Sergey Gulyakevich (born 1 June 1981) is a Belarusian professional boxer who competes in the super featherweight division. He is a former European champion for the weight division and world title challenger.

Professional career
Gulyakevich made his professional debut in Minsk on 25 April 2003.  He compiled a record of 15-0 fighting mainly in countries such as Belarus, Estonia and Russia before travelling to Monaco to defeat Tontcho Tontchev for the WBA Inter-continental title on 20 July 2005. Two fights and two more victories followed the win over Tontchev to set Gulyakevich up for a shot at the full European title held by Scotsman Alex Arthur.

European champion and World title challenger
The fight with Arthur in April 2006 saw Gulyakevich travel to Edinburgh only to suffer his first defeat as a professional when the fight was stopped in the 7th round due to a cut on his left eye. Following the defeat Gulyakevich returned to Belarus and scored a further five wins in his home country. On 22 December 2007 he travelled to Italy in order to challenge the new European champion Levan Kirakosyan. This time the result was a more positive one and he won the fight via a unanimous decision. He has since made one defence travelling to Germany in December 2008 to defeat German fighter Vitali Tajbert over 12 rounds. Gulyakevich relinquished the title in July 2009 when the opportunity arose to fight for the WBC Interim World featherweight title.  This followed the confirmation of current champion Humberto Soto's intention to move up in weight after his next defence. The decision meant that Gulyakevich and Mexican boxer Humberto Mauro Gutiérrez would meet for the interim belt in Mexico on 22 August 2009. The fight itself saw the Mexican win the belt via a majority decision when after 12 rounds of boxing one of the judges scored a draw with two others handing victory to Gutierrez.

Comeback
Following the defeat to Gutierrez, Gulyakevich returned to Minsk and marked time by scoring a victory in his home town.  On 19 February 2010 he then returned to the United Kingdom to fight on the undercard of a Ricky Hatton promotion in Stoke.  He defeated Georgian fighter Nikoloz Berkatsashvili in the 2nd round of their fight which was one of the supporting bouts to the European title bout between Scott Lawton and former victim Levan Kirakosyan.  On 16 April 2010 he returned to the UK once again to meet Nugzar Margvelashvili, another Georgian at the Robin Park Centre in Wigan winning on points over six rounds.  Two more fights in 2010 resulted in two further victories against George Mchedlishvili and Araik Sachbazjan with both fights taking place in Minsk. Gulyakevich  had seven comeback fights in Riga, Latvia in 2012 winning all seven, beating Georgian Lightweight Champion Kakhaber Avetisian and also winning a Baltic League Lightweight Title against fellow Belarusian compatriot Andrei Hramyka, who he stopped in the 3rd of a scheduled 8 rounder in November 2012.He has had one winning fight in Riga in 2013.Gulyakevich is a much avoided fighter who has seen negotiated fights with IBO World Super Featherweight Champion Will Tomlinson, former IBF Featherweight Champion Billy Dib and Top Rank prospect Terrence Crawford all dashed for various reasons. He has had one fight in 2014 a shutout pts win over 6 x 3 min rounds against Bulgarian Kristian Dochev and is currently scheduled to fight DiBella Entertainment's top Lightweight prospect Ivan Redkach as the main event live on ESPN Television in St Charles, Missouri on Saturday 27 June 2014, after Redkach's original opponent former WBC World Super Featherweight champion Vitaly Tajbert, whom Gulyakevich has previously beaten in a European Super Featherweight Title fight withdrew through injury. Gulyakevich narrowly missed out on winning the WBC interim World Super Featherweight Title against Humberto Gutierrez in Mexico in 2009 and it is his intention to fight for and win a World Title soon after first as to be expected he gets past Redkach first.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Minsk
Super-featherweight boxers
Belarusian male boxers


Sir Colman Maurice Treacy (born 28 July 1949) is a retired Lord Justice of Appeal. Previously, he was a barrister in Birmingham. He presided over a number of criminal trials, including those of an Afghan warlord, Faryadi Sarwar Zardad, and two of the killers of Stephen Lawrence.

Early life
Treacy attended Stonyhurst College, a Jesuit private boarding school in the Ribble Valley, Lancashire, and studied Classics on an Open Scholarship at Jesus College, Cambridge. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1971, and appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1990.

Career
Treacy practised mainly in criminal law in the criminal courts of Birmingham. In 2002, he prosecuted two suspected Islamic terrorists accused of plotting to cause terrorist explosions in the UK, before Mr Justice Hughes. One of the accused, Moinul Abedin, was convicted and sentenced to 20 years, while the other was acquitted.

He was appointed Assistant Recorder in 1988 and Recorder in 1991, a post he retained until his appointment to the High Court on 1 October 2002, whereupon he received the customary knighthood. From 2006 to 2010, he was a Presiding Judge of the Midland Circuit. He was chairman of the Sentencing Council for England and Wales. On 1 October 2012, he was appointed a Lord Justice of Appeal, and he was appointed to the Privy Council on 7 November 2012.

Crown Court cases
Treacy presided over a number of criminal trials. In 2005, he presided at the trial of Faryadi Sarwar Zardad, an Afghan warlord charged under the principle of universal jurisdiction with conspiracy to torture and conspiracy to take hostages during the 1990s in Afghanistan. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison and recommended to be deported. On sentencing notorious Nottingham gang boss Colin Gunn to 35 years for conspiracy to murder the parents of a gangland rival, Gunn told Treacy to "die of AIDS".

In 2010, he was the judge at the first major English criminal trial in more than 400 years to be heard without a jury. The decision by the Court of Appeal to allow the trial without a jury came after the third attempt at a trial fell apart due to attempts at jury tampering. The decision was criticised by Shami Chakrabarti, of Liberty. The case concerned the £1.7 million robbery of the Menzies World Cargo warehouse at Heathrow airport in February 2004, of which all four of the accused were convicted. The trial reportedly cost £25,000,000.

In December 2011, Treacy presided over the trial of Gary Dobson and David Norris for the racially aggravated murder of Stephen Lawrence. Lawrence had been murdered while waiting at a bus stop in Eltham, South London, in April 1993, by a gang of white youths chanting racist slogans. Five men had been arrested and two were charged but the prosecution was dropped by the Crown Prosecution Service due to lack of evidence.

A private prosecution by the Lawrence family in 1994 of three of the suspects resulted in their acquittal due to unreliability of the identification evidence. The 1999 Macpherson Review of the case found shortcomings in the original police investigation and concluded the Metropolitan Police Force was rife with "institutional racism" and recommended a reduction in double jeopardy, the rule preventing someone being tried for the same crime twice, to allow for cases where "fresh and viable" new evidence became available to be retried. This proposal was supported by the Law Commission in 2001 and given effect by Parliament in the Criminal Justice Act 2003. In 2011, eighteen years after the incident, a cold case review found new DNA evidence using techniques not available at the time of the original investigation. Dobson and Norris were prosecuted in December that year and convicted on 3 January 2012, being ordered to be detained at Her Majesty's pleasure with minimum terms of fifteen years and two months, and fourteen years and three months, respectively.

References

External links
 Muriel Southall and Michael Whitcombe trial
Birmingham Law Society website downloads
The Guardian article referencing Mr Justice Treacy

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
British people of Irish descent
English King's Counsel
English Roman Catholics
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Stonyhurst College
Lawyers from Birmingham, West Midlands
Queen's Bench Division judges
20th-century King's Counsel
Lords Justices of Appeal


Abdellatif Boutaty (born 4 June 1983) is a former Moroccan rugby union footballer. He played as a lock. He was nicknamed "The Tiger of Atlas" (Le Tigre de l'Atlas).

Club career
Boutaty played for the Moroccan amateur team of COC, in Casablanca, moving then to Vallée du Girou, in Toulouse, France. He then was assigned to his first major team, Stade Toulousain, in 2004/05. Boutaty joined Section Paloise for the season of 2006-07, moving then to Blagnac SCR, where he spent an entire season. He played for US Montauban, from 2008-09 to 2009-10. He moved to Aviron Bayonnais for the season 2010-11 Top 14 season, where he would play until 2013/14. He played for Section Paloise from 2014/15 to 2015/16. In January 2017, he joined Stade Français. He finished his career at Aviron Bayonnais in 2018/19. He come out of his retirement to play for Soyaux Angoulême XV Charente in 2020/21, in the Pro D2. He finished his career once again in 2021, aged 38 years old.

International statistics
Boutaty was one of the best players for Morocco, having won the title of African Champion, in 2005. He was also in the Moroccan side that narrowly lost the repechage play-off for a place at the 2007 Rugby World Cup, getting beat by Portugal.

References

External links
Abdellatif Boutaty at the ERC Official Site

1983 births
Living people
Moroccan rugby union players
Rugby union locks
Sportspeople from Casablanca
Moroccan expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in France


Sir Broderick Chinnery, 1st Baronet (13 February 1742 – May 1808), was an Irish politician and baronet.

He was the fourth son of Reverend George Chinnery and his wife Eleanor Whitfield, daughter of William Whitfield. Chinnery was barrister and became High Sheriff of County Cork in 1786. He sat as Member of Parliament for Castlemartyr from 1783 to 1790. Subsequently he represented Bandonbridge in the Irish House of Commons until the Act of Union in 1801 and thereafter Bandon in the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1806. On 29 August 1799, Chinnery was created a Baronet, of Flintfield, in the County of Cork.

In February 1768, he married firstly his second cousin Margaret Chinnery, daughter of Nicholas Chinnery. They had three daughters and three sons. Margaret died in 1783, and Chinnery married secondly Alice Ball, fourth daughter of Robert Ball on 2 July 1789. He had two sons and two daughters by his second wife. Chinnery was succeeded in the baronetcy by Broderick, his eldest and only surviving son of his first marriage.

References

1742 births
1808 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Ireland
Irish MPs 1783–1790
Irish MPs 1790–1797
Irish MPs 1798–1800
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Cork constituencies
High Sheriffs of County Cork
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806


The Medora Covered Bridge was the longest covered bridge in the United states with the entire original historic truss still in place with some repairs but no structural changes. Measuring the clear span (abutment face to abutment face) of , the Medora Covered Bridge is the longest historic covered bridge in the United States. The roof length of  and the siding at the floor length of  are also the longest historic covered bridge measurements in the U.S.

Location
The Medora Covered Bridge is located in Carr Township in Jackson County, Indiana, and crosses the East Fork of the White River running parallel to State Road 235. It is approximately  east of Medora and  southwest of Brownstown.

History
The Medora Covered Bridge was built in 1875 by J. J. Daniels at a cost of $18,142.00 and took nine months to build. The bridge was covered to protect the truss from the elements. Before the bridge was built people crossed the river by ferry.

It has been reported but not verified that at one time there was wooden railing down the middle of the bridge separating the two-way traffic. As the vehicles became wider, the railing was removed and it was then one-way.

Until 1935 the bridge carried U.S. Route 50 when it (US 50) was moved four miles to the north.

In 1968 the bridge was scheduled for demolition when the new modern parallel bridge was to be opened, but was saved by an order from then Governor Whitcomb in 1971.

A modern parallel bridge was opened in 1973. The covered bridge was closed to vehicular traffic at that time.

In 2007, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

In June 2011 a rehabilitation of the bridge was completed. The original truss remained in place with a few repairs. The cedar shake shingles, siding (seven of the original boards, identified by square nail holes, were placed on the north side of the far west end), pylons, and some of the rafters were replaced. Except for the shingles, most of these items were original but badly deteriorated. Much of the flooring was replaced but was not original.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Indiana
List of covered bridges in Indiana

References

External links

Site devoted to the Medora Bridge and its restoration

National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Indiana
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Bridges completed in 1875
Historic American Engineering Record in Indiana
Wooden bridges in Indiana
Transportation buildings and structures in Jackson County, Indiana
Tourist attractions in Jackson County, Indiana
U.S. Route 50
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Burr Truss bridges in the United States
1875 establishments in Indiana


The France national rugby team have competed in every Rugby World Cup since the tournament began in 1987. They are one of five teams who have played in the final match, having done so three times (1987, 1999 and 2011), losing and finishing second in the tournament each time. They have made it to at least the quarter-finals at every tournament.

France hosted the 2007 tournament, and co-hosted the 1991 competition with Ireland and the United Kingdom. They also hosted some matches of the 1999 event, where the main host was Wales. France will host again in 2023.

By position

By matches

1987

Pool

Knock-out stage
Quarter-final

Semi-final

Final

1991

Pool

Knock-out stages
Quarter-final

1995

Pool

Knock-out stages
Quarter-final

Semi-final

Third-place play-off

1999

Pool

Knock-out stage
Quarter-final

Semi-final

Final

2003

Pool

Knock-out stages
Quarter-final

Semi-final

Third-place play-off

2007

Pool

Knock-out stages
Quarter-final

Semi-final

Bronze final

2011

Pool

Knock-out stages
Quarter-final

Semi-final

Final

2015

Pool Stage

Quarter-final

2019

Notes:
As a result of inclement weather caused by Typhoon Hagibis this match was cancelled and awarded as a 0–0 draw.

Quarter-final

Hosting

The Rugby World Cup is held every four years, and tends to alternate between the northern and southern hemispheres. Every northern hemisphere tournament so far has been held in Europe, and in general, France usually hosts some games when it is held there.

1991 Rugby World Cup
England was main host in 1991, but other countries hosted some matches. France hosted Pool D, and two of the quarter-finals.

The following French stadiums were used (quarter final locations emboldened).

1999 Rugby World Cup
Wales was main host in 1999. Pool C games were hosted in France.

The following French stadiums were used (quarter-final locations in bold).

2007 Rugby World Cup
France was main host for the 2007 RWC. Some games were also held in Scotland and Wales.

It was announced in April 2003 that France had won the right to host the tournament. The tournament was moved to the proposed September–October dates with the tournament structure remaining as it was. It was also announced that ten French cities would be hosting games, with the final at the Stade de France. French Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin said that "this decision illustrates the qualities of our country and its capacity to host major sporting events...This World Cup will be the opportunity to showcase the regions of France where the wonderful sport of rugby is deeply rooted". French Sports Minister Jean-François Lamour said that "The organisation of this World Cup will shine over all of France because ten French towns have the privilege of organising matches and to be in the world's spotlight." French cities to host games are Bordeaux, Lens, Lyon, Marseilles, Montpellier, Nantes, St. Etienne, Toulouse and Paris, and it was also announced that the final would be at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis.

There was a substantial increase in the overall capacity of stadiums compared to the 2003 Rugby World Cup, as the smallest venue at the 2007 tournament will be 33,900. France won the right to host the event in 2003. Three matches were played at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium, two Pool B games that featured Wales and as well as a quarter-final. Two Pool C matches were held at Edinburgh's Murrayfield. Ireland were also offered to host matches at Lansdowne Road in Dublin, but had to decline the offer as construction work was scheduled to begin on the stadium. The semifinals and final were held at Stade de France, Saint-Denis.

The following stadiums were used (finals locations emboldened).

2023 Rugby World Cup

France will host the Rugby World Cup outright for the second time in 2023, however, hosting for the fourth time in total.

Portrayal on screen
France can be seen playing South Africa in the feature film Invictus based on the 1995 Rugby World Cup.

References

Bibliography
 Davies, Gerald (2004) The History of the Rugby World Cup (Sanctuary Publishing Ltd, ()
 Farr-Jones, Nick, (2003). Story of the Rugby World Cup, Australian Post Corporation, ()

France national rugby union team
Rugby World Cup by nation


Mallikarjuna Reddy (born 24 August 1981) is a miniature sculptor, Guinness World Record Holder, and the creator of the world's smallest monolithic sculptures. He constructed 18 sculptures on a single rice grain, without using magnification lenses.

Life and work

Mallikarjuna Reddy was born to Changalaraya Reddy a landlord in Thoppanahalli, a village in Bangarpet, Kolar district, Karnataka, India.

He taught himself caricature around the age of nine but later, in 2000, moved to Bangalore to study Biotechnology at the Reddy Jana Sangha College. Whilst there he developed his interest in working with miniatures and began to create microscopic sculptures. In 2001, he exhibited at the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath.

He gained publicity from journalist and photographer Manjunath Kiran, but remained an amateur. In February 2005 he was recognized as the Guinness World Record Holder after creating a 28-link chain on a single toothpick. The previous record of 17 links had been established by Bob Shammy in 1991.

Reddy then worked in social service and took up political activities and in due course he moved back to his native village to found his Akshara International School. Aside from educating children in conventional subjects, he teaches his skills of miniature sculpting to the children and to people with mental and physical disabilities.

Awards and honours
 Limca Book of Records - 2004
 Guinness World Records – 2005
 Sri Sai Seva Award - 2005
 Kannada Rajyotsava Swabhimana Award - 2006
 All India Achievers Award - 2007
 Fellowship outstanding Artist Award - 2009

References

Sources

http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep132005/city2123332005912.asp
http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb222005/s2.asp
https://web.archive.org/web/20081007094635/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/02/23/2302guinness.html
https://archive.today/20080228233029/http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/feb222005/s2.asp
http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=54517#compstory
http://www.indiavarta.com/education/news/ivNews.asp?Topic=0&Title=Education+Features&ID=IFZ20050311110201&nDate=3/11/2005&Sub=&Cat=Z&

1981 births
Living people
Indian male sculptors
20th-century Indian sculptors
Modern sculptors
Microminiature sculptors
Cubist artists
People from Kolar district
Artists from Karnataka
20th-century Indian male artists


County Route 149 (CR 149) is a  county route in northern Sullivan County, New York, in the United States. The route runs from an intersection with New York State Route 52 (NY 52) in the Callicoon community of Youngsville to an intersection with CR 178 in the Rockland community of Livingston Manor. CR 149 was originally designated as New York State Route 284 in 1930.

Route description
CR 149 begins at an intersection with NY 52 in the community of Youngsville. The route progresses northward, passing and paralleling Tremper Road, a dead-end road. CR 149 passes by several residential homes in Youngsville, along with one local commercial building. After leaving the community, CR 149 continues to the north as Shandelee Road, passing through the residential surroundings. After passing by a few more residences, Shandelee Road makes a bend to the northwest, and into more dense woodlands in the area. About a mile north of Youngsville, CR 149 continues its way northward, passing by a local residence, and intersects with Stump Pond Road, which heads westward from the main highway. Shandelee Road makes another bend, this time to the north, passing through moderate development for about another mile. A short distance into the bend, the woodlands that were surrounding the highway clear and the highway becomes surrounded by fields and residential homes.

After a short gap in the clearing, CR 149 intersects with Hardenburg Road, a local road, in another clearing. After Hardenburg Road, Shandelee Road begins to bend in different directions, several times to the west and several times to the east, intersecting with Meyer Road at a fork. CR 149, which continues to the left at the fork, heads to the northwest, paralleling Meyer Road to the west. The residences begin to disappear and CR 149 continues into a more wooded area, where it intersects with Whittendale Road, a local dead-end road. A short distance from Whittendale Road, CR 149 makes a sharp bend to the northeast, intersecting with the northern termini of Stump Pond Road and Meyer Road. Near the intersection with Gilda Lane, CR 149 passes the Sand Pond, and intersects with a series of short local roads. Paralleling the shores of Sand Pond for a short distance, Shandelee Road begins to enter the community of Shandelee. There, the highway intersects with Shandelee Lake Road, a short connector highway in the area. CR 149 makes a curve to the east, following Shandelee Road for a distance, making several winds in direction until the alignment turns towards the northeast. Shandelee Road continues to the northeast, passing through local woodlands and fields. As CR 149 nears Livingston Manor, the name changes from Shandelee Road to Main Street.

After a curve to the northeast, CR 149 passes under some power lines, intersecting with Cattall Road. There the highway turns to the north, and soon to the northeast, entering Livingston Manor. Immediately after entering the community, CR 149 becomes more developed, with residential homes and commercial buildings now surrounding highway. After an intersection with Creamery Road, CR 149 continues to the northeast through downtown Livingston Manor, ending at an intersection with CR 178 (a former alignment of NY 17). Interchange 96 on Route 17 (the Quickway), is not far to the north and is accessible via CR 178 and CR 81.

History

In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, the New York State Department of Public Works renumbered several routes assigned during the 1920s and assigned route numbers to hundreds of state highways that had yet to receive a designation. By May, the current alignment of CR 149, then a state highway, was designated as NY 284. The NY 284 designation was short-lived, however, as it was removed .
The former alignment of NY 284 was designated as CR 149 by the Sullivan County Highway Department by 1995. The NY 284 designation is now assigned to a road in nearby Orange County.

Major intersections

References

External links

149


"Rope the Moon" is a song written by Jess Brown, Aggie Brown and Jimmy Denton, and recorded by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery.  It was released in March 1994 as the second single from his album Kickin' It Up.  It peaked at number 4 in the United States, and number 2 in Canada.

Music video
The music video was directed by Marc Ball, and premiered in early 1994. The video depicts a different concept whereas, instead of being a love song to a significant other, it depicts a father-daughter relationship. This particular concept was an idea directly from Montgomery himself.

Chart positions
"Rope the Moon" debuted at number 69 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 14, 1994.

Year-end charts

References

[  Allmusic]

1994 singles
John Michael Montgomery songs
Songs written by Jess Brown
Song recordings produced by Scott Hendricks
Atlantic Records singles
1994 songs


ASK/Brocēni/LMT was a professional basketball team that was located in Riga, Latvia that existed from 1992 to 2001. For most of its duration it was named after its main sponsor, the Brocēni Cement and Roofing Slate Factory.

The club played in the Latvian Basketball League, winning eight consecutive titles from 1992 till 1999. Brocēni also were regular participants in European club competitions. After the 2000-2001 season, when the team played as BK LMT, the team disappeared and soon after their place in Latvian league was taken by BK Skonto, although both teams are not related.

Honours

League

Latvian League:
Winners (8): 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
Runners-up (2): 2000, 2001
NEBL
Winners (0):
Runners-up (1): 1999

Season by season

Players

FIBA Hall of Famers

Notable players

Head coaches
 Nikolajs Balvačovs
 Armands Krauliņš
 Valdis Valters
 Jānis Zeltiņš

References

Basketball teams in Latvia
Sport in Riga
Basketball teams established in 1992
Basketball teams disestablished in 2001


The Williams Bridge is a wooden covered bridge built in 1884 and is located in southern Indiana.

Location
The Williams Bridge is located in Spice Valley Township in Lawrence County, Indiana, and crosses the East Fork of the White River on Huron and Williams Road, south of State Road 450. It is near the unincorporated town of Williams, about two miles downriver from the Williams Dam and eight miles southwest of Bedford.

Construction
The bridge is a Howe Truss design and was built in 1884 by Joseph 'J.J.' Daniels. Its two spans cover a total length of , with a deck width of  and a vertical clearance above deck of .

History
In 1981, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was the longest covered bridge in Indiana that was still open to vehicular traffic. The bridge was closed to traffic around September 20, 2010. The Medora Bridge at , in Jackson County, remains the longest covered bridge in the state, but it was closed to all but pedestrian traffic in 1972.

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Lawrence County, Indiana
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Bridges completed in 1884
Wooden bridges in Indiana
Transportation buildings and structures in Lawrence County, Indiana
Tourist attractions in Lawrence County, Indiana
Pedestrian bridges in the United States
Former road bridges in the United States
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Howe truss bridges in the United States


Martha Wadsworth Brewster  (April 1, 1710 – ) was an 18th-century American poet and writer. She is one of only four colonial women who published volumes of their verse before the American Revolution and was the first American-born woman to publish under her own name.

Biography

Early life
She was born on April 1, 1710 in Lebanon, New London County, Connecticut, a daughter of Joseph Wadsworth, Jr. and the granddaughter of Joseph Wadsworth, Sr. and Abigail Waite. Her mother was Lydia Brown, whose parents were Captain John Brown of Swansea, Massachusetts, and Anna Mason.

Marriage
She married, at an undetermined place, on Wednesday, March 22, 1732, Oliver Brewster, who was born at Duxbury, Massachusetts, on July 16, 1708, the son of William Brewster and Hopestill Wadsworth.  Oliver died, possibly in Bernardston, Massachusetts, sometime after October 19, 1776, as this is the date when he deeded land in Lebanon, Connecticut, to his son, Wadsworth.

Children
They were the parents of two children.  Their son, Wadsworth Brewster, born April 14, 1737, at Lebanon, New London County, Connecticut and died at Columbia, Tolland County, Connecticut, on March 30, 1812. He married on May 24, 1759, at the Second Congregational Church at Lebanon, Connecticut, by the Rev. Dr. Eleazar Wheelock, Jerusha Newcomb, born January 6, 1740/41 at Lebanon, Connecticut the daughter of Silas Newcomb and Submit Pinneo. She died on February 9, 1813, at Chatham, New York.

Their daughter was Ruby Brewster, born January 5, 1733/34 at Lebanon, New London County, Connecticut, and died at an unknown date in Bernardston, Massachusetts. She married on December 22, 1749, at Longmeadow, Massachusetts, Henry Bliss. He was born on August 21, 1726, at Lebanon, Connecticut and died on February 8, 1761.  He was the son of Thomas Bliss and Mary Macranney.

Death
Martha Wadsworth Brewster died sometime after 1757, possibly at Lebanon, Connecticut. Her husband, Oliver, had relocated to Bernardston, Massachusetts prior to October 28, 1765 and she is not mentioned in any of the records in that town. The location of her grave is unknown. Nothing is known of her early life or education and her life remains an enigma.

Career
She was one of a handful of American women poets who produced imaginative verse in the two centuries that mark the beginning of an American poetic literary tradition.  Previous colonial American women poets, Anne Bradstreet and Jane Colman Turell, focused primarily on religion and family life.  Brewster's 21 poems vary widely in theme and form: the more than 1100 lines include letters, farewells to friends who are moving, epithalamiums, eulogies, scriptural paraphrases, a love poem, a quaternion, a dream (in prose), and meditations.

While she does write about more conventional religious and family themes, her work is also the first to tackle radical subject matter for a woman of the eighteenth-century and reflects a shift from those themes to focus on the evils of war, military invasion and conquest and its cumulative effect on a nation and its citizens; and locates a woman's voice alongside those of the male founders of the country. She also writes about the schisms of the Great Awakening, and the muted stirring of personal ambition as well. Despite the traditional attitude toward women of the time, she clearly valued knowledge and intellect; and she could be considered an early feminist.

Works
Her principal work, Poems on Divers Subjects, which does appear to pay homage to Bradstreet's verse, contains poems, prose, and letters.  Perhaps because she exactingly examined topics that were considered outside both the experience and the ability of 18th-century women,  a doubting public pressed her to authenticate her ability and to demonstrate her authorship to a public skeptical that a woman could write poetry by publicly paraphrasing a psalm into verse. She was accused of "borrowing her Poetry from Isaac Watts and others." In a later poem of hers, she included a line that reads "Ye Creatures all, in vast Amazement Stand" evinces some trace of personal nuance aimed at those who had attempted to depreciate her competence as a poet.

Many of her works appeared on broadsides an early type of publication that resembled the modern-day flyer.  In addition, she commemorated historical events in her poetry; in 1745, she set to meter a piece describing the capture of Cape Breton from the French by the British.

In Delight in Reading, she instructed her daughter, Ruby, "You must go on by Reading and Study to improve the Powers which God has given you."

She composed two acrostic poems of advice for her young children. The below poem is the one composed for her son, Wadsworth.

No single volume of her work is extant. There is no recorded response to Brewster's Poems documenting the volume's reception, but it appeared in two editions, one printed in New London, Connecticut (1757), and another printed in Boston (1758). Both editions of her works were printed by publishers Benjamin Edes and John Gill of Boston, Massachusetts. Such reprinting suggests an audience well beyond Brewster's immediate circle of family and friends.

Descendants
Descendants of Oliver Brewster and Martha Wadsworth include:

Ralph Brewster Allison, M.D., is an American psychiatrist and a pioneer in Dissociative identity disorder (DID).
David Brewster, is an American journalist.
Diane Brewster, was an American television actress most famous for her roles in Maverick, as Miss Canfield in Leave It To Beaver and as Helen Kimble in The Fugitive 1963 TV series.
Lucretia Edgerton Brewster, who was active in the management of The Jackson Sanitorium. She was married to James Caleb Jackson, the inventor of the first dry, whole grain breakfast cereal which he called granula.
Greg Camp, is an American Grammy Award-nominated songwriter, guitarist and vocalist.
Charles Champlin, is an American film critic and writer.
 Monsignor Joseph M. Champlin, was a Roman Catholic priest, author, and lecturer.
George Trumbull Ladd, was an American philosopher and psychologist.
William Peabody Malburn, was a lawyer and banker and later served as United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of fiscal affairs, 1914–1917.
Gaylord Brewster Noyce, was on the first Freedom Ride and was arrested for trying to integrate the bus station lunch counter in Montgomery, Alabama.
Robert Noyce, nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", was the inventor of the integrated circuit or microchip.
Henry Farnham Perkins, was an American zoologist and eugenicist.
Matthew Laflin Rockwell, (1915–1988) was an American architect who was responsible for the site selection, plan and design of O'Hare International Airport.

Notes

Notes 2

References
Bliss, John Homer. Genealogy of the Bliss family in America, from about the year 1550-1880 Publisher: Boston, Mass., Printed by the author.
Burt, Daniel S. The chronology of American literature: America's literary achievements from the colonial era to modern times Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004.
 Champlin, Charles  Back There Where the Past Was:A Small-Town Boyhood, Syracuse University Press, 1999
 Cowell, Patti  Women Poets in Pre-Revolutionary America, 1650–1775, Whitson Publications, 1981
Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. New York: Grafton Press. 1908
Kellogg, Lucy Jane (Cutler). History of the town of Bernardston, Franklin county, Massachusetts. 1736-1900: With genealogies Press of E.A. Hall & Co., 1902
Newcomb, John Bearse. Genealogical memoir of the Newcomb family: containing records of nearly every person of the name in America from 1635 to 1874. Printed for the author by Knight & Leonard, Chicago, 1874.
Peck, Ira Ballou. A genealogical history of the descendants of Joseph Peck: who emigrated with his family to this country in 1638; and records of his father's and grandfather's families in England Printed by A. Mudge & son, 1868.
Scheick, William J. Authority and female authorship in colonial America University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
Schmidt, Gary D. A passionate usefulness: the life and literary labors of Hannah Adams.University of Virginia Press, 2004
 Silverman, Kenneth  Colonial American Poetry, Hafner Publication Company, 1968.
Various Authors. Representative men and old families of southeastern Massachusetts: containing historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and genealogical records of many of the old families, Volume 3 J.H. Beers, 1912
Wadsworth, Horace Andrew. Two hundred and fifty years of the Wadsworth family in America: Containing an account of the family reunion, at Duxbury, Mass., September 13, 1882, and a genealogical register. Printed at the Eagle steam job printing rooms, 1883.
 Watts, E. S.  The Poetry of American Women from 1632 to 1945, University of Texas Press, 1977.

Further reading
The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. by Emma C. Brewster Jones, New York: Grafton Press. 1908
Gates, Henry Louis. The Trials of Phillis Wheatley: America's First Black Poet and Her Encounters With the Founding Fathers Basic Civitas Books, 2003
Mason, L. B.  The life and times of Major John Mason of Connecticut, 1600–1672'' (Putnam, 1935).
Mason, John. A Brief History of the Pequot War (1736) (reprinted by J. Sabin & sons, 1869)

External links
Wadsworth Family Association, Inc.
 The Elder William Brewster Society

1710 births
1750s deaths
People from Lebanon, Connecticut
People of colonial Connecticut
American Congregationalists
Colonial American poets
American women poets
Writers from Connecticut
Colonial American women
18th-century American poets
18th-century American women writers


"Tower of Babylon" is a science fantasy novelette by American writer Ted Chiang, published in 1990. The story revisits the tower of Babel myth as a construction megaproject, in a setting where the principles of pre-scientific cosmology (flat Earth, geocentrism and the Firmament) are literally true. It is Chiang's first published work.

The story won the 1991 Nebula Award for Best Novelette, and was reprinted in Chiang's 2002 anthology, Stories of Your Life and Others.

Plot
The story takes place in ancient Babylon, but set in an alternate timeline where ancient Hebrew cosmology is accurate—the Earth is flat and covered by a celestial vault, harboring the Sun and the Moon in the expanse within. Humanity has been working for generations on a huge tower to reach the vault and enter Yahweh's domain. Miners are hired to pierce through the vault and among them is Hillalum, the protagonist. Upon their arrival, a celebration has been taking place for eight days, ever since the last brick was laid.

As Hillalum and his friend Nanni ascend the tower through a double spiral staircase, they learn more about the society of the tower as well as their world. Trowels are the most valuable item —instead of bricks as the rumors held, since they are in constant supply—, as dropping one prevents a bricklayer from working. Those higher up on the tower have never touched the ground, with entire generations living off balcony orchards.

Reaching the trajectory of the Moon and the Sun, the scorching heat forces the team to climb during the night. As they cross the field of stars —each no larger than a person, and occasionally falling into the Earth as literal shooting stars—, it is revealed that one of them crashed into the tower long ago and cooled off into a metallic orb, now sitting at a temple at the tower's base.

They finally reach the vault, appearing as a smooth, stony plain. They worry that drilling it might unleash a second deluge, so the excavation follows an Egyptian technique as a precaution. Indeed, they drill a water reservoir and the technique works, but Hillalum gets trapped. Barely avoiding drowning, he ascends to the surface, at first thinking it to be Heaven, but quickly realizes that he is back on Earth, close to where he started.

Hillalum realizes that the world is, in some supernatural way, akin to a cylinder seal: humans perceive Heaven and Earth as separate imprints on the edges of a clay tablet, even though the imprints were next to each other on the cylinder. The tower's construction did not enrage Yahweh because it was a futile attempt all along, as He made it geometrically impossible for humans to enter Heaven. Hillalum heads back to the tower to share his discovery with the world.

Reception
"Tower" won the 1991 Nebula Award for Best Novelette, and was nominated for the 1991 Hugo Award for Best Novelette.

References

External links

Science fiction short stories
1990 short stories
Works originally published in Omni (magazine)
Nebula Award for Best Novelette-winning works
Short stories by Ted Chiang
Tower of Babel in art


Mount Royal Chalet is a building located near the summit of Mount Royal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The chalet was constructed in 1932 under the mayoralty of Camillien Houde as a make-work project during the Great Depression.  The French Beaux Arts structure was designed by Montreal architect Aristide Beaugrand-Champagne (1876-1950).

The building can host various events with room for 300 to 700 patrons. The southside of the building is a bricked courtyard and lookout with a view of Montreal's skyline from Mont-Royal.

References

External links

Beaux-Arts architecture in Canada
Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Buildings and structures in Montreal
History of Montreal
Landmarks in Montreal
Mount Royal


Your Choice Live Series 019 is a live album by Steel Pole Bath Tub. It was recorded live at Alte Turnhalle in Albig, Germany by Rock City Studios on September 17, 1992 and mixed in San Francisco by Steel Pole Bath Tub. This album is the first full-length live album by Steel Pole Bath Tub, produced by Tobby Holzinger.

More live material by Steel Pole Bath Tub has been released on a limited (and sold out) "live" 7 inch that was recorded in Alzey, Germany on January 23, 1991. It has been re-released as a part of the two CDs compilation Your Choice Records – the 7 inches.

Track listing
 Borstal
 Bozeman
 Sister
 Mercurochrome
 Slip
 Arizona Garbage Truck
 Carbon
 Scarlet
 Pseudoepherdrine Hydrochloride

Personnel
Steel Pole Bath Tub
Dale Flattum - Bass, vocals
Darren Mir-X -  Drums
Mike Malesteen - Guitar, vocals

Additional personnel
Tobby Holzinger - Producer

External links
Steel Pole Bath Tub official site
Your Choice Records official site

Steel Pole Bath Tub at TrouserPress.com
Interview w/Mike Morasky
0 to 1 records, 0 to 1 Records

Steel Pole Bath Tub albums
1993 live albums

fr:Steel Pole Bath Tub


Bualintur () is a remote township, which lies at the head of  Loch Brittle on the island of Skye in the Highlands of Scotland and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Accessed only by the Glen Brittle bridge (footbridge) that appears in the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Scotland  Bualintur affords some of the best views of the Cuillin hills, and is the point of access for several of Skye' s most dramatic coastal and forest walks. In recent history it was the central township of Glen Brittle, with the post office and school for the community. It was once a thriving community before the effects of the highland clearances and depopulation of the highlands and islands took place, and many ruined houses can be seen among the existing houses.

References

Populated places in the Isle of Skye


Highway 206 (AR 206 and Hwy. 206) is a designation for three east–west state highways in the Ozark Mountains. Each segment was created during periods of state highway systemwide expansions ordered by the Arkansas General Assembly to add system mileage in every county, first in 1957, and again in 1973. All are low-traffic highways providing connectivity between rural communities and major highways in the area. All are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).

Route description
The ArDOT maintains Highway 206 like all other parts of the state highway system. As a part of these responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic using its roads in surveys using a metric called average annual daily traffic (AADT). ArDOT estimates the traffic level for a segment of roadway for any average day of the year in these surveys. As of 2019, AADT was estimated at 1,300 vehicles per day (VPD) near Bellefonte and as low as 610 VPD near the western terminus of Section 1. Section 2 had an AADT of 830 VPD, with Section 3 ranging from 200 to 20 VPD. For reference, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), classifies roads with fewer than 400 vehicles per day as a very low volume local road.

No segment of Highway 206 has been listed as part of the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility.

Section 1
The route begins in Boone County southwest of Harrison in the Ozark Mountains at a junction with Highway 43. Highway 206 runs south through a rural area of woods and hayfields to the unincorporated community of Gaither. The highway turns east toward an area known as Krooked Kreek, where it junctions with Arkansas Highway 7 (an Arkansas Scenic Byway). East of this junction, Highway 206 continues through Elmwood before turning north toward the small town of Bellefonte. Shortly after entering Bellefonte, Highway 206 meets US 62/US 65/US 412, where it terminates.

Section 2
.
In the southeast corner of Boone County, Highway 206 begins at US 65 southeast of Valley Springs and only  north of the Newton County line. The highway winds east through sparsely populated Ozark Mountain countryside to the small town of Everton. East of Everton, the Highway 206 designation (and thus state maintenance) ends at the Marion County line. The roadway continues east as Marion County Road 4019 (CR 4019).

Section 3
A third segment of Highway 206 begins in rural Marion County at a junction with Highway 14 at the unincorporated community of Ralph. The highway runs east through rural Ozark Mountain countryside for , when state maintenance ends approximately four miles (6.4 km) west of Rush and the Buffalo National River. The roadway continues east as Marion CR 6022.

History
The Arkansas General Assembly passed the Act 148 of 1957, the Milum Road Act, creating 10–12 miles (16–19 km) of new state highways in each county. As part of this system expansion, Highway 206 was created by the Arkansas State Highway Commission on July 10, 1957, between Gaither and Bellefonte. The alignment was slightly revised west of Highway 7 on January 28, 1959, and extended west to Highway 43 on June 29, 1960. The second Boone County segment was designated on March 28, 1973, in response to the Arkansas General Assembly's Act 9 of 1973, which directed county judges and state legislators to designate up to 12 miles (19 km) of county roads as state highways in each county. The Marion County segment was created two months later in response to the same act.

Major intersections

See also

References

Sources

External links

206
Transportation in Boone County, Arkansas
Transportation in Marion County, Arkansas


Vescovato Cathedral (Pro-cathédrale Saint-Martin de Vescovato) is a Catholic church in Vescovato, Corsica. It was the seat of a Roman Catholic diocese between 1440 and 1570. The cathedral is now the parish church of St. Martin.

The Bishop of Mariana built the church here in 1380. After the church had been enlarged and ornamented in 1436 the seat of the diocese of Mariana was moved from its former location in Lucciana Cathedral to Vescovato in 1440. It was transferred in 1570 to Bastia Cathedral.

All Corsican bishoprics were suppressed in favour of the Bishop of Ajaccio in 1801.

References
 Commune de Vescovato (Casinca): patrimoine communale

Cathedrals in Corsica
Former cathedrals in France


The Inspector General of the United States Army serves to "provide impartial, objective and unbiased advice and oversight to the Army through relevant, timely and thorough inspection, assistance, investigations, and training." The Inspector General has historically been a high-ranking Army official before their appointment to the position. Since 1973, the position has been a lieutenant general billet.

List

Notes

References

Further reading

Army
Inspector
Inspectors General
inspectors General of the U.S. Army


New York State Route 2 is an east–west state highway in Albany and Rensselaer Counties, New York, United States, that was established in the early 1940s.

New York State Route 2 may also refer to:
New York State Route 2 (1924–1927) in Central New York and the North Country, 1924-1927, became US 11
New York State Route 2 (1927–1939) in Steuben, Livingston, and Monroe Counties, 1927-1939, Now US 15, NY 15 and NY 415
New York State Route 2 (1939–1942) in the Finger Lakes region, 1939-1942, became NY 96


State Road 230 (SR 230) is a short state highway in northeastern Florida that runs between Starke, Florida and Camp Blanding. It runs east and west and is always no more than two lanes wide. Within the Starke city limits, and slightly beyond, the road is known as Call Street.

Route description

State Road 230 begins in front of the Old Bradford County Courthouse which is at the northeast corner of US 301, one block north of SR 100. West of this intersection, West Call Street is a city street, and both sides of the intersection are restricted to right turns on US 301. This part of the road also runs through the Call Street Historic District, and a pair of CSX Transportation railroad lines that once carried Amtrak's Palmetto runs between Thompson and Cherry Streets.

As the road crosses the Clay County Line, it is simply named SR 230, where it passes by the Starke Golf and Country Club. The road enters Camp Blanding territory on the same straight path, until curving to the north, while Kingsley Road continues to the east. SR 230 contains two endings at SR 16. The first is an extension for westbound traffic. The second is along Kingsley Lake, where SR 16 runs north momentarily until curving back to the east.

Major intersections

Related routes

County Road 230A

County Road 230A is a spur of State Road 230 southeast of Starke. It runs north from CR 100A to SR 230.

Starke truck route

Florida State Truck Route 230 in Starke, Florida was designated in order to divert trucks from the historic Call Street Historic District. The truck route originally ran for one block on South Water Street between SR 230 and SR 100 along the eastern edge of the Starke Downtown Music Pavilion. Due to the FDOT project to add a bridge for SR 100 over the CSX Wildwood Subdivision, Truck Route 230 was relocated to the newly constructed South Saint Claire Street.

References

External links

Routes 230 - 239 at Florida's Great Renumbering
Florida Route Log(SR 230)

230
230
230


The More I See You is a 1995 album by Oscar Peterson, the first album recorded since his stroke, in 1993.

Track listing
 "In a Mellow Tone" (Duke Ellington, Milt Gabler) – 4:53
 "Gee Baby, Ain't I Good to You" (Andy Razaf, Don Redman) – 4:45
 "On the Trail" (Harold Adamson, Ferde Grofé) – 7:03
 "When My Dreamboat Comes Home" (David Franklin, Cliff Friend) – 8:17
 "Ron's Blues" (Oscar Peterson) – 8:05
 "For All We Know" (John Frederick Coots, Sam M. Lewis) – 8:39
 "Blues for Lisa" (Peterson) – 9:15
 "Squatty Roo" (Johnny Hodges) – 5:39
 "The More I See You" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) – 6:02

Personnel
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Benny Carter – alto saxophone
 Clark Terry – flugelhorn
 Ray Brown – double bass
 Lorne Lofsky – guitar
 Lewis Nash – drums

References

1995 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Telarc Records albums
Ray Brown (musician) albums


Celeste Ann Wallander (born 1961) is an American international relations advisor who currently serves as assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs at the United States Department of Defense.

Education
Wallander received her B.A. summa cum laude in political science from Northwestern University in 1983. She received her M.A. (1985), M.Phil. (1986) and Ph.D. (1990) degrees in political science from Yale University.

Career
Wallander was previously a professor of government at Harvard University (1989–2000), senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (2000–2001), director and senior fellow of the Russia and Eurasia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (2001–2006), and visiting professor at Georgetown University (2006–2008). Wallander founded the Program on New Approaches to Russian Security and the Eurasian Strategy Project.

Wallander was special assistant to the president and senior director for Russia and Eurasia on the National Security Council from 2013 to 2017. Earlier in the Obama Administration she served as the deputy assistant secretary of defense for Russia/Ukraine/Eurasia at the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy from May 2009 to July 2012. Wallander was an adviser to Barack Obama during the 2008 Democratic primary campaign.

Biden administration
On June 22, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Wallander to be an assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs. Hearings were held before the Senate Armed Services Committee on January 13, 2022. The committee favorably reported her nomination to the Senate floor on February 1, 2022. Wallander was confirmed by the entire Senate by a vote of 83–13 on February 16, 2022.

Publications
(co-editor) Swords and sustenance : the economics of security in Belarus and Ukraine. MA: MIT Press, 2004.
(co-editor) The sources of Russian foreign policy after the Cold War. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996.
Mortal friends, best enemies: German-Russian cooperation after the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999.
(co-editor) Imperfect unions: security institutions over time and space. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press, 1999.

See also
Department of Defense appointments by Joe Biden

References

Sources
Rocket Science 101
Biography from the United States Department of Defense
Interview with Radio Free Europe
NATO's Price: Shape Up or Ship Out (2002) - article in Foreign Affairs magazine

External links

Living people
1961 births
United States Department of Defense officials
American women political scientists
American political scientists
Northwestern University alumni
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard University faculty
American women academics
Obama administration personnel
Biden administration personnel
United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense


Forūghī (), also transliterated as Foroughi, Forooghi and Furūghi, is a popular Persian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Mohammad-Ali Foroughi, prominent Iranian politician and scholar of the first half of the 20th century
Mohammad-Hoseyn Foroughi, Iranian author and translator and the father of Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
Abolhasan Foroughi, Iranian educator and author and younger brother of Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
Mohsen Foroughi, pioneer of modern architecture in Iran, famous collector of Persian and Iranian antique art, and son of  Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
Abbas Foroughi Bastami, 19th-century Persian poet
Fereydun Foroughi, Iranian singer
Kamal Foroughi, British-Iranian businessman currently imprisoned in Iran

See also
 Forough, a given name


The cooperative eye hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the appearance of the human eye. It suggests that the eye's distinctive visible characteristics evolved to make it easier for humans to follow another's gaze while communicating or while working together on tasks.

Differences in primate eyes
Unlike other primates, all human beings have eyes with a distinct colour contrast between the white sclera, the coloured iris, and the black pupil. This is due to a lack of pigment in the sclera. Other primates mostly have pigmented sclerae that are brown or dark in colour. There is also a higher contrast between human skin, sclera, and irises. Human eyes are also larger in proportion to body size, and are longer horizontally. Among primates, humans are the only species where the outline of the eye and the position of the iris can be clearly seen in each individual.

Studies

The cooperative eye hypothesis was first proposed by H. Kobayashi and S. Kohshima in 2002 and was subsequently tested by Michael Tomasello and others at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. Researchers examined the effect of head and eye movement on changing gaze direction in humans and other great apes. A human experimenter, observed by either a human infant, a gorilla, a bonobo, or a chimpanzee, did one of four actions:
Tilted his head up while closing his eyes
Looked at the ceiling with his eyes while keeping his head stationary
Looked at the ceiling with his head and his eyes
Looked straight ahead without moving his head or his eyes

The apes were most likely to follow the gaze of the experimenter when only his head moved. The infants followed the gaze more often when only the eyes moved.

The results suggest that humans depend more on eye movements than head movements when trying to follow the gaze of another. Anthropologists not involved in the study have called the hypothesis plausible, noting that "human infants and children both infer cooperative intentions in others and display cooperative intentions themselves."

Evolutionary cause
Studies of great ape behavior show that they are good at cooperating in situations where there is no potential of deception, but behave egotistically in situations where there are motives for deception, suggesting that their "lack of cooperativeness" is not a lack of a cognitive ability at all, but rather a necessary adaptation to a society full of deception. This suggests that human cooperativeness began when proto-humans began to successfully avoid competition, which is also supported by the fact that the oldest evidence of care for the long-term sick and disabled are from shortly after the first emigration of hominins out of Africa about 1.8 million years ago.

Other hypotheses

The cooperative eye hypothesis is not the only one that has been proposed to explain the appearance of the human eye. Other hypotheses include the proposal that white sclerae are a sign of good health, useful in mate selection, or that eye visibility promotes altruistic behaviour by letting people know they are being watched. A study by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology noted that "these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and highly visible eyes may serve all of these functions."

See also
 Joint attention
 Stare-in-the-crowd effect
 Theory of mind

References

Further reading
Kobayashi, H., Kohshima, S., 1997. Unique morphology of the human eye. Nature 387, 767-768.
Kobayashi, H. and S. Kohshima 2001. Unique morphology of the human eye and its adaptive meaning: comparative studies on external morphology of the primate eye. Journal of Human Evolution (40) (5): 419–435.
Michael Tomasello, Brian Hare, Hagen Lehmann and Josep Call (2007). Reliance on head versus eyes in the gaze following of great apes and human infants: the cooperative eye hypothesis. Journal of Human Evolution 52: 314-320

Human evolution
Eye
Biological hypotheses


Child abduction or child theft is the unauthorized removal of a minor (a child under the age of legal adulthood) from the custody of the child's natural parents or legally appointed guardians.

The term child abduction includes two legal and social categories which differ by their perpetrating contexts: abduction by members of the child's family or abduction by strangers:

 Parental child abduction is the unauthorized custody of a child by a family relative (usually one or both parents) without parental agreement and contrary to family law ruling, which may have removed the child from the care, access and contact of the other parent and family side. Occurring around parental separation or divorce, such parental or familial child abduction may include parental alienation, a form of child abuse seeking to disconnect a child from targeted parent and denigrated side of family. This is, by far, the most common form of child abduction.
 Abduction or kidnapping by strangers (by people unknown to the child and outside the child's family) is rare. Some of the reasons why a stranger might kidnap an unknown child include:
extortion to elicit a ransom from the parents for the child's return
 illegal adoption, a stranger steals a child with the intent to rear the child as their own or to sell to a prospective adoptive parent
 human trafficking, stealing a child with the intent to exploit the child themselves or through trade to someone who will abuse the child through slavery, forced labor, or sexual abuse.
 child murder

Parental child abduction

By far the most common kind of child abduction is parental child abduction (200,000 in 2010 alone). It often occurs when the parents separate or begin divorce proceedings. A parent may remove or retain the child from the other seeking to gain an advantage in expected or pending child-custody proceedings or because that parent fears losing the child in those expected or pending child-custody proceedings; a parent may refuse to return a child at the end of an access visit or may flee with the child to prevent an access visit or fear of domestic violence and abuse.

Parental child abductions may result in the child be kept within the same city, within the state or region, within the same country, or sometimes may result in the child being taken to a different country.

Most parental abductions are resolved fairly quickly. Studies performed for the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention reported that in 1999, 53% percent of family abducted children were gone less than one week, and 21% were gone one month or more.

Parental abduction has been characterized as child abuse, when seen from the perspective of the kidnapped child.

International child abduction

International child abduction occurs when a parent, relative or acquaintance of a child leaves the country with the child or children in violation of a custody decree or visitation order. Another related situation is retention where children are taken on an alleged vacation to a foreign country and are not returned.

While the number of cases which is over 600,000 a year consists of international child abduction is small in comparison to domestic cases, they are often the most difficult to resolve due to the involvement of conflicting international jurisdictions. Two-thirds of international parental abduction cases involve mothers who often allege domestic violence. Even when there is a treaty agreement for the return of a child, the court may be reluctant to return the child if the return could result in the permanent separation of the child from their primary caregiver. This could occur if the abducting parent faced criminal prosecution or deportation by returning to the child's home country.

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is an international human rights treaty and legal mechanism to recover children abducted to another country. The Hague Convention does not provide relief in many cases, resulting in some parents hiring private parties to recover their children. Covert recovery was first made public when Don Feeney, a former Delta Commando, responded to a desperate mother's plea to locate and recover her daughter from Jordan in the 1980s. Feeney successfully located and returned the child. A movie and book about Feeney's exploits lead to other desperate parents seeking him out for recovery services.

By 2007, both the United States, European authorities, and NGO's had begun serious interest in the use of mediation as a means by which some international child abduction cases may be resolved. The primary focus was on Hague Cases. Development of mediation in Hague cases, suitable for such an approach, had been tested and reported by REUNITE, a London Based NGO which provides support in international child abduction cases, as successful. Their reported success lead to the first international training for cross-border mediation in 2008, sponsored by NCMEC. Held at the University of Miami School of Law, Lawyers, Judges, and certified mediators interested in international child abduction cases, attended.

International child abduction is not new. A case of international child abduction has been documented aboard the Titanic. However, the incidence of international child abduction continues to increase due to the ease of international travel, increase in bi-cultural marriages and a high divorce rate.

Abductions by strangers
The stereotypical version of kidnapping by a stranger is the classic form of "kidnapping", exemplified by the Lindbergh kidnapping, in which the child is detained, transported some distance, held for ransom or with intent to keep the child permanently. These instances are rare.

Child abduction for ransom: United States
The earliest nationally publicised kidnapping of a child by a stranger for the purpose of extracting a ransom payment from the parents was the Pool case of 1819, which took place in Baltimore, Maryland. Margaret Pool, 20-months-old, was kidnapped on May 20 by Nancy Gamble (19-years-old) and secreted with the assistance of Marie Thomas. On May 22, the parents, James and Mary Pool, placed an ad in the Baltimore Patriot newspaper offering a $20 reward for Mary's return. When the child was recovered on May 23—through the efforts of members of the community who conducted a search—it was revealed that the child had been badly whipped by Gamble and bore bloody wounds. Both Gamble and Thomas were tried for the crime of kidnapping and found guilty. The motive for the crime was demonstrated to be financial. She had kidnapped the child with the intention of waiting for a reward to be offered, then would return the child and collect the money. This is a technique favored by many ransom child kidnappers before the use of written ransom demands became the favored method. Nancy Gamble's crime and subsequent trial were reported in detail in Baltimore Patriot (June 26, 1819). The June 26 article, as well as others on the case that had appeared in the Patriot, were reprinted in newspapers in other states including: Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia and Washington D.C.

Children abducted for slavery

In 1597, Elizabeth I of England licensed the abduction of children for use as chapel choristers and theatre performers.

There are reports that abduction of children to be used or sold as slaves is common in parts of Africa.

The Lord's Resistance Army, a rebel paramilitary group operating mainly in northern Uganda, is notorious for its abductions of children for use as child soldiers or sex slaves. According to the Sudan Tribune, , more than 30,000 children have been kidnapped by the LRA and their leader, Joseph Kony.

By stranger to raise
A very small number of abductions result from women who kidnap babies (or other young children) to bring up as their own. These women are often unable to have children of their own, or have miscarried, and choose to abduct a child rather than adopting. The crime is often premeditated, with the woman often simulating pregnancy to reduce suspicion when a baby suddenly appears in the household.

Historically, a few states have practiced child abduction for indoctrination, as a form of punishment for political opponents, or for profit. Notable cases include the kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany for Germanization, the lost children of Francoism, during which an estimated 300,000 children were abducted from their parents, and the about 500 "Children of the Disappeared (Desaparecidos)" who were adopted by the military in the Argentine Dirty War. In Australia the 'Stolen Generation' is the term given to native Aboriginal children who were forcibly abducted or whose mothers gave consent under duress or misleading information so the government could assimilate the black population into the white majority. In Canada, with the Sixties Scoop, indigenous children were systematically removed from their families and culture to be fostered and adopted by white families.

Some other abductions have been to make children available by child-selling for adoption by other people, without adopting parents necessarily being aware of how children were actually made available for adoption.

Abduction before birth
Neonatal infant abduction and prenatal fetal abduction are the earliest ages of child abduction, when child is expansively defined as a viable baby before birth (usually a few months before the typical time for birth) through the age of majority (the age at which a young person is legally recognized as an adult). In addition, embryo theft and even oocyte misappropriation in reproductive medical settings have been legalistically construed as child abduction.

Global Missing Children's Network
Launched in 1998 as a joint venture of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) and NCMEC, the Global Missing Children's Network (GMCN) is a network of countries that connect, share best practices, and disseminate information and images of missing children to improve the effectiveness of missing children investigations. The Network has 22 member countries: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the US.

Each country can access a customizable website platform, and can enter missing children information into a centralized, multilingual database that has photos of and information about missing children, which can be viewed and distributed to assist in location and recovery efforts. GMCN staff train new countries joining the Network, and provide an annual member conference sponsored by Motorola Solutions Foundation at which best practices, current issues, trends, policies, procedures, and possible solutions are discussed.

The parents of Madeleine McCann, a three-year-old girl who disappeared from her bed in a hotel in Portugal in 2007, approached ICMEC to help them publicize her case. ICMEC's YouTube channel, "Don'tYouForgetAboutMe," which lets people post videos, images, and information about their missing children, was launched that year as a part of these efforts, and  had 2,200 members. ICMEC reviews the postings to ensure that any child in a posted video is in fact missing, that authorities are aware that the child is missing, and that the images are not inappropriate.

Laws

International

 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction

France
Since February 2006, France has adopted a nationwide alert system, Alerte Enlèvement, which broadcasts (via radio, television, street signs and airport and train stations screens) crucial information when an abduction of a minor takes place. The French Penal Code describes the fact of "without order of a constituted authority and except as ordered by law, to stop, to remove, to detain or to kidnap a person" punishable by twenty years of imprisonment. If the victim is mutilated or permanently disabled as a result of the kidnapping, the offense is punishable by thirty years of imprisonment and by life imprisonment when it is preceded or accompanied by torture or "barbaric acts".

United Kingdom
See the Child Abduction Act 1984, the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 and the Child Abduction (Northern Ireland) Order 1985. In Scotland there exists the common law offence of plagium, 'child-stealing', referring to a prepubescent child, an offence against property rather than against the person, despite that children are no longer considered property.

United States
The United States has a variety of related laws at the state and municipal levels. With the passage of the Amber Hangerman Child Protection Law of 1996, the US developed the AMBER Alert system, which broadcasts cases of suspected kidnapping when the child is believed to be in a motor vehicle and the vehicle licence plate is known, and the National Sex Offender Registry. Some laws, such as the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, aim to prevent stranger abductions through public sex offender registries which include an offender's address.

See also

 Child abduction alert system
 Child adoption
 Child custody
 Child laundering
 Child Protective Services
 Child slavery
 Code Adam
 Commercial sexual exploitation of children
 Fetal abduction
 Joint custody
 Khapper
 Lost children of Francoism
 Phantom social workers
 Prostitution of children
 Stolen generation
 Supervised visitation
 Take Root
 Trafficking of children
 Jacob Wetterling

References

External links

 ABP World Group child recovery BLOG
 Associationfortherecoveryofchildren.org
 BBC News Report: West Africa's child slave trade (6 August, 1999)
 The PK Papers: Index of Parental Kidnapping Historical Texts
 The Japan Children's Rights Network (Information Regarding Abductions to Japan)
 The Pool ransom kidnapping, 1819
 The Holt parental kidnapping case, 1760
 The Tuthell parental child abduction, 1810
 Child abduction in Germany, German Federal Office of Statistics 1995 – 2012
 German CPS echo Nazi Germany
 Crimes Against Children Spotlight. Parental Kidnapping: Using Social Media to Assist in Apprehending Suspects and Recovering Victims, FBI
 International Expertise Center ChildAbduction

Crimes
Abuse
Domestic violence
Abduction
Abduction


Balchladich () is a remote township in the Assynt district of  Sutherland, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

References

Populated places in Sutherland


This is a list of notable alumni/ae of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts.

Government, diplomacy, and international organizations
Maria Luisa Hayem, F08, Minister of Economy of El Salvador since 2019
Mulatu Teshome Wirtu, F90, President of Ethiopia since 2013
Rafeeuddin Ahmed, F56, former UN Under-Secretary General
Shafi U Ahmed, F86, former High Commissioner of Bangladesh to United Kingdom
Abul Ahsan, F62, former Bangladeshi Ambassador to the United States, and member of the Executive Board of UNESCO
Yasushi Akashi, F57, senior Japanese diplomat, former Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator at the United Nations
Bolaji Akinyemi, F66, former Foreign Minister of Nigeria
Mimi Alemayehou, F98, Executive Advisor and Chair of Blackstone Africa Infrastructure L.P., former Executive Vice President of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, former United States Director of the African Development Bank
Dato Serbini Ali, Brunei‘s ambassador to the United States of America
Joyce Aluoch, GMAP08, Judge to the International Criminal Court
Kaydor Aukatsang, Tibetan politician and advocate
Vigen Sargsyan, MALD 00, Minister of Defense of Armenia (2016-2018), Chief of Staff to the Office of the President Serzh Sargsyan (2011-2016)
Anthony Banbury, F92, United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Field Support, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response
Barbara Bodine, F71, Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy and Director of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University, former U.S. Ambassador to Yemen and Kuwait
Tinatin Bokuchava, leader of women's wing of United National Movement in Georgia.
Matthew Bryza, F88, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs, former United States Ambassador to Azerbaijan
Richard Burt, F71, former United States chief negotiator on START I and United States chair of Global Zero
Harold Caballeros, F06, former Secretary of State Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala
Dante Caputo, F67, former President of the United Nations General Assembly
Tom Casey, F87, former Deputy Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs at the United States Department of State
Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry, F, Pakistan Ambassador to the United States
Humayun Rashid Choudhury, F54, former President of the United Nations General Assembly, former Speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament
Musa Javed Chohan, F84, former High Commissioner of Pakistan to Canada, former Ambassador to France and Malaysia
Erin Conaton, F95, former United States Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness and former Under Secretary of the Air Force
Charles Crawford, former British Ambassador to Poland and Serbia
Walter L. Cutler, F54, former U.S. Ambassador to Congo-Kinshasa (1975–79), Tunisia (1982–84), and Saudi Arabia (1984–89)
C. Richard D'Amato, F67, former member of the United States China Economic and Security Review Commission, former senior foreign policy and defense advisor to the Democratic Senate leader, Senator Robert C. Byrd
Nathaniel Davis, former senior advisor to President Lyndon Johnson on Soviet and Eastern European affairs, and Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
Giorgos Dimitrakopoulos, F81, Greek politician and Member of the European Parliament
Michael Dobbs, former Chief of Staff of the British Conservative party, political thriller novelist
William B. Edmondson, F51, former U.S. Ambassador to South Africa
J. Adam Ereli, F89, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, former United States Ambassador to Bahrain
Hernán Escudero Martínez, F74, Ecuadorian diplomat, former Ambassador to the Republic of Peru, former Permanent Representative to the United Nations and to the WTO in Geneva and former Chairman of the UNHCR Executive Committee.
Evelyn Farkas, F99, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia/Ukraine/Eurasia for the United States Department of Defense
Pieter Feith, F70, Head of Mission for the European Union-led Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM)
Jeffrey Feltman, F83, United Nations Under-Secretary General for Political Affairs
Colette Flesch, F61, Member of Luxembourg's Parliament, former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Luxembourg, former President of the Council of the EU
Jean Francois-Poncet, F48, Member of French Senate, former French Foreign Minister
Yusuf Garaad Omar, Somalia's Presidential Special Envoy to the Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea; Former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Former Ambassador to the United Nations.
Luis Gallegos, F83, Permanent Representative of Ecuador to the United Nations, former Ambassador of Ecuador to the United States
Shukri Ghanem, F73, former Prime Minister of Libya, former Libyan Minister of Oil and Gas
Giorgi Gomiashvili, F99, former Deputy Foreign Minister of Georgia
Kennedy Graham, MP for the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
Michael A. Hammer, F87, United States Ambassador to Chile
Yoshiaki Harada, Member of the House of Representatives in the Japanese Diet
Bryce Harland, former Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the United Nations
Douglas Henderson, United States Ambassador to Bolivia (1963–1968)
John E. Herbst, F80, Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, U.S. State Department, former Ambassador to Ukraine and Uzbekistan
Robert Hormats, F66, Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs, and former Vice Chairman, Goldman Sachs
Raffi Hovannisian, former Foreign Minister of Armenia, leader of the Heritage party
Jonathan Howe, F67, former Deputy Assistant to the President of the United States for National Security Affairs, former Special Representative for Somalia to United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Wolfgang Ischinger, F73, former Ambassador of Germany to the United States and UK, Chairman of the Munich Security Conference
Roberta S. Jacobson, F86, United States Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs
Ismat Jahan, F86, Ambassador of Bangladesh to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Communities, former Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations
Ahmad Kamal, former Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations
Marina Kaljurand, F95, member of the European Parliament for Estonia, former  Minister of Foreign Affairs and former Estonian Ambassador to Russia, United States, Mexico, and Israel
Kostas Karamanlis, F82, former Prime Minister of Greece
Olga Kefalogianni, F06, Greek Minister of Tourism
Shahryar Khan, former Special Representative of United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali to Rwanda, former Foreign Minister of Pakistan
Shah A M S Kibria, former Minister of Finance of Bangladesh
Robert R. King, United States Special Envoy for Human Rights in North Korea
Michelle Kwan, F11, good-will ambassador; former figure skater
Enrique Ricardo Lewandowski, F81, current justice and former president of the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil
Liu Xiaoming, F83, Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Juan Fernando López Aguilar, F88, Chair of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs in European Parliament, former Justice Minister of Spain
Lui Tuck Yew, F94, Minister for Transport in Singapore
William J. Luti, former Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Defense Policy and Strategy for the National Security Council
Winston Lord, F60, former United States Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Sarah-Ann Lynch, the United States Ambassador to Guyana
Akjemal Magtymova,  F14, World Health Organization official
Graham Maitland, F06, South African Ambassador to Sudan
Freddy Matungulu, deputy division chief of the International Monetary Fund, former Finance Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Edwin W. Martin, former U.S. Ambassador to Burma
Edward E. Masters, F49, former U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia and Bangladesh
Cynthia McKinney, F80, former U.S. Representative from Georgia
David McKean, F86, U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg, former Director of Policy Planning at the US Department of State, former Chief of Staff of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Michael R. Meyer, F75, Director of Communication & Speech-writing for the UN Secretary General
Tariq M. Mir, former Ambassador of Pakistan to Sri Lanka, Iraq and Iran
Derek Mitchell, current United States Ambassador to Burma
William T. Monroe, F73, former U.S. Ambassador to Bahrain
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, F49, former U.S. Senator, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations
Bernd Mützelburg, F74, Germany’s special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, former Ambassador to India
Harvey Frans Nelson, Jr., F50, former U.S. Ambassador to Swaziland
Phyllis E. Oakley, F57, former United States Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration (1994–97) and Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research (1997–99)
Vartan Oskanian, F83, former Foreign Minister of Armenia
Frank Pallone, F63, U.S. Representative from New Jersey
Farah Pandith, F95, Special Representative to Muslim Communities for the United States Department of State
Frank Craig Pandolfe, Vice Admiral of the U.S. Navy
Michael E. Parmly, former Chief of Mission of the United States Interests Section in Havana
Phạm Bình Minh, F92, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Vietnam
Thomas R. Pickering, F54, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Under Secretary of State, and Senior VP, International Relations, Boeing Co.; namesake of the prestigious Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowship administered by the U.S. Department of State
Igor Pokaz, former Ambassador of the Republic of Croatia to the Russian Federation
Masihur Rahman, F80, former representative of Bangladesh to the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the Islamic Development Bank
Bill Richardson, F71, former Governor of New Mexico, former United States Secretary of Energy and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Iqbal Riza, F57, former Chief of Staff to the UN Secretary-General
Theodore E. Russell, First U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia, former Deputy Assistant Administrator for International Activities at the Environmental Protection Agency
Omar Samad, GMAP06, former Ambassador of Afghanistan to Canada
Juan Manuel Santos, F81, Nobel Peace Prize 2016, President of Colombia, former Chief Executive of the Colombian Coffee Delegation to the International Coffee Organization (ICO), former Minister of Foreign Trade, Minister of Finance, and Minister of Defense of Colombia
Abdulla Shahid, F91, Member of Parliament; former Speaker of Parliament; former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Former Chief of Staff to the President of the Maldives; former Chairman of South Asian Speakers and Parliamentarians Association
Antoinette Sayeh, F85, Director of the African Department, International Monetary Fund; former Finance Minister of Liberia
Sir David Serpell, F37, former British MP, British Foreign Office; author of the Serpell Report
Surakiart Sathirathai, F80, former Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand
Klaus Scharioth, F78, former Ambassador of Germany to the United States
Konrad Seitz, F67, German diplomat and scholar, former ambassador to China, India, and Italy
Radmila Šekerinska GMAP07, current defense minister of North Macedonia, former Deputy Prime Minister
Godfrey Smith, GMAP02, former Foreign Minister of Belize
William H. Sullivan, F47, former United States Ambassador to Iran (1977-1979), the Philippines (1973–1977), and Laos (1964–1969)
Mulatu Teshome, F90, President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Shashi Tharoor, Member of Parliament of India, former Under-Secretary General for Communications and Public Information at United Nations
Mary Thompson-Jones, Deputy Chief of Mission, United States Embassy to the Czech Republic
Malcolm Toon, F38, former U.S. Ambassador (USSR 1963-1979, Czechoslovakia 1969-1971, Yugoslavia 1971-1975, Israel 1975-1976)
Thomas Vajda, U.S. Ambassador
Sandra Louise Vogelgesang, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, and U.S. Ambassador to Nepal
Mary Burce Warlick, United States Consul General of Australia, former United States Ambassador to Serbia
Hassan Wirajuda, F84, former Foreign Minister of Indonesia
Peter Woolcott, F82, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations
Philip D. Zelikow, F95, former Counselor of the U.S. Department of State and Executive Director of the 9/11 Commission
Edson Zvobgo, founder of Zimbabwe's ruling party Zanu-PF; later critic of Robert Mugabe

International finance and energy
Peter Ackerman, F69, Managing Director of Rockport Capital; former Director of International Capital Markets at Drexel Burnham Lambert
Shukri Ghanem, F73, former Libyan Minister of Oil and Gas; former Prime Minister of Libya
Robert Hormats, F66, Under Secretary of State for Economic, Business, and Agricultural Affairs, and former Vice Chairman, Goldman Sachs
Freddy Matungulu, Deputy Division Chief of the International Monetary Fund; former Finance Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Masatsugu Nagato, CEO of Japan Post Holdings; former CEO of Japan Post Bank; former Chairman of Citibank Japan
Bill Richardson, F71, former Governor of New Mexico; former United States Secretary of Energy and U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Antoinette Sayeh, F85, Director of the African Department, International Monetary Fund; former Finance Minister of Liberia
Walter B. Wriston, F42, former Chairman and CEO of Citigroup

Non-profits and NGOs
Peter Ackerman, F69, Founding Chair of the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
Zainah Anwar, women's rights activist, former head of the Sisters in Islam
C. Fred Bergsten, F62, Senior Fellow and Director Emeritus, former Director of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, former United States Assistant Secretary for International Affairs, U.S. Department of Treasury
Sean Callahan, President and CEO of Catholic Relief Services
Craig Cohen, Executive Vice President of the Center for Strategic and International Studies
Charles H. Dallara, F75, Managing Director, Institute of International Finance, former Asst. Sec. for Int'l. Affairs, U.S. Department of Treasury
Dan Doyle, Executive Director of the Institute for International Sport
Marsha Evans, F76, former President of the American Red Cross and Girl Scouts of the USA
Hilary French, Vice President for Research at the Worldwatch Institute
Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, founder of the Journal of Human Development; former Director of the Human Development Report Office at the World Bank
Mark Krikorian, Executive Director of the Center for Immigration Studies
Matthew Levitt, Director of the Stein Program on Counterterrorism and Intelligence at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy
Bette Bao Lord, novelist and writer, Chair of the Board of Trustees of Freedom House
Jeremy Rifkin, F69, economist and writer, creator of the Foundation On Economic Trends
Kaare Sandegren, F53, former Secretary of International Affairs at the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions, former member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
Crocker Snow, Jr., Director of the Edward R. Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy
Daniel Sokatch, CEO of the New Israel Fund
Sue Mi Terry, F98, Senior Fellow for the Korea Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abiodun Williams, former president of The Hague Institute for Global Justice
Patrick Meier, author, inventor of crisis mapping and co-founder of WeRobotics.

Academia
Hassan Abbas, F02, F08, professor, National Defense University
Lisa Anderson, Provost of the American University in Cairo, former professor at Harvard University and SIPA at Columbia University
Arnaud Blin, French historian and political scientist, former researcher at the Institut Diplomacie et Défense, the French Institute for Strategic Analysis and the Ecole de la paix de Grenoble
Clayton Clemens, Professor of Government at The College of William and Mary
Richard N. Current, former Bancroft Prize-winning historian and University of Wisconsin Professor
Harriet Elam-Thomas, Director of the Diplomacy Program at the University of Central Florida, former U.S. Ambassador to Senegal
John E. Endicott, F74, Vice Chancellor of the Solbridge International School of Business and President of Woosong University
Oliver Everett, CVO, former Royal Librarian to the Sovereign of the United Kingdom
David W. Kennedy, F79, International Legal Scholar and Vice President International Affairs at Brown University
Peter F. Krogh, F66, Dean Emeritus and Distinguished Professor of International Affairs, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University
Robert Legvold, F63, F64, F67, Professor at Columbia University, former director of the Harriman Institute
Mahmood Mamdani, F69, Professor of Government at Columbia University, Director of Columbia's Institute of African Studies, former President of the Council for Development of Social Research in Africa
Satoshi Morimoto, F80, Professor of international politics at Takushoku University, member of the Congressional Forum for a New Japan
Vali Nasr, F84, Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, former Professor of International Politics at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
Joseph W. Polisi, F70, President of The Juilliard School
Mitchell Reiss, Vice-Provost of International Affairs at The College of William and Mary, former United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland, and Director of Policy Planning at the United States Department of State
Alan M. Wachman, F84, Professor of International Politics at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
Norman Wengert, F39, founder of the doctoral program in Environmental Politics and Policy at Colorado State University; author of the seminal work Natural Resources and the Political Struggle
Wu Teh Yao, former Professor of Political Science and Vice-Chancellor of the National University of Singapore, took part in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights while working at the United Nations

Writers and journalists
Yusuf Hassan Abdi, former Director of IRIN
Doug Bailey, F62, founder of The Hotline, political consultant
Stephan Berwick, F95, author, martial artist, and actor known for his scholarly research on traditional Chinese martial arts
Fred D'Ignazio, F71, technology and education writer
Lord Michael Dobbs, F75, author of the House of Cards trilogy, former adviser to Margaret Thatcher, Conservative Peer
David Grann, F93, New York Times best-selling author
Tim Judah, front line reporter for The Economist and author
Yitzhak Aharon Korff, publisher of The Jewish Advocate, dayan of Boston's rabbinical court
Shahid Masood, Founder of talk shows in Pakistan
Beto Ortiz, Peruvian journalist, critic of Alberto Fujimori's government
James S. Robbins, F88, USA Today columnist, Senior Editorial Writer for Foreign Affairs at The Washington Times, winner of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award
Abdulaziz Al-Saqqaf, F79, founder of the Yemen Times, Yemen's first English-language newspaper, winner of the National Press Club's International Award for Freedom of the Press
Howie Severino, F83, Filipino journalist, writer, producer and host, known for his documentaries on GMA Network
Najmuddin Shaikh, F62, writer for the Daily Times (Pakistan), former Pakistani diplomat
Shashi Tharoor, well known Indian author and former Under Secretary General at the UN

Military
Erin Conaton, F95, United States Under Secretary of the Air Force
Stephen L. Davis, Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force
Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Evelyn Farkas, F99, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia/Ukraine/Eurasia for the United States Department of Defense
Susan Livingstone, F73, former Undersecretary of the Navy
Richard W. Mies, former Commander in Chief of the United States Strategic Command
Frank Craig Pandolfe, Vice Admiral of the U.S. Navy
James G. Stavridis, F84, Dean of The Fletcher School; former Commander U.S. European Command, and NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe
Patrick M. Walsh, F93, U.S. Navy Admiral, Vice Chief of Naval Operations
Lui Tuck Yew, F94, Singapore's former Minister for Transport, Minister for Information, Communications and Arts and Chief of Navy

Private sector
Ignasius Jonan, GMAP05, Minister of Transportation, Indonesia
Jim Manzi, F79, founder and former CEO of Lotus
Kingsley Moghalu, F92, founder and Chief Executive Officer of Sogato Strategies S.A.
Neil Smit, F88, President of Comcast Cable; former President and CEO of Charter Communications
Dimitris Tziotis, F95, President and CEO of Cleverbank, an award-winning strategy consultancy
David Welch, F77, Regional President of Europe/Africa/Middle East/South West Asia for Bechtel and former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs
Walter Wriston, F42, former Chairman and CEO of Citicorp

References

Tufts University


Thomas Charles Williams (28 August 1868 – 29 September 1927) was a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist minister, who served as Moderator of the denomination's General Assembly.

Life
Williams, who was born on 28 August 1868 in Gwalchmai, Anglesey, north Wales, was the son of a Welsh Anglican priest; his mother's father, and four of her brothers, were also clergymen.  He studied at Jesus College, Oxford, graduating in 1897, and later obtained a Doctorate of Divinity degree from the University of Edinburgh. After leaving Oxford, he moved to Menai Bridge and served as the minister of the Calvinistic Methodist church there until his death on 29 September 1927.

He preached in both English and Welsh, and served as Moderator of the North Wales Calvinistic Methodist Association (1918–19) and as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Calvinistic Methodists (1921–22).

References

1868 births
1927 deaths
Calvinistic Methodists
Welsh Methodist ministers
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
20th-century Welsh Methodist ministers
19th-century Welsh Methodist ministers


Briggs Priestley (16 March 1831 – 21 October 1907) was an English cloth manufacturer and Liberal Party politician from Bradford in West Yorkshire.

Biography
Priestley was born at Thornton in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He started work as a millhand in the factory of Craven and Harrop at Thornton, but worked his way up and in 1858, he entered into partnership with Francis Craven. In 1860 he partnered his brother Henry in the Shearbridge Mills, and then took over the Atlas Mills in Laisterdyke. He also had worsted mills in Thornton. His company was one of the pioneers in manufacturing waterproof fabrics.

In 1867 Priestley was elected to the Bradford Town Council and was responsible for the provision of a park in Horton and for the establishment of an art gallery and museum in Bradford. He established a free school for orphan children in New Leeds district in 1868 and two years later another in the Bolton Road. In 1877 he became Mayor of Bradford and raised funding for Bradford College. He became an alderman in 1879 and retired from the council in 1880. Priestley was member of the Council of the Bradford Chamber of Commerce, the Bradford Board of Guardians and the Infirmary Board and was a J.P.

Priestley was an advanced liberal and became president of the East Bradford Liberal Association. He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Pudsey at the 1885 general election and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1900 general election. He donated the bandstand at Pudsey. Priestley lived at Ferncliffe, Appleby Bridge where he died at the age of 76. His son William was subsequently MP for Bradford East, and his youngest son Sir Arthur was MP for Grantham.

References

External links

1831 births
1907 deaths
British textile industry businesspeople
English justices of the peace
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Mayors of Bradford
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
19th-century English businesspeople