The Penn State Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (PSU AROTC) is the ROTC department at The Pennsylvania State University. It is the largest branch of the ROTC program at the school, which also has Naval ROTC and Air Force ROTC.
The Nittany Lion Battalion (NLB) is one of the 41 participating battalions in the 2nd Reserve Officers' Training Corps Brigade, also known as the Freedom Brigade. The brigade is headquartered at Fort Dix, NJ, and comprises ROTC programs in the North Eastern United States including CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and VT.

History

Penn State's role in national defense dates from 1863, when it was designated a place for boys to be land-grant institution under the Morrill Act. Congress included military training as part of the mission of land-grant colleges. The Civil War was then raging, and the concept of broad-based military preparedness was very important to lawmakers. In 1917, to address World War I's need for trained military leaders, the University established a component of the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC). The ROTC provided military instruction in addition to standard academic studies and awarded reserve officers' commissions to students upon graduation. During World War I, in a gesture that would become a hallmark of Penn State's commitment to the military, the University volunteered the use of the University Park campus grounds and buildings to the War Department and the Pennsylvania National Guard for training purposes. In addition, the University provided technological training to students headed off to war, as well as national defense research through its schools of engineering and agriculture. Penn State's involvement in defense-related activities expanded during World War II to include additional personnel-training programs, as well as government-funded research projects. Penn State furnished defense-related training to more than 140,000 at 200 communities across the state, and provided instruction to thousands more at the University Park campus.

Currently, 19 of Penn State's 24 locations offer at least one ROTC program either as a host unit or in partnership with another Pennsylvania college or university. Penn State's Tri-Service ROTC is consistently in the top of the Big Ten in ROTC enrollment. All three programs are top-ranked nationally and have received high marks during external inspections and audits compared with their counterparts across the country.

In the fall of 2010 a team of 10 students from the Penn State Army ROTC came out on top of squads from 43 other northeastern schools in the regional Ranger Challenge Competition held on Oct. 24, near West Point, N.Y. The Penn State's victory propels them to the historic Sandhurst Military Skills Competition, which has been held annually since 1967, where they will compete with squads from across the nation and around the world. This year's competition will be held on April 16, 2011, at the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Penn State has been the largest ROTC program in the Big Ten Conference. Females comprise 14 percent of Penn State ROTC students, which is close to each service's norms; however, ethnicity percentages are lower than each service's norms. Penn State's Army ROTC enrollment comprises 16 percent of all Pennsylvania schools' Army ROTC enrollment. Army ROTC cadets most favor the crime, law and justice major, followed by engineering. About one-fourth of all Penn State ROTC students are on the dean's list. All ROTC students must meet and maintain academic, aptitude, medical, and physical requirements. Beginning in the Fall semester of 2008, a special living option in Brumbaugh Hall in East Halls has been offered to freshman ROTC students, which has proven popular, as male student spaces are at capacity. One-fourth of Army students have chosen to live in this residence hall.

Progression

For a cadet who takes only the first two years of ROTC (basic course), there is no military obligation, unless the student accepts a scholarship or enrolls in the Simultaneous Membership Program (SMP). An SMP cadet is simultaneously an ROTC cadet and a member of the Army Reserve or National Guard. The last two years of the program is called the advanced course. All advance course cadets sign a contract and agree to serve on either active duty or in a reserve component (Army National Guard or Army Reserve) after graduation. This enlistment contract places the cadet in the United States Army Reserve Control Group (ROTC) so they can be paid at least a stipend during the school year and for training during the summer between the junior and senior years.

Course of instruction
All Army ROTC courses at Penn State have three components: classroom instruction, physical readiness training, and Leadership Labs. Each level of ROTC have their own classroom instruction periods. Freshmen and sophomores have one 50-minute class each week, while juniors and seniors have two 75-minute classes each week. Everyone participates as a group for an hour-long physical readiness training session, three times each week. The weekly two-hour Leadership Labs are planned and conducted by the students. The ROTC Cadets are organized as a battalion with senior Cadets serving in leadership and staff positions from the platoon to battalion level. Junior Cadets receive separate training to prepare them for the Leader Development and Assessment Course (LDAC). Sophomores lead squads and help train the freshmen Cadets on a range of military skills and knowledge.

Basic course

Military Science I Year (MSI)
This year serves as the cadets’ first introduction to the Army. Topics covered include military courtesy, military history, basic first aid, basic rifle marksmanship, basic hand grenade use, land navigation, rappelling, fundamentals of leadership, map orienteering, field training, and drill and ceremony.

Cadet Initial Entrance Training (CIET)
CIET is four weeks of intense classroom and field training held in the summer at Fort Knox, KY. The course is intended for MSL I (and some MSL II) Cadets who have received contracts in the year or two prior. It is the first of two mandatory courses in order for Cadets to complete ROTC training.

Military Science II Year (MSII)
The second year is an expansion of the topics taught in the first year of the program. Cadets are introduced to tactics, troop leading procedures, basics of operations orders, and ethics.

Advanced course

Military Science III Year (MSIII)
The third year marks the beginning of the Advanced Course. This is where most cadets must contract with the Army to continue in the program. Cadets may be eligible for the Advanced Course if the following criteria are met:

The cadet has prior military service OR
The cadet took three or more years of JROTC in high school OR
The cadet has completed the first two years of the program (Basic Course) OR
The cadet has graduated the Leaders Training Course (formerly Basic Camp) at Ft. Knox AND
The cadet has completed 54 credits (at least 60 preferred) of college coursework.

The course sequence in this year is mainly focused on the application of leadership and small-unit tactics. Cadets are assigned rotating leadership positions within the School Battalion and are evaluated on their performance and leadership abilities while in those positions. Third-year cadets practice briefing operations orders, executing small-unit tactics, leading and participating in physical training, and preparing for successful performance at the four-week Leader Development and Assessment Course during the summer following the third year. Under current regulations, unless the cadet is in the Nursing program, attendance at the course is mandatory (in the past, Ranger School was offered as an alternative to select cadets).

Cadet Leadership Course (CLC)
Also at Fort Knox, CLC is a new style of training from the formerly LDAC. At three weeks long, Cadets are trained and instructed on leadership abilities, in class and field. Additionally, Cadets take three primary assessment tests which go into their point value on the Order of Merit List.

Military Science IV Year (MSIV)
This is the final year of the ROTC program and the main focus is towards preparing cadets to become successful lieutenants in the Army upon graduation and commissioning. Senior cadets apply for their branches (career fields). Senior cadets apply before end of their third year but have until mid September to make any changes before they are locked in. In early September, cadets are notified of which service and status they were granted (e.g., Regular Army, Army Reserve, Army National Guard; as well as whether they will be active duty or not). The next thing they will be notified is the branch of choice in mid October. Last but not least, cadets will be given their requested first duty location from late March through early April. In the meantime, senior cadets are assigned cadet battalion staff positions and are responsible for evaluating MS III cadets, planning and coordinating training operations and missions. MSL IV's main goal is to teach and train MSL I, II and III cadets as well as be a mentor and establish sustainable systems to meet all requirements and provide quality training designed to develop and prepare the best leaders for United States Army.

Organization

The Penn State Nittany Lion Battalion is a Cadet run battalion, which means the cadre supervise, but the senior cadets (MS IVs) organize, develop, and execute training. As of Fall 2015, the Nittany Lion Battalion has five companies. Four are located at University Park; Alpha Company, Bravo Company, Charlie Company, and the Higher Headquarters Company (HHC) and Delta Company is located at the Altoona Commonwealth campus.

Battalion HHC (University Park, PA - Main Campus)
Led by select MS IV cadets. HHC includes the Battalion Commander with his Battalion XO, CSM, and staff (S-1, S-3, S-4, S-6, PAO, etc.) - each with a team of MSL IV Cadets.

Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie Companies (University Park, PA - Main Campus)
In charge of each company are Commanders, Executive Officers, and First Sergeants. Each company is made of 2 Platoons, led by Platoon Leader and Platoon Sergeant. MSL III and IV cadets are in charge of each Platoon and Company, while MSL II cadets lead the Squads found in each Platoon. Companies are made of approximately 60-70 Cadets from all four class levels.

Notable graduates

GEN Gary Brito
LTG William Pagonis
LTG John J. Yeosock
LTG Vaughn O. Lang
COL David E. Pergrin
Honorable Samuel E. Hayes, Jr.
LTG Charles W. Eifler, BS Engineering 1936, ROTC

Awards

There are three Department of the Army decorations authorized exclusively to cadets:
 ROTC Medal for Heroism
 Superior Cadet Decoration Award
 Ranger Challenge Tab
Outside these, cadets are eligible for numerous U.S. Army awards and decorations, as well as awards and decorations sponsored by various military societies and organizations. These include:
Legion of Valor Bronze Cross for Achievement
National Defense Transportation Association (NDTA) Award
Same Award (Society of American Military Engineers)
National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA)  (Formerly the American Defense Preparedness Association - ADPA Gold Scholarship Key Award)
Association of the United States Army (AUSA) Award
American Legion Awards (General Military Excellence and Scholastic Excellence)
Sons of the American Revolution (SAR) Award
The Retired Officers' Association (TROA) Medal
Society of the War of 1812 Award
George C. Marshall ROTC Award
Military Order of the Purple Heart Leadership Medal Award
United States Field Artillery Association Award
Army Aviation Association of America Award
AFCEA Award For Distinguished Performance
General and Mrs. Matthew B. Ridgway Military History Research Fellowship
Military Order of World Wars Awards
Daughters of the American Revolution
American Veterans Outstanding Cadet Award
Reserve Officers Association Awards
USAA Spirit Award
Veterans of Foreign Wars Award
National Society of Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America Award
National Sojourners Award
Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry Award
Military Officers Association of America Award
Special Forces Association Award
American Veterans of World War II, Korea, and Vietnam Award
Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association Education Foundation Award

References

ROTC programs in the United States
Pennsylvania State University


Saurornitholestinae is a subfamily of the theropod group Dromaeosauridae. The saurornitholestines currently include three monotypic genera: Atrociraptor marshalli, Bambiraptor feinbergi, and Saurornitholestes langstoni. All are medium-sized dromaeosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western North America. The group was originally recognized by Longrich and Currie as the sister taxon to a clade formed by the Dromaeosaurinae and Velociraptorinae. However, not all phylogenetic analyses recover this group and/or with the same proposed genera.

Classification
Below are the results for the Eudromaeosauria phylogeny based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Jasinski and colleagues in 2020 during the description of Dineobellator. The group was recovered, but this time with the exclusion of Bambiraptor:

See also

 Timeline of dromaeosaurid research

References

Eudromaeosaurs
Fossil taxa described in 2009


Anne Marie Dubernet known as Cyprienne Dubernet, Madame Olympe Hériot and later Madame Roger Douine (1857 – 5 December 1945), was a French patron of the arts and philanthropist, who was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur.

Biography
Daughter of a wool-spinner, Anne Marie Dubernet came from a modest family in Lot-et-Garonne.  She sold corsets at the Grands Magasins du Louvre and on 24 August 1887 married the director-proprietor, Olympe Hériot (1833–1899), to whom she had already borne two children.  They had four children in total, including Virginie Hériot, who became a competitive sailor.

In 1894 they moved to a mansion in Paris.  Widowed in 1899, Anne Marie inherited her husband's fortune in accordance with his will.  In 1903 she redeveloped a site of  on the Rue de la Faisanderie in Paris, commissioning architect Hans-Georg Tersling to build a mansion, which she sold in 1928.

In 1904 she bought a yacht, Ketoomba, which she renamed Salvador.  She wrote a memoir of her voyages (Croisière en Méditerranée (Coulommiers, P. Brodard, 1905, 298 pages, in-8)). Around 1904, she commissioned architect Edouard Arnaud to build the Villa Cypris in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin on the French Riviera.

On 16 December 1908 she remarried to Roger Douine Hippolytus (died 1925).

During the First World War, she turned her château in Essoyes into a hospital.  She sold this in 1929.  In 1917 she donated 1.5 million francs to enlarge an orphanage founded in 1884 by her first husband in the grounds of his Château de La Boissière in La Boissière-École.  In 1920 she donated to the orphanage the Castel de Barbe-Brulée near Cancale to serve as a holiday home.

Thanks to her generosity she was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur on 5 June 1921 by the order of Marshal Philippe Pétain.

She was buried in the family vault in La Boissière-École.

References

Sources

Translator's note: These are in French.
 Bernard Pharisien, L'Exceptionnelle famille Hériot, Le Mée-sur-Seine, Imprimerie Némont, 2001 ()
 Gérard Rousset-Charny, Les Palais parisiens de la Belle Époque, Paris, Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris, 1990, pp. 170 sqq.

1857 births
1945 deaths
People from Nérac
Knights of the Legion of Honour


William T. Rhodes was a footballer who played one game at full-back for Burslem Port Vale in March 1894.

Career
Rhodes joined Burslem Port Vale in July 1893. He would have made his debut at Lincoln City on 24 February, but failed to turn up after missing his train. Instead, he made his first start in a 6–4 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers at the Athletic Ground on 5 March in the Staffordshire Senior Cup Second Round. He played one Second Division match before being released, probably in 1896.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


The Grand Mosque of Niamey () is an Islamic mosque located in Niamey, Niger. It was built in the 1970s. The largest mosque in the city, it is located along Islam Avenue. The building was funded with money from Libya. It features a minaret with 171 steps from top to bottom.

See also
  Lists of mosques
  List of mosques in Africa

References

Buildings and structures in Niamey
Mosques in Niger
Mosques completed in the 1970s


Araeomorpha is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Araeomorpha diplopa (Lower, 1903)
Araeomorpha limnophila Turner, 1937

References

 , 1903: Descriptions of new Australian Noctuina, & c.. Transactions of the Royal Society South Australia, 27: 27–74.
 , 1908: New Australian Lepidoptera of the families Noctuidae and Pyralidae. Transactions of the Royal Society South Australia, 32: 55–109.
 , 1915: Studies in Australian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 27: 11–57.
 , 1937: New Australian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 48 (10): 61–88.

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner


Archernis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Archernis albicostalis Hampson, 1913
Archernis argocephala Lower, 1903
Archernis callixantha Meyrick, 1886
Archernis capitalis (Fabricius, 1794)
Archernis dolopsalis (Walker, 1859)
Archernis eucosma Turner, 1908
Archernis flavidalis Hampson, 1908
Archernis fulvalis Hampson, 1913
Archernis fulvalis Hampson, 1899
Archernis humilis (Swinhoe, 1894)
Archernis leucocosma Turner, 1908
Archernis lugens (Warren, 1896)
Archernis mitis Turner, 1937
Archernis nictitans (Swinhoe, 1894)
Archernis obliquialis Hampson, 1896
Archernis scopulalis (Walker, 1865)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Arlington Ridge is a neighborhood in Arlington County, Virginia, United States.  It is bordered on the north by The Pentagon, on the west by the Army Navy Country Club, and on the south the City of Alexandria. The main thoroughfare is the eponymous Arlington Ridge Road, a mansion-lined boulevard that, due to its high elevation, offers picturesque views of Washington, D.C., and the surrounding areas.  Also known simply as "The Ridge", this community is home to two historical points of interest: the Hume School (National Register of Historic Places), currently the site of the Arlington Country Historical Society and Museum, and Fort Scott (Historic District), currently the site of Fort Scott Park.

Geography
A low rise above the adjoining terrain, Arlington Ridge ran from just above the city of Alexandria to a position northward directly across the Potomac from Georgetown. The ridge included land later leveled for construction of the Pentagon and Shirley Highway.  Geologists believe the ridge may have been the shoreline of the Potomac during flood stage thousands of years ago.

Hume School

The Hume School was built in 1891 and is the oldest school building in Arlington County.  An active school until 1958, it is now the home of the Arlington Historical Society.  It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

The Little Tea House
The Little Tea House Restaurant, located on Arlington Ridge Road, opened in 1920 and remained there until 1963, when it was demolished to make room for a high-rise apartment building. During its heyday, many famous people ate at the restaurant, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Amelia Earhart, and Oliver Wendell Holmes. Known for its lovely gardens and views, it was also one of the first places in Arlington, where racially mixed groups could meet. Gertrude Crocker, who started the restaurant, was active in women's issues throughout her life and started the restaurant so she could be independent and her own "boss."  When Mrs. Crocker leased, and later sold, the business to Gertrude Allison, it became known for a period as Allison's Little Tea House.

A postcard produced for the Little Tea House described the restaurant with this caption:

1301 South Arlington Ridge Road. Reminiscent of early American days with its brass and copper antiques, its shelves of rare old cook books, its tinkling Swiss music box, Allison's Little Tea House has been devoted for the past quarter of a century to the art of gracious eating.

The only remaining remnant of the Little Tea House that is visible today is a small stone tower located at the intersection South Lynn Street, now used as a small maintenance building for an adjacent swimming pool.
The stone tower is a lovely reminder of a bygone era in this historic area. Today, countless pedestrians walk by in their hilly, tree-lined neighborhood to reach the local shopping area of Pentagon City.  Currently, the rich history of this impressive structure remains unmarked.

Prospect Hill
.

At the northern terminus of Arlington Ridge lies Prospect Hill, an Arlington County historic site.  The sign here reads:

The mansion which formerly stood here was built in 1841 by James Roach, a prosperous contractor who supplied most of the brick and stone used in the construction of the Aqueduct Bridge and Alexandria Canal (under construction 1833–1843) and the Alexandria, Loudoun, and Hampshire Railroad (under construction 1853–1859). His property, which extended to Roach’s Run, was ruined and vandalized during the construction of Fort Runyon and Fort Albany in 1861. His mansion was demolished in 1965.

Prospect Hill's vantage immediately overlooking the Pentagon (and the Washington, D.C., skyline beyond) makes it a popular location for photographers.  After the September 11 attacks, this spot offered a clear view of the Pentagon's damaged side.  Many of the pictures that appeared around the world showing the still smoldering Pentagon were taken from this spot.  Immediately after the disaster, a makeshift memorial consisting of wreaths and flowers was also established here.

Prospect Hill's strategic elevation overlooking the Old Georgetown Road and the Green Valley made it an ideal location for a defensive post during the Civil War.  Consequently, it was selected as the site for Fort Albany.

Fort Albany

Located atop Prospect Hill was Fort Albany, a civil war fort established as part of the original defenses of Washington.  Although no remains of the fort exist, the location is a designated Arlington County historic site.  A sign here reads:

Immediately to the northwest stood Fort Albany, a bastioned earthwork built in May, 1861, to command the approach to the Long Bridge by way of the Columbia Turnpike. It had a perimeter of 429 yards and emplacements for 12 guns. Even after Forts Richardson and Craig were built, 1300 yards to the west and north respectively, the heavy guns of Fort Albany served to support them, and to dominate them if they were captured. The ground on which the Fort stood was cut away during the construction of the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway, in 1942.

Fort Scott

Built by the Union Army in May 1861, Fort Scott was built as a detached lunette to guard the south flank of the defenses of Washington.  It was named for General Winfield Scott, then General-in-Chief of the Army.  One of many forts build to safeguard the capital, it was subsequently relegated to an interior position by the construction of the defenses of Alexandria about 1/4 miles to the west. The fort had a perimeter of 313 yards and emplacements for 8 guns.

The fort is designated as an Historic District.

Revolutionary War

Separating the Arlington Ridge community from the Army Navy Country Club lies Army Navy Drive, formerly known as Old Georgetown Road.  In September 1781, American troops under the command of General George Washington and French troops under General Rochambeau marched southward from New Jersey over this section of Old Georgetown Road en route to Yorktown, Virginia, where they defeated the British in the decisive battle of the American Revolution.

Civil War

Facts

Arlington Ridge boasts several unique distinctions in the history of the Civil War:

 First piece of Confederate-occupied territory captured by the Union Army
 Longest-held Confederate territory during the course of the war
 Final encampment for much of the Union Army

Seizure of The Ridge

Because of its high elevation and close proximity to the capital (a little over 3 miles to the then-uncompleted Washington monument), Arlington Ridge offered a natural strategic point necessary for securing the defense of Washington.  If confederate forces were able to secure The Ridge, mortars would easily be able to shell the capital.  On May 23, 1861, Virginia citizens voted 3 to 1 in favor of secession.  At dawn the next day, May 24, Union troops crossed the Potomac to seize Arlington Heights.

To the south of The Ridge, leading the 11th New York Zouave regiment, Col. Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth was charged with seizing the city of Alexandria.  Advancing uncontested through the streets, Elssworth ordered some of his men to take the railroad station and a few others to secure the telegraph office.  On the way, he espied a Confederate flag flying from the Marshall House Inn.  Ellsworth and a group of others entered the inn and ran up the stairs to remove the flag.  Ellsworth cut the flag down, however, on the way down the stairs, he was shot and killed by the owner of the inn, James W. Jackson.  Jackson was subsequently shot and killed by Cpl. Francis E. Brownell, who was later rewarded for his actions.

To the north of the Ridge, Col. Orlando B. Wilcox led the 1st Michigan Regiment.  Landing in what is now the area presently occupied by Arlington National Cemetery, Wilcox and his men quickly descended upon the Lee/Custis House, the estate owned by Gen. Robert E. Lee, who had resigned his commission from the Union Army only a few weeks earlier on April 20.  Wilcox next advanced south and met up with Ellsworth's men to secure Arlington heights, completing the first successful campaign to recapture confederate territory during the war.

Once under federal control, Union engineers hastily began constructing a series of fortifications to protect the capital.  These forts became the first line of defense for Washington, establishing the beginning of the so-called Arlington Line.  At the southern end of this line, a fort was constructed on the highest point of The Ridge.  This fort, named Fort Scott, is now the site of the current park that bears the same name.

Final encampment

At the conclusion of the war, on May 23/24, 1865, a two-day military parade was held in Washington, D.C.  Nearly all of the major Union armies took part in the parade, and they bivouacked on Arlington Ridge.  Mustering-out commenced once the parade ended, and so for many union soldiers, the last official campsite was on The Ridge.

Arlington Ridge Road

Formerly the Alexandria-Georgetown Road, Arlington Ridge Road currently extends from South Glebe Road to Army Navy Drive, which itself was formerly known as Old Georgetown Road.  Prior to the construction of The Pentagon and Shirley Highway (later re-designated Interstate 395), Arlington Ridge Road was a major county thoroughfare that extended through to Rosslyn.

From the 1890s until the 1920s, the Northern Virginia electric railway operated trolleys in Arlington.  One of the lines that made up this system, the East Arlington Branch Line, traveled along most of its route along a section of Arlington Ridge Road that is now within Arlington National Cemetery.

In January 1934 the Commissioner of Public Roads prepared a report on the situation for the National Capital Parks and Planning Commission.  This report resulted in a plan for a system of arterial highways in the area that would, among other things, allow expansion and protection of the Arlington National Cemetery by elimination of the adjacent segment of Arlington Ridge Road, which at that time, constituted the eastern boundary of the Arlington National Cemetery.  Although approved by the commission in 1934, little was done to realize the plan.

In March 1941, a revised general layout was prepared that was largely the same but also included a new route to the south, later known as the Shirley Highway.  The section of Shirley Highway from VA-7 to the beginning of the Pentagon Road Network at Arlington Ridge Road, started out as a Virginia Department of Highways project.  Development accelerated as the U.S. entered World War II, and the fate of Arlington Ridge Road was sealed when it was shortened to its present length.

A final reduction change came about in the 1980s when the remaining stretch of Arlington Ridge Road was reduced from four lanes to two, accompanied by installation of standard 4-foot sidewalks and grass easements.

Zoned parking

The nearby urban development of Crystal City has large number of daily commuters. Either to avoid paying for parking, or because of lack of space, it was common for these commuters to park on residential streets in the nearby Arlington Ridge and Aurora Hills communities.  This daily flood of out-of-town strangers into formerly tranquil and isolated neighborhoods caused many problems.  Starting in 1968, the Arlington Ridge and Aurora Hills civic associations petitioned Arlington County for help with the situation.  A zoned parking ordinance was established, the intent of which was:

to reduce hazardous traffic conditions resulting from the use of streets within areas zoned for residential uses for the parking of vehicles by persons using districts zoned for commercial or industrial uses . . .; to protect those districts from polluted air, excessive noise, and trash and refuse caused by the entry of such vehicles; to protect the residents of those districts from unreasonable burdens in gaining access to their residences; to preserve the character of those districts as residential districts; to promote efficiency in the maintenance of those streets in a clean and safe condition; to preserve the value of the property in those districts; and to preserve the safety of children and other pedestrians and traffic safety, and the peace, good order, comfort, convenience and welfare of the inhabitants of the County.

Crystal City successfully challenged these restrictions in court for many years.  Finally, in 1977, a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court settled the issue once and for all.  (See ARLINGTON COUNTY BOARD v. RICHARDS, 1977, No. 76-1418.)  As a result of this decision, communities nationwide are now able to preserve the peace and tranquility of their own neighborhood streets thanks to the activism of the people of Arlington Ridge and Aurora Hills.

In media

The opening sequence to the 1987 film No Way Out features a long aerial shot that begins on the National Mall, flies over The Pentagon, and then trails down Arlington Ridge Road to end at a house where Kevin Costner’s character is being held for questioning.  Along with the more famous national landmarks, a clear shot of the Hume School is clearly visible in the sequence.

See also
Hume School
List of Arlington County Historic Districts
Fort Albany
Fort Scott

Notes

References
 Civil War Stories of Inspiration : Arlington Ridge Sees War's Beginning, End

External links
Arlington Ridge Civic Association (ARCA)
 Arlington County Historical Society
 The Hume School Alumni Collection
 The Tragic Shooting at 2100 S. Arlington Ridge Road

Neighborhoods in Arlington County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Washington metropolitan area


Archischoenobius is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Speidel in 1984. Currently described species are endemic to China.

Species
Archischoenobius minumus Chen, Song & Wu, 2007
Archischoenobius nanlingensis Chen, Song & Wu, 2007
Archischoenobius nigrolepis Chen, Song & Wu, 2007
Archischoenobius pallidalis (South in Leech & South, 1901)

References

Schoenobiinae
Crambidae genera


Arenochroa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arenochroa flavalis, which is found in Mexico and the United States, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Nevada and California.

References

Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of North America
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Arequipa is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arequipa turbatella, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alabama, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec and West Virginia.

The wingspan is 22–25 mm. The forewings are snow white with two dark brown dots at the end of the cell and one or two dots below the outer fourth of the cell. The hindwings are snow white. Adults are on wing from June to August.

References

Crambini
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


Argentochiloides is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Argentochiloides meridionalis Bassi, 1999
Argentochiloides xanthodorsellus Bleszynski, 1961

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Stanisław Błeszyński
Taxa described in 1961


Argyractis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Argyractis argentilinealis Hampson, 1897
Argyractis berthalis (Schaus, 1906)
Argyractis coloralis (Guenée, 1854)
Argyractis dodalis  Schaus, 1924
Argyractis drumalis (Dyar, 1906)
Argyractis elphegalis (Schaus, 1924)
Argyractis flavalis (Warren, 1889)
Argyractis iasusalis (Walker, 1859)
Argyractis lophosomalis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis obliquifascia (Hampson, 1917)
Argyractis parthenodalis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis subornata (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis tapajosalis Schaus, 1924

Former species
Argyractis albipunctalis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis argyrolepta (Dyar, 1914)
Argyractis cancellalis (Dyar, 1917)
Argyractis constellalis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis fulvicinctalis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis glycysalis (Dyar, 1914)
Argyractis lanceolalis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis leucostola Hampson, 1917
Argyractis leucostrialis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis multipicta (Dyar, 1914)
Argyractis nandinalis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis nigerialis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis niphoplagialis Hampson, 1897
Argyractis nymphulalis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis pentopalis Hampson, 1906
Argyractis pavonialis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis pervenustalis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis supercilialis (Hampson, 1897)
Argyractis ticonalis Dyar, 1914

References

 , 1906: The North American Nymphulinae and Scopariinae. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 14 (2): 77–107.
 , 1917: Notes on North American Nymphulinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 5 (4–6): 75–79.
 , 1897: On the classification of two subfamilies of moths of the family Pyralidae: The Hydrocampinae and Scoparianae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London: 127–240.
 , 1906: Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamilies Hydrocampinae and Scopariinae . Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, (ser. 7) 18: 373–393, 455–472.
 , 1917: Descriptions of new Pyralidae of the subfamilies Hydrocampinae, Scoparianae, & c. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany and Geology, (ser. 8) 19: 361–376, 457–473.
 , 1906: Descriptions of new South American moths. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 30: 85-141.
 , 1924: New species of Pyralidae of the subfamily Nymphulinae from tropical America (Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 26 (5): 93-130.
 , 1859: Pyralides. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 19: 799–1036.
 , 1889: On the Pyralidina collected in 1874 and 1875 by Dr. J. W. H. Trail in the basin of the Amazons. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1889': 227–295.

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Argyractoides is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae.

Species
Argyractoides albibasalis (Schaus, 1912)
Argyractoides catenalis (Guenée, 1854)
Argyractoides chalcistis (Dognin, 1910)
Argyractoides cuprescens (Hampson, 1917)
Argyractoides gontranalis (Schaus, 1924)
Argyractoides leucogonialis Hampson, 1906
Argyractoides lucianalis (Schaus, 1924)
Argyractoides nitens (Schaus, 1912)
Argyractoides productalis (Hampson, 1917)
Argyractoides rinconadalis (Schaus, 1924)
Argyractoides samealis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Argyractoides volcanalis (Schaus, 1912)

References

 , 1956: A generic revision of the aquatic moths of North America: (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nymphulinae). Wasman Journal of Biology, San Francisco 14 (1): 59–144. Full article: .

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Argyrarcha is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1974. Its only species, Argyrarcha margarita, described by William Warren in 1892, is found on Madagascar.

References

External links
Image at PlantSystematics.org

Crambidae genera
Moths of Madagascar
Moths of Africa
Eurrhypini
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


The Griffon Nivernais is a breed of dog of the scenthound type, originating in France. It is a versatile hunting dog, used on small and large game, in packs or individually. Today's breed is a reconstruction of an ancient type of dog from the Nivernais region.

Appearance
The Griffon Nivernais is a medium-sized dog, 55 to 60 cm (21.7-23.6 ins) at the withers, with a distinctive rough (shaggy) coat, long drop ears, and a long tail carried up and in a slight curve. The body is longer than most French hounds, and is constructed more for endurance than for speed. As a reconstructed breed, the breed standard goes into much more detail with regards to body proportions, structure, and coat than is usual for a working dog.

Colour of the coat is grizzled in general appearance, gris clair to gris sanglier, light grey to boar grey. The coat is agouti, with each hair darker at the base than the tip. White hairs are scattered through the coat. Colours are fawn very slightly overlaid with black (poil de lièvre, hare coat), sable overlaid with black (gris loup, wolf grey), and fawn overlaid with blue (gris bleu, grey blue). There may be a small white spot on the chest.

History
The Griffon Nivernais was a breed kept by French noblemen which disappeared after the French Revolution. The breed was reconstructed beginning in 1925, by some hunters in Morvan, modeling on the ancient types that came to Europe with the Crusaders and the type called "Canes Segusii" or the Celtic Hound by early dog writers. The original dogs were used to hunt wolves and wild boar in the fourteenth century, and were much larger than the modern-day breed. The reconstruction of the breed was done based on the Grand Griffon Vendéen. Other breeds used were the Otterhound and Foxhounds. The breed was small in number for many years, but is now experiencing a revival.

Health and temperament
No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. The breed's ideal temperament is described in the breed standard as being courageous, and it is also described as obstinate and independent. Temperament of individual dogs may vary.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds
 Anglo French and French Hounds
 Dog terminology
 Griffon Bleu de Gascogne

References

External links

 Search The Open Directory Project (DMOZ) links for clubs and information about the Griffon Nivernais

Dog breeds originating in France
FCI breeds

Rare dog breeds
Scent hounds
Nivernais


Argyria is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was described by Jacob Hübner in 1818.

Species
Argyria argyrodis Dyar, 1914
Argyria argyrostola (Hampson, 1919)
Argyria centrifugens Dyar, 1914
Argyria contiguella (Zeller, 1872)
Argyria croceicinctella (Walker, 1863)
Argyria croceivittella (Walker, 1863)
Argyria diplomochalis Dyar, 1913
Argyria divisella Walker, 1866
Argyria hannemanni Błeszyński, 1960
Argyria heringi Błeszyński, 1960
Argyria insons C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
Argyria interrupta (Zeller, 1866)
Argyria lacteella (Fabricius, 1794)
Argyria lucidellus (Zeller, 1839)
Argyria lusella (Zeller, 1863)
Argyria mesogramma Dyar, 1913
Argyria multifacta Dyar, 1914
Argyria nummulalis Hübner, 1818
Argyria opposita Zeller, 1877
Argyria oxytoma Meyrick, 1932
Argyria plumbolinealis Hampson, 1896
Argyria polyniphas Meyrick, 1932
Argyria pontiella Zeller, 1877
Argyria quevedella Schaus, 1922
Argyria rufisignella (Zeller, 1872)
Argyria schausella Dyar, 1913
Argyria sericina (Zeller, 1881)
Argyria sordipes Zeller, 1877
Argyria subaenescens (Walker, 1863)
Argyria subtilis C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875
Argyria supposita Dyar, 1914
Argyria tripsacas (Dyar, 1921)
Argyria tunuistrigella Schaus, 1922
Argyria venatella (Schaus, 1922)
Argyria vesta Błeszyński, 1962
Argyria vestalis Butler, 1878
Argyria xanthoguma Dyar, 1914

Former species
Argyria antonialis Schaus, 1922
Argyria mesodonta Zeller, 1877
Argyria mesozonalis Hampson, 1919
Argyria submesodonta Błeszyński, 1960

References

Argyriini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Argyrophodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Argyrophorodes angolensis Agassiz, 2012 (from Angola, Congo and Zambia)
Argyrophorodes anosibalis  Marion, 1957 (from Madagascar)
Argyrophorodes catalalis  (Marion & Viette, 1956) (from Madagascar)
Argyrophorodes dubiefalis  Viette, 1978 (from Madagascar)
Argyrophorodes grisealis  Marion, 1957 (from Madagascar)
Argyrophorodes hydrocampalis  Marion, 1957 (from Madagascar)
Argyrophorodes suttoni 	Agassiz, 2012 (from Congo )

References

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera


Argyrostola is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by George Hampson in 1896. It contains only one species, Argyrostola ruficostalis, which is found in Rio de Janeiro in  Brazil and in Panama.

The wingspan is 32–44 mm. The forewings are silvery white, with reddish-brown costal and submarginal scales. Both wings have a prominent curved submarginal series of specks.

References

Schoenobiinae
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by George Hampson
Moths of South America
Crambidae genera


Aristebulea is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Aristebulea nobilis (Moore, 1888)
Aristebulea principis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Arnia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arnia nervosalis, which is found in France, Spain, Portugal and on Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, as well as in North Africa, including Algeria and Morocco.

References

Moths described in 1849
Spilomelinae
Moths of Europe
Moths of Africa
Taxa named by Achille Guenée


Arthromastix is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arthromastix lauralis, which is found in Central America (including Belize, Costa Rica), South America (including Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina), as well as the Dominican Republic and Cuba.

Description
The forewings are yellowish white with a broad cupreous-brown border and a yellow marginal line.

Behaviour and ecology
The larvae feed on Trichostigma octandrum.

References

Spilomelinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of North America
Moths of South America
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by William Warren (entomologist)


The Leukaspides ( "White Shields") may have made up one of the two probable corps of the Antigonid Macedonian phalanx in the Hellenistic period, with the Chalkaspides ("Bronze Shields") forming the other. However, this conclusion is contested, as the Thracians at Pydna also had white shields (as did many other Hellenistic thyreophoroi or auxiliary infantry from the period) so the reference may simply refer to these and there may not have been a corps of "white shields" within the phalanx at all. If this theory is correct, then it is likely that the term "bronze shields" applied only to the phalanx part of the Antigonid army. Possible supporting evidence for this claim can be drawn from the fact that the latter term in the 1st century BC Mithridatic army of Pontus is used by Plutarch to define its phalanx component against the other infantry.

The Leukaspides were notably used by Antigonus Doson in his campaign against Cleomenes III of Sparta in the 220's BC (Plutarch, Cleom. 23.11), and the shields of the Leukaspides are mentioned as spoils of war after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC (Diodorus Siculus, 31.10).

See also
 Argyraspides

Sources
Head, Duncan (1982). Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars. WRG.

Sekunda, Nicholas (2012). "The Macedonian Army after Alexander, 323-168 BC". Osprey Publishing

 Ancient Greek military terminology
 Military units and formations of the Hellenistic world
 Infantry units and formations of Macedon
Ancient Greek infantry types


Arthroschista is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Arthroschista hilaris Walker, 1859
Arthroschista tricoloralis (Pagenstecher, 1888)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Arunamalaia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arunamalaia banderdewaensis, which is found in India (Arunachal Pradesh).

References

Pyraustinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Asia
Crambidae genera


Arxama is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Arxama atralis Hampson, 1897
Arxama cretacealis Hampson, 1906
Arxama ochracealis Hampson, 1906
Arxama subcervinalis Walker, 1866

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


Pitkä ihana leikki (in English: Long Sweet Game) is the debut album by Finnish pop rock singer-songwriter Maija Vilkkumaa, released by Warner Music in Finland on 23 August 1999. The songs are written and composed by Vilkkumaa.

Considered as a fresh new release on the Finnish pop rock scene by music critics, Pitkä ihana leikki was favorably critiqued for its imaginative lyrical content for which Vilkkumaa, according to her, partially got the inspiration from the 1980s Finnish rock band Dingo. The album debuted at number 12 on the Finnish Albums Chart, peaking third the next week, then going variably down spending there 29 weeks. Pitkä ihana leikki has sold over 38,000 copies to date in Finland, which has granted it a gold certification. In 2000, Vilkkumaa re-released the album under the title Pitkä ihana leikki – peltipainos ("Sheet Metal Edition"), with one extra song, "Peltirumpu".

Singles
Five singles were released from the album.
"Satumaa-tango" ("Satumaa Tango")
"Salaa" ("Secretly")
"Auringonpimennys" ("Solar Eclipse")
"Hiuksissa hiekkaa" ("Sand in the Hair")
"Tähti" ("Star")

Critical reception
Pitkä ihana leikki was well received by music critics that thought it fulfilled the expectations set by its lead single "Satumaa-tango" played in early 1999. On the August 1999 volume of Finnish rock magazine Soundi, Jorma Jortikka gave the album four out of five stars, complimenting the album for "inventive melodies and perceptive lyrics", though recognizing "a few clumsy metaphors". He praised Pitkä ihana leikki for its "credibility", "overwhelming cheerfulness" and lack of aspirations for being overly artistic.

Likewise, Roope Lehtinen from City magazine gave the album four out of five stars. Noting the album's "strong lean on Dingo's tradition", Lehtinen praised the structures of the songs for "sense of drama", "catchy choruses" and "schlager-ish suppleness". Differing from Dingo's "metaphorical mazes", the lyrics are "sensible and brisk". Furthermore, Lehtinen credits the album for "outstanding self-irony" and "themes and narrators changing throughout the album" that make it stand out from average Finnish "self-centered" pop. However, he notes the album's own one-size-fits-all nature that manages to "please all listeners". Summing up the downsides of the "well-produced" record, he considers "Timantti" and "Salaa" "idle" and "Vähän ennen" too dance-ish.

Antti J. Ravelin from Allmusic gave a positive review of the album saying Vilkkumaa's first live performances and "Satumaa-tango" "promised a lot" and that the new artist emerging in the then-sparse scene of Finnish female singer-songwriters "also relied on rock, and so her hybrid sound was extremely interesting", adding that "naïve lyrics, pop elements, and sometimes rather annoying vocals aren't bothersome". Also complimenting the musical arrangements by Janne Lehto, he considered Pitkä ihana leikki one of the best Finnish albums of 1999.

Track listing

Standard edition
Digital download

Pitkä ihana leikki – peltipainos

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1999 debut albums
Maija Vilkkumaa albums
Finnish-language albums


Asciodes is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1854 with  Asciodes gordialis as type species.

Distribution and habitat
The five species are distributed from the southern United States (California, Arizona, Texas, Florida, South Carolina) and Mexico over the Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles) to the tropical and subtropical South America (Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador).

Behaviour and ecology
Like other Asciodini, caterpillars of Asciodes commonly feed on Caryophyllales. So far, only the food plants of Asciodes gordialis larvae have been recorded, which are mostly Bougainvillea, Mirabilis and Pisonia (all in the Nyctaginaceae family), but also non-Caryophyllales like Citrus (Rutaceae) and Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae).

Species
Asciodes denticulinea (Schaus, 1940)
Asciodes gordialis Guenée, 1854
Asciodes quietalis (Walker, 1859)
Asciodes scopulalis Guenée, 1854
Asciodes titubalis Möschler, 1890

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Achille Guenée


Tito Speri (2 August 1825 - 3 March 1853) was an Italian patriot and hero of the Risorgimento.

Life
Speri was born in Brescia.

He began his military career as a volunteer in the First Italian Independence War in 1848, has been engaged in the Battle of Sclemo and after that war ended in an armistice he returned to Brescia, where he gave clandestine assistance to preparations for the Ten Days of Brescia in which the town earned the nickname of Leonessa d'Italia (Lioness of Italy). He then commanded the defence of Porta Torrelunga (what is now Piazza Arnaldo) and the square that now bears his name. The revolt broke out, profiting from the Austrian army's departure towards Piedmont, and ending on 1 April 1849.

Speri took part in several of its armed clashes and so, on the city's surrender, he took refuge in the Swiss Ticino at Lugano, en route to Turin to join the Mazzinian riots. He returned to Brescia shortly after an amnesty was declared, but his conspiratorial activities were discovered and he was arrested and hung within the Austrian Quadrilatero as one of the Belfiore martyrs.

He is buried in the Cimitero Monumentale of Brescia.

External links
 Biography

1825 births
1853 deaths
People from Brescia
Italian people of the Italian unification
People of the First Italian War of Independence
Italian exiles


Asphadastis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Asphadastis cryphomycha, which is found on Java.

References

Pyraustinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Indonesia
Crambidae genera


Asturodes is a genus of snout moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. The genus is placed in the tribe Margaroniini.

It contains four species in the subtropical and tropical Americas.

The caterpillars of Asturodes feed on leaves of Rhamnaceae species, with A. fimbriauralis recorded from Colubrina arborescens.

Species
 Asturodes bioalfae Solis in Solis, Phillips-Rodríguez, Hallwachs, Dapkey & Janzen, 2020, found in Costa Rica
 Asturodes encisoensis Solis in Solis, Phillips-Rodríguez, Hallwachs, Dapkey & Janzen, 2020, found in Costa Rica
 Asturodes fimbriauralis (Guenée, 1854), type species, reportedly found in Belize, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States (Florida), and Peru. (but these sources predate the description of the other three species)
 Asturodes junkoshimurae Solis in Solis, Phillips-Rodríguez, Hallwachs, Dapkey & Janzen, 2020, found in Costa Rica

References

Spilomelinae
Monotypic moth genera
Crambidae genera
Moths of South America
Moths of Central America
Moths of the Caribbean
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel


Ategumia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Ategumia actealis (Walker, 1859)
Ategumia adipalis (Lederer, 1863)
Ategumia crocealis (Dognin, 1906)
Ategumia dilecticolor (Dyar, 1912)
Ategumia ebulealis (Guenée, 1854)
Ategumia fatualis (Lederer, 1863)
Ategumia insipidalis (Lederer, 1863)
Ategumia longidentalis (Dognin, 1904)
Ategumia matutinalis (Guenée, 1854)
Ategumia nalotalis (Schaus, 1924)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel


Atelocentra is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Atelocentra chloraspis, which is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria.

The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are fawn with a greenish-golden patch and a gold mark near the tip.

The larvae feed on Callistemon species. They bore into the stem of the host plant.

References

Spilomelinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Australia
Crambidae genera


Atomoclostis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Atomoclostis deltosema, which is found on Fiji.

References

Pyraustinae
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Fiji
Crambidae genera


The Rumney Railway in Wales was a  plateway built to connect the ironworks at Rhymney to the Monmouthshire Canal Company's tramroad near Newport, Wales providing a connection the wharves at the Newport Docks. The line was opened in 1826.  It was  later converted to a standard gauge railway,

History

The company was incorporated in 1825 and the line, engineered by George Overton, opened the following year worked by horses.  The line ran down the east side of the River Rhymney to Machen where the route left the river to head east towards Newport. It made a junction with the Monmouthshire line at the top end of that part of the company's route, known as the Park Mile, on its way to the shipping places on the River Usk at Newport. Sir Charles Morgan built and maintained the section where it ran through the park of his Tredegar House.

The line operated in a similar way to a toll road and traders introduced steam locomotives in the 1840s.   In 1856 Crawshay Bailey  purchased a plateway locomotive from the Monmouthshire company for the Rumney Railway, implying that the company was operating the line with its own locomotives.

The Monmouthshire company converted its lines in the Western Valleys to standard gauge in the 1850s. In 1861 Lord Tredegar (Chairman) and Crawshay Bailey (Director) obtained an Act of Parliament to reincorporate the Rumney Railway as a railway company, with powers to reconstruct the line as a standard gauge railway.  Also obtained were powers to make a branch to join the Rhymney Railway at Caerphilly and to sell or lease the undertaking to either the Monmouthshire Railway or the West Midland Railway. However, little was done to improve the line and it remained a plateway until it was acquired by the Brecon and Merthyr Railway by its Act of 28 July 1863.

The reconstructed line was finally passed as safe for passengers by the Board of Trade Inspector on his third visit, and opened to passenger traffic through to the Monmouthshire Railway's Newport (Dock Street) station on 14 June 1865.

References

External links
Rumney Railway at railbrit.co.uk

Industrial railways in Wales
Early Welsh railway companies
Great Western Railway constituents
Rail transport in Newport, Wales
Railway lines in Wales
History of Monmouthshire
Railway lines opened in 1826
4 ft 2 in gauge railways in Wales
Horse-drawn railways
1826 establishments in Wales


Atomopteryx is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Atomopteryx coelodactyla (Zeller, 1863)
Atomopteryx doeri Walsingham, 1891
Atomopteryx erschoffiana (Zeller, 177)
Atomopteryx incalis (Hampson, 1913)
Atomopteryx perelongata (Hampson, 1913)
Atomopteryx peruviana (Zeller, 1877)
Atomopteryx pterophoralis (Walker, 1866)
Atomopteryx serpentifera (Hampson, 1913)
Atomopteryx solanalis
Atomopteryx unicolor (E. Hering, 1906)

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham


The Apo Duat or Dayic languages are a group of closely related languages spoken by the Kelabit, Lun Bawang, and related peoples. They are:
Kelabitic: Kelabit, Lengilu, Sa'ban, Tring
Lundayeh: Lun Bawang, Adang, Balait, Kolur, Lepu Potng, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Padas, Trusan, Mengalong

Putoh may be an additional language, or it may be a dialect of Lundayeh.

References


Atralata is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Atralata albofascialis, which is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, Norway, Finland, Lithuania and Greece.

The wingspan is 10–14 mm. There are two generations per year.

The larvae feed on Inula conyzae. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a large brown blotch in the lower leaves. The frass is dispersed in the mine. Several larvae may be found in a single mine. Pupation takes place outside of the mine. Larvae can be found from May to August.

References

Odontiini
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Europe
Crambidae genera
Taxa described in 1947


Auchmophoba is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Auchmophoba alternata (Warren, 1895)
Auchmophoba costastrigalis (Hampson, 1896)

Former species
Auchmophoba tynnuta Turner, 1913
Auchmophoba sufetuloides Hampson, 1919

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Alfred Jefferis Turner


Aulacodes is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was first described by Achille Guenée in 1854.

Species
Aulacodes adiantealis (Walker, 1859)
Aulacodes adjutrealis Schaus, 1924
Aulacodes aechmialis Guenée, 1854
Aulacodes bipunctalis Kenrick, 1907
Aulacodes briocusalis (Schaus, 1924)
Aulacodes caepiosalis (Walker, 1859)
Aulacodes cervinalis (Hampson, 1897)
Aulacodes chalcialis (Hampson, 1906)
Aulacodes chionostola (Hampson, 1917)
Aulacodes cilianalis (Schaus, 1924)
Aulacodes citronalis (Druce, 1896)
Aulacodes confusalis Schaus, 1906
Aulacodes congallalis Schaus, 1924
Aulacodes convoluta Hampson, 1897
Aulacodes cuprescens (Hampson, 1912)
Aulacodes delicata Schaus, 1912
Aulacodes exhibitalis (Walker, 1862)
Aulacodes filigeralis (Walker, 1866)
Aulacodes fragmentalis (Lederer, 1863)
Aulacodes gothicalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Aulacodes halitalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Aulacodes hodevalis (Druce, 1896)
Aulacodes ilialis (Walker, 1859)
Aulacodes julittalis Schaus, 1924
Aulacodes lunalis Kenrick, 1907
Aulacodes melanicalis (Hampson, 1917)
Aulacodes mesoleucalis (Hampson, 1917)
Aulacodes methodica Meyrick, 1936
Aulacodes moralis Schaus, 1906
Aulacodes obtusalis Dyar, 1914
Aulacodes pampalis Schaus, 1906
Aulacodes peribocalis (Walker, 1859)
Aulacodes pulchralis (Rothschild, 1915)
Aulacodes purpurealis Kenrick, 1907
Aulacodes psyllalis (Guenée, 1854)
Aulacodes pulcherialis (Druce, 1896)
Aulacodes reversalis Dyar, 1914
Aulacodes scaralis (Schaus, 1906)
Aulacodes semicircularis Hampson, 1897
Aulacodes templalis Schaus, 1906
Aulacodes traversalis Dyar, 1914
Aulacodes trigonalis (Hampson, 1906)

Former species
Aulacodes hamalis Snellen, 1875

Furthermore, "A." eupselias was erroneously assigned to this genus at first; it is actually not very closely related by grass moth standards and nowadays placed in the monotypic genus Marasmianympha.

References

Acentropinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Achille Guenée


Aulacophora is a genus of beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as pumpkin beetles; some species are pests of agricultural crops. The genus was named in 1836 by the French entomologist Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat, in Dejean's Catalogue des Coléoptères. The name, from Ancient Greek, signifies "furrow-bearer"' from aulax, "furrow".

Description
Beetles in this genus are oval insects up to about  long and can be recognised by their presence on the host plant.

Distribution
Pumpkin beetles are found in Africa, Asia and Australasia. Some of the more important pest species are A. foveicollis from Africa, Europe and Asia, A. similis from southern and southeastern Asia, A. coffeae from Malaysia, A. flavomarginata from Malaysia and Indonesia, A. femoralis from Myanmar and Vietnam, A. lewisii from Malaysia and Vietnam, and A. frontalis from Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos.

Hosts
Beetles in this genus feed on members of the family Cucurbitaceae including cucumbers, pumpkins, melons, watermelons, gourds and squashes.

Life cycle
The eggs, which are yellow, are laid in batches of up to five in the soil at the base of cucurbit plants. They hatch after eight to fifteen days and the larvae feed on the roots or tunnel into them, feeding for eighteen to thirty-five days and passing through four instar stages. They are creamy white at first but have turned yellowish-orange by the time they pupate in chambers in the ground. The adult beetles emerge after from four to fourteen days. They are strong fliers and disperse to other plants. The adult beetles may live for up to ten months and each female can lay in the order of five hundred eggs, so there can be several overlapping generations of beetles.

Damage
Adult pumpkin beetles feed on the foliage and flowers of the host plants; seedlings may be destroyed by heavy attacks and young plants may be severely affected. Several beetles may cluster on a single leaf, leaving other leaves untouched. The beetles feed between the veins, often cutting and removing circular discs which they then eat. The larvae tunnel into the roots, which become swollen, discoloured and distorted, and the plant may die.

Species
The following species have been described:

 Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora aculeata Weise, 1908
 Aulacophora affinis (Montrouzier, 1855)
 Aulacophora albofasciata Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora analis (Weber, 1801)
 Aulacophora ancora (Redtenbacher, 1868)
 Aulacophora andamanica Duvivier, 1885
 Aulacophora antennata Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora apicicornis (Baly, 1889)
 Aulacophora apicipennis (Jacoby, 1894)
 Aulacophora apicipes (Jacoby, 1896)
 Aulacophora apiciventris Lea, 1924
 Aulacophora approximata (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora arcuata Allard, 1888
 Aulacophora atripennis (Fabricius, 1801)
 Aulacophora baliensis Barroga, 2001
 Aulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson, 2021
 Aulacophora basalis (Jacoby, 1886)
 Aulacophora batesi Jacoby, 1884
 Aulacophora bhamoensis Jacoby, 1892
 Aulacophora bhimtalensis Gangola, 1969
 Aulacophora bicincta (Montrouzier, 1855)
 Aulacophora bicolor (Weber, 1801)
 Aulacophora bipartita (Baly, 1888)
 Aulacophora biplagiata Baly, 1889
 Aulacophora bipunctata (Olivier, 1808)
 Aulacophora blackburni (Bowditch, 1914)
 Aulacophora borrei (Baly, 1889)
 Aulacophora calva Anand & Cox, 1986
 Aulacophora carinicauda Chen & Kung, 1959
 Aulacophora carteri (Guerin-Meneville, 1830)
 Aulacophora castanea Allard, 1888
 Aulacophora celebensis (Jacoby, 1886)
 Aulacophora chapuisi Duvivier, 1884
 Aulacophora chlorotica (Olivier, 1808)
 Aulacophora cincta (Fabricius, 1775)
 Aulacophora cinctipennis Duvivier, 1884
 Aulacophora circumcincta (Duvivier, 1884)
 Aulacophora circumdata Blanchard, 1853
 Aulacophora coffeae (Hornstedt, 1788)
 Aulacophora coomani Laboissiere, 1929
 Aulacophora coralinsula (Gressitt, 1955)
 Aulacophora cornuta Baly, 1879
 Aulacophora costipennis (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora crassicornis Medvedev, 2001
 Aulacophora cristovallensis (Montrouzier, 1855)
 Aulacophora cruenta (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora cucullata Blackburn, 1896
 Aulacophora cyanoptera (Boisduval, 1835)
 Aulacophora danumensis Mohamedsaid, 1994
 Aulacophora deplanchei (Perroud, 1864)
 Aulacophora dimidiata (Guerin-Meneville, 1830)
 Aulacophora diversa Baly, 1889
 Aulacophora doesonensis Duvivier, 1884
 Aulacophora dorsalis (Boisduval, 1835)
 Aulacophora downesi Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora duboulayi Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora excavata Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora excisa (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora fallax (Weise, 1923)
 Aulacophora fasciata (Allard, 1888)
 Aulacophora ficus (Montrouzier, 1855)
 Aulacophora flavicornis Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora flaviventris Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora flavomarginata (Duvivier, 1884)
 Aulacophora formosa Chapuis, 1879
 Aulacophora foveata (Bowditch, 1925)
 Aulacophora foveicollis (Lucas, 1849)
 Aulacophora frontalis Baly, 1888
 Aulacophora frubstorferi (Duvivier, 1891)
 Aulacophora fulvimargo (Bryant, 1936)
 Aulacophora funesta (Weise, 1892)
 Aulacophora gestroi Jacoby, 1892
 Aulacophora hayashii (Gressitt, 1955)
 Aulacophora hilaris (Boisduval, 1835)
 Aulacophora impressa (Fabricius, 1801)
 Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)
 Aulacophora insularis Jacoby, 1886
 Aulacophora ioptera (Wiedemann, 1823)
 Aulacophora irpa Mohamedsaid, 1994
 Aulacophora jacobyi (Weise, 1924)
 Aulacophora kampeni (Weise, 1917)
 Aulacophora kinabaluensis Mohamedsaid, 1994
 Aulacophora kotoensis Chujo, 1962
 Aulacophora laevifrons (Baly, 1888)
 Aulacophora laysi Medvedev, 2001
 Aulacophora leopoldi Laboissiere, 1934
 Aulacophora lewisii Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora limbata (Illiger, 1800)
 Aulacophora loochooensis Chujo, 1957
 Aulacophora loriana Jacoby, 1904
 Aulacophora luteicornis (Fabricius, 1801)
 Aulacophora macropus (Montrouzier, 1855)
 Aulacophora marginalis (Chapuis, 1876)
 Aulacophora marginata Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora mariana (Chujo, 1943)
 Aulacophora martia (Weise, 1922)
 Aulacophora mbabaram Reid, Halling & Beatson, 2021
 Aulacophora medioflava Lea, 1924
 Aulacophora medvedevi Samoderzhenkov, 1992
 Aulacophora melanocephala Jacoby, 1892
 Aulacophora melanoptera (Boisduval, 1835)
 Aulacophora melanopus (Blanchard, 1853)
 Aulacophora melanura (Olivier, 1808)
 Aulacophora militaris Jacoby, 1894
 Aulacophora mimica Medvedev, 2001
 Aulacophora mjoebergi (Weise, 1916)
 Aulacophora moluccaensis (Laboissiere, 1932)
 Aulacophora montrouzieri (Fairmaire, 1883)
 Aulacophora mouhoti Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora naseemi Abdullah & Qureshi, 1968
 Aulacophora nigripennis Motschulsky, 1857
 Aulacophora nigrobrunnea (Maulik, 1929)
 Aulacophora nigropalgiata Jacoby, 1894
 Aulacophora nigrosignata (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora nilgiriensis Jacoby, 1903
 Aulacophora notulata (Fairmaire, 1850)
 Aulacophora nstabilis (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora nusantara Barroga, 2001
 Aulacophora oblonga (Gyllenhal, 1808)
 Aulacophora occipitalis (Baly, 1888)
 Aulacophora olivieri (Baly, 1888)
 Aulacophora opacipennis Chujo, 1962
 Aulacophora orientalis (Hornstedt, 1788)
 Aulacophora pahangi Mohamedsaid, 1994
 Aulacophora palliata (Schaller, 1783)
 Aulacophora pallidofasciata Jacoby, 1904
 Aulacophora pannonica Csiki, 1953
 Aulacophora papuana Jacoby, 1894
 Aulacophora parambikulamensis Maulik, 1936
 Aulacophora perroudi (Baly, 1888)
 Aulacophora plicaticollis (Allard, 1888)
 Aulacophora postica (Chapuis, 1876)
 Aulacophora posticalis (Guerin-Meneville, 1830)
 Aulacophora propinqua (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora pulchella Baly, 1879
 Aulacophora pygidialis (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora quadrimaculata (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora quadrinotata Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora quadripartia (Fairmaire, 1877)
 Aulacophora quadrispilota Fabricius, 1781
 Aulacophora quinqueplagiata (Duvivier, 1891)
 Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835)
 Aulacophora rigoensis Jacoby, 1904
 Aulacophora robusticornis Medvedev, 2001
 Aulacophora rosea (Fabricius, 1801)
 Aulacophora rubrontata Blanchard, 1853
 Aulacophora semilimbata Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora serena (Weise, 1923)
 Aulacophora signata Kirsch, 1866
 Aulacophora signata Kirsch, 1866
 Aulacophora smaragdipennis Duvivier, 1884
 Aulacophora sordidula (Weise, 1922)
 Aulacophora subcaerulea Jacoby, 1894
 Aulacophora tetraspilota (Baly, 1886)
 Aulacophora tibialis Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora transversa Allard, 1888
 Aulacophora tricolora (Weise, 1892)
 Aulacophora tristis Medvedev, 2001
 Aulacophora unicolor (Jacoby, 1883)
 Aulacophora varians Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora vicina (Boisduval, 1835)
 Aulacophora vietnamica Medvedev, 2001
 Aulacophora viridis Maulik, 1936
 Aulacophora vittula (Chapuis, 1876)
 Aulacophora wallacii Baly, 1886
 Aulacophora wilsoni Baly, 1888
 Aulacophora yunnanensis Chen & Kung, 1959

The following poorly described species are considered nomina dubia:
 Aulacophora artensis (Montrouzier, 1861) (from New Caledonia, possibly synonym of Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781) or Aulacophora deplanchei (Perroud, 1864), type material probably lost)
 Aulacophora flavescens (Montrouzier, 1855) (from both Woodlark Island and San Cristoval Island, possibly a species of the Aulacophora indica species complex)
 Aulacophora flaviola (Boisduval, 1835) (from New Guinea, not identifiable to genus)
 Aulacophora punctata (Boisduval, 1835) (from New Guinea, not identifiable to genus)
 Aulacophora scutellata (Boisduval, 1835) (from the "Pacific Ocean", possibly a synonym of Candezea palustris (Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864))

The following are now synonyms of other species:
 Aulacophora almora Maulik, 1936: synonym of Aulacophora tibialis Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora argyrogaster (Montrouzier, 1861): synonym of Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora armigera Baly, 1889: synonym of Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora aruensis (Weise, 1892): synonym of Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora ceramensis (Weise, 1892): synonym of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)
 Aulacophora dohrni (Jacoby, 1899): synonym of Aulacophora tibialis Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora duvivieri Baly, 1886: synonym of Aulacophora cornuta Baly, 1879
 Aulacophora fabricii Baly, 1886: synonym of Aulacophora abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781)
 Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky, 1857): synonym of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)
 Aulacophora flavipes (Jacoby, 1888): synonym of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)
 Aulacophora niasiensis (Weise, 1892): synonym of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)
 Aulacophora nigripalpis Chen & Kung, 1959: synonym of Aulacophora apicipes (Jacoby, 1896)
 Aulacophora quadraria (Olivier, 1808): synonym of Aulacophora analis (Weber, 1801)
 Aulacophora ritsemae Duvivier, 1884: synonym of Aulacophora tibialis Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora robusta Duvivier, 1884: synonym of Aulacophora cornuta Baly, 1879
 Aulacophora semifusca Jacoby, 1892: synonym of Aulacophora tibialis Chapuis, 1876
 Aulacophora similis (Olivier, 1808): synonym of Aulacophora indica (Gmelin, 1790)
 Aulacophora tenuicincta (Jacoby, 1897): synonym of Aulacophora apicipes (Jacoby, 1896)
 Aulacophora terminata (Jacoby, 1899): synonym of Aulacophora tibialis Chapuis, 1876

References

Agricultural pest insects
Chrysomelidae genera
Taxa named by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat


Aulacoptera is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The original name Aulacophora is a junior homonym of the name Aulacophora Dejean, 1835, and was replaced by George Hampson in 1896.

Species
Aulacoptera fuscinervalis (Swinhoe, 1895)
Aulacoptera philippinensis Hampson, 1912

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by George Hampson


Aureocramboides is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Aureocramboides apollo Bleszynski, 1961
Aureocramboides mopsos Bassi, 1991

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Stanisław Błeszyński


Aureopteryx is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Aureopteryx argentistriata
Aureopteryx calistoalis (Walker, 1859)
Aureopteryx glorialis (Schaus, 1920)
Aureopteryx infuscatalis
Aureopteryx olufsoni Solis & Adamski, 1998

References

Glaphyriinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Hans Georg Amsel


Aurorobotys is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Aurorobotys aurorina (Butler, 1878)
Aurorobotys crassispinalis Munroe & Mutuura, 1971

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Eugene G. Munroe


Aurotalis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Aurotalis delicatalis (Hampson, 1919)
Aurotalis dionisa Bleszynski, 1970
Aurotalis hermione Bassi, 1999
Aurotalis nigrisquamalis (Hampson, 1919)
Aurotalis similis Bassi, 1999

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Stanisław Błeszyński


Australargyria is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Australargyria fulvinotellus, which is found on the Louisiade Archipelago.

References

Crambinae
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of New Guinea
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Stanisław Błeszyński
Taxa described in 1970


Autarotis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Autarotis euryala Meyrick, 1886
Autarotis milvellus (Meyrick, 1879)
Autarotis polioleuca (Turner, 1911)

References

Crambinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick
Taxa described in 1886


Authaeretis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Authaeretis eridora Meyrick, 1886
Authaeretis exaereta Tams, 1935

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Autocharis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
 Autocharis albiplaga (Hampson, 1913)
 Autocharis arida Mey, 2011
 Autocharis barbieri (Legrand, 1966)
 Autocharis bekilalis (Marion & Viette, 1956)
 Autocharis carnosalis (Saalmüller, 1880)
 Autocharis catalalis (Viette, 1953)
 Autocharis discalis J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
 Autocharis ecthaemata (Hampson, 1913)
 Autocharis egenula E. Hering, 1901
 Autocharis fessalis (Swinhoe, 1886)
 Autocharis hedyphaes (Turner, 1913)
 Autocharis jacobsalis (Marion & Viette, 1956)
 Autocharis librodalis (Viette, 1958)
 Autocharis linealis J. C. Shaffer & Munroe, 2007
 Autocharis marginata Guillermet in Viette & Guillermet, 1996
 Autocharis miltosoma (Turner, 1937)
 Autocharis mimetica (Lower, 1903)
 Autocharis phortalis (Viette, 1958)
 Autocharis putralis (Viette, 1958)
 Autocharis sarobialis Amsel, 1970
 Autocharis seyrigalis (Marion & Viette, 1956)
 Autocharis sinualis (Hampson, 1899)
 Autocharis vohilavalis (Marion & Viette, 1956)

References

Odontiinae
Crambidae genera


Titus-Charles Constantin (7 January 1835 – 27 October 1891) was a French conductor, violinist and composer.

Career
Born in Marseilles, Constantin studied at the Paris Conservatoire, entering the composition class of Ambroise Thomas in June 1858. His compositions include cantatas, a ballet and several orchestral works.

But Constantin was better known as a conductor. He was music director of Louis Martinet's Théâtre des Fantaisies-Parisiennes from 1865 where he revived rare operas by Schubert, Donizetti, Weber, Hérold, Monsigny and Philidor. He also completed and conducted the stage premiere of Mozart's L'Oca del Cairo (as L'Oie de Caire) on 6 June 1867 at the Théâtre des Fantaisies-Parisiennes; his version was later revived elsewhere. In 1871–1872 he was conductor of the Théâtre Lyrique, when that company was being managed by Martinet and performing at the Théâtre de l'Athénée on rue Scribe.

Constantin was then engaged by Daudé as musical director at the Casino in Rue Cadet from September 1871. He conducted the orchestra in the premier run of L'Arlésienne by Alphonse Daudet with incidental music by Bizet. Constantin also directed the orchestra at the Théâtre de la Renaissance from March 1873 and was music director at the Paris Opéra-Comique from the death of Adolphe Deloffre until September 1876.

In the 1870s he conducted at the Théâtre du Capitole de Toulouse and at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon. His later career was centred on Royan and Pau, where he died.

References

1835 births
1891 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century French composers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
French conductors (music)
French male composers
French male conductors (music)


Auxolophotis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Auxolophotis cosmophilopis (Meyrick, 1934)
Auxolophotis ioxanthias Meyrick, 1933

References

Pyraustinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick


Azochis is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Species
Azochis camptozonalis Hampson, 1913
Azochis cirrhigeralis Dognin, 1908
Azochis curvilinealis Schaus, 1912
Azochis cymographalis Hampson, 1918
Azochis ectangulalis (Hampson, 1913)
Azochis essequibalis Schaus, 1924
Azochis euvexalis (Möschler, 1890)
Azochis gripusalis Walker, 1859
Azochis mactalis (C. Felder, R. Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)
Azochis oncalis Schaus, 1912
Azochis patronalis (Möschler, 1882)
Azochis pieralis (Walker, 1859)
Azochis rufidiscalis Hampson, 1904
Azochis rufifrontalis (Hampson, 1895)
Azochis ruscialis (Druce, 1895)
Azochis trichotarsalis Hampson, 1918

References

Spilomelinae
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)


David Lewis (1760 – 28 July 1850) was a Welsh Anglican priest and writer.

Life
Lewis was born in 1760 in Abergwili, Carmarthenshire, and studied in Llanpumpsaint and at the Presbyterian Academy in Carmarthen, Carmarthenshire.  He then matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford but there is no record of him obtaining a degree.  He was ordained in 1785, and taught in Oswestry, Shropshire where he was also the curate, before moving to Abernant, Carmarthenshire in 1787 (adding the parish of Cynwyl Elfed later in the same year).  He also became rector of Garthbeibio, Montgomeryshire in 1794, and continued to serve these three parishes until his death.  In addition to serving as a magistrate for Carmarthenshire, he supported the eisteddfodau held in the county.  His translation of a book on the catechism was published.  He died on 28 July 1850, and was buried in Abernant.

References

1760 births
1850 deaths
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
19th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh translators
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford


Ray is an EP released by Panic Channel on August 29, 2008.

Track listing
 "message" - 3:28
 "Energy" - 3:29
 "Tsubomi (つぼみ)" - 5:39
 "EMERALD" - 4:38
 "Kamisori (カミソリ)" (ナイフ) – 4:28
 "Jewel" – 4:45

Bonus DVD (limited edition only)
"together"
"Mujou Mayaku" (無情麻薬)

A DVD was released as well, containing an additional music video for "together" and "Mujou Mayaku" (無情麻薬) .

Personnel
 MEGURU – vocals
 Kana – guitar
 Mayo - guitar
 kiri – bass
 KYO~YA – drums

References

2007 EPs
Panic Channel albums


The Sabahan languages are a group of Austronesian languages centered on the Bornean province of Sabah.

Languages

Blust (2010)
The constituents are separated into two families in Blust (2010):

Northeast Sabahan
Bonggi
Ida’an
Southwest Sabahan
Dusunic (15)
Paitanic (4)
Murutic (7)
Tidong (5)

Lobel (2013)
Lobel (2013b, p. 47, 361) proposes the following internal classification of Southwest Sabahan, based on phonological and morphological evidence.
Greater Dusunic
Dusunic
Bisaya-Lotud
Paitanic
Greater Murutic
Murutic
Tatana
Papar

Lobel (2013:367–368) lists the following Proto-Southwest Sabahan phonological innovations that were developed from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. (Note: PSWSAB stands for Proto-Southwest Sabahan, while PMP stands for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.)
PMP *h > PSWSAB Ø
PMP *a > PSWSAB *ə / _# (possibly be an areal feature in Sabah or northern Borneo, since this is also found in Idaanic)
PMP *R > PSWSAB *h / (a,i,u)_(a,ə,u)
PMP *R > PSWSAB *g / ə_
PMP *-m- > ø in PSWSAB reflexes of the PMP pronoun forms *kami ‘1EXCL.NOM’, *mami ‘1EXCL.GEN’, and *kamu ‘2PL.NOM’
Reduction of most PMP consonant clusters to either singletons or prenasalized clusters

Smith (2017)
Smith (2017) proposes a North Borneo group comprising the North Sarawak, Northeast Sabah, and Southwest Sabah branches.

North Sarawak
Bintulu
Berawan–Lower Baram
Dayic
Kenyah
Northeast Sabah (Bonggi, Idaanic)
Southwest Sabah
Greater Dusunic
Bisaya-Lotud-Dusunic
Bisaya-Lotud (Sabah and Limbang Bisaya, Brunei Dusun, Lotud)
Dusunic (Bundu, Liwan, Tindal, Tobilung, Rungus, Kadazan, Kujau, Minokok, Dumpas, etc)
Paitanic (Beluran, Lingkabau, Lobu, Kuamut, Murut Serudong)
Greater Murutic
Tatana
Papar
Murutic (Murut (Nabaay, Timugon, Paluan, Tagol, Kalabakan), Gana, Tingalan, Kolod, Abai, Bulusu, Tidung (Bengawong, Sumbol, Kalabakan, Mensalong, Malinau))

Footnotes

References


The 1996 Ukrainian Cup Final is a football match that took place at the NSC Olimpiyskiy on May 26, 1996. The match was the 5th Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by FC Dynamo Kyiv and FC Nyva Vinnytsia. The 1996 Ukrainian Cup Final was the fifth to be held in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. Dynamo won with goals from Serhii Rebrov and Yuri Maxymov.

There were four yellow cards issued at this game: two to Dynamo players and two to Nyva.

Road to Kyiv

Both teams started from the first round of the competition (1/16). Dynamo traveled two rounds to central Ukraine and then for the quarter-finals and semi-finals the club played at its home ground. Nyva reached the final in a similar way. The first couple of rounds it spent traveling around the Lviv Oblast and then also played at its home turf. In the semi-finals Nyva swept Shakhtar aside with a remarkable 3:0 win. Neither Dynamo nor Nyva had allowed any goals past their goalkeepers.

Match details

Match statistics

See also
 Ukrainian Cup 1995-96

References

External links
 Calendar of Matches - Schedule of the 1996 Ukrainian Cup on the Ukrainian Soccer History web-site (ukrsoccerhistory.com).

Cup Final
Ukrainian Cup finals
Ukrainian Cup Final 1996
Ukrainian Cup Final 1996
Sports competitions in Kyiv


The Belfiore martyrs were a group of pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging between 1852 and 1853 during the Italian Risorgimento. They included Tito Speri and the priest Enrico Tazzoli and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to Mantua. The hanging was the first in a long series of death sentences imposed by Josef Radetzky, governor general of Lombardy–Venetia. As a whole these sentences marked the culmination of Austrian repression after the First Italian War of Independence and marked the failure of all re-pacification policies.

Mantua
The city of Mantua had formed part of the lands of the Austrian House of Habsburg since 1707. It was the capital of a small but quite rich dukedom, as well as being of some military importance, both for the quality of its fortifications but also for its geographic position, allowing it to control the route between the Veneto and Lombardy and a large number of crossings over the River Po. Indeed, the city had been at the centre of the 1797 campaign during the French Revolutionary Wars, with repeated Austrian invasions of the area until Eugène de Beauharnais surrendered it to Heinrich Johann Bellegarde on 23 April 1814. It was thus logical that, from 1815 onwards, the Austrians turned the whole city into a kind of large stronghold, perhaps the strongest one in the Lombardy-Veneto.

Such a militarised city was very well suited to house what could in modern terms be called a maximum security prison (in the castello di San Giorgio) to hold the Lombard and Venetic patriots, imprisoned for their opposition to the Austrian occupation. The French had also thought the city suitable for a prison when, on 20 February 1810, the Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer was executed in Mantua for leading a rebellion in two of Napoleon's client states.

Political context
Charles Albert of Sardinia had united the Sardinian army and countless volunteers from Lombardy, Veneto and many other Italian regions, but the defeat of his force by Radetzky at Novara in 1849 led to a hardening in the Austrian government's attitude. In just one year, from August 1848 to August 1849, the Austrians carried out 961 hangings and executions, requisitioned many expatriates' goods and imposed heavy taxes and extraordinary taxes on the people. The repressive policy was directly carried out by field marshal Radetzky, governor general, but strongly supported from the imperial court in Vienna. In all, they allowed no ambiguity as to the occupying power's real intentions.

The atmosphere became even worse with two visits by emperor Franz Joseph in 1851 (in March–April to Venice and in September–October to Milan, Como and Monza), which showed up how little success Radetzky's policy had had in winning over the region's population and nobility to the Habsburg regime. These failed visits led Radetzky to issue two proclamations (on 22 February and 19 July 1851) decreeing that anyone found in possession of 'revolutionary' writings would be sentenced to 1 to 5 years in prison, reimposing the state of siege, holding the city collectively responsible for housing secret societies (even unknowingly).

The Mantua plot
Discontent in the region grew yet more and the patriots began to organise and meet secretly. A section organised itself in Mantua, with its first meeting on 2 November 1850 attended by 10 patriots, including the engineers Attilio Mori and Giovanni Chiassi, the teacher Carlo Marchi, Giovanni Acerbi, the lawyer Luigi Castellazzo, Achille Sacchi and the Mantuan doctor Carlo Poma. The group's inspiration was Enrico Tazzoli, a prelate close to the Mazzinian movement. In particular it had contacts with notable figures such as Tito Speri, protagonist in the Ten Days of Brescia, and Antonio Scarsellini of Legnano, in Venice. Proclamations were printed, cells founded in Milan, Venice, Brescia, Verona, Padua, Treviso, and Vicenza, and money collected to finance the revolutionary activities via 'interprovincial loan folders' organised by Mazzini. It was these folders that led to the arrest of Luigi Dottesio from Como, hanged in Venice on 11 October 1851. That execution was followed, at the end of 1851, by that of Don Giovanni Grioli, pastor of Cerese, arrested on 28 October and condemned to death on 5 November for having tried to cause two Hungarian soldiers to desert and for possessing revolutionary literature.

Arrest
With a renewal in the repressive climate, the Austrian police increased their surveillance activities in Mantua and on 1 January 1852 commissioner Rossi found a folder of 25 francs from a Mazzinian loan during a raid on the home of Luigi Pesci, communal esattore of Castiglione delle Stiviere. The raid was on charges of Pesci's forging Austrian bank notes and so the discovery came as a surprise. Under fierce interrogation, Pesci revealed that the folder came from the priest don Ferdinando Bosio, a friend of Tazzoli and professor of grammar at the episcopal seminary in Mantua. Bosio was then arrested and after 24 days confessed and indicated that don Enrico Tazzoli was the movement's coordinator. Tazzoli was then arrested on 27 January, and with him many documents were seized, such as a register in which he had encrypted annotated receipts and expenditures, with the names of members who had paid money.

Torture and trial
The trial lasted from January 1852 till March 1853, and the first death sentences were pronounced in December 1852.

Tazzoli did not give into his interrogators, led by the judicial auditor Alfred Krauss, but the police managed to decipher the register thanks to informing by the Mantuan lawyer Giulio Faccioli and by one of the society's members, the son of Luigi Castellazzo (a commissioner of police). This allowed them to move on to arresting Poma, Speri, Montanari and other members in Mantua, Verona, Brescia and Venice, with 110 patriots being arrested in total, as well as 30 (including Benedetto Cairoli) condemned in absentia.

The Austrian police and occupying government evidently exaggerated the society's extent, putting most of the prisoners under torture. Most confessed, some died before they could do so, and Pezzotto even chose to commit suicide in his cell at the Castello di Milano. In the end 110 people came to trial. Krauss supported the Austrian belief in the existence of an association in Mantua and of committees in other provinces, communicating with Mazzini and expatriates in Switzerland, attempts by Carlo Montanari to map the fortifications of Mantua and Verona, a plan by the Trentine patriot Igino Sartena for an attempt on Radetzky's life, another plan to capture Franz Josef on his visit to Venice (both of which plans Poma and Speri had in the end quashed as impractical).

Sentence and intervention of the bishop of Mantua
Tazzoli and Ottonelli, being two priests, could in theory only be judged by the Vatican Foro Ecclesiastico. The Bishop of Mantua Giovanni Corti explained the situation to Pope Pius IX in a letter sent on 20 July 1852, asking for an intercession with emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in order to avoid further capital punishments. The Vatican replied on 1 September, mentioning that a mediation with the Austrian government did take place, but there was not much hope. Should the priests be found guilty, they will have to be degraded.

The Austrian trial on 13 November ended with the death sentence being pronounced for all ten defendants. Tazzoli, Poma, Scarsellini, Canal, and Zambelli will later be hanged, while through the intervention of Corti the sentence for Paganoni, Mangili, Quintavalle, Ottonelli and Faccioli was turned into 8–12 years of imprisonment.

The rite of defrocking of Tazzoli and Ottonelli took place on 24 November.

Executions

The five convicts were hanged in Belfiore on 7 November.

Tito Speri, Carlo Montanari, and Bartolomeo Grazioli were put to death in Belfiore on 3 March 1853. Pietro Frattini was hanged on March 19. Pier Fortunato Calvi, the last of the Belfiore Martyrs, was executed on 4 July 1855.

Subsequent events
After the Second Italian Independence War Mantua remained in Austrian hands. During June 1866, in preparation for the Third Italian War of Independence, the Austrian commander ordered work to reinforce Mantua's fortifications. As part of those works it proved necessary to excavate the sand needed for the work on the city walls and in doing so the chiefs of works from the Andreani family (father and son) recovered what were identified as the martyrs' remains (only those of Pietro Frattini and don Grioli, found in 1867, were missing). The Andreani kept the discovery secret and asked their absent Austrian contractors to speed up the work by working at night. The Austrians' absence allowed the wall-workers to transport the corpses to a city cemetery in great secrecy. Funeral rites for the remains were finally celebrated some months after this, when Mantua became part of the Kingdom of Italy at the end of the Third Independence War.

Tazzoli continued to be honoured throughout the Mantua diocese, led by Monsignor Giovanni Corti, who Tazzoli had authorised to publish the sermons Tazzoli had written in jail. Tazzoli had done a great service to the Roman Catholic Church when, under Austrian interrogation, he had written that the Mantuan clergy were as faithful to the revolt as to Catholic tradition, "with spirit adhering to the social and practical value of men's education and training ... and to implement what was necessary to be free. May God forgive me."

References

Italian unification
1853 in Italy


Joseph Bennett was a footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in December 1899.

Career
Bennett played for Porthill before joining Burslem Port Vale in September 1899. His only known appearance at the Athletic Ground came against New Brighton Tower, in a 1–1 draw on 30 December 1899. He was released at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


Alexander James Douglas "Lex" Bell OAM (born 13 July 1945) is an Australian politician. Born in Brisbane, he received a Master of Laws from Bond University and a Bachelor of Law from the University of Queensland before becoming a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Queensland. He was also on Gold Coast City Council from 1985–2001, including a period as mayor 1988–1994. He was also a chancellor with the Anglican Catholic Church.

On 20 March 2001, former National Party Premier and member for Surfers Paradise Rob Borbidge resigned from the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. Bell contested the resulting by-election as an independent.  Due to voter anger at going back to the polls for the second time in three months, the National vote collapsed to eight percent, and Bell was elected with 58 percent of the two-candidate preferred vote.  He held the seat until the 2004 state election, when he finished third on the primary vote, allowing his Liberal challenger in 2001, John-Paul Langbroek, to win the seat.
Mr Bell announced in late 2011 he would contest his former council seat of Division 7 in Surfers Paradise which he regained on 28 April 2012.

References

Independent members of the Parliament of Queensland
1945 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Bond University alumni
People from the Gold Coast, Queensland
Mayors of Gold Coast
21st-century Australian politicians


Evan Lloyd (15 April 1734 (baptised) – 26 January 1776) was a Welsh poet.

Life
Lloyd, who was baptised on 15 April 1734 in Llanycil, Merionethshire, Wales, was educated at Ruthin School before matriculating at Jesus College, Oxford in 1751.  After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1754 and a Master of Arts degree three years later, Lloyd was ordained and served curate of St Mary's Rotherhithe, London.  In 1763, he became vicar of Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd, Wales, but he remained in London (where he enjoyed the delights of the London social life) and employed a curate in his place. Gout and rheumatism affected his later years, and he died on 26 January 1776.

Works
In 1766 Lloyd published three satires in verse.  One (The Powers of the Pen) attacked literary critics.  Another (The Curate) bewailed the position of curates and condemned bishops.  The third (The Methodist) not only showed Lloyd's hatred of Methodism but also defamed William Price, a former High Sheriff of Merionethshire and a powerful landowner in Lloyd's part of Wales.  Price sued for libel, leading to Lloyd being fined and imprisoned for a short time, although his imprisonment led to his befriending John Wilkes, a fellow inmate.  Wilkes and another friend, David Garrick, attempted to obtain further church positions for Lloyd but this was largely unsuccessful, with the Bishop of St Asaph, Jonathan Shipley, blaming Lloyd's satires.  Nevertheless, Lloyd wrote an Epistle to David Garrick (1773), though this led to Lloyd being mocked in A Whipping for the Welsh Parson by William Kenrick later the same year.

References

External links

1734 births
1776 deaths
18th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Welsh poets
Welsh satirists
People educated at Ruthin School
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Llanycil


Art in Action was an art and craft festival held in the grounds of Waterperry House in Oxfordshire.
For 4 days each July artists and craftsmen set up their studios in marquees so that visitors can watch them at work. Visitors could interact with the artists, view their exhibited work, as well as buy and commission art. Art in Action ended after 40 years in 2016 due to key staff members retiring and difficulties in finding replacements for them. Handmade in Britain is hoping to take over this exhibition from 2021.

The first Art in Action took place in 1977 with around 50 artists and 14,000 visitors. Since then it has grown to some 400 artists and performers and 25,000 visitors. It was an annual pilgrimage for many people interested in the visual arts.

Art in Action was organised by the School of Economic Science, a registered charity which owns Waterperry House. Most of the 600 staff at the event were volunteers from the School. However in recent years an increasing number of volunteers have come from elsewhere.

Art in Action provided a creative environment in which artists and craft workers could demonstrate their skills and engage with the public. Each marquee hosted artists of a similar discipline such as painting, sculpture, printmaking, calligraphy, illustration, textiles, woodwork, metalwork, jewellery, ceramics and glass. Some artists and performers came from countries around the world. In a large "Market" marquee, over 100 designer makers sold their produce. These included leatherwork, toys, ceramics, glass, jewellery, hats, body care and textiles.

Art in Action offered a range of practical classes available for both children and adults. Examples included pottery, jewellery making, wood carving, glass engraving and watercolour. Some classes for adults were run by UK art colleges and institutions. These have included City and Guilds, the Prince's School of Traditional Arts, the Guild of Glass Engravers, the Art Academy of South East London and West Dean College.

Live performances included music recitals, performing arts, lectures and storytelling for children. Visitors could also visit Waterperry Gardens and take a guided tour of the frescoes inside Waterperry House.

The event was organised by Jeremy Sinclair from 2005–2014.

Notes

External links
 Art in Action

Art festivals in the United Kingdom
Festivals in Oxfordshire


The North Sarawakan languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in the northeastern part of the province of Sarawak, Borneo, and proposed in Blust (1991, 2010).

North Sarawakan languages
Kenyah
Dayic languages (Apo Duat)
Berawan–Lower Baram
Bintulu

Ethnologue 16 adds Punan Tubu as an additional branch, and notes that Bintulu might be closest to Baram.  The Melanau–Kajang languages were removed in Blust 2010.

The Northern Sarawak languages are well known for strange phonological histories.

Classification
Smith (2017) classifies the North Sarawakan languages as follows.
Bintulu
Berawan–Lower Baram
Berawan (various dialects)
Lower Baram (Miri, Kiput, Narum, Belait, Lelak, Lemeting, Dali’)
Dayic
Kelabit (Bario, Pa’ Dalih, Tring, Sa’ban, Long Seridan, Long Napir)
Lun Dayeh (Long Bawan, Long Semadoh)
Kenyah
Highland (Lepo’ Gah, Lepo’ Tau, Lepo’ Sawa, Lepo’, Lepo’ Laang, Badeng, Lepo’ Jalan, Uma’ Baha, Uma’ Bem, Òma Lóngh)
Lowland
Eastern Lowland (Uma’ Pawe, Uma’ Timai, Lebo’ Kulit)
Western Lowland (Lebo’Vo’, Sebop, Penan (eastern and western varieties))

Footnotes

References

K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.