The Church of St Demetrius () is a Bulgarian church dating from the Late Middle Ages near the town of Boboshevo, Kyustendil Province.

Location, history, architectural and artistic features

The church is situated at 4 km from the small town of Boboshevo. It is a small one-nave edifice with internal dimension of 4,15 m to 2,66 m and height of 5,50 m. It has a semi-round apse which is 1,38 m wide and 0,70 m deep. On the eastern side to the left of the apse there is a semi-round niche (0,45 x 0,52 x 0,37 m) and on the northern side - a rectangular one (0,20 x 0,20 x 0,25 m). The entrance is to the west and is 1,85 m high and 1,25 m wide. The vault is semi-cylindrical. A narthex was added in 1864 with entrance to the north and five arched windows. The floor of the naos is covered with stone plates.

The whole interior of the church with exception of the narthex is covered with frescoes which is traditional for that type of church. Several artistic traditions have been applied; the figures are dynamic, the characters are emotional and the faces - vivid. The shades are dark, saturated and harmonized. On the vault there are three medallions - one the central one is painted Christ with four angels. On its sides in the two smaller medallions are the images of the prophets - Moses, Aaron, Ezekiel and others. Under them are depicted two layers of scenes: upper layer which includes the big holidays - the Birth, Baptism, Crucifixion and others; and a lower layer with the Passion of Christ. On the northern and southern walls of the church under the Passion there is another frieze of medallions depicting the warrior saints, the three men in the Babylon furnace and others. In the bottom parts of the walls are depicted full-length portraits of saints. On the western wall is depicted the Assumption of Mary and under that scene on the two sides of the door are the images of the sainted rulers Constantine and Helen and Archangel Michael.

The church was built after 1481 and the frescoes were made after 1488 as seen by the inscription on the door of the naos.

The icons in the iconostasis of the church (dated from 1729) are kept in the crypt of the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia, and part of the surviving manuscripts of the monastery are kept in Ecclesiastical Museum of History in the capital.

The church was declared an architectural-artistic monument of culture with national importance (DV, is.38/1972).

The church was part of the medieval monastery of St Demetrius. The monastery was established in the 10th century and its initial position was above the village of Skrino. The famous Bulgarian saint John of Rila became monk in that monastery. The monastery was destroyed after the Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars and the fall of the Second Empire. It was rebuilt during the reign of the Ottoman sultan Bayazid II (1481-1512) but not in its original position but to the south-east near Boboshevo. Throughout the following centuries the monastery was an important literary centre for the Bulgarian people. After the Liberation the monastery declined and became uninhabited, its control was first taken by the Municipality of Boboshevo and later by the local priests. Around 1930 the monastery included dwellings, kitchen, bakery, granary and other buildings. At that time the monastery owned 694 decares of land in the eastern slopes of the Ruen mountain which included forests, lawns, fields, orchards and vineyards. Only the church has been preserved today and has undergone a comprehensive restoration.

The church was named after Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki - one of the most important Eastern Orthodox saints born in the 3rd century in the city of Solun.

Literature
 Grabar, Andre - La peinture religieuse en Bulgarie (Религиозната живопис в България), изд.: Libraire orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Paris, 1928, 450 с., стр.306-332.
 Маринов, Димитър. - Руенски или Бобошевски манастир св.Димитър - "Народен страж", 1928 г., бр.17
 Кепов, Иван - Миналото и сегашно на Бобошево. 1935, 288 с., с.170 и сл.;
 Марди, В. - Бабикова - Научно мотивирано предложение за обявяване на църквата "Св.Димитър" за паметник на културата. София, 1969 г., 20 с. Архив НИПК;
 Дремсизова-Нелчинова, Цв. и Слокоска, Л. - Археологически паметници от Кюстендилски окръг, София, 1978 г., с.13;
 Енциклопедичен речник КЮСТЕНДИЛ А-Я, София, 1988 г., изд.БАН, с.588;
 Гергова, Ив. - Ранният български иконостас 16-18 в., София, 1993, с.24;
 Станева, Хр. - Реставрация на църквата "Св.Димитър" в Бобошево, В: Проблеми на изкуството. 2005, кн.3, с.37-46;
 Ангелов, Светозар - Бобошевският манастир "Св.Димитър", В :  Църкви и манастири от Югозападна България през XV- XVІІ в., София, ЦСВП "Проф.Иван Дуйчев" към СУ"Св.Климент Охридски", 2007 г., с.31-33;
 Заедно по свещените места на планината Осогово. Пътеводител, София, 2008 г., изд.РИМ - Кюстендил, печат.Дийор Принт ООД, с.102-104;

Gallery

External links
 Паметници на културата в Община Бобошево
 Църквата "Свети Димитър" - фотоалбум № 1
 Църквата "Свети Димитър" - фотоалбум № 2
 Църквата "Свети Димитър" - фотоалбум № 3
 Житие  на Свети Димитър Солунски

Bulgarian Orthodox churches in Boboshevo
Medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church buildings


The Bacon Bowl was an annual charity football game in the United States. It was originally played between members of the Seattle Police Department on one side, and members of the Tacoma Police Department, Pierce County sheriff's deputies, and state police working in Pierce County on the other side. Over the years, participation grew to include personnel from other law enforcement bodies in the counties.

It was the second largest charity football game played in the US. All money raised, after expenses, went to various children's charities around the Puget Sound region. Through 2001, $2.4 million had been distributed to charities.

The Bacon Bowl was played from 1979 through 2005. By 2004, there was criticism that too much of the money raised had gone to a telemarketing firm and expenses. In 2002, although the game raised nearly $350,000, after expenses only $18,380 went to charities. Other problems were a decrease in attendance, injury concerns and the difficulty in finding players to play the game. The game was replaced in 2006 in favor of other athletic events, including a 3.1-mile (5-kilometre) run and walk. A later replacement for the football game in 2007 was a boxing event.

Over 3,000 law enforcement officials in both police departments participated in the game during its 26-year un.

Its name derives from the eponymous pork product, a play on "pig," a pejorative term for police officers in the United States.

Venues
Kingdome
Husky Stadium
Qwest Field
Tacoma Dome
Memorial Stadium

At the conclusion of the 27-game series, standings were:
Tacoma PD: 15 wins
Seattle PD: 12 wins

See also
Tacoma Police Department
Seattle Police Department

References

External links
Official Bacon Bowl website, last revision, as of May 13, 2008, retrieved from Wayback Machine Internet Archive on September 17, 2010.

Charity events in the United States
1979 establishments in Washington (state)
2005 disestablishments in Washington (state)
Recurring sporting events established in 1979
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2005
American football in Washington (state)


Model Brick Home is the name, for heritage-listing purposes, of a brick-and-tile house in Floreat, Western Australia. Designed by H. Howard Bonner in 1932, the plans won a competition for the design of an ideal cheap modern brick home; and the house was subsequently built on donated land, from donated materials and labour in 1934.

Style and condition
It is a single-storey rendered brick-and-tile home built in a simplified Inter-War Old English Tudor Revival style, with  Mediterranean Revival influences. The most distinctive architectural feature is the curved roof. The house and gardens have both been modified extensively since the house was built, so its authenticity today is only moderate.

History
In the 1930s, Western Australia's Royal Australian Institute of Architects established a Building Revival Campaign, aimed at stimulating the home building industry, which, like all industries, was suffering the effects of the Great Depression. The campaign decided to run a competition for the best design for an ideal cheap modern timber house, and similarly for a brick house. The winner of the brick house section was the simplified Old English style design of H. Howard Bonner, from which Model Brick Home would be built.

Following the competition, the campaign sought donations of land, materials and labour, so that houses might be constructed from winning designs. A number of offers of land were made, and RIA ended up accepting an offer of two blocks in the first subdivision of the new suburb of Floreat Park (now Floreat). Model Brick Home was built on one of these blocks in 1934.

Heritage significance
The building is significant as one of a small number of architect-designed buildings of the time; and as one of the first houses built in Floreat. Also, since Floreat was one of the first Perth suburbs built according to the principles of the garden city movement, the entire streetscape has significance as one of the first in Perth to be subject to planning regulations controlling urban design criteria such as setback.

References

See also
 Model Timber Home

External links

State Register of Heritage Places in the Town of Cambridge
Houses completed in 1934
Houses in Western Australia
Tudor Revival architecture
Mediterranean Revival architecture
1934 establishments in Australia


Dimra () was a small Arab village located  northeast of Gaza City in British Palestine. Ancient remains at the site attest to a long-time human settlement there; during the Mamluk era, the town was the home of the Bani Jabir tribe. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and is now the site of Erez, a kibbutz in Israel.

History

Ancient remains found throughout the village, including marble and granite columns as well as pottery, attest to longtime settlement at the site. An  excavation  have found remains, including coins, dating  the sixth century CE, that is the Byzantine empire. Many potsherds, dating to the same period, indicates that a pottery workshop was located there at the time.

Mamluk period
Following the conquest of the Crusader states during the period of Mamluk rule (1270-1516 CE) over Greater Syria (Levant), Dimra was located on an eastward route which left the main Gaza-Jaffa highway at Beit Hanoun. According to Moshe Sharon, Dimra was a likely resting place for those travelling in the region due to  its natural, independent water supply.

Three pieces of a marble slab, deposited since 1930 in the Rockefeller Museum, and dated to 676 AH (1277 CE) commemorates the building of a mosque at Dimra at that year.

Al-Qalqasandi, an Arab genealogist (d. 1418 CE) noted that Dimra was home to the Bani Jabir, an Arab tribe.

Ottoman period
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the area of Dimra experienced a significant process of settlement decline due to nomadic pressures on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages.

In 1838, during the Ottoman rule in Palestine, Edward Robinson passed by Dimreh, describing it as located  near the bend of a valley.  He also noted it as a Muslim village, located  in the Gaza district.

In 1863, French explorer Victor Guérin  found the village to have 120 inhabitants. He assumed the village had previously been larger, due to several empty houses there.  By the well he found one column made of grey granite, and five sections of columns made of grey-white marble. Cucumbers and watermelons were planted in the surrounding gardens. An Ottoman  village list from about 1870  found that the village had  a population of 198, in a total of  71  houses, though the population count included men, only.

In 1883  the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine noted that the place was alternately called Tumrah and Beit Dimreh. The village was small, made of adobe located  on the side of a hill. On the north side there was a garden with a water well below it.

British Mandate of Palestine
The village expanded during the British mandate period, and houses were built eastward and southward. In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Dumra  had a population of 251, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census  to 324, still all Muslim, in  100 houses.

In the 1945 statistics   Dimra had a population of 520, all Muslims,  with a total of 8,492  dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.  Of this, 96 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 388 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 7,412  for cereals, while 18  dunams were built-up land.  An elementary school opened in Dimra in 1946, with an initial enrollment of 47 students.

1948 War and aftermath
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the women and children of Dimra were reportedly evacuated by the village men on 31 October, likely in response to the advance of the Israeli army.

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel and kibbutz Erez was founded in 1949 on part of the village site. The remaining structures of the village are described by Khalidi in All That Remains (1992):"Most of the village is fenced in and used as pasture. A crumbling stone water basin, concrete rubble from houses, and a destroyed well are nearly all that remain. A watering trough for cows has been placed on what appears to be a concrete fragment from a former house. The well is topped with an old, nonoperating water pump. More debris lies in a wooded portion of the site, near a Jewish cemetery. Some cactuses that formerly served as fences, as well as shrubs and thorny plants, grow on adjacent lands.

References

Bibliography

  (pp. 880–881)

External links
Welcome To Dimra
 Dimra, Zochrot
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 19:   IAA, Wikimedia commons
Dimra from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

District of Gaza
Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War


India Art Fair, previously known as India Art Summit founded by Sunil Gautam, is an annual Indian modern and contemporary art fair held in New Delhi, India. The fair includes paintings, sculptures, photography, mixed media, prints, drawings and video art. The first three editions of the fair were organized at Pragati Maidan, one of India's largest and oldest exhibitions grounds. Starting from the 4th edition, the venue was shifted to NSIC grounds, Okhla. First held in 2008, it is India's largest art fair.
The art fair includes several pavilions of exhibits by galleries and solo projects by several artists. It also has an art education series with guided walks conducted by curators and students of art history. Simultaneously, there is a speakers' forum with panel of Indian and international experts from the art domain to discuss issues pertaining to the art in the region. It focuses on key issues related with the art production, art market and its reception in India.

The first fair targeted over 6000 visitors with 34 exhibiting galleries at the fair, and over 550 contemporary and modern artworks. The fair rapidly gained popularity, and the first three fairs had a total 146,000 visitors, making it among the world's most popular art fairs.

History
India Art Fair is the biggest fair of modern and contemporary Indian art in the world. Its first three editions attracted over 146,000 visitors and its fourth edition held in 2012 canvassed 91 exhibitors from 20 countries. Over the years the fair has mainly showcased Indian modernists (including Bombay Progressive Artists' Group), Indian diaspora artists such as Anish Kapoor, contemporary Indian artists, international artists and art from the subcontinent.

Following in the tradition of international art fairs and other global platforms for art exhibition and sale, then Founder and Director of India Art Summit Sunil Gautam realised the need for a similar platform in India to respond to the global interest in Indian art. This led him to conceptualize the first ever India Art Summit (IAS) in 2008. It was patronised by prominent Indian artists like Anjolie Ela Menon, S H Raza, Krishen Khanna and Keshav Malik. Since then it has taken place every year with the exception of 2010. Sunil Gautam, the owner of the India Art Summit fully divested his 100% stake stake in early 2011 to three stakeholders, Neha Kirpal (51%), Sandy Angus(35%) and Will Ramsay (14%), co-founders of the Hong Kong Art Fair. In 2009 the highlight of the fair was a display of Pablo Picasso's works, exhibited by Beck & Eggeling, a German gallery. The same year Lisson Gallery brought diaspora artist Anish Kapoor's sculptures to India for the first time. The New owners renamed India Art Summit as India Art Fair before 2012 edition.

In Sept 2016, just before 2017 edition of India Art Fair, Neha Kirpal divested her majority stake in the India Art Fair to MCH Group, the owner of Art Basel Franchise, retaining just 10% stake to play minor role in the art fair. At the same time Will Ramsay too divested his stake in the India Art Fair to new owners MCH Group(60.3%), Sandy Angus (29.7%) and Neha Kirpal(10%).  Later MCH Group, Swiss giant in the art fair circuit, sold its entire stake in India Art Fair (IAF) to Angus Montgomery Arts in 2019, making Sandy Angus the sole-owner of the India Art Fair, New Delhi. The current portfolio of Chairman Sandy Angus led Angus Montgomery Arts includes Taipei Dangdai, India Art Fair, Sydney Contemporary, PHOTOFAIRS Shanghai, Art Central Hong Kong, Art Düsseldorf, Photo London and the forthcoming Art SG, Tokyo Gendai  and PHOTOFAIRS New York.

Annually

2008: Inaugural edition, known as India Art Summit, opened at Pragati Maidan The first fair targeted over 6000 visitors with 34 exhibiting galleries at the fair, and 550 contemporary and modern artworks.

2009: The second edition saw the number of exhibiting galleries increase to 54 with attendance of over 40,000 visitors. Mr.Sunil Gautam, Founder and Managing Director of India Art Summit,(then chairman, Hanmer & MSL) divested his entire stake in 2011 by the time of 3rd edition

2011:  The third edition hosted 84 gallery booths, and visitor levels significantly rose to 128,000. Also in 2011, in advance of the 4th edition, Sunil Gautam divested his full stake in India Art Fair to three partners; Neha Kirpal (Associate Summit Director, India Art Summit), Sandy Angus (Chairman of global exhibitions group Montgomery Worldwide) and Will Ramsay (Founder of PULSE Art Fairs, and Affordable Art Fairs).

2012: For the fourth edition of India Art Summit, which was renamed as India Art Fair moved to the NSIC Grounds in Okhla and hosted 90 galleries from 20 countries, 1000 artists from around the world, with 80,000 visitor  and visits by 26 Museum groups including representatives from the Tate, Guggenheim, New Museum, San Jose Museum of Art, Pompidou Centre, MOMA and the Singapore Art Museum.

2013: At the preview alone of the fifth edition over 3,000 works of art were sold by 105 exhibitors from 24 countries. YES Bank joined as Presenting Partners, maintaining the partnership for the next three editions.

2014: The sixth edition featured 91 booths and modern and contemporary works by over 1,000 artists from India and overseas. Participants included 12 new galleries from outside India, including Israel, France, Portugal, Germany, Spain, Turkey and Karachi, Pakistan. The Himalayas Art Museum in Shanghai and the Mark Rothko Museum in Latvia both participated in the fair for the first time. A public sculpture installation titled M.I.S.S.I.N.G. highlighted the gender gap in India.

2015: The seventh edition hosted 91 exhibiting booths and over 80,000 visitors. Sales were up 25% and were reported not just from Delhi, but also from tier-II and tier-III cities such as Ahmedabad, Chandigarh and Jaipur. A number of new spaces were launched, including the Design Store located in the new IAF Courtyard, as well as a new rooftop restaurant

2016: The eighth edition: BMW joined as Presenting Partners, and the fair was restructured into 5 main sections: Galleries, featuring leading Indian, South Asian and international galleries; Focus, showing solo presentations which have been curated by participating galleries or institutions; Institutional, showcasing leading international and Indian museums and art foundations presenting elements of their programmes or collaborations commissioned specially for the fair; Platform, representing young emerging artists or collectives from throughout South Asia, open to galleries and foundations within the region; and Projects, showing artworks, including large scale sculptures or site specific installations, at the fair. On the 12 September 2016, MCH Swiss Exhibitions (Basel) Ltd., a company of MCH Group Ltd., acquired 60.3% of the shares in Seventh Plane Pvt. Ltd in New Delhi, the organiser of India Art Fair. With the participation of MCH Group and the co-ownership with Angus Montgomery Ltd. (29.7%) and the Founding Director Neha Kirpal (10%), India Art Fair will have new ownership for its ninth edition taking place 2–5 February 2017. Kirpal, who took over the charge of the fair in 2011 from the founder of the India Art Fair(Summit) Mr.Sunil Gautam, will still play a role in its development. The new ownership comes into effect ahead of the next edition of the fair in February 2017 although the value of its engagement will not be fully felt until 2018. India is the “first region of focus” for MCH, indicative of the growing international interest in Indian and South Asian art, and the building of a strong cultural ecosystem in the region, from Kochi Biennale to Dhaka Art Summit.

2017: Jagdip Jagpal was appointed as Fair Director in August 2017.

2021: Jaya Ashokan is appointed as Fair Director in March 2021 for its 14th Edition.

Gallery

References

External links

Indian art
Art fairs
Recurring events established in 2008
Culture of Delhi
2008 establishments in Delhi
Arts festivals in India
Art exhibitions in India
Art festivals in India


The Convertors were a line of action figures manufactured by Select in the 1980s.

Often compared to the more famous Gobots and Transformers, the Convertors were a line of toys which came out at about the same time and also featured transforming robots.

History
The Convertors licensed some of their toy designs from Bandai just as was done for the Transformers, meaning some of the toys looked very similar. The molds for Convertors were later knocked off by other toy companies. Convertors toys were featured in a display in the 1985 J. C. Penney Christmas catalog.

Fiction
The Convertors toys featured the conflict between heroic and evil factions, in this case the heroic Defenders (and their Avarian allies) and the evil Maladroids (and their Insectors allies).

Toys

Various toys were released in different size classes and price points for the Convertors line.

Avarians
Calypso - parrot
Feathers - peacock
Hoot - owl
Rex - blue robot eagle
Robat - black robot bat

Defenders
Standard Defenders
Chopper - helicopter - licensed from Special Armored Battalion Dorvack
Fast Track - train engine - licensed from Galactic Whirlwind Sasuraiger
Tanker - tank - licensed from Special Armored Battalion Dorvack
Wheels - off road vehicle - licensed from Special Armored Battalion Dorvack
Motorized Defenders
Argonaut - boat
Atlantis - boat
Cpt. Nemo - boat
Neptune - boat
Super Defenders
D.A. Tona - white car
Indy- blue and white car - similar to Chō Kōsoku Galvion
Monty Carlo - blue car
X - red car
Jumbo Defenders
Bull - red bulldozer
Mini-Bots
City - red Honda City Turbo - licensed from Gokin Robo Car City Robo, similar to the Diaclone Skids toy.
Sports - silver Toyota Soarer - licensed from Gokin Robo Car Soarer Robo
Van - black Onebox Nissan Vanette - licensed from Gokin Robo Car Ace Robo, similar to the Diaclone Ironhide toy.
Wagon - blue Toyota Hilux - licensed from Gokin Robo Car Land Cruiser Robo, similar to the Diaclone Trailbreaker toy.

Insectors
Crawler - stag beetle - licensed from Beetras Beet-Gadol
Creepy - longhorn beetle - original toy
Morphus - locust - licensed from Beetras Beet-Gadol
Scorpio - scorpion - original toy
Tenticus - spider - original toy

Maladroids
Standard Maladroids
Nofka - licensed from Super Dimension Century Orguss
SDF-1 - space ship - licensed from Super Dimensional Fortress Macross
Sunyak - leader of the Maladroids, licensed from Super Dimension Century Orguss
Zardak - VF-1 jet fighter - licensed from Super Dimensional Fortress Macross
Zark - VF-1S jet fighter - licensed from Super Dimensional Fortress Macross
Mini-Motorized Maladroids
Meeshak - grey jet
Mooriah - white jet
Turak - blue jet
Volcan - red jet

On display

One of the hotels in Walt Disney World is called Disney's Pop Century Resort, which has different buildings from different decades of the latter half of the 1900s. In the lobby are a series of shadow boxes with memorabilia from each decade. In one from the 1980s are various items including a Convertors Sunyak robot.

References

Products introduced in 1984
Action figures
Defunct brands
Toy brands
1980s toys
Transforming toy robots


Zviad Sturua (born 25 April 1978) is a retired Georgian international footballer. He was a goalkeeper.

In February 2005, he joined FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi. In summer 2005, he moved to FC Dinamo Tbilisi.

References

External links

eufo.de

Men's footballers from Georgia (country)
Georgia (country) men's international footballers
FC Dinamo Tbilisi players
Men's association football goalkeepers
1978 births
Living people
FC Dinamo Batumi players
FC Samtredia players
FC Torpedo Kutaisi players
FC WIT Georgia players
FC Locomotive Tbilisi players
FC Chikhura Sachkhere players
FC Sioni Bolnisi players
FC Metalurgi Rustavi players
FC Gagra players
FC Kolkheti-1913 Poti players
Place of birth missing (living people)


Edmund Quincy I (1602–1636), known as "the Puritan", was an English settler, soldier, colonist, planter, landowner, merchant, and politician of Massachusetts Bay Colony in what later became the United States. He is notable as the progenitor of the Quincy family.

England
Born 1602 in Wigsthorpe, Northamptonshire, England, Edmund's family may have been connected with the Earls of Winchester in the 13th century. The surname is Anglo-Norman. One descendant named Eliza Susan Quincy wrote in 1844 that Edmund once had "a genealogical account of his family, which traced their descent from the time of the Norman Conquest," which Abigail Adams apparently owned at one time, as well, but after a century in America it "was then unfortunately borrowed and never returned and has now been lost for more than 50 years." His parents were almost certainly Edmund Quincy (baptised 1559, died 1627) and Anne Palmer (married 1529). He is known to have lived in Thorpe in Achurch, Northamptonshire on an estate inherited from his father. He married Judith Pares in 1623 and had two children: Judith, born in 1626, and Edmund, born in 1628. He appears to have converted to Puritanism by the time of the birth of his son. His daughter Judith Quincy (1626–1695), married John Hull (1620–1683), leading merchant and mintmaster of Massachusetts Bay Colony

Emigration
Quincy came to Massachusetts for the first time in 1628, and emigrated to America along with the Reverend John Cotton on a ship called Griffin with his family and six servants, arriving in Boston Harbor 4 September 1633. The Quincys' names appear in the records of the First Church from the following year. On September 10, 1634, Quincy was the first person named to a committee, appointed by the Puritan colonists, to assess and raise the funds necessary to purchase the Shawmut Peninsula from William Blaxton. The following May, he was elected to represent the town of Boston at the first Massachusetts General Court held in Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Mount Wollaston
In 1635, a thousand acres of land in what is now Quincy, Massachusetts, was sold by the Massachusett Indians to Quincy and William Coddington; the town of Boston confirmed the sale in 1636. The property consisted of a broad strip of land along the sea, extending somewhat beyond the boundaries of the settlement established by Captain Wollaston and Thomas Morton in 1625. Around the time of the purchase, Quincy built a one-story home on this land which would eventually develop into the Dorothy Quincy House. He died shortly thereafter, in 1636 or 1637.

References

People of colonial Massachusetts
People from North Northamptonshire
1602 births
1636 deaths
Quincy family
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Colonial American merchants
American planters


The Circumflegrea railway (sometimes also known as Line 5) is a commuter railway line that connects Naples city centre with the northern Phlegraean Fields, a suburban area located west of the city. The line is operated by the Ente Autonomo Volturno (EAV) company.

History
The line was projected in 1946 and works started in 1948.

The construction proceeded very slowly, and the first section (from Napoli Montesanto to Soccavo) was not opened until 1962; the railway was extended in 1968 to Marina di Licola; the last part was built but remained abandoned.

The complete railway was opened on 11 January 1986.

Projects
Construction started of a new short branch between Soccavo and Monte Sant′Angelo, but has stopped due to the lack of funds.

Route

Service
Trains run every 20 minutes between Montesanto and Licola; only a few trains continue to the terminus at Torregaveta.

According to a timetable posted in paper format at the station of Licola, all trains now (2018/11) end there.

See also
 Metropolitana di Napoli
 List of suburban and commuter rail systems

References

Bibliography
 Antonio Bertagnin: SEPSA in rinnovamento. In: ″TuttoTreno″ Nr. 150 (February 2002), p. 14–17.

External links

Railway lines in Campania
Transport in Naples
Railway lines opened in 1963
Phlegraean Fields


Redline Racer (Suzuki Alstare Extreme Racing for the European and North American Dreamcast release, European Game Boy Color release and Microsoft Windows re-release) is a racing game that was developed by Criterion Games and published by Ubi Soft.

Gameplay
The player controls a motorcycle racer and starts every race from the last position. There are three tracks and three bikes to choose from at first, with more becoming available (10 tracks and 8 bikes in total) as the player wins the races on each of the tracks. The player can also choose the team that the racer belongs to, as well as the racer's sex. All the tracks are set in different environments: a canyon, a tropical island without a highway, an area full of orchards, etc. A race lasts for three laps.

Development
The game was first mentioned in January 1998.

Reception

Redline Racer

The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Next Generation called it "just another average racing game with which to pass the time. It is a shame because Redline Racer does look really good."

Suzuki Alstare Extreme Racing

The PC version of Suzuki Alstare Extreme Racing received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jeff Lundrigan of NextGen said that the Dreamcast version "has the Suzuki team license (obviously) and some fairly decent graphics, but that's about it. In fact, on the whole, it's about as generic as they come." In Japan, where the same Dreamcast version was released first under the name  on 29 April 1999, Famitsu gave it a score of 26 out of 40.

See also
Suzuki TT Superbikes

Notes

References

External links

1998 video games
Criterion Games games
Dreamcast games
Game Boy Color games
Motorcycle video games
Racing video games
Ubisoft games
Windows games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Multiplayer and single-player video games


René III of Renesse, Viscount of Montenaecken, Baron of Gaesbeeck, Lord of Elderen (ca. 1580 – Liège, 17 April 1637) was a Dutch nobleman, who became the 1st Count of Warfusée in 1609. He acquired  Gaasbeek Castle in 1615.

Family

He was the eldest son of Guillaume de Renesse, lord of Warfusée and Anne of Rubempré, granddaughter of Charles IV, Lord of Rubempré. His Great-grand father was Henry III of Nassau-Breda, his grand mother was a legitimised daughter of Nassau. In 1610 he married Alberta of Egmont, daughter of Charles, 7th Count of Egmont, Prince de Gavre. After his death he was followed by His son Alexander de Renesse, 2nd Count of Warfusée.

René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée;Married to Albertine of Egmont
Maria de Renesse-Warfusée (c.1620-?);Married to Peter of Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg
Florence-Marguerite de Renesse-Warfusée (c.1620-?);married to Eugène de Berghes, 2nd count of Grimbergen.
Philippe François de Berghes, 1st Prince of Grimberghen
Louise-Elisabeth de Renesse-Warfusée
Alexander de Renesse, Baron of Gaesbeeck.

Career
He was chairman of the Board of Finances in the Netherlands under Philip IV of Spain. He also commanded a royal regiment of Spanish troops, as well as travelling regularly to Holland to the States-General of the Netherlands. He was involved in the Conspiracy of Nobles (1632) and made efforts to convince France to invade the Southern Netherlands in support of a planned revolt against Spanish rule. Accused of abuse of his office before the plan came to fruition, he fled to Liège and issued a manifesto against the government in Brussels. Charged with high treason, he was sentenced to banishment and his property was confiscated. He soon sought reconciliation with the Spanish government. On 16 April 1637 he invited the anti-Spanish mayor of Liège, Sébastien de La Ruelle, to a banquet to be held in his house the next day. Once he had him as a guest in his house, he had him killed by hidden Spanish troops. Renesse was then lynched by an angry mob.

Possessions

 In 1609 he became 1st Count of Warfusée by decree of Emperor Rudolf II
 In 1615 he bought the estate of Heeze from Cleradius van Genève Lullin.
 In the same year he became the Baron of Gaesbeeck.

Memory
Renesse's conspiracy to murder the mayor of Liège formed the plot of a novel by Hendrik Conscience, Le Bourgmestre de Liège (1865).

Ancestry

References

1580s births
1637 deaths
Counts of Renesse
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (Spanish Empire)
Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)


Menachem Gueffen (19 March 1930 – 12 February 2016) was an Israeli painter and caricaturist.

Career
Gueffen was born to Jewish parents from Poland in 1930 in the city of Haifa, then administered under the British Mandate, in what is now Israel. In 1947, 17 years old, he joined the Palmach. He was wounded in May 1948 in Malkia. He was hospitalized for eight months. From 1949 to 1953 he studied Graphics at Bezalel Art School, Jerusalem; and during 1959–63 at the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. Gueffen works in large format, primarily in oils on canvas. His latest works are collages, oil and sack on natural canvas, jute or wood. He produces many drawings, and works essentially from sketches of models. He has also illustrated certain books: Robinson Crusoe published by the Israeli publisher Am Oved in the 1960s and he provided the illustrations for The World's Best Jewish Jokes by Ben Eliezer, published in 1984.

From 1967 to 1988, Gueffen lived and worked in London, in Europe and the United States. Gueffen's works are in private collections worldwide. His work appears in auctions in Europe and Israel. The Museum of Natural History of New York commissioned a work of five paintings by Gueffen depicting the "Life and Cycle of Judaism". His works are predominantly of women and his style has been described as "figurative-expressionist". However, the impact of encountering Rembrandt's Night Watch was one which spanned some twenty years for Gueffen, and culminated in Dialogue with Rembrandt's Night Watch, a work of nine paintings.

Gueffen is a listed artist in the Dictionnaire E. Benezit editions, 1976 and 1999 and the equivalent Italian dictionary, Commanducci. Benezit describes his work as expressionist-figurative.

Private life

Gueffen's first wife was Shosh Paz (Shoshana Pazi, later Shoshana Dudai, a painter and artist from Kfar Yehezkel). Gueffen was married two more times, before marrying Diana Rigg from 1973 to 1976. He married Judy Hillman in 1987 and was based in France from 1991 until his death in 2016.

References

External links

1930 births
2016 deaths
Israeli painters
Artists from Haifa
Israeli expatriates in France


This page is a list of counts van Bergh:

House of Monte
c. 1100-c. 1140: Constantinus de Monte
c. 1140-c. 1190: Rabodo I
c. 1190-c. 1220: Rabodo II
c. 1220- 1260: Hendrik
1260-1290: Adam I
1290-1300: Frederik I
1300-1325: Adam II
1325-1340: Frederik II
1340-1360: Adam III
1360-1400: Willem I
1400-1416: Frederik III

House of Van der Leck
1416-1441: Otto van der Leck
1441-1465: Willem II
1465-1506: Oswald I
1506-1511: Willem III
1511/24-546: Oswald II
1546-1586: Willem IV
1573-1638: Hendrik
1586-1611: Herman
1611-1656: Albert
1656-1712: Oswald III

House of Hohenzollern-Bergh
1712-1737: Frans Willem
1737-1781: Johan Baptist, nicknamed "the Mad Count"
1781-1787: Johanna Josephina

House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
1769-1785: Karel Frederik
1785-1831: Anton Aloysius
1831-1848: Karel
1848-1885: Karel Anton
1885-1905: Leopold
1905-1913: Willem

Willem sold the Huis Bergh in 1913 to Jan Herman van Heek.

See also
 Land van den Bergh

References

Bergh


Huis Bergh is a castle in 's-Heerenberg city and is one of the largest castles in the Netherlands. It gives its name to the Land van den Bergh and was previously owned by the counts van Bergh.

Nowadays, it is a famous tourist attraction for its beautiful appearance and late-medieval art collection.

History
The building history dates back to the 13th century. The main parts of the castle are from the 14th, 15th and 17th century. In the beginning of the Dutch Revolt the house got damaged by war. In 1735 the castle burned down.
In 1912 Huis Bergh and all belongings became the property of Jan Herman van Heek, an industrialist from Enschede. He restored the buildings. In 1939 there was another major fire. Thanks to the help of locals most of the furniture was rescued. Renovation began the same year and was completed in 1941.

Art collection
Huis Bergh contains a collection of early Italian paintings, one famous example of which is a panel from the Maestà of Duccio, which was added to the castle's collection in the 19th century.  In addition to a portrait of Erasmus by Holbein Huis Bergh has an extraordinary collection of medieval handwritings.

See also
List of castles in the Netherlands

References

Kransber, D. & H. Mils, Kastelengids van Nederland, middeleeuwen, Bussem 1979 ()
Kalkwiek, K.A., A.I.J.M. Schellart, H.P.H. Jansen & P.W. Geudeke, Atlas van de Nederlandse kastelen, Alphen aan den Rijn 1980 ()
Helsdingen, H.W. van, Gids voor de Nederlandse kastelen en buitenplaatsen, Amsterdam 1966
Tromp, H.M.J., Kijk op kastelen Amsterdam 1979 ()

External links
 Website Kasteel Huis Bergh
 Collectie op IGEM (Internet Gelderse Musea)

Bergh
Castles in Gelderland
Museums in Gelderland
Rijksmonuments in Gelderland
Montferland


Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar (born 5 March 1995) is an Indian actress best known for her 2008 best movie role as the teenage version of "Latika", a character in the Academy Award-winning film Slumdog Millionaire. As a member of the cast of that film, Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar is a recipient of the 15th Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture".

Background
Lonkar was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India to Ganesh and Sharmila, and has a younger sister Janhavi. She speaks Marathi, Hindi and English fluently. She used to live in Goregaon West, one of the costliest suburbs and a house to many TV actors in Mumbai, she studied in Dr.S.Radhakrishnan Vidhyalaya Malad, Mumbai. Her mother Sharmila works as a technician in Hinduja Hospital while her father Ganesh works with the Union Bank of India. She lived in Milledgeville GA, to attend Georgia College & State University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in psychology.

Career
Lonkar was chosen for the role as the teenage Latika when her uncle, an acquaintance of Slumdog Millionaire co-director Loveleen Tandan, encouraged her to go for the audition; unfortunately, the scene for which she was auditioning was cut out of the film. However, when her uncle informed the director of Tanvi's ability in relation to Indian classical dance, Tandan suggested that she audition for the role of the teenage Latika. She subsequently appeared in the award-winning Slumdog Millionaire (2008) and as a member of the cast, Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar is a recipient of the 15th Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture".

She then worked on regional Indian films, appearing in the Kannada film Teenage and signing on to star in the low budget Tamil film, Kadhal Theevu in 2012. The Tamil film did not release, but she signed on to work on another project Vidayutham in 2013. The film was released on 18 March 2016. She also had a Hindi film, Last Benchers (2014).

Filmography

References

External links

1995 births
Indian film actresses
Living people
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses from Mumbai


The Land van den Bergh was a lordship in Zutphen, Netherlands and included 's-Heerenberg, Didam, Etten, Zeddam, Gendringen, Netterden, and the Westervoort fiefdom. It was previously ruled over by the counts van Bergh.

History
The first known Count van Bergh was Constantinus de Monte who settled in the region between 1100-1125. The counts initially resided in Montferland until the construction of the castle Huis Bergh. In 1416, House Monte went extinct and was succeeded by House van der Leck. Oswald I van der Bergh was made an Imperial Count, but Land van den Bergh did not become sovereign.

The most famous counts were Willem IV van den Bergh, Herman van den Bergh (1558-1611), and Hendrik van den Bergh (1573-1638). During the Eighty Years' War, they initially fought on the Staatse side, later siding with the Spanish, and finally switching back to the Staatse faction.

With Oswald III van den Bergh, the Van der Leck House went extinct, on the male side, in 1712. Oswald III appointed his great-nephew, Prince Franz Wilhelm von Hohenzollern, as his successor and sole heir. A condition for the succession was that Frans Wilhelm would take the name and coat of arms Van den Bergh, with which he founded the new family Hohenzollern-Bergh, and the Land van Bergh passed to the House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. In 1737, he was succeeded by his son Johan Baptist, nicknamed the Mad Count.

In 1795, following the foundation of the Batavian Republic, the glorious rights were abolished. After the foundation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, the glorious rights were partially restored. Land van den Bergh was later incorporated into Gelderland. In 1912, Willem August van Hohenzollern sold his property to Jan Herman van Heek.

References

History of Gelderland
Bergh


John Leask Lumley (4 November 1930 in Detroit, Michigan – 30 May 2015 in Ithaca, New York) was an American fluid dynamicist and a professor at Cornell University. He is widely known for his research in turbulence and is the coauthor of A First Course in Turbulence along with Hendrik Tennekes.

Academic career
Lumley received his M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees from Johns Hopkins University in 1954 and 1957 respectively. His Ph.D. thesis supervisor was Stanley Corrsin. He started his academic career at the Pennsylvania State University where he became Evan Pugh Professor of Aerospace Engineering. He was also in charge of research on turbulence and transition at the Applied Research Laboratory. In 1977 Lumley joined Cornell University where he was the Willis H. Carrier Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (Emeritus) until his death in May 2015 of brain cancer.
He was an editor of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics from 1977 to 2002.

Honors and awards
Lumley received the 1990 Fluid Dynamics Prize of American Physical Society, "For his outstanding contributions to the understanding of turbulent flow, in particular, the fundamental structure of turbulent shear flows, the effects of drag-reducing additives, and his widely recognized contributions to the statistical theory of turbulence, and for his personal and intellectual leadership in the international fluid dynamics community, including his educational films and books, and his long active devotion to the Division of Fluid Dynamics of The American Physical Society." He has also received several other awards, including:
Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Award of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1982
Timoshenko Medal, 1993
Recipient of two honorary doctorate degrees (honoris causa) from the French University System, in Lyon and in Poitiers.
Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Member of the National Academy of Engineering

Books authored
 Tennekes, H. and J. L. Lumley, A First Course in Turbulence, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (1972).
 Holmes, P., J. L. Lumley, and G. Berkooz, Turbulence, Coherent Structures, Dynamical Systems and Symmetry, Cambridge University Press (1998).
 Lumley, J. L., Engines: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, (1999). hbk ; pbk
 Lumley, J. L., Still Life with Cars: An Automotive Memoir, McFarland, (2005).
 Lumley, J. L., Stochastic Tools in Turbulence, Dover Publications (2007).
 Monin, A. S., A. M. Yaglom, and J. L. Lumley, Statistical Fluid Mechanics - vol 1: Mechanics of Turbulence, The MIT Press (1971).
 Lumley, J. L., H. A. Panofsky, "The Structure of Atmospheric Turbulence", John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY (1964).

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Fluid dynamicists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Annual Reviews (publisher) editors


John Ashley Cockett (23 December 1927 – 16 February 2020) was an English sportsman who was an Olympic bronze medal-winning field hockey player for England and Great Britain. He also played first-class and minor counties cricket.

Cockett was born in Broadstairs. He attended Cambridge University and won his Blues at both cricket and hockey. As a cricketer he was a middle-order batsman while his hockey was played as a half-back. He made seven first-class appearances for Cambridge University in 1951 and made a century against Sussex in Worthing to help set up a 137 run win. From 1949 to 1962, Cockett regularly played in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship for Buckinghamshire. On leaving Cambridge Cockett became a master at Felsted School, where he taught mathematics and coached cricket and hockey.

At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Cockett was a member of the Great Britain hockey team, which won the bronze medal by defeating Pakistan 2–1. He played his club hockey with Chelmsford Hockey Club. He narrowly missed out on another medal in the 1956 Melbourne Olympics when his side finished fourth after losing 3–1 to Germany.

Cockett's only other first-class match was in 1953, when he played with the Minor Counties cricket team against the touring Australians which included Alan Davidson, Ray Lindwall, Bill Johnston and Richie Benaud. Cockett scored no runs in either innings.

References

External links

1927 births
2020 deaths
English cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Minor Counties cricketers
Buckinghamshire cricketers
English male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Great Britain
British male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
People from Broadstairs
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Cricketers from Kent


Tom Hanson (May 1, 1967 – March 10, 2009) was a Canadian photojournalist.

Career

Tom Hanson was born in Rochester, New York and later moved with his family to Montreal, where he grew up. Hanson was educated at Vanier College and Concordia University. He began freelancing for the Canadian Press in 1989, becoming a staff member in Ottawa in 1992. Hanson was awarded the Canadian Press Picture of the Year Award in 1992. In 2002, he was named Canadian Press Photographer of the Year. Hanson's photographs documented Canadians major events such as the Oka Crisis, the Summit of the Americas in Quebec City, the 2006 evacuation of Canadians from Lebanon and the Canadian mission in Afghanistan.

Hanson married Catherine Marshall.  His interests included playing guitar, motorcycles and ice hockey.

He died of an apparent heart attack after collapsing following a pick-up game of ice hockey in Ottawa.

Hanson was eulogized in the Canadian House of Commons by speakers from all parties including the Prime Minister.

Famous photos
His image of the Mohawk warrior Richard Nicholas standing atop of an overturned Sûreté du Québec car as part of the barricade during the Oka crisis is one of the iconic images of the conflict.

In a strange twist, Richard Nicholas, pictured in the photo, died in a car crash the same day and at the same age of Hanson

He was also a handful of photographers present during the signing of the Ottawa Treaty (Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention), which bans landmines. The signing took place in 1997 in Ottawa and had the participation of hundreds of heads of state and government.

References

External links
 Slide show, Tom Hanson, Canadian Press

1967 births
2009 deaths
Canadian photojournalists


Bunsik () is a generic term used to refer to inexpensive Korean dishes available at bunsikjeom (분식점) or bunsikjip (분식집) snack restaurants. Since the term bunsik literally means "food made from flour," foods such as ramyeon (Korean: 라면) (noodle soup) and bread can be considered bunsik. However, the modern definition of the term also includes other dishes served at bunsik restaurants that can be had in large portions at low prices, such as gimbap, tteokbokki, ramyeon, rabokki (tteokbokki with ramyeon), sundae, eomuk, twigim, and others. There is a representative Korean bunsikjip called "Gimbap-Cheonguk" (English: Gimbap Heaven)  In Korea, there are many general snack bars selling everything from simple food to a full meal menu.

History
During the 1960s, rice was scarce in South Korea, and the government was prompted to promote bunsik as an alternative. Committees were set up in each region to encourage public organizations, schools, and government offices to lead the movement. Restaurants were guided to use more barley and wheat flour while sales of rice-based foods were banned on certain days of the week. Government run restaurants in official buildings were banned from selling rice dishes altogether. This effort lasted until 1976.

References

Korean words and phrases

Korean cuisine
South Korean cuisine


Van den Bergh, Van Den Bergh is a Dutch surname, a variant of Van den Berg. Notable people with the surname include:

Arnold van den Bergh (notary) (1886‒1950), Amsterdam civil law notary
Dave van den Bergh (born 1976), Dutch footballer
Dimitri Van den Bergh (born 1994), Belgian darts player
Frans Van den Bergh (1914–1990), Belgian businessman
Freddie van den Bergh (born 1992), English cricketer
Frederik van den Bergh (1559–1618), Dutch soldier
George van den Bergh (1890–1966), Dutch lawyer and astronomer
Gert Van den Bergh (1920–1968), South African actor
Gertrude van den Bergh (c. 1793 – 1840), Dutch classical pianist and composer
Gustaaf Adolf van den Bergh van Eysinga (1874–1957), Dutch theologian
Hendrik van den Bergh (count) (1573–1638), Dutch noble and soldier
Hendrik van den Bergh (police official) (1914–1997), South African police official
Henri W.PH.E. van den Bergh van Eysinga (1868–1920), Dutch writer and activist
Herman van den Bergh (1558–1611), Dutch stadtholder
Hijmans van den Bergh (1869–1943), Dutch physician
Van den Bergh reaction, chemical reaction
Johannes van den Bergh (born 1986), German footballer
Lode Van Den Bergh (1920–2020), Belgian writer
Maarten van den Bergh (born 1942), Dutch businessman
Matthias Jansz van den Bergh (1618–1687), Dutch Golden Age painter
Michel Van den Bergh (born 1960), Belgian mathematician and academic
Regardt van den Bergh, South African actor and film director
Ricky van den Bergh (born 1980), Dutch footballer
Samuel van den Bergh (1864–1941), Dutch businessman
Sidney van den Bergh (born 1929), Canadian astronomer
Sidney J. van den Bergh (1898–1977), Dutch businessman, military officer and politician
Simon van den Bergh (1819–1907), Dutch businessman
Solko van den Bergh (1854–1916), Dutch sport shooter
Willem IV van den Bergh (1537–1586), Dutch stadtholder

See also
Van den Berg
Land van den Bergh, Dutch lordship
Museum Mayer van den Bergh, museum in Antwerp, Belgium
Van den Bergh catalogue, the VdB catalogue of reflection nebulae
Van den Bergh (crater), lunar crater
4230 van den Bergh outer main-belt asteroid

Dutch-language surnames
Afrikaans-language surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin


Shahma () was a Palestinian Arab village located  southwest of Ramla. Depopulated on the eve of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the village lands today form part of a fenced-in area used by the Israeli Air Force.

Location
The village was situated on the coastal plain,  southwest of Ramla, in a flat area that was slightly higher that the terrain to the south and southeast. Wadi al-Sarar ran about  southwest of it, and a secondary road linked Shahma to al-Ramla. During World War II, the British built RAF Aqir military airport just north of the village, Shahma military base lay to the north and east.

History
In 1838,  it was noted as a   Muslim village, in the  Er-Ramleh  District.

In 1852 van de Velde passed by Shammeh, and found two old ponds and "traces of high antiquity" there. He further noted that the village belonged to Sheikh Mosleh, of Bayt Jibrin. In 1863, Victor Guérin noted  the village just after he had passed a group of ruins, which he called Khirbet Merebba.

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 noted  Schahme   south east of Yibna, in the District of Ramle. It noted 23 houses and 31 persons, though the  population count included men, only.

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Shahma as a small village built of adobe bricks, whose inhabitants drew their water from a well to the south of the village. On the SWP map drawn by Conder & Kitchener in 1878 the village located southeast of "Yebnah" is called "Shahmeh".

British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Shameh  had a population of 107 inhabitants, all  Muslims,  increasing in the 1931 census to 150, still all Muslims, in a total of 34 houses.

The village was classified as a hamlet by the Palestine Index Gazetteer.  It  was divided into two sections, north and south of a secondary road. Some of its houses were built in part with stone remains from previous settlements.

In the  1945 statistics  the village had a population of 280, all Muslims with a total of 6,875 dunums of land. A total of 152 dunums of village land was used for citrus and bananas, 4,911 dunums were used for cereals,  33 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,  while 11 dunams were classified as built-up public areas.

1948, and aftermath
The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the place in 1992: "The site has been incorporated into a fenced-in military airfield. It is marked by cactuses and bushes that are visible from the outside."

See also
Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel

References

Bibliography

External links
Welcome To Shahma
Shahma,  Zochrot
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16:   IAA, Wikimedia commons
Shama from Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War


The law of salvage is a principle of maritime law whereby any person who helps recover another person's ship or cargo in peril at sea is entitled to a reward commensurate with the value of the property saved.

Maritime law is inherently international, and although salvage laws vary from one country to another, generally there are established conditions to be met to allow a claim of salvage. The vessel must be in peril, either immediate or forthcoming; the "salvor" must be acting voluntarily and under no pre-existing contract; and the salvor must be successful in their efforts, though payment for partial success may be  granted if the environment is protected.

The basis of marine salvage law
With its origins in antiquity, the basis of salvage is that a person helping another at sea is putting himself and his vessel at risk and should be appropriately rewarded. A related consideration was to prevent piracy, since any vessel in peril might well be abandoned to pirates if the owner did not reward an honest salvor. Salvage law has been recognized for centuries in such documents as the edicts of Rhodes and the Roman Digest of Justinian. It is still a nearly universally recognized right, though conditions for awards of salvage vary from country to country.

The right to be rewarded for salvage at sea is based both on principles of fairness and public policy: the law seeks to be fair both to the property owners and to the salvors. The legal entitlement to a salvage reward arises when a person, acting as a volunteer (that is, without any pre-existing contractual or other legal duty so to act), preserves or contributes so to preserving at sea any vessel, cargo, freight, or other recognized subject of salvage from danger.

A salvage situation arises when a shipowner accepts an offer of help from a salvor. To that extent, the arrangement is contractual, but it is not a contract for services with a pre-arranged fee (such as, say, a towage contract). Instead, the law  provides that after the service is done a court or arbitrator will make an award taking into account:
 the degree of success of the salvage venture
 the degree of danger of the salvage venture
 the value of the property salved
 whether a reasonable attempt to protect the coastal environment was made
 the provisions of Articles 13 & 14 of the Salvage Convention 1989.

A formal contract is not strictly necessary, provided there is evidence that the owner has acquiesced in the salvor's intervention. The assumption here is that when faced with the loss of his vessel and cargo, a reasonable prudent owner would have accepted salvage terms offered, even if time did not permit such negotiations. Even so, the shipowner is entitled to reject any offer of help, and would do so if the shipping line had already made arrangements with a professional salvor of their choice.

There is no equivalent to salvage when ashore: a person who assists another on land has no entitlement unless a court deems that an implied contract had arisen, whether objectively or subjectively.

Salvage is distinct from prize law, which is the seizing of property from the enemy at a time of war, for which a reward was made by an admiralty court sitting as a prize court. Prize law has fallen into disuse since the First World War.

Recognized subject matter
Traditionally, salvage only recognizes a ship or craft ("vessel"), cargo on board, freight payable, and bunkers carried on board as the subject of property in danger.

The scope of salvage has been expanded by the 1989 Salvage Convention, and protection of the environment is part of salvage. Oil pollution can cause damage to the environment. If the salvor prevents oil pollution from happening, he indeed performs a valuable service to the community as mentioned by (1997) 1 Lloyd's Rep 323 (HL), pp. 326–328.  Therefore, the salvor will be rewarded with special compensation, i.e., liability salvage instead of property salvage.

The convention does not consider saving lives to be part of salvage, but if one vessel saves life and the other saves property, the arbitrator may apportion the salvage reward between them as he thinks fit.

Real peril
Danger needs to be real but not necessarily immediate or absolute. The subject of salvage must be in real danger, which means the property is exposed to damage or destruction.

The burden of proof lies on the salvor, which means the salvor needs to prove real danger existed when the performance of service commenced. The court or arbitrators must determine whether the property was truly in danger. As every situation differs, both subjective and objective tests will be conducted. Common considerations are:

It is incumbent upon the court to assess the existence and level of danger, both present and future. The case of the Troilus (1951 1 Lloyd's Rep. 467, HL) illustrated the concept of future danger that the court must take into account when determining the existence of danger. In this particular case, the cargo owners contended that the ship was in perfect safety when she reached Aden, and therefore it constituted ocean towage but not salvage when towing from Aden to UK. The court held that even though the ship and cargo was in physical safety, the services rendered still amounted to salvage service on the grounds that the master of a damaged ship must do his best to preserve the ship and cargo and bring them to their destination as cheaply and efficiently as possible. The salvage award was reasonable as long as the master acts reasonably for the combined benefit of ship and cargo.

In the modern world, the dispute normally is not about whether there is just the existence of danger, but also the degree of danger, as it determines the extent of the award.

Voluntary service
Voluntary means that the services are not rendered under a pre-existing contract agreement or under official duty or purely for the self-preservation interests of the salvor. Because of this, there is no limitation to the class of persons that can be considered as volunteers.

A pre-existing agreement refers to any agreement entered into before the time of the existence of danger. It includes ship's master and crew who have pre-existing employment agreement with ship-owners. They have the duty to preserve the ship and cargo, and therefore they cannot convert themselves into salvors in the event of trouble.

Notwithstanding, exceptions still exist in this area. Salvage can still be rendered if the pilot or crews of the ship in peril rendered service outside or beyond the scope of their duties under the contract. The case of the Sandefjord (1953 2 Lloyd's Rep. 557) held that the pilot brought his personal knowledge of the local conditions and his seafaring skills to bear when faced with a grounding. Moreover, the pilot relieved the ship owner of paying a vast salvage award for tug assistance. Under these conditions, the pilot was entitled to a salvage award.

Crewmen cannot claim themselves as individual salvors unless their employment contract has been actually or constructively terminated before the salvage service commenced. The termination of contract could be brought by:

Authorized abandonment refers to a condition wherein, at the time the Master decided to abandon ship, there was no hope or intention of returning to the stricken ship. There can be no suggestion that a mere temporary abandonment would dissolve the crew's contract of employment. The case of the Albionic (1941 70 L1.L.Rep.257) ruled that there was no express order given by the Master to abandon the ship, and therefore the crew's contracts of service were not terminated at the time when they performed the salvage service. The San Demetrio (1941 69 L1.L.Rep.5) case demonstrated a good example of an authorized abandonment of ship under the Master's authority. If the ship was properly abandoned under the orders from the master, the vessel's own crews who saved the vessel or cargo on board were entitled to claim salvage.

In the case of the Master's discharge of crew concerned, the Warrior Lush (476) case ruled that if the crew is properly discharged by the master, their employment contract is validly terminated. Therefore, any crew who returned to and saved the vessel were truly salvors.

Additionally, hostile capture of the crew effectively causes the dissolution of the sailors' employment contract, as the general and expected duties for the seamen no longer exist. The Two Friends (1799 1 Ch Rob 271) provided support for this argument.

Success
The requirement for the service to be successful can be summed up from the common expression no cure; no pay. However, success need not be total. Partial success, provided that there is some measure of preservation to the owners, is sufficient. The Tojo Maru (1972 AC 242 HL) examined certain characteristics of salvage contracts and concluded that the primary consideration is that the person rendering the salvage service is not entitled to any remuneration unless he saves the property in whole or in part.

If the ship's peril following the service is as grave as before, no award will be given. Likewise, if the salvage services which rescue a vessel from one danger eventually make the situation worse, no salvage award is typically granted. The Melanie v The San Onofre (1925 AC 246) held that the services which rescued a vessel from one danger, but eventually left her in a position of even greater danger, did not contribute to ultimate success and therefore do not amount to salvage. The ship owner as well as the claimant are expected to adhere to the maritime laws to ensure they succeed.

Salvage under contract
Salvage may not necessarily arise from an actual contract. However, there are vessels standing by, crewed by professional salvors under a salvage agreement in Lloyd's Open Form (LOF).

Contracts are usually entered into on the LOF (1980, 1990, 1995 and now 2000 LOF). Under these contracts, rewards are based on no cure, no pay principle, in which the salvor receives no reward if no property is saved. Special compensation is paid, however, as a reward for efforts to prevent or minimize damage to the environment even if no property is saved under the convention.

Minimizing danger to the environment
While the general principle of salvage law has been no cure; no pay, special consideration had to be given as more vessels were propelled by internal combustion engines, with the related environmental hazards that were possible if one were to sink. The concept of the safety net in LOF1980 took steps to protect the environment from oil pollution. Following this concept of the safety net, the Salvage Convention of 1989 introduced the concept of special compensation to encourage salvors to preserve and minimize damage to the environment from fuel and oil spills. However, the concept was very different from the "special compensation" under the existing convention.

Under Article 14(1) the salvor is entitled to special compensation if he has carried out salvage operation on a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatens damage to the environment. It must come with the failure to earn a reward under Article 13 which is "at least equivalent to the special compensation assessable in accordance with the Article". This special compensation is obtainable from the owner of the vessel, and is equivalent to the salvor's expenses. The salvor does not necessarily have to achieve success in preventing and minimizing damage to the environment in obtaining special compensation. If success is achieved, special compensation will be payable in greater amount under Article 14 (2) as follows:

If the salvage operation actually prevents or minimizes damage to the environment, the salvor will be able to claim enhanced special compensation with the provision of Article 14(2). The amount of the salvage award may be increased up to a maximum of 30 percent of the expenses incurred by the salvor. The possibility exists that an arbitrator may increase the special compensation to 100 percent of the expenses incurred, if warranted by circumstances. However, negligence on the part of the salvor will deprive his right of the whole or part of any special compensation under Article 14 (5). In order to claim special compensation, it must be shown that the vessel itself or the cargo threatened damage to the environment. This goes further than the environmental safety net provisions in LOF 1980 which were limited to tankers laden with oil.

Articles 13 and 14 are both incorporated in the LOFs 1990 and 1995 by reference and LOF 2000 is made subject to the English Law.

Jurisdiction
Under the LOF contracts, the parties submit to the jurisdiction of a Lloyd's arbitrator to determine the amount of award. But salvage is also a remedy that arises independently of a contract.

A salvage claim, outside the LOF arbitration agreement, can be brought in the Admiralty Court and is defined under  to mean:

The claim is enforceable  and . The ship or the sister ship can be held in lien to enforce the claim. A property salvage attracts a maritime lien against all property saved; however, the liability salvage (special compensation under Article 14) does not.

Time limit to claim the salvage
Article 23 of the 1989 Convention provides for a two-year limit to commence judicial or arbitration proceedings arising from a salvage claim. The limitation commences on the date on which the salvage operations are terminated. During the two-year period, an extension of time can be agreed by parties. An action for indemnity by a person liable may be instituted after the expiration of the limitation period with the assumption that it is brought within the time allowed by the states in which the proceedings are brought.

However, if the ship is not saved and the loss was due to the salvor's negligence, the time limit to bring action against the salvor will be based on the tort of negligence.

See also

References

Steel, D W & Rose, F D, (2002) Kennedy's Law of Salvage, 6th ed. London, Sweet and Maxwell.
Hall, C (2003) Lloyd's Practical Shipping Guide Maritime Law, 6th ed. London LLP.
Mandaraka-Sheppard, Aleka (2007) Modern Maritime Law and Risk Management, 2nd ed. London and New York, Taylor & Francis Group.

Salvage
Maritime transport
Marine salvage


"Krieg" (War) is a song by Farin Urlaub Racing Team. It's the third single and the fifth track from the album Die Wahrheit übers Lügen. The song's themes are commercialism, character of big city people, supply and demand and dominating disposition to anger.

The song is sung in the perspective of a man from a big city, who decides to go shopping during a discount, however the demand is higher than supply, which leads to a fight for the products. In the second verse, the man is driving in his new car and a man behind him drives anxiously, flashes lights and honks the horn, probably trying to get past, to which the protagonist replies that he might not have many emotions (maybe three), but anger and wrath are two of them, so again a fight ensues.

Music video
The video is set in New York City and features FURT playing only on a TV set on a window display of an electronics shop. The plot revolves around two living statues, of whose the second shown sets up a place right next to the first one and they start competing in a comical manner, which eventually leads to a weird mime-fight between them, until the "intruder" squirts the protagonist with a water pistol. The protagonist seemingly quits and leaves to get a hot dog, but soon returns and squirts the other with ketchup and mustard, which makes the intruder chase the protagonist.

Track listing
"Krieg"
"Ein-Personen-Aufstand" (One person revolt)
"Krieg (in New York)" (Video)
"Krieg (auf der Bühne)" (Video) (On the stage)

2009 singles
Songs written by Farin Urlaub
Farin Urlaub Racing Team songs
2008 songs


Dyfed Steels is a steel company based in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, Wales.

They appeared in the Western Mail list of the top 300 businesses in Wales 2008.

In the year ending 31 January 2011, they recorded profits of £1.5m, having made a loss in the year before that.

References

External links
 Dyfed Steels website

Companies based in Carmarthenshire
Steel companies of the United Kingdom


Creative Scotland ( ; ) is the development body for the arts and creative industries in Scotland. Based in Edinburgh, it is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government.

History
The organisation was created by the passing of the Public Services Reform (Scotland) Act 2010  and inherited the functions of Scottish Screen and the Scottish Arts Council on 1 July 2010. An interim company, Creative Scotland 2009, was set up to assist the transition from the existing organisations.

Creative Scotland has the general functions of:

identifying, supporting and developing quality and excellence in the arts and culture from those engaged in artistic and other creative endeavours,
promoting understanding, appreciation and enjoyment of the arts and culture,
encouraging as many people as possible to access and participate in the arts and culture,
realising, as far as reasonably practicable to do so, the value and benefits (in particular, the national and international value and benefits) of the arts and culture,
encouraging and supporting artistic and other creative endeavours which contribute to an understanding of Scotland's national culture in its broad sense as a way of life,
promoting and supporting industries and other commercial activity the primary focus of which is the application of creative skills.

Since its inception, Creative Scotland has been involved in some controversies, and been challenged by key figures in the arts and film industries in the country. In 2012, 400 artists, writers, playwrights and musicians' protesting of Creative Scotland's management led to the resignation of Creative Scotland's then-chief Andrew Dixon.

In March 2011, Creative Scotland was debated in the Scottish Parliament after suspicious expenditure, such as the funding of £58,000 to finance a dance programme based on the works of Alfred Hitchcock and a trip to Tonga to study Polynesian dancing, was uncovered.

In January 2015, the organization was lambasted by filmmakers for offering less than half of the money required to a blockbuster film The Rezort wishing to shoot in Scotland, which resulted in the production moving to Wales.

In June 2018 Janet Archer resigned as chief executive of Creative Scotland after joining the organisation in July 2013. She was replaced by deputy chief executive Iain Munro, who assumed the role of chief executive.

Notable critics of Creative Scotland in the Scottish arts world include Liz Lochhead, Don Paterson, Ian Rankin, Andrea Gibb, David Greig, John Byrne, Alasdair Gray and James Kelman.

See also
 Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Book Awards, organised by Creative Scotland

References

External links

2009 establishments in Scotland
Arts organisations based in Scotland
Government agencies established in 2010
Executive non-departmental public bodies of the Scottish Government
Organisations based in Edinburgh


Luigi Guardigli (20 July 1923 – 19 September 2008) was an Italian painter and mosaicist.

Biography
Guardigli was born in Ravenna. At 18, he enrolled in and attended the School of Fine Arts of Ravenna. During World War II he was drafted and served from 1943 until 1946 in the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy) at La Spezia). After the war, Guardigli returned to the School of Fine Arts, receiving his diploma in 1948. He enrolled in the School of Painting and Mosaics, also in Ravenna, graduating in 1951. From 1951 to 1955, Guardigli worked with the Gruppo mosaicisti of Ravenna and restored many mosaics. Also in 1951, at the end of November, he arrived in Paris to teach at the Ecole d'Art Italien (School of Italian Art) as an assistant to the painter Gino Severini, founder and director of the school.	Together with another mosaicist, his fellow Ravennan Lino Melano, Guardigli executed mosaic works for artists including Fernand Léger, Georges Braque, Marc Chagall, Jean Bazaine, and Raoul Ubac. He collaborated also on the mosaic for the façade of the Musée national Fernand Léger in Biot (Alpes-Maritimes). In 1960, Guardigli executed, at the Colombe d'Or of Saint-Paul-de-Vence, a mosaic by the painter Georges Braque. From 1961, he had a studio in the artists' residence La Ruche at 2, passage de Dantzing in Paris, the place described by Lorenzo Viani in the book Parigi 1925 (Paris 1925), published by Fratelli Treves. In 1962, in another collaboration with Braque, Guardigli created the famous long fish tank of the Fondation Maeght in St Paul de Vence. His collaborations with many illustrious artists continued; the last was Jean-Michel Folon. Many of his personal works in painting and mosaics are in prominent private and public collections. The latter portion of his life was spent in an old people's rest home in Paris, where Guardigli died in 2008.

Some works

 1958 "Société d'Aquitaine" – Mosaic created from designs by A. Beaudin, Paris
 1958 "Musée Leger" – Mosaic created with Melano Leger, Biot
 1959 "F Noain" – Mosaic created from designs by Suzanne Roge, Paris
 1959 "l'Usine d'embouteillage" – Mosaic created from designs by Raoul Ubac, Évian-les-Bains
 1960 "Colombe d'Or" – Mosaic created from designs by Georges Braque, Saint-Paul-de-Vence
 1961 "France" – Mosaic created from designs by Jean René Bazaine, Paris
 1962 "Fondazione Maeght" – Mosaic created from designs by Georges Braque, Saint-Paul-de-Vence
 1963 "Maison de la radio" – Mosaic created from designs by J. Bazaine, Paris
 1963 "Maison d'architecte" – Mosaic created from designs by J. Bazaine, Septeuil, Yvelines
 1963 "Clinique Universitaire" – Mosaic created from designs by J. Lacasse, Freiburg im Breisgau
 1963 "Maison d'architecte" – Mosaic created from designs by J. Bazaine, Septeuil, Yvelines
 1964 "groupe scolaire" – Mosaic created from designs by W. Mucha, Pyrenees
 1965 "CNRS" – Mosaic created from designs by Jullien, Grenoble
 1965 "Hotel rue de l'Elysée" – Mosaic created from designs by Marc Chagall, Paris
 1965 "Musée d'Art Mural de Lund – Mosaic created from designs by J. Bazaine, Sweden
 1966 "Nuovo Parlamento di Gerusalemme" – Mosaic created from designs by Marc Chagall, Israel
 1966 "Maison des Jeunes" – Mosaic created from designs by Fernand Léger, Corbeil-Essonnes

References

Sources
Jeanine Warnod, La Ruche & Montparnasse'' – 1978 Weber (Geneva, Paris)
Comite de defense de La Ruche, "Il faut sauver 'La Ruche'" – April 1969
Felice Nittolo, "Maestri Mosaicisti a Ravenna prima e dopo la seconda guerra mondiale" – 2006 casa editrice Girasole arte.
ravennanotizie.it, "E' morto a Parigi il mosaicista ravennate Luigi Guardigli" – 29 September 2008

Mosaic artists
2008 deaths
1923 births
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian male artists


The  was a bilevel suburban electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in the Kantō region of Japan from 1992 to 2021.

Design
The trains were built jointly by Hitachi and Nippon Sharyo. The trains were developed to accommodate the increasing number of long-distance commuters along the Tōkaidō Main Line and to provide seated services and express services using the parallel freight lines. The bilevel designs are based on the Green car of the 211 series and the prototype Kuha 415-1901 of the 415 series.

Excluding the leading cars, all cars are bilevel with ordinary-seating cars fitting at most 120 passengers. A set can carry up to 1010 passengers.

As the train was intended to be operated only on the warmer Tōkaidō Main Line, it was not designed to withstand the cold or snow. As such, the train operated on the Chūō Main Line only between spring and autumn.

Formation
All sets consisted of 10 cars with only the first two cars at each end powered. Cars 4 and 5 were "Green" (first class) cars.

Interior

History
The first trainset was delivered in March 1992, and entered service from 4 April 1992 on Tōkaidō Main Line daytime Acty rapid services and evening Shōnan Liner services. Three more sets were delivered in October 1993. The 215 series suffered from multiple issues related to the bilevel design while operating as the Acty. The bilevel design meant each car only had two doors on each side of the vehicle, and the 10 car formation was considered short on the Tokaido Main Line which mainly operated with 15-car trains. Due to these problems, it took a considerate amount of time for passengers to get on and off at each stop, and delays became noticeable.

From December 2001, the 215 series fleet was removed from Tōkaidō Line Acty services, and reassigned to new Shōnan-Shinjuku Line services between  and . Their use on Shōnan-Shinjuku Line services continued until 16 October 2004, from which date all Shōnan-Shinjuku Line services were standardized with E231 series rolling stock.

From October 2004 onward, scheduled services using 215 series stock were limited to a small number of weekday Home Liner services, with only occasional holiday weekend workings, such as the Holiday Rapid View Yamanashi on the Chūō Main Line. The 215 series was ridiculed amongst Japanese railroad fans as the "NEET Liner" as, besides the occasional limited services, the train was often moved between Shinagawa and Kōzu as an out-of-service train.

With the abolition of the Shōnan Liner service with the 2021 timetable revision, the 215 series sets were withdrawn from service on 12 March 2021, a day before the timetable revision. No special events were held to mark their withdrawal. No 215 series cars have been preserved, with two sets being scrapped at Nagano General Rolling Stock Center and the other two sets scrapped at the Aomori branch of the Morioka Rolling Stock Center.

References

External links

 215 series on JR East website

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1992
Double-decker EMUs
Hitachi multiple units
Nippon Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan


Betty Careless or Betsy Careless (–1739) was a notorious prostitute and later bagnio-owner in 18th-century London. Probably born Elizabeth Carless (though she later used the name Mrs. Elizabeth Biddulph), she adapted her name to better suit her profession. Her name, beauty and reputation made her, like Sally Salisbury before her, something of an archetypal courtesan for the popular culture of the day.

Biography
She was born around 1704 in London. Nothing is known of her early life, but she was an established courtesan by the 1720s. Initially under the protection of the barrister Robert Henley (later Lord Chancellor), by 1729 when she opened her own house in Tavistock Row she was attached to Sir Charles Wyndham (later Earl of Egremont). Wyndham and Careless probably had a mutually beneficial relationship; he lived for free while his society connections ensured a higher-class clientele for Careless's house.

In Amelia, Henry Fielding recalled seeing her at a play when she was a young girl. Though, he said, "it was impossible to conceive a greater Appearance of Modesty, Innocence and Simplicity", her beauty disguised her true character. He had seen her a few days before  "in bed with a Rake, at a bagnio, smoking Tobacco, drinking Punch, talking obscenity and swearing and cursing with all the Impudence and Impiety of the lowest and most abandoned Trull of a Soldier".

Some idea of her reputation can be divined from the graffiti "Prayer" attributed to her in the Bog-House Miscellany (ca. 1731): "Grant us good lusty Men, ye gracious Pow'rs!
Or else stop up those craving Things of ours!", and her inclusion in one of Joe Miller's Jests in which an admirer compliments her on the perfection of her legs and says they are so alike that they "must be twins", to which Betty replies, "Oh no sir, for I have had more than one or two in between them".

By the early 1730s she had reached the peak of her professional career, and she moved to a house in the Little Piazza in Covent Garden to try her hand as a bawd.

She takes centre-stage in Louis Peter Boitard's 1739 picture The Covent Garden Morning Frolick, in which she is being chauffeured home in a sedan chair after a night on the town with Captain "Mad Jack" Montague (who rides on the top of the sedan chair) and a motley assortment of her companions, including her personal link-boy, Little Casey. In William Hogarth's A Rake's Progress her name is carved on the steps by an inmate in the final scene. According to the notes in the Anecdotes of William Hogarth, this man is William Ellis who was supposed to have been driven mad by his love for Betty. In his essay on Dr Johnson, Thomas Babington Macaulay portrays her as the archetypal courtesan, characterising the life of those of "literary character" as precarious, fortunate to be "sometimes drinking champagne and tokay with Betty Careless". Careless, alongside many of the other notorious bawds of the early 18th century, may have inspired Mrs Cole in John Cleland's Fanny Hill.

By early 1735 she had given up her house in Covent Garden (Jane Douglas took it over); she was drinking heavily and could not duplicate the success she had enjoyed as a prostitute when she attempted to run a brothel. She announced that she would be opening a "Coffee House" in Prujean's Court at the Old Bailey, but she herself acknowledged that the place was ill-situated for her business and in her advertisement practically begged her customers to continue to visit her. The Gentleman's Magazine announced in October 1739 that she had been buried from the poor house. Much later, Fielding recorded her epitaph in The Covent Garden Journal:

References

1700s births
1739 deaths
English brothel owners and madams
English female prostitutes


Welephant is a red elephant cartoon character with a fireman's helmet, originally used as a mascot by fire brigades in the United Kingdom to promote fire safety to children. Since 1989,  however the character has become the mascot for the Children's Burn Trust.

Welephant Fire Safety Pledge

Creation of Welephant

Welephant was created for the Greater Manchester Fire Service in order to promote awareness of the dangers of fire to the local school children. A competition was set where pupils of the local schools submitted drawings of a possible mascot that the fire department could use. The competition was won by 14 year old Susan Buttner, whilst she was a pupil at Oulder Hill High School, Rochdale. Susan has gone on to have a successful teaching career and has developed a passion for renovating furniture.

Going National

Through popular demand, Welephant went National and was used by fire & rescue services throughout the United Kingdom to promote fire safety to the pupils of primary schools in their local area.

Charity Name Change

In 1996 Welephant Club Inc was changed to The National Fire Safety Charity for Children.

Current status

Most Fire & Rescue Services now use their own individual mascots and cartoon characters to teach children about the importance of fire safety. During the late 1990s / early 2000s Welephant was gradually phased out from UK Fire Service merchandising and safety campaigns, but he continued to be used extensively as the Mascot for the National Fire Safety Charity

Since Welephant the popular BBC (until early 2008), HIT Entertainment and S4C Stop Motion/CGI Character Fireman Sam has been used by the UK Government in various fire safety campaigns aimed at young children.

Other characters such as 'Frances the Firefly', 'Adam Alarm' and others have also been used.

Welephant is currently the Mascot of the Children's Burn Trust.

In the fifth episode of the first series of the TV firefighting drama series London's Burning, Leading Fireman Malcolm Cross wears a Welephant costume for a fire station open day.

Notes and references

External links
Official Website

Fictional elephants
British mascots
Mascots introduced in 1989
Male characters in advertising
Animal mascots


Implicit divestiture is the ability of the Supreme Court of the United States to solely determine the extent of an Indian Nation's sovereignty, an approach, of recent decades, to federal Indian policy, which is contradictory to U.S. Constitutional protections of Native American sovereignty.

The issue of indigenous sovereignty rights and their protections under federal trust in the United States was asserted in the 19th century, through Supreme Court cases called the Marshall Trilogy of Johnson v. McIntosh, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, and Worcester v. Georgia.  As Indian law writer Andrew Fletcher terms it, the "colonial trilogy" of Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, Montana v. United States, and Nevada v. Hicks undermined tribal sovereignty, through their introduction of "implicit divestiture."  Its application in respect to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is yet to be tested.

References
 Fletcher, Andrew K. 2007 "Suffocating Sovereignty: Implicit Divestiture and the Violation of First Principles"  <http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/dcujl5&div=5&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=0&men_tab=srchresults>
 Sappington, Anna O. 2006 "Is Lara the Answer to Implicit Divestiture?: A Critical Answer to the Congressional Delegation Exception"  <http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/1777/>
 Duthu, N. Bruce.  2000.  Harvard Human Rights Journal "Incorporative Discourse in Federal Indian Law: Negotiating Tribal Sovereignty Through the Lens of Native American Literature" <http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss13/duthu.shtml>

Supreme Court of the United States
Sovereignty
United States federal Indian policy
Indigenous law


Lycianthes rantonnetii, the blue potato bush or Paraguay nightshade,  is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, native to South America. Growing to about  tall and broad, it is a rounded evergreen shrub with a somewhat lax habit. A profusion of trumpet-shaped, bright blue-purple flowers with a prominent yellow eye appear in summer, followed by red berries. It is widely cultivated and may be hardy in mild or coastal areas. Alternatively it can be grown in a container and brought under cover in winter. It requires a sheltered location in full sun. Though related to food plants like the potato and tomato, all parts of the plant are considered toxic to humans.

It has been given the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.

The species is named for Barthélémy Victor Rantonnet, a 19th-century French horticulturalist.

Lycianthes rantonnetii has previously been placed in Solanum, a huge genus which has recently been the subject of major investigation, with species being transferred to and from several different genera. There are many rare and little-known species whose true placement has yet to be determined.

References

Flora of Argentina
Flora of Bolivia
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Paraguay
rantonnetii
Plants described in 1859
Taxa named by Élie-Abel Carrière


Sir Charles William Willink, 2nd Baronet (10 September 1929 – 10 March 2009) was an English classical scholar, teacher and baronet. He succeeded his father Sir Henry Willink to the Willink Baronetcy on his death in 1973, and was himself succeeded on his death by his son Sir Edward Daniel Willink.

Life
Sir Henry's eldest son, Charles won a King's Scholarship to Eton College (where he was a friend and contemporary of Douglas Hurd, and won the Newcastle Scholarship a year before him) before reading an MA and PhD in Classics at Trinity College, Cambridge. He married the artist Elizabeth Andrewes in 1954 and they had two children, Edward and Penelope.

He then entered teaching, first at Marlborough College and then (from 1954 to 1984) at Eton, where he rose to housemaster. He was a specialist in ancient Greek metre and tragedy. His publications include an Oxford University Press edition of Orestes by Euripides with commentary, and numerous journal articles and reviews. From 1982 he also cooperated with his Cambridge tutor John Morrison, the banker Frank Welsh and the naval architect John Coates to produce a full-size replica of a Greek trireme, founding the Trireme Trust with them and culminating in the launch of the Olympias in 1987. After his retirement he became an expert amateur botanist, specialising in flowers on Hampstead Heath and chairing Highgate cemetery.

Arms

References

Sources

1929 births
2009 deaths
English classical scholars
Classics educators
Schoolteachers from Wiltshire
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Eton King's Scholars
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
Teachers at Eton College


Neil Berry (born 6 April 1963) is a Scottish former footballer, who played the majority of his career with Heart of Midlothian.

He was known for his tough-tackling, no nonsense style of play. He was a regular in the Hearts team throughout much of the 1980s and early 1990s, and was a member of the 1985–86 team that lost the league title on the last game of the season to Celtic, and the 1986 Scottish Cup Final to Aberdeen.

Although he was chiefly a midfielder, he could also play in defence and was often drafted into the rearguard alongside the likes of Craig Levein.

References

External links
London Hearts - Neil Berry Profile

1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Scotland men's youth international footballers


Anthony Spanos (born 5 May 1995) is an Australian actor. He has starred in the Australian television series Streetsmartz and more recently Trapped. He attended Trinity College in Perth, Western Australia.

Trapped
In the children/teenage television series Trapped (2008, Northway Productions Pty Ltd, 7 Network), Spanos plays the character of Josh Jacobs. When the mysterious disappearance of their parents from a remote scientific research station takes place, they leave a group of children trapped in a dangerous paradise.

Streetsmartz
Spanos plays the character of Hector Papdopoulos in the children/teenage television series Streetsmartz (2005–2006, Nine Network). Streetsmartz is centered on the lives of a group of children, their friends and family who live in Fremantle, in Western Australia. Three series, with a total of 39 episodes, were screened.

The character of Hector is described as 'nine going on nineteen'. He's a sidekick and partner to his brother's business ventures but often reluctantly – Hector is more interested in having fun and causing havoc than in actually
working.

Castaway
Spanos appeared in Castaway, a spin-off from Trapped. He reprised the character of Josh Jacobs.

References

Australian male television actors
Living people
1995 births


A salt cave is a cave formed within rock salt by dissolution of this very soluble rock by water. As with other soluble rocks, a distinctive set of landscape features can arise from the solutional process; in this case it is known as salt karst or 'halite karst'. The three key areas of salt karst are those in Iran, Israel and Spain, together with an example in Romania. Malcham cave in Israel is the longest salt cave in the world with a measured length of over 10km. It is located at Mount Sodom. There are significant salt caves on Qeshm Island in Iran including Tri Nahacu Cave and Namakdan Cave. This cave was listed in October 2022 by the International Union of Geological Sciences in their 'First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites' as being of global significance for the understanding of tectonics and ongoing geological processes.  Amongst the caves developed within the several salt karsts in Spain are Cova dels Meandres de Sales which at 4.3km in length is the world's third longest. The fourth longest is Pestera 6S de la Mânzălesti, in România, at 3.1km in length.

References

Landforms
Geomorphology


The Mane (Balbodh: माने) are a Maratha clan  found largely in Maharashtra, Karnataka and neighbouring states of India. The name Mane is derived from the Marathi word man ("neck")

History

The Manes were holders of fiefs during Shivaji's time and considered themselves "loyal subjects" of Aurangzeb or Adil Shah.

Notables

 Anant Mane, a Marathi film director.

See also
Maratha
Maratha Empire

Mhaswad
Satara District

References

Sources

English
4) Maratha Confederacy: A Study in Its Origin and Development
By Vasant S. Kadam
Published by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1993
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 3 Sep 2008
, 978-81-215-0570-3
158 pages

6) Proceedings of the Meetings of the Session
By Indian Historical Records Commission
Published by The Manager of Publications., 1971
Item notes: v. 41
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 28 Aug 2008

7) Maharashtra State Gazetteers
By Maharashtra (India), Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Dept
Edition: revised
Published by Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State, 1960
Item notes: v. 22
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 3 Sep 2008

8) Bundelkhand under the Marathas, 1720–1818 A.D.: a study of Maratha-Bundela relations
By B. R. Andhare
Published by Vishwa Bharati Prakashan, 1984
Item notes: v. 1–2
Original from the University of Michigan
Digitized 10 Nov 2006

9) Journal of Indian History
By University of Kerala Dept. of History, University of Allahabad Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala
Published by Dept. of Modern Indian History, 1966
Item notes: v. 44
Original from the University of California
Digitized 31 Jul 2008

Maratha clans
Marathi people
Gotras