In the domain of technical analysis of market prices, a cup and handle or cup with handle formation is a chart pattern consisting of a drop in the price and a rise back up to the original value, followed first by a smaller drop and then a rise past the previous peak.  It is interpreted as an indication of bullish sentiment in the market and possible further price increases.

The cup part of the pattern should be fairly shallow, with a rounded or flat "bottom" (not a V-shaped one), and ideally reach to the same price at the upper end of both sides. The drop of the handle part should retrace about 30% to 50% of the rise at the end of the cup. For stock prices, the pattern may span from a few weeks to a few years; but commonly the cup lasts from 1 to 6 months, while the handle should only last for 1 to 4 weeks.

The "cup and handle" formation was defined by William O'Neil"

Context and interpretation
A cup and handle formation is considered significant when it follows an increasing price trend, ideally one that is only a few months old.  The older the increase trend, the less likely it is that the cup and handle will be an accurate indicator.  The trade volume should decrease along with the price during the cup and should increase rapidly near the end of the handle when the price begins to rise.

References

External links
 Video Analyzing the Cup and Handle Pattern and the Inverted Cup and Handle Pattern
 Analyzing Chart Patterns: Cup And Handle at investopedia.com

Chart patterns


Kaija Silvennoinen (née Halonen; born May 5, 1954) is a Finnish ski orienteering competitor. At the World Ski Orienteering Championships in 1977 in Velingrad, Bulgaria, she won a gold medal in the relay, with Aila Flöjt and Sinikka Kukkonen, and placed fourth in the individual contest. At the World Ski Orienteering Championships in 1980 she won a gold medal with the Finnish relay team, together with Mirja Puhakka and Sinikka Kukkonen, and a silver medal in the individual contest.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
1954 births
Living people


Stenomelania crenulata is a species of brackish and freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Thiaridae.

Distribution
This is considered to be a vulnerable species (VU) in Japan.

References

External links
 Hidaka H. & Kano Y. (2014). "Morphological and genetic variation between the Japanese populations of the amphidromous snail Stenomelania crenulata (Cerithioidea: Thiaridae). Zoological Science 31(9): 593-602. .

Thiaridae
Gastropods described in 1838


AVANT Airlines was a Chilean airline, belonging to Turbus. It started flying in 1997 and closed down in 2001.

History
AVANT Airlines made its first flights to La Serena in 1997. In the following months AVANT was flying to different cities of Chile. In 1998 it acquired another Chilean airline, National Airlines, for 24 million US Dollars.

In 1999 AVANT went into bankruptcy despite having 30% of the Chilean air market. The Chilean airline was owned by the Diez family, which also owned bus company TurBus. Its last flight was in 2001, a flight from Calama to Santiago, bringing the airline's existence to an end.

Fleet

 9x 737-200

References

External links

Defunct airlines of Chile
Airlines established in 1997
Airlines disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in Chile
Chilean companies established in 1997


The MineCam is a remote exploration camera built by I.A.Recordings. It is used for mine shaft exploration and other similar environments. It was originally conceptualized in 1988, and since went under several design revisions. The name MineCam, is a pun on MiniCam, an early hand-held broadcast camera built by CBS Laboratories.

History

Peter Eggleston of I.A.Recordings first had the idea for what became "MineCam" in 1988. He had been visiting some metal mines in Wales with the Shropshire Caving and Mining Club and spent several hours setting up a single rope technique rig to descend a remote shaft, only to find that there were no ways off at the bottom. This was the motivation to build a miniature camera which would allow enthusiasts to explore hard to reach, unsafe, or impossible to reach areas.

The remote exploration of mines prior to 1988 had been done commercially for several years by pipeline camera firms using equipment that needed to be housed in a vehicle and powered by a generator. Many old mine shafts are remote from roads though, so Peter's final goal was a small lightweight battery-powered kit which could be carried on foot. The first two versions of MineCam did not achieve this, but tested various approaches with the video technology available at the time.

Versions

MineCam 1

MineCam 1 used a monochrome vidicon camera in a waterproof housing made out of a 10 cm plastic sewer pipe and fittings, with an acrylic window. This was successfully tested in the deep end of a swimming pool. The camera was insensitive - it needed a 150 W lamp, which required a 240 V supply, but so did the camera. The cable was 100 m of  video co-axial and  power, taped together at 2 m intervals and numbered to give a crude depth measurement. The camera and lamp were heavy, so an old 6 mm static climbing rope was used to support it. The monitor was a 10 cm portable TV.

MineCam 1 worked, but the monochrome image was sometimes difficult to interpret. It was time to try colour, and this was not yet available from the commercial shaft inspection firms.

MineCam 2

MineCam 2 used parts from a disused Sony 'Handycam.' The colour CCD chip was removed and put in a round tobacco tin connected by a short cable to the rest of the electronics in a small Eddystone die-cast box. The 'Eddy box' contained extra hardware to convert the Y/C (700 kHz) direct colour-under output to composite PAL, and provide various unusual power supply voltages. Because of the colour stripe filter and the early technology, this CCD was only as sensitive as the monochrome vidicon.

Both MineCam 1 and 2 needed to be lowered twice to investigate a shaft. First, they were lowered looking vertically down, and notes made of the depth and heading of any interesting features. The camera was then hauled to the surface and re-rigged to look horizontally at the interesting items found earlier. A remote tilt mechanism was needed as it would halve the time and effort.

To indicate heading, MineCams 1 and 2 used an ordinary spherical fluid-mounted car compass on an aluminium arm about 30 cm from the camera. A supplementary lens (from an old pair of spectacles) glued to the acrylic window brought the compass into focus at the corner of the frame.

MineCam 3

Mark 3 was radically different. A high quality colour camera became available, a Pulnix TMC-X not much bigger than a Mini-Maglite. It was also much more sensitive, so the light could be smaller and a remote tilt mechanism became practicable. A coded control signal was needed that would go down the video cable to save using extra wires, so a model radio control system was adapted, giving 2 proportional channels for tilt and eventual pan movements. The 27 MHz carrier was easily combined and split from the baseband video. The first tilt motor was a standard model control servo with 180 degree rotation. The camera head and light were mounted in an open-framework cage about 25 cm long, rotated on a horizontal axis by the servo. Despite taking care, motor gears were frequently stripped when the cage hit obstacles and the servo had to be replaced regularly! The light source needed to pan with the camera, so had to be small enough to fit in the cage. A 12 V 50 W quartz-halogen lamp with 5 cm diameter integral dichroic reflector was fitted, powered from a small switch-mode PSU. Although the lighting power had been reduced, it still required a high voltage supply down the cable to reduce voltage drop, so 240 V was still used.

The cage rotated in an aluminium yoke attached to the bottom of a waterproof plastic box containing the rest of the electronics, including a power supply for the camera.

To be able to use the system in locations remote from mains power and not accessible by a vehicle carrying a generator, I.A.Recordings obtained a 150 W inverter and 12V lead-acid battery from an outdoor leisure shop.

MineCam 3 was the first to use an electronic compass for heading display. Tandy (Radio Shack) had developed a device using a flux gate sensor to give x & y components of the Earth's magnetic field which drove the orthogonal windings of a 360 degree mechanical indicator, for use as a car compass. I.A.Recordings discarded the indicator and used the x & y voltages to control the position of a flashing spot added to the video picture. This gave a compass-circle type display on screen. If the x (east-west) signal was inverted, when looking vertically down, the spot appeared to be fixed above a point on the ground as the camera rotated.

Electromagnetic interference from the switch mode power supply and harmonics of its square-wave power waveform appeared in the video signal as noise. This was reduced by careful layout, screening and the use of a single-point ground return.

The miniature camera was waterproofed by sliding it into a square-section 25 mm wide aluminium tube (only slightly bigger than the camera), with a glass window glued in one end, and a cable gland at the other. The waterproof container sold for this camera was too large and heavy for the MineCam, but the aluminium tube is not as watertight. It has an IP rating of between 66 and 67.

MineCam 4

For MineCam 4, the final major development was a pan motor. It was difficult to arrange a system which allowed 360 degree rotation of the tilt yoke whilst maintaining connections for video, tilt servo, lighting power, camera power and flux-gate sensor. An RS Components geared dc servo motor was used, driven from the remote control receiver, and a thrust bearing and Oldham coupler. The motor's powerful magnet interfered with the compass sensor so a sheet of mu-metal donated by a helpful local firm was formed into a screen round the whole motor & gearbox assembly. The tilt servo did not seem to cause the same problem, as it is smaller and rotates with the sensor on the yoke. Wherever possible, all hardware is plastic or non-ferrous metal.

Other improvements in MineCam 4 include a high-torque tilt servo, a microphone with balanced amplifier, a laser diode module beside the camera to produce a spot of light on the subject for range and size estimation and experimentation with bat detection and gas sensors.

The control box is  and contains a power supply, the servo control transmitter and a video equaliser. The cable is now 200 m of thin multi-core containing one coaxial and 5 single wires. As it is not load-bearing, a rope still has to be used and 9 mm static climbing rope was found to be better than anything thinner, including wire rope, at preventing twist. The rope often becomes tangled with the cable, so I.A.Recordings is still looking for a weight-bearing cable. The 180 degree tilt range allows the underside of shaft caps to be inspected. Compared with commercial versions which were still monochrome and used a mirror to switch the image from vertical to horizontal, the MineCam was much more flexible, and the goal of having a complete system that could be carried by individuals on foot had been reached. The picture was recorded on U-Matic, then Hi-8 and now on mini-DV tape.

Rigging

To get the camera out over the centre of larger shafts, I.A.Recordings use either a scaffold pole with a pulley on the end, or for shafts that have run-in so the crater on the surface is several metres wide, they have developed a "Tyrolean traverse" or "Blondin" arrangement. A large diameter pulley (a Sinclair C5 wheel) is mounted on a trolley which is winched along a wire rope slung across the shaft and kept in tension. When the pulley is centred, the traverse rope is locked-off and the camera lowering rope can be released.

The 50 W lamp & reflector is a convenient size and is available in a variety of beam-widths, but the idea of the dichroic reflector preventing heat being reflected forward is actually a disadvantage for the MineCam. The lamp head has to be enclosed to protect it and to screen the power supply interference, but without careful internal design of reflectors and baffles, the housing can get very hot.

MineCam 4 has proved reliable and useful and gives a high-quality colour picture good enough to use in video productions. It is featured for example in the I.A.Recordings video "Snailbeach".

References

Notes
 I.A.Recordings website article on MineCam

External links
BBC Radio Shropshire article on I.A.Recordings describes MineCam
British Film Institute page listing an example of a MineCam recording
Shropshire Caving & Mining Club article on one MineCam exploration

Cave surveying
Mineral exploration
Robots
Video hardware


In histology, histopathology, and clinical pathology, Perls Prussian blue is a commonly used method to detect the presence of iron in tissue or cell samples. Perls Prussian Blue derives its name from the German pathologist Max Perls (1843–1881), who described the technique in 1867. The method does not involve the application of a dye, but rather causes the pigment Prussian blue to form directly within the tissue. The method stains mostly iron in the ferric state which includes ferritin and hemosiderin, rather than iron in the ferrous state.

Uses

Perls's method is used to indicate "non-heme" iron in tissues such as ferritin and hemosiderin, the procedure does not stain iron that is bound to porphyrin forming heme such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. The stain is an important histochemical stain used to demonstrate the distribution and amount of iron deposits in liver tissue, often in the form of a biopsy. Perls's procedure may be used to identify excess iron deposits such as hemosiderin deposits (hemosiderosis) and in conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis. Perls Prussian blue is commonly used on bone marrow aspirates to indicate levels of iron storage and may provide reliable evidence of iron deficiency.

Method of application

Perls did not publish a detailed procedure other than indicating a dilute potassium ferrocyanide solution was applied to the tissue followed by hydrochloric acid. Ferric iron deposits in tissue (present mostly as ferric iron within the storage protein ferritin) then react with the soluble ferrocyanide in the stain to form the insoluble Prussian blue pigment (a complex hydrated ferric ferrocyanide substance). These deposits are then visualizable microscopically as blue or purple deposits.

Many methods of performing Perls Prussian blue stain for iron have been published,  Drury and Wallington (1980) give a protocol that uses a mixture of 1 part 2% hydrochloric acid and 1 part 2% potassium ferrocyanide that is applied to the section for 20–30 minutes followed by a rinse in distilled water and application of a counterstain such as eosin, safranin or neutral red.

Mode of action

Potassium ferrocyanide in the staining solution combines with the ferric iron forming the Prussian blue pigment. The addition of hydrochloric acid increases the availability of iron within the tissue for reaction with the potassium ferrocyanide. The chemical reaction for the conversion of iron to Prussian blue is provided as follows in Drury and Wallington (1980):
4FeCl3 + 3K4Fe(CN)6 → Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl

(ferric iron) + (potassium ferrocyanide) → (ferric ferrocyanide or Prussian blue)

References

Anatomical pathology
Perls Prussian blue
Hematopathology
Staining


Sierra class may refer to the following:

Sierra-class submarine, a Soviet/Russian Navy submarine class
, a Mexican Navy corvette class


Euscolosuchus is an extinct genus of suchian archosaurs from the Late Triassic of Virginia. It is probably an aetosauriform, as the sister taxon to Acaenasuchus and a relative of aetosaurs.

Discovery
Fossils have been found from the Tomahawk Creek Member of the Turkey Branch Formation (part of the Newark Supergroup), outcropping in the Richmond Basin of east-central Virginia. The locality from which the material was found dates back to the early Carnian stage of the Late Triassic, based on palynological studies. These strata are known for the abundance of fossil material belonging to tetrapod vertebrates in relation to other sites of the Newark Supergroup in the Richmond Basin that generally lack such material. The site is unique among others in the supergroup and closely resembles localities in the southern hemisphere, as is suggested by the presence of numerous fossils of traversodont cynodonts found from the area. Other tetrapods present include procolophonians, chiniquodontids, and sphenodonts.

Description
The name Euscolosuchus, meaning "well pointed crocodile" in Greek, refers to the prominent lateral spikes projecting from the posterior cervical and dorsal osteoderms that are characteristic of the genus. These osteoderms imbricate (overlap) paramedially down the back and form a narrow dorsal carapace similar to the desmatosuchine stagonolepidids. A spinal table formed by broadened neural arches help support these osteoderms on the back. The scutes interlock with one another through a series of grooves and projections, with each plate overlapping the one posterior to it and having an anterolateral articulatory process project anteriorly from it and lie over the plate in front of it. These osteoderms, as well as the fragmentary vertebrae, are all that are known from the genus and thus the only material from which the genus can be classified.

Classification
Euscolosuchus is widely considered to be a pseudosuchian, the side of archosaur reptiles which are more closely related to crocodiles than to birds and other dinosaurs. It was originally described as a close relative of crocodylomorphs, a long-lasting pseudosuchian clade that includes living crocodilians. Other pseudosuchians initially thought to be closely related to crocodylomorphs include the lightly-built Gracilisuchus and possibly Erpetosuchus. More recently, the large carnivorous rauisuchids such as Postosuchus have been singled out as the closest relatives of crocodylomorphs, and some early crocodylomorphs (such as Carnufex and Redondavenator) were similarly large carnivores.

In the midst of these interpretations of archosaur evolution, Euscolosuchus was left without clear affinities. Some compared it with Acaenasuchus, an equally ambiguous armored archosaur from the Chinle Formation. Acaenasuchus was generally considered a valid small aetosaur or juvenile fossils from an already established aetosaur genus. A 2020 redescription recoved Acaenasuchus and Euscolosuchus as sister taxa (each other's closest relative), and as members of the Aetosauriformes. This means that they were not true aetosaurs, but were still related to them. The herbivorous archosaur Revueltosaurus was also placed as an aetosauriform, a result recovered by many previous analyses.

References

External links
Euscolosuchus in the Paleobiology Database

Late Triassic archosaurs of North America
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera


Margaret Annie Wileman (19 July 1908 – 12 August 2014) was a British academic administrator, lecturer in education, and teacher. From 1953 to 1973, she was Principal of Hughes Hall, Cambridge, and a lecturer in education at the Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge. She had previously taught at The Abbey School, Reading, and at Queen's College, London; two all-girls private schools. She had also lectured at St Katherine's College, Warrington, and at Bedford College, University of London

Early life and education
Wileman was born on 19 July 1908 to Clement Wileman and Alice Wileman (née Brinson). In 1927, having won a scholarship to study modern languages, she matriculated into Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. In 1930, she graduated from the University of Oxford with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree; as per tradition, her BA was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. She then trained as a teacher at the Department of Education, University of Oxford. In 1931, she was awarded the Zaharoff Travelling Scholarship and studied at the University of Paris.

Career

Wileman's early career was spent as a school teacher. From 1931 to 1937, she was an assistant at The Abbey School, Reading, an all-girls private school in Reading. Then, from 1937 to 1940, she was Senior Tutor at Queen's College, London, an all-girls independent school in the City of Westminster.

In 1940, Wileman moved into academia and became a lecturer at St Katherine's College, a university college in Warrington, Cheshire that offered higher education to women. In 1944, she moved to Bedford College, University of London. There, she was a tutor and resident warden until she moved to Oxford.

In 1953, Wileman was appointed Principal of Hughes Hall, Cambridge. At the time, Hughes Hall was all-female and the smallest college of the University of Cambridge with a maximum of 70 students. Under her leadership, the college began accepting students to study for degrees in addition to education, she greatly increased the number of students, and the college became the first all-women college to accept male students in 1973. In addition to heading a college, she was a university lecturer in education and Director of Women Students in the Faculty of Education.

Wileman retired in 1973 and was appointed an honorary fellow of Hughes Hall, Cambridge. She died on 12 August 2014, aged 106.

Personal life
Wileman never married. She was a devout Roman Catholic, and in her retirement she administered educational programmes for nuns alongside Sister Gregory Kirkus.

Honours
In 2000, she was appointed an Officier de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques by the French government "in recognition of her services to French literature". The main building of Hughes Hall, Cambridge was renamed in her honour and is now the Margaret Wileman Building.

References

1908 births
2014 deaths
British centenarians
Presidents of Hughes Hall, Cambridge
Schoolteachers from Berkshire
Officiers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Academics of Liverpool Hope University
Academics of Bedford College, London
British Roman Catholics
Women centenarians
Schoolteachers from London


Henry Walter (1611–1678?) was a Welsh Anglican priest who became a Puritan.

Life
Walter was born in the parish of St. Arvans, Monmouthshire, south Wales in 1611 and studied at the University of Oxford, matriculating as a member of Jesus College, Oxford in 1633 and obtaining his Bachelor of Civil Law degree in the same year.  He was ordained as a priest in the Church of England, and became curate of Mounton, not far from St. Arvans, in 1639 through his brother's influence.  However, Walter's religious views diverged from those of the Church of England, becoming aligned with those of the non-conformist William Wroth, who was also based in Monmouthshire; Wroth made Walter the main executor of his will.  During the English Civil War, Walter seems to have left Monmouthshire for London.  In 1646, he was one of three Puritan clergymen sent by the House of Commons to preach in Welsh in Wales, and he was the first name on the list of clerical commissioners approving clergy appointments in Wales under the Act for the Propagation of the Gospel in 1650.  In 1653, Walter became vicar of St Woolos in Newport, but he was ejected from there in 1662 after the Restoration.  In 1672, he was given a licence to minister in Llantarnam and later inspired the Independent congregation in Mynyddislwyn, to whom he left some money in his will.  He died sometime before 8 August 1678.

References

1611 births
1670s deaths
Ejected Welsh ministers of 1662
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
People from Chepstow


Raili Sallinen (born 30 July 1938) is a Finnish ski orienteering competitor. At the first World Ski Orienteering Championships in 1975 held in Finland she won a gold medal with the Finnish relay team, together with Aila Flöjt and Sinikka Kukkonen, and placed fifth in the individual contest.

Her son is Kari Sallinen.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
Living people
1938 births


Theodotus of Ancyra (Greek: Θεόδοτος) was a fifth-century bishop of Ancyra (modern Ankara). He was a theologian who attended the Council of Ephesus in 431, during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II. Although he had earlier supported the Nestorian theology of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, Theodotus at the council supported Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria in condemning Nestorius. Theodotus was condemned in turn by the Nestorians at their 432 Synod of Tarsus.

External links
"Theodotus of Ancyra", Britannica  (Retrieved April 2, 2009)

5th-century Byzantine bishops
5th-century Christian theologians
Bishops of Ancyra


Bird Key is a small uninhabited island within the city of Miami, Florida. It is located in Biscayne Bay, just east of the Upper Eastside neighborhood and south of the 79th Street Causeway.

It is one of only two naturally formed islands in the upper bay, and it is the only privately owned, uninhabited island.

Visiting the island without the owner's consent is considered trespassing. Trespassers disturb the colony of diverse, native birds that have used the island as a rookery for centuries.

References
'The island that Miami forgot: Historic Bird Key teems with pelicans, egrets, ibises — and trash,' by Terence Cantarella (Miami Herald)

Islands of Miami
Uninhabited islands of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Islands of Florida
Private islands of Florida


Henry Harrison ( – January 3, 1766) was a merchant and politician, and the mayor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1762–1763.

Early life
Harrison was born in Lancashire, England in .

In his early life, he was captain of the ship The Snow Squirrel.

Career
After moving to the Province of Pennsylvania in what was then British America, Harrison served as an alderman. He was also a member and vestryman of Christ Church.  He became wealthy as a dry-goods merchant.

On October 5, 1762, he was appointed mayor of Philadelphia, serving until October 4, 1763.

He also served as manager of the Public Hospital and was a local real estate developer.

Personal life
On April 13, 1748, Harrison married Mary Aspden (1718–1803), formerly of Lancashire and the daughter of Mathew Aspen.  In 1760, he built a home in Philadelphia on Coombes Alley (today known as Cuthbert Street).  Together, they were the parents of five children:

 Mary Harrison (1750–1797), who married the Right Reverend William White, D.D., first consecrated Bishop of the Episcopal Church, Diocese of Philadelphia, in 1773.
 Anne Harrison (1757–1780), who married William Paca (1740–1799), signer of the Declaration of Independence and later governor of Maryland, on February 28, 1777.
 Matthias Harrison (1759–1817), who married Rebecca Mifflin, daughter of Turrut Francis.
 George Harrison (1762–1845) who married Sophia Francis in 1792.
 Joseph Harrison

Harrison died on January 3, 1766, in Philadelphia, where he was buried in Christ Church Burial Ground. His stone is inscribed "Alderman and sometime Mayor of Philadelphia, A Christian and useful Citizen. His desolate Widow, sadly bewailing her irretrievable loss, and striving to alleviate her grief with the memory of his worth, Erected this Stone."  His estate was estimated to be worth over £15,086.12.0 which included 157 troy ounces of plate valued at £78.10 (roughly $2,000,000 in 2017 figures).

References

1710s births
1766 deaths
Mayors of Philadelphia
Burials at Christ Church, Philadelphia
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Sailors from Lancashire
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Colonial American merchants


Aila Flöjt (born 22 September 1946) is a Finnish ski orienteering competitor. At the World Ski Orienteering Championships in 1975 she won a gold medal with the Finnish relay team, together with Raili Sallinen and Sinikka Kukkonen, and placed seventh in the individual contest. At the 1977 World Championships in Velingrad, Bulgaria, she won a gold medal in the relay, with Kaija Halonen and Sinikka Kukkonen, and placed fifth in the individual contest.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
1946 births
Living people


The Banski Suhodol Glacier (, Lednika v Banski Suhodol) is a small glacier (glacieret) in the Pirin Mountains of Bulgaria. It lies below the Kutelo peak (2908 m.) in the upper Banski Suhodol Valley ().

Geography
The glacier is on the northern slope of the Kutelo summit and is shaded from the east by the Koncheto ridge. After the nearby Snezhnika glacier (latitude of 41°46′09″ N) Banski Suhodol glacier is the southernmost in Europe, followed by three small glaciers below the Maja Jezerce summit in northern Albania, the Calderone glacier in the Gran Sasso mountain in Italy, and Debeli Namet glacier in Montenegro. Together with the nearby Snezhnika glacieret below Vihren, it is one of two surviving glacial masses in Bulgaria.

References

Glaciers of Bulgaria
Pirin
Landforms of Blagoevgrad Province


Alles is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. The ruined Church of San Pedro de Plecín is in the town.

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


Libertas Estonia (, LEE) was a political party in Estonia. It intended to contend the 2009 European Parliament elections under a common banner with Libertas.eu.

Estonian Blue Party (1994–2001)
The Estonian Blue Party (Eesti Sinine Erakond, ESE) was founded on 29 November 1994 in Tallinn, Estonia. It was registered at the Harju registry on 28 October 1998, registration number 80053499.
It attempted to join the Development Party (Arengupartei) in October 2000 but the attempt failed.

Democrats – Estonian Democratic Party (2001–2009)
On 1 February 2001 ESE became Democrats – Estonian Democratic Party (Demokraadid – Eesti Demokraatlik Partei, EDP). On 21 July 2005 it announced it would cooperate with the Pro Patria Union in local elections. At the beginning of 2006 there were plans to merge EDP with Eesti Iseseisvuspartei (EIP) and Põllumeeste Kogu (Farmers' Council, PK), but this did not happen. On 18 March 2006 the party congress voted to join the Pro Patria Union, but this did not happen. On 11 February 2008 the Harju county court registry warned that the numbers of EDP members had fallen to 920, 80 less than the required 1000 threshold, and the registry gave EDP until 15 April 2008 to recover. At the beginning of 2008 there were new plans to merge EDP with EIP and PK, but again this did not happen.

Libertas Estonia (2009–2010)
On 2 February 2009 it restructured itself as Libertas Eesti Erakond (Libertas Estonia, LEE) and became registered on 2 March 2009, enabling it to be officially known under that name.

On 2 April 2009, party chairman Jaan Laas announced that, after candidate approval by the party's Executive Board, elections would be held on 23 April 2009 for candidates wishing to stand for Libertas Estonia in the 2009 Estonian Euroelections in June.

Libertas Estonia was acknowledged by Libertas.eu as one of the (then) 11 member parties of Libertas.eu by a post on the latter's website.

Election performance

External links
Libertas Estonia on Twitter

References

Political parties established in 1994
Estonia
Defunct political parties in Estonia
1994 establishments in Estonia
2010 disestablishments in Estonia


Agneta Månsson is a Swedish ski orienteering competitor. At the World Ski Orienteering Championships in 1975 she won a silver medal in the individual contest, behind winner Sinikka Kukkonen, and a silver medal in the relay with the Swedish team (with team mates Lena Samuelsson and Marianne Bogestedt).

References

Swedish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


The Hess test or Rumpel-Leede test is a medical test used to assess capillary fragility. It is also called the Tourniquet test.

To perform the test, pressure is applied to the forearm with a blood pressure cuff inflated to between systolic and diastolic blood pressure for 10 minutes. After removing the cuff, the number of petechiae in a 5 cm diameter circle of the area under pressure is counted. Normally less than 15 petechiae are seen. 15 or more petechiae indicate capillary fragility, which occurs due to poor platelet function, bleeding diathesis or thrombocytopenia, and can be seen in cases of scurvy, and Dengue fever.

The test is named after Alfred Fabian Hess.

References

External links

Physical examination


The Socorro springsnail, scientific name Pyrgulopsis neomexicana, is an endangered species of minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Hydrobiidae, the mud snails.

This tiny snail previously inhabited a small group of thermal springs in the State of New Mexico, USA. Its survival is seriously endangered because its habitat is both vulnerable and severely threatened. The current status of the population of this snail and its habitat area is unknown. The Socorro springsnail has been listed as endangered by the governments of the United States and New Mexico.

Very little is known about this snail in general, because of its minute size, its very restricted range, and the fact that the places where it currently lives are on private property which allows no access.

Taxonomy
The Socorro springsnail was originally described from warm springs in Socorro, New Mexico. The collector and date of the unique first sample are unknown. Specimens came from the collection of American mineralogist Charles Moore Wheatley (1822 Essex, England - 1882, Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) and were likely collected in the 19th century. The species was formally described and named Amnicola neomexicana by American malacologist (mollusk expert) Henry Augustus Pilsbry in 1916.

Pilsbry's original type description, the text where the species is officially named and described, reads as follows:

In 1982, American zoologist John B. Burch reclassified the Socorro springsnail as Fontelicella neomexicana. In 1987, two other American zoologists, Robert Hershler from the National Museum of Natural History and Fred Gilbert Thompson from the Florida State Museum (now the Florida Museum of Natural History) assigned members of the genus Fontelicella, including F. neomexicana, to the genus Pyrgulopsis.

Description
The Socorro springsnail has an elongate-ovate conical shell that is light tan and short-spired, in other words the shell is low and rounded, without much of a pointed "tip" to it. The shell has 3.5–4.5 whorls. The protoconch is usually eroded. The internal callus is reddish brown to amber, and the operculum is pale. The height of the shell is 1.6–2.3 mm, and its aperture is ovate.

The body, head, snout and tentacles are dark gray to black in color. The tentacles range from black or dark gray at the base, to pale gray at the tips. Female snails are larger than males. In the male, the penis has a long glandular strip on the terminal lobe, a long penial gland, and three shorter dorsal glandular strips. A detailed description of the reproductive system of this snail species was provided by Hershler in 1994.

The animal respires by using a type of gill known as a ctenidium (a comb-like respiratory apparatus) which in this species has 20 tall and narrow ctenidial filaments.

In all of the species in the genus Pyrgulopsis, the radula (a strong rasping feeding ribbon covered in microscopic teeth) is of taenioglossan type (seven teeth in each row, i.e. one middle, two laterals and 4 marginals.) The radula of Pyrgulopsis neomexicana was described in detail by Hershler (1994).

Distribution

This species is endemic to Socorro County in central New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The original specimen of the Socorro springsnail reportedly came from a thermal spring near Socorro, New Mexico.

It is now extinct at the type locality, but the date and cause of the extinction are uncertain. The species has been reported from other springs in Socorro County (Landye 1981), although there is disagreement on whether the species historically occurred there. Currently, the Socorro springsnail is known from only one spring: the Torreon Spring in Socorro County, New Mexico, where it was located in 1979.

Ecology

Habitat
The Socorro springsnail is entirely aquatic, occurring in low-velocity (slow-moving) water near spring sources in a thermal habitat, i.e. near hot springs. More precisely, it is found in the uppermost layer of an organic muck substrate or surface.

The principal spring source where the Socorro springsnail is currently found has been impounded (artificially enclosed, blocked off or dammed), and this has reduced the flowing-water habitat to a very small pool. Only one tiny spring source remains, and this has a small improved pool (less than 1 m² in area), with a water temperature of 17 °C. The species is abundant on rootlets in this pool, but is not found in the ditches and ponds radiating from the spring into irrigation structures. Other mollusks found in the vicinity include Physa mexicana, Lymnaea modicella, and Pisidium casertanum. In 1981, the colony of Socorro springsnails was found to occupy not only the source, but also the outflow tributary about 2.5 m (8 ft) long to an irrigation ditch. No snails were found in the irrigation flow itself however. In 1991, the total population of the Socorro springsnail in the spring outflow was estimated at 5,000 individuals.

The snail had formerly occurred throughout the thermal springs west of the city of Socorro, living in the same habitats as the Socorro isopod Thermosphaeroma thermophilum.

Feeding habits
This species is herbivorous. It feeds on algae and other materials that occur in the organic film which is found on the surface of plants and debris.

Life cycle
The females of the Socorro springsnail are oviparous, in other words, they lay eggs. They probably deposit eggs in spring and summer.

Threats
The limited range and precise habitat demands of the Socorro springsnail makes this species vulnerable to habitat loss or alteration. Potential threats to the species include all activities that would significantly reduce either spring flow or availability of the food source that supports this springsnail species. Alterations to the watersheds, springs, or associated runs could cause a reduction in water flow, a change in water temperature or water quality, or could modify the habitat or food source. This could have a devastating impact on the existing populations of the snail.

This snail species has extremely limited dispersal capabilities, which means it has little or no ability to find, and disperse to, other suitable habitats, or to move out of a habitat where the conditions have changed such that it is no longer suitable. Consequently, these snails are unable to avoid contaminants or other unfavorable changes to their habitat.

The population of the Socorro springsnail is thought to be limited to a single pool which is less than 1 m² in area, and an outflow ditch about 2.5 m (8 ft) in length. Several of the springs that formerly contained the Socorro springsnail have been impounded, and this has eliminated the precise habitat that is critical for the species’ survival.

Perhaps the greatest threat facing this species is the potential loss of water flow. Excessive pumping from the aquifer that supplies water to the springs could destroy both the springs themselves and the species along with them. Potential pollution of the spring could negatively impact this species and perhaps could also cause its extinction. The effects of climate change, if they include widespread drought, decreased spring discharge, or a change in water chemistry, are a newly recognized threat that could eliminate the species.

Conservation
The State of New Mexico listed the Socorro springsnail as endangered, group 2, on March 28, 1985 (Section 17—2—37 through 17—2—46 NMSA 1978). On October 30, 1991, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service also listed this species as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Because of the extremely limited distribution, the recovery strategy for this species has its foundation in the maintenance of their habitat. While it is possible that additional populations might be established in other thermal springs, this possibility is contingent upon finding springs within the species’ presumed historic range that have the physical and biologic attributes, including terrestrial habitat components, that the springsnail requires to survive, and which do not support their own endemic fauna.

The locality is on private land and access to the spring has been denied since 1995. Because of this, the recent population numbers are unknown, the status of the habitat is unknown, and the magnitude of current threats is also unknown. Lack of cooperation by the private land owner and impacts caused by their actions were not specifically identified as a threat. However the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommendations for further actions suggested that efforts should continue in an attempt to gain access to the spring. If and when access is granted, it was recommended that life history studies should be carried out, monitor population numbers should be monitored, the attributes of suitable habitat should be determined (qualities like the exact nature of the preferred substrate, the water temperature limits, pH, hardness, alkalinity etc.) and that long-term monitoring of discharge and temperature should be set up. If on the other hand, access continues to be denied, the recommendation was to attempt to set up a one-time visit to the spring in order to collect individuals for a captive refugium population.

A decision was made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service not to implement the part of the Endangered Species Act which allows the authorities to acquire land as necessary if it is "critical habitat" for the conservation of a listed species, because it was felt in this situation that making the land public would actually expose the remaining population to an even greater risk of extinction from threats such as vandalism and collection by unauthorized parties. A habitat management plan had not yet been written for the species as of 2008, as was directed by the 1994 recovery plan, which also covered another species, the Alamosa springsnail. The 1994 recovery plan is out of date and needs to be revised and updated. It was recommended that a separate plan should be created.

References
This article incorporates public domain text from reference  and a public domain work of the United States Government from references.

External links

 Species profile of Socorro springsnail (Pyrgulopsis neomexicana) at U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service webpage

Pyrgulopsis
Molluscs of the United States
Endemic fauna of New Mexico
Socorro County, New Mexico
Gastropods described in 1916
Endangered fauna of the United States


Cáraves is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 22 (INE 2007).

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


Destot is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Étienne Destot (1864–1918), French radiologist and anatomist
 Michel Destot (born 1946), French politician

See also
 Destot's sign
 Destot's space

French-language surnames


Edward M. Brecher (1912–1989) was an American science writer and book author, best known for his contributions in addiction research, human sexuality, and for his advocacy of rights for people who choose to commit suicide.

Works And Awards
According to his The New York Times obituary "Mr. Brecher collaborated on books and articles with his wife, Ruth Ernestine Cook Brecher, who died in 1966. They received the Albert Lasker Award for medical journalism in 1963 and the Robert T. Morse Writer's Award of the American Psychiatric Association, which cited them as "scholarly crusaders for a better life for all Americans."

In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.

Among Brecher's best-known works were two books published by Consumers Union, The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs (1972) and Love, Sex and Aging (1984).  An editorial published in The New York Times after his death observed:

Edward Brecher, who recently ended his own life before cancer could take it from him, had a celebrated career as a writer on a variety of scientific topics. But in 1972 he left a monument as the author of the Consumer Union book Licit and Illicit Drugs.

That towering work of scholarship laid out most of what has been learned - and selectively forgotten - about heroin, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, barbiturates, amphetamines, tranquilizers, cocaine, LSD and marijuana.

But Mr. Brecher was more than a compiler of facts, and Licit and Illicit Drugs is more than a primer on addiction. He pierced the veil of moral righteousness and special pleading that still colors drug policy, offering sober prescriptions for limiting the damage that many Americans still don't want to hear.

The editorial concluded: "Good or bad, marijuana is here to stay. The billions spent to fight it are wasted dollars. Indeed, they may be worse than wasted: properly regulated, marijuana might serve as a less dangerous substitute for alcohol."

An earlier book by Mr. Brecher, The Sex Researchers was first published by Little, Brown in 1969, and updated one year before his suicide.  It remains a standard textbook for the training of sex education educators.

Death
In a 1979 article in The New York Times Magazine,  Brecher, who was diagnosed with colon cancer a year earlier, argued that people with terminal illnesses should have the right to end their lives in the manner, time, and, place of their choosing.  The article predicted how he would end his own life, which he did 10 years later, in his West Cornwall, Connecticut home.

List of works
Licit and Illicit Drugs

References

1989 deaths
1912 births
American relationships and sexuality writers
American tax resisters
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Suicides in Connecticut


Llonín is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 83 (INE 2007).

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg (, ) (1276 – 26 April 1318) was a German noblewoman and member of the House of Welf.  She was a Duchess of Glogów by marriage to Henry III of Glogów. She was the regent of the Duchy of Glogów after the death of her spouse between 1309 and 1312.

She was the seventh child and only daughter of Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg by his second wife Alessina, daughter of Margrave Boniface II of Montferrat.

Life
In March 1291 Matilda married Duke Henry III of Glogów. With this union, Henry III gained an important ally in his fight against Henry V the Fat, Duke of Legnica.

During her marriage, Matilda gave birth to nine children, five sons and four daughters. After Henry III's death in 1309, and despite the fact that her eldest son Henry IV the Faithful was of legal age to rule by himself, Matilda became the regent of her husband's duchies (except Glogów, which was given to her by Henry III in his will as her dower) until 1312.

Issue
Henry IV the Faithful (born c. 1292 – died 22 January 1342).
Konrad I (born c. 1294 – died 22 December 1366).
Bolesław (born c. 1295 – died before 23 April 1321).
Agnes (born c. 1296 – died 25 December 1361), married firstly on 18 May 1309 to Otto III, Duke of Bavaria and secondly in 1329 to Alram, Count of Hals.
Salome (born c. 1297 – died before 9 December 1309).
Jan (born c. 1298 – died by 19 May 1365).
Katharina (born c. 1300 – died 5 December 1323/26), married firstly before 24 March 1317 to John V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel and secondly by 27 January 1319 to John III, Count of Holstein-Plön.
Przemko II (born c. 1305 – died 11 January 1331).
Hedwig (born c. 1308 – died before December 1309).

On her death, Glogów was inherited by her sons Henry IV and Przemko II as co-rulers until 1321, when they divided their domains and Przemko II retained Glogów as sole ruler.

References

Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan

1276 births
1318 deaths
Piast dynasty
13th-century women rulers
Daughters of monarchs


Naomi Herman Wolinski, MBE (26 March 1881, in Bendigo, Victoria, Australia – 14 September 1969, in Sydney, Australia) was an Australian sports activist/administrator, who organised fundraising and the production of clothing for servicemen during World War II.

The daughter of a Polish-born rabbi, Solomon Herman, she and her husband took up lawn bowls in the late 1920s, playing at the Wollstonecraft Bowling Club. Wolinski died in 1969, aged 88, in Sydney.

Awards and recognition
In 1953 Wolinski was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to women's sport in the 1960 New Year Honours. In 2011 Wolinski was posthumously inducted into the Bowls' Australia Hall of Fame.

References

Sources
 She's Game: Women Making Australian Sporting History, Australian Women's Archives Project, 2007

1881 births
1969 deaths
Australian activists
Australian female bowls players
Australian Jews
Jewish Australian sportspeople
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Bendigo
People from Sydney


Mier, not to be confused with Mieres, Asturias, is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. The population is 28 (INE 2007).

Mier is located in the Picos de Europa National Park and is divided in two neighbourhoods by the River Cares: Mier d'Acá and Mier d'Allá. One of Spain's deepest caves is located in Mier.

See also
List of caves in Spain

References
Mier at Tageo.com

External links
Association of Friends and Neighbors of Mier website

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


While polygyny is legal in the Central African Republic, it has been reported that the more well-educated women living in the nation have tended to oppose it, favoring a monogamous marriage instead. The country's legal code allows a man to take up to four wives, but he must decide on the nature of his future marriages before is allowed to contract his first. In other words, if a man plans to marry one to three more women in the future, he must make this clear: otherwise, he will not be allowed to marry additional women if he later changes his mind.

References

Polygamy in Africa
Central African Republic
Society of the Central African Republic


Oceño is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It is located in the Picos de Europa National Park.

The population is 47 (INE 2016).

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


Rozagás is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 38 (INE 2007).

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


The Quincy Mansion , also known as the Josiah Quincy Mansion, was a summer home built by Josiah Quincy, Jr. in 1848. The mansion itself was situated where Angell Hall now stands on the campus of the Eastern Nazarene College. The mansion, once a Quincy, Massachusetts landmark, was demolished in 1969.

Architecture
The mansion, which was built in the mid-19th century, was three stories and white, in Georgian architecture, with marble fireplaces in most of the rooms and large French windows on the first floor that "opened upon either little balconies or broad piazzas." From the captain's walk of the Mansion, Wollaston Bay was clearly visible down to the "ships entering and leaving the port of Boston."

Ownership

Quincy family
The mansion was once located, along with the Josiah Quincy House and the Dorothy Quincy House on a  parcel of land known as the "Lower Farm" belonging to the Quincy family. It was built by Josiah Quincy, Jr., then-mayor of Boston, c. 1848. Elm Avenue, with its four rows of elms, had been the avenue, or driveway, for the Josiah Quincy House and the Josiah Quincy Mansion.

Quincy Mansion School
The property eventually came under the ownership of Horace Mann Willard, who established the Quincy Mansion School for Girls, a Christian, college-preparatory, and boarding school, and became principal. When Dr. Willard died in 1907, his wife took over as principal until she could no longer manage the property.

Eastern Nazarene College
At the urging of Charles J. Fowler, who knew the property was for sale, the Eastern Nazarene College moved to its current location in the Wollaston Park area of Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1919, and acquired the mansion as part of a  property that also included the classroom building called the Manchester (1896), the stables (1848) (where Memorial Hall was built in 1948), and the Canterbury (1901), which still stands today as Canterbury Hall.

The mansion, which had seen many uses and was need of costly repair, was instead torn down in 1969, three years after the creation of the National Register of Historic Places but before local buildings such as the Josiah Quincy House had been placed on it.

See also
Josiah Quincy House
Quincy Homestead
Quincy family
Eastern Nazarene College

Notes and references

External links
 Photograph of the Quincy Mansion , page 4, Quincy History, Spring 1983.

Buildings and structures demolished in 1969
Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts
Eastern Nazarene College
Quincy family homestead
Houses completed in 1848


Veeranatyam or Dance of the brave (veera means brave; natyam means dance) is an ancient form of dance from the state of Andhra Pradesh, with associated religious significance.

Veeranatyam started as a ritual that was performed in Shiva (shaivite) temples in honour of Shiva. The followers of Veerabhadra are best known for performing this style of dance, in particular the Veeramusti community in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Natyam or Veerabhadra Natyam is performed by men in East and West Godavari, Kurnool, Anantapur and Khammam.

The first stage is the holding of "Veerabhadra Pallem" a huge plate carried from the palms to the elbows bearing a camphor fire. The dance goes on vigorously to the tempo of several percussion instruments until the fire is extinguished. Part of this ceremony consists of the ‘Khadgalu’ recital, where a pujari brandishes a long sword representing that of Veerabhadra.

The second stage lies in holding a long consecrated pole, marked with Vibhuti (sacred ash) representing the ‘Dhwaja Sthamba’ of the Lord with bells tied to the top.

In the third stage the performers dance with spears and tridents pierced into their ankles, hands and tongue. This is called ‘Narasam’. The dancers are dressed in colorful knee-length dhotis secured by waist-sashes smeared with vibhuti all over their body. The main percussion instrument is the ‘Veeranam’ or ‘war-drum’.

References

External links
 http://www.mapsofindia.com/andhra-pradesh/people-culture-and-festivals/veeranatyam.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130730023625/http://www.orkut.com/Main#Community.aspx?rl=cpp&cmm=21477660
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130730023625/http://www.orkut.com/Main#Community.aspx?rl=cpp&cmm=36932829

are the main online communities for Veerabhadriya people of Andhra Pradesh

Dances of India
Hindu dance traditions


Ruenes is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 142 (INE 2007).

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


Julien Berthomier (born 10 April 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a defender for Championnat National 3 club Villefranche Saint-Jean Beaulieu.

Club career
Born in Grasse, Berthomier began his career with RC Grasse and signed in 2001 with Cannet Rocheville. In the summer of 2004, he joined Cannes. In Cannes, Berthomier played for three years before being transferred to Nice.

International career
Berthomier has played for France at under-15 and under-16 level.

References

Living people
1990 births
Men's association football defenders
French men's footballers
RC Grasse players
ES Cannet Rocheville players
AS Cannes players
OGC Nice players
FC Gueugnon players
Red Star F.C. players
Francs Borains players
Ligue 1 players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 3 players
Challenger Pro League players
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium

France men's youth international footballers
Footballers from Alpes-Maritimes
People from Grasse


For the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification, there were two scheduled inter-confederation play-offs to determine the final two qualification spots to the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Qualified teams
The four teams participating were:

Format
The ties themselves were not drawn, but were allocated by FIFA as:
 AFC fifth round winner v OFC second round winner
 CONCACAF fourth round fourth place v CONMEBOL fifth place

This allocation allowed better start times of the matches than the previous one because teams were now in closer time zones. The draw for the order in which the two matches were played was held on 2 June 2009 during the FIFA Congress in Nassau, The Bahamas.

Matches

AFC v OFC

New Zealand won 1–0 on aggregate and qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

CONCACAF v CONMEBOL

Uruguay won 2–1 on aggregate and qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Goalscorers
There were 4 goals scored in 4 matches, for an average of 1 goal per match.

1 goal
  Walter Centeno
  Rory Fallon
  Sebastián Abreu
  Diego Lugano

References

World Cup Playoffs


Trescares is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Peñamellera Alta, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It is located in the Picos de Europa National Park.

The population is 55 (INE 2007).

In this village, there are two of the most important buildings of this autonomy: the church and, the most important, La Vidre bridge (El Puente La Vidre), built in the romanic time over another bridge that was constructed by the Romans. Today's bridge is known worldwide, and so, a lot of spots are made in it.

Here it pass one of the most important rivers of Asturias, the Cares river (El Río Cares), which ends in the river Deva that separates the community of Asturias and Cantabria. One of the sports more played is the fishing,

Like another village, Trescares has its feast: Saint Fausto.  This is celebrated on the following Saturday of The Pilar (national feast), in which the Trescares people wear asturian dresses and offer a two metres high bouquet to the Saint.

Parishes in Peñamellera Alta


Joffroy's sign is a clinical sign in which there is a lack of wrinkling of the forehead when a patient looks up with the head bent forwards. It occurs in patients with exophthalmos in Graves disease.

The sign is named after Alexis Joffroy.

References

External links

Symptoms and signs: Endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism


Acmetal, alternatively Akmetal or "AC metal", meaning "peak capital" or "best capital", is a universal currency that was proposed by Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Etymology
Akmetal is a portmanteau of the Greek word “acme” – the highest point or zenith – and “capital.”

Reaction
A one-global currency prompts the creation of a one-global central bank to manage the currency, thereby superseding the authority of national central banks like the Federal Reserve in the United States and the European Central Bank.

The A.P. said: Nazarbayev’s proposal has raised eyebrows in some quarters, but the idea was embraced by Robert Mundell, who won the Nobel prize for economics in 1999 for helping lay the theoretical groundwork for Europe’s single currency. “It would be a very good idea if the G-20 took that idea up in London,” Mundell said.

The International Monetary Fund said that the currency idea was "interesting, but poorly explored".

References

External links

Reuters reported : "New reserve currency could come quickly"
Acmetal

Proposed currencies
Government of Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbayev


Barry Robert Bickmore is a professor in the department of geological sciences at Brigham Young University (BYU).  He is also a devout Mormon, having written Restoring the Ancient Church: Joseph Smith and Early Christianity (Ben Lomond: FAIR, 1999) as well as several articles that have been published in the FARMS Review.

Bickmore was born in Redwood City, California, and raised in California and Utah.  He served as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Iowa.  He obtained a degree in geology with minors in philosophy and chemistry from BYU.  He then received a Ph.D. in geochemistry from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, where his advisor was Michael F. Hochella.  He then was a postdoctoral research assistant at the University of Colorado for about a year and a half prior to joining the BYU faculty in August 2001.

Bickmore, a conservative Republican, is known for his activism in support of action to combat global warming, such as when he criticized a proposed bill in Utah that described climate change as a hoax. The bill passed in spite of Bickmore's efforts to defeat it.

Among other callings in the LDS Church, Bickmore has served as a seminary teacher.

In geochemistry and related fields, Bickmore has focused on the study of low-temperature geochemical reactions and the development of geoscience curricula as part of the curriculum of elementary education majors.

References

External links
Bickmore's blog, Anti-Climate Change Extremism in Utah
Maxwell Institute bio
BYU faculty bio
Mineralogical study with Bickmore as the lead author

American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Living people
Brigham Young University alumni
Virginia Tech alumni
Church Educational System instructors
Brigham Young University faculty
American geochemists
Mormon apologists
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Virginia
Latter Day Saints from Colorado
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Year of birth missing (living people)
Utah Republicans


Théophile (Joseph Alexandre) Tilmant, (Tilmant aîné) was a French violinist and conductor born on 9 July 1799 in Valenciennes France, and died on 7 May 1878, Asnières.Tilmant was a founding Sociétaire of the Société des Concerts in 1828, becoming a Chef and Vice-President on 5 May 1860, retiring from the Société on 17 November 1863.

Bibliography
Tilmant was a founding Sociétaire of the Société des Concerts in 1828, becoming a Chef and Vice-President on 5 May 1860, retiring from the Société on 17 November 1863.

At the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris, he was a student of Kreutzer and played in the orchestra of the Opéra-Comique and the orchestra of the Opéra (viola from 1824 and violin from 1826–38).

He also led the orchestra at the Théâtre-Italien and the Concerts du Gymnase.
He was principal conductor of the Opéra-Comique from 1849-68. Tilmant received the Légion d'Honneur in 1861.

Tilmant conducted the premieres of Le caïd by Ambroise Thomas on 3 January 1849, Le toréador by Adolphe Adam on 18 May 1849, Galathée by Victor Massé on 14 April 1852, Le Sourd ou l’Auberge Pleine by Adam on 2 February 1853, Les noces de Jeannette by Massé on 4 February 1853, L'étoile du nord on 16 February 1854, and Mignon by Thomas on 17 November 1866.

References

1799 births
1878 deaths
People from Valenciennes
Musicians from Nord (French department)
French conductors (music)
French male conductors (music)
19th-century French male classical violinists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Recipients of the Legion of Honour


Hu Ting-ting or Judy Hu (; born 11 September 1979) is an England-born Taiwanese actress.

Biography

She was born in Oxford and moved to Taiwan at the age of 6, and later with her parents moved to the United States for high school and college. She went to Duke University gaining a B.A. degree in Public Policy Studies, and studied her master's degree at the University of Oxford.

She is the daughter of politician Jason Hu and actress Shirley Shaw. She made her debut performance in Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason as a Thai prostitute.

She married Julio Acconci in January 2013 and divorced him in January 2014. She later married her long-term friend, Adam, on June 21, 2016.

Filmography

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Actresses from Oxford
Taiwanese film actresses
Sanford School of Public Policy alumni
Taiwanese television actresses
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English people of Taiwanese descent


Renegades of the Rio Grande is a 1945 American Western film about a crooked financier and a corrupt sheriff that conspire to steal land from ranchers in Oklahoma Territory for the purposes of a railroad right-of-way. A young lawyer, Clint Farrell, comes to the rescue with the aid of some fighting-mad ranchers. Howard Bretherton directed the film and Ande Lamb wrote the screenplay.

Cast
Rod Cameron as Buck Emerson
Eddie Dew as Ranger Cal Benedict
Fuzzy Knight as Ranger Trigger Bidwell
Jennifer Holt as Dolores Salezar
Ray Whitley as Tex Henry
The Bar-6 Cowboys as Singing ranch hands
Glenn Strange as Bart Drummond
Edmund Cobb as Karl Holbrook.

External links

1945 films
Universal Pictures films
1945 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
1940s American films


Michelle Seymour (born 21 December 1965) is a former New Zealand representative sprinter.

1993 - 2021 New Zealand National record for the Women's 100m.

1993 NZ Māori Sportswoman of the Year.

2018 Inducted into the Paraparaumu College Hall of Fame.

Personal Bests

NZ National Titles

NZ Secondary School Titles

Representation

References

External links

Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cALiNlHhqQ

Living people
1965 births
New Zealand female sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand
People educated at Paraparaumu College


Howard Wayne (born November 2, 1948) is the Vice Chair, Central Area of the San Diego County Democratic Party. Previously, he served as Democratic politician in the California State Assembly from 1996 until 2002, representing California's 78th State Assembly district.

Early life and career
Wayne received his undergraduate degree from San Diego State University and his juris doctor degree from the University of San Diego School of Law. Prior to his service in the Assembly, Wayne was a Deputy Attorney General for 23 years from 1973 until 1996, focusing on consumer protection and child support cases. Prior to winning his Assembly bid in 1996, Wayne made two unsuccessful bids for the Assembly in 1990, losing the regular primary for the 78th district seat with 12.7% of the vote and losing a bid in a special primary election later that year after obtaining 15.5% of the vote.

Assembly elections
Wayne was elected in 1996 after defeating former Assemblymember Tricia Hunter by a 49% to 45% margin. He was easily reelected by a 57% to 39% margin in 1998 after defeating Jean Roesch, a member of the Coronado Unified School District Board of Education. In 2000, Wayne won his last term over retired surgeon John Steel by a margin of 56% to 38%.

Post-Assembly career
In 2003, he briefly ran for San Diego City Attorney but dropped his bid before the election. He also returned to the Attorney General's office in 2003, serving as an Assistant Attorney General. Wayne originally planned to run for Donna Frye's city council seat had she been elected mayor of San Diego. However, Frye lost the election to Mayor Jerry Sanders. While she was serving out the remainder of her term, Wayne and his wife Mary remained busy, moving to South Africa in 2006 to help assist with that country's growing legal system. They returned to their Clairemont home in 2007. Frye was not able to run again for Council in 2010 due to term limits and Wayne actively campaigned for the District 6 council she vacated. Wayne lost the election to Republican challenger Lorie Zapf by a 5-point margin or 1570 votes.

References

Members of the California State Assembly
Living people
1948 births
21st-century American politicians


Pirenella incisa is a species of medium-sized sea snail or mud snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Potamididae, the horn snails.

Distribution
This is a vulnerable species (VU) in Japan.

Ecology
Pirenella incisa is a predominantly mangrove-associated species.

References

Further reading
 Lozouet P. & Plaziat J.C. (2008) Mangrove environments and molluscs. Abatan River, Bohol and Panglao Islands, central Philippines. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 160 pp.
 Maki E., Ohtaki H. & Tomiyama K. (2002). "Distribution and substrate preferences among four batillariid and potamidid species, with observations on seasonal changes in the distribution of Cerithideopsilla djadjariensis (K. Martin, 1889) (Gastropoda: Potamididae)". Venus 61: 61-76.

External links

Potamididae
Gastropods described in 1848
Taxa named by Jacques Bernard Hombron
Taxa named by Honoré Jacquinot


NASCAR Revolution, stylized as NASCAR revolution, is a racing video game developed by Stormfront Studios and published by EA Sports (a division of Electronic Arts). It is part of the EA Sports NASCAR Racing Game series, being the third title in the game series. The game was released in 1999 for Microsoft Windows 95 and Windows 98, unlike previous games in the franchise that were console exclusives. It features race car drivers from the 1998 NASCAR Cup Series season (in the original release) or the 1999 season (in NASCAR Revolution SE), such as Kyle Petty and Dale Earnhardt.

Reception

The game received mixed to negative reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.

It was a finalist for the "PC Sports Game of the Year" award at the AIAS' 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, which was ultimately given to ''FIFA 99.

References

External links
Official website

1999 video games
NASCAR video games
North America-exclusive video games
EA Sports games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Stormfront Studios games


"Upstairs Downtown" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. The song was released in November 1994 as the second single from his 1994 album Boomtown. The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard charts in both the United States and Canada.  Keith wrote the song with Carl Goff Jr.

Content
A ballad, "Upstairs Downtown" centers on the life of a young woman, who has just aged into adulthood and is moving out on her own for the first time. The song centers on the struggles of the woman, who is trying to earn a living and gain life skills.

The first verses of the song recounts the woman's restlessness and desire to move from her rural community ("the woods," as described in the song) to the big city. Her triumphs are highlighted when she moves into her apartment, gets her own telephone line and gets a job at a local grocery store.

However, she finds that living on her own, particularly with no moral support from family close by, is tougher than she thought it would be. She soon loses her job and is unable to pay her bills. In the end, the young woman decides to move back home "to the woods."  The video starlet is Oklahoma native Amanda Breeden.

Keith expressed his displeasure with the song being released as a single, saying that it was a "nice song for the album", but that he did not feel it was a strong single, and would have preferred that "You Ain't Much Fun" be the second single instead; "Fun" ended up being released as the third single in March 1995 and would fare better, peaking at #2, behind Clint Black's "Summer's Comin'".

Music video
The music video was directed by Marc Ball, and premiered on CMT on November 26, 1994, as their "Hot Shot Video of the Week".

Chart performance
"Upstairs Downtown" debuted at number 73 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of December 3, 1994.

References

1994 singles
1994 songs
Toby Keith songs
Songs written by Toby Keith
Song recordings produced by Harold Shedd
Polydor Records singles


Columbia University is the historical and colloquial name of Columbia University in the City of New York.

Columbia University may also refer to:

Columbia College, the oldest undergraduate school of Columbia University
The University of Portland, formerly known as Columbia University

See also
Columbia College (disambiguation)
 Columbian College, former name of George Washington University
National University of Colombia, in Colombia, South America
South Colombian University, in Colombia, South America
University of British Columbia, in Vancouver and Kelowna, British Columbia


PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara is a subsidiary company of Newmont Mining Corporation that operates their Batu Hijau mine in Indonesia on the island of Sumbawa.

Newmont holds a 45% stake in the company while the Sumitomo Corporation from Japan holds an additional 35% and Indonesian company P.T. Pukuafu Indah holds the remaining 20%.  Newmont and Sumitomo are required to divest 51% of their stake in the joint venture Indonesian parties by 2010 by the agreement signed under the Indonesian government of Suharto.  The Indonesian government declined to purchase 10% of the company between 2006 & 2007 because of lack of funds, and Newmont declined to sell to local governments because the governments were backed by unnamed private parties, and Newmont wished to have more control over potential buyers.  In 2008 Newmont sold a 2% stake in P.T. Newmont to the local governments in Sumbawa.

Award
The company received the Aditama Award in 2011, as the best mining company in terms of mineral mining environment management.

References

Mining companies of Indonesia
Sumbawa


Thornbrough Air Force Base is a former facility of the United States Air Force in Cold Bay, Alaska. Following its closure, it was redeveloped into Cold Bay Airport.

History
The airport was constructed during World War II as Fort Randall Army Airfield during the secret military buildup of the Territory of Alaska that began in 1941. Originally, the equipment was supposed to construct McGrath Army Airbase, but the ground had frozen by the time that the equipment arrived. Disguised as civilian employees of the Blair Canning and Packing Company, United States Army personnel in civilian clothes were shipped to Cold Bay. Construction began in December 1941, and the airfield was ready for operation by March 1942.  Because of the foresight of Alaskas military commanders, the new airfield, along with another new secret airfield, Cape Field at Umnak, was ready to contribute to the defense of Alaska against Imperial Japanese Navy air attack during the Battle of Dutch Harbor in June 1942.  The airfield at Cold Bay remained operational throughout World War II.

Known units assigned to Fort Randall Army Airfield (AAF) were:
 73d Bombardment Squadron, numerous short dates, 1942–1943
 344th Fighter Squadron, numerous short dates, 1942–1943
 54th Fighter Squadron, June–July 1942
 11th Fighter Squadron, May–September 1942

Fort Randall AAF was also used by the United States Navy during the Aleutian campaign.   A two-gun 6-inch (152-mm) naval gun battery was located at Grant Point. One gun is on display near the town dump. A four-gun 155 mm gun battery on Panama mounts was located at Mortensen's Lagoon at Thin Point. The HECP bunker still exists at Pride Lake.

In the spring and summer of 1945, Cold Bay was the site of the largest and most ambitious transfer program of World War II, Project Hula, in which the United States transferred 149 ships and craft to the Soviet Union and trained 12,000 Soviet personnel in their operation in anticipation of the Soviet Union entering the war against Japan. Fort Randall provided housing and classroom space for the instructors and trainees. At any given time, about 1,500 American personnel were at Cold Bay and Fort Randall during Project Hula. The area to the southeast of the Fort Randall Air Air Field runways was known as "Navy Town".  In addition to housing, this area also included a theater, hospital and a runway.

The airfield was named Thornbrough Air Force Base in 1948 for Captain George W. Thornbrough, a U.S. Army Air Forces B-26 Marauder pilot.  Captain Thornbrough fought during the Battle of Dutch Harbor in June 1942, bravely attacking a Japanese aircraft carrier that was launching strike aircraft at Dutch Harbor.  Although his torpedo struck the carrier, it failed to explode.  Captain Thornbrough returned to his airfield to refuel and rearm and then took off to rejoin the fight.  The aircraft and entire crew were lost during their return from this mission, when they were unable to land at Cold Bay.  The wreckage of Captain Thornbrough's aircraft was found 50 miles (80 km) from Cold Bay on the north side of the Alaska Peninsula the following month.

It was redesignated from Army Air Base (AAB) to an Air Force Base (AFB) on 28 March 1948 along with seven other Army Air Bases in Alaska. Its chief assets were a 10,000-foot runway and a deep-water dock. It was controlled by the 5024th Air Base Squadron, Alaskan Air Command (AAC).  It was logistically supported by the 39th Air Depot Wing at Elmendorf Air Force Base. Its mission became supporting Military Air Transport Service (MATS) transport flights along the Great Circle Route from Japan, as well as supporting the 7th (later 9th) Weather Group which provided support for WB-29 Superfortress flights of the 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Eielson AFB which operated over the Northern Pacific and Bering Sea.  Both the runway and dock have continued in service to this day serving as transportation hubs for airlines and shipping.

The 5042d ABS was discontinued on 1 January 1950 per AAC General Order Number 198, dated 13 December 1949, due to budget restrictions. Control of the base was taken over directly by AAC. It was planned for inactivation; however, the transport demands by MATS flying to Japan to support the Korean War delayed the inevitable closing of the base until 1 September 1953 by AAC General Order 66.

Between 1956 and 1958, Cold Bay Airport was used as a logistics support base during the construction of Cold Bay Air Force Station, a Ground Control Intercept (GCI) station for Alaskan Air Command during the Cold War.  Today, the airport is used by the USAF 611th Air Support Group, based at Elmendorf AFB to support the unattended Long Range Radar (LRR) site A-08 just to the northwest of the airport.

See also

 Alaska World War II Army Airfields
 Alaskan Air Command
 Eleventh Air Force

References

 Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
 Maurer, Maurer (1969), Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II, Air Force Historical Studies Office, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.

External links

Military history
 The Thousand Mile War
 Joe McCusker's list of Air Force Bases
 A History of the Air Force Heritage in Alaska
 B-26 Marauder Archive
 North American Forts

Installations of the United States Air Force in Alaska
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Alaska
WAAS reference stations
Historic American Buildings Survey in Alaska
Military installations closed in 1953
1953 disestablishments in Alaska


Alix Joffroy (16 December 1844, in Stainville – 24 November 1908) was a French neurologist and psychiatrist remembered for describing Joffroy's sign. He studied in Paris, earning his doctorate in 1873,  becoming médecin des hôpitaux in 1879 and agrégé in 1880. He worked at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital from 1885 and succeeded Benjamin Ball as professor of clinical psychiatry in 1893.

Jean-Martin Charcot encouraged him to study neurology, and together they demonstrated atrophy of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord in poliomyelitis in 1869.

See also
 A Clinical Lesson at the Salpêtrière

External links

French neurologists
French psychiatrists
1844 births
1908 deaths


"Big Ol' Truck" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released in July 1995 as the fourth and final single from his 1994 album  Boomtown. The song peaked at number 15 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (Hot Country Songs) chart, making it the first single of his career to miss the Top 10. The song was a Top 10 in Canada, having reached number 10 on the RPM Country Tracks chart.

Content
The narrator is in love with a girl who drives a "big ol' truck."

Music video
The song's music video premiered on CMT on July 12, 1995, during The CMT Delivery Room, and was directed by Marc Ball. The video shows Keith performing with his band at an outside party accompanied by a crowd. The scenes are also intercut with Keith trying to get the girl in the pickup truck.

Chart positions
"Big Ol' Truck" debuted at number 75 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of July 15, 1995.

References

1995 singles
1994 songs
Toby Keith songs
Songs written by Toby Keith
Song recordings produced by Harold Shedd
Polydor Records singles


Si. Balasubramania Athithan  (also known as Si. Ba. Adithanar) 27 September 1905 – 24 May 1981), popularly called as "Adithanar", was an Indian lawyer, politician, minister and founder of the Tamil daily newspaper Dina Thanthi. He was the founder of the We Tamils () party. He served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council for two terms and as a member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly for four terms. He was the Speaker of the Assembly during 1967–68 and Tamil Nadu's minister for Cooperation in the M. Karunanidhi cabinets of 1969 and 1971. In his memory, two Tamil literary awards were created and are awarded annually by his son, Sivanthi Adithanar ( former Director of the Dina Thanthi group).

Early life
Adithanar was born on 27 September 1905 at Kayamozhi in Tiruchendur Taluk of Tuticorin district to Sivanthi Adithanar  and Kanagam Ammayar as the heir of the Adityans, the highest aristocratic family among the Nelamaikkarars. His father, Sivanthi Adithanar , was a lawyer. Adithan' sister, Vamasundari Devi, was mother of  Indian business man Shiv Nadar. He completed his schooling at Srivaikuntam and joined  St. Joseph's College, Trichy. After obtaining a M. A, he went to Middle Temple, London to study law. He became a barrister in 1933 and practised in Singapore (during 1933–42) and later in his home town Srivaikuntam. He married Govindammal in 1933.

Publishing career
Adithan returned to India in 1942 when Singapore fell to the Japanese. He established a Tamil weekly magazine, Tamizhan, and a daily newspaper, Thanthi, in November 1942. He set out to found a Tamil daily along the lines of the English tabloid Daily Mirror, inspired by the Mirrors reach of a large audience. He established Dina Thanthi (lit. The Daily Telegraph) from Madurai in 1942  and it went on to become the flagship of his newspaper business. He expanded operations by opening additional editions in Tirunelveli, Madras, Salem and Tiruchirapalli in the 1940s. By bringing out local editions, Dina Thanthi helped deliver news on the same day to the people in southern districts of Tamil Nadu, who until then had to read day-old newspapers printed in Madras. The paper was popular and it was said that people learned to read the Tamil language to read the newspaper. The simplified language introduced by the paper helped it gain new readership.

Other publications from Adithan's Dina Thanthi group include the evening daily Maalai Murasu (lit. The Evening Drum), the weekly magazine Rani and the monthly novel imprint Rani Muthu.

Political career
Adithan started the "Tamil Rajyam" party in 1942. During 1947–52, he was a member of the Madras Legislative Council. He contested and won the 1952 election from Tiruchendur as a candidate of T. Prakasam's Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party. He was elected as an independent candidate in the 1957 election from Sathankulam.

Naam Tamilar party
In 1958, Adithan founded the "We Tamils" (நாம் தமிழர் கட்சி) party with the platform of forming a sovereign Tamil state. It wanted the creation of a homogeneous Greater Tamil Nadu incorporating Tamil speaking areas of India and Sri Lanka. The party's headquarters was named as Tamiḻaṉ Illam (lit. The Home of the Tamilian). In 1960, the party organised statewide protests for the secession of Madras and the establishment of a sovereign Tamil Nadu. The protests were marked by the burning of maps of India (with Tamil Nadu left out). Adithanar was arrested for organising them. The party along with M. P. Sivagnanam's Tamil Arasu Kazhagam was also involved in the movement to change the name of the state from Madras State to Tamil Nadu. Adithan lost the 1962 election from Tiruchendur and was elected to the Legislative Council in 1964. The WT contested the 1967 election as an ally of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) under the DMK's "Rising Sun" symbol. It elected four members to the Assembly, including Adithan, who won from Srivaikuntam. The party merged with the DMK in 1967.

As Speaker of the Legislative Assembly
On 17 March 1967, Adithan became the speaker of the assembly defeating the Swatantra Party candidate K. S. Kothandaramiah, by 153 votes to 21. While he was the speaker he attended the DMK political conference held at Tanjore in 1968 and also took part in political activities in his constituency. Due to these activities, the opposition parties accused him of partisanship. He defended himself as:

Due to this controversy, Adithan resigned as speaker on 12 August 1968.

As minister
Adithan became the Minister for Cooperation in the M. Karunanidhi cabinet, which took power in February 1969. He was re-elected from Srivaikuntam in the 1971 elections and continued as the Minister for Cooperation.

Later political life
The DMK split in 1972, with M. G. Ramachandran forming the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK). Adithan supported the ADMK. He contested and lost the 1977 election as an ADMK supported independent from Sathankulam. He also lost the 1980 election from Srivaikuntam.

Electoral performance in Assembly elections

Death and legacy
Adithan died on 24 May 1981. In 2005, the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, J. Jayalalitha announced that his home in Srivaikuntam, built in 1928, would be converted into a memorial. He is survived by two sons. B. Ramachandran Adityan (founder of Devi Weekly) and B. Sivanthi Adityan. On his birthday every year, the S. P. Adithanar Senior Tamil Scholar Award of Rs. 300,000 and the S. P. Adithanar Literary Award of Rs. 200,000 are awarded to Tamil scholars and people who excel in literature by Adithanar's son and the current director of the Dina Thanthi group, Sivanthi Adithan. A road in Chennai, connecting Egmore to Anna Salai, was named "Adithanar Salai" in his memory.

Bibliography
 Tamiḻp Pēraracu (lit. The Tamil empire) (1942)
 Idhalalar Kaiyedu (lit. The Journalist's Handbook)

References

Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu
Tamil businesspeople
1905 births
1981 deaths
Tamil Nadu ministers
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni
Madras MLAs 1957–1962
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1972
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976


Ayyampalayam village, Kavindapadi post, is a small village of less than 1500 inhabitants, situated in the Bhavani taluk, Erode district in Tamil Nadu.

This village is a part of Kavindapadi Revenue village. And agriculture is the primary business.

Here, they are cultivating coconuts, Paddy, Sugarcane and Turmeric. these are the main crops grown in Ayyampalayam.

The nearest big village is Kavindapadi. Other variants of the spelling may include Kavundhapadi/ Kavundapadi.

Neighborhoods

 Chithode
 Nasiyanur
 Thingalur
 Kanjikoil
 Kavindapadi
 Bhavani
 Lakshmi Nagar
 Komarapalayam
 Erode
 Perundurai
 Gobichettipalayam
 Sathyamangalam
 Othakudirai

Notable people
Former Chief Justice of Chhattisgarh High Court - Ayyampalayam Somasundaram Venkatachala Moorthy. He was also the Head of the Tamil Nadu SHRC from 2006 -2011

References
 Justice A S Venkatachalamoorthy Appointed Chief Justice of Chhattisgarh High Court
 Justice A.S Venkatachalamoorthy Appointed as Chairman of SHRC
 Former judges at the High Court
 Bhavani Taluk of Erode District

Villages in Erode district


The Lieutenant Joseph Patrick Kennedy Junior Memorial Skating Rink was an ice skating rink in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States. It was named after the late Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., who was killed when his B-24 Liberator exploded during a bombing mission. The facility also doubled as an ice hockey rink for Barnstable High School.  The last public skate occurred on March 22, 2009. It was replaced by the Hyannis Youth and Community Center.

History

Opening
The Lt. Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Memorial Skating Centre rink opened in 1957 as an open-air skating rink. It was built with funds from the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. foundation, which made the name fitting. In 1960, the rink was extended in length from 185 to 215 feet, with its official 85 foot hockey width. At the time, this made it the second largest in the northeastern United States, behind one in West Point, New York. This was alright for skating during calm weather, but it was impossible to skate during a storm. Early skaters even had to shovel the ice after a snowfall. This led to it being enclosed in 1965.

Although the rink was enclosed, it was open to the outside warm air. This led to fog forming on some nights. It was also unable to be used during the summer, a thing that most modern rinks do not have to do. This shortcomings led to replacement plans.

For many years, the rink was home to Barnstable High School's after prom celebration. The rink was used until 2008 when it was temporarily relocated to the high school because of the demolition of the rink.

Replacement

In the early 2000s, there were plans to replace the rink with one rink next door in the Hyannis Youth and Community Center. The original plans for the center consisted of one rink and an adjacent youth center. The plan was eventually scrapped and new plans incorporated the usage of two rinks, one gymnasium, a youth center, and a raised jogging track around the gymnasium.

Closing
The rink held its last public skate on March 22, 2009. This brought to an end 52 years of skating at the rink. The rink was eventually torn down, with a marker was placed in the spot of the former rink's center ice. One of the rinks will carry on the name of Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., while the other was posthumously named after Patrick Butler, a local resident who was deeply involved in the project.

See also
Cape Cod Coliseum

References

External links
Back when the Kennedy Rink was brand-new
The Hyannis Youth & Community Center

Buildings and structures in Barnstable, Massachusetts
Indoor ice hockey venues in Massachusetts
Defunct indoor ice hockey venues in the United States
Defunct indoor arenas in Massachusetts
Sports venues completed in 1957
1957 establishments in Massachusetts
Demolished buildings and structures in Massachusetts
2009 disestablishments in Massachusetts


A field post office (FPO) is a post office set up during time of war or when a military unit is on manoeuvres. It is a place to which mail intended for military units in the field is sent to be sorted and forwarded. It is set up "in the field", hence the name, however, FPOs may be on land or at sea. Their use pre-dates the introduction of postage stamps.

History
The first British FPO was in 1808 during the Peninsular War and in 1840 the British Army used a FPO during the first Chinese War.

FPOs were also used extensively during the Crimean War.

Military post offices abroad strive to provide the same services found in their home country. Facilities are often cramped because of the amount of mail they need to handle. Today, military personnel who handle mail must be authorized and trained to do so in accordance with Postal Service and Department of Defense regulations (US). Working in a war zone and screening for hazardous contents in parcels can be dangerous, but the work does help with positive effect the mail has on morale as well as providing a vital service for the military.

Terminology
In the United States a close equivalent is the Army Post Offices (APOs), the Air Force Post Offices (AFPOs) and the Fleet Post Offices (FPOs).

In Hungary the head FPO is known as the tábori főpostahivatal while a normal FPO is an tábori postahivatal.

Equivalent terms are in use in most countries with Field Post Offices.

Collecting

Field Post Offices have special cancellations and their mail is eagerly collected by philatelists, but the cancellations are sometimes anonymised so that the place of posting is not revealed which presents collectors with a challenge.

References

Further reading
Crouch, G. and Hill, N. British Army Field Post Offices 1939-1950: Locations and Assignments, 1951.
King, Christopher. "The Prussian Field Post-Relais in Denmark 1864: Mail in Denmark Handled by the Static Prussian Field Post Offices" in The Posthorn, Scandinavia Collectors Club, November 2007. Download link
Lowe, Robson. Indian Field Post Offices 1903-04, The Aden-Yemeni Boundary Commission, The Somaliland Field Force, Robson Lowe, 1979. .
Wagner, Ryszard. History of the Polish Army Postal Service, Middle East and Italy 1940-1948, Caldra House Limited, 1992.

External links
British Forces Post Office
Field Post Cancellations from Czechoslovakia 1938
Field Post Offices in the Sudetenland 1938-45
Polish Field Post Offices during WW2 - Poczta Polowa

Philatelic terminology
Military mail

pl:Poczta polowa


Yvon Barrette (born September 16, 1946) is a Canadian actor from Alma, Quebec. He is best known for his portrayal of goaltender Denis Lemieux in 1977's Slap Shot.

Barrette trained at the National Theatre School of Canada but left in 1969 before graduation due to disagreement over the notion of creation the School had toward Quebec theatre, along with classmates Pierre Curzi, Paule Baillargeon and Gilbert Sicotte.

Filmography

References

External links

French Quebecers
Living people
People from Alma, Quebec
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male television actors
Male actors from Quebec
National Theatre School of Canada alumni
1946 births