Major Nazmul Huq (; 11 August 1938 — 27 September 1971)  was the first sector commander of the 7th sector in the Bangladesh Liberation War. He is also called "The Lost Sector Commander" of Bangladesh Liberation War.

Life
Huq was born in Amirabad village under Lohagara Upazila in Chittagong District to Advocate Hafej Ahmed and Joynab Begum. He passed his matriculation from Peshowara school of Comilla and H.S.C from Jagannath College, Dhaka. He joined the Pakistan army when he was a second-year student of Ahsanullah Engineering University (BUET). He was commissioned in artillery core on October 14, 1962.

Bangladesh Liberation War

Huq was a very good organizer. In his sector, he directed the guerrilla warfare as well as trained the independence militia who lacked formal training on military operations. His coverage area was Rajshahi, Pabna, Bogra and part of Dinajpur district. Tarangapur was his headquarters. About fifteen thousand freedom fighters fought in this sector. Bir Shrestho Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir fought under his command.

Death
Huq died in a road accident on 27 September 1971 when he was returning from Shiliguri cantonment. He was buried near Shona Masjid premises.

References

1971 deaths
1938 births
Bangladeshi military personnel
Pakistani defectors
People from Lohagara Upazila
Road incident deaths in Bangladesh


Polygamous unions are legal in the United Arab Emirates Muslim polygamy, in practice and law, differs greatly throughout the Islamic world. In some Muslim countries, polygamy is relatively common, while in most others, it is often rare or non-existent. Polygamy is most widely practiced by Muslims in West Africa (where it is also widely practiced by non-Muslims), as well as in certain traditionalist Arabian states such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

As with polygyny in Islam in general, men are allowed up to four wives, and women are not permitted multiple husbands.

References

Society of the United Arab Emirates
Family law in the United Arab Emirates
Marriage, unions and partnerships in the United Arab Emirates
United Arab
Women's rights in the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates


121st may refer to:

121st (Western Irish) Battalion, CEF, a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War
121st Air Refueling Wing (121 ARW) is an aerial refueling organization assigned to the Ohio Air National Guard
121st Engineer Battalion, one of the first American units to land in Normandy on D-Day during World War II
121st Fighter Squadron flies the F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
121st Infantry Division (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I
121st International Olympic Committee Session, 2009-10-02 in Denmark, when the 2016 Summer Olympics location will be decided
121st meridian east, 121° east of Greenwich, a line of longitude through Asia, the Indian Ocean and Australia
121st meridian west, 121° west of Greenwich, a line of longitude through North America and the Pacific Ocean
121st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a volunteer regiment recruited during the American Civil War
121st Pennsylvania Regiment, a regiment of the Union Army during the United States Civil War
121st Regiment of Foot (1762), an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1762 and disbanded in 1764
121st Regiment of Foot (1794), an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1794 and disbanded in 1796
121st Signal Battalion (United States), a signal unit of the United States Army, inactivated as of July 2006
121st Street (BMT Jamaica Line), a station on the elevated BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway
121st Street (IRT Second Avenue Line), a station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line
121st Weather Flight, a subordinate unit of the 113th Wing of the United States Air Force based at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland


Cymothoe hobarti, or Hobart's red glider, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of lowland to sub-montane forests.

Males mud-puddle and both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit.

The larvae feed on Rinorea species.

Subspecies
The following subspecies are recognised:
Cymothoe hobarti hobarti (Uganda, western Kenya, north-western Tanzania)
Cymothoe hobarti mwamikazi Overlaet, 1952 (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Kivu, Kibali, Ituri)
Cymothoe hobarti candidata Overlaet, 1954 (northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Central African Republic)
Cymothoe hobarti lactanganyikae Collins, 1990 (western Tanzania)

References

Butterflies described in 1900
Cymothoe (butterfly)
Butterflies of Africa
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler


The NCAA Division II Men's Soccer Championship is the annual tournament held by the NCAA to determine the top men's Division II college soccer program in the United States. It has been played annually since 1972; prior to that, all teams competed in a single class.

The most successful program has been Southern Connecticut State, with six national titles.

The current champion is Franklin Pierce, who won their second national title in 2022, defeating CSU Pueblo, 2–0, in the final.

Format
The Division II tournament is structured around four unbalanced Super Regionals from the eight NCAA regions (Atlantic, Central, East, Midwest, South, South Central, Southeast, and West). At least two and as many as six teams from each region are selected with no automatic qualifiers given. The selection criteria used is similar to that used in Division I, although one difference is that the RPI is replaced with the Quality of Winning Percentage Index, a more subjective measure. In 2016, the tournament field consisted of a 38-team, single-elimination tournament.

The first two rounds are played on campus sites with the highest seed usually hosting the regional semis and finals. The winners of each region meet in the third round and/or quarterfinals, with the host being determined by specific criteria or, failing that, geographical rotation. The final two rounds are played at a predetermined site. The 2016 semifinals and final, for example, were held at Swope Soccer Village in Kansas City, Missouri and hosted by the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association and the Kansas City Sports Commission.

Finals hosting history
From 1982 through 2002, the highest seeded finalist or semifinalist school was designated as the host for the finals. The University of Tampa has hosted the finals seven times, more than any other school. Florida International is the only school to have hosted four championships in a row. The championship final has been played in the state of Florida on 22 occasions, 18 more time than any other state. On seven occasions the host team has won the championship.

Schools in italics are no longer Division  II members.

Years in bold indicate when the host school won championship

Champions
References:

# = Later vacated by NCAA.

Teams ranked by titles

 Schools highlighted in yellow have reclassified athletics from NCAA Division II. All such schools are currently Division I members except Pfeiffer, now in Division III. Alabama A&M no longer sponsors men's soccer.
 Schools highlighted in pink have closed or discontinued athletics.

Schools ranked by number of appearances

Schools indicated in pink no longer compete in Division II.

Former Division II Champions now in Division I
Source:

Conference affiliations are current for the upcoming 2022 NCAA men's soccer season.

In addition to the above schools, Alabama A&M moved to Division I after winning Division II titles in 1977 and 1979. However, it discontinued its men's soccer program after the 2010 season.
Adelphi also moved to Division I in 1976, after winning the Division II title in 1974, but returned to Division II in 2013.

See also
 List of NCAA Division II men's soccer programs
 NCAA Men's Division II Soccer Tournament appearances by school
 NCAA Men's Soccer Championships (Division I, Division III)
 NCAA Women's Soccer Championships (Division I, Division II, Division III)
 NAIA national men's soccer championship
 Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association

References

External links


Minuscule 420 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.
Marginalia are almost full (no lectionary markings).

Description

The codex contains the text of the Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Mark on 127 parchment leaves (). It is written in one column per page, in 22 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 241 Sections, the last in 16:20), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers).

It the Epistula ad Carpianum, Eusebian Canon tables, Prolegomena (προγραμμα) to the four Gospels, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, numbers of , and pictures (portrait of Matthew and Mark).

Text

It was written by several different hands, with readings from other copies.

Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

History

In 1786 the manuscript was examined for Andreas Birch. The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852).
C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Library of the University (F. V. 18) in Messina.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
10th-century biblical manuscripts


Cymothoe caenis, the common glider, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia. The habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland. It is a migratory species.

The larvae feed on Rawsonia usambarensis, Rawsonia lucida, Caloncoba gilgiana, Caloncoba glauca, Oncoba spinosa, Oncoba welwitschii, Lindackeria and Uapaca species.

References

Butterflies described in 1773
Cymothoe (butterfly)
Butterflies of Africa
Taxa named by Dru Drury


Kavli Foundation may refer to:

Kavli Trust (Norwegian: Kavlifondet), a Norwegian foundation that owns Kavli Holding AS
Kavli Foundation (United States), an American foundation established in 2000

See also
Kavli (disambiguation)


Karen Clark () is a Scottish classical bassoonist and music educator.
Clark appeared on the 2007 BBC Two reality show, Classical Star.

Education

Clark began studying the bassoon at the age of twelve at West Calder High School in West Calder with Russell Cowieson, having previously played the violin since the age of five. She later studied at the Junior Academy of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama with Janet Bloxwich. She won the Gilbert Innes Prize for woodwind and the 2004 Concerto competition, and in 2004 and 2005 was awarded the Wolfson Scholarship.

Clark went on to study with John Orford at the Royal Academy of Music, where she received the Queen's Commendation for Excellence, the Louise Child Prize for Academic Achievement and the Irene Burcher Prize for Woodwind.

Career
In 2006 Clark gave a recital on BBC Radio Scotland, and also performed the Hindemith Trumpet and Bassoon Concerto with John Wallace. She was a member of the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland for four years and in 2007 performed with Camerata Scotland NYOS Futures.

Clark was runner-up in the BBC Two programme Classical Star for her performance of the Hummel Bassoon Concerto with the City of London Sinfonia at LSO St Luke's. On 5 August 2009 she performed the Mozart Bassoon Concerto with the BBC Philharmonic at the BBC Proms.

Clark has made four solo and contributed to three other recordings with Chandos Records.

Since 2012, Clark has focused on music education, delivering Kodály method workshops in schools across Scotland. She teaches musicianship and conducting at the National Youth Choir of Scotland West Lothian Choir and musicianship at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Junior Conservatoire.

References

Scottish classical bassoonists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music


U Minh Hạ National Park () or National Park of Lower U Minh is a national park of Vietnam. The park is located in Cà Mau Province (communes Khánh Lâm, Khanh An of U Minh District and communes of Trần Hợi, Khánh Bình Tây Bắc of Trần Văn Thời District). The park has an area of 82.86 square kilometers and was established on 20 January 2006 to protect low wetland ecosystem in the region. Fauna and flora found here include mangrove, snake, turtle, bird, amphibian.

The people living in U Minh Hạ Forest have occupations related to the forest such as raising bees, fishing, catching eels, and planting fruit trees. They are very protective of their home. The people of the forest rely on the start of the rainy season for the forest to turn into a large breeding ground for fish, so that they can catch the fish.

References

National parks of Vietnam
Protected areas established in 2006
Geography of Cà Mau province


Feudal relief was a one-off "fine" or form of taxation payable to an overlord by the heir of a feudal tenant to license him to take possession of his fief, i.e. an estate-in-land, by inheritance. It is comparable to a death duty or inheritance tax.

The equivalent duty at the lower levels of the feudal hierarchy was heriot (in England) or le droit du meilleur catel (in France).

Etymology
The word relief comes from the Latin verb levo, to raise, lift up, elevate, with the addition of the Latin inseparable adverbial particle re-, which has three distinct meanings: back, against and again. The Latin composite verb relevo results. The term used in mediaeval Latin charters is Relevius. The payment thus obtains an heir's "relief" by his being "re-elevated" or "lifted-up again" into the place of honour and privilege formerly occupied by his predecessor.

Rationale
As fiefs were originally granted by William the Conqueror as a reward for past service, there was no logical reason in feudal terms why the tenant's heir should take up the fief without himself having provided the king with some similar valuable past service. The payment of a fine for such "relief" can thus be seen within the logic of feudalism as payment in-lieu of such past service. Thus the right to inherit a fief was akin to a pre-emption right: the king would re-grant the fief to the heir in priority to a third party, so long as the heir paid his fine. This was a valuable right as the heir was more expert in the exploitation of the fief in question than of any other comparable estate of land, for example he was aware through experience of its optimal cropping rotation based on its differing soil-types and micro-climates, and he had available a local work-force loyal to his family.

Example from Pipe Rolls
The Pipe Roll was a class of parchment roll used by the Treasury to record financial receipts. The Pipe Roll of 6 Henry III (1222) contains the following entry:
Ricardus filius Willelmi de Scalariis II pro relevio suo de dimidia baronia...£... (received from Richard son of William de Scalarius II for his relief concerning half a barony.....the sum of £...prob. £50)

Varieties of relief
In the case of a feudal baron, that is to say one who held per baroniam, it is termed "baronial relief", set at £100. Following Magna Carta of 1215, the standard rates became one quarter of a year's profit of the estate payable by an under-tenant, and a full year's profit payable by a non-baronial tenant-in-chief.

Rates payable
It is clear from the pre-eminent positioning in Magna Carta (1215), of the clauses concerning the regulation of relief, that the question of the exaction of extortionate reliefs was one of the major complaints made by the barons to King John. These clauses, in order numbers 2 and 3 follow no other but a clause which promises the free election of bishops to the English church, an issue of paramount significance in the mediaeval world. There can be no better exposition of the charging structure than that given in the Charter itself, which is quoted as follows:

(2) "If any earl, baron or other person who holds lands directly from the Crown for military service shall die, and at his death his heir shall be of full age and owe a Relief, the heir shall have his inheritance on payment of the ancient scale of Relief. That is to say, the heir or heirs of an earl shall pay £100 for the entire earl's barony, the heir or heirs of a knight 100 shillings at most for the entire knight's fee and any man that owes less shall pay less in accordance with the ancient usage of fees".

(3) "But if the heir of such a person is under age (i.e. 21) and a ward, when he comes of age he shall have his inheritance without Relief or fine".

In summary, therefore, Magna Carta set feudal relief for earls (who all held per baroniam and were therefore themselves barons) at £100 and for knights at 100 shillings (i.e. £5) per knight's fee, in both cases restoring the rates to their traditional levels. Although no mention appears to be made of the rates payable by barons for their baronies, it is known that the level set was  as for earls, £100.
The relative proportion of relief for barony and knight's fee of 20:1 seems to imply that originally a barony consisted of, or was equivalent in some way, to twenty knight's fees.

See also
History of the English fiscal system, section: Sources of revenue
Primer seisin

Sources
Sanders, I.J. English Baronies, A Study of their Origin & Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960

References

External links
Canute, King of the English: On Heriots and Reliefs, c. 1016-1035

Feudalism


The Erika legislative packages of the European Union are maritime laws intended to improve safety in the shipping industry and thereby reduce environmental damage to the oceans.

The packages are named after the oil tanker Erika, which broke apart in a storm in the Bay of Biscay off the coast of France in 1999, spilling over 10,000 tonnes of heavy fuel oil, polluting  of coastline. This incident prompted the EU to pass the first two measures addressing maritime safety. The third package was spurred in part by the 2002 sinking of the oil tanker Prestige off the coasts of Spain and France. That accident, the largest environmental disaster in Spain's history, was caused in part because Spanish authorities denied the distressed vessel entry to a safe harbour. European Council officials claim that the Prestige disaster would not have been possible if the first two Erika packages had been fully implemented and enforced at the time.

The Erika packages comprise modifications of the existing legislation (Erika I), innovations in the EU law (Erika II), and integrate international standards with the Community legislation (Erika III). The laws reinforce certification requirements for shipping and establish inspection and verification controls. They also imply greater responsibilities for the shipping companies. Each EU country was required to install appropriate authorities and new or reinforced methods of control.

Erika I
In March 2000, the European Commission presented three proposals for "immediate actions" to modify the standards in force relating to tankers and ships transporting dangerous or polluting material. These regulations entered into force on 22 July 2003.

Port state control
The first proposal amended Directive 95/21/EC to control the entry of ships into EU ports. Ships older than 15 years that have been detained more than twice in the previous two years are added to a "blacklist" published by the commission, and are denied entry to any EU port. As ships get older, they are subject to increasing levels of inspection. Inspections must target one of the ballast tanks. Ships are required to communicate certain information before entering ports to facilitate inspection.

Classification societies
The second proposal, related to Directive 2001/105/EC, more strictly monitors the classification societies that inspect ship quality on behalf of EU member states. It places more stringent criteria on the societies, and gives the commission the right to suspend or withdraw recognition from societies that fail to comply with the Directive using a simplified procedure.

Double-hull oil tankers
The last proposal speeds up the replacement of single-hull oil tankers with double-hull designs, which are less likely to leak.  , single-hull crude oil tankers of 20,000 tons deadweight, or product carriers of 30,000 tons deadweight, are banned from the ports and internal waters of EU member states. Single-hull oil tankers of both types of 600 tons deadweight or more will be banned by 2015, or when they reach 25 to 30 years of age depending upon the tanker's regulatory status.

Enactment of Erika I
The European Union Directives required member states to enact national laws enabling these rules by 22 July 2003. As of 25 July 2003, only Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom had done so, leading the European Commission to initiate legal proceedings against 10 other member states that had failed to do so.

In June 2004, France was found to have failed to fulfil its inspection duties under Erika I by the European Court of Justice. France blamed the failure on personnel shortages.

Erika II
Following the first series of regulations, the Commission proposed a second set of legislation consisting of one Directive and two Regulations. These measures were intended to bring lasting improvements in the protection of European waters against accidents at sea and marine pollution.

Maritime traffic monitoring and control
Directive 2002/59/EC established a maritime-vessel monitoring, control, and information system. Because 90 per cent of the EU's external trade is seaborne, and the ocean trade routes with Europe have notable geographic chokepoints like the Strait of Dover and the Strait of Gibraltar, heavy oceangoing traffic can occur, increasing the risk of an environmental accident. Therefore, a traffic monitoring and control system reduces the risk of accidents.

All ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards, regardless of cargo, are covered. Exceptions are made for warships; fishing vessels, traditional ships, and recreational craft less than  in length, and bunkers below 5,000 tons.

Ships bound for EU ports must notify the port authority 24 hours in advance, when feasible. Ships must have an Automatic Identification System (AIS) and a Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) system (a "black box" for ships, used for accident investigations).

Dangerous or polluting goods on board a ship must be declared by the shipper to the master or operator of the vessel, who must then in turn provide the information to the authorities. The master of a ship is required to immediately report any incident or accident affecting the safety of the ship or other shipping, any sightings of polluting materials or drifting containers, and any situation liable to lead to pollution of EU waters or shores.

In poor weather, ships may be prevented from leaving port. EU member states are required to provide places of refuge for ships in distress.

COPE Fund
A proposed regulation would set up the COPE Fund, a compensation fund for victims of oil spills in European waters. The fund would compensate victims with justified claims that exceed the international regieme's compensation limit of 200 million Euros. The fund's compensation limit is . It is proportionally financed by European businesses that receive more than 150,000 tonnes of crude oil and heavy fuel per year.

This regulation also provides financial penalties for those found guilty of grossly negligent behaviour in the transport of oil by sea.

European Maritime Safety Agency

Regulation (EC) No 1406/2002 created the European Maritime Safety Agency. The agency was created "to ensure a high, uniform and effective level of maritime safety and prevention of pollution by ships in the Community."

Erika III
The third and final maritime safety package addressed civil liability and flag states. The Prestige oil spill showed that the existing regulations were inadequate, according to the Parliament member that guided the legislation.  "We could have avoided the Prestige oil spill," said Loyola de Palacio, vice-president in charge of Transport and Energy, claiming that the spill would not have happened if the European Commission's Erika I and II proposals had been fully adopted and implemented.

The Commission proposed the package on 23 November 2005. The European Parliament adopted the package on 11 March 2009. The laws entered into force on 17 June 2009, although the directives must then be implemented by the domestic laws of the member states before they become effective.

Flag States
Directive 2009/21/EC requires that the flags of all EU countries have good standing, and not be on the black or grey list established by the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control. It also codifies the International Maritime Organization's flag-state audit scheme into law.

Classification societies
The existing directive covering classification societies was split into Regulation (EC) 391/2009 (containing a recognition scheme, obligations, and penalties) and Directive 2009/15/EC (governing relations between EU countries and recognised classification societies).

The societies must set up an independent joint body to certify their quality-management systems. Organizations can be fined, or have their recognition withdrawn, if they fail to do their job properly. Approved societies must co-operate, recognising each other's classification certificates when the relevant regulations are equivalent.

Port State Control
Directive 2009/16/EC reformed the EU's Port State Control scheme. All ships calling on EU ports must be inspected, even if they only rarely visit the EU. A risk profile is established for each ship, based on its type, age, flag, company history, and detainment history. Depending on the risk profile, ships may be inspected as often as every six months, or as infrequently as every three years. Substandard ships are subject to a mandatory minimum ban period, and repeat offenders may be permanently banned. This provision was controversial, with some member states of the EU arguing that the costs would be too great. All five Maltese ministers of the European Parliament voted against the measures; the Erika, the vessel whose oil spill spurred the creation of these laws, was a Maltese-flagged vessel.

The directive also establishes a blacklist of companies operating substandard ships, published under the Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control.

Increased qualification and training requirements for Port State Control inspectors are also included in the directive.

Traffic monitoring
Erika II's traffic-monitoring requirements were amended by Directive 2009/17/EC, enhancing the traffic monitoring requirements. The directive sets SafeSeaNet as the standard maritime data exchange system for the EU, and establishes a European center to collect identification data and monitor shipping.

The "place of refuge" provision of the original directive was revised with more detailed rules, in response to the Prestige spill.

Under the amendments, all fishing vessels over  in length will eventually be equipped with AIS.

The amendments also provide for information and prevention measures when ice formation places shipping at risk.

Accident investigation
Directive 2009/18/EC provides guidelines for technical investigations and dissemination of "lessons learnt" following accidents at sea. It is based on the International Maritime Organization's existing code requirements, giving the principles of that code the force of law. With this directive, maritime accidents now have rules about technical investigations similar to those for civil-aviation and railway accidents.

Passenger carrier liability
A modern and uniform set of rules for compensating passengers who are the victim of an accident at sea was established by Regulation (EC) No 392/2009. It extends the IMO's Athens Convention, which was already part of EU law.

In the case of sinking, collision, or shipwreck, victims no longer have to prove the carrier was at fault, and may receive up to  in damages as set by a judge. However, for accidental injuries like slips and falls, the victim must still prove fault. All carriers must be insured, and victims may apply directly to the insurance company for compensation. Compensation for lost or damaged luggage is set at .

These improvements will take effect by 2013, at which time all Europeans travelling between countries will enjoy these protections. The regulation will eventually be extended to domestic travel as well.

This regulation was initially opposed by some member states.

Shipowner insurance
Before Directive 2009/20/EC was enacted, there was no legal requirement for European shipowners to carry insurance against damage to third parties caused by their ships. International law does not require such insurance. The directive requires European-flagged ships to carry coverage consistent with the International Maritime Organization's 1996 Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC 1996) by 1 January 2012.

The trade association BIMCO called this provision "virtually toothless", noting that it generally reflects the current insurance regime.

References

European Union law


Paul Mifka (born 6 August 1965) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for West Perth in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Playing career
Mifka made his WAFL league debut for  in 1984. Mifka was used initially as a wingman at West Perth but developed into a defender.

He joined West Coast in 1987 for their inaugural season but had to wait until the last home and away match to make his debut. The former Balcatta player gathered 14 disposals in a convincing win over  at Subiaco Oval and it would be his only appearance in the seniors. He was picked up by the Brisbane Bears in 1990 AFL draft but it wasn't successful and he ended up back at West Perth.

A dual WAFL premiership player, in 1995 and 1999, Mifka won West Perth's Breckler Medal in 1993. He was also a four-time interstate representative and played State of Origin football in the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

External links

1965 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
West Perth Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
Western Australian State of Origin players


Mutua may refer to:

 Mutua Madrid Open, a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts since 2002, sponsored by Mutua Madrileña
 Mutua Madrileña, non-profit Spanish insurance company founded in 1930
 Mutua (surname)


Coming Soon () is a 2008 Thai horror film starring Worrakarn Rotjanawatchra, Oraphan Arjsamat, Sakulrath Thomas, and Chantavit Dhanasevi. The film is the directorial debut for Sophon Sakdapisit, who was the co-writer of the films Shutter (2004) and Alone (2007).

Plot
The movie starts with a scene of a movie where a woman named Chaba murders two of her three kidnapped children, only to be arrested by local villagers and hanged.

Shane and Som, in the movie audience, got traumatized by Shomba and start researching, finding out that this movie was based on a true event that happened 30 years ago.

Curious, they decide to check the house where this event occurred. While in the house, Shane falls off the stairs and gets heavily injured. At the hospital, they are questioned by the doctor on why they went to the house, to which they replied it was to investigate the report of Chaba's death. The doctor later tells them that Chaba hasn't died and is currently in a mental facility.

Shane decides to look at the film and see what has gone wrong. They find that the actress in the movie, Ingchan, has died instead of Chaba.

Later, Shane and Som gets haunted by Ingchan and later killed.

Production

Critical reception
Slasherpool felt that the film had some decent scary moments and that the script was sound. They noted that first-time director Sopon Sukdapisit might not have had a lot of experience, with some obvious flaws, and "rookie" mistakes, and nothing very innovative, suggesting that he stick to writing. The opined that it "is a movie destined to be remade"..."worth watching if you're in the mood for a decent ghost story but don't expect to get blown away."  When reviewed by Movie Exclusive, they summarized by saying "Coming Soon doesn't have enough to be an instant classic, but it bodes well for the GMM Tai Hub stable that they're still a force to be reckoned with when it comes to raking up the scares".  The Fridae Movie Club thought the film had promise when they wrote "Coming Soon has a sharp film-within-a-film concept, further proof of Sophon Sakdapisit’s screenwriting talents", but noted its lacks when writing "But the direction falls way short of the ambitious script."  This same opinion was shared by Fangoria, which wrote "Sakdapisit tosses in a few effective setpieces and plenty of gouged-out eyes, but the majority of Coming Soon feels overly familiar and illogical".

Additional sources
Review at Dlanz Movies
Review at Horror News

References

External links

2008 films
2008 horror films
Films set in a movie theatre
GMM Tai Hub films
Thai horror films
2008 directorial debut films
Thai supernatural horror films


Kuemmerling is the brandname of a type of Kräuterlikör (herb liqueur) from Germany, belonging to the group of Halbbitter (semi bitters).

This 35% by volume alcohol is a type of bitters. It has been in production since 1963 in Bodenheim, near Mainz, using a recipe from 1938. About one million 20 ml bottles are filled every day at the production facility. Kuemmerling was Germany's fourth-largest spirits brand and the second-largest brand in the bitters category in 2000. The family-owned company sold nearly 680,000 cases per year in 2000 and was bought out by Allied Domecq PLC in 2001; the company was acquired by Fortune Brands in the Pernod Ricard - Fortune Brands joint acquisition of Allied Domecq in 2005.  Fortune Brands, then sold it to the German company Henkell & Co. (daughter-company of Dr. Oetker) in 2010.

References

External links

 Pernod Ricard website

Bitters
German liqueurs
German brands
German distilled drinks
Dr. Oetker


Aasmund Bjørkan (born 3 July 1973) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who was appointed manager at Bodø/Glimt after the 2015 season. He had been the assistant of former manager Jan Halvor Halvorsen since 2013. He has previously been head coach of the First Division sides Alta and Ranheim. As a player, he played as a winger for Bodø/Glimt and Vålerenga, and won the Norwegian Cup in 1993 and 2002.

Playing career
Bjørkan made his debut for Bodø/Glimt in 1991, and helped win promotion ahead of the 1993 season. In his first Norwegian top division season in 1993 he played all 22 league games. He remained a steadfast first-team player at Bodø/Glimt until changing club to Vålerenga in the middle of the 2000 season. After some meagre seasons he returned to Bodø/Glimt in August 2002. He started off well, playing all 26 league games in 2003, but was eventually struck by problems with jumper's knee. He retired as an active player after the 2005 season.

Post-playing career
Ahead of the 2006 season he was offered the job as head coach of Steigen SK. This did not happen; instead he was hired at Bodø/Glimt as a player developer. Ahead of the 2009 season he was hired as the new head coach for second-tier club Alta IF. After two seasons there Bjørkan moved to become the new head coach for Ranheim from 1 January 2011, where he replaced Per Joar Hansen who took over the Norwegian under-21 team. Bjørkan led the team to a fourth and a seventh place in the First Division, and left the club after the 2012 season when his contract expired.

Bjørkan was linked to the vacant position as head coach of Bodø/Glimt ahead of the 2013 season, but after the club hired Jan Halvor Halvorsen as head coach, he was hired as his assistant coach. When Jan Halvor Halvorsen left Bodø/Glimt after the 2015 season, Bjørkan was appointed head coach. In his first season in charge, Bodø/Glimt was relegated to the 1. divisjon. Bjørkan stayed at the club, Bodø/Glimt won the 2017 1. divisjon with a 16 point margin, and Bjørkan was named the 1. divisjon manager of the year.

Career statistics

Managerial statistics

Honours

As a player
Bodø/Glimt
 Norwegian Cup: 1993
Vålerenga
 Norwegian Cup: 2002

As a manager
Bodø/Glimt
 1. divisjon: 2017

Individual
 1. divisjon Manager of the Year: 2017

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Norwegian men's footballers
FK Bodø/Glimt players
Vålerenga Fotball players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian football managers
FK Bodø/Glimt managers
Ranheim Fotball managers
Footballers from Bodø
Men's association football midfielders


Fabio Armiliato (born 17 August 1956, Genoa) is an Italian operatic tenor.

Career
Armiliato has been referred to critically as "the best Chénier of our time" (Landini, L'Opera). In 1992 he sang the role of Mario Cavaradossi at the Vlaamse Opera. The conductor was Silvio Varviso. In 1993, he debuted in the Metropolitan Opera House in New York in Il trovatore, returning later in Aida and Madama Butterfly. He has also performed in the Teatro alla Scala, Milan, in the Opéra de Paris, and in San Francisco Opera. He performed Madama Butterfly in La Scala, in the Puccini Festival in Torre del Lago, and in the New National Theatre Tokyo. He worked with Zubin Mehta in a five-act version of Don Carlo in Munich and Florence.

In the 2007/08 season, he made a debut as Alvaro in La forza del destino in Monte Carlo, followed by La fanciulla del West in Rome and Norma in Bologna; in 2008/09, he performed Tosca in Florence, Adriana Lecouvreur in Palermo and La fanciulla del West in Seville. In 2008, he participated in the Puccini 150th Anniversary Gala Concert in New York.

In 2012, he appeared in the Woody Allen film To Rome with Love as a man with fantastic operatic voice, but only while in the shower.

His partner was the soprano Daniela Dessì, with whom he frequently performed and recorded.

Selected discography
La traviata: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), John Neschling (conductor)
Andrea Chénier: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Carlo Guelfi (baritone), Vjekoslav Šutej (conductor), Universal 2008.
Romanze e Canzoni: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Steven Mercurio (conductor), Decca 2007.
Love Duets: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Marco Boemi (conductor), Philips 2005.
Madama Butterfly: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Juan Pons (baritone), Plácido Domingo (conductor), Dynamic.
Tosca: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Opus Arte 2004.
Manon Lescaut: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Real Sound 2004.
Aida: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Opus Arte 2004.
Le Romanze ritrovate: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Daniela Dessì (soprano), Real Sound 2004.
A Tribute to Verdi: Fabio Armiliato (tenor), Marcello Panni (conductor), Real Sound 2001.

References

External links

Italian operatic tenors
Musicians from Genoa
Living people
1956 births
20th-century Italian male opera singers
21st-century Italian male opera singers


Amauris hecate, the dusky Danaid, scarce monk or black friar, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Africa, from Guinea and Liberia to Ghana, Cameroun, Angola, Zaire, Uganda, Southern Sudan and Western Kenya and Southern Ethiopia.

Subspecies
Amauris hecate hecate (Guinea, Liberia to Ghana, Cameroon, Angola, Zaire, Uganda, Southern Sudan and Western Kenya)
Amauris hecate stictica Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Southern Ethiopia)

References

Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 24

Amauris
Butterflies of Africa
Lepidoptera of West Africa
Butterflies described in 1866
Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler


The NCAA Division III Men's Soccer Championship is an annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III collegiate men's soccer in the United States.

Messiah is the most successful team, with 11 titles.

The Chicago Maroons are the reigning champions, winning their first championship in 2022.

History
It has been held each year since 1974, except 2020, when the Division III championship was established for universities that do not award athletics scholarships. The 2020 tournament was cancelled due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Division III teams had previously competed as part of the NCAA College Division Men's Soccer Championship (now Division II). A total of 64 teams participate, making it the largest of the NCAA's men's soccer tournaments.

Traditionally, the tournament is held in November and December at the end of the regular season. The tournament finals were initially held on the campus of one of the teams participating in the semifinals. Since 2004, however, they have been held at the same pre-determined neutral site as the NCAA Division III Women's Soccer Championship (added in 1986).

Selection format
Of the three NCAA divisions, Division III has the most complicated selection process. In 2012, the tournament was a 62-team, single-elimination tournament. Teams are divided into three pools. Pool A consists of the 36 conference champions, who all receive automatic bids to the tournament. Pool B consists of all teams which are not in conferences or which are in conferences that do not meet the requirements to be awarded an automatic bid. Four teams are selected from Pool B. Pool C consists of all the other teams, plus those Pool B teams not already selected. The remaining teams in the field are selected from Pool C. Two teams received first round byes, and the rest of the bracket was filled by geographical proximity. The early rounds of the championship were played at campus sites with the higher seeded team hosting the match. The semifinals and finals are played at a predetermined campus site. The 2012 Division III final rounds were held at Blossom Soccer Complex in San Antonio.

Results

Champions

 Schools highlight in yellow have reclassified athletics from NCAA Division III.

See also
 NCAA Men's Soccer Championships (Division I, Division II)
 NCAA Women's Soccer Championships (Division I, Division II, Division III)
 NAIA national men's soccer championship
 Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association

References

External links
Div. III men's soccer championship brackets

Recurring sporting events established in 1974


Cyrille-Émile Vaillancourt (March 20, 1848 – June 7, 1912) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Dorchester in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Nationalist member.

He was born in Saint-Roch, Canada East. In 1872, he married Marie-Louise Larochelle. He set up practice at Saint-Anselme in 1873 and later served as mayor and then registrar for Dorchester County. Vaillancourt ran unsuccessfully for reelection to the House of Commons in 1896 and 1904.

His son Cyrille later served in the Canadian senate.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill

External links
 Cyrille Émile Vaillancourt, Canadian historical portraits, Ville de Montréal

1848 births
1912 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Mayors of places in Quebec
Nationalist MPs


Long Thành is a township in Long Thành District, Đồng Nai Province, southern Vietnam, 70 km northwest of Vũng Tàu, 20 km southwest of Biên Hòa. The town is located on the Route 51 that connects industrial Biên Hòa city with the petroleum installation and seaside resort at Vũng Tàu city.

Facilities
This town is adjacent to the planned Long Thanh International Airport. Local economy is based on trading and services for the surrounding rubber and durian farms. In the suburbs of the town, there are industrial parks and a golf course.

Planned developments
When Ho Chi Minh City – Long Thanh – Dau Day Expressway is completed, this town will become a component city of the Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area. Then the city's economy will be based on services for Long Thanh International Airport.  There is a plan to relocate the Đồng Nai administration offices from Biên Hòa city to this town.

References

Communes of Đồng Nai province
Populated places in Đồng Nai province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club is a hotel and country club resort in the southeastern United States, located in Palm Harbor, Florida, northwest of Tampa. The complex consists of a 620-room hotel, four golf courses, spa, three restaurants, and conference facilities.

The Innisbrook Resort has been owned and operated by Salamander Hotels & Resorts since July 2007, having previously been owned by the Golf Trust investment group since 2004 under the Westin Hotels & Resorts brand.

Golf
There are four golf courses at Innisbrook, all designed by Larry Packard, the oldest of which is the Island Course, which was completed in 1970. The Copperhead Course, venue for the PGA Tour's Valspar Championship, came next in 1974, and originally had 27 holes before nine were used as the basis of the Highlands North Course. The final addition was the Highlands South Course.

Winners of the tournament have included major champions Jordan Spieth, Charl Schwartzel, Retief Goosen, Vijay Singh, and Jim Furyk.

Scorecard

In gaming
The Copperhead course was featured as part of the lineup of course offerings in the Links (series) of golf games for the PC. It was again showcased in PGA Tour 2K21 as an official course; the Valspar Championship was also one of the featured events in its career mode.

References

External links

Golf clubs and courses in Florida
Sports venues in Pinellas County, Florida
1970 establishments in Florida


This is a list of presidents of the Senate of Gabon, who is the presiding officer of the Senate of Gabon. The Senate of Gabon was created in 1997.

The president of the Senate is the constitutional successor of the president of Gabon in case of a vacancy.

References

Politics of Gabon
Gabon, Senate

Presidents of the Senate


The umbric horizon (Latin: umbra, shade) is a thick, dark coloured, surface soil horizon rich in organic matter. It is identified by its dark colour and structure.
Normally it has a pH of less than 5.5 representing a base saturation of less than 50 percent. An indication for soil acidity is a rooting pattern whereby the roots tend to be horizontal.

Similar thick, dark coloured, organic-rich, base-desaturated surface horizons occur in anthropedogenic horizons from human activities such as deep cultivation, kitchen middens and the addition of organic manures etc.
These horizons can usually be differentiated  by the presence of artifacts, spade marks  or by checking the agricultural history of the area.

In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), the umbric horizon is a diagnostic horizon. The diagnostic criteria are:

Soil structure sufficiently strong that the horizon is not both massive and hard or very hard when dry.
Munsell colours with a chroma and value ≤ 3 when moist and a value ≤ 5 when dry, both on slightly crushed samples.
It is described as base-desaturated in that it has a base saturation of < 50% on a weighted average throughout the depth of the horizon; and
Soil organic carbon content of ≥ 0.6% throughout the thickness of mixed horizon; and
A thickness of ≥ 100 mm if resting directly on hard rock; ≥ 200 mm else.

References

Pedology


Canal Sur Andalucía, formerly known as Andalucía Television shows the image of the Andalusia region of Spain to a global television audience via Canal Sur and Canal Sur 2.

Andalucía Televisión started broadcasting in February 1996. The Public Agency works for its thematic channels, programmes productions, corporate videos, advertising spots, documentaries, etc.

Television stations in Andalusia
Television channels and stations established in 1996


James William Armstrong (6 September 1901 – 1977) was a professional footballer who played for Spen Black and White, Swalwell-on-Tyne, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur, Luton Town and Bristol Rovers.

Football career
Armstrong joined Chelsea from Spen Black and White in 1922. The forward played 32 games and scored on 10 occasions for the Stamford Bridge club. He joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1927 where he featured in a further 33 games and finding the net five times in all competitions. In 1930 he moved to Luton Town to compete in 10 matches. He finished his career at Bristol Rovers and played in nine matches and netting twice.

References

1901 births
1977 deaths
Men's association football forwards
English men's footballers
Spen Black and White F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of death missing
Place of death missing
Footballers from County Durham


The Regius Professorship of Mathematics is the name given to three chairs in mathematics at British universities, one at the University of St Andrews, founded by Charles II in 1668, the second one at the University of Warwick, founded in 2013 to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II and the third one at the University of Oxford, founded in 2016.

University of St Andrews (1668)

From 1997 to 2015 there was no Regius Professor of Mathematics.  In April 2013 the post was advertised, and in 2015 Igor Rivin was appointed. He was succeeded by Kenneth Falconer in 2017.

List of Regius Professors of Mathematics

The following list may be incomplete.

 1668–1674 James Gregory
 1674–1688 William Sanders
 1689–1690 James Fenton
 1690–1707 vacant
 1707–1739 Charles Gregory
 1739–1765 David Gregory
 1765–1807 Nicolas Vilant
 1807–1809 vacant
 1809–1820 Robert Haldane
 1820–1858 Thomas Duncan
 1857–1858 John Couch Adams
 1859–1877 William L F Fischer
 1877–1879 George Chrystal
 1879–1921 Peter Redford Scott Lang
 1921–1950 Herbert Westren Turnbull
 1950–1969 Edward Thomas Copson
 1970–1997 John Mackintosh Howie
 1997–2015 vacant
 2015–2017 Igor Rivin
2017–present Kenneth Falconer

University of Warwick (2013)

The creation of the post of the Regius Professor of Mathematics was announced in January 2013, in March 2014 Martin Hairer was appointed to the position.

University of Oxford (2016)

The creation of the post of the Regius Professor of Mathematics was announced in June 2016 and Andrew Wiles was appointed as the first holder of the chair in May 2018.

In August 2020, it was announced that the Regius Professorship in Mathematics at the University of Oxford will become a permanent fixture at Merton College.

References

Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Mathematics Regius Professor
Professorships at the University of Oxford
Professorships in mathematics


Spring fever is any of a number of mood, physical, or behavioral changes which may be experienced coinciding with the onset of spring, particularly restlessness, laziness, and amorousness.

Overview
The term spring fever may refer to an increase in energy, vitality, and sexual appetite, as well as a feeling of restlessness, associated with the end of winter. This concept may have a biological basis. A lift in mood with the arrival of spring, and longer periods of daylight, is often particularly strong in those suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD), who experience lows or depression during the winter months. Symptoms of bipolar disorder are also more likely in spring.

In the 17th and 18th centuries in Australia, Spring fever or  Spring disease described an often fatal condition associated with skin lesions, bleeding gums and lethargy. The disease was later identified as scurvy with a simple cure of dietary fresh vegetables and fruit.

Notes

Mood disorders


Generation A is the thirteenth novel from Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland. It takes place in a near future, in a world in which bees have become extinct. The novel is told with a shifting-frame narrative perspective, shifting between the novel's five main protagonists. The novel mirrors the style of Coupland's first novel, Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, which is also a framed narrative. On September 30, 2009, Generation A was announced as a finalist for The Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize by The Writer's Trust of Canada.

Synopsis

Coupland's website has a synopsis of the novel:

Characters

 Zack Lammle
 Zack is the first character to be stung by a bee. He is a corn farmer in Mahaska County, Iowa. He has Attention Deficit Disorder, and a fondness for cursing and acting against the social grain. For instance, when he is stung, he is currently carving a large image of a penis and testicles into his corn field, so that it could be photographed from space.
 Samantha Tolliver
 Samantha is the second character to be stung. She is from Palmerston North, Manawatū, New Zealand. Her parents had recently told her that they do not believe in anything anymore, such as God and religion. When she is stung, she is creating an Earth Sandwich, where two people place two slices of bread on exactly opposite sides of the planet using GPS coordinates. (The Earth Sandwich is in reference to a May 2006 challenge issued to viewers by Internet performance artist Ze Frank.).
 Julien Picard
 Julien is the third character to be stung. He was at the 12th Arrondissement in Paris, France. He was an avid World of Warcraft player whose characters had recently been deleted from the gaming world without notice or cause. He is the child of European intellectuals: his father works for CERN in Geneva. His disposition to the world is similar to Zack's, but he is more withdrawn from the world, where Zack embraces it.
 Diana Beaton
 Diana is the fourth character to be stung. She is from North Bay, Ontario. She has Tourette's, which leads her to have many strange outbursts of profanities. She claims that her Tourette's causes her to speak the truth about people, no matter how profane the truth is. She is stung in the moment in which she leaves her church over her priest's defense of an animal abuse.
 Harj Vetharanayan
 Harj is the last character to be stung. He is from Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. His family was washed away in the 2004 tsunami. He is working at a call center for Abercrombie & Fitch. He had created a prank commerce site which sold "silence" MP3s, which were bogus sound files of the putative silence in celebrity rooms . The New York Times was interviewing him at the moment of his sting, from the other side of the planet.

Style

The novel "mirrors the style" of Coupland's breakthrough first novel, Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture The story is told through non-numbered chapters, just as the first was. The book is told with a shifting narrative perspective. Each chapter title announces whose perspective the rest of the chapter will be in. The book rotates in the order of Harj, Zack, Samantha, Julien, and Diana for most of the work. Some changes happen due to the plot.

The novel is also, like Generation X, a framed narrative. However, as this novel mirrors the style, the framed narrative style is also reflected. The first novel has stories in a frame, where the stories are the important part of the tale. In this novel, the stories help to bring out the characters. Throughout the novel, the importance of stories in a person's life is discussed, and in this novel, the stories are important only so much as they bring out and expand on the character's stories.

Title

The title is also a reference to Coupland's first novel, and it comes from a quote by Kurt Vonnegut. It is listed in an epigraph:

References

2009 Canadian novels
Novels by Douglas Coupland
Postmodern novels
Novels set in Iowa
Novels set in New Zealand
Novels set in Paris
Novels set in Northern Ontario
Novels set in Sri Lanka
Random House books


Die Laune des Verliebten (The Mood of the One in Love) was Richard Wagner's first attempt at an opera project. Written in about 1830, when Wagner was 17, the libretto was based on a  by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Wagner wrote a scene for three female voices and a tenor aria before abandoning the project. There is no performance history for these fragments, and neither words nor music have survived.

Sources

Lost operas
Operas
Operas based on plays
Operas by Richard Wagner
Unfinished operas
Operas based on works by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe


The Central Europe Pipeline System (alternatively Central European Pipeline System), or CEPS for short, is one of several NATO Pipeline Systems and is used to deliver fuel for air and ground vehicles around Europe. Originally conceived for military purposes, it was to aid in safe and quick distribution of fuel for military purposes around Europe. The system consists of over  of pipeline running through Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Besides these host countries, the system is also used by the United States military.

Main feeder routes are:
Marseille–Lyon–Langres–Nancy–Zweibrücken
Amsterdam–Liège–Trier-Karlsruhe
Le Havre/Dunkirk–Cambrai–Aachen/Reims–Belfort

A similar system exists for the Northern European countries, known as the Northern European Pipeline System (NEPS).

History

The pipeline system was founded in the late 1950s by NATO being funded as part of the NATO Common Infrastructure Program, with the various participating countries already having some of the infrastructure and capabilities required to operate such a system.

In the 1980s, the pipeline was attacked several times by terrorist organizations. The Belgian communist terrorist organisation Communist Combatant Cells carried out five bombings against the pipeline on 11 December 1984, and one more attack on 6 December 1985. Earlier that year, in April 1985, a bomb attack was carried out against a part of the pipeline in Southern-Germany by Red Army Faction sympathisers.

At the end of the Cold War the system was significantly reduced as various military airports that used the system were closed, such as Bitburg Air Base and Soesterberg Air Base. However, in some other places expansion of the pipeline continued and in October 2008 construction of  of additional pipeline was completed between Aalen and Leipheim.

Since 1959, excess capacity of the pipeline may be used by civilian users. Currently, around 90% of the fuel transported through the system is for civilian users, customers including various large European airports such as Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Brussels Airport, Frankfurt am Main Airport, Luxembourg Airport, Cologne Bonn Airport and Zürich Airport.

The operating company for German territory is Fernleitungsbetriebsgesellschaft GmbH (FBG) headquartered in Bad Godesberg and established in 1956. FBG is a parent of Industrieverwaltungsgesellschaft (IVG). In war times, it is operated by the armed forces of the NATO countries where the part of the pipeline is located.

For Belgium, the operating company Belgian Pipeline Organisation (BPO) is headquartered in Leuven. BPO is part of the Belgian Defense.

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1959
Military logistics of NATO
Oil pipelines in Belgium
Oil pipelines in France
Oil pipelines in Germany
Oil pipelines in Luxembourg
Oil pipelines in the Netherlands
Refined oil product pipelines


"Feels Like Woah" is the second single from Wes Carr's second studio album, The Way the World Looks. It was released on 7 March 2009 and has been used as the theme song for the 2009 NRL season.

Track listing

Music video

A music video was created and released for the song. It was filmed in Sydney's inner-west suburbs. On March 4, 2009 the music video was released when uploaded to Carr's official YouTube channel.

Chart performance
"Feels Like Woah" debuted at #46 on the ARIA Top Singles chart because some record stores sold the single a week early. Feels Like Woah reached a peak of #14.

Charts

End of Year Charts

Certifications

References

2009 songs
Wes Carr songs
Songs written by Adam Argyle
Songs written by Wes Carr
Sony BMG singles


Moonnam Pakkam () is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language drama film written and directed by Padmarajan. It stars Thilakan and Jayaram in the lead roles along with Kirti Singh, Jagathi Sreekumar, Rahman, Ashokan, Ajayan and Surasu in supporting roles. Kirti and Ajayan made their debut in this film. The film was  a commercial success. Thilakan's performance in the film is considered one of his most memorable performances.

Plot
Thampi, who retired as an accountant from the Indian Railway in the mid-1980s following his son's death, leads a solitary life in his ancestral house. Thampi's grandson Bhasker, also known as Bhasi or Pachu, is pursuing his medical studies in Bangalore. Thampi is excited when Bhasi comes along with his friends Lopez, Ranjith Menon, and Krishnankutty to spend his vacation with grandpa. Their presence brings joy and happiness into Thampi's house. Bhasi is engaged to a girl named Bhadra, who happens to be the granddaughter of Thampi's friend, a doctor.

During the vacation, Bhasi and his friends often go to the nearby beach for a swim. During one such visit, Bhasi and Lopez are pulled into the ocean, and only Lopez manages to escape. The police and the locals conduct a rescue operation in the ocean but in vain. It is believed among the locals that whatever is taken by the ocean is returned on the third day, as meant by the title of the movie.

Thampi refuses to acknowledge the fact that Bhasi is dead and puts on a brave face, consoling Bhasi's mother, his friends, and Bhadra. Eventually, Bhasi's body is found on the third day. The funeral is held on the same day, and Bhasi's friends get ready to leave the day after. They all visit the beach one last time to say goodbye to Bhasi, where they see Thampi arriving with priests to perform the funeral rites of Bhasi.

While performing the "bali," Thampi, who had lost all hope, takes the rice ball, "balichoru," in his hands and proceeds to the sea. To everyone's shock, Thampi, along with the "balichoru," submits himself to the sea and commits suicide.

Cast
Thilakan as Thampi
Jayaram as Bhasi
Kirti Singh as Bhadra
Rahman as Lopez
Ashokan as Ranjith Menon
Ajayan as Krishnankutty
Jagathi Sreekumar as Kavala
Surasu as Doctor
Soman as Kurup
Jayabharathi as Bhanu
Venu Nagavally as Jayan

Production
Major portions of the film were shot in Kanyakumari and its surrounding areas. The locations include Colachel, where the ancestral house is set, and Vatta Kottai, where the fort scene and the song "Thamarakkili" were filmed. The film's art direction was handled by Kurian Sabarigiri, makeup was done by Mohandas, and Indrans designed the costumes. Surya Jones worked as the film's still photographer. Malayalam playwright Surasu played a significant role in the film as Thampi's closest friend and Bhadra's grandfather. Another playwright, Jagathy N. K. Achary, made a cameo appearance as one of Thampi's friends in the film.

Soundtrack

G. Venugopal won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer for the song "Unarumee Gaanam".

Reception
In 2019, Aradhya Kurup of The News Minute wrote, " It's a breezy watch till a few scenes before climax. But after that you witness one of the most traumatic climax scenes in Malayalam cinema. And Thilakan’s performance is such that you go through the whole rollercoaster ride with him." The New Indian Express wrote, "A youthful Jayaram and versatile Thilakan produce a unforgettable display of love and affection between a widower and his grandchild. Thilakan's Thampi is as good as his Kochuvava from Kattukuthira (1990) or Achuthan Nair from Kireedam (1989) and Chenkol (1993), establishing his contendership for the best actor ever in Malayalam."

References

External links

1988 films
1980s Malayalam-language films
1988 drama films
Films with screenplays by Padmarajan
Films directed by Padmarajan
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja


Bùi La Nhân is a rural commune () of Đức Thọ District, Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Hà Tĩnh province
Communes of Hà Tĩnh province


Polygamy in Pakistan is legally permissible, according to the law of 1961, but restricted to Muslim men, who may have a maximum of four wives at one time.  However it is illegal for Hindus as per the Hindu marriage law.

The extent to which polygamy exists in Pakistan is contested. According to Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, a professor of law at Warwick Law School writes that while polygamy is a cultural tradition, most families do not accept the second wife as a part of the family. On the other hand, Shirkat Gah, a Pakistani women's rights organisation, found that polygyny is "common". However, a representative of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan says that polygamy is rare, except within communities in Sindh, Southern Punjab or religious fundamentalists. A gender studies consultant, however, writes that it is also found within the urban elite of Pakistan because they can afford to keep and maintain more than one wife and their children. That said, it is still considered to be low in number.

A man who wishes to remarry is required to obtain the legal consent of each of his current wives, and to show that he can properly take care of all of them. Pakistani women can add a clause in their Muslim marriage contracts forbidding polygamy.

There have been calls to prohibit or criminalize the practice by some in Pakistan, and there have also been some who have shown support of it.

Notable Legal Action
In 2017, a Lahore lower court ruled against a man who remarried without obtaining permission from his first wife. He was sentenced to a six-month jail term and a fine of Rs. 2,00,000. The chair of the Punjab Commission on the Status of Women, Fauzia Viqar, applauded the move, saying that it would empower wronged women to take legal action.

See also
Marriage in Pakistan
Divorce in Pakistan
Women related laws in Pakistan

References

Marriage in Pakistan
Pakistan
Women's rights in Pakistan
Pakistan


Lo Fi Electric Excursions is the second of two albums released by Mike Badger with a compilation of his various musical incarnations including the La's and The Onset, its sister album being Lo Fi Acoustic Excursions. Lo Fi Electric Excursions was released by the Generator Label in 2006.

Track listing
 Weeping Willow - The Kachinas (1997) – 3.11
 Midnight Shift (Practice) - The La's (1985) – 2:00
 Underworld (alternative mix) - Mike Badger (2000) – 3:10
 Painting Dub - The La's (1985) – 2:38
 Time Bomb (live) - The Onset (1989) – 3:17
 Red Cloud - The Kachinas (1997) – 2:42
 Shadow Dub - Mike Badger (2000) – 2:32
 What Say You (practice) - The Onset (1991) – 2:38
 Take Effect - The Kachinas (1996) – 5:09
 Space Rocketry (instrumental) - The La's (1986) – 1:57
 Pick Me Up - - The Kachinas (1996) – 3:25
 What Do You Do (live) - The La's (1986) – 3:19
 Let's Go Home - The Onset (1987) – 2:08
 Hear My Call - The Onset (1993) – 4:30

All words and music by Mike Badger, except
Track 2 Earl Lee, Jimmie Ainsworth;
Track 3 Mike Badger, Bernard Nolan;
Track 4 and 12 Mike Badger, Lee Mavers;
Track 7 Mike Badger, Paul Hemmings;
Track 8 Mike Badger, Paul Hemmings, Danny Dean, Simon Cousins, Tony Russell;
Track 11 and 14 Mike Badger, Danny Dean;

Musicians
Mike Badger - vocals, bottleneck guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, mandolin, percussion
Danny Dean - bottleneck guitar, slide guitar, electric guitar, bass guitar (tracks 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13 and 14)
Simon Cousins - bass guitar, backing vocals (tracks 5, 8 and 14)
Paul Hemmings - electric guitar (tracks 5, 7 and 8)
Tony Russell - drums (tracks 5, 8 and 14)
Roger Llewellyn - backing vocals, bass guitar, violin, cello, melodica (tracks 1, 6 and 9)
Bernard Nolan - bass guitar (track 2)
Hamish Cameron - piano (track 13)
Colin Becket - drums (track 13)
Tony Mac - drums (tracks 1, 6 and 9)
Lee Mavers - electric guitar, backing vocals (tracks 2, 4, 10 and 12)
Martyn Campbell - bass guitar (tracks 3, 7 and 11)
Henry Priestman - Hammond organ (tracks 1 and 14)
John Power - bass guitar (tracks 10 and 12)
Chris Sharrock - drums (tracks 3 and 7)
John Timson - drums (tracks 4 and 12)
Jim Fearon - bass guitar (track 4)
Tony Clark - drums (track 2)

Reviews
"It's a sensational set, electrifying music from across the decades and Badger's many modes."
 - Jo-Ann Greene (allmusic)

"Being a perfect companion to the previous collection of Lo-Fi Acoustic Excursions, this one features the same line up of Mike Badger-related bands, this time around plugging in for an electrifying set of demos, live takes and even dub versions."
 - Goran Obradovic (Popism)

"For those of you who are still unaware of him, Badger is actually a Liverpudlian cult hero of some repute and one whose voice deserves to be heard loud and clear..."
 - Tim Peacock (Whisperin and Hollerin)

References

2006 compilation albums
Mike Badger albums


Rạch Miễu Bridge () is a cable-stayed bridge in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The bridge connects Tiền Giang Province (Mỹ Tho) with Bến Tre Province, over the Mekong. Construction began on 30 April 2002 and was completed on 19 January 2009, when the bridge was inaugurated. With a total length is , including approach ramps, the main bridge is  long.

Under the original schedule, the bridge would have been completed and opened for traffic in late 2007.

Length: 8331 m including approach ramps. The main bridge consists of two separate parts No. 1 and No. 2 for a total length of 2868 m, which is a cable-stayed structure layout 117 m-270 m-117 m pace, not static navigational clearance height 37.5 m. In the middle of the bridge is island Thoi Son. The  bridge consists of two spans up to 90 m in length to inform the way the boat is  reinforced concrete beams pre-stressed construction the balanced cantilever method. The span girder bridge that leads pre-stressed concrete reinforced each span 40 metres in length. The ramp has a total length of two 5463 m and two main bridges with total length of 2868 m crosses the tributaries of Tien Giang and Thoi Son.
At 7:30 am on 20 August, the Ministry of Transport and the provinces of Ben Tre and Tien Giang held a connection with two cable-stayed span of the bridge tp connect the provinces.
The length of the main span is 270 m, and the clearance is 37.5 m to allow ships of 10,000 tons go through.
Bridge width: 12–15 m with two lanes of traffic
General construction contractors: joint venture CIENCO1 - CIENCO5 - CIENCO6
Bridge load: 30 tons
Total investment: VND 1,400 billion (US$84 million)

Review

Although newly completed, Rạch Miễu bridge has some traffic problems, especially on holidays. Lunar New Year of the Ox in 2009, it was stuck in rush hours from 29th to 6th of Lunar calendar, one of the causes of traffic congestion is due to happen for the traffic on the narrow bridge, while being some vendors do where encroachment trafficking, in addition to those people who visit and take pictures on demand.

References

Road bridges in Vietnam
Bridges over the Mekong River
Cable-stayed bridges in Vietnam
Bridges completed in 2009
Buildings and structures in Tiền Giang province
Buildings and structures in Bến Tre province


Under the personal status code, and Sharia law, polygyny is legal in Mauritania. A man can marry up to four women, but must obtain the consent of his existing wife/wives first. Polygamy is common within the Afro-Mauritanian and Berber Moorish population, occurring less frequently among the Arab Moorish population. A 2007 MICS3 reports that 10.7% of women aged 15-49 are in a polygamous union.

See also
 Child marriage in Mauritania

References

Polygamy in Africa
Mauritania
Marriage in Mauritania


Hong Kong Cinemagic, sometimes referred to as HKCinemagic, is a bilingual (French and English) website providing a repository for information about Chinese language films from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan, and the people who created them. The website contains news, interviews, film reviews and a database of people, films and film studios as well as an illustrated glossary of terms. The web magazine has existed in various forms for over a decade.  the database contains over 10,000 films.

The site was designed and is maintained by Marc Delcambre, Jean-Louis Ogé and Thomas Podvin. The key staff and editors are Stéphane Jaunin, Arnaud Lanuque, Van-Thuan Ly, Philippe Quevillart and David-Olivier Vidouze.

History
The original HKCinemagic1 site was created in late 1998 by Laurent Henry and Thomas Podvin, and initially hosted on Wanadoo France, it began as a site dedicated to directors Tsui Hark and Wong Kar-wai. As the site expanded with new contributors coming on board and more articles being written, it was transferred to ifrance.com. A database of filmographies, identity photos and biographies was soon put in place by team member Jean-Louis Ogé.

In February 2003, along with editors Arnaud Lanuque, Stéphane Jaunin, Philippe Quevillart and David-Olivier Vidouze, Ogé created HKCinemagic2, an encyclopedia of Hong Kong cinema. The site containing photo galleries of casts and crew members focuses on the films of Shaw Brothers Studio, "gweilos" (foreigners) in the Hong Kong film industry and Category 3 films. The content on the two sites continued to increase and a French forum was installed, initially on Hiwit.com in June 2003. In May 2004, a bilingual French and English board was installed on Invision. As of March 2009, the Invision forum has more than 4,000 registered users.

After Laurent Henry left the project, HKCinemagic1 and HKCinemagic2 were merged, creating the current incarnation of Hong Kong Cinemagic (hkcinemagic.com). The new site was designed by Marc Delcambre, Jean-Louis Ogé and Thomas Podvin and was launched in November 2004. Similar to HKMDB, the database can be searched by film title or by person's name. For the 6 months up to February 2009, the site attracted an average of 17,700 visitors per month from the US alone.

Critical reception
Industry professionals and Hong Kong films fans have referred to HKCinemagic as a "site with unparalleled depth of information on Hong Kong cinema", and as an indispensable site that "possesses a wealth of articles and interviews (in French and English)".

Hong Kong Cinemagic has been used as a resource for reference and notes by scholars, critics, film institutions such as the Cinémathèque Française, the French film Archive in Paris, and specialised websites.

Data
Hong Kong Cinemagic contains credits for cast and crew members, portrait galleries, screenshots and trailers, as well as reviews written in-house and special notes of information on films. Additional information about alternative titles, titles in Chinese and pinyin, production company, country of origin, genre, release date, box office gross and languages spoken is included where known. Information about cast and crew members may include gender, birth dates and biographies.

In addition to browsing with the website's own search engines, film can be browsed by date, name and genre, and people can be browsed by name and role. A person's filmography can be displayed by date, genre, and activity and/or by selecting solely Hong Kong productions or productions from all countries. The site also provides information on film companies and studios, the dates companies were founded and by whom, and the films they have released or distributed. A glossary of terms specific to Chinese cinema and Chinese culture is also available.

As of March 2009, there are over 10,000 films and over 17,000 people in the database, as well as information on 1,300 studios. There are 26,500 images and 2,000 trailers and other videos. In addition, the site contains biographies, film reviews, interviews, feature articles, and reports.

Hong Kong correspondents and editors have interviewed many key figures of the Hong Kong film industry. In-depth interviews of actors, directors, and film technicians are available in English and/or in French. Past interviewees have included Johnnie To, Patrick Tam, Wong Jing, Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang, Peter Chan, Lawrence Ah Mon, Gordon Liu, Ti Lung, Stanley Kwan and Chen Kuan Tai.

In contrast to databases such as HKMDB and IMDb, Hong Kong Cinemagic does not include the names of the characters that actors played in their films. However, the film pages often do include comprehensive image galleries of cast and crew.

See also
Hong Kong Movie Database

References

External links
 Hong Kong Cinemagic official website
 Archived versions of Hong Kong Cinemagic at the Internet Archive
 HKCinemagic1 – Laurent Henry and Thomas Podvin's original site.
 HKCinemagic2 – Jean-Louis Ogé's original site.

Chinese film websites
Online film databases
French-language websites
Internet properties established in 1998
French film websites


Satara aequata is a species of moth in the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in western Sulawesi.

References

Moths described in 1865
Spilosomina


Cam Đức is an urban township (thị trấn), the district capital of Cam Lâm District, Khánh Hòa Province, Vietnam.

The township has an area of 1,583 hectares with a population of 14,831 inhabitants.

Neighbouring communes: Cam Hải Đông to the east; to the west, it borders Cam Hiệp Bắc and Cam Hiệp Nam; and Cam Thành Bắc to the south; Cam Hải Tây to the north.

Populated places in Khánh Hòa province
Communes of Khánh Hòa province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Benjamin Sulte (September 17, 1841 – August 6, 1923), baptized Olivier-Benjamin Vadeboncœur, was a Canadian journalist, writer, civil servant, and historian.

Born in Trois-Rivières, Lower Canada (now Quebec), to Benjamin Sulte dit Vadeboncœur, and Marie-Antoinette Lefebvre, Sulte had to leave school in 1851 as a consequence of the death of his father in 1847. He held a variety of jobs including working in a dry goods shop, as a clerk in a grocer's shop, as a bookkeeper for lumber merchants, as a paymaster on a steamship, and as an owner of a shop on a Grand Trunk Railway line.

In 1861, he joined the militia eventually becoming a sergeant-major. In 1866, he was appointed editor of Le Canada, a Conservative Ottawa newspaper. In 1867, he became a translator in the House of Commons of Canada. In 1870, he started working for the Department of Militia and Defence eventually becoming chief clerk in 1889. He retired in 1903. In 1871, he married Augustine Parent, daughter of Étienne Parent.

He wrote poems, songs, and was a historian.

In 1882 he was appointed a charter member of the Royal Society of Canada, and served as its president from 1904 to 1905. In 1916, he was awarded an honorary LL.D. by the University of Toronto.

Selected works
 Les Laurentiennes: poésies (Montréal, 1869)
 Histoire de la ville des Trois-Rivières et de ses environs (Montréal, 1870)
 Mélanges d'histoire et de littérature (Ottawa, 1876)
 Chants nouveaux (Ottawa, 1880)
 Histoire des Canadiens-français, 1608–1880: origine, histoire, religion, guerres, découvertes, colonisation, coutumes, vie domestique, sociale et politique, développement, avenir (8 volumes, 1882-1884)
 Mélanges Historiques : Études éparses et inédites (21 vols. Montreal 1918)

References

External links

 Gravures dans l'Histoire des Canadiens-Français de Benjamin Sulte, Web Robert DEROME, professeur honoraire d'histoire de l'art, Université du Québec à Montréal.

1841 births
1923 deaths
19th-century Canadian civil servants
20th-century Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian male journalists
Journalists from Quebec
Writers from Quebec
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
19th-century Canadian historians


The 2004 K2 League was the second season of the Korea National League. It was divided into two stages, and the winners of each stage qualified for the championship playoff.

Regular season

First stage

Second stage

Championship playoff

Summary

Results

Goyang Kookmin Bank won 4–1 on aggregate.

See also
2004 in South Korean football
2004 K2 League Championship
2004 Korean FA Cup

References

External links

Korea National League seasons
K


That's the Way of the World is a 1975 film produced and directed by Sig Shore and starring Harvey Keitel. It features the music of R&B/Funk group Earth, Wind & Fire (who also appear in the picture as a fictionalized version of themselves). The film depicts the music business and the life of record executives. A soundtrack by Earth, Wind & Fire released in the same year eventually became one of the group's landmark albums.

Plot
Coleman Buckmaster (Harvey Keitel), also known as "the Golden Ear", is a producer extraordinaire for A-Chord Records.  In the midst of working slavishly to complete the debut album of "the Group" (Earth, Wind & Fire), Buckmaster is forced to put their project on the back-burner in favor of a new signing to A-Chord, "the Pages," Velour (Cynthia Bostick), Gary (Jimmy Boyd) and Franklin (Bert Parks). According to label head Carlton James (Ed Nelson), the Pages represent good, old-fashioned, wholesome family values. According to Buckmaster, they represent everything wrong with the music business: a soulless pastiche of cheese-on-white-bread, and he wants nothing to do with them. However, due to his contract, he is forced to turn the flat song of their demo, "Joy, Joy, Joy" into a workable hit. In the meantime, he ends up in a relationship with Velour, seemingly also against his will, but he is able to use the relationship to his and the Group's advantage, then to break the news of a makeshift marriage to Velour, updated her part of the music contract, the Pages. A twist where everybody wins.

Cast

Harvey Keitel as Coleman Buckmaster
Earth, Wind & Fire as the Group
John Szymanski as Russell

See also
 List of American films of 1975

External links

1975 films
Earth, Wind & Fire video albums
Blaxploitation films
1975 drama films
United Artists films
1970s English-language films
American exploitation films
American drama films
1970s American films


Below is a list of presidents of the National Assembly of Niger.

The National Assembly is Niger's sole legislative body and was established through reforms of the Colony of Niger's Constituent Council during the French colonial period. It operated from 1958, through independence in 1960, until the 1974 Nigerien coup d'état. During the course of military rule (1974–1991) a consultative body (the High Council of the Republic of Niger) was reformed to become analogous to a National Assembly. This functioned as a caretaker National Assembly during the Constitutional Convention period of the Second (1991–1993) and was reconstituted as the National Assembly in the Third Republic (1993–1996). Following the 1996 Nigerien coup d'état the National Assembly was again suspended, and reinstituted in 1997 under the Fourth Republic. Again, following the 1999 Nigerien coup d'état, the National Assembly was suspended, but this time was reconstituted within the year under the Fifth Republic. After the 2010 Nigerien coup d'état, it was suspended again.

During the Colony of Niger

During the First Republic and Second Republic

President of the High Council of the Republic

Presidents of the National Assembly of Niger

President of the National Consultative Council

Presidents of the National Assembly of Niger

References

Myriam Gervais. "Niger: Regime Change Economic Crisis and Perpetuation of Privilege". pp. 86–108. Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Ed. John Frank Clark, David E. Gardinier. Westview Press (1997)
Leonardo A. Villalon and Abdourahmane Idrissa. "Repetitive Breakdowns and a Decade of Experimentation: Institutional Choices and Unstable Democracy in Niger", pp. 27–48 in The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions, ed. Leonardo Alfonso Villalón, Peter VonDoepp. Indiana University Press (2005)
Pierre Englebert, Katharine Murison. "Niger: Recent History", pp. 856–865 in Africa South of the Sahara, 2007; ed. Iain Frame. Routledge (2006)

Politics of Niger
Niger, National Assembly


Cricoid pressure, also known as the Sellick manoeuvre or Sellick maneuver, is a technique used in endotracheal intubation to try to reduce the risk of regurgitation. The technique involves the application of pressure to the cricoid cartilage at the neck, thus occluding the esophagus which passes directly behind it.

Cricoid pressure should not be confused with the "BURP" (Backwards Upwards Rightwards Pressure) manoeuvre, which is used to improve the view of the glottis during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation, rather than to prevent regurgitation. As the name implies, the BURP manoeuvre requires a clinician to apply pressure on the thyroid cartilage posteriorly, then cephalad (upwards) and, finally, laterally towards the patient's right.

History and technique
In 1961 Brian Arthur Sellick (1918–1996), an anaesthetist, published the paper Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anesthesia—preliminary communication, describing the application of cricoid pressure for the prevention of regurgitation.  The technique involves the application of backward pressure on the cricoid cartilage with a force of 20–44 newtons  to occlude the esophagus, preventing aspiration of gastric contents during induction of anesthesia and in resuscitation of emergency victims when intubation is delayed or not possible.  Some believe that cricoid pressure in pediatric population, especially neonates, improves glottic view and aids tracheal intubation apart from its classical role in rapid sequence intubation for aspiration prophylaxis.

Usage

Rapid sequence induction
In many countries, cricoid pressure has been widely used during rapid sequence induction for nearly fifty years, despite a lack of compelling evidence to support this practice. The initial article by Sellick was based on a small sample size at a time when high tidal volumes, head-down positioning and barbiturate anesthesia were the rule. Beginning around 2000, a significant body of evidence has accumulated which questions the effectiveness of cricoid pressure, and the application may in fact displace the esophagus laterally instead of compressing it as described by Sellick.

Cricoid pressure may also compress the glottis, which can obstruct the view of the laryngoscopist and actually cause a delay in securing the airway. Some clinicians believe the use of cricoid pressure should be abandoned because of the lack of scientific evidence of benefit and possible complications.

Prevention of gas insufflation
The technique is also important in possibly preventing insufflation of gas into the stomach. A study concluded that appropriate application of cricoid pressure prevents gastric gas insufflation during airway management via mask up to 40 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) in infants and children. An additional benefit of cricoid pressure occurs in paralyzed patients in whom gastric insufflation occurs at lower inflation pressures.

Controversy
Anterior cricoid pressure was considered the standard of care during Rapid Sequence Intubation for many years. The American Heart Association, until the 2010 science update, advocated the use of cricoid pressure during resuscitation using a BVM, and during emergent oral endotracheal intubation; effective 2010, use of Cricoid Pressure is now discouraged during the routine intubation of cardiac arrest victims.

Cricoid pressure may frequently be applied incorrectly. Cricoid pressure may frequently displace the esophagus laterally, instead of compressing it as described by Sellick.  Several studies demonstrate some degree of glottic compression reduction in tidal volume and increase in peak pressures.

The initial proposal of cricoid pressure as a useful clinical procedure, its subsequent adoption as the lynchpin of patient safety, and its current decline into disfavor represents a classic example of the need for evidence-based medicine, and the evolution of medical practice.

Side effects
As all techniques, cricoid pressure has indications, contraindications and side effects. It is associated with nausea/vomiting and it may cause esophageal rupture and also may make tracheal intubation and make ventilation difficult or impossible. Cricoid force greater than 40 N can compromise airway patency and make tracheal intubation difficult. Cricoid pressure may displace the esophagus, make ventilation with a facemask or with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) more difficult, interfere with LMA placement and advancement of a tracheal tube and alter laryngeal visualization by a flexible bronchoscope. However, other investigators have found that cricoid pressure does not increase the rate of failed intubation.

See also
 Rapid sequence induction
 Intubation
 Mechanical ventilation

References

Airway management
Emergency medical procedures


Leeds City College is the largest further education establishment in the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England with around 26,000 students, 2,300 staff, with an annual turnover of £78 million.  It officially opened on 1 April 2009. The College was granted official status in January 2009 and was formed from three large colleges, Park Lane College, Leeds Thomas Danby College and Leeds College of Technology.

On 1 August 2011 the college expanded further with the merger of the three sites of Joseph Priestley College in Rothwell, Beeston and Morley. On the same day it also became the owner of a newly re-constituted Leeds College of Music (now Leeds Conservatoire), which operates with a level of independence as a wholly owned company of the Leeds City College Group. The College offers a wide range of qualifications including A Levels, BTECs and other vocational qualifications. It offers industry standard qualifications in sectors such as Health and Social Care, Food and Catering and Hair and Beauty, amongst others.

In early 2019 the overarching body, Leeds City College Group, was renamed to Luminate Education Group to better reflect its increasing portfolio of institutions with Leeds City College becoming one of the members along with Leeds College of Music, Keighley College and the White Rose Academies.

Sites
 the college describes itself as operating from three principal sites: Printworks, Park Lane and Quarry Hill "with smaller provisions in communities across the city". Its registered office is in Park Lane, LS3 1AA, at the former Park Lane College site.

The existing five sites of the three forming colleges continued in use, and were named as follows:

Thomas Danby Campus, former Leeds Thomas Danby site, with specialist provision in catering and hospitality. This site was closed in September 2013 and activities relocated to the new Printworks Campus.
Technology Campus, former Leeds College of Technology site with specialist provision in electrical and engineering crafts and computing, closed July 2019. It had been home to the Health, Social Care, Childcare and Public Services courses. The site is now demolished.
Park Lane Campus, former Park Lane College Leeds site, with specialist provision in business training courses. In 2016 it was announced the creative arts block would close in 2019. In 2019 the Creative Arts block, along with the whole of the Technology Campus closed and courses moved to a brand new site on Quarry Hill.
Horsforth Campus, former Park Lane College Horsforth site (closed June 2017, demolished 2022)
Keighley Campus, former Park Lane College Keighley site and now known as Keighley College, with specialist provision in trade/construction programmes

In September 2011 a new site was opened after a college merger:
Joseph Priestley Campus, former Joseph Priestley College Morley site, with sites also in Rothwell and Beeston.

In September 2013 a new site was opened:
Printworks Campus, in Hunslet Road, Leeds, incorporating the Grade II listed print halls of the former Alf Cooke printworks and purpose-built new buildings, with an additional classroom block opened on 28 April 2023.

The college also initially operated from 12 other centres in Leeds; of these only Deacon House (Seacroft), Enfield Centre and Joseph Priestley Campus, Beeston remain in use.

In September 2019 a new site opened at Quarry Hill Campus. This new site was estimated to cost £60 million and is home to the School of Creative Arts, the School of Social Science, higher education provision in the creative arts and some space allocated to Leeds College of Music. Quarry Hill Annexe is located close by in Bridge Street and additional provision is available nearby in Eastgate.

The Vine is a college site providing education for students with Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities (PMLD). It opened in September 2023 in Burmantofts, replacing an earlier facility in Headingley. It includes a hydrotherapy pool and it caters for learners with PMLD and learners aged up to 25 with an Education and Health Care Plan.

Reasons for merger
The decision to merge the three colleges was agreed by the three institutions involved with the joint aim being:
"...to raise achievement levels in Leeds and Keighley, offer more courses to suit the needs of everyone from school leavers to employers, and enhance our facilities to be amongst the best in the country."

With the three colleges offering many similar courses, one of the major advantages of having a unified education institution in the city is that duplication of courses is eliminated and the provision of centralised services to learners.

Timeline
According to the Leeds College Merger website, the Secretary of State gave official approval of the merger in January 2009 with the three colleges being dissolved on 31 March 2009. From 1 April 2009, Leeds City College would come into force with a new identity and from then on, publicity campaigns would run to extend the awareness of the new college. New students were enrolled to the new Leeds City College from September 2009.

Funding for the merger
It was assumed that the primary funding body for Further Education in England, the Learning and Skills Council (LSC), had ring-fenced a capital grant to help fund the merger. Although no actual figure was published, an article in the Yorkshire Evening Post in December 2006 spoke of up to £200 million being made available.

However, news hit the headlines in spring 2009 of a serious and unexpected financial deficit within the LSC's national Building Colleges for the Future program, from where the grant would normally have been allocated. This has cast doubts on how just how much money (if any) will be made available for this merger, and when it would be released.

See also
Park Lane College Leeds
Leeds Thomas Danby
Leeds College of Technology
Joseph Priestley College

References

External links

Further education colleges in Leeds
Further education colleges in the Collab Group
Educational institutions established in 2009
Higher education colleges in England
2009 establishments in England


Euceriodes wernickei is a species of moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1917. It is found in Santa Catarina, Brazil.

References

Moths described in 1917
Arctiini


Heliozona lianga is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Georg Semper in 1899. It is found on Mindanao in the Philippines.

References

Moths described in 1899
Spilosomina


Austrosimulium is a genus of 31 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: Austrosimulium whose species are principally from New Zealand, and Novaustrosimulium which are exclusively Australian. Austrosimulium is a sister genus to the monospecific Paraustrosimulium of South America.

Some species are known to spread the protozoan blood parasite Leucocytozoon tawaki in penguins.

In New Zealand, where they are known as sandflies or namu (in Māori from Proto-Austronesian *ñamuk "mosquito", compare with ), three species – A. australense, A. tillyardianum and A. ungulatum – bite humans.

Species
Subgenus Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925
A. albovelatum Dumbleton, 1973
A. alveolatum Dumbleton, 1973
A. australense (Schiner, 1868)
A. bicorne Dumbleton, 1973
A. campbellense Dumbleton, 1973
A. cornutum Tonnoir, 1925
A. crassipes Tonnoir, 1925
A. dugdalei Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012
A. dumbletoni Crosby, 1976
A. extendorum Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012
A. fiordense Dumbleton, 1973
A. fulvicorne Mackerras & Mackerras, 1950
A. laticorne Tonnoir, 1925
A. longicorne Tonnoir, 1925
A. mirabile Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948
A. montanum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1952
A. multicorne Tonnoir, 1925
A. stewartense Dumbleton, 1973
A. tillyardianum Dumbleton, 1973
A. tonnoiri Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012
A. ungulatum Tonnoir, 1925
A. unicorne Dumbleton, 1973
A. vailavoense Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012
A. vexans (Mik, 1881)
Subgenus Novaustrosimulium Dumbleton, 1973
A. bancrofti (Taylor, 1918)
A. furiosum (Skuse, 1889)
A. magnum Mackerras & Mackerras, 1955
A. pestilens Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948
A. torrentium Tonnoir, 1925
A. victoriae (Roubaud, 1906)
Austrosimulium species as yet unplaced
A. colboi Davies & Györkös, 1988

Literature cited

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20130208160901/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/EcoWtr/macroinv/macroinvertebrates.asp | page with many Macroinvertebrates listed, described and illustrated

Simuliidae
Culicomorpha genera