Liam Watson (born 21 May 1970) is an English former professional footballer and current club director of Southport Football Club.

Playing career

Professional career
Having plied his trade at Maghull and Burscough, Watson finally made his mark at Warrington Town where John Beck signed him for Preston North End for a fee of £60,000. This smashed Warrington Town's transfer fee received record which had only been set a few weeks earlier when Neil Whalley also moved to Deepdale for just £25,000. He scored in his début after replacing the injured Micky Norbury in a 5–2 win over Rotherham United on 27 March 1993 and then netted again in his next two appearances against Port Vale and Huddersfield Town. They would turn out to be the only three goals he would score for Preston but went on to make six more appearances before a serious injury cut short his professional footballing career.

Semi-professional career
Due to his injury Watson retired from professional football and returned to non-league. The first side to sign him on his return was Marine before moving on to Witton Albion and then eventually Runcorn. Watson was soon signed from Runcorn by John Coleman for a short stint at ambitious Accrington Stanley before returning to the newly renamed Runcorn F.C. Halton in a managerial capacity replacing Mark Carter.

Managerial career

Runcorn FC Halton
In September 2000, Watson, at the relatively young age of 29, became Runcorn's new manager in the Northern Premier League. With little budget Watson was forced to scour the reserves of local non-league teams with a bulk of his signings coming from Southport, who he would later go on to manage. After three relatively successful years at Runcorn, in October 2003 Watson replaced Mike Walsh as manager of Southport and became the youngest manager in their history at the age of 33.

Southport
One of Watson's first moves at Southport was to oversee a large turn around of players. Out went players such as Peter Wright, Mark Byrne and Andy Whittaker and among the influx of players was Neil Robinson, who went on to score 15 goals in 15 games on loan from Macclesfield Town, Steve Daly, Chris Price and Kevin Leadbetter all followed Watson from Runcorn while young starlet Carl Baker was signed from Prescot Cables. This saw a remarkable turn around of fortunes, with Southport languishing in mid-table and struggling to qualify for the newly formed Conference North when he took over, Watson oversaw a climb up the table with some impressive performances along the way to finish the season in 6th place and qualify for Conference North football the following season.

At the start of the 2004–05 season Watson began undertaking another squad re-build which saw Neil Robinson return to the club permanently along with Earl Davis who had previously been on loan from Burnley. He signed Terry Fearns from nearby Vauxhall Motors who would later go on to score 41 goals in all competitions that season. That season Southport became the inaugural champions of the Conference North, pipping Droylsden to the title on the last day with a 5–2 victory away at Harrogate Town while they slipped up away at Worksop Town.

The 2005–06 season was always going to be a struggle being one of the only part-time teams in the league however against all odds Watson kept Southport up, securing them their status as a Conference National team with Steve Pickford scoring a vital goal in a 1–1 draw away from home at Grays Athletic.

During the pre-season of 2004–05 chairman Charlie Clapham announced Southport would be going full-time as they looked to move forward in the league, that was a move that would see Watson leave his post as Southport manager, due to him unable to go full-time as he already held down a full-time job at Ashworth Hospital. He did however make one full-time signing and that was of Gary Brabin, who himself left soon after Watson. He was not without a job long however and dropped down a league to local rivals Burscough who had been taken over by ambitious local businessman Chris Lloyd.

Burscough
In June 2006, Watson was announced as the new manager of Burscough, replacing former Southport player Derek Goulding.

With a lot of the players not accepting full-time terms under Southport's new manager Paul Cook the majority of the players followed Watson to Burscough signing on part-time.

Watson's first season in charge at Victoria Park happened to be their most successful in history. With the majority of the squad having promotion winning experiences at Southport they proved to be no pushovers, dropping down a league and winning the Northern Premier League on the final day of the 2006/07 season with a 2–1 victory over AFC Telford United, in front of 5710 fans at the New Bucks Head. In the same season, Burscough also won the Peter Swailes Memorial Shield and for the first time in 40 years the Lancashire Junior Cup.

For the 2007–08 season, Burscough found themselves for the first time playing Conference North football, just one league below the Conference, equalling the highest ever level they have played at. After starting the season badly, with an injury ravished squad, they finished the season in a credible eighth place just outside the play-off positions.

On 27 June 2008, came a shock as Watson announced he was resigning from his post with immediate effect, only to announce three days later he was taking up the now vacant role back at Southport.

Return to Southport
On 30 June 2008, it was announced at 1pm in an official press conference held by the Southport board of directors that Watson would be returning to Southport filling the vacancy left when Gary Brabin departed to Cambridge United. Watson was to be assisted by John Doolan, who was initially Brabin's assistant, with former Southport player Chris Price also following from Burscough.

Watson's first signing for Southport was striker Ciaran Kilheeney from Burscough followed shortly by nine others; Adam Flynn, Shaun Gray, Tony McMillan, Alan Moogan and Craig Noone along with former Southport players James Connolly, Earl Davis, Matty McGinn, and Steve Daly.

In his first season back at Southport, Watson oversaw a strong title challenge but fell short and ultimately lost to Gateshead in the play-off semi finals. This was also capped with some impressive performances in the Liverpool Senior Cup reaching the semi-finals, while reaching the quarter-finals in the FA Trophy, Setanta Shield and the Lancashire Junior Cup.

In the 2009–10 season, Watson guided Southport back to the Conference Premier as champions with a win on the last day of the season away at Eastwood Town. This was his third title in 5 years with two different clubs, and his second Conference North title. Watson is the only manager to have won this title twice, as are Southport. Watson also oversaw Southport progress to the final of the Lancashire FA Challenge Trophy where they beat Clitheroe at the Reebok Stadium, making it the third occasion in 5 years he has won the trophy and making him the most successful manager in the trophies recent history.

Watson suffered his first relegation as a manager in the 2010–11 season, as Southport finished 21st in the Conference Premier. Southport however were saved from the drop following the demise of Rushden and Diamonds, and continued to compete at the top level of non-league football. Watson took full advantage of the second chance, Southport finishing the season in 7th place in 2011–12. The club remained around the play-off places the entire season, Watson managing the team to a record breaking 8 consecutive away wins, culminating in a 1–0 win against Stockport County at Edgeley Park on 26 November 2011 and top the season off by winning the Non League Manager of the Year award.

On 17 April 2013 it was announced that Watson would be leaving Southport once again, but on more amiable terms, stating at the time: "I feel it right that both the club and myself move on from here".

AFC Telford United
Only weeks after announcing he would leave Southport at the end of the season, he immediately became favourite to become new manager of relegated side AFC Telford United. On the Friday 3 May 2013 it was announced that Liam would become the club's fifth boss of 2013, with Dominic Morley as his assistant manager. In his first season as manager, he won the Conference North title.

Watson and Morley won the Conference North title first time round in the 2013/14 season; the first title for 62 years; also reaching the second round of the FA Cup for the first time in AFC Telford's history. However, after a poor run to the 2014/15 season the board of AFC Telford announced on 14 December 2014 that Watson and assistant Dom Morley have been relieved from their duties.

Stalybridge Celtic
On 20 March 2015, Watson signed a contract until April 2017 at Stalybridge Celtic.

On 31 August 2016, after a poor start to the season Watson resigned as manager and director of Stalybridge. Stating at the time "you will never see me in the dug out again, I am retiring from management".

Away from management

On 6 September 2016, Watson was announced as returning to Southport for the third time but in a new capacity. Watson joined the board of directors, along with local businessmen Nigel Allen and David Barron, to take up the newly created role as Operations Director. He then took interim charge at the club after the sacking of Steve Burr for a single game away at Gateshead, a match Southport lost 3-0. Watson left Southport in May 2017 following the club's relegation. Following this he had a brief spell scouting for Scunthorpe United.

Further return to Southport
Watson was appointed manager of Southport on 7 May 2018 for his third spell with the club in this role. He managed his 500th league game for the club on 12 October 2019 in a 1-0 home win against Brackley Town.

On 17 August 2023, a restructuring of the club's management structure saw Watson leave as manager in order to fully focus on his role as Club Director, acting as a Director of Football.

Managerial statistics
All competitive league games (league and domestic cup) and international matches are included.

Honours

Managerial
Southport
Conference North: 2004–05, 2009–10
Lancashire Junior Cup: 2005-06, 2009-10, 2018-19, 2021-22, 2022-23
Liverpool Senior Cup: 2011–12, 2018–19

Burscough
Northern Premier League: 2006–07
Lancashire Junior Cup: 2006–07

Telford
Conference North: 2013–14
Shropshire Senior Cup: 2013–14

Individual
Southport
Non League Manager of the Year: 2011–12

Personal life
Outside of football, Watson previously worked at Ashworth Hospital alongside two of his former assistants, Chris Price and the man who replaced him at Burscough, Joey Dunn.

References

External links
Legends profile at Pnefc.net

1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Liverpool
English men's footballers
England men's semi-pro international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Maghull F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Warrington Town F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Marine A.F.C. players
Witton Albion F.C. players
Runcorn F.C. Halton players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Runcorn F.C. Halton managers
Southport F.C. managers
Burscough F.C. managers
AFC Telford United managers
Stalybridge Celtic F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing staff


"When My Ship Comes In" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Clint Black. It was released in January 1993 as the third and final single from his album The Hard Way.  It reached number one in both the United States and Canada.  The song was written by Black and Hayden Nicholas.

Music video
The music video was directed by Steven Goldmann, and premiered in early 1993.

Chart positions
"When My Ship Comes In" debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of January 16, 1993.

Year-end charts

References

1993 singles
Clint Black songs
Music videos directed by Steven Goldmann
Songs written by Clint Black
Songs written by Hayden Nicholas
Song recordings produced by Clint Black
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
RCA Records Nashville singles
1992 songs


QDevelop is a free software integrated development environment specialized on the Qt4 framework and C++.
It uses gcc for building and gdb for debugging.

It supports Source code editor with syntax highlighting with native support for Qt Keywords and integrates different Qt Tools such as Qt Designer and qmake. QDevelop's Editor features code completion and automatic indentation. There's also a project management system and a class browser that enables the programmer to navigate through classes and data structures.

See also
 Qt Creator
 Comparison of integrated development environments

External links
 QDevelop on Google Code.

Cross-platform software
Integrated development environments
Free integrated development environments
Linux integrated development environments
Cross-platform free software
Free software programmed in C++
Software that uses Qt
Software using the GPL license


Emerson "Tad" Baker II (born 18 May 1958) is a historical archaeologist and professor of history at Salem State University. He is well known in academic circles for his extensive work on witchcraft in Colonial America, as well as for his work on numerous archaeological sites along the East Coast of the United States. He currently resides in York, Maine.

Baker was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts in 1958 and attended Applewild School and Phillips Academy. Before attending Bates College in Lewiston, Maine (where he would later meet his wife and play/lead the rugby club), Baker spent a year in the United Kingdom studying at Cranleigh School, where he learned to play rugby. After graduating from Bates with a BA in history in 1980, he received his MA in history (with a concentration in historical archaeology) from the University of Maine at Orono in 1983. In 1986, he received his Ph.D. in history (with a dissertation on failed Anglo-Indian relations in early Maine) from the College of William & Mary under the guidance of James Axtell.

From 1988 to 1994, Baker served as executive director of the York Institute Museum and Dyer Library. He joined the faculty of Salem State College in September 1994.

A specialist in the history of seventeenth century Maine, Baker has been featured as an expert consultant on the PBS mini-series Colonial House; he has also provided historical consultation for Parks Canada, National Geographic, Plimoth Plantation, National Park Service, Historic Salem Inc., Beverly Historical Society and many historic district commissions." He has also served as an expert witness for archaeological matters in several court cases in Nova Scotia and Maine.

Works
The Clarke & Lake Company: The Historical Archaeology of a Seventeenth-Century Maine Settlement ASIN B001U7I9A0 (1985)
American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega  (1995)
The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651-1695  (1998)
The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England  (2007)
A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Trials and the American Experience. Oxford University Press  (2014)

Notes

Phillips Academy alumni
Living people
Bates College alumni
University of Maine alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
1958 births
Historians of the United States
People educated at Cranleigh School
People from York, Maine
People from Fitchburg, Massachusetts
Salem State University faculty
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians from Massachusetts
Historians from Maine
American male non-fiction writers


Tomáš Slavík (; born 29 April 1981 in Jilemnice) is a Czech nordic combined skier who has competed since 2002. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he earned his best finish of eighth twice (4 x 5 km team: 2006, 2010) while earning his best individual finish of 20th in the 10 km individual normal hill event at Vancouver in 2010.

Slavík's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth in the 4 x 5 km team event at Liberec in 2009 while his best individual finish was 27th twice (7.5 km sprint: 2007, 15 km individual: 2005).

His best World Cup finish was fifth in a 10 km individual large hill event at Germany in 2009.

References

Profile at Sports-Reference.com

1981 births
Czech male Nordic combined skiers
Living people
Nordic combined skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for the Czech Republic
Universiade medalists in nordic combined
Sportspeople from Jilemnice
Universiade bronze medalists for the Czech Republic
Competitors at the 2003 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2007 Winter Universiade


Clive L. N. Ruggles (born 1952) is a British astronomer, archaeologist and academic. He is the author of academic and popular works on the subject. In 1999, he was appointed professor of archaeoastronomy at the School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, when it is believed to have been the only appointed chair for archaeoastronomy among the world's universities.
, he was Emeritus Professor at this university.

Ruggles was the president of the Prehistoric Society from 2006 to 2010 and the president of the IAU Commission for the History of Astronomy from 2009 to 2012. He is the Chair for the IAU World Heritage and Astronomy Working Group, and was formerly the President of the International Society for Archaeoastronomy and Astronomy in Culture.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Faculty profile, School of Archaeology & Ancient History, University of Leicester
 Clive Ruggles' archaeostronomy website

Archaeoastronomers
Historians of astronomy
20th-century British astronomers
Academics of the University of Leicester
1952 births
Living people
21st-century British astronomers


David Theunis Runia is a Dutch-Australian classical scholar and educational administrator who has worked in both Australia and the Netherlands.

Early life
Runia was born in the Noordoostpolder, the Netherlands. At the age of four he emigrated to Australia when his father Klaas Runia took up a chair at the Reformed Theological College in Geelong. After attending Newtown State School and The Geelong College, he studied Classics at the University of Melbourne from 1969 to 1976 and was a resident of Queen's College from 1969 to 1971. In 1977 he returned to the Netherlands, where he obtained his doctorate at the Free University, Amsterdam in 1983.

Academic career
In 1985 Runia was awarded a C&C Huygens Post-doctoral Fellowship by the Dutch National Research Body Z.W.O. (later N.W.O.), enabling him to be a member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton in 1986–87 and a visiting fellow at the Humanities Research Centre at the Australian National University in Canberra in 1987. In 1991 he was appointed De Vogel Professor Extraordinarius at the Utrecht University, The Netherlands, a position that he held until 1999. In 1992, Runia was appointed to the Chair of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy at Leiden University. In 2002 he returned to Australia on his appointment as Master of Queen's College at the University of Melbourne, a position he held until retiring in 2016. He is currently a Professorial fellow in the School of Historical Studies in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Melbourne. In March 2017 he was appointed Director of the Institute for Religion and Critical Inquiry at the Australian Catholic University. He has also been a Professor Extraordinarius in the Department of Ancient Studies at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, since 2007.

Runia was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1999 and a Correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2004.

Runia's scholarship research has focused on two main areas: (1) the interaction of Greek philosophy and Jewish-Christian thought, with particular attention paid to the contribution of the Hellenistic-Jewish author Philo of Alexandria and (2) the genre of ancient doxography, which gives us valuable information on the thought of early Greek philosophers.

Publications
Philo of Alexandria and the Timaeus of Plato, 1986 (dissertation).
Philo of Alexandria: an Annotated Bibliography 1937–86, 1988 (with R. Radice)
Exegesis and Scripture: Studies on Philo of Alexandria, 1990
Philo in Early Christian Literature: a Survey, 1993
Philo and the Church Fathers: a Collection of Papers, 1995
Aëtiana: The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer, Volume I: The Sources, 1997 (with Jaap Mansfeld)
Philo of Alexandria: an Annotated Bibliography 1987–96, 2000
Philo of Alexandria On the Creation of the Cosmos according to Moses: Translation and Commentary, 2001
Proclus Commentary on Plato's Timaeus. Volume II Book 2: Proclus on the Causes of the Cosmos and its Creation, 2008 (with Michael Share)
Aëtiana: The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer, Volume II: The Compendium, 2009 (with J. Mansfeld)
Aëtiana: The Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer, Volume III: Studies in the Doxographical Traditions of Ancient Philosophy, 2009 (with J. Mansfeld)
Aëtiana IV: Papers of the Melbourne Colloquium on Ancient Doxography, 2018 (edited with J. Mansfeld)
Editor of −The Studia Philonica Annual, 10 volumes 1989–1998; with Gregory E. Sterling, 20 volumes 1999–2018 (excepting volume 28, which was a Festschrift in his honour, edited by Gregory E. Sterling (contains bibliography of his publications from 1977 to 2016)

External links
Queen's College Senior Common Room

References

1951 births
Living people
People from Noordoostpolder
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
Academic staff of Utrecht University
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Academic staff of Leiden University
Academic staff of the Australian Catholic University


Lanman may refer to:

 LAN Manager, an obsolete authentication protocol for Microsoft Windows
 LAN Manager hash, the hashing algorithm used by LAN Manager
Lanman (surname)
 Lanman-Wright Hall at Yale, named after William K. Lanman


James Bernard (8 December 1729 – 7 July 1790) was an Irish politician and ancestor of the Earls of Bandon.

He was the son of Major North Ludlow Bernard and his first wife Rose Echlin, daughter of John Echlin of Ardquin, County Down, and niece of Sir Henry Echlin, 1st Baronet. He was the grandson of Francis Bernard, Solicitor-General for Ireland, Member of Parliament and judge of the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland), and his wife Alice Ludlow. Bernard represented County Cork in the Irish House of Commons from 1781 until his death in 1790.

He married Esther Smyth, youngest daughter of Percy Smyth of Headborough, son of Sir Percy Smyth of Ballynatray, County Waterford, and his wife Elizabeth Jervois, and widow of Robert Gookin of Courtmacsherry, County Cork. They had five daughters and a son, Francis, who was elevated to the Peerage of Ireland as Earl of Bandon. His main residence was Castle Bernard near Bandon, which he inherited from his uncle Francis. It was destroyed during the Irish War of Independence.

References

1729 births
1790 deaths
18th-century Irish politicians
Politicians from County Cork
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Cork constituencies
People from Bandon, County Cork


Byron D. Sher (born February 7, 1928) is an American Democratic politician. He served in the California State Senate from 1996 to 2004, prior to which, he served in the California State Assembly between 1980 and 1996. Sher was also a longtime professor at Stanford Law School. He served as the California Senate Rules Committee appointee to the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency from 2009 to 2012.

Early life and education
Sher was born February 7, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri). He received his BA from Washington University in St. Louis and his JD from Harvard Law School. Before beginning his political career, Sher taught at several schools, including Harvard Law School, Southern Methodist University, the University of Southern California, and Stanford University. He also became a Fulbright research scholar.

Pre Assembly political career
Sher served on the Palo Alto City Council from 1965 to 1967 and from 1973 to 1980. He served as mayor in 1975 and 1978.

Legislative accomplishments
Sher was a major environmental proponent during his time in the legislature. Major legislative accomplishments of his include the Groundwater Protection Act (1983), California Clean Air Act (1988), and the California Safe Drinking Water Act (1989). He was the chairman of the Natural Resources Committee for 11 years.

He authored a bill, signed by Jerry Brown, that increased the statute of limitations for rape from three years to six in response to the fact that many serial rapists—such as Melvin Carter—were able to avoid or partially avoid prosecution due to the shorter limit expiring.

Personal
Near the end of his legislative career, the San Mateo County Board of Supervisors designated January 30, 2004, as Byron Sher Day, calling him "the most effective environmental legislator in the state." Sher was married to Linda B. Sher (1932–2014) and they have three children and five grandchildren. They lived together in Palo Alto, California for many decades. He is professor emeritus at Stanford Law School.

References

External links
Join California Byron Sher

1928 births
Harvard Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
Democratic Party California state senators
Living people
21st-century American politicians
People from Palo Alto, California
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Stanford Law School faculty
Southern Methodist University faculty


Tim Hug (born 11 August 1987) is a Swiss Nordic combined skier who has been competing since 2003. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, he finished 9th in the 4 x 5 km team, 33rd in the 10 km individual large hill, and 35th in the individual normal hill events.

At the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec, Hug finished 30th in the 10 km individual large hill, 39th in the 10 km mass start, and 41st in the 10 km individual normal hill events.

His best World Cup finish was ninth in the 4 x 5 team event at Germany in 2009 while his best individual finish was 11th in a 10 km individual large hill event at Italy in 2010.

References

1987 births
Living people
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for Switzerland
Nordic combined skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Swiss male Nordic combined skiers
People from Solothurn
Sportspeople from the canton of Solothurn


James Bernard may refer to:

James Bernard (composer) (1925–2001), British composer
James Bernard (elocutionist) (1874–1946), British elocutionist
James Bernard (politician) (1729–1790), Irish MP for Cork County
James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon (1850–1924), Irish representative peer and Lord Lieutenant of Cork
James Bernard, 2nd Earl of Bandon (1785–1856)


e.E. Charlton-Trujillo, a South Texas native, is a Mexican American filmmaker and novelist.

Biography
Charlton-Trujillo attended Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, and did graduate work in film at Ohio University. While there, she wrote her first play, Bellies and Seeds the film Passing Through. They also was the recipient of I. Hollis Perry-Billman and the Betty Thomas Filmmaking Awards for their thesis film Cielto Liendo (Pretty Sky).

she then moved to New York City as an intern at Killer Films. Later, living in Wisconsin, she finished her first novel Prizefighter En Mi Casa, which won the Delacorte Dell Yearling Award, as well as the Parents' Choice Silver Honor for 'giving life —sadness, hope and despair to a Mexican family living in a small town in south Texas.' her second book, Feels Like Home, was written the following year.

After living in Ohio for several years, Charlton-Trujillo released her third novel, Fat Angie, in March 2013. It received praise from authors Gregory Maguire (Wicked), Ellen Hopkins (Crank), Pat Schmatz (Blue Fish) and Jo Knowles (Harry's Place).  Fat Angie was named a winner of the Stonewall Book Award in 2014.

In August 2016 Candlewick Press at the author's request indefinitely delayed publication of their novel in verse When We Was Fierce following criticism from early readers over concerns of its use of an invented black vernacular.

In April 2018, Charlton-Trujillo was part of a panel at the Texas Library Association Conference titled "Author, Please Come! Never Mind. Please Don't"  where authors shared their experiences of being invited to speak at literary events only to have their invitations rescinded. Also part of the panel were authors Ellen Hopkins and Gayle Pitman.

Feature films
 A Culture of Silence (Director)
 At-Risk Summer (Director)
 HOME (Executive Producer)
 Night Fliers (Editor)
 Revelation Trail (Casting)

Short films directed
 A Handful of Pennies
 Bubbly
 Living Under Linda's Desk
 Vanessa Rising
 Office Beast
 Cielto Lindo
 Passing Through
 everything but water

Music videos
 Shiny and the Spoon "Take On Me"
 Magnolia Mountain "Don't Leave Just Now"
 Shiny and the Spoon "Bread and Butter"

Novels
 Prizefighter En Mi Casa, 2006
 Feels Like Home, 2007
 Fat Angie, 2013
 Fat Angie: Rebel Girl Revolution, 2019
 Fat Angie: Homecoming, 2020

Picture books
 Lupe Lopez: Rock Star Rules, June 2022
 A Girl Can Build Anything, April 2023
 Lupe Lopez: Reading Rock Star, June 2023

References

External links
 http://www.bigdreamswrite.com/
 https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3112739/
 The Progressive, radio show interview (2007)
 Blue Marble Books (April 2013)

American film directors
American film directors of Mexican descent
American women film directors
Living people
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women novelists
American writers of Mexican descent
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Stonewall Book Award winners


John Ross (1842–1915), (his Chinese name: ) was a Scottish Protestant missionary to Northeast China who established Dongguan Church in Shenyang.  He is also known for translating the first Korean Bible and being the first to introduce spacing to Korean punctuation.

Life

John Ross was born at Rarichie in Easter Ross where Gaelic was his native language.  He received his education at Fearn School, Glasgow University and Theological Hall, Edinburgh. In 1872 he was sent by the Scottish United Presbyterian Mission () to Northeast China, known at that time as Manchuria. John Ross, called in , went first to Yingkou, then moved to Mukden (the present-day Shenyang) and established a church there in 1889.  This church was called Dongguan Church (East Gate Church) because it was built just outside East Gate, as Christian churches were not allowed within the city wall.  It was rebuilt after the Boxer Rebellion, and is now still used as a Protestant church. He also started a mission in Fushun.

While in China, John Ross met traders from Korea one day, and decided to make a Korean translation of the New Testament, which was completed in 1887 and brought to Korea. This was the first Korean version In 1892 he was visited from Korea by James Scarth Gale.

Ross returned to Scotland in 1910, but continued to help the Scotland-China Society. He died in Edinburgh and is buried there mid-way along the east side of the main north-south path in Newington Cemetery. There is a plaque commemorating John Ross on the sea front at Balintore in Easter Ross.

Family

He was married to Isabella Strapp McFadyen (d.1930) who travelled with him in China.

Recognition

In 1877, John Gilbert Baker named Iris rossii in his honour. Ray Desmond (Editor).

Works
Corean primer: being lessons in Corean on all ordinary subjects, transliterated on the principles of the "Mandarin primer", by the same author (1877)
The Manchus, or The reigning dynasty of China: their rise and progress (1891)
 History of Corea, Ancient and Modern; with Description of Manners and Customs, Language and Geography (1891)

See also

 Christianity in China
 Christianity in Korea
 Korean Bible
 Scottish United Presbyterian Mission
 Seo Sang-ryun

References

External links
 Father of the Korean Church
 Ross and Bible women in the early Protestant mission of northern Korea and Eastern China

Scottish Presbyterian missionaries
Presbyterian missionaries in China
Presbyterian missionaries in Korea
1842 births
1915 deaths
Translators of the Bible into Korean
19th-century translators
British expatriates in China
British expatriates in Korea
Missionary linguists
Linguists of Korean


Lectionary 40, designated by siglum ℓ 40 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering). It is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th-century.

Description

The codex contains lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (Evangelistarium), with lacunae. The text is written in two columns per page, 14 lines per page, in Greek uncial letters, on 207 parchment leaves ().

History
The manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 10th century.

Formerly the manuscript belonged to Maria, Queen of Hungary, who obtained it from John Diassorin. Maria presented the manuscript to Philip II.

Emmanuel Miller who examined all manuscripts housed in the Escorial library did not describe this manuscript.

It was examined by Daniel Gotthilf Moldenhawer and Andreas Birch. Moldenhawer was allowed to see it for a few hours and collated only 15 lessons (for Andreas Birch).

The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).

Currently the codex is located in the Escorial (Ψ. I. 14) in San Lorenzo de El Escorial.

See also

 List of New Testament lectionaries
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

Notes and references

Greek New Testament lectionaries
10th-century biblical manuscripts


Khwaja Muhammad Tahir Bakhshi Naqshbandi () (), born 1963), also known as Sajjan Saeen (, ), is a prominent Naqshbandi Sufi shaykh in Pakistan. He was born on March 21, 1963, at dargah Rahmatpur Sharif, district Larkana, Pakistan.

He is patron-in-chief of Jamaat Islah-ul-Muslimeen, Rohani Talaba Jamaat and Jamiyat-e-Ulema Tahiriya. He has more than 300 deputies (Khulafa') who are dedicated to spread the Naqshbandi message across the world.

References

Naqshbandi order
Pakistani Sufis
Pakistani Sufi saints
Sufi teachers
1963 births
Living people
Sindhi people


Chadwick is a northern suburb of Esperance, a town in south-eastern Western Australia. Its local government area is the Shire of Esperance.

Chadwick was gazetted in 1971, and at the 2006 census, Chadwick had a population of 165.

References

Suburbs of Esperance, Western Australia


Victor Calvo (February 13, 1924 – September 26, 2010) was a Democratic politician from California who served in the California State Assembly from 1974 until 1980.

Calvo was born in Mountain View, California and served on its city council from 1962 until 1968 and served three different years as mayor during his tenure. He served on the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors from 1969 until he resigned to take his Assembly seat in 1974. After leaving the Assembly, Calvo served on the California Public Utilities Commission from 1981 until 1987 and the California Coastal Commission from 1987 to 1989.

References

External links
Mountain View Voice: Victor Calvo, highly accomplished former mayor, dies at 86
San Francisco Chronicle: Victor Calvo, longtime public servant, dies
San Jose Mercury News: Former Assemblyman and Mountain View Mayor, Victor Calvo, dies at 86

1924 births
2010 deaths
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
County supervisors in California
California city council members
Mayors of places in California
People from Mountain View, California


Mile End Hospital is a community hospital in the Mile End area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in  England. It is managed by Barts Health NHS Trust.

History
The hospital was established as the infirmary for the local workhouse in 1859. A training school for nurses was added in 1892. The facility was rebuilt as the Mile End Old Town Infirmary in 1883 and then served as a military hospital during the First World War. After becoming Mile End Hospital in 1930, it joined the National Health Service in 1948. It became the Royal London Hospital (Mile End) in 1990 but reverted to being called Mile End Hospital in 1994, and was taken under the management of Barts Health NHS Trust when it was set up in 2012. Notable staff include Avis Hutt, the nurse and political campaigner who trained at the hospital from 1935 to 1938.

Services
The hospital provides outpatient and community-based services, including diabetes, sexual health, rheumatology, radiology, physiotherapy, and children's services.

Some eye services at the hospital are provided by Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, including cataract, glaucoma and general ophthalmology.

In 2021 the hospital opened an Early Diagnostic Centre to provide more capacity for endoscopy, ultrasound and CT scans, a joint project between three NHS trusts, Barking, Havering and Redbridge, Barts Health and Homerton.

Patient entertainment
Bedrock Radio (a registered charity established in 2002) provide a community health (hospital radio) service across East London, South Essex and immediate surrounding areas. Bedrock Radio began serving Barts Health Trust in November 2022 when Whipps Cross Hospital Radio (WXHR) closed down.

Transport
Mile End tube station and Stepney Green tube station are both within walking distance of the hospital, and London Buses Routes 25, 205, 309 and Night Route N205 pass the hospital on Mile End Road and Globe Road.

See also
 Healthcare in London
 List of hospitals in England

References

External links

 Mile End Hospital on the NHS website
 Inspection reports from the Care Quality Commission.

Barts Health NHS Trust
NHS hospitals in London
Health in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Mile End


Crichton-Browne sign is a clinical sign in which there is twitching of the outer margins of the eyes and mouth. It is an early sign of general paralysis of the insane.

The sign was described by Sir James Crichton-Browne.

References

Medical signs


Cape Stolbchaty () is a geographic cape on the west shore of Kunashir Island, the southernmost of the Kuril Islands, in Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is famous for its columnar basalt formations, which are strikingly similar to the Giant's Causeway in County Antrim in Northern Ireland.

See also
 Columnar basalts formation
 List of places with columnar jointed volcanics

References

External links
 Photos of cape Stolbchatiy

Columnar basalts
Stolbchaty


Beyond the Grave is the fourth book in The 39 Clues series first published on June 2, 2009 and written by Jude Watson. Thematically the novel uses Biblical knowledge, prophecy, and spiritual topics to explore the afterlife. Amy and Dan Cahill, the protagonists, travel to Egypt because of a clue they discovered in The Sword Thief. The symbols in the middle of the book translate "Alistair was there the night they died."

Beyond the Grave was awarded one of Good Morning America pick for teen summer reading.

Plot summary
Amy and Dan head for Cairo, Egypt, with their au pair Nellie Gomez, to find a clue, hidden by Ekaterina founder, Katherine Cahill. They were tailed by Irina Spasky, but escape to a store with an Egyptian goddess statue, the Sakhet. There, a man, Theo Cotter, shows up and convinces them it's a fake. Discouraged, they go back to Nellie.

They went to the Hotel Excelsior and find the Ekaterina stronghold. They find three Sakhets, and get trapped there by Bae Oh, who is the hotel's owner, and leader of the Ekats, after he explains the history of the Sakhets. As they escape, one of Grace's friends, Hilary Vale, finds them and takes them to her house. She gives them a letter and a small Sakhet, sent from Grace and they find out Theo is Hilary's grandson. They head for Queen Nefertari's tomb in Luxor and get trapped by Irina, who picks up Grace's guidebook in the process.

After Amy and Dan had escaped, they are trapped again by Jonah Wizard, who leaves them on a deserted island on the Nile. After Jonah leaves them, and heads for Paris they are chased by a crocodile across the island, but are saved by a local fisherman. They find out Hillary and Theo tricked them to get their hands on the Sakhet that Grace left for Amy and Dan. They use the Sakhet to successfully fool Irina into thinking that she has to go to Rabat, Morocco. They go to Aswan for the island Philae and the next clue.

After an unsuccessful attempt to find the clues under the Nile River with Alistair, Amy and Dan find something leading them back to Cairo. After arriving, they find a store which Grace once visited. The store owner, Sami, gives them a Senet board. After opening the puzzle, they discover their clue; myrrh

It ends with the stronghold getting destroyed, and Amy and Dan finding a mysterious cloth with letter Ms in a pattern, indicating that it must have been the Madrigals.

Clue
Clue: 1/2 a gram of myrrh

Location: Russia

References

External links
 Scholastic 39 Clues books page

The 39 Clues novels
2009 American novels
Collaborative fiction
Sequel novels
Novels set in Egypt
2009 children's books
Children's books set in Egypt


Paronymic attraction is popular or folk etymology arising from similarity of appearance or sound.

It is the distorting effect exerted on a word by one of its paronyms (that is, a quasi-homonym) according to etymology and onomastics. Paronymic attraction is the origin of many names. There are even cross-linguistic instances of such attractions. For example, the resemblance between the Romanian word locaţie (space for which rent should be paid) and the English word location helped a semantic shift of the former word to include the latter sense.

Paronymic attraction is commonly expressed through the replacement of a word whose meaning is not understood. For example, in the French language, interpoler (to add something in the middle of writing) and interpeller (to question someone formally) are sometimes substituted for each other because of their similar sound, despite their differences in meaning.

References

See also
 Paronym
 Barbarism (linguistics)
 Lemma (morphology)
 Morphology (linguistics)
 False etymology

 Linguistic morphology
Semantic relations


Luis Alberto Ferrizo (born 1951) was a member of the Congress of Uruguay starting in 1989.  Prior to that he had been a member of the Flores Department Council starting in 1971.

Ferrizo is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was baptized a member of the LDS Church in 1963. He served as the first president of the church's Durazno Uruguay Stake starting in 1980 and later served as a Regional Representative of the Twelve.

Sources
listing of Ferrizo's office
Deseret Morning News Church Almanac, 2008 edition, p. 497
Nestor Curbelo, "Luis Alberto Ferrizo", Tambuli, September 1991, p. 46.

1951 births
Living people
Intendants of Flores Department
Members of the Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay
Converts to Mormonism
Regional representatives of the Twelve
Uruguayan leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints


Capela Hill (Dealul Capela in Romanian) is a hill in the western part of the Romanian town of Râmnicu Vâlcea. Its name is most likely derived from a now-destroyed Catholic chapel built in the area during the Habsburg takeover of Oltenia (the "Banat of Craiova") in the first half of the 18th century. Part of the Southern Carpathians foothills, Capela Hill descends from an altitude of over 500 meters to the Olt River (at over 200 meters), creating a sloping valley on which most of the town of Râmnicu Vâlcea is built. The hill is partially developed into residential areas, but it also offers the town's main hiking and nature trails.

Geography of Vâlcea County
Hills of Romania


Jiao Lung Waterfall () is the tallest measured waterfall in Taiwan, with a sheer plunge of . It is located on a cliff of Mount Da Ta in Alishan Township, Chiayi County. Its closest settlement is the small hamlet of Fengshan (豐山村). Predominantly seasonal, it has been known to have much reduced flow just several days after rain.

Although a road leads up the canyon to Fengshan, the waterfall is extremely difficult to reach during full flow. Immediately after a typhoon, the waterfall is in full flow. However, the high flows also wash away the crossings and bridges of the stream, disconnecting Fengshan from access. After just several days or even hours, the waterfall decreases noticeably in volume. This is because the falls is located  on a steep and short drainage that drops  in its  run, which amounts to an average gradient of  per kilometer, or  per mile.

See also
 List of tourist attractions in Taiwan
 List of waterfalls

References

Plunge waterfalls
Waterfalls of Chiayi County


West Beach is a suburb of Esperance, a town in south-eastern Western Australia south of Esperance's central business district, extending southwesterly for several kilometres along the southern coast. Its local government area is the Shire of Esperance.

The suburb was gazetted in 1971.

Demographics
In the , West Beach had a population of 1,507. West Beach residents had a median age of 39, which was higher than the regional average, and the median individual income was $591 per week compared with $454 per week in the Esperance region. 2.3% of residents identified as Indigenous Australians.

References

Suburbs of Esperance, Western Australia
Beaches of Western Australia


Valerie K. Brown (born October 30, 1954) is an American politician who served as a member of the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors from 2002 to 2012. Brown was previously a member of the California State Assembly from 1992 to 1998.

Early life and education
Brown was born and raised in Kansas City, Missouri. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in secondary education and English from the University of Missouri and a Master of Science in counseling psychology from Lindenwood University.

Career
After earning her master's degree, Brown moved to Southern California. She later moved to Sonoma, California in 1984. In 1991, she was elected to the Sonoma City Council and later served as mayor.

Brown was first elected to the State Assembly in 1992, after Bev Hansen declined to run for re-election as the 1990 re-districting had made the district significantly more Democratic. Brown defeated Republican former Sonoma County Supervisor Janet Nicholas.

Brown was viewed as a likely candidate for the California State Senate in 1998, as she was unable to seek re-election to the Assembly due to term limits, and Senator Mike Thompson was retiring from the Senate to seek election to the United States House of Representatives. Brown did not run for the Senate, leaving the nomination to California Integrated Waste Management Board member and former Humboldt County Supervisor Wesley Chesbro.

After Mike Cale, who had served on the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors for 10 years, resigned in 2001, Brown was appointed to his place by Governor Gray Davis. Brown was the first woman on the board since the resignation of Janet Nicholas 10 years earlier. She was re-elected in 2004 and narrowly re-elected in 2008. From 2009 to 2010, Valerie served as president of the National Association of Counties.

In 2015, Brown sold her home in Kenwood, California and returned to her hometown of Columbia, Missouri, where she works as an independent government affairs consultant.

References

1954 births
County supervisors in California
Living people
Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
People from Sonoma County, California
Women state legislators in California
Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
Lindenwood University alumni
People from Sonoma, California
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians


Bioimage informatics is a subfield of bioinformatics and computational biology. It focuses on the use of computational techniques to analyze bioimages, especially cellular and molecular images, at large scale and high throughput. The  goal is to obtain useful knowledge out of complicated and heterogeneous image and related metadata.

Automated microscopes are able to collect large numbers of images with minimal intervention. This has led to a data explosion, which absolutely requires automatic processing. Additionally, and surprisingly, for several of these tasks, there is evidence that automated systems can perform better than humans. In addition, automated systems are unbiased, unlike human based analysis whose evaluation may (even unconsciously) be influenced by the desired outcome.

There has been an increasing focus on developing novel image processing, computer vision, data mining, database and visualization techniques to extract, compare, search and manage the biological knowledge in these data-intensive problems.

Data Modalities

Several data collection systems and platforms are used, which require different methods to be handled optimally.

Fluorescent Microscopy

Fluorescent microscopy allows the direct visualization of molecules at the subcellular level, in both live and fixed cells. Molecules of interest are marked with either green fluorescent protein (GFP), another fluorescent protein, or a fluorescently-labeled antibody. Several types of microscope are regularly used: widefield, confocal, or two-photon. Most microscopy system will also support the collection of time-series (movies).

In general, filters are used so that each dye is imaged separately (for example, a blue filter is used to image Hoechst, then rapidly switched to a green filter to image GFP). For  consumption, the images are often displayed in false color by showing each channel in a different color, but these may not even be related to the original wavelengths used. In some cases, the original image could even have been acquired in non-visible wavelengths (infrared is common).

The choices at the image acquisition stage will influence the analysis and often require special processing. Confocal stacks will require 3D processing and widefield pseudo-stacks will often benefit from digital deconvolution to remove the out-of-focus light.

The advent of automated microscopes that can acquire many images automatically is one of the reasons why analysis cannot be done by  eye (otherwise, annotation would rapidly become the research bottleneck). Using automated microscopes means that some images might be out-of-focus (automated focus finding systems may sometimes be incorrect), contain a small number of cells, or be filled with debris. Therefore, the images generated will be harder to analyse than images acquired by an operator as they would have chosen other locations to image and focus correctly. On the other hand, the operator might introduce an unconscious bias in his selection by choosing only the cells whose phenotype is most like the one expected before the experiment.

Histology

Histology is a microscopy application where tissue slices are stained and observed under the microscope (typically light microscope, but electron microscopy is also used).

When using a light microscope, unlike the case of fluorescent imaging, images are typically acquired using standard color camera-systems. This reflects partially the history of the field, where humans were often interpreting the images, but also the fact that the sample can be illuminated with white light and all light collected rather than having to excite fluorophores. When more than one dye is used, a necessary preprocessing step is to unmix the channels and recover an estimate of the pure dye-specific intensities.

It has been shown that the subcellular location of stained proteins can be identified from histology images.

If the goal is a medical diagnostic, then histology applications will often fall into the realm of digital pathology or automated tissue image analysis, which are sister fields of bioimage informatics. The same computational techniques are often applicable, but the goals are medically- rather than research-oriented.

Important Problems

Subcellular Location Analysis

Subcellular location analysis was one of the initial problems in this field. In its supervised mode, the problem is to learn a classifier that can recognize images from the major cell organelles based on images.

Methods used are based on machine learning, building a discriminative classifier based on numeric features computed from the image. Features are either generic features from computer vision, such as Haralick texture features or features specially designed to capture biological factors (e.g., co-localization with a nuclear marker being a typical example).

For the basic problem of identifying organelles, very high accuracy values can be obtained, including better than ? results. These methods are useful in basic cell biology research, but have also been applied to the discovery of proteins whose location changes in cancer cells.

However, classification into organelles is a limited form of the problem as many proteins will localize to multiple locations simultaneously (mixed patterns) and many patterns can be distinguished even though they are not different membrane-bound components. There are several unsolved problems in this area and research is ongoing.

High-Content Screening

High throughput screens using automated imaging technology (sometimes called high-content screening) have become a standard method for both drug discovery and basic biological research. Using multi-well plates, robotics, and automated microscopy, the same assay can be applied to a large library of possible reagents (typically either small molecules or RNAi) very rapidly, obtaining thousands of images in a short amount of time. Due to the high volume of data generated, automatic image analysis is a necessity.

When positive and negative controls are available, the problem can be approached as a classification problem and the same techniques of feature computation and classification that are used for subcellular location analysis can be applied.

Segmentation

Segmentation of cells is an important sub-problem in many of the fields below (and sometimes useful on its own if the goal is only to obtain a cell count in a viability assay). The goal is to identify the boundaries of cells in a multi-cell image. This allows for processing each cell individually to measure parameters. In 3D data, segmentation must be performed in 3D space.

As the imaging of a nuclear marker is common across many images, a widely used protocol is to segment the nuclei. This can be useful by itself if nuclear measurements are needed or it can serve to seed a watershed which extends the segmentation to the whole image.

All major segmentation methods have been reported on cell images, from simple thresholding to level set methods. Because there are multiple image modalities and different cell types, each of which implies different tradeoffs, there is no single accepted solution for this problem.

Cell image segmentation as an important procedure is often used to study gene expression and colocalization relationship etc. of individual cells. In such cases of single-cell analysis it is often needed to uniquely determine the identities of cells while segmenting the cells. Such a recognition task is often non-trivial computationally. For model organisms such as C. elegans that have well-defined cell lineages, it is possible to explicitly recognize the cell identities via image analysis, by combining both image segmentation and pattern recognition methods. Simultaneous segmentation and recognition of cells  has also been proposed as a more accurate solution for this problem when an "atlas" or other prior information of cells is available. Since gene expression at single cell resolution can be obtained using these types of imaging based approaches, it is possible to combine these methods with other single cell gene expression quantification methods such as RNAseq.

Tracking

Tracking is another traditional image processing problem which appears in bioimage informatics. The problem is to relate objects that appear in subsequent frames of a film. As with segmentation, the problem can be posed in both two- and three-dimensional forms.

In the case of fluorescent imaging, tracking must often be performed on very low contrast images. As obtaining high contrast is done by shining more light which damages the sample and destroys the dye, illumination is kept at a minimum. It is often useful to think of a photon budget: the number of photons that can be used for imaging before the damage to the sample is so great that data can no longer be trusted. Therefore, if high contrast images are to be obtained, then only a few frames can be used; while for long movies, each frame will be of very low contrast.

Registration

When image data samples of different natures, such as those corresponding to different labeling methods, different individuals, samples at different time points, etc. are considered, images often need to be registered for better comparison. One example is as time-course data is collected, images in subsequent frames must often be registered so that minor shifts in the camera position can be corrected for. Another example is that when many images of a model animal (e.g. C. elegans or Drosophila brain or a mouse brain) are collected, there is often a substantial need to register these images to compare their patterns (e.g. those correspond to the same or different neuron population, those share or differ in the gene expression, etc.).

Medical image registration software packages were early attempts to be used for the microscopic image registration applications. However, due to the often much larger image file size and a much bigger number of specimens in the experiments, in many cases it is needed to develop new 3D image registration software.BrainAligner is software that has been used to automate the 3D deformable and nonlinear registration process using a reliable-landmark-matching strategy. It has been primarily used to generate more than 50,000 3D standardized fruitfly brain images at Janelia Farm of HHMI, with other applications including dragonfly and mice.

Important Venues
A consortium of scientists from universities and research institutes have organized annual meetings on bioimage informatics  since 2005. The ISMB conference has had a Bioimaging & Data Visualization track since 2010. The journal Bioinformatics also introduced a Bioimage Informatics track in 2012. The OpenAccess journal BMC Bioinformatics has a section devoted to bioimage analysis, visualization and related applications. Other computational biology and bioinformatics journals also regularly publish bioimage informatics work. A European Union Cost action called NEUBIAS (network of european bioimage analysts) has been organizing annual conferences as well as bioimage analyst training schools and taggathons since 2017.

Software

There are several packages that make bioimage informatics methods available through a graphical user interface such as ImageJ, FIJI, CellProfiler, chunkflow or Icy. Visualization and analysis platforms such as Vaa3D have appeared in recent years and have been used in both large scale projects especially for neuroscience and desktop applications.

Other researchers develop their own methods, typically based on a programming language with good computer vision support such as Python, C++, or MATLAB.  The Mahotas library for Python is one popular example. Although, examples of researcher developed methods in programming languages with less computer vision support as R exist (e.g. trackdem ).

See also
 Focus stacking The technique of combining multiple images with difference focus distances into one.
 High-content screening
 digital pathology
 Medical imaging

External links
 Vaa3D: High-performance multi-dimensional image visualization and analysis
 Bioformats The Image file IO engine that supports dozens of formats

References

Bioinformatics


Happy Cow Creamery is a family-owned dairy farm in Pelzer, South Carolina that bottles and sells its own milk on site from the farm's closed herd of grass-fed Holstein cattle. The creamery's whole milk, buttermilk and chocolate milk is sold in the farm's on-site store and through grocery, convenience and country stores in Upstate region of South Carolina. The milk is not homogenized and is low-temperature pasteurized and inspected by the State of South Carolina.

The dairy is noted for owner Tom Trantham's system of rotating pasture feeding dubbed 12 Aprils.
For this innovation, Trantham was awarded the first Patrick Madden Award for Sustainable Agriculture in 2002 by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES).

Feeding
Trantham developed a grass pasturing method modeled after traditional paddock systems common in Ireland. With a USDA grant obtained through Clemson University, Trantham worked with Clemson Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science Department researchers Jean Bertrand and Fred Pardue, who examined the feasibility of year-round dairy grazing.

The approximately 80 head milking herd is rotated through 29 paddocks of 2.5 to , feeding on a different paddock each day. By the end of the cycle, the first paddock has re-grown and the herd cycles through again. The herd also receives supplemental feeding in the form of high-energy pellets and hay at milking time. Organic fertilizer is used on the pasture and no injected rBGH is used to treat milk cows. However, Trantham has not sought official organic certification.

Before perfecting the grass-fed pasture system, Trantham operated as a traditional, high-volume dairy relying on chemical fertilizers and heavy grain feeding. Despite state awards for milk production, Trantham's farm was losing money and he was facing bankruptcy. When the milking herd one day pushed out of its feedlot into a neighboring field of weeds awaiting planting, milk production immediately increased. Trantham allowed the herd to graze again and observed that the cows only ate the top half of the lush, virgin weed pasture. Further research by Trantham showed this top half contained most of the nutrients of the plant. It is from this chance encounter that Trantham researched and developed the "12 Aprils" grass-feeding system.

Milk
Happy Cow Creamery milk is not homogenized and is pasteurized with a low-temperature "batch pasteurization" process that is reported to kill harmful bacteria while preserving vitamins and helpful enzymes. The dairy is inspected by the State of South Carolina. The milk is not raw, although raw milk is legal to sell in South Carolina from the farm or small stores.

Meat and dairy products from grass-fed animals can produce 300-500% more conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than those of cattle fed the usual diet of 50% hay and silage, and 50% grain. A fatty acid profile on Happy Cow milk was performed by Utah State University, which found the milk contains up to four times the CLA of traditional store-bought milk and almost twice as much CLA as Organic Pastures Dairy Co., a popular raw milk producer in California. The CLA was 1.2 percent of the fat composition, according to the test.

Distribution
Happy Cow Creamery distributes whole milk, chocolate milk and buttermilk to grocery and convenience stores and small markets in Upstate South Carolina including:
Whole Foods Market
Fresh Market
Earth Fare
New York Butcher Shoppe
Greenville  Farmer's Market
Rosewood Market & Deli (Columbia, SC)

The Happy Cow Creamery farm store is a Certified Roadside Market by the State of South Carolina. In addition to its own milk, the store sells butter, cheeses, pasture eggs, natural meats and ice cream. Jellies, breads, coffee and other locally produced grocery items are offered as well. Produce grown on the farm or from neighboring local farms is offered when in season.

The store offers frozen, locally grown meats from small farms including:
Pasture-raised pork from Native Meats in Greer, South Carolina  and Caw Caw Creek farm in Columbia, South Carolina.
Grass fed beef from Bull Hill Ranch in Gray Court, South Carolina.
Free range on pasture eggs from L and L Farms in Belton, South Carolina. [129 Holly Springs Rd, Belton SC 29627, 864-209-6980]
Pasture-raised chicken from Native Meats in Greer, South Carolina

References

External links
 Official website
 Slow Food Upstate, Greenville, SC Members

Buildings and structures in Greenville County, South Carolina
Companies based in South Carolina
Dairy products companies of the United States
Companies based in Greenville, South Carolina


Vindula, commonly called cruisers, is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in the family Nymphalidae found in southeast Asia and Australia. These butterflies are dimorphic.

Species
Ordered alphabetically:
 Vindula arsinoe (Cramer, 1777) – cruiser
 Vindula dejone (Erichson, 1834) – Malay cruiser, lesser cruiser
 Vindula erota (Fabricius, 1793) – common cruiser
 Vindula sapor (Godman & Salvin, 1888)

References

External links

Vindula at Tree of life
Images representing Vindula at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Vagrantini
Nymphalidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Hemming


New York State Route 338 (NY 338) was a  state highway in Washington County, New York, in the United States. The western terminus of the route was at NY 40 in South Argyle, a hamlet in the town of Argyle. Its eastern terminus was at NY 29 in Greenwich. NY 338 connected both highways to the hamlet of Cossayuna and nearby Cossayuna Lake in northeast Greenwich.

The entirety of NY 338 was a county road until 1980 when New York State assumed maintenance over the highway and designated it as NY 338. It was given back to Washington County in 1996 and is now County Route 49 (CR 49).

Route description
NY 338 began at an intersection with NY 40 in South Argyle, a hamlet within the town of Argyle. The highway headed eastward, passing over hills and intersecting with several local roadways. As NY 338 approached Cossayuna Lake and entered the town of Greenwich, it intersected with CR 48, the primary roadway along the western edge of the lake. NY 338 continued east along the southern extents of the waterbody to the lakeside hamlet of Cossayuna, then turned south toward the hamlet of East Greenwich. The highway passed Browns Mountain to the east and Carter Pond to the west before terminating at an intersection with NY 29 on the banks of the Batten Kill west of East Greenwich.

History
The routing of NY 338 was originally a county road maintained by Washington County. On April 1, 1980, ownership of the highway was transferred to the state of New York as part of a larger highway maintenance swap between the state and Washington County. The route was then designated as NY 338 by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). As part of being taken over, Washington County and NYSDOT agreed to replace a bridge on NY 149 in Smith's Basin, which would become maintained by the county. However, it took 16 years after the deal was agreed to (1994) for the bridge to be replaced, resulting in NYSDOT maintaining both NY 338 and NY 149 during this time period. The state pressured Washington County to make good on its end of the deal by taking over NY 149 with the bridge complete. However, that never came about. Instead, NYSDOT went to court to force Washington County to make good. Instead, a deal was struck in 1995 where NYSDOT would retain NY 149 while the county would get NY 338 instead.

NY 338 remained a state highway until September 1, 1996, when it was returned to Washington County as part of a swap that transferred the portion of NY 149 between U.S. Route 4 in Kingsbury and NY 40 in Hartford from the county to the state. The NY 338 designation was removed as a result and its former routing became CR 49.

Major intersections

See also

List of county routes in Washington County, New York

References

External links

338 1980
Transportation in Washington County, New York


Pink Lake is an outer western suburb of Esperance, a town in south-eastern Western Australia. Its local government area is the Shire of Esperance, and it is located  west-northwest of Esperance's central business district. It is named for Pink Lake, a pink-blue lake located within its boundaries.

References

Suburbs of Esperance, Western Australia


Catarina Ligendza (born 18 October 1937) is a Swedish soprano opera singer.

Originally Katarina Beyron, she was born in Stockholm, the daughter of the soprano  and the tenor . She studied at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna, then from 1959 to 1963, at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg, and finally with Josef Greindl at the Hochschule für Musik Saar.

In 1965 she made her debut as the Countess in Mozart's  Le nozze di Figaro in Linz. Afterwards she sang in Braunschweig and Saarbrücken and then at the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 1969, engagements followed in Stuttgart and Hamburg and in 1971 she took the role of Leonore in Fidelio at the Metropolitan Opera, New York City.

As a dramatic soprano, she was prominent in the Wagner repertoire and appeared at the Bayreuth Festival from 1971-1977 and in 1986 and 1987 as Isolde and as Elsa in 1987. Probably the best known of her recordings is the Meistersinger production of 1976 for Deutsche Grammophon, conducted by Eugen Jochum, in which she sings the role of Eva. She also sang at La Scala, the Royal Opera House in London, in Munich and Vienna. She retired in 1988.

References

Much of the information in this article is taken from «Catarina Ligendza» in the German Wikipedia. The source texts listed below are from the original article:
Lexikon der Interpreten klassischer Musik im 20. Jahrhundert, Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel 1992,
Jens Malte Fischer, Große Stimmen Suhrkamp Verlag 1995

Further reading
 Liese, Kirsten, Wagnerian Heroines. A Century Of Great Isoldes and Brünnhildes, English translation: Charles Scribner, Edition Karo, Berlin, 2013.

External links
Biography: Catarina Ligendza on the official web site of the Wilhelm Stenhammar International Music Competition
Catarina Ligendza in the Internet Movie Database
Catarina Ligendza in Tristan und Isolde

1937 births
Swedish operatic sopranos
Litteris et Artibus recipients
Living people
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni
Singers from Stockholm
20th-century Swedish women  opera singers


Watchmen: Motion Comic  is a 2008 American motion comic based on the 1986-1987 DC Comics limited comic book series Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons.  The series consists of twelve abridged 25–30 minute segments, each based on and sharing a name with one of the twelve chapters of the book. All characters are voiced by actor Tom Stechschulte. It was released on DVD in March 2009 to coincide with the Watchmen film's release.

Plot

In October 1985, during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and on the eve of nuclear war, a depressed Rorschach, one of several outlawed vigilante superheroes, begins to investigate why all former masked superheroes are either dead or have declined.

Episodes

International broadcasters

References

External links

American alternate history films
The Stone Quarry films
Films based on works by Alan Moore
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1980s
Mars in film
Adaptations of Watchmen
2008 science fiction films
American superhero films
Vietnam War films
Animated short films based on DC Comics
2008 direct-to-video films
2008 films
2000s American animated films


Eileen (Ellen) Costello (; ; 27 June 1870 – 4 March 1962) was an English-born Irish politician, writer, teacher and folklorist.

Family
She was born Edith Drury on 27 June 1870 in St Pancras workhouse in London. Some accounts state her father, who worked as an attendant at the workhouse, was Michael Drury, a native of County Limerick, and her mother Agnes (Hopton) was Welsh, while others claim that her father was Welsh and her mother was from Limerick. It is likely that a charitable society assisted with her education.

Edith Drury became a teacher at St Michael's Church of England school, Buckingham Palace Road, London. She was a member of the various Irish organisations in London and became a member of the Gaelic League when it formed. It was there she learned Irish. A member of the committee, she was a representative on behalf of the London Branch at the Ardfheis in May 1902.

She began collecting Irish language songs in London (she first collected "Neillí Bhán" on a train coming from Woolwich). She converted to Roman Catholicism and, in 1903, she married Dr. Thomas Bodkin Costello (1864–1956), a medical doctor, historian, and fellow Gaelic Leaguer. They had one child, a daughter, writer Nuala Costello. The family lived in Tuam, County Galway, Ireland.

Life in Ireland
Costello's collecting work really began in Tuam. Although she supplied extensive source-notes to the songs and information on their backgrounds (with English translations mainly by others), her motivation was not academic. She intended her volume primarily 'for popular use in the schools and Gaelic League classes of Connacht'.

Costello was involved in the Irish War of Independence in Tuam. She was elected to the Irish Free State Seanad Éireann as an Independent member in December 1922. She was one of four women elected or appointed to the first Seanad in 1922. She was re-elected until she lost her seat in the 1934 Seanad election. Of the four women in the Senate, Costello was the only one who spoke to any notable extent. She was one of only two of the women senators who spoke against the Civil Service Regulation Bill, which would make it legal for the government to confine certain jobs to specific sexes and the Juries Bill which would require women to volunteer for jury service instead of it being a standard part of citizenship.

In 1919, Costello published a compilation of traditional folk-songs from County Galway and County Mayo, titled Amhráin Muighe Seola: Traditional folk-songs from Galway and Mayo.

Literature
Amhráin Muighe Seola, Eileen Costello, (London: Irish Folk Song Society; Dublin : Candle Press, 1919).

References

1870 births
1962 deaths
Irish folk-song collectors
Politicians from County Mayo
Politicians from County Galway
Independent members of Seanad Éireann
Members of the 1922 Seanad
Members of the 1925 Seanad
Members of the 1928 Seanad
Members of the 1931 Seanad
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Irish folklorists
Irish women folklorists
Irish people of Welsh descent


Sigma Kappa Delta () is an American collegiate honor society for students of English at two-year colleges.

History
Sigma Kappa Delta was established on  in Chicago at a meeting of English professors from community colleges called for this purpose under the sponsorship of the four-year English honor society, Sigma Tau Delta. Dr. William Johnson, then Executive Director of Sigma Tau Delta and Professor of English at Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois was the organizer.

The organization partners with its parent organization, Sigma Tau Delta to plan and promote their annual convention, and publishes an annual journal, Hedera helix.

Symbols
The society's colors are green and gold. Its flower is the English ivy. Its motto is "Sincerity, Knowledge, Design".

Activities
Sigma Kappa Delta is a sponsor of the National English Honor Society, a program for high school students of English.

Membership
Currently, Sigma Kappa Delta has an average undergraduate membership of 2,500 annually. Students eligible for memberships are those currently enrolled in a two-year college with a Sigma Kappa Delta chapter who have completed a minimum of one college course (excluding developmental courses) in English language or literature, with a grade no less than a "B" in English, and a minimum grade point average of 3.0 (on a 4.0 scale) in general scholarship; they must have completed at least one semester or two-quarters of college course work for a cumulative total of twelve semester hours.

Members are eligible for scholarships and awards.

Chapters
Currently, Sigma Kappa Delta has 141 chapters in the United States.

See also
Honor society

References

External links
Sigma Kappa Delta homepage
National English Honor Society (high school)

Two-year college honor societies
Student organizations established in 1996
1996 establishments in Illinois


Shirley Russell may refer to:

 Shirley Ann Russell (1935–2002), British costume designer
 Shirley Russell (artist) (1886–1985), American painter
 Shirley Russell (rugby union), Australian rugby player


Aletes () is an old and wise Trojan counselor depicted in the Aeneid. He commends Nisus and Euryalus for their courage. They intend to enter the Rutulians' camp by night, slaughter men, take plunder, make their way on to Pallanteum, where Aeneas has been waylaid, and bring him the news that the Rutulians have attacked the Trojan camp. Weeping, he affirms that the gods must favor the Trojans and that the gods, Aeneas, and Ascanius will all reward these daring young men.

References

External links
 English translation of ref. #1.

Characters in the Aeneid

it:Alete


Chris Tait is a Canadian singer–songwriter and producer, best known as the lead singer and guitarist for the rock band Chalk Circle and later the group Big Faith.

Music career

Chalk Circle
Tait grew up in Newcastle, Ontario and his first band was called "The Casualties".  After a few years in various bands he formed the group Chalk Circle (named after Bertolt Brecht's play The Caucasian Chalk Circle) with Brad Hopkins on bass and Derrick Murphy on drums. The new band recorded a demo single "The World" and played around Toronto, eventually winning a CASBY Award for "Most Promising Non-Recording Group" in 1985.

Chalk Circle signed a recording deal with Duke Street Records and released three albums with Tait on lead vocals and guitar: The Great Lake (1986), Mending Wall (1987) and As the Crow Flies (1989). The band had a Top 10 hit in Canada with their first single "April Fool" and another Canadian hit with their cover of T.Rex's "20th Century Boy".

In 2006, Tait and Chalk Circle briefly reunited for the release of their greatest hits collection.

Big Faith
After Chalk Circle broke up around 1990, Tait formed the group Big Faith with Ken Greer, Fergus Marsh and Mike Sloski. Big Faith released two independent albums and subsequently broke up. In 1994, their album, Undertow was recorded at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario.

Other projects
After the breakup of Big Faith, Tait pursued a career in advertising and promotion with a company that produced jingles. Tait has written music for various ads including the BMW MINI when it was re-launched in Canada in 2002.

In 2003, Tait released a solo album entitled Hello… my name is Chris Tait, which he produced independently in Canada. In 2004, he wrote a song titled "A Little Music" for the annual Coalition For Music Education in Canada promotion "Music Monday". That same year, Tait co-wrote and produced a demo for the band Oliver Black.

Discography
With Chalk Circle:
 The Great Lake (EP) - 1986
 Mending Wall - 1987
 As the Crow Flies - 1989
 The Best of Chalk Circle - 2006

With Big Faith:
 Grounded - 1992
 Undertow - 1994

Solo:
 Hello… my name is Chris Tait - 2003

References

External links
Official Website
Pirate productions - Tait's production firm

Canadian rock singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from the Regional Municipality of Durham


Lawrence B. "Larry" Salander (born 1949) is a former New York City art dealer and artist. His company, the Salander-O'Reilly Galleries, was cited by the Robb Report in 2003 as the best gallery in the world. By late 2007, Salander had been sued by numerous customers and business partners who claimed that Salander and his company had defrauded them.

In November 2007, Salander filed for personal bankruptcy, listing John McEnroe among his creditors. At the time, several artists represented by Salander-O'Reilly also claimed to be owed money. As a result of his bankruptcy, Salander and his wife were ordered to relinquish control of their finances to a trustee.

In March 2009, Salander was charged with 13 counts of first-degree grand larceny, 10 counts of second-degree grand larceny, and other charges. After posting bail of one million dollars, Salander worked in the Phoenix Art LLC Gallery in Millbrook, New York. The Phoenix Gallery exhibited works of the Hudson River Valley, including canvases by well known artist Ralph Della-Volpe, photographer  Annemiek do Gersten, and acclaimed Cuban Outsider artist Corso de Palenzuela.

In March 2010  Salander pleaded guilty to 29 felony counts of grand larceny and was sentenced to six to eighteen years in prison. He admitted to selling dozens of pieces that he was supposed to hold without permission. In addition the New York Times reported that Salander had recently been hospitalized with a stroke.

In August 2010, Salander was sentenced to 6 to 18 years in prison for his crimes.

He is currently imprisoned at Rikers Island in New York City.

References

American art dealers
Living people
1949 births
American male criminals
21st-century criminals
American prisoners and detainees
American people convicted of fraud


Little Howard's Big Question is a 2009–11 children's edutainment programme starring Howard Read as Big Howard and his six-year-old animated friend, Little Howard. The programme was first broadcast on 8 January 2009, running for a series of 13 episodes. Series 2 began airing on 6 October 2010, and series 3 began on 18 May 2011.

Format
Animated boy Little Howard and his live-action guardian Big Howard live together in Purley, London. Each episode typically begins with a short comedy sketch, which inspires Little Howard to blow a loud animated klaxon and ask a "big question" on a related topic. After a credit sequence involving an animated monkey song-and-dance routine, the remainder of the programme investigates possible answers to the big question, using a combination of research, expert advice, fantasy, and song.

Further assistance is provided by Mother, a pink (series 1) or orange (series 2/3) anthropomorphic personal computer that wears clothes and feels emotions.

Although the programme is broadcast on the BBC, which does not show commercial advertising, each episode features a comedy "advertising break" with imaginary products vaguely related to the big question. Similarly, a frequent element throughout the series is the use of humorous pop culture references to appeal to an adult audience, and which would fly over younger viewers' heads.

Awards
On 16 November 2011, the episode Why do Things Have to Die? from series 2 won a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best Children's Television Script.

List of episodes

Series 1
Series 1 began airing on 8 January 2009. Performers who appeared in series 1 included: Kirsten O'Brien, Lucy Porter, Justin Edwards, Ishia Bennison, and David Penn.

Series 2
Series 2 began airing on 6 October 2010. The first two episodes were shown on BBC Two (because the 2010 Commonwealth Games were being aired on BBC One), and the rest of the series on BBC One. The series introduced many new characters, real and cartoon, including Little Howards "Sort-of half-brother, kind-of" Little Albert. Actors who appeared in series 2 included David Schneider, Sy Thomas, Lucy Porter, Siân Lloyd, Jarred Christmas, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Marek Larwood, Barney Harwood, and Andre Vincent. Helen Lederer featured in more than one episode as Big Howard's Mum.

Series 3
Series 3 began airing on 18 May 2011. Actors who appeared in series 3 included: Rusty Goffe, Ben Moor, Daniel Hill, Chris Cox, Doc Brown, Trevor Neal, and Thomas Nelstrop.

References

External links
Official website at www.littlehoward.co.uk

BBC children's television shows
British children's comedy television series
British television series with live action and animation
2010s British television series
2009 British television series debuts


Watch Your Mouth is a 1978 American comedy-drama television series which aired on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) public television.  The series focused upon Mr. Geeter (Joe Morton), a resourceful language skills teacher, and his ethnically diverse group of high schoolers. All of the episodes were aired in the New York City metro area, but for various reasons only ten episodes were aired nationally.

Cast
The cast included:
 Joe Morton as Mr. Geeter
 George Campbell as Melvin
 Luis Figueroa as Raoul
 Joanna Glushak as Bonnie
 Glen Harris as Franklin
 Ginny Ortiz as Carmen
 Lionel Pina as Carlos
 Jody Price as Mary
 Robert Rush as Bobby

Reaction to Series by PBS
Dissatisfied with the quality of the production, PBS initially planned to not air the series at all.  According to Ron Devillier, who served as director of programming administration at the time, PBS later decided that the series was "important and that we should run something."  The network decided to air ten episodes on the national network.

References

External links

1978 American television series debuts
1978 American television series endings
1970s American comedy-drama television series
1970s American high school television series
1970s American workplace comedy television series
1970s American workplace drama television series
PBS original programming
Television series about educators
Television series about teenagers


Inkd is an online print and design sales service developed by Kelly Smith of Curious Office and the venture capital firm Second Avenue Partners in Seattle, Washington. The company is a user-generated marketplace that provides the general public with a way to buy and sell print designs.

The site follows in the tradition of a user-generated content marketplace, in that they provide graphic designers with free personal storefronts where they list their designs for sale in an attempt to earn commissions. Businesses are able to download the contributed brochure and business card templates in a variety of file types for use in popular design and publishing applications.

History
Inkd was conceived of and developed by Curious Office and Second Avenue Partners and is one of several companies in their portfolio.  Inkd was capitalized with a $1.7 million Series A venture round on September 23, 2008 by Second Avenue, Rich Barton, and Mika Salmi.

Kelly Smith developed the initial concept, which mirrored another company he co-founded called Imagekind with Adrian Hanauer. Imagekind was the first online marketplace to buy and sell art prints. It was subsequently sold to CafePress in 2008.

Founded in 2009, under the name Pressplane, Inkd launched with an estimated 800 original designs and has since grown to nearly 2000 template designs. The model allows users to preview and download designs, and customize them once they have completed the purchase. Most print designs are primarily available in vector graphics programs such as Adobe Systems, InDesign, and Illustrator, but the site also accepts submissions and offers templates for download in other formats such as Apple iWork and Microsoft Word.

References

External links

Curious Office
Second Avenue Partners

Internet properties established in 2009
Online marketplaces of the United States
Companies based in Seattle
2009 establishments in Washington (state)
Software companies based in Seattle


Mohammadi may refer to:

Places
Mohammadi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Mohammadi, Bushehr, Iran
Mohammadi, Hamadan, Iran
Mohammadi, Shahreza, Isfahan province, Iran
Mohammadi, Tiran and Karvan, Isfahan province, Iran
Mohammadi, Kerman, Iran
Mohammadi, Khuzestan, Iran
Mohammadi, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
Mohammadi-ye Olya, Kermanshah province, Iran
Mohammadi-ye Sofla, Kermanshah province, Iran
Muhammadi, Markazi, Iran

Other uses
Mohammadi (surname)
The Mohammadi, a defunct Bengali-language art journal


The Akron rubber strike of 1936 was a strike by workers against rubber factory owners in Akron, Ohio.

During the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, rubber factory workers, including those who worked for the three major rubber factories in Akron, OH, faced poor working conditions, low wages, and close to no benefits. The year 1936 was not only within this period in which rubber factory workers struggled with poor conditions and low wages, but also coincided with the period of the Great Depression in the United States, as well as the passing of the National Labor Relations Act. The combination of all these conditions, as well as many other conditions, caused the founding of the United Rubber Workers in 1935, and the major picket strike of February and March 1936.

Unions

United Rubber Council
In 1933, the same year the National Recovery Administration was established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) created a United Rubber Council (URC) to be a nationwide union for the industry. But workers at many individual factories had already organized federal local unions, and so recruitment was slow. So the AFL printed 50,000 leaflets and distributed them to the many rubber factories in Akron, Ohio, inviting workers to a recruiting meeting. About 5,000 workers showed up to hear the AFL's Paul Smith,  and eventually about 50,000 workers joined the URC. But during a rubber industry strike in 1934 and 1935, the URC's elected leadership reached terms with factory management that many striking workers felt far too unfavorable. The union's membership to plummeted below 5,000 members.

United Rubber Workers
In its wake, the United Rubber Workers (URW) union was founded as the new industry-wide union. The AFL's William Green threatened to pull AFL funding from rubber-industry unions unless the URW elected as president the AFL's Coleman Claherty, who had been directing AFL activity in Akron since 1933. The rubber workers rejected Claherty, a boilermaker by trade, and elected instead Sherman Dalrymple, president of the B.F. Goodrich factory's local union. So the AFL ceased funding the rubber-industry union, after making one donation of $1,000 cash and passing along some URC assets: office furniture, equipment, and about $1,800 in a URC bank account. The URW eventually affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), and solidified itself as the prominent industry-wide union for rubber workers through the remainder of the Great Depression and until World War II. The URW is also one of the first few unions in the CIO that was founded without  financial help from an outside organization.

The passage of the 1935 National Labor Relations Act, which guaranteed the right to organize and form unions, helped the CIO form many unions within different industries. But it did not require employers to recognize and cooperate with unions. Goodyear's management, led by Paul Litchfield, did not wish to recognize the URW during negotiations.

Goodyear Industrial Assembly
The Goodyear Industrial Assembly, founded in 1919, was a local union for employees of the Goodyear Tire plant. Many of the rubber factories had local unions in place to allow the workers and management of individual factories to bargain, and (during this time period) these local unions often existed at the same time as industry-wide unions. Because the Goodyear factory was more than twice the size of the next largest employer, the actions between the workers and management at the Goodyear factory had an effect on how the rest of the industry acted.

Goodyear's management and the leadership of the local union were able to cooperate and bargain until late 1935. During the later stages of 1935, Goodyear's management, led by Paul Litchfield, introduced plans to reduce hourly wages, while at the same time moving from six hour shifts to eight hour shifts for its employees. The local union voiced its displeasure to management, but management was adamant on going through with the proposed changes, regardless of how the local union felt. Because the local union was now unable to negotiate with management, its perceived bargaining power decreased in the eyes of the workers, causing the union's support to decrease, and workers began to look elsewhere for union support (with many workers eventually joining the URW).

Sit-down strikes
The sit-down strike was a type of strike that the rubber factory workers used very frequently both before and after the large picket strike of February–March 1936. The sit-down strike is when factory workers, who are currently working on the assembly line, sit down at their assembly line positions to stop production at their point in the production process. The stoppage of production in one department will cause the next department in the process to stop because that department will have no new products or batches to work with. Because one department decides to sit down, it causes the rest of an assembly line to cease production.

The workers in the rubber industry got the idea of using the sit-down strike from a strike that occurred at a baseball game that was played between union members from different factories. The players, who were union members, disliked an umpire who was not a union member, so the players decided that they would rather sit down on the field than play in a game that would be umpired by someone who was not a member of their union. The sit-down strikes in Akron, OH are considered to be some of the earliest origins of the sit-down strike, even earlier than the Flint sit-down strike of 1936-1937.

The sit-down strike was used frequently by the rubber workers because of a few reasons. The most important reason for the sit-down strike being used is that it does not allow the factory's management to hire scab workers to continue production, because the sitting workers are occupying the space necessary for the work to be done. Another major reason as to why the sit-down strike was frequently used by the rubber workers was due to management's inability to use force in order to get the striking workers out of the way. Factory management would rarely use force to drive out striking employees because of the fear of damaging expensive equipment used in the manufacturing process. These reasons also allowed the sit-down strike to be an effective tool for the workers.

Picket strike of February–March 1936
The large picket strike of February–March 1936 began in the Goodyear Tire factory, and then quickly spread to the rest of the rubber factories in Akron, Ohio.

Late during 1935, the management of the Goodyear plant, which was by far the largest employer of rubber workers in the industry, introduced a plan for the reduction of hourly wages for workers as well as a move from six-hour shifts to eight-hour shifts. The reason for management's plan was to save money on labor. The move to eight-hour shifts from six-hour shifts would cause significant layoffs of around 1,200 workers, because with six-hour shifts, four shifts of workers would be employed compared to three shifts of workers being employed under eight-hour shifts. Eventually, Goodyear's management decided to go back to six-hour shifts because of the displeasure voiced by workers.

During the early stages of 1936, shortly after Goodyear's management decided to go back to the six-hour shifts for its employees, Goodyear was forced to lay off around 700 workers due to decreases in tire sales. This round of layoffs was the final event between management and workers that caused the workers to start the picket strike on February 14, 1936.

Throughout the strike, there were as many as 10,000 workers, which included people from all trades in the city of Akron, that picketed around the many gates to the Goodyear factory. The leaders of the strike were able to maintain strong morale among the striking workers during the strike largely due to the playing of music. There are a couple of known attempts to break the picket strike by using force, the first of which was by the police. The sheriff's force consisted of around 150 deputies as the force approached the striking workers. At the last possible second, the sheriff's force decided against attempting to break up the striking workers due to the number of people that they would be confronting.

The second known attempt to break the strike by using force was by a Law and Order League. This group was financially funded by Goodyear and was managed by a former mayor of Akron. The group consisted of approximately 5,200 members that were fully prepared to attack the striking workers if told to do so. As a way of avoiding a violent confrontation, the Summit County Central Labor Council was able to convince the Law and Order League to not attack the striking workers.

During the time of the picket strike, Goodyear's management and the URW were busy negotiating terms that would allow for the workers to go back to the factories and continue production. Goodyear's management refused to formally sign any agreements between the two sides, causing the negotiation process to potentially take longer than it should have. By the end of the negotiating process, Goodyear had capitulated on many of the major demands by the workers. These demands included layoffs by seniority, six-hour work shifts, and regular meetings between management and union representatives. The workers came away from the strike largely victorious, and their excitement was shown by a march of 5,000 delighted workers throughout the streets of Akron following the announcement that the strike was over.

Even though the strike had halted production for about a month, Goodyear had three months of inventory built up prior to the beginning of the strike, so the company did not lose any potential sales revenue by not being able to meet demand. Also, despite the length and size of the strike, there were no deaths and injuries were practically nonexistent.

See also
 1943 Akron rubber strike

References

Labor disputes in Ohio
Transportation labor disputes in the United States
History of Akron, Ohio
1936 in Ohio
1936 labor disputes and strikes
Rubber industry
United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America