The Squire Roses are a youth sorority run by individual State Councils within the Knights of Columbus, for Catholic girls between the ages of 10 and 18.

History

The Squire Roses were established in 1996 under the leadership of Russell De Rose for young women at St. Mary of Sorrows Church.

The process for the birth of the Squire Roses took just over four years. In March 1993, De Rose held a recruitment drive because of requests from young women to join the Columbian Squires. De Rose told the young women that the Squires and the Knights of Columbus were men's organizations and women were excluded. De Rose stated that he would set up a similar organization that would include a sorority environment as well as be similar to the Squires. The Knights of St. Mary of Sorrows provided the initial donations and were made aware that the Squire Roses would support their charities and functions but as a separate organization.  All Counselors were to be practical Catholic women who met the Church requirements to work with youth and renew their certification as required.

In 1994 the same young ladies, bringing their friends and parents, continued to ask the Squires if they could join. When turned down, the ladies asked if they could assist the Squires in their projects, thus getting them involved in service to their parish and community. The young women recruited other young ladies for this young women's only organization. The Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus stated that the Squire Rose Circles were not part of the KofC.

By 1996, the groundwork for the Squire Roses had been laid. They did not want to be "Squirerettes" or "Columbiettes" which are organizations recognized by state and international Knights of Columbus. The members of the Squire Roses defined their vision, roles, motto, emblem, laws and bylaws, and ceremonials. They continually upgrade their investiture and officer ceremonies. In 2010 they started to develop their own charter which is presented to all new Squire Roses Circles in the USA and abroad.

  In many women's investitures, a rose was given to the candidate or another special person
  The rose is a multi-cultural symbol of womanhood
  Rose thorns were what Jesus wore on his head when hung on the cross.
  Two times a year the priest wear the Rose vestments to serve mass.
  1960 for “Operation Rose, the Squire Roses supported the St. Mary's Columbian Squires: a sterling silver rose was brought by Columbian Squires from Canada, throughout the United States by Squires, to Mexican Squires, to the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadeloupe, and given to Pope John XXIII.

The investiture presents three women which symbolizes the Squire Rose: (1) the Blessed Virgin Mary who represents Faith, (2) Knight Joan of Arc who represents Hope, and (3) Mother Teresa who represents Charity.

The first Knights of Columbus state organization to recognize the Squire Roses was Washington, D.C., and was followed by the Knights of Columbus in Virginia.

As of 2016, the formation of new Squire Circles in the United States and Canada is discouraged, since the Catholic Church has a desire to move youth activities from exclusive clubs into the local parish youth groups.

Growth and expansion

1997 – Washington DC Knights of Columbus adopt the Squire Roses as their youth program for young ladies. The first Circle of Squire Roses is created on March 9 of this year.

2001 – The number of Circles grows to five, with Squire Roses numbering over 50.

2004–2005 – Circles in Washington DC fail, due to adult sponsors moving out of the area. Additionally, two Circles in Virginia fail due to lack of membership recruiting.

2006–2009 – With the introduction of Jason Seiler to run the Columbian Squires for the State of Virginia, the Squires and Squire Roses saw new growth and development. The Squires win multiple awards, including the top two international awards for growth. Likewise the Squire Roses add three new Circles, over doubling their membership in the state. Seiler is in talks with Knights of Columbus State Councils for New Jersey, California, Nebraska, and Texas to adopt the Squire Roses as their official youth group for young ladies, aged 10 to 18.

2010 – The first Squire Rose circle in Texas, Tx001, is invested and instituted at St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Community in Orange, Texas, on October 17, 2010. In addition, the first International Squire Roses Circle was invested and instituted in Luzon, Philippines.

Organization
Each Circle is supervised by a Knights of Columbus Council or Assembly and has an advisory board made up of either the Grand Knight, the Deputy Grand Knight and Chaplain or the Faithful Navigator, the Faithful Captain and Faithful Friar. Circles are either Council based, Parish based, or school based, depending on the location of the Circle and the Knight counselors.

The Squire Roses officers consist of Chief Squire Rose, Deputy Chief Squire Rose, Secretary, Treasurer, and Ceremonial Guard. Adults (members of the Knights of Columbus or their affiliated Ladies Auxiliaries) fill the roles of Chief Counselor, Chancellor and the priest fills the role of the Father Prior.

Emblem
The Columbian Squire Roses emblem symbolizes the ideals which identify a Squire Rose.  Centered in a circle is the cross of Christ, with the letters “F,” “W,” “S,” and “C.”  These symbolize Family, Wisdom, Spiritual, and Civic growth that occurs within the Squire Roses.  Within the triangle are the letters “S,” representing Service, “R,” for Responsibility, “C,” for Christ, and “K,” for the Knights of Columbus, by whom the Squires Roses program is sponsored.  The triangle, the most stable geometric shape, is a representation of the Holy Trinity.  A red rose adorns the emblem, symbolic of womanhood and of blossoming life.  The emblem is encircled with a golden ring, signifying the value and perpetuity of the group, and that all within are equal.  Upon the ring is the motto of the Squire Roses – “With Grace and Dignity We Stand as One.”

Notes

References
 Virginia State Council, Knights of Columbus By-Laws, approved 22 SEPT 2005
 Interviews; Seiler, Jason A.; State Columbian Squires Chairman, 2006 to 2009, Virginia State Council, Knights of Columbus
 Executive Leadership Guide and Operations Manual, Columbian Squire Roses, Rev. 2, approved JUNE 2007

Knights of Columbus
Catholic youth organizations
Youth organizations established in 1996
Child-related organizations in the United States


Louise Larsine Brun née Gulbrandsen (16 December 1830 – 21 January 1866), was a Norwegian actress. She is counted among the most famed and most noted actors in Norway in the 19th century.

Biography
She was the daughter of Ole Gulbrandsen Spor and wife Ingeborg Olsdatter England, and grew up at Smørsalmenningen in Bergen, Norway where her father ran his own beer brewery. She was the elder sister of stage actress and concert singer Birgitte Cornelia Rojahn (1839-1927).

Louise Brun debuted on the stage  at the   Det norske Theater in Bergen. At the opening performance on January 2, 1850, she was selected to play the role of Lucretia in the three-act comedy Den vægelsindede by  Ludvig Holberg.

In 1851, she married her colleague Johannes Brun (1832–1890), also one of the most noted Norwegian actors of his time. Together with her husband  in  1852 she went on a study trip to Copenhagen.

In 1857, the couple moved to Oslo, where she was active the remaining years of her career. She was considered to be artistic and with an intelligent apprehension ability. She played both tragedy and comedy, but was most known within the so-called salon-comedies, a popular genre of the period.

References

External links
Louise Brun i Arvid Ahnfelt, Europas konstnärer (1887)

Other sources
 Brun, 2. Louise i Nordisk familjebok (andra upplagan, 1905)

1830 births
19th-century Norwegian actresses
Norwegian stage actresses
1866 deaths


D23: The Official Disney Fan Club, also known as Disney D23 or simply D23, is the official fan club for The Walt Disney Company. Founded in 2009, the organization is known mainly for its biennial exposition event, the D23 Expo. The name D23 refers to D for Disney and 23 for 1923, which is the year Walt Disney founded the company.

Membership is in two levels: free and gold. Membership includes Disney twenty-three (a quarterly publication), yearly gifts, events, exclusive merchandise offers, and discount and early access to the D23 Expo fan convention.

History

Bob Iger introduced D23 on March 10, 2009, during the company's annual meeting. D23 had a booth at San Diego Comic-Con in 2009 and held the first D23 Expo on September 10–13, 2009. In March 2010, D23 announced that the expo would be biennial instead of annual, and Destination D events would be held in the off year. In February 2013, the Walt Disney Company Japan announced the first D23 Expo Japan would be held on October 12–14, 2013.

In April 2013, D23 and Turner Classic Movies Festival teamed up for the 75th anniversary showing of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Kirk Douglas hosted the showing of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea newly restored from original camera negatives.

Steven Clark stepped down as head of D23 in late September 2013. In January 2014, Adam Sanderson took over as Senior Vice President, Corporate Communications with oversight of the Disney Archives. At the November 21, 2014 weekend event, Destination D, Sanderson indicated that the silver level of membership was being discontinued.

In October 2018, Disney Cruise Line began showing Disney at Sea with D23, a 30-minute entertainment news show that covers the many Disney subsidiaries with input from D23, starting with the ship .

Events
Events include:
D23 Expo (2009–present) biennial
Destination D (2010–present) a smaller biennial event alternating with the Expo.
Disneyland '55 (September 24 and 25, 2010) Disneyland Hotel's Grand Ballroom
Attraction Rewind (November 21–23, 2014) Disney's Contemporary Resort; Mickey's of Glendale (the Walt Disney Imagineering store located at their Grand Central Creative Campus HQ) pop-up shop and Treasures of Walt Disney Archives, containing Disney Parks collectibles and memorabilia and New York World's Fair Disney collectibles; Tomorrowland sneak peek
Advance screening
Disney studio lot screening of past animated films with panel discussion
Lunch with a Legend (2014–present)
D23 Day: Walt Disney Studios and Archives members tours held three times a year
Member VIP studio tours (2015) available to Gold members and are during the work week and include a Disney Legend lunch and a unique VIP gift
Light Up the Season (2015) original an annual event for employees to mark the start of the holiday season, D23 members have their own version on the studio lot which consists of carols, cocoa, and a tree lighting.
Member Night at Newsies—On Tour (2015–present)
Behind-The-Scenes Experiences (2015–present)
Member mixers at Disney stores, 2nd time in 2016, member only mornings of shopping, discounts, games and goodies
Disney Fanniversary Celebration

D23 Expo
The expo is biennial featuring:
 Disney Legends award ceremony
 Exclusive first looks at projects
 Upcoming attractions
 Celebrity appearances
 Pop-up stores with exclusive merchandise
 Presentations on Disney history
 Mousequerade fan costume contest
 Emporium for fan trading of memorabilia
 Walt Disney Archives curated exhibit
 Fan art contest (2013–present)

The New York Times has called the expo "both awe-inspiring and terrifying to witness because it showcases how deeply the company's products, mythmaking and characters are woven into the cultural fabric."

2009: The Ultimate Disney Fan Experience
The first D23 Expo was held at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California on September 10–13, 2009. It featured pavilions from Walt Disney Imagineering, showcasing models and tests for future attractions, Corporate Responsibility, which feature a photo op, as well as projects for overseas troops and homeless shelters, Disney Consumer Products, showing the many products being sold by Disney within the next few years, a Disney Dream Store, costumes and props from the Walt Disney Archives, a Collectors Forum, where people from all over the country showcased and sold memorabilia.

Events were held in the D23 Arena, Stage 23, Storytellers Theatre, and Walt Disney Studios Theatre. Many future projects were announced, including an expansion of Fantasyland at the Magic Kingdom, an extensive re-hauling of Star Tours for Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios, a film based on the Beatles' Yellow Submarine, a fourth film in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, a new Muppet film, as well as clips and sneak previews promoting projects such as Prep & Landing, Tangled, Beauty and the Beast in 3-D, a set of viral Muppet videos, and a film series with Guillermo del Toro.

Celebrity appearances included John Travolta, Nicolas Cage, Patricia Heaton, Kelsey Grammer, Tim Burton, Selena Gomez, Donny Osmond, Tom Bergeron, Kym Johnson, Betty White, Robin Williams, Joseph Fiennes, Johnny Depp (as Captain Jack Sparrow), as well as live performances by Miley Cyrus, Honor Society, and The Muppets.

As announced at the annual shareholders meeting in 2010, the D23 Expo did not return in 2010, but appeared to the Anaheim Convention Center through August 19–August 21, 2011. A then-new event called "Destination D" was held at the Disneyland Hotel ballroom in Anaheim, California on September 24–25, 2010. Each year Destination D will have a new theme, with the 2010 event's theme being "Disneyland '55." It is likely that these events will alternate each year. The following Destination D was held from May 14–15, 2011 in honor of Walt Disney World's 40th anniversary.

2011: The Ultimate Disney Fan Event

The D23 Expo returned for its second time at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California on August 19–21, 2011. Closely resembling the inaugural D23 Expo in 2009, the Expo's show floor added pavilions for Disney Channel, Radio Disney, the Collector's Forum, Walt Disney Studios, Disney Living, Disney Corporate Citizenship, and Disney Interactive Media Group. The Treasures of the Walt Disney Archives has expanded by  since the Inaugural D23 Expo. The show floor also featured a new pavilion, similar to the Walt Disney Imagineering pavilion from the D23 Expo 2009, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts's Carousel of Projects which shows the highlights of the developing projects coming soon in Disney Parks around the world.

Shopping opportunities included the D23 Expo Dream Store returning from the inaugural Expo. Other D23 Expo-exclusive stores included Mickey's of Glendale from Walt Disney Imagineering headquarters in Glendale, California and the Walt Disney Archives Treasure Trove from the Walt Disney Archives in Burbank, California. Other stores include A Small World Village and a Disney Store in the Disney Living Pavilion. Another popular area was the Collectors Forum, where guests could buy Disney Collectibles and connect with the Disneyana Fan Club, Mouse Planet, Mice Chat, Hidden Mickey author Nancy Temple Rodrigue, and artist Brian Rood with his one-of-a-kind The Rocketeer.

Events took place at the D23 Arena, Stage 23, Stage 28, the "red carpet" at the Talent Round-Up area, Storytellers Stage at the Disney Living pavilion, and at the Disney Channel/Radio Disney stage. The Disney Channel stage held performances from Coco Jones, China Anne McClain, a first look for Radio Disney's N.B.T. (Next Big Thing), and a karate exhibition from Leo Howard. Guests also had the chance to meet and greet the cast of Good Luck Charlie, Jake and the Never Land Pirates and The Never Land Band, Lemonade Mouth, So Random!, Phineas and Ferb, Kickin' It, Fish Hooks, A.N.T. Farm, Handy Manny, Special Agent Oso, Pair of Kings, and Shake it Up.

Stage 23 hosted many events involving sneak peeks to projects from The Walt Disney Studios and ABC Studios including The Avengers, The Muppets, Brave, Monsters University, Once Upon a Time, and Prep & Landing: Naughty vs. Nice, and the celebration for the 25th Anniversary of Pixar. Stage 28 hosted Walt Disney Imagineering panels for the Disney Cruise Line, Cars Land, Buena Vista Street, Star Tours: The Adventures Continue, The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure, "The Voices of the Parks", and vintage photos and videos of Disneyland and Walt Disney World.

The first rounds of the UDTT were held on August 18, 2011 (one day before the D23 Expo) which narrowed from thousands to one hundred and from one hundred to 20. It was hosted by Dan Roebuck (guest starred in Lost and Wizards of Waverly Place) who narrowed down the final round from 20 people to 3. After two full days of trivia questions, John Kurowski was declared the winner of the inaugural Ultimate Disney Fan Trivia Tournament. His name was engraved on a Ludwig Von Drake trophy which was preserved in the Walt Disney Archives. Kurowski also won a preview cruise on the Disney Cruise Line's Disney Fantasy ship which set sail to the public in 2012.

The D23 Arena hosted many milestone events only at the D23 Expo. This was the second time that the Disney Legends ceremony had taken place in front of guests at the D23 Expo; it had originally been held at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank. At the expo, the company honored 12 people who contributed to The Walt Disney Company. This included Jodi Benson, Barton Boyd, Jim Henson, Linda Larkin, Paige O'Hara, Regis Philbin, Anika Noni Rose, Lea Salonga, Ray Watson, Guy Williams, and Jack and Bonita Wrather.

2013

The D23 Expo returned for a third time on August 9–11, 2013 at the Anaheim Convention Center. Disney officials later estimated attendance to be around 65,000.  The Walt Disney Studios presented exclusive looks at live-action films including Saving Mr. Banks, Maleficent, Muppets Most Wanted, Tomorrowland, and Thor: The Dark World, as well as animated productions such as The Good Dinosaur, Frozen, Party Central, Get A Horse!, Finding Dory, and Inside Out. Lucasfilm had its first appearance at the expo with the panel "Crash Course in the Force: Star Wars Saga 101" hosted by Pablo Hidalgo. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts showcased pavilions relating to Avatar Land, future Star Wars attractions, Marvel's Avengers Academy on the Disney Magic, Disney Springs, and Shanghai Disneyland.

D23 Expo Japan 2013
The first D23 Expo Japan was held October 12–14, 2013 in the Maihama area at the Tokyo Disney Resort. This expo celebrated multiple anniversaries, 90th anniversary of the company, Tokyo Disney Resort's 30th,  Disney Channel's 10th, Disney Mobile's fifth, the Disney–JCB Card's fifth and Dlife's first.

2015

The fourth D23 Expo was held on August 14–16, 2015 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios presented first looks of The Good Dinosaur, Finding Dory, Zootopia, Moana, Toy Story 4, and Coco. Marvel Studios presented footage from Captain America: Civil War and concept art from Doctor Strange, while Lucasfilm presented a look at Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Walt Disney Pictures showcased Alice Through the Looking Glass, The Jungle Book, Beauty and the Beast, Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, Pete's Dragon, The Finest Hours, and Queen of Katwe. In addition, the logos for Incredibles 2 and Cars 3 were revealed. Disney Interactive held presentations on several video games, namely Star Wars: Battlefront, Disney Infinity 3.0, and Kingdom Hearts III. The presentations featured new in-game footage, trailers, and reveals. The presentations also included surprise announcements and special guests. At the conclusion of the Walt Disney Studios presentation, Bob Iger made a surprise announcement that Disney was developing a new Star Wars themed land for both Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Additional presentations included "Disney on Broadway: The Originals" celebrating the stage adaptations of Disney films by Disney Theatrical Productions, "FROZEN FANdemonium – A Musical Celebration!" which celebrated the music of Frozen, and a celebration of the 20th anniversary of the release of Toy Story.

D23 Expo Japan 2015
The second D23 Expo Japan was held on November 6–8, 2015 at the Tokyo Disney Resort.

2017

The fifth D23 Expo was held on July 14–16, 2017 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios presented first looks at Ralph Breaks the Internet, Incredibles 2, and Coco. Lucasfilm presented a behind-the-scenes look at Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Marvel Studios presented a first look at Avengers: Infinity War, and Walt Disney Pictures presented first looks at A Wrinkle in Time, Mary Poppins Returns, The Nutcracker and the Four Realms, and the live-action remake of The Lion King The cast for the live-action remake of Aladdin was also announced. Walt Disney Parks and Resorts revealed that both new Star Wars-themed lands in Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios would be called Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge and presented a scale model of the land in its pavilion on the expo floor. There were additional presentations for Tangled: The Series and Olaf's Frozen Adventure, as well as a presentation celebrating the 20th anniversary of the release of Hercules. The New York Times estimated attendance for the 2017 expo at around 100,000 people.

D23 Expo Japan 2018
The third D23 Expo Japan was held on February 10–12, 2018 at the Tokyo Disney Resort.

2019
The sixth D23 Expo was held on August 23–25, 2019 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios presented extended looks at Frozen II, Onward, Soul, and announced Raya and the Last Dragon. Marvel Studios presented first looks at Black Widow, Eternals, and announced Moon Knight, Ms. Marvel, She-Hulk, and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever. Lucasfilm presented a behind-the-scenes preview at Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker. Finally, Walt Disney Pictures presented first looks at the live-action remake of Mulan, an extended clip of Maleficent: Mistress of Evil, Jungle Cruise, and the live-action prequel Cruella. This expo also marked the first time that Disney showcased projects from 20th Century Fox, with clips of upcoming films from Ford v Ferrari, Spies in Disguise, and The King's Man. Alan Horn stated that they were not going to announce anything about Fox at the expo, but also noted that more news about Fox would be forthcoming in the future.

2022

The seventh D23 Expo was held on September 9–11, 2022 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. The event was originally expected to be scheduled for 2021, but was pushed back a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. D23 Expo 2022 saw the debut of the new production logo of Walt Disney Pictures, created by the Disney Studios Content and Industrial Light & Magic and accompanied by a new arrangement of "When You Wish Upon a Star" composed by Christophe Beck. Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios presented a first look at Elemental and Strange World and also announced Inside Out 2, Elio, and Wish. Walt Disney Pictures presented first looks at The Little Mermaid, Disenchanted, Snow White, and Haunted Mansion, and also announced Mufasa: The Lion King. Marvel Studios announced Werewolf by Night and presented exclusive looks at Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, Ironheart, Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania, Loki, Echo, Secret Invasion, and The Marvels. Lucasfilm presented an exclusive first look at Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny along with trailers for Tales of the Jedi, The Mandalorian, and Willow. 20th Century Studios announced an Assassin's Creed TV series for Netflix and presented a first look at new scenes from Avatar: The Way of Water. Disney Branded Television presented first looks at multiple shows, including upcoming Disney+ exclusives American Born Chinese, The Muppets Mayhem, and Percy Jackson and the Olympians. Disney also presented panels and exhibits on "Disney100", the upcoming yearlong celebration of the 100th anniversary of the company, as well as a "Celebration of Encanto" and a Disney Princess concert featuring Susan Egan and Anneliese van der Pol.  The New York Times estimated attendance for the 2022 expo at around 140,000 people.

2024
The eighth D23 Expo will be held on August 9–11, 2024 at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California.
The event will no longer go by the name D23 Expo, instead going by the name D23: The Ultimate Disney Fan Event.

See also
 Disney+ Day
 DC FanDome
 Tudum

References

External links

Press release announcing launch of D23

Entertainment companies established in 2009
Organizations established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
The Walt Disney Company
Disney Consumer Products
Disney Consumer Products franchises
Disney fandom
Film fan clubs
Television fan clubs
Comics fan clubs
Animation fan clubs
Companies based in Burbank, California


42 The Calls Hotel is a Grade II listed 4-star boutique hotel with 41 rooms. The hotel is located on The Calls in Leeds opposite Leeds Parish Church and near to Leeds Corn Exchange. A former corn mill, the 18th century Fletland Mill was bought by hotelier Jonathan Wix in 1991 and renovated at a cost of £19.5 million.

In February 2018 the hotel entered liquidation, and RSM Restructuring Advisory LLP were appointed as liquidators of the company following a court order issued on 17 January 2018, and a petition by HMRC. The hotel was acquired by local investor Simon Pollard in April 2018. The hotel is planned to undergo refurbishment in Autumn 2019, but will remain open for bookings for the foreseeable future.

Awards
The hotel has been awarded Condé Nast Traveller Best Business Hotel in the UK 2001 and 2002 and Which? Business Hotel of the Year 1999.

Adjacent Features
The hotel is situated along the River Aire, adjacent to The Calls Landing. In between these two buildings, a silver ball fountain was installed to commemorate major regeneration carried out by Leeds Corporation between 1985 and 1995. This work was awarded a plaque for the Leeds Award for Architecture 1992, which is fixed to the exterior of 42 The Calls Hotel.

References

External links
 Official website

Hotels in Leeds
Leeds Blue Plaques


Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers preclinical and clinical studies on the regulatory effects of various agents on immunocompetent cells, as well as the immunotoxicity exerted by xenobiotics and drugs. Hence, the journal encompasses a broad range of pathologies (e.g. acute and chronic infections, allergy, autoimmunity, cancer, degenerative disorders, inflammation, and primary and secondary immunodeficiencies). It is published by Informa.

Editor-in-chief
The editor-in-chief of Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology is Anders Elm Pedersen, University of Copenhagen, Danmark.

Impact factor
According to the Journal Citation Reports it received in 2014 an impact factor of 1.203, ranking it 133rd out of 148 journals in the category "Immunology", ranking it 204th out of 254 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy" and ranking it 73rd out of 87 journals in the category "Toxicology".

References

External links

Academic journals established in 2004
Toxicology journals
Immunology journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals


Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo (In the next birth make me a daughter) is an Indian television series. It premiered on 16 March 2009 on Zee TV. It starred Ratan Rajput, Abhishek Rawat, Sudesh Berry, Mukul Harish, Richa Mukherjee, Dipika Kakar, Aditya Lakhia, Roopa Ganguly and Sukirti Kandpal. The show was produced by Siddharth Kumar Tewary of Swastik Pictures.

Plot
Laali, a very poor teenaged girl, lives in a small village in the Indian state of Bihar with her parents, two younger sisters, and a brother. They belong to the Musahar caste and live at the bottom of the social hierarchy. They go through many trials and tribulations. Laali and her father have to support the family with little or no money. Laali was married as a child to Ganesiya and had not yet had her gauna (the ritual in which a married woman leaves her parents and goes to live with her husband).

A man named Balli goes around her village, offering money in return for poor girls. In a moment of desperation, Laali’s parents agree to sell her to save their ailing son. Laali is sold to the rich Zamindar, Thakur Loha Singh (Sudesh Berry), who wants to use her to bear a heir. Laali's parents lie to her that she is being sent to her husband Ganesiya through a gauna ceremony, which includes repeating the marriage ceremony.

When she arrives at Thakur Loha Singh’s estate, she is introduced to “Ganesiya.” Laali thinks that her husband is a servant on the Thakur estate. In reality, her “husband” is Shekhar (Abhishek Rawat), Thakur Loha Singh’s younger son. Shekhar is married to Siddeshwari (Siddhi) who cannot bear children.  Siddeshwari (Sikirti Kandpal)is immature and materialistic, but Shekhar is in love with her.  He feels guilty about deceiving Laali, but Siddeswari, feeling guilty about being barren, encourages Shekhar to give his father the male heir he desires.

Thakhur Loha Singh’s older son is Ranvijay Singh (Sachal Tiyagi) is married to Nandini (Surbhi Tiwari). They have twin girls.  Thakur Loha Singh has given up hope that his older son can give him a male heir, so he has moved onto to Shekher.  Loha Singh’s wife Sumitra (Roopa Ganguly) is timid and is afraid of Loha Singh’s anger.

Also living on the Thakur estate are  Gangia Suryavanshi (Sushmit Mukherjee) and her daughter Jamuni (Vindhya Tiwari).  They both work on the estate.  Gangia is Loha Singh’s occasional mistress.  While Gangia is constantly planning against Laali, Jamuni becomes good friends with Laali.

When Laali sees Siddhi with Shekhar, she thinks the two are having an affair.  When she confronts them, she finds out that she is the second wife, not Siddhi.  She is shattered.

Now with the rouse out in the open, Loha Singh gives an ultimatum to Shekhar, Laali, and Siddhi:  He wants a grandson.  Laali is tied to the cowshed when she tries to run away. When Shekhar and Laali continue to disobey Loha Singh’s order to mate, he moves Siddhi to the outhouse and moves Laali to Siddhi’s bedroom.

Fed up, Shekhar decides to steal jewels and run away with his wife.  Laali takes the blame for the theft.  When Siddhi finds out Shekhar’s plan, she refuses to go with him.  She does not want to leave the mansion and her fancy jewels to live with Shekhar in uncertainty.  She encourages Shekhar to give his dad what he wants.  This breaks Shekhar’s heart as he realizes that Siddhi is more fond of her jewelry and clothes than she is of him.

When Shekhar returns home, he finds his brother trying to mutilate Laali's fingers on charges of the theft against his mother's instructions. All this happens when Loha Singh is away on a thirthayatra.  Shekhar saves her and the two become close.

In the meantime, Loha Singh and Sumitra Devi's daughter, Ratna arrives with her aunt (bua) to her parental home for a vacation. Ratna takes an instant dislike for Laali, sensing her control over her brother, Shekhar, to whom she is extremely close. She wants to join a college for higher studies but is prevented from doing so by her aunt and father, who start looking for a groom for her. They soon finds one — the son of a state-level minister, who is a criminal and childhood friend of Shekhar's.

At first Ratna, attracted by his parents' wealth and prestige, wants to marry him, but on the day of the wedding realises the mistake she had made. A fight ensues in which Mukul, to whom Ratna is engaged, brandishes a knife at Ratna. Her mother, Sumitra, by mistake shoots Mukul and Ratna, killing them. Laali, who is witness to the scene, once again takes the blame and is arrested.

Shekhar at first believes the charges against her but later realizes that she had taken the blame to save his mother. She is jailed and is presumed dead in a car accident. Eventually, Shekhar saves her, but continues to dislike her, hurt by her complicity in his sister's death.

Then, Sumitra disappears, having been kidnapped by Gangiya (the household maid, who is also Loha Singh's mistress), Siddeshwari, and Ranvijay because she had heard them talking about Siddheswari giving a gun to Ratna. One day at a mandir, Nandini is shocked to see Laali; she tells Laali about Sumitra and takes her to her in-laws' mansion as a servant. Laali attempts to find Sumitra. Gangiya, Siddeshwari, and Ranvijay go in to kill Sumitra, who is now hidden in a storeroom, but find that she has left. Laali then shows herself to Shekhar, who is shocked and tries to throw her out. She swears by her unborn child that she is only here to find Sumitra. Shekhar is shocked to know that Laali is pregnant and decides to help her by forcing Siddeshwari out of the house.

Soon Laali has her son. Ranvijay and Gangiya plan to kill the baby but fail. Laali wants to breastfeed her son, but Loha Singh refuses to allow that. In anger Laali threatens Loha Singh with a knife, to which he responds by threatening her with a gun; the situation is resolved when Loha Singh eventually gives his permission. Shekhar then invites Laali's family to live in the mansion because of a misunderstanding regarding the death of Laali's sister Rekha's husband. Rekha then meets Shekhar's cousin, Madhur, who falls in love with her, and they plan to marry. In the meantime, Gangiya plots to burn down the mansion, she instigates Jamuni and tells her to marry Ranvijay. Jamuni follows her mother's orders and she burns the mansion. She escapes while everyone else tries to get out. Laali and Loha Singh know that Gangiya is responsible. They find her and threaten her with a gun, but she throws chili powder in Loha's eyes and blinds him temporarily. Shekhar seeing Loha Singh with the gun in his hands wrongly thinks that he means to shoot Laali. He tries to shoot his father but accidentally shoots Laali. She falls down a cliff and is presumed dead. But she is actually alive. The next day, a funeral is held for Nandini, Siddhi, the younger of her twin daughters, and Laali.

Shekhar is mentally ill because of losing Laali.
Although it is revealed that Seven years later, she is alive but has no memory of the past. she was rescued by some villagers and the doctor, who his wife dies but before she does she tells him to marry Laali because she is a good woman and had helped them a lot and saved his daughters many times, although he never does because he doesn't know of her past, Laali begins to think that the story of the patient the doctor told her has something to do with her and somehow finds the flute familiar, since then she begins to remember some corrupted bits of her past.

Time passes but in the end Laali after going to Loha's Mansion asks him to tell him the truth about her past if he knew it but he says that he knows nothing, but then she pushes him into telling her and he agrees and suggest to re-act what happened in order to make her remember and he does that

Loha Singh now wants to become the Sarpanch of the village, for which he lobbies the MLA of the constituency into which his village falls. The MLA is first skeptical of him, but Loha Singh promises muscle power to the MLA, who comes to his house for dinner and demands either Laali and Jamuni in return for the post of Sarpanch. The girls go into hiding and Loha Singh sends out Ranvijay to find them. Laali hides Jamuni inside the mansion. Loha Singh forces Gangiya to tell him where Laali is. She confesses and Sumitra attempts to stop Loha from getting her. Loha slaps Sumitra, who had strayed into her husband's den of criminals, and supposedly kills her. Actually, she isn't killed, kept alive by Gangiya, and continues to harass him as a ghost, even as he campaigns for the Sarpanchship. She even influences a local policeman to help Laali and Shekhar file Laali's candidacy for the post of Sarpanch. Eventually, Sumitra comes out of her hiding, forcing her husband to confess to all his crimes. He is sent to jail by the present Sarpanch, an elderly man of the village, and Laali is elected as the Sarpanch unopposed. Loha however is now helped by the MLA who brings him out of jail, and asks him to deal with Laali. He returns to his home and instigates the villagers against her, causing a rift between Laali and her sister Rekha. But the rift does not last long since Siddheswari's sister, Surabhi Singh, the only surviving member of her family, which had been burnt in a fire, comes to Loha Singh's house in the guise of a doctor who had been injecting Laali with syringes that makes her mentally insane and thinking that she's Siddheswari, conspires to set the house on fire once again. The house is set on fire, killing Surabhi, and no one else. Suman who had been behaving oddly with Laali comes to her senses, and agrees to return to her father's home, leaving Madhur to marry Rekha finally.

In the middle of all this Laali again gets pregnant. A dance party comes to their house to celebrate the occasion. In that dance party is Riddhi, Ranvijay's long-lost elder daughter, who was removed from the mansion when Ranvijay and Jamuni took it over. At first, Loha Singh and Ranvijay, not knowing who she is, try to shoo her away with some money. But she refuses to go. Laali finds out about her from an orphanage where she had been staying in earlier and rescues her with the help of Shekhar from a local goon called Kallu Bajrangi. In the ensuing fight Loha Singh, who had earlier shown her the door even after knowing who she was, is finally overcome by emotion and shoots Kallu Bajrangi, who had in a show of power burnt down Loha's anaj.

The show ends with Laali and Shekhar and their two children sitting in front of a tree with "Shekhar-Laali" carved into its bark!

Cast

Main
 Ratan Rajput as Lekha "Laali" Prasad Singh: Nanku and Majri's daughter, Rekha and Munna's sister, Ganesia's former wife, Shekhar's wife (2009–2011)
 Abhishek Rawat as Shekhar Singh: Sumitra and Loha's son, Ranvijay's brother, Siddhi's former husband, Laali's husband (2009–2011)

Recurring
 Sudesh Berry as Thakur Loha Singh: Ayodhya's son, Mazboot's brother, Sumitra's husband, Madhur's uncle, Ranvijay and Shekhar's father (2009–2011)
 Mukul Harish as Madhur Singh: Mazbut's son, Rekha's lover (2010–2011)
 Richa Mukherjee / Dipika Kakar as Rekha Prasad: Nanku and Majri's daughter, Laali and Munna's sister, Madhur's lover (2009-2011)
 Sukirti Kandpal as Siddheshwari "Siddhi" Singh: Shekhar's first wife (2009–2010)
Aditya Lakhia as Narayan "Nanku" Prasad: Majri's husband; Laali, Rekha and Munna's father
 Tuhina Vohra / Nupur Alankar as Manjari "Majri" Prasad: Nanku's wife; Laali, Rekha and Munna's mother
 Sushmita Mukherjee as Gangia Suryavanshi: Loha's mistress, Jamuni's mother(Antagonist)
 Vindhya Tiwari as Jamuni Suryavanshi: Gangia's daughter
 Manav Gohil as Dr. Shailendra Kumar
 Fatima Sana Shaikh as Suman
 Roopa Ganguly as Sumitra Singh: Loha's wife, Ranvijay and Shekhar's mother
Karmveer Choudhary as Sarpanch
 Karan Veer Mehra as Ganesia Sardesai: Laali's former husband (2009)
 Sachal Tyagi as Ranvijay Singh: Loha and Sumitra's son, Shekhar's brother, Nandini's husband
 Surbhi Tiwari as Nandini Singh: Ranvijay's wife
 Deepak Jethi as Doman Singh
 Shakti Arora as Mukul
 Charu Asopa as Surabhi
 Ankita Sharma as Ratna
 Achyut Potdar as Ayodhaya Singh, father of Loha Singh
 Kannan Arunachalam as Kallu Bajrangi

Broadcast
 Arabic dubbed version was broadcast on Zee Alwan in 2013 under the name (لالي Arabic for Laali), and was split into two seasons, Laali 1 and Laali 2. some scenes from the episodes were missing or cut out. it ended on 23 March 2013.
 The show was dubbed in English and aired on Zee World on DStv
 The show was broadcast on BTV and is currently rebroadcast on Bhojpuri Channell in Mauritius in its original version
 The show is dubbed in French on Antenne Reunion in Reunion Island as Laali.

Awards
BIG Television Awards 2011
 Khatarnak Character Male (Fiction) - Sudesh Berry as Loha Singh

Zee Rishtey Awards 2009
 Favourite Bhai - Ranvijay
 Favourite Saas-Bahu - Sumitra & Laali
 Favourite Parivaar - Loha Singh Parivaar
 Popular Female Face Of The Year - Laali

2009 9th Indian Telly Awards
 Popular Actor Negative Male - Loha Singh
 Popular Actor Female - Laali
 Best TV Lyricist - Yogesh Vikrant
 Best Title Singer for a TV Show - Richa Sharma

2009 Kalakaar Awards
 Best Actor (Female) - Ratan Rajput as Laali

2011 Global Indian Film & TV Honours
 Best Director - Rajesh Ram Singh

2009 ITA Awards
 Best Serial (Drama) - Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo
 Best Actress - Ratan Rajpoot as Laali
 Best Actor In A Negative Role (Male) - Sudesh Berry as Loha Singh
 Best Actor In A Supporting Role - Adithya Lakhia
 Best Music Composer - Dony Hazarika for Shekhar Laali Love Theme

2010 ITA Awards
 Best Director - Rajesh Ram Singh

References

Zee TV original programming
Indian television soap operas
2009 Indian television series debuts
2011 Indian television series endings
Television shows set in Bihar
Swastik Productions television series


CoRoT-1 is a yellow dwarf main sequence star similar to the Sun. The star is located approximately 2,630 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. The apparent magnitude of this star is 13.6, which means it is not visible to the naked eye; however, it can be seen through a medium-sized amateur telescope on a clear, dark night. The first exoplanet discovered in the course of the CoRoT mission orbits this star; it is considered to be a "hot Jupiter", and is approximately as massive as the planet Jupiter itself.

Nomenclature
The designation "CoRoT" is a result of its observation by the French-directed Convection, Rotation, and Planetary Transits mission, which was launched in late December 2006 with one goal involving the search for exoplanets by measuring the varying brightness of candidate stars when transited by any present exoplanets; CoRoT's second goal pertains to the study of the interiors of stars, which is done by analyzing the characteristics and behavior of light released from the star. The numerical designation was assigned because the first exoplanet discovered by the CoRoT telescope was found in orbit of this star. CoRoT-1 does not have a common or colloquial name like that of Sirius or Procyon.

Characteristics
CoRoT-1 is a G-type star, meaning the light it emits is similar to that of the Sun's. Likewise, the star is of nearly the same temperature and mass of the Sun. At an apparent magnitude of approximately +13.6, doubly dimmer than the dimmest star visible with the naked eye, CoRoT-1 cannot be seen from Earth without magnification apparatus.

A search for a binary companion star using Lucky imaging observations with the Danish 1.54 m telescope at La Silla Observatory in Chile did not find any candidate companion stars.

Variability
When CoRoT-1 was observed by the CoRoT telescope over a continuous period of sixty days since the preliminary results release on 23 May 2007, the star's light exhibited patterns identical to pulsating variable stars with characteristics similar to that of the Sun.

Planetary system

This star is home to the transiting exoplanet CoRot-1b, the first exoplanet discovered by the CoRoT Mission spacecraft. The planet, which is similar to that of the planet Jupiter's in terms of mass, orbits approximately .02 AU away from its parent star. In comparison, the planet Mercury orbits at approximately .387 AU from the Sun. CoRoT-1b is presumed to be tidally locked to its star.

The planet was the first to be sighted optically rather than through infrared. Unlike other "hot Jupiters," this occurrence seems to imply that the heat transfer between the hemisphere of the planet facing the star and the hemisphere facing away is not significant.

See also
 Lists of exoplanets

References

External links

Monoceros
G-type main-sequence stars
Planetary transit variables
Planetary systems with one confirmed planet


The Portrait of Philip IV or Philip IV in Brown and Silver (and occasionally referred to as Philip IV of Spain in Brown and Silver) is a portrait of Philip IV of Spain painted by Diego Velázquez. It is sometimes known as Silver Philip and is now in the National Gallery in London.  It was the main portrait of Philip painted by Velázquez in the 1630s, used as the model for many workshop versions.

The date of the work is not certain – the National Gallery website gives 1631–32, whilst Carrassat gives 1635 – but it was definitely the first portrait the artist produced after his first trip to Italy, in that it adopts the softer and more colourful palette of the Venetian school. There is some evidence that the portrait may have taken a number of years to complete, accounting for the uncertainty. Life size, it is unlike most portraits of Philip IV, in that it does not show him in his usual wholly black costume. Instead it shows him in a brown and silver embroidered costume (thus giving the portrait its name), painted with small rapid strokes, and wearing the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece on a golden chain.  There are several pentimenti that fine tune the composition.  The signature is on the letter Philip holds, a fictive petition from the painter to him.  This is a sign of the importance Velázquez attached to the work, as he only signed a few of his paintings.

Provenance
It was almost certainly the painting on display in the library at the Escorial outside Madrid from the mid-17th century until 1809, when it was removed on the orders of Joseph Bonaparte, who had been placed on the throne of Spain by his brother Napoleon.  He presented it to a General Desolle, despite a civil servant asking him to present a less important work.  Desolle's daughter sold it after the general's death to the English collector William Thomas Beckford, on whose death in 1844 it was inherited by his son-in-law, the 10th Duke of Hamilton.  It was bought by the National Gallery for £6,300 at the 1882 Hamilton Palace Sale, a very high price for a Spanish painting at the time.

Cleaning controversy
Kenneth Clark, the director of The National Gallery at the time, oversaw a cleaning and restoration of the Silver Philip in 1936, which created significant controversy. Clark employed art restorer Helmut Ruhemann, whose work Clark described as "far more skillful and scientific [than other restorers]", to carry out the cleaning. Clark's biographer, James Stourton, described the controversy of the "cleaning wars" at the time:
"Part of the problem was that Academicians thought that an artist should run the gallery (as indeed had usually been the case), rather than an art historian, and they actually enjoyed spats. The painting that aroused their feelings was the Velázquez portrait of Philip [IV], the so-called 'Silver Philip', that had just received the attentions of Ruhemann. The Daily Telegraph had been stirring up controversy by inviting well-known artists to voice their opinions on the subject. Critics included Alfred Munnings, William Nicholson, and Frank Brangwyn, who preferred to view the Old Masters through the golden glow of discoloured varnish, and even threatened the establishment of a Society for the Protection of Old Masters. A lot of ink was spilled on the matter of whether 'glazes' or varnish had been removed from the Velázquez. Clark defended the gallery in the letters page of The Times and Sir William Rothenstein wrote an express approval of 'the Silver Philip'...The matter rumbled on for over a year.
Neil MacGregor, the director of The National Gallery from 1981 to 1987, acknowledged that Clark had been privately concerned about the restoration, stating that Clark was, “fearful of what might be found if the golden veils of dirt and varnish were ever to be removed”. However, years after the controversy, Clark himself said, "I do not regard cleaning controversies as of any importance. They are epidemics that take place about every twenty-five years."

The picture was included in an exhibition at the National Gallery in 1947 entitled "Exhibition of Cleaned Pictures" and was displayed alongside Philip IV of Spain (also called Philip IV when Elderly), another portrait of Philip IV by Velázquez.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

Notes

References
Carrassat, P.F.R., Maestros de la pintura, Spes Editorial, S.L., 2005.
Neil MacLaren, revised Allan Braham, The Spanish School, National Gallery Catalogues, 1970, National Gallery, London,
Reitlinger, Gerald; The Economics of Taste, Vol I: The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760–1960, Barrie and Rockliffe, London, 1961

Further reading
Carr, Dawson W. and Bray, Xavier (eds.), Velázquez, 2006, National Gallery London,
Velázquez , exhibition catalog of 1990 from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this painting (see index)

 External links
 Philip IV of Spain in Brown and Silver'' – National Gallery webpage

Portraits by Diego Velázquez
1635 paintings
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Portraits of Philip IV of Spain by Diego Velázquez


The Blue budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigars.  It is part of the genetic constitution of the following recognised varieties: Skyblue, Cobalt, Mauve and Violet.

Appearance

The Blue mutation changes the colour of the body feathers, which are light green in the wild-type, to skyblue and the colour of mask and other parts which are yellow in the wild-type, to white.
In the domesticated bird this mutation changes the Light Green variety into the Skyblue variety, the Dark Green into the Cobalt and the Olive into the Mauve.

The green colouration of the wild budgerigar is due to the combined effect of a yellow pigment and an interference effect similar to that which gives colour to petrol on water, which in the budgerigar produces a blue colouration.  Yellow pigment is present in the outer layer (cortex) of the cells forming the barbs of all feathers of the wild budgerigar with the exception of the cheek patches, although it is very weak in the outermost flight feathers.  The distribution of the yellow pigment is clearly shown in the Lutino.  The Blue mutation totally inhibits the production of this yellow pigment, and as far as is known, it has no other effect.

The yellow pigment in young budgerigars is paler than in adults, which makes green budgerigars in nest feather appear duller and Lutinos appear paler.  A brighter and stronger yellow colouration appears after the first moult.

Parrot feathers contain red, orange, and yellow polyene pigments called psittacofulvins. Genome-wide association mapping and gene-expression analysis mapped the Mendelian blue locus, which abolishes yellow pigmentation in the budgerigar. The blue trait maps to a single amino acid substitution (R644W) in an uncharacterized polyketide synthase (MuPKS) gene. When the MuPKS gene is expressed in yeast, yellow pigments accumulated. Mass spectrometry confirmed the yellow pigments matched those in feathers. The R644W substitution abolished MuPKS gene activity. Furthermore, gene-expression data from feathers of different bird species suggest that parrots acquired their colors through regulatory changes that drive high expression of the MuPKS gene in feather epithelia. This formulates biochemical models that explain natural color variation in parrots.

The Blue mutation provides a widely accepted division of domesticated budgerigars into two colour classes: the "Green series" and the "Blue series".  Birds of the Green series exhibit yellow pigmentation, while birds of the Blue series lack yellow pigmentation.  These names can be misleading, since some birds belonging to the Blue series, such as Albinos, are not blue; similarly, Lutinos belong to the Green series, yet are not green.

In combination with the Dark budgerigar mutation the body feathers become deeper shades of blue.  A blue budgerigar with a single Dark factor is called a Cobalt, and one with two Dark factors a Mauve.   The World Budgerigar Organization has established precise standards for budgerigar body colours using the Pantone Codes, as shown to the right.

Historical notes
The Blue mutation
made its first recorded appearance in 1878 in the aviaries of M Limbosch of Uccle, a suburb of Brussels, but this strain died out, it is believed, in 1881. Blues appeared independently in the Netherlands between 1881 and 1885, and a Mr Pauwels of Everberg, near Brussels, reintroduced them to Belgium from this Dutch strain.

The first Blues to be seen in England were some exhibited by Messrs Millsum and Pauwels at the Horticultural Hall in 1910 and the Crystal Palace in 1911. Mr D Astley owned Blues in 1911,
and it is recorded that C Pelham Sutton of Putney bred a Blue in 1912.

Blues remained quite rare until the 1930s, fetching up to £100 per pair in Japan around 1928, about the cost of a car at the time.

Genetics
The Blue mutation is recessive to its wild-type allele, so a bird possessing a single Blue allele (the heterozygote) is identical in appearance to the wild-type light green.  That is, the presence of a single wild-type allele is sufficient to permit the full production of the yellow psittacin pigment.  Among the budgerigar fancy such a bird is said to be a Light Green split blue, usually written Light Green/blue.  In a bird which has two Blue alleles (the homozygote), the lack of the wild-type allele means the yellow pigment can no longer be produced, and so the body colour is blue—the Skyblue.

The locus of the Blue gene is situated on one of the autosomal chromosomes.  The Yellowface Blue I mutation, the Yellowface II mutation form an autosomal co-dominant series of alleles with the Blue mutation.

The loci of the Dark budgerigar mutation and the Blue allelic series are situated on the same autosome, so the Dark mutation is linked to the Blue allelic series (see genetic linkage).  The cross-over value (COV) or recombination frequency between the Dark and Blue loci is commonly stated to be about 14%, but some experiments have found much smaller values (see Genetics in the Dark budgerigar mutation).

Notes

References

External links
 World Budgerigar Organisation (WBO)
 WBO Colour Guide

Budgerigar colour mutations


Socialis may refer to:

Blechnum sociale, a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae sometimes incorrectly known as Blechnum socialis
Drapetisca socialis, a species of spider belonging to the family Linyphiidae
Ledebouria socialis, a species of bulbous perennial plant in the family Asparagaceae
Microtus socialis, a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae
Pluvianellus socialis, a rare and unique wader
Sollicitudo rei socialis, an encyclical written by Pope John Paul II on 30 December 1987
Styrax pentlandianus, synonym Styrax socialis, a species of flowering plant in the family Styracaceae


Minuscule 400 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 50 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Gospel of Matthew 12:29-13:2, Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles on 249 parchment leaves () with some lacunae (Matthew 1:1-23:27). The text is written in one column per page, in 14-15 lines per page.

It contains the Euthalian Apparatus.

 Lacunae
Acts, 1:11-2:11; Romans 1:1-27; 1 Corinthians 14:12-15:46; 2 Corinthians 1:1-8; 5:4-19; 1 Timothy 4:1-Hebrews 1:9.

 Text
Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

History

The manuscript was damaged by fire and water.
It once belonged to Henry Benzil, Archbishop of Uppsala († 1758), then to Laurence Benzelstierna, Bishop of Arosen. It was described by C. Aurivill (1802), collated by G. T. Pappelbaum (1815). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Vatican Library (Chis. R IV 6 (gr. 6) in Rome.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
12th-century biblical manuscripts