Green Grass, Running Water is a 1993 novel by Thomas King, a writer of Cherokee and Greek/German-American descent, and United States and Canadian dual citizenship. He was born and grew up in the United States, and has lived in Canada since 1980. The novel is set in a contemporary First Nations Blackfoot community in Alberta, Canada. It gained attention due to its unique use of structure, narrative, and the fusion of oral and written literary traditions. The novel is rife with humor and satire, particularly regarding Judeo-Christian beliefs as well as Western government and society. Green Grass, Running Water was a finalist for the 1993 Governor General's Award in Fiction.

Plot summary
Green Grass, Running Water opens with an unknown narrator explaining "the beginning", in which the trickster-god Coyote is present as well as the unknown narrator. Coyote has a dream which takes form and wakes Coyote up from his sleep. The dream thinks that it is very smart; indeed, the dream thinks that it is god, but Coyote is only amused, labelling the dream as Dog, who gets everything backwards. Dog asks why there is water everywhere, surrounding the unknown narrator, Coyote, and him. At this, the unknown narrator begins to explain the escape of four Native American elders from a mental institution who are named Lone Ranger, Ishmael, Robinson Crusoe, and Hawkeye. The elders are each connected with a female character from native tradition: First Woman and the Lone Ranger, Changing Woman and Ishmael, Thought Woman and Robinson Crusoe, and Old Woman and Hawkeye. The book then divides into four main sections: each of these sections is narrated by one of the four elders.

In addition to these four explaining the "ordinary" events, they each tell a creation story that accounts for why there is so much water. In each creation story, the four encounter a figure from the Bible of Judeo-Christian tradition, as well as the western literary figures from whom each derives his name.

The book has four major plot lines. One follows the escape and travels of the elders and Coyote, who are out to fix the world. Dr Joseph Hovaugh and Babo, his assistant, try to track down the elders. Dr. Hovaugh keeps track of every time the elders have gone missing; he attributes major events, such as the volcanic eruption of Mount St Helens, to their disappearances. The second plot line follows Lionel Red Dog, Charlie Looking Bear and Alberta. The third plot line follows Eli Stands Alone, Lionel's uncle, who lives in his mother's house in the spillway of the Balene Dam. The fourth plot line involves characters from Christian and Native American creation myths and traditions, as well as literary and historical figures including Ahdamn, First Woman, the Young Man Who Walks on Water, Robinson Crusoe, Nasty Bumppo and so on.

The climax of the novel approaches at the time of the traditional Blackfoot annual ceremony of the Sun Dance. Ultimately, the dam breaks due to an earthquake caused by Coyote's singing and dancing. A flood destroys Eli's house, but also returns the waterway to its natural course.

The novel concludes much as it began. The trickster-god Coyote and the unknown narrator are in an argument about what existed in the beginning. Coyote says nothing, but the unknown narrator says that there was water. Once again Coyote asks why there is water everywhere, and the unknown narrator says he will explain how it happened.

Principal characters
Lionel Red Dog – An uninspired, ill-motivated electronics salesman, Lionel rivals Charlie for the affection of professor Alberta Frank. Lionel's parents and sister Latisha offer counsel through his various troubles.

Charlie Looking Bear – A lover of the character Alberta Frank, he is Lionel's cousin and a slick lawyer; he represents the company that is building the dam opposed by Eli. Charlie was hired because the company thought an Aboriginal lawyer might ease resentment from the populace. He used to be a TV salesman and in many ways represents what Lionel could become.

Alberta Frank – A professor and the lover of both Lionel and Charlie. She wants to have a child, but does not want a husband or marriage.

Eli Stands Alone – Lionel's uncle. A former professor, he opposes building a dam that upsets the natural course of a waterway. This natural course is important to Blackfoot tradition. Eli lives in a cabin near the dam. It would be ruined (and his life threatened) if the dam were to continue to be expanded and form a lake. Eli has filed lawsuits, and the company that Charlie represents has been stymied for 10 years.

Latisha – Lionel's sister. She owns the Dead Dog Café and pretends to sell dog meat, because tourists incorrectly believe dog meat is the authentic ethnic food of the Blackfoot Native Americans. In the novel, she offers good counsel to Lionel.

Dog, aka GOD – While Coyote was sleeping at the beginning of his novel, one of his dreams takes form and runs amok, waking Coyote up. The dream thinks it is very smart, and calls itself GOD. Coyote agrees that his dream is smart, but that it is only a facsimile of Coyote and that this dream has everything backwards; thereby he names it Dog.

Coyote – A trickster god who falls asleep and gives form to his dream, "Dog". He is on speaking terms with the four escaped American Indians, as well as the unknown narrator of the novel. He does not directly speak to the "ordinary" denizens of Blossom, although he does appear as an odd-looking dog that Lionel sees dancing.

The Old Indians – These four escaped Aboriginal people of indeterminate gender break out from a mental institution in Florida and make their way to Blossom. Each is responsible for telling a segment of the novel to the unknown narrator of the novel. They each tell a creation story as well, in which they are originally identified as First Woman, Changing Woman, Thought Woman, and Old Woman. They encounter both a Biblical character as well as a western literary figure, and they change their names to these literary figures: First Woman to Lone Ranger, Changing Woman to Ishmael, Thought Woman to Robinson Crusoe, and Old Woman to Hawkeye.

Dr. Joe Hovaugh –  the doctor in charge of the mental hospital from which the four Aboriginal men escape. King portrays him as a confused, harmless, uninterested old man who is concerned mostly with his dying garden. When pronounced phonetically, his name sounds similar to "Jehovah". Hovaugh can also be associated with the Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye.

Title significance
The title, Green Grass, Running Water, is said to be in reference to the Canadian government promising the Indigenous people rights to their land "as long as the grass is green and the water runs.", because of King's life as an Indigenous man in Canada. The significance of land in First Nations' culture and the politics of land claims are underscored throughout the text.

Structure and narration
The narrator of the story is identified as "I." This character is a companion of Coyote, and knows the four escaped Aboriginal men personally. The unknown narrator is told the plot of the novel by each of the four in turn. This means that the reader hears the story through the unknown narrator, who heard the story from all of the four escaped Aboriginal men, who separately tell the story to the denizens of Blossom. To further complicate the narrative structure, the unknown narrator is telling this story not directly to the reader, but primarily to Coyote.

Interspersed in the four sections of the novel are four different stories of the creation, as told by four timeless Aboriginal women/gods: First Woman, Changing Woman, Thought Woman, and Old Woman. In each of these retellings, each woman meets both a figure from the Bible as well as a western literary figure, from whom she takes on a new name: Lone Ranger, Ishmael, Robinson Crusoe, and Hawkeye, respectively. These timeless women become the four "Indian Men" who escape the asylum, thus echoing the Trickster's ability to change genders.

Merging oral and written tradition
Green Grass, Running Water has been hailed as a merger between oral and written tradition, as well as between Aboriginal and European-American cultures. The story has a dualism that is present throughout, starting with Coyote and Dog. In Green Grass, Running Water, Coyote is the Trickster of Aboriginal tradition, specifically Plains/Prairie tradition, whereas Dog thinks that he is "GOD", but is merely Coyote's dream.

Each of the four escaped Aboriginal men originally starts as a mythical figure from Aboriginal oral tradition. They then encounter Dog posing as "GOD," and a Biblical character and situation. They also each come across a western literary figure and take new names after them. First Woman becomes Lone Ranger, Changing Woman becomes Ishmael, Thought Woman becomes Robinson Crusoe, and Old Woman becomes Hawkeye. This constant merger between oral and literary traditions indicates "Green Grass, Running Water"'s constant disruption of western narrative tradition. By using satire and humor, King is comparing and contrasting the two traditions, highlighting faults as well as strengths.

Reception
Green Grass, Running Water has been received positively, both within Native communities and without. King's book was a finalist for the 1993 Governor General's Award in Fiction. The book was championed as a novel for all Canadians by Glen Murray, former Mayor of Winnipeg, in the Canada Reads 2004 contest.

Some elements of the book were incorporated into King's later CBC Radio comedy series The Dead Dog Café.

Footnotes

References

Novels by Thomas King (novelist)
1993 American novels
Canadian magic realism novels
Native American novels
Blackfoot culture
Novels set in Alberta
Houghton Mifflin books


"Si Tu L'avoues" (English: "If You Admit It") is the first French single from her fourth French album, Elevation by Anggun. There's also an English version of the song, "Crazy", for the international edition and "Jadi Milikmu" for Indonesian and Malaysian edition. "Jadi Milikmu" received heavy airplay in Indonesia, causing the song to top the Indonesian Airplay Chart. It has been certified Platinum Export Award for selling more than 250.000 copies outside France.

Track listing
Digital Download(Released: June 30, 2008)
"Si tu L'avoues" — 3:59

CD Single(Released: June 30, 2008)
"Si tu L'avoues" — 4:00

Digital Remixes(Released: August 11, 2008)
"Si Tu L'avoues" (Laurent Wolf Club Mix) — 5:47
"Si Tu L'avoues" (Tomer G & Roi Tochner Club Mix) — 8:27
"Si Tu L'avoues" (Laurent Wolf Radio Edit) — 3:17
"Si Tu L'avoues" (Tomer G & Roi Tochner Radio Edit) — 4:13
"Si Tu L'avoues" (Radio Edit) — 3:59
"Crazy" (Laurent Wolf Club Mix) — 5:47
"Crazy" (Tomer G & Roi Tochner Club Mix) — 8:29
"Crazy" (Tomer G & Roi Tochner Radio Edit) — 4:13
"Crazy" (Radio Edit) — 3:57

Chart

References

2008 singles
Anggun songs
2008 songs
Songs written by Anggun
Heben Music singles


Lady Margaret Professor may refer to one of two theology professorships:

Lady Margaret Professor (Oxford)
Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity at Cambridge


Noam Braslavsky (born 1961) is an Israeli artist and curator who lives and works in Berlin.

Biography
Noam Brasklavsky was born in Poria Illit, Israel. In the early 1980s, Braslavsky studied at the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem, subsequently studying Film at the Beit Zvi acting school in Ramat Gan and completing his Master of Fine Arts at the Multimedia Department of the Düsseldorf Art Academy with Nam June Paik/Nan Hoover.

Art career
In the 1980s and 1990s he created manipulative, interactive room installations, which he displayed in dark or black rooms (he speaks of “black cubes" in contrast to the usual white cubes). "Shelter" (concrete, steel, glass, Plexiglas and sea-shells) was set on fire in an act of sabotage years later at his solo exhibition "Magic as Existential Need" in Tel Aviv; only the steel frame and the concrete pedestals survived.

Braslavsky’s works are traps that take their cues from sacred architecture, nature and society. He analyzes manipulative mechanisms that influence and control the human psyche, translating them in simplified form into rooms. Some examples are artificial wombs, purring machines, compulsive hats, labyrinths and enormous cocoons.

One of his early works (1984) explores the abolition of space and the dissolution of its boundaries, and can also be seen as a sort of virtual (miniature) stage for his subsequent creative work. "Blue" is a second head, a perceptual fuelling station that supplies nothing but pure blue light, suspending the perception of space for a time while promoting pure vision.

On 21 October 2010, Braslavsky unveiled a life-sized sculpture of former Prime Minister of Israel, Ariel Sharon, who was in a persistent vegetative state after suffering a stroke in 2006, in a hospital bed with an IV drip at the Kishon Gallery in Tel Aviv. Knesset member Yoel Hasson described the work as “sickening voyeurism”, and Ronit Tirosh declared in the Knesset: “This is not art!” Menachem Wecker of the Houston Chronicle  wrote: “But it will be interesting to see how viewers respond to the work. Will it be perceived as a piñata or a voodoo doll, or will it create a safe (aesthetic) space where viewers can transcend clichéd, extremist political discourse and use art as a medium to consider the man himself as he lies on what is almost certainly his death bed?”

In 2003 Braslavsky founded GdK (Galerie der Künste) in Berlin, shortly thereafter establishing the eponymous art association together with his wife Emma Braslavsky.

Selected exhibitions
 2014 The "shores of bikini" at "Above the Roofs of Berlin" Berlin.
 2013 "Reflection" at "ArTicks" Beningston Gallery The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
 2013 2013 "reconciliation" at "The Spaces Below. The Spaces Above", exhibition in open space, Beit Hagefen, Haifa/Israel
 2012 "Unattainable", MANIFESTA, Belgium
 2012 "Middle-East Europe", DOX Museum, Prague
 2010 "Ariel Sharon", Kishon Gallery, Tel Aviv/Israel
 2010 "Mediators", The National Museum, Warsaw/Poland
 2009 "n.b.l.", NCCA, Moscow/Russia
 2008 "European Attitude", Zendai Museum of Modern Art, Shanghai/China
 2008 “The Murakami Collection”, Faust Kunsthalle, Hanover/Deutschland (solo show)
 2008 "Strictly Berlin - "Between Fiction and Fact", Berlin/Germany
 2007 "Asia-Europe Mediations", New Synagogue, Poznan/Poland
 2007 "Strictly Berlin - "Targets of Opportunity", Berlin/Germany
 2007 "Pathos", Galerie Dieter Reitz, Kassel
 2007 “The Artist as Readymade”, Berlin
 2006 "Strictly Berlin 2000-2006", Berlin/Germany
 2004 "zivilgeneratur", Berlin/Germany
 2004 Artiade Exhibition Hall, Athens/Greece
 2003 Central Exhibition Hall, St. Petersburg/Russia
 2003 "Zufluchträume I-III" in the Tiergarten park, Berlin/Germany (solo show)
 2002 "The Boundaries of Sculpture", Open Museum, Tefen-Beer Sheva/Israel
 2000 "Festival of Vision", Hong Kong/China
 1998 "Magic as Existential Need", Hamumche Art Space, Tel Aviv/Israel (solo show)
 1996 "The Freedom to Choose", aktions galerie, Berlin/Germany (solo show)
 1995 "The Treasure of the Baltic Sea", MS Stubnitz, Rostock/Germany (solo show)
 1993 "Creator of the Worlds", Laznia Art Space, Gdansk/Poland (solo show)
 1992 "Shelter", Produzentengalerie Düsseldorf/Deutschland (solo show)
 1989 "Enlightened Darkness", Zman Amiti - Alternative Art Space, Tel Aviv/Israel (solo show)

See also
Israeli art

References

External links
 USA Today about Braslavskys installation "Ariel Sharon"
 The Telegraph about Braslavskys installation "Ariel Sharon"
 BBC about Braslavskys installation "Ariel Sharon"
 The Independent about Braslavskys installation "Ariel Sharon"
 Braslavsky at NCCA
 Braslavsky in the "Random selection of Israeli video art
 Braslavsky at artfacts.net
 Website of the artist
 Art association GdK e.V.

Living people
1961 births
Israeli contemporary artists


The Tielt Formation (; ; abbreviation: Tt; named after the town of Tielt in West Flanders) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of Belgium. The formation crops out in the north of Hainaut, in the southern and central parts of West- and East Flanders and in Walloon and Flemish Brabant. It consists of marine very fine sand and silt, deposited in the shallow sea that covered Belgium during the middle and late Ypresian age (early Eocene, about 53 million years ago).

Description
The Tielt Formation is  thick at most. It is subdivided into two members: the Kortemark and Egemkapel Members. The formation lies stratigraphically on top of the Kortrijk Formation (early Ypresian sandy clay and silt). In the northwestern part of Belgium, the Gentbrugge Formation (late Ypresian marine clay and silt) covers the Tielt Formation. If the Gentbrugge Formation is absent, the younger Brussel Formation (Lutetian calcareous sand) is directly found on top of the Tielt Formation.

Fossil content

Chondrichthyes

Crustaceans

See also
 List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Belgium
 Ypresian formations
 Fur Formation of Denmark
 London Clay Formation of England
 Silveirinha Formation of Portugal
 Wasatchian formations
 Nanjemoy Formation of the eastern United States
 Wasatch Formation of the western United States
 Itaboraian formations
 Itaboraí Formation of Brazil
 Laguna del Hunco Formation of Argentina

References

Bibliography

Geologic formations of Belgium
Eocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Belgium
Ypresian Stage
Sandstone formations
Shallow marine deposits
Formations
Formations
Formations
Formations
Formations


Textual variants in the New Testament manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism of the New Testament has included study of its textual variants.

Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). Most of these variants are not of any importance, since the meanings do not really change.

Origen, writing in the 3rd century, was one of the first who made remarks about differences between manuscripts of texts that were eventually collected as the New Testament. He declared his preferences among variant readings. For example, in Matthew 27:16–17, he favored "Barabbas" against "Jesus Barabbas" In John 1:28, he preferred "Bethabara" over "Bethany" as the location where John was baptizing. "Gergeza" was preferred over "Geraza" or "Gadara". At Hebrews 2:9, Origen noticed two different readings: "apart from God" and "by the grace of God".

John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts." Eberhard Nestle estimated this number in 1897 as 150,000–200,000 variants. In 2005, Bart D. Ehrman reported estimates from 200,000 to 400,000 variants based on 5,700 Greek and 10,000 Latin manuscripts, various other ancient translations, and quotations by the Church Fathers. In 2014 Eldon J. Epp raised the estimate as high as 750,000. Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.

Since 1981, in a system developed and introduced by Kurt and Barbara Aland in their textbook The Text of the New Testament, Greek New Testament manuscripts have commonly been categorized into five groups.

Below is an abbreviated list of textual variants in the New Testament.

Legend

Variants
This running list of textual variants is nonexhaustive, and is continually being updated in accordance with the modern critical publications of the Greek New Testament — United Bible Societies' Fifth Revised Edition (UBS5) published in 2014, Novum Testamentum Graece: Nestle-Aland 28th Revised Edition of the Greek New Testament (NA28) published in 2012, and Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior (ECM) last published in 2017 — and supplemented by nonmodern publications wherever applicable, including those of Hodges & Farstad, Greeven, Lachmann, Legg, Merk, Nestle-Aland editions 25–27, Aland's Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (SQE), Souter, Swanson, Tischendorf, Tregelles, von Soden, and Westcott & Hort.

Gospel of Matthew

Gospel of Mark

Gospel of Luke

Gospel of John

Acts of the Apostles

Epistle to the Romans

First Epistle to the Corinthians

Second Epistle to the Corinthians

Epistle to the Galatians

Epistle to the Ephesians

Epistle to the Philippians

Epistle to the Colossians

First Epistle to the Thessalonians

Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

First Epistle to Timothy

Second Epistle to Timothy

Epistle to Titus

Epistle to Philemon

Epistle to the Hebrews

Epistle of James

First Epistle of Peter

Second Epistle of Peter

First Epistle of John

Second Epistle of John

Third Epistle of John

Epistle of Jude

Book of Revelation

See also
 Bible version debate
 Biblical inerrancy
 Caesarean text-type
 Categories of New Testament manuscripts
 Comparison of codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus
 King James Only movement
 List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations
 Modern English Bible translations
 The New Testament in the Original Greek
 Western text-type

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, Stuttgart 1981.
 Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration", OUP New York, Oxford, 4 edition, 2005
 Bart D. Ehrman, "The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture. The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament", Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford, 1996, pp. 223–227.
 Bruce M. Metzger, "A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament", 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York.

External links
 The Comparative Critical Greek New Testament
 Variantes textuais
 Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland
 The Gospel of John part of the Holy Bible

Biblical criticism
New Testament-related lists
Greek New Testament manuscripts
New Testament
Textual criticism


Bible Black is a 2000 eroge video game franchise that includes several anime adaptations.

Bible Black may refer to:

"Bible Black" (song), a song by Heaven & Hell
Bible Black (band), a 1980s band
Bible Black: Five Days with Andrew Mackenzie, a 2008 documentary by Tao Nørager

See also
Starless and Bible Black, an album by King Crimson
Starless and Bible Black Sabbath, an album by The Acid Mothers Temple and the Cosmic Inferno
Black Bible Chronicles, vernacular translation of the Bible


The term Upper Hesse () originally referred to the southern possessions of the Landgraviate of Hesse, which were initially geographically separated from the more northerly Lower Hesse by the .

Later, it became the name of one of the three provinces in the Grand Duchy of Hesse (and the People's State of Hesse after World War I), which was located within the historical region; the other two were Starkenburg (capital: Darmstadt) and Rhenish Hesse (capital: Mainz). Its territory covered the area of land north of the River Main. The provincial capital and largest town of the rural provinces was the university town of Gießen.

Geography
Upper Hesse lies in the German state of Hesse. It is bounded in the south by the Wetterau and Rhine-Main Region, in the east by the Vogelsberg, and the Knüll, in the north by the Kellerwald and in the west by the Gladenbach Uplands. The landscape is characterised by low mountains. Today the nature parks of the Lahn-Dill Uplands and the High Vogelsberg as well as the regions of Marburg and Giessen belong to the Upper Hesse.

History
Due to the practice of partible inheritance, the lands of Upper and Lower Hesse were partitioned into separate states several times. All of the rulers of the partitions were considered to be Landgraves.

The first was between the sons of Henry I "the Child" in 1308, when Henry's older son Otto I received Upper Hesse, or the "Land on the Lahn"; his younger sibling John received Lower Hesse. The two partitions were reunited three years later when John died without an heir.

The second partition occurred in 1458 following the death of Louis I of Hesse: his first son, Louis II, received Lower Hesse, while his second son, Henry III, received Upper Hesse. The partitions remained separate until the death of William III of Upper Hesse in 1500, when it was inherited by William II of Lower Hesse.

The third partition took place after the death of Philip I in 1567. This time, rather than being divided in two, Hesse was divided into four: Hesse-Kassel, Hesse-Rheinfels, Hesse-Marburg and Hesse-Darmstadt.

On the eve of the French Revolution (1789), most of historic Upper Hesse lay within northern Hesse-Darmstadt, except for the area around Marburg, which was part of Hesse-Kassel. During the course of the German mediatization and Napoleonic wars, Hesse-Darmstadt gained territory from several former states contiguous with Upper Hesse, primarily from Solms-Laubach and the Principality of Isenburg. These territories were reorganised into the Province of Upper Hesse. Also during this period Hesse-Darmstadt became the Grand Duchy of Hesse.

The provinces of the Grand Duchy were dissolved on 31 July 1848 and replaced by administrative regions (Regierungsbezirke); this was reversed on 12 May 1852.

Following the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, Prussia annexed all of the Electorate of Hesse (the former Hesse-Kassel), which included some Upper-Hessian areas such as Marburg, as well as all of Lower Hesse. They also annexed the Grand Duchy's north-western panhandle around Biedenkopf. These territories, along with those gained from the Duchy of Nassau and the Free City of Frankfurt, become the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau in 1868. However, the bulk of Upper Hesse remained with the Grand Duchy.

References

External links
 Literature about Upper Hesse in the GND Index in Hessische Bibliographie
 Internet presence of the current Upper Hesse Region (Region Oberhessen)
 Erwin Knauß: Oberhessen – Landschaft oder Provinz?, Upper Hesse History Society.

Grand Duchy of Hesse
Former states and territories of Hesse


Kim Keun-bae (, born August 7, 1986) is a South Korean football goalkeeper who plays for Jeju United.

On November 18, 2008, Kim was as one of sixteen priority member, he joined Gangwon FC. He made his debut for Gangwon against Daegu FC on April 8, 2009 in league cup match. His first league match for Gangwon against Suwon Bluewings on September 6, 2009.

Club career statistics

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Gangwon FC players
Gimcheon Sangmu FC players
Seongnam FC players
Daejeon Hana Citizen players
Gimpo FC players
Jeju United FC players
K League 1 players
K League 2 players
Men's association football goalkeepers


Lev Dmitrievich Gudkov (;  6 December 1946 in Moscow) is a Russian sociologist, director of the analytical Levada Center and editor-in-chief of the journal The Russian Public Opinion Herald.

Scientific activity
Gudkov studied journalism, sociology and philology at the Lomonosov Moscow State University and graduated in 1971. He continued his post-graduate studies at the Institute for philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences until 1977. His dissertation concerned the Max Weber's concept of the methodology of social sciences and the German tradition of the understanding sociology. In 1995 Gudkov did his doctor in philosophy.

From 1970 to 1973 he worked for the department of methodology of researching social processes at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In the following four years until 1977, Gudkov was an employee of the department of philosophy and sociology at the Institute for scientific Information on social studies which belongs to the Russian Academy of Sciences.

From 1977 to 1984 he was a senior researcher of the Sociology Department at the Russian State Library.

Between 1984 and 1986 he worked as one of the leading scientific employees at the Sociology Department of the Design Research Institute (VNIIITE).

In the following two years until 1988, Gudkov was the senior scientific employee of the All-Union book chamber.

In 1988 Gudkov started working for VCIOM, and became one of the leading scientists of the research center after a short while. Three years later in 1991, Gudkov was made the head of the theory- and later the sociopolitical department of researches at VCIOM.

Gudkov participated in all research projects at VCIOM during the period when the centre was administrated by Yuri Levada, such as

“The Soviet person from 1989 to 2003”
"Bureaucracy"
“Russian nationalism”
“Results of a year: The society from 1989 to 2003”

Work at the Levada Center
When in 2003 internal problems appeared at VCIOM, Gudkov left the organization together with Yuri Levada and the majority of employees to work for Yuri Levada's newly founded Analytical centre (Levada Center).

After the death of Yuri Levada in 2006, Gudkov was assigned to the post of the director of the Levada Center. He was selected for this position by a unanimous decision of the board of the centre. Since December 2006 Gudkov also works as the editor-in-chief of the magazine The Russian Public Opinion Herald which is regularly published by the Levada Center.

Besides his work at the different institutions, Gudkov also works as a professor. In 1994 he lectured sociology at the Jewish University of Moscow. From 1996 to 2004 and in 2006, he was a lecturer in sociology at the Russian State University for the Humanities. Additionally from 2005–2007 he gave lecture and seminars on the topic “Russia – a transitional society? - Cultural and institutional factors of socio-political conservatism in post-Soviet Russia” at the department of Political Science at the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences.

Publications
Gudkov is the author of several books and articles considering the theory and methodology of sociology, sociology of literature, ethnonational relations and social problems of the Post-Soviet society, including:

Lev Gudkov. Metafora i ratsionalnost' v perspektive socialnoi epistemologii. Moscow, 1994 (Metapher and rationality as the problem for social epistemology ).
Lev Gudkov, Boris Dubin. Intelligentsia. Moscow-Kharkov, 1995
Lev Gudkov, Boris Dubin. Literatura kak socialnyi institut. Moscow (Literature as social institute) Moscow, NLO, 1995
Gudkov, L. and Levinson, A. Attitudes Toward Jews in the Soviet Union: Public Opinion in Ten Republics. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1993
Gudkov, L. and Levinson, A. Attitudes toward Jews in the Commonwealth of Intependent States. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1994
Prostoi sovetskii chelovek: Opyt socialnogo portreta na rubezhe 1990 godov. Moskva, 1993 (in co-auth. with Yu. Lewada, B. Dubin, A. Levinson and N. Zorkaja): (German translation: Die Sowjetmenschen: Soziogramm eines Zerfalls, 1989-1991. B., Argon, 1992.)
Gudkov L, Dubin B. Obtschestvennyi dogovor v Rossii (Social contract in Russia). Sociological survey. Moscow, 2001.,
“Russia — A Society in Transition? ”. Telos 120 (Summer 2001). New York: Telos Press.
La Russia postcomunista. Da Gorbaciov a Putin. Luiss University Press, 2005, 181 p.
Gudkov L., Dubin B., Lewada Yu. Problema elity v sovremennoi Rossii (Problem of Elites in contemporary Russia), Moscow, 2007

References

External links
The Accidental Russiphile — an interview of Lev Gudkov to the Novye Izvestia (In English) August 2007
Lev Gudkov at Pipl Profile — bibliography and facts about Lev Gudkov
Lev Gudkov at Eurozine — Author's page at Eurozine
Presidential Election: The Russian attitudes and the opportunities to make a choice by Lev Gudkov and Boris Dubin

1946 births
Living people
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Moscow State University alumni
Academic staff of the Higher School of Economics
Writers from Moscow
Russian sociologists
Soviet scientists


Kursk State University (Russian Курский государственный университет) is Kursk's oldest higher educational institution, founded in 1934 as Kursk State Pedagogical Institute, later in 1994 transformed into Kursk State Pedagogical University and has a current status since 2003.

University today
Today, the university is a science and education center offering modern educational technologies and various forms of vocational training within 99 licensed specialties of higher education (specialist, bachelor and master programmes) as well as PhD programmes in 38 areas of specialisation. The staff of about 900 tutors and researchers in the 67 university departments includes 93 faculty members possess full doctorate degrees.

Kursk State University operates six education buildings, over 100 natural science labs with a variety of high-tech equipment, nearly 50 specialised study rooms for the humanities, an astronomical observatory, ten multimedia classrooms, a conference hall, a TV-centre, industrial training facilities, art studios, a library and reading halls, zoological, mineralogical and archeological museums, a biological and agricultural testing centre, gymnasiums and  other facilities.

Faculties
Physics and Mathematics
Natural Sciences and Geography
Computer Sciences
Philology
Foreign Languages
History
Economics and Management
Law
Pedagogics and Psychology
Industrial Education
Special Needs Education
Philosophy, Social and Cultural Studies
Theology and Religious Studies
Fine Arts
Arts
Physical Training and Sport
Professional Retraining
Preparatory Studies
Actual Applied Specialties

See also
 Kursk State University Library

External links
 Kursk State University website

Kursk
Universities in Kursk Oblast
Cultural heritage monuments in Kursk Oblast
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of regional significance


The Baden main line () is a German railway line that was built between 1840 and 1863. It runs through Baden, from Mannheim via Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, Offenburg, Freiburg, Basle, Waldshut, Schaffhausen and Singen to Constance (Konstanz). The Baden Mainline is 412.7 kilometres long, making it the longest route in the Deutsche Bahn network and also the oldest in southwest Germany. The section between Mannheim and Basle is the most important northern approach to the Swiss Alpine passes, whilst the section between Basle and Constance is only of regional significance. The stretch from Karlsruhe to Basle is also known as the Rhine Valley Railway (Rheintalbahn) and the Basle–Constance section as the High Rhine Railway (Hochrheinstrecke).

History
The Upper Rhine Valley has been an important trade route from Central Europe to Switzerland and Italy since Roman times. With the development of railways in the early 1830s, considerations arose of building a railway from Mannheim to Basel in order to handle the movement of people and goods faster and cheaper than was possible with carts, especially as the Upper Rhine south of Mannheim only allowed restricted navigation. George Stephenson’s locomotive and the opening of the line between Liverpool and Manchester was first discussed in the Baden Parliament by the priest and liberal politician Gottlieb Bernhard Fecht (1771–1851) in the autumn of 1831. He was accused of being ahead of his time and his proposal received no support. The first real initiative for a railway was made in 1833 by the Mannheim businessman Louis Newhouse, but just like the suggestion of Friedrich List, it was not supported by the Baden government.

Planning
It was only when a railway company was founded in neighbouring Alsace in 1837 with the goal of building a west bank line between Basel and Strasbourg that Baden began to plan the building of a railway to avoid a shift of the traffic flow on the Rhine to the Alsace shore. A specially convened meeting of the Baden Assembly of the Estates (Badische Ständeversammlung) decided in 1838 to build a railway from Mannheim to the Swiss border near Basel at public expense, as had been called for on 31 July 1835 by the Freiburg historian Karl von Rotteck. The line would serve as the main line of Baden and would therefore have a generally straight route on the eastern edge of the Upper Rhine Valley. Baden was the only German state to choose initially to build its new rail network with 1600 mm broad gauge.

Construction of the Mannheim–Basel line

Construction began as soon as September 1838 on the first section between the two new terminal stations in Mannheim and Heidelberg. After two years of construction, this section was officially opened on 12 September 1840. The continuation of the line to the south took place in the following stages: Heidelberg–Bruchsal–Karlsruhe on 10 April 1843, Karlsruhe–Ettlingen–Rastatt on 1 May 1844, Rastatt–Oos (now Baden-Baden station) on 6 May 1844, Oos–Offenburg on 1 June 1844 and Offenburg–Freiburg on 1 August 1845. All the station buildings on the line from Mannheim to Freiburg, some of which have been preserved, were planned by the Baden architect Friedrich Eisenlohr. It was followed by the Freiburg–Müllheim section on 1 June 1847, Müllheim–Schliengen on 15 June 1847 and Schliengen–Efringen-Kirchen on 8 November 1848. The ongoing construction to the Swiss border was disrupted by the events of the March Revolution and the course of the line was damaged at several points by guerrillas. The completion of the section to Haltingen was delayed to 22 January 1851. Once it became clear that all the neighbouring countries had chosen standard gauge for their railways, the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (Großherzogliche Badische Staatsbahn) rebuilt its lines and rolling stock to standard gauge within a year in 1854/55.

Continuation to Constance
While the law of 1838 only referred to the construction of a route "from Mannheim to the Swiss border at Basel," discussions turned to the question of an appropriate end point and the connection to the Swiss rail network. While the city of Basel called for a connection to Basel, there were other suggestions in Baden. There was scepticism about a foreign end point for the line, so the Baden town of Lörrach or even Waldshut were preferred. The political debate was dominated by many national arguments and reservations. So, in 1846, Baden granted the Swiss Northern Railway Company (Schweizerische Nordbahn, SNB) the concession to build a railway from Basel/Lörrach to Waldshut, continuing through Switzerland to Zürich in order to achieve a connection with the Swiss railway network in Waldshut in Baden rather than to Basel in Switzerland. However, the Swiss Northern Railway Company could not muster the financial resources to build the line, so the license lapsed. Only the Baden-Swiss treaty signed on 27 July 1852 could achieve a durable solution for the continuation of the Baden main line: the treaty provided for the further construction from Haltingen on the east bank to Basel and continuing through Bad Säckingen to Waldshut. This led to the unusual situation, which still persists, of a German state railway company building and operating a railway line in another country.

The route from Haltingen to Basel was opened on 20 February 1855, followed by the section to Bad Säckingen on 4 February 1856, continuing on 30 October 1856 to Waldshut, where, with the opening of the bridge over the Rhine on 18 August 1859, the first railway connection was made between Baden and Switzerland.

While the focus during the construction of the Mannheim–Basel/Waldshut railway was on the international north–south traffic and the connection of the largest cities of Baden, the Baden-Swiss treaty already provided for its continuation with a rail connection towards the Lake Constance area and Constance. But disagreements on the route led to the delays on the approach to Schaffhausen: while the Swiss side preferred a route through the northern Klettgau on Swiss territory, Baden favoured a route through Jestetten in Baden. It could not, however, insist on its preference and the continuation of the main line from Baden to Constance, opened on 13 June 1863, ran from Waldshut not through Jestetten, but via Erzingen and Beringen. This last section, directed by Robert Gerwig, completed the construction of the Baden main line.

Branch lines
Already in the Act of 1838, the construction was planned for two branch lines: the Appenweier–Kehl line, connecting to Alsace, was opened on 1 June 1844 and the short branch line from Baden-Oos to Baden-Baden on 27 July 1845. On 11 February 1872 the bridge over the Rhine between Weil am Rhein and St. Louis was opened and the opening of the connection from Müllheim to Mulhouse on 6 February 1878 provided a further connections to Alsace. Connections to Switzerland were provided with the opening of the Rhine Bridge at Waldshut in 1859, the Constance–Kreuzlingen link in 1871 and the Basel Connecting Line, connecting the Baden station in Basel with the Basel central station in 1873.

In the north connections were established in Heidelberg to the Main-Neckar Railway towards Darmstadt and Frankfurt in 1846 and in Mannheim to Ludwigshafen, Mainz and Cologne in 1867.

Evolution of the line until the First World War
The first section between Mannheim and Heidelberg was originally served by four daily passenger train pairs that took about 35–40 minutes each way. By comparison, the same route takes about 12–17 minutes now. Freight was added in 1845 and the first express train ran between Schliengen and Mannheim in 1847. With further extensions of the Baden main line this express was extended to Basel, Waldshut and Constance. From 1863, two pairs of expresses operated daily between Mannheim and Constance, needing 12–14 hours for the 414 km line. By comparison, trains from Mannheim to Constance via Basel takes about 4 hours today; those running over the Black Forest Railway take about 3.5 hours.

The traffic on the Baden main line was rising rapidly, so duplication soon became necessary. Duplication was completed between Mannheim and Heidelberg in 1846, to Offenburg in 1847, to Freiburg in 1848 and to Basel in 1855. The Appenweier–Kehl branch line was duplicated in 1846/1847. In contrast, the High Rhine Railway between Basel and Constance remained single track.

On 22 July 1870, the mobilisation for the Franco-Prussian War made the main line unusable by the public at several points between Rastatt and Offenburg. The Baden State Railway's rolling stock fleet at that time mostly consisted of two-axle compartment coaches, while the Royal Württemberg State Railways had sets of open coaches from the beginning. Baden later also moved to this system.

Trains in Baden operated on the left on two track sections until 1888 and later switched to the right in stages.

The first sections of track on the Baden main line were built to a broad gauge of . It soon became apparent, however, that the other Central European states had chosen standard gauge, which would have left the Baden railway network isolated. There were already connections to standard gauge lines to neighbouring states in Heidelberg (from 1846) and Bruchsal (from 1853). Through freight had to be reloaded at these points. Therefore, the lines were rebuilt to standard gauge during 1854/55. A total of 203 km of double track and 79 km of single-track were converted, as well as the existing 66 locomotives and 1,133 carriages and wagons. These measure allowed the operations of cross-border freight services.

Construction of railways meant that Mannheim, the largest and most important commercial city of Baden, was now in a peripheral location, as most north–south traffic now ran from Frankfurt to Switzerland via the Main-Neckar Railway to Heidelberg and from there on the Baden main line to Basel. Therefore, Mannheim tried to provide a direct rail connection to the south and sought to build a railway to Karlsruhe via Schwetzingen. The opening in 1870 of the Rhine Railway (Rheinbahn) attracted part of the railway traffic between the Rhine-Neckar region and Karlsruhe from the Baden main line and created an alternative line for the relief of the main line in this area, which had reached the limits of its capacity. This relief route was extended in 1895 for strategic reasons further south to Rastatt (via Durmersheim), so that there are now also two lines between Karlsruhe and Rastatt.

The ever-increasing traffic and the construction of the Gotthard Railway in 1882 emphasised the continuing importance of the Mannheim–Basel line. In contrast, the Upper Rhine line between Basel and Constance did not benefit from this development as the building of the Basel Connecting Line (1873) and the Bözberg line (1875) provided a direct route between Baden and central Switzerland, so that the border crossing in Waldshut lost its importance and international traffic was handled through the border crossing at Basel. Connections from the Lake Constance region have since 1873 primarily been over the shorter Black Forest Railway, so the Upper Rhine line has become a regional east–west route with no national significance.

Due to the growing traffic between Mannheim and Basel and the growth of cities it had become necessary to remodel the major rail nodes. Thus between 1895 and 1914 new freight and marshalling yards were built at Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Basel, Freiburg and Heidelberg and new passenger stations were built in Karlsruhe and Basel.

Development of the route in the 20th century
From about 1895 to 1914, the Baden main line was in sharp competition with the Alsatian railway, because the travel times between Basel and Frankfurt and between Basel and Mannheim were almost identical. During World War I, the fast trains ran only on the Baden main line as the Alsace lines in Mulhouse were within reach of the French artillery. After Alsace had returned to France after the First World War, all German trains ran to Basel on the Baden main line.

After the founding of Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1920, the Baden main line along with the rest of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway became part of the Reichsbahn, so in addition to the Baden-built locomotives and locomotives built by the other former state railways, newly developed steam locomotives were used on the Baden main line.

The assignment of Alsace-Lorraine to France after World War I meant that the state of Baden, and with it the Baden main line, were now on the periphery of Germany. This also meant, according to military strategists, that it did not allow reliable operations. In particular, the line near the Isteiner Klotz ridge (near Istein) is within sight of the German-French border. During the occupation of the Ruhr, French troops occupied Offenburg and Appenweier in February 1923, so traffic was stopped on the main line and trains had to be diverted over a large area. Both the Elz Valley Railway and the Murg Valley Railway had no connections to the rail network at this time. The bypass route from Freiburg ran by the Hell Valley Railway to Donaueschingen, continued on the Black Forest Railway to Hausach and from there over the Kinzig Valley Railway to Freudenstadt. From here, the trains ran over the Gäu Railway to Hochdorf and from there over the Nagold Valley Railway to Pforzheim and the Karlsruhe–Mühlacker line to Karlsruhe. Although these long-range detours were established in the first month of the occupation, they showed that, with trains having to be reversed in both Hochdorf and Pforzheim and the need to operate over single-track branch lines and the steep sections in the Höllental (Hell Valley), they did not provide a permanent alternative to the Baden main line. Nevertheless, the events showed the susceptibility of the Baden main line to French assaults. As a result, plans were made for developing a Germany–Switzerland–Italy transport corridor via the Gäu Railway and Zürich.

From 1928 to 1939, the Rheingold luxury trains ran between Karlsruhe and Basel on the Baden main line. Rheingold trains were restored on the Baden main line after the Second World War and ran from 1951 to 1987 as Fernzug (long-distance express) or Trans Europ Express services. The Orient Express also operated over the Baden main line: coming from Strasbourg, it ran on the route on the section between Appenweier and Karlsruhe.

During the Second World War, the Baden main line—like all major lines in Germany—was affected by heavy bombardment of railway junctions and the destruction of bridges and buildings. After the war, the line was divided into two parts: the Mannheim–Karlsruhe section was in the American occupation zone, the Rastatt–Constance section was in the French zone and under the management of the Betriebsvereinigung der Südwestdeutschen Eisenbahnen (Southwestern Railways Association). The sections within Switzerland were operated under a trust administered by the Federal government. After the founding of the Deutsche Bundesbahn in 1949, the operation of the line returned to single management. The second track of the line between Offenburg and Denzlingen was dismantled and transferred to the French occupation forces in 1946 as reparations. Since the single-track section became a bottleneck on this heavily used route, the second track was restored in 1950 at the insistence of Switzerland, which considered that the congestion endangered the approach to the Gotthard Pass.

As early as the 1950s, Deutsche Bundesbahn began the electrification of the Mannheim–Basel route. The electrification was carried out in several stages:

Associated with the electrification was also the relocation of Heidelberg Central Station in 1955. The electrification shortened travel times and increased the efficiency of the line. Due to its largely straight alignment, speeds on the line could be increased on most sections to 160 km/h.

The Upper Rhine line between Basel and Constance, however, remained unelectrified. The Singen–Constance section was electrified on 24 September 1977 as part of the electrification of the Black Forest Railway. In 1990, the Singen–Schaffhausen section was electrified as part of the international connection between Stuttgart and Zürich. In the 1980s, the Basel–Waldshut section of the line was duplicated to provide improved local services on an integrated regular interval timetable.

Upgrade as a high-speed line
The heavy traffic of the Baden main line led to plans from the 1970s to upgrade the line as a multi-track route. Congestion was relieved on the northern section of the main line between Mannheim Baden and Bruchsal with the opening of the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed railway in stages between 1987 and 1991.

The Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (Bundesverkehrswegeplan) of 1985 also listed the quadruplication of the Karlsruhe–Offenburg section and the addition of a third track between Offenburg and Basel as part of the construction of a Neu- und Ausbaustrecke Karlsruhe–Basel (i.e. a mixture of new high-speed line and upgraded line) as urgently needed.

Sections
The railways of Baden main line can be categorised as follows:
Baden main line
Rhine Valley Railway
Mannheim–Heidelberg
Heidelberg–Karlsruhe, also known as the Baden-Kurpfalz-Bahn (Baden–Palatinate Railway)
Karlsruhe–Basel
High Rhine Railway

Mannheim–Heidelberg

The Mannheim–Heidelberg section is the oldest railway in southwestern Germany. It runs almost straight across the Upper Rhine Plain and originally only had a single intermediate station at the halfway point in Friedrichsfeld. Originally it was planned to build the line a little further to the north, which would have allowed a better connection with Seckenheim. However, these plans were thwarted by the resistance of the local population. The Main-Neckar Railway connects to the Mannheim–Heidelberg line in Friedrichsfeld at a “wye” junction.

The first Mannheim station was built to the north of the existing facility at the current Tattersall tram stop and designed to allow an extension to the north, but this never came to pass. During the construction of the bridge over the Rhine to Mannheim (now the Konrad Adenauer Bridge), the station was rebuilt at its present location with completion in 1876. A freight yard was built in Mannheim harbour in 1854, which was followed by the building in 1906 of a marshalling yard south of Mannheim station, which is now Germany's second largest marshalling yard.

The original Heidelberg station was at today's Adenauerplatz and designed as a railway terminus so that it could be built as close to town as possible. The terminus of the Main-Neckar Railway was directly adjacent. As early as 1862 the station was partially converted into a through station. A new freight yard was completed on the western outskirts of Heidelberg  in 1914. Work was already underway for the relocation of Heidelberg's main station to the western suburbs, but this was interrupted by World War I and it continued until after World War II. The construction of the new station as a through station was completed in 1955.

Meanwhile, the Heidelberg freight yard and the locomotive depot were closed and only one pair of tracks of the four-track railway between Friedrichsfeld and Wieblingen is currently in use. The line is used by Intercity (IC) or Intercity-Express (ICE) services every hour. S-Bahn services (since 2003), local services and freight trains run at high frequencies.

Heidelberg–Karlsruhe

For several years this section has been called for marketing purposes the Baden-Kurpfalz-Bahn (Baden–Palatinate Railway), as Heidelberg was  the historic capital of the Palatinate.

Route

The section of line between Heidelberg and Karlsruhe runs along the eastern edge of the Upper Rhine Valley from north to south. From Heidelberg station, the line runs south through the stations of Heidelberg-Kirchheim, St. Ilgen and Wiesloch-Walldorf and passes under the A 6 in the Hochholz forest. This is followed by Rot-Malsch, Kislau castle on the western side of the line and Ubstadt-Weiher station. The Kraich Valley Railway and the Katzbach Railway connect to the line from the left, then it passes under that the Mannheim–Stuttgart high-speed line, which is connected to the east by curves to and from the Baden main line at Bruchsal Rollenberg junction. It continues to Bruchsal station, where the Württemberg Western Railway and the Bruhrain Railway terminate. The track then runs along the edge of the Kraichgau via Untergrombach and Weingarten to Karlsruhe-Durlach station and passes under the A 5 and reaches Karlsruhe Central Station.

In 1911, the route in the area of Durlach changed as a result of the relocation of Durlach station to the west in order to increase the curve radii. Karlsruhe station was on the southern edge of the city centre until 1913. Due to the limited capacity of this station, a new station was opened on the southern outskirts in 1913. In 1895, a marshalling yard was created on the southern outskirts of the city, but its operations were moved to Mannheim a few years ago.

Approximately level with Durlach an industrial siding formerly branched off and ran for about a kilometre parallel with the Baden line to the north and then veered to the west and ran to the Bosch factory. In Weingarten and Untergrombach tracks formerly branched off to quarries, which have since been converted into lakes for swimming (Baggersee). In Bruchsal freight sidings run to the south of the city, in addition, there are still sidings at Wiesloch-Walldorf station.

Amenities
During the introduction of the S-Bahn, stations were modernised and made accessible for the disabled and the signalling and interlockings were renewed. In Weingarten, Untergrombach and Bruchsal Bildungszentrum, the platform heights were raised to 55 cm for step-free access to the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn trains. At all stations between Bruchsal and Heidelberg the platform heights were raised to 76 cm for step-free access to the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn trains. At Karlsruhe-Durlach and Bruchsal stations there are platform at both heights, as they are served by both networks. Several stations (e.g., Bad Schönborn Süd and Walldorf-Wiesloch) also have a third platform track.

The track is equipped with the latest signalling technology (colour lights) and equipped for speeds of up to 160 km/h. The “other needs” section of the Federal Transport Infrastructure Plan (Bundesverkehrswegeplan) provides for the refurbishment of the track for a top speed of 200 km/h, but, so far, the top speed is 160 km/h.

Operations
IC and ICE trains run on the line and connect Heidelberg, Karlsruhe and Stuttgart. Since 2007, TGV trains on the Paris–Strasbourg–Stuttgart route run on the southern section between Karlsruhe and Bruchsal. The line is supplemented by S-Bahn services between Heidelberg and Karlsruhe and Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services operated by Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (Alb Valley Transport Company) between Karlsruhe and Bruchsal, so that at least two trains operate each hour in each direction.

Since 1994, the section between Karlsruhe and Bruchsal has been integrated in the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn network. Services were introduced over two years, to Menzingen on the Kraich Valley Railway in 1996 and to Odenheim on the Katzbach railway in 1998. In early 1996, the new Bruchsal Bildungszentrum station was opened between Untergrombach and Bruchsal stations, this station mainly serves the Bildungszentrum, an educational facility.

Since December 2003, the entire line has also been part of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn. During the introduction of the S-Bahn, stations were modernised and made barrier-free and the signalling and interlocking systems were renewed. Each hour S-Bahn line S 4 operates between Heidelberg and Bruchsal and line S 3 runs between Heidelberg and Karlsruhe, together providing a service every half-hour between Heidelberg and Bruchsal.

Karlsruhe–Basel

The line between Karlsruhe and Basel is one of the busiest railway lines in Germany. It runs on the eastern edge of the Upper Rhine valley. While the line is mostly straight, it has, in the southern section between Schliengen and Efringen-Kirchen a winding route passing between the Rhine and the Isteiner Klotz ridge above the villages on the slopes of the Black Forest. A lower alignment similar to the A 5 autobahn was not possible at the time of the construction of the railway, because the Rhine had not yet been straightened in this area so the areas below the villages were still in the flood plain of the Rhine.

In 1895, another main line railway was opened between Karlsruhe and Rastatt next to the Baden main line, further to the west through Durmersheim. The reason for this was the demand of the German military for the construction of a second northern access to Strasbourg on the Graben-Neudorf–Karlsruhe–Rastatt–Rœschwoog route. Simultaneously this route relieved the Baden main line. In 1966, the Rastatt–Rœschwoog section was closed, but the section north of Rastatt continues to operate. During the construction phase of this strategic railway, Rastatt station was relocated and expanded.

Due to the strong growth in traffic, the larger railway stations had to be expanded in the early 20th century. So a new Karlsruhe freight bypass was completed in 1895 together with the extension of the Rhine Railway to Rastatt, allowing the main line through the Karlsruhe urban area to be relieved of freight trains. A new Karlsruhe station was opened in 1913. In 1911, Offenburg station was rebuilt and extended with a marshalling yard. The railway tracks in Basel were adapted for the increased traffic with a new freight yard in 1905 and a new passenger station and a new marshalling yard in 1913. The marshalling yard is partly on German and partly on Swiss territory. The railways of three counties cooperated in building extensive rail infrastructure in Basel connecting the Baden station for trains arriving from Germany to the Central station and the adjacent French station (part of SNCF since 1938). In addition to the marshalling yard at the Baden station, there is another, larger marshalling yard in Muttenz. The passenger trains on the Baden main line usually end at Basel Baden station, only the international trains continue through to Basel Central Station.

The importance of the line meant that it was duplicated between 1847 and 1855 and electrified between 1952 and 1957. The quadruplication of the tracks and the upgrading for a top speed of 250 km/h has been under way as part of the Karlsruhe–Basel new and upgraded line (Neu- und Ausbaustrecke Karlsruhe–Basel) project since the late 1980s.

In 1971 there was an accident at Rheinweiler when an express train that was running too fast on the twisty section between Efringen-Kirchen and Schliengen road was derailed and crashed down the railway embankment. 23 people were killed and 121 injured.

The traffic on the Rhine Valley line is notable for its international long-distance passenger and freight traffic. Every hour one or two IC, EuroCity (EC) or ICE services run. Three times daily TGV services also run from Stuttgart via Karlsruhe to Strasbourg. Local services runs at least hourly as Regionalbahn (stopping) and Regional-Express or Interregio-Express services. Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft also operates Karlsruhe Stadtbahn services between Karlsruhe and Achern. In the early 1980s, a series of stations were abandoned, especially between Rastatt and Offenburg. After the quadruplication of the line, Stadtbahn stations in Haueneberstein, Sinzheim, Steinbach (now Baden-Baden-Rebland) were put back into operation and a new station was established in Sinzheim Nord. The Regional-Express services between Basel and Freiburg are integrated into the Basel Regional S-Bahn network, although the former designation of the route as line S 4 has been dropped as inappropriate for a Regional-Express service.

Freight transport is very extensive. In addition to Deutsche Bahn AG, Swiss Federal Railways operates one third of all freight trains on this route, especially as combined transport. There is expected to be a large increase in freight traffic on the Rhine Valley Railway after the completion of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project in Switzerland.

Basel–Constance

The Upper Rhine line runs from Basel initially on the right bank of the Rhine to Waldshut, where it leaves the Rhine valley and crosses the northern Klettgau to Schaffhausen and it then runs through southern Hegau to Radolfzell on the Untersee. The railway then follows the banks of the Untersee to Constance, where it crosses a bridge over the Rhine. The terminus of the Baden main line at Constance station is on the left (south) bank of the Rhine between the old town of Constance and the harbour. The line is continued by two curves connecting to Kreuzlingen and Kreuzlingen Hafen, but the latter is currently only used for freight.

The line between Basel and Waldshut was duplicated during the 1980s, with the exception of the Laufenburg–Laufenburg-Ost section. There is also double track line between Beringen and Constance-Petershausen, the other sections are single track. The section of the High Rhine Railway between Constance and Singen was electrified as part of the electrification of the Black Forest Railway to Singen in 1977. The gap between Singen and Schaffhausen was electrified in 1990.

In Basel and between Erzingen and Thayngen the line runs through the Swiss cantons of Basel and Schaffhausen. Construction and operation of these routes is governed by an international treaty between Switzerland and Baden and later Germany. It treats the operation of the line as a "single continuous main line". Thus it was possible for the Baden State Railways to operate through the fringes of Switzerland in the same way as on Baden territory, which was not normal at that time. Switzerland agreed not to impose tariffs on freight in transit or to subject trains on the line to customs formalities. The treaty of 1852 also makes a provision for Switzerland to acquire the line, but Switzerland has never used this provision. The tracks in Switzerland largely are operated under German regulations, so that the trains run on the right and the tracks are—with the exception of Schaffhausen station—controlled by signals of German design.

The availability of the line was not assured in case of war. Therefore, the military sought the creation of bypasses around the two sections running through Switzerland so that there would be to a secure east–west supply route through southern Baden during wartime. So three strategic railways were built up to 1890 between Weil am Rhein and Lörrach (Weil am Rhein–Lörrach railway), Schopfheim and Bad Säckingen (the Wehra Valley Railway) and between Lauchringen and Hintschingen (the Wutach Valley Railway). This line ran from Ulm via the Ulm–Sigmaringen railway, the Tuttlingen–Inzigkofen railway, the Wutach Valley Railway, the High Rhine Railway to Alsace without touching Swiss territory. The strategic railways were virtually useless for civilian traffic. Therefore, passenger traffic on the Wehra Valley Railway and the Wutach Valley Railway were already closed in 1971. Only the short link between Lörrach and Weil is still operated; it has recently become part of the Basel Regional S-Bahn.

The line is now served by regional services. Hourly Interregio-Express services are operated with tilting technology using class 611 multiple units between Basel and Singen, complemented by Regionalbahn services on some sections. An S-Bahn-like service has been operated with electric multiple units between Constance and Engen via Singen under the name of Seehas (named after a mythical lake hare) since 1994. The operator of the service was the Swiss company Mittelthurgau-Bahn until it became bankrupt in 2003, when its activities were taken over by THURBO. It is planned that the service between Basel and Waldshut will become part of the Basel S-Bahn system. Between Singen and Schaffhausen services are operate by long-distance Intercity trains on the Zurich–Stuttgart route every two hours.

Notes

References

External links

Railway lines in Baden-Württemberg
Railway lines opened in 1840
1840 establishments in Baden


The 2009 New Zealand Referendum on Child Discipline was held from 31 July to 21 August, and was a citizens-initiated referendum on parental corporal punishment. It asked:
Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?

Voter turnout was 56.1%. 87.4% of votes answered 'no'. The result of the referendum was non-binding and the New Zealand government did not change the law in response to the outcome.

Background

The petition for the referendum was launched in February 2007 in response to the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Bill, which would remove parental correction as a defence for assault against children. The petition was organised by Sheryl Savill with support from Kiwi Party's Larry Baldock. The wording of the petition was approved by Clerk of the House David McGee on 21 February 2007.

The bill, introduced by Sue Bradford, was passed its third reading in Parliament by 113 votes to 7 on 16 May 2007. Meanwhile organisations and individuals led by Larry Baldock continued to collect signatures to initiate a referendum. They fell short by about 15,500 signatures (many were invalid), and they were granted two further months to make up the difference. Eventually the petition attracted 310,000 signatures from voters, surpassing  the 285,000 signatures, or 10 per cent of total voters, required to force a referendum.

In June 2008, then prime minister Helen Clark announced that the referendum would not take place alongside the 2008 election as the organisers had been hoping. The decision was based on advice from the Chief Electoral Officer that holding such a referendum could lead to voter confusion. Instead, a postal ballot was selected, starting 30 July 2009 for eligible voters and closing on 21 August 2009.

In June 2009, then Prime Minister John Key said that the government would change the law if it was not working, but that he believed the current law was working well.

Criticism regarding question wording

The wording of citizens-initiated referendum questions was ultimately the responsibility of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, David McGee. Under the referendum legislation, the wording of the question is required to "convey clearly the purpose and effect" of the referendum.

The referendum question was interpreted by some to assume that "a smack" can form part of "good parental correction". Murray Edridge, Chief Executive of Barnardos New Zealand, claimed that the question "presupposes that smacking is part of good parental correction" which he described as "a debatable issue". Prime Minister John Key described the question as "ambiguous" and pointed out that it "could be read a number of different ways". Leader of the Opposition Phil Goff expressed concern that the question "implies that if you vote 'yes' that [sic] you're in favour of criminal sanctions being taken against reasonable parents – actually nobody believes that."

Both John Key and Phil Goff stated that they did not intend to vote in the referendum, with Key calling the question "ridiculous". The Prime Minister believed turnout would be low.

Sue Bradford introduced a private member's bill, the Citizens Initiated Referenda (Wording of Questions) Amendment Bill, designed to prevent future citizens-initiated referenda from having poorly worded questions, and the National government considered adopting it.

On this bill, she wrote:
An example of an approved referendum question that is both leading and misleading is the NZ Referendum on Child Discipline 2009 proposed by Larry Baldock.

The question approved for that referendum "Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?" is leading in that the use of the word "good" before "parental correction" makes a value-judgment which predetermines the answer. People answering the question will be drawn to answer "no" on the basis that what is "good" cannot be criminal.

Caritas Aotearoa New Zealand has made this argument:
Mr Smith says the upcoming referendum will not provide clarity on the question of child discipline, because it is possible to support the 2007 amendment while voting either Yes or No to the referendum question: Should a smack as part of good parental correction be a criminal offence in New Zealand?

However, Caritas recognises that in the political context of the referendum, a 'Yes' vote is seen to be a vote for the status quo, while a 'No' vote is seen to be a vote against the 2007 amendment.

"In this context, we recommend a 'Yes' vote, as we believe the status quo is close to the position that we recommended to the Select Committee. However, the wording of the question is so ambiguous, many New Zealanders who support efforts to reduce violence against children, may in good conscience still feel obliged to vote 'No'. It will be hard to understand what the outcome of the referendum may mean," says Mr Smith.

He says Caritas will be writing to the Prime Minister and other relevant politicians, expressing concern that the ambiguous nature of the question will result in an outcome that cannot be understood as either supporting or opposing the 2007 amendment.

Campaigns

The "yes" campaign
Most front-line child welfare organisations, such as Plunket Society, Barnardos, Save the Children, Unicef, Women's Refuge, CPAG, Epoch and Jigsaw, believed the referendum question was misleading, and encouraged their supporters to vote "yes". These organisations, along with many others, backed "The Yes Vote" campaign. Māori Party co-leader Pita Sharples and Green Party co-leader Russel Norman wanted the current law retained, with Norman adding he would vote Yes.

The "no" campaign
The "Vote NO" campaign website was launched on 22 June 2009. The campaign was supported by Simon Barnett. ACT leader Rodney Hide said he would vote no, believing parents have the right to lightly smack their children. Family First and The Kiwi Party also supported voting 'no'.

Results

Nationwide

By electorate

Aftermath

Government response
Prime Minister John Key promised to bring forward the planned review of the law.

John Boscawen's private member's bill
By coincidence, Government coalition and ACT MP John Boscawen had a private member's bill legalising smacking drawn from the ballot less than a week after the referendum. Prime Minister John Key said his National Party would vote it down, with the Labour Party and Green Party also opposed making it likely to be lost after the first reading of the bill. In September 2010 the Bill was in fact defeated 115–5 on its first reading in Parliament.

Binding referendum
Dissatisfied with the government's response, the Kiwi Party has put forward another referendum to make referendums legally binding. The question "Should Parliament be required to pass legislation that implements the majority result of a citizens initiated referendum where that result supports a law change?" was approved by the Clerk of the House on 17 December 2009. However, the petition failed to gain sufficient signatures and subsequently lapsed.

Public protests
A protest against prime minister John Key's response to the referendum was held on Saturday, 21 November 2009 in Auckland. The New Zealand Herald estimated that between 4,000 and 5,000 people attended.

2017 election
On 24 March 2017 it was reported that New Zealand First and Winston Peters would take to the election a policy of repealing the anti-smacking law passed by the last parliament despite overwhelming public opposition. They went on to state that they would not enter any coalition or confidence and supply agreement with a party that wished to ignore the public's clearly stated view in a referendum on that issue after the 2017 New Zealand general election. New Zealand First went into government following the election and no changes were made to the law.

Opinion polls
Note: Percentage figures are rounded.

See also
Crimes Act 1961, the Act that was amended
Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007 the amending Act
Crime in New Zealand
Corporal punishment in the home

References

External links
Elections New Zealand – 2009 Citizens Initiated Referendum
The Yes Vote campaign
The Vote No campaign

Corporal punishment referendum, 2009
Referendums in New Zealand
Corporal punishment referendum, 2009
Cor
Cor
Corporal punishment law
Youth in New Zealand
Spanking
August 2009 events in New Zealand


In the United Kingdom the use of retained firefighters (who are part-time, but are paid when on duty) rather than volunteers is standard. The Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, formed in 1884, is the only one of its kind remaining. Nowadays the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade effectively functions as a retained fire station, except that its members provide their services unpaid.

The Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade operates as a private fire brigade under a special contract with the fire authority and as such falls under the jurisdiction of the county chief fire officer, responding to calls as directed by the Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service. Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service also operate two wholetime (Dogsthorpe and Stanground) and one retained (Thorney) fire station in Peterborough. The volunteer fire station, located on Bourges Boulevard, was built in the Brigade's centenary year. It aims to keep one full crew of six people on duty at all times.

Borth Volunteer Fire Unit, part of Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service, Ceredigion command, operates on a similar basis.

History

The brigade was formed in 1884,
by a group of businessmen after they believed the efforts of the City of Peterborough Fire Brigade, as it then was, had been ineffective following a serious fire at the infirmary (now Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery).

The Fire Brigades Act 1938 formally constituted municipal boroughs (and urban and rural districts) as fire authorities, taking the responsibility away from insurance companies. During World War II, these fire brigades were combined into a National Fire Service. After the war, the government passed the Fire Services Act 1947, which transferred fire-fighting from the NFS to brigades maintained by county councils. The Soke of Peterborough Fire Brigade merged with Huntingdonshire Fire Brigade in 1965 and the Huntingdon and Peterborough Fire Brigade merged with Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely Fire Brigade in 1974. Throughout these changes, the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade remained a separate entity.

To mark its centenary in 1984, the brigade received the council's highest accolade, the freedom of the city.

See also
 Fire service in the United Kingdom
 History of fire brigades in the United Kingdom
 List of British firefighters killed in the line of duty

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

 Hillier, Richard Ready and Willing: A Centenary History of the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, 1884-1984 Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, 1984 ()
 Wallington, Neil 110 Years of Fire and Rescue: A Celebration of the Work of Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, 1884-1984 Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, 1994 ()

External links
 Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service

Fire and rescue services of England
Local government in Cambridgeshire
Organizations established in 1884
Organisations based in Peterborough


No Kyung-tae (, born September 20, 1986) is a South Korean football player.

Club career
On November 18, 2008, he was one of sixteen priority members to join Gangwon FC. He made his debut for Gangwon against Daegu FC on April 8, 2009 in league cup match.

Club career statistics

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Gangwon FC players
K League 1 players
Men's association football defenders


Saint Edith or St Edith's or variant, may refer to:

People
Edith of Polesworth (died 15 March AD 871)
Edith of Wilton (961 – 15 September 984)
Edith of Aylesbury, a Dark Ages English saint
Saint Edith Stein (1891–1942), a German Jewish convert and martyr

Other uses
 St Edith Hall, Kemsing, Kent, UK
 St Edith's Church, Eaton-under-Heywood
 St Edith's Church, Shocklach

See also

 Edith
 Saint (disambiguation)
 Saint Editha (disambiguation)


Kwon Kyung-Ho (, born July 12, 1986) is a South Korean football player who, as of 2010 is playing for Korea National League side Goyang Kookmin Bank. His previous club is Gangwon FC.

On November 18, 2008, he was one of sixteen priority members to join Gangwon FC. He made his debut for Gangwon against Daegu FC on April 8, 2009 in league cup match. His first league match was against Seongnam by substitute on 21 June 2009. From 2010 season, he joined Korea National League side Goyang Kookmin Bank.

Club career statistics

References

External links
 K-League Player Record

1986 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
Gangwon FC players
K League 1 players
Men's association football midfielders


Collinsia childii is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name Child's blue-eyed Mary.

It is endemic to California, where it grows in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada and the Southern Inner and Outer California Coast Range. It grows in woodland and shady forest habitats.

Description
Collinsia childii is an annual herb producing an erect, branching stem up to about 35 centimeters tall coated in glandular hairs. The leaves are oblong, flat and sometimes slightly toothed.

The hairy gland-covered inflorescence bears flowers on erect pedicels, with several emerging from the leaf axils at interrupted nodes. Each flower has two upper lobes and three lower lobes and is pale lavender in color. The flower is under a centimeter long.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Photo gallery

childii
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Plants described in 1878
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Elena Salgado Méndez () (born 12 May 1949 in Ourense) is a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Spain and held several ministerial portfolios during her political career.

Education
Salgado is a graduate of industrial engineering. She has a master's degree in business administration.

Career
Early in her career, Salgado held high-level positions at the finance and industry ministries; Josep Borrell was considered to be a mentor to her. From 1996 until 1997, she briefly served as manager of the Teatro Real in Madrid.

From 2004 until 2007, Salgado served as Minister for Health and Consumer Affairs. In this capacity, she tried to implement the so-called wine law, a project to prevent alcohol consumption among minors; she confronted Burger King and urged the company to withdraw advertising for XXL hamburgers; and she advocated for genetic selection of embryos for therapeutic purposes. Most notably, she became known as the architect of legislation that banned smoking in public places. In 2006, she was Spain's candidate for the post of Director General of the World Health Organization (WHO). Following a selection process with 11 candidates, she emerged as the only non-medical professional among the five finalists who also included Kazem Behbehani, Shigeru Omi, Margaret Chan and Julio Frenk; the position eventually went to Chan.

As Minister for Public Administrations from 2007 until 2009, Salgado played a key role in overseeing the roll-out of a stimulus package of €8 billion ($10.7 billion) for infrastructure projects by city governments.

Despite her Galician origin Salgado later served as a deputy for Cantabria province since the 2008 general election.

From 2009 until 2011, Salgado served as minister of Economy and Finance and as first and second vice president of Spain, in the Socialist Party government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. Amid a cabinet reshuffle, she succeeded Pedro Solbes as Minister of Finance in April 2009 in what was considered a surprise move by Zapatero and thereby became the first woman to hold this position. At the time, she was one of the few to have been in all of Zapatero's governments, alongside María Teresa Fernández de la Vega, Elena Espinosa and Miguel Ángel Moratinos. She held the office until the fall of the Zapatero Administration in the 2011 general election.

When Spain held the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2010, Salgado chaired the meetings of its Economic and Financial Affairs Council. During her time as chair, EU finance ministers agreed on a deal that provided $560 billion in new loans and $76 billion under an existing lending program to countries facing instability amid the European debt crisis. Also in 2010, she helped launch the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), then a $875 million fund to help poor farmers, alongside several of her counterparts – Tim Geithner, Jim Flaherty and Yoon Jeung-hyun –, World Bank president Robert Zoellick and Bill Gates.

On 12 July 2011, Salgado became Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs, equivalent to the position of First Deputy Prime Minister, a position that Alfredo Perez Rubalcaba decided to leave to prepare his candidacy for the 2011 general election.

In this capacity, Salgado led the central government's efforts in 2011 to force new budget controls on Spain's powerful autonomous communities – that control one-third of spending in the country – to ensure it meets its ambitious budget-deficit targets, including by establishing penalties for the regions that fail to meet their budget targets. She also temporarily reinstated a wealth tax on people with net assets of more than €700,000 ($962,780) in 2011 and 2012, a measure designed to help close what was one of Europe's largest budget gaps at the time while easing widespread voter discontent with spending cuts.

Life after politics
Since 2016, Salgado has been serving as president of the Asociación Española de Empresas de Consultoría (AEC), a lobby group.

Other activities

International organizations
 African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2009-2011)
 Asian Development Bank (ADB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2009-2011)
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2009-2011)
 European Investment Bank (EIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2009-2011)

Corporate boards
 Doppel Farmaceutici, Member of the Board of Directors
 Trilantic Europe, Member of the Advisory Council
 Saba Infraestructuras, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020)
 Motion Rail, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2019)
 Nueva Pescanova, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2016)
  Chilectra, Member of the Board of Directors (2011-2015)
 Abertis Telecom, Member of the Board of Directors (2003-2004)
 Hispasat, Member of the Board of Directors (1991-1996)
 Renfe Operadora, Member of the Board of Directors (1985-1991)
 Trasmediterránea, Member of the Board of Directors (1985-1991)

Personal life
Salgado has a daughter.

References

1949 births
Living people
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
People from Ourense
Members of the 9th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Health ministers of Spain
Economy and finance ministers of Spain
Politicians from Galicia (Spain)
Women government ministers of Spain
Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain
21st-century Spanish women politicians
Female finance ministers


NBA Gametime is the flagship program of NBA TV. The show began airing on October 30, 2008.

Background
The show has a studio host and various studio analysts. It airs live and provides the viewer live look-ins at NBA games, during which it shows a team's actual broadcast while providing analysis, interviews, and breaking news. The show airs live six days a week at different times and lengths, not airing on Thursdays due to the NBA's commitment to The NBA on TNT. The postgame edition, exclusive to NBA Playoffs coverage, airs daily and covers all playoff games. During TNT's playoff coverage, Gametime Live: Postgame airs around the same time as Inside the NBA. During the offseason, Gametime airs on a semi-daily basis, mostly to give results of WNBA and NBA Summer League games, report offseason transactions, and provide latest news on USA Basketball, Olympic basketball and FIBA competitions.

Format
The show airs "live look-ins" throughout the night, in which they air some footage of a game currently airing on local broadcasts. The only games NBA TV is not allowed to look in are games broadcast by ESPN and ABC. The studio team also provides analysis on any sort of news, or questions provided by the fans. After some of the games, the crew interviews players on winning teams. The crew also sometimes has phone interviews with former players of the game.

An edited one hour/thirty minute version of the broadcast is repeated throughout the late night/early morning hours.

Tuesday Fan Night / Players Only
On Tuesday broadcasts, the channel will air either a single or double-header, as listed on the NBA's official website. Ernie Johnson, Kevin McHale, Greg Anthony and Chris Webber, along with a rotating host/analysts should one or none of the regulars appear due to other obligations, provide the analysis, pre-game, halftime and postgame, which ever games are shown on the air. After every game, the crew will interview a player via satellite (video call). In addition, fans can interact with the host and analysts via Twitter and also can caption a picture that's shown on the air. The best captions by Twitter or Facebook users will be displayed in between breaks for the game(s) that's shown. Fans also have the opportunity to win two tickets to an upcoming game of their choice, in which a question is posted on the official NBA TV Twitter account, shown during the pre-game show. The winner, chosen at random if they have the correct answer, is announced at the end of the halftime show (although sometimes the winner is announced on NBA TV's Twitter page, before halftime) with the correct answer displayed.

On October 24, 2017, the channel replaced Fan Night with Players Only. Making its debut on TNT in February 2017, it shows live games on NBA TV every Tuesday. Webber hosts, while Thomas & McHale give analysis of the games that are shown on the air that night. Play-by-Play is done by Greg Anthony, with Steve Smith doing color commentary. Dennis Scott does sideline reporting at the game's site. The hosts and analysts encourage fans to tweet and ask questions to the crew during the games that are shown on the air. They even answer some fan questions while the games are in progress and the analysts will give their takes on the questions that are being asked. In addition, some fans get to interact with the crew at the end of the night, via Skype or FaceTime, where they can comment or ask any question they want to the hosts and analysts. At the end of each game, a random viewer is chosen to win a customized game ball for the player of the game.

On July 24, 2019, it was announced that TNT would no longer air games or content under the Players Only branding starting in the 2019-2020 NBA Season.

Personalities
The studio host and analysts of NBA Gametime vary every night.

Studio hosts
Jared Greenberg (2011–present)
Rick Kamla (2008–present)
Allie LaForce (2018–present)
Kristen Ledlow (2016–present)
Chris Miles (2017–present)
Casey Stern (2015–present)
Chris Webber (2017–present); Only on Monday nights for Players Only
Matt Winer (2009–present)

Studio analysts
 Greg Anthony (2010–present; play-by-play (Players Only) 2017–present);
 Candace Parker (2018–present); Studio Analyst (Players Only) 2018–present)
 Vinny Del Negro (2013–present)
 Mike Fratello (2008–present)
 David Griffin (2017–present)
 Brendan Haywood (2016–present)
 Grant Hill (2016–present)
 Stu Jackson (2016–present)
 Kevin McHale (2009–2011; 2016–present)
 Shaquille O'Neal (2011–present)
 Tom Penn (2018–present)
 Dennis Scott (2009–present; Sideline reporter (Players Only) 2017–present)
 Kenny Smith (2008–present)
 Steve Smith (2008–present; Color Commentator (Players Only) 2017–present)
 Isiah Thomas (2012–present);

Guest Analysts
 Tony Delk
 Mike Dunleavy
 Danny Granger
 Jarvis Hayes
 Lionel Hollins
 Milt Newton
 Jason Terry

Former hosts and analysts
 Andre Aldridge (2008–2009)
 David Aldridge (2008–2018)
 Brent Barry (2009–2018)
 Caron Butler (2016-2017)
 Vince Cellini (2010–2017)
 Derrick Coleman (2009)
 Antonio Davis (2008–2012)
 LaPhonso Ellis (2009)
 Marc Fein (2008–2011)
 Rick Fox (2010–2017)
 Lawrence Frank (2010)
 Matt Harpring (2010)
 Lionel Hollins (2013)
 Ernie Johnson (2008–2017)
 Eddie Jordan (2008–2009)
 Tracy McGrady (2013)
 Sam Mitchell (2008–2010; 2013-2015, 2016–2018)
 Kyle Montgomery (2009–2013)
 Gary Payton (2008–2009)
 Scot Pollard (2009–2014)
 Byron Scott (2013)
 Eric Snow (2008–2010)
 Jerry Stackhouse (2010–2016)
 Reggie Theus (2008–2009)
 Syleys Roberts (2012-2015)

References

External links
Website of NBA TV

National Basketball Association on television
2008 American television series debuts
NBA TV original programming