Henry I of Jawor (; ;  – 15 May 1346), was a duke of Jawor-Lwówek-Świdnica-Ziębice during 1301–1312 (with his brothers as co-rulers), sole Duke of Jawor-Lwówek since 1312 and Duke of Głogów since 1337 until his death.

He was the third son of Bolko I the Strict, Duke of Jawor-Lwówek-Świdnica-Ziębice, by his wife Beatrix, daughter of Otto V the Long, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel.

Life
On the death of his father in 1301, Henry I, his older brother Bernard and his younger brother Bolko II, inherited his domains; however, because they were still minors, Henry I and his siblings were placed under the care of their mother and their maternal uncle Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel until 1305, when the older brother Bernard was declared an adult and assumed the government and the guardianship of his brothers.

By 1307 Henry I was considered old enough to participate actively in the government. In 1312 he was made the first division of the Duchy: Henry I took Jawor and Lwówek.

Following the model of his father and brother Bernard, Henry I tried to keep his political independence and refuse to submit to any of his powerful neighbors. To this end, he approached those who were opposed to King John in Bohemia, represented by the widow of King Wenceslaus II and daughter of the King Przemysł II of Poland, Elisabeth Richeza and her lover, the powerful magnate Henryk z Lipy.

In 1316 Queen Elisabeth, against the wishes of King John, made the betrothal of her only daughter, Princess Agnes of Bohemia, with Henry I, making him a potential competitor for the Bohemian crown against King John. Shortly after this, and with the consent of Queen Elisabeth, Henry I took with his troops her dower, Hradec Králové, where he organized expeditions in support of rebels against King John.  However, two years later, Henry I settled an agreement with King John, thanks to the mediation of the German king Louis IV, Henry I brother-in-law. Shortly after, Queen Elisabeth decided to sell her fiefs to King John.

In 1319 Waldemar, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal died without issue and with him, the branch of the House of Ascania who ruled Brandenburg since the 12th century, became extinct. Through his mother Beatrix, Henry I was one of the closest relatives of the late Margrave. Determined to obtain part of Waldemar's inheritance, he entered with troops and conquest the eastern Lusatia and Zgorzelec. At the same time, the western part of the district of Bautzen was taken by King John of Bohemia. The division was formally accepted by King Louis IV, who became in the sovereign of Brandenburg after Waldemar's death. However, the Bohemian King refused to accept the loss of part of Lusatia, so in August and September 1319 erupted a brief war, who ended with an arrangement for the disputed territory of September 22, that guarantees the status quo in the district.

Ten years later, part of Lusatia returned to Bohemia, when, for unknown reasons, the inhabitants of Zgorzelec asked the King to join the district to the Bohemian crown. Henry I eventually accepted and switched this land for the towns of Trutnov and Hradec Králové, who were granted by King John only during his lifetime.

After 1329 Henry I only retained the Lusatian towns of Lubań, Żytawa, and Przewóz. His possession over these lands ended in 1337 when after an agreement signed on 4 January in Wroclaw, he received from Bohemia in exchange for his lands in Lusatia, the Duchy of Głogów, but only during his lifetime. This arrangement also made Henry I an independent ally of the Bohemian crown, and one of the most powerful and notorious Silesian Dukes of the Piast dynasty. Shortly after, in exchange to obtain Kąty Wrocławskie, Henry I paid homage to the Bohemian King.

In 1319 Henry I formally married with Agnes (b. 15 June 1305 – d. 4 January 1337), the only child of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia from his second marriage with Elisabeth Richeza of Poland. However, because they are related in the fourth degree of kinship, was necessary to obtain the Papal dispensation for the wedding, who was granted only in 1325. The couple remained childless, although Agnes did have a pregnancy, but she suffered a miscarriage in the first trimester when she rode with her horse over a hill, who caused that she kept in bed for many months.

Henry I died by 15 May 1346 and was buried in the Grüssau Abbey. Today, in Lwówek Śląski was conserved a silver tombstone, called "The Nun and the Knight" (rycerz i zakonnica), who apparently represented Henry I and his wife Agnes. Previously, the tombstone was in the Franciscan monastery of Lwówek.

References

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1290s births
1346 deaths
Piast dynasty
Dukes of Poland


Balfour Collegiate is a public high school in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, named after the city's former mayor, James Balfour. A part of Regina Public Schools, it officially opened on September 2, 1930. It is located in the Core Group neighbourhood of central Regina. Originally a technical school (with an attached commercial high school), Balfour was given official collegiate status in 1984 due to the closure of nearby Central Collegiate Institute.

Balfour Collegiate was chosen in 1995 as an exemplary secondary school by the Canadian Education Association.

Its feeder schools include Arcola Community School, Douglas Park School, Thomson Community School, Wascana Plains School, and W.F. Ready School.

Activities
Art Club
Athletic Trainers
Canteen Staff
Concert Band/Choir
Dances
Diversity Day
Fall and Spring Productions
Improv
Jazz Ensemble
Library Club
Outdoor Club
Peer Support
Red Cross
SADD
Science Club
Seniors' Night
Student Rep. Council
Vocal Jazz Ensemble
Weightlifting Club
Wellness Committee
Yearbook

Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Cross-country running
Curling
Cheer and Dance
Football
Golf
Hockey
Soccer
Softball
Track and Field
Volleyball
Wrestling

Notable alumni
Lloyd Ailsby, hockey player
Stu Davis, country-western singer/songwriter
Paul Dojack, CFL referee
Dunc Fisher, hockey player

Affiliated communities
Al Ritchie (pop. 7860)
Arcola East - North (pop. 9995)
Arcola East - South (pop. 7665)
Boothill (pop. 2765)
Core Group (pop. 4430)
Eastview (pop. 1555)
Gladmer Park (pop. 1470)

References
Argan, William, Pamela Cowan and Gordon W. Staseson (2003). "Regina: The First 100 Years." Leader Post Carrier Foundation Inc., 133.

External links
Balfour Collegiate website

High schools in Regina, Saskatchewan
Educational institutions established in 1930
1930 establishments in Saskatchewan


Sue Desmond-Hellmann is an American oncologist and biotechnology leader who served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation from 2014–2020. She was previously Chancellor of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the first woman to hold the position, and Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Distinguished Professor, and before that president of product development at Genentech, where she played a role in the development of the first gene-targeted cancer drugs, Avastin and Herceptin.

Early life and education
Desmond-Hellmann grew up in Reno, Nevada, as one of seven children. Her father worked as a pharmacist and her mother was an English teacher. She earned a bachelor of science degree in pre-medicine and an M.D. from the University of Nevada, Reno and received her residency training at UCSF, where she served as chief resident. She is board-certified in internal medicine and medical oncology, and also holds a master's degree in public health from the University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health.

Career

Beginnings
Desmond-Hellmann served as an associate adjunct professor of epidemiology and biostatistics At UCSF. She joined the UCSF medical faculty during the HIV/AIDS epidemic in San Francisco, and worked on Kaposi's sarcoma. Beginning in 1989 both she and her husband, an infectious disease doctor, spent two years as visiting faculty at the Uganda Cancer Institute, studying and treating patients with infectious diseases and Kaposi's sarcoma in a project funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. She then spent two years in private practice.

Returning to clinical research, Desmond-Hellmann became associate director of clinical cancer research at Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute. While there, she was the project team leader for Taxol.

In 1995 Desmond-Hellmann joined Genentech as a clinical scientist. She was named chief medical officer the following year, and in 1999 became executive vice president of development and product operations. From March 2004 through April 2009 she was president of product development, playing a role in the development of two of the first gene-targeted therapies for cancer, Avastin and Herceptin. She left after the company was acquired by Roche Pharmaceuticals. At that point her compensation was $8 million a year.

From 2005 to 2008, Desmond-Hellmann served a three-year term as a member of the American Association for Cancer Research board of directors, and from 2001 to 2009, she served on the executive committee of the board of directors of the Biotechnology Industry Organization. She also served a three-year term on the Economic Advisory Council of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco beginning in January 2009. She served on the corporate board of Affymetrix from 2004 to 2009 and on the board of Procter & Gamble in 2012–13,

Chancellor of UCSF, 2009–2013
After being invited to apply, on August 3, 2009, Desmond-Hellmann became the ninth Chancellor of UCSF, and the first woman to hold the position. Desmond-Hellmann became the first Chancellor drawn from outside academia. Her starting salary was $450,000 a year.

In June 2010, one day after being questioned by The New York Times, Desmond-Hellmann sold her stock in the Altria Group, which owns Phillip Morris USA and other tobacco companies, and subsequently donated $134,000 to the tobacco control center at UCSF. She said that many of her holdings had been purchased on her behalf by her stockbroker and that she was too busy to oversee all her investments,  although she had included the stock on her financial disclosure statement.

In January 2012 Desmond-Hellmann proposed changing the relationship between UCSF, a health sciences university, and the University of California. She proposed creating partnerships between UCSF and private pharmaceutical corporations and other sources of funding, in order to increase its revenues and resolve its projected financial instability.

Desmond-Hellmann served as UCSF Chancellor until March 2014, holding the Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Distinguished Professorship during her tenure.

Precision medicine network
In 2011, Desmond-Hellmann co-chaired a National Academy of Sciences committee that recommended creating a Google Maps-like data network aimed at developing more diagnostics and treatments tailored to individual patients — a concept known as precision medicine. The so-called "knowledge network" would integrate the wealth of data emerging on the molecular basis of disease with information on environmental factors and patients’ electronic medical records and would allow scientists to share emerging research findings faster, thereby accelerating the development of tailored treatments. It also would allow clinicians to make more informed decisions about treatments, reduce health care costs and ultimately improve care. The NAS report, titled "Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease", was described by Keith Yamamoto, Vice Chancellor for Research at UCSF, as "the most important National Academy of Sciences Framework Analysis since that advisory body recommended that the United States go forward with the Human Genome Project".

CEO of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2014–2020
On December 17, 2013, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announced that it had selected Desmond-Hellmann as its next chief executive officer. She assumed her role on May 1, 2014, the first head of the foundation to be neither a former Microsoft executive nor a personal friend of the Gates', and the first physician.

In 2017 Desmond-Hellmann became a member of the Prix Galien USA Committee, succeeding Roy Vagelos as Chair of that Committee in 2018. She is also Chair of the Prix Galien International and Member of the Prix Galien Africa Committee.

In December 2019, Desmond-Hellmann announced plans to step down from her role as BMGF CEO "for health and family reasons". Mark Suzman will leave his role of BMGF president of Global Policy & Advocacy and chief strategy officer to become the new BMGF CEO on February 1, 2020.

Later career
In 2021, Desmond-Hellmann was appointed by President Joe Biden to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), co-chaired by Frances Arnold, Eric Lander and Maria Zuber.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Facebook, Member of the Board of Directors (2013–2019)
 Pfizer, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020)

Non-profit organizations
 Global He@lth 2030 Innovation Task Force, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2015)
 California Academy of Sciences, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2008)
 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2012)

Personal life
Desmond-Hellmann married Nicholas Hellmann in 1987.

References

External links
Gates Foundation CEO Sue Desmond-Hellmann
Susan Desmond-Hellmann's Short Talk: "Herceptin and Drug Development"

21st-century American women
American nonprofit chief executives
American women chief executives
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation people
Businesspeople from Reno, Nevada
Chancellors of campuses of the University of California
Fellows of the AACR Academy
Genentech people
Living people
UC Berkeley School of Public Health alumni
University of California, San Francisco alumni
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Women heads of universities and colleges
1958 births
Members of the National Academy of Medicine


Dhani Tackles the Globe is an American documentary television series hosted by NFL linebacker Dhani Jones of the Cincinnati Bengals, currently airing on the Travel Channel; the series followed Jones around the globe as he learned how to play international sports and simultaneously explored the culture of each location. It was cancelled after two seasons.

Episodes

Season One
 Thailand – Dhani travels Thailand to train as a muay Thai kick boxer and learn about Thai culture.  In his lone match, he defeats his Thai opponent with a second-round knockout using leg kicks.
 Switzerland –  Dhani travels to Switzerland to train in the Swiss sport of schwingen.  Relying on his high school wrestling skills, as well as new techniques taught by his Swiss coach, Dhani won 2 of 4 matches against Swiss opponents in the first round, before bowing out in the single elimination final round.
 England – In January 2008 Dhani played in a rugby union match in England for Blackheath R.C. in the EDF Energy Trophy against Launceston RUFC and went fox hunting in the English countryside.
 Singapore – Dhani travels to Singapore to compete in the sport of dragon boat racing.  Dhani trains with the Singapore and American teams and competes as part of the American team, which wins its preliminary heat, but loses in the second round to Singapore.  Cultural activities include getting a pedicure from live sucker fish, eating frog's legs porridge, and the dreaded Durian fruit.
 Spain – Dhani travels to the Basque region of Spain to learn to play jai alai.  Unlike prior shows where the training was more intense, the focus for this episode is the cultural aspects (food, wine, etc.) of the Basque region.  In his sole match, Dhani and his coach (one of the top jai alai players in Spain) defeated their opponents.
 Cambodia – Dhani travels to Phnom Penh, Cambodia where he learns pradal serey with Kru Long Salavorn.  He also travels to Angkor and takes in some Cambodian culture, including a youth break dancing center.  At the Cambodian Television Network boxing stadium, he wins a three-round decision over his opponent.
 Australia – Dhani trains for and participates in a surf lifesaving competition.
 New Zealand – As part of his tour Dhani visits several sailing syndicates in New Zealand competing for the Louis Vuitton Pacific Series. He works as a grinder on Team New Zealand's yacht and sails as the 18th man with Team Origin.
 Ireland – Dhani travels to Ireland to play hurling.  He also visits the Guinness brewery.
 Russia – Dhani travels to St. Petersburg, Russia and practices the Russian military sport of sambo. He also visits a Russian military base outside of the city.

Season Two
 Italy – First aired on April 19, 2010. Dhani travels to Italy to compete in a local cycling race in the Italian Alps. Dhani trains with a stage winner of the Giro d'Italia and learns more about the local culture in Northern Italy. Given his substantial upper body when compared to a typical cyclist, Dhani struggled with the initial climb of this race, and comes in several hours behind the winners. It was one of the few events where Dhani himself noted he "didn't have a chance to win". Nevertheless, he finished and gained a newfound respect for the grueling aspects of this sport.
 Senegal –  First aired on April 26, 2010. Dhani travels to Senegal to train and compete in the Senegalese wrestling style known as Lutte. Dhani is matched with a revered Senegalese wrestler, known as "Bombardier", who trains him and introduces him to aspects of Senegalese culture. Relying on his high school wrestling skills as well as new techniques taught by his coach, Dhani won his lone match.
 Iceland –  First aired on May 3, 2010. Dhani visits Iceland and competes in a strongman competition. The competition consists of several events testing the participant's strength and endurance. Dhani generally does well in training and seems to impress his coaches. After visiting a few sites, Dhani competes in a local event. Despite his lack of training and experience, he is one of the few contestants to complete every event and ends up in second place out of a dozen or more competitors.
  Jamaica – First aired on May 10, 2010. Dhani visits Jamaica and learns how to play cricket. As many Americans who grew up playing baseball, he initially has problems with fundamentals (i.e. dropping the bat as one would do in baseball but not in cricket). However he eventually gets the hang of it to take a couple of wickets and make some bowling and fielding plays.
  Croatia – First aired on May 17, 2010. Dhani travels to the port city of Dubrovnik, Croatia to learn water polo. Although a strong swimmer, Dhani appears exhausted by the training regimen of the local water polo club.  While there, he takes in the cultural scene, traveling to a nearby village where shellfish are harvested, and he visits the oldest continuously operated pharmacy in the world. Being an enthusiast of bow ties, he shops at what is believed to be the first shop to produce neckties, (known originally as the cravat). In his single water polo match, Dhani sees some action on defense and scores a goal on offense.
  South Africa – First aired on May 24, 2010. In celebration of the 2010 World Cup Dhani travels to South Africa to learn soccer. In addition to training with a local club team, he gets to go cage diving and get face to face with great white sharks. In the lone match, Dhani plays the majority of the game on defense.  However he was called upon to take a penalty kick and scored a goal for his team.
  Mexico – First aired June 14, 2010. In his most outrageous show to date Dhani travels to Mexico City, Mexico to become a lucha libre wrestler. The show begins where he and his interpreter are sitting ringside, when Máscara Año 2000, Jr. is tossed out of the ring in front of them. Words are exchanged between Máscara Año 2000, Jr. and the interpreter, and Dhani intervenes on behalf of his guide. After security separates them, Máscara Año 2000, Jr. and Dhani each announce to the crowd that they will wrestle next week to "settle" their dispute. After engaging in some cultural activities, the real action takes place when Dhani practices the full panoply of high-flying moves that make lucha libre entertaining. The match between Dhani and Máscara Año 2000, Jr. is action packed, and after a long battle, Dhani pins his opponent. However, Dhani is later disqualified for a low blow to his opponent.
 Scotland – Highland Games
 Brazil – Beach volleyball
 Nepal – Everest Base Camp

See also
 Last Man Standing, UK series in which competitors travel the world and participate in traditional sports

References

External links

2009 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American documentary television series
2010s American documentary television series
American sports television series
English-language television shows
Travel Channel original programming
Muay Thai television series


Gabriel González (born May 24, 1972) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for one season. He pitched for the Florida Marlins for three games during the 1998 Florida Marlins season.

External links

1972 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Florida Marlins players
Charlotte Knights players
Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players
Long Beach Breakers players
Baseball players from Long Beach, California
Brevard County Manatees players
Calgary Cannons players
Harrisburg Senators players
Kane County Cougars players
Mobile BayBears players
Ottawa Lynx players
Portland Beavers players
Portland Sea Dogs players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada


Sarojini Varadappan (21 September 1921 − 17 October 2013) was an Indian social worker from the state of Tamil Nadu. She was the daughter of former Chief Minister of Madras, M. Bhaktavatsalam.

Early life

Sarojini was born in Madras on 21 September 1921 to Bhaktavatsalam and Gnanasundarambal. Her father Bhaktavatsalam was a student at the Madras Law college when she was born. She studied till ninth standard at Lady Sivaswami Girls School when her education was discontinued. She studied Hindi through private home tuitions and completed her Visharadh. As her family objected to her travelling to an exam center to write her exams, her Prathmic exams were conducted at home. In her later years, she explained that her education was curtailed due to the conservativeness of her family. She was associated with the Indian National Congress and the Congress Seva Dal during her early days.

At an early age, she was married to her cousin Varadappan. Sarojini was 21 years old when her father was arrested at the height of the Quit India Movement. After two years of imprisonment, he was released in 1944.

Sarojini resumed her studies after marriage and completed her Master's in political science from Mysore University through correspondence. She also did her MA in Vaishnavism from Madras University. Sarojini got her PhD at the age of 80 for her thesis on "Social Service and the Swami Narayan Movement". Sarojini is also an ardent devotee of the Paramacharya of Kanchi, Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi. Her niece Mrs. Jayanthi Natarajan was a minister in the central cabinet. She died on 17 October 2013, at the age of 92.

Music

Sarojini learnt music from Parur Sundaram Iyer and sung prayer songs at Congress meetings. She also learnt Kshetragna padams and Tamil padams from Mylapore Gowri Amma, Bharatiyar songs from E. Krishna Iyer and Hindi bhajans from Veena Visalakshi.

Social activities

Sarojini was involved in social activities ever since her early days. Her mother Gnanasundarambal was associated with the Women's India Association (WIA) and Sarojini joined the organisation at an early age. Sarojini also served as the President of the WIA. Under her leadership, the number of branches of the organisation increased from four to 76. Sarojini is also the president of the Mylapore Academy.

Sarojini has been a member of the Indian Red Cross Society for over 35 years. When Marri Chenna Reddy was the Governor of Tamil Nadu, she was appointed President of the society. This was contrary to the usual practice of requesting the Governor's wife to preside over the society. When contacted, Channa Reddy's wife had declined the request due to her lack of proficiency in Tamil and instead asked Sarojini to preside over the organisation.

She served as the chairperson of Central Social Welfare Board of Government of India from 1973-1977. In 1987, Government of India appointed the High Power Committee on Nursing and Nursing Profession with Sarojini Varadappan as its chairperson to review the roles, functions, status, preparation of the Nursing Personnel, nursing services and other issues related to the development of Nursing profession and to make suitable recommendation to the Government. The committee submitted its report in 1989.

Honours

Sarojini was awarded India's fourth highest civilian award, the Padma Shri in 1973. She was awarded the Jankidevi Bajaj award for 2004 at a function in Chennai held on 23 February 2005. The same year, she received Jamnalal Bajaj Award from the Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation. In 2009, Sarojini was awarded India's third highest civilian award, the Padma Bhushan for social service. On 5 March 2009, she was honoured at a function in Chennai. She was selected Sheriff of Madras for 1983.

Notes

1921 births
2013 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Tamil activists
University of Mysore alumni
Red Cross personnel
Indian women activists
University of Madras alumni
20th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian women educators
Indian political scientists
Women political scientists
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian social scientists
Women scientists from Tamil Nadu
Activists from Tamil Nadu
Indian women scholars
Sheriffs of Madras
Scholars from Chennai
Social workers from Tamil Nadu
Women educators from Tamil Nadu
Educators from Tamil Nadu


Morton Lachman (March 20, 1918 – March 17, 2009) was an American comedy writer and producer who worked for Bob Hope for more than twenty years and subsequently produced sitcoms for television, including All in the Family and Kate & Allie. He also worked on One Day at a Time and Sanford and later co-created Gimme A Break! with Sy Rosen.

He won two Emmy awards — one in 1978 for his work on All in the Family, and one in 1974 for his direction of an episode of The ABC Afternoon Playbreak.

He died three days before his 91st birthday from a diabetes-related heart attack.

References

External links

American television producers
1918 births
2009 deaths
American male television writers
American television writers
American male screenwriters
American comedy writers
20th-century American screenwriters


The Communications Exploitation Section (CXS), established in December 2002, is an office of the Operations II branch of the FBI Counterterrorism Division, which is tasked with analyzing captured communications data (such as phone call records and internet traffic) to identify and monitor "terrorist" networks.

From 2003 to 2005, CXS sent out 739 "exigent letters" to U.S. telephone companies requesting that they send phone call records for their customers.

See also
 Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act
 Surveillance
 War on Terrorism

References

Further reading
 A Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Use of Exigent Letters and Other Informal Requests for Telephone Records, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, Oversight and Review Division, January 2010 (Accessed: August 14, 2010)
 Robert Mueller, The FBI's Counterterrorism Program: Report to The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States
 Bassem Youssef Letter to Director Mueller

Surveillance
Federal Bureau of Investigation


The Central American red brocket (Mazama temama) is a species of brocket deer ranging from southern Mexico, through Central America, to northwestern Colombia.

Taxonomy
In 1792 Robert Kerr originally described it as a unique separate species as opposed to a subspecies. It was treated as a subspecies of the red brocket (Mazama americana) from South America, but its karyotype has 2n = 50, while the latter's was initially described as having 2n = 68–70. However, a more recent description gives the red brocket a variable karyotype with 2n ranging from 48 to 54, suggesting it represents several species. It is sympatric with the Yucatan brown brocket (Odocoileus pandora) over part of its range. Additionally, it was estimated that Mazama temama diverged from other red brocket deer about 2 MYA. This was estimated through analysis of concatenated sequences from the mitochondrial gene ND2, Cytb, and tRNA-Pro-Control region.

Habitat
The species is found in primary and secondary tropical forest at altitudes from sea level to 2800 m.

Conservation
In Mexico, it is regarded as an agricultural pest by bean farmers. It is probably threatened by hunting and deforestation. Due to not much being known about the species, it is rated as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List.

References

Ungulates of Central America
Mazama (genus)
Mammals described in 1792


The Titiwangsa Forest Complex runs along the Titiwangsa Mountains and forms part of the Central Forest Spine of Peninsular Malaysia.

Patches and Roads

The Titiwangsa Forest Complex comprises the following patches which are divided by roads running from East to West across the range:

 Greater Belum Forest Patch

Lebuhraya Timur–Barat (Malaysia Federal Route 4)

 Greater Gunung Korbu Forest Patch

Lebuhraya Timur–Barat Kedua (Malaysia Federal Route 185)

 Greater Cameron Highlands Forest Patch

Jalan Kuala Kubu Bharu–Raub (Malaysia Federal Route 55)

 Greater Fraser's Hill Forest Patch

Kuala Lumpur–Karak Expressway (Malaysia Federal Route 2, 68, E8)

 Greater Gunung Nuang Forest Patch

Malaysia Federal Route 86

 Greater Berembun Forest Patch

Malaysia Federal Route 51

 Greater Angsi Forest Patch

References
National Physical Plan.  2005. Department of Town and Country Planning, Peninsular Malaysia.

Geography of Malaysia
Forests of Malaysia
Titiwangsa Mountains


Siegel+Gale is a brand strategy and design company founded in 1969 by Alan Siegel and Robert Gale. David Srere and Howard Belk act as co-CEOs. Siegel+Gale is a part of the Brand Consulting Group, a division of Omnicom Group (NYSE-OMC). The firm is headquartered in New York City with offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, London, Dubai, Shanghai, and Tokyo. It serves a wide range of corporate, non-profit, and government clients. Its corporate tagline is “Simple is smart.”   Each year, they release a study called a "The World's Simplest Brands"

Founding and ownership
Siegel+Gale was founded in 1969 by Alan Siegel, an advertising, public relations and design-trained executive, and Robert Gale, a designer. The company was first operated out of Siegel's apartment in New York City. Gale sold his share of the firm in 1974.  In 1988, the company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Saatchi & Saatchi, the global brand advertising and marketing firm. After 10 years, Siegel+Gale organized an employee buy-back of the firm in association with a venture capital firm and Fleet Bank (now owned by Bank of America, Inc.).  In 2003, the firm was acquired by the large marketing and communications company, Omnicom Group Inc.

References

International management consulting firms
Management consulting firms of the United States
Consulting firms established in 1969
Branding companies of the United States
Companies based in New York City
1988 mergers and acquisitions
1998 mergers and acquisitions
2003 mergers and acquisitions


Tonette Lopez (died April 25, 2006) was the first transgender woman activist in the Philippines and a popular Asian LGBT activist, HIV/AIDS researcher and journalist.

Lopez led the 16th International AIDS Conference in 2005.

Gahum Philippines
In 2001, Lopez started the Gay Human Rights Movement (GAHUM), based in Cebu City.

Lopez has stated: "Discrimination is very eminent. A country such ours, which is predominantly Roman Catholic is very difficult. Opinions and decisions are always coiled and intertwined with one's religiosity, belief and faith."

See also
LGBT rights in the Philippines

References

http://www.tsphilippines.com/tonette.htm
http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/smmt-2/lopez2.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20090525033526/http://progay.multiply.com/journal
 http://www.tsphilippines.com/transgenderrights.htm

External links
http://apnsw.org/r/lopez.htm

Filipino transgender people
Filipino LGBT rights activists
Filipino activists
Filipino women activists
People from Tacloban
Year of birth missing
2006 deaths
Transgender women
People from Eastern Samar


Vidmantas Bartulis (3 April 1954 – 30 January 2020) was a Lithuanian composer, and a recipient of the Lithuanian National Prize (1998).

Bartulis's works include Missa brevis and the oratorio Nelaimelis Jobas (2003).

References

External links
Discography

1954 births
2020 deaths
Lithuanian composers
Musicians from Kaunas
Male composers
20th-century composers
21st-century composers
20th-century Lithuanian male musicians
21st-century Lithuanian male musicians


This article lists the chairmen of the Senate of Turkey, which existed as an upper house of the Turkish parliament between 1961 and 1980.

List of chairmen

See also
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Speaker of the Grand National Assembly
Senate of the Republic

References
Turkish ministries, etc – Rulers.org

Politics of Turkey
Turkey, Senate
Senate, Chairmen
Senate of the Republic (Turkey)


Bartulis or Bārtulis is the masculine form of a Lithuanian and Latvian surname. Its feminine forms in Lithuanian are Bartulienė (married woman or widow) and Bartulytė (unmarried woman), but in Latvian Bārtule. Notable people with the surname include:

A. C. Bartulis (1927–2011), American politician and businessman
Eugenijus Bartulis (born 1949), bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Šiauliai
Vidmantas Bartulis (1954–2020), Lithuanian composer
Oskars Bārtulis (born 1987), Latvian ice hockey player

Latvian-language masculine surnames
Lithuanian-language surnames


This list comprises all players who have participated in at least one league match for Vancouver Whitecaps since the USL began keeping archived records in 2003. Players who were on the roster but never played a first team game are not listed; players who appeared for the team in other competitions (Voyageurs Cup, Open Canada Cup, CONCACAF Champions League, etc.) but never actually made an USL appearance are noted at the bottom of the page where appropriate.

This list does not include the NASL Whitecaps players unless they played in US Division 2 which the Vancouver 86ers began play in 1993, nor the MLS Whitecaps players.  This list also includes players in the USSF D2 Pro League for the year of 2010.  This list cannot be relied upon to include all players prior to 2003, nor Vancouver 86ers players who played in Canada's Division 1 Canadian Soccer League (1987-1992).

A "†" denotes players who only appeared in a single match.
A "*" denotes players who are known to have appeared for the team prior to 2003.

Roster

A
  Sola Abolaji
  Nicholas Addlery
  Mouloud Akloul
  Nelson Akwari
  Jay Alberts
  Said Ali
  Cody Arnoux
  Vicente Arze
  Geoff Aunger *

B
  Joel John Bailey
  Tyler Baldock
  Ivan Belfiore*
  Luca Bellisomo
  Nico Berg *
  Gary Brooks
  Tyrell Burgess
  Anthony Blondell

C
  Tony Caig
  Kevin Cameron
  Adrian Cann
  John Catliff *
  Rick Celebrini *
  Wesley Charles
  Gordon Chin
  Davide Chiumiento
  Chris Clarke
  Ian Clarke
  Jeff Clarke
  Carlo Corazzin
  La'Vere Corbin-Ong †
  Chris Craveiro
  Jason Craveiro
  Nico Craveiro
  Tino Cucca

D
  Paul Dailly
  Nick Dasovic
  Fuseini Dauda
  Philippe Davies
  William de Silva
  Srdjan Djekanovic
  Tony Donatelli
  Terry Dunfield

E
  Jim Easton Jr. *
  Randy Edwini-Bonsu
  David Elligott
  Alex Elliott
  Ivor Evans *

F
  António Fonseca
  Willis Forko
  Chris Franks
  Michael Franks
  Steven Frazao
  Ian Fuller
  Douglas Muirhead

G
  Ethan Gage
  Charles Gbeke
  Nick Gilbert *
  Joey Gjertsen
  Richard Goddard
  Mark Gomes
  Andrew Gregor
  Winston Griffiths

H
  Marcus Haber
  Josh Hansen
  Kevin Harmse
  Ollie Heald
  Takashi Hirano
  Lars Hirschfeld *
  Kevin Holness *
  Eric Hassli

I
  Greg Ion*
  Justin Isidro

J
  Marlon James
  Greg Janicki
  Omar Jarun
  Martin Johnston
  John Jones
  Jason Jordan

K
  Diaz Kambere
  Nizar Khalfan
  Steve Kindel
  Tiarnan King
  Steve Klein
  Wes Knight
  Gershon Koffie

L
  Bob Lenarduzzi *
  Stefan Leslie
  Jamie Lowery *
  Shaun Lowther *
  Geordie Lyall

M
  Steve Macdonald*
  Alen Marcina
  Nigel Marples
  Alexander Marques-Delgado
  Lyle Martin
  Navid Mashinchi
  Sita-Taty Matondo
  Josue Mayard
  Jonathan McDonald
  Doug McKinty *
  Jason McLaughlin
  Dale Mitchell *
  Domenic Mobilio *
  Ridge Mobulu
  Jared Montz *
  Justin Moose
  Alexandre Morfaw
  David Morris
  Doug Muirhead *
  Scott Munson *

N
  Martin Nash
  Matthew Nelson
  Jay Nolly
  Anthony Noreiga
  David Norman *

O
  Norm Odinga *
  Giuliano Oliviero *
  Pat Onstad *
  Michael Onwatuegwu †
  Dever Orgill

P
  Jeff Parke
  Shaun Pejic
  Lutz Pfannenstiel
  Jeremie Piette
  Kyle Porter
  Simon Postma
  Chris Pozniak

R
  Marco Reda
  Mario Jorge Ramos-Aveleira
  Craig Robson

S
  Jake Sagare
  Admir Salihovic
  Randy Samuel*
  Ricardo Sánchez
  Eduardo Sebrango
  Alex Semenets
  Musa Shannon
  Jeff Skinner
  Graham Smith
  Jonny Steele
  Cornelius Stewart
  Ryan Suarez
  John Sulentic

T
  Narcisse Tchoumi-Tchandja
  Russell Teibert †
  David Testo
  Simon Thomas †
  Justin Thompson
  Niall Thompson *
  Guido Titotto*
  Rick Titus *
  Ansu Toure
  Doudou Touré
  Mason Trafford
  Ryan Trout
  Zourab Tsiskaridze

V
  Alfredo Valente
  Carl Valentine *
  Andrew Veer
  Kénold Versailles

W
  Blake Wagner
  Mark Watson
  Mason Webb
  Nick Webb
  Josh Wicks
  Chris Williams
  Corey Woolfolk

X
  Davide Xausa

Y
  Gregor Young*

Z
  Zé Roberto

See also
 List of Vancouver Whitecaps FC players—equivalent list for this team's Major League Soccer successor

Sources

Vancouver Whitecaps

Vancouver Whitecaps (1974–1984) players
Association football player non-biographical articles


Sadani is one of two places in Tanzania with this name.  This is the one in Tanga Region, near the coast.

History
In the East African campaign of World War I the British Royal Navy bombarded Sadani, first with the monitor  on 26 July 1916 and then with the battleship  on 3 August. This led the German East African authorities in Sadani to surrender to British land and naval forces.

Transport
Both namesakes are served by nearby stations on the national railway network.

See also
 Railway stations in Tanzania

References

Populated places in Tanga Region


In computer science and probability theory, a random binary tree is a binary tree selected at random from some probability distribution on binary trees. Two different distributions are commonly used: binary trees formed by inserting nodes one at a time according to a random permutation, and binary trees chosen from a uniform discrete distribution in which all distinct trees are equally likely. It is also possible to form other distributions, for instance by repeated splitting. Adding and removing nodes directly in a random binary tree will in general disrupt its random structure, but the treap and related randomized binary search tree data structures use the principle of binary trees formed from a random permutation in order to maintain a balanced binary search tree dynamically as nodes are inserted and deleted.

For random trees that are not necessarily binary, see random tree.

Binary trees from random permutations
For any set of numbers (or, more generally, values from some total order), one may form a binary search tree in which each number is inserted in sequence as a leaf of the tree, without changing the structure of the previously inserted numbers. The position into which each number should be inserted is uniquely determined by a binary search in the tree formed by the previous numbers. For instance, if the three numbers (1,3,2) are inserted into a tree in that sequence, the number 1 will sit at the root of the tree, the number 3 will be placed as its right child, and the number 2 as the left child of the number 3. There are six different permutations of the numbers (1,2,3), but only five trees may be constructed from them. That is because the permutations (2,1,3) and (2,3,1) form the same tree.

Expected depth of a node
For any fixed choice of a value  in a given set of  numbers, if one randomly permutes the numbers and forms a binary tree from them as described above, the expected value of the length of the path from the root of the tree to  is at most , where "" denotes the natural logarithm function and the  introduces big O notation. For, the expected number of ancestors of  is by linearity of expectation equal to the sum, over all other values  in the set, of the probability that  is an ancestor of . And a value  is an ancestor of  exactly when  is the first element to be inserted from the elements in the interval . Thus, the values that are adjacent to  in the sorted sequence of values have probability  of being an ancestor of , the values one step away have probability , etc. Adding these probabilities for all positions in the sorted sequence gives twice a Harmonic number, leading to the bound above. A bound of this form holds also for the expected search length of a path to a fixed value  that is not part of the given set.

To understand it by using min-max records. The number in a random permutation is the min (max) record means it is the min (max) value from the first position to its position. Consider a simple example  = (2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 1). The min records in  are 2, 1 by searching the min value from start to the end. Similarly, the max recodes in  are 2, 4, 6. The expected number of min (max) records is all probability of each number in a random permutation. For position , it has the probability of 1/. Therefore, the expected number of min (max) records is a Harmonic number. To search 3 in , all numbers in (2, 1) is less than 3, and (4, 6, 5, 1) is bigger than 3. The searching on 's random binary tree only counts max records on (2, 1) and min records on (4, 6, 5, 1)—this is why it is twice a Harmonic number.

The longest path
Although not as easy to analyze as the average path length, there has also been much research on determining the expectation (or high probability bounds) of the length of the longest path in a binary search tree generated from a random insertion order. It is now known that this length, for a tree with  nodes, is almost surely

where  is the unique number in the range  satisfying the equation

Expected number of leaves
In the random permutation model, each of the numbers from the set of numbers used to form the tree, except for the smallest and largest of the numbers, has probability  of being a leaf in the tree, for it is a leaf when it inserted after its two neighbors, and any of the six permutations of these two neighbors and it are equally likely. By similar reasoning, the smallest and largest of the numbers have probability  of being a leaf. Therefore, the expected number of leaves is the sum of these probabilities, which for  is exactly .

Strahler Number
The Strahler number of a tree is a more sensitive measure of the distance from a leaf in which a node has Strahler number  whenever it has either a child with that number or two children with number .  For n-node random binary search trees, simulations suggest that the expected Strahler number is . However, only the upper bound  has actually been proven.

Treaps and randomized binary search trees
In applications of binary search tree data structures, it is rare for the values in the tree to be inserted without deletion in a random order, limiting the direct applications of random binary trees. However, algorithm designers have devised data structures that allow insertions and deletions to be performed in a binary search tree, at each step maintaining as an invariant the property that the shape of the tree is a random variable with the same distribution as a random binary search tree.

If a given set of ordered numbers is assigned numeric priorities (distinct numbers unrelated to their values), these priorities may be used to construct a Cartesian tree for the numbers, a binary tree that has as its inorder traversal sequence the sorted sequence of the numbers and that is heap-ordered by priorities. Although more efficient construction algorithms are known, it is helpful to think of a Cartesian tree as being constructed by inserting the given numbers into a binary search tree in priority order. Thus, by choosing the priorities either to be a set of independent random real numbers in the unit interval, or by choosing them to be a random permutation of the numbers from  to  (where  is the number of nodes in the tree), and by maintaining the heap ordering property using tree rotations after any insertion or deletion of a node, it is possible to maintain a data structure that behaves like a random binary search tree. Such a data structure is known as a treap or a randomized binary search tree.

Uniformly random binary trees
The number of binary trees with n nodes is a Catalan number: for  these numbers of trees are
 .
Thus, if one of these trees is selected uniformly at random, its probability is the reciprocal of a Catalan number. Trees in this model have expected depth proportional to the square root of , rather than to the logarithm. However, the expected Strahler number of a uniformly random n-node binary tree is  lower than the expected Strahler number of random binary search trees.

Due to their large heights, this model of equiprobable random trees is not generally used for binary search trees, but it has been applied to problems of modeling the parse trees of algebraic expressions in compiler design (where the above-mentioned bound on Strahler number translates into the number of registers needed to evaluate an expression) and for modeling evolutionary trees. In some cases the analysis of random binary trees under the random permutation model can be automatically transferred to the uniform model.

Random split trees
 generate random binary trees with  nodes by generating a real-valued random variable  in the unit interval , assigning the first  nodes (rounded down to an integer number of nodes) to the left subtree, the next node to the root, and the remaining nodes to the right subtree, and continuing recursively in each subtree. If  is chosen uniformly at random in the interval, the result is the same as the random binary search tree generated by a random permutation of the nodes, as any node is equally likely to be chosen as root; however, this formulation allows other distributions to be used instead. For instance, in the uniformly random binary tree model, once a root is fixed each of its two subtrees must also be uniformly random, so the uniformly random model may also be generated by a different choice of distribution for . As Devroye and Kruszewski show, by choosing a beta distribution on  and by using an appropriate choice of shape to draw each of the branches, the mathematical trees generated by this process can be used to create realistic-looking botanical trees.

Notes

References
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External links

Open Data Structures - Chapter 7 - Random Binary Search Trees, Pat Morin

Binary trees
Statistical randomness
Probabilistic data structures


Sunfish Pond is a  glacial lake surrounded by a  hardwood forest located on the Kittatinny Ridge within Worthington State Forest, adjacent to the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in Warren County, New Jersey.   The Appalachian Trail runs alongside the western and northern edges of the lake.   It was created by the Wisconsin Glacier during the last ice age.  The lake was declared a National Natural Landmark in January 1970.

History
The land was purchased by Charles C. Worthington who used the forest as a deer hunting preserve; the lake supplied water to his mansion.

In 1965, there was a plan to create a reservoir which would have covered the lake.  Casey Kays, a local custodian, led 655 people on a hike to protest the plan.  Further hikes and letter campaigns caused the power companies that owned the land to donate it to the state in 1966.  Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas mentioned the lake in his dissenting opinion in the Sierra Club v. Morton case. On a hike in 1967, Douglas accompanied more than a thousand people to Sunfish Pond. He said: "It's a vital element in the need to save some of our wilderness from the encroachment of civilization."

Flora and fauna
The lake is surrounded by stands of mountain laurel, sheep laurel, and Cunila origanoides.  Nearby are fields of Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. The lake itself also has Drosera rotundifolia growing near the edge.

Visiting
Sunfish pond is a popular hiking destination. Several trails reach the lake, including the Appalachian Trail which runs alongside the western and northern edges of the lake. It is the southernmost glacial tarn along that trail.

The shortest distance to the lake is 1.2 miles from the Douglas trailhead on Old Mine Road via the Garvey Springs Trail. The Douglas Trail, named after Justice Douglas, can be taken to the Appalachian Trail and then Sunfish Pond. The trails are steep and rocky in places. There is no swimming in the lake. There is a Leave No Trace campground a quarter mile away, but proper food precautions must be followed since black bears are active in the area.

There is a collection of ad hoc primitive rock artworks (cairns) along the northwestern shore.

Gallery

See also
 List of National Natural Landmarks in New Jersey
 Tocks Island Dam controversy

References

External links

New Jersey Worthington Forest
Hiking the AT/Sunfish Pond in New Jersey

National Natural Landmarks in New Jersey
Bodies of water of Warren County, New Jersey
Delaware Water Gap
Glacial lakes of the United States
Lakes of New Jersey
Hardwick Township, New Jersey
Appalachian Trail


Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, commonly called coralberry, buckbrush or Indian currant is a woody species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family.

Description
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus is an erect, rhizomatous shrub. The leaves are typically oval shaped and arranged oppositely along the branches. The leaves are sessile or subsessile. The flowers are greenish-white and borne in verticils in the leaf axils. The fruit is a purple-red drupe with two stones; the drupes are persistent through winter. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus can reach a height of , but is typically . The plant is monoecious, with male and female flowers on the same individual.

Distribution
Symphoricarpos orbiculatus is native to the eastern and central United States as well as central Canada (Ontario) and northeastern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León).

References

orbiculatus
Bird food plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of the Northeastern United States
Flora of the Southeastern United States
Flora of the North-Central United States
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Amouskositte, or Amo-sgiasite, Prince of Chota ("Dreadful Water"), of Great Tellico was the son of Moytoy of Tellico and attempted to succeed him as "Emperor of the Cherokee", a title given his father by Alexander Cuming.  Few Cherokee recognized him as their First Beloved Man, and by 1753 both he and Tellico had become eclipsed by Kanagatucko (Old Hop) and Chota.

18th-century Cherokee people
Native American leaders
Year of death unknown
18th-century births
18th-century deaths
People of pre-statehood Tennessee


Miang kham (, , ) is a traditional Southeast Asian snack from Thailand and Laos ( ). It was introduced to the Siamese court of King Rama V by Princess Dara Rasmi. In Malaysia it is called Sirih Kaduk. The name miang kham translates to 'one bite wrap', from miang ('food wrapped in leaves') and kham ('a bite').

Ingredients
Miang kham mostly consists of raw fresh Piper sarmentosum (, ) or Erythrina fusca (, ) leaves that are filled with roasted coconut shavings and the following main ingredients chopped or cut into small pieces:
Shallots
Fresh red or green bird's eye chili peppers
Ginger
Garlic
Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), including the peel
 Roasted Coconut
Chopped unsalted peanuts or cashew nuts
Small dried shrimps

Background information
Miang kham is a snack food that originated in the northern part of Thailand, originally using pickled tea leaves (called miang in the northern Thai language). The dish is mentioned in Epic of the Verse of foods, a book  written by the King Rama II. In Thailand, Miang kham is usually eaten with family and friends. It is also popular in the Central Region of Thailand. This dish is mostly eaten during the raining season for it is then that cha phlu leaves are abundantly available, as it grows new leaves and shoots.

Before wrapping the filled leaves are topped with palm syrup or sugar cane syrup which often has been cooked with lemongrass, galangal, ginger and fish sauce.

Variants
 In Vientiane, the capital of Laos, miang is often folded in cooked cabbage leaves (kaalampii) or lettuce. Alternately, other leaves, such as spinach, can be used.

A variation called miang pla includes pieces of deep-fried fish in addition to the standard ingredients.

 In Thai royal cuisine in the central part of Thailand, have an alternate of wrap that adept the dish to represent of beautiful and social status e.g. Miang Kreep Bua or Miang Kham Bua Lhuang

Miang Kham Bua Lhuang (Thai:เมี่ยงคำบัวหลวง) is a snack dish originated in Thai royal cuisine in the central part of Thailand. Miang Kham Bua Lhuang (Eng: Lotus petals wrapped bite-size appetizer) is usually eaten with family and friends. This dish is mostly eaten as appetizer or snack during the meals. The name "Miang Kham" means "one bite-size wrap". Form Miang (snack wrapped in piper sarmentosum leaves) and Kham (one bite) in Thailand (Miang Kham, 2018.). Normally, this dish can have many types of wrap such as Piper sarmentosum (Thai:ใบชะพลู) and pickled tea leaves (Thai:ใบเมี่ยง)which are originated in the north of Thailand.

Ingredients

When talking about "lotus" most people might think of lotus as offering to monks and Buddha. Actually, lotus petals can be eaten with many nutritional benefits e.g. high fiber for detoxifying and nourishing health. Also it can be cooked in good side dishes such as Ingredients of Miang Kham Bua Lhuang (Miang Kham Bua Lhuang, 2012), with other ingredient e.g. shallots, chili peppers, gingers, garlic, limes, coconut sugar. (Miang Kham Bua Lhuang Thai traditional snack food for good health, 2012).

References

External links

Thai cuisine
Snack foods
Lao cuisine
Vegetable dishes of Thailand


Miss Gay Philippines (MGP) is a gay beauty pageant in the Philippines. Considered the longest-running national gay beauty pageant in the Philippines, Miss Gay Philippines was founded in 1979 by entertainment journalist and talk show host Chito Alcid. Miss Gay Philippines is currently owned by the Betera Group.

History
Miss Gay Philippines was founded in 1979 by Chito Alcid, a Filipino entertainment reporter and talk show host. Eddie Mercado, famous Filipino actor and sought-after beauty pageant host, was the original host of this competition. The pageant is intended to promote the integration of Filipino LGBT people into mainstream life in the Philippines. In an interview with the Daily Guardian, Alcid said, "[Miss Gay Philippines] is a platform for them to further develop their personality, how to be more productive gays, to be professional in dealing with people ... [and] remind them the importance of moral values and their relationship to society."

Following Alcid's death in 2013, the Miss Gay Philippines franchise was bought out by the Betera Group. The recipient of the Miss Gay Philippines — Universe title represented the Philippines at the Miss International Queen pageant held annually in Thailand until 2015, when media conglomerate Viva Entertainment and the city of Manila launched Miss Gay Manila.

Qualifications
In order to qualify as a contestant for Miss Gay Philippines, contestants must fulfill these qualifications:
 Filipino identifying as gay, trans, or bisexual
 17 to 34 years old
 At least 5'4" in height
 Proportionate physique
 At least a high school diploma
 Have good communication skills
 Have good moral character
Gay, trans, and bisexual identities are blurred in Filipino culture in a third gender identity, bakla, in contrast to Western society's strict separation of gender and sexuality.

Potential contestants do not have to be career pageanteras in order to participate. Miss Gay Philippines contestants can also have national, city, or local neighborhood titles, but can participate without having received other pageant titles.

The screening process takes place in four steps leading up to coronation night. First, potential contestants must confirm their availability for orientation, photoshoots, and the pageant itself. Second, potential contestants go through a series of interviews to confirm their qualifications. Third, potential contestants must pay the applicable registration fee in order to become an official candidate. Fourth, all official candidates must attend orientation and pictorials.

Pageant events
The Miss Gay Philippines pageant consists of traditional costumes, an opening number, swimsuits and evening gowns. After the evening gowns presentation, there is an elimination round to narrow down the contestants.

The last portion of the competition is a question-and-answer session with the remaining contestants. These question-and-answer segments are an essential part of the pageant. A smart, articulate response given by a contestant is a major factor in their pageant success. Afterwards, major titles and minor awards are awarded.

Pageants are judged by prominent figures in Filipino popular culture, including former beauty pageant queens. Previous judges include model and former beauty queen Evangeline Pascual, actress Susan Roces, Miss International pageant winner Melanie Marquez and actor Eddie Garcia.

Titles and awards
Since its inception, there have been five main titles awarded. The 2017 pageant added an additional two main titles. All titles and awards come with a cash reward. The main titles awarded at Miss Gay Philippines are:
 Miss Gay Philippines Universe
 Miss Gay Philippines World
 Miss Gay Philippines Earth
 Miss Gay Philippines International
 Miss Gay Philippines Asia Pacific
 Miss Gay Philippines Grand International
 Miss Gay Philippines Globe
The minor awards are:
 Face of Betera
 People's Choice Award
 Best in Swimsuit
 Best in Evening Gown
 Placenta Awardee (awarded to 3 contestants)

Miss Gay Philippines titleholders
Source

Significance
Through the question-and-answer portions of the pageant, Miss Gay Philippines participants have the opportunity to advocate for LGBT equity in the Philippines on a national scale. Gay pageantry and cross-dressing is used as a source of healing for gay Filipino men. Filipino scholar and writer J. Neil Garcia has referenced Miss Gay Philippines in his works pertaining to Western notions of gender performativity and queer identities in the Philippines.

Miss Gay Philippines pageants has influenced the spread of gay beauty pageants in various barangays, local neighborhoods, throughout the Philippines. These gay beauty pageants often serve as fundraisers for local bakla communities. Many Miss Gay Philippines contestants have participated in these smaller gay beauty pageants.

Miss Gay Philippines pageants have also extended over to nations where Filipinos have migrated. LGBT Filipino immigrants have held similar Miss Gay Philippines pageants in Oslo and Toronto.

Notable participants
2011 Miss Gay Philippines — Universe titleholder Trixie Maristela was crowned Miss International Queen, the largest trans beauty pageant in the world, in 2015. Maristela is the second entrant from the Philippines to win the title. Maristela has since appeared on Filipino television shows such as GMA's Karelasyon and Magkapailanman.

Ian Valdez, an actor who has appeared in Tagalog films such as Woman of Breakwater, was a Miss Gay Philippines contestant.

Controversies
Miss Gay Philippines, along with other Filipino gay beauty pageants, are a large part of LGBT culture in the Philippines. However, Filipino gay beauty pageants, according to Justin Francis Bionat of the Filipino LGBT magazine Outrage Magazine, "do not necessarily promote being LGBT, as much as exploit those who join them."

Erriz Lanceta, the recipient of the 2012 Miss Gay Philippines — Universe title, came under fire for transphobic comments made toward Miss Universe Canada contestant Jenna Talackova. Talackova is the first trans woman to compete in the pageant after Miss Universe rules were revised to allow trans women to participate. In an interview with Bombo Radyo Iloilo, Lanceta made remarks toward Talackova and other trans women that questioned their ability to answer questions about being a "real woman."

Kristine Coronel and Vodca Dee, original crown holders of Miss Gay Philippines International and Asia Pacific 2015 respectively, were dethroned from their titles and as members of the Betera Group for repeated violation of section (e) of the memorandum of agreement for Miss Gay Philippines winners that prohibits talent from participating in lesser pageants. Toni Lopez and Tyra Syntangco replaced Kristine Coronel and Vodca Dee, respectively.

See also
 Miss Gay America
 Miss International Queen
 Mr. Gay World Philippines Organization
 LGBT culture in the Philippines
 Trixie Maristela
 Jenna Talackova
 Miss Tiffany's Universe

References

External links
 Miss Gay Philippines — Facebook
 Trans Pageantry Philippines

LGBT beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in the Philippines
Philippine awards
LGBT in the Philippines
Transgender beauty pageants


Cries from Casement as His Bones are Brought to Dublin is a radio play written by David Rudkin that examines the life and controversial legacy of Irish nationalist and British diplomat Roger Casement. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio on 4 February 1973.

The project began in 1966 as a commission for Rudkin to contribute to a radio series on historical rebels, and morphed into a play about Casement when he realised that the social and political climate of the country at the time bore strong parallels to that of Casement's era.

The BBC broadcast of the play, on 4 February 1973, was produced by John Tydeman and starred Norman Rodway as Roger Casement. Other members of the cast include:  Joan Bakewell, Sean Barrett, Kate Binchy, Michael Deacon, William Eedle, Kevin Flood, Martin Friend, Heather Gibson, David Gooderson, Sheila Grant, Michael N. Harbour, John Hollis, Fraser Kerr, Rolf Lefebure, Peggy Marshall, Meryl O'Keefe, Irene Prador, David Rudkin, Henry Stamper, Eva Stuart, John Tusa, David Valla, Mary Wimbush, and Joy Worth.

An experimental stage version was performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company later that same year.

Professor David Ian Rabey has described the play as "astonishing" and "regrettably overlooked".

References

1973 plays
British radio dramas


Garren Lake may refer to:

Garrensee, lake in Switzerland
Garren Stitt (often credited as Garren Lake; born 2003), American actor


El Shaddai is a Judaic name for God.

El Shaddai may also refer to:

Shaddai (disambiguation), a Semitic Bronze Age city and the deity worshipped there
El Shaddai (movement), a Catholic Charismatic Renewal movement
El Shaddai International Christian Centre, a group of churches
El Shaddai Charitable Trust, a charity dedicated to helping street children in India
"El Shaddai" (song), a Contemporary Christian song
El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron, an action video game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360

See also
God Almighty (disambiguation)


Konstantin Saradzhev (also Constantin Saradgeff, born Saradzhian; 8 October 1877 – 22 July 1954) was an Armenian conductor and violinist. He was an advocate of new Russian music, and conducted a number of premieres of works by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Modest Mussorgsky, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Dmitri Shostakovich, and Aram Khachaturian. His son Konstantin Konstantinovich Saradzhev was a noted bell ringer and musical theorist.

Biography
He was born Konstantin Solomonovich Saradzhian in Derbent, Dagestan, in 1877; his father was a doctor.  He attended the Moscow Conservatory, where he studied violin under Jan Hřímalý and theory under Sergei Taneyev, graduating in 1898. He then became a teacher and concert performer. He had further violin study with Otakar Ševčík in Prague in 1900. In 1901 he became conductor of the Moscow Opera Lovers' Club. He also formed his own string quartet. From 1904 to 1908 he studied conducting with Arthur Nikisch in Leipzig. On return to Russia he conducted the summer symphony concerts at Sokolniki Park in 1908, 1910 and 1911. He became director of the State Institute of Theatrical Art. On 8 October 1913 he conducted the first performance of Mussorgsky's much-delayed and still incomplete comic opera The Fair at Sorochyntsi at the Free Theatre in Moscow.

Saradzhev was an advocate of new music. In 1901 he was a member of a circle of Scriabinists that included the pianist and teacher Alexander Goldenweiser, the pianist Maria Nemenova-Lunts, the writer and critic Vladimir Derzhanovsky and others. In 1909 Derzhanovsky, his wife Elena Koposova-Derzhanovskaya and Saradzhev organized "Evenings of Modern Music" in Moscow.  He conducted the first professional and first fully rehearsed performance of Stravinsky's Symphony in E flat, Op. 1 (Moscow, 22 August 1912, in the very first concert ever devoted entirely to Stravinsky's music).

Saradzhev conducted the premiere of Sergei Prokofiev's Piano Concerto No. 1 (25 July/7 August 1912; with the composer as soloist). Prokofiev later wrote that Saradzhev "realized splendidly all my tempos".

Saradzhev served in the army in World War I, not returning to Moscow until after the Russian Civil War.  He became involved with the Association for Contemporary Music and founded the Evenings of Contemporary Music in 1923. He was professor of conducting at Moscow Conservatory 1922-35, where his notable students included Boris Khaykin and Lev Oborin.

Saradzhev conducted the first Soviet performance of Prokofiev's 3rd Piano Concerto (22 March 1925, Orchestra of the Theatre of the Revolution; soloist Samuil Feinberg).  In 1927 he conducted the Moscow premiere of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 2 To October, which followed the world premiere under Nikolai Malko in Leningrad on 5 November, and was the first performance to include the revisions that Shostakovich had made after that premiere.

He was a leading advocate of Nikolai Myaskovsky's music.  He conducted the first performances of Myaskovsky's symphonic poem Silence, Op. 9 (which was dedicated to him), and his symphonies No. 8 (Moscow, 23 May 1926), No. 9 (Moscow, 29 April 1928), and No. 11 (16 January 1933).   Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 10 was dedicated to Saradzhev. In 1934 Myaskovsky wrote a Preludium and Fughetta on the name Saradzhev (for orchestra, Op. 31H; he also arranged it for piano 4-hands, Op. 31J).

The world premiere of the revised version of Prokofiev's Sinfonietta in A major, Op. 5/48 was under Konstantin Saradzhev's baton (Moscow, 18 November 1930).

He was a conductor of the Voronezh State Symphony Orchestra and in 1931 – this was 38 years after the composer died and 65 years after it was written – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Concert Overture in C minor finally received an airing, under Saradzhev's baton in Voronezh.

He later became musical director and principal conductor of the Yerevan Opera and Ballet Theatre. In September 1939 he conducted the premiere of Aram Khachaturian's first ballet Happiness.  From 1939 until his death he was director of the Yerevan Conservatory, and taught the orchestra, opera and conducting classes. His notable students there included Alexander Kopylov.  He was principal conductor of the Armenian Philharmonia 1941-44.

He died in Yerevan in 1954, aged 76. Konstantin and Zoya Saradzhev are buried at Yerevan's Central Cemetery, his memorial is a unique work of Art made of basalt.

Honours
Konstantin Saradzhev was made a Hero of Labour in 1921 and a People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1945.

Sources
 (True) Synesthete Composers and Musicians

References

External links
Saradjian

1877 births
1954 deaths
People from Derbent
Russian people of Armenian descent
Conductors (music) from the Russian Empire
Russian male conductors (music)
Russian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Armenian conductors (music)
Armenian classical violinists
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Pupils of Jan Hřímalý
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in the Ottoman Empire


Lustran and Novodur are trade names for various types of styrenic resins (ABS, ASA, SMA) owned by INEOS Styrolution, which is part of INEOS. These resins are used mainly for housings and covers requiring good toughness, strength, stiffness, chemical resistance and a good to very good surface finish. In addition to the general-purpose injection molding grades, the range comprises a large number of high heat resistant grades as well as special-purpose products for extrusion and chemical electroplating. Glass fiber reinforced and flame retardant grades are also available.

In the Czech Republic (and formerly in Czechoslovakia), "Novodur" was a trade name (registered by the company Fatra a.s. for domestic use 2.6.1971) for PVC-U (non-softened polyvinyl chloride). The term is still used in the country, mostly as an informal term for plumbing pipes.

Thermoplastics


The Paradise River in Washington state, United States, is known for having a total of eight major waterfalls.

Paradise Falls

Paradise Falls, at , is the first waterfall on the Paradise River.  The falls are a segmented block and are about  high.  The Skyline Trail crosses the river a mere  downstream from the base of the falls, however, since off-trail travel isn’t allowed in the area, one has to settle with the mediocre views from the footbridge.

Sluiskin Falls

Sluiskin Falls, at , is the second tallest waterfall on the Paradise.  It is only  shorter than Narada Falls.  The falls occur where the river, still small at this point, drops into Paradise Valley.  The falls are about  high and about  wide.

Like Paradise Falls, it would be very easy to reach the base of the falls however, since off trail travel isn’t allowed, one has to stick with long distance views from the trail.

General Hazard Stevens and Philemon Beecher Van Trump were the ones who named the falls.  They named it after a local Indian named Sluiskin who guided them to the first ascent of Mount Baker in 1870.

Ruby Falls

Ruby Falls, at , is the first major waterfall on the Paradise River after it exits Paradise Valley.  One of the most forgotten waterfalls in the area, Ruby Falls consists of 2 major tiers, first a  cascade and then a  plunge.  There is a bridge situated between the 2 tiers.  The falls are located about  upstream from the top of the Washington Cascades.

The upper tier can easily be seen from the bridge while one can get good views of the lower tier by walking about  downstream from the bridge along the Narada Falls Trail.

Washington Cascades

The Washington Cascades, at , are a series of cascades along the Paradise River that start about  downstream from the base of Ruby Falls.  The falls are a long series of cascades that drop about  over the stretch of 100 yards.  No single drop is higher than 30 feet.

Henry Schwargel named the falls in 1893 for the state of Washington.  Some sources call the falls the "Washington Torrents" and one early postcard identified them as the "Seven Sisters Falls".

Narada Falls

Sidewinder Cascades

The Sidewinder Cascades, at , are a series of cascades a short distance downstream from Narada Falls.  The falls are about  high and drop that in 3 tiers, the bottom one being the largest at about , dropping into a bunch of boulders.

Madcap Falls

Madcap Falls, at , is a small  high cascade located a short distance downstream from the mouth of Tatoosh Creek.

Most topo maps have placed Madcap Falls at incorrect locations along the river.  Some show the falls right at the mouth of Tatoosh Creek, however it has been proved there is no waterfall there.  There is a possibility that the waterfall currently known as Carter Falls is actually Madcap Falls, and Carter Falls lies further downstream.

Carter Falls

Carter Falls, at , is the final of the 9 waterfalls along the Paradise River.  It is about  tall and occurs when the river simply plunges  out of a narrow chute.  There is a small upper tier of an unknown height just above the main drop.

There is a possibility that the actual Carter falls lies further downstream and that the waterfall currently known as Carter Falls is Madcap Falls.

Henry Carter, who built the first trail to the Paradise Valley, named the falls between 1889 and 1900.

See also
 Nisqually River

References

Landforms of Lewis County, Washington
Mount Rainier National Park
Waterfalls of Pierce County, Washington
Waterfalls of Washington (state)


Olivier Kamanda is the Director of Learning and Impact Strategy at the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. He is a former Presidential Innovation Fellow and previously served as speechwriter and senior advisor to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.

Education
He obtained a bachelor of science degree from Princeton University in 2003 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 2009. It was during his third year at Penn Law that he founded the Foreign Policy Digest. Also while in law school, he was executive editor of the school's Journal of International Law and a columnist for The Huffington Post.

Career
He is the founding editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy Digest. Kamanda is a former Trustee of Princeton University and a fellow with the Truman National Security Project.

Kamanda was president of the Montgomery County Young Democrats from 2004 to 2006.

Since 2010, he has been an associate lawyer at White & Case in Washington, D.C. In 2011, Kamanda was named one of Washington, D.C.'s "Most Influential Leaders Under 40" by Washington Life Magazine.

References

External links

 Olivier Kamanda's blog on the Huffington Post
 Foreign Policy Digest website
 Penn Current Student Spotlight
 White & Case bio

American activists
American columnists
Living people
People from Chevy Chase, Maryland
Princeton University alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


24 Hour Service Station is an American independent record label founded by Marshall Dickson in Tampa, Florida, in 1993. Among its releases are Ceremony - A New Order Tribute, a charity album, and albums from artists such as Freebass, Peter Hook and The Light, The Beauvilles, John Ralston, and punk band Pink Lincolns. It also operates the division 24 Hour Distribution, a global media distribution network which is partnered with entities such as the Independent Online Distribution Alliance and The Orchard.

History

Founding
24 Hour Service Station's first signing in 1994 was Rosewater Elizabeth, an up-and-coming ethereal group in the Tampa Bay area music scene. The label then went on to release records by Shoemaker Levy 9, Questionface, and a tribute album to The Smiths entitled Godfathers of Change. In 1997, Dickson put the label "underground" to take a different path in the music business, starting a sales and marketing career with Sony Music.

Re-launch
In 2007, Dickson re-launched the record label while also maintaining the helm as General Manager of Reax Music Magazine. The label then released the Car Bomb Driver album Evacuate, and by 2008, 24 Hour Service Station had put out a total of 17 releases and signed 13 bands including History, Win Win Winter, and The Beauvilles. Songwriter and guitarist John Wesley, who had released two albums on 24 Hour in the mid-1990s and another during the hiatus (The Emperor Falls), continued releasing music on the label during the restart. By 2009 artists such as electronics musician Pocket and Kites With Lights had signed to the label, with The Fantastiques, a band from Minsk, Belarus, following suit.

Ceremony - A New Order Tribute (2009)

Ceremony – A New Order Tribute is a 2009 compilation album of New Order covers by independent acts from the United States and Europe, compiled into a double CD Digi-pack and two additional digital albums. Produced by Sonshine Ward and Marshall Dickson, it was released in February 2010 by 24 Hour Service Station, with contributions from artists such as Peter Hook of Joy Division, Kites With Lights, and Rabbit in the Moon.

Allmusic reviewer William Ruhlmann gave the digital album 3.5/5 stars, and praised in particular the tracks that strayed in style from the original New Order compositions.

The album is dedicated to the founder of Factory Records and New Order producer Tony Wilson, who died in 2007 from cancer. Marshall Dickson was originally inspired by Wilson to start 24 Hour Service Station. The album benefits the Salford Foundation Trust's Tony Wilson Award. Artists donated time and recordings to support the charity, which "assists young people who demonstrate a special talent or ambition in the arts or creative skills."

Recent years
In 2010 Freebass released the first of several albums on the label. The group includes Peter Hook of Joy Division & New Order, Gary "Mani" Mounfield of The Stone Roses & Primal Scream, Andy Rourke of The Smiths, Phil Murphy of Man Ray, Paul Kehoe of Monaco and Gary Briggs of Haven. Peter Hook also played in two other bands that signed to the label; Man Ray with Phil Murphy, and Peter Hook and The Light. Fritz von Runte, a DJ and producer based in England, does frequently work with the label.

Most of the bands signing to the label remained from the Tampa, Florida region, including The Beauvilles, Non-aggression Pact, singer-songwriter John Ralston, and punk rock band Pink Lincolns. Yes But No, a duo of young sisters that contributed to the Ceremony compilation, are also from the area.

24 Hour Distribution
24 Hour Distribution is a global media distribution network, delivering content to over 250 International digital music outlets including iTunes, eMusic, Rhapsody and Spotify, via a partnership with Independent Online Distribution Alliance and The Orchard. Physical products are available to retailers in the United States and Canada such as Best Buy, Barnes & Noble and F.Y.E., and Independent music stores including the coalitions A.I.M.S., C.I.M.S. & Music Monitor Network, and One-Stop fulfillment including Amazon.com, Alliance Entertainment Corporation (A.E.C.), Baker & Taylor Inc. and Super D / Phantom. 24 Hour Distribution exports physical goods to vendors in Europe, Asia, South America, Australia and New Zealand.

Among its distribution clients are Peter Hook's label Hacienda Records UK, and In a Circle Records, which handle Brooklyn Rider, Yo-Yo Ma, and The Knights.

Label artists
The following artists and bands have released music on the label, as of October 2013:

 Blue Eyes
 The Beauvilles
 Car Bomb Driver
 Daddy Lion
 John Ralston
 Fritz von Runte
 Tommy Simms
 Noah Kussack
 Kites With Lights
 The Fantastiques
 Win Win Winter
 History
 John Wesley
 Questionface
 Rosewater Elizabeth
 Man Ray - Peter Hook  & Phil Murphy
 Mosley
 Non-aggression Pact
 Underwater
 Simon Said...
 Skinnys 21
 Shoemaker Levy 9
 X.O.X.O.
 Freebass
Peter Hook of Joy Division & New Order, Gary "Mani" Mounfield of The Stone Roses & Primal Scream, Andy Rourke of The Smiths, Phil Murphy of Man Ray, Paul Kehoe of Monaco and Gary Briggs of Haven
 Pocket
Richard Jankovich collaborating with Robyn Hitchcock, Steve Kilbey of The Church, Yuki Chikudate of Asobi Seksu, Craig Wedren of Shudder to Think, Dave Smalley, Mark Burgess of The Chameleons UK, Danny Seim of Menomena, Tanya Donelly
Yung Hod

Gallery

Discography

See also
Reax Music Magazine
Lists of record labels

References

External links
Official website
Distribution website
24 Hour Service Station at Discogs
24 Hour Service Station at MusicBrainz

American independent record labels
Indie rock record labels
Record labels established in 1993
24 Hour Distribution


Mordechai Schwarcz (; December 16, 1914 - August 16, 1938), usually spelt Schwartz, was a Czechoslovakia-born Jewish police officer in Mandatory Palestine, who was executed for the murder of a fellow Arab police officer.

Biography
Schwarcz was born in Komárno, then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a Jewish family, one of 14 children. He made aliyah in 1933. He joined the Palestine Police Force, and like most Jewish police officers, also joined the Haganah.

Schwarcz was one of the policemen stationed at the High Commissioner's summer camp in Atlit to guard against bandits. On the night of September 1, 1937, he shot dead Mustafa Khoury, an Arab policeman with whom he shared a tent. He was arrested the day after Khoury was found dead. At his trial, he claimed that he had heard gunfire and rushed outside the tent, only to find Khoury dead upon returning. The court rejected his testimony. One of Schwarcz's friends testified that Khoury had entered drunk, boasting about having raped and murdered Jews, and telling Schwarcz his time would come. Schwarcz was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by a Haifa court. The Palestine Supreme Court approved the sentence, the Privy Council in London refused to look at the case, and the High Commissioner confirmed the sentence. Appeals for clemency came from American and international Jewish organizations, a petition with 70,000 signatures, and Moshe Sharett, the director of the Jewish Agency's Political Department, wrote a letter to High Commissioner Harold MacMichael requesting a pardon, but to no avail.

Schwarcz was hanged in Acre Prison on August 16, 1938, after receiving last rites from Rabbi Yehoshua Kaniel of Haifa. On the day before his execution he wrote the following to the newspaper Davar.I should like you to publish these lines after my death. My final requests of the Jewish public in this country and abroad is not to take any action likely to lead to violence and disturbance in connection with my execution.In order to prevent this opportunity from being exploited by certain persons for provocative purposes which may lead to innocent bloodshed, I wish to say that I have no connection with that movement, and my conceptions are opposed to terrorism and bloodshed.My own case I regard as a private mistake in a moment of temporary aberration. I profoundly regret whatever I have done and willingly accept my fate.My regards to all my friends in Ramat Gan and Sh'chunath Borochow. I hope they will forgive me for having proved false to my education and our movement.Do not try to emulate me. Goodbye all.

Aftermath
The Haganah disowned Schwarcz over his actions, and refused to acknowledge him as a casualty from its ranks. Throughout the following decades, only a handful of journalists and researchers wrote about him. In contrast to the other Olei Hagardom, he was largely forgotten. However, when Menachem Begin became Prime Minister of Israel, he added Schwarcz to the official list of Olei Hagardom. In 1987, after repeated appeals from Schwarcz's fiancée, the Haganah veterans' organization finally agreed to have his picture displayed in the museum exhibit for Olei Hagardom, with a note that he was from the Haganah.

Several journalists have investigated his case and the political struggle that took place over his acceptance as a national martyr. On March 8, 2010, an article by journalist Yossi Melman in Haaretz entitled "The Battle Over the Memorialization of the Forgotten Hanged Man" reported on the attempt by veterans of the Lehi and Irgun groups to have him acknowledged as someone who had acted out of a nationalist motive and had contributed to the foundation of the State of Israel and the opposition by veterans of the Haganah.

External links

Death Sentence—Mordechai Schwartz, official records in the Israel State Archives.

References

1914 births
1938 deaths
Haganah members
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Executed Czechoslovak people
Czechoslovak emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Czechoslovak people convicted of murder
Inmates of Acre Prison
People executed by Mandatory Palestine by hanging
Palestinian people convicted of murder
Police officers executed for murder
People executed for murdering police officers


A vacuum ceramic filter is designed to separate liquids from solids for dewatering of ore concentrates purposes. The device consists of a rotator, slurry tank, ceramic filter plate, distributor, discharge scraper, cleaning device, frame, agitating device, pipe system, vacuum system, automatic acid dosing system, automatic lubricating system, valve and discharge chute. The operation and construction principle of vacuum ceramic filter resemble those of a conventional disc filter, but the filter medium is replaced by a finely porous ceramic disc. The disc material is inert, has a long operational life and is resistant to almost all chemicals. Performance can be optimized by taking into account all those factors which affect the overall efficiency of the separation process. Some of the variables affecting the performance of a vacuum ceramic filter include the solid concentration, speed rotation of the disc, slurry level in the feed basin, temperature of the feed slurry, and the pressure during dewatering stages and filter cake formation.

Range of applications
Vacuum ceramic filters are to be found in the following industries:
 paper making
 metallurgy
 water treatment
 chemical
 ore beneficiation process in mining (iron, gold, nickel, copper and quartz).

The process is used during a large continuous process of separating free filtering suspensions where washing is not required. Basically the filter works to separates solid-liquid mixtures by removing the water from mineral concentrates and moulding the feed slurries into pellets. This is accomplished by capillary action under low vacuum pressure.  The pelletizing of the slurries is done by adding some solid matter to the sewage sludge so that water can be easily removed from the mixture. Eventually, the final cake products contain very little moisture and can be deposited as sewage. This process is commonly followed by bleaching and heating the cake. The end product of this filtration is a dry cake and filtrate containing no solid product.

Advantages and limitations
The main advantage over other filtration systems is the reduction in energy consumption, up to 90% because no air flows through the discs due to the use of capillary force acting on the pores. Air breakthrough is prevented by the fine pores of the filter, thus allowing retention of higher vacuum levels. Therefore, the vacuum losses are less, which means the vacuum pump required is smaller than in conventional disc filters, thus minimizing operating costs. Power consumed by a vacuum ceramic filter with 45 m2 of filtration area is 15 kW while 170 kW is consumed by similar filters with cloth membranes.

Generally, conventional disc filters are not suitable for cake washing because the water quickly runs off the surface of the cake. As the cake solids are sprayed with a wash liquid to remove impurities, they are not suitable for conventional filtration systems where channelling or uneven distribution occurs, leading to cake cracking. However, cake washing has been proved to be more efficient with vacuum ceramic filters due to the steady flow profile and the even distribution of the cake.

A further advantage of vacuum ceramic filter is the high output capacity with a very low water content and drier filter cake. By comparison, the performance of a VDFK-3 ceramic filter was compared with the existing BOU-40 and BLN40-3 drum type vacuum filters to filter aluminium hydroxide. From the results, the average moisture content was 5% (abs? or rel?) lower when a vacuum ceramic filter was used.

Vacuum ceramic filters also have a longer service life while cloth filters have to be replaced, which eventually increases the moisture content of the cake, lowers the productivity and disturbs the production operations.  In addition, the ceramic filter is both mechanically and chemically reliable enough to withstand regeneration.

Whilst the vacuum ceramic filter has proved to be a great innovation, there are still some limitations involved when operating the equipment. Ceramic filters exhibit large fluctuations in the recoiling washing pressure (0.05~0.35 MPa). This raises the short-term negative pressure and induces dilute acid due to the falling suck phenomenon. Therefore, the cleaning effect of the ceramic plates and the efficiency of the filter will be negatively affected.

Designs available
There are many design criteria which vary according to the type of disc and the required filtering capacity. The typical filter for extracting iron contains 12 ceramic filtering plates of the filtering elements (discs), which have a diameter of about 2705 mm, making the total filter surface 120 m2. This filter is most suited to filter feed slurries with high solid concentrations (5-20% w/w) and particles ranging in size from 1–700 µm. The area of the filters available in the ceramic filter is up to 45 m2, making them useful for metal and mineral concentrate processing.

The ceramic discs are available in two types, cast plate and membrane plate. The cast plate is a one piece ceramic plate with a homogeneous surface and a granulated core. The filter medium of the cast plate is the thick walls, separated by ceramic granules. These features form a rigid mechanical structure. The membrane plate type contains a thin membrane over a coarser core and a multi-layer porous structure made of aluminium oxide. The coarse part of the equipment provides mechanical strength to its structure while the intermediate layer acts as a membrane carrier. The outer layer membrane acts as a filtering layer. The filtration layer of the ceramic filter has uniform pores, which means that only a certain size of particles can be filtered by using vacuum ceramic filters.

Main process characteristics

There are at least three stages involve in the operation of a vacuum disc filter:

Stage 1: Cake formation

The discs rotate in a slurry trough, compartmentalized to reduce the volume held in it at any one time, and therefore to reduce the residence time of slurry in the trough. The time available for this stage depends on two factors, the rotation speed of the disc and the height of the slurry level in the basin. A vacuum is applied inside the discs to promote cake filtration.

Stage 2: Cake dewatering

Washing is largely restricted to the upper portions where the cake surface is nearly horizontal in orientation, which occurs at the temperature of the feed. The ceramic filter uses a sintered alumina disc to dewater slurry under low vacuum. The dewatering occurs by drawing water from the slurry by capillary action. This ensures that no air or particles are drawn into the filter medium to cause blockage. However, if too much wash water is applied then it can cascade down the cake and into the feed trough, where it merely dilutes the slurry.

Stage 3: Cake drying

The final water (moisture) content in the cake is regulated by passing dry (cold or hot) air or gas through the cake. Drying time is dependent on the distribution valve timing, slurry level on the basin, rotation speed, and scraper position.

Stage 4: Cake discharge

These are the typical conditions for the overall operation of the vacuum ceramic filter:
 Slurry level: must be higher than the top of the sectors as they pass through the trough (otherwise air would simply pass through the cloth during cake formation).
 Solids throughput: up to 4,000 kg/m2h
 Typical filtration capacity: 200-5,000 L/m2h
 Typical air consumption/ flow rate: 50–80 m3/h·m2 at 500 Torr vacuum
 Pressure difference: Typically, the pressure difference with ceramic disc is between 0.90 and 0.95 bar. However, pressure differences across the filter are usually limited to less than 85 kPa making it possible to process a wide range of feed materials in a continuous manner.
 Rotating speed: Higher rotating speeds enable greater solid production rates by formation of thinner cakes. However, this may not be wholly desirable as washing efficiency is likely to be compromised. Moreover, an increased rotating speed requires more electrical power.
 Minimum cake thickness: 3/8-1/2 in or 10–13 mm (for effective discharge)
 Submergence required for cake discharge: 25% of cycle
 Effective maximum submergence of the disk: 28% of cycle.

Assessment of main characteristics

The most important operating parameters of disc filters are the height of the slurry tank, agitation and the intensity and rotation speed of the disc as these will determine the cake formation and drying times. It is important to continuously agitate the slurry in order to prevent sedimentation of the solids. Excessively high agitation intensity may affect cake formation or change the particle size distribution of the product. One of the most commonly used agitators for filtration using vacuum disc filters is an oscillating cradle-type agitator located in the bottom of the basin, which requires fairly high rotation speeds to form homogeneous slurry. For processing rapidly settling high concentration slurries, bottom-feed rotary disc filters are usually used.

Stage 1: Filtration

The filtrate from the internal passages of the discs is removed by the low vacuum used in the filter, while the small pressure differential across the disc causes cake formation. With a thicker cake produced in this stage, more effective washing is achieved at higher wash liquor flows. However, this causes larger air volumes to be consumed at discharge due to reduced resistance and marginally lower cake moisture.

Stage 2: Dewatering

In rare cases, due to the even structure of the cakes formed, the steady flow profile of the ceramic filter media and the gas free filtrate flow cake, washing has proved to be efficient in ceramic disc filters. The formation of thicker cakes during filtration and higher vacuum level leads to greater removal of solute.

Stage 3: Discharge

The basic scraper works well when the cakes are relatively thick and non-sticky. The final cakes are discharged by blade or wire scrapers on either side of the discs However, other types of agitators should be considered and installed if the cake is sticky or thin. An air blow-back system is often employed to aid cake removal where wetter cakes are discharged from disc filter.

Design heuristics

 If it takes more than five minutes to form 1/8 in. cake thicknesses, continuous filtration should not be attempted.
 For negligible cake build up in clarification, cartridges, pre-coat drums, or sand filters are used for filtration
When the filtering surface is expected to be more than a few square meters, it is advisable to do laboratory tests to determine whether cake washing is critical. If there is a problem with the cake drying, filter precoating might be needed.
 For finely ground ores and minerals, rotary drum filtration rates may be 1500 lb/(day)(sqft), at 20 rev/h and 18-25 inch Hg vacuum
 Coarse solids and crystals may be filtered at rates of 6000 lb/ (day) (sqft) at 20 rev/h, 2-6 inch Hg vacuum.
 Surface areas in porous ceramics: Porous ceramics processed by a sol-gel technique have extremely large surface areas, ranging from 200 to 500 square meters per gram

Waste stream production and post-treatment

Filtrate is the waste that has been discharge in vacuum ceramic filters through the waste stream.  During cake washing, a wash liquid is sprayed on the cake solids to remove impurities or additional filtrate. The filtrate goes into filtrate tank and is drained through a discharge system. However, the filtrate is recyclable and has low suspended solid content. Thus, it can be recycled through the system without further treatment. Filtrate is used to flush the disc during back flow washing to clean the micro-porous structure and remove any residual cake.

New developments

One improvement over the standard design of ceramic vacuum filter is to use serialized pore size distributions of non-fibrous porous ceramic filters. The porosity of this type of ceramic can be varied from 20% to 60% by volume, which allows a low-pressure drop of liquid and gas flow. Custom sizes from 1 mm diameter/0.5 mm bore of porous ceramic filters are available for a range of designs. A non-fibrous porous ceramic filter is more resistant in alkaline and acidic conditions compared to fibrous ceramic filters. Thus, it has a longer service life as it has good wearing and erosion resistance as well as being able to withstand high temperatures.

Another improvement is applied at the regeneration stage when the residual filter cake is removed by back-flushing the clean plant water to wash the internal ceramic filter. Filter cake dewatering of ceramic filters produces low final cake moistures at minimum operation and maintenance costs. The residuals moisture are removed from the filter cake due to capillary action within the ceramic elements, which rotate above the slurry level. This process gives maximum filtration, and the final cake can be maintained at the lowest moisture content due to the effective cleaning of both ceramic sectors. In addition, performance can be optimized by using an ultrasonic cleaning system to achieve efficient operation conditions for regeneration of plates. The use of filtrate in looped water cycle in the design operation can reduce the water consumption up to 30-50%. High filtrate purity can be obtained, as there is only 0.001-0.005 g/L solids in the filtrate produced from this process. This eventually results in the reduction of polymer flocculant consumption in thickeners.
Ceramic scraper knives have been introduced to this design as they are able to shave through the mass formed in filter cake dewatering. The remaining layer of solid residue on the filter provides protection from mechanical abrasion. Therefore, the maintenance costs can be reduced while the service life of the ceramic filter increases.

See also
Rotary vacuum-drum filter

References

Further reading

External links

Separation processes