Modified atmosphere/modified humidity (MA/MH) packaging is a technology used to preserve the quality of fresh produce so that it can be sold to markets far away from where it is grown, extend the marketing period, and to help suppliers reduce food waste within the cold chain. Commercial examples of MA/MH include sea freight of Galia and cantaloupe melons from Central and South America to Europe (a 21-day journey) and North America (a 7-day journey); transport of white asparagus from fields in Peru to markets in Western Europe (a 20-day journey by land and sea); and trucking of cherries from orchards in Turkey to supermarkets in the UK (a 7-day journey).

Scientific terms
EMAPEquilibrium modified atmosphere packaging
MA/MHModified atmosphere/modified humidity
MAPModified atmosphere packaging
RHRelative humidity
MVTRMoisture vapor transmission rate

History

Modified atmosphere/modified humidity (MA/MH) packaging  is a type of equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging (EMAP), which evolved due to the need for more control of humidity in the packaging.
Most of the polymers that are commercially used in EMAP are polyolefin-based, characterized by low moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR). Temperature fluctuations during the various links in the cold logistics chain are unavoidable and will result in condensation forming on the inner surface of the package. The accumulation of condensed water in packages with low MVTR is conducive for pathological and physiological disorders. Not only does excess moisture enhance fungal and bacterial decay and the formation of off odors, it also encourages leaf sprouting in topped root vegetables, regrowth of leaves and physiological disorders such as tissue discoloration and peel blemishes. Certain produce items are more sensitive to excess moisture than others.

In 1995, StePac LA. Ltd., with the assistance of the Agricultural Research Organization – The Volcani Center, began developing plastic films with higher MVTR than most commercially available EMAP products then on the market. The aim was to provide more humidity control in EMAP products and alleviate problems associated with excess moisture.

Since this original research and development work, StePac LA Ltd. has developed MA/MH films and bags for over 50 different fruits, vegetables and herbs in a product line commercially known as Xtend.

Technology

MA/MH technology is achieved by combining proprietary blends of polymers to obtain the desired MVTR and then manipulating the oxygen () and carbon dioxide () transmission rates of the polymer by laser and/or mechanical microperforations. The result is a film which is tailored to provide the optimum modified atmosphere and modified humidity for the produce to be packaged. “Film composition and extent of microperforation are tailored in accordance with the respiratory activity and weight of the produce packaged, anticipated temperature fluctuations during storage and shipment, and expected physiological and pathological responses of the produce to / concentrations and humidity levels inside the package. . . . [MA/MH] packaging allow[s] the formation of a desirable modified atmosphere, retarding ripening and senescence of the produce. Additional beneficial effects . . . include reduction of decay, chilling injury, leaf elongation, leaf sprouting, tissue discoloration, peel blemishes, and formation of off-odors, and inhibition of bacterial growth on the produce surface.”

Benefits to fresh produce

Modifying the atmosphere inside fresh produce packaging to provide lowered levels of  and elevated levels of  is beneficial for many fresh produce items and “can reduce respiration, decrease ethylene production and action, retard tissue ripening and softening, retard chlorophyll degradation and biosynthesis of carotenoids and anthocyanins, reduce enzymatic browning, alleviate physiological disorders and chilling injury, retard development of decay, and maintain nutritional quality of produce. The effect of decreased  and increased  on senescence and ripening process are additive and can be synergistic.”

“In vegetative tissues MAP can also reduce leaf regrowth (green onion and leek), stem toughening (asparagus),and leaf sprouting and rooting in root vegetables (parsnip, radishes). The delay of ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables also reduces their susceptibility to pathogens.”

The importance of tightly controlled relative humidity

Maintaining high relative humidity (RH) in modified atmosphere packaging is important because it “results in reduced transpiration of water from the produce, thereby reducing wilting, shriveling, and loss of firmness. The accumulation of vapor in the packaging depends on the rate of water loss from the product, its surface area, the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the film, and the external environment temperature.”

“The RH in most sealed packaging is near the saturation level. Therefore, even very small fluctuations in temperature during storage or shipment may result in water condensation on the surface of both film and produce. Condensed water on the produce surface may adversely affect the gas exchange, leading to an unfavorable internal atmosphere.”  Even more detrimental may be the enhancement of produce decay, and physiological processes such as regrowth. In addition, certain human pathogens may proliferate when in-pack atmosphere contains high humidity and low .

Hazards associated with MAP

Successful delivery of fresh produce in MAP is not without potential hazards due to incompatibility of MAP film to the fruit or vegetable it is intended to keep fresh and high dependence on good temperature management. Undesirable consequences of incompatible film and/or high temperatures may be “anaerobic respiration with the accumulation of acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and lactic acid, all of fermentation, contributing to the development of off odors, off flavors, and disuse deterioration.”

Extreme changes in  and  to intolerable levels often occur when fresh produce packed in improper MAP is exposed to higher than recommended temperatures during shipment and distribution. Other undesirable effects of improper MAP are initiation or aggravation of certain physiological disorders, irregular fruit ripening, and increased susceptibility to decay following physiological damage.”

Products

Several types of products, including retail bags, carton liners, bin bags, lidding films and flow pack have been developed from MA/MH films and are commercially available. Each product type is uniquely engineered for the specific produce type (and in some cases, the produce variety) to be packaged. This is done through a rigorous process of developing, testing, adjusting and retesting each MA\MH product both in the lab and in commercial trials.

This meticulous process is repeated for each combination of produce and packaging type because of the many factors involved in developing a successful MA/MH packaging. These factors are “storage and shipment temperature, product respiration rate and quotient, response to levels of ,  and humidity, and product weight. Hence, film packaging that is adequate for consumer packages is not always suitable for bulk packaging and vice versa.”

See also
 Active packaging
 Oxygen absorber
 Shelf life
 Permeation
 Cold chain

Sources

References

 Fonseca, Jorge M.; High Relative Humidity; Fresh Americas, #1, 2008 Series, Master Media Worldwide Publishing
 Devon Zagory, Devon Zagory & Associates, University of California, Davis,; Advances In Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) of Fresh Produce; Perishables Handling Newsletter Issue No. 90, May 1997, pages 2–3
 N. Aharoni, V. Rodov, E. Fallik, R. Porat, E. Pesis and S. Lurie; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO, The Volcani Center; Humidity Improves Efficacy of Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fruits and Vegetables
 Adel A. Kader, Dept. of Pomology University of California, Davis; Modified Atmosphere Packaging of Fresh Produce; Outlook Second Quarter, Volume 13, No. 2, 1986
 Stephen R. Harris; Storage of fresh produce Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Production is only Half the Battle – A training manual in fresh produce marketing for the Eastern Caribbean, Chapter 8: Storage of fresh produce; Bridgetown, Barbados, December 1988

Packaging
Food technology


Andrew Bennett (born 30 March 1955) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 110 games for South Adelaide Football Club in the SANFL from 1974 to 1979 and 35 games for Hawthorn and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL) from 1980 to 1985.

Bennett played six games for South Australia in 1979 and 1980 including two State-of-Origin carnivals in Adelaide in 1979 and Perth in 1980. Playing as a ruck-rover he was named South Australia's best player for his performance against Victoria at Football Park in mid 1979. He kicked 4 goals against Victoria in the State-of-Origin carnival played later that year in Perth.

Bennett was a regular at Hawthorn in the 1980 VFL season, but had the rest of his time at the club ruined by injury. After crossing to St Kilda in 1985 he managed to add a further 14 games to his tally and the following season became captain-coach of Tasmanian Football League club Sandy Bay and won the 1986 William Leitch Medal. In 1986 Bennett guided his team to its first Grand Final appearance since 1978 but was unsuccessful. He coached and played at Sandy Bay for three years including another finals appearance in 1988, his final year as captain-coach.

From 1986 to 1988 Bennett represented Tasmania five times including captaining the side for three games in 1986. He coached the Tasmanian representative side in three games in 1987.

In 1989 Bennett returned to South Australia where he coached West Torrens Football Club for two seasons until the Club amalgamated with the Woodville Football Club for the 1991 season. Bennett then returned to Tasmania and played for Sandy Bay Football Club for 1991 and part of the 1992 season when a serious facial injury ended his playing career. In total Bennett played 65 games for Sandy Bay. In 2006 he was named as one of Sandy Bay's best ever 25 players in a celebration of the club's time in Tasmanian Football.

Bennett took up a position as a boundary-rider for ABC Television's TFL broadcasts in the latter part of 1992 before he returned to coaching in 1993, taking up the senior coaching position with North Hobart for two seasons, guiding them to a Preliminary Final in his first season followed by a disappointing 1994 season whereby he retired as coach at season's end.

Bennett, was in charge of the Tasmanian interstate team between 1995 and 1998 and steered them to wins over WAFL, SANFL and VFL representative teams. The 1995 game against South Australia is to be inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame as a memorable game in 2014. He coached the State Under 18 team in the National Championships in Melbourne in 2000. A teacher and school principal Bennett contested the 1998 state election as a Labor candidate for Denison but was unsuccessful.

In 2007 he was inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame, for his achievements as a coach. Bennett was a commentator with ABC1 for 17 years, commentating on Tasmanian Devils VFL matches and ABC1's Tasmanian State League broadcasts. He was also a columnist with the Hobart Mercury newspaper.

References

Sources
Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

External links

1955 births
Living people
Hawthorn Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
South Adelaide Football Club players
Sandy Bay Football Club players
Sandy Bay Football Club coaches
North Hobart Football Club coaches
William Leitch Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees
South Australian State of Origin players
West Torrens Football Club coaches


Nguyễn An (Chinese 阮安; 1381 - 1453), known in Chinese as Ruan An (pinyin) or Juan An (Wade-Giles), was a Ming dynasty architect and hydraulics specialist between the first and fifth decades of the 15th century. According to some sources, he was a key architect in designing, planning and constructing of the Forbidden City during the Ming dynasty. Born in Vietnam, he was taken as tribute to China and later became a eunuch and architect in service to the Chinese emperors. He, along with other architects, such as master designers and planners Cai Xin (蔡信), Kuai Xiang (蒯祥), Chen Gui (陳珪), and Wu Zhong (吳中), was a builder of the Forbidden City in Beijing.

Under the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor, Nguyen An also had a role in the reconstruction of the wall of Beijing. He was also a hydraulics specialist, and was involved in at least three hydraulic projects and had a flawless record.  He died in 1453.

See also
History of the Forbidden City

References

Chinese people of Vietnamese descent
Ming dynasty eunuchs
1381 births
1453 deaths
15th-century Chinese architects
Vietnamese architects
Year of birth unknown


Lutz Liwowski (born 30 July 1967) is a German sprint canoeist, born in Düsseldorf, who competed from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s (decade). He won five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with two golds (K-1 1000 m: 1998, 1999) and three bronzes (K-1 500 m: 1998, K-1 1000 m: 1995, 2001).

Liwowski also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of fourth in the K-1 1000 m event at Atlanta in 1996.

References

1967 births
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
German male canoeists
Living people
Olympic canoeists for Germany
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


Sitaron Ko Choona Hai is a reality show that aired on Real TV and premiered on 9 March 2009.

The Faculty

The Academy is headed by Raghu Ram who has also been involved in MTV Roadies. Accompanying Raghu are singer and performer, Neha Bhasin of the Viva fame and voice coach Prashant Samadhar.

 Raghu Ram
 Neha Bhasin - Neha is a trained classical singer, songwriter and dancer. Having won many awards for playback singing and live performances, Neha brings to the show her vast experience of grooming the contestants into attractive stage performers.
 Prashant A Samadhar
Contestants
 Yashraj Kapil - Yashraj Kapil is the winner of this show
 Wajahat Hasan - Wajahat Hasan is Delhi Based Classical Singer.
 Sreeju Premarajan - Sreeju Premarajan is Delhi Based Singer who was also one of the Finalists of Indian Idol - Season 3.

References

Real (TV channel) original programming
2009 Indian television series debuts
2009 Indian television series endings
Indian television soap operas
Indian reality television series


Pink Elephants is a 1937 black-and-white cartoon made by the Terrytoons studio and released by 20th Century Fox. Directed by George Gordon, produced by Paul Terry and with original music by Philip A. Scheib, it was released in the United States on 9 July 1937. It is among the few unsyndicated Terrytoons that has been digitized by collectors and archivists.

Premise
After getting drunk, a goat sees three pink elephants everywhere he goes. An old man, groggy from the rude awakening from said goat in his house,ends up sharing the hallucination and, after loads of antics, eventually attempts to get rid of the elephants with a vacuum cleaner.

See also
Terrytoons

References

External links
"Pink Elephants" at the ASIFA-Hollywood Animation Archive's webpage

Terrytoons shorts
1937 films
1937 animated films
20th Century Fox short films
Animated films about animals
Animated films about elephants
Films directed by George Gordon
American animated short films
1930s American films


Jose Emmanuel "Bobbit" Lozada Carlos (born December 25, 1957), is a Filipino physician and politician who last served as the Representative of the 1st District of Valenzuela to House of Representatives of the Philippines. He also served as the city's councilor from 1998 to 1992, vice mayor from 1992 to 1995, and mayor from 1995 to 2004.

Education
Carlos finished his elementary education at the Pio Valenzuela Elementary School in 1970 and his secondary education at St. Jude Academy in 1974. He obtained his Bachelor of Science (1978) and Doctor of Medicine (1982) degrees from the University of Santo Tomas.

Career history
A medical doctor by profession, Carlos began his practice as an adjunct resident at the Department of Surgery of José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center from 1984 to 1985, and then as a municipal physician at the Municipal Health Department of Valenzuela from 1985 to 1987. He also practiced at his mother's private clinic in Palasan.

His political career began in 1988. He served as a councilor (1988–1992), vice mayor (1992–1995), mayor (1995–2004), and finally as 1st District Representative (2004–2007) of Valenzuela City. In 2007, he ran in the mayoral election but was defeated by incumbent Mayor Sherwin Gatchalian.

Personal life
Carlos is married to Margarita Cruz. They have one son, King.

References
"Personal Information, Jose Emmanuel L. Carlos." (September 6, 2007).

Living people
1957 births
Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Mayors of Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Metro Manila city and municipal councilors
People from Valenzuela, Metro Manila
Filipino medical doctors
Filipino public health doctors


The G. I. Taylor Professorship of Fluid Mechanics is a professorship in fluid mechanics at the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1992 and named in honor of G. I. Taylor, after a fundraising campaign by George Batchelor.

Philip Saffman, a student of Batchelor and Taylor, was offered the chair in the 1990s. However, he turned it down. He stated later that he was "very tempted" by the offer, but that he was stopped by the difficulty of moving his family from California to England.

List of G. I. Taylor Professors of Fluid Mechanics

 1992 – 1994 Grigory Barenblatt
 1996 – 2009 Tim Pedley FRS
 2010 – 2017, Paul Linden FRS
 2017 – present, Rich Kerswell FRS

References

Fluid Mechanics, Taylor, G. I.
School of Technology, University of Cambridge
Fluid Mechanics, Taylor, G. I., Cambridge
1992 establishments in England


Vicky Ki Taxi is a TV show that aired on the Indian channel Real TV and it premiered on 6 March 2009. The story revolves around Vicky and his taxi 'Jaaneman’. The show was written  by Vipul K Rawal.

Cast

 Pawan Shankar as Vicky
 Kurush Deboo as Pinto, the garage owner
 Deepak Advani as Vicky's friend
 Mushtaq Khan as Shetty, the hotelier
 Vaishnavvi Shukla as grand daughter of Reema Lagoo
 Koneenica Banerjee (special appearance; final episode)

References

Real (TV channel) original programming
2009 Indian television series debuts
2009 Indian television series endings
Indian drama television series


Mario Sergio Ortiz Vallejos (28 January 1936 – 2 May 2006 in Santiago, Chile) was a Chilean footballer.

Career
Ortiz played club football for Palestino and Colo-Colo, where he won league titles in 1960 and 1963.

He played for the Chile national football team in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where he played as a midfielder, as Chile achieved a third-place finish.

Personal life
On 6 April 1965, Ortiz was one of the constituent footballers of , the trade union of professionales footballers in Chile, alongside fellows such as Efraín Santander, Francisco Valdés, Hugo Lepe, among others.

He died in 2006.

References

1936 births
2006 deaths
Footballers from Santiago
Chilean men's footballers
Chile men's international footballers
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Club de Deportes Green Cross footballers
Club Deportivo Palestino footballers
Colo-Colo footballers
Club Deportivo Luis Cruz Martínez footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Men's association football midfielders
20th-century Chilean people


Kiss Them for Me is a 1945 Broadway production based on Frederic Wakeman Sr.'s 1944 novel entitled Shore Leave. The play ran for 110 performances. Opening at the Belasco Theatre on March 20, 1945, it closed at the Fulton Theatre on June 23 of the same year.

Plot
The play, set in The St. Mark Hotel and a naval hospital in San Francisco, centers on three navy war heroes who have been sent on a "vacation".  The morale-building trip, which is really a public relations effort, is overseen by an officer who tries to get the three to make speeches at shipyard plants, but they just want to find a good time.

Opening night production credits
Produced by John H. Moses and Mark Hanna
Script Written by Luther Davis; based on Shore Leave by Frederic Wakeman Sr.
Directed by Herman Shumlin
Scenic Design by Frederick Fox

Opening night cast
Robert Allen ... Turnbill
George Cory ... Chief
Jayne Cotter ... Gwynneth
Edward Crandall ... Lt. Commander Wallace
Richard Davis ... Mac
Amy Douglass ... Chief Nurse
Paul Ford ... Mr. Hardy
Harold Grau ... Tailor
Judy Holliday ... Alice
Douglas Jones ... Ensign
Virginia Kaye ... Nurse Wilinski
Dennis King, Jr. ... Mississip
George Mathews ... Gunner
John McGovern ... F. Neilson
Patricia Quinn O'Hara ... Mrs. Hardy
Daniel Petrie ... Charlie
Dudley Sadler ... Hedrick
Sonya Stokowski ... WAC
Richard Widmark ... Crewson

Adaptations
 Kiss Them for Me, 1957 comedy film starring Cary Grant and Jayne Mansfield, directed by Stanley Donen.

References

External links

1945 plays
Broadway plays
Plays based on novels
American plays adapted into films
Plays about World War II
Plays set in San Francisco


The Canton of Provenchères-sur-Fave is a former French administrative and electoral grouping of communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 7 communes, which joined the canton of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges-2 in 2015. It had 2,417 inhabitants (2012).

One of 9 cantons in the Arrondissement of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, the Canton of Provenchères-sur-Fave had its administrative centre at Provenchères-sur-Fave.

Composition
The canton comprised the following communes:
Le Beulay
Colroy-la-Grande
La Grande-Fosse
Lubine
Lusse
La Petite-Fosse
Provenchères-sur-Fave

History
The communes listed above were formerly part of the Canton of Saales.   Following the Franco-Prussian War, however, in 1871, the Canton of Saales was partitioned between France and Germany. The part remaining in France became the new canton of Provenchères-sur-Fave. In 1919 the formerly German portion of the original Canton of Saales was returned to France, but the decision was taken not to redraw the departmental frontiers more than necessary, so that now the Canton of Saales is in the region of Alsace, leaving the canton of Provenchères-sur-Fave in region of Lorraine, as one of the smallest cantons in France.

References

Provencheres-sur-Fave
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015


Ursula Engelen-Kefer (born 20 June 1943) is a German politician who held the position of Deputy Chairman of the German Confederation of Trade Unions (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund; DGB) from 1990 to 2006. She is currently a lecturer at the German Federal Employment Agency’s special training school Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit in Schwerin. She also teaches at the Free University of Berlin and chairs the Social Policy Working Group of the non-government organization Sozialverband Deutschland. From 1986 to 2009, Ursula Engelen-Kefer belonged to the 45-member „Executive Committee“ of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). She was chosen by the district of Ingolstadt, Eichstätt and Neuburg-Schrobenhausen to be its direct SPD candidate for the Bundestag in the last federal election (on September 27, 2009). In July 2009 she was elected as a member of the "Executive Committee" of the Social Democratic Party in Bavaria.

Early life and education
Engelen-Kefer was born in Prague. She studied economics at Cologne University and got her doctorate with a thesis Retraining in a growing economy — the experience of the United States.

Career
Engelen-Kefer started as a freelance journalist in New York and later joined the Economic and Social Science Institute of the DGB (Wirtschafts-und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut des DGB). In 1974 she moved to the DGB as an expert for international social policy. From 1980 to 1984 she headed DGB’s department for labour market policy. In 1984, the Government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl appointed her Vice President of the German Federal Employment Administration (Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, BA), a position she held until 1990.

In 1990, the German Trade Union Federation Congress in Hamburg elected Ursula Engelen-Kefer as Deputy Chairman of the DGB. Re-elected three times,  she held this position until May 2006. During that time she was alternate chairman of the managing board and later the supervisory board of Federal Employment Agency (BA). For several years she also chaired, on an alternate basis with the top employer representative, the German Social Security Administration (Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund, formerly Verband Deutscher Rentenversicherungsträger). From 1985 to 2010, she was a member of the Committee for Social Order (Kammer für Soziale Ordnung) of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD). For two terms she represented the Unions in the EKD’s leading body (Synode), in the Senate of the Max Planck Society and in the ZDF Fernsehrat, the supervisory body of Germany’s second public television channel.

After Heinz-Werner Meyer, the DGB’s chairman, died shortly before the DGB Federal Congress in 1994, Engelen-Kefer had to assume the chairmanship on a temporary basis until Dieter Schulte, member of the Managing Board of IG Metall, was nominated and elected as new DGB chairman. After serving four terms, at the DGB Federal Congress in May 2006 in Berlin, Engelen-Kefer decided to stand again for election. In the election of the new DGB Managing Board on 23 May 2006, she was defeated by Ingrid Sehrbrock, a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), who had been nominated by the chairmen of the eight unions that form the DGB. 161 delegates voted for Engelen-Kefer, 212 delegates voted for Ingrid Sehrbrock.

On the international stage, Engelen-Kefer was active in several institutions and bodies. She represented the DGB unions in the Governing Body of the International Labour Organization (ILO) from 1991 to 2008. She also was a member of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) of the European Union (1978 to 1986 and 1990 to 2006) and a member of the Consultative Committee of the European Social Fund (1974—1980). She was a member of the Executive Committee of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC; 1990—2006) and of the Executive Committee of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) from 1990 to 2006.

On 28 April 2010, the governing board (Senate) of the University of the German Federal Labour Agency (Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit), Mannheim and Schwerin, appointed Dr. Ursula Engelen-Kefer as a professor (honorary professorship) for "International and European Labour Market and Employment Policies" at the University of the German Federal Labour Agency, effective 1 April 2010.

Recognition
Engelen-Kefer received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Cross of Merit First Class) presented to her by the Minister of Labour, Norbert Blüm.

Other activities
 Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES), Member of the Board of Trustees

Personal life
Engelen-Kefer is married to the economic journalist Klaus C. Engelen. The couple has two sons.

References

External links
 Official Website

Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
20th-century German women politicians
German trade unionists
1943 births
Living people
People from Prague
21st-century German women politicians
German women trade unionists


Calcutta International School (or CIS) is an international school, established in the late 1953s, in Kolkata, India. It is located in 724 Anandapur, West Bengal.

References

External links

Cambridge schools in India
Primary schools in West Bengal
High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata
International schools in Kolkata
Educational institutions established in 1953
1953 establishments in West Bengal
Boarding schools in West Bengal


Solla Solla Inikkum () is a 2009 Tamil-language film directed by G. Muraliappas, who previously directed Raasi. The film stars Navdeep, Madhumitha, and Mallika Kapoor, Suja Varunee, and Sara Alambara, while Prakash Raj, Abhinay, Sathyan, Vijayakumar, Ashish Vidyarthi, and Livingston play supporting roles. The music was composed by Bharadwaj with cinematography by Arthur A. Wilson and editing by V. T. Vijayan. The film was launched on 14 May 2008 and released on 18 September 2009.

Plot
Sathya (Navdeep) completes his degree and spends time with his friends. Life goes uncomplicated for him until he meets Anjali (Sara Alambra). What starts as friendship between them develops into love. When Sathya proposes to Anjali, she turns it down, saying that it was only friendship and nothing more than that. Next comes Meghna (Suja Varunee), and what starts as love between them ends the same. Meghna insists they part as lovers as it was all a time pass for her. Afterwards, Sathya comes across Radhika (Madhumitha). They become close friends, and so is Sathya's friend Guru (Abhinay) with her. When Sathya decides to inform Radhika about his desire to marry her, she throws a bombshell by saying that she and Guru are in love with each other. Guru takes her for a ride but deserts her after using her. Sathya steps in and ensures that both get married. Guru seeks solace with Bhadri Narayanan (Prakash Raj). A do-gooder and influential man in the society, he takes sides with Guru. Sathya goes hammer and tongs and ensures that all ends well. Also enters Anu (Mallika Kapoor) in his life.

Cast

 Navdeep as Sathya
 Madhumitha as Radhika
 Mallika Kapoor as Anuradha
 Suja Varunee as Megha
 Sara Alambara as Anjali
 Prakash Raj as Bhadri Narayanan
 Abhinay as Guru
 Sathyan as Sathyan
 Vijayakumar as Sathya's father
 Ashish Vidyarthi as Madhiyazhagan
 Livingston as Jayaraman
 Devadarshini as Bhadri Narayanan's wife
 Sriranjani as Sathya's mother
 Meera Krishnan as Guru's mother
 Charle as Police Officer
 Mohan Raman as Sathya's father's friend
 Bava Lakshmanan as Margil
 Alex
 Bharathi Kannan

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by Bharadwaj.

Release
Rediff gave the film two out of five stars and noted that "Solla Solla Inikkum has good principles and starts out meaning well and were it not for the dull and clichéd presentation, might have actually stood a chance of clicking with its audience". Behindwoods gave the film a rating of one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Everything including the production values and the performances look plastic in the movie announcing the hollowness of the script and the banality of the screenplay. Arthur Wilson’s camera comes as a saving grace while [Bharadwaj's] music is just earsplitting".

References

External links

2009 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)


Punctoplasty is a surgical procedure to restore proper drainage of tears when the lacrimal punctum (puncta lacrimalia) becomes blocked in one or both eyes.

If a blockage is present in the puncta, doctors may suggest a procedure called punctoplasty, performed to widen the drain opening. This usually takes 20–30 minutes and is performed under local anesthesia.

Rationale

Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland, situated just outside the eye. Blinking the eyelids distributes the tears to keep the eyes moist, clean and lubricated. Excess tears are drained via the punctum through the tiny channels called canaliculi located on the inner side of the eyes into the tear sac, from there to the tear duct, the nose and finally down the throat.

Epiphora, or watering eyes, is a condition in which tears flow out of the eyes, bypassing the lacrimal puncta. It is primarily caused by excessive tear production (as a result of emotion, irritation or dryness) or blockage of the drainage system. Such a blockage is a common problem among elderly people, as the tear ducts can narrow or get blocked easily. The same condition is also present in newborn babies, as their tear ducts don't open until some time after birth.

See also
 Punctal plug

References

Oculoplastic surgery


PokerFace: Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha is an Indian game show inspired by the UK series PokerFace. It debuted on March 2, 2009 on Real TV and ran for seven consecutive nights.

Premise
Hosted by Sharman Joshi, the show pitted six contestants against each other in a knowledge-based quiz show where contestants were encouraged to bluff about their performances. On each nightly airing, every round had 5 questions (8 in the first round) with three possible answers, and contestants had five seconds to lock in their answers. After the correct answer is revealed, gold check marks and red crosses determined who got the answers correct.

At the end of each round, contestants were offered the opportunity to fold, at which point they could go home with current winnings. The contestants stood in front of red buttons and had 10 seconds to push the red button to exit the game and go home with their winnings. If no players took the opportunity to fold, the player with the lowest actual score was eliminated and would go home with nothing.

Outcome
The contest was won by Dinesh Vohra, with Freanahita Nair in second place.

Real (TV channel) original programming
2009 Indian television series debuts
2009 Indian television series endings
Indian reality television series
Indian television series based on British television series


Brent Cash is a singer–songwriter from Athens, Georgia.

Music career
Cash's musical career started as a drummer for several bands (including the Planets, the Michael Guthrie Band and Television Buzz), all the while recording his own pop music in his home on a four-track. He released two separate four-track recordings in the 1990s, "Muse Rapture" and "The Most Beautiful Girls In The World Have Unpronounceable Last Names," distributing cassette tapes to friends and acquaintances. In 2008, Cash decided to step up the production levels on his first full-length album, 2008's How Will I Know If I'm Awake.

Cash's second album How Strange It Seems was released in Europe on May 27, 2011, and was released worldwide on June 7, 2011.

Cash released his third album, The New High in January 2017, featuring Cash playing every instrument on the album except for the strings.

Discography

How Will I Know If I'm Awake (2008)

How Will I Know If I'm Awake is Brent Cash's debut album, recorded with Andy Baker (Jucifer, Japancakes, The Mercury Program). The songs consists of beachy atmospheres of "I Think I’m Falling In Love" to the ballad "Love Is Burning Down Tonight", a duet with Amanda Kapouzos of Tin Cup Prophette that also features a small string orchestra. The album was released in 2008 on the Marina Records label, and garnered largely positive reviews as a throwback to 60s-era sunshine pop.

Track listing

How Strange It Seems (2011)

How Strange It Seems is Brent Cash's second album, recorded with Joel Hatstat (of Joel Hatstat Audio). Like Cash's debut album, the songs consist of a wide variety of musical styles. The album was released in Europe on May 27, 2011 on the Marina Records label.The album was released in the U.S. on June 7, 2011.

Track listing

"The New High" (2017)

The New High is Brent Cash's third album. Like the previous release, this album was recorded in Athens, Ga, with Joel Hatstat (of Joel Hatstat Audio).  The album showcases Cash on vocals & all instruments except for the strings. The album was released on January 27, 2017.

Track listing

Other songs

Unreleased albums
 Muse Rapture
The Most Beautiful Girls In The World Have Unpronounceable Last Names

Games
2008: "Dear My Friend" – Ending theme of Sonic Unleashed released on Planetary Pieces: Sonic World Adventure Original Soundtrack, it is one of his first songs.

References

External links
 Brent Cash page
 Brent Cash on Facebook

Video game musicians
Sonic the Hedgehog
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


"An Invisible Thread" is the twenty-fifth and final episode of the third season of the NBC superhero drama series Heroes and fifty-ninth episode overall. The episode aired on April 27, 2009. It marked the end of the Fugitives volume, as well as its 2008-2009 season run. It ended with a brief introduction to the next volume, entitled Redemption.

Plot

Beginning from where the previous episode ended, Sylar is unaffected after Emile Danko had stabbed him in the back of the head. Sylar explains that his shape-shifting ability has moved the weak spot; he then morphs into Danko and kills an agent, framing Danko and detaining him.

Meanwhile, it is revealed that when Noah Bennet had been stopped at the roadblock, Claire Bennet and Angela Petrelli were not in the vehicle, as Noah had realized there was a set-up. Claire and Angela head to the Capitol building in Washington, D.C., where Angela tells Claire to find her father, Nathan Petrelli. Having received a premonition, Angela leaves to find Matt Parkman, explaining Matt will be vital in saving Nathan. Claire meets Nathan in his office, actually Sylar in disguise, and accompanies him to meet with the President: she intends to alert him, and Sylar intends to become him. As the two are directed to a suite to wait, Claire notices "Nathan" using the wrong hand to sign his name and deduces who he is. Sylar takes her hostage.

Following his nosebleed, Hiro Nakamura manages to stop time, and he and Ando Masahashi break into Building 26. Finding prisoners, they begin to release them, with Hiro experiencing dizziness and bleeding from his ear. Mohinder Suresh, one of the prisoners, tells Hiro that his body is rejecting his power, which could kill him. In the facility, the detained Danko and Noah agree to work together to take down Sylar, and obtain a tranquilizer. Hiro prevents a betrayal from Danko and collapses, while Noah calls Claire, with Sylar answering her cell.

Peter Petrelli finds his brother, and the two head to find Sylar and Claire, reaching their room just as she is thrown out. Nathan and Peter have a brief duel with Sylar; Sylar and Nathan fly off. Peter confirms to Claire he has taken Sylar's power, and the two meet Noah. Nathan crash-lands into a room with Sylar; the serial killer slits Nathan's throat, killing him. Using disguises, Sylar makes his way to the President, who stabs him with a tranquilizer, revealing himself as Peter (having acquired Sylar's shape-shifting).

Angela finds Matt exiting a bus, en route to Building 26. She convinces him to help, and they find the room where Nathan is. Angela is horrified to find Nathan's dead body. Noah brings them the unconscious Sylar, and he and Angela convince a very reluctant Matt to alter Sylar's mind to believe he is Nathan, reasoning that he was the only person who could shut down any future "Agency". Matt succeeds, causing Sylar to take on Nathan's appearance and identity. The three agree to keep Nathan's death a secret. Volume Four ends with Claire, Noah, Angela, Peter, "Nathan", Mohinder, Matt, Ando, and a recovered Hiro gathered around the burning corpse of James Martin, who looks like Sylar. The group splits, and "Nathan" confirms the President has shut down Building 26, with funds transferred so that Angela and Noah can start their own company, which Noah proposes to call "the Company".

Volume Five: Redemption
Volume Five: Redemption begins six weeks later with a former Building 26 agent arriving home to find his sink flooded. As water spreads on the floor, it forms into Tracy Strauss. She drowns the man, implying she has done so to several others. Meanwhile, Angela meets "Nathan" at his office, who is bothered by a clock ticking and observes that it is running fast, revealing that Sylar's intuitive aptitude remains intact.

Ratings
Overnight figures shows that the episode attracted 6.38 million viewers, with an average rating of 3.0 in the 18-34 demographics.

Critical reception
This episode received mixed-to-positive reviews by critics, especially in regards to the death of Nathan and Sylar's subsequent transformation into him.

Positive reviews include the Los Angeles Times which said that the episode was "the best ending so far" and had "edge-of-your-seat anticipation." Robert Canning of IGN said the ending was "quite possibly the coolest twist the series has ever given us" and gave the episode 8.3 out of 10.

Entertainment Weeklys Marc Bernardin praised the twist, as well as Angela's anguish over finding Nathan's body, but blasted the show for not showing the fight between Peter, Nathan, and Sylar.

Negative reviews include the Boston Herald, which said that Heroes "... makes Deal or No Deal look brilliant." and the New York Post who called the Sylar/Nathan twist "probably one of the worst decisions Heroes has ever made. And that's saying a lot!"

The A.V. Club brought together the three reviewers of Heroes' third season, Steve Heisler, Josh Modell and Sean O'Neal and included a live blog in the review. They rated this episode a D−, calling the show "Still stupid after all these hour."

References

External links

Beaming Beeman - Season 3, Episode 25 - Director's blog on the filming of this episode

Heroes (season 3) episodes
2009 American television episodes


Air Commodore Arthur William Murphy, DFC, AFC, FRAeS (17 November 1891 – 21 April 1963) was a senior engineer and aviator in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He accompanied Henry Wrigley on the first trans-Australia flight from Melbourne to Darwin in 1919, a feat that earned both men the Air Force Cross. Murphy later played a leading role in military aircraft maintenance and production.

A veteran of World War I, Murphy served first as a mechanic and then as a pilot with the Australian Flying Corps. Based in the Middle East, he flew with No. 1 Squadron and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Murphy was the first airman on the RAAF's strength when it formed in 1921, and rose to the rank of temporary air commodore during World War II, commanding No. 1 Aircraft Depot and, later, No. 4 Maintenance Group. He was also the RAAF's first Inspector of Air Accidents. A fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Murphy retired from the military in 1946, and died in 1963 aged seventy-one.

Early life and World War I

Murphy was born 17 November 1891 in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne, to joiner and engineer Charles Hubert Murphy and his wife Mary. Educated at Melbourne High School and Footscray Technical School, he spent five years with Austral Otis Engineering as an apprentice. Having been employed at various engineering firms, Murphy joined the Australian Army's Aviation Instructional Staff at Central Flying School Point Cook in 1914 to train as an air mechanic. By February 1916, he had risen to the rank of sergeant and volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force to serve overseas. Transferring to the Australian Flying Corps, Murphy was allocated to No. 1 Squadron—also known until 1918 as No. 67 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps (RFC)—as a warrant officer. He departed Melbourne aboard HMAT A67 Orsova on 16 March, bound for Egypt.

Based in the Sinai Desert and Palestine, Murphy was initially responsible for No. 1 Squadron aircraft maintenance; his achievements saw him mentioned in despatches in 1917. He then trained as a pilot with the RFC in Egypt, where he obtained a temporary commission as a second lieutenant on 24 October. He flew with the RFC before returning to No. 1 Squadron in Palestine. During 1918, Murphy saw combat over Jordan, operating Bristol Fighters.  On 12 August, he and his observer were selected to join Colonel T. E. Lawrence and his irregular Arab army in the Hejaz near Daraa, providing air cover and reconnaissance.  Credited with bringing down two enemy aircraft while supporting Lawrence's troops, Murphy was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his "keenness, reliability and boldness".

Between the wars

Murphy's temporary commission was terminated after the war and he reverted to the rank of sergeant to remain in the Army, returning to Australia on 5 March 1919. Later that year he took part in the first transcontinental flight across Australia, from Melbourne to Darwin, Northern Territory, accompanying pilot and former schoolmate, Captain Henry Wrigley. The pair departed Point Cook on 16 November and arrived in Darwin on 12 December, having travelled  in forty-seven flying hours. They flew in a single-engined Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 with no radio, over unmapped and often hazardous terrain, and surveyed seventeen potential landing grounds along the journey. Murphy and Wrigley were each awarded the Air Force Cross in recognition of their achievement. Such was the perceived danger of the expedition that while making preparations for the return flight they received a telegram from the Defence Department ordering them to desist, arrange for the B.E.2 to be dismantled and shipped back, and themselves to travel southwards by steamer.

Following disbandment of the wartime AFC, Murphy transferred to its successor, the Australian Air Corps, on 1 January 1920. On 31 March 1921, he joined the newly established Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as its first airman, literally "Airman No. 1" according to his papers.  Nicknamed "Spud", and described as "immensely capable and popular", he was commissioned as a flying officer in September that year. Murphy married Alicia Shoebridge at Erskine Presbyterian Church in South Carlton, Melbourne, on 17 October 1922; the couple had two sons and a daughter. In July 1925, he was one of the founding pilots of the newly reformed No. 3 Squadron under Flight Lieutenant Frank Lukis, when it became the first flying unit to be based at the recently opened RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales. Promoted to flight lieutenant, Murphy was posted to the RAAF Experimental Section under Wing Commander (later Sir) Lawrence Wackett in November 1926. The following year he took part in a round-Australia survey flight under the command of the Chief of the Air Staff, Wing Commander (later Air Marshal Sir) Richard Williams.

Raised to squadron leader, Murphy was given temporary command of No. 1 Aircraft Depot at RAAF Station Laverton, Victoria, in the opening months of 1933. He subsequently took charge of the unit's workshops. Towards the end of 1935, he was responsible for specially modifying a Westland Wapiti and a de Havilland Gipsy Moth for Antarctic conditions, to enable an Air Force team led by Flight Lieutenant (later Group Captain) Eric Douglas and Flying Officer (later Air Marshal Sir) Alister Murdoch to rescue explorer Lincoln Ellsworth, who was presumed lost on a journey across the continent. In 1936, Murphy was selected to join Wackett on a mission to investigate aircraft production overseas with a view to setting up local construction plants. The team determined that the North American NA-16 was most suitable for Australian conditions and manufacture; following testing of a prototype, designated the NA-33, the design went into production in January 1939 as the CAC Wirraway.  Murphy was promoted to wing commander in November 1936 and appointed commanding officer of No. 1 Aircraft Depot in January 1938.

World War II and retirement

Murphy continued to play a leading role in aircraft maintenance and production during World War II. In 1939 he helped set up the Government Aircraft Factories and local manufacture of the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber. Completing his tour as CO of No. 1 Aircraft Depot, he was promoted to group captain and appointed Inspector of Air Accidents in June 1940. The newly created position reported directly to the Chief of the Air Staff. Murphy's deputy was Flying Officer (later Sir) Henry Winneke, who found his boss's companionship "exhilarating". Murphy was, according to Winneke, "a product of the old school of airmen who could not only fly a plane but also pull it apart and put it together again", generally "amiable" but who "could act gruffly when the occasion demanded". The inspectorate was small but succeeded in reducing the number of accidents even as training expanded rapidly with Australia's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme. Murphy led the investigation into the Canberra air disaster of August 1940, and the Brocklesby mid-air collision that occurred the following month.

The RAAF formed No. 4 Maintenance Group in September 1942 to co-ordinate the efforts of maintenance units in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Murphy was appointed its commander, and held the post until the end of the war. He was promoted to temporary air commodore in July 1943. By 1945, he had passed the statutory retirement age for his substantive rank of wing commander, and was summarily retired from the RAAF along with several other senior staff and veterans of World War I including Wrigley and Williams, to make way for the advancement of younger and equally capable officers. Discharged from the Air Force on 10 January 1946, Murphy was later elected a fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. He died of heart disease in Essendon, Melbourne, on 21 April 1963 at the age of seventy-one. Survived by his children, Murphy was cremated at Fawkner, Victoria.

Notes

References

1891 births
1963 deaths
Australian aerospace engineers
Australian military personnel of World War I
Aviators from Melbourne
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Military personnel from Melbourne
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
People from Kew, Victoria


Peter Ruscuklic (15 December 1955 – 2 May 2014) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Fitzroy and Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1970s.

Although his two years at Fitzroy were largely unsuccessful, Ruscuklic memorably kicked a bag of six goals in just his second league game, against North Melbourne at Arden Street. He spent his last VFL season with Geelong but could only manage four senior appearances.

Ruscuklic, the younger brother of fellow footballer Alex Ruscuklic, later made a name for himself in the Sydney Football League. Playing for East Sydney, Ruscuklic at one stage kicked 505 goals in three seasons, with a sequence of 136, 156 and 213 goals from 1979 to 1981. His tally of 213 goals remains a national record for a major Australian rules football league season and included a 24-goal haul against St George as well as ten goals in the Preliminary Final.

Ruscuklic also coached Myrtleford Football Club in the Ovens and Murray Football League and won the O&MFL goalkicking with 76 goals in 1983. Ruscuklic kicked 324 goals at Myrtelford between 1983 and 1986.

He died suddenly on 2 May 2014 at the age of 58.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1955 births
2014 deaths
Fitzroy Football Club players
Geelong Football Club players
East Sydney Australian Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)


The 2009 FILA European Wrestling Championships were held in Vilnius, Lithuania. The event took place from 31 March to 5 April 2009.

Bids
Five countries showed interest in hosting the tournament, but only two were shortlisted: Vilnius (Lithuania) and Antalya (Turkey). CELA picked Vilnius at 2008 in Tampere and FILA confirmed the choice in Beijing during Olympic games.

Venue

Championships were held in Utenos pramogų arena.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Men's freestyle

Men's Greco-Roman

Women's freestyle

References

External links
Official website

European Championships
W
European Wrestling Championships
W
Wrestling in Lithuania
European Wrestling Championships, 2009
European Wrestling Championships
European Wrestling Championships
European Wrestling Championships
European Wrestling Championships, 2009


Ninja Pandav is a fantasy show that aired on Real TV from 13 March 2009.

Cast
 Vishal Thakkar...Arjun
 Pooja Pihal...Sahyadari
 Sumeet Pathak...Geoff
 Sahil Deshmukh...Nakul
 Jay Thakkar...Ghattu
 Nawab Shah...Alambush

References

Real (TV channel) original programming
2009 Indian television series debuts
2009 Indian television series endings
Indian television soap operas
Indian fantasy television series
Ninja fiction
Martial arts television series


The Toronto Rifles were a minor-league professional American football team active between 1964 and 1967. It was based in Toronto, Ontario. The team's home fields were Maple Leaf Stadium (1965) and Varsity Stadium from 1966 to 1967. The team was owned by Montreal businessman Johnny Newman.

As the Quebec Rifles, the team was the first professional American football team to be based in Canada. It played the 1964 season in Montreal, Quebec in the original United Football League. When the Continental Football League (COFL) was established for the 1965 season with former UFL teams, the Quebec Rifles were admitted and transferred to Toronto to become the Toronto Rifles due to the lack of a suitable facility in Montreal.  The Rifles competed in the Continental League from 1965–67, but the owners pulled out in the middle of their final season after having lost a reported $400,000 in their final full season. The league took over the club and planned to have it play all of its games on the road, but several weeks later the team folded after having played only four games.

The team finished second in the league in 1965, losing to the Charleston Rockets in the league championship. In 1967, however, the Canadian Football League's Toronto Argonauts signed away the Rifles' head coach, Leo Cahill, quarterback Tom Wilkinson and running back Joe Williams. Meanwhile, Alan Eagleson took over the franchise. The team declared bankruptcy four games into the 1967 season and the league folded the franchise at the same time as the Akron Vulcans.

The Rifles had a Canadian-based rival, the Montreal Beavers, when in the Continental Football League.

Seasons

Source: THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 10, No. 5 (1988) - The Continental Football League: A mini tragedy of five acts, Sarge Kennedy

Personnel

Players

 Allen Ray Aldridge LB 1966
 Charlie Baillie 1964 - with the Quebec Rifles
 Robert Blakley RB 1965-1966
 Phil Chiarella LB 1964 - with the Quebec R
 Bob Kreasul DE
 Ed Harrington, DE
 John Henry Jackson, QB
 Monte Kiffin, D
 Dick Limerick Flanker
 Rich Lucka Guard
 Leo Mavity Safety
 Bob Vokey punter, receiver and safety 1964 - with the Quebec Rifles, now a golf club craftsman
 Ernie Wade Tackle
 Tom Wilkinson QB 1966
 Joe Williams RB
Source: THE COFFIN CORNER: Vol. 10, No. 5 (1988) - The Continental Football League: A mini tragedy of five acts, Sarge Kennedy

Head coaches
 1964: Sam Etcheverry (former quarterback for the Montreal Alouettes and a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame; his nickname in his playing days was The Rifle)
 1965-1966: Leo Cahill (also GM; future CFL coach with the Toronto Argos)
 1967: Jackie Parker (former CFL player with the Toronto Argos and Edmonton Eskimos)

References

Rifles
Continental Football League teams
United Football League (1961–1964) teams
American football teams established in 1965
American football teams disestablished in 1967
1965 establishments in Ontario
1967 disestablishments in Ontario
Defunct Canadian football teams


Hindi Hai Hum is an Indian television series that aired on Real TV. The music of the show is done by Dony Hazarika.

Plot
Hindi Hai Hum is the story about a girl named Bubbly from the small town of Nahan. She knows everything very well but is poor in English. Due to this, Rahul denies to marry her. Considering this, she decides to learn English. She reaches to Pereira English Academy to learn English.

Cast
 Riddhi Dogra as Bubbly
 Deeya Chopra as Lovline
 Puneet Panjwani
 Karan Hukku

References

Real (TV channel) original programming
2009 Indian television series debuts
2009 Indian television series endings
Indian drama television series
Television shows set in Himachal Pradesh
Swastik Productions television series


Marcel Marti (born 8 November 1983) is a Swiss ski mountaineer.

Marti was born in Interlaken. He competed first in the Diamir Race in 1998. He lives in Grindelwald. In 2007, in a team with Simon Anthamatten (leader), Ernest Farquet and Florent Troillet, he climbed the Matterhorn in a record time of 3 hours 45 minutes. The record was beaten by Andreas Steindl in 2011.

Selected results
 2002:
 1st, Patrouille de la Maya B-course, together with Alain Richard and William Marti
 2003:
 1st (juniors), Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Alain Richard
 2004:
 1st (espoirs), Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Sébastien Nicollier
 2006:
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Olivier Nägele
 2008:
 8th, World Championship team race (together with Jon Andri Willy)
 2009:
 3rd, European Championship relay race (together with Florent Troillet, Yannick Ecoeur and Pierre Bruchez)
 7th, European Championship single race
 7th, European Championship team race together with Yannick Ecoeur)
 2010:
 9th, World Championship team race (together with Yannick Ecoeur)
 2011:
 2nd, World Championship relay, together with Yannick Ecoeur, Marcel Theux and Martin Anthamatten
 6th, World Championship sprint
 2012:
 3rd, European Championship sprint

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2006: 5th (and 3rd in  "senior I" class ranking), together with Emmanuel Vaudan and Alain Rey
 2008: 7th (and 1st in the international military teams ranking), together with Cpl Yannick Ecoeur and Garde-frontière Pierre Bruchez
 2010: 5th, together with Didier Moret and Pierre Bruchez

Pierra Menta

 2008: 8th, together with Ernest Farquet
 2009: 5th, together with Florent Troillet

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2009: 6th, together with Martin Anthamatten and Yannick Ecoeur
 2011: 5th, together with Martin Anthamatten and Yannick Ecoeur

External links
 Marcel Marti at skimountaineering.com

References

1983 births
Living people
Swiss male ski mountaineers
Swiss military patrol (sport) runners
People from Interlaken
Skiers from the canton of Bern


Cronk Urleigh (; "hill of the forecourt"; archaic Reneurling)  is a stretch of road situated at the 15th Milestone on the primary A3 Castletown  to Ramsey  in the parish of Kirk Michael in the Isle of Man.

Description
The nearby small hillock of Cronk Urleigh (Reneurling) adjacent to the main A3 Road is traditionally thought to be the site of the original Tynwald courts until 1422, although the site may have been situated at nearby Rhencullen in Kirk Michael.

Origin of name
The name Reneurling () is linked with the Tynwald court of 1422.  The modern name of Cronk Urleigh may be incorrectly associated with the incorrect translation of ‘eagle hill.’

The Rev John Crellin of Kirk Michael writing in 1774 speculated that the name Cronk Urleigh / Reneurling may have been connected with the name for a Roman Standard used by ancient Roman Armies.

Motor-sport heritage
The Cronk Urleigh section of the A3 Castletown to Ramsey road was part of the 37.50 Mile Four Inch Course used for the RAC Tourist Trophy automobile races held in the Isle of Man between 1908 and 1922.

In 1911, the Four Inch Course for automobiles was first used by the Auto-Cycling Union for the Isle of Man TT motor-cycle races.  This included Cronk Urleigh, the 13th Milestone and the Westwood Corner ( Ballalona Bridge) section and the course later became known as the 37.73 mile (60.70 km) Isle of Man TT Mountain Course which has been used since 1911 for the Isle of Man TT Races and from 1923 for the Manx Grand Prix races.

During the 1970 Lightweight TT Race, the Spanish professional motor-cycle racer  Santiago Herrero crashed at Westwood corner section of the TT Course and later dying from his injuries.

References

External links

Geography of the Isle of Man
Mountains and hills of the Isle of Man
Cronk Urleigh


Dr Robert Brill is in the field of archaeological science, best known for his work on the chemical analysis of ancient glass. Born in the United States of America in 1929, Brill attended West Side High School in Newark, New Jersey, before going on to study for his B.S. degree at Upsala College (Brill 1993a, Brill 2006, Getty Conservation Institute 2009). Having completed his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at Rutgers University in 1954, Brill returned to Upsala College to teach chemistry. In 1960, he joined the staff of the Corning Museum of Glass as their second research scientist (Corning Museum of Glass, 2009)

Throughout his career at Corning, where a four-year directorship punctuated his time as a research scientist, Brill was a forerunner in the scientific investigation of glass, glazes and colorants, developing and challenging the usefulness of emerging techniques. His pioneering work with the application of lead and oxygen isotope analysis in archaeology led him occasionally to add the investigation of metal objects to his portfolio so that, together, his published works number more than 160 (Brill and Wampler 1967). Perhaps the most famous of these is his Chemical Analyses of Early Glass, a sum of his 39 years of work and now a seminal reference guide in the field (Brill 1999).

Since 1982, Brill has served on the International Commission on Glass. Within this, he founded TC17, the technical committee for the Archaeometry of Glass, which lists among its aims the ‘promotion of collaboration among glass specialists in widely separated countries’ and the stimulation and encouragement of glass scientists ‘in developing countries’  (Archaeometry of Glass 2005). His internationalism is aptly demonstrated by his study of glasses from around the world, with his attentions most recently being focused on those from the Silk Road. It seems he was attracted by the lack of previous study and the need for further development in the field. Seeing a disparity between contemporary knowledge of glasses from the western world and those from East Asia, Brill was keen to add insight to a hitherto unexploited field and, as such, has gone on to contribute a great deal to Silk Road studies (Brill 1993b).

The 1960s
The 1960s saw Brill beginning to develop the analytical techniques that would define the early years of his career at Corning, and yet the scope of his interest within glass remained vast. Indeed, 1961 saw Brill pen a letter to Nature with a colleague, that was a ‘bombshell’, according to Newton, in the field of glass-dating (1971, 3). Here Brill suggested that the rather enigmatic weathering crust found to form on buried glass objects over time could be used to date the object in a method rather similar to dendrochronology, using the separate layers of the shiny lamination (Brill 1961, Brill and Hood 1961, Newton 1971). Whilst in dendrochronology the tree-rings account simply for the tree's annual growth, in the weathering crust on glass Brill suggested the accumulation of a layer of laminate might respond to some kind of annual event of climatic change (Brill 1961). Unfortunately, despite the examples of the method's successful applications provided by Brill, such as the almost accurate count of 156 layers on a bottle-base from the York River submerged in 1781 and excavated in 1935, the technique largely failed to convince and did not see widespread adoption (Brill 1961, Newton 1971).

Isotope analysis
The most important of these techniques would prove to be Brill's pioneering application of lead isotope analysis, hitherto used only in geology, to archaeological objects. Brill first presented this idea at the 1965 Seminar in Examination of Works of Art, held at the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, but the first widely published account of the method seems to be Brill and Wampler's 1967 article in the American Journal of Archaeology. Here, Brill and Wampler outlined how the technique could be used to provenance the lead contents of archaeological objects to lead ore sources around the world, based on the isotopic signature of various leads, which relates them to ‘ores occurring in different geographical areas’ (1967, 63). These different areas have different signatures because they are of varying geological age, something reflected by the individual lead isotopes which form only after the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium (Brill et al. 1965, Brill and Wampler 1967). While the lead isotope ratios used for provenancing are different, they are not unique: areas geologically similar will yield similar lead isotope signatures (Brill 1970). Furthermore, if leads were salvaged and mixed in ancient times, the isotope ratio will be compromised (Brill 1970). Aside from these two limitations, there is little else that could affect the lead isotope reading an object would yield. As such, Brill's method was greeted enthusiastically and he went on to develop the technique, as well as oxygen isotope analysis, in his 1970 publication. Here he demonstrated how the technique could be used both to classify early glasses and to a certain extent characterize the ingredients from which they were made (1970, 143).

Chemical-analytical round robin
In 1965, Brill launched another important innovation in glass analysis, the comparison of interlaboratory experiments in order to verify analytical results (Brill 1965). ‘Originally inspired by a plea from W E S Turner’, according to Freestone, Brill first mooted his idea at the VIIth International Congress on Glass, in Brussels (Brill 1965a, I. Freestone, pers. comm. 2009). It wasn’t until the VIIIth International Congress on Glass in 1968, however, that Brill fully launched his concept of an ‘analytical round robin’, having distributed a number of reference glasses to be tested in different laboratories using a range of current techniques including X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis (1968, 49). When discussing his motive for the experiment, Brill aptly stated: 'The truth is that the chemical analysis of glasses is a difficult undertaking and still remains in some senses an art' (1968, 49). By conducting the round robin experiment, Brill hoped the results gathered from different laboratories would help ‘correlate [...] earlier results’ and ‘calibrate future analyses in reference to one another’, as well as suggest which out of the analytical procedures used was the most accurate and effective (1968, 49). The results of the round robin were presented at the 'IXth International Congress on Glass' in 1971, and showed that, as Brill suspected, there was poor agreement between certain identified elements, and therefore these might be ‘troublesome’ generally across analyses (1971, 97). These included calcium, aluminium, lead and barium, among others (Brill 1971). Aside from their correctional potential, the results, from 45 different laboratories in 15 countries, also provided an enormous data set from which, Brill suggested, the participants could ‘evaluate their own methods and procedures against the findings of other analysts’ (1971, 97). At the time, Brill could hardly have suspected that the data would go on to have such great import, but Croegaard's generation of preferred glass compositions, from statistical analysis of the data, were used successfully by many people until Brill's own reference guide was published in 1999 (I. Freestone, 'pers. comm.', 2009).

The Middle East
Brill made various trips to the Middle East, including accompanying Wertime's 1968 survey of the ancient technologies of Iran, alongside other great minds such as the noted ceramicist, Frederick Matson (UCL Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies 2007). In the years 1963-1964, the Corning Museum of Glass and the University of Missouri, following a long history of excavation at the necropolis of Beth She'Arim, conducted an examination of a huge slab of glass, some 2000 years old, that had been languishing in an ancient cistern (Brill and Wosinski 1965). Brill cannot recall who first suggested this slab, measuring 3.4m by 1.94m, could be made of glass, but the only way to test it was to drill a core through its 45 cm thickness and analyse it (Brill 1967, Brill and Wosinski 1965). On analysis of the core, Brill found that the glass was devitrified and stained, and not very homogenous, with a presence of wollastonite crystals throughout (1965, 219.2). Investigation of the manufacture technology required to produce the slab, suggested that in order to produce such a slab of glass, it would have been necessary to heat over eleven tons of batch material, and sustain it at around 1050˚C for between five and ten days (Brill 1967)! His initial interpretation was that the glass must have been heated either from above or from the sides using a kind of tank furnace; a hypothesis that was proven accurate when excavation underneath the slab suggested it had been melted in situ, in a tank whose floor was a bed of limestone blocks with a thin parting layer of clay (Brill and Wosinski 1965, Brill 1967). Brill's interpretation, that the slab and its surroundings suggest ‘some early form of reverberatory furnace’ was the first suggestion of the use of tank furnaces in early glassmaking (1967, 92). The evidence at Beth She’arim encouraged further innovative thought because whilst the slab represented glass production on a grand scale, no associated evidence for glass working was found. Brill had already suspected that historical glassmaking occurred in two phases, the heavy ‘engineering’ stage when the glass is formed from the batch ingredients and the ‘crafting’ stage when the glass is formed into artefacts (Brill, pers. comm., 2009). These stages could occur in combination at one location, or at two differing locales, and the time span of production after the initial glass melt is highly flexible. For Brill, the idea of this ‘dual nature of all glassmaking’ was ‘crystallized’ at Beth She’Arim, where only the raw glass production was represented, and would be reinforced later by the contrasting evidence, where working was favoured over production, found at Jalame, as discussed below (Brill, pers. comm., 2009).

The 1970s
Aside from the aforementioned published results of his analytical round robin and his lead and oxygen isotope studies in the early 1970s, the 1970s saw Brill publish comparatively little, perhaps due to his post as director at The Corning Museum of Glass. Those publications he did pen are largely concerned with the development of lead isotope analysis and are listed in the further reading section. Alas, before Brill could be named Director, however, the museum was to be blighted by an enormous flood, ‘possibly the greatest single catastrophe borne by an American museum’ according to Buechner, Brill's successor in 1976 (1977, 7).

The Corning flood
The flood was brought to Corning by Hurricane Agnes, a tropical storm that filled the Chemung River system to bursting until, on the morning of June 23, 1972, the river breached its banks and decimated the town (Martin and Edwards 1977). The Corning Glass Centre was under around twenty feet of water on the lower level's west side, while the museum itself was filled to a water-level of five feet and four inches (Martin and Edwards 1977). 528 of the museum's objects were damaged, the library's rare books were ruined and paper index systems, data and catalogues were all lost (Martin and Edwards 1977). In the wake of this destruction, Brill was named Director, so that his time holding this position, from 1972-1975, would be spent overseeing the complete restoration of the museum. Buechner praises how Brill 'painstakingly' prepared the insurance claim that would support the museum throughout the renovation process and facilitate the replacement of many wonderful objects (1977, 7). Under Brill's auspices, the Corning Museum of Glass was reopened just 39 days after the event, on August 1, but it would be another four years before the collection and library were restored to their former glory (Buechner 1977).

The 1980s
In 1982, Brill joined the International Commission on Glass (Corning Museum of Glass 2009). The International Commission functions through various technical committees, among which Brill saw an opening for TC17, the committee for the Archaeometry of Glass, which he founded shortly after joining. The main purpose of TC17, whose members met for the first time in Beijing in 1984, is ‘to bring together glass scientists, archaeologists and museum curators to present and discuss the results of research on early glass and glassmaking and on the conservation of historical glass objects’, as expressed in their mission statement (Archaeometry of Glass 2005). Brill chaired this committee until 2004 and received the W E S Turner Award from the International Commission of Glass on his departure, in recognition of his contribution as founder (Corning Museum of Glass 2009).

Jalame

One of the on-running projects of the Corning Museum of Glass published the excavation report from their many field seasons at the ancient glass factory in Jalame, in Late Roman Palestine (Brill 1988, Schreurs and Brill 1984). Brill was called upon to conduct scientific investigations of the huge amount of material generated at the site, in order to exploit the full potential of the artefacts; after all, the site was being excavated specifically because of its role as a glass factory (Brill 1988). Of the vast quantity of glass fragments from Jalame, both vessel sherds and cullet, most were aqua and green and all were soda-lime-silica glasses melted in highly reducing conditions (Schreurs and Brill 1984). Where the melting conditions had been increasingly reducing, a ferri-sulfide chromophore complex was shown to have formed, thus changing the bluey-aqua colour of the glass to an olive, or even an amber shade (Schreurs and Brill 1984). Despite these colour variations, Brill's further chemical analysis showed the vessel glasses to be highly homogeneous in composition, apart from a clear divide where around 40 glasses demonstrated the intentional addition of manganese (Brill 1988). Brill conducted an investigation of the furnace at Jalame, nicknamed the Red Room, in which there was a mysterious absence of glass finds of any kind (Brill 1988). Whilst work at Beth She’Arim had eventually found there to be five firing chambers responsible for heating the one tank, the fragmentary remains at Jalame made it very difficult to interpret the furnace set-up, apart from the fact that they believed there to have been only one firing chamber (Brill 1988).

The Institute of Nautical Archaeology

In the late eighties, Brill contributed to various studies with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology, following the excavation of a number of exciting shipwrecks including the Serçe Liman, and the Ulu Burun (Barnes et al. 1986, Brill 1989). Brill's own technique of lead isotope analysis was to provide a means for provenancing items aboard ship, and thus determine the ship's origin and her ports-of-call. The excavators of the Serçe Liman wanted to know whether she was Byzantine or Islamic, a complicated question for lead isotope analysis as the lead ores of the Eastern Mediterranean share geographical characteristics and therefore overlap (Barnes et al. 1986). Using 900 lead net sinkers divided into six loose groupings, Brill found groups III, V and VI to be Byzantine, that is with ores found in modern-day Turkey (Barnes et al. 1986). Group I, however, was taken to be most indicative of the ship's origin; this group contained net sinkers, but also two ceramic glazes and three glass vessels, all sharing virtually identical lead ores with only one isotopic match, ‘an ore from Anguran, northwest of Tehran’ according to Barnes et al. (1986, 7).

The origins of Silk Road research
Brill's submissions to the XIVth International Congress on Glass, which took place in New Delhi in 1986, can be seen to represent the origins of his work on the Great Silk Road, the impressive trade route carrying goods from the East through India to Europe. Here, chemical analysis of Early Indian glasses helped Brill determine the ingredients and techniques of production, ‘to make certain broad generalizations as to regions or periods of manufacture’, and therefore to follow an object's movement along the trade route (1987, 1). For the XIVth Congress, Brill conducted atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) on samples of 38 glasses from India, and the success of his method was made clear when he was able to separate 21 samples away from those made in the Middle East and Europe (Brill 1987). The glasses were shown to have mixed alkali compositions, a feature that is ‘rare among glasses from more westerly sources’, and therefore Brill concluded that they had definitely been manufactured in India (1987, 4). Brill also collaborated with Mckinnon to conduct chemical analyses of some glass samples from Sumatra, Indonesia, the results of which would be the ‘first data of their kind from this island’ (1987, 1). The results of the study, which also used samples from Java, another important location for the Silk Road, were hoped by McKinnon and Brill to ‘stimulate a greater awareness of glass in the economy [...] of ancient Sumatra and further new lines of research in the archaeology of the region’ (1987, 1).

The 1990s
The beginning of the 1990s saw Brill accorded the Archaeological Institute of America's Pomerance Award for scientific contributions to archaeology; however the decade mostly reflects Brill's continuing dedication to Asian glasses and the study of the Silk Road (Archaeological Institute of America 2009). In Scientific Research in Early Chinese Glass, Brill reflected that in comparison to the knowledge of glassmaking in the West, ‘little is known about Chinese glass and about the role it played in the overall unfolding of glass history on a worldwide basis’ (1991, vii). One reason for this is that glass was never produced in the East in such great quantities as it was in the West but also that archaeological Chinese glasses are often prone to problems (Brill 1991). The difficulties of analysing Chinese glasses were reflected later in the publication where, following the chemical investigation of 71 samples, Brill found that identifying the ‘basic formulation’, or ‘any of the primary batch materials’ of the glasses was still almost impossible (Brill et al. 1991). Brill had greater success in differentiating between Chinese glass samples when using lead isotope analysis, a method that has proven effective in the first instance of identifying Chinese glass as the leads used here are different from those anywhere else in the world (Brill, Barnes et al. 1991). Brill found his Chinese samples to fall into two distinct groups, possessing on one hand the highest, and on the other the lowest, lead isotope ratios he had ever encountered (Brill, Barnes et al. 1991). As such, he was able to show that despite the striking similarity in the glasses’  chemical composition and appearance, the ores from which their leads were sourced must have been from very geologically-different mines (Brill, Barnes et al. 1991).

Brill conducted further investigations of ancient Asian glasses for the Nara Symposium on the Silk Road's maritime route in 1991, ‘to demonstrate [...] that chemical analyses can be useful for learning how glass was traded along the Desert, Steppe, and Maritime Routes of the Silk Road’ (1993a, 71), as well as providing a more technical discussion on glass and glassmaking in China for the Glass Art Society's Toledo Conference in 1993 (Brill 1993b). Further lead isotope analysis, this time on Chinese and central Asian pigments, was conducted with a larger team for the Getty's Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road, which saw Brill et al. launching studies that held incredible potential for understanding ‘chronological or stylistic differences among Buddhist cave paintings’, or ‘distinguish[ing] between original and repainted parts of individual works’ (1993, 371).

Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses
In 1999, Brill published the sum of 39 years worth of results from his chemical investigations at Corning in two volumes of reference material with a third forthcoming (Brill 1999). Brill was reluctant to publish the data without any accompanying interpretation, but he felt that the most important factor was to quickly release the material into a wider sphere, made ‘readily accessible to the scientific community’ (1999, 8). Of Corning's 10,000 research artefacts, the master catalogue contains 6,400 samples, an abbreviated catalogue, or AbbCat, of which is presented in the two volumes (1999, 11). 19 geographical, typological or chronological categories of glass samples are recorded, spanning Brill's various research projects and collaborations, from Egypt to the East (Brill 1999). It also records the results of oxygen isotope analyses, reminding us that Brill was ever one for the integration of different investigative methods.

Brill's legacy
Since 2000, Dr Brill's interest in Silk Road studies and ancient glass compositions has continued, but his publication rate has slowed somewhat. His years of prolific publication, however, and his willingness to analyse glass from almost every situation have provided the archaeometry of glass with a bounty of reference material, as reflected by the Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses.  Despite his official retirement from the Corning Museum of Glass on May 31, 2008, he returned to the laboratory the next day and continues to work, showing no intention of enjoying a retirement proper any time soon (Brill, pers. comm., 2009).

References
Archaeological Institute of America (2009) http://www.archaeological.org/webinfo.php?page=10101 Pomerance Award Winners, consulted 01.04.2009
Archaeometry of Glass (2005) http://www.icg.group.shef.ac.uk/tc17.html Archaeometry of Glass Mission Statement, consulted 20.03.2009
Barnes, I. L., Brill, R. H., Deal, E. C. and Piercy, G. V. (1986) Lead Isotope Studies of Some of the Finds from the Serçe Liman Shipwreck, In: Olin, J. S. and Blackman, M. J. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press
Brill, R. H. (1961) The Record of Time in Weathered Glass Archaeology 14 (1) pp. 18–22
Brill, R. H. (1963) Ancient Glass Scientific American (November) pp. 120–130
Brill, R. H. (1965) Interlaboratory Comparison Experiments on the Analysis of Ancient Glass. In: Proceedings of the VIIth International Congress on Glass, Brussels pp. 226(1)-226(4)
Brill, R. H. (1967) A Great Glass Slab from Ancient Galilee Archaeology 20 (2) pp. 89–96
Brill, R. H. (1968) The Scientific Investigation of Ancient Glasses. In: The Proceedings of the VIIIth International Congress on Glass pp. 47–68
Brill, R. H. (1970) Lead and Oxygen Isotopes in Ancient Objects. In: Allibone, T. E. (Ed.) The Impact of the Natural Sciences on Archaeology: A joint symposium of the Royal Society and the British Academy. London: Oxford University Press
Brill, R. H.(1971) A Chemical-Analytical Round-Robin of Four Synthetic Ancient Glasses. In: The Proceedings of the IXth International Congress on Glass
 Brill, R. H. (1987) Chemical Analyses of Some Early Indian Glasses, In: Bhardwaj, H. C. (Ed.) XIVth International Congress on Glass 1986, New Delhi, India pp. 1–27
 Brill, R. H. (1988) Scientific Investigations of the Jalame Glass and Related Finds, In: Weinberg, G. D. (Ed.) Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine Columbia: University of Missouri Press
Brill, R. H. (1989) Chemical Analyses of some Metal Finds from the Ulu Burun and Cape Gelidonya Shipwrecks. Paper submitted to George F. Bass and Cemal Pulak at the Institute of Nautical Archaeology
Brill, R. H. (1991) Introduction, In: (Eds.) Brill, R. H. and Martin, J. H. Scientific Research in Early Chinese Glass New York: Corning Museum of Glass
Brill, R. H. (1993a) Scientific Investigations of Ancient Asian Glass, In: Nara Symposium ’91: UNESCO Maritime Route of Silk Roads pp. 70–79
Brill, R. H. (1993b) Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient China, In: The Toledo Conference Journal 1993 The Glass Art Society pp. 56–69
Brill, R. H. (1999) Chemical Analyses of Early Glass, Volume 1: Catalogue of Samples New York: The Corning Museum of Glass
Brill, R. H. (2006) Don’t Go with the Flow! Glass Worldwide 8 p. 12
Brill, R. H., Barnes, I. L. and Joel, E. C. (1991) Lead Isotope Studies of Early Chinese Glasses, In: (Eds.) Brill, R. H. and Martin, J. H. Scientific Research in Early Chinese Glass New York: Corning Museum of Glass pp. 65–91
Brill, R. H. and Hood, H. P. (1961) A New Method for Dating Ancient Glass Nature 189 pp. 12–14
Brill, R. H., Shields, W. R. and Wampler, J. M. (1965) New Directions in Lead Isotope Research, In: Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art Boston: Museum of Fine Arts pp. 155–166
Brill, R. H., Tong, S. S. C. and Dohrenwend, D. (1991) Chemical Analyses of Some Early Chinese Glasses, In: Brill, R. H. and Martin, J. H. (Eds.) Scientific Research in Early Chinese Glass New York: Corning Museum of Glass pp. 31–64
Brill, R. H. and Wampler, J. M. (1967) Isotope Studies of Ancient Lead American Journal of Archaeology 71 pp. 63–77
Brill, R. H. and Wosinski, J. F. (1965) A Huge Slab of Glass in the Ancient Necropolis of Beth She’Arim In: Proceedings of the VIIth International Congress on Glass, Brussels pp. 219(1)-219(11)
Buechner, T. S. (1977) Preface, In: Martin, J. H. and Edwards, C K. (Eds.) The Corning Flood: Museum Under Water New York: Corning Museum of Glass
Corning Museum of Glass(2009) http://www.cmog.org/dynamic.aspx?id=2190 Corning Museum of Glass Staff Biography, consulted 12.03.2009, 20.03.2009
Newton, R. G. (1971) The Enigma of the Layered Crusts on Some Weathered Glasses, A Chronological Account of the Investigations Archaeometry 13 (1) pp. 1–9
 Schreurs, J. W. H. and Brill, R. H. (1984) Iron and Sulfur Related Colors in Ancient Glasses Archaeometry 26 (2) pp. 199–209
Martin, J. H. and Edwards, C. K. (1977) Introduction, In: Martin, J. H. and Edwards, C K. (Eds.) The Corning Flood: Museum Under Water New York: Corning Museum of Glass
McKinnon, E. E. and Brill, R. H. (1987) Chemical Analyses of Some Glasses from Sumatra, In: Bhardwaj, H. C. (Ed.) XIVth International Congress on Glass 1986, New Delhi, India pp. 1–14
The Getty Conservation Institute (2009) http://www.getty.us/conservation/publications/pdf_publications/silkroad7.pdf Getty Silk Road Publication Contributors, consulted 12.03.2009
UCL Institute of Archaeo-Metallurgy (2007) http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iams/iransurvey/team.php Wertime's Iran Survey: The Travellers, consulted 12.03.2009

Further reading
Brill, R. H. (1962) A Note on the Scientist's Definition of Glass Journal of Glass Studies 4 pp. 127–138
Brill, R. H. (1964) An Observation on the Corinth Diaretum Journal of Glass Studies 6 pp. 56–58
Brill, R. H. (Ed.) (1971) Science and Archaeology Massachusetts: MIT Press
Brill, R. H. (1992) Chemical Analyses of some Glasses from Frattesina Journal of Glass Studies 34 pp. 11–22
Brill, R. H. (2001) Some Thoughts on the Chemistry and Technology of Islamic Glass, In: Carboni, S. and Whitehouse, D. (Eds.) Glass of the Sultans New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Brill, R. H., Barnes, L. L. and Adams, B. (1974) Lead Isotopes in Some Ancient Egyptian Objects. In: Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials 3 pp. 9–27 New York: Plenum Press
Brill, R. H. and Cahill, N. D. (1988) A Red Opaque Glass from Sardis and Some Thoughts on Red Opaques in General Journal of Glass Studies 30
Brill, R. H. and Shields, W. R. (1972) Lead Isotopes in Ancient Coins. In: Special Publication of the Royal Numismatic Society 8 pp. 279–303 Oxford: Oxford University Press
Brill, R. H., Yamasaki, K., Barnes, I. L., Rosman, K. J. R. and Diaz, M. (1979) Lead Isotopes in Some Japanese and Chinese Glasses Ars Orientalis 11 pp. 87–109

External links
 The Corning Museum of Glass

History of glass
Glass chemistry
Living people
People associated with the Corning Museum of Glass
Year of birth missing (living people)


Extreme Evidence is an American reality television series that premiered on Court TV on September 29, 2003. Each half-hour episode attempts to use forensic science to uncover the cause of a catastrophic event. 3-D animation, and first-hand accounts from eyewitnesses, are also used to illuminate the investigations. As of late January 2015, the show is now in reruns on the Justice Network.

Production
Court TV used several production companies to produce episodes of Extreme Evidence, including LMNO Cable Group, Medstar Television, and New York Times Television.

Episodes

References

2000s American reality television series
2003 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings


The 1998–99 Pro Tour season was the fourth season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. It began on 5 September 1998 with Grand Prix Boston and ended on 8 August 1999 with the conclusion of 1999 World Championship in Tokyo. The season consisted of fourteen Grand Prix, and five Pro Tours, located in Chicago, Rome, Los Angeles, New York, and Tokyo. At the end of the season Kai Budde from Germany was awarded the Pro Player of the year title.

Grand Prix – Boston, Lisbon

GP Boston (5–6 September)
 Jon Finkel
 Randy Buehler
 Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz
 Zvi Mowshowitz
 Darwin Kastle
 Mike Bregoli
 Dave Beury
 Ben Farkas

GP Lisbon (12–13 September)
 Bruno Cardoso
 Brian Hacker
 Randy Buehler
 Helder Coelho
 Jean-Louis D'Hondt
 Laurent Pagorek
 Alexis Dumay
 Jorge Martins

Pro Tour – Chicago (25–27 September 1998)

As in the previous season a rookie won the inaugural Pro Tour. In the finals Dirk Baberowski defeated Casey McCarrel. Jon Finkel also had another final eight showing, his third in a row.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 324
Format: Tempest Booster Draft (Tempest-Stronghold-Exodus)
Head Judge: Charlie Catino

Top 8

Loser's Bracket

Pro Tour Chicago also had Top 8 loser's bracket, that had matches held as best of three instead of five. The first round paired the quarter-finals losers against each other. Finkel defeated Coene 2–1 and Fuller defeated Cedercrantz 2–0. In the second and final round the winners of the first round were paired against the losers of the Top 8 semi-finals. Fung defeated Finkel 2–1 and Klauser defeated Fuller 2–1.

Final standings

Grand Prix – Austin, Birmingham

GP Austin (10–11 October)
 Gary Krakower
 Darwin Kastle
 Heath Kennel
 Richard Van Cleave
 Jeremy Baca
 Tony Tsai
 Sid Rao
 Jonathan Pechon

GP Birmingham (17–18 October)
 Craig Jones
 Kai Budde
 Darwin Kastle
 Neil Rigby
 Arho Toikka
 Warren Marsh
 Andreas Jonsson
 Jean-Louis D'Hondt

Pro Tour – Rome (13–15 November 1998)

Tommi Hovi won Pro Tour Rome, thus becoming the first player to win two Pro Tours. Reportedly Hovi was particularly happy to win another Pro Tour, because he won his first due to a disqualification, and thus felt it was not a proper victory. Olle Råde became the first player to have five Top 8 appearances.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 266
Format: Extended
Head Judge: Carl Crook

Top 8

Loser's Bracket

The first round of the loser's bracket paired the quarter-finals losers against each other. Le Pine defeated Lauer 2–0 and Gary defeated Konstanczer 2–1. In the second and final round of the loser's bracket the winners of the first round were paired against the losers of the Top 8 semi-finals. Dato defeated Gary 2–1 and Le Pine defeated Råde 2–1.

Final standings

Grand Prix – Manila, Kyoto, San Francisco, Barcelona

GP Manila (12–13 December)
 Toshiki Tsukamoto
 Scion Raguindin
 Josua Rivera
 Leo Gonzales
 Rozano Yu
 Francis Robert Profeta
 GeeVee Vegara
 Itaru Ishida

GP San Francisco (23–24 January)
 Richard Van Cleave
 Mark Schick
 John Yoo
 Alan Comer
 Mike Craig
 Shawn Keller
 Hashim Bello
 Shawn Roush

GP Kyoto (16–17 January)
 Yoshikazu Ishii
 Hiroshi Watanabe
 Masami Ibamoto
 Tsuyoshi Fujita
 Tadayoshi Komiya
 Hirobumi Nakamura
 Hideaki Amano
 Eisaku Sueyoshi

GP Barcelona (6–7 February)
 Kai Budde
 Alex Shvartsman
 Roc Herms
 Raphaël Lévy
 Daniel Nuttal
 Matt Henstra
 Laurent Laclavie
 Gordon Benson

Pro Tour – Los Angeles (26–28 February 1999)

Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz won Pro Tour Los Angeles defeating his friend and fellow New Yorker Jon Finkel in the final.

Tournament data

Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 337
Format: Urza's Saga Rochester Draft (Urza's Saga)
Head Judge: Charlie Catino

Top 8

* = The semi-final of O'Mahoney-Schwartz against Lau went over six games. One of the games had been a draw. After five games the score was 2–2 and a draw, thus the sixth game became necessary.

Final standings

Grand Prix – Vienna, Kansas City, Oslo, Taipei

GP Vienna (13–14 March)
 Kai Budde
 Christian Gregorich
 Jon Finkel
 Erik Lauer
 Randy Buehler
 Jakub Slemr
 Dirk Hein
 Peer Kröger

GP Oslo (10–11 April)
 Jim Herold
 Mikko Lintamo
 Christer Ljones
 Bjørn Ove Leknes Skogneth
 Seppo Toikka
 Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz
 André Konstanczer
 Jonathan Brown

GP Kansas City (27–28 March)
 Mark Gordon
 Chris Pikula
 Bob Maher, Jr.
 Scott Seville
 Jon Finkel
 Lan D. Ho
 Randy Buehler
 Vincent Johnson

GP Taipei (24–25 April)
 Kenichi Fujita
 Iwao Takemasa
 Tobey Tamber
 Itaru Ishida
 Chi Fai Ng
 Kai Cheog Tang
 Alex Shvartsman
 Miller Tsai

Pro Tour – New York (30 April – 2 May 1999)

In the finals of Pro Tour New York Casey McCarrel defeated Shawn Keller, both playing nearly identical decks, which was designed by Ben Rubin, Lan D. Ho, and Terry Tsang, who also made the Top 8 with the deck. The concept of their decks was to quickly generate huge amounts of mana to play big spells. Rob Dougherty and David Humpherys played nearly identical decks, designed by YMG.

Tournament data

Prize pool: $151,635
Players: 308
Format: Urza's Saga Block Constructed (Urza's Saga, Urza's Legacy)
Head Judge: Dan Gray

Top 8

Final standings

Grand Prix – Amsterdam, Washington D.C.

GP Amsterdam (15–16 May)
 Kai Budde
 Dirk Baberowski
 André Konstanczer
 Guido Pacifici
 Bram Snepvangers
 Janosch Kühn
 Daniel Steinsdorfer
 Vincent Gieling

GP Washington D.C. (19–20 June)
 Ben Farkas
 Chris Pikula
 Noah Weil
 Zvi Mowshowitz
 Mike Turian
 Scott McCord
 Mark Le Pine
 Dennis Bentley

1999 World Championships – Yokohama (4–8 August 1999)

Kai Budde won the 1999 World Championship, defeating Mark Le Pine in the finals. The match went into the books as the shortest individual Pro Tour final ever, taking about 20 minutes. The title allowed Budde to take the Pro Player of the year title as well.

The United States defeated Germany in the team finals to win the national team title.

Tournament data

Prize pool: $250,000
Players: 208
Individual formats: Urza's Saga Rochester Draft (Urza's Saga-Urza's Legacy-Urza's Destiny), Standard, Extended
Team formats: Team Sealed (Urza's Saga-Urza's Legacy-Urza's Destiny) – Swiss; Standard – Finals
Head Judge: Charlie Catino

Top 8

Final standings

National team competition

 United States (Kyle Rose, John Hunka, Zvi Mowshowitz, Charles Kornblith)
 Germany (Marco Blume, Patrick Mello, David Brucker, Rosario Maij)
 Norway (Nicolai Herzog, Sturla Bingen, Bjorn Joumsen, Marius Johnsen)
 Sweden (Jimmy Oman, Richard Soderberg, Ken Asp, Kristian Hellman)

Pro Player of the year final standings

After the World Championship Kai Budde was awarded the Pro Player of the year title.

References

Magic: The Gathering professional events