The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.  It consists of routes for circumnavigating the lakes, either individually or collectively. It was designated by the Great Lakes Commission in 1988.

Tours

Lake Superior Circle Tour

The Lake Superior Circle Tour (LSCT) follows state and provincial highways that are nearby the lake to loop around the entirety of Lake Superior. The LSCT follows state highways in the US states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and provincial highways in the Canadian province of Ontario.

Michigan
In Michigan, the tour runs from the state line at Ironwood to Sault Ste. Marie. In between it follows U.S. Highway 2 (US 2) to Wakefield, M-28 to Bergland and M-64 to Ontonagon. At Ontonagon, the LSCT continues east along M-38 to M-26. It follows M-26 to Houghton and then follows US 41 north to Copper Harbor. There is a loop route along M-203 between Hancock and Calumet. Travelers following the tour need to backtrack down US 41 to Houghton and then follow US 41 back to M-28 in Covington. US 41/M-28 carries the tour to Harvey where M-28 carries it eastward. There is a spur routing along M-77 running north from Seney to Grand Marais. The mainline tour departs from M-28 to loop northward along M-123 through Newberry to Paradise and back to M-28. Then it follows M-28 for a third time until reaching Interstate 75 (I-75) where it follows the freeway north to Sault Ste. Marie. It leaves Michigan on the Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge crossing into Ontario.

Ontario
Once in Ontario, the tour follows city streets through Sault Ste. Marie to Highway 17, the Trans-Canada Highway. It follows Highway 17 north along the mountainous shoreline through a remote region of Ontario. The highway curves to the west  north of Sault Ste. Marie, and hugs the northern shore of the lake to Nipigon. It meets Highway 11, which is concurrent with Highway 17 thereafter. The tour follows the Thunder Bay Expressway through Thunder Bay. At the intersection of the Harbour Expressway, Highway 11/Highway 17 turns west; the tour continues south, now on Highway 61.  south of Thunder Bay, the tour crosses the Pigeon River into Minnesota.

Minnesota
The LSCT follows Minnesota State Highway 61 (MN 61) between the Canada–United States border (near Thunder Bay) and the city of Duluth. In Duluth, the tour route follows I-35 southbound to the US 2 exit to Wisconsin.

Wisconsin

The circle tour crosses into Wisconsin on the Bong Memorial Bridge carrying US 2 between Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin. In Superior, the tour route follows US 2/US 53 to Wisconsin Highway 13 (WIS 13). Near Ashland, the tour route returns to US 2 across Northern Wisconsin to Hurley and the border with Michigan at Ironwood.

Lake Michigan Circle Tour

The Lake Michigan Circle Tour (LMCT) loops around Lake Michigan following state highways. These highways are usually the closest to the lake. The LMCT follows state highways in the US states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. A special "spur route" follows the SS Badger ferry across the lake between Ludington, Michigan and Manitowoc, Wisconsin.

Illinois
The LMCT follows Illinois Route 137 from the Wisconsin state line south on Sheridan Road and joins Lake Shore Drive (U.S. 41). The route then follows U.S. 41 as U.S. Routes 12 and 20 run concurrent but split quickly. The tour then follows U.S. Route 12 into Indiana.

Indiana
The LMCT follows I-94 and US 12 in Indiana.
The Indiana portion of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour is the urban stretch of the lake. It begins on the Illinois line in the City of Hammond. US 12 continues eastward through the 2nd most populous portion of the State of Indiana. The Gary-Hammond PMSA, a portion of the Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI Combined Statistical Area (CMSA) which includes all of Lake and Porter Counties. The third county along the shore, LaPorte County is in the South Bend CMSA. The only "rural" area is the  across northern Porter County, where route passes through Indiana Dunes National Park.

Starting from Chicago, US 12 enters Hammond, Indiana, before Whiting. Here, US 12, US 20 and US 41 all share Indianapolis Boulevard. Along the lakefront, is Lakefront Park and Wihala Beach County Park. Located here is the Horseshoe Casino. Whiting also provides easy access to Wolf Lake, which is a remnant of the wetlands and lakes that formed along the shores of Lake Michigan creating a massive wetlands on the Illinois and Indiana border.

US 12 turns more southerly as it passes west and south of Indiana Harbor, an industrial complex of mills, refineries, and docks. Entering East Chicago, US 12 turns east onto Columbus Drive, heading through the Indiana Harbor neighborhood of East Chicago. From East Chicago US 12 becomes Industrial Drive in Gary.

The alternate route for the Circle Tour is along I-94, which is joined with I-80 as the Borman Expressway. Entering Hammond the first stop could be the South Shore Welcome Center located on Kennedy Boulevard off the interstate. Hammond developed because of the wetlands and numerous lakes. The area was not considered suitable for farming or development, until the meat packing industry began to thrive in Chicago. With the creation of refrigerated rail cars, a source of ice was needed. The lakes of northern Indiana were seen as a source of that ice and meat packing moved across the line, creating processing plants and ice house.

Gary is on both routes of the Circle Tour. I-80/I-94 and US 12 both enter the city. US 12 is closer to the lake, entering from East Chicago on Industrial Drive. Named appropriately for the industries and the Gary Airport that developed along the lakefront. U.S. Steel's Gary Plant began in 1906, and brought major industries to this area. Located on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, the city offered direct access to the iron fields of northern Michigan and Minnesota and the coal fields of Ohio and West Virginia.

Following Industrial Drive, US 12 heads southeast, crossing under the Indiana Toll Road. At 4th Street, it turns east into downtown Gary. Downtown Gary is the home of the Railcats Minor League Baseball. Continuing east into the Miller community of Gary, and this is the closest the circle tour comes to the Chicago, South Shore and South Bend Railroad, the last interurban in the United States. Lake Street to the north will take motorists to Lake Michigan and over to Marquette Park, the first dune park along the Indiana Shore. Continuing on US 12, which is now called the Dunes Highway, the buildings end and forest and wetlands dominate. At County Line Road are the signs to Indiana Dunes National Park's West Beach facility and the east end of the Miller community. This is also the location for parking for the Marquette Hike/Bike trail.

Crossing County Line Road on US 12 you enter Portage, in Porter County. Portage owes its growth as a bedroom community to the creation of the Port of Indiana complex.

US 12 continues eastward as the Dunes Highway passing quickly through the town of Burns Harbor

Porter bills itself as the gateway to the Indiana Dunes. Its location with both Indiana Dunes State Park and Indiana Dunes National Park support their claim.

The Dunes Highway continues east into the town of Chesterton, which lies mostly south of US 12, US 20 and I-94.

Beverly Shores was a dune development of the Bartlett Family. Today, it is a residential community with remnants of the various development ideas used to lure home buyers into the dunes. Spanish Eclectic train depot and town hall, and the Old North Church with the Century of Progress Architectural District homes from the 1933 Chicago World's Fair are still present in this diverse architectural community.

Michigan City is just east of Beverly Shores after US 12/Dunes Highway has passed through the Town of the Pines, turned northward along County Line Road. As the Dunes Highway turns east into the Laporte County and the Michigan City limits, you come to the east end of Indiana Dunes National Park at Mount Baldy. The road continues as northeast toward Michigan leaving Indiana at Michiana Shores.

Michigan

The LMCT enters Michigan in Berrien County along US 12. Near New Buffalo the tour switches to follow I-94 north to the Benton Harbor/St. Joseph area. Here the LMCT follows BL I-94 and M-63 back to the freeway, this time the I-196/US 31 freeway. At Holland, the LMCT turns onto BL I-196/US 31. Formerly it also followed BUS US 31 through Holland until that designation was removed. The Circle Tour continues to follow US 31 northward deviating at Muskegon and Montague–Whitehall for the various business loops.  At Ludington, the Lake Michigan Circle Tour meets a '"connecting route" over the S.S. Badger carferry. The tour continues to follow US 31 to Manistee where it joins M-22 up and around the Leelanau Peninsula, with a special spur loop following M-109. It rejoins US 31 at Traverse City and follows US 31 to the northern terminus of US 31 south of Mackinaw City. There it runs along I-75 north to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Lake Huron Circle Tour joins I-75 at the northern terminus of US 23 and both run together on I-75 over the Mackinac Bridge. North of the toll plaza in St. Ignace, The LHCT takes Exit 344A to follow BL I-75 while the LMCT takes Exit 344B to follow US 2.

In the Upper Peninsula, the circle tour follows US 2 westward to Rapid River. Here US 41 joins US 2. At Gladstone M-35 joins to form a three-way concurrency south to Escanaba. South of Escanaba, the circle tour follows M-35 to Menominee. Here M-35 ends and US 41 carries the circle tour south into Wisconsin. There is a "spur route" designated along M-183 and Delta County Road 483 on the Garden Peninsula.

Wisconsin

In Wisconsin, the LMCT follows US 41 south to I-43 in the Green Bay area. From I-43, it runs up into the Door Peninsula along WIS 57 and WIS 42 and back south to I-43. It continues along I-43 to Port Washington where it briefly follows WIS 32 for a few miles through Port Washington then back onto I-43 to Milwaukee where it re-joins WIS 32 to the state border.

Lake Huron Circle Tour

The Lake Huron Circle Tour (LHCT) progresses clockwise from a starting point at the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, Michigan-Sarnia, Ontario. The LHCT continues around Lake Huron, touching on locations including the following:

Michigan
 Bay City, Michigan
 Au Gres, Michigan
 Alpena, Michigan and the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
 The Mackinac Bridge
 The International Bridge at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan-Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario

A Michigan spur route utilizes a segment of M-134 to DeTour Village.

Ontario
 Sudbury, Ontario
 Ontario's Bruce Peninsula and the Bruce Peninsula National Park

An Ontario spur route uses the MS Chi-Cheemaun ferry to cross the mouth of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay from the Bruce Peninsula to Manitoulin Island and return.

Lake Erie Circle Tour

The Lake Erie Circle Tour (LECT) loops around Lake Erie following state and provincial highways. These highways are usually the closest to the lake. The LECT follows state highways in the US states of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Michigan and provincial highways in the Canadian province of Ontario.

Michigan
Starting in Detroit, the LECT follows Interstate 75 (I-75) south from the Ambassador Bridge to exit 43. There it follows M-85 through Lincoln Park to Trenton. At exit 28, the LECT rejoins I-75 and runs south through Monroe to the state line, crossing into Toledo, Ohio.

Ohio
Crossing into the state of Ohio, the LECT leaves I-75 to follow I-280 around the east side of Toledo. The tour then exits I-280 and runs along SR 2 to the city of Sandusky, home of Cedar Point. There it joins U.S. Route 6 (US 6) to Cleveland. West of Cleveland, US 6 merges with US 20 and SR 2 in a three-way concurrency. The LECT will continue to follow SR 2 through downtown Cleveland. On the east side of the city, the tour continues on SR 283 through Euclid to Painesville. There it merges onto US 20 until Geneva. The tour follows SR 531 east along the lake between Geneva and Conneaut, where it returns along US 20 east to the state line.

Pennsylvania
The LECT follows Pennsylvania Route 5 through Erie County. This is also the routing of the Seaway Trail.

New York
Entering New York, the road becomes New York State Route 5 to Buffalo. There it follows the Peace Bridge to Ontario.

Ontario
The LECT follows Ontario Highway 3 through the province, running the entire length from the Peace Bridge to the Ambassador Bridge.

Lake Ontario and Seaway Trail

Unlike the other four Great Lakes, Lake Ontario is posted not as a circle tour but as part of the US-only Seaway Trail. The trail begins in Erie County, Pennsylvania and travels through Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Rochester, Oswego, and Ogdensburg before ending at the Seaway International Bridge near Massena.

History
Plans for the Great Lakes Circle Tours were started in 1985. The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) was in consultation with its counterparts in Wisconsin (WisDOT), Minnesota (MnDOT) and Ontario (Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, MTO) in May 1986 to establish a tour route around Lake Superior. The project was started by Paula Blanchard, the First Lady of Michigan at the time. She was an adviser to the Michigan Department of Commerce and called for the formation of the tour in the fall of 1985 at a tourism conference. Representatives from the three states and province agreed to the plan. Michigan drafted the first design for the signs in early 1986, sending the design to the other governments for approval. The Great Lakes Commission approved the formation of a Great Lakes Circle Tour in November 1988.

Gallery

See also

References

Works cited

External links

Great Lakes Circle Tour - General information site on the GLCT and its component routes

Scenic highways in the United States
Scenic travelways in Canada
Great Lakes
State highways in Illinois
State highways in Indiana
State highways in Michigan
Scenic highways in Michigan
State highways in Minnesota
State highways in New York (state)
State highways in Ohio
Ontario provincial highways
Ontario tourist routes
State highways in Pennsylvania
State highways in Wisconsin


Iván Maldonado Oquendo (born June 7, 1980) is a Puerto Rican-American baseball pitcher who is free agent.

Career
Maldonado was drafted by the New York Mets in the 18th round of the 2002 MLB draft.

Maldonado was signed by the Long Island Ducks, an independent team on April 9, 2010.

After the 2020 season, he played for Criollos de Caguas of the Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente(LBPRC). He has also played for Puerto Rico in the 2021 Caribbean Series.

International career
He also was a member of the Puerto Rico team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic, 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games and 2019 Pan American Games.

References

External links

MILB Player Bio

1980 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American sportspeople of Puerto Rican descent
Acereros de Monclova players
Baseball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Binghamton Mets players
Broncos de Reynosa players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Capital City Bombers players
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in baseball
Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games
Criollos de Caguas players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Gigantes de Carolina players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Indios de Mayagüez players
Indian Hills Warriors baseball players
Indian River State College alumni
Kingsport Mets players
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente pitchers
Long Island Ducks players
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Mexican League baseball pitchers
National baseball team players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
People from Cayey, Puerto Rico
Baseball players from New York City
St. Lucie Mets players
Tigres de Quintana Roo players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players


The 1963 NCAA College Division basketball tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA College Division college basketball as a culmination of the 1962–63 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. It was won by South Dakota State University, with South Dakota State's Wayne Rasmussen named Most Outstanding Player.

Regional participants

Regionals

South Central - Louisville, Kentucky
Location: Knights Hall Host: Bellarmine College

Third Place - Bellarmine 96, Austin Peay 86

East - Reading, Pennsylvania
Location: Bollman Center Host: Albright College

Third Place - Hofstra 78, Mount St. Mary's 71

Mideast - Akron, Ohio
Location: Memorial Hall Host: Municipal University of Akron

Third Place—Youngstown State 65, Buffalo 53

Northeast—Boston, Massachusetts
Location: Cabot Center Host: Northeastern University

Third Place—Assumption 66, Fairleigh Dickinson 51

Great Lakes - St. Louis, Missouri
Location: Washington Field House Host: Washington University in St. Louis

Third Place—Concordia 92, Augustana (IL) 84

Southwest - Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Location: Houck Field House Host: Southeast Missouri State College

Third Place—Arkansas State 77, SE Missouri State 75

Midwest - Brookings, South Dakota
Location: The Barn Host: South Dakota State College

Third Place - Michigan Tech 71, Cornell 61

Pacific Coast - Fresno, California
Location: North Gym Host: Fresno State College

Third Place—UC Santa Barbara 58, San Francisco State 56

*denotes each overtime played

National Finals—Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: Evansville College

Third Place—Oglethorpe 68, Southern Illinois 64

*denotes each overtime played

All-tournament team
 Tom Black (South Dakota State)
 Bob Cherry (Wittenberg)
 Bill Fisher (Wittenberg)
 Wayne Rasmussen (South Dakota State)
 Al Thrasher (Wittenberg)

See also
 1963 NCAA University Division basketball tournament
 1963 NAIA Basketball Tournament

References

Sources
 2010 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship Tournament Records and Statistics: Division II men's basketball Championship
 1963 NCAA College Division Men's Basketball Tournament jonfmorse.com

NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament
Tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament


Chengara is a small village situated in the Pathanamthitta district in Kerala, India. It is known for its natural environment, hills and climate, and was found to have the cleanest air, in terms of concentration of dust particles. Chengara is surrounded on three sides by Harrisons Malayalam Limited, a rubber plantation company.

Chengara is approximately  from the district headquarters,  from Kochi, and just over  from Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital. The nearest towns to Chengara are Konni and Pathanamthitta, at about . Konni medical college is  from the village.

Climate
The village has a tropical climate with three distinct seasons: a humid summer, monsoon, and a moderate winter. The warmest month is April. The village often experiences heavy thundershowers in May, during which humidity remains high. The monsoon season is from June to August with most of the heavy rainfall in June and July, June being the wettest month of the year.

Demographics

Chengara has a population of just above 1,500. The literacy rate of the village is 99%.

Education

G.C.S.L.P. school is the only school in Chengara. The school is owned by the Chengara Service Co-operative Society Ltd. It covers a standard of I-V. The nearest higher secondary school is St. George Vocational Higher Secondary School in Attachackal. Students from Chengara also go to schools in nearby towns, such as Pathanamthitta and Kozhencherry. Those who study technical courses attend the technical institutes around Pathanamthitta.

Economy
The economy of Chengara is primarily based in agriculture. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. Chengara is among the largest rubber-producing places in Kerala, due to its hilly terrain, high humidity and rainfall.  Other major crops are cocoa, coconut, tapioca and pepper. Chengara has a large number of non-residents.

Politics
Major political parties in Chengara are Indian National Congress (INC) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI [M]). K. U. Jenish Kumar (CPI [M]) is the present  of Konni which includes Chengara and Anto Antony is the present MP of Pathanamthitta constituency which includes Chengara..Chengara belongs to Konni gram panchayat (village council). The present panchayat member of Chengara is N. N. Rajappan of INC. Chengara Surendran MP (Communist Party of India) is also a native of Chengara. Chengara Surendran (born 31 January 1968) was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Adoor constituency of Kerala and is a member of the Communist Party of India (CPI).

Traditionally Chengara is a stronghold of INC. Kerala congress also has presence in the village. Abraham Vazhayil (District Secretary Kerala Congress (M), Chairman, UDF Konni Constituency) is also a native of Chengara. Though Chengara has a long tradition of politics, there has been no conflict among the different political parties.

Culture

Religion
The people of Chengara belong to various religions, the major ones being Christianity and Hinduism. Churches in the village includes Bethel Marthoma Church, St George Orthodox Church Chengara ( Chengara Pally,  1979), St Patrick's Malankara Catholic Church, and Bethel Brethren Assembly and Pentecost Church (IPC). The Hindu temple in the village is Chengara Siva Parvathi Temple.

Bethel Marthoma Church organizes an annual Chengara Convention in January every year. Bethel Marthoma Church,Chengara belongs to the Ranni-Nilackal Diocese of Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church.

St. George Orthodox Church, Chengara (Chengara Pally or ചെങ്ങറ പള്ളി  ) is an ancient church located in Chengara , Pathanamthitta, Kerala , India. The Church Is Also Known as “ Chengara Pally. It is the headquarters of the Thumpamon Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.

Feast of St George
The Feast of St. George, whom the church is named after and the patron saint of the church, is celebrated by St George Orthodox Church every year from May 1–5.

Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport in the village. A cricket tournament is held annually during the mid-summer vacation. Other popular sports are football, volleyball and badminton.

Notable locations
Orakuzhi is a small waterfall located at the Kizhakkupuram border of the village. This place is a common hangout for youths.

Meemooti Thodu is another waterfall in Chengara, which is dangerous due to its high fall over rock. The possibility of damming the stream was explored but deemed unfeasible.

Harrisons Malayalam Rubber Plantation covers a significant part of Chengara, stretching over. It is crossed with many unpaved service roads suitable for bullock or trucks.

Chemmani Rubber Plantation covers  in Chengara.

Infrastructure

Communication
Mobile services from many providers are available in the village. The major service providers are BSNL, Airtel, Idea, Vodafone and Jio. The village has a cable network which provides Malayalam channels and major channels in other languages.

Transportation
Both Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private buses connect the Chengara with the nearby towns.

The Attachakal–Malayalapuzha road and Attachakal–Kumblampoika road pass through Chengara. From Konni this is the easiest route to places such as Vadaserikara and Ranni. The route can be used as Sabarimala route.

Chengara Junction is on the Attachakal–Chengara–Kumblampoika road, which connects the villages of Attachakkal, Chengara, Puthukulam and Kumplampoika. It originates at Attachakal junction and ends at Kumplampoika, and covers a total distance of

The nearest railway station is Chengannur,  away, and Thiruvalla which is around  away.
The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, about  from Chengara. The Cochin International Airport is around  from Chengara.

Institutions
Various institutions in Chengara are:
Chengara Service Co-operative Society
Chengara Pravasi Association
Chengara Post Office
Olive Mart supermarket
Ration shop chengara

Tribal agitations

The village is frequently mentioned in the media due to a land struggle, popularly known as "Chengara Samaram", which took place on a rubber plantation  outside the village. Led by Laha Gopalan, the Sadu Jana Vimochana Samara Vedi (SJVSV) agitation began with hundreds of Vedi workers encroaching upon the Kumbazha Estate of Harrison Malayalam Limited on 4 August 2007, demanding  of land for farming and  towards initial farming expenses to each landless family among them. They pitched tents on the occupied land and started tapping the rubber trees at the estate for their livelihood. The Vedi leader claimed that  of land at Chengara were under SJVSV occupation.

During the agitation, notable persons including Medha Patkar, Arundhati Roy, Govindacharaya, and V. M. Sudheeran visited and extended solidarity with local families. However, the struggle created a negative image of Chengara. The previous LDF government had identified  of land in 10 districts for distribution among the 1,495 eligible landless people as part of the Chengara Package. Of the 1,495 families identified, 38 families belong to the Scheduled Tribes category and 1,227 to the Scheduled Castes. However, many people declined to occupy the land allotted to them, finding it unsuitable for habitation and farming. Vedi leader Laha Gopalan had categorically stated that there was no question of vacating the land until all the landless families at Chengara were allotted land suitable for farming and habitation. Some families have constructed permanent dwellings in the encroached land and started cultivation there. The Vedi too have set up a library and school on the occupied land.

See also
 Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
Bethel Marthoma Church
Pathanamthitta
Konni, India
Kumbazha

References

External links
 http://teamchengara.weebly.com/
 http://chengarapally.com/

Villages in Pathanamthitta district


Cladonia furcata or the many-forked cup lichen is a species of cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It has an intermediate to tolerant air pollution sensitivity. Extracts of this species have been shown to kill leukemia cells in vitro, and may have possible value in the treatment of cancer.

Description
Like other lichens in the genus Cladonia, the fruiting body of C. furcata is made of a flattened primary thallus and a secondary upright stalk that forms the secondary thallus. The secondary thallus – the podetium – is extensively branched, and may reach up to  tall. The podetia ranges in color from grayish or pale green to brown. The axil, the inner junction of a branchlet with a branch or with another branchlet, is open, with inrolled branches, and frequently with a longitudinal groove that extends down the podetium from the axil. The fertile (reproductive) branches of this lichen are more or less flattened, and often grooved. C. furcata does not have the vegetative reproductive structures soredia and isidia, but instead has apothecia—cup-like ascocarps that contain asci on which ascospores are borne. The apothecia are brown, small, and borne at the end of the branches.

Habitat and distribution
Cladonia furcata is most commonly found in forests near coastlines, at low to mid elevations. It may be found growing on moss, humus, and soil, more rarely on rotten wood or at the base of trees. In North America, it is found from Alaska to California, and is very common in the west Cascade range.

Sensitivity to agrochemicals
A field experiment on the effects of various common agrochemicals (mineral fertilizer, lime and calcium cyanamide) as well as organic fertilizer (manure) on C. furcata revealed that mineral fertilizer had no direct effect on lichen growth, manure promoted the length of the podetia, and calcium cyanamide proved to be lethal to C. furcata. Another study showed that application of fertilizers containing either a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, or solely potassium had a significant stimulatory effect on the growth of C. furcata.

Bioactive compounds
Polysaccharides isolated from C. furcata were shown to induce cell death (apoptosis) in human leukemia K562 cells. Furthermore, C. furcata polysaccharides decreased the activity of telomerase, an enzyme that helps some cancer cells avoid death; this activity suggests possible therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer.

See also
List of Cladonia species

References

furcata
Lichen species
Lichens of North America
Lichens described in 1794
Taxa named by William Hudson (botanist)


Baptised Marie Brigitte Joseph Coymans (19 January 1789 – 24 December 1873), and known as Josephine Rens, Madame Rens was an early and affluent New South Wales settler and businesswoman.

Early life
Rens was born in Tournai, Belgium, daughter of Jean Joseph Coymans (c1759) and Marie Joseph Dussieu.

Marriage and Family

Rens was married in Belgium on 29 May 1811 to Edouard Desire Constant Rens (born 29 June 1787 Parish of St Nicholas, City of Ghent, Dept of the Escaut).  A son, Edouard Rens, was born on 1 January 1812, and a daughter, Jeanette, on 18 May 1815.  Her husband, Edouard Rens, is presumed to have died circa 1815.

Settlement in New South Wales

The widowed Madame Rens and her daughter, Jeanette, departed the Dutch colony of Batavia on the ship Phillip Dundas on 30 November 1826, arriving in  Sydney on 30 January 1827.  She had planned ahead for her survival in the colony, bringing with her enough capital to set up business and purchase property.  She placed the following advertisement in The Australian newspaper of 10 February 1827:

"Madame Rens has the honour to acquaint the ladies and gentlemen of Sydney that she has just arrived with a choice assortment of fashionable articles from Paris.  Evening dresses, ribbons, cambrics, imitation cashmere dresses, festoons, embroidered gauze, black crepe, artificial flowers, Brussels and French lace dresses, fine and coarse French laces, perfumery, toys, confectionery, coats, waistcoats and gloves.  The goods will be exposed for sale on Monday, the 12th instant at Mrs Jones, George Street.  Madame Rens flatters herself that her mode of conducting business will secure her the confidence of those who may honour her with their demands."

Two months later, an advertisement in the Sydney Gazette published on Wednesday, 25 April 1827 read:

MADAME RENS has the Honour to inform the Ladies of Sydney and its Environs, that she has now on SALE very elegant BALL DRESSES, which she can offer at very moderate Prices.  Madame Rens has also a superb Robe of Brussels Lace, (warranted) which she Offers for a RAFFLE. 50 Tickets at £5 each. The Robe cost £200.

In the 1828 census, Rens was listed as "Coymanos Vidonia Rens" and described herself as a milliner.

In her application for naturalisation in 1831, she stated that she had brought with her property amounting to 6000 pounds sterling, and it is known that by 10 June 1827 she had bought an allotment on the corner of George and what is now Bridge Street, Sydney.

The Enchantress Shipwreck

On Tuesday, 16 April 1833, Madame Rens and her daughter set sail for London on the ship Edward Lombe.  They returned in 1835 accompanied by her son, Edward, travelling from England on the barque Enchantress from London for Hobart Town and Sydney.  The ship hit rocks and sank off the south-west coast of Bruny Island in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Tasmania at 10:00 pm on Friday, 17 July 1835.  16 of the crew and one steerage passenger were lost.  Madame, Mr and Miss Rens were listed among the passengers saved.  They arrived back in Sydney on the ship Medway in September 1835.

Travel to California and San Francisco

In December 1850, Madame Rens again left New South Wales, for France, but instead proceeded to California and San Francisco.  From San Francisco, she wrote to the Consulate of the United States in Sydney for a testimonial in her favour, which was provided in March 1852.

Later years

By 1858, Madame Rens was residing again in Sydney. From 1863 until her death in December 1873, she lived in Charles Street, Newtown. Both her son and daughter had predeceased her and in a letter written to her former son-in-law only months before her death, she claims to have been allied to a noble French family and that Le Comte de Grammont was her cousin.

Portrayal in Screen Australia Series Rogue Nation 2009

Madame Rens was portrayed in Episode 2 Rights of Passage of Screen Australia series Rogue Nation.

See also
Shipwrecks of Tasmania

References
 Convicts, Thieves, Domestics and Wives in Colonial Australia: The Rebellious Lives of Ellen Murphy and Jane New

 Screen Australia's Rogue Nation 2009
An Irresistible Temptation by Carol Baxter
 Sydney Gazette of 25 April 1827
 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser of 2 July 1828
 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser of 24 October 1828
 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser of 24 February 1829
 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser of 12 March 1829
 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser of 20 August 1831
 The Sydney Herald of 18 April 1833
 The Sydney Herald of 3 August 1835 - Loss of The "Enchantress"
 The Sydney Herald of 10 September 1835
 The Sydney Herald of 1 April 1842

1789 births
1873 deaths
People from Tournai
Settlers of Australia
19th-century Australian businesspeople
19th-century Australian businesswomen


The Metro Tower, also known as the NTS Tower, is an office high-rise building located in Lubbock, Texas. Completed in 1955, it is the tallest building in Lubbock at . The 20-story building was originally known as the Great Plains Life Building after an insurance company that served as its first occupant. It suffered heavy damage in the 1970 Lubbock tornado, and sat vacant and derelict for several years amid talk of possible demolition. After extensive renovation, the building was reopened in 1975 and has been occupied ever since. It is the second tallest known building to have survived a direct hit by an F5 tornado. The tallest is the ALICO building in Waco, TX which is two stories taller. However, after the tornado, the Lubbock fire department closed some floors due to the worsening condition of the building.

In mid 2019, it was stated that MRE Capital would renovate the building. The renovation will include facelift and full restoration of the building. It would also add 89 residential units. The company would provide US$20 million budget for the revitalization. The building renovation is expected to start in late 2019, and be finished by the end of 2021.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021.

References

External links
 Metro Tower Emporis Page

Office buildings in Lubbock, Texas
Skyscrapers in Lubbock, Texas
Office buildings completed in 1955
Skyscraper office buildings in Texas
1955 establishments in Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Lubbock County, Texas


Peter the Athonite (d. before 883) is reputed to have been the first hermit to settle upon the Mount Athos.

Peter is known to history primarily through unattributable legend. It is recorded that Peter was once a soldier who, through the miraculous aid of St. Nicholas and St. Simeon the Righteous, was freed from a Muslim military prison in Syria. From prison St. Peter traveled to New Rome to fulfill a promise to God that he would take the monastic habit.  It is held that Peter received his habit from the Pope himself who also formed the saint in monastic discipline. Receiving a vision of the Blessed Virgin and Theotokos Mary, Peter traveled to Mt. Athos and lived as an ascetic in a cave at Mount Athos for some fifty years. His relics were taken to the Monastery of Clement, a formerly existing monastery that is now occupied by the Monastery of Iviron.

A hagiography devoted to Saint Peter the Athonite was written at Hilandar by Genadius the Athonite.

A vita (MS BHG 1505) of Peter the Athonite was also written by an Athonite monk named Nicholas sometime around the late 10th or early 11th century. It was translated into Italian in 1999.

Saint Peter of Mount Athos is commemorated on 12 June by the Eastern Orthodox, Eastern Catholic and Roman Catholic Churches.

See also

Silouan the Athonite

References

Sources

 Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos. OCA - Feasts and Saints.
 St. Peter of Mount Athos. Catholic Online.

Athonite Fathers
Christian monasticism
Hermits
Saints of medieval Greece
9th-century Christian saints
9th-century Byzantine people
9th-century deaths


Many countries have different flags, and now about Uzbekistan.

National Flag

Government Flag

Military Flag

Autonomous Republic

Flags of Historical States existed in Uzbekistan

References

Uzbekistan

Flags


Rino Anthony Pretto (born 13 June 1959) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for various clubs in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) and with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

After serving his apprenticeship as a full-back in the Fitzroy under-19s and reserves, Pretto finally made his senior debut late in the 1978 VFL season. The game, which took place at VFL Park, was won by Carlton who was celebrating Rod Ashman's 100th game. Pretto kicked a goal with his only kick and found himself back in the reserves the following weekend, and for the entire 1979 season.

Pretto joined the VFA in 1980 and played initially at Camberwell. He was loaned to Coburg in 1981, then returned to Camberwell for the 1982 and 1983 seasons. He was still known as a full-back at this time, but his talent as a full-forward was discovered after he kicked eight goals when filling in for an injured full-forward at Camberwell.

In 1984, he transferred to Oakleigh, and was used as a regular full-forward there. Oakleigh played in the Second Division of the VFA and Pretto was the division's leading goal-kicker on four occasions (1985–88), with his highest total in 1985 when he kicked 170 goals. In the Grand Final that year he kicked 12 goals despite playing on the losing team. His best performance in a game was in 1986 when he kicked 20 against Mordialloc, despite feeling so ill during the game that he spent the next week in hospital with a diabetic condition.

In 1989 Pretto was full-forward for the VFA's representative team which won the NFL Shield. The VFA defeated the Australian Amateurs in the final and Pretto kicked 12 goals, which is still the record number of goals in a representative match by a VFA player.

Pretto started the 1992 season with Oakleigh, but transferred to Dandenong after two rounds. He played his final three seasons with Dandenong, and topped the Association's goal-kicking with 87 goals in 1994. At retirement, the VFA interstate football representative had kicked 1070 goals, a tally only bettered by Fred Cook.

Some sources list him as playing 223 games and kicking 1095 goals in the VFA (142 games and 874 goals at Oakleigh). Pretto kicked 12 goals against Sunshine in 1989 and 13 against Brunswick-Broadmeadows in 1991, but these matches were deleted from the VFA's records as both teams dropped out of the VFA and folded during the relevant season.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1959 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Fitzroy Football Club players
Dandenong Football Club players
Camberwell Football Club players
Coburg Football Club players
Oakleigh Football Club players


An amateur radio net, or simply ham net, is an "on-the-air" gathering of amateur radio operators.  Most nets convene on a regular schedule and specific frequency, and are organized for a particular purpose, such as relaying messages, discussing a common topic of interest, in severe weather (for example, during a Skywarn activation), emergencies, or simply as a regular gathering of friends for conversation.

Net operation
Nets operate more or less formally depending on their purpose and organization.  Groups of nets may organize and operate in collaboration for a common purpose, such as to pass along emergency messages in time of disaster.  One such system of nets is the National Traffic System (NTS), organized and operated by members of the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) to handle routine and emergency messages on a nationwide and local basis.

Formal operation
A formal, or directed net has a single net control station  (NCS) that manages its operation for a given session.  The NCS operator calls the net to order at its designated start time, periodically calls for participants to join, listens for them to answer (or check in ) keeps track of the roster of stations for that particular net session, and generally orchestrates the operation of the net.

A different station might be designated NCS for each net session.  Overall operation and scheduling of NCS assignments and net sessions is managed by the net manager .

When a net covers a large geographic area, such as a continent or even the world, it becomes impractical for a single NCS to control.  To cover a large scale area a net must operate on a frequency where signals can propagate long distances.  Ironically, the same ability for long distance propagation leads to a situation where stations that are too close in proximity cannot hear each other.  In this case two or more NCSs spaced geographically from one another can effectively collaborate to maintain contact with all possible participants.

A tactical net is a form of directed net in which stations are assigned tactical call signs to facilitate efficiency in message-handling, and are often more tightly controlled (by time, language, and protocol) than a regular radio net. During a tactical net, the participating stations are free to refer to other stations by their tactical designations, such as Medical One or Incident Command to relieve the caller of the burden of remembering or stumbling over legal call signs, which can impede net progress. Tactical call signs do not replace legal call signs, which stations involved must still announce at prescribed times.

Informal operation
An informal net may also have a net control station, but lack some or all of the formalities and protocols other than those used in non-net on-the-air operation.  Or, it could begin at the designated time and frequency in an ad hoc fashion by whoever arrives first.  Club nets, such as ones for discussing equipment or other topics, use a NCS simply to control the order in which participants transmit their comments to the group in round-robin style.

Types of nets

Traffic
Traffic nets operate primarily to relay formal written messages.  For decades, amateur radio operators in the United States and Canada have traditionally passed both routine and emergency messages on behalf of others as part of the public-service mission allowed within the USA and Canadian government amateur radio regulations. The original organizational purpose of the American Radio Relay League or ARRL which was organized in the early 20th century (1914–15) was mainly for the purpose of relaying third party messages. In many parts of the world outside North America, it is illegal for amateur radio operators to pass messages on behalf of third parties.

Today, with inexpensive communication capability available to anyone, routine message handling has dwindled and is largely used for training purposes.  During emergencies (such as natural disasters) – especially when normal communications channels are disabled or compromised – traffic nets (utilizing emergency-powered stations) are used to pass information into and out of affected areas.

DX
DX nets are organized to help amateur radio operators make contact with stations in distant locations or regions where amateur radio operators are scarce.  By checking into a DX net, a ham could have a chance to contact another station he or she might otherwise not be likely to hear by randomly tuning across the amateur bands.

Club or Topic
Amateur radio clubs often organize nets to foster communication between members on a regular basis.  These can be clubs based on geographic location or clubs formed around a special interest.

Special interest clubs or non-club groups often organize nets to enable discussions on a particular topic.  A wide variety of such nets are in operation.  One such example is  nets that meet to discuss vintage or antique radio equipment.  Another example is nets for using and discussing the AM mode of voice transmission.

See also
Net operation
American Radio Relay League
ARRL Radiogram
National Traffic System
Radiogram
Amateur Radio on the International Space Station

References

External links
ARRL “Net Directory Search”
Ham.Live!

Netlogger

Amateur radio
Wikipedia requested images of amateur radio


David Christiana is an American artist. He was born in Huntington, New York, has illustrated more than twenty picture books for children and authored four for international publishers such as Farrar, Straus & Giroux; Harcourt Brace; Little, Brown; Henry Holt; and Scholastic. Reviews of his work have appeared in The New York Times Book Review, People Magazine, Publishers Weekly, etc.

Novels
 Drawer in a Drawer
 White Nineteens
 A Tooth Fairy's Tale
 The First Snow

External links

American children's writers
Living people
American illustrators
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Jesters is an Australian comedy series produced for Movie Extra subscription television channel. The series is a satire about the day-to-day battles of a sketch comedy veteran turned producer.

Cast
 Mick Molloy as Dave Davies
 Emily Taheny as Kat Bailey
 Ben Geurens as Steve Morris
 Christian Barratt-Hill as Michael Stevens
 Andrew Ryan as Zak Green
 Travis Cotton as Tony Coggan
 Susie Porter as Julia Wilson
 Deborah Kennedy as Di Sunnington
 Dave Gibson as Ernie

Overview
The Jesters is a slick, sick and darkly comic look behind-the-scenes of a TV comedy show that proves the old maxim that nobody likes a smartarse – unless, of course, they are bringing in huge ratings.

From the absurd antics of the TV writers' room to the even more absurd network board meetings, The Jesters reveals the key ingredients of what goes into making the people of Australia laugh: jealousy, pettiness, treachery, extreme stupidity.

Episodes
Season 1

Season 2

See also
 List of Australian television series

References

External links
 The Jesters official website

Movie Extra original programming
2000s Australian comedy television series
2009 Australian television series debuts
2010s Australian comedy television series
Australian television sketch shows
Australian satirical television shows


An orbital propellant depot is a cache of propellant that is placed in orbit around Earth or another body to allow spacecraft or the transfer stage of the spacecraft to be fueled in space.  It is one of the types of space resource depots that have been proposed for enabling infrastructure-based space exploration.
Many different depot concepts exist depending on the type of fuel to be supplied, location, or type of depot which may also include a propellant tanker that  delivers a single load to a spacecraft at a specified orbital location and then departs.  In-space fuel depots are not necessarily located near or at a space station.

Potential users of in-orbit refueling and storage facilities include space agencies, defense ministries and communications satellite or other commercial companies.

Satellite servicing depots would extend the lifetime of satellites that have nearly consumed all of their orbital maneuvering fuel and are likely placed in a geosynchronous orbit. The spacecraft would conduct a space rendezvous with the depot, or vice versa, and then transfer propellant to be used for subsequent orbital maneuvers. In 2011, Intelsat showed interest in an initial demonstration mission to refuel several satellites in geosynchronous orbit, but all plans have been since scrapped.

A low Earth orbit (LEO) depot's primary function would be to provide propellant to a transfer stage headed to the Moon, Mars, or possibly a geosynchronous orbit.  Since all or a fraction of the transfer stage propellant can be off-loaded, the separately launched spacecraft with payload and/or crew could have a larger mass or use a smaller launch vehicle.  With a LEO depot or tanker fill, the size of the launch vehicle can be reduced and the flight rate increased—or, with a newer mission architecture where the beyond-Earth-orbit spacecraft also serves as the second stage, can facilitate much larger payloads—which may reduce the total launch costs since the fixed costs are spread over more flights and fixed costs are usually lower with smaller launch vehicles.  A depot could also be placed at Earth-Moon Lagrange point 1 (EML-1) or behind the Moon at EML-2 to reduce costs to travel to the Moon or Mars.  Placing a depot in Mars orbit has also been suggested.

LEO depot fuels
For rockets and space vehicles, propellants usually take up 2/3 or more of their total mass.

Large upper-stage rocket engines generally use a cryogenic fuel like liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer because of the large specific impulse possible, but must carefully consider a problem called "boil off," or the evaporation of the cryogenic propellant. The boil off from only a few days of delay  may not allow sufficient fuel for higher orbit injection, potentially resulting in a mission abort. Lunar or Mars missions will require weeks to months to accumulate tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of kilograms of propellant, so additional equipment may be required on the transfer stage or the depot to mitigate boiloff.

Non-cryogenic, earth-storable liquid rocket propellants including RP-1 (kerosene), hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide (NTO), and mildly cryogenic, space-storable propellants like liquid methane and liquid oxygen, can be kept in liquid form with less boiloff than the cryogenic fuels, but also have lower specific impulse. Additionally, gaseous or supercritical propellants such as those used by ion thrusters include xenon, argon, and bismuth.

Propellant launch costs
Ex-NASA administrator Mike Griffin commented at the 52nd AAS Annual Meeting in Houston, November 2005, that "at a conservatively low government price of $10,000 per kg in LEO, 250 MT of fuel for two missions per year is worth $2.5 billion, at government rates."

If one assumes that a 130 tonne launch vehicle could be flown twice a year for $2.5 bn, the price is about $10,000 per kg.

Cryogenic depot architectures and types
In the depot-centric architecture, the depot is filled by tankers, and then the propellant is transferred to an upper stage prior to orbit insertion, similar to a gas station filled by tankers for automobiles.  By using a depot, the launch vehicle size can be reduced and the flight rate increased.  Since the accumulation of propellant may take many weeks to months, careful consideration must be given to boiloff mitigation.

In simple terms, a passive cryogenic depot is a transfer stage with stretched propellant tanks, additional insulation, and a sun shield.  In one concept, hydrogen boiloff is also redirected to reduce or eliminate liquid oxygen boiloff and then used for attitude control, power, or reboost.  An active cryogenic depot is a passive depot with additional power and refrigeration equipment/cryocoolers to reduce or eliminate propellant boiloff.  Other active cryogenic depot concepts include electrically powered attitude control equipment to conserve fuel for the end payload.

Heavy lift versus depot-centric architectures
In the heavy lift architecture, propellant, which can be two thirds or more of the total mission mass, is accumulated in fewer launches and possibly shorter time frame than the depot centric architecture.  Typically the transfer stage is filled directly and no depot is included in the architecture.  For cryogenic vehicles and cryogenic depots, additional boiloff mitigation equipment is typically included on the transfer stage, reducing payload fraction and requiring more propellant for the same payload unless the mitigation hardware is expended.

Heavy Lift is compared with using Commercial Launch and Propellant Depots in this power point by Dr. Alan Wilhite given at FISO Telecon.

Feasibility of propellant depots

Both theoretical studies and funded development projects that are currently underway aim to provide insight into the feasibility of propellant depots. Studies have shown that a depot-centric architecture with smaller launch vehicles could be  less expensive than a heavy-lift architecture over a 20-year time frame.  The cost of large launch vehicles is so high that a depot able to hold the propellant lifted by two or more medium-sized launch vehicles may be cost effective and support more payload mass on beyond-Earth orbit trajectories.

In a 2010 NASA study, an additional flight of an Ares V heavy launch vehicle was required to stage a US government Mars reference mission due to 70 tons of boiloff, assuming 0.1% boiloff/day for hydrolox propellant. The study clearly identified the need to decrease the design boiloff rate by an order of magnitude or more.

Approaches to the design of low Earth orbit (LEO) propellant depots were also  discussed in the  2009 Augustine report to NASA, which "examined the [then] current concepts for in-space refueling."  The report determined there are essentially two approaches to refueling a spacecraft in LEO:
 Propellant tanker delivery. In this approach, a single tanker performs a rendezvous and docking with an on-orbit spacecraft.  The tanker then transfers propellant, then departs.  This approach is "much like an airborne tanker refuels an aircraft."
 In-space depot.  An alternative approach is for many tankers to rendezvous and transfer propellant to an orbital depot.  Then, at a later time, a spacecraft may dock with the depot and receive a propellant load before departing Earth orbit.
Both approaches were considered feasible with 2009 spaceflight technology, but anticipated that significant further engineering development and in-space demonstration would be required before missions could depend on the technology. Both approaches were seen to offer the potential of long-term life-cycle savings.

In 2010 United Launch Alliance (ULA) proposed their Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES) tanker, a concept that dates back to work by Boeing in 2006, sized to transport up to  of propellant—in early design with first flight planned for no earlier than 2023, with initial usage as a propellant tanker potentially beginning in the mid-2020s. ACES was not funded, but some of the ideas were used in the Centaur stage of the Vulcan Centaur rocket.

Beyond theoretical studies, since at least 2017, SpaceX has undertaken funded development of an interplanetary set of technologies.  While the interplanetary mission architecture consists of a combination of several elements that are considered by SpaceX to be key to making long-duration beyond Earth orbit (BEO) spaceflights possible by reducing the cost per ton delivered to Mars by multiple orders of magnitude over what NASA approaches have achieved,
refilling of propellants in orbit is one of the four key elements.  In a novel mission architecture, the SpaceX design intends to enable the long-journey spacecraft to expend almost all of its propellant load during the launch to low Earth orbit while it serves as the second stage of the SpaceX Starship, and then after refilling on orbit by multiple Starship tankers, provide the large amount of energy required to put the spacecraft onto an interplanetary trajectory. The Starship tanker is designed to transport approximately  of propellant to low Earth orbit. In April 2021, NASA selected the SpaceX Lunar Starship with in-orbit refuelling for their initial lunar human landing system.

Advantages
Because a large portion of a rocket is propellant at time of launch, proponents point out several advantages of using a propellant depot architecture. Spacecraft could be launched unfueled and thus require less structural mass, or the depot tanker itself could serve as the second-stage on launch when it is reusable. An on-orbit market for refueling may be created where competition to deliver propellant for the cheapest price takes place, and it may also enable an economy of scale by permitting existing rockets to fly more often to refuel the depot. If used in conjunction with a mining facility on the moon, water or propellant could be exported back to the depot, further reducing the cost of propellant. An exploration program based on a depot architecture could be cheaper and more capable, not needing a specific rocket or a heavy lift such as the SLS to support multiple destinations such as the Moon, Lagrange points, asteroids, and Mars.

NASA studies in 2011 showed cheaper and faster alternatives than the Heavy Lift Launch System and listed the following advantages:
 Tens of billions of dollars of cost savings to fit the budget profile
 Allows first NEA/Lunar mission by 2024 using conservative budgets
 Launch every few months rather than once every 12–18 months
 Allows multiple competitors for propellant delivery
 Reduced critical path mission complexity (AR&Ds, events, number of unique elements)

History and plans

USA
Propellant depots were proposed as part of the Space Transportation System (along with nuclear "tugs" to take payloads from LEO to other destinations) in the mid-1960s.

In October 2009, the Air Force and United Launch Alliance (ULA) performed an experimental on-orbit demonstration on a modified Centaur upper stage on the DMSP-18 launch to improve "understanding of propellant settling and slosh, pressure control, RL10 chilldown and RL10 two-phase shutdown operations."  "The light weight of DMSP-18 allowed  of remaining LO2 and LH2 propellant, 28% of Centaur’s capacity," for the on-orbit demonstrations.  The post-spacecraft mission extension ran 2.4 hours before executing the deorbit burn.

NASA's Launch Services Program is working on an ongoing slosh fluid dynamics experiments with partners called CRYOTE. , ULA is also planning additional in-space laboratory experiments to further develop cryogenic fluid management technologies using the Centaur upper stage after primary payload separation.  Named CRYOTE, or CRYogenic Orbital TEstbed, it will be a testbed for demonstrating a number of technologies needed for cryogenic propellant depots, with several small-scale demonstrations planned for 20122014.
, ULA says this mission could launch as soon as 2012 if funded.
The ULA CRYOTE small-scale demonstrations are intended to lead to a ULA large-scale cryo-sat flagship technology demonstration in 2015.

The Future In-Space Operations (FISO) Working Group, a consortium of participants from NASA, industry and academia, discussed propellant depot concepts and plans on several occasions in 2010,
with presentations of optimal depot locations for human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit,
a proposed simpler (single vehicle) first-generation propellant depot
and six important propellant-depot-related technologies for reusable cislunar transportation.

NASA also has plans to mature techniques for enabling and enhancing space flights that use propellant depots in the "CRYOGENIC Propellant STorage And Transfer (CRYOSTAT) Mission". The CRYOSTAT vehicle is expected to be launched to LEO in 2015.

The CRYOSTAT architecture comprises technologies in the following categories:
 Storage of Cryogenic Propellants
 Cryogenic Fluid Transfer
 Instrumentation
 Automated Rendezvous and Docking (AR&D)
 Cryogenic Based Propulsion

The "Simple Depot" mission was proposed by NASA in 2011 as a potential first PTSD mission, with launch no earlier than 2015, on an Atlas V 551.  Simple Depot would utilize the "used" (nearly-emptied) Centaur upper stage LH2 tank for long-term storage of LO2 while LH2 will be stored in the Simple Depot LH2 module, which is launched with only ambient-temperature gaseous Helium in it.  The SD LH2 tank was to be  diameter and  long,  in volume, and store 5 mT of LH2.  "At a useful mixture ratio (MR) of 6:1 this quantity of LH2 can be paired with 25.7 mT of LO2, allowing for 0.7 mT of LH2 to be used for vapor cooling, for a total useful propellant mass of 30 mT. ... the described depot will have a boil-off rate of approaching 0.1 percent per day, consisting entirely of hydrogen."

In September 2010, ULA released a Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture concept to propose propellant depots that could be used as way-stations for other spacecraft to stop and refuel—either in low Earth orbit (LEO)  for beyond-LEO missions, or at Lagrangian point  for interplanetary missions—at the AIAA Space 2010 conference.  The concept proposes that waste gaseous hydrogen—an inevitable byproduct of long-term liquid hydrogen storage in the radiative heat environment of space—would be usable as a monopropellant in a solar-thermal propulsion system.  The waste hydrogen would be productively utilized for both orbital stationkeeping and attitude control, as well as providing limited propellant and thrust to use for orbital maneuvers to better rendezvous with other spacecraft that would be inbound to receive fuel from the depot.
As part of the Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture, ULA has proposed the Advanced Common Evolved Stage (ACES) upper stage rocket.  ACES hardware is designed from the start as an in-space propellant depot that could be used as way-stations for other rockets to stop and refuel on the way to beyond-LEO or interplanetary missions, and to provide the high-energy technical capacity for the cleanup of space debris.

In August 2011, NASA made a significant contractual commitment to the development of propellant depot technology by funding four aerospace companies to "define demonstration missions that would validate the concept of storing cryogenic propellants in space to reduce the need for large launch vehicles for deep-space exploration."
These study contracts for storing/transferring cryogenic propellants and cryogenic depots were signed with Analytical Mechanics Associates, Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Ball Aerospace.  Each company will receive  under the contract.

In April 2021, NASA selected the SpaceX Lunar Starship with in-orbit refuelling for their initial lunar human landing system. In 2022, a larger propellant-depot Starship was being planned for Lunar Starship HLS.

Rest of world
The Chinese Space Agency (CNSA) performed its first satellite-to-satellite on-orbit refueling test in June 2016.

Engineering design issues
There are a number of design issues with propellant depots, as well as several tasks that have not, to date, been tested in space for on-orbit servicing missions.  The design issues include propellant settling and transfer, propellant usage for attitude control and reboost, the maturity of the refrigeration equipment/cryocoolers, and the power and mass required for reduced or zero boiloff depots with refrigeration.

Propellant settling
Transfer of liquid propellants in microgravity is complicated by the uncertain distribution of liquid and gasses within a tank. Propellant settling at an in-space depot is thus more challenging than in even a slight gravity field. ULA plans to use the DMSP-18 mission to flight-test centrifugal propellant settling as a cryogenic fuel management technique that might be used in future propellant depots.  The proposed Simple Depot PTSD mission utilizes several techniques to achieve adequate settling for propellant transfer.

Propellant transfer
In the absence of gravity, propellant transfer is somewhat more difficult, since liquids can float away from the inlet.

As part of the Orbital Express mission in 2007, hydrazine propellant was successfully transferred between two single-purpose designed technology demonstration spacecraft.  The Boeing servicing spacecraft ASTRO transferred propellant to the Ball Aerospace serviceable client spacecraft NEXTSat.  Since no crew were present on either spacecraft, this was reported as the first autonomous spacecraft-to-spacecraft fluid transfer.

Refilling
After propellant has been transferred to a customer, the depot's tanks will need refilling. Organizing the construction and launch of the tanker rockets bearing the new fuel is the responsibility of the propellant depot's operator. Since space agencies like NASA hope to be purchasers rather than owners, possible operators include the aerospace company that constructed the depot, manufacturers of the rockets, a specialist space depot company, or an oil/chemical company that refines the propellant. By using several tanker rockets the tankers can be smaller than the depot and larger than the spacecraft they are intended to resupply.  Short range chemical propulsion tugs belonging to the depot may be used to simplify docking tanker rockets and large vehicles like Mars Transfer Vehicles.

Transfers of propellant between the LEO depot, reachable by rockets from Earth, and the deep space ones such as the Lagrange Points and Phobos depots can be performed using Solar electric propulsion (SEP) tugs.

Two missions are currently under development or proposed to support propellant depot refilling.
 In addition to refueling and servicing geostationary communications satellites with the fuel that is initially launched with the MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing vehicle, the SIS vehicle is being designed to have the ability to orbitally maneuver to rendezvous with a replacement fuel canister after transferring the  of fuel in the launch load, enabling further refueling of additional satellites after the initial multi-satellite servicing mission is complete.
 The proposed Simple Depot cryogenic PTSD (Propellant Transfer and Storage Demonstration) mission utilizes "remote berthing arm and docking and fluid transfer ports" both for propellant transfer to other vehicles, as well as for refilling the depot up to the full 30 tonne propellant capacity. It was proposed in 2010, for launch in 2015.

In 1962, S.T. Demetriades proposed a method for refilling by collecting atmospheric gases. Moving in low Earth orbit, at an altitude of around 120 km, Demetriades' proposed depot extracts air from the fringes of the atmosphere, compresses and cools it, and extracts liquid oxygen. The remaining nitrogen is used as propellant for a nuclear-powered magnetohydrodynamic engine, which maintains the orbit, compensating for atmospheric drag. This system was called “PROFAC” (PROpulsive Fluid ACcumulator). There are, however, safety concerns with placing a nuclear reactor in low Earth orbit.

Demetriades' proposal was further refined by Christopher Jones and others In this proposal, multiple collection vehicles accumulate propellant gases at around 120 km altitude, later transferring them to a higher orbit. However, Jones' proposal does require a network of orbital power-beaming satellites, to avoid placing nuclear reactors in orbit.

Asteroids can also be processed to provide liquid oxygen.

Orbital planes and launch windows

Propellant depots in LEO are of little use for transfer between two low earth orbits when the depot is in a different orbital plane than the target orbit. The delta-v to make the necessary plane change is typically extremely high. On the other hand, depots are typically proposed for exploration missions, where the change over time of the depot's orbit can be chosen to align with the departure vector. This allows one well-aligned departure time minimizing fuel use that requires a very precisely-timed departure. Less efficient departure times from the same depot to the same destination exist before and after the well-aligned opportunity, but more research is required to show whether the efficiency falls off quickly or slowly.  By contrast, launching directly in only one launch from the ground without orbital refueling or docking with another craft already on orbit offers daily launch opportunities though it requires larger and more expensive launchers.

The restrictions on departure windows arise because low earth orbits are susceptible to significant perturbations; even over short periods they are subject to nodal regression and, less importantly, precession of perigee. Equatorial depots are more stable but also more difficult to reach.

New approaches have been discovered for LEO to interplanetary orbital transfers where a three-burn orbital transfer is used, which includes a plane change at apogee in a highly-elliptical phasing orbit, in which the incremental delta-v is small—typically less than five percent of the total delta-v—"enabling departures to deep-space destinations [taking] advantage of a depot in LEO" and providing frequent departure opportunities.
More specifically, the 3-burn departure strategy has been shown to enable a single LEO depot in an ISS-inclination orbit (51 degrees) to dispatch nine spacecraft to "nine different interplanetary targets [where the depot need not] perform any phasing maneuvers to align with any of the departure asymptotes ... [including enabling] extending the economic benefits of dedicated smallsat launch to interplanetary missions."

Specific issues of cryogenic depots

Boil-off mitigation
Boil-off of cryogenic propellants in space may be mitigated by both technological solutions as well as system-level planning and design.
From a technical perspective:  for a propellant depot with passive insulation system to effectively store cryogenic fluids, boil-off caused by heating from solar and other sources must be mitigated, eliminated, or used for economic purposes.  For non-cryogenic propellants, boil-off is not a significant design problem.

Boil off rate is governed by heat leakage and by the quantity of propellant in the tanks. With partially filled tanks, the percentage loss is higher. Heat leakage depends on surface area, while the original mass of propellant in the tanks depends on volume. So by the cube-square law, the smaller the tank, the faster the liquids will boil off. Some propellant tank designs have achieved a liquid hydrogen boil off rate as low as approximately 0.13% per day (3.8% per month) while the much higher temperature cryogenic fluid of liquid oxygen would boil off much less, about 0.016% per day (0.49% per month).

It is possible to achieve zero boil-off (ZBO) with cryogenic propellant storage using an active thermal control system. Tests conducted at the NASA Lewis Research Center's Supplemental Multilayer Insulation Research Facility (SMIRF) over the summer of 1998 demonstrated that a hybrid thermal control system could eliminate boiloff of cryogenic propellants. The hardware consisted of a pressurized  tank insulated with 34 layers of insulation, a condenser, and a Gifford-McMahon (GM) cryocooler that has a cooling capacity of 15 to 17.5 watt (W). Liquid hydrogen was the test fluid. The test tank was installed into a vacuum chamber, simulating space vacuum.

In 2001, a cooperative effort by NASA's Ames Research Center, Glenn Research Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) was implemented to develop zero-boiloff concepts for in-space cryogenic storage. Main program element was a large-scale, zero-boiloff demonstration using the MSFC multipurpose hydrogen test bed (MHTB) - 18.10 m3 L tank (about 1300 kg of ). A commercial cryocooler was interfaced with an existing MHTB spray bar mixer and insulation system in a manner that enabled a balance between incoming and extracted thermal energy.

Another NASA study in June 2003 for conceptual Mars mission showed mass savings over traditional, passive- only cryogenic storage when mission durations are 5 days in LEO for oxygen, 8.5 days for methane and 64 days for hydrogen. Longer missions equate to greater mass savings. Cryogenic xenon saves mass over passive storage almost immediately. When power to run the ZBO is already available, the break-even mission durations are even shorter, e.g. about a month for hydrogen. The larger the tank, the fewer days in LEO when ZBO has reduced mass.

In addition to technical solutions to the challenge of excessive boil-off of cryogenic rocket propellants, system-level solutions have been proposed.  From a systems perspective, reductions in the standby time of the LH2 cryogenic storage in order to achieve, effectively, a just in time (JIT) delivery to each customer, matched with the balanced refinery technology to split the long-term storable feedstock—water—into the stoichiometric LOX/LH2 necessary, is theoretically capable of achieving a system-level solution to boil-off.  Such proposals have been suggested as supplementing good technological techniques to reduce boil-off, but would not replace the need for efficient technological storage solutions.

Sun shields
United Launch Alliance (ULA) has proposed a cryogenic depot which would use a conical sun shield to protect the cold propellants from solar and Earth radiation. The open end of the cone allows residual heat to radiate to the cold of deep space, while the closed cone layers attenuates the radiative heat from the Sun and Earth.

Other issues
Other issues are hydrogen embrittlement, a process by which some metals (including iron and titanium) become brittle and fracture following exposure to hydrogen. The resulting leaks makes storing cryogenic propellants in zero gravity conditions difficult.

In-space refueling demonstration projects

In the early 2010s, several in-space refueling projects got under-way.  Two private initiatives and a government-sponsored test mission were in some level of development or testing .

Robotic Refueling Mission

The NASA Robotic Refueling Mission was launched in 2011 and successfully completed a series of robotically actuated propellant transfer experiments on the exposed facility platform of the International Space Station in January 2013.

The set of experiments included a number of propellant valves, nozzles and seals similar to those used on many satellites and a series of four prototype tools that could be attached to the distal end of a Space Station robotic arm.  Each tool was a prototype of "devices that could be used by future satellite servicing missions to refuel spacecraft in orbit.  RRM is the first in-space refueling demonstration using a platform and fuel valve representative of most existing satellites, which were never designed for refueling. Other satellite servicing demos, such as the U.S. military's Orbital Express mission in 2007, transferred propellant between satellites with specially-built pumps and connections."

MDA in-space refueling demonstration project

, a small-scale refueling demonstration project for reaction control system (RCS) fluids is under development. Canada-based MDA Corporation announced in early 2010 that they were designing a single spacecraft that would refuel other spacecraft in orbit as a satellite-servicing demonstration.  "The business model, which is still evolving, could ask customers to pay per kilogram of fuel successfully added to their satellite, with the per-kilogram price being a function of the additional revenue the operator can expect to generate from the spacecraft’s extended operational life."

The plan is that the fuel-depot vehicle would maneuver to an operational communications satellite, dock at the target satellite's apogee-kick motor, remove a small part of the target spacecraft's thermal protection blanket, connect to a fuel-pressure line and deliver the propellant.  "MDA officials estimate the docking maneuver would take the communications satellite out of service for about 20 minutes."

, MDA has secured a major customer for the initial demonstration project.  Intelsat has agreed to purchase one-half of the  propellant payload that the MDA spacecraft would carry into geostationary orbit.  Such a purchase would add somewhere between two and four years of additional service life for up to five Intelsat satellites, assuming 200 kg of fuel is delivered to each one.
, the spacecraft could be ready to begin refueling communication satellites by 2015.
, no customers have signed up for an MDA refueling mission.

In 2017, MDA announced that it was restarting its satellite servicing business, with Luxembourg-based satellite owner/operator SES S.A. as its first customer.

Space tug alternatives to direct refueling

Competitive design alternatives to in-space RCS fuel transfer exist.  It is possible to bring additional propellant to a space asset, and utilize the propellant for attitude control or orbital velocity change, without ever transferring the propellant to the target space asset.

The ViviSat Mission Extension Vehicle, also under development since the early 2010s, illustrates one alternative approach that would connect to the target satellite similarly to MDA SIS, via the kick motor, but will not transfer fuel.  Rather, the Mission Extension Vehicle will use "its own thrusters to supply attitude control for the target."
ViviSat believes their approach is more simple and can operate at lower cost than the MDA propellant transfer approach, while having the technical ability to dock with and service a greater number (90 percent) of the approximately 450 geostationary satellites in orbit.
, no customers have signed up for a ViviSat-enabled mission extension.

In 2015, Lockheed Martin proposed the Jupiter space tug.  If built, Jupiter would operate in low Earth orbit shuttling cargo carriers to and from the International Space Station, remaining on orbit indefinitely, and refueling itself from subsequent transport ships carrying later cargo carrier modules.

New Space Involvement

In December 2018, Orbit Fab, a silicon valley startup company founded in early 2018, flew the first of a series of experiments to the ISS in order to test and demonstrate technologies to allow for commercial in space refueling. These first rounds of testing utilise water as a propellant simulant. In June 2021, Orbit Fab flew the first propellant depot, Tanker-001 Tenzing, carrying Hydrogen Peroxide in Sun-synchronous orbit

Gallery

See also
 Progress (spacecraft)
 Automated Transfer Vehicle
 Liquid rocket propellants
 Asteroid mining
 Propulsive Fluid Accumulator, satellite that gathers oxygen and other gasses to supply the depot
 Flexible path option of the Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee
 In-situ resource utilization
 Shackleton Energy Company
 Aquarius Launch Vehicle
 Quicklaunch

References

External links

Text
 A Backgrounder for On-Orbit Satellite Servicing, March 2011
 Presentation of Boeing's proposed LEO Propellant Depot, 2007
 Evolved Human Space Exploration Architecture Using Commercial Launch/Propellant Depots, Wilhite/Arney/Jones/Chai, October 2012.
 Distributed Launch - Enabling Beyond LEO Missions , United Launch Alliance, September 2015.

Video
 Animation of a Boeing depot launch and refuel operation, November 2011 (1 min)
 NASA Cryogenic Propellant Depot - Mission Animation, May 2013 (1 min)
 Advantages of a depot architecture, Jeff Greason of XCOR Aerospace, Augustine Commission meeting, July 2009 (25 min)
 A Settlement Strategy for NASA, Jeff Greason of XCOR Aerospace, ISDC 2011 (42 min)
 Cislunar Space, The Next Frontier, Dr. Paul Spudis of the Lunar and Planetary Institute, ISDC 2011 (25 min)
 Plan to mine water on the moon using depots, Bill Stone of the Shackleton Energy Company, TED 2011 (7 min)

Spaceflight concepts
Rocket propellants
Private spaceflight
Space applications
Fuels infrastructure
Oxygen
Emerging technologies
Industrial gases
Industry in space


The sixth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 10 June 1977. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) won the election defeating its rival Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). M. G. Ramachandran (simply known as M.G.R in the state), the AIADMK founder and a leading Tamil film actor, was sworn in as Chief Minister for the first time. The election was a four-cornered contest between the AIADMK, DMK, the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Janata Party. Earlier in 1972, M.G.R had founded the AIADMK following his expulsion from the DMK after differences arose between him and DMK leader M. Karunanidhi. On 31 January 1976, Karunanidhi's government was dismissed by the central government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi citing non-co-operation for MISA and President's rule was imposed on the state. Karunanidhi had been at odds with Indira Gandhi over his opposition to Emergency and allied with Janata Party founded by Jayaprakash Narayan. M.G.R remained as Chief Minister until he died in 1987, winning the next two elections held in 1980 and 1984. Due to this feat, M.G.R inadvertently became an example for entry of famous actors to enter politics, with a hope that they too may become Chief minister one day. then Telugu superstar N.T.R followed M.G.R's suit in 1983 and won the Andhra Pradesh general Elections to become the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Since then, no other actor has been able to recreate M.G.R's achievements in electoral Politics.

Background

Split in Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
DMK gradually weakened in the years after the previous election due to several splits caused by the exit of many influential leaders including M.G.R. The popularity of the party was further undermined by widespread corruption allegations which was purposely aired by M.G.R who was in close relationship with Indian National Congress (INC). Cracks began to appear in Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam before 1971 election. K. A. Mathiazhagan was removed from office of the minister of Finance as he was considered a serious threat to Karunanidhi's leadership. Sathyavani Muthu, an influential dalit leader left the party in 1972 citing lack of concern for dalit issues within the party and formed Thazhthapattor Munnetra Kazhagam. M.G.R was expelled on 10 October 1972, in a disciplinary action for his attacks against party leadership for alleged corruption and dictatorial behaviour. He formed a new party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. AIADMK won the Dindigul by-election held in 1973. V. R. Nedunchezhiyan along with some senior party leaders left Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in March 1977 to form Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

Emergency

Emergency, which was declared in June 1975 had a mixed reception in Tamil Nadu. Jayaprakash Narayan's opposition movement did not receive much support in Tamil Nadu due to his association with the DMK government, which had its own trouble due to accusations of corruption. K. Kamaraj did not come in support of Jayaprakash Narayan due to his association with DMK despite the fact he disapproved of Indira Gandhi's actions. DMK executive council called the Emergency unnecessary and undemocratic on 27 June and party leaders condemned it in several statewide meetings. Emergency regulations and censorship were not strictly enforced in Tamil Nadu unlike in other states. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Communist Party of India continued to support Indira Gandhi. M. G. Ramachandran even visited Delhi to extend his support to Indira Gandhi. It was under these circumstances Karunanidhi's government was dismissed by the Government of India on 31 January 1976.

Death of Kamaraj and Rajaji
Kamaraj, leader of Indian National Congress (Organisation), who remarked in 1972, "Randu Katchigalum Orey Kuttaiyil Oorina Mattaigal (both parties, the DMK and the AIADMK, are like fronds dipped in the same bog or tarred by the same brush)." died in 1975. Indian National Congress (Indira) faction could not establish a foothold in Tamil Nadu until his death. After his death, Indian National Congress (Organisation) lost its identity as a party, and a large number of its members led by G. K. Moopanar merged with Indira Congress. The remaining chose not to join with Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, but rather joined the Janata Party and later remained largely uncommitted. Swatantra Party lost much of its power after the death of C. Rajagopalachari in 1972 and did not contest the election. Most of its members joined the newly formed Janata Party.

Coalitions
This election was a four cornered contest. The AIADMK allied itself with the Communist Party of India (Marxist), while INC(I) and Communist Party of India (CPI) contested as allies. The DMK and Janata Party (JNP) contested the elections alone. The AIADMK did not field any candidate in the Usilampatti Constituency in support of the Forward Bloc leader P.K. Mookiah Thevar. Similarly the AIADMK also supported the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) candidate M. Abdul Latheef in the Vaniyambadi Constituency. In the parliamentary elections that occurred just three months prior to this elections, there had been two major alliances – the AIADMK led AIADMK-INC-CPI coalition and the DMK led DMK-NCO-JNP-CPM coalition. But in the months that followed the parliamentary election, these coalitions fell apart.

Seat allotments

AIADMK Front

†: Forward Bloc contested in 6 different constituencies, but only the Usilampatti constituency contested by P.K.M. Thevar was supported by AIADMK

Congress Front

DMK

Janata Party

Voting and results
Polling for the election was held on 10 June 1977. Turnout among the eligible voters was 61.58%.

Results by Pre-Poll Alliance

|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: " |
| 144
| +142
| 5,734,692
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 33.5%
|-
|AIADMK
! style="background-color: #008000" |
| 130
| +130
| 5,194,876
| 30.4%
| 35.4%
|-
|CPI(M)
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 12
| +12
| 477,835
| 2.8%
| 33.0%
|-
|FBL
! style="background-color: #800000" |
| 1
| –
| 35,361
| 0.2%
| 62.0%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: olive" |
| 1
| –
| 26,620
| 0.2%
| 42.9%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK
! style="background-color: " |
| 48
| -136
| 4,258,771
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 24.9%
|-
|DMK
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 48
| -136
| 4,258,771
| 24.9%
| 25.3%
|-
! style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black"|Congress alliance
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 32
| +24
| 3,491,490
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 20.4%
|-
|INC
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 27
| +27
| 2,994,535
| 17.5%
| 20.8%
|-
|CPI
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 5
| -3
| 496,955
| 2.9%
| 20.4%
|-
! style="background-color:yellow; color:black"|Janata
! style="background-color:yellow" |
| 10
| +10
| 2,851,884
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 16.7%
|-
|JNP
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 10
| +10
| 2,851,884
| 16.7%
| 16.8%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| 1
| -7
| 751,712
|style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;" colspan=2 | 4.4%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 1
| -7
| 751,712
| 4.4%
| –
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Total
! style="background-color: " |
| 234
| –
| 17,108,146
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}
‡: Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.
Sources: Election Commission of India

 By constituency Key:'''

See also
 Elections in Tamil Nadu
 Legislature of Tamil Nadu
 Government of Tamil Nadu

References

External links
 Election Commission of India

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
1970s in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu


Marc Thuet (born 1963) is a chef based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who most recently appeared in his second season of a docu-reality TV series called Conviction Kitchen in which he trains 12 ex-cons to run a restaurant in Toronto.

Life and career
Born in Alsace, France, Thuet is a fourth-generation chef who began his apprenticeship in his uncle's restaurant at age twelve.  He received his formal training at the Lycée Hotelier in Strasbourg, France.

During his early professional years, Thuet worked in two and three star Michelin restaurants and hotels across Europe, including London's Dorchester under the tutelage of chef Anton Mosimann.

Thuet has headed the kitchen of many Toronto restaurants. In addition to being the executive chef of Petite Thuet, Atelier Thuet, and Bite Me!, he also opened a series of retail shops and a wholesale bakery.

Known for his use of locally grown produce purchased at local farmers markets, Thuet also travels to local Mennonite farms to purchase and butcher naturally-raised animals.

A cookbook by Thuet entitled French Food My Way was published in October 2010 by Penguin Publishing.

Work history

2008 – Present:  Petite Thuet – Toronto, Chef
2009–2010:  Conviction Restaurant – Toronto, Chef
2007–2009: Atelier Thuet – Toronto, Chef
2008–2009: Bite Me! – Toronto, Chef
2005–2008: Bistro & Bakery Thuet – Toronto, Chef
2004–2004: Rosewater Supper Club – Toronto, Consulting Chef
2002–2004: The Fifth – Toronto, Executive Chef
1993–2002: Centro – Toronto, Co-owner, Executive Chef
1989–1993: Centro – Toronto, Sous Chef
1986–1989: Windsor Arms Hotel Courtyard Café; Three Small Rooms – Toronto, Executive Sous Chef
1984–1985: Harbour Castle Hilton – Toronto, Chef de Partie
1982–1983: The Dorchester Terrace Dining Room – London (England), Apprentice/Commis

Education
Restaurant Management, École Hôtelière, Strasbourg (France) (1980)

See also
Cuisine of Toronto
King Street (Toronto)

References

External links
 Main Business Website
 Petite Thuet Website
 Marc Thuet at the Chef and Restaurant Database

1963 births
French chefs
Living people
People from Alsace
Participants in Canadian reality television series
Canadian television chefs
Canadian restaurateurs
Canadian male chefs


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Adams County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Adams County, Idaho, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 8 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Adams


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Ada County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ada County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 165 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register almost on a weekly basis.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Ada


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bonneville County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bonneville County, Idaho, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 32 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Bonneville


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Boise County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Boise County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 4 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Boise


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Blaine County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Blaine County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 23 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Blaine


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bingham County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bingham County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

Proposed or formerly listed
Dubois Historic District, roughly bounded by E. Main, Court, S. Shilling, and Bingham Sts., Blackfoot, Idaho.  Status changed October 4, 1982, reference number 82005189.  Incorporated into Shilling Avenue Historic District, 1983.

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

National Register of Historic Places in Bingham County, Idaho
Bingham


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Benewah County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties on the National Register of Historic Places in Benewah County, Idaho, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 9 properties listed on the National Register in the county. More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Benewah


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bear Lake County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bear Lake County, Idaho, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 92 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Bear Lake
National Register of Historic Places in Bear Lake County, Idaho


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bannock County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bannock County, Idaho, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 30 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.  More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Bannock


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Boundary County, Idaho.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Boundary County, Idaho, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.

There are 9 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Boundary


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bonner County, Idaho.

It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Bonner County, Idaho, United States.  Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.

There are 16 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.  More may be added; properties and districts nationwide are added to the Register weekly.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Idaho
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

References

Bonner