Kenley Geronimo Jansen (born September 30, 1987) is a Curaçaoan professional baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Atlanta Braves.

Signed by the Dodgers as an undrafted free agent in 2004, Jansen converted from a catcher to a relief pitcher in the minor leagues and made his major league debut in 2010. He served as the Dodgers' closer starting in 2012, and led the National League (NL) in saves in 2017 and 2022. After 11 years in the major leagues with the Dodgers, he entered free agency and signed a one-year deal with the Braves.

Jansen is a four-time MLB All-Star and two-time NL Reliever of the Year (2016, 2017). In 2019, Jansen became the 30th pitcher to reach 300 career saves. In 2023, he became the 7th pitcher to total 400 career saves.

Early life
Jansen was born in Willemstad, Curaçao, the youngest of three sons of Isidor and Bernadette Jansen. His father worked in construction until suffering a stroke when Kenley was 12; his mother is a travel agent. Jansen grew up as a Braves fan, because the team's games were broadcast in Curaçao on TBS. The team later signed fellow Curaçaoan Andruw Jones and Jansen's older brother Ardley. Kenley Jansen began playing baseball at the age of six, alongside his brothers. He began as an outfielder before moving to shortstop. Jansen then met Andrelton Simmons, and was shifted to third base. He later played first base and catcher.

Baseball career

Minor leagues
Jansen was signed as an undrafted free agent catcher by the Dodgers organization on November 17, 2004, and was assigned to the Rookie Class Gulf Coast Dodgers, where he played in 37 games and hit .304 before being promoted to the Ogden Raptors of the Pioneer League on August 26. He had two hits in 11 at-bats in three games for Ogden. He was back with the Gulf Coast team the following season, hitting .245 in 35 games. After the season he played for the North Shore Honu in the Hawaii Winter Baseball League, where he hit .121 in nine games.

Jansen split 2007 between the Raptors and the Class-A Great Lakes Loons of the Midwest League, hitting .207 in 73 games. After the season, he again played in Hawaii Winter Baseball, this time for the West Oahu CaneFires In 2008 with the Loons, he hit .227 and 9 home runs in 79 games. He was selected to the mid-season Midwest League All-Star game.

In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the Netherlands team in the World Baseball Classic. In the Netherlands' upset of the favored Dominican Republic team, Jansen threw out Willy Taveras on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game. He began 2009 with the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino, but hit just .202 in 38 games. Despite that, he appeared in eight games for the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes but had just five hits in 27 at-bats.

The Dodgers convinced Jansen that he had no future at catcher because of his poor offensive numbers and that he should switch to pitching. Under the tutelage of former major leaguer Charlie Hough, he made the conversion in the second half of the 2009 season at Inland Empire. He pitched  innings for the 66ers, allowing six earned runs. He continued the conversion in the Arizona Fall League for the Peoria Javelinas.

Jansen was added to the Dodgers 40-man roster on November 19, 2009. He started with Inland Empire again and allowed only five runs in 18 innings while striking out 28 batters. On May 15, 2010, he was promoted to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts, where he was selected to the mid-season Southern League All-Star Game. He pitched 27 innings in 22 games for the Lookouts, with a 1.67 ERA.

Los Angeles Dodgers (2010–2021)

2010
On July 23, 2010, Jansen was promoted to the Dodgers. He made his Major League debut in relief on July 24 against the New York Mets, where he pitched a scoreless inning, retiring all three batters he faced and striking out two. On July 25, Jansen recorded his first Major League save, when he pitched a 1-2-3 inning against the Mets.

On August 26, Jansen walked and scored a run in his first Major League plate appearance, at Miller Park in Milwaukee against Yovani Gallardo of the Brewers and collected his first major league hit on August 31, at Dodger Stadium. The hit was a single up the middle against Kyle Kendrick of the Philadelphia Phillies. Jansen recorded his first win against the Houston Astros on September 11 in Minute Maid Park. He appeared in 25 games with the Dodgers in 2010, working 27 innings with a 1–0 record and a 0.67 ERA. He also saved four games in 2010.

2011
In 2011, Jansen became a key member of the Dodgers' bullpen. He was 2–1 with a 2.85 ERA in  innings and saved five games. Jansen also struck out 96 batters, setting a new Major League season record with  strikeouts per nine innings.

2012
In May 2012, Jansen became the Dodgers' closer after Javy Guerra struggled in the role. At the end of the season, after missing some time due to heart problems, Jansen was replaced as closer by Brandon League. He appeared in 65 games, compiling a 5–3 record, 2.35 ERA, 99 strikeouts and 25 saves.

2013

Jansen began 2013 as the setup man in the bullpen but resumed the role as closer when League struggled. He was in 75 games with a 4–3 record, 1.88 ERA and 28 saves. He did not allow any runs, in three appearances in the 2013 National League Division Series (NLDS) against the Atlanta Braves but was less effective in the Championship Series (NLCS) against the Cardinals, allowing two runs in two innings.

2014
On February 11, 2014, Jansen avoided his first arbitration hearing by signing a $4.3 million contract with the Dodgers. Fully established as the Dodgers' closer in 2014, Jansen worked in 68 games with a 2.76 ERA, 101 strikeouts and 44 saves. He became just the fourth Dodger pitcher in history with 40+ saves in a season, joining Éric Gagné (who did it three times), Todd Worrell and Jeff Shaw. Jansen only pitched one inning in the NLDS against the Cardinals.

2015
On January 16, 2015, he again avoided arbitration by signing a one-year $7.425 million contract with the Dodgers. However, on February 17, he underwent surgery to remove a growth from a bone in his left foot. The recovery time kept him out of action until May. Jansen was eventually activated off the disabled list on May 15 and rejoined the Dodgers roster. Jansen struck out 23 batters in his first 14 games of the season, without giving up a single walk. This broke Jay Howell's team records (set in the 1991 season) of 13 games without a walk to start a season and 20 strikeouts without a walk to start a season. He wound up striking out 27 before he finally walked a batter on June 30, eight shy of the major league record. He made 54 appearances for the team in 2015 with a 2.41 ERA and 36 saves. He also struck out 80 batters, while only walking 8 all season. He became the first Dodgers pitcher with five seasons of 80 or more strikeouts in relief. He appeared in three games, with two saves in the 2015 NLDS and did not allow a run in  innings. In his final year of arbitration, Jansen signed a one-year, $10.65 million, contract with the Dodgers on January 15, 2016.

2016
On June 20, 2016, Jansen picked up his 162nd career save against the Washington Nationals, breaking the all-time franchise record held by Éric Gagné. He was also selected to the National League team for the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his first all-star selection. On August 24, 2016, Jansen tied Jim Brewer's franchise record for strikeouts by a reliever with the 604th of his career. In 71 games, he was 3–2 with a 1.83 ERA and 47 saves, earning him the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award. Of all MLB pitchers, he held right-handed batters to the lowest batting average, .107 (in 30 or more innings). In the 2016 NLDS against the Washington Nationals, Jansen pitched in four games and worked  innings, allowing four runs and saving two games. In the 2016 NLCS against the Chicago Cubs he pitched  innings over three games, with one save, and struck out 10 while only allowing one hit.

2017

On January 10, 2017, the Dodgers announced the re-signing of Jansen to a five-year, $80 million contract. On June 11, he recorded his 200th career save against the Cincinnati Reds.

On June 2, 2017, Jansen recorded his 36th strikeout of the season, setting an MLB season record for most strikeouts without giving up a walk. The previous record was held by St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Adam Wainwright, who struck out 35 batters before giving up a walk in the 2013 season. The streak eventually reached 51 strikeouts before he recorded his first walk of the season on June 25 against the Colorado Rockies. He was named to his second straight All-Star Game. Jansen pitched in 65 games for the Dodgers in 2017, with five wins, a 1.32 ERA, 109 strikeouts (with only seven walks) and 41 saves. For the second straight year, he was awarded the Trevor Hoffman National League Reliever of the Year Award.

Jansen started the playoffs by finishing all three games of the Dodgers 2017 NLDS sweep of the Diamondbacks. He saved two of the games and did not allow an earned run in  innings. He pitched  innings over four games in the 2017 NLCS against the Cubs and did not allow a batter to reach base while striking out eight. Jansen allowed two runs to score, including a solo homer by Marwin González in Game Two of the 2017 World Series against the Houston Astros. It was his first blown save in the postseason and snapped his MLB record of converting his first 12 post-season save opportunities. In Game Five of the series, he picked up the loss in the Dodgers 10 inning defeat. In his second inning of work, he hit Brian McCann with two outs and then after a walk, he gave up a walk-off single to Alex Bregman. Overall, he pitched  innings over six games, with two saves and three runs allowed as the Dodgers lost the series in seven games.

2018
Jansen was bothered by an injury during spring training and was slow-played after his 2017 workload, resulting in two blown saves during a shaky April. He turned it around in May, June, and July and was chosen for his third straight all-star game in 2018.

Jansen's heart problems resurfaced during a four-game set in Colorado, and Jansen was placed on the 10-day disabled list with an irregular heartbeat. He struggled upon returning, losing his first two games back and blowing a save in his third. He struggled for the rest of the season. He finished the season with a 1–5 record, 3.01 ERA and 38 saves.

He was effective against Atlanta and Milwaukee in the postseason, not allowing a run, but again struggled in the 2018 World Series, blowing two save opportunities as he allowed game-tying home runs to Jackie Bradley Jr. in Game 3 (which went 18 innings) and Steve Pearce in Game 4 as the Dodgers lost the series to the Boston Red Sox in five games.

2019
On April 7, 2019, Jansen recorded a four-out save against the Colorado Rockies at Coors Field in Denver. On May 3 and 4, Jansen converted saves against the San Diego Padres. But on May 5, pitching for the third day in a row, Jansen walked a batter and allowed two bunt singles to load the bases with no outs. He retired the next two hitters before he gave up a walk-off grand slam to Hunter Renfroe, as the Dodgers lost 8–5.

Jansen recorded two extended saves in a series against the Mets, with a 5-out save in the first game of the series and a 4-out save in the fourth game. This was his first five-out save since June 2018 in Pittsburgh. He debuted the intentional balk in the top of the ninth against the Chicago Cubs on June 15, 2019. The intentional balk was an idea he came up with bench coach Bob Geren, in which he has a runner on second and two outs and balks the runner to third to prevent the runner from stealing signs. On September 25, in a game against the San Diego Padres, Jansen picked up his 300th career save, becoming the 30th pitcher all time and the first in Dodgers history. He pitched in 62 games, with a 5–3 record and 33 saves, but a career-high ERA of 3.71.

In the 2019 NLDS, Jansen pitched to five batters and did not allow any of them to reach base.

2020
Jansen was late reporting to camp after the pandemic-imposed shutdown, suffering with a COVID-19 infection, which affected his conditioning during the shutdown. He appeared in 24.1 innings over 27 games during the season, with a 3–1 record and a 3.33 ERA with 11 saves (3rd in the NL), while leading the National League with 24 games finished. Jansen pitched one scoreless inning in the first game of the Wild Card Series to pick up the save and in the NLDS he allowed two runs to score in  innings. He picked up a save and pitched three perfect innings over three games in the NLCS. In Game 4 of the 2020 World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays, Jansen blew his fourth career World Series save, setting a new World Series record.

2021
On August 25, Jansen became the twelfth reliever in MLB history to record 1,000 strikeouts by striking out Austin Nola of the San Diego Padres. Jansen finished the 2021 season with 38 saves, a 2.22 ERA and 86 strikeouts in 69 innings. In the National League Wild Card Game against the St. Louis Cardinals, he struck out three batters in a scoreless ninth inning to record the win and in the 2021 NLDS, he struck out five of the six batters he faced in his two innings of work. In the 2021 NLCS, played against the Atlanta Braves, Jansen, pitched in five of the six games, allowing two hits and one walk while striking out six and recording the save in Game 3.

Atlanta Braves (2022)
Jansen signed a one-year contract worth $16 million with the Atlanta Braves on March 18, 2022. He made his Braves debut on April 8, surrendering 3 earned runs in the 9th inning against the Cincinnati Reds in a non-save situation. On April 19, Jansen returned to Dodger Stadium and was met with a mixture of cheers and boos from Dodger fans as he entered the game. He collected the save against his former team, retiring former Brave Freddie Freeman for the final out of the game.

Boston Red Sox
On December 13, 2022, Jansen signed a two-year contract with the Boston Red Sox. On May 10, 2023, Jansen became the seventh pitcher in MLB history to record 400 saves. He was named to his fourth All-Star Game on July 2, as the lone Red Sox representative. Jansen abruptly left a home game against the Yankees on September 12; the next day, he was placed on the COVID-related injured list; he was reactivated on September 23.

International career
Jansen has represented the Netherlands at three of the four World Baseball Classics. In 2009, he was the starting catcher for the Netherlands team in the World Baseball Classic. In the Netherlands' upset of the favored Dominican Republic team, Jansen threw out Willy Taveras on an attempted steal of third base in the ninth inning, a key play in the game. Jansen was a late addition to the Netherlands national baseball team for the 2013 World Baseball Classic, he had transitioned to pitching in late 2009, and he was added to the roster for the semi-finals but did not appear in the game.

After initially saying he would not pitch in the  2017 tournament, having signed a five-year $80 million contract with the Dodgers in the offseason, Jansen again joined the team when they advanced to the semi-finals. Jansen appeared in the team's game against Team Puerto Rico, which including Dodgers teammate Kiké Hernandez. Jansen pitched a scoreless 9th inning, striking out two, but team Netherlands lost on a walk-off sacrifice fly in the 11th inning. He represented the Netherlands national baseball team at the 2023 World Baseball Classic.

Pitching style

Jansen relies almost exclusively on a cut fastball that mostly ranges from 90 to 94 miles per hour (mph). Earlier in his career, he was able to throw the pitch at 98 mph, and he exceeded 100 mph in 2014. In 2012, he used this pitch about 93% of the time. His other main pitch is a slider in the low to mid-80s. He experimented with a changeup in the 2009–2011 seasons and debuted a four-seam fastball at the end of the 2012 season. He now throws four-seamer fastballs at 92–96 MPH. Jansen relies both on movement and exceptional command, throwing over 70% strikes.

Jansen has recorded extremely high strikeout rates, garnering 14.6 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched through the 2012 season. This is the second-highest total in history among pitchers who have thrown at least 140 innings (behind only Craig Kimbrel).

Health issues
Jansen was diagnosed in 2011 with an irregular heartbeat (specifically, atrial fibrillation), and he missed some time that season while he was placed on blood thinners to prevent clots. The problem resurfaced late in the 2012 season, and he again missed considerable time while being treated. On October 24, 2012, Jansen underwent a 3-hour catheter ablation procedure in which Koonwalee Nademanee identified abnormal tissue in his left atrium and cauterized it to stop it from generating abnormal electrical signals.

Jansen suffered a recurrence of his irregular heartbeat before a game in Denver on August 9, 2018. He was placed on the 10-day disabled list and the team reported he would likely miss a month of the season. Doctors determined the condition could be controlled with medication until the offseason, so Jansen returned to the hill just 11 days later. However, the heart medication he took, which included beta blockers, had the side effects of leaving him feeling fatigued and unemotional.  He gave up four home runs in his first two outings back, blowing both save opportunities, and after he protested the effects of his medication his doctors switched him to aspirin. Jansen stayed in Los Angeles when the Dodgers returned to Denver in September because he was at high risk of a stroke if he returned to elevation. Jansen completed the season and provided scoreless relief in seven of nine postseason appearances, allowing two runs in 10.2 innings (1.69 ERA).

On November 26, 2018, Jansen underwent a -hour heart ablation procedure, again performed by Koonlawee Nademanee, in Los Angeles. After the procedure the doctor told Jansen that small veins near the site of his 2012 procedure had grown and were agitated by dehydration, which caused the irregular signals that occurred in Denver. Jansen dedicated himself to a healthier diet after recovering from the operation and reported to spring training 25 pounds lighter. He no longer has to take blood-thinning medication.

On July 12, 2020, Jansen reported to summer training camp for the first time after recovering from COVID-19.

In June 2022, Jansen again dealt with an irregular heartbeat.

Personal life
Jansen spends most of his off-season break back home in Curaçao. Kenley is married to a Curaçao native named Gianni Jansen-Fransisca. He has two daughters, Natalia Hannah Jansen, who was born on March 16, 2013, and Key’Gia Keziah Jansen born on September 12, 2021, and two sons, Kaden Isaiah Jansen, born on August 16, 2015, and Kyrian Jeremiah Jansen, born on August 22, 2018. He throws right-handed but writes with his left hand. A local team in Curaçao, the Wildcats, have renamed themselves in honor of Jansen, and competed in the Latin American Series as Wildcats KJ74.

See also

 List of Los Angeles Dodgers team records
 List of Major League Baseball career games finished leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career saves leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players from the Netherlands Antilles
 Los Angeles Dodgers award winners and league leaders

References

External links

1987 births
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
American League All-Stars
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball catchers
Boston Red Sox players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Curaçao baseball players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Great Lakes Loons players
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Inland Empire 66ers players
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Curaçao
National League All-Stars
National League saves champions
North Shore Honu players
Ogden Raptors players
Baseball players from Willemstad
Peoria Javelinas players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
West Oahu Canefires players


St. Mary the Virgin is the local Church of England parish church for Brampton Ash, Northamptonshire. Sitting in the Diocese of Peterborough, the ironstone church boasts fine carvings of lions.

It is well lit at night, and can be seen across the Welland Valley for miles around.

The church is largely 13th and 14th century with some restoration in the 19th century.

Memorials

On the south wall of the chancel, Charles Norwich, died 1605, and wife, 2 kneeling figures under arch.

On the north wall of the chancel, Thomas Farmer, died 1764, and 2 other tablets.

On the west wall of the south aisle: George Bosworth, died 1804; marble tablet with 2 weeping willows bending over an urn. 2 19th century tablets alongside.

List of rectors

Thomas, 1230
John, ?
Richard de Flammevill, 1264
Hugh de Valle, 1294
John de Cumpton, 1319
John de Stamford, 1325
John de Felmersham, 1343
John de Kirkham, 1345
Oliver de Dineley, 1347
William de Gayrstang, 1348
John de Totyngton, 1349
Robert Wylmot, 1350
Henry de Greynesby, 1352
John Noioun, 1352
John Essex, 1356
William de Cabernaco, 1357
William Robert, 1358
Peter la Sudria, 1358
John Wade, 1366
John Millicent, 1375
John Rodyngton, 1379
Thomas Ilneston, 1382
John Wade, 1386
Walter Tyngyn, ?
John Bottlesnam, 1395
William Topclyff, 1396
William Hole, 1403
William Fraunceys, ?
William Islip, 1410
William Maidwell, 1412
John Fynche, 1420
William Halle, 1424
William Newbery, 1429
Thomas Webster, 1440
William Dene, 1441
Thomas Smyth, 1443
John Mallory, 1443
John Smyth, 1446
John Mallory, 1451
Richard Hyndeman, 1452
John Jonys, 1459
Richard Spicer, 1463
Walter Oudeby, 1466
John Bigcrofte, 1483
David Barker, 1503
John Devyas, 1509
Edmund Olyver, 1546
Anthony Palmer, 1573
Andrew Broughton, 1577
William Addison, 1615
Richard Cumberland, 1662
Samuel Blackwell, 1691
Robert Browne, 1720
Philip Bliss, 1733
Thomas Farrer, 1734
William Arden, 1764
Samuel Rogers, 1769
Samuel Heyrick, 1790
Hon. Charles Dundas, 1841
Sidney Lidderdale Smith, 1844
Austin Ainsworth Slack, 1904
Thomas Beckenn Avening Saunders, 1908
Gerard Cokayne Vecqueray, 1910

In 1928, the benefice was united with Dingley, and the incumbent ceased to be resident at Brampton Ash.

References

Church of England church buildings in Northamptonshire
Grade I listed churches in Northamptonshire


Andrew John McIntosh (born 5 April 1955) is an Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1999 to 2014, representing the seat of Kew.

Early life
McIntosh was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and raised in North Balwyn, attending Bellevue Primary School.  He later attended Melbourne Grammar School 1965–73. He received a Bachelor of Economics in 1978 from The Australian National University, a Bachelor of Laws in 1981 from the University of Tasmania, and a Certificate of Mediation in 1998 from Bond University. He began practising as a lawyer in 1982, and was called to the bar in 1985. He was an Associate of the former Chief Justice of Victoria. He is married with one son.

Political career
McIntosh had joined the Liberal Party in 1982, and had been active in local branches. In 1999 he was preselected as the Liberal candidate for Kew, a safe seat being vacated by sitting member Jan Wade. He was duly elected, and was appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary from Infrastructure in 2001. In 2002 he became Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations and Shadow Attorney-General.

In 2006, McIntosh was moved to the portfolios of Police and Emergency Services, Corrections, and Manager of Opposition Business. In March 2009, he attracted attention for criticising the government for not releasing a weather briefing it had received predicting an "absolute extreme fire weather spike day" four days before the Black Saturday bushfires.

According to a Sunday Herald Sun investigation, McIntosh achieved little voter recognition as a frontbencher. Six months out from the 2010 state election, not one of 50 voters surveyed could identify him as the Shadow Minister for Corrections.

McIntosh claimed that assaults in Victoria had doubled since 1999, and was instrumental in developing a Coalition policy advocating the abolition of suspended sentences, a policy which was later mirrored by the Labor government. He helped formulate Coalition policy proposing 1600 extra police, which was also adopted by the government. He advocated greater freedom of information and transparency under the Brumby government. In 2006, after a notebook was pushed under his office door belonging to an advisor to the Premier, referring to an "index search" on Liberal leader  Ted Baillieu's wife and three children, McIntosh alleged that a dirt unit existed inside the Department of Premier and Cabinet.

With the election of the Baillieu government in 2010, McIntosh was made Minister for Corrections, Minister for Crime Prevention and Minister responsible for the establishment of an anti-corruption commission. In the Napthine Ministry in 2013, McIntosh also took the portfolio of Gaming Regulation, and the anti-corruption commission title became "Minister responsible for IBAC". On 16 April 2013, McInstosh resigned all of his ministerial positions with immediate effect, after admitting that he had leaked confidential information from the parliamentary Privileges Committee to a journalist.

References

1955 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Australian barristers
Bond University alumni
21st-century Australian politicians
People from Balwyn, Victoria
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Australian National University alumni
University of Tasmania alumni
Politicians from Melbourne
Ministers for Corrections (Victoria)
Ministers for Casino, Gaming and Liquor Regulation (Victoria)
Ministers for Crime Prevention (Victoria)


The Oyster Bay History Walk is a path through downtown Oyster Bay, New York  that leads the walker to 30 historic sites.  It is a 1-mile loop and is the first certified American Heart Association Start! Walking Path on Long Island.

Origins and development
The first settlers arrived in Oyster Bay in the 1650s; the Town of Oyster Bay seal includes the date 1653. Over the ensuing 350 years several important events in the religious, military, and social history of Colonial America and the United States occurred there. A few of these events and the people associated with them are celebrated in the History Walk. Seven of the sites included on the History Walk are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The tour was designed through the collaborative efforts of historian John Hammond, Oyster Bay Historical Society Director Thomas A. Kuehhas, and sound recording artist Claire Bellerjeau.

An audio commentary was created to accompany the maps to enable interested walkers to understand the significance of each of the sites on the Walk. These tracks were originally released under the title Talk of the Town, but the name was changed to the Oyster Bay History Walk in 2008 at the time of certification by the American Heart Association as the first Start! Walking Path on Long Island.

Sites on the Walk
Details of the locations of the site on the walk are available on the linked map.

1. Introduction
The Walk starts at the Baykery Cafe with a general introduction to Oyster Bay and its history.

While many people know Oyster Bay as the home of Theodore Roosevelt there is, of course, much more to tell. Before the first arrivals of European colonials over 350 years ago the Matinecock Indians settled in the area at least a thousand years ago. Dutch and English merchants, fishermen, and shipbuilders later made this a lively center of maritime trade. One of George Washington’s most important spies Robert Townsend lived here. The notorious pirate Captain Kidd visited for a short time, as did Typhoid Mary.

2. Fleet's Hall

Fleet's Hall is a building that once stood in Oyster Bay, New York. The building served as an important civic and social meeting place during the time that Theodore Roosevelt was a resident of Oyster Bay and served as Governor of New York State and later President of the United States. The building was used for events such as public meetings, concerts, receptions, dances, and dinners. It was also the site of the first moving picture screening in Oyster Bay.

3. Moore's Building

Following a fire James Moore built a new grocery store in 1901 incorporating portions of a brick façade first built in 1891. As well as the large ground floor he included two high-ceilinged upper floors for public meetings. It was in these upper floors that President Roosevelt located his Summer Executive Offices. Secretary William Loeb Jr. and his staff conducted any business of the president here that did not require his personal attention. Direct "hotlines" connected to Sagamore Hill and the White House. In 1903 the first "round the world" cable was transmitted from this building. Moore's Building is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

4. Oyster Bay Bank Building

This building was constructed in 1891 and served as the first bank in the town, it originally consisted of 3½ stories as well as a basement. The directors of the Oyster Bay Bank leased the third floor to the Masons of Matinecock Lodge #806, the second floor to various doctors and lawyers, part of the basement to a pool hall and tobacco shop, and used the first floor for the bank.

When Roosevelt was Governor of New York in 1900 he rented several rooms on the second floor. In 1901 he became a member of the Matinecock Lodge, and attended meetings on the third floor.

Originally the building was set back from the sidewalk about ten feet with a flight of wide stops leading up to the entrance. However, in 1927 the building was lowered and brought forward to the street. As a result, customers can enter the main floor directly from street level. Following this a 3-story extension was added to the back of the building. Recently, the building has undergone extensive renovation, both inside and out.

5. Derby-Hall Bandstand

The bandstand was once used by Roosevelt and others to give speeches. The original bandstand was removed in the 1930s and in 1981 a replica took its place. It is once again used for public speakers. The original intention was to dedicate the replica to Roosevelt's daughter Ethel Roosevelt Derby. However, her godson Leonard Wood Hall, a New York Congressman and Oyster Bay native, died shortly before completion. As he had been the principal organizer of the rebuilding project it was dedicated to him as well as Ethel.

There are three cannon around the bandstand.

The one facing the Town Hall is a Civil War era Dahlgren gun, named for its inventor Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren. At the base of this cannon is a tablet cast from metal recovered from the wreck of the USS Maine. The explosion that caused this wreckage contributed to the decision to begin the Spanish–American War of 1898 (in which Roosevelt eagerly participated and gained fame).

The cannon at the foot of the stairs is a circa 1861 Civil War trophy gun from the USS R. R. Cuyler. The R. R. Cuyler was a 1202-ton wooden steamship chartered by the Union Navy to enforce a blockade of Florida’s west coast. It is a 30-pound Parrott rifle and weighs 3,510 lb. It was presented to Oyster Bay by the Navy and unveiled by President Roosevelt in 1903.

6. U.S. Post Office

While there have been at least four site for the Oyster Bay Post Office, the current building was the first to be architecturally designed. New York architect William Bottomley designed this building to be a mirror image of the Town Hall building on the opposite side of the street. Building was completed in 1936. Several artists were then commissioned to decorate the interior. The artists included Ernest Peixotto, who with his assistant contributed several murals representing Oyster Bay's history, and Leo Lentelli, an Italian sculptor, who created terracotta panels above the interior doorways, a terracotta bust of Theodore Roosevelt, and a stone flagpole base on the grounds outside the Post Office. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

7. Long Island Rail Road Station

The Oyster Bay Railroad Station is the terminus of this branch of the Long Island Railroad. The first station was built in 1889 and then expanded in 1901 at the time of Roosevelt's election as President to accommodate the large increase in guests to the hamlet. A new station was built nearby in the late 20th century to accommodate double-decker trains. The original building is currently being transformed into the Oyster Bay Railroad Museum. This building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

8. Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park

The land Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park rests on was originally a salt marsh used for raising cattle. Theodore Roosevelt once said of the area of the future park, “I wish that we citizens of Oyster Bay could make here a breathing place for all people of this neighborhood, especially the less fortunate ones.” Only a few months after his death in 1919, the idea of making a park was agreed upon. Over the next six years land was acquired and work to build a park begun. A dedication ceremony was held in May 1928, attended by 5,000 people with a parade and a flyover by planes.

9. Oyster Bay Long Island Rail Road Turntable

Oyster Bay is one of the few remaining stations with an original turntable. It was built in 1902 to replace a smaller one that had been moved to Oyster Bay from Locust Valley at the time of the extending the line. The Turntable is listed by the National Register of Historic Places.

10. Waterfront Center

The area of the shore used by the WaterFront Center used to be the site of Jakobson’s Shipyard. During World War II minesweepers, tugboats, and mini-submarines were produced for the US Navy. Today educational and recreational facilities occupy the site.

A major feature of the educational facilities is the U.S. National Historic Landmark Christeen, which is moored at the WaterFront Center. She is the oldest oyster sloop in the United States having been laid down in 1883. After 30 years of harvesting oysters she was used as a cargo vessel and then a pleasure vessel. In 1989 she was abandoned. Then in 1991 she was bought by a group of Oyster Bay enthusiasts and restored.

Oyster Bay produces up to 90% of the oysters and 40% of the hard clams harvested in New York State. The Christeen serves as a floating classroom to educate students of all ages about the operation of historic vessels and protection of the marine environment of Oyster Bay and Long Island Sound.

11. Captain Kidd in Oyster Bay

Although Richard Coote, the Earl of Bellomont, had been instrumental in securing Kidd's commission as a privateer he later turned against Kidd and other pirates, writing that the inhabitants of Long Island were "a lawless and unruly people" protecting pirates who had "settled among them."

In an attempt to avoid his mutinous crew, who had gathered in New York, Kidd sailed 120 miles around the eastern tip of Long Island, and then doubled back 90 miles along the Sound to Oyster Bay. He felt this was a safer passage than the high-trafficked narrows between Staten Island and Brooklyn.

Kidd arrived in Oyster Bay on June 9, 1699, and anchored offshore. Justice White and Doctor Cooper helped to transmit a message to Kidd's wife in New York, without exposing Kidd and his location. This secrecy was in vain, however, for his location in Oyster Bay was revealed, and just over a month later he was imprisoned in Boston before being shipped back to England for trial.

12. Wightman Memorial Baptist Church

The first Baptist congregation started meeting in Oyster Bay in 1700 and it is the oldest Baptist congregation in the State of New York. The first minister, Robert Feeks was appointed in 1724 gaining him the distinction of being the first ordained minister in Oyster Bay of any denomination.

The original building was a plain unpainted wooden frame structure with flat planked pews and a small pulpit. During the Revolutionary War it was reportedly used to quarter occupying British troops, as were many other churches in the village. The congregation grew steadily and in 1806 a larger church was built on this site.

In 1882 this second building was moved back on the site and rotated 90 degrees to make room for the new church. In 1908, after several years of fundraising the church that is on the site today was completed. The 1806 building was then used as a Baptist church school.

Since the early 1980s the North Shore Assembly of God has made both the buildings their home, and have preserved the interior with all of its original details including carved pews and other woodwork, ornate pressed tin ceilings and walls, a built-in pipe organ, and the original stained glass windows.

13. Octagon Hotel

Luther Jackson built the Nassau House in 1851 to be a political and social meeting space. It was later called the Acker Nassau House. In 1884 the hotel was used for the coroner’s inquest into the murder of three women of the area, Lydia and Annie Maybee of Wolver Hollow and Charlotte Aurelia Townsend of Oyster Bay.

In 1887 Phillip and Mary Lavelle bought the business and renamed it the Octagon Hotel. When Phillip died Mary took over the operations and made many modern improvements which brought patrons from miles around. In 1889 she installed a central heating system which supplied year-round comfort to the guests of the hotel and in 1890 she built a generating plant which provided Oyster Bay’s first electrical lighting. Finding the new phone service offered by the Queens County Telephone and Telegraph Company unsatisfactory, she had her own direct phone line to New York City installed.

Roosevelt's secretary maintained a one-room office believed to have been on the second floor in the Octagon Hotel during 1899. Roosevelt was elected governor in late 1898 and began serving his term in January 1899. The one-room office soon proved to be too small and the staff moved to larger quarters in the nearby Oyster Bay Bank Building.

Mary Lavelle had brought the Octagon Hotel into the 20th century, but a new owner, Charles Davenport, saw his customer base decline as newer hotels in the village competed for clientele. Finally, after ten years, he sold the building to Edward Fisher, who turned it into Oyster Bay’s first Ford automobile dealership. It has been used for various automotive businesses ever since.

It is the only known octagonal building in this part of Long Island and is perhaps the only octagon-shaped hotel in the United States.

A proposal has emerged to restore the building to its original condition. This is presently being reviewed by the Town of Oyster Bay. Community groups have expressed their strong interest to see this building tied to the heritage of Theodore Roosevelt to be restored in a sensitive and thoughtful manner.

14. The Printery

The Oyster Bay Guardian, a weekly newspaper, was founded by Nelson Disbrow in 1899 and over the following six years it was produced from various rented premises. In 1905 the actions of a rival newspaperman caused Disbrow to be unable to continue to rent any property in Oyster Bay. In response Disbrow bought his own property on West Main Street and in 1906 built The Printery, a brown shingled building that still stands today. From this building the Guardian was produced right through to 1967 when the Disbrow family sold it to Edwina Snow. The Printery has remained in use as a print shop.

The Guardian continues to be published to this albeit from different premises.

15. Fort Hill and the Townsend Cemetery

Lt. Colonel John Graves Simcoe ordered his troops to cut down a vast apple orchard which once grew here, and to rebuild the remains of an old fort which stood on this site. Nothing of the old fort remains, but the hill still holds a special significance to the Townsend family; it is one of their earliest graveyards. John Townsend is believed to be the first person buried here in 1668.  His initialed headstone is greatly worn and weathered, but a bronze marker has been added, noting his immigration from England and his original ownership of this land.

16. Raynham Hall Museum

The building housing Raynham Hall Museum has seen several alterations, extensions and restorations since it was initially built in 1738 as a four-room house, with two rooms downstairs and two upstairs. In 1740 a Quaker merchant Samuel Townsend (a descendant of John Townsend, one of the original settlers of Oyster Bay) and his wife moved in. Within a few years their growing family required an extension of four rooms to be built on the back turning the building into a saltbox.

In 1851 Samuel's grandson, Solomon Townsend II, added a three-story water tower in the garden, the result of which was the first kitchen in the town with running water. Solomon then turned his attention to transforming the house into a Victorian villa in the 1870s.

In 1941 the building passed to the Daughters of the American Revolution and then to the Town of Oyster Bay in 1947. The Town Council decided to restore the building to the saltbox structure of the mid-18th century, and in 1959 the Victorian additions were removed, including bay-windows, porte cochere, skylights and the water tower.

The museum is in two parts. In the front of the house the rooms are furnished in the style of the 1770s (the period of the Revolutionary War). The rear of the house, however, is furnished in the style of the 1870s showing the style of living that Solomon had brought to the house.

The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is an active museum open to the public.

17. Seely/Wright House

This house, which is situated directly across the road from the Raynham Hall Museum, was built in 1830 for Dr. Ebeneezer Seely. Seely married Phebe Townsend, the youngest daughter of Samuel Townsend, when she was 45. After her death in 1841, Seely remarried and his daughter from this union married Joseph Wright, a local blacksmith.

Seely, besides his medical duties, served as Town Supervisor of Oyster Bay, School Commissioner, School Inspector and moderated many town meetings. There is a legend that Seely was acquainted with Martin van Buren and that he entertained the President in the Seely House.

Joseph Wright was a descendant of Peter Wright who is regarded as one of the founders of Oyster Bay. Peter Wright and three companions negotiated the purchase of the land from the Matinecock Indians in 1653.

The Wright family continued to occupy the Wright House (as it was then called) for many years.

18. Ludlam Building

James Ludlam opened a dry goods store in 1836 further down the road. Following a fire that started in a neighbouring cabinetmaker's shop and destroyed Ludlam's store, he bought a plot of land and built the two-story building that is known as The Ludlam Building. The building  is in the Greek Revival style. After James' death, the store passed to his sons who later sold it to Roger Royce. Royce operated a grocery store from the site and in 1907 a fire started in the neighbouring Opera House. The local fire company responded to the fire, pumping water from a nearby stream. The Opera House, a private home and a millinery shop were destroyed, but the Ludlam Building and the Post Office were saved with only scorching. Shortly after this fire Royce sold the building to the Kursman brothers, who ran a dry goods and clothing store.

The Kursman’s, later joined by David Bernstein, continued with their business into the 1930s. Then, on April 12, 1932, fire struck again. This time the interior of the Ludlam Building was gutted, including all the inventory and fixtures; only the brick walls remained. Afterwards David Bernstein rebuilt the structure and operated a popular haberdashery called Dave’s Shop for more than thirty years. This brick building survives as one of the oldest commercial storefronts in the village, and for over 20 years it has been the home of Appliance World.

19. Snouders Drug Store

There is doubt as to when the first building was erected on this site but some evidence exists that points to the late 17th century. Snouders Drug Store, located here since 1884, is the oldest continuously operated business in Oyster Bay. The drug store was established by Abel Miller Conklin who had been a druggist in New York City, but moved to the countryside of Oyster Bay in 1880 on the advice of his doctor, who felt the fresh air would improve his health. His first drugstore in Oyster Bay was elsewhere on South Street, but the exact location is not known. In 1884 he relocated and carried on his business with the help of his son-in-law, Andrew Snouder.

Snouder had left the clothing and shoe business to aid his ailing father-in-law. Unfortunately Conklin's health did not recover and soon after the move he died, leaving Snouder to carry on, keeping the name Conklin's Drug Store.

In 1887 Snouder installed the first telephone in Oyster Bay, which for several years remained the only one in town. Until Roosevelt became president even Sagamore Hill did not have a telephone and for several years Snouder's son, Arthur, carried messages up to Roosevelt.

The phone service became a key reason people gathered at Snouders and in May 1900 part of the store was partitioned off for the exclusive use of the telephone service. This enabled the switchboard operated by Miss Ellen Ludlam to remain open late at night until the drugstore had closed. Later that year Snouder graduated second in his class from the New York College of Pharmacy and officially changed the name to Snouders Drug Store.

The telephone also brought many members of the press to the booths of Snouders Drug Store, covering news of Theodore Roosevelt, both as Governor and President.

Following the installation of a soda fountain in 1889 young people congregated at the store as well. This soda fountain became a center of social life for several generations of young people, all the way into the 1970s.

In the 1990s the exterior was returned to its original color, which was determined through paint chip analysis.

20. Hood A.M.E. Zion Church

The Hood African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, holds the distinction of being the oldest Oyster Bay congregation that is still holding services in their original church structure. The congregation was founded in 1848 by a group of African American families. And in 1856 a small wooden frame building was constructed on land donated to the congregation by Edward Weekes. In 1937, after extensive fundraising, the wooden church was covered a brick exterior.

The original name was the First African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. However, later on the congregation changed the name to the Hood A.M.E. Zion Church in honor of an early bishop, the Right Reverend James Walker Hood.

Throughout the first fifty years the congregation struggled financially and was unable to pay their pastors for more than a few months at a time. However, by 1937 they were in a position to pay their pastor as well as adding electric light and the brick façade. From 1937 to 1963 the pastor was Moses T. Smith. Today the congregation is led by Reverend Kenneth Nelson, who came to the Hood AME Zion Church in 1981.

21. Earle-Wightman House

This house, named for two 19th-century Baptist ministers who resided in it, was originally built around 1720 as a small one-room dwelling. By 1897 it had been moved round the corner to its current site and extended.

In 1966 the house was donated to the Town of Oyster Bay, for the use of the Oyster Bay Historical Society. The society is headquartered at the house and operates it as a museum, with two rooms interpreted to the period 1740 and 1830.

The 1740 room is set up to illustrate how an 18th-century tradesman might have lived. The 1830 room demonstrates how Rev. Earle would have entertained his guests in the parlor. The garden behind the house has been restored to the 18th century by the North Country Garden Club. It features ornamental plantings along with herbs used for medicinal purposes as well as cooking and fragrance.

The Historical Society also maintains a research Library of books, manuscripts, photographs, maps and documents. The subjects covered by the library include the military, maritime and religious history of Oyster Bay along with a genealogical collection.

22. St. Paul's Methodist Church

The first group of Methodists in Oyster Bay formed in 1812 and used space at the Oyster Bay Academy for services when traveling ministers visited. Then in 1858 the congregation built a small church. In 1895 Joseph B. Wright, the blacksmith, bought the building from them and continued his business there for many years. The congregation then moved to St. Paul's, which they had been working on since 1891.

In 1904 a new pipe organ was installed; half of which was paid for by the wealthy philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. By 1913 the congregation had grown substantially, and to create more room the entire building was raised using a series of jacks. A basement was excavated and several rooms including a kitchen were built.

In the 1920s a forty-foot spire which used to extend above the bell tower was struck by lightning in the 1920s and had to be removed. The “Carnegie” organ no longer exists, and the interior has been given a more modern appearance.

In 1988 St. Paul’s Methodist Churcb merged with another congregation in East Norwich and the Bethel Pentecostal Church moved into this building. Bethel outgrew the building and moved to Westbury, and in 1999 the North Shore Community Church, part of the Presbyterian Church of America, made it their new home, along with the large parsonage next door.

The El Shaddai Pentecostal Church, another local congregation, holds their service in North Shore’s chapel.

The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

23. St. Dominic's Church and Chapel

This Gothic style granite building was first dedicated on Thanksgiving Day in 1897. The original porte cochere provides a covered entrance to the chapel, and once inside one can listen to the original pipe organ. It is one of only three of its kind in the United States, an American-made Hook and Hastings Opus tracker organ, built in 1901. St. Dominic’s Roman Catholic Church has expanded greatly. In 1922 they established a grammar school, and in 1928, a high school. In 1968 they broke ground on a large contemporary church building, located across the street from this one. Today St. Dominic’s six acre campus has eleven buildings.

24. Oyster Bay Public Library

There were several “reading rooms” operated by different groups. In 1893 the People’s Library and Reading Room opened on East Main Street. This building was first constructed in 1901. Theodore Roosevelt laid a cornerstone in 1899 on land donated by Mrs. Harriet Swan. Andrew Carnegie supported the library as well. The brick building you now see to the left occupies the space of the original wood-frame building. The frame house to the right was built in 1890 and later bought and combined with the original building in 1975. In 1994 glass-and-brick additions behind the house were added to further expand the facilities.

25. Stoddard House

Stoddard House, at 107 East Main Street, was built in the 1890s for G. B. Stoddard.  For a number of years from 1980 on, the house was used for offices and museum / historical archives of two organizations, the Townsend Society of America and the Underhill Society of America.  The organizations, founded in 1962 and 1892, preserve genealogical material, deeds, other documents, and artifacts of the Townsend and Underhill families which settled in Oyster Bay in the mid-17th century.  Henry Townsend and Captain John Underhill were two early members of these families.

26. Oyster Bay High School

Several school buildings preceded this one. This Art Deco building replaced the first high school building completed in 1901 on Anstice Street. The new school had modern features, including classroom loudspeakers, an auditorium with balcony and projection booth, a central vacuuming system, and one of the most modern gymnasiums in Nassau County. After 70 years the gym had become outdated. It was replaced in 2000 with a new state-of-the-art gymnasium, dedicated to Dr. Howard Imhof. The 2000 additions also included a new library-media center.

27. Typhoid Mary in Oyster Bay

Mary Mallon worked as a cook in various part of the New York area between 1900 and 1907. One of her positions was with a wealthy New York banker, Charles Henry Warren and his family. When the Warrens rented the home of Mr. and Mrs. George Townsend in Oyster Bay for the summer of 1906, Mallon came along. From August 27 to September 3, six of the eleven people in the house came down with typhoid fever. Typhoid fever in Oyster Bay at that time was "unusual," according to three doctors who practiced medicine there.

The Townsends were worried they would be unable to rent their house and they hired George Soper in the winter of 1906 to investigate. Soper in his investigation published June 15, 1907, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, said he believed soft clams might be the source of the outbreak. He then wrote:

"It was found that the family changed cooks on August 4. This was about three weeks before the typhoid epidemic broke out... She remained in the family only a short time, leaving about three weeks after the outbreak occurred. The cook was described as an Irish woman about 40 years of age, tall, heavy, single. She seemed to be in perfect health."

Soper would later apprehend Mary Mallon in New York, and she was placed in isolation on North Brother Island, not once but twice.

28. Wilson House

This is one of the oldest houses in Oyster Bay still standing on its original site. The saltbox style house dates back to the 1750s. An example of salt box architecture. This refers to south-facing houses with sloping rear sections ending at a height of three or four feet. Two legends persist about famous visitors to the house. Marquis de Talleyrand is reputed to have spent a night in the 1790s while fleeing the ‘Reign of Terror’ in France. President George Washington is reputed to have stopped here and spoken to children from the porch on April 24, 1790.  These legends bring added interest to an already special old home, one of the last of its kind.

29. First Presbyterian Church of Oyster Bay

The first Presbyterian ministry began in Oyster Bay in 1842. After having buildings at a variety of locations they finally located here. In 1872, led by Pastor Benjamin L. Swan, work began on this beautiful church on the hill. The architect was J. Cleveland Cady, who was just beginning his career and would go on to design the original Metropolitan Opera House, the American Museum of History, and other noted buildings. This church was his first though, and the only he would ever design in the unique Carpenter Gothic style. Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., attended services here, and Mr. Roosevelt’s funeral was held here in 1878.

30. Christ Church of Oyster Bay

Christ Church founded in 1705 is an historic Episcopal parish church in Oyster Bay, New York. Over the years several church buildings have occupied this site, including one that served as soldier's barracks during the Revolutionary War. In the 1870s a Carpenter Gothic style building was erected. In 1925 this was greatly enlarged and encased in stone. Those additions also included striking stained glass windows. President Theodore Roosevelt attended church here, and his wife and children were active members. The church is notable for holding Roosevelt’s funeral service in 1919.

See also
 Theodore Roosevelt in Oyster Bay
 List of Town of Oyster Bay Landmarks
 New York State Historic Markers, Nassau County, Town of Oyster Bay
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Nassau County, New York
 Similar walks:
 Baltimore Heritage Walk
 Boston Freedom Trail
 New London Heritage Trail

References

External links
 Oyster Bay Main Street Association

Tourist attractions in Nassau County, New York
Landmarks in Oyster Bay (town), New York
Historic trails and roads in New York (state)
Urban heritage trails


The 2006 Liebherr World Team Table Tennis Championships was held in the AWD-Dome of Bremen, Germany from April 24 to May 1, 2006. It is the 48th edition to be contested.

Medal summary

Medal table

Events

Results

Men's team

Final

Place 1–12 bracket

Women's team

Final

Place 1–12 bracket

References
ITTF website
ITTF Statistics

World Table Tennis Championships
World Table Tennis Championships
World Table Tennis Championships
World Table Tennis Championships
World Table Tennis Championships
T
Table tennis competitions in Germany


The Maj. Isaac C. Elston House, also known as Elston Homestead, is a historic home located at Crawfordsville, Montgomery County, Indiana, United States. It was the home of Maj. Isaac Compton Elston, who fought in the War of 1812 and the Black Hawk War.  When he was 39, he moved to Indiana and became a frontier merchant, banker and financier.  The Home was given to Wabash College by his grandson, Isaac Compton Elston, Jr. (1873-1964) and is now used as the President's home.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is located in the Elston Grove Historic District.

References

External links
Wabash College entry on building

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Houses completed in 1882
Queen Anne architecture in Indiana
Houses in Montgomery County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, Indiana
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Indiana
Crawfordsville, Indiana


"Rock & Roll" is a song by American singer-songwriter Eric Hutchinson, and the first single released from his major-label debut album Sounds Like This. The song was used in the movie The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, and was included in the soundtrack. It was also used as the song to end the final episode of 2008 series of Packed to the Rafters, and was included in the Platinum selling soundtrack. The music video was released in early 2008.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Warner Records singles


Posse mit Gesang ("farce with singing", plural: Possen) is a form of popular German-language music drama, that developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Early examples are sometimes called 'Possenspil' or 'Possenspiel'. It is also sometimes referred to simply as 'Posse' (farce).

Associated with Vienna, and also Berlin and Hamburg, the Posse mit Gesang was similar to the Singspiel, but generally had more action and less music than the more operatic form. Viennese examples included Ferdinand Raimund's Der Alpenkönig und der Menschenfeind of 1828 and many of the works of Johann Nestroy. Composers who contributed music for Posse included Wenzel Müller, Conradin Kreutzer, and Philip Jakob Riotte.

Some 20th-century examples of posse written by Walter Kollo were Filmzauber (1912) and  (1913).

More specialized examples of the genre were 'Lokalposse' (daily life themes), 'Zauberposse' (magic), 'Charakterposse' (personalities), 'Situationsposse' (situations), and 'Parodierende Posse' (parodies).

Other examples of Posse mit Gesang
1820: Die Zwillingsbrüder by Franz Schubert, Vienna, Theater am Kärntnertor
1826: Herr Josef und Frau Baberl by Wenzel Müller, Vienna, Theater in der Leopoldstadt
1842: Einen Jux will er sich machen by Johann Nestroy (text) and Adolf Müller (music)
1889: Wiener Luft by Karl Michael Ziehrer, Vienna, Theater an der Wien

References

Warrack, John and West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 782 pages,

Opera genres
Opera terminology
German music history
German literature


USS Raven III (SP-103), later USS SP-103, was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.

Raven III was built as a civilian motorboat in 1916 at by the Purdy Boat Company at Miami, Florida. The U.S. Navy purchased her from Purdy on 14 June 1917 for use as a patrol boat during World War I. Purdy delivered Raven III to the Navy on 28 June 1917, and she was commissioned on 5 October 1917 at Key West, Florida, as USS Raven III (SP-103).

Soon after commissioning, Raven III was renamed USS SP-103 and attached to Section 4 of the 7th Naval Districts coast defense force as a patrol craft working with the training facility at Key West.

SP-103 sank accidentally on 12 September 1919. She was raised and later sold to Stewart McDonald of the Moon Motor Car Company of St. Louis, Missouri.

References

NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: SP-103 ex-Raven III (SP 103)

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Ships built in Miami
1916 ships


David Charles Morris (born 30 December 1955) is a former member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Mornington for the Liberal Party from 2006 until 2022.

Early life
Morris was born in East Melbourne, Victoria and lived variously in Melbourne and Geelong, attending Geelong College and Caulfield Grammar.

He was a retail executive from 1975 to 1980, after which he became a small business proprietor, a career that lasted until his election to the Legislative Assembly in 2006.

Politics and Parliament
Morris joined the Liberal Party in 1975 and was elected to Mornington Shire Council, in 1987, serving until 1994 (including a period as President, 1992 to 1993).

Im 2005 Morris was selected as the  Liberal  candidate for Mornington, a seat being vacated by sitting member Robin Cooper. He was first elected in November 2006.

In 2008, he voted in favour of the "Abortion Law Reform Act 2008" one of the few Liberal MP's to do so, he also became the Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Local Government and in 2010 added Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Environment and Climate Change to his responsibilities.

Following the election of the Baillieu Government in 2010 Morris was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Local Government and a member of the Privileges Committee of the Legislative Assembly and of the Parliament's Public Accounts and Estimates Committee. In February 2013 he was elected Chair of that Committee.

In 2014, following the change of Government, Morris was appointed Shadow Minister for Finance by the new Opposition Leader, Matthew Guy, and was elected Deputy Chair of both the Legislative Assembly Privileges Committee and the Public Accounts and Estimates Committee. In 2017, after a minor re-shuffle of the Shadow Ministry he was appointed Shadow Minister for Local Government and Shadow Cabinet Secretary in addition to his existing responsibilities.

In December 2021 Morris lost Liberal Party preselection for the 2022 Victorian state election to former Federal member for Dunkley Chris Crewther. He retired at the 2022 Victorian state election.

Personal
Morris is married to Linda and has three stepchildren, one of which is former federal MP Tim Wilson.

In 2008 he walked the wartime route of the Kokoda Track.

References

External links
 Parliamentary voting record of David Morris at Victorian Parliament Tracker

1955 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
21st-century Australian politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
People educated at Geelong College
People educated at Caulfield Grammar School


Ellen Frank Illumination Arts Foundation is a non-profit organization with the stated goal of enabling the revitalization of the art of illumination.  Specifically, the organization hopes to enhance understanding of the art and history of illumination among artists and the public and to enable the creation of new work in this historic genre. The organization  pursues this goal by varied means, the most notable being its utilization of a renaissance style atelier to produce its labor-intensive art works. Under the tutelage of artist Ellen Frank, the Atelier brings together students, artists, scholars, curators, and librarians from all over the world to work on its projects.

History

Inspiration

Ellen Frank, accomplished professor of literature and visual art, was inspired to transform her career from one concerned largely with theory to one engaged fully in praxis after seeing an exhibit by Joseph Beuys which left a marked impression. This transformation saw Frank rediscover the almost entirely unpracticed art of illumination. The ancient art of illumination, which explicitly explores the nexus between the written word and the artistically rendered image, made an ideal artistic home for Frank given her erudition and passion for both the visual arts and also the written word.

Beginnings

Ellen Frank created her first large illumination project with the help of a paid assistant in 2000. This was a piece for original illuminated Hanukkah Illuminated: A Book of Days,  which Frank created in collaboration with acclaimed scholar Everett Fox. Studied in Renaissance art, the thought of creating a modern-day collaborative in the style of a Renaissance Atelier came naturally. A prototype of the current Atelier received a founding grant from the New York State Council on the Arts in 2000, prior to the legal formation of EFIAF. The Atelier held outreach demonstrations within the Long Island East End communities of New York and trained interns ranging in age from 18 to 65 years over a three-month period. The interns helped to produce two carpet pages—decorated illuminated pages without text, using elaborate designs evoking Eastern carpets—for the  manuscript Hanukkah Illuminated: A Book of Days. The success of the collaborative work and the interns’ enthusiasm encouraged the formation of EFIAF to provide support for a more permanent and substantial illumination arts program.

The current Atelier has been functioning under EFIAF auspices since May, 2005 as a 501 (C) (3) not-for-profit public benefit organization.  It was in this year when the first group of summer interns from Carnegie Mellon University arrived. Since then, more than 17 resident interns, and a number of “day” interns from the community assisted in the creation of six large, illuminated paintings in the series Cities of Peace for a debut exhibition at the Laurie M. Tisch Gallery of JCC Manhattan. Work on the research, design and execution of each provided a complex introduction to the techniques of illuminated painting as well as a distinctive historic and artistic learning experience.

As the projects have multi-cultural implications, interns attracted to the Atelier have proven an international group from diverse cultural and religious traditions. Among them have been natives of Hong Kong, Korea, Colombia, Japan, Estonia, Poland, Canada, and many states throughout the United States. Consistent with the interest in multi-cultural dialogue that animates the Atelier, they are sharing insights and ideas and exploring differences in perspective as they work.

Present

In the 2000s, the foundation finished a project called Cities of Peace that appeared in New York City at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. The foundation is also currently working with the National Association of Women and Arts, and the United Nations.  The Atelier continues its work with guest and intern artists from around the world.  The foundation holds exhibitions and presents workshops, lectures, symposia and seminars on the art of illumination, the Atelier project and on art as a tool for global understanding.

Notes and references

Non-profit organizations based in New York (state)


Lay It Down is a 2001 Christian action film directed by Michael Cargile. It was released on April 3, 2001.

Plot
The two Destin brothers are about to collide with eternity. When older Ben (Sean McEwen) chooses the narrow road, he forces his younger brother Pete, and the people around him, into a head-on encounter with life and death.

Cast
Sean McEwen as Ben Destin
Nathan Bell as Pete Destin
Jacob Head as Nicky 'D'
Francesca Caro as Mrs. Destin

Awards
2002 Crown Awards
Gold Crown Award for Best Youth Film
Silver Crown Award for Best Drama Under $250,000

References

External links

 Lay it Down review by The Dove Foundation

2001 action films
Films about evangelicalism
American action films
American auto racing films
American drama films
Films produced by Kevin Downes
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


The Turkey national rugby union team is a relatively recent creation, being started at the end of 2009. Turkey is currently a third-tier side. The team first played in 2012 against Slovakia and won 31–5 in Bratislava. On tour, they also defeated Estonia 49–5 in Tallinn. Turkey has yet to play in the qualifying stages for the Rugby World Cup finals.

Rugby union in Turkey is administered by the Turkish Rugby Federation (Türkiye Ragbi Federasyonu). The federation is affiliated to Rugby Europe (formerly FIRA-AER), and as of 11th May 2023 a full member of World Rugby (formerly IRB). Murat Pazan is the federation's president.

Competitive record

Sevens
 2012 European Nations Cup Division 3
 2013 European Sevens Division B South
 2014 European Sevens Division B South
 2015 Rugby Europe Sevens – Lower Divisions
 2016 Rugby Europe Sevens Conferences
 2017 Rugby Europe Sevens Conferences
 2018 Rugby Europe Sevens Conferences
 2019 Rugby Europe Sevens Conference
 2021 Rugby Europe Sevens Trophy

Union
 2012–2014 European Nations Cup Third Division
 2014–2016 European Nations Cup Second Division
 2016–17 Rugby Europe Conference
 2017–18 Rugby Europe International Championships
 2018–19 Rugby Europe International Championships
 2019–20 Rugby Europe International Championships
 2021–22 Rugby Europe International Championships

Current squad (XV)

Guven Tasoglu (Based in England)
Abdullah Gunes (ODTÜ SK)
Dinçhan Kilercioğlu (ODTÜ SK)
Kemal Ege Gurkan (ODTÜ SK)
Ertugrul Gunday (ODTÜ SK)
Doğu Eroğlu (ODTÜ SK)
Koray Kaya (Samsun RK)
Adem Selim (Samsun RK)
Selçuk Kozlu (Samsun RK)
Yavuz Kocaer (Samsun RK)
Mustafa Kemal Kurt (Koç Üniversitesi SK)
Mehmet Akif Ersoy (Trakya Üniversites Ragbi)
Deniz Krom (Kadıköy RK)
Mert Zabci (Based in England)
Murat Altun (Based in France)
Semih Aydın (Based in France)
Bahri Dagli (Based in France)
Huseyin Sasmaz (Based in France)
Ramazan Kilickaya (RC Vichy)
Gokhan Ceylan (Based in France)
Atilla Demir (Based in France)
Necmi Kara (Based in France)
Hüseyin Yesik (Based in France)
Melikşah Kuzucu (Based in France)
Kerim Galal (Based in Germany)
Erkut Levent Durmus (Based in Germany)
Ali Bökeyhan Sürer (Based in Germany)
Tamer Celikbas James (Based in Wales)
Cenk Tekin Akdeniz (Based in Scotland)
Tarik Tin (Based in England)
Arin Gulsen (Based in Wales)

Record

Overall

See also
Rugby union in Turkey

References

External links
 Stephane Vincent is the top scorer of Turkey
 Turkish Rugby Union News, Teams and Match Results
 Şahin Kömürcü
 Turkish Rugby Federation
 Results

European national rugby union teams
Rugby union in Turkey
Rugby union
Teams in European Nations Cup (rugby union)


Geoffrey Peter Davies (born 1 July 1947) is an English former professional footballer who played in the United Kingdom and the United States as a midfielder.

He began his career with Ellesmere Port Town and Northwich Victoria, before helping Wigan Athletic to win the Northern Premier League title in 1970–71. He joined Football League club Chester in 1972. The next year he transferred to Wrexham, before he moved to the United States to play for the Boston Minutemen in 1975. He moved on to the Chicago Sting the following year, and then returned to England to play for Port Vale and Hartlepool United. He spent 1977 in both the States and England, playing for the San Jose Earthquakes, before signing with Wimbledon. He joined the Los Angeles Skyhawks in 1978, and had a brief spell with the San Francisco Fog in 1980. He returned to England in the mid-1980s to play for Northwich Victoria and Caernarfon Town, before emigrating permanently to the United States.

Career
Davies represented Wirral Schoolboys and was approached by Shrewsbury Town, but his father persuaded him to instead take a five-year apprenticeship as a vehicle fitter for Shell. He began his career as a part-time professional in English non-League football with Cheshire County League side Ellesmere Port Town, playing as a winger. Manager Jimmy Harris switched him to centre forward after seeing the number of goals he scored. A financial crisis at Ellesmere resulted in a move to Northern Premier League side Northwich Victoria. He was sold on to league rivals Wigan Athletic for £800 in summer 1970. In 1970–71, he helped the "Latics" win the league title, scoring a total of 42 goals in all competitions, including seven hat-tricks. This tally included the opening goal in a 2–1 FA Cup second round victory over Peterborough United at Springfield Park. The win earned them a third round tie with Manchester City at Maine Road, which they lost 1–0. In a later interview he said that "it was a delight to be supported by the wing play of Derek Temple and Graham Oates, their service was superb. They had the Beckham like ability to pick me out. I also had through balls provided from midfield by Gordon Milne and Jim Fleming, was it any wonder I scored 42 goals that season?" He spent two seasons with Wigan, finishing as the club's top scorer on both occasions, scoring 28 goals in the 1971–72 campaign despite suffering with injuries. Bill Foulkes later told him that Manchester United had bid for him but were turned down by Wigan.

He turned professional when he Chester in 1972. Davies made a total of 32 Fourth Division appearances for Chester in 1972–73, scoring five goals. He was signed to replace Derek Draper, but manager Ken Roberts continued to play Draper at centre-forward and Davies suffered a loss of confidence. He moved to Wrexham a season later, and made a total of 67 league appearances – scoring 15 goals – between 1973 and 1975. John Neal's "Dragons" finished one place and five points shy of promotion out of the Third Division in 1973–74; they also reached the quarter-finals of the FA Cup, where they were beaten only by a deflected goal from Burnley. They dropped to 13th place in the 1974–75 season, but won the Welsh Cup with a 5–2 aggregate victory over Cardiff City, which gave him the opportunity to play in the European Cup Winners' Cup.

Davies then moved to the United States to play in the NASL with the Boston Minutemen, scoring six goals in 17 games in 1975, as the Minutemen finished top of the Northern Division only to lose 2–1 to the Miami Toros in the play-off quarter-finals. He scored four goals in 12 games in 1976, as this time his side finished bottom of the division. Davies moved onto league rivals the Chicago Sting before the end of the season, scoring four goals in five games, as the Sting topped the division only to lose 3–2 to the Toronto Metros-Croatia in the Conference semi-finals.

Davies returned to England in 1976, and made seven league appearances for Roy Sproson's Port Vale, and five on loan at Hartlepool United. His contract with the Vale was cancelled by mutual consent in January 1977. He briefly returned to Wigan Athletic before joining the San Jose Earthquakes in April 1977. He scored five goals in 24 games for the club in 1977, as his team were beaten 2–1 by the Los Angeles Aztecs in the first round of the play-offs. Davies then joined Wimbledon for the 1977–78 season after chairman Ron Noades and manager Allen Batsford drove to his house to sign him. He made 23 league appearances for the Football League newcomers, playing as a defensive midfielder, before being frozen out by new manager Dario Gradi.

He returned to the United States to sign with the Los Angeles Skyhawks for the 1978 American Soccer League campaign, and scored six goals in 24 games as the Skyhawks reached the Conference finals, where they were beaten 1–0 by New York Apollo. He was a coach at the club in 1979. He played the 1980–81 Major Indoor Soccer League season with the San Francisco Fog, the club's only ever season of football; he scored four goals in 13 games. He coached at soccer camps in the States and also trained to be a hairdresser, meeting with Vidal Sassoon. He briefly returned to England for brief spells with Northwich Victoria and Caernarfon Town, before settling permanently to the US.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Wigan Athletic
Northern Premier League: 1970–71

Wrexham
Welsh Cup: 1975

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Ellesmere Port
Footballers from Cheshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Ellesmere Port Town F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Boston Minutemen players
Chicago Sting (NASL) players
San Jose Earthquakes (1974–1988) players
Port Vale F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Los Angeles Skyhawks players
San Francisco Fog (MISL) players
Caernarfon Town F.C. players
Northern Premier League players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Association football coaches


Donato Antonio "Don" Nardella (; born 9 November 1958) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Victoria from 1992 until 2018, representing Melbourne North Province in the Legislative Council (1992-1999) and Melton in the Legislative Assembly (1999–2018). He was a member of the Labor Party from 1992 until 2017, when he was forced to resign from the Labor caucus over an expenses scandal; he then sat in parliament as an independent.

Nardella was born in the Melbourne suburb of Footscray, and received First Class Welder Certificates in the early 1980s. In 1981 he received a licence as a crane driver and chaser. He became a Labor Party state organiser in 1985, and remained prominent in the union movement as a member of the Municipal Executive.

In 1992, Nardella was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council on the Labor ticket for Melbourne North Province. He was appointed Shadow Minister for Aged Care and Shadow Minister Assisting on Workcover in 1995, exchanging Aged Care for Consumer Affairs in 1999. In that year he transferred to the lower house, winning the safe seat of Melton.

In December 2014, Nardella was elected Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, under Speaker Telmo Languiller. In February 2017, Languiller was found to have been claiming a second residence allowance for a house in Queenscliff, and later resigned his position. Questioned by the media about the allowance, Nardella conceded he had claimed around $100,000 of the same allowance for a house in Ocean Grove, and announced he would resign as deputy speaker on the same day as Languiller. On 28 February 2017, Nardella announced he would retire from politics at the next state election. Premier Daniel Andrews demanded that Nardella repay the $100,000 he had claimed, which he refused to do; accordingly Andrews demanded his resignation from the Labor Party, and Nardella resigned to sit as an independent on 7 March 2017.

References

External links
 Parliamentary voting record of Don Nardella at Victorian Parliament Tracker

1958 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Independent members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Australian politicians of Italian descent
Crane operators
20th-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
People from Footscray, Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne


Paddy Greenwood (born 17 October 1946) is an English retired professional footballer who played in England and the United States as a left back.

Career
Born in Hull, Greenwood began his career with the youth teams of hometown club Hull City. He turned professional in 1965, and later played for Barnsley and Nottingham Forest. Greenwood also played  in the NASL for the Boston Minutemen.

External links
Player profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A - Z Player's Transfer Database
NASL career stats

1946 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Hull City A.F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
Boston Minutemen players
Men's association football fullbacks
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Kingston upon Hull


Alternative theories have been proposed regarding the Oklahoma City bombing. These theories reject all, or part of, the official government report. Some of these theories focus on the possibility of additional co-conspirators that were never indicted or additional explosives planted inside the Murrah Federal building. Other theories allege that government employees and officials, including US President Bill Clinton, knew of the impending bombing and intentionally failed to act on that knowledge. Further theories allege that the bombing was perpetrated by government forces to frame and stigmatize the militia movement, which had grown following the controversial federal handlings of the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents, and regain public support.   Government investigations have been opened at various times to look into the theories.

Overview

At 9:02 a.m. CST April 19, 1995, a Ryder rental truck containing more than  of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, nitromethane, and diesel fuel mixture was detonated in front of the north side of the nine-story Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 600 people injured.

Shortly after the explosion, Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger stopped 26-year-old Timothy McVeigh for driving a 1977 Mercury sedan without a license plate and arrested him for that offense and for unlawfully carrying a weapon. Within days, McVeigh's old army friend Terry Nichols was arrested and both men were charged with committing the bombing. Investigators determined that they were sympathizers of a militia movement and that their motive was to retaliate against the government's handling of the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents (the bombing occurred on the second anniversary of the Waco incident). McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001 while Nichols was sentenced to life in prison.

Although the indictment against McVeigh and Nichols alleged that they conspired with "others unknown to the grand jury", prosecutors, and later McVeigh himself, said the bombing was solely the work of McVeigh and Nichols. In this scenario, the two obtained fertilizer and other explosive materials over a period of months and then assembled the bomb in Kansas the day prior to its detonation. After assembly, McVeigh allegedly drove the truck alone to Oklahoma City, lit the fuse, and fled in a getaway car he had parked in the area days prior.

Additional conspirators
Several witnesses reported seeing a second person with McVeigh around the time of the bombing, whom investigators later called "John Doe 2". In 1997, the FBI arrested Michael Brescia, a member of Aryan Republican Army, who resembled an artist's rendering of John Doe 2 based on the eyewitness accounts. However, they later released him, reporting that their investigation had indicated he was not involved with the bombing. One reporter for The Washington Post reflected on the fact that a John Doe 2 has never been found: "Maybe he'll (John Doe 2) be captured and convicted someday. If not, he'll remain eternally at large, the one who got away, the mystery man at the center of countless conspiracy theories. It's possible that he never lived. It's likely that he'll never die."

Carol Howe, an informant for the Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms who had infiltrated the white supremacist enclave Elohim City, Oklahoma,  filed a report in January 1995 stating that Andreas Strassmeir, Elohim City's security chief, had spoken about destroying a Federal building and had visited the Murrah building with another man. Two days after the bombing, Howe reminded the ATF of the earlier report and urged investigation into a possible connection to Elohim City. McVeigh is known to have telephoned Elohim City two weeks before the bombing. Jane Graham, a Housing and Urban Development employee at the Murrah building who survived the bombing, later stated that in the days before the bombing she had observed multiple suspicious persons who she suspected may have been involved (such as unfamiliar persons in maintenance or military uniforms), but that her observations were ignored by authorities. Graham later identified one of these men as Andreas Strassmeir of Elohim City.

There are several theories that McVeigh and Nichols had a possible foreign connection or co-conspirators. This was because Terry Nichols traveled through the Philippines while Ramzi Yousef, who committed the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was planning his Bojinka plot in Manila. Ramzi Yousef placed the bomb used in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing inside a rented Ryder van, the same rental company used by McVeigh, indicating a possible foreign link to Al-Qaeda. Other theories link McVeigh with Islamic terrorists, the Japanese government, and German neo-Nazis.

Nichols specifically alluded to other conspirators in 2006 declaration: "There are others who assisted McVeigh whose identifies are unknown to me," but Nichols also identified two "co-conspirators". In addition to unknown persons, Nichols believed Andreas Strassmeir was an agent provocateur, and FBI agent Larry A. Potts was involved in the bombing plot. Nichols went on to deny any connection to terrorist groups in the Philippines. The FBI did not reply to media requests for comment on Nichols' allegation.

There has also been speculation that an unmatched leg found at the bombing site may have belonged to an unidentified, additional bomber. It was claimed that this bomber was either in the building when the bombing occurred, or had previously been murdered, and McVeigh had left his body in the back of the Ryder truck to hide it in the explosion.

Additional explosives
One theory contends there was a cover-up of the existence of additional explosives planted within the Murrah building. The theory focuses on the local news channels reporting the existence of a second and third bomb within the first few hours of the explosion. Theorists point to nearby seismographs that recorded two tremors from the bombing, believing it to indicate two bombs had been used. Experts dispute this, stating that the first tremor was a result of the bomb, while the second tremor was due to the collapse of the building.

Conspiracy theorists say that there are several discrepancies, such as a proposed inconsistency between the observed destruction and the bomb used by McVeigh. Physicist Samuel T. Cohen, known as the primary inventor of the neutron bomb, stated in a letter to an Oklahoma politician that he did not believe a fertilizer bomb was capable of causing the destruction at the Murrah building. Similarly, Air Force Brigadier General Benton K. Partin expressed an opinion that there must have been additional explosive charges inside the Murrah building.

US federal government involvement

Another theory alleged that President Bill Clinton had either known about the bombing in advance or had approved the bombing. It is also believed that the bombing was done by the government to frame the militia movement or enact antiterrorism legislation while using McVeigh as a scapegoat. Still other theories claim that McVeigh conspired with the CIA in plotting the bombing.

In a 1993 letter to his sister, published by The New York Times in 1998, McVeigh claimed that during his time at Fort Bragg he and nine others were recruited into a secret black ops team that smuggled drugs into the United States to fund covert activities and "were to work hand-in-hand with civilian police agencies to quiet anyone whom was deemed a security risk. (We would be gov't-paid assassins!)" In a 2001 declaration Terry Nichols, McVeigh's convicted co-conspirator, also alleged that McVeigh reported in December 1992 how he "had been recruited to carry out undercover missions"Paragraph 10 which initially involved visiting gun shows and making contact with a loose network of anti-government and far-right sympathizers. This undercover activity allegedly escalated to armed robberies and a planned bombing under the direction of FBI agent Larry A. Potts.Paragraph 33 David Paul Hammer, a convicted murderer in the same facility as McVeigh for about two years, reported that McVeigh stated similar allegations to him: that McVeigh was an "undercover operative" for the Department of Defense, and that Andreas Strassmeir was a similar operative but with "a different handler" and they had worked together in planning the bombing.

Middle Eastern involvement
The Third Terrorist: The Middle East Connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing by journalist Jayna Davis about evidence of Oklahoma City bombing was published in April 2004 by Nelson Current Publishers, and became a New York Times best-seller. The Justice Department initially sought, but then abandoned its search for, a Middle East suspect.  In contrast to conspiracy theories that the bombing was a false flag attack perpetrated by elements of the US government or white supremacists in Elohim City, the book presents a theory that links the Oklahoma City bombers to agents of Iraq and Al-Qaeda, operating under Iranian state sponsorship.

Investigations
In 2006, US Congressman Dana Rohrabacher said that the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the U.S. House Committee on International Relations, which he chaired, would investigate whether the Oklahoma City bombers had assistance from foreign sources. On December 28, 2006, when asked about fueling conspiracy theories with his questions and criticism, Rohrabacher told CNN: "There's nothing wrong with adding to a conspiracy theory when there might be a conspiracy, in fact." Among other unresolved questions, Rohrabacher also criticized the FBI for not explaining how Nichols, who did not work steadily, paid for his several trips to the Philippines and had $20,000 cash; for not finding explosives concealed in Nichols's house until a decade after the bombing; for not explaining the "rush to rule out the existence of John Doe Number 2"; and for not thoroughly investigating possible connections between McVeigh and the Aryan Republican Army and Andreas Strassmeir. In March 2007, Danny Coulson, who served as deputy assistant director of FBI at the time of attacks, voiced his concerns and called for reopening of investigation.

On September 28, 2009, Jesse Trentadue, a Salt Lake City attorney, released security tapes that he obtained from the FBI through the Freedom of Information Act that show the Murrah building before and after the blast from four security cameras. The tapes are blank at points before 9:02 am, the time of detonation. Trentadue said that the government's explanation for the missing footage is that the tape was being replaced at the time. Said Trentadue, "Four cameras in four different locations going blank at the same time on the morning of April 19, 1995. There ain't no such thing as a coincidence." Trentadue became interested in the case when his brother, Kenneth Michael Trentadue, died in federal custody, during what Trentadue believes was an interrogation because Kenneth was mistaken for a possible conspirator in the Oklahoma City bombing. In a civil suit, the court determined Trentadue's injuries could have been self-inflicted and rejected the Trentadue family claim that he was murdered. However, the family was awarded $1.1 million for emotional distress on the findings the Bureau of Prisons mismanaged the investigation and aftermath of Trentadue's death.

In November 2014, John R. Schindler, a former professor at the Naval War College and National Security Agency intelligence officer, wrote "It would be good if a serious re-look at OKBOMB’s many unanswered questions were established for the event", because of "the existence of important evidence indicating there’s something we should be talking about". He stated that when he participated in a reexamination by the United States Intelligence Community after the September 11 attacks of possible foreign involvement with recent terrorist attacks, he found "as Rohrabacher’s investigators did a few years later, that the FBI and DoJ had no interest in anyone peeking into the case, which they considered closed, indeed tightly shut. Even in Top Secret channels, avenues were blocked". While cautioning that the bombing "has attracted more than its share of charlatans and self-styled experts, some of whom are eager to pin the bombing on Arabs, Masons, Jews, and perhaps space aliens", Schindler urged a resumption of Rohrabacher's investigation and cited two issues as notable: McVeigh's and Nichols's visits to the Philippines, and the activities of a German national and friend of McVeigh.

See also

 Arlington Road
 List of terrorist incidents
 Lone wolf (terrorism)
 1941 Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory
 1962 Operation Northwoods; 1956-1990 Operation Gladio; Operation Gladio B; etc.
 1963 John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories
 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident
 1994 AMIA bombing
 1995 Oklahoma City bombing
 1995 Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories
 The Third Terrorist: The Middle East Connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing, a non-fiction book
 Richard Snell, CSA member executed on April 19, 1995.
 1999 Columbine High School Massacre
 1999+ Able Danger
 2001 Shijiazhuang bombings
 2001/9/11 September 11 attacks
 9/11 Truth movement
 9/11 conspiracy theories
 Opinion polls about 9/11 conspiracy theories
 Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories
 Operation Terror, a 2012 thriller film fictionalizing 9/11
 2004 Madrid train bombings controversies
 2005 London July bombings conspiracy theories
 2011 Norway attacks
 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories, people who thought the school shooting was a false flag government attack
 False flag

References
Crothers, Lane. Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to Homeland Security. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. .
Hamm, Mark S. Apocalypse in Oklahoma: Waco and Ruby Ridge Revenged. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1997. .
Hamm, Mark S. In Bad Company: America's Terrorist Underground. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002. .
Israel, Peter, Jones, Stephen. Others Unknown: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy. New York: PublicAffairs, 2001. .
Knight, Peter. Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. .
Stickney, Brandon M. All-American Monster: The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1996. .
Sturken, Marita. Tourists of History: Memory, Kitsch, and Consumerism from Oklahoma City to Ground Zero. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. .

Further reading
Hammer, David Paul, 2010. Deadly Secrets: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. .

External links

 Voices of Oklahoma interview with Stephen Jones. Interview with Stephen Jones, public defender for Timothy McVeigh and author of Others Unknown: The Oklahoma City Bombing Case and Conspiracy. Conducted January 27, 2010. Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project.

Oklahoma City bombing
Conspiracy theories in the United States
Pseudohistory
Death conspiracy theories


Saint-Sébastien is a municipality in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 692.

Demographics

Population

Language

See also
List of municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality


Jude Perera (born 27 May 1953) is a former Australian politician who served as a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 2002 to 2018, representing the seat of Cranbourne for the Labor Party. Perera was born in Sri Lanka, and received a Bachelor of Science from the University of Jaffna. He became a market researcher and held information technology positions in Sri Lanka, New Zealand and Australia.

Perera was elected to the Victorian Parliament in 2002 and served on the Scrutiny of Acts and Regulations Committee from 2003 to 2006 and as chair of the Family and Community Development Committee from 2007 to 2010. He also served as the Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Multicultural Affairs from 2011 to 2014.

References

External links
 http://www.judeperera.com.au
 Parliamentary voting record of Jude Perera at Victorian Parliament Tracker

1953 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Sri Lankan politicians
Alumni of the University of Jaffna
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian politicians of Asian descent


USS Raven was a transport and supply ship that served in the United States Navy from 1813 to 1815.

Raven was serving as the merchant schooner Mary on Lake Ontario when the U.S. Navy purchased her on 6 February 1813 for use in the War of 1812. Renamed Raven, she was fitted out as a bomb vessel, but instead served as a transport and supply ship during the war.

Raven was sold at Sackets Harbor, New York, on 15 May 1815.

References

Schooners of the United States Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United States
Great Lakes freighters
1810s ships