Article One of the Georgia State Constitution describes the Georgia Bill of Rights, a set of forty paragraphs which enumerate the Rights of Persons, the Origin and Structure of Government and other General Provisions. The Georgia Bill of Rights was written by Thomas R.R. Cobb under the title Declaration of Fundamental Principals, as part of the Georgia Constitution of 1861 when the State of Georgia seceded from the United States of America and joined the Confederate States of America.

The first Section, the Rights of Persons, lists twenty-eight paragraphs of individual rights. Many of these rights are similar to the rights listed in the United States Bill of Rights. Yet, there are differences. For instance, the Georgia Bill of Rights lists among its freedoms the Freedom of Conscience, which is the "natural and inalienable right to worship God, each according to the dictates of that person's own conscience" without interference and adds the right to religious opinion along with freedom of religion.

Section II describes the "origin and foundation of government" as well as the "object of government". The second Section goes on to include paragraphs on the separation of powers and the superiority of civil authority over military authority. Also, this section explicitly describes the separation of church and state.

Finally, Section III, General Provisions, deals with Eminent Domain, private ways and Tidewater titles.

Section I: Rights of Persons
Paragraph I. Life, liberty, and property. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property except by due process of law.

Paragraph II. Protection to person and property; equal protection. Protection to person and property is the paramount duty of government and shall be impartial and complete. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws.

Paragraph III. Freedom of conscience. Each person has the natural and inalienable right to worship God, each according to the dictates of that person's own conscience; and no human authority should, in any case, control or interfere with such right of conscience.

Paragraph IV. Religious opinions; freedom of religion. No inhabitant of this state shall be molested in person or property or be prohibited from holding any public office or trust on account of religious opinions; but the right of freedom of religion shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the state.

Paragraph V. Freedom of speech and of the press guaranteed. No law shall be passed to curtail or restrain the freedom of speech or of the press. Every person may speak, write, and publish sentiments on all subjects but shall be responsible for the abuse of that liberty.

Paragraph VI. Libel. In all civil or criminal actions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence; and, if it shall appear to the trier of fact that the matter charged as libelous is true, the party shall be discharged.

Paragraph VII. Citizens, protection of. All citizens of the United States, resident in this state, are hereby declared citizens of this state; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect them in the full enjoyment of the rights, privileges, and immunities due to such citizenship.

Paragraph VIII. Arms, right to keep and bear. The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to prescribe the manner in which arms may be borne.

Paragraph IX. Right to assemble and petition. The people have the right to assemble peaceably for their common good and to apply by petition or remonstrance to those vested with the powers of government for redress of grievances.

Paragraph X. Bill of attainder; ex post facto laws; and retroactive laws. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or laws impairing the obligation of contract or making irrevocable grant of special privileges or immunities shall be passed.

Paragraph XI. Right to trial by jury; number of jurors; selection and compensation of jurors. (a) The right to trial by jury shall remain inviolate, except that the court shall render judgment without the verdict of a jury in all civil cases where no issuable defense is filed and where a jury is not demanded in writing by either party. In criminal cases, the defendant shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury; and the jury shall be the judges of the law and the facts.

(b) A trial jury shall consist of 12 persons; but the General Assembly may prescribe any number, not less than six, to constitute a trial jury in courts of limited jurisdiction and in superior courts in misdemeanor cases.

(c) The General Assembly shall provide by law for the selection and compensation of persons to serve as grand jurors and trial jurors.

Paragraph XII. Right to the courts. No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or defend, either in person or by an attorney, that person's own cause in any of the courts of this state.

Paragraph XIII. Searches, seizures, and warrants. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation particularly describing the place or places to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

Paragraph XIV. Benefit of counsel; accusation; list of witnesses; compulsory process. Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this state shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel; shall be furnished with a copy of the accusation or indictment and, on demand, with a list of the witnesses on whose testimony such charge is founded; shall have compulsory process to obtain the testimony of that person's own witnesses; and shall be confronted with the witnesses testifying against such person.

Paragraph XV. Habeas corpus. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless, in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it.

Paragraph XVI. Self-incrimination. No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in any manner to be self-incriminating.

Paragraph XVII. Bail; fines; punishment; arrest, abuse of prisoners. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted; nor shall any person be abused in being arrested, while under arrest, or in prison.

Paragraph XVIII. Jeopardy of life or liberty more than once forbidden. No person shall be put in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for the same offense except when a new trial has been granted after conviction or in case of mistrial.

Paragraph XIX. Treason. Treason against the State of Georgia shall consist of insurrection against the state, adhering to the state's enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or confession in open court.

Paragraph XX. Conviction, effect of. No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.

Paragraph XXI. Banishment and whipping as punishment for crime. Neither banishment beyond the limits of the state nor whipping shall be allowed as a punishment for crime.

Paragraph XXII. Involuntary servitude. There shall be no involuntary servitude within the State of Georgia except as a punishment for crime after legal conviction thereof or for contempt of court.

Paragraph XXIII. Imprisonment for debt. There shall be no imprisonment for debt.

Paragraph XXIV. Costs. No person shall be compelled to pay costs in any criminal case except after conviction on final trial.

Paragraph XXV. Status of the citizen. The social status of a citizen shall never be the subject of legislation.

Paragraph XXVI. Exemptions from levy and sale. The General Assembly shall protect by law from levy and sale by virtue of any process under the laws of this state a portion of the property of each person in an amount of not less than $1,600.00 and shall have authority to define to whom any such additional exemptions shall be allowed; to specify the amount of such exemptions; to provide for the manner of exempting such property and for the sale, alienation, and encumbrance thereof; and to provide for the waiver of said exemptions by the debtor.

Paragraph XXVII. Spouse's separate property. The separate property of each spouse shall remain the separate property of that spouse except as otherwise provided by law.

Paragraph XXVIII. Fishing and hunting. The tradition of fishing and hunting and the taking of fish and wildlife shall be preserved for the people and shall be managed by law and regulation for the public good.

Paragraph XXIX. Enumeration of rights not denial of others. The enumeration of rights herein contained as a part of this Constitution shall not be construed to deny to the people any inherent rights which they may have hitherto enjoyed.

Section II: Origin and Structure of Government
Paragraph I. Origin and foundation of government. All government, of right, originates with the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. Public officers are the trustees and servants of the people and are at all times amenable to them.

Paragraph II. Object of government. The people of this state have the inherent right of regulating their internal government. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people; and at all times they have the right to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require it.

Paragraph III. Separation of legislative, judicial, and executive powers. The legislative, judicial, and executive powers shall forever remain separate and distinct; and no person discharging the duties of one shall at the same time exercise the functions of either of the others except as herein provided.

Paragraph IV. Contempts. The power of the courts to punish for contempt shall be limited by legislative acts.

Paragraph V. What acts void. Legislative acts in violation of this Constitution or the Constitution of the United States are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them.

Paragraph VI. Superiority of civil authority. The civil authority shall be superior to the military.

Paragraph VII. Separation of church and state. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect, cult, or religious denomination or of any sectarian institution.

Paragraph VIII. Lotteries and nonprofit bingo games. (a) Except as herein specifically provided in this Paragraph VIII, all lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, and all forms of pari-mutuel betting and casino gambling are hereby prohibited; and this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws.

(b) The General Assembly may by law provide that the operation of a nonprofit bingo game shall not be a lottery and shall be legal in this state. The General Assembly may by law define a nonprofit bingo game and provide for the regulation of nonprofit bingo games.

(c) The General Assembly may by law provide for the operation and regulation of a lottery or lotteries by or on behalf of the state and for any matters relating to the purposes or provisions of this subparagraph. Proceeds derived from the lottery or lotteries operated by or on behalf of the state shall be used to pay the operating expenses of the lottery or lotteries, including all prizes, without any appropriation required by law, and for educational programs and purposes as hereinafter provided. Lottery proceeds shall not be subject to Article VII, Section III, Paragraph II; Article III, Section IX, Paragraph VI(a); or Article III, Section IX, Paragraph IV(c), except that the net proceeds after payment of such operating expenses shall be subject to Article VII, Section III, Paragraph II. Net proceeds after payment of such operating expenses shall be separately accounted for and shall be specifically identified by the Governor in his annual budget presented to the General Assembly as a separate budget category entitled "Lottery Proceeds" and the Governor shall make specific recommendations as to educational programs and educational purposes to which said net proceeds shall be appropriated. In the General Appropriations Act adopted by the General Assembly, the General Assembly shall appropriate all net proceeds of the lottery or lotteries by such separate budget category to educational programs and educational purposes as specified by the General Assembly.

(c) The General Assembly may by law provide for the operation and regulation of a lottery or lotteries by or on behalf of the state and for any matters relating to the purposes or provisions of this subparagraph. Proceeds derived from the lottery or lotteries operated by or on behalf of the state shall be used to pay the operating expenses of the lottery or lotteries, including all prizes, without any appropriation required by law, and for educational programs and purposes as hereinafter provided. Lottery proceeds shall not be subject to Article VII, Section III, Paragraph II; Article III, Section IX, Paragraph VI(a); or Article III, Section IX, Paragraph IV(c), except that the net proceeds after payment of such operating expenses shall be subject to Article VII, Section III, Paragraph II. Net proceeds after payment of such operating expenses shall be separately accounted for and shall be specifically identified by the Governor in his annual budget presented to the General Assembly as a separate budget category entitled 'Lottery Proceeds' and the Governor shall make specific recommendations as to educational programs and educational purposes to which said net proceeds shall be appropriated. In the General Appropriations Act adopted by the General Assembly, the General Assembly shall appropriate all net proceeds of the lottery or lotteries by such separate budget category to educational programs and educational purposes. Such net proceeds shall be used to support improvements and enhancements for educational programs and purposes and such net proceeds shall be used to supplement, not supplant, non-lottery educational resources for educational programs and purposes. The educational programs and educational purposes for which proceeds may be so appropriated shall include only the following:

(1) Tuition grants, scholarships, or loans to citizens of this state to enable such citizens to attend colleges and universities located within this state, regardless of whether such colleges or universities are operated by the board of regents, or to attend institutions operated under the authority of the Department of Technical and Adult Education;

(2) Voluntary pre-kindergarten;

(3) One or more educational shortfall reserves in a total amount of not less than 10 percent of the net proceeds of the lottery for the preceding fiscal year;

(4) Costs of providing to teachers at accredited public institutions who teach levels K-12, personnel at public postsecondary technical institutes under the authority of the Department of Technical and Adult Education, and professors and instructors within the University System of Georgia the necessary training in the use and application of computers and advanced electronic instructional technology to implement interactive learning environments in the classroom and to access the state-wide distance learning network; and

(5) Capital outlay projects for educational facilities; provided, however, that no funds shall be appropriated for the items listed in paragraphs (4) and (5) of this subsection until all persons eligible for and applying for assistance as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection have received such assistance, all approved pre-kindergarten programs provided for in paragraph (2) of this subsection have been fully funded, and the education shortfall reserve or reserves provided for in paragraph (3) of this subsection have been fully funded.

(d) On and after January 1, 1995, the holding of raffles by nonprofit organizations shall be lawful and shall not be prohibited by any law enacted prior to January 1, 1994. Laws enacted on or after January 1, 1994, however, may restrict, regulate, or prohibit the operation of such raffles.

Paragraph IX. Sovereign immunity and waiver thereof; claims against the state and its departments, agencies, officers, and employees. (a) The General Assembly may waive the state's sovereign immunity from suit by enacting a State Tort Claims Act, in which the General Assembly may provide by law for procedures for the making, handling, and disposition of actions or claims against the state and its departments, agencies, officers, and employees, upon such terms and subject to such conditions and limitations as the General Assembly may provide.

(b) The General Assembly may also provide by law for the processing and disposition of claims against the state which do not exceed such maximum amount as provided therein.

(c) The state's defense of sovereign immunity is hereby waived as to any action ex contractu for the breach of any written contract now existing or hereafter entered into by the state or its departments and agencies.

(d) Except as specifically provided by the General Assembly in a State Tort Claims Act, all officers and employees of the state or its departments and agencies may be subject to suit and may be liable for injuries and damages caused by the negligent performance of, or negligent failure to perform, their ministerial functions and may be liable for injuries and damages if they act with actual malice or with actual intent to cause injury in the performance of their official functions. Except as provided in this subparagraph, officers and employees of the state or its departments and agencies shall not be subject to suit or liability, and no judgment shall be entered against them, for the performance or nonperformance of their official functions. The provisions of this subparagraph shall not be waived.

(e) Except as specifically provided in this Paragraph, sovereign immunity extends to the state and all of its departments and agencies. The sovereign immunity of the state and its departments and agencies can only be waived by an Act of the General Assembly which specifically provides that sovereign immunity is thereby waived and the extent of such waiver.

(f) No waiver of sovereign immunity under this Paragraph shall be construed as a waiver of any immunity provided to the state or its departments, agencies, officers, or employees by the United States Constitution.

Section III: General Provisions
Paragraph I. Eminent domain. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Paragraph, private property shall not be taken or damaged for public purposes without just and adequate compensation being first paid.

(b) When private property is taken or damaged by the state or the counties or municipalities of the state for public road or street purposes, or for public transportation purposes, or for any other public purposes as determined by the General Assembly, just and adequate compensation therefor need not be paid until the same has been finally fixed and determined as provided by law; but such just and adequate compensation shall then be paid in preference to all other obligations except bonded indebtedness.

(c) The General Assembly may by law require the condemnor to make prepayment against adequate compensation as a condition precedent to the exercise of the right of eminent domain and provide for the disbursement of the same to the end that the rights and equities of the property owner, lien holders, and the state and its subdivisions may be protected.

(d) The General Assembly may provide by law for the payment by the condemnor of reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by the condemnee in determining just and adequate compensation.

(e) Notwithstanding any other provision of the Constitution, the General Assembly may provide by law for relocation assistance and payments to persons displaced through the exercise of the power of eminent domain or because of public projects or programs; and the powers of taxation may be exercised and public funds expended in furtherance thereof.

Paragraph II. Private ways. In case of necessity, private ways may be granted upon just and adequate compensation being first paid by the applicant.

Paragraph III. Tidewater titles confirmed. The Act of the General Assembly approved December 16, 1902, which extends the title of ownership of lands abutting on tidal water to low water mark, is hereby ratified and confirmed.

Section IV: Marriage
Paragraph I. Recognition of marriage. (a) This state shall recognize as marriage only
the union of man and woman. Marriages between persons of the same sex are prohibited in
this state.

(b) No union between persons of the same sex shall be recognized by this state as entitled
to the benefits of marriage. This state shall not give effect to any public act, record, or
judicial proceeding of any other state or jurisdiction respecting a relationship between persons
of the same sex that is treated as a marriage under the laws of such other state or jurisdiction.
The courts of this state shall have no jurisdiction to grant a divorce or separate
maintenance with respect to any such relationship or otherwise to consider or rule on any
of the parties´ respective rights arising as a result of or in connection with such relationship.

 Section IV has since been overturned by the Federal Court Ruling, Obergefell v. Hodges.

Background

The Georgia Bill of Rights was ratified, along with the Georgia Constitution of 1861, soon after the State of Georgia seceded from the Union on 18 January 1861. Prior to the creation of the Bill of Rights, Georgia's previous four Constitutions protected only a relative few civil liberties. With the end of the American Civil War in 1865 the abolition of slavery was added to the Bill of Rights in Section I, the Rights of Persons. Also added to that Section, in 1877, was a prohibition against whipping of criminals and banishment of criminals.

References

See also
Bill of rights
United States Bill of Rights

Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)


Amphiarius phrygiatus, the Kukwari sea catfish, is a species of sea catfish which occurs in brackish estuaries with very low salinities, nearly entering freshwater, and is found on shallow muddy bottoms, ranging through Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil.  It grows to about 30 centimetres (12 in) TL.  As with other Arriid catfishes this species is a mouthbrooder.  The female A. phrygiatus lays her eggs in a gelatinous mass on a sandy depression for the male to collect to mouthbrood.  This species is caught for human consumption.

References

Ariidae
Fish of South America
Fish described in 1840


Amphiarius rugispinis, the softhead sea catfish, is a species of sea catfish which is found along the northern coast of South America. It is found chiefly in turbid waters of estuaries and around river mouths; it originates from brackish and marine waters of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil.  This species grows to about  TL.   Reproduction in A. rugispinis appears to be between September and November. The diameter of the eggs is 14–15 millimetres (9⁄16 in), numbering about 30–35 per female.

References

Ariidae
Fish of South America
Fish of Trinidad and Tobago
Fish described in 1840


Saugeen may refer to the following in Ontario, Canada:

Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory, the name applied to Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation and Saugeen First Nation as a collective
Ojibway Nation of Saugeen First Nation, Ojibwa First Nation
Saugeen First Nation, Ojibway First Nation located along the Saugeen River and Bruce Peninsula
Saugeen Kame Terraces, 431 hectare provincially significant Earth Science Area of Natural and Scientific Interest
Saugeen River, tributary of Lake Huron
Saugeen Shores, town in Bruce County
Saugeen Shores Winterhawks, senior hockey team based out of Saugeen Shores
Saugeen Tract Agreement, signed August 9, 1836 between the Saugeen Ojibwa and Ottawa and the government of Upper Canada
Saugeen–Maitland Hall, co-ed students' residence at the University of Western Ontario in London


The ITF Women's Circuit is the second tier tour for women's professional tennis organised by the International Tennis Federation, and is the tier below the WTA Tour. In 2007, the ITF Women's Circuit included tournaments with prize money ranging from $10,000 to $100,000.

The ITF world champions in 2007 were Justine Henin (senior singles), Cara Black / Liezel Huber (senior doubles) and Urszula Radwańska (combined junior ranking).

Tournament breakdown by event category

Tournament breakdown by region

Singles titles by nation

This list displays only the top 21 nations in terms of singles titles wins.

Sources
List of ITF World Champions
2007 ITF statistics summary
2007 ITF pro circuit singles titles won by nation

References

External links
International Tennis Federation (ITF) official website

ITF Women's World Tennis Tour
ITF Circuit
2007 in women's tennis


Events in the year 1805 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
The  long horse-powered Damtjern-Storflåtan railway in Krokskogen, was opened. It is believed to have been Norway's first railway.

Arts and literature

Births
8 January – Halvor Heyerdahl Rasch, zoologist (d.1883)

Full date unknown
Jørgen Wright Cappelen, bookseller and publisher (d.1878)
Bernt Sverdrup Maschmann, priest and politician (d.1869)
Ole Hersted Schjøtt, clergyman and politician (d.1848)
Jacob Staalesen Velde, politician

Deaths
21 April – Bernt Anker, merchant, chamberlain and playwright (born 1746).
Eistein Kjørn, woodcarver (born 1727).

See also

References


Wichita Transit is the public transportation department of the City of Wichita which operates paratransit and transit bus services within Wichita, Kansas, United States. In , the system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday as of .

Fleet
Wichita Transit maintains a fleet of 51 ADA-compliant buses and 26 wheelchair-lift vans.

All regular Wichita Transit buses are equipped free wi-fi and bike racks.

Services
Transit Services operate 17 fixed route bus lines and 17 demand-response paratransit routes. They report about two million yearly fixed-route trips and 320,800 yearly disabled paratransit trips.

Using a few replica trolleys, the city also operates the Q Line shuttle service through downtown and adjoining areas, in conjunction with the Wichita Downtown Development Corporation (chiefly during recreational days/hours, typically evenings and weekends, and during major conventions downtown).

City buses, including the imitation trolley cars, are sometimes available for charter.

History
Wichita Transit evolved out of a long history of mass transit in Wichita. Early buses were horse-drawn. By the late 1800s and early 1900s, the city had developed a trolley rail system connecting key commercial areas to the rest of the city. By the late 1920s, the system had switched to electric trolleys.

During the 1930s/1940s, the system shifted to conventional gasoline/diesel-powered buses, and reached its peak ridership during World War II, as the city became a hub of aircraft manufacturing for the war. Routes connected nearly all of the population of the city to workplaces and commercial centers.

Following World War II and the early postwar years, in 1962, the city government took over transit—through its Metropolitan Transit Authority—to provide bus service to most of the city, chiefly through a "hub-and-spoke" system converging on downtown. The decline of downtowns, nationwide, was repeated in Wichita during the 1960s and 1970s, but the city retained its downtown hub system.

In the 1980s, and subsequently, now renamed Wichita Transit, the system generally has declined in ridership and capacity, with a brief resurgence of interest at the turn of the 21st century.

In 2016, Greyhound Lines will be closing its station and relocating to the Wichita Transit building. Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service northeast to Topeka, Kansas and south to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound) provides daily bus service north towards Salina, Kansas and west towards Pueblo, Colorado.

Recent issues and developments
Wichita's transit system is smaller in "revenue miles per capita" than comparable cities nationwide.

Like most transit systems, nationwide, Wichita Transit struggles continuously with financial difficulties. Rider fares do not bring in enough revenue to support the system, and it relies heavily on subsidies from the federal government and other entities.

Downtown redevelopment
In 2010–2012, consultants for the city, advising the city on its major push for downtown redevelopment, emphasized that major transit improvements were needed for effective downtown redevelopment and growth as envisioned by city plans and proposals.

KHI health assessment
In 2013, the non-profit Kansas Health Institute produced a "health impact assessment" ("HIA") on Wichita Transit, and its possible developments, a study and review, concluding that expanded hours and routes would have optimal impact on the health of the community's people.

Specifically, the KHI's researchers advised that a "grid" bus system (following major streets in straight lines) should replace the city's current "hub-and-spoke" system (routes radiating out from, and returning to, a downtown transit center), and advised that it should make more frequent stops, extend service after 6 p.m., and add Sunday service. They also recommended ways to maximize existing bus service. One was to allow bus passengers to carry more than two grocery sacks.

Funding and sales tax issues
Attempts by the city council to pass a one-cent sales tax by referendum—to fund transit along with selected other city programs and projects (water, jobs, etc.) – were overwhelmingly defeated in November 2014.

The current city council considered proposing a one-tenth of one cent ($0.001) sales tax committed exclusively to transit, and in June was expected to vote on it, in August 2015, as part of the city budget process.

In mid-July 2015, the city manager presented the 2016–2017 proposed city budget, which indicated that service reductions of $2 million (or 25%) would be required to ensure a balanced budget. The City Council, however, instructed staff to find solutions to close the funding gap for 2016. Discussed solutions involved $1.2 million in deferred road construction delayed from 2016 to 2017 (with scheduled 2017 bus replacements moved up to 2016), $500,000 in fuel savings through commitment to a fuel contract, and allocation of $300,000 from the city's permanent reserve fund (the city had $26.9 million in reserves as of July 2015).

Mayor Longwell, who had campaigned on transit improvements in the 2014 election, described the effort as "painful," but important, describing transit as "that critical to our community." However, the previously discussed sales tax increase (for transit) did not figure into the budget plan, and no increase to the property tax mill levy was projected in the city budget plan discussions during July 2015. (Public hearings were pending for Aug. 4 and Aug. 11, the date that the city's 2016–2017 budget will be adopted.)

Route list
College Hill
E. 13th Street
E. 17th Street
East Central
East Harry
E. Lincoln
Meridian
N. Broadway
North Waco
Riverside
Rock Road
S. Broadway
S. Main
S. Seneca
West Central
W. Maple
Westside Connector
Southside Connector

Fixed route ridership

The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response services.

See also
 Greyhound Lines
 Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport
Historical
 Arkansas Valley Interurban Railway
 Kansas Aviation Museum

References

External links

 Wichita Transit Facebook page
 Wichita Transit maps & schedules
 "Q Line" shuttle bus

Bus transportation in Kansas
Transportation in Wichita, Kansas
Transit agencies in Kansas


The Cardom () is an Israeli 81 mm/120 mm Recoil Mortar System (RMS), manufactured by Soltam Systems. It is used by the US Army, the Israel Defence Forces, NATO countries, and others. The Cardom is an autonomous, computerized system for mounting on light and medium armored carriers. The system provides accurate and effective fire support.

Overview
The system uses a new Computerized Integrated Navigation and Self Positioning and Aiming systems. Its modern Target Acquisition Devices together with a specially designed Recoiling Mortar System, attenuates the firing loads and enables mounting the systems on wheeled and tracked AFV's, or even soft-skinned vehicles such as trucks. The CARDOM Aiming mechanisms are linked to state-of-the-art command, control and communication systems, to achieve quick response automatic laying mode. The IDF delivered Cardom system takes target acquisition data, that provides range, bearing, position and other data from an observation point and transmits it directly to the Cardom system. Using electrical servo motors the mortar barrel is then set at the exact traverse and elevation angles ready for firing.

The 120 mm Cardom has a burst rate of 16 rpm, followed by a 4 rpm sustained rate of fire. The Cardom Recoil Mortar System has been qualified for fielding with the 3rd US Army Stryker brigade, and will be coupled to the US Army's M95 Mortar Fire Control System on the M1129 Mortar Carrier. So far over 320 mortar systems have been manufactured for the U.S. Army.

Performance

Range: 7,000-8,000 meters
Calibre: 120/81mm smoothbore and rifled
Max rate of fire : 16 rounds per minute
Traverse (deg) : 360
Shoot of first round: less than 30 sec
Crew : 2-4 dependent on carrier
Dual mode : mounted and dismounted

Operators

 Azerbaijani Land Forces

Royal Bahraini Army special forces (purchased to Spain, fitted on the URO VAMTAC)

 Cameroon Army

 Royal Danish Army (also known as M/10 or Cardom 10)

 Israeli Army

 Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan

 Portuguese Army

 Philippine Army

 Spanish Army

 Royal Thai Army

 Uganda Army

 United States Army

 Zambian Army

See also
M1129 Mortar Carrier
AMOS
Patria NEMO
Soltam 120mm mortar system
Soltam 155mm mobile Howitzer
Light-weight Combat Vehicle (LCV) System

References

Further reading

External links

Cardom mortar system on defense-update.com

Video
 youtube video of Cardom system

Infantry mortars
120mm mortars
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s


Voynyliv ( / Voinyliv / Vojnyliv,  / Voyneeloow,  / Voynilov / Voinilov) is an urban-type settlement in western Ukraine. Voynyliv is situated in Kalush Raion of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, approx. 100 km from Lviv. The closest city is Kalush to the west. The distance to the closest railway station in Kalush is 22 km and it is 42 km from Voynyliv to the city of Ivano-Frankivsk. Voinyliv hosts the administration of Voinyliv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: .

Voynyliv lies in the lowlands of the Dniester river basin and is located near the Sivka and Bolokhivka Rivers, the tributaries to the Dniester River.

Postal code for Voynyliv is 77316 and telephone code is +380 03472. In 2002-2005 there was built a school in Voynyliv designed for 689 students.

Within Kalush Raion there is also somewhat smaller village Dovhyi Voynyliv (Ukr.: Long Voynyliv), which should not be mixed with the town of Voynyliv.

History
First historical mention about Voynyliv dates to the 15th century, namely in accounts of the battle of Turkish armies with Polish troops of king Jan III Sobieski of Poland.   According to other sources it was founded in 1352 as village Prokopivka and received town privileges in 1443.

Prior to World War II, Voynyliv like most of western Ukraine, belonged to Poland and had ab. 1000 inhabitants. It was a seat of village commune () in the district () of Kalush. The population of the town consisted of Jews engaged in commerce as well as Poles and Ukrainians. There was Roman Catholic church in Voynyliv though it was taken down by Soviets in 1945. In inter-war period there existed the Society of Polish Landmen. Rich Polish landlords had estates in nearby villages of Serednye, Babyn and Dorokhiv. In 1926 the first independent district union of milkmen was started in Voynyliv with good results, after which other unions started to emerge.

There were two schools in town — one for men and one for women.

Coat of arms
Voynyliv had historical coat of arms, officially approved in 1689. It depicted a lion emerging from a fortress wall and holding the wreath in its paws. Similar design of town's coat of arms — a yellow lion on a blue background (national colours of Ukraine) with a fortress wall in the lower part, functions as official symbol of the town today.

Jewish community

The book Where Once We Walked states that before the war Voynyliv had a Jewish population of 944 persons and had a Jewish temple. The Voynyliv Jewish community murdered in the Holocaust, though some Jews stemming from Voynyliv are found in the US and United Kingdom from pre-war immigration. The remnants of Jewish cemetery in Voynyliv preserved.

References

Sources
 (in Polish) Wojniłów w Słowniku geograficznym Królestwa Polskiego (Voynyliv in the Geographic Dictionary of Polish Kingdom).

External links

 Jewishgen page about Voynyliv.
 Voynyliv website by Bruce Drake.
 Coat of Arms of Voynyliv

Urban-type settlements in Kalush Raion
Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine
Holocaust locations in Ukraine


"Warrior's Dance" is the 20th single released by the British electronic band the Prodigy on 11 May 2009, and it is the second commercial single from the album Invaders Must Die after "Omen" and the free promotional single "Invaders Must Die".

The track's chorus is a sample of "Take Me Away" by the Final Cut with True Faith. It also contains beat samples from "Let The Warriors Dance" by Addis Posse.

The digital single was released on 17 April in Australia, exclusively on iTunes, although only the "Edit" version with none of the remixes is also available. When released on iTunes Australia, the song was titled incorrectly and the download was actually a song from Placebo. However, this was later corrected.

The song peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart.

The song was used in the soundtrack of the game Colin McRae: DiRT 2.

Remixes
Three remix versions of "Warrior's Dance" are being sold on the Prodigy's own store, as digital downloads in MP3 format. An extra remix is exclusive to iTunes.

Track list

CD single
"Warrior's Dance" (edit) – 2:55
"Warrior's Dance" (South Central remix) – 5:40

12" vinyl
"Warrior's Dance" (Benga remix) – 4:45
"Warrior's Dance" (South Central remix) – 5:40

Downloads
"Warrior's Dance" (edit) – 2:55
"Warrior's Dance" (Album Version) – 5:13
"Warrior's Dance" (South Central remix) – 5:40
"Warrior's Dance" (Benga remix) – 4:45
"Warrior's Dance" (Kicks Like A Mule remix) – 5:09

iTunes downloads
"Warrior's Dance" (edit) – 2:56
"Warrior's Dance" (album version) – 5:14
"Warrior's Dance" (South Central remix) – 5:41
"Warrior's Dance" (Benga remix) – 4:46
"Warrior's Dance" (Future Funk Squad's 'Rave Soldier' mix) – 5:33
"Warrior's Dance" (Kicks Like A Mule remix) – 5:10

Music video
The music video was posted on the band's Myspace and YouTube pages on 3 April 2009, after being postponed from an exclusive broadcast on Channel 4 the week before. It was directed by Corin Hardy.

It uses a mix of puppetry and stop-frame animation, with three humanoid cigarette packets branded with various Prodigy logos (representing the three members of the band) starting a miniature rave within a pub with other cigarette packages, eventually causing a fire on top of a table. The three Prodigy cigarette boxes then leave, leaving the rest of the dancing cigarette packages to continue burning. A man enters the pub to open up the next morning, puzzled to find all the burnt cardboard remains. Cigarette boxes contain the message "Smoking is harmful to your health" in Ukrainian language ("Куріння шкодить вашому здоров'ю").

The video won an award at the 2009 Rushes Soho Shorts Film Festival for best music video.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

The Prodigy songs
2009 singles
Songs written by Liam Howlett
Electronic rock songs
2009 songs
Stop-motion animated music videos
Cooking Vinyl singles


Birgitte Alsted   (born 15 June 1942) is a Danish violinist, teacher and composer.

Alsted was born in Odense, and was educated at the Royal Danish Academy of Music and in Warsaw.

She has done much within the electronic music and often uses creative expressions, which includes other forms. Thus, she has been a part in theater and performance / dance in Denmark. Her work list, besides the music theater includes works for soloists and chamber ensembles, often unconventional compositions and the use of acoustic instruments.

Birgitte Alsted also worked some with multimedia performances in which the use of electronic resources, poetry, dance and slides have been compounded in experimental fashion. Literature and poetry, both old and new have been an important source of inspiration for her.

Birgitte Alsted was a founder of the "Gruppen for Alternativ Musik", which was important for her career as a composer. The group experimented with alternative forms and collective improvisation and performed the members' own compositions in unusual places, such as the Nørreport Station and Copenhagen Zoo.

Alsted has worked as a teacher in Hørsholm municipality in St. Annæ Gymnasium and in Copenhagen. In addition, she has been a violinist in the Danish National Symphony Orchestra.

Works
1988: Vækst
1995: Sorgsang II
1996: Sorgsang V
2001: Zweigeigen
2002: Zu versuchen, die Fragen
2002: Odysseus on a Minicruise
2006: Dance with Bells

Recordings
Nyvang and Alsted: Planetarium Music includes Sorgsang II (Lament II) (1995) by Alsted. Da Capo Marco Polo CD 8.224083 (1997)
Zweigeigen (2001) with Duo Gelland. Nosag records CD 152 (2007)

References

Petersen, Mette Koustrup (2004) : "Birgitte Alsted - en biografi - ", ("Birgitte Alsted -a Biography"), Copenhagen University July 2004
Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart (MGG), Kassel 1994–2008: Birgitte Alsted
This article was initially translated from the Danish Wikipedia.

External links
Dansk Kvindebiografisk leksikon (Danish Women's Biographical Dictionary) page, accessed 10 February 2010 (Danish)
Da Capo Records biographical page, accessed 10 February 2010
Da Capo Records 'Planetarium Music' page, accessed 10 February 2010
LARM biography page, accessed 10 February 2010
Edition S profile, accessed 23 April 2012

1942 births
Living people
People from Odense
Danish classical composers
Danish classical violinists
Danish women violinists
Danish women classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
20th-century Danish composers
21st-century Danish composers
Danish women composers
21st-century classical violinists
Women classical violinists
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers


Sylhet can mean:
Sylhet metro, an administrative area (a subdistrict) in central Sylhet
Sylhet city, a city in Bangladesh
Sylhet district, an administrative area around Sylhet
Sylhet division, a region and administrative area around Sylhet
Sylhet region, a region in Bangladesh and India
Sylheti language, the language spoken in and around Sylhet
Sylhetis, the people from the Sylhet region
Sylheti script, a writing system matching the phonology (sound system) of spoken Sylheti

See also
Sylheti (disambiguation)


George W. Chapman was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
George Walton Chapman was born 19 Aug 1832 in Saratoga County, New York and lived in Ballston Spa, New York where he died 20 Apr 1881. He attended the University of Rochester where he is listed on the Delta Psi fraternity rolls for 1854. In 1860 he published a small volume of poetry that is most notable for a lengthy tribute to the famed arctic physician-explorer Elisha Kent Kane. The poem, which is composed of rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter,  runs from pages 1 to 31 of his book and terminates in a two-page "Notes" section which explicates some of the references in the poem. Before and after the discovery of his fate, many lyric poems were penned in memory of Sir John Franklin, (such as Joseph Addison Turner's 1858 "The Discovery of Sir John Franklin"). There was however little poetic literature published on America's arctic hero - Elisha Kent Kane. His premature death from rheumatic heart disease in 1857 at age 37 was unexpected and stunned the nation. Eulogies, orations and short verses were delivered during the obsequies held in his honor, but Chapman's "Tribute" is the only lengthy, 19th-century poetical piece published in hardcover. This slender volume, published when its author was but 26 years-old, was Chapman's only work of poetry. In 1862, he was Supervisor of the Town of Milton. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Saratoga Co., 1st D.) in 1865.

In 1869, Chapman was appointed by Governor John Thompson Hoffman a Canal Commissioner, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Oliver Bascom. At the New York state election, 1870, he was elected, on the Democratic ticket, to succeed himself for the remainder of Bascom's term, and remained in office until the end of 1871. At the New York state election, 1871, he was defeated running for re-election. He is buried in Ballston Spa Village Cemetery, Ballston Spa, Saratoga County, New York.

References

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; pages 502 and 509)
 Political Graveyard
 The state tickets, in NYT on October 30, 1870
Catalogue of the Delta Psi Fraternity, New York: Privately Published, 1889;
US Federal Census for 1870, George W. Chapman, Milton, Saratoga, New York
Sawin, Mark W., Raising Kane: Elisha Kent Kane and the Culture of Fame in Antebellum America, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2008

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Ballston Spa, New York
Erie Canal Commissioners
Members of the New York State Assembly
People from Milton, Saratoga County, New York


Herman Amberg (22 December 1834 – 12 April 1902) was a Danish musician and composer.

A pupil of J.P.E. Hartmann and Anton Ree, in 1855 he set up in Viborg as music teacher and also worked as a singing teacher at the Latin School for 25 years. In 1868 he was organist at the cathedral and in 1892 was appointed a professor.

His brother Johan Amberg was also a musician.

Compositions
Many of his works were published posthumously. The following list is incomplete.
24 Preludes (Hansen, 1888)

Op.5 - Prélude for Piano (Hansen, 1893)
Op.6 - Sechs Orgelstücke zum Theil als Postludien anwendbar. (Hansen, 1893)
Op.7 - Paraphrase f. Org. über Gade’s Melodie „O rüst’ dich, Held von Golgatha“. (Hansen, 1894)
Op.7a - Nine little pieces for organ or harmonium (Wilhelm Hansen, 1903)
Op.8 - Små stykker for orgel eller harmonium (Hansen)
Op.11 - 10 Præ- og Postludier (Hansen, ca.1904).

References

This article was initially translated from the Danish Wikipedia.

Danish composers
Male composers
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
1834 births
1902 deaths
19th-century Danish male musicians
19th-century organists


The German Sleeper and Dining Car Company (Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagengesellschaft, later the Deutsche Service-Gesellschaft der Bahn or DSG) was a subsidiary of Deutsche Bundesbahn with its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, that emerged from the Mitropa infrastructure left in West Germany in 1949. It existed until 1994 when it was combined with the East German Mitropa to form Mitropa AG.

History
The DSG provided its own sleepers until 1974 and its own dining cars until 1966 and also ran the DB's half-diners, buffet, snack bar and couchette cars, the US troop trains in Germany, the German ferries of the Vogelfluglinie and the restaurants and bars on many stations in the Federal Republic of Germany (including the West Berlin restaurants at Bahnhof Zoo). In addition there were club cars, that were frequently hired by firms and other excursion companies and the "InterCity Hotels" that appeared in the 1980s. The coaching stock used stemmed mainly from the pre-war period and the 1960s. In the 1970s self-service dining cars  (Quick-Pick) were introduced experimentally. In trains without dining cars the so-called minibar came into use. These were small, mobile sales trolleys from which passengers could purchase hot and cold drinks, hot sausages, pre-packed sandwiches, snacks and confectionery. The coaches were stocked at their home station and could be replenished during longer halts or at the destination station by sales staff at the respective DSG depot.

Legally the DSG and Mitropa were merged just like the Deutsche Bundesbahn and Deutsche Reichsbahn. However, in view of the considerable assets owned by MITROPA the DSG was absorbed into MITROPA. That made it the only West German company, apart from a Rheingau sekt merchants, to be absorbed by an East German firm.

Corporate design
Up to 1971 the DSG continued to use the pre-war Mitropa insignia of a stylised "M" with the head of an eagle above a four-spoked wheel in an oval border (colloquially known as a Gefriergans or "frozen goose"). The decor of the DSG's own coaches was also based initially on the old Mitropa ones, including the style of signwriting designed for Mitropa ("Schulpig font" by Karl Schulpig). The base colour of the coaches varied during the 1950s from RAL 3003 ruby red to the darker RAL 3004 purple red.

Logo
In 1971 a more modern logo appeared in the form of a square cloverleaf. This was displayed on the DSG's own sleepers. The more recent coaches went into the sleeping car fleet during the 1970s and were given "Trans Euro Nacht" inscriptions to international standards. Initially they had the purple red basic livery and were only later repainted in cobalt blue. The DSG used the cloverleaf logo until their union with Mitropa (Ost).

Sources
 Fritz Stöckl: Speisewagen: 100 Jahre Gastronomie auf der Schiene. Motorbuch-Verlag, Stuttgart 1987.
 Ernst, Friedhelm u.a.: Vom F-Zug zum Intercity, EK-Verlag, Freiburg 1982

Foodservice companies
Deutsche Bundesbahn


HMS Niger was a  of the Royal Navy. She was launched in 1936 and was sunk during the Second World War. On 5 July 1942, the vessel sailed into a minefield while escorting Convoy QP 13 and struck one of the mines, later sinking with only eight survivors.

Service history
In fog on 5 July 1942 Niger mistook an iceberg for Iceland's North Western Cape and led six merchant ships of Murmansk to Reykjavík convoy QP 13 into Northern Barrage minefield SN72 laid one month earlier at the entrance to the Denmark Strait. Every ship detonated British mines. There were no crewmen lost aboard the Soviet freighter Rodina (4,441 GRT), the Panamanian-flagged freighter Exterminator (6,115 GRT), or the American freighter Hybert (6,120 GRT); but 46 civilian crew and 9 Naval Armed Guards died aboard the American Liberty ship John Randolph (7,191 GRT) and freighters Hefron (7,611 GRT) and Massmar (5,825 GRT); and there were only eight survivors of the 127 men aboard Niger. Only Exterminator could be salvaged. The value of the Northern Barrage was questioned following the accident.

References

External links
 UBoat.net HMS Niger page
 Halcyon-Class.co.uk HMS Niger page

Halcyon-class minesweepers
Ships built on the Isle of Wight
1936 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Maritime incidents in July 1942
Ships sunk by mines


Onésime Carignan (October 16, 1839 – September 20, 1897) was a wholesale and retail grocer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Champlain in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Champlain, Quebec, the son of Joseph Carignan and Josephte Turcotte. In 1864, he married Aglaée Le Bel. Carignan served as a member of the town council for Trois-Rivières from 1876 to 1888.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill

1839 births
1897 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs


Roberto Narducci (14 August 1887 – 10 February 1979) was an Italian architect and engineer of the Modernist and Novocento movements.

Life
Narducci was born in Rome, into a middle-class family.  After receiving his technical 'licenzia' in 1903–04, he obtained a diploma in architectural decoration from the Arts and Industry Museum of Rome in 1909.  In the same year he won a competition to become a designer for the Italian state railway company, Ferrovie dello Stato.

From 1920 to 1921 he enrolled in the three-year program at the Regia Scuola Superiori di Architettura, and from there he received his degree in Civil Architecture in 1923.  In 1930 passed the qualification examination to become a practicing professional engineer.

In his lifetime, working under the Ministry of Communications (now within the Ministry of Transport) he designed approximately 40 railway stations, both new buildings and post-war reconstructions and about ten Post Offices.   He frequently worked with his colleague Angiolo Mazzoni.  He died in Rome, aged 91.

Structures
Buildings
 Palazzo delle Poste e Telegrafi di Bari, 1931 plan
 Palazzo delle Poste e Telegrafi di Rovigo, 1927-1930
Railway stations
 Albenga railway station, 1930
 Battipaglia railway station, 1930
 Levanto railway station
 Loano railway station plan
 Santa Flavia railway station, 1932
 Redipuglia railway station, 1936
 Roma Ostiense railway station, 1940
 Ventimiglia railway station
 Verona Porta Nuova railway station
 Viareggio railway station

Bibliography
M. Giacomelli, Roberto Narducci (1887-1979) architetto-ingegnere del Ministero delle Comunicazioni. E. Godoli e A. I. Lima, a cura di. Architettura ferroviaria in Italia Novecento. Dario Flaccovio Editore, 2004,
A. Morgera, Roberto Narducci e la monumentalizzazione delle stazioni ferroviarie. I casi di Venezia Santa Lucia, Redipuglia e Roma Ostiense. 1934-1938, tesi di laurea, Trieste 2006, relatore P. Nicoloso, correlatore B. Boccazzi Mazza.
A. Morgera (ed.), La stazione di Redipuglia di Roberto Narducci, exhibition catalogue for "Sentieri di Pace" / Pro Loco di Fogliano Redipuglia, Fogliano Redipuglia 2007.

References

External links
 Arch. Narducci Roberto. Fascismo - Architettura - Arte / Arte fascista web site

1887 births
1979 deaths
Architects from Rome
20th-century Italian architects
Italian fascist architecture
Engineers from Rome
20th-century Italian engineers


Lorand or Loránd or Lóránd may refer to:

Given name:
Loránd Eötvös (1848–1919), Hungarian physicist
Lóránd Fülöp (born 1997), Romanian professional footballer
Lorand Gaspar (born 1925), Romanian–born French poet
Loránd Győry (1871–1926), Hungarian politician, Minister of Agriculture for few days in 1919
Loránd Kesztyűs (1915–1979) was a Hungarian physician, immunologist, pathophysiologist
Loránd Lohinszky (1924–2013), Romanian Merited Artist and university professor of Hungarian ethnicity
J. Lorand Matory, Professor of Cultural Anthropology and African and African American Studies at Duke University
Lóránd Szatmári (born 1988), Romanian-born Hungarian football player
Loránd Szilágyi (born 1985), Romanian football player that currently plays for Honvéd in the Hungarian NB I

Surname:
Colette Lorand (1923–2019), Swiss soprano
Laszlo Lorand (born 1923), Hungarian-American biochemist who studies the clotting of blood and other bodily fluids

Other:
Eötvös Loránd University (founded 1635 in Budapest), one of the oldest and largest universities in Hungary

See also
Loran (disambiguation)
Roland (name), form of the name in other languages
Lournand
Lorándite


"The Greatest" is a song written by Don Schlitz, and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Rogers.  It was released in April 1999 as the first single from the album She Rides Wild Horses.  The song reached No. 26 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Content
In the song, a little boy is outside playing baseball by himself, saying, "I'm the greatest player," and tosses the ball up in the air to hit the ball and swings and misses. The boy repeats this two more times. As his mother calls him inside for supper, the undeterred boy, in a twist ending, reveals his position—pitcher—and thus by earning a strikeout, he is still the greatest.

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

1999 singles
1999 songs
Kenny Rogers songs
Songs written by Don Schlitz
Music videos directed by Shaun Silva
Song recordings produced by Brent Maher
Baseball songs and chants
Songs about children


Polygamous unions are legal in Libya. Previously, under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi, a man needed to prove that he was capable of providing for the wives with reasons and required the consent of the first wife. This changed in February 2013, however, when the Constitutional Court overturned the previous law.

Depending on pre-2011 censuses, percent of polygamists in Libya decreased from 3.56% in 1995, to 2.57% in 2006.

References

Polygamy in Africa
Libya
Sexuality in Libya


This page shows the results of the Men's Wrestling Competition at the 1971 Pan American Games, held from July 30 to August 13, 1971, in Cali, Colombia. Freestyle wrestling was the only discipline at these Pan Am Games.

Men's competition

Freestyle (– 48 kg)

Freestyle (– 52 kg)

Freestyle (– 57 kg)

Freestyle (– 62 kg)

Freestyle (– 68 kg)

Freestyle (– 74 kg)

Freestyle (– 82 kg)

Freestyle (– 90 kg)

Freestyle (– 100 kg)

Freestyle (+ 100 kg)

Medal table

See also
 Wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics

References
 Sports 123

1971
1971 Pan American Games
P
Wrestling in Colombia


Hans Aksel Andersen  (19 March 1912 – 18 November 1977) was a Danish classical organist, composer and professor of music.

Aksel Andersen was born in Ruskin, Nebraska.  As a boy he was trained in organ, violin and piano. In Denmark, he was a pupil in Varde under Svend-Ove Møller (1903–1949), organist at Viborg Cathedral. As a 12-year-old, he succeeded him as organist. He was also taught by Thorvald Aagaard. Andersen would later become an exam organist at the Royal Danish Academy of Music in 1931. Andersen was one of the forces behind the organ concerts at Løgumkloster Church (Løgumkloster kirkes koncerter).  He died in Vedbæk in 1977.

Note
This article was initially translated from the Danish Wikipedia.

References

1912 births
1977 deaths
People from Nuckolls County, Nebraska
Musicians from Nebraska
American emigrants to Denmark
Male composers
Danish classical organists
Male classical organists
Danish-American culture in Nebraska
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century Danish composers
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians


Halfdan Magnus Mustad (9 June 1874 – 21 January 1967)  was a Norwegian businessman.

He was born in Vardal as the son of Hans Mustad and Marie Heyerdahl. On the maternal side he was a great-grandson of Hieronymus Heyerdahl, and on the paternal side he was a grandson of Ole Hovelsen Mustad, great-grandson of Hans Schikkelstad, nephew of Kristian Mauritz Mustad and cousin of Sigbjørn Mustad. Halfdan Magnus Mustad married Edle Smith in 1899, and the couple had several children. They settled at Lysaker in Bærum.

Together with his four brothers, he joined his father as co-owner of the company O. Mustad & Søn in 1905. The company had been passed from his great-grandfather through the generations, and grown significantly since its beginnings in Vardal. In 1875, the company had expanded with a new factory at Lilleaker in Kristiania, followed in 1889 by a foundry at the same place as well as a new margarine factory. In addition, the company expanded abroad. When Hans Mustad died in 1918, his sons inherited the largest industrial company in Norway, with 2,000 domestic employees as well as several factories abroad. The expansion continued after 1918, and the company eventually became the world's largest producer of fish hooks. Despite the ownership change, the name O. Mustad & Søn was kept. For his work, Mustad was decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1936, but he left as co-owner in 1959. After his death, O. Mustad & Søn was converted to a limited company (1970) and split into different branches (1977 and 1997).

References

1874 births
1967 deaths
Norwegian businesspeople
People from Gjøvik
People from Bærum


Fernandocrambus is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

Species
Fernandocrambus abbreviata (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus annulata (Aurivillius, 1922)
Fernandocrambus apocalipsus Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus arcus J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus augur Bleszynski, 1965
Fernandocrambus backstromi Aurivillius, 1922
Fernandocrambus brunneus Aurivillius, 1922
Fernandocrambus byssifera (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus chilianellus (Hampson, 1919)
Fernandocrambus chillanicus (Butler, 1883)
Fernandocrambus chiloma (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus chopinellus Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus corvus J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus cuprescens (Hampson, 1919)
Fernandocrambus derelicta (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus diabolicus Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus divus (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus dolicaon Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus euryptellus (Berg, 1877)
Fernandocrambus falklandicellus (Hampson, 1896)
Fernandocrambus fernandesellus (Hampson, 1896)
Fernandocrambus fundus J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus fuscus Aurivillius, 1922
Fernandocrambus glareola (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus grisea (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus harpipterus (Dyar, 1916)
Fernandocrambus horoscopus Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus imitator (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus imperfecta (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus kuscheli J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus loxia (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus magnifica (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus minima (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus nergaellus (Druce, 1896)
Fernandocrambus nitidissima (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus noskiewiczi Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus oxyechus J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus paraloxia (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus parva (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus pepita (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus radicellus (Hampson, 1896)
Fernandocrambus ruptifascia (Hampson, 1919)
Fernandocrambus spiculellus (Zeller, 1877)
Fernandocrambus stilatus (Zeller, 1877)
Fernandocrambus straminellus (Hampson, 1896)
Fernandocrambus subaequalis (Zeller, 1877)
Fernandocrambus truncus J. F. G. Clarke, 1965
Fernandocrambus variatellus Bleszynski, 1967
Fernandocrambus xerophylla (J. F. G. Clarke, 1965)
Fernandocrambus xiphiellus (Zeller, 1872)

References

Crambini
Crambidae genera
Taxa named by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius


Lea Park is an unincorporated community in Alberta, Canada. It is located in east-central Alberta, between Lloydminster and Bonnyville.

The community was established on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River at its confluence with the Vermilion River, at an elevation of . The Jubilee Regional Park, administered by the village of Marwayne, is located north of the community, along with the Lea Park golf course.

The community gives the name to the Cretaceous age Lea Park Formation, which was described in an outcrop near Lea Park in 1918.

See also
List of communities in Alberta

References

Localities in the County of Vermilion River


David Bižić (; born 25 November 1975) is an operatic baritone. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia.

Early life
Bižić was born in Belgrade, Serbia. He studied archaeology. before he pursued vocal arts. His father was a physical chemist and his mother is a psychologist.

His love for opera, he states, started at early age being exposed to opera records at home, especially The Three Tenors concerts. Two of the four main artists from those recordings, Zubin Mehta and by Placido Domingo conducted him later in the career.

 "I remember feeling really connected to Domingo, Pavarotti, the famous tenors.  I was seven or eight years old when I listened to them sing arias, and although I didn’t know what they were singing about, I could feel the emotion and passion, and that spoke so much to me. I also did conducting at home and became passionate about expressing myself through music. But I had no idea that I would become an opera singer. It was never on my list of possible professions."

Education and early career

In 2000 at the age of 24 he started studying voice at the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance with Bibiana Goldenthal. He later continued his education with International Vocal Arts Institute (IVAI) and apprenticed with the Israeli Opera YAP and Paris National Opera – Atelier Lyrique program.

He has participated in numerous master classes and concerts in France, Israel, New York and Japan working with José van Dam, Teresa Berganza and Gabriel Bacquier among others.

Singing career

After his musical training in Tel Aviv, Paris and New York, Bizic's principal role debut was in the title role of Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro in Nantes, in 2006. During that same time, he was awarded the AROP Prix lyrique by the Paris National Opera, and has won the second prize of Operalia world opera competition.

Bižić has since appeared in major opera houses and festivals across Europe and America.

Bižić's career first garnered international attention in the role of Masetto in two critically acclaimed productions of Don Giovanni by Michael Haneke in Paris opera and Dmitry Tcherniakov in Aix-en-Provence Festival. He later revived both of those productions, now in the role of Leporello.

In 2014 Bižić made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York singing Albert in Werther alongside Jonas Kaufmann and Sophie Koch and came back the following season to sing Marcello (La Bohème). He has been back to the Metopera every season after that having sung more than 50 shows so far.

Opera

As an interpreter of Mozart roles, most notably Don Giovanni, Leporello and Masetto in Don Giovanni, Almaviva and Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro, Guglielmo and Don Alfonso in Così fan tutte, Bižić has performed in Paris Opera, Wiener Staatsoper, Los Angeles Opera, Teatro Real, Bolshoi Theatre, Bordeaux, Geneve, Ravinia Festival, Valencia, Toulouse, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Maribor, Montpellier, Rennes, Saint Etienne, Rouen, Aix en Provence, Dijon, Nantes and Strasbourg.

Other career highlights include his Metropolitan Opera debut as Albert in Werther, Albert and Schaunard in Royal Opera House, debut in Teatro Liceo as Puccini's Manon Lescaut, Marcello and Sharpless in the Metropolitan Opera, title role of Eugene Onegin in Limoges, Metz and Tel Aviv, Lucia di Lammermoors Enrico in Toulon Opera, Zurga in Bizet's Les pêcheurs de perles in Bordeaux and Dortmund, Escamillo (Carmen) in Tel Aviv, Belgrade, Stockholm, Dijon and Macerata Opera, and High Priest of Dagon (Samson et Dalila) in Royal Swedish Opera.

Concerts

In opera concert performances Bizic has sung Sharples in Puccini's Madama Butterfly with the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Sir Mark Elder.

He has also performed Leporello in Mozart's Don Giovanni in Ravinia Festival with Chicago Symphony Orchestra under James Conlon, La Vida Breve with the Orchestre de Paris conducted by Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos, and Zurga from Bizet's Les Pecheurs des Perles with WDR Rundfunkorchester Köln under Friedrich Haider.

His other concert appearances include Beethoven's 9th Symphony with the Orchestre de Montpellier and the Orchestre de Bordeaux under Marc Minkowski, Zeisl's Requiem Ebraico with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra under Zubin Mehta, Fauré's Requiem with the Ensemble Orchestral de Paris / Accentus Choir for the Saint Denis Festival conducted by Laurence Equilbey and Brahms' Ein deutsches Requiem with the Serbian Radio TV Symphony Orchestra.

Personal life

Bižić lives in Bordeaux, France. He is married and has two children. Bižić can also play piano and didjeridoo. He is a brother of Dr. Mina Bizic

Awards
Bižić is a winner of the second prize from Operalia, The World Opera Competition in 2007 and Paris Opera AROP Prix Lyriques in 2005.

Recordings

 La Bohéme – Puccini (Marcello)
 Sergio Alapont, Irish National Opera
 Signum Classics SKU: SIGCD702 – CD
 Released 2022

 Requiem Ebraico – Zeisl
 Zubin Mehta, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
 Helicon Classics 02-9625 – CD
 Released 2006

 L'Amour des trois oranges – Prokofiev
 Sylvain Cambreling, Paris National Opera
 TDK – DVD
 Released 2006

 Don Giovanni – Mozart (Leporello)
 Antony Hermus, Rennes Opera
 Culturebox streaming
 Released 2010

 La Bohéme – Puccini (Schaunard)
 Sir Mark Elder, Royal Opera House
 ROH Live Cinema Season
 Released 2012

 Werther – Massenet (Albert)
 Alain Altinoglu, Metropolitan Opera
 Met Opera on Demand
 Released 2014

 Don Giovanni – Mozart (Masetto)
 Louis Langrée, Festival d’Aix-en-Provence
 BelAir Classiques – BAC611, BAC480 – DVD, BLU-RAY
 Released 2013

 Werther – Massenet (Albert)
 Antonio Pappano, Royal Opera House
 ROH Live Cinema Season
 Released 2016

 Manon Lescaut – Puccini (Lescaut)
 Emmanuel Villaume, Gran Teatre del Liceu
 Mezzo TV
 Released 2018

 Hipishizik Metafizik – Rambo Amadeus
 PGP RTS – 416934 CD
 Released 2008

 References NotesSources'''

 L'Opéra vu par Alain Duault & Colette Masson, Hugo & Cie, 2010
 La Bohème, Puccini : livret bilingue, guide d'écoute, genèse et création, sources littéraires, profil des rôles, discographie, vidéographie '', Premières loges, 2014

External links
Official website
OperaBase.com Schedule
David Bizic in an excerpt from Don Giovanni
Official Facebook fan page

1975 births
Living people
21st-century Serbian male opera singers
Serbian baritones
Operalia, The World Opera Competition prize-winners
Operatic baritones
21st-century Israeli male opera singers


Dorota is a Polish, Czech and Slovak female given name, cognate with Dorothy.

Notable people with the name include:
Dorota Andraka (born 1961), Polish-American educator
Dorota Dabrowska, Polish statistician
Dorota Gawron (born 1983), represented Poland in the Miss Universe pageant
Dorota Gruca (born 1970), Polish marathon runner
Dorota Barbara Jabłonowska (1760–1844), Polish noblewoman
Dorota Jakuta (born 1958), Polish politician
Dorota Jędrusińska (born 1982), Polish track and field sprint athlete
Dorota Kędzierzawska (born 1957), Polish director of feature and documentary films
Dorota Kwaśna (born 1972), Polish cross country skier
Dorota Masłowska (born 1983), Polish writer and journalist
Dorota Nieznalska (born 1973), controversial Polish artist
Dorota Rabczewska (born 1984), Polish singer
Dorota Siudek (born 1975), Polish retired pairs skater who is now a coach
Dorota Świeniewicz (born 1972), Polish volleyball player
Dorota Sitańska (born 1767), Polish ballerina
Dorota Tarnowska (1513–1540), Polish noblewoman
Dorota Terakowska (1938–2004), Polish novelist and journalist

See also
Dorothy (given name)
Dorothea (disambiguation)

Feminine given names


The object called by the museum Casket with Scenes of Romances (catalogued as Walters 71264) is a French Gothic ivory casket made in Paris between 1330 and 1350, and now in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore, Maryland. The casket is 4 5/8 inches high, 9 15/16 inches wide and 5 1/16 inches deep (11.8 × 25.2 × 12.9 cm).

The casket is one of the relatively few surviving Gothic ivory caskets decorated with a variety of themes from courtly literature, called composite caskets for that reason. There are at least eight known surviving examples (and numerous fragments), of which two more are also discussed in this article: firstly a casket in the British Museum with an almost identical set of scenes, and one in the Cluny Museum in Paris, which shares many scenes, but diverges in others.

By this period, Paris was the main European centre of ivory carving, producing large numbers of religious and secular objects, including small diptychs with religious scenes that used the same relief technique; these and smaller secular objects such as mirror-cases are more common than these caskets, or larger religious statues like the Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle of the 1260s. The composite caskets differ slightly from each other, but are sufficiently similar to suggest they all originated from one Paris workshop, or group of workshops, around 1330 to 1350.

This casket may well have been a gift of courtship or upon marriage, and was probably intended for an aristocratic female owner, to keep her jewels and other valuables in. The carved scenes were possibly originally painted; as the paint on Gothic ivories tended to peel in places, it was very often removed by later dealers and collectors. The unusually large size of the piece allows a wide range of the repertoire of popular scenes from different literary sources in French Gothic art to be shown, which display a variety of medieval attitudes to love and the role of women: "Themes such as lust and chastity, folly and wisdom are juxtaposed in a series of non-connected scenes". Susan L. Smith has proposed that composite caskets express the power of love.  The Walters casket is first recorded in England in 1757, and was bought by Henry Walters in 1923. The iron mounts are modern, probably 19th century.

Iconography
The lid shows scenes of the Castle of love and knights jousting and the sides show other scenes from French medieval romances. The themes of the lid are related to the 13th-century Romance of the Rose by Guillaume de Lorris and  Jean de Meung. The Siege of the Castle of Love (or "Assault on" etc.), at the left on the lid, is a fanciful scene of courtly romance, where knights attack a castle defended by ladies and a cupid, with both sides throwing roses as missiles. This subject does not, as is sometimes claimed, appear in the Roman de la Rose, and first appears in art not long before the date of the casket, as one of few secular scenes in the illuminated manuscript known as the Peterborough Psalter of 1299–1328. But such a scene was staged and acted out by "many gentlemen and twelve of the fairest and gayest ladies of Padua" as part of a festival at Treviso in 1214, a century earlier.  In the center knights joust in front of ladies.

The scene at right has differing interpretations: either the victor, whose shield carried three roses, receives a bouquet of roses from a lady as prize, or, more likely, the tournament continues, now between the ladies, fighting with flowers, and the knights using "oak branches".  This is the only scene on the lid that differs in the British Museum and Paris caskets, where the siege of the castle continues in the section at furthest right. A variation of this set of scenes has examples in the Cleveland Museum of Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Walker Art Gallery and the Metropolitan Museum of Art: in the latter (17.190.173) there is an elopement scene at left, then the two central sections are the tournament, with the attack on the Castle of Love behind the elopement at left, and in the last section on the right.

The front of the casket has, from the left: Aristotle teaching Alexander the Great, Phyllis riding Aristotle, watched by Alexander from a window, and at the right, old people arriving at the Fountain of Youth, and young naked people in it.  Phyllis riding Aristotle is the "quintessential image from the Power of Women topos", which was beginning its long career in art at this time. The Fountain of Youth is a regularly occurring scene, of Eastern origin, that shows old people being carried to a miraculous spring which immediately turns them into beautiful young people, one of the relatively few scenes in medieval art where figures are not just "naked" but "nude".  All three scenes are the same in the British Museum casket, and the Walters also has a side from a French casket of similar date but less high-quality carving, showing the first two of these scenes, but changing the last (Walters 71196, shown below). The Walters also has mirror-cases with other examples of the Siege of the Castle of Love and the Fountain of Youth.

The rear side of the casket contains scenes from Arthurian romance described in the Courtauld Institute database of Gothic ivories as: "Gawain in armour fighting the lion; Lancelot crossing the sword bridge, with spears falling from the sky; Gawain on the perilous bed; bed on wheels and with bells; lion; shield with a lion's paw; spears falling from the sky; the three maidens at the Château Merveil". The sword bridge features in Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart by Chrétien de Troyes, and the perilous bed in his Perceval, the Story of the Grail. Both the Walters and British Museum caskets have the same scenes and compositions here, which both depart from the literary sources by having the rain of swords falling not only on Gawain on the bed, but also on Lancelot on the bridge, suggesting that the ivory-carver's or designer's contact with the literature was indirect.

The two ends show other Arthurian scenes: the adulterous lovers Tristan and Iseult are spied upon by Iseult's husband King Mark of Cornwall, hiding in a tree; his face can be seen reflected in the pool below, which they see, enabling them to switch to innocent conversation. This end also has a scene with a wounded unicorn, a maiden and a man with holding a spear which has been run through the unicorn, in a version of the subject of The Hunt of the Unicorn where the maiden has been used to lure the unicorn to his death.  The other end has a scene with Galahad.

Gothic ivories database

The Courtauld Institute maintains a database of over 5,000 Gothic ivories. The database catalogues the surviving composite caskets and the known fragments as follows:

 Barber Institute of Fine Arts, Inv. 39.26
 British Museum, 1856,0623.166 (Dalton 368)
 Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Inv. 408 (fragment)
 Cleveland Museum of Art, 1978.39a, 1978.39b, 1978.39c (three fragments)
 Cluny Museum,  Cl. 23840
  Cracow Cathedral Treasury, S/n
 Detroit Institute of Arts, 1997.6 (fragment)
 Hermitage Museum, Inv. F 2912
 Louvre, MRR77
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 17.190.173; 1988.16, 2003.131.2 (back panel of the dismantled casket referred below)
 Victoria and Albert Museum (one example), 146-1866, 264-1867 (no romance scenes)
 Walker Art Gallery, M 8052 (fragment)
 Walters Art Museum, 71.264
 Winnipeg Art Gallery, G-73-60 (the Gort casket, discovered in a Brighton (UK) junk shop in 1945)

In addition there are fragments from a dismantled casket, known from an 18th-century engraving, whose locations are unknown, save the back panel which is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (2003.131.2):
 Unknown location, S/n

Notes

References

 "BM database", Entry on the British Museum database for their casket
 Carns, Paula Mae. “Compilatio in Ivory: The Composite Casket in the Metropolitan Museum”. Gesta 44.2 (2005): 69–88. JStor
 "Courtauld", The entry in the Courtauld database of Gothic ivories for the Walters casket (with bibliography etc.).
 "Gardner's", Kleiner S. Fred, Mamiya J. Christin. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. 12th Edition. 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA: Joan Keyes, 2005 p. 363-4, google books
 Loomis, Roger Sherman, "The Allegorical Siege in the Art of the Middle Ages", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1919), pp. 255–269, JSTOR (free)
 Robinson, James.  Masterpieces of Medieval Art, 2008, British Museum Press,
 Russell, H Diane, Eva/Ave; Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1990,
 Smith, Susan L., The Power of Women: A Topos in Medieval Art and Literature., University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995,
 "Walters", Walters database

External links
 Virtual Model of Walters 71264, an interactive 3D model (on Sketchfab)
 The Wild Man: Medieval Myth and Symbolism, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material (no. 11) on casket 17.190.173 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This was before the original front 1988.16 was discovered and now in place. This original front differs from the formerly supplied replacement front (a fragment from a private collection) in the two right images, which are of the Pyramus and Thisbe legend rather than the Fountain of Youth described in the catalogue.

Ivory works of art
Gothic art
14th-century sculptures
Collection of the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore
Courtly love
Iconography
Arthurian art


The 2010 European Women's Handball Championship was held in Denmark and Norway from 7 to 19 December. It was the first European Championship hosted by two countries. Norway won their overall 5th gold medal, when they defeated first time finalist Sweden in the final. Romania claimed the bronze medal.

Venues
Three Danish and two Norwegian cities have been selected to host the 2010 Championship. The venues in Aalborg, Aarhus and Larvik were only used during the preliminary round. The fourth venue to be used in this round is located in Lillehammer, and was also one of the two venues in the main round. The other being MCH Indoor Arena in Herning, which was the only venue to be used in the final round.

Competition format
Preliminary round: 16 teams were divided into four groups. They played each other in a single round robin system, so each team played three matches. A win was worth two points, while a draw was worth one point. The top three teams from each group advanced to the main round.
Main round: 12 teams were divided in two groups. They played against the teams they didn't play in the preliminary round, so each team played 3 matches. All points from the preliminary round, except the points gained against the 4th place team in the preliminary group, were carried forward into the main round. Same round robin rules applied as in the preliminary round. Top 2 teams from each group advanced to the Semifinals, while the third placed team from each group advanced to the 5th–6th Place Play-off.
Final round: 6 teams play in the final weekend of the championships. 3rd place teams from the main round played in the 5th–6th Place Play-off. Other teams played in the Semi-finals. Losers of the Semi-finals advanced to the 3rd–4th Place Play-off, and winners advanced to the Final.

Ranking in preliminary and main round
If two or more teams were equal on points in the preliminary or main round, their ranking was determined as follows:

During the preliminary or main round matches:
 higher goal difference in all matches
 greater number of plus goals in all matches
 alphabetic order

After the completion of the preliminary and main round matches:
 better results in points gained in the direct encounter of the teams
 higher goal difference in the direct encounter of the teams
 greater number of plus goals in the direct encounter of the teams
 goal difference in all matches (achieved by subtraction)
 greater number of plus goals in all matches

Qualification

Qualification matches were played from September 2009 to May 2010. Following the new system introduced for the 2010 Men's Championship, all teams were included in the qualification round, except host Denmark and defending champion and host Norway. Teams were divided in 7 groups and the two top ranked teams from each group qualified.

Qualified teams

1 Bold indicates champion for that year

Squads

Each nation had to submit an initial squad of 28 players by 3 November 2010, but 12 of them became reserves when the final squad of 16 players was announced the day before the tournament starts.

Referees
13 Referee pairs were selected:
  Matija Gubica and Boris Milošević
  Jiří Opava and Pavel Válek
  Martin Gjeding and Mads Hansen
  Marlene Kroløkke Lythje and Karina Christiansen
  Charlotte Bonaventura and Julie Bonaventura
  Csaba Kékes and Pál Kékes
  Slomo Cohen and Yoram Peretz
  Zigmārs Stoļarovs and Renārs Līcis
  Ivan Pavićević and Miloš Ražnatović
  Kjersti Arntsen and Ida Cecilie Gullaksen
  Diana-Carmen Florescu and Anamaria Duţă
  Valerija Guseva and Stella Vartanyan
  Peter Brunovský and Vladimír Čanda

Seeding
The draw for the final tournament took place 17:00 CET on 5 June 2010 in Odense.

Preliminary round

Group A (Aalborg)

All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Group B (Aarhus)

All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Group C (Larvik)

All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Group D (Lillehammer)

All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Main round
Top 2 teams from each group advanced to the Semifinals, while the third placed team from each group competed in a 5th/6th place play-off.

Group I (Herning)

All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Group II (Lillehammer)

All times are Central European Time (UTC+1)

Final round

Knockout map

5th-place match

Semifinals

Bronze-medal match

Final

Final ranking and statistics

Source: EuroHandball.com

All-Star Team
Goalkeeper:
Left wing:
Left back:
Playmaker:
Pivot:
Right back:
Right wing:
Chosen by team officials and EHF experts: EHF-Euro.com

Other awards
Most Valuable Player:
Best Defence Player:
Chosen by team officials and EHF experts: EHF-Euro.com

Top goalkeepers

Source: SportResult.com

Top goalscorers

Source: SportResult.com

Best defender

Source: SportResult.com

Most assists

Source: SportResult.com

References

External links
 Official site
 Euro-EHF page
 European Handball Federation
 Danish Handball Association
 Norwegian Handball Federation

European Women's Handball Championship
E
E
E
International handball competitions hosted by Denmark
International handball competitions hosted by Norway
Women's handball in Denmark
Women's handball in Norway
December 2010 sports events in Europe
Sport in Lillehammer
Sport in Aalborg
Sport in Herning
Larvik
International sports competitions in Copenhagen
2010 in Copenhagen
Sport in Aarhus


Paul Christopher Sturgess (born 4 August 1975 in Dartford) is an English former footballer who played as a left back in the Football League for Charlton Athletic, Millwall and Brighton & Hove Albion, and in the Conference for Hereford United, Stevenage Borough and Gravesend & Northfleet.

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Dartford
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players


Under law, polygamy is legal in the country of Somalia.

See also
Legal status of polygamy
Polygamy in Islam

References

Polygamy in Africa
Somalia
Society of Somalia


Murphy Lake is a lake in Berrien County, Michigan, United States. Murphy Lake lies at an elevation of 735 feet (224 m) and has a size of .

The lake has the name of Isaac Murphy, a pioneer who settled at the lake in 1833.

See also
List of lakes in Michigan

References

Lakes of Michigan
Lakes of Berrien County, Michigan


Martina Rosenberger is a researcher living near Munich, Germany. She is a specialist in the waldzither, a German form of the cittern, and has been instrumental in the recent revival of this instrument. She has published on the instrument and organizes regular conferences which attract specialists from all over Europe.

Biography
She began learning the basics of the waldzither from her father in 1983 who, after he died the following year, left her his waldzither. In 2000 she embarked on a long-running research project on the waldzither, including information about music, teaching materials, teachers, and makers. In 2001 she was invited to the international cittern conference held in Michaelstein.

In 2002 she began looking for contemporaries of her father (who began learning the waldzither in the 1930s), conducting interviews about playing techniques and history. She published her first book, Das Waldzither Puzzle Teil I: Die dreissiger Jahre im Ruhrgebiet und Westfalen, in 2003.  This book documents the origins and historical circumstances of the German Waldzither in the 1930s in Middle-West-Germany. She interviewed her father's contemporaries about their personal relationship to the waldzither, which was the musical basis for an entire generation. That year she also began to plan and to organize the first German Waldzither Conference, in cooperation with the Arms Museum in Suhl, Thuringia, Germany. She eventually organized three such conferences, attracting cittern specialists and amateurs from all over Europe.

She made her debut as a songwriter in 2004, the year in which she also began doing research into the C. H. Böhm company of Hamburg. She accepted a personal invitation from Portuguese guitar virtuoso Pedro Caldeira Cabral to attend a cittern meeting in Dresden in 2005, when she also began the planning and organization for the 2nd German Waldzither conference. She published her second book, on the Waldzither in Hamburg. The conclusion reveals a new connection between Portuguese instruments, founded with the special historical background of the city of Hamburg by the clever merchant and luthier C. H. Böhm. She presented further information on this connection  at the Encontros Internationais de Guitarra Portuguesa, the International Cittern Conference, at the University of Coimbra, in 2007. The 3rd German Waldzither conference was held the same year, including lessons by the cittern specialist Gregory Doc Rossi.
In 2009 the tradition of the conferences in Suhl was continued by Kerstin Mucha, a teacher from the local music school, who meanwhile specializes in teaching the Waldzither. Rosenberger was invited as a special guest, honoured for her commitment to  the instrument's revival .

Publications
Das Waldzither Puzzle Teil I: Die dreissiger Jahre im Ruhrgebiet und Westfalen. Self-published, 2003.
Das Waldzither Puzzle Teil II: Die Waldzither in Hamburg. Self-published, 2005.

References

External links
Interview (Freies Wort)
http://www.waldzither.de
http://www.etcetra.eu/

See also
 Cittern

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Citternists
German folk musicians


"Help Me Understand" is a song written by Wayne Hector, Steve Mac and Chris Farren, and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins.  It was released in March 2002 as the second single from his album Chrome.  The song reached #17 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Personnel
Compiled from liner notes.

 Trace Adkins — lead vocals
 Tim Akers — keyboards
 Mike Brignardello — bass guitar
 Eric Darken — percussion
 Larry Franklin — fiddle
 Paul Franklin — steel guitar
 John Hobbs — keyboards
 Dann Huff — electric guitar
 Brent Mason — electric guitar
 Chris McHugh — drums
 Russell Terrell — background vocals
 Biff Watson — acoustic guitar

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

2002 singles
Country ballads
Trace Adkins songs
Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy
Songs written by Wayne Hector
Songs written by Steve Mac
Song recordings produced by Dann Huff
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Songs written by Chris Farren (country musician)
2001 songs


Fernando Demaría (born in Buenos Aires, July 19, 1928) is an Argentine poet, philosopher and classical scholar.

Demaría studied at Buenos Aires’ Colegio Champagnat, run by the priests of the Marian Order, whose dedication and rectitude represent a cornerstone in the poet’s life.
He then graduated in Philosophy at the University of Buenos Aires under the guidance of such humanists as Guillermo Thiele y Carlos Astrada, who made a decisive contribution towards defining his intellectual vocation.

Demaría's urban and academic formation, however, finds an indispensable complement in his deep-rooted contact with the land and the rural environment,  which has afforded him, in his own words,  "the slow and profound teachings of nature", a salient aspect of his poetry and  philosophy.  He believes that  a writer of our time should write few and brief works in order to grant the reader the time to familiarize with the many other authors of value.

Demaría was among the personal friends of Argentine writer and poet Leopoldo Marechal, who dedicated him the Alegropeya of his Heptamerón series.

Under the guidance of  Guillermo Thiele, Demaría published a translation of Heraclitus' Fragments in 1957 for the Universidad Nacional del Litoral. This work was republished in 1972 with the illustrations of Uruguayan artist Lincoln Presno, whose  40 meter memorial monument to John F. Kennedy  in the vast  pampa region near Quemú Quemú, a town founded by the poet's grandparents, was built upon the poet's request.

Demaría's study of philosophy led him to the conviction that man's deepest conscience responds to sentiment and feeling rather than to ideas and rationality. His reflections on this aspect of human experience and his own personal quest for clarification resulted in his Treatise on Sentiment or  Tratado del Sentimiento, published in 1970  by the Ediciones del Hombre Nuevo, founded among others by his friend Rafael Squirru.

Among Demaría’s other works: Máximas para la Vida or Maxims for Life, a work in constant re-elaboration.

Regarding his poetry, it has been condensed under the common title of  Pampa Roja, elaborated in three stages of his life. The first edition was the result of the visits to La Pampa together with his friend, the painter Perez Celis.
Editorial Dunken published the third and final part in 2007 under the name Tierra de Elegía, or Land of Elegy, a collection of love sonnets. The first two editions of Pampa Roja’s first part  were illustrated by Argentine artist and personal friend Pérez Celis.
At the end of his life, in absence of readers, he compiled his last poems under the title "Pampa de Estrellas" dedicated to "The Invisibles".

References

External links
 Un Reencuentro con Heráclito https://sites.google.com/site/fernandodemariasonetos/Home/un-reencuentro-con-herclito
 Tierra de Elegía: http://sites.google.com/site/fernandodemariasonetos/Home/Tierra-de-Elegia
 Tratado del Sentimiento: http://sites.google.com/site/fernandodemariasonetos/Home/tratado-del-sentimiento
 Excursions to La Pampa with Perez Celis https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/PgISVPW5SLPTJA
 Pampa Roja First edition with wood cuts illustrations by Perez Celis https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/pampa-roja/-QE8GYV9UvDHAg
 Pampa Roja Primera Parte: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZlGPSxPA3nr-BVZx9AsfMh5Yg-Q7dqCaWNKZA80YO6k/edit
 Pampa Roja Segunda Parte: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rLFcN085fQXzBjkHTNzQLDUu7ZBxm7XoqX_aqeIl9D4/edit?usp=drive_web
 Pampa de Estrellas: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jKFHOffO1NOqTlheN-j9Yy1q2oaxlXQkmi9ewKIAa0g/edit

1928 births
Argentine male poets
Living people
Writers from Buenos Aires


Murphy Lake is a lake in Tuscola County, Michigan, United States. Murphy Lake lies at an elevation of 748 feet (228 m).

See also
List of lakes in Michigan

References

Lakes of Michigan
Bodies of water of Tuscola County, Michigan


In United States patent law, a composition of matter is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented. The other three are a process (also termed a method), a  machine, and an article of manufacture. In United States patent law, that same terminology has been in use since the first patent act in 1790 (with the exception that processes were formerly termed "arts").

The United States Supreme Court has defined "composition of matter" to mean "all compositions of two or more substances and all composite articles, whether they be the results of chemical union, or of mechanical mixture, or whether they be gases, fluids, powders or solids." That definition is problematic, however, because composite articles can be articles of manufacture—as in the case of a piece of plywood, a concrete sidewalk, a road, a fibreglass bathtub, a (kitchen) countertop, or a flitch beam.

Robinson on Patents has defined "composition of matter" in these terms:

A composition of matter is an instrument formed by the intermixture of two or more ingredients, and possessing properties which belong to none of these ingredients in their separate state. ...The intermixture of ingredients in a composition of matter may be produced by mechanical or chemical operations, and its result may be a compound substance resolvable into its constituent elements by mechanical processes, or a new substance which can be destroyed only by chemical analysis.

A newly synthesized chemical compound or molecule may be patented as a composition of matter. Patents have been allowed on transitory products, such as short-lived chemical intermediates.

Living things as compositions of matter

In Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the United States Supreme Court held that a genetically-altered living microorganism was patent-eligible subject matter. The Chakrabarty Court said that "we must determine whether respondent's micro-organism constitutes a 'manufacture' or 'composition of matter' within the meaning of the statute. The Court's answer to its question was yes----"respondent's micro-organism plainly qualifies as patentable subject matter." But the Court never said which one it was.

The oncomouse

In 1988, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) granted   (filed Jun 22, 1984, issued Apr 12, 1988, expired April 12, 2005) to Harvard College claiming a mouse (the "oncomouse") as “a transgenic non-human mammal whose germ cells and somatic cells contain a re-combinant activated oncogene sequence introduced into said mammal…”

The European Patent Office (EPO) concluded that the usefulness of the oncomouse in furthering cancer research satisfied the likelihood of substantial medical benefit, and outweighed moral concerns about suffering caused to the animal. In the original application, the claims referred to animals in general, but in the course of the proceedings, the patent was amended and finally maintained with claims limited to mice.

The oncomouse has been patented in Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

After extended litigation, in 2000, a Canadian court permitted issuance of a patent on a mouse as a "composition of matter." However, in 2002, the Canadian Supreme Court reversed that ruling and held (5-4) that the mouse itself could not be patented, but the biochemical process used to modify it could be.

See also
 Printed matter (patent law)

References

United States patent law


Since the introduction of the current Marriage Law introduced by the EPLF in 1977, polygamy has been illegal in Eritrea. The 2015 Penal Code of the State of Eritrea states that participating in a second marriage will annul the first. If the first marriage is not annulled, one is guilty of bigamy, which is punishable with "a definite term of imprisonment of not less than 6 months and not more than 12 months, or a fine of 20,001 – 50,000 Nakfas." Prior to the law, forms of polygamy were mostly found among Muslims and pagans.

References

Polygamy in Africa
Eritrea
Society of Eritrea
Women's rights in Eritrea