Before The Calm is the debut album from the Wigan-based band, Witness.  The album was released in the UK in 1999 via Island Records and spawned three singles for the band in "Scars", "Audition" and "Hijacker", with the former two placing in the Top 75 of the UK singles chart.

Reception
Upon release, the album was lauded with all-round critical acclaim. The Times noted that the album was "tethered to neither trend nor time" and that Witness themselves were "a band to cherish".  Melody Maker praised "the baroque fragility of Gerard Starkie’s vocals and the effortless, atmospheric swell of Ray Chan’s guitars".  NME declared Before The Calm "an astonishing debut album; stripped of all affectation", and went on to draw comparisons with Joy Division, DJ Shadow and Radiohead. Other reviewers likened the sound of the LP to Wilco, The Blue Nile, the early releases of R.E.M., along with fellow Wigan band, The Verve. Tim Perry of The Independent thought that Before The Calm encompassed "a satisfyingly undulating 45 minutes of delicate, late-night, soulful songs". Allmusic noted that the album was conducive to repeated listens; "(t)he more one listens to this CD, the more one realizes just how moving and thoughtful songs like "Heirloom," "Scars," and "My Friend Will See Me Through" are". Writing for Hi-Fi News and Record in September 1999, Johnny Black was impressed with the album's immediate accessibility, labelling Before The Calm a "truly wonderful debut" and Witness a band whose music was "moody, rootsy, gutsy, rockin'-folk with attitude". Reviewing the album five months after its American release, Terry Eagan of Ink 19 described Before The Calm as a "dark album" in which "the listener is treated to some of the most beautiful lyrics and singing to appear this year". In drawing comparisons to Velvet Underground and Unknown Pleasures, he also noted that the songs on the album serve to "create an intimacy between the performers and the listener that only the most classic of albums are capable of accomplishing". In a retrospective look at the album in September 2006, Nick Southall of Stylus Magazine noted the depth of Gerard Starkie's lyrics and the "aged sadness" of his vocal delivery, declaring the album "the starkest, coldest, warmest, most haunted, most beautiful collection of songs to ever venture from the North West of England, despite what popular opinion may suggest".

Despite being well received by the music press, album sales were minimal, as the band's co-manager, the late Rob Partridge, contemporaneously noted that "Before The Calm doesn't include a really 'radio-friendly' single, so the promotional opportunities are quite limited".

Alternative version
The US version of the album was issued on MCA Records under the name "Witness UK" and, along with a different album cover and artwork, featured two additional bonus tracks—"Long First Chapter" and "Before The Calm"—which were to be found as b-sides on the UK single releases of "Scars" and "Hijacker", respectively.

Track listing
All tracks written by Witness, except where noted.

Personnel

Witness
Gerard Starkie – vocals, guitars
Ray Chan – guitars
Dylan Keeton – bass
John Langley – drums

Additional musicians
Julian Pransky-Poole – additional instrumentation

Recording credits
Phil Vinall – producer
Paul Read – engineer
Phelan Kane – programming

Release history

References

1999 debut albums
Island Records albums
MCA Records albums
Albums produced by Phil Vinall
Albums recorded at Rockfield Studios


House of Holland may refer to:

 The House of Holland (nobility), rulers of the County of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century
 House of Holland, a fashion label of Henry Holland (fashion designer), English fashion designer


Haras Fyre (born January 5, 1953), also known professionally as Patrick Grant, is an American singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist. After writing songs for Sister Sledge and Ben E. King early in his career in a songwriting duo with his girlfriend Gwen Guthrie, Fyre spent some time in the backing band for The Drifters, before relocating to Switzerland to become a composer of music for corporate events.

Background
Born and raised in Newark, New Jersey, United States, Fyre's early musical influences included Victor Herbert and Frankie Valli.

As a teenager, Fyre learned to play his brother's trombone from recordings by Chicago. He subsequently began learning bass while playing with the band Parkway North from East Orange, New Jersey, borrowing a Baldwin Bass from the band's bassist Romeo Williams.

In 1971, Fyre joined a local band called the Matchmakers, where he met vocalist and pianist Gwen Guthrie. Fyre and Guthrie became romantically involved, moved in together, and joined the New York City based band East Coast of Larry Blackmon, along with The Matchmakers' saxophonist James Wheeler and trumpeter Jerome McCoggle.

Songwriting career
The freelance producer of East Coast's second album told Fyre and Guthrie that their songs were of no commercial value and were 'unsellable'. Benny Ashburn, manager of The Commodores, disagreed, and helped them promote their songs elsewhere.

Fyre and Guthrie's demos attracted the interest of producer Bert DeCoteaux of the music publisher Penumbra Music, and Fyre began working predominantly as a bassist in New York City's music scene. One month after leaving East Coast, Fyre and Guthrie had their first international hit as songwriters, with Sister Sledge's "Love Don't You Go Through No Changes On Me", which reached #5 on the Billboard national chart, and the magazine's "Hot 100".

Of the nine songs on Sister Sledge's album Circle Of Love, seven were composed by Fyre and Guthrie. Two more of them entered the US Dance Chart's top 10, one of which, "Pain Reliever", took the Silver Award at the 1975 Tokyo Music Festival. Subsequently, Fyre and Guthrie penned Ben E. King's comeback single, "Supernatural Thing", followed by "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" (since covered by more than 100 artists).

Fyre was credited as a bassist on the Sister Sledge album as Patrick Grant, alongside his musical role model Bob Babbitt.

Haras and Guthrie penned the "It's Happening at the Phone Company" jingle for AT&T, which they also performed live at a few international trade fairs with drummer Jimmie Young, Rudy Stevenson and Bert DeCoteaux on piano. During this time, Fyre also played regularly in a band with Weather Report studio drummer Herschel Dwelllingham, pianist Nat Adderley, Jr., and singer Bobby Hill, acquiring the nickname "Dr. Bass".

Within two months of their songwriting debut, Fyre and Guthrie's "Music Machine" had written several songs that made the Billboard charts, but their relationship with Penumbra Music soon broke down due to personal differences. Guthrie quit writing with the company to become a solo session singer. One week later, Fyre wrote one final song for Penumbra, "Satan's Daughter", which appeared on the GG album of British glam rock artist Gary Glitter. Further projects in development with Fleming Williams and film composer Michael R. Colicchio were abandoned.

The Drifters
Through his contacts with Ben E. King, Fyre moved to London to join the backing band of King's former group, The Drifters, whose lineup at the time included Johnny Moore, Billy Lewis, Joe Blunt and Clyde Brown. After two years of touring with The Drifters, Fyre returned to the US, residing for four years in Connecticut until moving permanently to Europe, settling in Switzerland.

Corporate career
Since moving to Europe, Fyre has appeared as a musician for Germany's Allianz Insurance Group and for Formula 1 automobile races, where he featured in televised segments with Mercedes-Benz Motorsport Vice-President Norbert Haug during the motorsport season.

A fluent speaker of German, Fyre composes music for televised sporting events, corporate events and private functions. He appeared on European television as the Werbeträger (media spokesman) for the German multinational automobile firm Dekra. He made frequent appearances with Olympic gold medal gymnast Magdalena Brzeska, for whom he composed a song.

References

Living people
1953 births
Singers from Newark, New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
American expatriates in Switzerland


The British Journal of Psychology is a quarterly peer-reviewed psychology journal. It was established in 1904 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the British Psychological Society. The editor-in-chief is Stefan R. Schweinberger (University of Jena). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.308, ranking it 20th out of 137 journals in the category "Psychology, Multidisciplinary".

References

External links

Psychology journals
British Psychological Society academic journals
Publications established in 1904
Quarterly journals
English-language journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals


WFUN-LD (channel 48) is a low-power Spanish-language independent television station in Miami, Florida, United States. It is owned by América CV Station Group, Inc., alongside fellow independent station WJAN-CD (channel 41). The two stations share studios in Hialeah Gardens; WFUN-LD's transmitter is located on West Hallandale Beach Boulevard in the Carver Ranches section of West Park.

History
The station's license application was first submitted to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1980, but a construction permit was not issued until 1988, with a license issued the following year as W27AQ. Owned by Skinner Broadcasting, channel 27 was intended to be a low-power independent TV station branded as "WFUN-TV" and aimed at Broward County. The station, approved to place its transmitter atop the Pompano Beach Club, would have aired sports, financial and other programming.

When W27AQ signed on April 27, however, it did not air its own programming. Instead, it was leased to new CBS affiliate WCIX to serve areas of Broward County that its Homestead-based analog signal could not. In the immediate wake of Hurricane Andrew, which collapsed the Homestead tower, W27AQ remained on the air as WCIX's only broadcast signal. WCIX's translator network remained with the channel 6 facility after the 1995 swap between it and WTVJ.

In June 1998, the station ceased rebroadcasting WTVJ. It moved to UHF channel 48 and its call letters were changed to W48CI. In early 1999, its calls were changed to WFUN-LP; the station license was later upgraded to Class A status and its calls were altered to WFUN-CA in 2002, before reverting to LPTV status in 2004. In 2009, WFUN flash-cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 48.

The station has been through several ownership changes, though some of these transfers in the early 2000s appear to be within the Rodriguez family. On August 13, 2012, WFUN-LD acquired the América TeVé programming and format from WJAN-CD (channel 41) after the latter station became a charter affiliate of MundoFox; most of the América CV-owned stations that joined MundoFox on that date added the América TeVé format on their second digital subchannels, with the exception of Puerto Ricobased WKPV and WIRS, which broadcast TeVé on their main channels. However, MundoFox's affiliation with WJAN/WFUN would end on December 28, 2012, as the network moved its Miami affiliation to Key Westbased WGEN-TV (channel 8).

Due to the loss of the MundoFox affiliation, on January 28, 2013, WJAN-CD and WFUN-LD launched a new programming format called Teveo, which is stylized as a 24-hour news channel that airs each weekday from 5:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. and weekends from 7:00 to 11:00 p.m. "Teveo" carries all of the station's live newscasts, along with rebroadcasts of its 6:00 and 11:00 p.m. newscasts and its public affairs programs including A Mano Limpia and Sevcec a Fondo. It also added live weekday hour-long 7:00 and 9:00 p.m. newscasts on that date, making it the only station in South Florida with newscasts in those timeslots (the 9:00 p.m. newscast was canceled on April 12, 2013, to make way for a news/talk program that debuted the following Monday). On weekends, "Teveo" carries a "week-in-review" selection of its news programs. Paid programming is shown at other times of the day. The channel is simulcast on WFUN-DT2, and is carried on Comcast channel 82, Atlantic Broadband channel 3 and AT&T U-verse channel 41. Nationally, WFUN-LD1 is available via streaming on channel 1106 on The Roku Channel's live TV service.

News operation
WFUN-LD presently broadcasts 17½ hours of locally produced news and talk programming each week (with 3½ hours each weekday); WFUN-LD's news department, whose newscasts are titled América Noticias, only produces local newscasts on weeknights, with no live news broadcasts on weekends. In addition, the station produces the newsmagazine Arrebatados (which airs weekdays at 4:00 p.m.) and two news/talk programs, Sevcec a Fondo (which airs weeknights at 8:00 p.m.) and A Mano Limpia (which airs weeknights at 9:00 p.m.).

WFUN-LD is the last station in the Miami–Fort Lauderdale market to produce its local newscasts in 4:3 standard definition—even though, as of April 2013, select programs are broadcast in high definition, the station maintains HD camera equipment, and on-air graphics and station promos are presented in the format. All of the station's live newscasts are also shown on Teveo, the station's 24-hour news format, each weekday from 5:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. and weekends from 7:00 to 11:00 p.m.

Technical information

Subchannels

References

FUN-LD
Television channels and stations established in 1998
FUN
FUN-LD
1998 establishments in Florida
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Miami


Venturia is a French progressive metal band.

History
Venturia was formed in 2000 by guitarist Charly Sahona and drummer Diego Rapacchietti, who had already made a name for himself through his great playing with artists like Zero, Paganini and BPM.

Charly had previously worked with various French artists and participated on the Shawn Lane tribute record Shawn Lane Remembered, released on Lion Music.
Bass player Thomas James later joined the band and added his versatile talents to Venturia's music.

The band recorded a four-track demo with singer Olivier Segura and caught the attention of some labels. The band was about to begin the recording of their debut album when Olivier decided to quit the band.

Male vocalist Marc Ferreira (recruited by the band in 2004) is a solo artist from New York City. He shares vocal lines with Venturia's female vocalist Lydie Robin .
Lydie and Charly were already playing together in a cover band. At first, Lydie was supposed to record some backing vocals for the band, but after the sudden departure of the former singer, Charly had the concept of having two singers.

The pop/rock-like singing of Marc contrasts with the pure, clean and sensual female voice of Lydie Robin, creating a fantastic blend of aggressive and melodic vocal duet lines.

Kevin Codfert (Adagio) was invited to share the keyboards parts with Charly on the record.

The band began recording the debut album, "The New Kingdom", in 2004; partly at Artsonik studios in Switzerland and partly at X-fade studios in France under the guiding eyes of Kevin Codfert, who also mixed the album.

The album was finalized in August 2005.

In late 2005 Venturia has signed a management deal with Danish-based metal agency Intromental. Shortly afterwards, a deal with Lion Music for the release of "The New Kingdom" was in place and it came out on .

The debut album was highly acclaimed by medias. In 2007, Venturia was invited by Swiss Television TSR to record a one-hour live show. During all of that year, the band wrote new songs and worked on new sounds.

In late 2007, Venturia went to Switzerland and began the recording of their new opus, "Hybrid", at Artsonik studios . The band had the opportunity to have a great production and took a long time to finalize the record. The album was recorded by Carryl Montini, and the mix was done by Kevin Codfert and Carryl Montini.

French progressive metal musical groups
French musical quartets
Musical groups established in 2000


Hector MacLean, 2nd Laird of Torloisk was the second Laird of Torloisk.

Biography
He was the son of Lachlan Og MacLean, 1st Laird of Torloisk

He was first married to Jannet, daughter of Allan Maclean of Ardtornish, by whom he had three daughters:
Margaret Maclean of Torloisk, married to Lachlan Maclean of Lochbuie
Marian Maclean of Torloisk, married to Hector Roy MacLean of Coll, son of John Garbh Maclean, 7th Laird of Coll
Mary Maclean of Torloisk, married to Duncan Campbell of Sandaig.
He was a second time married to Catherine, daughter of John Campbell of Lochnell, and had children:
Lachlan Maclean, 3rd Laird of Torloisk, who succeeded him
Hector Maclean of Torloisk, who was killed by Clan Maclachlan, a band of robbers of Fiairt, in Lesmore, who infested the neighborhood
John of Tarbert who was married to Catherine, daughter of Donald Campbell of Comguish, by whom he had Donald Maclean, 5th Laird of Torloisk, John, and Marianne who married Charles MacLean of Kilunaig
Isabella Maclean of Torloisk, married to Lauchlan Maclean, 2nd Laird of Brolas
Jannet Maclean of Torloisk, married to Hector MacLean 2nd Laird of Kinlochaline.

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Hector
Hector


Clarkia epilobioides is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name canyon clarkia. It is native to California, Arizona, and Baja California, where it grows in shaded habitat in woodland and chaparral. It is an annual herb producing a slender, erect stem sometimes exceeding half a meter in height. The leaves are narrowly to widely lance-shaped and less than 3 centimeters long. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence. Each hanging bud has four red sepals which remain fused all together or in pairs as the petals emerge during blooming. The petals are one half to one centimeter long, oval in shape, solid white or cream in color, often fading pink as they age. There are eight protruding stamens and one stigma.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Profile
Photo gallery

epilobioides
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Baja California
Flora of California
Plants described in 1840
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Parliamentary elections were held in the Czech Republic on 28–29 May 2010 to elect the 200 members of the Chamber of Deputies. The elections had been expected to take place sometime before the end of 2009, but was postponed due to legal challenges. Before the election, the country had been governed by a caretaker administration headed by Jan Fischer. The Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) was the front-runner of the election and its leader Jiří Paroubek was the favourite to become the new Prime Minister.

ČSSD came first in the election, although they suffered significant losses in seats and the popular vote. The conservative Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and TOP 09 followed in second and third, with the Communist Party finishing fourth. ČSSD leader Jiří Paroubek resigned after the election, conceding that a conservative coalition government appeared likely due to the rise in support for two new right-wing parties: TOP 09 and Public Affairs (VV). In June, a centre-right coalition of ODS, TOP 09, and VV was formed, with Petr Nečas becoming the prime minister.

Background
On 24 March 2009, after four previous failed attempts, the opposition ČSSD succeeded in passing a no confidence vote against the government of Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek (ODS) in the lower house of the Czech parliament. The measure passed with 101 votes to 96, with several members of Topolánek's own party voting with the opposition.

On 28 March 2009, ČSSD leader Jiří Paroubek and Topolánek agreed to hold early elections in October 2009. They later agreed to form an interim government of experts (before the end of the Czech EU presidency), with half of the government nominated by ČSSD and half by two parties of the incumbent government (ODS and The Greens; the third party KDU–ČSL did not participate), and that early elections would be held on 16–17 October 2009. On 5 April 2009, Paroubek and Topolánek agreed on Jan Fischer, the head of the national statistical office, as the interim Prime Minister, to take over on 8 May 2009, and stated that elections would be held by 15 October 2009, most likely on 9–10 October 2009.

The newly founded party Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 (TOP 09), which had split off from the KDU–ČSL, also contested the election. Some polls showed the party to be in fourth place, closely behind the Communist Party.

The election date was initially scheduled for 1 July 2009, but ex-ČSSD Independent MP Miloš Melčák filed a complaint with the Constitutional Court, on the grounds that he had a right to sit in parliament for a full term, and the election was postponed while the court examined the legality of the law setting the election date. A hearing was scheduled for 10 September 2009; if the court ruled against the complaint at that hearing, elections would be held as planned, but politicians agreed that they would rather change the constitution to simplify the procedure of calling early elections, and using the new provisions, the election would be held with a delay of at most one month, regardless of the court's decision, most likely on 6–7 November.

However, the Constitutional Court viewed the constitutional amendment calling for one-off early elections as a retroactive decision in violation of the existing constitutional procedures regulating early elections, and struck down the act on the grounds that it violated the procedure for constitutional amendments, the right to vote, and the inalienable principle of a law-abiding state.
As the Court ruled the election date invalid, the laws (a constitutional amendment and a law shortening election deadlines) were passed on 11 September as planned. President Klaus signed the laws on 12 September, and parliament planned to dissolve itself on 15 September. Melčák stated, however, that he would likely file another complaint if this plan went ahead.

In a surprise move, ČSSD announced on 15 September that it would not vote in favour of dissolution, as the new law was likely to be challenged by Melčák again, and this would again call the legality of the election into question; they were now in favour of elections in mid-2010, on the initially scheduled dates. ČSSD had 71 seats and needed ten more MPs to support their position to delay the election, but it was considered likely that they would succeed in blocking the election. The Christian and Democratic Union (KDU-ČSL) also withdrew their support for early elections, meaning the election would be held in May 2010.

Following controversial comments about the Catholic Church, Jews and homosexuals, ODS chairman Topolánek withdrew from the election and resigned as party leader on 26 March 2010. He was replaced by Petr Nečas.

Contesting political parties and candidates

Campaign
Issues that featured heavily in the campaign included the Greek government-debt crisis, the global financial crisis, the possibility of national bankruptcy, and corruption.

Civic Democratic Party (ODS)

ODS launched its campaign on 16 March 2010, with reducing unemployment as the main focus. The party stated it would support shorter working periods and employment of graduates and seniors. The party used mannequins of fictional characters Václav Dobrák and Marie Slušná as campaign mascots and the campaign slogans "ODS is the solution" and "It won't happen without your vote."

When their main rival ČSSD used blue ambulances in their campaign to attack ODS, the party reacted by parking a demolished orange ambulance outside the Chamber of Deputies to depict how healthcare would look if ČSSD led the government.

The previous leader of ODS, former Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek, was replaced as leader by Petr Nečas on 26 March 2010, considered a more acceptable and popular candidate than Topolánek. ČSSD leader Jiří Paroubek stated that he could cooperate with Nečas in some circumstances. Nečas rejected Paroubek's comments and stated that ODS would not form a Grand coalition with ČSSD after the election.

ODS started focusing on economics and public finances in April 2010, promising to reduce public debt to avoid bankruptcy, and using the example of Greece to warn against ČSSD. The party also used negative campaigning against ČSSD, focused primarily on Paroubek.

The Civic Democrats conducted an active campaign on the internet, communicating with potential voters on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. The party held an online "virtual demonstration" against ČSSD. On 30 April 2010, ODS released an election advert entitled "Your vote", commemorating the trial of Milada Horáková and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, and warning against Social Democrats and Communists. The clip urged Jiří Paroubek to resign as ČSSD leader, a response to Paroubek's appeal to some ODS politicians to quit politics.

Nečas held campaign events in multiple towns across the Czech Republic, meeting potential voters. ODS also featured Nečas heavily in its billboard campaign, launched in May 2010, which presented him as a candidate of "responsible politics".

Nečas attacked ČSSD over the election debate, criticising the fact that Paroubek had agreed to just three debates, and accusing him of avoiding a confrontation with him. The first head-to-head debate between Nečas and Paroubek was held on 12 April 2018, resulting in no clear winner, according to analysts. A second debate was held on 23 May 2010, also with no clear winner. The last debate was held on 26 May 2010, with journalists judging Nečas to have been better prepared and more confident than Paroubek, and the victor of the debate.

The party published campaign newspapers with the title Jasně ("Of Course"), introducing their policies and candidates.

ODS launched the final phase of its campaign, called "120 Hours for Victory", on 23 May 2010. Nečas said that ODS had to "stop Jiří Paroubek and the Communists". 120 Hours for Victory included performances by Czech singers such as Eva Pilarová, Helena Zeťová, Ivan Mládek, Tereza Kerndlová and Jitka Zelenková, attended by hundreds of party supporters. The party invited foreign politicians who came to the event to support ODS. The party was endorsed by British Prime Minister David Cameron and Slovak politician Iveta Radičová who both attended the event.

Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD)

ČSSD was led into the election by former Prime Minister Jiří Paroubek. The party was considered the front-runner in the election and Paroubek was believed to be most likely to form the new government. The party's campaign slogans were "A better future for ordinary people" and "Change and Hope".

ČSSD launched their campaign on 22 April 2010. Paroubek stated that the party planned to restore economic growth. The party held large rallies in Czech towns, which ceased in May 2010 when ČSSD MP Bohuslav Sobotka was physically attacked by an opponent of the party. ČSSD politicians decided to meet voters at factories and schools instead. The party also put a lot of effort into a telephone campaign, in which ČSSD politicians phoned people to ask which party they were planning to vote for and ask them about their ideas.

ČSSD made heavy use of negative campaigning directed as ODS and TOP 09, with half of their campaign billboards attacking those two parties. Slogans used on billboards included "Let's stop ODS and TOP 09 on 28 May" or "If you don't vote, you will pay by getting dismissed without cause." The party published campaign newspapers called Health Newspapers, attacking the healthcare plans of the two right-wing parties.

ČSSD concluded its campaign with the slogan "Work and Prosperity", and handed out 100,000 doughnuts at events for party supporters. ČSSD campaign manager Jaroslav Tvrdík stated that the party wanted to "make it more pleasant for people to wake up, and remind them why is voting important".

Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSČM)

The Communist Party, led by Vojtěch Filip, ran a campaign focused on young voters, and held meetings with potential voters in town squares around the country, culminating in a huge rally on Náměstí Republiky, Prague. Younger party activists also attended meetings to attract young voters. The party's campaign used the slogan "With the People, For the People" and also featured celebrities who supported the party, such as singers Martin Maxa and Jana Kociánová.

TOP 09
TOP 09 was founded by Miroslav Kalousek in June 2009. Karel Schwarzenberg was elected leader of the new party, and they entered a partnership with Mayors and Independents. TOP 09 decided to target conservative voters and began raising funds for their campaign, which was launched on 27 April 2010. Schwarzenberg promised a fight against corruption, healthcare reform, and moral renewal of the country. The party also attacked Public Affairs. The campaign, which was inspired by Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, featured billboards using the slogan "more than you think".

Public Affairs (VV)
Public Affairs were led by author and journalist Radek John. The party launched its campaign on 20 April 2010, with John stating that he believed the party would receive more than 10% of votes. The party promised an end to "political dinosaurs" and promised to fight against corruption.

Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU–ČSL)
KDU–ČSL, led by Cyril Svoboda, launched its campaign on 8 April 2010. The party had a shortage of campaign funding, and focused on a personal campaign, with party leaders visiting workplaces, social institutions and retirement homes. KDU-ČSL used the slogans "KDU-ČSL, the better in us" and "A good day is when ..."

Green Party

The Green Party, led by Ondřej Liška, launched its campaign on 27 April 2010, which featured prominent supporters of the party such as former President Václav Havel, Lenka Dusilová, and Meda Mládková.

The Greens focused heavily on communicating directly with citizens and their internet campaign. Liška stated that the Greens wanted to be different from the big parties and be "modest and sincere". The Greens considered TOP 09 and Public Affairs to be their main rivals. Their campaign focused on the environment and support for a healthy lifestyle, while also telling voters that their economic programme was good for the Czech Republic.

The party concluded its campaign by releasing three video adverts in which party supporters tried to convince people to vote for them.

Party of Civic Rights
Party of Civic Rights was led by former Prime Minister Miloš Zeman, who stated that party's aim was to enter the Chamber of Deputies. Zeman used a bus called "Zemák" for his campaign.

Sovereignty – Jana Bobošíková Bloc
Sovereignty launched its campaign in January 2010, which focused heavily on leader Jana Bobošíková. The party used a campaign bus called Bobobus.

Independent initiatives

Defenestration 2010
Defenestration 2010 was an independent initiative organised by František Janouch and Lenka Procházková, urging voters to use their preferential votes to help elect lesser known politicians, as they were "less likely to be involved in corruption".

Replace Politicians
Replace Politicians was an independent initiative supported by celebrities such as Dan Bárta, Aneta Langerová, Radek Banga, Viktor Preiss and David Koller, calling for voters to support smaller parties. The initiative held events and concerts, and the band Nightwork released a video clip to support the initiative.

Campaign finances

Television debates
The leaders of the two largest parties, Petr Nečas and Jiří Paroubek, appeared in four head-to-head debates. The first debate was organised by Česká televize in April 2010. The second was organised by Prima televize, and was a calm debate without personal attacks. The third debate was more aggressive and featured a number of personal attacks. The final debate was organised by Česká televize and was based on the format of debates organised by the BBC in the United Kingdom.

Opinion polls

Results
The centre-left ČSSD won the most votes, with 22.1%. The conservative ODS and TOP 09 followed with 20.2% and 16.7% respectively. The Communist Party came fourth with 11.3%, ahead of the centre-right VV which received 10.9%. It was the first time that the Communists had finished lower than third in a Czech election. TOP 09 and VV won seats in Parliament for the first time. The Christian Democrats (4.4%), the Party of Civic Rights (4.3%), the Green Party (2.4%), and Sovereignty (3.7%), failed to gain the 5% necessary to enter parliament. Voter turnout was 62.6% nationally, highest in Prague-West District (71.69%) and lowest in Sokolov District (50.89%). The results were a setback for the Czech Republic's largest parties, ČSSD and ODS. President Václav Klaus said that the results would cause a "fundamental weakening" of the two parties.

By region

Prague

Central Bohemian Region

South Bohemian Region

Plzeň Region

Aftermath
After the election results were announced, Jiří Paroubek resigned as ČSSD leader, citing disappointment with the outcome, and saying that "it seems that people have chosen the direction the republic should go in and it is a different direction than the one ČSSD were offering". ČSSD had led comfortably in polling before the election, and its 22% share of the vote was a significant drop from the party's 32% in the 2006 election. Paroubek conceded that a conservative coalition government was likely.

KDU-ČSL failed to enter the parliament for the first time in the party's history. Party leader Cyril Svoboda admitted disappointment, and took responsibility for the result, resigning as leader on 6 June 2010. Michaela Šojdrová became acting leader.

The Green Party also dropped out of the Chamber of Deputies. Party leader Ondřej Liška resigned and announced a snap leadership election.

Government formation
ODS, TOP 09 and VV had all committed to government spending cuts, raising the prospect of the formation of a fiscally conservative cabinet. The leaders of the three parties held coalition talks shortly after the results were published. ODS leader Petr Nečas said that the three parties had a "common will" to form a government, stating that their financial plans would work together to help the country avoid a crisis similar to the one affecting Greece at the time. Negotiations between the three parties about the formation of a new government started on 2 June 2010, and the parties signed a proclamation to continue negotiations.

After extensive talks regarding the terms of the coalition, Nečas was appointed Prime Minister on 28 June 2010. Public Affairs held a referendum among party members to decide whether to join the new government. The result was announced on 12 July 2018, with 2,912 members voting in favour and 815 against. The coalition agreement was signed on the same day.

Footnotes

External links

Official election website of the Czech Statistical Office
NSD: European Election Database – Czech Republic  publishes regional level election data (NUTS 1–3); allows for comparisons of election results, 1990–2010

Czech Republic
Parliamentary
Elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic
Czech


Fuentes de Corbeiro (or Fuentes de Corbero) is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Fontes de Curveiru
 Valmayor

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Peru adopted the metric system in 1862, replacing Spanish customary units.

History
In 1862, the Peruvian government decreed the metric system to be official in Peru. However, several years later the old measurements were still used. In 1869, a new law made the metric system compulsory.

In 1875 Peru adhered to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, France.

The most current law regarding the measuring system is Law 23560 1982.

Current exceptions
Peru, has completed its metrification with a few unique exceptions:
 Coca leaves and potatoes are sometimes still sold in arrobas.
 Gasoline, diesel, and kerosene are sold by the US gallon.
 Nails are sold in inches.

The folllowing are common exceptions in metric countries such as Australia:
 McDonald's sells its Quarter Pounder with cheese as "Cuarto de Libra con Queso", which translates from Spanish as "Quarter Pound with Cheese".
 Aviation (altitude and flight level) is still sometimes measured in feet.
 Display sizes for the screens of TVs and computer monitors may be described as having their diagonals measured in inches instead of or as well as centimetres, e.g., a TV screen may be advertised as 42" (1,066.8 mm).

References

Peru
1862 establishments in Peru


The MB-490i is a tri-band/3G touchscreen phone made by Korean manufacturer Hyundai Mobile. It was first publicly shown at Mobile World Congress 2009.

Its design and styling is shaped to resemble a dolphin’s head while other elements include rippling water around the camera. The dolphin theme is also carried through into software, with a dolphin assistant to help navigate menus.

The MB-490i is Hyundai’s first attempt to push the styling and functionality of its devices into the midrange dominated by the likes of Nokia, Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson.

It has a 400 x 240 pixel WQVGA touchscreen and is designed for multimedia playback. In particular, its audio components including speakers come from Yamaha. Other elements include an FM radio, audio and movie player and a 2MP camera.

The MB-4901 Dolphin should be available in May in Europe with a price tag of €250.

References

External links
Hyundai Mobile’s official webpage
Photo gallery from MWC09

MB-490i


Clarkia exilis is a small herbaceous annual plant of western North America. It is an uncommon species in the evening primrose family known by the common names Kern River clarkia and slender clarkia.

Description

Clarkia exilis is an annual herb producing a slender, erect stem often exceeding half a meter in height. The bright green leaves are lance-shaped to narrowly oval, hairless, up to 6 centimeters long, and sometimes lacking petioles. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence, with open flowers and deflexed buds towards the tip of the stem. The sepals and ovary may be lightly hairy (but typically distinctly less so than its sister-species Clarkia unguiculata). The sepals will remain fused together along one side as the petals bloom. Each of the four petals has a narrow claw and diamond-shaped limb. The entire petal is up to 1.5 centimeters long and white or soft purple or pink, sometimes with a purple spot. There are eight stamens, four of which have large reddish anthers and four with smaller, paler anthers. At maturity the style is equal to the stamens. The fruit is a capsule up to 3 centimeters long and about 2 millimeters wide that may contain from a few to 80 seeds.

Distribution
Clarkia exilis is endemic to California, where it is known only from the woodlands of the southernmost Sierra Nevada foothills immediately northeast of Bakersfield and the adjacent Tehachapi Mountains. Populations are largely proximal to the Kern River and its nearby drainages, with some few populations found to the immediate west in the foothills of the Sierra as they descend to the Great Central Valley.

External links
Jepson Manual Profile of Clarkia exilis
UC Photos gallery — Clarkia exilis

exilis
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of Kern County, California
~
~
Plants described in 1954
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Jörg Tauss (born 5 July 1953) is a German politician and former member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was born in Stuttgart. From 2000 to 2009, Tauss was the spokesperson of the Education and Research workgroup of the SPD in the Bundestag. He also served within that time as regional party general secretary for Baden-Württemberg.

On 6 March 2009, his home and offices in Berlin and Karlsruhe were raided by the LKAs of both Berlin and Baden-Württemberg in a search for child pornography which he had allegedly obtained on his mobile phone. Although he claimed that the raid and investigation were politically motivated, he resigned from all government posts on 7 March, and was stripped of his parliamentary immunity on the same day. Prosecutors began the investigation after they had obtained access to phone numbers and addresses found on the mobile phone of a Bremerhaven man who was suspected of participation in a child pornography ring. He stated on 11 March that he had purchased the material only for investigation purposes pertinent to his office. He reports that his research suggests that child pornography is typically distributed by MMS and traditional mail, so that blocking websites is ineffective.

On 20 June 2009, Tauss announced he was leaving the SPD for the Pirate Party Germany in protest against that party's support of legislation that would block child pornography websites, which he said would set up a technical infrastructure of censorship without judicial review. On 1 July, Tauss appealed against the law because of formal reasons at the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe. On 8 September 2009, he was stripped of his parliamentary immunity and the next day he was formally charged. In May 2010 he got a suspended prison sentence of 15 months. The judge concluded that he had been active in the online child pornography scene for private reasons rather than out of political motives relating to his parliamentary work. However, the judge did not think his motivation had necessarily been sexual, it could have been sheer curiosity. 'This is a judgement which I cannot live with and do not want to live with,' Tauss said after the trial. He plans to appeal the verdict.

References

External links

 Tauss′ own press release on accusation of child pornography  (PDF, German)
 Tauss′ website
 Tauss′ old website

 Tauss′ profile on Flickr

 Tauss′ profile on Twitter
 Solidaritaet mit Jörg Tauss – A German website that defends Tauss

1953 births
Living people
Members of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg
Politicians from Stuttgart
Members of Chaos Computer Club
German politicians convicted of crimes
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002
Members of the Bundestag 1994–1998
Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany


The Pan-German League () was a Pan-German nationalist organization which was officially founded in 1891, a year after the Zanzibar Treaty was signed.

Primarily dedicated to the German Question of the time, it held positions on German imperialism, antisemitism, the Polish Question, and support for German minorities in other countries.

The purpose of the league was to nurture and protect the ethos of German nationality as a unifying force.
By 1922, the League had grown to over 40,000 paying members. Berlin housed the central seat of the league, including its president and its executive, which was capped at a maximum of 300. Full gatherings of the league happened at the Pan-German Congress.
Although numerically small, the League enjoyed a disproportionate influence on the German state through connections to the middle class, the political establishment and the media, as well as links to the 300,000 strong Agrarian League.

Background
The origins of the Pan-German League lie in the growing movement for German colonial expansion, which gained traction over the course of the 1880s. In order to gain public support for the passing of the Steamboat Subsidy Act of 1885, which was a precursor to a state-funded colonial policy, chancellor Otto von Bismarck raised public outrage against British deals with both France and Portugal in dividing up Africa. Membership in pro-colonial societies, such as the  (Colonial Society) and the  (Central Society for Commercial Geography) grew rapidly. In the following year, colonist Carl Peters, who had acquired the majority of Germany's colonial holdings up to this point, returned from Africa, and, using the public awareness following the steamboat subsidy debate to initiate a congress on German overseas interests. Taking place from 13-16 September 1886, the congress ended with the establishment of the  (General German Society for the Furthering of German National Oversea Interests). The Society was not successful and marked by internal strife and after Peters left again for Africa, it dissolved.

History

Foundation and early struggles (1890–1894)

On 1 July 1890, the German Empire signed the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty with Great Britain. The treaty was the first major sign of the new foreign policy of Emperor Wilhelm II, following the dismissal of chancellor Bismarck earlier in the year. The pro-colonial, national-conservative factions within Germany strongly opposed the treaty, as it gave away colonial possessions in Africa to the British. Peters was particularly negative, declaring that Germany had exchanged "two kingdoms, Witu and Uganda [...] for a bathtub." Shortly before the signing of the treaty, on 24 June 1890, a declaration, signed by four Germans living in Switzerland, appeared in several German newspapers, titled "Germany awake!", calling for Germans to oppose to the treaty. In another letter three weeks later, the authors called for the foundation of a National League, "the purpose of which should be to give expression to what we wanted and expected of a national government in situations similar to the situation created by the Anglo-German treaty". By 1 August 1890, Alfred Hugenberg had picked up the call and declared himself temporarily in control of the management of such a league, while at the same time calling on Peters to become its leader. Peters, who had just recently returned from Africa, originally refused, not wanting to antagonise the German government, which he hoped would fund his further East African endeavours.

The first official meeting of the organisation that would become the Pan-German League took place in Frankfurt am Main on 28 September 1890, presided over by university professor John Wislicenus and attended by seven people. As a result of the meeting, Hugenberg and Wislicenus issued another call to action. After the initial political struggles over the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty had subsided, Peters eventually agreed to join forces, on the condition that the remnants of the earlier General German Society were included. On 25 January 1891, Peters personally invited a number of members of the Reichstag, the German federal parliament, and several other people to meet with Hugenberg and Wislicenus. As a result, the Allgemeiner Deutscher Verein, a nominal resurrection of Peters' original society, was founded on 9 April 1891 in Berlin. The League took a quotation by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg as its motto:  ("Remember that you are a German").

Peters initially took over the presidency of the League, but soon went back to Africa and resigned from his post, in order not to come into conflicts of interest between the League and the Foreign Office. Karl von der Heydt, a banker, took over the position. The early period of the League was difficult. While membership rose quickly, from around 2,000 in June 1891 to around 21,000 in May 1892, management of the League was lacking. The membership fee was set low, aimed to attract members, but the profits proved insufficient to run the operation. The League's journal, the Mitteilungen des allgemeinen deutschen Verbandes (News of the General German League) were only produced seven times between 1891 and 1893 and even those were not distributed to all members, since this required an additional fee. Expansion of the League outside of Berlin and Prussia was also scarce, partly due to improper management as well as bans on political associations in states like Saxony and Bavaria. A rise in open antisemitism in the Berlin branch affected the image of the organisation in the public eye. Additionally, von der Heydt and his general manager, along with other members of the League, attempted to form a new political party towards the end of 1892. Since the League had been formed as a body above party politics, this endavour threatened its existence. The failed attempt to sell a "Calendar of all Germans", leading to a deficit of 6,000 marks, further weakened the League's position. By July 1894, membership had dropped to just 4,637.

A crisis meeting in Frankfurt am Main in the summer of 1893 was called by West-German branches of the League, against the declared will of the leadership, with the intention of dissolution. However, John Wislicenus again presided over the meeting and as a result, a formal meeting was arranged for 5 July 1893 in Berlin. Here, von der Heydt resigned along with many other members of the League's executive committee. Von der Heydt paid 4,000 of the 6,000 marks debt, with Peters covering the remaining 2,000 marks. The presidency of the League was taken over by , a university professor from Leipzig. Hasse, together with new general manager Adolf Lehr, put the League on a more secure financial footing. On 1 January 1894, the first issue of the new journal, the , was released. At a meeting of the executive committee on 1 April 1894, a decision was made to change the name of the organisation to  (Pan-German League). This came about as an amalgamation between the League with a society called  (General German Association), aimed at promoting German education, led by Albert von Levetzow, the president of the Reichstag. The term  (pan-German) had been a suggestion by August Diederichs, a friend of Hasse's, who had set up a donation fund for the League under this name. The name change took effect from 1 July 1894.

The aim of the Alldeutscher Verband was to protest against government decisions which they believed could weaken Germany. A strong element of its ideology included social Darwinism. The Verband wanted to uphold German racial hygiene and were against breeding with so-called inferior races like the Jews and Slavs. Agitation against Poles was a central focus for the Pan-German League. The agitations of the Alldeutscher Verband influenced the German government and generally supported the foreign policy developed by Otto von Bismarck.

One of the prominent members of the league was the sociologist Max Weber who, at the League's congress in 1894 argued that Germanness (Deutschtum) was the highest form of civilization. Weber left the league in 1899 because he felt it did not take a radical enough stance against Polish migrant workers in Germany. Later Weber went on to become one of the most prominent critics of German expansionism and of the Kaiser's war policies. He publicly attacked the Belgian annexation policy and unrestricted submarine warfare and later supported calls for constitutional reform, democratisation and universal suffrage.

The position of Pan-German league gradually evolved into biological racism, with belief that Germans are "superior race", and Germans need protection from mixing with other races, particularly Jews. By 1912 in the publication "If I were the Kaiser," Claß called on Germans to conquer eastern territories inhabited by "inferior" Slavs, depopulate their territories and settle German colonists there. There were also calls for expulsion of Poles living in Prussia.

The Alldeutscher Verband had an enormous influence on the German government during World War I, when they opposed democratization and were in favour of unlimited submarine war. Opponents of the Verband were called cowards. Influential figures in the  founded the  in 1917 following the request of the majority of the German parliament to begin peace negotiations with the allies.

After World War I, the  supported General Erich Ludendorff in his accusation against democrats and socialists that they had betrayed Germany and made the Germans lose the war. According to Ludendorff and the Verband, the army should not have been held responsible for the German defeat. Ludendorff, however, had declared that the war was lost in October 1918, before the German November Revolution. That fanciful allegation was known the "Stab-in-the-back myth" ().

Membership in the league was overwhelmingly composed of middle- and upper-class males. Most members' occupations reflected the League's emphasis on education, property ownership and service to the state.

The League was clearly close ideologically to the Nazis and anticipated many of their basic ideas, such as the demand that the individual Germans should unconditionally submit to the national whole, represented by the state and the authorities, or the idea of expansion to the east in order to gain "Living Space" (). Still, the League's concrete relations with the Nazis were not always smooth. Especially, in 1932, there was moment when the Pan-German League accused the Nazis of betraying the national idea and called on their supporters to support the rival German National People's Party (DNVP). The Nazis, who came to power on the next year, did not forget that incident.

After the Nazis came to power, the Pan-Germans were for a time tolerated due to their ideological closeness, but on the eve of the Second World war were finally dissolved by Reinhard Heydrich on March 13, 1939, on the grounds that their program (namely the unification of all Germans in one Greater Germany) had been fulfilled with the Austrian Anschluss and the annexation of the Sudetenlands.

See also
 German entry into World War I

References

Bibliography

 Harrison, Austin, The Pan-Germanic Doctrine. (1904) online free

 Jackisch, Barry Andrew. 'Not a Large, but a Strong Right': The Pan-German League, Radical Nationalism, and Rightist Party Politics in Weimar Germany, 1918-1939. Bell and Howell Information and Learning Company: Ann Arbor. 2000.

 Encyclopædia Britannica

German nationalist organizations
Organizations established in 1891
Political history of Germany
Antisemitism in Germany
1891 establishments in Germany
Organizations disestablished in 1939
1939 disestablishments in Germany
Pan-Germanism


Xedré is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Xedré
 Xalón
 Piedrafita
 El Barrial
 El Barriu Nuevu
 El Campu
 La Casa'l Chacal
 La Casa Utieḷḷos
 El Corral
 El Vaḷḷe

References

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Trichostrongylus species are nematodes (round worms), which are ubiquitous among herbivores worldwide, including cattle, sheep, donkeys, goats, deer, and rabbits.
At least 10 Trichostrongylus species have been associated with human infections. Infections occur via ingestion of infective larvae from contaminated vegetables or water. Epidemiological studies indicate a worldwide distribution of Trichostrongylus infections in humans, with the highest prevalence rates observed in individuals from regions with poor sanitary conditions, in rural areas, or who are farmers / herders. Human infections are most prevalent in the Middle East and Asia, with a worldwide estimated prevalence of 5.5 million people.

Life cycle
Eggs are passed through the feces of an infected definitive host, usually a mammalian herbivore including rabbits, sheep, cattle, and rodents. Under certain environmental conditions, which include optimal temperature and humidity, larvae hatch from eggs after several days. Hatched rhabditiform larvae grow on vegetation or within soil. After 5 to 10 days, two molts (L1 & L2) have occurred and the parasite becomes a filariform (L3) larvae that is infectious. Infection in mammals occurs upon ingestion of infective filariform (L3) larvae. The larvae reaches the small intestine to reside and mature into adult worms within their definitive hosts. Infections in humans may occur as incidental infections. Trichostrongylus consists of multiple species that relate to each of its host, when it comes to parasitic survival and infection. For example, Trichostrongylus affinis primarily infects cottontail rats, Trichostrongylus sigmodontis affects hispid cotton rat, and marsh rice rat, and Trichostrongylus retortaeformis primarily affects European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Clinical presentation
The majority of human infections are asymptomatic or associated with mild symptoms. Symptomatic individuals may experience abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, flatulence, dizziness, generalized fatigue, and malaise. Eosinophilia is frequently observed. Infections with a heavy worm burden can lead to anemia, cholecystitis, and emaciation. Regarding Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, worm burden is affected parallel to host immune system and climate change. Although immunity prevents any significant long-term net accumulation of T. retortaeformis in the rabbit population, its seasonal effect is to increase heterogeneity in infection and transmission between individuals by worsening the parasite burden in the juveniles exposed to climate warming.

Diagnosis
The adult worms live in the small intestine. The diagnosis is based on the observation of eggs in the stool. The eggs are 85–115 um, oval, elongated, and pointed at one or both ends. Trichostrongylus eggs must be differentiated from hookworm eggs, which are smaller and do not have pointed ends.

Prevention and treatment
Since the use of herbivore manure as fertilizer is a common practice preceding infection, thorough cleaning and cooking of vegetables is required for prevention of infection. Treatment with pyrantel pamoate is recommended as the first line drug. Alternative agents include mebendazole and albendazole. Successful treatment with ivermectin has also been reported. Another way of avoiding these free-swimming stages of infective larvae, is to wear protective footwear when walking in areas of parasite prominence, and maintain general sanitary practices throughout the day.

Species
Species:

Trichostrongylus affinis
Trichostrongylus andreevi
Trichostrongylus askivali
Trichostrongylus axei
Trichostrongylus brevis
Trichostrongylus calcaratus
Trichostrongylus capricola
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Trichostrongylus duretteae
Trichostrongylus lerouxi
Trichostrongylus longispicularis
Trichostrongylus medius
Trichostrongylus ostertagiaeformis
Trichostrongylus pietersei
Trichostrongylus probolurus
Trichostrongylus retortaeformis
Trichostrongylus sigmodontis
Trichostrongylus skrjabini
Trichostrongylus suis
Trichostrongylus tenuis
Trichostrongylus ventricosus
Trichostrongylus vitrinus

References

Trichostrongylidae
Rhabditida genera


Iñigo Larrainzar Santamaría (born 5 June 1971) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mainly as a right-back.

Also a central defender on occasion, his older brother Domingo, often referred to as Larrainzar I, was also a footballer, and both played at Osasuna.

Club career
A product of hometown CA Osasuna's youth academy and reserve team, where he played alongside future Athletic Bilbao teammate José Mari, Pamplona-born Larrainzar made his first-team – and La Liga – debut on 21 March 1990 in a 1–0 away loss to Rayo Vallecano, and was definitely promoted to the main squad for the following season; aged 19, he was instrumental, as was brother Domingo, in helping the Navarrese side to finish fourth and qualify for the UEFA Cup.

In the summer of 1993, Athletic Bilbao paid 200 million pesetas to acquire Larrainzar's services, then the second-highest figure by the club, and he was an undisputed starter in the following campaigns. In 1997–98, alongside youth graduate Aitor Larrazábal who played on the opposite flank, he featured in 34 matches and scored two goals to help the Basques to a runner-up place, with direct qualification for the UEFA Champions League.

After some years battling for first-choice status with younger Jesús María Lacruz, who also represented Osasuna (although they did not coincide), and also dealing with injuries, Larraínzar moved south for Córdoba CF in the Segunda División, where he played a further two seasons. He retired at the age of 34, with 366 top-flight appearances to his credit.

International career
Larrainzar was capped once for Spain. On 19 January 1994, he played the entire 2–2 friendly against Portugal in Vigo.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Pamplona
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
CA Osasuna B players
CA Osasuna players
Athletic Bilbao footballers
Córdoba CF players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's under-23 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Basque Country men's international footballers


Benjamin Scovill Kelsey (March 9, 1906 – March 3, 1981) was an American aeronautical engineer and test pilot. Serving as America's chief fighter projects officer, he helped bring success in World War II to the United States Army Air Forces by initiating the manufacture of innovative fighter aircraft designs, and by working to quickly increase American fighter production to meet the needs of the coming war.

Kelsey co-authored the technical specifications which led to the development of the P-39 Airacobra and the P-38 Lightning. He worked around Air Corps strictures to initiate the development of drop tanks for American fighters. Kelsey was the driving force behind a program of advanced airfoil research which eventually resulted in the P-51 Mustang.

After the war, Kelsey served in various staff assignments supervising weather operations, personnel and materiel. He was an important committee member of the group that approved and funded the rocket-powered North American X-15.

Early career
Benjamin S. Kelsey was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1906, and was raised there. At the age of 15 he completed a flying course with the Curtiss Flying Service at Garden City, New York. He graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) with a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in June 1928, and stayed to teach and conduct research work in the aeronautics department. With fellow aeronautical engineering student Everard M. Lester, Kelsey wrote "A Study in Cams as Applied to the Main Driving Member in Reciprocating Engines".

Kelsey flew extensively for commercial concerns as well as privately, and obtained a transport pilot license. He joined the United States Army Air Corps and was commissioned a second lieutenant on May 2, 1929. At Mitchel Field, he worked with the Guggenheim Fog Flying Laboratory. As stipulated by Harry Guggenheim, Kelsey flew as Lieutenant Jimmy Doolittle's safety pilot during the first fully 'blind' instrument flight on September 24, 1929, showing observers that he was not in control by keeping his hands visible outside the cockpit. The following year he graduated from Primary and Advanced Flying Schools, and in 1931 he obtained his Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering at MIT. Assigned with the 20th Pursuit Group at Mather Field and later at Barksdale Field, he served in various tactical unit duties.

Fighter development
In 1934, Kelsey was transferred to Materiel Command at Wright Field near Dayton, Ohio, and served as fighter project officer in the Engineering Section. In this role he was the only person responsible for Air Corps fighter development, and was kept busy with inquiries and proposals from aircraft manufacturers. Kelsey continued to research blind landing techniques and develop instrument flying practices and hardware. On October 1, 1934, he was promoted to first lieutenant.

Allison V-1710
Kelsey stayed current with efforts by Allison Engine Company to create a liquid-cooled engine suitable for fighters—such engines were seen as offering the possibility of greater speed and higher altitude than air-cooled engines. In late 1936 to early 1937, Kelsey flight-tested the 12-cylinder Allison V-1710-C6 as installed in the experimental Consolidated XA-11A, reaching an altitude of 26,400 ft without turbo-supercharging. The V-1710 passed difficult Air Corps endurance and reliability tests, and demonstrated a smooth, predictable power curve. Kelsey would subsequently base important fighter specifications on engines of this series.

As Project Officer for Fighters, Kelsey tested a great number of aircraft models, possibly flying more new types of US fighters than any other pilot. He was first to fly the Bell twin-Allison XFM-1 Airacuda prototype on September 1, 1937.

P-39 Airacobra

Kelsey became frustrated by inflexible Air Corps restrictions on pursuit (fighter) aircraft which limited the weight of all guns and ammunition to 500 lbs. He wished for at least  of armament so that American fighters could dominate their battles. With Lieutenant Gordon P. Saville, Kelsey formulated two new high-altitude fighter specifications in February 1937; one for a single-engine fighter and one for a twin-engine fighter. In Circular Proposal X-608 and X-609, the two men employed the word "interceptor" which had not yet been applied to American military aircraft specifications. In this way, they bypassed the Air Corps limitations. Despite the new term, the proposed aircraft were not fundamentally different in role than traditional pursuit aircraft—just heavier and more powerful. Kelsey specified Allison V-1710 engines with General Electric turbo-superchargers and tricycle landing gear in both proposals, aiming for  performance, long range, the ability to climb to  in six minutes, and very heavy armament including a cannon.

Bell Aircraft won the single-engine X-609 contract with their design of the P-39 Airacobra. After the prototype flew, Kelsey was called to England, and handed oversight of the project off to colleagues who, in keeping with advice from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), ordered the removal of turbo-superchargers from the aircraft. The P-39 was from that point forward unable to compete in the European Theater against high-altitude German fighters. In Soviet hands, however, the Airacobra excelled in air-to-air combat at low and medium altitudes, racking up the highest individual pilot scores for any American-made fighter type, higher than any other American fighter aircraft ever made.

P-38 Lightning

Lockheed won the X-608 proposal with their twin-engine Model 22 design, signing a contract with the Air Corps in June 1937. Kelsey flew the first prototype of the P-38 Lightning, the XP-38, on January 27, 1939. After Lockheed performed a series of tests and associated engineering adjustments, Kelsey took the prototype across the country on a record-breaking speed flight in February 1939. Just short of his goal, as he was directed into the landing pattern at Mitchel Field behind three slow trainer aircraft, his prototype's carburetors iced up and the engines would not respond—they continued to idle and would not increase in power. Without the ability to add power, Kelsey fell short of the runway and belly-landed into a sand trap at a golf course, destroying the plane but suffering only minor scratches himself. General Henry "Hap" Arnold was very happy with the speed demonstration and ordered Kelsey to proceed with further development of the design. In May, Kelsey was promoted to the rank of captain.

The P-38 ended up being the "sweetheart of Kelsey's flying career", according to author Jeff Ethell. Kelsey stayed in close contact with the twin-engine fighter during every phase of its development and implementation. As part of Operation Bolero, the first-ever delivery of fighter aircraft flying under their own power from the US to the UK, Kelsey piloted a P-38 to the UK in late July 1942. After meeting with British airmen and reviewing the newest developments of air combat, Kelsey returned the US by ship.

On April 9, 1943, Kelsey performed a flight test on a modified P-38G to see if Lockheed's newly developed dive flap could be engaged after terminal velocity was reached in a dive. After climbing to 35,000 ft, Kelsey initiated a dive. At maximum speed, he pulled the lever to engage the new flaps but nothing happened. Pulling harder, the handle came off in his hand. Kelsey applied full rudder and aileron at the same time, and suddenly the aircraft lost one wing and the whole tail, and entered an inverted flat spin. Kelsey bailed out and suffered a broken ankle upon landing. The P-38 crashed upside down into a hillside near Calabasas, California.

P-51 Mustang
The existence of the P-51 Mustang has been credited to Kelsey's dogged determination to see the project to completion. He formulated the specifications for the Curtiss XP-46 and placed an order for two prototypes in September 1939, hoping that the advanced aircraft would replace the P-40 Warhawk which had not demonstrated above-average fighting qualities. Production of the new design was canceled by General Henry "Hap" Arnold as it was anticipated that a four-month delay in Curtiss fighter deliveries would be incurred by the radical change. Kelsey's boss, Colonel Oliver P. Echols, shopped the design to the Anglo-French Purchasing Commission who were told to find an aircraft manufacturer that wasn't busy with war production. Echols and Kelsey made it understood that the NACA airflow research data collected on the XP-46 would be made available to the new manufacturer. North American Aviation (NAA) expressed interest and was sold the NACA data for $56,000. They produced a new design, the NA-73, which was approved by the British who christened the fighter "Mustang". Echols and Kelsey arranged to get two prototypes out of the British contract, and, on July 7, 1941, even before the prototypes arrived at Wright Field, Kelsey ordered 150 P-51s from NAA. Nine months later Kelsey ordered 500 nearly identical A-36 Apache models that he was able to purchase with funds intended for attack bombers. In this manner Kelsey kept the assembly line busy, so that the factory would be primed to make Mustang fighters once a new contract could be arranged. After the US declared war in December 1941, thousands of military aircraft were ordered, and NAA ramped up for Mustang production.

Once the Mustang was in combat in the European Theater of Operations (ETO), Kelsey was able to collect pilot's opinions of the aircraft as well as going out on combat missions himself to determine whether improvements could be made to the design. Kelsey clarified and expedited the communication of battlefield requests back to the NAA production team such that the turnaround time of modifications was minimized.

France and Britain
From May to July 1940 Kelsey was sent as assistant military attache for air to Europe to assess the technical progress of German, French and British fighter aircraft. Kelsey traveled to France with Colonel Carl "Tooey" Spaatz, Lieutenant Colonel Frank O'D. "Monk" Hunter and Major George C. Kenney to witness firsthand how France's defenses were insufficient. (Each of these men later attained the rank of general.) Kelsey and the group of American airmen saw that self-sealing fuel tanks were critical in air combat. As well, fighters appeared to require bullet-proof windscreens and better oxygen systems. After passing through Paris, Spaatz and Kelsey flew back to London on May 31. In England, Kelsey determined that the threat posed to Allied convoys by German air and naval power meant that an aerial ferry route should be established over the North Atlantic so that long-range aircraft could be flown to the United Kingdom rather than shipped. Kelsey spent a month touring British airfields, air groups and aircraft manufacturing facilities, receiving excellent cooperation from Royal Air Force (RAF) personnel. While Spaatz and Hunter remained in England, Kelsey helped a group of war refugees travel to the United States, returning himself to Wright Field as chief of the Pursuit Branch in the Production Engineering Section. In March 1941, Kelsey was promoted to major (temporary).

Spitfire evaluation
In April 1941, the RAF sent two Spitfire Mark VA fighters to Dayton for testing. The variant used a pressurized cockpit for high-altitude pilot comfort—the pilot would not have to wear an oxygen mask. Kelsey ferried one of the aircraft to and from Los Angeles so that it could be examined further at a California facility. Because of the Spitfire's inherent range limitations, Kelsey was forced to make a number of refueling stops at little-used air fields. Kelsey noted engine overheating during taxiing and brake fade on long desert runways in the presence of significant crosswind. He found long cross-country flight very tiring due to the Spitfire's marginal stability (which gave it high maneuverability in combat.) Kelsey felt that the highly lauded fighter would not have been approved for purchase in the United States where requirements included long range.

Drop tanks
In November 1941, Kelsey asked his Lockheed contacts to design drop tanks to extend the range of the P-38, even though Air Corps policy at the time was absolutely inflexible toward fighter aircraft carrying external fuel tanks—the so-called Bomber Mafia favoring heavy bombers wanted no challenge from fighters and medium bombers in the long-range department. Lockheed proceeded with the request, starting with a batch of 100 P-38Es intended for photo reconnaissance, despite having no written orders, only Kelsey's handshake. Thus, when combat requirements called for longer range via drop tanks, the P-38 was already equipped with fuel lines, hardpoints, and a supply of drop tanks. One famous example of these drop tanks was in Operation Vengeance, April 1943, when P-38Gs needed extra range to intercept and kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.

North Atlantic ferry operation
In January 1942, a month after the United States declared war, Kelsey was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. In the spring of 1942 Kelsey was attached to the VIII Fighter Command at Dow Field near Bangor, Maine, to assist in preparing for trans-Atlantic ferry flights in support of Operation Bolero. As an acting colonel, Kelsey was assigned to the 14th Fighter Group for the purpose of flying one of the group's fighters and for making sure preparations were sufficient. In July, with the call sign Shoe Black 7, he flew a P-38F in the first ferry flight of fighters across the North Atlantic to England. Returning to the States in September 1942, he resumed his former position as chief of the Pursuit Branch, and the following July he was named chief of the Flight Research Branch, Flight Test Division.

Going to England in November 1943, Kelsey was deputy chief of staff of the IX Fighter Command, and the following February he was appointed chief of the Operation Engineering Section of the Eighth Air Force Headquarters. In February 1945 he was assigned to the Materiel Division at Air Corps Headquarters.

Staff roles
After Germany surrendered, Kelsey was assigned to the Materiel Command at Wright Field as chief of the All-Weather Operations Section. He reverted to the permanent rank of major in 1946, and from December 1946 to January 1948 he served successively as assistant deputy commanding general for personnel; deputy commanding general for personnel, and chief of personnel and administration.

Returning to Air Force Headquarters in February 1948, Kelsey was chief of the Control Group in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel. Kelsey attained the permanent rank of colonel in April. Entering the National War College in August 1948, he graduated the following June and remained there as an instructor. In June 1952 he was appointed Deputy Director of Research and Development in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Development at Air Force Headquarters, and was promoted to brigadier general in September.

X-15

In October 1954, Kelsey was a key member of the Research Airplane Committee which underwrote the North American X-15. The committee, headed by Hugh Dryden, evaluated the proposed Mach 7 hypersonic aircraft design which aimed to reach altitudes of 300,000 ft. On the committee, Kelsey was sole representative for the Air Force, Dryden represented NACA, and two rear admirals represented the Navy. Dryden convinced the committee to move ahead with the project even though it was not clear there would be any military value gained from it.

Kelsey brought to the project the extensive support of the Air Force Flight Test Center, and began to shop the proposal around the industry. He invited 12 aviation contractors with prior fighter aircraft experience to bid on the project: Bell, Boeing, Chance-Vought, Consolidated (Convair), Douglas, Grumman, Lockheed, Martin, McDonnell, NAA, Northrop and Republic. Nine of these showed up to Kelsey's bidder conference in January 1955 where they were informed of late-1954 NACA wind tunnel research data collected at Langley Research Center. Five more companies dropped out before the May 9, 1955, submission deadline, but Bell, Douglas, North American and Republic responded with designs. The Douglas and NAA designs were ranked the highest, with slightly more interest expressed in the more expensive NAA concept which did not use standard alloys and thus would provide additional research information if implemented. Kelsey, Dryden and the committee awarded NAA the contract on September 30, 1955, even though the company was at capacity designing the XB-70 Valkyrie and F-107.

Kelsey reverted to his permanent rank of colonel December 30, 1955, and retired from active duty the following day.

Personal life
Kelsey married Caryl Rathje and they had three sons: Benjamin Jr., Peter and David. Kelsey continued to fly after retirement. He owned a Cessna 190 and worked to restore a Pitts Special.

Kelsey wrote about aeronautical subjects and gave lectures. In 1959, he was honored by MIT with the Jerome C. Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace Systems award. In carrying out the duties of the award, Kelsey appeared in March 1960 at MIT, the University of Maryland, College Park and in Los Angeles to give a talk about the factors which determine the optimum size of aircraft. The engineering lecture was published in 1960.

In September 1977, Kelsey was invited to participate in a 50th anniversary symposium celebrating the P-38 Lightning, organized by Lockheed veterans. Tony LeVier, Kelly Johnson and some Lightning aces shared a panel discussion with him, and Kelsey participated in interviews recalling the history of fighter development in World War II.

The Dragon's Teeth?

As the occupant of the Charles A. Lindbergh Chair in Aerospace History at the National Air and Space Museum, Kelsey wrote an overview of American aircraft development before and during World War II. The research was conducted in 1979 and 1980. Kelsey died of cancer at age 74 on March 3, 1981, at his home in Stevensburg, Virginia. The Dragon's Teeth?: The Creation of United States Air Power for World War II was published posthumously by the Smithsonian Institution in 1982.

In The Dragon's Teeth?, Kelsey observed that, for proper defense, a nation must maintain a "force in being", the same concept as 'fleet in being' but applied to the entire military of a nation at peace. He predicted that "Specific measures to counter a specific threat will almost guarantee that if an emergency occurs it will be in a different place and of a different nature." Instead of trying to solve every military challenge in advance, Kelsey wrote that a nation must save its money and keep a core of military engineering and manufacturing industries alive by giving them enough business so that they don't disappear. In response to an attack, these industries could quickly expand to meet the challenge. Kelsey compared this careful husbanding of the potential for war-making effort with the myth of Cadmus, a Phoenician prince who supposedly sowed dragon's teeth in the ground to create an instant army.

Recognition
Kelsey was awarded:
Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters
French Croix de guerre
Belgian Croix de guerre (Oorlogskruis)
Octave Chanute Award (1944) from the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences for contributions to high speed flight testing.

Effective dates of promotion
First lieutenant (permanent) October 1, 1934
Captain (permanent) May 2, 1939
Major (temporary) March 15, 1941
Lieutenant colonel (temporary) January 5, 1942
Colonel (temporary) March 1, 1942
Major (permanent) May 2, 1946
Colonel (permanent) April 2, 1948
Brigadier general (temporary) September 5, 1952
Reverted to permanent rank of colonel December 30, 1955.

See also

Ben Rich

References

Notes

Bibliography

1906 births
1981 deaths
People from Waterbury, Connecticut
MIT School of Engineering alumni
National War College alumni
Aerial warfare pioneers
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Date of birth unknown
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
American test pilots
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Recipients of the Air Medal
Aviators from Connecticut
American aviation record holders


Bolko III of Ziębice or Bolko III of Münsterberg ( – 13 June 1410) was a Duke of Ziębice (Münsterberg) from 1358 until his death, and ruler over Gleiwitz (Gliwice) during 1369–1373.

He was the eldest son of Nicholas the Small, Duke of Münsterberg, by his wife Agnes, daughter of Herman Krušina of Lichtenberg.

Life
A minor at the time of his father's early death in 1358, Bolko III and his younger brother Henry I were placed under the regency of their mother, the Dowager Duchess Agnes. By 1360, Bolko III was able to rule by himself and take the guardianship of his brother, who in fact never participated actively in the government of the Duchy.

Bolko III followed the politics of both his father and grandfather, and sold most parts of his domains. In order to secure his marriage with the daughter of Duke Bolesław of Bytom, Euphemia, Bolko III was forced to pledge his main city of Münsterberg. However, thanks to this union, Bolko III could take possession over Gleiwitz in 1369; but four years later, in 1373, he sold the district to Konrad II the Gray, Duke of Oels (Oleśnica).

In 1379 Bolko III also sold the town of Kanth (Kąty Wrocławskie) to Konrad II the Gray, by the amount of 4,000 fines. Six years later, in 1385, he sold Strehlen (Strzelin) to Przemyslaus I Noszak, Duke of Cieszyn.

In 1368, after the death of Bolko II the Small without issue, Bolko III claimed his succession as the next male relative. However, without resources to pressed his claims, he finally renounced to all his pretensions on 28 January 1370 for a monetary compensation.

Bolko III was a faithful vassal of Emperor Charles IV, in whose court he spent some time. His contact with the House of Luxembourg permitted him to hold during 1396–1400 the post of Court Judge, under the reign of Charles IV's son, King Wenceslaus IV.

Bolko III died on 13 June 1410 and was buried in the  (Henryków).

Marriage and issue
In 1369 Bolko III married with Euphemia (born c. 1350/52 – died 26 August 1411), daughter of Duke Bolesław of Bytom and widow of Duke Wenceslaus of Falkenberg. They had eight children:
Nicholas (born c. 1371 – died 9 November 1405)
John (born c. 1380 – killed in battle, Altwilmsdorf (Stary Wielisław), 27 August 1428)
Euphemia (born c. 1385 – died 17 November 1447), married in 1397 to Count Frederick III of Oettingen
Katharina (born c. 1390 – died 23 April 1422), married by 1410 to Duke Przemko I of Troppau (Opawa)
Henry II (born c. 1396 – died 11 March 1420)
Agnes (born c. 1400? – died bef. 25 April 1443)
Hedwig (d. young)
Elisabeth (d. young).

References

 Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan
 Genealogy of the Dukes of Ziębice

1340s births
1410 deaths
Piast dynasty


Özdemir Pasha (died 1561, Sana, Yemen Eyalet) was a Mamluk general for the Ottoman Empire, of Kumyk Turkic descent. He joined Hadım Süleyman Pasha's campaign to India in 1538 (see Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean). Later he became the Ottoman governor of Yemen and invaded Abyssinia in 1557 for the Ottoman Empire, but failed and was captured in battle.

Özdemir Pasha was well-regarded for bringing some measure of stability in the otherwise difficult-to-govern Yemeni eyalet. Under his supervision, cities were garrisoned, fortresses were built and the trade routes were secured. His rule was cut short by his death in 1561 in Sana, Yemen.

His son, Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, became the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1584 to 1585.

References

Year of birth missing
Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century Ottoman military personnel
1561 deaths
Ottoman governors of Yemen


RNAA may mean:

 RNA activation, a small RNA-guided gene regulation phenomenon
 Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis, a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements


Glutaconaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C5H6O2. It is an unsaturated dialdehyde as is related to glutaraldehyde and glutaconic acid, but exists in its enol form due to the conjugation with the double bond.

Both the sodium and potassium salts of glutaconaldehyde are known. They are efficiently synthesized from pyridinium sulfonate.

The reaction of the glutaconaldehyde anion with acid chlorides gives the corresponding enol esters. Glutaconaldehyde can also be converted to the corresponding vinyl bromide as shown below. This product can be reacted with nucleophiles, cross-coupled using palladium, or homologated by two carbons.

References

Aldehydes


Inactivation may refer to:

Inactivated vaccine, a vaccine that consists of viruses which are grown in culture and then killed
RNA interference, also called RNA inactivation, a system that regulates the activity of genes
X-inactivation, also called lyonization, a process by which one of the two copies of the x chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated


"Chuck Versus the Predator" is the seventeenth episode of the second season of Chuck. It originally aired on March 23, 2009.

Plot
Chuck Bartowski reluctantly tells his handlers that he has been contacted by Orion, the mastermind behind the Intersect computer and the person who can erase the Intersect from his brain. When the team goes to retrieve the computer Orion sent to Chuck, they run into a Fulcrum agent named Vincent. After Orion's computer is brought back successfully, General Beckman arrives in person to oversee the operation to locate Orion. Meanwhile, a conflict breaks out between the Burbank and Beverly Hills Buy More branches.

Critical response
"Chuck Versus the Predator" received positive reviews from critics. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A, though he expressed disappointment that plot points were resolved so quickly. Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode a 9 out of 10, praising the burglary scene. "From Jeff and Lester mistaking Sarah and Casey for, well, Jeff and Lester; to Emmett spraying mace in Jeff and Lester's face; to Casey revealing he still had a gun on him, despite Chuck telling him not to, this sequence was expertly constructed."

The episode drew 6.156 million viewers.

References

External links

Predator
2009 American television episodes


Clarkia franciscana is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Presidio clarkia. It is endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area of California, where it is known only from two populations at the Presidio of San Francisco and three occurrences in Oakland. The plant is known only from serpentine soils.

Distribution
Clarkia franciscana is a federally listed endangered species. The two San Francisco populations are on land which is protected from development but is affected by many other factors including invasive plant species, trampling, and landscaping of vegetation. The three Oakland populations are probably the remnants of one population that was fragmented by development in the heavily altered urban habitat. The largest of the three occurrences is partially protected at Redwood Regional Park, but the other two are on privately owned property which is proposed to undergo some development. Construction of housing is proposed on the site, with less than an acre being left undeveloped as a compromise between developers and environmental advocates.

Description
The Presidio clarkia, Clarkia franciscana, is an erect annual herb growing up to about 40 centimeters in maximum height. The leaves are narrowly lance-shaped and up to about 3.5 centimeters long. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence, which bears opening flowers and closed, erect flower buds. The sepals stay fused together as the petals bloom from one side. The small corolla is bowl-shaped, with petals up to 1.3 centimeters long and wedge-shaped with mostly flat tips. The petals are lavender-pink in color, darkest at the tips and lightening to nearly white at the base, where there is a deep red spot. The plant is self-pollinating. The population sizes are variable from year to year; sometimes there are no plants seen at all, the seed banks remaining dormant until conditions improve.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment of Clarkia franciscana
Endangered Species at Golden Gate National Recreation Area: Presidio clarkia
Clarkia franciscana — U.C. Photo gallery

franciscana
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of San Francisco
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Plants described in 1958


West Gippsland Hospital is a regional hospital in Warragul, Victoria, first established in 1888 on land donated by a local resident, Mary Sargeant.

The current hospital is an 83-bed facility with an additional 60 beds available in the adjoining Cooinda Lodge Nursing Home.

References

External links
 West Gippsland Healthcare Group

Hospital buildings completed in 1888
Hospitals in Victoria (state)
Gippsland (region)
Shire of Baw Baw


Hoplosternum magdalenae is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae.  It is found west of the Andes, in the Lake Maracaibo basin in Venezuela, and in the drainages of Sinu River and Magdalena River in Colombia.

References

Callichthyidae
Fish of Venezuela
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Magdalena River
Taxa named by Carl H. Eigenmann
Fish described in 1913


Hoplosternum punctatum is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae. This species is only found in the Atrato River basin in Colombia and in the Pacific coastal drainages of Panama, in southern Central America.

References

Callichthyidae
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Fish of Panama
Fish described in 1916


Maligawatta is a suburb in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Maligawatta is located approximately 3 kilometres north-east from the centre of Colombo, Colombo Fort. The name Maligawatta is from the Sinhalese language which translates into garden of the palace.

The R. Premadasa International Cricket Stadium is located in this area on Khettarama Road.

History
King  Rajasinha I of Sitawaka ordered a deep ditch to be dug, thereby draining the eastern approaches. He located his headquarters on a hill further back, which came to be known as Maligakanda (Palace hill) since he held court there. The fields adjacent became Maligawatte.

In May 1587, Rajasinha I of Sitawaka, having conquered the Kandyan Kingdom, laid siege to the Portuguese fort of Colombo, with 60,000 men, 150 guns, 11,600 muskets and firelocks and 120 war elephants. The siege lasted nine months, but the 350 Portuguese soldiers in Colombo held out.

Under the Portuguese, the city walls encompassed the Pettah, and the Beira Lake was much bigger than it is now. The fort could only be approached from the south and east, and a moat defended the eastern approaches. Rajasinha I of Sitawaka ordered a deep ditch to be dug, thereby draining the eastern approaches. He located his headquarters on a hill further back, which came to be known as Maligakanda, since he held court there. The fields adjacent became Maligawatte.

See also
 2020 Maligawatta stampede

References

Populated places in Western Province, Sri Lanka


Domingo José Larrainzar Santamaría (Txomin Larrainzar in Basque; born 8 September 1969) is a Spanish former footballer who played mainly as a central defender.

His younger brother Iñigo, often referred to as Larrainzar II, was also a footballer, and both played at Osasuna.

Club career
Larrainzar was born in Pamplona. A product of hometown CA Osasuna's youth ranks, he totalled seven La Liga appearances from 1988 to 1990. In his third season he helped with 14 games and one goal to help the Navarrese club to finish fourth and qualify for the UEFA Cup– although younger, his brother Iñigo was already an essential member of the squad.

With Osasuna in the Segunda División, Larrainzar dropped down to Segunda División B and signed for Málaga CF, helping the side to return to the top flight in just two years. Although never an undisputed starter, he featured regularly.

In 2002–03, prior to Málaga's Intertoto Cup conquest, Larrainzar returned to the second tier with Levante UD, but retired at the end of the campaign at the age of 33.

Honours
Spain U16
UEFA European Under-16 Championship: 1986

References

External links

Stats at Amigos Malaguistas

1969 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Pamplona
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
CA Osasuna B players
CA Osasuna players
Málaga CF players
Levante UD footballers
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's under-23 international footballers


Lepthoplosternum altamazonicum is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae. It is found in the upper Amazon River basin in Peru and Brazil,

References

Callichthyidae
Freshwater fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Brazil
Freshwater fish of Peru
Taxa named by Roberto Esser dos Reis
Fish described in 1997


Jeremy A. Rabkin (born July 15, 1952) is a professor of law at Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University, where he teaches constitutional law and international law. Prior to joining the George Mason faculty in 2007, he spent 27 years as a professor of government at Cornell University. He holds a Ph.D. in government from Harvard University and graduated summa cum laude with a B.A. from Cornell.

Rabkin has written numerous books, chapters, papers, articles, and essays. Known for excellence in teaching, in 1999 and 2001 he was awarded the title of "Cornell's Most Influential Teacher." Among his famous students include New York Times best-selling author Ann Coulter.

Rabkin is a board member of the United States Institute of Peace and a member of the Council of Academic Advisers at the American Enterprise Institute. His interests include national security law and early constitutional history.

See also
Independent Women's Forum
Loren Smith
Stephen F. Williams
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
George Mason University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Cornell University alumni


Lepthoplosternum beni is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae.  It is found in the upper Madeira River basin in Bolivia and Peru.

References

Callichthyidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Bolivia
Fish of Peru
Taxa named by Roberto Esser dos Reis
Fish described in 1997


Lepthoplosternum pectorale is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae.  It is found in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay where it occurs in the Paraguay River.

References

Callichthyidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Argentina
Fish of Brazil
Fish of Paraguay
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Fish described in 1895


Lepthoplosternum stellatum is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae.  This species is so far known from the type locality only, the Igarapé Repartimento, a tributary of the mouthbay lake, Tefé Lake, some 6 km south of the town of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil.

References

Callichthyidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Brazil
Taxa named by Roberto Esser dos Reis
Fish described in 2005


KWIL (790 AM, "KWIL For Christ") is a radio station licensed to serve Albany, Oregon, United States. The station is owned by Extra Mile Media, Inc.

Programming
KWIL broadcasts a religious radio format to the greater Corvallis, Oregon, area.  KWIL programming includes Christian ministry, religious education, and Bible teaching programs.

History
KWIL began broadcasting January 14, 1941, with 250 watts of power on a frequency of .  The station, the first licensed by the FCC to serve Albany, was owned and operated by the Central Willamette Broadcasting Company.  In 1953, KWIL changed frequencies to  and increased the power of its signal to 1,000 watts, albeit in a directional array with different daytime and nighttime coverage patterns.

KWIL was acquired by Larry Gordon's Albany Radio Corporation on July 1, 1957.  Christian broadcaster Integrity Media acquired KWIL and KHPE, its FM sister station, in 1980.  Integrity Media changed its name to Extra Mile Media, Inc., in 2005.

Previous logo
 (KWIL's logo under previous "The Word" branding)

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KWIL
KWIL official website

Radio stations established in 1941
Albany, Oregon
1941 establishments in Oregon
WIL


Lepthoplosternum tordilho is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae that is found in the lower Jacui River drainage in southern Brazil.

References

Callichthyidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Brazil
Taxa named by Roberto Esser dos Reis
Fish described in 1997


Lepthoplosternum ucamara is a species of catfish of the family Callichthyidae.  This species is known from the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve in the lower Ucayali River in Peru and from the area of confluence of the Solimões River and Japurá River in Brazil.

References

Callichthyidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Brazil
Fish of Peru
Taxa named by Roberto Esser dos Reis
Fish described in 2005


Wikipediavision is a site that shows in semi-realtime where anonymous edits to Wikipedia are originating from.  It was launched in the fall of 2007 by László Kozma, at that time a student in Finland.  The site combines Wikipedia's recent changes feed with Google Maps for 2D view to visualize the location-based service edits.

See also
Real-time web
WikiScanner

References

Websites which use Wikipedia