Udea is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1845. The currently known 216 species are present on all continents except Antarctica. About 41 species are native to Hawaii.

Systematics

The genus is placed in the tribe Udeini, where it is closest related to the genera Mnesictena, Deana and Udeoides. In the past, Mnesictena was included in Udea, but it is currently considered a separate genus comprising seven species.

The North American, European and African Udea species have been treated in several studies, and a number of species groups has been proposed (see below).

Species

Udea ferrugalis species group:
Udea accolalis (Zeller, 1867)
Udea azorensis Meyer, Nuss & Speidel, 1997
Udea delineatalis (Walker in Melliss, 1875)
Udea exigualis (Wileman, 1911)
Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796)
Udea heterodoxa (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea kirinyaga Mally in Mally et al., 2022
Udea liopis (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea lugubralis (Leech, 1889)
Udea maderensis (Bethune-Baker, 1894)
Udea meruensis Mally in Mally et al., 2022
Udea momella Mally in Mally et al., 2022
Udea montensis Mutuura, 1954
Udea namaquana Karisch & Mally in Mally et al., 2022
Udea nicholsae Mally in Mally et al., 2022
Udea nordmani (Rebel, 1935)
Udea profundalis (Packard, 1873)
Udea pyranthes (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea rubigalis (Guenée, 1854)
Udea rusticalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Udea stationalis Yamanaka, 1988
Udea swezeyi (Zimmerman, 1951)

Udea itysalis species group:
Udea abstrusa Munroe, 1966
Udea beringialis Munroe, 1966
Udea brevipalpis Munroe, 1966
Udea cacuminicola Munroe, 1966)
Udea costalis (Eversmann, 1852)
Udea derasa Munroe, 1966
Udea itysalis (Walker, 1859)
Udea livida Munroe, 1966
Udea radiosalis (Möschler, 1883)
Udea tachdirtalis (Zerny, 1935)
Udea turmalis (Grote, 1881)

Udea numeralis species group:
Udea ardekanalis Amsel, 1961
Udea bipunctalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Udea confinalis (Lederer, 1858)
Udea cyanalis (La Harpe, 1855)
Udea exalbalis (Caradja, 1916)
Udea fimbriatralis (Duponchel, 1833)
Udea fulvalis (Hübner, 1809)
Udea hageni Viette, 1952
Udea institalis (Hübner, 1819)
Udea languidalis (Eversmann, 1842)
Udea lutealis (Hübner, 1809)
Udea numeralis (Hübner, 1796)
Udea olivalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Udea praepetalis (Lederer, 1869)
Udea ruckdescheli Mally, Segerer & Nuss, 2016
Udea tritalis (Christoph, 1881)
Udea zernyi (Klima in Zerny, 1940)

Udea alpinalis species group:
Udea alpinalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Udea altaica (Zerny, 1914)
Udea austriacalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Udea bourgognealis Leraut, 1996
Udea carniolica Huemer & Tarmann, 1989
Udea cretacea (Filipjev, 1925)
Udea donzelalis (Guenée, 1854)
Udea juldusalis (Zerny, 1914)
Udea murinalis (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1842)
Udea nebulalis (Hübner, 1796)
Udea plumbalis (Zerny, 1914)
Udea rhododendronalis (Duponchel, 1834)
Udea uliginosalis (Stephens, 1834)

Udea decrepitalis species group:
Udea decrepitalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Udea hamalis (Thunberg, 1792)
Udea inquinatalis (Lienig & Zeller, 1846)
Udea prunalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

Species unplaced in any species group:
Udea absolutalis (Dyar, 1913)
Udea aenigmatica (Heinrich, 1931)
Udea affinialis (Zerny, 1914)
Udea afghanalis (Amsel, 1970)
Udea aksualis (Caradja, 1928)
Udea alaskalis (Gibson, 1920)
Udea albipunctalis Dognin, 1905
Udea albostriata Zhang & Li, 2016
Udea amitina (Butler, 1883)
Udea angustalis (Dognin, 1905)
Udea annectans Munroe, 1974
Udea argoscelis (Meyrick, 1888)
Udea asychanalis (Druce, 1899)
Udea auratalis (Warren, 1895)
Udea aurora (Butler, 1881)
Udea autoclesalis (Walker, 1859)
Udea berberalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Udea binoculalis (Hampson, 1904)
Udea brontias (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea bryochloris (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea caliginosalis (Ragonot, 1894)
Udea calliastra (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea caminopis (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea capsifera (Meyrick, 1933)
Udea cataphaea (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea chalcophanes (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea chloropis (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea chytropa (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea cinerea (Butler, 1883)
Udea conisalias (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea constricta (Butler, 1882)
Udea conubialis Yamanaka, 1972
Udea coranialis Munroe, 1967
Udea costiplaga (Dognin, 1913)
Udea crambialis (Druce, 1899)
Udea curvata Zhang & Li, 2016
Udea decoripennis Munroe, 1967
Udea defectalis (Sauber, 1899)
Udea despecta (Butler, 1877)
Udea detersalis (Walker, 1866)
Udea diopsalis (Hampson, 1913)
Udea dracontias (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea dryadopa (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea elutalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Udea endopyra (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea endotrichialis (Hampson, 1918)
Udea ennychioides (Butler, 1881)
Udea ephippias (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea eucrena (Meyrick, 1888)
Udea ferrealis (Hampson, 1900)
Udea flavofimbriata (Moore, 1888)
Udea fulcrialis (Sauber, 1899)
Udea fumipennis (Warren, 1892)
Udea fusculalis (Hampson, 1899)
Udea gigantalis Dognin, 1912
Udea grisealis Inoue, Yamanaka & Sasaki, 2008
Udea helioxantha (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea helviusalis (Walker, 1859)
Udea hyalistis (Lower, 1902)
Udea ialis (Walker, 1859)
Udea ichinosawana (Matsumura, 1925)
Udea illineatalis (Dognin, 1904)
Udea incertalis (Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937)
Udea indistincta (Butler, 1883)
Udea indistinctalis Warren, 1892
Udea inferioralis (Walker, 1866)
Udea inhospitalis Warren, 1892
Udea intermedia Inoue, Yamanaka & Sasaki, 2008
Udea karagaialis (Caradja, 1916)
Udea khorassanalis (Amsel, 1950)
Udea kusnezovi Sinev, 2008
Udea lagunalis (Schaus, 1913)
Udea lampadias (Meyrick, 1904)
Udea latipennalis (Caradja, 1928)
Udea lenta (Meyrick, 1936)
Udea lerautalis Tautel, 2014
Udea litorea (Butler, 1883)
Udea mandronalis (Walker, 1859)
Udea mechedalis (Amsel, 1950)
Udea melanephra (Hampson, 1913)
Udea melanopis (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea melanosticta (Butler, 1883)
Udea metasema (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea micacea (Butler, 1881)
Udea minnehaha (Pryer, 1877)
Udea montanalis (Schaus, 1912)
Udea monticolens (Butler, 1882)
Udea nea (Strand, 1918)
Udea nebulatalis Inoue, Yamanaka & Sasaki, 2008
Udea nigrescens (Butler, 1881)
Udea nigripunctata Warren, 1892
Udea nigrostigmalis Warren, 1896
Udea nomophilodes (Hampson, 1913)
Udea nordeggensis (McDunnough, 1929)
Udea ochreocapitalis (Ragonot, 1894)
Udea ochropera (Hampson, 1913)
Udea octosignalis (Hulst, 1886)
Udea ommatias (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea orbicentralis (Christoph, 1881)
Udea pachygramma (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea paghmanalis (Amsel, 1970)
Udea phaealis (Hampson, 1899)
Udea phaethontia (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea phyllostegia (Swezey, 1946)
Udea planalis (South in Leech & South, 1901)
Udea platyleuca (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea poasalis (Schaus, 1912)
Udea poliostolalis (Hampson, 1918)
Udea praefulvalis (Amsel, 1970)
Udea proximalis Inoue, Yamanaka & Sasaki, 2008
Udea pseudocrocealis (South in Leech & South, 1901)
Udea psychropa (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea punctiferalis (South in Leech & South, 1901)
Udea punoalis Munroe, 1967
Udea pyraustiformis (Toll, 1948)
Udea ragonotii (Butler, 1883)
Udea renalis Moore, 1888
Udea russispersalis (Zerny, 1914)
Udea sabulosalis Warren, 1892
Udea saxifragae (McDunnough, 1935)
Udea schaeferi (Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937)
Udea scoparialis (Hampson, 1899)
Udea scorialis (Zeller, 1847)
Udea secernalis (Möschler, 1890)
Udea secticostalis (Hampson, 1913)
Udea sheppardi (McDunnough, 1929)
Udea simplicella (La Harpe, 1861)
Udea sobrinalis (Guenée, 1854)
Udea soratalis Munroe, 1967
Udea stellata (Butler, 1883)
Udea stigmatalis (Wileman, 1911)
Udea subplanalis (Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937)
Udea suisharyonensis (Strand, 1918)
Udea suralis (Schaus, 1933)
Udea tenoalis Munroe, 1974
Udea testacea (Butler, 1879)
Udea tetragramma (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Udea thermantis (Meyrick, 1899)
Udea thermantoidis (Swezey, 1913)
Udea thoonalis (Walker, 1859)
Udea thyalis (Walker, 1859)
Udea torvalis (Möschler, 1864)
Udea umbriferalis (Hampson, 1918)
Udea uralica Slamka, 2013
Udea vacunalis (Grote, 1881)
Udea vastalis (Christoph in Romanoff, 1887)
Udea violae (Swezey, 1933)
Udea viridalis (Dognin, 1904)
Udea washingtonalis (Grote, 1882)

Former species
Udea catilualis (Hampson, 1900), synonymized with Udea numeralis
Udea conquisitalis (Guenee, 1849), transferred to the Glaphyriinae genus Evergestis
Udea epicoena (Meyrick, 1937), a synonym of Udea ferrugalis
Udea illutalis (Guenée, 1854), a synonym of Udea numeralis
Udea infuscalis Zeller, 1852, transferred to the Pyraustinae genus Lirabotys
Udea melanostictalis (Hampson in Poulton, 1916), transferred to the Pyraustinae genus Achyra
Udea pauperalis (Staudinger, 1879), transferred to the Pyraustinae genus Pyrausta
Udea perfervidalis (Hampson, 1900), transferred to the Spilomelinae genus Metasia
Udea sviridovi Bolshakov, 2002, synonymized with Udea exalbalis

References

Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Achille Guenée


Neurophruda is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Neurophruda daulialis, which is found in India (Meghalaya).

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)
Crambidae genera


Neurophyseta is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Neurophyseta aetalis Walker, 1859
Neurophyseta albicomma (Swinhoe, 1894)
Neurophyseta albimarginalis Schaus, 1920
Neurophyseta albinalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta albirufa Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta arcigrammalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta arcuatalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta argyroleuca Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta auralis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta avertinalis
Neurophyseta bolusalis
Neurophyseta camptogrammalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta clymenalis (Walker, 1859)
Neurophyseta comoralis (Strand, 1916)
Neurophyseta completalis
Neurophyseta conantia Phillips & Solis, 1996
Neurophyseta cyclicalis Schaus, 1913
Neurophyseta dabiusalis
Neurophyseta damescalis Guenée, 1854
Neurophyseta debalis
Neurophyseta diplogrammalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta disciatralis
Neurophyseta durgalis Schaus, 1920
Neurophyseta flavirufalis
Neurophyseta fulvalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta fulvistrigalis
Neurophyseta graphicalis
Neurophyseta hoenei (Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1934)
Neurophyseta interruptalis (Wileman & South, 1917)
Neurophyseta irrectalis (Guenée, 1854)
Neurophyseta jessica Phillips & Solis, 1996
Neurophyseta laothoealis (Walker, 1859)
Neurophyseta laudamialis
Neurophyseta marin Phillips & Solis, 1996
Neurophyseta mellograpta
Neurophyseta mesophaealis
Neurophyseta mineolalis (Schaus, 1940)
Neurophyseta mollitalis (Schaus, 1912)
Neurophyseta narcissusalis (Walker, 1859)
Neurophyseta normalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta paroalis
Neurophyseta perlalis
Neurophyseta perrivalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta phaeozonalis (Hampson, 1906)
Neurophyseta pomperialis
Neurophyseta purifactalis
Neurophyseta randalis (Druce, 1896)
Neurophyseta renata Phillips & Solis, 1996
Neurophyseta rufalis Hampson, 1912
Neurophyseta saniralis (Viette, 1989)
Neurophyseta sittenfelda Phillips & Solis, 1996
Neurophyseta sogalalis (Viette, 1989)
Neurophyseta stigmatalis
Neurophyseta taiwanalis (Shibuya, 1928)
Neurophyseta turrialbalis Schaus, 1912
Neurophyseta upupalis (Guenée, 1862)
Neurophyseta ursmaralis Schaus, 1927
Neurophyseta ustalis (Walker, 1865)
Neurophyseta villarda Phillips & Solis, 1996
Neurophyseta virginalis
Neurophyseta volcanalis Schaus, 1920
Neurophyseta zobeida Phillips & Solis, 1996

Former species
Neurophyseta dasymalis
Neurophyseta fulvilinealis
Neurophyseta subpuralis

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Musotiminae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Uinta is a monotypic moth genus of the family Pyralidae described by George Duryea Hulst in 1888. Its single species, Uinta oreadella, described in the same publication, is known from the US state of Colorado.

References

Monotypic moth genera
Phycitinae
Moths of North America


Nevrina is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Nevrina procopia (Stoll in Cramer & Stoll, 1781)
Nevrina radiata Ghesquière, 1942
Nevrina verlainei Ghesquière, 1942

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Achille Guenée


Lissophanes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Lissophanes ceramica, which is found in Peru.

The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are pale cream, suffused with dull pale olive and dusted with greyish. The hindwings are dull olive-grey, spotted with white and with a dark grey basal line.

References

Glaphyriinae
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)
Crambidae genera


Nicaria is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Nicaria latisquamalis, which is found in Sulawesi.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Ulopeza is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1852.

Species
Ulopeza alenialis Strand, 1913
Ulopeza conigeralis Zeller, 1852
Ulopeza crocifrontalis Mabille, 1900
Ulopeza crocochalca (Meyrick, 1933)
Ulopeza cruciferalis Kenrick, 1907
Ulopeza denticulalis Hampson, 1912
Ulopeza disjunctalis Hampson, 1918
Ulopeza flavicepsalis Hampson, 1912
Ulopeza fuscomarginalis (Ghesquière, 1940)
Ulopeza idyalis (Walker, 1859)
Ulopeza innotalis Karsch, 1900
Ulopeza junctilinealis Hampson, 1912
Ulopeza macilentalis Viette, 1958
Ulopeza nigricostata Hampson, 1912
Ulopeza primalis Viette, 1958
Ulopeza sterictodes Hampson, 1912

Former species
 Ulopeza cyphoplaca (Meyrick, 1933) transferred to Glyphidomarptis cyphoplaca (Meyrick, 1933)
 Ulopeza panaresalis (Walker, 1859) transferred to Nosophora panaresalis (Walker, 1859)
 Ulopeza pseudohesusalis (Strand, 1920) restored to Pycnarmon pseudohesusalis Strand, 1920

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Philipp Christoph Zeller


Niphadoses is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Niphadoses chionotus (Meyrick, 1889)
Niphadoses dengcaolites Wang & Sung, 1978
Niphadoses elachia Common, 1960
Niphadoses hoplites Common, 1960
Niphadoses palleucus Common, 1960

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Schoenobiinae
Crambidae genera


Niphograpta is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, the water hyacinth moth (Niphograpta albiguttalis). It is native to the Amazon basin, but has been introduced in North America (where it is found from Florida, along the gulf coast to Louisiana and Texas), Africa and Australia (where it is found in Queensland and New South Wales) to control the spread of water hyacinth.

The wingspan is . The forewings are golden yellow speckled with grey. The hindwings are bright yellow with a prominent black discal spot.

The larvae feed on Eichhornia crassipes. They bore in the stems and leaf buds of their host plant. First instar larvae have a brown body with a dark brown to black head. Later instars are cream coloured with scattered dark brown spots and a dark orange head.

References

Spilomelinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of South America
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)


Uncobotyodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Uncobotyodes patulalis, is found in India (Darjeeling).

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera


Niphopyralis is a genus of snout moths of the subfamily Spilomelinae in the family Crambidae.

Description

Caterpillars
The reports on larvae are somewhat divergent, depending on the species and the condition of the larvae (fresh versus alcohol-preserved): The fully-grown caterpillar of Niphopyralis myrmecophila (according to material preserved in alcohol) is approximately 14 mm in length, 4.4 mm thick at its largest diameter, and completely colourless, with the spiracles visible as fine, shiny colourless dots. The larval body is naked, hardly flattened, markedly tapered anteriorly and posteriorly, with all segments bulging out almost in a physogastric way. The head is small and prognathous. The thoracal legs are well developed, the prolegs are strongly reduced, and only at high magnification the single circle of crochets and the small papilla are visible; the anal prolegs are completely reduced, but this may be due to the investigated larvae being in the process of pupation.

The fully-grown caterpillar of Niphopyralis aurivillii are 6 to 7.5 mm long and 1.5 mm thick, and is tapers only slightly towards the ends. The body has a yellow-white colour, with head and pronotum somewhat darker. The entire body is diffusely covered with long, soft, colourless chaetae. The head is about two thirds the breadth of the pronotum, almost twice as long as broad, and tapered towards the front. The two epicranial halves are almost triangular and encompass a large tongue-shaped frontal plate that reaches posteriad to the occipital opening. Each side of the head bears six ocelli, with the upper five in a curved line, and the sixth separate more ventral; the latter ocellus is not pigmented like the others. The larval antennae are consist of three merons. The mandibles long and conspicuously pointed in young larvae, more blunt in older larvae. The labium carries a well-developed spinneret. The thoracal and abdominal segments are weakly chitinised. The somewhat stronger chitinised pronotum is about twice as long as the meso- and metathorax. Thoracal legs are well-developed. Abdominal segments 1 to 7 are almost uniform, the eighth and ninth narrower, and the anal plate rounded. The four pairs of prolegs on abdominal segments 3 to 6 are well-developed, with a single, entire circle of crochets; half-grown larvae have 11 to 14 crochets, fully grown ones up to 25. The well-developed anal prolegs have an angularly curved frontal row of 11 crochets in falf-grown larvae and more in older ones.

Pupae
The pupa is stout and slightly flattened. In Niphopyralis aurivillii, the pupa is 6 to 6.5 mm long and 2 mm broad, and of a light brown-yellow colour. The imago emerges from a mouthlike cleft on one end of the cocoon.

Imagines
Imagines of Niphopyralis exhibit an unusual, somewhat Limacodidae-like habitus. Furthermore, they lack a proboscis, have reduced palpi, and the males exhibit bipectinate antennae, a mix of characters that for a long time hindered their correct placement among Lepidoptera (see Systematics).

The wingspan ranges from 12 to 22 mm, and the males being smaller than the females. The lower two thirds of the male antennae are bipectinate with ciliated teeth approximately as long as the antenna’s breadth. The compound eyes are large and rounded. A proboscis and ocelli are absent, and the labial palps are small. The body and wings are whitish to cream, with the front wing upper side usually exhibiting a diffuse wing pattern, whereas the underside has a dark brown colour.

DNA sequence data

DNA barcode data for different, mostly unidentified species of Niphopyralis are stored in the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), although only part of the sequences are publicly accessible.

Behaviour
The caterpillar of Niphopyralis myrmecophila lives in a flat oval self-spun casing consisting of two slightly curved halves that fit precisely onto one another. The halves are only loosely spun together, so that they can be easily separated. The casing tissue is relatively coarse. The outside colour is a dirty white, the inner side is lighter. The casing of a fully-grown caterpillar measures 15 x 11 mm, and the caterpillar is fully concealed by it. The larval cases seem to lie loosely in the nests of their host ants. Caterpillars of N. aurivillii have also been observed to live freely in the nests, and only occasionally they are found on the nest ground, fixed by a loose weave of a few crossed threads. Fully-grown larvae are also found in pupal ant cocoons, where they feed on the ant pupa. However, for pupation they also spin a cocoon similar to that of N. myrmecophila. The observations of Roepke (1916) on N. myrmecophila might therefore refer only to fully grown caterpillars, while the younger caterpillars potentially also live freely in the ant nests, but were not observed.

The caterpillars are fully tolerated in the nest, but are not cared for by the host ants. They actively participate in the maintenance of the ant nest by repairing and reinforcing walls with spinning thread. Small caterpillars live among eggs and small ant larvae on which they feed, as examinations of the gut contents have shown. Larger caterpillars are found among ant larvae and pupae. In cases where the ant colony is moving to a new nest, small caterpillars are carried passively to the new nest, but not actively by the ants, whereas large caterpillars remain in the old nest.

The adult moths are diurnal. The flight is neither fast nor lengthy, and with rapid wing movement. After settling down, the moth usually walks a short distance, with its wings held horizontally and skewed backwards. In resting position, the wings are normally held vertically, covering the body from the sides, and the abdomen is raised to approximately 45°. Like the caterpillars and pupae, the adults are not attacked by the ants.

Systematics
The genus currently comprises eight species:
Niphopyralis albida Hampson, 1893
Niphopyralis aurivillii (Kemner, 1923)
Niphopyralis chionesis Hampson, 1919
Niphopyralis contaminata Hampson, 1893
Niphopyralis discipunctalis Hampson, 1919
Niphopyralis myrmecophila (Roepke, 1916)
Niphopyralis nivalis Hampson, 1893 – type species of Niphopyralis
Niphopyralis suffidalis Swinhoe, 1895

The genus Niphopyralis was described by George Hampson in 1893, who placed it in the subfamily Pyraustinae, but later transferred it to Schoenobiinae. Twenty-three years later, in 1916, Walter Karl Johann Roepke described Wurthia and erected the new subfamily Wurthiinae, which he placed in Arctiidae (now Arctiinae).

Kemner (1923) transferred Wurthia to Schoenobiinae based on similarities to Niphopyralis. Lewvanich (1981) removed Niphopyralis from Schoenobiinae and transferred it to Pyraustinae, while Wurthia remained in Schoenobiinae. Common (1990), realising that Wurthia is misplaced in Schoenobiinae, re-established the subfamily Wurthiinae with this genus as the sole member. Eventually, in 1996, Wurthia was recognized as synonym of Niphopyralis.

Recently, Regier et al. (2012) found Niphopyralis to be an ingroup of Spilomelinae, and they consequently synonymised the name Wurthiinae with Spilomelinae. Since 2019, the name Wurthiini is in use again as tribe of Spilomelinae.

References

Spilomelinae
Taxa named by George Hampson


Lotanga is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Lotanga milvinalis, which is found in Sri Lanka.

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Frederic Moore


Niphostola is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Niphostola micans Hampson, 1896
Niphostola punctata Swinhoe, 1904

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Undulambia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Undulambia albitessellalis
Undulambia arnoulalis
Undulambia asaphalis
Undulambia cantiusalis (Schaus, 1924)
Undulambia cymialis (Hampson, 1907)
Undulambia dendalis
Undulambia electrale (Dyar, 1914)
Undulambia flavicostalis
Undulambia fovecosta
Undulambia fulvicolor
Undulambia fulvitinctalis (Hampson, 1897)
Undulambia grisealis (Hampson, 1906)
Undulambia hemigrammalis
Undulambia intortalis
Undulambia jonesalis
Undulambia leucocymalis (Hampson, 1906)
Undulambia leucostictalis
Undulambia lindbladi B. Landry in Landry & Roque-Albelo, 2006
Undulambia marconalis
Undulambia niveiplagalis (Hampson, 1917)
Undulambia oedizonalis (Hampson, 1906)
Undulambia perornatalis (Schaus, 1912)
Undulambia phaeochroalis (Hampson, 1906)
Undulambia polystichalis
Undulambia rarissima Munroe, 1972
Undulambia semilunalis
Undulambia striatalis (Dyar, 1906)
Undulambia symphorasalis (Schaus, 1924)
Undulambia tigrinale
Undulambia vitrinalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)

References

Crambidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum

Musotiminae
Crambidae genera


Upiga is a monotypic moth genus described by Hahn William Capps in 1964. The genus is placed in the family Crambidae, but has also been placed in Pyralidae. It contains only one species, Upiga virescens, the senita moth, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1900 and found in the Sonoran Desert of North America.

The moth is best known for its obligate mutualism with Pachycereus schottii, the senita cactus. The senita moth is one of the few pollinators of the senita cactus, and the moth relies on the cactus as a host for reproduction. Larvae bore into flowers and consume the developing fruit and seeds inside. This obligate mutualism is similar to that of yuccas and yucca moths.

Description
The senita moth is light brown with wide white stripes traversing the body from head to wing tip. It is relatively small, with forewings 7 to 10 mm in length. The abdomen of the female is covered with scales, called the posterior brush, which are used to collect pollen from senita cactus flowers.

Distribution
The senita moth is native to the Sonoran Desert in the US state of Arizona and the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California.

Life cycle
The life cycle of the senita moth is completely reliant on the moth's host plant, the senita cactus. The senita cactus has an extended flowering season during which several moth generations are completed.

Egg
Eggs are laid singly on open senita cactus flowers, either on the petals, anthers, or the corolla tube.

Larva
Larvae can hatch within hours of egg laying, but may take up to three days. First-instar larvae bore into the flowers of the senita cactus towards the developing fruit. This occurs within five to six days, as the corolla becomes impenetrable after this point, blocking larvae access to the fruit. The second instar begins once larvae start eating the developing fruit. Larvae develop into the third instar after they reach eight days of age. They then bore an exit hole through the fruit and, at twelve to seventeen days of age, either pupate or enter diapause, a state of developmental dormancy, to overwinter in the stem of the senita and then emerge in a later flowering season.

Unlike other lepidopterans, whose larvae undergo at least four instars, senita moth larvae have only three instars. This could be due to size limitations, where larvae that continue to grow past the third instar are too large to emerge from exit holes previously created by the larvae, the time constraint of larval growth needing to be completed before fruit matures completely, or possibly to keep the life cycle short so that multiple generations can be completed in a single flowering season.

Pupa
Pupation takes place in the cactus stem and adults emerge from exit holes created during the previous larval stage.

Adult
Adult females are the main visitors to flowers. They collect pollen using the posterior brush and actively deposit pollen on stigmas. Additionally, moths may enter the flower for nectar collection. Adults rest on cactus spines during the day. Adults mate on mature cactus spines.

Larval host plant
The senita moth is a host specific, obligate mutualist with the senita cactus, meaning both species rely on each other for survival. Females lay eggs on host plant flowers, and larvae feed off of the developing fruit inside.

Oviposition
Oviposition takes place on senita cactus flowers, which open after sunset for six to twelve hours, from late March to September. Eggs are laid evenly among flowers, with only one egg laid per flower. Flowers are open for only one night each. Singular oviposition is thought to reduce competition for food resources among larvae as well as reduce the overall risk of larval death from fruit abortion by spreading eggs among several flowers.

By number alone, females oviposit most frequently on petals. However, when accounting for variation in surface area, oviposition occurs more frequently on the anthers and corolla tube. These eggs have a 40% greater survival rate than eggs laid on petals, perhaps due to the shortened distance to the fruit from anthers and the corolla tube or due to the added difficulty of entering the fruit from sticky, wilting petals.

Survivorship
Less than 20% of larvae survive to six days of age. Larval survivorship is reduced by a low egg hatching percentage, corolla-induced mortality, resource-limited fruit abortion, and wasp parasitism. Corolla-induced mortality occurs when larvae are unable to bore through corollas within six days of hatching, after which the corollas become hardened and impenetrable by larvae.

This rate of survivorship is important in maintaining the moth's mutualist relationship with the senita cactus; since the larvae cause fruit abscission and seed destruction, low larval survivorship is necessary for the senita moth's presence to be beneficial to the cactus. Because of the relatively low larval survival rate and the great benefit of the senita moth to pollination and fruit set, the benefits to the senita cactus of interaction with the senita moth are three to four times the cost of seed destruction.

Parasitism
A significant proportion, 12 to 17%, of moths that survive to pupation are killed by endoparasitic wasps. Endoparasitic wasps oviposit on the body of the host, the larvae killing the host upon hatching.

Mutualism

The senita moth is an obligate mutualist with the senita cactus. Pollination of the senita cactus is dependent on the senita moth, with 75 to 95% of cactus fruit set resulting from nocturnal pollination by the senita moth. The remaining fruit set is resultant from daytime pollination by co-pollinators. The senita moth is, in turn, reliant on the senita cactus for oviposition and larval food sources.

This mutualistic relationship is present throughout the senita moth's range, which suggests there is strong selective pressure on traits that maintain mutualism.

Coevolution
Several traits of the senita cactus allowed for the coevolution of mutualism with the senita moth. The first is nocturnal flower opening, which favors interactions with the cactus's only nocturnal pollinator, the senita moth. The second trait is self-incompatibility of the host plant, which leads to a reliance on pollinators for reproduction. The third trait is resource-limited fruit production with a reduction in nectar production. Reduced nectar production suggests a lessened need to attract pollinators, as would be the case in obligate mutualism where pollinators rely on the host plant for reproduction.

Comparison to other obligate pollinators
The senita moth is the sixth known example of pollination with seed consumption, and the third known example of obligate pollination with seed consumption. Senita cactus and senita moth mutualism is similar to the mutualism seen with figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths. The senita moth's mutualism is unique in that it is not the sole pollinator of its host plant; the senita cactus is pollinated by a few species of bees in addition to the senita moth. This is atypical of specialized, obligate mutualism, and could suggest that the senita cactus is in an evolutionary transition state from a general mutualism with co-pollinators to a complete reliance on the senita moth for pollination.

References

Crambidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum

Glaphyriinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Hahn William Capps


Loxmaionia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Loxmaionia megale, which is found in Costa Rica.

The wingspan is about 49 mm. The forewings are dark greyish brown with interrupted basal and antemedial whitish lines. There is a small white spot in the cell medially and a similar short streak below the cell, as well as an oblique whitish line on the discocellular and an interrupted line below it to the inner margin. The hindwings are semihyaline white with a fuscous-grey shade on the inner margin.

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by William Schaus


Uresiphita is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Uresiphita gilvata (Fabricius, 1794)
Uresiphita insulicola
Uresiphita mongolicalis (Caradja, 1916)
Uresiphita ornithopteralis (Guenée, 1854)
Uresiphita polygonalis (Denis & Schiffermueller, 1775)
Uresiphita reversalis (Guenée, 1854)

Former species
Uresiphita catalalis (Viette, 1953)
Uresiphita maorialis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)

References

Crambidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum

External links

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Noctueliopsis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Noctueliopsis aridalis (Barnes & Benjamin, 1922)
Noctueliopsis atascaderalis (Munroe, 1951)
Noctueliopsis australis (Dognin, 1910)
Noctueliopsis brunnealis Munroe, 1972
Noctueliopsis bububattalis (Hulst, 1886)
Noctueliopsis decolorata Munroe, 1974
Noctueliopsis grandis Munroe, 1974
Noctueliopsis palmalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Noctueliopsis pandoralis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Noctueliopsis puertalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1912)
Noctueliopsis rhodoxanthinalis Munroe, 1974
Noctueliopsis virula (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Odontiini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Urola is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Urola fimbrialis (Dyar, 1914)
Urola furvicornis (Zeller, 1877)
Urola nivalis Drury, 1773

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Argyriini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


The General Store, constructed in 1840 in Shelburne, Vermont, originally operated as the village post office. Its front-gable orientation, accentuated with a multi-paned, triangular pedimental window, reflects the popular Greek Revival style.

History
In 1952 the Shelburne Museum rolled the building to the grounds on a specially laid railroad track. The first level re-creates a late nineteenth-century general store with fully stocked shelves displaying the types of goods available for purchase. Smaller adjoining rooms offer a variety of community services including a post office, a barbershop, and a taproom. The adjacent wing houses a replication of a nineteenth-century Apothecary Shop that the museum added after moving the building to the grounds.

The building’s second story exhibits medical equipment, tools, and furnishings spanning the first half of the 20th century. Replicated settings include a dentist’s laboratory and examining room, the offices of an ophthalmologist, and those of an ear, nose, and throat physician.

See also
Electra Havemeyer Webb

References

External links
Shelburne Museum website
Shelburne Country Store

General Store
Relocated buildings and structures in Vermont
General stores in the United States


Loxocorys is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Edward Meyrick in 1894, and has long been considered a synonym of Luma before it was reinstated as genus with the sole species Loxocorys sericea (Butler, 1879).
A phylogenetic analysis showed that Loxocorys is placed in the Spilomelinae tribe Wurthiini, and in genitalia morphology it shares similarities with Niphopyralis.

References

Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Usgentia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Usgentia quadridentale (Zerny, 1914)
Usgentia vespertalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Odontiinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel


is a role-playing video game dungeon crawler for the PlayStation Portable developed by Zero Div and published by Acquire in Japan and Atlus in North America. In Japan, the game was released on August 26, 2008; in North America, the game was released on June 9, 2009 by Atlus. In the game, players progress by navigating dungeons as hordes of enemies appear and attack in turn-based combat. Class of Heroes received mixed reviews from critics, with some appreciating the creative take on dungeon-crawling and others disliking the game's graphics and grind-based leveling system.

An enhanced remake called Ken to Mahō to Gakuenmono Anniversary Edition was released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan on April 26, 2018.

Gameplay

Players begin the game by selecting characters for their party, choosing each individual's race, gender, stats, alignment, and major. Both race and gender are permanent, but a character's alignment and major can be changed when visiting a school. There are ten playable races in the game: Human, Elf, Dwarf, Erdgeist, Halfling, Sprite, Felpier, Drake, Diablon, and Celestian. Each race has different attitudes towards the others requiring a balance of compatibility to be struck. Each race is imbued with different strengths; e.g. Halflings are clever thieves and Drakes are able warriors. The party starts at Particus Academy which serves as a home base where players can regenerate Magic points, purchase equipment, start quests in the labyrinths, and practice alchemy on items obtained in mazes. Once a dungeon quest is started, enemies may be encountered randomly as players navigate the maze of corridors. The turn-based combat system during battles uses a row-based character line-up, where characters in the back rows with short-range weapons are unable to attack distant enemies. As players progress through the dungeon, a tension gauge accumulates after each battle allowing the party to use gambits during future engagements.

Within each dungeon is a magic lock which when opened allows future trips to the dungeon to be bypassed. Players are able to save their game at any time outside of combat and are also able to easily escape a dungeon when needed. Traps exist within the mazes, and an entire party can be taken out if accidentally sprung. When a party falls while journeying in a dungeon, players are revived back at their school. When a student falls the revival process can fail, and after two consecutive failures the student is deleted from the party.

Development
Atlus announced Class of Heroes in a press release on January 20, 2009, with a prospective release date of April 7. On March 30, Atlus wrote in a press release that a critical bug was discovered in the game a few days before manufacturing began, and that the game would be delayed until June 9 to allow time to resolve the bug.

Reception

Class of Heroes received mixed reviews from critics, ranging from 30 to 83 on Metacritic with an overall rating of 61. IGN reviewer Ryan Clements panned the game for its choice of retro style mechanics, forcing players to grind for levels by dungeon crawling. Clements concedes that level-grinding can be satisfying, but only when coupled with good graphics, animations, battle mechanics, and storytelling, none of which, Clements writes, this game has. On the other hand, RPGamer Glenn Wilson wrote that while typical first-person dungeon crawlers would only appeal to the most hardcore gamers, Class of Heroes "may well be the first playable, enjoyable, approachable, and universally fun game ever to grace this oft-maligned subgenre." Wilson praised the game's originality, balance, monster artwork, and creative dungeon design: "Class of Heroes succeeds at being a solid, well-balanced first person dungeon crawler."

Legacy

Class of Heroes 2
 is the sequel to Class of Heroes released in Japan on June 24, 2009 and includes more jobs and majors for the characters. A Kickstarter project was initiated by MonkeyPaw Games and Gaijinworks to fund the localization and the production of the sequel's limited edition. Although the project did not fund, MonkeyPaw and Gaijinworks promised to continue the translation and release the game digitally with the game set to be released on PSN in mid 2013, and have started a signup to gauge interest on a possible limited physical release, which would also include a code to obtain the game digitally. The campaign proved successful, with 2700 signing up and even more people pre-ordering the game when the pre-sale started. About 200 physical copies were made available through the Canadian online shop Video Games Plus, the rest of the production run being exclusive to those who had pre-ordered via the Gaijinworks website until May 12, 2013. The copies sold at VGP are limited to one copy per customer and also do not come with download codes for digital copies. Also, fans could vote for the cover artwork used for the physical release, with people who had backed the unsuccessful Kickstarter campaign getting a special cover different from that of the copies pre-ordered on the website. The physical release had to be delayed when players of the digital version that was released on June 4, 2013 reported several bugs. The bugs were later fixed in an update to the digital version on October 15, 2013 and the UMD release started shipping in the same month. A remaster of the game is currently under development.

Class of Heroes 2G
A port of Class of Heroes 2 entitled  was released on July 15, 2010 in Japan for the PlayStation 3. The port includes more dungeons, skills, party members, and also full voice acting for the characters. A North American PSN release is in the works as well as an extremely limited physical release which came out in December 2014. As with the previous game, a few hundred physical copies were made available through the Canadian online shop Video Games Plus, with the rest of the production run being exclusive to those who had pre-ordered via the Gaijinworks website. The digital release came to the US PlayStation Network (PSN) on June 2, 2015.

Class of Heroes 3
The third entry,  was released in Japan on October 7, 2010 for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable, with an English release (originally for PSP, but cancelled in 2017) originally slated for Spring 2018 on PlayStation 3, but never released.

Ken to Mahō to Gakuenmono. 3D
 was released in Japan on July 7, 2011 for Nintendo 3DS. The game was re-released as  on October 13, 2011 for PlayStation Portable.

Shin Ken to Mahō to Gakuenmono. Toki no Gakuen
 was released in Japan on July 19, 2012 for PlayStation Portable.

Adventure Academia: The Fractured Continent
 was released in Japan on September 8, 2022 for the PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and PC via Steam in Japanese and was released on December 9, 2022 in English.

Notes

References

External links
Official website for the first game of the series
Official website for Class of Heroes 2

2008 video games
Atlus games
Fantasy video games
GungHo Online Entertainment franchises
PlayStation Portable games
Role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
First-person party-based dungeon crawler video games
Acquire (company) games
Single-player video games
School-themed video games
Nintendo Switch games


Noctuelita is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Noctuelita bicolorata, which is found in the Cameroon.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Odontiinae
Taxa named by Embrik Strand
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Africa
Crambidae genera


Nolckenia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen in 1875. It contains only one species, Nolckenia margaritalis, described in the same paper, which is found in Colombia.

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera


Usingeriessa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
 Usingeriessa brunneosuffusa (Hampson, 1917)
 Usingeriessa brunnildalis Dyar, 1906
 Usingeriessa decoralis (Dognin, 1905)
 Usingeriessa hemilitha (Meyrick, 1936)
 Usingeriessa nigrifusalis (Dognin, 1911)
 Usingeriessa onyxalis (Hampson, 1897)
 Usingeriessa psalmoidalis (Schaus, 1924)
 Usingeriessa sinitalis (Schaus, 1906)
 Usingeriessa symphonalis (Dyar, 1914)
 Usingeriessa tamanalis (Schaus, 1924)
 Usingeriessa trespasalis (Dyar, 1926)

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Loxocrambus is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Loxocrambus awemensis McDunnough, 1929
Loxocrambus canellus Forbes, 1920
Loxocrambus coloradellus (Fernald, 1893)
Loxocrambus hospition (Błeszyński, 1963)
Loxocrambus mohaviellus Forbes, 1920

References

Crambini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes


Uthinia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Uthinia albisignalis, which is found in Asia, including India, Indonesia and Taiwan.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Musotiminae
Monotypic moth genera
Crambidae genera


Nomis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Nomis albopedalis Motschulsky, 1861
Nomis baibarensis (Shibuya, 1928)
Nomis brunnealis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera


Nomophila is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Nomophila africana Munroe, 1973
Nomophila albisignalis Hampson, 1913
Nomophila brevispinalis Munroe, 1973
Nomophila colombiana Munroe, 1973
Nomophila corticalis (Walker, 1869)
Nomophila distinctalis Munroe, 1973
Nomophila helvolalis (Maassen, 1890)
Nomophila heterospila (Meyrick, 1936)
Nomophila incognita Viette, 1959
Nomophila indistinctalis (Walker, 1863)
Nomophila moluccana Pagenstecher, 1884
Nomophila nearctica Munroe, 1973
Nomophila noctuella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Nomophila triticalis Berg, 1875

Former species
Nomophila astigmalis Hampson, 1899

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Nonazochis is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1956. It contains only one species, Nonazochis graphialis, described by William Schaus in 1912, which is found in Costa Rica and Honduras.

References

Spilomelinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Central America
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel
Crambidae genera


Oxyelophila is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1922.

Species
Oxyelophila callista (Forbes, 1922)
Oxyelophila harpalis (Snellen, 1901)
Oxyelophila lanceolalis (Hampson, 1897)
Oxyelophila melanograpta (Hampson, 1917)
Oxyelophila micropalis (Hampson, 1906)
Oxyelophila necomalis (Dyar, 1914)
Oxyelophila puralis (Schaus, 1912)
Oxyelophila ticonalis (Dyar, 1914)

References

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes


Noorda is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae, and the only genus in the subfamily Noordinae.

Species
Noorda aeanalis West, 1931
Noorda affinis Rothschild, 1916
Noorda anthophilalis Strand, 1909
Noorda apiensis Rebel, 1915
Noorda arfakensis Kenrick, 1912
Noorda atripalpalis Zerny in Rebel & Zerny, 191
Noorda blitealis Walker, 1859
Noorda caradjae (Rebel, 1902)
Noorda diehlalis Marion & Viette, 1956
Noorda margaronialis Hampson in Hampson, 1912
Noorda palealis Viette, 1957
Noorda purpureiplagialis Rothschild, 1916
Noorda senatoria (Meyrick, 1932)
Noorda trimaculalis Amsel, 1965
Noorda unipunctalis Amsel, 1963

Former species
Noorda moringae Tams, 1938
Noorda villiersi Marion, 1957

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


Noordodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Noordodes magnificalis (Rothschild, 1916)
Noordodes purpureoflava Hampson, 1916

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Odontiinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Loxomorpha is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Loxomorpha amseli Munroe, 1995
Loxomorpha cambogialis (Guenée, 1854)
Loxomorpha flavidissimalis Grote, 1877
Loxomorpha pulchellalis (Dyar, 1922)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel


Otiophora is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae first described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1908.

Species
Otiophora clavifera (Hampson, 1899)
Otiophora leucotypa (Lower, 1903)
Otiophora leucura (Lower, 1903)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner


56th Group may refer to:

 56th Fighter Group, a unit of the United States Army Air Force
 56th Operations Group, a unit of the United States Air Force

See also
 56th Division (disambiguation)
 56th Brigade (disambiguation)
 56th Regiment (disambiguation)
 56th Squadron (disambiguation)


Osphrantis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Osphrantis paraphaea, which is found on the Talaud Islands, Indonesia.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Indonesia
Crambidae genera


Nosophora is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae.

Species
Nosophora albiguttalis Swinhoe, 1890
Nosophora barbata Hampson, 1899
Nosophora bisexualis Hampson, 1912
Nosophora dispilalis Hampson, 1896
Nosophora euryterminalis (Hampson, 1918)
Nosophora euspilalis (Walker, 1866)
Nosophora flavibasalis Hampson, 1899
Nosophora fulvalis Hampson, 1898
Nosophora glyphodalis (Walker, 1866)
Nosophora hypsalis Walker, [1866]
Nosophora incomitata (Swinhoe, 1894)
Nosophora insignis (Butler, 1881)
Nosophora maculalis (Leech, 1889)
Nosophora margarita Butler, 1887
Nosophora mesosticta Hampson, 1912
Nosophora nubilis C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
Nosophora obliqualis (Hampson, 1893)
Nosophora ochnodes Meyrick, 1886
Nosophora panaresalis (Walker, 1859)
Nosophora parvipunctalis Hampson, 1896
Nosophora quadrisignata Moore, 1884
Nosophora semitritalis (Lederer, 1863)
Nosophora taihokualis Strand, 1918
Nosophora tripunctalis (Pagenstecher, 1884)
Nosophora unipunctalis (Pagenstecher, 1884)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Notarcha is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae described by Edward Meyrick in 1884.

Species
Notarcha aurolinealis (Walker, 1859)
Notarcha auroralis (Moore, 1888)
Notarcha butyrina Meyrick, 1886
Notarcha cassusalis (Walker, 1859)
Notarcha chrysoplasta Meyrick, 1884
Notarcha digitalis J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
Notarcha halurga Meyrick, 1886
Notarcha homomorpha Meyrick, 1894
Notarcha muscerdalis Zeller, 1852
Notarcha nigrofimbrialis (Snellen, 1880)
Notarcha obrinusalis (Walker, 1859)
Notarcha pactolica (Butler, 1887)
Notarcha polytimeta (Turner, 1915)
Notarcha quaternalis (Zeller, 1852)
Notarcha recurrens (Moore, 1888)
Notarcha stigmatalis Warren, 1896
Notarcha temeratalis (Zeller, 1852)
Notarcha tigrina (Moore, 1886)
Notarcha viettalis (Marion, 1956)

Former species
Notarcha penthodes Meyrick, 1902

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Loxoneptera is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Loxoneptera albicostalis Swinhoe, 1906
Loxoneptera carnealis Hampson, 1896

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Nothomastix is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Warren in 1890.

Species
Nothomastix chromalis (Walker, 1866)
Nothomastix klossi (Rothschild, 1915)
Nothomastix obliquifascialis Hampson, 1896
Nothomastix pronaxalis (Walker, 1859)
Nothomastix pyranthes (Meyrick, 1894)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)


Notocrambus is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Notocrambus cuprealis (Hampson, 1907)
Notocrambus holomelas Turner, 1922

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Scopariinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner


Nyctiplanes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Nyctiplanes polypenthes, which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner
Moths of Australia
Crambidae genera


Orthospila is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was first described by William Warren in 1890.

Species
Orthospila orissusalis (Walker, 1859)
Orthospila plutusalis (Walker, 1859)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)


Orthoraphis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by George Hampson in 1896. The genus was recently transferred from the subfamily Spilomelinae to Lathrotelinae.

Species
Orthoraphis metasticta Hampson, 1899
Orthoraphis obfuscata (Hampson, 1893)
Orthoraphis paula West, 1931
Orthoraphis striatalis Hampson, 1916

References

Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


The 1968 NAIA men's basketball tournament was held in March at Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City, Missouri. The 31st annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format.

Awards and honors
 Leading scorer: Ron Hayek, Wisconsin-Oshkosh; 5 games, 47 field goals, 22 free throws, 116 total points (23.2 average points per game)
 Leading rebounder: Wayne Denham, Fairmont State (W.Va.); 5 games, 68 total rebounds (13.6 average rebounds per game)
 Player of the Year: est. 1994

1968 NAIA bracket

Third-place game
The third-place game featured the losing teams from the national semifinalist to determine 3rd and 4th places in the tournament. This game was played until 1988.

See also
 1968 NCAA University Division basketball tournament
 1968 NCAA College Division basketball tournament

References

NAIA Men's Basketball Championship
Tournament
NAIA men's basketball tournament
NAIA men's basketball tournament
College basketball tournaments in Missouri
Basketball competitions in Kansas City, Missouri


Loxostege is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species

Loxostege aemulalis (Dognin, 1905)
Loxostege aeruginalis (Hübner, 1796)
Loxostege albiceralis (Grote, 1878)
Loxostege albifascialis Walsingham & Hampson, 1896
Loxostege allectalis (Grote, 1877)
Loxostege anartalis (Grote, 1878)
Loxostege angustipennis (Zerny, 1914)
Loxostege annaphilalis (Grote, 1881)
Loxostege argyrostacta (Hampson, 1910)
Loxostege aurantiacalis (Warren, 1889)
Loxostege badakschanalis (Amsel, 1970)
Loxostege bicoloralis Warren, 1892
Loxostege brunneitincta Munroe, 1976
Loxostege caradjana (Popescu-Gorj, 1991)
Loxostege cereralis (Zeller, 1872)
Loxostege clathralis (Hübner, 1813)
Loxostege commixtalis (Walker, 1866)
Loxostege comptalis (Freyer, 1848)
Loxostege confusalis (South in Leech & South, 1901)
Loxostege damergouensis Rothschild, 1921
Loxostege darwinialis (Sauber, 1904)
Loxostege decaryalis Marion & Viette, 1956
Loxostege deliblatica Szent-Ivány & Uhrik-Meszáros, 1942
Loxostege diaphana (Caradja & Meyrick, 1934)
Loxostege egregialis Munroe, 1976
Loxostege ephippialis (Zetterstedt, 1839)
Loxostege eversmanni (Staudinger, 1892)
Loxostege expansalis (Eversmann, 1852)
Loxostege farsalis Amsel, 1950
Loxostege fascialis (Hübner, 1796)
Loxostege flavinigralis (Hampson, 1910)
Loxostege floridalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1913
Loxostege formosibia (Strand, 1918)
Loxostege frustalis (Zeller, 1852)
Loxostege galbula (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Loxostege graeseri (Staudinger, 1892)
Loxostege heliosalis (Hampson, 1912)
Loxostege immerens Harvey, 1875
Loxostege impeditalis (Maassen, 1890)
Loxostege inconspicualis (Zerny, 1914)
Loxostege indentalis (Grote, 1883)
Loxostege kearfottalis Walter, 1928
Loxostege kingi Munroe, 1976
Loxostege lepidalis (Hulst, 1886)
Loxostege leucalis (Hampson, 1900)
Loxostege leuconeuralis (Hampson, 1908)
Loxostege malekalis Amsel, 1950
Loxostege manualis (Geyer in Hübner, 1832)
Loxostege minimalis Amsel, 1956
Loxostege mira Amsel, 1951
Loxostege mojavealis Capps, 1967
Loxostege mucosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Loxostege munroealis Leraut, 2005
Loxostege naranjalis (Schaus, 1920)
Loxostege nissalis (Amsel, 1961)
Loxostege oberthuralis Fernald, 1894
Loxostege oblinalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Loxostege ochrealis (Wileman, 1911)
Loxostege oculifera (E. Hering, 1901)
Loxostege offumalis (Hulst, 1886)
Loxostege peltalis (Eversmann, 1842)
Loxostege peltaloides (Rebel in Wagner, 1932)
Loxostege perticalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Loxostege phaeoneuralis (Hampson, 1900)
Loxostege phaeopteralis (Hampson, 1913)
Loxostege quaestoralis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Loxostege rhabdalis (Hampson, 1900)
Loxostege scalaralis (Christoph, 1877)
Loxostege scutalis (Hübner, 1813)
Loxostege sedakowialis (Eversmann, 1852)
Loxostege sierralis Munroe, 1976
Loxostege sticticalis (Linnaeus, 1761)
Loxostege straminealis (Hampson, 1900)
Loxostege subcuprea (Dognin, 1906)
Loxostege terpnalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
Loxostege tesselalis (Guenee, 1854)
Loxostege thallophilalis (Hulst, 1886) or Loxostege thrallophilalis
Loxostege triselena (Meyrick, 1937)
Loxostege turbidalis (Treitschke, 1829)
Loxostege typhonalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914
Loxostege unicoloralis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Loxostege uniformis (Hampson, 1913)
Loxostege venustalis (Stoll in Cramer & Stoll, 1781)
Loxostege violaceotincta (Caradja, 1939)
Loxostege virescalis (Guenée, 1854)
Loxostege wagneri Zerny in Wagner, 1929
Loxostege xuthusalis (Hampson in Elwes, Hampson & Durrant, 1906)
Loxostege ziczac (Sauber, 1899)

Status unclear
Loxostege pallidalis (Haworth, 1811), described as Pyralis pallidalis from Great Britain.

Former species
Loxostege clarissalis (Schaus, 1920)
Loxostege concoloralis (Lederer, 1857)
Loxostege flavivenalis (Hampson, 1913)
Loxostege plumbatalis (Zeller, 1852)

References

External links

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Orthomecyna is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. All species are endemic to Hawaii.

Species
Orthomecyna albicaudata Butler, 1883
Orthomecyna alloptila Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna amphilyca Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna aphanopis Meyrick, 1888
Orthomecyna chrysophanes Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna crossias Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna epicausta Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna exigua Butler, 1879
Orthomecyna exigua cupreipennis
Orthomecyna exigua exigua
Orthomecyna heterodryas Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna mesochasma Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna metalycia Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna phaeophanes Meyrick, 1899
Orthomecyna picrodes Meyrick, 1899

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Crambinae
Endemic moths of Hawaii
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler


Nymphicula is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Nymphicula acuminatalis Snellen, 1880
Nymphicula adelphalis D. Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula albibasalis Yoshiyasu, 1980
Nymphicula albidorsalis Speidel, 1998
Nymphicula argyrochrysalis Mabille, 1900
Nymphicula atriterminalis (Hampson, 1917)
Nymphicula australis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Nymphicula banauensis Speidel, 2003
Nymphicula beni Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula blandialis (Walker, 1859)
Nymphicula bombayensis (Swinhoe & Cotes, 1889)
Nymphicula callichromalis (Mabille, 1878)
Nymphicula cheesmanae Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula christinae Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula concaviuscula You, Li & Wang, 2003
Nymphicula conjunctalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula cyanolitha (Meyrick, 1886)
Nymphicula diehlalis (Marion, 1957)
Nymphicula drusiusalis (Walker, 1859)
Nymphicula eberti Speidel, 1998
Nymphicula edwardsi Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula fionae Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula hampsoni Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula hexaxantha Agassiz, 2012
Nymphicula infuscatalis Snellen, 1880
Nymphicula insulalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula irianalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula junctalis (Hampson, 1891)
Nymphicula kinabaluensis Mey, 2009
Nymphicula lactealis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula lifuensis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula luzonensis Yoshiyasu, 1997
Nymphicula manilensis Sauber in Semper, 1899
Nymphicula mesorphna (Meyrick, 1894)
Nymphicula meyi Speidel, 1998
Nymphicula michaeli Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula mindorensis Speidel, 2003
Nymphicula monticola Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula morimotoi Yoshiyasu, 1997
Nymphicula negrosensis Speidel, 2003
Nymphicula nigristriata (Hampson, 1917)
Nymphicula nigritalis (Hampson, 1893)
Nymphicula nigrolunalis Speidel, 1998
Nymphicula nokensis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula nyasalis (Hampson, 1917)
Nymphicula ochrepunctalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula patnalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Nymphicula perirrorata (Hampson, 1917)
Nymphicula plumbilinealis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula queenslandica (Hampson, 1917)
Nymphicula saigusai Yoshiyasu, 1980
Nymphicula samarensis Speidel, 2003
Nymphicula samoensis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula silauensis Mey, 2009
Nymphicula stipalis Snellen, 1880
Nymphicula submarginalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula susannae Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula tariensis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula torresalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula trimacula (Hampson, 1891)
Nymphicula tripunctata Yoshiyasu, 1987
Nymphicula xanthobathra (Meyrick, 1894)
Nymphicula xanthocostalis Agassiz, 2014
Nymphicula yoshiyasui D. J. L. Agassiz, 2002
Nymphicula zambalensis Speidel, 2003

Former species
Nymphicula capensis (Hampson, 1906)
Nymphicula dorophanes (Meyrick, 1937)
Nymphicula lithorma (Meyrick, 1936)
Nymphicula mimicalis (Hampson, 1917)
Nymphicula sphragidacma (Meyrick, 1937)
Nymphicula tetropalis (Hampson, 1906)
Nymphicula triopalis (Hampson, 1906)

References

 , 2002: Nymphicula yoshiyasui n. sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Nymphulinae) from Japan. Entomological Science 5 (2): 259–261. Full article:
 , 2014: A preliminary study of the genus Nymphicula Snellen from Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Acentropinae). Zootaxa, 3774 (5): 401–429.
 , 2009: New aquatic moths from high elevations of Mt. Kinabalu in northern Borneo (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Acentropinae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 119 (3). 99-107.
 , 2003: New species of Aquatic moths from the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insecta Koreana 20 (1): 7-49.
 , 1999: Catalogue of the Oriental Acentropinae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 142 (1): 125–142. Full article: .
 , 1980: A systematic study of the genus Nymphicula Snellen from Japan (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Tyô to Ga 31 (1-2): 1-28. Abstract and full article: .
 , 1997: Descriptions of three Nymphicula species from the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Esakia 37: 161–172.
 , 2003: A study on the genus Nymphicula Snellen, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Nymphulinae) from China, with description of one new species. Entomotaxonomia 25 (1): 67–72.

External links

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Nymphula is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It was described by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. They have aquatic larvae.

Species
Nymphula coenosalis (Snellen, 1895)
Nymphula corculina (Butler, 1879)
Nymphula definitalis Strand, 1919
Nymphula depunctalis Guenee, 1854
Nymphula distinctalis (Ragonot, 1894)
Nymphula expatrialis Hampson, 1906
Nymphula fuscomarginalis Bremer & Grey, 1853
Nymphula grisealis Hampson, 1912
Nymphula lipocosmalis (Snellen, 1901)
Nymphula meropalis (Walker, 1859)
Nymphula nitidulata (Hufnagel, 1767) – beautiful china-mark
Nymphula simplalis (Snellen, 1890)
Nymphula terranea Rothschild, 1915

Former species
Nymphula litanalis (Walker, 1859)
Nymphula responsalis Walker, [1866]
Nymphula sinicalis Hampson, 1897
Nymphula votalis (Walker, 1859)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Franz von Paula Schrank


Loxostegopsis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Loxostegopsis curialis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
Loxostegopsis emigralis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Loxostegopsis merrickalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1918)
Loxostegopsis polle Dyar, 1917
Loxostegopsis xanthocepsalis (Hampson, 1918)
Loxostegopsis xanthocrypta

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr.


Orphnophanes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Julius Lederer in 1863.

Species
Orphnophanes ankarampotsyalis Marion & Viette, 1956
Orphnophanes eucerusalis (Walker, 1859)
Orphnophanes laevalis (Warren, 1896)
Orphnophanes thoasalis (Walker, 1859)
Orphnophanes turbatalis Christoph, 1881

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Nymphuliella is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by William Harry Lange in 1956. It contains only one species, Nymphuliella daeckealis, known in the US as the china mark moth, described by F. Haimbach in 1915. It is found in the United States from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Colorado.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Nymphulodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Nymphulodes franciscalis, which is found in Brazil.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Orphanostigma is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by William Warren in 1890.

Species
Orphanostigma abruptalis (Walker, 1859)
Orphanostigma angustale Hampson, 1893
Orphanostigma excisa (E. L. Martin, 1956)
Orphanostigma fulvistriga Swinhoe, 1894
Orphanostigma perfulvalis (Hampson, 1899)
Orphanostigma vibiusalis (Walker, 1859)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)


Luma is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1863.

Species
Luma albifascialis Hampson, 1897
Luma anticalis Walker, 1863
Luma flavalis Hampson, 1893
Luma flavimarginalis Hampson, 1907
Luma holoxantha Hampson, 1907
Luma longidentalis Hampson, 1903
Luma macropsalis Hampson, 1897
Luma obscuralis (Swinhoe, 1895)
Luma trimaculata Hampson, 1897
Luma unicolor (Moore, 1886)

Former species
Loxocorys sericea (Butler, 1879)

References

External links

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


Nymphulosis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Nymphulosis arcanella, is found in Iraq.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel
Monotypic moth genera
Crambidae genera


Lumenia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Lumenia colocasiae, which is found in Vietnam.

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Joseph de Joannis


Oronomis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Oronomis xanthothysana, which is found in India (Sikkim).

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Asia
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Odilla is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Odilla noralis, which is found in Puerto Rico and Cuba.

References

Musotiminae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Schaus


Orocrambus is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. All species are endemic to New Zealand.

Species
Orocrambus abditus Philpott, 1924
Orocrambus aethonellus Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus angustipennis Zeller, 1877
Orocrambus apicellus Zeller, 1863
Orocrambus callirrhous Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus catacaustus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus clarkei Philpott, 1930
Orocrambus clarkei clarkei Philpott, 1930
Orocrambus clarkei eximia Salmon, 1946
Orocrambus corruptus Butler, 1877
Orocrambus crenaeus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus cultus Philpott, 1917
Orocrambus cyclopicus Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus dicrenellus Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus enchophorus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus ephorus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus flexuosellus Doubleday in White & Doubleday, 1843
Orocrambus fugitivellus Hudson, 1950
Orocrambus geminus Patrick, 1991
Orocrambus haplotomus Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus harpophorus Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus heliotes Meyrick, 1888
Orocrambus heteraulus Meyrick, 1905
Orocrambus horistes Meyrick, 1902
Orocrambus isochytus Meyrick, 1888
Orocrambus jansoni Gaskin, 1975
Orocrambus lectus Philpott, 1929
Orocrambus lewisi Gaskin, 1975
Orocrambus lindsayi Gaskin, 1975
Orocrambus machaeristes Meyrick, 1905
Orocrambus melampetrus Purdie, 1884
Orocrambus melitastes Meyrick, 1909
Orocrambus mylites Meyrick, 1888
Orocrambus oppositus Philpott, 1915
Orocrambus ordishi Gaskin, 1975
Orocrambus ornatus Philpott, 1927
Orocrambus paraxenus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus philpotti Gaskin, 1975
Orocrambus punctellus Hudson, 1950
Orocrambus ramosellus Doubleday in White & Doubleday, 1843
Orocrambus scoparioides Philpott, 1914
Orocrambus scutatus Philpott, 1917
Orocrambus simplex Butler, 1877
Orocrambus siriellus Meyrick, 1883
Orocrambus sophronellus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus thymiastes Meyrick, 1901
Orocrambus tritonellus Meyrick, 1885
Orocrambus tuhualis C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
Orocrambus ventosus Meyrick, 1920
Orocrambus vittellus Doubleday in White & Doubleday, 1843
Orocrambus vulgaris Butler, 1877
Orocrambus xanthogrammus Meyrick, 1883

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Endemic fauna of New Zealand
Endemic moths of New Zealand


Odontivalvia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Odontivalvia radialis, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Texas.

Larvae have been recorded feeding on Leucophyllum minus. They create silken tunnels covered with frass, attached to the branches of the host plant.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Odontiini
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera


Lygropia is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. It currently comprises 66 species, which are mostly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia, but not in Australia.

The genus is placed in the tribe Agroterini.

Species

Lygropia acastalis (Walker, 1859)
Lygropia acosmialis (Mabille, 1879)
Lygropia amplificata (Warren, 1896)
Lygropia anaemicalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia anthracopis Meyrick, 1934
Lygropia antithetis Meyrick, 1937
Lygropia arenacea Hampson, 1899
Lygropia atrinervalis Hampson, 1910
Lygropia aureomarginalis (Gaede, 1916)
Lygropia bicincta Hampson, 1912
Lygropia bilinealis (Walker, 1866)
Lygropia cernalis (Guenée, 1854)
Lygropia chrysozonalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia cosmia Dyar, 1912
Lygropia cosmophilopis Meyrick, 1934
Lygropia disarche Dyar, 1914
Lygropia distorta (Moore, 1885)
Lygropia erythrobathrum Dyar, 1914
Lygropia euryclealis (Walker, 1859)
Lygropia falsalis Dyar, 1918
Lygropia flavicaput (Warren, 1896)
Lygropia flavinotalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia flavivialis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia flavofuscalis (Snellen, 1887)
Lygropia fusalis Hampson, 1904
Lygropia glaphyra Dyar, 1914
Lygropia haroldi Dyar, 1914
Lygropia holoxanthalis Holland, 1900
Lygropia hyalostictalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia hypoleucalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia imparalis (Walker, 1866)
Lygropia joasharia Schaus, 1940
Lygropia joelalis Schaus, 1940
Lygropia leucocepsalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia leucophanalis Mabille, 1900
Lygropia leucostolalis Hampson, 1918
Lygropia melanoperalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia memmialis (Walker, 1859)
Lygropia murinalis Schaus, 1912
Lygropia nigricornis Hampson, 1898
Lygropia ochracealis (Saalmüller, 1880)
Lygropia ochrotalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia orthotoma Meyrick, 1933
Lygropia phaeocraspia Hampson, 1912
Lygropia phaeoneuralis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia phaeoxantha Meyrick, 1933
Lygropia plumbicostalis (Grote, 1871)
Lygropia pogonodes Hampson, 1912
Lygropia poltisalis (Walker, 1859)
Lygropia polytesalis (Walker, 1859)
Lygropia rheumatica Meyrick, 1936
Lygropia rivulalis Hampson, 1899
Lygropia rotundalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Lygropia schematospila Meyrick, 1937
Lygropia shevaroyalis Hampson 1908
Lygropia silacealis (Amsel, 1956)
Lygropia straminea Hampson, 1912
Lygropia sumatralis Swinhoe, 1916
Lygropia szentivanyi (Munroe, 1968)
Lygropia tetraspilalis Hampson, 1912
Lygropia tripunctata (Fabricius, 1794)
Lygropia unicoloralis (Guenée, 1854)
Lygropia viettalis (Marion, 1956)
Lygropia vinanyalis Viette, 1958
Lygropia xanthozonalis (Hampson, 1895)
Lygropia yerburii (Butler, 1886)

Former species
Lygropia egerialis (Snellen, 1899), transferred to Placosaris in Pyraustinae
Lygropia octonalis (Zeller, 1873), transferred to Conchylodes

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Lyndia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Lyndia cannarum, which is found in Egypt.

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Marie Jules César Savigny


Oenobotys is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Oenobotys glirialis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1871)
Oenobotys invinacealis Ferguson, Hilburn & Wright, 1991
Oenobotys pantoppidani (Hedemann, 1894)
Oenobotys texanalis Munroe, E. & A. Blanchard in Munroe, 1976
Oenobotys vinotinctalis (Hampson, 1895)

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Orenaia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Orenaia alpestralis (Fabricius, 1787)
Orenaia alticolalis (Barnes & McDunnough, 1914)
Orenaia andereggialis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Orenaia arcticalis Munroe, 1974
Orenaia coloradalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914
Orenaia helveticalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Orenaia lugubralis (Lederer, 1857)
Orenaia macneilli Munroe, 1974
Orenaia pallidivittalis Munroe, 1956
Orenaia sierralis Munroe, 1974
Orenaia trivialis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Evergestinae


Lypotigris is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species '''Lypotigris reginalis.

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Oligernis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Oligernis endophthalma, which is found on Borneo.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Asia
Crambidae genera


Oligocentris is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Oligocentris deciusalis (Walker, 1859)
Oligocentris uniformalis Hampson, 1912

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Anania fuscalis is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe.

The wingspan is 20–26 mm. The forewings are grey, slightly yellowish tinged; lines darker grey, first indistinct, hardly curved, second serrate, strongly curved in disc, with an abrupt sinuation inwards below middle, posteriorly obscurely whitish edged, more strongly on costa; orbicular dot and transverse discal mark indistinct, darker grey. Hindwings are pale grey, yellowish-tinged; two very faint discal dots; second line as in forewings; a darker grey terminal band.T he larva is rather dark fuscous; dorsal line darker; spiracular area pale brownish; head and plate of 2 blackish -brown.

The moth flies from May to July depending on the location.

The larvae feed on Rhinanthus minor and Melampyrum pratense, but also Solidago, Urtica, Lathyrus and Pedicularis species.

References

External links
 "Anania fuscalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
 "63.016 BF1386 Anania fuscalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)". UKMoths. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
 "Anania fuscalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)". Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Belgium. Retrieved January 21, 2018.

Pyraustinae
Moths of Europe
Moths described in 1775


The Tehrani accent (), or Tehrani dialect (), is a dialect of Persian spoken in Tehran and the most common colloquial variant of the Western Persian. Compared to literary standard Persian, the Tehrani dialect lacks original Persian diphthongs and tends to fuse certain sounds. The Tehrani accent should not be confused with the Old Tehrani dialect, which was a Northwestern Iranian dialect, belonging to the central group.

Some of the words used in the Tehrani accent may derive from the northwestern Iranian language of Razi, such as sūsk "beetle; cockroach", jīrjīrak "cricket", zālzālak "haw(thorn)", and vejīn "weeding".

History
The Tehrani dialect in its current form has been created since the Qajar period and is different from the language of the natives of Tehran.  The old Tehrani dialect still exists in areas like Shemiran and Damavand.  Although it is subject to extinction.

In every part of Tehran, this dialect was influenced by the neighboring cities, and the northern regions such as Vanak, Shemiran, and Tajrish had the Mazandarani dialect, the southern regions of Tehran, which are adjacent to the city of Ray, had the Raji (Razi) dialect, and the western regions of Tehran towards Karaj were also affected from Tati.

According to Garnik Asatorian, the language of the people of Tehran 150 or 200 years ago was Mazandarani or Raji.  From his point of view, the Persian language is not the language of any of the Iranian tribes and subcultures.  In fact, "Persian" is someone who has forgotten his local language or dialect and speaks in a standard language.  Even the people of Varamin and Vanak, who are near Tehran, had their languages in the not-so-distant past, which was apparently close to Tabari, or the people of Qom, Jasb, Naraq, etc. spoke Raji (Razi) language.

Differences between Standard Persian and Tehrani dialect

The following are some of the main differences between colloquial Tehrani Persian and standard Iranian Persian:

Simplification of some internal consonant clusters:
Standard Persian /zd/ ↔ Tehrani /zː/. Example: دزدى /dozdi/ ↔ /dozːi/
Standard Persian /st/ ↔ Tehrani /sː/. Examples: داسته /dæste/ ↔ /dæsːe/; په‌سته /peste/ ↔ /pesːe/
A number of vowel raising processes and diphthong loss:
Standard Persian آم،آن/ɒːn, ɒːm/ ↔ Tehrani /uːn, uːm/. Example: بادام /bɒːdɒːm/ ↔ /bɒːduːm/
Standard Persian /e/ ↔ Tehrani [i]. Examples: جگر /dʒegær/ ↔ [dʒigær]; شکار /ʃekɒːr/ ↔ [ʃikɒːr]; کشمش /keʃmeʃ/ ↔ [kiʃmiʃ]
The word-final // in Classical Persian became [] in modern Tehrani Persian, both colloquial and standard dialects (often romanized as "eh", meaning [] is also an allophone of // in word-final position in modern Tehrani Persian) except for نه [] ('no'), but is preserved in the Dari dialects.
Standard Persian /ou̯/ ↔ Tehrani [oː]. Examplesبۉرۉو /borou̯/ ↔ [boroː]; نۉرۉز /nou̯ruːz/ ↔ [noːruːz]
 غ and ق denoted the original Arabic phonemes in Classical Persian, the voiced velar fricative  and the voiceless uvular stop  (pronounced in Persian as voiced uvular stop ), respectively. In modern Tehrani Persian (which is used in the Iranian mass media, both colloquial and standard), there is no difference in the pronunciation of غ and ق. Both letters are pronounced as a voiced velar fricative  when positioned intervocalically and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop  otherwise. This allophony is probably influenced by Turkic languages like Azeri and Turkmen. The classic pronunciations of غ and ق are preserved in the eastern variants of Persian (i.e. Dari and Tajiki), as well as in the southern dialects of the modern Iranian variety (e.g. Yazdi and Kermani dialects). Example: دقيقه [] ↔ [].
-e as the 3rd person singular suffix for verbs instead of Standard Persian -ad: می‌خوره ['mi:xoɾe] ↔ می‌خورد ['mi:xoɾæd]
Use of verbal person suffixes on nominals for the verb بودن [bu:dæn]

Iranians can interchange colloquial Tehrani and standard Persian sociolects in conversational speech.

References

Sources

Standard Persian
Persian dialects and varieties
Tehran
City colloquials


Oligostigma is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Achille Guenée in 1854.

Species
Oligostigma chrysota (Meyrick, 1886)
Oligostigma ducale Schaus, 1906
Oligostigma ectogonalis Hampson, 1906
Oligostigma flavialbalis Hampson, 1917
Oligostigma flavimarginale (Warren, 1899)
Oligostigma flavipictalis Hampson, 1917
Oligostigma juncealis Guenée, 1854
Oligostigma metazonalis (Hampson, 1906)
Oligostigma odrianale Schaus, 1924
Oligostigma phoedralis (Walker, 1859)
Oligostigma rufiterminalis Hampson, 1917
Oligostigma semimarginale Dyar, 1914

Former species
Oligostigma albifurcalis Hampson, 1906
Oligostigma alicialis Hampson, 1908
Oligostigma andreusialis Hampson, 1912
Oligostigma angustalis Sauber in Semper, 1899
Oligostigma araealis Hampson, 1897
Oligostigma auropunctalis Hampson, 1903
Oligostigma chrysozonalis Hampson, 1912
Oligostigma excisa (Swinhoe, 1901)
Oligostigma fumibasalis Hampson, 1896
Oligostigma hapilista Swinhoe, 1892
Oligostigma melanotalis Hampson, 1906
Oligostigma ornatum Moore
Oligostigma parvalis Moore, 1877

References

George Mathew, 2006. An Inventory of Indian Pyralids (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Zoos' Print Journal 21(5): 2245-2258

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Achille Guenée


Oligostigmoides is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by William Harry Lange in 1956.

Species
Oligostigmoides cryptalis (Druce, 1896)
Oligostigmoides cuernavacalis Lange, 1956
Oligostigmoides mediocinctalis (Hampson, 1897)
Oligostigmoides peruviensis (Hampson, 1917)
Oligostigmoides profusalis (Schaus, 1912)

References

  (1956). "A generic revision of the aquatic moths of North America: (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae)". Wasman Journal of Biology. 14 (1): 59–144.

External links

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Opisthedeicta is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Opisthedeicta poritialis, which is found in south-eastern India, Sri Lanka and on Sumatra.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)


Omphisa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Frederic Moore in 1886.

Species
Omphisa anastomosalis (Guenée, 1854)
Omphisa caustalis Hampson, 1913
Omphisa fuscidentalis (Hampson, 1896)
Omphisa illisalis (Walker, 1859)
Omphisa leucostolalis Hampson, 1918
Omphisa repetitalis Snellen, 1890
Omphisa robusta Janse, 1928
Omphisa vaovao Viette, 1973
Omphisa variegata Kenrick, 1912

Former species
Omphisa ingens Hampson, 1899

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Frederic Moore


Ommatospila is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was described by Julius Lederer in 1863.

Species
Ommatospila decoralis (Guenée, 1854)
Ommatospila descriptalis (Walker, 1866)
Ommatospila narcaeusalis (Walker, 1859)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Pythagoraea is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Pythagoraea categorica, which is found on the Society Islands.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acentropinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Oceania
Crambidae genera


Pachynoa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Pachynoa circulalis Sauber in Semper, 1899
Pachynoa fruhstorferi E. Hering, 1903
Pachynoa fuscilalis Hampson, 1891
Pachynoa grossalis (Guenée, 1854)
Pachynoa hypsalis Hampson, 1896
Pachynoa interrupta Whalley, 1962
Pachynoa mineusalis (Walker, 1859)
Pachynoa purpuralis Walker, 1866
Pachynoa spilosomoides (Moore, 1886)
Pachynoa thoosalis (Walker, 1859)
Pachynoa umbrigera Meyrick, 1938
Pachynoa xanthochyta Turner, 1933

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Julius Lederer


Pyraustimorpha is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Ahmet Ömer Koçak and Selma Seven in 1995. It contains only one species, Pyraustimorpha inexpectata, which is found in Turkey.

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera


Pyrausta is a speciose genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802.

Species
The genus includes the following species:

A

 Pyrausta acontialis (Staudinger, 1859)
 Pyrausta acrionalis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta acrobasella Rebel, 1915
 Pyrausta adsocialis Zeller, 1852
 Pyrausta aerealis (Hübner, 1793)
 Pyrausta albescens Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta albipedalis (Snellen, 1899)
 Pyrausta albogrisea Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta alexandra Shodotova, 2010
 Pyrausta amatalis Rebel, 1903
 Pyrausta amboinalis (Pagenstecher, 1884)
 Pyrausta amelokalis (Viette, 1958)
 Pyrausta amiculatalis (Berg, 1876)
 Pyrausta anastasia Shodotova, 2010
 Pyrausta andrei Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta ankaratralis Marion & Viette, 1956
 Pyrausta antisocialis Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta apicalis (Hampson, 1913)
 Pyrausta approximalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta arabica (Butler, 1884)
 Pyrausta arizonicalis Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta armeniaca Slamka, 2013
 Pyrausta asopialis (Snellen, 1875)
 Pyrausta assutalis (Lederer, 1863)
 Pyrausta atrifusalis Hampson, 1903
 Pyrausta atropurpuralis (Grote, 1877)
 Pyrausta augustalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
 Pyrausta aurata Scopoli, 1763
 Pyrausta aurea (Hampson, 1913)

B-C

 Pyrausta babalis (Amsel, 1970)
 Pyrausta bambucivora (Moore, 1888)
 Pyrausta benenotata (Swinhoe, 1894)
 Pyrausta bicoloralis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta bicornutalis Amsel, 1956
 Pyrausta bieti Oberthür, 1886
 Pyrausta bilineaterminalis Maes, 2009
 Pyrausta bisignata (Butler, 1889)
 Pyrausta bitincta Meyrick, 1932
 Pyrausta borealis Packard, 1867
 Pyrausta bostralis (Hampson, 1919)
 Pyrausta bouveti Viette, 1981
 Pyrausta californicalis (Packard, 1873)
 Pyrausta callidoralis (Oberthür, 1891)
 Pyrausta cardinalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta carnifex (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
 Pyrausta castalis Treitschke, 1829
 Pyrausta centralis Maes, 2009
 Pyrausta childrenalis (Boisduval, 1833)
 Pyrausta chilialis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
 Pyrausta chrysitis Butler, 1881
 Pyrausta chrysopygalis (Staudinger, 1900)
 Pyrausta chrysoterma Meyrick, 1933
 Pyrausta cingulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Pyrausta cinnamomealis (Wallengren, 1860)
 Pyrausta coactalis (Snellen, 1890)
 Pyrausta coccinea Warren, 1892
 Pyrausta coenalis Hampson, 1900
 Pyrausta comastis Meyrick, 1884
 Pyrausta contigualis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta contristalis Caradja, 1932
 Pyrausta coracinalis Leraut, 1982
 Pyrausta corinthalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914
 Pyrausta culminivola Caradja, 1939
 Pyrausta curvalis (Leech, 1889)

D-F

 Pyrausta dapalis (Grote, 1881)
 Pyrausta decetialis Druce, 1895
 Pyrausta deidamialis (Druce, 1895)
 Pyrausta delicatalis Caradja, 1916
 Pyrausta demantrialis (Druce, 1895)
 Pyrausta despicata (Scopoli, 1763)
 Pyrausta diatoma Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta diplothaera Meyrick, 1936
 Pyrausta dissimulans Dyar, 1914
 Pyrausta distictalis Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta draesekei Caradja, 1927
 Pyrausta ecteinalis Hampson, 1900
 Pyrausta elwesi (Staudinger, 1900)
 Pyrausta episcopalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1871)
 Pyrausta euchromistes Dyar, 1918
 Pyrausta euergestalis (Amsel, 1954)
 Pyrausta euprepialis Hampson, 1903
 Pyrausta euralis Hampson, 1903
 Pyrausta euryphaea Meyrick, 1932
 Pyrausta facitalis (Berg, 1875)
 Pyrausta falcatalis Guenée, 1854
 Pyrausta ferrealis (Hampson, 1900)
 Pyrausta ferrifusalis (Hampson, 1893)
 Pyrausta fieldialis (Schaus, 1933)
 Pyrausta flavibrunnea Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta flavibrunnealis Hampson, 1908
 Pyrausta flavicollalis Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta flavidiscata Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta flavimarginalis (Hampson, 1913)
 Pyrausta flavofascialis (Grote, 1882)
 Pyrausta flavipunctalis (Marion, 1954)
 Pyrausta fodinalis (Lederer, 1863)
 Pyrausta fuliginata Yamanaka, 1978
 Pyrausta fulvalis (Dognin, 1908)
 Pyrausta fulvilinealis Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta fulvitinctalis Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta furvicoloralis Hampson, 1900

G-K

 Pyrausta gazalis Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta gemmiferalis (Zeller, 1852)
 Pyrausta generosa (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
 Pyrausta genialis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta gentillalis Schaus, 1940
 Pyrausta germanalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1871)
 Pyrausta gracilalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1871)
 Pyrausta grisealis Maes, 2009
 Pyrausta griseocilialis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta griseofumalis Hampson, 1900
 Pyrausta griveaudalis Viette, 1978
 Pyrausta grotei (Munroe, 1976)
 Pyrausta haemapastalis Hampson, 1908
 Pyrausta haematidalis Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta hampsoni South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta heliacalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
 Pyrausta heliothidia Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta homonymalis (Walker, 1866)
 Pyrausta ictericalis (Snellen, 1895)
 Pyrausta idonealis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1871)
 Pyrausta ignealis (Hampson, 1899)
 Pyrausta ilithucialis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta illiberalis (Hübner, 1823)
 Pyrausta infuscalis Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta inglorialis (Hampson, 1900)
 Pyrausta inornatalis (Fernald, 1885)
 Pyrausta insequalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta insignitalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta insularis (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
 Pyrausta interfixalis (Walker, 1869)
 Pyrausta internexalis (Dognin, 1905)
 Pyrausta inveterascalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
 Pyrausta issykkulensis (Sauber, 1899)
 Pyrausta kandalis Viette, 1989
 Pyrausta klotsi Munroe, 1976

L-N

 Pyrausta lambomakandroalis Viette, 1954
 Pyrausta laresalis Schaus, 1940
 Pyrausta laristanalis Amsel, 1961
 Pyrausta laticlavia (Grote & Robinson, 1867)
 Pyrausta leechi South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta lethalis (Grote, 1881)
 Pyrausta limbata (Butler, 1879)
 Pyrausta limbopunctalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849)
 Pyrausta linealis (Fernald, 1894)
 Pyrausta louvinia Clarke, 1965
 Pyrausta maenialis Oberthür, 1894
 Pyrausta mandarinalis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta marginepunctalis Gaede, 1916
 Pyrausta melaleucalis (Eversmann, 1852)
 Pyrausta melanocera Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta metasialis Hampson, 1912
 Pyrausta microdontalis Hampson, 1912
 Pyrausta microdontaloides Maes, 2009
 Pyrausta minimalis Hampson, 1903
 Pyrausta mitis (Butler, 1883)
 Pyrausta monosema Hampson, 1912
 Pyrausta morelensis Lopez & Beutelspacher, 1986
 Pyrausta morenalis (Dyar, 1908)
 Pyrausta moupinalis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta mystica Caradja, 1932
 Pyrausta napaealis (Hulst, 1886)
 Pyrausta nexalis (Hulst, 1886)
 Pyrausta nicalis (Grote, 1878)
 Pyrausta nigrata Scopoli, 1763
 Pyrausta nigrimaculata Y.S. Bae & Y.K. Kim, 2002
 Pyrausta niveicilialis (Grote, 1875)
 Pyrausta noctualis Yamanaka, 1978
 Pyrausta nugalis (Snellen, 1899)

O-P

 Pyrausta oberthuri South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta obfuscata Scopoli, 1763
 Pyrausta obscurior Caradja, 1938
 Pyrausta obstipalis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta obtusanalis Druce, 1899
 Pyrausta occidentalis (Snellen, 1887)
 Pyrausta ochracealis Walker, 1866
 Pyrausta ochreicostalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
 Pyrausta odontogrammalis Caradja, 1925
 Pyrausta oenochrois (Meyrick, 1889)
 Pyrausta omicronalis (Snellen, 1880)
 Pyrausta onythesalis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta orphisalis Walker, 1859
 Pyrausta ostrinalis (Hübner, 1796)
 Pyrausta pachyceralis Hampson, 1900
 Pyrausta paghmanalis (Amsel, 1970)
 Pyrausta pastrinalis (Guenée, 1862)
 Pyrausta pauperalis (Staudinger, 1879)
 Pyrausta pavidalis Zerny in Osthelder, 1935
 Pyrausta pectinalis Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta pellicalis (Staudinger, 1870)
 Pyrausta perkeo Amsel, 1970
 Pyrausta perlalis (Maassen)
 Pyrausta perlelegans Hampson, 1898
 Pyrausta perparvula Maes, 2009
 Pyrausta perrubralis (Packard, 1873)
 Pyrausta persimilis Caradja, 1932
 Pyrausta peyrieralis Viette, 1978
 Pyrausta phaeochysis (Hampson, 1899)
 Pyrausta phaeophoenica Hampson, 1899
 Pyrausta phoenicealis (Hübner, 1818)
 Pyrausta phragmatidalis Hampson, 1908
 Pyrausta pilatealis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914
 Pyrausta pionalis Toll, 1948
 Pyrausta plagalis Haimbach, 1908
 Pyrausta plinthinalis Swinhoe, 1907
 Pyrausta ploimalis Dyar, 1914
 Pyrausta polygamalis (Snellen, 1875)
 Pyrausta porphyralis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 Pyrausta postalbalis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta postaperta Dyar, 1914
 Pyrausta posticalis Saalmüller, 1880
 Pyrausta prochytalis (Druce, 1895)
 Pyrausta pseuderosnealis Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta pseudonythesalis Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta pulchripictalis (Hampson, 1895)
 Pyrausta punctilinealis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta purpuralis (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Pyrausta purpuraria (Butler, 1883)
 Pyrausta pygmealis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta pyrocausta Hampson, 1899
 Pyrausta pythialis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

Q-S

 Pyrausta quadrimaculalis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta quadrimaculalis (Dognin, 1908)
 Pyrausta rectifascialis (Sauber, 1899)
 Pyrausta retidiscalis Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta rhipheusalis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta rhodoxantha Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta roseivestalis Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta rubellalis (Snellen, 1890)
 Pyrausta rubescentalis Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta rubralis (Warren, 1896)
 Pyrausta rubricalis Hübner, 1796
 Pyrausta rueckbeili (Sauber, 1899)
 Pyrausta rufalis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta salvia (Druce, 1895)
 Pyrausta sanguifusalis Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta sanguinalis (Linnaeus, 1767)
 Pyrausta sarobialis (Amsel, 1970)
 Pyrausta sartoralis Barnes & McDunnough, 1914
 Pyrausta scurralis (Hulst, 1886)
 Pyrausta semirubralis (Packard, 1873)
 Pyrausta sexplagialis Gaede, 1917
 Pyrausta shirleyae Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta signatalis (Walker, 1866)
 Pyrausta sikkima Moore, 1888
 Pyrausta silhetalis Guenée, 1854
 Pyrausta socialis (Grote, 1877)
 Pyrausta splendida Caradja, 1938
 Pyrausta staiusalis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta sthenialis Hampson in Poulton, 1916
 Pyrausta stigmatalis (Sepp, 1855)
 Pyrausta strigatalis Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1937
 Pyrausta suavidalis (Berg, 1899)
 Pyrausta subcrocealis (Snellen, 1880)
 Pyrausta subflavalis (Warren, 1892)
 Pyrausta subfuscalis Caradja in Caradja & Meyrick, 1933
 Pyrausta subgenerosa Munroe, 1976
 Pyrausta subinquinalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta subsequalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta subviolalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1871)
 Pyrausta sumptuosalis Caradja, 1927
 Pyrausta surinamensis (Sepp, 1882)
 Pyrausta syfanialis (Oberthür, 1893)
 Pyrausta syntomidalis (Viette, 1960)
 Pyrausta szetschwanalis Caradja, 1927

T-Z

 Pyrausta tapaishanensis Caradja, 1939
 Pyrausta tatalis (Grote, 1877)
 Pyrausta tenuilinea Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta terminalis Wileman & South, 1917
 Pyrausta tetraplagalis Hampson, 1899
 Pyrausta theialis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta thibetalis Oberthür, 1886
 Pyrausta tinctalis Lederer, 1863
 Pyrausta tithonialis (Zeller, 1872)
 Pyrausta tortualis South in Leech & South, 1901
 Pyrausta trimaculalis (Staudinger, 1867)
 Pyrausta triphaenalis (Snellen, 1901)
 Pyrausta tripunctalis Dognin, 1908
 Pyrausta trizonalis Hampson, 1899
 Pyrausta tschelialis Caradja, 1927
 Pyrausta tuolumnalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918
 Pyrausta tyralis (Guenée, 1854)
 Pyrausta unifascialis (Packard, 1873)
 Pyrausta unipunctata Butler, 1881
 Pyrausta vanalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
 Pyrausta variegalis (Snellen, 1875)
 Pyrausta venilialis (Mabille, 1880)
 Pyrausta vicarialis (Snellen, 1875)
 Pyrausta viola Butler, 1882
 Pyrausta violascens Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta virginalis Duponchel, 1832
 Pyrausta volupialis (Grote, 1877)
 Pyrausta votanalis Schaus, 1940
 Pyrausta xanthomela (Hampson, 1913)
 Pyrausta zeitunalis Caradja, 1916
 Pyrausta zonalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1918

Former species
The following species were formerly included in this genus:

 Pyrausta atricinctalis Hampson, 1913
 Pyrausta aurea (Hampson, 1913)
 Pyrausta chrysocarpa Meyrick, 1937
 Pyrausta coccinealis
 Pyrausta delicatalis Caradja, 1916
 Pyrausta eriopisalis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta funeralis Zerny, 1914
 Pyrausta incensalis (Lederer, 1863)
 Pyrausta intermedialis Caradja, 1916
 Pyrausta jatrophalis
 Pyrausta julialis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta kukunorensis (Sauber, 1899)
 Pyrausta labordalis Viette, 1958
 Pyrausta mahensis T. B. Fletcher, 1910
 Pyrausta meciti Koçak, 1987
 Pyrausta nerialis (Boisduval, 1833)
 Pyrausta panopealis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta patagoniensis
 Pyrausta procillusalis (Walker, 1859)
 Pyrausta pulvereiumbralis Hampson, 1918
 Pyrausta rufilinealis Hampson, 1910
 Pyrausta semilimbalis Mabille, 1900
 Pyrausta similis (Amsel, 1970)
 Pyrausta suisharyonalis Strand, 1918
 Pyrausta triselena Meyrick, 1937
 Pyrausta xanthothysana Hampson, 1903

Status unclear
 Pyrausta argyralis (O.-G. Costa, 1836), described as Botys argyralis from Italy.
 Pyrausta venalalis (Hulst, 1886), described as Botys venalalis from New York.

References

Crambidae genera
Pyraustinae
Taxa named by Franz von Paula Schrank


Julian Michael Hibberd (born December 1969) is a Professor of Photosynthesis at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge.

Education
Hibberd was educated at University of Wales, Bangor where he was awarded his first degree in 1991 followed by a PhD in 1994. His PhD thesis investigated the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on powdery mildew in barley and was supervised by John Farrar and Bob Whitbread.

Research and career
Following his PhD, Hibberd completed three years of postdoctoral research at the University of Sheffield with Paul Quick, Malcolm Press and Julie Scholes, investigating interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts. He moved to Cambridge to work with John C. Gray in 1997, and started his own group in 2000.

The Hibberd laboratory investigates the efficiency of the C4 photosynthetic pathway, with the aim of understanding its repeated evolution and also contributing to improving crop productivity. Hibberd's research has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the FP7 program of the European Union, and the European Research Council.

Hibberd was an Associate Editor from 2012 to 2022 of the scientific journal Plant Physiology.

Awards and honours
In 2008 Hibberd was named by the journal Nature as one of "Five crop researchers who could change the world" for his research that is attempting to replace C3 carbon fixation in rice with C4 carbon fixation. This would greatly increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and create a rice cultivar which could "have 50% more yield" which "would impact billions of people".

In 2000 Hibberd was awarded a BBSRC David Phillips Fellowship to investigate the role of photosynthesis in veins of C3 plants. In 2005 he was awarded a President's medal by the Society for Experimental Biology, and in 2007 The Melvin Calvin Award by the International Society of Photosynthesis Research.

References

Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Living people
1969 births


Pyrasia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Pyrasia gutturalis, which is found in Turkey.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera


Pagmanella is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Pagmanella heroica, which is found in Afghanistan.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Scopariinae
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera


Pyralausta is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Pyralausta bivialis, which is found on Borneo.

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by George Hampson