Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood can be neurodevelopmental, emotional, or behavioral disorders. These disorders negatively impact the mental and social wellbeing of a child, and children with these disorders require support from their families and schools. Childhood mental disorders often persist into adulthood. These disorders are usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence, as laid out in the DSM-5 and in the ICD-11.

Intellectual disability

DSM-5
The diagnostic criteria necessary in order to diagnose intellectual disability consists of:
A. Deficits in intellectual functions, such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, and learning. These deficits are confirmed through clinical assessments and individualized standardized tests.
B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that cause failure to perform socio-cultural and developmental standards for independence and social responsibility. Without support, these deficits can lead to limited functioning in areas of daily life, such as in communication and independent living.
C. These symptoms must have onset during the developmental period.
Intellectual disability is specified by severity, with the varying severities being mild, moderate, severe, and profound. These severity levels are determined by how well one is able to function intellectually, socially, and independently.

Cause
Intellectual disability in children can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. The individual could have a natural brain malformation or pre or postnatal damage done to the brain caused by drowning or a traumatic brain injury, for example. Nearly 30 to 50% of individuals with intellectual disability will never know the cause of their diagnosis even after thorough investigation.

Prenatal causes of intellectual disability include:
 Congenital infections such as cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, herpes, syphilis, rubella and human immunodeficiency virus
 Prolonged maternal fever in the first trimester
 Exposure to anticonvulsants or alcohol
 Untreated maternal phenylketonuria (PKU)
 Complications of prematurity, especially in extremely low-birth-weight infants
 Postnatal exposure to lead
Single-gene disorders that result in intellectual disability include:
 Fragile X syndrome
 Neurofibromatosis
 Tuberous sclerosis
 Noonan's syndrome
 Cornelia de Lange's syndrome
These single-gene disorders are usually associated with atypical physical characteristics.
About 1/4 of individuals with intellectual disability have a detectable chromosomal abnormality. Others may have small amounts of deletion or duplication of chromosomes, which may go unnoticed and therefore, undetermined.

Symptoms
As an infant, the individual with intellectual disability might sit up, crawl, or walk later than what is developmentally appropriate. They may have trouble talking or learn to talk late. The infants with intellectual disability will probably have trouble learning to potty train, feeding themselves, remembering things, with problem-solving, and may have recurrent explosive tantrums.

Some symptoms that a child with intellectual disability might show are continued infant-like behavior, a lack of curiosity, the inability to meet educational demands, learning ability that is below average, and the failure to meet developmentally appropriate intellectual goals. Some children with severe intellectual disability may have seizures, mobility problems, vision problem, or hearing problems.

Treatment
There is no treatment for intellectual disability but there are plenty of services offered for those diagnosed to help them function in their everyday lives. Professionals will sometimes work out an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), which documents the child's needs, as well as the services that would best help them specifically. Speech, physical, and occupational therapy may be offered. Intellectually disabled children can be placed in special education classes through the public school system, where the school and parents will map out an Individualized Education Program (IEP). This program lays out all of the services and classes the child will become involved in during their time in school.

Learning Disorders

DSM-5
The DSM-5 has the diagnosis of Specific Learning Disorder, which is a disorder where one has difficulties in being able to learn and use academic skills. Specific learning disorder has specifiers for the areas that one faces difficulties in, with those specifiers being impairment in reading, impairment in writing, and impairment in mathematics.

Cause
Learning disorders are believed to be caused by a nervous system abnormality. The abnormality could either be in the structure of the brain or in the functioning of chemicals in the brain. Because of this, individual has problems receiving, processing or communicating information normally. Some causes of the nervous system abnormality include problems during pregnancy, birth or early infancy, brain trauma at a young age, exposure to toxins, and prematurity.

Symptoms
Children with a learning disorder may display the following traits:
 Difficulties reading words, such as reading slowly, having difficulty sounding out words, and reading words incorrectly.
 Difficulty understanding what they have read.
 Difficulties with accurately spelling words.
 Difficulties with writing, such as grammatical errors and issues with origination and clarity of writing.
 Difficulties with number sense, number facts, calculations, or mathematical reasoning.

Treatment
There is no treatment that can cure a learning disorder, but intervention and accommodations can help those with learning disorders cope with the difficulties they may face. Special education programs in schools are able to give children with learning disorders an environment that is more appropriate for them and minimizes the issues they may face in a standard classroom. Individual education programs (IEPs) are also used in order to give children specific accommodations for their personal difficulties.

Motor disorders

DSM-5
The motor disorders described in the DSM-5 are Developmental Coordination Disorder and Stereotypic Movement Disorder. Developmental Coordination Disorder is a disorder where one's acquisition and ability to perform motor skills is below the level that is normal for someone their age. These difficulties with motor skills may include clumsiness, slowness, or inability to correctly perform motor tasks. Stereotypic Movement Disorder is characterized by repetitive motions that are seemingly driven and purposeless. These repetitive movements lead to disruptions in daily life, and may possibly be self-injurious.

Cause
The cause behind motor disorders is not exact, but the cause is usually genetic or environmental. Motor skills disorders are often associated with physiological or developmental abnormalities including ADHD, learning disorders, developmental disabilities and prematurity.

Symptoms
In infants, some babies may be hypotonia, a loose and floppy baby, or hypertonia, a stiff and rigid baby. Toddlers may have trouble feeding themselves or may stand, sit or walk later than what is developmentally normal. Other signs of motor skills disorders may be children that are clumsy or have excessive accidents, such as knocking things over. Children who have trouble with complex physical activities such as dancing, swimming, catching or throwing a ball, or drawing may avoid these activities completely.

Treatment
Different therapies are offered to children with motor skills disorders to help them improve their motor effectiveness. Many children work with an occupational and physical therapist, as well as educational professionals. This helpful combination is beneficial to the child. Cognitive therapy, sensory integration therapy, and kinesthetic training are often favorable treatment for the child.

Communication disorders

DSM-5
Communication disorders inhibit one's abilities in various areas of communication, such as language, speech, and non-verbal communication. Those with language disorder have deficits in using language, whether it be verbally, written, or signed. These deficits include a limited vocabulary, struggles with sentence structure and forming sentences, and limited ability to be able to describe topics or hold a conversation. Speech sound disorder is a disorder that impairs one's ability to produce sounds correctly and leads to limited speech intelligibility. Childhood-onset fluency disorder, more commonly known as stuttering, disturbs the normal flow and timing of speech. These disturbances may be sound and syllable repetitions, sound prolongations, pauses in the middle of words or speech, excess physical tension when pronouncing words, or the repetitions of one syllable words. Social Communication Disorder is marked by difficulties in being able to communicate appropriately, following rules for conversation (such as taking turns talking), understanding things that are not explicitly said, and understanding non-literal language. All of these disorders disturb one's ability to communicate with others significantly and can interfere with social participation, relationships, or the ability to meet academic and occupational standards.

Cause
The cause of communication disorders in children are usually biological, developmental or environmental. These causes include abnormalities in brain development, exposure to certain toxins during pregnancy, or genetic factors.

Treatment
Speech and language therapists are often very reliable for helping children with communication disorders. Remedial techniques are often used to help the child communicate more and work on their existing problems. Another technique is to help push the child to work on their strengths to improve their communication skills.

Pervasive developmental disorders

DSM-IV-TR
 299.00 Autistic disorder
 299.80 Rett's disorder
 299.10 Childhood disintegrative disorder
 299.80 Asperger Syndrome
 299.80 Pervasive developmental disorder NOS

Cause
Pervasive developmental disorders have no known cause yet, but researchers are interested in finding a connection between the disorders and problems in the nervous system. Studies are being done on the brain and spinal cord in children with PDDs to try to find a link.

Symptoms
Children with pervasive developmental disorders may exhibit the following symptoms:
 Have trouble expressing or understanding ideas
 Have trouble understanding nonverbal communication
 Difficulty in social interactions
 Temper tantrums
 Aggressive behavior
 May play differently with toys than other children
 May have difficulty adjusting to new places or people
 Anxious behavior

Treatment
A specific treatment plan is usually laid out for the child because of the wide range of behaviors and abilities in each child. Treatment often involves promoting better communication and socializing, and reducing behaviors that can be disruptive. Children with pervasive developmental disorders may be placed in special education classes, receive behavior modification training, speech, physical or occupational therapy, or medication.

Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders

DSM-IV-TR
 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
 314.01 Combined subtype: If both Criteria A1 and A2 are met for the past 6 months.
 314.01 Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype
 314.00 Predominantly inattentive subtype
 314.9 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder NOS: This category is used for individuals that have pronounced symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity, yet do not meet the criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. These individuals may include:
1. Individuals who meet the criteria for ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type, but their age of onset is later than 7 years old.
2. Individuals who present inattentive symptoms and meet the full criteria for the disorder but also have a behavioral pattern that is defined by having low energy, daydreaming, and laziness.
 Conduct disorder
 312.81 Childhood onset: At least one of the Diagnostic Criteria needs to be met for Conduct Disorder before age 10.
 312.82 Adolescent onset: The absence of any criteria characteristic of Conduct Disorder before the age of 10.
 312.89 Unspecified onset: The age of onset is unknown.
 313.81 Oppositional Defiant Disorder
 312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder NOS: This category includes disorders similar to conduct or oppositional defiant behaviors but do not meet the diagnostic criteria for either disorder, yet the impairment is clinically significant and causes significant impairment in the individual's life.

Cause
With ADHD being one of the most common disorders diagnosed in childhood, the causes are often studied, yet still inconclusive. Many researchers say ADHD is caused by genetic factors, yet other studies are being done to expand on the cause. One research study showed that children who carry a certain gene associated with ADHD had a thinner layer of tissue in the areas of the brain associated with attention. As the children grew older, the brain tissue thickened and their ADHD symptoms improved. Environmental factors, such as the mother smoking or drinking during pregnancy is connected to children with ADHD. Children exposed to lead at a young age will also have an increased chance of developing ADHD. Brain injuries could cause ADHD, yet only a small number of children diagnosed fit into this category. Researchers have looked into sugar intake as the cause of ADHD, but have found little to support that theory.

Symptoms
Children with attention deficit and disruptive behavior disorders may show the following symptoms:
 Impulsivity or distractibility
 Difficulty socializing
 Aggressive behavior
 Difficulty following rules or directions or completing a task
 Problems at school
 Frustration
 Alcohol or drug use

Treatment
Medication is often used to treat children with attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. Individualized programs are available for children with these disorders in order to help them function in and complete school. It is the common belief that many of these disorders will disappear as the children get older, but recent research shows that it can carry on into adulthood.

Feeding and eating disorders of infancy or early childhood

DSM-5-TR
Eating disorders that may be diagnosed in childhood include Pica, which is the persistent eating of nonfood substances that is severe enough to require clinical attention, and Rumination Disorder, which is the repeated regurgitation of food.

Cause
There are a number of factors that could potentially contribute to the development of feeding and eating disorders of infancy or early childhood. These factors include:
 Physiological – a chemical imbalance effecting the child's appetite could cause a feeding or eating disorder.
 Developmental – developmental abnormalities in oral-sensory, oral-motor, and swallowing can impact the child's eating ability and elicit a feeding or eating disorder.
 Environmental – simple issues such as inconsistent meal times can cause a feeding or eating disorder. Giving the child food that they are not developmentally acquired for can also cause these disorders. Family dysfunction and sociocultural issues could also play a role in feeding or eating disorders.
 Relational – when the child is not securely attached to the mother, it can cause feeding interactions to become disturbed or unnatural. Other factors, such as parental emotional unavailability and parental eating disorders, can cause feeding and eating disorders in their children.
 Psychological and behavioral – these factors include one involving the child's temperament. Characteristics such as being anxious, impulsive, distracted, or strong-willed personality types are ones that could affect the child's eating and cause a disorder. The individual could have learned to reject food due to a traumatic experience such as choking or being force fed.

Symptoms
Physical and emotional changes are often the most indicative symptoms of feeding and eating disorders of infancy or early childhood. The child's growth and development may be delayed due to the lack of necessary nutrients. The child will usually weigh much less than other children. Withdrawal and irritability are often associated with children that are malnourished.

Treatment
Since feeding and eating disorders in children can cause dangerous risks to the child, it is important to seek treatment as soon as possible. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be incredibly beneficial to children with feeding or eating disorders. Family therapy is usually encouraged in order to keep all members involved in nourishing the child.

Tic disorders

DSM-IV-TR
307.23 Tourette's disorder
307.22 Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder
307.21 Transient tic disorder: Must meet the following criteria in order to be diagnosed:
A. Either one or multiple motor and/or vocal tics, for example, motor or vocal noises that are rapid, repeated, sudden, and nonrhythmic.
B. The tics happen multiple times over the course of the day, almost every day for at least 4 weeks, but do not occur continually for any longer than 1 year.
C. Symptoms are present before the age of 18.
D. The tics are not a result of any effects due to drug use, or any other medical condition, for example, Huntington's disease.
E. The individual does not have symptoms that meet the criteria for Tourette's Disorder or Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder.
307.20 Tic disorder NOS: This category is for disorders characterized by tics but do not meet the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-IV-TR.

Cause
No definitive cause of tic disorders has been declared, but for the most part, the cause lies within biological, chemical, or environmental factors. Studies have shown that abnormal neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which are active in chemical messages in the brain, can serve as a cause of tic disorders. Researchers have also found abnormal changes in certain parts of the brain that cause strain on the blood flow within the brain, which is likely a contributor of tic disorders. 75% of tic disorders have a genetic component. It appears that tic disorders can be caused or worsened by recreational or prescription drug use. Tics can form simply if a person repeats sounds or words they hear over the course of a normal day.

Symptoms
Children with a tic disorder may exhibit the following symptoms:
 Overwhelming urge to make movement
 Jerking of arms
 Clenching of fists
 Excessive eye blinking
 Shrugging of shoulders
 Kicking
 Raising eyebrows
 Flaring of nostrils
 Production of repetitive noises such as grunting, clicking, moaning, snorting, squealing, or throat clearing

Treatment
As part of the treatment, family members and friends are advised not to call attention to the tics when the child is performing them. If they do, the child may develop more tics more frequently. Behavioral therapy and medication are often the choices of treatment for tic disorders in children.

Elimination disorders

DSM-IV-TR
 307.6 Enuresis (not due to a general medical condition)
 307.7 Encopresis, without constipation and overflow incontinence
 787.6 Encopresis, with constipation and overflow incontinence

Cause
Encopresis: The most common cause of encopresis is constipation. When a child becomes constipated, feces build up in and stretch the rectum. This stretching causes the nerve endings to become dull. The child may not feel when they need to eliminate the feces or if the waste is coming out. Inside the rectum, the feces could become too large or solid to eliminate without feeling pain. While the mass of feces is stuck in the child's rectum, liquid feces could leak from around the mass and out of the child's body. The main causes of constipation are diet, lack of sufficient amounts of water, stress, not enough exercise, and inconsistent bathroom routines.

Enuresis: The cause of enuresis is thought to be unclear and usually is attributed to many factors.

 Genetic – there is a genetic component within enuresis and it tends to run in families.
 Inability to feel that the bladder is full and be aroused from sleep.
 Insufficient size of bladder – the child's bladder is too small to contain the amount of urine produced.
 Psychological factors – these are not main factors that contribute to enuresis, but stress may be a cause.
 Maturational delay – the child's recognition that the bladder is full and they need to go to the bathroom is a developmental issue. Many children with enuresis will develop this skill as they grow older.

Symptoms
The majority of children with enuresis show no other symptoms besides wetting the bed at night. If other symptoms are present, such as blood stains in their underwear or unusual pain, the child is likely to have a more serious medical problem. Children with encopresis are likely to exhibit symptoms such as; loss of appetite, loose or watery stools, abdominal pain, scratching or itching of anal area because of irritation, withdrawal from friends, or secretive attitude associated with bowel movements.

Treatment
Children usually "grow out" of their elimination disorders by the time they reach their teens. If treatment is necessary, the most effective choice for enuresis is behavior modification, which involves a special pad that the child sleeps on at night. If the pad gets wet, an alarm goes off and the child is directed to go to the bathroom. Stool softeners or laxatives are the choice of treatment for encopresis.

Other disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence

DSM-IV-TR
 309.21 Separation anxiety disorder
 313.23 Selective mutism
 313.89 Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood
 307.3 Stereotypic movement disorder
 313.9 Disorder of infancy, childhood, or adolescence NOS: This category is a residual category for disorders with onset in infancy, childhood, or adolescence that do not meet criteria for any specific disorder in the classification.

Cause
There are multiple factors that contribute to the cause of other disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence. The majority of the factors are going to be physical or environmental. Some of the disorders could be caused by parental influence, such as their inability to properly take care of their child. Most of the other disorders diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence involve anxiety. If the child is continually put in anxiety producing situations, they could show symptoms of these disorders. Usually, the symptoms will be mild and the child will not get help, which may cause the symptoms to become worse.

Symptoms
Separation anxiety disorder
 Excessive stress when separated from home or family
 Fear of being alone
 Refusal to sleep alone
 Clinginess
 Excessive worry about safety and getting lost
 Frequent medical complaints with no cause
 Refusal to go to school

Selective mutism
 Unable to speak in certain social situations, even though they are comfortable speaking at home or with friends
 Difficulty maintaining eye contact
 May have blank facial expressions
 Stiff body movements
 May have a worrisome personality
 May be incredibly sensitive to sound
 Difficulty with verbal and nonverbal expression
 May appear shy, when in reality, they have a fear of people.

Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood
 Withdrawing from others
 Aggressive attitude towards peers
 Awkwardness or discomfort
 Watching others but not engaging in social interaction

Stereotypic movement disorder
 Head banging
 Nail biting
 Hitting or biting oneself
 Hand waving or shaking
 Rocking back and forth

Treatment
Separation anxiety disorder
Cognitive behavioral therapy is often used to treat separation anxiety disorder. Family therapy may also be helpful to get to the core of the issue. Systemic desensitization techniques are usually used to help the child get used to being comfortable away from home.
Selective mutism
It is important not to "enable" the child with selective mutism by allowing them to remain silent in the social settings that they are uncomfortable in. Both parents and teachers need to be involved in the treatment of selective mutism. The most important factor to remember is that the child does not have a speech disorder; it is an anxiety disorder.
Reactive attachment disorder of infancy or early childhood

Treatment almost always involves the child and their parents or caregivers parents may need to take parenting skills classes and attend family therapy with the child. Individual therapy with the child and therapist is effective. Another technique is keeping close physical contact between the child and their parents.
Stereotypic movement disorder
Behavioral techniques and psychotherapy are the most effective treatment for children with this disorder. It is important to change the child's environment so that they are unable to harm themselves. Medication is also effective.

ICD-10(F90–F98) Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence

() Hyperkinetic disorders
 () Disturbance of activity and attention
 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
 Attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity
 () Hyperkinetic conduct disorder
 () Other hyperkinetic disorders
 () Hyperkinetic disorder, unspecified

() Conduct disorders
 () Conduct disorder confined to the family context
 () Unsocialized conduct disorder
 () Socialized conduct disorder
 () Oppositional defiant disorder
 () Other conduct disorders
 () Conduct disorder, unspecified

() Mixed disorders of conduct and emotions
 () Depressive conduct disorder
 () Other mixed disorders of conduct and emotions
 () Mixed disorder of conduct and emotions, unspecified

() Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood
 () Separation anxiety disorder of childhood
 () Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood
 () Social anxiety disorder of childhood
 () Sibling rivalry disorder
 () Other childhood emotional disorders
 Identity disorder
 Overanxious disorder
 () Childhood emotional disorder, unspecified

() Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adolescence
 () Elective mutism
 () Reactive attachment disorder of childhood
 () Disinhibited attachment disorder of childhood
 () Other childhood disorders of social functioning
 () Childhood disorder of social functioning, unspecified

() Tic disorders
 () Transient tic disorder
 () Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder
 () Combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder (de la Tourette)
 () Other tic disorders
 () Tic disorder, unspecified

() Other behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
 () Nonorganic enuresis
 () Nonorganic encopresis
 () Feeding disorder of infancy and childhood
 () Pica of infancy and childhood
 () Stereotyped movement disorders
 () Stuttering (stammering)
 () Cluttering
 () Other specified behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
 Attention deficit disorder without hyperactivity
 Excessive masturbation
 Nail biting
 Nose picking
 Thumb sucking
 () Unspecified behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence

Perception

Stigma

It is not uncommon for children with mental health disorders to be faced with stigma. Stigma against those with mental health disorders can be seen through stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. This stigma can come from the public (those without the disorder) and by oneself (those with the disorder). Both public and self-stigma can diminish the self-esteem of those with mental health disorders; especially children.

Typically, children with mental health disorders are first exposed to stigma within their family unit before later being exposed to it in the school setting and the public. While some may view stigma as a minor problem when looking at the other obstacles children with mental illness may face, others view it as a major problem because of the negative impact it can have on a child's treatment and self perception.

Stigma within the family can cause a delay in the diagnosis of mental health disorders, delaying treatment. It can also cause children to be hesitant in seeking treatment, even when they are experiencing clear mental health symptoms. This is especially true for boys who are more likely than girls to avoid seeking out treatment because of the fear of experiencing stigma.

Controversy and Alternatives
There are people such as Thomas Szasz and Peter Breggin who say child psychiatry should be made illegal because behaviours are not diseases. They believe psychiatric drugging is a form of child abuse. Psychotropic medication has been used at an increasing rate over a few decades, and while having limited information on the effects on a child's development, they are used as a first choice for treatment. Comparatively, alternatives such as general, complementary, and need-based therapy aren't utilized as much. A brain in development has different needs in order to function how it is intended, and psychiatric medicine can disrupt and alter that development and lead to more issues or complications. Psychiatric medication has a vast quantity of side effects including but not limited to : Drowsiness, fatigue, weight gain, changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, and disinterest in activities. Alternative treatments are more effective person by person and can be incorporated into regular treatments or to slowly wean off of medication.

References

External links


Marco D'Alessandro (born 17 February 1991) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a winger for  club Pisa, on loan from Monza.

Club career

Roma and loans
D'Alessandro moved his first footsteps into Lazio youth system. In 2005, he joined Roma youth teams. On 21 March 2009 he made his senior debut in Serie A as an injury time substitute against Juventus, which Roma lost 4–1.

In July 2009, he was sent to Serie B side Grosseto on a season-long loan to gain first-team experience. Grosseto also had option to co-own the player for €200,000. In June 2010 Roma activated the counter-option to pay Grosseto €350,000.

In July 2010, he was sent to Serie A side Bari in temporary deal for €300,000, with option to co-own the player for €1.5 million. Then in January 2011 he was sent to Serie B side Livorno.

In August 2011, he was sent to Serie B club Verona, with option to sign him for undisclosed fee. On 10 January 2012 he scored a goal against Lazio in Italian Cup. In June 2012 Roma activated the counter-option again, for €100,000.

In 2012, he left for Serie B club Cesena in temporary deal with option to co-own the player for €700,000. The loan was extended on 8 July 2013. Cesena also had option to sign him in co-ownership for €800,000. In June 2014 Roma activated the counter-option again for €500,000.

Atalanta and loans
On 4 July 2014, fellow Serie A club Atalanta signed D'Alessandro outright from Roma for €2 million.

On 18 July 2017, he moved to Serie A club Benevento, on a one-season loan with an obligation to make the deal permanent.

On 17 August 2018, D'Alessandro joined to Serie A side Udinese on a season-long loan, in a deal that saw Ali Adnan moving to Atalanta in exchange.

SPAL
On 10 July 2019, D'Alessandro joined SPAL on loan with an obligation to buy.

Monza
On 27 January 2021, D'Alessandro signed with Serie B club Monza on a two-and-a-half-year contract. He made his debut on 6 February, coming on as a substitute in a 1–1 draw against Empoli. On 9 February, D'Alessandro scored a goal and made an assist as a substitute, helping Monza win 2–1 away to Vicenza. On 23 October, D'Alessandro scored from a last-minute counter attack against Cittadella; Monza won 1–0.

Loan to Pisa
On 7 August 2023, D'Alessandro was loaned out to Pisa in the Serie B for one year, with an option for purchase.

International career
D'Alessandro was in the Italy U-19 team that took part at the 2010 Euro U-19 Championship. He was sent off in the first match. On 17 November 2010, he made his debut with the Italy U-21 team in a friendly match against Turkey.

Personal life
D'Alessandro and his wife Corinne have two children.

Career statistics

Club

References

External links
 Profile at AC Monza

1991 births
Living people
Footballers from Rome
Italian men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
AS Roma players
US Grosseto 1912 players
SSC Bari players
US Livorno 1915 players
Hellas Verona FC players
AC Cesena players
Atalanta BC players
Benevento Calcio players
Udinese Calcio players
SPAL players
AC Monza players
Pisa SC players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Italy men's youth international footballers
Italy men's under-21 international footballers


SS (Submarine Scout or Sea Scout) class airships were simple, cheap and easily assembled small non-rigid airships or "blimps" that were developed as a matter of some urgency to counter the German U-boat threat to British shipping during World War I. A secondary purpose was to detect and destroy mines. The class proved to be versatile and effective, with a total of 158 being built in several versions.

Requirement
Soon after the outbreak of World War I, the threat to British shipping from German submarines became increasingly apparent, with numerous losses occurring during October and November 1914. Then, on 4 February 1915, a communiqué issued by the Imperial German Admiralty declared that: "All the waters surrounding Great Britain and Ireland, are hereby declared to be a war zone. From 18 February onwards every enemy merchant vessel found within this war zone will be destroyed."

The situation had become critical and the Admiralty recognised that airships would be effective at spotting submarines and useful for Fleet observations, but at that time Britain's airship fleet consisted of just seven craft – four RNAS airships (HMA 17, 18, 19, and 20), two continental ships and a small Willows training craft – with only four airfields existing that possessed hangars capable of housing them. Consequently, on 28 February the First Sea Lord, Admiral Lord Fisher, called a meeting with Commander E. A. D. Masterman (Officer Commanding the Naval Airship Section) and representatives from Vickers and the London-based firm of Airships Limited to discuss the possibilities of creating a fleet of suitable patrol airships, sometimes referred to as "scouts".

Design and development
The type was to have a speed of , carry a crew of two,  of bombs, wireless equipment, fuel for eight hours flying, and capable of reaching an altitude of . Most importantly the design had to be simple, in order to ease production and to facilitate training of the crews, since the new airships, designated the "Submarine Scout" or "Sea Scout" (SS) class, needed to be operational within weeks rather than months.

Prototype
The prototype SS craft was created at RNAS Kingsnorth on the Hoo Peninsula, and was effectively a B.E.2c aeroplane fuselage and engine minus wings, tailfin and elevators, slung below the disused envelope from airship HMA No. 2 (Willows No. 4) that had been lying deflated at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough Airfield. It was ready for evaluation trials within a fortnight of approval being granted for the scheme, and on 18 March 1915 the first SS class airship entered service. The whole process had taken less than three weeks, and voicing his approval, Admiral Fisher made the famous comment: "Now I must have forty!"

The officer commanding the Kingsnorth facility was Wing-Commander N. F. Usborne, who also assisted in the design of the airship. In recognition of his contributions the following comment was made: "Admiral Sueter desires to place on record his high appreciation of the hard work and devotion to the airship cause displayed by Commander Usborne. Far into the night and the early hours of the morning this scientific officer worked to make these airships a success and due to him in large part their wonderful success was due."

Two private firms, Armstrong Whitworth and Airships Ltd., were also invited to submit designs and consequently three versions of the SS class blimp were produced: the SS "B.E.2c", the SS "Armstrong Whitworth" and the SS "Maurice Farman" (thus named because the car designed by Airships Ltd. resembled a Farman aeroplane body).

Envelope
The envelope of the experimental prototype had a volume of  of hydrogen gas, but production models used a  envelope of similar shape that provided a typical gross lift of , a net lift of  and a disposable lift of  with full fuel tanks and a crew of two on board. Each of the SS versions used similar envelopes that were composed of four layers: two of rubber-proofed fabric with a layer of rubber between them, and a further rubber layer on the inner, or gas surface. The external surface had five coats of dope applied to it to protect it from the elements and to render the envelope completely gastight. The first two coats were of "Delta dope" (a flexible dope used for the first time in 1913 on the British Army semi-rigid airship Delta), followed by two of aluminium dope and finally one of aluminium varnish. To stiffen the nose of the envelope and to prevent it blowing in, 24 canes were arranged radially from its centre and covered with an aluminium cap.

The envelope contained two ballonets of  each instead of just one as used on the prototype. These were supplied with air from the propeller draught via a scoop and a slanting aluminium tube to the underside of the envelope, and then via horizontal fabric hoses containing non-return fabric valves known as "crab-pots".

Planes
The original design featured four fins (or planes) and rudders set radially to the envelope: two horizontal fins, and two below the envelope in an inverted V-tail configuration; however, in some cases the two lower fins were replaced with a single central fin that carried a larger rudder. The fins were identical in size and shape, and were constructed of spruce, aluminium, and steel tubing, braced with wire and covered with doped fabric.

Versions

SS B.E.2c
Similar to the prototype, the production car was a wingless B.E.2c fuselage stripped of various fittings, and equipped with two ash skids in place of the wheeled undercarriage. Mounted at the front of the car was an air-cooled  Renault engine driving a  diameter four-bladed propeller.

The pilot was seated behind the observer, who also served as the wireless operator. A camera was fitted, and the armament consisted of bombs carried in frames suspended about the centre of the undercarriage and a Lewis Gun mounted on a post adjacent to the pilot's seat. The bomb sight and release mechanism were located on the outside of the car on the starboard side of the pilot's position.

SS Maurice Farman
The Airships Ltd. design initially used , and later  envelopes. Dual controls were fitted for the pilot and the observer/wireless operator. Occasionally a third seat was fitted to carry a passenger or an engineer. Renault engines were normally fitted, mounted at the rear of the car in pusher configuration, but a Rolls-Royce Hawk proved effective in one instance. The type was slightly slower than the SS B.E.2c, but the cars were roomier and more comfortable.

SS Armstrong Whitworth
The version fitted with the Armstrong Whitworth F.K. car was similar in many respects to the B.E.2c type, but had a single-skid landing gear with buffers, and required the larger  envelope to maintain a reasonable margin of lift. A water-cooled  Green engine was fitted in tractor configuration, and fuel was carried in two aluminium tanks supported in fabric slings suspended from the envelope, saving  in weight compared to the internal tanks fitted to the B.E.2c.

Airship stations

At the same time a number of new air stations were set up as well as a training station at Cranwell. The rigid airship programme was also gathering momentum, and these stations were later joined by several more that together formed a chain all around the UK coast.

Production
Initially undertaken by the Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough, production was soon transferred to Kingsnorth, and in addition shortly afterwards to Vickers' works at Barrow-in-Furness and to the Wormwood Scrubs Naval Air Station in London. However, construction at each of the facilities was hampered by aeroplane orders affecting the supply of envelopes.

In total, some 60 examples of the three versions of SS class blimp were assembled, costing around £2,500 each (equivalent to £ in , when adjusted for inflation).

Service history and legacy
During the final 15 months of the war SS type airships carried out over 10,000 patrols, flying nearly one-and-a-half million miles in more than 50,000 hours. A total of 49 U-boats were sighted, 27 of which were attacked from the air or by ships. In all, there was only one instance of a ship being sunk whilst being escorted by an airship.

An SS B.E.2c set the current altitude record for a British airship when it reached  in the summer of 1916, and the sole Hawk-engined SS Maurice Farman on one occasion carried out an extended patrol of 18 hours 20 minutes. Also in the summer of 1916, an Armstrong Whitworth model coated with black dope carried out night-time operations over France, proving that airships could be of value when operating with military forces over land.

The SS type was further developed with purpose-built cars to create the SSP (Pusher), SSZ (Zero), SST (Twin) and SSE (Experimental SST) types. Demand for the versatile "Sea Scouts" was so great that a grand total of 158 of all versions and variants were constructed, some of which were acquired by France, Italy and the United States.

Although the SS class types proved invaluable, their use was restricted to coastal patrols in reasonably fair weather owing to their low engine power and comparatively small size. For work farther out at sea and in all weathers, three further classes were developed: the Coastal, the C* and North Sea-class ships. Each had larger engines and envelopes, carried more crew, and had greater patrol duration than the previous class ships.

Operators

French Air Force

Italian Air Force

The Imperial Japanese Navy acquired an SS-3 from the Royal Navy in 1921; it exploded in a hangar at Yokosuka Naval Base in 1922, just weeks after its maiden flight in Japan. The IJN then completed a domestically-produced replica in 1923, which flew once from Yokosuka to Osaka and back to Kasumigaura Air Field; it exploded in midair in 1924, killing all of its crew.

Royal Navy

United States Navy

Specifications (typical)

Comparative specifications

Notes: · [BE] B.E.2c car · [MF] Farman car · [AW] Armstrong Whitworth car

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

SS class airships on the Airship Heritage Trust website
Commander N. F. Usborne's involvement with the development of the SS class airship.
Newsreel footage of an SS Class airship being launched and in flight

Airships of the United Kingdom
1910s British patrol aircraft
Military airships of World War I
Vickers airships
Aircraft first flown in 1915


Wonders of China was a Circle-Vision 360° film featured in the China Pavilion at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort.

Summary
The film showcased famous Chinese landmarks and the people, environment, and culture of China. Keye Luke provided the voice-over narration as the philosopher Li Bai while a Chinese actor, Shih Kuan appears in the film's live action footage.

History
Wonders of China was first shown on October 1, 1982, and closed on March 25, 2003. It was replaced by an updated film, Reflections of China, which opened on May 23, 2003.

Wonders of China also played in the World Premiere Circle-Vision theater in Tomorrowland at Disneyland from 1984 through 1996.

References

Former Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Tomorrowland (Disney Parks)
Epcot
Disneyland
Documentary films about China
1982 establishments in Florida
2003 disestablishments in Florida
1984 establishments in California
1996 disestablishments in California


Family Farm Preservation was a right-wing agrarian populist organisation in the United States which promoted grass-roots movement in order to prevent family farms from being foreclosed upon.  The group has been linked to the earlier right-wing organization Posse Comitatus, and in some reports is alleged to be a direct outgrowth.

In a 1995 interview, an FFP worker stated that the FFP, though not religious, was a Christian and spiritual organization which sought to educate the public on their legal rights.  Among their beliefs was the illegitimacy of lawyers, as the Bar association was chartered by the British monarchy, the illegitimacy of property taxes, and that most authority held by government officials is in violation of 1872 law.  The member, Ramsden, stated that the goal of the FFP is that "society should be just as it was after the Revolutionary War."

Notable affiliates
Though not concretely linked to FFP, Terry Nichols, compatriot of Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, used the FFP's concept in employing a pseudo-check labeled "Fractional Reserve Notes" to pay off credit card debts.

References

Right-wing militia organizations in the United States
Right-wing populism in the United States


Min Na-on (, born 5 November 1988) is a South Korean professional golfer who has played on the LPGA Tour.

Min won the Sun City Nedbank Challenge as an amateur in 2002 and turned professional after earning non-exempt status on the LPGA Tour at the 2006 LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament. Her highest finish was third place in the 2007 LPGA Championship, a major championship on the Tour.

Results in LPGA majors

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Source:

LPGA Tour career summary

Official as of the 2012 season. Sources:

References

South Korean female golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
1988 births
Living people


Letters from Alou () is 1990 Spanish film directed and written by Montxo Armendáriz.

Synopsis
Alou, a Senegalese man that has entered Spain illegally, can only find occasional jobs due to his situation. Thanks to the letters he sends regularly to his parents, we hear of his experiences and feelings as he laboriously tries to be integrated into Spanish society. He starts out on the coast of Almeria, working in the greenhouses. Then he travels to Madrid where he first comes into contact with illegal sales. He then makes his way to Segria, to work harvesting fruit, and, finally, to Barcelona, where he works in the clothes shop of another African immigrant. His adventure comes to an abrupt end when he's arrested by the police. But he crosses the Strait again, closing the circle that leaves a door open to hope.

Awards and nominations

Won
Cinema Writers Circle Awards
Best Cinematography (Juan Amorós)
Best Film
Best Screenplay – Original (Montxo Armendáriz)
Goya Awards
Best Cinematography (Alfredo F. Mayo)
Best Screenplay – Original (Montxo Armendáriz)
San Sebastián Film Festival
Golden Seashell (Montxo Armendáriz)
OCIC Award (Montxo Armendáriz)
Silver Seashell: Best Actor (Mulie Jarju)

Nominated
Goya Awards
Best Director (Montxo Armendáriz)
Best Editing (Rosario Sáinz de Rozas)
Best Film
Best Production Supervision (Primitivo Álvaro)
Best Sound (Eduardo Fernández and Pierre Lorrain)
Best Special Effects (Reyes Abades and Juan Ramón Molina)

References

External links

1990 films
1990s Spanish-language films
1990 drama films
Spanish drama films
Films about immigration to Spain
Films directed by Montxo Armendáriz
Films shot in Almería
1990s Spanish films


Linkenholt is a village near Andover in Hampshire, England with about 40 inhabitants. It is in the civil Parish of Faccombe. The Domesday Book of 1086 records it as Linchehou, when it was part of the land of the Abbey of St Peter of Gloucester.

The village is in an area of outstanding natural beauty. Linkenholt includes a  estate that has an Edwardian manor house, 21 cottages and houses,  of farmland,  of woodland, a village shop and a blacksmith's forge. The Church of England parish church of Saint Peter is not part of the estate.

The history of the Manor of Linkenholt traces back beyond Domesday Book of 1086. From the reign of Edward the Confessor (1042–66) until after the Dissolution in the mid-1500s, the Manor of Linkenholt was granted by successive monarchs to the abbot and convent of St Peter, Gloucester.

In 1629, the estate was bought by Emanuel Badd for 2,000 pounds and was sold in 1680 to Amsterdam merchant Robert Styles for 12,000 pounds. The estate remained in the same family until the early 19th century. Roland Dudley bought it in the 1920s.

Herbert Blagrave bought the estate in 1964 and it passed to the trustees of the Herbert and Peter Blagrave Charitable Trust on his death in 1981. The trustees sold the estate for an estimated £25 million in May 2009 to Swedish businessman Stefan Persson. All of the buildings in the village are rented to tenants.

Geography
Linkenholt has a site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) just to the north west of the village, called Combe Wood and Linkenholt Hanging.

References

External links

Villages in Hampshire
Test Valley


Vectura Group Limited is a British pharmaceuticals company based in Chippenham, England which develops inhaled medicines and makes inhaler devices. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Philip Morris International in September 2021.

History
The company was formed in 1997 at the University of Bath as a start-up pharmaceuticals business. In 1999 it acquired Co-ordinated Drug Development and the Centre for Drug Formulation Studies. The company moved from the university campus to a site at Chippenham in 2002. In 2004 it was listed on the Alternative Investment Market. In 2006 it acquired Innovata Biomed plc, another developer of pulmonary products, and then moved onto the full list of the London Stock Exchange. It acquired Activaero, a German manufacturer in the same sector, for £108million in March 2014. In June 2016 Vectura completed a £441million merger with Skyepharma, a maker of devices such as asthma inhalers; it was announced that the merged company would continue to be known as Vectura.

The former Skyepharma manufacturing plant at Lyon, France, makes various oral products including tablets. After Vectura decided to concentrate on inhaled products, in June 2021 the company supported a buy-out of the site by its management, with finance from Bpifrance.

In July 2021, American tobacco company Philip Morris International made an offer to buy Vectura Group for £1 billion. The Carlyle Group, an American private equity firm, also submitted an offer which was £44m lower. The board subsequently accepted the offer from Philip Morris International and, in September 2021, the company confirmed that circa 75% of shareholders had supported the takeover.

Operations
Vectura is a developer of inhaled therapies for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Since 2019 it has operated as a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO), helping other companies bring inhaled medicines to market.

The headquarters and development facility at Chippenham, on a mixed industrial site on the outskirts of the town, employs around 250 . There are also development sites at Cambridge, Muttenz (Basel, Switzerland) and Gauting (Germany). There are plans for a new research & development building at the Bristol and Bath Science Park, not far from Chippenham, which could open in 2025.

References

External links

2021 mergers and acquisitions
British companies established in 1997
British subsidiaries of foreign companies
Chippenham
Companies based in Wiltshire
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1997
Pharmaceutical companies of England
Philip Morris International


The Territorial Force War Medal was a campaign medal awarded to members of the British Territorial Force and Territorial Force Nursing Service who served overseas in World War I. It is the rarest of the five British Great War medals.

Award Criteria
The medal was established in April 1920 for award to members of the Territorial Force and Territorial Force Nursing Service who volunteered for service overseas on or before 30 September 1914, and served overseas. They had to:
 have been serving with the Force on 4 August 1914; or
 have completed four years service with the Force before 4 August 1914 and rejoined on or before 30 September 1914.

In addition provided they:
 undertook, either verbally or by written agreement on or before 30 September 1914 to serve outside the United Kingdom, such agreement being operative after 4 August 1914, and
 have served outside the United Kingdom between 5 August 1914 and 11 November 1918 (both dates inclusive; the last date was in 1918 though the years on the reverse said 1914-19) and
 did not qualify for the 1914 Star or 1914-15 Star.

A total of 33,944 Territorial Force War Medals were awarded. This includes 227 to nurses of the Territorial Force Nursing Service, the only women to receive the medal. The numbers given to each regiment varied widely. For example, 63 were awarded to Seaforth Highlanders, where all three Territorial Force battalions were in France by 1915, compared with 824 to the East Surrey Regiment, where both Territorial battalions undertook garrison duty in India until 1917, and therefore did not qualify for the 1914 or 1914-15 Star.

Description
 The medal is a circular, bronze and of 36mm (1.42 in) diameter, with a straight bar suspender, with the following design:
 Obverse: a King George V bareheaded effigy, facing left, with the legend: 'GEORGIVS V BRITT : OMN : REX ET IND : IMP :' ;
 Reverse: a wreath with in centre 'FOR / VOLUNTARY / SERVICE / OVERSEAS / 1914-19', and around the upper outer edge  'TERRITORIAL WAR MEDAL';
 Ribbon: yellow with two green stripes, 32 mm (1.25 in) wide;
 Naming: The number, rank name and unit of the recipient were impressed on the rim in block capitals.

Order of wear
The order of wear of medals awarded for service during the First World War is as follows:
 1914 Star.
 1914–15 Star.
 British War Medal.
 Mercantile Marine War Medal.
 Victory Medal.
 Territorial Force War Medal.

See also
 British campaign medals
 Lists of abbreviations used on Commonwealth World War I medals
 Territorial Force Imperial Service Badge

References

Bibliography

External links
 Northeast Medals website (with image)
 Worcestershire medal Service Ltd. website (with image)
 Search over 5 million campaign medal cards on The UK National Archives' website.

British campaign medals
Military awards and decorations of World War I
Awards established in 1920
Army Reserve (United Kingdom)
Nursing awards


James Gamble may refer to:

James Gamble (industrialist) (1803–1891), U.S.-based Irish soapmaker and industrialist; co-founder of Procter & Gamble Company
James Gamble (congressman) (1809–1883), U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania
James Gamble (telegraph) (18??–?), Piedmont resident, and builder of the first telegraph in California
James Sykes Gamble (1847–1925), English botanist
James Fulton Gamble, Northern Irish politician


Club Sportiv Municipal Dacia Orăștie 2010, commonly known as Dacia Orăștie, is a Romanian football club based in Orăștie, Hunedoara County and currently playing in the Liga IV – Hunedoara County, the fourth tier of the Romanian football league system. Dacia Orăștie played seven seasons in Second Division and fifteen seasons in Third Division.

History
The club was founded in 1935 under the name of Energia Orăștie by the workers of the city's chemical factory and played in the Hunedoara Regional Championships. Renamed as Flacăra Orăștie, the club promoted in Divizia C winning the 1955 Hunedoara Regional Championship.

In the 1956 season of the Third Division, Flacăra finished 5th in Series IV, but in the following season, 1957–58, finished 13th and relegated to the Fourth Division.

Followed a period of fifteen years in which he has been active in the regional and county leagues, during which period the club was renamed as Dacia Orăștie.

In the 1971–72 season, Dacia won the Hunedoara County Championship after winning the Valea Mureșului Series and defeating Parângul Lonea, the winner of Valea Jiului Series, in the championship final (2–2 on aggregate and 4–3 on penalties) qualifying for promotion play-off in Divizia C, but missed the promotion in front of CIL Blaj (0–5 at Blaj and 2–0 at Orăștie), the winner of Alba County Championship.

Dacia promoted in the following season after won again the Valea Mureșului Series and the final of the Hunedoara County Championship played against the winner of the Valea Jiului Series, Minerul Vulcan (0–0 at Petroșani and 5–0 at Simeria). The team led by Remus Prodan was composed of following players: P.Catană - I.Andea, Adrian Crișan, Sergiu Albu, Anghel, C.Răsădeanu, Verejan, Iulian Bolovan, Teodor Hopîrteanu, A.Matache, A.Dimeni, Duțu among others.

Returned to Third Division, the white and blues, with Teodor Pop as head coach, finished the 1973–74 season as runners-up in Series VIII two points behind Minerul Moldova Nouă. Also, Dacia qualified to the Round of 32 of Cupa României losing 0–5 in front of First Division team Sportul Studențesc.  Dan Vasilcin, Tiberiu Haidu, I.Andea, C.Nenu, Sergiu Albu, Adrian Crișan, Avram Sava, Ghenu, Iordan Pînteceanu, Teodor Hopîrteanu, Iosif Sereș, Marin Faur, Haidău, Iulian Bolovan, Gelu Dărăban, A. Matache, Grigore Macavei, Ion Macavei, Duțu, C.Răsădeanu, Vasile Radu and A.Dimeni.

In the 1974–75 season, Dacia Orăștie, led by Benone Popa, achieved the promotion to the Second Division winning the Serie XI of Divizia C with a difference of three points from the 2nd place, occupied by Olimpia Oradea and 15 points from the 3rd position, occupied by Voința Oradea. The Dacia squad that achieved promotion was composed of: Dan Vasilcin, Tiberiu Haidu, Nicolae Fogoroși, Sergiu Albu, Adrian Crișan, Constantin Puiu, Gelu Dărăban, Avram Sava, Iosif Sereș, Iordan Pînteceanu, Teodor Hopîrteanu, Gheorghe Costea, Nicolae Davidescu, Viorel Puie, Iulian Bolovan, Grigore Macavei, Ion Macavei, Nicolae Stanciu, Vasile Radu, Marin Faur, Ionel Stanca, Augustin Pălincaș and Viorel Daria.

Dacia Orăștie played seven consecutive seasons in Divizia B ranking as follows: 11th (1975–76), 14th  (1976–77), 14th (1977–78), 13th (1978–79), 14th (1979–80), 14th (1980–81) and 15th (1981–82) relegated to Divizia C.

In 2016, after one year of inactivity, the club was enrolled in Liga V – Hunedoara County, the fifth tier, promoted to Liga IV after was ranked first at the end of the 2016–17 season.

Honours
Liga III
Winners (1): 1974–75
Runners-up (2): 1973–74, 1989–90

Liga IV – Hunedoara County
Winners (7): 1971–72, 1972–73, 1988–89, 1991–92, 1995–96, 2005–06, 2007–08

Liga V – Hunedoara County
Winners (1): 2016–17

Hunedoara Regional Championship
Winners (1): 1955

Other performances
Best finish in Liga II: 11th (1975–76)

References

Football clubs in Hunedoara County
Association football clubs established in 1935
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
Liga IV clubs
1935 establishments in Romania
Orăștie


Gerry Francis (born 6 December 1933) is a former professional footballer who played as a right winger for Leeds United, York City and Tonbridge Angels. He was the first black footballer to play for Leeds.

Playing career
Francis, who was a shoe-repairer from South Africa, began his footballing career in England as an amateur with Leeds United before being given a professional contract in July 1957. He made his debut in the 1959–60 season, becoming the first black footballer to play for Leeds. He joined a declining side that was relegated at the end of the 1959–60 season and despite a spectacular goal against Everton in October 1959 and a memorable performance in a 3–2 victory at Lincoln City in December 1960, he struggled to make an impression and was released in October 1961 to join York City where he scored four goals in 16 appearances in the 1961–62 season.

Personal life
In 1962, Francis married a Trinidadian-born bookkeeper. Together they had two children, born in 1968 and 1973. In 1971, Francis and his children migrated to Toronto, Canada. He currently resides with his wife of 57 years, children and two grandchildren.

Playing statistics

References

Leeds United F.C. players
York City F.C. players
1933 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Soccer players from Johannesburg


The Rochdale Way is a circular  walking route around the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale in Greater Manchester, which takes in the best scenery and interesting buildings of the area.

Areas covered include the following:
Hollingworth Lake
Blackstone Edge on the Pennine Way
Watergrove Reservoir
Healey Dell
Knowl Hill
Naden Valley
Queen's Park, Heywood
Rhodes
Alkrington
Middleton
Hopwood
Tandle Hill
Piethorne Valley

Bibliography
The Rochdale Way by Richard Catlow, John Cole and Martin Riley

Long-distance footpaths in England
Footpaths in Greater Manchester
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale


The following is an outline of 1990 in spaceflight.

Launches

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Deep-space rendezvous

EVAs

See also

Footnotes

Spaceflight by year


Abres is one of six parishes in Vegadeo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Situated at  above sea level, the parroquia is  in size, with a population of 217 (INE 2011).

Villages
 As Aceñas
 A Cruxa
 Abraira
 A Antigua
 O Molín
 Grandamiá
 O Pebidal
 A Ponte
 A Rúa

External links
 Abres in the historical Dictionary Madoz (Spanish)

Parishes in Vegadeo


Hans is an eponymous Punjabi Arora clan of Khatri community found in India. It originates from the Sanskrit hams, meaning swan or goose. It is also a Jat clan. The name can also be found amongst the Bhangi (Chuhra) and Balmiki (Mirasi) castes.

See also
Hans

References

Arora clans
Khatri clans
Punjabi-language surnames
Surnames of Hindu origin
Surnames of Indian origin
Punjabi tribes
Jat clans


USS West Gambo (ID-3220) was a steel-hulled, single-screw cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919. She later saw commercial service as SS West Gambo and SS Empire Hartebeeste, and under the latter name was sunk during World War II.

Construction acquisition, and commissioning
SS West Gambo was built under a United States Shipping Board contract in 1918 Seattle, Washington, by the Skinner and Eddy Corporation. She was launched on 4 July 1918 and acquired by the U.S. Navy on 20 July 1918 for World War I service, assigned the naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 3220, and commissioned the same day as USS West Gambo.

United States Navy service

Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, West Gambo departed Seattle on 30 July 1918 bound for Port Costa, California, where she loaded a full cargo of flour consigned to the American Red Cross. After transiting the Panama Canal, she arrived at New York City on 31 August 1918.

West Gambo departed New York in convoy for Russia with her cargo of flour on 18 September 1918 and reached Archangel in North Russia on 12 October 1918. While she was there, Archangel was suffering through an outbreak of influenza, and the hospital corpsman aboard cargo ship USS Aniwa (ID-3146), also unloading at Archangel, fell ill along with other members of Aniwas crew.  West Gambos ship's doctor joined the ship's doctor of cruiser USS Olympia (Cruiser No. 6) in going aboard Aniwa and tending to her sick crew members.

West Gambo was unloaded by 2 November 1918, and on that day she departed for Glasgow, Scotland. After calling there, she departed for the United States. She made port at New York City on 13 December 1918 and was soon placed in line for demobilization. She was decommissioned on 17 January 1919 and transferred to the U.S. Shipping Board the same day.

Later career
As SS West Gambo, the ship remained in the custody of the U.S. Shipping Board until sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company in late 1936 or early 1937. In 1941, the British governments Ministry of War Transport acquired the ship for World War II service in response to the United Kingdom's need for merchant ships to replace ships sunk in the Battle of the Atlantic. Renamed SS Empire Hartebeeste, she was managed in British service by Watts, Watts and Company of London.

On 20 September 1942, while steaming as a part of Convoy SC 100, Empire Hartebeeste was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-596 in the North Atlantic Ocean at position . All 46 crew were rescued by  and .

References
 (for USS West Gambo (ID-3220))
 (for USS Aniwa (ID-3146))
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive West Gambo (ID 3220)

Design 1013 ships
Design 1013 ships of the United States Navy
Design 1013 ships of the Ministry of War Transport
Ships built by Skinner & Eddy
1918 ships
World War I cargo ships of the United States
World War I auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II merchant ships of the United States
World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in September 1942


Tom McGillis is a Canadian writer, producer, and the president of Fresh TV Inc.

Early life
McGillis is the son of Donald and Marguerite McGillis.

Personal life

Career
Along with partner Jennifer Pertsch, he was the creator and executive producer of the animated series 6teen, Total Drama, and its first spin-off series Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race, Stoked, and non-animated show My Babysitter's a Vampire. He is also one of the executive producers of  Stoked and Grojband.

Awards
In 2007, 6teen won the Alliance for Children and Television's "Award of Excellence, Animation" for programming for children, ages 9–14, and in 2008 McGillis and his team received a Gemini Award nomination for best animated program or series for Total Drama Island.

References

External links
Fresh TV Inc.'s homepage

Living people
Canadian television producers
LGBT television producers
Year of birth missing (living people)


Pranava Prakash (; born in Patna in 1979) is an Indian artist working in neopop style. He is known for helping to create the "tuchchart" style with a group of Delhi artists, which he debuted in a 2007 show in Delhi entitled "Tuchchart".Prakash is also known for drawing inspiration for his works from various sociopolitical issues such as xenophobia, frequently depicting various persons in the nude.

Background
Prakash was born in Patna, Bihar, India in 1979 and attended the Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad and Nalanda Medical College in Patna, where he graduated with an MBA and a MBBS.

Controversies
Prakash has received controversy over some of his works, with some of the galleries featuring his paintings being vandalized and Prakash himself being assaulted over the depiction of nude celebrities. Other paintings that have received controversy include his Your Turn painting, which depicted Indian painter M.F. Husain in the nude. Prakash stated that he had been inspired to paint the picture due to the reactions of several female painters over Husain's "depiction of the fairer sex in uncompromising positions". He had attempted to submit the painting for showings and was repeatedly rejected until its appearance in the AIFACS gallery in New Delhi.

His painting Goddess of Fifteen Minutes of fame also received criticism for depicted Arundhati Roy, Osama bin Laden, and Chairman Mao Zedong in the nude. Opinions on the work differed, with some seeing the work as creative expression while the painting prompted the Lalit Kala Academy to cancel a scheduled showing with him. The decision was protested by the group Socio Pop, who burnt a paint brush and stated they would abstain from painting until Prakash's work was shown.

RadhaMohan Award
Prakash got annual award for 2013 in painting category, instated by the government of Bihar at Patna by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar. The citation mentioned his contribution of ‘Your Turning’ and ‘Goddess of Fifteen Minutes of fame’ which raised debate.

References

Further reading
Sanjay Singh "Pop art directions in India", Delhi, Artworks Press, Jan 2008 p. 117
Shashi Shwetima "Tucchart: A new wave"   Delhi, Zennit Press, Nov. 2007 p. 15
Anil Sinha "New Millenium : New Art" Kolkata, Reco art India, March 2008 p. 48

External links
 Official website

Indian contemporary painters
Living people
1979 births
Artists from Patna
Magadh University alumni
Institute of Management Technology, Ghaziabad alumni
Painters from Bihar


Peter Flinsch (April 22, 1920 – March 30, 2010) was a German Canadian artist, who worked as a set designer and art director for television programming produced by Radio-Canada the French language service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

He was born in Leipzig, Germany, the grandson of German art historian Ulrich Thieme. Flinsch, like many young Germans during the Nazi era, was obliged to join the Hitler Youth. At the onset of the Second World War he decided to fulfill his military obligation and joined the anti-aircraft artillery of the Luftwaffe. In 1942, after a Christmas party, he was spotted kissing another man and was charged under section 175-1 of the Third Reich's criminal code. He was sentenced to a disciplinary minesweeping unit where being overworked, underfed, and mistreated by fellow convicts he developed malaria.

At the end of the war in 1945, Flinsch began working as a theatre designer in Leipzig and Berlin and later as a publicity designer for Air France in Munich.

He subsequently moved to Vancouver in 1953, reuniting with his friend and lover Heino Heiden who was then the artistic director and choreographer for the Vancouver Ballet Company. He finally settled in Montreal to work for Radio-Canada, where he worked for over 30 years and won an Anik Award for Best Television Design in 1981 for his work on L'Espion aux yeux verts. Following his retirement from Radio-Canada in 1985, he began to exhibit his own artwork in drawing, painting, and sculpture.

In 1992 during the rebranding of CBC, he appeared in the Day After Day/Jour Apres Jour video for sign on & sign offs for CBC affiliates which appeared on screens as early as 1996.

In 1998, one of his friends suggested that he display his art on the Internet. Initially he resisted the idea. With much persuasion, his web presence was born. Eventually he enjoyed being contacted from complete strangers who were interested in his work, or the story of his life.

His web site also brought him into contact with an old lover from Paris in the 1940s, and a distant relative (see: Flinsch Peak).

The Body in Question, a biography by Ross Higgins which includes 110 pages of Flinsch's artwork, was published in 2008 by Arsenal Pulp Press.

He died in Montreal, Quebec on March 30, 2010.

References

External links
 The Art of Peter Flinsch

1920 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Canadian painters
Canadian male painters
21st-century Canadian painters
Canadian gay artists
German gay artists
Gay painters
Gay sculptors
Artists from Leipzig
German emigrants to Canada
Canadian scenic designers
Canadian LGBT painters
German LGBT painters
20th-century Canadian sculptors
Canadian male sculptors
Canadian LGBT sculptors
German LGBT sculptors
20th-century Canadian male artists
Hitler Youth members
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
People convicted under Germany's Paragraph 175
21st-century Canadian male artists
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people


Guiar is one of six parishes in Vegadeo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia is  in size with a population of 44.

Villages
 Graña de Guiar
 Guiar

References

Parishes in Vegadeo


Meredo is one of six parishes in Vegadeo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia is  in size with a population of 258 (INE 2011).

Villages and hamlets
 Bustelo
 A Ferraría
 Meredo
 Molexón (Molejón)
 Nafaría (Nafarea)
 Penzol
 A Quintá
 Vinxói (Vinjoy)
 Xaraz
 Seladaloura

References

Parishes in Vegadeo


Paramios is one of six parishes in Vegadeo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia is  in size with a population of 89 in (2020).

Villages
 A Barranca
 A Espía
 Monticelo
 Paramios
 Restrepo
 Vijande (Vixande)

References

Parishes in Vegadeo


Sutton station may refer to:

Stations in the UK
 Kings Sutton railway station, Northamptonshire
 Little Sutton railway station, Cheshire
 Long Sutton railway station, Lincolnshire
 Long Sutton and Pitney railway station, Somerset
 Sutton Bridge railway station, Lincolnshire
 Sutton railway station (Cambridgeshire)
 Sutton Coldfield railway station, West Midlands
 Sutton Common railway station, London
 Sutton-on-Hull railway station, East Riding of Yorkshire
 Sutton-on-Sea railway station, Lincolnshire
 Sutton Park railway station, Birmingham
 Sutton Parkway railway station, Nottinghamshire
 Sutton Staithe Halt railway station, North Norfolk
 Sutton railway station (London), sometimes known as Sutton (Surrey)
 Sutton Town railway station, Birmingham
 West Sutton railway station, London

Stations elsewhere
 Sutton railway station (Ireland), in Sutton, Dublin, Ireland
 Sutton railway station, Jamaica, a place on the List of National Heritage Sites in Jamaica

Other
 Sutton Bridge Power Station
 Sutton Coldfield transmitting station


Piantón is one of six parishes in Vegadeo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia is  in size with a population of 510 (INE 2011).

Villages and hamlets
 Castromourán
 El Chao de Porzún
 A Cova
 Folgueiras
 Montouto
 Piantón
 Porzún
 Veiga de Vilar
 Vesedo
 Vilameitide

References

Parishes in Vegadeo


Dalrymple was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 2009 to 2017.

Geography
Based in inland northern Queensland, Dalrymple was a north–south elongated electorate, running from the Atherton Tableland west of Cairns at its northern end, down to areas west of Mackay at its southern end.  It was based on Charters Towers, and also included Moranbah, Atherton and Herberton.

History
Dalrymple was first created for the 2009 election from parts of the abolished electorates of Charters Towers and Tablelands. Originally proposed by the Electoral Commission of Queensland to be named Macrossan, the name Dalrymple was adopted after further review. The district's first contest pitted two incumbent MPs against each other, with sitting Charters Towers MP Shane Knuth of the Liberal National Party defeating sitting Tablelands MP Rosa Lee Long, of One Nation.

Knuth defected to Katter's Australian Party in 2011. He was handily re-elected in the face of the massive landslide to the LNP at the 2012 state election, besting his replacement as LNP candidate by an almost 2-to-1 two-party-preferred margin, and actually won enough primary votes to retain the seat outright. He was re-elected almost as easily in 2015.

Dalrymple was abolished in the 2017 electoral redistribution. Its more urbanised central section, including Charters Towers, became part of the new electorate of Traeger, its northern section became part of the new electorate of Hill, and its southern section became part of Burdekin. Knuth transferred to Hill.

Members for Dalrymple

Election results

References

External links

Former electoral districts of Queensland
Constituencies established in 2009
Constituencies disestablished in 2017
2009 establishments in Australia
2017 disestablishments in Australia


Consequential strangers are personal connections other than family and close friends. Also known as "peripheral" or "weak" ties, they lie in the broad social territory between strangers and intimates. The term was coined by Karen L. Fingerman and further developed by Melinda Blau, who collaborated with the psychologist to explore and popularize the concept.

Social life in the 21st century includes a wide array of personal connections, not just intimates—people associated with a particular part of one's life and daily activities, such as co-workers, neighbors, gym buddies, fellow volunteers and congregants, and providers of goods and services.  Typically, peripheral ties far outnumber one's close relations.  Decades of research have shown the importance of primary relationships in both psychological and physiological well being.  Yet an analysis of the broader social landscape suggests that consequential strangers provide many of the same benefits as intimates as well as many distinct and complementary functions.  They are not universally beneficial—undesirable consequential strangers who cannot be avoided can be found in the workplace, neighborhoods and organizations. But to thrive in a modern society, research suggests, it is vital to have a variety of connections.

History
The academic underpinnings of the concept can be traced back to Mark Granovetter's influential 1973 paper, "The Strength of Weak Ties," in which the sociologist argued that job opportunities were most likely to come from people in the more distant reaches of one's personal network—old bosses, former coworkers, college connections. Subsequent studies of social networks have shown that information, resources, and new connections—which confer social capital—are the province of weak ties in all arenas of life, not just employment.  Benefits accrue to individuals, families, and the larger community as well. For example, one study found that African American mothers who made use of community ties as well as their families, were able to get their children into magnet schools and extracurricular programs that protected them from the dangers of inner city life.

Historically, relationship scholars have concentrated almost entirely on intimates: partners, children, parents, and, to a lesser extent, best friends.  However, the trend toward urbanization underscored the importance of peripheral relationships. It is almost impossible to cope with the demands of modern life without weak ties. Thus, over the last several decades a handful of researchers and theorists have emphasized the important role of weak ties in anchoring individuals in the larger community. As one scholar observed in 1989, "Social scientists have long held that close and intimate friendships are the sine qua non of personal relationships, and no doubt they are important, but ties with acquaintances are equally important."

Technology has played a key role in the unprecedented rise of consequential strangers.  Advances in transportation and communication have always altered the ways in which people can connect—the pony express allowed the printed word to spread; the telephone made it possible to speak to distant contacts. But computers and digitalization have accelerated the process. In 1997, when Merrill Lynch asked social observer Michael Schrage to analyze how "new" technologies would transform  businesses, he stressed that the shift did not herald an "information revolution" as much as a "relationship revolution". His predictions proved prescient. Today, at least 1.6 billion people are connected via computer and mobile devices.  Various social media, such as blogs, wikis, Twitter, SMS, and networking sites like Facebook facilitate contact, coordination, and collaboration across boundaries of time and space—and at minimal cost. Most relationships—personal and business—are now conducted both on and off the Internet.  As a result, the ranks of consequential strangers have grown as has the ability to keep in touch with them.

Definition
Consequential strangers comprise the aggregate of personal connections outside one's inner circles of family and close friends.  Such relationship are referred to elsewhere as "peripheral" (versus "core"), "secondary" (versus "primary"), or "weak ties" (versus "strong"). Colloquially, they are also known as acquaintances.  But in reality, relationships cannot be neatly classified into groups.  Rather, they fall along a continuum.  Consequential strangers occupy the vast territory between strangers and close (or core) ties.  They are just beyond Stanley Milgram's conception of a familiar stranger—one frequently encountered and broadly identifiable (a woman, an Asian, a cop)—but not known in the personal sense. In contrast, a personal and repeated pattern of interaction is evident with a consequential stranger.

The field of consequential strangers encompasses a diverse assortment of relationship types. The gradations between weak ties are often blurred, among other reasons because all relationships are fluid and dynamic. Over time, some consequential stranger connections become close friends or even intimate partners, while others stay at the level of acquaintanceship—for example, those "anchored" to a particular place, such as a school, gym, or train station or involved in a paid service or status hierarchies (e.g., a boss and worker).

Also, the vocabulary of relationships can be confusing. Whereas some languages, such as French, have two forms of the pronoun "you"—using the informal tu with intimates and the formal vous with acquaintances—English has no such markers.  The word "friend" is used to describe close and casual relations. One must inquire further to find out what the speaker means. Likewise, "acquaintance" can be defined either as a relationship that falls short of friendship or as a stage from which the relationship becomes more intimate. Technology further complicates the linguistic issue. For example, Japanese sociologist Hidenori Tomita coined the term "intimate stranger"—a person with whom one shares intimate and yet anonymous contact—to describe "new relationships born through the new media."

From strangers to intimates: relationship development

Social scientists in the seventies observed that in order for a relationship to develop into increasing intimacy, the social partners need opportunities to get together, time with one another, and a certain degree of privacy (optimum group size for developing intimacy is small). More recent conceptualizations extend that premise, theorizing that a relationship is more than the sum of two people.  Environmental, historical, and cultural factors also impinge on the course of a given relationship. Among factors cited are the partners'  other social ties, their respective positions in the life cycle, the era in which the two are embedded, and the place—home, community, country—where their liaison unfolds. Moreover, "getting together" nowadays often occurs in virtual, not real, space.

The "closest" peripheral ties involve mutual recognition and repeated interactions (in one another's physical presence or online). A treasured accountant or a cherished priest might be among one's closest consequential strangers.   At the other extreme are relationships that are barely blips on the social radar, such as people with adjoining season seats for a game or same-time-next-year conventioneers.

Another factor that shapes a relationship is the level of investment and stability.  People are committed to their intimates, less so to their consequential strangers. If one's tennis partner moves or the owner of a favorite deli retires, such individuals might be missed, but others will fill their roles.   Also, weak ties often serve compartmentalized needs—for a particular kind of assistance, a leisure activity, a work project—whereas intimates are more likely to serve multiple functions.

Self-disclosure—both breadth (the variety of subjects discussed) and depth (the degree of intimate sharing)—is the engine that drives all relationships. As a rule of thumb, the closer the relationship, the more time spent together, the more likely that social partners will self-disclose.  However, in all relationships, social partners strike a balance between a need to connect and a need for one's own space.  At different times of day, at different times of life, and at different points in history, people are more or less open to disclosing information about themselves. Even within a long-term relationship, partners do not always share with one another on a deep level. Thus, although lovers and best friends may be the likely recipients of confidences, they are rarely the only ones.  Individuals also confide in their consequential strangers, particularly those near the intimate end of the continuum.  Studies have shown, for example, that this happens frequently with certain professionals—among them, hairdressers and divorce lawyers. Likewise, gym buddies and frequent patrons at diners often share confidences with one another. In part it's the regularity of contact, in part the place itself. Under certain conditions, Zick Rubin found that people even share with complete strangers, a paradox known as the "stranger on a train" phenomenon.

Benefits and drawbacks

Numerous studies underscore the importance of intimate relationships—and nothing in the conceptualization of consequential strangers disputes this.  However, weak ties can be similar to, different from, and supportive of close relations. Indeed, consequential strangers can provide many of the same benefits to individuals as do close relationships: companionship, a sense of belonging, and emotional support, particularly in times of crisis or emergency.

Because relationships mirror different aspects of the self, both weak and strong ties contribute to an individual's sense of identity.  In some situations, consequential strangers may allow distinct facets of identity to emerge. For example, women over fifty who join the Red Hat Society tend to express aspects of themselves in the company of other "Hatters" that would surprise members of their families.

Research also suggests that one can develop a greater sense of agency and mastery by stepping into multiple roles. Being with one's poker buddies requires a different skill set than volunteering at the local hospital or conducting a meeting at work. And because of the lack of familiarity in these various situations, it is necessary to communicate in more "elaborated" patterns of speech with consequential strangers than with loved ones. Relating to assorted others forces an individual to "negotiate, exercise judgment, reconcile, compromise, and take account of the intentions, purposes, motivations, and perspective" of his or her assorted role partners."

Weak ties also provide benefits not available in close ties: information, resources, and novelty, as well as a sense of being "known" in the larger community.  Consequential strangers often act as "bridges" to new people and groups. Through them, an individual is exposed to ideas, cultures, life strategies, and diversions that are beyond the scope of their loved ones' knowledge and experience.

Casual connections provide fodder for social comparison—a psychological process in which one regards another's circumstances and feels better or worse off.  In certain situations, downward comparison (feeling better than) may contribute to self-esteem. One study found that college students tend to view friends as comparable to themselves, but make downward comparisons with acquaintances. Viewing oneself as better than a close partner might jeopardize the relationships.

Consequential strangers can also support intimate ties, especially in the family.  In a given day, parents deal with child care providers, teachers, coaches, and other parents who can offer  tangible aid, such as car pools, information about school policies, as well as emotional support to the family.

Many peripheral relationships are satisfying, although some are also the cause of daily hassles. When a weak tie is bothersome, one can often walk away. However, there are certain consequential strangers from whom escape is impossible—a coworker, neighbor, or teacher that rankles.

Another study suggests that lying may be more frequent between consequential strangers than between intimates. Gossip, particularly among a closed system of colleagues or neighbors, spreads quickly among weak ties as well.

Aggression in the workplace—an arena filled mostly with consequential strangers rather than close friends—is also well documented.  Researchers have even linked increases in blood pressure to the experience of working for an unfavorable supervisor.  A vast literature regarding work and family further suggests that difficulties with co-workers can reverberate at home in the form of anger or withdrawal.

The network view

Another way to view the impact of consequential strangers is by pulling the camera back from the individual to the entire network.  Each individual travels through life in what was first conceptualized in the 1980s as a "social convoy"—an entourage of people that he or she has collected along the way. This assortment of personal ties is one type of social network.Some individuals are better or less equipped for life's challenges and crises, not merely because of their strength or socio-economic status, but also because of the composition of their convoys. Research indicates that the best convoys are composed of a combination of intimates and consequential strangers—people in the community, service providers, acquaintances one encounters in leisure and volunteer activities.

The perspective of the convoy enables a different view of one's life: "not as a string of events but as a cavalcade of people." Running into an old college roommate or a former employer allows an individual to revisit the past with the perspective of the present. Some close relations are part of the convoy from birth to death (parents, children), or for large portions of the journey (partners, close friends), while others (former roommates, exes) drop by the wayside. However, consequential strangers typically travel only part of the way, often for a specific function.  For example, during a health crisis, medical personnel, members of support groups, and home aides might become part of an individual's convoy for a time.

The nature of a convoy can impact well being. Epidemiological research, which has focused on both strong and weak ties, suggests that social isolation bodes badly for psychological and physiological health.  In contrast, "social integration"—having a personal network of intimates and consequential strangers—may increase longevity and resistance to disease. For example, an ongoing series of "viral challenge" studies have been conducted over the last twenty years, in which subjects are quarantined and deliberately infected with a  virus.  Those who had contact in the prior two weeks with six or more types of relationships (based on their responses to a checklist of 12 relationship types, both weak and strong) are four times less likely to come down with a cold than volunteers who had three or fewer types of connections.

A diverse social convoy is also more likely to deliver tangible and emotional support when needed.  It is like having a personal "grapevine," be it at work or in the community, that allows one to keep current, to find the best service provider, and to gain access to different types of resources by being a "bridge" between different groups. One sociologist theorizes that knowing people in a wide range of professions, across all socio-economic levels, confers "cultural capital," enabling an individual to talk widely on many subjects. In this way, a diverse convoy is like a "liberal arts program, teaching a little of almost everything."

Similar benefits accrue to groups and institutions.  The most innovative companies are those in which executives hire a diverse workforce and are open to input from all levels of employees, not just those at the top. They seek inspiration and encourage collaboration outside their own boundaries as well, in essence drawing from the widest possible range of consequential strangers. In a similar vein, marketing experts realize that tapping into broad social networks is an effective way to promote ideas and products. The success of social movements and political campaigns also depends on peripheral connections.  For example, the youthful volunteers who participated in "Freedom Summer," a massive education and voter registration initiative in 1964, were drawn into the civil rights movement by people in the community, friends of friends, teachers and preachers—in short, their consequential strangers.  More recently, Barack Obama's successful bid for the Presidency in 2008 exemplified a similar phenomenon, aided and accelerated by technology.

References

External links
ConsequentialStrangers.com Blog and website by Melinda Blau

Social systems
Social networks
Strangers


Frederick or Fred Thompson may refer to:

Sportspeople
 Frederick Thompson (athlete) (1880–1956), British track and field athlete
 Rangi Thompson (Frederick Haughton Thompson, 1908–1971), New Zealand rower
 Fredy Thompson (born 1982), Guatemalan footballer
 Fred Thompson (footballer, born c. 1873) (c. 1873–1958), English footballer
 Fred Thompson (footballer, born 1870) (1870–1898), English footballer
 Fred Thompson (rugby union) (1890–1915), Australian rugby union player
 Fred Thompson (coach) (1933–2019), American lawyer and track and field coach

Other
 Frederic Thompson (1873–1919), American engineer, inventor, and showman known for creating Luna Park and the New York Hippodrome
 Fred D. Thompson (businessman) (1915–1988), American publishing executive
 Frederick P. Thompson (1846–1922), Canadian entrepreneur and politician
 Fred Thompson (1942–2015), American politician and actor
 Fred W. Thompson (1900–1987), Canadian-American labor organizer and historian with the Industrial Workers of the World
 Frederic Christian Thompson (1944-2021), American entomologist
 Frederick L. Thompson (1871–1944), American politician
 Fred Thompson (writer) (1884–1949), English writer and librettist
 Frederick John Thompson (1935–2010), politician in Saskatchewan, Canada
 Frederick Ferris Thompson (1836–1899), American banker
 Frederick I. Thompson (1875–1952), American businessman and commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission
 Freddie Thompson (Irish criminal) (born 1980), Irish criminal convicted of murder in 2018

See also
 Frederick Thomson (disambiguation)


Colonel Samuel Smith Park is an urban park in the Etobicoke district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada and a former weekend get-away destination for Victorian Torontonians. The park has a variety of attractions, including a children's playground located only steps from Lake Ontario. The park is named for Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith and lands were part of his property in the 1800s.
The park was developed from the 1970s onwards and opened in 1996.

A scenic hiking trail along a peninsula on Lake Ontario provides access to the waterfront, and to several rocky beaches with views of the lake or for birdwatching. A nearby yacht club provides opportunities for boat watching. The park offers a panoramic view of the city, with the iconic CN Tower visible on a clear day, as well as prime fishing spots and other outdoor activities.

Throughout the park are observation decks, from which visitors may spot wildlife engaged in various activities, such as turtles sunning themselves on the rocks, groups of baby ducks and swans, beaver dams and even the beavers themselves. Over one hundred bird species nest in the area.

There are picnic areas along the trail and on the beaches, as well as a sheltered area with tables for group gatherings on the south side of the Humber College campus adjacent to the cricket pitch.

Park offers playground area with double slide and swing set a short walk from the picnic shelter. The entire family will appreciate the large field for running, jumping, a soccer game or kite flying on a windy day.

Colonel Samuel Smith Park also organizes several special events in the summer, which are famous with the locals and attract visitor from near and far. The Brass in the Grass is a Lakeshore summer tradition with jazz and blues bands playing all weekend well into the night, special attractions and activities for the kids, food stands and more! A number of traveling fairs and amusement parks stop by Samuel Smith during the summer as well, especially on the long weekends. Children and parents flock from the entire southern Etobicoke for the rides, roller-coasters, carnival games, cotton candy and face painting.

Parking is available on the bottom of Kipling Avenue, along Lake Shore Blvd. or on the numerous side streets in the area (some fees may apply).

References

External links
Sam Smith Park at Citizens Concerned About the Future of the Etobicoke Waterfront

1996 establishments in Ontario
Etobicoke
Parks in Toronto
Protected areas established in 1996


Vegadeo (variant: A Veiga) is one of six parishes in Vegadeo, a municipality of the same name, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia is  in size with a population of 3,028 (INE 2011).

Villages and hamlets
 Estelo
 A Fonte Louteiro (Fuente de Louteiro)
 Louteiro
 Miou
 Vegadeo

References

Parishes in Vegadeo


Frank Harris (1856–1931) was an editor, journalist and publisher.

Frank Harris may also refer to:
Frank Harris (baseball) (1858–1939), infielder in Major League Baseball
Frank Harris (quarterback, born 1948), former American football player
Frank Harris (quarterback, born 1999), current American college football player
Frank Harris (running back) (born 1964), American football player
Frank Harris (director), director and cinematographer
Frank Harris (footballer, born 1899) (1899–1983), English football full back
Frank Harris (cricketer) (1907–1936), English cricketer
Frank Clifford Harris (1875–1949), British lyricist
Frank Gaines Harris (1871–1944), Democratic politician from the state of Missouri
Frank H. Harris (died 1987), American politician from Maryland
Francis Harris or Frank Harris (1908–1958), English footballer
Frank Harris (Australian footballer) (1883–1961), Australian rules footballer
Detective Frank Harris, a character in Cool World

See also
Franco Harris (born 1950), former American football player
Frankie E. Harris Wassom (1850–1933), American writer
Franklin S. Harris (1884–1960), president of Brigham Young University and Utah State University


Santa Marta is a corregimiento in Bugaba District, Chiriquí Province, Panama. It has a land area of  and had a population of 3,679 as of 2010, giving it a population density of . Its population as of 1990 was 2,940; its population as of 2000 was 3,396.

Notable people
Ricardo Cordoba, former World Boxing Champion.

References

Corregimientos of Chiriquí Province