Pieter Frans Christiaan Koch, better known as Pyke Koch (July 15, 1901October 27, 1991), was a Dutch artist who painted in a magic realist manner.

Pyke Koch and the painter Carel Willink are considered to be the foremost representatives in the Netherlands of Magic Realism, a style of painting in which the scenes depicted seem realistic yet uncanny or unlikely.

His paintings show many details. Some art historians, notably Carel Blotkamp, have suggested that these details may contain hidden messages and references to his personal life. The work does contain many references to earlier periods in the history of art. He was very much inspired by painters of the Italian quattrocento, most notably the work of Piero della Francesca.

Biography

Early life
Pyke Koch was born in Beek, a small village near Nijmegen in the Netherlands. He was the only son of the local doctor P.F.C. Koch; he had three elder sisters. He went to school first in Nijmegen, later to a boarding school in Zeist. There he was given the nickname Pike (as in the fish). The name stuck, even when he moved to Utrecht to study law at the University, although he changed the spelling to 'Pyke'.

Music was an important part of Koch family life. He played the violin and was interested in music from Bach to gypsy music. During his student days he played with a student gypsy band called Tzigane.

In the 1920s he met Charley Toorop who was already a famous painter. He probably became interested in painting through their friendship.

First steps

In the summer of 1927 Koch was slow in preparing for his final exams. By the time he was ready his professor had left the city for the summer. This left him with nothing to do and he found some brushes and paint that one of his sisters had given him years before. After he convinced a girl in a bar he was a professional painter, she modeled for him. The result was his first painting, called Dolores Ontbijt or Dolores' Breakfast.
This first painting made an impression on the painter Cor Postma who arranged for Koch to be part of several exhibitions in the following years in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam.

Strangely, from the very start his paintings were admired for their technical perfection, even though he had had no formal training. In fact he had had no practical training whatsoever. Koch was fond of his image as a self-taught painter. He did follow classes at the Arthistorical Institute of the University Utrecht where he studied the theories of art and even theories about art practices (the historical use of materials and such) but he never seems to have had lessons in drawing or painting.

He was most impressed with the painters of the Italian Renaissance Piero della Francesca, Masaccio and Andrea Mantegna. He also admired some modern painters, notably Chirico and Magritte.

At the Arthistorical Institute he met Hedwig (Heddy) de Geer, who became his wife in 1934. Afterwards they lived mainly in Utrecht.

Success
During the late 1920s and 1930s Koch had many exhibitions, both solo and in collaboration with others. In 1931 one of the foremost museums in the Netherlands, the Museum Boymans van Beuningen bought one of his paintings called De Schiettent or Shooting Gallery.

During the 1930s his work became very popular. It was often called Magic Realism, a term he quite liked.

His house in Utrecht (Oude Gracht 341) became a regular meeting place for many Dutch writers, painters and designers. His workplace, for instance, was remodeled by his friend Gerrit Rietveld.

Koch also had friendships outside of his artistic circle. One of these friends in particular would leave a permanent mark on his life. Ernst Voorhoeve was the founder of Verdinaso, a political movement that sympathised with Benito Mussolini's fascist movement. During the years he spent in Italy, where Heddy and Pyke had a bed & breakfast in Fiesole for a while, Koch started to admire Mussolini. Koch became a member of Verdinaso but renounced it when it merged with the Dutch Nazi party NSB. By that time, some of his paintings had appeared on the covers of magazines associated with fascism. This would prove to be a stain on his reputation that would stay with him for the rest of his life.

In those years Koch painted many masterpieces that were widely admired in exhibitions. He was also active as a designer for graphic work. He designed postage stamps and the Utrecht street lights.

He continued to work during the war. Like many of his colleagues he painted mostly still lifes because those were least likely to offend the Germans.

Later career
After the war his work became less popular. Abstract expressionism and other more conceptual forms of art became the norm. All forms of realism were considered old fashioned. Still he had a fan base that continued to buy his work.
He had a retrospective solo exhibition in the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam in 1955 and in the Gemeentemuseum, Arnhem in 1966.

Koch was a perfectionist in the extreme. He worked slowly and destroyed many of his works because he was not satisfied with the result. His oeuvre is therefore quite small. Still it has been incorporated in all major collections in the Netherlands.

Early in the 1980s Koch was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. As his physical and mental abilities declined, he gradually withdrew from public life. He died in Wassenaar on October 27, 1991.

References

Further reading

Metken, G. (1981). Realismus: zwischen Revolution und Reaktion, 1919-1939 : [Ausstellung im Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 17. Dezember 1980-20. April 1981 : Ausstellung in der Staatlichen Kunsthalle, Berlin, 16. Mai-28. Juni 1981]. München: Prestel-Verlag.  (German language)

1901 births
1991 deaths
People from Beek
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
20th-century Dutch male artists


Mohamed Ahmed Abboud Pasha () (1889–1963) was a prominent Egyptian industrialist, engineer and investor. Abboud Pasha was self-made, eventually rising to great wealth and was, by the 1950s, widely regarded as one of the top 10 richest men in the world.

Early years
Born on 2 May 1889 to a middle-class family in Cairo and largely brought up by his mother, Labiba, Abboud Pasha excelled at school, eventually winning an Ottoman Scholarship and electing to study Engineering and Shipbuilding at the University of Glasgow in 1905. As part of the terms of his scholarship, he worked on the expansion of the network of the Hejaz Railway in Iraq and Palestine, as well as various irrigation projects on the Euphrates.

Personal life
Whilst studying in Glasgow he met his future wife Jemima, the daughter of a Scottish Presbyterian family. In the face of her family's opposition to their marriage, they subsequently eloped to Constantinople, where Abboud Pasha was stationed under the terms of his scholarship from 1912. In 1923 the couple celebrated the birth of their only child, Mona, in Alexandria.

Business activities
By the end of WW1, Ahmed Abboud was sufficiently well-established to set himself up independently and return to Egypt. He created a construction and dredging company in 1924, which originally focused on contract work on government-financed projects such as the heightening and enlarging of the Aswan Dam as well as the Fouadeya Irrigation Canal. He then proceeded to establish the Egyptian General Omnibus Company with its terminus in Shubra, Cairo.

In 1926 he entered politics as a nationalist Congressman of the Wafd Party for 'Markaz Atfih' South of Cairo. He advocated for a Liberal Constitution with a demand for the return of Egyptian industry to Egyptian hands – as much had been seized by European powers in preceding years in lieu of debts incurred by Khedive Ismail. In the same year he founded the daily newspaper, Al Kashaf, to propound these views more widely. The paper's first editor was Abdul Rahman Pasha Azzam, who later founded the Arab League in the mid-1940s.

In 1931, Ahmed Abboud was awarded the title of Pasha by King Fouad and was appointed to the higher house of parliament. By 1934, Abboud Pasha had acquired 6400 feddans (acres) of sugarcane fields from Belgian interests in Armant, south of Luxor, as well as two sugar refineries based in Naga Hamadi and Kom Ombo – such that by WW2 he was one of the leading sugar manufacturers and exporters in the world.

Abboud Pasha also acquired considerable shipping interests, notably the Khedival Mail Line, which he bought in 1930. The company was originally founded in the mid-1850s in Egypt but then later acquired by Lord Inchcape of P&O Shipping, and in 1936 Abboud Pasha renamed it the Pharaonic Line, thereby successfully returning the company under the Egyptian flag. Abboud Pasha is credited with greatly expanding its fleet of ocean liners from six aging vessels to 40 modern ships, including S.S. Mohammed Aly El Kabeer and S.S. Malek Fouad.

By the 1940s he built the ground-breaking Immobilia Building in downtown Cairo. The building is an iconic landmark, covers over 5444 square metres, is considered Egypt's first skyscraper and was the tallest building in the Middle East at the time. Abboud had also by this time become the largest shareholder of, and was appointed Member of the Board to, Misr Bank. He also acquired a majority stake of Upper Egyptian Hotels, a luxury hotel group in Egypt which comprised the Shepheard's Hotel in Cairo, the Winter Palace in Luxor and the Cataract in Aswan.

In 1947 he had been the first Egyptian to be appointed to the Board of the Suez Canal Company, and by 1950 he had set up the Suez Fertilizer Co with the support of a US Exim Bank Loan in excess of USD 5.5 million. By then, he was reportedly worth more than USD 100 million.

By the mid-1950s, Abboud Pasha's business empire was entering a fresh phase. He assembled a consortium of 4 major US oil companies – Cities Service, Continental Oil, Richfield Oil and Ohio Petroleum. Serving as their Egyptian partner, Abboud Pasha headed the consortium to negotiate an agreement with the Egyptian government for a 30-year lease on exploration and production rights in a number of blocks in the western desert. In return, the consortium was required to invest USD 30-40 million in the country, and a royalty would be payable on any oil produced. Initial results from the prospecting wells indicated the presence of significant reserves.

Al Ahly Football Club

Abboud Pasha was one of the longest-serving Presidents of Al Ahly SC, Egypt’s oldest and most popular club, serving over a sixteen year period that is often described as 'Ahly’s Golden Years’. Al Ahly decided to participate in the Egyptian national league for the first time in 1948, and the club then proceeded to win 9 consecutive championships. Abboud Pasha refused all government subsidies and supported the club from his private fortune. He built a swimming pool complex for the players and acquired additional land so that the club’s grounds extended all the way to the Nile Corniche.

Later years
In 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser mounted a coup d'état in the Egyptian Revolution, eventually becoming President. For several years President Nasser refrained from alienating Egypt's industrial leaders – whose know-how was required to help see the 'new Egypt' through its growing period – and almost 10 years after the revolution one of President Nasser's close associates spoke of Abboud Pasha as 'one of the few good Egyptian capitalists [...] who invested his capital in this country'. However, Abboud Pasha’s companies and assets were sequestered along with almost every Egyptian company of any size in the sweeping nationalizations of July 1961. In 1974 Egypt's highest court of appeals, in the first judgment of its kind, ruled that the confiscation of private citizens’ property was illegal and that compensation or restitution had to be implemented.

Abboud Pasha was put on a 2-day televised show trial in 1961 in which he was formally charged with illegally selling one of his own ships abroad and working to further British and US interests. The second day of the trial was never televised, and viewers were instead met by a blank screen. No verdict was ever rendered. Instead, the prosecution suddenly announced that the Government had decided to drop the case out of consideration of Abboud Pasha's 'past services to his country'.

In 1962 Abboud Pasha was allowed to travel to Washington on a special exit visa issued by President Nasser to renegotiate the Exim bank loan of USD 5.5 million that had originally been extended to him personally for his fertiliser plant. Despite the fact that the plant had been nationalized by 1962, Exim Bank would only deal with Abboud Pasha. He was persuaded not to return to Cairo, as rumours circulated that Nasser intended to imprison him.

Death
Ahmed Abboud Pasha lived out his final months in exile, and on 28 December 1963 died of heart failure at Claridge’s Hotel in London. His body was never returned to Egypt as the request to bury him in his family's mausoleum in Cairo was refused.

References

General

Specific

1899 births
1963 deaths
20th-century Egyptian businesspeople
Egyptian industrialists
Suez Canal
Egyptian pashas


In Style is the second solo album released by (then-)former lead singer of the New York Dolls, David Johansen. It was released in 1979 on Blue Sky Records.

Background
Johansen's self-titled solo debut earned favorable reviews but low sales. Consequently, In Style – featuring more pop-style songs such as "Melody" and "Swaheto Woman" – was designed to be more commercial.

"Swaheto Woman", released as a single, provided Johansen's first disco song. "Swaheto Woman" and three other tracks were cowritten by Johansen's friend and fellow New York Doll, Sylvain Sylvain. “She Knew She was Falling in Love” and “Wreckless Crazy” had both been performed by the Dolls after the departures of Thunders, Nolan and Kane.

In Style also features Ian Hunter and Dan Hartman.

Of the closing "Flamingo Road", Johnny Depp remarked: "I think it's about his experience of losing his wife to Steven Tyler, and the words are beautifully written, beautifully executed. The whole record's great. Johansen was doing some great shit back then."

Track listing
"Melody" (David Johansen, Ronnie Guy) (2:58)
"She" (David Johansen, Buz Verno) (2:21)
"Big City" (David Johansen) (4:09)
"She Knew She Was Falling in Love" (David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain) (3:46)
"Swaheto Woman" (David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain) (5:05)
"Justine" (David Johansen) (4:34)
"In Style" (David Johansen) (4:08)
"You Touched Me Too" (David Johansen, Johnny Ráo) (2:23)
"Wreckless Crazy" (David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain) (3:17)
"Flamingo Road" (David Johansen, Sylvain Sylvain) (6:02)

Personnel
Mick Ronson – producer, guitar
David Johansen – keyboards, guitar, vocals, producer
Stan Bronstein – saxophone
Ronnie Guy – piano
Dan Hartman – bass, backing vocals
Ian Hunter – acoustic piano on "Flamingo Road"
Frankie LaRocka – drums, backing vocals
Tom Mandel – organ
Johnny Ráo – guitar
Dave Still – engineer, backing vocals
Sylvain Sylvain – backing vocals
Gary Green – backing vocals
Tommy Trask – guitar, backing vocals
Buz Verno – bass
Gene Orloff – orchestra conductor on "Melody", arranged by David Johansen and Mick Ronson

Technical
Harvey Goldberg – engineer
George Marino –  mastering
Paula Scher – design
Richard Avedon – cover and sleeve photography

References

David Johansen: In Style

1979 albums
Albums produced by Mick Ronson
David Johansen albums
Blue Sky Records albums


Babcock Ranch is a planned community located in southeastern Charlotte County and northeastern Lee County, Florida consisting of approximately . The planned community was approved as part of a public-private partnership with the State of Florida and local governments. The deal established the neighboring Babcock Ranch Preserve.

History

Origins
Occupying land in both Charlotte and Lee counties near Fort Myers, Babcock Ranch was named after Edward Vose Babcock, a lumber baron and mayor of Pittsburgh (1918–1922), who purchased the land in 1914. The land's primary use was logging and agriculture, and those uses continue to generate funds for maintenance and operation of the Babcock Ranch Preserve. The Babcock Ranch Preserve Act enacted by the Florida Legislature in 2006 made it the first Florida preserve responsible for generating its funding under a public-private management partnership that includes the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission and the Florida Forest Service.

Plans for the future town of Babcock Ranch were announced in 2005 by real estate development firm Kitson & Partners as part of a complex real estate transaction that facilitated the largest conservation land acquisition in Florida history. In 2009, the company joined with Florida Power & Light to announce plans to make Babcock Ranch the first solar-powered city in the United States. A large photovoltaic power station and a network of rooftop solar panels on commercial buildings, planned to be expanded over time, are intended to send more renewable power into the Florida electrical grid than the city consumes.

State ownership
In the late 1990s, the Babcock family sought to sell the ranch to the state of Florida. The property was considered a priority for purchase by conservation leaders who saw it as the final section needed to establish an environmental corridor stretching from Lake Okeechobee in the center of Florida to the Charlotte Harbor Estuary on Florida's Gulf Coast.

The state offered $455 million for  in 2005, but negotiations broke down over the structure of the transaction and tax issues. A sale of the real estate would have triggered significant tax liabilities that could be avoided if ownership was transferred through sale of all corporate stock. The state was barred from meeting the family's terms by a provision in the state constitution prohibiting use of land acquisition funds for purchase of a private company's stock.

Florida real estate development firm Kitson & Partners, led by former professional American football player Syd Kitson, signed a contract for the purchase of the Babcock Florida Company, including the ranch in July 2005 and laid out a plan to sell over  to the State of Florida for the preservation of the most environmentally sensitive areas. The contract was contingent on a series of local and state approvals for development on the property to be retained by Kitson & Partners and a land management agreement that would provide for continued ranching operations and employment of the ranch staff under state ownership. Purchase from the family and sale of the preserve lands to the State of Florida and Lee County closed on July 31, 2006.

As part of the arrangement, Kitson & Partners received $350 million for the land, with approximately $310 million provided in the final budget of Governor Jeb Bush and $40 million from Lee County, Florida. According to Time, the purchase was the "largest preservation buy in Florida history". Governor Bush stated that the state ownership "would preserve the single largest tract of contiguous land in the state's history".

Development
The center of the planned urban development is about ten miles south-southwest of the former Babcock family home and barns. Plans for the proposed city of Babcock Ranch were developed with public participation through a series of meetings held in Charlotte County in early 2006 and formally announced with the first application for development approvals. Designed as a magnet for high tech companies and research and development hub for clean energy methods, Babcock Ranch is planned to be self-contained with four villages and five hamlets. The plan is for a total of 20,000 permanent jobs would be added to sustain up to 50,000 residents in 19,000 households. Babcock Ranch is expected to include  of light industry, retail, commerce, offices and civic space. The downtown area will be walkable and bikeable, and will include 8,000 homes as well as offices, business parks, hospital care center, shopping, restaurants, entertainment, and lodges. Construction started in November 2015 and the beginning of construction was celebrated on Earth Day 2016.

Babcock Ranch will have eight magnet schools administered by Charlotte County Public Schools. The elementary schools will be near the center of each village, and the high school will be accessible by bike trails. In addition, Florida Gulf Coast University plans to build a satellite campus in Babcock Ranch. All commercial buildings and homes in Babcock Ranch must be certified as energy-efficient and constructed according to Florida Green Building Coalition standards. Some homes will be constructed using insulated panel design.

Infrastructure
Plans are for Babcock Ranch to have an interconnected system of computer networks utilizing the IBM Rational Focal Point software running all city services from transport to energy to communications, and also linking up to local businesses;  Babcock Ranch will be added to IBM's list of the world's "smarter cities". According to Smart Planet, wireless Internet connectivity will cover the whole of Babcock Ranch city.

An on-site 75-megawatt solar photovoltaic array broke ground in 2016  by Florida Power & Light Company, which will combine with a network of solar rooftop arrays on commercial buildings to generate more energy than the city consumes, making Babcock Ranch the first solar-powered city in the United States.

According to Florida Power & Light chief development officer Eric Silagy, the photovoltaic solar plant to be built at Babcock Ranch will occupy rooftops throughout the city plus  of land. Babcock Ranch's solar power plant will connect to the main grid so a consistent energy supply can be maintained by importing power on overcast days and exporting it on sunny days. The objective of using a solar generator to power the city is a reduction in carbon emissions and dependence on oil, and to lower energy bills for residents, aided by proposed "smart home" energy efficiency technology. Residents and businesses will utilize smart grid technology to monitor and control their energy consumption.

Nature preserve
Approximately ninety percent of Babcock Ranch's total land will remain undeveloped, including more than half of the area owned by developers Kitson & Partners, to be preserved as open space, nature reserves, or for agricultural use. The Babcock Ranch Preserve, which includes land owned by the State of Florida and by Lee County, covers eighty percent of the ranch's original approximately . The preserve is self-funding, with all operations supported by revenue from the publicly owned working ranch, the first and only of its type in Florida. The preserve is being managed by Kitson & Partners until 2016, when a non-profit entity with board members appointed by the state will take over. The state plans to continue business enterprises to maintain the publicly owned land as a nature reserve with accommodations for recreation, including hunting, camping, and hiking.

References

External links
 Babcock Ranch
 Babcock Ranch Florida YouTube channel

Ranches in Florida
Planned communities in the United States
Charlotte County, Florida
Lee County, Florida
Planned communities in Florida


Nelsi Morais (born 22 October 1951) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
Born in Santos, São Paulo, Morais played for Santos and the New York Cosmos.

Morais later played for the New Jersey Eagles of the American Professional Soccer League.

References

1951 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Santos FC players
New York Cosmos (1970–1985) players
New Jersey Eagles players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
American Professional Soccer League players
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from Santos, São Paulo


Kentucky Route 526 is a state highway that provides a short rural connecting route between KY 185 and US 31W/US 68/KY 80 north of Bowling Green. Running through the north-central part of Warren County, the route is known locally as Mt. Olivet Road.

Route description
KY 526 begins at a junction with KY 185 approximately halfway between the community or Richardsville and the city of Bowling Green in Warren County. The route heads east on two-lane undivided Mt. Olivet Road, passing through a mix of farmland and woods with some homes. The road curves southeast before heading east again. KY 526 reaches an intersection with the northern terminus of KY 957 in Mount Olivet. Past this intersection, the road continues east through more rural areas with some development and comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of KY 1320 near Ephiram White Park, a large sports complex in the Warren County Parks and Rec. System. The route curves to the southeast and passes to the west of a residential neighborhood, coming to a junction with the southern terminus of KY 2630. KY 526 continues to its eastern terminus at US 31W/US 68/KY 80 in Bristow.

Major intersections

References

0526
Transportation in Warren County, Kentucky


In Greek mythology, a drakaina (, Latinized ) is a female serpent or dragon, sometimes with humanlike features.

Mythology
Examples of the drakaina included Campe, Delphyne, Echidna and Sybaris.

Python, slain by Apollo, and the earliest representations of Delphyne are shown as simply gigantic serpents, similar to other Greek dragons. However, although the word "drakaina" is literally the feminine form of drakon (Ancient Greek for dragon or serpent), most drakainas had some features of a human woman. Lamia, Campe, Echidna, and many representations of Ceto, Scylla, and Delphyne had the head and torso of a woman. Medusa is also mentioned as a drakaina while also emphasizing her human aspects; rather than a drakaina alone, it has been argued that she is a woman who has been fused with a dragon.

The drakaina was a sacred female spirit dragon generally slain only by gods or demigods.  Zeus slew Delphyne and Campe, Apollo slew Python, and Argus Panoptes slew Echidna.

Echidna was the mate of Typhon and the mother of a huge brood of monsters, including other dragon-like creatures. According to Hesiod, Echidna gave birth to Cerberus, Orthrus, the Chimera, the Nemean lion, the Sphinx, and the Hydra. Other ancient authors, such as Hyginus, attribute even more monsters as children of Echidna such as the Caucasian eagle, the Crommyonian Sow, the Colchian dragon, the Harpies and Scylla.)

References

External links
 Theoi.com page on Echidna
 Theoi.com page on various types of Greek dragons; describes Drakaina

Greek dragons
Female legendary creatures
Legendary serpents
Lamia


Charles Wayne Fischer  (21 March 1950 – 17 June 2020) was the president and chief executive officer of Calgary-based  Nexen Inc until December 2008. He previously headed a U.S.-Canada working group on clean energy within the Clean Energy Dialogue, formed during a summit between the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. President Barack Obama.

Career
Fischer has an extensive career in the Canadian extractive industry. In the 1980s he worked for TransCanada Pipelines and Encor Energy Corporation Inc.. In 1994, he began work for Nexen as senior vice president, exploration and production, North America. He was appointed to the Nexen Board in 2000 and became president and CEO on June 1, 2001.

He previously co-chaired the Alberta Climate Change Central board.

In April 2009, the Canadian government named him as a head of one of three climate change working groups as part of the Clean Energy Dialogue with the United States. Several organizations have criticized this appointment, including the Sierra Club of Canada.

In December 2008, Fischer held over 500,000 common shares in Nexen, then valued at approximately C$9.5 million, and options on three million more shares.

Fischer remained a registered lobbyist in Canada, in January 2009, in his capacity as the responsible officer for Nexen.

Fischer is also a member of the Strategic Advisory Board of the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta.

In 2019, he was appointed to Order of Canada and, in July 2020, appointed posthumously to the Alberta Order of Excellence.

Education
Fischer received a B.Sc. in chemical engineering (1971) and an MBA in finance (1982) from the University of Calgary. He also earned an honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Calgary in 2004.

Death
Fischer died in Calgary, Alberta on June 17, 2020.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Businesspeople from Saskatchewan
Canadian chief executives
People from Saskatoon
University of Calgary alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
Members of the Alberta Order of Excellence


The choroid glomus or glomus choroideum, is an enlargement of the choroid plexus located in the atrium of each lateral ventricle. They are commonly calcified in adults and can easily be seen as a bright tufts on CT imaging. Their main purpose is for the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

References

Central nervous system


Keep the Dogs Away is the first studio album by the heavy metal band Thor, released in 1977. The album went gold shortly after it was released, selling 50,000 copies in Canada. In 2009 it was reissued on CD for the first time in a special 30th Anniversary Edition; It included a 16-page booklet and a few unreleased bonus tracks. In 2016 it was reissued once again with even more bonus content under Deadline Music in a deluxe 6-panel digipak CD with alternate cover art, liner notes from a longtime fan, author/producer Brian Kehew, 22 rare and unreleased bonus cuts on a separate disc, and a vintage 1984 London concert, that previously was limited to VHS, now on DVD. The first CD is the original album and all bonus content is put on the second disk. A faithful reissue of the original vinyl that had meticulously recreated the original pressing with the original cover art, foldout poster, and printed inner sleeve.

Track listing

 Tracks 11-14: Songs cut from the original album
 Tracks 15-17: Previously unreleased tracks

Personnel
Band
Jon Mikl Thor – vocals
John Shand – guitars, six-string bass
David Munkhoff – guitars
Terry McKeown – bass
Billy King – drums

Guest/Session
Barry Keane	- percussion
The Tootonic Chorale - backing vocals

Miscellaneous staff
Ian Guenther - producer
Willi Morrison - producer
George C. I. Semkiw - engineering, mixing
Mick Walsh - engineering assistant
Mark Wright - engineering assistant
John Williamson - cover art, design
Joan Chisholm - cover art, design
Leslie Smart - design
Normands Berzins - photography

References

1977 debut albums
Thor (band) albums
RCA Records albums
Cleopatra Records albums


Robert W. Hollenhorst (12 August 1913, in St. Cloud, Minnesota – 10 January 2008, in Rochester, Minnesota) was an American ophthalmologist remembered for describing Hollenhorst plaques.

Biography
Robert Hollenhorst was educated at St. Cloud State University and St. John's University, and graduated from the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1941. He served as a physician in the Army Medical Corps in New Guinea and the Philippines, receiving the Bronze Star Medal. After the war he studied at the Mayo Clinic and joined the staff in 1949, becoming professor of ophthalmology at the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine. His research led to the description of cholesterol plaques in retinal blood vessels which indicate atherosclerosis and increased risk of stroke.

He served as president of the American Ophthalmological Society in 1982 and was awarded its Lucien Howe Medal in 1986. He was also vice chairman of the American Board of Ophthalmology.
He was consulting ophthalmologist to Minnesota State Services for the Blind for 30 years, and a founder of the Minnesota Pre-school Medical Survey of Vision and Hearing. Governor of Minnesota Arne Carlson declared 24 April 1991 Dr. Robert Hollenhorst Day in recognition of his services to the state.

References

American ophthalmologists
University of Minnesota Medical School alumni
1913 births
2008 deaths
St. Cloud State University alumni
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
United States Army Medical Corps officers
Mayo Clinic people
Physicians from Minnesota
20th-century American physicians


Ernest Walker (15 July 187021 February 1949) was an Indian-born English composer and writer on music, as well as a pianist, organist and teacher.

Biography
Ernest Walker was born in Bombay, India, in 1870, where his father was a partner in a merchant firm (his father had also had ambitions to be a writer, and even published two novels under the pseudonym "Powys Oswyn", but these plans were abandoned). Ernest came to England with his parents in 1871. From an early age he exhibited a mystic attraction to nature. He studied the piano with Ernst Pauer and harmony with Alfred Richter (a son of the cantor at St Thomas's Church, Leipzig). Through a mutual friend, he became friendly with Harold Bauer (then still only a violinist) and the two would often play duos together. He was educated at Oxford, becoming a Doctor of Music in 1898.  There, his mystical bent was fostered and became more pronounced.

He was assistant organist at Balliol College from 1891 to 1901, and organist from 1901 to 1913 (resigning only because he felt his private views on religion were incompatible with the religious nature of the texts sung by the choir, even though there was no requirement that the organist profess Christian beliefs). He remained at Oxford for the rest of his life, and died there.  He was director of music at Balliol from 1901 to 1925 and organised the Sunday chamber music concerts there, at which he often appeared as a pianist.  He arranged appearances at these concerts by artists such as the baritone Harry Plunket Greene, the tenors Steuart Wilson and Gervase Elwes, the pianists Fanny Davies, Leonard Borwick and Donald Tovey, the violinists Adolf Busch and Jelly d'Arányi, and the violist Lionel Tertis. These concerts often featured works then hardly known in England, such as César Franck's Violin Sonata in A major, and songs by Joseph Marx and Richard Strauss. He was for many years an examiner and member of the Board of Studies for music, and he did much to improve the standard of the B.Mus and D.Mus degrees.  He encouraged many promising musicians, among them the Australian Frederick Septimus Kelly, who was killed in World War I, and Donald Tovey, who became his lifelong friend.  Tovey dedicated his Balliol Dances for piano duet to Ernest Walker.

He championed the music of Hugo Wolf and Claude Debussy, and introduced some of Johannes Brahms's late works to England (the piano pieces, Op. 117, and the Rhapsody from Op. 119). He also played for the first time in England some Scriabin and Debussy piano pieces, Max Reger's Aus meinem Tagebuch, and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C sharp minor.

Walker had a great reputation as an accompanist, and played for artists such as Pablo Casals, on one occasion in 1898 performing together for Queen Victoria at Osborne House.  As late as 1947, Casals wrote to Walker expressing his admiration for the musicianship he had displayed almost 50 years earlier. He also accompanied Joseph Joachim in concert; Joachim later wrote to Walker to express his gratitude for the quality of his playing. Privately, he played violin sonatas with Albert Einstein.

He edited the Musical Gazette, a quarterly publication, from 1899 to 1902. He wrote the Beethoven number of the Music of the Masters series (1905).  He wrote a number of articles for the 2nd edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (1902). He wrote articles and critiques for The Times and Manchester Guardian, and wrote program notes for concerts.  His most important literary work is History of Music in England (1907, rev. 1923; rev. 1952 by Jack Westrup). In 1996, the musicologist Paul Henry Lang, wrote of it:

Walker's essays written over a 30-year period were collected in Free Thought and the Musician (1946), in which he explains his philosophical, religious and mystical views.   Although he is described   as a man of unfailing integrity and kindliness, he was a man of strong prejudices: he condemned Victorian music:  Arthur Sullivan ("disgraceful rubbish"), and John Stainer's The Crucifixion, and he dismissed all medieval music as "pre-artistic".

Among Walker's students were Herbert Murrill, Reginald Jacques, Victor Hely-Hutchinson, Sir Thomas Armstrong, Graham Peel, Sir William McKie, Robert Still, and Gervase Hughes.

He resigned as Director of Music at Balliol College to devote himself to composition. In 1942 the Cobbett Gold Medal of the Worshipful Company of Musicians was conferred on him. He died in 1949, aged 78.  He was mourned by many, and those who paid tribute to him included Albert Schweitzer.

Music
Ernest Walker's style as a composer is conventional and conservative. It was described by The Manchester Guardian as not particularly distinguished but sensitive in expression and technically skilful. After 1914 his chromatic harmony became much more pronounced.  The majority of his music is written for voices – many choral pieces (partsongs, anthems and motets), songs, and vocal duets and quartets.  His works include a Stabat Mater (1898), I will lift up mine eyes, Op. 16, No. 1 (1899), Hymn to Dionysus, Op. 13 (1906), Ode to a Nightingale, Op. 14 (1908; words by John Keats), and One generation passeth away, Op. 56 (1934).  There is also vocal incidental music to Rhesus (attrib. Euripides; 1922; sung to a Greek text).

He wrote little orchestral music and no concertante works. His major orchestral work was Fantasia-Variations on a Norfolk folksong, Op. 45 (1930; also exists as a piano duet).  His chamber music includes: a piano trio, 2 piano quartets, a piano quintet, a horn quintet, a Minuet and Trio for 2 violins and piano, and a Fantasia for string quartet.

He also wrote other instrumental music: 2 violin sonatas (1895, 1910); a viola sonata (1897); a cello sonata (1914); Variations on an Original Theme for viola and piano (1907); Variations on a Theme by Joseph Joachim for violin and piano (1918); and other pieces for piano with violin, viola, cello, clarinet or horn.

His solo piano music consists mainly of short pieces, miniatures, album leaves, preludes and the like.  There is also Variations on a Norwegian Air, Op. 4 (1894), the suite The Days of the Week (1904), a West African Fantasietta, Op. 63 (1935), and a Study for the Left Hand, Op. 47.  He arranged the Allegro assai from Felix Mendelssohn's String Quartet in F minor, for piano solo. For piano duet, he wrote Six Duettinos, Op. 39 (1926), a West African Fantasia, Op. 53 (1933), and a Rhapsody and Fugue, Op. 57 (1934).  There is also a Waltz Suite, Op. 60 (1935) for two pianos.  He wrote cadenzas for five Mozart piano concertos, and for Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3.

He wrote two solo pieces for piano left hand, composed long before he met the left-handed pianist Paul Wittgenstein and became friendly with him: Study for the Left Hand, Op. 47 (1901); and Prelude (Larghetto), Op. 61. He later presented these to Wittgenstein. In 1933 he wrote a piano quintet specifically for Wittgenstein and dedicated it to him. This was the Variations on an Original Theme for clarinet, violin, viola, cello and piano left hand. It was premiered by Wittgenstein on 24 March 1935 in Vienna.

Only two works for organ came from his pen: a Prelude and Fugue in D, Op. 23 (1908), and Ten Preludes on the Lady Margaret Hall Hymn-tunes, Op. 50 (1923).  This last work has been described as among the few significant contributions to English organ music of the 20th century.  The Ten Preludes also exist in a choral version (Op. 51).

Some of his music has been recorded: the Cello Sonata; the Adagio for Horn and Organ; and some of his choral pieces.

List of works
Stage
 Rhesus, Incidental Music to the play by Euripides for male chorus, Op. 35 (1923)

Orchestral
 Lyrics for string orchestra (1892)
 Concert Overture in F minor (1897)
 Intermezzo for string orchestra (2 clarinets ad libitum) and piano, Op. 22 (1908)
 Ground for string orchestra (1911)
 Fantasia-Variations on a Norfolk Folk Song, Op. 45 (1930); original version for piano 4-hands

Chamber music
 Piano Trio in C minor for violin, cello and piano (1896)
 Ballade in D minor for violin and piano, Op. 6 (1896)
 Sonata No. 1 in A minor for violin and piano, Op. 8 (1895); published 1898
 Romance in B major for viola (or clarinet) and piano, Op. 9 (1898)
 Quartet in D major for violin, viola, cello and piano (1899)
 Quintet in B minor for horn, 2 violins, viola and cello (1900)
 Ballade in F major for cello and piano, Op. 11 No. 1 (1900)
 Adagio in E major for cello (or horn) and piano, Op. 11 No. 2 (1900)
 Minuet and Trio for 2 violins and piano, Op. 20 (1904)
 Romance and Caprice for violin and piano (1904)
 Quintet in A major for 2 violins, viola, cello and piano (1905)
 Variations on an Original Theme for viola and piano (1907)
 Quartet in C minor for violin, viola, cello and piano (1910)
 Sonata in C major for viola and piano, Op. 29 (1897); published 1912
 Variations on an Original Theme for clarinet, violin, viola, cello and piano left-hand (1913); written for Paul Wittgenstein
 Fantasia in D major for string quartet, Op. 32 (1923)
 Variations on a Theme of Joseph Joachim for violin and piano, Op. 40 (1918); published 1927
 Sonata in F minor for cello and piano, Op. 41 (1914); published 1928
 Sonata No. 2 in E major for violin and piano, Op. 44 (1910); published 1930
 The Londonderry Air, Arrangement for violin and piano, Op. 59 (1935)

Organ
 Prelude and Fugue in D, Op. 23 (1908)
 Ten Preludes on the Lady Margaret Hall Hymn-Tunes, Op. 50 (1932); also for chorus, Op. 51

Piano
 Rhapsody in G minor (1892)
 Variations on a Norwegian Air, Op. 4 (1894)
 Romance and Capriccio, Op. 5 (1895)
 Album Leaf No. 1 (1895)
 Mazurka (1897)
 Intermezzo in Tenths (1897)
 Album Leaf No. 2 (1898)
 The Days of the Week, 7 Short Pieces (1904); No. 1 published as Op. 37
 Prelude in E major, Op. 37 (1904); published 1925; used in the variation movement of Violin Sonata, Op. 44
 6 Duettinos for piano 4-hands, Op. 39 (1926)
 3 Dedications, Op. 42 (1929)
 Easter Piece, Op. 43 (1929)
 Fantasia-Variations on a Norfolk Folk-Song for piano 4-hands, Op. 45 (1930); also orchestrated
 4 Miniatures, Op. 46 (1931)
 Study for the Left Hand for piano left-hand, Op. 47 (1901); published 1931; written for Paul Wittgenstein
 3 Fughettas, Op. 49 (1932)
 A West African Fantasia for piano 4-hands, Op. 53 (1933)
 Christmas Piece, Op. 54 (1933)
 Rhapsody and Fugue for piano 4-hands, Op. 57 (1932); published 1934
 A Waltz Suite for 2 pianos, Op. 60 (1935)
 Prelude for the Left Hand, Larghetto for piano left-hand, Op. 61 (1935); written for Paul Wittgenstein
 West African Fantasietta, Op. 63 (1935)

Vocal
 Brown Is My Love, Madrigal for 5 voices (1893)
 From the Upland and the Sea for baritone, 2 violins, viola, cello and piano (1894); words by William Morris
 A Message for voice and piano (1894); words by G. H. F. Cookson
 Le Tsigane dans la lune for voice and piano (1894); words by Jean Lahor
 Why So Pale and Wan? for voice and piano (1895); words by John Suckling
 6 Songs for medium voice and piano, Op. 1; words by William Shakespeare and Ludwig Uhland
 3 Songs for voice and piano (1898); words by Olga von Gerstfeldt
 6 Two-part Songs for 2 female voices and piano, Op. 2 (published 1898); words by Robert Herrick, William Shakespeare and Percy Bysshe Shelley
 6 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 3 (1893); words by William Shakespeare, Robert Burns, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Heinrich Heine and Karl Candidus
 6 Two-part Songs for 2 female voices and piano, Op. 7 (1897); words from Songs of Innocence and of Experience by William Blake
 The Wind on the Wold for high voice and piano (1902); words by William Ernest Henley
 Three War Songs for voice and piano (1902); words from The Princess by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
 2 Duets for soprano, baritone and piano (1902); words by Robert Herrick and from an Elizabethan songbook
 6 Songs for low voice and piano, Op. 12; words by Christina Rossetti, Olga von Gerstfeldt, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Herrick and Thomas Moore
 I Care Not for the Idle State, Anacreontic Ode for baritone and piano, Op. 15; words by Thomas Moore
 Corinna's Going A-Maying for voice and piano, Op. 18 (1902); words by Robert Herrick
 Camilla Fair for voice and piano (1903); words from an Elizabethan song-book
 2 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 19 (1903); words by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Charles Kingsley
 Duets for alto and tenor (1904); words by Heinrich Heine
 Bluebells from the Clearings for voice and piano, Op. 21 (1906); words by William Ernest Henley
 3 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 27 (1909); words from an Elizabethan manuscript and by Sydney Thompson Dobell
 To Althea for voice and piano (1909); words by Richard Lovelace
 Come into the Garden, Maud for voice and piano, Op. 28 (1911); words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
 5 Songs for voices and piano, Op. 36 (1924); words by Robert Greene, Ben Jonson, Thomas Ravenscroft, Beaumont and Fletcher, Mary Scott
 Songs with Small Orchestra for high voice and small orchestra (or piano), Op. 38 (1926); words by Sydney Thompson Dobell
 Ring Out, Wild Bells, Canon for two equal voices and piano, Op. 64 (1937); words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Choral
 Psalm 130 "De Profundis" for soloists, chorus and orchestra (1892)
 Stabat Mater for 4 solo voices, mixed chorus and orchestra (1897)
 5 Songs for 4 voices and piano, Op. 10 (1900); words from Englands Helicon (1600)
 A Hymn to Dionysus for mixed chorus and orchestra, Op. 13 (1906); words by Euripides
 Ode to a Nightingale for baritone solo, clarinet solo, mixed chorus and orchestra, Op. 14 (1908); words by John Keats
 2 Anthems for male voices and organ, Op. 16 (1899)
    I Will Lift Up Mine Eyes (also for female voices and organ)
    Lord, Thou Hast Been Our Refuge (also for mixed voices and organ)
 6 Three-part Songs for 3 female voices and piano, Op. 17 (1901–1908)
 The Splendour Falls on Castle Walls for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 24 (1906); words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
 The World's Wanderers, Part-Song for 3 female voices and piano, Op. 25 (1906); words by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 Liberty, Part-Song for 4 male voices a cappella, Op. 26 (1906); words by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 Neptune's Empire, Choral Lyric for chorus and orchestra (1910); words by Thomas Campion
 3 Part-Songs for 3 female voices a cappella, Op. 30 (1912, 1914); words by Robert Herrick
 In Pride of May, Part-Song for 3 female voices and piano, Op. 31 (1914); words from an Elizabethan songbook
 Orpheus with His Lute, Part-Song for mixed voices a cappella, Op. 33 (1922); words by William Shakespeare
 Full Fathom Five, Song for 6 soprano voices a cappella, Op. 34 (1923); words by William Shakespeare
 Soft Music, Part-Song for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 48 (1931); words by Robert Herrick
 The Lady Margaret Hall Hymn-Tunes for chorus a cappella, Op. 51 (1932); also for organ
 The Earth Is the Lord's, Motet for female chorus a cappella, Op. 52 (1932)
 Sunset and Evening Star, Choral Song for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 55 (1932); published 1934; words by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
 One Generation Passeth Away, Motet for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 56 (1934); Biblical words from Ecclesiastes
 Hearken to Me, Ye That Follow after Righteousness, Motet for female chorus a cappella, piano or organ ad libitum, Op. 58 (1934); Biblical words from the Book of Isaiah
 Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in D major for female voices and organ, Op. 62 (1935)
 Song from Schiller's "Wilhelm Tell" for voice and piano (1937); words by Friedrich Schiller
 Dirge in Woods for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 65 (1939); words by George Meredith

References

Sources
 Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed. 1954

 Margaret Deneke, Ernest Walker, 1951

External links

1870 births
1949 deaths
English classical composers
20th-century classical composers
English classical pianists
Male classical pianists
English classical organists
British male organists
English writers about music
English music journalists
British music educators
Classical accompanists
English male classical composers
20th-century English composers
British male pianists
20th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
British people in colonial India


Regulatory focus theory (RFT) is a theory of goal pursuit formulated by Columbia University psychology professor and researcher E. Tory Higgins regarding people's motivations and perceptions in judgment and decision making processes. RFT examines the relationship between the motivation of a person and the way in which they go about achieving their goal. RFT posits two separate and independent self-regulatory orientations: prevention and promotion (Higgins, 1997).

This psychological theory, like many others, is applied in communication, specifically in the subfields of nonverbal communication and persuasion. Chronic regulatory focus is measured using the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (Higgins et al., 2001) or the Regulatory Strength measure. Momentary regulatory focus can be primed or induced.

Background

Regulatory fit theory
To understand RFT, it is important to understand another of E. Tory Higgins' theories: regulatory fit theory. When a person believes that there is "fit", they will involve themselves more in what they are doing and "feel right" about it.  Regulatory fit should not directly affect the hedonic occurrence of a thing or occasion, but should influence a person's assurance in their reaction to the object or event.

Regulatory fit theory suggests that a match between orientation to a goal and the means used to approach that goal produces a state of regulatory fit that both creates a feeling of rightness about the goal pursuit and increases task engagement (Higgins, 2001, 2005). Regulatory fit intensifies responses, such as the value of a chosen object, persuasion, and job satisfaction.

Regulatory fit does not increase the assessment of a decision; instead when someone feels "right" about their decision, the experience of "correctness and importance" is transferred to the ensuing assessment of the chosen object, increasing its superficial worth. Research suggests that the "feeling right" experience can then sway retrospective or prospective evaluations. Regulatory fit can be manipulated incidentally (outside the context of interest) or integrally (within the context of interest).

Definition
RFT refers to when a person pursues a goal in a way that maintains the person's own personal values and beliefs, also known as regulatory orientation. This theory operates on the basic principle that people embrace pleasure but avoid pain, and they then maintain their regulatory fit based on this standard.

The regulatory focus is basically the way in which someone approaches pleasure but avoids pain. An individual's regulatory focus concentrates on desired end-states, and the approach motivation used to go from the current state to the desired end-state. This theory differentiates between a promotion-focus on hopes and accomplishments, also known as gains. This focus is more concerned with higher level gains such as advancement and accomplishment.

Another focus is the prevention-focus based on safety and responsibilities, also known as non-losses. This focus emphasizes security and safety by following the guidelines and the rules.

These two regulatory focuses regulate the influences that a person would be exposed to in the decision-making process, and determine the different ways they achieve their goal, as discussed by RFT. An individual's regulatory orientation is not necessarily fixed. While individuals have chronic tendencies towards either promotion or prevention, these preferences may not hold for all situations. Furthermore, a specific regulatory focus can be induced.

The value taken from interaction and goal attainment can be either positive or negative. The decision has positive value when people attempt to attain their goal in a way that fits their regulatory orientation and it will have negative value when people attempt to attain their goal in a way that does not fit their regulatory orientation. Regulatory fit allows value to be created by intensifying the commitment, based on one of the regulatory focus orientations. Making choices and fulfilling objectives are considered as activities, and with any activity, people can be more or less involved. When this involvement is strong, it can intensify the feelings and values about this activity, and the approach to the activity determines whether they are or are not satisfied with the outcome and method of achieving the outcome.

This theory has noteworthy implications for increasing the value of life. For example, in interpersonal conflict, if each person experiences "fit", each one will be satisfied with and committed to the outcome. In the broad sense, for people to appreciate their own lives, they need to be satisfied and "feel right" about what they are doing, and the way they are doing it. If it is not satisfying, it is known as "non-fit", and they will not reach their desired goal.

Goal attainment and motivation
Regulatory focus theory, according to Higgins, views motivation in a way that allows an understanding of the foundational ways we approach a task or a goal. Different factors can motivate people during goal pursuit, and we self-regulate our methods and processes during our goal pursuit. RFT proposes that motivational strength is enhanced when the manner in which people work toward a goal sustains their regulatory orientation. Achieving a goal in a way that is consistent to a person's regulatory orientation leads to an individual sense of importance to the event. The impact of motivation is considered calculated and this creates a greater sense of commitment to the goal. The more strongly an individual is engaged (i.e., involved, occupied, fully engrossed) in an activity, the more intense the motivational force experienced. Engagement is of great importance to attain and motivate in order to reach a goal. Engagement serves as intensifier of the directional component of the value experience. An individual who is strongly engaged in a goal pursuits will experience a positive target more positively and a negative target more negatively.

Individuals can pursue different goals with diverse regulatory orientations and in unlike ways. There are two different kinds of regulatory orientations that people use to obtain their goals: promotion-focus orientation and prevention-focus orientation. These terms are derived from E. Tory Higgins's Theory of Regulatory Focus. In which, he adds to the notion that people regulate their goal-oriented behavior in two very distinct ways, coined promotion-focus orientation and prevention-focus orientation

E. Tory Higgins uses this example: there is Student A and Student B, and they both have the shared goal to make an A in a class they are both taking in college. Student A uses a promotion-focus orientation which slants them towards achieving their goal and towards advancement, growth and life accomplishment. This would cause Student A to view the goal as an ideal that satisfies their need for accomplishment. Student B uses a prevention-focus orientation where the goal is something that should be realized because it fulfills their need for security, protection and prevention of negative outcomes. Student A uses an eager approach where they read extra materials to obtain their goal of an A. Student B uses a vigilant approach where they become more detail oriented and pay careful attention to completing all of the course requirements.

Both forms of regulatory orientation can work to fulfill goals, but the choice of orientation is based on individual preferences and style. When a person pursues their goal in the focus that fits their regulatory orientation, they are more likely to pursue their goal more eagerly and aggressively than if they were using the other focus. In this case each student has different styles. They both feel more comfortable in persuading their goal. The outcome in this experiment would have been different if the students were given an undesirable choice.

When people make decisions, they often envision the possible "pleasure or pain" of the possible outcomes that the focus orientation will produce. A person imagining making a pleasing choice is more likely to engage in promotion-focus orientation because envisioning the possible outcome of success maintains eagerness about the outcome but does not place importance on vigilance. A person imagining the possible pain by making an undesirable choice maintains more vigilance but less eagerness.

A person with promotion-focus orientation is more likely to remember the occasions where the goal is pursued by using eagerness approaches and less likely to remember occasions where the goal is pursued by vigilance approaches. A person with prevention-focus orientation is more likely to remember events where the goal is pursued by means of vigilance than if it was pursued using eagerness approaches.

Application

Regulatory focus theory and persuasion
When relating regulatory focus theory to persuasion, it is important to remember that RFT is a goal-attainment theory, and that RFT can spawn feelings of rightness/wrongness which in turn may produce formulations for judgments.

The feelings of rightness give an individual more commitment to the information coming in and therefore can avoid endangering their regulatory fit which in turn changes their regulatory focus and accepting a probable motive to change. If a person experiences feelings of wrongness they will suffer negative emotions and deem the experience
and information as a threat to their regulatory fit and therefore a threat to their regulatory focus and their goal.

Studies have been done where fit and focus have been applied to show their applicability to consumer purchasing, health advisories, and social policy issues. To be persuaded is to change your prior feelings, actions, and/or beliefs on a matter to where you agree with the persuader.

The "fit" involved in RFT plays a large role in such issues and stories because it can be a device to help an individual receive and review the experience during a particular message delivery. Positive reinforcement and feelings of rightness while decoding the message creates a stronger engagement and relationship with processing the message, and negative reinforcement and feelings of wrongness lessens the engagement and attachment.

Researchers found that targeting the two different regulatory focus orientations, and their coinciding types of fit, works as an effective process to aid in persuasive charm or pull when they introduced a manner of persuasion where the framing of the message was everything and the content was irrelevant to uphold or interrupt a person's regulatory fit and follow the pattern of logic used in regulatory orientation.

Lee and Aaker (2004) conducted an experiment that involved whether or not to give their information in a prevention-focus- or promotion-focus-concerning way. The study involved an advertisement for a grape juice drink, which they split into two to create prevention-focus concerns (disease-preventing) and then promotion-focus concerns (energy enhancement). In doing so, they demonstrated that rather than trying to know each individual recipient's qualities, one needs only to start by nailing the focus (prevention/promotion) and then framing the message so that it creates that "rightness".

Some may confuse RFT with regulatory fit, regulatory relevance, message matching, and source attractiveness in such an example. The extent of similarities between closely related theories of RFT, such as ones stated above, make it hard to clarify when this theory is applicable or apparent in respect to the persuasion process.

Regulatory focus theory and nonverbal communication
RFT can be a useful outline for a better understanding of the effects of nonverbal cues in persuasion and impression formation. Regulatory Fit Theory suggests that the effect of a cue cannot be understood without remembering what the cue means given a recipient's focus orientation.

Nonverbal cues can be used by the message source to vary delivery style, more specifically to convey eagerness or vigilance, of a given message in a way that will produce regulatory fit in message recipients of different focus orientations.

Advancement implies eager movement forward, so eagerness is conveyed by gestures that involve animated, broad opening movements such as hand movements projecting outward, forward leaning body positions, fast body movement, and fast speech rate. Caution implies vigilant carefulness, so vigilance should be conveyed by gestures that show precision like slightly backward-leaning body positions, slower body movement, and slower speech rate.

An eager nonverbal delivery style will result in greater message effectiveness for promotion-focus recipients than for prevention-focus recipients, while the opposite is true for a vigilant nonverbal style.

There are various aspects, which may contribute to whether or not a message's persuasive element is successful. One aspect is the effect of nonverbal cues and their association with persuasive appeals based on the message recipient's motivational regulatory orientation. This determines the recipient's impression of the source during impression formation.

Research has found that nonverbal cues are an essential element of most persuasive appeals. RFT creates the background that allows a prediction for when and for whom a nonverbal cue can have an effect on persuasion. When nonverbal cues and signals are used appropriately, they increase the effectiveness of persuasion.

Moral judgment
RFT has also been applied within moral psychology to the topic of moral judgment, contrasting the notions of "oughts" and "ideals."

References

Sources
Avnet, T., & Higgins, E. (2003, September). Locomotion, assessment, and regulatory fit: Value transfer from "how" to "what". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 525. Retrieved April 10, 2009,
Cesario, J., Higgins, E. (2008 May) Making Message Recipients "Feel Right": How Nonverbal Cues Can Increase Persuasion. Psychological Science, 19(5), 415–420,
Cesario, J., Higgins, E., & Scholer, A. (2008, January). Regulatory fit and persuasion: Basic principles and remaining questions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 444–463. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from PsycINFO database
Higgins, E. (1997, December). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280–1300. Retrieved April 10, 2009,
Higgins, E. (2000, November). Making a good decision: Value from fit. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1217–1230. Retrieved April 10, 2009,
Higgins, E. "Value From Regulatory Fit." American Psychological Society 14 (2005): 209–13.
Higgins, E., Friedman, R., Harlow, R., Idson, L., Ayduk, O., & Taylor, A. (2001, January). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3–23. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from Academic Search Elite database.
Higgins, E., Idson, L., Freitas, A., Spiegel, S., & Molden, D. (2003, June). Transfer of value from fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(6), 1140–1153. Retrieved April 10, 2009,
Spiegel, S., Grant-Pillow, H., & Higgins, E.(2004, January). How regulatory fit enhances motivational strength during goal pursuit. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(1), 39–54. Retrieved April 10, 2009, .
Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Sarah J. Hesse, Zhivka Petkova, and Lindsay Trudeau. ""This story is right on": The impact of regulatory fit on narrative engagement and persuasion." 4 Oct. 2008. Wiley InterScience. Journals. University of Oklahoma Library, Norman. 9 Apr. 2009

External links and further reading
HigginsLab: An overview, with additional reading suggestions, for E. Tory Higgins' theories
Understanding Regulatory Fit: A look from a marketing perspective
Counterfactual thinking and regulatory focus and fit: Application of Regulatory Focus and Regulatory Fit to Counterfactual Thinking
Recasting Goal Setting in Negotiation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective

Communication

Nonverbal communication
Motivation
Motivational theories
Psychological theories
Attitude change


Hanne Gaby Odiele (born 8 October 1988) is a Belgian model.

Early life
Odiele was born on 8 October 1988 in Kortrijk, Belgium. They were born with an intersex condition called androgen insensitivity syndrome.

As a child, Odiele underwent medical procedures relating to their intersex variation, which they said took place without their or their parents' informed consent. Odiele was told about their intersex variation weeks before beginning their modelling career.

Career
Odiele was noticed by Tom Van Dorpe while attending the Novarock rock festival in Kortrijk, Belgium. In 2005, Odiele signed with Supreme Management in New York City. In September, Odiele made their debut on the runways, walking for Marc by Marc Jacobs, Rodarte, Ruffian, and Thakoon in New York. In 2006, they appeared in features for Vogue and became the face of Philosophy di Alberta Ferretti.

In December 2006, Odiele was hit by a car that ran a red light, breaking their  legs. After multiple surgeries and several months of intense physical therapy, Odiele was back on the catwalk in Spring and Fall 2008 shows, walking for Chanel, Givenchy, Prada, and others.

Odiele has been in magazines such Vogue Italia, Marie Claire, Teen Vogue, and Elle. Odiele has appeared on the cover of Vogue and French Revue de Modes. Odiele has booked some of the industry's most lucrative campaigns, including those for Mulberry, Balenciaga, Anna Sui, Vera Wang, and DKNY Jeans.

Odiele is currently represented by Women Management in New York, Milan and Paris.

Personal life
Odiele lives in Williamsburg, Brooklyn in New York City. Odiele married model John Swiatek in 2016.

After publicly disclosing their intersex status in 2017, Odiele partnered with interACT to advocate for intersex human rights. In the same year, in interviews with The Times and Dazed, Odiele described their identity as an intersex woman, and their desire for an intersex community. In 2019, Odiele came out as non-binary in Flemish newspaper De Morgen. Odiele uses they/them pronouns in English and hen/hun in Dutch.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Belgian expatriates in the United States
Belgian LGBT models
Belgian non-binary people
Intersex non-binary people
Non-binary models
People from Kortrijk
Intersex models


The Maersk Alabama hijacking began on 8 April 2009, when four pirates in the Somali Basin seized the U.S. cargo ship  at a distance of  southeast of Eyl, Somalia. The siege ended after a rescue effort by the United States Navy on 12 April.

The incident was the first successful pirate seizure of a ship registered under the U.S. flag since the early 19th century. Many news reports cited the last pirate seizure as being during the Second Barbary War in 1815, although other incidents are believed to have occurred until at least 1822. It was the sixth vessel in a week to be attacked by pirates, who had previously extorted ransoms of tens of millions of dollars.

At the time of the hijacking, Maersk Alabama was owned by the Danish shipping company Maersk Line. The ship has since been acquired by Element Shipmanagement SA and has been renamed . , the ship is still in active service.

The story of the incident was reported by Captain Richard Phillips, who had been master of the vessel at the time of the incident, in the 2010 book A Captain's Duty, which he co-wrote with Stephan Talty. The book was later adapted as the U.S. 2013 film Captain Phillips, starring Tom Hanks.

Background
With a crew of 23 and  of cargo, the ship, originating from Salalah, Oman, was bound for Mombasa, Kenya, after a stop in Djibouti. The Maersk Alabama was carrying 401 containers of food aid from USAID, Serving God Ministries, the World Food Program, and Catholic Relief. The food aid was destined for people in Somalia, Uganda, Somali refugees in Kenya, and refugees in Rwanda.

The crew members of Maersk Alabama had received anti-piracy training from union training schools, and had drilled aboard the ship a day prior to the attack of 8 April. Their training included the use of small arms, anti-terror, basic safety, first aid, and other security-related courses.

Events

Hijacking
On 8 April 2009, four pirates based on  attacked the ship. All four of the pirates were between 15 and 18 years old, according to Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. When the pirate alarm sounded, Chief Engineer Mike Perry brought 14 members of the crew into a secure room that the engineers had been fortifying for such a purpose. As the pirates approached, the remaining crew fired flares. In addition, Perry and First Assistant Engineer Matt Fisher swung the ship's rudder, which swamped the pirate skiff.

Nonetheless, the ship was boarded. Perry had initially taken main engine control away from the bridge and Fisher had taken control of the steering gear. Perry then shut down all ship systems and the entire vessel "went black." The pirates captured Captain Richard Phillips and several other crew members minutes after boarding, but soon found that they could not control the ship.

Perry remained outside the secure room lying in wait, knife in hand, for the pirates to locate the missing crew members in order to gain control of the ship and presumably sail it to Somalia. Perry tackled the ringleader of the pirates, Abduwali Muse, and took him prisoner after a cat-and-mouse chase in a darkened engine room. Muse cut his hand trying to keep Perry's knife away from his neck. Muse was then tied up and his wounds were treated by Second Mate Ken Quinn.

Later, after suffering in the overheated secure room for hours, the crew attempted to exchange the pirate whom they had captured for the captain, but the exchange went awry and the pirates refused to honor the agreement after the crew released their captive. Phillips escorted the pirates to a lifeboat to show them how to operate it, but then the pirates fled in the lifeboat with Phillips as a hostage.

Hostage situation
On 8 April, the United States Navy guided-missile destroyer  and the guided-missile frigate  were dispatched to the Gulf of Aden in response to the hostage situation, Halyburton carrying two SH-60B Seahawk helicopters on board. The ships reached Maersk Alabama early on 9 April. Maersk Alabama was then escorted from the scene to its original destination of Mombasa where Captain Larry D. Aasheim took command of the ship. Phillips had relieved Aasheim nine days earlier. CNN and Fox News quoted sources stating that the pirates' strategy was to await the arrival of additional hijacked vessels carrying more pirates and additional hostages to use as human shields.

A stand-off began on 9 April, between Bainbridge, Halyburton, and the pirates' lifeboat from Maersk Alabama, on which they held Phillips hostage. The lifeboat was covered and contained plenty of food and water but lacked basic comforts, including a toilet or ventilation. Bainbridge was equipped with a ScanEagle unmanned aerial vehicle and rigid-hulled inflatable boats. Both vessels stayed several hundred yards away, out of the pirates' range of fire. A P-3C Orion surveillance aircraft secured aerial footage and reconnaissance. Radio communication between the two ships was established. Four foreign vessels held by pirates headed towards the scene. A total of 54 hostages were on two of the ships, citizens of China, Germany, Russia, the Philippines, Tuvalu, Indonesia, and Taiwan.

On 10 April, Phillips attempted to escape from the lifeboat (although he later stated this was not an escape attempt), but was recaptured after the captors fired shots. The pirates then threw a phone and a two-way radio dropped to them by the U.S. Navy into the ocean, fearing the Americans were somehow using the equipment to give instructions to Phillips. The U.S. Navy dispatched another amphibious assault ship, , to the site off the Horn of Africa. The pirates' strategy was to link up with their comrades, who were holding various other hostages, and to get Phillips to Somalia where they could hide him and make a rescue more difficult for the Americans. Anchoring near shore would allow them to land quickly if attacked. Negotiations were ongoing between the pirates and the captain of Bainbridge and FBI hostage negotiators. The captors were also communicating with other pirate vessels by satellite phone.

However, negotiations broke down hours after the pirates fired on Halyburton not long after sunrise on Saturday, 11 April. The American frigate did not return fire and "did not want to escalate the situation". No crew members of Halyburton were injured from the gunfire, as the shots were fired haphazardly by a pirate from the front hatch of the lifeboat. "We are safe and we are not afraid of the Americans. We will defend ourselves if attacked," one of the pirates told Reuters by satellite phone. Phillips' family had gathered at his farmhouse in Vermont awaiting a resolution to the situation. Later that day, Maersk Alabama arrived in the port of Mombasa under U.S. military escort. An 18-man security team was on board. The FBI then secured the ship as a crime scene. Commander Frank Castellano of USS Bainbridge stated that as the winds picked up, tensions rose among the pirates and "we calmed them" and persuaded the pirates to be towed by the destroyer.

Rescue

On Sunday, 12 April, United States Navy SEAL snipers of Red Squadron, Naval Special Warfare Development Group armed with semi-automatic rifles engaged and killed the three pirates on the lifeboat. Captain Phillips was rescued uninjured. Commander Castellano, with prior authorization from higher authority, ordered the action after determining Phillips' life was in immediate danger, citing reports that a pirate was pointing an AK-47 rifle at Phillips' back. Neither Admiral William McRaven, who was in charge of the operation, nor any SEAL Team 6 commander authorized the shots. Snipers fired multiple shots from Bainbridges fantail, killing the three pirates with bullets to the head. Cash amounting to $30,000 that the pirates had stowed in the lifeboat was not found.  The NCIS and the FBI investigated two members of the SEAL team's red squadron, but no charges were brought, and the money went unrecovered.

The SEALs had arrived Friday afternoon after being parachuted into the water near Halyburton, which later joined with Bainbridge. At the time, Bainbridge had the lifeboat under tow, approximately  astern. One of the pirates killed was Ali Aden Elmi, the last name of another was Hamac, and the third has not been identified in English-language press reports.

A fourth pirate, Abduwali Muse, aboard Bainbridge and negotiating for Phillips' release while being treated for an injury sustained in the takeover of Maersk Alabama, remained in custody. The bodies of the three dead pirates were turned over by the U.S. Navy to unidentified recipients in Somalia in the last week of April 2009.

Aftermath

Trial
Muse, the surviving pirate, was held in 's afloat brig and was eventually flown to the United States to stand trial. Prosecutors brought charges in a federal courtroom in New York City that included piracy, conspiracy to seize a ship by force, and conspiracy to commit hostage-taking.

Muse's lawyers asked that he be tried as a juvenile, alleging that he was either 15 or 16 years old at the time of the hostage-taking, but the court ruled that Muse was not a juvenile and would be tried as an adult. He later admitted that he was 18 years old, and pleaded guilty to hijacking, kidnapping, and hostage-taking charges in lieu of piracy charges. He received a prison sentence of 33 years and 9 months.

Lawsuit
On 27 April 2009, Maersk Alabama crew member Richard E. Hicks filed a lawsuit against his employer, Waterman Steamship Corporation and Maersk Line, Ltd., for knowingly sending him into pirate-infested waters near Somalia. Houston attorney Terry Bryant, representing Hicks, said the ship owners knowingly exposed their employees to imminent danger and took no steps to provide appropriate levels of security and safety for their employees.  He filed a notice of non-suit on December 2, 2009, ending the case.

Legacy

The owners of Maersk Alabama donated the bullet-marked 5-ton fiberglass lifeboat upon which the pirates held Captain Phillips hostage to the National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce, Florida, in August 2009. The lifeboat had recently been on loan to National Geographic for its "Real Pirates" exhibition at the Nauticus marine science museum in Norfolk, Virginia.

The producers of the Captain Phillips film visited the Museum while re-creating the lifeboat and interiors for the set. The lifeboat from Maersk Alabama is at the Museum. An example of the Boeing Insitu ScanEagle used to monitor the crisis is also on display,. The actual ScanEagle used in the mission is on display along with shell casings at the Museum of Flight in Seattle.

Two former DEVGRU Navy SEAL have claimed participation in the rescue, Matt Bissonnette (pseudonym Mark Owen) and Robert O'Neill. Both also participated in Operation Neptune Spear that killed Osama bin Laden.

See also
 List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
 Piracy off the coast of Somalia

Footnotes

External links

2009 crimes in Somalia
Anti-piracy battles involving the United States
April 2009 events in Africa
Hostage rescue operations
Maritime incidents in 2009
Naval battles of Operation Enduring Freedom
Piracy in Somalia
Somalia–United States relations