The 1920 Grand Prix season saw further activity in motor-racing gradually increase. Europe was still recovering from the end of the war and the terrible pandemic that swept the continent. Automotive companies were gradually re-establishing themselves after re-tooling from a wartime footing and getting production lines rolling again.

A new 3-litre formula was adopted on both sides of the Atlantic and the Indianapolis 500 would be a close contest between the best of the new designs from France and the USA. Ralph DePalma led for over half the race in his Ballot, only for it to catch fire with four laps to go. Gaston Chevrolet inherited the lead and held on to win by six minutes. His Monroe-Frontenac was the first American car to win the great race since 1912. DePalma got his revenge later in the year, winning the last Elgin Trophy, on the only road-course in the AAA Championship. Chevrolet was later recognised as the season champion, but he was killed at the end of the year in a collision at the Beverley Hills race.

Racing was gradually returning to Europe, although there was no Grand Prix. Club racing started again at Brooklands. A new race at Mugello in Italy was won by veteran Giuseppe Campari in an Alfa Romeo. Voiturette racing resumed with the Coupe des Voiturettes held on a shortened circuit at Le Mans. It was won by Ernest Friderich in a Bugatti. Near the end of the year, the Targa Florio was run again on the island of Sicily. It was won by Guido Meregalli in a Nazzaro GP.

Major races
Sources:

Regulations and technical
At the end of 1919 the AIACR (forerunner of the FIA) had set down new regulations for motor-racing. An engine limit of 3.0-litres was imposed along with a minimum weight of 800kg. The AAA also adopted those regulations for their racing season. So, in line with this, the Indianapolis regulations also changed – with the maximum engine size reduced to 183 cu in (3.0 litres) from 300 cu in (4.92 litres).
The Targa Florio regulations were for production cars available to the public, divided into seven engine-capacity categories. Voiturette regulations were set at a maximum of 1400cc capacity engine, and weighing between 350 and 500kg.

The general unification of regulations encouraged manufacturers to build new designs that could run on both sides of the Atlantic. The new Peugeot had an intricate triple-overhead cam 3-litre engine with five valves per cylinder. As it would turn out, after a decade of leading racing development, this would be the last grand prix car designed and built by Peugeot. Ernest Henry followed up his Indianapolis design for Ballot with a new car with a 3-litre straight-eight engine.

Louis Chevrolet, as well as building a new Frontenac, was engaged by Indianapolis industrialist William Small, of the Monroe Motor Car Company, to build four 3-litre specials.

In June, Sunbeam, bought out the French Talbot and British-owned Darracq companies, setting up the headquarters of the new company, STD Motors, in Paris.

Season review

With a $20000 first prize, and lucrative bonuses, a strong field was entered for the International Sweepstakes. It essentially turned out to be a showdown between two French and two American teams. Works teams arrived from Ballot and Peugeot, both with their new 3-litre cars and strong driver line-ups. Ballot had former winners  René Thomas and Ralph DePalma with Jean Chassagne. Peugeot had current holder Howdy Wilcox with Jules Goux and André Boillot.
There were five Monroe-Frontenacs present. The four ‘works’ team cars were driven by Louis and Gaston Chevrolet, Roscoe Sarles and Joe Thomas, as well as three cars from the Frontenac factory (Joe Boyer, Art Klein, Bennett Hill). There were also four new 3-litre Duesenberg cars entered for their team – to be driven by Tommy Milton, Eddie Hearn, Eddie O'Donnell and a rookie Jimmy Murphy.

This year, a new qualifying system was used with a four lap, 10-mile, time taken. A record crowd of 120000 arrived on race day. Ralph DePalma had been fastest, sharing the front row with the two Chevrolet brothers. But he lost all advantage when Barney Oldfield, in the pace-car left the line early before he was ready. Then a tyre problem lost the veteran driver a lap straight away. This left Boyer to set the early pace from his team-mate Klein, Gaston Chevrolet and the Ballots of Thomas and Chassagne, though Thomas briefly took the lead during the pit-stops.
The Monroes and Frontenacs were then affected by the same issue: Klein slid into the wall on lap 58, then Sarles and Louis Chevrolet did the same. They were traced to badly cast steering arms. Then Sarles then took over Hill's Frontenac but the same fault spun him out – this time right in front of the Ballots of Thomas and Chassagne who narrowly avoided him.

By the halfway point DePalma had not only made back the lap but overtaken Boyer to lead. The race built up to a dramatic finish. DePalma was leading from Chevrolet, with Chassagne and Thomas close behind. Then with thirteen laps to go, DePalma's engine caught fire. In the pits he found a faulty magneto was leaving unspent fuel in the cylinders. He rejoined the race in fifth, running on four cylinders. A few laps later, the steering arm on Boyer's Frontenac broke, then in his pursuit of Chevrolet, Chassagne hit the wall. With the pressure off, Gaston Chevrolet held on to win by six minutes from the Ballot of Thomas, with Milton and his Duesenberg barely ten seconds back in third. DePalma was fifth, thirty minutes behind and Chassagne seventh. All the Peugeots had retired. Chevrolet had got through the race without taking a single tyre-change, and his Monroe-Frontenac was the first win by an American car at Indianapolis since 1912.

On 25 November, Gaston Chevrolet and Eddie O'Donnell collided when racing at the last race of the championship, at the new Beverley Hills track. Both drivers were killed. Chevrolet's win at Indianapolis gave him sufficient points to be posthumously awarded the AAA championship from Tommy Milton in the abbreviated season of five races. For a long while Milton had been named as champion when a revision had been made for an eleven-race season. But further research showed that, at the time, the AAA had indeed only proscribed the five races in their championship.

Motorsport was gradually returning to Europe. Racing restarted at Brooklands in April with its Easter Handicap, won by Malcolm Campbell. At the end of August, a meeting was held at Le Mans for smaller cars - le Meeting de la Reprise - with a race for cyclecars on the Saturday and another for voiturettes up to 1400cc on Sunday. With limited finance, the ACO could not afford to repair their former long course used from 1911 to 1913. So a far shorter 17km course based on a portion of it was set up. This would subsequently be used for the classic 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Twenty-two cars were entered, including works teams from Bugatti, Bignan, Majola and Eric-Campbell (who had René Thomas as a driver). From the start, the Bugatti team was dominant. Pierre de Vizcaya, Ernest Friderich and Michele Baccoli moved straight into the top-three places. De Vizcaya was comfortably leading when he came in for his last fuel stop. However, Ettore Bugatti in his enthusiasm, checked the car's water thereby getting his driver disqualified for outside assistance. This left Friderich to inherit the lead, and winning by a margin of 20 minutes from the Bignans of Nougue and Delauney.

Although this year's Targa Florio only attracted sixteen Italian starters, it was significant as it drew the attention of the new Alfa Romeo works team, Alfa Corse. Three cars were sent: a 1914 Grand prix car for Giuseppe Campari, a big 40/60 6-litre for newly signed Enzo Ferrari and a smaller 20/30 for Giuseppe Baldoni. Earlier in the year, Campari had won the inaugural road-race held around Mugello in Tuscany. The Targa entry list also included the Contessa Maria-Antoinetta d’Avanzo in an American Buick, a pioneer among women in motorsport.

Held again as four laps of the 108km medio Madonie, the drivers once more had to battle heavy rain and high winds. Although Ferrari put in the fastest lap, he was beaten to the victory by Guido Meregalli in a Nazzaro. Only seven cars finished, with the final driver completing the race over three hours behind Meregalli.

Citations

References
 Cimarosti, Adriano (1997)    The Complete History of Grand Prix Motor Racing    London: Aurum Press Ltd
 Georgano, Nick (1971)    The Encyclopaedia of Motor Sport    London: Ebury Press Ltd
 Higham, Peter (1995)    The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing    London: Guinness Publishing
 Ludvigsen, Karl (2008)    Racing Colours - Italian Racing Red    Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd
 Monkhouse, George (1953)    Grand Prix Racing Facts and Figures   London: G.T. Foulis & Co Ltd
 Rendall, Ivan (1991)    The Power and The Glory – A Century of Motor Racing    London: BBC Books
 Rendall, Ivan (1993)    The Chequered Flag – 100 years of Motor Racing    London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd
 Spurring, Quentin (2015)    Le Mans 1923-29    Yeovil, Somerset: Haynes Publishing
 Venables, David (2009)    Racing Colours - French Racing Blue    Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd

External links

  Grand Prix Winners 1895–1949 : Part 2 (1919–1933)  – list of the races and winners. Retrieved 3 Oct 2019
  Grand Prix Winners 1895–1949 : History  – Hans Etzrodt's description of the annual regulations, and changes. Retrieved 7 Jun 2019
  TeamDan  - list of the major races, entrants and results. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  SpeedFreaks  - list of the major races, entrants and results. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  6th Gear  - list of the major races and winners each year. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  La Targa Florio – race report and pictures of the Targa Florio. Retrieved 3 Oct 2019
  Driver Database  – race results of the Targa Florio. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  F2 Register – race results of the Targa Florio. Retrieved 3 Oct 2019
  Grand Prix History – history of the Targa Florio race. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  Motorsport Memorial – motor-racing deaths by year. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  1920 AAA Championship – list of all the races, entrants and results of the AAA Championship. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  Racing Reference.com – list of all the races and results of the AAA Championship. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019
  MotorSport magazine – race results of AAA championship. Retrieved 10 Oct 2019

Grand Prix seasons
1920 in motorsport

1920 in American motorsport


Plantago erecta is a flowering plant in the plantain family, commonly known as the California plantain, foothill plantain, dot-seed plantain, English plantain, and dwarf plantain. Plantago erecta is a small, unassuming annual herb with needle-like leaves and translucent flowers clustered on a stalk. It grows in sandy, clay, or serpentine soils, on grassy slopes and flats or open woodland, found in Baja California, California and Oregon. Plantago erecta is a host species for the Edith's checkerspot butterfly.

Distribution and habitat
Plantago erecta is native to the California Floristic Province, and is found in California, Oregon, and Baja California. It is found widely throughout California, except in the desert and northeastern portions of the state. In Baja California, Plantago erecta is found from the Mexico–United States border south to El Rosario and the Sierra de San Pedro Martir, but is also found in the southern part of the state in a disjunct distribution to the Sierra La Libertad.

Plantago erecta is most commonly found in sandy, clay, or serpentine substrates, and usually grows on grassy slopes, flats, dunes, openings between shrubs, and open woodland. Populations of this plant are usually patchy and localized, usually with many individuals. Ecoregions that this species is a member of include coastal sage scrub, chaparral, mountains, coastal succulent scrub, and at the southern end of its range in Baja California, desert.

References

External links

 Jepson Manual treatment: Plantago erecta — Jepson Manual Online
 Calflora  — Plantago erecta

erecta
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Baja California
Plants described in 1900
Butterfly food plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Micronecta scholtzi, the lesser water boatman, is a species of pygmy water boatman in the family Micronectidae. It was first described by Franz Xaver Fieber in 1860. They are some 2 mm long and are common in freshwater ponds and lakes across Europe, preferring stagnant to moderately moving water. In Central Europe, the genus Micronecta is represented by five species, as follows:
Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) pusilla (Géza Horváth, 1895)
Micronecta (Dichaetonecta) scholtzi (Fieber, 1860)
Micronecta (Micronecta) griseola Géza Horváth, 1899
Micronecta (Micronecta) minutissima (Linnaeus, 1758)
Micronecta (Micronecta) poweri (Douglas & Scott, 1869)

M. scholtzi is easily differentiated from other species in this genus by the twisted left paramere of the male genitalia, (see traumatic insemination) the short pronotum and a distinctive dark pattern on the head. Little is known of its habits and habitat, but it is thought to flourish in the shallows of ponds or lake shores.

The male of this species produces its underwater courtship song by stridulating a ridge on its penis across corrugations on its abdomen. The area involved measures only 50 micrometres across, or about the thickness of a human hair. A team of biologists and sound engineers from France and Scotland have recorded M. scholtzi producing sound up to 99.2 decibels, a volume comparable to a passing freight train. The noise was so unexpectedly loud that the engineers checked the calibration of their instruments. It is classified by Guinness World Records as the loudest penis. Almost all volume is lost when sound moves from water to air, but even so remains audible to humans walking along the pond shore. This species is considered the loudest of all animals for its size. Despite knowing the mechanism of its sound production, researchers are still mystified by the volume produced and feel that once the process is understood, it could open up a useful avenue in ultrasonics.

Not many insects are known to generate sound with reproductive organs, but there is another, the pyralid moth, Syntonarcha iriastis, which emits ultrasonic squeaks.

References

Hemiptera of Europe
Micronectinae
Insects described in 1860


Micronecta griseola is a species of pygmy water boatmen in the family Micronectidae.

References

Micronectinae
Insects described in 1899
Taxa named by Géza Horváth


Micronecta minutissima is a species of pygmy water boatmen in the family Micronectidae.

References

Micronectinae
Insects described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Micronecta poweri is a species of pygmy water boatmen in the family Micronectidae.

References

Micronectinae
Insects described in 1869


Cymatia bonsdorffii is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Corixidae
Insects described in 1819


Cymatia coleoptrata is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Corixidae
Insects described in 1777


Glaencorisa propinqua is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Corixidae


Arctocorisa carinata is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1819
Corixini


Arctocorisa germari is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Corixini


Callicorixa praeusta is a species of Corixidae or water boatman, in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Corixini


Callicorixa wollastoni is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1865
Corixini


Corixa affinis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Further reading

Insects described in 1817
Fauna of Ireland
Corixini


Corixa dentipes is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1869
Corixini


Corixa iberica is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1981
Corixini


Corixa panzeri is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Corixini


Hesperocorixa linnaei is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Corixini


Hesperocorixa moesta is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Corixini


Hesperocorixa sahlbergi is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Corixini


Hesperocorixa castanea is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1869
Corixini


Paracorixa concinna is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae. It is found in Europe

It has been reported to be an intermediate host to the tapeworm species Tatria biremis which infects grebes of the genus Podiceps.

References

Corixidae
Insects described in 1848
Hemiptera of Europe


Sigara selecta is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Sigara


Sigara stagnalis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1817
Sigara


Sigara nigrolineata is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Sigara


Sidney F. Barrett (1892–1958) of New York City, was a prominent stamp dealer who participated in various important philatelic ventures in New York City itself.

Philatelic literature
Because of his philatelic knowledge, he edited Scott's Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps for a number of years.

Philatelic activity
Barrett served philately in a number of ways: as president of the American Stamp Dealers Association, director of the Association for Stamp Exhibitions, secretary-treasurer of the 1913 International Philatelic Exhibition, and as a member of the Board of Governors of the Collectors Club of New York.

Honors and awards
Barrett was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1958.

See also
 Philatelic literature

References

External links
 Sidney F. Barrett American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame biography

1892 births
1958 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
American stamp dealers
Businesspeople from New York City
American Philatelic Society
20th-century American businesspeople


Sigara limitata is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Sigara


Sigara semistriata is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Sigara


Sigara venusta is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1869
Sigara


Sigara dorsalis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1817
Sigara


Sigara striata is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Sigara


Sigara distincta is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

External links

Insects described in 1848
Sigara


Sigara falleni is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1848
Sigara


Sigara fallenoidea is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera. It was described by Hungerford and the type locality is in Canada. In Ireland Walton discovered a 'new' species of corixidae which he named Sigara pearcei. This was synonymised by Hungerford in 1950. The distribution of S. fallenoidea is therefore an extraordinary one including Canada, Ireland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Ukraine and Russia. In Ireland, Sigara fallenoidea is found in all the large lakes on the island. There are confirmed records from Loughs Neagh, Beg and Portmore Lough; Upper and Lower Lough Erne; Lough Melvin; Loughs Ree, Derg and Key on the Shannon; and Lough Corrib.

References

Insects described in 1926
Insects of Canada
Sigara


{{Taxobox
| name              = Sigara fossarum
| image             = Sigara fossarum 01.JPG
| regnum            = Animalia
| phylum            = Arthropoda
| classis           = Insecta
| ordo              = Hemiptera
| subordo           = Heteroptera
| infraordo         = Nepomorpha
| familia           = Corixidae
| genus             = Sigara
| species           = S. fossarum| binomial          = Sigara fossarum| binomial_authority = (Leach, 1817)
}}Sigara fossarum''' is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1817
Sigara


Sigara scotti is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1868
Sigara


Sigara lateralis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.

References

Insects described in 1817
Sigara


"The Sunmachine and the Ocean" is the first official release from Scottish post-hardcore band The Ocean Fracture, and was produced by Ben Phillips at City Of Dis studios in Gillingham, Kent. It was released in September 2006 by Eyesofsound records, which has also released records by Devil Sold His Soul And Bossk.

The second song on the album, "Polaroid Intimacy" was featured in covermount CDs free with the corresponding issues of Rock Sound and Big Cheese magazines in which the album was reviewed.

Track listing

1 - Thalassa (5.25)
2 - Polaroid Intimacy (5.05)
3 - Shallows (7.09)
4 - Kaladitas (7.26)
5 - Kai Ilios Machina (22.15)

Press Reception

"Not too many bands have the balls to write music with the kind of jaw dropping ambition and eye on progression that The Ocean Fracture manage on this exceptional debut mini-album... as much as we all need the quick melodic fix of an over-produced rock band, it is equally important that we challenge our minds and, quite frankly, it doesn't get more worthy than this." - Rock Sound Magazine, Issue 87 - August 2006

"Strange time changes and tunings are prominent throughout and the mix of Thursday-esque singing and insane screeches, roars and screams are something special. Rarely is such emotion and passion heard in today's rock music as on the brave and experimental epics of 'Polaroid Intimacy' and 'Thalassa'." - Big Cheese Magazine, October 2006

"Though there's been no shortage of bands from the US taking their cues from the designs of Boston post-hardcore pioneers Isis, a small stronghold of guitar experimentation is developing this side of the pond, thanks to the efforts of this glaswegian collective. Full of spiralling guitars, sprawling expanses, melodic highs and gutural lows, 'Sunmachine...' makes for a complex and ambitious statement." - Kerrang! Magazine, Issue 1124, September 2006

Lineup
Lineup on this release:

Steven Gillies (vocals, guitar)Paul McArthur (guitar, vocals)Sean Campbell (drums)Martin Ritchie (bass, 2005-2008)

References

2006 debut albums


The Peace and Friendship Stadium (), commonly known by its acronym SEF, is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is located in Piraeus, on the coastal zone of Attica, Greece. The arena is mostly known for being the home to EuroLeague team Olympiacos, and is the central venue of the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex. It opened in 1985 and its design was inspired by Palasport di San Siro.

The arena complex also contains a 942-seat amphitheater, a weight training room, a full practice facility, three auxiliary courts that house the Olympiacos youth clubs, and the Olympiacos team office. It is also used as training center for the Hellenic Amateur Athletic Association.

History

The Peace and Friendship Stadium opened in 1985, and its construction cost was €25,000,000 in 1983 prices. It was designed by the architectural firm "Thymios Papagiannis and Associates" and had a capacity of 14,940. The arena is built opposite to the Karaiskakis Stadium, located in the western end of the Phaleron Bay. It was inaugurated on February 16, 1985, at the first Panhellenic Athletics Indoor Championship, and hosted the 1985 European Athletics Indoor Championships in March. Originally it was designed and operated for a dual use as an ice hockey rink and as basketball stadium. The first Greek Ice Hockey Championship was held in the stadium in 1989. The operation of the skating rink was stopped for the use of other sports.

In 1991, the arena won the Golden Award from IAKS, the International Association for Sports and Leisure Facilities.

Since the 1991–92 season, the Peace and Friendship Stadium has been the home court to Greek League and EuroLeague professional basketball club Olympiacos. The arena was closed from April 2002, to early 2004, for renovation works, at a total cost of €7,300,000, and hosted the indoor volleyball tournament during the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the period that the arena was closed for renovations, Olympiacos played at the Glyfada Makis Liougas Sportshall, during the 2001–02 season, and at the Korydallos Sports Hall, during the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons. The Greek Basket League club Lavrio used the arena to host its FIBA Champions League home games, during the 2021–22 season.

The arena's total capacity varies, depending on the collapsible bleachers used in the lower level, besides its 11,640 permanent seating in the mid and upper levels, with additional temporary seating, it currently seats a total of 12,000 people for basketball games. The Peace and Friendship Stadium seats up to 14,776 for basketball games, with all the bleachers in use.

Training facility and auxiliary courts

The arena features a full training court for the senior men's team of Olympiacos, which is also used by the club's reserve team, Olympiacos B Development Team. The arena also has additional auxiliary basketball courts. The auxiliary courts are used by the youth clubs of Olympiacos.

Other uses
The arena is occasionally used for events like congresses, music concerts, and indoor motocross races. The Scorpions, Phil Collins, Dire Straits, Status Quo, UB40, Gloria Estefan, Deep Purple, A-HA and Placebo, are among the artists who have performed at the Peace and Friendship Stadium.

Outside the main arena, in the same stadium building, there is a 942-seat amphitheater, and various other halls of a total area of 16,048 sqm, where exhibitions and congresses take place.

Transportation
The Peace and Friendship Stadium is located in the Neo Faliro area of Piraeus municipality, on the coastal Poseidonos Avenue, and at the end of the Kifissou Avenue. It is 2 km away from the port of Piraeus. It sits on a major transportation hub, next to the Faliro metro station on Athens Metro Line 1, and the SEF tram stop, the terminus of Athens Tram.

Notable events hosted

Indoor athletics
1985 European Athletics Indoor Championships
Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships (1991–2002, 2007, 2009)
Volleyball
1989 European Champions' Cup Final
1992 European Champions' Cup Final Four
1993 European Champions' Cup Final Four
1994  World Championship
1995 Men's European Volleyball Championship
1996 European Cup Winners' Cup Final Four
2000 2nd World Qualification Tournament Men Pre Olympic Tournament
2004 Summer Olympics – Volleyball tournament
2005 European Top Teams Cup Final Four
Basketball
1985 FIBA European Champions' Cup Final
1987 EuroBasket
1989 FIBA European Cup Winners' Cup Final
1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee
1993 FIBA European League Final Four
1998 FIBA World Championship
Wrestling
1986 European Championships
1988 World Cup (Greco-Roman Men's)
1999 World Championship (Greco-Roman Men's)
  Gymnastics
1990 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships
1991 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships
 Weightlifting
1999 World Championships

See also
 List of basketball arenas by capacity
 List of indoor arenas in Greece

References

External links

Official website
SEF at Olympiacos B.C.'s official website
SEF at stadia.gr
Basketball images at Getty images
The transformations of SEF

1985 establishments in Greece
Basketball venues in Greece
Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex
Handball venues in Greece
Indoor arenas in Greece
Indoor track and field venues
Modernist architecture in Greece
Olympiacos B.C.
Olympic volleyball venues
Sports venues completed in 1985
Taekwondo venues
Volleyball venues in Greece


Ralph Edward Anderson (April 3, 1949 – December 20, 2016) was a professional American football defensive back in the National Football League (NFL).

After attending West Texas State (later renamed West Texas A&M), Anderson was drafted in the 5th round of the 1971 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers.  He played for the Steelers for two years, starting 21 games at free safety and recording four interceptions.

In 1973, he moved on to the New England Patriots where he played a final season.

References

External links
NFL.com profile

Players of American football from Dallas
American football defensive backs
Pittsburgh Steelers players
New England Patriots players
West Texas A&M Buffaloes football players
1949 births
Living people


Egypt–Sudan relations are the bilateral relations between the governments of Egypt and Sudan. Contact between Egypt and Sudan goes back to trade and conflict during ancient times. In 1820, Egypt conquered Sudan, and continued to occupy the country, later as a condominium under the British, until Sudan declared Independence in 1956. Sudan later joined the Arab League, which Egypt is a founding member. Relations between successive governments in Egypt and Sudan have warmed and cooled relations at various times. Relations today are cordial, but tensions remain.

History

Pre-Modern relations
Contact between Egypt and Sudan goes back to ancient times, when ancient trades routes have roots to 4000 B.C. The ancient Kingdom of Kush in northern Sudan and ancient Egypt engaged in trade, warfare and cultural exchange. During the New Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt conquered further south into Kushite lands. Later, the Kushites would conquer Egypt, founding the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Afterwards, Egypt would fall to the Persians, Greeks, and later Romans. During this time, Christianity spread to Egypt and Sudan. Egypt was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate in 652 AD, but the caliphate failed to spread into Sudan. A peace treaty was signed between Muslim Egypt and Christian Sudan called the Baqt, lasting centuries. After the Ottomans conquered Egypt, Sudan gradually converted to Islam.

Egyptian occupation

Egyptian conquest and Mahdist uprising
While Egypt was a province of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt conquered Sudan, led by the Ottoman Governor Muhammad Ali Pasha, founding the city Khartoum. After the Egyptian-Ottoman Wars from 1831 to 1841, Egypt became an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, governed by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. During this time period, British involvement in Egyptian grew, forming an Anglo-French debt commission that assumed responsibility for managing Egypt's fiscal affairs, that eventually forced Isma'il Pasha to abdicate in favor of his more pro-British son, Tawfiq Pasha. The British administrator Charles Gordon was appointed Governor-General of Sudan. A Sudanese religious leader Muhammad Ahmad declared himself the Mahdi and revolted against Egyptian rule. Egypt, with the support of the British, failed to suppress the uprising, and attempted to evacuate Sudan. Though Gordon was to organize the evacuation of Sudan, he found himself in the siege of Khartoum by Mahdist forces, eventually leading to his death. The Mahdist State continued to exist until 1899, when it was defeated by an Anglo-Egyptian force, establishing Anglo-Egyptian rule until 1956. During this time, the British effectively conquered Egypt after suppressing an anti-British uprising in 1882.

Condominium Agreement of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
The Condominium Agreement of January 19, 1899 provided for a joint administration of the Sudan by the British and Egyptian governments. Yet it was clear from the outset that Egypt's part of this administration was to be purely nominal. The supreme civil and military command of the Sudan was vested in the governor-general, who was nominated by the British government. Thus his appointment by Khedivial decree had few practical implications. It is, therefore, no wonder that during the whole period of the Condominium, all the governor-generals were British, and owed allegiance to the British government.While Sudan was officially a condominium between the governments of Egypt and Britain, divided from Egypt along the 22nd parallel, in reality the British Governor General effectively ruled Sudan as a colony. After the Egyptian revolution of 1919 and declaration of Egyptian independence in 1922, Egyptian nationalists demanded Egyptian authority over Sudan, citing historical connections with 'Unity in the Nile Valley', but British government involvement remained, especially after the assassination of Governor-General Sir Lee Stack, after which Egypt was forced to retreat all forces from Sudan. Egyptian nationalism during this time believed that Sudan rightfully belonged to Egypt, though Sudanese revolutionaries such as the White Flag League supported an independent Sudan. While the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936 allowed Egypt to host troops in Sudan, the Sudan remained a de facto British colony. Two imperial powers, Britain and Egypt, sought to control Sudan. This rivalry led to the rise of Sudanese elites who tended to split into anti-Egyptian and anti-British factions. The National Umma Party under Sayyid Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi supported Sudanese Independence from Egypt, while the National Unionist Party (NUP) under Ismail al-Azhari favored union with Egypt.

1947 negotiations
On January 25, 1947, the British government informed Egypt that it intended to prepare the Sudan for self-government, though Egypt opposed self-government for the Sudan. The Egyptian government sought the removal of British troops in Sudan, and because of the historical connection between Egypt and Sudan, Sudan should be granted self-government under a political union with Egypt. Anti-British resentment in Egypt continued to rise, and on 16 October 1951, the Egyptian government abrogated the agreements underpinning the condominium, and declared that Egypt and Sudan were legally united as the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan, with King Farouk as the King of Egypt and the Sudan. However, King Farouk was overthrown during the 1952 Egyptian Revolution by the Free Officers Movement, a group of army officers led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, declaring the Egypt a republic in on June 18, 1953. While Naguib, who was half-Sudanese and spent many years of his childhood in Sudan, supported a union between Egypt and Sudan, a treaty was signed in 1953 allowing Sudanese independence after 3 years. In the 1953 Sudanese parliamentary election, Ismail al-Azhari's NUP received a majority of seats in parliament. Despite winning a majority in the elections, Azhari realized that popular opinion had shifted against an Egyptian-Sudan union. Azhari, who had been the major spokesman for the "unity of the Nile Valley", therefore reversed the NUP's stand and supported Sudanese independence. On December 19, 1955, the Sudanese parliament, under Azhari's leadership, unanimously adopted a declaration of independence that became effective on January 1, 1956, creating the Republic of the Sudan.

Post-Independence Relations
Gamal Abdel Nasser was able to politically outmaneuver Naguib, becoming president of Egypt in 1956. Sudan under Azhari had cordial relations relations with Egypt, until disagreements in 1958 over the border and water resources. Nasser's Egypt later united with Syria, forming the United Arab Republic (U.A.R), while a coup overthrew Azhari's government in that same year. Relations with the UAR and the new government under Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil improved, with both governments signing an agreement over the Nile's water in 1959. In 1969, a conspiracy of Sudanese officers overthrew the Sudanese government, led by Colonel Jaafar Nimeiry. Nimeiry adopted a pro-Arab nationalist political position, including signing the Tripoli Charter with the UAR and Libya, declaring the coordination of policies. He also signed treaties with Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, standing by him after Sadat's peace treaty with Israel.

Modern Relations
The Nile, Egypt's lifeline, flows through Sudan before reaching Egypt. An estimated 95 per cent of all Egyptians depend on the Nile for fresh water. In 1959 the two countries agreed on a formula for sharing the water, whereby Sudan was authorized to use approximately one quarter of the flow and Egypt about three quarters. The division was predicated on a set annual flow, which varies enormously from year to year. There is usually a surplus above this amount. As a result, use of Nile water by other riparians had not, by 2011, resulted in a crisis with Egypt and Sudan. Nevertheless, none of the other eight riparian states was signature to, nor received any water allocation in, this 1959 bilateral agreement. Since 2000 Sudan had begun expressing an interest in changing the terms of the agreement so that it would be able to use a larger percentage of the flow. Seven of the eight other riparian states—Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda—also pressed for a revised water allocation formula. In 1999 the nine countries formed the Nile Basin Initiative as a forum for discussion about cooperating in the development of the Nile Basin. Since then, no agreement had been reached by 2011, mainly because Egypt and Sudan refused any reduction in their share of water. Egypt was also concerned that the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement would result in another riparian state in South Sudan. Egypt had hoped for a united Sudan because South Sudan will be another state with which it might have to negotiate water rights. In 2010 there was a sharp division between seven of the riparian states, which reached their own agreement, and opposition to that agreement by Egypt and Sudan.

While Egypt and Sudan generally agreed on the Nile water question, they had failed to resolve a longstanding dispute over the location of their border near the Red Sea, an area called the Hala'ib Triangle. Egypt occupied the disputed territory, but the matter remained ripe for future conflict. Al-Bashir revived the controversy as recently as 2010 when he stated that Hala’ib was Sudanese and would stay Sudanese.

Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak visited Sudan in 1985 after a military coup overthrew Nimeiry that year. Nimeiry lived in exile in Egypt until 1999. Relations between the two countries since the 1989 Sudanese coup have had their ups and downs. The relationship reached its nadir in 1995, when elements of the Sudanese government were complicit in a plot by an Egyptian terrorist group, Gama'a Islamiyya, to assassinate Egypt's president, Hosni Mubarak, while he was en route from the Addis Ababa airport to an Organization of African Unity (now African Union) summit in Ethiopia's capital. Sudan called these "unjust and unsubstantiated claims" in a UN letter. By the end of 1999, Egyptian anger toward Sudan had subsided, and President al-Bashir visited Egypt, where the two leaders agreed to normalize diplomatic relations. Al-Bashir returned to Cairo in 2002, at which time they expanded cooperation on a variety of practical issues. Mubarak repaid the visit by going to Khartoum the following year. In 2004 al-Bashir again went to Cairo, where the two leaders signed the Four Freedoms Agreement dealing with freedom of ownership, movement, residence, and work between the two countries. There has been cooperation on counterterrorism and development projects drawing water from the Nile, and the two governments agreed to establish a free-trade zone along the Egypt–Sudan border, where they would exchange commodities free of duty. Sudan has particularly appreciated Egyptian verbal and moral support for its policy in Darfur. Egypt also sent troops to the United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur. Egyptian investments in Sudan reached US$2.5 billion by 2008 while Sudanese investments in Egypt totaled almost US$200 million. By 2010 Egyptian–Sudanese relations were better than they had been in many years, although several long-term contentious issues, such as the future status of South Sudan, ownership of the Hala’ib Triangle, and use of Nile water, remained unresolved.Egypt nevertheless began preparing for the possible independence of South Sudan. In an effort to keep track of developments there, Egypt had about 1,500 military personnel assigned to the United Nations Mission in Sudan and had begun supporting a number of development projects in the South. It had a consulate in Juba, and Mubarak traveled there in 2008. Salva Kiir visited Cairo in 2009, when Egypt made clear it would accept the results of the January 2011 referendum on secession. In 2010, Egypt also offered a US$300 million grant for Southern water and electricity projects along the Nile.

Egypt's policy on Sudan was that it was in favour of a united Sudan, and therefore Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process that gave the peoples of South Sudan the right to secede and form an independent state in 2011 after the long Sudanese Civil War.

On 15 April 2023, war broke out between Sudanese Armed Forces and Rapid Support Forces. Egypt had chosen the side of Sudanese military by supplying soldiers and warplanes. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi had a close tie with the Sudan’s military leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan. In early 2023, Egypt started a political initiative in Cairo to resolve SAF and RSF differences, but the initiative was in the favor of Sudanese military. As the fighting started Gen. Hamdan’s forces captured 27 Egyptians military men. The western officials tried to defuse the crisis, that would intensify the regional conflict.

References

Further reading

Relations of colonizer and former colony


Annika is a feminine given name. It is the Swedish pet form of Anna, similar to Anneke in the Netherlands. It is also common in Germany, Finland and Estonia, gaining popularity after 1969 from the character of that name in the Pippi Longstocking TV series, film and book.

 Annika Beck (born 1994), German tennis player
 Annika Bryn (born 1945), Swedish author and freelance journalist
 Annika Drazek (born 1995), German bobsledder and track and field athlete
 Annika Fredén (born 1978), Swedish handball player
 Annika Idström (1947-2011), Finnish writer
 Annika Kipp (born 1979), German television presenter
 Annika Kjærgaard (born 1971), Swedish singer
 Annika Langvad (born 1984), Danish cross mountain biker
 Annika Lemström (born 1964), Finnish sailor
 Annika Norlin (born 1977), Swedish pop artist and journalist
 Annika Mombauer (born 1967), British academic and historian
 Annika Reeder (born 1979), British artistic gymnast
 Annika Saarikko (born 1983), Finnish politician
 Annika Saarnak (born 1988), Estonian swimmer
 Annika Svahn (fl. 1714), Finnish dragoon
 Annika Sörenstam (born 1970), Swedish professional golfer
 Annika Tammela (1979–2001), Estonian footballer
 Annika Uvehall (born 1965), Swedish Olympic swimmer
 Annika Viilo (born 1965), Finnish orienteer

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters

 Annika Hansen, a.k.a. Seven of Nine in the Star Trek: Voyager series on television
 Annika Settergren, in the Pippi Longstocking novel
 Princess Annika, in Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus
 Queens Annika and Neha, in The Dragon Prince
Annika Attwater, in You

Television
 Annika, 1984 TV mini-series
 Annika, 2021 British TV series

See also
817 Annika, asteroid
Anika, spelling variant

Feminine given names
Swedish feminine given names
German feminine given names
Finnish feminine given names
Danish feminine given names
Estonian feminine given names
Dutch feminine given names


Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1962. It consists of  of saltwater marsh, grassland, mixed deciduous woods, and cropland located on an abandoned military airfield in McIntosh County, Georgia, north of the intersection of Route 131 and Harris Neck Airport Road, about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Savannah, Georgia.

Early history
Harris Neck is a coastal peninsula located  south of Savannah, Georgia in McIntosh County. The nearest town is South Newport, six miles (10 km) to the west. Originally named Dickinson's Neck, the peninsula was renamed when William Thomas Harris became the principal land owner in the mid-18th century.

The land was deeded to a former slave in 1865 by a plantation owner. Black families settled in the area and built houses as well as oyster and crab processing factories.

The original Harris Neck airfield was built sometime between 1929 and 1932. Named "Harris Neck Intermediate Field Site #8", it was an emergency airfield for commercial planes on the Richmond-Jacksonville air route. The field consisted of an irregularly-shaped  sod parcel, with two sod runways 2,600' east/west & 2,550' north/south in a criss-cross pattern. The field was said to be illuminated, but to offer no services. Harris Neck airfield closed to the public on 1 January 1942 when the Civil Air Patrol began anti-submarine flights. It was evidently abandoned later that same year, when a new military airfield was built a half-mile north. There is no trace of its existence today.

Army airfield
In mid-1942, the Army Air Force decided to build a base at Harris Neck. The land was expropriated and families were given two weeks to remove themselves. At the time of transfer, black families (who owned 1,102 acres) were given $26.90 per acre and the white families (who owned 1,532 acres) were given $37.31 per acre. This included the  Livingston estate which included the Lorillard mansion and a deep-water dock. Construction was started on 15 July 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces First Air Force. The original plan provided for two runways. The Army's decision to add a third runway required the acquisition of additional land. A detachment of men from the 855th Guard Squadron, stationed at Hunter Army Air Field occupied the Harris Neck facility on 7 December 1942. It was activated on 28 January 1943 as an auxiliary of Dale Mabry Army Airfield in Tallahassee, Florida.

Today, there is very little left to show that the area was once an airfield. Other than the overgrown runways, taxiways, revetments, munitions bunkers and the bore sighting range, the only structure that still exists on the former military airfield is a water fountain which must have belonged to Livingston House. The area is very overgrown, access is limited by "keep out" signs.

Former residents of the displaced community and their descendants are attempting to work out a compromise with the federal government to allow them to return to their land, without significantly disrupting the wildlife refuge.

Wildlife refuge established

The Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge (HNNWR) was established in 1962 by transfer of federal lands and the World War II Army airfield formerly managed by the Federal Aviation Administration. The refuge consists of  of saltwater marsh, grassland, mixed deciduous woods, and cropland.

HNNWR is located in McIntosh County, Georgia. In the summer, thousands of egrets and herons nest in the swamps, while in the winter, large concentrations of ducks (especially mallards, gadwall, and green-winged teal) gather in the marshland and freshwater pools. Harris Neck NWR is also an important nesting area for the wood stork.

The public access to the refuge consists of over  of paved roads and trails provide the visitor easy access to the many different habitats.

Chosen for its accessibility and bird diversity, Harris Neck is one of 18 sites forming the Colonial Coast Birding Trail, inaugurated in 2000.

References

External links

 Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge website

National Wildlife Refuges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas of McIntosh County, Georgia
Protected areas established in 1962
Wetlands of Georgia (U.S. state)
Landforms of McIntosh County, Georgia
Peninsulas of Georgia (U.S. state)
Landforms of Georgia (U.S. state)


The Nightly Disease is the second album by the Norwegian alternative rock band Madrugada.  Much darker than their debut Industrial Silence, the album has been described as 'depression caught on tape'.  In 2011 the album was remastered and re-issued with a bonus disc featuring much unreleased and unheard material.

Track listing

Certifications

References

2001 albums
Virgin Records albums
Madrugada (band) albums
Albums produced by John Agnello


Pavol is a masculine Slovak given name, equivalent to Paul. Notable people with the name include:

Pavol Adami (1739–1795), Slovak scientist and scholar, one of the first veterinarians
Pavol Baláž (born 1984), Slovak footballer
Pavol Biroš (born 1953), former Slovak football player
Pavol Blažek (born 1958), race walker who represented Czechoslovakia and later Slovakia in the Olympic Games
Pavol Demitra (1974–2011), Slovak professional ice hockey player
Pavol Ďurica (born 1983), Slovak footballer
Pavol Farkas (born 1985), Slovak footballer
Pavol Hamžík (born 1954), former Foreign Minister of Slovakia from 1996 to 1997
Pavol Hnilica (1921–2006), Slovak Roman Catholic bishop and Jesuit
Pavol Hochschorner (born 1979), Slovak slalom canoeist
Pavol Hrivnák (1931–1995), Prime minister of Slovakia
Pavol Hrušovský (born 1952), the Speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic
Pavol Hudák (born 1959), Slovak poet
Pavol Jablonicky, IFBB professional bodybuilder
Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, university located in Košice, Slovakia
Pavol Jurčo (born 1986), professional Slovak footballer
Pavol Kopp, Slovak sport shooter
Pavol Masaryk (born 1980), Slovak footballer
Pavol Michalík (born 1951), former Slovak football goalkeeper
Pavol Molnár (born 1936), former Slovak football player
Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav (1849–1921), Slovak poet, dramatist, translator and member of  parliament
Pavol Paška, Slovak politician and Speaker of the National Council of the Slovak Republic
Pavol Peter Gojdič (1888–1960), Basilian monk, bishop of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Prešov, martyred by the communist regime in Czechoslovakia
Pavol Pronaj (born 1982), Slovak professional footballer
Pavol Regenda (born 1999), Slovak professional ice hockey player
Pavol Rusko, the former leader of the Slovak political party Aliancia nového občana
Pavol Schmidt (1930–2001), Slovak rower
Pavol Sedlák (born 1979), Slovak footballer
Pavol Šoral (born 1903), former Slovak football player
Pavol Staňo (born 1977), Slovak footballer
Pavol Steiner (1908–1969), Czechoslovak/Slovak Olympic water polo player and cardiac surgeon
Pavol Straka (born 1980), Slovak football player
Pavol Suhaj (born 1981), Slovak football striker
Pavol Zemanovič (born 1990), Slovak football defender

Slovak masculine given names
Masculine given names


The Arab American Book Award, established in 2006, is an annual literary award to celebrate and support the research of, and the written work of, Arab Americans and their culture. The Arab American Book Award encourages the publication and excellence of books that preserve and advance the understanding, knowledge, and resources of the Arab American community by celebrating the thoughts and lives of Arab Americans. The purpose of the Award is to inspire authors, educate readers and foster a respect and understanding of the Arab American culture.

The Arab American Book Award was brought about by the Arab American National Museum and faculty members of the nearby University of Toledo. The winning titles are chosen by groups of selected readers including respected authors, university professors, artists and AANM staff. The Awards are given during an invitation only event in the Fall of the award year. The AANM first gave these awards in 2007 for books published in 2006; for 2007, the number of submissions more than doubled from the inaugural year.

To help ensure the continuity of the Arab American Book Award a special endowment fund has been launched with a $10,000 gift from Drs. A. Adnan and Barbara C. Aswad. Dr. Barbara C. Aswad is Professor Emerita of Anthropology at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan and a past president of the Middle Eastern Studies Association and a Board Member Emerita for the Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS), parent organization of the Arab American National Museum. Dr. A. Adnan Aswad is Professor Emeritus of Engineering at the University of Michigan–Dearborn. The Aswads, now based in Los Angeles, were inspired to make the gift after the inaugural Book Award ceremony in Fall 2007.

In 2011, the non-fiction prize was renamed to honor the legacy and contributions to Arab American scholarship of Evelyn Shakir, who died of breast cancer in 2010. In addition to winning the Arab American Book Award for Fiction in 2008, Professor Shakir extensively researched the history of Arab women and wrote the groundbreaking work Bint Arab: Arab and Arab American Women in the United States in 1997. Evelyn's longtime partner, poet George Ellenbogen, established the award in collaboration with the Arab American National Museum.

Chronology change (2009)

In 2009, The Arab American Book Award Committee changed the name of the '2008 Arab American Book Award' to the '2009 Arab American Book Award' in order to reflect the true award date instead of the publication date of the winning books. All dates in the previous Award years were also changed retroactively. While the date within the Award name has changed, the rules regarding the publication dates for eligible submissions have not.

Award recipients

Adult fiction

Evelyn Shakir Non-Fiction Award
Prior to 2011, this award was referred to primarily as the Non-Fiction Award.

Children's/Young Adult

George Ellenbogen Poetry Award

See also
List of Arab American writers

References

External links
Arab American Book Award, Official Site
Arab American National Museum Website
ACCESS (Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services)

Arab-American organizations
Arab-American literature
Awards established in 2006
American children's literary awards
Literary awards honoring minority groups
2006 establishments in the United States
American literary awards


Turanovia incompleta is an extinct species of archidermapteran earwig. It is the only species in the genus Turanovia and family Turanoviidae. It is found in the Middle-Late Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian) Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan.

References

External links
 The Tree of Life's article on Archidermaptera

Archidermaptera


Mount Royal was a Canadian prime time television soap opera that aired on CTV. It premiered January 3, 1988 with a two-hour episode. The series starred Patrick Bauchau and Domini Blythe. It is said to be Canada's answer to the American soap opera Dynasty.

Setting
The series was set in an upscale Montreal neighbourhood. It followed the Valeur family. Andre Valeur his wife Katherine and their three children Danielle, Stefanie and Rob. The Valeur family not only had a home in Montreal but also in Paris and they spent much time there during the show's short run.

Production
The series was produced by CTV, Alliance Communications and the French production company Société Française de Production. It was filmed in both Montreal and Paris and at the time was one of the most expensive Canadian television productions, with a budget of $17 million.

Awards
The show won a Gemini Award for best guest star thanks to Martha Henry's performance. It was also nominated for four other Gemini Awards, including best music composition and best lead actor in a continuing dramatic role.

Music
The show's theme song, titled "The Power and the Glory", was sung by Sherry Kean and Alfie Zappacosta.  It was released as a single in 1988 on Attic Records, but failed to chart.

External links

Mount Royal at the TV Archive Site

CTV Television Network original programming
Canadian television soap operas
1980s Canadian drama television series
1988 Canadian television series debuts
1988 Canadian television series endings
Television shows set in Montreal
Television shows filmed in Montreal


Strictly Global was an American weekly music-television program, which aired from November 19, 2004, to June 3, 2011. It showcased music videos covering every genre of music from every corner of the globe. The program highlights international artists as well as independent and ethnic American talent. The program was produced by MHz Networks, and was broadcast every Friday night on MHz WorldView.

History
The program premiered on November 19, 2004. Co-produced and co-hosted by Terrance Averett and Mike Leyva, it was originally launched as an hour-long program airing at 9 PM ET. When Levya left the station in May 2005, Averett became sole producer and host. In 2007, Averett became senior producer and A.C. Evans and Jennifer Roh became alternating hosts, with occasional appearances by Averett. In the same year, it expanded to a two-hour block and started airing at 8 PM and 11 PM ET.

Season 7 saw new hosts: Dawn Reed, Danni Rosner, and Christina Tkacik. The show was shot at the State Theatre, in Falls Church, Virginia. It is hosted in English, but music videos encompass a wide array of languages.

The program reached 30 million households across the U.S.

Hosts
Dawn Reed
Born March 2, 1981 in Misawa, Aomori, Japan, Reed is an American actress, model, director and television personality. She is most known as the hostess and VJ for the international music video television show Strictly Global. Reed joined the program in 2008, during its seventh season. She is also credited as an associate producer and editor for the show, and is a regular blogger for its website.

In 2009, Reed created a new segment called "Beat Kitchen" which showcases recipes inspired by music videos.

Danni Rosner
A multilingual singer who grew up in Tokyo, Rosner returned to the United States during high school. An alumna of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, she holds degrees in musical analysis and English and has worked as a television reporter in Italy, a touring blues singer, and has sung the National Anthem at major sports venues in D.C. (Nationals Park, RFK Stadium, Verizon Center).

Nextwave
In its sixth season, the show introduced the new segment, "Nextwave", that spotlights new independent artists and bands with culturally diverse sounds and perspectives. Footage of Nextwave artists is featured between music videos during Strictly Global, as well as online. The segment is introduced with a short biography of the artist or band followed by their music video.

Nextwave was launched on March 27, 2008, with singer-songwriter Sona Kay as the segment's first featured artist. Kay gave a short interview and performed two of her songs "Fight For Me" and "Contra Corriente" on the guitar.

The segment is shot at the 8101A Studio.

Cancellation
The program's last new episode was aired on June 3, 2011.

See also

References

External links

 Popmatters. (Article)

2004 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
2000s American music television series
2010s American music television series
English-language television shows
Falls Church, Virginia
Pop music television series


Driekops Eiland (also called Driekopseiland) is a rock engraving or petroglyph site in the bed of the Riet River close to the town of Plooysburg, near Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa.

The engravings
There are more than 3500 individual engravings at this site, predominantly pecked geometric images, occur on glaciated basement rock exposed in the bed of the river and are submerged when the river rises. Archaeologists and geomorphologists have estimated that the engravings may have been made in two episodes – before about 2500 years ago and after about 1000 years ago.

Debates
The site has been at the centre of a number of debates about South African rock engravings.

Sensational claims about the site and makers of the engravings are advanced by Brenda Sullivan, Cyril Hromnik and others in books such as Spirit of the rocks.  The ideas set out by these authors, often involving ancient visitors from foreign lands, and alleged links between the engravings and Ogham inscriptions, are rejected by archaeologists.

Within the archaeological fraternity the site has become important in collegial debates on authorship of rock art in Southern Africa.

Amongst rock art specialists there are two principal ideas concerning Driekops Eiland. One of them suggests that whereas sites such as the nearby Wildebeest Kuil, with its profusion of engravings of animals and some human figures, is quintessentially San/hunter-gatherer in character, the site of Driekops Eiland, with its massive preponderance of geometric engravings and very few animals and hardly any human figures, most likely belongs to a different tradition of rock art, now believed to be a separate Khoekhoe herder rock art tradition. This has been a persuasive argument, and the distribution of sites with geometric rock art appears to match the hypothesised migration routes by which herders are thought to have spread through South Africa about 2000 years ago.

A different perspective on Driekops Eiland does not discount this possibility, that different identity groups have given rise to some of the variability between sites, but questions whether assigning variability in terms of ethnic or cultural differences in the first instance does not perhaps overlook degrees of complexity and other possible factors. This approach draws on archaeological sources, ethnographic clues, and palaeo-environmental data to suggest that the environmental setting of the site was a locus of particular cultural and social significance. Ethnographic accounts, including those with reference to the social significance of water, show how features in the landscape could be imbued with meaning.  Places and rock faces could become meaningful supports, mediating spirit worlds, the surfaces bearing the rock art images being a “most fundamental part of the context”.

The engravings as residues of ritual practices
Ethnographic sources, moreover, refer to ritual practices, specifically the female puberty rites, which have (or had) a specific geographical focus at the water source. Facial or body marking, and sometimes the daubing of objects, with ochre, scarification, and other modes, was a widely consistent feature of the ceremonies of reintroduction that concluded the rites (the literature is vast, from across the Khoe-San spectrum)

In Khoe-San ethnography, the spirit worlds over and under the earth are mediated by water in the form of rain and the waterhole It has been argued, that the hypothesized ritual practices and the rich field of social meanings in Khoe-San beliefs in relation to !Khwa, the rain/water (or its manifestation as a mythical ‘watersnake’), and the initiate, referred to as the ‘new maiden’, can be conceived as converging in the nearly palpable power of place at Driekops Eiland – where glacially smoothed basement rock, aligned with the flow of the river, ‘bulges’ and ‘dips’, snake-like, above or below the water according to the season. The site resonates with environmental rhythms, and these, in turn, were very likely resources for cultural construal. Upon this great, smooth, undulating surface (itself perhaps construed as a giant, fecund ‘watersnake’ – associated with rivers in many tales), more than 3,500 rock engravings are densely placed, such that they become submerged when the rains come in the wet season, but equally are left high and dry when river flow dwindles, or ceases altogether.

As  a powerful place, it is possible that Driekops Eiland became – in this view – a focus in rites, perhaps specifically those associated with the ‘new maiden’, who represented “the rain’s magic power” (according to ≠Kamme-an, Dia!kwain’s mother); that the place itself was an active element in these rites in the redefinition of social personhood; and that the power of the place was enhanced in particular periods in its history (perhaps periods of ritual intensification in response to environmental and/or social stress) by marking with engravings, which themselves may be a residue of ritual sequence. These rituals are or were practised with great emotional and symbolic intensity.

It is suggested that a metaphorical understanding of place – and the possibility that different parts of the landscape might vary in ritual significance (hilltops very likely being associated with rain-making rites) – may be factors more germane to the questions of variability in the rock art of the region than appeals primarily to ethnicity and cultural difference.

Formal protection
Driekops Eiland was declared a National Monument in 1944. It automatically became a Grade 2 Provincial Heritage Site when the National Heritage Resources Act (Act 25 of 1999) was promulgated.

Detrimental impacts
A weir was built across the upper part of the site in 1942, causing permanent submergence of an estimated 150 engravings above the weir, and changing flood dynamics and silt accumulation patterns. The latter triggered, in turn, increased reed growth and an invasion of eucalyptus saplings across silted parts of the site - helped along by increased flow after a canal was built from the Orange River to the Kalfontein Dam (on the Riet River) in 1987.

Driekops Eiland in art, literature and film
The artist Walter Battiss knew the site as a youngster and wrote about it in publications on rock engravings.
Randy Hartzenberg produced After Driekopseiland in 1989, now hanging at the Iziko South African National Gallery in Cape Town.
Strijdom van der Merwe used Driekops Eiland images in his exhibition 'Messages of the Southern Earth' at the University of Johannesburg Gallery in 2005.
Julia Martin devotes a chapter to a visit to Driekops Eiland in her book A Millimetre of Dust.
Michael Cope's anthology Ghaap has a poem Rock Engravings on a Glacial Floor inspired by Driekops Eiland.
 The site features in numerous documentary films including an episode of A country imagined (with Johnny Clegg, Curious Pictures, 2010).
The artist Willem Boshoff was inspired by the history of Driekopseiland when he made his sculpture "Thinking Stone" for the University of the Free State.

Other rock engraving sites in the region
 Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre
 Nooitgedacht Glacial Pavements

References

External links
Driekops Eiland
Wildebeest Kuil Rock Art Centre
McGregor Museum Kimberley

Archaeological sites in South Africa
Karoo
Prehistoric art
Rock art in Africa
Stone Age Africa
Archaeological sites of Southern Africa


Individual Choice is an album by French jazz fusion violinist Jean-Luc Ponty that was released in 1983.

A music video for the title track was produced by Louis Schwarzberg in 1984, consisting of time-lapsed footage of New York City, Chicago, and Seattle.

2009 Bootleg CD
In 2009, a bootleg version of the album was released on CD by a private distributor. The bootleg track listing swaps the placement of tracks 2 and 4. The CD also changed the name of the track "Individual Choice" to "The Inclement Weather Song".

Track listing

Personnel
 Jean-Luc Ponty – violin (all), synthesizers (1-6), keyboard bass (3, 5, 6), rhythm computer (3), organ (5)
 George Duke – Minimoog solo (3)
 Allan Holdsworth – guitar (5, 7)
 Randy Jackson – bass (2, 7)
 Rayford Griffin – drums (2, 7), percussion (6)

Production notes
Jean-Luc Ponty – producer
Gary Skardina – drum recordings
Peter R. Kelsey – engineer, mixing
Stuart Graham – engineer, assistant engineer
Steve Hall – engineer, mastering
Mark Hanauer – photography
Bob Defrin – art direction

Charts

References

External links
 Jean-Luc Ponty - Individual Choice (1983) album review by Richard S. Ginell, credits & releases at AllMusic
 Jean-Luc Ponty - Individual Choice (1983) album releases & credits at Discogs
 Jean-Luc Ponty - Individual Choice (1983) album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com
 Jean-Luc Ponty - Individual Choice (1983) album to be listened as stream on Spotify

1983 albums
Jean-Luc Ponty albums
Atlantic Records albums


The Cotton Board is the oversight and administrative arm of the Cotton Research and Promotion Program. The Cotton Board is based in Memphis, Tennessee, and represents American upland cotton. It is the commodity checkoff organization for the American cotton industry. The board administers Cotton Incorporated, its research and marketing entity, which is responsible for the longstanding "The Fabric of Our Lives" campaign.

The board is a quasi-public entity established in 7 USC 53 and 7 CFR 1205.  It is funded through assessments on US cotton producers and importers, including importers of most cotton-derived goods; the assessment is waived if the imported goods were made from previously-exported US cotton.

In 2018, the Cotton Board collected $88.1 million in assessments, $38.5 million of which were from cotton and cotton article importers.  Its 2018 assets stood at $120.5 million, of which $68.2 million were immediately liquid, with $25 million in long-term investments.

References

External links
Official website

Cotton organizations
Marketing boards
Commodity checkoff programs
Agricultural organizations based in the United States
Agricultural marketing in the United States
Cotton industry in the United States


The Rhine Railway () is a railway line in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, running from Mannheim via Karlsruhe to Rastatt, partly built as a strategic railway and formerly continuing to Haguenau in Alsace, now in France.

It was opened in 1870 as an alternative to the Baden Mainline and runs mostly broadly parallel with the Rhine Valley Railway, which runs from Mannheim to Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Rastatt, Offenburg and Basel. The Rhine Railway originally ran from Graben-Neudorf to Karlsruhe via a more westerly route than the current route, which is now named the Hardt Railway and is partly used by lines S 1 and S 11 of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. In 1895 the current route was opened to Karlsruhe and extended to Rastatt and Haguenau. The section over the border along the Rhine in France was closed in 1966.

Route
The line is entirely within the Upper Rhine Plain. Therefore, it is almost straight and has no major engineering structures. From Karlsruhe Central Station to Hagsfeld it runs within the independent city of Karlsruhe; from Blankenloch to Waghäusel it crosses the  Karlsruhe district through the municipality of  Neulußheim to the abandoned halt of Hirschacker in the Rhein-Neckar district. The rest of the line is located within the independent city of Mannheim. The line crosses a total of eight municipalities: Karlsruhe, Stutensee, Graben-Neudorf, Waghäusel, Neulußheim, Hockenheim, Oftersheim, Schwetzingen and Mannheim.

The geographical situation of the abandoned halt of Altrip, which was on the boundary of the city of Mannheim, is unusual; Altrip lies on the opposite side of the Rhine in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, having been cut off by the straightening of the river, while the Rhine railway is exclusively located within Baden-Württemberg.

History

1870–1890: opening and first years
The Baden Mainline was opened in 1840 from Mannheim to Heidelberg and extended to Karlsruhe in 1844 and to Basel by 1855. However, the indirect route via Heidelberg bypassed part of the natural catchment area of Mannheim which was located close to the Rhine, including towns such as Schwetzingen and Hockenheim.

This led to a vigorous debate about the southern part of a proposed line from Mannheim to Karlsruhe close to the Rhine. The Grand Duke of Baden, Frederick I approved the building of a railway via Linkenheim, Eggenstein and Neureut to Mühlburger Tor (to the west of central Karlsruhe) and from there run on the Maxau Railway (Maxaubahn) to the old Karlsruhe central station (this route is now called the Hardt Railway, Hardtbahn), rather than a proposed route running further east to Karlsruhe on the current alignment. It was accepted that through traffic in the north-south direction might not run on the line and that it would instead continue to run on the Heidelberg–Karlsruhe line.

The construction of the Mannheim–Schwetzingen–Graben Neudorf–Eggenstein–Karlsruhe line via the Hardt forest was funded by the city of Mannheim. It was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (Großherzogliche Badische Staatsbahn), on 4 August 1870, the day of its opening. The line was also known as the Rhine Railway, but there are also old maps that show it as the Rhine Valley Railway.

Shortly after the opening of the line in 1870, a problem became apparent during the Franco-Prussian War, in that military transports from Mannheim to Karlsruhe and continuing to the south had to reverse in Karlsruhe station. This led to the acceleration of the building of a curve between the Rhine Railway and the Rhine Valley Railway.

1890–1945: development to the Second World War
As it was expected that there would soon be another war with France, plans were made to build strategic railways. Against this background, the German general staff demanded above all a line on the Graben-Neudorf–Blankenloch–Karlsruhe–Durmersheim–Rastatt–Roeschwoog–Haguenau route. This was inaugurated in 1895, including a freight rail bypass of Karlsruhe. Since the line via Blankenloch was shorter and more direct, trains on the Rhine Railway from then on ran on the strategic line.

The now bypassed Karlsruhe–Eggenstein–Graben-Neudorf section was subsequently called the Hardt Railway and converted into a connecting line. To continue a journey on the Hardt Railway towards Mannheim it was necessary to change trains in Graben-Neudorf.

After the completion of the line via Blankenloch, the Rhine Railway developed into a busy line for through traffic, especially since it was the shortest line between Mannheim and Karlsruhe, rather than the route via Bruchsal and Heidelberg. In addition, trains running via Heidelberg had to reverse there until 1955.

Passenger services across the Rhine ended in August 1938 and have not been restored except between May 1942 and December 1944. With the outbreak of the Second World War, the French army blew up the western end of the bridge over the Rhine at Wintersdorf on 12 October 1939, but it was rebuilt by the German army and reopened in May 1940. German troops destroyed the whole bridge on 12 December 1944.

1945–2000
The French military rebuilt the bridge at Wintersdorf and freight traffic resumed over the Rhine in May 1949, but the bridge was closed to rail traffic at the end of the Cold War.

In the 1950s the Rhine Railway was electrified, like all major lines in western Germany. In subsequent years, several stations that were no longer viable were abandoned. The section over the Rhine (and the border) into France was closed in 1966. The original western course of the line between Graben-Neudorf and Karlsruhe (the Hardt Railway) was closed in 1967.

The relief of the very heavily congested Hockenheim–Graben-Neudorf section of the Rhine Railway was included in the planning of the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway. At several points connections were provided to the existing line and a section of the old line was relocated. The Mannheim–Graben-Neudorf section was completed in 1987 as the first part of the new line and the Waghäusel Saalbach–Graben-Neudorf railway connected and reinforced the old and new lines.

The 21 km long section from Graben-Neudorf to Karlsruhe was upgraded from November 1987 as a connector between the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed line, which was opened over its full-length in 1991, and the Karlsruhe–Basel line; this work involved raising permitted speeds to 200 km/h and the elimination of nine level crossings.

Since then, long-distance trains have used the Rhine Railway on their way north from Graben-Neudorf. The passenger trains at this time mainly used Silberling carriages, hauled by class 141 electrics locomotives.

In 1997, Karlsruhe-Hagsfeld station, which had been disused since the 1980s, was reactivated in connection with the opening of the Karlsruhe–Blankenloch section of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. Since then, its serves as an interchange station between line S 2 of the Stadtbahn and regional line R 2, both managed by the Karlsruher Verkehrsverbund (Karlsruhe transport association).

2000 to the present
Since 2000, the line has been served by Regional-Express services every two hours, running from Karlsruhe via Speyer, Ludwigshafen and Worms to Mainz. From Karlsruhe to Graben-Neudorf, the service runs on the Rhine railway. These services are operated with class 425 electric multiple units.

In 2015, the line was included in the network of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn. In 2004, some platforms were raised to serve class 425 S-Bahn sets. With the start of regular S-Bahn operations, all intermediate stations will be modernised and their platforms will be raised. New stations are to be built in Schwetzingen-Hirschacker, Schwetzingen Nord and Graben-Neudorf Süd.

A tram line was opened on the former track to Karlsruher Nordstadt in 2006.

Timetable
The line is listed in the Deutsche Bahn timetable as line number 700. Traffic is very dense as many long-distance and freight trains use this route. Regional-Express services on the Karlsruhe–Mainz route make no intermediate stops between Graben-Neudorf and Karlsruhe.

Services between Mannheim and Karlsruhe are mainly operated as Regionalbahn services, which usually run half-hourly. Some Regional-Express services operate that stop in at least Graben-Neudorf, Waghäusel, Hockenheim and Schwetzingen.

Notes

References

External links
 Timetable excerpt from 1944

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Railway lines opened in 1870


The Mugger is a (1956) novel by Ed McBain, the second in his 87th Precinct series. It was adapted for a film of the same name in 1958. In 2002 the author wrote an introduction to this and to his earlier novel Cop Hater when both were published in an omnibus edition.

Plot

A mugger is attacking women in Isola.  Carella is on his honeymoon, and the case is being handled by Detective Hal Willis.  A second plot involves Bert Kling, a patrolman hunting a killer.

Characters

This novel introduces the character of Claire Townsend, Bert Kling's girlfriend (killed in the novel Lady, Lady, I Did It).  Bert gets a promotion to Detective 3rd Grade.  Also introduced in this novel are the characters of Detective 2nd Grade Eileen Burke and homicide detectives Monoghan and Monroe.

1956 American novels
American crime novels
American novels adapted into films
Novels by Evan Hunter
Novels set in New York City


is Korean boyband Tohoshinki's twenty-seventh Japanese single and was released on April 22, 2009 by Rhythm Zone. This is their sixth number one single in Japan, extending the record they set back in earlier in the year with "Bolero / Kiss the Baby Sky / Wasurenaide". The single has been labeled as a "One Piece single" since all three songs on the single at some point have been used as a theme song for One Piece.

Overview
"Share the World / We Are!" was released nearly a month after the release of their fourth Japanese studio album The Secret Code. "We Are! (Animation One Piece 10th Anniversary Ver.)" was used as the opening theme for anime series One Piece from episodes 373 to 394. "We Are!" is a cover of the first opening by Hiroshi Kitadani. "Share the World" took the place of "We Are!" as the opening theme of the series. The single debuted at number one on the Oricon charts giving the group their sixth number one single which extends their record making them the first foreign artist to have six number one singles in Japan. The bonus track , which was released in 2006, was used as the ending theme for the eight and half of the ninth season of One Piece.

Music video
The music video was shot by . The video begins with Hero dusting off a book and proceeds to open it. The members appear on a wasteland where the weather changes from sunny to rainy, when the first verse begins. At the start of the chorus the scene switches to a white background and near the end the wasteland fills with water and Hero emerges from it. At the start of the second chorus they are swimming under water and near the end of the video they are flying in the sky. In the end camera zooms out and shows the globe and reveals the title of the book, Share the World.

Live performances
June 20, 2009 - Music fair 21
July 1, 2009 - Tokudane Premium

Track list

Charts, peaks and certifications

Charts

References

External links
 Official website

2009 singles
TVXQ songs
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Songs written by Kenichi Maeyamada
2009 songs
Rhythm Zone singles
One Piece mass media
Anime songs


Keith Faulkner (born 25 July 1936) is a British-born Australian actor.

Early life
Faulkner was born in Richmond, Surrey. He started his career at Corona Academy at the age of eleven and moved on to a career in film and television in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Career
Faulkner later left acting and moved to Australia, where he worked for a telecommunications company. In the late-1940s, he appeared at the London Coliseum in Annie Get Your Gun playing Annie Oakley's brother Little Jake. In 1951, he appeared at Stratford-upon-Avon's Memorial Theatre during the Festival of Britain Season, playing Falstaff's Page in Henry IV and the Boy in Henry V. This was followed by an extensive tour of Britain with the Elizabethan Theatre Company, performing various Shakespearean productions. In the 1950s, Keith Faulkner was known for his roles as Ginger in Just William and Bob Cherry in Billy Bunter of Greyfriars School (both BBC TV series) and also featured in juvenile roles in a number of feature films. In the early 1960s, he appeared in several B-film thrillers and crime films and starred in The Man in the Back Seat, and Strongroom. His last screen credit was in 1963.\

Personal life
Faulkner and his wife, Pat, have two sons.

Partial filmography
 The Happiest Days of Your Life (1950)
 Laxdale Hall (1953)
 Johnny on the Run (1953)
 The Blue Peter  (1955)
 Yangtse Incident (1957)
 Tunes of Glory (1960)
 Linda (1960)
Edgar Wallace Mysteries Episode The Sinister Man (1961)
 Payroll (1961)
 The Man in the Back Seat (1961)
 The Pot Carriers (1962)
 Strongroom (1962)
 It's All Happening (1963)

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
British emigrants to Australia
British male child actors
British male film actors


Jargari is a small village near Khanna, Punjab, in northwest India. It comes under Tehsil Payal Dist. Ludhiana.

Gurudwara Sahib
A gurudwara (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ, gurduārā or ਗੁਰਦਵਾਰਾ, gurdwārā; sometimes transliterated from Punjabi as gurdwara), meaning  "the doorway to the guru", is a place of worship for Sikhs. A gurudwara is also referred to as a "Sikh temple".

Jargari Pind

Nearby villages
Below is the list of nearest villages:

References

Villages in Ludhiana district


The 2009 Irish emergency budget refers to the delivery of an emergency government budget by the Government of Ireland on 7 April 2009, its second in six months. It was also the second overall budget to be delivered by Fianna Fáil's Brian Lenihan as Minister for Finance. The emergency budget announcement involved significant tax rises and a decrease in public spending. Prior to its unveiling, it was predicted to be the most severe budget in decades, with The Independent suggesting in its aftermath that it was the most severe in the country's history.

Background

Irish financial crisis

2008 emergency budget

The Irish government budget for 2009 was delivered on 14 October 2008, as the first budget in the tenure of Brian Lenihan as Minister for Finance and the first of the Taoiseach Brian Cowen's tenure. It was brought forward from its usual December date due to the global financial crisis. The budget, labelled "the toughest in many years", included a number of controversial measures such as a proposed income levy which was eventually restructured and the withdrawal of previously promised HPV vaccines for schoolgirls. Other results of the budget included a new income levy being imposed on all workers above a specified threshold and the closure of a number of military barracks near the border with Northern Ireland.

Budget summary
The April 2009 emergency budget introduced a number of new measures. The announcements included:

 Rates of the previously introduced income levy doubled to 2%, 4% and 6%.
 Excise duty on a regular packet of 20 cigarettes was increased by 25 cents.
 Excise duty on a litre of diesel was increased by 5c.
 A new "asset management agency" established to remove bad loans from Irish banks.
 Early childcare supplement decreased by one half from 1 May 2009 and abolished entirely by 2010.  This will be replaced by a subsidy towards pre-school for 3- and 4-year-olds.
 No further increases in social welfare for at least two years.  Jobseekers' allowance for under 20s was reduced by half.

Details
The cabinet met on the afternoon of 6 April 2009 to finalise the emergency budget. The budget was preceded by an announcement that all twenty of Ireland's Ministers of State were to resign to be replaced by fifteen within a fortnight. A proposal was also announced which would see the transfer of approximately €80–90 billion of bad loans from Irish banks to a new National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) The Department of Transport announced a reduction in funding of €315 million. €150 million would be deducted from the €448 million earmarked for local and regional roads, with a further €150 million deducted from funds set aside for public transport infrastructure. The typical person on the minimum wage of €17,500 per annum would have to pay 2% taxes, a person on €50,000 per annum would have to pay 4% taxes and a person on €300,000 per annum would have to pay 9% taxes.

The Taoiseach Brian Cowen called the budget one of the toughest in several years but insisted that the emergency measures were necessary. He defended the taxation increases by stating that high earners would pay a significant amount of the new taxes. Brian Lenihan said "fairness means you cannot shuffle off responsibility to somebody else." In its analysis, The Irish Times compared the budget to that of Ernest Blythe, who served as finance minister in W. T. Cosgrave's first government in 1923 and attempted to cut the old age pension, as well as to Lenihan's own October 2008 budget which led to him retracting his attempts to abolish automatic free healthcare for over seventies.

International reaction
The 2009 emergency budget received widespread international coverage. The Times featured a brief video clip on its website, describing what the "bust budget" would mean for the economy of the United Kingdom. The economics editor of the BBC reported that there were lessons for the United Kingdom to learn from this emergency procedure. The Financial Times stated that the increased taxes contained within the budget would mainly affect the "middle classes" of Ireland. Reuters reported that the European Commission viewed the budget as a form of "decisive action". The Independent described Ireland's financial situation as "the dismal business of adjusting to a generational drop in living standards with the end of the Celtic Tiger boom and the prospect of a new era of austerity". The Independent also carried a cartoon of Ireland's Taoiseach Brian Cowen measuring a lifeless Celtic Tiger before deciding that it would have to go on a diet at the present time. Meanwhile, The Irish Times disagreed with an assessment on the website of the Toronto Star which said the budget was a "painstakingly negotiated plan" which involved "hefty hikes in income tax and service spending cuts" which it said were intended to restore confidence in the "shaky finances of debt-stricken Ireland".

See also
 2010 Irish budget – a later Budget delivered by the Irish Government in 2009

References

Ireland
2009 in Irish politics
2009 in the Republic of Ireland
30th Dáil
09
Emergency budget


Adrian Cárdenas Rubio (born October 10, 1987) is a former American professional baseball second baseman.

Background
Cárdenas' father Juan first attempted to defect from Cuba in 1966 at age 17. He hid on a boat docked at Matanzas Bay, but was caught in Havana and sent to a labor camp in Turiguanó. There he began writing to a former teacher, Hedda Schmidt, who he had met at the University of Havana. Three years later, they married. Juan successfully escaped Cuba in 1970, from Mariel. Schmidt soon joined him in Miami. They moved to San Francisco, and later divorced. Adrian Cárdenas is the son of Juan and his second wife, Aida Rubio.

Career

Philadelphia Phillies
Cárdenas was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the first round of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft out of Monsignor Pace High School, where he graduated in the top ten percent of his class. Cárdenas won the 2006 Baseball America High School Player of the Year Award. He was assigned to the GCL Phillies, where in 41 games, he hit .318 with 2 home runs (HRs), 21 runs batted in (RBIs) and 13 stolen bases (SBs).

Cárdenas spent 2007 with Single-A Lakewood, where in 127 games, he hit .295 with 9 HRs, 79 RBIs and 20 SBs. Cárdenas played in the 2007 All-Star Futures Game. Cárdenas began 2008 with A-Advanced Clearwater, where he played until he was traded.

Oakland Athletics
On July 17, 2008, the Phillies traded Cárdenas, Josh Outman and Matthew Spencer to the Oakland Athletics in exchange for Joe Blanton. He was assigned to A-Advanced Stockton, but was promoted to Double-A Midland in August. In 109 total games, he hit .296 with 5 HRs, 40 RBIs and 17 SBs.

Cárdenas was a non-roster invitee to the Oakland Athletics spring training camp in 2009. He split the season with Midland and Triple-A Sacramento. In 130 games total, he hit .299 with 4 HRs and 79 RBIs.

To start the 2010 season, Cárdenas was ranked ninth in Oakland's farm system according to Baseball America and again was at big-league camp as a non-roster invitee. He opened the year at Sacramento, but was demoted to Midland in June. He was promoted back to Sacramento in August. In 109 games total, .304 with 4 HRs and 53 RBIs. Cárdenas spent 2011 with Sacramento, where in 127 games, he hit .314 with 5 HRs, 51 RBIs and 13 SBs. After the season, Cárdenas was added to the 40-man roster.

On January 26, 2012, Cárdenas was designated for assignment by the Athletics to make room on the 40-man roster for new signee Jonny Gomes.

Chicago Cubs
On February 6, 2012, Cárdenas was claimed off waivers by the Chicago Cubs. On May 7, 2012, he was recalled from Triple-A Iowa, replacing Travis Wood. He made his Major League debut that day as a pinch-hitter, lining out. His first start came the next day, at second base. His first hit, a double off of José Veras of the Milwaukee Brewers, came in his fifth game. He spent most of July with Iowa, but was recalled on July 31. After being optioned to Iowa on August 21, he was recalled when the rosters expanded in September. He was used mostly off the bench, starting in only nine games. In 45 games with Chicago, he hit .183 with 2 RBIs. On October 25, Cárdenas was outrighted off the 40-man roster.

After baseball
Cárdenas retired from baseball after the 2012 season because he no longer enjoyed the game. He returned to the creative writing and philosophy department at New York University, from which he had been taking part-time classes since 2010. He graduated in 2015, and returned to NYU to obtain a master of fine arts degree which he received in 2018. In 2019 he filmed a 12-minute short in Cuba which played at some film festivals.

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Chicago Cubs players
Florida Complex League Phillies players
Lakewood BlueClaws players
Clearwater Threshers players
Stockton Ports players
Midland RockHounds players
Sacramento River Cats players
Iowa Cubs players
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
People from Miami Lakes, Florida
Baseball players from Miami-Dade County, Florida
Monsignor Edward Pace High School alumni


Jacqueline Taylor (born 1951) was the provost and vice president for academic affairs at The College of New Jersey from 2013-2018.

Biography
Jacqueline Taylor was born in Kentucky, 1951. After receiving her bachelor's in English and communications arts from Georgetown College and her master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Texas in Austin, Taylor completed the Management Development program at Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1996.

She is the founding dean of DePaul University's College of Communication and has been with the university for more than thirty years. In that time, she has served as associate vice president for academic affairs, founding director of DePaul's Humanities Center, the associate dean of graduate studies in LA&S, and the director of women's studies program.  She was an American Council on Education Fellow in 2005–2006, with a placement at Kent State University, the most prestigious higher education leadership development program in the country.

She published her memoir, Waiting for the Call: From Preacher’s Daughter to Lesbian Mom, in 2007. It was a finalist in the 2008 Lambda Literary Awards for best lesbian memoir/biography. She was interviewed about the book by Vanessa Bush on Chicago Public Radio's Eight Forty-Eight.

Taylor previously published Grace Paley: Illuminating the Dark Lives, the first book-length study of Paley's work, and co-edited, Voices Made Flesh: Performing Women’s Autobiography. Her writing has also appeared in Text and Performance Quarterly, where she is also on the editorial board, Southern Speech Communication Journal, CALYX: A Journal of Art and Literature by Women and Women’s Studies in Communication.  In November 2010, she published "Rapid Change as the Constant" in the National Communication Association publication Spectra.  She had previously served as the director of the finance board for the NCA, as well as the chairperson of the Performance Studies Division.

On July 1, 2011, issue of the Chicago Sun-Times, the day the Illinois Civil Union law took effect, Taylor published an editorial, "Am I married?  I want to say 'yes'" and on July 28 she will be on the panel of "Rediscovering Literature by Women" with Ruth Goring and Ellen Savage at the Chicago Public Library.

References

1951 births
Living people
American lesbian writers
Georgetown College (Kentucky) alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
DePaul University faculty
Writers from Chicago
Lesbian memoirists
Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni
American women academics
21st-century American women writers


Plooysburg is a small town about 70 km west of Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. It is situated close to the Riet River. With a church, school, police station and shop it serves a local farming and farm-worker community. Nearby is the rock art site of Driekops Eiland, and the Mokala National Park.

References

Populated places in the Siyancuma Local Municipality
Karoo


Gösta is a male given name, a variant of Gustav. Notable people with the name include:

People
Gösta Alexandersson (1905–1988), Swedish actor
Gösta Åsbrink (1881–1966), Swedish gymnast and modern pentathlete
Gösta Andersson (skier) (1918–1979), Swedish cross-country skier
Gösta Andersson (wrestler) (1917–1975), Swedish wrestler
Gösta Bagge (1882–1951), Swedish professor of economics and conservative politician
Gösta Bengtsson (1897–1984), Swedish sailor
Gösta Bernhard (1910–1986), Swedish actor, film director and screenwriter
Gösta Bladin (1894–1972), Swedish track and field athlete
Gösta Bohman (1911–1997), Swedish politician and the leader of the Swedish liberal conservative Moderate Party
Gösta Brodin (1908–1979), Swedish sailor
Gösta Carlsson (1906–1992), Swedish road racing cyclist
Gösta Cederlund (1888–1980), Swedish actor and film director
Gösta Danielsson (1912–1978), Swedish chess master
Gösta Ehrensvärd (1885–1973), Swedish vice admiral
Gösta Ekman d.y. (junior), (1939–2017), Swedish actor
Gösta Ekman (senior), Sr. (1890–1938), Swedish actor
Gösta Engzell (1897–1997), Swedish jurist and diplomat
Gösta Eriksson (born 1931), Swedish rower
Gösta Eriksson (rowing) (1900–1970), Swedish rower
Gösta Frändfors (1915–1973), Swedish wrestler
Gösta Grip (1904–1998), Swedish actor
Gösta Gustafson (1886–1963), Swedish actor
Gösta Hallberg (1891–1978), Swedish athlete
Gösta Hjalmar Liljequist (1914–1995), Swedish meteorologist
Gösta Holmér (1891–1983), Swedish decathlete
Gösta Hökmark (1920–1993), Swedish major general
Gösta Knutsson (1908–1973), Swedish radio producer and children's writer
Gösta Krantz (1925–2008), Swedish actor and revue artist
Gösta Larsson (1931–2006), the first recipient ever of a dental implant
Gösta Löfgren (1923–2006), Swedish footballer
Gösta Löfgren (footballer, born 1891) (1891–1932), Finnish footballer
Gösta Lilliehöök (disambiguation), several people
Gösta Lundqvist (1892–1944), Swedish sailor
Gösta Lundqvist (geologist) (1894–1967), Swedish geologist
Gösta Mittag-Leffler (1846–1927), Swedish mathematician
Gösta Netzén (1908–1984), Swedish journalist and politician
Gösta "Snoddas" Nordgren (1926–1981), Swedish entertainer (singer, actor)
Gösta Nystroem (1890–1966), Swedish composer
Gösta Odqvist (1913–2005), Swedish Air Force lieutenant general
Gösta Olson (1883–1966), Swedish gymnast
Gösta Persson (1904–1991), Swedish freestyle swimmer and water polo player
Gösta Pettersson (born 1940), Swedish former professional road racing cyclist
Gösta Prüzelius (1922–2000), Swedish actor
Gösta Raquette (1896–1922), Swedish modern pentathlete
Gösta Salén (1922–2002), Swedish sailor
Gösta Sandahl, Swedish figure skater
Gösta Sandberg, (1932–2006), Swedish footballer and icehockey player
Gösta Sjöberg (1896–1968), Swedish diver
Gösta Skoglund (1903–1988), Swedish politician
Gösta Stoltz (1904–1963), Swedish chess grandmaster
Gösta Sundqvist (1957–2003), famous Finnish musician and radio personality
Gösta Törner (1895–1971), Swedish gymnast
Gösta Werner (1908–2009), Swedish film director
Gösta Winbergh (1943–2002), Swedish tenor

Fictional characters
the title character of Gösta Berling's Saga, Selma Lagerlöf's 1891 first novel, and The Saga of Gosta Berling, a 1924 film adaptation

Notes

Swedish masculine given names