A tire changer is a machine used to help tire technicians dismount and mount tires with automobile wheels. After the wheel and tire assembly are removed from the automobile, the tire changer has all the components necessary to remove and replace the tire from the wheel. Different tire changers allow technicians to replace tires on automobiles, motorcycles and heavy-duty trucks. New tire and wheel technology has improved certain tire changers to be able to change a low profile tire or a run-flat tire.

Components

Foot pedals

The tire changer has two foot pedals. The left pedal is called the clamp control pedal, a three position pedal that opens and closes the rim clamps. Once pressed, pneumatic pistons move the 4 rim clamps together or apart simultaneously. The right pedal is the table top pedal, which is a three position pedal that controls the rotation of the table top. When the table top pedal is pressed down, the table top spins clockwise. The table top spins counter clockwise when the pedal is raised.

Mount/demount mechanism

The mount/demount mechanism consists of the duckhead, swing arm, and vertical slide. The duckhead is at the bottom end of the vertical slide. The duckhead is uniquely shaped, like a tapered bill, to fit next and surround the rim of a wheel. It can either be made of metal or plastic. The duckhead mounts and demounts the tire from the wheel. The swing arm moves left and right. The purpose of the swing arm is to move the duck head near or away from the rim. The last component of the mount/demount mechanism is the vertical slide. The vertical slide moves up and down so that the duck head can fit onto the rims of different size wheel widths. The vertical slide has a spring and locking handle above the swing arm to set the duckhead and maintain a stable position around the rim.

Air pressure system

The air pressure system on a tire changer provides the air to inflate tires mounted on wheels. The air pressure system consists of 4 components: air hose, air inflation gauge, inflation pedal and manual pressure bleed valve. The air hose is located near the top of the tire changer, and it allows compressed air to travel into the tire. A specialized end is used on the air hose to clamp firmly onto valve stems of the wheels. The air inflation gauge displays the air pressure within the tire when the air hose is connected to the valve stem. The air inflation gauge displays the pressure in pounds per square inch (psi). Directly below the air hose on the side of the tire changer is the inflation pedal that enables the inflation of the tire. When the inflation pedal is raised, a burst of air is released from valves next to each rim clamp toward the bottom bead of the tire to help with inflation. The manual bleed valve is located next to the air hose and air inflation gauge. The manual bleed valve allows the manual release of air pressure from tire.

Table top and rim clamps

The table top and rim clamps hold and rotate the wheel to mount or dismount a tire. The table top is directly above the foot pedals and below the mount/demount mechanism. The table top is able to rotate clockwise and counter clockwise. The table top is shaped as the letter "X", but it can be a circle in different tire changer models.  On each end of the table top, there are pneumatic–powered rim clamps. These rim clamps move in unison to secure wheels onto the table top. Each rim clamp can be adjusted closer or further away from the center of the table top to accommodate smaller or larger wheels.

Bead loosening system

The bead loosening system releases the tire bead from the rim of the wheel. The bead loosening system consists of an arm near the bottom right side of the tire changer. There is a shovel shaped metal piece at the end of the arm called the bead loosener shoe. The bead loosener shoe pivots and is rounded to accommodate the shape of a wheel. On top of the arm, there is a handle with a button on top to engage the bead loosening system. Across from the shovel shaped metal piece, there are rubber squares to protect the wheel from scratches during the loosening procedure.

Tire installation

The following list provides an explanation of an operator installing a tire onto a wheel using a tire changer:
 The operator centers the wheel and securely fastens it onto the table top with the rim clamp mechanism with the narrow bead-ledge up of the wheel.
 The operator pushes the bottom bead first in the well of the wheel.
 The operator pushes the top bead down into the center well of the wheel under the duckhead and rotates the table top using the table top pedal.
 The operator installs a valve core.
 The operator slowly inflates the tire until the beads "pop" on the bead ledge of the wheel.
 The operator releases the rim clamps and inflates the tire to manufacturer specifications.

Other types of tire changers

Motorcycle
Motorcycle tire changers are less sophisticated than passenger car and light truck or heavy-duty tire changers because they deal with smaller and lighter tires and wheels. Motorcycle tire changers mainly provide a simple bead loosening system and rim clamps powered manually. Certain motorcycle tire changers can accommodate wheel diameters as small as  and wheels at least  wide.  In addition, small atv wheels and tires are used on motorcycle tire changers.

Heavy duty
Heavy-duty tire changers require larger equipment because these changers deal with larger, heavier tires and wheels. Heavy-duty tire changers can work with some wheels up to  in diameter and tires up to  in diameter and  wide. Heavy-duty tire changers are used for agricultural, off-road and construction vehicles. However, now, bigger versions of the heavy-duty tire changers are designed to mount/demount tires up to  in diameter and also feature a hydraulically operated self-centering four-jaw chuck with clamping jaws that can clamp from  either from the wheel’s inside or from the center bore.

Semi Automatic and Automatic mounting and inflation machines
Higher volume producers typically utilize specialized tire and wheel mounting and inflation equipment which is partially or fully automated. Depending on the tire size, machines may be a single station or multistation. In these machines, the tire is inflated using high volume, high pressure compressed air that flows into the tire around the tire bead rather than through the valve stem. When the tire has achieved the desired inflation pressure, the machine's inflation head moves away from the tire and the inflation process is completed.

References

External links

Articles containing video clips
Tires


Sotu () is one of six parishes (administrative divisions) in Les Regueres, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 138 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Alcéu
 Pereda
 Sotu

References

Parishes in Las Regueras


SS Denebola (T-AKR 289) is an Algol-class vehicle cargo ship that is currently maintained by the United States Maritime Administration as part of the Military Sealift Command's Ready Reserve Force (RRF).  She was built as a high speed container ship by Rotterdamsche D.D.Mij N.V. in Rotterdam, Netherlands, hull no. 332, for Sea-Land Service, Inc. and named SS Sea-Land Resource, USCG ON 550723, IMO 7325253. Due to her high operating cost, she was sold to the United States Navy in October 1981 as USNS Denebola (T-AK-289).

In keeping with the pattern of the naming the Algol-class ships after bright stars, the Denebola was named after Denebola, the third-brightest star in the constellation Leo.

Conversion
Conversion began on 22 November 1983 at Pennsylvania Shipbuilding in Chester, Pennsylvania.  Her cargo hold was redesigned into a series of decks connected by ramps so vehicles can be driven into and out of the cargo hold for fast loading and unloading.  She was also fitted with two sets of two cranes; one set located at midship capable of lifting 35 tons, and another set located aft capable of lifting 50 tons. She was delivered to the Military Sealift Command on 10 October 1985 as USNS Denebola (T-AKR 289).

Service
When not active, Denebola is kept in reduced operating status due to her high operating cost.  If needed, she can be activated and ready to sail in 96 hours.  Denebola took part in the Persian Gulf War in 1990.  Along with the other seven Algol class cargo ships, she transported 14 percent of all cargo delivered between the United States and Saudi Arabia during and after the war. In 1994, Denebola, along with USNS Capella (T-AKR-293), worked with NATO forces on convoy exercises in the Mediterranean.

On 1 October 2007, Denebola was transferred to the United States Maritime Administration.  On 1 October 2008, she was transferred to the Ready Reserve Force, losing her USNS designation. If activated, Denebola will report to the Military Sealift Command and change her prefix designation from SS to USNS.

Together with sistership SS Antares, Denebola resides in Baltimore harbor (June, 2022).

Citations
U.S. Coast Guard District 5 Local Notice to Mariners Week 49/20 8 DEC 20, at page 25

References

Ships built in Rotterdam
Algol-class vehicle cargo ships
1973 ships
Cold War auxiliary ships of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States


Ilya Aleksandrovich Borodin (; born 6 July 1976) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1995 for FC Rotor Volgograd. He played 1 game in the UEFA Cup 1998–99 for FC Rotor Volgograd.

Honours
 Russian Premier League bronze: 1996.
 Russian Second Division Zone Povolzhye top scorer: 2001 (24 goals).

References

1976 births
Footballers from Volgograd
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Energiya Volzhsky players
PFC Dynamo Stavropol players
FC Tyumen players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Gornyak Uchaly players
FC Nizhny Novgorod (2007) players
FC Mordovia Saransk players
Men's association football forwards
FC Akademiya Tolyatti players


Lighthouse Road is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in The Municipality of the District of Digby in Digby County .

References
 Lighthouse Road on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Digby County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Bearcreek Saloon and Steakhouse is a restaurant in the small town of Bearcreek, Montana. The Saloon is family owned by  (Bobby) Pits & Lynn DeArmond since it was purchased in 1982. The restaurant houses fund-raising pig races throughout the year that use full grown pigs in the summer and piglets in the winter, which are overseen by the Carbon County Health Department and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Saloon was involved in a lengthy legal battle over the legality of pig races with the Montana Board of Horse Racing, and it was eventually made legal in House Bill 433 in 1993. The Saloon is located seven miles outside of the city of Red Lodge, Montana on Montana Secondary Highway 308. Owner Bobby "Pitts" Dearmond was born and raised in Spearman, Texas before moving to Montana in the late 1970s.

History
The saloon and steakhouse was bought in 1982 by the DeArmond family, and at the time was only a bar. A kitchen was added and began serving Mexican food in 1984. The bar's main clientele is tourists, but due to the 1988 Yellowstone Fires there was a sharp downturn in tourism in 1988. The DeArmond family developed the idea of pig races to draw more customers to the area and started the races in 1992. In 1994 the menu was switched to a classic saloon and steakhouse, to which it remains today. Bobby "Pitts" was featured on ABC Good Morning America a couple of times during this period.

Pig races

The pig races are the main attraction at the Bear Creek Saloon. As told by the Füd Report from Montana, the racetrack is a short oval that is surrounding a golden statue of a pig, set up like a "minor league stadium" . The pigs start in a gate much like horse racing, and each race starts with the playing of "The Call to the Post" over a loudspeaker. The pigs race around the track to a trough full of vegetables. There are a total of 12 races each night, one every 15 minutes, and each race has five pigs racing.

The pigs are provided by a local  4-H club, and each pig can be purchased by a sponsor every racing season. The sponsor names the pig and a jersey made for it. Some past pigs names have been "Pumpkin Butt", "Raquel Belch", "Knuckles", "Pig O'War", "Ursowla Hamdress", and "Notta Hot Dog". After the racing season is over, the pig is slaughtered and the sponsor has the option of donating the meat to charity or to keep it themselves. Pig Sponsors also can purchase billboard space around the racetrack, adding to the "stadium" effect. Some sponsors in the past have been the Riverboat Casino in Billings, Montana, the U.S. Bank in Red Lodge, Shipton's Big R ranch supplies in Billings, and Maxwell's restaurant in Cody, Wyoming. The Carbon County Health Department and the U.S. Department of Agriculture oversee the health and condition of the pigs.

In December 2003 the DeArmond family developed the idea to host indoor pig races in the winter season by using a custom built racetrack on the stage inside the Saloon. The piglets are all between 5–6 weeks old and they race until they get to be 10–12 weeks old.

Betting for fund raising
The Pig races that the Saloon hosts are fundraisers. Each race has a betting card assigned to it, which has a total of 25 spots. In the first eleven races the cost for one spot is $2. In the final race one spot costs $5. The total for the first eleven races is $50 a betting card and $125 for the final race.

Racemaster Pits DeArmond starts the race process by asking for a volunteer, who rolls a pair of five sided dice. The first die has the letters A-E on a side, and the second die has the numbers 1-5 on a side. The rolling of the dice essentially creates coordinates on the betting card determine which slots are assigned to a pig. After all five pigs have been assigned the race proceeds and the winning pig's owner claims their prize. The prize is $25 for the first eleven races and $100 for the final race. Fund raising is part of every race, with the remaining $25 being donated to local scholarships to Carbon County students. Over $107,000 has been raised to date.

Legal battle
According to the Seattle Post Intelligencer, the DeArmond family held pig races for four years before being served with cease and desist from the Montana Board of Horse Racing in 1992. The Board argued that recent drop in gambling revenue to the State was due partly "because of the pig racing operation and the relaxing of gambling laws." The board only had jurisdiction over pigs because of an older segment of law that gave them jurisdiction over racing of all animals

After the pig racing was shut down at the Saloon, business was down 60 percent. The DeArmond Family, along with the help of State Rep. Alvin Ellis Jr., found a loophole in the law that allowed sports pools, which led to the fund raising system and the use of betting cards. Ellis said the anti-pig-racing forces were "very heavy-handed, belligerent, and talked nonsense about things like doping (racing) pigs. They pretended not to know there's no way you can `fix' a pool-betting situation, where 20 of the 25 people on the board don't get anything because there's only five pigs racing." Eventually the DeArmond family won out and have been hosting pig racing ever since.

See also
Bearcreek, Montana
Red Lodge, Montana
 Yellowstone National Park
Billings,Montana

References

Steakhouses in the United States
Restaurants in Montana
Buildings and structures in Carbon County, Montana
Tourist attractions in Carbon County, Montana
Restaurants established in 1982
Charity fundraisers
Montana culture
1982 establishments in Montana


Conway is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  The Municipality of the District of Digby in Digby County .

Communities in Digby County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Juana Núñez de Lara (1286 – 1351) was a daughter of Juan Núñez de Lara the Fat and his wife Teresa Díaz II de Haro of the lordship of Biscay. Juana is also known as la Palomilla or Lady of Lara.

Life
Juana was first married to Infante Henry of Castile, son of Ferdinand III of Castile and his first wife Elisabeth of Swabia. The marriage was childless and Henry died in 1304, leaving Juana a young widow.

Juana was married secondly to Ferdinand de la Cerda, son of Ferdinand de la Cerda and his wife Blanche of France. Blanche was a daughter of Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence. Juana and Ferdinand had four children:
Juan Núñez III de Lara (1313–1350), married Maria de Haro
Blanche Núñez de Lara (1311–1347), married Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
Margaret Núñez de Lara, a nun.
Maria Núñez de Lara, married Charles II of Alençon and was mother of Charles III of Alençon.

Their daughter, Blanca de La Cerda y Lara, was mother of Juana Manuel of Castile. Juana Manuel was married to king Henry II of Castile and was mother of king John I of Castile and Infanta Eleanor of Castile.

Juana's husband died in 1322, Juana herself died in Palencia in 1351.

Ancestry

References

Sources

1286 births
1351 deaths
13th-century Castilians
Juana
13th-century Spanish women
Juana


Tresmonte () is one of six parishes (administrative divisions) in Les Regueres, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 308 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Agüera
 Cogollu
 Granda
 Llandriu
 Les Cruces
 Pravia
 Premió

References

Parishes in Las Regueras


Saint Eutropius of Saintes () is venerated as the first bishop of Saintes, France.  According to tradition, he was a Roman or a Persian of royal descent who was sent to evangelize Gaul either by Saint Clement in the 1st century or by Pope Fabian in the 250s as a companion of Saint Denis.

He lived as a hermit near Saintes and converted to Christianity the governor's daughter, Saint Eustella or Eustelle.  According to tradition, the governor was so enraged by his daughter's conversion that he had both her and Eutropius killed.  Eutropius was killed by having his head split open with an axe.

Gregory of Tours mentions the tradition of Eutropius’ martyrdom in his work, but also notes that before Bishop Palladius of Saintes translated Eutropius’ relics around 590 to the Romanesque church of St. Eutropius in Saintes, no one really knew the legend of Eutropius.  In the 6th century, the poet Venantius Fortunatus refers to Eutropius in connection with Saintes.

References

Bishops of Saintes
3rd-century bishops in Gaul
French hermits
Ante-Nicene Christian martyrs
Gallo-Roman saints
1st-century Gallo-Roman people


Levi Fatzinger Noble (November 11, 1882 – August 4, 1965) was an American geologist. His entire career was spent as a member of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Noble is largely known for his work in the American southwest, particularly as a pioneer geologist in the Death Valley region.

Early life
Noble was born in 1882 into a prominent and wealthy family of Auburn, New York. He received his bachelor's degree from Yale University in 1905 and his PhD in geology in 1909, also from Yale. Shortly after receiving his doctorate he was appointed to the USGS; being independently wealthy, he received only a token salary, and was largely permitted to select his own projects.

In 1910, Noble married Dorothy Evans of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a wedding gift, Dorothy's parents gave them a fruit ranch near Valyermo, California, at the foot of the north slope of the San Gabriel Mountains and athwart the San Andreas Fault zone. The ranch was their principal residence for the rest of their lives.

Geological career
Noble's initial investigations (including his PhD thesis) were in the Grand Canyon of Arizona. His PhD research included
studies of Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks of the Grand Canyon. For the USGS, he prepared a detailed geologic map of the
Shinumo quadrangle, which is part of Grand Canyon National Park. During this research, he demonstrated great skill in climbing, traversing the canyon between the river and the rim in multiple locations (without trails) to measure the stratigraphic sections.

In his Death Valley field investigations, which began in 1917 and continued off and on for 45 years, he observed and accurately recorded most of the major geologic features of Death Valley. Noble mapped an 8000 square mile area, assisted by Donald Curry and Thomas Thayer. His early Death Valley work reported on nitrate deposits, motivated by World War I requirements for gunpowder. Later work addressed colemanite(borate) deposits, both in Shoshone and elsewhere.
His 1926 paper on the Shoshone colemanite deposits described the first evidence for Lake Manly in Death Valley, based on observed strand lines.
Much of his Death Valley work was published in his much-cited 1941 paper "Structural Features of the Virgin Spring area", which described and interpreted a geological feature which he named the "Amorgosa chaos"; the Amorgosa chaos is still a topic of geological research.

Around 1950, Noble started working with both Lauren Wright and Bennie Troxel, who later became prominent Death Valley geologists. Revised interpretations of part of Noble's 1941 paper were included in a 1954 chapter co-written with Lauren Wright.

During World War II, Noble worked with the USGS Military Geology Unit. His working knowledge of the Russian and Japanese languages enabled him to read geologic maps and reports in those languages.

Noble also engaged in a long-term investigation of a fifty-mile segment of the southern San Andreas fault on the north side of the San Gabriel Mountains. In a 1926 paper, Noble was one of the first geologists to cite evidence for large horizontal displacement (38 kilometers) along this fault; this was a radical proposal at the time and was not accepted by most geologists. Later research  by other geologists has now established movement of hundreds of kilometers on the San Andreas fault. Additional work in the area resulted in his USGS geologic maps of the Pearland and Valyermo quadrangles.

Noble was awarded the Interior Department's gold medal for distinguished service when he retired in 1951. He continued his
affiliation with the USGS until his death in 1965.
In 1961, the borate mineral nobleite was named after him.

Publications
 "Contributions to the geology of the Grand Canyon, Arizona – The geology of the Shinumo area" American Journal of Science, 4th ser., v. 29, p. 369-386. (1910)
 "The Grand Canyon of the Colorado" Science v. 34, p. 378-380. (1911)
 "The Shinumo quadrangle, Grand Canyon district, Arizona" U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 549 (1914)
 "A reconnaissance of the Archean complex of the Granite Gorge, Grand Canyon, Arizona": with J.F. Hunter. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 98-I, p. 95-113. (1916)
 "Geologic history of the Bright Angel quadrangle, Arizona": Text on back of topographic sheet, Bright Angel quadrangle, Arizona (Coconino County): U.S. Geological Survey. (1918)
 "A section of the Paleozoic formations of the Grand Canyon at Bass Trail": U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 131-B, p. 23-73. (1922)
 "Colemanite in Clark County, Nevada": U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 735, p. 23-39. (1922)
 "Nitrate deposits in the Amargosa region, southeastern California": with G.R. Mansfield and others. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 724, 99 p. (1922)
 "Borate deposits in the Kramer district, Kern County, California": U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 785, p. 45-61. (1926)
 "Note on a colemanite deposit near Shoshone, California, with a sketch of the geology of a part of the Amargosa Valley": U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 785, p. 63-73. (1926)
 "The San Andreas rift and some other active faults in the desert region of southeastern California": Carnegie Institute of Washington, Yearbook 25, p. 415-422. (1926)
 The San Andreas rift and some other active faults in the desert region of southeastern California": Seismological Society of America Bulletin, v. 17, p. 25-39. (1927)
 "The San Andreas rift in a part of southern California": Third Pan-Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, 1926, Proceedings, p. 394-400. (1928)
 "A section of the Kaibab limestone in Kaibab Gulch, Utah": U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 150, p. 41-60. (1928)
 "Nitrate deposits in southeastern California, with notes on deposits in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico": U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 820 (1931)
 "The San Andreas rift in the desert region of southern California": Carnegie Institute of Washington, Yearbook 31, p. 355-363. (1932)
 "Excursion to the San Andreas Fault and Cajon Pass, in Gale, H. S., ed., Southern California": 16th International Geological Congress, Guidebook 15 (1933)
 "Structural features of the Virgin Spring area, Death Valley, California": Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 52, p. 941-1000. (1941)
 "Geology of the Pearland quadrangle, California": U.S. Geological Survey, Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ 24. (1953)
 "Geology of the Valyermo quadrangle, California": U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ 50. (1954)
 "The San Andreas Fault zone from Soledad Pass to Cajon Pass, California", in Jahns, R. H., ed., Geology of Southern California: California Division of Mines Bulletin 170, chapter IV, p. 37-48. (1954)
 "Geology of the central and southern Death Valley region, California," with L.A. Wright. in Jahns, R. H., ed., Geology of Southern California: California Division of Mines Bulletin 170, chapter II, p. 143-160. (1954)

References

See also
Geology of the Death Valley area
Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Henry G. Ferguson

20th-century American geologists
1882 births
1965 deaths
American science writers
United States Geological Survey personnel
Yale University alumni


Valdunu () is one of six parishes (administrative divisions) in Les Regueres, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 286 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Areces
 Bolgues
 Cuetu
 La Fonte
 Paladín
 Premoño
 Puerma
 Valdunu

References

Parishes in Las Regueras


Metepeira labyrinthea, the labyrinth orbweaver, is a spider, with thin legs and a round, bulbous abdomen It is a member of the genus Metepeira in the family Araneidae. The female’s length is 5.3 mm, its carapace 2.3 mm, abdomen 3.3 mm, and extended legs 18.4 mm. The carapace is brown or gray, and the abdomen is dark with a white pattern. The legs alternate pale brown and dark brown, and the sternum is dark brown with a longitudinal yellow mark. The male spider is three-quarters of the female’s length, or slightly larger, with a darker carapace and with greater contrast between dark and light areas of the legs. Metepeira are easily distinguished from other Araneidae by their light eye region, white median line on the sternum, relative length of the leg segments, small male palpus, weakly sclerotized epigyne and the special composite web.

Web

In the webs of some spiders the viscid thread turns in very few, if any, spiral turns; most of the thread is looped back and forth along the radius. This is shown in the web of Meteperia labyrinthea. A web of this kind is termed an incomplete orb. The web of the labyrinth spider is highly characteristic and is more easily recognizable than the spider itself. The web consists of both an orb web and an irregular web. The orb web is built below and in front of an irregular web, where a retreat for the spider is created. This retreat is a tangled, knotted web made with some debris and leaves woven into the silk, placed so as to make a small tent for the spider. After attaining maturity, the male makes no orb web.

Habitat
The labyrinth orbweaver can be found in most of the United States, southward through the Neotropics to Argentina. It is locally common in places of open woodland or woodland edge, and the webs are usually 3 to 8 feet above the ground. Orange trees, which have many dead and bare lower branches, provide places for the webs in thorny clusters of twigs. The spiders seem to be somewhat of a colonist, with many living in the same tree, sometimes with their webs only a few inches apart.

Food
Like many other spiders, the labyrinth spider is a predator that uses the orb portion of its web to ensnare prey. It is a passive hunter that lets the web do the work. One or more trap lines extend from the retreat to the orb web. The sticky prey capture threads of orb-webs are critical to web performance. By retaining insects that strike the web, these spirally designed threads allow a spider time to locate their prey. When an insect becomes entangled in the web, the spider climbs down to reach it from the trap line and ties it up in the web. If the spider is in need of food immediately, the insect is taken back to the retreat where the soft parts of the animal are eaten and the remaining parts thrown from the web.

In June 1980, a field experiment was performed in Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Prince George's County, Maryland, to determine if food is a limiting resource for adult females of Metepeira labyrinthea. Spiders built webs after being added to open experimental units, half of which were exposed to natural prey densities, while the other spiders were given laboratory-reared flies to increase prey availability. Feeding continued like this for 2.5 months and at the end of the experiment all egg sacs were removed from the units. Additional prey did not increase the survival rate of the spiders; however, the species responded to additional prey by significantly increasing the number of eggs produced per female. Median egg production per female increased from 65 to 145 for M. labyrinthea. This indicated that food was a limited resource for this species.

Life cycle

The labyrinth spider is active, with its webs visible, from March through October. During the rainy season, the female mates and lays eggs. The female usually produces 5 or 6 egg sacs with an average of 55 eggs each. She puts her eggs into several silken discs strung together in a bead-like row, and then builds an egg case around the eggs and hangs it in the web near her retreat, where it is camouflaged by other debris in her web. Once the young emerge they are self-sufficient; they leave the mother's nest by ballooning.

References

Araneidae
Spiders described in 1847
Spiders of North America
Spiders of South America


The Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility (PUMA) was an experimental electrically powered road vehicle created by Segway and adopted by General Motors as a concept vehicle representing the future of urban transportation.  It operates on two wheels placed side by side, a layout that differs in placement from motorcycles which instead have their two wheels placed at the front and rear.

The PUMA design transfers the two-wheeled self-balancing characteristics of a Segway PT into a vehicle that can carry two passengers side by side at up to  for a distance of up to .

Segway's CEO and President, James D. Norrod claimed that the use of General Motors' sales network worldwide could allow for PUMA sales to exceed the number of Segway PT models sold to date.

By 2016, Segway no longer shared information about the PUMA project at Segway.com. However, it featured the PUMA at its new Chinese flagship store, which opened in Beijing in August 2016.

Prototype
The first public prototype was demonstrated in April 2009, being formally announced by Segway and General Motors in advance of its display at the New York International Auto Show.  Norrod stated that using a "Neighborhood Electric Vehicle" size of lithium-ion battery would give the PUMA a range of , and could be recharged in about three hours at a cost of $0.35 US dollars.  The prototype weighs approximately .

Safety
One idea proposed is that the vehicle would make use of its Global Positioning System (GPS) determined position to avoid crashes with other vehicles; the position would be transmitted to other vehicles using a communications technology.  With all of the vehicles knowing their whereabouts, it would allow each car to drive itself to avoid obstacles including other vehicles and pedestrians. The developers claim that crash-avoidance systems would eliminate the need for airbags and would include seat belts exclusively for "comfort purposes".

The limited top speed would prevent the use of the vehicle on highways and other roadways with a speed limit in excess of . Initial uses might include college campuses and other locations where traditional passenger cars and trucks are limited.

Technology
The vehicle uses Segway's dynamic stabilization technology to maintain balance across two parallel wheels while driving.  In addition to the main driving wheels at each side of the vehicle, there are small stabilizing wheels at both front and rear to support the vehicle whilst parked and to limit the maximum leaning angle.

See also
General Motors EN-V
BMW Mega City Vehicle
VisLab, and their VIAC intercontinental challenge (driving from Italy to China with autonomous vehicles)
Google driverless car
MIT Media Lab CityCar

References

External links
P.U.M.A. – Segway Advanced Development

Electric concept cars
General Motors vehicles
Electric city cars


Kandace LaShawn Love (; born October 24, 1984) is an American professional soccer defender who previously played for So Cal Union FC in the Women's Premier Soccer League. She previously played for the FC Gold Pride and Western New York Flash of Women's Professional Soccer.

Early life
Wilson was born in Los Angeles, California.

Cal State Fullerton
Wilson attended Cal State Fullerton and was a three-time
All-Big West Conference First Team selection. In 2005, she was named the Big West Co-Offensive Player of the Year following her senior season.

Playing career

Club
Wilson was drafted with the 13th overall selection in the 2008 WPS General Draft by FC Gold Pride.  She assumed a starting role with the club, but suffered a season-ending hip injury on May 24, 2009, against the Los Angeles Sol.  Late in the game while guarding Marta, Wilson "was aggressively pushed off the ball and fell to the ground suffering a sublimation (partial separation) of her left hip and fracturing the left posterior aspect of the acetabulum (hip socket)."

In 2011, she played for the Western New York Flash, the team's inaugural season in the Women's Professional Soccer league. The team won the league championship.

In February 2013 she joined Sky Blue FC in the new National Women's Soccer League

Coaching career
Wilson is an assistant coach at Cal State Fullerton.

References

External links
 FC Gold Pride player profile
 Pali Blues player profile

FC Gold Pride players
Western New York Flash players
Cal State Fullerton Titans women's soccer coaches
Cal State Fullerton Titans women's soccer players
1984 births
Living people
Pali Blues players
African-American women's soccer players
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
NJ/NY Gotham FC players
Women's Professional Soccer players
American women's soccer players
Women's association football defenders
Ajax America Women players
American soccer coaches
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women


EICA may refer to:

 Electrical Instrumentation Control Automation Engineering
 Connemara Airport in Ireland
 Edinburgh International Climbing Arena, indoor climbing arena near Edinburgh


Inal Arsenovich Getigezhev (; born 23 May 1987) is a Russian former professional footballer. In 2018 he played for Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2006 for FC Lokomotiv Moscow.

Honours
 Russian Premier League bronze: 2006

References

External links

1987 births
Footballers from Rostov-on-Don
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Russia men's B international footballers
Russian Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Rostov players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Nizhny Novgorod (2007) players
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Orenburg players
FC Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino players


Family Outing (; also known as Family Outing Season 1) was a South Korean comedy-variety show; part of SBS's Good Sunday lineup, along with Gold Miss is Coming (골드미스가 간다). It first aired on June 15, 2008, and was one of the top rated programs on Sunday Korean television. Each week, the cast members referred to as "Family" travelled to different locations in South Korea to stay for a single night. During their stay the Family would play games and complete tasks set by the owners of the home, while the owners are out on vacation.

The game-variety show format of Family Outing has widely been considered to be influenced by its predecessor, X-Man with both programs sharing key production and cast members, the most notable of which being Main Producer Jang Hyuk-jae, MC Yoo Jae-suk and cast member Kim Jong-kook. Trademarks of the production included sound effects, pop-up text and background music in accordance with the on-screen narrative. Music included personal theme songs for various cast members, frequently coordinated with moments of lament or foolishness for comedic effect, or schadenfreude.

The first season ended on February 14, 2010, and a 17 episode second season featuring a brand new cast and production team aired from 21 February 2010 to July 11, 2010.

Episode synopsis
The show typically followed a format comprising a series of two-episode arcs.  These comprised a two-day shoot, including an overnight stay for the cast and crew, that was edited for broadcast over two weekly episodes.  Generally, the events transpiring on the first day of filming would be shown in the first of the two-episode arc, with the second day's events broadcast in the second episode.  These two days of filming were generally filmed biweekly, with the cast and crew regathering every two weeks.  Guest cast members frequently joined the permanent members for the two-episode arc, appearing in two successive episodes before departing.

The first of two episodes typically starts with a phone call from Yoo Jae-suk, the MC of the show, notifying the Family members where and when to gather for the next location of filming, which was frequently a remote, rural region. Each member arrives along with any guests, as they greet each other and the viewing audience. The guest is usually then given a map to lead the Family to the house in which they will be staying for their two-day stay. Upon reaching the house, the Family greet and send the homeowners off on a vacation.  At this point, the Family reviews the list of chores that the homeowners have assigned before setting upon the first task. While completing the list of chores, the Family compete in various mental and physical challenges. After completing the first chore, the Family may proceed to the next assigned or return home to prepare dinner.  For the latter, the Family usually divides into teams to gather ingredients, clean, prepare, and cook.

After eating dinner, the Family typically play another game before preparing for bedtime.  This game often determines sleep positions or who is in charge of late-night/early-morning chores.  Sleeping arrangement allowed the Family to determine where each member would be positioned overnight, with this ranking of particular importance if sleeping locations included particularly undesirable quarters, such as a cold and cramped room, or next to someone inclined to flatulence.  The ranking process involved the female cast members numerically ranking the men in the Family, often based on their performance either in the preceding game or over the course of the day.  The male members then repeat the ranking process for the female Family members. In addition to bedding location, the ranking system or game was used to determine which Family members would be assigned the undesirable task of late-night/early-morning chores.  These chores were typically menial tasks such as delivery, collection, or preparation of food.

The second of two episodes typically begins with the continuation of the previous night's activities. Frequently this involved some late-night conversation before the Family dozed off. The next morning, Yoo Jae-suk is typically the first to be woken and is then himself assigned the task of waking the other Family members.  The reluctant waking process is usually presented for comedic effect.  After the Family rise, Jae-suk initiates a "Wake Up Mission", where the losing member would be tasked with breakfast preparation, alongside other members (s)he selects. While they make breakfast, the rest of the Family either returns to bed, or completes another chore.  The Family members that are assigned breakfast duty are frequently filmed gathering ingredients from around the community before commencing preparation and cooking.  In this way the program also highlights regional produce and places of interest in more rural villages.  After the Family awakens a second time to eat breakfast, they typically perform the last chores assigned by the homeowners. While completing these final tasks, the Family will often participate in another competition before returning to the house.
The homeowners are then shown returning from vacation and bidding the Family farewell.  The episode concludes with a sneak peek of the following episode, including the next guest(s).

Cast and characters
The first "Family" was composed of comedian/MC Yoo Jae-suk, singer/songwriter/MC Yoon Jong-shin, Big Bang member Daesung, singer Lee Hyo-ri, actor Kim Su-ro, singer Kim Jong-kook, actor Park Hae-jin, actress Park Si-yeon, actress Park Ye-jin and actor Lee Chun-hee. "Family" members Park Ye-jin and Lee Chun-hee left the show after 53 episodes and the expiration of their one-year contract with both citing their desire to focus on their acting careers. Near the end of the series, Park Si-yeon could not continue filming the show because of a physical injury.

On November 26, 2009, it was announced that Yoo Jae-suk and Park Si-yeon would be leaving the show.  It was later reported that Family Outing Season 1 would end due to the conflicting schedules and solo activities of the members. Their last episode aired in February 2010 with the show returning for a second season, with a new concept, production team, and cast.  All the original Family members reunited for the last three episodes, which included a special reunion awards episode.

Yoo Jae-suk, June 2008 / February 2010
Lee Hyo-ri, June 2008 / February 2010
Yoon Jong-shin, June 2008 / February 2010
Kim Su-ro, June 2008 / February 2010
Kang Dae-sung, June 2008 / February 2010
Kim Jong-kook, November 2008 / February 2010
Park Hae-jin, July 2009 / February 2010
Lee Chun-hee, June 2008 / June 2009
Park Ye-jin, June 2008 / June 2009
Park Si-yeon, July 2009 / December 2009

Guest stars

Guest star(s) were featured in most episodes, with the majority being in two back-to-back episodes.

Guests who were featured in more than two episodes are Jang Hyuk who appeared in episodes 27, 28 and 29 during the Christmas Special and Seo In-young (Jewelry) and Park Jin-young, whom both appeared in episodes 76, 77 and 78.

Family Outing had featured a variety of South Korea's most popular figures including actors (Cha Tae-hyun, Cha Seung-won, Ha Ji-won), athletes (Chu Sung-hoon), comedians (Ji Sang-ryeol) and kpop idols (Yoona, Taeyeon)

Ratings
In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will in be red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue.

2008

2009

2010

Awards and nominations

See also
SBS Family Outing 2
SBS Good Sunday
KBS 1 Night 2 Days
MBC Infinite Challenge

Notes

References

External links
Family Outing on the Official Good Sunday page

Seoul Broadcasting System original programming
South Korean travel television series
South Korean reality television series
South Korean variety television shows
2008 South Korean television series debuts
2010 South Korean television series endings
2010s South Korean television series
Korean-language television shows


Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan were the defending champions but lost in the final 6–3, 6–7, 6–4 to Víctor Pecci and Balázs Taróczy.

Seeds

  Bob Hewitt /  Frew McMillan (final)
  Brian Gottfried /  Stan Smith (first round)
  Víctor Pecci /  Balázs Taróczy (champions)
  Jan Kodeš /  Tomáš Šmíd (quarterfinals)

Draw

External links
 1978 Fischer-Grand Prix doubles draw

Doubles


L'Escampleru () is one of six parishes (administrative divisions) in Les Regueres, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 616 (INE 2011).

Villages
 L'Escampleru
 Gallegos
 Pumeda
 Quexu
 Rañeces
 San Pedru Nora
 Taoces
 Tamargu
 Valsera

References

Parishes in Las Regueras


Machine Gun McCain () is a 1969 English-language Italian crime film directed by Giuliano Montaldo and starring John Cassavetes, Britt Ekland, Peter Falk, Gabriele Ferzetti, and Florinda Bolkan. Cassavetes' spouse and regular collaborator Gena Rowlands appears in a supporting role. The film is based on the Ovid Demaris novel Candyleg, adapted by Montaldo, Mino Roli, and American playwright Israel Horovitz. It premiered at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival, where it was nominated for the Palme d'Or.

Plot
Charlie Adamo, the Mafia's recently promoted operations chief on the West Coast of the United States, attempts to muscle in on the newly constructed Royal Casino-Hotel in Las Vegas, demanding its manager Abe Stilberman sell him a 20% stake in the enterprise. When Stilberman refuses, Adamo arranges for convicted bank robber Hank McCain to be released from prison by his son Jack, who poses a plan to rob the casino without telling him of Adamo's involvement. McCain is interested, but he is wary of his son's obvious naivete and suspects more is happening than he's being told. Nonetheless, McCain begins casing the Royal, picking up and marrying an eager young woman named Irene along the way.

Unbeknownst to Adamo, the Royal is owned by the Mafia. His superior, Don Francesco, demands he cease any attempt to buy a stake, and Adamo orders the heist called off immediately. However, McCain is determined to see it through and ignores his son's calls. Eventually, he agrees to meet him in a remote warehouse, where he points out that Jack's two cohorts (working for Adamo) plan to kill them both. McCain manages to kill them instead, but not before his son dies in the crossfire.

McCain carries out his plan, setting off time bombs throughout the casino, detonating a second explosion outside town to distract authorities, and disguising himself as a firefighter to rob the safe while the building is evacuated. The plan goes off without a hitch, but Don Francesco learns of Adamo's involvement through the machinations of his wife. He tortures McCain and Irene's identities out of Adamo before having him killed.

McCain and Irene are now on the run, with the Mafia distributing photographs of the two among their network of informants. With nowhere left to turn, McCain goes to his old lover and partner-in-crime Rosemary Scott. She arranges their safe passage out of the country, but she is found out and captured by Francesco's men. She kills herself before she can be tortured for information.

Irene is spotted by an informant and captured. Francesco's men take her to McCain's awaiting boat, where they kill her. Enraged, McCain blindly fires at his assailants, but he is unceremoniously shot and killed. His and Irene's bodies are quietly disposed.

Cast

Production
Giuliano Montaldo stated that both Machine Gun McCain and his previous film Grand Slam were purely commercial projects made to establish himself in the film industry before making what he wanted to make. Montaldo stated that John Cassavetes also only took the title role to finance his own films.

The film was the first collaboration between Cassavetes and Peter Falk, preceding their more well-known pairings in Husbands and A Woman Under the Influence. Gena Rowlands and Val Avery, two other regulars of Cassavetes' ensemble, also appeared in the film.

Filming
Filming took place on-location in Las Vegas, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York City. The interiors were filmed at De Paolis and Dear Studios in Rome. Future Oscar-winning producer Gray Frederickson served as the film's U.S. production manager.

Reception
In a contemporary review, the Monthly Film Bulletin described the film as "executed with minimal flair, and thudding rather heavily on the moralist/social documentary side of the fence" and that "apart from an over-use of the Techniscope zoom lens, there's no style to speak of."

In a contemporary review of Blu-ray from the Blue Underground, Tom Charity described the film as "haphazardly scripted" but noted that it is "Cassavetes' participation alongside his soon-to be regular collaborator Falk and his wife Gena Rowlands that piques our curiosity" and that "Adroitly mixing stylish Roman interiors with colourful location work, fast-paced and featuring a ridiculously snappy Ennio Morricone dirge, The Ballad of Hank McCain...adds up to an attractive footnote to Cassavetes' career".

Notes

References

External links

1969 films
Italian heist films
Italian crime thriller films
English-language Italian films
Films directed by Giuliano Montaldo
Films based on American novels
Films set in California
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films set in San Francisco
Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Rome
Films shot in San Francisco
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Films about the American Mafia
1960s crime thriller films
English-language crime thriller films
1960s Italian films
1960s English-language films


Bolongongo  is a town and municipality in Cuanza Norte Province in Angola. The municipality had a population of 13,019 in 2014.

References

Populated places in Cuanza Norte Province
Municipalities of Angola


The 1979 Fischer-Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna, Austria that was part of the 1979 Colgate-Palmolive Grand Prix. It was the fifth edition of the tournament and took place from 22 October until 28 October 1979. Fifth-seeded Stan Smith won his second consecutive singles title at the event.

Finals

Singles

 Stan Smith defeated  Wojciech Fibak 6–4, 6–0, 6–2
 It was Smith's 7th title of the year and the 79th of his career.

Doubles

 Bob Hewitt /  Frew McMillan defeated  Brian Gottfried /  Raúl Ramírez 6–1, 6–4
 It was Hewitt's 3rd title of the year and the 55th of his career. It was McMillan's 3rd title of the year and the 60th of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Fischer-Grand Prix
Vienna Open


Strathmoor may refer to one of two sixth class cities in Jefferson County, Kentucky
Strathmoor Village, Kentucky
Strathmoor Manor, Kentucky


Inside the Whale and Other Essays is a book of essays written by George Orwell in 1940. It includes the eponymous essay "Inside the Whale".

Background
Inside the Whale was published by Victor Gollancz as a book of essays on 11 March 1940. Orwell refers to it as a "book" in part three of the essay. ("While I have been writing this book another European war has broken out."), as well as in letters he wrote to Geoffrey Gorer and Humphry House, an English scholar, the following month. Gollancz initially printed 1,100 copies in March 1940, with some copies destroyed by Nazi bombing of England.

Contents
"Inside the Whale" (1939)
"Charles Dickens" (1940)
"Boys' Weeklies" (1940)

Later version
A collection of essays with the same title was published in 1962 in the UK by Penguin Books. This edition was a reprint of an earlier collection entitled Selected Essays published in 1957. The collection contains the following essays:

"Inside the Whale"
"Down the Mine" (a passage from The Road to Wigan Pier)
"England Your England"
"Shooting an Elephant"
"Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool"
"Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels"
"Politics and the English Language"
"The Prevention of Literature"
"Boys' Weeklies"

The back cover of the 1962 edition notes that the front cover is a photograph of a selection of books from George Orwell's personal library.  These are

 For the Time Being by W. H Auden
 Enemies of Promise by Cyril Connolly
 Stalky & Co. by Rudyard Kipling
 Tarr by Wyndham Lewis
 Tropic of Capricorn by Henry Miller
 Last Poems by A. E. Housman
 Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman
 Ulysses by James Joyce

kept upright by a black elephant bookend.

See also
Bibliography of George Orwell

References

External links

1940 non-fiction books
Books by George Orwell
English-language books
English essay collections
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
Books of literary criticism


Tinea circinata may refer to:

 Pityriasis rotunda
 Tinea corporis


Arsenal Pulp Press is a Canadian independent book publishing company, based in Vancouver, British Columbia. The company publishes a broad range of titles in both fiction and non-fiction, focusing primarily on underrepresented genres such as underground literature, LGBT literature, multiracial literature, graphic novels, visual arts, progressive and activist non-fiction and works in translation, and is noted for founding the annual Three-Day Novel Contest.

History

Established in 1971, Scriveners' Pulp Press Limited was one of several ventures in alternative arts and literature of the early 1970s. In addition to fiction, poetry and drama titles the Press issued a twice-monthly literary magazine, Three-Cent Pulp, from 1972 to 1978, which introduced a loyal readership to new writing and graphics from around the world. In 1977 Pulp held its first 3-Day Novel Contest, a literary marathon held over the Labour Day weekend during which registered contestants attempted to write a novel in three days. Pulp Press sponsored the event until 1991.

The press is located in Vancouver, BC in the city's historic Chinatown district, and employs a full-time staff of six. In 2012 it had five employees. Its main specialty is LGBT works; in 2012 it did not specialize in comics.

Arsenal Pulp Press publisher Brian Lam (co-owner of the press since 1992) has been honoured with multiple professional awards for his significant contributions to LGBTQ2s+ and BIPOC publishing in North America. In 2014 he won the Community Builder Award from the Asian Canadian Writers' Workshop. In 2018, Lam received the Ivy Award from the Toronto International Festival of Authors. In 2020, Lam was awarded the Lambda Literary Publishing Professional Award.

In the fall of 2011 Arsenal Pulp Press celebrated its 40th anniversary. The press celebrated its 50th anniversary in the fall of 2021.

In March 2021, Arsenal Pulp Press became the first Canadian small press publisher to have two books make the finale of CBC Canada Reads, Canada's national "battle of the books." The novel Jonny Appleseed by Joshua Whitehead, championed by actor Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs won the competition, beating the novel Butter Honey Pig Bread by Francesca Ekwuyasi, defended by celebrity chef Roger Mooking.

Writers
Authors who have been published by Arsenal Pulp include:

The company has also published art books by or on the work of Stan Douglas, Peter Flinsch, Attila Richard Lukacs, and Ralf König.

References

External links
 Arsenal Pulp Press

Book publishing companies of Canada
Companies based in Vancouver
Small press publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1971
Canadian companies established in 1971
1971 establishments in British Columbia


The Jones Gang are an English rock band, formed in London in 2001 by the English drummer and ex-Small Faces and The Who member Kenney Jones, plus ex-Foreigner member Rick Wills and British vocalist ex-Bad Company member Robert Hart.

Members

Main lineups
 Kenney Jones – drums (2001–present)
 Robert Hart – lead vocals (2001–present)
 Jim Stapley – vocals (2013–present)
 Mark Read – vocals (2014–present)
 Pat Davey – bass guitar (2017–present)
 Johnson Jay – lead guitar (2014–present)
 Sam Tanner - keys/vocals (2016-present)

Former members
 Rick Wills – bass guitar (2001–2017)
 Dave "Bucket" Colwell – lead guitar (2001–2014)

Discography
 Any Day Now (2005)

References

External links
youtube: "Angel" - The Jones Gang - Billboard No. 1 Single (not to be taken literally)
youtube: Kenney Jones Interview in Carnaby St.

Musical groups established in 2001
English rock music groups
Musical groups from London


Martti Ilmari Simojoki, previously Simelius (17 September 1908 in Uusikaupunki – 25 April 1999 in Helsinki) was the Archbishop of Turku, and the spiritual head of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland between 1964 and 1978. Simojoki became the first bishop of the Diocese of Helsinki that was established in 1959.

Simojoki is known for his criticism of Hannu Salama's book Juhannustanssit in 1964, which led to author's conviction for blasphemy.

He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

Notes

External links
Biografiakeskus: Martti Simojoki
Archbishops of Turku: Martti Simojoki

1908 births
1999 deaths
People from Uusikaupunki
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Lutheran archbishops and bishops of Turku
Lutheran bishops of Helsinki
20th-century Lutheran archbishops
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
Finnish Lutheran archbishops


Pasanga () is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language children's film directed by Pandiraj in his directorial debut. It stars debutant child actors Kishore DS, Sree Raam and Pandian, along with newcomer Vimal and Vega Tamotia in supporting roles. The film is produced by Sasikumar and music score is composed by James Vasanthan. They rose to fame after their 2008 hit film Subramaniyapuram. Pasanga released on 1 May 2009 to critical acclaim, winning three National Film Awards and several other awards at international film festivals.

Plot
The story unfolds in a dry and barren village. The protagonist Anbukkarasu (Kishore) wants to excel in life as a collector and is a precious child. He meets Jeevanandam (Sree Raam), the son of the school teacher Chokkulingam (Jayaprakash). The meeting occurs on the first day of school. In the long run, Jeeva develops an instant dislike for Anbu even when the good-hearted Anbu tries to befriend him. However, Jeeva continues to hate Anbu with a passion. Enters Manonmani (Dharini), Jeeva's cousin, who develops an affinity towards Anbu. This makes Jeeva detest Anbu further. Anbu excels academically and in extracurricular activities, which contributes to widening the rift between the two. Anbu's parents have different opinions on life, resulting in a fight between them that Jeeva uses as a means to hurt Anbu further.

A fight between Anbu and Jeeva escalates to involve their parents, and this divides their families. The elders smooth out their differences when Jeeva's father speaks to Anbu's father about forgiveness, leading Anbu's father to get along better with his wife. In a twist, Meenakshi Sundaram (Vimal), Anbu's uncle, falls in love with Soppikannu (Vega Tamotia), Jeeva's sister. The families unite when they agree to the marriage of Meenakshi Sundaram and Soppikannu, much to the chagrin of Jeeva and Anbu, whose rift deepens.

At the end of their sixth grade, Jeeva's father asks the class to a write a letter about good and bad events in their past year, and this causes Anbu and Jeeva to share their feelings about one another. Anbu expresses his liking of Jeeva, while Jeeva continues to express his dislike of Anbu. However, Manonmani helps Jeeva understand that Anbu has changed his life for the better. When Anbu meets with a sudden accident, Jeeva's encouragement helps Anbu recover. Jeeva apologizes, they become friends, and the film ends with Meenakshi Sundaram's marriage to Soppikannu.

Cast

 Kishore DS as Anbukkarasu
 Sree Raam as Jeeva Nithyanandham
 Pandian as Kuzhanthaivelu (Pakkada)
 Vimal as Meenakshi Sundaram
 Vega Tamotia as Sobhikannu
 Jayaprakash as Chokkalingam
 Dharani as Manonmani
 Murugesh  as Kuttimani
 Karthik Raja as Bujjima
 Yoganathan as Akila
 Sivakumar as Vellaichamy, Anbu's father (Voiced by Samuthirakani)
 Sujatha Sivakumar as Mrs. Chokkalingam
 Senthi Kumari as Pothumponnu Vellaichamy

Production

Ramakrishnan was initially offered a lead role by Pandiraj, who was Ramakrishnan's colleague when they were assistants to director Cheran. As Ramakrishnan was busy with the shoot of Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum (2009), Vemal was cast in the role instead.

Accolades

57th National Film Awards

 Best Child Artist - Kishore DS and Sree Raam
 Best Dialogues - Pandiraj
 Best Feature Film in Tamil

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards

 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film

57th Filmfare Awards South

 Best Supporting Actor - Jayaprakash

4th Vijay Awards

 Best Supporting Actor - Jayaprakash
 Best Debut Actor - Vimal
 Best Find of the Year - Pandiraj
 Best Crew

Other awards

 Anandha Vikatan Award for Best Director - Pandiraj
 Anandha Vikatan Award for Best Film
 Chennai International Film Festival for Second Best Feature Film
 International Children's Film Festival Golden Elephant Award for Best Director - Pandiraj
 Pondicherry Government Sankaradas Swamigal Award for Best Indian Film
 South Scope Cine Awards for Best Film
 World Malayali Council's Essar Award for Best Director - Pandiraj

International Film Festival

 19th Golden Rooster And Hundred Flowers Film Festival  (Jiangyin,China)
 Chinese Festival Of India 2010 (China)
 6th International Children Film Festival 2010 (Bangalore, India)
 40th International Film Festival Of India 2009 (Goa)
 2nd International Children Film Festival Bangladesh
 Pune International Children Film Festival
 Lucknow International Film Festival - Best Film (Nominee) and Best Director (Nominee)
 SILPIX Children's Film Festival in America, Chicago 2011
 Norway International Film Festival 2010
 Children's Film Festival, Singapore - 2011

Music

Music and soundtracks were composed by Subramaniyapuram composer James Vasanthan. The soundtrack features four songs, the lyrics for which are written by Thamarai, Yugabharathi and James Vasanthan himself.

Release
The satellite rights of the film were sold to Kalaignar TV.

Remake
The film was remade in Sri Lanka by Sinhala-language under the title Daruwane in 2012.

References

External links

2009 films
Films about the education system in India
2000s Tamil-language films
Films directed by Pandiraj
Films scored by James Vasanthan
Indian children's films
Child characters in film
Tamil films remade in other languages
Films whose writer won the Best Dialogue National Film Award
Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners
2009 directorial debut films


Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles () is a 1758 essay written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in opposition to an article published in the Encyclopédie by Jean d'Alembert, that proposed the establishment of a theatre in Geneva. More generally, it is a critical analysis of the effects of culture on morals, that clarifies the links between politics and social life. Rousseau relates the issue of a theatre in Geneva to the broader social context, warning of the potential the theatre has to corrupt the morality in society.

The Letter is considered to be highly personally relevant to Rousseau, whose patriotism and affinity for Geneva shows through as he writes to defend his country from moral decay. By focusing on his belief in the natural order and harmony of traditional sex roles and community, Rousseau writes to convince D'Alembert, and the public of Geneva, that a theatre is a threat to an ideal, natural way of life.

Historical context
Rousseau generally opposed the Enlightenment thrust that was occurring during his lifetime. He sought to distance himself philosophically from the views that the universal use of reason, science, uninhibited freedom of thought, and an increasing appreciation for the fine arts would make society a better place. Rousseau is often characterized as the father of Romanticism, as he opposed modernity and the Enlightenment and glorified the heroic ethos of Ancient Rome and Greece.

The trend of the Enlightenment among philosophers, since Descartes and Spinoza, was to move towards a society with minimized restrictions. Rousseau adhered to the belief that restrictions and censorship are often justified to maintain civil order. Ecclesiastical groups as well, namely the Jansenists, harshly condemned the theatre due to it being incompatible with Christian morality. However, after the death of Louis XIV, new philosophical ideas began to emerge about embracing earthly pleasure, and the theatre found more and more supporters. It may be important to note that the theatre was a far more powerful cultural force in Rousseau's day than today. D'Alembert's article in support of the theatre was influenced by Voltaire, who not only was against censorship, but frequently put on theatrical performances at his home outside of Geneva.

Synopsis
The Letter begins by Rousseau establishing the respect he has for his friend D'Alembert. But after quoting a passage from D'Alembert's letter, Rousseau writes that it is imperative to discuss the potential disasters that a theatre could bring. He also responds to some comments D'Alembert makes praising the tolerance of the Geneva clergy while criticizing the intolerance of French Roman Catholicism. Rousseau is, however, reluctant to engage this discussion in depth.

The main letter is divided into three general areas: "A) The Theatre in Relation to What Is Performed in It"; "B) The Theatre Considered in Relation to the Stage and Actors"; and "C) The Establishment of a Theatre in Geneva".

The theatre in relation to what is performed in it
Rousseau writes that the theatre, at first glance, is a form of amusement. Amusements are acceptable in moderation, when they are necessary, but they become a burden if they consume the minds of men enough to waste their time. The principle of the theatre is to please, it is not, Rousseau argues, functional because the characters are always distant from man. If the play is a comedy, for example, the content is undermined, and if it is tragic, the heroic ideals are exaggerated and placed out of the reach of man. Even if the play happens to portray moral ideals well, the awareness of the audience that it is a fiction does not do the ideas justice.

Rousseau continues to say that though Greek and Roman society functioned well with tragic and violent content in theatres because it was part of the traditions specific to the time and place, putting these plays in a French context would be far more dangerous. However, tragedies are not as dangerous as comedies, because the characters more closely resemble French citizens.

He extensively discusses playwright Molière's work, and uses the play Le Misanthrope to exemplify a comedy in which the audience derives immoral pleasure. In the play, the main character, Alceste, is good and honest in his relationships with men and made to look ridiculous, whereas Philinte, a deceiver and manipulator, is shown as superior. Rousseau considers this play to be a work of genius, but it is, of course, morally backwards. He reasons that even if comedy writers write a play that is morally acceptable, the audience will not find it funny. Therefore, theatres are of little use.

Rousseau turns to the topic of love, which, he says, is in the realm of women. Women naturally have power over men via resistance in the area of relationships and this power can be extended to the play, where women can have the same control over the audience. This extension of the empire of women is against the natural order. Rousseau refers to ancient Sparta, where the most virtuous and appreciated women were those who were modest and generally not spoken about. In the decadence of France, Rousseau claims the most esteemed woman is the one who is most social, most talked about, judgmental and authoritative.

The theatre considered in relation to the stage and actors
Even if the theatre is morally innocuous, Rousseau argues, its presence is disruptive to potentially productive use of time. Moreover, theatre is incompatible with the rural mindset, where people work hard, and as a result should find simple relaxation pleasurable, rather than the extravagant, over-stimulating entertainment which retards the imagination. A theatre in Geneva would cause the hardworking people to be distracted and pre-occupied if they were to develop a taste for it. Though a theatre can work to distract the masses of the cities from crime, it is of no use to a smaller city like Geneva, which is relatively innocent. Rousseau also describes the weather and geography of Geneva, and argues that it is not particularly conducive to supporting a theatre.

If a theatre is established it will change the maxims and prejudices of Geneva, for better or worse, and the best way to deal with this is simply prevention, Rousseau argues. In other words, it is easier to not have to deal with corrupted morality and have to change the laws accordingly.

In this section, Rousseau expresses his belief that actors and actresses themselves are people of an undesirable lifestyle and potentially weak moral foundation. Rousseau describes them as scandalous, hedonistic, and compares them to jesters, who were more blatantly indecent and obscene. Once again looking to Greece and Rome as an ideal, he says that Sparta did not tolerate theatres, and Rome considered the acting profession dishonourable. He writes that the actor is someone who is artificial, performs for money, subjects himself to disgrace, and abandons his role as a man. Though the actor is not necessarily malevolent with his talents of deception, Rousseau goes on, the seductive, manipulative nature of acting could potentially be used by actors to do harm in society outside of the theatre. It is also problematic, according to Rousseau for women and men to be working together as actors and actresses. Because of the natural respect men have for the moral sense and timidity of women, for men to be amongst women as actresses will be a further threat to men's morality.

The establishment of a theatre at Geneva
Rousseau portrays Geneva in a very romantic and positive light, where people are productive, happy and hard at work, but he also recognizes the extreme wealth and poverty in the city. He first tries to sway Geneva away from the idea of theatre by suggesting that it is not economically feasible, and that the population is too low to support a theatre.

He goes on to criticize women's social activity in public and private venues in Paris and Geneva, suggesting women produce the only gossip, and the moral decay of men, women and children. He states that though men have their vices, like drinking, they are far less harmful to society than women's vices. He argues that the presence and authority of women in public spaces corrupts the male youth, turning them effeminate and void of patriotic passion. Once again, the morality of Ancient Rome and Greece is frequently referenced as an ideal that should be aspired to.

Towards the middle of this final section Rousseau reasons that the theatre does very little good for the poor, who cannot afford the taxes required to support a theatre. Geneva, which already has a large degree of inequality, does not need any more. Rousseau continues to say that actors coming to the town of Geneva will be indifferent to the town's morality, and will quickly corrupt it. Even though there are other forms of entertainment in Geneva that exemplify bad manners, Rousseau claims that none of these areas are more destructive to the people's good taste than the theatre. The best alternative to theatres is open-air festivals, in nature, to provide a unifying, patriotic spirit.

Rousseau's style and personality
In spite of the letter being addressed directly to D'Alembert, it is undoubtedly meant to have an effect on the general population. The work is famous for displaying Rousseau's charismatic rhetoric and digressive tendencies, all with his personal experience woven into the text. It may be considered to portray Rousseau's vanity, narcissism and biases, but the text could also be thought of more positively; as expressive, lyrical and austere. The Letter shows Rousseau's tendency to think of the events in his own life as highly significant, as reflections of the larger social picture. An example is how the Letter itself is open and expressive in style, while the content of the Letter is about this openness.

The Letter starts off with a more grim and urgent tone, then shifting at the end to a brighter and optimistic one when the community oriented solution to the problem of the theatre is discussed.

Reception
D'Alembert himself was moved by the response, even intimidated. With impartiality, he decided it fit for publication (he himself at one time worked as a censor). Rousseau and D'Alembert managed to maintain their friendship after the response, though somewhat at a distance. The letter attracted remarkable attention; over four hundred articles and pamphlets were written in response to it. Overall, the population of Geneva agreed with the Letter.

Social and political themes
Rousseau believed that the theatre took people away from the community, and replaced any patriotic, unifying spirit with artificial emotions. To have a prosperous state, Rousseau believed, people needed to work together and harmoniously. As an alternative to the theatre, Rousseau proposed open-air republican festivals, with a rich community atmosphere. One of Rousseau's pivotal points in the Letter is that customs, opinions and priorities which are common and well-accepted among all citizens should be those that make accepting laws in favour of respect, equality and harmony a pleasurable and natural experience. In other words, people have to share the concerns with legislators if a state is to be successful.

Women and the family
In the Letter, Rousseau rejected the traditional notion of male politicians being responsible for moral reform, and thought it was women's responsibility. He considered women, by virtue of their nature, to be the primary agents of moral reform, and that the success of the state depends on the harmony within private, domestic life. Rousseau opposed marriage without love (i.e. marriage for financial reasons, order, lust, convenience). In Rousseau's opinion, true love for the nurturing, feminine mother, instead of lustful love for a mistress, goes hand in hand with patriotism and civic harmony. The legislator's task is to make sure a society's women are in order.

Rousseau believed that public morals could be created not by laws or punishment, but simply by women, who have access to their senses and largely control the way men think. He praised Geneva for its moral women, and its ordered familial sphere, while criticizing the women of the salons in France for making men womanly and cowardly.

Present-day relevance
In post-modern thinking, there has been renewed interest and appreciation for Rousseau's Letter to M. D'Alembert on Spectacles, with the acceptance since Rousseau's time of utopian and primitivist elements in political thought. Rousseau's letter can help to understand the distinction between lived-in culture and theoretical political order. Rousseau's views on the theatre are also thought to echo current concerns with global entertainment, television and Internet taking over local customs and culture.

References

18th-century theatre
Age of Enlightenment
Works by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Philosophy essays
1758 essays


Tinea imbricata (also known in parts of Indonesia as “Kaskado”) is a superficial fungal infection of the skin limited to southwest Polynesia, Melanesia, Southeast Asia, India, and Central America. The skin lesions are often itchy, and mainly in the torso and limbs. The name is derived from the Latin for "tiled" (imbricata) since the lesions are often lamellar. It is often treated with griseofulvin or terbinafine.

The risk of developing tinea imbricata is probably inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.

Tinea imbricata is associated with Trichophyton concentricum.

Tinea pseudoimbricata
The term "tinea pseudoimbricata" synonymous with "tinea indecisiva", was coined to describe a form of tinea mimicking the concentric rings of tinea imbricata, but is caused by local or systemic immunosuppression. Since then, 3 cases of Trichophyton tonsurans have been associated with it, as well as Trichophyton rubrum which can trigger mycosis fungoides.
Mixed infections with scabies have been described to produce tinea pseudoimbricata.

As of 2015 in India, corticosteroid–antifungal–antibacterial combinations sold as over-the-counter drug have led to an increase in chronic, recurrent, difficult to treat fungal infections of the skin, including tinea pseudoimbricata.

See also
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions


A filling station attendant or gas station attendant (also known as a gas jockey in the US and Canada) is a worker at a full-service filling station who performs services other than accepting payment. Tasks usually include pumping fuel, cleaning windshields, and checking vehicle oil levels. Prior to the introduction of self-starting vehicle engines, attendants would also start vehicle engines by manually turning the crankshaft with a hand crank.

In the United States, gas jockeys were often tipped for their services, but this is now rare as full-service stations are uncommon except in the states New Jersey and Oregon (excluding specified rural counties), the city of Weymouth, Massachusetts, and the town of Huntington, New York, where retail customers are prohibited by law from pumping their own gasoline.

Filling station attendants are still employed at gas stations in many countries. In Finland, for example, filling station attendants are currently only used at Shell's service stations.

History

Early filling stations were usually located at general stores, where gasoline would be put in buckets and funneled into vehicles. Most early stations were little more than a manually powered roadside pump operated by an attendant.

Decline
In the 1970s, two periods of gasoline shortages (1973 and 1979) caused higher fuel prices which in turn resulted in permanent closure of many full-service gas stations as consumers looked for pricing relief.

Current status
In most western countries today, full-service stations and their attendants are not common and are usually considered somewhat nostalgic.

United States

In New Jersey self-service fuel filling is illegal. It was banned in 1949 after lobbying by service station owners. Service stations only offer full service and "mini service". Proponents of the ban cite safety and jobs as reasons to keep the ban.

The State of Oregon banned self-service in 1951, but legalised it from 2018 in counties with 40,000 residents or fewer. In 2020, as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic Oregon temporarily allowed self-service statewide. In August 2023, Oregon allowed fuel stations to provide a self-serve option to customers, up to half their pumps.

In the towns of Huntington, New York and Weymouth, Massachusetts, self-service gas stations are illegal, with all gas stations being full-service.

Brazil
In Brazil, self-service fuel filling is illegal, due to a federal law enacted in 2000. The bill was proposed by Federal Deputy Aldo Rebelo, who claims it saved 300,000 fuel attendant jobs across the country.

South Africa
In South Africa, self-service fuel filling is illegal. Concerns include job losses and the danger of drivers leaving their car.

See also
Fuel dispenser

References

Filling stations
Industrial occupations


The Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (, PLDM) is a conservative political party in Moldova. The party is led by Tudor Deliu. Until 2016, PLDM was led by Vlad Filat, who was Prime Minister of Moldova from 2009 to 2013, in two cabinets. Immediately after the 2014 parliamentary elections, with 21 seats in the Moldovan Parliament, PLDM was the largest of the three democratic pro-European parliamentary parties.

The party's founding congress was held on 8 December 2007 and Vlad Filat was elected as president. The initiative group of the party was centered on Filat, who had previously been a prominent member of the Democratic Party of Moldova (PDM), who was disappointed with the direction taken by that political party under Dumitru Diacov's leadership. Soon, many local branches of the Christian Democratic Popular Party (PPCD), disappointed with Iurie Roșca's policy of cooperation with the Communist Party of Moldova (PCRM), joined PLDM en masse. The party also attracted many prominent members of civil society.

At its first election, in April 2009, PLDM won 15 seats, which increased to 18 three months later, after which Filat became the Prime Minister, leading the Alliance for European Integration (AIE). In November 2010, the PLDM jumped to 32 seats, becoming the dominant non-Communist party. The AIE was replaced by the Pro-European Coalition in 2013, when Iurie Leancă replaced Filat as Prime Minister, with Filat remaining as the party chairman.

History

On October 8, 2007, the initiative group composed of 53 leaders renowned in their fields, launched the idea of creating the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova. The leaders of the group included: Vlad Filat, Deputy in the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova; Alexandru Tănase, member of the Bar Association of the Republic of Moldova, Chișinău Municipal Council adviser; Mihai Godea, Director of CONTACT Center; Iulian Fruntasu, Director of European Initiatives Programme at Soros Foundation;, Angela Braşoveanu, director of "Punkt" magazine; Veaceslav Negruță, consultant, Project on Improving Competitiveness; Valeriu Streleț, Director of "Bioprotect" company;  Veronica Lupu, president of the Association "Women for Contemporary Society"; Andrei Malașevschi, Cantemir district president; Nicolae Platon, chief of the State Tax Inspectorate; Liliana Bolocan, head of the Department of Psychology, Institute for Continuing Education; Ion Sturza, vice-president of Nisporeni district; Victor Rosca, director of the Tolerance and Pluralism Promotion Center, etc.

In their statements, the initiative group members acknowledged the profound crisis in the Republic of Moldova and the inability of political parties to face the situation. The Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova emerged as a capable alternative to start the process of moral reorganization of the political class, rebirth and modernization of the country, reestablishment of the society back on its natural track of democratic development.

For two months, over 20,000 citizens from all districts of the country submitted applications to join the Liberal Democratic Party. Organizations were created in all territorial-administrative units of the second level in Chișinău, Bălți, Tiraspol, Bender and Gagauzia.

The first founding Congress of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place on December 8, 2007 in Chișinău. It was attended by 592 delegates from 38 local organizations. The Congress approved the Program and Statute and elected the governing and control bodies of the party.
The second Congress of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place on September 27, 2008, in Bălți. It was attended by 547 delegates from local party organizations. The Congress debated the issues related to the work of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova between the congresses, amending and supplementing the Statute of PLDM, as well as issues related to Moldova current domestic situation. The Liberal Democratic Teachers Association was formed within the party on September 13, 2008 and on October 11, 2008 – the Liberal Democratic Doctors and Pharmacists Association. Formation of socio-professional associations within the party is stipulated in the statute of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova.

The Founding Conference of the Youth Organization of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place on November 15, 2008. It was attended by 517 delegates from all country districts. The delegates at the conference approved the Regulation of the Youth Organization of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova and elected the administration of the organization. The Conference approved the "Green Charter for Youth" - a programmatic document that includes solutions to key issues that young people face.

On December 27, 2008, the Liberal Democratic Women's Organization was created within the PLDM, and on January 24, 2009 – the Association of Elderly Persons. Also, the Liberal Democratic Association of People active in the cultural field was created on January 31, 2008 within the framework of the party.

At the parliamentary elections of April 5, 2009, PLDM obtained 12.43% of the votes, with 15 seats in the Parliament of Moldova. At the early elections of July 29, PLDM gained 16.57% of the votes and was represented in the Parliament by 18 deputies.

Together with deputies from the LP, DPM and AMN, the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova formed the new majority coalition in the Legislative - the Alliance for European Integration.
On September 25, 2009, the Parliament gave the vote of trust to the Government and Prime Minister Vlad Filat, president of PLDM. Besides the Prime Minister, PLDM is represented in the government by six ministers: Iurie Leancă, Alexandru Tănase, Veaceslav Negruță, Victor Bodiu, Vladimir Hotineanu, Victor Catan.

The Third Extraordinary Congress of the PLDM took place on December 19, 2009 in Chișinău. It was attended by 1,800 delegates from local party organizations, representing over 35,000 members of the PLDM. The delegates to the congress made changes in the political program of the party, given the new status of LDPM as the governing party.

Following the parliamentary elections of November 28, 2010, PLDM is governing. The Second Filat Cabinet has seven Liberal Democratic ministers.

In 2009, the PLDM applied for membership in the pan-European centre-right European People's Party (EPP). Since February 10, 2011 the party has held observer status in this organisation.

On April 10, 2011, the fourth congress of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova took place in Chișinău. It was attended by over 2,400 delegates. The resignation of the senior vice-president of PLDM, Alexandru Tănase, was accepted during the forum. Instead, Iurie Leancă was appointed in that position. Also, Victor Bodiu was announced as a candidate for the position of mayor of Chișinău in the local elections of June 5, 2011.

The Congress adopted amendments to the Statute and Program of PLDM and approved the merger agreement by absorption of the Party Alliance Our Moldova.

Ideology

According to its statute, the Liberal Democratic Party is a center-right party with conservative doctrine. The strategic programmatic goal set by this party is the reconstruction and modernization of the Republic of Moldova, as well as the establishment of rule-of-law state and efficient market economy. In its program, the Liberal Democratic Party aims at becoming the main driver for overcoming economic, social and civilization gaps, which separate Moldova from Europe of the 21st century.

Political support
PLDM's voters tend to be young and well-educated, and from high socio-economic classes.  They are the party most supported by people that have worked abroad, as well as unemployed people.  43% of the party's voters have a high level of education.

The PLDM is overwhelmingly supported by young people; 43% of their support comes from people aged 18 to 29, making them the party most dependent on young people's votes.  Like every major party except the Communists, the PLDM's voters are overwhelmingly ethnically Romanian, 15% of whom support the PLDM.  However, unlike the PLM or PDM, the PLDM does receive some support from ethnic Russians, 5% of whom support the PLDM.

Leadership
The National Political Council includes 95 members and the Permanent Central Bureau includes 18 members.

Activities

The campaign "Moldova without Voronin, Moldova without Communists", launched on January 30, 2008, includes extensive activities and demonstrations, public debates, meetings with citizens, legislative initiatives, petitions, etc. Those are aimed at dismantling the communist authoritarian regime, through legal means. In the first stage, the Liberal Democratic Party organized a Republican referendum regarding constitutional amendments to the mode of electing the President of the Republic of Moldova and Members of Parliament. The Liberal Democrats propose that the president be elected through general and direct suffrage, and deputies be elected based on a mixed system: 50 deputies elected in single-member constituencies and 51 deputies - on party lists. The meeting of the formation of the Initiative Group for conducting the republican referendum on constitutional change took place on February 23, 2008 in Chișinău, with over 5,000 citizens from all districts of the country.

Within the period stipulated by law, over 224,176 signatures in favor of initiating a referendum were collected. Based on the constitutional norm, this number of signatures is sufficient to initiate a referendum. However, to block the initiative of amending the Constitution, at the end of the campaign, the CEC speculated a loophole in the Constitution and said that 340,000 signatures are necessary to initiate a referendum. In these circumstances, the PLDM decided not to submit lists to the CEC.

Another major action launched by the Liberal Democratic Party is the campaign to speed up the signing of the convention on small border traffic. In order to inform citizens in the border area about the provisions and facilities offered by the convention, on May 11, 2008, PLDM organized meetings with citizens in 13 border districts, which were attended by over 5000 people. On May 25, 2008, the PLDM held a big meeting in Chișinău to support the convention, which was attended by more than seven thousand citizens. On June 15, the Liberal Democratic Party organized 30 meetings with citizens from border towns, which were attended by about 5,000 people. Following the PLDM appeal to the local authorities, so that they support the signing of the convention by special decisions, ten district councils and Chișinău municipal council, together accounting for 1 691 000 citizens, urged the Government to sign the convention. From July 21 to September 20, 2008, PLDM organized 86 meetings with citizens in the border areas and distributed 200,000 leaflets with information about the convention and the benefits for the residents of that area. On October 1, 2008, the Liberal Democratic Party submitted to the European Commission Delegation in Chișinău, a memorandum addressed to the European Parliament and European Commission, which requests European forums involvement in order to ensure that the convention on small border traffic is signed.

PLDM was actively involved in helping the victims of the floods in the summer of 2008. In addition to the significant material and financial support, the victims were helped to evacuate water from households and cellars. PLDM leader, deputy Vlad Filat submitted a legislative proposal to the Permanent Bureau of Parliament, aimed at exempting the flood-affected individuals from land and real estate tax.

On October 26, in the square of the Great National Assembly, the Liberal Democratic Party held a large protest against the bankruptive policy of the communist government in the agricultural sector titled "The ruination of agriculture - destroying the country." The protest was attended by over 10,000 citizens from all districts of the country, employed in agriculture, but also doctors, teachers, local government representatives, people active in the cultural field, who are not indifferent towards the fate of the Republic of Moldova.

On November 9, 2008, the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova held a national public action to support independent media and citizens' right to fair and objective information. The event was held simultaneously in Chișinău, Bălți and all regional centers, involving about 5,000 people. The actions of support of independent media organized by PLDM concluded with the adoption of resolutions, which, accompanied by a memorandum were submitted to the Council of Europe, European Parliament and European Commission.

On December 8, 2008, PLDM launched the national action "The case of the communist government", aimed at conducting a thorough analysis of all actions undertaken by the Communist Party during the eight years of governance. The first volume of this file has 765 pages and presents in detail and brings arguments proving the wrongdoings of Voronin's regime in the field of human rights, actions to undermine the national economy, entrepreneurship, business interference, illegal privatization, use of state administrative resources, defalcation of funds and budgets, serious foreign policy errors, actions that obstructed and manipulated the media.

On December 21, 2008, the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova held in the square of the Great National Assembly a national action in support of the citizens’ rights and freedoms, independent media and in support of PRO TV channel. The event was attended by over 10,000 citizens of Chișinău and Bălți, from all country districts. A resolution was adopted at the meeting, which requested respect for the citizens’ rights and freedoms stipulated by the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova and the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; ending the actions of harassment and intimidation of journalists and independent media.

On January 25, 2009, the Liberal Democratic Party held a meeting with citizens from Lipcani, in order to speed up the opening of the customs point Lipcani-Rădăuți Prut. The meeting was attended by people from Briceni, Edineț, Ocnița and Donduşeni. They expressed dissatisfaction towards the authorities who do not take the necessary steps to deploy the bridge over the Prut river, which created circulation problems for about 100 000 citizens from the northern districts of Moldova. On February 22, 2009, in the square of the Great National Assembly, the Liberal Democratic Party held a protest regarding the violation of electoral rights of Moldovan citizens who live abroad. The event was attended by over 20,000 people, members and supporters of the Liberal Party Democratic of Moldova, citizens from all districts of the country, from municipalities of Chișinău and Bălți.

On March 22, 2009, in the square of the Great National Assembly, the Liberal Democratic Party organized an ample action entitled "Vote without fear", which was attended by over 30,000 citizens, members and supporters of the PLDM from the entire country. The purpose of the action was to encourage citizens to free themselves from fear and vote in full accordance with their political views. On April 4, the Liberal Democratic Party launched the first volume of the "Case of communism", which includes analyses, research, investigations, articles, reports about abuses committed by the communist government and its henchmen in the period of 2001–2008. The file has 765 pages and describes in detail and with arguments the wrongdoings committed by Voronin's regime.  On June 26, the Youth Organization of the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova launched the information campaign "The truth" in order to inform citizens about the events that took place in the country after the April 5 elections. The campaign reached 26 districts and 360 villages of Moldova.

On April 12, 2009, together with the LP and MNA, PLDM organized a protest against communist repressions. The event was attended by over 10,000 people, who condemned the arrest and maltreatment of young people following the events of April 7.

On July 3, 2009, PLDM created the Fund "April 2009". The proceeds from this fund were used to help the young people mistreated by the police and the families of those deceased. Also, the proceeds were used to buy a house for the family of Valeriu Boboc, who died on April 7.

PLDM logo

The logo of the Liberal Democratic Party (PLDM) represents a secular oak, with broad crown, branched lush foliage, vigorous trunk. PLDM acronym underpins the oak. The stem and roots are brown and the foliage is green.

The oak has the following meanings: force, power, solidity, resistance, persistence. The oak symbol is interwoven with Moldovan national history.

Election results

Parliament

President

Local elections

Department and municipality councils

City and countryside councils

Mayors

Notes

References

External links
 Official website

Alliance for European Integration
Conservative parties in Moldova
Liberal parties in Moldova
European People's Party
Political parties in Moldova
Romanian nationalism in Moldova


The Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies (MCG) or Morfologiceskij Katalog Galaktik, is a Russian catalogue of 30,642 galaxies compiled by Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov and V. P. Arkhipova. It is based on scrutiny of prints of the Palomar Sky Survey plates, and putatively complete to a photographic magnitude of 15. Including galaxies to magnitude 16 would have resulted in an unmanageably large dataset.

Publication
The catalogue was published in five parts (chapters) between 1962 and 1974, the final chapter including a certain number of galaxies with a photographic magnitude above 15.

Gallery

References

Astronomical catalogues of galaxies
Astronomy in the Soviet Union


Ilmari Johannes Salomies, previously Salonen (17 July 1893 – 26 December 1973, Helsinki), was the Archbishop of Turku, and the spiritual head of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland between 1951 and 1964.

Biography
Salomies was born on 17 July 1893 in Mikkeli, the son of Edvard Salonen and Hedvig Sofia Salonen.

From 1931 he taught church history at the University of Helsinki. In 1938 he became a full professor of ecclesiastical history. He was elected Bishop of Viipuri in February 1943 and consecrated on 13 June by Archbishop Erkki Kaila of Turku and Bishop Yrjö Wallinmaa of Oulu in Turku Cathedral. In 1945 the diocese's seat was transferred to Mikkeli and the name of the diocese was changed to the Diocese of Mikkeli, with Salomies as the first bishop with that title. In 1951 he was elected Archbishop of Turku where he remained till 1964. He died on 26 December 1973 in Helsinki and was buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.

References

External links
Archbishops of Turku: Ilmari Salomies

1893 births
1973 deaths
People from Mikkeli
People from Mikkeli Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Lutheran archbishops and bishops of Turku
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki
20th-century Lutheran archbishops
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery
Finnish Lutheran archbishops