The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is a penguin endemic to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. It is the only penguin found north of the equator. Most inhabit Fernandina Island and the west coast of Isabela Island. The cool waters of the Humboldt and Cromwell Currents allow it to survive despite the tropical latitude. The Galápagos penguin is one of the banded penguins, the other species of which live mostly on the coasts of Africa and mainland South America. It is one of the smallest species of penguin in the world. Because of their warm environment, Galápagos penguins have developed techniques to stay cool. The feathers on their back, flippers, and head are black, and they have a white belly and a stripe looping from their eyes down to their neck and chin. Each penguin keeps only one mate, and breeds year-round. Their nests are typically in caves and crevices as protection against predators and the harsh environment. The Galápagos penguin has a lifespan of about 15 to 20 years, but due to predation, life expectancy in the wild could be significantly reduced.

Description
The average Galápagos penguin is  tall and weighs around . It is the second-smallest species of penguin, after the little penguin. Females are usually smaller than males. Galápagos penguins have a black head with a white border running from behind the eye, around the black ear coverts and chin, to join on the throat. The top of the beaks are black and fade into pink on the bottom. They have two black bands across the breast that connect to the back, the lower band extending down the flanks to the thigh. Juveniles differ in having a wholly dark head, grayer on side and chin, and no breast band.

Distribution
Ninety percent of Galápagos penguins live on Fernandina Island and the west coast of Isabela Island, in the western part of the archipelago, but small populations also occur on Santiago, Bartolomé, northern Santa Cruz, and Floreana. The northern tip of Isabela crosses the equator, meaning that some Galápagos penguins live in the Northern Hemisphere, the only penguins to do so.

Ecology and behavior
Galápagos penguins are confined to the Galápagos Islands, foraging in the cool Cromwell Current during the day and returning to the land at night. They eat small schooling fish, mainly mullet, sardines, pilchards and anchovies, and sometimes crustaceans. They normally range only a few kilometers from their breeding sites, depending on the cold, nutrient-rich currents to bring them food.

Air temperatures in the Galápagos remain in the range . During El Niño seasons, the penguins defer breeding because their food becomes less abundant; this makes the chances of raising offspring successfully unfavorable compared to the chances of dying in the attempt. This was especially detrimental during the 1982-83 El Niño, where a decline in population of 77% was observed. The penguins usually breed when the sea surface temperature is below . The strong tropical sun is problematic for this species. Their primary means of cooling off is going in the water, but other behavioral adaptations for thermoregulation come into play when they must remain on land. One method involves stretching out their flippers and hunching forward to keep the sun from shining on their feet, which exchange heat rapidly because they have high blood flow and lack insulation. Another method is to pant, using evaporation to cool the throat and airways. Galápagos penguins protect their eggs and chicks from the hot sun by keeping them in deep crevices in the rocks.

Breeding

Galápagos penguins are a monogamous species, each pair mating for life. There are fewer than 1,000 breeding pairs of Galápagos penguins in the world. After completing courtship, with rituals including bill dueling, flipper patting, and mutual preening, the pair will build and maintain a nest. Most nests are seen between May and July because both quantity of food and climate conditions are typically most optimal. The nests are made within  of the water on the shore. Adults stay near the breeding area during the year with their mate. It lays one or two eggs in places such as caves and crevices, protected from direct sunlight, which can cause the eggs to overheat. Incubation takes 38–40 days, with both parents incubating. One parent will always stay with the eggs or young chicks while the other may be absent for several days to feed. A pair usually rears only one chick. Galápagos penguins will molt before they breed, and are the only penguins to do this twice a year. Molting takes up to 15 days to complete. They do this for their own safety, as food availability in the Galápagos is typically unpredictable. If there is not enough food available, they may abandon the nest.

It takes about 60–65 days for the chicks to become independent. Newly hatched chicks have downy feathers that do not become waterproof until the chicks grow into juveniles. The juvenile plumage, attained by thirty days after a chick hatches, is dark brown or gray above and white below. These feathers are mainly needed to protect the chicks from the strong sun rather than keep them warm.

Bermudian naturalist Louis L. Mowbray was the first to successfully breed the Galápagos penguins in captivity.

Population
Galápagos penguins have a lifespan ranging from 15 to 20 years, but because of environmental factors and predation, their life expectancy is reduced. They are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as Endangered, and as of 2018 there are around 1,200 mature penguins left. It is currently the rarest penguin species (a status often falsely attributed to the yellow-eyed penguin).

Conservation

El Niño and climate change
The Galápagos penguin is a particularly vulnerable bird species due to its limited range on the Galápagos Islands. With a population of only about 1800, it remains on the endangered species list, and its population will likely fluctuate strongly in response to anthropogenic changes in the region. The primary danger to the Galapagos penguin is the climate phenomena known as El Niño. In 1982-83 and 1997–98, two strong El Niño events resulted in Galapagos penguin population declines of 77% and 65%, respectively. Additionally, the years 1965-66, 1968–69, 1972–73, 1976, 1986–87, 1991–92 and 1993 all had relatively weak El Niño events which were associated with slow population recovery. Conversely, during La Niña events when sea surface temperatures are lower than normal and the climate patterns shift, Galapagos penguin populations begin to recover. Anthropogenic climate change has been shown to increase frequency and intensity of El Niño events beyond levels of natural variability which negatively impacts the Galapagos penguin. Warmer temperatures caused by El Niño are associated with poorer female condition and lower adult body weights. The warmer temperatures of El Niño events result in a decrease in upwelling of the cold nutrient rich waters which decreases phytoplankton productivity and results in bottom up trophic disruptions that reduce the food availability for the Galapagos penguin. This lack of food leads to poor breeding success and a disproportionate female death rate, causing population decline and disrupting future recovery by creating uneven sex ratios in the populations. Predictive models suggest future El Niño events will increase in frequency and severity over the next century, posing further threats to the Galapagos penguin. If the pattern of El Niño events from 1965-2004 continues, there is a 30% chance of extinction for the Galapagos penguin. If the frequency of strong El Niño events were to double over this same time period, the chance of extinction would be 80%.

Disease
Another potential threat to the Galápagos penguin is disease. Preliminary studies, such as one conducted in 2001, found no evidence of Avian malaria or Marek’s disease in Galápagos penguin populations. Despite these findings, the researchers recommended further observations, citing the death of 800 chickens in the Galápagos Islands from Marek’s disease, the presence of mosquitos known to carry Avian malaria, and the known impacts of these diseases on other endemic bird populations in Hawaii. Later, a 2009 study revealed the presence of a species of Plasmodium in Galápagos penguins, the parasite genus that causes Avian malaria. The presence of this parasite suggests that diseases are able to travel from other populations to the isolated Galápagos penguin communities. Further research suggests that cross-species transmission may occur between endemic Galápagos species and migratory birds such as the Bobolink. Understanding how these diseases reach the Galápagos Islands and transmit between its bird species is a focus for developing conservation strategies for endangered species such as the Galápagos penguin.

Other
Other threats include humans harvesting penguins for oil and other products, competition with fisheries for krill and other fish, habitat loss, increased predation from invasive species, bycatch, and pollution. On Isabela Island, humans may be contributing to the decline of this species due to introduced cats, dogs, and rats which attack penguins, destroy nests, and spread disease. Other threats on land include crabs, snakes, rice rats, Galápagos hawks, and short-eared owls. While in the water, predators include sharks, fur seals, and sea lions. They also face the hazards of unreliable food resources and volcanic activity. Illegal fishing activity may interrupt the penguins' nesting, and they are often caught in fishing nets by mistake.

These impacts are particularly threatening because of the population structure of the Galápagos penguin. The Galápagos penguin consists of two geographic subpopulations, but studies suggest that there is sufficient gene flow between these populations to treat them together when considering conservation strategies. Additionally, the Galápagos penguin demonstrates relatively low genetic diversity, making it especially vulnerable to disease, predation, and other environmental changes.

References

External links

Galápagos penguins from the International Penguin Conservation website
BirdLife species factsheet
Penguin World: Galápagos penguin

Galápagos penguin
Endemic birds of the Galápagos Islands
Galápagos Islands coastal fauna
Galápagos penguin


Dare to Dream may refer to:

Dare to Dream (Yanni album)
Dare to Dream (Billy Gilman album)
Dare to Dream (Irish Stew of Sindidun album)
Dare to Dream (Troye Sivan EP), 2007
"Dare to Dream" (song), a single from Jo Dee Messina's 2000 album Burn
Dare to Dream: A Study in the Imagination of a Ten-Year-Old Boy, a video game developed by Cliff Bleszinski and published by Epic Games
Dare to Dream: The Story of the U.S. Women's Soccer Team
 Dare To Dream, the slogan for Eurovision Song Contest 2019


A transmit and receive integrated assembly (TRIA) is used on a two-way satellite dish to process signals to and from a ground-based system and an earth-orbiting satellite. The TRIA is the part of the antenna which contains both the feed horn and the circuits which convert high-frequency satellite signals such as X-band, Ku-band and Ka-band to and from the L-band microwave signals used for transmission between the dish and the customer-premises equipment.

See also
LNBF
Block upconverter

Satellite broadcasting
Antennas


Leslie Gary Leal (born 18 March 1943) is the Warren & Katharine Schlinger Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is known for his research work in the dynamics of complex fluids.

Leal was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1987 for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the fluid mechanics of particulate systems, polymer solutions, and suspensions.

Career
Leal received his B.S. degree from the University of Washington in 1965, M.S. degree from the Stanford University in 1968, and Ph.D. degree from the Stanford University in 1969; all in chemical engineering. His Ph.D. thesis advisor was Andreas Acrivos.

Leal started his academic career in 1970 as an assistant professor in chemical engineering at California Institute of Technology. He became full professor in 1978. During 1986–1989, he was Chevron Distinguished Professor of Chemical Engineering. In 1989, Leal joined University of California, Santa Barbara as professor and chair in the department of chemical engineering. He is currently the Warren and Katharine Schlinger Professor of Chemical Engineering at UCSB.

Research
Leal's research covers a wide range of topics in fluid dynamics, including the dynamics of complex fluids, such as polymeric liquids, emulsions, polymer blends, and liquid crystalline polymers. He also works on large-scale computer simulation of complex fluid flows. Leal and his coworkers made pioneering contributions to the study of drop deformation under different flow conditions. They have developed a scheme based on a finite difference approximation of the equations of motion, applied on a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system, inside and outside the drop. Leal has published more than 250 papers on fluid dynamics. He has directed 55 Ph.D. thesis in various topics in fluid dynamics. Several of his students have gone on to become professors at prestigious universities including Howard Stone who is currently at Princeton and Gerald Fuller at Stanford. Leal comes from a long line of researchers that can be traced back from mentor to mentor all the way to Sir Isaac Newton.

Editorships
From 1998–2015 he served as co-Editor-in-Chief of Physics of Fluids with John Kim.

Honors and awards

Distinguished Scholar Lecturer, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Arizona State University, October 2006
Fluid Dynamics Prize, American Physical Society, 2002
Highly Cited Researchers, Original Member, 100 Most Highly Cited Researchers in Engineering, ISI Thompson Scientific, 2001.
Bingham Medal, The Society of Rheology, 2001
Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Teacher-Scholar Grant, 1975.
John Simon Guggenheim Foundation Fellow, 1976.
Allan Colburn Memorial Lectureship, department of chemical engineering, University of Delaware, 1978.
Allan Colburn Award - National AIChE, 1978.
Fellow of the American Physical Society, 1984.
Chevron Distinguished Professor of Chem. Engineering, Caltech, April 1986-July 1989.
Member of the National Academy of Engineering (elected 1987).
Stanley Corrsin Lectureship in Fluid Mechanics, Dept. of Chem. Eng., The Johns Hopkins University, 1990.
Stanley Katz Memorial Lectureship in Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chem. Eng., City College of the City University of New York, 1991.
Reilly Memorial Lectureship in Chemical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, April 1992.
Texas Distinguished Faculty Lecturer, University of Texas-Austin, March 1993.
William H. Walker Award for Excellence in Contributions to Chemical Engineering Literature, AIChE 1993.
Robert Pigford Lecturer, University of Delaware, April 1994.
Rothschild Visiting Professor, Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematics, University of Cambridge, U. K.  January - March, 1996.
Julian C. Smith Lecturer, School of Chemical Engineering Cornell University  April 1996.
Co-Editor-in-Chief, Physics of Fluids, 1998-2015.
NASA Group Achievement Award for MSL-1 Project Team to L.G. Leal, June 30, 1999
Rutgers Collaboratus X Lecturer, Dept. of Chem. and Biochemical Eng., Rutgers University, April, 2000.
George K. Batchelor Lecturer in Fluid Mechanics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK, May, 2000.
NCE Cullimore Memorial Lecturer, NJIT, October 2001
David M. Mason Lecturer, Dept. Chem. Eng., Stanford University, May 2004.
Pirkey Lectureship in Chemical Engineering, Univ. of Texas, April 2006
W.N. Lacey Lecturer in Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, April 2008.
28th Annual Blue-Green Speaker, Depts. of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan and Michigan State University, November 2009.

Books
L. G. Leal, Laminar Flow and Convective Transport Processes,  Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, Massachusetts, 740 pages (1992).
L. G. Leal, Advanced Transport Phenomena: Fluid Mechanics and Convective Transport Processes, Cambridge University Press, New York (2007).

References

External links

Curriculum Vitae of L. Gary Leal

Fluid dynamicists
Stanford University alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Rheologists
1943 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
American chemical engineers
Physics of Fluids editors


Terebutenets () is a rural locality (a railway station) under the administrative jurisdiction of the Urban-Type Settlement of Nebolchi in Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located approximately  east-southeast of Saint Petersburg,  northwest of Moscow, and about  southeast of Nebolchi.

Geography
Terebutenets is situated to the northeast of the Valdai Hills amidst deciduous and coniferous forests. Close nearby, within a radius of 5–10 km, are many lakes, including Mikhaylinskoye, Siverik, and Dolgoye. Hunting and fishing are popular recreational activities in the area.

History and demographics
It was founded in the 1930s and has a population of about 30.

Climate
Average June temperature is ; average January temperature is .

Rural localities in Novgorod Oblast


The Amherst Railway Society Railroad Hobby Show is an annual show, covering railroads, railroad Museums, model railroading, and railroad related toys, held at the Eastern States Exposition grounds in West Springfield, Massachusetts by the Amherst Railway Society.  The show usually held on the last weekend in January. The show currently operates in three large buildings and one small building for a total of four buildings.

The Amherst Railway Society Hobby Show is the largest show featuring model trains in North America in terms of space size for all four buildings. Setup begins on Wednesday morning when the Floor Managers arrive to begin laying out table areas and to prepare the Mallory Building. Preparation for the show occurs year-round.

The Railroad Hobby Show is a fund-raiser for the nonprofit Amherst Railway Society. Since 1991, the society has donated more than $800,000 raised through the show to various railroad museums, historical societies, nonprofit groups and organizations dedicated to preserving railroad history and restoring railroad equipment and structures, as well as scholarships.

History
The show began its existence at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where it was held in the Student Union building in the 1970s. It moved to the New England Building on the BIG E fair grounds in 1983. However the show quickly outgrew the New England building and moved to the Better Living Center in 1984. The show now is held in 4 Buildings,  the Better Living Center, Young Building, Stroh Building and the Mallory Building.

References

External links

Model railway shows and exhibitions


Claybrook sign is a clinical sign in which heart sounds and breath sounds can be heard transmitted through the abdominal wall on auscultation. It occurs in patients with rupture of an abdominal viscus.

The sign is named after Edwin Claybrook.

References

Medical signs


Billy McGinty may refer to:
Billy McGinty (rugby league), British rugby league footballer
Billy McGinty (cowboy) (1871–1961), American bronco buster and one of Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders in the Spanish–American War


MTPAS (Mobile Telecommunication Privileged Access Scheme) is a procedure in the UK for prioritising access to the mobile telephone networks for privileged persons (members of emergency services as designated at a local level).  It replaced ACCOLC in 2009.

MTPAS is only available to Category 1 and 2 Responders (as defined in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004) and partner organisations which directly support them at the scene of an emergency incident. Using an agreed protocol, the Police Gold Commander, in charge of the response to a major incident, notifies all network operators that a major incident has been declared and activation is then their responsibility.

As a result of the incident, mobile telecommunications networks may experience an abnormally high concentration of calls. If networks become congested, handsets installed with a privileged access SIM will stand a much higher likelihood of being able to connect to their network and make calls than other customers.

How it works
Mobile telephones work on a cell basis. In the United Kingdom, for example, the cells adjacent to the incident are identified and MTPAS is activated on those cells alone. MTPAS-aware telephones are allowed access to the network and all other users will receive a fast beep (called a fast busy signal). Once the call is connected to the network it is routed like any other. If the user receives a recording that all lines are busy or engaged tone, then either MTPAS users are overloading the available capacity or MTPAS is not being utilised.

The MTPAS access class may be indicated on the SIM card, or in protected storage on the handset itself, by a set of numbers in the range 0 - 15, giving a total of 16 flag bits in the Access Control Class Elementary File (EFACC) in a USIM. For instance, if the 16-bit control word is 1010-0000-0011-1111, only phones with the MTPAS access levels of 1, 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 & 16 will grant requests for placing a call. This scheme is not hierarchical, so it can allow level 1 access while disallowing level 6 access. The cell broadcasts the Access Control Classes it allows (or bars) in a System Information Block (SIB) message. It is important to note that the decision whether to permit a call is not made by the cellular network but by the handset itself. In Britain, ordinary cellphone users have numbers in the range 0 - 9.  Higher priority users are allocated numbers 12-14. During an emergency, some or all access classes in the range 0 - 9 are disabled.  If the overload condition continues, mobiles with access classes level 10, 11, then 12 and so on may also be disabled by the cellular network operator. In the United States, Verizon Wireless uses access classes 0-1 for emergency as well as Government-privileged use.

As MTPAS would be a frustration to normal network users in case of network overload, in Britain it is normally only initiated when authorized by a British police "gold" commander (major incident control is named in three tiers in the UK, gold, silver and bronze, in accordance with the London Emergency Services Liaison Panel, a group responsible for creating best-agreed procedures for dealing with various emergency situations) after consideration with the co-ordinating group. The police gold commander will speak to dedicated staff at the mobile network operator, and this will be followed up by a specially designed fax message, in accordance with the Home Office document "Process for the Management of the Mobile Telecommunications Privileged Access Scheme (MTPAS)".

The police gold commander's proforma fax reads: "This message serves to advise you that a Strategic Command Group (SCG) is being established in response to a major incident in the UK. As a result of the incident, your network may experience an abnormally high concentration of calls. If your network becomes congested, your assistance is requested to provide customers with SIMs allocated to classes 12, 13 and 14 a much higher likelihood of being able to make calls than customers allocated to other classes.", and gives space for the police to identify the geographic location of the incident.

Not all calling by regular mobiles is prevented. Calls to an emergency services number (911, 112, 999) will ignore all MTPAS or global action messages.

See also
 Government Telephone Preference Scheme

References

External links
Responding to emergencies in Scotland, 12. Emergency services communication
PageOne Communications: Two-way Pagers are MTPAS enabled

Emergency management in the United Kingdom
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
Mobile telecommunications standards


Henry Atkinson may refer to:

 Henry Atkinson (priest), Anglican priest in Australia
 Henry Atkinson (scientist) (1781–1824), British mathematician and astronomer
 Henry Atkinson (soldier) (1782–1842), U.S. army officer during the Black Hawk War
 Henry Dresser Atkinson (1841–1921), 19th-century Australian naturalist and clergyman
 Henry Farmer-Atkinson (1828–1913), born Henry John Atkinson, English politician
 Henry Wallace Atkinson (1866–1938), architect in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

See also
 Henry Atkinson manuscript, an early (1694-5) music manuscript in Northumberland
 Harry Atkinson (disambiguation)


MW2 may refer to:

Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, a 2009 video game
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II, a 2022 video game
MechWarrior 2: 31st Century Combat, a 1995 video game
Need for Speed: Most Wanted, a 2012 video game, also known as NFS: MW2

See also

 2MW
 MWW (disambiguation)
 MW (disambiguation)
 "MW-MW", see ISO 3166-2:MW


The Al-Bass Tyre necropolis is a Lebanese UNESCO World Heritage Site in the city of Tyre situated next to the el-Buss refugee camp. The necropolis, constituting the principal entrance of the town in antique times, is to be found on either side of a wide Roman and Byzantine avenue dominated by a triumphal arch of the 2nd century. Other important monumental vestiges of this archaeological area are an aqueduct, which carried water to the city, and a 2nd-century hippodrome.

The Roman and Byzantine necropolis

Discovered in 1962, the necropolis consists of hundreds of stone and marble sarcophagi from the Roman and Byzantine eras. Several of them have Greek inscriptions or the names of those buried there, or their trade such as "wealthy purple dye manufacturer." Others whose sides and covers are decorated with frescoes and bas-reliefs of works from Homer and others.

The Triumphal Arch is one of the most impressive relics of the site. Fallen apart but reconstructed in modern times, it dominates the well preserved  Roman avenue which has a necropolis on either side scattered with hundreds of ornate stones and sculptured marble sarcophagi dating from the 2nd through the 6th century CE.

The Phoenician necropolis
In the northern section of the site, there is a Phoenician necropolis of the ninth century BCE formed by dug graves containing urns and funerary stelae.

Conservation of the site
Hostilities during 2006 threatened the site when a nearby building was bombarded.  A post-conflict analysis by conservation experts found that many of the frescoes had sustained damage.  This, combined with the significant lack of maintenance at the site, represents significant threats to the site.

The site was already plundered in the 1990s. Find disappeared in the illegal antiquities market and some obelisks are now displayed at Nabu museum in  El-Heri

References

Buildings and structures completed in the 9th century BC
1962 archaeological discoveries
Tyre, Lebanon
Roman sites in Lebanon
Archaeological sites in Lebanon
Ancient cemeteries in Lebanon
Phoenician funerary practices
Necropoleis
Byzantine sites in Asia
World Heritage Sites in Lebanon


Edwin Claybrook (1872 – February 28, 1931) was an American surgeon remembered for describing Claybrook sign. He died on February 28, 1931, at Alleghany Hospital.

References

American surgeons
1872 births
1931 deaths


Perion is an Israel-based technology company that provides digital advertising products and services. It is headquartered in Holon, Israel, with offices in Tel Aviv, Paris, New York, London, Chicago, Boston, Kiev, Barcelona, and Seattle.

History
Perion was formerly IncrediMail, an email company founded in 1999 by cousins Yaron and Ofer Adler. Soon after its founding, they raised $3.3 million from private and institutional sources. The company created an IPO on NASDAQ in January 2006 and listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in 2007.

Perion was managed by its original founders until August 2010, when Josef Mandelbaum was appointed CEO. Mandelbaum had previously been CEO of American Greetings Interactive, the internet branch of American Greetings.

In August 2011, Perion acquired the Redmond-based Smilebox for $32 million. Smilebox is an application for creating slideshows, e-cards, invitations and other digital photo albums.

In November 2011, the company name changed to Perion, the Hebrew word for "productivity".

In November 2012, Perion purchased Israel-based SweetPacks (or SweetIM) for approximately $41 million. SweetPacks produced a variety of downloadable content for everyday use.

In January 2014, Perion acquired Conduit's ClientConnect business in an all-stock transaction valued at $660 million.

In June 2014, the firm acquired San Francisco-based Grow Mobile as part of a repositioning of the company to focus on business-to-business services.

In December 2015, the firm acquired the digital advertising company Undertone for $180 million.

In September 2016, Josef Mandelbaum announced that he would step down as CEO.

In April 2017, Doron Gerstel became the CEO. Upon his arrival at Perion, Gerstel took steps to reduce the company’s debt and improve “operational efficiency”. The company also expanded its digital television advertising business.

In January 2020, Perion acquired Content IQ, a New York-based startup that optimizes digital advertising by doing tracking and analytics without cookies.

In July 2020, Perion bought the assets of a digital publisher-focused ad-tech company called Pub Ocean, which it integrated into Content IQ.

See also
 Conduit (company)
 Conduit toolbar
 Download Valley

References

Companies based in Tel Aviv
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
Software companies established in 1999
Software companies of Israel
1999 establishments in Israel


Charles Donald Bateman (8 March 1932 – 21 May 2023), often known as Don Bateman,  was a Canadian electrical engineer and the inventor of the Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), a device that is responsible for a marked decline in controlled flight into terrain accidents, such as the Mount Erebus Disaster with Air New Zealand Flight 901.

Bateman was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan on 8 March 1932. He earned his degree in electrical and electronics engineering at the University of Saskatchewan in 1956 before beginning a career at Sundstrand Corporation (later Honeywell). Bateman spent most of his career as Chief Engineer, Flight Safety Avionics at Honeywell. Over his career, he developed innovative, cost-effective avionic flight systems. His most significant accomplishment is having pioneered the invention of the original Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) in the late 1960s. The United States now requires the installment of GPWS for turbine aircraft which carry nine or more passengers. This technology has earned Honeywell close to a billion dollars in revenue.

Bateman retired from Honeywell on 21 July 2016. He died on 21 May 2023, at the age of 91.

Scientific work
While having over 40 U.S. and 80 foreign patents concerning aircraft terrain avoidance systems, head-up displays, speed control/auto throttle systems, stall warning systems, automatic aircraft flight control systems, and weight-and-balance systems, Bateman is most recognized for his invention of the original Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS). With his team of Honeywell engineers, Bateman invented the original GPWS, and later improved these devices. Every five years his team "[came] up with a new model, not because the technology had improved but because we knew we could make it better." These advancements led to the creation of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Systems (EGPWS). This program provides a better visualization than the GPWS did. At a glance, pilots can view a visual display of hazardous terrain below and ahead of the aircraft.

Ground proximity warning system (GPWS)
A series of aircraft crashes as a result of controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) led Bateman to take the initiative in creating a solution to these accidents. CFIT is defined as "where a pilot has the aircraft under control but unknowingly flies into terrain" This type of accident typically takes place during poor visibility. Bateman felt it was within his capabilities to construct a system that would detect hazardous terrain in the aircraft's projected path.

The Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) serves the purpose of alerting pilots if their aircraft is in danger of flying into hazardous terrain or the ground. As explained by its patent description, it does so by using a radar altimeter system to keep track of the aircraft’s height above ground and will sound an alarm if the altitude is unsafe:

While this technology improved flight safety tremendously, it was still imperfect. It had two problems:
No Warning: The primary cause of CFIT occurrences with no GPWS warning is landing short. When the landing gear is down and landing flaps are deployed, the GPWS expects the airplane to land and therefore, issues no warning.
Late Warning or Improper Response: This was primarily caused by blind-spots within the terrain. A sudden change in altitude—a steep slope, for example—would receive a late warning and the pilot might be unable to avoid the obstacle. This problem was implicated in the Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 accident.

Enhanced GPWS
Bateman continued to head the development of the GPWS, developing it into the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Systems (EGPWS), a version that features digital terrain mapping techniques paired with three-dimensional GPS information, providing for “look-ahead” capability as well as advanced aural and visual warnings. These advancements allow for conflict predictability and improve the crew’s warning time by 20 seconds in some cases.

EGPWS also provides protection when the aircraft needs to land, keeping it from landing short or in an area without a runway. It adds an increasing terrain clearance envelope around the destination runway to prevent premature descent rates. The system’s database can predict a safe descent profile because it knows the exact runway location and elevation through database sourcing as well as latitude/longitude sensing.

Awards
Inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (2005)
Industrial Research Institute Achievement Award (2001)
Awarded the Cumberbatch Trophy of GAPAN for a major personal contribution to the improvement of international air safety (1996)
Awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2010)
Awarded the Philip J. Klass Lifetime Achievement Award as part of its 56th Annual Honors, by Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine (2013)

Patents
Bateman held more than 40 U.S. and 80 foreign patents concerning aircraft terrain avoidance systems, HUDs, speed control/autothrottle systems, stall warning systems, automatic flight control systems, and weight and balance systems. The earliest  for a HUD dates to 1972 when he was with United Controls. The latest,  for a cabin depressurization warning system, dates to 2008 with Honeywell.

The primary GPWS patent, Aircraft landing approach ground proximity warning system  dates to 1976, with Sundstrand Data.

Abstract: “In order to provide for the additional effectiveness of a ground proximity warning system during a landing approach, the waypoint signal of an Area Navigation System is used in combination with an altitude above-ground-signal to compute a minimum terrain altitude for each point along the aircraft's approach to the runway. The minimum altitude is compared with the aircraft's actual altitude and if it is below the minimum an alarm is activated.”

References

Further reading

1932 births
2023 deaths
Aviation pioneers
Canadian inventors
People from Saskatchewan
University of Saskatchewan alumni


Kenneth Rainsbury Dark  (born in Brixton, London in 1961) is a British archaeologist who works on the 1st millennium AD in Europe (including Roman and immediately post-Roman Britain) and the Roman and Byzantine Middle East, on the archaeology of religion (especially early Christian archaeology), archaeological theory and methods, and on the relationship between the study of the past and contemporary global political, cultural and economic issues.

Biography

He received a BA in archaeology from the University of York in 1982 and after taking his PhD in archaeology and history at the University of Cambridge taught at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford and Reading. Since 2001 he has been Director of the Research Centre for Late Antique and Byzantine Studies at the University of Reading and, since 1996, Chair of the Late Antiquity Research Group. He holds honorary professorships from several European and American universities, has written numerous books and academic articles and has directed and co-directed many excavations and survey projects, both in Britain and the Middle East including in Istanbul (Turkey) – where since 2004 he has co-directed a new archaeological study of the famous Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia and its environs – and in and around Nazareth (Israel). He is a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, the Royal Historical Society, and the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, and a member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs - the only person ever elected to all four of these learned societies.

Works

Books

The Sisters of Nazareth convent. A Roman-period, Byzantine and Crusader site in central Nazareth, London, 2020
Roman-period and Byzantine Nazareth and its hinterland, London, 2020
Hagia Sophia in Context, Oxford, 2019 (co-author)
Constantinople: archaeology of a Byzantine megapolis, Oxford, 2013 (co-author)
Byzantine Pottery, Stroud, 2001
Britain and the End of the Roman Empire, Stroud, 2001
The Waves of Time, London and New York, 1998
The Landscape of Roman Britain, Stroud, 1997 (Co-author, Petra Dark)
Theoretical Archaeology, London and New York, 1995 (Chinese and Japanese translations were published in 2004 and 2006).
Civitas to Kingdom, London, 1994
Discovery By Design, Oxford, 1994

Selected academic papers

"The Roman-Period and Byzantine Landscape between Sepphoris and Nazareth", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 140.2, 2008, 1-16.
"Roman Architecture in the Great Palace of the Byzantine Emperors at Constantinople During the Sixth to Ninth Centuries" Byzantion 77, 87-105
"Globalizing Late Antiquity. Models, metaphors and the realities of long-distance trade and diplomacy", in A. L. Harris (ed.), Incipient Globalization? Long-distance trade in the sixth century AD, Oxford, 2007, 3-14
"The Byzantine Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Baptistery of Church of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul" (Co-author), Architectura 2, 2006, 113–30.
"Archaeology and the Origins of Insular Monasticism" Kathleen Hughes Memorial Lecture 5, for 2004, 2006, Cambridge
"The eastern harbours of Early Byzantine Constantinople", Byzantion 75, 2005, 152–63.
"The archaeological implications of fourth- and fifth-century descriptions of villas in the north-west provinces of the Roman Empire", Historia 54/3, 2005, 331–42.
"Late Antique Landscapes in Britain", in S.Scott and N.Christie (eds), Landscapes of Change, London, 2005, 279–99.
"Houses, Streets and Shops in Byzantine Constantinople from the fifth to the twelfth centuries", Journal of Medieval History 30, 2004, 83-107.
"Proto-industrialization and the economy of the Roman Empire", in M. Polfer (ed.), L’artisanat romain: évolutions, continuités et ruptures (Italie et provinces occidentales). Actes du 2ème colloque d’Erpeldange (26–28 octobre 2001), organisé par le Séminaire d’Études anciennes du Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg et Instrumentum (Monographies Instrumentum 20), Montagnac, 2001, 19–29.

References

Other sources
Ken Dark: Nazareth Archaeology Project 2007. Field Work, Travel, and Research Reports: Byzantium. (reed here)
Ken Dark. Contemporary Authors: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Nonfiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television, and Other fields (Thomson Gale: 2008)
Hammond, Norman. How Roman Britain went on and on. The Times. 17 April 1998. (reed here)

1961 births
Living people
People from Brixton
British archaeologists
Alumni of the University of York
Academics of the University of Reading
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Byzantine archaeologists


Marko Vego (8 January 1907 – 26 February 1985) was a Bosnian and Yugoslav archaeologist, epigrapher and historian.

Biography
Vego was born in Čapljina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) to father Jozo who was a worker at a tobacco station. Vego finished a Široki Brijeg classical gymnasium, the Faculty of Theology at the University of Freiburg (Germany) and the University of Zagreb (Croatia), Faculty of Philosophy also at the University of Zagreb and a professorial exam in Belgrade, Serbia. He wrote a doctoral thesis titled "History of Zachlumia from the coming of Slavs to uniting with Bosnia in 1322" () at the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. He did not present it due to some unexplained circumstances.

Vego worked as a history teacher at the State Real Gymnasium in Nikšić, Montenegro from 1938 to 1944. He also took part in the resistance movement in the Second World War. He was a professor at the first Teacher Course in Trebinje and advanced to the status of the Trebinje Partisan Gymnasium principal on February 22, 1945. In 1946 and 1947 he was the principal of the State Real Gymnasium in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and since September 9, 1947 he worked as a professor at the Teacher Course in Sarajevo. In 1949–50 he was the principal of the Teacher School in Sarajvo. From August 28, 1950 to December 9, 1957 he was the director of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.

Marko Vego retired in 1965. He received several awards in Bosnia and Herzegovina for his work (the most important one is the "27. juli award"). Vego's subject of focus were mostly medieval times and he was best known for his work in archaeology, numismatics, epigraphy and topographical history of medieval Bosnia. He published more than 300 works. He died in Sarajevo.

Bibliography
Povijest Humske zemlje (Hercegovine), Samobor, 1937
Ljubuški. Srednjovjekovni nadgrobni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine VI, Sarajevo, 1954
Don Ivan Musić i Hrvati u Hercegovačkom ustanku 1875.–1878. godine, Sarajevo, 1955 (self-published)
Naselja srednjovekovne bosanske države, Sarajevo, 1957
Historijska karta srednjovjekovne bosanske države, Sarajevo, 1957, 1978
Historija Broćna od najstarijih vremena do turske okupacije, Sarajevo, 1961
Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine I, Sarajevo, 1962
Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine II, Sarajevo, 1964
Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine III, Sarajevo, 1964
Bekija kroz vijekove, Sarajevo, 1964
Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine IV, Sarajevo, 1970
Iz istorije srednjovjekovne Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 1980
Historija Brotnja od najstarijih vremena do 1878. godine, Čitluk, 1981
Postanak srednjovjekovne bosanske države, Sarajevo, 1982

References

1907 births
1985 deaths
People from Čapljina
Epigraphers
Bosnia and Herzegovina medievalists
Historians of Bosnia and Herzegovina
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina historians
Yugoslav historians
Bosnia and Herzegovina archaeologists
Yugoslav archaeologists
20th-century archaeologists
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb alumni
University of Freiburg alumni


"Raining in My Heart" is a song recorded by Buddy Holly on October 21, 1958 at the Pythian Temple on West 70th Street in New York City, with the orchestral backing by Dick Jacobs. The music and lyrics are written by the songwriting team of Felice Bryant and Boudleaux Bryant.  It was released as a single on Coral Records in 1959, peaking at number 88 on the Billboard chart as the B-side of "It Doesn't Matter Anymore". This recording was included on Buddy Holly's first "greatest hits" compilation album, The Buddy Holly Story, that was released in March 1959.

Leo Sayer cover
"Raining in My Heart" was also a 1978 hit for Leo Sayer when his recording of the song peaked at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart and number 47 on the US Billboard Hot 100.  It also reached number 9 on the U.S. Easy Listening chart.

Chart history

Other cover versions
Kitty Kallen - for her album Honky Tonk Angel, Country Songs with a City Flavor (1961).
Bobby Vee - for his album Take Good Care of My Baby (1962).
Johnnie Ray - included in the 5-CD Bear Family Records set Yes Tonight Josephine.
Patti Page - included in the compilation album From Nashville to L.A.: Lost Columbia Masters 1962-1969 (2013).
Skeeter Davis released her tribute album Skeeter Davis Sings Buddy Holly (1967) featuring the song.
Dean Martin - For the Good Times (1971).
The Dave Clark Five covered this song on their 1971 album, The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll.
Anne Murray did a cover of the song on her album New Kind of Feeling (1979).
Peter Skellern - Still Magic (1980).
Connie Francis released her tribute album With Love to Buddy featuring the song in 1996.
Status Quo on their album Don't Stop in 1996.
In 1996, Hank Marvin did an instrumental of the song on Hank Plays Holly.
Australian blues and root band The Revelators covered the song on their 2000 album, The Adventures of The Amazing Revelators.
Don McLean on his live double album Starry Starry Night in 2001.
Robert Wyatt included a piano based instrumental version on his 2003 album, Cuckooland.
Eric Idle contributed a Spike Jones-esque cover of "Raining in My Heart" for the tribute album, Listen to Me: Buddy Holly released in September 2011.

In popular culture
 In 1968, The Beatles paraphrased the first line of "Raining in My Heart" in their song "Dear Prudence" as "The sun is up [instead of "out"]; the sky is blue."
 Rick Danko covered the song on his 1989 tour as a member of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band; he performed it live throughout his solo career.
 This song is referenced in Alvin Stardust's song "I Feel Like Buddy Holly." That song's refrain is: "Well, I feel like Buddy Holly, 'cause it's raining in my heart."

References

External links

1958 songs
1959 singles
1978 singles
Buddy Holly songs
Leo Sayer songs
Songs written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant
Songs released posthumously
Coral Records singles
1950s ballads


George Gill Wills (June 18, 1903 – April 6, 1983) was a Michigan politician.

Political life
The Flint City Commission selected Wills as mayor in 1948 and then selected him again for another year.  In 1961, Wills was a primary election candidate for Michigan state constitutional convention delegate, Genesee County 2nd District.

References

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
1903 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Michigan Republicans


Pazhou is a subdistrict of Haizhu in southeastern Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, in China.

, formerly Whampoa Island, has a total area of  and is the site of Pazhou Pagoda. Its eastern bay was formerly the chief anchorage for ships participating in Guangzhou's foreign trade. Traders from the "Southern Sea", including Indians, Arabians, and most Europeans, were required to keep their ships at Pazhou while smaller craft ferried goods to and from the Thirteen Factories area of Guangzhou's western suburbs. Traders rented storage for ships supplies and repair shops on Whampoa Island. Images of the anchorage were a common theme in 18th-century art.

With the expansion of Guangzhou, the subdistrict is now part of its downtown area, with many commercial and recreational facilities. The Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center is the current site of the annual Canton Fair.

Names
The English, French, and Danish Whampoa and Swedish  are irregular romanizations of the Chinese 黃埔 , "Yellow Bank". The name was used to refer indifferently to the island, its settlement, and its anchorage.

Geography
Modern Pazhou is an island in the Pearl River with an area of about . It lies  upriver of the Humen Strait and historically about  east of the walled city of Guangzhou proper, although Guangzhou has since expanded so greatly that Puzhou forms part of its city center. Since the Thirteen Factories—the ghetto assigned to foreign traders in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries—was located in Guangzhou's western suburbs, the trip between the anchorage and the wharves at Jack-ass Point was about .

Before modern dredging, the silt carried by the Pearl River made it shallow and unpredictable as far south as Macao, with large sand banks and swift currents impeding navigation from the Humen Strait on. Foreign ships usually depended on local pilots; the relative lack of wind also meant that most sailing ships required towing north from the strait. The main anchorage was off southeastern Pazhou. Southeast of this was Changzhou ("Dane's Island"). South of Pazhou was Xiaoguwei ("French Island") and southwest Henan ("Honam Island").

History
The Baiyue peoples had settlements around Guangzhou since the Neolithic era, although the Chinese date the city to the foundation of Panyu by soldiers under Zhao Tuo during the Qin conquest. From then on, it formed a major port on the South China Sea, connecting its traders with Hunan and northern China via a network of canals. The port was protected by its city wall and by fortifications and naval bases around the Humen Strait (formerly the "Boca Tigris" or "Bogue"). Ships of war were not permitted to pass closer to the city. European trade began with the arrival of Rafael Perestrello on a native junk in 1516 and was originally conducted directly on Guangzhou's waterfront. Portuguese misconduct—and rumors that they were eating the children they were enslaving—quickly cut off access, but this was regained after the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. Their trade was based out of Macao, but after the general sea bans were lifted in 1684 Pazhou (as "Whampoa") became an important anchorage as the great draft of the East Indiamen turned it into Guangzhou's deep-water port.

Early traders were obliged to follow the monsoon winds, arriving between June and September, conducting their business, and then departing between November and February. Typically, cargo was ferried from the ships by its own crew and to the ships at the expense of the Chinese merchants on their "chop boats" (lighters). To avoid theft or piracy, foreign traders began assigning a few of their own seamen to these ships as guards. In 1686, Westerners were allowed to rent accommodations in the factory quarter to avoid the necessity of shuttling back to Pazhou each night. For the most part, the supercargos, their assistants, and the bookkeepers stayed at the factories, the crew—except for a few guards or those on shore leave—stayed with the ships, and the captains continued to ferry between the two. A comprador () dealt with the ship's provisions at Pazhou, where sampan ladies crowded around the ships to do laundry and odd jobs for the sailors.

As an added layer of defense and revenue, city officials continued to enforce anchorage at Pazhou even when smaller private craft began to trade in increasing numbers following the mid-18th discovery of the Philippine route allowed them to come and go without waiting months for the monsoon winds. By then, fixed berths for different nations were established at the anchorage. Innermost and westernmost were the Americans and after them came the Dutch and the Swedes. Next came the Danes and the French, close to Changzhou ("Dane's Island") and Xiaoguwei ("French Island"), which they used for their bases. The British were last and outermost. Getting the ship from the Human Strait to Pazhou usually required traveling only by day and assistance from a local pilot, although English merchants occasionally showed off by making the trip unaided. The swift current and lack of wind meant most ships needed towing; this was usually done using the ship's boats but some needed help from other ships' boats or the Chinese sampans. Chinese regulations prescribed that the ships entered the anchorage with their gunwales decked out in a "paunk suite", a brightly colored cloth with yellow ribbons; the crew were also done up in special clothes: black velvet caps, tassels, cotton stockings, buckled knee-garters and shoes, and special buttons. The firing of salutes and replies at Pazhou, where twenty ships might be anchored at a time, made the area a noisy one.

While at anchor, the ships were overhauled: cleaned, repaired, painted, with the rigging and sails mended. To facilitate loading and unloading cargo, the ships' yards and sprits were removed and stored in sheds on Pazhou or Xiaoguwei. The sheds, made of bamboo poles and woven mats and known as "bankshalls", were usually rented from local officials, though the French and Swedes received permission to build their own on Xiaoguwei. They also served as a workshop for careful repairs or living quarters for the ships' supercargos, but most of them preferred to be left at Macao or ferried to the Thirteen Factories at Guangzhou. Foreign crews were usually left on their ships, but captains usually rotated shore leaves and work on land to keep up morale. Common trips were to the Fanee Gardens and Hoi Tong Monastery on Henan and to the shopping streets of the Thirteen Factories, particularly Hog Lane. Despite the generally healthy climate, fevers still occasionally decimated crews and drunkenness and brawls were common. Officers chaperoned shore leaves but sometimes required help from local authorities, as in 1761 when the Pazhou mandarins closed down a Dutch punsch tent set up on Xiaoguwei at the request of Puankhequa, then the fiador of the Swedish East India Company. He was passing along a request from their supercargo, who in turn was acting on a note from a Swedish captain who had become powerless to keep his men away from it. For the men on the ships, however, sampan ladies would crowd around them to get laundry work or odd jobs.

At that time, the land from Pazhou down to the Humen Strait was made up of undulating green hills cut into rice paddies and crowned by groves. Locals also grew sugarcane and vegetables. Since the area was barely above sea level and subject to typhoons, levies were raised around the villages to protect them from the sea. From Pazhou, one could make out five signal towers, the largest being the Lion's Tower on an island halfway between Pazhou and the Humen Strait. These 9-story towers used signal fires to relay messages, and it was said they could be sent from Guangzhou to Beijing—a distance of about —in less than 24 hours. During his 1832 visit, Edmund Roberts noted that Pazhou was unsafe for foreigners, with locals beating anyone who entered certain areas. Xiaoguwei was more accommodating.

During the First Opium War, the Battle of Whampoa was fought between British and Chinese forces on 2 March 1841. Even following the Opium Wars and into the 20th century, sailing vessels continued to stop at Pazhou though steamers began to call at Guangzhou directly.

The Canton Fair has been located in Pazhou since its 104th session.

Transportation
Pazhou station, Xingangdong station and Modiesha station of Guangzhou Metro are located on the island.

See also
 Haijin, Canton System, & Thirteen Factories

Notes

References

 .
 .

 .
 .

External links

 Pazhou.net
 Canton Fair in Pazhou
 Revealing the East—Historical Pictures by Chinese and Western Artists 1750–1950

Haizhu District
Islands of Guangzhou
Age of Sail
History of foreign trade in China
Pearl River Delta
Township-level divisions of Guangdong
Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China


The Laubegast Niederpoyritz Ferry is a passenger ferry across the Elbe river in Germany. It crosses between the districts of  and  in the city of Dresden.

The ferry service is operated by the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB), Dresden's municipal transport authority, running every 10 to 15 minutes throughout the day. The service is normally maintained by Caroline, one of the DVB's fleet of five passenger ferries, but other vessels may substitute if necessary. The Caroline can carry up to 75 passengers and is painted in the DVB's yellow and white livery.

References

Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe
Ferry transport in Saxony
Transport in Dresden
Ferries across Elbe


The Johannstadt Neustadt Ferry is a passenger ferry across the Elbe river in Germany. It crosses between the districts of Johannstadt and Neustadt in the city of Dresden.

The ferry service is operated by the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB), Dresden's municipal transport authority, running every 10 to 15 minutes throughout the day. The service is normally maintained by the Johanna, one of the DVB's fleet of five ferries, but other vessels may substitute if necessary. The Johanna can carry up to 75 passengers and is painted in the DVB's yellow and white livery.

References

Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe
Ferries across Elbe
Ferry transport in Saxony
Transport in Dresden


For a Moment Freedom (; ) is a 2008 film, written and directed by Austrian-Iranian filmmaker Arash T. Riahi.

Synopsis
For a Moment Freedom tells of the odyssey of three Iranians groups of refugees: a married couple with a child, two young men with two children, and two men who are friends despite the differences between them.

They have all managed to escape from Iran and Iraq, but now they are stuck in the Turkish capital; although freedom is at last almost within their grasp, first they have to wait in a dubious hotel, hoping each day that their applications for asylum will be approved. This enforced break in their journey towards independence is characterised by both hope and utter uncertainty.

The young Austrian-Iranian filmmaker Arash T. Riahi depicts the plight of people trying to flee their homeland and the curious, transitory state of asylum-seekers with tragic comedy and great suspense.

Cast

Filming Locations

 Turkey
 Austria
 Germany

Prizes

 2010 Tromsø International Film Festival's audience award
 Special Jury Award  and Special Audience Award at 10° European Cinema Festival Lecce
 Grande Premio Ficcao - Grand Prize for Best Movie and Premio do Público Ficcao - Publics Prize at the Amazonas Filmfestival/Manaus Brasil
 Mejor Guion - Best Screenplay at 2. Festival Internacional San Luis Cine/Argentinian
19. Festival International du Film D'Histoire-Pessac/France
 Prix du Jury Officiel - Main Award of the Jury, Prix du Jury étudiant - Student Award, Prix du Public - Publics Prize

For a Moment Freedom has won two more awards at the Festival du Cinéma Européen en Essonne in France. The film was awarded both the Public Award and the Student Award. This festival, which has been running for the last ten years, specializes in political films.

the Festival du Cinéma Européen en Essonne
 Best Austrian film 2008 at Viennale 08-International Filmfestival - Vienna Film award

For a Moment Freedom won the Vienna Film Prize for the Best Austrian Film of the year at the 2008 Vienna Film Festival.

13è FESTIVAL INTERNATIONAL DES JEUNES REALISATEURS DE SAINT-JEAN-DE-LUZ
 Alain Poire Screenvision Award for Best Director

The prize is named after Alain Poire, the French producer who produced a large number of films, including works by Robert Bresson, Claude Autant-Lara and Yves Robert.

For a Moment Freedom was awarded the Golden Eye, the Award for the Best Debut Feature Film, at the 4th Zurich Film Festival by a jury headed by Peter Fonda.
The Zurich Film Festival (ZFF) is one of the most important international festivals for young talent and is held annually in Zurich. The film festival is committed to promoting the works of young directors and screenwriters from all over the world.

Zurich Film Festival

At the renowned "A" festival, the World Film Festival in Montreal, For a Moment Freedom  has won an award for the best debut feature film, the Golden Zenith for the Best First Fiction Feature Film 2008.

References

External links

 Les Film De Losagne - For a Moment Freedom
 Wega Film - For a Moment Freedom

2008 films
2000s English-language films
2000s Turkish-language films
2000s Persian-language films
Austrian drama films
French drama films
Turkish drama films
2008 drama films
Films about immigration
Films shot in Turkey
Films shot in Berlin
Films shot in Vienna
Films produced by Margaret Ménégoz
2008 directorial debut films
2008 multilingual films
Austrian multilingual films
French multilingual films
2000s French films


The medieval Glastonbury canal was built in about the middle of the 10th century to link the River Brue at Northover () with Glastonbury Abbey, a distance of about . Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century. English Heritage assess the canal remains, based on a "provisional" interpretation, as a site of "national importance".

Construction
Modern archaeological excavations have shown that this was a "true canal"  wide and  deep, with a flat bottom and sloping sides. The place where it met the River Brue, then flowing about  north of its present course, was already significant: it had been an important crossing point, with a timber causeway over the river and the associated marshy floodplain, since at least the 8th century. For most of the canal's length it was dug through firm clay, following a level course along the 10-metre contour on the north-west side of Wearyall Hill, but at its end point, close to the Saxon-era market place (still extant at ) it encountered less stable soil. Here the banks were revetted with timber and a wharf was possibly constructed. Radio-carbon analysis of this wooden material indicates a 10th-century, or possibly slightly earlier, date. It was fed by springs at this north-eastern end.

Use
At this period Dunstan, the abbot, was engaged in reconstructing Glastonbury Abbey and the canal was needed to import the stone and other building materials. Dunstan had suffered a temporary period of exile in Ghent and may have brought back  knowledge of canals from there to direct the construction of this new waterway.  Much of the stone came from the abbey's own quarries at Doulting, allowing access by way of the River Sheppey at Pilton.

From the 11th century onwards Glastonbury Abbey became the centre of a large water-borne transport network as further canalisations and new channels were made in the region, including the diversion of the Brue to afford access to the important estate at Meare and an easier route to the Bristol Channel. In the 13th century the abbey's head boatman is recorded as using the waterways to take the abbot  in an eight-oared boat on visits to the abbey's manors in the area. Datable pottery sherds in the silt from the floor of the canal show that it was still in operation in the 14th century,  but is not clear when it fell out of use: although the northernmost part may have been filled in during the 14th century, for most of its length it may have been maintained until the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century.

Rediscovery
In 1886 John Morland, a local archaeologist, questioned the purpose of the old canal, identified by its sunken outline, water-filled in winter, along Wearyall Hill. Aerial photography, followed by rescue archaeology at the site of commercial development, was undertaken in 1986–7, and this uncovered the supposed wharf area.  In 1989, during the construction of a roundabout to the south-west of the town, it was confirmed that the 1821 turnpike, now the A39, had made use of the upraised canal bank in its construction.

References

Canals in Somerset
History of Somerset
Glastonbury
10th-century establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Mendip District


Paul Lovegrove was a Michigan politician.

Political life
The Flint City Commission selected Lovegrove as mayor in 1950 and then selected him again for another year.

References

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
20th-century American politicians


Lupghar Pir pass (el. ) is a high mountain pass  to the west of village Lupghar in the upper Hunza valley in Gojal tehsil of Gilgit district in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

References

Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Mountain passes of the Hindu Kush


Donald Wayne Riegle Sr. (June 23, 1917 – March 13, 1992) was a Michigan politician.

Political life
The Flint City Commission selected him as mayor in 1952 and then selected him again for another year. His son Donald W. Riegle Jr. served in Congress, representing the 7th district from 1967 to 1976, and served as United States Senator from Michigan from 1976 to 1995.

References

External links
Donald W. Riegle Sr.'s genealogical profile

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
1917 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American politicians


The Abduction Club is a 2002 British-Irish romantic comedy-drama adventure film directed by Stefan Schwartz. Based loosely on real events, the plot centres on a group of outlaws who abduct women in order to marry them. It was written by Richard Crawford and Bill Britten.

Plot
In 18th century Ireland, there are two financially insecure young bachelors, Garrett Byrne and James Strang, whose exploits evolve from the need to secure wealth. Both are younger sons that will not inherit titles and estates so they become members of an infamous society known as the 'Abduction Club', whose main aim is to woo and then abduct wealthy heiresses in order to marry them (therefore providing themselves with financial security). The men decide to set their sights on the beautiful yet feisty Kennedy sisters, Catherine and Anne, but are unprepared for the negative reaction they are to receive, and they soon find themselves on the run across the Irish countryside (with the sisters in tow) from Anne's cold-hearted admirer, John Power, who does not take kindly to the news of their kidnapping, and with the help of the embittered Attorney General Lord Fermoy, implicates Byrne and Strang in the murder of a Redcoat soldier.

Cast
Alice Evans as Catherine Kennedy
Daniel Lapaine as Garrett Byrne
Sophia Myles as Anne Kennedy
Matthew Rhys as James Strang
Liam Cunningham as John Power
Edward Woodward as Lord Fermoy
Patrick Malahide as Sir Myles
Tom Murphy as Knox

References

External links

2002 films
2000s adventure comedy-drama films
2002 romantic comedy-drama films
British adventure comedy-drama films
British romantic comedy-drama films
Films about kidnapping
Films about capital punishment
Films about social class
Films set in Ireland
Films set in the 1780s
Romance films based on actual events
Films directed by Stefan Schwartz
2002 comedy films
2002 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s British films


Vagif Sadygov (born 1 April 1959, Azerbaijani: Vaqif Sadıqov) is an Azerbaijani football manager.

Life and career
Sadygov started playing football as a midfielder for Araz Nakhichevan. His club career included spells with Neftchi Baku, Khazar Sumgayit and FC Nistru Otaci. After end of his career, he moved into management, first with Neftchi Baku in 1993, then with ANS Pivani Baki. He also managed Shafa Baku, Azerbaijan national under-21 football team in 1996, which then led him to manage  Azerbaijan national football team in 1997. After unsuccessful results, he dismissed in 1998, but returned in 2005 to replace the Brazilian Carlos Alberto Torres. He also managed Shafa Baku, Genclerbirliyi Sumgayit, Azerbaijan national under-21 football team.

Achievements
Azerbaijan Cup
Winner: 2 (1995, 2001)
Azerbaijan Supercup
Winner: 1 (1995)
Azerbaijan First Division
Winner: 1 (1996)

Notes and references

1959 births
Living people
Soviet men's footballers
Azerbaijani men's footballers
Azerbaijani football managers
Azerbaijan national football team managers
Azerbaijani expatriate football managers
Footballers from Baku
Neftçi PFK players
Soviet Top League players
Men's association football midfielders
Soviet Azerbaijani people
Expatriate football managers in Russia
Expatriate football managers in Iran
Azerbaijani expatriate sportspeople in Iran
Azerbaijani expatriate sportspeople in Russia


Pentacarbon dioxide, officially penta-1,2,3,4-tetraene-1,5-dione, is an oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon) with formula C5O2 or O=C=C=C=C=C=O.

The compound was described in 1988 by Günter Maier and others, who obtained it by pyrolysis of cyclohexane-1,3,5-trione (phloroglucin, the tautomeric form of phloroglucinol). It has also been obtained by flash vapor pyrolysis of 2,4,6-tris(diazo)cyclohexane-1,3,5-trione (C6N6O3). It is stable at room temperature in solution. The pure compound is stable up to −96 °C, at which point it polymerizes.

References

See also
 Ethylene dione (C2O2)
 Carbon suboxide (C3O2)

Oxocarbons
Heterocumulenes
Ketenes
Diketones
Substances discovered in the 1980s


Victoria Louise Lott (born 12 January 1991), better known by her stage name Pixie Lott, is an English singer, songwriter, actress, and former ballet dancer. Her debut album, Turn It Up, released in September 2009, reached number six on the UK Albums Chart and sold over 1.5 million copies. It also spawned six consecutive top twenty singles on the UK Singles Chart, including two number-one singles, "Mama Do (Uh Oh, Uh Oh)" and "Boys and Girls".

Her second album, Young Foolish Happy (2011), spawned the number-one hit "All About Tonight", as well as the top ten singles "What Do You Take Me For?" and "Kiss the Stars". Lott's self-titled third studio album, released in 2014, had the lead single "Nasty", which peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart, making it her sixth Top 10 single in the United Kingdom.

Lott has also occasionally acted in film, television and stage, including starring in the UK production of the Richard Greenberg play Breakfast at Tiffany's in 2016. From 2017 to 2023, she was featured as a coach on the children's singing competition The Voice Kids UK.

Early life
Victoria Louise Lott was born in the Bromley area of London on 12 January 1991, the third child of Beverley (née Martin) and stockbroker Stephen Lott. The family moved around the London suburbs, initially living in Petts Wood and then Bickley. Lott was born several weeks premature, and her mother gave her the nickname Pixie because she was "such a tiny, cute baby who looked like a fairy". She started singing in her church school, and attended the Italia Conti Associates Saturday school in Chislehurst when she was five years old. At the age of 11, she was awarded a scholarship and went on to attend its main school, the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts. At the age of 13, Lott moved with her family to Brentwood in Essex where she attended Brentwood County High School. She appeared in a West End production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the London Palladium and as Louisa von Trapp in BBC One's Celebrate the Sound of Music in 2005, aged 14. Despite missing school time because she was recording her album, Lott says she received top marks in her GCSEs.

Career

2008–2010: Turn It Up

In 2006, at the age of 15, Lott sang for L. A. Reid after he heard a few of her demos. He then signed her to the Island Def Jam Music Group. After a change of managers, a bidding war ensued and Lott parted ways with the Island Def Jam Music Group, to sign with Mercury Records in the UK and to Interscope Records in the U.S. Lott signed a publishing deal, as a songwriter, with Sony/ATV Music Publishing in December 2007, while writing and recording tracks for Turn It Up. Lott wrote a song for Alexandra Burke's debut album, Overcome (2009), titled "You Broke My Heart" and a song for Girls Can't Catch titled "Happy Alone". She also wrote two tracks on Lisa Lois's (the Dutch X Factor winner) debut album Smoke (2009), titled "No Good For Me" and "Promises, Promises". She also wrote 'We Own the Night' with Toby Gad for Selena Gomez and ended up featuring on the track too for Gomez' album When the Sun Goes Down. Lott played her first festival concert in the Big Top at the Isle of Wight Festival 2009, during her first full British tour, where she supported The Saturdays on The Work Tour.

Lott's debut single, "Mama Do", was released on 8 June 2009. It spent one week at number one, 11 weeks within the top 40 and 18 weeks within the top 75. The single also had considerable success outside the UK, reaching the top 40 in 11 other countries, including top ten peaks of number eight in Denmark and number 10 in France. The single was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry on 28 August 2009 after selling over 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

On 15 August 2009, Lott was featured alongside Hoobastank, The All-American Rejects, Kasabian, Boys Like Girls, Estranged and Raygun as one of the live acts at Asia's very first MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia concert. Lott's second lead single "Boys and Girls" was released on 6 September 2009 and topped the UK Singles Chart on 13 September. On 14 September, Lott's debut album, Turn It Up was released. This followed an intensive promotional tour where Lott visited the Asia-Pacific region to promote the album and 'Mama Do'. The album debuted at number six on the UK Album Chart, and sold over 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In August 2010, it was certified Double-Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Lott's third single from the album, "Cry Me Out" was released on 23 November 2009. It was during this time that Lott was chosen as the face of Nokia's "Illuvial Pink Collection" mobile phone rang and Casio's range of Baby G watches.

The fourth single, "Gravity", was released in the UK on 8 March 2010. Lott won two MTV EMA Awards at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2009 ceremony, Best UK & Ireland Act and Best Push Artist (best break through artist). Lott was nominated for British Breakthrough Act, British Female Solo Artist and British Single at the 2010 BRIT Awards. Lott also served as the opening act of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour in the UK 7–26 May 2010. In April 2010, Lipsy launched a fashion range co-designed by Lott. The first Pixie Collection comprised two ranges: Pixie Festival and Pixie Party. Lott's second collection for Lipsy was launched in September 2010 and consisted of a new range, Pixie Rocks, and an updated Pixie Party collection. In July 2010, Lott appeared as a guest judge for the auditions for the seventh series of The X Factor in Cardiff, covering for Dannii Minogue, who was on maternity leave. Lott also performed on the main stage at the V Festival in August 2010. The fifth single from Lott's album, the title song "Turn It Up", was released on 7 June 2010. Lott recorded a song for the film Street Dance 3D, "Live For The Moment".

Lott released "Boys and Girls" as her debut US single on 24 August 2010. The release coincided with the TV premiere of her film debut, Fred: The Movie. In January 2010, Lott was named one of 2010's "Faces to Watch" by US magazine, Billboard. Lott was cast as Judy, Fred Figglehorn's crush, in the film Fred: The Movie, starring alongside Lucas Cruikshank. The comedy was released on America's Nickelodeon channel on 18 September 2010. Turn It Up was to be released in the US in 2011, but this never materialised. It was, however, rereleased in the UK. "The Way The World Works", from Lott's debut record was used in the U.S.-produced medical drama Private Practice.

For the new repackaged version of Turn It Up, Lott recorded duets with Jason Derulo and Joe Jonas, though the latter failed to make the final track listing for the album. This edition included her single, "Broken Arrow".

2011–2012: Young Foolish Happy

In July 2011, Lott signed a deal with Select Model Management. The company is also responsible for signing Cher Lloyd, Agyness Deyn and David Gandy.
Lott's second album, Young Foolish Happy was released on 14 November 2011, it includes collaborations with Stevie Wonder and John Legend. Young Foolish Happy debuted at number eighteen on the UK Albums Chart, selling 18,503 copies in its opening week. The following week, it dropped twenty-four places to number forty-two. On 10 February 2012, it was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), denoting shipments in excess of 100,000 within the UK. The album also entered the Irish Albums Chart at number thirty-three.

"All About Tonight" was released on 2 September 2011 as the album's lead single. Lott premiered the song on BBC Radio 1's The Chris Moyles Show on 11 July 2011. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 88,893 copies (the highest of Lott's career), giving Lott her third UK number one. It also reached number nine on the Irish Singles Chart, her second top ten hit in that country. The second single "What Do You Take Me For?", featuring rapper Pusha T, was released on 4 November 2011, while the music video premiered on 6 October. It debuted at number ten on the UK Singles Chart, selling 34,335 copies.
In July 2012 Lott performed "Kiss the Stars" and "Use Somebody" at the Men's Gymnastics Finals in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Lott also performed at V Festival (her second performance after appearing in 2010), the "Access All Eirias" festival in North Wales, She also performed 'Kiss The Stars' on Dancing on Ice in 2012 and the MTV "Titanic Sounds" festival in Belfast.

2012–2015: Pixie Lott and Strictly Come Dancing

In June 2012, Lott stated she had started recording her third album citing Motown as inspiration for the album: "I'm going to be heading to New York to work with the guys who did the original Motown records in the '60s to make a new album soon." In June 2013, Lott tweeted that she was recording the first single from her third album with Jack Splash in Miami. In September, Splash confirmed that the single had been mixed. On 17 July 2013, Lott tweeted that she was on her way to a photo shoot for her new single and her third studio album.

On 1 November 2013, Lott trended on Twitter after announcing that her new music was "coming soon", and posting a cover of Avicii's "Wake Me Up" on YouTube. Michael Einziger, one of the writers of "Wake Me Up", later took to Twitter to praise Lott's interpretation. On 8 November, Lott's cover of "Royals" by New Zealand singer-songwriter Lorde was uploaded. "Royals" was chosen because Lorde had previously covered Lott's number one single, "Mama Do". After watching the cover, Lorde likened Lott's voice to "baby angels and peanut butter chocolate".
On 2 December 2013, Lott announced during a Google Hangout with Dan Wootton of The Sun that the lead single from her third album, "Nasty", would premiere in January. She also revealed the artwork for the album, titled Pixie Lott. Lott was recently spotted filming the accompanying music video for "Nasty", which was originally recorded by Christina Aguilera as a duet with Cee Lo Green for the 2010 film Burlesque but was never released. In March 2014, Lott took part in recording England's 2014 World Cup song. She collaborated with the likes of fellow pop stars Melanie C, Eliza Doolittle, Emma Bunton, Conor Maynard, Kimberley Walsh and Katy B, on "Greatest Day", a track originally performed by British band, Take That. The track was produced by Gary Barlow and recorded at Sarm Studios in London. The track also featured past footballers such as Gary Lineker, Michael Owen, Geoff Hurst, David Seaman, Peter Shilton, Glenn Hoddle and Dion Dublin on backing vocals.

"Nasty" (produced by Jack Splash) was released on 7 March 2014 and debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number nine, selling 30,812 copies in its first week. It became Lott's sixth Top 10 single and tenth consecutive Top 20 single. On 19 June 2014, Lott appeared on BBC Radio 1's Innuendo Bingo. Her self-titled third studio album was released on 1 August 2014 and was preceded by its second single, "Lay Me Down" released on 27 July 2014. Promotional single, "Heart Cry" has been also released. Pixie Lott peaked at number 15 on the UK Albums Chart.

In August 2014, Lott was confirmed as one of the fifteen contestants, participating on the twelfth series of Strictly Come Dancing. On the launch show, it was announced that she will be partnered up with Australian professional dancer Trent Whiddon. Despite topping the leaderboard four times and having the highest average of the series, Lott & Whiddon were eliminated during the quarter-finals on Week 11, after losing the dance-off to Blue singer Simon Webbe and his partner, Kristina Rihanoff. It was announced that Lott would release her first greatest hits album on 24 November 2014, called Platinum Pixie: Hits. The album was preceded by the single "Caravan of Love", a cover of the Isley-Jasper-Isley's 1985 hit. The compilation also includes all her singles, with the exception of "What Do You Take Me For?" and "Lay Me Down". Lott then starred in "Puttin’ On The Ritz" UK Tour, for the dates in Wimbledon and Newcastle. She was joined on stage by her dance partner, Trent Whiddon, in 2015.

2016–present: Stage and television work
From 30 June to 17 September 2016, Lott starred as Holly Golightly in a limited 12-week season of Breakfast at Tiffany’s at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London's West End. On 15 November 2016, it was announced Lott will be a coach on The Voice Kids UK alongside will.i.am & Danny Jones. The show began in June 2017 on ITV. On 31 March 2017 Lott collaborated with British DJ Anton Powers on their single "Baby". Lott released her new single "Won't Forget You" featuring Stylo G on 29 September 2017.

Musical influences
Lott has cited Celine Dion, Christina Aguilera, Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston as major influences on her style of singing. For her second album, Lott told Digital Spy that the sound was "a little more soulful. That's the kind of thing that I'm into. That influence is stronger on this album."

Personal life
Lott began a relationship with fashion model Oliver Cheshire in 2010. They were engaged on 13 November 2016. They were married at Ely Cathedral on 6 June 2022, following a delay due to COVID-19. In June 2023, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child.

On FHM 100 Sexiest Women list, Lott was voted No. 45 in 2010, No. 31 in 2011, No. 12 in 2012, and No. 7 in 2013.

Lott is a supporter of the Penny for London charity.

Pixie Lott is a supporter of West Ham United.

Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

Discography

 Turn It Up (2009)
 Young Foolish Happy (2011)
 Pixie Lott (2014)

Tours
 As the headline act
 The Crazycats Tour (2010–2011)
 Live in Concert (2014)

 As opening act
 The Work Tour – The Saturdays (2009)
 Last Girl on Earth Tour – Rihanna (2010)

Awards

References

External links

  – official site

1991 births
Living people
Actresses from London
Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
English child actresses
English child singers
English women pop singers
English film actresses
English musical theatre actresses
British contemporary R&B singers
English women singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English soul singers
English television actresses
Mercury Records artists
MTV Europe Music Award winners
People from Brentwood, Essex
Musicians from Bromley
Select Model Management models
Singers from London
Wonky pop musicians
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
21st-century English actresses


Sung Chi-li (born 17 September 1948), born Sung , is a notorious Taiwan cult leader and geomancer who founded the Sung Chi-li Miracle Association and the Great Sun Sect. He was embroiled in a scandal in 1996 and accused of swindling US$7 million  from his followers. He was convicted of fraud in 1997 and sentenced to seven years imprisonment. His verdict was later overturned in 2003 by the high court which cited freedom of religion was protected under Taiwan's constitution. Sung claims to have supernatural powers such as the ability to appear anywhere at anytime (fēnshēn body-double manifestations) ), possessing divine healing powers and calls himself Yuzhou Guangmingti (宇宙光明體; lit. Cosmic Luminous Body).

Early years
Sung was born in Xiaogang village, Kaohsiung County in the Taiwan Province on 17 September 1948. He is the oldest of six children; four sisters and one brother. His father was very adept at making money and worked at a wholesale fish market. His family were the first in their village to own a television and telephone.

His eldest younger sister Sung Pao-lien (宋寶蓮) recalls Sung had developed mysophobia at the age of three and would eat in the corner and wash his own bowl and chopsticks. Their father had high expectations of Sung but Sung didn't like to study so their father would get angry and beat Sung with a wooden stick but Sung was very gentle, a boy of few words and didn't get upset nor talked back. Sung recalls it was at the age of seven that he saw a beam of light follow him. When he told his classmate, they'd laugh at him. When he told his father, his father said he is crazy. Sung became a social outcast due to poor grades and being abnormal.

After highschool, Sung left home and studied at Tung Fang Design Institute, from that moment, he tried to seek answers and started to read Plato but couldn't comprehend it, then he read Socrates and Aristotle but still couldn't find an explanation for the beam of light he saw as a child.

After finishing military conscription service, Sung's father gave him NT$1 million to start a shipping business at Taichung harbor. Sung worked there for nine and a half years. His sister, Pao-lien, said she always worried about Sung because he was too kind and not cut out for business so she was taken by surprise when he became a religious master.

Prison and change of career
Sung went into hiding for two years after writing a bad check and was later imprisoned for two years.

During Sung's time in jail he saw that beam of light outside the windows and says when he was being released from jail at the age of 39 he saw the three Chinese characters Sung Chi-li (宋七力) written in the skies and changed his name to it. It was during this time that Sung says he possessed the fenshen ability. In 1987 when martial law was lifted in Taiwan, Sung, who was 39 at the time and out of prison, saw an opportunity and began to hang around tea houses, talking and demonstrating his skills. As word spread about his abilities, he was noticed by someone who then spent large amounts of money to support Sung and helped him take photos. In 1990, Sung founded the Academy of the Union of Humans and Nature and began recruiting members in Taipei. A year later he founded the Sung Chi-li Miracle Association ()  and members believed Sung was greater than Buddha in his past life. In the nine years leading up to 1996, Sung had amassed followers and supporters numbering in the tens of thousands in nine years, including financiers and politicians. At his prime, Sung would draw large numbers of followers who came and went in groups of cars. Sung would tip them tens of thousands of NTD. He recalls giving one elderly flower seller NT$50,000. He said when he was on the run for bouncing a check, his friend refused to lend him NT$500 and he vowed he would not to become a miser himself. The first time a Next Digital reporter, 賀照縈 (He Chao-ying), did an interview, Sung handed the interviewer an envelope containing NT$10,000 cash, telling him it was a gesture of good will that the reporter's boss need not know, to which the interviewer declined to accept the gift. At the last interview, Sung tried to give the interview and his three colleagues an iPhone 6 which they also declined. The interviewer noted Sung seemed desolate so he consoled Sung.

Controversy

Scandal
The scandal, known locally in Taiwan as the Sung Chi-li Incident (), was first uncovered by Melody Chu Mei-fong, then Taipei city councillor who accused Sung of conning disciples by selling them high-priced photos of him demonstrating his supernatural powers and that by worshiping the pictures, his followers could become a buddha. She also accused Frank Hsieh, who was legal consultant of Sung, of taking NT$16 million in political donations from Sung and that Hsieh's wife helped with compiling and publishing books for Sung. Sung and 16 defendants were then sued by former followers and he was indicted on charges of deception for obtaining NT$3 billion in donations  by claiming to have supernatural powers by which he could help people. Sung was arrested on 13 October 1996

Due to a string of religious cult scandals making news headlines such as Sung Chi-li swindling NT$3 billion and Master Miao Tien swindling NT$2 billion, the Executive Yuan organized for the first time a forum to discuss the role and regulation of religion in Taiwan. The forum was held in Taipei on 8 November 1996 and attended by 110 senior government officials, religious leaders and scholars from 12 religious communities. The forum blamed  the public's ignorance that allowed cult swindling to thrive.

On 23 October 1997, Sung and two assistants Chen Cheng-tung (鄭振冬) and Lo Cheng-hung (羅正弘) were convicted of fraud. Sung and Chen were sentenced to seven years, while Lo was sentenced to two years prison. Frank Hsieh's wife and 13 others were acquitted of deception. During police investigations, Sung insisted he had supernatural powers and could make anyone do as he willed. Police challenged him by inviting him to demonstrate his powers in public but Sung failed to make a standing police officer to sit down. Sung's divine photos were proven to be doctored using basic computer graphic skills.

The case gained public notoriety when Frank Hsieh, who was a lawyer and legal consultant to Sung at the time, and his wife Yu Fang-chih (游芳枝), were reported to be long time followers of Sung. Yu went so far as to profess personally witnessing Sung's spirit leave his body at will. In 2005, Sung told TVBS cable news that in 2004 at a gathering in a follower's home, he had taken Hsieh on an outer body tour of Paris with a stopover at the Eiffel Tower where they could touch the cast iron. Hsieh temporarily disappeared from the political scene after it was alleged he had taken inappropriate political donations from Sung and faced fierce criticism from the public over his membership in Sung's cult

Sung admitted to police in charge of the investigation that he lied about having supernatural powers  and police demolished the Miracle Association Memorial Hall, his Transmogrification Society's main shrine, on the grounds that it was built illegally. The shine contained faked photos of Sung in various states of fenshen which were used by his associates to fool followers into believing Sung's divinity. Sung also made donations to political parties.

In 1998, Sung founded a new religion, the Great Sun Sect whose members are believed to be in the hundreds but an accurate number has not been determined ()

High Court appeal
Although the scandal had almost hurt Hsieh's political career, he surprised everyone by winning the 1998 Kaohsiung City mayoral election despite being ridiculed and criticized for his link to Sung. The high court trial was reopened a few days after Hsieh's election victory.

On 28 January 2003, the High Court overturned Sung's fraud conviction citing that the constitution protected Sung's practices under the freedom of religion which banned the law from defining and intervening in people's beliefs. This despite prosecutors pointing out Sung had admitted to lying about his mystic powers. Under the protection of freedom of religion, the High Court decided that faith was more important than authenticity and that not only would it be difficult to prove Sung did not have supernatural abilities but that also accusers' testimonies were not sufficient to prove that Sung had defrauded them of money. Frank Hsieh was quoted as saying ""Religion cannot be analysed by reason."

In 2004, with the financial support of his followers in Australia, Sung opened a US$3 million "divine photo shop" to display his divine photos.

In an interview with Next Media in 2008, Sung says he is a mysophobe and has never had any sexual relations.

In 2015, SET News interviewed Sung regarding his supernatural powers, the reporter asked Sung if he could demonstrate his powers especially his fenshen ability. Sung objected and insisted that only followers who have awakened their third eye could see the supernatural. He also demonstrated his abilities of being able to control his followers' bodies with his mind, to which his followers played along, but it had no effect on the reporter and cameraman. Next Digital also followed up and Sung admitted he is a controversial figure but that he was not afraid of punishment because he has no family and no children to worry about.

See also
List of con artists
Religion in Taiwan

References

External links
 Official website

1948 births
Taiwanese religious leaders
Living people
People from Kaohsiung
Taiwanese fraudsters


The term liquid chalk, or sharkchalk, refers to several different kinds of liquified chalk including liquid-chalk marking pens (with water-soluble ink), liquid-chalk mixtures (for athletic use: rock climbing, weightlifting, gymnastics), and liquid-chalk hobby-craft paints made of cornstarch and food coloring (some with small amounts of flour). Some forms of "liquid chalk" contain no actual chalk.

Use in sports
Liquid chalk can be a variation of normal chalk (see: magnesium carbonate) used to improve grip for sports, such as rock climbing, weight lifting, or gymnastics.

Rock climbing
Rock climbers use liquid chalk to prevent their hands from sweating. It may be used by climbers in situations where powdered chalk is restricted.  It is preferred by some athletes because it remains effective longer and leaves less residue on rocks and equipment. Liquid chalk for rock climbers is made from magnesium carbonate.

Other sports
In other sports, liquid chalk is less beneficial to the athlete, because re-chalking can be done more easily between sets or rounds. However, some gyms require liquid chalk because it leaves less residue on gym equipment. Liquid chalk adheres to the hand better, reducing the need to re-chalk.

Ingredients
Some liquid-chalk mixtures for climbing are made with magnesium carbonate, colophony, and ethanol or an alcohol that dissolves the colophony and quickly evaporates from the solution (as isopropyl alcohol or ethanol). Sometimes, an additive for aroma is included because of the bad smell of spirit.

See also
 Glossary of climbing terms
 Climbing
 Bouldering
 Magnesium carbonate

References

Climbing equipment
Alchemical substances


KTRX (92.7 FM) is a radio station in Dickson, Oklahoma, serving the Lake Texoma region with an adult top 40 format. The station is owned by Stephens Media Group.

History
The station signed on in June 2001 with a classic rock format. By May 17, 2022, KTRX had evolved to an active rock format; at 12p.m. that day, the station began stunting with song excerpts featuring the word "star" ahead of an announcement to be made at 6a.m. on May 18. At that time, the station flipped to an adult top 40 format as "Star 92.7", with the first song being "Counting Stars" by OneRepublic.

References

External links

TRX
Radio stations established in 2001
2001 establishments in Oklahoma
Adult top 40 radio stations in the United States


Silvio Cesare Bonicelli (31 March 1932 – 6 March 2009) was the Italian Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Parma from his appointment by Pope John Paul II on 13 December 1996 until his retirement on 19 January 2008.

Bonicelli was born in Bergamo, Italy. He obtained a degree in law in 1954 from the Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan. He was first ordained a Catholic priest on 16 June 1962. He previously served as the Bishop of the diocese of San Severo before being appointed to the diocese of Parma.

Bishop Silvio Cesare Bonicelli died in Bergamo on 6 March 2009, at the age of 76.

References

Sources

 David M. Cheney, Catholic-hierarchy.org, Bishop Silvio Cesare Bonicelli; retrieved: 26 October 2018.

1932 births
2009 deaths
Bishops of Parma
Clergy from Bergamo
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops


The Animalist Party With the Environment (; PACMA), formerly called Animalist Party Against the Mistreatment of Animals (), is a Spanish political party founded in Bilbao on 24 February 2003. It is focused on animal rights and animal welfare, as a part of the requirement of respect for the right to life. Although its headquarters were initially in Barcelona, it is now established in Madrid.

During the Spanish elections in December 2015, PACMA received 1,034,617 votes for the Senate and 219,000 for the Congress, but did not have any representatives elected due to particularities of the Spanish Electoral Law. By number of votes, PACMA widely overcame other parties that did win seats in the Congress and Senate. In order to achieve a law in which every vote is worth the same, PACMA is now campaigning for electoral reform.

Electoral performance

Cortes Generales

European Parliament

See also
 Animal Politics EU
 Anti-bullfighting city
 List of animal advocacy parties

References

External links

Euro Animal 7

2003 establishments in Spain
Animal advocacy parties
Animal welfare organisations based in Spain
Bullfighting in Spain
Criticisms of bullfighting
Political parties established in 2003
Political parties in Spain


The Pach Brothers was a family-ran photography studio by German-born brothers Gustavus and Gotthelf Pach. The brothers have photographed portraits of many notable figures, such as former United States president Benjamin Harrison; and American banker George Foster Peabody. The brother Gotthelf is the father of famed German-American painter Walter Pach.

History
It was founded by the German-born brothers Gustavus Pach (1848–1904), Gotthelf Pach (1852–1925) and Morris Pach (1837–1914). Patrons included famous and ordinary Americans involved in business, politics, government, medicine, law, education, and the arts, as well as thousands of students, families and children who sat for Pach cameras from 1866 onward.

There was a fire in 1895, which destroyed their New York studio and processing rooms as well as their entire negative archive.

The Pach Brothers firm continued photographing for another hundred years until their dissolution in 1994.

See also
Walter Pach

References

External links

 Guide to the Pach Brothers Portrait Photograph Collection: 1867-1947, undated (bulk 1880s-1940s)
 The Pach Brothers Portrait Photograph Collection at the New York Historical Society

Photographic studios
1867 establishments in New York (state)
Photography companies of the United States
American companies established in 1867
Mass media companies established in the 1860s


CBVA may refer to:

 CBVA-FM, a radio rebroadcaster (98.1 FM) licensed to Escuminac, Quebec, Canada, rebroadcasting CBVE-FM
 CBVA-TV, a television retransmitter (channel 18) licensed to Escuminac, Quebec, Canada, retransmitting CBMT
 California Beach Volleyball Association, governing body for beach volleyball