Ypsilandra is a genus of at least six herbaceous plant species, first described as a genus in 1888. This genus is a member of the Melanthiaceae and is native to East Asia (China, the Himalayas, Myanmar, Thailand).

Ypsilandra species are perennial plants that grow from thick rhizomes.  They are associated with sloping, forested habitats.  They are very infrequently cultivated in the West. Their leaves are generally long and thin, growing in a rosette from the base of the plant.  Ypsilandra species produce flowers on a long scape arising from the intersection of the leaves and the stem.  The inflorescences consist of a cluster of nodding, radially-symmetrical tube-shaped flowers with six tepals.  The stamens protrude beyond the tepals.  Depending on the species, the tepals may be white, pink, purple, or yellow.

 Species
 Ypsilandra alpina F.T.Wang & Tang - Tibet, Yunnan, N Myanmar
 Ypsilandra cavaleriei H.Lév. & Vaniot - Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan
 Ypsilandra jinpingensis W.H.Chen, Y.M.Shui & ZhiY.Yu - Yunnan, N Vietnam
 Ypsilandra kansuensis R.N.Zhao & Z.X.Peng - Gansu
 Ypsilandra thibetica Franch. - Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan
 Ypsilandra yunnanensis W.W.Sm. & Jeffrey - Nepal, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar

Ypsilandra thibetica is used in traditional Chinese medicine, especially in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, as a
haemostatic.

Gallery

References

External links
 Flora of China treatment: Ypsilandra

Melanthiaceae
Flora of East Himalaya
Flora of Indo-China
Flora of China
Melanthiaceae genera


Jeanine is a feminine given name. Notable people with the name include:

Jeanine Áñez (born 1967), Bolivian politician and lawyer who served as Interim President of Bolivia from 2019 to 2020
Jeanine Bapst (born 1968), Swiss ski mountaineer
Jeanine Basinger (born 1936), Corwin-Fuller Professor of Film Studies at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut
Jeanine Cicognini (born 1986), badminton player
Jeanine Corbet, American filmmaker
Jeanine Delpech (1905–1992), French journalist, translator, novelist
Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert (born 1973), Dutch politician and former management consultant and civil servant
Jeanine Mason (born 1991), American dancer and winner of So You Think You Can Dance 2009
Jeanine Meerapfel (born 1943), German film director and screenwriter
Jeanine Menze the first African-American female in the United States Coast Guard to earn the Coast Guard Aviation Designation
Jeanine Perry, former member of the Ohio House of Representatives, succeeded by Matt Szollosi
Jeanine Pirro (born 1951), American lawyer, prosecutor, TV host, former Judge, and politician from the state of New York
Jeanine Rueff (1922–1999), French composer and music educator
Jeanine Tesori (formerly known as Jeanine Levenson), a composer of musicals

Other uses
 A brand name of a medication containing ethinylestradiol and dienogest

See also
Jeanine Nicarico murder case, homicide investigation and prosecution in DuPage County, Illinois
Jeannine
Janine (given name)
Jeananne

Feminine given names


William Douw Lighthall  (December 27, 1857 – August 3, 1954), often referred to as W. D. Lighthall, was a Canadian lawyer, historian, novelist, poet and philosopher.

Life and work
Born in Hamilton, Canada West, to Margaret Wright McIntyre and William Francis Lighthall, W.D. Lighthall grew up in Montreal and attended the High School of Montreal and McGill University, where he graduated B.A. in 1879, Bachelor of Civil Laws in 1881, and M.A. in 1885. Admitted to the Quebec Bar in 1881, he practiced law in Montreal for the next 63 years, from 1881 to 1944.

In 1890 he married Cybel Charlotte Wilkes, and they had three children: Alice Margaret Schuyler Lighthall (born 1891), Cybel Katherine Schuyler Lighthall, (born 1893), and William Wilkes Schuyler Lighthall, born 1896.

In 1893 W.D. Lighthall did the legal work pro bono to incorporate the Montreal Women's Club.

He served as mayor of Westmount from 1900 to 1903. During that time he originated, and in 1901 co-founded, the Union of Canadian Municipalities (now the Federation of Canadian Municipalities). He also served as vice president of the National Municipal League of America.

In 1915 he founded Canada's first veterans' group, the Canadian Association of Returned Soldiers.

Lighthall was a member of the International Congress of Philosophy. He published in the Philosophical Review three times in the late 1920s.

He took a long-time interest in Canadian history, originating the Château Ramezay Historical Museum, and serving on the Royal Historical Monuments Commission and as chairman of the McCord Historical Museum. He wrote historical books, such as Montreal After 250 Years, and monographs, like The Manor House of Lacolle.

Lighthall also wrote historical romances, initially under the pen name of Wilfrid Châteauclair, beginning with The Young Seigneur, or Nation Making in 1888. He wrote poetry as well,  publishing his first book, Thoughts, Moods and Ideals, in 1887. He was an early supporter of the Canadian Authors Association, becoming its president in 1930.

In literary circles, though, Lighthall "is remembered mainly for his anthology, Songs of the Great Dominion ... which included a large number of poets whose names are still familiar, for example, Wilfred Campbell, Carman, Crawford, Johnson, Lampman, and Charles G.D. Roberts."

Recognition

W.D. Lighthall was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1902, and served as its president in 1918 and 1919.

In 1921 he was made an honorary Doctor of Laws by McGill.

Lighthall's philosophy

Lighthall was among a number of the post-Darwinian thinkers of the nineteenth century who struggled with the concept of a Supreme Cause. Some of them not only struggled to redefine "God"; they also struggled to rename this entity. For his part Lighthall defined the cause as a "force of will" and called that force "The Outer Consciousness", "The Outer Knowledge",  "The Directive Power", and "The Person of Evolution". However unlike the philosopher Schopenhauer or the novelist Hardy, Lighthall, who considered himself to be both a philosopher and a novelist was optimistic in his view of the nature of "the will". That optimism was based on Lighthall's unbending faith in the positive nature of evolutionary progress. His views are present in his Novels particularly in The Master of Life as well as in his hope for Canada as a nation.

A reader of Lighthall's philosophical works may encounter some difficulty with the style. The main problem lies in the fact that Lighthall seldom completely reworked the lecture notes, pamphlets, and texts that he used to create the works as he published them. Furthermore, he preferred to number his paragraphs, as he considered these paragraphs to be "capsular" ideas. Perhaps due to his training in law he preferred to protect the integrity of these modules rather than sacrifice any of their meaning for the integrated flow of ideas in a particular chapter as a whole. Because of this practice the author's style appears jarringly disjointed at times. Ironically, the logical progression of deductive reasoning, so important to Lighthall's system, is often under stress because of this style.

The Lighthall system was an attempt to remarry science and religion in a single philosophical understanding of reality. Within the structure of that system Lighthall claimed to have avoided what he called the "metaphysical" problem. He insisted that all that was proposed in the hypothesis was derived from his observation of scientific fact.
To be precise Lighthall considered the principles of his theory to be "proven" scientific facts and the proof to be founded upon deductive reasoning.

The system equated Instinct with Will. Further it viewed Will as the manifest cause of both the conscious and unconscious act. Lighthall stated: 'All living action is willing, and all is by nature purposive.'

Lighthall informed his readers that it was the phenomenon of the altruistic act that had been the initial "middle" ground that had led him to the formulation of the theory:
'The utilitarian school, with its intellectual solutions on the basis of joy and pains, reflected by sympathy, appeared to me to give a reasonable account of most other moral acts,-but that an individual could deliberately annihilate himself for another evidently imported some element extraneous to the individual's own ordinary machinery of willing. Determined to accept no superficial 'explanation' of the problem such as glib use of words like 'volition' and 'conation,' I reduced acts of will to their simplest forms, noting their gradual shadings into, and intimate connections with habits, instincts, functions, reflexes, etc., and observing that these led to a world outside the consciousness of the individual. Thence I was brought to conclude, like Schopenhauer, that there is a unitary directive cause behind all these processes, and I included Evolution itself, regarded as one long act of willing. The characteristics that struck me most forcibly were the independence of this outer will, and its apparently highly conscious nature.'

Publications

History
 Montreal After 250 Years. Montreal: F.E. Grafton, 1892. Reprinted as Sights and Shrines of Montreal.
 A New Hochelagan Burying-Ground Discovered at Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July–September 1898. Montreal: Privately printed, 1898.
The Manor House of Lacolle. C.A. Marchand, n.d.
 The Glorious Enterprise (1902)
 Canada, A Modern Nation (1904)

Philosophy
 Sketch of a new utilitarianism: including a criticism of the ordinary argument from design and other matter (1877).
 "An Organic Superpersonality?--A Rejoinder". Philosophical Review 36 (4):372-373. (1927).
 "The Directive Power". Philosophical Review 37 (6):600-606. (1928).
 "The Knowledge That is in Instinct." Philosophical Review 39 (5):491-501 (1930).
 The Person of Evolution: The Outer Consciousness, The Outer Knowledge, The Directive Power, Studies of Instinct as Contribution to a Philosophy of Evolution. Toronto: Macmillan, 1930.

Fiction
 The Young Seigneur, or Nation Making. Montreal: Drysdale, 1888.
 The False Chevalier, or, The Lifeguard of Marie Antionette. Montreal: F.E. Grafton, 1898.
 The Master of Life: A Romance of the Five Nations and of Prehistoric Montreal. Toronto: Musson, 1908.

Poetry
Thoughts, Moods and Ideals: Crimes of Leisure. Montreal: "Witness" Steam Printing House, 1887.
 Old Measures (collected verse). Montreal: A.T. Chapman, 1922. Toronto: Musson, 1922.

Edited
  Songs of the Great Dominion: Voices from the Forests and Waters, the Settlements and Cities of Canada Walter Scott [Windsor Series], 1889.
 Canadian Poems and Lays. Walter Scott, 1892.
 Canadian Poems (Canterbury Poets, 1891).

References

External links

 Defining the Directive Cause by Norman James Williamson

1857 births
1954 deaths
19th-century Canadian novelists
19th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian philosophers
Anglophone Quebec people
19th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian male novelists
Canadian male poets
Canadian philosophers
Canadian King's Counsel
Canadian socialists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
High School of Montreal alumni
Lawyers in Quebec
Mayors of Westmount, Quebec
McGill University Faculty of Law alumni
Writers from Hamilton, Ontario


Echo Summit is a mountain pass over the Sierra Nevada in the western United States, located in eastern El Dorado County, California. At  above sea level, it is the highest point on U.S. Route 50 in California, which traverses it at postmile 66.48 between Twin Bridges and Meyers, south of Lake Tahoe.

The "Sierra Nevada Southern Route" (aka the "Pioneer Route") of the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States, was routed over nearby Johnson Pass in 1913. The current alignment over Echo Summit was constructed between 1936 and 1939.

The "Sierra Nevada Northern Route" of the Lincoln Highway went over Donner Pass.

Echo Summit is a trailhead for the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail.

Climate

1968 U.S. Olympic Trials
Echo Summit is notable for being the location (sometimes listed as "South Lake Tahoe") of the 1968 U.S. Olympic track and field trials for men, held September 6–16, a month before the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. (The women's trials were at low altitude in Los Angeles County, at Walnut.)  The Echo Summit site opened in July as a training camp for high-altitude acclimation, being virtually identical to the Olympic Stadium in Mexico. The picturesque alpine location was on the cover of the July 1968 issue of Track and Field News. The original men's trials were in Los Angeles in late June, but a second round of trials was added to the training camp.

With a motel tax and financial support from Harrah's Tahoe casino, a synthetic Tartan track was purchased which was very similar to that to be used in Mexico City. Installation was completed in early July and was designed to be easily dismantled and reinstalled, being moved the following summer to nearby South Tahoe Middle School where it survived until 2006. Installed southwest of the summit in the parking lot of a small ski area, hundreds of Ponderosa pine trees remained in the infield, densest on the north end. The high jump pit was also surrounded by huge boulders. Four world records were achieved at the trials.

The location became a California Historical Landmark in 2014 with a roadside sign along Highway 50.  At the time, this was only the fifth sports-related historical site in California.

The ski area, known as Nebelhorn and later Echo Summit, closed twenty years later in 1988. It is now Adventure Mountain, a snow play area for sledding and tubing.

References

External links

 National Weather Service: current temperature
 Caltrans: Echo Summit web cam
 Adventure Mountain Lake Tahoe
 Echo Summit Snow Play

Mountain passes of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Landforms of El Dorado County, California
California Historical Landmarks
U.S. Route 50


Mandy Butcher (born November 28, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her roles in the television series Naturally, Sadie as Chelsea Breuer and in Monster Warriors as Tabby.

Butcher has a younger brother named Adam Butcher who is an actor.

Television
 Radio Free Roscoe (2004–2005) - Nicole (2 episodes)
 Naturally, Sadie (2005) - Chelsea Breuer (12 episodes)
 Monster Warriors (2006–2007) - Tabby (50 episodes)

Filmography
 Ice Princess (2005) - Mean Party Girl

External links

1986 births
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Living people
Canadian child actresses
People from Cambridge, Ontario
Actresses from Ontario


Vadym () is a Ukrainian given name. Notable people with the name include:
Vadym Antipov (born 1988), Ukrainian football striker
Vadym Bolokhan (born 1986), professional Moldovan football defender
Vadym Deonas (born 1975), professional Ukrainian football goalkeeper
Vadim Gutzeit (born 1971), Olympic champion fencer and Ukraine's Youth and Sport Minister
Vadym Hetman (1935–1998), Ukrainian statesman and banker
Vadym Ishmakov (born 1979), Ukrainian footballer
Vadym Kalmykov, Paralympian athlete from Ukraine
Vadym Kharchenko (born 1975), Ukrainian football midfielder
Vadym Kolesnik (born 2001), Ukrainian-born ice dancer
Vadym Kyrylov (born 1981), Ukrainian football striker
Vadym Meller (1884–1962), Ukrainian-Russian Soviet painter, theatrical designer, book illustrator and architect
Vadym Melnyk (born 1980), professional Ukrainian football defender
Vadym Milko (born 1986), professional Ukrainian football midfielder
Vadym Panas (born 1985), professional Ukrainian football midfielder
Vadym Rybalchenko (born 1988), professional Ukrainian football midfielder
Vadym Sapay (born 1986), professional Ukrainian football midfielder
Vadym Sosnikhin (1942–2003), Ukrainian Soviet football player
Vadym Tyshchenko (born 1963), retired Soviet and Ukrainian football player and current football coach
Vadym Yevtushenko (born 1958), former Ukrainian footballer
Vadym Gut (born 2007), fight club member

Ukrainian masculine given names
Masculine given names


The Muscatine Avenue Moffitt Cottage Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places district that includes five stone cottages in Iowa City epitomizing the eccentric vernacular architectural style of Howard Moffitt. Moffitt constructed more than 100 houses in Iowa City and Coralville, Iowa, and a few in Citrus City, Texas. These small houses represent one of the regional 20th-century vernacular architectural styles in the United States.  Howard Moffitt was a prolific builder.

Howard Moffitt
Howard Francis Moffitt was a prolific builder, constructing between 100 and 200 homes in Iowa City and Coralville between 1924 and 1943. With no formal training in construction or architecture, Moffitt began building homes as a side business from his auto parts distributorship. Moffitt's house designs appear to have been concocted from magazine photos, consultation with friends, limitations of available building supplies, and whimsy. In 1943 Moffitt moved to Citrus City, Texas, and attempted to reproduce his success there, however only seven or eight houses were built in Texas. Moffitt's Iowa City houses appear to be a response to increasing demand for affordable small houses, especially rental houses, in the growing university town.

The Moffitt house style
No two Moffitt houses are identical. Moffitt's building style was so eclectic that there are many homes in Iowa City in which there is no sure way to determine if Moffitt built them; his building records do not survive. "These mystical dwellings look as if Germanic elves constructed houses for Irish pixies", is how one writer described them. In general Moffitt houses borrow heavily from the English Cottage and American Craftsman styles of architecture, although there are examples of Moffitt building in styles reminiscent of southwestern stucco adobe and Prairie School styles. Several of his houses have concave or hipped roofs. While there is no single architectural aspect that includes all Moffitt houses, there are some common design and decoration schemes that are commonly seen in Moffitt houses. These include:
 Large tapering chimney
 Steeply-peaked roofs and dormers
 Built-in small garages (uncommon in such small houses)
 Spindle porch columns
 Copious use of recycled material (trolley track rails used as main supports; chair backs used as decoration; reused brick, stone, timber, barnboard, and nails).
 Multiple levels inside the structure
 An exterior mix of shingle, stone, brick, stucco, and wood siding, often on the same structure; brick and stone often laid in irregular or whimsical patterns; cladding is often patchwork.
 Structural problems such as bowed floors and plumbing and electrical work encased in plaster
 Use of a cellulosic insulation treated to be fireproof
 Concrete aggregates that include found stone, broken glass

References

Photo Gallery of Moffitt Houses, Iowa City

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa
Vernacular architecture in Iowa
Historic districts in Iowa City, Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Houses in Iowa City, Iowa


The tenth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 24 June 1991. The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) – Indian National Congress (INC) alliance won the elections in a landslide and AIADMK general secretary J. Jayalalithaa became the chief minister. This was her first term in office. The united strength of AIADMK (after the merger of Jayalalithaa and Janaki Ramachandran and R M Veerappan faction, who was made Joint General Secretary of AIADMK]), the alliance with the Congress, and the wave of public sympathy in the wake of Rajiv Gandhi assassination combined to produce a massive victory for the AIADMK. The DMK could only win 2 seats. This was the worst performance of the DMK since it entered electoral politics in the 1957.

Background

President's rule
On 30 January 1991, the DMK government which had come to power after winning the 1989 assembly election, was dismissed by the Indian Prime minister Chandra Shekhar using Article 356 of the Indian Constitution. President's rule was imposed on Tamil Nadu from 31 January. The reason cited for the dismissal was the deterioration of law and order in the state. The dismissal followed pressure on the Chandra Shekhar government by the Congress and AIADMK to dismiss the DMK government. The Chandra Shekhar government fell in March 1991 after the Congress withdrew its outside support. Fresh elections for both the Indian parliament and Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly were scheduled for June 1991.

Unification of AIADMK
The AIADMK which had contested and lost the 1989 elections as two different factions reunited under the leadership of Jayalalithaa in February 1989. The V. N. Janaki Ramachandran faction merged with the Jayalalithaa faction to form a single united party and Janaki retired from politics. The reunited party regained the popular "Two Leaves" symbol of the AIADMK. (The Election Commission of India had frozen the symbol for the 1989 elections due to the split). The united AIADMK was able to prove its strength immediately by winning the elections held for two constituencies -Marungapuri and Madurai East on 11 March 1989. (for these two constituencies elections had been postponed earlier due to technical reasons).The AIADMK then allied with the Congress for the 1989 Parliamentary elections. The AIADMK-Congress alliance won 38 of the 39 Lok Sabha seats in that election routing the DMK-Janata Dal led National Front.

Formation of PMK
The 1991 elections was the first state elections contested by the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), S. Ramadoss, the leader of the Vanniyar caste organisation which demanded proportional reservation in education and employment based on population ratio of each community – the Vanniyar Sangam converted into a political party and entered electoral politics with the 1989 parliamentary elections. The emergence of PMK cut into the DMK's political base in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu.

Formation of TMK
In 1991, the Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam (TMK) was formed by the actor-politician Vijaya T. Rajendar after he split from the DMK. Later, some of the second rung leaders of the ADMK including Su. Thirunavukkarasar, K. K. S. S. R. Ramachandran, S. D. Ugamchand, V. Karuppasamy Pandian split from the party. For the 1991 elections they formed a pact with T. Rajendar and contested as TMK candidates.

Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

On 21 May 1991, leader of the Indian National Congress and its prime ministerial candidate for the 1991 general elections was assassinated by a LTTE suicide bomber. The assassination took place at a campaign meeting at Sriperumpudur where he was campaigning for the Congress candidate Maragatham Chandrasekar.

Coalitions
The two main political formations in this election were the DMK and AIADMK led fronts. The DMK coalition comprised the Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM),  Janata Dal (JD) and Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam (TMK). The AIADMK front had only two major parties – itself and the Congress. The AIADMK also backed the ICS (SCS) candidate Sanjay Ramasamy in the Virudhunagar constituency. Several smaller parties like the PMK contested the elections alone.

Seat allotments

AIADMK Front

DMK Front

Voting and results
The polling for the state assembly elections were held simultaneously with the polling for the 1991 Parliamentary elections on 24 June 1991. The voter turnout was 63.92%.

Results by Pre-Poll Alliance

|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: " |
| 225
| +172
| 14,738,042
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| 59.8%
|-
|AIADMK
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 164
| +137
| 10,940,966
| 44.4%
| 61.1%
|-
|INC
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 60
| +34
| 3,743,859
| 15.2%
| 56.2%
|-
|ICS(SCS)†
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| +1
| 53,217
| 0.2%
| 56.1%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: " |
| 7
| -164
| 7,405,935
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| 30.0%
|-
|DMK
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 2
| -148
| 5,535,668
| 22.5%
| 29.9%
|-
|TMK
! style="background-color: #FF00FF" |
| 2
| -1
| 371,645
| 1.5%
| 31.0%
|-
|CPI(M)
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 1
| -14
| 777,532
| 3.2%
| 31.2%
|-
|JD
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 1
| +1
| 415,947
| 1.7%
| 28.3%
|-
|CPI
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 1
| -2
| 305,143
| 1.2%
| 29.9%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| 2
| -8
| 2,505,431
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| 10.2%
|-
|PMK
! style="background-color: #800080" |
| 1
| +1
| 1,452,982
| 5.9%
| 7.0%
|-
|JP
! style="background-color: " |
| 0
| -4
| 51,564
| 0.2%
| 0.7%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 1
| -5
| 390,227
| 1.6%
| 1.7%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Total
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 24,649,408
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}
†: ICS(SCS) contested in 13 different constituencies, but only the one contested by Sanjay Ramaswamy was endorsed by AIADMK.‡: Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
Sources: Election Commission of India

Constituency wise results

Analysis
The AIADMK coalition won a massive victory in this election capturing 225 of 234 seats. The DMK coalition was routed with only 7 victories. DMK itself could win only 2 seats including that of its leader M. Karunanidhi. Though Karunanidhi won from the Harbour constituency, he resigned his seat immediately. The victory of AIADMK-Congress has been attributed mainly to the sympathy wave following the Rajiv Gandhi assassination. Other factors which helped their victory were the consolidation of the AIADMK votes under the unified AIADMK party, successful projection by Jayalalithaa as the true political heir to M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R), successful portrayal of DMK as anti-woman (by playing up the events in the Assembly on 25 March 1989) and the PMK cutting into the DMK's vote bank in the northern districts. This election saw the first electoral success of the PMK, when its candidate Panruti Ramachandran was elected from the Panruti constituency.

See also
Elections in Tamil Nadu
Legislature of Tamil Nadu
Government of Tamil Nadu

References

External links
 Election Commission of India

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
1990s in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
June 1991 events in Asia


Bezer was a Levitical city in the desert plateau east of the Jordan, and of Hebron, originally a resting place for travelers. It was designated by Moses as a 'city of refuge', a “safe-haven” for Reubenites and others, to which any person guilty of manslaughter could flee to avoid being killed in vengeance.

The site of Bezer "cannot be located with certainty," although several sites have been proposed.

The Bible seldom mentions Bezer, but it explains the town's purpose as a refuge in , ,  (The usual, dutiful repetition - “to be a city of refuge for the slayer” - that follows the names of the other five cities of refuge, is actually omitted for Bezer in this verse in some translations.),  and .

Cities of refuge were necessary because the next of kin of a manslaughter victim had a right under the Law of Moses to seek compensation - in kind - for blood shed by the perpetrator.

The law of Moses provided that anyone accused of homicide could flee to a city of refuge, to be protected from the victim's family. Once he was there, a manslaughterer was prohibited from leaving until the high priest had died or until his own death, even if the victim's family had forgiven them.

References

Levitical cities


The Albany Monteith Historic District, also known as Monteith Historic District, in Albany, Oregon, United States, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1980.  It includes the Alfred Dawson House, which is separately listed on the NRHP.  The district was expanded in 2008.

History

The Monteith District, located on the west side of downtown Albany, is named after Walter and Thomas Monteith, the founders of Albany. After arriving in Oregon from New York in 1847, the Monteith brothers completed the first frame house in Albany in 1849, which now serves as a museum and is said to be the most authentically restored Pioneer Era home in Oregon. Much of the earlier history centers around the Monteith House.

The Monteith district contains a number of churches. A former United Presbyterian Church, now known as "Whitespires", is located at the corner of Washington and Fifth. It was built in 1891 and is noted for its stained glass windows and Carpenter Gothic details. Its spire is the highest point in Albany.

In 1851, the Monteith family built and owned the Magnolia Flouring Mills along the Calapooia River. With the mill in operation, the first boat ever to travel the upper Willamette River, the Multnomah, arrived in Albany, thereby increasing Albany's shipping potential for the manufacturing and farming industries.

The Monteith Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 29, 1980. The time period of significance for all of Albany's historic districts was expanded in 2000 from 1849 to 1915 to 1849 to 1945 to capture resources and architectural styles constructed between 1915 and 1945 that reflect the growth and development of Albany. The Monteith District was expanded in November 2008 to add 78 properties on the southwest corner of the original boundary to include a cohesive collection of early to mid-twentieth century residential buildings. Many distinct architectural styles grace the district. Included are Federal, Craftsman, Classical Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, French Second Empire, Stick, Eastlake, Colonial Revival, Rural Vernacular, Transitional Box, Bungalow, American Renaissance, Depression/World War II Cottages, and eclectic hybrids that combine elements of these styles.

Notable structures

The Monteith Historic District is home to many different buildings of interest, including the Monteith House located at 518 Second Avenue, which now used as a museum. It is owned by the City of Albany, and the non-profit Monteith Historic Society provides financial and volunteer resources for its maintenance, restoration and operation. Another notable structure is the Breckenridge House at 1122 Ferry Street SW.

References

External links

Culture of Albany, Oregon
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Linn County, Oregon
1980 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Albany, Oregon


Horninghold  is a small village and parish seven miles north-east of Market Harborough in the county of Leicestershire.

The village's name means 'wood belonging to the people of Horning'.

Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 the village was given to Robert de Todeni, Lord of Belvoir. In about 1076 he gave the parish to the priory of Belvoir where it remained until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. The population of the civil parish (including Allexton and Stockerston) was 316 at the 2011 census.   At the beginning of the 20th century, the estate owners, the Hardcastle family remodelled the village as a garden village with many trees and shrubs. The church of St Peter was built in the 12th century and is a surviving example of a parish church without Victorian restoration.

References

External links

  Village Web Site
 Ordnance Survey Map of Village from multimap
 Photographs of village from Geograph
 History of Horninghold
  Photographs inside Horninghold Church from Flickr
  Amset Centre Bridgford House -  Carbon Neutral home
 Amset Centre Renewable Energy consultancy in Hornighold

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Harborough District


is a Japanese former professional tennis player.

In her career, she won one singles title on the WTA Tour, with seven singles and three doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 18 August 2014, she achieved her career-high singles ranking of world No. 32. On 2 May 2016, she peaked at No. 109 in the WTA doubles rankings.

Playing for Japan Fed Cup team, Nara has a win–loss record of 12–8.

Junior career
Nara began playing tennis at the age of three. At the Esaka Tennis Center in Osaka, the budding pro player studied tennis under the tutelage of Japanese tennis luminaries Masaru Suishu and Hiroko Mochizuki. She won recognition from an early age as a tennis prodigy. In 2002, while enrolled in Kawanishi Makinodai Elementary School, Nara took second place in the All Japan Primary School Tennis Championships at the age of ten. She would go on to win that tournament in 2003.

In 2004, after entering the middle school associated with Osaka Sangyo University, Nara won the girls' singles title in the All Japan Middle School Tennis Championship. 2006 marked her debut, via sponsor recommendation, in the All Japan Tennis Championships women's singles draw; however, a first-round loss abruptly ended her tournament run. As a freshman at Osaka Sangyo's high school in 2007, Nara won the Under-18 singles title at the All-Japan Junior Tennis Championships.

In addition to her participation in the major events for her age group, Nara also accumulated victories each year in junior events throughout Japan. She enjoyed success in doubles on the ITF Junior Circuit with partner Misaki Doi, earning entrance to the girls' doubles draw at the Wimbledon Championships in 2007. They placed second overall, becoming only the second Japanese women's doubles pair to reach the finals of a Grand Slam juniors event since Yuka Yoshida and Hiroko Mochizuki at the 1993 US Open. The Nara/Doi team went on to reach the junior doubles semifinals at the 2007 US Open and 2008 Wimbledon Championships, in addition to strong performances at smaller tournaments.

Nara also enjoyed success in singles. In 2007, she became the first Japanese woman to win the Osaka Mayor's Cup since Ryōko Fuda in 2002. Also that year, she made her second appearance, again by sponsor recommendation, in the All Japan Tennis Championships. In the second round, she defeated defending champion and fifth seed, Erika Takao, in straight sets, in the third round, she toppled 11th seed Tomoko Yonemura in three sets, and in the quarterfinals, she lost to Junri Namigata. Nara teamed again with Misaki Doi in doubles, reaching the second round in her tournament doubles debut. The next year, she partnered with Kimiko Date-Krumm to win the Kangaroo Cup in Gifu, and the title at the Hamanako Open. She reached the third round of the 2008 US Open girls' singles tournament, where she lost to Kristina Mladenovic.

Professional career

2009–10
Nara turned professional in April 2009, winning the All Japan Tennis Championships that same year. She advanced to the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time at the 2010 French Open with a three set win over Monica Niculescu in the qualifiers. At four hours and 42 minutes, it was said to be the longest women's Grand Slam qualifier or main-draw match in history. She would go on to lose her first-round match to Arantxa Parra Santonja. She also qualified for Wimbledon, and won her first Grand Slam main-draw singles match in two sets, over Mariana Duque Mariño. She fell to Li Na in the second round.

2011–13
Nara failed to gain entrance to the four Grand Slam tournaments in 2011, falling in the qualifiers each time. July marked Nara's first appearance representing Japan in Fed Cup competition; she notched a win in doubles with partner Rika Fujiwara in the playoffs against Argentina.
Although she was again unable to pass the qualifying rounds of the year's Grand Slam events, Nara bested Polona Hercog and Eleni Daniilidou to qualify for the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo in 2012. She was defeated in the first round by Urszula Radwańska.
Nara won three qualifying matches to enter the main draw of the 2013 US Open, winning her first-round match against Alexandra Cadanțu. She advanced to the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time, with a straight-set upset victory over 19th-seeded Sorana Cîrstea. She lost to Jelena Janković in the third round. After four early exits in Tashkent, Guangzhou, Tokyo and Beijing, Nara regained some form in her home city at the Japan Women's Open. She would make it to the semifinals of the tournament but was ousted by Eugenie Bouchard, losing in straight sets.

2014: First singles title, top 50 ranking

Nara started season in New Zealand at the Auckland Open. She made it to the quarterfinals where she lost to second seed and eventual champion, Ana Ivanovic. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the third round by eighth seed Jelena Janković.

In early February, Nara competed in Fed Cup competition for Japan against Argentina in Buenos Aires. She lost the opening singles match to María Irigoyen, and also lost the reverse singles to Paula Ormaechea.

Later the same month, Nara, seeded fifth at the first edition of the Rio Open, won her first WTA Tour title beating top seeded Klára Zakopalová in the final. The win helped her break into the top 50 at No. 48.

At the Indian Wells Open, Nara was defeated in the second round by sixth seed Simona Halep. In Miami, she lost to fourth seed Maria Sharapova in the second round.

In April, she again played in Fed Cup, this time against the Netherlands. She won the opening singles match against Arantxa Rus, but was defeated by Kiki Bertens in the reverse singles match. Her next match was a disappointing first-round loss at the Portugal Open to qualifier Irina-Camelia Begu. Another first-round loss came against Peng Shuai at the Madrid Open. In a rematch from the Fed Cup, Nara again was defeated by lucky loser Paula Ormaechea in her first-round match at the Italian Open. Seeded sixth at the Nürnberger Versicherungscup, she lost in the second round to Yaroslava Shvedova. At the French Open, she was defeated in the second round by sixth seed Jelena Janković.

Nara started her grass-court season at the Birmingham Classic. For the second consecutive year, she lost to British wildcard Johanna Konta in the first round. Nara was defeated in the first round of the Rosmalen Open by Elina Svitolina. At Wimbledon, she reached the second round where she lost to 30th seed, five-time Wimbledon champion, and former world No. 1, Venus Williams.

Seeded sixth at the İstanbul Cup, Nara made it to the quarterfinals where she was defeated by second seed and eventual finalist Roberta Vinci. Seeded fourth at the Baku Cup, she fell in the first round to Francesca Schiavone.

Beginning the US Open Series at the Washington Open, Nara reached the final where she lost to sixth seed Svetlana Kuznetsova. Partnering with Hiroko Kuwata, they reached the final in doubles and were defeated by the second-seeded team of Shuko Aoyama / Gabriela Dabrowski.

Nara was scheduled to play at the Rogers Cup but withdrew because of a hip injury. At the Cincinnati Open, Nara was eliminated in the second round by fourth seed Agnieszka Radwańska. Playing in her last tournament before the US Open, she lost in the first round at the Connecticut Open to Sam Stosur. Seeded 31st at the US Open, Nara was defeated in the second round by Belinda Bencic.

In September, she lost to eighth seed Carla Suárez Navarro in the first round of the Pan Pacific Open. Competing at the first edition of the Wuhan Open, she was defeated in the first round by Svetlana Kuznetsova. At the China Open, she made it to the second round where she was defeated again by Kuznetsova. Nara was scheduled to be the fourth seed at the Japan Women's Open but withdrew with a respiratory illness.

She ended the year ranked 44.

2015: Top 100 ranking

Nara began season in January at the Auckland Open where she fell in the second round to third seed and eventual champion Venus Williams. At the Hobart International, she reached the semifinals where she was defeated by American qualifier Madison Brengle. Nara lost in the first round of the Australian Open to sixth seed Agnieszka Radwańska.

Seeded fourth at the Thailand Open, she was defeated in the second round by Evgeniya Rodina. At the Dubai Tennis Championships, Nara lost in the first round to qualifier Wang Qiang. Seeded sixth at the Malaysian Open, she reached the quarterfinals where she was defeated by fourth seed Jarmila Gajdošová. Competing at Indian Wells, Nara was eliminated in the first round by qualifier Alison Van Uytvanck. She made it to the third round at the Miami Open where she lost to wildcard Daria Gavrilova.

In the clay-court season at the Morocco Open, she was defeated in the first round by Lara Arruabarrena. She suffered a first-round loss at the Madrid Open to Irina-Camelia Begu. Playing in Rome, she was defeated in the first round of qualifying by Daria Gavrilova. Seeded seventh at the Nürnberger Versicherungscup, Nara reached the quarterfinals where she lost to fourth seed and eventual finalist, Roberta Vinci. At the French Open, she was defeated in the second round by 13th seed and eventual finalist, Lucie Šafářová.

Nara played three grass-court tournaments before Wimbledon. At the Rosmalen Championships, she lost in the second round to seventh seed Kristina Mladenovic. Nara was defeated in her first-round match in Birmingham by Kateřina Siniaková. In Eastbourne, she lost in the final round of qualifying to Alexandra Dulgheru. At Wimbledon, she was defeated in the second round by second seed and two-time champion Petra Kvitová.

After Wimbledon, Nara played at the İstanbul Cup and lost in the second round to eighth seed Tsvetana Pironkova. Seeded fourth at the Baku Cup, she was defeated in round one by qualifier Olga Savchuk.

Nara got her US Open preparations underway at the Washington Open. After reaching the final the year before, she fell in the first round to Yulia Putintseva. In Cincinnati, she retired in her final round of qualifying against Putintseva. At the US Open, Nara upset 27th seed Alizé Cornet in the first round and lost in the second to American qualifier Shelby Rogers.

2022: Retirement
The final tournament of her career was the Pan Pacific Open in September where she competed as a qualifying wildcard and lost in the second round to Isabella Shinikova.

Playing style
Kurumi Nara rarely wins points outright. Instead, she plays a patient game and tends to edge into points, gradually increasing the angle and/or power of her shots, and prefers a punishing forehand or volley to close the point out. Her patience is also reflected in her serve, which (especially for her size) has quite a high ball toss. Her serve lacks the punch of players like Serena Williams or Maria Sharapova, but depends on placement and spin. Her short stature has definitely shaped her play style which, while aggressive, does not emphasize power, but more swinging the momentum in her favour and finishing the point off. Her strong forehand is her main weapon.

Equipment
Nara who prefers to play on hardcourts, uses a Srixon racquet and Dunlop Sport shoes.

Performance timelines

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.

Singles
Current after the 2022 Australian Open.

Doubles

Notes

WTA Tour career finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 13 (7 titles, 6 runner–ups)

Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner–ups)

Head to head

Wins over top-10 players

Notes

References

External links

1991 births
Living people
Japanese female tennis players
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Sportspeople from Osaka Prefecture
21st-century Japanese women


The U.S. Custom House or U.S. Customhouse is the custom house in Charleston, South Carolina. Construction began in 1852, but was interrupted in 1859 due to costs and  the possibility of South Carolina's secession from the Union. After the Civil War, construction was restarted in 1870 and completed in 1879. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 9, 1974. It is also a contributing property of the Charleston Historic District.

Design competition

In the tense pre-Civil War period, the federal government felt that building a new custom house in Charleston to replace the Old Custom House would be a positive sign to South Carolina. A design competition with a US$300 prize was announced. About ten architects submitted entries. The four known entrants were three Charlestonian architects: Edward Brickell White, Edward C. Jones, and Peter H. Hammarskold and one Savannah, Georgia architect, John S. Norris. Noted New York architect, James Renwick submitted a late entry, which was returned. The commission judging the entries selected the Jones design and submitted the plans to the Secretary of the Treasury in Washington, DC.

There was lobbying while the decision was being made. Robert Mills submitted plans to the Secretary. Eventually, Ammi Burnham Young was selected to produce a new design incorporating features of the four competitive entries. White was appointed the superintending architect. Jones, Hammarskold, Norris, and White were awarded US$200 for their entries.

The final plans were for a two-story, cross-shaped building with an elevated, rusticated basement. It was to be  from west to east and  from north to south. The west and east arms had Roman porticoes supported by Corinthian limestone columns and steps down to grade. The north and south arms were porticoes. The walls had Corinthian engaged columns between the windows. There was a dome supported by Corinthian columns. The building was to be  above grade. Except for the change from Doric to Corinthian order and for the high dome, the building bore resemblance to the Boston Customhouse that Young had recently designed.

Pre-Civil War construction
Land was purchased at Fitzsimons' Wharf at East Bay and Market. Construction started in 1853 under White's direction. Since the location was marshy, 7,000 piles that were  long were driven into the sand and were cut off at grade. A grillage or network of timber was laid. and a thick bed of concrete was constructed for the foundation. The granite walls of the basement were finished by 1855. After the marble-faced walls were erected, the columns were begun in 1858.

In 1859, there was increasing concern in Congress over the possible secession of South Carolina and the costs of construction. Representative John Letcher from Virginia called for a cessation of construction. Representative William Porcher Miles defended the construction with little enthusiasm. No funds were appropriated to continue construction in 1859.

White proposed eliminating the costly dome and replacing it with skylights. With the possibility of war, Congress only appropriated funds for protecting the construction from rain.

Post-Civil War construction

During the war, the building was damaged by shelling. In 1870, construction resumed. The original marble came from Hastings, New York. Because that quarry was abandoned, new marble was obtained from Tuckahoe, New Jersey. Alfred B. Mullett prepared revised drawings. Alterations made at his direction included the loss of the dome, the elimination of the north and south porticoes, and changes to the west entrance. The dome in Ammi B. Young's original design was replaced in 1876 with skylights that covered a two-story, square cortile or inside patio. Fluted Corinthian columns surround the iron second floor gallery. The gallery is ornamented with fluted pilasters. The north and south porticoes were probably converted to office space at this stage.

The windows are rectangular with pediments. The portico entrance doors are also pediment-ed. The buildings were topped with an entablature with architrave and an unadorned frieze with a dentiled cornice. The building has a low roof with an open balustrade.

Construction was completed in 1879. The total cost of construction was about US$2,806,000.

Later history

It is possible that the north and south portico were enclosed to increase office space in repairs after the 1886 Charleston earthquake.

In 1906, a heating system replaced the use of stoves and coal grates. In 1910, plumbing and electrical lighting were installed.

By the 1960s, the Custom House was used by a number of federal agencies. Threatened with demolition, local preservationists with the help of Representative Mendel Rivers worked to save the building.

In 1964, "UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE" was engraved in the frieze above the west portico. In 1968, over US$212,000 was spent on restoration.

References

External links

Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Government buildings completed in 1879
Buildings and structures in Charleston, South Carolina
Custom houses in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, South Carolina
Ammi B. Young buildings
Custom houses on the National Register of Historic Places
Classical architecture


Edward John Cooke (born 18 March 1942) is an English former football goalkeeper who was a member of non-League Macclesfield Town's highly successful team of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He previously played in the Football League for Port Vale, and later represented Altrincham, Chorley and Morecambe.

Career
Cooke passed through the Port Vale youth team to sign professional forms under manager Norman Low in June 1960. He was only ever utilized as an emergency keeper when Ken Hancock was injured, and after just seven Third Division appearances in almost four years he was given a free transfer away from Vale Park in May 1964 by manager Freddie Steele.

He was taken to Macclesfield Town by manager Albert Leake, a former half-back at Port Vale. He held his place in the reserves before he made the first team goalkeeping position his own from the 1965–66 season. From then on Macclesfield went on to win the Cheshire County League in 1967–68, the Northern Premier League in 1968–69 and 1969–70; and also lifted the FA Trophy at Wembley in 1970, the Cheshire Senior Cup in 1969, and the Cheshire League Challenge Cup in 1967. Cooke was also the goalkeeper for Macclesfield's Third Round FA Cup tie with Bobby Robson's Fulham at Craven Cottage on 27 January 1968.

He went on to be signed by Altrincham as cover for Willie Mailey. He later played for Chorley and Morecambe, and after retiring he ran a plastering and construction business before becoming contracts manager for Shimizu Europe Limited.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Macclesfield Town
Cheshire League Challenge Cup: 1967
Cheshire County League: 1967–68
Northern Premier League: 1968–69 and 1969–70
Cheshire Senior Cup: 1969
FA Trophy: 1970

References

1942 births
Living people
People from Birdwell, South Yorkshire
Footballers from South Yorkshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Port Vale F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
Morecambe F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players


Drosera dielsiana is a compact rosetted sundew native to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State, the Northern Provinces), Eswatini (Swaziland), Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. It was described as a new species by Arthur Wallis Exell and Jack Rodney Laundon in 1956. The diploid chromosome number is 2n=40. It was named in honor of Ludwig Diels, the author of the 1906 monograph on the Droseraceae.

See also
List of Drosera species

References

Carnivorous plants of Africa
dielsiana
Flora of Malawi
Flora of Mozambique
Flora of Zimbabwe
Flora of KwaZulu-Natal
Flora of the Free State
Flora of Swaziland
Flora of the Northern Provinces
Plants described in 1956
Taxa named by Arthur Wallis Exell


Saka municipality () was an administrative territorial entity of the Liepāja District, Latvia (2004 - 2009). Since the 2009 administrative reforms it has been in Pāvilosta municipality.

See also
Administrative divisions of Latvia before 2009

Former municipalities of Latvia


Rational AG is a German manufacturer and retailer of commercial and industrial kitchen equipment for thermal food preparation. The company is based in Landsberg am Lech, Germany, and was founded by Siegfried Meister in 1973. It operates worldwide and has 25 subsidiaries in Europe, Asia, North and South America as well as seven branches in Germany.

History
The company was founded in 1973 by Siegfried Meister (* 1938, † 2017) with 18 employees as a company for the production and distribution of hot air appliances in Germany. These quickly superseded conventional ovens that were used in the commercial sector before then. Initially, the company produced deep fryers and ovens. In 1976, Meister invented the Rational combi steamer for commercial kitchens and started its production. From 1978 onwards, the company concentrated solely on combi steamers and discontinued all other product lines.

From 1991, Rational expanded abroad and founded its first subsidiary in the United Kingdom. In 1992, the company took over the French partner Frima. Since then, local sales companies have been established in multiple countries across the world.

In 2000, "Rational GmbH" was converted to a stock corporation. Since March 3, 2000, the company has been listed in the Prime Standard of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

In 2008, Rational opened its third plant in Landsberg. On March 4, 2009, the company was promoted to the MDAX. As of September 22, 2014, Rational AG was listed in the SDAX. In 2012, Peter Stadelmann joined the company and took over the business from 2014.

On August 11, 2016, Rational moved back up to the MDAX, and on September 18, 2017, the stock again moved to the SDAX. In 2018, Frima was renamed Rational and its VarioCookingCenter has since been marketed under the Rational brand.

On September 23, 2019, Rational returned to the MDAX. In April 2022, the contract of CEO Peter Stadelmann was extended until November 2027.

Company
Rational AG has 7 national and 25 international subsidiaries in Germany, Europe, Asia, North and South America. The company is active with an export share of 87 percent.

In 2021, the company generated sales of €779.7 million and employed 2,206 people.

EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes) amounted to 160 million euros in 2021. The EBIT margin was 20.5 percent. The family of founder Meisters holds the majority of shares in the company, 55.2 percent, with 44.8 percent in public float (as of March 1, 2022).

Products
Rational's products include the iCombi Pro and iCombi Classic combi steamers and the iVario Pro, which can replace a tipper, pan, kettle or fryer in the kitchen. The appliances can be connected and controlled via an online platform. This allows, for example, for menu plans or recipe management to be controlled digitally. The platform also contains cooking videos and a recipe library.

Combi steamers account for about 90 percent of the company's appliance sales, while sales of the iVario line account for about ten percent. The combi steamers are produced and tested at the plant in Landsberg am Lech.

References

Engineering companies of Germany
Cooking appliance brands
Companies based in Bavaria
British royal warrant holders
Companies in the MDAX
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange


Dave Derby is an American songwriter, recording artist, producer, and composer who was born in Honolulu, Hawaii and now resides in New York City.

Derby serves as a songwriter and producer for Gramercy Arms, a New York City musical and artist collective featuring members of Luna, Elk City, The Dambuilders, Guided by Voices, Shudder to Think, Joan As Police Woman, Mascott, Sparklehorse and A Girl Called Eddy, as well as notable artists such as Lloyd Cole, Tanya Donelly, Matthew Caws, Doug Gillard, Diesel and Kay Hanley. Derby has also produced albums for Reveal Records.

Gramercy Arms released their second album "The Seasons of Love" in August 2014 on Reveal Records. The album received a positive review in The Wall Street Journal. A video was released on YouTube for the album's song "Beautiful Disguise" which featured Lloyd Cole and Joan Wasser on lead vocals. Their third album tentatively titled "Deleted Scene" and an EP called "The Making of the Making of" will be released on Reveal Records and Magic Door Records in late 2021.

In addition to his work with Gramercy Arms, Dave was a founding member of The Dambuilders, Brilliantine, The Norfolk Downs, and has released solo records, and played bass in Lloyd Cole's band The Negatives. Derby and Cole have co-written numerous songs and shared production credits for both of their respective musical projects. Derby has also composed and produced music for film and TV including a song that he co-wrote with Michael Kotch and Colleen Fitzpatrick (Vitamin C) for Hannah Montana in Hannah Montana: The Movie .

Derby wrote and performed the theme song for Pilot Season. While the show was not picked up by any television networks, the song eventually became the end theme for The Majority Report with Sam Seder.

References

American male songwriters
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from Honolulu
The Dambuilders members
21st-century American male musicians


is a Japanese adult video (AV) company which has its headquarters in Ebisu Minami in the Shibuya ward of Tokyo. The company is involved in the production and distribution of videos, satellite and cable TV, and a large internet site, X CITY.

Company history
The corporation was founded by Noriaki Nakagawa (中川徳章) in 1977, making it one of the oldest adult products firms in Japan. The company was originally involved in producing adult magazines but with the growth of the adult video industry, Kuki released its first , in 1983. Among their early stars was Sakura Sena, who made her debut with Kuki in 1994 under the name Shiho Fujiwara.

In the spring of 1995 Kuki started a website, www.kuki.co.jp, which eventually became X CITY. Some six months later, the web services division became a separate company, Alchemia Inc. (株式会社アルケミア). An English sister site was launched in 1997 and a Korean site in 1998. The company built its reputation on softer aspects of Japanese porn, and with the exception of an occasional bondage or rape-themed video, most of their output consisted of new actresses in their first videos.

By at least 1997, a number of the other older AV companies had gathered around Kuki to pool resources and use the X CITY website for sales and video on-demand: Alice Japan, Atlas21, Max-A, Big Morkal, Media Station (Cosmos Plan) and (later) Sexia. Together, they formed the largest porn conglomerate in Japan at that time although they have been surpassed since by Soft On Demand (SOD) and the Hokuto Corporation.

In 2004 the entire Kuki group had more than 100 employees, about 20 of them at web-hoster Alchemia.

Like many of the older and larger AV companies in Japan, Kuki has been a member of the ethics group Nihon Ethics of Video Association (NEVA) which regulates content and the censorship mosaic required in Japanese porn videos. This resulted in many of the older videos produced by Kuki having a large, blocky analog mosaic as opposed to the newer thinner digital mosaics now in common use. From late 2007, Kuki has been re-issuing many of its older videos in the new mosaic as the Kuki Pink (KUKIピンクファイル) series.

"John See"
The "John See" series was a collaboration between Kuki founder Noriaki Nakagawa and performance artist John Duncan who resided in Japan from 1982 to 1986. Nakagawa offered to produce a series of commercial adult videos through Kuki which were written, directed and edited by Duncan under the name John See. Duncan looked on the experience as an experiment and an attempt to stretch the stereotypical boundaries of adult film. For Kuki, which may not have recouped their investment in the videos, it was good publicity. Reviews were mixed, those viewing them as art were positive but those looking at them strictly as hardcore porn were quite negative.

Labels
In addition to the Kuki and Kuki Pink labels, the company has also released videos under several other labels:

 Tank
 Vinl
 Toriko
 Grand Prix
 Bouken Gorilla
 GirlG

X CITY
The X CITY website advertises itself as the "Biggest Adult Site in Japan!". The site charges a monthly flat fee for access to its services which include photographs, video clips and a streaming movie library from several AV companies. The website is run by a separate Kuki-owned corporation, Alchemia Inc. (株式会社アルケミア).

The site was originally launched as www.kuki.co.jp in 1995 under Chief Operating Officer Tadasu Isogawa (五十川 匡). The commercial site Kuki Tower opened later that same year and a paysite was operative by the end of 1995. In 1996 the site was renamed as "THE CITY" and later as "X CITY". Streaming on-demand AV became available at the site in October 1997 and by 2001, broadband support was developed. An English version of the site was in operation by 1997, a Korean version followed in 1998 and a Chinese one in 2002.

From 1998 to 2004, X CITY sponsored an award competition based on fan votes, the X CITY Grand Prix Awards which awarded various prizes to actresses and videos in companies associated with the Kuki group. The site also contains an extensive searchable database of AV Idols and their videos with data on release dates, co-stars, directors and production codes in English.

A number of companies associated with Kuki are represented at the X CITY site. AV producers include:
 Kuki
 Alice Japan
 Atlas21
 Big Morkal
 Bouken Gorilla
 Cosmos Plan
 Max-A
 Off Side
 SexiA
 VIP

Other companies include adult magazine publishers, anime producer Fiveways, Shin-Toho which makes pink films, ENGEL, a non-porn movie producer, and the SKY PerfecTV! satellite TV channel Cherry Bomb.

AV Grand Prix
Kuki was a participant in the AV Grand Prix contest in 2008 with the entry Grand prix Nana Konishi (AVGP-10) starring Nana Konishi. The company also competed in the 2009 AV Grand Prix with First Flowering Hatsuhana (AVGP-112) starring Junko Hayama and directed by Johnny Shibuya.

References

External links

Japanese pornographic film studios
Mass media companies established in 1977
Mass media companies based in Tokyo
Japanese companies established in 1977
Film production companies of Japan


Hans Julius Eriksen Norbye (born 16 January 1987) is a Norwegian footballer who currently plays for Alta.

Career
Norbye was born and grew up in Karasjok. He was regarded as having talent for athletics during his younger days, but joined Tromsø IL to play youth football. He represented Norway internationally on youth level at the time. In 2006, he spent time on loan in Alta IF.

After the 2006 season, he signed his first professional contract with Tromsø IL. He got one game in the Norwegian Premier League in 2007.

He was loaned out to Tromsdalen UIL for one month in 2007, and later for the entire 2008 season. He then permanently joined Tromsdalen for free ahead of the 2009 season.

On 19 January 2019, Norbye signed with HamKam on a free transfer.

Career statistics

Club

References

1987 births
Living people
People from Karasjok
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norwegian men's footballers
Tromsø IL players
Alta IF players
Tromsdalen UIL players
Hamarkameratene players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian Second Division players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Troms og Finnmark


The PocketWizard is a wireless radio triggering system for off-camera lighting developed in the late 1990s, by LPA Design, an American company based in South Burlington, Vermont.

It requires a transmitter electrically connected to the camera, usually mounted on the camera's hot shoe, to trigger a remote receiver connected to a remote flash unit via a PC Cord.

See also
Guide number
Flash synchronization
Ring flash
Flash comparison

External links

Photographic lighting


Durbe Municipality () is a former municipality in Courland, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2000 by merging Tadaiķi parish and Durbe town with its countryside territory. In 2009 it absorbed Dunalka parish and Vecpils parish, the administrative centre being Lieģi. As of 2020, the population was 2,601.

Durbe Municipality ceased to exist on 1 July 2021, when it was merged into the newly-formed South Kurzeme Municipality.

See also
 Administrative divisions of Latvia (2009)

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who developed a general theory of business administration that is often called Fayolism. He and his colleagues developed this theory independently of scientific management but roughly contemporaneously. Like his contemporary Frederick Winslow Taylor, he is widely acknowledged as a founder of modern management methods.

Biography
Fayol was born in 1841 amidst the eruption of the industrial revolution in a suburb of Constantinople (now Istanbul). His father, a military engineer, was appointed superintendent of works to build Galata Bridge, across the Golden Horn. The family returned to France in 1847, where Fayol graduated from the mining academy "École Nationale Supérieure des Mines" in Saint-Étienne in 1860.

That same year, aged 19, Fayol started working at the mining company named "Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambault-Decazeville" in Commentry, in the Auvergne region. He was hired by Stéphane Mony, who had decided to hire the best engineers from the Saint-Étienne Mining School, and Fayol joined the firm as an engineer and trainee manager. Mony made Fayol his protégé, and Fayol succeeded him as manager of the Commentry mine when he was 25. Eventually he was made managing director of Commentry-Fourchambault and Decazeville.

During his time at the mine, he studied the causes of underground fires, how to prevent them, how to fight them, how to reclaim mining areas that had been burned, and developed a knowledge of the structure of the basin. In 1888 he was promoted to managing director. During his time as director, he made changes to improve the working situations in the mines, such as allowing employees to work in teams, and changing the division of labor. Later, more mines were added to his duties.

In 1900 Fayol became a member of the Comité Central des Houillères de France, member of the board of the Comité des forges and administrator of the Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville. Eventually, the board decided to abandon its iron and steel business and the coal mines. They chose Henri Fayol to oversee this as the new managing director. Upon receiving the position, Fayol presented the board with a plan to restore the firm. The board accepted the proposal. At that time, the company was at the verge of bankruptcy. With rich and broad administrative experience, Fayol contributed a lot in turning around the company's fortunes. When he retired in 1918, the company was financially strong and one of the largest industrial combines in Europe.

Based largely on his own management experience, he developed his concept of administration. In 1916 he promoted his ideas in Administration Industrielle et Générale, at about the same time as Frederick Winslow Taylor published his Principles of Scientific Management. After his retirement he became the Director of the Centre of Administrative Studies in Paris.

Work
Fayol's work became more generally known with the 1949 publication of "General and industrial administration", the English translation of the 1916 work "Administration industrielle et générale". In this work Fayol presented his theory of management, known as Fayolism. Before that Fayol had written several articles on mining engineering, starting in the 1870s, and some preliminary papers on administration.

Mining engineering

Starting in the 1870s, Fayol wrote a series of articles on mining subjects, such as on the spontaneous heating of coal (1879), the formation of coal beds (1887), the sedimentation of the Commentry, and on plant fossils (1890).

His first articles were published in the French Bulletin de la Société de l'Industrie minérale, and beginning in the early 1880s in the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, the proceedings of the French Academy of Sciences.

Fayolism

Fayol's work was one of the first comprehensive statements of a general theory of management. He proposed that there were six types of organisational activity, including management as one of these, five primary functions of management and fourteen principles of management.

Types of organisational activity
Fayol divided the range of activities undertaken within an industrial undertaking into six types:-
technical activities
commercial activities
financial activities
security activities
accounting activities, and
managerial activities.

Functions of management
In his original work, Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle, five primary functions were identified:

 Planning
 Organizing
 Commanding
 Co-ordinating
 Controlling

The control function, from the French contrôler, is used in the sense that a manager must receive feedback about a process in order to make necessary adjustments and must analyze the deviations. Lately scholars of management combined the directing and coordinating function into one leading function.

Principles of management
 Division of work - In practice, employees are specialized in different areas and they have different skills. Different levels of expertise can be distinguished within the knowledge areas (from generalist to specialist). Personal and professional developments support this. According to Henri Fayol specialization promotes efficiency of the workforce and increases productivity. In addition, the specialization of the workforce increases their accuracy and speed. This management principle of the 14 principles of management is applicable to both technical and managerial activities.
 Authority and Responsibility - According to Henri Fayol, the accompanying power or authority gives the management the right to give orders to the subordinates.
 Discipline - This principle is about obedience. It is often a part of the core values of a mission and vision in the form of good conduct and respectful interactions.
 Unity of command - Every employee should receive orders from only one superior or on behalf of the superior.
 Unity of direction - Each group of organisational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan for achievement of one common goal.
 Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest - The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organisation as a whole.
 Remuneration - All Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services. The wages paid must be as per a certain standard of living to the employee at the same time it is within the paying capacity of the company.
 Centralization and Decentralization  - This refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making.
 Scalar chain - The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain. However if someone needs to communicate some other person in emergency he/she might use "Gang Plank". ≤Fayol suggested the concept of ‘Gang Plank’ to avoid delays and allow direct communication between two subordinates at the same level.≥
 Order - this principle is concerned with systematic arrangement of men, machine, material etc. There should be a specific place for every employee in an organization. That is 'a place for everything (people) and everything has a place'.
 Equity - All the employees in the organization must be treated equally with respect to the justice and kindliness.
 Stability of tenure of personnel - High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
 Initiative - Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
 Esprit de Corps - Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organization.

Some Fayolian principles still influence some contemporary management theories to a certain degree.

Publications

Books, translated
 In 1930, Industrial and General Administration. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.

Articles, translated, a selection
 1900. "Henri Fayol addressed his colleagues in the mineral industry 23 June 1900." Translated by J.A. Coubrough. In: Fayol (1930) Industrial and General Administration. pp. 79–81 (Republished in: Wren, Bedeian & Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory ")
 1909. "L'exposee des principles generaux d'administration". Translated by J.D Breeze. published in: Daniel A. Wren, Arthur G. Bedeian, John D. Breeze, (2002) "The foundations of Henri Fayol's administrative theory ", Management Decision, Vol. 40 Iss: 9, pp. 906 – 918
 1923. "The administrative theory in the state". Translated by S. Greer. In: Gulick, L. and Urwick. L. Eds. (1937) Papers on the Science of Administration, Institute of Public Administration. New York. pp. 99–114

References

External links

 Fiche de lecture d'Administration industrielle et générale, Claude Remila, Cours d'organisation et systèmes d'information. (in French)

1841 births
1925 deaths
French mining businesspeople
French business theorists
French mining engineers
Public administration scholars


Drosera venusta is a subtropical sundew endemic to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. It was described as a new species by Paul Debbert in 1987. Some have questioned its specific rank, noting its affinity to D. natalensis, while others have reduced it to a synonym of D. natalensis.

See also
List of Drosera species

References

Carnivorous plants of Africa
venusta
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces
Plants described in 1987


Gilles van Ledenberg (c. 1550 – 28 September 1618) was a Dutch statesman. He was secretary of the States of Utrecht from 1588 until his arrest for treason in 1618, together with Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. He committed suicide to prevent forfeiture of his assets, but he was sentenced to death posthumously and posthumously executed.

Career
Ledenberg had humble origins. His father was probably a mason. He may have been a friar in his youth. However, he worked himself up to clerk of Floris Thin, the pensionary of the States of Utrecht, whom he succeeded in 1590, due to an intrigue by Oldenbarnevelt who wished to block the appointment of his rival Paulus Buys in that position. He had been secretary of the States from 1588 and also was appointed Clerk of the Utrecht "Leenhof" (one of the courts). He was married several times, lastly to Johanna van Sypesteyn (member of  an aristocratic family).

Arrest and trial

Ledenberg's notoriety derives from his role in the waardgelder crisis of 1618. During the Twelve Years' Truce social unrest had arisen because of the conflict in the Dutch Reformed Church between the Remonstrants and their opponents. Mobs had attacked regents of the Remonstrant party while the civic militias and the federal military authorities looked the other way. To protect themselves, these regents had pushed through the so-called Sharp Resolution in the States of Holland which allowed the local authorities in cities to recruit their own companies of mercenaries, called waardgelders, to maintain order. This was seen as a threat to his authority as commander-in-chief of the federal forces of the Dutch Republic by stadtholder Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange. Maurice now canvassed the States of the several provinces about the possible suppression of the waardgelders. On his way to Gelderland he was initially refused entry to the city of Utrecht and when he finally was allowed to stay there overnight, Ledenberg had his hotel guarded by civic militia, which was interpreted as an attempt at intimidation.

Because the city of Utrecht appeared first in line to have its waardgelders disarmed, the States of Utrecht sent a delegation to The Hague to discuss the matter with Maurice, of which Ledenberg was a prominent member. He  collaborated with Jacob Taurinus, who subjected the oration of Dudley Carleton in the States General. Instead of seeking out Maurice, however, this delegation engaged in conversations with prominent  members of the Remonstrant party in Holland, like Hugo Grotius, Rombout Hogerbeets and the pensionary of Haarlem, De Haan. They discussed several objections against the proposed suppression of the waardgelders with members of the States of Holland in an informal meeting at the house of the clerk of the States, which led to agreement to oppose the suppression. The Utrecht delegation then returned home without having seen Maurice. Next, Ledenberg convinced the States of Utrecht to adopt this policy and he also tried to thwart the march of federal troops to Utrecht after the disbanding of the waardgelders had been authorizedby the States-General. These activities clearly marked him as an opponent of Maurice.

After Maurice had taken over Utrecht and disbanded the waardgelders there at the end of July 1618, Ledenberg resigned his offices and fled to Gouda. When he returned to Utrecht he was placed under house arrest and finally arrested together with Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius, Hogerbeets and De Haan on 29 August 1618. He was locked up in the Binnenhof at The Hague, but was allowed the company of his son. The preliminary investigation in his trial was conducted by the fiscal (prosecutor) Van Leeuwen, who was a personal enemy (Ledenberg had engineered his dismissal a few years earlier). Van Leeuwen apparently threatened him with the rack and this may have driven Ledenberg to despair. He committed suicide by cutting his throat in the night of 28/29 September. He had left a suicide note in French with his son which indicated that he hoped to prevent forfeiture of his possessions in this way, because he expected his trial to end with his death.

However, his death did not prevent the judicial commission that tried the other "conspirators" to convict him, together with Oldenbarnevelt, on 12 May 1619. Like Oldenbarnevelt he was sentenced to death, and forfeiture, and the sentence was executed posthumously by hanging his embalmed body, in its coffin, from a gibbet. It was left hanging for 21 days, and after it was taken down, it was buried in the churchyard of the church at Voorburg. However, the same night a mob disinterred the corpse and threw it in a ditch. This caused sufficient revulsion to cause the Hof van Holland (the main Dutch court) to issue an injunction against further depredations. The body was later secretly reburied in a chapel belonging to his son-in-law, Adam van Lokhorst.

Notes and references

Citations

Sources
 "Ledenberg, Gilles van," in:  (1789) Vaderlandsch Woordenboek. Tweeëntwintigste Deel, pp. 32-35
 "Ledenbergh (Gilles van)," in:  (1865) Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden: bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige personen, die zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons vanderland hebben vermaard gemaakt. Deel 11, pp. 231-234

External links

1550s births
17th-century suicides
1618 deaths
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War
Politicians from Utrecht (city)
Dutch people who died in prison custody
People who died by suicide in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Dutch detention
Posthumous executions
Suicides by sharp instrument
Suicides in the Netherlands


"I Taut I Taw A Puddy-Tat" is a novelty song composed and written by Alan Livingston, Billy May and Warren Foster.  It was sung by Mel Blanc, who provided the voice of the bird, Tweety and of his nemesis Sylvester.

The lyrics depict the basic formula of the Tweety-Sylvester cartoons released by Warner Bros. throughout the late 1940s into the early 1960’s - Tweety is just being a canary. Sylvester, the cat, is always (he thinks, craftily), plotting to catch Tweetybird.  While Tweety, being much smarter than Sylvester, is relentlessly teasing him and getting away, making Sylveser very frustrated indeed.

Toward the end of the song, the two perform a duet, with Tweety coaxing Sylvester into singing with him after promising that his (Tweety's) mistress won't chase him (Sylvester) away.

"I Taut I Taw A Puddy-Tat" reached No. 9 on the Billboard pop chart during a seven-week chart run in February and March 1951, and sold more than two million records.

The song was covered by Helen Kane between 1950–51 with Jimmy Carroll & His Orchestra.Around the same time the song was also covered by Danny Kaye.

Tony Blair had the sheet music for this song upon his piano during the war against Iraq.

In 2011, Warner Bros. created a 3D CGI Looney Tunes short of the same name starring Sylvester, Tweety, and  Granny (June Foray in her final theatrical voice acting role before her death in 2017), incorporating Blanc's vocals with brand new animation and music. The short premiered in theaters with Happy Feet Two.

In 2008, the British comedian Jeremy Hardy sang the song's lyrics to the tune of "I Vow to Thee, My Country", during a live recording of the BBC Radio 4 panel game, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue.

References

External links

1950 singles
Novelty songs
Looney Tunes songs
Comedy songs
Songs written by Billy May
1950 songs
Songs about cats
Songs about fictional male characters
Capitol Records singles


The Séoune () is a  long river in the Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne and Lot-et-Garonne départements, southwestern France. Its source is at Sauzet. It flows generally southwest. It is a right tributary of the Garonne into which it flows between Lafox and Boé, near Agen.

Départements and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
 Lot: Sauzet, Carnac-Rouffiac, Bagat-en-Quercy, Fargues, Montcuq, Belmontet, Valprionde,
 Tarn-et-Garonne: Belvèze, Bouloc, Lauzerte, Montagudet, Touffailles, Miramont-de-Quercy, Fauroux, Brassac, Castelsagrat, Montjoi
 Lot-et-Garonne: Saint-Maurin
 Tarn-et-Garonne: Perville
 Lot-et-Garonne: Tayrac, Puymirol, Saint-Pierre-de-Clairac, Castelculier, Lafox, Boé

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Lot (department)
Rivers of Tarn-et-Garonne
Rivers of Lot-et-Garonne
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)


Dominican High School was a Catholic high school that existed in Galveston, Texas, United States from 1882 to 1968.

Establishment
Dominican High School was established in Galveston in 1882.

Consolidation and closure
In the autumn of 1967, the religious orders operating Dominican High School and the two other Galveston Catholic high schools agreed on consolidation as a means of continuing Catholic secondary education in Galveston, offering a broader curriculum than was possible in any of the three smaller high schools. The Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Galveston-Houston, Bishop John Morkovsky, S.T.D., approved the plan. He appointed a Board of Trustees composed of laymen and priests to plan and bring about the consolidation in cooperation with the Diocese, the three religious orders, and the Catholic parishes of Galveston County. The Board named the newly created school after the Right Rev. Monsignor Daniel P. O’Connell, P.A., pastor of St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica in Galveston from 1933 until his death in 1966, and a long-time friend of Catholic education.

O’Connell College Preparatory School is now the only Catholic secondary school in Galveston County. O’Connell resulted from the consolidation of three previously existing Catholic Schools in 1968: Dominican High School, Kirwin High School, and Ursuline Academy.

References

Educational institutions established in 1882
Educational institutions disestablished in 1968
Defunct Catholic secondary schools in Texas
Education in Galveston, Texas
History of Galveston, Texas
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston–Houston
Defunct schools in Texas
1882 establishments in Texas
1968 disestablishments in Texas
Religion in Galveston, Texas


"All I Want Is a Life" is a song written by Stan Munsey, Tony Mullins, and Don Pfrimmer and recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw. It was released in January 1996 as the third single and partial title track to McGraw's album All I Want. The song peaked at number 5 in the United States and at number 2 in Canada.

Content
The narrator is tired of his everyday life and expresses an ambition for a better one.

Music video
The music video was directed and produced by Sherman Halsey. The video debuted on CMT's "Jammin' Country" on January 20, 1996. It features Tim McGraw performing the song with his band at a deserted circus, along with a bunch of clowns. At the beginning of the video, McGraw is seen walking through the desert, and showing a statue of a funny clown laughing.

Chart positions
"All I Want Is a Life" re-entered the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart as an official single at number 74 for the week of January 20, 1996.

Year-end charts

References

1996 singles
1995 songs
Tim McGraw songs
Songs written by Don Pfrimmer
Songs written by Stan Munsey
Songs written by Tony Mullins
Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey
Curb Records singles


Robert Marshall Watts (1923-1988) was an American artist best known for his work as a member of the international group of artists Fluxus. Born in Burlington, Iowa June 14, 1923, he became Professor of Art at Douglass College, Rutgers University, New Jersey in 1953, a post he kept until 1984. In the 1950s, he was in close contact with other teachers at Rutgers including Allan Kaprow, Geoffrey Hendricks and Roy Lichtenstein. This has led some critics to claim that pop art and conceptual art began at Rutgers.

He organised the proto-fluxus Yam Festival, May 1963 with George Brecht, and was one of the main protagonists, along with George Maciunas, in turning SoHo, New York, into an artist's quarter. He died Friday September 2, 1988 of lung cancer in Martins Creek, Pennsylvania.

He was also known as Bob Watts or Doctor Bob.

Early life

Watts attended the duPont Manual High School in Louisville and earned a degree in mechanical engineering at the University of Louisville in 1944.

He joined the United States Navy in December 1942 while still in college and was commissioned an ensign in 1945. He served aboard the aircraft carriers USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60) and the USS Solomons (CVE-67), and left the Navy in May 1946.

He moved to New York in 1948, where he studied art at the Art Students League and later at Columbia University from where he gained a degree in the History of Art in 1951, majoring in pre-Columbian and non-Western Art. After becoming Professor of Art at Douglass College, Rutgers University, 1953, he started to exhibit works in a proto-pop style. He participated in Pop Art shows such as New Forms, New Media exhibition in 1960 at Martha Jackson's Gallery; the Popular Image exhibition at the Washington Gallery of Art in 1963; and the 1964 American Supermarket exhibition at New York's Bianchini Gallery, which also featured Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg and Tom Wesselmann. After exhibiting at Leo Castelli's Gallery in 1964, Watts turned his back on the gallery system, and concentrated instead on the anti-art of the emerging New York avant-garde centred around George Maciunas.
"[His] work obviously related to that of the Pop artists that I had discovered a few years before ... Watts' chromed objects closely related to Johns' cast beer cans and flashlights, for instance. The 1964 exhibition also included Watts' sculpture of plaster cast loaves of bread on shelves. That work, in particular, I think of as one of his most important inventions. I'm also particularly fond of the chrome eggs and egg carton in my own collection which will appear in this [posthumous] show. The public will be surprised that an artist -so promising at such an early date- did not receive through the years the appreciation he deserved." Leo Castelli

The Yam Festival

Watts met the artist and chemist George Brecht in 1957 after the latter saw an exhibition of Watts' work and sought his acquaintance; the two would meet for lunch every week, with Kaprow occasionally joining them, for a number of years to discuss art and to plan joint exhibitions. One of the most famous was the proto-fluxus Yam Festival (1962–3), which used mail-art to build expectations for a month-long series of happenings, performances and exhibitions at Rutgers, New York City and George Segal's farm in New Jersey. Participating artists included Alison Knowles, Ay-O, Al Hansen, Ray Johnson, John Cage, and Dick Higgins. The events ran parallel to George Maciunas' Fluxus Festivals in Europe (Sept 1962-early 1963) -which had already performed some of Watts' event scores in Düsseldorf- and the two events were officially joined when Maciunas published Brecht's event scores as Water Yam, the first of the Flux boxes to be published. Watts' own flux collection, Robert Watts Events was published a year later and brought together many of the mail art event scores that had been used to publicise the Yam Festival.
"I consider Yam Lecture a chain of events arranged in such a way that the sequence is quite random, no performance exactly like any other, with changing performers, costumers, actions, sounds, words, images, and so on. The 'structure' is such that it is very flexible (nearly non-existent) and permits inclusion of anything one wished to do and any possible future changes. It is a loose and open thing. The audience puts it together the way it wishes or not at all."

"Similar ideas were at work in Yam Festival which George Brecht and I carried out last year. In effect this was a mailing to an audience, sometimes randomly chosen, of an assortment of things. Some were event cards similar to the above; others were objects, food, pencils, soap, photos, actions, words, facts, statements, declarations, puzzles, etc. Certain ones were by subscription. One might say this way of working is a way or manner of calling attention to what one wishes to talk about; or it is a way of talking about it. Or it is a way to hold up for scrutiny a range of material that ordinarily is not so directly useful for art or has not yet been so considered." Robert Watts, quoted in the Times Literary Supplement, 1964

One example of Watts' event scores around this point is Casual Event;

Casual Event (1962)
—drive car to filling station
—inflate right front tire
—continue to inflate until tire blows out
—change tire*
—drive home

—*if car is newer model drive home on blown out tire

According to Henry Flynt, Maciunas '[begged] Watts not to continue 'Yam' separately from Fluxus. Maciunas was desperate to unite the whole post-Cage movement under his command.'

Fluxus

Watts' friendship with Maciunas was cemented when the latter was confined to a hospital bed throughout May 1963. To cheer him up, Watts sent him Hospital Events (see ). Maciunas enjoyed the piece so much that he published it as an early Fluxbox; many of Watts' contemporary event cards were subsequently included in Fluxus 1, 1963, Maciunas' first year box compiling works by the members of the international avant-garde.
"It must have been Alison Knowles who called me up to say [George Maciunas] was in bad shape with asthma in an Air Force hospital in Germany and needed help or at least some encouragement. ... I decided to send something for entertainment, so I stuck some pistol caps on the back of old photos from an Italian magazine of WWI vintage. I remember there was a photo of a priest blessing a propeller of an Italian Air Force fighter plane. The idea was to put the photo on an anvil and hit the front with a hammer until all the caps exploded. Later GM said he got a big kick out of this procedure, especially since after he exploded all the caps, he set up the photos' remains for the locals to continue the destruction. ... he said the people beat the shit out of those photos until there was nothing left but fuzz." Robert Watts, 1980
Over the years Watts contributed a number of works to Fluxus including a Flux Atlas, a collection of rocks from different countries, and a Flux Timekit, a series of boxes that housed objects that existed in different time scales, such as seeds to be planted, a time-lapsed photo of a speeding bullet and a pocket watch. He also set up Implosions Inc. with Maciunas to mass-produce novelty items, and helped run the Flux Housing Co-Operative, an artist-run scheme that is held responsible for the rehabilitation and gentrification of SoHo, offering cheap loft spaces to artists throughout the sixties and seventies. Watts himself was the first resident of the first working Flux Co-Op at 80 Wooster Street. Jonas Mekas' cinematheque and Maciunas' apartment were housed in the same building which soon became the 'central Fluxus loft'. He took part in the notorious Flux Mass, and was one of the very few original artists apart from Maciunas himself to have neither distanced himself from the movement, nor to have been expelled.

Posthumous Reputation
Referred to as the invisible man of Fluxus and Pop by the critic Kim Levin, a term later used as the title of a solo posthumous show in Kassel, Watts remains a 'distant, aloof, and enigmatic' figure. In general his reputation has gradually recovered since the late 90s, although not without comments on some of the works' perceived sexism. As individual members of Fluxus have increasingly been singled out for re-appraisals, Watts work has been seen in a number of solo and small group shows across the US and Europe.
'There is something impersonal or phlegmatic in Watts's composition, a deliberately flattened sense of timing. This aspect of his work has not aged as gracefully as have his concerns with commodity and its absurdities. A puckish wit remains where media and message are crisply meshed, as in Portrait Dress, 1965, a see-through vinyl frock with pockets for photographs, or the suite of neon signs in which the signatures of masters like Ingres, Duchamp, and Lichtenstein glow like ads. Other items in this show appeared dated, such as the Lucite sculptures with embedded photographs of food, or the painted plaster casts of bread lined up in a grayscale row, but this was largely because their semiotic jokesterism has been so wholly assimilated by successors that it cannot startle now as it did then.' Frances Richard, 2001
His work is held in numerous collections, including The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, Whitney Museum of American Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, The Art Institute of Chicago, The Philadelphia Museum of Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, J. Paul Getty Museum, Kunsthaus Zurich, and Tate Modern, London.

See also
Fluxus at Rutgers University

External links
Cold War Games and Postwar Art / Claudia Mesch
Robert Watts: The Complete Postage Stamp Sheets, 1961–1986
Flux Med Doctor Bob
Robert Watts by Frances Richard
37 short Fluxus films, 1962–70 including Watts' Trace #22–24, 1965
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/27321015/robert-marshall-watts
Robert Watts, Navy Log entry at the United States Navy Memorial
Finding aid for the Robert Watts papers, 1883-1989, bulk 1940-1988, by Annette Leddy, Online Archive of California

Notes

1923 births
1988 deaths
People from Burlington, Iowa
Fluxus
American conceptual artists
Columbia University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
DuPont Manual High School alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy reservists
University of Louisville alumni