies, or celebrities. This allows users to keep up to date with things that interest them like music, sports, and promotions from their favorite companies, and share them with their Facebook friends.

Individualized experience
Aside from features such as email, the photo album, and status updates, Facebook provides various additional features which help to individualize each users experience. Some social networks have a specific interface that users cannot individualize to their specific interests, Facebook allows users to control certain preferences. Users can use "add-in functions (e.g., virtual pets, online games, the wall, virtual gifts) that facilitate users to customize their own interface on Facebook".

Psychology
Studies have found that the nature and the level of participation in online social networking sites have been directly correlated with the personality of the participants. The Department of Psychology in the University of Windsor site their findings regarding this correlation in the articles "Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use" and "The Influence of Shyness on the Use of Facebook in an Undergraduate Sample". The articles state that people who have high levels of anxiety, stress, or shyness are more likely to favor socializing through the Internet than in-person socialization. The reason for this is because they are able to communicate with others without being face-to-face, and mediums such as chat rooms give a sense of anonymity which make them feel more comfortable when participating in discussions with others.

Studies also show that in order to increase online participation, the contributors must feel unique, useful, and be given challenging and specific goals. These findings fall in line with the social psychology theories of social loafing and goal setting. Social loafing claims that when people are involved in a group setting, they tend to not contribute as much and depend on the work of others. Goal setting is the theory stating that people will work harder if given a specific goal rather than a broad or general problem. However, other social psychology theories have been disproven to help with online participation. For instance, one study found that users will contribute more to an online group project than an individual one. Additionally, although users enjoy when their contributions are unique, they want a sense of similarity within the online community. Finding similarities with other members of a community encourage new users to participate more and become more active within the community. So, new users must be able to find and recognize similar users already participating in the community. Also, the online community must give a method of analyzing and quantifying the contribution made by any user to visualize their contributions to users and help convince them that they are unique and useful. However, these and other psychological motivations behind online participation are still being researched today.

Sociology
Research has shown that social characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, gender, and age affect users' propensity to participate online. Following sociological research on the digital divide, newer studies indicate a participation divide in the United States  and the United Kingdom . Age is the strongest demographic predictor of online participation, while gender differentiates forms of online participation. The effect of socioeconomic status is not found to be strong in all studies  and (partly) mediated through online skills  and self-efficacy. Furthermore, existing social science research on online participation has heavily focused on the political sphere, neglecting other areas, such as education, health or cultural participation .

Participation in the social web

Online participation is relevant in different systems of the social web such as:
 Blogging
 Micro-blogging
 Online dating services
 Social bookmarking
 Social network services
 Virtual worlds
 Wiki

Nielsen's 90-9-1% rule: "In most online communities, 90% of users are lurkers who never contribute, 9% of users contribute a little, and 1% of users account for almost all the action".
It is interesting to point out that the majority of the user population is in fact not contributing to the informational gain of online communities, which leads to the phenomenon of contribution inequality. Often, feedbacks, opinions and editorials are posted from those users who have stronger feelings towards the matter than most others; thus it is often the case that some posts online are not in fact representative of the entire population leading to what is called the Survivorship bias. Therefore, it is important to ease the process of contribution as well as to promote quality contribution to address this concern.

Lior Zalmanson and Gal Oestreicher-Singer showed that participation in the social websites can help boost subscription and conversion rates in these websites.

See also

 Collective intelligence
 Cyberpsychology
 e-participation
 Knowledge ecosystem
 Legitimate peripheral participation (in Community of practice)
 Motivations of Wikipedia contributors
 Motivations of open source programmers
 Social actions
 Social cognition
 Social exchange theory
 Social translucence
 Virtual community of practice

Notes

References

External links
 Community Equity Specification – Sun project which objective is to build a dynamic Social Value system by calculating the Contribution, Participation, Skills, and Reputation equity a person can gain by actively engaging in online communities.

Social psychology
Virtual communities
Motivation
Cyberpsychology


Tundra Books is the oldest children's book publisher in Canada.

Tundra Books was founded in 1967 by May Cutler, a Montreal-based writer and editor. Cutler established the publishing company in the basement of her home, becoming the first woman to publish children's books in Canada. The U.S. division of the company, Tundra Books of Northern New York, was founded in 1971.

One of Tundra Books' best-selling titles has been the 1980 short story, The Hockey Sweater, which was written by Roch Carrier, published by May Cutler, and illustrated by filmmaker Sheldon Cohen. After 28 years, Tundra Books was sold to McClelland & Stewart. In 1996, Tundra Books' headquarters moved to Toronto from its former home in Westmount, Quebec, a suburb of Montreal, and a new publisher, Kathy Lowinger, took over.

In the late 2000s, Tundra reissued many children's titles, including Mordecai Richler's Jacob Two-Two books, The Olden Days Coat by Margaret Laurence, Monica Hughes' Isis trilogy, and Veronica Tennant's On Stage, Please. On May 15, 2007, Tundra Books celebrated its 40th anniversary.

On June 24, 2009, Kathy Lowinger announced her retirement as publisher of Tundra Books. No new publisher was named; instead, Kathryn Cole was promoted to editorial director and Alison Morgan was promoted to managing director. Company founder May Cutler died in March 2011.

On January 19, 2017, for their 50th anniversary, Tundra revealed their new logo designed by Frank Viva at Viva and Co. as well as the May Cutler Emerging Artist of the Year.

References

External links

 Tundra Books website
 Archives of Tundra Books (Tundra Books fonds, R11822) are held at Library and Archives Canada

Book publishing companies of Canada
Companies based in Toronto
Children's book publishers


The 1982 World Championship Tennis Winter Finals was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 2nd edition of the World Championship Tennis Winter Finals and was part of the 1982 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was played in the Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan in the United States from January 24 to January 31, 1983.

Final

Singles

 Ivan Lendl defeated  Guillermo Vilas 7–5, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
 It was Lendl's 1st title of the year and the 35th of his career.

References

World Championship Tennis Winter Finals
WCT Finals
Tennis in Detroit
Sports competitions in Detroit
World Championship Tennis Winter Finals
World Championship Tennis Winter Finals
World Championship Tennis Winter Finals
Tennis tournaments in Michigan


Feature Show Falls is a waterfall on an unnamed tributary of the Boulder River in Washington, United States.  It is a segmented  drop that is about  wide at its base.  The falls drop directly into the Boulder River.

Feature Show Falls is often confused with Boulder Falls, which occurs on the river about 2/3 of a mile downstream from Feature Show Falls.  Most people come to Feature Show Falls and think it is Boulder Falls because Boulder Falls is marked on most maps and Feature Show is not.  Most of them don't realize when they come to this waterfall they have already passed Boulder Falls.  To see Boulder falls, one has to actually go off trail a ways before reaching Feature Show Falls and climb down to the river where the falls are.

See also
Boulder River Wilderness
Boulder River

References

Waterfalls of Snohomish County, Washington
Waterfalls of Washington (state)
Segmented waterfalls


KRBM (90.9 FM) is a radio station licensed to Pendleton, Oregon. The station is owned by Oregon Public Broadcasting, and airs OPBs news and talk programming, consisting of syndicated programming from NPR, APM and PRI, as well as locally produced offerings.

KRBM roots began when Blaine Hanks was recruited by Blue Mountain Community College in 1968 to start a 2-year radio broadcasting program. On April 18, 1970 KRBM (FM) signed on the air with broadcast students operating the station and Blaine Hanks as general manager. The calls letters stood for Radio Blue Mountain. The original power was 10 watts and was mono. The station only operated during the school year. Over the years, power was increased and by 1984 had a mono signal of 440 watts effected radiated power. The broadcast antenna was located above the station on Morrow Hall. It still only broadcast during the school year, Monday through Saturday from 12:00 PM to Midnight with a top 40 format. In 1981 the station developed a partnership with Oregon Public Broadcasting and began broadcasting OPB Monday through Friday from 10:00 am to 12:00 pm. At noon, the students would take over local broadcasts till midnight with a top 40 format. In 1984, OPB invested in the radio station with a new control board and transmitter exciter converting the station from a mono to stereo signal. In June 1987 OPB moved the KRBM transmitter from the college to Warren Hill and increased power to 25 kW, covering a large portion of Eastern Oregon. OPB programs also took over most of the schedule, leaving only Friday and Saturday evenings for local broadcasting for the students. The power increase led to a merger with OPB. By 1988, OPB assumed all of the programming and Blue Mountain Community College ended the broadcasting program. Blaine Hanks remained the general manager through the entire history at BMCC. The studios were eventually removed from the college and OPB partnered with KUMA to maintain the operations in Pendleton.

References

External links
opb.org

RBM (FM)
RBM
NPR member stations
Pendleton, Oregon


Billy Bates (1855–1900) was an English all-round cricketer.

Billy Bates may also refer to:

Billy Ray Bates (born 1956), American basketball player
Billy Bates (baseball) (born 1963),  American baseball player
Billy Bates (footballer) (1922–1997), English footballer

See also
William Bates (disambiguation)


The Sharon City School District is a small, urban, public school district serving the city of Sharon on the western edge of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

Description
Sharon City School District encompasses approximately . According to 2000 United States census data, it serves a resident population of 16,328. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $15,913, while the median family income was $34,581. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. By 2010, Sharon City School District's population declined to 14,028 people.

In school year 2022–23, the Sharon City School District provided basic educational services to 1,882 pupils through the employment of 164.20 full-time equivalent teachers.

Sharon City School District currently operates four schools:
Case Avenue Elementary School (grades K-6) built 1923, expanded 1950, renovated 1976 demolished 2011, rebuilt 2013
C.M. Musser Elementary School (grades K-6) built 1958, renovated and expanded 2000
West Hill Elementary School (grades K-6) built 1961, renovated and expanded 2000
Sharon Middle-High School (grades 7–12) built 1969, renovated 2003

Extracurriculars
Sharon City School District offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sports program.

Sports
The District funds:

Boys
Baseball - AA
Basketball- AAA
Cross Country - AA
Football - AA
Golf - AA
Soccer - AA
Swimming and Diving - AA
Tennis - AA
Track and Field - AA
Wrestling	- AA

Girls
Basketball - AA
Cross Country - AA
Soccer (Fall) - A
Softball - AA
Swimming and Diving - AA
Girls' Tennis - AA
Track and Field - AA
Volleyball - AA

Middle School Sports:

Boys
Basketball
cross Country
Football
Soccer
Track and Field
Wrestling

Girls
Basketball
Cross Country
Soccer
Track and Field
Volleyball

References

External links

School districts in Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Sharon, Pennsylvania


Bluebeard's Egg is a collection of short stories by Canadian author Margaret Atwood, first published in 1983. The book's first American edition was released in 1986 under the name Bluebeard's Egg and other stories.

Synopsis
In this collection, Atwood explores the politics of sex and heterosexual relationships, examining the emotions, betrayals, and casualties of such relationships. Four of the stories in the collection depart from this theme to instead present presumably autobiographic ruminations on the narrator's childhood influences. The majority of these stories are set in downtown Toronto.

Contents
The two stories omitted in the US 1986 edition were both included in the 1992 version of Dancing Girls
 "Significant Moments in the Life of My Mother"
 "Spring Song of the Frogs"
 "Hurricane Hazel" – This story explores the pain and uncertainty of adolescence; the narrator recalls her first love affair, at age 14, and how the conventions of the time might have trapped her into an unhappy marriage.
 "Scarlet Ibis" – While on vacation in the Caribbean, a family takes a day trip to Caroni Swamp to see the rare scarlet ibis. The story explores the motivations and effects of human engagement with nature.
 "Loulou;" or, "The Domestic Life of the Language" – This story explores the topic of a woman being exploited by men. Loulou is a successful potter who supports financially a number of poets including her ex-husband and former lovers. A fling with her accountant leads her to realize she enjoys being  a patroness of the arts, fully aware of her financial exploitation by the poets.
 "The Salt Garden" – The essence of this selection is the story of a married couple who are amiably separated, each with a new lover.
 "Uglypuss" – Joel, a 1960s-style left-wing radical, confronts the contradictions between his public and private life.
 "The Sin Eater" – missing from US 1986 edition.
 "Betty" – missing from US 1986 edition.
 "The Sunrise" – This work explores the experiences of a female painter who progresses from painting erect penises to painting men's faces, stalking men whose faces she wishes to paint. Disillusionment comes when one of these men expresses to her his view that women are properly the objects of violence.
 "Bluebeard's Egg"
 "Unearthing Suite" – Reviewer William French argues that this story can be read as autobiographical. As such, it suggests the beginnings of Atwood's writerly development occurred in her observations of the passing landscape during long car rides with her family.
 "Two Stories about Emma" (which includes "The Whirlpool Rapids" and "Walking on Water")
 "In Search of the Rattlesnake Plantain" – Before the 1986 US release, this story was published in Harper's Magazine (August, 1986).

References

1983 short story collections
Short story collections by Margaret Atwood
McClelland & Stewart books


GI=Go is the second album of the trio The Bootstrappers.

Track list
 Optimize My Hard Disk, Baby
 Command Z
 RTFM
 System Crash
 Garbage In, Garbage Out
 Zero Divide
 Heapfix
 Meat Companion
 8-Bit Living

Personnel
 Elliott Sharp: Guitar
 Thom Kotik: Bass
 Jan Jakub Kotík: Drums

External links

Bootstrappers (band) albums
1992 albums


Giuni Russo (born Giuseppa Romeo, 10 September 1951 – 14 September 2004) was an Italian singer who specialised in experimental music after a short successful stint as an art-pop singer in the early 1980s. With her five-octaves range, she could produce extremely high notes and experimental sounds. She sang in Italian, English, French, German, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian and Latin.

Biography
Giuni Russo was born in Palermo, Sicily, on 7 September 1951. Busy with several family matters (Giuni is the eighth of nine siblings) her father Pietro Romeo registered her three days later, on 10 September.

As a child, singing was more important to Russo than playing or studying. She was often asked to perform at school.
Her teacher offered her own desk to Giuni to be used as a stage, but Giuni was so shy she preferred to perform while hiding behind the classroom door.
Her first public appearance was on a small stage actors from the Politeama Theatre in Palermo.

Without her family's knowledge, Russo took singing lessons from Master Ettore Gaiezza, paying him with the money earned from her local shows.

At age 15, she sang at the Castrocaro festival, reaching the semifinal. The following year she won the festival by unanimous vote, singing "Hurt" by Timi Yuro and "A chi" by Fausto Leali. The following year she competed in the Sanremo Festival under the name of Giusy Romeo, singing "No amore".

She released two singles during 1968, "No amore" and "L'onda". After her participation at Un Disco per l'Estate, Cantagiro and Festivalbar with the song "L'onda", she recorded the cover version of "Smoke in your eyes" and the cover of "I Say A Little Prayer" of Aretha Franklin in 1969. That year, she moved to Milan to collaborate with musician and songwriter Maria Antonietta Sisini.

1970s
In the 1970s, Russo began with several participations as chorist for many artist's publications. In 1972 she sang in the choirs of Balletto di Bronzo's Ys.

In 1974 she signed a contract for the German label "BASF", which gave her the pseudonym of Junie Russo. The following year her first LP, Love is a woman (sung in English) was released. In this period she also collaborated with Sisini as songwriter for other authors. Meanwhile, many singles were published such as "Everything is gonna be alright", a cover by PP Arnold. The last single recorded as Junie Russo, "Mai", was released in 1976 for the Durium.

In the meantime, Giuni and Maria Antonietta were appreciated as music composers for other artist's songs.

In 1978, she was renamed Giuni Russo and recorded a single for WEA (Italian arm of Warner Music Group), "Soli noi" (it), which became a surprise hit in France, leading to the French branch of RCA to offer her a recording contract, an offer she turned down when she decided to remain in Italy.

1980s
In 1979 she met the Sicilian singer-songwriter Franco Battiato, who produced her second LP, entitled Energie for the label CGD, released in 1981, containing the work of musicians such as Sisini, Franco Battiato, Giusto Pio, Alberto Radius and others.

In 1982 Giuni reached the peak of her popularity with the hit "Un'estate al mare", which went Gold Disc. She participated in the "Festivalbar", "Vota la voce", and many other events and broadcasts singing.

In 1983 she released the LP Vox, followed by her last work for that label LP Mediterranea (1984).

After divergences with the label's producer, Caterina Caselli, who wanted more commercial works, in 1986 she moved to label Ricordi, for which she released the LPs Giuni (1986), ALBUM (1987) and the more experimental A casa di Ida Rubinstein (1988), which featured influences of classical music.

Giuni and her life companion, Maria Antoinette Sisini, began to undergo a religious conversion and became practicing Catholics.  Many of her works subsequently developed a religious nature such as "La Sua Figura". Giuni became  devoted to St. Ignatius of Loyola and especially St. Teresa of Ávila.

1990s
In the 1990s Russo devoted herself to World Music and music-theater.

In 1992, she released Amala, an album with sound of world-music, Arabic.

In 1994, she released a new album, Se fossi più simpatica sarei meno antipatica.

The title is inspired by Ettore Petrolini's monologue Fortunello. This album marked Russo's return to Emi, her first record company.

After two very much participations to the 'Premio Tenco' in 1994 with "Ciao amore", a cover by Luigi Tenco, and in 1995 with a minishow. In 1997 Russo published the single "Gabbiano", with the label ; a CD was supposed to follow but that never happened because of different point of view of the label manager.

Her first live album, Voce prigioniera, was released in 1998.

2000s
In 2002 she released the second live album, Signorina Romeo, by the Sony Music.
An emotional way through classic and unpublished songs, in which Giuni's spiritual research and the artistic and human evolution clearly emerge.

In 2003, after another and last participation to the Sanremo festival, with Morirò d'amore. Giuni released her last album, Morirò d'amore ("I Will Die of Love").
In this year she released, on 28 November, another new album Demo de midi.

In April 2004, she released a last new album Napoli che canta with DVD (a suite musical or soundtrack for the films "Napoli che canta").

Death

Russo died from cancer in her home in Milan on the night of 13 September 2004, at age 53.  She was buried in a section of the Cimitero Maggiore di Milano traditionally reserved for Carmelite nuns.

Legacy

The year following her death, Russo's immense repertory began to be published, starting with NAR, in 2005, of Mediterranea Tour, a 1984 concert, and the remixed and remastered A casa di Ida Rubinstein, which, in the meantime, became unobtainable on the market.
The DVD/CD is, like all the previous and following works, produced by Maria Antonietta Sisini and is the best selling product of all the charts, staying on the top for many weeks.

In 2005, after 25 years Energie is back to the charts, the only case of the kind, reprinted by Wea and including three bonus tracks: Un'estate al mare, Bing bang being and Adeste fideles.

In 2006 Giuni virtually duets with various national and international artists in Unusual, in which Giuni's voice sings with Caparezza, Lene Lovich, Franco Battiato, Toni Child and others, alternating original musical arrangement with brand new others.

In 2007 is the year of three publications: the whole remastered reprint Se fossi pi' simpatica sarei meno antipatica (1994), The complete Giuni, triple anthological CD, the only official one, and the DVD Docufilm La sua figura of Franco Battiato. Both works, immediately hit the charts.

In 2008 the album Cercati in me is released. It contains five previously unpublished and a fascinating ethnic-sounding mini-suites.

In 2009, he sees the light, the official biography, published by Bompiani Giuni Russo, da Un'estate al mare al Carmelo, written by Bianca Pitzorno, with the collaboration of Maria Antonietta Sisini, and a note by Franco Battiato. In addition to the book, the box contains the DVD/Docufilm "La sua figura" (2007) by Franco Battiato and a CD of six tracks unreleased demos.

In 2011 "A casa di Ida Rubinstein 2011", Cd+DVD, a new edition of the 1988's album with some great guests and a "jazz hint": Uri Caine, Brian Auger, Paolo Fresu.

In April 2012 the 1975's album Love is a woman is released on CD for the first time. The album, entirely sung in English, was recorded with the name "Junie Russo". Between the musician, Enrico Rava at the trumpet.

27 May 2012 The Gallery of the Zancanaro Theatre has been dedicated to Giuni Russo. On GiuniParaSiempre Fan Club's request, the City of Sacile, Friuli Venezia Giulia, was happy to pay tribute to Giuni, whom in 2003 gave her last concert in that Theatre.

In 2013, Pope Francis personally wrote to Maria Antoinetta Sisini, Giuni Russo's life companion, expressing his appreciation for the spiritual music of Giuni Russo.

Discography

As Giusy Romeo
Single
 1968 – No amore / Amerai Columbia/EMI (SCMQ 7082)
 1968 – L'onda / Lui e Lei Columbia/EMI (SCMQ 7095)
 1968 – I primi minuti / Fumo negli occhi Columbia/EMI (SCMQ 7118)

As Junie Russo
Single
 1975 – Milk of Paradise / I've Drunk in my Dream  BASF (06 13325-Q)
 1975 – Everything Is Gonna Be Alright / Vodka BASF (06 13330-Q)
 1975 – In trappola / Lui nell'anima GHIBLI (CD 4506)
 1976 – Mai / Che mi succede adesso DURIUM (Ld A 7950)

Albums
 1975 – Love is a woman BASF (21-23326 Q)

As Giuni Russo
Singles
 1978 – Soli noi / La chiave ELEKTRA (T 12290)
 1982 – Un'estate al mare / Bing bang being CGD (CGD 10401)
 1982 – Good Good Bye / Post moderno CGD (CGD 10437)
 1982 – Una Vipera Sarò / Tappeto Volante
 1983 – Good Good Bye / Un'estate al mare
 1984 – Mediterranea / Limonata cha cha cha CGD (CGD 10548)
 1986 – Alghero / Occhiali colorati BUBBLE/RICORDI (BLU 9233)
 1987 – Ragazzi al luna-park / Mango papaia BUBBLE/RICORDI (BLU 9238)
 1987 – Adrenalina / Adrenalina (remix strumental) BUBBLE/RICORDI (BLUX 934)
 1987 – Mango Papaia / Mango papaia (remix strumental) BUBBLE/RICORDI (BLUX ?)
 1990 – Un'estate al mare / Una vipera sarò (CGD 3984 23892-9)
 1994 – Se fossi più simpatica sarei meno antipatica
 1995 – Un'estate al mare (love guitar remix) / Un'estate al mare (deep mix) / Un'estate al mare (July 41 st) ITWHY (ITW 05)
 1997 – Gabbiano / Fonti mobili NAR (NAR 40132)
 2000 – Un'estate al mare (space mix) / Un'estate al mare (cub mix) / Un'estate al mare (dub version) HITLAND (EXTRA 05 CDs)
 2003 – Morirò d'amore / Il re del mondo (live)
 2006 – Un'estate al mare (remix feat. Megahertz) – PROMO
 2006 – Adrenalina (remix feat. MAB) – PROMO
 2006 – Una vipera sarò (remix feat. Caparezza) – PROMO

Albums
 1981 – Energie CGD (CGD 20269)
 1983 – Vox CGD (CGD 20360)
 1984 – Mediterranea CGD (CGD 20409)
 1986 – Giuni BUBBLE/RICORDI (BLULP 1822)
 1987 – Album BUBBLE/RICORDI (BLULP 1825)
 1988 – A casa di Ida Rubinstein L’OTTAVA/EMI (64 7915301)
 1992 – Amala CGD (4509-90011-2)
 1994 – Se fossi più simpatica sarei meno antipatica EMI (7243 8 29956 2 3)
 1998 – Voce prigioniera NAR (NAR 1349 2)
 2002 – Signorina Romeo Live
 2003 – Morirò d'Amore
 2003 – Demo De Midi
 2004 – Napoli che canta
 2006 – Unusual
 2008 – Cercati in me
 2011 – A casa di Ida Rubinstein 2011" Cd+ Dvd
 2012 – Love is a woman 2016 – Fonte d'amoreDVDs
 2004 – Napoli che canta 2005 – Mediterranea Tour (with CDs)
 2007 – La sua figuraCompilations
 1983 – Un'estate al mare 1987 – Sere d'agosto 1989 – I successi di Giuni Russo SPINNAKER/RICORDI (SPI13)
 1990 – Le più belle canzoni CGD musicA (9031 72212-2)
 1996 – Onde leggere TRING (TRI 028)
 1997 – La sposa FUEGO (PCD 2100)
 1999 – Alghero REPLAY MUSIC (RSCD 8032)
 2000 – Il meglio (rearranged tracks) MR MUSIC/D.V. MORE RECORD (MRCD 4198)
 2000 – I miei successi (rearranged tracks) D.V. MORE RECORD (CD DV 6411)
 2003 – Irradiazioni (unreleased tracks)
 2004 – Voce che grida 2007 – The Complete Giuni (with unreleased tracks and rearranged tracks)

Bibliography
 2009 – Bianca Pitzorno, Maria Antonietta Sisini. Giuni Russo, da Un'estate al mare al Carmelo (with DVD La sua figura'' and CD with tracks unreleased demos). Bompiani, 2009. .

References

External links
 www.giunirusso.it – Official Site
 www.giunirussostore.com – Giuni Russo Store

1951 births
2004 deaths
Musicians from Palermo
Italian women singer-songwriters
Italian singer-songwriters
Italian pop singers
Deaths from cancer in Lombardy
20th-century Italian women singers


Juvenile osteoporosis is osteoporosis in children and adolescents. Osteoporosis is rare in children and adolescents. When it occurs, it is usually secondary to some other condition, e.g. osteogenesis imperfecta, rickets, eating disorders or arthritis. In some cases, there is no known cause and it is called idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis usually goes away spontaneously.

Also, child abuse should be suspected in recurring cases of bone fracture.

Cause

Diagnosis

Treatment
Treatment for secondary juvenile osteoporosis focuses on treating any underlying disorder. Treatment of Juvenile osteoporosis can also include maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This is accomplished by exercising, keeping a balanced diet of proper food and drinks, as well as keeping your body full of the necessary vitamins. If needed, Juvenile osteoporosis can also be treated by undergoing physical therapy.

References

Further reading

 Juvenile Osteoporosis - NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases ~ National Resource Center

External links

Osteopathies
Rare diseases
Pediatrics


Ivan Lendl won in the final 7–5, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4 against Guillermo Vilas.

Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.

  Ivan Lendl (champion)
  Guillermo Vilas (final)

Draw

References
1982 World Championship Tennis Winter Finals Draw (Archived 2009-05-07)

Singles


All times given as local time (UTC+2)

Libyan Cup 2008–09:  16 sides from the 16 matches being played in this round will go through to the Round of 32, where they will be joined by the 16 Libyan Premier League teams.

Eastern Section
This group will contain 18 sides, 7 of which had qualified from groups A & B in the first round. Over the 9 matches, nine will qualify for the Round of 32.

Western Section
This group will contain 14 sides, 6 of which had qualified from Groups C & D in the first round. Over the 7 ties, 7 teams will go through to the Round of 32.

2


The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (known as the Multi-effect Protocol or the Gothenburg Protocol) is a multi-pollutant protocol designed to reduce acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone by setting emissions ceilings for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia to be met by 2010. As of August 2014, the Protocol had been ratified by 26 parties, which includes 25 states and the European Union.

The Protocol is part of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The Convention is an international agreement to protect human health and the natural environment from air pollution by control and reduction of air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution.

The geographic scope of the Protocol includes Europe, North America and countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA).

On May 4, 2012, at a meeting at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the Parties to the Gothenburg Protocol agreed on a substantial number of revisions, most important are the inclusion of commitments of the Parties to further reduce their emissions until 2020. These amendments now need to be ratified by Parties in order to make them binding.

Purpose and history

Because pollutants can be carried many hundreds of kilometres by winds, pollutants emitted in one country may be deposited in other countries. Deposition of pollutants in a country can far exceed the amount of such pollution produced domestically due to pollution arriving from one or more upwind countries.

In 1976, the environment ministers from the Nordic countries proposed a European convention on transboundary air pollution that emphasized sulphur compounds (Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP)). After negotiations, 34 countries and the European Commission signed this Convention in 1979 in Geneva. The convention came into force in 1983, and has now been ratified by 47 European countries, two North American countries (Canada and the United States) and Armenia. The CLRTAP now includes eight protocols that identify specific obligations to be taken by Parties.

The Gothenburg Protocol was signed on 30 November 1999 in Gothenburg, Sweden, to support the CLRTAP. The Gothenburg Protocol entered into force on 17 May 2005.

Protocol contents

Protocol elements

The following are the main provisions of the Protocol:

 Annex 1 - Critical loads and levels
 Annex 2 - Maximum allowable emissions (emission ceilings) are adopted for 2010 for sulphur, nitrogen oxides (NOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3). The selection of the specific emission levels (in tons/year) were based on the predicted effects of the pollutants and the pollutant control options and costs. Emission limits are set for each participating country. Those countries participating in the Protocol ("the Parties") with significant emission levels of the most harmful pollutants and whose emissions are relatively cheap to reduce must make larger emission reductions.
Following the revision of the Gothenburg Protocol, to which the Parties agreed in May 2012, Annex 2 will now also contain reduction commitments, expressed as a percentage reduction compared to 2005 emission levels, that Parties should meet in 2020.

 Annexes 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 list 'limit values' for specific emission sources, such as for combustion plants, electricity generation, cement production or dry cleaning. Best available techniques are required to control emissions. With the exception of Annex 9, all the emission limit values specified were also updated in 2012 by the Parties.
 Annex 4 is for sulphur from stationary sources
 Annex 5 is for nitrogen oxides (NOx) from stationary sources
 Annex 6 is for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from stationary sources
Annex 8 is for fuels and new mobile sources
Annex 9 is for ammonia (NH3) from agricultural sources

Guidance documents adopted together with the Protocol provide a range of abatement techniques and economic instruments for the reduction of emissions. Among the specific emission sources, the Protocol establishes NOx emission limits for large stationary engines. Emission limits for new stationary sources should be enforced within one year after the date of entry into force of the Protocol for the party in question.

 Maximum sulfur content is specified for gas oil fuels (other than fuels used in vehicles) at 0.2% effective by July 2000 and 0.1% by January 2008.

The details of the Protocol are identified in a series of Annexes that address specific pollutants and emission source sectors (e.g. Annex V: "Limit values for emissions of nitrogen oxides from stationary sources"). The Annexes typically allow Canada and the United States to participate with different commitments than other Parties to the Protocol. This is due to the different regulatory nature of Canada and the United States versus most European countries.

Implementation and results

In the EU, the Gothenburg protocol is implemented through the National Emission Ceilings (NEC) directive.

Of all the countries that ratified the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol, most are expected to meet their obligations. Progress towards reducing sulphur emissions was greater than the Protocol commitments due to a widespread European shift from coal to natural gas as an industrial fuel in the 1970s and 1980s. As a result, the acidification of forests and lakes was halted in large parts of Europe. Reduction of NOx emissions from traffic has less than originally expected. The Protocol required only modest ammonia emission reductions and therefore in most parts of Europe, excess nitrogen deposition will be reduced only by a small percentage.

It is predicted that the implementation of the Protocol in Europe will reduce sulphur emissions there by at least 63%, NOx emissions by 41%, VOC emissions by 40% and ammonia emissions by 17% compared to levels in 1990. In addition, Protocol implementation in Europe will:
 reduce the area of excessive acidification from 93 million hectares in 1990 to 15 million hectares;
 reduce the area of excessive eutrophication from 165 million hectares in 1990 to 108 million hectares, and;
 reduce the number of days with excessive ozone levels by 50%.

As a result, it is estimated that human life-years lost as a result of the chronic effects of ozone exposure will be about 2,300,000 lower in 2010 than in 1990. In addition, there will be approximately 47,500 fewer premature deaths resulting from ozone and particulate matter in the air. Furthermore, the amount of vegetation exposed to excessive ozone levels will be reduced by 44% from 1990 levels.

However, for large parts of Europe, human exposure to particulate matter and ozone will remain higher than recommended by the World Health Organization. In the Benelux, the Po-area, Russia and Ukraine, the health risks will remain higher than for the rest of Europe. The East European countries that did not ratify the Protocol are expected to suffer from increasing air pollution. Because of the great potential for low-cost emission reduction measures in this region, increased related policy efforts are underway for countries such as Russia and Ukraine. Abatement of emissions from shipping and ambitious climate policy measures, offers possibilities to reduce air pollution in EU countries at relatively low costs. Additional concerns include the negative effects from the combustion of biomass and biodiesel on air quality/

Revisions of the Gothenburg Protocol

In December 2007, efforts began to revise the Gothenburg Protocol. These revisions were concluded at a meeting of the Parties to the Protocol in Geneva in May 2012. The Parties agreed to include more stringent emission reduction commitments for 2020, including reduction targets for particulate matter (PM). Subsequently, the technical annexes were also amended to update them with improved emission limit values. The protocol now also includes, as the first international agreement between countries, measures addressing short-lived climate forcers, such as black carbon.

The work to revise the Protocol was coordinated by the Working Group on Strategies and Review and supported by varies technical groups, such as the Expert Group on Techno-Economic Issues.

References

External links
 CLRTAP text (pdf)
 Status of Protocol signature/ ratification
 Summary of Gothenburg Protocol
 NOx Emission Limits From New Stationary Engines

Air pollution
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Environmental treaties
Treaties concluded in 1999
Treaties entered into force in 2005
Treaties of Belgium
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of France
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties entered into by the European Union
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
1999 in Sweden
2005 in the environment
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe treaties


Kronotsky (Кроноцкий) Nature Reserve (also: Kronotsky Biosphere Zapovednik) is a Russian 'zapovednik' (strict nature reserve) reserved for the study of natural sciences in the remote Russian Far East, on the coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. It was created in 1934 and its current boundary contains an area of . The largest lake in the reserve is Lake Kronotskoye, which covers an area of . It also has Russia's only geyser basin, plus several mountain ranges with numerous volcanoes, both active and extinct. Due to its often harsh climate and its mix of volcanoes and geysers, it is frequently described as the Land of Fire and Ice.

Kronotsky is mainly accessible only to scientists, plus approximately 3,000 tourists annually who pay a fee equivalent to US$700 to travel by helicopter for a single day's visit. It is part of Volcanoes of Kamchatka, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ecoregion and climate
Kronotsky is in the Kamchatka-Kurile meadows and sparse forests ecoregion, which covers the coastal zones of Kamchatka and surrounding islands.  The climate is Humid continental climate, cool summer (Köppen climate classification (Dwb)). This climate is characterized by high variation in temperature, both daily and seasonally; with dry winters and cool summers.

Flora and fauna
Over 750 plant species grow in the reserve, which has volcanoes rising up to a height of over 3,510 m (11,500 feet).

The nature reserve boasts over 800 brown bears, some of the largest in the world that can grow to over 540 kg (1,200 pounds). The 800-plus population make it Eurasia's largest protected brown bear population. Bears in the Kronotsky reserve often encounter each other at salmon streams in the park where they can socialize freely with each other.

Some bears have been observed to sniff the kerosene and gasoline off of discarded fuel barrels the reserve uses to power generators and helicopters, apparently having formed an addiction. After inhaling for a few minutes, they dig a shallow hole in which to lie down. Bears have been seen waiting for helicopters to take off so that they can sniff any fuel that may have been dropped onto the ground.

Valley of Geysers

The Valley of Geysers () and the Mutnovsky geyser field are the only geyser fields in Eurasia. The Valley of Geysers is the second largest concentration of geysers in the world. The 6 km long basin with approximately ninety geysers and many hot springs is situated on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East, predominantly on the left bank of the ever-deepening Geysernaya River.

Within the valley a volcanic cone collapsed approximately 40,000 years ago forming the Uzon Caldera, which continues to steam in places where magma can heat groundwater to a near-boil. The area is less than eight miles wide and holds at least 500 geothermal hot springs, mud pots and other similar features.

Among the geysers is the Velikan (giant) Geyser, which erupts with tons of water that shoot more than 25 metres into the air during a minute-long eruption approximately every six hours or so. At least 20 such geysers erupt on a stretch of the Geysernaya River Basin in the Valley of Geysers, along with dozens of smaller gushing vents and hundreds of hot springs. The largest of these geysers erupts with 60 tons of water once or twice a year.

Kronotsky's 'Cleansing Case'

Today's territory of the reserve has had the status of farmland for many years; in the 1960s and 1970s it was home to settlements and military units, oil exploration was underway and a hydroelectric power plant was being designed. In 2015, the reserve was the first in Russia to be included in a pilot programme to eliminate damage from economic activities. The state has allocated funding of 454 million roubles to the project. From February 2015 to August 2016, Alexander Ilyin was Deputy Director for Protected Areas. During his tenure, Vitaly Drozd's company ‘Ecologiya' received the contract to clean up the reserve's territory. In 2016, Tikhon Shpilenok, a hereditary conservationist and son of Igor Shpilenok, head of the Bryansk Forest Reserve and renowned wildlife photographer, died of cancer at the age of 36. Tikhon Shpilenok found out about his diagnosis in April 2015, he had to leave the reserve for treatment and was absent from his workplace for almost all of 2016. In March 2017, Tikhon's place as director of the reserve was taken by his brother Pyotr Shpilenok. In 2018, Vitaly Drozd became a defendant in a fraud case and in 2020 for embezzlement. As part of his cooperation with the investigation, he claimed that Tikhon Shpilenok and his colleagues had embezzled the money issued for the clean-up. Thanks to the deal with the investigation, Drozd received a suspended sentence instead of 10 years in prison. On the basis of Drozd and Ilyin's testimony, the Investigative Committee of Kamchatka initiated a criminal case against four employees of the reserve: Director of Science and Tourism Roman Korchigin, Head of the Scientific Department Darya Panicheva, Deputy Director for Financial Support Oksana Terekhova, and Deputy General Affairs Officer Nikolai Pozdnyakov.

According to investigators, an organized criminal group from the management of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve stole 460 million roubles allocated by the state to clean it up and buried the scrap metal right on the reserve's territory. The prosecution requested six years in prison for Roman Korchigin, seven years for Daria Panicheva, eight years for Oksana Terekhova and four and a half years for Nikolai Pozdnyakov.

Defenders of the reserve's employees point to massive inconsistencies in the prosecution materials: for example, Roman Korchigin's evidence of guilt is based on episodes from 2015, when he was not yet working in the reserve. In addition, the investigation has not conducted a single confrontation, and has refused to conduct an expert evaluation of the documents and an examination of the work that has been done. The places on the territory of the nature reserve where the rubbish was allegedly buried were also not named. The fact that 243 kilometres of the park's shoreline were cleared of litter, removing more than 1,300 tonnes of solid waste and over 5,000 barrels of fuel and lubricants, was documented by a vast array of photos and videos, numerous reports broadcast on federal channels, many of them with the involvement of regional officials. The court, however, refused to take all these documents into account. The court also refused to attach to the case a 2021 report by MSU scientists in which they documented the re-vegetation of the cleared areas. One of the witnesses for the prosecution, I. S. Koval, confirmed that some of the signatures in the protocols on his behalf had been forged, which had been confirmed by forensic tests.

Kamchatka governor Vladimir Solodov spoke in support of the defendants. Their defence was also voiced by Vsevolod Stepanitsky, Distinguished Ecologist of the Russian Federation, Minister of Natural Resources and Environment of Kamchatka Alexei Kumarkov, Krai, head of ‘RussiaDiscovery’ Vadim Mamontov, and many others. On 30 June 2022, director Peter Shpilenok tendered his resignation in protest against unfair harassment of his colleagues. Shpilenok is sure that the lobby of supporters of industrial salmon farming on Kronotsky Lake is behind the accusation. The project to build an artificial fish passage between the lake and the Pacific Ocean is owned by Gleb Frank's Russian Fisheries Company, son-in-law of businessman Gennady Timchenko. Daria Panicheva, as head of the scientific department of the nature reserve, was responsible for preparing the scientific case against the project. Notably, even the main witness for the prosecution, Vitaly Drozd, said in court that he did not understand "what the reserve staff were doing here", while Alexander Ilyin said that "clean-up work was carried out with the involvement of machinery, with the involvement of vessels, transport".

Only when the guilty verdict had already been handed down, at the beginning of December 2022, the Ministry of Natural Resources ordered an expert assessment of the state of nature in the reserve. The expertise showed that there were no rubbish dumps on the territory of the reserve, but there was visible evidence of work to move the waste to removal points. This completely refutes the main accusation of the investigation that budget money was embezzled and scrap metal was simply buried. In early September 2022, over 60 representatives of environmental organisations wrote an open letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin, asking him to take personal control of the case against Kronotsky employees and to instruct the Prosecutor General's Office and the Investigative Committee to re-examine the case and conduct independent investigations.

Staff shortages due to the criminal case have led to the suspension of research and excursion activities in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve and the South Kamchatka Federal Wildlife Refuge.

On 7 February 2023, the Kamchatka Regional Court annulled the conviction and released the defendants from custody; the case was sent back to the trial court for reconsideration. Defence lawyer Irina Diachenko and former Kronotsky director Peter Shpilenok called this an important step towards restoring justice.

See also
Evgeny Chernikin
Kronotsky

References

External links

Official site of Kronotsky Biosphere Zapovednik
Wild-russia.org: Kronotsky Biosphere Zapovednik

Nature reserves in Russia
Geography of Kamchatka Krai
Kamchatka Peninsula
Protected areas of the Russian Far East
Volcanic landforms
Volcanism of Russia
World Heritage Sites in Russia
Zapovednik
1882 establishments in the Russian Empire
Protected areas established in 1882


Trygve Wyller (born 4 June 1950) is a Norwegian theologian.

He was born in Stavanger. He took the cand.mag. degree in 1975, and the cand.theol. degree in 1982. He did not follow a straight academic path, as he worked as a journalist in Aftenposten from 1979 to 1983, and as a priest from 1984 to 1988. Then, he was a research fellow from 1989, and took the dr.theol. degree at the University of Oslo in 1994, on the thesis Troens tale og talen om verden. He was appointed as an associate professor at the same institution in 1996, and was promoted to professor of theology in 2002.

In 2006 he was elected as the dean of the Faculty of Theology, ahead of the other candidate Halvor Moxnes. In 2009, Wyller entered the race to become rector of the University of Oslo. The rector is elected by students and faculty, and his sole opponent is Ole Petter Ottersen. On 2 April 2009, it was clear that Ottersen won the rectorial election.

References

1950 births
Living people
Norwegian theologians
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
People from Stavanger
20th-century Norwegian Lutheran clergy
21st-century Protestant theologians


The 1946 Los Angeles Dons season was their inaugural season in the new eight-team All-America Football Conference. Led by head coach Dudley DeGroot, the Dons finished 7–5–2, third in the West division, and failed to qualify for the playoffs.

The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Charlie O'Rourke with 1,250 passing yards, John Kimbrough with 473 rushing yards, Dale Gentry with 341 receiving yards, and Joe Aguirre with 55 points scored (31 extra points, four field goals, and two touchdowns).

On September 13, 1946, in the first game in team history, the Dons defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers, 20-14, before a crowd of 18,995 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Bud Nygren scored the first points on a touchdown pass from quarterback Charlie O'Rourke. With the ball at the Don's 40-yard line, Nygren caught the ball at the Brooklyn 30-yard line and ran the remaining distance to the end zone.

Season schedule

Division standings

Roster
Players shown in bold started at least one game at the position listed as confirmed by contemporary game coverage from the Los Angeles Times.

References

Los Angeles Dons seasons
Los Angeles Dons
Los Angeles Dons


The 1983 World Championship Tennis Finals was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 13th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1983 World Championship Tennis circuit. It was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas in the United States and was held from April 26 through May 1, 1983. Second-seeded John McEnroe won the title, his third at the tournament, and the accompanying $150,000 first-prize money after defeating defending champion Ivan Lendl in a five-set final that lasted 4 hours and 16 minutes.

Final

Singles

 John McEnroe defeated  Ivan Lendl 6–2, 4–6, 6–3, 6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–0)
 It was McEnroe's 2nd singles title of the year and the 41st of his career.

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details

World Championship Tennis Finals
WCT Finals


Jack Thorpe (born 1881) was a professional football player. Nicknamed Deadeye, he played eight games in the National Football League during the 1923 season with the Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by his brother, Jim Thorpe. Like Jim, Jack was a member of the Sac and Fox Nation.

Notes

1881 births
Native American sportspeople
Oorang Indians players
Sac and Fox Nation people
Year of death missing


Paule Desjardins (29 April 1929 — 31 December 2007), also known as Paule Canat, was a French singer and fashion designer. She represented  in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 with the song "La belle amour" which finished second with 17 points.

In the early 1960s, she ended her musical career to marry the French industrialist Charles Canat. She started a new career as a lingerie designer in Millau. From 1960 to 1992, Paule was responsible for the creation of collections, developing new clothing lines that played an important role in the development of the company.

Paule and Charles had a son, Joël. He ran his father’s company from 1991-1996, before selling it to Saaly Holding. Charles died on 1 December 2007, at the age of 86. Paule passed away exactly 30 days after his death.

References

1929 births
2007 deaths
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for France
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1957
Desjardins, Paule


George Herman may refer to:

George Herman (journalist) (1920–2005), CBS journalist
George Herman (playwright) (1928–2019), playwright and author

See also
George Herman Ruth (1895–1948), American baseball player


Dontell Jefferson (born December 15, 1983) is an American professional basketball player.  He played briefly in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as well as stints in the NBA Development League and in Canada, Latvia, and Saudi Arabia. He played college basketball for the Arkansas Razorbacks and Atlanta Metropolitan College.

College career
After two years of junior college basketball at Atlanta Metropolitan College, Jefferson completed his college career at the University of Arkansas, lettering in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. He led the team in assists in 2006 and played in the 2006 NCAA Men's Tournament.

Professional career
After his senior season, Jefferson was not selected in the 2006 NBA draft.

On March 11, 2009, Jefferson was signed to a 10-day contract by the Charlotte Bobcats. He signed a second 10-day contract on March 21. He then signed for the remainder of the 2008–09 NBA season. On October 22, 2009, Jefferson was waived by the Bobcats.

In 2012, Jefferson was drafted by the Reno Bighorns in the NBA D-League Draft. On February 22, 2013, he was traded to the Austin Toros.

In July 2013, KTP-Basket announced that Jefferson would be part of their 2013–14 roster. However, he left them before the start of the season. In April 2014, he signed with Al Hilal of Libya.

In July 2014 Jefferson signed with Al Ahly in Qatar for the 2014–2015 season.

In January 2016 Jefferson signed with Qatar Club in Qatar.

In August 2016, Jefferson signed with Al Fateh in Saudi Arabia for the 2016–2017 season. Swingman of the year and First team All Saudi Arabian team.

In November 2017, Jefferson resigns with Al Fateh in Saudi Arabia.

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Charlotte
| 6 || 0 || 14.0 || .500 || .500 || .667 || 2.0 || 1.5 || .7 || .2 || 4.8
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 6 || 0 || 14.0 || .500 || .500 || .667 || 2.0 || 1.5 || .7 || .2 || 4.8

References

External links
NBA D-League Profile
Profile at Eurobasket.com

1983 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American expatriate basketball people in Latvia
American expatriate basketball people in Saudi Arabia
American men's basketball players
Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball players
Austin Toros players
Basketball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
BK Barons players
Charlotte Bobcats players
Dakota Wizards players
Idaho Stampede players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Laval Kebs players
People from Cordele, Georgia
Sportspeople from Stone Mountain, Georgia
Reno Bighorns players
Shooting guards
Sioux Falls Skyforce players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Utah Flash players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


A non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) is a benign bone tumor of the osteoclastic giant cell-rich tumor type. It generally occurs in the metaphysis of long bones in children and adolescents. Typically, there are no symptoms unless there is a fracture. It can occur as part of a syndrome such as when multiple non-ossifying fibromas occur in neurofibromatosis, or Jaffe–Campanacci syndrome in combination with cafe-au-lait spots, mental retardation, hypogonadism, eye and cardiovascular abnormalities.

Diagnosis is by X-ray or MRI, usually when investigating a person for something else. Medical imaging typically shows a well defined radiolucent lesion, with a distinct multilocular appearance, sometimes looking like bubbles. It is usually around 1–2 cm in size, but be as large as 7 cm. They consist of foci consist of collagen rich connective tissue, fibroblasts, histiocytes and osteoclasts. Usually no treatment is required. Surgical curettage and bone grafting may be required if it is large.

It is found in 30–40% of children and adolescents, but rare in adults as most have resolved by this time. They do not become malignant. It affects twice as many males as females. A NOF was identified on the mandible of Qafzeh 9, an early anatomically modern human dated to 90–100 000 yrs B.P.

Signs and symptoms
Most people with non-ossifying fibroma have no symptoms. If the tumor is large, there may be pain over the affected area, a pathological fracture, and the affected limb might not function properly. It can occur as part of a syndrome such as when multiple non-ossifying fibromas occur in neurofibromatosis, or Jaffe–Campanacci syndrome in combination with cafe-au-lait spots, mental retardation, hypogonadism, eye and cardiovascular abnormalities.

Diagnosis
It is usually diagnosed by x-ray or MRI, when investigating another problem. The tumor presents as a well defined radiolucent lesion, with a distinct multilocular appearance, sometimes looking like a "soap bubble". If small and no symptoms, then biopsy is not needed.

Additional images

See also
 Fibroma
 Ossifying fibroma

References

External links

 Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics: Nonossifying Fibroma

Osteopathies


Stephen Massicotte (born April 18, 1969 in Trenton, Ontario) is a Canadian playwright, screenwriter and actor from Calgary, Alberta.

Personal life
Massicotte is an atheist.

Plays

The Jedi Handbooks trilogy
The Boy's Own Jedi Handbook
The Girls Strike Back
The Return of the Jedi Handbook
Mary's Wedding
The Oxford Roof Climber's Rebellion
The Emperor of Atlantis
The Last Seduction of Casanova
Looking After Eden
Pervert
A Farewell to Kings
The Clockmaker

Screenplays
The Dark
Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning

Opera
Mary's Wedding (libretto)

See also
List of Canadian playwrights

References

External links

21st-century Canadian dramatists and playwrights
Canadian male screenwriters
University of Calgary alumni
Male actors from Calgary
Writers from Calgary
1969 births
Living people
People from Quinte West
Writers from Ontario
Male actors from Ontario
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Canadian male writers
Canadian atheists
21st-century Canadian screenwriters


Čežnja () is the fourth studio album by Bosnian folk singer Hanka Paldum. It was released 29 October 1980 through Sarajevo Disk.

Background
After significant success with the single "Voljela sam, voljela", Hanka recorded another single, "Odreću se i srebra i zlata" (English: "I Will Give Up Silver and Gold") and at the same time was preparing her album, Čežnja, which was released in 1980. Along with Milić Vukašinović as the songwriter, and Nikola Borota as the producer, engineer and arranger, other recognized names from the world of folk, pop and rock music were present, such as Goran Bregović, Slobodan Kovačević, Mijat Božović and Blagoje Košanin. For the first time in Yugoslavian folk music, synthesizers, electric guitars and full drum kits were used.

With the song "Voljela sam, voljela" and the album Čežnja, new norms and standards were set in folk music, with the merger of folk and rock music and breaking of barriers between genres. Many music critics, composers and colleagues complained that this album undermined the traditional folk music. However, Hanka, along with her team, believed in herself and her success and was certain that the material, even if unusual and nontraditional, was something new and possessed quality. That was confirmed later because Čežnja was overwhelmingly accepted by the public, broke many industry records, and sold over a million copies, and the songs in new folk-rock manner attracted listeners who never listened to her or folk music.

With a non-traditional business approach, Hanka started attracting the media as well as the public; as she promoted Čežnja during the Opatija festival of music, she also promoted it in Belgrade and had her first solo concert at Dom Sindikata. A tour of the whole of ex-Yugoslavia followed, and almost every song from the album was a hit, particularly "Crne kose" (Black Hair), "Zbog tebe" (Because of You), "Čežnja" (Yearning), and "Zbogom" (Farewell).

Track listing
Hej, ljubavi (Brane Ikovic, Mijat Bojovic)
Ne traži me (Resad Hadrovic, Irfan Ajanovic)
Kamo sreće da ga nisam srela (Milic Vukasinovic)
Najdražoj ljubavi (Enver Sadinlija, Mirsad Ibric)
Čežnja (Hadrovic, Slobodan Kovacevic)
Zbog tebe (Slobodan Samardzic)
Bez ljubavi tvoje (Nedznad Esadnovic)
Hoću lijepe riječi (Gradimir Jovanovic, Aca Stepic)
Crne kose (Alija Mustajbegovic)
Zbogom (Ibro Mangafic)

References

1980 albums
Hanka Paldum albums
Sarajevo Disk albums


Stanisław Jan Skarżyński (23 April 1897 in Aleksandrów – 15 July 1920 near Zwierowce) was a Polish pilot who fought and died in the Polish-Soviet War. For his actions he received the highest military order of Poland, Virtuti Militari, posthumously.

1897 births
1920 deaths
Polish Air Force officers
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Polish military personnel killed in action


Campbell Farm or Campbell Farm Site may refer to:

(by state, then town/city)
Campbell Farm Site (Campbell, Michigan), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Cheboygan County
Campbell-De Young Farm, Elmwood Charter Township, Michigan, listed on the NRHP in Leelanau County
Thompson-Campbell Farmstead, Langdon, Missouri, listed on the NRHP in Atchison County
Campbell Farm (Edinburg, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Shenandoah County

See also
Campbell House (disambiguation)


Eižens Laube   (May 25, 1880 – July 21, 1967) was a Latvian architect. He was responsible for some of the reconstruction work of Riga Castle in the 1930s and designed more than 200 houses in Riga.

Biography
Eižens Laube was born in Riga as a son of a potter. In 1899 he graduated Realschule and started architecture studies in Riga Polytechnic Institute. While still a student he started to work in Konstantīns Pēkšēns's architecture office in 1900. In 1904 he took a study trip to Finland where he was introduced to National Romanticism in architecture. Laube graduated from the Riga Polytechnic Institute's department of architecture in 1907. Soon after he established his own architectural office in Riga. He also became lecturer in Riga Polytechnic Institute. In 1909 he traveled to Sweden and Germany to improve his professional abilities. In 1910 he took identical trip to France. From 1909 to 1914 he was the official adviser to the Commission for Artistic Issues in Architecture, in Riga.

After the First World War started in 1915 Laube together with Riga Polytechnic Institute was evacuated to Moscow. He returned to Riga in 1917. In 1919 he became one of the founding members of University of Latvia and became dean of Faculty of Architecture. He was elected professor in 1920. In 1922 he briefly became rector of the university. He was also chairman of the Latvian Architects Society (1924–26). In the 1930s he again became dean of Faculty of Architecture. In 1938 he participated in establishment of first Latvian professional architectural magazine Latvijas Architektūra.

After the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, he was dismissed from all posts but was not physically repressed. After the Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany Laube resumed his work in the university in the autumn 1941. In 1944, he fled to Germany where he worked as a professor of architecture at the Baltic University, Pinneberg, near Hamburg. From 1950, he lived in Olympia, Washington in the United States where he worked in an architecture office. Since 1955 he lived in Portland. He devoted his last years to writing and died on July 21, 1967, in Portland.

Architecture
Before World War I Laube was one of the pioneers of Riga Art Nouveau movement, notably the lavishly decorated apartment building at 23 Tallinas Street 1901 together with Pēkšēns. His best-known works are in the National Romantic version of the style.  He mainly used natural materials, different-colored bricks, local varieties of stone, metal, wood. Laube's building ornaments were typically flower and geometric motifs, and his buildings were usually directed upwards in a vertical shape. Later his works especially in the 1930s were influenced by more neo-classical influences.

See also
 Art Nouveau architecture in Riga

References

External links

Art Encyclopedia

1880 births
1967 deaths
Baltic-German people
Architects from Riga
Latvian emigrants to the United States
Latvian World War II refugees
Art Nouveau architects
Riga Technical University alumni
Academic staff of Riga Technical University
Academic staff of the University of Latvia
Recipients of the Cross of Recognition


Cyprichromini is a tribe of African cichlids, containing seven species in two genera: Cyprichromis and Paracyprichromis. Most species are endemic to Lake Tanganyika; only C. microlepidotus has also been seen in eastern Tanzania.

The members of this tribe are small elongated fish found in schools in open waters where they feed on plankton. They are mouthbrooders.

References

External links

 Phylogenetic analysis of Cyprichromini (Perciformes: Cichlidae) endemic to Lake Tanganyika and validation of the genus Paracyprichromis
 Mitochondrial phylogeny of the Cyprichromini, a lineage of open-water cichlid fishes endemic to Lake Tanganyika, East Africa

Pseudocrenilabrinae
Fish tribes
Cichlid fish of Africa


Josh Bean may refer to:
Josh Bean (Canadian football) (born 1982), American football player
Joshua Bean ( 1818–1852), mayor of San Diego, California


John S. Arnick (November 27, 1933 – June 13, 2006) was an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. He served in three separate spans of time as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Maryland's District 6 and District 7 in Baltimore County. He died in 2006 due to lung cancer.

Education
Arnick graduated from Calvert Hall College in Towson, Maryland.  He then attended and graduated from the University of Baltimore with his bachelor's degree.  He later returned to the University of Baltimore's School of Law and graduated with his LL.B. in 1961.

Career
After college Arnick served in the United States Marine Corps from 1956 until 1959.  After getting his law degree he was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1962 and was a practicing attorney.

Political career
John Arnick was first involved in politics in 1967 when he became a Magistrate at Large for Baltimore County.  The following year he was elected to office for the first time.  During his time in office he served as Majority Leader from 1971 until 1979 and again from 1978 until 1990.  Arnick also received the Casper R. Taylor, Jr., Founder's Award from the House of Delegates in 2003.  Arnick resigned from the House of Delegates on April 30, 2006, in order to serve on the State Board of Contract Appeals.  He was appointed to that position by former Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich, but died soon afterward.

His political career stumbled a couple of times.  In 1978 he ran for a state senate position, but lost.  However, he ran for his House seat again in the next election cycle and won.

In 1993 he was nominated by former Maryland governor William Donald Schaefer to a 10-year District Court judge position.  However, he was forced to step down after he was charged with making sexist and racist jokes at a dinner in 1992.  According to The Washington Post, he was well known for his "salty language and flamboyant behaviour".  At the time he had already resigned his seat in the House of Delegates as he had already taken his seat on the judicial bench and was waiting for senate approval.  Fortunately for him the Baltimore County Democratic Central Committee reappointed him back to his House Delegate seat.

In addition to being Majority Leader, Delegate Arnick served on many committees and caucuses including:

Environmental Matters Committee, 2003–06
Rules and Executive Nominations Committee, 1983–92, 1995-06
House Chair, Joint Committee on Legislative Ethics, 2003–06
Joint Commission on the Maryland Port Administration, 2005–06
Legislative Policy Committee, 1969–79, 1987–92, 1994–2005
Chair, Environmental Matters Committee, 1972–79, 1987–90
House Chair, Joint Committee on Administrative, Executive and Legislative Review, 1983–86, 1995–2003
Economic Matters Committee, 1983–87
House Chair, Tort and Insurance Reform Oversight Committee, 1987–92
Special Joint Committee on Energy Pricing, 1990–91
Chair, Judiciary Committee, 1991–92
Commerce and Government Matters Committee, 1994–2003
Chair, House Facilities Committee, 1995–2005
Special Committee on Gaming, 2001
Chair, Baltimore County Delegation, 1969–70
Maryland Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus, 2001–06
Taxpayers Protection Caucus, 2003–06
Maryland Veterans Caucus, 2005–06
National Conference of State Legislatures

Election results

2002 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 6
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|John S. Arnick Dem.
|17,541
|  20.87%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Joseph J. Minnick, Dem.
|17,530
|  20.85%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Michael H. Weir, Jr., Dem.
|17,958
|  21.36%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Jane Brooks, Rep.
|12,517
|  14.89%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Bruce Laing, Rep.
|9,448
|  11.24%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Paul Michael Blitz, Rep.
|8,969
|  10.67%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|106
|  0.13%
|   Lost
|-
|}

1998 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 7
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Jacob J. Mohorovic Jr., Dem.
|16,338
|  23%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Joseph J. Minnick, Dem.
|15,095
|  21%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Arnick, Dem.
|14,385
|  20%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Jane Brooks, Rep.
|9,792
|  14%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Russell Mirabile, Rep.
|8,947
|  13%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Gary Adams, Rep.
|6,178
|  9%
|   Lost
|-
|}

1994 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 7
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Jacob J. Mohorovic Jr., Dem.
|16,059
|  25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Joseph J. Minnick, Dem.
|15,880
|  25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Arnick, Dem.
|14,469
|  23%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Jacqueline W. Madison, Rep.
|9,149
|  14%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Robert J. Parsons, Rep.
|7,628
|  12%
|   Lost
|-
|}

1990 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 7
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Connie C. Galiazzo, Dem.
|14,307
|  27%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Louis L. DePazzo, Dem.
|13,595
|  25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Arnick, Dem.
|12,249
|  23%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Patricia Ann Mohorovic, Rep.
|8,079
|  15%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Albert W. Weiss, Rep.
|5,387
|  10%
|   Lost
|-
|}

1986 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – District 7
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|Robert R. Staab, Dem.
|18,956
|  29%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Louis L. DePazzo, Dem.
|18,301
|  27%
|   Won
|-
|-
|John S. Arnick, Dem.
|18,244
|  27%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Joseph E. Antonelli, Rep.
|3,661
|  6%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Walter F. Menear Jr., Rep.
|3,857
|  6%
|   Lost
|-
|}

References

Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
1933 births
2006 deaths
University of Baltimore alumni
Politicians from Baltimore
United States Marines
Maryland lawyers
University of Baltimore School of Law alumni
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Deaths from lung cancer in Maryland
20th-century American lawyers


Lewis E. Mehl-Madrona (born January 26, 1954, Berea, Kentucky) is the author of the Coyote trilogy. His work discusses healing practices from Lakota, Cherokee and Cree traditions, and how they intersect with conventional medicine (via a social constructionist model). Mehl-Madrona has been writing about the use of imagery and narrative in healing since the 1980s. Mehl-Madrona is certified in psychiatry, geriatrics and family medicine.

His research collaborations include work on various psychological conditions, issues of psychology during birthing, nutritional approaches to autism and diabetes, and the use of healing circles to improve overall health outcomes.

He is now an adjunct professor of anthropology at Johnson State College in Vermont and is Education Director for the Coyote Institute for Studies of Change and Transformation. He was on the core faculty of the former PsyD program at Union Institute & University. He writes a regular column for Futurehealth.org, in which he contributes his insights to modern psychiatry, the frustrations of health care and alternative ways of seeing mental illness, including an article about the January, 2011 tragedy in Tucson, Arizona.

Publications

Mehl-Madrona, L.E. (1997) Coyote Medicine. New York: Simon and Schuster. Paperback; Firestone, 1998
Mehl-Madrona, L., & Dossey, L,. (2003) Coyote healing: Miracles in native medicine Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company.
Mehl-Madrona, L. (2005) Coyote wisdom: The power of story in healing Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company
Mehl-Madrona, L. (2007) Narrative medicine Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company
Mehl-Madrona, L. (2010) The Healing Power of Story: The Promise of Narrative Psychiatry. Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company
Mehl, L.E. (1976). Statistical Outcomes of Home Delivery; comparison to similarly selected hospital deliveries. . In Stewart and Stewart, eds., Safe Alternatives in Childbirth. Marble Hill, Missouri: Napsac Publications.
Mehl and Peterson (1979). Comparative studies of Psychological Outcomes of Various Childbirth Alternatives. In Stewart and Stewart, ed. 21st Century Obstetrics Now. Marble Hill, Mo.: NAPSAC Publications.
Mehl, L.E. (1988). Magic, Medicine, and Shamanism, in Heize, R., Proceedings of the Vth International Conference of Shamanism. Berkeley: University of California (Asian Studies).
Mehl, L. (1989). Modern Day Shamanism: Bridging Native American Medicine with Biomedicine. In Doore, G. (ed.). Shaman's Path. Boulder: Shambala.
Mehl, L.E. (1994). Chalazion Therapy. In Procedures in Family Practice. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Mehl-Madrona L. (2003). Native American herbal pharmacology, healing, and elder care. In Selin H, Shapiro D. Medicine Across Cultures. London: Kluwer.
Mehl-Madrona L. (2008) Was Coyote the Original Psychotherapist? In Panter B, ed. Creativity and Madness, Volume 2, Thousand Oaks, CA: AIMED Press.
Mehl-Madrona L. (2015) Remapping Your Mind; The Neuroscience of Self-transformation through Story Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company. Trade Paperback

References

1954 births
Indiana University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Living people


Campbell Farm, also known as Hite Farm, is a historic home and farm located near Edinburg, Shenandoah County, Virginia.  The house was built in 1888–1889, and is a -story, three bay, Queen Anne style frame dwelling.  It features corner turrets, a hipped roof with patterned slate shingles, and a front porch with a sawnwork balustrade. The property includes a number of contributing outbuildings including a wash house / kitchen, two-room privy, a barn, a machine shed, and a corn crib.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Queen Anne architecture in Virginia
Houses completed in 1889
Houses in Shenandoah County, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Shenandoah County, Virginia


Compeer is a hamlet in east-central Alberta, Canada within Special Area No. 4. Previously an incorporated municipality, Compeer dissolved from village status on December 31, 1936, to become part of the Municipal District of Neutral Hills No. 331.

Compeer is located on an abandoned track of the Railink Central Western railway, north of Highway 12 and west of the Alberta–Saskatchewan border. It is approximately  east of Altario.

Founded in 1901, Compeer was a spot Aboriginals used to camp. Its literal meaning is camp here. When explorers came to Compeer, natives told them to camp here. Due to a misinterpretation, explorers thought the area was called Compeer.

Demographics

Compeer recorded a population of 21 in the 1991 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada.

See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of former urban municipalities in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta

References

Hamlets in Alberta
Former villages in Alberta
Special Area No. 4


Barry McEvoy is a Northern Irish film actor/writer best known for writing and playing the lead in An Everlasting Piece (2000), directed by Barry Levinson. McEvoy's first screen appearance of note was in the supporting role of a gangster in Gloria (1999), filmed after he had spent a decade performing in Off Broadway plays in New York City. He appeared in Gettysburg (1993), Veronica Guerin (2003), Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006), and Five Minutes of Heaven (2009).

McEvoy based the screenplay of An Everlasting Piece upon the adventures of his own father selling toupées to both Protestants and Catholics in Belfast, Northern Ireland, during the height of the conflict.

Before his career in film, Barry was lead singer for legendary 1980s Washington, D.C., punk band Phlegm, who released several records before disbanding in 1988.

McEvoy lives in Dublin with his wife and son. He continues to do screenwriting and also stars in plays from time to time in both Ireland and the U.S.

Filmography

External links

DVD Verdict: An Everlasting Piece
Phlegm on MySpace Music

Living people
Irish male stage actors
Irish male film actors
1967 births
Male actors from Belfast


William Beardsley may refer to:
William Beardsley (politician) (born 1942), American politician from Maine
William Beardsley (settler) (1605–1661), one of the first settlers of Stratford, Connecticut
William J. Beardsley (1872–1934), American architect
William S. Beardsley (1901–1954), American politician
William H. Beardsley (1850-1925), Arizona pioneer and irrigation engineer.

See also
William A. Beardslee (1916–2001), American theologian