Eleanor Ruth Duckworth (born 1935) is a teacher, teacher educator, and psychologist.

Duckworth earned her Ph.D. (Docteur en sciences de l'éducation) at the Université de Genève in 1977. She grounds her work in Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder's insights into the nature and development of understanding and intelligence and in their clinical interview method. Duckworth also has been an elementary school teacher. Her participation in the 1960s curriculum development projects Elementary Science Study and African Primary Science Program was germinal for her insights and practices in exploratory methods in teaching and learning. She has conducted teacher education, curriculum development, and program evaluation in the United States, Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia and her native Canada. Duckworth is also a coordinator of Cambridge United for Justice with Peace and a performing modern dancer.

Short biography
Duckworth is the daughter of Jack and Muriel Duckworth, Canadian peace workers and social and community activists. She is named after Eleanor Roosevelt. Jack Duckworth, born in 1897, was a highly regarded leader in the national YMCA movement and an outspoken pacifist from the 1930s until his death in 1975. Muriel Duckworth, born in 1908 (maiden name Ball), who celebrated her hundredth birthday on October 31, 2008, was renowned as a crusader for social justice, women's rights, de-militarization, educational development and fighting poverty. She was one of the 1000 women worldwide nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.

Duckworth studied ballet in Halifax, Nova Scotia, as a student of Irene Apinee and Jury Gotshalks, and danced in the Gotshalks Halifax Ballet.  She stopped her dance studies at the age of 15, and started again at the age of 58.

She is the sister of Montreal filmmaker Martin Duckworth, and Nova Scotia businessman and musician John Duckworth.

(Re-)discovering Piaget
Piaget first influenced the child study and progressive education movement in Europe with publications such as  (1923) and  (1924), translated into English in the 1920s, and his experiments showing how young children understand size and volume were exhibited in the London Science Museum in the 1950s. However, Piaget's work was little known in the North American educational community after World War II until Eleanor Duckworth, a student of Piaget at that time, introduced his methods and analysis into the classroom and the US educational research community.

Eleanor Duckworth first met Jean Piaget in 1957 in Paris at the Sorbonne where she was a graduate student. For the next two years Duckworth studied with Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder at the Institut des Sciences de l'Education in Geneva, Switzerland. She served as a research and teaching assistant for the second of those years. She subsequently entered a doctoral program in cognitive psychology at Harvard University, and dropped out. For the years to come, the work with Piaget and Inhelder would have an important impact on her thinking and further development.  She returned to Geneva to finish her doctorate.

At Inhelder's recommendation, Duckworth began to participate in the Elementary Science Study (ESS) in 1962, a curriculum development and science education reform project that grew out of MIT and became the foundation of the organization now known as Education Development Center. The project was initiated by Jerrold Zacharias and participating scientists and teachers included, among others, David Hawkins, Mike Savage, Philip Morrison, Phylis Morrison, Ben Nichols, Claryce Evans, Lynn Margulis, Marion Walter, David Webster, Ed Prenowitz, Mike Rice, Cap Weston, Elsa Dorfman, and Edith Churchill. The project involved "[putting] physical materials into children's hands from the start and help[ing] each child investigate through these materials the nature of the world around him [stet]" (ESS, 1970, p. 7). Teachers and students experimented with natural materials like bulbs, batteries, pendulums or butterflies, ice cubes and earthworms. During her four years as a staff member at the ESS, Duckworth struggled to incorporate the theory and clinical method of Piaget into the work she and her colleagues did in classrooms (Duckworth, 2006, p. 1).

A breakthrough for communicating Piaget's work to a broader educational community occurred in 1964, when Duckworth acted as the English translator and interpreter of Piaget during a bi-coastal conference at Cornell University and University of California, Berkeley. Duckworth reported to her colleagues at the ESS about the conference by writing a short paper, "Piaget Rediscovered". This paper gave its name to the book that came out of the conference, a collection of papers on developmental psychology and curriculum development. The book was instrumental in re-awakening interest in Piaget's work among educators.

Deciding to devote herself to education, she sought work as elementary school teacher in Montreal. In 1970 she took a job at the Atlantic Institute of Education, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, as director of "The Lighthouse Project", a curriculum development and teacher education program for the four Atlantic provinces of Canada.

Collaborating with Jeanne Bamberger at the Division for Study and Research in Education at MIT, they initiated "The Teacher Project". During this project Duckworth and Bamberger worked to facilitate research experiences among teachers who worked in elementary schools in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1978. Duckworth continued to work with a smaller group of these same teachers for seven more years. This group, the Moon Group, explored the behaviour of the moon as a practice of learning and teaching.

Duckworth wrote essays based on some of these experiences with Piaget, the Cambridge Teacher Project, the Moon Group, and her own teaching in her landmark book The Having of Wonderful Ideas (1987|2006).

The developmentalist tradition
Within teacher education in the United States in the twentieth century, Duckworth's contributions relate to a progressive or developmentalist approach. The idea of a teacher acting as a researcher is embraced by the following four traditions of reflective teaching practice: academic, social efficiency, developmentalist and social reconstructivist. The developmentalist tradition considers that the teacher is both a practitioner and a researcher: "The teacher as researcher strand of this tradition has emphasized the need to foster the teacher's experimental attitude toward practice and to help teachers initiate and sustain ongoing inquiries in their own classroom" (Zeichner, 1992, p. 165).

Duckworth (2006, p. xiii) wrote in her book The Having of Wonderful Ideas that she built her developmental approach on two foundations very powerful to her:
The work of Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder. Duckworth was a student and colleague in the late 1950s and she acted as the English translator and interpreter of Piaget during his American lectures, until his death in 1980. Two aspects in the work of Piaget and Inhelder were especially important for Duckworth (2005b, pp. 258–259): First, the basic idea of assimilation, that is, every person creates meaning on her own, while taking any experience into her own schemes, structures, previous understanding. Second, the clinical interviewing or clinical method, that is, engaging children in talking about their ideas with a researcher.
Her experience with the Elementary Science Study (ESS) curriculum development program. This program is consistent with the work of Piaget and Inhelder in psychology and it is considered to be a milestone in the history of science education. The Elementary Science Study tackled the following main question: "So how do we present material 'from without' so that the activity that 'the mind itself undergoes' is valuable?" (Duckworth, 2005a, p. 142)

As a constructivist who defines teaching as helping people learn, Duckworth emphasizes the importance of engaging learners with phenomena, understanding students' current understandings and trying to facilitate students' own thinking. The central question of Duckworth's (2006: xiv) research over five decades continues to be: "How do people learn and what can anyone do to help?" In the process of investigating this question, she has developed a research method which she has called expanded clinical interviewing, teaching/learning research and critical exploration. These three phrases emerged in the course of her research and are used interchangeably (Duckworth, 2006, p. xv).

Critical Exploration
Bärbel Inhelder first applied the name critical exploration to Piaget's clinical interviewing which included observing children as well as interviewing and interacting with a child who is experimenting and investigating a problem set by the researcher. Inhelder introduced this method to pedagogical contexts (Inhelder, Sinclair & Bovet, 1974, p. 18–20). Duckworth (2005b, p. 258–259) describes critical exploration as having two facets: curriculum development and pedagogy. In the context of critical exploration, curriculum development means: the teacher is planning how to engage students' minds in exploring the subject matter. Pedagogy constitutes the practice by which teachers invite students to express their thoughts:

During critical exploration, exploring goes on in two modes: In one mode, the child explores the subject matter and in the other mode, the researcher-teacher explores the child's thinking. Hence, for the teacher, critical exploration finds itself at the nexus of research and teaching where teacher and learner support each other (Shorr, 2007, p. 369–370):

Consequently, Duckworth (2008b) suggests that a classroom teacher can take on the role of a researcher. The teacher explores too, by interacting with students' learning. It is the teacher's work to present engaging problems, and attend to students' ways of figuring them out helping them to notice what's interesting. For example, the teacher listens to students explain their ideas and asks them questions that seek to take students' thinking further (Duckworth, 2006, p. 173–174).

The main ideas of the teaching/learning research
Outlining her approach, Duckworth (2006, p. 173) states: "As a student of Piaget, I was convinced that people must construct their own knowledge and must assimilate new experiences in ways that make sense to them. I knew that, more often than not, simply telling students what we want them to know leaves them cold". Considering learning and teaching, critical exploration stresses the following aspects:
 Students bring their prior expectations, interests and knowledge to the learning experience: The students' experience and insights are of high value as the development of their personal intelligence emerges through actions and the having of wonderful ideas. To reach deep understanding, students need to start from their own sets of ideas, be engaged in the subject matter and make a connection from the actual problem or subject matter to what they already understand. Consequently, the students do the talking as they explain the sense they are making, while the teacher listens. However, this requires a learning culture that accommodates students in feeling free and safe to say what their emerging ideas are, and that what they say is valued (Duckworth in Meek, 1991). "[B]y opening up to children the many fascinating aspects of the ordinary world and by enabling them to feel that their ideas are worthwhile having and following through, their tendency to have wonderful ideas can be affected in significant ways" (Duckworth, 2006, p. 12).
 Students need something complex that challenges them to explore: Students need to engage with the phenomena of study, not schematic substitutes. It is in struggling with complex problems that every learner undergoes the process of constructing their own knowledge. As learners experience internal cognitive conflicts in what they believe about the subject matter, their minds become more deeply engaged with the problem at hand. Learners' efforts in figuring out questions and puzzles are more productive than knowing the right answer because higher order thinking processes are involved. Therefore, teachers of critical exploration value the diverse efforts that students make during their explorations even where these efforts do not arrive at expected answers. In facilitating this investigative work, the questions that are asked over and over again by students and teachers alike are, for example: "What do you notice?" What do you mean?" "How are you thinking about it?" "Why do you think that?" "Is that the same as what (someone else) thought they saw?" "How did you figure that?" "How did you do that?" "How does that fit with what she just said?" "Could you give an example?" The responses that teachers and students give to each other might have the form of: "I don't quite get it." "It doesn't make sense (to me)." "I don't really get that; could you explain it another way?" Hence, most important: It is the students who make sense and understand by trying out their ideas, explaining them to others, and seeing how this holds up in other people's and their own eyes and in the light of the phenomena itself (Duckworth, 2002).
 Teacher as facilitator with a researcher mind-set: The teacher creates situations and selects environmental resources that get students excited and engaged in learning that is meaningful to them. The teacher is sensitive to the thoughts and feelings of learners, puts students at ease, engages learners, invites them to talk about their ideas, waits for learners to think and listens and then, reacts to the substance of their answers without judging them. The teacher takes a neutral researcher's stance. Instead of lecturing, the teacher creates situations that put learners into confronting their thinking processes, where they are responsible for their own learning. The teachers' role then, is asking questions like "When you say x, what do you mean by it?" "How would that work if applied to this situation?" "Am I right in understanding your idea, if I say it this way?" to reveal students' thinking and take their own thoughts further. That way, the teacher refrains from signaling to the students what he might expect them to say. Instead, the teacher provides opportunities for learners to reveal their own understanding. The thoughts that learners have become visible through the responses they make including: actions, drawings, gestures, constructions, dialogues and sound, for example. Guiding questions for the teacher himself might be as follows (Duckworth, 2005b, p. 261): "What lies behind this response? How may the other children be responding to it? What question shall I ask next, or what experience to offer next, or where to direct their attention next?" The students' work is to make sense of the phenomena of study. The teachers' work is to ensure safe and supportive conditions in the classroom so that the students can take intellectual risks and do their work investigatively.

Teacher education
If teachers are to teach their students exploratively, they must have experienced learning as explorers themselves (Duckworth, 2006). In the teacher education work that Duckworth does at Harvard University and elsewhere, she provides teachers with the opportunity to live through and think about the phenomena of teaching and learning. She involves teacher education students in the effort to understand somebody else's understanding. She considers it important for teachers to know what their students are understanding, that is: what sense the students are making of the subject matter (Duckworth in Meek, 1991, p. 32).

In her courses at Harvard University she applies her teaching approach by using critical exploration to teach critical exploration. Her famous T-440 course titled Teaching and Learning: "The Having of Wonderful Ideas" is usually conducted with two parallel groups, each having up to 50 teacher education students. Duckworth states on her course website: "The course starts from the premise that there are endless numbers of adequate pathways for people to come to understand subject matters. Curriculum and assessment must build on this diversity. A second premise is that every person can get involved with and enjoy and get good at every subject matter."

In her university teaching Duckworth (2006, p. 9 and 173–192) tries to engage teacher education students with three major kinds of teaching and learning phenomena:
 Films and/or (life) demonstrations with one or two children or adolescents. In this way teacher education students can observe children/adults learning while instructors are teaching by engaging those learners and by listening and understanding the explanations of those learners;
 Teacher education students carry out a similar inquiry outside of classtime, where they meet with one or two people who are their practice learners. In this way, each teacher education student creates, on his own, a trial critical exploration for learners and then reflects on it in writing;
 Teacher education students learn as a group about a particular subject other than teaching and learning. Through this exploratory study by the group, the teacher education students are learning in the same way that the children in their classes will be learning. This subject could be from any area of study such as: pendulums, mathematical permutations, history, arts and poems.

In the summer of 2013 Professor Duckworth went to the south of England as the guest of honor of the holistic Brockwood Park School for the education conference taking place there entitled "When is Teaching? Getting in or out of the way at the right time".

Awards (selection)
 Honorary doctorate, Colby College (2013)
 Inaugural Barbara K. Lipman Award for Advances in Early Childhood Education given annually to a researcher, writer or program designer who has significantly influenced early childhood education or child growth and development, University of Memphis  (2008).
 Doctor of the University, Honoris Causa, University of Ottawa (1993).
 The book "The having of wonderful ideas" and other essays on teaching and learning won the American Educational Association Award for writing on teaching and teacher education (1987).
 Inaugural Catherine Molony Memorial Lecture at City College School of Education, Workshop Center for Open Education (1979).
 Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Lesley University (1977).

Bibliography (selection)

 Duckworth, E.R. (1973a). Language and Thought. In M. Schwebel & J. Raph (eds), Piaget in the classroom (pp. 132–154). New York: Basic Books.
 Duckworth, E.R. (1973b). The having of wonderful ideas. In M. Schwebel & J. Raph (Eds.), Piaget in the classroom (pp. 258–277). New York: Basic Books.
 Duckworth, E.R. (1973c). Piaget takes a teacher's look. An interview with Jean Piaget. Learning: The magazine for Creative Teaching, 22–27.
 Duckworth, E.R. (1978). The African primary science program: An evaluation and extended thoughts. Grand Forks: North Dakota Study Group on Evaluation.

 Duckworth, E.R. (1990). Opening the world. In E. Duckworth, J. Easley, D. Hawkins & A. Henriques (Eds.), Science education: A minds-on approach for the elementary years (pp. 21–59). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

 Duckworth, E.R. (2001a). Inventing density. In E. Duckworth (ed.), "Tell me more": Listening to learners explain (pp. 1–41). New York: Teachers College Press. Original publication 1986.
 Duckworth, E.R. (eds.) (2001b). "Tell me more": Listening to learners explain. New York: Teachers College Press. Booknote retrieved, April 12, 2009, at http://www.hepg.org/her/booknote/79 Book review retrieved, April 12, 2009, at http://www.nicholasmeier.com/Articles/2005-04_duckworth.htm
 Duckworth, E.R. (2002). "The having of wonderful ideas" and other essays on teaching and learning. Fieldwork - Notes from expeditionary learning classrooms, X(2), 11–12. Book review
 Duckworth, E.R. (2005a). A reality to which each belongs. In B.S. Engel (ed.), Holding values: What we mean by progressive education (pp. 142–147). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.

 Duckworth, E.R. (2006). "The having of wonderful ideas" and other essays on teaching and learning. Third edition. New York: Teachers College Press.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2008). Teaching as research. In A. Miletta & M. Miletta (eds), Classroom conversations. A collection of classics for parents and teachers (pp. 119–144). New York: The New Press.
 Duckworth, E.R. & Fusaro, M. (2008b). Critical exploration in the classroom. Harvard Graduate School of Education - Usable Knowledge.

 Duckworth, E.R. and the Experienced Teachers Group (1997). Teacher to teacher: Learning from each other. New York: Teachers College Press. Book review retrieved, April 12, 2009, at https://web.archive.org/web/20081006191210/http://edrev.asu.edu/reviews/rev42.htm
 Duckworth, E.R. (2010). "The Soul Purpose". Learning Landscapes, 3 (2): 21–28.
 Duckworth, E.R. & Julyan, C. (2005). A constructivist perspective on teaching and learning science. In C.T. Fosnot (Ed.), Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice (pp. 61–79). 2nd edition. New York: Teachers College Press.
 Duckworth, E.R., Easley, J., Hawkins, D. & Henriques, A. (Eds.) (1990). Science education: A minds-on approach for the elementary years. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Notes

References
 Bobilya, A.J. & Daniel, B. (2009). Eleanor Duckworth: The teacher's teacher. In T. Smith & C.E. Knapp (eds), Beyond Dewey and Hahn: Foundations for experiential education, Vol I (pp. 113–122). Lake Geneva, WI: Raccoon Institute.
 Cavicchi, E.M. (1999). Experimenting with wires, batteries, bulbs, and the induction coil: Narratives of teaching and learning physics in the electrical investigations of Laura, David, Jamie, myself and the nineteenth century experiments - our developments and instruments. Thesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Education.
 Cavicchi, E.M. (June 2007). Opening possibilities in experimental science and its history: Critical explorations with pendulums and singing tubes. Session 2.1.1.3, Ninth International History, Philosophy and Science Teaching Conference. Published in Interchange, 39, 2008, 415–442.

 Cavicchi, E.M., Chiu, S-M. & Hughes-McDonnell, F. (2009). Introductory Paper on Critical Explorations in Teaching Art, Science, and Teacher Education. The New Educator, 5(3), 189–204.
 Chira, S. (1989). Wherein balloons teach the learning process. Special to New York Times, November 29, 1998.

 Dorn, M.S. (1979). An example for us all. Learning with Breadth and Depth, by Eleanor Duckworth, ed. R. Dropkin, Workshop Center for Open Education, New York.
 Elementary Science Study (ESS) (1970). Elementary science study reader. Newton, MA: Education Development Center, Inc.
 Falk, B. (2009). From the editor - Critical explorations: The road to understanding. The New Educator 5(3), i-ii.
 Hsueh, Y. (1997). Jean Piaget, spontaneous development and constructivist teaching. Thesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Education.

 Inhelder, B., Sinclair, H. & Bovet, M. (1974). Learning and the development of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

 Pettigrew, N.G. (Spring 2007). The art of listening. The Exeter Bulletin, 42–45.
 Ripple, R.E. & Rockcastle, V.N. (Eds.) (1964). Piaget rediscovered. A report of the conference on cognitive studies and curriculum development. Cornell University: School of Education.

 Zeichner, K.M. (1992). Conceptions of reflective teaching in contemporary U.S. teacher education program reforms. In L. Valli (Ed.), Reflective teacher education - cases and critiques (pp. 161–173). Albany, NY: SUNY Press.

Further reading
 Annenberg Media (w.d.). Tune in to the moon. Materials, activities and resources regarding learning about the moon.
 Duckworth, E.R. (1973). Learning about thinking and vice versa (videorecording, 32 min.), Films Inc., Ford Foundation. Educator Eleanor Duckworth demonstrates children's thinking processes (and developmental differences in children's learning) through classic Piaget-type interviews held during a workshop for teachers, teacher aides, and principals of two inner-city Philadelphia schools.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2009a). Faculty profile, Harvard University School of Education.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2009b). "Critical thinking through learner-centred teaching". An interview with Eleanor Duckworth conducted by Anis Haffar.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2010a). Talk at Lesley University, April 30, 2010. Boston, MA.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2012). "Confusion, play and postponing certainty", Harvard Thinks Big. Harvard Graduate School of Education, February 16, 2012, Cambridge, MA.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2012a). Commencement 2012: Professor Eleanor Duckworth's Convocation Speech, Harvard University Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA.
 Duckworth, E.R. (2012b). . TEDxPioneerValley.
 Evans, R.I. (1973). Jean Piaget. The man and his ideas. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.; Translated by Eleanor Duckworth.
 Falk, B. (ed.) (2009). Critical explorations: The road to understanding. Theme issue in The New Educator 5(3).
 Mayer, S.J. (2009). Critical exploration - website
 Piaget, J. (1968, lecture one). Genetic Epistemology. A series of lectures delivered by Piaget at Columbia University. Published by Columbia University Press; translated by Eleanor Duckworth.

1935 births
Living people
Colby College alumni
Educational psychologists
American educational theorists
American humanists
American women psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
Eleanor
Pragmatists
Scientists from Montreal
American women academics
21st-century American women
20th-century American psychologists


Midsouth Emmy Awards are a division of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The Nashville, Tennessee division was founded in 1984. In addition to granting the Midsouth Emmy Awards, this division awards scholarships, honors industry veterans at the Silver Circle Celebration, conducts National Student Television Awards of Excellence, has a free research and a nationwide job bank. The chapter also participates in judging Emmy entries at the regional and national levels.

Boundaries

The academy is divided into the following boundaries and encompasses the states of North Carolina (except Asheville) and Tennessee as well as the television market of Huntsville, Alabama. These boundaries are responsible for the submission of television broadcast materials presented for awards considerations.

See also
 22nd Midsouth Emmy Awards
 23rd Midsouth Emmy Awards
 24th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 25th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 26th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 27th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 28th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 29th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 30th Midsouth Emmy Awards
 31st Midsouth Emmy Awards
 32nd Midsouth Emmy Awards
33rd Midsouth Emmy Awards

References

Midsouth *
Awards established in 1984
1984 establishments in Tennessee


Only the Strong is the second album by the Canadian/American heavy metal band Thor, released in 1985. The singles "Let the Blood Run Red", "Knock 'Em Down", and "Thunder on the Tundra" helped the album reach platinum status in Canada and the United Kingdom. "Let the Blood Run Red" and "Thunder on the Tundra" peaked, respectively, at Nos. 91 and 89 on the UK Singles Chart.

Track listing

Notes
2000 reissue
 Tracks 12-13 recorded Live Pinktooth Brush, U.K. 06/13/1985

2021 Bonus Tracks
 Tracks 12-15: from "The Edge Of Hell" (1987)
 Tracks 16: 1983 demo of "Scratch and Destroy" recorded at A Step Above Studios, NY
 Tracks 17: Recorded in 1983 at A Step Above Studios, NY. Additional recording in 1988
 Tracks 18: 1981 demo of "Anger" recorded at Moshroom Studios, Vancouver, BC & Thunder Sound Studios, New Westminster, BC
 Tracks 19: 1986 demo of "Thunderhawk" recorded at Thunderhawk International Studios
 Tracks 20: Recorded in 1981 at Moshroom Studios, Vancouver, BC & Thunder Sound Studios, New Westminster, BC. Additional recording in 1988 at Thunder Sound Studios, New Westminster, BC

Bonus DVD
 Tracks 1-6: Marquee, London 1984
 Tracks 7: Great Yarmouth Festival 1984
 Tracks 8: Connecticut 1983
 Tracks 9: New York 1983
 Tracks 10: New York 1982
 Tracks 11: Washington DC 1982
 Tracks 12: Great Yarmouth Festival 1984
 Tracks 13: Vancouver, Canada 1984
 Tracks 14: United Kingdom Tour 1984

Credits

 Jon Mikl Thor – vocals
 Steve Price – guitar
 Keith Zazzi – bass, backing vocals
 Mike Favata – drums
 Cherry Bomb (aka Rusty Hamilton) – backing vocals

Production
 Produced by Tom Doherty
 Engineers: John Dent, Tony Harris

References

1985 albums
Thor (band) albums


Rodrigo Damm (; born 3 February 1980) is a Brazilian retired professional mixed martial artist who last competed in the Lightweight division of the UFC. A professional since 2004, he also competed for World Victory Road, Strikeforce, Jungle Fight, Shooto, and was a competitor on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil.

Background
Damm began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu when he was 16 years old, and also competed in wrestling. He is a seven-time national champion in both sports as well as a world champion in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.

Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Damm made his professional mixed martial arts debut in October 2004, losing via split decision to Luciano Azevedo. In the years following that loss, he went on an 8 fight win streak while fighting all over the world including Japan, Russia and South Korea.

Strikeforce
Damm made his United States MMA debut at Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Diaz against Gilbert Melendez for the Strikeforce Interim Lightweight Championship.

Damm returned to the promotion in 2011, where he faced Justin Wilcox in the main event at Strikeforce Challengers: Wilcox vs. Damm.  He lost the fight via doctor stoppage between the first and second round due to a cut.

The Ultimate Fighter
In March 2012, Damm appeared as a fighter on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil.  In the opening elimination fight, he defeated Fabrício Guerreiro by submission (rear naked choke) in round 2 to get into the TUF house.

Damm was selected fourth (eighth overall) by Vitor Belfort to be a part of Team Vitor. During the show, Damm often came to blows with Anistavio "Gasparzinho" Medeiros, as Gasparzinho's prankster attitude constantly annoyed the more serious Damm.  In the quarterfinals, Damm was matched up against undefeated John Teixeira. After three closely contested rounds, Damm won via split decision.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
Damm made his UFC debut at UFC 147 on 23 June 2012 where he faced his rival from the TUF, Gasparzinho.  He won the fight via submission in the first round, earning a Submission of the Night bonus in the process.

Damm fought Antonio Carvalho on 17 November 2012 at UFC 154. Damm lost a back and forth fight via split decision.

Damm next fought Mizuto Hirota at UFC on Fuel TV 10 on 8 June 2013. He won the back-and-forth fight via split decision.

Damm was expected to face Hacran Dias at UFC Fight Night 29.  However, the bout was scrapped just days prior to the event after Damm was sidelined due to a kidney stone attack.

Damm moved back to Lightweight and faced Ivan Jorge on 15 February 2014 at UFC Fight Night 36. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

Damm faced Rashid Magomedov on 31 May 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

Damm faced Al Iaquinta at UFC Fight Night 50 on 5 September 2014.  Iaquinta defeated Damm via third-round TKO.

Damm faced Evan Dunham on 3 January 2015 at UFC 182. He lost the fight by unanimous decision and was subsequently released from the promotion.

Following his release, Damm posted this statement to social media.

"I stopped, retired from MMA. I'm not training hard enough for quite some time. I go to my BJJ gym two or three times a week, when I can. I keep training but for my own pleasure. I'm enjoying my family. I spent a lot of time away from home and traveling, now I can watch my kids grow up. I think I'm gonna start doing business with my dad at his woodshop. This should be my future"

Personal life
Rodrigo's sister Carina Damm is also a mixed martial artist.

Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Submission of the Night (One time)

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–9
| Evan Dunham
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 182
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–8
| Al Iaquinta
| TKO (punches and elbows)
| UFC Fight Night: Jacare vs. Mousasi
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:26
| Mashantucket, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–7
| Rashid Magomedov
| Decision (unanimous)
| The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale: Miocic vs. Maldonado
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–6
| Ivan Jorge
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Mousasi
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–6
| Mizuto Hirota
| Decision (split)
| UFC on Fuel TV: Nogueira vs. Werdum
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Fortaleza, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–6
| Antonio Carvalho
| Decision (split)
| UFC 154
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–5
| Anistavio Medeiros
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFC 147
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:12
| Belo Horizonte, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–5
| Justin Wilcox
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| Strikeforce Challengers: Wilcox vs. Damm
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
| Stockton, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–4
| Maximo Blanco
| TKO (punches)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku Raiden Championships 13
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:45
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–3
| Ivan Iberico
| Decision (unanimous)
| Jungle Fight 17: Vila Velha
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Vila Velha, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–3
| Gilbert Melendez
| KO (punches)
| Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Diaz
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:02
| San Jose, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–2
| Eiji Mitsuoka
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:13
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–1
| Jorge Masvidal
| TKO (punch)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:38
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–1
| Johil de Oliveira
| Decision
| Universidade Fight Show 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Espirito Santo, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Ryan Bow
| KO (punches)
| BodogFIGHT: Vancouver
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:03
| Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Santino DeFranco
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| BodogFIGHT Series II: Clash of the Nations
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:58
| Saint Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–1
| Kultar Gill
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| BodogFIGHT: Clash of the Nations I
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:11
| Saint Petersburg, Russia
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–1
| Naoki Seki
| Submission (armbar)
| MARS 4: New Deal
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:48
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–1
| Jyu Do Fan
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| MARS Attack 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:56
| Seoul, South Korea
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–1
| Luciano Silva
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Night of Fight 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:26
| Vila Velha, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–1
| Luciano Azevedo
| Decision (split)
| Shooto Brazil: Never Shake
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| São Paulo, Brazil
|

Mixed martial arts exhibition record

|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| John Macapá
| Decision (split)
| The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil
| align=center|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Fabrício Guerreiro
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil
| align=center|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| N/A
| Brazil
|

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Brazilian male sport wrestlers
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Lightweight mixed martial artists
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Brazilian people of German descent
People from Vila Velha
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Espírito Santo


Wake (Stylized WAKE) is a 2008 novel by Lisa McMann centered on seventeen-year-old Janie Hannagan's involuntary power which thrusts her into others' dreams. The novel follows Janie through parts of her young adulthood, focusing mainly on the events that occur during her senior year, in which she meets an enigmatic elderly woman, and becomes involved with Cabel, a loner and purported drug-dealer at Fieldridge High School. The book is set up in a diary like form, specifying the date and time at which each event occurs. The two books that follow Wake in the trilogy are Fade and Gone. Wake debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list for children's chapter books, and garnered several awards for young adult literature.

Main characters
Janie is the main character. She tells us what is going on in her life, and she is the most important character. She is able to see into other people's dreams and whenever she sees someone in class or riding the bus sleeping, she starts to get paralyzed when this happens.
Cabel Strumheller, who develops a romantic relationship with Janie and is the only one who knows her secret. He does not play a major role until late in the story. He has a covert identity and helps police with drug busting.  He is also plagued with dreams of killing a man who Janie later realizes is his father.
Carrie Brandt, Janie's best friend, who usually hangs out with the wealthier kids. She is also Melinda's best friend. She has recurring nightmares of the death of her younger brother, who drowned. She becomes entangled in the drug bust in the end.
Miss Stubin, an elderly woman who lives in Heather Home where Janie works. Also a dream catcher, she helps Janie realize her abilities.
Captain Fran Komiski, Cabel's boss, and the one who is in charge of the drug-busting operation.
Melinda Jeffers, Carrie's other best friend, is one of the rich kids Carrie hangs out with. She dislikes Janie very much.
Janie's mother, who isn't even considered a main character because she is never there for Janie and is always in her bedroom drunk and hungover.

Plot summary
The book begins with multiple flashbacks, all leading to Janie's extraordinary powers and where she stands in the present day. Janie Hannagan is an independent, 17-year-old senior at Fieldridge High School, living at home with her alcoholic mother and trying to find ways to fund her future college education. What makes Janie so different from her peers is that she has the involuntary ability to witness others' dreams. Janie discovered this ability at 8 years old when she was able to witness a businessman's dream of him giving a presentation in his underwear. From that day on, she is somewhat cursed by the long struggle and suffering of being part of others' dreams and nightmares. By taking part in others' dreams, she can see their fears and/or desires. This leads to Janie finding out the secrets of the people around her, but she cannot reveal them because they might think she is crazy. Whenever someone falls asleep within a certain distance of Janie, she automatically becomes paralyzed and unable to see anything other than what is happening in the dream she is viewing--- she is sucked into the other person's dream. This distance usually increases significantly if the dream the person is having is a nightmare. People within the dream she enters usually ask her for help, but she is unable to, for she doesn't know how to.  All these incidents become a problem for Janie, especially towards her junior and senior years, because most of the time she cannot control the situation. Her peers, especially Cabel, become suspicious of her strange behavior. While most of her classmates have dreams typical of adolescent anxieties, Cabel, a mysterious loner, has frighteningly morbid dreams that Janie cannot come to terms with.

After several encounters, Janie and Cabel fall for each other on a class trip to Canada, during which time Cabel becomes aware of Janie's strange powers. Although Cabel helps Janie protect her secret, they are unable to maintain a close relationship due to pressure from their peers, secrecy, Cabel's growing reputation as a drug dealer to the wealthy and his hanging out at a wealthy girl's house all the time (Shay)...

Even as Janie and Cabel grow apart, their desire for each other increases. As Cabel seems to fall away from Janie and into the drug trade, Janie realizes things are not always as they seem, and she can learn to use her powers to help others and even serve the community.

But all is not as it seems, for Janie soon finds out that Cabel isn't a drug dealer and he was not involved with Shay in any way. But rather Cabel is a sort of underground cop and was on the trail of a major drug bust. Janie is relieved to find out that Cabel isn't doing drugs or hanging out with Shay because he wants to.

With the help of Miss Stubin at the Heather Home, Janie discovers that she is a dream catcher and has the power to help others resolve the dreams which are haunting them.

The climax of the story comes as Cabel, along with a number of other Fieldridge students and parents, is imprisoned on narcotics charges. Janie witnesses the dream of Shay's father who was the leader in this drug dealing business. The dream is very intense and lasts for hours and Janie soon becomes completely numb and falls out of her chair. Then Captain Fran, Cabel's boss, asks Janie what she saw in the dream, hoping that the dream would indicate the location of the drug dealer's major stash. Janie describes the dream to Fran and concludes that the drugs are sewn inside the life jackets on the drug dealer's yacht.

After all that she did to help the police, Janie was given a contract, a scholarship offer, and a paycheck.

Awards
 WAKE - 2008 American Library Association Best Books for Young Adults
 WAKE - 2008 Cybil Award Finalist
 WAKE - 2009 American Library Association Top 10 Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Readers

Development
The inspiration for the novel came from one of the author's dreams. "I had a dream that I was in my husband's dream, watching what he was dreaming about. When I woke up, I wrote it down and it sort of consumed my thoughts for the next month. Slowly the idea for the book and its main character, Janie, developed. Once I started writing, I couldn't stop."

Critical reception
Since Wake's initial debut, it has generally received positive response from many critics. Publishers Weekly states, "The trick to getting hooked on this highly satisfying first novel is to look past its disjointed opening….The plot twists keep coming, even if one or two are shopworn, and the writing has a Caroline Cooney-like snap that's hard to resist."  Booklist's Heather Booth wrote, "A fast pace, a great mix of teen angst and supernatural experiences, and an eerie, attention grabbing cover will make this a hit." The School Library Journal points out, "This book is ideal for reluctant readers, especially girls." Kirkus Reviews also gave the book praise, stating, "McMann lures teens in by piquing their interest in the mysteries of the unknown, and keeps them with quick-paced, gripping narration and supportive characters."

References

External links
 Lisa McMann's web site

2008 American novels
American fantasy novels
American young adult novels
Novels about dreams
Novels about psychic powers
Young adult fantasy novels
2008 debut novels


Wade Hixton's Counter Punch is a boxing video game for Game Boy Advance. Its gameplay has been favorably compared to Punch-Out!!.

Before release, the game was known as Sadistic Boxing and Sucker Punch.

Development
Wade Hixton's Counter Punch was developed by Inferno Games.

Reception

The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot named Wade Hixton's Counter Punch the best Game Boy Advance game of March 2004.

See also
List of fighting games

References

External links
Official website

2004 video games
Boxing video games
Destination Software games
Engine Software games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the Netherlands


Irina Georgieva Bokova (; born 12 July 1952) is a Bulgarian politician and the former Director-General of UNESCO (2009–2017). During her political and diplomatic career in Bulgaria, she served, among others, two terms as a member of the National parliament, and deputy minister of foreign affairs and minister of foreign affairs ad interim under Prime Minister Zhan Videnov. She also served as Bulgaria's ambassador to France and to Monaco, and was Bulgaria's Permanent Delegate to UNESCO. Bokova was also the personal representative of Bulgaria's president to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (2005–2009).

On 15 November 2009, she took office as the ninth Director-General of UNESCO, marking two firsts: she became both the first female and the first Southeastern European to head the agency. At UNESCO, Bokova advocated for gender equality, improved education and preventing funding for terrorism, especially by enforcing the protection of intellectual goods. A firm opponent of racism and anti-Semitism, Director-General Bokova led UNESCO's activities on Holocaust remembrance.

Childhood and early years
Irina Bokova is the daughter of the communist politician Georgi Bokov, editor-in-chief of Rabotnichesko Delo, the official newspaper and organ of the Bulgarian Communist Party. By descent Bokova is Bulgarian. Bokova graduated from the First English Language School, and then went on to graduate from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, preparing young apparatchiks from the entire Eastern Bloc for future tasks such as diplomats and agents under the control of the KGB. Subsequently, she worked at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, starting in 1977 as a third secretary and eventually becoming acting minister (ad interim) between 13 November 1996 – 13 February 1997. In 2015 German newspaper Die Welt discovered an error on her UNESCO biography page, where she was named the minister, and not the ad interim. When it came to public attention, the error was immediately removed.

Bokova was a member of the Bulgarian communist party until 1990, when the party was renamed in Bulgarian Socialist Party, and her membership was cancelled, after changes in the law that year required that employees of several ministries, among them Foreign Affairs, should not be members of any political party. Bokova was two terms member of the Bulgarian Parliament – the first term in 1990-1991 during the 7th Grand (Constitutional) National Assembly, elected as a majoritarian representative with the Bulgarian Socialist Party list, and the second, during the 39th National Assembly, in 2001–2005, with the Coalition for Bulgaria list.

Personal
In addition to her mother tongue Bulgarian, she speaks English, French, Spanish and Russian. She is married to Kalin Mitrev, a director at EBRD, and has two children.

Education

 1971: First English Language School, Sofia.
 1976: Moscow State Institute of International Relations, MSc in international relations.
 1989, January – August: University of Maryland, School of Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., Program on US foreign policy decision-making process.
 1992–1994: NATO fellow, Program for Central and Eastern Europe on democratic institutions focusing on the national and legal mechanism for the protection of minorities.
 1999, November – December: Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Executive Program in Leadership and Economic Development.

Career

Current positions

 Former Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Bulgaria to France.
 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Bulgaria to the Principality of Monaco.
 Permanent Delegate of the Republic of Bulgaria to UNESCO.
 Representative of the Bulgarian Government to the executive board of UNESCO (since the election of Bulgaria in October 2007).
 Personal Representative of the President of the Republic of Bulgaria to Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF).
 Deputy Chairperson, Group of Francophone Countries at UNESCO.
 Chairperson of the Second Extraordinary Session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (February 2008, Sofia).
 Member of the Literary group Prix des Ambassadeur.

Parliamentary experience

 Deputy Chairperson of the Foreign Policy, Defense and Security Committee.
 Member of the European Integration Committee.
 Deputy Chairperson of the Joint Parliamentary Committee Bulgaria – European Union.

Civil society experience

 Founder and Chairperson of the European Policy Forum (since its inception in Sofia in 1997), a non-profit, non-governmental organization.
 Patron of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The university, which is the product of east–west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc.) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

 2005–2009: Ambassador of Bulgaria to France and Monaco
 2005–2009: Ambassador of Bulgaria to UNESCO
 November 1996 – February 1997: acting at the ministry of foreign affairs (ad interim)
 June 1995 – February 1997, other positions held in the cabinet of Zhan Videnov, Bulgarian Socialist Party:
 First Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs in charge of UN, OSCE, EU and NATO.
 Chief co-ordinator of Bulgaria–EU relations.
 Co-chairperson, Bulgaria – EU Association Committee.
 National PHARE Co-ordinator.
 Chairperson, Inter-Agency Co-ordination Commission on European Integration (at deputy ministerial level).
 Took part as head of delegation or keynote speaker in a number of international fora.
 Member of the Board of Trustees of the Centre for European Studies.
 1984–1990: second and first secretary, Department UN and Disarmament
 1982–1984: third secretary, Permanent Mission of Bulgaria to the UN
 1977–1982: intern and third secretary, Department UN and Disarmament

UNESCO
On 22 September 2009, Bokova was elected Director-General of UNESCO. She defeated nine candidates at the election in Paris, with Farouk Hosny ultimately being defeated by 31–27 in the fifth and last round of voting. Hosny had been expected to win but attracted criticism from figures such as Nobel Peace laureate Elie Wiesel over his anti-Israel statements. She took over the position from Koïchiro Matsuura of Japan. She entered the office of the Director-General as both the first woman, and the first Southeastern European to take this role.
On 15 October 2009, the 35th session of the General Conference elected Irina Bokova of Bulgaria as the tenth Director-General of UNESCO. The investiture took place in a ceremony in Room I in the afternoon of Friday 23 October 2009.

On 4 October 2013, the executive board of UNESCO nominated her for second term as Director-General. She was re-elected by the UNESCO General Conference on 12 November 2013.

In 2009, while most of the Bulgarian media was supportive of Ms. Bokova's future role at the helm of UNESCO, some raised questions about her past as a daughter of a member of the totalitarian communist elite. Bulgarian-born German writer Iliya Troyanov criticised Bokova's election as Director-General of UNESCO in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, calling it "a scandal," in light of Bokova's father's communist past. On the other hand, The New York Times not only published an article, explaining who Mrs. Bokova is, but also officially supported her nomination on the grounds that "[s]he played an active role in Bulgaria's political transformation from Soviet satellite to European Union member. That should be a strong asset in leading an organization badly buffeted in the past by ideological storms."

On 16 January 2014, Irina Bokova yielded to pressure from the Arab League and postponed for five months an exhibit entitled The People, the Book, the Land – 3,500 years of ties between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel, following protest from the Arab states in UNESCO, arguing it would harm the peace process. Invitations had already gone out and the exhibit was scheduled to run from 21 January through 30 January at UNESCO's Paris headquarters with fully prepared exhibition material already in place. In a letter to Bokova, Abdulla al Neaimi, an official from the United Arab Emirates, expressed "deep worry and great disapproval" over the program showing the age old connection between Israel and the Jewish people. The US State Department said it was outraged at the move, "UNESCO's decision is wrong and should be reversed." Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs said "is no appropriate rationale to delay the exhibition and deeply disappointed by the decision made to postpone it". The Wiesenthal Center called the move an "Absolute outrage, the Arabs don't want the world to know that the Jews have a 3,500-year relationship to the Land of Israel". The exhibition was opened on 11 June 2014 in Paris, in a ceremony with participation by Mrs. Bokova and the Dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Rabbi Marvin Hier. The exhibit was co-sponsored by Israel, Canada, and Montenegro, and was called "a breakthrough" by its author, professor Robert Wistrich. On 18 November 2015 Irina Bokova was given the Special Award of the Simon Wiesenthal Center at a ceremony in Washington, D.C., for the inauguration of the exhibition People, Book, Land: The 3,500 year Relationship of the Jewish People with the Holy Land in the U.S. capital. Bokova inaugurated the exhibition in the presence of Edward Royce, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Eliot Engel, Ranking Member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Israel's Ambassador to the United States Ron Dermer and Rabbi Marvin Hier.

On 28 March 2015, she launched Unite4Heritage, a campaign aiming to create a global movement "to protect and safeguard heritage in areas where it is threatened by extremists". The campaign was triggered by the programmatic destruction of cultural heritage conducted in Iraq and Syria by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) since 2014, in particular after the circulation of videos of looting at Mosul Museum, destruction in the city of Nimrud and the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hatra.

As Director-General of UNESCO, Bokova led efforts to block the trade in Syrian and Iraqi cultural artifacts to fund ISIS and other radical Islamist groups. These efforts led to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2199 on 12 February 2015. This resolution officially recognized the link between illicit traffic and security, outlawed all trade in cultural goods from Iraq and Syria and requested that UNESCO coordinate efforts in this area with Interpol. In response to the threat to Iraq's antiquities from increased violence and instability, Bokova implemented an emergency plan to safeguard artifacts of Iraq's cultural heritage.

On 19 October 2015, German DW reported that Japan threatens to halt funding for UNESCO over the organization's decision to include documents relating to the 1937 Nanjing Massacre in the latest listing for its "Memory of the World" program. While the decision is not of the Director-General, a Japanese professor claimed that Mrs. Bokova might have interest in courting China. In October 2016, after opposing an Arab-backed resolution in UNESCO denying Temple Mount's connection to Judaism, Bokova received death threats, prompting her protection to be reinforced.

Post-UNESCO work
In 2018 it was announced that Irina Bokova will be teaching at the Kyung Hee University in Korea. Kyung Hee University also awarded Bokova an honorary doctorate in Peace Studies, and she assumed the Miwon Professorship and the office of the honorary rector of the Humanitas College.

In 2020 she was selected as an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Class V — Public Affairs, Business, and Administration, section Scientific, Cultural, and Nonprofit Leadership.

United Nations Secretary-General Candidacy

Between mid-2014 and end-2016, Bokova was a candidate for the position of UN Secretary General.

In June 2014 the Bulgarian government nominated Irina Bokova to be the official candidate of the country for the United Nations top job.

In January 2015 the new Bulgarian government confirmed the candidacy, although the now-ruling conservative GERB was much less enthusiastic about Bokova than the former Socialist Party government that originally nominated her. That same month former Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski wrote in an article at the Wall Street Journal, that her work at UNESCO is "highly regarded", and that the Bulgarian government has "nominated her to succeed Ban Ki-moon as the next U.N. Secretary-General, and she is widely believed to be the frontrunner for that position".

Responding to a Parliamentary question, on 18 May 2015 the Bulgarian foreign minister Daniel Mitov explained the process, undertaken by the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to support Irina Bokova's candidacy. He informed the Bulgarian Parliament that the campaign consists of three stages – information-consultative one – until September 2015, the essential stage – between September 2015 and April 2016, and the last stage – from May 2016 until October–December 2016.

On 9 February 2016 the Bulgarian Foreign Ministry announced that her candidacy for the top UN job has been officially submitted to the United Nations for consideration. On 11 February Bulgarian media reported that the Foreign Ministry has allocated BGN 106,300 (approx. $60,000 at the time of the publication) for the election campaign.

Her campaign ran into troubles after reports that the United Kingdom had opposed her elevation. According to the Government of Russia, Germany began to organize to nominate another Bulgarian – European commissioner Kristalina Georgieva  – as candidate to become Secretary General. It was alleged that German chancellor Angela Merkel put pressure on the government of Bulgaria to abandon Bokova's candidacy and instead nominate Georgieva, and had sought Russian support for this move. Germany categorically denied the allegation.

After five informal polls at the UN Security council, in which Bokova took between third and sixth place, on 28 September 2016, the Bulgarian government announced  that it was nominating Kristalina Georgieva as secretary-general candidate. Since the rules of nominating UN Secretary-General do not provide the option of replacing a candidate, unless they has agreed to stand down, which Irina Bokova has said she won't do, from 28 September 2016 there are two Bulgarian candidates, with Kristalina Georgieva being the "sole and unique candidate of Bulgaria".

Statements and positions
As a candidate to replace Ban Ki-moon, Bokova participated in informal dialogues at the UN and other conferences to defend her positions and explain her candidature. When prompted by St. Vincent and the Grenadines and an informal dialogue at the UN, Bokova responded by emphasizing her understanding of the problem as she had recently traveled to Haiti, and her acknowledgement of the various UN agencies that have make substantial efforts to cope with this issue.

In response to a plenary question on the UN's role in regards to cholera in Haiti at the International Peace Institute, Bokova responded, "Of course I know about this problem and I know that there is a legal process that is being engaged in currently. I do not know the details of this legal process, I just know that it is going there and I know that there is an idea to establish a fund for indemnities. I will be advocating also for this action to be taken."

On sexual exploitation and abuse by UN peacekeepers, Bokova made this issue central to her vision statement. "I am determined to work with governments and the civil society to combat any kind of violence against women and girls... There can be no excuse for the appalling crimes of sexual violence and I consider that the UN has to take the lead in showing strong commitment to ending impunity for violence against women and girls."

On jihadism, she said she would try to get the UN to do more to curb the threat of Isis, saying cultural dialogue and education were key to curbing jihadism which is "one of the threats to peace, one of the threats to societies," adding that "Isis/Daesh is about the destruction of societies. They pit communities against one another".

Endorsements
Bokova's candidacy collected a number of endorsements. In July 2015 The Guardian published an article, titled Will the next UN secretary general be a woman? with a picture of Irina Bokova and a description The head of Unesco, Irina Bokova from Bulgaria, is a favourite to become the UN's new secretary general in 2017.

Bulgarian weekly Capital wrote a page about her candidacy, which states, among other,
Bokova demonstrates diplomatic and governance skills in a big international organization – UNESCO, which she heads for a second term. She has good reputation to the permanent five members of the UN Security Council. She speaks fluently English, French, Spanish and Russian – four of the six official UN languages (the requirement is for two). She has a clear vision about the mission and activity of the organization.
In July 2015 EurActiv published an article by former Irish Minister for European Affairs and Minister for the Environment Dick Roche, titled The next UN Secretary-General? Bokova ticks all the boxes, arguing in favor of Irina Bokova's candidacy.

On 29 September 2015, David Clark, chairman of the Russia Foundation, published an article in the Financial Times beyondbrics forum. In it the author comments: "Of the women from Eastern Europe being discussed is Irina Bokova, the current head of UNESCO and former Bulgarian foreign minister. She is considered to be a front-runner."

On 2 October 2015, governor Bill Richardson wrote an opinion for The Washington Post, "The next U.N. secretary general should be a woman". There he describes women, who are considered as potential candidates. About Bokova, he writes, "several leading candidates are beginning to emerge. Irina Bokova, director general of UNESCO and Bulgaria’s official candidate, fulfills many of the required criteria and is seen by many as the front-runner. She has taken a strong stance on the fight against extremism and terror financing and is actively championing women empowerment and girls’ education."

On 4 July 2016 the French newspaper L'Opinion published an open letter in support of Irina Bokova's candidacy. The letter was signed by a number of prominent French, among them Christine Albanel, Yann Arthus-Bertrand, Pierre Bergé, Hélène Carrère d’Encausse, Jean-Pierre Chevènement, Yves Coppens, Édith Cresson, Xavier Darcos, Pierre Gattaz, Jean-Michel Jarre, Bariza Khiari, Beate Klarsfeld, Serge Klarsfeld, Julia Kristeva, Catherine Lalumière, Laurence Parisot, Stéphane Richard, Eric de Rothschild. They urged the French President and the French government to support the nomination of Bokova, as this is in the interests of France, and also to promote their position to the other members of the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly.

Awards and decorations

On 10 June 2016, Bukova received the Global Summit of Women's Global Women's Leadership Award in Warsaw, Poland.

On 6 April 2015, the French Embassy in Bulgaria announced that Bokova has been awarded the French Order of the Legion of Honour.

On 31 March 2014, Bokova was officially awarded Bulgaria's highest national honour – the Order of Stara Planina (1st class) by president Rosen Plevneliev for her extremely significant merits to Bulgaria, bringing about an improvement in world peace and security indicators, and the development of political and cultural exchanges at the highest levels.

References

External links

 Official page at UNESCO web site

Articles and Interviews
 Education on the Frontline (Published on 30 January 2013, in Global Education Magazine)
 UNESCO Chief: ISIS trying to erase world history (Christiane Amanpour speaks with Irina Bokova about ISIS' wanton destruction of the ancient sites in Iraq)

|-

1952 births
Living people
Ambassadors of Bulgaria to Monaco
Ambassadors of Bulgaria to France
Articles containing video clips
21st-century Bulgarian women politicians
21st-century Bulgarian politicians
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru
Grand Officers of the Order of José Matías Delgado
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Moscow State Institute of International Relations alumni
Officers of the Order of Cultural Merit (Monaco)
Politicians from Sofia
Permanent Delegates of Bulgaria to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Permanent Delegates of Bulgaria to UNESCO
Recipients of the Order of Valour
UNESCO Directors-General
Members of Academia Europaea
Bulgarian women ambassadors
Bulgarian officials of the United Nations
Recipients of Hilal-i-Pakistan
Diplomats from Sofia


Louis Bowen Lawton (March 13, 1872 – July 9, 1949) was a United States Army officer during the Boxer Rebellion who earned the Medal of Honor for his actions at Tientsin, China on July 13, 1900.  An 1893 graduate of West Point, Lawton was a 1st Lieutenant at Tientsin.  He was awarded the Medal of Honor on March 11, 1902. He is buried in Auburn, New York.

Medal of Honor citation
Carried a message and guided reinforcements across a wide, fireswept space despite being wounded three times.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion

References

1872 births
1949 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
People from Independence, Iowa
Boxer Rebellion recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Iowa


Henryville () is a municipality in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 1,497. Henryville is the birthplace of Bat Masterson, a figure from the late 19th century U.S. wild west who became a New York City newspaper columnist during the early 20th century.

Demographics
Population

Language

See also
List of municipalities in Quebec
Municipal history of Quebec

References

Municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality
Designated places in Quebec


Betty J. Brown (born August 20, 1939) is an American politician and rancher who was a member of the Texas House of Representatives from 1999 to 2011.

Career
From 1999 to 2011, Brown represented House District 4 for Henderson and Kaufman counties. When she was initially elected to the position in 1998, the district included Kaufman and Hunt counties. After two terms, the district was changed to Kaufman and Henderson counties as far east as Athens, Texas.

In the March 2010 Republican primary, Brown was defeated by Lance Gooden, her former legislative aide.

Controversy
In 2009, Brown was criticized for her comments made during Texas House Elections Committee testimony on the voting difficulties encountered by Asian Americans who use two different names. During the testimony, Brown suggested that Asian-Americans adopt names that are "easier for Americans to deal with". Though at first defending her statement, accusing Democrats of making the issue "about race", she eventually apologized for the incident, acknowledging the "diversity of Texas" and the "enrichment" that Asian-Americans bring to the state.

References

External links
 Official biography
 Official page of the Texas House of Representatives' 4th District

Republican Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
1939 births
Living people
People from Terrell, Texas
Ranchers from Texas
Southern Methodist University alumni
21st-century American politicians


was a town located in Natori District, Miyagi Prefecture from 1967 to 1988. It is now the western part of Taihaku-ku, Sendai.

Geography
Most of the town limits are forest, and it is the drainage basin of Natori River. The town has many tourism resources from Akiu Waterfalls to Rairaikyo, to Akiu Hot Springs and Futakuchi Hot Springs.
 Mountain Peaks - Mount Kamuro (1,356m), Mount Ōkura (433m), Mount Taihaku (321m)
 Rivers - Natori River, Zaru River

Surrounding municipalities
 Miyagi Prefecture
 Sendai
 Kawasaki
 Yamagata Prefecture
 Yamagata
 Higashine

History
 1947 - The villages of Nikkawa (新川村), (馬場村), (長袋村), (境野村) and (湯元村) merged to become the village of Akiu.
 1955 - Former village of Nikkawa area was moved to the village of Miyagi.
 1967 - Becomes the town of Akiu.
 1988 - Absorbed by the city of Sendai.

Transportation

Railroads
 Akiu Electronic Railway Akiu Line (cancelled in 1961)
 Rairaikyō - Akiu Hot Springs

Road

National Highways
 Route 457

Tourist Attractions-Historic Sites
 Akiu Waterfall
 Akiu Hot Springs
 Futakuchi Hot Springs
 Rairaikyō

Food
Akiu is known locally for its tofu, which comes packaged in a piece of bamboo.

Akiu
Sendai


Shola-e Javid () was an anti-revisionist Marxist–Leninist communist party founded around 1964 in the Kingdom of Afghanistan. Its strategy was Maoist and populist, gaining support from university students, professionals, the majority Pashtuns and the Hazaras. It grew significantly in popularity throughout the late 1960s and into the 1970s, possibly eclipsing that of the Parcham and Khalq factions of the pro-Soviet People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) up until the factions' reconciliation in 1977. The Shola-e Javid party was made illegal in 1969 after criticizing King Zahir Shah.

See also
 Akram Yari
 Faiz Ahmad

References

Communist parties in Afghanistan
Anti-revisionist organizations
Maoist parties
Stalinist parties
Maoist organisations in Afghanistan
Maoism in Afghanistan
Political parties established in 1964
Political parties disestablished in 1969


David Berganio Jr. (born January 14, 1969) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour.

Berganio was born in Los Angeles, California. He won the U.S. Amateur Public Links twice (1991 and 1993) while playing college golf at the University of Arizona. He turned professional in 1993 after playing on the Walker Cup team.

Berganio has played on the Nationwide Tour (1996, 1998–2000), winning three times, and the PGA Tour (1997, 2001–03, 2009). His best finish on the PGA Tour came at the 2002 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic where he lost a playoff to Phil Mickelson. In 2003, he suffered from a bulging disk in his back and played on a Major Medical Extension (11 events from 2004 to 2008). At the 2008 qualifying school, he finished T7 to earn a full card for the 2009 season.

Berganio received attention after he withdrew from the 2019 Rocket Mortgage Classic. His decision allowed Nate Lashley to enter the tournament and win.

Amateur wins (3)
1991 Pacific Coast Amateur, U.S. Amateur Public Links
1993 U.S. Amateur Public Links

Professional wins (3)

Buy.com Tour wins (3)

Buy.com Tour playoff record (1–0)

Playoff record
PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup: 1993 (winners)

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = Tied
Note: Berganio never played in The Open Championship or the PGA Championship.

See also
1996 Nike Tour graduates
2000 Buy.com Tour graduates
2008 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates

References

External links

American male golfers
Arizona Wildcats men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Los Angeles
People from Sylmar, Los Angeles
1969 births
Living people


Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin' is a compilation album released by No Limit Records. It was released on October 31, 1995, as one of the first releases through the No Limit/Priority Records partnership. The album didn't make it as high as some of No Limit's later releases, but it managed to peak at #139 on the Billboard 200 and #13 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It spawned the classic Down South collaboration "Playaz From Da South" featuring Master P, Silkk the Shocker (both members of TRU) and UGK. It also marked the only appearances of No Limit artists CGC, Fire, Sir True and Polo. The album was certified gold by RIAA.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links
 Down South Hustlers: Bouncin' and Swingin' at Discogs

Hip hop compilation albums
Record label compilation albums
1995 compilation albums
No Limit Records compilation albums
Priority Records compilation albums
Gangsta rap compilation albums


Con un mismo corazón (English With the same heart) is the 13th studio album by Mexican pop singer Ana Gabriel. It was released on 1997. This material was produced by herself. Nine out of the 12 tracks were written by Gabriel herself, and these songs follow her typical way of lyrics about heartbreak and abandonment already established by composers like José Alfredo Jiménez. In fact, Gabriel covered one of Jimenez's songs with verve. The darkly toned "Me Equivoqué Contigo" (I made a mistake with you) shows the singer meeting the erroneous man at the altar of the church. It has the duet with the thunderous-voiced Vicente Fernández. Her delightfully raspy voice has never found a better companion. It was nominated for Regional/Mexican Album of the Year at the 10th Lo Nuestro Awards.

Track listing

Original tracks
 Con Un Mismo Corazón 03:37
 Te Descubrí 02:47
 Apesar de Todo 03:48
 Guitarra Mía 03:34
 Hasta Llegar Al Mar 02:59
 Me Equivoqué Contigo 02:54
 Gallo de Oro (Corrido) 02:31
 Lo Poquito Que Me Queda 03:46
 Paz en Este Amor 03:30
 Por Un Error 03:19
 Mi Amigo 03:09
 Con Un Mismo Corazón 03:38 (duet with Vicente Fernández)

Bonus tracks
There is a special edition that includes one more song:

9- El Cigarrillo

Album charts

 Note: This release reached the #1 position in Billboard Regional Mexican Albums staying for 35 weeks  and it reached the #7 position in the Billboard Top Latin Albums staying for 39 weeks in the chart.

Singles
 "Con Un Mismo Corazón" with Vicente Fernández
 "Paz en Este Amor"
 "Me Equivoqué Contigo"

Singles charts

Sales and certifications

References

1997 albums
Ana Gabriel albums


Ragnagard is 2D arcade fighting game developed by Saurus and System Vision, and published by SNK and Saurus for the Neo Geo arcade, Neo Geo CD and Sega Saturn. The game's characters are all based on Shinto deities.

Gameplay

Ragnagard is a fighting game using pre-rendered sprites similar to that of Rare's Killer Instinct but with different gameplay mechanics. The game features an Aerial Battle System which is done by pushing up on the joystick and both of the weak punch and weak kick buttons together, allowing for air combos and air dashing. Players can also charge up the power gauge (based on four elements of Water, Wind, Fire, and Thunder, though each character only uses two of the four elements) which allows for Desperation Moves to be performed. Super Desperation Moves can be performed only if the player's life is flashing red, similar to The King of Fighters series.

Ports and related releases
Ragnagard was later ported to the Neo-Geo AES, the home console version of the Neo-Geo MVS. This version features limited continues and different difficulty settings. This version was re-released through the Wii's Virtual Console exclusively in Japan. Ragnagard was also ported to the Neo-Geo CD exclusively in Japan; this version features an improved intro, slightly cleaner background music, and a few other tweaks. This version of Ragnagard was later ported to the Sega Saturn, also exclusively in Japan. This version features a few new modes and control customization, while some of the game's graphics and gameplay were improved and altered. Unlike the arcade and Neo-Geo versions, in which the player can play as one of the bosses by entering a cheat code, the Neo-Geo CD and Sega Saturn versions allow the player to play as the bosses only by entering the versus mode.

Reception

Ragnagard received generally mixed reception from critics since its release.

Of Electronic Gaming Monthlys four reviewers, Crispin Boyer had a subdued reaction, but the other three panned the game. Shawn Smith and Sushi-X found it boring due to the characters' choppy movements and the lag time between each move, and Dan Hsu and Sushi-X remarked that while the pre-fight animations are impressive, the graphics are undistinguished once the fight starts. MAN!ACs Robert Bannert commended the character designs but felt overall mixed about Ragnagard when reviewing the Saturn conversion in regards to several design aspects. Player Ones Christophe Delpierre compared the visual style of the game with Killer Instinct.

In a retrospective review for AllGame, Kyle Knight felt mixed in regard to the pre-rendered visual presentation and audio design but criticized the balance issues with characters and gameplay.

Notes

References

External links
 Ragnagard at GameFAQs
 Ragnagard at Giant Bomb
 Ragnagard at Killer List of Videogames
 Ragnagard at MobyGames

1996 video games
ACA Neo Geo games
Arcade video games
D4 Enterprise games
Fighting games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Neo Geo games
Neo Geo CD games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation 4 games
Saurus games
Sega Saturn games
SNK games
Video games based on Japanese mythology
Video games set in Japan
Video games with pre-rendered 3D graphics
Virtual Console games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox One games
Hamster Corporation games
System Vision games


WEIM may refer to:

 WEIM-LP, a low-power radio station (92.5 FM) licensed to serve West Liberty, Kentucky, United States
 WPKZ, a radio station (1280 AM) licensed to serve Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States, which held the call sign WEIM from 1941 to 2009


The Silence in My Heart is the sixth installment in The Emo Diaries series of compilation albums, released July 24, 2001 by Deep Elm Records. As with all installments in the series, the label had an open submissions policy for bands to submit material for the compilation, and as a result the music does not all fit within the emo style. As with the rest of the series, The Silence in My Heart features mostly unsigned bands contributing songs that were previously unreleased.

Reviewer Kurt Morris of Allmusic remarks that "With artists from Japan, U.S., Canada, Germany, Sweden, Italy, and England, this compilation unquestionably shows the universality of the emo genre and its effect on independent musicians everywhere. Compared to the rather drab fifth chapter, The Silence in My Heart sparkles."

Track listing

References

External links
 The Silence in My Heart at Deep Elm Records.

2001 compilation albums
Deep Elm Records compilation albums
Emo compilation albums
Indie rock compilation albums


"Tooms" is the twenty-first episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files, premiering on the Fox network on April 22, 1994. It was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong, and directed by David Nutter. The episode featured Mitch Pileggi's first appearance as Assistant Director Walter Skinner and saw Doug Hutchison and William B. Davis reprise their roles as Eugene Victor Tooms and the Cigarette Smoking Man, respectively. "Tooms" earned a Nielsen household rating of 8.6, being watched by 8.1 million households in its initial broadcast; and received positive reviews from critics.

The show centers on FBI agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X-Files. When mutant serial killer Eugene Tooms, last seen in "Squeeze", is released from prison, Mulder and Scully try to stop him from resuming his killing spree. Tooms, however, sets out to frame Mulder for assault before the agent can apprehend him.

After seeing men working on an open escalator in a mall around Christmas time, Morgan decided to revisit the character of Tooms. "Tooms" introduced the character of Walter Skinner, although this would be his only appearance in the first season. That character was conceived as playing against the stereotypical bureaucratic "paper-pusher", being instead someone more "quietly dynamic".

Plot
After the events of "Squeeze", Eugene Victor Tooms has been placed in a Baltimore sanatorium. He attempts to escape by squeezing his arm through the food slot of his cell door but is forced to abort when he is visited by his psychologist, Dr. Aaron Monte, who tells him that he is ready to be released into society.

Dana Scully is called before FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner, who is accompanied by The Smoking Man. Despite the success of the X-Files investigations, Skinner criticizes their unconventionalism and wants both Scully and Fox Mulder to do by-the-book work. Later, the agents attend a release hearing for Tooms, where Monte claims that Tooms' attack on Scully was due to being falsely accused of murder. Mulder tries to point out the evidence of Tooms' crimes and unusual physiology but is ignored by the hearing's panel. Tooms is released into the care of an elderly couple and is ordered to continue his treatment with Dr. Monte.

Scully meets with Frank Briggs, the retired detective who investigated Tooms' 1933 murders. Briggs claims that the body of one of the victims from that spree was never discovered. He and Scully visit a chemical plant where a piece of the victim's liver was found, ultimately discovering a skeleton encased in concrete. A researcher examining the skeleton identifies it as the missing victim from 1933. However, there seems to be no substantial evidence proving that Tooms was the murderer.

Meanwhile, Mulder harasses Tooms at work as he stalks a would-be victim. Later that night, Mulder follows him when he tries to break into a man's house. Tooms flees without attacking anyone. Scully relieves Mulder, who is watching Tooms' new residence; they are unaware that Tooms is hiding in the trunk of Mulder's car. He manages to break into Mulder's apartment, where he injures himself and imprints Mulder's shoe print on his face. Tooms' frameup leads the police to question Mulder and Skinner to forbid him from contacting Tooms.

Further research on the skeleton reveals bite marks matching Tooms' teeth. When the old couple watching Tooms leave their home, he is visited by Monte. Tooms kills him and consumes the final liver he needs to begin his thirty-year hibernation. After discovering Monte's body and defying Skinner's orders, Mulder and Scully head to the site of Tooms' former apartment building, which has been demolished and replaced with a shopping mall. Inside, Mulder crawls below an escalator and finds Tooms' nest. Tooms bursts out, covered in bile, and pursues Mulder, who makes it to the surface and activates the escalator, trapping and killing Tooms.

Skinner reads Scully's final report on the Tooms case and asks the Smoking Man if he believes it, to which he replies, "Of course I do." Outside, Scully finds Mulder, who is observing a caterpillar's cocoon. Mulder predicts that change is coming to the X-Files.

Production

Devising a sequel to "Squeeze" posed a challenge for writers Glen Morgan and James Wong, who had never written a follow-up to any of their work previously. Morgan felt that the primary difficulty was in moving the story forward while still leaving room to recap what had happened previously for the benefit of viewers who had not seen the first episode; this led to the use of the courtroom scene as a means to repeat any necessary information. Morgan also felt that Harry Longstreet, the initial director for "Squeeze", had been "a problem" and a second episode allowed for the use of scenes which Longstreet had failed to film for the earlier episode. To this end, the episode was helmed by David Nutter, who series creator Chris Carter considered the "best" director working on the series.

Morgan was inspired to write this episode after seeing men working on an open escalator in a mall around Christmas time. He thought of the scare factor from a creature living underneath the escalator and felt Tooms would be the perfect choice for the creature. Tooms was the first villain in the show's history to make an appearance in a second episode. It was actor Doug Hutchison's idea to play Tooms nude during the escalator sequence, a decision which Carter felt "caused a little discomfort", but that "actually added to the scene". The bile-like substance coating Tooms and his nest was actually a yellow piping gel, which the cast found would stick to their skin and pull out hair upon removal. Tooms framing Mulder for assault seems to have been inspired by a similar plot point in the film Dirty Harry (1971).

"Tooms" introduced the character of Walter Skinner, although this would be his only appearance in the first season. The character had been conceived as playing against the stereotypical bureaucratic "paper-pusher", being instead someone more "quietly dynamic". Actor Mitch Pileggi had auditioned unsuccessfully for several other parts on the series before being cast as Skinner. At first, the fact that he was asked back to audition for the role had puzzled him, until he discovered the reason he had not been cast for the previous parts: Carter had been unable to imagine Pileggi as any of those characters, due to the fact that the actor had been shaving his head. When Pileggi attended the audition for Skinner, he had been in a grumpy mood and had allowed his small amount of hair to grow back. Pileggi's attitude fit well with the character of Skinner, causing Carter to assume that the actor was only pretending to be grumpy. After successfully auditioning for the role, Pileggi thought he had been lucky that he had not been cast in one of the earlier roles, as he believed he would have appeared in only a single episode and would have missed the opportunity to play the recurring role of Skinner.

The episode's climactic scene in the shopping mall where Tooms had made his nest was filmed in City Square Shopping Centre, Vancouver. Shooting at the location required the permission of every store owner on the premises, and care was taken to ensure that the stage blood used for the escalator scene did not seep into the escalator's motor to avoid possible damage. "Tooms" includes the Smoking Man's first line of dialogue in the series, and his only lines of the first season. Carter was initially unsure that the character would ever receive any dialogue, feeling that he would seem "more forbidding" if he remained silent. However, he described actor William B. Davis as "an extremely competent actor", noting the character's increasing popularity.

Reception
"Tooms" premiered on the Fox network on April 22, 1994, and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on February 16, 1995. This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8.6, with a 15 share, meaning that roughly 8.6 percent of all television-equipped households, and 15 percent of households watching television, were tuned in to the episode. It was viewed by 8.1 million households.

In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly, "Tooms" was rated an A, with Hutchison's appearance being noted as "another sublimely slimy performance", whilst Pileggi's performance was said to have an "engagingly steely presence". Zack Handlen, writing for The A.V. Club, called the episode "a richly rewarding one", finding the interaction between the characters of Mulder and Scully to have been a highlight of the episode. However, Handlen felt that some of the episode's plot development was ultimately needless, and found the motives of several characters to have been unexplained and baffling. Matt Haigh, writing for Den of Geek, felt that the plot thread of Tooms framing Mulder for assault "never really amounts to much", though he felt that the episode showed Tooms to be a creepier villain than his previous appearance in "Squeeze". Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated the episode four-and-a-half stars out of five, finding it to be a better instalment than "Squeeze". Shearman felt that the episode featured very little plotting, consisting simply of "a series of set pieces", but considered its wit and character development to adequately compensate for this.

The character of Eugene Tooms has also attracted positive criticism. Author Neil Gaiman listed Tooms as one of his favourite monsters in a guest column for Entertainment Weeklys 1,000th issue; whilst UGO Networks listed the character as one of their "Best TV Serial Killers", describing Hutchison's acting as "uber-creepy". Writing for Den of Geek, John Moore listed Eugene Tooms as his "Top 10 X-Files Baddies", noting that the popularity of both "Squeeze" and "Tooms" proved to be "largely responsible for shifting the emphasis of the show" away from dwelling solely on alien conspiracy-based mythology episodes.

Footnotes

References

External links

 "Tooms" on The X-Files official website

1994 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by David Nutter
Television episodes set in Baltimore
The X-Files (season 1) episodes

it:Episodi di X-Files (prima stagione)#Omicidi del terzo tipo
hu:Gumiember (X-akták)


Emory Jenison Pike (December 18, 1876 – September 16, 1918) was a United States Army officer during World War I who received the Medal of Honor for his actions at Vandieres, France on September 15, 1918.  A 1901 graduate of West Point, and the only West Point graduate to be awarded the Medal of Honor during World War I, Pike was a lieutenant colonel at Vandieres.  His daughter was presented his Medal of Honor after the war. He was buried at Woodland Cemetery, Des Moines, Iowa.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
Having gone forward to reconnoiter new machinegun positions, Lt. Col. Pike offered his assistance in reorganizing advance infantry units which had become disorganized during a heavy artillery shelling. He succeeded in locating only about 20 men, but with these he advanced and when later joined by several infantry platoons rendered inestimable service in establishing outposts, encouraging all by his cheeriness, in spite of the extreme danger of the situation. When a shell had wounded one of the men in the outpost, Lt. Col. Pike immediately went to his aid and was severely wounded himself when another shell burst in the same place. While waiting to be brought to the rear, Lt. Col. Pike continued in command, still retaining his jovial manner of encouragement, directing the reorganization until the position could be held. The entire operation was carried on under terrific bombardment, and the example of courage and devotion to duty, as set by Lt. Col. Pike, established the highest standard of morale and confidence to all under his charge. The wounds he received were the cause of his death.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1876 births
1918 deaths
American military personnel killed in World War I
Burials at Woodland Cemetery (Des Moines, Iowa)
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Iowa
World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army officers


The Brisbane to Gladstone yacht race is held annually, starting on Good Friday. The premier blue water classic begins from Shorncliffe in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, and finishes in Gladstone Harbour. Yachts compete for the Courier Mail Cup, one of the oldest perpetual trophies in Australia that has been competed for on a continual basis.

In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the Brisbane to Gladstone Yacht Race was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an "event and festival".

History
The Queensland Cruising Yacht Club was established in 1948 to organise the Brisbane to Gladstone Yacht Race. The first race was held during Easter 1949. The first race saw seven vessels start, two of which carried radios while Brisbane’s Homing Pigeon Club supplied pigeons to the others for position reporting. Each yacht issued with birds was to release two each day.

The finish is hosted by the Port Curtis Sailing Club.

Course
The course leads the yachts northwards from the start line at the Shorncliffe pier to a turning mark off Redcliffe before joining the main channel out of Moreton Bay. Yachts leave Fraser Island to port before passing Breaksea spit and then leaving Lady Elliot Island to port. The final stage of the race is often the hardest as the yachts make their way up Gladstone Harbour to the finish line just outside Auckland Creek.

Winners

Key
  Skandia's race record of 20 hours, 24 minutes, 50 seconds
  Most Line Honors wins – Apollo
  Most Courier Mail Cup wins – Saltash II
  Most PHRF/THCF Handicap wins - Norseman
  Most IRC Handicap wins - Saltash II
  Most IOR Handicap wins - Saltash II
  Most IMS Handicap wins - Saltash II
  Most Arbitrary Handicap wins - Helena/Enid Tie
  Most Cruising Handicap wins – Fortitude

Consecutive participation
Laurabada raced 51 Brisbane to Gladstone Yacht races, sailing 43 with her builder Ivan Holm Snr at the helm and 8 races with Ivan Holm Jnr as skipper. The majestic ketch contested her 50th race in 2002 and 51st race in 2018.  Wistari has now sailed 52 Brisbane to Gladstone Yacht Races as of 2022, sailing 28 with her designer and builder Noel Patrick at the helm and 24 with son Scott Patrick as skipper.

Multiple Courier Mail Cup winners
 Saltash II (Ian and Bill Wright) 1986, 1992, 1993, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007
 Fastest corrected time, 1993: 21 hours 15 minutes 54 seconds (race record)
 Average handicap rated speed: 14.48 knots
 Norseman (A Wilson) 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956 (Handicap)
 Fastest corrected time 1955: 29 h 5 min 06 s
 Wistari (Noel Patrick, Scott Patrick) 1971, 1976, 1977, 1982, 2021
 Fastest corrected time 1976: 26 h 01 min 24 s
 Scampi A (Ross Perrins, Colin Loel) 1984, 1988, 2000
 Fastest corrected time 1988: 28 h 42 min 07 s
 Solo (Vic Meyer) 1958, 1959 (Line Honours and Handicap winner)
 Fastest corrected time 1958: 27 h 48 min 37 s
 Leroy Brown (Warren Wieckmann) 1989, 1991
 Fastest corrected time 1991: 40 h 07 min 24 s
 Mouse Of Malham (Bill Dayan-Smith, Norman R Wright Jnr) 1960, 1963
 Fastest corrected time 1963: 29 h 31 min 24 s
 Quantum Racing (Ray Roberts) 2008, 2009
 Fastest corrected time 2008: 35 h 08 min 44 s
 Wedgetail (Bill Wild) 2010, 2013
 Fastest corrected time 2010: 34 h 44 min 45 s
 Black Jack no.77 (Peter Harburg) 2015, 2016 Fastest corrected time 2015: 50 h 55 min 11 s

Multiple winning skippers
 Jack Rooklyn (Apollo) 1973, 1974, 1978, 1979 (Ballyhoo) 1975 (Maxi Apollo) 1982, 1983, 1984
 Fastest elapsed time 1982, Maxi Apollo: 29 hours 46 minutes 56 seconds
 Fred Markwell (Alvis) 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956,1957
 Fastest elapsed time 1956: 48 h 29 min 29 s
 Vic Meyer (Solo)1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1963
 Fastest elapsed time 1958: 34 h 52 min 50 s
 Arthur Bloore (The Office) 1985, (Hammer Of Queensland) 1988, 1991, 1996, 1998
 Fastest elapsed time 1988: 29 h 53 min 47 s
 Sean Langman (Grundig Xena, Grundig, AAPT - all the same boat) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005
 Fastest elapsed time 2004: 20 h 36 min 48 s
 Kerry Spencer (Bobsled) 1992, 1993, 1995
 Fastest elapsed time 1993: 21 h 59 min 43 seconds
 Mark Bradford (Black Jack – two different boats with the same name) 2012, 2015, 2016
 Fastest correct time 2012: 36 h 15 min 56 s
 Rupert Murdoch (Ilina) 1964, 1965
 Fastest elapsed time 1964: 33 h 23 min 54 s
 Robert Bird (Bobsled) co-skipper 1993, 1995
 Fastest elapsed time 1993: 21 h 59 min 43 s
 Bill Wild (Wedgetail) 2010, 2013
 Fastest correct time 2010: 34 h 44 min 45 s

Fastest time to complete the course
Black Jack 100
 2018 course time: 16h 53min 57s
 Average speed: 18.23 knots

See also

 Sport in Queensland

References

External links

Gladstone, Queensland
Recurring sporting events established in 1949
Sailing competitions in Australia
Sport in Brisbane
Sports competitions in Queensland