Eastern Bloc media and propaganda was controlled directly by each country's communist party, which controlled the state media, censorship and propaganda organs. State and party ownership of print, television and radio media served as an important manner in which to control information and society in light of Eastern Bloc leaderships viewing even marginal groups of  opposition intellectuals as a potential threat to the bases underlying communist power therein.

Circumvention of dissemination controls occurred to some degree through samizdat and limited reception of western radio and television broadcasts. In addition, some regimes heavily restricted the flow of information from their countries to outside of the Eastern Bloc by heavily regulating the travel of foreigners and segregating approved travelers from the domestic population.

Background

Creation

Bolsheviks took power following the Russian Revolution of 1917. During the Russian Civil War that followed, coinciding with the Red Army's entry into Minsk in 1919, Belarus was declared the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. After more conflict, the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was declared in 1920. With the defeat of Ukraine in the Polish–Ukrainian War, after the March 1921 Peace of Riga following the Polish–Soviet War, central and eastern Ukraine were annexed into the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1922, the Russian SFSR, Ukraine SSR, Byelorussian SSR and Transcaucasian SFSR were officially merged as republics creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).

At the end of World War II, all eastern and central European capitals were controlled by the Soviet Union. During the final stages of the war, the Soviet Union began the creation of the Eastern Bloc by occupying several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics that were originally effectively ceded to it by Nazi Germany in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. These included eastern Poland (incorporated into two different SSRs), Latvia (became Latvia SSR), Estonia (became Estonian SSR), Lithuania (became Lithuania SSR), part of eastern Finland (became Karelo-Finnish SSR) and northeastern Romania (became the Moldavian SSR).

By 1945, these additional annexed countries totaled approximately 180,000 further square miles (465,000 km2), or slightly more than the area of West Germany, East Germany and Austria combined. Other nations were converted into Soviet satellite states, such as the People's Republic of Poland, the People's Republic of Hungary, the Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia, the People's Republic of Romania, the People's Republic of Albania, and later East Germany from the Soviet zone of German occupation. The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was also wrongfully considered part of the Bloc in spite of the Tito–Stalin Split that occurred in 1948, followed by the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Conditions

Throughout the Eastern Bloc, both in the USSR and elsewhere, Russia was given prominence, and referred to as the naibolee vıdayuşayasya naciya (the most prominent nation) and the rukovodyaşy narod (the leading people). The Soviets encouraged the admiration of everything Russian and the reproduction of their own communist structural hierarchies in each of the Bloc states.

The defining characteristic of communism as implemented in the Eastern Bloc was the unique symbiosis of the state with society and the economy, resulting in politics and economics losing their distinctive features as autonomous and distinguishable spheres.  Initially, Stalin directed systems that rejected Western institutional characteristics of market economies, multi-party governance (dubbed "bourgeois democracy" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state.  The Soviets mandated expropriation and etatization of private property.

The Soviet-style "replica regimes" that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced the Soviet command economy, but also adopted the methods employed by Joseph Stalin and Soviet secret police to suppress real and potential opposition. Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc saw even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the basis underlying communist power. The suppression of dissidence and opposition was a central prerequisite for the security of communist power within the Eastern Bloc, though the degree of opposition and dissident suppression varied by country and period.

While over 15 million Eastern Bloc residents migrated westward from 1945 to 1949, emigration was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Furthermore, the Eastern Bloc experienced economic mis-development by central planners resulting in those countries following a path of extensive rather than intensive development and thus lagging far behind their western European counterparts in per capita Gross Domestic Product.

Media and information restrictions

Media and information control

In the Eastern Bloc, the state owned and operated the means of mass communication.  The ruling authorities viewed media as a propaganda tool, and widely practiced censorship to exercise almost full control over the information dissemination.  The press in communist countries was an organ of, and completely reliant on, the state.  Until the late 1980s, all Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned (and tightly controlled), while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party.

Youth newspapers and magazines were owned by youth organizations affiliated with the communist party.  The governing body in the Soviet Union was "USSR State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting", or USSR Gosteleradio (Государственный комитет по телевидению и радиовещанию СССР, Гостелерадио СССР), which was in charge both of Soviet TV and Radio in the Soviet Union.

The communist party exercised control over the media and was responsible for censorship. Media served as an important form of control over information and thus of society.  Eastern Bloc authorities viewed the dissemination and portrayal of knowledge as vital to the survival of communism and thus stifled alternative concepts and critiques.  Several state communist party newspapers were published. Radio was initially the dominant medium, with television being considered low on the priority list when compiling five-year plans during the industrialisation of the 1950s.

Censorship and squashing of dissent

Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, though it was at times circumvented by those engaging in samizdat. Censorship institutions in the countries of the Bloc were organized differently. For example, censorship in Poland was clearly identified whereas it was loosely structured, but no less efficient, in Hungary. Strict censorship was introduced in the People's Republic of Albania and Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia as early as 1944, though it was somewhat relaxed in Yugoslavia after the Tito–Stalin split of 1948.  Unlike the rest of the Eastern Bloc, relative freedom existed for three years in Czechoslovakia until Soviet-style censorship was fully applied in 1948, along with the Czechoslovak Revolution.

Throughout the Bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on writers. Cultural products reflected the propaganda needs of the state and Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years.  During the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they would have otherwise suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day.  Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop.

In each country, leading bodies of the ruling communist party exercised hierarchical control of the censorship system. Each communist party maintained a department of its central committee apparatus to supervise media.  Censors employed auxiliary tools such as: the power to launch or close down any newspaper, radio or television station, licensing of journalists through unions and the power of appointment. Party bureaucrats held all leading editorial positions.  One or two representatives of censorship agencies modeled on the Soviet GLAVLIT (Main Administration for the Protection of Official and Military Secrets) worked directly in all editorial offices.  No story could be printed or broadcast without their explicit approval.

Initially, East Germany presented unique issues because of rules for the occupying powers in the divided Germany (e.g. regarding media control) that prevented the outright seizure of all media outlets.  The Soviet occupation administration (SVAG) directed propaganda and censorship policies to East German censorship organs through its "sector for propaganda and censorship". While the initial SVAG policies did not appear to differ greatly from those in the western occupation zones governing denazification, censorship became one of the most overt instruments used to manipulate political, intellectual and cultural developments in East Germany. Art societies and associations that had existed prior to World War II were dissolved and all new theatres and art societies had to register with SVAG.  Art exhibits were put under a blanket ban unless censorship organs approved them in advance.

After East Germany's official establishment, while the original constitution provided that "censorship of the media is not to occur", both official and unofficial censorship occurred, although to a lesser extent during its later years. Thereafter, official East German censorship was supervised and carried out by two governmental organizations, the Head office for publishing companies and bookselling trade (Hauptverwaltung Verlage und Buchhandel, HV), and the Bureau for Copyright (Büro für Urheberrechte). The HV determined the degree of censorship and the method of publishing and marketing works. The Bureau for Copyright appraised the work, then decided if it or another publication was permitted to be published in East Germany or in foreign country. For theatres, a "repertory commission" was created that consisted of the Ministerium für Volksbildung (MfV), the ruling SED party, the applicable theatre union and the East German office for theatrical affairs.

After a long visa procurement process, western visitors driving over the West German border to East Germany had their car strip-searched for prohibited Western "propaganda material". Nevertheless, the East German authorities found it extremely difficult to prevent their citizens listening to Western radio stations and Western TV was available across most of the GDR. Technical and diplomatic considerations meant attempts at jamming Western Stations were (unlike in other Eastern bloc countries) soon abandoned.

In the Soviet Union, in accordance with the official ideology and politics of the Communist Party, Goskomizdat censored all printed matter, Goskino supervised all cinema, Gosteleradio controlled radio and television broadcasting and the First Department in many agencies and institutions, such as the State Statistical Committee (Goskomstat), was responsible for assuring that state secrets and other sensitive information only reached authorized hands. The Soviets destroyed pre-revolutionary and foreign material from libraries, leaving only "special collections" (spetskhran), accessible by special permit from the KGB. The Soviet Union also censored images, included removing repressed persons from texts, posters, paintings and photographs.

Prominent individuals
Throughout the Eastern Bloc, artists or those attempting to disseminate dissenting views were repressed, with a few of the more prominent victims including:
Gheorghe Ursu - a Romanian poet who grew disillusioned with Romanian communist doctrine after 1949, and was repeatedly sanctioned for disobedience. In 1985, after being beaten for weeks on end by the Romanian Police, he was transported to the Jilava jail hospital, where he died of peritonitis later in the day.
Night of the Murdered Poets - thirteen writers, poets, artists, musicians and actors were secretly executed on orders from Joseph Stalin.
Imre Nagy - former Hungarian Prime Minister who had supported Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, was later arrested by Soviet authorities after leaving the Yugoslavian embassy, and then secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death and was executed by hanging in June 1958. His trial and execution were made public only after the sentence was carried out.
Ion Valentin Anestin - His work centered on denouncing Stalin and the Soviet Union, in a series titled Măcelarul din Piaţa Roşie ("The Red Square Butcher") published by the magazine Gluma. Following the start of Soviet occupation of Romania, Anestin was barred from publishing for a five-year period (1944–1949), and ultimately imprisoned. He died soon after his release.
Nikolai Getman - a Ukrainian artist arrested in 1946 for possessing a caricature of Joseph Stalin his friend had drawn on a cigarette box, Getman was sent to Siberian Gulag camps. He is one of the few artists to record life in the Gulag, where he survived by sketching propaganda for the authorities.
Vasyl Stus -   a Ukrainian author and journalist who wrote a book that was rejected for discrepancies with Soviet ideology, was arrested in 1972, spent five years in prison, arrested again in 1980 for defending members of the Ukrainian Helsinki group, was sentenced to ten years more imprisonment and was subsequently beaten to death in a Soviet forced labor camp.
Vasile Voiculescu - A Romanian poet who was imprisoned in 1958, at the age of 74, spending four years in prison, where he became ill, and died of cancer a few months after his release.
Arno Esch - An East German political writer who was imprisoned by the Soviet NKVD in 1949, sentenced to death for "counterrevolutionary activities" and executed at the Lubyanka (KGB) prison in 1951.
Lena Constante - During repeated interrogations by the Securitate, Constante tried to fend off false accusations of "Titoism" and "treason", but, the victim of constant beatings and torture (much of her hair was torn from the roots), and confronted with Zilber's testimony — which implicated her — she eventually gave in and admitted to the charges.
József Dudás - A Hungarian political activist who spoke of a 25-point program ending Soviet repression in Hungary to a crowd during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and was executed the next year.
Enn Tarto - An Estonian dissident who was imprisoned from 1956 to 1960, 1962 to 1967, and again from 1983 to 1988 for anti-Soviet activity.
Anton Durcovici - A Romania clergyman openly critical of the Communist regime, Durcovici was placed under surveillance in 1947, arrested by the Securitate in 1949 during a congregation visit, died from torture and prison deprivation and was buried in an unmarked grave. Communist authorities subsequently attempted to erase all evidence of his stay in prison, and most documents were destroyed.
Valeriy Marchenko - a Ukrainian poet who was arrested in 1973 and charged with Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, jailed for six years with two years exile, jailed again in 1983 for violating Article 62 of the Soviet penal code, Anti-Soviet Agitation and Propaganda and sentenced to ten years imprisonment and five years of exile, after which he became ill, was moved to a hospital after international pressure, where he died.
Jüri Jaakson - An Estonian businessman and former politician critical of Soviet rule who was executed by the Soviet Union in 1941.
Mečislovas Reinys - A Lithuanian archbishop critical of Bolshveism who was arrested in 1947 and sentenced to eight years in a Soviet prison, where he died in 1953.
Metropolitan Ioann (Vasiliy Bodnarchuk) - A Ukrainian arrested in 1949 for purported Ukrainian nationalist rhetoric and sentenced to 20 years of hard labor in copper mines.
Georgi Markov - a Bulgarian writer and journalist who defected to the West to work for the BBC and became an outspoken critic of Bulgarian Communism. He was assassinated on Waterloo Bridge in London in 1978.
Jerzy Popiełuszko - a Polish Roman Catholic priest. His sermons, in which he criticized communist system, were routinely broadcast by Radio Free Europe, and thus became famous throughout Poland for their uncompromising stance against the regime. He was brutally murdered in 1984 by agents of Służba Bezpieczeństwa (Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

Other artists, such as Geo Bogza, used subtle imagery or allegories within their works to criticize regimes. This did not prevent state scrutiny, as with the case of Bogza coming under the scrutiny of the Securitate.

List of media entities

The major newspapers were traditionally the daily official publications of the local communist party. Newspapers served as the main party organs of record and provided official political roadmaps for officials and other readers who needed to be informed. In some countries, the press provided a significant source of income for the ruling communist parties. Radio and television was controlled by the state.  The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) was the central agency for collection and distribution of internal and international news for all Soviet newspapers, radio and television stations. TASS monopolized the supply of political news. It was frequently infiltrated by Soviet intelligence and security agencies, such as the NKVD and GRU. TASS had affiliates in 14 Soviet republics, including the Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Moldavian SSR. Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR.

Despite outward similarities in press policy, large differences existed in the roles and functions of the mass media in Eastern Bloc countries.  Where the press was allowed more freedom, such as in Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia, a national subtext and a significant element of entertainment flourished. In some cases, newspapers and magazines served as the most visible part of liberalizing forces, such as in Poland in 1956 and 1980–81, in Hungary in 1956, and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.

In many instances toward the end of the Eastern Bloc's existence, the ruling communist parties' messages in the press increasingly diverged from reality, which contributed to the declining faith of the public in communist rule.  At the same time, some press in the Eastern Bloc became more open in the 1980s in countries such as Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.  In Yugoslavia, the press after Tito's reign turned increasingly nationalistic. Only in Romania and Albania did the press remain under tight dictatorial control right up until the end of the Eastern Bloc.

In East Germany, where initial control could be less overt because of shared allied occupation rules, the Soviet SVG set up the Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung (DVV) in the fall of 1945. The SVAG and DVV controlled and approved all publication licenses needed to publish newspapers, books, journals and other materials.  Those agencies also provided the top publishing priorities and would apportion paper used for printing to the various publications in accordance with those priorities. The SVAG initially licensed some private publishers which required the employment of a greater number of censors.

Notable Communist Party newspapers in the Soviet Union

Other notable newspapers in the Soviet Union

Notable electronic media in the Soviet Union

Notable communist party newspapers in the Eastern Bloc

Notable Electronic Media in the Eastern Bloc

Notable Media for the Youth Organizations and Movements in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union

Control of information flow out of the Eastern Bloc
Beginning in 1935, Joseph Stalin effectively sealed off outside access to the Soviet Socialist Republics (and until his death), effectively permitting no foreign travel inside the Soviet Union such that outsiders did not know of the political processes that had taken place therein. During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents that were permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few miles of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigner-only locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities.  Dissenters who approached such foreigners were arrested. For many years after World War II, even the best informed foreigners did not know the number of arrested or executed Soviet citizens, or how poorly the Soviet economy had performed.

Similarly, the regimes in Romania carefully controlled foreign visitors in order to restrict the flow of information coming out of (and into) Romania.  Accordingly, activities in Romania remained, until the late 1960s, largely unknown to the outside world. As a result, until 1990, very little information regarding labour camps and prisons in Romania appeared in the West. When such information appeared, it was usually in Romanian émigré publications. Romania's Securitate secret police were able to suppress information leaking to the west about resistance to the regime.  Stalinist Albania, which had become increasingly paranoid and isolated after de-Stalinization and the death of Mao Zedong, restricted visitors to 6,000 per year, and segregated those few that traveled to Albania.

Propaganda efforts

Communist leaders in the Eastern Bloc openly discussed the existence of propaganda efforts. Communist propaganda goals and techniques were tuned according to the target audience. The most broad classification of targets was:
Domestic propaganda
External propaganda
Propaganda of communist supporters outside the communist states

Communist Party documents reveal a more detailed classification of specific targets (workers, peasants, youth, women, etc.).

Because the communist party was portrayed under Marxist-Leninist theory as the protagonist of history pushing toward the inevitable result of historical materialism as a "vanguard of the working class", Party leaders were claimed to be as infallible and inevitable as the purported historical end itself.  Propaganda often worked itself beyond agit prop plays into traditional productions, such as in Hungary after the Tito–Stalin split, where the director of the National Theatre produced a version of Macbeth in which the villainous king was revealed as none other than Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito, who by then was widely hated inside the Eastern Bloc.  Regarding economic woes, debilitating wage cuts following economic stagnation were referred to as "blows in the face of imperialism", while forced loans were called "voluntary contributions to the building of socialism".

Communist theoretician Nikolai Bukharin in his The ABC of Communism wrote:
The State propaganda of communism becomes in the long run a means for the eradication of the last traces of bourgeois propaganda dating from the old régime; and it is a powerful instrument for the creation of a new ideology, of new modes of thought, of a new outlook on the world.

Some propaganda would "retell" the western news, such as the East German television program Der schwarze Kanal ("The Black Channel"), which contained bowdlerized programs from West Germany with added communist commentary. The name "Black channel" was a play on words deriving from the term German plumbers used for a sewer. The program was meant to counter ideas received by some from West German television because the geography of the divided Germany meant that West German television signals (particularly ARD) could be received in most of East Germany, except in parts of Eastern Saxony around Dresden, which consequently earned the latter the nickname "valley of the clueless" (despite the fact that some Western radio was still available there).

Eastern Bloc leaders, including even Joseph Stalin, could become personally involved in dissemination. For example, in January 1948, the U.S. State Department published a collection of documents titled Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office, which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe, the 1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, and discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power.

In response, one month later, the Soviet Information Bureau published Falsifiers of History. Stalin personally edited the book, rewriting entire chapters by hand. The book claimed, for instance, that American bankers and industrialists provided capital for the growth of German war industries, while deliberately encouraging Hitler to expand eastward.  The book also included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's offer to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offers to join the Axis.  Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

The book referred to "the American falsifiers and their British and French associates", claimed "[a]s far back as in 1937 it became perfectly clear that a big war was being hatched by Hitler with the direct connivance of Great Britain and France", blasted "the claptrap of the slanderers" and stated "[n]aturally, the falsifiers of history and slanderers are called falsifiers and slanderers precisely because they do not entertain any respect for facts. They prefer to gossip and slander."

In East Germany, the Soviet SVAG and DVV initially controlled all publication priorities. In the initial months of 1946, the Soviets were unsure how to merge propaganda and censorship efforts in East Germany.  The SVAG engaged in a broad propaganda campaign that moved beyond customary political propaganda to engage in the practice at unions, women's organizations and youth organizations.

Bypassing censorship

Clandestine information passing

Samizdat was the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in Eastern bloc countries. Copies were often made in small quantities of handwritten or typed documents, while recipients were expected to make additional copies. Samizdat traders used underground literature for self-analysis and self-expression under the heavy censorship of the Eastern Bloc. The practice was fraught with danger as harsh punishments were meted out to people caught possessing or copying censored materials.   Former Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky defined it as follows: "I myself create it, edit it, censor it, publish it, distribute it, and [may] get imprisoned for it." One of the longest-running and well-known samizdat publications was the information bulletin "Хроника текущих событий" (Khronika Tekushchikh Sobitiy; Chronicle of Current Events), which contained anonymously published pieces dedicated to the defense of human rights in the USSR. Several people were arrested in connection with the Chronicle, including Natalya Gorbanevskaya, Yuri Shikhanovich, Pyotr Yakir, Victor Krasin, Sergei Kovalev, Alexander Lavut, Tatyana Velikanova, among others.

Magnitizdat (in Russian магнитиздат) is the process of re-copying and self-distributing live audiotape recordings in the Soviet Union that were not available commercially. The process of magnitizdat was less risky than publishing literature via samizdat, since any person in the USSR was permitted to own a private reel-to-reel tape recorder, while paper duplication equipment was under the control of the state.  "Tamizdat" refers to literature published abroad (там, tam, meaning "there"), often from smuggled manuscripts.

Western role in propaganda war

Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled broadcasters to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to jam such signals. In 1947, VOA started broadcasting in Russian with the intent to counter Soviet propaganda directed against American leaders and policies, and disseminate pro-Western propaganda directed against Soviet leaders and policies. These included Radio Free Europe (RFE), the American-backed RIAS in Berlin, the Voice of America (VOA), Deutsche Welle, Radio France International and the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).  The Soviet Union responded by attempting aggressive, electronic jamming of VOA, along with some other Western broadcasts, in 1949. The BBC World Service similarly broadcast language-specific programming to countries behind the Iron Curtain.

RFE was developed out of a belief that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means. In January 1950, it obtained a transmitter base at Lampertheim, West Germany and on July 4 of the same year, RFE completed its first broadcast aimed at Czechoslovakia Broadcasts were often banned in Eastern Europe and communist authorities used sophisticated jamming techniques in an attempt to prevent citizens from listening to them.  In late 1950, RFE began to assemble a full-fledged foreign broadcast staff and became more than just a "mouthpiece for exiles" who had fled Eastern Bloc countries. While RFE was cleared of charges that it gave Hungarian listeners false hope during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, its Broadcast Analysis Division was established to ensure that broadcasts were accurate and professional while maintaining the journalists' former autonomy.

A 1960 study concluded that RFE possessed considerably more listeners than the BBC or VOA. The study concluded that the BBC was regarded as the most objective and the VOA had suffered a notable decline since it stopped critical broadcasts on the communist world after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, focusing instead on world news, American culture and jazz.

Notes
1.The logo used here is the logo of the media in the USSR during the Eastern Bloc era. Most of the media had already dissolved or changed its name and logo.

References

Sources

External links

  Library of Congress—The U.S. Naval Academy Collection of Soviet & Russian TV
  Russian Museum of Radio and TV website
RFE Czechoslovak Unit, Blinken Open Society Archives, Budapest
Translations of propaganda materials from the GDR.
Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement
  - comparison of articles on Cold War topics in Time magazine and Pravda between 1945 and 1991
Censorship in the Soviet Union and its Cultural and Professional Results for Arts and Art Libraries
Radio Berlin International final English broadcast - Part 1
Radio Berlin International final English broadcast - Part 2
 GDR Censporship regarding Literature

Censorship
Communist propaganda
Eastern Bloc mass media
Television in East Germany
International broadcasting
Propaganda organizations
Mass media in the Soviet Union
Eastern Bloc
Cold War propaganda


Halgerda batangas is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Discodorididae.

Distribution
This species was described from the Philippines, with a holotype specimen measuring 40 mm in length, alive, from Mactan Island, Cebu and a paratype measuring 35 mm from Anilao, Batangas. It is found in the tropical western Pacific, including: Indonesia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Mabul, New Britain, Davao Gulf, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sulawesi, Great Barrier Reef and Taiwan.

Description
This animal is one of a group of mainly white species of Halgerda with orange markings. It is characterized by a network of fine, solid, red-orange lines on the mantle. It has a white band around the mantle containing low rounded orange-capped tubercles. The mantle tubercles range in size from small rounded bumps to tall, prominent structures.

References

External links

Discodorididae
Gastropods described in 2000


Various forms of witchcraft and divination are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh or Old Testament), generally (but not always) in a disapproving tone.

Prohibitions
Laws prohibiting various forms of witchcraft and divination can be found in the books of Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy. These include the following (as translated in the King James Version):

Exodus 22:18 – Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.
Leviticus 19:26 – Ye shall not ... use enchantment, nor observe times.
Leviticus 20:27 – A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them.
Deuteronomy 18:10-11 – There shall not be found among you any ... that useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch, or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer.

The forms of divination mentioned in Deuteronomy 18 are portrayed as being of foreign origin. This is the only part of the Hebrew Bible to make such a claim. According to Ann Jeffers, the presence of laws forbidding necromancy proves that it was practiced throughout Israel's history.

The exact difference between the three forbidden forms of necromancy mentioned in Deuteronomy 18:11 is a matter of uncertainty; yidde'oni ("wizard") is always used together with ob ("consulter with familiar spirits"), and its semantic similarity to doresh el ha-metim ("necromancer", or "one who directs inquiries to the dead") raises the question of why all three are mentioned in the same verse. The Jewish tractate Sanhedrin makes the distinction that a doresh el ha-metim was a person who would sleep in a cemetery after having starved himself, in order to become possessed.

A prophetic passage in the Book of Micah states that witchcraft and soothsaying will be eliminated in the Messianic Age (Micah 5:12).

Instances in Biblical narrative
 The Levites made use of the Urim and Thummim and various forms of sacrifice as instruments of divination to determine guilt and innocence in law cases (see, for instance, Deuteronomy 33:8–10).
 The silver chalice that is placed in Benjamin's sack when he leaves Egypt is described as being used by Joseph for divination, which is often taken as a reference to its use for scrying.
 Numbers 5:11–31 describes a practice of making a wife who has been accused of adultery drink a mixture of water and dust from the floor of the Tabernacle in order to prove her guilt or innocence.
 In 1 Samuel 28, Saul enlists the Witch of Endor to summon the spirit of the deceased prophet Samuel.

See also
 Christian views on magic
 Daemonologie
 Halakha
 Islam and magic
 Jewish views on astrology
 Mediumship
 Practical Kabbalah
 Semitic neopaganism

References

Further reading

Divination
Hebrew Bible topics
Judaism and paganism
Judaism and witchcraft


Pillur is a village in Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It has a population of about 2,500.  Agriculture is the main business and source of income for the people.  People believe that the village got its name after a visit by Lord Siva and Parvathi. This village has many historical temples, including Jayambal Sametha Jayenkondeshwarar Swamy Temple and Sri Poorna Pushkalambal Sametha Hari Hara Puthra Swami and temple.

It has four main streets: Agraharam, Keelanathem, Nadunathem and Melnathem. All the streets are independent in street related issues (like welfare, committee, etc.)

The people are well educated.  Most of the families are involved in agriculture and cattle also some people are doing IT related business and some are software developers, also cinema industry like directors, producers, actors. More than 10 are in Indian military agribusiness.

Villages in Tiruvarur district


Jim Rutenberg is a writer at large for The New York Times and The New York Times Magazine. He has written over 2,300 articles for The New York Times.

Career
After finishing college in 1991, Rutenberg began working for the New York Daily News as a gossip stringer. He eventually worked his way up to becoming a general assignment reporter. In 1996, he was hired on staff and became a transit beat reporter. He left the Daily News in 1999 to work as a TV reporter for The New York Observer. One year later, he began working for The New York Times, where he was responsible for covering media and local politics. He has also served as City Hall Bureau Chief, and later as chief political correspondent for the Sunday magazine. In January 2016 he was named media columnist. In January 2020, he became a writer at large for The New York Times and The New York Times Magazine.

Family
Rutenberg is married to designer Ondine Karady.

Awards
 2020: Gerald Loeb Award for best feature

Selected bibliography
 "Planet Fox", with Jonathan Mahler, The New York Times Magazine
 "Part 1: Imperial Reach", April 3, 2019
 "Part 2: Internal Divisions", April 3, 2019
 "Part 3: The New Fox Weapon", April 3, 2019

References

External links
The New York Times articles index

American male journalists
Living people
The New York Times writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gerald Loeb Award winners for Feature


Valērijs Agešins (born June 23, 1972 in Liepāja) is a Latvian politician and lawyer. He is a member of Harmony and a deputy of the Saeima, elected to represent the Kurzeme electoral district. He began his current term in parliament on November 4, 2014.

From 1994-1998 he studied at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University in Kaliningrad, graduating in history. He obtained a master's degree in pedagogy, and in 2002, he graduated from the Baltic Russian Institute as a lawyer. He is not however, a qualified attorney.

From 1997-1998 he worked in a teacher training summer camp and from 1995-1999 as a law and political science lecturer at the Institute of Social Technologies. From 1998-2002 he was a history teacher at Liepāja High School where he was a member of the secondary school teachers' union committee. In 2002 he became a member of the Liepāja City Public Reconciliation Commission, becoming Vice-President. Later in 2002 he was elected to the Saeima, and was re-elected again in 2006. His area of specialization is legal issues, the Parliamentary Justice Committee and the Committee on European Affairs.

He speaks three languages, Russian, Latvian, English and enjoys football, swimming, volleyball and basketball.

References

External links
Page at the Harmony Centre website
Saeima website

1972 births
Living people
Politicians from Liepāja
Latvian people of Russian descent
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima
Latvian legal scholars
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University alumni
University of Latvia alumni


Charlotta Aurora De Geer later Gyldenstolpe and Wetterstedt (1779–1834), was a politically influential Swedish countess, salonist and courtier.

Life

Courtier
Born to the royal court chamberlain baron Johan Jakob De Geer af Finspång and Fredrika Aurora Taube. She served as hovfröken to Princess Charlotte until her marriage in 1796; statsfru to the queen, Frederica of Baden, in 1800-1809, and överhovmästarinna to queen dowager Charlotte in 1818.
During her tenure as courtier of Frederica, she appears to have been somewhat favored: she was one of the two ladies-in-waiting chosen to accompany the queen to Finland in 1802 (with countess Christina Frölich) and to Germany in 1803-05 (with countess Caroline Oxenstierna).

Salonist
On  12 April 1796 in Stockholm Castle she married her relative, Major General and governor Count Nils Gyldenstolpe. She divorced in 1810, and married the politician count Gustaf af Wetterstedt in 1811.
Charlotta Aurora De Geer was described as a beautiful wit, and belonged to the leading central figures of the Swedish capital's society in the first decades of the 19th century. She hosted a salon which functioned as a political forum, and were King Charles XIII of Sweden, was a frequent guest, as was  Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, during his visit to Sweden in 1801-02.
She influenced politics herself by making her salon a forum for political discussions, as a 19th-century author described it: "Through the wife of count Wetterstedt, the society life in his home became the most sophisticated and interesting, and foreigners frequented it more than many others widely known. The countess was widely amused by state affairs and often exposed the lions of the opposition to criticism; at least many spoke her little of the fact that he voted with the opposition, so as not to be forgotten in the next invitation by this shining hostess."

The affair of the crown prince
She belonged to the intimate circle of friends around the king and crown prince in the early 1820s, where she, Gustaf Lagerbielke, Mariana Koskull and the wife of the Dutch ambassador were prominent members of the French language amateur theater at Rosersberg Palace.
During this period, she introduced her daughter Jaquette Löwenhielm to this intimate circle. When her daughter and crown prince Oscar became lovers, she prevented her son-in-law from removing her daughter from court: her son-in-law commented that whether she was truly unknowing or just pretended not to know, she nevertheless refused to prevent or stop it and by her actions rather ensured that the love affair could continue.

The marriage of the crown prince
When the marriage of the crown prince was to be arranged, she contributed to the list of candidates. While baron von Böhnen spoke in favor of Josephine of Leuchtenberg, whom he managed to include as number two on the list, De Geer pointed out that the father of Leuchtenberg was a mere titular monarch and related through the queen of Bavaria to the deposed Swedish queen Frederica of Baden, and that the queen of Bavaria had plans to reinstate her nephew in the Swedish succession. Instead, she promoted Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel, daughter of her personal friend Augusta of Prussia, who favored the match, and managed to have her listed as number three.> When Oscar and his entourage made a trip through Germany in 1822-23 to meet prospective brides, Charlotta Aurora De Geer arranged for her spouse and son-in-law to accompany him.
Prior to the official trip of prince Oscar, however, baron von Böhnen visited Hesse and informed the electress Augusta that the Bernadotte dynasty could be deposed at any moment and that Sweden had further more deposed or murdered its latest regents. Shortly thereafter, Charlotta Aurora De Geer arrived to Hesse and informally made a proposal on behalf of the crown prince. She was given a negative reply, which made the entourage of Oscar to decide against a visit to Hesse and instead continue from Copenhagen directly to Leuchtenberg.

References

 Wilhelmina Stålberg: Anteqningar om Svenska kvinnor (Notes on Swedish women) (Swedish)

 Cecilia af Klercker (1936). Hedvig Elisabeth Charlottas dagbok VII (1800–1806). Stockholm: Norstedt & Söners förlag.

1779 births
Swedish salon-holders
Swedish ladies-in-waiting
19th-century Swedish nobility
1834 deaths
Swedish countesses
Mistresses of the Robes (Sweden)
Swedish people of Belgian descent
Charlotta Aurora


WPKC (1540 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Exeter, New Hampshire, and covering the New Hampshire Seacoast region and Southern Maine. The station's format is contemporary Christian music, supplied from the K-Love network. The station's license is held by the Educational Media Foundation. The station simulcasts its sister station, 92.1 WPKC-FM in Sanford, Maine. In addition, WPKC operates two FM translators: W246BP (97.1 MHz) in Exeter, and W298CU (101.5) in Chester.

AM 1540 is a clear-channel frequency reserved for Class A stations KXEL in Waterloo, Iowa, and ZNS-1 in Nassau, Bahamas. WPKC broadcasts at 5,000 watts during the daytime hours only.

History
The AM 1540 frequency in Exeter went on the air on June 4, 1966, as WKXR. It was owned by Frank Estes, who also owned WKXL in Concord, New Hampshire. Estes sold the station in 1978, and on March 10, 1982, the station was renamed WMYF. The call sign stood for "Music of Your Life", a syndicated adult standards format.

In 1998, Capstar acquired WMYF from CBS Radio. (CBS had obtained the station after its purchase of American Radio Systems.) The station began to simulcast the news/talk format of WGIR, a sister station in Manchester, New Hampshire; a call sign change to WGIP followed on October 2. The WMYF call sign would later be moved down the AM dial to 1380 AM, which would retain it until that station's closure in 2015.

Capstar and Chancellor Media announced in August 1998 that they would merge (Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst was a major shareholder in both companies); upon the merger's completion in July 1999, the combined company was named AMFM Inc. AMFM was in turn acquired by Clear Channel Communications in a deal announced on October 4, 1999, and completed in August 2000.

After WGIP was placed into the Aloha Station Trust in 2008 as a result of the privatization of Clear Channel (now iHeartMedia, Inc.), the station was sold to Aruba Capital Holdings, LLC in 2009. After Aruba closed on the sale on March 9, 2009, the call sign was changed to WXEX and the WGIR simulcast was discontinued. WXEX relaunched with an oldies format on March 16, 2009. On August 11, 2011, the station began simulcasting with 92.1 WXEX-FM in Sanford, Maine, which Aruba had acquired earlier in the year.

On April 14, 2015, WXEX owner Aruba Capital Holdings LLC entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) with WNBP/WWSF owner Port Broadcasting LLC whereby the latter assumed operational control of WXEX and WXEX-FM. On August 20, 2015, WXEX and its FM sister station shifted their format from classic hits to classic rock, branded as "Classic Rock 92.1"; the move was made to distinguish WXEX from WWSF's oldies format. Effective January 31, 2017, Aruba Capital sold WXEX, WXEX-FM, and W246BP to LMA partner Port Broadcasting. In return, Aruba Capital received a 26.9 percent stake in Port Broadcasting, giving Aruba Capital principal Andrew Hartmann a controlling interest in the new licensee.

During Labor Day Weekend in 2018, WXEX and WXEX-FM stunted with a broadcast of the Drake-Chenault documentary The History of Rock and Roll. On September 3, 2018, the stations changed to an oldies format, branded as Seacoast Oldies, in effect reversing the 2015 format change.

Port Broadcasting agreed to sell WXEX, WXEX-FM, and translators W246BP and W298CU to the Educational Media Foundation (EMF) for $690,000 in April 2023. EMF already operated Air1 station WNHI in Farmington, with its K-Love network only available via stations in surrounding markets. Following the sale's completion on July 24, 2023, the "Seacoast Oldies" programming moved to WWSF on July 24, 2023, and WXEX joined K-Love; the station's call sign was changed to WPKC on August 1, 2023.

References

External links

PKC (AM)
Radio stations established in 1966
1966 establishments in New Hampshire
PKC (AM)
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Exeter, New Hampshire
K-Love radio stations
Educational Media Foundation radio stations


was a Japanese physician. During the Second World War, he disobeyed orders to conduct inhumane experiments on living human beings.

References

1913 births
1992 deaths
20th-century Japanese physicians
Civil disobedience


The River Cree is a river in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland which runs through Newton Stewart and into the Solway Firth. It forms part of the boundary between the counties of Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire.
The tributaries of the Cree are the Minnoch, Trool, Penkiln and Palnure which drain from the Range of the Awful Hand, the labyrinthine range of mountains and lochs, bogs, burns and crags, rising at its highest to The Merrick, Galloway ( above sea level),  north and visible from Newton Stewart.

The River Cree provided a route from the coast into the forested hinterland. Then it became the boundary between communities living on either side, dividing the County, or Shire, of Wigtownshire from the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. It also divides the parish of Penninghame from the parish of Minnigaff and the town of Newton Stewart from the villages of Creebridge and Minnigaff, thus identifying a variety of administrative entities. There were very few bridges until the 18th century and tolls and local customs duties could be levied at such crossing points. The Cree was also the source of power for the textile mills built in Newton Stewart in the 18th century when water power was a key element in industrial development.

Most of the time, the Cree is fordable and the old site of the main ford, just below the present bridge, is still detectable in the street layout of Newton Stewart. The location of the first, wooden bridge and the boat ferry are still identifiable local landmarks just to the north of the present bridge.

A new steel bridge, the Sparling Bridge, was strung across the river downstream of the Town Bridge in 1998 as part of an attractive riverside walk. This bridge is named after the fish – the sparling or smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) which still breeds in the estuary, one of only three sites in Scotland. Largely for this reason the Cree estuary "The silty Cree" is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The remaining bridge downstream of Newton Stewart is the bridge, built in 1979 as part of the A75 trunk road bypass.

Before there were proper roads, and before the railway came to Galloway in the 19th century, bulky goods such as coal and fertilisers, gravel and grain, timber and stone, were transported by sea. The Cree has a winding, silty estuary, not good for navigation, but there was a harbour at the Carty Port, a couple of miles south of Newton Stewart, and others further down the estuary at Wigtown and Creetown from which coastal cargoes were traded. Regular services linked the Solway ports with Liverpool. Although both of these ports are now almost derelict, there are still active fishing ports further south around the Machars peninsula at Garlieston, the Isle of Whithorn and Port William.

The shore is also home to fishing traditions, wildlife and a large expanse of salt marsh – the "inks". Wigtown Bay is now a recognised wildlife reserve, where salt marshes are grazed by sheep all year round and by huge flocks of wild geese in winter. The bay is particularly noted for the important numbers of pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) that winter on the inks.

Salmon fisheries using stake nets can still be seen in the bay but are no longer common. Other traditional methods of salmon fishing using "haaf nets" have also declined. However, enthusiastic anglers return year after year to the Cree and fine fresh-run salmon are still caught in worthwhile numbers.

The silty Cree estuary is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, partly due to the sparling that breed there.

References

Cree


This is a list of lakes in Michigan. The American state of Michigan borders four of the five Great Lakes.

The number of inland lakes in Michigan depends on the minimum size. There are:
 62,798 lakes ≥
 26,266 lakes ≥
 6,537 lakes ≥
 1,148 lakes ≥
 98 lakes ≥
 10 lakes ≥

Many lakes share names, some of the most common are Clear Lake, Indian Lake, Long Lake, Mud Lake, Round Lake and Silver Lake.  Swimming, fishing, and/or boating are permitted in some of these lakes, but not all.

See also

 List of lakes in the United States
 List of lakes of the United States by area

References

General references

Further reading
Scott, I.D. (1921) Inland Lakes of Michigan Michigan Geological Society.

External links
 Michigan Department of Natural Resources website of Inland Lake Maps by County

Swimming venues in Michigan


Death of a Salesman is a 1951 American drama film adapted from the 1949 play of the same name by Arthur Miller. It was directed by László Benedek and written for the screen by Stanley Roberts. The film received many honors, including four Golden Globe Awards, the Volpi Cup and five Oscar nominations. Alex North, who wrote the music for the Broadway production, was one of the five Academy Award nominees for the film's musical score.

Plot
Willy Loman has led a life consisting of 60 years of failure. Loman's wife supports him, but he soon begins to lose his grip on reality and slips between the past and the present, frantically trying to find where he went wrong. Finally exhausted between the emotional rift between him and his son Biff, and the emotional toll from being burnt out with his job, Willy starts his car in the garage and takes his own life.  An insurance policy is paid out to the rest of the Loman family, as Willy felt he was worth more dead than alive.

Cast
 Fredric March as Willy Loman
 Mildred Dunnock as Linda Loman
 Kevin McCarthy as Biff Loman
 Cameron Mitchell as Happy Loman
 Howard Smith as Charley
 Royal Beal as Ben
 Don Keefer as Bernard
 Jesse White as Stanley
 Claire Carleton as Miss Francis
 David Alpert as Howard Wagner

Career of a Salesman
Just before the film was about to be released, Arthur Miller threatened to sue Columbia Studios over the short that was to appear before Death of a Salesman. This short film, Career of a Salesman, showed what the producers believed was a more typical American salesman, and was an attempt to defuse possible accusations that Death of a Salesman was an anti-American film. Eventually, Columbia agreed to remove the 10-minute short from the film's theatrical run.

Miller saw Career of a Salesman as an attack upon his work, proclaiming: "Why the hell did you make the picture if you're so ashamed of it? Why should anybody not get up and walk out of the theater if Death of a Salesman is so outmoded and pointless?" He argued against the portrayal of the salesman profession as "a wonderful profession, that people thrived on it, and there were no problems at all." Eventually, the very attitude that led Columbia to commission the intro film led to the failure of Death of a Salesman: Businessmen and other people in the political climate of the 1950s tried to distance themselves from a film depicting American failure.

Production
Benedek took great care in making the film a close transcription of the play. In many places, the film uses Miller's lines verbatim, sometimes leaving out only small lines of dialogue. However, the playwright claimed that the movie was ruined by the truncation of key scenes. In fact, the playwright had no involvement with or control over the film. Benedek also stressed the dreary, middle class setting of the film, using small rooms and gray shots.

The cast consisted principally of the Broadway cast, with the addition of Kevin McCarthy from the original London cast. However, Fredric March replaced Broadway actor Lee J. Cobb after concerns arose over Cobb's alleged past with leftist politics.

Reception
Though the film won over many film critics and received nominations for many awards, it was a box-office failure. The subject matter, the failure of the American dream, did not appeal to many of the era's moviegoers. Miller hated the adaptation of his play. He also claimed that, although he wrote the play cinematically, Benedek managed to "chop off almost every climax of the play as though with a lawnmower" and portray Loman as a lunatic rather than a victim.

Awards and nominations

New York Times Critics' Pick
 Top 1,000

Restoration and home video
Death of a Salesman has been released on DVD format by Movies Unlimited. It has also been made available on various streaming platforms, such as Amazon Prime Video.

In 2013, a digital restoration of the film was undertaken by Sony. The digital pictures were digitally restored, frame by frame, at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches and other artifacts. The restoration was part of the Stanley Kramer 100-year celebration (Kramer would have been 100 years old on September 29, 2013).

References

External links

1951 films
1951 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Alex North
Films scored by Morris Stoloff
American films based on plays
Films directed by László Benedek
Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe
Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films set in Brooklyn
Films produced by Stanley Kramer
Columbia Pictures films
Films based on works by Arthur Miller
1950s English-language films
1950s American films


Jon Jørundson Mannsåker (28 September 1880 – 28 February 1964) was a Norwegian priest and politician for the Liberal Party.

Biography
He was born at  Odda in Hordaland, Norway. He took an education in theology. He was the headmaster of Hardanger folk high school (Hardanger folkehøgskule) from 1912 to 1928, and at the same time an auxiliary priest in Ullensvang from 1914. In 1928 he became a curate in Voss.
 In 1933 he moved permanently to Oslo to become a curate there. From 1940 to 1950 he served as vicar.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1927 and 1930, representing the constituency Hordaland and the Liberal Party.
He was a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament during the term 1954–1957. He was a minor ballot candidate in the 1957 election.

He was  married to Anna Erika Stueland (1881–1966). They were the parents of politician Bergfrid Fjose and historian Dagfinn Mannsåker.

References

1880 births
1964 deaths
People from Odda
Norwegian priest-politicians
Norwegian educators
Members of the Storting
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Hordaland politicians
Politicians from Oslo


Johnnie To is a Hong Kong film director, screenwriter and producer. He has contributed to many projects, as a producer, director or a combination of the two. He made his directorial debut in 1980, when he directed The Enigmatic Case, a film starring Damian Lau.

In 1996, To began producing and directing films under his independent production company Milkyway Image, a company that he co-founded with frequent collaborator Wai Ka-fai. Commercially successful in his native Hong Kong, To's films have regularly appeared at international film festivals, most notably in Europe and North America.

To's biggest international successes include  Breaking News, Election, Election 2 (a.k.a. Triad Election), Exiled, Mad Detective and Drug War; these films have been distributed theatrically in France and the United States and widely sold to foreign countries.

Filmography
This is a list of films which was participated by Johnnie To.

To also served as one of the production services supervisor for the American film Push.

References

External links

 Johnnie To at LoveHKFilm.com

Director filmographies
Hong Kong filmographies
British filmographies
Films directed by Johnnie To


The 2009 CIS Men's Final 8 Basketball Tournament was held March 13-15, 2009. It was the second of three consecutive CIS Championships to be held at Scotiabank Place in Ottawa, Ontario and was hosted by the Carleton Ravens. The host Ravens won the championship, their sixth in seven years. Stu Turnbull of the Ravens was named tournament MVP.

Championship Bracket

Consolation Bracket

Note: All records are against CIS competition only.

2009
2008–09 in Canadian basketball
Sports competitions in Ottawa


The Deputies of the 9th Saeima are the 100 deputies or members of the parliament of Latvia, the Saeima. Ninety-nine of those elected to 9th Saeima began their term on 7 November 2006, and ended their term on 2 November 2010. However in total including deputies with mandates and others, the 9th Saeima had 116 working members.

Members of the 9th Saeima
The list has 116 people, all in alphabetical order of the deputies of the Saeima. Names in italics did not attend a full term of the Saeima.

External links
 Deputies at the Saeima website

Lists of political office-holders in Latvia


The Verbotzeit ("time of prohibition" [the grammatically correct German term is Verbotszeit] refers to the fifteen-month period between
the collapse of Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch in Munich (9 November 1923), and
the termination of Bavaria's official ban against the Nazi Party and its organs and instruments (such as the Volkischer Beobachter and the SA) (16 February 1925).

Background
On 24 June 1922 the German Foreign Minister, Walther Rathenau, a Jew who was undertaking to carry out Germany's treaty obligations under the Treaty of Versailles, was assassinated by right-wing terrorists belonging to the Organisation Consul while on his way to work. In response, the national government in Berlin, acting through the Reichstag and under the direction of Chancellor Joseph Wirth, promulgated a Law for the Protection of the Republic (LFPR). Wirth gave a stirring and prophetic speech to the Reichstag following the murder of his respected minister in which he pointed to the right-wing delegates of parliament and then famously declared "The danger stands on the right!" The new national law increased the punishments for politically motivated acts of violence and banned organizations that opposed the "constitutional republican form of government" along with their printed matter and meetings. A special court in Leipzig was also constituted by the LFPR, and the court was vested with exclusive jurisdiction over violations of the LFPR. The court consisted of nine members who were appointed by the President of the Republic, which would limit the effects of judicial provincialism and particularism. In a move intended to limit the influence of the Republic's conservative (and often monarchical) judiciary, only three of the nine judges were required to be professional jurists; the others could be lay judges.

The Bavarian Landtag, resistant to the central power and jealous of its own "sovereignty", retaliated by enacting a Bavarian law that claimed to suspend the operation of the national law in Bavaria and to replace the LFPR with its own Bavarian Decree for Protection of the Republic. The Bavarian High Court declared the maneuver to be a legal and effective procedure. The constitutional crisis was resolved by a compromise: the Bavarian Decree was withdrawn, and the national LFPR was amended to provide that a co-equal "southern division" of the new court was established, and that three of the lay judges in that division had to be Bavarian.

By early 1923, the states of Prussia, Saxony, Baden, Thuringia, Schaumburg-Lippe, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Hamburg, Bremen and Hesse had banned the Nazi Party under the provisions of the Law for the Protection of the Republic. In March, the German Supreme Court upheld all prohibitions of the party in locations where it had been active in 1922. The Nazi newspaper the Völkischer Beobachter was also banned. In the trial of Adolf Hitler for his part in the failed 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, the court refused to apply the provisions of the law to "a man who thinks and feels as German as Hitler". The law would have required that he be deported to Austria as a foreigner convicted of high treason.

Footnotes

Adolf Hitler's rise to power
Legal history of Germany


The following is a list of awards and nominations for  Johnnie To, a critically acclaimed Hong Kong filmmaker.

Main awards and nominations

Festivals

External links

To, Johnnie


Lake Mitchell is one of two lakes in Wexford County, Michigan, that are joined by the Clam Lake Canal. The other lake is Lake Cadillac.

Mitchell State Park is located on Lake Mitchell. Bluegill, Pumpkinseed Sunfish, Black Crappie, Rock Bass, Northern Pike, Walleye, Smallmouth Bass, Largemouth Bass, Bullhead are types of fish in Lake Mitchell.

History
Historically, Lake Mitchell was referred to as Big Clam Lake, and Clam Lake is still shown in the USGS official Geographic Names Information System as a variant name for Lake Mitchell.

In 1873, local businessman George A. Mitchell founded the village of Clam Lake (renamed Cadillac, Michigan, in 1882) and constructed the canal connecting Big Clam Lake to Little Clam Lake. At the time, the canal enabled logging on the west side of Lake Mitchell; logs floated through the canal entered Lake Cadillac, on the east shore of which stood lumber mills, the railroad and the Village of Clam Lake.

The names of the two lakes were changed in 1903, with Little Clam Lake renamed as Lake Cadillac (for the community) and Big Clam Lake as Lake Mitchell, in honor of William W. Mitchell, the nephew and business partner of George A. Mitchell.

See also
List of lakes in Michigan

References

Bodies of water of Wexford County, Michigan
Mitchell


Mads Lauritz Madsen (1782–1840) was a Norwegian politician.

He was elected to the first session of the Norwegian Parliament in 1827, representing the constituency of Drammen. He worked as a merchant in that city. He only served one term.

References

1782 births
1840 deaths
Norwegian merchants
Members of the Storting
Buskerud politicians
Politicians from Drammen
19th-century Norwegian businesspeople


George William Outram Addleshaw (1 December 1906–14 June 1982) was Dean of Chester in the third quarter of the 20th century. He was born on 1 December 1906 and educated at Bromsgrove and Trinity College, Oxford. Ordained in 1931, he was initially a Curate at Highfield Parish Church, Southampton. Following this he became Vice Principal of St Chad's College, Durham, then a Canon Residentiary at York Minster before his elevation to the Deanery of Chester. A man with extensive knowledge of church architecture,  he died on 14 June 1982.

In the 1950s, Addleshaw was living at 10 Precentor's Court, adjacent to York Minster.

References

External links
 Bibliographic directory from Project Canterbury

1906 births
1982 deaths
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Deans of Chester
People educated at Bromsgrove School


ARPACK, the ARnoldi PACKage, is a numerical
software library written in FORTRAN 77 for solving large scale eigenvalue problems
in the matrix-free fashion.

The package is designed to compute a few eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors of large sparse or structured matrices, using the
Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method (IRAM)
or, in the case of symmetric matrices, the corresponding variant of the
Lanczos algorithm.
It is used by many popular numerical computing environments such as SciPy, Mathematica, GNU Octave
and MATLAB to provide this functionality.

Reverse Communication Interface
A powerful matrix-free feature of ARPACK is its ability to use any matrix storage format. This is possible because it doesn't operate on the matrices directly, but instead when a matrix operation is required it returns control to the calling program with a flag indicating what operation is required. The calling program must then perform the operation and call the ARPACK routine again to continue. The operations are typically matrix-vector products, and solving linear systems.

Fork
Due to stalled upstream development, ARPAСK has been forked into ARPACK-NG, as a form of a collaborative effort of the various groups that rely on ARPACK.

See also

 LOBPCG, a different matrix-free method for symmetric or Hermitian matrices only, implemented in C in BLOPEX, ported to hypre and SLEPc, in C++ in Anasazi (Trilinos), in Python in scipy, in Julia language, MATLAB, GNU Octave, as well as in Matrix Algebra on GPU and Multicore Architectures (MAGMA) and NVIDIA CUDA.
 LAPACK, software library based on matrix transformations for dense matrices.

References

External links
  at Rice University
 arpack-ng fork, joint effort between Scilab, GNU Octave, Debian, and others.

Fortran libraries
Free software programmed in Fortran
Numerical software
Software using the BSD license


National Sports Academy was a private preparatory school for winter-sport athletes in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The academy was closed in 2015.

History
The school began in 1977 as Mountain House, a winter tutorial program for student-athletes. The school changed from a winter-only program to a traditional school calendar in 1981 and changed its name to National Sports Academy on March 17, 1989.

Campus and Nearby Training Facilities Used by NSA Student Athletes

The school covers grades 9-12 and is located in the former Winterset Inn, which housed Italian athletes during the 1980 Winter Olympics. The school's main building which houses a cafeteria, dorm rooms, and classrooms is located directly across from Mirror Lake. The average number of boarding students is around 200 Students per year.  The school is located steps from the Olympic Center which is a massive sports facility that houses 3 Hockey rinks and was home to the 1932 and 1980 Olympic Hockey competitions where the United States famously won the Gold medal (1980). The Olympic Center is the home practice and game facility for all of the National Sports Academy hockey players and speed skating athletes. The varsity A boys and girls teams practice daily and host all home games on the Herb Brooks Arena which is a 13,450-seat arena with a full Olympic-sized sheet of ice.   Players use the weight rooms, basketball courts and other amenities in the Olympic Center to help train them off-ice. Outside is the Olympic Speed skating oval which has hosted many international competitions, most notably  the 1932 and 1980 Olympic games. Alpine skiers are fortunate enough to have one of the best locations in the US for the advancement of their skills. Skiers train at the Olympic Training Center which hosts winter sport athletes from the US and other countries who are living in Lake Placid or in town to train for extended periods of time. This gives NSA student-athletes a first-hand opportunity to train with and observe the training practices of some of the top athletes in their respective sports. The Olympic Sports Complex is the third significant facility that NSA athletes have full access to and use on a daily basis. The current home of the US Olympic Men's and Women's sliding teams. (Luge, Bobsled, and Skeleton) The sliding track was the home of the 32 and 80 Olympic games and has been one of the premier tracks in North America in the past 15 years in terms of training and competition sliding events. Students go to class in the afternoon and end in the late evening.

Curriculum
The school's student-athletes focus on one of ten winter sports: Alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, snowboarding, Nordic skiing, ski jumping, Nordic combined, biathlon, figure skating, luge, and boys’ and girls’ hockey. Academic studies are addressed by a rigorous college-preparatory curriculum and specialized curricula and tutors for students who travel to compete.

Extracurricular activities
Student groups and activities at National Sports Academy include a community service committee, a cultural arts committee, Coffee Haus, a dodgeball club, ping pong tournaments, a student council, a sustainability and stewardship council, an ultimate Frisbee club, and a yearbook.

Notable alumni
National Sports Academy has had 34 National team members, 21 members of the U.S. Ski Team, five Members US Jr. Luge Team, 2 members of the Czech Women's Ice Hockey Team, and its alumni have won five National Nordic Skiing Titles, 5 Nordic Skiing Medalists, eight Jr. National Skiing Titles, and one Women's National Luge Champion.
 A. J. Kitt, Alpine Skiing
 Duncan Kennedy, Luge
 Cammy Myler, Luge
 Samantha Retrosi, Luge
 Courtney Zablocki, Luge
 Billy Demog, Nordic Combined (Gold and Silver Medalist)
 Tucker West, Luge
 Lindsay Van, Ski Jumper
 Carrie Johnson
 Haley Johnson, Biathlon
 Summer Britchner, Luge
 John Farra, Biathlon
 Ray DiLauro, Ice Hockey
 Reese Wisnowski, Ice Hockey
 Aidan Kelly, Luge
 Chris Mazdzer, Luge
 Nicole Giannino, Ice Hockey (Boston Blades, CWHL) Team USA World Inline Hockey Team
 Kali Flanagan, Women’s Olympic Gold Medalist

References

Educational institutions established in 1977
Educational institutions disestablished in 2015
Sports schools in the United States
Private high schools in New York (state)
1977 establishments in New York (state)


Thétis was a 40-gun  frigate of the French Navy.

From 1790, she served in various diplomatic missions in the Indian Ocean, before returning for a refit in Brest in 1793. From 1795, she was shuttled from France to Guadeloupe. She took part in the Invisible Squadron of Zacharie Allemand, before returning to Martinique along with the 16-gun brig .

On 17 December 1806, Thétis and the brig  captured . The French sold Netley and she became the privateer Duquesne. Less than nine months later, on 23 September 1807, HMS Blonde captured Dusquesne. (The Chroniques de la Marine Française report that in 1807, Thétis captured an 18-gun brig named Methly. This may be a slightly garbled reference to the capture of Netley, there being no Royal Navy vessel named Methly.)

 captured Thétis off Lorient in the action of 10 November 1808. British casualties in the engagement were severe, with 19 killed and 51 wounded, but French losses were several times larger, with 135 dead, including her commander, Capitaine de Vaisseau Jacques Pinsum, and 102 wounded. The Royal Navy took her into service as HMS Brune.

Brune was broken up in 1838.

References

External links

Frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships built in France
Age of Sail frigates of France
1788 ships
Nymphe-class frigates
Captured ships


The 2009 Bowling Green Falcons football team represented Bowling Green State University during the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by first-year head coach Dave Clawson and  played in the East Division of the Mid-American Conference. They played their home games at Doyt Perry Stadium. They finished the season 7–6, 6–2 in MAC play to finish in third place in the East Division. They were invited to the Humanitarian Bowl where they lost to Idaho.

Preseason

Coaching changes
On November 28, 2008, athletic director Greg Christopher announced that head coach Gregg Brandon had been fired after six seasons and 44–30 record, including a 31–18 conference record, which was the best of any MAC coach since 2003 and led the team to three bowl games (2–1) and shares of two East division championships.  Christopher stated that a culmination of on and off the field events led to Brandon's dismissal, nine months after Brandon received a three-year contract extension.  The on-field problems included the Falcons 6–6 record, which was very disappointing as the Falcons were favored to win the MAC East division, and a 1–4 home record which included losses to Miami (OH) and Eastern Michigan (who finished 2–10 and 3–9 respectively) and a 40–34 double-overtime loss to eventual MAC Champion Buffalo, after the Falcons led the game by 20 points entering the fourth quarter and gave up two touchdowns within the final three minutes of the game.  Off the field, eleven Falcons players found themselves in legal troubles, two of which were arrested on drug trafficking charges.  The program was also stripped of nine scholarships by the NCAA because of inadequate grades on the association's Academic Progress Report.  Christopher stated that Brandon's post-game tirade about the lack of student support and attendance after the Buffalo loss, did not factor into his decision to release the coach.

On December 7, 2008, the Falcons lost two valuable coaches to rival Toledo, as defensive coordinator Mike Ward and co-offensive coordinator Matt Campbell were brought to the Rockets by new head coach (and former BG assistant) Tim Beckman.  The two assistants left, because they were not guaranteed contracts after Gregg Brandon was fired.  Ward was a very influential tool in recruiting and a few recruits were expected to rescind their verbals to Bowling Green, because of his departure.

On December 12, 2008, athletic director Greg Christopher named Dave Clawson as the program's 17th head coach.  Clawson, served the previous season with Tennessee as the Volunteers' offensive coordinator and had been the head coach at Fordham and Richmond, winning three conference championships and two Div. I-FCS Coach of the Year awards.  Others that were considered for the job included former Oklahoma State defensive coordinator Tim Beckman (now head coach at Toledo), Ohio State defensive coordinator Luke Fickell, former Florida offensive coordinator Dan Mullen (now head coach at the University of Florida), Louisville defensive coordinator Ron English, LSU offensive line coach Greg Studrawa, Central Michigan assistant Zach Azzani, Missouri defensive coordinator Matt Eberflus and Purdue defensive coordinator Brock Spack

On January 27, 2009, Clawson announced eight additions to his coaching staff for the upcoming season.  The list included Shannon Morrison and Joe Trainer hired as co-defensive coordinators, Warren Ruggerio as offensive coordinator, John Hunter as running backs coach, John McDonnell as offensive line coach, Doug Philips as defensive ends coach, Sean Spencer as defensive tackles coach and special teams coordinator, and Clint Dowdle as director of football operations.  A month after being introduced as co-defensive coordinator, Joe Trainer left the Falcons to become head coach at Rhode Island, a school that he was previously an assistant and defensive coordinator.

On February 2, 2009, quarterbacks coach Jim Hofher left the Falcons to become offensive coordinator at Delaware.

Key losses
Clawson dismissed Senior defensive lineman Michael Ream for an undisclosed violation of team rules in April.  Ream, who had been suspended in 2007 due to violating team rules, was to be the only senior on Bowling Green's defensive line.  When asked about the dismissal, Clawson stated "We are disappointed that we had to take this step, but when a student-athlete makes a poor decision, he must live with the consequences of his decision."

The following are some of the key players (all but Ream having graduated) who will be no longer eligible to play in the 2009 season:

Offense:
 Brandon Curtis (OL)
 Jeff Fink (OL)
 Jermiah Kelley (WR)
 Aaron Kent (OL)
 Marques Parks (WR)
 Corey Partridge (WR)
 Eric Ransom (RB)
 Anthony Turner (RB)

Defense:
 Adrian Baker (DE)
 Diyral Briggs (DL)
 Nick Davis (DL)
 Erique Dozier (LB)
 Giovanni Fillari (DB)
 John Haneline (LB)
 Kenny Lewis (DB)
 Michael Ream (DL)*†
 Joe Schaefer (DL)
 Antonio Smith (DB)
 Nate Waldron (LB)
 Freddie Walker (DB)

Special Teams:
 Sinisa Vrvillo (K)

*-Underclassman
†-Dismissed from team

Recruiting

Schedule

Sources:

Roster

Game summaries

Troy

The Dave Clawson era at Bowling Green began with a home contest against the Sun Belt's Troy Trojans in the first meeting between the two schools.  The game was also the first time that Bowling Green opened the season at home since 2003.  The Falcons came into the game as a 7-point underdog.

Troy received the opening kickoff and marched 80 yards down the field on ten plays in just under two minutes, led by Troy quarterback Levi Brown, who had played under Clawson at Richmond. Troy running back DuJuan Harris finished off the drive, running the ball in from two yards out to put Troy up 7–0.  The teams would trade punts on the next two drives before Bowling Green pushed the ball into Troy's territory.  After completing a pass on fourth and six to Troy's 25-yard line, Tyler Sheehan was intercepted by Troy defensive back Bryan Willis ending the Falcons' deepest drive of the first quarter.  Troy would push their lead to 14–0 after Brown hit wide receiver Jerrel Jernigan for a 13-yard touchdown.  The Falcons would answer on the following drive, as Sheehan hooked up with senior wide receiver Freddie Barnes for a 31-yard touchdown pass cutting Troy's lead to 14–7.  Late in the second quarter Troy drove deep into Bowling Green's territory, but their drive stalled at the Falcons' 17-yard line after the Trojans failed to convert on fourth and one.  The Falcons would run the clock out and end the half trailing 14–7

The Falcons would show a totally different look in the second half effectively shutting the door on the Troy's offense, including forcing a fumble and intercepting Brown twice.  The Falcons scored on their second drive of the third quarter, as Sheehan found Barnes for eight yards and their second touchdown of the game.  On the first play of the fourth quarter, senior defensive back Roger Williams intercepted a Levi Brown pass at Bowling Green's 29-yard line.  Bowling Green would take the lead on the following possession, as freshman kicker Jerry Phillips converted a 21-yard field goal making the score 17–14 in Bowling Green's favor.  Bowling Green would score on its second consecutive possession, as junior runningback Willie Geter capped off a 4 play, 49 yard drive with a one-yard rush, increasing the Falcons' lead to 24–14.  Bowling Green freshman defensive back Adrien Spencer sealed the win for Bowling Green after he picked Brown off on a fourth and four and took the ball back for a 64-yard interception return for a touchdown, increasing the score to 31–14.

During the game, Bowling Green senior wide receiver Freddie Barnes set the school record for most receptions in a game, as he collected 15 receptions for 157 yards and Clawson became the eighth consecutive coach to win their debut as the head coach at Bowling Green.

Missouri

The Falcons' second game of the season came on the road against the Big 12's Missouri Tigers who came into the game ranked #25th in the nation.  The Falcons entered the game with a 3–1 series advantage, including a 20 – 13 victory the last time the two teams met at Faurot Field in 2001.  The Falcons came into the game as a 20-point underdog and were not expected to cause the Tigers much of a threat.

The Falcons would start off the game well reaching the red zone on three of their first five drives.  The Falcons would strike first as Tyler Sheehan hooked up with sophomore receiver Ray Hutson on a 10-yard touchdown pass late in the first quarter to complete a 10 play, 80-yard drive and give the Falcons a 7–0 lead.  On the first play of Missouri's ensuing possession, sophomore quarterback Blaine Gabbert fumbled the ball after being hit by Falcons' senior linebacker Cody Basler and the ball was recovered by junior defensive lineman Carlos Tipton at Missouri's 22-yard line.  The Falcons offense would waist the opportunity, going three and out, gaining three yards and having to settle for a 37-yard field goal from freshman kicker Jerry Phillips to push the Falcons lead to 10–0 at the end of the first quarter.  The Falcons would recover another fumble in Missouri's territory as senior defensive back Jahmal Brown forced Missouri junior defensive back to fumble the ball on a punt return and junior linebacker Neal Dahlman recovered the ball for the Falcons at Missouri's 18-yard line.  The Falcons would waist their second possession with a short field, going three and out for four yards and settling for a 32-yard field goal from Phillips to push the lead to 13–0.  The Tigers would get two field goals from sophomore kicker Grant Ressel (38, 46) to cut the Falcon lead to 13–6 at halftime.

Bowling Green would keep the foot on the pedal entering the second half, taking the opening possession of the half 73 yards on 11 plays capped off with a 1-yard touchdown run from Willie Geter to push the Falcons lead to 20–6.  From there, the Falcons offense would go stagnant, only gaining five first downs the rest of the game.  Missouri would wear down the Falcons' defense starting with an 11 play, 87 yard drive culminating in a 27-yard touchdown pass from Gabbert to Jarred Perry to cut the Falcons' lead to 20–13.  Missouri would continue to run down the Falcons scoring on their next two possessions with a 33-yard pass from Gabbert to Wes Kemp and a 1-yard run by Der Washington to give the Tigers the 27–20 lead.  The Falcons would have one last chance, taking possession at their own 16-yard line.  Sheehan would complete a 17-yard pass to senior receiver Chris Wright on the first play of the drive, but would only complete one of his next four passes as the Falcons turned the ball over on downs near midfield.

References

Bowling Green
Bowling Green Falcons football seasons
Bowling Green Falcons football


Ian Vougioukas (alternate spelling: Ian Vouyoukas) (Greek: Ίαν Βουγιούκας; born May 31, 1985) is a Greek professional basketball player for Panionios of the Elite. Standing at , he plays at the center position. He played college basketball in the United States, for Saint Louis University.

Early life and career
Vougioukas, who was born in London, England, started playing basketball in his native country of Greece, with the youth clubs of Aris Glyfadas, Kronos, and Ilysiakos. He then moved to the United States, to play college basketball. He stayed in the U.S. until the end of the 2006–07 season.

College career
While playing NCAA Division I college basketball with the Saint Louis Billikens, Vougioukas was named First-Team All-Atlantic 10 Conference and was ranked 14th in the A-10 in scoring, at 13.9 points per game, and sixth in rebounding, at 7.4 rebounds per game. One of his college highlights was a game-high 28 point performance, in a 65–64 double-overtime loss to Dayton, on March 3, 2007. In the same game, he also grabbed 11 rebounds.

Professional career
After college, Vougioukas signed a three-year contract with the Greek EuroLeague club Olympiacos Piraeus. He was loaned to Rethymno, and he played with the squad during the 2007–08 season. In 2008, he returned to Olympiacos.

Vougioukas was loaned again, this time to Greek club Panellinios, for the 2009–10 season. In 2010, he signed with Greek club Panathinaikos, to a 2-year €1,620,000 euros gross income (€900,000 net income) contract. With Panathinaikos, Vougioukas won the EuroLeague and Greek League championships in 2011. He also won the Greek Cup title with Panathinaikos, in 2012.

In July 2012, Vougioukas signed two-year deal with the Russian club UNICS Kazan, of the VTB United League. He signed a 2-year €2 million net income contract.

In September 2014, Vougioukas signed a one-year deal with the Turkish club Galatasaray, of the Turkish Super League. In December 2014, he left Galatasaray. On February 26, 2015, he signed with ratiopharm Ulm of the German Bundesliga, for the rest of the season.

On 8 September 2015, Vougioukas signed a one-year deal with the Lithuanian League club Žalgiris Kaunas. On 17 August 2016, Vougioukas signed a 1+1 deal with the Russian club Lokomotiv Kuban. On July 1, 2017, Lokomotiv officially opted out of their deal with Vougioukas.

On July 4, 2017, Vougioukas returned to his former team, Panathinaikos, signing a 1+1 deal with them. He was later named the team's captain for a brief stint, due to a suspension of Nick Calathes. On August 1, 2019, Vougioukas renewed his contract with Panathinaikos, once again signing a 1+1 deal. On July 16, 2020, Vougioukas and the Greens officially parted ways. However, he was reinstated to the team on September 19 of the same year.

National team career

Greek junior national team
Vougioukas was a member of the junior Greek national basketball teams. With Greece's junior national teams, he played at the 2001 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship, the 2004 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, and the 2005 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. He also won the bronze medal at the 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Cup, and the silver medal at the 2005 FIBA Under-21 World Cup. He also won the silver medal at the 2009 Mediterranean Games, with Greece's under-26 national team.

Greek senior national team
As a member of the senior Greek national basketball team, Vougioukas played at the 2010 FIBA World Cup, and at the 2014 World Cup.

Personal life
Vougioukas' younger brother Alex, is also a professional basketball player. His cousin Vaso Vougiouka, is an Olympics fencer.

Career statistics

EuroLeague

|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
| style="text-align:left;"| Olympiacos
| 7 || 0 || 2.2 || .333 || .000 || 1.000 || 0.3 || .0 || 0.1 || .0 || 0.6 || -0.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;background:#AFE6BA;"| 2010–11†
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2| Panathinaikos
| 22 || 7 || 8.0 || .550 || .000 || .649 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 4.1 || 3.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2011–12
| 23 || 1 || 12.0 || .549 || .000 || .671 || 2.2 || 0.5 || 0.3 || 0.7 || 7.2 || 8.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2014–15
| style="text-align:left;"| Galatasaray
| 9 || 2 || 9.3 || .348 || .000 || .667 || 1.9 || 1.0 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 2.4 || 3.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
| style="text-align:left;"| Žalgiris Kaunas
| 24 || 16 || 20.2 || .542 || .000 || .857 || 4.7 || 1.3 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 11.1 || 13.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2017–18
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2| Panathinaikos
| 33 || 3 || 8.1 || .631 || .000 || .784 || 1.6 || 0.4 || 0.2 || .0 || 3.7 || 4.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
| 21 || 2 || 10.1 || .607 || .000 || .750 || 1.9 || 0.8 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 4.1 || 5.2
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="center" colspan="2"| Career
| 139 || 31 || 10.0 || .553 || .000 || .752 || 2.2 || 0.6 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 5.4 || 5.4

Awards and accomplishments

College
All-Atlantic 10 Conference First Team: (2006)

Pro career
 Greek League Best Young Player: (2008)
 3× Greek All Star Game: (2010, 2011, 2018)
 EuroLeague Champion: (2011)
 4× Greek League Champion: (2011, 2018, 2019, 2020)
 3x Greek Cup Winner: (2012, 2019, 2021)
 Russian Cup Winner: (2014)
 Lithuanian League Champion: (2016)

Greek junior national team
 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Cup:
 2005 FIBA Under-21 World Cup:
 2009 Mediterranean Games:

References

External links

 Ian Vougioukas at espn.com
 Ian Vougioukas at euroleague.net
 Ian Vougioukas at fiba.com
 Hellenic Basketball Federation Profile

1985 births
Living people
2010 FIBA World Championship players
2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players
BC UNICS players
BC Žalgiris players
Centers (basketball)
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players
Greek Basket League players
Greek expatriate basketball people in the United States
Greek men's basketball players
Ilysiakos B.C. players
Mediterranean Games medalists in basketball
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Greece
Olympiacos B.C. players
Panathinaikos B.C. players
Panellinios B.C. players
PBC Lokomotiv-Kuban players
Ratiopharm Ulm players
Rethymno B.C. players
Saint Louis Billikens men's basketball players
Basketball players from Athens


Kevin East (born March 29, 1971) is a retired U.S. soccer goalkeeper who currently coaches the Rutgers–Newark men's soccer team.  He spent six seasons in the USISL and two as a backup keeper with the MetroStars in Major League Soccer.   He is a member of the National Soccer Coaches Association of America National Rating Board and is a former president of the College Soccer Association of New Jersey.

Player

Youth
East graduated from Montgomery High School where he was an all-state soccer player.  He then attended Kean University where he was a member of the men's soccer team from 1989 to 1992.  In 1992, he and his teammates won the NCAA Division III national championship.  He holds the school record for single season and career saves as well as career shutouts.  He graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science and criminal justice in 1993 and was inducted into the Kean University Hall of Fame in 2004.

Professional
In 1994, he signed with the Jersey Dragons in the USISL.  He then played the 1995 season with the Dragons before being drafted by the Columbus Crew in the 3rd round (30th overall) of the 1996 MLS Supplemental Draft.  He broke his wrist during the preseason and was released soon after.  On May 15, 1996, he signed a two-year contract with the Central Jersey Riptide of USISL.  In 1998, he began the season with the New Jersey Stallions before being sent on loan to the MetroStars of Major League Soccer when regular backup Tim Howard joined the U.S. U-20 national team in preparation for the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship qualification.  He shared time during the 1999 season with the MetroStars and the North Jersey Imperials.  In 2000 and 2001, he played a handful of games for the New Jersey Stallions.

Coach
In 1993, East became an assistant coach at Kean University, a position he held through 1996.  In 1998, he was hired as the men's soccer coach by New Jersey City University.  Over the next nine seasons, he compiled a 123-66-11 record and was the 2005 New Jersey Athletic Conference Coach of the Year.  In 2004, he coached the NJCU women's soccer team for a single season, compiling a 5-13-1 record.  In January 2007, he was hired by Rutgers–Newark as the school's head soccer coach, a position he holds today. East led the men's soccer team to the program's first NJAC championship in 2017.

He is a member of the National Soccer Coaches Association of America National Rating Board.  He is also a former president of the College Soccer Association of New Jersey.

References

External links
Career overview

1971 births
Living people
American soccer coaches
American men's soccer players
Central Jersey Riptide players
Jersey Dragons players
Montgomery High School (New Jersey) alumni

New York Red Bulls players
New Jersey Stallions players
North Jersey Imperials players
People from Montgomery Township, New Jersey
Soccer players from New Jersey
Sportspeople from Somerset County, New Jersey
Men's association football goalkeepers
USISL players
USL Second Division players
Columbus Crew draft picks


Ross McNicol is an artist, who lives and works in London.

The Wallis Gallery

In 2007, with Ed Fornieles and Vanessa Carlos, Ross McNicol started The Wallis Gallery in Hackney Wick, London, where together they organised exhibitions and a performance night, Making Mistakes.

External links
 Other Criteria
 The Guardian, "Wallis Dies"

Notes and references

1979 births
Living people
English contemporary artists
Alumni of King's College London
Photographers from London


Farid Abbasov (), (born January 31, 1979) is a chess Grandmaster (2007) from Azerbaijan. He is ranked 14th in Azerbaijan as of July 2021.

In 1997, he took 2nd place in the European Youth Chess Championship.

In 2001, he was awarded the International Master title.

Best results: 1st at Alushta 2004; 1st at Kireyevsk 2004; 2nd at Tula 2006; 1st at Konya 2006; 1st the Rohde Open in Sautron, France 2007; 1st at Çanakkale 2007; 1st at La Fère Open (France) 2008; 1st at Nîmes Open (France) 2008; 2nd at the President's Cup in Baku 2008; 1st at the Caspian Cup in Rasht 2010.

In 2007, he won the gold medal at an international tournament in Laholm, Sweden. Thieves broke into his hotel room and stole his laptop computer, flight ticket, and documents.

He has coached the Azerbaijan Youth chess team for the past 9 years.

References

External links

Chess grandmasters
Living people
Azerbaijani chess players
1979 births


Stamford Museum was located in Stamford, Lincolnshire, in Great Britain. It was housed in a Victorian building in Broad Street, Stamford, and was run by the museum services of Lincolnshire County Council from 1980 to 2011.

The building and area
The building was built in 1895 as a technical school and has the words School of Art and the town crest carved above its doorway. It is built from oolitic limestone and designed by local architect, John Charles Traylen. The museum moved to these premises in 1980, having originally been located  in the library on High Street where it had opened in 1961.

Stamford was declared England's first Conservation Area in 1967. The town has been here since Anglo-Saxon and Viking times. Five medieval churches, a 15th-century almshouse as well as many other historic buildings remain.

Collections

The museum interpreted the town's history, including Stamford Ware Pottery and the 18th-century Daniel Lambert, renowned for his girth. Notable exhibits included a Blackstone oil engine and the only known fragment of the Stamford Eleanor Cross.

In the upper gallery were permanent displays on the archaeology and social history of the town. The lower galleries hosted a regular programme of temporary exhibitions.  Also on display here was the Stamford Tapestry, which took 17 years to make and was hung in 2000 as part of the Millennium celebration.

There was a large research collection available by appointment.  It included a number of photographs and information files on local people, places and events.

Closure
In June 2010 it was announced that the Museum would close because of Lincolnshire County Council cuts. Despite local opposition, the museum closed on 30 June 2011.

Some of the former exhibits have been relocated to the Discover Stamford area at the town's Library.

Since 2015 the building has been leased by Wildcats Theatre School.

References

External links
"Discover Stamford" on Lincolnshire County Council website

Museums established in 1980
1980 establishments in England
Local museums in Lincolnshire
Buildings and structures in Stamford, Lincolnshire
Defunct museums in England
2011 disestablishments in England