The AIG bonus payments controversy began in March 2009, when it was publicly disclosed that the American International Group (AIG) insurance corporation was going to pay approximately $218 million (~$ in ) in bonus payments to employees of its financial services division.

AIG is notable for having received taxpayer bailouts and in the fourth quarter of 2008 posted a loss of $61.7 billion (~$ in ), the greatest ever for any corporation. Beyond the $165 million in bonus payments that were announced in March 2009, the total bonuses for the financial unit is unknown; it was estimated that it could have reached $450 million and bonuses for the entire company could have reached $1.2 billion.

The event sparked widespread outrage among both Democratic and Republican politicians, and from media commentators on all sides of the political spectrum. Both the House of Representatives and the Senate adopted bills that taxed these bonuses at a very high rate, but these bills were never signed into law and were opposed by the financial sector and President Barack Obama.

In the end, some AIG employees, including 15 out of the 20 top executives of the company, paid back the bonuses they received to the company. In total, 50 million dollars in bonuses paid were returned to AIG. Following this announcement, House Majority leader Steny Hoyer concluded that the scandal did not warrant a legislative response.

Background
AIG had insured the toxic financial assets that caused the subprime mortgage crisis without making rigorous risk assessments. They attracted many contracts from Real Estate investors because their investment insurance policies were cheaper than market value. With the windfalls they made during the Great Moderation, they neglected creating an insurance fund large enough to cover what they were insuring, which would have been impossible given the sums involved. Instead, they raised the salaries and bonus of the firm's executive, and paid higher dividends to its shareholders. The investment section of the firm thus became insolvent during Financial crisis of 2007–2008.

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York bailed out AIG by providing an emergency credit liquidity facility of up to $85 billion, which will be repaid by selling off assets of the company. After assessing that a disorderly failure of AIG could worsen the current financial and economic crisis, and at the request of AIG, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York intervened. The Federal Reserve required a  79.9 percent equity stake as a fee for service and to compensate for the risk of the loan to AIG. Presidential candidate Barack Obama supported this bailout at the time, along with most of Congress, who adopted the Bailout Bill that enabled it.

Responses from politicians

On the wake of the scandal, President Barack Obama said, "[I]t's hard to understand how derivative traders at AIG warranted any bonuses, much less $165 million in extra pay. How do they justify this outrage to the taxpayers who are keeping the company afloat?" and "In the last six months, AIG has received substantial sums from the U.S. Treasury. I’ve asked Secretary Geithner to use that leverage and pursue every legal avenue to block these bonuses and make the American taxpayers whole."

Politicians on both sides of Congress reacted with outrage to the planned bonus payments. Senator Chuck Grassley (Republican, Iowa) said "I would suggest the first thing that would make me feel a little bit better toward them if they'd follow the Japanese example and come before the American people and take that deep bow and say, I'm sorry, and then either do one of two things: resign or go commit suicide." Senator Chuck Schumer (Democrat, New York) accused AIG of "Alice in Wonderland business practices" and said "It boggles the mind." Senator Richard Shelby (Republican, Alabama) said "These people brought this on themselves. Now you're rewarding failure. A lot of these people should be fired, not awarded bonuses. This is horrible. It's outrageous." Senator Mitch McConnell (Republican, Kentucky) echoed his comments, saying "This is an outrage." Senator Jon Tester (Democrat, Montana) said "This is ridiculous." and AIG executives "need to understand that the only reason they even have a job is because of the taxpayers." Senator Dick Durbin (Democrat, Illinois) said "I've had it." and "The fact that they continue to do it while we pour in billions of dollars is undefensible." Representative Paul Hodes (Democrat, New Hampshire) said "I think AIG now stands for arrogance, incompetence and greed."

Representative Barney Frank (Democrat, Massachusetts), Chairman of the House Financial Services Committee, said paying these bonuses would be "rewarding incompetence" and "These people may have a right to their bonuses. They don't have a right to their jobs forever." Representative Mark Kirk (Republican, Illinois) said "AIG should not be on welfare from Uncle Sam, and yet paying bonuses and transferring a considerable amount of taxpayer funds to entities overseas." Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said "It makes me angry. I slammed the phone more than a few times on discussing AIG." Lawrence Summers, Director of the National Economic Council, said "The easy thing would be to just say, you know, ‘Off with their heads,’ and violate the contracts." Austan Goolsbee, of the Council of Economic Advisers said "I don't know why they would follow a policy that's really not sensible, is obviously going to ignite the ire of millions of people." and "You worry about that backlash."

Representative Barney Frank said "I do want to stress, this initial intervention into AIG was not part of the congressional rescue plan.", "Before we were even asked by the Bush administration to do the rescue plan, President Bush's two top economic appointees Mr. Bernanke and Mr. Paulson came to us and said--Mr. Bernanke, as head of the Federal Reserve is going to lend $85 billion (~$ in ) to AIG under a statute that dates back to 1932. They didn't ask us. They didn't solicit our opinion. They simply informed us.", and "Since then, when we have voted, we have put tough conditions on. And, in fact, this won't be happening again. The conditions are so tough that there have been articles recently in The Washington Post and The New York Times from banks complaining that we've made the conditions so tough they are going to give us our money back."

Representative Thaddeus McCotter (R-Michigan) said in a speech to Congress, "Every single Democrat in this House that voted for that bill voted to approve and protect those AIG bonuses." Senator Jim Inhofe (R-Oklahoma) said that much of the blame for the bonuses should be directed at the 74 Senators who voted for the bailout, "... including now President Obama, who voted in favor of handing over an unprecedented amount of money and power to an unelected bureaucrat last August."

Tax on bonuses

On March 19, 2009, the House of Representatives approved, by a vote of 328 to 93, a measure to levy a 90% tax on bonuses awarded by corporations receiving more than $5 billion (~$ in ) in Treasury aid from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). The House bill affects individuals who make $250,000 (~$ in ) or more in total household income and bonuses paid or scheduled to be paid after December 31, 2008.
The Senate version of the bill is similar to the House bill except it will levy a 70% tax on bonuses awarded by corporations that are receiving any amount of Treasury aid from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). The 70% tax will be paid through a 35% excise tax on the corporation and 35% tax on the receiver of the bonus.

 Some commentators suggested that such a tax would run into constitutional problems, because Article 1, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from enacting bill of attainder and ex post facto laws. However, Laurence Tribe, quoted in the blog of The Wall Street Journal, said that there were no insoluble constitutional difficulties. The New York Times quoted experts on constitutional and tax law having said it was likely the House bill could pass muster. Numerous court rulings have upheld retroactive tax provisions, particularly over short periods (The House bill applies back only to January 1, 2009). The measure is also strengthened by the fact that it does not apply to just one company or group of individuals, and does not take aim only at past bonuses paid in 2009 but also bonuses to be paid in future.

In a March 22, 2009 Wall St. Journal editorial, Jonathan Clements, a Citi employee, wrote, "... by mid-October, I will hit $250,000 in total income -- and have no incentive to earn any more income in 2009. At that point, I plan to ask Citi for an unpaid sabbatical." He also argues that some individuals have already received and spent most of their bonuses and will not be able to afford the tax.

A March 24, 2009 CNN article said that an objection to this proposal is that private companies wouldn't feel comfortable doing business with the U.S. government if they thought the government would change the rules after the contracts have already been signed. A March 26, 2009 Associated Press article stated, "Obama then warned the public against vilifying investors and entrepreneurs who are needed to keep the economy alive."

In response to this criticism, Senate majority leader Harry Reid's spokesperson said that "in light of the significant concerns raised by President Obama and Senate Republicans, we've decided to take a step back and discuss any possible next steps." House majority leader Steny Hoyer argued that the tax "may not be necessary" because of the repayment of bonuses. He added "I think our bill apparently had the effect of focusing their attention on that issue.... Whether or not it becomes law is another question."

In the end, no tax on TARP bonuses was ever signed into law by President Obama. The following year, Obama raised the idea of taxing TARP bonuses while campaigning for the 2010 United States elections. However, there was little chance that Congress would be inclined to adopt such a tax at that time.

Restriction on base compensation
Congressman Brad Sherman introduced a bill to restrict base salaries of employees of firms who have taken $5 billion or more in the Troubled Asset Relief Program by taxing all non-bonus compensation over $500,000. It is designed to tax all compensations, including all payments that may be "re-named" bonuses to ensure that individuals and firms will not escape the bonus tax. This bill also did not make it into law.

Media commentary

Political commentators and journalists have expressed an equally bipartisan outrage. Commentator Charles Krauthammer said "I would deny them the bonuses if possible. I would be for an exemplary hanging or two. Have it in Times Square, invite Madame Defarge. You borrow a guillotine from the French and we could have a party." Mort Kondracke, another conservative commentator, said "I was going to recommend boiling in oil in Times Square." MSNBC host Rachel Maddow said "Sometime in early 2008, that company signed contracts with its employees that said: 'Even if you cause the company to fail and nearly bring down the worldwide financial system, you will still get a bonus.' I mean, who writes those contracts?" Chuck Todd, also an MSNBC commentator, wrote that "It's a lynch mob out there, and members of Congress seem to be carrying torches." Comedy Central host Jon Stewart said "You know, they say angry populism is all the rage. Literally, it's been building for months, simmering. Our proletarian rage feels so unfocused. If only someone would step up and put on the kick me sign." and "They're not good people." The New Jersey Star-Ledger editorial page read "This band of "best and brightest" just blew a $62 billion hole in the company. What's to retain? Heads should be rolling. Besides, is there really that much cutthroat competition for such an overpaid bunch of losers?"

CNN reporter Carol Costello said "Some political analysts fear public anger has reached a tipping point." Commentator William Kristol wrote "Can capitalism survive the behavior of some capitalists? It's always been an open question. But if capitalism is to survive, shouldn't the Republican party, the party that defends democratic capitalism, be particularly vehement in denouncing its excesses? Isn't this a pretty spectacular one?" Robert Lenzer wrote in Forbes that "The $170 billion bailout of AIG and the $165 million bonus outrage are the result of reckless behavior by AIG and most especially by its egomaniacal former chairman, Maurice "Hank" Greenberg. This supposed paragon of higher finance was just plain playing Russian roulette with his shareholders' money, destroying nearly $200 billion in equity and putting an onerous cost on Uncle Sam and taxpayers." Lenzer accused AIG and Greenberg of "cowboy capitalism", "numbskull ... tomfoolery", and "rotten arrogance." Karim Bardeesy, writing in Slate, compared AIG to Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany, stating "Sometimes the internal workings of a society are so rotten that it takes a complete outsider to come in and change the culture and the cultural production within it. Allies came in and rewrote constitutions for the corrupted societies in Japan and Germany after World War II."

MSNBC host Keith Olbermann said "Certainly, we can screw these guys out of these bonuses the way they screwed us." He has labeled the bonuses "failure bonuses" and "failure rewards." George Washington University law professor Jonathan Turley said "I have some question about fraud here. I mean, these contracts seem to have been written in haste when the company could not possibly have honored them short of a bailout." Turley also said that there is "real social unrest" and that "Congress has finally pushed this country to the breaking point." John Kelso wrote in the Austin American-Statesman that "irate Americans...are about to start chasing these guys around the castle the way the townsfolk with the torches went after Frankenstein" and "The gated communities these suits live in are gated for a reason. For when the revolution starts." He also wrote that AIG "really stands for America Is Gyped. Avarice Is Great, or Actually, It's Graft." Susan Antilla, reporting for Bloomberg, wrote that "The public is angry. They are steaming, off-with-their-heads mad at AIG and other financial companies for the greed and cheating that pushed us into a financial meltdown." and "Americans want to see heads roll." Fred J. Joseph, commissioner of the Colorado division of securities and president of the North American Securities Administrators Association, said "If these people could get their hands on pitchforks, they really would storm the castle."

The Washington Post reported that "Hired guards stood watch outside the suburban Connecticut offices of AIG Financial Products, the division whose exotic derivatives brought the insurance giant to the brink of collapse last year. Inside, death threats and angry letters flooded e-mail inboxes. Irate callers lit up the phone lines. Senior managers submitted their resignations. Some employees didn't show up at all." The paper quoted one anonymous AIG executive as saying "It's a mob effect. It's putting people's lives in danger." and another as saying "It's going to blow up. I have a horrible, horrible, horrible feeling that this is going to end badly." The Associated Press quoted another anonymous AIG executive as saying "It's scary. People are very, very nervous for their security." The AP reported that "police cars that now regularly patrol the well-kept streets" of a neighborhood of AIG executives. AIG has advised employees "to avoid wearing the company logo" and "to travel in pairs at night and park in well-lit areas." Reuters quoted an anonymous senior equity salesman at a bank receiving TARP funds as saying "At this point, it's like the French Revolution -- the mob has got the banks' heads in the guillotine."

NBC Connecticut, through the Freedom of Information Act, obtained information about dozens of death threats that were made to employees of AIG and their families. Some of the people who made the threats left their email addresses and phone numbers, making it much easier for law enforcement officials to identify them.

In an online editorial for The Wall Street Journal, James Taranto speculated that for bonus recipients living in New York City, if the 90% bonus tax passed by the United States House of Representatives is added to the Medicare FICA tax of 1.45%, plus the state and local taxes of 6.85% and 3.648%, respectively, it adds up to a tax rate of 101.948%. This means the individual receiving the bonus will have to pay more than he or she 'received' from the bonus.

In a nationally syndicated opinion column, economist Thomas Sowell claimed that the politicians who did the most to create the situation that led to the use of taxpayer money to fund the bonuses are now the same ones who are complaining the most about the bonuses. Sowell also wrote, "If members of Congress can't be bothered to read the laws they pass, then they have no basis for whipping up lynch mob outrage against people who did read the law and acted within the law."

Mike Cassidy of the San Jose Mercury News wrote that the bonuses bring "a whole new meaning to the phrase 'bank robber.'" He also wrote "These bankers and brokers and investing Svengalis knew exactly how their obscene cash-grabbing orgy would look to the rest of us. They just didn't care."

Response by state officials

On March 16, 2009, New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo sent a letter to AIG demanding "the list of individuals who are to receive payments" and "a description of each individual's job description and performance at AIG Financial Products" in order to determine "whether any of the individuals receiving such payments were involved in the conduct that led to AIG's demise and subsequent bailout" and "whether, as you claim, such individuals are truly required to unwind AIG Financial Product's positions." AIG failed to respond, so Cuomo subpoenaed them for the names of the bonus recipients. Cuomo announced that 73 AIG employees were each paid more than $1 million in bonuses, saying "AIG made more than 73 millionaires in the unit which lost so much money that it brought the firm to its knees, forcing a taxpayer bailout." and "Something is deeply wrong with this outcome."

On March 21, Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal issued a subpoena to AIG to find out why they gave out an additional $53 million in bonuses on top of the $165 million already reported.

Bonuses exempted in TARP

On February 14, 2009, the Wall Street Journal published an article, Bankers Face Strict New Pay Cap, discussing a retroactive limit to bonus compensation inserted by Chris Dodd into the TARP bill that passed in the Senate. The same article went on to mention that Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Lawrence Summers "had called Sen. Dodd and asked him to reconsider".

On March 17, 2009, Fox Business Network's Rich Edson first reported Senator Chris Dodd included a provision exempting such bonuses from the executive pay limits clause of the TARP. When the bill left conference, Dodd's provision had been removed and replaced with the explicit exemptions lobbied for by Geithner and Summers.

As Dodd explained in his March 18 interview on CNN, at Geithner and the Obama Administration's insistence he removed the language he had himself inserted and replaced it with Geithner and Summers' loophole, which thus allowed the bonuses which formed the basis for the AIG scandal.

Dodd retreated from his original statement that he did not know how the bill was changed  Dodd was criticised by many in the Connecticut media for the apparent flip-flop. In a March 20, 2009 editorial the New Haven Register called Dodd "a lying weasel"  The same day, Hartford Courant columnist Rick Green called on Dodd not to seek re-election in 2010. In January 2010, Dodd announced that he would not run for re-election.

AIG's response and counter-responses

AIG has defended the bonuses by citing contractual obligations. AIG also claims that only their executives can unwind their complex derivative deals. Rick Newman of U.S. News & World Report argues that this is tantamount to extortion. MSNBC host David Shuster said "The argument that these were so-called retention bonuses is undermined by the fact that 52 of the people who received them have already left the company."

Few people outside of AIG itself have defended AIG's payments of the bonuses. Former White House Press Secretary under the George W. Bush administration Dana Perino defended AIG, saying "If they don't get it [the bonus], maybe they won't be motivated enough to try to help the company turn around." and accusing the "rhetoric in Washington" of "demonizing people". Terence Corcoran, writing in the Financial Post, claims that AIG is innocent, and instead "massive government failure" on the part of Barack Obama, whom Corcoran claims "doesn't get it," is at fault. Evan Newmark of The Wall Street Journal accused those attacking AIG of "hysterical, bloodthirsty ravings" and "populist hurly-burly."  Andrew Ross Sorkin of The New York Times argued the case for paying bonuses, saying there was likely some truth to AIG's claim that it needed to retain its top talent, and that its most talented employees could find employment elsewhere. Sorkin also said not paying the bonuses could spark problems across the business community. "If you think this economy is a mess now, imagine what it would look like if the business community started to worry that the government would start abrogating contracts left and right," wrote Sorkin.  Joshua Zumbrun of Forbes and Eliot Spitzer of Slate argued that the outrage over bonuses distracted from a larger issue: that AIG had taken much of the bailout money and used it to settle contracts with its counterparties, Wall Street banks, hedge funds and non-U.S. banks, at full price.

Conservative political commentator Rush Limbaugh defended AIG, saying "We've got peasants with their pitchforks phoning in death threats at AIG. We have members of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives sounding like communist dictators." Limbaugh's comments defended that the bonuses were legal and productive, saying "This money went to American citizens. This money went mostly to American citizens who are registered Democrats. These people who got the bonus are going to spend it. That's called private sector stimulus...The ones who got the bonuses did so on the basis of sales success. These were reported as merit bonuses that they are contractually permitted to get. If you violate their contract, if you don't give them their bonus, you have got a lawsuit on your hands and 80% of this company is now owned by Barney Frank and Chris Dodd and [Nancy] Pelosi, and so they would be sued, the government would be sued by these people."

Repayment of bonuses

AIG CEO Edward M. Liddy told Congress that he asked employees who received bonuses over $100,000 to give half back. David Shuster said "That sounded half-assed to members of Congress who were both channeling and deflecting voter outrage." Liddy was joined by New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo in requesting these repayments.

AIG has pointed out that Connecticut, the state where AIG is based, has a law called the Wage Act. According to the law, employers who don't pay employees the money which they are contractually obligated to pay, could ultimately be required to pay twice that amount.

As of March 23, 2009, 9 of the 10 highest paid AIG executives had agreed to give back their bonuses to the company - and of the 20 highest paid, 15 had agreed to give back their bonuses. Most of the employees who accepted to pay back their bonuses were Americans. Non-American AIG employees strongly objected to repaying their bonuses, and some considered the request to be "blackmail", "extortion" and a "potentially illegal" mean for the company to take back money that was contractually the employees'. They feared that New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo, who had opened an investigation of the bonus payments, would reveal their name if they refused to give their bonuses back.

Following the announcement of the repayment of bonuses, house majority leader Steny Hoyer argued that a tax on these bonuses like the one that was adopted by the House a week prior "may not be necessary".

Jake DeSantis's resignation

On March 24, 2009, The New York Times printed the open letter of resignation of Jake DeSantis, an executive vice president of AIG's financial products unit, to Edward M. Liddy, the chief executive of AIG.  DeSantis stated that he and the majority of AIG-F.P. employees had nothing to do with the money-losing credit default swaps, that many of them had lost much of their savings in the form of deferred compensation invested in the capital of AIG-F.P., that he and others had agreed to work for an annual salary of $1 out of a sense of duty to the company, that AIG-F.P. employees were assured many times following the government bailout in September 2008 that AIG would honor the pre-existing retention contracts with scheduled payments to be made in March 2009, and that AIG-F.P. employees believed they were let down by Liddy's lack of support against opportunistic political pressure. He also stated he was going to donate his March 2009 payment to those suffering from the global economic downturn.

References

External links
90% Tax on Bonuses HR 1586 passed the house on March 19, 2009.

American International Group
Political controversies in the United States
2009 controversies
Criticisms of companies
Great Recession in the United States
Employee bonus
Employee compensation in the United States


Frank "Chip" Cipolla (August 24, 1926 – July 10, 1994) was an American radio announcer for the New York Football Giants and other professional sports teams in the New York City area.

Cipolla was born in the Bronx, the son of Italian-Americans Henry Cipolla and Rose DiSanto Cipolla. He had a sister, Gloria Rocks. Has a daughter Nancy Lynn Cipolla (Harrington)

A graduate of Fordham University, class of 1950, Cipolla worked for 19 years at WNEW Radio.  From 1960-65 he served as the station's sports editor. He was a color commentator for the Giants, as part of the broadcasting team that included Marty Glickman, Al DeRogatis and Kyle Rote. He was also a regular on WNEW's highly rated morning program, Klavan & Finch. On November 9, 1965, WNEW pressed Cipolla into duty as a street reporter during the Northeastern blackout, reporting from various Manhattan locations much of the night. Cipolla later did the morning news on the Jay Thomas Show on 92.3 WKTU in New York in the early 80's.

He later broadcast games of the New York Mets, New York Rangers, New Jersey Nets and New York Cosmos, the North American Soccer League team which presented him with a 1972 championship ring.

Cipolla was inducted into the Fordham University Athletics Hall of Fame in 1981.

Cipolla died of cancer at Lenox Hill Hospital, aged 67.

References

External links
 Fordham University Athletic Hall of Fame

1926 births
1994 deaths
People from the Bronx
American sports announcers
Fordham University alumni
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
New York Giants announcers
Sports in New York (state)
American people of Italian descent


Gregory Duncan "Don" Cameron ( – July 11, 1952) was an American Thoroughbred horse trainer who trained Count Fleet, who won the U.S. Triple Crown in 1943.

A native of California, Don Cameron served as an aviator in the United States Military during World War I. Working in the Thoroughbred horse racing industry, he trained for various owners including the prominent stables of Vera S. Bragg and J. Shirley Riley. However, he is best known for his time with Stoner Creek Stud training the horses for its owners, John & Fannie Hertz.

Beginning in September 1940 Don Cameron trained Challedon for owner William L. Brann and won the Pimlico Special and Havre de Grace Handicap. He left Brann's employ in February 1941 and the horse's training was taken over by L. T. (Whitey) Whitehill.

Count Fleet and the Triple Crown
In 1939, he hired jockey Johnny Longden to ride the horses owned by Vera S. Bragg and Fannie Hertz. With Longden riding Count Fleet in all his races, in 1942 Don Cameron conditioned Mrs. Hertz's two-year-old colt to U.S. Champion 2-Yr-Old Colt honors. The following year the colt won the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes to become only the 6th U.S. Triple Crown Champion in the history of the American Classic Races. Cameron would see his colt voted the 1943 American Horse of the Year, the most prestigious honor for Thoroughbred runners in the United States.

Among Cameron's other important horses was Vulcan's Forge, whose conditioning he took over in 1949 from U.S. Racing Hall of fame trainer, Syl Veitch. That year, Cameron saddled Vulcan's Forge to major wins in California's richest race, the Santa Anita Handicap and on the East Coast, the Suburban Handicap at New York's Belmont Park.

In 1950, Don Cameron's trainee, Miche, notably won the La Sorpresa Handicap at Santa Anita Park, ending Citation's sixteen-race win streak

Don Cameron died on July 11, 1952, at age fifty-eight from a coronary thrombosis.

References

Don Cameron at the Churchill Downs' Kentucky Derby website
 The 1943 Triple Crown at About.com
 The New York Times July 12, 1952 obituary for Gregory (Don) Cameron

1890s births
1952 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
American military personnel of World War I
American horse trainers
Sportspeople from California
Deaths from coronary thrombosis


Events in the year 1865 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles IV

Events
22 September – Frederik Stang founds the Norwegian Red Cross

Arts and literature

Births
8 January – Ivar Flem, newspaper editor (died 1948).
15 January – Finn Blakstad, farmer and politician (died 1941)
21 January – Agnes Steineger, painter (died 1965).
6 February – William Martin Nygaard, publisher and politician (died 1952)
12 June – Anders Beer Wilse, photographer (died 1949)
15 September – Knut Gjerset, Norwegian-American professor, author  and historian (died 1936)
8 October – Adolph Gundersen, Norwegian-American medical doctor, founder of Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center (died 1938)
2 November – Paul Olaf Bodding, missionary, linguist and folklorist (died 1938)
30 November – Rolf Jacobsen, jurist, politician and Minister (died 1942)

Full date unknown
Haakon Martin Evjenth, politician (died 1934)
Lars Jorde, painter (died 1939)
Ole Monsen Mjelde, politician and Minister (died 1942)
Martin Ulvestad, historian and author (died 1942)

Deaths
11 June – Nils Fredrik Julius Aars, priest and politician (born 1807)
10 July – Ulrik Anton Motzfeldt, jurist and politician (born 1807)

Full date unknown
Hans Glad Bloch, politician (born 1791)

See also

References


Jesper Skaaning (a.k.a. Acustic) is a Danish electronic musician, producer and film composer.
He started his career as a guitarist in various experimental punk bands in the early 1980s and was inspired by European electropop and early electronic Music, especially by Kraftwerk. At that time he formed a band, Acustisk Ungdom, from which he later took his name.

He formed the Future 3 electronic trio together with Anders Remmer (a.k.a. Dub Tractor) and Thomas Knak (a.k.a. Opiate) in 1994.
He is also a member of People Press Play (which is Future 3 plus Sara Savery) and has a duo project with Remmer,
Jesper & Anders a.k.a. Recycler 202.

With his sense of harmony, and his consciously minimalist approach, Skaaning constructs a sound which is forthcoming without trying too hard to please.

At the moment Jesper is working together with guitar and bassplayer Djon on the side project Spring, which is a return to more guitar oriented material with discrete use of vocals.

Discography
 Tease (12”) - (Flex Records, 1995)
 No 1 (CD, Album) - (April Records, 1996)
 No 2 (12”) - (April Records, 1997)
 Star Quality (CD) - (April Records, 1998)
 Split (12") (with Goodiepal) - (Hobby Industries, 2000)
 Split (12”) (with RJ Valeo) - (Hobby Industries, 2002)
 Welcome (CD)- (Rump Recordings, 2005)

References

External links

Jesper Skaaning at Discogs
Welcome album review
Acustic at MySpace

Living people
Danish electronic musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Batavier Line () was a packet service between Rotterdam and London from 1830 until the 1960s. The line was established by the Nederlandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij (known as NSM and in English as Netherlands Steamship Company).

History

Having attempted unsuccessfully to establish services between Rotterdam–Hamburg and Antwerp–London, the company turned its attention to Rotterdam–London  and became the first regular foreign-owned company to set up such a service into London Port.

The original boat on the service was the wooden paddle steamer De Batavier (built 1829). She was replaced by an iron-hulled paddle steamer named Batavier in 1855, and this ship was replaced by another iron-hulled steamer  in 1872.

In 1895, NSM sold the company to Wm. H. Müller and Co. and  a condition of sale  was that the Batavier name would be maintained as the company name and the naming scheme for its ships.

Müller ordered two new steel-hulled steamers from Gourlay Brothers of Dundee in 1897,  and . When this pair joined the fleet, the prior Batavier was renamed Batavier I. In Rotterdam, the ships docked at the Willemsplein; in London, the ships originally docked near London Bridge, but in 1899 switched to Custom House and Wool Quays near Tower Bridge (now known as Sugar Quay). Also beginning in 1899, the Batavier Line service between Rotterdam and London was offered daily except Sundays. In 1902 a further pair of ship was ordered from Gourlay,  and , and when Batavier VI was added in 1903, Batavier I was taken out of service. In 1909 Batavier II and Batavier III were rebuilt to a size more closely aligned with the later ships.

During the early stages of World War I, the line continued service, but the ships were sometime subjected to being stopped by German submarines. In March 1915, Batavier V was stopped and seized as a prize by German submarine , but later released by the German prize court. In May 1916, Batavier V struck a mine off the British coast and was sunk with the loss of four lives. In September, Batavier II was seized by , but later released; she was sunk in 1917 by the British submarine .

In June 1922 the London terminal was changed to "Batavier Pier" in Gravesend.

After World War I ended, new  and  were added to the line, but during World War II, the newer Batavier V was seized by German forces and later sunk by a British motor torpedo boat. A newer Batavier III, added in 1939 to replace the 1902 ship of the same name, was also seized by the Germans and later mined. After the end of the war, only the 1921 Batavier II remained in service for the line and continued passenger service until April 1958 ending the 128 year service.  Several freighters were added in the late 1950s and a freight service was continued for a time after passenger service ended.

Ships
See list of ships operated below

References

Bibliography

Companies established in 1830
Defunct shipping companies of the Netherlands
1830 establishments in the Netherlands
Defunct transport companies of the Netherlands


The Provincial League, sometimes known as the Quebec Provincial League, was a minor league baseball league based in the Canadian province of Quebec. It went through a number of incarnations during the 20th century, spending time as both an independent baseball league (1922–23, 1935–1939, 1948–49, and 1958–1971) and as a member of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (1924, 1940, and 1950–1955). It is notable as a successful independent league at a time when few existed, and was a haven for black and indigenous players excluded from organized baseball.

Early history
The Provincial League was part of a long history of Quebec-based minor leagues. The first iterations played in 1894 and 1900. Later, the Ontario–Quebec–Vermont League played from 1922 to 1924, spending two years as an independent league before joining the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, the governing body of minor league baseball, in its last season. Like later incarnations of the league, it was the product of Canadian Pacific Railway sports promoter Joseph Page and retired Major League Baseball pitcher Jean Dubuc, who labored extensively to set up teams in towns with Canadian Pacific stops.

The Provincial League concept was relaunched in 1935. The league spent five seasons as an independent circuit before joining the NAPBL as a Class B league in 1940. Throughout this time, the most successful clubs were Quebec City and Trois-Rivières. The Provincial League took a hiatus during World War II, and returned afterward as an independent league with inconsistent levels of success. By 1948 it was again a fully professional six-team league, though outside the purview of the NAPBL. In 1950 it rejoined the NAPBL as a Class C circuit, following a similar pattern to earlier successful independent organizations. It lasted until 1955 before folding. In 1958 the final iteration of the Provincial League launched; it lasted until 1971 as an independent organization.

The Provincial League has drawn some scholarly attention as a professional independent circuit during a time when very few such leagues existed. Especially in the late 1930s, it was known as safe haven for black and indigenous players who were excluded from the organized leagues. During this time, the opportunities it offered drew black players from across North America, and it even once included a team representing the Caughnawaga Mohawk reservation. Other notable players included Maurice Richard, Pete Gray, Adrián Zabala, Roland Gladu, and a retired Félix Mantilla.

Member clubs (1940; 1949–1955)

 Burlington A's
 Drummondville A's
 Drummondville Cubs (Champions, 1949)
 Drummondville Royals
 Drummondville Tigers
 Farnham Pirates
 Granby Phillies
 Granby Red Socks/Red Sox
 Quebec Athletics
 Quebec Braves (Champions, 1952–1955)
 St. Hyacinthe A's

 St. Hyacinthe Saints
 St. Jean Braves (Champions, 1950)
 St. Jean Canadiens
 Sherbrooke Athletics (Champions, 1951)
 Sherbrooke Braves
 Sherbrooke Indians
 Thetford Mines Mineurs
 Trois-Rivières Foxes (Champions, 1940)
 Trois-Rivières Royals
 Trois-Rivières Phillies
 Trois-Rivières Yankees

Notes

References

Defunct baseball leagues in Canada
Baseball leagues in Quebec
Baseball leagues in Vermont
Sports leagues established in 1922
Sports leagues disestablished in 1955
Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States


Africa–India relations (also referred to as Indo-African relations or Afro-Indian relations) are the historical, political, economic, and cultural connections between India and the African continent.

Historical relations concerned mainly India and East Africa. However, in modern days—and with the expansion of diplomatic and commercial representations— India has now developed ties with most of the African nations. Trade between India & Africa stood at US$62.66 billion (2017–18) making India the fourth largest trading partner of Africa.

Historical background
Africa and India are separated by the Indian Ocean. The geographical proximity between the Horn of Africa and the Indian subcontinent has played an important role in the development of the relationship since ancient times.

Ancient trade relations

Indo-African relations date back to the Bronze Age period of the Indus Valley civilization, Pearl millet first domesticated in Africa have been discovered from the site of Chanhu Daro and there is at least one burial of African women from the same site as well, it is thus postulated that Indus valley maritime activities included journey to the horn of Africa and bringing back African crops along with African diaspora to the Indus valley since Pearl millet was cultivated in South Asia since 2nd millennium BC but there is no such evidence from the Near East.  Black peppercorns were found stuffed in the nostrils of Ramesses II, placed there as part of the mummification rituals shortly after his death in 1213 BCE. In the 2nd century BC the Greek's accounts of Ptolmaic Egypt and its trade relations mention Indian ships making the trip and Greeks began to utilize this knowledge from Indian sailors to conduct maritime activities in the Indian Ocean and conduct business with the Indians directly instead of relying on the middle men, when Romans replaced the Greek administration in Egypt, this began a 400-year period of trade relations between the Roman Empire and India. Periplus Maris Erythraei (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea),—which dates to mid-first century—refers to trade relations between the Kingdom of Aksum and Ancient India around the first millennium. Helped by the monsoon winds, merchants traded cotton, glass beads and other goods in exchange for gold and soft-carved ivory. The influence of the Indian architecture on the African kingdom shows the level of trade development between the two civilizations.

Under Ptolemaic rule, Ancient Egypt dispatched two trade delegations to India. The Greek Ptolemaic dynasty and India had developed bilateral trade using the Red Sea and Indian ports. Controlling the western and northern end of other trade routes to Southern Arabia and India, the Ptolemies had begun to exploit trading opportunities with India prior to the Roman involvement but according to the historian Strabo the volume of commerce between India and Greece was not comparable to that of later Indian-Roman trade. The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings. The cargo under these situations was shipped to Aden:

The trade started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.):

In India, the ports of Barbaricum (modern Karachi), Barygaza, Muziris, Korkai, Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of India were the main centers of this trade. The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, and silver and gold plate" in exchange for "costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo". In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.

With the establishment of Roman Egypt, the Romans took over and further developed the already existing trade. Roman trade with India played an important role in further developing the Red Sea route. Starting around 100 BCE a route from Roman Egypt to India was established, making use of the Red Sea to cross the Arabian Sea directly to southern India. Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics. The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence. Clement of Alexandria mentions the Buddha in his writings and other Indian religions find mentions in other texts of the period.

Blanche D'Souza states that Hindus had, by 1st millennium AD, begun using monsoon-led trade winds to establish trading activities between western parts of India and Mozambique, linking these to other eastern coastal regions of Africa and Arabian peninsula.

Medieval period relations
Relations attained stronger levels during medieval times due to the development of trade routes between the Mediterranean and Asia, through Arabia. Zheng He, a Chinese admiral met with the Malindi envoy present in Bengal. The Malindi traders had brought tribute of Giraffe for the Bengal sultan, so they gave one to the Chinese as well.  Indian Hindu traders were reportedly present according to the records of Vasco da Gama in the south eastern African coast of Mozambique.

African heritage in India
Aside from the aforementioned Aksumite trade with India, the documented presence of Africans in India dates back to the eighth century CE. Several Africans played an important role in different Indian dynasties. The first Habshi, of whom there is a historical record, was probably Jamal al-Din Yaqut, royal courtier in the kingdom of Delhi, in the north of the sub-continent. Habshis were also reported in the interior of northern India. Ibn Battuta recalls that at Alapur, the Governor was the Abyssinian Badr. A man whose bravery passed into a proverb. Some of the Africans who rose to positions of considerable importance were: Malik Kafur, Malik Ambar, Malik Sarwar, Mubarak Shah, Ibrahim Shah, Malik Andil, Malik Sandal, Yaqut Dabuli Habshi, Ikhlas Khan, Dilawar Khan, Khavass Khan, Ulugh Khan. Their role in the History of India is Significant. The Africans, who arrived in Hyderabad, Deccan, apart from playing their traditional role as bonded guards and servants, were recruited as the Nizam's private bodyguard. The Siddi Risala (African Regiment) was retained until 1948. Other Siddis were elevated to the status of Khanazahs (proteges) and became trusted advisers of the Nizams.

Under the rule of the British Empire
During the British colonial rule in the Indian Subcontinent and large parts of Africa, the Indian city of Mumbai was already a center of ivory trade between East Africa and Britain.

The stay of Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa between 1893 and 1915 remains one of the main events which paved the road to the modern-day political relations.

Modern-day relations

Political
The development of modern-day relations has gone through two main periods. During the period of colonialism and liberation wars, political relations became stronger. At the wake of the Cold War, many African countries joined the non-aligned movement pioneered by Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia and Yugoslavia.

During the years of decolonisation, India exerted considerable political and ideological influence in Africa as a role model and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement. But India's ability to develop a broader strategic role in Africa during the 20th century was subject to several constraints. India's influence was limited by financial weakness and inward-looking economic policies.  Its commitment to decolonisation through nonviolent means made it relatively reluctant to provide military assistance to national liberation movements.  India's role in East Africa was also constrained by the large Indian ethnic population that was often resented by black African nationalists. The most famous case of Indophobia is the ethnic cleansing of Indians and other South Asians in Uganda by Idi Amin.

The India-Africa Forum Summit, which was held from April 4 to April 8, 2008 in New Delhi, India for the first time, constitutes the basic framework for the relations under the South-South Cooperation platform.

In July 2019, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced that India would open embassies in 18 African countries. This would result in Indian embassies being located in 47 of 54 African countries. Five new embassies were opened in Rwanda, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Guinea and Burkina Faso in 2018-19, and eight new embassies were opened in Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Eswatini, Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Príncipe, Togo and Liberia in 2019-20. The other 5 new embassies will be opened in Cape Verde, Chad, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, and Somalia.

There are numerous of Indians and Africans of Indian descent living in Africa, mainly in the eastern and southern coast in places such as Mauritius, Kenya and South Africa.

There are at least 40,000 Africans in India.

Business
Indian firms are conducting numerous takeovers abroad and are venturing into Africa. In June 2008, Bharti Airtel, an Indian telecommunications giant, purchased Zain Africa for US$9 billion. Trade between India & Africa has grown exponentially during the past 15 years. Indo-African trade volume reached US$53.3 billion in 2010-11 & US$62 billion in 2011–12. It is US$90 billion by 2015. As of 2015, India has emerged as Africa's fourth largest trade partner behind China, EU & USA whilst Africa has emerged as India's sixth largest trading partner behind EU, China, UAE, USA & ASEAN. This volume was at a meager US$3 billion in 2001. In November 2012 FICCI President led a business delegation to Ethiopia to meet the new Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn and reaffirm India's commitment to the growth and development of Africa. Indian companies have already invested more than US$34 billion in the resource-rich continent as of 2011 & further investments worth US$59.7 billion are in the pipeline. Among the proposals that CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) received from the African nations are 126 agricultural projects worth an investment of $4.74 billion, 177 infrastructure projects worth $34.19 billion, and 34 energy sector plans costing $20.74 billion (337 projects totalling US$59.7 billion). Ex-Prime Minister of India, Dr.Manmohan Singh while expressing his country's support to Africa, said in an Indo-African trade summit that "Africa possesses all the prerequisites to become a major growth pole of the world in the 21st century. We will work with Africa to enable it to realise this potential". The Indian government has promised to extend loans worth US$5.4 billion (during 2011–14) to several African nations in order to nurture growth in those nations. According to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of India's foreign policy, "the African countries are presently at such a stage of development when India can offer the most appropriate technology at competitive prices".

India–Africa Forum Summit

The India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) is the official platform for African-Indian relations. The IAFS is held once in every three years. It was first held from April 4 to April 8, 2008 in New Delhi, and was the first such meeting between the heads of state and government of India and 14 countries of Africa chosen by the African Union.

Indian foreign aid to Africa

In 2006, India launched its flagship aid initiative in Africa by constructing the $125 million Pan-African e-Network, the continent's largest tele-education and telemedicine initiative. The network links 47 African countries with schools and hospitals in India through satellite and fiber-optic links.

At the second India–Africa Forum Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2011, then Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh expressed India's desire to help African nations with their development needs. Singh announced that India would invest $700 million to establish educational institutions and training programs in several African countries, including Uganda, Ghana, Botswana and Burundi. The Prime Minister also announced $5 billion in lines of credit for African nations. India made further commitments to Africa at the third India-Africa Forum Summit in 2014.

India allocated $43 million or 7% of its technical cooperation budget to African countries in 2012–13, a 4% increase over the previous fiscal. India budgeted $63 million in aid to African countries in 2014–15, less than 5% of its total foreign aid budget and slightly higher than the previous fiscal.

See also
 Sino-African relations
 Africa–United States relations
 Africa–Soviet Union relations
 Africa–EU relations
 France–Africa relations
 Africa–Japan relations
 Africa–North Korea relations
 Africa-South Korea relations
 Foreign relations of India
 Siddi

Notes

Further reading
 Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 566–580.
 Lionel Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (Princeton University Press, 1989)
 Shanti Sadiq Ali, The African dispersal in the Deccan: from medieval to modern times (Orient Blackswan, 1996)
 World Review, "India trades on private sector to build economic ties with Africa " www.worldreview.info
 Rejaul Karim Laskar, India-Africa relations reaching new heights, The Assam Tribune, June 4, 2011.
 Arndt Michael (2014) Advent of a ‘Game Changer’?: India’s Economic, Political and Strategic Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1991 until 2014, in: India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 70 No. 4: 341-357

External links


IsraelPolitik is an official blog of the Consulate General of Israel in New York, and the second blog to be administered by the Israeli Consulate’s media and public affairs team. It was initiated by David Saranga, Consul for Media and Public Affairs, following the launch of isRealli, which was the first official blog to ever be created by a government. IsraelPolitik covers political news in Israel by posting up-to-date news clips, official briefs, and exclusive articles and interviews. The site was launched on May 18, 2007 and is maintained on a frequent basis.

Public Diplomacy 2.0 and IsraelPolitik
IsraelPolitik is one of the tools Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Consulate in New York are using in order to reach new audiences. In an interview with the New York Times during the war in Gaza in January 2009, Consul David Saranga at the Israeli Consulate in New York was quoted saying: “Since the definition of war has changed, the definition of public diplomacy has to change as well.”

IsraelPolitik on Twitter
The blog garnered a slew of high-profile media attention and coverage during the war in Gaza from December 2008 to January 2009, when the Israeli Consulate in New York conducted the first-ever citizen press conference on Twitter, and posted the transcript on IsraelPolitik. The Twitter press conference, initiated by Consul David Saranga, was designed to answer people’s questions about Operation Cast Lead in a series of brief “tweets”, as part of a new media effort to reach tech-savvy audiences.

Categories
IsraelPolitik categories include: Citizen Press Conference, Conflict, International, Interviews, Media, Middle East, Operation Cast Lead, Peace, Politics, and Terrorism.

Demographic
IsraelPolitik attracts users from more than 85 countries from across the globe, including Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, France, Iran, Egypt, Indonesia, United Arab Emirates, and many more.

References

Israeli political websites


Primary inoculation tuberculosis  is a skin condition that develops at the site of inoculation of tubercle bacilli into a tuberculosis-free individual.

See also
 Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
 Skin lesion
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions


James "Jimmy" Jamieson (March 21, 1921 – December 26, 1985) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He played in one game in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers during the 1943–44 season, on January 13, 1944 against the Chicago Black Hawks. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1940 to 1952, was spent in the minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

 James Jamieson's obituary

1921 births
1985 deaths
Akron Americans players
Baltimore Clippers (1945–49) players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
First Nations sportspeople
Ice hockey people from Brantford
Milwaukee Chiefs players
New York Rangers players
New York Rovers players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Pasadena Panthers players


Glenn Roberts "Rob" Laird (born December 29, 1954) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Minnesota North Stars during the 1979–80 NHL season.

Early life
Laird was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. He played junior hockey with the Regina Pats from 1971 to 1974.

Career
Laird was drafted 116th overall in the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins and 29th overall in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft by the Minnesota Fighting Saints.

He played eight seasons with the Fort Wayne Komets and on March 6, 2002, he was inducted into the Komet Hall of Fame, in which he was honored with his jersey number #18 retired.

He also coached the AHL's Baltimore Skipjacks and Moncton Hawks as well as the IHL's Fort Wayne Komets and Phoenix Roadrunners. He served as an assistant coach for the Washington Capitals in the 1989–90 season.

Laird is a senior pro scout for the Los Angeles Kings, having joined the club in the 1997–98 season.

Career statistics

Awards and honours

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

References

External links

Rob Laird's profile at HockeyDraftCentral.com

1954 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Fort Wayne Komets players
Los Angeles Kings scouts
Minnesota Fighting Saints draft picks
Minnesota North Stars players
Nashville South Stars players
Oklahoma City Stars players
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Regina Pats players
Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan
Washington Capitals coaches


For the ice hockey player, see Jean-Louis Levasseur.

Louis Levasseur (December 27, 1671 – June 3, 1748) was a scrivener and became lieutenant general of the admiralty court of Île Royale.

Levasseur was part of the bourgeoisie in Lower Canada and became secretary to Intendant Jean Bochart de Champigny at Quebec. He then was employed in France, where he was appointed scrivener. He came back to Canada as scrivener for Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) in 1716. Two years later, he was appointed lieutenant general of the admiralty court at the Fortress of Louisbourg in present-day Nova Scotia.

External links

People of New France
1671 births
1748 deaths


Kevin Scott MacDonald (born February 24, 1966) is a Canadian ice hockey coach and former professional ice hockey player.

With the exception of playing one game in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Ottawa Senators during the 1993–94 NHL season, MacDonald played his entire career in the minor leagues. He played in the International Hockey League (IHL), American Hockey League (AHL), and East Coast Hockey League (ECHL).

Roller hockey
MacDonald played one game of professional roller hockey when he suited up for the Ottawa Loggers (RHI) in 1996.

Coaching
Following his playing career, MacDonald spent three seasons (1998–2001) as the head coach of the Bakersfield Condors in the WCHL.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1966 births
Living people
Baton Rouge Kingfish players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Wolves players
Fort Wayne Komets players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Muskegon Lumberjacks players
New Haven Nighthawks players
Ottawa Loggers players
Ottawa Senators players
People from Leeds and Grenville United Counties
Phoenix Roadrunners (IHL) players
Prince Edward Island Senators players
Undrafted National Hockey League players


Jack Raymond Martin (born November 29, 1940) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre who played in one National Hockey League game for the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1960–61 season, on November 27, 1960 against the Detroit Red Wings. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1960 to 1965, was spent in the minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1940 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Charlotte Checkers (EHL) players
Knoxville Knights players
Nashville Dixie Flyers players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
San Francisco Seals (ice hockey) players
Sault Thunderbirds players
Ice hockey people from St. Catharines
Sudbury Wolves (EPHL) players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Marlboros players
Toronto St. Michael's Majors players


Robert Daniel McDonald (January 4, 1923 – October 29, 1977) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1943–44 season, on January 6, 1944 against the Detroit Red Wings. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1943 to 1949, was spent in the minor leagues. He was born in Toronto, Ontario.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1923 births
1977 deaths
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Auto Club players
Detroit Bright's Goodyears players
New York Rangers players
New York Rovers players
Ice hockey people from Toronto


Scott Gordon McKay (born January 26, 1972) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim during the 1993–94 NHL season. In his only game, on April 9, 1994, he played against the Vancouver Canucks, he was credited with 1 shot on goal, but failed to register a point. After the game, he played in various minor leagues, as well as in the Alpenliga in 1996-1997. He retired in 1998.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1972 births
Living people
Baltimore Bandits players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Carolina Monarchs players
EC Graz players
Greensboro Monarchs players
London Knights players
Louisiana IceGators (ECHL) players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
Port Huron Border Cats players
Raleigh IceCaps players
San Diego Gulls (IHL) players
Ice hockey people from Burlington, Ontario
Undrafted National Hockey League players


Brian Murphy (born August 20, 1947) is a Canadian retired  professional ice hockey centre who played in one National Hockey League game for the Detroit Red Wings during the 1974–75 season on November 28, 1974 against the Buffalo Sabres. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1968 to 1978, was spent in various minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1947 births
Living people
Baltimore Clippers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Detroit Red Wings players
London Nationals players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Rochester Americans players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Springfield Kings players
Toronto Marlboros players
Virginia Wings players


Igor Nikulin (born August 26, 1972) is a Russian former professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim during the 1997 Stanley Cup playoffs. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1992 to 2004, was split between Russia and the North American minor leagues.

Career statistics

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1972 births
Ak Bars Kazan players
Anaheim Ducks draft picks
Baltimore Bandits players
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Fort Wayne Komets players
HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
Krylya Sovetov Moscow players
Living people
Molot-Prikamye Perm players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
People from Cherepovets
Russian ice hockey right wingers
Severstal Cherepovets players
SKA Saint Petersburg players
Sportspeople from Vologda Oblast


Rikshospitalet is a light rail tram stop at the end of the Ullevål Hageby Line of the Oslo Tramway. It is located at Rikshospitalet, the Norwegian National Hospital, at Gaustad in Oslo, Norway.

The station opened on 1 June, 1999 as part of the line extension when the hospital opened. The expansion was financed by Oslo Package 2. The station is served by lines 17 and 18, using SL95 low-floor trams. This allows step-free access from and to all stations until the city center. Trams operate each five minutes. The next station is Gaustadalléen. In the past, line 10 which ran from Rikshospitalet to Jar, used to operate here.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1999
1999 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1990s


Gordon Joseph Reid (February 19, 1910 — November 12, 1994) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Americans during the 1936–37 season, on December 29, 1936 against the New York Rangers. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1929 to 1944, was spent in the minor leagues.

He died at a hospital in Bracebridge, Ontario in 1994 and was buried alongside his wife, Audrey at the Bracebridge Municipal Cemetery.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

References

External links

1910 births
1994 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kansas City Greyhounds players
New Haven Eagles players
New York Americans players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
People from East Gwillimbury
Sportspeople from the Regional Municipality of York
Providence Reds players
St. Paul Saints (AHA) players


The 2008–09 season of the Norwegian Premier League, the highest bandy league for men in Norway.

21 games were played, with 2 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Solberg won the league, whereas Mjøndalen and Ready survived a relegation playoff.

League table

References
Table

Seasons in Norwegian bandy
2008 in bandy
2009 in bandy
Band
Band


James M. Stewart, Jr. (born April 23, 1957) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in one National Hockey League game for the Boston Bruins during the 1979–80 NHL season. His lone game was on January 10, 1980 against the St. Louis Blues. He gave up 3 goals in the first 4 minutes and 5 goals in the first period. He was replaced by fellow rookie Marco Baron in the second period and never played in the NHL again.

Stewart played hockey for St. John's High School and College of the Holy Cross.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1957 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
Baltimore Skipjacks (ACHL) players
Binghamton Dusters players
Binghamton Whalers players
Boston Bruins players
Cape Cod Buccaneers players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Indianapolis Checkers (CHL) players
Nashville South Stars players
Saginaw Gears players
Sportspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Springfield Indians players
Undrafted National Hockey League players


David John Van Drunen (born January 31, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played one game in the National Hockey League game for the Ottawa Senators during the 1999–00 season, on December 13, 1999 against the Toronto Maple Leafs. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1997 to 2011, was spent in various minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Awards and honours

See also
List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1976 births
Living people
Baton Rouge Kingfish players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) players
Dayton Bombers players
Detroit Vipers players
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Grand Rapids Griffins (IHL) players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Mobile Mysticks players
Muskegon Fury players
Odessa Jackalopes players
Ottawa Senators players
Portland Pirates players
Prince Albert Raiders players
Saginaw Gears (UHL) players
Sportspeople from Sherwood Park
Undrafted National Hockey League players


Don Friesen is an American stand-up comedian.  Friesen is a relatively "clean" performer who uses self-deprecating humor to lampoon his life as a suburban husband and father. His act consists of satirical scenes that spoof his daily interactions with his wife, kids, tech support, creditors, and airline pilots, mixed in with impressions, improvisation and audience interaction.

Friesen was born and raised in Fresno, California. He graduated with a business degree from the University of Southern California. In his senior year at USC, Friesen founded a campus-based improv troupe called Commedus Interruptus that still performs weekly shows on campus.  In 1992, Friesen married Jill Scariano. They live in South Pasadena, California, with their two children.

In 1999, Friesen won the prestigious San Francisco International Comedy Competition. In 2005, he returned to the competition with different material and took first place again, becoming the only person to win the competition twice. His first win led to a performance on the Martin Short Show, where, immediately after his set, he was asked to change his shirt and tape a second performance in front of the same audience. The second set aired a month later. Friesen has also appeared on Byron Allen’s Comics Unleashed.  His episode was tapped for the syndicated program’s compilation “Best of Comics Unleashed” DVD.

Friesen’s stand-up performance DVD/CD “Inexplicable,” was taped at the Crest Theatre in Sacramento, CA, and released independently in July 2005.

Friesen performed on Comedy Central's "Live at Gotham" (2009) episode #4.2, which originally aired in Oct 2009. He currently tours the country performing live in a variety of venues ranging from comedy clubs, theaters, and casinos, to corporate events, colleges and cruise ships.  He can be heard regularly in Los Angeles on the 95.5 KLOS Five O-Clock Funnies, and nationally on XM and Sirius Satellite Radio.

References

http://www.commedus.com

External links
 Don Friesen's official website
 Don Friesen's corporate booking website
 Don Friesen's channel on YouTube
 Don Friesen on Facebook
 Don Friesen on MySpace

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American stand-up comedians
People from Fresno, California
Comedians from California


Robert Wayne Wilson (February 18, 1934 – July 29, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one game in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1953–54 season, on February 4, 1054 against the New York Rangers. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1954 to 1970, was spent in the minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

References

External links

1934 births
2020 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Calgary Stampeders (WHL) players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Galt Black Hawks players
Los Angeles Blades (WHL) players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Sault Thunderbirds players
Ice hockey people from Greater Sudbury
St. Louis Braves players


Martin Percy "Buster" Zoborosky (November 12, 1916 – June 1, 1989), later known as Martin Edwards, was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1944–45 season.

Biography
Zoborosky was born in November 1916 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan to Martin and Elizabeth Zoborosky. He started his hockey career in 1934 with the Moose Jaw Canucks, in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, of his hometown. He would continue playing in Moose Jaw until the 1935–36 season, where he split time between the Canucks and Moose Jaw Hardware of the Saskatchewan Senior Hockey League. The following season he played for the Prince Albert Mintos in the Senior League, playing 20 games, registering one point and 28 penalty minutes. The following season he played for the Swift Current Indians of that same league. In the next few years, he would go on to play in leagues in British Columbia, suiting up for Kimberley, New Westminster and Vancouver. During his time with Vancouver, he played for the Royal Canadian Air Force team, in which he was a member, having joined in the early 1940s. He would serve in the RCAF for four years. During his career in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, he participated in 3 championship playoffs - the Memorial Cup in Saskatchewan and Allan Cup in British Columbia (2 times). During his time in Swift Current, he was part of the championship-winning team of 1941.

In the 1944–45 season, Zoborosky played one game, on December 31, 1944, for the Chicago Black Hawks (against the Detroit Red Wings) in the National Hockey League, registering two penalty minutes in a 4–0 loss. He also played a single game for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League in that same season. In 1946, Zoborosky headed to Prague, Czechoslovakia to serve as player-coach of a hockey team there, despite not knowing the Czech language. Upon his return to Canada in 1947, he lauded the rising popularity of ice hockey as a sport in Europe, adding that the possibility for scouting hockey talent out of Europe was strong. For the 1948 season he again returned to Europe, this time in charge of 10 hockey clubs, with 10 assistant coaches, travelling between them and supervising play.

A defenceman for his whole hockey career, he was nicknamed by his teammates as "Buster" or "Bus", perhaps for his "truck-like" play. A 1943 article from Vancouver described that he "fought like a tiger [and] handed out lumps all [game]". Described as an unassuming and likeable person, he was also said to not hold grudges against other opposing players, amongst whom he was held in high regard.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

Notes

Last name also spelled as Zoboroski and Zobrosky

References

External links

1916 births
1989 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian military personnel of World War II
Chicago Blackhawks players
Providence Reds players
Ice hockey people from Moose Jaw


Ladislau "Gioni" Brosovszky () (23 March 1951 – 23 December 1990) was a Romanian football midfielder with Hungarian roots.

Club career
Ladislau "Gioni" Brosovszky was born on 23 March 1951 in Arad, Romania and started to play football in the 1967–68 Divizia B season at local club, Vagonul. In the following season he went to play for UTA Arad with whom he made his Divizia A debut on 1 September 1968 in a 1–0 away loss in front of Petrolul Ploiești, being used by coach Nicolae Dumitrescu in a total of 21 matches in which he scored one goal as the team won the title by the end of the season. After another title won in the next season in which he contributed with one goal scored in 30 appearances, he took part in UTA's performance in the 1970–71 European Cup season in which they eliminated Feyenoord who were European champions at that time but got eliminated by Red Star Belgrade in the following round against whom he scored a goal. Brosovszky also played 8 matches in the 1971–72 UEFA Cup campaign, scoring one goal against Austria Salzburg and one against Zagłębie Wałbrzych helping The Old Lady reach the quarter-finals where they were eliminated with 3–1 on aggregate by Tottenham Hotspur who would eventually win the competition. In the beginning of his career, Brosovszky played as a left defender but afterwards he played more as an offensive midfielder, a position from which he managed to score a personal record of 16 goals in the 1976–77 season. Ladislau Brosovszky made his last Divizia A appearance on 24 June 1979 in a 6–2 home victory against Politehnica Iași, having a total of 314 appearances in which he scored 100 goals, being UTA's top-goalscorer in the competition and made a total of 16 appearances with four goals scored in European competitions. He spent the last two years of his career in Divizia B at Rapid Arad.

International career
Ladislau Brosovszky played three friendly games at international level for Romania, making his debut under coach Gheorghe Ola on 30 January 1972 in a 4–2 away victory in front of Morocco in which he scored a goal. His following two appearances were in a 2–2 against Peru and a 2–1 loss in front of Argentina.

International goals
Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first. "Score" column indicates the score after the player's goal.

Personal life
Brosovszky's father, Antoniu was also a footballer who played for UTA Arad and his daughter, Monica Brosovszky-Boriga is a former basketball player who played 270 games for the Romania women's national basketball team and won the Liga Națională 6 times with BC ICIM Arad and CSM Târgoviște. Ladislau Brosovszky died on 23 December 1990 at age 39 after suffering a heart attack.

A book about Brosovszky was written by Radu Romănescu and Ionel Costin, called Gioni Brosovszky – ultimul mare romantic (Gioni Brosovszky – the last great romantic), which was released on 18 April 2022 with the occasion of 77 years since the foundation of UTA Arad.

Honours
UTA Arad
Divizia A: 1968–69, 1969–70

Notes

References

External links

1951 births
1990 deaths
Footballers from Arad, Romania
Romanian men's footballers
Olympic footballers for Romania
Romania men's international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC UTA Arad players
Vagonul Arad players
Men's association football midfielders


The Korfball European Cup was the main annual korfball competition for clubs in Europe. The first Europa Cup took place in 1967 in London (England), with two teams from the Netherlands, Belgium and the host nation England. Ons Eibernest from The Hague won the first tournament. The tournament was won exclusively by clubs from the Netherlands and Belgium, and Mitcham (England) and Adler Rauxel (Germany) were the only clubs outside Netherlands and Belgium to reach the final. In January 2022, the IKF announced that the IKF Europa Cup and IKF Europa Shield would be replaced by the IKF Europe Korfball Champions League for the 2022-23 Season.

History
Detail Results:Europa Cup (korfbal)

 2021 and 2022 European Cup were canceled due to COVID-19.
 Since 2023, the European Cup will be replaced by the Champions League.

Medals

Outdoor (1967-1986)

Indoor (1985-2023)

Record tables

References

External links
 International Korfball Federation website

European Cup
European international sports competitions
Korfball in Europe
Recurring sporting events established in 1967
1967 establishments in Europe
Multi-national professional sports leagues


Sweatbox (or variations) may refer to:

 Box (torture), also known as a sweatbox, a method of solitary confinement used in humid and arid regions as a method of punishment
 Sweatbox (album), a live spoken-word album by Henry Rollins
 Sweat box, an animation industry term for rushes or dailies
 The Sweatbox, a documentary about the making of the film The Emperor's New Groove
 Sweatbox, an EP album by The Wolfgang Press


The U.S. city of Birmingham, Alabama is the site of 66 high-rises, all of which stand taller than . The tallest building in the city is the 34-story Wells Fargo Tower, completed in 1986, which is  tall. The tower was also the tallest building in the U.S. state of Alabama until the completion of the RSA Battle House Tower in Mobile in 2007. Birmingham's second-tallest skyscraper, the Regions-Harbert Plaza, rises  and has stood as the second tallest structure in the city since its completion in 1989. Overall, five of the ten tallest buildings in Alabama are located in Birmingham.

Tallest buildings
This lists ranks Birmingham high-rises that stand at least  tall, based on standard height measurement. This includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more buildings. The "Year" column indicates the year in which a building was completed.

References
General

Specific

External links
 Diagram of Birmingham skyscrapers on SkyscraperPage

Birmingham
Buildings in Birmingham
Tallest, Birmingham


Gaustad is a neighborhood in Nordre Aker borough of Oslo, Norway. It is located between Vinderen and Kringsjå. At Gaustad are The National Hospital and Gaustad Hospital, as well as residential areas that border to Nordmarka.

The area is served by Rikshospitalet Station on the Ullevål Hageby Line of Oslo Tramway, and Gaustad Station on the Holmenkoll Line of Oslo T-bane. Ring 3 runs through the neighborhood.

Neighbourhoods of Oslo


Campiña Sur () is an administrative division (comarca) in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. Its capital and administrative center is the municipality of Llerena. It contains 21 municipalities and 32,841 inhabitants in an area of .

The comarca is located in the southeast of the province. To the north, it borders the comarcas of La Serena, Tierra de Mérida - Vegas Bajas and Tierra de Barros; to the west, it borders Sierra Suroeste; and to the southwest, it borders Tentudía. Campiña Sur abuts the province of Córdoba to the east, and the province of Sevilla to the south.

Municipalities
The comarca contains the following municipalities:

 Ahillones
 Azuaga
 Berlanga
 Campillo de Llerena
 Casas de Reina
 Fuente del Arco
 Granja de Torrehermosa
 Higuera de Llerena
 Llera
 Llerena
 Maguilla
 Malcocinado
 Peraleda del Zaucejo
 Puebla del Maestre
 Reina
 Retamal de Llerena
 Trasierra
 Usagre
 Valencia de las Torres
 Valverde de Llerena
 Villagarcía de la Torre

References

Comarcas of Extremadura
Province of Badajoz


Boukout (also called bukut or futampaf) is a Jola rite of passage practiced in Ziguinchor, Senegal.

Origin
There is evidence that this ritual has existed at least since the 12th century. Before the colonization, boukout was the only method of formal education in the area, preparing young men to take their place in society as well as teaching them how to defend it.

Issues
Organized by the elders who hold power over the other villagers and control all means of production, the ceremony provides initiates with political, economic, and religious independence. Until they have partaken in boukout, young people may not marry or receive land, and are somewhat excluded from the community. The uninitiated are not considered men, as boukout is seen to bestow masculinity.

Ceremony
The period between ceremonies can be lengthy, often lasting twenty years. When the ceremony took place in Baïla in August 2007, it had been 36 years since boukout had been performed. It is never known precisely when boukout will take place, although the event is announced by the elders two or three years before the fact, after having discovered a series of phenomena that constitute the necessary signs.

Preparations for boukout last several days, as future initiates, relatives, and residents of nearby villages gather in large numbers in the village. Members of the diaspora also take part, so that hundreds or even thousands of people are present. The event is accompanied by masked dances and various demonstrations of bravery. Finally, the heads of future inititiates are shaved.

The actual initiation takes place in private in a sacred wood. At one time, this secluded initiation period lasted several months, but the time has since been shortened significantly.

Known dates
1972 - Seleki
2007 - Baïla
2009 - Kabrousse

See also
Culture of Senegal
Ndut

Bibliography

Filmography
 Tigguy (Guy Garçon), L’appel du Bukut, 52’

External links

 The Boukout School of Knowledge, Life Skills, and Jola Education
 Initiation Ceremony: The Boukout Begins This Saturday in Baïla, 36 Years Later
 Initiation in Baïla: A Piece of History Revisited by Thousands of Young People in Jola Country

Rites of passage
Senegalese culture


Bahram Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars at 20.7° north latitude and 57.5° west longitude.  It is about 302 km long and was named after the word for 'Mars' in Persian. Bahram Vallis is located midway between Vedra Valles and lower Kasei Valles.  It is basically a single trunk valley, with scalloped walls in some places.  The presence of streamlined erosional features on its floor shows that fluid was involved with its formation.

References

See also

 Geology of Mars
 HiRISE
 Lunae Palus quadrangle
 Outflow channels

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Lunae Palus quadrangle


The Opposite Side of the Sea is the debut studio album from Israeli singer Oren Lavie. It was released in January/February 2007 in Europe without major success, and later released on March 10, 2009 in the United States via Lavie's own label Quarter Past Wonderful, named under the song of the same name. The label signed a distribution deal with Adrenaline/Rocket science in order to promote the album.

Before its physical release, the album was available for digital download on January 29 at the iTunes Store.

Track listing

Release history

References
https://web.archive.org/web/20090218141427/http://orenlavie.com/book.html

2007 debut albums


The Yellow Princess is the ninth album by American folk musician John Fahey. Released in 1968, it was his second and last release on the Vanguard label.

History
The Yellow Princess was Fahey's second and last release on the Vanguard label. Denny Bruce, Fahey's manager, discussed the unwillingness of the label to provide a budget for additional musicians for Of Rivers and Religion with music critic Richie Unterberger, citing the reception of The Yellow Princess. "His deal was that he could record for Takoma 'experimental records,' but to try and make commercial recordings for Vanguard, with their approval of the budget. The Yellow Princess, which had other musicians on it, didn't sell,' etc." It was after this and prior to the recording of Of Rivers and Religion that Fahey was given his release from Vanguard.

The date of recording and release is disputed by various sources. The Fahey Files states it is believed to have been recorded the spring of 1968 and released that summer. Unterberger cites a 1969 release date in the Of Rivers and Religion reissue liner notes. The John Fahey Handbook, Volume 2 cites "late 1968 or January 1969" and the recording date as June 1968 at Sierra Sound Laboratories.

Fahey's original liner notes describe the genesis of the song "The Yellow Princess", which was based on the overture to the opera La Princesse Jaune (The Yellow Princess) by composer Camille Saint-Saëns. Fahey wrote: "I once managed to copy the main theme of a passage from "The Yellow Princess Overture"... This is a stabilized improvisation upon that passage. I began it in 1954 and completed it in December 1966, in Bastrop, La."

"The Singing Bridge of Memphis, Tennessee" is a musical collage done with the collaboration of Barry Hansen. The two had worked on sound collages on Fahey's prior Vanguard release, Requia. Fahey commented that "I didn't know how to mix things on tape recorders and make edits. Barry was more knowledgeable and intelligent than me." The recording utilizes a two-minute section from a recording of "Quill Blues" by Big Boy Cleveland.

Additional musicians Jay Ferguson and Mark Andes were  members of the rock band Spirit. Kevin Kelley was a member of The Byrds for a brief period.

Cover
The original unsigned painting for the cover was made by Charles McVicker. It includes images relating to the song titles and liner notes as well as the clipper ship "The Yellow Princess".

Reception

The Yellow Princess and its reissue has received consistently positive critical reviews. Record Collector called it "...a pleasant journey to take, rattling along with the odd surprising flourish to mark the way, a random piece of dissonance to keep you awake and, above all, a reassurance that you’re in safe hands." Critic Andrew Gaerig praised the reissue, claiming "[It] is exemplary of Fahey’s knack for exploiting his limited premise. The Yellow Princess is a hallmark not because it revolutionized Fahey’s sound, displayed an improved technique, or broke him to a wider audience. Rather, it was the combination of a particularly deft melodic touch... and a growing tendency to expand his sonic palette... that marks The Yellow Princess as one of Fahey’s most consistent, and ultimately enlightening works." Gaerig also notes the three previously unreleased tracks added are mostly noteworthy for “Steel Guitar Medley”, writing "The length and variety of the extras solidify The Yellow Princess as a fine starting point for any Fahey virgin."

Musician Eugene Chadbourne, writing for AllMusic praised the recording sound especially, calling it "...among the best of his many releases; at the proper volume, the effect is as if one had taken up residency inside the sound hole of a giant acoustic guitar." He particularly singles out "View (East from the Top of the Riggs Road/B&O Trestle)" as one of Fahey's masterpieces, "... on a par with Charles Ives for musical Americana."

Mason Jones of Dusted magazine especially praised the album for the title track, "March! For Martin Luther King" as well as "View" and especially "The Singing Bridge of Memphis, Tennessee" as unexpected musique concrète. Tracy Rogers of Music Box, called it a "...experimental, innovative, and avant-garde... seminal, minor-key, blues-folk recording."

In his liner notes for The Return of the Repressed, Barry Hansen noted Fahey's playing on The Yellow Princess as "some of the most technically accomplished playing of John's career."

Reissues
The Yellow Princess was reissued on CD by Vanguard in 2000, 2001, and 2004.
The Yellow Princess was reissued on vinyl LP by Vanguard in 2008.
All the tracks from The Yellow Princess plus four from Requia are available on The Essential John Fahey.
All the tracks from The Yellow Princess were included in 1999 on the CD The Best of the Vanguard Years

Track listing
All songs credited to John Fahey.
 "The Yellow Princess" – 4:52
 "View (East from the Top of the Riggs Road/B&O Trestle)" – 4:56
 "Lion" – 5:10
 "March! For Martin Luther King" – 3:43
 "The Singing Bridge of Memphis, Tennessee" – 2:53
 "Dances of the Inhabitants of the Invisible City of Bladensburg" – 4:10
 "Charles A. Lee: In Memoriam" – 4:02
 "Irish Setter" – 7:17
 "Commemorative Transfiguration and Communion at Magruder Park" – 5:58
2006 Reissue bonus tracks:
 "The John Fahey Sampler, Themes and Variations"
 "Fare Forward Voyagers"
 "Steel Guitar Medley"

Many of the tracks quote other compositions, or are improvisations based on parts of other pieces.

 "The Yellow Princess": The Yellow Princess Overture by Camille Saint-Saëns
 "Lion": "A Rag Blues", "Yellow Woman Blues, and "Jailhouse Fire Blues" by Buddy Boy Hawkins and "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
 "The Singing Bridge of Memphis, Tennessee": "Quill Blues" by Big Boy Cleveland
 "Commemorative Transfiguration and Communion at Magruder Park": "Shortnin' Bread" and "All Creatures of Our God and King"

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar, sound effects
Mark Andes  – bass
Matt Andes  – guitars
Jay Ferguson  – organ, piano, keyboards
Kevin Kelley  – drums
Barry Hansen – sound effects
Production notes:
John Fahey – producer
Barry Hansen – producer
Sam Charters – executive producer
Chuck McVicker – cover art
Jules Halfant – cover design
Jeff Lovelace – cover design

References

1968 albums
John Fahey (musician) albums
Vanguard Records albums
Albums produced by John Fahey (musician)


The Chinese Garden (German: Chinagarten Zürich) is a Chinese garden in the Swiss city of Zürich. It is a gift from Zürich's Chinese partner town Kunming, dedicated to the Three Friends of Winter.

Location and history
Zürich's Chinese garden is located in the city's Seefeld quarter, next to the Pavillon Le Corbusier between Blatterwiese and Bellerivestrasse and near to the Zürichhorn peninsula on the right shore of Zürichsee. Ending winter season, the garden will be opened on March 18 to October 18, daily from 11:00 (am) to 19:00 (7 pm), even on Sundays and public holidays. Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich tram lines 2 and 4, together with bus line 33, serve nearby stops at Höschgasse or Fröhlichstrasse, whilst bus lines 912 and 916 run from Bellevue to Chinagarten.

The garden is a gift by Zürich's Chinese partner town Kunming, as thanks for Zürich's technical and scientific assistance in the development of the Kunming city drinking water supply and drainage. From May to October 1993, it was built under the direction of the Zürich garden department, in cooperation by garden experts and craftsmen from Kunming and Zürich, paid by Zürich city administration. Its official inauguration was in spring 1994, under participation of the now former mayor of Kunming City and Zürich's Josef Estermann. As from 2010 maintenance and operation are provided by Grün Stadt Zürich, the City of Zürich's Office of Parks and Open Spaces being a service of the Civil Engineering and Waste Management Department.

Landscaping and buildings

The garden covers an exactly rectangular terrain, surrounded by a low wall. Its central element is a pond with a small island.

The surrounding wall separates the outer mundane world from art, an ideal microcosm in the garden inside – offers protection against unwanted visitors, too. The wall has on three sides windows, with barred bamboo and lotus flower tiles. Eaves and final bricks as well as the frieze bear small sculptural figures, representing the Chinese dragon of clouds. Wall corners and wall's top adorns the second of the nine dragon sons, Chiwen dragon.

The main portal (entrance) is emblazoned with a calligraphy on a golden plate, meaning China Garden. Nine nail rows and the red color of the gate originally were reserved for the emperor. In China's Yunnan province, for 300 years they have been an essential architectural element of garden plants. The second door was originally named the second-last gate of the Imperial Court's inner rooms. The carved panels on both sides, are excerpts from Chinese tales. The artificial mountain represents the meaning of landscape – «Mountain und Water» – and is contrasting Yin and Yang. Rock formations are the bones in the body, focusing the garden. They also are sharing space and draw the viewer's gaze.

A bridge is connecting the pavilion's island and the inner garden, reminding the island of immortals. The circular pavilion embodies the middle, and so the fifth cardinal direction in the culture of China. His inscriptions refer to the water as a symbol of friendship between the cities of Kunming and Zürich. The hectagon pavilion suggests lofty heights and snow drift in winter. His carvings are full of allegories: Phoenix as symbol of empress, and flowers as well as a symbol of female beauty. The pavilion's inside is showing symbols of good luck and landscapes. A square pavilion forms the entrance to the galleries and to the water palace. Its entrance shows two golden Phoenix'. A carved archway is devoted to the spring, a magpie and plum blossoms announce the newly waked life. Open galleries are adorned by more than 500 still lifes and landscapes. Its carved arche beams are a particular feature of the gardens of Yunnan. A short  winding path symbolizes abundance and harmony.

The water palace is the heart of the Chinese garden. The painting of its exterior walls, doors and windows is deliberately kept simple, so that visitors are able to concentrate to the inner qualities of the building. Its terrace opens to the water surface, showing all important elements of the garden, its rear garden is called garden of shadows.

Plants and water world
The garden is an expression of one of the main themes of Chinese culture, the «Three Friends of Winter» – three plants that together brave the cold season – pine, bamboo and plum blossom. The inscriptions and paintings point to the uniqueness of the culture of Yunnan and its influences from various ethnic groups. Trees and flowers represent the source of feelings and aspirations. In Zürich's Chinese garden, the local poplars are integrated in the overall design. The pond is lined with willows, as symbol of pure water and holyness. Also important are four ginkgos between the open gallery and the northern wall. Bamboo is representing a forest, with its deep unique sound when wind is blowing. Pine symbolizes the male principle among the trees and a long life. The «Three Friends of Winter's» third part is the plum blossom, beginning to bloom in late winter, and therefore a joyful symbol of spring.

Water is the central element, as a symbol of friendship between Kunming and Zurich. Entering the garden, the pond opens our view to all important elements of the garden.

References

External links

 Chinagarten Zürich on City of Zürich administration website
 Panoramics and further information on swisspanorams.ch
 3D Google Earth model of pavilion.

Buildings and structures in Zürich
Parks in Zürich
Botanical gardens in Switzerland
Chinese gardens
China–Switzerland relations
District 8 of Zürich


(Literally: General of the Communications Troops) was a General of the branch OF8-rank of German Army, introduced by the Wehrmacht in 1940.

The rank was equivalent to the long established General der Kavallerie, General der Artillerie and General der Infanterie.  The Wehrmacht also introduced General der Gebirgstruppe (mountain troops),  (engineers), General der Flieger (aviators), General der Fallschirmtruppe (parachute troops) and  (armored troops).

Only two officers held the rank; Erich Fellgiebel (1886-1944) from 1 August 1940 until his dismissal following the 20 July Plot assassination attempt and Albert Praun (1894-1975) who was appointed on 1 October 1944 and served until he was taken into captivity in May 1945.

See also
General (Germany)
Comparative officer ranks of World War II

Three-star officers of Nazi Germany
Military ranks of Germany


Neil Grewcock (born 26 April 1962) is an English former professional footballer. He played for Leicester City, Gillingham and Burnley and made nearly 250 appearances in the Football League.

References

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Leicester City F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Shepshed Dynamo F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Burnley Bank Hall F.C. players
English Football League players