The origins of the Baháʼí Faith in Bangladesh begin previous to its independence, when it was part of British Raj. The roots of the Baháʼí Faith in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844. During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to India. It may have been Jamál Effendi who was first sent and stopped in Dhaka more than once. The first Baháʼís in the area that would later become Bangladesh was when a Bengali group from Chittagong accepted the religion while in Burma. By 1950 there were enough members of the religion to elect Local Spiritual Assemblies in Chittagong and Dacca. The total number of Baháʼís in Bangladesh is too small to have any major direct impact on society at large. However, the World Christian Encyclopedia estimated the Baháʼí population of Bangladesh about 9,603 in 2010. Baháʼís are widely persecuted in Bangladesh. According to The Business Standard the population is about 300,000.

Early period
The Baháʼí Faith in Bangladesh begins previous to its independence when it was part of India. The roots of the Baháʼí Faith in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844. Four Babis are known from India in this earliest period; it is not known from what sub-region they came from, but at least some of them were known as Sufis and some were termed Sayyid. The first was Shaykh Sa'id Hindi, one of the Letters of the Living, who was from somewhere in what was then India. Four other Indians were listed among the 318 Bábís who fought at the Battle of Fort Tabarsi.

Early Baháʼí period
During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to India. In 1878, a Baháʼí moved through Chittagong and Dhaka, passing through on his way to Burma from Calcutta. This may have been Jamál Effendi, an early Baháʼí who travelled there. Regardless it is clear that Effendi undertook a second trip to south-east Asia in about 1884–5. Effendi was asked to return to the region by Baháʼu'lláh and this time accompanied by Sayyid Mustafá. They set off for India and eventually stopped in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh where they met some people including a professor of Arabic at Dhaka College. Much later, around 1891, Jamál Effendi was confused with a terrorist and reported on by British agents among the Indian population, as confirmed by records found in the Indian government's national archives. Following the passing of Baháʼu'lláh, as the leadership of the religion fell to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, he in turn sent further representatives in his stead – both Persian and American.

As early as 1910 the national community in India/Burma was urged to visibly distinguish itself from Islam by Baháʼí institutions of America. Nationally coordinated activities began and reached a peak in December 1920, with the first All-India Baháʼí Convention, held in Bombay for three days. Representatives from India's major religious communities were present as well as Baháʼí delegates from throughout the country.

Middle period
In 1923, still as part of India, a regional National Spiritual Assembly was formed for India and Burma which then included the area now part of Bangladesh as well as Pakistan. However the first Baháʼís in the area that would later become Bangladesh was when a Bengali group from Chittagong accepted the religion while they were in Burma. In 1937, John Esslemont's Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era was translated and published in Bengali (Baha'u'llah o nab zug) in Chittagong under the authority of the National Spiritual Assembly of India and Burma.

In 1941, Enoch Olinga, later a prominent Baháʼí, was stationed in what was then East Pakistan as a member of the British military before he left the military and became a member of the religion. By 1950 there were enough members of the religion to begin setting up administrative bodies. These were Baháʼí Local Spiritual Assemblies and they were elected in Chittagong and Dacca. With independence as part of Pakistan in 1958, East and West Pakistan elected a separate national assembly from India. In 1959 Muhammad Mustafa travelled to Liberia and was commissioned to address some Muslim concerns about the Baháʼí Faith. This was ultimately published as Baha'u'llah: The Great Announcement of the Qurʼan through the Bangladesh Baháʼí Publishing Trust. In 1960 there was a Teaching Conference of East Pakistan, at Dhaka. By 1963 there was an additional local assembly in Mymensingh and smaller groups between 1 and 9 adults in Jamalpur and Mirpur. Following the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the national assembly of Bangladesh was also separately elected in 1971. 10 years later the national convention had 61 delegates. In 1974 Rúhíyyih Khanum visited the country, even to meeting with President Mohammad Ullah. In 1984 The Baha'i Fund: A Time for Sacrifice was published by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Bangladesh.

In more recent times
In 1996 the Universal House of Justice commented:
The Baháʼí community of Bangladesh, flourishing in the midst of a Muslim society, is a source of joy to the entire Baháʼí world. In recent years and with astonishing rapidity, that community began to achieve extraordinary success in the teaching field, and throughout the Three Year Plan it has sustained consistently large-scale expansion. Its institutions have demonstrated their capacity to mobilize the human resources at their disposal, and those who have responded to the call for action have sacrificially and with the utmost devotion spread the Divine Teachings among the Muslim, Hindu and tribal populations of that country. The purity of their motives and the sincerity of their efforts to address the needs of society have won them recognition from government officials in the highest circles. Their exertions to promote love and unity among the majority Muslim and minority Hindu populations are bearing increasing fruit, a striking testimony to the potency of Baháʼu'lláh's Revelation.

Modern community
In Bangladesh the Baháʼís have had the right to hold their public meetings, establish academic centres, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. However the government of Bangladesh voted against the United Nations resolution Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran on 19 December 2001 raised in response to the Persecution of Baháʼís in Iran. Regardless, Baháʼís in Bangladesh have been able to co-ordinate and act in groups. About 150 gathered for a summer school in 1977 and about 300 attended the winter school held February 1978. Zena Sorabjee of the Baháʼí International Community, shared a platform with Pope John Paul II during his visit to India in 1999 and the meeting was aired through satellite television. It is reported that Baháʼís in a number of countries, including Bangladesh, viewed the broadcast. In 2008 about 30 out of 200 Baháʼís managed to get passports and visas and travel from Bangladesh to a regional conference called for by the Universal House of Justice in Kolkata, India, although many more of their fellow believers weren't able to make the trip. The Baháʼís went in groups to request their travel documents, with many of them waiting up to three days even to reach the door. In the end, most were turned away without the visa.

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women, promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern, and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics. The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released. Baháʼís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Baháʼí teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognised Baháʼí socio-economic development projects. For the International Year of the Child Bangladesh Baháʼís established tutorial schools in three villages. By 1987, the number of officially recognised development projects had increased to 1482. The Baháʼís in Bangladesh work to promote their interests and contributions to Bangladesh. Even early on there were village level schools run by the local assembly in the Jessore area. In 1981 the second Bangladesh National Baha'i Women's Conference took place attracting Baháʼí women from Bangladesh, India, Iran, Malaysia and Italy. In 1995 three national newspapers published articles on a public meeting sponsored by the local spiritual assembly of Khulna to mark the founding of the United Nations. Tents on the grounds of the Baháʼí Center there were filled with 50 Baháʼís and 200 guests who listened to speeches and then enjoyed the performance of songs written by Baháʼí youth on the theme of unity and amity among the nations and races of the earth. Some of the students of the New Era Development Institute, an educational NGO in India run by the Baháʼís, have come from the Bangladesh Baháʼí community in 1997. In 1988 Baháʼí doctors setup free treatment camps. In addition to work in groups, some individuals have become well known for their contributions to Bangladesh society. Baháʼí Samarendra Nath Goswami, is well known in Bangladesh as Secretary General of the Bangladesh Minority Lawyers Association and senior advocate of Bangladesh Supreme Court and contributed to founding a law journal and two law schools. In 1994, he edited The Principles of Baháʼí Personal Law which was published by the Bangladesh Law Times. In the early 1990s, Baha'i law was included in the law curriculum of Dhaka University. Payam Akhavan, Baháʼí and a renowned human rights lawyer represented Sheikh Hasina (a once and again Prime Minister of Bangladesh).

The Baháʼís of Bangladesh have participated in various efforts affecting society in Bangladesh. Representatives of the Baháʼís of Bangladesh were among those present for a 19 December 2003 conference entitled "Education: The Right of Every Girl and Boy," which was organised by the Baháʼí International Community with the support of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the government of Bangladesh among other institutions. Representatives of the Baháʼí International Community were among the speakers at the "Conference on Interfaith Cooperation for Peace," which was held on 22 June 2005 with the government of Bangladesh among the co-sponsors. December 2007, the Centre for Advance Research in Humanities of Dhaka University organised a seminar on "The Baha'i Faith and World Peace" at the lecture theatre of the university presided over by Prof Kazi Nazrul Islam,(not the famous Bengali individual of the same name who died in 1977) Director of the centre. Mozhgan Bahar, Professor of English Department of American International University-Bangladesh, presented the keynote paper at the seminar.

Demographics
It is not known how many organised communities of Baháʼís there are in Bangladesh. In 2005 the World Christian Encyclopedia estimated the Baháʼí population of Bangladesh at about 10600. There are reports of many conversions from November 1988 to September 1989 including many Munda and Arakan people.

See also
 History of Bangladesh
 Religion in Bangladesh
 Baháʼí Faith in India
 Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan

References

Further reading
 Alam, Muhammad Jahangir (2011). Bahai Religious Faith and Tradition in Bangladesh. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 8:1, pages 87–92.
 Chronology and related documents on Baháʼí Library Online

Religion in Bangladesh
Bangladesh


Carl Ludwig Sigmund von Ilanor (27 August 1810 – 1 February 1883) was an Austrian syphilologist born in Schässburg (Sighişoara), Transylvania.

He studied medicine and surgery at Josephs-Akademie in Vienna, earning his doctorate in 1837 at the University of Pest. In 1842 he became the senior surgical doctor at the Allgemeines Krankenhaus in Vienna, and during the following year received his habilitation. In 1849 he became a full professor at the University of Vienna and director of the syphilology clinic. He died on 1 February 1883 on a journey to Padua.

In addition to his written works on syphilis and its treatment, he published a number of works in the field of balneology. His name is associated with "Sigmund's glands", also known as epitrochlear lymph nodes.

Selected works
 Füred's Mineralquellen und der Plattensee, 1837 – Balatonfüred's mineral springs.
 Gleichenberg, seine Mineralquellen und der Kurort: Aerztliche Mittheilungen, 1840 – Gleichenberg, its mineral springs and the spa.
 Die Einreibungscur mit grauer Quecksilbersalbe bei Syphilisformen, 1866 – Treatment with gray mercurial ointment for syphilitic formations.
 Syphilis und venerische Geschwürsformen, 1870 – Syphilis and venereal ulcer formations.
 Die Wiener Klinik für Syphilis. Ein Rückblick auf ihr 25 jähriges Bestehen, 1878 – The Vienna clinic for syphilis. A look back at their 25th anniversary.
 Vorlesungen über neuere Behandlungsweisen der Syphilis, 1880 – Lectures on newer methods of treatment for syphilis.

References
  translated biography @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
 Practical Medical Dictionary by Thomas Lathrop, (definition of eponym)

External links

Austrian venereologists
People from Sighișoara
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
1883 deaths
1810 births


Teemu Rannikko (born September 9, 1980) is a Finnish former professional basketball player. He is 1.89 m (6' 2 ") tall, and he weighs 88 kg (195 lbs.). He mainly played at the point guard position. At his peak, he was known as a good scorer and a steady defender.

Professional career
Born in Turku, Finland, Rannikko made his breakthrough when he transferred to Scavoloni Pesaro, in 2004–05, and he made his EuroLeague debut that season. He had his most successful seasons over the next two years in Union Olimpija, where he was one of the key players for the team that played in the EuroLeague. In 2007–08, he moved to BC Khimki, where he played his first season as a sixth man successfully, but in the second season, an injury stopped Rannikko from breaking through, and he moved again after two years in Khimki. He spent the next three seasons in CB Granada and Pallacanestro Varese. On July 31, 2012, he returned to Union Olimpija, where he mostly played off the bench, so he later moved to his home club Kataja.

In 2013, Rannikko returned to Finland, when he signed with Joensuun Kataja. In the 2014–15 season, Rannikko was named the Korisliiga MVP and Korisliiga Finals MVP, after he was a member of Kataja's first championship team in history.

In 2017, Kataja won the Korisliiga again, after beating Vilpas Vikings 4–2 in the league's finals, and Rannikko won his second Finals MVP award.

National team career
Rannikko was a long-time member of the senior Finnish national basketball team. With Finland, he played at the 2011 EuroBasket, the 2013 EuroBasket, the 2014 FIBA World Cup, and the 2017 EuroBasket.

Career statistics

EuroLeague

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2004–05
| style="text-align:left;"| Scavolini Pesaro
| 19 || 6 || 18.1 || .333 || .316 || .864 || 1.3 || 1.2 || 1.1 || .0 || 4.3 || 4.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005–06
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:left;"| Union Olimpija
| 14 || 14 || 31.4 || .445 || .364 || .865 || 2.1 || 3.1 || 1.4 || .1 || 12.8 || 14.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006–07
| 13 || 11 || 31.4 || .395 || .368 || .800 || 1.4 || 3.3 || 1.1 || .0 || 14.6 || 13.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2012–13
| 9 || 0 || 17.5 || .231 || .235 || .900 || 0.7 || 2.4 || 0.1 || .0 || 2.8 || 2.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| Career
| 55 || 31 || 24.6 || .388 || .344 || .836 || 1.4 || 1.2 || 1.0 || .0 || 8.6 || 8.8

EuroCup

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002–03
| style="text-align:left;"| Roseto
| 10 || 10 || 29.1 || .443 || .469 || .824 || 1.2 || 1.9 || 1.6 || .1 || 11.3 || 12.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007–08
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| BC Khimki
| 8 || 1 || 23.2 || .415 || .423|| .900 || 1.2 || 2.2 || 1.0|| .0 || 10.1 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
| 12 || 0 || 15.7 || .429 || .400 || .917 || 1.0 || 1.2 || .7 || .0 || 4.4 || 3.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
|
| 30 || 11 || 22.1 || .432 || 0.438 || 0.872 || 1.1 || 1.7 || 1.1 || .0 || 8.2 || 8.8

References

External links

Euroleague.net Profile
EuroCup Profile

1980 births
Living people
ABA League players
BC Khimki players
CB Granada players
Finnish expatriate basketball people in Italy
Finnish expatriate basketball people in Russia
Finnish expatriate basketball people in Spain
Finnish men's basketball players
Kataja BC players
KK Olimpija players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Liga ACB players
Pallacanestro Varese players
Point guards
Pallacanestro Reggiana players
Roseto Sharks players
Sportspeople from Turku
Victoria Libertas Pallacanestro players
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
Vilpas Vikings players


The Darklands trilogy is a series of books by Australian author Anthony Eaton. University of Queensland Press published all three books. The series is set over 1000 years in a future in which the human race has polluted the world and now, in part, living in sealed environments and part in an exposed but walled wasteland known as the Darklands. The books centre on Saria, a darklander (Nightpeople), Larinan Mann of Port City (Skyfall), and Dara, Saria's granddaughter (Daywards).

Books
Nightpeople (2005)
Skyfall (2007)
Daywards (2010)

Reception

Nightpeople
Sally Murphy at Aussie Reviews.com commended the book as "a well-woven, absorbing tale". It was shortlisted in "Best Adult Fantasy" and "Best Young Adult Fantasy" category of the 2006 Aurealis Awards

Skyfall
Sally Murphy of Aussie Reviews.com commends the book as "challenging and absorbing". She also comments that "The world is alien enough to intrigue, but familiar enough for readers to connect with. The action is fast paced and the characters both diverse and believable". Skyfall was the winner of the 2007 Aurealis Award for "Best Young Adult Fantasy" category. It was also shortlisted for the 2007 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards for "Literature - Young Adult" Category.

Daywards
The highly anticipated conclusion to the trilogy was received well overall with paper reviews dubbing it "a great read". However this book is yet to either receive, or even be shortlisted for, any awards. Readers found Daywards "the least convincing" of the trilogy but "a fantastic end to a well-received and talked about trilogy".

The World of the Darklands Trilogy

Geography

In the world of the Darklands Trilogy, the surface of the earth is split into two areas.
 Darklands - Huge walled expanses of land designed to contain environmental and genetic defects
 Literally everything else - This land has virtually no population, with the vast, vast majority of humanity living in the dome cities.

Civilization within the Darklands

Towns
There were once many towns dotted across the huge expanse of the Darklands, but there are now only a few. This is because some towns got smaller, then some people wanting to escape their failing towns moved to the larger settlements, and then their  original towns really did die off. The remaining towns are nothing more than collections of ramshackle huts, made from rusted corrugated tin, and propped up with whatever was available.
List of Known Towns:
Woormra
This is probably the largest town and is home to the Council of Dreamers.
Olympic
This town is smaller than Woormra, although its people are more aggressive, dangerous, and paranoid, as they even built a defensive wall out of sharp branches around their town.
Mooka
This town is also smaller than Woormra, and is unremarkable, other than being significantly closer to the Darkedge than any other town.

The Valley
The valley, also known as Ma's Valley, was a secret valley far away from all other pockets of civilization, and was known only to a select few. Its only permanent occupant was Ma, an aging woman who took care of children sent to her. Over the years, a number of children were sent there for protection. None were ever found and the valley was never discovered.

Ruins of the Shifting House
The shifting house is a decaying structure left over from before the shifting. It is avoided by most Darklanders. It is renowned by most people within the Darklands, for its air of death, destruction and mystery, and because it sits in a circle of ruined, acrid ground. The Shifting House is implied to be a former nuclear power station.

Civilization outside of the Darklands

Dome Cities
These were the pinnacle achievement of generations before; eternal containers of society, made of near impervious permacrete and clearcrete, two materials that revolutionized construction, and along with the invention of the Governors (Massive Computers that controlled every aspect of life within the domes) enabled the building of the Dome Cities. One of the Dome Cities ('Port') is featured on the cover of 'Skyfall'.

The Underworld
The underworld is what's left over from a thousand years ago. Endless fields of decaying skyscrapers and apartment blocks, all abandoned for a thousand years or more. It is unknown how many people if any live down here.

Transport (In and out of the Darklands)

In the Darklands
 Walking
 Riding Camels

Fliers
Flyers are aerial vehicles that are used for travel between the dome cities, as well as research trips into the Darklands. A large variety of fliers exist, although the most famous ones belong to DGAP (Darklands Genetic Adaption Program) and resemble a squat bug. These fliers have three seats (Pilot, Co-Pilot and Commander/Observer) in the cockpit (The Front Dome) arranged in a triangle (Pilot Front-Left, Co-Pilot Front-Right and Commander/Observer Rear-Center), as well as space behind the front dome. This space includes an equipment rack for suits and helmets.

References

Australian science fiction novels
2005 novels
Science fiction novel trilogies
University of Queensland Press books


Henry Tift Myers Airport  is a public use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) southeast of the central business district of Tifton, a city in Tift County, Georgia, United States. It is owned by the Tifton & Tift County Airport Authority. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. It does not have scheduled commercial airline service.

History
The airport was constructed in 1940. In April, while under construction, the United States Army Air Corps indicated a need for the airfield as a training airfield. The immediate construction involved runways and airplane hangars, with three concrete runways, several taxiways and a large parking apron and a control tower. Several large hangars were also constructed. Buildings were ultimately utilitarian and quickly assembled. Most base buildings, not meant for long-term use, were constructed of temporary or semi-permanent materials. Although some hangars had steel frames and the occasional brick or tile brick building could be seen, most support buildings sat on concrete foundations but were of frame construction clad in little more than plywood and tarpaper.

Tifton Army Airfield (also known as Turner AAF Auxiliary Field No. 9) was activated on August 12, 1940. It was used by the Army Air Forces Flying Training Command, Southeast Training Center (later Eastern Flying Training Command) for advanced two-engine flying training throughout World War II, until inactivated on December 28, 1944.  Aircraft flown at Tifton AAF were generally Curtiss AT-9s, and later TB-25 Mitchells.

Tifton AAF was placed on inactive status though the balance of the war, being turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers on September 21, 1946.  Title was returned to civil authorities in 1947.  The airport was renamed Henry Tift Myers Airport in honor of Tifton native Colonel Henry T. "Hank" Myers, who was the first pilot of Air Force One.

Facilities and aircraft

Henry Tift Myers Airport covers an area of 826 acres (334 ha) at an elevation of 355 feet (108 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 16/34 is 6,506 by 100 feet (1,678 x 30 m) and 10/28 is 3,807 by 75 feet (1,160 x 23 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 19,200 aircraft operations, an average of 53 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% military. At that time there were 26 aircraft based at this airport: 15 single-engine, 10 multi-engine, and 1 jet.

See also

 Georgia World War II Army Airfields
 List of airports in Georgia (U.S. state)

References

 Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002.  Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
 Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History's Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
 Shettle, M. L. (2005), Georgia's Army Airfields of World War II.

External links
 TMA – Henry Tift Myers (Tifton) at Georgia DOT
 Walker Aviation, the fixed-base operator (FBO)
 Aerial image as of February 1999 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Tift County, Georgia
Transportation in Tift County, Georgia
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Georgia (U.S. state)
1940 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Airports established in 1940


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Ryoko Yamagishi. It tells a fictionalised account of Prince Shōtoku, a political figure of sixth-century Japan who spread Buddhism, and his unrequited love for Soga no Emishi, which is very unlike the traditionally known stories of these people. It was serialized in Hakusensha's LaLa from 1980 to 1984. The individual chapters were published in 11 tankōbon under the Hana to Yume Comics imprint, which were released between 1981 and 1984. Hi Izuru Tokoro no Tenshi received the 1983 Kodansha Manga Award for the shōjo category.

Manga
Hakusensha released the manga's 11 tankōbon between 1981 and 1984. The manga was re-released into 8 tankōbons, which were released between March and October 1986 by Kadokawa Shoten. The manga was re-released into 7 bunkobons, all released on March 17, 1984.

Reception
Frederik Schodt described Yamagishi's portrayal of Prince Shōtoku as being "a scheming, cross-dressing homosexual with psychic powers".  According to Schodt, Yamagishi's innovation was not in writing a manga with homosexual themes, but in taking Prince Shōtoku, a revered figure in Japan who until recently was featured on the 10,000 yen bank note, and portraying him as homosexual and cross-dressing.  Schodt notes that the period is "ideal" for shōjo manga, as the relationships shown are highly complex, and the costumes are exotic.

References

Further reading
Masanao Amano, Julius Wiedemann (2004) Manga Design
Helen McCarthy (2006) 500 Manga heroes & villains

External links

Yaoi Ronsou

Hakusensha manga
Historical anime and manga
Shōjo manga
Shōnen-ai anime and manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Winner of Kodansha Manga Award (Shōjo)
Prince Shōtoku


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Walsh County, North Dakota.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Walsh County, North Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  Another property was once listed but has been removed.

Current listings

|}

Former listing

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
 National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota

References

Walsh


The Australian Youth Affairs Coalition (AYAC) is the national peak body for young people and the youth sector in Australia. AYAC was founded in 2002 and is supported by a representative board of directors including young people and youth workers.

As the peak body, AYAC advocates for young people and provides assistance to the youth sector through training, networking and professional development opportunities.

Objectives and Vision
The organisation's aims are as follows:

 Represent the issues and interests of young people, and the sector that supports them, at national and international levels
 Offer policy advice to government and other organisations on issues that affect young people and the youth sector
 Promote the well-being of young Australians
 Advance the participation of young people in the community
 Support best practice in youth participation
 Take a leadership role within the youth sector
 Encourage and support coordination and cooperation within the sector

AYAC's vision is for an Australia in which young people are informed, empowered, encouraged and supported to participate in their communities. This includes ensuring that:

 Young people who have experienced disadvantage can access programs, services, advice and support to reach their full potential
 Young people participate with energy and enthusiasm in public debate, decision making and political process, creating the change they want to see in Australia
 Young people are supported by a vibrant and well-resourced youth support sector that delivers relevant and meaningful programs and opportunities across Australia
 The Australian youth sector is recognised as leading the way in innovative and effective youth engagement and participation strategies
 The community truly values and welcomes the ideas, opinions and experiences of young people in all spheres of community life.

Funding of the Peak Body

In 1998, the Minister for Youth Affairs (the Hon David Kemp MP) announced that the Australian Government would not renew AYPAC's contract but would instead fund the National Youth Roundtable as a way to engage young people. This decision was widely criticised at the time, including by the then Shadow Minister for Youth Affairs (Senator Kate Lundy) who accused the Government of being "incapable of debating issues on an intellectual level, preferring to use the muzzle instead".

In May 2007, the then Shadow Minister for Youth (the Hon. Tanya Plibersek MP) announced that the ALP would establish a national peak body for youth if elected to government. Once elected to Government at the 2007 Federal Election, the ALP Government funded an initiative in their 2008-09 Budget which was launched in October 2008. At this launch, the Minister for Youth (the Hon Kate Ellis MP) announced that AYAC would be funded to the value of $400,000 per year as the peak body for youth affairs in Australia. At the time, the Minister identified AYAC's role as "an independent voice and advocate of young people and the youth sector". The funding was subsequently withdrawn in the Abbott government's first budget.

In 2020, the Morrison government announced that $150,000 would be allocated to AYAC to boost its efforts to underline the issues affecting young people and to encourage wider participation.

Governance
AYAC is governed by a Board of Directors including young people, and representatives from the youth sector across Australia. The work of AYAC is undertaken by a paid executive staff.

References

External links
 http://www.ayac.org.au/

Youth organisations based in Australia


List of presidents of the National Assembly of Mauritania ()

Below is a list of Office-holders:

Sources

Mauritania politics-related lists
Mauritania, National Assembly


mRNA surveillance mechanisms are pathways utilized by organisms to ensure fidelity and quality of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. There are a number of surveillance mechanisms present within cells. These mechanisms function at various steps of the mRNA biogenesis pathway to detect and degrade transcripts that have not properly been processed.

Overview

The translation of messenger RNA transcripts into proteins is a vital part of the central dogma of molecular biology. mRNA molecules are, however, prone to a host of fidelity errors which can cause errors in translation of mRNA into quality proteins. RNA surveillance mechanisms are methods cells use to assure the quality and fidelity of the mRNA molecules. This is generally achieved through marking aberrant mRNA molecule for degradation by various endogenous nucleases.

mRNA surveillance has been documented in bacteria and yeast. In eukaryotes, these mechanisms are known to function in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Fidelity checks of mRNA molecules in the nucleus results in the degradation of improperly processed transcripts before export into the cytoplasm. Transcripts are subject to further surveillance once in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic surveillance mechanisms assess mRNA transcripts for the absence of or presence of premature stop codons.

Three surveillance mechanisms are currently known to function within cells: the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway (NMD); the nonstop mediated mRNA decay pathways (NSD); and the no-go mediated mRNA decay pathway (NGD).

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay

Overview

Nonsense-mediated decay is involved in detection and decay of mRNA transcripts which contain premature termination codons (PTCs). PTCs can arise in cells through various mechanisms:  germline mutations in DNA; somatic mutations in DNA; errors in transcription; or errors in post transcriptional mRNA processing. Failure to recognize and decay these mRNA transcripts can result in the production of truncated proteins which may be harmful to the organism.  By causing decay of C-terminally truncated polypeptides, the NMD mechanism can protect cells against deleterious dominant-negative, and gain of function effects. PTCs have been implicated in approximately 30% of all inherited diseases; as such, the NMD pathway plays a vital role in assuring overall survival and fitness of an organism.

A surveillance complex consisting of various proteins (eRF1, eRF3, Upf1, Upf2 and Upf3) is assembled and scans the mRNA for premature stop codons. The assembly of this complex is triggered by premature translation termination. If a premature stop codon is detected then the mRNA transcript is signalled for degradation – the coupling of detection with degradation occurs.

Seven smg genes (smg1-7) and three UPF genes (Upf1-3) have been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans as essential trans-acting factors contributing to NMD activity. All of these genes are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster and further mammals where they also play critical roles in NMD. Throughout eukaryotes there are three components which are conserved in the process of NMD. These are the Upf1/SMG-2, Upf2/SMG-3 and Upf3/SMG-4 complexes. Upf1/SMG-2 is a phosphoprotein in multicellular organisms and is thought to contribute to NMD via its phosphorylation activity. However, the exact interactions of the proteins and their roles in NMD are currently disputed.

Mechanism in mammals

A premature stop codon must be recognized as different from a normal stop codon so that only the former triggers a NMD response. It has been observed that the ability of a nonsense codon to cause mRNA degradation depends on its relative location to the downstream sequence element and associated proteins. Studies have demonstrated that nucleotides more than 50–54 nucleotides upstream of the last exon-exon junction can target mRNA for decay. Those downstream from this region are unable to do so. Thus, nonsense codons lie more than 50-54 nucleotides upstream from the last exon boundary whereas natural stop codons are located within terminal exons. Exon junction complexes (EJCs) mark the exon-exon boundaries. EJCs are multiprotein complexes that assemble during splicing at a position about 20–24 nucleotides upstream from the splice junction. It is this EJC that provides position information needed to discriminate premature stop codons from natural stop codons. Recognition of PTCs appears to be dependent on the definitions of the exon-exon junctions. This suggests involvement of the spliceosome in mammalian NMD. Research has investigated the possibility of spliceosome involvement in mammalian NMD and has determined this is a likely possibility. Furthermore, it has been observed that NMD mechanisms are not activated by nonsense transcripts that are generated from genes that naturally do not contain introns (e.g., Histone H4, Hsp70, melanocortin-4-receptor).

When the ribosome reaches a PTC the translation factors eRF1 and eRF3 interact with retained EJC complexes though a multiprotein bridge. The interactions of UPF1 with the terminating complex and with UPF2/UPF3 of the retained EJCs are critical. It is these interactions which target the mRNA for rapid decay by endogenous nucleases

Mechanism in invertebrates

Studies involving organisms such as S. cerevisiae, D.melanogaster and C. elegans have shown that PTC recognition involving invertebrate organisms does not involve exon-exon boundaries. These studies suggest that invertebrate NMD occurs independently of splicing. As a result, EJCs which are responsible for marking exon-exon boundaries are not required in invertebrate NMD. Several models have been proposed to explain how PTCs are distinguished from normal stop codons in invertebrates. One of these suggests that there may be a downstream sequence element which functions similar to the exon junctions in mammals. A second model proposes that a widely present feature in mRNA, such as a 3' poly-A tail, might provide the positional information required for recognition. Another model, dubbed the "faux 3'UTR model", suggests that premature translation termination may be distinguished from normal termination because of intrinsic features that may allow it to recognize its presence in an inappropriate environment. These mechanisms, however, have yet to be conclusively demonstrated.

Mechanism in plants
There are two mechanisms of PTC recognition in plants: according to its distance from the EJC (like in vertebrates) or from the poly-A tail. The NMD mechanism in plants induces the decay of mRNAs containing a 3’UTR longer than 300 nucleotides, that is why the proportion of mRNAs with longer 3'UTRs is much lower in plants than in vertebrates.

NMD avoidance
mRNAs with nonsense mutations are generally thought to be targeted for decay via the NMD pathways. The presence of this premature stop codon about 50-54 nucleotides 5' to the exon junction appears to be the trigger for rapid decay; however, it has been observed that some mRNA molecules with a premature stop codon are able to avoid detection and decay. In general, these mRNA molecules possess the stop codon very early in the reading frame (i.e. the PTC is AUG-proximal). This appears to be a contradiction to the current accepted model of NMD as this position is significantly 5' of the exon-exon junction.

This has been demonstrated in β-globulin. β-globulin mRNAs containing a nonsense mutation early in the first exon of the gene are more stable than NMD sensitive mRNA molecules. The exact mechanism of detection avoidance is currently not known. It has been suggested that the poly-A binding protein (PABP) appears to play a role in this stability.  It has been demonstrated in other studies that the presence of this protein near AUG-proximal PTCs appears to promote the stability of these otherwise NMD sensitive mRNAs. It has been observed that this protective effect is not limited only to the β-globulin promoter. This suggests that this NMD avoidance mechanism may be prevalent in other tissue types for a variety of genes. The current model of NMD may need to be revisited upon further studies.

Nonstop mediated mRNA decay

Overview

Nonstop mediated decay (NSD) is involved in the detection and decay of mRNA transcripts which lack a stop codon. These mRNA transcripts can arise from many different mechanisms such as premature 3' adenylation or cryptic polyadenylation signals within the coding region of a gene. This lack of a stop codon results a significant issue for cells. Ribosomes translating the mRNA eventually translate into the 3'poly-A tail region of transcripts and stalls. As a result, it cannot eject the mRNA. Ribosomes thus may become sequestered associated with the nonstop mRNA and would not be available to translate other mRNA molecules into proteins. Nonstop mediated decay resolves this problem by both freeing the stalled ribosomes and marking the nonstop mRNA for degradation in the cell by nucleases. Nonstop mediated decay consists of two distinct pathways which likely act in concert to decay nonstop mRNA.

Ski7 pathway

This pathway is active when Ski7 protein is available in the cell. The Ski7 protein is thought to bind to the empty A site of the ribosome. This binding allows the ribosome to eject the stuck nonstop mRNA molecule – this even frees the ribosome and allows it to translate other transcripts. The Ski7 is now associated with the nonstop mRNA and it is this association which targets the nonstop mRNA for recognition by the cytosolic exosome. The Ski7-exosome complex rapidly deadenylates the mRNA molecule which allows the exosome to decay the transcript in a 3' to 5' fashion.

Non-Ski7 pathway

A second type of NSD has been observed in yeast. In this mechanism, the absence of Ski7 results in the loss of poly-A tail binding PABP proteins by the action of the translation ribosome. The removal of these PABP proteins then results in the loss of the protective 5'm7G cap. The loss of the cap results in rapid degradation of the transcript by an endogenous 5'-3' exonuclease such as XrnI.

No-Go decay

No-Go decay (NGD) is the most recently discovered surveillance mechanism. As such, it is not currently well understood. While authentic targets of NGD are poorly understood, they appear to consist largely of mRNA transcripts on which ribosomes have stalled during translation. This stall can be caused by a variety of factors including strong secondary structures, which may physically block the translational machinery from moving down the transcript.  Dom34/Hbs1 likely binds near the A site of stalled ribosomes and may facilitate recycling of complexes. In some cases, the transcript is also cleaved in an endonucleolytic fashion near the stall site; however the identity of the responsible endonuclease remains contentious. The fragmented mRNA molecules are then fully degraded by the exosome in a 3' to 5' fashion and by Xrn1 in a 5' to 3' fashion.
It is not currently known how this process releases the mRNA from the ribosomes, however, Hbs1 is closely related to the Ski7 protein which plays a clear role in ribosome release in Ski7 mediated NSD. It is postulated that Hbs1 may play a similar role in NGD.

Evolution

It is possible to determine the evolutionary history of these mechanisms by observing the conservation of key proteins implicated in each mechanism. For example: Dom34/Hbs1 are associated with NGD; Ski7 is associated with NSD; and the eRF proteins are associated with NMD. To this end, extensive BLAST searches have been performed to determine the prevalence of the proteins in various types of organisms. It has been determined that NGD Hbs1 and NMD eRF3 are found only in eukaryotes. However, the NGD Dom34 is universal in eukaryotes and archaea. This suggests that NGD appears to have been the first evolved mRNA surveillance mechanism. The NSD Ski7 protein appears to be restricted strictly to yeast species which suggest that NSD is the most recently evolved surveillance mechanism. This by default leaves NMD as the second evolved surveillance mechanism.

References

External links
The Daily Transcript: No-go Decay
Chemistry of Life: non stop decay
Notes mRNA surveillance (Yang Xu)

Molecular genetics
RNA


Swan J. Turnblad  (October 7, 1860 – May 17, 1933) was an American newspaper publisher. Turnblad was the manager of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten, a Swedish language newspaper in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Later in his life he donated property and money to help create the American Swedish Institute.

Early life
Turnblad was born Sven Johan Olofsson in Tubbemåla, Vislanda, Kronoberg County, Småland, Sweden in 1860. His family were farmers but, following a series of bad harvests, they decided to immigrate to the United States in 1868. The family settled in Vasa Township, Goodhue County, Minnesota, where there was already a sizable community of Swedish immigrants. He attended local schools and after graduating high school he worked as a teacher and helped with the family's farm for several years. In 1878 he moved to Minneapolis, where he worked as a typesetter at several Swedish-language newspapers. Soon after arriving in the city he met another Swedish immigrant, Christina Nilsson (1861-1929). The couple married in 1883 and the following year Christina gave birth to her only child, Lillian Zenobia Turnblad (1884-1943).

Svenska Amerikanska Posten
In 1887, Turnblad became the manager of the Swedish-language newspaper Svenska Amerikanska Posten. His brother, Magnus Turnblad, joined him as the editor in 1890. Turnblad was very interested in new technology and was the first publisher of a Swedish language newspaper to use a Linotype machine. After acquiring a duplex rotary color printing press in 1903, Turnblad also included color illustrations. Under Turnblad's management circulation increased steadily, growing from just 1,400 in 1887 to 40,000 by 1900. In The success of Svenska Amerikanska Posten together with his other investments made Turnblad very wealthy.

American Swedish Institute
In 1903, Turnblad commissioned the building of a mansion on Park Avenue in Minneapolis. Turnblad had the Minneapolis firm of Boehme and Cordella design a Châteauesque-style 33-room mansion for him, his wife, and their daughter. Built on a combination of six city lots, the home cost $1.5 million ($ million in ) and took four years to complete. The family moved into their new home in 1908. While it was their official residence, they spent most of their time living in an apartment across the street after 1915. After Turnblad's wife died in 1929, he and his daughter moved into the apartment full-time and turned their former home into a museum. Turnblad created the American Institute for Swedish Art, Literature and Science (later renamed to the American Swedish Institute), which was housed in his former residence, as a place to preserve Swedish customs and culture.

Later life and death
Turnblad died in 1933. He was buried in Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis.

References

Other sources
Anderson, Philip J.; Dag Blanck (2001)  Swedes in the Twin Cities: Immigrant Life and Minnesota's Urban Frontier (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press)
Gump, Gertrude   (1976) The Story of Swan Johan Turnblad (Minneapolis, MN: American Swedish Institute)
Lewis, Anne Gillespie  (1999) Turnblad's Castle (Minneapolis, MN: American Swedish Institute)

External links

American Swedish Institute website
Swan Turnblad house at the City of Minneapolis website.

1860 births
1933 deaths
American newspaper publishers (people)
Businesspeople from Minneapolis
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Burials at Lakewood Cemetery


Yan Ni (; born 10 March 1971 in Xi'an, Shaanxi), born Yan Kaiyan (), is a Chinese film and television actress. She works for the Television Art center of the People's Liberation Army Air Force.
Li ranked 54th on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2015.

Biography
Yan Ni was born in Xi'an, Shaanxi. Yan's parents are ordinary workers, and all her family still live in Xi'an. After high school, she enrolled at a financial college to study accounting. Two years later she succeeded in gaining admission to an art organization of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in Lanzhou, and then went on to enroll at the PLA's Art School in Beijing.

Yan started acting in 1992. In 1999 she had her first cinematic role, playing Qiqoqiqo Ma in the film Cog and Hen. Yan rose to fame for her role as Tong Xiangyu in My Own Swordsman, an 80 episode TV comedy-drama that tells the story of the happenings in a tavern during the Ming Dynasty. After My Own Swordsman she played secretary Xiang Yunxiu in National Action and played Niu Xianhua in The North Wind. Yan was awarded a Golden Eagle Award in 2010 for her role in The Wind From North.

In 2011 Yan had a supporting role in director Dayyan Eng's bilingual film Inseparable, which starred Oscar-winner Kevin Spacey. The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival and was released in cinemas in China and other territories worldwide. In 2017 she reunited with her The North Wind co-star Xia Yu and director Dayyan Eng to star in the fantasy/comedy Wished, which debuted at the box office with the highest audience scores across the top four ticketing platforms for local Chinese comedies released that summer.

Yan will next be seen in the 2021 Hong Kong film Reindeer alongside Hu Ge.

Personal life
Yan has an ex-husband and daughter, who is also an actress.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Accolades

References

External links

Actresses from Xi'an
1971 births
Living people
Actresses from Shaanxi
Chinese television actresses
Chinese film actresses
Chinese voice actresses
20th-century Chinese actresses
21st-century Chinese actresses


Maury (Morris David) Kaye (b. Kronick) (March 29, 1932 – February 2, 1983) was a Canadian jazz pianist and composer.

Life
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he studied piano 1945–49 at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec, where Arthur Letondal was his teacher. In 1952, at the age of 20, Kaye was the bandleader at the El Morocco, a position he held until 1959. During those years Kaye also performed with his own groups and was a dominant participant on the Montreal jazz scene,  as a pianist and also as a valve trombonist or trumpeter in the bands of Steve Garrick, Gilbert "Buck" Lacombe, and others. In his later years, Kaye was active both in Montreal and Toronto. He also toured Europe twice during the 1960s.

In Toronto, Kaye appeared in 1960–61 at the House of Hambourg in the Jack Gelber play The Connection. During that period he worked with Ron Collier, and also played in various studio orchestras at the O'Keefe Centre. A fiery bebop pianist, Kaye recorded with trumpeter Ted Curson (1962, Trans-World TWJ-7000). He also made CBC broadcast recordings as trumpeter with Lacombe and as a pianist and French hornist with Collier. At the famous Toronto jazz club  Bourbon Street he performed with a plethora of jazz headliners during the late 1960s. Kaye was also highly in demand by the great vocalists of the day; he performed as accompanist with the likes of Tony Bennett, Pearl Bailey, Edith Piaf, Sammy Davis Jr., Josephine Baker, and Mel Tormé.

In his final years Kaye settled in Montreal. In the late 1970s he worked frequently in a trio format with bassist Jean Cyr and various drummers, occasionally adding trumpeter Charles Ellison, or vocalist Barbara Reney to complete a quartet. Kaye influenced many of the jazz performers of his day, and also left a legacy of unrecorded compositions which are today held in the Concordia University Archives.

Notes

References

1932 births
1983 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian jazz pianists
Musicians from Montreal
20th-century Canadian pianists


Tsugio Hattori (1951 – August 10, 1998) was an American abstract painter.

Early life

Tsugio Hattori was born in Kagoshima, Japan, in 1951. Hattori studied mechanical engineering and technical illustration at Kagoshima National College of Technology in 1972. Afterwards, he went to Tokyo and attended Musashino Art University. He graduated from the Univ in 1980. Hattori continued his studies at The Art Students League of New York. Thinking of Oriental impression, he expressed the impression mixed the cultural background that he could remember with abstractly what kind of thing is the Oriental memory in the foreign country. Hattori's abstract forms are related to Chinese hieroglyph or the afterimage received from the style of type, and have a nuance that composed those elements and some balances by his sense. His early works were oil paintings, but he used acrylic paints in U.S.A.

Career

Hattori immigrated to the United States in 1987. His paintings are in the collections of Bergen Museum of Art & Science, NJ, Muscarelle Museum of Art, VA, and Museo de Arte Contemporanea, Madeira, Portugal, to name a few, and have appeared in television programs on ABC and Fox. A number of his images were selected by UNICEF for publication in Europe in 1995 and 1997. In 1997, The Bergen Museum held the first retrospective of his inspirational work. He died on August 10 in 1998. He was 46 years old. At the time of his death Hattori resided in Tappan, NY, and was a dedicated faculty member at the Art Center of Northern New Jersey, teaching abstract painting and composition.

Publications
1998 Retrospective Catalogue of Hattori Published by The Bergen Museum of Art & Science, NJ.
1997 Reviewed by Takako Kasai, Contributing Editor,Yomiuri America, NY.
1997 Five images of Hattori's work selected by UNICEF for Publication in Europe.
1996 Reviewed by Miyoko Fukazawa, Contributing Editor, OCS News, NY.
1996 Reviewed by Takako Kasai, Contributing Editor, Yomiuri America, NY.
1996 Reviewed by Gerrit Henry, Contributing Editor, Art in America, March Issue.
1995 Silk Road I selected by UNICEF for greeting card publication.
1995 Two posters of Hattori's works appeared in TV Programs on ABC and Fox.
1995 Reviewed by Gerrit Henry, Contributing Editor, ARTnews, February Issue.
1994 Catalogue of Hattori published by the Reece Galleries, NY.
1994 Essay by Laura Berger, Contributing Editor, ARTnews.
1994 Appeared in the Catalogue of Southern Alleghenies Museum of Art, "American Abstraction; A New Decade".
1994 Appeared in the Catalogue of Bruce Mcgaw Graphics, NY.
1993 Five posters of Hattori's work published by Bruce Mcgaw Graphics, NY.
1992 Yabusame appeared in the catalogue of Art Expo in Miami, FL.
1991 Shi-On appeared on the front cover of Art Speak, NY.
1990 Azalea appeared in Merrill Lynch ads.
1986 Azalea appeared on front cover of Back Stage, Section B.
1985 P-Red appeared and reviewed on front cover of Art Speak, NY.

Public collections
His work is included in the collections of the Muscarelle Museum of Art, Virginia and the Museu de Arte Contemporanea in Madeira, Portugal.

References

External links
Articons.Co.UK_Tsugio Hattori

1951 births
American contemporary painters
Artists from New York (state)
Postmodern artists
American artists of Japanese descent
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
Japanese emigrants to the United States
20th-century American painters
American male painters
1998 deaths
20th-century American male artists


Richard P. Nielsen is the Professor of Management and Organization at Boston College's Carroll School of Management and a past President of the Society for Business Ethics.

Biography
Nielsen was born in 1946 in New York City. He has bachelor's and master's degrees from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. from Syracuse University.

He has served as President, Program Chair, and Executive Board Member of the Society for Business Ethics. He has also served as Senior Editor for Organization Studies (journal), and is currently serving on the Editorial Boards of Business Ethics Quarterly, Business and Professional Ethics Journal, Journal of Academic Ethics, and Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal.

Selected publications
 Nielsen, Richard P. The politics of ethics: Methods for acting, learning, and sometimes fighting with others in addressing ethics problems in organizational life. Oxford University Press, (1996).
 Nielsen, Richard P. "Cooperative strategy." Strategic Management Journal, (1988): 475-492.
 Nielsen, Richard P. "Changing unethical organizational behavior." Academy of Management Perspectives, (1989): 123-130.
 Nielsen, Richard P. and Jean M. Bartunek. "Opening narrow, routinized schemata to ethical stakeholder consciousness and action." Business & Society, (1996): 483-519.
 Nielsen, Richard P. "Corruption networks and implications for ethical corruption reform." Journal of Business Ethics, (2003): 125-149.
 Nielsen, Richard P. and Christi Lockwood. "Varieties of transformational solutions to institutional ethics logic conflicts." Journal of Business Ethics, (2018): 45-55.
 Nielsen, Richard P. and Simona Giorgi. "Social situational business ethics framing for engaging with ethics issues." Business and Professional Ethics Journal, (2020): 1-42.

References

External links
 Richard P. Nielsen

1946 births
Educators from New York City
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Syracuse University alumni
Boston College faculty
Living people


Joji (じょうじ, 丈二, or 譲二, 城二, 譲治 multiple variants) is a Japanese masculine given name. It is also the Japanese pronunciation of the Western name "George" (ジョージ).

It commonly refers to:
 Jōji, an era in Japanese history
 Joji (musician), stage name of musician and former Internet personality George Miller

Joji, Jouji or Jōji may also refer to:

People with the name
 Marampudi Joji (1942–2010), Archbishop of Hyderabad
  (born 1943), Japanese manga artist
, pseudonym of Japanese manga storywriter, novelist and screenwriter Shin Kibayashi
 Joji Banuve (1940–2009), Fijian politician
, Japanese photographer
, Japanese violinist and conductor
, Japanese film and television director
, Japanese ice hockey player
 Jōji Jonokuchi, pseudonym of writer Kiyohiko Azuma
, Japanese author
, Japanese speedskater
 Joji Kotobalavu, Fiji civil servant
, Japanese manga artist
, legal scholar, politician and cabinet minister in the pre-war Empire of Japan
, Japanese film director
, Japanese manga artist
, Japanese-German automobile designer for BMW
, Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with the Office Osawa agency
, Japanese-Korean criminal
, Japanese cinematographer
, Japanese model and actor
 Joji Takami, 15 year-old victim in the 2004 Ōmuta murders
, Japanese professional basketball player
, birth name of special effects artist, film director, and former musician, Screaming Mad George
, Japanese voice actor
, Japanese composer of contemporary classical music

Film
 Joji (film), a 2021 Malayalam-language film

Japanese masculine given names
Masculine given names


SS Algol (T-AKR 287) is an  vehicle cargo ship that is currently maintained by the United States Maritime Administration as part of the Military Sealift Command's Ready Reserve Force. She was built as a high speed container ship by Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij N.V. in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, hull no. 331, for Sea-Land Service, Inc. and named SS Sea-Land Exchange, USCG ON 546383, IMO 7303205. Due to her high operating cost, Sea-Land Exchange was sold to the United States Navy in October 1981 as USNS Algol (T-AK-287).

In keeping with the pattern of the naming the Algol-class ships after bright stars, Algol was named after the bright eclipsing binary star Algol, known colloquially as the Demon Star, which is a bright star in the constellation Perseus.

Conversion
Conversion began on 13 October 1982 at National Steel and Shipbuilding in San Diego, California.  Her cargo hold was redesigned into a series of decks connected by ramps so vehicles can be driven into and out of the cargo hold for fast loading and unloading.  She was also fitted with two sets of two cranes; one set located at midship capable of lifting 35 tons, and another set located aft capable of lifting 50 tons. She was delivered to the Military Sealift Command in 1984 as USNS Algol (T-AKR 287).

Service
When not active, Algol is kept in reduced operating status due to her high operating cost. If needed, she can be activated and ready to sail in 96 hours. In 1984, Algol was the first Fast Sealift Ship to take part in a European exercise when she took part in the NATO exercise, Operation REFORGER.  Algol took part in the Persian Gulf War in 1990.  Along with the other seven Algol-class cargo ships, she transported 14 percent of all cargo delivered between the United States and Saudi Arabia during and after the war. In October 1998, Algol was activated to carry disaster relief supplies and equipment to Puerto Rico and other nearby islands following the aftermath of Hurricane Georges. In early 2003, Algol was activated to take part in Operation Iraqi Freedom.

On 1 October 2007, Algol was transferred to the United States Maritime Administration.  On 1 October 2008, Algol was transferred to the Ready Reserve Force at Ready Reserve Fleet Alameda, losing her USNS designation. If activated, SS Algol will report to the Military Sealift Command.

Citations

References

Ships built in Rotterdam
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Algol-class vehicle cargo ships
1972 ships
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States


Pelayo Rodríguez (fl. 948–1007) was the Bishop of Iria Flavia (977–985). He was a son of the powerful magnate Rodrigo Velázquez and his wife Adosinda and is usually associated with the conflicts surrounding the accession of Vermudo II after a Galician rebellion in 982.

Episcopal election
There is disagreement in the primary sources (narrative and documentary) over when and how Pelayo came into the see of Iria, though both the Historia Compostelana and the Chronicon Iriense agree that he was elevated immediately after the death of Sisnando Menéndez (29 May 968) by an aristocratic party, but was afterwards forcibly expelled from the see by Vermudo II (982). According to the Chronicon:
Mortuo Sisnando, Pelagius, Lucensis episcopus, Ruderici comitis filius, in Locum Sanctum nonus a dominis et senioribus rogatus adducitur. Qui secularis et non plene scientie conscius, maiores ab honoribus deiciens, iuvenes et pastores honoribus cepit sublimare; spreta senum sapientium societate, et honores et dignitates Ecclesie cepit destruere et a nichilum deducere. Sed cum comites et potestates Galletie patrem non bene rectum nec filium, flores iuventutis adultum, ergo se amicos non senserunt, tunc accepto consilio, Ueremudum iuvenem Ordonii regis filium quondam, apud inclitam beati Iacobi urbem educatum, in regiminis excellentis sublimare conantur, in era Ma XXa. . . Qui Ueremudus rex, accepto maiorum consilio, predictum Pelagium, Ruderici comitis filium, a sede prolecti.
According to the Historia:
Después de Sisnando, obtuvo la mitra de este obispado mediante el poder secular, un hijo del conde Rodrigo Velázquez llamado Pelayo [Pelagius … filius comitis Ruderici Velasqui], que ni se cuidó del cargo recibido ni se humilló como debía a su Creador ... por lo cual no permitiendo la divina Providencia que ocupara injustamente la iglesia por más tiempo, fue expulsado por el rey D. Bermudo. . . Entretanto Rodrigo Velázquez, padre del obipso expulsado, unido a otros condes de esta región introdujo acá a los sarracenos acaudillados por Almanzor; los cuales entrando en Compostela, destruyeron hasta los cimientos la mayor parte de las paredes de la Iglesia del Santo Apóstol, excepto su santísimo altar.
The dominis et senioribus (lords and elders) of the Chronicon probably refer to both secular powers and the canons ("elders") of cathedral church of Iria Flavia. The Historia on the other hand attributes Pelayo's rise solely to the secular arm. Further, what is, to the Chronicon, the cause of Pelayo's expulsion—the hatred of the Galician nobles for Rodrigo Velázquez—is for the Historia the result of his expulsion and the ensuing vengeance wreaked on Galicia by Rodrigo's alliance with Almanzor. The chronology of both is incorrect, however. Rodrigo is known to have died between 16 June 977 and 23 October 978, five years before Vermudo was elected as anti-king by the Galicians opposed to Ramiro III.

The Chronicon adds that Pelayo was already holding the Diocese of Lugo at the time of his election; though there is no other support for this. Another bishop, Rosendo, is recorded in Iria in 974. The testament of Rosendo, dated 17 January 977 and confirmed by Ramiro III, is signed by one Pelagius diaconus prolis Ruderici ducis ("Pelagius, deacon, son of duke Roderic"), to whom it cedes the monastery of Celanova, at which he became a monk. Another document from Celanova, dated 7 August 969, has been controversially redated by Rubén García Álvarez to 968 in order to support the reality of Pelayo's episcopacy. The document does not mention Pelayo's being a deacon at the time. A document of 20 September 968 mentioning a bishop Pelayo without naming his see has been assigned to Pelayo Rodríguez by this same author.

Pelayo is first recorded as a witness in a charter of 25 May 948 as a "son of Rodrigo". In 970 he was an ostiarius at the monastery of Sahagún. The first reference to Pelayo as bishop dates to May 977. It has been suggested that Pelayo was designated to succeed Rosendo, being confirmed in holy orders by him (porter in 970, deacon in 977), and then confirmed in his will a few months before succeeding to the bishopric.

Conflict with Vermudo II
Pelayo and his father are usually associated with the party that supported Sancho I and his son Ramiro III. Their chief rival clan was led, during Pelayo's episcopate, by Gonzalo Menéndez, who supported first Ordoño III, later his son Vermudo II. García Álvarez credits fear of retribution from Gonzalo with forcing Pelayo into exile in Celanova. The rivalry between the two families, however, had more to do with a dispute between Gonzalo's mother, Mummadomna, abbess of Guimarães, and a relative of Pelayo's, Guntroda, abbess of Pazóo. Gonzalo defeated Rodrigo at the Battle of Aguiuncias, but the two were eventually reconciled. The resulting bad blood is alluded to as late as 1 October 982.

It has been suggested that when Vermudo came to Compostela to be crowned, Pelayo exiled himself to the monastery of Celanova. One other bishop, Arias Peláez, Bishop of Mondoñedo, appears exiled to San Martín de Lalín at this same time. On 11 September 982 Pelayo granted the village of Oimbra to the monastery of Celanova for the sake of his father's soul. He confirmed the donation of Santa Comba to the monks of Celanova on 1 October. Though neither charter names the location where it was given, Pelayo's subscriptions indicate that he considers himself not only the bishop of Galicia's apostolic see, but also possessing the secular power in the area. García Álvarez reasons that he did not attend the royal coronation in the Cathedral of Saint James on 15 October. According to a theory advanced by Justo Pérez de Urbel and followed by García Álvarez, it was only three years after his coronation (and after Ramiro's death in 984) that Vermudo had sufficient power to depose Pelayo. Nevertheless, on 30 May 985 Pelayo was present in his own cathedral at a court presided over by Vermudo; and on 6 June he confirmed a gift alongside the king to the monastery of San Paio de Antealtares by count Tello Aloitiz and his wife Mummadomna. During his exile he used the title bishop of Celanova (obispo celanovense). Sometime in 985 after his last appearance with the king in June Pelayo retired permanently to Celanova leaving the bishopric to Pedro de Mezonzo.

Post-episcopacy
In a document dated 22 May 987 Pelayo, still signing as bishop, confirmed a donation of the count Almundo to San Salvador de Matallana. This is not the only reference to Pelayo as bishop after 985: there is also a charter dated 25 December 989. These have been redated to 985 and 984, respectively, by José-Luis Martín. Pelayo confirmed some twelve charters as bishop between 977 (and not earlier) and his loss of his see in 985. After his abdication Pelayo remained prominent in the charters for several years, especially in relation to Celanova. The last record of Pelayo Rodríguez is in a charter of 1 February 1007.

Pelayo was capable of good Latin, as two charters with unprecedented formulae (23 October 978 and 11 September 982) indicate, and was well-versed in the Holy Bible, facts which call into question the Chronicon'''s characterisation of him as "secular" and of little knowledge. According to García Álvarez, the Chronicon'' was written by a vengeful Bishop Pelayo.

Notes

10th-century Galician people
Bishops and archbishops of Iria and Compostela
10th-century people from the Kingdom of León
11th-century Galician people


The Battle of Kaymakchalan was a battle that was fought between Serbian and Bulgarian troops on the Macedonian front during World War I.

The battle was fought between 12 and 30 September 1916, when the Serbian army managed to capture the peak of Prophet Elijah while pushing the Bulgarians towards the town of Mariovo, where the latter formed new defensive lines. Between 26 and 30 September, the peak changed hands several times until the Serbian army decisively captured it on the 30th.

The battle proved to be very costly for both sides. Serbian losses had reached around 10,000 killed and wounded by 23 September. The Bulgarian companies had been reduced to 90 men each, and one regiment, the 11th Sliven Regiment, had 73 officers and 3,000 men hors de combat.

From a strategic standpoint, the battle was not a significant success for the Allies due to the upcoming winter that rendered further military engagements almost impossible.

Today, there is a small church on the peak of Prophet Elijah where the skulls of dead Serbian soldiers are stored, and it is regarded as a cultural site and is a tourist attraction. There is confusion about the name of the church, but it is called Saint Peter's (Sveti Petar in Serbian), which stands on the peak called Prophet Elijah.

Gallery

Notes

Sources

External links
, The battle of Kajmakchalan, Η μάχη του Καϊμακτσαλάν

Battles of the Balkans Theatre (World War I)
Kaymakchalan
Kaymakchalan
1916 in Bulgaria
1916 in Serbia
Macedonian front
September 1916 events


Dosanjh may refer to:

 Dosanjh, Moga, a village in Punjab, India
 Dosanjh Kalan, a village in Jalandhar, Punjab, India
 Dosanjh, Khurd (Punjab), a village near Banga, Punjab, India
 Diljit Dosanjh (born 1984), an Indian singer
 Ujjal Dosanjh (born 1947), Canadian politician and former premier of British Columbia


K. E. Radhakrishna (born 22 Dec 1946) an Indian educationalist, writer, playwright, musicologist, columnist and political leader. He holds an M.A. in English Literature and LLB from Bangalore University.

Early and family life

Prof Radhakrishna is a Hindu Brahmin born to a poor agricultural family in the village of Peraje, Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka, to parents Eshwarappiah (father) and Kaveramma (mother). After his initial schooling
in Dakshina Kannada, he obtained his BA degree in RPD college in Belagavi, MA in English Literature in Central College, Bangalore and LLB from Bangalore University. His wife, Ramadevi Radhakrishna, is a sociology professor at BSVP College for Women in Bangalore. His son Dr. Raghu Vikram serves as a Professor of Radiology in M.D. Anderson Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA and daughter Ashwini Radhakrishna is a Director of a software company in San Diego, California, USA. Varshavikram, Nayan, Gowri and Madhav are his grandchildren.

As a Professor
In 1972, he joined as a lecturer in English Literature in Seshadripuram College, Bangalore. In 1987, he became the youngest professor in the Department of Collegiate Education. He became principal of Seshadripuram college in 1988, a post he held till 2002 when he took Voluntary retirement and joined Surana College, Bangalore as the Principal.

Beginning career as a teacher in English at Sheshadripuram College, he
became the youngest professor in collegiate education and adored the principalship of the
college for 20 years and later as the principal of Surana College. He has the distinction of
being one the longest-standing principals of the degree colleges in India. He is an institution
builder and institution by himself.
In 2007, he left Surana college and started the Sa-Mudra foundation and currently serves as its managing director. He also assisted in the founding of YUVA helpline, a 24-hour counselling service for distressed students.
Nationally he has been a Member of Expert Committee-University Grants Commission, Peer Committee-National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Joint Consultative Committee, High Power Committee-Higher Educational Policies, In-house Committee-Higher Education, Coordinating Secretary-Think Tank of Collegiate Education, Government of Karnataka.
Bangalore Management Association and National Institute of Personnel Management
He has been the past president, Indian Colleges Forum, New Delhi, Federation of Karnataka State Principals' Association and Professionals Action Committee for Educational Reforms (PACER).
Prof.K.E. Radhakrishna has held various key positions spread over the entire canvas
of education and related fields during the last three decades, as the National President of
Indian Colleges Forum – as President of Federation of Principals Association of Karnataka
and held almost all positions of importance in the Bangalore University as a member of
Syndicate, Academic Council, Board of Studies, Chairman of Board of Examiners and expert
Committees of University Grants Commission – New Delhi. He served as a member of the
Syndicates of Bangalore, Mangalore and Bijapur Universities and the Sanskrit University, Karnataka.

Public life
Prof. K.E. Radhakrishna is one of the very well-known Educationists and Social/Public
Activists not only in Karnataka, but all over India and an important writer both in Kannada and
English. He is a very well-known Public Personality of Karnataka.

Prof. Radhakrishna was a Member of the General Council of National Assessment &
Accreditation Council and Member of the Academic Advisory Board, NAAC nominated by the
University Grants Commission.
Prof. K.E Radhakrishna was active since his student days. He was the President of
Bangalore University Students Council (During 1969-70 – the Prestigious Central College
Bangalore).
He has presented his ideas to several academic meetings held both nationally and internationally including Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil; Cincinnati, USA; San Diego – California USA etc.
He has attended and presented in several International Conferences such as International Kannada Conference held at Manchester, U.K and Baltimore USA; Commonwealth Legal Educators Conference, 'University Management systems' Maryland University 1995 at City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.
He is a regular speaker in All India Radio, Doordarshan and a regular columnist writing for several Kannada dailys such as Mungaru, Janavahini  Samyukta Karnataka etc., and has written for Daily News & Analysis.

Involvement in Culture

Prof. Radhakrishna is a keen promoter and lover of Art and Culture. Himself being a
Yakshagana and theatre artist, he served Karnataka Sangeetha Nritya Academy as a
member and he is associated with many cultural forums of Bangalore. He was the executive
committee member of South Zone Cultural center – Tanjavore. His poetic work Gopikonmada has been adopted and found repeated performances as a Dance Ballet and into Yakshagana.

He is also a well-known Poet, and Writer both in Kannada and English. He is a regular
and Long-standing columnist in Kannada continuously writing a Weekly column in Samyukta
Karnataka. He is a award-winning Tulu Writer, the second one to write in Shivalli Tulu Dialect.

As a writer
1. Kannakadu – Kavya Prabhandha (this book had won Attimobbe Prshasthi and Kannada Sahitya Pradhikara Prashasithi)

2. Gopikonmada – Poetry translated from Sanskrit this poem has come in the form of CD
Sung by several important artists of Karnataka and was presented as Dance Drama and popular in YouTube and Wynk. It is translated into music languages of Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, Tulu, Hindi, Marathi and Bengali.

3. Prabhuthva Khathana (the Governance according to Ramanayana)

4. Bharithi Samudra – Poetry collection

5. Akashadalli Benki- Collection of articles

6. Aavarthamana

7. Jagatika-Chanduraya

8. VishwaGrama

9. Mugilagala

10.Kalaprasanga

11.Waree Nota

12.Maryade Mathu

13.Satyappe Balelu (A Collection of Tulu Short Stories as won the best book award 2012
from Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy) both in Kannada and Tulu

14. Pretham Bhattara Ninthilaru (A highly acclaimed novel in Kannada & Tulu)

Translations into Kannada
15. Nandan Nilekani's Imaging India As Bimba Bharatha

16. Jairam Ramesh's – Chindia

17. Indira Gandhi Life in Nature- as Indira Gandhi Prakriti Sangatya

18. Yaru Bharathamaate? Into Kannada (English by Purushottama Agarwal)

Translations into English
19. Jain Mahapurana- 7 Vol- 6000pages- 20000shlokas from Sanskrit to English
(Originally written by Bhagawath Jinasenacharya and Guna Bhadracharya in 16th century and translated into Kannada by Erturu Shantiraja Shastry into Kannada in 1927)

As an Editor
17.DVG – Baduku Baraha

18.Gopalakrishna Adiga – Anusandhana

19. Manjeshwara Govindapai – Samskriti Loka

20.Allamna –Anubhava

21.Pampaadhyayana

22.Kumarvysa Kathana

23.Lakmisha Kavya Vaibhava

24.Rathnakarvarni Iti-Vrutha

25.Reminiscences on Raja Rao and R.K.Narayan (English)

26.Jagannnatha Panditha

27.Anuhya

28.Bhaktikavya in Hindi

29.Aaloka

Awards

He has been awarded with Rajyotsava Award, a prestigious award honored by
Government of Karnataka, Guru Raghavenra Sadbhavana Prashasthi, Gorakanatha Prashahsthi DVG Puraskar for his contribution to literature. The Public Relations
Council of India has bestowed on him the National Chanikya Award for Education. He was
awarded Sandesha Prashasiti as Best Teacher. His students honored him with the title
‘Loka Mitra’ on the occasion of his 60th Birthday. Prof. Radhakrishna has
been awarded Honorary Doctorate by the Karnataka State Open University Mysore for
his contribution to Literature and Education.

He has been awarded several recognitions such as:
Kempegowda Prashasti' for serving the cause of education by the Bangalore City Corporation.
Bhargava Prashasti – For service in the field of education
'Eminent Educationist' – By Lions International
'Untiring academician'. Title given by "Technoworld" – a professional magazine.
'Samsa Award' for theatre by Karnataka Nataka Academy & Bharath Yatra Kendra
Udaya TV introduced and interviewed him under 'Parichay' Programme telecast in two episodes.
Indian Express interviewed him in 'Face to Face' and 'Profile'
DD-1 Chandana introduced him as an Eminent Educationist.
Govt. of Karnataka made a documentary on him titled Nelada Siri.

Political Activist
He is the Vice President of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Party, the chairman of Media and Communication cell and the Manifesto Committee for 2013 Karnataka Assemble Elections.
He had contested as a JDS candidate from Bengaluru South Parliamentary Constituency and had lost to BJP stalwart Sri Anantakumar.
He has held several important positions such as Member of Syndicate, Academic Council, Faculty of Arts and Board of Studies in English, Exam Review Committee, Sports Committee and College Development Council in Bangalore University. He is a member of Karnataka State Women's University Syndicate.

References

Living people
Politicians from Bangalore
Janata Dal (Secular) politicians
1946 births
Academic staff of Bangalore University
People from Dakshina Kannada district
Karnataka politicians


Rickshaws are used in numerous cities in the United States, primarily for their novelty value as an entertaining form of transportation for tourists and locals.  However, they also have environmental benefits and may be quicker than other forms of transport if traffic congestion is high.  Various laws regulate their use in different cities.

Overview
The first known commercial use of pedicabs in North America occurred in 1962 at the Seattle World's Fair. San Diego and New York City each host hundreds of pedicabs; dozens of other United States cities also have pedicab services.

In New York, human powered transport is available as an environmentally friendly means of transit. Local residents in New York City, however, view pedicabs primarily as tourist vehicles due to their high fares and their drivers' aggressive sales pitches to pedestrians. At a rate of $5 plus $1 per block per person, a 20-block (one mile) pedicab ride for two people will cost $50. In a taxicab, the same ride would cost under $10. According to Peter Meitzler of New York's Manhattan Rickshaw Company, a passenger has an entirely different urban experience when one rides in a rickshaw. He says that he uses the word "rickshaw" in his company name because it is internationally known.

Pedicab availability

Pedicabs in operation

 Albuquerque, New Mexico
 Austin, Texas
 Baltimore, Maryland
 Bellingham, Washington
 Burlington, Vermont
 Boston, Massachusetts
 Charleston, South Carolina
 Charlotte, North Carolina
 Chicago, Illinois
 Chico, California
 Cincinnati, Ohio
 Columbus, Ohio
 Corvallis, Oregon
 Denver, Colorado
 Detroit, Michigan
 El Paso, Texas
 Eugene, Oregon
 Key West, Florida
 Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
 Houston, Texas
 Indianapolis, Indiana
 Lawrence, Kansas
 Madison, Wisconsin
 Minneapolis, Minnesota
 Nashville, Tennessee
 New Orleans, Louisiana
 New York, New York
 Newport, Rhode Island
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 Phoenix, Arizona
 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 Portland, Maine
 Portland, Oregon
 Provincetown, Massachusetts
 Raleigh, North Carolina
 Rochester, New York
 Saint Paul, Minnesota
 Salt Lake City, Utah
 San Diego, California
 San Jose, California
 Santa Clara, California
 Santa Cruz, California
 Santa Fe, New Mexico
 Santa Monica, California
 Savannah, Georgia
 Seattle, Washington
 Tempe, Arizona
 Virginia Beach, Virginia
 Washington, DC

Where pedicabs are regulated
 Austin, Texas – Drivers are required to be licensed by city Ground Transportation department, driving and criminal background checks required. Companies must be registered with city and carry liability insurance.  Pedicabs must be registered, and inspected.
 Boston, Massachusetts – Boston Police Department regulates the proliferation of pedicabs. Pedicab companies and drivers must register with the city of Boston.
 Denver, Colorado – Companies are required to hold business, tax license and insurance and are subject to inspections by the Traffic Engineer. All drivers are required to obtain a pedal cab operators license from the Office of Excise and License. Pedal cabs are allowed to operate anywhere in Denver County except for certain daytime restrictions. Sport and event centers, such as Invesco Field and the Pepsi Center, set their own rules for where on the property pedal cabs can operate and usually restrict their access to working one entrance.
 Gainesville, Florida
 Indianapolis, Indiana
 Kansas City, Missouri – Companies are required to hold and annually renew business, tax license and insurance. All rickshaws are inspected annually by city inspector, required to display a carriage license with vehicle capacity. Drivers are required to obtain a carriage drivers license from the city department of licensing and registration, upon verification of drivers history check, criminal background check, and physical.
 Minneapolis, Minnesota – City ordinance requiring that companies pay annual licensing fee, carry insurance, set equipment standards, and also that hours and locations of operation and driver and passenger behavior are regulated.
 New York City
 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma – Companies are required to hold and annually renew business, tax license and insurance. All rickshaws are inspected annually by city inspector, required to display a carriage license with vehicle capacity. Drivers are required to obtain a carriage drivers license from the city department of licensing and registration, upon verification of drivers history check, criminal background check, and physical.
 Orlando, Florida – license to own and/or operate a pedicab must be obtained from the Orlando Police Department
 San Diego, California – license to own and operate are required, including background checks
 Santa Cruz, California – Drivers are licensed through the city's police department and must pass background checks as well as have current driver's license.   Companies must be registered with the city and carry liability insurance, and all vehicles must be registered and pass annual safety inspections.
 Tampa, Florida – City required permits
 Washington, DC – The city government has passed regulations through the District Department of Transportation.  They are filed under DCMR 18–1213.  Additionally, to operate on the National Mall, the National Park Service issues permits through their concessions department.  These currently cost $100 per year and have strict insurance and safety requirements.

Where pedicabs are prohibited
 Las Vegas, Nevada – banned from "The Strip," and effectively from Clark County, where drivers must carry insurance and may not charge fares

References

Human-powered vehicles
Vehicles for hire
Rickshaws
Transportation in the United States


Guillermo Larco Cox (February 19, 1932 – July 12, 2002), is a civil engineer and Peruvian politician. Member of the Peruvian Aprista Party, achieved the position of Senator and Prime Minister.

Early life and career
Guillermo Larco Cox was born in Trujillo on February 19, 1932. Son of Victor Larco and Alicia Cox; his siblings were Carolina, Alicia, and Victor Larco Cox. He married Laura Manucci, with whom he had 6 children (Mariana, Laura, Javier, Ricardo (†2011), Guillermo (†2005) and Alicia).

In 1961, was elected President of the 1st Directive Board of the Firemen department of Trujillo.

Political career
He joined the Peruvian Aprista Party in his youth, which led him to become the first democratically elected Mayor of Trujillo in 1963, serving until 1969. From 1980 to 1985 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Department of La Libertad, and then as a Senator for the term 1985-1990. Elected for the Vice-Presidency of the Senate for the term 1986-1987.

During his term in the Senate, he also had the chance to serve under Alan García's first term as Head of the Cabinet, (from June 27, 1987 to May 13, 1988 and from September 30, 1989 to July 28, 1990). Among other positions, Larco was appointed as Minister of the Presidency and as Minister of Foreign Relations.

After Alan García's first term ended, Larco briefly retired from politics until the 2000, when he ran for a seat in Congress under the APRA party, but was not elected because he received a minority of votes and subsequently retired from politics until his death on July 12, 2002 in his house in the Limean district of San Isidro.

Honours
 The Order of the Sun

See also
 Alan García

1932 births
2002 deaths
20th-century Peruvian engineers
Peruvian people of British descent
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Peru
Members of the Senate of Peru
Prime Ministers of Peru
Foreign ministers of Peru
Mayors of Trujillo, Peru
Peruvian civil engineers


Šarhūda (Manchu:, Mölendroff: šarhūda), known also under the Chinese transcription of his name, Shaerhuda (; 1599–1659), was an ethnic Manchu military commander during the early Qing dynasty, active both before and after the Qing conquest of China proper.

Sarhuda was a member of the Guwalgiya clan of the Suwan (蘇完) Manchu tribe living in the Hurka River Valley.
Along with his father he joined Nurhaci-led Manchu forces; they were assigned to the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner.
Sarhuda fought both in the Manchus' campaigns against the Ming and in the operations to expand the Manchu control over the native tribes of what today is Heilongjiang Province.

When the Manchus led by Dorgon crossed the Great Wall of China in 1644, Sarhuda commanded the vanguard division, which entered Beijing and later pursued the ousted usurper Li Zicheng to Dongguan, Shaanxi. Later on, he fought against the loyalist Ming forces in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Jiangxi. In recognition of his services, he was promoted the position of deputy lieutenant-general of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner, and granted the hereditary rank of  baron (男) of the first class.

In February 1652 Sarhuda was appointed the commander of the troops of the newly created garrison at Ninguta, which was at the time the main Manchu garrison not just in the Hurka Valley, but in all of Manchuria north of the Willow Palisade. In June 1653, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general (昂邦章京, Angbang-zhangjing; Manchu: amban-jianggin) of Ninguta.

In 1658 Sarhuda conducted a campaign against the  Russian Cossacks led by Onufriy Stepanov, who had been extracting tribute from the natives of the middle Amur valley. Sarhuda's fleet of some 40 (or 45) boats, manned by Manchu soldiers and a Korean contingent led by General Shin Ryu, totaling about 1400 people, descended the Hurka and the Sungari, and on the 10th day of the 6th month of the Chinese calendar (i.e., some time in July) encountered Onufriy Stepanov's 11-boat fleet with over 400 Cossacks aboard near the fall of Sungari into the  Amur. The Russian ships retreated some 30 li down the Amur, when the artillery battle between the two fleets began.

Sarhuda's and Shin Ryu's Manchu-Korean force killed Stepanov and destroyed most of his force; out of 11 Russian ships, 7 was burned, 3 captured by the Manchu-Korean force, and 1, although it was initially captured, was recaptured by some Russian survivors of the battle, who used it to get away. Ten Russians were taken prisoners, and around a hundred Ducher women, which had been kept by the Cossacks aboard their ships, were released.  The Manchus also captured over 300 flintlock small arms. Despite the Koreans' requests to share the captured weapons  (which were a novelty in this region at the time) with them, Sarhuda did not give them any.

This victory was said to have cleared the Amur Valley from major Russian presence until 1669, when the Russians built Albazin much farther upstream (and much closer to their bases in the Transbaikalia).

Sarhuda died the following year (1659), and was canonised as Xiangzhuang (襄壯). Sarhuda's son, Bahai (巴海), inherited his father's rank and replaced him  as the commander of the Ninguta garrison; he also campaigned against the Russians.

See also
 Russian–Manchu border conflicts

References

Qing dynasty generals
Manchu Bordered Blue Bannermen
Manchu people
History of Manchuria
1599 births
1659 deaths


Terry Lawrence Frost (October 26, 1906 – March 1, 1993) was an American actor who appeared in dozens of Western films during the 1940s and 1950s.

Biography
Frost was born in Bemidji, Minnesota.

Before he became an actor, he spent six years working as a cowboy, jack-of-all-trades, lumberjack, miner, and salesman across the United States.

Frost began his entertainment career in vaudeville in 1929. In 1941, his film career began when he portrayed Sam Emery in Law of the Range. He spent the 1940s and 1950s appearing in dozens of B-movie westerns for the studios Monogram and PRC, including roles in The Maverick, Outlaws of Texas, The Girl from Monterey, and Desert Legion.

During the 1950s Frost was heavily involved with television. He appeared often in series TV, with feature roles on many, such as I Led 3 Lives, Waterfront, Boston Blackie, and Mr. District Attorney, and a recurring role as Sergeant Morris in Highway Patrol. Frost appeared in almost every Western series ever produced, including The Gene Autry Show, Gunsmoke, Rawhide, Cheyenne (as Dan Naylor in the 1957 episode "Top Hand"), Annie Oakley, and The Lone Ranger.

During the 1960s, his acting career slowed considerably, with his last film appearance in Magnifico extranjero, El in 1967.  During this period he taught drama at Patricia Stevens Career Colleges in Pasadena and Los Angeles, authored a text on the art of acting, "Actors Only," and worked in regional theater throughout the United States. He also worked in public relations for a travel company.

Frost visited every continent, proclaiming New Zealand the most beautiful place on Earth. Once retired, he became a popular guest speaker at various B-Western conventions in the United States and the British Isles, where he entertained the audiences with reminiscences about everyone from Johnny Mack Brown to Whip Wilson.

Frost died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California.

Selected filmography
 Law of the Range (1941)  – Sam Emery
 Rustlers' Hideout (1944)
 The Caravan Trail (1946)
 Wild West (1946)
Drifting Along  (1946)
 Silver Range (1946)
 Black Hills (1947)
 Stage to Mesa City (1947) – Henchman Ed Williams
 Check Your Guns (1948)
 Dead Man's Gold (1948)
 The Hawk of Powder River (1948)
 Oklahoma Badlands (1948)
 The Pecos Pistol (1949)
 Thief of Damascus (1952) – Ali Baba's Aide
 The Maverick (1952) – Trooper Westman
 Dead Man's Trail (1952) – Deputy Kelvin
 Night Raiders (1952) – Mike Lorch
 Waco (1952)
 Kansas Territory (1952)
 The Gunman (1952)
 Siren of Bagdad (1953) – Hamid's Man
(1955) -Highway. Patrol SPM

References

External links

1906 births
1993 deaths
People from Bemidji, Minnesota
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male Western (genre) film actors
20th-century American male actors
Western (genre) television actors