This is a list of municipalities in Belarus which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).

B
Babruysk

 Anenii Noi, Moldova
 Comrat, Moldova
 Daugavpils, Latvia
 Grozny, Russia
 Hengyang, China
 Iglesias, Italy
 Ishim, Russia
 Kobuleti, Georgia
 Kolpino, Russia
 Kostroma, Russia
 Luga, Russia
 Morogoro, Tanzania
 Murom, Russia
 Naro-Fominsk, Russia
 Novomoskovsk, Russia
 Oskemen, Kazakhstan
 Petrogradsky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Púchov, Slovakia
 Sevlievo, Bulgaria
 Sokolniki (Moscow), Russia
 Talin, Armenia
 Vladimir, Russia
 Warsaw West County, Poland

Baranavichy

 Biała Podlaska, Poland
 Chibi, China
 Kaliningrad, Russia
 Karlovo, Bulgaria
 Kineshma, Russia
 Konyaaltı, Turkey
 Magadan, Russia
 Mytishchi, Russia
 Nacka, Sweden
 Poltava, Ukraine
 Solntsevo (Moscow), Russia
 Stockerau, Austria
 Sulęcin County, Poland
 Vasileostrovsky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Yeysky District, Russia

Barysaw

 Gagarin, Russia
 Maloyaroslavets, Russia
 Melitopol, Ukraine
 Mytishchi, Russia
 Narva, Estonia
 Noginsk, Russia
 Podolsk, Russia
 Yelets, Russia
 Yeysk, Russia

Brest

 Ashdod, Israel
 Astrakhan, Russia
 Baienfurt, Germany
 Baindt, Germany
 Baiyin, China
 Batumi, Georgia
 Berg, Germany
 Biała Podlaska, Poland
 Coevorden, Netherlands
 Dorogomilovo (Moscow), Russia
 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
 Izhevsk, Russia
 Kaliningrad, Russia
 Kovrov, Russia
 Malgobek, Russia
 Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan
 Nevsky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Nizhny Tagil, Russia
 Novorossiysk, Russia
 Petrozavodsk, Russia
 Port-sur-Saône, France
 Ravensburg, Germany
 Ryazan, Russia
 Siedlce County, Poland
 Subotica, Serbia
 Terespol, Poland
 Tyumen, Russia
 Weingarten, Germany
 Xiaogan, China

G
Gomel

 Anapa, Russia
 Armavir, Russia
 Bryansk, Russia
 Burgas, Bulgaria
 Chengdu, China
 Chernihiv, Ukraine
 Cheryomushki (Moscow), Russia
 Clermont-Ferrand, France
 Dnipro, Ukraine
 Donetsk, Ukraine
 Fort Myers, United States
 Harbin, China
 Huai'an, China
 Kaliningrad, Russia
 Krasnoselsky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Kurgan, Russia
 Kursk, Russia
 Kutaisi, Georgia
 Magnitogorsk, Russia
 Novi Sad, Serbia
 Omsk, Russia
 Protvino, Russia
 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
 Samara, Russia
 Solomianskyi (Kyiv), Ukraine
 Ulyanovsk, Russia
 Vasileostrovsky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Voronezh, Russia

Grodno

 Ashkelon, Israel
 Cheboksary, Russia
 Dzerzhinsk, Russia
 Khimki, Russia
 Kraljevo, Serbia
 Limoges, France
 Minden, Germany
 Qabala District, Azerbaijan
 Shchukino (Moscow), Russia
 Tambov, Russia
 Tuapsinsky District, Russia
 Vologda, Russia

I
Iwye

 Aznakayevo, Russia

 Sokółka, Poland

K
Kapyl

 Chekhovsky District, Russia

 Matveyevo-Kurgansky District, Russia
 Tsentralny (Minsk), Belarus
 Wanzhou (Chongqing), China

Karelichy

 Krasnogorsk, Russia
 Mitino (Moscow), Russia
 Tukums, Latvia

Krupki

 Gagarin, Russia
 Solnechnogorsk, Russia

L
Lida

 Daugavpils, Latvia
 Dimitrovgrad, Russia
 Goychay, Azerbaijan
 Kalachinsky District, Russia
 Khoroshyovo-Mnyovniki (Moscow), Russia
 Krymsky District, Russia
 Lebedyansky District, Russia
 Lyuberetsky District, Russia
 Nemansky District, Russia
 Rîșcani, Moldova

 Shirak Province, Armenia

M
Maladzyechna

 Bor, Russia
 Cherepovets, Russia
 Dąbrowa Białostocka, Poland

 Esslingen am Neckar, Germany
 Florești, Moldova
 Frunzensky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Irpin, Ukraine
 Kachkanar, Russia

 Kolomensky District, Russia
 Kolomna, Russia
 Kutno County, Poland
 Kuzminki (Moscow), Russia
 Lyubytinsky District, Russia

 Slavyansky District, Russia
 Sokółka, Poland
 Svetly, Russia
 Velingrad, Bulgaria

Mazyr

 Chojnice, Poland
 Ovruch, Ukraine
 Severodvinsk, Russia

Minsk

 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
 Ankara, Turkey
 Bangalore, India
 Beijing, China
 Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
 Bonn, Germany
 Changchun, China
 Chişinău, Moldova
 Detroit, United States
 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
 Eindhoven, Netherlands
 Gaziantep, Turkey
 Hanoi, Vietnam
 Havana, Cuba
 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
 Islamabad, Pakistan
 Kaluga, Russia

 Murmansk, Russia
 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

 Novosibirsk, Russia
 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
 Sendai, Japan
 Shanghai, China
 Shenzhen, China
 Tbilisi, Georgia
 Tehran, Iran
 Ufa, Russia
 Ulyanovsk, Russia

Mogilev

 Bursa, Turkey
 Changsha, China
 Eisenach, Germany
 Gabrovo, Bulgaria
 Kerch, Ukraine

 Kragujevac, Serbia
 Mykolaiv, Ukraine
 Nanjing, China
 Penza, Russia
 Sokolinaya Gora (Moscow), Russia
 Sumgait, Azerbaijan
 Tabriz, Iran
 Tula, Russia
 Villeurbanne, France
 Wittenberg, Germany

 Yuzhne, Ukraine
 Zhengzhou, China
 Zvenigorod, Russia

N
Navahrudak

 Bolsheboldinsky District, Russia
 Elbląg, Poland
 Halych, Ukraine
 Krynica Morska, Poland

Novopolotsk

 Chauffailles, France
 Dmitrovsky (Moscow), Russia
 Elektrostal, Russia
 Givors, France
 Kruševac, Serbia
 Kstovo, Russia
 Kursk, Russia
 Odintsovo, Russia
 Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Russia
 Pantelej (Niš), Serbia
 Pavlovsk, Russia
 Pushkin, Russia
 Skadovsk, Ukraine
 Smiltene, Latvia

Nyasvizh

 Carmel (Har Hevron), Israel
 Gatchinsky District, Russia
 Goris, Armenia
 Ismayilli, Azerbaijan
 Markivka Raion, Ukraine
 Odolanów, Poland
 Puławy, Poland
 Reutov, Russia
 Rosolini, Italy
 Silivri, Turkey
 Starobilsk Raion, Ukraine
 Zemun (Belgrade), Serbia
 Złotów, Poland

O
Orsha

 Asha, Russia
 Bălți, Moldova
 Bondeno, Italy
 Cherkasy, Ukraine
 Dubna, Russia
 Gagarin, Russia
 Ivanovo, Russia
 Ivanteyevka, Russia
 Kardymovsky District, Russia
 Koptevo (Moscow), Russia
 Krasnogvardeysky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Mārupe, Latvia
 Pernik, Bulgaria
 Qingdao, China
 Shishou, China
 Silifke, Turkey
 Spitak, Armenia
 Tver, Russia
 Vaulx-en-Velin, France
 Volgodonsk, Russia
 Vyazma, Russia
 Yiwu, China
 Zapadnoye Degunino (Moscow), Russia

P
Pinsk

 Altena, Germany
 Balakhna, Russia
 Dobrich, Bulgaria
 Domodedovo, Russia
 Hola Prystan, Ukraine
 Istra, Russia
 Kakhovka, Ukraine
 Kovel, Ukraine
 Ternopil, Ukraine
 Xiangyang, China

Polotsk

 Alaverdi, Armenia
 Bălți, Moldova
 Beskudnikovsky (Moscow), Russia
 Elektrostal, Russia
 Friedrichshafen, Germany
 Kansk, Russia
 Kursk, Russia
 Mingachevir, Azerbaijan
 Polevskoy, Russia
 Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia
 Rostov, Russia
 Sokol (Moscow), Russia
 Suoyarvsky District, Russia
 Tosno, Russia
 Tsqaltubo, Georgia
 Velikiye Luki, Russia

R
Rahachow

 Buzuluk, Russia
 Kotelniki, Russia

 Prachatice, Czech Republic
 Zviahel, Ukraine

Rechytsa

 Bălți, Moldova
 Belek (Serik), Turkey

 Kyustendil, Bulgaria
 Lgovsky District, Russia
 Myrhorod, Ukraine
 Ocnița District, Moldova
 Świdnik, Poland

S
Salihorsk

 Agarak (Meghri), Armenia
 Aleksin, Russia
 Ceadîr-Lunga, Moldova
 Chernyakhovsk, Russia
 Comrat, Moldova
 Holbæk, Denmark
 Kohtla-Järve, Estonia
 Lazarevsky (Sochi), Russia
 Lefortovo (Moscow), Russia

 Podolsky District, Russia
 Severo-Yeniseysky District, Russia
 Sol-Iletsky District, Russia
 Tarashcha Raion, Ukraine
 Volotovsky District, Russia
 Voskresensk, Russia
 Xianning, China

Shchuchyn

 Guryevsk, Russia
 Olecko County, Poland
 Szczuczyn, Poland

 Yuzhnoye Tushino (Moscow), Russia

Slawharad
 Arzamas, Russia

Slonim

 Aleksandrów Kujawski, Poland

 Czechowice-Dziedzice, Poland
 Gvardeysky District, Russia

 Nieszawa, Poland
 Ogre, Latvia
 Sergiyev Posad, Russia
 Severnoye Tushino (Moscow), Russia
 Szypliszki, Poland
 Telenești District, Moldova
 Torzhok, Russia
 Tundzha, Bulgaria

Slutsk

 Brovary Raion, Ukraine
 Kalevalsky District, Russia
 Moshenskoy District, Russia
 Ryazansky (Moscow), Russia
 Rzhev, Russia
 Serpukhov, Russia
 Shaki, Azerbaijan
 Sisian, Armenia
 Staromaynsky District, Russia

Smalyavichy

 Basarabeasca, Moldova
 Belorechensk, Russia
 Gorna Oryahovitsa, Bulgaria
 Kagalnitsky District, Russia
 Myrhorod, Ukraine
 Mytishchi, Russia
 Września County, Poland
 Yiwu, China

Svietlahorsk

 Călărași District, Moldova
 Călărași, Romania
 Chernushinsky District, Russia
 Helmstedt, Germany
 Ivanteyevka, Russia

 Kingisepp, Russia
 Kommunar, Russia
 Mendip, England, United Kingdom
 Mtskheta, Georgia
 Obzor (Nesebar), Bulgaria
 Sliven, Bulgaria
 Svetly, Russia

Syanno

 Goszczanów, Poland
 Peschanokopsky District, Russia
 Pochinkovsky District, Russia
 Porkhovsky District, Russia

U
Uzda

 Grobiņa, Latvia
 Shatura, Russia
 Shimsky District, Russia
 Yovon, Tajikistan

V
Vitebsk

 Astrakhan, Russia
 Bălți, Moldova
 Beloyarsky District, Russia
 Daugavpils, Latvia
 Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany
 Gelendzhik, Russia
 Harbin, China
 Irkutsk, Russia
 Jinan, China
 Lipetsk, Russia
 Nienburg, Germany
 Niš, Serbia

 Pskov, Russia
 Rēzekne, Latvia
 Smolensk, Russia
 Vanadzor, Armenia
 Zielona Góra, Poland

Z
Zelva

 Dobrzyniewo Duże, Poland
 Jaunjelgava, Latvia
 Knyszyn, Poland

Zhlobin

 Scalenghe, Italy
 Smederevo, Serbia
 Vyksa, Russia

Zhodzina

 Dalanzadgad, Mongolia
 Hîncești, Moldova
 Horishni Plavni, Ukraine
 Kajaran, Armenia

 Mytishchi, Russia
 Neryungrinsky District, Russia
 Olmaliq, Uzbekistan
 Oryol, Russia
 Panagyurishte, Bulgaria
 Plastovsky District, Russia
 Považská Bystrica, Slovakia
 Rustavi, Georgia

 Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Russia
 Zheleznogorsk, Russia

References

Belarus
Belarus geography-related lists
Foreign relations of Belarus
Populated places in Belarus
Cities in Belarus


Diplacus douglasii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names brownies and purple mouse ears. It is native to the mountains and foothills of California and Oregon, where it is often found on serpentine soils. D. douglasii was first described in a published flora by George Bentham, an English botanist who was considered  "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century,." It was later described by Asa Gray, the father of North American botany.

Description
This description comes from the 2nd edition Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California.

Diplacus douglasii is a diminutive annual herb that produces a magenta flower.  The overall stature of the plant is very small, varying in height from 0.3 – 4 centimeters tall.

Like other monkeyflowers, the flowers are bisexual and bilaterally symmetrical, with fused petals that form a tube-throat.  The throat has gold and purple stripes, which form bold mottling.  The tube and upper lips are magenta, and the lower lobes are so reduced that they appear absent.  The flowers can be open or cleistogamous, staying closed and self-pollinating.  The flower is persistent and sits atop a 2 – 4 millimeter pedicel.   The calyx is generally green, hairy, and ranges in size from 8 – 14 millimeters, with unequal lobes.

The leaves are ovate to obovate blades, which range in size from 5 – 28 millimeters.  The upper side of the leaves are a shiny green and are generally hairy.

The seeds are hard, asymmetrically-ovid, and range in size from 2.5 – 6.5 millimeters.

Distribution and habitat
Diplacus douglasii occurs between 45 – 1200 meters elevation in the mountains and foothills of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges in California and Oregon.  It is also found in Southwestern Oregon, Central Western California, and in the Warner Mountains of California

D. douglasii is classified as a serpentine indicator and hence is most commonly found serpentine soils, but can also be found on bare clay or granitic soils.  As a hydrophyte, it is generally found along the upper banks of small creeks, and is classified as a facultative wetland species.  However, it is important to note that D. douglasii is equally likely to be found in wetland and non wetland habitats, also occurring in chaparral and foothill woodland communities.

Ecology
Diplacus douglasii flowers between February and April.

Growing on serpentine soils, it has adaptations to survive conditions most plants can't tolerate.  Serpentine soils are known to be deficient in essential nutrients for plants.  In addition to being low in essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur, serpentine soils also have high levels of magnesium and heavy metals including nickel, cobalt and chromium, which are toxic to most plants.

Other plants commonly found growing alongside M. douglasii include:

Creek clematis (Clematis ligusticifolia)

Bigleaf maple	(Acer macrophyllum)

Yellow monkey flower (Mimulus guttatus)

Narrowleaf willow (Salix exigua)

California wild rose (Rosa californica)

Alkali rye (Leymus triticoides)

California mugwort (Artemisia douglasiana)

White alder (Alnus rhombifolia)

California bay (Umbellularia californica)

Red fescue (Festuca rubra)

California blackberry (Rubus ursinus)

Black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa)

California box elder (Acer negundo var. californicum)

Columbine (Aquilegia formosa)

Research
Monkeyflowers "have become model systems for the study of evolutionary processes in nature", because of their diversity in life history and morphology, varied reproduction (self-pollination to outcrossing) and ease to work with in experimental settings. They have currently sequenced the full genome for Erythranthe douglasii with 100bp paired-end at 40X coverage.

Because of its affinity for serpentine soils, studying D. douglasii presents an opportunity to better understand adaptive traits in extreme environmental conditions. Researchers have found that distinct populations of D. douglasii appear to have different environmental response thresholds for when they begin producing more cleistogamous versus open flowers. This means that different populations have varying rates of inbreeding, resource use, and ability to survive hot and dry conditions.  Understanding this mechanism could give scientists insight into how plants adapt to climatic shifts of warmer and drier conditions.

Synonyms
 Mimulus cleistogamus
 Eunanus douglasii
 Eunanus subuniflorus
 Mimulus atropurpureus
 Mimulus nanus var. subuniflorus
 Mimulus subuniflorus

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment - Mimulus douglasii
Willis Lab
Cal Flora
USDA Plants Profile: Mimulus douglasii
Mimulus douglasii - Photo gallery

douglasii
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Emory Bernard Elliott (October 30, 1942 – March 31, 2009) was an American professor of American literature at UC Riverside.

Elliott was known in particular for advocating the expansion of the literary canon to include a more diverse range of voices.

Childhood and education

Elliott came from a working-class background in Baltimore, Md., and was the first in his family to earn a college degree. After earning his bachelor's in English from Loyola College on a Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) scholarship, he received a master's from Bowling Green State University. He served in the Army at Fort Sill in Oklahoma and was an instructor at the U.S. Military Academy in West Point, N.Y., before going on to earn a PhD from the University of Illinois.

Professional career
Early on in his career he focused on early American Literature, publishing two seminal works on the topic: Power and the Pulpit in Puritan New England in 1975 and Revolutionary Writers: Literature and Authority in the New Republic in 1982. In 1988, he edited the controversial and groundbreaking Columbia Literary History of the United States, the first major multicultural anthology of American literature.

According to reports in the New York Times, Elliott, along with Valerie Smith, Margaret Doody, and Sandra Gilbert all resigned from Princeton in 1989.  The reports suggest that the four were unhappy with the leniency shown to Thomas McFarland after he was accused of sexual misconduct.  McFarland was initially put on a one-year suspension, but eventually took early retirement after these resignations and threats of student boycotts.

He joined University of California, Riverside in 1989, and in 2001 was named a University Professor, a designation of a small number (36) top scholars and teachers in the University of California system that grants them access to all campuses.

He directed UC Riverside's Center for Ideas and Society from 1996, enhancing the reputation of the institute and its scope by winning grants from foundations.

His most significant professional appointments were at Princeton University, where he worked for 17 years, serving at various points as the chairman of the American Studies program and the English Department. There he also received the university's Distinguished Service Award for his work on the Women's Studies Program.

He was appointed to many academic societies including the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, Guggenheim, the National Humanities Center, and the Institute for the Humanities at the University of California, Irvine. He was president of the American Studies Association in 2006–07.

Personal life

Elliott's wife, Georgia, worked in fund-raising at UC-Riverside and is now retired. Two of his five children also are college professors.

Awards
 1989 American Book Award for Columbia Literary History of the United States

Bibliography

References

External links
"Emory Elliott, My Friend, 1942-2009", HASTAC, Cathy Davidson, April 02, 2009

1942 births
2009 deaths
University of California, Riverside faculty
American Book Award winners
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy faculty
Princeton University faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Bowling Green State University alumni


Capitol Hill station is a light rail station in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. The station is served by Sound Transit's Link light rail system and is located near the intersection of Broadway and East John Street. It is situated between the Westlake and University of Washington stations on the 1 Line. The station consists of an island platform approximately  under street level, connected to three surface entrances via two mezzanines. It contains pieces of public art, including Mike Ross's sculpture Jet Kiss and two murals by cartoonist Ellen Forney.

Capitol Hill had been proposed as the site of a subway stop in unimplemented plans from 1911 and 1968, but voter approval did not come until 1996. It was built as part of the University Link Extension, which began construction in 2009 and opened on March 19, 2016. Construction of the station required the demolition of two city blocks along Broadway, which was redeveloped into a transit-oriented, mixed-use complex that opened in 2021. Light rail trains serve the station twenty hours a day on most days; the headway between trains is six minutes during peak periods, with less frequent service at other times. The station is also served by the First Hill Streetcar and several King County Metro bus routes at nearby stops.

Location

Capitol Hill station is located on Broadway between East Denny Way and East John Street, in the Broadway District of Capitol Hill, northeast of Downtown Seattle. The station is immediately west of Cal Anderson Park and north of the Seattle Central College campus. The Seattle University campus, Pike–Pine nightlife corridor, and Volunteer Park are also within a short distance of the station.

The area surrounding the station is primarily zoned for multi-family dwellings and has 15,098 total housing units with 20,890 residents within a half-mile () radius; these units are primarily renter-occupied and roughly 17 percent of units are affordable to lower-income households, with some subsidized housing nearby. There is also a major commercial strip on Broadway supporting ground-level retail stores and other uses; the area is also home to 15,171 jobs. The western slope of Capitol Hill has the highest population density of any area in Washington state, with 55,000 people per square mile ( per km2).

History

Background and planning

The Broadway business district on Capitol Hill was developed between 1900 and 1930 along new city streetcar lines connecting Downtown Seattle to the University District. Urban planner Virgil Bogue's rejected 1911 comprehensive plan for Seattle envisioned a citywide subway system, including an underground loop on Capitol Hill and Broadway that would connect with an east–west line on Pike Street. The Forward Thrust Committee's planned regional rapid transit system, rejected by voters in 1968 and 1970, included a station at the intersection of Broadway, Union Street, and Madison Street, as well as additional stations in eastern Capitol Hill.

In the 1990s, a regional transit authority (later Sound Transit) was formed to study a modern light rail system for the Seattle metropolitan area. For the segment between Downtown Seattle and the University District, a surface-running line through Eastlake and a tunnel under Capitol Hill were considered. The tunnel option was chosen for a ballot measure that took place in March 1995. Voters rejected the $6.7 billion proposal, including a  light rail system connecting Seattle to Bellevue, Washington, Lynnwood, and Tacoma. It was replaced by a smaller plan. In November 1996, voters approved a condensed $3.9 billion regional transit plan that included a tunneled light rail station under Capitol Hill.

Sound Transit revisited the routing issue during community meetings in 1997 and 1998, proposing an alternate route through Eastlake, South Lake Union, and the Seattle Center if engineering of the Capitol Hill tunnel would jeopardize the project's budget. The project's draft environmental impact statement, released in December 1998, determined that the Capitol Hill tunnel would be feasible and recommended its inclusion in the plan. Sound Transit proposed that Capitol Hill's cut and cover station be located under Broadway south of East John Street, with several entrances to serve nearby Seattle Central Community College and the Broadway business district. From the station, trains would continue south to a station in First Hill before entering the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, and north under Portage Bay to the western University District. Seattle representatives proposed an additional Capitol Hill station, near Broadway and East Roy Street, but it was left out of the preferred alternative due to cost concerns. In November 1999, Sound Transit finalized its preferred alternative, adding a crossover north of Capitol Hill station near East Thomas Street.

Sound Transit suspended planning for the Portage Bay tunnel in 2000 after it received construction bids that were $171 million higher than expected and found, through soil testing, that a deeper tunnel would be required. The project's total cost rose to $1 billion over budget, and the schedule was delayed by three years because of unrealistic time and cost estimates made during earlier planning stages. Capitol Hill businesses, while initially supportive of the light rail station's placement, later pulled their support of the cut and cover option because of the extended construction timeline. Sound Transit, faced with budget issues and further schedule delays, deferred construction of the segment between Downtown Seattle and the University District in 2001 while re-evaluating alignment options.

In 2004, Sound Transit selected a new tunnel route that crossed the Lake Washington Ship Canal at the Montlake Cut, to the east of the Portage Bay area. The revised tunnel would have stations at First Hill, on Capitol Hill at Nagle Place between East John and East Howell streets, at Husky Stadium, and a University District station at Brooklyn Avenue and NE 45th Street. The First Hill station was removed from plans in 2005 because of concerns over construction risks. The University District station was re-organized as part of the Northgate extension, leaving the Husky Stadium station as the tunnel's interim terminus. The $1.9 billion project, named "University Link", was approved for construction in April 2006 and earned federal approval later that year.

Construction and opening

The Capitol Hill station's design was finalized in 2007 and 2008, during a series of public hearings and meetings with the city's design commission. Businesses and residents at the station site were moved after Sound Transit acquired properties in 2008. The vacant buildings were filled temporarily with pieces of art coordinated by Sound Transit. Salvaging and recycling of materials in the vacant buildings began in late 2008, including a community event to remove small plants for re-planting by neighborhood residents; approximately 90 percent of material was recycled, and proceeds from the sale of scrap metal were used to provide hot meals for the homeless. Demolition of buildings on the station site began in March 2009, shortly before the formal groundbreaking for the University Link project, and was completed by August. Among the 20 demolished buildings were a three-story apartment building, a used book store, the Espresso Vivace coffee shop, a nail salon, and a copy shop. Many of the displaced and nearby businesses moved to the northern end of the Broadway district during construction, relying on mitigation funds from Sound Transit and the neighborhood's chamber of commerce.

Preparation work for station construction began in January 2010, with the closure of East Denny Way and the installation of a construction wall around the site. The  wall was painted red and adorned with public artwork by local street artists over the course of the five-year construction period. Excavation of the station box began in July, and reached the future platform level in December. In June 2011, the first of three tunnel boring machines, named "Brenda", was launched from Capitol Hill toward Westlake station in Downtown Seattle. A separate pair of machines, "Balto" and "Togo", were launched from University of Washington station at the same time and arrived at Capitol Hill station in March and April 2012. Brenda completed the twin tunnels to downtown in May 2012.

In October 2012, Turner Construction was awarded the $105 million construction contract to build and finish Capitol Hill station's interior and entrances. Turner began interior construction in March 2013, using a steel PERI truss and movable concrete form system to pour concrete for station elements. Construction on the west entrance and its cut and cover tunnel under Broadway required the street to be closed and rearranged several times beginning in November 2013. By the summer of 2015, work on Capitol Hill station was declared 90 percent complete, and the construction wall was gradually removed.

Capitol Hill station, along with University of Washington station, opened to the public six months early on March 19, 2016, during a community celebration that drew 67,000 people. As part of the inauguration of the new tunnel, local dignitaries rode a train from University of Washington station to Capitol Hill. There Mayor Ed Murray and First Man Michael Shiosaki pulled a ceremonial cord to open the station. The celebration included festivities at street level, including an open-air market, live music, an expo pavilion, and a food truck stand on East Denny Way. Over a thousand pieces of the former construction wall, known as the "Red Wall", were cut by Seattle Central College students and offered to light rail riders who visited local businesses.

Station layout

Capitol Hill station consists of a single island platform located  below street level, in the vicinity of Broadway and East John Street in Seattle. Two sets of escalators and elevators lead upward from the platform to two mezzanines at the north and south ends of the station, connecting to three surface entrances. The north entrance is located at the southeast corner of Broadway and East John Street; the south entrance is on East Denny Way between Broadway and Nagle Place and has a direct elevator to the platform. The west entrance is located on the west side of Broadway to the south of East Denny Way, connected by a  tunnel under the street. The station's underground structure is  long,  wide, and  deep. The station houses most of the tunnel's support systems, including power, communications, and ventilation.

Hewitt Architects designed Capitol Hill station to be utilitarian while maintaining the neighborhood's vibrancy. It features finishes of exposed concrete, as well as ceramic tiles and terra cotta trellises. The station's entrances incorporate large ventilation shafts and clerestory windows to allow natural light into the ticketing hall. The platform level forms a tall vault through the use of horizontal steel trusses that span  across the station box.

Art

Capitol Hill station houses three pieces of public art as part of Sound Transit's system-wide art program. Mike Ross's Jet Kiss consists of a pair of disassembled, pink and yellow fighter jets that hang suspended above the platform. The piece, which initially met with public backlash over its use of war planes, references both the city's aviation industry and the city bird, the blue heron. Capitol Hill cartoonist Ellen Forney has two murals in the station's north and west entrances, Crossed Pinkies and Walking Fingers, which portray simple, large hands outlined against a bright red background. The murals, which consist of porcelain enamel on steel panels, are meant to evoke a sense of "coming together [whilst] pulling apart", with both playfully leading passengers from street level into the station. Forney designed Crossed Pinkies to echo Ross's Jet Kiss, sharing the "coming together" theme. The station also has a pictogram that identifies it on maps and signage, featuring the rainbow flag to honor the neighborhood's gay and lesbian community.

Between 2010 and 2015, the station's construction site was home to several temporary art installations curated by Sound Transit's art program. In 2009, the empty lot left after site demolition was host to Dan Corson's Oscillating Field, an interactive light artwork that used fluorescent light rods to display sine waves at night. The noise and dust wall, painted red and known as the "Red Wall", was transformed into an outdoor art gallery curated by Sound Transit artist D.K. Pan with the theme "The City: Love, Loss, and the Moveable Future". The Red Wall's art included painted murals, three-dimensional pieces, and the use of videos screened on the wall. The Red Wall hosted a spraypainted mural by a former graffiti artist, a bottle cap collage, and hand-painted animated stills from the Seattle Experimental Animation Team. The artwork was removed in early 2015, ahead of the wall's demolition, and returned to the artists for re-use.

Transit-oriented development

The staging areas used during the construction of Capitol Hill station were reused for a large transit-oriented development managed by Sound Transit and the City of Seattle. The development, spread across four seven-story buildings on  between Broadway and 10th Avenue East, includes 428 apartments (of which 42 percent are designated as affordable housing), retail space, a community center, plaza, bike facilities, and a permanent venue for the local farmers' market. Sound Transit signed a 99-year, $19 million lease with Portland developer Gerding Edlen in 2016 to build and manage the property. The project began construction in July 2018 and was completed in early 2021. The Broadway Farmers Market opened at the plaza in April 2021, moving from a sidewalk adjacent to Seattle Central College. An additional surplus property, next to the west entrance, has been offered to Seattle Central College for possible redevelopment.

Other nearby lots have been redeveloped as a result of the light rail station opening on Capitol Hill. The Broadway Post Office, located adjacent to the south and west entrances, was demolished in 2016 for the construction of a 44-unit apartment building. An adjacent corner property, already home to a 14-unit apartment building, is planned to be replaced by a 50-unit building. The Bonney-Watson funeral home, located immediately south of the station, was sold for redevelopment in 2017.

Services

Capitol Hill station is part of the 1 Line, which runs from Seattle–Tacoma International Airport through the Rainier Valley, Downtown Seattle, and the University of Washington campus to Northgate. It is the 14th northbound station from Angle Lake and fourth southbound station from Northgate; Capitol Hill station is situated between Westlake station, part of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, and the University of Washington station. The 1 Line operates for twenty hours a day on weekdays and Saturdays, from 5:00 am to 1:00 am, and eighteen hours on Sundays, from 6:00 am to 12:00 am. During regular weekday service, trains operate roughly every eight to ten minutes during rush hour and midday operation, respectively, with longer headways of fifteen minutes in the early morning and twenty minutes at night. During weekends, trains on the 1 Line arrive every ten minutes during midday hours and every fifteen minutes during mornings and evenings. The station is approximately 40 minutes from SeaTac/Airport station and four minutes from University of Washington station. In 2019, an average of 8,090 passengers boarded Link trains at Capitol Hill station on weekdays.

Capitol Hill station is also served by bus and streetcar stops located near its entrances. The First Hill Streetcar line terminates at Broadway and Denny Way, adjacent to the west entrance, and connects the neighborhood to First Hill, Little Saigon, Chinatown-International District, and Pioneer Square. King County Metro operates several bus routes that converge at Broadway and East John Street, traveling west towards Downtown Seattle and South Lake Union; east towards Volunteer Park and the Central District; south towards First Hill, Beacon Hill, and the Rainier Valley; and north towards the University District. On weekends during the spring, summer, and early autumn, a Trailhead Direct shuttle connects Capitol Hill station to North Bend and Mount Si, a popular hiking area.

References

External links

 Sound Transit Rider Guide

2016 establishments in Washington (state)
Capitol Hill, Seattle
Link light rail stations in Seattle
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2016
Railway stations located underground in Seattle


Robert Mace (born 12 August 1958) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Hawthorn, St Kilda and the Brisbane Bears in the Victoria Football League (VFL) during the 1980s.

Originally from Frankston YCW, Mace started his VFL career at Hawthorn in 1980 but was unable establish himself as a senior player there so crossed to St Kilda in 1982 where he became a regular in the side for five seasons.

Mace was offloaded to the league's new club, Brisbane, in 1987 but he would only make one appearance. He represented Queensland at the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival before returning to Victoria and finishing his career with Victorian Football Association (VFA) team Frankston, whom he also coached until 2002.

On 5 August 2015 it was reported that Mace was suspended from Frankston following a fight with a Frankston official at a VFL match the previous weekend.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1958 births
Living people
Brisbane Bears players
Hawthorn Football Club players
St Kilda Football Club players
Frankston Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)


The 1921 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1921. The only selector recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1921 season is Walter Camp, whose selections were published in Collier's Weekly.   Additional selectors who chose All-American teams in 1921 included: Football World magazine, based on collected opinions of 267 coaches; Walter Eckersall of the Chicago Tribune; Jack Veiock, sports editor of the International News Service; and Norman E. Brown of the Central Press Association.

Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1921, the NCAA recognizes only Walter Camp's selections as "official" for purposes of its consensus determinations. Nevertheless, the NCAA's consensus All-America team does not mirror Camp's selections. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received.

All-Americans of 1921

Ends

Harold Muller, California (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-1; JV-3; MM-1; NB-1)
Eddie Anderson, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; BE-2; WE-1; JV-2)
Fritz Crisler, Chicago (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-2; WC-3; LP-2; WE-1; MM-2)
Red Roberts, Centre (WC-1; FW-2 [g]; JV-3; MM-2)
Warren S. Parr, Navy (LP-1)
Paul G. Goebel, Michigan (LP-1)
Roger Kiley, Notre Dame (FW-2; WC-2; BE-1; JV-1; MM-1)
Charles Clark Macomber, Harvard (BE-1)
A. Barr Snively, Princeton (NB-1)
Clarence Swanson, Nebraska (College Football Hall of Fame) (WC-2; BE-2)
Brodie Stephens, California (WC-3; JV-1)
Cyril Myers, Ohio State (NB-2)
David Munns, Cornell (NB-2)
Stanley McCollum, Penn State (LP-2)
Lester Belding, Iowa (FW-3; JV-2)
Owen Reynolds, Georgia (FW-3)

Tackles
Dan McMillan, California (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-3; WE-1; JV-1)
Iolas Huffman, Ohio State (FW-1; LP-1; BE-2; JV-2; NB-2)
Duke Slater, Iowa (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-2; WC-2; BE-1; WE-1; JV-1; MM-2)
Charles McGuire, Chicago (FW-2; WC-1; BE-2; JV-3; MM-1)
Russ Stein, Washington & Jefferson (WC-1)
Bertrand Gullick, Syracuse (NB-1)
Buck Shaw, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-2 [as g]; LP-1)
Drumm, Princeton (LP-2)
Franklin Cappon, Michigan (NB-2)
Albert N. Into, Yale (WC-3; JV-3)
James Brader, Wisconsin (FW-3)
Century Milstead, Wabash (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-3)
Clyde W. King, Navy (JV-2)
Johnny Boyle, USC (MM-2)

Guards
Fiske Brown, Harvard (WC-1; LP-1; BE-1; JV-2)
Frank Schwab, Lafayette (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-1; LP-2)
Stan Keck, Princeton (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-2; LP-2; BE-1; MM-1 [t])
Dean Trott, Ohio State (WC-2; LP-1; JV-1)
Art Carney, Navy (BE-1; MM-2)
Ray Baer, Penn State (WE-1; MM-1)
Robert J. Dunne, Michigan (NB-1)
Joe Bedenk, Penn State (WC-2)
Charles Marion Redmon, Chicago (LP-2; JV-2)
John Pucelik, Nebraska (WC-3; WE-1)
Hugh Whelchel, Georgia (WC-3)
Phillip Cruikshank, Yale (BE-2)
Heartley Anderson, Notre Dame (BE-2; JV-1)
Otto Vogel, Illinois (NB-2)
Joy Berquist, Nebraska (NB-2)
Carl Peterson, Nebraska (FW-3)
Lloyd Pixley, Ohio State (FW-3; NB-1)
Fritz Breidster, Army (JV-3)
Pink Baker, Princeton (JV-3)
Leonard C. Hanson, Cornell (MM-1; NB-1 [t])

Centers
Herb Stein, Pittsburgh (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-3; LP-2; BE-1; WE-1; JV-1; MM-1)
Ernie Vick, Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-3; WC-1; WE-3; MM-2)
Al Wittmer, Princeton (LP-1; BE-2; JV-2)
Polly Wallace, Iowa State (NB-1)
Larsen, Army (FW-2; WC-2)
George Bunge, Wisconsin (JV-3; MM-2 [g])
Emery Larson, Navy (NB-2)

Quarterbacks
Aubrey Devine, Iowa (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1 [hb]; WC-1; LP-1; BE-1; WE-1; JV-1 [hb]; MM-1; NB-2)
Bo McMillin, Centre (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-2; LP-1 [hb]; BE-2; JV-2; MM-1; NB-1)
Donold Lourie, Princeton (WC-3)
Milton Romney, Chicago (FW-2; LP-2)
Charles O'Hearn, Yale (FW-3)
Hoge Workman, Ohio State (JV-3)

Halfbacks

Glenn Killinger, Penn State (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; WC-1; LP-1; BE-1; JV-1 [qb])
Mac Aldrich, Yale (FW-2; WC-1; LP-2; BE-1; WE-1; JV-1; MM-1; NB-1)
George Owen, Harvard (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-2 [fb]; WC-2; BE-1 [fb]; WE-1 [fb]; JV-1 [fb]; NB-2)
Tom Davies, Pittsburgh (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-2; WC-2; BE-2 [fb])
Walter E. French, Army (WC-3)
Stephen Barchet, Navy (WC-3)
Crip Toomey, California (FW-3; BE-2; JV-2)
Paul Castner, Notre Dame (JV-2)
Al Elliott, Wisconsin (JV-3; NB-2)
Red Barron, Georgia Tech (JV-3)
Gordon Locke, Iowa (MM-1; NB-1 [fb])
Jim Robertson, Dartmouth (MM-2)
Roscoe W. Fitts, Harvard (MM-2)
James Bradshaw, Nevada (MM-2)

Fullbacks
Eddie Kaw, Cornell (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-3 [hb]; WC-1; LP-2; BE-2 [hb]; WE-1 [hb]; MM-2)
Gap Powell, Oregon Aggies (FW-1; MM-1)
John Mohardt, Notre Dame (WC-2; LP-1 [hb])
Jack Crangle, Illinois (LP-2)
Judy Harlan, Georgia Tech (WC-3; FW-3)
Joe Lightner, Penn State (JV-2; NB-1 [hb])
Hank Garrity, Princeton (JV-3)
Orville Hewitt, Pittsburgh (NB-2)

Key
NCAA recognized selector for 1921
 WC = Walter Camp

Other selectors
 FW = Football World, based on collected opinions of 267 coaches
 LP = Lawrence Perry
 BE = Billy Evans
 WE = Walter Eckersall
 JV = Jack Veiock, International News Service Sports Editor
 MM = Malcolm McLean
 NB = Norman E. Brown of the Central Press

Bold = Consensus All-American
 1 – First-team selection
 2 – Second-team selection
 3 – Third-team selection

See also
 1921 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1921 All-Pacific Coast football team
 1921 All-Southern college football team
 1921 All-Western college football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


"Unwound" is a song written by Dean Dillon and Frank Dycus, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait.  It was released in April 1981 as his major label debut single and served as the lead single from his debut album Strait Country. It peaked at No. 6 on the United States Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and is Strait's first top-ten hit.

Background
Dean Dillon and Frank Dycus originally wrote the song for Johnny Paycheck, but Paycheck was in jail at the time. Record producer Blake Mevis drove over to Dillon's house in 1980, where Dillon and Dycus were writing songs on the front porch, and asked them if they had any new songs for a 'new kid from Texas.' Since Paycheck would not be using it, they gave the song to Mevis for George Strait. Dillon has gone on to write or co-write over 60 songs that have been recorded by Strait.

Content
The song is about a man having issues with his woman. He is out drinking because that woman he “had wrapped around [his] finger just come unwound".

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying that it "would be a great record just for the fiddle alone, but a very youthful Strait is still able to deliver the goods, and the band is so country that you can almost smell the sawdust when they let loose."

Chart positions

References

1981 songs
1981 debut singles
George Strait songs
Songs written by Dean Dillon
Songs written by Frank Dycus
MCA Records singles


Candelabrochaete is a genus of crust fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae.

Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed by French mycologist Jacques Boidin in 1970. He originally included two species, C. langloisii, and the type, C. africana.

Description
Similar to the genus Phanerochaete, Candelabrochaete features simple septa in the subicular hyphae and at the base of the basidia, and hyaline, thin-walled, nonamyloid spores. Several features distinguish Candelabrochaete from Phanerochaete. These include small, cylindrical to club-shaped (clavate) basidia, septate cystidia, a loosely interwoven subiculum (a mat of hyphae from which the fruitbody arises), and a loosely organized hymenium. This latter characteristic gives a farinaceous to woolly appearance to the fruitbodies.

Species
, Index Fungorum accepts 12 species in Candelabrochaete:
Candelabrochaete adnata Hjortstam (1995) – Brazil
Candelabrochaete africana  Boidin (1970) – Africa
Candelabrochaete cirrata  Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1986) – Argentina; British Virgin Islands; Brunei; Ghana; Kenya; Taiwan
Candelabrochaete dispar  Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1986) – Argentina
Candelabrochaete eruciformis  (G.Cunn.) Stalpers & P.K.Buchanan (1991)
Candelabrochaete langloisii  (Pat.) Boidin (1970)
Candelabrochaete macaronesica  M.Dueñas, Tellería & Melo (2008) – Faial Island; Madeira
Candelabrochaete magnahypha  (Burt) Burds. (1984)
Candelabrochaete mexicana  (Burt) P.Roberts (2000) – Cameroon; Venezuela
Candelabrochaete neocaledonica  Duhem & Buyck (2011) – New Caledonia
Candelabrochaete simulans  Hjortstam (1995) – Thailand
Candelabrochaete verruculosa  Hjortstam (1983) – Africa; Asia; Europe

References

Phanerochaetaceae
Polyporales genera
Fungi described in 1970


The Mitchell family is a fictional family in EastEnders. They were first introduced in February 1990, when brothers Phil (Steve McFadden) and Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) bought the local garage, the Arches. Their sister Sam (Danniella Westbrook/Kim Medcalf) was introduced later in 1990, and their mother Peggy (Jo Warne) shortly after in 1991, before being reintroduced as a regular character in 1994, with the role recast to Barbara Windsor. Since then, they have been significantly expanded to include both the immediate and extended families. Phil has been the longest running Mitchell on the show, and the family has expanded significantly in the years since, remaining a large presence on the square.

The Mitchells have mostly been associated with the ownership of local pub The Queen Victoria; Peggy was periodically its landlady between 1995 and 2010. They have also been known for their thuggish ways and their tendency to break the law, most notably Phil and Grant, who have sometimes been compared to the Kray twins. The Mitchells have been in several of the show's memorable storylines, such as: their rivalry with the Watts family, and the "Sharongate", "Who Shot Phil?", the murder of their rival Den Watts which coincided with the show's 20th anniversary episode, "Get Johnny Week", "The Secret Mitchell", "Who Killed Archie?", and "Who Killed Lucy Beale?" scenarios. In 2010, EastEnders celebrated Windsor's exit from the soap with "Queen Vic Fire Week", in which a fire engulfs the long-standing pub and risks the lives of Walford regulars, including Peggy and Phil. In 2016, Windsor, Kemp, and Westbrook briefly reprised their roles as part of a major storyline that follows Phil's ongoing battle with alcoholism and ends with Peggy's suicide due to terminal cancer. Throughout their time on the show, the Mitchells make several references to their late patriarch Eric (George Russo), who first appears in 2022 during a flashback episode to 1979 and serves as a recurring impact for most of the family members, especially Phil and Peggy. The flashback episode also introduces Billy's father Stephen (Dean Roberts) and brother Charlie (Charlie Heptinstall), who also have an impact on the family; Charlie's son Jamie (Jack Ryder) becomes a ward of Billy and later Phil and is killed off on Christmas Day 2002.

As of 2023, a total of eleven Mitchell blood relatives appear on the program: Phil; his sons Ben (Max Bowden) and Raymond Dawkins; Ben's daughter Lexi Pearce (Isabella Brown); Sam Mitchell (Kim Medcalf), Sam's son Ricky (Frankie Day) and his daughter Charli Slater; Roxy's daughter Amy (Ellie Dadd); Phil's second cousin Billy (Perry Fenwick) and his children, Janet (Grace) and Will (Freddie Phillips). There are others that marry into the family like Phil’s wife Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace), his and Billy's ex-wives Sharon (Letitia Dean), Kathy (Gillian Taylforth) and Honey (Emma Barton), and Ben's husband Callum (Tony Clay), while Ben's best friend, who he considers a brother, and Billy's foster son Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick), sometimes credited as Jay Mitchell, is also considered to be part of the family.

Storylines
Following the Mitchells' arrival in 1990, Phil starts an affair with Grant's wife, Sharon Watts, in 1992 ("Sharongate"). Samantha "Sam" Mitchell (Danniella Westbrook) stays with her brothers to escape overbearing Peggy. Their father Eric had died five years earlier.

After the affair is revealed in October 1994, Sharon and Grant divorce, and Grant and Phil's mother Peggy is introduced as the new landlady of the Queen Vic, replacing Sharon, who had lived in the pub all her life, but leaves Walford to live in America with her mother.

In 1993, Phil marries Romanian immigrant Nadia Borovac (Anna Barkan) to let her stay in the country, but starts a relationship with Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) at the same time. In order to marry her, Phil divorces Nadia, and he and Kathy marry in 1995. Their son, Ben, is born in 1996, but he contracts meningitis, which leaves him partially deaf. Whilst in France, Phil confesses to Kathy that he has been having an affair with Lorna Cartwright (Janet Dibley), and they divorce in 1999. Kathy emigrates to South Africa with Ben in 1998.

Grant marries Tiffany Raymond (Martine McCutcheon) in 1996, and they have a daughter, Courtney, who is born in early 1997. After a rocky marriage, Tiffany is killed in a hit-and-run accident. Peggy marries Frank Butcher (Mike Reid) in 1999, but they divorce two years later due to Frank having an affair with Peggy's best friend and Frank's ex-wife Pat Evans (Pam St Clement). Grant leaves in October 1999 to start a new life in Brazil with Courtney.

The extended Mitchell family is introduced in 1998; Jamie Mitchell (Jack Ryder) is taken in by Phil as he flees from his abusive guardian and uncle, Billy Mitchell (Perry Fenwick). Billy, Phil and Grant's cousin, moves to Walford as well, and becomes a lackey for the Mitchell brothers and their schemes. Jamie is killed off in December 2002, while Billy remains a regular after being reformed.

In the spring of 2001, Phil is at the centre of the Who Shot Phil? storyline. Phil had become a darker and more menacing character during the previous year, and five characters are suspected of being the culprit, who is revealed to be Lisa Shaw (Lucy Benjamin). Lisa is revealed to be pregnant with Phil's child, Louise. Lisa later takes Louise and emigrates to Portugal after her marriage to Mark Fowler (Todd Carty) ends. Phil follows her and returns with Louise in October 2002. Lisa is reported missing, which cause the police to suspect Phil of murdering her.  Kate Morton (Jill Halfpenny), Phil's third wife, betrays her job as an undercover cop due to her feelings for Phil. He marries her in 2003 but Lisa returns on their wedding day, scheming to kill Phil despite her appearance as a reformed character. After convincing Lisa not to kill Phil, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) helps her take her revenge by setting Phil up for armed robbery, and he is arrested in 2003. He escapes prison and goes on the run from the police for over a year.

Following Phil's departure, Sam (now Kim Medcalf) takes control of the Mitchell empire, and a feud forms between Sam and the remaining Mitchells against Den Watts and his family in 2004. The Mitchell empire falls when an old friend of the family, Marcus Christie (Stephen Churchett), scams them of all their assets. Den is murdered in 2005, but Sam witnesses the death and keeps it secret for several months. When Den's killer, his estranged wife Chrissie (Tracy Ann Oberman), begins manipulating everyone into thinking Sam was insane, Sam digs up Den's body from the Vic cellar to try and expose Chrissie, only to be arrested for the murder herself. Phil and Grant return from Brazil to clear her name, and she follows them back to Brazil once that happens.

The Mitchell brothers return in October 2005 and become a dominating force in Walford, quick to avenge any misdoings towards them.

When Kathy fakes her death in early 2006 without anyone's knowledge, a 10-year-old Ben (now Charlie Jones) comes to England to live with Phil. Phil becomes engaged to Stella Crawford (Sophie Thompson), unaware that she was physically and mentally abusing Ben behind his back, which is revealed on their wedding day. Stella commits suicide in the aftermath. The wedding introduces Phil's cousins, Ronnie (Samantha Womack) and Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons), as wild and fun-loving sisters from Ibiza, who buy the local club, R&R. They are the daughter of Eric's brother, Archie (Larry Lamb), who is introduced in 2008, and has a good relationship with Roxy but a bad one with Ronnie; the reason behind the latter is that Archie had the baby Ronnie had as a teenager adopted out against her will. Archie and Peggy, once his sister-in-law, start a relationship soon after he moves to Walford.

Roxy and Ronnie's relationship becomes complicated when Roxy has a one-night stand with Ronnie's on-off boyfriend, Jack Branning (Scott Maslen), and gets pregnant, giving birth to a daughter that she names Amy Mitchell that November. Suzy Branning (Maggie O'Neill), Phil's latest girlfriend, reveals on Christmas Day 2008 that Roxy's husband, Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky), is not Amy's father, resulting in their divorce. Billy marries Honey Edwards (Emma Barton), and have two children together: Janet, who has Down's Syndrome, and William. Billy and Honey divorce several years later, and Honey moves away with the children.

Danielle Jones (Lauren Crace) arrives in the square in 2008, and is soon revealed to be the daughter Ronnie gave up for adoption many years earlier. Danielle keeps her identity a secret ("The Secret Mitchell"), until it is discovered by Archie. He manipulates her into thinking that Ronnie hated her and would reject her if she knew who she is. Archie and Peggy become engaged, and at the wedding reception Danielle reveals her true identity to Ronnie, who refuses to believe her, as Archie had stolen the locket that would have been proof to what Danielle was saying. However, Ronnie discovers the locket in her wine glass, and heads off to reunite with her daughter, who is killed by Janine Butcher's (Charlie Brooks) speeding car.

Sam returns in 2009. The Mitchells bail her out, but when she flees Walford a few months later, they lose their bail money, which cause them to go bankrupt. Archie and his new girlfriend, Janine, prey on their vulnerability and take over the Queen Vic pub. On Christmas Day 2009, Archie is murdered by an unknown assailant ("Who Killed Archie?"). Phil, Peggy, Sam, Ronnie, and Billy are all suspects in the murder, but in the following February Stacey Branning (Lacey Turner) is revealed to be the murderer.

Following Archie's death, Ronnie and Roxy's mother, Glenda (Glynis Barber) is introduced, having come to reunite with her girls after leaving them as teenagers due to the breakdown of her and Archie's marriage. Sam returns, is promptly arrested, and is sent to prison for her part in Den's murder. Louise is reintroduced when Lisa abandons her on Phil's doorstep. she is abused by Ben, who is still scarred by Stella's abuse. He is sent to juvenile detention when he attacks Jordan Johnson (Michael-Joel David Stuart). The stress of these events cause Phil to become addicted to cocaine, ending his long-term relationship with Shirley Carter (Linda Henry). Peggy takes Louise back to live with Lisa, which ruins her relationship with Phil. Determined to help her son break his addiction, she locks Phil in the Queen Vic, but he escapes and sets the pub on fire. Phil nearly dies and Peggy is devastated when the pub burns down ("Queen Vic Fire Week"). Realising how her controlling behaviour made Phil the way he is, Peggy leaves Walford and hands the pub over to Phil. He rents it out to Alfie (Shane Richie) and Kat Moon (Jessie Wallace).

Sam returns to Walford in late 2010 and reveals that she is pregnant; she initially lies and says that the child is Ricky Butcher's (Sid Owen) to try and reconcile with him, but Ronnie exposes that the baby is the son of her now fiancé Jack Branning: Ronnie and Jack married in November 2010 and Ronnie gave birth to their son James in late December. However, days after he was born he died of sudden infant death syndrome, and she swaps her dead child with Kat and Alfie's newborn son. She does not reveal her actions until April 2011; the storyline was initially intended to continue for a longer period of time, but the baby-swap storyline was brought to an early end due to a public outcry. Ronnie is sent to prison in June 2011.

Phil has an affair with Glenda behind Shirley's back. In January 2011, he has a heart attack, and asks Shirley to marry him, but on their wedding day he calls it off. Glenda leaves Walford after having been rejected by Ronnie and Roxy for her actions. Ben (now Joshua Pascoe) is released from prison in September, and began to stalk Phil when the latter refuses to accept that he is gay, sending him threatening notes for several months. Billy's granddaughter Lola Pearce (Danielle Harold) is introduced as a new teenage troublemaker, and is impregnated by Ben, her distant relative, when they test his sexuality.

Ben's stalking is revealed when D.C.I. Jill Marsden (Sophie Stanton) returns to arrest him and accuses him of murdering Stella Crawford after her abuse is exposed. Phil is sent to prison, but found not guilty. Ben panics about his father's return, and kills Shirley's best friend Heather Trott (Cheryl Fergison) while arguing with her. Phil covers up the death, despite Shirley's devastation at her friend's death. Ben's crime is exposed several months later and he is sent to prison, while Shirley ends her relationship with Phil.

Lola is accused of not being able to care for her baby, Lexi, and Phil takes custody of her when he finds out she is Ben's daughter. Phil forms an attachment to Lexi following Ben's arrest and double-crosses Lola, pretending to help her regain custody of Lexi while really wanting to keep Lexi himself. He eventually hands Lexi back.

Sharon, now Sharon Rickman, returns in 2012 and begins a relationship with Phil after her engagement to Jack fails. Ronnie is released from prison in 2013. Billy resumes custody of Janet in 2014 when Honey moves to Canada with William. Roxy briefly marries Alfie, but their marriage is annulled when she realises on their wedding day that he is still in love with Kat. In the aftermath of her rejection, Roxy enters into a relationship with Carl White (Daniel Coonan), who has a troubled relationship with Phil, after sending him to the hospital earlier in the year as part of his plan to put Max Branning (Jake Wood) in prison. Ronnie tries to warn Roxy about Carl, but he attacks her, being killed by her in self-defence when he threatens to rape her. She disposes of the body and tells Phil what she did. Phil sells the Queen Vic to Mick Carter (Danny Dyer), unaware that he is Shirley's brother. Phil and Sharon become engaged when she is badly injured in an attack on Phil's bar, The Albert, which she runs. Phil was behind the attack, and wanted to scare Sharon into becoming more reliant on him, and he proposes out of guilt. Ronnie discovers she is pregnant and leaves Walford.

Ben (now Harry Reid) returns for the wedding, along with Ronnie, who is sent by Peggy to stop the proceedings. She fails and Phil and Sharon marry. Their marriage is rocky; Kathy is revealed to have faked her death and returns, while her husband Gavin Sullivan (Paul Nicholas) makes Phil become addicted to alcohol again. Billy reunites with Honey when she returns from Canada, and Roxy leaves for a while to get over her attempted rape by Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo). Ronnie briefly marries Charlie Cotton (Declan Bennett), the father of her newborn son Matthew Mitchell-Cotton. She also discovers that Vincent Hubbard (Richard Blackwood) is a police informant working to take down the Mitchells, but she and Phil take him down. In his drunken downward spiral, Phil drunkenly causes a car crash which nearly kills Sharon's son Dennis. Sharon subsequently leaves Phil, who is told he had months to live due to cirrhosis. Phil tracks down his daughter Louise (now Tilly Keeper) to right wrongs, and learns that Peggy is also dying from a relapse of breast cancer. Phil finds Louise, only to be rushed to a hospital shortly after. Phil's drinking worsens, and he destroys the car lot and nearly kills Louise. In 2016, Peggy commits suicide rather than face a slow death from cancer; Grant discovers he has a son with Michelle Fowler (Jenna Russell), Mark Fowler (Ned Porteous); and Phil remains sober for long enough to receive a liver transplant.

In 2017, Ronnie remarries Jack, but on the wedding night, she and Roxy drown in a hotel swimming pool. In April 2022, Sam returns to Walford permanently. In January 2023, Sam's twelve-year-old son Ricky (Frankie Day) has a one-night stand with Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner)'s twelve-year-old daughter Lily (Lillia Turner) resulting in Lily's pregnancy.

Family members

Edward Mitchell (deceased); married to Betty Mitchell (deceased)
Philip Mitchell (deceased); married to Sandra Mitchell (deceased)
Eric Mitchell (deceased); married to Peggy Martin (deceased)
Phil Mitchell, son of Eric and Peggy, married to Nadia Borovac, Kathy Beale, Kate Morton, Sharon Watts and Kat Slater
Ben Mitchell, son of Phil and Kathy Beale, married to Callum Highway
Lexi Pearce, daughter of Ben and Lola Pearce (deceased)
Louise Mitchell, daughter of Phil and Lisa Fowler
Peggy Taylor, daughter of Louise and Keanu Taylor
Dennis Rickman Jnr (deceased), son of Sharon and Dennis Rickman (deceased), adopted by Phil during his marriage to Sharon
Alyssa, daughter of Dennis Jnr and Jada Lennox
Raymond Dawkins, son of Phil and Denise Fox
Grant Mitchell, son of Eric and Peggy, married to Sharon Watts, Tiffany Raymond (deceased) and Carla Mitchell
Mark Fowler, son of Grant and Michelle Fowler
Courtney Mitchell, daughter of Grant and Tiffany
Sam Mitchell, daughter of Eric and Peggy, married to Ricky Butcher and Andy Hunter (deceased)
Ricky Branning, son of Sam and Jack Branning
Charli Slater, daughter of Ricky and Lily Slater
Archie Mitchell (deceased), married to Glenda Mitchell and Peggy
Ronnie Mitchell (deceased), daughter of Archie and Glenda, married to Jack Branning and Charlie Cotton
Danielle Jones (deceased), daughter of Ronnie and Joel Reynolds (deceased)
James Branning (deceased), son of Ronnie and Jack Branning
Matthew Mitchell Cotton, son of Ronnie and Charlie
Roxy Mitchell (deceased), daughter of Archie and Glenda; married to Sean Slater and Alfie Moon
Amy Mitchell, daughter of Roxy and Jack Branning
Clive Mitchell; married to Elaine Mitchell

Kenneth Mitchell; married to Barbara Mitchell
Ted Mitchell; married to Vi Mitchell
Stephen Mitchell (deceased); married to Janet Mitchell (deceased)
Charlie Mitchell (deceased); married to Lynne Mitchell (deceased)
Jamie Mitchell (deceased), son of Charlie and Lynne Mitchell
Billy Mitchell, married to Little Mo Morgan and Honey Edwards
Dan Pearce (deceased), son of Billy and Julie Perkins
Lola Pearce (deceased), daughter of Dan and Emma Harding
Lexi Pearce, daughter of Lola and Ben Mitchell
Janet Mitchell, daughter of Billy and Honey
Will Mitchell, son of Billy and Honey
Jay Brown, son of Jase Dyer (deceased) and Karen Brown (deceased), fostered by Billy
Madge Mitchell

Peggy Mitchell's sister, Sal, occasionally appears but is not a blood relation to the main Mitchell family.

Reception
The Mitchells won the Best Family accolade at the 2006 Inside Soap Awards. They received a nomination in the same category at the 2009 ceremony.

In 2019, Rebecca Koncienzcy of the Liverpool Echo called the Mitchells "one of the soap's most iconic families", and said: "The Mitchells have dominated storylines in the award-winning soap for decades and show no sign of stopping with the Sharon's affair with Keanu set to explode this Christmas."

The Mitchell family was longlisted for "Best Family" for the 2023 Inside Soap Awards.

See also
Get Johnny Week

References

External links

EastEnders families
Soap opera families
Fictional families
Mitchell family (EastEnders)
Television characters introduced in 1990


Müteferrika Süleyman Ağa, known as Suleiman Aga and Soleiman Agha in France, was an Ottoman ambassador to the French king Louis XIV in 1669. Suleiman visited Versailles, but only wore a simple wool coat and refused to bow to Louis XIV, who immediately banished him to Paris, away from Versailles.

In Paris, Suleiman set up a beautiful house where he was credited for introducing coffee drinking to the Parisian society, with waiters dressed in Ottoman style, triggering enthusiastic responses thereby starting the fashion for coffee-drinking. Suleiman invited Parisian society women to his home for extravagant "coffee ceremonies", which were imitated throughout Parisian high society.

Suleiman's activities in Paris were a trigger for the popularity of Turquerie and Orientalism in early modern France, in which Turkish fashions of the time such as turbans and caftans and decorations such as carpets and cushions became highly popular.

The first French coffee shop, the Café Procope, opened in 1689, just 17 years after Suleiman's famed visit.

See also
 Franco-Ottoman alliance
 Charles Marie François Olier, marquis de Nointel
 Le Bourgeois gentilhomme

Notes

References

Bernstein, W. A splendid exchange: how trade shaped the world Atlantic Monthly Press, 2008

External links
The Embassy of Soliman Aga to Louis XIV: Diplomacy, Dress, and Diamonds, by Garritt van Dyk

Ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to France
17th-century diplomats
17th-century people from the Ottoman Empire


The California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs (ADP) was a California state agency concerned with substance abuse prevention and treatment. Created by the California Legislature in 1978, ADP brought together the Governor's Office of Alcoholism and the California Department of Health's Division of Substance Abuse to form the single state authority for substance abuse prevention and treatment, and is currently within the auspices of the California Health and Human Services Agency. In this capacity, ADP provided leadership and policy coordination for the planning, development, implementation, and evaluation of a comprehensive statewide system of alcohol and other drug (AOD) prevention, treatment and recovery services. As of July 1, 2013, functions of ADP were transferred to the Department of Health Care Services.

Overview
The Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs (ADP) was established upon enactment of the Health and Safety Code, Division 10.5, Sections 11750, et seq., (Stats. 1979, Ch. 679).  It is designated as the Single State Agency (SSA) responsible for administering and coordinating the State's efforts in alcohol and drug abuse prevention, treatment, and recovery services.  ADP is also the primary state agency responsible for interagency coordination of these services.

In partnership with California's 58 county alcohol and drug program administrators and in cooperation with numerous private and public agencies, organizations and individuals, ADP provides leadership and coordination in the planning, development, implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive statewide alcohol and drug use prevention, intervention, detoxification and treatment and recovery system.  The department utilizes each of the 58 county alcohol and drug programs as the broker of service.  The counties in turn are able to provide services to clients either directly or by contracting with local service providers.  California enjoys a statewide treatment, recovery and prevention network consisting of over 850 public and private community-based service providers which serve approximately 300,000 clients annually.

Aims include leading efforts to reduce alcoholism, drug addiction and problem gambling in California by developing, administering and supporting prevention, treatment and recovery programs and having Californians understand that alcoholism, drug addiction and problem gambling are chronic conditions that can be successfully prevented and treated.

Organization
The Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs is organized into five divisions and eight offices.  The department does not have any boards or commissions.

ADP has approximately 326 permanent staff and oversight responsibilities for an average annual budget of more than $600 million.  The department manages and administers both state and federal monies, including the federal Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment (SAPT) Block Grant, a major source of funding.  ADP also manages the Drug Medi-Cal benefit program, which has expanded to more than $115 million yearly.

Core Programs
ADP supports four core program areas of major activities:  Prevention, Treatment, Quality Assurance, and Information/Education.  Critical Department functions for those core programs include, but are not limited to the following:
Directing statewide prevention and treatment programs to address AOD problems and problem gambling.
Developing and implementing AOD abuse prevention strategies.
Providing and administering funds to counties for cost-effective planning and implementation of local AOD prevention and treatment programs.
Reviewing and approving county AOD program contracts and granting applications submitted for state and federal funds allocated by ADP.
Certifying and licensing AOD programs and counselors.
Developing and enforcing standards to ensure levels of service quality for AOD programs statewide.
Providing public information on AOD programs and services.

Response to SACPA

In November 2000, passage of Proposition 36, the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act (SACPA), placed increased responsibility on ADP by significantly changing the way the agency and the entire AOD field provide services for addicts.

As a result of Proposition 36, which requires first- or second-time nonviolent adult drug offenders to receive treatment rather than incarceration, ADP established the Office of Criminal Justice Collaboration. More than 150,000 individuals have been referred to treatment under SACPA, which was initially funded at an annual appropriation of $120 million, since the program's inception.  SACPA has undergone four annual program evaluations and one cost-benefit analysis, conducted by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).  This study, the largest and most compelling examination of addiction ever performed in California, tracked the progress of more than 60,000 addicts, using a 30-month period both before and after the implementation of Proposition 36.

UCLA researchers found that participation in SACPA resulted in substantially reduced incarceration costs for many offenders, particularly those who completed treatment.  These individuals are less likely to re-offend and more likely to remain drug-free and employed.  Since treatment completion rates varied significantly from county to county, the report recommended that incentives be considered for counties that demonstrate success in treatment, retention and completion.  Performance-based funding will encourage counties to adopt best practices and program improvements.  Most importantly, the UCLA study revealed that while SACPA can be improved, the results justified continued funding for the program.

Gambling

In addition to the responsibilities outlined above, ADP administers statewide problem gambling prevention services and programs through its Office of Problem Gambling, which was established in 2003 as a result of Assembly Bill 673.  The agency has placed an emphasis on prevention while conducting baseline studies to further define the problem and improve services.  ADP also oversees the Driving Under-the-Influence Program (DUI), including licensing, regulatory and fee issues, and public information, for the nation's most populous state.
In its leadership role, the department has been charged with the task of facilitating collaboration with California's 58 counties, other state-level departments, local public and private agencies, providers, advocacy groups, and individuals to establish standards for a statewide AOD service delivery system that supports all Californians.

"The Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs is responsible for administering prevention, treatment, and recovery services for alcohol and drug abuse and problem gambling."

See also
 California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control

References

External links
 Official website

Alcohol and Drug Programs
Government agencies established in 1978


Joseph Jack "Severs" Ramsey, better known by his stage name Jah Paul Jo (November 1, 1956 – December 29, 2014) was an American musician, singer and producer best known for creating the novelty band Dread Zeppelin. From 1983 to 1988, Ramsey was the singer/bass player in The Prime Movers. Ramsey was also the owner of independent record label Birdcage Records, which has released albums by Dread Zeppelin, The Prime Movers, Stan Ridgway, Ron Asheton, In Vivo, The Mystery Band and others.

The Prime Movers
Hailing from Sierra Madre, California, The Prime Movers – Gary Putman on guitar and vocals, Severs Ramsey on vocals and bass and Curt Lichter on drums – formed in 1983, adapting their name from a favorite episode of the science fiction TV series, The Twilight Zone. The band first garnered attention with the mini-LP "Museum" released in 1984 on Jah Paul Jo's indie label, Birdcage Records. Cashbox Magazine wrote in their edition of August 6, 1988, "Gary Putman weaves an ethereal tapestry which blends technical wizardry with pure emotion to create one of the most stylistically unique guitar sounds ever (Did you hear that, Les Paul?)."

While playing the Southern California club circuit, the band landed a major label deal with Island Records. A&R reps saw The Prime Movers at the legendary nightclub, Madame Wong's Chinatown and immediately signed the band to the label.

Island Records UK released two singles and a self-titled EP that found favor with the English record buying public and were critically acclaimed by the British press. A song from the EP, "Strong As I Am," was featured song in the 1986 film Manhunter, and on its soundtrack LP, as well as being released as the A-side of a single on MCA Records. A UK tour with Big Country followed.

Dread Zeppelin
In 1987, The Prime Movers fell from favor with their label, Island Records, and Ramsey hatched the idea to record new music under an assumed name – the crazier the concept the better. It was at this time Ramsey first used the Jah Paul Jo stage name as an homage to Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones. While recording demos for A&M Records as part of a songwriting publishing deal, Jo, along with Carl Jah, Curt Lichter (Cheese) and Gary Putman recorded two demos, "Memphis of the Mind" and "Earshot" that laid the groundwork for what would soon become Dread Zeppelin.

Ramsey and Putman, as Jah Paul Jo and Put-Mon, recruited some old friends and entered their own, self-induced Musical Witness Protection Program: Dread Zeppelin was born. After selling over a million copies of their classic first album, Un-Led-Ed, success of a different kind consumed them.

Jah Paul Jo, along with Rasta Li-Mon (R. Lee Manning), produced all titles by Dread Zeppelin through JPJo's 1995 finale, No Quarter Pounder. The band released eight CDs between the years 1989 – 1995, toured the world several times, appeared on television shows and portrayed themselves in the motion picture, National Lampoon's Last Resort.

Birdcage Records
After leaving Dread Zeppelin, Jah Paul Jo started assembling his own independent record label roster. The first signing was fellow IRS Record alumnus Stan Ridgway (Wall of Voodoo), who contributed the solo album Black Diamond.

Next was a live/studio release by guitarist  Ron Asheton, Thin Slm And None/Flunkie, featuring twelve new originals and a live set of Stooges, Destroy All Monsters and MC5 covers. Jah Paul Jo accompanied the band on their European tour of 1996 that featured guest bassist, Michael Davis of the MC5.

1996 also saw the release of titles by Hecate's Angels (Drywall, Wall of Voodoo), A Thousand Other Names (Shadowfax, Nels Cline), Ed's Too Short (Produced by Jah Paul Jo and Rasta Li-Mon), The Mystery Band featuring members of Captain Beefheart's Magic Band, Ghosthouse (Paisley Underground, Steve Wynn) and others.

Dread Zeppelin's 20th anniversary
January 8, 2009 marked the 20th anniversary of Dread Zeppelin's first gig. To commemorate, Birdcage released Pure Inner-Tainment, the first DVD collection that compiled the best of the original band's video output. Jah Paul Jo launched a new Dread Zeppelin web site, Dread Zeppelin Dot TV, to promote the early band with the accent on their Birdcage releases.

Later work
Jah Paul Jo continued to perform sporadically while still running Birdcage Records. The Prime Movers, with new drummer, Gary Falasco, had a short-lived reunion and re-released their first album, 1984's Museum, for the first time on CD.

Death
Jah Paul Jo died on December 29, 2014, at Methodist Hospital in Arcadia, California, after experiencing numerous health problems in his final years.

Discography

Singles
 "Chances" / "In Touch With You" – The Prime Movers (1983) 7" vinyl, Birdcage Records
 "On The Trail" / "Strong As I Am" – The Prime Movers (1986) 7" vinyl, Island Records
 "Dark Western Night" / "Lost In Your World" – The Prime Movers (1987) 7" vinyl, Island Records
 "Strong As I Am" – The Prime Movers (Manhunter soundtrack) 7" vinyl MCA (1987)
 "Immigrant Song" / "Hey Hey What Can I Do" – Dread Zeppelin (1989) 7" vinyl, Birdcage Records
 "Whole Lotta Love" / "Tour-Telvis: A Bad Trip" – Dread Zeppelin (1989) 7" vinyl,  Birdcage Records

Albums
 Museum – The Prime Movers (1984) 12" Vinyl, Birdcage Records
 On The Trail/Strong As I Am/Kahlua House/She's Got Pages/The Outsider – The Prime Movers (1986) 12" Vinyl EP, Island Records
 Dark Western Night/Lost in Your World/On The Trail (Live)/In Touch With You (Live) – The Prime Movers (1987) 12" Vinyl EP, Island Records
 Manhunter Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – The Prime Movers (Strong As I Am) 12" Vinyl MCA (1987)
 Spooked – The Prime Movers (1988) 12" Vinyl, Birdcage Records
 Naked Lady Guitar – The Prime Movers (1989) 12" Vinyl, Birdcage Records
 Un-Led-Ed – Dread Zeppelin (1990), I.R.S. Records
 5,000,000* *Tortelvis Fans Can't Be Wrong – Dread Zeppelin (1991), I.R.S. Records
 Rock'n Roll – Dread Zeppelin (1991) JVC (Japan)
 It's Not Unusual – Dread Zeppelin (1992), I.R.S. Records
 Hot & Spicy Beanburger – Dread Zeppelin (1993), Birdcage Records
 The First No-Elvis – Dread Zeppelin (1994), Birdcage Records
 No Quarter Pounder – Dread Zeppelin (1995), Birdcage Records
 The Song Remains Insane – Dread Zeppelin (1998)
 Museum – The Prime Movers (2005) CD, Birdcage Records
 Pure Inner-Tainment DVD (2009)

Production (With Rasta Li-Mon)
 Un-Led-Ed – Dread Zeppelin (1990), I.R.S. Records
 5,000,000* *Tortelvis Fans Can't Be Wrong – Dread Zeppelin (1991), I.R.S. Records
 Rock'n Roll – Dread Zeppelin (1991) JVC (Japan)
 It's Not Unusual – Dread Zeppelin (1992), I.R.S. Records
 Hot & Spicy Beanburger – Dread Zeppelin (1993), Birdcage Records
 The First No-Elvis – Dread Zeppelin (1994), Birdcage Records
 No Quarter Pounder – Dread Zeppelin (1995), Birdcage Records
 Ed's Too Short – Everything's Small (1996), Birdcage Records
 The Song Remains Insane – Dread Zeppelin (1998), TWA Records (Australia)

Films

As an actor
 National Lampoon's Last Resort (1994)

Soundtrack
 Manhunter (1987)
 Abraxas: Guardian of the Universe (1990)
 National Lampoon's Last Resort (1994)

Related artists
Dread Zeppelin
Stan Ridgway
Ron Asheton
The Stooges
Concrete Blonde
Captain Beefheart

References

External links
 Birdcage Records
 Dread Zeppelin

1956 births
2014 deaths
American experimental guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American keyboardists
American male singer-songwriters
American parodists
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
I.R.S. Records artists
Parody musicians
Singer-songwriters from California
People from Sierra Madre, California
Guitarists from Los Angeles
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians


Richard Halsey Best (March 24, 1910 – October 28, 2001) was a dive bomber pilot and squadron commander in the United States Navy during World War II. Stationed on the aircraft carrier , Best led his dive bomber squadron at the 1942 Battle of Midway, sinking two Japanese aircraft carriers in one day, before being medically retired that same year due to damage to his lungs caused by breathing bad oxygen during the battle.

Early life
His grandfather Edward Best emigrated to the United States from England in the 1800s, living first in Wisconsin where he mustered into "F" Company of the 13th Wisconsin Infantry during the American Civil War, and later moving to California and then Oregon in his old age.  Edward's son Burt Best, born in California in 1878 would later be the father of Richard H. Best. Richard H. Best was born in New Jersey in 1910. Richard married Doris Avis Albro (November 21, 1914 – December 6, 1968) on June 24, 1932, in Washington, D.C., and they divorced on January 24, 1966.

Early career (1928–1941)

Richard H. Best was appointed to the United States Naval Academy (USNA) in 1928, having graduated with honors in 1932. His classmates included Bruce McCandless and Henry Munson. He served for two years aboard the light cruiser . In 1934 he was transferred to the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, as a naval aviation student. He completed his flight training in December 1935. His first assignment was Fighting Squadron Two (VF-2B) aboard the aircraft carrier , flying the Grumman F2F.

In June 1938, Best was given the choice to either join a patrol squadron at Panama or Hawaii, or become a flight instructor at Pensacola: he chose Pensacola, and was assigned to instruct Training Squadron Five. Anticipating what was probably coming, after a year and some months of instructing, Best decided that he could be of most use as a dive bomber pilot. He put in a request for a transfer to the Pacific Fleet in that capacity.

On May 31, 1940, Best received orders to join Bombing Squadron Six (VB-6), which was assigned to the aircraft carrier . Upon arrival at the squadron's base on land, Naval Air Station North Island, California, on June 10, Best was made flight officer (operations officer) of the squadron, who was third-in-command. By early 1942, after the war in the Pacific had begun, he had advanced to executive officer (XO), a standard navy term for second-in-command, under his close friend and USNA classmate, William Hollingsworth, known as "Holly," as commander. Best subsequently became squadron commander in time for the Battle of Midway.

War in the Pacific (1941–1944)
On December 7, 1941, Best was aboard Enterprise awaiting her return to port when he learned (along with most of VB-6) that several of his squadmates on morning search had flown into the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. That evening, he flew in the first Enterprise strike of the war as one of six SBDs carrying smoke generators. His group was tasked with providing cover for Lieutenant Eugene E. Lindsey's torpedo bombers should they find the Japanese carriers. However, the strike found nothing, and Best's group returned to Enterprise without incident, although he later called the resulting night landing "the worst...of [his] 330 carrier landings."

Best saw his first real combat on February 1, 1942, flying in two strikes against the Marshall Islands. At dawn, he led VB-6's second division as part of a full-scale strike against Japanese shipping off Kwajalein. Before noon, he led eight SBDs from VB-6 and one from VS-6 to attack Taroa Island, Maloelap Atoll, a mission that would cost him one plane. On February 24, 1942, Best took part in the attack of Wake Island by the Enterprise Air Group, and on March 4 Marcus Island was attacked. After these raids Enterprise returned to Pearl Harbor and accompanied  during the Doolittle Raid in mid-April. Both carriers then sped to the south, but were too late to take part in the Battle of the Coral Sea. Both carriers and their sister ship  were then recalled to participate in what was to be the Battle of Midway.

Battle of Midway
After contact reports from Midway-based PBY Catalina patrol aircraft on the morning of June 4, 1942, Enterprise started to launch her air group starting at 07:06. Under the overall command of the air group commander (CAG) Lt.Cdr. Wade McClusky were 14 TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers of Torpedo Squadron 6 (VT-6), 34 SBDs of VB-6 and VS-6, and ten F4F-4 Wildcat fighters of Fighting Squadron 6 (VF-6). However, the squadrons became separated and reached the Japanese independently. Only the dive bombers stayed together and reached the Japanese by 09:55. At about 10:22, the Enterprise dive bombers (minus three that had dropped out with engine trouble) started to attack the two nearest Japanese carriers,  and .

Sinking of Akagi
At this point, the attack became confused, as all 31 remaining Dauntlesses moved to attack Kaga. Best expected to attack according to U.S. dive bomber doctrine, which stated that the trailing squadron (VB-6) would attack the nearer target (in this case Kaga), while the leading  squadron (VS-6) would take the farther of the two (here Akagi). However, McClusky, who had been a fighter pilot before becoming CEAG, was apparently unaware of this, and decided to lead VS-6 against Kaga. As the leading squadron dove past him, Best realized what was happening and broke off to attack Akagi. However, most of VB-6 missed his signal to abort and continued their dives on Kaga. Left with only his two wingmen, Best now had just three planes to attack Akagi.

Best's three SBDs launched their attack at 10:26 am. The first bomb, dropped by Lieutenant(jg) Edwin John Kroeger, hit the water opposite the carrier's bridge. The second bomb, dropped by Best, penetrated the flight deck and exploded in the upper hangar amongst 18 fuelled and armed Nakajima B5N2 aircraft. The third bomb, dropped by Ensign Frederick Thomas Weber, exploded in the water near the stern, jamming Akagis rudder. Although only Best's bomb struck Akagi, the resulting fuel- and ordnance-induced explosions in the confined hangar deck were enough to doom the carrier.

Sinking of Hiryū
Later that day, Best participated in the attack on the last remaining Japanese carrier, , possibly scoring one of the four hits that sank her. Best's gunner, James Francis Murray, believed that he "saw the flash of [Best's] bomb through the smoke as it struck [Hiryū] amidships forward of the island." After the battle, Best was awarded the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. The Citation said "Defying extreme danger from concentrated anti-aircraft barrage and powerful fighter opposition, Lieutenant Commander Best, with bold determination and courageous zeal, led his squadron in dive-bombing assaults against Japanese naval units. Flying at a distance from his own forces which rendered return unlikely because of probable fuel exhaustion, he pressed home his attacks with extreme disregard for his own personal safety. His gallant intrepidity and loyal devotion to duty contributed greatly to the success of our forces and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service". According to Stephen L. Moore, Best may have been "the first pilot to successfully bomb two Japanese carriers in one day". Considering this unique accomplishment, Admiral Thomas Moorer and Vice Admiral William D. Houser made a serious but unsuccessful effort to recommend Best for the Medal of Honor after Best's death in 2001.

Medical retirement
June 4, 1942, was the last day Best flew for the U.S. Navy. Just after Best landed on Enterprise, he began to cough up blood. Over the next twenty-four hours, his hemoptysis (coughing up blood) continued. He became acutely ill with a temperature of , and was admitted to Pearl Harbor Hospital.

Back in Pearl Harbor, Best was examined by the flight surgeon. During the morning flight on June 4 flying at  several VB-6 pilots had encountered difficulties with oxygen supply, so Best gave the order to reduce the altitude to . The oxygen rebreather of Best's SBD had become heated during the unusually long search on the morning mission on June 4. The material used in the rebreather to remove exhaled carbon dioxide was sodium hydroxide. If the device containing this material were abnormally heated, it could release caustic soda fumes through the pilot's oxygen mask; consequently, Best had inhaled caustic fumes. Sometime in the past, Best had contracted latent tuberculosis, which remained in his lungs in an inactive state for years. The inhaled caustic fumes caused a chemical pneumonitis and eroded away a tuberculosis granuloma, transforming the inactive form of the organism into an active form, resulting in the progression from latent TB infection to TB disease. Best was transferred from Pearl Harbor Hospital to Fitzsimons General Hospital in Aurora, Colorado, where he received proper treatment for his tuberculosis. Best was hospitalized in Fitzsimons Hospital until September 1943. He retired from the U.S. Navy in 1944 with a 100% disability.

Civilian life (1944–2001)
After his retirement from the Navy, Best moved to Santa Monica, California, where he lived for the rest of his life. After discharge from the hospital, Best worked in a small research division of the Douglas Aircraft Corporation. This division became part of the Rand Corporation in December 1948, where Best headed the security department until his retirement in March 1975. Best wrote the preface to the manual of Battlehawks 1942, a flight simulation video game released in 1988 by LucasFilm Games.

He died on October 28, 2001, at the age of 91, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Best was married to Doris Avis (Albrio) (1914–1968) and had a daughter, a son, a grandson, and a step-daughter.

References

Bibliography
 Cressman, Robert J., and Wenger, J. Michael, Steady Nerves and Stout Hearts:  The Enterprise (CV-6) Air Group and Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941. Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Missoula 1990.

External links

 Naval History and Heritage Command: LT. Richard H. Best of VB-6
 Arlington National Cemetery

1910 births
2001 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy bomber pilots of World War II
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Naval Academy alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Battle of Midway


A head shot is a specific type of portrait where the focus is on person's face.

Head shot or headshot may also refer to:

 Film

 Headshot (2011 film), a Thai thriller film directed by Pen-Ek Ratanaruang
 Headshot (2016 film), an Indonesian martial arts action film directed by The Mo Brothers
 Bullet to the Head (working title: Headshot), a 2012 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill

 Television

 "Head Shots", a 2013 episode of the American television drama series The Killing
 "Headshot", a 2005 episode of the American television sitcom series Yes, Dear

 Music

 Headshots: Se7en, a compilation album by the American hip hop duo Atmosphere
 "Headshot" (song), a 2021 song by Lil Tjay, Polo G, and Fivio Foreign

 Games

 Headshot, in video gaming, an attack aimed at the target's head
 Headshot, a time-out inducing action according to National Dodgeball League rules


The Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 was a medium calibre naval gun of the French Navy used during World War I and World War II. It was carried by the dreadnoughts of the Courbet and Bretagne classes as their secondary armament and planned for use in the Normandie-class battleships. It was used as the primary armament for the Arras-class sloops and planned for the La Motte-Picquet-class cruisers that was cancelled in 1915. It was also used in coast defense batteries during both World Wars.

Design
The 55 caliber Mle 1910 used the typical built-up construction of its time. It had a screw breech and used separate-loading ammunition. In the battleships it was installed in armored casemates, using central pivot mounts, but no details are available. Presumably a variant of this mount was used for the sloops. Initially the casemate mount had a range of elevation from -10° to +15°, but this was later changed to -7° to +25°. The casemate mount could traverse a total of 160°.

Coast defense duties
Twenty Mle 1910 guns were used by the Germans as coast defense guns along the French Mediterranean coast, although it is unclear if these guns were simply taken over by the Germans or if they were emplaced by them.

In 1942 14 guns removed from the battleships Courbet and Paris were installed in coast defence batteries at Dawlish, Hayle, Padstow, Par, Sidmouth, Port Talbot and Whitehaven in the UK. These guns were returned to France in September 1945.

Field artillery
The Mle 1910 was also converted to field artillery use. Both Saint-Chamond (Mle 1891 - twelve guns) and Schneider (Mle 1910 - fifteen guns) produced land carriages in early 1916 and mid 1917 respectively.   Although these guns generally met the range requirements of the French Army the carriages were heavy, clumsy and slow firing.  Saint-Chamond also constructed twelve Canon de 145mm Mle 1910  sur affût Saint-Chamond in 1916 using bored out 14 cm Mle L/55 barrels.  During World War I fourteen spare guns from the Bretagne class were sent to the front at Verdun where they were captured during a German attack in February 1916.  The guns kept their original center pivot mounts like in the picture and were placed on concrete slabs.

Ammunition
The  propellant charge for the Mle 1910 was contained in a cartridge case that would be used for all succeeding French guns of this caliber. Of course the actual amount of powder would vary with each gun, but it standardized the chamber size for all  French guns.

See also

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
 BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval gun : British equivalent
 14 cm/50 3rd Year Type naval gun : Japanese equivalent

Gallery

Notes

References

Naval guns of France
138 mm artillery
Coastal artillery