The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints. The basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency and  safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. Geometric design also affects an emerging fifth objective called "livability," which is defined as designing roads to foster broader community goals, including providing access to employment, schools, businesses and residences, accommodate a range of travel modes  such as walking, bicycling, transit, and automobiles, and minimizing fuel use, emissions and environmental damage.

Geometric roadway design can be broken into three main parts: alignment, profile, and cross-section. Combined, they provide a three-dimensional layout for a roadway.

The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.

The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them.

The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement structure and other items outside the category of geometric design.

Design standards
Roads are designed in conjunction with design guidelines and standards. These are adopted by national and sub-national authorities (e.g., states, provinces, territories and municipalities). Design guidelines take into account speed, vehicle type, road grade (slope), view obstructions, and stopping distance. With proper application of guidelines, along with good engineering judgement, an engineer can design a roadway that is comfortable, safe, and appealing to the eye.

The primary US guidance is found in A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Other standards include the Australian Guide to Road Design , and the British Design Manual for Roads. An open source version of the green book is published online by The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) office in Zimbabwe.

Profile
The profile of a road consists of road slopes, called grades, connected by parabolic vertical curves. Vertical curves are used to provide a gradual change from one road slope to another, so that vehicles may smoothly navigate grade changes as they travel.

Sag vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is higher than that of the beginning of the curve.  When driving on a road, a sag curve would appear as a valley, with the vehicle first going downhill before reaching the bottom of the curve and continuing uphill or level.

Crest vertical curves are those that have a tangent slope at the end of the curve that is lower than that of the beginning of the curve.  When driving on a crest curve, the road appears as a hill, with the vehicle first going uphill before reaching the top of the curve and continuing downhill.

The profile also affects road drainage.

Symbols used

Sag curves
Sag vertical curves are curves which, when viewed from the side, are concave upwards. This includes vertical curves at valley bottoms, but it also includes locations where an uphill grade becomes steeper, or a downhill grade becomes less steep.

The most important design criterion for these curves is headlight sight distance. When a driver is driving on a sag curve at night, the sight distance is limited by the higher grade in front of the vehicle.  This distance must be long enough that the driver can see any obstruction on the road and stop the vehicle within the headlight sight distance.  The headlight sight distance (S) is determined by the angle of the headlight and angle of the tangent slope at the end of the curve.  By first finding the headlight sight distance (S) and then solving for the curve length (L) in each of the equations below, the correct curve length can be determined.  If the  curve length is greater than the headlight sight distance, then this number can be used.  If it is smaller, this value cannot be used.  Similarly, if the S>L curve length is smaller than the headlight sight distance, then this number can be used.  If it is larger, this value cannot be used.

These equations assume that the headlights are  above the ground, and the headlight beam diverges 1 degree above the longitudinal axis of the vehicle.

Crest curves
Crest vertical curves are curves which, when viewed from the side, are convex upwards. This includes vertical curves at hill crests, but it also includes locations where an uphill grade becomes less steep, or a downhill grade becomes steeper.

The most important design criterion for these curves is stopping sight distance. This is the distance a driver can see over the crest of the curve. If the driver cannot see an obstruction in the roadway, such as a stalled vehicle or an animal, the driver may not be able to stop the vehicle in time to avoid a crash. The desired stopping sight distance (S) is determined by the speed of traffic on a road.  By first finding the stopping sight distance (S) and then solving for the curve length (L) in each of the equations below, the correct curve length can be determined.  The proper equation depends on whether the vertical curve is shorter or longer than the available sight distance. Normally, both equations are solved, then the results are compared to the curve length.

sight distance > curve length (S > L)

sight distance < curve length (S < L)

US standards specify the height of the driver’s eye is defined as 1080 mm (3.5 ft) above the pavement, and the height of the object the driver needs to see as 600 mm (2.0 ft), which is equivalent to the taillight height of most passenger cars.

For bicycle facilities, the cyclist's eye height is assumed to be at 1.4 m (4.5 ft), and the object height is 0 inches, since a pavement defect can cause a cyclist to fall or lose control.

Alignment
Horizontal alignment in road design consists of straight sections of road, known as tangents, connected by circular horizontal curves. Circular curves are defined by radius (tightness) and deflection angle (extent). The design of a horizontal curve entails the determination of a minimum radius (based on speed limit), curve length, and objects obstructing the view of the driver.

Using AASHTO standards, an engineer works to design a road that is safe and comfortable.  If a horizontal curve has a high speed and a small radius, an increased superelevation (bank) is needed in order to assure safety.  If there is an object obstructing the view around a corner or curve, the engineer must work to ensure that drivers can see far enough to stop to avoid an accident or accelerate to join traffic.

Terminology

Geometry

Curve sight distance

Cross section

The cross section of a roadway can be considered a representation of what one would see if an excavator dug a trench across a roadway, showing the number of lanes, their widths and cross slopes, as well as the presence or absence of shoulders, curbs, sidewalks, drains, ditches, and other roadway features. The cross-sectional shape of a road surface, in particular in connection to its role in managing runoff, is called "".

Lane width
The selection of lane width affects the safety, maximum capacity, and cost, of a highway.

Safety is best at a width of  in urban settings, where both narrow (less than ) and wide (over ) lanes have higher crash risks. Lanes wider than 3.3~3.4m (10.8-11.2 ft)) are also associated with 33% higher impact speeds and more severe collisions, as well as higher crash rates.

Carrying capacity is also optimal at a width of , both for motor traffic and for bicycles. Throughput is maximal at ; as lane width decreases to , traffic speed diminishes, and so does the interval between vehicles.

Pedestrian volume also increases as lanes narrow, and intersections with narrower lanes provide higher capacity for bicycles.

Narrow lanes typically cost less to build and maintain. They lessen the time needed to walk across, and reduce stormwater runoff.

Lane widths in Northern America are typically greater than optimum, ranging from  to . Wider lanes and shoulders are usually used on roads with higher speed and higher volume traffic, and with significant numbers of trucks and other large vehicles.

Cross slope

Cross slope describes the slope of a roadway perpendicular to the centerline. If a road were completely level, water would drain off it very slowly. This would create problems with hydroplaning, and ice accumulation in cold weather.

In tangent (straight) sections, the road surface cross slope is commonly 1—2% to enable water to drain from the roadway. Cross slopes of this size, especially when applied in both directions of travel with a crown point along the centerline of a roadway are commonly referred to as "normal crown" and are generally unnoticeable to traveling motorists.

In curved sections, the outside edge of the road is superelevated above the centerline. Since the road is sloped down toward the inside of the curve, gravity draws the vehicle toward the inside of the curve. This causes a greater proportion of centripetal force to supplant the tyre friction that would otherwise be needed to negotiate the curve.

Superelevation slopes of 4 to 10% are applied in order to aid motorists in safely traversing these sections, while maintaining vehicle speed throughout the length of the curve. An upper bound of 12% was chosen to meet the demands of construction and maintenance practices, as well as to limit the difficulty of driving a steeply cross-sloped curve at low speeds. In areas that receive significant snow and ice, most agencies use a maximum cross slope of 6 to 8%. While steeper cross slope makes it difficult to traverse the slope at low speed when the surface is icy, and when accelerating from zero with warm tyres on the ice, lower cross slope increases the risk of loss-of-control at high speeds, especially when the surface is icy. Since the consequence of high speed skidding is much worse than that of sliding inward at a low speed, sharp curves have the benefit of greater net safety when designers select up to 8% superelevation, instead of 4%. A lower slope of 4% is commonly used on urban roadways where speeds are lower, and where a steeper slope would raise the outside road edge above adjacent terrain.

The equation for the desired radius of a curve, shown below, takes into account the factors of speed and superelevation (e).  This equation can be algebraically rearranged to obtain desired rate of superelevation, using input of the roadway's designated speed and curve radius.

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation officials (AASHTO) provides a table from which desired superelevation rates can be interpolated, based on the designated speed and radius of a curved section of roadway. This table can also be found in many state roadway design guides and manuals in the U.S.

Recent research has shown that, considering rollover risk for heavy vehicles (semitrailers & buses), which have a relatively high centre-of-gravity, the above equation yields cross slope values which are too low.

Safety effects of road geometry
The geometry of a road influences its safety performance. While studies of contributing factors to road accidents show that human factors predominate, roadway factors are the second most common category, with vehicle factors last.

Design consistency
Collisions tend to be more frequent in locations where a sudden change in road character violates the driver's expectations. A common example is a sharp curve at the end of a long tangent section of road. The concept of design consistency addresses this by comparing adjacent road segments and identifying sites with changes the driver might find sudden or unexpected. Locations with large changes in the predicted operating speed are likely to benefit from additional design effort. A horizontal curve with a significantly smaller radius than those before it may need enhanced curve signs.
This is an improvement on the concept of design speed, which only sets a lower limit for geometric design. In the example given above, a long tangent followed by a sharp curve would be acceptable if a 30 mph design speed was chosen. Design consistency analysis would flag the decrease in operating speed at the curve.

Safety effects of alignment
The safety of a horizontal curve is affected by the length of the curve, the curve radius, whether spiral transition curves are used, and the superelevation of the roadway. For a given curve deflection, crashes are more likely on curves with a smaller radius. Spiral transitions decrease crashes, and insufficient superelevation increases crashes.

A safety performance function to model curve performance on two-lane roads is:

where
AMF = Accident modification factor, a multiplier that describes how many more crashes are likely to occur on the curve compared to a straight road
Lc = Length of the horizontal curve in miles.
R = Radius of the curve in feet.
S = 1 if spiral transition curves are present
 = 0 if spiral transition curves are absent

Safety effects of cross section
Cross slope and lane width affect the safety performance of a road.

Certain types of crashes, termed "lane departure crashes", are more likely on roads with narrow lanes. These include run-off-road collisions, sideswipes, and head-on collisions. For two-lane rural roads carrying over 2000 vehicles per day, the expected increase in crashes is:

The effect of lane width is reduced on urban and suburban roads and low volume roads.

Insufficient superelevation will also result in an increase in crash rate. The expected increase is shown below:

Sight distance

Road geometry affects the sight distance available to the driver. Sight distance, in the context of road design, is defined as "the length of roadway ahead visible to the driver."[1] Sight distance is how far a road user (usually a vehicle driver) can see before the line of sight is blocked by a hill crest, or an obstacle on the inside of a horizontal curve or intersection. Insufficient sight distance can adversely affect the safety or operations of a roadway or intersection.

The sight distance needed for a given situation is the distance travelled during the two phases of a driving maneuver: perception-reaction time (PRT), and maneuver time (MT). Perception-reaction time is the time it takes for a road user to realize that a reaction is needed to a road condition, decided what maneuver is appropriate, and start the maneuver. Maneuver time is the time it takes to complete the maneuver. The distance driven during perception-reaction time and maneuver time is the sight distance needed.

During highway design and traffic safety investigations, highway engineers compare the available sight distance to how much sight distance is needed for the situation. Depending on the situation, one of three types of sight distances will be used:

Stopping sight distance

Stopping sight distance is the distance traveled during perception-reaction time (while the vehicle driver perceives a situation requiring a stop, realizes that stopping is necessary, and applies the brake), and maneuver time (while the driver decelerates and comes to a stop). Actual stopping distances are also affected by road conditions, the mass of the car, the incline of the road, and numerous other factors. For design, a conservative distance is needed to allow a vehicle traveling at design speed to stop before reaching a stationary object in its path. Typically the design sight distance allows a below-average driver to stop in time to avoid a collision.

Decision sight distance
Decision sight distance is used when drivers must make decisions more complex than stop or don't stop. It is longer than stopping sight distance to allow for the distance traveled while making a more complex decision. The decision sight distance is "distance required for a driver to detect an unexpected or otherwise difficult-to-perceive information source or hazard in a roadway environment that may be visually cluttered, recognize the hazard or its threat potential, select an appropriate speed and path, and initiate and complete the required maneuver safely and efficiently". Ideally, roads are designed for the decision sight distance, using 6 to 10 seconds  for perception-reaction time and 4 to 5 seconds to perform the right maneuver.

Intersection sight distance
Intersection sight distance is the sight distance needed to safely proceed through an intersection. The distance needed depends on the type of traffic control at the intersection (uncontrolled, yield sign, stop sign or signal), and the maneuver (left turn, right turn, or proceeding straight). All-way stop intersections need the least, and uncontrolled intersections require the most. Intersection sight distance is a key factor in whether no control or yield control can be safely used, or more restrictive control in needed.

Corner sight distance
Corner sight distance (CSD) is the road alignment specification which provides a substantially clear line of sight so that the driver of a vehicle, bicyclist or pedestrian waiting at the crossroad may safely anticipate the driver of an approaching vehicle. Corner sight provides an adequate time for the waiting user to either cross all lanes of through traffic, cross the near lanes and turn left, or turn right, without requiring through traffic to radically alter their speed.

Uncontrolled and yield controlled intersections
Uncontrolled and yield (give way) controlled intersections require large sight triangles clear of obstructions in order to operate safely. At uncontrolled intersections, the basic right-of-way rules apply (either yield to the vehicle on the right, or the boulevard rule, depending on the location). Vehicle drivers must be able to see traffic approaching on the intersecting road at a point where they can adjust their speed, or stop if need be, to yield to the other traffic before reaching the intersection. It isn't the only criterion for allowing these types of intersection control. Changing an intersection to stop control is a common response to poor safety performance.

Two-way stop control
When determining corner sight distance, a set back distance for the vehicle waiting at the crossroad must be assumed. Set back for the driver of the vehicle on the crossroad has been standardized by some state MUTCDs and design manuals to be up to a minimum of 10 feet plus the shoulder width of the major road but not less than 15 feet. However, the Federal MUTCD requires that a stop line, if used, shall be at least 4 feet from the nearest travel lane. Line of sight for corner sight distance is to be determined from a 3 and 1/2-foot eye height at the vehicle driver's location on the minor road to a 4 and 1/4-foot object height in the center of the approaching lane of the major road. Corner sight distance, , is equivalent to a specified time gap, , at the design speed, , required for a stopped vehicle to turn right or left:

For passenger vehicles at two lane intersections, this time gap equivalence is commonly a distance 7.5 seconds away at the design speed. Longer gaps are required for trucks and buses, and for multilane roads. Generally, the public right-of-way should include and maintain this line-of-sight.

All-way stop control and signalized intersections
Drivers at intersections with all-way stop control or traffic signals need the least sight distance. At all-way stops, drivers need to be able to see vehicles stopped at other approaches. At signals, drivers approaching the intersections need to see the signal heads. In jurisdictions that allow right turn on red, drivers in the right lane stop control need the same sight distance as two-way stop control. Although not needed during normal operations, additional sight distance should be provided for signal malfunctions and power outages.

Effects of insufficient sight distance
Many roads were created long before the current sight distance standards were adopted, and the financial burden on many jurisdictions would be formidable to: acquire and maintain additional right-of-way; redesign roadbeds on all of them; or implement future projects on rough terrain, or environmentally sensitive areas. In such cases, the bare minimum corner sight distance should be equal to the stopping sight distance. While a corner sight distance which far exceed the braking distance at the design speed should be afforded to the driver, he or she is still generally required to maintain such control and safe speed as to be able to stop within the assured clear distance ahead (ACDA), and the basic speed rule always applies. Jurisdictions often provide some level of design immunity against government claims actions, in such cases.

Warning signs are often used where sight distance is insufficient. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices requires Stop Ahead, Yield Ahead or Signal Ahead signs at intersections where the traffic control device is not visible from a distance equal to the stopping sight distance at speed of approaching traffic. Hill Blocks View signs can be used where crest vertical curves restrict sight distance. However, many jurisdictions still expect drivers to use ordinary care regarding conditions readily apparent to a driver, without the prompting of a sign. The care and focus ordinarily required of a driver against certain types of hazards may be somewhat amplified on roads with lower functional classification. The probability of spontaneous traffic increases proportionally to the density of access points, and this density should be readily apparent to a driver even when a specific access point is not. For this reason, full corner sight distance is almost never required for individual driveways in urban high-density residential areas, and street parking is commonly permitted within the right-of-way.

See also

 Cognitive ergonomics
 Degree of curvature
 Design speed
 Human factors
 Road traffic safety
 Stopping sight distance
 Track geometry
 Traffic psychology
 Transition curve
 Structural road design

Road standards setting bodies
 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
 National Cooperative Highway Research Program
 Transportation Research Board

Notes

References

Law reviews

Transportation engineering


Thomas Charles Kilbey (born 19 October 1990) is an English television personality. He used to play as a professional footballer for Portsmouth F.C. Tom Kilbey grew up in East London and went to Forest School.

Football career

Millwall
Born in Leytonstone, east London, Kilbey was originally signed to Millwall where he made his first team debut against Swansea City in September 2007 at the age of 16 in the Football League Trophy in a defensive midfield role.

Portsmouth and loans
In October 2007, Kilbey signed a contract with Premier League team Portsmouth moving for an undisclosed fee. During his first season on the south coast he established himself in the academy side with a strong pairing with fellow midfielder Marlon Pack. The 2008–09 season saw Kilbey play more regularly for the reserve team. This saw Kilbey put in some classy performances including scoring a hat-trick against West Bromwich Albion on 6 April 2009. He joined League Two team Dagenham & Redbridge on a month's loan on 1 September. His debut for Dagenham came against MK Dons in a Football League Trophy match.

In June 2010 he signed a one-year contract extension with the club, keeping him at the club until at least June 2011. He was part of the Portsmouth squad which toured North America and Canada in the Summer of 2010, scoring in the opening game 2–1 defeat at Club America. He made his league debut as a substitute at Watford on New Year's Day 2011.
He scored his first goal for the club as a substitute against Brighton on 8 January 2011.

On 15 May 2011 it was announced that Kilbey would not be offered a new deal at Portsmouth and would therefore be leaving the club.

Lincoln City loan
On 24 March 2011, Kilbey was loaned again, this time to League Two club Lincoln City, until the end of the season.
Kilbey received the 26 jersey and made his debut on the following day against Rotherham.

TV career
Kilbey featured in series 4-7 of the ITV2 television show The Only Way Is Essex, in which his sister Cara also stars.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Leytonstone
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Millwall F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
English Football League players


Michael Robert Porter (born 19 May 1945) is an English former footballer who played 14 games at inside-forward for Port Vale between 1964 and 1965.

Career
Porter graduated through the Port Vale youth system to sign professional forms under manager Freddie Steele in July 1962. He made his debut in a goalless draw with Barnsley at Oakwell on 20 April 1964, in the penultimate game of the 1963–64 season. Porter scored his first goal for the "Valiants" on 28 September 1964, in a 2–2 draw with Mansfield Town at Field Mill. He hit his second goal on 21 November, in a 2–0 win at Barnsley. However the club were relegated out of the Third Division at the end of the 1964–65 season, and with 14 league and cup appearances to his name, Porter was handed a free transfer in April 1965 by manager Jackie Mudie, and moved on to Portmadoc, and later Oswestry Town.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Oswestry Town F.C. players
English Football League players
1945 births
Living people


The McFarland Memorial Bell Tower is a  bell tower located on the South Quad of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.  The tower was approved by the University's trustees in 2005 and built in 2008-2009. It was designed by Fred Guyton of Peckham, Guyton, Albers & Viets. The carillon has 48 bells.

History and description

The carillon project began as an attempt to upgrade and renovate the Altgeld Chimes of Altgeld Hall Tower, until it became clear that this would not be possible. A free-standing campanile had been considered as a possibility for the campus since 1913. The funding for the project came from Harold Richard "Dick" McFarland, a graduate from the university's College of Agriculture in 1952. After the death of his wife Sarah "Sally" McFarland due to ovarian cancer, McFarland donated $1.5 million for the construction of the tower, which would be named in her honor.

The carillon's 48 bells were cast by the Petit & Fritsen bell foundry and were transported to the United States via boat. The total cost of the bells was estimated at $550,000.

Local residents and students have attempted to climb the tower, and at least one has fallen while attempting the climb.

"Eye of Sauron" prank
In the early hours of Sunday, September 21, 2008, students hung a replica of the "Eye of Sauron" in the top half of the tower. The eye is from J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings and is a symbol of the principal antagonist. The University of Illinois Police did not identify the pranksters. The eye was removed from the tower the next morning.

See also

References

External links

 Entry on TowerBells.org

bell towers in the United States
buildings and structures of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
carillons
clock towers in Illinois
tourist attractions in Champaign County, Illinois
towers completed in 2009


Columcille the Scribe is a poem ascribed to Columba, though like a majority of such poems they were probably composed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. With due regard to the discrepancy in attribution, he poem is sometimes known by its first line in Irish - is scíth mo chrob ón scríbainn (my hand is weary from writing).

History
The earliest known copy of the text now known as "Columcille the Scribe" is from the 16th century and held at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. This is understood to be a reproduction of an earlier poem.

The Poem
The poem is written in Old Irish:

.

The poem is told from the perspective of a scribe (almost certainly a monk) who complains of a weary hand from so much writing, but that he must continue because he is compelled by divine inspiration to record wisdom so that it is not lost. The poem's reference to the author's pen releasing a liquid flux of wisdom and power over multiple pages has been described as Freudian.

In Translation
Seamus Heaney wrote a literary translation of the poem to celebrate his enrolment as a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1997, which he presented in vellum in a manner similar to the manuscript in the Bodleian Library. He chose this poem as it was the fourteen-hundredth anniversary of Columba. His translation was later included in his collection Human Chain. Heaney's version includes a nod to the opening line of Finnegans Wake by James Joyce.

Prior to Heaney, Kuno Meyer wrote a translation of the poem.

Legacy
Heaney's version was included in Transport for London's "Poems on the Underground" series.

References

 1000 Years of Irish poetry, Kathleen Hoagland New York, 1947, pp. 52–3. .

Irish poems


SS Minnewaska may refer to:
 , an ocean liner built as Persia for Hamburg America Line, bought by Atlantic Transport Line in 1897 and renamed Minnewaska. Requisitioned by the US Government in the Spanish–American War, then bought and renamed USAT Thomas. She was scrapped in July 1928.
 , an ocean liner built for the Atlantic Transport Line, converted into a troopship, mined in 1916, beached but was a total loss.
 , an ocean liner for the Atlantic Transport Line and the Red Star Line. She was scrapped in 1933.

Ship names


Spinkhill is a small village in North East Derbyshire, England. It is approximately one mile south of the nearest town, Killamarsh, and half a mile north-east of Renishaw.

It is home to the Church of the Immaculate Conception and its associated Catholic Primary School. Spinkhill is also home to Mount St Mary's College, a large private school. The village has historical links to the Roman Catholic Church via the Poles family.

The village has a pub and a cafe. Other economic activity comes from the several farms situated around the village.

The village has a small bus station and is served by a handful of bus services to Sheffield and Chesterfield via Killamarsh and Renishaw, respectively. Spinkhill railway station served the village prior to its permanent closure in 1958.

See also
Listed buildings in Eckington, Derbyshire

References

Villages in Derbyshire
Eckington, Derbyshire


Stuart Chapman (6 May 1951 – 13 July 2022) was an English footballer who played as a midfielder for Port Vale, Stafford Rangers and Macclesfield Town, and worked as the player-coach of Rocester. He won promotion out of the Fourth Division with Port Vale in 1969–70, and won the Northern Premier League, FA Trophy (twice) and Staffordshire Senior Cup (twice) with Stafford Rangers. He made more than 650 appearances and scored 60 goals during his 14 years at Stafford Rangers. He also led Rocester to two Staffordshire Senior League and two Staffordshire FA Vase titles.

Playing career

Port Vale

Chapman joined Port Vale as an amateur in June 1966, and made his debut at Vale Park in a 2–2 draw with Lincoln City on 3 May 1967, the last day of the 1966–67 season, three days before his 16th birthday. Known as "Shack", he helped the youth team to reach the FA Youth Cup quarter-finals. He then played two Fourth Division games in the 1967–68 season. Jackie Mudie and Stanley Matthews had a youth policy for the "Valiants", but new manager Gordon Lee preferred more experienced players. Chapman featured just five times in the 1968–69 season, before he signed as a professional in May 1969. He made three appearances in the 1969–70 promotion campaign, but was given a free transfer at the end of the season.

Stafford Rangers

Chapman moved into Northern Premier League football with Stafford Rangers, as manager Roy Chapman's first signing. Rangers finished second in the Northern Premier League at the end of the 1971–72 campaign. Rangers won the Northern Premier League, FA Trophy and Staffordshire Senior Cup treble in the 1971–72 season, beating Barnet 3–0 in the FA Trophy final at Wembley Stadium and Stoke City in the Staffordshire Senior Cup. They dropped to sixth in 1972–73, but retained the Staffordshire Senior Cup with victory over Port Vale in the final. They finished in fourth place, just two points short of first, in 1973–74. They again finished fourth in 1974–75, but reached the fourth round of the FA Cup with victories over Stockport County (after a replay), Halifax Town and Rotherham United (after a replay in which Chapman scored). Manager Colin Meldrum led Rangers to second in the 1975–76 campaign, one point behind champions Runcorn, and Rangers finished as FA Trophy runners-up in 1976 after losing 3–2 to Scarborough. Rangers dropped to eleventh in 1976–77 and seventh in 1977–78, though again won the Staffordshire Senior Cup after beating Kidderminster Harriers in the final. Chapman was awarded a testimonial match against West Bromwich Albion in 1978, which finished as a 2–2 draw.

Rangers finished eighth in the 1978–79 season and won the FA Trophy again by beating Kettering Town 2–0 in the final. The club finished nineteenth in the newly created Alliance Premier League in 1979–80, and went on to finish eleventh in 1980–81 under Paul Ogden and fourteenth in 1981–82, before being relegated in last place at the end of the 1982–83 season under the stewardship of Bobby Thomson and Colin Clarke. Chapman left Marston Road after Rangers finished tenth in the Northern Premier League at the end of the 1983–84 campaign, and was given a second testimonial game against Wolverhampton Wanderers. Manager Ron Reid wrote in the testimonial programme that: "he was always known to be a keen competitor, a hard-tackling strong midfielder. All in all, he was a winner.” He made more than 650 appearances and scored 60 goals during his 14 years for the club.

Later career

He joined Macclesfield Town in 1984, and captained the "Silkmen" to a second-place finish in the Northern Premier League in 1984–85, behind former club Stafford Rangers. He later became the player-coach of Rocester and led the club to two Staffordshire FA Vase final wins in 1986 and 1987, as well as back to back Staffordshire Senior League titles.

Style of play

Chapman was a strong, tough-tackling midfielder who tended to play in either the number four or number eight position.

Personal and later life

Chapman was diagnosed with mixed dementia in August 2013 and his condition deteriorated in 2019. He died at the age of 71, leaving behind wife Vicky, and his funeral was scheduled to be held at the kick-off of the 2022–23 football season.

Career statistics

Honours

Port Vale

 Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1969–70

Stafford Rangers

 Northern Premier League: 1971–72
 FA Trophy: 1972, 1979
 Staffordshire Senior Cup: 1972, 1973, 1978
 FA Trophy runner-up: 1976

Macclesfield Town

 Northern Premier League runner-up: 1984–85

Rocester

 Staffordshire Senior League: 1985–86, 1986–87
 Staffordshire FA Vase: 1986, 1987

References

1951 births
2022 deaths
Footballers from Northumberland
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Port Vale F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Rocester F.C. players
English football managers
Deaths from dementia in England


Eduard Vladimirovich Mor (; born 4 October 1977) is a retired Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1999 for FC Spartak Moscow.

Honours
 Russian Premier League champion: 1999, 2000.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
FC Khimik Sievierodonetsk players
FC Zorya Luhansk players
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC Leon Saturn Ramenskoye players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Volyn Lutsk players
FC Oryol players
FC Khimki players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Vitebsk players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
FC Spartak-2 Moscow players


The Samsung SGH-A767, more commonly known as the Samsung Propel, is a mobile phone by Samsung Telecommunications.  It features a full QWERTY keyboard that slides out from under the phone. It comes in white, blue, red, and green, and is one of AT&T's most popular cell phones. It was designed as a quick texting phone along with the Pantech Matrix, the Pantech Slate, and the UT Starcom Quickfire.

The Samsung SGH-A767's QWERTY keyboard makes texting and any other task that requires using letters, numbers, and symbols, much easier and faster to complete.  However, the size of the keyboard can be a drawback for people with large hands because the keys are flush mounted and close to each other. Another downside is the screen resolution, which only has 65,000 colors.  Along with the standard features of most phones, the Samsung SGH-A767 has GPS capability, with both audible and visual aide which is Java based.  It is, however, a separately licensed product, requiring both downloading the program and paying extra for data services.

Music and other multimedia capabilities are included with the Samsung SGH-A767.  The microSD slot allows you to transfer music and pictures from a computer to your phone, while adding extra memory.  The AT&T Music feature allows you to download and play music and ringtones. Recorded audio and playlists can also be played.  Supported audio file extensions are AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), AAC+, eAAC+, MP3, WMA (Windows Media Audio), 3GP, MPEG, MP4, and M4A.

Tips and tricks

Advanced menu
To enter into an advanced menu not available from the normal menu a special code is typed in. To reach this menu enter in this code:  This menu should contain:

 Software Version
 Pre-configuration
 Network & call settings
 Internals

References

Samsung mobile phones
Mobile phones introduced in 2008


Stura Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Elysium quadrangle of Mars, located at 22.9° north latitude and 217.6° west longitude.  It is 75 km long and was named after a classical river east of Rome, Italy.

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Elysium quadrangle


Wayamba cricket team was a Sri Lankan first class cricket team based in Kurunegala, that represented North Western Province. It drew cricketers from Sri Lanka Premier Trophy. The team competed in two provincial tournaments: the first class cricket competition known as the Inter-Provincial Tournament, and the Twenty20 competition known as the Inter-Provincial Twenty20. Also Wayamba province cricket team became joint champions with Kandurata in the 2007/08 Inter-Provincial Limited overs tournament after the finals match drawn due to rain.

Sri Lanka captain Mahela Jayawardene, Ajantha Mendis and Thilan Samaraweera are some of the experienced cricketers play for Wayamba province cricket team.

Wayamba Province cricket team participated every tournament from the inaugural season to 1994/95 season. After the tournament revived after nearly ten years in 2003/04 season the team excluded from the tournament. Eventually in 2007/08 when the team included again in the Inter-Provincial Limited overs tournament they went on to win the title under the captaincy of Mahela Jayawardene.

Name
When the Inter-provincial tournament started in 1990 teams used English names. The team representing North Western Province is known as North Western province team. But from the 2007/08 season, the teams named in Sinhalese, North Western province team then onwards known as "Wayamba team" (Sinhalese for "North West").

History

Early years (1990–2000)
Sri Lanka Cricket fearing that Club cricket alone would not be enough to keep Sri Lankan cricket competitive, the Inter-Provincial Cricket Tournament was created as a domestic first-class cricket tournament in Sri Lanka in 1990. From the inauguration of the tournament, in 1990, participating teams varied from year to year. The tournament started with four provincial teams. They were Western Province, Central Province, Southern Province and Wayamba.

In the first first-class Inter-provincial tournament, which was called the 1990 Singer Inter-Provincial Trophy, Wayamba, then called North Central Province, captained by Ranjith Madurasinghe, had come last out of the four provinces, losing all their matches and finishing the tournament with only five points. Western Province went on to win the tournament, not losing a game.

Establishment of Twenty20 (2000–2010)
With the establishment of Twenty20 cricket in 2003, it came to Sri Lanka in 2004 as the Twenty20 Tournament, however this was replaced with the Inter-Provincial Twenty20 in 2008. Wayamba won the 2007–08 Inter-Provincial Twenty20, which was the first edition of the tournament. They had won four out of five matches in the group stage and eventually won their way into the finals with Ruhuna. Wayamba won by 31 runs.

The end of 2007 and the start of 2008 was host to the first Inter-Provincial Limited Over Tournament. Wayamba came second on the points table winning two matches and losing two matches and eventually gaining a place in the finals with Kandurata. In the final, captained by Sanjeewa de Silva, Wayamba won the toss and decided to field. Playing a rain reduced game kandurata posted a score of 131 for 5 wickets in 29.3 overs. Wayamba had a revised target of 143 runs in 25 overs, however the match ended up as a no result after 6 overs into the Wayamba innings with a score of 37. The trophy was shared between the two teams.

The 2008–09 Inter-Provincial Twenty20 was the second edition of the Inter-Provincial Twenty20, where the Wayamba elevens won. Losing only their first match to Basnahira South and making it into the knockout stage. Facing Ruhuna, they drew with 88 runs each. Wayamba won bowl-out 3–2. In the final they met Basnahira South, winning with an over to spare getting the 145 runs needed, and qualifying for the 2009 Champions League Twenty20.

In the 2009 Inter-provincial tournament, Wayamba became runners-up after their defeat by 10 wickets in the finals in the hands of Basnahira North team. Though the Wayamba team won the title of Inter-Provincial Twenty20 tournament of 2009 season defeating
Basnahira South team. Wayamba took Basnahira South's last nine wickets for just eleven runs, and went on to win the match by 5 wickets. 21 years old Isuru Udana was adjudged man of the match and series.

2009 Champions League Twenty20

The Wayamba cricket team featured in the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 as the Wayamba elevens.

2010–present
In the second edition of the Inter-Provincial Limited Over Tournament, which had skipped 2009. Wayamba won three and only lost to the two Basnahiras coming third in the points table, behind Ruhuna and Kandurata.

In 2010 the Wayamba cricket team won their third Inter-Provincial Twenty20 tournament, winning in style not losing a game, and the discovery of Mahela Jayawardene as Twenty20 opener. This was the third time in a row Wayamba had won the tournament and the second time they have qualified for the Champions League Twenty20. The Wayamba elevens won every game including the knockout stage. In the final they met Ruhuna, were Wayamba was put into bat, they scored 208 for 8 wickets in the full twenty overs and the opposition replied only being able to score 113 runs in 13.2 overs.

2010 Champions League Twenty20

There were high hopes for Wayamba for the 2010 Champions League Twenty20, sending a team with 11 players with international caps.

Grounds and Sponsorship

Welagedara Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kurunegala, in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka, which is situated about 100 km north east of Kandy. The stadium is currently used mostly for cricket matches and is the home ground of Wayamba cricket team. The stadium can hold at least 10,000 spectators. Since its wicket had been replaced from a matting wicket to a turf one it has become one of the best batting wickets in the country. It was officially declared open by the then Minister of Home Affairs, Justice Felix Dias Bandaranaike in 1972. Welagedara stadium hosted its first international match when Pakistan played there in 1985. In recent times it has regularly hosted international tour matches, unofficial test matches and U19 one-day games. The ground is an extremely picturesque one, with the giant 'Elephant Rock' forming a dramatic back-drop to the ground. It also has historic value being situated in an important location for when Kurunegala was an important Kingdom, King Bhuvanaikabahu VI, would address his subjects from the press box beneath the Elephant Rock.

Lanka Bell, a Sri Lankan telecommunication company is the team's sponsor.

Players

There have been many prominent and experienced cricketers players that have played for Wayamba province cricket team including former Sri Lanka cricket captain Mahela Jayawardene, Ajantha Mendis and Jehan Mubarak. The top seventy-five players from the Sri Lankan Premier Limited Overs Tournament are selected for the Inter-Provincial Twenty20 tournament. Then players allotted for the five provincial teams. Therefore, many players from other provinces represent Wayamba team. Though former Sri Lankan Test cricketer Lanka de Silva is from Kurunegala.

Current squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold.

Source: Wayamba Elevens, CLT20 15-man Squad

Notable players

The following is a list of notable players who have represented both Wayamba and Sri Lanka.

Honours

Domestic

First Class
Inter-Provincial First Class Tournament: 0

List A
Inter-Provincial Limited Over Tournament: 1
 2007–08

Twenty20
Inter-Provincial Twenty20: 3
 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10

Worldwide

Twenty20
Champions League Twenty20: 0

References

Former senior cricket clubs of Sri Lanka

mr:वायंबा क्रिकेट संघ


Rurima Island is a small island in the Bay of Plenty, off New Zealand's North Island. The island is the largest of the Rurima Rocks, with the smaller Moutoki and Tokata Islands lying about  east and west respectively.

Located approximately  west of Moutohora Island and  northwest from the mouth of the Rangitaiki River, the Rurima Rocks are an uninhabited nature reserve owned by the Ngāti Awa iwi. Kiore (Polynesian Rat) were eradicated in the 1980s, and Moutoki Island has long been an outpost for tuatara. The closest settlement is Thornton, about  upstream from the mouth of the Rangitaiki.

Rurima Island is about  long, with two bays and sandy beaches on the northwest side. A wide shallow reef, almost a lagoon, stretches north from the pohutukawa-covered island. Snorkelling, diving and kayaking are popular activities here. The wreck of the SS Tasman, holed on the southwest reef in 1912, lies nearby. There is some geothermal activity on and near the islands.

See also

 New Zealand outlying islands
 List of islands of New Zealand
 List of islands
 Desert island

References

Uninhabited islands of New Zealand
Landforms of the Bay of Plenty Region


Coddington is an unincorporated community in the town of Buena Vista in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States.

History
Settlement at Coddington began after the area was drained by the Bradley Polytechnic Institute. In 1911, Wallace Bell "Wallie" Coddington platted "Pine Island" for residential living, surrounded by the present day town roads of Buena Vista Drive, O'Neill Lane, Coddington Road, and Lake Road. He is said to have chosen the name "Pine Island" because of the group of pine trees clustered on a section of higher ground, surrounded by ash and birch trees in the swampy lowlands. After receiving a post office, "Pine Island" was renamed Coddington in honor of its founder.

Coddington had a railroad station at the time when the train passed through the areas of Stevens Point to points southward. Today, Coddington remains only as a small residential subdivision surrounded by the Buena Vista Marsh.

Geography

Coddington is located in central Wisconsin approximately halfway between Bancroft and Plover. Coddington is parallel with mile post 148 on Interstate 39/U.S. Highway 51, although there is no access to Coddington from any main roads. Present-day Coddington is located at the intersection of Coddington Road and Taft Avenue.

References

External links
Profile from the Portage County Historical Society

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Portage County, Wisconsin


Organ is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 323.

Demographics

Description

Organ was started as a mining camp prior to the American Civil War. However, it was not officially established as a community until 1883. President Chester A. Arthur granted the  parcel of land under congressional approval through a federal land grant to the Organ Mining Corporation in 1883. Mining operations near Organ produced gold, lead, iron, silver and other minerals. Actual mining in the Organ town site was prohibited. The largest production mine was the "Torpedo Mine". Organ originally had its own school, constable's office, community center, town square, post office, hotel, business district and cemetery. Organ also had two large mining furnaces for smelting ore and a geological assay office belonging to the mining company. In 1885 Organ's population was over 1,500 people.

In the 1930s the mines in the area became inundated with water and were no longer feasible for use, and with the onset of the Great Depression, mining operations ceased. However, with the opening of White Sands Missile Range and the testing of the nuclear weapons in 1945, Organ began to thrive again as a community providing homes and leisure services to military personnel and government contractors only a short distance from the main military post. Organ is very active supporting the military and White Sands Missile Range still.

Today, Organ is under the direct jurisdiction of Doña Ana County and the County Probate Judge as directed in the presidential order of 1883, because it was never incorporated. The state government recognizes Organ as an independent community under New Mexico State House Bill 523 of the 44th State Legislature in 1999, which recognized "Traditional Historic Communities". For this reason, Organ cannot be annexed by any municipality according to the provisions directed under this house bill.

Organ still has its own water and sewer utility service, and other services are provided independently. The Organ Community Center was improved in 2008 and is still located on land of the original town square. The roads are paved and improvements are still ongoing through the supervision of Dona Ana County. The Organ Post Office is still in operation and Organ still has a few businesses. The cemetery is still in use and is called the "Slumbering Mountain Cemetery" with newer and historic graves. Educational services for children are provided by the Las Cruces Public Schools in Las Cruces, New Mexico (the original Organ schoolhouse has been closed for some time). Organ is still an active community and has a rich history. There are roughly 100 households in the area currently.

Organ lies at the southwest foothills of the San Augustin Mountains, the terminal subrange at the south of the extensive San Andres Mountains. Across San Augustin Pass on US 70 at the south of the San Augustins lie the Organ Mountains.

Education
It is located in Las Cruces Public Schools.

See also

References

External links

Census-designated places in Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Census-designated places in New Mexico


Djerma may refer to:
 Djerma people, an ethnic group of Niger and neighbouring countries
 Djerma language, a Songhai language of West Africa
 Djerma, Algeria, a town in Algeria
 Djerma (Libya), an archaeological site in Libya
 Djerma (horse), a horse breed

See also
 Jerma (disambiguation)
 Germa (disambiguation)

Language and nationality disambiguation pages


Philip Gridelet (born 30 April 1967) is an English former footballer, who played 192 games in the Football League for Barnsley, Rotherham United and Southend United from 1990 to 1999.

Career

Playing career
He played for Hendon and Barnet, before moving to Barnsley in 1990 for a fee of £175,000. He made six appearances in the League for Barnsley before moving to Rotherham United in March 1993. Gridelet signed for Southend United in September 1993, where he stayed for six-years making 177 appearances, scoring nine goals in the Football League. He then moved to Woking in December 1998, after a short spell with Stevenage Borough. Gridelet later joined Bishop's Stortford, before moving to Harrow Borough in October 2001.

Coaching career
Gridelet later moved into coaching with Harrow Borough, before leaving in March 2006. In June 2006, he was appointed as assistant-manager of Conference South club, Hayes.

References

External links

Living people
1971 births
Footballers from Hendon
English men's footballers
Hendon F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Bishop's Stortford F.C. players
Harrow Borough F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Stevenage F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders


Yuri Andreyevich Rodenkov (; born 20 April 1986) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 for PFC Spartak Nalchik.

References

1986 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
PFC Spartak Nalchik players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
Russian Premier League players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
FC Sokol Saratov players
Men's association football forwards
FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk players
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
FC Zenit-2 Saint Petersburg players


Gregor J. Grant was born in 1911. He attended the Glasgow School of Art and soon was contributing articles, drawings, and caricatures to newspapers and magazines including The Light Car. He was injured in Normandy during World War II.

In August 1950 he founded Autosport magazine which he edited until his death in 1969. Autosport was significant in being a weekly devoted almost entirely to motorsport, at a time when other publications were monthly or only partly reported competition. The timing was perfect as the British motor racing scene was growing rapidly, notably the new Formula 3, based on the British 500 cc Formula.

He participated in many rallies and hillclimbs, including the Lyons-Charbonnieres Rally in 1952 (driving with Stirling Moss in a Jaguar XK120), and the 1955 Tulip Rally in a Triumph TR2. He entered the 1956 Mille Miglia one-thousand-mile road race in an MG Magnette. For 1957 he drove a factory-prepared Lotus Eleven. "One man's Mille Miglia" is an account of his experiences in the 1957 race.

The Autosport Magazine Gregor Grant Award for lifetime achievement in motor sport is awarded annually at the Autosport Awards.

Bibliography

(1947) British Sportscars
(1949) The Boy's Book of Motor Sport
(1949) Modern Motor Cars
(1950) 500cc Racing
(1953) Formula 2
(1954) High-performance Cars 1954-55 (with John Bolster)
(1956) High-performance Cars 1955-56 (with John Bolster)
(1956) High-performance Cars 1956-57 (with John Bolster)
(1957) High-performance Cars 1957-58 (with John Bolster)
(1958) High-performance Cars 1958-59 (with John Bolster)
(1959) World Championship
(1960) High-performance Cars 1959-60 (with John Bolster)
(1962) High-performance Cars 1962-63 (with John Bolster)
(1963) High-performance Cars 1963-64 (with John Bolster)
(1964) High-performance Cars 1964-65 (with John Bolster)
(1969) AJS, The History of a Great Motorcycle

Article
(1957) "One man's Mille Miglia"

References

External links
 The 500 Owners Association

1911 births
1969 deaths
20th-century English writers
English magazine editors


Amino acid-based formula is a type of infant milk formula made from individual amino acids. It is hypoallergenic and intended for infants suffering from severe allergy to milk and various gastrointestinal conditions, such as food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome and malabsorption syndromes. It is sometimes referred to as elemental formula but this is considered a misleading name. Issues with the use of amino acid-based formula include its high cost and its unpalatable taste. Intake of amino-acid formula for healthy infants shows no advantage in growth.

Background
Amino acids are the building blocks of protein and together they form the protein requirements in formula needed for growth and development. The amino acids are in the simplest form, making it easy for the body to process and digest.  Amino acid-based formula may be considered hypoallergenic since it does not contain peptides that may trigger an immune response.

Because infants and children have different nutritional needs, amino acid-based formulas are typically formulated either for infants 0–1 years of age or for children 1–10 years of age.

Uses
Amino acid-based formulas may be used for those with cow's milk or soy protein allergy. However, most infants who suffer from food allergy respond well to extensively hydrolysed formulas, and only few of those with the most severe form of the illness require the use of amino acid-based formulas. It may also be used for other medical conditions requiring an amino acid-based diet, such as short bowel syndrome, and transition from parenteral to enteral nutrition.

See also
 Milk allergy
 Food allergy

References

Infant feeding
Infant formula
Amino acid derivatives


Arda "Ard" Crawford Bowser (January 9, 1899 – September 7, 1996) was a professional football player who spent two years of the National Football League with the Canton Bulldogs and the Cleveland Indians. Bowser won an NFL championship with the Bulldogs in 1922. In 1923, he played for the Indians. He was the first NFL player to use the kicking tee. Arda was considered the last surviving member of the 1922 Canton Bulldogs team, when he died in 1996.

Early life
Arda Crawford Bowser was born on January 9, 1899, in Danville, Pennsylvania. He was the son of Rev. Addison Bartholomew Bowser (1858-1936) and Ella Zelima Stebbins (1869-1954).

College career
After serving in the Navy during World War I, Bowser entered Bethany College, however he transferred to Bucknell University in 1920 where he also played college football. At Bucknell, he received All-East and All-American honors. He was captain of the 1921 Bucknell football team and is considered one of the great kickers in the school's history.

He received Honorable Mention on Walter Camp's All-American team. Ross Kauffman, a noted football authority, to call Bowser "the greatest line 'cracker' in the country." That same year, Bowser made Kauffman's All-Pennsylvania College team and Kauffman's All-Eastern team as first-team fullback. He also made first-team All-America on Frank G. Menke's team and the New York Telegram's team. Arda led all eastern colleges in scoring in 1920 with a 102 points, most of which came from 13 TD's he scored.

In 1921, Bowser was Bucknell's captain and again led the East in scoring with 112 points. He was named first-team All-America on Grantland Rice's All-American team.

Professional career
In 1922, Bowser discovered that he used up his all of college football eligibility. He however stayed on to finish his degree requirements and assist head coach Pete Reynolds in 1922. At this time Bowser also played professional football for two teams at three positions: fullback, linebacker and kicker. On a visit to Canton, Ohio, in 1922, Bowser sought out Ralph Hay, the manager of the Bulldogs. Hay and Bowser agreed on a sum of $250 a game. However, the Frankford Yellow Jackets also sought out Bower's services. He ended up playing for both teams. On Saturdays, he played for the Yellow Jackets. The Bulldogs played on Sunday, and, because of Pennsylvania blue laws, the Yellow Jackets played on Saturdays. So after the Yellow Jackets game, he would ride an overnight train for Canton, to play for the Bulldogs on Sundays. On one Thanksgiving weekend, he reportedly played 60 minutes of football in four consecutive games. 1922 was the first year that the NFL required everyone to sign a contract, instead of an oral agreement sealed by a handshake. One of the clauses in that contract was that a player could play for only one team in the 'association' (league). That clause was aimed at eliminating team 'hopping'. However Bowser still played with other teams that year besides Canton. The key words in that clause were 'association team', and according to Bowser, he felt that teams not members of the NFL were exempt from this rule.

However most college officials tried to steer their personnel away from the pro game. This made Arda give up a coaching career in favor of playing professionally. In 1922 Arda won the 1922 NFL Championship with the Canton Bulldogs, when he was made the team's kicker, after Pete Henry injured his foot. Arda replaced Jim Thorpe and played both fullback and linebacker.

In 1923, Bowser got a job with the White Motor Company in Cleveland, Ohio. This led him to play for Cleveland Indians because he could also travel to Philadelphia to play with the Yellow Jackets. On again he found himself in a scenario whereone team played on Saturday and the other on Sunday. However, the Indians could not draw in the crowds. When Cleveland played the Oorang Indians, featuring Jim Thorpe, the Cleveland manager thought he could promote his team by having Arda challenge Thorpe in a kicking competition. During the competition, Thorpe bested Bowser in punting, while Bowser bested Thorpe in kicking. It was at this time, that Bowser became the first professional football player to use a tee for kicking. He designed the tee with the help of his coach from Bucknell, Pete Reynolds.

In 1924, the White Motor Company transferred Arda to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There he served as a salesman for the area and was selected for supervisor training. However, the company told Bowser that he had to give up playing football on the weekends or his job would be terminated. He decided that his job was too important. With a wife and new obligations, he could not give up his career. However Bowser still played on weekends, under an alias and playing for teams in small towns such as Mount Carmel. His playing career officially ended after the 1924 season.

Post football
Over time, Bowse became an insurance executive. However a massive heart attack in 1947 forced him to retire. He had been told by doctors that he had a year to live. He moved to Florida in 1947, and live for almost another 50 years.

75th Season
Bowser was interviewed in 1994 for the special 75 Seasons: The Story of the National Football League, produced for Turner Network Television by NFL Films. He was interviewed by Phil Tuckett. Tuckett later called Bowser "one of the easiest interviewees to work with."
To tie together the beginning and the present of the pro game, the NFL held a ceremony in which Bowser would stand next to the current NFL stars. The ceremony took place on first game of the 1994 season in a game between the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Indianapolis Colts. It was decided that a Buccaneers' game would be the easiest for Bowser, now a resident of Winter Park, Florida, to attend. The Buccaneers, went beyond just having Bowser on the field to turning the event into an appreciation ceremony for Bowser.

Oldest pro

As part of its 75th anniversary celebrations in 1994, the NFL honored Bowser, then 95, as the league's oldest living ex-NFL player.  It was only later that NFL officials discovered that they had made a mistake – because Ralph Horween (then 99), who had played for the Chicago Cardinals in 1921–23 season, was still alive and living in Virginia.  Horween later became the first NFL player to live to 100 years of age.

Halls of Fame
In 1979, Bowser was elected into the Bucknell University Athletics Hall of Fame.
In 1973, he was inducted into the Ford City Hall of Fame in 1973.
In 1973, he was inducted into the Armstrong County Sportsman's Hall of Fame.

Family
Arda had five children: Marilyn B. Siff, Nevin G. Bowser, Robert S. Bowser, Ann Murphy and Thomas A. Bowser. His father was a Baptist minister. At the time of his death, a memorial service was held at the Montgomeryville Baptist Church in Montgomeryville, Pennsylvania, where Arda's father had been a pastor.

Notes

1899 births
1996 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War I
American football running backs
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Canton Bulldogs players
Cleveland Indians (NFL 1923) players
Frankford Yellow Jackets players
Bucknell Bison football players


Bertram William Henry Poole (March 22, 1880 – September 8, 1957) was an American student of philately, and wrote numerous monographs on various aspects of the hobby. He was well known as a respected philatelist in Great Britain before emigrating to the United States shortly before 1913.

British philatelist
Poole was editor of the West End Philatelist and The Philatelic Journal of Great Britain. He wrote extensively on British Colonies in all seven of the West End Philatelist Handbooks. He also wrote numerous articles on postage stamps and postal history of Bulgaria, Dominica, Seychelles, Sarawak and South Africa.

American philatelist
Poole wrote a number of monographs on European and British colonial postage stamps which were published in Mekeels Handbook between 1912 and 1923. He contributed numerous articles to other philatelic journals and authored the books: The Standard Philatelic Dictionary in 1922 and The Pioneer Stamps of the British Empire in 1957. He also published his own Philatelic Opinion journal from 1912 to 1931. And, in 1917 he co-authored United States Virgin Islands with Julius (John) Murray Bartels.

Collecting interests
Poole had a broad depth of collecting interests, but tended to specialize in stamps of Haiti and South and Central America. He was active in philatelic societies and was appointed judge at the 1913 International Philatelic Exhibition in New York City. Poole also was a stamp dealer and auctioneer.

Honors and awards
Poole, as one of the original signers, signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921. He was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1993.

Selected publications

Sarawak: A Complete History of its Postage Stamps. London: D. Field, 1906.
The Stamps of Cook Islands. Boston: Mekeel-Severn-Wylie, 1912. (Mekeels Handbook #1)

References
 Bertram William Henry Poole

External links

1880 births
1957 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
American stamp dealers
People from Los Angeles
Signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
American Philatelic Society


A sulfurtransferase is a transferase enzyme that act upon atoms of sulfur.

An example is thiosulfate sulfurtransferase.

References

External links

EC 2.8
Sulfur metabolism


The Love-Ins is a 1967 American counterculture-era exploitation movie about LSD that was directed by Arthur Dreifuss.

The film is loosely based on the 1960s American figure Timothy Leary and represents the 1960s San Francisco scene, particularly the Haight-Ashbury district. The plot centers on a Leary-type figure becoming the head of a cult-like following of hippies who all enjoy the effects of LSD. The production seems to be a typical representation of the producer Sam Katzman's work. It featured a number of different musical acts popular at the time. The themes dealt with include drug use and martyrdom. The film was generally poorly received with a few exceptions.

Plot
Patricia Cross and her boyfriend Larry Osborne, two students in a San Francisco school, become expelled for the publication of an off-campus underground paper. As a result, a philosophy professor, Dr. Jonathon Barnett, resigns his teaching position and decides to become an advocate for the counterculture youth movement and specifically the use of LSD. The hippies of the Haight-Ashbury district (including Larry and Patricia) first see him as a hero and then as something more. Dr. Barnett makes an appearance on the Joe Pyne TV show to exppress his support of the hippie community and the use of LSD.

One scheming young man sees the opportunity to build Dr. Barnett as the head of a cult centered on the use of LSD. He hopes to earn profit from the users, Dr. Barnett's speeches known as "happenings", and their lifestyles. At a massive LSD-fueled dance, Patricia begins to have a bad trip which leads to an argument between her and Larry, ultimately splitting up the couple.

After Patricia realizes that she is pregnant, Dr. Barnett advises her to have an abortion, ultimately leading to her attempting suicide. However, Larry saves her and makes the destruction of Dr. Barnett's cult his primary objective. Larry shoots Dr. Barnett from the crowd at one of his massive speeches. As another hippie in attendance calms the audience and Elliot sees his new leader for their cult-like organization, Larry realizes that his assassination of Dr. Barnett simply made him a martyr for the hippie movement.

Cast
The cast incorporated a number of current musical acts, real-life news figure Joe Pyne, actors, as well as extras who were from the Haight-Ashbury district at the time.
 Richard Todd as Dr. Jonathan Barnett
 James MacArthur as Larry Osborne
 Susan Oliver as Patricia Cross
 Mark Goddard as Elliott
 Carol Booth as Harriet Henning
 Marc Cavell as Mario
 Janee Michelle as	Lamelle
 Ronnie Eckstine as Bobby
 Michael Evans as Rev. Spencer
 Hortense Petra as Mrs. Sacaccio
 Jimmy Lloyd as Mr. Henning
 Mario Roccuzzo as	Hippie on LSD
 Joe Pyne as Himself
 Donnie Brooks as Specialty Act
 The U.F.O.'s as Themselves
 The New Age as Themselves
 Bill Baldwin as Reporter (uncredited)
 Frank Coghlan Jr. as Reporter in Park (uncredited)
 Richard Hoyt as Reporter (uncredited)

Actress Susan Oliver, who portrays the main character Patricia Cross, was disillusioned by the film due to its serious subject manner and the exploitation style in which it would be produced. She said, "I'd turned it down flat at first, since the script was a trivialization of the whole Timothy Leary, flower-child, hippie scene then going on." However, producers and friends involved in the picture promised her that the topic would be done tastefully. Later, she realized it was just an exploitation and cried at the wrap party.

Production
Columbia Pictures released the film in 1967. Sam Katzman produced the film. According to Jeff Stafford, Katzman had made a name of making cheap exploitations films in either popular genres or in relation to popular fads of the time.

The term "love-ins"
"Love-in" is a name given to a gathering in the promotion of love for the enjoyment of participants either personally or in relation to social activism. In the context of the title, it refers to the psychedelic and social activism conducted by Timothy Leary, who in the film is represented by the character Dr. Barnett whose philosophy is "Be more. Sense More. Love more."

Music
The film featured a number of psychedelic rock bands at the time. The garage band The Chocolate Watchband made an appearance in the film as well as contributing music. The film also featured 1960s bands, such as The UFO's, Donnie Brooks and the New Age Group. Hollywood music director and composer Fred Karger also contributed original music for the film.

Although not a musical, the film does feature a large musical sequence in which a main character, Patricia Cross, has a bad LSD trip and goes into an Alice in Wonderland-themed sequence. Cross imagines that she is Alice and meets men dressed in White Rabbit costumes as well as other representations of characters from Lewis Carroll's story over the course of a lengthy, free-form, disco musical sequence.

Themes
The film deals with many themes in tune with 1960s counterculture. One theme throughout the film deals with the aspect of the Haight-Ashbury district and its drug counterculture, with Dr. Barnett as the film's representation of Timothy Leary. Like Leary, Barnett endorses an LSD lifestyle. As Barnett says in the film, "LSD opens up new vistas and experiences to those that take it. I believe that every healthy person should try it. This is a way of life: Be more. Sense more. Love more." The film also showed the downfall of certain individuals as the result of such a lifestyle, in particular with the film's treatment of its protagonists Larry and Patricia.

Another theme is the creation of martyrs, reflected in the film's final act, in which Larry thinks he has destroyed the head of the cult-like following only to find a ready replacement in another hippie from the organization.

Reception
Many critics dismissed the film as "a typical exploitation film." However, a few notable exceptions exist. Variety magazine called it a "good exploitation film of San Francisco's hippie movement…a solid, if standard story, fringed in fine style with love-ins and hippie happenings…art direction is slick and colorful."

See also
List of American films of 1967
Hippie exploitation films

References

External links

1967 films
1960s teen films
1960s exploitation films
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in San Francisco
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco
Hippie films
Films about hallucinogens
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Psychedelic films
American teen films
Columbia Pictures films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by Arthur Dreifuss
1960s American films


Erum (Arabic: إرَم ʾIram, Persian: إرَم ʾEram) is a Muslim name meaning "Paradise" or "Heaven". It is variously romanised as Irum, Iram, Errum, and Eyrom.

In Persian folklore the name is used in the story of King Shaddad, who wanted to compete with God and said that he would create Bāgh-e Eram ("Heaven on Earth"). To create this garden he used up all his wealth and power, even stealing from the poor. He made it so beautiful that it was said to have fountains of wine and milk, and rocks made of the most precious gems that one could ever imagine. His cruelty is said to have upset God and God decided to punish him, so that he would never lay eyes on Erum. Just when Shaddad was about to enter the gates of Erum he tripped on the steps and died on the spot.

Notable persons with this name
Erum Akhtar (Pakistani actress)
Erum Ali (Indian fashion designer)
Iram Haq (Pakistani-Norwegian actress)
Iram Hassan Bajwa (Pakistani politician)

See also
 Eram Garden (garden in Shiraz, Iran)
 Errum Manzil (palace in Hyderabad, India)
 Iram of the Pillars (lost city)


The 1978 Fischer-Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria that was part of the 1978 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from 23 October until 29 October 1978. Fourth-seeded Stan Smith won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Stan Smith defeated  Balázs Taróczy 4–6, 7–6, 7–6, 6–3
 It was Smith's 5th title of the year and the 72nd of his career.

Doubles

 Víctor Pecci /  Balázs Taróczy defeated  Bob Hewitt /  Frew McMillan 6–3, 6–7, 6–4
 It was Pecci's 5th title of the year and the 8th of his career. It was Taróczy's 5th title of the year and the 8th of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Fischer-Grand Prix
Vienna Open
Fischer-Grand Prix
1978 in Austrian tennis


Erum may refer to:
 Erum (name), Muslim name
 Episodic random utility model, a statistical model used for regression analysis.


WPUT (90.1 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve North Salem, New York, United States. The station is owned by Dennis and Maureen Jackson, through licensee Foothills Public Radio, Inc. The station airs a jazz music and community radio format.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on January 22, 2008.  The new station was assigned the call sign WVWA by the FCC on May 29, 2008.  While still under construction, the station applied for a new call sign and was assigned WJJZ by the FCC on September 22, 2008. The station was assigned the WJZZ call letters by the FCC on March 31, 2009. The station changed its call sign to WQCD on October 2, 2014, and to WPUT-FM on June 2, 2015; on July 8, 2015, the "-FM" suffix was dropped.

References

External links

PUT
Jazz radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2012
2012 establishments in New York (state)
Jazz in New York (state)
Community radio stations in the United States


The Rt Rev Patrick White is a retired Bishop of Bermuda. He was ordained after a period of study at Wycliffe College and is now an honorary Doctor of Divinity there. Married to Elizabeth, he was elected in September 2008
 and consecrated in January 2009.

He retired from office in September 2012 upon his 70th birthday. He was succeeded by Nicholas Dill, who was consecrated as the Bishop of Bermuda on May 29, 2013. He now lives in the Toronto area.

Notes and references

Living people
University of Toronto alumni
21st-century Anglican bishops in Bermuda
Anglican bishops of Bermuda
Year of birth missing (living people)


Robinson algorithm may refer to:
Robinson's Resolution Algorithm
Robinson–Schensted correspondence
Robinson's unification algorithm


Aili Ansa Inkeri Ikonen (19 December 1913, in Saint Petersburg – 23 May 1989, in Helsinki) was a Finnish film and theater actress. Ikonen was an intelligent comedian and a skillful character actress.  In a film career spanning three decades, Ikonen appeared in dozens of films, and was one of the most popular actresses of her time. Ansa Ikonen and Tauno Palo became the golden couple of Finnish cinema. She was one of the first four Finnish women film directors.

Life and career
Ikonen was born to Finnish parents in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1913, but after the October Revolution her family moved to Finland. She studied to become a music teacher but never worked in that occupation. Instead she aimed for career in cinema. After some minor roles the famous director Valentin Vaala cast her as a leading lady in Kaikki rakastavat ("Everybody's Love", 1935). Tauno Palo was the leading man. Next year Ikonen and Palo performed in another marriage comedy. Both films became successful, and Ansa Ikonen became a star. For years she was among the best known film actresses in Finland.

Ikonen and Palo made altogether 12 films together, most of them comedies.  Although not romantically linked in real life, the two nevertheless captured the audiences' imagination as the golden couple of Finnish cinema.

At the same time with her film career, Ikonen was also hired in the Finnish national theatre. Her career there lasted for 44 years. She played in classical play by Finnish and foreign authors. She played in 16 Shakespeare plays, six plays by Molière and Nora in Ibsen's Doll's house.

Ikonen was an intelligent comedian and a skillful character actress. Writers sometimes wrote roles specially for her. She did not have any formal education for theatre, but as  a film star she quickly learned the tricks of the trade. In 1949 she got a stipendium and attended Old Vics Theatre school in London.

Ikonen also directed a romantic comedy Nainen on valttia ("The Woman Is the Trump") in 1944.

Ikonen was married to actor Jalmari Rinne and had two daughters: Katriina Rinne and Marjatta Rinne. Because her husband was 20 years older, she often played the role of his daughter in plays where they worked together.

Filmography (selection)
Minä ja ministeri (1934)
Syntipukki ("The Scapegoat") (1935)
Koskenlaskijan morsian (1937)Kuriton sukupolvi (1937)Rykmentin murheenkryyni (1938)SF-paraati ("SF Parade") (1940)Runon kuningas ja muuttolintu (1940)Oi, kallis Suomenmaa (1940)Kulkurin valssi ("The Vagabond's Waltz") (1941)Vaivaisukon morsian (1944; Winner of the Jussi Award for Best Actress)Nainen on valttia ("The Woman Is the Trump") (1944); also directorSoot and Gold (1945)Pikajuna pohjoiseen (1947)Gabriel, tule takaisin (Gabriel, Come Back) (1951)The Girl from Moon Bridge (1953)Rakas lurjus ("Beloved Rascal") (1955)Ratkaisun päivät (1956)Äidittömät (1958)Telefon (1977)

 Selected stage credits
Roxane (Edmond Rostand: Cyrano de Bergerac)
Catherine (Muriel Spark: Doctors of Philosophy)
Lady Teazle (Richard Sheridan: The School for Scandal)
Katarina Thorwöst (Serp: Katarina, kaunis leski)
Isabella (William Shakespeare: Measure for Measure)
Nora (Henrik Ibsen: A Doll's House)
Kirsti Mara (Tuuli Reijonen: Ovi avautuu)
Beatrice (William Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing)
Marja Myllymies (Ilmari Turja: Raha ja sana)
Hilde (Henrik Ibsen: The Master Builder)
Julia (William Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet)
Juulia (Maria Jotuni: Tohvelisankarin rouva)
Portia (William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice'')

References

External links

1913 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Finnish actresses
Finnish film directors
 Finnish women film directors
Pro Finlandia Medals of the Order of the Lion of Finland


SS Medina may refer to:

 , an ocean liner for Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company; sunk by German submarine  on 28 April 1917
 , an ocean liner for the Mallory Line; renamed Roma (1949), Franca C. (1952), Doulos (1978); opened as a land based hotel ship in 2019

Ship names


ICASSP, the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, is an annual flagship conference organized by IEEE Signal Processing Society.  Ei Compendex has indexed all papers included in its proceedings.

The first ICASSP was held in 1976 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, based on the success of a conference in Massachusetts four years earlier that had focused specifically on speech signals.

As ranked by Google Scholar's h-index metric in 2016, ICASSP has the highest h-index of any conference in the Signal Processing field.

Also, It is considered a high level conference in signal processing and, for example, obtained an 'A1' rating from the Brazilian ministry of education based on its H-index.

References

IEEE conferences
Academic conferences
[[Category:Conversational AI]]
Computer science conferences
Signal processing conferences


Carellina Pieternella (Lina) Spies (born 6 March 1939 in Harrismith, in North-Eastern Free State South Africa) is an Afrikaans poet and academic.

She received both the 1972 Eugène Marais Prize and 1972 Ingrid Jonker Prize, for her first volume of poetry, Digby vergenoeg. Her translation of Anne Frank's diaries was awarded the translation prize by the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (South African Academy of Arts and Sciences).

Spies studied philosophy, languages and literature at Stellenbosch University, the Free University of Amsterdam and the University of Pretoria. She spent most of her career as a university lecturer, variously at the University of Port Elizabeth (now Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University), the University of Pretoria and Stellenbosch University. An authority on the work of Elisabeth Eybers, Martinus Nijhoff, D.J. Opperman and Hennie Aucamp, Spies was Professor of Afrikaans and Dutch Literature at Stellenbosch University between 1987 and her retirement in 1999. She still lives in the town of Stellenbosch.

Volumes of poetry
 Digby Vergenoeg (1971)
 Winterhawe (1973)
 Dagreis (1976)
 Oorstaanson (1982)
 Van sjofar tot sjalom (1987)
 Hiermaals (1992)
 Die skaduwee van die son (1998)
 Duskant die einders (2004)
 Die skyn van tuiskoms (2010) - a selection from the poet's first 8 volumes of poetry, made by the poet Johann de Lange.
 Tydelose gety (2010)
 Sulamiet (2016)

Non-Fiction
 Ontmoetings (1979)
 Kolonnade: ’n Studie van D.J. Opperman se bundels  Heilige Beeste, Negester oor Ninevé en Komas uit ’n Bamboesstok binne verband van sy oeuvre (1992)
 Die enkel taak: Die merkwaardige verwantskap tussen Elisabeth Eybers en Emily Dickinson (1995)

As translator
 Agterhuis: Die dagboek van Anne Frank (2008) (Translation into Afrikaans of Anne Frank's diaries.)
 Tirza (2014) (Translation into Afrikaans of Arnon Grunberg's novel.)

As editor or compiler
 Majesteit, die kat: Verhale en gedigte oor katte (1998)
 Sy sien webbe roer: 'n Keuse uit die werk van Afrikaanse digteresse (1999)
 (with Lucas Malan) 'n Skrywer by sonsopkoms: Hennie Aucamp 70 (2004)

References

 Bosman, M.E. (1989) 'Op Hom die Groot Hosannas: Enkele Aspekte van die Moderne Christelike Poësie in Afrikaans' PhD Thesis, Rhodes University.
 Britz, E.C. (1999) 'Lina Spies', in H.P. van Coller (ed.), Perspektief en Profiel: 'n Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis, Deel 2 Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik
 Britz, E.C. & van Niekerk, A. (2016) 'Lina Spies', in H.P. van Coller (ed.), Perspektief en Profiel: 'n Afrikaanse Literatuurgeskiedenis, Deel 3 Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik
 Eloff, L. (1984) 'Die Poësie van Lina Spies: 'n Oeuvrestudie' MA Thesis, Potchefstroom University
 Engelbrecht, G.C. (2012) 'Bybelse Intertekste in Resente Afrikaanse Gedigte en Lirieke, met Spesifieke Verwysing na Identiteitsformasies in die (Post-)Postmoderniteit' PhD Thesis, Stellenbosch University
 Kannemeyer, J.C. (1983) Geskiedenis van die Afrikaanse Literatuur, Band 2 Pretoria: H&R-Academica
 Spies, C.M. (2010) 'Die Agterhuis - Lina Spies se Vertaling van Anne Frank se Dagboek, Het Achterhuis, in Afrikaans: Besluite, Benaderings en Strategieë' MPhil Thesis, Stellenbosch University

External links
 Lina Spies (1939 - ) Sanlam ATKV LitNet Afrikaanse Album
 Lina Spies, medewerker van psalmomdigting in die nuwe Liedboek van die NG en NH Kerke, glo nie meer in die goddelikheid van Jesus Christus nie
 Sonja Loots - Lina Spies: ook Afrikaan, postmodernis

South African women poets
Afrikaans-language poets
Afrikaner people
1939 births
Stellenbosch University alumni
Living people
People from Harrismith


The Thoré () is a  river in the Hérault and Tarn departments in southern France. Its source is in the northern part of Rieussec. It flows generally northwest. It is a left tributary of the Agout, into which it flows between Navès and Castres.

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
 Hérault: Rieussec, Verreries-de-Moussans,
 Tarn: Labastide-Rouairoux, Anglès, Lacabarède, Rouairoux, Sauveterre, Albine, Saint-Amans-Valtoret, Saint-Amans-Soult, Bout-du-Pont-de-Larn, Mazamet, Pont-de-Larn, Aussillon, Payrin-Augmontel, Aiguefonde, Caucalières, Labruguière, Castres, Navès,

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)
Rivers of Hérault
Rivers of Tarn (department)


Lee Marion Bartlett (March 30, 1907 – October 31, 1972) was an American javelin thrower. He competed at the 1928, 1932 and 1936 Olympics and placed 16th, 5th and 12th, respectively.

Albion College
Bartlett attended high school in Union City, Michigan; he did not take up the javelin until joining the track team at Albion College in 1926. Bartlett was twice Albion's team captain and four times the Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association javelin champion; his 1928 MIAA Field Day record was not bettered until 1969. During his junior year – in addition to competing in the Olympic Games – Bartlett won the 1928 National Collegiate Athletic Association championship, establishing a new NCAA and American Open record in the process. The following year, Bartlett was runner-up at the United States Open (AAU) Championships.

Post-collegiate years
In 1930 and 1932, Bartlett was once again the National AAU runner-up; he also placed fifth at the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. In 1933, Lee Bartlett won his first and only AAU title in the javelin throw. Three years later, Bartlett took first place at the United States Olympic Trials, qualifying him for a berth to the 1936 Olympic Games.
Bartlett remained an active competitor in the javelin through the early 1940s; he very nearly became the first American to throw 240-feet (73.15 meters) at a 1940 exhibition in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

After hanging up his javelin boots in 1942, Bartlett embarked upon a rewarding 30-year career as a teacher and athletic coach in Dearborn, Michigan. He died on October 31, 1972, aged 65. To this day, Lee Bartlett remains the only Albion College and MIAA athlete to compete in the Olympic Games; he was honored posthumously in 1989 with induction to the Albion College Athletic Hall of Fame.

See also
Track and Field Competitors at the 1928 Olympics

References

American male javelin throwers
Track and field athletes from Michigan
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1936 Summer Olympics
1907 births
1972 deaths
People from Hillsdale, Michigan


The integrated traffic and landscape concept is a spatial development plan which has been created in order to improve the spatial framework in terms of housing, economy, landscape and traffic in Luxembourg. It was introduced in the year 2004 and has a long-term perspective with a horizon of 2020. This concept has been developed by several Luxembourgish governmental ministries in cooperation with other spatial planning agencies.

Conceptualization of the IVL
The IVL has been developed by several Luxemburgish Ministries including the Ministries of Interior, Transport, Public Buildings, Environment, Housing and Economy. The national administration of road construction was also involved in the conceptualization process. Several other stakeholders were included in the IVL development, including the CIAT (Inter ministerial committee of spatial development), the CSAT (Superior council of spatial development) and the Syvicol (Syndic of Luxemburgish towns and municipalities). The conceptualization has been debated during four different workshops by several international groups of experts.

Implementation strategy
In order to implement the IVL strategy, the Luxemburgish government focuses on several important municipalities around which urban development is predicted to increase. This action avoids further urban sprawl in the rural areas of Luxembourg by planning growth in those municipalities located near main transport arteries. It is hoped to increase the number of people using public transportation.

Possibilities
Two future scenarios for Luxembourg are well documented in the IVL. The first scenario is the 'cross-border commuter scenario,' in which most jobs created in the future will be held by foreign residents who do not live in Luxembourg but travel to it each day from their respective countries. The second scenario is the so-called 'inhabitant scenario,' in which most jobs created in the future will be held by people who reside in Luxembourg.

Spatial models
Based on the two future scenarios for Luxembourg, the IVL describes five additional models for a sustainable spatial development. The first model presented in the IVL is the ‘Laissez-faire’ model, which doesn't indicate any changes which should be implemented in order to change the spatial development in Luxembourg. The second possibility reveals a model which concentrates only on Luxembourg-city. Another model follows the ‘Main traffic axes’ scenario, which indicates a higher urban settlement in the future around the main traffic axes and next to good public transport connections. Another model is the so-called ‘Tripol’, which focuses the concentration of working and housing possibilities on the three main urban areas in Luxembourg: Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg-city and the Nordstad. The last model is the ‘Region centers’ model, which is based on a number of municipalities that should increase their population and attractiveness in order to represent urban centers for the several regions of Luxembourg.

References

External links

Government of Luxembourg
Projects established in 2004