The office of Vice Prresident of Uzbekistan was a political position in Uzbekistan until it was abolished on January 8, 1992. It was the title of the deputy to the President of Uzbekistan. Shukrullo Mirsaidov was the first and only holder of the office from 24 March 1990 to 8 January 1992.

History
The position of vice president was introduced on the same day Islam Karimov was elected President of the Uzbek SSR on March 24, 1990 at a session of the Supreme Council of the Uzbek SSR. Uzbekistan at that point became the first union republic to introduce the positions of president and vice president, roles often seen in the west. The only person who served as vice president was Shukrullo Mirsaidov, who, before this position, was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR. After the abolition of the post of vice president on January 8, 1992, the post of prime minister was introduced in the country.

Functions
The main function of the vice-president of Uzbekistan was to, in the case of the president's incapacitation, death or resignation and until early elections, assume presidential powers as acting president At the same time, the vice-president of Uzbekistan, jointly headed the Cabinet of Ministers with the president.

Nowadays, article 96 of the Constitution of Uzbekistan states that should the President of the Republic fail to perform his duties due to poor health, confirmed by a certificate of a State Medical Commission formed by the Supreme Assembly of Uzbekistan (Oliy Majlis), an emergency session of the Oliy Majlis shall be held within ten days. The session shall elect an Acting President of the Republic for a term of not more than three months, during which time a presidential election shall be held.

See also
List of leaders of Uzbekistan
President of Uzbekistan
Prime Minister of Uzbekistan

References

Politics of Uzbekistan
Government of Uzbekistan
Vice presidents of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
1990 establishments in Uzbekistan
1992 disestablishments in Uzbekistan
Titles held only by one person


Edward Cooke (27 June 1755 – 19 March 1820) was a British politician and pamphleteer.

Family and early life
He was born at Denham, Buckinghamshire, the third but only surviving son of William Cooke (1711–1797), provost of King's College, Cambridge and his wife, Catherine, the daughter of Richard Sleech, a canon of St George's Chapel, Windsor. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, graduating with a BA in 1777 and MA in 1785, being a fellow of the college from 1776 to 1786.

Ireland
Cooke entered government service in 1778, as private secretary to Sir Richard Heron, the Chief Secretary for Ireland while John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He served in a series of posts in the Irish administration and parliament, becoming under-secretary for the military department in 1789–1796 and for the civil department from 1796–1801. In this period, he was also Member of Parliament (MP) for the boroughs of Lifford (1789–90) and Old Leighlin (1789–1801). He prospered because he was clever and ready to support British policy. He had an extremely poor opinion of the Irish judiciary, and sent jaundiced letters to London describing nearly all of them as insolent, ignorant or biased. Some of these judgments were fair enough, but others were certainly far too severe.

He published several political pamphlets during the 1790s. However, his position became difficult during the passage of the Irish Act of Union, because he favoured relief to Catholics. This determined him to return to England. While in London in 1801, negotiating the augmentation of the Irish Secret Service Fund, he was in negotiation with Lord Pelham over his future employment and Pelham's under-secretary, but a row broke out over the respective role of the Home Secretary and the Lord Lieutenant. The Lord Lieutenant consented to his retirement, and he received sinecure posts worth £2000 per year, including Keeper of the records of the Irish parliament.

Politics in Britain
Following his return to England, Cooke remained unemployed until 1804, when he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies under Lord Camden and then Viscount Castlereagh. His career then followed Castlereagh's to the Foreign Office. He went with him to Vienna and to Italy in the winter of 1814–15 to support Castlereagh in peace negotiations and partly to negotiate with the Vatican over the Catholic Question. In 1817, he retired, much to his chief's regret.

Private life
Cooke married, on 10 August 1791, Isabella, the daughter of Hamilton Gorges of Kilbrew, Co. Meath, an Irish MP. There were no children. He died in 1820.

References

P. J. Jupp, ‘Cooke, Edward (bap. 1755, d. 1820)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2009

1755 births
1820 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
People educated at Eton College
People from Denham, Buckinghamshire
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Carlow constituencies
Under-Secretaries for Ireland


Salvia taraxacifolia is a species of flowering plant in the Lamiaceae family. It is referred to by the common name Dandelion leaved sage and is a herbaceous perennial shrub that is endemic to southwest Morocco, growing in the Atlas Mountains at elevations ranging from  to . Very adaptable, it grows on limestone slopes, forest clearings, and rocky riversides. It has no close allies in the genus Salvia. The specific epithet, taraxacifolia, is likely Persian in origin and means 'leaves shaped like a dandelion'.

Salvia taraxacifolia has lyre-shaped grey-green leaves that remain on the plant year round, with leaves growing up to  long in thick basal rosettes. The underside is covered with hairs, giving it a whitish color. Glands on the hairs give off a pleasant citrus aroma when brushed. Pinkish-green flowers grow on stalks reaching up to  tall, growing in whorls spaced about  apart on the inflorescence. Plants spread into large mats, with many flower stalks blooming at once.

Notes

taraxacifolia
Flora of Morocco
Taxa named by Ernest Cosson
Taxa named by Benjamin Balansa


"Sissy's Song" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Alan Jackson.  It was released in March 2009 as the fourth single from his album Good Time, and his fifty-sixth single release overall (and to date his last solo top ten hit). Jackson wrote the song after the sudden death of a housekeeper that worked at his house.

Composition
"Sissy's Song" is an acoustic mid-tempo country ballad, written by Jackson as a tribute to a housekeeper named Leslie "Sissy" Fitzgerald, who worked daily at Jackson's house. Jackson wrote the song after Sissy died in a motorcycle accident on May 20, 2007. He then went to the recording studio, and working with longtime producer Keith Stegall, made a recording of the song with just his vocals and steel-string acoustic guitar to be played for the family at her funeral. The song expresses Jackson's feeling for Sissy, in addition to hoping that "she flew up to heaven on the wings of angels."

Critical reception
Karlie Justus, of Engine 145, gave the song a "thumbs up" rating. She said that the song was both "deeply personal and universally relatable", and that it showed his sense for simplicity and authenticity. However, she considered some of the lyrics stilted and cliché in nature. Lynn Douglas, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a B+ rating. She described the song as "a reflective and moving experience."

Music video
The song's music video was directed by Scott Scovill. It is shot in black-and-white and is at a church and it features footage of Jackson performing the song. It was shot in a historic church, located south of Nashville.

Chart performance
"Sissy's Song" debuted at number 45 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the chart week of February 28, 2009.

References

External links
Music video at CMT

2009 singles
Alan Jackson songs
Songs written by Alan Jackson
Commemoration songs
Country ballads
Song recordings produced by Keith Stegall
Arista Nashville singles
Black-and-white music videos
2008 songs


Sara Rosalie Wahl (née Erwin; August 27, 1924 – July 22, 2013) was an American feminist, lawyer, public defender, clinical law professor, and judge and the first woman to serve on the Minnesota Supreme Court where she served for seventeen years.  Governor Perpich nominated Wahl to the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1977 and Wahl won the election to the seat in a non-partisan election in 1978, defeating three male candidates.  She chaired the state's Gender Bias Taskforce and Racial Bias Taskforce and led the American Bar Association's efforts  to establish clinical legal education.  She was a champion for the mentally ill and for displaced homemakers.  She wrote 549 opinions including for the majority in holding that different penalties for crack and powder cocaine were unconstitutional in State v. Russell (477 N.W.2d 886 [Minn.1993]).

Early life and education
Born in Caney, Kansas, Wahl suffered several traumatic losses early in life.  Her mother died when she was three, and her grandmother and Aunt Sara raised her.   When she was seven, she opened the railroad crossing gate for their horse-drawn wagon.  A late train that had failed to blow its whistle struck and killed her grandfather and younger brother while she watched.  A local lawyer required a $100 retainer in order to help them seek restitution, which, as Wahl recounted, "might have well have been a million" during the difficult times of the Depression.

A Quaker since college, Rosalie grew up Methodist.  In college, she worked to fight racism through the YWCA and lived in a racially-integrated communal home at the University of Kansas in the 1940s.  Having begun as a journalism major, she edited the Daily Kansan.  She dropped out and taught in the one-room school in Birch Creek that she herself had attended after her fiancé who had enlisted in the Air Force died in a military training accident in 1943.  She returned to school and earned her undergraduate degree in Sociology from the University of Kansas in 1946.  She later met, married, and moved to Minnesota with her husband, Roswell Wahl, and lived with friends on forty acres north of Circle Pines at what they hoped would be an intentional community.

Early career

Wahl's foray into political life sought to extend the reach of the county library system, but county board rejected the proposal.  After being ushered out of the room and not permitted to observe the board, Wahl decided she was tired of sitting outside of the rooms where men made decisions.

After giving birth to four children, she began attending William Mitchell College of Law (now Mitchell Hamline School of Law) at night and gave birth to her fifth child during her second year. One other woman was in her class and only one woman, the law librarian, served on the faculty.

C. Paul Jones hired Wahl for the newly created public defender's office as an Assistant State Public Defender when she graduated in 1967 and allowed her to work part-time.  (Wahl divorced in 1972.)  This work gave her experience defending the indigent but also provided numerous opportunities for appellate oral argument; she argued 109 cases before the Minnesota Supreme Court.

Her experience as a public defender led William Mitchell College of Law to hire her to establish a criminal and civil law clinic in 1973.  Law clinics expose students to the practice of law as opposed to the study of legal opinions.  Her courses were popular, with students standing in line all night to get one of the sixty places. Many of those students later became active in her campaign.

Feminist campaign to select a woman to serve on the Minnesota Supreme Court
Women rang the doorbells, distributed literature, poured the coffee, served as volunteer office helpers and campaign workers, in essence, did all the chores for state and local politics while the parties chose men to run for office.  1966, Betty Kane had launched a statewide (Democratic Farmer Labor Party) DFL Women's Federation.  The DFL Women's Caucus replaced the DFL Women's Federation in 1971 and morphed into the DFL Feminist Caucus in 1973 to fight for feminism within the party—to pressure the party to run more women candidates and to ensure that DFL candidates were pro-choice.  A report for the DFL Feminist Caucus captured the sense of the day: women were Present but Powerless.

Although women were gaining entry into law schools and their numbers inched upwards in the 1970a, few served as judges.  In 1977, no woman had served on the U.S. Supreme Court, only one woman sat on a federal appellate court, and only five other women served on state supreme courts.  The first woman to serve as a Minnesota trial court judge, Susanne C. Sedgwick, a Republican, acquired a seat on the Hennepin County District Court by running against an incumbent in 1970.

Both the Minnesota Women's Political Caucus and Minnesota Women Lawyers set out to identify qualified women.  MWL formed a committee and sent a questionnaire to all women lawyers asking if they would be willing to serve on boards or on the bench.  Wahl had never argued before a woman judge and did not send her questionnaire back for two years.

In January of 1977, Rudy Perpich formally addressed the DFL Feminist Caucus, the first governor to do so.   In response to a question, Perpich promised to fill the next vacancy on the Supreme Court with a woman leading to banner newspaper Minneapolis Star headlines the next day saying "Woman in top court promised."

Selecting Minnesota judges
Minnesota's system for selecting judges is non-partisan election. Formally, supreme court justices run for office with no party designation but a designation as incumbent.  In practice, sitting justices inform the governor when they are going to step down, and the governor nominates a replacement when the retirement is announced, allowing the nominee to run as an incumbent.  If a justice was appointed more than a year before the next election, he or she had to stand in the next one, and then again every six years.  As of 1977, only one member of the Minnesota Supreme Court, C. Donald Peterson, had obtained his seat by election rather than appointment.  The last incumbent unseated in an election was in 1900.  Serious challenges to sitting justices are rare.

Identifying women candidates
Judith L. Oakes chaired Minnesota Women Lawyers' endorsement committee and it winnowed a list of eighteen names to seven (Doris Huspeni, Phyllis Gene Jones, Roberta Levy, Delores Orey, Susanne C. Sedgwick, Esther Tomljanovich, and Rosalie Wahl).  Wahl was also on lists that the Minnesota Women's Political Caucus and DFL Feminist Caucus submitted to Governor Perpich.   University of Minnesota law professor Roberta Levy and Hennepin Municipal Judge Diana Murphy were ultimately the other two finalists.  (Levy later became the first woman Hennepin County District chief judge while Murphy was the first woman appointed to the federal bench from Minnesota and was later the first woman appointee to the Eighth Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals the least gender diverse of all the circuit courts).

Appointment to the Minnesota Supreme Court

When President Carter nominated Senator Walter Mondale's former law partner and associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court, Harry MacLaughlin, to the federal bench, Minneapolis Star reporter Gwenyth Jones wrote a front-page column reminding the governor and all readers of his promise.  Rather than name his appointee as the news of MacLaughlin's elevation broke Governor Perpich instead, announced only that he would appoint a woman.

Perpich knew that the first woman appointed would have many challengers who wanted a seat on the Supreme Court.  If she were defeated, he would then have squandered the power to shape the bench. Another unpredictable populist governor, Jerry Brown of California, had appointed a woman, Rose Bird, as the first woman and the first chief justice of the California Supreme Court in February of 1977.  Bird just barely held her seat in 1978 but subsequently lost a retention election in a hard-fought campaign.  Carol Connolly promised the governor that she would manage Wahl’s campaign.  If Wahl lost, future governors might it conclude it was too risky to appoint a woman.

The decision to appoint a woman and the choice of Wahl stirred more intense emotions than any other government appointment in Minnesota history."  On Friday, June 3rd 1977, at a gathering of nearly 4,500 women meeting in St. Cloud Minnesota to hammer out a platform and choose delegates to the upcoming White House Conference on Women in Houston, conference chair Minnesota Secretary of State Joan Growe announced that Governor Rudy Perpich would appoint Rosalie Wahl to the state supreme court—the first woman and its 72nd justice.  The crowd erupted as Wahl came to the microphone.  Wahl promised to remember all the women who came before her who knew disappointment, scorn, and exclusion.

           Wahl spoke of being a mother of four starting law school, inspired to write this poem:

Foot in nest

Wing in sky

Bound by each

Hover I

"Now," she said, "I know it is not necessary to hover.  Now I know it is possible to soar."  As Judge Harriet Lansing recalls, "Rosalie's carefully chosen words left so indelible an impression that they were published in their entirety in the next morning's Minneapolis Star."  A reception in St. Paul on June 9th to celebrate the appointment, party activist Koryne Horbal clasped Wahl's hand and tearfully said, "Thank you for being ready."

The Campaign
For the first time in two decades, a seated Supreme Court Justice had a serious opponent, or rather in Wahl’s case, three, meaning she would face a primary.  Ramsey County District Court Judge Jerome J. Plunkett, Rochester District Court Judge Daniel Foley, and former Attorney General Robert W. Mattson filed.  Her opponents criticized her lack of judicial experience.  Wahl won the primary, receiving 231,000 votes to the next highest vote getter Mattson’s 130,000, but Mattson adopted Plunkett’s criticisms in the general election.  If all those who voted for Plunkett and Foley voted for Mattson, Wahl would lose.

Mattson ran a series of negative ads giving reasons to vote against Wahl.  He claimed she had a poor win/loss record before the Supreme Court.  (Wahl's appellate practice argued the cases of the indigent already convicted but appealing.)  Another ad, patterned after the campaign against Rose Bird in California, charged that “Ms. [sic] Wahl lets rapists loose.”  (She was the sole dissenter in State v. Willis, (269 N.W.2d [Minn. 1978]) a case of a rapist who had held his victim at knifepoint.  Wahl had dissented because a trial court had suppressed evidence and the police had unlawfully searched the defendant’s house.)  Another ad charged she let drug dealers loose.

Rosalie Wahl was the highest vote getter on the ballot in November 1978, holding on to her seat.  She became the tenth woman serving on a state supreme court in 1977.

Four important factors helped ensure Wahl’s electoral success.  First, her colleagues supported her, unlike Chief Justice Rose Bird. . Chief Justice Sandy Keith who joined the court later wrote of her ability to get along with others.  Justice Sheran observed: "Life taught Wahl to take a punch, and that ability helped her be productive in situations where a less resilient and tolerant person would have fled in frustration.  She appeared to be as comfortable with senior partners in the Manhattan boardroom at Sullivan & Cromwell as she was in southeastern Minnesota with a group of farm women.  Her grace in working with those who did not necessarily share her ideals is one of her strongest qualities, and it allowed her to accomplish projects in the face of repeated setbacks."

Judge Peterson, who also faced a challenge, joined forces with Wahl and they campaigned together, allowing them to draw on an existing fund called the Lawyers Committee to Retain Incumbent Justices, already in place from past elections.  That fund gave them $10,000 as a base for the joint campaign and a chair already in place.

Second, Wahl actively campaigned and enjoyed widespread support.  Wahl recounted, "women were very crucial in this campaign because the women in the state knew that if I couldn’t be elected, no governor would appoint a woman, because it would be just throwing an appointment away."  Historian Mary Pruitt described the Wahl campaign as “the single moment everyone [in a very fractious feminist movement] worked together.”. The Citizens Committee to Retain Rosalie Wahl raised about $29,000 and pulled in allies from the Minnesota Women’s Political Caucus and Minnesota Women lawyers who were nonpartisan.

Wahl assembled a coalition of William Mitchell College of Law alumni, faculty, and students, as well as elites and grassroots organizers for social change, from feminists, to public interest lawyers, to Quakers, to the League of Women Voters.  She also proved to be an effective campaigner.  Mattson’s dishonesty in the debate before the Ramsey County Bar Association, his efforts to smear Wahl's son in the press, and negative campaign further aroused Wahl’s fighting spirit. While serving as a justice on the Supreme Court, Wahl traversed the state, speaking to bar associations, women’s groups, and other community organizations, such as churches and hospitals.

The third factor was the quality of the candidate.  Wahl was an experienced advocate—not from working for a prestigious law firm, but from defending the indigent as a public defender.  As a clinical law professor, Wahl not only supervised students but she had substantial experience arguing criminal law cases before the Supreme Court—unlike Mattson.  She had the support of both parties.  The Minnesota State Bar Association took its traditional plebiscite on judicial candidates and Wahl got 2,547 votes to 779 for Robert Mattson Sr., the other top vote getter of the primary.

Fourth, Mattson’s negative campaign backfired.  The Minnesota State Bar Association, worried about the issue of judicial independence and uneasy about judicial elections, came to Wahl’s defense.  Chief Justice Sheran talked to friends at the Bar Association and they wrote a letter to the paper denouncing Mattson’s ads  The Minneapolis Tribune editorialized against “Mattson’s Injudicious Campaign” on October 22, saying his distortion of Wahl’s office rendered him unfit for office.  Wahl said she was lucky to face Mattson, “because a lot of lawyers did not think really highly of him.”

Impact on the law
Republican Governor Al Quie appointed a second woman, Mary Jeanne Coyne to the Supreme Court in 1982.  Wahl recounts that prior to that, she had not realized how isolated she actually was.  Wahl retained her seat easily without challenge in 1984.  Perpich went on to appoint more women than had been appointed by all of the previous governors of Minnesota combined.  He was the first governor to select a woman, Marlene Johnson, as his running mate for lieutenant governor.  Most of the women on Perpich’s first short list ultimately were appointed to the state or federal bench, if not the Minnesota Supreme Court.

Until Wahl retired in 1994, the Minnesota Supreme Court was the first state in history to have a majority (4 of 7) women justices.  Research on the effects of increasing numbers of women on the Minnesota Supreme Court showed little effect in voter participation in judicial races, an increased willingness on the part of lawyers to appeal women’s rights cases (which peaked at three justices), and some reports of an altered courtroom atmosphere.  Kathleen Blatz, a Republican, became the first woman chief justice in 1998, holding that office until 2006.

Wahl had an enormous impact on the law, women’s equality, the legal system, and legal education.  She wrote 549 opinions over seventeen years.  She looked at the judicial system from the bottom up, championing the underdog, the marginalized, or the outcast, such as criminal defendants.  She believed that Minnesota’s constitution held the government to a higher standard of rationality than the federal constitution did the national government and argued for a more expansive interpretation of individual rights than under the U.S. Constitution.  She wrote for the majority in holding that different penalties for crack and powder cocaine were unconstitutional in State v. Russell (477 N.W.2d 886 [Minn.1993]).  Her opinions on race and sex discrimination were especially important.  She had what her former clerk, Jane Larson, called “her longest running struggle with other members of the supreme court” over how to interpret statutes allowing for the availability of permanent rather than rehabilitative maintenance for long-term homemaker spouses.  Wahl would often say that she thought men had trouble understanding the experience of a midlife woman whose husband is divorcing her.

Her compassion for parents who might cross the line in seeking to “de-program” an adult child who has become part of a religious cult, or for parents seeking custody after divorce, or for those who hope to regain custody after a termination shines through her opinions.   As Court of Appeals Judge Harriet Lansing wrote about the way Justice Wahl applied the reasonable man standard: "Rosalie’s opinions, in both her use of language and her analyses, often demonstrate a wider definition of reason that does not artificially omit or ostracize the effect of human emotions on perception and thought.  She brings in the emotions to better focus the picture and, when relevant, incorporates them into the decision.

Larson described Wahl’s commitment to the common person and writing accessible opinions.  "In one case probably little remembered on the statewide scene, Huver v. Opatz, the issue was whether one rural township or another was to be held responsible for maintaining the roadside beside a particular stretch of county line road.  Justice Wahl drafted her opinions with her clerks by her side, and when we came to the section of the opinion in which the road is to be described, Justice Wahl refused to borrow the description from any of the briefs.  'Look in the trial court records for any photographs, any physical detail,' she told me.  “The people who live in those townships know this road like the back of their hand.  And this opinion will mean a tax increase for one group of citizens or the other.  The court’s opinion must communicate to them that we, too see this road as a real place, connecting real lives, like no other in the state.  It is not just some convenient geographical hook on which to hang an abstract legal principle.'

Judge Harriet Lansing commented further on the poetry of Wahl’s opinions.  "Rosalie’s inclusivity of landscape is one of the enduring delights of her opinions.  Her descriptions and metaphors of the heartland are great sources of strength.  Whether it is layering sod along a culvert in Kliniski v. Southdale Manor Inc., or observing a dew-laden bulldozer in Anderson v. American Casuality Col. Or listening to the rattle of old rain gutters beside a chicken coop in State v. Anderson you can see the meadow stretching beyond.  But my personal favorite is her evocation in In re Wang of a substantial evidence standards as “evidence with heft.”  I can see the threshers in the field and taste the lemon meringue pie for lunch."

Wahl mentored women clerks.  One of her former clerks, Amy Adams, wrote, "I have never met anyone as fiercely committed to the preservation of individual dignity as Justice Wahl.  In every decision, every hearing, every encounter, she remained committed to the ideal that each person is entitled to decency and respect, and she granted that respect to everyone; justices, trial court judges, litigants, and attorneys.  I never saw Justice Wahl listen to an oral argument while sitting back in her chair.  She always leaned forward, giving each oralist her full attention, assuring each party that he or she was receiving a full and fair hearing of his or her argument."

She spearheaded and chaired the state taskforce on gender fairness and the courts; Minnesota was the sixth state to conduct such a study.  She then went on to chair the racial bias taskforce.  She was a longtime champion of the rights of the mentally ill.  “What is not so well known in the state where she lives is that Wahl’s contributions to legal education may have more national impact than her work as a state supreme court justice.”  Wahl was the first woman to chair the American Bar Association’s Accreditation Committee as well as the Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar where she shrewdly and skillfully put together the strategy for expanding clinical legal education. She was a pivotal member of the National Association of Women Judges which awarded her the Joan Demsey Klein award honoree of the year award in 2004. The Minnesota State Bar Association named an annual award in her honor. Minnesota Women Lawyers named its annual lecture in her honor.

Wahl recalls the exhilarating sense of making history and that women have learned the hard way that those holding power never share it until it becomes politically necessary to do so.  She chuckled over the local comic strip, Sally Forth, which shows the girl, Hilary, at Halloween admiring her costume of a black robe in the mirror.  She says to her mother, who holds the witch’s hat in her lap, “Oh put away the hat, I’ll just go as a Supreme Court Justice.”  She concludes, "Such evidence of increased participation is sweet, even though what I and others have experienced as dramatic leaps ahead are, in a larger perspective, only the slow erosion of individual and institutional sexism. . . . Women with access to power and status must not allow this to separate them from their knowledge of what it means to be female in this society.  Certainly every woman of accomplishment owes it to another woman to reach out and assist her growth and aspiration.  We are responsible, socially and individually, for helping other women achieve their desired goals.  Thus, in our own sphere, we work for the election or appointment of women judges to the bench."

Wahl served on the court until her retirement in 1994. She remained active in the community, regularly attending meetings from the Minnesota Women’s Consortium to Minnesota Women Lawyers, raising money for groups such as Leaders of Today and Tomorrow that encourages college-aged women to aspire to political leadership positions, and actively protesting the war in Iraq.

She died on July 22, 2013, at the age of 88.

Supreme Court Chief Justice Lorie Gildea issued a statement on the death of former justice Wahl:

"Rosalie Wahl was a trailblazer for our state, both as a lawyer and as the first woman to serve on the Minnesota Supreme Court. While on the court she led efforts to address both gender fairness and racial bias in our state's justice system. She will be remembered with fondness and respect for her unwavering commitment to the principle of equal justice for all."  In an interview with Peter Shea done in 2003 she talks about her post-retirement role as a "public citizen," including her work as a peace activist.

The Minnesota Historical Society published Minneapolis Star Tribune columnist Lori Sturdevant's book,  Her Honor: Rosalie Wahl and the Minnesota Women's Movement, in 2014.

Nina Tottenburg narrates Emily Hoddad's documentary film about Wahl entitled, "The Girl from Birch Creek."

Stanford University Law Library's ABA Trailblazers project holds an interview of Wahl by Cara Lee Neville.

See also
List of female state supreme court justices
List of first women lawyers and judges in Minnesota

References

License note

External links
 Rosalie Wahl in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia
 Minnesota Historical Society Biography and Resources: Rosalie Wahl

1924 births
2013 deaths
People from Butler County, Kansas
Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Public defenders
Minnesota lawyers
University of Kansas alumni
William Mitchell College of Law alumni
University of Minnesota Law School faculty
People from Caney, Kansas
American anti-war activists
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American women judges
Women judges


Kurt Lüdecke (5 February 1890, in Berlin – 1960, in Prien am Chiemsee) was an ardent German nationalist and international traveler who joined the Nazi party in the early 1920s and who used his social connections to raise money for the NSDAP. Before attending a rally at which Adolf Hitler was a featured speaker, Lüdecke had assumed that Hitler was simply "one more fanatic" but after hearing Hitler speak at a mass demonstration at the Königsplatz in Munich, he adopted Hitler as his hero: "His appeal to German manhood was like a call to arms, the gospel he preached a sacred truth." The next day, he spoke to Hitler for four hours and offered himself to Hitler and the Nazi cause "without reservation ... I had given him my soul."

Activities
In the wake of the uproar over the Law for the Protection of the Republic, after the assassination of Walther Rathenau, an unrealistic plan for a coup d'état in Munich was hatched by civil servant Dr. Otto Pittinger. The nationalist organizations (including the Nazis) would overthrow the Bavarian government via a putsch and replace it with a dictatorship under Gustav Ritter von Kahr, the former minister president of Bavaria. Lüdecke's mission was to help coordinate support of the Northern German right-wing revolutionaries in preparation for spreading the putsch throughout Germany.

Upon his return to Bavaria, Lüdecke found that Pittinger was going on vacation instead of running a coup and that Hitler was furious, announcing to Lüdecke that he would never again rely on others for help in a coup.

Lüdecke offered his services to Hitler as an envoy to Benito Mussolini soon after the Italian dictator marched on Rome and rose to power in Italy. His attempts to raise money from Mussolini were not productive. But Lüdecke persuaded Mussolini to send Leo Negrelli to Munich to interview Hitler on October 16, 1923, for the Corriere Italiano, providing visibility for the Nazis in Italy.

Lüdecke also visited Henry Ford in Michigan to see if Ford, a wealthy industrialist, would contribute funds to the struggling Nazi Party. Lüdecke's introduction was provided by the composer Siegfried and his wife Winifred Wagner, who were Hitler supporters. However, Ford declined
to contribute.

Possibly due to his association with Ernst Röhm, Hitler became suspicious of him, as of many others in the early S.A. Nazi Party, imprisoned him and apparently had him marked for the first great blood purge (The Night of the Long Knives), but Lüdecke escaped to Czechoslovakia and then to America, where he landed on the day many of his former associates were assassinated.

The reflections and memoirs of Lüdecke are sometimes relied upon by historians.

I Knew Hitler
Lüdecke's chief work is his book I Knew Hitler, an early study of the German Führer by former Nazi activist  Lüdecke himself, who had joined the Nazi movement in 1922. Originally published by Scribners in 1937, the 833-page book, subtitled The Story of a Nazi Who Escaped the Blood-Purge, was reissued by Pen and Sword in 2013. Credit for assistance in writing and editing the book has been given to Paul Mooney (1904–1939), who'd also served as secretary and literary assistant to travel writer Richard Halliburton.

An account of the collaboration between Lüdecke and Mooney is in 2007's Horizon Chasers—The Lives and Adventures to Richard Halliburton and Paul Mooney by Gerry Max.

Footnotes

References
 ("Browder")
  ("Bullock")
  ("Carsten")
 ("Collier")
  ("Fest")
  ("Fischer")
   ("Grant")
  ("Hoffman")

  ("Lemmons")
  ("Ludecke")
  ("Machtan")
Max, Gerry, "I Knew Hitler," Horizon Chasers—The Lives and Adventures of Richard Halliburton and Paul Mooney (McFarland, 2007), pp. 119–129, quoted at p. 129.  Contains photographs of Ludecke.
  ("Nyomarkay")
  ("Read")
   ("Toland")

1890 births
1960 deaths
Nazi Party members
Views on Adolf Hitler
German memoirists
Writers from Berlin
20th-century memoirists


Martin A. Nelson (February 21, 1889 – May 22, 1979) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist from Minnesota. He served as an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court.

Early life and education
Nelson was born in Hesper Township, Winneshiek County, Iowa and received his early education there. He later moved to Minnesota and earned his law degree from William Mitchell College of Law (then the St. Paul College of Law) in 1916.

Career
Nelson practiced law in St. Paul, Minnesota, prior to his enlistment. During World War I, Nelson served as an aviator and aviation instructor at American air training fields. From 1919 to 1944, he practiced law at Austin, Minnesota. He served as a trustee of St. Olaf Hospital in Austin for 22 years including 10 years as board president. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1928 and 1932.

Nelson obtained the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1934 and 1936, but lost both general elections to Floyd B. Olson and Elmer A. Benson, respectively. In 1942, he was an independent candidate for the United States Senate from Minnesota, receiving 14.4% of the vote and coming in third place. In 1944, he was appointed a state court district judge in Austin, Minnesota. Governor C. Elmer Anderson appointed him to the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1953, to fill a vacancy caused by the elevation of Roger L. Dell to be chief justice. He served until his retirement in 1972. Nelson's fight to remain on the court despite his advanced age (he finally retired at eighty-two) spawned the law mandating retirement for state judges at the age of seventy.

References

1889 births
1979 deaths
William Mitchell College of Law alumni
Minnesota lawyers
Minnesota state court judges
Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court
American people of Norwegian descent
American Lutherans
People from Winneshiek County, Iowa
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century Lutherans


Simensbråten is a neighborhood in the borough of Nordstrand, Oslo, Norway.

A mainly residential area, the suburb is located alongside a grove dividing Simensbråten from Brattlikollen.

Transport
It was the location of the Oslo Tramway light rail station Simensbråten, the terminus of the Simensbråten Line which existed from 1931 to 1967. The area formerly served by Simensbråten station is currently served by Ryen T-bane station.  In addition, Simensbråten is the terminus of bus line nr. 23.

References

Neighbourhoods of Oslo


Eliminationism is the belief that one's political opponents are, in the words of Oklahoma City University School of Law professor Phyllis E. Bernard, "a cancer on the body politic that must be excised—either by separation from the public at large, through censorship or by outright extermination—in order to protect the purity of the nation."

Etymology
The term eliminationism was coined by American political scientist Daniel Goldhagen in his 1996 book Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, in which he posits that the German public not only knew about, but supported, the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" within the German national identity, which had developed in the preceding centuries.

Types
The purpose of defining eliminationism is the inherent weakness of the term "genocide", which only allows for action where mass slaughter has already occurred. However, according to Goldhagen, extermination is usually seen as one (and the most extreme) option of getting rid of an unwanted people group seen as a threat, and in any case of extermination many of the other methods of eliminationism will also be present and probably used first.

There are five forms of eliminationism:
 Transformation: deleting/changing the cultural identities of people. (Examples include American Indian boarding schools)
 Repression: systematically limiting the power of the target group through political disenfranchisement, ghettos, enslavement, segregation, or other legal means. (Examples include anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany, Jim Crow laws, voter suppression and Apartheid)
 Expulsion: removing the undesired group through deportation, forced removal, forced marches, concentration camps. (Examples include the Armenian genocide and the internment of Japanese Americans.)
 Contraception: forced sterilization, anti-miscegenation laws, or systematic rape so that there will be no future for the group.
 Extermination: mass murder or genocide.

Effects

In his 2009 book Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity, Goldhagen argued that eliminationism is integral to politics due to mass murder being "a political act", writing that "mass elimination is always preventable and always results from conscious political choice." Goldhagen describes various 20th-century atrocities, such as the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 and genocides in Darfur, Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Guatemala, arguing that each of these events were products of eliminationism, being perpetrated by "the decisions of a handful of powerful people" in contrast to popular perceptions of such events being carried out "in a frenzy of bloodlust."

Businessman Theodore N. Kaufman self-published Germany Must Perish! in the United States in 1941. In the 104-page book, Kaufman advocated genocide through forced sterilization of all Germans and the territorial disassociation of Germany. The obscure book received very little attention in the U.S., but was eventually cited by the Nazi regime as proof of a vast Jewish conspiracy to annihilate Germany and Germans (Kaufman was a Jew). The Nazis published quotes from the book in wartime propaganda, pretending that the book was indicative of the views of the Allied powers, which in turn was added justification for Nazi Germany's continued persecution of the Jews as part of the Holocaust.

During the 1991–2002 Algerian Civil War, the predominant faction of the conflict's first phase was known as les éradicateurs for their ideology and for their rural and urban tactics. These hardliners were opposed in the Army and the FLN by les dialoguistes.

Journalist David Neiwert argued in 2009 that eliminationist rhetoric is becoming increasingly mainstream within the American right-wing, fuelled in large part by the extremist discourse found on conservative blogs and talk radio shows, which may provoke a resurgence of lone wolf terrorism in the United States.

Professor of law Phyllis E. Bernard argues that interventions in Rwanda and Nigeria, which adapted American dispute prevention and resolution methods to African media and dispute resolution traditions, may provide a better fit and forum for the U.S. to address eliminationist media messages and their impact on society.

See also
 Incitement to genocide

References

Censorship
Nationalism
Human rights abuses
Persecution
Political theories
Political repression
1990s neologisms


The Villa Arson, also referred to as the École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson (National School of Fine Arts at the Villa Arson), is a French art museum, elite school and research institution for contemporary art, located in Nice, France. It is home to the École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts de Nice (National School of Fine Arts of Nice) and the Centre Nationale d'Art Contemporain (National Centre for Contemporary Art), and was created under a ministerial charter in 1972 by the Ministry of Culture.

History
La Villa Arson was founded in 1881 as the École Nationale des Arts Décoratifs. It retained the name for 89 years, until it was changed to the École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts de Nice in 1970. In 1965, the city of Nice offered the former home of the Arson family to the school; and an expansion of the two acre property to create an international fine art school, designed by Michel Marot, is completed in 1970. The Centre Nationale d'Art Contemporain was established in 1971, and the École and the Centre were officially inaugurated under the name "la Villa Arson" in 1972 by then Minister of Cultural Affairs, Jacques Duhamel. In 1981, la Villa Arson celebrated its centenary; and in 2002, only 30 years after its inauguration, it is designated a grands établissement for contemporary art by the Ministry of Culture.

Location
La Villa Arson is located on a hill in the neighbourhood of Saint Barthélemy, in the northern district of the city of Nice, and occupies a vast area of 23,000 m2. The site overlooks the city and the coastline of the French Riviera and is designed to emphasis its view, as-well-as vegetation and natural light, with the wide use of courtyards, terraces and gardens.

See also

Grandes écoles
Grands établissements
Education in France

References

External links
 (in French)
 Villa Arson  at Google Cultural Institute

Art schools in France
Grands établissements
Educational institutions established in 1881
1881 establishments in France
Buildings and structures in Nice