Commodore John Charles Pritz (Portuguese: João Carlos Pedro Pritz) was a Danish mariner who had a career with the Brazilian Imperial Navy during the Cisplatine War.

Biography
Pritz was part of the First Division, also called División Bloqueo, of the Brazilian navy operating in the waters of the Rio de la Plata during the Cisplatine War.  The mission of this squadron, initially commanded by James Norton but eventually taken over by Pritz, was to blockade the primary Argentine port of Buenos Aires.  Although the squadron had superior resources compared to the Argentine navy, commanded by William Brown, it was unable to stop the Argentines from routinely escaping.

While in command of the frigate Dona Paula, Pritz participated in the naval battles of Los Pozos on 11 June  1826 and of Quilmes on 30 June 1826.

On 8 April 1827, Pritz—by that time a commodore, was one of the participants in the Battle of Monte Santiago, in which the superior firepower of the Brazilians forced two grounded Argentine brigs to rely on the support of a schooner.

References
Carranza, Angel Justiniano, "Campañas Navales de la República Argentina", Talleres de Guillermo Kraft Ltda., Buenos Aires, 2º edición, 1962
Arguindeguy, Pablo E. CL, y Rodríguez, Horacio CL; "Buques de la Armada Argentina 1810-1852 sus comandos y operaciones", Buenos Aires, Instituto Nacional Browniano, 1999
Vale, Brian, Una guerra entre ingleses, Instituto De Publicaciones Navales, 2005,

19th-century Danish sailors
Danish emigrants to Brazil
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown


Krustpils Parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms, it was part of the former Jēkabpils District. Parish administration is in Spuņģēni.

Towns, villages and settlements of Krustpils parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Latgale


Thomas Godwin (also spelled Goodwyn, Godwyn) (died 1677/8) was a Virginia politician, planter and real estate speculator in Tidewater Virginia. He thrice served in the House of Burgesses representing the Nansemond River area (variously Nansemond County, and later Upper Norfolk County), and was its Speaker in the June 1676 session that preceded Bacon's Rebellion.

Early years
Godwin's birth and early years are undocumented.

Virginia landowner

He and Richard Axom jointly patented 1,500 acres of land in York County, Virginia in 1650 (based on paying passage for emigrants). Godwin patented 200 acres of land in Nansemond County in 1655. He also patented 179 acres in Nansemond's Chuckatuck parish in 1668 and may have owned other land there as well as in Virginia's Northern Neck as well as Southside Virginia. Godwin's Chuckatuck property was expressly included in Nansemond County when the Virginia General Assembly drew its boundary with Isle of Wight County in 1674, and his son of the same name would expand holdings in that parish in 1688. In 1670, Godwin and a Puritan named Richard Bennett sent a letter to England identifying themselves as living in the Nansemond River area.

Political career
His political career began by April 1654, when Godwin became a justice of the peace for what was then called Lower Norfolk County  (the justices jointly administering the county in that era).  Nansemond River area voters elected Godwin as one of their representatives in the House of Burgesses that year, but he was not re-elected, then when the area was termed Upper Norfolk County he won election in 1659 but not re-election, and again was elected to represent Nansemond county in 1676, when fellow Burgesses also elected him as their speaker. When Godwin became Speaker in 1676, it was the first time a speaker had been elected from south of the James River since his co-burgess Thomas Dew in 1652. Since that assembly in March 1676 named Godwin, John Lear and Thomas Milner to impress men and supplies to fight Native Americans, one historian deduced he was not allied with either the Governor Berkeley/Green Spring faction, nor the Nathaniel Bacon faction that revolted. That Assembly, which met just before the outbreak of Bacon's Rebellion, had all its acts annulled by the Assembly that met the following year, although a number of them were reenacted by that same session.

Death and legacy

Godwin's will was dated March 24, 1677 (old style) and admitted to probate in 1679, after the rebellion. He named three children as heirs. His son Thomas Godwin Jr., who married Martha, the daughter and heiress of Col. Joseph Bridger  in 1686, held the rank of Major in its militia, was among three men disciplined in May 1699 for spreading false rumors concerning an election that year, and also thrice served in the House of Burgesses representing Nansemond County beginning in 1710.

References

17th-century births
1677 deaths
Speakers of the Virginia House of Burgesses
People from Nansemond County, Virginia
Year of birth unknown


The International Freesports Film Festival (iF3) is a film Festival dedicated to screening and rewarding freeskiing and snowboarding movies. Held annually at the end of October in Montreal, iF3 was created in 2007 by Félix Rioux, Doug Bishop and Jean-Francis Durocher. As it premieres the best movies of the past season, iF3 has been referred to as the "Cannes of the ski world!" by ESPN and won Quebec action sports Gala Maestro's event of the year in 2010.

History

Origins and purpose

iF3 stemmed from its founders’ will to unite all elements that compose freeskiing culture in one place, such as ski cinematography, producers, athletes, photography, brands, music, art and parties. The stated mission of the festival is to, recognize  the best of what the freeski community has to offer through innovative and entertaining media and events in order to unite sport with culture and expand it to new levels.
Each year athletes, filmmakers, industry leaders and ski enthusiasts get together for a long weekend of celebration, kicking off the upcoming season.

Key players

The International Freeski Film Festival (iF3) was created in 2007   by   ski industry veterans: professional photographer Félix Rioux, Newschoolers publisher Doug Bishop, and Bite Size Entertainment's Jean-Francis Durocher. In 2009, after the third edition of the festival, Bishop left the team, followed by Jean-Francis Durocher in 2011. Luc "Skypowder" is currently the President of the festival.

Evolution

Gradually, iF3 became the biggest gathering of independent movie productions in skiing and draws producers, athletes, and event attendees from more than 20 countries. Both fan participation and video submission have increased every year since  inception. The roster has grown from 11 professional and 5 amateur entries in 2007 for the first edition to over 120 professional and amateur films, shorts, and documentaries in 2022.
The festival expanded to snowboarding in 2017 and mountain biking in 2021.

iF3 Movie Awards

Ceremonies

The iF3 Movie Awards ceremonies show venue in Whistler. An international jury panel reviews all the movies submitted online prior to the event, and  the awards to be announced and given during the festival in Montreal.
The film producers, production teams and athletes who win receive an emblematic trophy known as the iF3 Palm alongside various gifts. In 2023, the iF3 Movie Awards will take place on Saturday October 21, in Whistler .

In 2021, iF3 extended the Movie Awards Gala to the Mountain Bike. The first ever Mountain Bike Movie Awards Gala took place in Vancouver.

Categories

Recurrent categories:

Professional Category (Ski / Snowboard)
 Film of the Year
 Best Cinematography
 Best Editing
 Best Short Movie (10-30min)

Specific production companies are invited by iF3 to submit their films to the professional category, but submissions from additional production companies are also accepted.

Characteristics of the professional category:
 Professionally athletes
 Significant external funding and sponsorship
 Professional cinematographers
 Professional editing
 The revenue and sponsorship income are sufficient to financially support the parties involved
 The production company is run as a business

Amateur Category (Ski / Snowboard)
 Film Of The Year
 Best Cinematography

Characteristics of the amateur category:
 Athlete sponsorship is not a requirement
 Relatively small external funding, if any
 Relatively small distribution, if any.
 Revenue and sponsorship income is insufficient or barely sufficient to financially support the parties involved.
 The film cannot exceed 40 minutes

Athlete Category ( Ski / Snowboard)
 Best Female Performance
 Best Male Street Segment
 Best Male Freeride Segment
 Discovery of the year

Open Category (Ski & Snowboard movies)
 Best Big Mountain Film
 Best Urban Movie
 Best Storytelling
 Bern Best Crash
 Jury's Pick
 Best Short Video (under 10min)

Past winners

2023 Edition

iF3 Mountain Bike BROMONT from May 5 to 6

2022 Edition

iF3 Ski&Snowboard WHISTLER from October 19 to 22

iF3 Mountain Bike VANCOUVER from April 28 to 30

2021 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL WHISTLER from October 20 to 23

2020 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL ONLINE from October 21 to 24

2019 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from October 17 to 19

2018 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from October 18 to 20

2017 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from October 26 to 29

2015 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 24 to 26

2014 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 18 to 20

2013 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 11 to 15
iF3 EUROPE ANNECY from September 27 to 29

2012 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 12 to 16
iF3 EUROPE ANNECY from September 28 to 30

2011 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 15 to 18
iF3 EUROPE ANNECY from September 30 to October 3

2010 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 16 to 19
iF3 EUROPE ANNECY from September 30 to October 3

2009 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 17 to 20

2008 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 11 to 15

2007 Edition

iF3 INTERNATIONAL MONTREAL from September 13 to 15

European edition

iF3 Europe in Annecy was the first iF3 to take place outside of  Montreal  at the   end of September 2010. In 2014, following the expansion of the event worldwide, Like That Agency, the agency holding the licence of the European edition,   organized its own event, the High Five Festival.

The iF3 France is now taking place in Chamonix Mont-Blanc since 2021. The third edition will take place November 30th to December 2nd, 2023.

World Tour

In addition,  iF3 has organized events in several other cities including Innsbruck, Le Massif, London, Mont-Tremblant, Amsterdam, Tokyo, Santiago, Stockholm and Whistler.
In 2023 the festival will be taking place in Santiago, Chile in July 2023, in Montreal, Québec September 30 to October 1st, 2023, in Whistler October 18-21, 2023 and in Chamonix, France November 30 to December 2nd, 2023.

References

External links
 IF3

Film festivals in Montreal
Sports film awards
Sport in Montreal


Kūkas Parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kūkas parish
Zīlāni

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Latgale


Leimaņi parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Jēkabpils Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Leimaņi parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality


Charles III de Croÿ (Beaumont, Hainaut, 1 July 1560 – Beaumont, 12 January 1612) was Seigneur de Croÿ, 4th Duke of Aarschot, 5th Prince of Chimay and 5th Count of Beaumont. He played an important role on both sides of the Dutch Revolt.  He was an avid collector of art and coins. His favourite residences were the Château de Beaumont and Heverlee castle, where he housed his collections and created beautiful gardens.

Life
He was the eldest son of Philippe III de Croÿ, Prince of Chimay, Duke of Aarschot, and Jeanne of Halewijn.

His military career began in 1577 as lieutenant of his father's regiment of Walloon infantry. He married Marie of Brimeu, widow of Lancelot of Berlaymont, on 3 September 1580. She came from a rich Calvinist family in Picardy and was ten years older than her young husband. Her influence over Charles was so great that he abandoned his Catholic faith and his loyalty to the King of Spain. In 1583 he became stadtholder of Flanders for the Protestant insurgents. He was not able to stop the advance of Alexander Farnese and decided to reconcile with Spain in March 1584.

In 1584 he separated from his wife Marie of Brimeu and in 1585 he returned to the Catholic faith and loyalty to the Spanish Crown. Later that year, he handed over Bruges to the Spanish and in 1585 he did the same with Ghent. Over the next few years he fought alongside Farnese and was present at the Sieges of Grave, Venlo, Neuss and Sluis. His most important victory was the taking of Bonn on 13 September 1588. In 1590 he joined the Spanish troops that supported the Catholic League in the French Wars of Religion.

In 1599 he was rewarded with the Order of the Golden Fleece. In December 1605, eight months after the death of his first wife, he married his cousin Dorothea of Croÿ, daughter of Charles Philippe de Cröy, Marquis d’Havré (1549–1613). Both his marriages remained childless. After his death in 1612, all his titles and possessions went to his sister Anne of Croÿ and his brother-in-law Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg.

Collector
Charles was an avid collector of paintings, manuscripts, coins and medals.

The Albums
He is famous for his Albums, a collection of detailed, illustrated maps of all his domains. Already in 1590 he had ordered the production of a cartulary of the census and rents of the lands of Comines and Halluin, which he had received on the death of his mother. He had done the same at about the same period for the principality of Chimay, which he had received at the time of his marriage in 1580. These cartularies were in reality real atlases and contained numerous colored maps in the manner af a cadastre. These collections also contained some bird's-eye views of the castles and villages. But they were primarily administrative documents.

The idea then occurred to him to have these cadastral plans reproduced, not on paper, but on parchment, and to add, together with these plans, the view of each locality, painted in gouache in the manner of a small painting. The ensemble was realized in 1596–1598. It constitutes two large volumes still preserved today by the de Croÿ family: one covers property located in Hainaut, the other those lying in Brabant, Flanders, Namur, Artois and Picardy.

The albums bring together nearly 2,500 gouaches delicately executed, representing as many villages. They cover a very extensive perimeter, encompassing many areas from the north of present-day France and Belgium, from the former principalities of Artois, Hainaut and Namur to the Duchy of Aarschot, the valleys of the rivers Scheldt, the Lys and the Sambre.  The Albums offer one of the most important testimonies for the topographical knowledge of the towns and villages of the former Spanish Netherlands.

Numismatic collection
Around 1610 he appointed the Antwerp engraver and publisher Jacob de Bie as keeper of his extensive ancient coin collection.  Jacob de Bie moved to Brussels where the Duke was living and began to work on an edition of the collection.

Charles died in January 1612 before Jacob de Bie had finished the edition, which only appeared in 1615 in Antwerp under the title Imperatorum Romanorum Numismata Aurea a Julio Cæsare Ad Heraclium Continua Serie Collecta. It contained 64 plates reproducing the Roman coin collection of Charles.

Sources
Arnold van Tiegem, ridder-bisschop by Arnold Smits

Genealogy (in French)

Notes

1560 births
1612 deaths
People from Beaumont, Belgium
Charles III
Dukes of Aarschot
Princes of Chimay
Stadtholders of Artois
Stadtholders of Hainaut
Stadtholders of Flanders


Mežāre parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mežāre parish
  – parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Latgale


Somiedo Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Natural de Somiedo) is a protected area located in the central area of the Cantabrian Mountains in the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain. As well as being designated a natural park, it is protected as a Special Area of Conservation, and as one of a number of Biosphere Reserves in the Cantabrian mountains.(see note)

It covers 39,164 hectares, corresponding geographically with the municipality of Somiedo, which is completely included in the park, as well as the municipalities of Belmonte and Teverga.

Natural monument
Lakes in the park have been designated a natural monument, the Conjunto Lacustre de Somiedo.

Human activity
The farming methods traditional to the area are regarded as an example of sustainable living, and were a factor in UNESCO's designation of the park as a Biosphere Reserve in 2000.  Of particular interest is the braña, a traditional system of livestock herding based on transhumance, which makes use of high pastures for summer grazing.
There is interest in preserving the traditional buildings of the brañas not only for farming purposes but also as a tourist attraction.

UNESCO is considering the inclusion of Somiedo in a World Heritage Site, for which transhumance would be one of the defining characteristics.

Fauna

Cantabrian brown bear
The park is a stronghold of the Cantabrian brown bear. In 2009 the Spanish newspaper El País referred to Somiedo with its 30 bears as the Spanish Yellowstone.  The  Fundación Oso Pardo (FOP) opened an interpretation centre in October 2011 called “Somiedo y el Oso” in Pola de Somiedo.

The total number of bears in Spain is small and the government classes them as endangered.  The bears' future is put at risk by fragmentation of their habitat in the Cantabrian Mountains.  A need has been identified to develop wildlife corridors specifically for bears using appropriate vegetation and initiatives to promote co-existence with human inhabitants of the mountains. The European Union's LIFE Programme has provided funding for a corridor linking the natural park via Leitariegos to another area of bear habitat.

Birdlife
The European Union designated the park a Special Protection Area for birds in 1989.
Birds include the Cantabrian capercaillie. The number of capercaillies in the park has declined significantly, but there are efforts to reverse the decline via a recovery plan for the subspecies.  The plan, which operates across a number of SPAs, has been supported by the LIFE Programme.

The natural park is also part of an Important Bird Area, called Babia-Somiedo.

See also
 Picos de Europa National Park

Notes
1.The possibility of managing these biosphere reserves together as a "super-reserve" (to be called Gran Cantábrica) has been under discussion: integration would benefit the management of some species of wildlife.

References

External links
Walking routes in Somiedo
Somiedo Natural Park
Somiedo photo essay

Protected areas of Asturias
Natural parks of Spain
Special Areas of Conservation
Special Protection Areas of Spain
Protected areas established in 1988
Biosphere reserves of Spain
Cantabrian Mountains
Natural parks of Asturias


Rite Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Selonia region of Latvia. Prior to 2009, it was an administrative unit of the former Jēkabpils District.
The administrative center is Cīruļi village.

Towns, villages and settlements of Rite Parish
 Cīruļi
 Kacīte
 Rite

References

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Selonia


St. Nicholas Hotel may refer to:

 St. Nicholas Hotel (Albany, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia
 St. Nicholas Hotel (Springfield, Illinois), listed on the NRHP in Illinois
 St. Nicholas Hotel (St. Louis, Missouri)
 St. Nicholas Hotel (Omaha, Nebraska)
 St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City)


Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Douglas Pulford,  (born 22 March 1958) is a retired senior Royal Air Force (RAF) commander. A helicopter pilot with operational service in Northern Ireland, the Falklands War and Iraq War, Pulford commanded RAF Odiham and No. 2 Group, and served as Assistant Chief of Defence Staff Operations, before taking up the post of Deputy Commander-in-Chief Personnel at Air Command and Air Member for Personnel in 2010. He became Chief of the Air Staff on 31 July 2013, retiring from the Royal Air Force on 12 July 2016.

Early life
Born the son of Douglas and Jean Pulford, Pulford was educated at Magnus Grammar School in Newark.

RAF career

Pulford joined the Royal Air Force as an acting pilot officer in January 1977, joining No. 72 Squadron, before spending many of his 5,000 flying hours piloting Chinooks with No. 18 Squadron from RAF Odiham. He was regraded to pilot officer in January 1978, and then promoted to flying officer in January 1979, and flight lieutenant in July 1981; seeing service in the Falklands War with C Flight on board RFA Tidespring, while on exchange service with the Royal Navy in 1982. He had an exchange tour with the Royal Australian Air Force between 1985 and 1987. Promoted squadron leader in January 1987, and to wing commander in January 1994, he became Officer Commanding No. 18 Squadron in 1996, and Principal Staff Officer to the Chief of the Air Staff in 1999.

Promoted to group captain in January 2000, Pulford took the Higher Command and Staff Course at Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, in 2001, before becoming Station Commander at RAF Odiham in December 2001 and being deployed as Commander Joint Helicopter Force Headquarters for Operation Telic in Iraq. Appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2004 Birthday Honours, he was made Director Air Resources and Plans at the Ministry of Defence in August 2004 and, after being promoted to air commodore in January 2005, he became Air Officer Commanding No. 2 Group with the rank of air vice marshal in February 2007.

Pulford then served as Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Operations) from September 2008, until his appointment as Deputy Commander-in-Chief (Personnel) at Air Command and Air Member for Personnel, based at RAF High Wycombe, with the rank of air marshal in September 2010.

Pulford was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in the 2013 New Year Honours. He was also promoted to air chief marshal on taking up the appointment of Chief of the Air Staff in July 2013, the first helicopter pilot ever to be professional head of the Royal Air Force. As of 2015, Pulford was paid a salary of between £175,000 and £179,999 by the department, making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time. He was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 2016 New Year Honours. Pulford received his GCB at a joint investiture ceremony at Windsor Castle along with former First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir George Zambellas, on 13 April 2016.

Personal life
In 1982, Pulford married Nicola Jane Pearse; they have a son and a daughter. Pulford's interests include military history, motorcycling, old cars and sailing.

References

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1958 births
British military personnel of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Falklands War pilots
Helicopter pilots
Living people
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Royal Air Force air marshals
Royal Air Force personnel of the Falklands War
Royal Air Force personnel of the Iraq War
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel
21st-century Royal Air Force personnel


Rubene Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Jēkabpils Municipality, Latvia. It was an administrative unit of the Jēkabpils District. The administrative center is Rubeņi.

Towns, villages and settlements of Rubene Parish
 Kaldabruņa
 Rubeņi
 Slate

Gallery

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality


"A Cry in the Night" is a single by Lory "Bonnie" Bianco. It was released in 1989, and was a rather successful hit in Europe, which peaked at #1 on Austrian Singles Charts and at #41 in Germany.

Track listing & formats
Original versions

Radio Version - 3:20
Extended Version - 4:45
Instrumental Version - 3:45

1989 singles
Songs written by Dieter Bohlen
1989 songs


Brigadier General M. Diane Beckman, USAF is a fictional character in the NBC television series Chuck. Beckman is a senior official of the National Security Agency, working within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. She holds her rank of brigadier general in the United States Air Force. She revealed that she spent a significant amount of time and resources hunting Orion, the Intersect's chief designer, before he re-appeared and made a deal with the government. Little information about her personal life and past service has been revealed. She first entered the military prior to August 14, 1974, and fought in two battles during the Gulf War. She has had a non-exclusive romantic relationship with Roan Montgomery for more than 20 years (see "Personality" below). Beckman also maintains a close friendship with Dr. Condoleezza Rice.

Series
General Beckman first appeared in "Chuck Versus the Helicopter", replacing the National Intelligence Director (Wendy Makkena) as overseer of Operation Bartowski. Initially, Casey and Sarah were to protect Chuck only until the replacement Intersect was back online. Sarah and Chuck believed that once this occurred Chuck would be free to go back to his normal life; however Beckman secretly issued orders to Casey that Chuck was to be killed to prevent the government secrets he retained from falling into the wrong hands. However, after the destruction of the second Intersect this order was rescinded. Additionally, because Operation Bartowski was the only effective weapon against CIA splinter group Fulcrum, Beckman decided that Chuck was far too important and valuable a resource to be released. She therefore blocked his attempts to contact Orion and have the Intersect removed. Beckman has also made it clear that if Chuck is ever identified, he will be taken into protective custody.

Beckman's primary role on the series is to provide "Team Bartowski" with intelligence updates on Chuck's flashes and assign their mission objectives. Most of the time these missions are the result of something Chuck flashes on in the course of his normal day. However, on several occasions Beckman has issued an assignment of her own devising based on events elsewhere, to which Chuck's abilities as the Intersect are particularly well-suited. Beckman herself is seldom personally involved on these assignments and allows the team to proceed on their own. However, in "Chuck Versus the Crown Vic" she benched the team when a flash by Chuck went bad, and ordered Casey locked down when his personal vendetta against his former mentor botched a mission. Beckman personally involved herself when Chuck was contacted by Orion after a rogue search and flew to Burbank to debrief the team. This was the first time since the pilot episode that one of the team's supervisors met with them in-person, and also the first time they were directly involved in that episode's mission.

General Beckman typically declines to interfere directly with the team's dynamics. However Sarah's confrontational attitude towards her treatment of Chuck in "Chuck Versus the Predator" led to her concern that Sarah was too emotionally close to the asset. After Casey attempted to cover for them, she requested he provide an unedited report on Chuck and Sarah's relationship. This led to her reassigning CIA agent Alexandra Forrest as Chuck's CIA handler under directive 49-B. After Forrest subsequently failed to protect Chuck because she lacked Sarah's close personal connection and understanding of him, Beckman was forced to acknowledge that Sarah's feelings for the asset made her the best choice to protect him.

After Chuck's failed operation to locate his father, and he allowed Jill to escape, Beckman decided to pull the plug on Operation Bartowski and ordered Casey and Sarah to take Chuck into permanent custody. She reversed this decision when the Intersect was removed from Chuck's head in "Chuck Versus the Colonel". In "Chuck Versus the Ring" she offered Chuck an analyst position on the Intersect Project. She then freed Casey to return to his old unit, and reassigned Sarah to the Intersect Project with Bryce Larkin.

Rounding out Beckman's interference with the team, she ordered Sarah to apprehend Casey upon learning that he had stolen a valuable item from a CIA facility, and when Casey was broken out, she came to Castle and ordered Sarah and Chuck to capture him, dead or alive.  Despite the three agents eventually working together and taking down the Ring cell that had coerced him into stealing from the CIA in the first place, Beckman could not brook Casey's treason, and dismissed him on the spot.  Beckman also wished to discuss Sarah transferring out of Burbank, as Chuck has needed her less and less.

Beckman does not look lightly on the three years and "untold millions of dollars" spent helping Chuck reach his potential, but has become understanding of Chuck's "hand-wringing" and "second-guessing" as part of his process. Beckman insists that until seeing video recovered from the Ring, she had no knowledge that Sarah had killed Shaw's wife.

In the season 3 finale, Beckman is before the higher ups of the CIA, who were concerned about the state of Operation Bartowski and Chuck in particular. She gets swept away in a setup staged by a very much alive Shaw. The purpose was to discredit her so that he could take her place at the spies' convention, where the Five Elders of the Ring were going to be to take over the NSA and CIA.  Team Bartowski arrests the Elders along with Daniel Shaw and Justin Sullivan, leading to the disintegration of the Ring.  Chuck later reveals to Ellie that Beckman was reinstated, and she allowed him to resign from the spy world.

As of the season 4 premier, the federal government has rebuilt the Burbank Buy More as a secret joint NSA/CIA station, staffed by undercover spies. Beckman initially installs herself on-site in the guise of a Buy More manager, using Big Mike's old office and displaying her real forename or middle name, Diane, on her name tag (although she incongruously prefers her personnel to continue to address her as "General" even when undercover in the store). She has withdrawn her approval of Chuck's resignation, and systematically eliminates all private sector job opportunities in order to force his return to the CIA and Buy More. New "improvements" to the Buy More include a trap door through which she drops a reluctant Chuck through a Bespin-esque tube slide into Castle.  After rehiring Morgan Grimes as a "green shirter" salesman upstairs and an operative downstairs, Beckman reluctantly concedes to his observation that the Buy More and its undercover staff are far too efficient and pleasant, rendering the cover virtually transparent; accordingly, she authorizes Morgan to rehire the store's former staff and appoints him store manager in her stead.

General Beckman is the series' only regular character not based in the San Fernando Valley, and is usually seen only in video conferences from her office. Still, her on-site management of the Buy More's reconstruction is not the only time she has been shown away from her Fort Meade desk. She was in the field in two consecutive episodes, supervising the arrest of Alexei Volkoff at the Bartowski family's forest cabin, and subsequently participating in the capture of Fatima Tazi and rescue of Roan Montgomery in Marrakesh, Morocco. In the latter case, she called in an air strike on Tazi's counterfeiting presses and personally employed a rocket-propelled grenade to disable Tazi and prevent Montgomery's execution. Noticeably, the general dresses in her usual service uniform even in the field while her subordinate military personnel are in fatigue uniform. She also occasionally visits Team Bartowski in Burbank, particularly in season 4.

Although her position prevents her from doing so openly, Beckman ultimately proves her loyalty to her team in "Chuck Versus the Cliffhanger" when, after Chuck and Casey are "burned" by Clyde Decker for their attempt to free Alexei Volkoff and save Sarah's life, Beckman provides them with the information on where Volkoff is being taken and her own identity card to enter Castle. She also supposedly left Chuck a pair of sunglasses with the intent of restoring the Intersect to him after it was suppressed by Decker, however they were accidentally put on by Morgan first.  She is, however, noticeably absent from Chuck and Sarah's wedding.

As of the end of season 4, the government has concluded Operation Bartowski, stripped Castle of its equipment, and sold off the Buy More/Castle complex. Concurrently, Beckman terminated the civil service employment of Chuck, Sarah and Morgan (although all three were employed by the CIA, not by her NSA), and arranged either a retirement or second dismissal of Casey from the Marine Corps. Beckman's involvement with Chuck and the Intersect Project appeared not to have concluded, as the Intersect-embedded sunglasses meant for Chuck were addressed as a gift from Beckman. In "Chuck Versus the Frosted Tips", Beckman came to Chuck to hire Carmichael Industries to help capture a man named Zorn to prevent him from selling CIA secrets. Later, Sarah calls Beckman regarding the Intersect glasses, only to learn that she had never sent any glasses; it is implied that Clyde Decker was responsible. At the end of the episode, Beckman clandestinely meets with Chuck, warning him that since Morgan has outed himself as the Intersect, Decker has put a kill order on him. Subsequently, after Morgan was hidden at Castle, Beckman arrived to remove the Intersect before going to call off the kill order. Unfortunately, all but one assassins had been called off, which Decker announced was the Viper. When Team Bartowski catches the Viper, Beckman and Decker tell her that the hit is off.

In "Chuck Versus the Curse", Beckman calls the team to officially condemn them for treason with the death of Decker and stealing the Omen virus, when she was tapping a Morse code for the team to flee. She later rendezvoused with Casey at an abandoned bar, as well as sending an agent to escort the Woodcombs. Unfortunately, the Woodcombs assumed Beckman's agent was hostile and fled, only to be captured by rogue agent Robyn Cunnings. Chuck brashly gives himself and the virus up to save his family before Casey and Sarah are able to arrest Cunnings. Afterwards, Casey and Beckman interrogated Cunnings, threatening to use her own torture device against her, confirming that there is a conspiracy in the CIA. She then has Team Bartowski cleared of the charge of treason, as well as Casey's criminal record. However, Cunnings had already released the Omen virus, which in turn, released Shaw, who was the mastermind behind Decker's team's rogue actions. As Shaw was holding Sarah hostage, Beckman was forced to help Chuck infiltrate the CIA to retrieve the Macau device from Decker's office (during the mission, she was forced to kiss Chuck, dressed as Santa, to throw off suspicions). As soon as Shaw was defeated and suppressed of the Ring Intersect, Beckman agrees to use government funds to help her team enjoy Christmas.

Team Bartowski ultimately had one last enemy named Nicholas Quinn, an ex-CIA agent who was supposed to receive the original Intersect. He kidnapped Sarah, who had uploaded the same infected Intersect Morgan had, and brainwashed her into doing her bidding. Beckman tried her best to help her team, but not before Quinn escaped with the Intersect glasses. However, he could not use the Intersect without it damaging his brain, so he sought out pieces of the Key, a device that could alter the Intersect. Beckman was unaware that she held a piece and unexpectedly taken hostage while attending a concert with her Chinese counterpart. Quinn had placed a bomb beneath her seat, set to go off when the music ended. Luckily, Jeff and Lester were able to delay the explosion, before Chuck is forced to upload the perfected Intersect to save Beckman. Beckman commended her former team for their work and offered to employ them again if they wish it.

Personality
Beckman is portrayed as a stern woman with little tolerance for confrontation from subordinates. She is abrupt and to the point, and shows little to no interest in Chuck's life beyond his service as the Intersect. Beckman frequently overrules both Chuck and Sarah's objections to placing him in situations that put him in danger or compromise his personal life and ethics. She firmly believes that they are at war with Fulcrum, and they must use whatever weapons in their arsenal to defeat them. As Operation Bartowski is their only successful asset in this fight, she refuses to allow Chuck to have the Intersect removed and demands he become a spy. Beckman's wryness has led actress Bonita Friedericy to name her "Chuckles" Beckman.

She frequently lies to or withholds information from members of Team Bartowski, mostly Chuck, in the interest of national security. When the Beta Intersect was completed, she and Graham released Chuck of his obligations to the CIA and NSA, but, immediately after, ordered Casey to eliminate him, an order that was hinted at several times in the first season. Beckman has lied often on the subject of Orion, solely for the purpose of keeping the Intersect in Chuck's head and forcing him to become a spy. She later ordered Sarah to betray Chuck so that Chuck could be taken underground against his will. Further, she rescinded Chuck's resignation at the end of Season 3; despite Chuck saving her life and career, with Operation Bartowski declared an unmitigated success Beckman sabotages all attempts Chuck made to gain employment outside the CIA, declaring that Chuck is only out when she says so. She later insists that Chuck's sister Ellie Woodcomb be involuntarily used to provide the government with intel on the Intersect, as Orion's laptop seems to be configured to allow only her to have access to the program, over the objections of the team.

Little is shown of the General's personal life. She is known to be friends with Dr. Condoleezza Rice. Beckman is one of two concurrent NBC fictional characters - the other being Jack Donaghy of 30 Rock - to be friends of the former Secretary of State.

The first episode to explore Beckman's past or relationships in any detail was the season four episode, "Chuck Versus the Seduction Impossible". The episode confirmed that she and Roan Montgomery (John Laroquette) have maintained an ongoing romantic relationship of sorts for more than twenty years, enjoying periodic rendezvous. At the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the pair were engaged in a tryst and promised to retire with each other in or about 2009 if they both survived. She was subsequently angered when Montgomery went on a rogue operation rather than meet her as he promised.  Although they are not in an ongoing committed relationship, per se, and although Montgomery's professional expertise is seduction and honey traps, Beckman does not entirely conceal her jealousy and resentment. Diane admitted that she too intended to cancel her plans to retire - both of them recognizing that they were too involved in their work to be comfortable settling down in a "normal" life. Beckman only had Montgomery tracked down because "you don't run from a general."  Montgomery, NCS Director Jane Bentley, and Mary Bartowski are among the few characters with whom Diane is comfortable addressing her by her forename.

Beckman puts on a strongly professional attitude when dealing with the team, so she rarely shows signs of emotion. She was caught off-guard by Chuck's announcement that Orion had identified and contacted him. She was also, to humorous effect, flustered by Montgomery's charms after he aided the team in recovering the Cipher. When asked by Chuck if she had a life outside of the NSA she reassured Casey, who objected to his question, that she wasn't bothered and admitted that she wasn't just a uniform, and "Chuck Versus the Angel de la Muerte" was the first time she was shown out of uniform (having been interrupted during a cocktail party). Beckman is also highly driven and tenacious, having tracked Orion for years, and shows wounded pride and shock that Chuck succeeded in finding him after only a few weeks. She was deeply angered by Chuck's insistence of being freed of the Intersect, and has taken the fight against Fulcrum personally due to the increasing number of men and women she's sent to their deaths trying to defeat them, and sees Chuck and his team as the only group to have found "a chink in their armor", and that the outcome was going to "rest squarely on [Chuck's] shoulders".

Although generally unflappable, Beckman was openly upset when she pleaded with Daniel Shaw to be allowed to disclose the full details of the team's recently completed mission with Carina in "Chuck Versus the Three Words". Despite her professionalism in front of her subordinates she has also at times displayed genuine sympathy and concern for the well-being of the team, and was visibly concerned by the realization that Shaw's knowledge of Sarah killing his wife placed Sarah in danger.

Beckman is known to be a reader of Ayn Rand.

As she is a strict professional, Beckman officially does not approve of Chuck and Sarah beginning a romantic relationship. However off the record even she has acknowledged "it's about damn time." Beckman herself openly admitted to caring for Chuck in "Chuck Versus the Tooth", when it became apparent the Intersect was taking a devastating effect on Chuck's mental state.

Like Col. Casey, BG Beckman has begrudgingly grown to appreciate Morgan Grimes' unusual talents and his importance in keeping the intersect (i.e., Chuck's mind) functioning properly. Although she initially hired him only under duress as a condition of Casey's delivery of the Ring Director, she demanded his involuntary reinstatement after his resignation only months later, and almost immediately appointed him manager of the Buy More in recognition of his knowledge and understanding of how to keep the cover store's appearance genuine.  Morgan is the only regular character shown to address her by her forename, Diane, or "my captain", although he corrected himself each time in response to her displeasure.

Awards

Close-ups of Ms. Friedericy's costume are available at ,   and in the infobox above. Several of the ribbons are out of sequence, but are shown here in the order worn by the character. For example, the Kuwait Liberation Medals from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, being foreign awards, should follow all United States awards, not precede the GWOTEM and GWOTSM.

The two stars on her Southwest Asia Service Medal show that she served in two of the five distinct campaigns of the Gulf War.

General Beckman's three awards of the National Defense Service Medal evidence that she first entered the military prior to August 14, 1974, as the three most recent periods of service for which the medal was issued are for the Vietnam War (January 1, 1961 - August 14, 1974), the Gulf War (August 2, 1990 - November 30, 1995) and the War on Terrorism (September 11, 2001 - ).

Director of National Intelligence

In "Chuck Versus the Intersect" actress Wendy Makkena appeared in a role credited as the National Intelligence Director. In some casting lists the character is identified as "General Mary Beckman". In the episode, the Intelligence Director briefed Casey alongside Director Graham on the Intersect theft, before dispatching him to Burbank to track down Bryce Larkin's contact.

Makkena was to continue appearing in this role, however was forced to drop out for unspecified reasons after the pilot was filmed. Bonita Friedericy also auditioned for the role, and took over when Makkena left. Although the Intelligence Director's name was never used in the pilot, and Schwartz and Fedak have not officially confirmed it, Friedericy has suggested the two characters are the same. General Beckman's ID card reads "Gen. M. Beckman" (as shown on Chuck's Chart, first seen in the second-season episode "Chuck Versus the Lethal Weapon"), which matches the unofficial name of Makkena's character in the pilot. This is further compounded by the original pilot script, in which a "General Mary Beckman" is seen speaking with Director Graham. The video conference screen shown immediately before and after conferences with Beckman displays a large seal (essentially the U.S. Coat of Arms with the crest replaced by a globe ringed with satellites) around which are the words "Office of the Director of National Intelligence - United States of America", also suggesting the characters are the same.

References

Chuck (TV series) characters
Fictional brigadier generals
Fictional government agents
Fictional female generals
Fictional National Security Agency personnel
Fictional spymasters
Fictional Vietnam War veterans
Television characters introduced in 2007
Fictional United States Air Force personnel
Fictional female secret agents and spies
Fictional secret agents and spies in television
American female characters in television


Sala Parish () is a territorial unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Selonia region of Latvia. From 2009 until 2021, it was part of the former Sala Municipality. Prior to 2009, it was part of the former Jēkabpils District.

Villages
 Sala (parish and municipality centre)
 Birži

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Selonia


Macle is a term used in crystallography. It is a crystalline form, twin-crystal or double crystal (such as chiastolite). It is crystallographic twin according to the spinel twin law and is seen in octahedral crystals or minerals such as diamond and spinel. The twin law name comes from the fact that is commonly observed in the mineral spinel.
Macle is an old French word, a heraldic term for a voided lozenge (one diamond shape within another). Etymologically the word is derived from the Latin macula meaning spot, mesh, or hole.

Bibliography
 Georges Friedel (1904) "Étude sur les groupements cristallins", Extrait du Bulletin de la Société de l'Industrie minérale, Quatrième série, Tomes III e IV. Saint-Étienne, Société de l’Imprimerie Théolier J. Thomas et C., 485 pp.
 Georges Friedel (1920) "Contribution à l'étude géométrique des macles", Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie 43: 246-295.
 Georges Friedel (1926) Leçons de Cristallographie, Berger-Levrault, Nancy, Paris, Strasbourg XIX+602 pp.
 Georges Friedel (1933) "Sur un nouveau type de macles", Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie 56: 262-274.
 J.D.H. Donnay (1940) "Width of Albite-Twinning Lamellae", Am. Mineral., 25: 578-586.

See also
 Macle on the French Wikipedia about "macle" in cristallography

Crystallography

fr:Macle (cristallographie)


Sauka Parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Selonia region of Latvia. Prior to 2009, it was an administrative unit of the former Jēkabpils District. The administrative center is  village.

Towns, villages and settlements of Sauka parish
 Brieži
 Galvāni
  - parish administrative center
 Sauka

See also
 Pauls Dauge

References

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Selonia


Hendrik "Henri" Verbrugghe (20 July 1929 – 9 July 2009) was a Belgian sprint canoeist who competed from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s. He won a gold medal in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1958 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Prague.

Verbrugghe also competed in four Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of sixth in the K-2 1000 m event at Melbourne in 1956.

References

1929 births
2009 deaths
Belgian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Belgium
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


Sēlpils Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Selonia region of Latvia. Prior to 2009, it was an administrative unit of Jēkabpils District. The administrative center is the village of Sēlija.

Towns, villages and settlements of Sēlpils Parish
 Arbidāni
 Bisenieki
 Bitānkalns
 Buivāni
 Ezerciems
 Gretes
 Īlenāni
 Ķipu kalns
 Kleberkalns
 Līkumi
 Naudīdzāni
 Pāvuli
 Plāteri
 Plītes
 Priekšāni
 Puļpāni
 Riesti
 Sēlija
 Sēlpils
 Spietiņi
 Ūdrāni
 Vecsēlpils
 Zaķēni

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Selonia


Langston Graham is a fictional recurring character in the NBC television series Chuck. Graham was the director of the CIA, and oversaw Operation Bartowski, a fictional top-secret project to guard Chuck Bartowski (Zachary Levi) and the Intersect. Director Graham oversaw the project with, and worked alongside NSA Director Diane Beckman (Bonita Friedericy), until his death in the second season premiere.

Biography

Director Langston Graham was the direct superior of agent Sarah Walker, and assigned her to follow up on Bryce's theft of the Intersect by sending her to Burbank to track down where he sent the data. Little personal information about Graham has been established, other than that he arrested Sarah's father when he conned the wrong people. The details of the arrest and later release of Sarah's father have not yet been revealed. During this event, Graham cornered and confronted Sarah while attempting to recover money her father left in the event something happened to him, where he was impressed by her skill with knives and took her under his wing. Graham is one of a few people who knew Sarah's real name (from her birth certificate), as well as the series of aliases she used growing up as part of her father's con jobs. It was Graham who first gave her the name "Sarah Walker".

Series

CIA Director Graham first appeared in "Chuck Versus the Intersect" alongside the National Intelligence Director, when Casey was dispatched to Burbank to follow up on Bryce's theft of the Intersect. Sarah was already in the city and made the first contact with Chuck, quickly identifying him as a non-threat. After Sarah's failed attempt to recover Chuck's computer, he warned her that Casey was being sent in and he recommended she pull out. When she objected and insisted on "fixing" the situation herself he relented, and ordered her to kill Chuck if he attempted to run.

Graham served as the CIA liaison to General Beckman and the US Department of Defense, and in several episodes assisted her in briefing the team on their upcoming missions and providing additional intelligence. However this was primarily handled by Beckman, and Graham only appeared sporadically in the first season. Prior to "Chuck Versus the First Date", all mention of Casey's orders to terminate Chuck once the second Intersect was brought on line was made by Beckman. It wasn't until that episode where it was revealed that Graham was fully aware of the termination order, and was unsympathetic to Casey's objections that Chuck's skills made him a promising analyst. Graham also confirmed the order to have Chuck brought into protective custody when a Fulcrum agent infiltrated the Buy More.

Graham's final appearance as a recurring character was in "Chuck Versus the First Date". He was in the process of activating the rebuilt Intersect and exposing several field agents to the data when it exploded due to Fulcrum sabotage. The computer and facilities were destroyed and Graham was killed. Shortly before this event he and Beckman activated Casey's termination orders, however once Casey overheard Sarah informing Chuck of Graham's death the order was rescinded.

Actor Tony Todd has reprised his role twice more in the series, appearing in a flashback at the end of "Chuck Versus the Cougars", where it is revealed that Graham mentored Sarah Walker after arresting her father to protect him from a scam gone wrong. He again appears during another flashback involving a mission with Sarah's handler in "Chuck Versus the Baby", the final mission before the Bartowski assignment.

Graham is only sporadically mentioned after "Chuck Versus the Cougars", however in "Chuck Versus the Other Guy" Beckman tells the team that Graham took the name of whoever ordered Sarah's red test—a first kill order to test whether an agent can indeed kill when ordered to do so—with him to the grave.  The Director later revealed that Graham himself arranged the hit on Eve Shaw after the CIA uncovered evidence that she had been turned by the Ring. This information had been withheld from Daniel Shaw, and contributed to his decision to join the Ring.

Personality

Few details on Graham's personal life have been revealed. Like Beckman, Graham is portrayed as a stern, no-nonsense individual. He mentored Sarah in the CIA, and placed a significant amount of trust in her by allowing her to proceed with her operation to find the Intersect despite Casey being sent in by the NSA to clean things up. Like Beckman, Graham has displayed little regard for Chuck's family and personal life, and generally overrules Sarah's objections to orders that put Chuck in danger or interfere with his personal life.

Development
Because of Friedericy's height compared to Tony Todd (5'3" vs. 6'5") Beckman is almost always seated, with Graham leaning over her desk to fit them in the frame. Beckman's diminutive stature was later mentioned in the show by Chuck in "Chuck Versus the Predator".

References

Chuck (TV series) characters
Fictional Central Intelligence Agency personnel
Television characters introduced in 2007
Fictional secret agents and spies in television


Varieši Parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Varieši parish
  – parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Latgale


Vīpe Parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vīpe parish
  – parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality
Latgale


Zasa parish () is an administrative unit of Jēkabpils Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Zasa parish

Parishes of Latvia
Jēkabpils Municipality


The School of Medicine at Trinity College in Dublin, Republic of Ireland (known until 2005 as the School of Physic), is the oldest medical school in Ireland. Founded in the early eighteenth century, it was originally situated at the site of the current Berkeley Library. As well as providing an undergraduate degree in medicine, the school provides undergraduate courses in physiotherapy, occupational therapy, radiation therapy, human nutrition & dietetics and human health & disease, over 20 taught postgraduate courses, and research degrees.

History
Medical training has taken place at Trinity College since the seventeenth century, originally on a rather unremarkable basis; extant records suggest that by 1616 only one medical degree had been conferred. In a letter to James Ussher in 1628, Provost William Bedell commented, "I suppose it hath been an error all this time to neglect the faculties of law and physic and attend only to the ordering of one poor College of Divines." From 1618 the post of "Medicus" had existed among the Fellows, this post later being formalised under Bedell's revised College statutes in 1628 and by Royal letters patent in 1637, but in practice the office was usually held by Junior Fellows who did not hold medical degrees and who participated in no real sense in medical education; for example, the first Fellow to be chosen Medicus, John Temple (son of the then-Provost of the College, Sir William Temple), went on to pursue a prominent legal career. The Public (later Regius) Professorship of Physic was for the most part used as ceremonial title for a practising doctor.
A 17th-century manuscript preserved in the Trinity College Library, describing the ceremonies accompanying conferral of degrees, makes no mention of graduates in medicine.

The first recorded named holder of a Dublin medical degree was John Stearne, a Trinity graduate who had trained as a doctor in England (possibly at Cambridge), and was appointed a Fellow upon returning to Trinity in 1651. From 1662 until his death in 1669 he was Professor of Physic, and during this time was instrumental in the foundation of a college of physicians, which later became the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland; this institution had originally functioned as a daughter institution of Trinity College, located at the former Trinity Hall on Hoggen Green (now College Green). Trinity Hall had been intended as a place of residence and tuition for students of the College, but a dispute arose, as the property fell into disuse and disrepair following the rebellion of 1641, and Dublin Corporation demanded its return, as the conditions by which the Corporation had provided it to the College were not being upheld. The matter was resolved by Stearne, who offered to raise funds to cover the costs of restoring the building (which the College could not afford at the time) as a daughter college for the education of physicians, with Stearne as its president, and with medical students there first becoming members of Trinity; the agreement stated "that the College should have the nomination of the President of the College of Physicians, and that the President and Fellows of that College should give their professional services without fees to the Provost and Senior Fellows of Trinity College and their successors whenever they should require them to attend them during illness."

A "Colledge of Physitians in Dublin" was thus granted a royal charter in 1667, but no records survive from the time of Stearne's death in 1669 to confirm whether medical students from Trinity were in residence, and in subsequent years the College of Physicians gained virtual independence from the university, largely due to the mother institution being unable to supply sufficient qualified physicians to administer it. The College was given the right of granting medical licences within a radius of seven miles of the city of Dublin. In 1692 it was rechartered as the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, and provision was made for representatives of the College to examine candidates for medical degrees of the University of Dublin—this arrangement persisting until 1760—and for holders of Dublin medical degrees to be admitted without further examination or fees to the College.

By the 18th century, the Board of the College was moved to urgently rectify and formalise the state of its pre-clinical medical education. In 1710 it approved both the construction of a two-storey "Elaboratory" to the west of College Park in Trinity (at the site of the current Berkeley Library), and the establishment of lectureships in anatomy, chemistry and botany. The building was designed by Thomas Burgh and was formally opened on 11 August of the following year with lecture facilities, a dissecting room, a museum and a chemical laboratory. For clinical training, students would then rely on tutorials from the Professor of Physic, and on lectures from same at the Royal College of Physicians. It was agreed with the College of Physicians that, in addition to the normal examinations for all students at the University, medical students would also be examined in "all parts of Anatomy relating to the Œconomia Animalis, and in all parts of Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, and that every candidate Doctor in Physic be examined as to the aforesaid subjects, and likewise in the explanation of Hippocrates' Aphorisms, and in the theory and cure of external and internal diseases."

A bequest drawn up in 1711 by the eminent physician Sir Patrick Dun provided for the endowment of further professorships of physic at Trinity, to be appointed jointly by Trinity, the College of Physicians and the Archbishop of Dublin. To allow this to be carried out, a royal charter was sought to establish the School of Physic under the joint government of both Colleges, and this was granted in 1715.

The school expanded significantly in the first half of the 20th century, with the establishment of professorships in pathology, bacteriology and biochemistry, and lecturerships in radiology, anaesthetics and psychological medicine, among others.

Alumni
Notable alumni and former students include:

 George James Allman (1812–1898), British biologist
 George Johnston Allman (1824–1904), Irish mathematician and botanist
 Leonard H. Ball (1900–1966), Australian surgeon
 Edward Hallaran Bennett (1837–1907), Irish surgeon
 Dame Beulah Bewley, British epidemiologist
 Noël Browne (1915–1997), Irish politician and physician
 Denis Parsons Burkitt (1911–1993), Irish surgeon
 Sir Charles Cameron (1841–1924), Scottish politician and newspaper editor
 Sir Dominic Corrigan (1802–1880), Irish physician
 Ara Darzi (born 1960), British surgeon and politician
 David Drummond (1852–1932), British physician and academic
 Michael ffrench-O'Carroll (1919–2007), Irish physician and politician
 Oliver St. John Gogarty (1878–1957), Irish otolaryngologist, writer and politician
 William Crampton Gore (1871–1946), Irish painter
 Robert James Graves (1796–1853), Irish surgeon
 Edward Hand (1744–1802), Irish-American military and political leader
 Samuel Haughton (1795–1873), Irish scientific writer
 William Hayes (1918–1994), Irish-Australian microbiologist and geneticist
 David Healy, Irish psychiatrist
 Mary Henry (born 1940), Irish politician and physician
 William Irvine (1741–1804), Irish-American military and political leader
 Sophia Jex-Blake (1840–1912), British physician, educator and feminist
 Robert Kane (1809–1890), Irish chemist
 Charles Lever (1806–1872), Irish novelist
 John Martin (1812–1875), Irish nationalist
 Joseph Moloney (1857–1896), British military medical officer
 William Fetherstone Montgomery (1797–1859), Irish obstetrician
 George Morrison (born 1922), Irish documentary maker
 Francis Murphy (1809–1891), Australian politician and pastoralist
 Sir Thomas Myles (1857–1937), Irish surgeon and nationalist
 Edmund O'Donovan (1844–1883), British journalist
 Barry Edward O'Meara (1783–1836), Irish surgeon
 Alexander Charles O'Sullivan (1858–1924), Irish pathologist
 Edith Pechey (1845–1908), British physician and feminist
 Maxwell Simpson (1815–1902), Irish chemist
 Robert William Smith (1807–1873), Irish surgeon
 William Stokes (1804–1878), Irish physician
 Sir William Stokes (1839–1900), Irish surgeon
 John Anderson Strong (born 1915), Scottish surgeon and academic
 Jeremy Swan (1922–2005), Irish cardiologist
 John Todhunter (1839–1916), Irish poet and playwright
 Leo Varadkar (born 1979), Taoiseach
 Thomas Wilson (1663–1755), British bishop
 Sir Robert Henry Woods (1865–1938), Irish physician and politician
 Sir Almroth Wright (1861–1947), British bacteriologist and immunologist

References

Further reading
 Bewley, Dame Beulah. "Ireland's first school of medicine" History Ireland 19.4 (2011): 24-27 online
  Clendinning, John. Observations relative to some defects of the medical school of Dublin, in a letter addressed to the Board of Trinity College  (1827) online
 Kelly, Laura. Irish medical education and student culture, c. 1850-1950 (Oxford UP, 2018).
 Kirkpatrick, T. Percy C.  History of the medical teaching in Trinity College Dublin and of the School of Physic in Ireland (Hanna and Neale, 1912) online.

External links
School of Medicine – Trinity College Dublin – official website

1711 establishments in Ireland
Trinity College Dublin
Medical schools in the Republic of Ireland


Outcome mapping is a project progress measurement system that was designed by the grant-making organisation International Development Research Centre (IDRC).  It differs from traditional metrics in that it does not focus on measuring deliverables and its effects on primary beneficiaries but on behavioural change exhibited by secondary beneficiaries.  The outcome mapping process consists of a lengthy design phase followed by a cyclical record-keeping phase.  Outcome mapping is intended primarily for change focussed organizations that deal with complex systems and issues in changing environments, though it was originally designed for evaluating the impact of research in the developing world.

History
The outcome mapping manual was first published in 2001 by the Evaluation Unit of the IDRC.  It is based on the outcome engineering model developed by Barry Kibel of the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation.  Much of the terminology and procedures that occur in outcome engineering are also present in outcome mapping.

Overview of method
The key difference between outcome mapping and most other project evaluation systems is its approach to the problem that a project's direct influence over a community only lasts for as long as the project is running, and developing agencies have difficulty in attributing resultant change in those communities directly to the actions of the project itself.  The outcome mapping approach is to focus less on the direct deliverables of the project and to focus more on the behavioural changes in peripheral parties affected by the project team.  Thus an outcome mapped project report will focus less on the project's actual progress and more on the project's influence (both deliberate and unintended) during the project's progression.

Report-backs based on outcome mapping would tend to contain more anecdotal evidence than more traditional measurement approaches.  Because of its deviation from traditional evaluation philosophy, outcome mapping may not be accepted by all donor organisations.

Outcome mapping consists of two phases, namely a design phase and a record-keeping phase.  During the design phase, project leaders identify metrics in terms of which records will be kept.

Design phase

Writing two visionary essays
Project leaders begin the outcome map design by writing two short essays about what effect they would like to see their project have on the community and how they believe those influences would come about, written from a wishful thinking type of perspective, with the presupposition that their project is successful beyond their wildest dreams.  The sole purpose of writing the essays is to facilitate a mind-shift among project leaders to the larger environment in which their project resides.  In outcome mapping terminology, these essays are termed a vision and mission statement, but they have little in common with vision and mission statements used in strategic planning.

Identifying boundary partners
The philosophy of outcome mapping is that anyone the project influences is in fact a partner in that project.  For this reason, project leaders draw a schematic (with the project in the centre) about which parties will be influenced by the project in any way (direct boundary partners), and which parties will in turn be influenced by those parties (indirect boundary partners).  Project leaders select three or four boundary partners upon which they will focus additional activities (called primary boundary partners).  Typically the direct recipients or beneficiaries of the project's deliverables will be one of the primary boundary partners.  All further processes and reports within the outcome mapping with focus on various aspects of the primary boundary partners.  In IDRC sponsored projects, project leaders are encouraged to include policy makers (e.g. governments) in their list of indirect boundary partners.

Defining progress markers
For each primary boundary partner, project leaders write a statement of desired overall behavioural change (called an outcome challenge) and a list of eight to eleven specific behavioural changes or actions the project would like the boundary partner to exhibit by the end of the project (called progress markers).

There are three types of progress markers, namely expect-to-see, like-to-see and love-to-see.  These progress markers can be defined according to two approaches, namely term duration and degree of realism.  In the term duration approach, expect-to-see are immediate responses that will be expected during the project itself, like-to-see are long-term responses that one would expect by the end of the project, and love-to-see are responses that one might expect after a number of months or years after the project came to an end.  In the degree of realism approach, expect-to-see are items that are brutally realistic, like-to-see are items that are somewhat idealistic, and love-to-see are items that are actually unrealistic.

Identify tactics for boundary partners
Outcome mapping defines six types of actions that project leaders can take to effect each individual progress marker.  These actions are filled in into a grid of tactics called in outcome mapping terminology a strategy map.  The cells on the grid are called I1, I2, I3, E1, E2, and E3.  I-class tactics ("internal" or "individual") are aimed at specific groups and individuals.  E-class tactics ("external" or "environment") are aimed at the surrounding situation that groups or individuals may find themselves in.

Items I1 and E1 are called causal, I2 and E2 are called persuasive, and I3 and E3 are called supportive.  Causal actions are directly related to the desired outcome and have a single purpose, persuasive actions are indirectly related to the desired outcome or attempts to produce the desired outcome indirectly, and supportive actions relate to providing and fostering an environment that enables or encourages the desired outcome with very little direct bearing on it.

It is not required to define actions for all six tactics for each progress marker—some progress markers may be suited to only one or two of these types of tactics.  It is these tactics or actions that project leaders will perform during the project (in addition to producing the project's actual deliverables) and which project leaders will report back on.
Interviews, with 6 consultants, occurred in order to learn experiences of the individuals in providing OM training. Together, the interviews with the summary of the data that was collected on applications and practitioners represent a valuable advance in comparison to the data previously held by OMLC. Of the status quo of OM, however, this study is not a good representation. User experiences and support available and required makes it distinctive for the experimenters and individuals.

Identify tactics for the visionary essays
After writing the visionary essays, and typically only after the rest of the design phase is completed, project leaders write down answers to eight specific questions about the visionary essays.  These items are called organisational practices in outcome mapping terminology.  The answers to these eight questions will be amended as the project progresses.  The eight questions are:
 Where or how will we find out about new opportunities or resources to achieve our vision and mission?
 Who can we ask (in addition to our project beneficiaries) what our project beneficiaries think of our project?
 How will we get support and approval from organisations' management or from government departments for what we do?
 What procedures will be follow to ensure that we re-evaluate our methods continuously?
 How will we determine from our boundary partners whether methods we intend to use, has been tried and found wanting?
 How and what will we share about what we've learnt during the project?
 What systems will we put in place to foster responsible experimentation with our limited resources?
 When will we have feedback and bonding sessions for project management team members?

Record-keeping phase
In outcome mapping, three types of records can be kept, and it is largely up to the project leaders or donor organisation to decide which of the three (or all three) types of records should be reported back on.  The records related to the items of the design phase.

Performance journal
The report named a performance journal is essentially a collection of minutes of the meetings at which the project's progress with regard to the organisational practices.

Strategy journal
The report named a strategy journal is a record of actions taken in terms of the strategy map (or tactics grid) along with results of such actions.  The strategy journal is kept up to date continuously but may be required to be submitted to the donor at intervals.

Outcome journal
The report named an outcome journal is an anecdotal record of any events that related directly or indirectly to the progress markers (the expect-to-see, like-to-see and love-to-see items).  The outcome journal is most useful towards the end of the project in providing the donor with visible impact stemming from the expenditure of funds, but may also be submitted to the donor at intervals.

Criticism
Since outcome mapping is more concerned about contribution than attribution, it is said that it should not replace traditional metrics but merely complement it.  It has also been said that outcome mapping simply side-steps the attribution issue.  An issue which has been addressed at IDRC workshops is the objection that outcome mapping procedures are too long and complex.

See also

 Evaluation
 Impact evaluation
 Logic model
 Logical framework approach
 Program evaluation
 Social return on investment

References

External links

IDRC's official outcome mapping manual
Outcomemapping.ca
Two papers on outcome mapping at quality.bond.org.uk
Slide overview of outcome mapping at evaluationinpractice.files.wordpress.com
Barry Kibel on outcome engineering at ctassets.org
Outcome Engineering Toolbox at pire.org

Impact assessment
Project management


The Church of St Paul in Kewstoke, Somerset, England dates from the 12th century with the tower being built in 1395. It has been designated as a Grade I listed building.

The tower is in two stages, with rendered, diagonal buttresses with setbacks which rise through parapet as corner pinnacles. A polygonal stair turret at the south east corner rises to a pyramidal cap. The first stage has two 2-light perpendicular west window under a plain drip mould, and similar but smaller window with carved stops to the south. The second stage has one 2-light perpendicular window under a drip mould with carved stops on each side; all louvres except the west which is blank. A quatrefoil pierced parapet has gargoyles at the corner.  The tower has a peel of 6 bells.

In 1849 a reliquary was found in St Paul's Church that was believed to have come originally from the priory and to contain the blood of Thomas Becket. It is believed that it was moved to St Paul's for safe keeping at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries and is now in the Museum of Somerset in Taunton.

The font dates from the 14th century, but has been re-cut, with the bowl being much older than the base.

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
 List of Somerset towers
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

Church of England church buildings in North Somerset
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
12th-century church buildings in England
Towers completed in the 14th century
Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset


Germain Van Der Moere (29 November 1922 – 11 May 2018) was a Belgian sprint canoeist who competed from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s. He won a gold medal in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1958 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Prague. Van Der Moere also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of sixth in the K-2 1000 m event at Melbourne in 1956.

References

 "Kano & Kajak" (magazine of VKKF, Flemish canoe and kayak federation) issue 124, p. 28

1922 births
2018 deaths
Belgian male canoeists
Canoeists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Belgium
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Sportspeople from Ghent


Jean-François Boisard (born around 1762 – 1820) in Caen was a French painter and poet. Boisard was initially interested in painting but shifted to poetry constructively.

He left France at the time of the French Revolution and was part of the "émigration", namely the royalist families supposed to plot against the new regime from foreign countries. He nevertheless returned to France at the worst moment, namely during the "Terreur" of 1793, during which close to 40,000 persons were arrested and executed. He was himself condemned to death but escaped the sentencing for unknown reasons. He then lived a miserable life, constantly on the move and dependent on alms and the assistance of dignitaries for whom he wrote dedications.

His fate somewhat improved with the Bourbon Restoration in 1815. He published two collections of some 300 fables "dedicated to the king", in 1817 and 1822 (Fables dédiées au roi). Their quality can certainly not be compared with the work of his uncle.

The date of his death is not known precisely but was between 1821 and 1823.

Works

Fables dédiées au roi, Paris 1817.
Fables faisant suite à celles qui sont dédiées au roi. Paris, 1822.

References
Frere, Edouard: Manuel du bibliographe normand. Rouen, 1858. Vol I
Grente, Georges: Dictionnaires des Lettres françaises. Le Dix-huitième siècle. Paris 1960, Vol. I
Hoefer, Jean Chrétien Ferdinand: Nouvelle Biographie générale, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’à nos jours. Paris, 1862. Vol. VI
La Grande Encyclopédie, inventaire raisonné des Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, Paris 1902, Tome VII
Encyclopédie universelle du XXe siècle, Lettres, Sciences, Arts. Paris 1908, Tome II

NOTE: One can notice that, in consulting the above-mentioned references, several other Boisard appear. They are less known authors of the 18th – 19th centuries, such as for instance: François Boisard who published a novel in 5 volumes, Pastorale, and various studies on the topography and the history of the cities of his region (Calvados). Another Boisard was a regular contributor to the Mémorial du Calvados and the author of a work on "Les Cziganys de Hongrie" (The Gypsies of Hungary). Claude Florimond Boisard (de Ponteau) was a famous comic author. Moreover, he was the author of almost all mimes and ballets presented at the Opéra-Comique de Paris, when his was its director, from 1728 to 1742.

External links

Artists from Caen
1762 births
1821 deaths
Writers from Caen
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
19th-century French poets
People of the French Revolution
French fabulists
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists


The discography of Yung L.A., an American hip hop recording artist, consists of eight mixtapes, three singles (including one as a featured artist) and four music videos.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Mixtapes

Miscellaneous

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Guest appearances
2008
Big Kuntry King - "Posse" (feat. Mac Boney & Yung L.A.)
Big Kuntry King - "Goin' Ham" (feat. Yung L.A.)
J-Money - "Dis Is How We Play" (feat. Shop Boyz & Yung L.A.)
Lil Blue - "Do It" (feat. Gucci Mane & Yung L.A.)
Rob Fetti - "Like Da Pole" (feat. Yung L.A. & Blazed)
Frail Village- "Walk It to the Bank" (feat. LoFat, Rocko & Yung L.A.)
2009
Gucci Mane - "I Put That on Everything" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Playboi Trent - "Money Shuffle" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Yo Gotti - "I'll Ride, I'll Die" (feat. Yung L.A., J Futuristic, Zedzilla & All Star)
Young Dro - "Blessings" (with Yung L.A.)
Young Dro - "Damn I Look Good" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Young Dro - "I Don't Know Y'all" (with Yung L.A.)
Young Dro - "Party" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Young Dro - "Take Off" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Young Dro - "Shine" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Young Dro - "Woah" (feat. Yung L.A.)
2010
A1 - "Cartier Frames" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Big Kuntry King - "Lean" (feat. Yung L.A. & Yo Gotti)
Boss G - Yola City (feat. Yung LA & OJ da Juiceman)
Cam'ron and Vado - "We In This Thing" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Cyse Money - Kinki Swagg (feat. Yung L.A.)
Jose Guapo - 4 Days (feat. Young Dro & Yung L.A.)
Milion - "Outfit" (feat. Yung L.A.)
Rich Kid Shawty - "Splurge (Remix)" (feat. Yung L.A. & Young Dro)
Young Dro - "Freeze Me (Remix)" (feat. Yung L.A., Rick Ross, T.I. & Gucci Mane)
2011
Yung Fresh - "Flex" (feat. Tracy T & Yung L.A.)

Music videos

Featured music videos

Cameo appearances

References

Hip hop discographies
Discographies of American artists


Matthew James Generous (born May 4, 1985) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who last played for Ilves of the Finnish Liiga.

Playing career
Generous first played Junior A hockey in the EJHL with the New England Jr Falcons before he was drafted in the seventh round, 208th overall, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres. Generous then committed to play collegiate hockey in the ECAC with St. Lawrence University. In his senior year in 2008–09, Generous had 8 goals for 17 points and was +5 in 35 games to be named the ECAC's Outstanding Defensive Defenseman. Generous completed his four-year Saints career with 56 points (18+38) in 139 games, and was a four-time member of the ECAC All-Academic Team.

On April 1, 2009, Generous signed a one-year, entry level contract with the Buffalo Sabres and was immediately assigned to AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates, to begin his professional career in the remainder of the 2008–09 campaign.

After attending the Sabres training camp for the 2009–10 season, Generous was then reassigned to the Pirates on September 22, 2009. In his first full professional season, Generous remained with the Pirates for the entirety of the year and in 61 games posted 2 goals and 11 assists.

Without a contract offer from the Sabres at season's end, Generous attended fellow AHL team, the Providence Bruins, training camp on a try-out for the 2010–11 season. On October 1, Generous was released from the Bruins, however, he was then signed a one-year contract with ECHL affiliate, the Reading Royals. After starting the season on the Blueline with Royals Generous was then signed to a professional try-out contract with the Lake Erie Monsters of the AHL on December 14, 2010.

After three seasons with Lukko, Generous opted to join newly promoted Sport on a one-year contract on April 17, 2014. During the season Generous was traded to HIFK on February 3, 2015. He left the team after the conclusion of the 2016–17 season and signed with EC Red Bull Salzburg of the Austrian EBEL on May 23, 2017.

In the 2017–18 season, Generous served as Salzburg's shutdown defenseman with 6 points in 39 games. In the post-season, Generous helped Salzburg reach the final as Austrian Champions, before losing in game 7 to HC Bolzano. In the off-season Generous opted to return to Finland, securing a one-year contract with his fourth Liiga outfit, Ilves Tampere, on May 25, 2018.

Career statistics

Awards and honors

References

External links

1985 births
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Buffalo Sabres draft picks
HIFK (ice hockey) players
Ice hockey players from Connecticut
Ilves players
Lake Erie Monsters players
Living people
Lukko players
People from Cheshire, Connecticut
Sportspeople from New Haven County, Connecticut
Portland Pirates players
Reading Royals players
St. Lawrence Saints men's ice hockey players
EC Red Bull Salzburg players
Vaasan Sport players
American expatriate sportspeople in Austria
American expatriate ice hockey players in Finland


The Sun Products Corporation (now Henkel North American Consumer Goods Inc.) was a United States-based manufacturer of laundry detergent, fabric softeners, and other household cleaning products. With annual sales of $2.0 billion, the company's brands included All, Wisk (discontinued), Snuggle, Sun, Surf, and Sunlight. Sun Products holds the second largest market share in the $10 billion North American fabric care market as of 2010. In addition, Sun Products was the manufacturing partner for many retailer brand laundry and dish products in North America.

Sun Products maintains manufacturing facilities in Bowling Green, Kentucky; Pasadena, Texas; Dyersburg, Tennessee; and Salt Lake City, Utah. It has research and development facilities in Trumbull, Connecticut; Salt Lake City, Utah; Bentonville, Arkansas, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

History
The predecessor of Sun Products was founded by Dan Huish in 1975 under the name Huish Detergents, Inc. It grew to become the largest manufacturer of retailer/store brands of laundry and dish detergent products in addition to its own Sun brand.

In March 2007, Vestar Capital Partners acquired a majority stake in the company.

In 2007, the company acquired the White Rain hair care brand from Florida-based Diamond Products Company. In 2012, it sold the White Rain brand to High Ridge Brands, which owns other former brands of Alberto-Culver.

In September 2008, Vestar Capital Partners acquired the North American (United States, Canada and Puerto Rico) laundry business of Unilever, which included the Wisk, All, Surf, Sunlight, and Snuggle brands. The former Unilever businesses were combined with Huish Detergents, Inc. to form The Sun Products Corporation.

On June 24, 2016, Henkel North American Consumer Goods Inc., a subsidiary of Henkel AG & Co. KGaA agreed to acquire The Sun Products Corporation for $3.6 billion.

In July 2017, operations of Sun Products was relocated to Stamford, Connecticut in order to consolidate its operations with The Dial Corporation and be closer to parent Henkel's North American headquarters (Henkel Corporation) in Rocky Hill, Connecticut. After consolidation, the business was renamed Henkel North American Consumer Goods (Henkel Corporation) in 2018.

References

External links
 Official website
 Sun Detergent

Companies based in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Wilton, Connecticut
2016 mergers and acquisitions
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
Henkel brands


Dusan Damian Cary Elwes (born 10 August 1960) is a British artist with studios in Los Angeles and the Colombian rainforest. His paintings explore themes such as the cycle of life and creativity. These artworks can be monumental and three-dimensional, such as a painting in which visitors walk from room to room on the ground floor of the "Villa La Californie" (2006–2018), to witness the extent of Pablo Picasso's creativity in April, 1956 or an immense landscape painting on the ground, Amazon (1999), on which visitors can walk above the exotic, flowering plants of a cloud forest and search for the source of the river.

In 2018, the Musée en Herbe in Paris hosted "Secrets of the Studio, from Claude Monet to Ai Weiwei," a retrospective of Elwes' Artist Studio paintings. These paintings transport viewers directly into the worlds of creative geniuses from the 19th century to the present. More than one hundred thousand people attended his immersive and interactive exhibition. Visitors could walk through Picasso's Villa in Cannes or roam around in a VR painting of Brancusi's original Montparnasse workshop.

Work
In the early 1980s, Elwes lived in New York, where he was an early exponent of graffiti. There he met Keith Haring who encouraged Elwes to start painting. Some of his first paintings were chosen by the eminent London art dealer, Robert Fraser, to be included in a graffiti exhibition with Jean-Michel Basquiat at the Fruitmarket Gallery in Edinburgh, 11 August – 23 September 1984.

In 1988, Elwes and his first wife, Christina Oxenberg, bought land in southern Colombia overlooking a rain forest and spent five years building a house there. By 1998, Elwes had returned to live there with his second wife, Lewanne. He has created four vast, interactive paintings which viewers can walk around inside. A floor painting, Fallen Tree (1997) describes the cycle of life in one of the last surviving forests of mahogany. In a clearing in the forest, one old tree has fallen to the ground and is decaying.  New saplings can be seen growing from the dead tree. This same cycle exists in painting and in all forms of innovation. So, while this work might be seen as a spur for conscience, it also contains an indication of Elwes' confidence in the power and continuity of creativity. In London, 2010, Elwes exhibited an even larger floor painting about the origin of life. That artwork depicts a primary source of the Amazon River which exists at the summit of a Colombian volcano called Puracé. The painting was placed under plexiglass in the gallery and visitors could walk all over it. For the surrounding walls, Elwes created contemporary cave paintings of a woman asleep in that exotic ecosystem.

A documentary, Inside Picasso's Studio (2006, by Marina Zenovich) follows Elwes as he creates a vast painting describing the various studios on the ground floor of Picasso's Villa La Californie, as they were in April 1956. The painting wraps around several walls and viewers are able to walk from room to room while examining hundreds of Picasso's artworks in progress. Curator Fred Hoffman wrote, "While we, the viewer, are immediately intrigued and invited to partake of these historical moments, what actually sustains, even heightens our interest, is Damian Elwes' ability to turn documentation and historical record into compelling pictorial visions requiring repeated viewing and constant deciphering. Elwes' concern for historical accuracy, and his subsequent investigative process enable his fully realized paintings to have a freshness and immediacy which none of the source material contains nor conveys. It is not, therefore, the fact that he has painted Picasso’s studio that makes Elwes' work of interest. Rather, it is his ability to use the historical source material about Picasso to achieve some immediacy for his own concerns as a painter. In the end, it is the expressive quality of these works that we feel drawn to."

Selected exhibitions
 Francis Naumann Fine Art, "The Studios of Matisse, Picasso, Warhol and Duchamp,"  22 October – 15 December 2004
 M&B Fine Art,"Picasso's Villa La Californie," 2 March – 15 May 2006
 Lefevre Fine Art, "Creative Spaces: The Studios of Dali, Kahlo, Picasso, Matisse," 6 June – 4 July 2008
 El Segundo Museum of Art "Spark," 22 Feb – 24 May 3 Feb – 21 June 2015
 Fleming Museum, Vermont "Staring Back: The Creation and Legacy of Picasso's Demoiselles d'Avignon," 2015  retrieved 16 Oct 2018</ref>
 Modernism Inc, San Francisco "Artist Studios from Picasso to Jeff Koons," 5 May – 25 June 2016
 Musée en Herbe, Paris "Secrets of the Studio, Monet to Ai Weiwei,"23 Jan – 23 September 2017

Personal life
Elwes was born in London into a family of artists. His grandfather and father were portrait painters. Both died when Damian was fifteen and left him easels and brushes. His parents, Dominic Elwes and interior designer Tessa Kennedy were famous for eloping to Cuba in the fifties. His brothers are Cary Elwes, an actor, and Cassian Elwes, an independent film producer. His ability in Mathematics helped him gain a place at Harvard University. At graduation, his play writing professor gave him a palette knife that had once belonged to Henri Matisse. He went to Paris where, for two years, he made paintings of the studios of contemporary artists as a way to learn from them.
In 1996, Elwes married Lewanne Collie, with whom he has two children.

Series of paintings
 Amazon, 1999 (Installation) A floor painting describes the kind of ecosystem which existed millions of years before humans and which is likely to exist millions of years from now.
 Fallen Tree, 1998 (Installation) A floor painting which demonstrates how the cycle of life in a primary forest of mahogany is similar to the life cycle of man.
 Forest of Statues, 1998 (Installation) 12 panels form a circular 360-degree painting of a forest where early humans have left carved statues.
 Bull Paintings, 1993–2014 Meditations about the significance of cave paintings are brought to life because at 9 years old Elwes was gored and almost killed by a Spanish fighting bull.
 Edge of the Forest, 1997 (Installation) 12 panels join together to form a square 360-degree painting.  Viewers find themselves in an ancient garden with a house on one side and a forest on the other.
 Paintings of Byron, Keats and Shelley in Italy, 1992–93
 Paintings of the studios of 19th Century Masters, 2002–2004
 Paintings of the studios of 20th Century Masters, 2004–2012
 Picasso's Villa La Californie, 2006–2012 (Installation) 8 panels connect and wrap around three walls.  This painting describes a moment of intense human creativity.
 Women, 2010–2012 These were created to be shown with the Amazon painting to indicate that the painting is about the source of life. In the mythology of some Amazonian tribes, the source of the river is the first woman and all life comes from her.
 Contemporary Artist studios, such as Hockney, Kapoor, Wei Wei, Kusama, Twombly and Koons, 2015–2018
 VR painting of Brancusi's Studio, 2018

References

External links

Francis M. Naumann Fine Art
"Lefevre Fine Art"
The Independent
M + B Fine Art

1960 births
Living people
English contemporary artists
British conceptual artists
English expatriates in the United States
Harvard University alumni
Artists from London
People educated at Harrow School
American people of Anglo-Irish descent
English people of Croatian-Jewish descent
English people of Serbian descent