Konung Gustaf V:s Pokal (literally: King Gustaf V's Trophy) or, in shorter form, Kungapokalen (literally: The King's Trophy), is an annual international Group One harness event for trotters. It is held at Åby Racetrack in Mölndal, 10 km south of Gothenburg, Sweden. It is a stakes race for 4-year-old stallions and geldings. The purse in the 2009 final was ≈US$273,000 (€200,000), of which the winner Knockout Rose won half.

Origin
In 1941, Åby inaugurated Jubileumslöpningen to celebrate that the track had been open for 5 years. Jubileumslöpningen was raced until 1948. Then, Swedish king Gustaf V donated a trophy to Åby, a trophy that had been produced according to the king's own wishes.  The event changed name and since 1949, The King's Trophy has been an annually recurring event at Åby Racetrack.

Racing conditions
From the start until 1976, the distance of Kungapokalen was 2,200-2,300 meters (1.37-1.43 miles). Between 1977 and 1982, the distance was either 2,140 or 2,160 meters (1.33-1.34 miles). Since 1983, a year of several changes, the distance has been exclusively 2,140 meters. The same year, the starting method was changed from volt start to auto start.

1983 was Kungapokalen for the first time a stakes race solely for Swedish-bred, four-year-old trotters. The same year, Drottning Silvias Pokal, a big event open only for Swedish four-year-old mares, was inaugurated at Åby as well. In 2002, the conditions were changed and Kungapokalen was opened for foreign four-year-olds as well.

The final of the event is preceded by a number of elimination races, taking place approximately ten days before the final. Since 2000, the number of elimination heats has been either three or four per year.

The 2009 Konung Gustaf V:s Pokal
The three elimination heats of the 2009 event took place on April 30, 14 days before the final. The winners of these heats, Yewish Boko, Lavec Kronos and Reven d'Amour, together with Marshland, were to be considered favourites in the final on April 14, especially since star trotter Maharajah was withdrawn due to illness.

The starting list
 Lavec Kronos - Johnny Takter (Lutfi Kolgjini)
 Reven d'Amour - Fredrik B. Larsson (Henrik Larsson)
 Yewish Boko - Åke Svanstedt (Timo Nurmos)
 Marshland - Örjan Kilhström (Stefan Hultman)
 Knockout Rose - Erik Adielsson (Stig H. Johansson)
 Maharajah - Did not start
 Lou Kronos - Lutfi Kolgjini
 Insect Face - Robert Bergh (Marcus Lindgren)
 Rakas - Per Lennartsson
 Wiranas Dream - Thomas Uhrberg (Anna Forssell)
 Revenue J:r - Jörgen Sjunnesson (Lutfi Kolgini)
 Noras Bean - Stefan Söderkvist (Ulf Stenströmer)

(Trainer, if other than driver, in parentheses)

The race
Lavec Kronos took the lead. Lennartsson placed Rakas behind the leader, while Knockout Rose ran as third on the rail. Outside, Lavec Kronos got favourite Reven d'Amour, while second and third favourites, Marshland and Yewish Boko, spent their time further down the field. Yewish Boko made an attempt to attack the two up front (Lavec Kronos and Reven d'Amour) but ended up breaking stride before the final stretch. Knockout Rose was released by Adielsson down the stretch and won by a length before outsider Noras Bean. Rakas came third.

The Stig H. Johansson-trained stallion Knockout Rose, sired by Express Ride, won in 1:57.3f (mile rate)/1:13.1 (km rate).

Past winners

Drivers with most wins
 6 - Sören Nordin
 5 - Stig H. Johansson
 4 - Gösta Nordin
 3 - Tommy Hanné
 3 - Lars Lindberg
 3 - Berndt Lindstedt
 3 - Gunnar Nordin
 2 - Olle Goop
 2 - Olof Persson
 2 - Ragnar Thorngren

Trainers with most wins
 7 - Sören Nordin
 6 - Stig H. Johansson
 4 - Gösta Nordin
 3 - Tommy Hanné
 3 - Gunnar Nordin
 3 - Håkan Wallner
 2 - Lars Lindberg
 2 - Stefan Melander
 2 - Olof Persson
 2 - Ragnar Thorngren

Sires with at least two winning offsprings
 4 - Bulwark (Hetty, Justus, Bulwarkson, Delta)
 4 - Sir Walter Scott (Holly Scott, Fänrik Scott, Magnifik, Roland)
 3 - Dartmouth (Dartster F., Rex Håleryd, Dior Broline)
 3 - Tibur (Mustard, Rebur, Ata Star L.)
 2 - Clean Sweep (Junker, Moneymaker)
 2 - Earl's Mr Will (Indian Will, Duke Abbey)
 2 - Fibber (Clementz, Julius Fibber)
 2 - Lindy's Crown (Atlantic F.C., St Göran)
 2 - Super Arnie (Gigant Neo, Dust All Over)

Mares with at least two winning offsprings
 2 - Grand Duchess (Justus, Delta)
 2 - Gullan Fafner (Magnifik, Roland)

Winning stallions that have also sired winners
 Adept (1957), sire of Najo (1971)
 Baron Karsk (1993), sire of Equalizer (2001)
 Big Noon (1941), sire of Casanova (1954)
 Justus (1946), sire of Jussi (1960)

Winner with lowest odds
 Winning odds: 1.28 - Quiggin (1984)

Winner with highest odds
 Winning odds: 98.62 - Najo (1971)

Fastest winners

Auto start
 1:12.7 (km rate) - Gigant Neo (2002)

Volt start
 1:17.0 (km rate) - Dartster F. (1980)

All winners of Konung Gustaf V:s Pokal

See also
 List of Scandinavian harness horse races

References

Harness races in Sweden


The National Ambulance Service () is the statutory public ambulance service in Ireland.  The service is operated by the National Hospitals Office of the Health Service Executive, the Irish national healthcare authority.

History

The Health Act, 1970 allowed for the provision of an ambulance service by each of the eight health boards for their respective area.  The health board ambulance services operated independently of each other, being funded from their board budget.  In 1986, the National Ambulance Training School was established to provide training to ambulance staff on a national level, catering for the progression of pre-hospital care and the development of skills in the ambulance service as a whole.  This was the first step towards nationalisation of the service, however it was not until 2005 with the establishment of the Health Service Executive (HSE) that the new National Ambulance Service was established.  With the new service being established, and with the new training standards implemented by the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council, the service acquired a national insignia, standardised uniforms, vehicles and equipment as well as a national recruitment process for staff. The National Ambulance Training School was renamed the National Ambulance Service College to reflect the new organisational structure.

Uniform, vehicles and equipment
The operational uniform consists of green cargo trousers with a white open-neck shirt bearing the ambulance service crest as well as high-visibility outerwear for night time and poor visibility conditions. Clinical grade is depicted by use of coloured shoulder sliders; green for emergency medical technician, Pale blue for student paramedic, pale blue with navy stripe for paramedic intern, navy for paramedic, yellow for advanced paramedic and red for control operations staff. The dress uniform is navy blue with a white shirt and peaked cap. All front line ambulances operated by the service are CEN compliant. Almost identical to UK ambulances, they are yellow in colour with green and yellow battenburg markings along the vehicle. They are fitted with emergency lighting, digital Tetra radios, touchscreen data terminals, satellite navigation and tracking systems. The ambulance saloon is fully insulated with environmental control.  Equipment includes a CEN stretcher, cardiac monitor/defibrillator, suction unit, diagnostic equipment, trauma kits, resuscitation kits, medications and oxygen. Ambulances are also capable of securely holding an incubator in place of a stretcher.

National Ambulance Service College
The National Ambulance Service College (NASC) () was first established in 1986 as the National Ambulance Training School and is based at the organisation's new HQ named the Rivers Building in Tallaght, which also houses the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC). 999/112 emergency calls are processed here also, as well as a second base in Ballyshannon, Donegal. Up until then, St. Mary's Hospital in the Phoenix Park, Dublin was the training location. There is also a second campus based in Ballinasloe, County Galway, which trains paramedics and Intermediate Care Operatives. In 2021 a third college was opened in Tullamore, County Offaly, this college serves as a training centre for paramedics. The colleges provide training to NAS staff, hospital staff, An Garda Síochána, Irish Defence Forces personnel and fire service personnel.  All colleges are operated by the National Ambulance Service and most of its courses are approved by the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (PHECC).  Paramedic and advanced paramedic programmes are conducted in conjunction with University College Cork.

Command and control
Calls from the public to 999/112 are processed using the advanced medical priority dispatch system. Call takers ask the caller a series of structured questions and assign a determinant code to the call based on that information. This information is then passed on to the paramedics to determine a blue light or non-blue light response to the call. The National Emergency Operations Center (NEOC) is located in Tallaght, Dublin. This centre is responsible for the deployment of ambulances at national level with the exception of Dublin, and incorporates a national computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system as well as an integrated national terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) system on a statewide network. In 2014, the rollout of the TETRA system was completed and all ambulances are now fitted with TETRA terminals. In addition all paramedics are issued with hand-portable TETRA radios. These systems allow controllers to dispatch the closest available NAS ambulance to the scene. Dublin Fire Brigade also have a control centre located in their headquarters in Tara Street and handle 999 ambulance calls for the four Dublin local authorities.

Emergency ambulance service
The National Ambulance Service directly provides all 999 emergency ambulance services in Ireland. The exception is Dublin, where in addition to the National Ambulance Service, Dublin City Council operates under service-level agreement to the Health Service Executive to provide an ambulance service through the Dublin Local Authorities Fire and Emergency Service (DLAFES). This service currently operates under its own command and control and with the exception of Health Service Executive funding, is entirely independent of the National Ambulance Service.  In 2013, a draft proposal by the HSE addressed concerns with the system of ambulance provision in the Dublin area. The concerns were related to the lack of integration between the two services from a command and control perspective and the fact that Dublin City Council does not fall under the remit of the healthcare watchdog Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA). In 2014, a joint review of the ambulance service in Dublin was announced by Dublin City Council, the HSE and HIQA to address concerns raised about how the DFB ambulance service is being run in comparison to the NAS. Matters to be reviewed include the way ambulances are dispatched, service provision and value for money. As of 2014, Dublin City Council receives a payment of almost €10 million per annum from the National Ambulance Service budget to fund the DLAFES ambulance service. The HSE stated that the National Ambulance Service could provide the entire Dublin ambulance service directly for around €3 million per annum less. In 2016 an independent national capacity review of the ambulance service was carried out by UK company Lightfoot Solutions with consultation from the NHS Association of Ambulance Chief Executives which indicated that an additional 200 staff were needed in order for the NAS to take over the DFB ambulance provision which currently consists of 14 ambulances operated through its 900 staff.

Motorcycle Response Unit
The Motorcycle Response Unit (MRU) currently operates in Dublin, however is no needed in Dublin, and Cork City. The fleet of high-powered touring motorcycles are available when required to respond to various trauma/medical incidents. Riders are paramedics recruited from within the service.  The MRU is. In October 2018, a Motorcycle Response Unit was added to Cork City. The bikes used are Honda NT650V Deauvilles and BMW RT1200's.

Emergency Aeromedical Service

The Emergency Aeromedical Service is an air ambulance based at Custume Barracks in Athlone, jointly operated by airmen from No 3 Operations Wing of the Air Corps and advanced paramedics from NAS designated callsign Air Corps 112. It principally responds to remote areas which would be otherwise difficult to access by road. In 2019, the Irish Community Air Ambulance was launched based in Rathcoole, North Cork designated callsign Helimed 92. This community funded charity service, like the Emergency Aeromedical Service Air Corps 112, is tasked to calls by the National Emergency Operations Centre (NEOC). This service can respond to any point in a 25,000 km2 radius from its base in North Cork within 30 minutes. In 2020 this service responded to 490 incidents across 13 counties, this increased to 512 incidents across 14 counties in 2021 and in the first four months of 2022 the service has responded to 325 emergencies.

Intermediate care
In addition to frontline emergency ambulance services, the HSE National Ambulance Service provides a routine and non-routine inter-facility transfer service 24 hours a day.  In 2012, the NAS introduced the Intermediate Care Vehicle (ICV). This specially designed vehicle is equipped and crewed for the purpose of providing an inter-facility transfer service and responding to low acuity 999 calls, which in turn will make more frontline vehicles, crewed by higher skilled paramedics and advanced paramedics, available for emergencies. The ICVs are capable of being utilised as first responders/additional vehicles for emergencies. The vehicles are crewed by two Pre Hospital Emergency Care Council (PHECC) registered Emergency Medical Technicians called Intermediate Care Operatives (ICOs).

Specialist services
The NAS is also responsible for providing decontamination services in the event of a chemical, biological or nuclear incident.  A special-purpose Incident Response Team (IRT) is available to deploy and operate the decontamination service.  The Marine Ambulance Response Team (MART) was established primarily in response to concerns of the risk of mass casualty/mass patient incidents on board the many Irish Sea ferry services travelling between Ireland and Great Britain.  This service is provided in conjunction with the Irish Coast Guard and Dublin Fire Brigade. The NAS also provides a Neonatal Intensive Care emergency ambulance service and a Mobile Intensive Care Unit which are available 24-hours a day nationwide to transport their respective patients and medical teams to specialised facilities.

Gallery

See also
PHECC
Health care in the Republic of Ireland

References

External links
National Ambulance Service
National Ambulance Service Representative Association
frontline alliance
Health Service Executive
National Ambulance Service College
National Ambulance Service Critical Incident Stress Management
Ambulance Service

Ambulance services in Ireland
Health Service Executive


En Vivo may refer to:

Broadcasting
 En Vivo (programadora), a Colombian programadora that operated between 1995 and 2001

Music
 En Vivo (Ana Gabriel album), 1990
 En vivo (Ha*Ash album), 2019
 En Vivo! (Iron Maiden album), 2012
 En Vivo (Kany García album), 2014
 En Vivo (Malpaís album), 2006
 En Vivo (Marco Antonio Solís album), 2000
 En Vivo, Vol. 2 (Marco Antonio Solís album), 2001
 En Vivo (Mijares album), 2001
 En Vivo (Selección Nacional de Tango album), 2007
 En vivo (Serú Girán album), 1993
 En Vivo! (The Nadas album)

See also

 Vivo (disambiguation)


Scurdie Ness is a headland located on the South side of the River South Esk estuary, Montrose, Angus, Scotland. The River leads from the North Sea into Montrose Harbour and then into Montrose Basin. The headland has also been referred to as Scurdy Ness, Montrose point or Montroseness.  The word Scurdie is a local word for the volcanic rock found there  and Ness means a promontory, cape or headland. The coastline from Scurdie Ness to Rickle Craig has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI code 1351).

Scurdie Ness Lighthouse
Scurdie Ness Lighthouse is located on the headland and has also been referred to as Montroseness Lighthouse. In 1867 the seafaring community of Ferryden made representations to the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses to have a light established on Montrose Point due to the numerous shipwrecks and great loss of life along that coast.  There are 11 wrecks recorded around the mouth of the estuary.

The lighthouse was built by David Stevenson and Thomas Stevenson and at 6 pm on Tuesday 1 March 1870 the tower was lit for the first time. During World War II the lighthouse was temporarily painted black so that it could not be used by the German bombers as a daytime reference point. The light was not illuminated except when requested by the Royal Navy.

The lighthouse is a category B listed building of architectural/historic interest, Historical Scotland Building ID: 4958. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland - Canmore ID: 36262

Originally the light characteristic was fixed white but in 1907 was changed to isophase white 60 seconds (i.e., light 30 seconds, eclipse 30 seconds). Scurdie Ness lighthouse was converted to automatic operation in 1987 and now displays 3 white flashes separated by 2.5 seconds and repeated every 20 seconds. The light is 182,000 candlepower and on a clear night can be seen for approximately 42 km.

The buildings within the grounds of the lighthouse are now privately owned. Cars are not allowed along the road leading from Ferryden to the lighthouse but it is a popular walk and sightings of seals and dolphins are not unusual. Whales are sometimes seen in the area including rare sightings of humpback whales.

Geology
Scurdie Ness is a Geological Conservation Review (GCR) site. The Old Red Sandstone, lavas and associated sedimentary rocks found there are part of the Montrose Volcanic Formation. These rocks were formed around 410 million years ago from lava being erupted from a volcano lying to the north-east in the North Sea and known as the Montrose volcanic centre. Scurdie Ness is renowned for its agates formed by fluids flowing through the lava and depositing silica in cavities. Agates can be found embedded in the lava or lying on the shoreline and in neighbouring fields. A collection of agates from the Scurdie Ness area can be seen at the Montrose Museum.

See also

 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

References

External links

 Ferryden Community Website
 Northern Lighthouse Board

Lighthouses in Scotland
Buildings and structures in Angus, Scotland
Category B listed lighthouses


John Solecki was the head of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) office in the Pakistani city of Quetta. Solecki had been working in Balochistan to help the Afghan refugees, the communities hosting them and the local people affected by floods and earthquakes.

Kidnapping and aftermath
On February 2, 2009, he was kidnapped by a Baloch terrorist group named Balochistan Liberation United Front (BLUF). His driver, Syed Hashim, was shot and later he died at a local hospital. Solecki was held as a hostage by BLUF for 61 days. While he was in their captivity, BLUF had repeatedly threatened to behead him.

Following the abduction of Solecki, United Nation Resident Representative, Fikret Akcura, disclosed that Brahumdagh Bugti had connections with the abduction of UN official John Solecki in 2009. Similarly, United Nations Special Representative to Afghanistan, Kai Eide, called the then President of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai. President Karzai admitted that Brahumdagh Bugti was in Kabul and that he will pressure Brahumdagh Bugti for the safe release of John Solecki. Pakistan Interior Minister Rehman Malik also believed that Brahumdagh Bugti was behind the kidnapping of Solecki.

Solecki was eventually released on April 4, 2009. He was found on the side of the road in Khadkhutcha, 30 miles south of Quetta. His hands and feet were bounded when he was found.

John Solecki is the son of American archaeologists Ralph Solecki and Rose Solecki.

See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases

References

2000s missing person cases
American expatriates in Pakistan
American officials of the United Nations
American people taken hostage
Foreign hostages in Pakistan
Formerly missing people
Kidnapped American people
Living people
Missing person cases in Pakistan
Year of birth missing (living people)


Étienne Mathieu (November 21, 1804 – January 16, 1872) was a farmer, land owner and political figure in Quebec. He represented L'Assomption in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1871 as a Conservative.

He was born in Lachenaie, Lower Canada, the son of Jean-Marie Mathieu and Josephte Quenneville. Mathieu was educated at the Collège Masson à Terrebonne. In 1830, he married Josephte Duprat. He was a major in the militia, a justice of the peace and president of the agricultural society at Lachenaie. He was also a school commissioner and was mayor of Lachenaie from 1867 to 1869. Mathieu died in Lachenaie at the age of 67.

References

1804 births
1872 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec
People from Terrebonne, Quebec


Martin and Lewis is a 2002 American made-for-television biographical film written and directed by John Gray, exploring the lives of the comedy team of Martin and Lewis. The film stars Jeremy Northam as Dean Martin and Sean Hayes as Jerry Lewis.

Plot
When lounge singer Dean Martin (Northam) and burlesque comic Jerry Lewis (Hayes) clicked during an impromptu pairing in 1946, neither anticipated their unparalleled success as a team. Lewis was going nowhere fast with an act built around miming to records, while Martin was making a subpar living as a crooner, sleeping on his agent's couch. Lewis had beseeched his agent to reteam him with the reluctant Martin; Lewis instigated their act and adopted the jaded pro as his unofficial big brother. Ever aloof, Martin is content to cash in on the bonanza and continue his sideline in womanizing. But as Lewis assumes more control, Martin’s mistress, Jeanne (Levering), nags him to take more credit. From bistros to radio to television, the seductive singer and the wacky stooge click with audiences. As the act takes Hollywood by storm in 1949, Lewis becomes paranoid about Martin’s popularity; psychosomatic stomach pains become his way of grabbing attention. Handsome and effortlessly charming, Martin successfully launches a solo acting career, in part to escape Lewis’s directorial aspirations and oppressive neediness. When Martin is called on the carpet by his wife, Betty (Cale), he walks out on his family; his frustration and resentment at being part of a two-headed showbiz monster only increases. Engineered by managers and agents, the last lap of the Martin-Lewis partnership is a cheerless financial arrangement, and though each triumphs after the official split in 1956, neither ever recaptures the elation of their early chemistry.

Cast
 Sean Hayes as Jerry Lewis
 Jeremy Northam as Dean Martin
 Paula Cale as Betty Martin
 Sarah Manninen as Patti Lewis
 Kate Levering as Jeanne Martin
 Scott McCord as Abby Greshler

Also featured in supporting roles are Steve Brinder as Danny Lewis, Conrad Dunn as Lou Perry, Bill Lake as Hal Wallis, David Eisner as Lew Wasserman, Robert Morelli as Skinny D'Amato and Markus Parilo as Irwin Woolfe. Sean Cullen makes an appearance in the film as comedian Jackie Gleason, who appears as an audience member at the duo's final performance at the Copacabana nightclub.

Production

Writing
In real life, Dean Martin was married to Jeanne Biegger in 1949, many years before the breakup of his professional partnership with Jerry Lewis.

The film is based on the book, Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime (Especially Himself): The Story of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis by Arthur Marx.

Reception

Awards
 Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design Award – Television Movie or Mini-Series (nominated)
 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Picture Made for Television (nominated)
 C.A.S. Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for Television – MOW's and Mini-Series (nominated)
 Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Television Long Form – Music (nominated)
 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie, or Special (Dramatic Underscore) (nominated)
 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries - Sean Hayes (nominated)

See also
 Martin and Lewis

External links

Official site at CBS (via internet archive)
CBS press release for encore broadcast July 24, 2005 (The Futon Critic)
 Gallo, Phil, "Martin and Lewis"; Variety, November 19, 2002
 Eslinger, Amy, Interview with John Gray; OnSat Magazine, October 9, 2002
Adalian, Jose, Storyline picks Brit for its Dino; Variety, June 5, 2002

2002 television films
2002 films
2000s biographical films
American biographical films
CBS network films
Jerry Lewis
Films directed by John Gray (director)
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in the 1950s
Films shot in Toronto
Biographical films about musicians
2000s American films


Luciana Alves dos Santos (born 10 February 1970) is a Brazilian long jumper, triple jumper and sprinter.

She was born in Ilhéus. She competed in the long jump at the World Championships in 1997 and 1999, and in both events at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but without reaching the final. At the 2004 Olympics she competed in the 4 x 100 metre relay.

She has four Brazilian titles; one in the long jump from 1996 and three in the triple jump from 1999, 2000 and 2001. Her main rivals were Maria de Souza and Maurren Higa Maggi. On the regional level, she has eleven medals in the individual events from the South American Championships in 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2005.

Her personal best jump is 6.66 metres, achieved in June 2007 in La Paz. This is a former South American record. She has 6.81 metres in the long jump, achieved in June 1999 in Bogotá; and 11.40 seconds metres in the 100 metres, achieved in May 2004 in Cochabamba.

Competition record

References

1970 births
Living people
Brazilian female long jumpers
Brazilian female triple jumpers
Brazilian female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Brazil
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Competitors at the 1995 Summer Universiade
Pan American Games athletes for Brazil
People from Ilhéus
Footballers from Bahia
21st-century Brazilian women
20th-century Brazilian women


The 1909 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans for the 1909 college football season. The only selector for the 1909 season who has been recognized as "official" by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is Walter Camp. Many other sports writers and newspapers also selected All-America teams in 1909.  The United Press and The Atlanta Constitution both published their own "consensus" All-America teams based on their aggregating the first-team picks of a number of selectors (22 by the United Press and 10 by The Atlanta Constitution).

A total of nine players from the 1909 Yale Bulldogs football team were selected as first-team All-Americans by at least one selector. The Yale players selected as All-Americans were Hamlin Andrus, Carroll Cooney, Ted Coy, William Goebel, Henry Hobbs, John Kilpatrick, Theodore Lilley, Walter S. Logan, and Stephen Philbin. The 1909 Yale team was undefeated and outscored its opponents 209 to 0.

Only two players from schools outside of the Ivy League have been recognized as consensus first-team All-Americans. They are Albert Benbrook of Michigan and John McGovern of Minnesota.

Walter Camp's "official" selections

The only individual who has been recognized as an "official" selector by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for the 1909 season is Walter Camp. Accordingly, the NCAA's official listing of "Consensus All-America Selections" mirrors Camp's first-team picks. Camp 1909 All-America team was dominated by players from the East, with nine of his eleven picks coming from Ivy League schools, including six from his own alma mater, Yale.

The dominance of Ivy League and Eastern players on Camp's All-America teams led to criticism over the years that his selections were biased against players from the leading Western universities, including Chicago, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Notre Dame. In announcing his 1909 team, Camp himself acknowledged the innovative football played in the West:"There is not the faintest shadow of doubt that the Western organizations can exhibit to-day a far more varied form of attack than anything displayed in the East.  The shift plays and special formations are almost without number, and the drill of the teams in signal practice is so constant and well carried out that they perform these manoeuvres with remarkable rapidity, and from this very feature they offer a greater scope of forward passing than any of the Eastern teams."

Camp's All-Americans for 1909 included:
 Hamlin Andrus. Andrus was a guard for Yale. His father, John Emory Andrus, was a U.S. Congressman and millionaire.
 Albert Benbrook. Benbrook played at the guard position for Michigan. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1971.  He weighed over 200 pounds, was considered "huge for his time," and was known as a "dominating force" due to his "exceptional quickness."
 Carroll Cooney. Cooney played at the center position for Yale.  He later ran a professional dance orchestra in the 1920s.
 Ted Coy.  Coy played at the fullback and halfback positions for Yale.  He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1951. In 2008, Sports Illustrated sought to answer the question, "Who would have won the Heisman from 1900–1934?" Its selection for 1909 was Coy who led an undefeated Yale team that outscored its opponents, 209–0.
 Hamilton Fish III. Fish played at the tackle position for Harvard.  He later served from 1920 to 1945 in the United States House of Representatives where he was an outspoken isolationist, anti-Communist, and critic of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
 Henry Hobbs.  Hobbs played guard for Yale.  He gained notoriety again in 1911 when he eloped with the daughter of John Emory Andrus, who was reported to be the "richest man in Congress." The secret wedding resulted in extensive coverage in newspapers from Boston to Baltimore.
 John "Kil" Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick played at the end position for Yale.  He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1955.  He later ran Madison Square Garden for more than 25 years and oversaw the operations of the New York Rangers from 1934 to 1960.  He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1960.
 John McGovern. McGovern played quarterback for Minnesota.  He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1966.

Other selectors
By 1909, there was a proliferation of newspapers and sports writers choosing their own All-America teams.  Recognizing the difficulties faced by any single person who could only watch one game per week, some organizations began to seek better methodologies for selecting a true "consensus" All-America team.  The United Press selected a consensus All-America team, based on aggregating the All-American picks of 22 individuals who it identified as "the best football experts."  The Detroit Free Press published the vote count among the 22 experts as follows:
 Left end: John Kilpatrick, Yale (unanimous – 22 votes)
 Left tackle: Henry Hobbs, Yale (12 votes)
 Left guard: Hamlin Andrus, Yale (14 votes); William Goebel of Yale finished second with 13 votes in the closest voting at any position
 Center: Carroll Cooney, Yale (21 votes)
 Right guard: Clark Tobin, Dartmouth (14 votes)
 Right tackle: Hamilton Fish III, Harvard (18 votes)
 Right end: Lawrence Dunlap Smith, Harvard (5 votes)
 Quarterback: Earl Sprackling, Brown (12 votes)
 Left halfback: Stephen Philbin, Yale (21 votes)
 Right halfback: Ted Coy, Yale (20 votes)
 Fullback: Wayland Manning Minot, Harvard (20 votes)

The Atlanta Constitution also weighed in with its own effort to determine a consensus team.  In December 1909, the Constitution published a consensus team by aggregating the All-America selections of ten leading daily newspapers from the East: The New York Times, New York Herald, New York World, New York Globe, New York Sun, Telegraph, Evening World, and the Boston Herald.  The Constitution gave a point for each newspaper selecting a player as an All-American.  The players selected as "consensus" All-Americans  (with vote count for runners-up also listed) were as follows:
 Left end: John Kilpatrick, Yale (10 – unanimous)
 Left tackle: Henry Hobbs, Yale (7); Theodore Lilley, Yale (2); Robert Gordon McKay, Harvard (1)
 Left guard: Hamlin Andrus, Yale (8); Tobin, Dartmouth (1); William Goebel, Yale (1)
 Center: Carroll Cooney, Yale (10 – unanimous)
 Right guard: Clark Tobin, Dartmouth (4); Goebel, Yale (3); Waller, Princeton (2); Andrus, Yale (1)
 Right tackle: Hamilton Fish III, Harvard (8); Dan Pullen, Navy (1); Rudolph Siegling, Princeton (1)
 Right end: Lawrence Dunlap Smith, Harvard (3); Adrian Regnier, Brown (2); Gilbert Goodwin Browne, Harvard (2); McCaffrey, Fordham (1); Harlan Page, Chicago (1); Walter S. Logan, Yale (1)
 Quarterback: Earl Sprackling, Brown (7); Voorhees, Penn State (2); John McGovern, Minnesota (1)
 Left halfback: Stephen Philbin, Yale (5); Coy, Yale, (5)
 Right halfback: Wayland Manning Minot, Harvard (5); Philbin, Yale (4); Dave Allerdice, Michigan (1)
 Fullback: Ted Coy, Yale (5); Wayland Minot, Harvard (5)

The efforts of the United Press and Atlanta Constitution showed that a number of Camp's picks were not truly "consensus" picks.  For example, Sprackling of Brown was the consensus All-American quarterback as reflected in the lists issued by both the United Press and the Constitution.  Yet, Camp selected Sprackling for his third team.  Further differences include John McGovern, Albert Benbrook and Adrian Regnier, who were picked by Camp as a first-team All-Americans at the quarterback, guard and end positions.  Out of the ten selectors aggregated by the Atlanta Constitution, none chose Benbrook, only one chose McGovern and two chose Regnier.

Left end John Kilpatrick of Yale was the only player who was a unanimous first-team All-America pick by Walter Camp, all 10 of the selectors aggregated by the Atlanta Constitution, and all 22 selectors aggregated by the United Press.

All-Americans of 1909

Ends
 Adrian Regnier, Brown (WC-1; NYT-1; TC-1)
 John Kilpatrick, Yale (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1; UP-1 (22); AC-1 (10); NYT-1; TC-1)
 Lawrence Dunlap "Bud" Smith, Harvard (WC-2; UP-1 (5); AC-1 (3))
 Laurence Bankart, Dartmouth (WC-2; NYT-2)
 Harry Braddock, Penn (WC-2)
 Harlan Page, Chicago (WC-3)
 Frank McCaffrey, Fordham (WC-3)
 Harry Vaughan, Yale (NYT-2)

Tackles

 Hamilton Fish III, Harvard (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1; UP-1 (18); AC-1 (7); NYT-1; TC-1)
 Henry Hobbs, Yale (WC-1; UP-1 (12); AC-1 (7); NYT-1)
 James Walker, Minnesota (TC-1)
 Theodore Lilley, Yale (WC-2; NYT-2)
 Robert McKay, Harvard (WC-2)
 Rudolph Siegling, Princeton (WC-3)
 William M. Casey, Michigan (WC-3)
 Daniel Pullen, Army (NYT-2)

Guards
 Albert Benbrook,  Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1)
 Hamlin Andrus, Yale (WC-1; UP-1 (14); AC-1 (8); NYT-1; TC-1)
 Clark Tobin, Dartmouth (WC-2; UP-1 (14); AC-1 (4); NYT-1; TC-1)
 William "Bill" Goebel, Yale (WC-2; UP-2 (13))
 Lothrop Withington, Harvard (WC-3)
 Robert Thomas Fisher, Harvard (WC-3; NYT-2)
 P. E. Waller, Princeton (NYT-2)

Centers
 Carroll Cooney, Yale (WC-1; UP-1 (21); AC-1 (10); NYT-1; TC-1)
 Paul Withington, Harvard (WC-2; NYT-2)
 H. E. Farnum, Minnesota (WC-3)

Quarterbacks
 John McGovern, Minnesota (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1; TC-1)
 Earl Sprackling, Brown (WC-3; UP-1 (12); AC-1 (7); NYT-1)
 Art Howe, Yale (WC-2)
 Harlan Page, Chicago (NYT-2)

Halfbacks
 Stephen Philbin, Yale (WC-1; UP-1 (21); AC-1 (9); NYT-2)
 Wayland Manning Minot, Harvard (WC-1; UP-1 [fb] (20); AC-1 (10); NYT-1 [fb]; TC-1)
 Dave Allerdice, Michigan (WC-2; NYT-1; TC-1)
 Joe Magidsohn, Michigan (WC-2)
 Hamilton Corbett, Harvard (WC-3)
 Red Miller, Notre Dame (WC-3)
 Theodore "Ted" Frothingham, Harvard (NYT-2)

Fullbacks
 Ted Coy, Yale (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-1; UP-1 [hb] (20); AC-1 (10); NYT-1 [hb]; TC-1)
 John L. Marks, Dartmouth (WC-2)
 George McCaa, Lafayette (WC-3; NYT-2)

Key
NCAA recognized selectors for 1909
 WC = Collier's Weekly as selected by Walter Camp

Other selectors
 NYT = The New York Times
 TC = Tommy Clark, noted sports writer whose work appeared in several papers
 UP = United Press consensus All-American team, based on selections from 22 of "the best football experts." The numbers shown in parentheses reflect the number of voters (out of the total of 22) who selected the person as a first-team All-American.
 AC = The Atlanta Constitution based on aggregating the All-America selections of ten leading Eastern newspapers. The numbers shown in parentheses reflect the number of voters (out of the total of 10) who selected the person as a first-team All-American.

Bold = Consensus All-American
 1 – First-team selection
 2 – Second-team selection
 3 – Third-team selection

See also
 1909 All-Southern college football team
 1909 All-Western college football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Verrückt is a German word meaning "insane" or "crazy" and may refer to:
 Verrückt (water slide), a water slide at Schlitterbahn in Kansas City, Kansas, United States, formerly the tallest in the world.
 Downloadable content in the video games Call of Duty: World at War, Call of Duty: Black Ops, and Call of Duty: Black Ops III
 A song on the album Die Hölle muss warten by the Neue Deutsche Härte band Eisbrecher


The bibliography of George Orwell includes journalism, essays, novels, and non-fiction books written by the British writer Eric Blair (1903–1950), either under his own name or, more usually, under his pen name George Orwell. Orwell was a prolific writer on topics related to contemporary English society and literary criticism, who has been declared "perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture." His non-fiction cultural and political criticism constitutes the majority of his work, but Orwell also wrote in several genres of fictional literature.

Orwell is best remembered for his political commentary as a left-wing anti-totalitarian. As he explained in the essay "Why I Write" (1946), "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it." To that end, Orwell used his fiction as well as his journalism to defend his political convictions. He first achieved widespread acclaim with his fictional novella Animal Farm and cemented his place in history with the publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four shortly before his death. While fiction accounts for a small fraction of his total output, these two novels are his best-selling works, having sold almost fifty million copies in sixty-two languages by 2007—more than any other pair of books by a twentieth-century author.

Orwell wrote non-fiction—including book reviews, editorials, and investigative journalism—for a variety of British periodicals. In his lifetime he published hundreds of articles including several regular columns in British newsweeklies related to literary and cultural criticism as well as his explicitly political writing. In addition he wrote book-length investigations of poverty in Britain in the form of Down and Out in Paris and London and The Road to Wigan Pier and one of the first retrospectives on the Spanish Civil War in Homage to Catalonia. Between 1941 and 1946 he also wrote fifteen "London Letters" for the American political and literary quarterly Partisan Review, the first of which appeared in the issue dated March–April 1941.

Only two compilations of Orwell's body of work were published in his lifetime, but since his death over a dozen collected editions have appeared. Two attempts have been made at comprehensive collections: The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters in four volumes (1968, 1970), co-edited by Ian Angus and Orwell's widow Sonia Brownell; and The Complete Works of George Orwell, in 20 volumes, edited by Peter Davison, which  began publication in the mid-1980s. The latter includes an addendum, The Lost Orwell (2007).

The impact of Orwell's large corpus is manifested in additions to the Western canon such as Nineteen Eighty-Four, its subjection to continued public notice and scholarly analyses, and the changes to vernacular English it has effected—notably the adoption of "Orwellian" as a description of totalitarian societies.

Books: non-fiction and novels
Orwell wrote six novels: Burmese Days, A Clergyman's Daughter, Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Coming Up for Air, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. Most of these were semi-autobiographical. Burmese Days was inspired by his period working as an imperial policeman and is fictionalized; A Clergyman's Daughter follows a young woman who passes out from overwork and wakes up an amnesiac, forced to wander the countryside as she finds herself, eventually losing her belief in God, despite being the daughter of a clergyman. Keep the Aspidistra Flying and Coming Up for Air are examinations of the British class system. Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are his most famous novels.

In addition to his novels Orwell also wrote three non-fiction books. Down and Out in Paris and London records his experiences tramping in those two cities. The Road to Wigan Pier is initially a study of poverty in the North of England, but ends with an extended autobiographical essay describing some of Orwell's experiences with poverty. Homage to Catalonia recounts his experiences as a volunteer fighting fascism with the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification in anarchist Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War.

Non-fiction
Down and Out in Paris and London (9 January 1933, Victor Gollancz Ltd)
The Road to Wigan Pier (February 1937, Left Book Club edition; 8 March 1937 Victor Gollancz Ltd edition for the general public)
Homage to Catalonia (25 April 1938, Secker and Warburg)

Novels
Burmese Days (25 October 1934, Harper & Brothers)
A Clergyman's Daughter (11 March 1935, Victor Gollancz Ltd)
Keep the Aspidistra Flying (20 April 1936, Victor Gollancz Ltd)
Coming Up for Air (12 June 1939, Victor Gollancz Ltd)
Animal Farm (17 August 1945, Secker and Warburg)
Nineteen Eighty-Four (8 June 1949, Secker and Warburg)

Articles
Orwell wrote hundreds of essays, book reviews and editorials. His insights into linguistics, literature and politics—in particular anti-fascism, anti-communism, and democratic socialism—continued to be influential decades after his death. Over a dozen of these were published in collections during his life—Inside the Whale and Other Essays by his original publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd in 1940, and Critical Essays by Secker and Warburg in 1946. The latter press also published the collections Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays in 1950 (republished by Penguin in 2003) and England Your England and Other Essays in 1953.

Since his death many collections of essays have appeared, with the first attempt at a comprehensive collection being the four-volume Collected Essays, Letters and Journalism of George Orwell edited by Ian Angus and Sonia Brownell, which was published by Secker and Warburg and Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich in 1968–1970. Peter Davison of De Montfort University spent 17 years researching and correcting the entirety of Orwell's works with Angus and Sheila Davison, and devoted the last eleven volumes of the twenty-volume series The Complete Works of George Orwell to essays, letters, and journal entries. The entire series was initially printed by Secker and Warburg in 1986, finished by Random House in 1998, and revised between 2000 and 2002.

Pamphlets
Starting with The Lion and the Unicorn (1941), several of Orwell's longer essays took the form of pamphlets:
The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius was printed by his publisher Secker and Warburg as Searchlight Books No. 1 on 19 February 1941.
Betrayal of the Left was printed by his other regular publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd. in 1941, with material from Victor Gollancz, John Strachey, and others.
Victory or Vested Interest? came from The Labour Book Service on 15 May 1942, with Orwell's "Culture and Democracy" (made up of the pieces "Fascism and Democracy" and "Patriots and Revolutionaries") amongst others.
Talking to India, by E. M. Forster, Richie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and Others: A Selection of English Language Broadcasts to India was published in 1943 by Allen & Unwin, edited with an introduction by Orwell.James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution – Socialist Book Centre, printing of Second Thoughts on James Burnham under this title in July 1946.The English People was printed by HarperCollins 1947.British Pamphleteers Volume 1: From the 16th Century the 18th Century from Allan Wingate, spring 1948 was co-edited by Orwell and Reginald Reynolds with an introduction by Orwell.

Poems
Orwell was not widely known for writing verse, but he did publish several poems that have survived, including many written during his school days:

"Awake! Young Men of England" (1914)
"" (1929)
"A Dressed Man and a Naked Man" (1933)
"A Happy Vicar I Might Have Been" (1935)
"Ironic Poem About Prostitution" (written prior to 1936)
"Kitchener" (1916)
"The Lesser Evil" (1924)
"A Little Poem" (1935)
"On a Ruined Farm Near the His Master's Voice Gramophone Factory" (1934)
"Our Minds Are Married, but We Are Too Young" (1918)
"The Pagan" (1918)
"The Wounded Cricketer" (1920)
"Poem from Burma" (1922–1927)
"Romance" (1925)
"Sometimes in the Middle Autumn Days" (1933)
"Suggested by a Toothpaste Advertisement" (1918–1919)
"Summer-like for an Instant" (1933)
"As One Non-Combatant to Another" (1943)

In October 2015 Finlay Publisher, for The Orwell Society, published George Orwell: The Complete Poetry, compiled and presented by Dione Venables.

Editing
In addition to the pamphlets British Pamphleteers Volume 1: From the 16th Century the 18th Century and Talking to India, by E. M. Forster, Richie Calder, Cedric Dover, Hsiao Ch'ien and Others: A Selection of English Language Broadcasts to India, Orwell edited two newspapers during his Eton years—College Days/The Colleger (1917) and Election Times (1917–1921). While working for the BBC, he collected six editions of a poetry magazine named Voice which were broadcast by Orwell, Mulk Raj Anand, John Atkins, Edmund Blunden, Venu Chitale, William Empson, Vida Hope, Godfrey Kenton, Una Marson, Herbert Read, and Stephen Spender. The magazine was published and distributed to the readers before being broadcast by the BBC. Issue five has not been recovered and was consequently excluded from W. J. West's collection of BBC transcripts.

Collected editions
Two essay collections were published during Orwell's lifetime—Inside the Whale and Other Essays in 1940 and Critical Essays in 1946 (the latter published in the United States as Dickens, Dali, and Others in 1958.) His publisher followed up these anthologies with Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays in 1950, England Your England and Other Essays in 1953—which was revised as Such, Such Were the Joys—and Collected Essays in 1961. The first significant publications in the United States were Doubleday's A Collection of Essays by George Orwell from 1954, 1956's The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage from Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, and Penguin's Selected Essays in 1957; re-released in 1962 with the title Inside the Whale and Other Essays and in abridged form as Why I Write in 2005 as a part of the Great Ideas series. In the aforementioned series, Penguin also published the short collections Books v. Cigarettes (2008), Some Thoughts on the Common Toad (2010), and Decline of the English Murder (2009). The latter does not contain the same texts as Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays, published by Penguin in association with Secker & Warburg in 1965. The complete texts Orwell wrote for the Observer are collected in Orwell: The Observer Years published by Atlantic Books in 2003.

In 1976 Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd in association with Octopus Books published The Complete Novels, this edition was later republished by Penguin Books in 1983, and reprinted in Penguin Classics 2000 and 2009. Since the publication of Davison's corrected critical edition, John Carey's thorough Essays was released on 15 October 2002, as a part of the Everyman's Library and George Packer edited two collections for Houghton Mifflin, released on 13 October 2008—All Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays and Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays.

Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus edited a four volume collection of Orwell's writings, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, divided into four volumes:An Age Like This 1920–1940My Country Right or Left 1940–1943 (first published 1968)As I Please, 1943–1945In Front of Your Nose, 1945–1950The Complete Works of George Orwell is a twenty-volume series, with the first nine being devoted to the non-fiction books and novels and the final eleven volumes entitled:A Kind of Compulsion: 1903–1936Facing Unpleasant Facts: 1937–1939A Patriot After All: 1940–1941All Propaganda Is Lies: 1941–1942Keeping Our Little Corner Clean: 1942–1943Two Wasted Years: 1943I Have Tried to Tell the Truth: 1943–1944I Belong to the Left: 1945Smothered Under Journalism: 1946It Is What I Think: 1947–1948Our Job Is to Make Life Worth Living: 1949–1950In 2001 Penguin published four selections from The Complete Works of George Orwell edited by Peter Davison in their modern classics series titled Orwell and the Dispossessed: Down and Out in Paris and London in the Context of Essays, Reviews and Letters selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Peter Clarke, Orwell's England: The Road to Wigan Pier in the Context of Essays, Reviews, Letters and Poems selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Ben Pimlott, Orwell in Spain: The Full Text of Homage to Catalonia with Associated Articles, Reviews and Letters from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Christopher Hitchens, and Orwell and Politics: Animal Farm in the Context of Essays, Reviews and Letters selected from The Complete Works of George Orwell with an introduction by Timothy Garton Ash.

Davison later compiled a handful of writings—including letters, an obituary for H. G. Wells, and his reconstruction of Orwell's list—into Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell, which was published by Timewell Press in 2006, with a paperback published on 25 September 2007. In 2011, Davison's selection of letters and journal entries were published as George Orwell: A Life in Letters and Diaries by Harvill Secker. A selection by Davison from Orwell's journalism and other writings were published by Harvill Secker in 2014 under the title Seeing Things as They Are.

Other works
After his first publication—the poem "Awake! Young Men of England", published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard in 1914—Orwell continued to write for his school publications The Election Times and College Days/The Colleger. He also experimented with writing for several years before he could support himself as an author. These pieces include first-hand journalism (e.g. 1931's "The Spike"), articles (e.g. 1931's "Hop-Picking"), and even a one-act play—Free Will. (He would also adapt four plays as radio dramas.)

His production of fiction was not as prolific—while living in Paris he wrote a few unpublished stories and two novels, but burned the manuscripts. (Orwell routinely destroyed his manuscripts and with the exception of a partial copy of Nineteen Eighty-Four, all are lost. Davison would publish this as Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Facsimile of the Extant Manuscript by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in May 1984, .) In addition, Orwell produced several pieces while working at the BBC as a correspondent. Some were written by him and others were merely recited for radio broadcast. For years, these went uncollected until the anthologies Orwell: The War Broadcasts (Marboro Books, June 1985 and in the United States, as Orwell: The Lost Writings by Arbor House, September 1985) and Orwell: The War Commentaries (Gerald Duckworth & Company Ltd., London, 1 January 1985) were edited by W. J. West. Orwell was responsible for producing The Indian Section of BBC Eastern Service and his program notes from 1 February and 7 December 1942 have survived (they are reproduced in War Broadcasts). He was also asked to provide an essay about British cooking along with recipes for The British Council. Orwell kept a diary which has been published by his widow—Sonia Brownell—and academic Peter Davison, in addition to his private correspondence.

Full list of publications

Legend for collected editionsAll Art Is Propaganda: Critical Essays (AAIP)Critical Essays (CrE)Collected Essays (ColE)The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell (CEJL)A Collection of Essays by George Orwell (CoE)Complete Novels (CN)The Complete Works of George Orwell (CW)Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays (DotEM)England Your England and Other Essays (EYE)Essays (Everyman's Library) (EL)Essays (Penguin Classics) (ELp)Facing Unpleasant Facts: Narrative Essays (FUF)Inside the Whale and Other Essays (ItW)Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell (LO)On Jews and Antisemitism (JaA)Orwell and Politics (OP)Orwell and the Dispossessed (OD) Orwell in Spain (OS) Orwell: The Observer Years (OY) Orwell: The War Broadcasts (WB)Orwell: The War Commentaries (WC)Orwell's England (OE) The Orwell Reader, Fiction, Essays, and Reportage (OR)
Penguin Great IdeasBooks v. Cigarettes (BvC)Decline of the English Murder (DEM)Some Thoughts on the Common Toad (STCM)Why I Write (WIW)Ruins. Orwell’s Reports as War Correspondent in France, Germany and Austria from February until June 1945 (R)Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays (SaE)Selected Essays (SE)Such, Such Were the Joys (SSWtJ)Seeing Things As They Are (STATA)

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further readingGeorge Orwell: Some Materials for a Bibliography by I. R. Wilson. (1953)George Orwell by Laurence Brander. Longmans (1954)George Orwell: A Selected Bibliography by William White and Zoltan G. Zeke. Boston Linotype Print (1962).George Orwell: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities volume 54) by Jeffrey Meyers and Valerie Meyers. Garland Publishing (1 January 1977) George Orwell, First Edition and Price Guide'' Quill and Brush. (2004)

External links

Works by George Orwell at the Internet Archive
Works by Orwell from the Orwell Prize

George Orwell Letters and Documents to Be Found in Libraries and Archives in the United Kingdom by Peter Davison

Bibliographies by writer
Bibliographies of English writers
Journalism bibliographies


Events in the year 1751 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Frederick V

Events
21 September - Stromstad Treaty of 1751 is signed, it defined the border between Sweden and Norway.
The Lapp Codicil of 1751 (addendum to the Stromstad Treaty) secures the right of the Sami people to continue their nomadic lifestyle between the borders.

Arts and literature

Births

Full date unknown
Johan Lausen Bull, jurist and politician (died 1817)
Niels Treschow, philosopher and politician (died 1833)

Deaths

23 January – Peter Schnitler, jurist and military officer (born 1690).

See also

References


The .356 TSW (356 Team Smith & Wesson) is a centerfire pistol cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson in the early-1990s.

Design
The .356 TSW is similar in size to a 9×19mm Parabellum or a 9×21mm (21.59mm exactly) albeit with a much stronger case allowing for higher pressure and as much as 40% more energy at the muzzle. It was designed to be used in IPSC shooting events, but rule modifications specifically addressing its advantages were hurriedly established to make it irrelevant for competition. Due to renewed interest as a superior cartridge to 357 SIG, new production ammunition and caliber conversion kits for Glock 17 (Gen 1-4) & 19 (Gen 1-5) pistols became available in 2020.

See also
 List of handgun cartridges

References

Pistol and rifle cartridges
Smith & Wesson cartridges


The Billups Neon Crossing Signal was a prototypical grade crossing signal installed at a dangerous Illinois Central crossing on Mississippi Highway 7 (now Mississippi Highway 332) in Grenada, Mississippi.

It was installed in the mid-1930s by inventor Alonzo Billups over growing concern due to numerous accidents at the crossing involving trains and motor vehicles.  Like nothing before, the Billups signal was a large gantry spanning the highway and was likely the first such use of a gantry-style crossing of the type now in relatively common use.  Upon approach of a train, a giant neon sign lit up with the words "Stop-DEATH-Stop" beneath a lighted skull and crossbones.  Flashing neon arrows indicated the direction of oncoming trains and an air raid siren in lieu of bells provided aural warning. As a backup, standard railway flashers were mounted below the neon sign.  The signal was known locally as the "Skull and Crossbones."

The onset of World War II brought about a scarcity of neon which, when coupled with maintenance problems with the signal (often manifesting themselves in the siren sounding continuously until a crew arrived to stop it) meant that no further signals were produced.  The prototype was removed after less than thirty years of service, being replaced with standard railway crossing flashers and bells.

In 2022, Lionel, LLC introduced a working O scale model of the Billups crossing signal for their model train accessory lineup.

References

Kalmbach Publishing, TRAINS Magazine, May 2003, Stop-DEATH-Stop, "Railroad Reading"

External links
Photograph taken in 1940 of the crossing
Photograph taken shortly before it was dismantled
Video simulation of crossing in action

Illinois Central Railroad
Railway signaling in the United States
Level crossings
Buildings and structures in Grenada County, Mississippi
Individual signs in the United States
1930s establishments in Mississippi


KITC may refer to:

 KITC-LP, a low-power radio station (106.5 FM) licensed to Gilchrist, Oregon, United States
 Kingston Institute of Tamil Culture
 Korea International Travel Company, North Korea's state-run tourism bureau; see Tourism in North Korea


William Swanson (born 1970, Chicago, IL) is a painter living and working in Oakland, California.

Works

Swanson’s paintings offer seemingly utopian views of a futuristic urban landscape. These architectural compositions reflect back to the artist’s architectural training as well as to the illusionist works of artists like M.C. Esher. Nevertheless they are unique in that the futuristic urban landscape is commenting on battle with natural forces. Remnants of buildings and other man made structures cascade in silhouettes throughout the islands floating on the picture plane of many paintings. This is only possible with the artist’s dynamic use of depth. Each structure contains parts that appear to float off the canvas and into the viewer’s space. Swanson’s technique reveals little trace of his brushstroke as he uses acrylic paint on plywood to create very flat surfaces.

His work has been included in many group exhibitions, including “Future Tense: Reshaping the Landscape” at the Neuberger Art Museum in Purchase, NY.

References

Living people
Painters from Illinois
1970 births
Painters from California


Strangled Eggs is a Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon short directed by Robert McKimson. The cartoon was released on March 18, 1961, and features Foghorn Leghorn, Henery Hawk and Miss Prissy. The voices are performed by Mel Blanc. This was the only cartoon to star both Miss Prissy and Henery Hawk.

Plot
Short of food, Foghorn Leghorn tries to court with Miss Prissy in hopes of getting food for the winter. While trying to court her, there is a knock on the door. It is a baby basket containing Henery Hawk, posing as an orphan chick in his latest attempt to infiltrate the barnyard and obtain a chicken to eat. Foghorn believes that Henery Hawk is going to be trouble, but Miss Prissy decides she wants to adopt the pseudo-chick as her "son." To make peace with Miss Prissy, he consents to help Henery become a "real" chicken.

Several gags then occur as Foghorn tries to teach Henery how to be a chicken (actually, thinly disguised attempts to kill off his foe),  but such attempts are unsuccessful.
 Teaching him how to crow on top of a barn. Henery snags a rope around the rooster's neck and drops Foghorn into a boiling pot of water, which causes him to leap out in pain, his lower half burnt. Foghorn then reiterates his claim that "[Henery]'s gotta go".
 A grenade disguised as an egg. Foghorn sets the little chickenhawk on top of the "egg" and lies in wait in the barn's side to pull the pin with a string. Unfortunately, he pulls too hard and the whole grenade is consequently ensnared around him, and it blows up just as Foghorn vainly tries to put the pin back in place.
 Hidden landmines, which Foghorn hopes will blow Henery up. His nemesis bites his finger (after a few attempts) and provokes him on a chase... through the minefield. Henery runs safely past, but the poor rooster blows himself up repeatedly as he runs after Henery.
Eventually, Foghorn believes that if Henery is going to be a chicken, then he is going to be a chicken hawk - so he flies after Henery with the intent of catching him. Henery flees to the safety of Miss Prissy, who slams the door on Foghorn. Dazed, Foghorn says "Like my - I say, like my pappy used to say: Shoemaker, stick to your last. And this is my last."

See also
 List of American films of 1961

References

External links

1961 films
1961 animated films
1961 short films
Merrie Melodies short films
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
Films directed by Robert McKimson
1960s Warner Bros. animated short films
1960s English-language films
Foghorn Leghorn films
Films about adoption
Henery Hawk films


The 2009 NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament involved 64 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division II college basketball as a culmination of the 2008–09 basketball season. It began on March 14, 2008, and concluded as the Findlay Oilers defeated the Cal Poly Pomona Broncos 56–53 in overtime on March 28.

Regionals

Southeast – Augusta, Georgia
Location: Christenberry Fieldhouse Host: Augusta State University

South – Lakeland, Florida
Location: Jenkins Field House Host: Florida Southern College

West – Laie, Hawaii
Location: George Q. Cannon Activities Center Host: Brigham Young University-Hawai'i

Central – Marshall, Minnesota
Location: R/A Facility Host: Southwest Minnesota State University

Atlantic – Erie, Pennsylvania
Location: Hammermill Center Host: Gannon University

South Central – Warrensburg, Missouri
Location: CMU Fieldhouse Host: Central Missouri State University

East – Brookville, New York
Location: Pratt Recreation Center Host: Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus

Midwest – Findlay, Ohio
Location: Houdeshell Court at Croy Gymnasium Host: University of Findlay

Elite Eight – Springfield, Massachusetts
Location: MassMutual Center Hosts: American International College and Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Game summaries

Elite Eight

Final Four
Cal Poly Pomona beat Augusta State in a Final Four victory 74–70. The Jaguars were down by 11 with about 6 minutes to play, but rallied on a 14–2 run that put them ahead, 68–67. They only scored two points the rest of the game while the Broncos scored seven to win the game. They were led by Larry Gordon, who recorded 20 points and 11 rebounds.

National championship game

In the Division II National Championship Game, top seeded Findlay Oilers played third-seeded Cal Poly Pomona Broncos. The Broncos, who had traveled 10,000 miles over the postseason, were losing to the undefeated Oilers for much of the game. Cal Poly Pomona managed to tie it at 18–18 before the Oilers went on a 12–2 run to lead by 10 at the half. Findlay widened the lead to 14 with slightly over 16 minutes left. That was the last time the Oilers scored for the next eight minutes while the Broncos recorded 13 straight points to come within one.

Walter Thompson, the point guard for the Broncos, made a three-pointer with 7:08 in regulation to tie the game at 38. They snatched the lead on the next possession at 41–40. Cal Poly Pomona center Tobias Jahn added a point on his two free throws for a 42–42 tie. With 1:42 left in the game, neither team managed to put points on the board. After Thompson missed a rebound on Austin Swift's attempted 3-pointer, the game went into overtime.

Throughout overtime, the lead changed several times. The game was tied at 53 with 24 seconds left on the clock. The Broncos' defense forced a held ball on Findlay with 2.4 seconds remaining, with possession to Findlay. On the inbounds play, Tyler Evans hit a three-pointer at the buzzer—his only three of the game—sealing the Oilers' victory by a score of 56–53.

All-tournament team
 Josh Bostic (Findlay)
 Larry Gordon (Cal Poly-Pomona)
 Morgan Lewis (Findlay)
 Walter Thompson (Cal Poly-Pomona)
 Sanijay Watts (Central Missouri)

References
 2009 NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament jonfmorse.com

Sources

 2010 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship Tournament Records and Statistics: Division II men's basketball Championship

NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament
Tournament
NCAA Division II basketball tournament
NCAA Division II basketball tournament


Thomas Locke (June 16, 1824 – January 27, 1884) was a farmer and political figure. He represented Stanstead in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1875 as a Conservative.

He was born in Barnston, Lower Canada, the son of Levi Locke and Sally Clement, both natives of New Hampshire. Locke was a captain in the militia and was mayor of Barnston in 1864 and 1865. He also served as school commissioner and justice of the peace. In 1846, he married Lydia E. Howard. Locke was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1875. He died in Barnston at the age of 59.

References

1824 births
1884 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec


Yekaterina Yevseyeva (born 22 June 1988 in Almaty, Kazakhstan) is a Kazakhstani high jumper.

She was born in Almaty. She won bronze medals at the 2005 World Youth Championships and the 2006 World Junior Championships. She also competed at the 2008 World Indoor Championships and the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final.

Her personal best jump is 1.98 metres, achieved in May 2008 in Tashkent. This is the Asian record, although she shares it with two athletes: Nadejda Dusanova and Svetlana Radzivil.

Major competitions record

References

1988 births
Living people
Kazakhstani female high jumpers
Sportspeople from Almaty
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Kazakhstan
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for Kazakhstan
Medalists at the 2009 Summer Universiade


Santa Clara is a beach town in Coclé Province, Panama. The settlement is a small fishing village with tourist lodgings and Panamanians' weekend homes. It is located just off the Inter-American Highway, 11 km southwest of the El Valle turnoff and 100 km southwest of Panama City. The closest town is beach resort Farallón. Santa Clara's stretch of white sand beach is relatively uncrowded, and there are more locals and fewer tourists in Santa Clara than at other nearby beaches.

References

Populated places in Coclé Province


Nadiya Dusanova (; born 17 November 1987 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan) is an Uzbekistani high jumper.

She competed at the 2008, 2012 and 2016 Olympic Games without reaching the final. At the 2017 Asian Athletics Championships she won the gold medal jumping 1.84 metres. She won silver medal at 2018 Asian games with 1.94 m. which is her personal best in Asian games.

Her personal best jump is 1.98 metres, achieved in July 2008 in Tashkent. At the time, this was the Asian record.

Career
She began training with Andrey Popov at the Pakhtakor Stadium (Tashkent), then with Valentina Lebedinskaya, Alim Akhmedzhanov, a coach who served in Uzbekistan since 2014. Since 2006, she has successfully participated in the international arena. In this year's Asian Athletics Championships, she finished fifth at the Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in Pattaya, Thailand, with a height of 1.78m. At the Asian Junior Athletics Championships held in Macau, she won the bronze medal in the junior category with a result of 1.84m. And at the athletics world championship in Beijing (China), the juniors took eleventh place with a result of 1.80 m.

She participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, but she failed to qualify and finished 26th with a height of 1.85 m. In the same year, at the Cup of Uzbekistan in athletics, she jumped to a height of 1.98 m and repeated the Asian record.

In 2009, she won the silver medal at the Asian Championship held in Guangzhou (China) with a result of 1.90. In the same year, she won the gold medal at the Asian Indoor Games in Hanoi (Vietnam) with a result of 1.93 m. But at the World Athletics Championships held in Berlin (Germany) she took 24th place with a height of 1.89 m and failed to reach the finals. In 2010, she won the silver medal at the Asian Summer Games in Guangzhou (China) with a result of 1.93 m. At the World Indoor Athletics Championships held in Doha (Qatar), she took seventh place with 1.91 points. That year, she competed in the first IAAF Continental Cup in Split, Croatia, winning a bronze medal with a clearance of 1.88m.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London (Great Britain), she jumped only 1.85 m and took 20th place in qualifying.

In 2013, she won the title of the continental champion at the Asian Athletics Championships held in Pune (India) with a result of 1.90 m. In the same year, Nadiya Dusanova won the bronze medal of the IAAF World Challenge Series in athletics in Beijing (China).

In 2014, she won a bronze medal at the Summer Asian Games held in Incheon (Republic of Korea) with a result of 1.89 m. In 2016, she won the silver medal at the Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in Doha (Qatar) with a result of 1.88 m. At the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil that year, she finished 20th in qualifying with a 1.92.

In 2017, she won the gold medal at the Asian Athletics Championships held in Bhubaneswar (India) with a result of 1.84 m. She took the first place in the Asian Indoor Games held in Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) with a result of 1.86 m, and also took the first place in the Islamic Solidarity Games held in Baku (Azerbaijan). However, at the World Championships in Athletics in London, she finished only 21st with a height of 1.85 m and failed to reach the finals of the tournament. In the same year, she was awarded the "Golden Mongoose" international sports award for her great contribution to the development of physical education and sports.

In 2017, she won the gold medal at the Asian Athletics Championships held in Bhubaneswar (India) with a result of 1.84 m. She took the first place in the Asian Indoor Games held in Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) with a result of 1.86 m, and also took the first place in the Islamic Solidarity Games held in Baku (Azerbaijan). However, at the World Championships in Athletics in London, she finished only 21st with a height of 1.85 m and failed to reach the finals of the tournament. In the same year, she was awarded the "Golden Mongoose" international sports award for his great contribution to the development of physical education and sports.

At the 2018 Summer Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia, she won a silver medal with a height of 1.94 m. In the same year, she won the gold medal at the Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in Tehran (Iran) with a result of 1.87 m.

In 2019, she won the title of champion at the Asian Athletics Championships held in Doha (Qatar) with a height of 1.90 m. But at the World Athletics Championships held in Doha (Qatar), she showed only the 26th result in qualifying and did not reach the finals of the tournament. She won a gold medal at the Asian Grand Prix stage held in Beijing (China) with a result of 1.89 m and also a gold medal at the stage in Chongqing (China).

Competition record

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Athletes from Tashkent
Uzbekistani female high jumpers
Olympic female high jumpers
Olympic athletes for Uzbekistan
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Asian Games silver medalists for Uzbekistan
Asian Games bronze medalists for Uzbekistan
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Uzbekistan
Asian Athletics Championships winners
Asian Indoor Athletics Championships winners
Uzbekistani people of Russian descent
21st-century Uzbekistani women


Waldsteinia lobata, the piedmont barren strawberry, is a low-lying perennial herb with evergreen leaves that turn burgundy red in fall. The flower is yellow and the fruit is brown and dry.

References

Colurieae


Newberg Public Library is a public library system that serves the city of Newberg, Oregon, United States serving a population 25,138 as of 2020.

History
The Newberg Public Library was established in downtown Newberg in 1908. The city was granted the funds for a "Carnegie Library" from Andrew Carnegie in 1912 and this building is still used today with an addition built on in 1986.

Services
The Library provides residents of the Chehalem Valley with access to a variety of resources. The Library has been in downtown Newberg since 1908. Today the Library has expanded from simply providing books, to becoming the information resource for the community.

The Newberg Public Library is a member of the Chemeketa Cooperative Regional Library Service.

Notes

External links
Newberg Public Library

 Library buildings completed in 1912
 Carnegie libraries in Oregon
 Public libraries in Oregon
 Buildings and structures in Newberg, Oregon
 Education in Yamhill County, Oregon
1908 establishments in Oregon
 Libraries established in 1908


William Augustus Henry Fawkener (c.1750–1811) was a British civil servant and diplomat.

Background
William Fawkener was one of the sons of Sir Everard Fawkener, a merchant and then British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, who did not marry until he was aged 53, and thus died in 1758 while William was still young. His mother was Harriet daughter of Lieutenant General Charles Churchill. William was probably named in honour of his father's patron Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, and served as a page of honour at the Duke's funeral in 1765.

His brother Everard also became a civil servant, holding the post of Commissioner of Stamps from 1783 to 1803, obtained through William's influence.

Privy Council clerk
William was appointed a Clerk of the Privy Council in 1779. He held this post until at least 1795.

During his service to the Privy Council, he was employed on various diplomatic missions. In 1783 he was appointed as secretary of the embassy to the Marquess of Carmarthen, who was appointed ambassador to France, but was instead appointed Foreign Secretary before he departed. In April 1787, he was Envoy Extraordinary to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In October 1787, he was sent as an envoy to Portugal to negotiate a commercial treaty in conjunction with Robert Walpole, the Minister resident there.

In 1791, he was sent on a secret mission to Catherine II of Russia.

Details of his later career are unclear.

For a period, he worked as the secretary of William Windham, the secretary for war and the colonies. He was sent letters from British subjects living and working in Haiti from 1806 to 1807.

Family and private life
He married Georgiana Ann, daughter of William Poyntz of Midgham House, Berkshire. The marriage was an arranged one and not to the liking of Georgiana. She met Hon. John Townshend at Lord Melbourne's house, Brocket Hall in the summer of 1785, fell in love, and ultimately eloped with him. The result was a duel in Hyde Park in May 1786 between Fawkener and Melbourne, in which the former missed and the latter fired into the air, ending without bloodshed. Fawkener subsequently brought an action against Townshend for criminal conversation. The trial began on 12 July 1786 before Sir Francis Buller, and ended with the award of £500 in damages to Fawkener. Fawkener obtained a divorce by Act of Parliament in April 1787, whereupon Georgiana married Hon. John Townshend.

He married again to Elizabeth Wright. They had two daughters:
Mary Wilhelmina Augustine Henrietta (1788 – 4 February 1860), married her cousin Horatio Walpole
Sarah (27 May 1789 – 31 October 1817 London), born in Iping, married General Henry Frederick Compton Cavendish and died in London

He inherited an estate at Iping in Sussex in 1760, but he and his first wife apparently sold this in 1784. He lived at Brereton Hall, Shropshire. However his address was South Street, Grosvenor Square, Middlesex in 1789.

References

1750 births
1811 deaths
Clerks of the Privy Council
Ambassadors of Great Britain to Portugal


The Master of International Studies (MIS) is an academic postgraduate degree that prepares students for careers in diplomacy, government service, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is designed to address the growing complexities of the international system, through interdisciplinary study.

Graduates of the MIS should be equipped with the skills to analyze and assess theoretical and thematic approaches to international studies in relation to issues of governance and conflict, globalization, migration and media, regional imperatives and priorities, and cultures and societies.

Universities around the world that offer the MIS include American University/Washington, D.C., the North Carolina State University, Stellenbosch University, Seoul National University (Graduate School of International Studies), the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney, the University of Otago, the George Washington University, Bjørknes College, the University of South Australia, the University of the Philippines Diliman, International Pacific College and the University of Melbourne, among others.

Further reading
 International studies and global studies
 International relations and global affairs

Master's degrees


Jacques Minkus (December 15, 1901 – September 17, 1996), of New York City, emigrated to the United States in 1929 and established stamp counters for postage stamp collectors at numerous department stores in the United States.

Philatelic activity
Minkus established his first stamp counter at Gimbels department store in Manhattan in 1931. He was successful in this method of selling stamps and continued to open stamp counters in department stores until the 1960s, when he had opened thirty eight counters.

Minkus also published a stamp catalog titled Minkus New World Wide Stamp Catalog starting in 1955. In addition to the catalog, he published over one hundred stamp albums for collectors.

Honors and awards
The Service to Philately Award was presented to Minkus by the American Stamp Dealers Association in 1966. In 1993 he was awarded the Luff Award for Exceptional Contributions to Philately. In 1997 he was elected to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame.

Legacy
The Minkus catalog is still used by some collectors today, as it contains material not included in other stamp catalogs.

See also
 Minkus catalogue
 Philatelic literature

External links
 Robert McG. Thomas Jr., "Jacques Minkus, 94, Dies; Brought Stamps to Masses", The New York Times, September 19, 1996
 Is the Minkus Supreme the "Goldilocks" Album for WW Classical Collectors? Friday, April 10, 2015.

1901 births
1996 deaths
Polish emigrants to the United States
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
American stamp dealers
Businesspeople from New York City
20th-century American businesspeople
American Philatelic Society


Piet Bakker is a Dutch sprint canoeist who competed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He won a bronze medal in the K-2 1000 m event at the 1950 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Copenhagen.

References

Dutch male canoeists
Possibly living people
Year of birth missing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


Autism Speaks Inc. is a non-profit autism awareness organization and the largest autism research organization in the United States. It sponsors autism research and conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments, and the public. It was founded in February 2005 by Bob Wright and his wife Suzanne, a year after their grandson Christian was diagnosed with autism. The same year as its founding, the organization merged with Autism Coalition for Research and Education. It then merged with the National Alliance for Autism Research in 2006 and Cure Autism Now in 2007.

The autism rights movement and neurodiversity advocates do not see autism as a disease that needs to be cured, and have criticized Autism Speaks for seeking a cure. The word "cure" was dropped from its mission statement in 2016.

History
Autism Speaks was founded in February 2005 by Bob Wright, vice chairman of General Electric, and his wife Suzanne, a year after their grandson Christian was diagnosed with autism. The organization was established with a $25 million donation from The Home Depot founder Bernie Marcus, who sat on its board of directors for some years. Since its founding, Autism Speaks has merged with three existing autism organizations.

Autism Speaks has combined organizations that funded peer-reviewed research into genetic causes, promoted alternative theories and therapies, and advocated for people with autism. In 2005, Autism Speaks merged with the Autism Coalition for Research and Education. In early 2006, a year after its founding, Autism Speaks merged with the National Alliance for Autism Research (NAAR). NAAR, founded in 1994, was the first U.S. nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting research into causes, treatment, and cures for autism spectrum disorders. The founders comprised a small group of parents, including two psychiatrists, a lawyer and a chemistry professor. In 2007, Autism Speaks completed its merger with Cure Autism Now (CAN). CAN was founded in 1995 by Jonathan Shestack and Portia Iversen.

In January 2008, child clinical psychologist Geraldine Dawson became Autism Speaks' chief science officer. In April 2010, the organization named Yoko Ono its first "Global Autism Ambassador." Autism Speaks has used the "Wubbzy" character from Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! as a mascot. In 2019, Autism Speaks featured Julia from Sesame Street in PSAs promoting early autism screening.

In May 2015, Bob Wright resigned as chairman of the organization and was succeeded by Brian Kelly. Co-founder Suzanne Wright took a leave of absence in November 2015, following a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. She died in July 2016.

Mark Roithmayr led Autism Speaks from 2005 to 2012. In June 2012, he was succeeded by Liz Feld who had joined the organization the same year as executive vice president of strategic communications before she was promoted to become the president. Feld was succeeded by Angela Timashenka Geiger who served in the position beginning in February 2016. In October 2021, Autism Speaks appointed Keith Wargo as its new president and CEO.

Activities
Autism Speaks, along with its predecessor organizations, has been a source of funding for research into the causes and treatment of autism spectrum disorders; it also conducts awareness and outreach activities aimed at families, governments and the public.

Research
Autism Speaks and its predecessor organizations have raised public awareness for autism research, raised funds directly for research, and lobbied Congress to leverage the privately raised money with much greater public funds. From 1997 to 2006, their advocacy in the areas of treatment and environmental factors shifted research priorities in the U.S. from basic research to translational and clinical research, with less emphasis on the underlying biology and greater emphasis on putting what was known to practical use.

As of 2008, Autism Speaks supported research in four main areas:
 Etiology includes genetic and environmental factors that may cause autism. This research includes searches for autism susceptibility genes, animal models for autism, environmental toxins, and maternal viral infections.
 Biology studies cells, the brain, and the body. This focuses on brain development and includes the Autism Tissue Program discussed further below.
 Diagnosis includes epidemiology, early diagnosis, and biomarkers.
 Autism therapies include medication, behavioral, and psychological interventions. It includes treatments for co-occurring medical conditions in children which are unrelated to autism, such as sleep disorders and gastrointestinal conditions that may hinder behavioral interventions, along with treatments for older individuals, and complementary and alternative medicine.

Autism Speaks funds the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), a DNA repository and family registry of genotypic and phenotypic information that is available to autism researchers worldwide. The AGRE was established in the 1990s by a predecessor organization, Cure Autism Now.

Autism Speaks funds the Autism Tissue Program, a network of researchers that manages and distributes brain tissues donated for autism research. These donations are rare and are a vital component of research into the causes of autism.

Autism Speaks supports the Clinical Trials Network, which focuses on new pharmacological treatments. It also supports the Toddler Treatment Network, which develops new interventions for infants and toddlers.

Autism Speaks believes that vaccines have been shown to be safe for most children, and are important for preventing serious diseases such as measles and mumps. It recognizes that some individuals may have adverse reactions, or respond poorly, to vaccines, and advocates research into identifying any subgroups of such individuals and mechanisms behind any such reactions. This has strained relations between the Wrights and their daughter Katie, the mother of an autistic boy. Katie believes her son's autism was caused by thiomersal, a preservative that was formerly common in children's vaccines in the United States; no major scientific studies have confirmed this hypothesis.

Since June 2014, Autism Speaks has partnered with Google on a project called Mssng (pronounced "missing"). Previously known as The Autism Speaks Ten Thousand Genomes Program (AUT10K), it is an open source research platform for autism that aims to collect and study the DNA of 10,000 families that have been affected by autism. The goal is to create the world's largest database of sequenced genomic information of autism run on Google's cloud-based genome database, Google Genomics. In December 2014, the pair announced a launch that will allow worldwide access to the research for further collaboration and genome analysis.

Awareness, media and events

Autism Speaks sponsored and distributes the 2006 short film Autism Every Day, produced by Lauren Thierry and Eric Solomon. Autism Speaks staff member Alison Singer was reportedly criticized for a scene in which she said, in the presence of her autistic daughter, that when faced with having to place the girl in a school that she deemed to be terrible, she contemplated driving her car off a bridge with her child in the car. Thierry said that these feelings were not unusual among non-autistic mothers of autistic children. According to the book Battleground: The Media, Thierry instructed the families she interviewed not to do their hair, vacuum or have therapists present, and appeared with her film crew at homes without preliminary preparations, in order to authentically capture the difficulties of life with autistic children, such as autistic children throwing tantrums or physically struggling with parents.

In December 2007, Autism Speaks' founder Suzanne Wright met with Sheikha Moza bint Nasser of Qatar to urge the country to sponsor a United Nations resolution recognizing World Autism Awareness Day. Qatar introduced the resolution, and the resolution was passed and adopted without a vote by the United Nations General Assembly, primarily as a supplement to previous United Nations initiatives to improve human rights.

Wright helped launch the Autism Speaks' Light It Up Blue campaign and the annual World Focus on Autism event. Light It Up Blue is a campaign to raise awareness of autism in support of both World Autism Awareness Day, observed on April 2, and the beginning of Autism Awareness Month in the United States. As part of the campaign, statues and buildings  – including the Empire State Building in New York City and Willis Tower in Chicago along with the CN Tower in Toronto – are among more than 100 structures in at least 16 U.S. cities and nine countries around the world lit up in blue on the evening of April 1, 2010. Autism Speaks volunteers and supporters began the day at the New York Stock Exchange by ringing the opening bell in what has become a yearly tradition since 2008. In 2011, despite efforts by Autism Speaks, the White House said it would not light up blue to mark World Autism Awareness Day. In 2017, President  Donald Trump fulfilled a promise to Suzanne Wright (co-founder of Autism Speaks) by lighting the White House in blue.

In November 2013, Autism Speaks published an op-ed by co-founder Suzanne Wright. Autistic people and their families criticized the piece for using inaccurate statistics and giving an unrepresentative and exaggerated depiction of the lives of autistic people and their families. John Elder Robison, a self-advocate who serves on the science and treatment advisory boards of the organization, also resigned following the op-ed.

Views

View of autism as a disease

Autism Speaks' past advocacy has been based on the mainstream medical view of autism as a disease: "This disease has taken our children away. It's time to get them back." This is a view that "many but not all autism scientists would endorse." In contrast, autistic activists have promoted the idea of neurodiversity and the social model of disability, asserting that autistic people are "different but not diseased," and they challenge "how we conceptualize such medical conditions."

In January 2008, an autistic blogger, upset with the portrayal of autism at Autism Speaks' website, "Getting the Word Out", created a critical parody website titled "Getting the Truth Out". It was later taken down in response to legal demands from Autism Speaks to stop using its name and logo without permission. Autism Speaks said the spoof could confuse people looking for information about autism. New parody sites were later launched by Gwen Nelson, founder of the autism rights group Aspies for Freedom.

In September 2009, Autism Speaks screened the short video I Am Autism at its annual World Focus on Autism event. The video created by Alfonso Cuarón and by Autism Speaks board member Billy Mann was criticized by autism advocates and researchers for its negative portrayal of autism. In response, the organization removed a link to the film from its website.

In response to an editorial by Steve Silberman in the Los Angeles Times criticizing Autism Speaks, then-president Liz Feld stated that one-third of autistic people also have a seizure disorder, half have serious digestive complications, 50 percent wander, and more than 30 percent are nonverbal. Feld also discussed Autism Speaks' legal achievements in providing families of those who are autistic more financial assistance and funding, and the various services and awareness initiatives the organization provided.

In October 2016, Autism Speaks removed curing autism as a goal in its mission statement. The new mission statement removed words such as "struggle," "hardship" and "crisis" to instead read in part that "Autism Speaks is dedicated to promoting solutions, across the spectrum and throughout the lifespan, for the needs of individuals with autism and their families".

Position on vaccines

Autism Speaks formerly assigned a high priority to research into the now-discredited claim that immunization is associated with an increased risk of autism. This raised concerns among parents and scientific researchers, because "funding such research, in addition to being wasteful, unduly heightens parents' concerns about the safety of immunization."

Alison Singer, a senior executive of Autism Speaks, resigned in January 2009 rather than vote to commit money to new studies of vaccination and autism. The U.S. Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee, of which Singer was a member, voted against committing the funds; this was contrary to the Autism Speaks policy on vaccine safety research. Singer said that "there isn't an unlimited pot of money, and every dollar spent looking where we know the answer isn't is one less dollar we have to spend where we might find new answers. The fact is that vaccines save lives; they don't cause autism." She said that numerous scientific studies have disproved the link first suggested more than a decade ago and that Autism Speaks needs to "move on". Later in 2009, along with NAAR's co-founder Karen London, Singer launched the Autism Science Foundation (ASF), a nonprofit organization supporting autism research premised on the principles that autism has a strong genetic component, that vaccines do not cause autism, and that evidence-based early diagnosis and intervention are critical. Autism Speaks' founder Bob Wright called Singer's resignation "disappointing and sad", and that it is possible that autism is caused by vaccines, though this claim is scientifically inaccurate and has been rejected by all reputable medical organizations.

Eric London, a founding member of the Autism Science Foundation's Scientific Advisory Board, resigned from Autism Speaks' Scientific Affairs Committee in June 2009, saying that arguments that "there might be rare cases of 'biologically-plausible' vaccine involvement ... are misleading and disingenuous," and that Autism Speaks was "adversely impacting" autism research.

In March 2010, Autism Speaks said it would not completely abandon the idea that vaccines could cause autism and that it would support "research to determine whether subsets of individuals might be at increased risk for developing autism symptoms following vaccination".

In September 2010, a study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found exposure to thimerosal, a preservative that used to be added to vaccines, does not increase a child's risk of developing autism. Responding to the study, Autism Speaks' chief science officer said that the "study adds to a large body of evidence indicating that early thimerosal exposure through vaccination does not cause autism."

In August 2014, the organization said "We strongly encourage parents to have their children vaccinated for protection against serious disease. We recognize that some parents still have concerns about vaccines, particularly if they have a child or relative with autism. We urge them to find a health practitioner who will consider their concerns and help them ensure the well-being of their child." In 2017, they took the position that, "Each family has a unique experience with an autism diagnosis, and for some it corresponds with the timing of their child's vaccinations. At the same time, scientists have conducted extensive research over the last two decades to determine whether there is any link between childhood vaccinations and autism. The results of this research is clear: Vaccines do not cause autism."

Spending
In 2009, Disability Scoop questioned Autism Speaks about its chief science officer, Geri Dawson, who received $669,751 in compensation in 2008, including $269,721 to relocate her family from Washington to North Carolina. Autism Speaks responded that Dawson's compensation was mid-range for executives with similar positions in the nonprofit health sector, and that Dawson's move benefited Autism Speaks because she would be more accessible to its offices, science divisions, government health agencies in Washington, D.C., and her new position at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

In 2012, Autism Speaks spent $2,252,334 on compensation for current officers, directors, trustees, and key employees, which The Daily Beast portrayed as controversial. Autism Speaks' former president Mark Roithmayr had a salary of $436,314 in 2012, and Chief Science Officer Geraldine Dawson earned $465,671.

Compared to other autism-focused nonprofit organizations, Autism Speaks spends a smaller percentage of its revenue on furthering its mission. According to a 2014 report by The Daily Beast, 70.9% of Autism Speaks' revenue is devoted to directly furthering its mission, compared to 79.8% of Autistic Self Advocacy Network's revenue and 91.5% of Autism Science Foundation's revenue.

In 2018, Autism Speaks spent $19.6 million on employee benefits. Angela Geiger, the then president, earned more than $642,000, which was more than double the earnings of any other AS executive.

As of 2020, Charity Navigator gives Autism Speaks a rating of three out of four stars with a financial rating of 77 out of 100, and accountability and transparency rating of 97 out of 100.

See also

 Autistic Pride Day
 Autism Sunday

References

External links

Autism-related organizations in the United States
Organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in New York City
Mental health organizations in New York (state)