Come to Life is the fourth studio album released by Australian singer-songwriter Natalie Imbruglia. It was initially released by Island Records on 2 October 2009, and later was the first album released on Imbruglia's self-funded label, Malabar Records.

Songwriting
Although recording for the album began in 2007, during promotion for the release of Glorious: The Singles 1997–2007, tracks "Scars" and "My God" were rumoured to have been recorded in 2006. The album took nearly three years to complete. In February 2009, The Sun newspaper rumoured that Imbruglia was collaborating with Chris Martin from Coldplay, and it was later confirmed by Martin himself and people involved in the recording process that he had worked with Imbruglia on a "string of tracks".

Chris Martin wrote the song "Fun" for Natalie. "When he sang it to me, I almost did one of those ugly cries. But I held it together. That's the crazy thing - he wrote it, not me. Who knows what Chris was thinking, you would have to ask him about that. But I thought it was a stunning, beautiful love song". The song "Lukas", produced by Brian Eno and Rik Simpson, was confirmed as an out-take from the recording sessions of Coldplay's fourth studio album, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends. Martin also worked with Imbruglia on "Want", with his voice echoing at the end of the song. "Coldplay write so much material it's quite ridiculous how many songs they have, some of which never get finished because Chris Martin is a bit of a mad genius," Imbruglia explained.

In April 2009, Imbruglia stated the following in an interview: "I get frustrated because I’d like to produce more work... It’s something that bugs me about myself, but I don’t really know any other way. And I’m not motivated by money, so I need to get things done right. I feel the same creative buzz I felt when I first started my career... It's just fun and artistic and creative and all the things it should be. There's still a lot of depth to the songs... It just sounds fresher to me. I've tried different things - there's more electronic stuff in there, and that's different for me, more dance beats. There's a freedom overall, and a sense of confidence. It's slightly less introspective..." The album "combines dark, driving beats and gorgeously wistful ballads".

Release
The album was first released via on Island Records on 2 October 2009 in Australia. It was announced that the release of the album in the United Kingdom would be delayed so that Imbruglia could concentrate on her duties as a judge on the Australian version of The X Factor franchise. The album was eventually made available in the United Kingdom on 14 February 2010 by Amazon. In 2020, the album became available for streaming in its entirety on Spotify and its tracks were made available on YouTube by Universal Music.

Singles
 "Wild About It" was released as a promotional single. A music video was filmed for the song in London, England, and was directed by Mike Baldwin. The video features cameo appearances by British comedians Alan Carr and David Walliams.
 "Want" was officially released as the album's lead single on 28 September 2009. Released only as a digital download, the track reached number six on the Italian singles chart and number 88 on the UK singles chart.
 "Scars" was intended to become the second single from the album, due to be released on 26 April 2010, however, due to contractual issues with the record label, was cancelled. It was announced three weeks later the single would actually be released on 5 July, nearly a year after the previous single, "Want" was released, but once again, the release was cancelled.

Scars

"Scars" was due to be the second and final single from Australian singer Come to Life. The single was originally due to be released on 26 April 2010, but, due to contractual issues with the record label, was cancelled. The digital download was made available for a short time on Amazon, but was later removed upon a request from the record company. It was announced in June that a physical release of the single would be available from 5 July 2010, nearly a year after the previous single, "Want", was released. Come July, however, no copies of the single made it to the shelves. As of August 2010, all sources of the physical single and digital download have cancelled the release. The video for the song was recorded and directed by Max & Dania, and was due to be released on 14 March 2010. However, it was later postponed following a request by Imbruglia.

Chart performance
Come to Life entered the Australian albums chart at #67 on 19 October 2009, making it Imbruglia's worst performing album to date. It sold 740 copies in its first week of release. In its second week, it dropped to #89, spending only two weeks in the top 100. In Switzerland, the album peaked at #70 on 18 October 2009.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

External links

2009 albums
Natalie Imbruglia albums
Albums produced by Leo Abrahams
Albums produced by Brian Eno
Albums produced by Rik Simpson
Albums produced by Ben Hillier


Toby Simkin () is a theatrical producer and impresario most notable for his work on Broadway and off-Broadway and in London's West End.  As of 2004, he is working throughout China, living in Shanghai developing a national theatre network and producing films and musicals for import and export.

Early life

Born 21 April 1964, son of Australian Brigadier General M.B. Simkin, CBE, KStJ (d. 2003) and Irene Simkin, in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, England and raised in Australia in a military family, that later became a diplomatic family, Toby has lived in many countries experiencing different cultures.  Schooled in Washington DC and Brisbane, Australia.  Toby has 2 brothers and 1 sister.  In childhood wanting to be an archaeologist.  Started in theatre in the early 1980s, winning the Elizabeth Bequest Scholarship in Australia.  Produced and directed his first show at the age of 18, "The Long and the Short and the Tall" which received positive reviews.

Theatre

On Broadway, his producing credits include various Tony Award winning shows.  He produces shows regularly in London's West End and throughout the world.  He has produced, managed and/or marketed over 150 productions.

Toby has co-produced shows that have collectively garnered 3 Tony Awards (and 5 nominations), 7 Drama Desk Awards, 4 Outer Critics Circle Awards, 2 Lucille Lortel Awards, 3 Drama League Awards, 1 Theatre World Award, 1 Olivier Award, 3 OBIE Awards and 1 Pulitzer Prize. Shows that Toby has been involved in marketing have garnered an additional 243 Tony Nominations and 96 wins.

Broadway

On Broadway, his producing credits include the Tony Award winning Long Day's Journey into Night  (starring Vanessa Redgrave, Brian Dennehy and Philip Seymour Hoffman); I Am My Own Wife (starring Jefferson Mays); Death of a Salesman (starring Brian Dennehy) plus The Crucible (starring Liam Neeson and Laura Linney); Marc Salem's Mind Games; The Price; and Victor/Victoria (starring Dame Julie Andrews).

He is a member of the League of American Theatres and Producers.

Off Broadway

Off-Broadway, he was Executive Producer of Savion Glover's NYC and national tours of Improvography  I & II, Classical Savion, Matt & Ben, Savion at the Rialto and for Celebrity's Constellation in Europe, Batir, A Hot Minute (both directed/choreographed by Wayne Cilento), An American Canteen in Paris and Spotlight Broadway.

West End

On the West End/London his producing credits include, The Female of the Species (starring Dame Eileen Atkins) I Am My Own Wife (starring Jefferson Mays); Death of a Salesman (starring Brian Dennehy); and other production credits include Blood Brothers (starring Stephanie Lawrence), Damn Yankees (starring Jerry Lewis), RENT, Sideman and Václav Havel's Temptation (starring Countess Rula Lenska and Sylvester McCoy).

Internationally

Around the world, other production and producing credits include producing the New Year's Eve engagement of Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti in The Three Tenors (Vancouver); Relatively Speaking (Washington D.C.); and in Canada, Driving Miss Daisy; Something in the Air, Blood Brothers; Connie Francis; The Ecstasy of Rita Joe; Damn Yankees (starring Davis Gaines); Arsenic and Old Lace; Love Letters (starring Victor Garber and Kate Nelligan); Godspell reunion and the Tribute to Gilda Radner (with Paul Shaeffer, John Candy, Martin Short, Andrea Martin, Marvin Hamlisch and Dave Thomas for CBC TV); Forever Plaid and the Shanghai Ballet's Tour of The White Haired Girl.  In China, 42nd Street and Elton John and Tim Rice's Aida.  In Australia, over 40 productions, for many companies.

Toby has managed marketing and produced numerous shows for Microsoft.  Other industrials include the SkyDome Opening Ceremonies; Volkswagen EuroVan Launch; Toronto Arts Awards and The Dinosaur World Tour.

Theatrical Web Visionary

"Toby Simkin is the man pushing the theatre industry kicking and screaming, into Cyberspace"
                  --Alexander Stevens, The Boston TAB.

Toby served as President and chief operating officer of Theatre.com Inc., a company he founded as Buy Broadway in 1995, which he started as a way to reach more international ticket buyers for his production of Victor/Victoria.  In March 1997, Toby (in partnership with Microsoft) produced the first live Broadcast over the net for the Broadway opening night of Annie.  Then followed doing similar video broadcasts for Les Misérables, Jerry Lewis's Damn Yankees (from London) and others. Toby took his internet business public in 1998 and sold in 2000, converting a substantial portion to shares in the Broadway Television Network (where he became VP).  Prior to selling his company, he personally produced the vast majority of online marketing campaigns and websites for over 100 Broadway shows and 50 companies on Broadway and in the West End.  He has been a consultant to Music Theatre International, the world's leading licensor of musical shows, for 15 years.

"Toby Simkin is a virtual Lewis & Clark on the e-commerce frontier"
                  --Small Business Computing Magazine, March 1, 2000, by Doug Gantenbein

Future

Toby controls worldwide rights to various film and stage properties, including the forthcoming motion picture USD $14m budgeted movie "The Sacrifice of Yang GuiFei" (based on the story of Yang GuiFei) along with "Tea 4 Two" and "The Great Big Chinese Show".

References

External links

 Sacrifice of Yang GuiFei
 I Am My Own Wife
 Death of a Salesman

British theatre managers and producers
1964 births
Living people
People from Chalfont St Giles


Gökhan () is a Turkish forename meaning "ruler of the sky" related to Tengrism. The stem of the name comes from "gök"  ('sky') and han, a title held by hereditary rulers and tribal chiefs among Altaic-speaking peoples.

Most likely, the first appearance of the name Gökhan is as one of the six sons of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary ruler of the Oghuz.

Given name
Sports
 Gökhan Akkan, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Alsan, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Attaroğlu, Turkish swimmer
 Gökhan Bozkaya, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Çalışal, Turkish-German footballer
 Gökhan Değirmenci, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Emreciksin, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Erdogan, Turkish footballer
 Gokhan Gokgoz, Turkish volleyball player
 Gökhan Gönül, Turkish international footballer
 Gökhan Gül, German footballer of Turkish origin
 Gökhan Güleç, Turkish footballer
 Gokhan Gumussu, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Inler, Swiss-Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Karadeniz, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Keskin, Turkish retired footballer
 Gökhan Kök, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Öner, Turkish volleyball player
 Gökhan Saki, Turkish-Dutch martial artist
 Gökhan Tokgöz, Turkish footballer
 Gökhan Töre, Turkish international footballer
 Gökhan Ünal, Turkish international footballer
 Gökhan Yavaşer, Turkish freestyle wrestler
 Gökhan Zan, Turkish international footballer
 Gökhan Birben, Turkish singer and artist of Hamsheni descent.
 Gökhan Alkan, Turkish actor and singer
 Gökhan Keser, Turkish actor, model and singer
 Gökhan Kırdar, Turkish film score composer
 Gökhan Özen, Turkish singer songwriter
 Gökhan Özoğuz, Turkish ska punk singer from Athena

Others
 Gökhan Budak (1968–2013), Turkish professor of quantum physics
 Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, Turkish-American physician scientist

Surname
 Serdar Gökhan (born 1946), Turkish actor

See also
MV Karadeniz Powership Gökhan Bey, a ship

Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names


Avo Viiol (sometimes also spelled as Aavo Viiol; born 5 August 1958) is a former head of  and a famous Estonian embezzler.

Between December 1999 and August 2002, Viiol, then working as head of the Estonian Culture Fund, embezzled the Fund of 8,510,910 EEK, sometimes by forging expense documents, and caused 17,868 EEK of damages through unnecessary cash advance fees.  On 14 August 2002, Estonian Internal Security Service arrested Viiol after the Estonian Ministry of Culture had detected suspicious activity regarding management of the Fund's assets.  On 7 January 2003, the Tallinn City Court convicted Viiol of official forgery and grand embezzlement using the simple trial procedure ().  Viiol was sentenced to two years and eight months of imprisonment, then released prematurely in February 2004.

Use of embezzled funds
According to Viiol, he lost most of the embezzled funds through playing in casinos, being a compulsive gambler.  Ironically, a significant share of the Fund's resources comes from the gambling tax.

Political ramifications
Viiol's conviction led to resignation of Signe Kivi, then Estonian Minister of Culture.

Repayment
Viiol has made repeated promises to repay his embezzled funds and has refused to apply for personal bankruptcy.  However, lacking major sources of income, it's unlikely he repays a significant part of them, and the Estonian Culture Fund has classified its claims against Viiol as unlikely.  During the five years since his release, Viiol has repaid a total of 23,382 EEK; assuming the same average payment rate, the debt would take about 1820 years, or until 3824, to repay.

Neologism
In the public discussion over Viiol's exploits, the neologism viioldama, a verb form of Viiol's name, has become a noted slang word for embezzlement.  The word is similar to viiuldama, which means to play a violin.

Sources
 Postimees 20 January 2004: Hasartmängur Avo Viiol pääseb vanglast kümne päeva pärast
 Baltic Times 1 November 2004: Diary of a notorious gambling fiend by Andrei Tuch
 SL Õhtuleht 23 October 2007: Riisumine viis vanglasse
 SL Õhtuleht 23 October 2007: Avo Viioli hiigelvõla tagasimaksed kultuurkapitalile kuivavad kokku
 Õhtuleht 2 December 2008: Avo Viiol pole tänavu tagasi maksnud sentigi
 Eesti Ekspress 25 March 2009: KOLM MEEST, kes miljonikahju kunagi ei hüvita: Simm, Tinn ja Viiol by Askur Alas

References

Estonian criminals
1958 births
Living people
People convicted of embezzlement
People convicted of forgery


Helge Aune (born 6 September 1973) is a retired Norwegian football defender.

He played for Rosenborg BK and the Norwegian under-21 national team early in his career. In 1995, he joined Bodø/Glimt. However, he was often injured, and never fully broke into the first team. He retired as an active player after the 2000 season. In 2004 and 2005 he coached Ålgård FK.

References

1973 births
Living people
Norwegian men's footballers
Rosenborg BK players
FK Bodø/Glimt players
Norwegian football managers
Eliteserien players

Men's association football defenders


Your Choice Live Series 020 is an official live album containing material by The Notwist. It was recorded live at "Logo" in Hamburg / Germany by "Norddeutscher Rundfunk" on January 11, 1994 and the "Kulturstation" in Munich / Germany by Andy Jung on the February 26, 1993. "Unsaid Undone" was recorded live in the "Rock Radio B9" / Berlin in June 1993. Munich show mixed in December 1993 by Andy Jung at "Don´t come on Monday Studios" / Berlin.

Track listing

Personnel
The Notwist
Markus Acher - Guitar, vocals
Michael Acher - Bass
Mecki Messerschmidt -  Drums
Tobby Holzinger - Producer

External links
 The Notwist Official Site
 Your Choice Records Official site
 The Devil, You + Me Official Site
 The Notwist at NPR Music
 www.alientransistor.de

 Concert photos in Roskilde Festival
 The Notwist at Pandora
 The Notwist at exclaim!
 The Notwist in Israel

1994 live albums
The Notwist albums


The Café A Brasileira (The Brazilian Cafe) is a café situated along the Largo Barão de São Martinho, in the civil parish of Braga (São José de São Lázaro e São João do Souto), in the historic Portuguese municipality of the same name.

History

The café first opened on 17 March 1907, a franchise of the already existing cafés named the Brazilian by Adolpho de Azevedo, a Portuense merchant and Vice-Counsel to Brazil. This new incarnation of the popular café opened on the corner of the Largo do Barão de São Martinho and Rua de São Marcos, and included not just coffee beans, but also fine wines bottled by the Parceria Vinícola dos Lavradores do Douro (Farmer's Winery Partnership of the Douro). In order to attract clients to his wholesale coffee-shop, Azevedo continued the tradition that started in Lisbon with A Brasileira: he offered a cup of coffee, with the purchase of a  of coffee beans.

Adolpho de Azevedo ran the establishment for 30 years, until it was acquired by Joaquim Queirós in 1937, who continued to operate the establishment for another four decades. Queirós maintained, and then integrated the neighbouring coffeehouse (Café Sport) which was located in the lower part of the neighbouring building, into A Brasileira.

During the Estado Novo regime (1933–1974), a rival café, called Nova Brasileira opened on the opposite corner of the coffeehouse. It was during this time that A Brasileira became the centre of anti-Salazarist opposition to the regime, and the Nova Brasileira was visited by those loyal to the regime.

In 1997, the café came into the possession of Joaquim Domingos Godinho, who operated the establishment until 2004, when Armindo Pinheiro and his sons became the property-owners.

The café reopened in 2009, following extensive remodelling begun in September 2008, under the auspices of ASAE Autoridade para a Segurança Alimentar e Económica (Food and Economic Security Authority); the renovation included work in kitchen and necessary replacement of the old wood beams with stainless steel frames.

See also

References

Notes

Buildings and structures in Braga
1907 establishments in Portugal
Tourist attractions in Braga
Coffeehouses and cafés
Restaurants in Portugal


Minuscule 416 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering; ε 422 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule parchment manuscript of the New Testament. Via palaeography it has been assigned to the 14th century.
The marginal equipment is full.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 153 parchment leaves (), with numerous lacunae (Matthew 1:1-25:36; 26:17-27:17; 27:33-Mark 2:25; John 18:8-21:25). The text's format is one column per page, with 22 lines per page. The hand in which it is written is very rough.

The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 Sections, 16:9), whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers). The division according to the  (chapters), with  (titles), was added by later hand.

It contains tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, Synaxarion, Menologion, pictures,
lectionary markings at the margin (added by later hand), and  (lessons).

Text
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Kurt Aland did not place it in any Category.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents Kx in Luke 1. In Luke 10 and Luke 20 it has mixed Byzantine text.

The text of the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is omitted.

History

Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated some portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 24) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts


Lev Lvovich Kamenev (; 1834, according to other information in 1833, Rylsk, Kursk Governorate –  Savvinskaya sloboda, Moscow Governorate), was a Russian landscape painter.

Biography
Kamenev was born in 1834. Soon afterwards, his father, a small trader, moved with the family to Astrakhan, where Lev studied at the local grammar school, but did not finish it because his father was in need of assistance, and took him to own shop. A passion for painting with Lev Kamenev saw the grandfather of Konstantin Korovin, who arranged for him to own an office and gave him five thousand rubles for admission to the Art school in St. Petersburg.

In 1854, aged twenty-one years, he went to Moscow and entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture with the coming celebrities such as Ivan Shishkin and Vasily Perov, where he studied under the mentoring Karl Rabus, and after his death in 1857, under the mentoring Alexei Savrasov. In 1858 Kamenev was bestowed the title of the professional painter of the 3d degree and became a member of the Moscow Society of Amateurs of Arts, at the expense of it he departed for a two-year trip abroad for learning and mastery of Western European artists. Traveling to Germany and Switzerland, he carried out together with Ivan Shishkin.

The peak of Kamenev's career was in the 1860-70s, when his painting Winter Road became part of the Tretyakov collection. In 1869 for the painting Winter View from the Outskirts of Moscow and View from the Outskirts of Porechye he received the title of academician of the Academy of Arts landscape painting and became a member and one of the founders of The Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions (Peredvizhniki). Between 1871-1884, Kamenev took part at the exhibitions of the Association. In 1886 Kamenev died in poverty and solitude.

Works

References

1830s births
1886 deaths
People from Rylsky District
People from Rylsky Uyezd
19th-century painters from the Russian Empire
Russian male painters
19th-century male artists from the Russian Empire
Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture alumni


Shkolny (masculine), Shkolnaya (feminine), or Shkolnoye (neuter) (Russian word meaning "school’s") may refer to:

Shkolny, name of several rural localities in Russia
Shkolnaya Street, a street in Moscow, Russia
Shkolnaya railway station, a railway station of the Primorskaya railway, located near Sestroretsk, Russia
Shkolnoye, a rural locality (a selo) in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia


Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi (Punjabi: ਕੰਵਲਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਬਖ਼ਸ਼ੀ; born 20 February 1964) is an Indian-born New Zealand politician and a member of the National Party. He was a Member of Parliament as a list MP from the 2008 election to the 2020 election.

Early life
In an interview, Bakshi said that he was born in Delhi, India. His father, Bakshi Jagdev Singh was a politician. Bakshi attended Guru Harkrishan Public School and acquired a degree in Commerce from the University of Delhi in 1985. His first job after graduation was in the family's freight business where he eventually became a marketing manager. Bakshi married Irvinder Kaur in 1989, and moved to New Zealand in 2001.

Member of Parliament

Bakshi was both New Zealand's first Indian and first Sikh Member of Parliament. He was elected in the  by way of the party list, having unsuccessfully contested the Manukau East electorate. Bakshi recontested Manukau East in 2011, 2014 and 2017; he was elected each time as a list MP. In his parliamentary career, Bakshi served as Chairperson of the Law and Order Select Committee (2015–2017), Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Police, and National Party spokesperson for Internal Affairs (2017–2020) and Ethnic Communities (2020).

In early 2009 and again in August 2009, he was investigated by police and Immigration New Zealand over a scheme where he allegedly made false job offers to Indian people wishing to enter New Zealand. Bakshi was later cleared by the police of wrongdoing; the main complainant was not interviewed as they had had left the country.

In June 2010, his Military Manoeuvres Act Repeal Bill was drawn from the member's ballot. The bill passed into law in April 2012. A second member's bill, seeking to legalise the carrying of kirpans by Sikhs, was drafted but not drawn.

Kanwaljit accompanied New Zealand's Prime Minister John Key on his visit to India in June 2011. He has been recognised for fostering ties between New Zealand and India. Bakshi has also assisted the New Zealand Government in publishing their policies in Indian languages such as Hindi, Gujrati and Punjabi for the benefit of the Indian community. He also received the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award at a ceremony in India in January 2015 for building a positive profile of people of Indian Origin in New Zealand and South Pacific.

Bakshi voted against the first reading of Louisa Wall's same-sex marriage bill in August 2012. Bakshi later attended a protest against Louisa Wall's bill stating to the crowd of around 250: "We understand that God made us and we are firm believers [that] marriage is between a man and woman, I tell you, the majority of the National Party MPs voted against this bill. There were only three Labour party MPs who voted against this bill. So you can understand who believes in Christianity, who believes in this bill. It is the National Party." Bakshi later conceded that in fact a majority of National MPs had voted for the bill.

In 2016 Bakshi faced criticism for comparing international students to a commodity such as fridges. In an interview, following a question about treating Indian students as "economic commodities", Bakshi said "if New Zealand gets fridges from China and they're faulty then they send them back".

In Bakshi's fourth term, the National Party was in Opposition and he was the party's spokesperson for Internal Affairs (2017–2020) and Ethnic Communities (2020). He voted against the End of Life Choice Act 2019 and the Abortion Legislation Act 2020.

During the 2020 New Zealand general election, Bakshi contested the Panmure-Ōtāhuhu electorate (which had replaced the Manukau East electorate due to boundary changes). He again lost the electorate seat to Labour candidate Jenny Salesa, by a final margin of 18,626 votes. Bakshi had been raised in the National Party list, going from 32nd to 24th, but the National Party as a whole fared poorly in the election, receiving only 33 seats of which only 10 went to list MPs. Bakshi did not rank high enough on National's party list to be re-elected, and so left Parliament.

References

External links
Profile at New Zealand Parliament
Profile at National party (archive copy from 2011)
Kanwaljit Singh Bakshi official site (archive from 2010)
Twitter account (archive from January 2020)

1964 births
Living people
New Zealand National Party MPs
New Zealand Sikhs
New Zealand people of Punjabi descent
New Zealand list MPs
Indian emigrants to New Zealand
Delhi University alumni
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politicians
Candidates in the 2011 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2014 New Zealand general election
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election
Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman
Foreign-born New Zealand politicians


Walter Bosshard (1892–1975) was a Swiss photographer and reporter. He was instrumental in shaping the style of illustrated magazines that became popular at the end of the 1920s and is considered a pioneer of modern photojournalism.

Life
Bosshard studied pedagogy and art history in Zurich and Florence and trained as a primary school teacher at the Kantonsschule Küsnacht. From 1911 to 1913 he was active in the field. From 1914 to 1918 he worked as a teacher in Feldmeilen. Photography was initially only his hobby, he was self-taught.

In 1919 Bosshard gave up teaching and went to Sumatra to work as an administrator on a plantation and then as a gemstone dealer in the Far East. In 1927/28 he participated as a technician in the German Central Asia expedition to Kashmir and Xinjiang, led by Emil Trinkler. His first photo reportage was created from the photographs he took during this time. His exotic pictures from faraway countries were highly sought after and he received commissions from various magazines, such as the Berliner Illustrirten Zeitung and the Münchner Illustrierte Presse.

In 1929 Mohammed Nadir was crowned as the new King of Afghanistan. Only three foreign journalists were admitted to the enthronement and the festivities: the American William L. Shirer, the Austrian Harald Lechenperg and Walter Bosshard. In 1930, he was sent to India by the German Photographic Service (Dephot), where he succeeded in producing a highly acclaimed series of photographs from the private life of Mahatma Gandhi, who otherwise shied away from publicity. He then reported from Siam, Cambodia, the Shan States, the Upper Mekong Valley, French Laos and Annam. In 1931 he was in Nanjing, where he was able to record a meeting with Marshal Chiang Kai-shek and presented a photo reportage about Mao Zedong, which was again highly regarded. In the same year he made a photo report for the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung about the polar flight of the airship Graf Zeppelin. In 1932 he also travelled to Singapore, Bangkok, the Philippines and Japan. In 1933 he documented the Manchurian crisis, reported from Shanghai and took part in a German geographic Kokonor expedition. Afterwards he was a correspondent in Beijing until 1939, where he mainly worked for the American agency Black Star. In March 1934 he experienced the coronation of Puyi as emperor in Manchukuo, from 1934 to 1936 further journeys through China followed, among others to Inner Mongolia.

In 1939 he became foreign correspondent for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) and worked increasingly as a reporter rather than as a photographer. As of 1940, he was a correspondent for Life. He was a war correspondent in Poland, Greece, Iraq and Iran; from 1942 to 1945 he was stationed in Washington and was an observer at the San Francisco Conference, the Yalta Conference and the beginnings of the United Nations. From 1946 to 1949 he went again to Beijing, where he had to flee from the invasion of the communists and lost a large number of his photographic works during his escape. From 1949 to 1953 he worked as a correspondent in the Middle East.

An accident in Korea in 1953 - he tripped over a tree root and suffered a complicated hip fracture - ended his professional career. He withdrew into private life and lived in Torremolinos and Ronda in Spain until his death, where he died shortly after his 83rd birthday.

Portfolio
Paul Hofer, Bosshard's godchild and heir, bequeathed the written legacy to the Archive for Contemporary History (AfZ) of ETH Zurich. The holdings comprise diary-like notes and collections of articles, including almost all of the NZZ reports from 1939 to 1956, as well as documents and manuscripts relating to his books, supplemented by 20,000 positives and negatives, slides, glass plates, large albums and films. The , which owns the majority of the collection of negatives and supplementary materials, carried out a project co-financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation together with the AfZ, the result of which was a complete inventory of both holdings, a book publication and, in 1997/98, an exhibition in the Kunsthaus Zürich on Boshard's work.

Publications
 Durch Tibet und Turkestan. 1930.
 Indien kämpft! 1931.
 Erlebte Weltgeschichte. Reisen und Begegnungen eines neutralen Berichterstatters im Weltkrieg 1939-1945. Mit 44 Aufnahmen., Fretz und Wasmuth 1947.
 Kühles Grasland Mongolei, Büchergilde Gutenberg 1952.
 Gefahrenherd der Welt, Büchergilde Gutenberg 1954.
 Generäle, Könige, Rebellen. 1954.
 Thut, Geschichte aus dem Sudan, Fretz & Wasmuth 1960.
 Im goldenen Sand von Asswan, Orell Füssli 1962.

Photo material
Boshard's estate at the Fotostiftung Schweiz in Winterthur contains extensive photographic material on his travels and photo reportages, including
Plantation work and gemstone trade in the Far East 1919-1925,
Expeditions 1926-1932 Kashmir, Central Asia, India, Afghanistan, Siam, Kama, Shan States, Upper Mekong Valley, French Laos, Annam, Japan-China War 1931/32,
Singapore, Bangkok, Philippines, Japan; stay in China 1933-1939
German Koko-Nor expedition, imperial coronation, travels in Rehe and Mongolia, hunting in Manchuria, Yangtze, Chinese-Japanese war 1937,
Yenan, Siam, fight for Hankou; World War II (war reporting, USA) 1938-1944
Post-war period 1945-1956

Films
 Peking, 1934
 Freunde in Peking, 1934
 Kaiserkrönung in Hsinking, 1934
 Mandschurei, Nr. 1, ca. 1935
 Mongolei, Teil I und II, ca. 1936
 Allerlei aus China, 1936
 Von Tientsin nach Shanghai, 1937
 Siam I, 1938
 Siam-Lobpburi, s. d.
 Evacuation Children, 1938
 Yenan, Teil I und II, 1938
 Weltausstellung in New York, 1939
 Pazifik-Kanada, 1939
 Plymouth-Rom, s. d.
 USA-Kanada 1943-1944. Von Washington nach Williamsburg – Tropfsteinhöhlen in Kanada, 1944
 Peking 1947, 1. August-Feier, Privates, 1947
 Peking: Tore, Strasse, Tempel, Zauberer, Opium, Verbotene Stadt, ca. 1954
 Grosse Mauer, Shanghai, Pagode der Macht in Lungwa, s. d.

References

External links
portal.dnb.de

1892 births
1975 deaths
Swiss photographers
Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia
20th-century Swiss journalists


Minuscule 417 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 423 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.
It has full marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the first three Gospels on 112 parchment leaves () with two large lacunae at the beginning and end. The text of the manuscript begins at Matthew 5:44 and ends at Luke 6:9. The text is written in one column per page, in 21-29 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 Sections, the last in 16:9), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).

It contains lectionary markings at the margin (added by a later hand), and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel (some of them from later hand).

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.
It was not examined by Claremont Profile Method.

History

Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated some portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 25) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts


Vietnam has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film since 1993. The award, previously named the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, is presented annually by the U.S. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue. It was not created until the 1956 Academy Awards, in which a competitive Academy Award of Merit, known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award, was introduced for non-English speaking films, and has been given annually since.

Trần Anh Hùng's The Scent of Green Papaya was Vietnam's first submission for the 1993 awards. Despite the film being financed and produced in France, Hùng asked permission to represent Vietnam instead—it uses mainly Vietnamese language and the characters are portrayed by Vietnamese actors. It is the only Vietnamese film to secure a nomination, and was the first nomination received by a Southeast Asian country in the category. The Scent of Green Papaya and the three subsequent submissions—Hồ Quang Minh's Gone, Gone Forever Gone (1996), Tony Bui's Three Seasons (1999), and Hùng's Vertical Ray of the Sun (2000)—were directed by overseas Vietnamese directors and chosen without any support councils, deriving solely from the directors' relationship with foreign partners. Of all four, only Gone, Gone Forever Gone was domestically funded. In September 2003, the Ministry of Culture and Information decided to send Đỗ Minh Tuấn's Foul King, a film entirety produced by Vietnamese, to compete in the category. It was not, however, included on the final list announced by the AMPAS in October.

Vietnam initially received the AMPAS' invitation to participate in the competition in 2006, when a requirement was introduced that films needed to be commercially-released for at least seven consecutive days in a movie theater in its respective country during the eligibility period. The Buffalo Boy was the first selection by the Ministry of Culture and Information following the invitation. The ministry was merged into the Vietnamese Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST) in 2007, who has since decided the submissions annually. , Vietnam has successfully submitted eighteen films—578 Magnum (2022) is the most recent submission in this category.

Submissions

The AMPAS has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956, while The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films. They vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award.

The Vietnamese submission is chosen by the MCST, formerly the Ministry of Culture and Information, since 2006. The MCST appoints a council to choose one film among those released that year to be submitted as Vietnam's official entry the following year. The council works on the principle of public discussion and votes via secret ballot—the chosen film must attain the highest score on a 10-point scale and the average above 9 points. The chosen films, along with their English subtitles, are sent to the AMPAS, where they are screened for the jury.

In 2008, Black Forest (Rừng đen) was the only film submitted to an open call for entries but was deemed ineligible since it had not been screened in a commercial cinema per AMPAS requirements. Similarly, the MCST chose not make an entry in 2013, when the only available film Blood Letter (Thiên mệnh anh hùng) did not meet the release time. Vietnam also chose not make a 2010 entry because the films reviewed did not meet the requirements; while in 2014, they did not receive any invitation from the AMPAS for the first time since 2006.

See also

 List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best International Feature Film
 List of Asian Academy Award winners and nominees

Notes

References

External links
 The Official Academy Awards Database

Vietnam
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film


Minuscule 418 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 504 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.
It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Mark on 120 paper leaves () with lacunae. The text is written in two columns per page, in 17-20 lines per page. It has many errors of itacism.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (no references to the Eusebian Canons).

It contains tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, lectionary equipment at the margin, and many red crosses for stops.

Contents: Matthew and Mark 1:1-13:32. Probably the manuscript was never finished.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.

In Matthew 6:13 it has doxology in the Lord's Prayer in this version:
ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα, τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. ἀμήν (For thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory, of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit for ever. Amen.)
This ending appears in only two other manuscripts: 157 and 225.

History

The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 28) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts


Andrew Payze (born 25 August 1966) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He also had a long career at the West Torrens Football Club and Woodville-West Torrens Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL).

Payze was a runner up in the Magarey Medal and won the West Torrens 'Best and Fairest' award in 1986. He was then picked up by Essendon with the ninth pick in the 1986 VFL draft but returned to South Australia after being unable to break into the seniors. A wingman, he represented South Australia at the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival and played six times in all for his state during his career, included a match as captain in 1994.

After another failed attempt to launch an AFL career, at Richmond, Payze became a foundation player at the Adelaide Crows when they joined the competition in 1991. He however could only manage 14 appearances and continued in the SANFL, with the newly formed Woodville-West Torrens, with whom he was a premiership winner in 1993. By the time he retired in 1998, Payze had amassed 308 SANFL games and kicked 233 goals. He is a life member, life governor and wingman in the Woodville-West Torrens official 'Team of the Decade'.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1966 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Adelaide Football Club players
West Torrens Football Club players
Woodville-West Torrens Football Club players
South Australian State of Origin players


Sett (pronounced "Sheth") is a Bengali surname, derived from "Shreshthi" (which means businessman in Hindi).
Shreshthis were the oldest known businessmen in northern India. The name was changed to "Shethi" during the medieval period. After the arrival of the East India Company in India, the surname was anglicised to "Sheth" and later to "Sett".

The Setts originally came from Gujarat during the 15th century and settled in Saptagram, Bengal and were engaged in primarily trading in cotton. In those days, Saptagram was a prosperous trading port in the East Indies and it was the Portuguese who were the predominant European merchants there. They used to call it "Porto Pequeno" or Little Haven and predated the British by more than 100 years. The Setts prospered and gradually started to blend into the Bengali culture. Gradual silting caused Saptagram to lose its importance and the Setts moved their business further down to Betor, which was in Howrah, diagonally opposite Calcutta across the Ganges. While in Betor, they set up their residences in Gobindapur (present day Dalhousie Square in Calcutta). Those days, Gobindapur was a dense marshy jungle inhabited by wild animals. The Setts cleared the area and build their mansions over here. With the advent of the British, Dutch and other European traders, Betor was poised to be a major trading centre and the Setts became the dominating Indian merchants of the region. Job Charnock arrived from Patna towards the end of the 17th century and established a trading post.

When the British decided to build a fort in Calcutta to protect their mercantile interest, they asked the inhabitants of Gobindapur to move further north into Sutanuti. The Setts moved to Banstolla, present day Hariram Goenka Street, Burrabazar and resettled their family deity, 'Gobinda Jew" and built their dwellings around that. The Sett family temple and mansions are still there and stands testimony to the wealth and prosperity of the Setts.

The land on which Jorasanko Thakur Bari stands today was donated by the famous Sett family (not to be confused with Seth) of Burrabazar to Prince Dwarkanath Tagore, who was the grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore. Dwarkanath Tagore was the adopted son of Ramlochon Tagore and when he joined Brahmo Samaj, he was forced to leave his ancestral house at Pathutiaghata. Here comes the role of another influential family, the Sett. The Sett family had a marshy land where two small walking bridges ("Sanko" meaning bridges in Bengali) were present and they donated the land to Prince Dwarkanath Tagore. So from the small dual bridges came the name Jorasanko.

From different sources one gets the general idea that a major part of Dalhousie Square belonged to the Setts. Calcutta is because of their endeavours and they are the lost founders of the city that went on to become the capital of British India and made its place in history.

Sett family is still residing at Pathuriaghata maintaining their lavish & luxury lifestyle and people in the locality respects them.

See also
Sethi
Sheth
Chettiar

Bengali Hindu surnames


is an indoor sporting arena located in Komatsu, Ishikawa, Japan. The capacity of the arena is 1,500 people and was opened in 1997.

Komatsu, Ishikawa
Indoor arenas in Japan
Sports venues in Ishikawa Prefecture
1997 establishments in Japan
Sports venues completed in 1997
Covered stadiums in Japan


Minuscule 419 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 232 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.
The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 262 parchment leaves () with some lacunae. The text is written in one column per page, in 22 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (no references to the Eusebian Canons).

It contains tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, lectionary equipment at the margin for liturgical use, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, and music notes.

The texts of John 8:44-11:33; 21:7-25 is written on paper and was added in the 16th century.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 1, Luke 10, and Luke 20. It creates a textual pair with 272.

History

Formerly the manuscript was housed at the monastery of St. Michael de Muriano in Venice. The manuscript was described by Mittarelli (1708-1777), along with the codex 595. It was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 60) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 J. B. Mitarelli, Bibliotheca codicum manuscriptorum monasterii S. Michaelis, Venedig 1779.

Greek New Testament minuscules
12th-century biblical manuscripts


Shkolnaya railway station () is a railway station located near Sestroretsk (suburb of Saint Petersburg), Russia.

It was built by the Joint-stock company of the Prinorskaya St.-Peterburg-Sestroretsk railway.

References

Railway stations in Saint Petersburg


Cymothoe sangaris, the blood-red glider, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central Africa.

Some authors believe the species should be split into separate species. They base this on morphological characteristics (mainly in the females) and DNA research. The new species would be specialised in one food plant.

Currently, the following subspecies are recognised:
Cymothoe sangaris sangaris
Range: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Angola, DRC: Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, North Kivu, Tshopo, Tshuapa, Equateur, Kinshasa, Kwango, Kasai, Sankuru and Maniema provinces
Cymothoe sangaris luluana Overlaet, 1945
Range: DRC: Lualaba and Lomami provinces, Zambia

The larvae feed on Rinorea species.

References

Butterflies described in 1824
Cymothoe (butterfly)


Joseph Campbell (28 March 1925 – 7 September 1980) was a Scottish professional association football player of the 1940s and 1950s. After failing to break into the first team with Celtic, he went on to play for Leyton Orient and Gillingham and made 17 appearances in the English Football League.

References

Scottish men's footballers
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Celtic F.C. players
1925 births
Footballers from Glasgow
1980 deaths
English Football League players
Men's association football inside forwards


Luton Town Football Club is an English professional football club based in the town of Luton, Bedfordshire. Founded in 1885, Luton Town were the first professional team in the south of England, fully professional by 1891. Luton were also one of the first southern Football League clubs, joining in 1897 before leaving again in 1900 due to financial instability. The club rejoined the League for the 1920–21 season. George Thompson became the club's first manager four years later, but only lasted eight months before leaving, and wasn't replaced until 1927. 1936–37 saw Luton promoted to the Second Division, and the first post-war seasons saw a strong Luton team begin to emerge. Record goalscorer Gordon Turner's arrival into the first team in 1950 helped Luton to promotion to the First Division for the first time in 1954–55, and the team remained there until relegation in the 1959–60 season. Luton also reached the 1959 FA Cup Final, where Turner's absence and the team's questionable preparation for the game meant that Luton lost 2–1 to Nottingham Forest. The club was subsequently relegated three times in six seasons, reaching the Fourth Division by 1965–66. However, players such as Malcolm Macdonald ensured that the club was then promoted twice in three years and was back in the Second Division by 1970.

Creation, professionalism and The Football League (1885–1900)
Luton Town Football Club was formed on 11 April 1885. Before this there were many clubs in the town, the most prominent of which were Luton Wanderers and Luton Excelsior. A Wanderers player, George Deacon, came up with the idea of a "Town" club which would include all the best players in Luton. Wanderers secretary Herbert Spratley seized upon Deacon's idea and arranged a secret meeting on 13 January 1885 at the St Matthews school rooms in High Town. The Wanderers committee resolved to rename the club Luton Town – which was not well received by the wider community. The local newspapers referred to the club as "Luton Town (late Wanderers)". When George Deacon and John Charles Lomax then arranged a public meeting with the purpose of forming a "Luton Town Football Club", Spratley protested, saying there was already a Luton Town club; and the atmosphere was tense when the meeting convened in the town hall on 11 April 1885. The meeting, attended by most football lovers in the town, heard about Spratley's secret January meeting and voted down his objections. The motion to form a "Luton Town Football Club", put forward by G H Small and seconded by E H Lomax, was carried. A club committee was elected by ballot and the team colours were agreed to be pink and dark blue shirts and caps. The club's early years saw around 35 matches played between October and the following Easter. Most of these were friendlies arranged by the club's secretary, but Luton also competed in the FA Cup. The team had little success – it was not until the 1891–92 season that Luton reached the first round proper.

Luton's first achievement was perhaps to become the first professional club in the south of England, at a time when professionalism was mainly restricted to the north. Most players had to work on a Saturday morning and were often late for a game, which annoyed the crowd. It also meant shortened games in the dark winter months. On 15 December 1890, a salary of five shillings per week was offered to three players –  Frank Whitby, Harry Whitby and Tom Read – to replace their lost earnings for Saturday morning, to ensure they arrived at the game on time. Harry Whitby and Thomas Read were the first to sign and thus became the first professional footballers in the south. Frank Whitby held out for a shilling a week more than his brother, but did not get it and eventually signed a month after his brother. In August 1891 it was decided to pay the whole team two shillings and sixpence per week, plus expenses. Woolwich Arsenal became the second professional club in southern England a few weeks later.

Luton Town were founder members of the Southern Football League in 1894–95 – the club's first competitive league match was on 6 October 1894 – a 4–3 home defeat to Millwall Athletic, who went on to win the inaugural championship as Luton finished as runners-up. The next season, 1895–96, saw Luton come second again as Millwall retained the championship. The sparse programme of league matches was still supplemented by numerous friendly matches at this time. After the two successive runners-up finishes, Luton applied to join the Football League's Second Division in 1896. When the club was not elected, Luton Town instead helped to form the United League. With only eight members, the United League was a short-lived failure and produced a damaging financial loss for the club – in the league's inaugural season, Luton finished second behind Millwall for the third consecutive year.

Council plans to build a school on the site of the Dallow Lane ground caused the club to relocate to Dunstable Road in 1897 and to become a limited company. The following summer, Luton Town applied once again to the Football League, and this time were elected to the Football League Second Division for the 1897–98 season. During the club's first Football League campaign, moderate success was enjoyed, and the team also won the United League. The second season in the League was considered a failure, as Luton finished 15th – the 17th-place finish in the third was considered so disastrous that the club did not even apply for re-election. With wages rising beyond the club's financial means, attendances falling and most of the club's turnover being spent on accommodation and transport to away matches in the north, it was decided that for the club to continue, it would be necessary to return to the Southern League.

Back to the Southern League (1900–1919)

The 1900–01 season was winger Bob Hawkes's first. In the 1900–01, 1901–02 and 1902–03 seasons Luton Town finished 10th, seventh and 11th respectively, finally making a profit for the first time since turning professional in 1903. The 1904–05 season saw Luton finish 17th – second from bottom – and to make matters worse, the club was told to leave the Dunstable Road ground at short notice. The club's directors quickly found a new site and the 1905–06 season kicked off at a new ground at Kenilworth Road. The side was re-elected unanimously to the Southern League, and Luton's first season at the club's new home was a success, seeing the team finish fourth, a feat that was repeated the following season. Meanwhile, Hawkes, in his second season as captain, was chosen to play for England, and in doing so became Luton's first international player.

For the 1907–08 season, a new set of forwards were signed but goals were still hard to come by. Despite possessing a strong half back line made up of Hawkes, Fred Hawkes and Fred White, the club slumped to 18th place and made a financial loss. The following year the team recovered to ninth place, but the financial situation worsened. The forwards finally found the goal in 1909–10, but too many goals were let in at the other end and the club finished 15th. The continuing financial problems caused the sale of forward pair John Smith and Thomas Quinn to Millwall. By 1910–11 gates were up, finances were being brought under control and the club challenged for the title before eventually finishing in ninth place. Optimism was in the air at the start of the 1911–12 season, but it was to finish in tragedy – popular full-back Sammy Wightman died from injuries sustained in a match against Brighton & Hove Albion, and a high wage bill, a spate of injuries and a lack of goals contributed to the club being relegated to the Southern League's Second Division.

The club planned to bounce straight back in the 1912–13 season, but even with a team of strong new players the team could only finish fifth. The formation of the Luton Town Supporters Club, who raised £60 during the season, helped the club to stem the financial losses. In 1914 the side finished second and were promoted back to the First Division, just as the First World War was about to begin. The 1914–15 season was the last complete season before competitive sport was mostly abandoned. Most war-time games were friendlies, but while Luton competed in the London Combination, Ernie Simms, who had been wounded during the war, achieved the feat of scoring 40 goals during 1916–17.

Rejoining The Football League (1919–1937)

In the first season following the conflict, 1919–20, not even return of Ernie Simms could stop Luton finishing 20th in the Southern League. Fortunately for Luton, no clubs were relegated that season; instead, Luton joined the new Football League Third Division, and replaced the blue, white and navy kit with a new colour scheme – white shirts, black shorts and black socks.

Feeling confident of promotion from the new division, Luton finished ninth in 1920–21 and enjoyed a good cup run. 17,754 fans saw the FA Cup defeat by Preston North End, setting a club attendance record in doing so. Simms scored 34 goals during the season to top-score for the club. Such was the quality of Luton's squad that three Luton players played in a single international at Windsor Park on 22 October 1922 – Louis Bookman and Allan Mathieson for Ireland, and Ernie Simms for England. Despite Luton's playing resources, the side disappointingly finished only fourth. The main stand was destroyed in a fire and rebuilt before the start of the 1922–23. As the club finished fifth, seventh and then 17th, hopes of quick promotion disappeared.

The 1925–26 season saw the appointment of Luton's first manager, George Thompson. The club finished eighth, while Thompson departed after just eight months in charge, "scalded by the experience". He was not replaced until 1927. The following season saw another eighth-place finish and following a shareholder revolt, there was a boardroom clear-out. Only the club's long-serving chairman, Harry Arnold, survived.

The boardroom changes created optimism in 1927–28 that was again dashed with a 13th-place finish. Meanwhile, a former player from the 1890s, John McCartney, was appointed manager. It was a high-scoring season that saw the club scoring 94, but conceding 87 – on Boxing Day, Luton led 5–1 only to lose 5–6. The following year saw McCartney guide his team to seventh with help from young Scotsman Andy Rennie, who switched from centre-half to centre-forward and scored 43 goals in 41 matches. McCartney suffered from persistent ill-health, and was replaced by assistant George Kay in December 1929. His team slumped to 13th place, but improved in 1930–31 to seventh.

Before the 1931–32, Kay left to manage Southampton and was replaced by Harold Wightman. Despite the presence of skilful players such as Frederick Kean, Charles Fraser and Rennie, the club was beset with injuries and finished sixth. The following season Luton finished 14th, perhaps distracted by a cup run which was finally ended by the eventual winners, Everton, in the sixth round. Charles Jeyes, who had served on the board for six years, became chairman in the 1933 off-season and secured the purchase of the club's Kenilworth Road ground. The Bobbers Stand was constructed that same year, and 18,641 spectators saw Luton beaten in the cup by Arsenal. Promotion still eluded Luton, and the club was also denied promotion in  1934–35. The club finished fourth, largely due to the sale of two vital players, Bill Brown and Sam Bell, and a terrible injury to Fraser.

The 1935–36 season started poorly, Harold Wightman resigned in October 1935. With team affairs controlled by the directors, the club went unbeaten for five months before being knocked out of the cup by Manchester City in January. On 13 April 1936, young Joe Payne was drafted into the first team due to injuries and scored ten goals during a 12–0 defeat of Bristol Rovers – as of 2013, Payne's achievement of ten goals in a match is still a Football League record. The directors recruited Ned Liddle to fill the vacant manager's position in August 1936 – the team finally won promotion on 1 May 1937 with a 2–0 victory over Torquay United. Payne scored both goals that day, and 55 goals in 39 games over the season as Luton Town won the Third Division South for the first time. The club also beat its traditional rival Watford, both at home and away. The clubs would not meet again in the league until 1963–64.

The Second Division (1937–1955)
The 1937–38 season was tough for the club: Luton's opening home matches were against Aston Villa, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur. Luton battled relegation for much of the season but finished 12th and reached the fifth round of the FA Cup, losing 3–1 to Manchester City. Late in the season, manager Ned Liddle left to join Chelsea (as a scout), as did star forward Joe Payne days later. Payne's replacement was local boy Hugh Billington, who scored 28 goals during the final season before the outbreak of war, 1938–39. The club finished in seventh place under new manager Neil McBain, but disagreements between McBain and the board saw the Scotsman leave after just one season. George Martin was appointed as coach; his Luton team was unbeaten over the first three games of the 1939–40 season and thus top of the Second Division on the day that the Second World War broke out.

The Football League resumed in 1946–47 – Martin, who had been promoted to manager in 1944, brought in Dally Duncan, a former Scottish international, as player-coach. Martin moved to Newcastle United at the end of an inconsistent season, and in his place Duncan was promoted to manager. The next four seasons were a transitional period in which ageing pre-war players were gradually replaced by a younger generation, often by means of unpopular sales of the best talents: Hugh Billington, Frank Soo, Billy Hughes and Bob Brennan were all sold for big fees. In their place came the new breed of Luton player – South African forward Billy Arnison became a crowd favourite before injury forced him to return home, and home-grown talent such as Bob Morton and Gordon Turner saw a new Luton line-up start to emerge.

After a large financial loss and declining attendances, optimism was not high at the start of the 1951–52 season. However, performances were boosted by the debut of Gordon Turner and by the growing maturity of players like Syd Owen, Charlie Watkins and Bob Morton. Luton Town challenged for promotion before finishing eighth and again reached the sixth round of the FA Cup. 1952–53 marked the signing of Jesse Pye. Luton made a poor start in the league but then went on a run of excellent results. It was enough to finish third, the club's highest league finish at that time. Pye fractured his ankle in December 1953 and sat out the rest of the season; many fans believed the club would have won promotion had he stayed fit. As it was, the club finished sixth.

After 21 years as chairman, chairman Charles Jeyes stepped down in 1954. In 1954–55, during replacement Percy Mitchell's first season as chairman, promotion to the top flight finally came. Jesse Pye had moved to Derby County after just eight games, but Turner had by then matured enough to fill Pye's boots. Turner scored a new club record of 32 league goals in 42 appearances as a side boasting the talents of Owen, Ron Baynham and Morton as well as Turner's own marched to promotion. On 30 April 1955, the side won 3–0 at Doncaster Rovers and thus secured promotion in second place, behind Birmingham City on goal average. Mitchell boasted that the club would be able stay in the top flight, and planned to build a new ground that would "hold 35,000 in comfort … [and] get a lot of support which goes to London at the moment".

Into the top-flight (1955–1960)

The backbone of the 1954–55 promotion team was retained for the club's first top-flight season and many fine performances contributed to a 10th-place finish in 1955–56. Captain Syd Owen replaced Tom Kelly as coach, but lost three months of the season as a player after a thigh injury. Other injuries and spells of bad luck put paid to the possibility of challenging for the title. There was only one big signing during the following season, as the club relied on youth development to finish a respectable 16th; Allan Brown arrived in February from Blackpool for a fee of £8,000. Meanwhile, Turner scored 30 league goals and 33 over the following season as the club rose to eighth place in the First Division.

Luton's cup exploits of 1958–59 disguised the beginnings of an era of decline. Dally Duncan's team was beginning to show its age – Syd Owen was already 37 and taking on coaching responsibilities. Duncan left for Blackburn Rovers in October 1958, and for the rest of the season team affairs were managed by a committee made up of club directors and coaching staff. The club struggled to a 17th-place finish, but in the FA Cup Luton enjoyed unprecedented success. Luton accomplished the rare feat of fielding the same team of eleven players all the way through to the FA Cup Final. Gordon Turner had lost his place through injury problems earlier on in the season, and when the choice was made by the directors to name an unchanged team for the final, thus leaving Turner out, there was much controversy. Luton had beaten Forest 5–1 just weeks before, but on cup final day, the Luton team was beaten 2–1.

The Cup Final was Syd Owen's last match for Luton, as he was chosen to take over as manager for the 1959–60 season. His one season at the helm was a catastrophe for the club – Owen complained that the club's directors were denying him control over transfers while at the same time signing players behind his back, and resigned over the matter in April 1960. Meanwhile, Luton Town were relegated back to the Second Division, finishing bottom with just 30 points from 42 games.

Decline and recovery (1960–1970)
Sam Bartram, a former player, was appointed manager in July 1960. The club had a long list of injured or unsettled players on its books and many old favourites from the First Division years were sold. The abolition of the maximum wage in football hit the club's finances hard. Attendances dwindled, and the club finished 13th in 1960–61. The following season saw a remodelled team again finish 13th. Attendances had dropped to dangerous levels and the club was losing £400 a week. Bartram left at the end of the season; Jack Crompton was appointed manager on 29 June 1962 but resigned six days later citing his doctor's instructions. An increasingly desperate search for a manager ended with the appointment of Bill Harvey late in July. Harvey could do nothing to stop the club's decline – Luton finished with just 29 points as the team was relegated to the Third Division. Mitchell was subsequently replaced as chairman by Tom Hodgson. The club was already in serious relegation trouble in December 1963 when the signing of a young goalscorer, John O'Rourke, helped improve performances. O'Rourke scored both goals in the last home game of the season against rivals Watford, preventing the Hertfordshire club's promotion and guaranteeing Luton's survival.

Poor results continued in the 1964–65 season. Harvey resigned as manager and was eventually replaced by George Martin, returning for his second spell as Luton manager. Luton finished 21st and were relegated to the Fourth Division for the first time in the club's history. 1965–66 saw Martin set out to improve discipline, and results improved dramatically – Luton finished sixth. The following season then marked the club's lowest ever league finish, but also the beginning of a recovery. Results were initially poor; Allan Brown took over as manager in November as Martin moved on for a second time. The club was second from bottom of the Football League when Luton lost 8–1 to Lincoln in December, but the team steadily improved in the new year. Luton finished 17th and attendances doubled in just a few months.

By the end of 1967 Luton, led by ever-present captain Terry Branston, were a team transformed. Luton notched up 66 points during 1967–68 to equal the division record, and scored 87 goals. Average attendances jumped from 5,364 to 12,400, which helped the club's directors to turn down offers from bigger clubs for free-scoring Bruce Rioch, who scored the only goal at Halifax Town on 20 April 1968 to clinch promotion. Four days later Luton beat Crewe Alexandra in front of 19,000 at Kenilworth Road to seal the Fourth Division championship.

The 1968–69 campaign was a frustrating season that saw Luton finish third, narrowly missing out on a second consecutive promotion. Brown resigned as manager in December 1968 under pressure from the board, and was replaced by Alec Stock, who brought Malcolm Macdonald to the club in the summer of 1969. Macdonald was moved from defence to centre-forward with marvellous success, scoring 25 goals as Luton stormed to a second-place finish in 1969–70. Comedian Eric Morecambe became a director of the club in 1970, and promotion back to the Second Division was clinched on the final day of the season with a tight 1–0 win over Southport.

Continuation
History of Luton Town F.C. (1970–present) for the club's history since 1970.

References
General

Specific

History 1885-1970
Luton Town 1885-1970


Luton Town Football Club is an English professional football club based in the town of Luton, Bedfordshire. Rising back to the top flight of English football for a season in 1974–1975, the remainder of the decade was spent in the second tier. David Pleat's appointment as manager in 1978 prompted the development of a strong team that won promotion after the 1981–1982 season; Pleat consolidated Luton's position in the top tier before leaving in 1986. Ray Harford's Luton team subsequently achieved a 3–2 victory over Arsenal in the 1988 League Cup Final, before settling for runners-up medals at the next year's Final after losing 2–1 to Nottingham Forest. Luton Town were relegated from the top flight after the 1991–1992 season, after ten successive seasons as a top division club.

The team made an FA Cup semi-final appearance in 1993–1994, once again under Pleat, before suffering a second relegation in 1995. Luton were relegated to the fourth tier in 2001, but under Joe Kinnear bounced back at the first attempt. Mike Newell became manager in 2003, and led Luton to the Football League Championship before he was sacked in 2007. Three successive relegations and a total of 40 points deducted over the latter two seasons for financial irregularities saw Luton Town relegated from The Football League into the Conference Premier at the end of the 2008–2009 season. They remained in the fifth-tier for five seasons, until winning promotion with a club-record 101 points in 2013–2014.

Luton were promoted from League Two and League One in successive seasons in 2017–18 and 2018–19 before being promoted to the Premier League in the 2022–23 EFL Championship play-off final.

Gradual rise (1970–1982)

Malcolm Macdonald took his goalscoring form into 1970–1971 as Luton did extremely well in their first season back in the Second Division, finishing sixth and only seven points away from promotion to the First Division. However, success on the pitch was not matched off it – April saw the club announce a £173,116 loss, and the club appealed to the supporters for money to cover their shortfalls. In the end, it was Macdonald himself who ended the crisis as he was sold to Newcastle United for £180,000 a month later.

Two years in mid-table followed Macdonald's sale, as Luton finished first 13th, then 12th. In 1972 manager Alec Stock moved on to be replaced by Harry Haslam. Luton managed a second-place finish in 1973–1974 which saw them promoted, but only managed a solitary year in the top flight, as 1974–1975 ended with relegation by a single point. December 1975 saw another serious financial crisis at the club, with a special meeting called for the club's shareholders. The refusal of the club's bankers to extend their credit led to Luton's directors paying the wage bill with their own money to prevent the club from being closed down. Liquidation was averted by the sale of Peter Anderson to Royal Antwerp, with the £80,000 raised alleviating the strain on the club's finances. Despite these backroom problems, Luton still managed a creditable seventh-place finish in 1975–1976.

The next season saw Luton finish sixth, before a drop to 13th in 1977–1978 prompted Haslam's departure to Sheffield United. This gave the young assistant manager, David Pleat, his chance. The club came close to the drop during Pleat's first full season in charge but, following the shrewd acquisition of a number of key players, the club were soon challenging for promotion once again. Pleat's astute signings, including Mal Donaghy, David Moss and captain Brian Horton, complemented the existing home-grown talent personified by skilful midfielder Ricky Hill and prolific goalscorer Brian Stein. Pleat even dabbled in the overseas market, signing Yugoslav defender Raddy Antić from Spanish club Real Zaragoza in 1980. Luton came sixth, then fifth, and then romped home as champions in 1981–1982, spending only one week off of the top spot from October onwards, amassing 88 points and clinching the championship eight points ahead of second placed arch-rivals Watford.

The top flight (1982–1992)

Under Pleat, the club had developed a cavalier and attacking style of play, which was evident during 1982–1983 as Luton finished with the second highest tally of away goals, only one less than champions Liverpool. On the last day of the season, Luton needed all three points against relegation rivals Manchester City at Maine Road to stay in the division. City, needing only a point to avoid the drop, defended resolutely and few chances came to Luton – but with only seven minutes remaining, substitute Raddy Antić slammed home the winner to secure Luton's top flight status and prompt a manic and now infamous jig across the pitch from Pleat. The next two seasons saw Luton consolidate as the club finished first 16th, then 13th in 1984–1985 as they also reached the FA Cup semi-finals. Player sales continued as skilful forward Paul Walsh, the PFA Young Player of the Year, was sold to Liverpool in the summer of 1984.

1983–1984 brought an excellent first half of the season for Luton, whose 3–0 win at Notts County on Boxing Day had seen them occupy third place in the league, putting them just five points behind leaders Liverpool and sparking hopes of a title challenge. However, their form during the second half of the season was less impressive, and by the time of a 5–0 home defeat against Manchester United on 12 February 1984 they were ninth in the league and looking increasing unlikely to qualify for the UEFA Cup, let alone win the league title. Luton's form continued to decline, and they finished the season in 16th place – just three points clear of the relegation zone.

December 1984 saw the arrival of attacker Mick Harford from Birmingham City. 13 March 1985 saw an infamous riot by Millwall supporters before, during and after an FA Cup sixth-round tie, which caused noticeable damage to the ground and the surrounding area. The club reacted by imposing an unpopular ban on all away supporters from Kenilworth Road, as well as introducing a scheme that would require even home supporters to carry membership cards to be admitted to matches. Luton did manage to beat Millwall 1–0, to book a semi-final clash with Everton on 13 April at Villa Park. Everton were overwhelmingly expected to win the game, as they were in process of winning the league title by a comfortable margin and were also on their way to glory in the European Cup Winners' Cup, but Luton held their own against the Merseyside club, who needed extra time to edge them out with a 2–1 win. On the league scene, Luton finished 13th in the First Division and had never been in any real danger of relegation.

Luton also decided to rip up the grass pitch at Kenilworth Road and install an artificial playing surface before the start of the 1985–1986 season. The new surface became exceedingly unpopular and was derided as "the plastic pitch". That season, they had the distinction of ending Manchester United's 10-match winning start to the league campaign, holding them to a 1–1 draw at Kenilworth Road in their 11th league game on 5 October 1985.

The end of 1985–1986 saw Pleat leave Luton, as he moved on to Tottenham Hotspur, but his final season ended on a high with a ninth-place finish.</ref> He handed over the reins to coach John Moore, who guided Luton to a seventh-place finish in 1986–1987, which remains to this day the club's highest ever finish in the English football league system - placing them above the likes of Manchester United and Chelsea.

Moore then resigned and was replaced by his assistant Ray Harford.

The 1987–1988 campaign was the most successful yet – Luton achieved a famous 3–2 victory over Arsenal in the League Cup final at Wembley. Luton stunned the holders by taking a 1–0 lead early on through Brian Stein, and leading by that score at half time. By the 74th minute Arsenal had overhauled them, leading 2–1, and were still ahead with ten minutes to go with Luton's goal continually under siege throughout the second half. The match spun on its head when stand-in goalkeeper Andy Dibble turned Nigel Winterburn's penalty around the post with ten minutes left – had Winterburn scored, Arsenal would have almost certainly have won the final. In the last seven minutes Luton, galvanised by new self-belief, scored twice to win 3–2, Brian Stein sealing the win with the last kick of the match. On top of this, Luton finished ninth in the First Division, reached the FA Cup semi-finals before falling to eventual winners Wimbledon at White Hart Lane, and played at Wembley in the Simod Cup final against Reading, but lost 4–1. The League Cup triumph, still Luton's only major trophy, would have been enough for UEFA Cup qualification; but at this time all English teams were banned from European competitions due to the Heysel Stadium Disaster three years earlier.

During the 80's, Luton often visited Sweden for training camps and friendly matches. In 1988, they met the newly formed team Västerviks FF and won 2–1.

The 1988–1989 season saw Luton slide down to a 16th-place finish, although they did reach another League Cup final, losing to Nottingham Forest, and, half-way through the season, Luton's key players started being sold off. Danish international forward Lars Elstrup became Luton's record signing in August 1989, costing a club record £850,000, but Mick Harford was sold to Derby County in January. Ray Harford was sacked in January 1990, with Luton battling relegation, and coach Jim Ryan was promoted to manager. Ryan was sacked after 16 months in charge despite managing to keep Luton in the top flight in his first season, and securing survival again in his second. Both seasons saw Luton escape relegation on the last day of the season, both times against Derby.

David Pleat returned for his second spell as Luton boss during the summer of 1991. Elstrup rejoined Odense for £200,000, and Kingsley Black was sold to Nottingham Forest for £1,500,000. Striker Iain Dowie and full back Tim Breacker were both sold to West Ham United for a combined fee of £1,050,000.

Following a shaky start to the 1991–1992 season, Pleat took a gamble and re signed Mick Harford, who joined Luton for a second spell as a player for £325,000 in mid-September 1991. Brian Stein had already returned from FC Annecy for a second spell and Pleat had revived the forward line which had played a big part in Luton's success a few years earlier. Stein scored only three goals in 39 league appearances over the course of the season, but Harford proved to be a success once again as he ended the season as the club's top scorer for the season with 12 goals. The loan signing of goalkeeper Steve Sutton from Nottingham Forest revived Luton for a period, but the Board refused to supply the £300,000 fee required to keep Sutton permanently. Various loan signings such as veteran forward Imre Varadi failed to galvanise the side, but come the last day, Luton still had an outside chance of avoiding relegation, having won 10 league games at home but failed to win any of their away fixtures. Luton travelled to already-relegated Notts County knowing that they had to win their first away match of the season, and hope that Coventry lost at Aston Villa. Julian James gave Luton the lead they required, but two late goals from Rob Matthews saw County drag Luton down with them. This meant the club missed out on competing in the inaugural season of the Premier League and, with it, the larger amounts of money available through television rights.

Fall from the top (1992–2001)

With Luton's spell in the top flight finally over, it was always going to be difficult to keep hold of prize assets. So it proved when Mick Harford signed for Chelsea for £300,000. The first season in the new, three-division Football League almost saw Luton drop into the third tier of English football. The team was not helped by the involvement of Scottish duo Paul Telfer and Darren Salton in a motor accident early on in the season – under-21 international defender Salton was nearly killed, and never played again. Luton were bottom of the table shortly into the New Year, and Pleat reacted by procuring a loan deal to bring Luton-born England international Kerry Dixon to the club on loan from Southampton. Dixon gelled well alongside Phil Gray up front, and Luton stayed up.

1993–1994 started with David Pleat making Dixon's move permanent, and re-signing Mitchell Thomas from West Ham United. Although Luton struggled in the league, form was found in the FA Cup – Scott Oakes starred as Luton raced to the FA Cup semi-final and a trip to Wembley. 27,500 Luton supporters saw Gavin Peacock seal a 2–0 win for Chelsea, and after the semi-final defeat, Luton lost five league games in a row. However, a 3–2 home win over West Bromwich Albion earned survival three games from the end of the season, keeping Luton in the second tier for another year.

Luton laboured once again in 1994–1995, with the side struggling to score at home. Pleat's Luton side, including young players such as Oakes, Telfer and John Hartson, reacted positively when Pleat turned down the advances of Tottenham Hotspur to return to North London as General Manager, and rocketed up to fifth in the table, and for perhaps the first time in three seasons of Division One football, promotion was looking a real possibility. Hartson was bought by Arsenal for £2,500,000 soon after – a then-British record for a teenager. The season petered out into obscurity following Hartson's sale, and Luton finished 16th.

Pleat left for a second time in the summer of 1995, moving to Sheffield Wednesday. His successor Terry Westley was promoted from youth team coach, but was sacked after just six months in charge. Lennie Lawrence was brought in as a replacement, but he was unable to stop Luton from finishing bottom of Division One.

The 1996–1997 season started just as badly as the last, with three straight losses. However, the introduction of young forward Andrew Fotiadis saw Luton burst into life, as they shot up the table with a run of eight wins and two draws in eleven games. Tony Thorpe, too, proved to be a revelation, scoring 28 goals to become the division's top scorer. Luton were nearly promoted, but finished in third place on goal difference and then lost to Crewe Alexandra in the play-offs.

The summer of 1997 saw a Luton Town teenager with only two games under his belt, Matthew Upson, sold to Arsenal for £2 million. To make matters worse, star forward Tony Thorpe was sold to Kevin Keegan's Fulham for £800,000. Just one place off the bottom of Division Two on deadline day, Luton looked doomed – but David Pleat, now Tottenham's Director of Football, handed Luton a lifeline – Rory Allen, who had just returned from injury, was sent on loan to the club to complete his recovery and fill Thorpe's boots Allen would do more than that, scoring six goals in his eight matches to keep Luton up.

1998–1999 saw a 12th-place finish, and a run to the quarter-finals of the League Cup. Just before the 1999–2000 season, the club was sold to Cliff Bassett, while player sales continued to balance the books. Young duo Kelvin Davis and Chris Willmott were sold to Wimbledon for £900,000, and Lawrence was forced to sell Gary Doherty late on in the season, but he successfully kept an inexperienced Luton side up once again.

Mike Watson-Challis then purchased the club in 2000, and Lawrence was sacked to be replaced by former Luton player Ricky Hill. Hill was dismissed in November after winning only two games, and in turn was replaced by another former player, Lil Fuccillo. Former Wimbledon manager Joe Kinnear was brought in, initially, as Director of Football, but his first act was to demote Fuccillo and install himself as manager. Kinnear brought towering forward Steve Howard to the club for only £50,000, but despite his best efforts, the club was relegated to the bottom division of The Football League for the first time since 1968.

Resurgence (2001–2006)

Joe Kinnear set out his plan for Luton – they were to go back up at the first attempt. He oversaw a complete overhaul of the squad during the summer, building a team that was Luton's finest for some years. Midfielder Kevin Nicholls signed from Wigan Athletic for £25,000 and would go on to become a key figure in midfield, earning the club captaincy; a role he would hold for the next five years. Australian defender Chris Coyne signed from Dundee, again for a small fee of £50,000. Steve Howard ended the season by winning the Third Division golden boot award with 24 goals. Ending the season with a club-record 12 consecutive wins, Luton travelled to Swansea City at the end of March knowing that a win would guarantee them promotion back to the third tier at the first attempt. They duly won 3–1.

At the end of the season, star players Jean-Louis Valois and Matthew Taylor both left under the bosman ruling. Valois moved to Scottish side Hearts after only one year in a Luton shirt and Taylor joined Portsmouth for a tribunal set fee of £400,000. Despite these losses, Luton still managed a ninth-place finish back in the third tier of English football in 2002–2003.

Partly fuelled by the collapse of broadcaster ITV Digital, it was revealed that the club was losing up to £500,000 per month. Chairman Mike Watson-Challis sold the club to a consortium headed by John Gurney in May 2003 and, days later, both Kinnear and his assistant Mick Harford were dismissed. A bizarre series of episodes followed, including the infamous "Manager Idol" phone-vote, an attempt to merge the club with Wimbledon, and plans for a 50,000 capacity stadium built on rafters over the M1 motorway, before Gurney was finally ousted by supporters' group Trust in Luton. Gurney left the club in administrative receivership, with his only legacy proving to be the appointment of Mike Newell as manager.

Newell brought Mick Harford back to the club as First Team Coach and Director of Football shortly after being appointed as manager. Newell surprised all the observers by taking the transfer-embargoed club to a tenth-place finish in 2003–2004, although he was not helped by the transfer of striker Tony Thorpe to Queen Park Rangers for £50,000. After a year in administrative receivership, Luton Town finally acquired new owners in May 2004 when a consortium led by former general manager Bill Tomlins bought the club.

2004–2005 saw Luton win nine and draw one of their opening ten league fixtures to go nine points clear at the top of the newly named League One by the beginning of October. Experienced players such as Chris Coyne, Kevin Nicholls and Steve Howard gelled well alongside youngsters Curtis Davies, Keith Keane and Kevin Foley to create the template for a championship-winning side. Promotion was secured on 12 April, when third placed Tranmere Rovers were beaten 0–1 at Brentford, meaning that Luton could not finish lower than second. The League One title was sealed a fortnight later on 23 April, as Luton claimed a 2–1 victory at Wrexham.

2005–2006 saw few new players brought in, with the only money spent during the summer being the £100,000 parted with for David Bell, a midfielder signed from Rushden & Diamonds. Bosman ruling signings were order of the day, with Finland international Markus Heikkinen signing for Luton along with Trinidad and Tobago's Carlos Edwards. However, transfer deadline day saw star defender Curtis Davies sold to Premier League side West Bromwich Albion for a club record of £3,000,000. Newell's side made a fine start, topping the table after the first three games and staying in the top three right up until the end of October, and the play-off places until mid-December. However, a blip in form saw Luton eventually slip down the table to finish in tenth place – still a remarkable feat. The FA Cup saw a memorable 5–3 defeat to European Champions Liverpool at Kenilworth Road.

Freefall (2006–2009)

After a successful start to the 2006–2007 season, defender Sol Davis suffered a stroke on the team bus on the way to play Ipswich Town. With the players clearly affected, Luton lost 5–0 at Portman Road and a long run of bad results followed. By the end of February, Luton, by now a shadow of the side that had won promotion to the Championship only two years before, were hovering perilously close to the relegation zone.

Newell was sacked on 15 March 2007, and two directors, Martin King and Liam Day, resigned from the board in protest as a result. Brian Stein lasted just one game as caretaker boss before Luton-born Kevin Blackwell was announced as Luton's new manager. 11 April saw chairman Bill Tomlins resign his position following an investigation by the Football Association into irregular payments made by the club's parent company, and confirm that illegal payments had been made to incoming players' agents. David Pinkney was confirmed as new chairman two days later, also acquiring a controlling interest in the club's holding company. Luton's relegation was confirmed a week later in a 1–0 defeat away to Derby County.

After a poor start to the 2007–08 season, the club entered administration on 22 November 2007; Pinkney stated he would fund the club's overheads, while ten points were deducted. Meanwhile, the FA probe on transfer irregularities dragged on, described by Pinkney as "a storm in a teacup". Blackwell was sacked by the administrator on 15 January 2008, to be replaced by former player Mick Harford. The club subsequently entered the custody of the Luton Town Football Club 2020 consortium, with broadcaster and Luton supporter Nick Owen named chairman. Luton were relegated to League Two on 12 April, following a 2–1 home defeat to Brighton & Hove Albion; Luton finished the season in bottom place, though even without the points deduction they would have been relegated regardless.

The investigation into the illegal agents' payments was concluded in the summer, and the club was handed a ten-point deduction for the 2008–2009 season on 3 June 2008, along with a £50,000 fine. The club's recent history of administrations meant that the Football League only offered to return the Football League Share to Luton on the condition that they play with a further twenty-point deduction. Staring down the barrel of a gun, Luton were forced to start the season with a 30-point penalty, the biggest points deduction ever handed to a club in the top four tiers of English football. Luton beat Scunthorpe United 3–2 in the Football League Trophy final in front of 40,000 of their own supporters at Wembley Stadium, but lost their League status eight days later. On 13 April 2009, Luton Town were finally relegated from the Football League after a spell of 89 years, as Chesterfield held Luton to a draw. Coupled with a victory for Mike Newell's Grimsby Town, this meant Luton's survival in the league became mathematically impossible to achieve.

Non-League football (2009–2014)
After a disappointing start to non-League football – including a defeat to Wrexham described by Harford as "the worst performance in Luton Town's history" – another former Luton player, Richard Money, was made manager in his stead. Performances improved following this change and towards the end of the season a run of nine consecutive victories saw Luton challenge Stevenage Borough for the title; despite beating Stevenage during this run, Luton could only finish second and thus entered the promotion play-offs. Luton lost both legs of the two-legged semi-final 1–0 to York City, resulting in a second successive season outside The Football League in 2010–2011.

This second season in non-League football finished with the club third in the table, and another managerial change in March 2011 saw Money leave and his assistant Gary Brabin installed as manager until the end of the season. Brabin led Luton to a 5–1 aggregate win over Wrexham in the play-off semi-final to set up a potential place back in The Football League, but AFC Wimbledon beat them 4–3 on penalties in the final after a goalless 120 minutes. Despite the defeat, Brabin signed a two-year contract to continue on as Luton manager.

After a decline in form towards the end of the 2011–2012 season that left Luton outside the play-off places, Brabin was replaced by former Torquay United and Bristol Rovers manager Paul Buckle on a two-year contract. Buckle's tenure saw the club qualify for the play-offs with a fifth-place finish and beat Wrexham 3–2 on aggregate in the semi-final, but for the second year running Luton lost in the final, this time in a 2–1 defeat to York City.

 The club made history during the 2012–2013 season by becoming the first non-League team to defeat a Premier League club in the FA Cup, beating Norwich City 1–0 at Carrow Road. The club eventually reached the Fifth round of the FA Cup during the campaign, the furthest they had progressed in the competition since the 1993–1994 season. Despite this cup run, poor league results led Buckle to leave the club in February 2013 where he was replaced by long-standing Dagenham & Redbridge manager John Still – the fifth managerial change at Luton in four seasons. Luton finished the season in seventh place and outside the play-offs for the first time since their relegation into the Conference Premier.

In the 2013–2014 season, under the experienced management of Still, Luton confirmed their return to The Football League by winning the Conference Premier title with three games to spare, breaking a number of club and Conference records in the process. The club's success meant that some matches were played in front of the largest number of home supporters for two decades.

Return to the Football League (2014–present)

Before the start of the 2014–2015 season, top scorer Andre Gray left to join Championship side Brentford for a fee of £600,000; one of the highest fees the club had received in a number of years. Manager John Still spent little of the windfall and, despite keeping pace with the League Two leaders for much of the campaign, the club fell one place short of a play-off position upon their return to the Football League.

In the summer of 2015, the club's owners confirmed their intention to begin a fresh chapter in Luton Town's history by moving away from Kenilworth Road and building a new 17,500 capacity stadium by the beginning of the 2020–21 season at the derelict Power Court area of Luton town centre.

Still was sacked in December 2015 with Luton 17th in League Two during the 2015–2016 season. He was replaced by Welsh manager Nathan Jones, who had been first-team coach at Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion. Luton finished 11th in the 2015–16 table.

In Jones' first full season, Luton spent only one week outside the top seven positions, while he also led the club to the semi-final of the EFL Trophy. Luton finished the 2016–17 season in fourth place, but were beaten 6–5 on aggregate by Blackpool in the play-off semi-final.

The summer of 2017 saw the club move into new training facilities, which had received heavy investment. Meanwhile, Chairman Nick Owen stepped down after nine years, stating that he felt "unable to dedicate the time and effort that... the role now deserves".

References
General

Specific

History 1970 - present
Luton Town 1970 - present