George Andrew Lundberg (October 3, 1895 – April 14, 1966) was an American sociologist.

Background
Lundberg was born in Fairdale, North Dakota.  His parents, Andrew J. Lundberg and Britta C. Erickson, were immigrants from Sweden. Lundberg received his bachelor's degree from the University of North Dakota in 1920, a master's degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1922, and a doctorate in 1925 from the University of Minnesota, where he studied under  and F. Stuart Chapin.

Career
Following his doctorate, he began a faculty position at the University of Washington, but left after a year for postdoctoral studies at Columbia University, and then took a position as an associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1930, he became director of the Bureau of Social Research at the Pittsburgh Federation of Social Agencies, but he soon left Pittsburgh for a faculty position at Columbia. In 1934 he worked with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and soon thereafter moved to Bennington College in Vermont, where he was professor of sociology and statistics. After holding additional faculty positions at the University of Minnesota, Brigham Young University, and Stanford University, he joined the University of Washington in 1945 as professor and chair, and remained there for the rest of his career.

Lundberg served at the 33rd President of the American Sociological Society. He was also president of the Pacific Sociological Association, the Eastern Sociological Society, and the Sociological Research Association, and was the editor of the journal Sociometry from 1941 to 1947.

Lundberg died on April 14, 1966, in Seattle, Washington, "following surgical treatment for a condition not ordinarily considered dangerous".

Awards and honors
Lundberg was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was awarded the Distinguished Achievement Medal of the University of Minnesota and an honorary doctorate in 1958 from the University of North Dakota. After his death, a conference of the Pacific Sociological Association was held in his honor.

Contributions
Lundberg's most lasting impression was made in his work entitled, Can Science Save Us?. However, Lundberg focused much of his research on the applications, limits, delimits, operational definitions, and linguistics. Lundberg's approach to sociology is usually categorized as  neo-positivism. Lundberg was critical of the Chicago School of sociology. He felt that their methodologies were not precise enough to generate reliable results.

Books
Trends in American sociology (with Read Bain and Nels Anderson). Harper, 1929. Edited volume of a symposium of young sociologists.
Social research : a study in methods of gathering data. Longmans, Green and Co., 1929. Reprinted 1942 and 1953. 2nd ed., Greenwood Press, 1968.
Leisure: a suburban study (with Mirra Komarovsky and Mary Alice McInerny). Columbia University Press, 1934. Agathon Press, 1969.
Foundations of sociology. The Macmillan Company, 1939; David McKay, 1964.
Can science save us? Longmans, Green and Co., 1947.
Sociology (with Otto N. Larsen and Clarence C. Schrag). Harper & Row, 1958; 4th ed., McGraw Hill, 1968.

References

External links

1895 births
1966 deaths
American sociologists
University of North Dakota alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
University of Pittsburgh faculty
Columbia University faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Brigham Young University faculty
Stanford University faculty
University of Washington faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
American people of Swedish descent
People from Walsh County, North Dakota


Ariane de Rothschild (née Langner; 14 November 1965) is a Salvadorean-French banker, CEO of Edmond de Rothschild Group since March 2023. She is the first woman to run a Rothschild-branded financial institution.

She was married to Benjamin de Rothschild from 23 January 1999 until his death on 15 January 2021. They have four daughters.

In 2022, the net worth of Ariane de Rothschild and her family was estimated at 5 billion euros by French weekly business magazine Challenges.

Family

Ariane de Rothschild was born in San Salvador, El Salvador. Her father was a senior executive at the international pharmaceutical company Hoechst. Until the age of eighteen, Ariane de Rothschild and her brother Philippe lived with their parents in Bangladesh, Colombia and the former Zaire (DRC).

In January 1999, she married Benjamin de Rothschild, son of Edmond de Rothschild and heir of the Edmond de Rothschild Group. They have 4 daughters. Her husband Benjamin de Rothschild died on 15 January 2021 of a heart attack. Ariane de Rothschild is not Jewish and did not convert to Judaism.

Education
Ariane de Rothschild attended the French lycée in Zaire, studied at Sciences Po in Paris  and holds an MBA in financial management from Pace University in New York, where she studied from 1988 to 1990.

Career

While studying at Pace, Ariane de Rothschild was a broker at Société Générale in New York City. After graduating in 1990, she joined AIG’s New York offices, and relocated to AIG's trading floor in Paris the same year. She met Benjamin de Rothschild, a client of AIG, in 1993.

After marrying Benjamin de Rothschild in 1999, Ariane de Rothschild joined the family business La Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (LCF) by taking on the management of the group's lifestyle assets (wineries, farms, hotels, restaurants). In 2005, she restructured the group's philanthropic activities with the intent to develop a sustainable "return on engagement" philanthropic model, which led to the creation of the Edmond de Rothschild Foundations, a structure active in five different fields : Art and culture, health and research, philanthropy, cultural dialogue and social entrepreneurship.

In 2006, she joined the supervisory board of LCF Edmond de Rothschild. In 2008, she was appointed board member of the group, and vice-president in 2009. She focused her agenda on environmental and social impact investments, and on restructuring the company's scattered assets and subsidiaries. In 2010, LCF Edmond de Rothschild changed its name to Edmond de Rothschild Group. In 2014, all of the group's financial and non-financial assets were reorganized within the group's structure. In 2015, the group published a sustainability report for the first time.

On 30 January 2015, Ariane de Rothschild became the president of the executive committee, overseeing the group's operations. She was nominated to give a new impetus to the company. She brought a self-proclaimed "panache" to the spirit of the bank, sparking innovation within the group's executive lines  and breaking the ice in the banking industry with a new leadership style.

In 2016, she finalized the reorganization of the group's lifestyle assets under the new label Edmond de Rothschild Heritage. She pulled the Edmond de Rothschild Group out of Asia and, the following year, in 2017, she implemented the Avaloq banking technology. In March 2019, the company removed Edmond de Rothschild (Switzerland) S.A. from public trading, making it entirely held by the group. Ariane de Rothschild became chairman of the board. The French business was folded into the Swiss company to simplify the structure of the group. In January 2021, her husband Benjamin de Rothschild died, making her the sole majority owner of the Edmond de Rothschild Group, holding the majority of the votes with her four daughters. In March 2023, she took over as CEO of the group.

Other activities
From 2003 to 2011, the Ariane de Rothschild Art Prize awarded contemporary art initiatives. The Ariane de Rothschild Women's Doctoral Program in Israel was launched in 2009 to provide full financial support and enhanced educational programs to women pursuing a doctoral program. The following year, in 2010, the Ariane de Rothschild Fellowship Program was launched to foster intercultural dialogue through social entrepreneurship and social science, especially between the Jewish and Muslim communities.

In 2012, she talked with Warren Buffett about philanthropy in the first scene of the documentary The Billionaires' Pledge.

In 2018, she led the acquisition of the fragrance company Parfums Caron and managed the revival of the brand, focusing its distribution on Middle Eastern countries. After the death of husband Benjamin de Rothschild in 2021, she took over the management of the sailing stable Gitana Team. In 2021, she released the first vintage of the rosé wine L'Amistà (Château Roubine, Côtes de Provence) she co-developed.

In 2023, a Wall Street Journal investigation revealed that Ariane de Rothschild had business relations with convicted sex-offender Jeffrey Epstein for years despite previous denials.

Distinctions

 2022: Swiss Finance's Women To Watch

See also

 Edmond de Rothschild Group
 Benjamin de Rothschild
 Rothschild family

Further reading

References

External links
Edmond de Rothschild Group website
AdR Fellowship website

1965 births
Living people
French baronesses
French humanitarians
French bankers
French philanthropists
21st-century French businesswomen
21st-century French businesspeople
French viticulturists
Women corporate directors
Pace University alumni
People from San Salvador
Ariane
French women philanthropists


Randall Lee Feenstra (born January 14, 1969) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district. The district covers the western border of the state, including Sioux City and Council Bluffs, but stretches as far east as Story County, Franklin County, and Marshall County, including Ames.

A member of the Republican Party, Feenstra served as an Iowa state senator for the 2nd district from 2009 to 2021. He was the Sioux County treasurer from 2006 to 2008.

Feenstra defeated incumbent Steve King in the primary election for the Republican nomination for Iowa's 4th congressional district in 2020. He defeated Democratic nominee J. D. Scholten in the general election by almost 25 points and was sworn into Congress on January 3, 2021.

Early life and education
Randy Feenstra was born to parents Lee and Eleanor Feenstra on January 14, 1969. He is of Dutch ancestry. Feenstra graduated from Western Christian High School, where he played basketball. He received a bachelor's degree in business communications from Dordt University, then called Dordt College, and his MPA from Iowa State University.

Career
Feenstra began his career as sales manager for the Foreign Candy Company, known for being the first US company to import Warheads, later serving as city administrator of Hull, Iowa for seven years. In 2006, he was elected Sioux County Treasurer, replacing Robert Hagey. Randy Jacobsma replaced Feenstra in a 2008 special election, as Feenstra won his first term in the Iowa Senate that year.

Feenstra was elected to the Iowa State Senate in 2008 with 24,595 votes, running unopposed. He was reelected in 2012, again without opposition. He ran for a third uncontested term in 2016. In the Iowa Senate, Feenstra served on the Capital Projects, Fiscal, Tax Expenditure, Transportation, Ways and Means, and State Government Committee.

While serving in the Iowa Senate, Feenstra worked for ISB Insurance in Hull, operated by Iowa State Bank. In 2017, he joined the faculty of Dordt University, after having taught there in an adjunct capacity since 2011.

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2020

In 2019, Feenstra announced he would challenge incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Steve King in the 2020 Republican primary in Iowa's 4th congressional district. His state senate district includes much of the northwestern portion of the congressional district. King, a nine-term incumbent, has a record of making inflammatory remarks, including support of the term "white nationalist." He had been stripped of his committee seats for asking why "white nationalist" was offensive. Feenstra noted this in announcing his campaign, saying that King's "caustic nature" had left the 4th "without a seat at the table."

Republican Party leadership supported Feenstra in the primary. Feenstra raised more money during the primary than King, and was supported by the United States Chamber of Commerce and National Right to Life Committee. Feenstra's candidacy was also supported by conservative political commentator and radio host Ben Shapiro, who donated and urged his Twitter followers to donate to Feenstra's campaign.

Feenstra won the June 2 primary with 45.7% of the vote to King's 36%. Much of Feenstra's margin came from dominating his state senate district, which he carried with almost 75% of the vote. He defeated J. D. Scholten in the general election by a large margin, winning every county in his district except Story County.

2022

Feenstra ran for reelection in the district for the 2022 elections. He defeated Democrat Ryan Melton and Liberty candidate Bryan Holder by a wide margin.

Committee assignments
For the 118th Congress:
 Committee on Agriculture
 Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry
 Committee on Ways and Means
 Subcommittee on Oversight
 Subcommittee on Social Security
 Subcommittee on Tax

Caucus memberships

 Republican Main Street Partnership
Republican Study Committee

Political positions

Iraq
In June 2021, Feenstra was one of 49 House Republicans to vote to repeal the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.

Israel
Feenstra voted to provide Israel with support following 2023 Hamas attack on Israel.

Personal life
Feenstra married his wife Lynette in 1996. They have four children.

Feenstra is a Christian.

References

External links
Representative Randy Feenstra official U.S. House website
 Senator Randy Feenstra official Iowa General Assembly site
 Campaign website
 Senator Randy Feenstra at Iowa Senate Republican Caucus

 Financial information (state office) at the National Institute for Money in State Politics

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1969 births
20th-century American businesspeople
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American educators
21st-century American politicians
American businesspeople in insurance
American city managers
American people of Dutch descent
American salespeople
Businesspeople from Iowa
Christians from Iowa
County treasurers in Iowa
Dordt University alumni
Dordt University faculty
Republican Party Iowa state senators
Iowa State University alumni
Living people
People from Hull, Iowa
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa


Marcel de Sade (born 1934 in Aalborg, Denmark) is the assumed name of Jørgen Vase Larsen, a criminal who passed himself off as a marquis during the 1960s. He was sentenced to jail for embezzlement from the oil company he worked. After his jailtime he worked as a caretaker. He is a piano player and known for his use of extravagant clothing.

Gabriel Axel's role in the 1967 Danish/Swedish comedy film The Reluctant Sadist is loosely based on his life.

References

External links

1934 births
Living people


Perinatal gangrene of the buttock is a skin condition similar to livedoid dermatitis, and is usually a complication of umbilical artery catheterization, exchange transfusion, or cord injections by means of a syringe.

See also
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Buttocks


Maximilien de Hénin-Liétard, Count of Boussu (1542 – Antwerp, 21 December 1578) was a soldier and statesman from the Habsburg Netherlands. During the Eighty Years' War he was the royalist stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht from 1567 until he was made a prisoner of war during the Battle on the Zuiderzee in 1573. After being freed under the terms of the Pacification of Ghent he changed sides and became commander in chief of the forces of the States-General of the Netherlands.

Early life

Boussu (or Bossu) as he is known in most historical works, was born the son of Count Jean de Hénin-Liétard, scion of an aristocratic family from Hainaut, and Anne of Bourgondië-Beveren, descendant from a bastard of Philip of Burgundy. His uncle was Maximiliaan II van Bourgondië, from 1547 Charles V's stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht and admiral of the Habsburg navy, which had its headquarters at the time in Veere. This city was also a Marquessate in possession of the Van Bourgondië family. When his uncle Maximiliaan died in 1558, Boussu inherited this marquessate. However, the title had to be sold for debt and eventually ended up in the hands of the Prince of Orange.
Boussu married Charlotte de Werchin and had one son, Pierre.

Stadtholderate
When the Prince of Orange had to flee the Netherlands for fear of becoming a victim of the Duke of Alba's repression at the beginning of the Eighty Years' War, Philip II of Spain's Regent Margaret of Parma appointed Boussu as his successor as stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht on 17 June 1567. As stadtholder he also commanded the royalist forces in those three provinces. When on 1 April 1572 a fleet of Sea-Beggar privateers surprised the port of Brill on the Dutch coast, Boussu therefore launched a counterattack from his base at Vredenburg castle in Utrecht. However, he was unable to recapture the port. This failure to deny the followers of the Prince of Orange a foothold in Holland quickly resulted in a loss of control over a large part of Holland and Zeeland as the rebellion spread. Boussu convened the States of Holland in early July, 1572 in The Hague but by that time a majority of the voting cities had gone over to the rebel side and they convened their own States in Dordrecht later that month. The rebel States subsequently reinstated Orange as rival "royal" stadtholder of the three provinces.
Boussu's area of control in Holland was in effect reduced to a few loyal cities, like Amsterdam. This merchant city was subsequently blockaded by a Sea-Beggar fleet. To break the blockade Boussu personally led a royalist fleet in the Battle on the Zuiderzee. He was defeated and made a prisoner of war. He was succeeded by first, Philip of Noircarmes, and after the latter's death in March, 1574, by Gilles de Berlaymont, lord of Hierges as royalist stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht.

Commander-in-chief
At the conclusion of the Pacification of Ghent (which treaty mentions him by name) he was freed again. The Pacification united for a time the entire Habsburg Netherlands in opposition to king Philip II. Boussu now took a commission from the States-General to lead their army. However, he was not very successful. At the Battle of Gembloux of 31 January 1578 he was soundly beaten by the Spanish army under Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. However, half a year later his army beat the army of Don Juan at the Battle of Rijmenam (1578) which forced Don Juan to give up much terrain gained since Gembloux. Boussu retired to Antwerp where he died at the end of 1578.

Notes

Sources
  (1995), The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, Clarendon Press, Oxford, .
  (2008) The Founding of the Dutch Republic. War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572-1588. Oxford U.P.

Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (Spanish Empire)
1542 births
1578 deaths
Max


The Grossvatertanz (Grandfather Dance) is a German dance tune from the 17th century. It is generally considered a traditional folk tune.

It is a tripartite tune:
 8 bars in  time, Andante
 4 bars of a different theme in  time, Allegro (repeated)
 4 bars of a further theme, in  time, Allegro (repeated).

The first part was sung to the words:

New lyrics to the first part of the tune were written by Klamer Eberhard Karl Schmidt in 1794 and August Friedrich Ernst Langbein in 1812, both "lengthy and dull pieces of ornate poetry" (Franz Magnus Böhme, 1886).  (1766–1853) in 1823 composed a new tune to Langbein's lyrics, for which he has erroneously been claimed to be the real author.

For many years, it was regularly played and danced at the end of wedding celebrations, and became known as the  ("finale",  turn-out). It became so associated with marriage that when Louis Spohr wrote a Festival March for the wedding of Princess Marie of Hesse to the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen in 1825, he was required to quote the  in it.

Robert Schumann quoted the Grossvatertanz in a number of works, among them:
 the final section of Papillons, Op. 2 (1831)
 the final section ("") of Carnaval, Op. 9 (1834–35), where he labels the theme  (Theme from the 17th century).

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky also quotes the tune in act 1 of his ballet The Nutcracker (1892). It appears at the end of the Christmas party. Tchaikovsky was a great admirer of Schumann's music, but it is not clear whether this was meant as some sort of tribute to Schumann or simply as an appropriate tune to use in music depicting the winding up of a happy family event.

More recently, the German composer Jörg Widmann has used the Grossvatertanz in his Third String Quartet, "Jagdquartett" (2003), to evoke a hunt.

References

Further reading
 Eric Blom ed., Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed. 1954
 Max Friedlaender (1918): Das Großvaterlied und der Großvatertanz. In: Festschrift Hermann Kretzschmar zum siebzigsten Geburtstage. Peters, Leipzig, pp. 29–36 ().

German folk dances
German folk songs
Wedding songs
Baroque dance


Petrus Tileinge Damaseb (born 26 June 1962 in Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region) is a Namibian judge serving as the Judge President of the High Court of Namibia as well as the Deputy Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Namibia.

Education
Damaseb studied at schools in Tsumeb, Grootfontein and Uis prior to joining the liberation struggle and going into exile in Zambia. In Zambia, he studied at the United Nations Institute for Namibia (UNIN) and obtained a Diploma in Development Studies and Management with a focus on law. In 1984, he qualified as a magistrate through Zambia's National Institute of Public Administration in conjunction with UNIN. He then received a United Nations scholarship to study at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom, where he graduated with an LLB (honours) degree.

Career
Damaseb returned to Namibia in 1989, as the country prepared for its first democratic elections. From independence in 1990 to 1997, he served as a senior government official. He worked in a private practice from 1997 to 2004. In 2004, Damaseb was appointed a permanent judge of the High Court of Namibia. He has also been a judge of the SADC Tribunal. He served on the FIFA Ethics Committee and was Vice Chairman of Confederation of African Football (CAF) Appeal Board. He has also served as head of the Namibia Football Association.  Justice Damaseb entered the legal profession in Namibia in 1995, he had  served as Permanent Secretary in the Office of the Prime Minister, Cabinet Secretary and Secretary to the President.

Notable cases
 Kareeboomvloer massacre: Brothers Sylvester and Gavin Beukes murder the owners' couple of farm Kareeboomvloer and execute all witnesses, including two children. The trial lasted from 2007 to 2011.

References

1962 births
Living people
People from Tsumeb
Namibian judges
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Namibian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Namibian expatriates in Zambia


Albanel may refer to:

Albanel, Quebec, Canada
Lake Albanel, lake in Quebec, Canada

People with the surname
Charles Albanel (1616–1696), French missionary explorer in Canada and Jesuit priest
Christine Albanel (born 1955), French civil servant and politician


The Kirtland Temple Suit (formally Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Williams) is an 1880 Ohio legal case that is often cited as the case that awarded ownership of the Kirtland Temple to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church, now Community of Christ). Though the case was dismissed by the court, the publication of the court's findings of fact—as if they had been the decision of the court—reinforced the belief by members of the RLDS Church and others that the court had considered the RLDS Church, and not the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the rightful legal successor to the Latter Day Saint church established by Joseph Smith in 1830.

Background
Under the direction of Joseph Smith, Latter Day Saints in Kirtland, Ohio, constructed the Kirtland Temple from 1833 to 1836. Smith and the majority of Latter Day Saints ultimately left Kirtland, settling in Nauvoo, Illinois. After Smith was killed in 1844, a number of churches arose, all of which claimed to be the rightful successor to Smith's church. Among those claiming to be a continuation of Smith's church were the Utah-based LDS Church, and the RLDS Church, led by Smith's son Joseph Smith III.

In 1860, a probate court in Lake County, Ohio, ordered that the Kirtland Temple be sold in order to settle still-outstanding debts that Joseph Smith's estate owed to various Kirtland residents. In 1862, the building was sold to William L. Perkins, a local businessperson. On the day of purchase, Perkins conveyed the temple to Russell Huntley in a quitclaim deed. Huntley invested over $2,000 in the property, which was badly in need of repair, hoping to establish a new organization of Saints at Kirtland Temple under the authority of early Mormon apostle John E. Page.  After the failure of this attempted Latter Day Saint church, Huntley sold his title to Kirtland Temple on 17 February 1873, for $150, to Joseph Smith III and Mark Hill Forscutt.

Reason for the suit
In 1875, Smith and Forscutt attempted to sell the Kirtland Temple to the city of Kirtland in order to pay several pressing personal debts. However, the sale did not proceed because there were doubts surrounding Smith and Forscutt's ownership, since their title was based on a quitclaim deed. Smith pressed the RLDS Presiding Bishop, Israel A. Rogers, to issue a quit claim deed so that he could proceed with the sale; Rogers, instead, demanded the same of Smith on behalf of the Church. Smith insisted that if he were to issue a quit claim deed, it would only open up the church to lawsuits based on the provenance of the Huntley deed, and insisted that the only sensible remedy was for the church to bypass the line of ownership through Huntley and sue to reclaim its ownership as the successor to the original church.

As a result, in 1878 Rogers filed suit in the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, requesting that the court conclude that the RLDS Church held legal title to the Kirtland Temple.

Among others, the RLDS Church named Smith, Forscutt, and John Taylor, the president of the LDS Church, as defendants in the action. Taylor was named as a defendant because the RLDS Church anticipated that the LDS Church might claim ownership of the temple. However, neither Taylor nor other members of the LDS Church were likely aware of the suit because notice of the suit was limited to publication in the Painesville Telegraph, a local newspaper published in Painesville, Ohio.

Judgment
In February 1880, Judge L. S. Sherman of the Court of Common Pleas dismissed the case, in that the RLDS Church did not have possession, but opining in its findings that the RLDS Church was the true successor and had the right to possess the properties of the original church.

Kim L. Loving, an attorney and former president of the Eastern Great Lakes Mission Center of the Community of Christ in Kirtland, Ohio, explained why the case was dismissed: "Suffice it to say that, legally, the Court dismissed the default case of the plaintiff, the Reorganized Church, because it failed to allege or prove one of the essential elements of a statutory cause of action to quiet title in Ohio, that the plaintiff was in possession of the property. As such, the involuntary dismissal, or nonsuit, legally was not an adjudication on the merits of the truth or falsity of the plaintiff’s contentions. Findings of fact in such a case are not legally binding on anyone, least of all upon absent defendants. It could be inferred that E. L. Kelley should have known as much, but failed to broach or explore these ramifications with the leaders of the Church."

Though frequently misrepresented as the original product of Judge Sherman, the findings of fact in the case were written as a proposed judgment by E. L. Kelley, attorney for the RLDS Church. In the political climate of the late nineteenth century, it is not surprising that Judge Sherman entered Kelley's proposed judgment into the findings, regarding the legitimacy of RLDS Church claims to and the deviation of the LDS Church from the original church tenets and structures. Opinion of the LDS Church was usually unfavorable during the period, and judicial and legislative interference in LDS Church matters was at an all-time high due to polygamy and the perception of theocratic ties with Utah Territory. Other government officials had looked to the RLDS Church as an acceptable form of Mormonism that was free of polygamy and a political vision of Zion, and hoped to support RLDS Church leaders to undermine their counterparts in the LDS Church.

Publishing the ruling without mention that the case had been dismissed, Kelley strengthened public opinion that the RLDS Church was "the True and Lawful continuation of, and successor to the said original Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, organized in 1830, and is entitled in law to all its rights and property." Furthermore, the findings stated that the LDS Church was not the lawful successor to the original Latter Day Saint church because it "has materially and largely departed from the faith, doctrines, law, ordinances and usages of the said original Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints". The findings specifically cited certain beliefs held by members of the LDS Church, including the doctrines of celestial marriage and plural marriage as well as the so-called Adam-God doctrine, as being "contrary to the laws and constitution of said original Church".

While their attempt to clear the title was ultimately dismissed, the RLDS Church began maintaining the temple on the basis of the court's opinion that it was the lawful successor of the original church. Although the 1880 case had no legal bearing, the church secured clear title to the temple through adverse possession by 1901. In dire need of repair from the late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, without a restoration of the building as undertaken by RLDS Church caretakers it is unlikely the building would be standing today. The RLDS Church, which was renamed Community of Christ in 2001, remains the owner of the Kirtland Temple.

Disputed legacy

Though the court dismissed the case, the publication of the findings of fact filed by the attorney representing the RLDS Church in the Painesville Telegraph effectively gave the false impression that the Kirtland Temple Suit had been won. The March 15, 1880, issue of the RLDS Church organ Saints' Herald also omitted the last two sentences which stated that the case was dismissed. Therefore, the case has been celebrated within the RLDS Church for its determination that the RLDS Church—and not the LDS Church—was the lawful successor to Joseph Smith's original organization.

The legal meaning of the dismissal—whether it strengthened or overturned RLDS Church claims to the temple—is contested amongst historians and others to this day.

In 1942, E. Guy Hammond, an Akron, Ohio attorney, wrote to RLDS Church leader Israel A. Smith: "From your letter I get the impression that you still cling to the notion that Judge Sherman's decision in Common Pleas at Painesville might be relied on. For my part, I cannot see, as explained before, that this decision can have the least effect, other than to dismiss the case, and to deny the relief prayed for. And if we should rely on it in any respect, in the first instance, it would but give the adversary opportunity to make us ridiculous."

As late as 1986, historian Roger D. Launius, however, still upheld that "[i]t would be quibbling to suggest that the outcome of the Kirtland Temple Suit did not give the Reorganized church legal ownership of the property."

In 2004, Loving countered: "These polemical proclamations of victory may have carried some weight in the court of public opinion .... The only difficulty, at least from today's perspective, was that the Reorganization's polemical proclamations of judicially determined legitimacy actually had no legal basis whatsoever. In fact, the legal result of the lawsuit was that the title stood exactly as it had before the case was filed; legally, nothing had been accomplished. This finding goes to the very essence of the matter and can hardly be dismissed as mere 'quibbling'."

See also
Temple Lot Case

Notes

Mormonism and law
Kirtland, Ohio
Community of Christ
Ohio state case law
Mormonism-related controversies
Latter Day Saint movement in Ohio
1880 in United States case law
Temples (LDS Church) in Ohio
1880 in Christianity
1880 in Ohio
19th-century Mormonism
Christianity and law in the 19th century
Law articles needing an infobox
Kirtland Temple


Ries () is the 10th district of the Austrian city of Graz. It is named after a hill range in it. Ries borders the districts of Mariatrost and Geidorf to the west, and St. Leonhard and Waltendorf to the south. It has a population of 5,623 (in 2011) and covers an area of . The postal codes of Ries are 8010, 8044 and 8047.
The Roman Catholic Bruder-Klaus church, finished in 1987 it is situated within the district.

References

External links
 Political profile at Graz.at (in German)


Railroad is an album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released in 1983. It was originally released as Railroad 1 by mistake. The Shanachie Records reissue is correctly labeled as Railroad. It was his last principal recording for Takoma Records, the label he founded in 1959.

History
John Fahey had a lifelong attraction to trains and railroads. His long-time friend and collaborator Barry Hansen recalled in an interview about Fahey's initial move to Oregon, "He loved the green countryside. He was near a railroad track and he liked that. He loved to watch trains." In his original liner notes, Fahey writes of train yards, individuals related to trains, and memories of trains and railroads. Nearly every track title refers to a train or railroad.

Railroad was Fahey's last principal recording for Takoma Records, the label he founded in 1959. He cited the strain of running the label and its lack of direction as reasons for selling it to the UK-based Chrysalis Records. In a 1997 interview with Jason Gross, he stated "The reason that I got rid of it was almost everybody in the office started taking cocaine and I couldn't get rid of it. We weren't losing money or anything. We were still selling records. I made the terrible mistake of giving stock to the employees so I couldn't fire them. The only thing I could do was to dissolve the company. While I was doing that, Chrysalis offered to buy it and I said 'sure, take it.'" Other sources refer to Fahey's lack of interest in the business side of running Takoma, the company's debt, and the current poor business climate of the record industry.

"Life is Like a Mountain Railroad" is a version of the country song "Life's Railway to Heaven" by Charles Davis Tillman and M. E. Abbey.

Reception

In his Record Collector review, Terry Stauton called the music "twangily instrumental laments to the almost mythical trains of frontier America" and "perhaps an ideal starting point from which to further investigate his vast catalogue."

Critic Stewart Voegtlin praised the 2007 reissue in Stylus, singling out the tracks "Oneonta", "Imitation Train Whistles/Po' Boy" and "Afternoon Espee Through Salem". He commented Fahey "coasted through enough records; he labored honestly at others. Railroad undoubtedly shows both approaches, but holds enough magic in its shallow well to keep those that seek a bare bones account of the man that made it mired in stubborn stories that do little to lay the self-proclaimed 'primitive' bare."

In his liner notes for the Ace Records 2007 reissue, author Kris Needs calls Railroad "...a timelessly evocative tribute to America’s mighty man-made artery."

Reissues
Railroad was reissued on CD by Shanachie Records in 1992.
Railroad was reissued on CD by Ace Records in 2007.

Track listing
All songs by John Fahey unless otherwise noted.
 "Frisco Leaving Birmingham" – 3:23
 "Oneonta" – 2:28
 "Summer Cat by My Door" – 4:11
 "Steve Talbot on the Keddie Wye" – 4:31
 "Afternoon Espee Through Salem" – 4:27
 "Enigmas and Perplexities of the Norfolk and Western" – 3:10
 "Charlie Becker's Meditation" – 3:20
 "Medley: Imitation Train Whistles/Po'boy" – 4:53
 "Life is Like a Mountain Railroad" (Traditional) – 2:13
 "Delta Dog Through the Book of Revelation" – 4:50

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar
Production notes
John Fahey – producer, original liner notes
Tom Davis – producer, engineer
Melody Fahey – cover photo

References

1983 albums
John Fahey (musician) albums
Takoma Records albums
Albums produced by John Fahey (musician)


Big Timothy Mountain, formerly called Boss Mountain and Takomkane Mountain,  is a cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located  west of Hendrix Lake and  southwest of Mount Perseus.

See also
List of volcanoes in Canada
Volcanism of Canada
Volcanism of Western Canada

References

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Cinder cones of Canada
Cariboo Land District


Marshall–White syndrome is a skin condition that consists of Bier spots associated with insomnia and tachycardia.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Syndromes affecting the skin


The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling ("triple") was a survival weapon issued to Luftwaffe pilots during World War II. It was used by airmen operating in Northern Africa. The M30 was intended to be used for hunting and self-defense against a variety of natural predators.

For maximum versatility the M30 Luftwaffe Drilling featured two side-by-side 12 gauge shotgun barrels on top and a 9.3x74mmR rifle barrel below. The left-hand barrel was left unchoked for shooting slugs and the right barrel was choked for shooting birdshot. They were manufactured by the German firm J. P. Sauer und Sohn GmbH.

History
The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling ("Drilling" meaning "triplet") was a Drilling-type Combination gun produced by JP Sauer & Sohn, it was the most finely finished and luxurious survival rifle ever issued by a military force. The commercial quality of the M30 Drilling, the fact that its container and accessories were packed without military acceptance proofs, its limited production and high manufacturing costs, led many historians and arms collectors to conclude that the M30 Luftwaffe Drilling was not routinely issued to Luftwaffe pilots. The head of the Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring, was an avid hunter who often hosted guests at his elaborate hunting lodge, the Carinhall. The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling was possibly ordered through the Luftwaffe by Göring, to be used as gifts for visiting dignitaries, Knight's Cross holders, Luftwaffe aces, Wehrmacht generals, Nazi officials, and other guests who were invited to his hunting lodge. Luftwaffe general and flying ace Adolf Galland recalled that he and several of his squadron mates were gifted the M30 Luftwaffe Drilling during hunting trips with Göring at the Carinhall.

The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling saw use by the German Luftwaffe in World War II, primarily during the North African campaign, where it was used as a survival weapon by some Luftwaffe aircrews. It was also used for trap shooting, which was an obligatory exercise to sharpen the eyesight and reflexes of Luftwaffe pilots.

Its powerful 9.3x74mmR cartridge, ballistically similar to .375 Flanged Nitro Express, was best suited for Sub-Saharan African plains hunting, even though it was mostly used by pilots flying over North Africa, where fauna was far less lethal. Various reasons have been provided for this gratuitous cartridge, one of which being a mistaken assumption that there were big cats in the region where these firearms would be used. Another reason given is Hermann Göring's personal fondness for hunting, especially for luxurious rifles.

The original production model had been marketed to hunters starting in 1930, and the military iteration of the M30 was produced from 1941 to 1942. They were procured outside of normal military channels and so the military versions were made to the same standards of fit and finish as the commercial version, making the M30 extremely expensive.

The M30 was a Normaldrilling ("normal Drilling") or klassischer Drilling ("classic Drilling"), a type of combination gun with two shotgun barrels and one rifle barrel, which became popular with European hunters in the early 20th century. Drillings had existed earlier, but prior to the introduction of affordable and reliable cast steel gun barrels in the late 19th century they were either prohibitively expensive or too heavy and unwieldy to see much use.

The M30 Luftwaffe Drilling was stored in an aluminium chest on board the aircraft, containing the weapon disassembled into barrel assembly and stock, a sling and cleaning kit, 20 rounds of soft-pointed 9.3x74mmR ammunition (which under international law the airman could not fire at an enemy soldier), 20 12-gauge slug shells and 25 12-gauge birdshot shells. The whole chest weighed , and was intended to be retrieved from the aircraft after it crashed rather than taken as the crew bailed out. Surviving examples are extremely rare, as only around 2,500 were produced.

Design
The weapon has two hammerless shotgun barrels with a single rifle barrel underneath, firing two 12 gauge or 16 gauge shotgun shells (16 gauge seems to have only been used on the commercial version) alongside a single 9.3×74mmR rifle round. The M30 has two triggers and a sliding selector directly behind the lever for opening the breech. With the selector in the forward position, the  V-notch rear sight is raised and the forward trigger engaged. In this mode, the front trigger fires the rifle barrel while the rear trigger fires the left shotgun barrel, which is choked for Brenneke slugs. Sliding the selector back retracts the rear sight and makes the front trigger fire the right shotgun barrel, which is choked for birdshot. This setup is common for Drillings, this allows the weapon to fire three shots without either opening the breech or lowering the weapon from the shoulder.

See also
 Combination gun
 List of multiple-barrel firearms
 M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon
 Marble Game Getter
 TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol

References

External links
 Sauer & Sohn M30 Drilling (Brazilian web site, with photos)

Combination guns
Survival guns
Weapons of Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1941
World War II weapons of Germany


The Ariane de Rothschild art prize, dedicated to contemporary art, was established in 2003.
The exhibition is held in Lisbon or Brussels.
The award focuses on painting, but with works based on traditional forms of painting, the competition accepts works whose theme, technique or genre may include photography, sculpture and video.
A jury selected the artists based on the originality of their works, their artistic merit and other criteria deemed relevant by the jury.
The price is different from other competitions in that it is a non-monetary prize in the form of an all expenses paid 6 months artists-in-resident scholarship to the Slade School of Fine Arts in London.

Winners

 2008
 First prize: Mekhitar Garabedian
 Nominated artists: Stephan Balleux, Charlotte Baudry, Jean-Baptiste Bernadet, Sofia Boubolis, Mekhitar Garabedian, Adam Leech, Jean-Luc Moerman, David Neirings, Benoit Platéus, Fabrice Samyn, Ante Timmermans, Leon Vranken, Freek Wambacq
 2007
 Special Distinction: Tiago Margaça, Sem Título (Untitled)
 First prize: Susana Mendes Silva, Phantasia
 Second prize: José Marques Baptista, Sem Título (Untitled)
 Third Prize: David Rosado, Urban Talk in a Fundamental Relation
 2005
 First prize: Manuel Caeiro, The Last Room # 2
 Second Prize: Paula Sousa Cardoso, Everyday Lifestyle, Everyday Life Still
 Third prize: Carla Cabanas, Lagoa
 Fourth Prize: Ricardo Frutuoso, Os eternos fitavam-lhe os bosques imensos (The immortal eyes on huge wooden)
 Fifth Prize (tie): Pedro Barateiro, Monument (Monument)
 Fifth Prize (tie): Jorge Nesbitt, Sem Título (Untitled)
 2003
 First prize (tie): Bárbara Assis Pacheco, Sem Título (Untitled)
 First prize (tie): ex aequo: António José Almeida Pereira, Looks Up When hear a plane pass by or when bird shit falls on the forehead
 Third prize: Joao Vilhena, Bathtub # 211
 First Honorable Mention: João Eduardo de Vilhena, A mala matriz (If Matrix)
 First Honorable Mention: José Eduardo Marques Baptista, Screen Saver

Jury in 2008

 Ariane de Rothschild
 John Aiken (Slade School of Fine Art, London)
 Marc Moles le Bailly (Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild Europe)
 Adam Budak (Kunsthaus Manifesta 7 & Graz)
 Philippe Van Cauteren (SMAK, Ghent)
 Laura Hoptman (New Museum, New York)

External links
 Webpage Ariane de Rothschild Art Prize
 The Slade School of fine Art

Contemporary art awards
Awards established in 2003


Borexino is a deep underground particle physics experiment to study low energy (sub-MeV) solar neutrinos. The detector is the world's most radio-pure liquid scintillator calorimeter and is protected by 3,800 meters of water-equivalent depth (a volume of overhead rock equivalent in shielding power to that depth of water). The scintillator is pseudocumene and PPO which is held in place by a thin nylon sphere. It is placed within a stainless steel sphere which holds the photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) used as signal detectors and is shielded by a water tank to protect it against external radiation. Outward pointing PMT's look for any outward facing light flashes to tag incoming cosmic muons that manage to penetrate the overburden of the mountain above. Neutrino energy can be determined through the number of photoelectrons measured in the PMT's. While the position can be determined by extrapolating the difference in arrival times of photons at PMT's throughout the chamber.

The primary aim of the experiment is to make a precise measurement of the individual neutrino fluxes from the Sun and compare them to the Standard solar model predictions. This will allow scientists to test and to further understand the functioning of the Sun (e.g.,  nuclear fusion processes taking place at the core of the Sun, solar composition, opacity, matter distribution, etc.) and will also help determine properties of neutrino oscillations, including the MSW effect. Specific goals of the experiment are to detect beryllium-7, boron-8, pp, pep and CNO solar neutrinos as well as anti-neutrinos from the Earth and nuclear power plants. The project may also be able to detect neutrinos from supernovae within our galaxy with a special potential to detect the elastic scattering of neutrinos onto protons, due to neutral current interactions. Borexino is a member of the Supernova Early Warning System. Searches for rare processes and potential unknown particles are also underway.

The name Borexino is the Italian diminutive of BOREX (Boron solar neutrino Experiment), after the original 1 kT-fiducial experimental proposal with a different scintillator (TMB), was discontinued because of a shift in focus in physics goals as well as financial constraints. The experiment is located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso near the town of L'Aquila, Italy, and is supported by an international collaboration with researchers from Italy, the United States, Germany, France, Poland, Russia and Ukraine.  The experiment is funded by multiple national agencies; the principal ones are INFN (National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Italy) and NSF (National Science Foundation, USA). In May 2017, Borexino reached 10 years of continuous operation since the start of its data-taking period in 2007.

The SOX experiment was a sub-project designed to study the possible existence of sterile neutrinos or other anomalous effects in neutrino oscillations at short ranges through the use of a neutrino generator based on radioactive cerium-144 placed under the water tank of the Borexino detector. This project was cancelled in early 2018 due to the cancellation in 2017 of the contract for cerium-144 by the Russian Mayak fuel reprocessing plant. The cancellation is thought to be connected to the anomalous airborne radioactivity increase in Europe during the autumn of 2017, whose source was eventually localized to the Mayak reprocessing plant.

The entire Borexino experiment was terminated in October 2021.

History and notable results

The initial BOREX proposal was made in 1986.  In 1990, the design was fundamentally altered, and the name of the experiment was changed to "Borexino". Research and development began on the detector at that time. By 2004, the structure of the detector had been completed, and by May 2007 the detector chamber had been filled and data taking began.

The first results by the collaboration were published in August 2007 in: “First real time detection of 7Be solar neutrinos by Borexino”. The subject was further extended in 2008. In 2010, "geoneutrinos" from Earth's interior were observed for the first time using Borexino. These are anti-neutrinos produced in radioactive decays of uranium, thorium, potassium, and rubidium, although only the anti-neutrinos emitted in the 238U/232Th chains are visible because of the inverse beta decay reaction channel Borexino is sensitive to. That year, the lowest-threshold (3 MeV) measurement of the 8B solar neutrino flux was also published. Additionally, a multi-source detector calibration campaign took place, where several radioactive sources were inserted in the detector to study its response to known signals which are close to the expected ones to be studied. In 2011, the experiment published a precision measurement of the beryllium-7 neutrino flux, as well as the first evidence for the pep solar neutrinos.

The results of measurements of the speed of CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso were published in 2012. These results were consistent with the speed of light, thus providing confirmation that the Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly reported earlier in the year was an erroneous measurement. An extensive scintillator purification campaign was also performed, achieving the successful goal of further reducing the residual background radioactivity levels to unprecedented low amounts (up to 15 orders of magnitude under natural background radioactivity levels).

In 2013,  Borexino experiments added new limits on sterile neutrino parameters. They also extracted a signal of geoneutrinos, which gives insight into radioactive element activity in the Earth's crust, a hitherto unclear field.

An analysis of the proton–proton fusion activity in the solar core, published in 2014, found that solar activity has been consistently stable on a 105-year scale. Once the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations, as described by MSW theory, is considered, the measurement of Borexino is consistent with the expectations from the standard solar model. This result provided significant data for understanding the functioning of the Sun. Previous experiments sensitive to low energy neutrinos (SAGE, Gallex, GNO) counted neutrinos above a certain energy, but did not measure  individual fluxes.

In 2015, an updated spectral analysis of geoneutrinos was presented.  Additionally, a Temperature Management and Monitoring System was installed in several phases throughout 2015, consisting of the multi-sensor Latitudinal Temperature Probe System (LTPS), whose testing and first-phase installation occurred in late 2014;  and the Thermal Insulation System (TIS) that minimized the thermal influence of the exterior environment on the interior fluids through the extensive insulation of the experiment's external walls. Later in 2015, Borexino also yielded the best available limit to the lifetime of the electron (via e−→γ+ν decay), providing the most stringent confirmation of charge conservation to date.

Detecting Solar Neutrinos
The Sun is a large producer of neutrinos from a variety of different fusion mechanisms like pp and CNO being the two most dominant neutrino production mechanisms and have had extensive research done at Borexino. Due to the property of neutrinos to avoid interactions, it allows them to act as messenger particles, giving insight to the inner workings of nuclear fusion in the Sun's core. In order to detect these solar neutrinos, they must first interact with the free electrons within the liquid scintillator via electron-neutrino elastic scattering (). Although the flux of incident neutrinos is high (), the cross section of interactions is significantly smaller which results in an interaction rate of only several dozen counts per day. Through this interaction, the neutrino deposits some of its energy to the electron, potentially exciting it. When the electron drops down to the ground state, it emits a photon and has some recoil with an associated recoil energy. The recoil of the energy of the electron is a spectrum with a maximum energy given by:

From conservation of energy, it is possible to resolve the energy of the incident neutrino to then distinguish between pp and CNO neutrinos by analyzing the resulting energy spectrum.

pp neutrinos
The pp production process, in which hydrogen is fused into helium, is the primary source of energy production in the Sun (as well as other stars similar to the Sun that tend to be burn cooler and are smaller in size) as well as  the dominant source of neutrinos, specifically electron neutrinos ().  The first direct detection of pp neutrinos was done by Borexino throughout the second phase of data collection, spanning from early 2012 to May 2013.

CNO neutrinos
Neutrinos originating from the CNO process are identified from the energy spectrum that is observed, characterized by a very broad energy distribution, ranging from 0 to 1740 keV as seen in the figure on the right. The detection of these particles directly gives insight into the metallicity of the Sun's core, as the CNO neutrino flux is dependent on the abundance of heavier elements (anything heavier than 4He). It is also believed that CNO is the dominant fusion process in stars greater than . In order to confidently identify CNO neutrino counts, it is necessary to muffle the counts from 210Bi (whose decay closely resembles the energy spectrum of CNO neutrinos) by imposing a "muon-positron-neutron three-fold coincidence" condition.

In 2017, Borexino provided the first wideband spectroscopic measurement of the solar ν spectrum, featuring the simultaneous and most precise measurements available of the 7Be, pep and pp neutrino fluxes, furthermore extracted from a single extended energy window (190-2930 keV). These measurements reached a precision of up to 2.7% (in the case of the beryllium solar neutrinos) and established a 5σ confirmation of the presence of pep neutrinos. The limit on the long sought-after CNO neutrinos was kept at the same significance level as in previous Borexino results, which hold the best limit so far, but with weaker assumptions, making the result more robust. Much enlarged statistics thanks to the extra years of exposure, as well as renewed analysis techniques and MonteCarlo state-of-the-art simulations of the whole detector and its physical processes were instrumental in this result. Additionally, an updated observation of 8B neutrinos was published with Phase I and II data (2008-2016), improving precision to around twice that of the previous measurement of this solar component, and hinting at a slight favoring of the high-metallicity SSMs with the available solar neutrino data. An improvement in the sensitivity to the seasonal modulation of the solar neutrino signal was also reported in 2017. That same year, the best direct-observation limit available for the neutrino magnetic moment was established by Borexino too. A neutrino signal related to the GW150914, GW151226 and GW170104 gravitational wave observations was rejected to within Borexino's sensitivity, as expected.

In 2020 Borexino detected the first deep solar core CNO Neutrinos.

Detecting geoneutrinos
It is also possible to study the interior composition of the Earth through detection of geoneutrinos produced by beta decays of radioactive elements present in the crust. Some elements of interest include 238U, 232Th and 40K because of their abundance in rocks and their half-life is comparable to the life of a planet on the scale of billions of years, which leads to heating of the Earth's surface via radiogenic heating.

When such elements emit antineutrino particles through beta minus decay, it interacts with atomic protons in the scintillator, which then produces a positron and a neutron ( +p→e++n). The positron eventually decays into two 0.511 MeV photons. The neutron, the other product from the antineutrino-proton reaction, gets captured by a proton via the neutron-capture process which releases a 2.22 MeV photon because of de-excitation. The PMT's are able to detect these flashes of light and in combination, these two signals appear as a coincidence detection (from positron decay and neutron capture) with some delay between them, making it possible to discriminate against many background signals, such as muon interactions, yielding high resolution data. The Borexino collaboration states that the main source of residual background comes from electron neutrinos produced by European nuclear reactors.

As seen from the neutrino spectrum, the blue peaks represent those antineutrinos that come from the Earth's interior. It is seen that only two peaks appear which correspond to 238U (second small peak) and 232Th (first large peak) and there is no presence of antineutrinos that originate from the beta decay of 40K. This is due to the energy threshold of the Borexino detector which is 1.806 MeV, being too high to trigger detection of those antineutrinos produced by the decay of 40K at 1.32 MeV. From this graph, it is also possible to determine the abundances of each element present in the crust by simply extrapolating how many events occur at which energies. Based on the data in this case, it was possible to determine the flux of antineutrinos from 238U and 232Th as  and  respectively.

Other background discrimination techniques
To get a spectrum of the various sources of background neutrinos several precautions are taken in the experimental design and data analysis, in addition to utilizing coincidence detection techniques. Firstly, to reduce detection of background altogether, the nylon casing is intended to block background signals from the decay of 222Rn and other products in its decay chain that are present in trace amounts within the experiment's materials left over from the production process.  The outgassing of these radioactive isotopes, and their subsequent beta decay, would trigger a false detection of a solar neutrino.

It was observed that temperature fluctuations from seasonal variability and human activity created convection inside the scintillator chamber, which ultimately changed the rate of outgassing of 210Po in an unpredictable manner. To alleviate this, thermal insolation was wrapped around the detector in late 2015 to better maintain a steady internal temperature. Furthermore, in early 2016, a temperature control system was installed underneath the main housing in contact with the rock that would remain at cold temperatures. This would act as a heat sink, removing heat energy in and around the detector, further reducing temperature variability.

SOX project

The SOX experiment aimed at the complete confirmation or at a clear disproof of the so-called neutrino anomalies, a set of circumstantial evidences of electron neutrino disappearance observed at LSND, MiniBooNE, with nuclear reactors and with solar neutrino Gallium detectors (GALLEX/GNO, SAGE). If successful, SOX would demonstrate the existence of sterile neutrino components and open a brand new era in fundamental particle physics and cosmology. A solid signal would mean the discovery of the first particles beyond the Standard Electroweak Model and would have profound implications in our understanding of the Universe and of fundamental particle physics. In case of a negative result, it would be able to close a long-standing debate about the reality of the neutrino anomalies, would probe the existence of new physics in low energy neutrino interactions, would provide a measurement of neutrino magnetic moment, Weinberg angle and other basic physical parameters; and would yield a superb energy calibration for Borexino which will be very beneficial for future high-precision solar neutrino measurements.

SOX was envisioned to use a powerful (≈150 kCi) and innovative antineutrino generator made of Ce-144/Pr-144 and possibly a later Cr-51 neutrino generator, which would require a much shorter data-taking campaign. These generators would be located at short distance (8.5 m) from the Borexino detector -under it, in fact: in a pit built ex-profeso before the detector was erected, with the idea it could be used for the insertion of such radioactive sources- and would yield tens of thousands of clean neutrino interactions in the internal volume of the Borexino detector. A high precision (<1% uncertainty) twin-calorimetry campaign would be carried out before deployment in the pit, at the end of data-taking and possibly at some point during the experimental run, in order to provide an independent precise measurement of the source's activity, in order to accomplish a low-uncertainty rate analysis. Shape analyses for the source's antineutrino signal have also been developed in order to increase the experiment's sensitivity, covering the whole high-significance "anomaly" phase space that is still left where light sterile neutrinos could lie in.

SOX cancelled
The experiment was expected to start in the first half of 2018 and take data for about two years. In October 2017, an end-to-end "blank" (without radioactive material) transport test was carried out successfully at the Borexino site in LNGS, in order to clear out final regulatory permissions for the start of the experiment, ahead of the arrival of the source. The cerium oxide (ceria, or CeO2) source for CeSOX's antineutrino generator had to be manufactured by Mayak PA, but technical problems during the fabrication were disclosed in late 2017. These problems meant the generator would not be able to provide the necessary amount of antineutrinos, by a factor of 3, and prompted a review of the project and its eventual starting date. By early February 2018, the CeSOX project was officially cancelled by CEA and INFN due to the radioactive source production problem, and Borexino's 2018-19 goals were reoriented toward achieving higher detector stability and, with it, increased radiopurity, in order to push for higher precision solar neutrino results, with special emphasis on CNO neutrinos.

References

External links

Official website
Borexino Genova homepage
Record for Borexino experiment on INSPIRE-HEP

Neutrino observatories
Research institutes in Italy
Particle experiments


"Paying It Forward" is a science fiction short story by American writer Michael A. Burstein, published in 2003. It was nominated for the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story. It may be confused with the novel Pay it Forward by Catherine Ryan Hyde. And the term Paying it Forward is used in her book

Plot summary
The story is told from an unnamed narrator's point of view, who describes his relationship with a famous science fiction author via a series of email correspondences. The strange thing is that the correspondences don't begin until after the author's death. Throughout many years the narrator receives great wisdom from the deceased author, only learning the truth when he himself is about to die.

References

External links

American short stories
Science fiction short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
2003 short stories


Mariatrost (, from Maria ‘Mary’ + Trost ‘comfort’) is the 11th district of the Austrian city of Graz. It has a population of 9,082 and an area of .

The Mariatrost Basilica, a famous pilgrimage site, is situated within the district, as is the Graz Tramway Museum.

References

Districts of Graz


Nyangatom (also Inyangatom, Donyiro, Dongiro, Idongiro) is a Nilotic language spoken in Ethiopia by the Nyangatom people. It is an oral language only, having no working orthography at present. Related languages include Toposa and Turkana, both of which have a level of mutual intelligibility; Blench (2012) counts it as a dialect of Turkana.

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Vowel length is contrastive in Nyangatom, as in dʒík 'completely' vs. dʒíík 'always'
Before a pause, short vowels carrying a single, simple tone are devoiced.

Bibliography
Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2007. "Ñaŋatom language" in Siegbert Uhlig (ed.) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 1131–1132.

References

Languages of Ethiopia
Eastern Nilotic languages


Carcrash International was an English post-punk band associated with the Batcave scene, formed by Dave Roberts (aka Dave Sex Gang), original bass player of Sex Gang Children, who used the name for two projects.

History
The band made their initial appearance in 1983 on the compilation album The Whip with the title track "The Whip" (credited to Dave Sex Gang). The song was performed by Roberts on vocals and guitar, drummer Matthew Best (later of Psychic TV) and guitarist Lester Jones (formerly of Crisis). The record also featured a song by Best called "32nd Piano Concerto in A Minor".

Later the same year, a new version of "The Whip" was released as a single (credited to Carcrash International), which included another track, "The White Hotel", along with two mixes of the title track. The band had then expanded to include violinist Pip Knapp and a second drummer, Roberts' Sex Gang bandmate Nigel Preston (formerly of Theatre of Hate, and later of Death Cult, the Cult,  the Baby Snakes and the Gun Club).

A second 12" single, "All Passion Spent", was released in 1984, backed by "Dial First... (P.O.A.)". For this release, the band was a trio consisting of Roberts, Best and new guitarist Stephanie Paynes.

Roberts assembled an all-new Carcrash International lineup for 1985 12" single "Crash", which was backed by "Mercenaries for War" (a John Cale cover) and "Seduction".

In 1993, the recently established Cleopatra Records label re-released an expanded version of The Whip compilation featuring both the title track and "The Whip II". A UK edition issued by Jungle Records also credited "32nd Piano Concerto in A Minor" to Carcrash International.

Following the Whip reissue and 1992 Sex Gang Children reunion, Roberts also formed a new darker, more gothic rock-oriented version of the band, releasing Carcrash International's sole ful-length studio album, Fragments of a Journey in Hell in 1993 on Cleopatra. Among the session musicians appearing on the album were Matt Green (ex-Spahn Ranch) on keyboards, and Nicky Garratt (ex-U.K. Subs) and Colin Dminchin on guitar. Also playing on the album were two former Christian Death members, guitarist Barry Galvin and drummer David Glass, both then of Mephisto Walz). The release was followed by a promotional concert in San Francisco in 1994, by a lineup consisting of Roberts on bass, Ian Haas (original drummer of London After Midnight on drums and D.A. on guitar). Carcrash International disbanded the following year.

Discography

Studio albums
Fragments of a Journey in Hell (1994, Cleopatra Records)

Singles
"The Title Track From 'The Whip'" (1983, Crammed Discs)
"All Passion Spent" (1984, Crammed Discs)
"Crash" (1985, L'Invitation Au Suicide)

Compilation appearances
"The Whip" (as Dave Sex Gang) on The Whip (1983, Kamera Records)
"The Whip" and "The Whip II" on The Whip (1993, Cleopatra Records)
"The Whip", "The Whip II" and "32nd Piano Concerto in A Minor" on The Whip (1993, Jungle Records)
"Last Remains" on In Goth Daze (1994, Cleopatra Records)
"Decades" on Art of Gothic (1994, Talitha Records)

References

External links
 Carcrash International discography
 Official myspace

English post-punk music groups
Musical groups from London
English gothic rock groups
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1983 establishments in England
1995 disestablishments in England


Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura is a skin condition result from a low platelet count due to drug-induced anti-platelet antibodies caused by drugs such as heparin, sulfonamines, digoxin, quinine, and quinidine.

See also
 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
 Skin lesion

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions
Drug-induced diseases


Mantecadas are spongy pastries originating in Spain. Perhaps the best known mantecadas are from Northwestern Spain, being a traditional product of the city of Astorga, province of León, as well as the nearby Maragateria comarca. They taste very much like pound cake.

Other Spanish regions also prepare mantecadas. There is a factory producing mantecadas in Sardón de Duero, Valladolid Province and another in Maliaño, Cantabria. The Casa Salinas bakery in Tudela, Navarre, reputed for its excellent mantecadas, closed down in January 2011.

Mantecadas are baked in square or rectangular box-shaped paper "cajillas" instead of in the typical muffin round paper cups. The mantecada leaves a characteristic cross-shaped silhouette on the paper when it is removed. In the Alt Maestrat comarca the mantecada square paper cups are known as "caixetes".

There is a type of cake known as mantecada in Colombia and Venezuela where the whole is cut into pieces after baking. Certain brands commercialize packed mini-mantecadas in Mexico and Latin America.
Mantecadas should not be confused with mantecados, a much denser, non spongy very different type of pastry.

Mantecadas de Astorga
The most famous Mantecadas are the ones prepared in Astorga town under the name Mantecadas de Astorga. Their ingredients are eggs, flour, butter and sugar. Butter is essential in the preparation and differentiates the mantecadas de Astorga from average bizcocho or magdalenas (muffins).
They are a protected product as per Geographical indication in the European Union.

See also
 List of quick breads
 Madeleine (cake)

References

External links

Other type of Mantecadas (not of Astorga) recipe
Mantecada con amor. Colombia style

Spanish pastries
Castilian-Leonese cuisine
Quick breads
Sweet breads


Gösting (; from Slavic gostinca = hostel, or gozd = mountain forest) is the 13th city district of Graz, in the Austrian province of Styria. It is situated in the north-west of the city between the river Mur and the Plabutsch mountain and the range north of it on which the ruined Gösting Castle is located.

History
Before the year 1138 the village and the castle were founded by the Aribon Swiker von Gösting. About 1430 the village contained 33 farms and several craftsmen among which were two millers in the still today called miller's quarter (Müllerviertel) and am Thalbach stream.

In 1707 the castle and the fiefdom (Herrschaft) were bought by the Counts of Attems. In the 18th century the castle fell more and more into disrepair after a fire caused by a lightning strike in 1723 destroyed it almost completely.

From 1850 until 1938 Gösting was a community of its own that was governed by its community leaders and since 1919 by its mayors. Some street names still bear their names, for example Franz Weixelbaum or Josef Pock. In 1931 Gösting got the market right and in 1938 became a part of Graz. Since 1946 it has been the 13th city district of the Styrian capital Graz. To the district also belongs the settlement Raach which is located further north and which developed during the 1940s on former pasture land.

Buildings

 Gösting Castle ruins: Today only its chapel, its keep and several remains of the walls remain. In the tower a small museum and a tavern were installed. There are magnificent views from the ruins over the Graz basin and the East Styrian hill country.
 Schloss Gösting: Built for the Attems family to replace the castle in the mountains after it burnt down, this simple Baroque residence stands on the Schlossplatz at the foot of the castle mountain.
 The Plabutscherschlössel
 The Church of St. Anne is situated in the former brewery in a closed down outpost of the Puntigam brewery.

Economy, schools and traffic
 Several industrial facilities, that have settled along the freight railway station of Graz.
 Until the end of the 19th century there were vineyards on the hillsides. Until the beginning of the 21st century the Kleinoscheg sparkling wine cellars Kleinoscheg were situated here. Today only the street name Weinbergweg (vineyard way) indicates the former usage.
 Big wooden areas on the Plabutsch and Ruinenberg mountains
 The vocational school Höhere Technische Bundeslehranstalt BULME (since 1920 on today's location)
 North entrance to the Plabutsch tunnel of the Pyhrn Autobahn (opened in 1987)
 City bus lines number 40, 48, 52 and 85. From 1901 until the 1950s there was also a tram line towards the center of Graz. A railway station of the Graz - Bruck an der Mur part of the Southern Railway also existed once.
 In the district there is also a sport club called ASV Gösting. Its soccer team plays in the Styrian 1st class league.

References

External links


Moschovakis is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Anna Moschovakis, American poet, author, and translator
 Joan Moschovakis (born 1937), American logician and mathematician
 Yiannis N. Moschovakis (born 1938), American logician


East Norton is a small village and parish located in the east of Leicestershire, adjoining the A47 Leicester to Uppingham road. According to the 2001 Census, it had a population of 94 in 37 households. The population remained less than 100 at the 2011 census and details are included in the civil parish of Loddington. East Norton is situated in the Tilton Ward in the Rural East area of the Harborough District, and the Launde Electoral Division of the Leicestershire County Council. Nationally it is in the Rutland and Melton Parliamentary Constituency and the Three Cities Sub-Area of the East Midlands Region.

The village's name means 'northern farm/settlement'.

East Norton is one of the 51 Thankful Villages in England and Wales that suffered no fatalities during the Great War of 1914 to 1918.

References

External links

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Harborough District


Yes! Jesus Loves Me (subtitled Guitar Hymns) is an album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released in 1980. It was Fahey's poorest selling release.

Reception

Music critic Mark Allan praised the album, noting that "Fahey weaves a spell with his precise picking and odd tunings... if you unplug the phone, turn off the TV and give it the chance, this music might briefly remove you from your everyday existence."

From his review for the UK-based Record Collector, critic Jason Draper gave the album 4 stars, stating "... it’s a concise, stately piece of work, Fahey tapping into blues, classical and even bordering on ragtime guitar... it transcends time and spans agee... grand and full enough to fill the deepest chamber and the grandest dining room, yet intimate enough for a fireside sherry when the kids have gone to bed. If you can’t be touched by this, you can’t be touched by anything."

Reissues
 Yes! Jesus Loves Me was released combined with Gospel Nights by Maria Muldaur.
 Yes! Jesus Loves Me was reissued on CD in 2007 by Ace Records.

Track listing
 "Yes, Jesus Loves Me" (Anna B. Warner) – 1:46
 "Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus" – 1:12
 "Lord of All Hopefullness/All Through the Night" – 3:40
 "Oh Come, Oh Come Emmanuel" (John Mason Neale) – 2:37
 "Two American Folk Hymns" – 2:20
 "For All the Beauty of the Earth" – 1:37
 "St. Patrick's" – 1:51
 "Holy, Holy, Holy" – 1:58
 "Come Labor On" – 1:39
 "St. Clement's" – 1:51
 "For All the Saints" – 1:33
 "At the Name of Jesus" – 1:23
 "Come Thou Almighty King/Wild Western Hero" – 1:43
 "Praise to the Lord" – 1:43
 "Lord, I Want to Be a Christian in My Heart" – 1:52
 "Faith of Our Fathers" (Frederick William Faber) – 1:16
 "Just as I Am" (Charlotte Elliott) – 1:22
 "Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence" – 3:31
 "Jesus Christ Is Risen Today" – 2:58
 "Yes, Jesus Loves Me (Reprise)" – 0:40

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar

References

1980 albums
John Fahey (musician) albums
Takoma Records albums
Albums produced by John Fahey (musician)


This list is for trademarks of corporations and organizations which feature an actual or stylised Native American figure.
Calumet Baking Powder Company
Crazy Horse Beer
Land O'Lakes
Jacob Leinenkugel Brewing Company
Lorillard Tobacco Company
Mutual of Omaha
Natural American Spirits
Pontiac
Spur Steak Ranches

Sports teams

Washington Redskins
Cleveland Indians (Chief Wahoo)
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (Chief Illiniwek)
Chicago Blackhawks
Atlanta Braves (Chief Noc-A-Homa)
Frölunda HC
Portland Winter Hawks
Elora Mohawks
Exeter Chiefs
Florida State Seminoles
Armijo High School
North Dakota Fighting Sioux

References

Native Americans in popular culture
Native Americans


CBOL may refer to:
 the Chinese Bible Online in CBOL project by faith hope love
 the Radio station CBQT-FM
 the Consortium for the Barcode of Life


Ángel Luis Lozada Novalés (Ángel Lozada) is a Puerto Rican novelist, activist, educator and scholar.

Early life
He was born in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, in 1968.  He has a Bachelors in Sciences from George Washington University (1990) and a Masters in Science from Johns Hopkins University (1998).  He is a Ph. D. candidate at the European Graduate School.  He also engaged in graduate studies in Spanish and Portuguese Languages and Literatures at New York University under the supervision of Prof. Eduardo Subirats Rüggeberg.  He has studied creative writing with Chilean author Diamela Eltit.  He has published two novels, La Patografía and No quiero quedarme sola y vacía.

Ángel Lozada was a Jesuit from the Maryland Province (1994–1996).  He has been initiated in several African American religious traditions, and is a Palero (since 1998) and a Santero priest (since 2000), and has studied with several Palería, Ifá and Santería priests in New York City.  He is also a professional intuitive Tarot Reader, and has studied divination and the esoteric tradition with Rachel Pollack and Christine Payne-Towler.

Lozada now lives in Pittsburgh, but formerly lived in New York City.

Lozada's controversial writings focus on marginalized subjects, animalization, colonization, transculturation, the Puerto Rican Diaspora, and recently, on the relationships between writing, schizophrenia, power and culture as they are deployed via academic discourses and languages.  He has written extensively about the experiences of the Puerto Rican Gay subject within the larger context of postmodern, postindustrial American society.

Lozada is HIV-positive and has talked and written openly and explicitly about his health condition in his fiction and interviews.

Angel Lozada is currently at the PhD program in Philosophy, Art and Social Thought at the European Graduate School.

Published novels

Contribution to anthologies

Essays
 Una re-visión epistemo-lógica de la educación superior pública de Puerto Rico. Editorial Letra y Pixel, enero 23, 2011
 America the Hungry. November 24, 2010
 Principles of Puerto Rican literary beekeeping. September 26, 2010
 El partido nuevo pato-fóbico.  October 24, 2004

References

Puerto Rican novelists
Puerto Rican male writers
People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican gay writers
Puerto Rican LGBT novelists
American Santeríans
Johns Hopkins University alumni
George Washington University alumni
1968 births
Living people
Gay novelists
American male novelists


Cryoglobulinemic purpura is a skin condition characterized by purpura and occurring most frequently in multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia.

See also
 Cryoglobulinemia
 Skin lesion

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions


Maria Probst (1 July 1902 – 1 May 1967) was a German politician of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria.

Biography
Daughter of the diplomat Dr Wilhelm Mayer, Maria Probst studied German and history for her doctorate, which she earned in 1930.  She had two daughters of her own from her marriage to Dr Alphonse Probst, who was killed towards the end of the Second World War.  After the war, she worked as a teacher in Hammelburg.

She joined the Christian Social Union of Bavaria (CSU) as a member of the Bavarian Landtag (state parliament of Bavaria) in 1946.  She was a member of the Bundestag from its inception in 1949, representing the Karlstadt constituency.  From 1 October 1952 until 26 June 1953, she led the Parlamentarischen Untersuchungsausschuss zur Prüfung der unzulänglichen Einstellungen von Schwerbeschädigten bei den Bundesdienststellen (roughly, "Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry to Examine Demoralisation in Heavily Damaged Areas in the Federal Departments").  From 1957 to 1965, she was Deputy Chairman of the Bundestagsausschuss für Kriegsopfer- und Heimkehrerfragen (roughly, "Committee for Questions of War Victims and Returnees").  From 9 December 1965 until her death, she was the first woman to occupy the Vice-President's office in the Bundestag.  On 10 May 1967, the Bundestag officially mourned her.

In 1961, she was one of a number of politicians behind an unsuccessful attempt to introduce an Act on academic freedom.

From 27 February 1958 until 21 December 1965, she was also a member of the European Parliament.

Honours
On 3 July 1959, she was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit. At least ten Frankish communities appointed her an honorary citizen, and a hall, a school, a college and a senior citizens' home were named after her.

Notes

Sources
Biography
 This page was translated from :de:Maria Probst in the German Wikipedia on 25 March 2008

External links

1902 births
1967 deaths
Women members of State Parliaments in Germany
Members of the Landtag of Bavaria
MEPs for Germany 1958–1979
20th-century women MEPs for Germany
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Munich


Cryofibrinogenemic purpura is a skin condition that manifests as painful purpura with slow healing ulcerations and edema of both feet during winter months.

See also
 Cryofibrinogenemia
 Skin lesion

References

Vascular-related cutaneous conditions


Jo Ann McIntosh Zimmerman (December 24, 1936 – October 22, 2019) was an American politician who served as the 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1987 to 1991. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the first woman to serve in the office of lieutenant governor in Iowa history.

Early life
Zimmerman was born on December 24, 1936, to Russell and Hazel McIntosh, in Van Buren County, Iowa as the eldest of three children. She graduated from Keosauqua High School. Zimmerman graduated from Drake University and studied at Iowa State University. Zimmerman was a nurse and raised cattle on her family's farm.

In 1956, she married Tom Zimmerman, and had five children.

Political career

In 1982, Zimmerman won election to the Iowa House of Representatives where she advocated various health issues, and won the 1986 election for Lieutenant Governor of Iowa, separately from Governor Terry Branstad. As Lt. Governor, Zimmerman advocated for the elimination of her own office (as it was considered a figurehead position) and championed other progressive causes in her position. Zimmerman briefly entered the 1990 gubernatorial election to unseat incumbent governor Branstad, but dropped out to run on the Iowa Democratic Party ticket as Lt. Governor with Donald Avenson (who subsequently lost to Branstad). She left office in 1991.

Death
Zimmerman died of complications of pulmonary fibrosis on October 22, 2019, at the age of 82. She had been suffering from the disease for about 8 years previously.

See also
List of female lieutenant governors in the United States

References

External links

Lieutenant Governors of Iowa
Women state legislators in Iowa
Democratic Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Presidents of the Iowa Senate
Democratic Party Iowa state senators
1936 births
2019 deaths
People from Van Buren County, Iowa
American nurses
American women nurses
Farmers from Iowa
Drake University alumni
Iowa State University alumni
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
21st-century American women


Cryofibrinogenemia refers to a condition classified as a fibrinogen disorder in which a person's blood plasma is allowed to cool substantially (i.e. from its normal temperature of 37 °C to the near-freezing temperature of 4 °C), causing the (reversible) precipitation of a complex containing fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, and, occasionally, small amounts of fibrin split products, albumin, immunoglobulins and other plasma proteins.

Return of plasma to more normal temperature resolubilizes the precipitate.
Cryofibrinogenemia may occur in individuals that have no obvious evidence of precipitate-induced tissue damage (asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia), or in consequence of cryofibrinogen precipitation resulting in blood clots in small and medium size arteries and veins.

When occurring in association with another causal disease, cryofibrinogenemic disease is referred as secondary cryofibrinogenemia; in the absence of such an association, it is referred to as primary cryofibrinogenemia.

Cryofibrinogen precipitation

The reasons for the cold temperature-induced in vitro as well as the in vivo precipitation of the fibrinogen-containing complex is unknown. The fibrinogen involved in precipitate formation appears to have a normal structure. This separates cryofibrinogenemia from two pathological blood-clotting/bleeding diseases that can mimic cryofibrinogenemia but are due to structurally abnormal fibrinogen viz., dysfibrinogenemia and hypodysfibrinogenemia. Based on in vitro studies, three causes have been hypothesized for the precipitate formed in cryofibrinogenemia. 1) The blood and plasma of individuals with cryofibrinogenemia lack the fibrinolysis activity that normally degrades and thereby resolubilizes the precipitate. This hypothesis is based on the findings that some but not all individuals with the disorder have abnormally high levels of one or two of the agents, alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2-Macroglobulin, which inhibit the naturally occurring fibrinolytic agent, plasmin. 2) The blood of individuals has an increased ability of the pro-coagulant thrombin to bind fibrinogen and thereby promote coagulation. 3) The blood of individuals, particularly those with cryofibriognemic disease associated with other severe disorders, has high levels of immunological elements such as immunoglobulins or immune complexes that interact with fibronectin to promote blood clotting. This hypothesis is based on findings that some patients with cyrofibrinogenemic disease improve when treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Further basic research into this area is required.

Asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia
The occurrence of cryofibrinogenemia as defined by a 4 °C-induced formation of fibrinogen-based precipitation in plasma occurs in 2% to 9% of asymptomatic individuals and 8% to 13% of hospitalized patients without symptoms attributable to this precipitation. Most of these cases have relatively low levels of cold temperature-induced fibrinogen precipitate levels (<50 milligram/liter of fibrinogen) and do not have a disorder associated with the development of cryofibrinogenemia.

Associated disorders
Cryoglobulinemia may occur without evidence of an underlying associated disorders, i.e. primary cryoglobulinemia (also termed essential cryoglobulinemia) or, far more commonly, with evidence of an underlying disease, i.e. secondary cryoglobulinemia. Secondary cryofibrinogenemia can develop in individuals with infection (~12% of cases), malignant or premalignant disorders (21%), vasculitis (25%), and autoimmune diseases (42%). In these cases of the secondary disorder, cryofibrinogenemia may or may not cause tissue injury and/or other symptoms and the actual cause-effect relationship between these diseases and the development of cryofibrinogenemia is unclear. Cryofibrinogenemia can also occur in association with the intake of certain drugs.

Infection-associated cryofibrinogenemia
Acute bacterial and mycobacterium infections are sometimes associated with cryofibrinogenemia. In these cases, cryofibrinogenemia is usually transient and rapidly resolves after appropriate anti-bacterial treatment. In HIV/AIDS virus, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis virus infections any rise in circulating cryofibrinogen is more sustained and potentially symptomatic. For example, one large study of the most thoroughly study example of viral infection-associated cryofibrinogenemia, Hepatitis C infection, found that cryofibrinogenemia occurred in 37% of cases, was associated with concurrent cryoglobulinemia in 89% of cases, and led to significantly increased vascular disruption. Antiviral therapy resulted in complete resolution of the cryofibrinogenemia in only ~50% of these cases.

Malignancy-associated cryofibrinogenemia
Lymphoproliferative disorders such as B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and various plasma cell dyscrasias (e.g. multiple myeloma, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, and the premalignant precursors to these two diseases, MGUS, smoldering multiple myeloma, IgM MGUS, and smoldering Waldenström's macroglobulinemia as well as adenocarcinomas of the stomach, liver, lung, colon, and other solid tumor cancers have been reported to be associated with symptomatic or asymptomatic cryofibrinogenemia.

Vasculitis-associated cryofibrinogenemia
Cryofibrinogenemia is often associated with inflammatory disease of the arteries and/or veins. These vasculitis-associated diseases include ANCA-associated vasculitides, giant cell arteritis, Behcet disease, polyarteritis nodosa, and Henoch–Schonlein purpura. Cryofibrinogenemia is also often associated with the inflammatory vasculitis that accompanies mixed Cryoglobulinemia#Classification, i.e. cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, particularly but not exclusively in instances where hepatitis C virus is an underlining disease.

Autoimmune disease-associated cryofibrinogenemia
A broad range of autoimmune diseases have been reported to be associated with cryofibrinogenemia. These diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, systemic sclerosis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, Hashimoto disease, Graves' disease, sarcoidosis, pyoderma gangrenosum, spondyloarthropathy, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.

Cryofibrinogenemic disease

Symptoms and signs
Cryofibrinogenemic disease commonly begins in adults aged 40–50 years old with symptoms of the diseases occurring in the almost always affected organ, skin. Cutaneous symptoms include one or more of the following: cold contact-induced urticarial (which may be the first sign of the disease); painful episodes of finger and/or toe arterial spasms termed Raynaud phenomena; cyanosis, a palpable purpura termed cryofibrinogenemic purpura), and a lace-like purplish discoloration termed livedo reticularis all of which occur primarily in the lower extremities but some of which may occur in the nose, ears, and buttocks; non-healing painful ulcerations and gangrene of the areas impacted by the cited symptoms. Patients also have a history of cold sensitivity (~25% of cases), arthralgia (14–58%), neuritis (7–19%), myalgia (0–14%); and overt thrombosis of arteries and veins (25–40%) which may on rare occasions involve major arteries such of those of the brain and kidney. Signs of renal involvement (proteinuria, hematuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and/or, rarely, renal failure) occur in 4 to 25% of cases. Compared to secondary cryofibrinogemia, primary cryofibrinogenemia has a higher incidence of cutaneous lesions, arthralgia, and cold sensitivity while having a far lower incidence of renal involvement. Patients with secondary cryofibrinogenemia also exhibit signs and symptoms specific to the infectious, malignant, premalignant vasculitis, and autoimmune disorders associated with their disease. While rare, individuals with cryofibrinogenemic disease may experience pathological bleeding due to the consumption of blood clotting factors consequential to the formation of cryofibrinogen precipitates.

Diagnosis
Suggested diagnostic criteria for cryoglobulinemic disease fall into the following obligatory and additional categories:
 Obligatory criteria: 1) cold sensitivity; 2) cutaneous symptoms (i.e. urticaria, purpura, Raynaud phenomenon, ulceration/necrosis/gangrene, and/or livedo reticularis); 3) arterial and/or venous thrombotic events; fever; 4) arthralgia/myalgia; 5) neuritis in >1 site; and 6) renal disorder.
 Additional criteria: 1) typical biopsy findings at site(s) of involvement and 2) angiogram evidence of occlusion in one or more small to medium-sized arteries.

The diagnosis of secondary cryofibrinogenemia also requires evidence for the cited infectious, malignant, premalignant vasculitis, and autoimmune disorders while the diagnosis of primary cryofibrinogenemia requires a lack of evidence for 1) the cited associated disorders, 2) other vascular occlusive diseases, and 3) cryoglobulinemia.

Treatment
Studies on the treatment of cryofibrinoginemic disease have involved relatively few patients, are limited primarily to case reports, and differ based on whether the disease is primary or secondary. In all cases of cryofibrinogenemic disease, however, patients should avoid the exposure of affected body parts to cold weather or other environmental triggers of symptoms and avoid using cigarettes or other tobacco products. In severe cases, these individuals also risk developing serious thrombotic events which lead to tissue necrosis that may result in secondary bacterial infections and require intensive antimicrobial therapy and/or amputations. Careful treatment of these developments is required.

Primary cryofibrinogenemic disease
Success in treating the primary disease has been reported using blood clot lysing agents such as anabolic steroids (e.g. danazol or stanozolol which is no longer available in the United States), streptokinase, and streptodornase; anticoagulants such as heparin and warfarin, and immunosuppressive drug regimens such as a corticosteroid (e.g. prednisone) combined with either azathioprine of chlorambucil. Very moderate cases may do well by simply avoiding cold exposure. Treatment with a corticosteroid plus low-dose aspirin followed by maintenance therapy with an anabolic steroid where necessary are recommended for moderately severe cases. Very severe cases generally require an immunosuppressive drug regimen and if extreme or life-threatening require resorting to plasmaphoresis or plasma exchange. Cryofiltration apheresis, a method to remove plasma agents by removing cold-induced precipitated material, may be an effective alternative to plasmaphoresis and plasma exchange but is still regarded as second-line therapy for cryofibirnogenemic disease treatment.

During the several years following its initial diagnosis, some 27 to 47% of primary cryofibrinoginemic diseases are complicated by the development of a B-cell or T-cell lymphoma. That is, the cryofibrinoginemic disease may appear to precede by years the malignant disorder to which it is associated. Accordingly, patients require careful follow-up not only to treat their primary cryofibrinoginemic disease but also to monitor them for movement to the diagnosis of secondary cryofibrinoginemic disease caused by the development of one of these hematological malignancies.

Secondary cryofibrinogenemic disease
Treatment of secondary cryofibrinoginemic disease may use the same methods used for treating the primary disease wherever necessary but focus on treating the associated infectious, malignant, premalignant, vasculitis, or autoimmune disorder with the methods prescribed for the associated disorder. Case report studies suggest that: corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drug regimens, antimicrobial therapy, and anti-neoplastic regimens can be effective treatments for controlling the cryofibrinogenemic disease in cases associated respectively with autoimmune, infectious, and premalignant/malignant disorders.

Prognosis
While the prognosis of cryofibrinoginemic disease varies greatly depending on its severity as well as the severity of its associated disorders, satisfactory clinical outcomes are reported in 50 to 80% of patients with primary or secondary disease treated with corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive regimens. However, relapses occur within the first 6 months after stopping or decreasing therapy in 40 to 76% of cases. Sepsis resulting from infection of necrotic tissue is the most common threat to life in primary disease whereas the associated disorder is a critical determinant of prognosis in secondary disease.

See also
 Cryofibrinogenemic purpura
 Cryoglobulinemia
 Dysfibrinogenemia
 Hypodysfibrinogenemia

References

Further reading

External links

Immune system disorders


Dave Roberts is a British musician, known for being the original bassist of the UK gothic rock band Sex Gang Children during the Batcave era of the early 1980s, recording under the name "Dave Sex Gang". He left the band in 1983 following the release of their first studio album, Song and Legend, and formed the group Carcrash International, releasing several singles in the 1983–1985 period.

After emigrating to the US, he participated (as guitarist) in a Sex Gang reunion in 1991–1992, and performed on their 1993 album Medea, released on the recently formed Cleopatra Records label.

He settled in Hollywood in 1993 and formed a new version of Carcrash International with various musicians who were also affiliated with Cleopatra Records. The band released their debut full-length album Fragments of a Journey in Hell in 1994, promoted by a concert in San Francisco with a lineup that also featured drummer Ian Haas, the original drummer of London After Midnight. Carcrash International disbanded the following year.

Roberts later emigrated to Australia, where he taught guitar in the Victorian gold mining town of Ballarat in Victoria.

Discography

Sex Gang Children

Albums
Song and Legend - 1983
Medea - 1993

EPs
Beasts - 1982
"Sebastiane" - 1983

Singles
"Into the Abyss" - 1982
"Song and Legend" - 1983
"Mauritia Mayer" - 1983

Live
Naked – 1982
Live - 1983
Ecstasy and Vendetta Over New York - 1984  )
Nightland - 1986
Play with Children - 1992

Carcrash International

Albums
Fragments of a Journey in Hell - 1994

Singles
"The Title Track From 'The Whip'" – 1983
"All Passion Spent" - 1984
"Crash!" - 1985

Compilations
Compilation Trax - 2002

References

British male singers
Gothic rock musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)