Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention, also known as oxygen reduction system (ORS), is an active fire protection technique based on a permanent reduction of the oxygen concentration in the protected rooms. Unlike traditional fire suppression systems that usually extinguish fire after it is detected, hypoxic air is able to prevent fire.

Description
In a volume protected by hypoxic air, a normobaric hypoxic atmosphere is continuously retained:  hypoxic means that the partial pressure of the oxygen is lower than at the sea level, normobaric means that the barometric pressure is equal to the barometric pressure at the sea level. Usually 1/4 to 1/2 of the oxygen contained in the air (that is, 5 to 10% of the air) is replaced by the same amount of nitrogen: as a consequence a hypoxic atmosphere containing around 15 Vol% of oxygen and 85 Vol% of nitrogen is created. In a normobaric hypoxic environment, common materials cannot ignite or burn when exposed to a localized small scale ignition source. A reduction of the oxygen level to 15% does not achieve conditions where a fire cannot occur or is extinguished. However, it reduces the probability of a fire occurring by increasing the ignition energy needed, and there are also indications of increased ignition times.

Design and operation

Air with a reduced oxygen content is injected to the protected volumes to lower the oxygen concentration until the desired oxygen concentration is reached. Then, because of air infiltration,  the oxygen concentration inside the protected volumes rises: when it exceeds a certain threshold, low-oxygen air is again injected to the protected volumes until the desired oxygen concentration is reached. Oxygen sensors  are installed in the protected volumes to continuously monitor the oxygen concentration.

The exact oxygen level to retain in the protected volumes is determined after a careful assessment of materials, configurations, and hazards. Tables list ignition-limiting oxygen thresholds for some materials. Alternatively, the ignition-limiting threshold is determined by performing a proper ignition test described in BSI PAS 95:2011 Hypoxic air fire prevention systems specification.

Smoke detectors are installed in protected volumes because, similar to gas suppression systems,  hypoxic air does not prevent smoldering and pyrolyzing processes.

Air with low oxygen concentration is produced by hypoxic air generators, also known as air splitting units. There are three different types of hypoxic air generators: membrane-based, PSA-based, and VSA-based. VSA-based hypoxic air generators usually have a lower energy consumption compared to PSA-based and membrane-based generators. Hypoxic air generators can be located inside or outside the protected rooms. Hypoxic air systems can be integrated with the building management system and can include  systems to recover the heat generated by the hypoxic air generator that, would otherwise be wasted.

Air with low oxygen concentration is transported to the protected volumes through dedicated pipes or, more simply, via an existing ventilation system. In the latter case, dedicated pipes or ducts are not required.

Combined use of hypoxic air for fire prevention

Hypoxic air fire prevention systems can also be used for purposes other than fire prevention, for example:

 High altitude training
 Health
 Preserving artifacts and objects from degradation or oxidation
 Preserving food from deterioration, commonly known as modified atmosphere packaging.

Combining fire prevention, indoor climate and reduction of artefacts/food degradation is a completely new approach for a fire safety system.

Applications

The benefits of preventing a fire instead of suppressing it makes hypoxic air suitable for applications where a fire would cause unacceptable damage.  Unlike traditional fire-suppression systems, dedicated pipes or nozzles are not required.

Hypoxic air for fire prevention are used in:
 Data centers / ICT facilities
 Storage of high value items
 Archives
 Freezer and cold storage
 Large warehouses
 Paper mills
 Heritage applications
 Telecom
 Electrical substation
 Utilities
 Document Storage
 High-bay Warehouses

The reduction of artifact degradation and food deterioration is a plus for applications like food warehouses, storage and archives.

Effects on health

Fire-prevention systems which result in the oxygen content being less than 19.5% are not permitted for occupied spaces without providing employees supplemental respirators by federal regulation (OSHA) in the United States.

However, hypoxic air is considered by some to be safe to breathe for most people. Medical studies have been undertaken on this topic.
Angerer and Novak's conclusion is that “working environments with low oxygen concentrations to a minimum of 13% and normal barometric pressure do not impose a health hazard, provided that precautions are observed, comprising medical examinations and limitation of exposure time.” Küpper et al. say that oxygen concentration between 17.0 and 14.8% does not cause any risk for healthy people by hypoxia. It also does not cause risks for people with chronic diseases of moderate severity. The ability for strenuous work is reduced as the concentration decreases with the time that exertion can be sustained becoming very low below these levels, below around 17% it may be necessary to take breaks outside the environment if more than 6 hours is to be spent inside, especially if any physical exertion is performed

Pressurized aircraft cabins are typically maintained at 75 kPa, the pressure found at  altitude, resulting in an oxygen partial pressure of about 16 kPa, which is the same as a 15% oxygen concentration in a hypoxic-air application at sea-level pressure.  However, passengers are sedentary and crew members have immediate access to supplemental oxygen.

Hypoxic air is to be considered clean air and not contaminated air when assessing oxygen depletion hazards.

Information relating access to the protected areas i.e. oxygen-reduced atmosphere are illustrated:

 AI, Arbeitsinspektorat;
 SUVA, Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt;
 DGUV, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung;
 UIAA, Medical commission of Union Internationale Des Associations D’Alpinisme.

Applicable standards and guidelines, system verification

 UL 67377 Oxygen Reduction Fire Prevention System Units
 BSI PAS 95:2011 - Hypoxic air fire prevention systems. Specification
 VdS 3527en:2007 - Inerting and Oxygen Reduction Systems, Planning and Installation
 Austrian Standards International
 ÖNORM F 3073: Planning, engineering, assembly, commissioning and servicing of oxygen reduction systems
 ÖNORM F 3007: Oxygen reduction system
 ÖNORM F 3008: Oxygen reduction system - CIE UNIT control unit
TRVB S 155: Engineering, installation and operation requirements for oxygen reduction systems using nitrogen in buildings from a fire prevention technology standpoint
 EN 16750:2017 Fixed firefighting systems — Oxygen reduction systems — Design, installation, planning and maintenance
 ISO 20338:2019 Oxygen reduction systems for fire prevention — Design, installation, planning and maintenance

Inspection body accreditation criteria are established according to ISO/IEC 17010 for third party verification of hypoxic air fire prevention system conformance to BSI PAS 95:2011 and VdS 3527en:2007

See also
 Inerting system
 Tank blanketing

References

Active fire protection
Safety equipment
Fire suppression
Industrial gases


Animal digest is a common ingredient used in pet foods.  As defined by the Association of American Feed Control Officials, digest is produced by the chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean animal tissue that has not undergone decomposition. These animal tissues may not include hair, horns, teeth, hooves, or feathers, with the exclusion of trace amounts that are unavoidable even after acceptable processing methods.

According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a digest is an additive that has been treated with heat, enzymes, or also acids to produce a concentrated product intended as a natural flavoring. Pet food may legally be labelled as "Chicken Flavored" regardless of the percentage of chicken-derived product it contains, so long as the chicken flavoring is deemed "perceptible."

If a product is labeled as "flavored" by a certain type of meat, the digest it contains must have been produced from tissues pertaining to the listed animal species. Chicken flavored food must be flavored with chicken digest.

References

Pet foods
Meat industry


Marc Chandler (born July 23, 1961) is a foreign exchange market analyst, writer, speaker, and professor. On August 19, 2009, Bloomberg L.P. published Chandler's first book, Making Sense of the Dollar.

Media presence
Chandler is a frequent guest on CNBC, Bloomberg Television, FOX Business, Business News Network, and Nightly Business Report where he provides his insights on the global capital markets.

Chandler has been published in the Financial Times, Foreign Affairs, Barrons, The Nation, Euromoney Institutional Investor, and Corporate Finance. He is regularly published by Seeking Alpha and TheStreet.com.

Chandler also writes daily in his blog "Marc to Market", and is called upon for many in-person speaking engagements.

Book publications
Chandler's first book Making Sense of the Dollar was published in August 2009. In February 2017, Chandler's second book, Political Economy of Tomorrow was published.

Views
In 2007 Chandler began advocating the dollar and has maintained that viewpoint throughout the crisis.

His new book picks up a theme presented in the first book and develops it at length.  Drawing on the work of Charles Conant, a late 19th century/early 20th century journalist and strategic adviser to senior government official, Chandler suggests that the biggest challenge of the market economy comes from its successes (not it failures) and these cannot be simply reformed away.  Capitalism produces more wealth than it can absorb.  The surplus generates instability and forces social relationships to change in order to accommodate the surplus.

Education and career
Chandler attended North Central College for undergraduate studies and holds Master's Degrees from Northern Illinois University and University of Pittsburgh in American History and International Political Economy.

Between 2005 and 2018, Chandler was the head of Global Currency Strategy at Brown Brothers Harriman, before which he was head of Global Currency Strategy at HSBC and BNY Mellon. He joined Bannockburn Global Forex in October 2018 as Managing Partner and Chief Market Strategist.

Personal life
He resides in Manhattan with his wife and son. He is a lifelong Chicago Cubs fan.

Honors and awards
Chandler is a professor at the New York University School of Professional Studies, where he received the Excellence in Teaching Award in 2009. He is an Honorary Fellow at the Foreign Policy Association.

References

External links
 "Marc to Market". Chandler's blog.

University of Pittsburgh alumni
North Central College alumni
1961 births
Living people


La Foz is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Morcín, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The Ethnographic Museum of Dairy is located in the parish.

Demography

Villages

References

Parishes in Morcin


Renee Peck (born June Renee Brandt) is an American writer, best known for her weekly column in The Times-Picayune titled "This Mold House." Peck spent three-plus decades working as a feature editor and reporter for The New Orleans Times-Picayune, covering everything from food to TV to home and garden.

Early life

Peck was born on December 22, 1953, in Houston, Texas. At the age of 3, she moved to DeRidder, Louisiana, where her mother June West Brandt was from. Peck's family owned the national chain West Brothers, which was started by her grandfather W.D. West. Peck attended highschool at The Hockaday School in Dallas, Texas, where she graduated in 1971. She graduated magna cum laude from Kenyon College with a degree in English literature in 1975, where she was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. While attending Kenyon, she worked for the Kenyon Collegian. She met her husband, Stewart F. Peck, attorney at Lugenbuhl, Wheaton, Peck, Rankin, & Hubbard lawla.com while attending Kenyon.

Early career

Upon graduation from Kenyon, Peck moved to New Orleans, La., where she took a job as a curatorial assistant for The Historic New Orleans Collection, a regional history museum and research archive on Royal Street in the French Quarter.

In 1977, she was hired as the food editor for The States-Item, the afternoon daily newspaper in New Orleans. When The States-Item merged with The Times-Picayune in 1980, she was retained as food editor of the new, larger paper.

In a 32-year career as a feature editor and writer at The Times-Picayune, Peck worked in a variety of capacities: as an associate features editor, TV Focus editor (the Sunday TV magazine), Lagniappe editor (the Friday entertainment tab) and InsideOut editor (the Saturday home and garden magazine). She focused on lively, topical subjects intended to explore the quirky lifestyles of New Orleans. She also began the paper's parenting page, Internet page, and worked on a small team tasked to create its first web site.

This Mold House

During Hurricane Katrina's awful wake, Peck was part of the story she was suddenly covering.

"My first assignment was a re-entry story," Peck remembers. "What do you do when you're coming back after the flood? Do you need tetanus shots? Do you need hepatitis (shots)? What do you do if there are snakes in the water?"

Her answer was to chronicle her own rebuild (her house was destroyed by flooding when the levees breached after the hurricane, then was hit again by a freak tornado in February 2006) in a weekly column called This Mold House . She discussed her own problems and emotions during the rebuild in a deeply personal manner, discussing real issues, but through the scope of humor in every situation. In doing so, she made her stories readable while relatable all the while.

National media outlets, including Newsweek, National Public Radio, and The New York Times, wrote articles on Peck and her now famous column. For example, Newsweek  wrote a story on the writer, in an article entitled A City Floods and its Paper Sails.   The article described Peck's record popularity, writing "Today, [Peck's] section is fat with advertising, a rare example of robust growth in the otherwise moribund newspaper business." Newsweek recognized Peck's unique ability to employ humor in describing her efforts to rebuild. "It requires a certain sense of humor to keep living in the Big Easy," and through that humor, Peck was able to deeply connect with her readers.  In noting this, the article wrote: "More remarkable still: people stop her, a newspaper editor, in public to tell her their stories. [Her weekly column] really struck a chord with them."

Awards

Peck has received awards from the Associated Press and New Orleans Press Club for service journalism. In 2010, she was granted the McCormick Foundation New Media Women Entrepreneurs award.

NolaVie
Peck is currently the editor for NolaVie, a website featuring life and culture in New Orleans. NolaVie is populated by experienced journalists and members of various cultural organizations and is run by local businesswoman, Sharon Litwin, as well as Renee Peck and a group of editors and writers.

References

1953 births
Living people
Kenyon College alumni
Writers from New Orleans
Hockaday School alumni


The Lewis and Clark Bridge is a historic bridge in Wolf Point, Montana, which once carried Montana Highway 13 across the Missouri River between McCone and Roosevelt counties. It is also known as Wolf Point Bridge, Missouri River Bridge, or Site No. 24RV438. The bridge is a five-span Pennsylvania through truss; its longest span is the longest through truss span in the state at . Completed in 1930 by the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Company, the bridge was the first bridge across the Missouri River at Wolf Point and the only bridge along the river for a  stretch. The bridge's opening ceremony, which took place on July 9, drew over 10,000 visitors and included five bands and a fireworks display. After its completion, the bridge became a popular tourist attraction for motorists in northeastern Montana and a point of civic pride for Wolf Point's residents.

The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1997.

It spans between McCone and Roosevelt counties.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Montana
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana

References

External links

Steel bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1930
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Transportation in Roosevelt County, Montana
Historic American Engineering Record in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in McCone County, Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Roosevelt County, Montana
Pennsylvania truss bridges in the United States
1930 establishments in Montana
Bridges over the Missouri River
Transportation in McCone County, Montana


Lewis and Clark Bridge may refer to:

Lewis and Clark Bridge (Wolf Point, Montana), bridge spanning the Missouri River built in 1930
Lewis and Clark Bridge (Columbia River), bridge spanning the Columbia River between Oregon and Washington states
Lewis and Clark Bridge (Ohio River), connecting the eastern part of Louisville, Kentucky to Clark County, Indiana
Lewis and Clark River Bridge, bridge spanning the Lewis and Clark River, in Clatsop County, Oregon
Intercity Viaduct or Lewis and Clark Viaduct,  automobile and pedestrian crossing of the Kansas River in the United States

See also
Lewis and Clark (disambiguation)


F.C. New York was an American professional soccer team based first in Queens, New York City, and then Long Island, New York.  The team played two seasons, starting in 2011 in the National Division of the USL Professional Division, the third tier of the American Soccer Pyramid and then moving to the National Premier Soccer League for 2012.  The club did not finish its 2012 schedule before folding.

The team played its home games at Belson Stadium on the grounds of St. John's University in Jamaica, Queens. The club's colors were yellow and sky blue, and it was coached by former Arsenal player Paul Shaw, following the resignation of manager Matt Weston partway through the club's inaugural season.

History
F.C. New York was initially set to begin play in 2010 as an expansion member of the USL First Division, the second tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. The team announced that it would not play in 2010 due to the majority of other USL clubs forming the new NASL (North American Soccer League) and leaving USL. The United States Soccer Federation refused to sanction the new league. In January 2010, the USSF elected to operate an interim USSF Division 2 Professional League for the 2010 season, comprising twelve teams from both the NASL and USL-1. As USL did not have enough of its own clubs, F.C.New York utilized a contract clause to sit out a year.

The team played its first match in the newly formed USL Pro on April 9, 2011, a 3–0 loss to Orlando City. They also lost to the same Orlando team 2–1 in their home opener at Belson on April 30, 2011 in front of 2,011 fans. The team won its first competitive game on May 13, 1–0 away to Charleston Battery with a 35th-minute goal by Graciano Brito. The team finished 5th in the National Division with a 6-11-7 record. Jhonny Arteaga was the team and league scoring champion with 13 goals. Tadeu Terra lead the league with 8 assists.

They did not return for the 2012 USL Pro season. In February 2012, the team announced that it would be joining the NPSL. After a 2-8-4 season, including the cancellation of many of its home matches, F.C. New York left the NPSL and disappeared soon after.

Colors and badge
According to an official press release, the F.C. New York shield was representative of the flag of the borough of Queens, New York City. The blue background with a horizontal white stripe was symbolic of Queens's first Dutch governor Willem Kieft, who acquired the area from the Native Americans. The first settlers of Queens were represented by the two flowers — the tulip, emblematic of the Dutch, and the Tudor rose of the English. The Queen's crown signified the name of the county and borough of Queens.

Sponsorship controversy
During the 2012 Presidential election, an anonymous donor paid to put Mitt Romney's campaign logo and slogan across the front of the team's jerseys.  The deal was scrapped before they could wear the jerseys in a game, as FIFA regulations prohibit "political, religious or personal statements" on uniforms.

Stadium
F.C. New York originally had a commitment with Hofstra University to use James M. Shuart Stadium and their state-of-the-art training facilities. The 13,000 seat stadium was planned to host league and international exhibition matches. In January 2011 the club announced that Belson Stadium on the grounds of St. John's University in Jamaica, Queens would be the team's home.

Following the 2011 season, the university decided to replace Belson's artificial turf, forcing F.C. New York to schedule its home games at a variety of venues on Long Island.  In June 2012, the visiting Brooklyn Italians complained about the venue and were awarded a default win.  Venue issues continued, and F.C. New York canceled the rest of their home matches starting in July.

Record

Year-by-year

Average attendance
Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at uslsoccer.com
 2011: 819

References

External links
Official website

Former USL Championship teams
Association football clubs established in 2009
2009 establishments in New York City
Men's soccer clubs in New York (state)
Association football clubs disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in New York (state)
Sports in Queens, New York


Slomka or Słomka may refer to:

Places
 Słomka, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, village in Poland

People
 Jan Słomka (1842–1932), Polish politician
 Marietta Slomka (born 1969), German journalist
 Mirko Slomka (born 1967), German football coach
 Wojciech Słomka (born 1998), Polish footballer

See also


Limtex is an Indian multinational company, headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal, India and a subsidiary of Limtex Group. It exports $40 million in Indian tea annually. Limtex is the leading producer, manufacturer and exporter of Indian Tea both in the domestic and international market. It also has an IT division - Limtex Infotech, which was formed in 2005.

Limtex has received various awards from National and International governing bodies for its excellence in the Tea & Coffee trade.

History

Formation & early years
The company was founded in 1977 by Gopal Poddar, who serves as the chairman and managing director of Limtex (India) Ltd. Limtex started as a small tea trading business with a turnover of Rs 1.02 lacs. Over time, it diversified into IT, tea trading, biscuit, and export industries.

Annual turnover
After 25 years in business it has earned $21 million from tea export only, with overall growth rate 60%.

Awards and nominations
Limtex won prestigious "National Export Award" by then Indian Prime Minister A. B. Vajpayee. The nomination came from the Federation of Indian Export Organisations, in association with the Ministry of Commerce, Government of India. They received other export-related awards from various entities like the Ministry of Commerce, Banks, and Associations. The Limtex group was also honored with the prestigious status of "Star Trading House" by the Government of India.

Limtex Group of Companies
 Limtex (India) Limited
 Limtex Agri Udyog Ltd.
 Limtex Tea & Industries Ltd.
 Limtex Industries Ltd.
 Limtex Infotech Ltd.
 Sujali Tea & Industries Ltd.
 Satyanarayan Tea Co. Pvt. Ltd.
 Green Card Developers Pvt. Ltd.
 Poddar Exports

References

Official website
 Limtex

Drink companies of India
Tea companies of India
Companies based in Kolkata
Food and drink companies established in 1977
Indian brands
Tea industry in West Bengal
1977 establishments in West Bengal


San Esteban is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Morcín, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Castandiello
 El Palacio
 Peñanes
 La Roza
 Rozadas
 Villar
 San Esteban

References

Parishes in Morcin


Stare Selo (Ukrainian: Старе Село; Polish: Stare Sioło; literally, "old village") is a village in Lviv Raion, Lviv Oblast, Ukraine known as the site of a large castle, or rather fortress, of Princes Ostrogski. It belongs to Davydiv rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

On August 29, 2016, a Mercedes SUV belonging to the Lviv Kholodokombinat OJSC was first blown up in the village with a charge (or mine) planted in the roadway, then shot with automatic weapons. The driver and two security guards were killed. The incident was linked to an attempted assassination of the owner of the company, Bohdan Kopytko.

Until 18 July 2020, Stare Selo belonged to Pustomyty Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Pustomyty Raion was merged into Lviv Raion.

References

Notes

Sources
 Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР. В 4-х томах. К.: Будівельник, 1983–1986. Том 3, с. 186–187.

Villages in Lviv Raion


Slupiec may refer to:
Słupiec, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, a village in southern Poland
Słupiec, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, a village in south-central Poland
Słupiec, a former village in south-western Poland, now part of Nowa Ruda

See also
Słupca
Słupsk


"The Easy Winners" is a ragtime composition by Scott Joplin.  One of his most popular works, it was one of the four that had been recorded as of 1940.

Title and cover

The title of the composition is a reference to athletes who are expected to win a sporting event without difficulty.  The cover depicts scenes of baseball, football, horse racing and sailing.

Musical structure

According to musicologist and Joplin biographer Edward A. Berlin, "'Easy Winners' must be judged one of Joplin's great works.  It has a classical balance between its strains, its moods, and in its progression from the smooth calm of strain A to the sporadic agitation of strain D."

The composition follows the structural pattern typical of many Joplin rags, although the pattern is extended to include an introduction before strain A and another before strain C, commonly called the trio. Thus, the structure reads:

Intro AA BB A Trio-Intro CC DD

The introduction and strains A and B are played in A-flat major.  The second half of the composition is played in the subdominant key of D-flat major.

In keeping with the sports theme of the composition, Joplin begins the trio with an introduction that is reminiscent of the first call used before a horse race.

Trio and strain D

Berlin notes that the trio is the composition's outstanding feature, revealing "musical thinking unusual for ragtime."  One of Joplin's signature compositional techniques was the use of voice leading in harmonized melodic lines, particularly the use of an inner voice descending a chromatic fourth.  Although Joplin often used the technique to bring resolution to individual strains, in "The Easy Winners," he builds the entire trio on the concept.  The trio has four similar phrases that feature an inner voice descending from B flat to A flat, all being interrupted before spelling out a full fourth.  Finally, in the last five measures of the trio, Joplin begins the phrase an extra semitone higher at C flat and completes the chromatic descent to F natural.  To emphasize this chromatic descent, Joplin double-stems the notes, suggesting they be brought out in performance.

Another notable feature of the trio is Joplin's use of a contrapuntal bass line.  Played by the left hand in octaves in the last five measures, it heightens the complexity of the chromatic descent in the right hand and helps bring the strain to resolution.

To further emphasize the importance of the trio's climactic phrase, the last five measures of the trio and D strains are identical, producing what Jasen and Tichenor call a "strong echo-like effect."

Publication history
The copyright was registered October 10, 1901.  The Shattinger Music Company of St. Louis, Missouri bought the piece and published a simplified version. Only later did John Stillwell Stark publish it as-written.

See also
 List of compositions by Scott Joplin

References

External links

 Sheet music and midi from Mutopia

1901 compositions
Rags by Scott Joplin
Compositions for solo piano
Compositions in A-flat major


San Sebastián is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Morcín, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages

References

Parishes in Morcin


Issam Abdel-Tawab Abdel Alim (عصام عبدالتواب عبدالعليم) was a member of al-Jihad convicted in Egypt's Returnees from Albania case. He was the only member extradited from Bulgaria, following his capture by the CIA in Sofia in July 1998. He was one of 14 people subjected to extraordinary rendition by the CIA prior to the 2001 declaration of a War on Terror.

During his interrogations, he alleged he was frequently tortured; his genitals were repeatedly electrocuted and his right arm incapacitated after being the subject of a "sharpening tool".

At trial, he described how the group began training its recruits in Yemen in 1990, where they were schooled in Sharia, political history of militant Islamic movements, surveillance techniques and document forgery. He also noted that he had met Muhammad al-Zawahiri in the country.

Held incommunicado from his arrest on July 13 until September 12, he was sentenced to either 10 or 15 years' imprisonment.

References

Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Egyptian torture victims
Living people
People extradited to Egypt
People extradited from Bulgaria
Year of birth missing (living people)


Ulysses Grant Dailey (1885–1961) was an American surgeon, writer, and teacher.  He was one of the first African Americans recognized in the field of medicine in the United States. In 1949, the House of Delegates of the National Medical Association awarded him with the Distinguished Service Award.

Biography
Dailey was born in Donaldsonville, Louisiana, on August 3, 1885, to S. Toney Hanna Dailey, a bartender, and Missouri (née Johnson) Dailey, an educator. Dailey earned his bachelor's degree from Dillard University in 1902 and obtained his degree in medicine from  Northwestern University in 1906, graduating fifth of in a class of 123.

Medical career
Despite the prejudice Daily experienced from the faculty at Northwestern early in his career, he served as assistant demonstrator of anatomy from 1906 to 1908. In 1908, Daniel Hale Williams, a notable black surgeon, hired Dailey as his assistant at Provident Hospital where he assisted Williams in surgical procedures. Dailey also headed lectures and produced papers during his tenure at Provident, including writing a number of articles on surgery. After serving as instructor in anatomy and physiology, Dailey was promoted to associate surgeon at Provident Hospital in 1909 and held that position until 1917. Despite his growing status in the medical community, Dailey grew frustrated of what he believed to be racial and political barriers at Provident, and established the Dailey Hospital and Sanitarium in Chicago in 1926. He became a senior attending surgeon at Provident Hospital in Chicago, Illinois from 1933 to 1952.  He received assignments from the Department Statement and was assigned to India, Sri Lanka, and Africa from 1952 to 1953.  From 1915  to 1916, he was a fellow of the International College of Surgeons and president of the National Medical Association.

He died at the age of 76.

References

External links
Picture of Ulysses Grant Dailey  at NegroArtist.com
Ulysses Grant Dailey at S9.com

20th-century African-American physicians
20th-century American physicians
American surgeons
1885 births
1961 deaths
People from Donaldsonville, Louisiana
20th-century surgeons


A Fine Romance () is a 1991 comedy film directed by Gene Saks.

Plot
An Italian gentleman, Cesareo, and a doctor's wife, Pamela, meet in Paris and enjoy time with each other until they learn their spouses are cheating. To teach them a lesson, they plot to break up their spouses' tryst.

Cast
 Julie Andrews as Mrs. Pamela Piquet
 Marcello Mastroianni as Mr. Cesareo Grimaldi
 Jean-Pierre Castaldi as Marcel
 Jonathan Cecil
 Ian Fitzgibbon
 Jean-Jacques Dulon as Dr. Noiret
 Maria Machado as Miss Knudson
 Denise Grey as Madame Legris
 Jean-Michel Cannone as Dr. Picquet
 Catherine Jarret as Marguerite (as Catherine Jarrett)
 Françoise Michaud as Madeleine
 Hervé Hiolle as Hospital Doctor
 Yvette Petit as 1st Concierge
 Michèle Amiel as 2nd Concierge
 Ronald Mills as Maitre
 Michele Buczynski as Sales Person Photo Shop
 Isidro Arruti as Waiter "Hotel particular"

References

External links

1991 films
1991 comedy films
Italian comedy films
1990s Italian-language films
Italian films based on plays
Films directed by Gene Saks
Films scored by Pino Donaggio
1990s English-language films
1990s Italian films


Edward Greene (17 August 1815 – 5 April 1891) was an English brewer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1865 and 1891.

Greene was the son of Benjamin Greene, a West Indies Slave owner, who established the Greene King brewery in Bury St Edmunds in 1799. Greene was educated at the Grammar School at Bury St Edmunds and in 1836 took over the management of the brewery company from his father. He expanded and diversified the company significantly, doubling the brewery workforce to fifty and increasing output to 40,000 barrels a year by 1870. Greene introduced unprecedented benefits for his workforce including a pension scheme and new standards of housing for his workers. He was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Suffolk and a master of the Suffolk Fox Hounds.

Greene was elected at the 1865 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bury St Edmunds, and held the seat until the constituency was reduced to one member at the 1885 general election.

He did not stand in 1885, but at the 1886 general election he was elected for the Stowmarket constituency, and held that seat until his death in 1891, aged 75.

Greene married firstly in 1840 Emily Smythies, daughter of Rev. G Smythies of Stanground near Peterborough, and secondly in 1870 Caroline Dorothea Hoste, daughter of Charles Prideaux Brune and widow of Rear Admiral Sir William Hoste. His son Edward succeeded as brewer and MP.

References

External links

1815 births
1891 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Masters of foxhounds in England
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1886–1892
Politicians from Bury St Edmunds


Santolaya is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Morcín, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Les Bolíes
 El Brañuitu
 Calvín
 Figares
 La Llorera
 Malpica
 La Partayera
 Santolaya
 Les Vallines
 El Molín de Figares

References

Parishes in Morcin


Dark slope streaks are narrow, avalanche-like features common on dust-covered slopes in the equatorial regions of Mars. They form in relatively steep terrain, such as along escarpments and crater walls. Although first recognized in Viking Orbiter images from the late 1970s, dark slope streaks were not studied in detail until higher-resolution images from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft became available in the late 1990s and 2000s.

The physical process that produces dark slope streaks is still uncertain. They are most likely caused by the mass movement of loose, fine-grained material on oversteepened slopes (i.e., dust avalanches). The avalanching disturbs and removes a bright surface layer of dust to expose a darker substrate. The role that water and other volatiles plays, if any, in streak formation is still debated. Slope streaks are particularly intriguing because they are one of the few geological phenomena that can be observed occurring on Mars in the present day.

Nature of streaks on Mars
Dark slope streaks are albedo features. They appear to the eye as a brightness difference between the streak and the lighter-toned background slope. Usually no topographic relief is visible to distinguish the streak from its surroundings, except in the very highest resolution (<1 m/pixel) images. In many cases, the original surface texture of the slope is preserved and continuous across the streak, as though unaffected by events involved in dark streak formation (pictured left). The overall effect is equivalent in appearance to a partial shadow cast down the sloping surface. These observations indicate that whatever process forms the streaks, it affects only the very thinnest layer at the surface. Slope streaks are only about 10% darker than their surroundings but often appear black in images because the contrast has been enhanced (stretched).

Albedo features cover the Martian surface at a wide variety of scales. They make up the classical light and dark marking seen on Mars through telescopes. (See Classical albedo features on Mars.) The markings are caused by differing proportions of dust covering the surface. Martian dust is bright reddish ochre in color, while the bedrock and soil (regolith) is dark gray (the color of unaltered basalt). Thus, dusty areas on Mars appear bright (high albedo), and surfaces with a high percentage of rocks and rock fragments are generally dark (low albedo). Most albedo features on Mars are caused by winds, which clear some areas of dust, leaving behind a darker lag. In other areas, dust is deposited to produce a bright surface. The selective removal and deposition of dust is most conspicuous around impact craters and other obstacles where a variety of streaks (wind tails) and blotches are formed.

Dark slope streaks are relatively small features. (See A in Photo Gallery.) They differ from larger albedo features in being produced by gravity rather than wind, although wind may contribute to their initial formation. (See B in Photo Gallery.) The cause of the darkening is uncertain. The particle sizes involved are believed to be very small (sand, silt, and clay-sized particles). No clasts large enough to be imaged are present, and the underlying bedrock slope is never exposed ( i.e., dust is avalanching on a surface of dust). Apparently, other optical, mechanical, or chemical properties are involved in producing the darker tone.

Dark slope streaks commonly share the same slope with other slope streaks of varying tones. The darkest streaks are presumed to be youngest; they have margins that are more sharply defined than streaks that are not as dark. This relationship suggests that streaks lighten and become more diffuse with age, probably because they become covered with fresh dust falling from the atmosphere. Faded dark slope streaks should not be confused with bright slope streaks (discussed below).  Dust storms are common on Mars.  At times the whole planet is enveloped in a dust storm, as shown in the pictures below.

Morphology and occurrence

At moderate resolutions (20–50 m/pixel), dark slope streaks appear as thin, parallel filaments aligned downslope along crater rims and escarpments. They are often straight but may also be curved or sigmoid in shape. (See C in Photo Gallery.) Closer up, dark slope streaks typically have elongated, fan-like shapes (pictured right). They range from about 20 to 200 meters in width and are generally several hundred meters to over 1,000 meters long. Dark slope streaks exceeding 2 kilometers in length are uncommon; most terminate on slope and do not extend further out on to level terrain.

A streak commonly starts at a single point (apex) high on the slope. The apex is often associated with an isolated small ridge, knob, or other area of local steepening. In high-resolution images, a tiny impact crater is sometimes visible at the apex. Slope streaks widen downslope from the apex in a triangular fashion, usually reaching their maximum widths short of the halfway point of their lengths. A single slope streak can split into two separate streaks around an obstacle or form an anastamosing (braided) pattern. (See D and E in Photo Gallery.) Slope streaks commonly develop multiple fingers (digitation) at their downslope ends.

Images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on MRO have shown that many slope streaks have relief, contrary to earlier descriptions in which no topographic distinction could be seen between the streaked and adjacent, non-streaked surface. The streaked surface is typically about 1 m lower than the non-streaked surface. This relief is only visible in maximum resolution images under optimal viewing conditions.

Dark slope streaks are most common in the equatorial regions of Mars, particularly in Tharsis, Arabia Terra, and Amazonis Planitia (pictured left). They occur between latitudes 39°N and 28°S. At their northern limits, they appear preferentially on warmer, south facing slopes. Curiously, slope streaks are also associated with areas that reach peak temperatures of 275K (2 °C), a temperature close to the triple point of water on Mars. This relationship has led some researchers to suggest that liquid water is involved in dark slope streak formation.

Dark slope streaks do not appear to correlate with elevation or areas of specific bedrock geology. They occur on a wide range of slope textures, including surfaces that are smooth, featureless, and presumably young, as well as older, heavily cratered slopes. However, they are always associated with areas of high surface roughness, high albedo, and low thermal inertia, properties that indicate steep slopes covered with a lot of dust.

It has been suggested that streaks could form when accumulations of dry ice start subliming right after sunrise.  Nighttime CO2 frost is widespread in low latitudes.

Formation mechanism

Researchers have proposed a number of mechanisms for dark slope streak formation. The most widely held view is that the streaks are the result of dust avalanches produced by dry granular flow on oversteepened slopes. Dust avalanches resemble loose snow avalanches on Earth. Loose snow avalanches occur when snow accumulates under cold, nearly windless conditions, producing a dry, powdery snow with little cohesion between individual snow crystals. The process produces a very shallow trough (slough) on the surface of the snow, which from a distance appears slightly darker in tone than the rest of the slope.

Other models involve water, either in the form of spring discharges, wet debris flows, or seasonal percolation of chloride-rich brines. Using data from the Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer, researchers found that slope streaks in the Schiaparelli basin occur in areas predicted to yield between 7.0 and 9.0 weight percent Water Equivalent Hydrogen (WEH) in contrast to typical background values of less than 4% WEH. This relationship suggests a connection between high WEH percentages and the occurrence of dark slope streaks. However, any process that requires voluminous amounts of water (e.g., spring discharges) seems unlikely because of the overall thermodynamic instability of liquid water on Mars.

Another model proposes that dark slope streaks are produced by ground-hugging density currents of dry dust lubricated by carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. In this scenario, a small initial slump at the surface releases CO2 gas adsorbed onto subsurface grains. This release produces a gas-supported dust flow that moves as a tenuous density current downslope. This mechanism may help explain slope streaks that are unusually long.

Some observations suggest that dark slope streaks can be triggered by impacts.  Pictures acquired by CTX in 2007 and 2010 showed a new streak appeared in the aureole of Olympus Mons.  A follow-up image from HiRISE showed that a new crater at the top of the streak.  The researchers concluded that the impact triggered the new slope streak.  Another streak connected with an impact was found in the Arabia quadrangle.

Research, published in January 2012 in Icarus, found that dark streaks were initiated by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds.     The team of scientists was led by Kaylan Burleigh, an undergraduate at the University of Arizona.  After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of 5 new craters, patterns emerged.  The number of streaks was greatest closer to the impact site.  So, the impact somehow probably caused the streaks.   Also, the distribution of the streaks formed a pattern with two wings extending from the impact site.  The curved wings resembled scimitars, curved knives.  This pattern suggests that an interaction of airblasts from the group of meteorites shook dust loose enough to start dust avalanches that formed the many dark streaks.  At first it was thought that the shaking of the ground from the impact caused the dust avalanches, but if that was the case the dark streaks would have been arranged symmetrically around the impacts, rather than being concentrated into curved shapes.

The crater cluster lies near the equator 510 miles) south of Olympus Mons, on a type of terrain called the Medusae Fossae formation.  The formation is coated with dust and contains wind-carved ridges called yardangs.  These yardangs have steep slopes thickly covered with dust, so when the sonic boom of the airblast arrived from the impacts dust started to move down the slope.
Using photos from Mars Global Surveyor and HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have found about 20 new impacts each year on Mars.  Because the spacecraft have been imaging Mars almost continuously for a span of 14 years, newer images with suspected recent craters can be compared to older images to determine when the craters were formed.  Since the craters were spotted in a HiRISE image from February 2006, but were not present in a Mars Global Surveyor image taken in May 2004, the impact occurred in that time frame.

The largest crater in the cluster is about 22 meters (72 feet) in diameter with close to the area of a basketball court.  As the meteorite traveled through the Martian atmosphere it probably broke up; hence a tight group of impact craters resulted.
Dark slope streaks have been seen for some time, and many ideas have been advanced to explain them.  This research may have finally solved this mystery.

Formation rate

Slope streaks are one of the few geomorphic features forming on the surface of present-day Mars. New streaks were first identified by comparing images from the Viking Orbiters of the 1970s to images of the same locations taken by the MGS Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) in the late 1990s. The presence of new streaks showed that slope streaks are actively forming on Mars, on at least annual to decade-long timescales. A later, statistical treatment using overlapping MOC images spaced days to several years apart showed that slope streaks may form on Mars at a rate of about 70 per day. If accurate, this rate suggests that slope streaks are the most dynamic geologic features observed on the surface of Mars.

Dark slope streaks fade and disappear at a much slower rate than new ones appear. Most streaks identified in Viking images are still visible after decades, although a few have vanished. Researchers infer that streaks appear at a rate 10 times faster than they disappear, and that the number of slope streaks on Mars has increased in the last three decades. This imbalance is unlikely to have persisted for geologically significant periods of time. One possible solution to the imbalance is that streaks last for centuries, but are wiped clean en masse after extremely rare but fierce dust storms (storms of a magnitude not observed on Mars since Viking). After the storm subsides, a thick layer of fresh dust is deposited to begin a new cycle of streak formation.  A recent study published in Icarus found that they last about 40 years. The researchers looked at a region in Lycus Sulci with Viking images and with CTX images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.  The ones first observed with Viking have all gone, but have been replaced with new ones.

Similar and related features
Dark slope streaks occur in association with or superficially resemble a number of other small-scale, slope-related features on Mars. These include bright slope streaks, avalanche scars, and recurring slope lineae. Water tracks are features that occur in the polar regions of Earth. They resemble dark slope streaks and recurring slope lineae, but have not yet been described on Mars. Many of the slope features on Mars may originate through a continuum of processes with dry mass wasting and minor fluvial (water-related) activity occupying opposite endpoints. Gullies are another feature common on slopes in the mid-latitude southern hemisphere of Mars They have received much attention in the literature but are not discussed here.

Bright slope streaks
Bright slope streaks are streaks that have a lighter tone (about 2%) than their surroundings. (See F in Photo Gallery.) They are much rarer than dark slope streaks, but both types of streaks have similar morphologies and occur in the same regions of Mars. Evidence suggests that bright slope streaks are older than dark slope streaks. New bright slope streaks have never been observed, and dark slope streaks can be seen overlying bright slope streaks in some images, indicating that the former are younger than the latter. It is likely that bright slope streaks form from old dark slope streaks that have transitioned past a partially faded stage. This supposition is supported by geographical evidence indicating that bright slope streaks are slightly more common in regions where the formation rate of new dark slope streaks is low. In other words, areas with relatively many bright streaks tend to be less active and contain a higher population of old dark streaks.

Avalanche scars
Areas with abundant slope streaks also contain an apparently distinct class of avalanche scars. The scars resemble slope streaks in morphology and size. (See G in Photo Gallery) They are typically several meters deep and hundreds of meters long. They begin at a single point (sometimes a small, barely resolved impact crater) high on a slope. The edges radiate downslope in a triangular fashion. In about half of the documented examples, a low-lying mound of debris is visible at the downslope end. Originally called "meters-thick avalanche scars," these features were thought to be distinct from slope streaks. However, higher-resolution images from the HiRISE instrument on MRO suggest that meters-thick avalanche scars and slope streaks are related and part of a continuum of active mass wasting features formed by dust avalanches.

Recurring slope lineae (warm-season flows)

In the summer of 2011, a paper appeared in Science describing a new class of slope features with characteristics that suggest formation by seasonal releases of liquid water. (See H and I in Photo Gallery.) Called "recurring slope lineae" (RSL), the features received a considerable amount of media attention. RSLs are narrow (0.5 to 5 meters) dark markings that preferentially occur on steep, equator-facing slopes in the southern hemisphere between latitudes 48°S to 32°S. Repeat HiRISE images show that the markings appear and grow incrementally during warm seasons and fade in cold seasons. RSLs bear only a superficial resemblance to dark slope streaks. They are much smaller in width and have a different pattern of geographic occurrence and slope properties than dark slope streaks. RSLs seem to occur on bedrock slopes with seasonally high surface temperatures of 250–300K (-23–27 °C). These location may favor the flow of briney fluids emerging from seeps at certain times of the Martian year. Unlike RSLs, dark slope streaks appear to occur sporadically throughout the Martian year, and their triggering seems unrelated to season or large regional events.

Water tracks
Water tracks are little-studied slope features common in permafrost-dominated terrains in the arctic and Antarctic regions of Earth. They are zones of enhanced soil moisture that route water downslope over the top of the permanently frozen ground just below the surface (ice table). Although water tracks have not been specifically identified on Mars, several researchers have noted their morphological and spectroscopic similarity to Martian slope streaks. Like dark slope streaks, water tracks are narrow, sublinear features elongated in the downslope direction. They typically display a slight darkness relative to their surroundings and show little or no detectable relief. During peak flow conditions, they appear as damp, darkened, patches of soil that are generally less than 60 m wide and several hundred meters long. The dark surface discoloration vanishes in frozen water tracks during winter, rendering them nearly undetectable.

Photo gallery
Dark streaks and related features appear in the images below. To see the features described in the caption and text, it may be necessary to enlarge the image by clicking on it.

References

Further reading
Barlow, N.G. (2008). Mars: An Introduction to Its Interior, Surface, and Atmosphere; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, .
Hartmann, William, K. (2003). A Traveler’s Guide to Mars: The Mysterious Landscapes of the Red Planet; Workman: New York, .

Geology of Mars
Surface features of Mars


El Sawy Culture Wheel () (transliterated: Sakkiat Al-Sawy) is a cultural center on Gezira Island in the Zamalek district on central Cairo, Egypt. Named after its founder and owner, Abdelmoniem El-Sawy, it is considered one of the most important cultural venues in Egypt and receives more than 20,000 visitors each month.

History
El Sawy Culture Wheel was established in 2003 by Mohamed El-Sawy. Prior to its construction, its location, beneath the 15th May Bridge in Zamalek, was a shelter for homeless people and those struggling with addiction. El-Sawy named his center in honor of the five-part novel series: "El-Sakkia" () written by his father, Abdel Moneim El-Sawy, an Egyptian novelist and a former minister of culture.

Locations and halls
As of April 2009, El Sawy Culture Wheel has 3 branches: the main branch in Zamalek, a branch in Algeel Algadeed school, and a temporary branch in Qena. The main branch has eight halls: Wisdom hall, River hall, Earth hall, Word halls 1 and 2, Garden Hall, El Naseeb and Bostan El Nil. The permanent premises in Qena is scheduled for opening in Ramadan, 2009.

Activities
The center is home for various activities and cultural events. Every year, it chooses a main theme for most of its events, the 2009 theme was "dignity", through which it aimed to address some social problems, such as begging. The center has organized hundreds of concerts and musical events, including those for oud, jazz, musical theatre, children chorus and performances for several Egyptian and Arab bands, singers and entertainers. It also hosts several seminars, workshops, art exhibitions, book fairs and movie shows.

It is allegedly a non-government controlled private cultural centert and its events are claimed to have more freedom and higher quality than those in government-controlled centers. It is, however, owned by members of parliament.  In addition, it organizes a number of conferences and festivals, including an annual theatre festival, the "Sakkia animated film festival", El Sawy culture wheel festival for documentaries, and the El Sakkia conference for Arabic language and Poet Laureate Ahmed Shawqi.

The Sawy includes several sections for arts and music training and a number of libraries, including a music library and children's library. and it  offers several art classes in painting, sculpture, piano and violin for children and youth.

References

External links

Culture in Cairo
Arts centres in Egypt
Art schools in Egypt
Theatres in Egypt
Buildings and structures in Cairo
Egyptian culture
Gezira Island
2003 establishments in Egypt


Xincheng Township or Sincheng Township () is a rural township located in north of Hualien County, Taiwan, and has a population of 20,308 inhabitants and 8 villages. It is also the smallest township in Hualien County.

History

Formerly called Toloboan ().

Administrative divisions
The township comprises eight villages: Beipu, Dahan, Jiali, Jialin, Jiaxin, Kangle, Shunan and Xincheng.

Climate
 Subtropical monsoon and humid climate
 Average temperature:
 Average precipitation:

Economy
The township is home to the cement mining operated by Asia Cement Corporation and its cement plant.

Education
 Dahan Institute of Technology

Tourist attractions
 Qixingtan Beach
 Chihsing Tan Katsuo Museum
 Tzu Chi Jing She (Temple of Tzu Chi Foundation)
 Asia Cement Ecological Park

Transportation

Air
 Hualien Airport

Rail
 TRA Beipu Station (North-link line)
 TRA Sincheng (Taroko) Station (North-link line)

Road
 Provincial Highway No.9
 County road No.193

Notable natives
 Wang Shin-lung, Commander of the Republic of China Army

References

External links

 Office of Xincheng Township(Chinese)

Townships in Hualien County


Censorship in Bangladesh refers to the government censorship of the press and infringement of freedom of speech. Article 39 of the constitution of Bangladesh protects free speech.

According to Human Rights Watch, the government of Bangladesh is using sophisticated equipment to block websites critical of the government and carrying out surveillance on online traffic. Brad Adams, Asia Director of Human Rights Watch, has accused Prime Minister Shiekh Hasina of marching towards authoritarianism through intimidating the free press and cracking down on freedom of expression. Editors told the HRW that they censor 50 to 80 percent of the stories they get as a form of self censorship to prevent trouble with the government. Asia Times has described Bangladesh as an Orwellian dystopia. Freedom of expression has decline in Bangladesh according to the Global Expression Report 2018-19 by Article 19.

History
The Government has approved the usage of Deep packet inspection to monitor web traffic. According to Freedom House, Bangladesh is partly free. Freedom House has reported that the Awami League government has consolidated its power through the intimidation of political rivals and journalists. The government of Bangladesh throttled internet speed during the 2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests to prevent information from being uploaded

In May 2019, the Government of Bangladesh arrested three people, including a lawyer and poet, over content posted online.

The Government of Bangladesh increased suppression of the press following the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. After Netra news, based in Sweden, claiming two million would die in the pandemic in Bangladesh, government intelligence agents visited the mother of its editor, Tasneem Khalil, in Sylhet. They made her call her son and ask him to stop publishing news against the government. They visited her after a warning against "rumors" by Hasan Mahmud, the Minister of Information. According to The Diplomat, any information that is deemed critical of Sheikh Hasina led Awami League is called "rumors" by the government. The government has suspended doctors, government officers, and academics for criticizing the government response to COVID-19.

As Part of an anti-pornography campaign the government of Bangladesh banned 20 thousand websites and blogs. Mustafa Jabbar, ICT Minister, described it as part of his "war on pornography". One of the blogged websites was somewhereinblog.net which is blogging website that bans explicit content and is a partner of Deutsche Welle. Jabbar supported the ban by stating that the website published content which was critical of the government and Islam.

In 2021, the Bangladeshi Government was suspected to  have used the Pegasus spyware.

Laws
The Digital Security Act has been criticized as a tool to suppress the press. According to Reuters, the Digital Security Act had a chilling effect on free speech and the media. The law penalizes journalist for obtaining information, documents, and pictures from government offices without government authorization. This, according to Professor Asif Nazrul of Dhaka University, is a threat to investigative journalism in Bangladesh. The law allows the arrest of journalists without warrants and restricts bail. The editor of Manab Zamin, Matiur Rahman Chowdhury, reported that journalists were practicing self censorship. More than one thousand cases have been filed under this act according to Amnesty International, which describes the law as "draconian".

The Broadcast Act 2018 is a law designed to regulate broadcast media. The law allows the arrest of journalist without warrants and restricts bail. The law is aimed to crack down on talk shows on television.

Litigation
The Government of Bangladesh and activists of Bangladesh Awami League have filled around 80 criminal cases against Mahfuz Anam, the editor of The Daily Star, in courts around the country forcing Anam to move around the country seeking bail in different courts. The cases seek 8 billion taka in damages from him. The government has also prevent Anam from covering events of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. In 2015, the government asked companies to stop advertising in The Daily Star. Anam was forced to reduce the number of editorials he wrote.

Organizations
The National Telecommunication Monitoring Centre is able to block content critical of the government through the usage of “Content Blocking and Filtering System”. The Centre monitors all electronic communication in Bangladesh.

Games
Various games were blocked in the past. A lot of different internet sites also cannot offer services in Bangladesh.

Film
In 1991, Bangladesh Censor Board censored Remembrance of '71, a documentary by Tanvir Mokammel, on the Bangladesh Liberation war.

In 1994, Bangladesh Censor Board banned Nodir Naam Modhumoti, by Tanvir Mokammel, for being "anti-nationalistic".The film was released after Awami League returned to power.

In 1995, the Censor Board objected to Muktir Gaan, by Tareque Masud and Catherine Masud, as it believed the songs in the documentary were pro-Awami League, then the opposition party. The film was released after Awami League returned to power.

In 2005, the Ministry of Home Affairs tried to censor Teardrops of Karnaphuli, a documentary the effect of Kaptai Dam on the indigenous community in Chittagong Hill Tracts. The documentary was made by Tanvir Mokammel.

In 2009, the Bangladesh Censor Board refused to allow the release of Nomuna, a satirical film by Enamul Karim Nirjhar, because of the film satirizing political figures of Bangladesh. The Censor board forced the removal of scene showing street harassment from the movie Third Person Singular Number.

In 2011, the Bangladesh Censor Board banned Hridoy Bhanga Dheu due to reason that the main villain in the movie wore a Mujib Coat, a coat worn by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

In 2015, Bangladesh Censor Board delayed the release of the first Chakma, an ethnic minority in Bangladesh, language film Mor Thengari by refusing to give certification to the film. The Ministry of Information in a letter to the Censor board object to some scenes of the film and requested their deletion. The director, Aung Rakhine, withdrew the film rather than cut it.

Press

The Press in Bangladesh started facing restrictions in 1974 after the start of one party BAKSAL rule.

The free press felt further censorship under the subsequent military regimes. Following the reinstatement of democracy in 1991, the press started to flourish again.

In 2002, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party government banned the private news network ETV.

In 2008, the Military backed caretaker government banned Sachalayatan, a blogging website.

In 2009, Bangladesh Awami League government blocked YouTube over videos critical of the government management of the 2009 Bangladesh Rifles Mutiny.

In 2010, the Government blocked Facebook over images critical of Islam.

In 2012, the Government blocked YouTube over videos critical of Islam.

In 2013, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission asked ISPs to reduce the upload bandwidth due to piracy concerns but it was speculated that it was done to prevent uploading videos critical of the government.

In 2015, the Government blocked social media sites for 22 days following protests the verdicts of International Crimes Tribunal. The government also monitors bloggers in the country. A leaked report showed that blogger killed in Bangladesh overlapped with those under surveillance of the state.

In 2016, the Government of Bangladesh blocked 35 news websites without any explanation.

In May 2017, the Government of Bangladesh blocked a website of Swedish Radio after it published a report containing a confessional statement over extrajudicial murders by an officer of Rapid Action Battalion.

In 2017, the Government of Bangladesh blocked The Wire, an Indian newspaper, following a report on Directorate General of Forces Intelligence abducting an academic.

From 1 to 2 June 2018, the Government of Bangladesh blocked the website of The Daily Star for in-depth investigation into the drug trade.

In August 2018, Shahidul Alam, was arrested after he an interview critical of the Government of Bangladesh on Al Jazeera English.

On 20 March 2019, the government blocked aljazeera.com after it published report that implicated Major General Tarique Ahmed Siddique, Defense Advisor to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, in the abduction of his business associates. The Joban, a Bengali language news website, was blocked after publishing the report on Tarique Ahmed Siddique. In this cases both websites were blocked by intelligence agencies circumventing Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission and proper procedure.

In January 2020, the Government of Bangladesh blocked Netra news, a Swedish-based news website, after they published a report accusing Obaidul Quader of corruption and used pictures of him wearing expensive watches including a 34 thousand dollar Rolex.

In 2020, Shafiqul Islam Kajol became a victim of forced disappearance in Bangladesh for 53 days. After he reappeared, he was arrested and detained under the Digital Security Act. Amnesty International has called him a prisoner of conscience. He had published an article on a prostitution ring operated by female Awami League leader. Matiur Rahman Chowdhury, editor of Manab Zamin, was also accused in the case over the prostitution report. The cases were filled by Saifuzzaman Shikhor, a Member of Parliament and former Assistant Personal Secretary of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.

Journalists
In July 2018, Mahmudur Rahman, editor of Amar Desh, had been attacked while coming out of a court in Kushtia. He is known to be sympathetic to the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He had been attacked by activists of Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the ruling Awami League. He was left bleeding with pictures of his injuries going viral on social media

In March 2020, executive magistrates detained and sentenced Ariful Islam, correspondent of Dhaka Tribune and Bangla Tribune. He had been tortured, threatened with execution, and sentenced without proper evidence by Executive Magistrate Bikash Chakma. He had been arrested after he wrote news reports against Sultana Pervin, Kurigram District Deputy Commissioner. His arrested was condemned by Editors' Council. The government suspended those who were involved with the arrest, Rintu Chakma, Nazim Uddin, and SM Rahatul Islam. Ariful had been sentenced to one year imprisonment at a trial in the middle of the night at Pervin's office. On 23 March 2020, Bangladesh High Court ordered Bangladesh Police to file attempted murder charges against Sultana Pervin and others.

Books
In 2002, the Government of Bangladesh banned Wild Wind by Taslima Nasreen. This was the third book of Taslima that was banned by the government of Bangladesh. She had been force to flee Bangladesh after the publication of her novel Lajja, which had been deemed blasphemous. Her second book, My Girlhood, was also banned for blasphemy.

In 2010, the Government of Bangladesh ordered the removal of all books written by Syed Abul Ala Maududi, founder of Jamaat-e-Islami party, from mosques and libraries. They government stated that his books promoted extremism.

Bangladesh banned two fictional books, Dia Arefin and Diya Arefiner Nanir Bani, in 2020 for hurting religious sentiments. The books were banned following a court order by Bangladesh High Court. They had been written Diarshi Arag, a secular writer.

See also
 List of defamation of religion cases under section 57 in Bangladesh
 List of films banned in Bangladesh

References

Censorship in Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Human rights abuses in Bangladesh


Harry Wainwright (born 1899; date of death unknown) was an English footballer.

Career
Wainwright played for Highfields before joining Port Vale as an amateur in December 1919. After making his debut in a 1–0 defeat at Barnsley on Boxing Day he signed as a professional the following month. He was unable to nail down a regular place however, and was released at the end of the season with just four appearances to his name.

He returned to Highfields before moving on to Doncaster Rovers where he scored in their return to football following WW1, in the 2–1 defeat to Rotherham Town in the Midland League. He scored two more goals that season, and none the following season.

He then went to Brodsworth Main, Frickley Colliery, Sheffield United, Boston Town, Scunthorpe & Lindsey United and Newark Town.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Brodsworth Welfare A.F.C. players
Frickley Athletic F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Boston Town F.C. (1920s) players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Newark Town F.C. players
English Football League players
1899 births
Year of death missing


Smolsko may refer to:
 Smolsko, Sofia Province, Bulgaria
 Smólsko, Łobez County, Poland
 Smólsko, Myślibórz County, Poland


Edward Mongtomery may refer to:
Ed Montgomery (musician) (born 1952), American gospel musician
Edward S. Montgomery (1910–1992), 1951 Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
Edward B. Montgomery (born 1955), former U.S. Deputy Secretary of Labor and economist
Edward Montgomery (Australian politician) (1906–1986), Victorian state MP
Edward William Montgomery (1865–1948), Canadian cabinet minister
Eddie Montgomery, musician with Montgomery Gentry


Alfonso Carlos Romo Garza (born 8 October 1950), known as Alfonso Romo, is a Monterrey businessman, agro-industrialist. He founded the Opción Ciudadana (Citizen Option) party in 2005. He is the owner of VECTOR Casa de Bolsa, the largest fund management company in Latin America.

Alfonso Romo was born in Mexico City, Mexico, and attended the Instituto Patria, a grammar, middle and high school then still run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).  He then  graduated from the Institute Tecnologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, where he received a degree in agricultural engineering.

He founded Pulsar International in 1981. A holding company that among other entities included an insurance company, and stock brokerage. The group later expanded into biotechnology and seed production. Apart from its business enterprises, Pulsar supports various cultural, educational and ecological activities. His seed production company was known as Seminis before being sold to Monsanto.

Alfonso Romo was active in support of former Mexican President Vicente Fox, and a leading proponent of the regional development and integration scheme known as the Puebla-Panama Plan. In 2012, however, he has decided to give his support to the Morena presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador. He is a member of the World Bank's External Advisory Board for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Romo is a major financier to the Swedish show jumper Rolf-Göran Bengtsson's ventures into the world elite of show jumping. Romo has competed as an equestrian at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics.

See also
 DNA Plant Technology
 Seminis

Notes

References

1950 births
Living people
Mexican billionaires
Mexican businesspeople
Mexican engineers
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education alumni
Olympic equestrians for Mexico
Equestrians at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 2000 Summer Olympics


Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd [1978] QB 791 is an English contract law case, concerning remoteness of damage. In it, the majority held that losses for breach of contract are recoverable if the type or kind of loss is a likely result of the breach of contract. Lord Denning MR, dissenting on the reasoning, held that a distinction should be drawn between losses for physical damage (for which the same, restrictive test as in tort applies) and economic losses (where a wider remoteness rule applies).

Facts
Parsons farmed pigs. They bought bulk food storage hoppers from Uttley Ingham, who installed them on the farm. The ventilator top was not unsealed as it should have been when it was installed. Parsons did not notice this (it was 28 feet high). The pignuts became mouldy. Parsons saw this, but thought it would do them no harm. 254 pigs died from E. coli. Parsons sued Uttley Ingham for damages for loss of the pigs and trading profits.

Judgment
The Court of Appeal all held that the loss was not too remote. But the majority, Scarman LJ and Orr LJ held that the type of loss rather than the actual loss is relevant when applying the contract remoteness test. Scarman LJ agreed that it would be absurd if the test generally was different in contract or tort – just because of the cause of action. Lord Denning MR (dissenting on the reasoning) would have held that a distinction should be drawn in contract between loss of profit and physical damage. He relied on Hart and Honoré to say that a distinction between economic loss and physical damage is ‘emerging’ in contract, like in tort. For economic losses, it should have been foreseen as a ‘serious possibility’. For physical damage, there should be compensation if there is only a ‘slight possibility’.

See also
Hadley v Baxendale
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd [1948] 2 KB 528
Koufos v Czarnikow Ltd or The Heron II [1969] 1 AC 350
South Australia Asset Management Co v York Montague [1996] 3 All ER 365
The Achilleas [2008] UKHL 48

Notes

References
H. L. A. Hart and Tony Honoré, Causation in the Law (1959) 281-289

Lord Denning cases
English remedy case law
English implied terms case law
1978 in United Kingdom case law
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases


The Meerkats, also known as Meerkats: The Movie, is a feature-length 2008 British wildlife fiction film which anthropomorphises the daily struggles of a clan of meerkats in the Kalahari Desert. It was produced by BBC Films, and filmed by the award-winning BBC Natural History Unit. It is the debut directorial feature of James Honeyborne, previously a producer of natural history programmes for television. The worldwide premiere was held at the Dinard Film Festival, France in October 2008, expanding to a wide release the following week. The film was released in 2009, on 7 August in the UK. This was dedicated to actor Paul Newman, the narrator of the film, who died in 2008, shortly before this movie was released making it his final film role.

Plot
The documentary follows the coming-of-age of a meerkat named Kolo who is forced to leave his home by a group of meerkats who want more territory. Lost in the African savannah, he tries to reunite with his family, but encounters large, fierce, and deadly creatures.

Production
The Meerkats was announced in November 2006 as BBC Films and The Weinstein Company agreed a co-financing deal for the film, with The Weinstein Company also handling international distribution. The year-long principal photography began on location in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa in the same month. It became the Natural History Unit's first feature-length wildlife fiction based on original material, and followed the successes of Earth (2007) and Deep Blue (2003) which were both companion pieces to BBC television series. The script was written by Alexander McCall Smith, author of many books set in Botswana. Paul Newman provides the narration, which was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death. The Meerkats was the final film credit of Newman's long career.

Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins, a second feature-length wildlife film on meerkats, was also released in 2008. It was produced by Animal Planet, Discovery Films and Oxford Scientific Films, the makers of Meerkat Manor, but was not screened in theatres. BBC Films' Joe Oppenheimer, a producer of The Meerkats, has stated that the two films are very different in character (the BBC and Discovery originally planned to collaborate, but couldn't agree on a common ground). James Honeyborne has described The Meerkats as "a stand-alone, blue-chip wildlife film from the ground up. It will be immersive. There will be a huge sense of place on a massive scale. You will really see real wild animals."

Awards
 Winner, Grand Prix Earth, Special Award, Tokyo International Film Festival
 Best of Festival, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
 Winner, Best Editing, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
 Winner, Best Sound Design, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
 Nomination, Best Music, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
 Nomination, Best Script, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
 Winner, Best Editing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
 Nomination, Best Writing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
 Winner, Silver Teton, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, reviewer Philip French noted that the "nature movie made in the Kalahari desert has some good footage but is more Disney-anthropomorphic than Attenborough".

References

External links

2008 films
British documentary films
Films about meerkats
BBC Film films
Documentary films about mammals
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
Films set in the Kalahari Desert


Lubcha Castle () was a residential castle of the Radziwill family on the left bank of the Neman River at Lubcha near Navahradak, Belarus.

The castle began its life in 1581 as a fortified residence of Jan Kiszka, a powerful Calvinist magnate. It had timber walls and a single stone tower, and was surrounded by moats on three sides, the fourth side protected by the river.

Lubcha later passed to Janusz Radziwiłł, Great Hetman of Lithuania, who expanded the castle by adding three stone towers. In 1655, it was taken and devastated by the rebellious Cossacks under Ivan Zolotarenko.

Only the barbican and one other tower stood after the Cossack incursion. The deserted estate changed owners several times, remaining untenanted until the mid-19th century, when a Gothic Revival palace was built on the grounds.

The Lubcha estate suffered much damage during both world wars. The palace was reduced to a shell in 1914 and was remodeled into a school building by the Soviets in 1947. In the early 21st century, some of the castle walls were rebuilt by a team of volunteers.

Online references
 Lyubchа Castle at globus.tut.by
 History and Restoration of Lyubcha Castle

Buildings and structures in Grodno Region
Castles in Belarus
Castles and palaces of the Radziwiłł family
Novogrudok District


Towards Evening () is a 1990 Italian drama film directed by Francesca Archibugi. It was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival. For her performance Zoe Incrocci was awarded with a David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actress and a Silver Ribbon in the same category. The film also won the David di Donatello for Best Film and the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor (to Marcello Mastroianni).

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni as Prof. Bruschi
 Sandrine Bonnaire as Stella
 Zoe Incrocci as Elvira
 Giorgio Tirabassi as Oliviero
 Victor Cavallo as Pippo
 Veronica Lazar as Margherita
 Lara Pranzoni as Papere
 Paolo Panelli as Galliano, the hairdresser
 Giovanna Ralli as Pina
 Gisella Burinato as Stella's mother
 Pupo De Luca as Judge
 Dante Biagioni as Architect

References

External links

1990 films
1990 drama films
Italian drama films
1990s Italian-language films
Films directed by Francesca Archibugi
Films set in Rome
Films set in 1977
1990s Italian films


Sobol is a surname derived from the Slavic word sobol ("sable"), which may also have been a nickname for a fur trader. As a Yiddish surname, it may be a variant of Sobel, which also derives from sobol. It may refer to:

People
Anna Sobol-Wejman (born 1946), Polish printmaker
Artyom Sobol (born 1996), Russian footballer
Donald J. Sobol (1924–2012), American children's writer
Eduard Sobol (born 1995), Ukrainian footballer
Hubert Sobol (born 2000), Polish footballer
Ilya M. Sobol (born 1926), Soviet mathematician
Jacob Aue Sobol (born 1975), Danish photographer
Jan Sobol (born 1984), Czech handball player
Jan Sobol (footballer) (born 1953), Polish footballer
Jonathan Sobol, Canadian film director and writer
Kristina Sobol (born 1991), Russian weightlifter
Louis Sobol (1896–1986), American journalist
Lyubov Sobol (born 1987), Russian lawyer and politician
Paul Sobol (1926–2020), Belgian Holocaust survivor
Richard B. Sobol (1937–2020), American lawyer
Spiridon Sobol (died 1645), Belarusian printer and educator
Yehoshua Sobol (born 1939), Israeli playwright and director
Yuri Sobol (born 1966), Russian footballer
Soból, nom de guerre of Jan Stanisław Jankowski (1882–1953), Polish politician and member of civil resistance in WWII

See also

 Sobal
 Sobel (disambiguation)
 Sobole (disambiguation)
 Sobolev
 Sobolew (disambiguation)
 Sobolewski
 Sobolevskiy

References

Slavic-language surnames


Aidan Gillett (born 12 April 1986) is an Australian actor and stunt performer, who is best known for his roles as Daniel McManus in the BBC-commissioned soap opera Out of the Blue and Robert Cruze in Home and Away.

Early life
Gillett was born and raised in the Blue Mountains region west of Sydney, Australia. In his early years, his main interests were music and sport, studying piano at the age of five, learning to play guitar at seven and focusing on jazz by the age of ten. He chose not to study drama at high school, instead continuing to focus on music and sport, particularly soccer and snowboarding.

In 2004, while working as a concierge and pursuing a Bachelor of Music, Gillett was encouraged by his manager to pursue an acting career. He subsequently trained at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney.

Career
Gillett appeared in the Martin Crimp play Attempts on Her Life while studying at the National Institute of Dramatic Art late in 2007.
After graduating from NIDA, Gillett appeared in Steven Spielberg's Australian production The Pacific.

In early 2008, it was announced that he had been cast in Out of the Blue, a BBC-commissioned soap opera, playing the role of Daniel McManus. The series premiered in the UK on BBC One on 28 April 2008 but was later moved to BBC Two after three weeks. The show ran for 130 episodes but is not expected to be commissioned for a second series following disappointing ratings. It started airing nightly in Australia on 17 November 2008 on Network Ten, before being moved to an earlier slot on Sunday evenings in January 2009.
In 2009, Gillett started appearing in Home and Away, playing the guest role of Robert Cruze. In 2010, Gillett appearing in the first episode of Cops L.A.C. as Peter, the grieving partner. In 2014 Aidan began a transition into stunt work, grading with the MEAA in 2015. He has since performed in many feature films and television shows including Hacksaw Ridge, Cargo and Home & Away

Filmography
 2007 The Pacific
 2008 Out of the Blue as Daniel McManus
 2009 Home and Away as Robert Cruze
 2010 Cops L.A.C. as Peter
 2015 River
 2015 Racka Racka
 2015 Home and Away

Awards and recognition

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Australian male soap opera actors


The list of Western Australia Legislative Council by-elections includes every by-election held in the Australian state of Western Australia for the Legislative Council. Prior to the Acts Amendment (Electoral Reform) Act 1987 which came into force at the 1989 election, it was necessary for a by-election to be held to fill any vacancy; they have since been filled by recounts from the previous poll based on a proportional voting system. An imminent Council election often allowed the vacancy to remain until the inauguration of the new Council, usually on the following 22 May.

Ministerial by-elections

Until a constitutional amendment in 1947, it was necessary for members who were appointed as a Minister to resign their seat and contest their seat at a ministerial by-election. This was because the Ministers became members of the Executive Council, which reported to the Governor of Western Australia and was therefore deemed an "office of profit" under the Crown. Most ministerial by-elections were a formality with the Minister being re-elected unopposed, but on one occasion, in 1901, a Minister from the Council was defeated at the by-elections.

List of Legislative Council by-elections

1950–1989

1940–1949

The changes of names of electoral provinces at the 1950 election, effected by the Electoral Districts Act 1947, were as follows:

 Central Province → Midland Province
 East Province → Central Province
 Metropolitan-Suburban Province → Suburban Province
 South Province → South-East Province
 South-East Province → South Province

See also
 List of Western Australian state by-elections

References

External links

Western Australian Legislative Council by-election

Legislative Council by-elections
Western Australian Legislative Council


Declan Ronan Lang (born 15 April 1950) is an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the ninth bishop of Clifton.

Biography
Declan Lang was born in Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, to Irish parents. He attended Ryde School, Allen Hall, and St. Edmund's College, Ware. He also earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Royal Holloway, University of London. Lang was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Derek Worlock on 7 June 1975. He has been particularly noted for the influence he had as a youth chaplain and subsequently on those now playing leading roles in the Catholic community such as the evangelist and charismatic Catholic Sr Maria Natella OP and the ministerial adviser and author Francis Davis; and also for his work as an adult educationalist and as an ecumenist.

He then served as an assistant priest at the cathedral and chaplain to St Edmund's comprehensive school in Portsmouth. Four years after ordination he was appointed secretary to Bishop Emery and chancellor. During this time he also worked on the Diocesan Youth Commission, which he later chaired. For a number of years he went as chaplain with the Portsmouth Group to Lourdes at Easter.

In 1983 he was appointed to the Religious Education Council as Adult Religious Education Adviser, a position he held until 1990. While doing this work he was also Parish Priest of Our Lady, Queen of Apostles, Bishop's Waltham, for four years, and then Parish Priest at Sacred Heart, Bournemouth. As a result of his work in adult religious education he produced together with John O'Shea, Vicky Cosstick and Damian Lundy the book Parish Project. This was to help parishes look at what they were currently doing, evaluate it and plan together its future direction. This scheme has been taken up by a number of parishes throughout the country.

In September 1990 he was appointed Moderator of the Curia and Administrator of the cathedral. During this time he was also involved in organising a summer conference for the Diocese of Portsmouth and helping with conferences in Southwark and Shrewsbury. In January 1996 he was appointed as one of the Vicars General in the Diocese moving from Portsmouth to Abingdon.

Whilst in there he chaired a Working Party jointly sponsored by the Bishop's Conference and the National Conference of Priests looking at clergy appraisal. The Working Party Report was accepted by the Bishop's Conference and since then he has spoken in a number of dioceses about the reasons for and the benefits arising from clergy appraisal.

Lang was consecrated as Bishop of Clifton on 28 March 2001 in Clifton Cathedral by his predecessor, Bishop Mervyn Alexander.

Bishop Lang chairs the committee for Theology Faith and Culture. He is the co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic Committee (ARC) and also the co-chair for the Committee for Roman Catholic and United Reformed Church dialogue in England. Bishop Lang was elected to be the Moderator of the next Churches Together in England Forum to be held in 2009. He is a member of the Mixed Commission of Bishops and Major Religious Superiors and is a trustee of the Pontifical Missionary Societies. Outside the Bishops' Conference he is the President of the Catholic Association which organises a pilgrimage to Lourdes on behalf of the Dioceses of Clifton, East Anglia, Northampton, Portsmouth and Southwark, and of Stonyhurst College.

Within the diocese Bishop Lang instigated a review of diocesan structures and as a result created the Diocesan Department for Evangelisation and Adult Education and a new Department for Schools and Colleges. During this time the Diocesan Liturgical Commission has also been reformed. In 2002 Bishop Lang was appointed an Ecumenical Prebendary of Bristol Cathedral. He is the current chairman of Somerset Churches Together and previous chairman of Bristol Churches Together.

As part of his work as the chairman of the Department of International Affairs in the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, Bishop Lang travelled to Lebanon at the request of the Maronite Catholic Church. Bishop Lang hopes that the visit will 'deepen the relationship' between the Bishops of England and Wales and the Catholic community in Lebanon. Bishop Lang said: "I felt the best way to show the Bishops' solidarity with the people of Lebanon and, in particular, the Maronite Catholic community was to accept the invitation to travel to the country and learn about the challenges, hopes and expectations of the people firsthand."

Sources
Catholic Church of England and Wales

References

1950 births
Living people
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
People from Cowes
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in England
People educated at St Edmund's College, Ware
People educated at Ryde School with Upper Chine
Roman Catholic bishops of Clifton
English Roman Catholic bishops


QX Metals Corp. (previously known as Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. and previously Alternative Earth Resources Inc.) is a Canadian multinational corporation that is active exploring a porphyry copper-gold deposit in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains. The company was first incorporated on April 13, 1995, and most recently changed its name from Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. to QX Metals Corp. in February 2019. The Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. was created following the merger of the Alternative Earth Resources Inc. with Black Sea Copper & Gold Corp. in 2016. Alternative Earth Resources Inc. itself was created on April 2, 2013 from Nevada Geothermal Power Inc. The company had focused on producing geothermal electric power from high temperature geothermal resources in the United States. Based in Vancouver, British Columbia, the company had up to six geothermal projects in the Western United States.  Despite federal government loan guarantees, the company faced financial trouble and there was "significant doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern".

Projects
The company owns a 100% leasehold interest in six properties: Blue Mountain, Pumpernickel, Edna Mountain, and Black Warrior (located in Nevada), New Truckhaven (in California), and Crump Geyser in Oregon. The projects have a production potential of over 200 MW, enough green energy to power approximately 200,000 homes.

The company's Blue Mountain 'Faulkner 1' 49.5 MW gross geothermal power project started producing commercially in November 2009. But its actual production was only 35 MW.

References

Renewable energy companies of Canada
Geothermal energy in the United States
Companies based in Vancouver
Companies listed on the TSX Venture Exchange


Sokolsko may refer to:
 Sokólsko, Poland
 Sokolsko, Kardzhali Province in Kardzhali Municipality, Bulgaria


Events in the year 1796 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
14 April - Hans Nielsen Hauge received his "spiritual baptism" in a field near his farm at Rolvsøy.

Arts and literature
 Det Dramatiske Selskab in Arendal is founded.
 Gamlebyen Church was built.

Births
19 March - Christopher Andreas Holmboe, philologist (d.1882)
14 April - Frederik Due, politician (d.1873)
10 October - Thomas Konow, naval officer and politician (d.1881)

Deaths

See also


John Callender (3 September 1903 – 13 December 1980) was an English footballer who played as a right winger for Walker Celtic, Brighton & Hove Albion, Chesterfield, Ashington, Lincoln City, Port Vale, and Gateshead.

Career
Callender played for Walker Celtic and Brighton & Hove Albion, before scoring one goal in five Third Division North games for Chesterfield in 1934. After a spell with Ashington, he moved on to Lincoln City. The "Imps" finished second in the Third Division North in 1936–37, three points behind champions Stockport County. They then dropped to seventh place in 1937–38. He scored 26 goals in 75 league games in his two seasons at Sincil Bank. He joined Port Vale in May 1938. He played three Third Division South games, scoring one goal in the season opening 3–1 defeat to Aldershot at The Old Recreation Ground on 27 August. He was handed a free transfer in April 1939. He moved on to Third Division North club Gateshead, scoring two goals in three appearances before the league was abandoned after the outbreak of World War II. Callender guested for Mansfield Town during World War II.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Lincoln City
Football League Third Division North second-place promotion: 1936–37

References

People from Wylam
Footballers from Northumberland
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Walker Celtic F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Ashington A.F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Gateshead F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. wartime guest players
English Football League players
1903 births
1980 deaths


C Czarnikow Ltd v Koufos or The Heron II [1969] 1 AC 350 is an English contract law case, concerning remoteness of damage. The House of Lords held that the "remoteness" test, as a limit to liability, is, in contract, more restrictive than it is in tort.

Facts
Koufos chartered a ship (the Heron II) from Czarnikow to bring 3,000 tons of sugar to Basra. It was nine days late. The sugar price had dropped from £32 10s to £31 2s 9d. Koufos claimed the difference in the loss of profit. Czarkinow knew there was a sugar market, but not that Koufos intended to sell it straight away.

Judgment
The House of Lords held that the loss was not too remote. They stated that the test for remoteness in contract is narrower than it is in tort. While in tort any damage of a type which is reasonably foreseeable can be claimed, Lord Reid ruled that, in contract, the defendant must ought to have realised that the loss was 'not unlikely to result from the breach of contract'. A higher degree of probability is needed for the loss to be in the contemplation of the parties.
Lord Reid disapproved of Asquith LJ’s judgment in Victoria Laundry v Newman in that the term "foreseeability" was employed. He emphasised that he would ‘use the words ‘not unlikely’ as denoting a degree of probability considerably less than an even chance but nevertheless not very unusual and easily foreseeable. He emphasised that the tests in tort and contract were very different, on the basis that where there is a contract the parties will have had the opportunity to apportion their liabilities already. Therefore, the test for remoteness should be less generous than in tort, where consequential losses must be very remote to preclude compensation.

Lord Morris, Lord Hodson, Lord Pearce and Lord Upjohn were generally approving of Asquith LJ’s language.

See also
Hadley v Baxendale
Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd [1948] 2 KB 528
Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd [1978] 1 QB 791
South Australia Asset Management Co v York Montague [1996] 3 All ER 365
The Achilleas [2008] UKHL 48

Notes

References

English remedy case law
English implied terms case law
House of Lords cases
1967 in United Kingdom case law