Kidar Nath Sharma, also Kedar Sharma (12 April 1910 – 29 April 1999), was an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and Lyricist of Hindi films. While he had great success as a director of such movies as Neel Kamal (1947), Bawre Nain (1950) and Jogan (1950). He is most remembered for starting the acting careers of popular Bollywood actors like Madhubala, Geeta Bali,  Raj Kapoor, Mala Sinha, Bharat Bhushan and Tanuja.

Early life and education
Kidar Sharma was born in a Punjabi brahmin family Narowal in what was then the Punjab region of India and grew up in a life of poverty. Two brothers, Ragunath and Vishwa had died as infants and his sister, Taro, died of Tuberculosis at an early age. A younger sister Guro survived as did a younger brother, Himmat Rai Sharma, who would later work with Kidar on films before establishing himself as a successful Urdu poet. Kidar attended the Baij Nath High School in Amritsar where he became interested in philosophy, poetry, painting and photography. Upon completion of high school, he ran away from home to pursue a career in cinema in Mumbai but was unsuccessful in gaining employment. He returned to Amritsar and attended the Hindu Sabha College where he founded a College Dramatic Society which would later give him his first break in film.

Career
The head of a local Temperance movement would attend one of Kidar's plays and hired him to produce a silent film depicting the evils of alcohol. Using the money he earned from this project he would receive his master's degree in English at Khalsa College, Amritsar before joining a local theatre group that earned him limited acting success in 1931. He was married in 1932 and painted to earn income. Upon seeing an early talkies film Puran Bhagat (1933) by film director Debaki Bose, he left for Calcutta hoping to get his big break at New Theatres Studios, where Debaki Bose worked. After many months of unemployment he managed to meet a then-unknown actor of New Theatres, Prithviraj Kapoor (where he would meet Prithviraj's eight-year-old son for the first time, Raj Kapoor). Prithviraj Kapoor introduced Kidar to his neighbour, then-unknown Kundan Lal Saigal, who through an acquaintance allowed Kidar to meet Debaki Bose. Debaki Bose hired Kidar initially to become the Movie stills photographer for the film Seeta (1934) but would give Kidar his first part in the creation of film with that of a backdrop screen painter and a poster painter for the film Inquilab (1935) where Kidar also had a bit part. Kidar would continue to work with New Theatres on films such as Dhoop Chhaon (1935) and Pujarin (1936) but a big break would come when Kidar was asked to write the dialogue and lyrics for the 1936 adaptation of Devdas starring his friend Kundan Lal Saigal. Devdas was not only a hit, but songs from the film such as Balam Aaye Baso Moray Man Mein and Dukh Ke Ab Din Beetat Naahi became feverishly popular throughout the country, giving Kidar Sharma acclaim by the press and public. Kidar would later say, "Both Bimal Roy and I got our first big break in Devdas. He as the cameraman and I as the writer."

Kidar's big directing break came in 1940 when asked to complete the film Tumhair Jeet. Upon its completion he was given the opportunity to direct his own screenplay for Aulad / Dil Hi to Hai, which met with some success. He was then asked to direct Chitralekha (1941) which became a smash hit and gave Kidar credibility as a director. He would go on to begin producing his own movies, casting Raj Kapoor and Madhubala in their first film Neel Kamal. He would also cast Geeta Bali in her first movie, Sohag Raat (1948) and later he would team her with Raj Kapoor for the film Bawre Nain (1950). That same year he directed Jogan starring Nargis and Dilip Kumar. In the late 1950s Jawaharlal Nehru who had heard Sharma's lyrics, summoned him and asked him to become director-in-chief of the Children's Film Society. Kidar Sharma would work on many movies for the Children's Film Society, including the film Jaldeep which would go on to receive international acclaim. In 1958, he would work for one year directing movies in Singapore for Shaw Brothers Studio.

An outstanding poet, Sharma wrote some of the most memorable songs including Balam aayo baso more man mein, Dukh kay ab din beetat nahi, Khayalon Mein Kisike (Bawre Nain), Kabhi Tanhaiyon Mein Bhi (Hamari Yaad Aayegi) and Teri duniya mein dil lagta nahi. Kidar would continue to contribute as a lyricist and to write and direct films through the 1990s. Ironically, many Indian film critics and historians argued that he deserved the highest cinema award from the government of India but he died a day before he was to receive the Raj Kapoor Award, named in honour of the actor he helped make a success.

His autobiography, The One and Lonely Kidar Sharma was published posthumously in 2002, edited by his son Vikram Sharma.

Awards and nominations

International honours and recognitions
 Part of the Indian Delegation in 1945 which travelled to England and Hollywood and met with Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney and Cecil B. DeMille
 Best Children's Film, International Film Festival at Venice 1957 for Jaldeep

National honours and recognitions
 1956: National Film Award for Best Children's Film: Jaldeep
 Indian Film Directors' Association Lifetime Achievement Award
 Gold Award from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1982 for contribution to Indian Cinema
 Government of Maharashtra's Raj Kapoor Award (awarded in 1999 after his death)

Filmography
 Inquilab (1935), Set Painter, actor
 Dhoop Chhaon (1935), actor, Assistant Manager
 Pujarin (1936), actor
 Karodpati a.k.a. Millionaire (1936), actor, lyrics
 Devdas (1936), Dialogue and lyrics
 Vidyapati (1937), actor
 Anath Ashram (1937), writer
 Jawani Ki Reet (1939), Dialogue
 Badi Didi (1939), writer, actor
 Tumhai Jeet (1939), lyricist (film directed by Ranjit Sen).
 Dil Hi Toh Hai (1939) Director, lyricist
  (1940), Writer
 Aulad (1940), director
 Chitralekha (1941), director
 Armaan (1942), director
 Gauri (1942), director
 Mumtaz Mahal (1944), director
 Dhanna Bhagat (1945), director
 Chand Chakori (1945), director
 Duniya Ek Sarai (1946), director
 Neel Kamal (1947), writer, director, producer
 Sohag Raat (1948), director
 Neki Aur Badi (1949), director, actor
 Thes (1949), director
 Bawre Nain (1950), writer, director, producer
 Jogan (1950), director
 Gunah (1953), director
 Chora-Chori (1954), director
 Rangeen Raaten (1956), producer, director, lyricist
 Hamari Yaad Aayegi (1961), director, lyricist
 Fariyad (1964), director
 Chitralekha (1964), director, writer
 Kaajal (1965), writer
 Pehla Kadam (1981), Director

He's Filmography list is  incomplete need to done more work.

Children's Film Society of India Contributions
 Jaldeep (Light House) (1956), writer, director
 Ganga Ki Lahren (1957), writer, director
 Bachchon Se Bate (Talking To Children) (1957), writer, director
 Haria (1958), writer
 Gulab Ka Phool (The Rose Among Flowers) (1958), writer, director
 26 January (India's Republic Day) (1959), writer, director
 Ekta (In Unison) (1959), writer, director
 Guru Bhakti (Devotion) (1959), writer
 Panchtantra Ki Ek Kahani (A Story From The Panchantra) (1959), writer
 Yatra (Journey) (1959), writer
 Dilli Ki Kahani (The Story of Delhi City) (1960), writer
 Chetak (1960), writer, director
 Meera Ka Chitra (Portrait of Meera) (1960), writer, director
 Nyaya ( Justice) (1960), Camera
 Mahateerth (Great Pilgrimage) (1961), writer, director
 Khuda Hafiz (Goodbye) (1983), writer, director, lyricist

Bibliography
 The One and Lonely Kidar Sharma (an anecdotal autobiography), ed. Vikram Sharma. Bluejay Books, 2002. .

References

External links

 The        genius of film-making named:  Kidar        Sharma

Bengali film directors
1910 births
1999 deaths
Hindi-language film directors
Indian male screenwriters
Indian lyricists
Bengali film producers
People from Narowal District
Guru Nanak Dev University alumni
Indian movie stills photographers
20th-century Indian film directors
Film directors from Mumbai
Film producers from Mumbai
Hindi film producers
Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award
20th-century Indian screenwriters
20th-century Indian male writers


R.E. Chisholm Architects, Inc. is a full-service architectural, interior design and urban design firm located in Miami, Florida. It was founded in 1982 by Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA.   The firm was known as CSR Architects from 1983 through 1989.  In 1989, the firm was incorporated and grew to its current status.  Robert E. Chisholm originally adopted the firm philosophy of maintaining a variety of project types and experience which would develop the thinking and attitude of the firm in a consistent direction of architects in responsible leadership of each project.  Chisholm Architects has designed numerous projects which include offices, restaurants, theaters, schools, university facilities, medical centers, commercial & retail sites, institutional & cultural centers, single and multi-unit residences, rapid transit stations, and aviation facilities.  In 1996 Robert E. Chisholm was named Fellow of the American Institute of Architects,  the highest honor attainable in this 150-year-old organization and in 2007, Mr. Chisholm was awarded the State of Florida AIA Silver Medal for Architecture.

Projects

Commercial
 Beachcomber Hotel, Miami Beach, Florida (1997)
 Capital Investments, Coral Gables, Florida (2006)
 Century Partners, Doral, Florida (2007)
 Cuban Exile History Museum and Library, Miami, Florida (Design Stage, 2012)
 Doral Branch and Executive HQ for US Century Bank, Doral, Florida (2007)
 Hapimag Hotel, Coral Gables, Florida (2001)
 Gables Waterway, Coral Gables, FLorida (Design Stage)
 La Posse, Miami, FLorida (1997)
 Los Ranchos Restaurants, Miami, Florida (1982-1992)
 Miller Branch for US Century Bank, Miami, Florida (2008)
 Tamarac Sports Complex, Tamarac, Florida (2008)

Institutional
 Community Partners for the Homeless I, Homestead, Florida (1995)
 Community Partners for the Homeless II, Miami, Florida (1998)
 Coconut Grove Playhouse, Coconut Grove, Florida (2004)
 Everglades Farmworkers Village, Florida City, Florida (1991-Present)
 Miami International Airport Cargo Building, Miami, Florida (1994)
 New World School of the Arts, Miami, Florida (2000)
 Our Lady of Guadalupe, Doral, Florida (2009)
 Overtown Transit Center, Miami, Florida (2006)
 South Florida Regional Transportation Authority / Tri-Rail, Miami, Florida (2004)
 St. Augustine Catholic Church, Coral Gables, Florida (2010)
 St. Clara Rapid Transit, Miami-Dade County, FLorida (1983)
 St. Justin Martyr, Key Largo, Florida (1992)
 St. Monica, Miami Gardens, Florida (Design Statge)
 University of Miami Selevan Chapel, Miami, Florida (2010)

Residential
 Cloisters at the Gables, Miami, Florida (2008)
 Everglades Farmworkers Village, Florida City, Florida (1991-Present)
 Faget Residence, Coral Gables, Florida (2003)
 Gables Waterway, Coral Gables, Florida (Design Stage)
 Mariners Cove, Key West, Florida (1994)
 Melrose Apartments, Miami, Florida (2010)
 Moreno Residence, Coral Gables, Florida (2007)
 The Oaks, Miami, Florida (2009)
 Our Lady of Guadalupe, Doral, Florida (2009)
 School House Road Luxury Residence, South Miami, Florida (2009)
 St. Monica, Miami Gardens, Florida (Design Statge)
 Suchman Residence, Coral Gables, Florida (1991)

Recent Awards
 2002 - Historic Preservation Award, Dade Heritage Trust, Cuchiella Residence Homestead, Florida
 2004 - Miami-Dade College Hall of Fame/Architecture to Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA, NCARB
 2004 - American Institute of Architects, Charles W. Clary Government Service Award
 2005 - Miami/American Institute of Architects, Silver Medal Award Government Service Award - Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA, NCARB
 2006 - Alvah H. Chapman Jr. Humanitarian, Award to Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA, NCARB
 2006 - March of Dimes Community Excellence Award – Architectural  and Engineering – Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA, NCARB
 2007 - Greater Miami Chamber of  Commerce, Top 100 Minority Business Awards, R.E. Chisholm Architects, Inc.
 2007 - Florida & Caribbean Association of the American Institute of Architects, Silver Medal Award for Architecture to Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA, NCARB
 2008 - Ronald McDonald House Twelve Good Men Award for Outstanding Community Service and Involvement to Robert E. Chisholm, FAIA, NCARB

See also
List of architecture firms

References

External links

Architecture firms based in Florida
Companies based in Miami


The Free Voice of Labor: The Jewish Anarchists is a 1980 documentary film about the history of Jewish Anarchists in the United States. It was made by Steven Fischler and Joe Sucher through their independent production company Pacific Street Films. The film focuses on the Jewish Anarchist movement that arose from sweatshop workers in the United States, along with their lives as new immigrants back then and their then contemporary retirement. The film's raison d'etre was the coverage of the closing of the Fraye Arbeter Shtime; the first and primary Jewish Anarchist newspaper in America, in 1977. The film makes active use of the Yiddish language: with interviews, clips of historical movies, and songs in the language.
The film features scenes from Uncle Moses (1932); a Yiddish Language film about the labour struggles within the Jewish community in America.

Music
The film is noted for its use of music: collecting together various yiddish folk and political songs that interspersed around the film. This includes the first known arrangement of In Ale Gasn/Daloy Politsey as a combined song; combined into a single version still sung today by composer and arranger Zalmen Mlotek. The tracklisting to the film's soundtrack is as follows:

 Ellis island - Solomon Schmulewitz
 Mein Rue Platz - Morris Rosenfeld
 Vahkt Oyf (awaken!) - Dovid Edelstadt
 Makhness Geyen (masses marching) - Milchel Gelbart
 In Ale Gas/Hey Hey Daloy Politsey (hey hey down with the police) - Folk Song
 A Grus Fun (regards from trenches) - Isodore Lillman
 Tsiganeshtl - Dave Tarras

References

Additional sources
FREE VOICE OF LABOR: THE JEWISH ANARCHISTS, Mubi Source

Free Voice of Labor: The Jewish Anarchists (1980), BFI Source

External links
The film is available to watch for free on YouTube Here, with the rights released by Joel Sucher.


Casomera is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 214 (INE 2008).

Villages
 El Vao
 El Casarón
 Casomera
 Cuḷḷá las Piedras
 Felgueras
 Foceya
 El Goxal
 L'Intrueyo
 La Moradieḷḷa
 Los Morriondos
 Ruayer
 Rumañón
 La Paraya
 Vescayana
 Viḷḷar
 Yananzanes

References

Parishes in Aller


Need theory, also known as Three needs theory, proposed by psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power affect the actions of people from a managerial context. This model was developed in the 1960s, two decades after Maslow's hierarchy of needs was first proposed in the early 1940s. McClelland stated that we all have these three types of motivation regardless of age, sex, race, or culture. The type of motivation by which each individual is driven derives from their life experiences and the opinions of their culture. This need theory is often taught in classes concerning management or organizational behaviour.

Need for achievement

People who have a need for achievement prefer to work on tasks of moderate difficulty in which results are based on their efforts rather than on anything else to receive feedback on their work. Achievement based individuals tend to avoid both high-risk and low-risk situations. Low-risk situations are seen as too easy to be valid and the high-risk situations are seen as based more on the luck of the situation rather than the achievements that individual made. This personality type is motivated by accomplishment in the workplace and an employment hierarchy with promotional positions.

Need for affiliation

People who have a need for affiliation prefer to spend time creating and maintaining social relationships, enjoy being a part of groups, and have a desire to feel loved and accepted. People in this group tend to adhere to the norms of the culture in that workplace and typically do not change the norms of the workplace for fear of rejection.  This person favors collaboration over competition and does not like situations with high risk or high uncertainty. People who have a need for affiliation work well in areas based on social interactions like customer service or client interaction positions.

Need for power

People who have a need for power prefer to work and place a high value on discipline. The downside to this motivational type is that group goals can become zero-sum in nature, that is, for one person to win, another must lose. However, this can be positively applied to help accomplish group goals and to help others in the group feel competent about their work. A person motivated by this need enjoys status recognition, winning arguments, competition, and influencing others. With this motivational type comes a need for personal prestige, and a constant need for a better personal status.

Effect
McClelland's research showed that 86% of the population are dominant in one, two, or all three of these three types of motivation.  His subsequent research, published in the 1977 Harvard Business Review article "Power is the Great Motivator",  found that those in top management positions had a high need for power and a low need for affiliation. His research also found that people with a high need for achievement will do best when given projects where they can succeed through their own efforts.  Although individuals with a strong need for achievement can be successful lower-level managers, they are usually weeded out before reaching top management positions. He also found that people with a high need for affiliation may not be good top managers but are generally happier, and can be highly successful in non-leadership roles such as the foreign service.

References

Motivational theories


Nancy L. Eiesland (April 6, 1964 – March 10, 2009) was a professor at the Candler School of Theology at Emory University in Atlanta.

Eiesland, born with a congenital bone defect, underwent numerous operations in her youth and experienced considerable pain as well as disability. These factors informed her theological perspective that God is disabled, culminating in her publication of The Disabled God: Toward a Liberatory Theology of Disability (1994). A German translation of this book was published in 2018: Nancy L. Eiesland, Der behinderte Gott. Anstöße zu einer Befreiungstheologie der Behinderung. Übersetzt und eingeleitet von Werner Schüßler, Würzburg: Echter Verlag, 2018, 2nd ed. 2020.

Eiesland died of lung cancer at age 44.

Legacy
In the Fall 2014 Centennial Commemorative Edition of the Candler Connection magazine, Eiesland is posthumously recognized as one of fifty-six Centennial Medalists, and The Disabled God is named among the most significant books written by Candler faculty in its first 100 years.

In 2015, Candler established the Nancy Eiesland Endowment Lecture series. The Dr. Nancy Eiesland Endowment for Disability Studies funded the inaugural lecture on March 25. Dr. Julia Watts Belser delivered the inaugural lecture titled, "Violence, Disability, and the Politics of Healing."

In spring 2020, the Eiesland Endowment partnered with the Aquinas Center of Theology at Candler to host Miguel J. Romero, whose lecture was titled "Learning to See: Disability, Friendship, and the Christian Life." Unfortunately,this lecture was cancelled as a precaution against the spread of COVID-19.

In November 2020, the Eiesland Lecture was held jointly with the Manfred Hoffmann Lecture. Professors Emeritae Carol A. Newsom and Karen D. Scheib delivered the lecture, "The Resiliency of Job: Finding a Way Through Loss and Grief," and Professor Emeritus Luther E. Smith, Jr. served as moderator for the event.

References

Further reading

Emory University faculty
Deaths from lung cancer
American theologians
1964 births
2009 deaths
American Lutherans
20th-century Lutherans


Kandahar is a 2010 Indian Malayalam-language war film written and directed by Major Ravi. It is the third installment in the Major Mahadevan film series, with Mohanlal reprising his role as Major Mahadevan after the 2006 film Keerthi Chakra and 2008 film Kurukshetra. The film also stars Bollywood Actor, Amitabh Bachchan and Tamil Actor, Ganesh Venkatraman in their Malayalam film debut.

The plot is based on the hijacking of the Indian Airlines Flight 814 in 1999. The political situation is portrayed from an Indian perspective in the film. Kandahar was released on 16 December 2010, along with its dubbed versions in Tamil and Hindi languages.

The film's sound design was done by Baylon Fonseca. Kandahar was co-produced by Sunil Nair and Mohanlal. It was marketed online by Shaz Shabeer Strikers and Crew Kochi. The film, unlike the prequels, received negative reviews.

Synopsis
Major Mahadevan and his unit undertake a mission to deal with an international terrorist organisation after a group of hardcore terrorists hijack a plane.

Plot

Suryanatha Sharma (Ganesh Venkatraman) is an educated, unemployed man. His father, Lokanatha Sharma (played by Amitabh Bachchan), wants to see his son victorious in life. Things change when he meets Major Mahadevan (Mohanlal). Though, their initial encounter is hostile at first, Suryanath apologizes to Mahadevan for his rudeness, and impressed with Suryanath and seeing potential in him, he suggests him to join the Army. Though he struggles a bit in the beginning, Suryanath is able to pass  out of the Indian Military Academy with flying colours.

After graduating, he joins the NSG (National Security Guard) as a commando where he joins Mahadevan's crew. Soon after, an Air India flight becomes hijacked by hardcore terrorists whose objective was to have the Indian government release their leader who was caught by Mahadevan himself. They are then forced to land in New Delhi to refuel. Mahadevan and his crew are able to infiltrate the plane through the wheels, even though their superior ordered them not to.

Once inside the plane they are able to find out the number of terrorists who are inside and quickly kill them and their leader and retake the plane. However a sleeper cell reveals himself and shoot the pilots and Suryanath injuring them. Mahadevan and Suryanath take control of the plane and with the pilot's guidance are able to land plane. But Suryanath unfortunately dies from his injuries.  He is given a hero's funeral with honour after which Mahadevan consoles Lokanath,  who reveals that he is proud of his son and thanks Major Mahadevan for making his son a hero.

Cast
 Mohanlal as Major Mahadevan, NSG Commanding officer
 Amitabh Bachchan as Lokanatha Sharma
 Ganesh Venkatraman as Captain Suryanatha Sharma, NSG officer
 Ragini Dwivedi as Aishwarya, Surya's fiance
 Sumalatha as Sumangaly, wife of Lokanatha Sharma
 Ananya as a student
 Major Ravi as Havildar Major Shiva
 K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Pathumma
 Mamukkoya as Mullah
 N. L. Balakrishnan as Ballston
 Joemon Joshy as Cadet Kishore
 Major Kishore as NSG Commando Nair
 Naveen Arakkal as Naveen, NSG Commando
 Suresh Nair as Cadet
 Saju Attingal as NSG Commando
 Renjith Reghu
 Anoop Chandran as Selvan
 Pradeep Chandran as Senior Officer
 Jaffer Idukki as Mani
 S.P.Sreekumar as Cadet
 Kannan Pattambi
 Shrikant Kamat
 Soorya J Menon
 Nawab Shah as Cadet Instructor
 Ragasya

Production

Development

Kandahar is the third film in the "Major Mahadevan series", the previous ones being Kirtichakra (2006) and Kurukshetra (2008). Kirtichakra was a runaway success in Kerala, and Kurukshetra was a superhit. Jeeva played a supporting role in Kirtichakra and Siddique in Kurukshetra. This time Ganesh Venkatraman is playing the supporting role. Surya was supposed to do the role but was replaced by Ganesh when he opted out of the project due to date clashes with 7aam Arivu.

Casting
Mohanlal plays the lead role and is the film's producer. Several other artists from Tamil cinema were initially approached to play secondary leads as well, including Suriya and Arun Vijay, who all cited date conflicts. Later, Ganesh Venkatraman was finalized for a role. Amitabh Bachchan was approached for a major role in the film, and he immediately agreed. Even though he did not ask for any remuneration for his appearance, he was offered a whopping 8 crores. His son in Kandahar is played by Ganesh Venkatraman. Later, model and Kannada actress,  Ragini Dwivedi was signed up to play a supporting role. There were reports that Parvathy Omanakuttan was also cast in the film.

Filming
At a press conference, Major Ravi reported that the aeroplane sequences of the film would be shot in Russia. Other locations include Ooty and New Delhi.

Release
The film was released on 16 December 2010 in 111 theatres in Kerala, 9 theatres in Bengaluru, 5 theatres in Chennai, and around 18 theatres in Mumbai, Delhi, Pune and Hyderabad. Kandahar has collected  5.25 crores revenue from before releasing through selling satellite rights, audio rights, video rights, overseas distribution rights, and theatre advances.

Reception
Kandahar received negative reviews upon release. Though it was one of the most-awaited films of the year, it failed to attain a good word-of-mouth. A review by Sify, which rated it "below average" said, "There are moments when every Indian would feel proud about being born in this great land, but the shaky script, ordinary action sequences and a faulty climax lets the film down." Rediff published a nearly negative review saying, "A better script would have perhaps made the return of Major Mahadevan more appealing." It rated the film 2.5 in a scale of five. OneIndia gave the movie a 3/5 rating,

Accolades
 Asianet Film Awards
2010 - Best Feature Film on National Integration Award - Major Ravi

Soundtrack

The soundtrack features five songs composed by Shamir Tandon, who is known for his compositions in Madhur Bhandarkar's films, with lyrics by Sandeep Nath, Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma, Sudhakar Sharma, and Kaushal Kishor.

References

External links

2010 films
2010s war films
Films set in Afghanistan
2010s Malayalam-language films
Indian aviation films
Films about Islamic terrorism in India
Indian war films
Films shot in Ooty
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films about aircraft hijackings
Thriller films based on actual events
Indian films based on actual events
Films set on airplanes
Pranavam Arts International films
Indian sequel films
HMajor3
Indian Army in films
Films scored by Shamir Tandon
Films directed by Major Ravi
2000 millennium attack plots
Films about jihadism


Conforcos is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 49 (INE 2008).

References

Parishes in Aller


Earle Harry Decker (September 3, 1864 - ?) was a Major League Baseball catcher. Walker was born in Lockport, Illinois. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball, with the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Kansas City Cowboys, Detroit Wolverines, Washington Nationals, Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates. Decker's primary position was catcher, but he also played outfield, first base, second base, third base and shortstop. SABR (Society for American Baseball Research) says Decker is credited by many as the inventor of the catcher's mitt. He also served time in San Quentin Penitentiary, California, and a picture of him on the jail baseball team survives. It is unknown where he went from there, receding into the mists of history. As is the case with approximately 200 other 19th-century ballplayers, the date of his death is unknown.

References

External links

Philadelphia Phillies players
Indianapolis Hoosiers (AA) players
Kansas City Cowboys (UA) players
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
Detroit Wolverines players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball catchers
1864 births
19th-century baseball players
Year of death missing
Evansville (minor league baseball) players
Kansas City Cowboys (minor league) players
Macon (minor league baseball) players
Toronto Canucks players
New Haven Nutmegs players
People from Lockport, Illinois
People convicted of forgery


Cuergo (Spanish: Cuérigo) is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 65 (INE 2011).

Villages and hamlets
 La Barraca
 El Fabarín
 La Fragua
 El Quentu
 Valdeberruga

References

Parishes in Aller


Chi Alpha Delta () (also XAD or Chis) is the oldest Asian-American cultural interest sorority in the United States. It was founded and chartered at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

Chis are one of the three Asian-American interest sororities and/or fraternities at UCLA, with the others being Theta Kappa Phi, and Omega Sigma Tau.

History
Chi Alpha Delta was founded in 1928 at UCLA by Helen Tomio Mizuhara and Alyce Asahi. The sorority originally had 14 Japanese-American students. On April 5, 1929, the sorority was officially recognized by UCLA. In 2002, the sorority had 65 members, of which less than 10% are Japanese.

The sorority was founded due to racism and segregation. The 14 Japanese-American students were rejected from a Panhellenic Greek sorority, so they decided to form one for Japanese women and those of other Asian descents. These women created Chis because they felt the need for "a same-sex, same-race organization in order to feel at home in the university." Throughout the years Chis have accepted women of all Asian ethnicities into its sisterhood in hopes that its original purpose would not be forgotten but passed on from one generation to the next.

In the 1940s, during the yearly Faculty Tea, members wore kimonos and used Japanese styles to fix up their hair. During the 1940s, members were primarily second-generation Japanese Americans (Nisei) who conversed in English. From 1942 to 1945, the sorority was rendered inactive due to World War II. In 1946, after the war, Chi Alpha Delta was reorganized.

Members of the sorority celebrate their Asian-American identity through food and fashion with traditions such as cooking foods from different countries and hosting fashion shows to recruit new members.

Founders
The founders were:

Lillian Shizuko Ando
Rosa Ando
 Chieko Goh
 Fumi Iwasaki
 Yone Kawatsu
 Haruyo Komai
 Tomiko Kusayanagi
 Pauline Yuri Masuda
 Mary Aiko Mizue
 Shizue Morey
 Alice (Asahi) Ohama
 Haruko Ruth Saito
 Helen Kiyoko Tomio
 Yone Tomio

Symbols
Chi Alpha Delta's official colors are Lavender for graciousness and Green for thoughtfulness. These colors come from their sorority flower, Wisteria.

Philanthropy
The sorority's main philanthropy is with the Center for Pacific Asian Family, a women's shelter that assists women who are affected by domestic violence or sexual assault. By extending the strength of sisterhood, Chis seek to empower other women in the Asian American community.

Notes

References

External links
 Official website
 Chi Alpha Delta Alumnae

Asian-American fraternities and sororities
University of California, Los Angeles


Ḷḷamas (Spanish: Llamas) is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions) in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 86 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Cima la Viḷḷa
 Casqueyu
 Reboḷḷal
 La Plaza
 La Venta
 Carpienzo
 Cortadiḷḷu

References

Parishes in Aller


Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, the large brown cicada, is a species of cicada in the genus Graptopsaltria of the family Cicadidae found across East Asia, including Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and China. They are called  in Japanese. The males make a loud chirping that ends with a click caused by a flick of the wings.

Description
Large brown cicadae are usually about  long, having a wingspan of roughly .

Life cycle
Their median life cycle from egg to natural adult death is around three years.

References

External links

Hemiptera of Asia
Insects described in 1866
Polyneurini


Jaroslav Pitner (26 February 1926–2009) was a Czech ice hockey coach nicknamed the "General of Ice Hockey".

Pitner led the Czechoslovakian national team to key victories over the Soviet team in 1969, a year after the Soviet Union led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Under his leadership, the team also won the world title in 1972, as well as a silver medal at the 1968 Winter Olympics and a bronze at the 1972 games.

References

2009 deaths
Czech ice hockey coaches
Czechoslovak ice hockey coaches
Czechoslovakia men's national ice hockey team coaches
1926 births
Czechoslovak expatriate ice hockey people
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in West Germany
People from Mělník District
Ice hockey people from the Central Bohemian Region


Morea (Spanish name: Moreda, and officially Morea / Moreda) is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions) in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 4.840 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Les Ferraes
 Campera
 El Caleyu
 La Barraca
 El Campo
 La Viñona
 El Carmen
 San Isidro
 Sotiello
 Tartiere
 Caleyón

References

Parishes in Aller


Vice-Admiral Sir George Murray KCB (January 1759 – 28 February 1819) was an officer in the Royal Navy who saw service in a wide range of theatres and campaigns. His active naval career spanned the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Murray served under many of the most notable commanders of his age and participated in several of their greatest victories. He was with Parker and Howe in the West Indies and North America, Johnstone and Hughes in the East Indies, Jervis at Cape St Vincent, Nelson at Copenhagen, and took part in a host of other actions and engagements. Temporarily a captive of the French he was a keen scholar and spent time learning the French language and their naval customs, as well as being a competent surveyor, experience that was to help him in later life. He had a particularly enduring friendship with Nelson, who personally requested his services as his captain of the fleet. It was only chance that prevented Murray from serving as such at Trafalgar. With Murray absent, Nelson declined to appoint a replacement, one biographer reasoning that "none but Murray would do".

Family and early life
George Murray was born in Chichester in January 1759. His father was Gideon Murray, Alderman of that city. He began his naval career at the age of 11, when he was entered in the books of Captain Francis Banks's , which was serving in the Mediterranean, as a captain's servant. His proper service in the navy probably began in 1772, when he joined , the flagship of Commodore Molyneux Shuldham, for service on the Newfoundland Station. He then transferred to the flagship of John Montagu, the 50-gun , and again in time to join Sir Peter Parker's flagship  for the attack on Sullivan's Island on 28 June 1776. He moved into  after this and continued to serve with Parker along the North American coast, participating in the occupation of Rhode Island in December 1776. After receiving favourable reports of his conduct, Vice-Admiral Lord Howe requested Murray's services and he was transferred to . Murray went on to see action in Howe's campaigns to disrupt the French fleet under comte d'Estaing in the summer of 1778.

Home waters
Howe and Murray returned to England in 1778. Howe was disaffected by his experiences of command in North America, and consequently did not bestow patronage on those junior officers under his command, as was the custom. Instead a friend of Murray's father, Captain George Montagu arranged for him to draw up a record of his service and good conduct in the North American campaign, which was then passed on to the First Lord of the Admiralty, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. He passed his lieutenant's examination on 19 November 1778, and quickly received his commission on 31 December that year. He was to be second lieutenant aboard the 32-gun , under Captain Charles Holmes Everitt. It was to be a short-lived appointment as on 19 March 1779 she ran aground and was wrecked on the Breton coast while chasing a French frigate. Murray was captured and became a prisoner of war, spending the next two years in captivity and occupying himself with the study of the French language and naval regulations. He was released and exchanged when he came to the attention of the French authorities after chastising an American privateersman for wearing a British uniform.

East Indies
Murray had made it back to England by early 1781 and received an appointment to the 64-gun  as her first lieutenant. The Monmouth, commanded by fellow townsman James Alms, set sail to the East Indies in April 1781. Murray also took part in the Battle of Porto Praya against the Bailli de Suffren, and went on to face him again with Sir Edward Hughes's fleet off the coast of India at the Battle of Sadras on 15 February 1782, and at the Battle of Providien on 12 April 1782. Murray moved aboard Hughes's flagship, the 74-gun  shortly after the engagement at Providien, and went on to take part in the battles of Negapatam and Trincomalee, being wounded in the latter.

Murray received his first command on 9 October 1782, that of the fireship , but he was promoted to post-captain three days later and appointed to the 22-gun storeship and former Spanish privateer . He remained with her during the last engagement between Hughes and de Suffren, the Battle of Cuddalore on 20 June 1783, after which he was transferred to the 64-gun  for his return to England.

Years of peace
Without active employment following the Peace of Paris and the end of the American War of Independence, Murray spent several years in study, residing in France for a two-year period in order to refine his language skills. The Nootka Crisis in June 1790 led to Murray's return to service in command of the 32-gun frigate . He continued in her for the next few years, and by April 1791 he was occupied in surveying the Great Belt, and the approaches into Copenhagen. He spent the remainder of the peace serving at Halifax and Jamaica, returning to England in June 1793 after the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars.

French Revolutionary Wars
He was appointed to the 36-gun  in March 1794 and went on to serve as part of Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron. He was present at the action of 23 April 1794 off Guernsey, where Warren's four frigates fought an engagement with three French frigates and a corvette, capturing two frigates and the corvette. He was still in command a year later when he and the Nymphe were engaged in Lord Bridport's victory at the Battle of Groix on 23 June 1795. He took advantage of a brief period of shore leave after this to marry Ann Teesdale on 15 September 1795, but was back at sea two weeks later, in command of the 90-gun .

Jervis and Cape St Vincent

Murray's next assignment was to take command of the 74-gun  in 1796. He sailed to join Sir John Jervis's fleet and took up station commanding the inshore squadron blockading Cadiz. While there the Spanish admiral of the port invited Murray to attend a bullfight, offering his nephew as a temporary guarantee of Murray's safety. Murray saw action at the Battle of Cape St Vincent on 14 February 1797, where he and Colossus formed up near the centre of the British line. As the British ships broke through the Spanish line and tacked around to engage their van, Spanish Vice-Admiral Joaquin Moreno in the rear saw an opportunity to exploit a weakness in the British formation. Pulling forward in his flagship Principe de Asturias he came across the bows of the British line, cutting between , which had already tacked, and HMS Colossus, which was just preparing to. He then fired a broadside at the vulnerable bows of Colossus, damaging her main foreyard and causing her to miss stays. She began to drift out of the line while Murray and his crew struggled to regain manoeuvrability. Seeing her predicament, Orion dropped back to cover Colossus with a broadside. Despite this setback Colossus only sustained five wounded during the course of the battle, which ended in a British victory.

Loss of the Colossus
Murray continued to serve with Jervis until he was despatched to join Horatio Nelson in the Mediterranean. He rendezvoused with him at Naples, but the Colossus was by now so worn out that Nelson sent Murray back to Britain as a convoy escort, and carrying a cargo of artefacts from Sir William Hamilton's collection. The Colossus reached the Channel safely but a north-east gale blew up, forcing Murray to seek shelter in the waters off the Isles of Scilly. He initially anchored in St Marys Roads but the storm worsened and her anchors dragged, and on 7 December 1798 she ran onto a ledge of rocks and was wrecked. There was one casualty in the sinking, and many of Sir William Hamilton's treasures in his collection were lost with her. A court-martial was convened, at which Murray was honourably acquitted of blame and assigned to command the 84-gun  with the Channel Fleet. In March 1801 he was moved to the 74-gun  and assigned to Sir Hyde Parker's Baltic expedition, where it was anticipated that his previous experience in the Baltic would be an asset.

Nelson and Copenhagen

Detached with Nelson's expeditionary squadron for the expeditionary assault on Copenhagen on 2 April, Murray was given the task of leading the British force into the harbour, using channels he had helped to chart a decade earlier. She eventually passed by four Danish ships, taking fire from each one, before anchoring opposite the Jylland, which she engaged for the next four hours of the battle. By the time the truce was concluded, the Edgar had taken casualties of 31 killed and 104 wounded. During the peace negotiations with the Danish, and the subsequent foray to watch the Swedish forces at Karlskrona, Murray developed a strong rapport with Nelson, who had replaced Parker after the latter's recall to Britain.

Captain of the fleet
With the resumption of hostilities after the Peace of Amiens, Murray returned to sea in command of the 74-gun , but word soon reached him that Nelson had requested him to be his captain of the fleet in the Mediterranean. Murray was initially reluctant to accept the offer, and on being asked why, replied that the nature of the service was such, as very frequently terminated in disagreement between the admiral and the captain; and he should be extremely unwilling to hazard any possible thing that should diminish the regard and respect which he should ever entertain for his lordship.
Nelson's response was to express agreement with Murray that such situations could occur, but reminded him that on whatever he [Murray] might be called, or whatever measure he might be directed to carry into execution, he never should forget the intimacy which subsisted between them; and even, should anything go contrary to his wishes, he would wave the rank of admiral, and explain, or expostulate with him, as his friend, Murray. Murray then accepted the post, and remained with Nelson as his captain of the fleet during the blockade of Toulon between 1803 and 1805, and the subsequent chase of Villeneuve and his fleet to the West Indies and back in 1805. He had been promoted to rear-admiral on 23 April 1804, but declined to raise his flag so as to be able to continue on with Nelson. The fleet returned to England in August 1805, where Murray learnt that his father-in-law had died, leaving him as executor of his estates. While Nelson sailed to take up command of the fleet blockading Cadiz, Murray was compelled to remain in England and attend to family affairs. Nelson did not therefore have a captain of the fleet at Trafalgar, for as one biographer stated "none but Murray would do".

Later service

Murray's last operational command was in November 1806, when he was assigned as commander-in-chief of the naval forces involved in the operations to capture Buenos Aires, supporting General John Whitelocke's soldiers. Murray and the naval forces were for the most part limited to conveying troops, and subsequently organising their evacuation. He returned home in January 1808, and was promoted to vice-admiral on 25 October 1809. A nomination to be a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath followed on 2 January 1815 and later the same year he was elected Mayor of Chichester.

He died suddenly at his home in Chichester on 28 February 1819. His obituary reported that he had gone to bed "in good health, and was seized by a spasmodic affectation in his chest, which terminated his existence at 8 o'clock". The Naval Chronicle declared that Admiral Murray's disposition is so gentle, and his manners are so mild, that but few men are equally well beloved in the navy; while few possess the facility of commanding with such ease, and, at the same time, with such energy and effect. His wife Ann outlived him by a considerable number of years. She died in Boulogne in 1859, at the age of 95.

Notes

References

1759 births
1819 deaths
Royal Navy vice admirals
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy officers who were court-martialled
Mayors of Chichester


Murias is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 167 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Santibáñez de Murias (Santibanes de Murias)
 Villar
 Murias

References

Parishes in Aller


Nembra is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 386 (INE 2011).

Villages

References

Parishes in Aller


Peḷḷuno (Spanish name: Pelúgano) is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude is  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 212 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Les Bolgueres
 El Barrobaxo
 El Barrocima
 La Barrosa
 La Bárzana
 El Cabenu
 La Casabaxo
 La Cascaya
 El Castiiḷḷu
 El Coḷḷéu
 Cueves
 Cueves de Baxo
 Cueves de Cima
 Entepenes
 Peḷḷuno
 El Pendu la Tabla
 El Vaḷḷe
 La Vaḷḷina
 El Yenu

References

Parishes in Aller


Chirimía (sometimes chirisuya in Peru) is a Spanish term for a type of woodwind instrument similar to an oboe. The chirimía is a member of the shawm family of double-reed instruments, introduced to North, Central and South America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by the Spanish clergy.

Distribution
Usage of the chirimía varies widely across Latin America and Iberia, with the instrument being extinct in some areas, but a living tradition in others.

The chirimía and drum are used to accompany religious processions and annual commemorative dance-dramas in many remote areas of Latin America, including Jacaltenango, Guatemala. The music produced is quite unique and varies from one region to another.  This tradition is an adaptation of the pre-Columbian practice of accompanying religious ceremonies and processions with drums, flutes, and whistles.

There are two types of chirimías in Guatemala, a small one and a large one. The size of the holes and their location determine the sound of the small or large chirimías. In some parts of Latin America, as in Jacaltenango, small and large chirimías are played together with small and large drums.

The regular chirimía has 10 holes, while the Guatemalan and Mexican chirimía has 6 to 10 holes. Although the outward appearance of the chirimías and the number and size of holes vary regionally throughout Mexico and Guatemala, these chirimías are all double-reeded wooden instruments. Some of the chirimías have a conical bore, while others have a cylindrical bore. The types of reeds and manner in which they are kept in place also vary.

The Jakaltek chirimía, called su’ in the Jakaltek language, is very similar to the chirimías of central and southern Mexico. The Jakaltek chirimía is 34.5 cm long, without the double-reed in place. The wooden part is 27 centimeters long and has a cylindrical bore, with 6 vertical holes, and 2 lateral holes. The mouthpiece consists of a staple, a tapered metal cylinder, that is wrapped with string and topped with a wooden pirouette. The bulbous bottom portion of the staple fits snugly into the wooden portion of the instrument, but can be easily removed for cleaning.

Extinct
Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas: disappeared by the mid-19th century.

References

Further reading

External links
Video - Mexican chirimía oboe at YouTube

Oboes
Guatemalan musical instruments
Mexican musical instruments
Early musical instruments


Piñeres is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 785 (INE 2011).

The villages include: Arteos, Las Barrosas, Bello, La Biesca, El Cabanon, Cambrosio, La Cantera, Carrocera, Casares, La Casillina, Castandiello, Castiello, Corigos, La Cortina, Cubrenes, El Escobio, Fresnaza, El Lagar, Llameres, Longalendo, Misiegos, Murias, El Palacio, El Pandiello, Perea, Pineo, La Provía, El Pueblu, Rucastiello, La Roza, San Antonio, La Sierra, Las Tercias, Valdediós, Vegalatorre, Veguellina, La Venta and Villar.

External links
 Official website

Parishes in Aller
Astures


Psilocybe naematoliformis, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Hymenogastraceae. It is a psilocybin mushroom, having psilocybin and psilocin as the main active hallucinogenic compounds.

Discovery and classification
The species was originally found by mycologist Gastón Guzmán in a tropical rainforest at Uxpanapa Region, in the State of Veracruz in southeastern Mexico; he reported the finding in a 1979 publication, and called the fungus Psilocybe naematoliformis. Guzmán later considered species with chrysocystidia (cystidia whose contents contain a distinct refractive yellow body, that become more deeply yellow when stained with ammonia or other alkaline compounds) to be separate from Psilocybe, and transferred the species first to Naematoloma in 1980, and then later to Hypholoma in 1999. In 2004, Guzmán revised his opinion again, and considered the species more suitably placed in Psilocybe.

P. naematoliformi is in the section Neocaledonicae, a group of related tropical and subtropical species in the genus Psilocybe; other members of the section include Psilocybe aequatoriae (Ecuador), Psilocybe neocaledonicum (New Caledonia), and Psilocybe neorhombispora (Mexico).

Description
The cap is  in diameter, bell-shaped to subumbonate, smooth, and slightly slimy but soon dry. The color may range from a pale orange-brown to a deep rusty brown. It is hygrophanous, fading to buff; the color is blackish brown when dry, and slightly translucent-striate when wet. Like other hallucinogenic psilocybes, it stains blue when bruised or injured. The gills are adnate in attachment to the stem, or may be notched at the point of attachment (sinuate). They are narrow, and brownish violet to dark violet, with whitish edges. The stem is  tall by 1–3 mm thick, subequal, flexuous, and hollow. The color of the stem is reddish-brown or brownish; it is densely covered with silk-like fibers, and tufts of soft woolly hairs. The veil does not form an annulus. The taste of this species has been described as slightly bitter, and the smell slightly farinaceous, like grain.

Microscopic features
The spores have dimensions of (3.8)4.9–5.5(6.6) by (3.3)4.4–5(6.6) by 3.8–4.4 μm, sublentiform (shaped somewhat like a biconvex lens) in face view or roughly elliptic in side view, with an inconspicuous hilar appendage. They have a distinct germ pore in the base, and are smooth and thick-walled. The basidia, the spore-bearing cells in the hymenium, are 12–19 by 4.4–5.5 μm, and hyaline. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are 15–29 by 5.5–8.8 μm; clear, gray or brown in color, fusoid-ventricose to mucronate, sometimes with a median constriction, similar to the species Psilocybe subaeruginosa Clel. from Australia. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are 12–28 by 5.5–7.7 μm, hyaline, very numerous, ventricose, mucronate or fusiform-lanceolate, often forked.

Habitat and distribution
Psilocybe naematoliformis is found growing in small groups, in tufts or clumps, on disturbed places of the virgin tropical rain forest; it grows in soil with a few herbaceous plants. This species was originally found in Mexico, State of Veracruz, Uxpanapa region,.

References

Further reading
 Guzmán, G. The Genus Psilocybe: A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia Heft 74. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany (1983) [now out of print].

Entheogens
Psychoactive fungi
naematoliformis
Psychedelic tryptamine carriers
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 1979


Sir Thomas Butler, 6th Baronet (1735 – 7 October 1772) was an Irish politician and baronet.

He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Butler, 5th Baronet and his wife Henrietta Percy, daughter of Henry Percy. Butler sat for County Carlow in the Irish House of Commons from 1761 to 1768, the same constituency several members of his family had represented before. In 1771, Butler stood as Member of Parliament (MP) for Portarlington and also succeeded his father as baronet, however died only a year later.

Marriage and children
On 19 June 1759, Butler married Dorothea Bayly, only daughter of Very Rev. Edward Bayly, Archdeacon of Dublin. They had four daughters and four sons. His oldest son Richard succeeded to the baronetcy.

References

1735 births
1772 deaths
Irish MPs 1761–1768
Irish MPs 1769–1776
Politicians from County Carlow
People educated at Kilkenny College
Thomas
Butler baronets, of Cloughgrenan
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Carlow constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for Portarlington


Santibanes de la Fuente (Spanish: Santibáñez de la Fuente) is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude is  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 447 (INE 2011).

Villages
 La Casa la Vega
 Coḷḷanzo
 La Fuente
 Santibanes de la Fuente
 Valdevenero
 Yanos

References

Parishes in Aller


Libertas Netherlands () is a political party in the Netherlands. It contended the 2009 European Parliament elections under a common banner with Libertas Party Limited, the organization founded by Declan Ganley.

History

Ganleys registration with the Dutch Electoral Council (Kiesraad) to allow Libertas Nederland to run in the 2009 elections in the Netherlands was successful.

On 18 March 2009, Nederland Transparant proclaimed their support for Libertas. Nederland Transparent did not field their own candidates for the European Parliament election, 2009 because of a dispute with the Dutch government over whether they were the successor to, or the same party as Europa Transparent after their merger on 1 January 2008. However, during a press conference on 18 March 2009 Ganley announced Alexander Brom, one of Nederland Transparant's members and former candidates, as the president of Libertas Nederland.

2009 European Parliament elections
Libertas Nederlands presented an electoral list with 24 candidates (see List of Libertas list candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections) but could not gain any mandate.

See also
 2009 European Parliament election
 Treaty of Lisbon

References

Political parties established in 2009
Netherlands
Political parties in the Netherlands
2009 establishments in the Netherlands


Meg Lundsager has been since 2007 the executive director for the United States portion of the International Monetary Fund. The US votes in this forum are listed on a Treasury webpage, and are especially useful because the votes are linked with the press releases of the IMF announcements.

Biography

From government website:

Meg Lundsager currently represents the United States as the Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund. In this capacity she casts the U.S. vote at the IMF Board of Directors and works closely with Fund staff, management and U.S. Government officials to develop and implement IMF policies.

As Deputy Assistant Secretary for Trade and Investment at the U.S. Treasury Department from 1996-2000, Ms. Lundsager led teams negotiating WTO financial services agreements, including with acceding countries, and chaired bilateral financial sector dialogues. She also negotiated investment agreements and led the interagency team overseeing export credits agreements in the OECD. She directed U.S. Treasury efforts to develop USG positions on trade and investment matters across the range of multilateral and bilateral initiatives and issues.

Ms. Lundsager was named an Atlantic Fellow (1995-1996) and spent a year researching portfolio allocation decision making while at the London School of Economics. Previous responsibilities at the Treasury included Director of the Office of Asian and Middle Eastern/North African Nations (1991-1995) and Special Assistant to the Under Secretary for International Affairs (1987-1990). Ms. Lundsager also served as a Director on the National Security Council staff from 1990-1991 and as an assistant to the U.S. Executive Director at the IMF in the 1980s.

She began her government career at the Treasury Department as a desk officer covering Asian developing countries including Korea, Indonesia, and India.

Ms. Lundsager graduated from the American University and completed her MA as well as course work and PhD exams at the University of Maryland.

She is married with two children and resides in Virginia.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
International Monetary Fund people
American officials of the United Nations


El Pino is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude is  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 871 (INE 2008).

Villages
 Los Coḷḷaínos
 Cuevas
 Felechosa
 El Fielato
 El Pino
 La Pola Vieya / Pola del Pino
 La Raya (Spanish Puerto San Isidro)
 Roseco
 Rufrío

See also
 Church of St. Felix, El Pino

References

External links

Official website

Parishes in Aller


Charlene Fernetz (born March 23, 1960) is a Canadian former actress. She is known for her role as Malloy on Street Justice (1991–1993).

Life and career
Fernetz was born on a large farm in the middle of Saskatchewan, Canada and studied journalism at the British Columbia Institute of Technology; but in 1990 it was while doing regional theater in Portland, Oregon, that she caught the eye of a Manager from Los Angeles, and within months she was a guest on the Showtime series, Kurt Vonnegut's Monkey House.

Filmography
Mann & Machine (1996) as Yvonne Stepka
The Hat Squad (1992)
Street Justice (1991–1993) as Malloy
Made in America (1993) as Paula
Woman on the Ledge (1993) as Carol
Harmony Cats (1993) as Jane Pitkeithly
Heads (1993) as Betty Jo
The Mighty Jungle (1994) as Susan Winfield
Paris or Somewhere (1994) as Gwen
Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (1995)
Hawkeye (TV series) (1995) as Hester
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996) as Aunt Zelda
Diagnosis Murder (1997) as Susan Huckaby
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (1997) as Gail Kippling
Alibi (1997) as Laura Hill
The Outer Limits (1997) as Corinne Virgil
Two (1997) as Jill O'Hara
Ricky 6 (2000) as Ann Cowen
Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction (2000) as Mrs. Baker
Just Ask My Children (2001) as Reporter Terry
Seeking Fear (2005) as Trudy McCormick
Murder on the Yellow Brick Road (2005) as Rachel Dowd
Keyeye the Movie (2008) as Rachel Burk

References

External links

British Columbia Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Canadian television actresses
Canadian film actresses
Actresses from Portland, Oregon
Actresses from Saskatchewan
1960 births
21st-century American women


Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church is a Lutheran Church–Canada congregation in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The church was completed in 1952. It was designed by W.E. Noffke, who was a prolific architect in Canada, he designed many Lutheran church buildings across the province. It is located at the corner of Sherbourne and Bloor Street in the northeast of the downtown core. It was founded in 1931 as a Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod congregation, the second in the city after St. John's Lutheran Church. It originally catered to German immigrants in the city, and the services were all in German until the Second World War when it was decided to switch to English. After meeting in a number of temporary sites around the city, the church purchased land at Bloor and Sherbourne in 1943 and completed the present building in 1952. Services in German resumed, and as new immigrant groups to Canada arrived services began in other languages including Latvian and Estonian in 1952 and separate Korean services in 1988.

References
Church history

External links

Lutheran churches in Canada
Churches in Toronto


Guoyue (國樂; literally "national music"; also minyue (民乐),  huayue (華樂) or zhongyue (中樂)), nowadays refers to the music composed for Chinese musical instruments, which is an extension of the Chinese traditional music.  It is often written for some form of grand presentation through a large Chinese orchestra, as well as performances with solo instruments.  It is frequently broadcast on radio and television in the People's Republic of China, and it is also the primary form of Chinese music taught in conservatories in China, as well as in Taiwan and Singapore.

Terms and definitions

Names
The term guoyue appeared in various ancient texts and had various different meanings before the 20th century.  It was used as early as the Sui-Tang period to refer to court music or yayue.  In the Music Record section of History of Liao, it was used to distinguish the music of the Khitan rulers from that of the Han Chinese.  During the Qing Dynasty it was used to refer to the kind of ceremonial court repertoire that was seen as a representation of China.

In the early 20th century, guoyue became a popular term used loosely to include all music written for Chinese instruments in response to a particular nationalistic consciousness.  Later, after Communist victory in 1949, a new term minyue, short for minzu yinyue (民族音乐) meaning national or people's music, was used in mainland China to encompass all compositions and genres for traditional instruments including music of ethnic minorities.  In Taiwan it continues to be known as guoyue, but in other Chinese communities, it may also be referred to as huayue (for example in Singapore and Malaysia) or zhongyue (in Hong Kong).

Usage of term
In the early 20th century, the term guoyue  was widely used to distinguish between imported Western music and traditional Chinese music. It therefore included all Han Chinese music but excluded anything written for Western instruments.  In its broadest sense it includes all Chinese instrumental music, opera, regional folk genres, and solo pieces.

Not everyone however agreed on its modern definition, and what constituted guoyue changed with time and locations.  Originally it only referred to the music of Han Chinese, later it also included the music of various ethnic minorities in China. Some argued that it should only refer to music of Confucian rituals (yayue) and the literati, while to others it included all Chinese forms of music as long as it is not European.  In the new Republic of China in Taiwan, Guoyue emphasized the traditional music of mainland China over the Taiwanese local traditions.

The guoyue that was envisioned in the early 20th century was not entirely traditional. To many, part of the idea was to reshape Chinese folk and art music fit for the modern age.  To composer Xian Xinghai, "traditional music should be improved by adding harmony and counterpoint", while to musician Zhao Feng the national music culture would be the combination of Chinese melodies and Western professional techniques.  Some also made a distinction between the regional music as performed by untrained folk musicians, i.e. the raw material from which guoyue is drawn, and the more polished national music.  In this view guoyue is therefore a polished, modernized form of traditional Chinese music.

Some forms of traditional music were also excluded at various times. In mainland China after 1949, folk music was promoted but classical Chinese music was also condemned as decadent and reactionary and became sidelined.  During the Cultural Revolution classical Chinese music virtually disappeared, and some only survived by being reworked in a "light" style. Much of what was taught and performed as classical music consisted of arrangement and recompositions of older repertory, however there have been more interest in the original classical repertory since the 1990s.

History

Origin
In the early part of the 20th century after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Chinese intellectuals were interested in modernizing and revitalizing traditional Chinese music.  Cai Yuanpei, the president of Peking University and an important figure in the May Fourth Movement, proposed using certain aspects of Western music to compensate for the perceived weakness in Chinese music. As part of the New Culture Movement of the period, the guoyue music genre emerged to promote greater patriotism In the 1920s. Many groups in Shanghai associated themselves as "National Music Clubs"  such as the Great Unity National Music Club (大同國樂會) founded by Zheng Jinwen (鄭覲文).  Chinese regional music become incorporated into modern education institution, for example by Liu Tianhua at the Peking University, where the Institute for the Improvement of National Music (國樂改進社, Guóyuè Gǎijìnshè) was founded in 1927. A periodical, the Music Magazine (音樂雜誌, Yīnyuè Zázhì), were also established. Liu Tianhua promoted what was then regional folk instruments such as erhu, adopted Western music techniques and methods of teaching for such instruments.  He composed music pieces for erhu and adopted violin playing techniques to the instrument.   National identity and pride also became important during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War throughout the 1930s.

Development of modern Chinese orchestra (1930s-1960s)

The Chinese orchestra represents a significant force in the development of guoyue.  Although there were orchestras in ancient times, the Chinese orchestra that is now commonly found in China and overseas Chinese communities is a modern creation that gradually developed through a series of experimentation starting in the 1920s.  It is modeled on Western symphony orchestra but drawn initially from traditional sizhu   emsemble (sizhu, 絲竹, literally "silk and bamboo", are two traditional classifications for string and wind instruments). In Beijing, Liu Tianhua formed a sizhu ensemble and wrote for the ensemble, expanding on traditional musical notation so it may be used for an orchestra, specifying ornamentation details and tempo and the use of particular instruments in specific sections. Another major contributors to its development was Zheng Jinwen, who first experimented by increasing the number of player in a Jiangnan sizhu ensemble to 35, and separated the instruments into different sections.  He also started the process of standardization of the instruments, for example inventing method to resolve the problem of traditional instruments such as dizi where the fundamental tuning for various instruments may be different.  In the past each player may also embellish the parts at will, but in this new orchestra, Zheng wrote specific music for each instruments or sections.

In 1935, a music ensemble was formed at the Broadcasting Corporation of China (BCC) in Nanjing for the broadcasting of traditional Chinese music.  Due to the Sino-Japanese war, the ensemble later moved to Chongqing, where it held its first public performance in 1942.  The ensemble also held classes, and it quickly expanded with extra instruments added. It became known as the BCC Chinese Orchestra, often considered the first Chinese orchestra formed. The orchestra was organized along the line of a Western orchestra in a form that is recognizable today, with a conductor, full scores for musicians, and four different sections - wind, plucked strings, bowed strings, and percussion. The plucked strings section is unique to Chinese orchestra due to the large number of traditional Chinese lute-type instruments.

In 1953, the PRC government established its first Chinese orchestra, the Central Broadcasting Station Orchestra in Beijing, based on the early models.  The tuning of the instruments was shifted to the equal-tempered tuning system.  Further instruments were also added to enhance the sound and range of the orchestra.  New pieces based on regional music and other traditional Chinese music were composed for the orchestra.

By the 1960s, a largely standardized form of Chinese orchestra had emerged. The modern Chinese orchestra has since become a cultural institution in China as well as Chinese communities outside of mainland China.  Amateur Chinese orchestras are commonly found in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia organized by clan associations, community centres and schools.  Professional Chinese orchestras include Shanghai Chinese Orchestra, China Central Chinese Orchestra, Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, Singapore Chinese Orchestra and Taipei Chinese Orchestra.

1980s
In 1980 the Chinese Musicians' Association was formally elected to the "International Musicological Society". Chinese musical groups toured foreign countries, and foreign musical organizations performed in China. In the mid-1980s popular ballads, western folk and classical music still drew the greatest audiences, but other kinds of music, including previously banned western jazz and rock and roll, were being performed with greater acceptance especially among the youth.

2000s
Guoyue music made its comeback into mainstream popular music in the 2000s by Taiwanese composer Jay Chou and songwriter Vincent Fang, who coined the term Zhongguo Feng (中國風; lit. Chinese Wind) to describe the style of the album The Eight Dimensions which fuses modern rock and contemporary R&B together with traditional Chinese music.

Repertoire
Many of the early pieces composed were based on regional and traditional pieces. The early compositions may be written for a Jiangnan sizhu ensemble or other instruments, some may be developed later into orchestral composition.  A well-known orchestral piece is the Dance of the Yao People which was based on the folk music of the Yao minority.  It was originally written for a Western orchestra, but later also arranged as a Chinese orchestral piece.  Similarly other popular pieces such as Butterfly Lovers' Violin Concerto were also reworked for Chinese orchestra as a concerto piece for erhu or pipa.

Many solo pieces for various Chinese instrument have also composed, and these pieces may be performed solo or arranged with accompaniment by other instruments or a full orchestra.  Examples of these solo pieces are "Night Song of the Fisherman" (漁舟唱晚) which was composed for the guzheng in 1936 based on an old Shandong piece "Double Beat" (雙板), Dance of the Yi People composed for the pipa in 1965, and "The Moon Mirrored in the Erquan Pool" (二泉映月) composed for the erhu by Abing.  Many of these tunes have also been arranged for a Chinese orchestra, most notably by Peng Xiuwen.

Solo pieces
Some of these are traditional pieces, and new composition may also be based on older traditional tunes, although some are entirely original.  Many of these have also been arranged for larger orchestra.

Orchestral works

Earlier orchestral pieces

Modern compositions
The following are several examples of pieces written for large modern Chinese orchestra. These musical works utilise Western musical composition techniques, as well as the inclusion of Western instruments like cello, double bass, harp and Western percussion.

Guoyue performers

Conductors
Peng Xiuwen

See also
Guoyue (國樂)
Yayue (雅樂)
Nanguan music (南管)
Beiguan music (北管)
Taoist music
List of Chinese musical instruments
Chinese Cultural Renaissance
Musical nationalism
Historical Chinese anthems
Cultural Revolution

References

Beyond the May Fourth Paradigm by Kai-wing Chow

Chinese styles of music


The Kreisliga Württemberg (English: District league Württemberg) was the highest association football league in the German state of Württemberg from 1919 to 1923. The league was disbanded with the introduction of the Bezirksliga Württemberg-Baden in 1923.

Overview

Predecessor
From 1907, four regional leagues were formed within the structure of the Southern German football championship, in a move to improve the organisation of football in Southern Germany, these being:
 Ostkreis-Liga, covering Bavaria
 Nordkreis-Liga, covering Hesse
 Südkreis-Liga, covering Württemberg, Baden and Alsace
 Westkreis-Liga, covering the Palatinate, Lorraine and the southern Rhine Province

In 1908, a first Südkreis-Liga (English: Southern District League) was established, consisting of ten clubs and playing a home-and-away season. With the outbreak of the First World War, league football came to a halt and, during the war, games were only played on a limited level.

Post-First World War
With the collapse of the German Empire in 1918, no Württemberg championship was played in 1918-19 but football returned to a more organised system in 1919.

Southern Germany, now without the Alsace region, which had to be returned to France, was sub-divided into ten Kreisligas, these being:
 Kreisliga Hessen
 Kreisliga Nordbayern
 Kreisliga Nordmain
 Kreisliga Odenwald
 Kreisliga Pfalz
 Kreisliga Saar
 Kreisliga Südbayern
 Kreisliga Südmain
 Kreisliga Südwest
 Kreisliga Württemberg

The Südkreis-Liga was split into three regional competitions, Württemberg, Odenwald and Südwest, each with ten clubs. The three league winners advanced to the Southern championship. This system applied for the 1919-20 and 1920-21 season.

In 1921-22, the Kreisliga Württemberg was split into two groups of eight, increasing the number of tier-one clubs in Württemberg to 16. The two league winners then played a final to determine the Württemberg champion, which in turn advanced to a Baden-Württemberg championship final against the Südwest champion. The Odenwald champion was not part of this series but rather played a Rhine championship. This "watering down" of Württemberg football lasted for only one season, in 1922-23, the number of top clubs was reduced to eight clubs in a single division, with a Baden-Württemberg final against the Südwest champion once more.

In 1923, a league reform which was decided upon in Darmstadt, Hesse, established the Southern German Bezirksligas which were to replace the Kreisligas. The best four teams each from the Südwest and Württemberg were admitted to the new Bezirksliga Württemberg-Baden. The four clubs from Württemberg were:
 Stuttgarter Kickers
 SV Feuerbach
 VfR Heilbronn
 SC Stuttgart

National success
The clubs from the Kreisliga Württemberg were not particularly successful in this era and none managed to qualify for the German championship.

Baden-Württemberg championship
Played in 1922 and 1923, these were the finals:
 1922:
 Württemberg final: Sportfreunde Stuttgart - Stuttgarter Kickers 1-0 / 3-2
 Baden-Württemberg final: Sportfreunde Stuttgart - Karlsruher FV 1-0 / 1-1
 1923:
 Baden-Württemberg final: 1. FC Pforzheim - Stuttgarter Kickers 3-0 / 1-1

Southern German championship
Qualified teams and their success:
 1920:
 SC Stuttgart, Group stage
 1921:
 Stuttgarter Kickers, Group stage
 1922:
 Sportfreunde Stuttgart, Semi-finals
 1923:
 Stuttgarter Kickers, not qualified

Winners and runners-up of the Kreisliga Württemberg

Placings in the Kreisliga Württemberg 1919-23

References

Sources
 Fussball-Jahrbuch Deutschland  (8 vol.), Tables and results of the German tier-one leagues 1919-33, publisher: DSFS
 Kicker Almanach,  The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937, published by the Kicker Sports Magazine
 Süddeutschlands Fussballgeschichte in Tabellenform 1897-1988  History of Southern German football in tables, publisher & author: Ludolf Hyll

External links
 The Gauligas  Das Deutsche Fussball Archiv
 German league tables 1892-1933  Hirschi's Fussball seiten
 Germany - Championships 1902-1945 at RSSSF.com

1
1919 establishments in Germany
1923 disestablishments in Germany
Football competitions in Baden-Württemberg
20th century in Baden-Württemberg
Southern German football championship
Sports leagues established in 1919
Ger


Serrapio is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions) in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude is  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 130 .

The main towns are Serrapio, Uries, El Casar, as well as the smaller villages  of El Pedregal and La Casa Baxo. El Corazal, Los Praos, Rozadiella, Tablizo, Barreo, Les Quintanes, Cotzrexu, Bustianes, La Guariza and Riafarta are mostly uninhabited.

The Gabinete de Antigüedades ("Antiquities Cabinet") has oversight over the Iglesia de San Vicente de Serrapio.

References

Parishes in Aller


Soto is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude is  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 255 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Acebedo
 Castañeo
 Los Estruḷḷones
 Orozá
 La Palombar
 Rucao
 Santana
 Soto
 Las Cargaeros
 La Casieḷḷa
 Espineo
 La Foz
 Pumardenuño
 El Turnu

References

Parishes in Aller


Aamir Khan is an Indian actor, filmmaker, and television personality. Khan first appeared on screen at the age of eight in a minor role in his uncle Nasir Hussain's film Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973). In 1983, he acted in and worked as an assistant director on Paranoia, a short film directed by Aditya Bhattacharya, following which he assisted Hussain on two of his directorial venturesManzil Manzil (1984) and Zabardast (1985). As an adult, Khan's first acting project was a brief role in the 1984 experimental social drama Holi.

Khan's first leading role came opposite Juhi Chawla in the highly successful tragic romance Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988). His performance in the film and in the thriller Raakh (1989) earned him a National Film Award – Special Mention. He went on to establish himself with roles in several lucrative films of the 1990s, including the romantic drama Dil (1990), the comedy-drama Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993), and the romance Raja Hindustani (1996). He also played against type in the Deepa Mehta-directed Canadian-Indian co-production Earth (1998). In 1999, Khan launched a production company, Aamir Khan Productions, whose first release Lagaan (2001) was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and earned him the National Film Award for Best Popular Film. Also in 2001, he starred alongside Saif Ali Khan and Akshaye Khanna in the acclaimed coming-of-age drama Dil Chahta Hai. Lagaan and Dil Chahta Hai are cited in the media as defining films of Hindi cinema. After a three-year hiatus, Khan portrayed the eponymous lead in Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005), a period film that underperformed at the box office, after which he played leading roles in two top-grossing films of 2006Fanaa and Rang De Basanti.

Khan made his directorial debut with Taare Zameen Par in 2007, a drama on dyslexia starring Darsheel Safary, in which Khan also played a supporting role. The film proved to be a critical and commercial success, winning him the National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare. Khan played a man with anterograde amnesia in the 2008 thriller Ghajini, after which he portrayed an engineering student in the comedy-drama 3 Idiots (2009), and a reclusive artist in the drama Dhobi Ghat (2010), which he also produced. Further success came when he played the antagonist of the adventure film Dhoom 3 (2013) and starred as the titular alien in the -grossing satire PK (2014). In 2016, Khan played the father of two young female wrestlers in the sports biopic Dangal, which earned over  worldwide. Five of Khan's filmsGhajini, 3 Idiots, Dhoom 3, PK, and Dangal have held records for being the highest-grossing Indian film of all time. In addition to acting in films, Khan has developed and featured as the host of the television talk show Satyamev Jayate (2012–14).

Film

Television

Music video appearances

See also
 Awards and nominations received by Aamir Khan

Footnotes
The exchange rate in 1996 was 35.49 Indian rupees () per 1 US dollar (US$).
Khan played the younger version of Tariq Khan's character in the film.
Khan played the younger version of Mahendra Sandhu's character in the film.
Khan played a character who portrays Chandrashekar Azad in a documentary featured in the film.
Khan played a character who impersonates another man in the film.
Khan performed dual roles in the film.

References

External links

 Aamir Khan on Bollywood Hungama

Aamir Khan
Indian filmographies
Male actor filmographies
Director filmographies


David Cyril Kent (born 3 February 1941) is an Australian music historian and pop culture writer. Kent produced the Kent Music Report, compiling the national music chart from May 1974 to 1996; it was known as the Australian Music Report from 1987. The music reports were a weekly listing of the National Top 100 chart positions of singles and albums.

Kent's music reports were used by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) as its official ARIA Charts from mid-1983 until July 1988 when ARIA developed an in-house chart.

Kent continued to publish his Australian Music Report on a weekly basis until 1996. In 1993, Kent collated his charts into a book, Australian Chart Book, 1970–1992. He followed with Australian Chart Book (1940–1969) in 2005, Australian Chart Book (1993–2005) in 2006, and The Australian top 20 book (1940–2006) in 2007.

Early life
David Kent was born in Mount Lawley (a suburb of Perth), Western Australia, Australia, to Cyril Kent (an industrial chemist) and Marjorie Goodwin (née Dalton).

He listened to local radio broadcasts of top hits such as "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley in 1955.

Australia had no nationwide chart system for singles or albums when Kent was a youth. Kent kept his own tally of the positions provided by Sydney radio stations.

Career

Kent initially worked for record companies, EMI and Polygram, and avidly collected record charts as hobby

In 1958, radio station 2UE provided the first give-away charts in record stores, with the first national chart, compiled for Go-Set magazine by rock journalist Ed Nimmervoll, appearing in October 1966. For 18 months, Kent researched Australian music charts and developed a ranking system based on radio station charts from around the country, and from May 1974 he compiled the Kent Music Report].

Kent's aims were to provide the Australian music industry with information on singles and albums, and to chronicle the history of music tastes. The Kent Music Report was sold commercially after July 1974, and it became the sole nationwide chart following the demise of Go-Set in August.

Kent expanded his business and, from 1976, incorporated actual sales figures to supplement information from radio stations. By 1977, major record companies used his chart information in their advertising. Kent's staff sent surveys to retail stores, collated sales figures together with radio charts by states and then used his ranking system to assemble the national Kent Music Report. By 1982, retail sales by survey was the main source of Kent's reports.

The Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) was established by the six major record companies operating in Australia: EMI, Festival Records, CBS (now known as Sony Music), RCA (now known as BMG), WEA (now known as Warner Music) and Polygram (now known as Universal). ARIA licensed the Kent Music Report from mid-1983 to publish the ARIA Charts under its banner until the week ending 26 June 1988. ARIA had established its own research and chart publishing group and now competed with the Kent Music Report.

At the beginning of 1987, the Kent Music Report was renamed the Australian Music Report. It was used by major record companies in preference to ARIA's own charts. Kent continued production of his music reports until 1996, but sold off his interest in the Australian Music Report, which continued to the end of 1998, after which changes in technology, such as barcoding, enabled point-of-sale information to be sent directly to ARIA. This meant that Kent could no longer compile reliable sales information.

Publications
In 1993, Kent used his resources to compile charts dating back to 1970. He added information from the weekly Kent Music Report and the Australian Music Report to publish the charts in book form as Australian Chart Book, 1970–1992. He followed that with Australian Chart Book (1940–1969) in 2005, Australian Chart Book (1993–2005) in 2006, The Australian top 20 book (1940–2006) in 2007, and Australian Chart Chronicles (1940–2009).

Bibliography

References

Australian historians
Living people
People from Sydney
Australian music historians
1941 births


Vega is one of 18 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Aller, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The altitude is  above sea level. It is  in size with a population of 191 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Escobio
 Fornos
 Levinco
 Vega

References

Parishes in Aller


The  was a six-person tag team title in the Japanese professional wrestling promotion Dramatic Dream Team, today known as DDT Pro-Wrestling. The title, established in 2003, was named after the Jiyūgaoka neighborhood in Meguro. It has since been essentially replaced by the KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship.

Title history

Combined reigns

By team

By wrestler

Footnotes

See also

Professional wrestling in Japan

References

DDT Pro-Wrestling championships
Trios wrestling tag team championships


William FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Cleveland, 2nd Duke of Southampton (19 February 1698 – 18 May 1774) was an English nobleman, styled Earl of Chichester from birth until 1730.

In 1730, he succeeded his father Charles as Duke of Southampton, Duke of Cleveland and Chief Butler of England. In 1731, he married Lady Henrietta Finch, the daughter of Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham. She died in 1742, without having left him children. He thereafter lived a retired life, enjoying his sinecures of Receiver-General of the Profits of the Seals in the King's Bench and Common Pleas, and Comptroller of the Seal and Green Wax Offices. The dukedoms and subsidiary titles became extinct upon his death.  The Cleveland dukedom was subsequently recreated for his grand-nephew William Vane, 1st Duke of Cleveland.

References

1698 births
1774 deaths
103
Dukes of Southampton
Earls of Chichester


Michael C. Ford (born December 13, 1939) is an American poet, playwright, editor and recording artist.

Bio
Ford was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and moved with his parents to Pasadena, California toward the end of World War II.  Between 1974 and 1977 he co-edited a prose/poetry journal called The Sunset Palms Hotel.  He also edited two anthology projects The Mount Alverno (Peace Press, 1971) and Foreign Exchange (Biographies, 1979).

He was  influenced by Poet Kenneth Patchen in terms of integrating the spoken words with Jazz.  Ford has done collaborative recordings with members of The Doors drummer John Densmore and pianist and  keyboardist Ray Manzarek. He also has done collaborative recording with Trombonist Julian Priester.  His debut spoken word record Language Commando earned a Grammy nomination in 1986.

His first reading of his poetry occurred at a Fund Raiser for Norman Mailer's run for Mayor of New York in 1969 with Jim Morrison lead singer The Doors and poets Jack Hirschman, Michael McClure and several Andy Warhol "Factory workers"

Styles and poetics
The motif of many of Ford's works, be it collaborative cd recordings or written poetry is that he resurrects iconic figures ranging from actresses Susan Hayward, Dorothy McGuire to legendary jazzmen such as Charlie Parker and Charles Mingus. His work conjures and preserves the ambience of woebegone days of Los Angeles, the neglected regions and landmarks from the Pacific Northwest to the shores of Lake Michigan, marking passages of time in America. Many of Ford's poetic narrations especially accompanied by former Doors drummer John Densmore would trace the roots of American music, mainly hardcore jazz. Ford’s 2014 release of spoken eleven poems album, Look Each Other in the Ears, is another collaborative project  of infusing notable musicians such as from The Doors guitarist Robby Krieger, drummer John Densmore and the late keyboardist Ray Manzarek. Ford’s poems also include accompaniment of choral singers and musicians Angelo Moore, Tommy Jordan from the band Geggy Tah.  This album is another one produced by Harlan Steinberger at Hen House Studio in Venice, California.

Poetry
Stuttering in the Starlight, 1970
There's a Beast in my Garden, 1971
Sheet Music, Anacapa Press, 1972
Lacerations in a Broom Closet, Seeing I Press, 1974
Lawn Swing Poems, Snowville Press, 1975
Rounding Third, 1976
Westpoint, Biographics, 1977
Sleepless Night in a Soundproof Motel, Mudborn Press, 1978
Prologue To An Interview With Leonard Cohen, Image Graphics, 1979
Twice, 1980
The World is a Suburb of Los Angeles, Momentum Press, 1981
Sloe Speed, Biographics, 1984
Ladies Above Suspicion, Illuminati, 1987
Cottonwood Tract, Amaranth Editions, 1996
Emergency Exits (Selected Poems 1970-1995), Amaranth Editions, 1998
Nursery Rhyme Assassin, Inevitable Press, 2000
To Kiss The Blood Off Our Hands, Ion Drive Publishing, 2007
The Marilyn Monroe Concerto, Ion Drive Publishing, 2008
The Demented Chauffeur & Other Mysteries, Ion Drive Publishing, 2009
San Joaquin Valley Solutions (with photos by Rose Albano Risso), Ion Drive Publishing, 2012

Plays
Two American Plays, Illuminati, 1980

Recordings
Language Commando, SST, 1986
Motel Cafe, Blue Yonder Sounds, 1988
Fire Escapes, New Alliance Records, 1995
The Los Angeles Bards (9 Poets Take A Swing at the National Pastime), Hen House Studios, 2002 (compilation)
Hen House Studios Anthology Volume 2 with Jazz Fiction 2002
Hen House Studios Anthology Volume 4 with Ray Manzarek 2004
Hen House Studios Look Each Other in The Ears. Album includes Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, and Ray Manzarek. 2014

References

External links

Interview
with Julian Priester

American male poets
Poets from Illinois
1939 births
Living people


The Iowa Sisterhood was a group of women ministers who organized eighteen Unitarian societies in several Midwestern states in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Some of the first women ordained in the United States were Universalist or Unitarian; however, the path for women ministers was not easy. Of those early women who achieved ordination, few were allowed to serve in full-time ministries.  Others were relegated to small, struggling parishes or assistant positions alongside their clergy husbands.  Despite the lack of encouragement, at the end of the 19th century a group of women claimed their role as ordained ministers.  Following the Women's Ministerial Conference organized by Julia Ward Howe in 1875, 21 Unitarian women founded the Iowa Sisterhood to serve churches throughout the Great Plains.

Between 1880 and 1930, these women changed the course of Unitarianism.  The Iowa Sisterhood was led primarily by Mary Augusta Safford. Other members included Eleanor Gordon, Florence Buck, Mary Collson, Eliza Tupper Wilkes, Mila Tupper Maynard, Adele Fuchs, Martha Chapman Aitken, Mary Leggett Cooke, Caroline Julia Bartlett Crane, Rowena Morse Mann, Amelia Murdoch Wing, Mary Graves, Marie Jenney Howe, Ida Hultin, Marion Murdoch, Anna Jane Norris, Margaret Titus Olmstead, Elizabeth Padgham, Gertrude von Petzold, Helen Wilson, Celia Parker Woolley, and Helen Grace Putnam.

Few male scholars from the seminaries of the East were attracted to the life [of the Plains states].  But if the Plains were beyond the recognition of an Eastern religious hierarchy, they were also remote from that hierarchy's rules and control.  It was a place where women were accepted for their willingness to step in and serve, for their tenacity in the face of hardship, and for their ministry.

One reason for the success of the Iowa Sisterhood was the non-academic, pastoral approach these women brought to their churches.  They sought to make their churches extensions of the domestic hearth, thereby expanding the traditional role of women beyond the home and into the church.  The Sisterhood brought family matters into the church ... seven days a week, with social events and classes on domestic arts.

Although Jenkin Lloyd Jones, leader of the Unitarian Church's Western Conference, was a staunch ally of the Iowa Sisterhood, the success of these women and their churches did not translate into wider denominational acceptance.  The women were seen as an embarrassment among the [Unitarian] clergy back in Boston.  By the turn of the 20th century, society in general experienced a reassertion of male authority.  Unitarianism's leaders began a concerted return to a more manly ministry in order to revitalize the denomination.  The move of rural populations to the cities further undermined the Sisterhood's efforts and congregations.

Most of the women ministers were rushed into retirement.  Others left to pursue social justice work in peace, suffrage, and social work movements.  They remained vocal about the rights of women and the place of church in society.  It was not a large movement, nor was it long-lasting.  The Iowa Sisterhood did not radically alter the possibilities for women in Unitarian ministry. But ... it offered an example of women called to minister and men called to support their work.

References

Organizations based in Iowa
Unitarian Universalism in the United States
Unitarian Universalist organizations
History of women in Iowa
Religion in Iowa


Augüera is one of 15 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Belmonte de Miranda, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. Its name comes from the Asturian word "agüeru", which means a pool or irrigation channel. This name is also applied to the valley, where several streams converge.

Agüera is 10 km from Belmonte, on the left-hand bank of the river Pigüeña, 340m above sea level. It can be reached by highway AS-227. It is  in size with a population of 97 (INE 2011) divided between the villages of Augüera, Augüerina, L'Arena, Los Bazales, La Bedul, La Casa Blanca, La Casa'l Sol, Castañera, Cigüedres, La Ferreiría, Pumadín, Quintanal, Rozos, Saisteban and Viḷḷare.

The T-shaped parish church is from the 18th century, and is dedicated to San Andrés. The parish's main festival is the feast of San Fructuoso, in July.

References

Parishes in Belmonte de Miranda


In number theory, Maier's theorem  is a theorem about the numbers of primes in short intervals for which Cramér's probabilistic model of primes gives a wrong answer.

The theorem states that if π is the prime-counting function and λ is greater than 1 then

does not have a limit as x tends to infinity; more precisely the limit superior is greater than 1, and the limit inferior is less than 1. The Cramér model of primes predicts incorrectly that it has limit 1 when λ≥2 (using the Borel–Cantelli lemma).

Proofs
Maier proved his theorem using Buchstab's equivalent for the counting function of quasi-primes (set of numbers without prime factors lower to bound ,  fixed). He also used an equivalent of the number of primes in arithmetic progressions of sufficient length due to Gallagher.

 gave another proof, and also showed that most probabilistic models of primes incorrectly predict the mean square error

of one version of the prime number theorem.

See also
Maier's matrix method

References

Theorems in analytic number theory
Probabilistic models
Theorems about prime numbers


Almurfe is one of 15 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Belmonte de Miranda, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 38 (INE 2004).

Location
Almurfe is located between the towns of Almurfe, Aguasmestas, Bustiasmal and La Casilla.

The village of Almurfe, with 31 inhabitants, is about 13 kilometers from Belmonte. It is located on the River Pigüeña, about 400 meters above sea level and is accessed by the AS-227.

Villages
 Almurfe
 Auguasmestas
 Bustiasmal
 La Casilla

Feasts
The main celebration of the town is on the third Sunday in August.

References

Parishes in Belmonte de Miranda


Bixega is one of 15 parishes (administrative divisions)  in Belmonte de Miranda, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 65 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Bixega
 El Pontigu
 Santa Marina
 El Valle
 Viḷḷaverde

References

Parishes in Belmonte de Miranda


is a retired Japanese pitcher who played his entire career in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Orix Buffaloes in Japan's Pacific League.

Career
He was drafted in the 2006 NPB Draft by the Orix Buffaloes after pitching for Japan in the 2006 Asian Games.

In  2007, Komatsu was 1-0 with a 2.53 ERA in eight relief appearances, striking out 13 in 10 IP. He had a huge year in 2008, going 15-3 for a team that was otherwise under .500; he had a 2.51 ERA and allowed 134 hits in 172 IP.
He finished third in the Pacific League in ERA and wins, behind Hisashi Iwakuma and Yu Darvish in both categories. His 151 strikeouts placed him 5th and was named Rookie of the Year that season, being a unanimous pick.

External links

NPB

Living people
1981 births
Baseball people from Fukushima Prefecture
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Orix Buffaloes players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners
Asian Games medalists in baseball
Baseball players at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Japanese baseball coaches
Nippon Professional Baseball coaches