Thomas Marks (June 21, 1834 – July 9, 1900) was an Irish-born Canadian businessman who served as the first mayor of Port Arthur, Ontario (later part of Thunder Bay).

He was born in Kilfinane, the son of Samuel Marks, and came with his family to Bytown in Upper Canada in the 1840s. In 1857, he opened a general store with his brother George at Bruce Mines. In 1868, they opened a branch at the Landing (later Prince Arthur's Landing and then Port Arthur) and, in 1871, at Sault Ste Marie. Marks became a resident of Prince Arthur's Landing and lobbied for the establishment of a railway station there on the proposed transcontinental railway; however, nearby Fort William was favoured by the government as the site of the station. He then led the push for the construction of the Prince Arthur's Landing and Kaministiquia Railway which connected to the railway which later became the Canadian Pacific Railway. He supplied contractors working on the railway and also established warehouses and docks on the waterfront. Marks married Agnes Jane Buchanan in 1875. He was reeve of Shuniah from 1875 to 1884 and became mayor of the newly incorporated town of Port Arthur in 1884. He also owned the Northern Hotel Company and the steamship Algonquin and was president of the Thunder Bay Colonization Railway (later the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western Railway). He died in Toronto of kidney failure at the age of 66.

His nephew George Thomas Marks also served as mayor of Port Arthur.

References

1834 births
1900 deaths
Mayors of Port Arthur, Ontario
Irish emigrants to Canada


The 1997 group of forest fires in Indonesia that lasted well into 1998 were probably among the two or three, if not the largest, forest fires group in the last two centuries of recorded history.

In the middle of 1997 forest fires burning in Indonesia began to affect neighbouring countries, spreading thick clouds of smoke and haze to Malaysia and Singapore. Then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad searched desperately for a solution, and based on a plan by the head of the Malaysian fire and rescue department sent a team of Malaysian firefighters across to Indonesia under code name Operation Haze. This is to mitigate the effect of the Haze to Malaysia economy. The value of the Haze damage to Malaysian GDP is estimated to be 0.30 per cent.

Seasonal rains in early December brought a brief respite but soon after the dry conditions and fires returned. By late 1997 and early 1998 Brunei, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and Sri Lanka had also felt the haze from the smoke of the forest fires. By the time the 1997–98 forest fires were finally over some 8 million hectares of land had burned while countless millions of people suffered from air pollution.

Causes and effect

The 1997 Indonesian forest fires were caused by changing land use which made the tropical forest vulnerable to fire during a drought associated with that year's El Niño. Indonesian forests have historically been resistant to burning even during long dry seasons and despite the use of fire to clear land for swidden agriculture. The land use changes that led to the fires were a combination of industrial-scale logging, draining peatlands for conversion to oil palm and fast-growing tree plantations, and a massive government program to drain swamps and convert them to rice paddies. A total of 240 people perished in the wildfires.

Due to the heavy smoke caused by the fires, an Airbus A300 operating as Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed on approach to Medan's Polonia Airport. All 234 people on board died, making it the worst crash in Indonesian history.

Estimated cost
The total economic value of the damages is conservatively estimated to be US$4.47 billion, of which by far the largest share was borne by Indonesia. This figure excludes a number of damages that are especially difficult to measure or to value in monetary terms, such as loss of human life, long-term health impacts, and some biodiversity losses.

Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere, which is between 13 and 40% of the annual carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.

As part of steps taken to avoid the recurring of the Haze, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) approved the need for an early warning system in the Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) in 1998 to prevent forest fires and the resulting haze through improved management policies and enforcements, example via Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS).

Countries affected

See also
 Air quality index
 Pollutant Standards Index
 Haze
 2005 Malaysian haze
 2006 Southeast Asian haze
 Slash and burn
 Asian brown cloud
 1997 Southeast Asian haze
 2015 Southeast Asian haze

General:
 List of disasters in Indonesia

References

External links
 Investigating the haze transport from 1997 biomass burning in Southeast Asia: Its impact upon Singapore : Asia
 The Asian Forest Fires of 1997-1998
 The 1997-98 Air Pollution Episode in Southeast Asia Generated by Vegetation Fires in Indonesia
 RAND
 news.mongabeay.com
 www.mongabay.com/08indo_fires.htm
 Indonesia's fires and haze Av David Glover, Timothy Jessup, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, International Development Research Centre (Canada)
 Update On Hotspots And Forest Fires In Sumatra

Air pollution by region
Air pollution in Malaysia
Environmental disasters in Asia
Environment of Singapore
Health in Singapore
Health disasters in Malaysia
Fires in Indonesia
1990s fires in Asia
1997 fires
1997 in the environment
Southeast Asian haze
1997 disasters in Malaysia
1997 disasters in Indonesia


Frontera () is a 1980 Mexican action thriller film directed by Fernando Durán Rojas and starring Fernando Allende, Daniela Romo, and Guillermo Capetillo.

Plot
A young man wants to know the world and travels to the frontier between Mexico and the U.S. in search of his brother. Upon arrival, he realizes that his brother has died in an accident of bizarre characteristics. Anyway, he decides to stay and continues the business with his brother's girlfriend, together they will try to rebuild a restaurant with the help from family and friends. But everything is complicated when the mafia and drug dealers attack the project as it moves.

Cast
 Fernando Allende as Fernando
 Daniela Romo as Rosy
 Guillermo Capetillo
 Gilberto Román
 Carlos Rivera
 Raymundo Bravo
 Carlos Riquelme
 Jorge Fegán
 Jorge Reynoso
 Mike Moroff
 Guillermo Lagunes
 Manuel Fregoso
 Manolo Cárdenas
 José Luis Avendaño
 José Wilhelmy

Production
The film was shot in 1979.

Release
The film was released on 15 May 1980. It was screened at the Cuautitlán Izcalli 2, Carrusel, Colonial, Dolores del Río, International, Marina, Olimpia, Soledad, Lago 1 and Elvira cinemas, for two weeks.

References

External links

1980 films
1980s Spanish-language films
1980 action thriller films
Mexican action thriller films
1980s Mexican films


Mount Saint Patrick College, also known as Mt Saint Patrick College, is an independent Roman Catholic co-educational secondary day school, located in Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia, operating within the system administered by the Lismore Catholic Education Office, a subsidiary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lismore.

History
Mt St Patrick caters to students in Year 7 to Year 12. It was opened in 1926 by the Presentation Sisters and was administered and staffed by them until 1989. It derives its name from St Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, whose feast day is celebrated by both the College and local communities. In 1966, following the closure of other local Catholic secondary schools, the school became known as Mt St Patrick Regional High School, with 192 enrolled students. The appointment of the school's first lay Principal in 1990 ended 64 years of leadership by the Presentation Sisters, leading to the renaming of the school in 1998 to Mt St Patrick College. In 2011 the Australian Government's Economic Stimulus Package enabled the opening of the St Mary of the Cross Science and Language Centre. A record enrolment of 695 students was recorded in 2012. On 15 March 2013, the Gilbey Multipurpose Centre was officially opened, costing $6,230,256.

Houses
Students are divided into eight houses. Each house is named after a person or place significant to the college and its establishment. The houses are; Lucan (Green), Nagle (Gold), Loreto (Blue), Lisieux (Red), Ignatius (Orange), Romero (Purple), Doyle (Pink) And Assisi (Aqua). The houses compete for the St Patrick's Champion House Trophy which is presented to the winning house on St Patrick's Day every year. The winning house is determined by the accumulated points each house receives through sporting and academic achievements of each of its students.

Notable alumni

 Luke Covell, a former rugby league football player, in the NRL and New Zealand international codes
 PJ Hogan, an Australian film director
 Anthony Laffranchi, a former rugby league football player, in the NRL, Super League and Italian international codes
 Damien Quinn, a former rugby league football player, in the NRL, Super League code
 Kate Wilson, an Australian Paralympic swimmer
 Ally Burnham, author and screenwriter, winner of 2022 AWGIE Awards for animation

See also

 Catholic education in Australia
 List of non-government schools in New South Wales
 List of schools in Northern Rivers and Mid North Coast

References

External links
 Official Mt St Patrick's College Website

1926 establishments in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1926
Presentation Sisters schools
Catholic secondary schools in New South Wales
Education in Tweed Heads, New South Wales


The Ypsilon Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over Drammenselva in Drammen, located in Viken in Norway.

The pedestrian bridge connects Kunnskapsparken, the science park of Grønland in Drammen with the city park on Bragernes. The bridge was designed by the firm of Arne Eggen Architects. The three-way bridge has been given the name "Ypsilon" due to its special form – from the air it looks like a Y, with one abutment on the Strømsø side and two at the Bragernes side. The project was co-funded by the municipality of Drammen and Kunnskapsparken AS. Kunnskapsparken accommodates the University of South-Eastern Norway with its campus Drammen, the public library of Drammen, and the Viken Regional Library.

Gallery

See also

 List of bridges in Norway
 List of bridges in Norway by length
 List of bridges
 List of bridges by length

References

External links
 Ypsilon Bridge on en.broer.no
 Arne Eggen Architects website
 LINK landskap

Bridges in Viken
Cable-stayed bridges in Norway
Bridges completed in 2008
2008 establishments in Norway
Buildings and structures in Drammen
Multi-way bridges


The Buzău Mountains are a set of six mountains ranges in Romania which are part of the Curvature Carpathians region of the Outer Eastern Carpathians.

These six mountain ranges are as follows:

.
The Penteleu and Ivănețu Massifs are to the east, and border the Vrancea Mountains. The Podu Calului and Siriu Massifs are to the north, separated from the  by the , while the Ivănețu Massif is to the south. Finally, the Tătaru Mountains are to the west, abutting the Ciucaș Mountains.

The highest peaks in the Buzău Mountains are:
 , Penteleu Massif,
 , Siriu Massif,
 Tătaru Mare, Tătaru Mountains,
 Vârful lui Crai, Tătaru Mountains,
 Podu Calului Peak, Podu Calului Massif,
 , Ivănețu Massif, .

These mountains are crossed by the Buzău Pass, which follows the Buzău River and connects Brașov with Buzău. Lake Siriu is an artificial dam lake on the river, at the southern end of the pass. Lacul Vulturilor is a periglacial lake located near Siriu, at an altitude of .

The surrounding area offers vineyards, camping and hiking as visitor attractions. Rockfalls, mudslides and other seismic activity are not uncommon in the area.

Gallery

External links
 online description of the region (in Romanian)
 tourist-oriented online article on Buzău Mountains

Mountain ranges of Romania
Mountain ranges of the Eastern Carpathians


Rachel Yakar (3 March 1936 – 24 June 2023) was a French operatic soprano and academic voice teacher. She was known for Mozart roles such as Elvira in Don Giovanni, Baroque opera and contemporary opera. She was a member of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein from 1964 to 1991, and appeared also in Paris, at the Royal Opera House in London and at festivals including Bayreuth and Glyndebourne. She received international attention as Poppea in the 1977 production of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea at the Oper Zürich conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt, which was recorded and filmed. She made many more recordings reviving Baroque operas in historically informed performance. Her portrayal of Debussy's Mélisande was described as ideal. She was admired not only for her voice and diction but also for her stage presence. After her retirement from the stage she taught at the Paris Conservatoire.  from Diapason summarised her performing: "A darling of the Baroque pioneers and a Mozartian at heart and in style, the soprano from Lyon was also the intimate voice of Strauss, Debussy and Messiaen."

Life and career
Yakar was born in Lyon on 3 March 1936 to a Jewish family of Greek-Turkish origin. She first trained to be a fashion designer. She then studied voice at the Paris Conservatoire, and further for four years with Germaine Lubin. In 1963, she made her debut at the Strasbourg opera.

Deutsche Oper am Rhein
She moved to the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in 1964, where she remained a member of the ensemble for more than 25 years. She appeared there in more than 40 productions, including leading roles such as the female title role in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice, Mozart's Contessa in Le nozze di Figaro and Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, Verdi's Gilda in Rigoletto and Desdemona in Otello, Tchaikovsky's Tatjana in Eugene Onegin, and Puccini's Mimi in La Bohème and Liù in Turandot. She also appeared there in the title roles of Dvořák's Rusalka, Arabella by Richard Strauss, and Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, and as Antonia in Offenbach's Les contes d'Hoffmann, Marguerite in Gounod's Faust and Anne in Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress. She was a favourite with the audience due to her stage presence.

Performances in Europe
Already before her official debut, Yakar was invited to perform at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in 1961, as Rosina in Henry Barraud's Lavinia. She returned for Najade in Ariadne auf Naxos in 1966, alongside Tatiana Troyanos as the Composer, Régine Crespin as Ariadne and Mady Mesplé as Zerbinetta.

Yakar participated in the world premiere of Klebe's Das Märchen von der schönen Lilie at the Schwetzingen Festival on 15 May 1969. She first appeared at the Palais Garnier in Paris in 1970 as Gilda in Rigoletto and Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen. In the mid and late 1970s, she performed more and more internationally. She appeared at the Bayreuth Festival in 1975 and 1976 as Freia in Das Rheingold, Gerhilde in Die Walküre, and a Flower Maiden in Parsifal.

Yakar performed the title role of Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea at the Oper Zürich on 8 January 1977, staged by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle and conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt in historically informed performance. The production was recorded in 1978 and filmed. It was also presented for Opera Scotland in 1978. Her performances at the Glyndebourne Festival began in 1977 with Elvira, alongside Thomas Allen as Don Giovanni, staged by Peter Hall and conducted by Bernard Haitink; a reviewer named her "one of the best Elviras around", with a "beautiful and supple Italian sound". She performed there in 1980 and 1982 as the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss, alongside Felicity Lott in the title role and Krisztina Laki as Sophie. She performed in Aix-en-Provence again as Aricie in Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie in 1983, conducted by John Eliot Gardiner and directed by Pier Luigi Pizzi, alongside José van Dam as Hippolyte and Jessye Norman as Phèdre. She appeared at the Edinburgh Festival, Salzburg Festival and at the Royal Opera House in London, among others. Her last role on stage was Clymène in Lully's Phaëton, conducted by Marc Minkowski and directed by Karine Saporta for the opening of Lyon's Opéra Nouvel in 1993.

Her repertoire included more Mozart roles, including Celia in Lucio Silla, Ilia in Idomeneo, and the First Lady in Die Zauberflöte,

She appeared with pioneers of revivals of Baroque operas, performing Clérambault's Médée with Reinhard Goebel, Lully's Armide with Philippe Herreweghe, Leclair's Circé in Scylla et Glaucus with John Eliot Gardiner, and Handel's Melissa in Amadigi di Gaula with Roger Norrington.

Her portrayal of Debussy's Mélisande, first performed at the end of the 1970s conducted by Armin Jordan, was regarded as ideal. She also appeared in works of the 20th century such as Honegger's Diane in Les aventures du roi Pausole and Poulenc's Madame Lidoine in Dialogues of the Carmelites.

Yakar was regarded as a "sculptor of words, a draughtswoman of singing, a melodist and a stage beast".

Concert
In concert she performed in choral works such as Bach's Mass in B minor conducted by Michel Corboz in 1979, and in Mendelssohn's Paulus. She sang mélodies by composers such as Hennri Duparc, Gabriel Fauré, Olivier Messiaen and Francis Poulenc.

Teaching
Yakar taught opera at the Paris Conservatoire from 1990 to 1997. Patricia Petibon was one of her students". Simultaneously she installed, together with René Jacobs, a studio at the Centre de musique baroque de Versailles, and gave master classes.

Personal life
Yakar was married to tenor Michel Lecocq who was active at the Strasbourg Opera. After retiring from her teaching post, they lived in Loix on the Île de Ré.

Yakar died in La Rochelle after a long struggle with illness
on 24 June 2023, aged 87. Looking at her contributions, Minkowski expressed thankfulness for her portrayals of Poppea with Harnoncourt and Ponnelle, Ilia, Aricie, and Jenůfa, for her perfect style, exemplary diction, and her both angelic and sensual lyricism.

Recordings
In 1973, Yakar participated in the first recording of Rameau's Les Indes galantes, conducted by Jean-Claude Malgoire, as Emílie. In a 2012 comparison of recordings of L'incoronazione di Poppea, a reviewer noted her velvety seductive singing, passionate in a duet with Eric Tappy as Nero in Act 3, and found the final duet "perfectly paced and beautifully sung". Joseph McLellan from the Washington Post observed that during the final duet, Nero caresses her but she the new crown, turning her back to him.

She recorded works by André Campra, André Grétry, and Rameau's Pygmalion with Gustav Leonhardt. She was part of the first recording of a Handel opera with period instruments, Admeto conducted by Alan Curtis. Yakar was Fiordiligi in the first recording of the cycle of Mozart's Da Ponte operas with period instruments conducted by Harnoncourt, performed at the Drottningholm festival.

She recorded mélodies by Reynaldo Hahn, Georges Bizet and Emmanuel Chabrier with pianist Claude Lavoix; a reviewer from Gramophone noted:

Notes

References

Cited sources

External links

1936 births
2023 deaths
Musicians from Lyon
French operatic sopranos
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
20th-century French women opera singers


Samuel William Anthony Cadman (29 January 1877 – 6 May 1952) was an English cricketer who played for Derbyshire for over quarter of a century between 1900 and 1926. He was an effective all-rounder and scored over 14,000 runs and took over 800 wickets in his first-class career.

Cadman was born at Werneth, Cheshire, the son of Samuel Cadman, a cotton mill overlooker, and his wife Elizabeth. They were shortly afterwards living at Tintwistle.

Cadman made his debut for Derbyshire in May 1900 with an unnotable performance in a match against Lancashire. He played in two further matches that year, making his bowling debut against Surrey when he took a single wicket. He played five matches in 1901 but missed a season in 1902. From 1903 he became a regular player, remaining a stalwart all-rounder until 1926, and in a match against Nottinghamshire he took five wickets for 42. In 1904 he scored his first century which was against Essex. He had a very successful bowling season in 1905 taking 5–94 against the Australians, 6–27 against Lancashire and 5–91 against Yorkshire. In a match against Warwickshire he took 5–46 and 6–46 in a convincing win for Derbyshire which brought his total wickets to 100, Billy Bestwick's to 550, and Levi Wright's run total to 11500. Over the next few years Derbyshire remained close to or at the bottom of the points table despite his 6–41 against Hampshire in 1907, and centuries against Warwickshire in 1908 and against Leicestershire in 1909 and 1911. In 1913 he took 7–39 against Essex and 6–27 against Somerset and scored another century against Leicestershire. In 1914 he scored a century against Worcestershire and took 6–27 against Lancashire.

Following the First World War Cadman's 8–70 and 6–34 in a match against Northamptonshire was not enough to win even that match for Derbyshire in the unsuccessful 1920 season. In the 1920s he was still sharing the bowling with Bestwick, taking 5–20 against Gloucestershire in 1921, 5–41 against the West Indies in 1923 and 5–36 against Sussex in 1924. He was batting alongside Leonard Oliver, Guy Jackson and Harry Storer and in 1924 he scored a century against Northamptonshire. Cadman's last full season was in 1925.
He played just one first-class match in 1926, but carried on club cricket as for Lightcliffe club in Yorkshire.

Cadman was a right-hand batsman who played 690 innings in 377 first-class matches. He made 14078 runs with eight centuries and an average of 21.46. He was a right-arm medium pace bowler who took 807 wickets with a best performance of 8–70 and an average of 25.24.
Subsequently Cadman became the club coach, and talent scout, picking players such as Elijah Carrington in his tours of local clubs. He also umpired friendly matches in the 1930s.

Cadman died at Glossop, Derbyshire at the age of 75.

References

1877 births
1952 deaths
Derbyshire cricketers
English cricketers
Players cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
Cricketers from Cheshire


Isabella Crettenand-Moretti, née Moretti (born 26 August 1963), is a female Swiss ski mountaineer, marathon mountain biker, long-distance and mountain runner. She lives in Sion.

Her twin sister Cristina Favre-Moretti also competes in endurance sport events.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 2004:
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Catherine Mabillard and Cristina Favre-Moretti)
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Cristina Favre-Moretti
 2nd, World Championship vertical race
 2nd, World Championship team race (together with Jeanine Bapst)
 3rd, World Championship single race
 3rd, World Championship combination ranking
 2005:
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Cristina Crettenand-Moretti)
 1st, European Championship relay race (together with Cristina Favre-Moretti and Gabrielle Magnenat)
 1st, Pierra Menta (together with Cristina Favre-Moretti)
 2nd, European Championship combination ranking
 3rd, European Championship single race
 4th, European Championship vertical race

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2004: 1st and course record, together with Catherine Mabillard and Cristina Favre-Moretti
 2008: 3rd, together with Catherine Mabillard and Cristina Favre-Moretti

Running
 2010: 1st, Iron-Terrific, Crans-Montana

Mountain biking

Grand Raid Cristalp
 1999: 1st, 131 km
 2003: 2nd, 131 km

References

1963 births
Living people
Swiss female ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
Swiss female long-distance runners
Marathon mountain bikers
Swiss female mountain runners


Clive Low Wallace (6 January 1939 – 2008) was a Scottish footballer who played as an inside forward. Wallace began his career in the mid-1950s as a trialist with Dundee United. Wallace featured in a handful of matches before playing a match for United's rivals, Dundee, returning to Tannadice for another four games. From here, Wallace moved to Montrose, before ending the decade with spells at Bury and Stockport County.

After leaving Stockport, Wallace returned to junior football in Scotland with Forfar Celtic.

References

External links

1939 births
2008 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Dundee United F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Montrose F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
People from Kirriemuir
Men's association football inside forwards
Footballers from Angus, Scotland


Natee Thongsookkaew (Thai นที ทองสุขแก้ว; born 8 December 1966 in Uttaradit) is a Thai retired footballer. He captained the Thailand national team from 1996 to 1998.

International goals

External links

1966 births
Living people
Natee Thongsookkaew
Natee Thongsookkaew
1992 AFC Asian Cup players
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
Natee Thongsookkaew
Gamba Osaka players
Natee Thongsookkaew
Footballers at the 1990 Asian Games
Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games
Natee Thongsookkaew
Natee Thongsookkaew
SEA Games medalists in football
Men's association football central defenders
Competitors at the 1991 SEA Games
Competitors at the 1993 SEA Games
Competitors at the 1995 SEA Games
Competitors at the 1997 SEA Games
Natee Thongsookkaew
Thai expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Natee Thongsookkaew


The Cat and The Mouse is a composition by the American classical music composer Aaron Copland. The first of his works to be published, it was written shortly before he began his schooling in Paris, France in 1921. It was based on Jean de la Fontaine's fable of The Old Cat and the Young Mouse and bears a resemblance to the slightly earlier O gato e o rato by Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos.

References

Compositions by Aaron Copland
1921 compositions


The  (taken from ) is a commonly used name for a system of geomancy, comprising metaphysical and geomantic principles considered when siting or designing buildings to improve and maintain well-being in Maritime Southeast Asia. It was traditionally practiced by shamans and architects from Indonesia and Malaysia. The term actually alludes to a book entitled  which covered a number of other topics including herbal medicine, astrology and dream interpretation along with geomancy. While all these subjects may be categorised under the term , it usually refers to the otherwise unnamed set of rites and rules for constructing buildings in Acehnese and Malay culture.

Terminology
tiang seri / tiang ibu ("shining pillar" / "mother pillar"): The main pillar in traditional Malay buildings
depa (armspan): A unit of measurement drawn from the armspan of the matriarch of the house
rumah ibu ("mother house"): The main part of a house
baris Laksmana: A symbol drawn onto a beam to protect the house from evil. Named after the magic line drawn by Laksmana to protect Sita Dewi

Origins
The history of Malay geomancy has never been documented, but the system contains cultural symbolism of Indian origin, indicating that it has existed as far back as the Hindu-Buddhist period of Southeast Asian history. Some conjecture that it may have been influenced by Indian vastu sastra or Chinese feng shui, both of which have traditionally been practiced in the Malay Peninsula. The earliest account of the art comes from the book Taj al-Mulk (meaning "Royal Crown of Sovereignty" in Arabic) written for Acehnese royalty. The title was pronounced "Tajul Muluk" in Malay so the information it contained was referred to as ilmu tajul muluk or just ilmu tajul, meaning "knowledge of Tajul Muluk".

According to British civil servant Walter William Skeat in his book Malay Magic, originally published in 1900, the rituals of tajul muluk were once commonplace.
Even in the making of roads through the forest it would appear that sacrificial ceremonies are not invariably neglected. On one occasion I came upon a party of Malays in the Labu jungle who were engaged in making a bridle-track for the
Selangor Government. A small bamboo censer, on which incense had been burning, had been erected in the middle of the trace ; and I was informed that the necessary rites (for exorcising the demons from the trace) had just been successfully concluded.
With the rise of the Islamization movement of Southeast Asia during the 1980s, animistic and Hindu-Buddhist aspects of Malay culture were condemned and banned. Today tajul muluk is considered a superstitious relic of the past and books written on the subject are sometimes banned in Malaysia.

Rules and theories

Soil and location
The auspiciousness of a location is determined by the colour, taste and smell of the soil, as well as the formation of its surface. In general, the colours of the soil from best to worst are white, red, yellow, grey and black (the Malay language also categorizes brown as a shade of yellow). Soil which is greenish-yellow, fragrant and tart-tasting will ensure an abundance of gold and silver unto the third generation. If the soil is red and sour, the dweller will be loved by their family. White soil with a sweet smell and taste is said to bring wealth and happiness. Foul-smelling earth of the wrong colour and texture will bring sickness and poverty. Soil that is full of holes will cause the occupants to die poor.

Aside from the soil, the lay of the land must also be taken into consideration. The best site for a house, city or orchard is level. The best aspect of the land's surface is that which is low on the north and high in the south, thought to bring the occupants absolute peacefulness. Land which is low on the west and high in the east is also auspicious. The reverse of these directions (i.e. high in the north and low to the south, or high to the west and low to the east) will bring poverty and death. The worst land is hilly or full of holes. A house that inclines from the southwest causes one to lose their livelihood or source of income. A house that inclines from the south brings death to its owner. If the house inclines from the west, the occupant will waste away all their money.

Siting ritual

Once the ground has been cleared, the dukun or bomoh begins smoking the area with incense (kemenyan). He then measures one depa of bamboo and sticks it in the ground together with a container of water. Incense is burnt again as the dukun recites incantations. At dawn the next morning, the stick and water are checked. If the pail of water has spilled or the bamboo has shortened, the plot is bad luck. If the water has overflowed or the stick has lengthened, it is very auspicious. Once the site has been chosen, a hole is dug in the ground for the house's main pillar. The shaman places seven grains of rice into the hole and recites mantera before inserting the pillar. If any of the rice grains are missing the next day, the site has negative energy. It is important to note however that an area which is bad for one family may be good for another since the ritual is based on the matriarch's armspan.

Another, perhaps older, method involves dreams. After clearing the area, the dukun lays four sticks in its centre and calls the name of the presiding local deities or spirits. Taking a handful of soil, he recites the following chant:
Hai anak Menteri Guru
Yang duduk empat penjuru alam
Aku memohonkan tanah ini
Jikalau baik, tunjukkan alamat baik
Jikalau jahat, tunjukkan alamat jahat

Ho, children of Mentri Guru
Who dwell in the four corners of the world
I crave this plot as a boon
If it is good, show me a good omen
If it is bad, show me a bad omen
The soil is then wrapped in white cloth, fumigated with incense and placed under the occupant's pillow at night. Before sleeping, the last two lines of the aforementioned charm are repeated. If the occupant has a nightmare, the house cannot be built. If the dream is good, the four corners of the site are pegged with sticks. A dead branch is then taken and heaped with earth before being set on fire. When it has been reduced to ashes, it is swept up and covered. A similar incantation is then spoken:
Hai, segala orang yang memegang tanah ini empat penjuru alam
Kama aku hendak berbuat rumah
Jikalau baik, tunjukkan alamat baik
Jikalau jahat, tunjukkan alamat jahat

Ho, holders of this land who dwell in the four corners of the world
I wish to build a house on this site
If it is good, show me a good omen
If it is bad, show me a bad omen
The next morning, the ashes are uncovered and God will show a sign of the plot's good and bad potential. This method is no longer practiced today because of its pre-Islamic origin. The name Menteri Guru, which translates literally as "minister teacher", may be an alternate form of Betara Guru (from the Sanskrit term Bhattara Guru meaning "teacher-lord"), an epithet for the Hindu god Siwa or Shiva. The four corners mentioned in the incantation is found in Malay, Indian and Chinese spiritual world concepts. In Hindu cosmology the surface of the earth is represented as a square in reference to the horizon's relationship with sunrise and sunset.

Erecting the main pillar
Traditional Malay buildings have at their centre a main pillar called the tiang seri where the spirit of the house (semangat rumah) is said to dwell. Sometimes it may decorated with the family kris wrapped in yellow cloth. The construction of any building begins by digging a hole for this central post, accompanied by the recitation of a charm. The best time of day for this is 7 a.m. The workers must ensure that their shadows do not fall on the hole or on the post itself, or illness will follow. Certain materials are then deposited into the hole such as brazilwood (kayu sepang), ebony (kayu arang), scrap metal, tin-ore, a copper coin, a broken hatchet-head, or a candle-nut (buah gorek). To appease the local earth-spirit or demon (jembalang tanah or puaka), the head, feet and blood of an animal are also deposited in the hole. Depending on the malignity of the earth-spirit, the animal may be either a fowl (ayam), a goat (kambing) or a buffalo (kerbau). For a small demon, an egg will suffice. Among the natives of ancient Borneo the victim of this sacrifice would have been human, and the Malay custom of killing an animal for the purpose arose from what was once human sacrifice. As recently as the beginning of the 20th century, the Malaysian government would bury human skulls under the foundation of any large structure.

A number of methods are used to ascertain whether the hole is in a propitious location. In one example a white cup is filled with water, fumigated with incense, and left in the hole overnight. If the cup is still full the next day or has live insects inside, it is a good sign. If the insects are dead or the water has lessened, it is a bad omen. Alternatively, one could wait until everyone has left the area before picking up three clods of soil, holding them over incense, and reciting a certain mantera or mantra. The soil must be taken home without ever turning to look back. Upon arrival, the earth is placed under the occupant's pillow before sleeping. If they have a bad dream, one of the clods is thrown away. This process continues until it results in a good dream, when the clod of earth which induced the dream is placed in the hole and serves as the tiang seri pole's foundation.

An example of a charm recited when erecting the tiang seri runs as follows:
Hai Raja Guru, Maharaja Guru, daripada tajar menyenseng
Engkaulah anak Betara Guru
Hai hantu tanah, benah tanah
Aku tahu asal kau jadi: Jembalang tanah
Daripada kilat sabung-menyabung
Undur kau dari sini ke laut yang dalam
Aku tahu asal kau jadi: Ke rimba yang sunyi
Daripada embun setitik
Antara aku dengan engkau, aku tahu asal kau jadi

Ho Raja Guru, Maharaja Guru
Thou art sons of Bhattara Guru
Ho, ghost of the earth, blight of the earth
I know the origin from which you sprang: Demon of the earth
From the flashing lightning
Retire ye hence to the depths of the sea
I know the origin from which you sprang: To the peace of the forest
From a single drop of dew
Betwixt you and me, I know the origin from which you came into being

Length of the threshold
As with the Chinese bagua and the guardians of Jambudvipa in Indian culture, Malay astrology and geomancy also uses eight points of divination. Known as the "eight beasts", each one corresponds to an animal possessing its own characteristics. The eight beasts regulate the length of a house's threshold. This is measured in a unit called depa, the length of the house-mistress's armspan. After measuring off a depa on a piece of string, the string is folded into three before one-third of its length is cut off. The remainder is folded into eight and reduced to one-seventh. The remaining seventh is checked against the threshold's length, and the number of times it is contained therein determines which animal it corresponds to. If the measurement is unlucky, the threshold would be cut shorter. The ominous significance of the eight beasts is often illustrated in rhyme. An example, recorded by Walter William Skeat, reads as follows:

1. Dragon
"A dragon of bulk, a monster dragon
Is this dragon that turns round month by month
Wherever you go you will be safe from stumbling-blocks
And all who meet you will be your friends"

2. Dairy cow
"There is the smoke of a fire in the forest
Where Che Ali is burning lime
They were milking the young dairy-cow
And in the midst of the milking it sprawled and dropped dead"

3. Lion
"Lion of courage, lion of valour
Is the lion gambolling at the end of the Point
The luck of this house will be lasting
Bringing prosperity from year to year"

4. Dog
"The wild dog, the jackal
Barks at the deer from night to night
Whatever you do will be a stumbling-block
In this house men will stab one another"

5. Cow
"The big cow from the middle of the clearing
Has gone to the deep forest to calve there
Great luck will be your portion
Never will you cease to be prosperous"

6. Donkey
"The ass within the fort
Carries grass from morn to eve
Whatever you pray for will not be granted
Though big your capital, the half will be lost"

7. Elephant
"The king's big riding-elephant
Has its tusks covered with amalgam
Good luck is your portion
No harm or blemish will you suffer"

8. Crow
"A black crow soaring by night
Has perched on the house of the great Magic Prince
Great indeed is the calamity which has happened
Within the house its master lies dead"

House height
The rules of a house's height are also determined by the matriarch's armspan. Ideally the main pillar should be a round number (e.g. 5 depa) but the actual measurement usually contains a fraction (e.g. five and two-tenths depa). Depending on the amount of extra length, there would be a different result.

Malay village houses were built so that they could be disassembled and rebuilt when the situation demanded it such as war, floods or famine. Some have noted that these rules consider the number four unlucky, just as in Chinese superstition.

Direction of the door
The direction that the house's door faces is also said to play a part in determining the occupants' well-being. The worst direction for the door to face is south, which brings bad career luck. A door which faces the west is said to bring knowledge or encourages the coming of someone well-learned, especially in matters of religion. This is probably a reference to the fact that foreigners, particularly the Indian Muslims who introduced Islam in the region, sailed to the Malay Peninsula from the west. A door that faces east ensures many grandchildren and a life of tranquility. A north-facing door brings wealth.

See also

References

Environmental design
Malaysian culture
Architecture in Malaysia


Tobon may refer to:
 Spanish surname Tobón
 a Norwegian rename of the MV Empire MacRae


The Grenada National Cricket Stadium, formerly Queen's Park, is a cricket ground on River Road, St George's, the capital of Grenada. A Grenada cricket team is first recorded in West Indies cricket in 1887, playing against a touring Gentlemen of America team at the original Queen's Park ground. Ten years later, Grenada played against Lord Hawke's touring team. Unlike several matches on the tour, that one did not have first-class status. In 1899, G. A. de Freitas and William Mignon became the first Grenada cricketers to play first-class cricket.

The newly rebuilt Queen's Park Stadium became the 84th Test venue in 2002 when it hosted its first match between the West Indies and New Zealand. , two test matches have taken place at the ground. It was one of the locations for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.

After being rebuilt in 2000, the new complex was damaged in September 2004, as a result of Hurricane Ivan.

The oval is noted for being elongated towards the Pavilion end, giving a more baseball type look to the ground. The stadium was funded by the People's Republic of China.

List of Five Wicket Hauls

Tests
Four five wicket hauls in Test matches have been taken at the venue.

One Day Internationals
Three five wicket hauls in One-Day Internationals have been taken at the venue.

See also
2007 cricket World Cup
List of Test cricket grounds

References

External links
Hurricane Destroys Grenada Stadium News article at caribbeancricket.com
 CricketArchive

Cricket grounds in Grenada
Sports venues in Grenada
Test cricket grounds in the West Indies
2007 Cricket World Cup stadiums

de:Grenada National Stadium


Parish Lovejoy Willis (November 3, 1838 – October 28, 1917) was an American attorney and politician in the state of Oregon. A native of Illinois, he served as cavalry in the Rogue River War before becoming a lawyer. A Republican, he served one term in the Oregon State Senate in the early 1890s.

Early life
Parish Lovejoy Willis was born on November 3, 1838, in Putnam County, Illinois, to Stephen Daws Willis and Nancy Ann Ross. He was educated in the public schools of Illinois before the family moved to the Oregon Territory in 1852. During the Rogue River War in Southern Oregon he served as a private in the mounted volunteers from March to June 1857.

Willis continued his education at the Umpqua Academy in Roseburg from 1859 to 1861. He then went to Salem and attended Willamette University from 1862 to 1865. In July 1865, he graduated from the school with a bachelor of arts degree. While in school he also kept the monthly weather data for Salem from 1863 to 1865. Also while still a student Oregon Governor A. C. Gibbs appointed Willis as the state librarian, beginning service on July 5, 1864. He was later elected by the Oregon Legislative Assembly to the position and served until October 19, 1866.

On September 6, 1866, he married Iren H. Stratton in Salem, and they had two daughters and one son. That same month Willis was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Salem in partnership with Richard Williams. The law firm lasted until 1873 when Willis left to partner with Reuben P. Boise for three years. In 1879, he moved to Portland where practiced in partnership with Seneca Smith until 1883. Willis then partnered with Williams again for two years and then went into a solo practice.

Political career
Willis was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1890 to represent District 17 in Multnomah County. Elected as a Republican, he served one, four-year term in the legislature spanning two legislative sessions. During the 1893 session he served as chairman of the assessments committee.

Later years
In business he was involved in a variety of ventures as a board member including the banking, telephone, and the mining industries. Willis was a major shareholder of the Hot Lake Sanatorium Company in Eastern Oregon along with future governor Walter M. Pierce. They were both accused of fraud by another investor, but cleared by the courts of any wrongdoing in 1918. The former sanatorium is now the Hot Lake Hotel and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Parish Willis died on October 28, 1917, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 78.

References

External links
Salem Online History: Salem's Ferries

Oregon state senators
People from Putnam County, Illinois
Portland, Oregon Republicans
Politicians from Salem, Oregon
Oregon lawyers
Willamette University alumni
1838 births
American librarians
1917 deaths
Rogue River Wars
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Salem, Oregon
19th-century American lawyers


Jean-François Cuennet (born 1961) from Bulle FR is a Swiss ski mountaineer, long-distance runner and mountain biker. He was coach of the Swiss national ski mountaineering team from 2002 to 2005.

Cuennet competed in mountain running and marathon events in his teens. Before he became national coach, he competed as a member of the Swiss national ski mountaineering team from 1999 to 2001.

Selected results
 2001:
 1st, Swiss Cup, scratch
 2nd, Trophée des Gastlosen (European Cup, together with Heinz Blatter)
 7th, Pierra Menta (together with Pierre-Marie Taramarcaz)

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2000: 4th (and 1st in "seniors II" ranking), together with Pius Schuwey and Eric Seydoux
 2008: 6th ("seniors II" class ranking), together with Benoît Jaquet and Christian Pittex
 2010: 4th ("seniors III" class ranking), together with Benoît Jaquet and François Oberson

References

1961 births
Living people
Swiss male ski mountaineers
Swiss male long-distance runners
Swiss sports coaches
Ski mountaineering coaches
People from Bulle
Sportspeople from the canton of Fribourg


George Thomas Marks (August 31, 1856 – May 21, 1907) was a businessman and politician in Ontario, Canada. He was mayor of Port Arthur, Ontario (later Thunder Bay) from 1893 to 1899.

He was born in Bruce Mines, Canada West, the son of George Marks and Mary Traynor, and was educated at Trinity College School in Port Hope. In 1873, he settled in Prince Arthur's Landing (later Port Arthur). He worked in various companies owned by his uncle Thomas Marks, before becoming a partner in Thomas Marks and Company in 1884. Marks was married twice: to Jennie Laird in 1881 and to Mary Elizabeth Rowan in 1898. Marks was treasurer and councillor for Shuniah and then served on Port Arthur town council from 1885 to 1887. He established a municipal electric-lighting plant and helped consolidate town debt associated with earlier public works projects. He also supported a power generation plan for the Kaministiquia River and helped promote the Ontario and Rainy River Railway. In 1894, he became a partner in the St Lawrence and Chicago Steam Navigation Company and in 1903, with others, formed the Canadian North West Steamship Company and Neebing Navigation Limited. He was also vice-president of the Dominion Marine Association. He was defeated when he ran for reelection as mayor in 1900. Marks ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1904. He was one of the earliest proponents for amalgamation of Port Arthur and Fort William. Marks died in Toronto at the age of 50.

References

1856 births
1907 deaths
Mayors of Port Arthur, Ontario


Maria Regina Martyrum ( (actually Gedächtniskirche Maria Regina Martyrum der deutschen Katholiken zu Ehren der Blutzeugen für Glaubens- und Gewissensfreiheit in den Jahren 1933–1945) literally in English Commemorative church Mary Queen of Martyrs of the German catholics in honor of the martyrs for freedom of faith and conscience in the years 1933-1945) is a Roman Catholic church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin in Berlin, borough Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, in the locality of Charlottenburg-Nord. The church was built on behalf of the German Catholics to honour the Martyrs of Freedom of Belief and Conscience from the years 1933–1945. It is located 20 min of walk from the place of execution of Nazi resistants and opponents within the Plötzensee Prison, now the memorial Gedenkstätte Plötzensee.

The church
The episcopal ordinariate of the then Roman Catholic Diocese of Berlin commissioned Friedrich Ebert, Hermann Jünemann and Hans Schädel to build the church. In 1960 Cardinal Julius Döpfner laid the cornerstone, and in 1963 he – together with Alfred Bengsch, then Catholic bishop of Berlin, and Louis-Marie-Fernand de Bazelaire, then Archbishop of Chambéry in France – consecrated the church. At that time, the church also served as a parochial church for the Catholic St. Joseph parish of Berlin-Spandau.

The campanile of Maria Regina Martyrum is a landmark at the entrance to the ceremonial courtyard, paved with cobblestone and surrounded by walls covered with slabs of black and grey basalt and showing figural way of the cross. The sober interior of the upper church, covered by an even ceiling, impresses with its indirect illumination. The building is regarded an outstanding example of combining church architecture and sculpture.

The crypt, originally a single room, has been divided by a gold-coated wall of concrete. The front part is dedicated solely to the memory of the martyrs of that time, symbolised by three inscriptions. At the right grave the ashes of Erich Klausener are reposing, the first martyr of Berlin's Catholic diocese in the Nazi period. The left inscription is dedicated to Blessed Provost Bernhard Lichtenberg. His relics are in Maria Regina Martyrum throughout the time of the renovation of St. Hedwig's Cathedral. The middle, only symbolic, grave commemorates all those martyrs, whom the Nazis denied to have a grave. Discalced Carmelite nuns who live in the convent Regina Martyrum next to the church since 1984 pray the Liturgy of the Hours in the rear crypt.

Since March 2008 the commemorative church, which does not belong to a parish, is headed by a rector of the Jesuits.

Furnishings
Upper church: A tripartite sculpture Apocalyptic Woman by Fritz Koenig is hanging on the long façade of the upper church. Inside on the altar wall there is a monumental fresco by Georg Meistermann. A seated wooden Madonna from southern France, created around 1320, is shown at the altar. In the confession chapel there is a sculpture of a Man of Sorrows from southern Germany, around second half of the 15th century. The Bonn-based organ constructor Johannes Klais created the organ on 5 May 1963.

Crypt: A memorial, graves of martyrs and a bronze Pietà of Fritz Koenig, which are dominating the room, are located in the middle of the front room of the crypt.

Ceremonial Court: Stations of the Cross from bronze and an open air altar by Otto Herbert Hajek, composed of two pillars from concrete, are flanking the entrance gate and the campanile. A bronze relief of Johannes Dumanski depicting the Holy Family at its Flight into Egypt decks the narrow side of the courtyard.

The carmel
Theo Wieland and Klaus Worring built next to the church a Discalced Carmelite convent, which was opened in 1984. It offers room for 24 nuns. The erection of the Carmelite convent was facilitated by the episcopal ordinariate.

Ecumenical activities
There is a close Ecumenical cooperation with the nearby Protestant Church of Plötzensee, which is also designed as a memorial for the victims of National Socialism. This cooperation is especially dedicated to remember the martyrs of Plötzensee. The most important ecumenical memorial events of these churches are the Ecumenical Plötzensee Days every January and the annual anniversary of the assassination-attempt of 20 July 1944.

References
 Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler / Georg Dehio: 22 vols., new ed. by Dehio-Vereinigung, Berlin and Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2000, vol. 8: Berlin, pp. 151seq. .
 Maria-Theresia Smith, Catholic Commemorative Church Maria Regina Martyrum, Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, 11989, (Kleine Kunstführer; 1703e), 32 pp.

Notes

External links
 Carmelite Convent (Berlin), official website

Roman Catholic churches in Berlin
Heritage sites in Berlin
Holocaust commemoration
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1963
Monuments and memorials in Berlin
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Germany


Daoyod Dara (, ); born February 9, 1954) is a Thai footballer and former Thailand national team player. He has played for national team since 1975-1986.

Career
Dara played for Thailand in qualifying matches for the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Personal life
He is the son the former South Vietnam national football team player Nguyễn Văn Đức, who fled to Thailand in the 1950s and changed his name to Duan Dara after his naturalization to become a Thai citizen. He is the half-brother of Niwat Srisawat.

References

1954 births
Living people
Daoyod Dara
Daoyod Dara
Daoyod Dara
Daoyod Dara
Men's association football forwards
Daoyod Dara
Daoyod Dara
Sportspeople of Vietnamese descent
Daoyod Dara
Daoyod Dara
SEA Games medalists in football
Competitors at the 1977 SEA Games
Daoyod Dara


The Early Acid Mothers Temple Recordings 1995–1997 is a compilation of recordings by Acid Mothers Temple & the Melting Paraiso U.F.O. released in 2007 by Synesthetic Recordings.

The compilation was released as a double LP (SYRE 011) in a limited edition of 408 copies. A special Triple Trip Edition (SYRETRIPP 011) including a third bonus LP and a poster, limited to only 100 copies, was issued at the same time. A double CD version (SYRE 012) is planned for release in 2011.

The compilation features the first sessions of the band, recorded at Acid Mothers Temple from 1995 to 1997. Disc 1 was originally released as Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O. 1 (AMT-001) and disc 2 originally released as Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O. 2 (AMT-002), two companion cassettes issued by the Acid Mothers Temple label in February 1997 in limited editions of 50 copies each.

The bonus material on disc 3 was recorded at Acid Mothers Temple from 1995 to 1996 and originally released on Acid Mother's Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O., a cassette issued in 1996 in a limited edition of 10 copies. The cassette also featured a track called "Psycho Line", but it was considered to be of inferior musical value and was omitted from this reissue on the request of band leader Kawabata Makoto.

Most of the songs were later released in different forms on the band's eponymous debut album and other recordings.

Track listing

Disc 1: Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O. 1

Side A:
 "From The Melting Paraiso U.F.O." (Wellens/Cotton/Kawabata) – 3:56
 "The Acid Mothers Prayer" (Cotton/Kawabata) – 8:38
 "Amphetamine A Go Go" (Kawabata) – 4:55
 "Aum Over Drive" (Kawabata) – 3:27

Side B:
 "Speed Guru" (Wellens/Kawabata) – 19:51

Disc 2: Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O. 2

Side C:
 L: "Zen Feedbacker" (Kawabata) / R: "Candy Aum" (Kawabata) – 3:14
 "Pink Lady Lemonade" (Kawabata) – 12:54
 "Tibetan Esoteric Rage" (Kawabata) – 5:44

Side D:
 "Aunt Ema Blues" (Cotton/Kawabata/Suhara) ~ "Glutton For Punishment" (Cotton/Kawabata) – 6:18
 "Rolling Buzz Fuzz Fucker" (Wellens/Kawabata/Suhara) – 5:00
 "Satori LSD" (Kawabata/Higashi/Suhara/Takahashi) – 8:29

Disc 3: Acid Mother's Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O.

Side E:
 "Freak Out Mu" (Cotton/Kawabata/Suhara) – 18:20

Side F:
 "Speed Guru" (Kawabata) – 19:39

This disc was only included in the special Triple Trip Edition of the compilation.

Personnel

Discs 1 and 2
 Cotton Casino – voices, sitar, synthesizer
 Suhara Keizo – bass
 Momo – bass
 Higashi Hiroshi – guitar
 Koizumi Hajime – drums, percussion, saxophone
 Takahashi Atsuki – drums
 Yasuda Hisashi – percussion
 Sakakibara Daiji – didgeridoo
 Mano Kazuhiko – saxophone
 Ishida Yoko – violin
 Johan Wellens – cosmic narration
 Kawabata Makoto – guitar, synthesizer, sarangi, harmonium, bagpipe, organ, voices, producer, engineer, liner notes
 Bjørn Kjetil Johansen – cover design
 Petter Flaten Eilertsen – liner notes
 Alan Cummings – translator

Disc 3
 Cotton Casino – voices, synthesizer
 Suhara Keizou – bass
 Momo – bass
 Higashi Hiroshi – guitar
 Koizumi Hajime – drums, percussion, saxophone
 Mano Kazuhiko – saxophone
 Kawabata Makoto – guitar, synthesizer, producer, engineer

External links
 Synesthetic Recordings info page for standard edition
 Synesthetic Recordings info page for Triple Trip Edition

Acid Mothers Temple albums
2007 compilation albums


ISO 3166-2:CX is the entry for Christmas Island in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

Currently no ISO 3166-2 codes are defined in the entry for Christmas Island. The territory has no defined subdivisions.

Christmas Island is officially assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code .

External links
 ISO Online Browsing Platform: CX
 Christmas Island, Statoids.com

2:CX
Christmas Island


Mynydd Carn-y-cefn () is the name given to the broad ridge of high ground between the Ebbw Vale and the valley of the Ebbw Fach in the Valleys region of South Wales. It lies within the unitary area of Blaenau Gwent, formerly Monmouthshire.

The broad-topped ridge runs NNW-SSE and achieves a summit height of   at a point crowned by a trig point at OS grid ref SO 187084 between Ebbw Vale and Blaina. It is a Marilyn with a prominence of 176 metres.

Geology
The entire hill is composed of sandstones and mudstones dating from the Carboniferous Period. There are also numerous coal seams within the sequence, most of which have been worked. The upper part of the hill including the summit plateau is formed from the Pennant Sandstone, a rock assigned to the Carboniferous Upper Coal Measures.
The flanks of the hill owe their steepness in part to the action of glacial ice during the succession of ice ages.

There are also 3 other hills surrounding Mynydd Carn-y-Cefn which are Coity Mountain and Mulfran. You can also see Pen y Fan from the summit.
There are numerous landslips on the flanks of the ridge, notably above Blaina.

Access
A minor public road runs along the western edge of the plateau. Most of the ridge has been mapped as open country under the CRoW Act thus giving a right of access to walkers. There are a number of public footpaths and other public rights of way across and along the ridge.

References

Marilyns of Wales
Mountains and hills of Blaenau Gwent


Mikkel Morgenstar Pålssønn "Mix" Diskerud (born October 2, 1990) is a professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder. Born in Norway, he represented the United States national team.

His mother coined his nickname "Mix" when he was learning to walk, as he was energetic and ran around the house like a mixmaster.

Club career

Stabæk
Born in Oslo, Norway, to an American mother and Norwegian father, Diskerud started his career in Frigg, and was discovered by Stabæk during a district tournament in Oslo. He joined their junior team in 2005, at the same time attending the sport school Norwegian College of Elite Sport. Starting in the 2006 season, he played regularly for the club's B team in the Norwegian Second Division over the next seasons. In 2008, he also helped the club's junior team win the Norwegian Junior Cup (U-19).

He made his debut for the first team in a 2008 Norwegian Football Cup match against Vestfossen. He was then named in the starting eleven in the 2009 La Manga Cup, scoring after two minutes in his first match. He also played as a substitute in the Super Final, the Norwegian Super Cup, one week before the league opener. He was benched in the opening match, but in the second match against Brann, he was allowed to make his debut in a regular first-team match. He came in as a substitute some ten minutes before full-time and scored the equalizer in the 84th minute; the game ended 1–1.

K.A.A. Gent
Diskerud was loaned to Belgian Pro League club Gent for the latter part of the 2011–12 season.

Rosenborg
In August 2012, Diskerud moved to Tippeligaen club Rosenborg until the end of the 2012. After an aborted move to the Portland Timbers in late 2012 Diskerud signed an extension with Rosenborg.

Diskerud scored Rosenborg's equalizing goal in the final of the Norwegian Football Cup, but it proved to be only a consolation as the club lost 4–2 to Molde.

New York City FC
In January 2015, Diskerud signed with New York City. He scored New York City's first ever MLS goal in an inaugural match draw with Orlando City.

In March 2017, New York City bought out Diskerud's contract, releasing him before the beginning of the 2017 season. He remained an NYCFC player and registered with New York City FC. Shortly after, the U.S. international was rumoured to be close to securing a loan to Swedish side IFK Goteborg which would provide "minor salary relief" for New York City FC although they would still remain responsible for paying the bulk of the player's wages.

As part of ESPN FC's MLS Confidential annual anonymous player poll in 2017 which surveyed over 140 of the league's current players, Diskerud was named as "the most overrated player in the league"—receiving 16% of the overall vote.

Loan to IFK Göteborg
In March 2017, Diskerud signed on loan for IFK Göteborg after failing to cement his place with New York City FC. His loan expired in late August 2017.

Manchester City
In January 2018, Diskerud was announced to have signed a four and a half year contract with Premier League club Manchester City, with a source saying he would be training with the club's EDS.

Return to IFK Göteborg
Shortly after joining Manchester City Diskerud re-signed on loan for Göteborg until the end of the season.

Loan to Ulsan Hyundai
Diskerud was loaned to South Korean side Ulsan Hyundai for a year on July 18, 2018.

Loan to Helsingborg
In June 2020, Swedish Allsvenskan side Helsingborgs IF signed Diskerud on a short-term loan. Before he even played a match for the team he was in trouble after he sent a tweet. It was after the first game of the season, which HIF lost with 0-3 against Varbergs BoIS he tweeted ''Okay, one positive thing is that 3 points were taken by a team from västkusten. Go västkusten''. That was something which the HIF supporters didn't like. He made his debut in 18 June in a away game against Kalmar FF, which ended with a 4–0 loss. Diskerud played 45 minutes in that game.

Denizlispor
On January 20, 2021, Diskerud signed a one and a half year deal with Turkish Süper Lig club Denizlispor.

Omonia
On July 1, 2021, Diskerud signed for Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia. He helped Omonia win the Cypriot Cup in 2022 and 2023; he was in the starting lineup for the final in both seasons. Diskerud left the club in June 2023.

International career

Diskerud's mother is from Arizona, originally making him eligible to represent either the United States or Norway. While Diskerud was playing for Norway, United States U-20 coach Thomas Rongen approached him as he was preparing to take a corner, and asked if he had an American passport, to which Diskerud answered, "yes." In April 2008 he played a tournament for the United States under-20s team, recording three assists during a game against Northern Ireland. A month later, he played for the Norwegian under-18's team against the United States. In February 2009, when asked about his future plans for international play, he replied that it does not really matter which country he represents. He used the phrase "first-come, first-served", meaning that he will respond to the first international call-up from either country. In March 2009 he played for the Norwegian under-19's team. He later stated that he would likely accept any future call-ups from U.S. Soccer but had not heard from them since the youth tournament in 2008.

Only weeks later, after several strong performances for his Norwegian club, Stabæk, he was contacted by U.S. Soccer about attending an under-20s camp in May 2009. He had to turn down the invitation due to his role in Stabæk and that the camp schedule conflicts with the Norwegian season. However, Diskerud traveled with the U.S. under-20 team to Egypt in June 2009 for one of two friendlies, and he scored his first goal against Egypt. His appearance in the Egyptian friendly signaled his final choice for international play for the United States, saying "I am a Norwegian-American. I would love to play for both countries, but I can't."

Diskerud debuted for the senior team in 2010. He was a member of the squad that won the 2013 Gold Cup. He later was a member of the squad for the 2014 World Cup, although he failed to make an appearance at the tournament.  On September 10, 2013, in Columbus, Ohio, Diskerud assisted on Landon Donovan's goal in a World Cup Qualifier against Mexico.  It was Donovan's last goal for the United States Men's National Team.

Career statistics

Club

International
International goals

Honors
Stabæk
Superfinalen: 2009

 Omonia
Cypriot Cup: 2021–22, 2022–23
Cypriot Super Cup: 2021

United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2013

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Oslo
American men's soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
American people of Norwegian descent
Norwegian people of American descent
Stabæk Fotball players
K.A.A. Gent players
Rosenborg BK players
New York City FC players
IFK Göteborg players
Manchester City F.C. players
Ulsan Hyundai FC players
Denizlispor footballers
Eliteserien players
Belgian Pro League players
Major League Soccer players
Allsvenskan players
K League 1 players
Süper Lig players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Norwegian expatriate men's footballers
American expatriate men's soccer players
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus


Marquess of Fontes (in Portuguese Marquês de Fontes) was a Portuguese title of nobility, granted by a decree issued by King Afonso VI of Portugal on 2 January 1659, to D. Francisco de Sá e Menezes, 3rd Count of Penaguião.

On 24 June 1718, the 3rd Marquess of Fontes had his title changed, by King John V of Portugal, to Marquess of Abrantes, once he descended, by female line, from the prestigious Counts of Abrantes, an old line already extinct.

List of the Marquesses of Fontes (1659)
Francisco de Sá e Menezes (c.1640-1677), also 4th Count of Penaguião;
João Rodrigues de Sá Menezes (1674-1688), his son, also 6th Count of Penaguião;
Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes (1676-1733), his brother, also 7th Count of Penaguião. He became 1st Marquess of Abrantes in 1718.

See also
Marquess of Abrantes
List of Marquesses in Portugal

External links
Genealogy of the Marquesses of Fontes, in Portuguese

Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, page 614. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

Fontes
1659 establishments in Portugal

pt:Marquês de Fontes


Eugène Alphonse Dyer (12 December 1838 – 2 December 1911) was a merchant, farmer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Brome in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Sutton, Lower Canada, the son of George C. Dyer. Dyer served on the council for Sutton and was mayor and county warden. He also served as secretary-treasurer for the township school commission. His election in 1891 was overturned after an appeal but Dyer won the by-election that followed in 1892. He was married twice: to Harriet Jackson in 1860 and then to Adaline J. Carpenter in 1869.

By-election: On Mr. Dyer being unseated

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill

1838 births
1911 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Mayors of places in Quebec
People from Sutton, Quebec
French Quebecers


Yannick Ecoeur (born 23 August 1981) is a Swiss ski mountaineer and mountain runner.

Ecoeur was born in Martigny VS. He started ski mountaineering in 2003 and has been member of the national team since 2005. At the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics he acted as Athlete Rolemodel for Ski Mountaineering.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 2005:
 2nd, European Championship relay race (together with Alexander Hug, Christian Pittex and Jean-Yves Rey)
 10th, European Championship team race (together with Emmanuel Vaudan)
 2006:
 1st, Swiss Championship single race
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Florent Troillet
 9th, World Championship team race (together with Alain Rey)
 2007:
 2nd, European Championship relay race (together with Alain Rey, Florent Troillet and Alexander Hug)
 6th, European Championship team race (together with Alain Rey)
 2009:
 3rd, European Championship relay race (together with Florent Troillet, Marcel Marti and Pierre Bruchez)
 7th, European Championship team race (together with Marcel Marti)
 8th, European Championship single race
 2010:
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Florent Troillet, Martin Anthamatten and Pierre Bruchez)
 9th, World Championship team race (together with Marcel Marti)
 10th, World Championship single race
 2011:
 2nd, World Championship relay, together with Marcel Theux, Martin Anthamatten and Marcel Marti
 3rd, World Championship sprint
 7th, World Championship single race
 2012:
 1st, European Championship relay, together with Martin Anthamatten, Marcel Theux and Alan Tissières
 3rd, European Championship team, together with Martin Anthamatten
 4th, European Championship sprint
 4th, World Championship vertical, combined ranking
 9th, European Championship single
 2nd, Patrouille de la Maya, together with Martin Anthamatten and Florent Troillet

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2005: 5th, together with Stéphane Gay and Didier Moret
 2007: 8th, together with Alain Rey and Ernest Farquet
 2009: 6th, together with Marcel Marti and Martin Anthamatten
 2011: 5th, together with Martin Anthamatten and Marcel Marti

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2006: 3rd (and 1st in international military teams ranking), together with Cpl Rico Elmer and Pvt E-2 Florent Troillet
 2008: 7th (and 1st in the international military teams ranking), together with Garde-frontière Pierre Bruchez and Garde-frontière Marcel Marti
 2010: 1st, together with Martin Anthamatten and Florent Troillet

Pierra Menta

 2006: 8th, together with Alain Rey
 2008: 7th, together with Reynold Ginier
 2009: 9th, together with Pierre Bruchez
 2010: 5th, together with Martin Anthamatten
 2011: 6th, together with Valentin Favre
 2012: 6th, together with Yannick Buffet

Running
 2008:
 2nd, Dérupe Vercorin

External links
 Yannick Ecoeur at Skimountaineering.org

References

1981 births
Living people
Swiss male ski mountaineers
Swiss military patrol (sport) runners
Swiss male long-distance runners
Swiss mountain runners
People from Martigny
Sportspeople from Valais


Grouper is the solo project of American musician, artist and producer Liz Harris (born July 15, 1980). She has released material on her own label and other independent labels since 2005. Grouper released the critically acclaimed Dragging a Dead Deer Up a Hill in 2008, followed by five more records, including a two-part album, A I A, and the piano-led album Ruins. Her twelfth album, Shade, was released in 2021.

Grouper has collaborated with a number of other artists, including Xiu Xiu, Tiny Vipers (as the duo Mirrorring), Roy Montgomery, The Bug, Lawrence English (as Slow Walkers), and Jefre Cantu-Ledesma (as Raum). The critic Brett Abrahamsen referred to her as a "genius of modern music" in his 2022 profile of Roy Montgomery.

History
Harris was born July 15, 1980, in Northern California and grew up around the San Francisco Bay area.
She grew up in a Fourth Way commune there which was inspired by the philosophy of George Gurdjieff. The community was known as "The Group", which would later serve as some inspiration for the moniker Grouper. According to Harris, the kids called each other and the parents 'groupers' sort of as a defiance. She says: "It was us making our own identities inside a pretty controlled environment, and sort of lashing back maybe... When I had to think of a name I felt annoyed at nothing sounding right. I wanted something that referenced me without referencing 'Me.'" According to her, she "felt like the music was at its barest just a grouping of sounds, and I was just the grouper."

After finishing at university with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree, Harris briefly moved to Los Angeles, where she worked with Mayo Thompson at Patrick Painter. Harris is now based in Oregon. Harris’ first album was 2005’s Grouper, a self-released full-length CD-R, followed later that year by Way Their Crept on Free Porcupine (re-released in 2007 on Type Records). In 2006 she released a single (He Knows), one album, called Wide, and a collaboration with Xiu Xiu entitled Creepshow. Harris made available new material steadily through the years, and continued to collaborate with various artists such as Roy Montgomery and Xela.

In 2008 she released Dragging a Dead Deer Up a Hill, her breakthrough album. An AllMusic reviewer Heather Phares praised the album for showing more musical range than Harris' previous work and for "letting more melody, more structured songs, and even a few phrases emerge from the ether." Pitchfork gave it 8.2 stars calling the work "an arresting album of pastoral psychedelic pop".

In 2011, Grouper released an album consisting of two parts: A I A: Dream Loss and A I A: Alien Observer, which was critically acclaimed by Pitchfork, while the latter part was noted for being more accessible of the two discs.

Early in 2012, Grouper performed Violet Replacement in the UK and Europe, a pair of longform tape collage pieces which originally took shape for commissioned performances in New York and Berkeley. She also collaborated with Jesy Fortino of Tiny Vipers to release an album Foreign Body under their common moniker Mirrorring.

At Berlin's Club Transmediale festival in early February 2012 Harris performed Circular Veil in collaboration with Jefre Cantu-Ledesma. Somewhere between an installation and a performance, it found her extending her more concise music outward into eight hours of music, designed to mimic one full sleep cycle.

In 2013, Harris released an album, The Man Who Died in His Boat.

Grouper's studio album titled Ruins was released on October 31, 2014.  The album is relatively stripped-down; piano, voice and field recordings. The majority of the album was recorded in Aljezur, Portugal in 2011, while Harris was on a residency set up by Galeria Zé dos Bois. That same year she appeared on The Bug's album providing vocals for the track "Void".

In 2015, Grouper collaborated with an independent filmmaker Paul Clipson on the film Hypnosis Display, commissioned by Leeds Opera North.

In 2016, Grouper released a 7" entitled  'Paradise Valley'.

In 2017, Grouper was one of the curators for the 11th edition of the Dutch Le Guess Who? festival. Her curated program included films La Double Vie de Véronique by Krzysztof Kieślowski and Lighthouse by Paul Clipson and music performances from artists Marisa Anderson, William Basinski, Marcia Bassett & Samara Lubelski duo, Brötzmann/Leigh, Ekin Fil, Keiji Haino, Roy Montgomery, Coby Sey, Tiny Vipers, Wolfgang Voigt and Richard Youngs.

On March 8, 2018, Grouper announced a new album Grid of Points and released the first single "Parking Lot" from the album. The album was released on April 27 via Kranky.

On July 27, 2021, Harris announced a new Grouper album, Shade, and released its first single "Unclean Mind". The album was released on October 22 via Kranky. It features songs that were recorded over the past fifteen years.

Musical style
The style of Grouper is sparse ambient music, making use of acoustic guitar, piano and housed vocal loops. Writing for the Chicago Tribune, Andy Downing noted a primitive and collage approach to how Harris constructs soundscapes.

During her days as a part of a Fourth Way commune, Harris' primary sources for discovering music were limited. With a little help from her parents, whose musical tastes were eclectic and divergent, she discovered Eastern European folk and American avant-pop. Through her father, who himself was a composer, she would later discover contemporary classical and early music. In 2008, when she released Dragging a Dead Deer Up a Hill, Pitchfork compared it to classic ethereal releases from the British label 4AD, drawing comparisons to Cocteau Twins and early His Name Is Alive. The Portland Mercury described some songs from the album, such as "Wind and Snow" and "Stuck", sonically reminiscent of the Renaissance period composers Gesualdo and Monteverdi.

Discography
AlbumsWay Their Crept (2005)Grouper (2005)Wide (2006)Cover the Windows and the Walls (2007)Dragging a Dead Deer Up a Hill (2008)A I A: Dream Loss (2011)A I A: Alien Observer (2011)The Man Who Died in His Boat (2013)Ruins (2014)Grid of Points (2018)After its Own Death / Walking in a Spiral Towards The House as "Nivhek" (2019) Shade (2021)

EPs and singlesHe Knows (2006)Tried (2007)Hold/Sick (2010)Water People (2011)Violet Replacement| Pt. I: Rolling Gate (2012)Violet Replacement| Pt. II: Sleep (2012)Paradise Valley (2016)Children (2017)

CollaborationsCreepshow as "Xiu Xiu vs. Grouper" (2006)Eckords. with Jorge Behringer as "Flash Lights" (2006)Visitor with Ilyas Ahmed (2011)Foreign Body with Tiny Vipers as "Mirrorring" (2012)Slow Walkers with Lawrence English as "Slow Walkers" (2013)The Event of Your Leaving with Jefre Cantu-Ledesma as "Raum" (2013)Felt This Way/Dying All The Time with Jed Bindeman and Scott Simmons as "Helen" (2014)Void and Black Wasp with The Bug (2014)Daughter with Jefre Cantu-Ledesma as "Raum" (2022)

Split releasesInca Ore / Grouper with Inca Ore (2008)Split with Pumice (2009)Grouper/City Center with City Center (2009)Tsuki No Seika Volume One with Xela (2009)Roy Montgomery/Grouper - featuring Grouper's Vessel EP - with Roy Montgomery (2010)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Segal, Dave (April 16, 2009). "Through the Pastoral, Darkly". The Stranger.
 Bevan, David (October 15, 2008). "Grouper: Hymns from a Nor-Cal Loner". XLR8R.
 Stosuy, Brandon (). (May 29, 2018). "On finding common experiences that are otherwise impossible". The Creative Independent.
 "Questions of Doom with Liz Harris of Grouper". Bad Vibes''.

External links
 Official website
 Grouper BandCamp website
 Liz Harris' visual art website

1980 births
Living people
Singers from Oregon
Singers from California
American women in electronic music
Guitarists from Oregon
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Guitarists from California
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American women guitarists


USS SC-497 was a SC-497 class submarine chaser that served in the United States Navy and later the Free French Navy during World War II.  She was originally laid down as PC-497 on 29 November 1941 by the Westergard Boat Works in Rockport, Texas, and launched on 4 July 1941.  She was commissioned as USS PC-497 on 16 October 1942.  She was later reclassified as a SC-497 class submarine chaser and renamed SC-497.  She was transferred to the Free French Navy as part of the Lend-Lease program on 18 March 1944 as CH-96.  The transfer was made permanent on 15 August 1944.  She was renamed CH-724 in 1952 and later P-724 before being withdrawn from service on 23 October 1980.  Her exact fate is unknown.

See also
 Harbour Defence Motor Launch
 Wooden boats of World War II

References

Motor Gunboat/Patrol Gunboat Photo Archive: SC-497

SC-497-class submarine chasers
Ships built in Texas
1941 ships
Ships of the Free French Naval Forces
SC-497-class submarine chasers of the French Navy
Maritime incidents in April 1944


CESS may refer to:
Central Eurasian Studies Society, a North American–based society for scholars concerned with the Central Eurasian region
Centre for Earth Science Studies, an autonomous research centre to promote and establish scientific and technological research and development studies in the earth sciences, in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad
Education cess, in India, a tax earmarked to promote education.
Cess, a tax


Nydalen Upper Secondary School () is an upper secondary school established on 22 August 2011 located at Nydalen in the borough of Nordre Aker in Oslo, Norway. It replaced Grefsen Upper Secondary School and Sandaker Upper Secondary School. The school building was built and is owned by the private company Avantor, and is leased by the municipality for 25 years, with an option for a further 15. The school was scheduled to open in 2011 and to have 900 pupils and 100 employees.

References

External links
official site

Secondary schools in Norway
Schools in Oslo
Oslo Municipality
Educational institutions established in 2011
2011 establishments in Norway


Łukaszewski is a Polish surname. It comes from the given name Łukasz (Lucas).

16090 Lukaszewski, a comet
David Lukaszewski, American poker player
Ewelina Lukaszewska, Polish actress
James Lukaszewski, American crisis management consultant
Paweł Łukaszewski, Polish composer
Jerzy Łukaszewski, Polish diplomat
Marcin Łukaszewski, Polish footballer
Marcin Łukaszewski (musician), Polish composer
Wiesław Łukaszewski, Polish psychologists
Witold Łukaszewski, Polish guitarist
Wojciech Łukaszewski, Polish composer
Ashley Lukashevsky, American illustrator

Polish-language surnames


Simon Philbert (born 22 October 1974), known professionally as Si Phili, is a British rapper. He was a member of the former UK hip hop group Phi Life Cypher, which split in 2012.

Since the split of PLC, Si Phili has launched a solo career and got together with battle rapper Dotz to form "Phili N Dotz". The duo released the album Phil N the Dotz in May 2014. They have toured across the UK and Europe.

Biography
Phi Life Cypher was a hip hop trio composed of two MCs, Si Phili and Life MC, and DJ Nappa, who are all from Luton. The trio started making music together around 1996, and have since had much success on the UK underground circuit. Phi-Life Cypher made it to the final of Tim Westwood's Talent 2000 competition and ripping the mic on DJ Skitz's seminal posse cut 'Fingerprints of the Gods' projected them to the upper realms of the UK hip hop scene.

Si Phili, along with Phi Life Cypher, released "Clint Eastwood", the track on the Gorillaz' G-Sides, a compilation of the B-sides from the first three singles was released in Japan and quickly followed with international releases in early 2002. The new year also saw a complicated performance at the 2002 Brit Awards, featuring the band in 3D animation, weaving in and out of each other on four large screens along with rap accompaniment by Phi Life Cypher.

Discography

Albums
 Millennium Metaphors (2000, Jazz Fudge)
 The Instrumentals (2000, Jazz Fudge)
 Higher Forces (2003)
 Playback (2006)

Singles and EPs
 "Baddest Man" (1998, white label)
 "Earth Rulers" (2000, Jazz Fudge)
 "Herbaholics" (2001, Jazz Fudge)
 The Chosen Few EP (with Task Force) (2002, Jazz Fudge)
 "Over" (2003, Zebra Traffic)
 "Rap It Up" (2004, Zebra Traffic)
 "Playback" (2006)

Guest appearances
 Gorillaz — "Clint Eastwood" (Phi Life Cypher version), "The Sounder" (edit)
 The Herbaliser — "Distinguished Jamaican English" (The Herbaliser remix)
 Skitz — "Fingerprints of the Gods", "Cordless Mics at 20 Paces"
 Mark B. & Blade — "Ya Don't See the Signs" (Phi Life Cypher remix)
 DJ Vadim — "Ghetto Rebels"

References

External links
Si Phili official website
UK Stand Up!!! – Raw Documents British Rap Documentary
Stylus Magazine

1974 births
Living people
English male singers
English male rappers
Musicians from Luton
Black British male rappers
UK garage musicians


Bob Kersee (born in the Canal Zone, Panama) is an American track coach. He was the coach and husband of Olympic gold medallist Jackie Joyner-Kersee.

Career
He is a graduate of San Pedro High School, Los Angeles Harbor College where he was a state finalist in the hurdles, Long Beach State University (B.A. Physical Education 1978) and California State University, Northridge (Masters in Exercise Physiology).  While at Northridge, he coached their track team.  In 1980 he moved to the University of California, Los Angeles, where he was an assistant coach for four years.  He then became the head coach and established his reputation for training elite level athletes.  Many of those athletes have themselves become elite level coaches.

In 2005 he was selected USATF Coach of the year.

In 1989, sprinter Angela Bailey stated that she did not want to train with Kersee due to suspicions about performance-enhancing drugs.

Athletes trained by Bob Kersee

 Andrea Anderson
 Jerome Bettis
 Jeanette Bolden
 Valerie Brisco-Hooks
 Kori Carter
 Kerron Clement
 Ginnie Crawford (née Powell)
 Shawn Crawford
 Gail Devers
 Allyson Felix
 Greg Foster
 Florence Griffith Joyner
 Joanna Hayes
 Dawn Harper
 Natasha Hastings
 Sherri Howard
 Jackie Joyner-Kersee
 Ty Law
Nicole Leach
 Sydney McLaughlin
 Brandon Miller
 Athing Mu
 Jenna Prandini
 Keni Harrison
 Morolake Akinosun
 Sha-ri Pendleton
 Michelle Perry
 Andre Phillips

References

External links
 UCLA profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American track and field coaches
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Cal State Northridge Matadors track and field coaches
Long Beach State Beach men's track and field athletes
UCLA Bruins track and field coaches
Sports coaches from California
Track and field people from California


Sir Makere Rangiatea "Ralph" Love  (16 September 1907 – 22 August 1994) was a New Zealand Māori public servant and leader of Te Āti Awa. One of his brothers was Eruera Te Whiti o Rongomai Love (18 May 1905 – 12 July 1942), a New Zealand rugby player, interpreter and military leader.

Biography
He was born at Homebush on Arapaoa Island, Queen Charlotte Sound. His parents, Wi Hapi Pakau Love and Ripeka Wharawhara Love (28 June 1882 – 6 April 1953), who had ten children, seven of whom survived infancy, belonged to senior families of Te Āti Awa, Taranaki and Ngati Ruanui, with connections to most of the iwi of Taranaki, Wellington and the northern South Island. His mother Ripeka Wharawhara Love was a New Zealand community leader.

Love was a direct descendant of Ngati Te Whiti and Ngati Tawhirikura chiefs who controlled Petone and Ngauranga at the time of the Treaty of Waitangi. He was educated at Petone West School and Petone District High School. His father arranged for him to join the Native Trust Office as a cadet in 1925. Soon after, he became a clerk in the Native Department. On 6 May 1933, he married Flora Heberley, the daughter of carver Thomas "Tamati" Heberley. They had a daughter, Marie Nui Te He, and a son, Ralph Heberley Ngātata.

When the Second World War broke out Love joined the army, but was declared medically unfit for overseas service: in 1927 he had broken ribs playing rugby and developed tuberculosis. He served as a recruiting and liaison officer with the Māori War Effort Organisation, and in 1946 was appointed a justice of the peace. From 1944–49, he served (at first unofficially) as parliamentary private secretary to MP and cabinet minister Sir Eruera Tirikatene. Love was Tirikatene's private secretary again in 1957–60, and worked closely with him and his successor and daughter, Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan, for many years.

He was an active supporter of the New Zealand Labour Party. He was heavily involved in organising the inaugural conference of the Māori Women's Welfare League. His work in the Native (later Māori Affairs) Department included stints as assistant controller of social welfare, conversion officer and deputy registrar to the Māori Land Court. He was deputy chairman of the Wellington Tenths Trust. In 1962, he was elected to the Wellington City Council, and became Māori welfare officer for Wellington under the Department of Māori Affairs. In 1965, he retired from Māori Affairs and was elected to the Petone mayoralty on a Labour Party platform, defeating three other candidates including the incumbent mayor Annie Huggan who was deselected by the Labour Party in Love's favour. His son Ralph Heberley Ngātata Love (Ralph Jr.) was elected a borough councillor at the same election. In January 1967 he lost office after being convicted of technically breaching the Local Authorities (Members' Contracts) Act 1954 when he voted to increase his own pay. At the subsequent by-election he was re-elected mayor, defeating councillor Tom Watson who ran as an independent. He held office until October 1968 when he was defeated by councillor George Gee.

He petitioned to have the Treaty of Waitangi enshrined in legislation, and attempted to gain a guarantee that Māori representation in Parliament would be retained or increased. He also petitioned against proposed immigration legislation which would allow the British government to override the provision in the treaty for all the rights and privileges of British citizenship to be accorded to Māori, including the right to enter Britain. He even wrote directly to the British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, objecting to this change.

He died in Wellington on 30 July 1994, the tangihanga was held at Pipitea and Te Tatau-o-te-Po marae, with the final service at Saint Paul's Cathedral, Wellington.

Honours
In the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours, Love was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services, for services to local-body affairs and the Māori people. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1987 Queen's Birthday Honours, for services to the Māori people and the community.

References

Sources
NZET Centre

1907 births
1994 deaths
Te Āti Awa people
Mayors of places in the Wellington Region
Māori mayors
Māori politicians
New Zealand Labour Party politicians
Wellington City Councillors
New Zealand Māori public servants
Companions of the Queen's Service Order
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
20th-century New Zealand politicians
People from the Marlborough Sounds
Ngāti Ruanui people
Taranaki (iwi)
New Zealand justices of the peace
New Zealand military personnel of World War II


Aaron Joseph (born 4 July 1989) is an Australian rules footballer who played with the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Early career

Joseph is a midfielder who played junior football in Tasmania with the Glenorchy Football Club and the Tassie Mariners. He represented Tasmania at the 2007 AFL Under 18 Championships, where he impressed sufficiently to be named on the interchange bench in the Under 18s All-Australian Team. He was passed over in the 2007 AFL National Draft, but was selected by the Carlton Football Club with its first pick (#2 overall) in the 2008 Rookie Draft. He then spent the 2008 season playing exclusively with Carlton's , the Northern Bullants.

AFL career

Joseph first appeared for Carlton in the 2009 NAB Cup, where he played all three games for Carlton. Appearing mainly in a defensive, tagging role, Joseph was lauded for his performance in the semi-final against Geelong's Gary Ablett, Jr., and was made a nominated rookie for the 2009 season. He made his debut in the first round of the season, and played several tagging roles early in the season. He received a Rising Star nomination in Round 11 after tagging St Kilda's Stephen Milne out of the game, and earning 19 disposals himself. He would go on to play every game for the season, win the Blues' Best First Year Player award, and finish tenth in the best and fairest.

Joseph was promoted from the rookie list to the senior list in the 2009/10 offseason. He had another solid season, playing 22 of 23 games and again finishing tenth in the best and fairest.

Joseph fell out of favour in early 2011, spending the majority of the first half of the season playing with the Bullants, but regained his regular place in the team in the latter part of the season to play eleven games for the season.

He was delisted by Carlton at the end of the 2013 season. He signed a deal to play for Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League from 2014, spending six seasons, playing 98 games and winning one premiership with the club before retiring at the end of 2019.

Notes
:1. Joseph was eligible for the Best First Year Player award, even though it was his second season on the Carlton list, because he played his first AFL game in 2009.

References

External links

Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Carlton Football Club players
Glenorchy Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club players
Preston Football Club (VFA) players
1989 births
Living people
Tassie Mariners players


MØN or MØN - Rock Orchestra is a group of seven French musicians, created in 2004, whose music spans rock, pop and classical. The music draws on the post-rock styles of Silver Mt. Zion and Mogwai, integrating artists such as Rachel's, Tindersticks, Blonde Redhead, Steve Reich and Mercury Rev.

Since September 2006, MØN has given concerts in various parts of France as well as in Switzerland and Luxembourg. In June 2007, it won the Paris Jeunes Talents award.

The name of the band is inspired by the island of Møn, which is one of the smaller Danish islands in the Baltic Sea.

External links
 The MØN website on Bandcamp
 The MØN page on Facebook
 The MØN website.

References

Musical groups established in 2004


is a large trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It is one of the most distant objects from the Sun at 60.5 AU. It was discovered by astronomers with the Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey at Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, when it was near aphelion on 31 August 2003. It was provisionally designated .

Orbit and classification

 orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.7–62.2 AU once every 353 years and 1 month (128,966 days; semi-major axis of 49.96 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.

It is classified as a scattered disc object, or "near-scattered" object in the classification of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, that still gravitationally interacts with Neptune (30.1 AU) due to its relatively low perihelion of 37.7 AU, contrary to the extended-scattered/detached objects and sednoids which never approach Neptune as close. It has also been described as a "detached classical belt object" by the discovering Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey (CFEPS), that are objects with a semi-major axis beyond the 2:1 mean-motion resonance (i.e. beyond the twotino population at 47.8 AU) and with an eccentricity larger than 0.24. It was furthest object discovered in CFEPS.

Most distant objects from the Sun

 last came to perihelion around 1882, moving away from the Sun ever since and is currently about 60.5 AU from the Sun, which is further away than the dwarf planet , and will reach its aphelion around 2058. Its current distance makes it one of the most distant known minor planets in the Solar System (also see ).

Physical characteristics

Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion,  measures approximately  in diameter, for an assumed albedo of 0.9 and an magnitude of 5.1. , no rotational lightcurve for this object has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.

See also
 List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun

 Eris (dwarf planet)

References

External links
 List Of Centaurs and Scattered-Disk Objects, Minor Planet Center
 What is the most distant body in the Solar System? A historical view (Michael Richmond)

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Maridalen is a valley just north of Oslo, Norway, just above the suburb of Kjelsås. Considering that Maridalen is within the Oslo city limits, Maridalen has a very low population density. The valley consists of forests, lakes and agricultural land. Most of the valley is made up of the lake Maridalsvannet, which serves as the primary source of drinking water for 90% of Oslo's population.  The only hydroelectric powerplant within the City of Oslo, Hammeren Hydroelectric Power Station is located at Brekke in Maridalen.  The valley is a popular recreational area with many hiking trails, cycling tracks for summer usage, and groomed cross-country trails in winter. Both the lake and valley are protected. Maridalen Church and the church ruins of the ancient St. Margaret's Church are located north of Maridalsvannet. A bus route runs along Maridalen, starting at Nydalen Subway Station.

Railway
The Gjøvik Railway Line passes through Maridalen. Originally, the trains stopped at three stations in the area. Movatn Station (created in 1900) is an unmanned station at Movatn. The Snippen stop (opened in 1934) was an unmanned train stop with the address Greveveien. Sandermosen Station is a previously operated stop between Kjelsås Station and Snippen train stop. It was opened in 1909, but closed in 2006.

The name
The Norse form of the name was Margrétardalr. The first element is the genitive of Margrét, the last element is dalr m 'dale, valley'. The old church (now in ruins) just north of the lake was dedicated to Margaret the Virgin.

The valley's name cannot be older than the Christianisation of Norway (around 1000 AD), and it probably replaced an older name that has since been forgotten. This is one of the few examples in Norway where an old name of a large valley has been replaced.

References

Valleys of Oslo