The Boddington gold mine is a gold and copper mine located  northwest of Boddington, Western Australia.

Officially reopened on 3 February 2010, the mine has now become Australia's largest gold mine, eclipsing the Super Pit. In the 2018 financial year, Boddington gold mine produced  of gold and  of copper. Reserves at 31 December 2018 were reported as  of gold and  of copper. At 2018 production rates, this equates to reserves for  years of gold production and  years of copper production. That is, until  and  respectively.

As of 2022, Boddington is Australia's biggest producing gold mine.

History
A large open-cut mining operation, it commenced in 1987 and ceased mining on 30 November 2001 after the known oxide ore resource had been processed.

Partly owned by Normandy Mining (44.44%), Acacia Resources (33.33%) and Newcrest Mining (22.23%), the Normandy share was acquired by Newmont when it took over the company in 2002, while AngloGold took over Acacia.

In 2005, Newcrest sold its interest in Boddington for A$225 million, also to Newmont Mining.

A bedrock resource of almost  was identified and expansion of the facility to allow mining and processing of basement rock was approved in 2002. Construction on the expansion project began in May 2006. At the time it was projected that once the mine achieves full nameplate throughput it would become Australia's largest gold mine.

On 29 January 2009, Newmont announced that it had raised $1.5 billion to acquire AngloGold's ownership position of 33% in the mine and thus became sole owner. Now fully owned by Newmont Goldcorp, the mine reopened in 2009 after a major expansion project that increased the throughput to become Australia's largest gold mine.

In 2005, EPCM contract was awarded to Clough. In 2006, the EPCM contract was awarded to Aker Kvaerner. In 2010, ThyssenKrupp Robins had set up the High Pressure Grinding Rolls using the drive system provided by ABB. The Environmental impact statement for the most recent expansion in 2013 was developed by Strategen Environmental Consultants. Macmohan was assigned for the gold mining operations.

The official startup was on 23 July 2009, with the mine estimated at the time to have a 20-year life producing more than  of gold per year. The official opening of the mine was on 3 February 2010, conducted by Western Australian Premier Colin Barnett.

Newmont Mining's first  at Boddington was achieved in March 2011.

The mine is within the Saddleback Greenstone Belt, an Archaean structure in the southwestern Yilgarn Craton.

Production

Gold
Annual gold production of the mine:

Copper
Annual copper production of the mine:

See also
 List of active gold mines in Western Australia

References

Bibliography

External links

 MINEDEX website: Boddington Gold Database of the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

1987 establishments in Australia
AngloGold Ashanti
Copper mines in Western Australia
Gold mines in Western Australia
Newmont
Open-pit mines
Shire of Boddington
Surface mines in Australia


The 2010 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on Monday, May 10, 2010. The ruling President of the Philippines, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, was ineligible to seek re-election as per the 1987 Constitution, thus necessitating an election to select the 15th President.

Incumbent Vice-President Noli de Castro was allowed to seek re-election, though he could have possibly sought the presidency. As he didn't offer himself in any manner of candidacy at the election, his successor was determined as the 13th  Vice President of the Philippines. Although most presidential candidates have running mates, the president and vice president are elected separately, and the winning candidates may be of different political parties.

This election was also the first time that the Commission of Elections (COMELEC) implemented full automation of elections, pursuant to Republic Act 9369, "An Act Authorizing The Commission on Elections To Use An Automated Election System In The May 11, 1998 National or Local Elections and In Subsequent National And Local Electoral Exercises".

The results of the congressional canvassing showed that Senator Benigno Aquino III of the Liberal Party won by a plurality, although he had won with the highest percentage of votes since 1986, but not enough to have the largest margin of victory, even in elections held after 1986.

Meanwhile, in the election for the vice-presidency, Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) defeated Senator Mar Roxas of the Liberal Party in the third-narrowest margin in the history of vice presidential elections. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed in a joint session of Congress on June 9, and took their oaths on June 30, 2010. Roxas filed an electoral protest to the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET; the Supreme Court) on July 10, 2010.

Electoral system
The election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. As Joseph Estrada, who was elected in 1998, was able to run in 2010, it is undetermined if the term limit is for life, or is only limited to the incumbent.

The plurality voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency. The vice presidential election is a separate election, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing on the noon of June 30, 2010, and ending on the same day six years later.

The candidates are determined via political conventions of the different political parties. As most political parties in the Philippines are loosely structured, with most politicians switching parties from time to time, a person not nominated by a party may either run as an independent, get drafted by another party, or form their own party. The candidacy process is supervised by the Commission on Elections (usually referred by its abbreviation "COMELEC") which also regulates and holds the elections. It is not uncommon for the commission to disqualify certain candidates as "nuisance candidates" or those candidates who have no capacity to mount a nationwide campaign. This usually limits the candidates to a small number. The campaign will run for three months, beginning in early February 2010 and ending on the eve of the election.

The counting of votes is initially held in the individual voting precincts, which are all then tabulated for the different municipalities and cities, then to the provinces, and finally to Congress, which is the final canvasser of the votes. Election protests are handled by the Supreme Court, when it sits as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Timeline
The COMELEC-mandated election period for this election was from January 10 to June 9

2008

 August 26 - Then-Metro Manila Development Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando announces bid for presidency.
 September 4 - Senator Manny Villar announces bid for presidency.
 November 11 - Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay announces bid for presidency.
 November 26 - Senator Manuel Roxas is elected as party president of the Liberal Party and is nominated to be the standard-bearer.

2009

 March 12 - Former Defense Secretary Gilbert Teodoro Jr. announces bid for presidency.
 April 25 - Senator Richard Gordon announces bid for presidency.
 May 12 - Senator Panfilo Lacson announces bid for presidency.
 June 6 - Senator Lacson withdraws from presidential race.
 June 17 - Environmentalist Nicanor Perlas announces bid for presidency.
 July 14 - Senator Loren Legarda announces bid for presidency.
 July 31 - Senator Jamby Madrigal announces bid for presidency.
 August 1 - Former Philippine President Corazon Aquino dies from colorectal cancer. The country descends into a five-day period of mourning and grief for the late President.
 August 21 - Evangelist Eddie Villanueva announces bid for presidency.
 August 30 - Ang Kapatiran names Olongapo City councilor John Carlos de los Reyes as its standard-bearer.
 September 1 - Senator Roxas withdraws and supports fellow Senator Benigno Aquino III.; Jejomar Binay withdraws and supports Former President Joseph Estrada.
 September 4 - Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio and Isabela Governor Grace Padaca withdraws and supports Aquino.
 September 9 - Senator Benigno Aquino III announces bid for presidency.
 September 21 - Liberal Party completes tandem: Roxas accepts vice presidential offer of Aquino.
 September 26 - Ousted President Joseph Estrada announces bid for presidency
 October 23 - Interior and Local Government Secretary Ronaldo Puno withdraws vice presidential bid.
 October 24 - Legarda slides to vice president.
 October 28 - Amid pressures to run for president, Senator Francis Joseph G. Escudero leaves NPC
 November 13 - Lakas-Kampi-CMD completes tandem: TV personality Edu Manzano runs for vice president with Teodoro.
 November 16 - Nacionalista Party completes tandem: Villar picks Legarda for Vice President.
 November 19 - Lakas-Kampi-CMD National Convention nominates Teodoro and Manzano.
 November 23 - De los Reyes and Dominador Chipeco, Jr. (Ang Kapatiran) file certificates of candidacy for president and VP, respectively.
 November 24 - Senator Escudero withdraws from the presidential race
 November 26 - Supreme Court allows "early campaigning".
 November 28 - Aquino and Roxas (Liberal Party) file Certificates of Candidacy.
 November 29 - Nicanor Perlas (Independent) files certificate of candidacy for president.
 November 30 - Villar and Legarda (Nacionalista Party) and ; Estrada and Binay (Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino).; Villanueva and Perfecto Yasay, Jr. (Bangon Pilipinas) file Certificates of Candidacy for Pres and VP, respectively file certificates of candidacy. Hermogenes Ebdane withdraws presidential bid
 December 1–2  Teodoro and Manzano (Lakas-Kampi-CMD) file Certificates of Candidacy for President and Vce President, respectively. file; Jamby Madrigal (Independent) files for president alone ; Gordon and Fernando (Bagumbayan-VNP); Jose Sonza (KBL) files for vice president.
 December 2 - ANC Presidential Forum: Analysts and viewers say Aquino gave "strong performance" and sounded "credible" (42%). Teodoro close second (37%); flip-flops on Reproductive Health Bill position.  Villar was absent.
 December 11 - Outgoing Vice President Noli De Castro endorses Roxas for vice president.
 December 15 - Commission on Elections releases list of 16 approved candidates for president and vice-president.
 December 21 - Perlas protests disqualification at COMELEC.
 December 28 - COMELEC hears appeal and petition of disqualified candidates.
 December 21–22 - Pulse Asia Dec 2009 polls: Aquino solidifies lead in(45%) and BW-SWS (46%) presidential surveys. Legarda (37%) and Roxas (39%) are statistically tied in first place for the Pulse Asia vice-presidency survey.

2010

Election period

 January 10 - Social Weather Stations December 2009 Survey (Zamora commissioned): Villar (33%) cuts Aquino (44%) lead.
 January 14 - Perlas reinstated by COMELEC. Relatively unknown Vetellano Acosta (KBL) is also reinstated as a candidate.
 January 14 - GMA Network Vice-Presidential Forum.
 January 20 - Estrada is allowed to run after the COMELEC threw out all three disqualification cases against him.
 January 29 - De La Salle University and ANC 2010 Presidential Youth Forum Youth 2010: Audience members say Aquino, Gordon, Teodoro "made a favorable impression". Madrigal attends for the first time.  Estrada absent.
 February 8 - The Inquirer 1st Edition Presidential Debate with all candidates attending except Acosta and Estrada, with the latter citing "bias" against him.
 February 9 - Official election campaign starts
 February 9 - Campaign kickoff rallies occur at Antipolo (Lakas-Kampi-CMD), Calamba (NP), Imus (Bagumbayan-VNP), Olongapo (Ang Kapatiran), Quiapo (PMP), Rizal Park (Bangon Pilipinas Party), and Tarlac (Liberal Party).
 March 4 - COMELEC disqualifies Vetellano Acosta. His name, however, would remain in the ballot although votes that would be cast for him will be considered invalid.
 March 21 - ABS-CBN and ANC Vice-Presidential Debate: Analysts and viewers say that Roxas is seen as "most credible candidate" (54%) with Binay, Fernando tie in second (13%) and Yasay (11%); Legarda fared poorly (4%). Absent was Chipeco and Manzano whose absence drew comments on social-networking sites. Analysts point out also not "to belittle" the underdogs and praised Binay, Yasay and Sonza.
 March 28 - A number of Lakas-Kampi-CMD stalwarts leave party to support Villar. The Liberal Party says these defections are "completing the Villarroyo [Villar-Arroyo] puzzle".  Malacañang downplays defections and denies alliance with Villar.
 March 30 - Teodoro resigns as Lakas-Kampi-CMD Chairman to focus on campaign. This fuels further speculation that President Arroyo is dropping her financial support for her party in exchange of new support in  Villar due to "winnability". Sarangani Governor and party president Miguel Dominguez and secretary-general Francis Manglapus follows in less than 24 hours.  Malacañang denies speculations that the resignations have something to do with rumors that Pres. Arroyo has decided to support another presidential candidate.
 April 6 - Pulse Asia March 2010 survey: Villar (25%) falls 4 points as Aquino (37%) widens lead. According to Pulse Asia, this was mainly due to the Villarroyo issue. This came at the heels of talks that Villar is the "secret candidate" of Pres. Arroyo, a charge that he denies.
 April 10 – May 10 – Overseas absentee voting continuing until May 10 (Election day). Two polling precincts encountered technical problems in Hong Kong, raising concerns on the automation system.
 April 28–30 – Local absentee voting for government officials, teachers performing election duties outside of their precincts, members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and operatives of the Philippine National Police (PNP) starts.
 April 29 – COMELEC rejects proposals of a parallel manual count aside from the official tabulation.
 First Week of May - Smartmatic-TIM recalls the Compact Flash Cards (CFC) of all Precinct Count Optical Scanner (PCOS) Machines due to the machines not counting the votes correctly due to the spacing of the ballot. These were found out after testing. By Election Day, 99% of all CF Cards were already delivered. The remaining 1% was due to some inaccessible precincts.
 May 2 – Kingdom of Jesus Christ leader Pastor Apollo Quiboloy finally endorses Gilbert Teodoro for president. and Mar Roxas for vice president
 May 3 - Manila Standard Today Presidential Survey: Aquino leads with Estrada overtaking Villar.
 May 5 - Iglesia ni Cristo endorses the tandem of Benigno Aquino III and Mar Roxas (Liberal Party). Voting as a block, the INC has an estimated command votes of 5-8 million.
 May 8 – The Supreme Court junks petitions to postpone the elections due to the technical difficulties found with the issue of the CF Cards
 May 10 — Election Day
 May 10 –  COMELEC extends the voting hours until 7 pm.
 May 11 – After initial election results, De los Reyes, Gordon, Teodoro, Villar and Villanueva conceded defeat to Aquino in the presidential race while Estrada says he won't concede and will wait for the congressional canvass. Chipeco, Legarda, Manzano and Yasay conceded defeat in the vice presidential race.
 May 25 – Congress approves the rules for the canvassing of the Certificates of Canvass for the presidential and vice-presidential positions.
 May 26 – The National Board of Canvassers through the Joint Canvassing Committee composed of evenly of both the Senate and the House of Representatives convene.
 May 28 – Canvassing finally starts with the first certificate of canvass (COC) from Laos to be opened.
 May 31 – June 4 - The issue of null votes i.e. overvotes, undervotes, abstentions, were raised by the Aquino-Roxas Bantay Balota (Aquino and Roxas Ballot Watch). COMELEC, however, stated that the rule on null votes is equivalent on the rule on stray votes before automation, thus  the rules on stray or null votes would apply even if votes were manually counted in an electoral protest.
 June 4 - Several municipalities which declared failure of Elections on May 10 hold rescheduled elections. These were mostly in Lanao del Sur.
 June 8 – Canvassing ends with Aquino (15,208,678) and Binay (14,645,574) winning the presidential and vice presidential elections.
 June 9 – In a speedy deliberation in a public session, the Congress approves the report of the Joint Committee officially proclaiming Aquino and Binay the winners. Through a speech read by his son Senator Jinggoy Estrada, Estrada concedes and promises to support Aquino.
 June 9 - Congress proclaims Senator Benigno Aquino III as president-elect and Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay as vice president-elect of the Republic of the Philippines.

Post-election period

 June 30 - Aquino and Binay inaugurated as president and vice president of the Philippines.
 July 10 – Roxas files an electoral protest against Binay at the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET). Binay's camp shrugged off the protest and says that tribunal will "uphold his victory".
 July 12 – The Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET) declares the electoral protest of Roxas "sufficient in form and substance". The PET issues summons to Binay to respond to the protest within ten days.

Candidates
In the Philippines, the multi-party system is implemented. Sometimes a coalition of different parties are made. Notable this year is the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino–PDP–Laban and Nacionalista Party–NPC coalitions. Each party hosts candidates who go through a process to determine the presidential nominee for that party.

The Commission on Elections released its list of 16 approved candidates for president and vice-president on December 15. One disqualified candidate, Perlas, was reinstated.

This is arranged by the presidential candidates' surname.

Opinion polls

The Philippines has two primary opinion polling companies: Social Weather Stations (SWS) and Pulse Asia.

For president
Plotted as a 3-period moving average of the surveys.

For vice president
Plotted as a 3-period moving average of the surveys.

Exit poll
SWS conducted an exit poll. SWS's 2004 exit poll missed by a large margin the result.

According to the SWS exit poll, 45% of Muslims voted for Binay, while only 17% chose Roxas and 28% for Legarda. About 75% of the members of the Iglesia ni Cristo voted for Roxas. Despite having the endorsement of several Catholic bishops, de los Reyes only got 0.2% of the Catholic vote, while Aquino, despite being branded by some Catholic organizations as not pro-life, got 44%.

President

Vice President

Results
The candidate in each position with the highest number of votes is declared the winner; there is no runoff. Congress shall canvass the votes in joint public session.

When there are two or more candidates who have the highest and an equal number of votes, Congress, voting separately via majority vote will choose from these candidates, who have the highest and equal number of votes, who is to be the president.

The Supreme Court shall "be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice President".

There are several parallel tallies, with the Congressional canvass the official tally. The COMELEC used the election returns from the polling precincts; the Congress as the national board of canvassers will base their official tally from the certificates of canvass from the provinces and cities, which were derived from the election returns. The accredited citizen's arm, the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) also used the election returns from the polling precincts. In theory, all tallies must be identical.

For president

Congress in joint session as the National Board of Canvassers convened in the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Only a committee canvassed the votes, with the same number of members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

On June 8, Congress finished canvassing all of the votes, with the final canvass showing that Aquino and Binay had won. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed as president-elect and vice president-elect in a joint session on June 9. The president-elect and vice president-elect were inaugurated on June 30, 2010. Aquino, son of the 11th president Corazon Aquino, became the second child of a former president to become president themselves after his immediate predecessor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, whose father was the 9th president Diosdado Macapagal.

In case a president has not been determined by June 30, the vice president-elect shall act as president until a president has been determined. If both positions have not yet been determined, the President of the Senate, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives if the former is unable to do so, shall act as president. Congress shall enact a law on who acts as president if neither of the officials already stated are unable to do so.

By region

For vice president

The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the vice presidency. In case when two or more candidates have the highest number of votes, one of them shall be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.

By region

Close provinces/cities

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:
Guimaras: 0.08% (Nacionalista win)
Lanao del Norte: 0.31% (Liberal win)
Nueva Vizcaya: 1.20% (PMP win)
San Juan: 1.53% (Liberal win)
Abra: 1.99% (PMP win)
Sulu: 3.33% (Liberal win)
Palawan: 3.35% (PMP win)
Cagayan: 3.78% (PMP win)
Agusan del Sur: 4.85% (Liberal win)

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:
Ilocos Sur: 0.48% (Liberal win)
Absentee voters: 0.64% (Liberal win)
Marinduque: 2.07% (Liberal win)
Palawan: 2:30% (PDP-Laban)
South Cotabato: 3.36% (PDP-Laban win)
Zamboanga del Norte: 3.82% (Liberal win)
Albay: 4.07% (Liberal win)
Agusan del Norte: 4.44% (Liberal win)
Quezon: 4.54% (PDP-Laban win)
Zamboanga City: 4.62% (PDP-Laban win)
Camarines Norte: 4.72% (PDP-Laban win)

Unofficial tallies

COMELEC
The COMELEC originally released results for president and vice president based from election returns but stopped in order not to preempt Congress. The COMELEC held their tally at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay.

PPCRV
The PPCRV held their tally at the Pope Pius Center in Manila.

Voter demographics

President

Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia

Vice President

Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia

Campaign expenses
According to the Fair Elections Act, the COMELEC's cap on spending is 10 pesos per voter for each candidate and another 5 pesos per voter for one's political party; since there are about 50 million voters, a candidate can spend up to 500 million pesos and a party can spend an additional 250 million pesos.

The following is a list of published campaign expenses; the COMELEC has no ability to confirm if these were true.

See also
Naging Mahirap, Manuel Villar's campaign jingle

Literature

References

External links
Official website of the Commission on Elections
Official Congressional Results
Congressional Canvass Tally Board – Main Site

Partial and Unofficial Results
Philippines 2010 Election Results - Main Site
Philippines 2010 Election Results - Alternate Site
PPCRV Map Viewer - PPCRV Encoded Site
PPCRV Map Viewer - PPCRV Site
NAMFREL - 2010 PARALLEL COUNT - NAMFREL Site
HALALAN 2010: Latest Comelec official results - ABS-CBN Site
ELEKSYON 2010: National Election Results Tally - GMA Site
ELEKSYON 2010: Regional Election Results Tally - GMA Site
Auto-Vote 2010: Presidential Election Results - Hatol ng Bayan Site
Auto-Vote 2010: Vice-Presidential Election Results - Hatol ng Bayan Site
The Vote 2010 Election Results Tally - Bombo Radyo Site

NGOs
 Official website of National Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL)
Official website of the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV)

Media websites
Halalan 2010 - Election coverage by ABS-CBN
Eleksyon 2010 - Election coverage by GMA Network
Pagbabago 2010 - Election coverage by TV5
Hatol ng Bayan Auto Vote 2010 - Election coverage by Government Media Group (NBN, RPN, IBC, PBS, PNA, PIA, BCS)

.
2010
2010 elections in the Philippines

ms:Pilihan raya Filipina 2010
pl:Wybory powszechne na Filipinach w 2010 roku


Ebba Margareta Haslund Halvorsen (12 August 1917 – 10 July 2009) was an American-Norwegian novelist, writer of short stories, playwright, essayist, children's writer, literary critic, radio speaker and politician.

Early and personal life
Haslund was born in Seattle, Washington as the daughter of Frantz Philip Haslund (1883–1974) and Ebba Margareta Gillblad (1890–1957). Haslund has described her father as an "adventurer", and they travelled regularly during her early life. She became a student in 1935, and studied languages in both England, Germany and France before World War II. She graduated from the University of Oslo in 1941 with the cand.philol. degree. In 1940 she married businessman Sverre Fjeld Halvorsen (1910–2005), who was imprisoned at Grini and in Poland during World War II, but survived.

Haslund used to live in Blommenholm, but died, aged 91, in Oslo.

Career

Literary career
Haslund made her literary debut in 1945 with the short story collection Også vi –. The following year came the publication of her first novel, Siste halvår, about the adolescence of young girls. The independent continuation Det hendte ingenting (1948) was virtually ignored by the press at the time, but has later been regarded as one of her most important books. Narrated by shy Edle Henriksen, a student at the University of Oslo in 1939, the novel is about friendship among three women students, as well as Edle's unrealized lesbian longing. It was translated into English in 1987, with the title Nothing Happened. Hafslund's literary breakthrough was proclaimed with the  emerging of Middag hos Molla (1951), and again with her next novel, Krise i august (1954).

Haslund has written several audio plays for radio. Her debut as playwright was the audio play Himmelsk dilemma (1952). Her play Kjære Nils (1956) was awarded a prize for "best audio play for children". She was a board member of the Writers' Guild of Norway from 1961 to 1967, and vice chair from 1967 to 1974.

She has written several books for children and youth, such as Frøken Askeladd (1953), Barskinger på Brånåsen (1960), and Mor streiker (1981). A selection of her essays is found in the collections Født til klovn (1977), Kvinner, fins de? (1980) and Hønesvar til hanefar (1983). She has also written three memoir books, Som plommen i egget (1987), Med vingehest i manesjen (1989) and Ikke naken, ikke kledd (1992).

She worked as a literary critic for Aftenposten from 1970 to 1990, and editor-in-chief of the magazine Ordet from 1966 to 1967. She was a columnist in several newspapers, including Klassekampen and Budstikka.

Organisational work
Haslund was board member of the Norwegian branch of International PEN from 1955 to 1957, and vice chairman from 1964 to 1967. She was a board member of Forfatterforeningen av 1952—a breakaway faction of the Norwegian Authors' Union which lasted from 1952 to 1966—from 1961 to 1963 and chaired the Norwegian Writers for Children from 1965 to 1970. In the Norwegian Authors' Union she was a board member from 1966 to 1970, vice chairman from 1970 to 1971 and chairman from 1971 to 1975. She received honorary membership in the Norwegian Authors' Union in 1975, and in the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1995. For the rest of her life she was the only honorary member of the Association for Women's Rights. She was a member of the board of Riksteateret from 1969 to 1977, a member of the Norwegian Language Council from 1976 to 1980 and a deputy member of the Arts Council Norway from 1977 to 1980. She was also a board member of Klassekampen.

Politician
Haslund served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo during the term 1958–1961 and from Akershus during the term 1961–1965. She took John Lyng's seat while he served as Prime Minister between August and September 1963. Despite her affiliation to the Conservative Party of Norway at that time, she was called "Red Ebba" during her time in the Norwegian Authors' Union. She was inspired by the radical feminism of the 1960s and 1970s, especially by the activity of Norwegian researcher and socialist politician Berit Ås. In a 2007 interview Haslund stated that she does not vote Conservative, but Liberal.

Awards
Ebba Haslund was awarded the Norwegian Booksellers' Prize in 1966 for the novel Det trange hjerte, and the Riksmål Society Literature Prize for Syndebukkens krets in 1968. She received the Ossietzky Award in 2006 and the Fritt Ord Honorary Award in 2007.

References

1917 births
2009 deaths
Writers from Seattle
Bærum politicians
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Norwegian children's writers
Norwegian essayists
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian feminists
Norwegian literary critics
Norwegian women literary critics
Norwegian women non-fiction writers
Norwegian columnists
Norwegian magazine editors
Norwegian women short story writers
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian women novelists
Norwegian women essayists
American women children's writers
American children's writers
Norwegian women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Norwegian short story writers
20th-century American essayists
20th-century Norwegian politicians
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian women writers
20th-century Norwegian women politicians
Women magazine editors
Norwegian women editors
Norwegian women columnists
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
21st-century American women


Safavī ( 'related to Safī') may refer to :

Safavi (surname), a Persian surname, best known as the surname of the royal family of the Safavid dynasty
Safavid order, a Sufi order founded by Safi-ad-din Ardabili
Safavid dynasty which ruled Iran from the 16th to the 18th century

See also

Safavid Iran, or Safavid Persia, or the Safavid Empire


Inside Kung-Fu was a monthly United States magazine founded in December 1973. Its last issue was in April 2011.

History
The magazine featured articles on modern wushu and kung fu as well as tournaments and events in the United States and China. The magazine also covered the Filipino martial arts, reality-based self-defense, and martial arts movies. It had annually inducted martial artists into its Hall of Fame. The website of the magazine was started in 2006, with the owner being Action Pursuit Group Media. Inside Kung-Fu also started a YouTube account in 2007 and uploaded videos on southeast Asian martial arts, martial arts weapons and mixed martial arts. The magazine is relaunching its brand in 2022 with new owners leading the way, Dave Cater, Al Garza, and Al Garza II.

In 1997, an Inside Kung Fu former columnist received a restraining order for allegedly stalking television actress Sophia Crawford.

See also
Black belt magazine
Kung Fu Magazine
Journal of Asian Martial Arts

References

External links
Inside Kung-Fu
MA Mags

insidekungfu.live]/
InsidekungfuO]
youtube]
 (Twitter)

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Sports magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1973
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Martial arts magazines
Magazines published in California


Fr. Thomas Cawley (11 October 1878 – 6 May 1949) was an Irish priest, writer and playwright.

Born in Craughwell, County Galway, to Patrick Cawley and Julia Carr, he was ordained on 23 June 1907. In his student days he collected folklore, published in Iris Leabhar Manuat under the pen-name Killura (the old name of Craughwell). There is a strong belief in the Cawley family that he collected Raftery's poems and gave them to Douglas Hyde. He was involved in the Killeeneen Feis as secretary, and thus knew Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn, W.B. Yeats, and were jointly responsible for erecting a headstone over the grave of Raftery. The Cawley family of Craughwell possess an oil portrait of him. He was the granduncle of Rev. Martin Coen.

Bibliography

 Máire Ní Eidhín a bilingual comedy, Dublin, M.H. Gill, 1905.
 An Irish Parish: its sunshine and shadow, Boston, Angel Guardian Press, 1911
 Leading Lights all, Connacht Tribune, Galway, 1913.
 Review of Leading Lights all in Connacht Tribune, 28 June 1913.

References

 Galway Authors, Helen Maher, 1976.

1878 births
1949 deaths
Writers from County Galway
Christian clergy from County Galway
Irish writers
20th-century Irish Anglican priests


The Amphitrite-class monitors were a class of four U.S. Navy monitors ordered in the aftermath of the Virginius affair with Spain in 1873. The four ships of the class included , , , and .  A fifth ship originally of the same design, , was later fitted with extra armor and designated as a unique class.

Puritan and the Amphitrite class were to remain under construction for an extraordinarily long period due both to design changes and to the reluctance of the US Congress to appropriate funds for their completion. Most of the vessels were only commissioned in the mid-1890s—more than twenty years after the commencement of construction. They were eventually to see active service in the Spanish–American War.

Virginius affair

On 1 October 1873, the American-flagged merchant ship Virginius was intercepted by the Spanish Navy on suspicion of supplying provisions and personnel to a Cuban insurgency. A few days later, 53 crew and passengers of Virginius were summarily executed by the Spanish, including several Americans and Britons, creating a serious diplomatic crisis. While war was apparently imminent, a Spanish ironclad was coincidentally berthed in New York Harbor, drawing attention to the fact that the U.S. Navy had not a single ironclad in serviceable condition for the defence of America's ports.

Design
The Amphitrite-class monitors were designed with a displacement of  but at trials  only had a displacement of . They had an overall length of  and a length at the waterline of . They measured  at the beam with a  draft. They were manned by a total crew of 19 officers and 164 enlisted men.

The Amphitrites were powered by compound steam engines, except , which used triple expansion engines, that drove two screw propellers. Steam was generated by four single-ended steam boilers that were designed to generated  with a top speed of , but on trials Miantonomoh only produced  with a top speed of .

The ships were armed with main battery of four /30 caliber guns, with 10-inch/31 caliber, later modified to 10-inch/35 caliber, guns being used on Miantonomoh. The secondary battery consisted of four 6-pounder  guns. The main belt armor was  in the middle tapering to  at the ends. The gun turrets were . The Amphitrites also had a  deck.

Construction
In the years following the American Civil War, the US Congress had allowed the Navy to fall into disrepair as the nation focussed its energies on reconstruction and westward expansion.

The Robeson subterfuge
Secretary of the Navy George Robeson wasted no time in bringing the Navy's lack of readiness to the attention of Congress, which hastily allocated a million dollars for the overhaul of five of the larger twin-turret Civil-War era monitors—, , ,  and . These vessels were in such poor condition however, that Robeson took it upon himself to use the money to build five entirely new monitors instead, under the guise of "repairing" the old ones. In furtherance of this scheme, he gave the new monitors identical names to the old, and authorized the scrapping of the latter to help pay for the new construction.

As the Navy's own shipyards lacked the capability to build ironclads at this time, Robeson approached four private shipyards—Harlan & Hollingsworth, William Cramp & Sons, John Roach & Sons and the Continental Iron Works, and offered them his "repair" contracts for Amphitrite, Terror, Miantonomoh and Puritan respectively. A fifth contract, for Monadnock, was accepted by a New York entrepreneur, Phineas Burgess. Continental Iron Works was the only firm to decline Robeson's offer, and consequently John Roach & Sons accepted the contracts to build both Puritan and Miantonomoh. However, Continental Iron Works would still participate in construction of the monitors through its supply of prefabricated ship parts to Burgess. The terms for each contractor were identical—a set of three contracts which covered respectively the building of the frames, installation of hull plates, and installation of the engines and boilers. The third contract was left unsigned in each case until the first two had been fulfilled.

Since Robeson had been unable to secure funding for new warship construction, he hoped to be able to complete the ships from the Navy's annual repair and maintenance budget, but in the wake of the Virginius incident, the Navy increased the number of its personnel and also conducted a series of Naval demonstrations, all of which reduced available funds. Robeson resorted to cannibalizing many of the old Civil War era ironclads to sell as scrap to the shipbuilders in lieu of cash payments. The Cramp shipyard received four old monitors for scrapping, including . John Roach & Sons, which had its own iron mill and could directly recycle scrap iron, received the most ironclads for scrapping—the original Miantonomoh and Puritan, in addition to the s , , , , ,  and . The scrap value of Puritan was estimated at $43,000 and that of the Casco class from $7,000 to $20,000 each. Roach also received several other vessels for scrap including the screw frigate  and the screw sloop —fourteen ships in total, including the monitors.

In spite of these ad hoc measures, Robeson soon ran out of money. In 1876, he was forced to ask Congress for an appropriation of $2,300,000 to complete the five new monitors. A few days before leaving office, he decided to sign the third (machinery) contracts for all five vessels, in hope that the incoming administration would honor them. He also awarded a new $997,642 contract to Roach for the fitting of additional armor to Puritan.

Cancellation of contracts, 1877

When the Hayes administration came to power in 1877, it appointed a new Secretary of the Navy, Richard W. Thompson, to replace Robeson. Thompson was shocked to discover the total indebtedness of the Navy to be in excess of seven million dollars, and he quickly slashed expenditures across the board by fifty percent. Considering the Amphitrite-class contracts signed by Robeson in his last days in office to be illegal, Thompson initiated an independent review. An ad hoc committee confirmed his opinion, and the contracts for all five monitors were cancelled.

The four shipyards which had contracted to build the monitors were now forced to retain the cancelled ships in an unfinished state on their slipways at their own expense, while their debts went unpaid. Roach, for example, was owed in excess of $500,000 by the Navy, the interest alone for which amounted to $30,000 per annum. He was even compelled by the government to retain a watchman, again at his own expense, to guard the unfinished warships. The shipyard of Phineas Burgess, set up in Vallejo, California specifically to build Monadnock, was forced into receivership by the cancellation. Burgess' heirs sued the government for compensation and in 1897 won a settlement of $129,311.45.

Reinstatement of contracts, 1880s
By the time the Garfield administration assumed office in 1881, the Navy's condition had deteriorated still further. A review conducted on behalf of the new Secretary of the Navy, William H. Hunt, found that of 140 vessels on the Navy's active list, only 52 were in an operational state, of which a mere 17 were iron-hulled ships, including 14 ageing Civil War era ironclads. Hunt recognized the necessity of modernizing the Navy, and set up an informal advisory board to make recommendations.

Following this board's recommendations, Congress in August 1882 tentatively authorized the completion of the Amphitrite-class monitors to the launching stage, including the installation of engines and boilers. It also set up a permanent Naval Advisory Board to make further recommendations. The new Board eventually recommended the construction of several new protected cruisers and a dispatch vessel, as well as the completion of the Amphitrite-class monitors including the extra armor for Puritan. Congress approved these recommendations on 3 March 1883.

Naval yard delays, 1883–1896

After their launching, Congress decided to have the five monitors completed at the Navy's own shipyards. Amphitrite was transferred from the Harlan & Hollingsworth shipyard to the Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia; Monadnock from the Burgess yard to the Mare Island Navy Yard in Solano County, California; while Terror from William Cramp & Sons and Miantonomoh and Puritan from John Roach & Sons were all taken for completion to the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.

Following their transfer to the Navy yards, the ships were to suffer even longer delays due to repeated design changes, and construction proceeded at a snail's pace. A major redesign occurred in 1886, when it was decided to fit each vessel with four 10-inch breechloading cannon, and another redesign occurred in 1889. The first of the five monitors to be fully commissioned was Miantonomoh, on 27 October 1891; however, the other four vessels were not to enter service until 1895–96, more than two decades after the commencement of their construction in 1874–75.

In service

By the 1890s, the monitor concept was well and truly obsolete, if indeed it had ever been optimal. Monitor warships suffered a variety of well known defects, the most obvious of which was the type's poor suitability to oceangoing service, due mainly to the very low freeboard—a feature originally included as a means of reducing the vessel's exposure to enemy fire. Other problems which diminished the type's practicality for seagoing service were the low speed and short range due to a lack of space for fuel. An additional problem was the lack of ventilation which often made for almost unbearable heat below deck (the engine room of one particular monitor once recorded a temperature of ). On the positive side, monitors were considered stable gun platforms and could generally be fitted with larger guns than more conventional vessels of an equivalent tonnage.

The Amphitrite class suffered from all the usual monitor defects (as did Puritan which was eventually redesignated as a unique class due to her extra armor), and their combat limitations quickly became evident during the Spanish–American War. For example, during one sortie to Puerto Rico, USS Amphitrite had to be taken under tow as she lacked the fuel reserves to travel there under her own steam, reducing the speed of the entire fleet to a mere seven knots. Having arrived at the destination, Amphitrites heavy guns proved effective against shore defences, but the heat within the ship was so oppressive during the 2 hour bombardment that the crew found it almost impossible to continue manning their posts, and one of the gunners actually died of heat exhaustion.

Monadnock, meanwhile, earned the distinction of becoming one of only two U.S. Navy monitors ever to cross the Pacific Ocean when she sailed for the Philippines theater in the same year, after which she remained in the Far East for the rest of her career. The other Amphitrites were withdrawn from frontline service after the war, and became training ships. USS Amphitrite saw some service in home waters during World War I, and was the last of the Amphitrite class to be decommissioned, on 31 May 1919.

See also

Footnotes

References

 Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (DANFS), Naval Historical Center.
 Silverstone, Paul H. (2006): The New Navy, 1883–1922, CRC Press, , p. 18.
 Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr. (1965): John Roach, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor 1862–1886 – United States Naval Institute (reprinted 1980 by Ayer Publishing, ).
 Tyler, David B. (1958): The American Clyde: A History of Iron and Steel Shipbuilding on the Delaware from 1840 to World War I, University of Delaware Press (reprinted 1992, ).

Monitor classes


The 1960 NCAA College Division basketball tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA College Division college basketball as a culmination of the 1959-60 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. It was won by the University of Evansville and Evansville's Ed Smallwood was the Most Outstanding Player.

Regional participants

Regionals

Northeast - Winooski, Vermont
Location: unknown Host: Saint Michael's College

Third Place - Assumption 94, Le Moyne 68

South - Owensboro, Kentucky
Location: Owensboro Sportscenter Host: Kentucky Wesleyan College

Third Place - Belmont Abbey 70, Johnson C. Smith 59

East - Staten Island, New York
Location: Sutter Gym Host: Wagner College

Third Place - Upsala 74, Drexel 69

Mideast - Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: Evansville College

Third Place - Buffalo 53, Arkansas State 52

Great Lakes - Wheaton, Illinois
Location: Alumni Gymnasium Host: Wheaton College

Third Place - Milwaukee 109, Augustana 82

Pacific Coast - Fresno, California
Location: North Gym Host: Fresno State College

Third Place - Trinity 72, San Francisco State 64

Midwest - Galesburg, Illinois
Location: Memorial Gym Host: Knox College

Third Place - South Dakota State 93, Wartburg 77

Southwest - Kirksville, Missouri
Location: Pershing Arena Host: Northeast Missouri State Teachers College

Third Place - Lamar 88, Colorado College 67

*denotes each overtime played

National Finals - Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: Evansville College

Third Place - Kentucky Wesleyan 86, Cornell 76

*denotes each overtime played

All-tournament team
 Gary Auten (Kentucky Wesleyan)
 Tom Cooke (Chapman)
 William Jones (American)
 Ed Smallwood (Evansville)
 Dale Wise (Evansville)

See also
 1960 NCAA University Division basketball tournament
 1960 NAIA Basketball Tournament

References

Sources
 2010 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship Tournament Records and Statistics: Division II men's basketball Championship
 1960 NCAA College Division Men's Basketball Tournament jonfmorse.com

NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament
Tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament


The Union Québécoise de Réhabilitation des Oiseaux de Proie (Quebec's Birds of Prey Rehabilitation Union) is a non profit organization created in 1987. Its mission is to provide help for the conservation of both birds of prey and their natural environment. It has two divisions: the "Clinique des Oiseaux de Proie" (Birds of Prey Clinic) and an information office to publicize the plight of these endangered birds. It is located in Quebec, Canada.

The UQROP receives no government subsidies.

External links
UQROP website

Organizations based in Quebec


Rev. Martin Coen was an Irish priest and historian (6 October 1933 – 2 December 1997).

Coen was a grandnephew of Fr. Thomas Cawley (1878–1949) and a great-grandnephew of Fr. Edward Holland, O.D.C. (1838–1918). Born at Raheen House, Gort, to Thomas Coen and Mary Holland, he was educated at Kiltartan national school and St. Mary's College, Galway (1947–52). He studied for the priesthood in the Irish College in Rome and was ordained in 1958.

Fr. Martin Coen died on 2 December 1997 and is buried in Ballymore Cemetery, Craughwell, Co. Galway.

Select bibliography

 The Wardenship of Galway, 1791-1831, private circulation, 1967.
 Researcher for The Life of John Phillip Holland by R.N. Morris, Annapolis, 1966
 Dr. Edmund Ffrench, Galway, The Presentation Convent, n.d.
 The Mantle 1958-74, contributed forty articles.
 The Irish College in Rome, in Bethleham, Dublin, 1959.
 History of St. Mary's College in Altra, Galway, 1963.

References

 Galway Authors, Helen Maher, 1976.
 In Memorium, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, Vol 50 (1998) pp. 218–219.

1933 births
1993 deaths
People from County Galway
20th-century Irish Anglican priests
20th-century Irish historians
Irish writers


Archbishop M.C. O'Neill High School is a Catholic secondary education institute located in the Coronation Park neighbourhood of north Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada currently celebrating its 50th anniversary. It is officially designated as a community school. The student population is made up of individuals from the north, west, and central areas of town.

Named for a former local archbishop, Michael C. O'Neill, the school, a part of Regina Catholic Schools, offers instruction in both English and French Immersion.

Its feeder elementary schools include Sacred Heart Community School, St. Angela Merici School, St. Francis Community School, St. Gregory School, St. Joan of Arc School, St. Josaphat School, St. Mary School, St. Michael Community School, St. Peter School and St. Timothy School.

Clubs
Astronomy
Canteen
Assembly Band
Drama
Elevation Axis
Improv
Light & Sound
Rock Band
SADD
SRC
Yearbook

Sports
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Curling
Football
Golf
Hockey
Soccer
Softball
Track and Field
Volleyball
Wrestling

Notable alumni
Carm Carteri, former CFL player
Jordan Eberle, Current NHL player for the New York Islanders (attended but did not graduate)
Pat Fiacco, former mayor of Regina
Ken McEachern, former CFL player with the Saskatchewan Roughriders
Mike Sillinger, former NHL player
Randy Srochenski, CFL player
Mike Thurmeier, Academy Award-nominated animator

Affiliated communities
Argyle Park/Englewood (pop. 3990)
Coronation Park (pop. 6555)
Dieppe (pop. 1815)
McNab (pop. 1505)
Normanview (pop. 4280)
Normanview West (pop. 3240)
North Central (pop. 10,350)
Northeast (pop. 7090)
Prairie View (pop. 6325)
Regent Park (pop. 2755)
Rosemont/Mount Royal (pop. 8485)
Sherwood/McCarthy (pop. 6695)
Twin Lakes (pop. 5510)
Uplands (pop. 5610)
Walsh Acres/Lakeridge (pop. 7100)

References

External links
Archbishop M.C. O'Neill Catholic High School

High schools in Regina, Saskatchewan
Catholic secondary schools in Saskatchewan
Educational institutions established in 1966
1966 establishments in Saskatchewan


Rosemary Low is a British aviculturist, ornithologist, conservationist, writer and expert on parrots.

Low started her career as a writer for the magazine, Cage and Aviary Birds. At that time, she and her husband had a collection of about 50 parrots. Following their separation she spent nearly eight years in the Canary Islands where she was curator of two major collections of parrots, first at Loro Parque on Tenerife and subsequently at Palmitos Park on Gran Canaria.  She served as editor of the PsittaScene Magazine published by the World Parrot Trust until 2004. She has stated that her three main goals are: “to widely publish information which will lead to a better standard of care for captive birds, to reduce the demand for wild-caught parrots, and to promote and assist with parrot conservation projects.”

Publications
As well as hundreds of articles and scientific papers, books authored or coauthored by Low include:
 1968 – Aviary Birds. Arco Publications: London.
 1972 – The Parrots of South America. John Gifford: London.
 1976 – Beginner’s Guide to Birdkeeping. Pelham Books: London.
 1977 – Lories and Lorikeets: the Brush-Tongued Parrots. Paul Elek: London.
 1979 – Parrots and cockatoos. (Illustrated by Elizabeth Butterworth, text by Rosemary Low). Fischer Fine Art: London.
 1980 – Parrots, their care and breeding. Blandford Press: Poole.
 1983 – Amazon parrots: a monograph. (With Elizabeth Butterworth). Rodolphe d'Erlanger/Basilisk Press: London.
 1984 – Endangered Parrots. Blandford Press: Poole.
 1985 – Keeping Parrots. Blandford Press: Poole.
 1986 – Parrots, their care and breeding. (Revised and enlarged edition). Blandford Press: Poole.
 1986 – The Complete Book of Canaries. (With Ken Denham). Murdoch Books: UK.
 1987 – Hand-Rearing Parrots and Other Birds. Blandford Press: Poole.
 1988 – Parrots – a complete guide. Merehurst: London.
 1990 – Macaws – a complete guide. Merehurst: London.
 1992 – Parrots in Aviculture: A Photo Reference Guide. (With Ron Moat). Mattachione, Silvio, & Company.
 1993 – Cockatoos in Aviculture. Blandford Press: Poole.
 1994 – Endangered Parrots. (Revised edition). Blandford Press: Poole.
 1998 – Encyclopedia of the Lories. Hancock House: Blaine, Washington.
 1998 – Parrot Breeding. Rob Harvey: Farnham.
 1999 – The Loving Care of Pet Parrots. Hancock House Publishing.
 2000 – Why Does My Parrot…? Souvenir Press.
 2003 – Fabulous feathers, remarkable birds. Blackie: London.
 2003 – Caiques. DONA Publications: Komenskeho.
 2005 – Amazon Parrots: Aviculture, Trade and Conservation. Author.
 2006 – A Guide to Grey Parrots As Pet and Aviary Birds. Australian Bird Keeper: Tweed Heads.
 2006 – The Parrot Companion. New Holland: London.
 2007 – A Century of Parrots. Insignis Publications: Mansfield.
 2014 - Understanding Parrots - Cues from nature. INSiGNIS Publications, Mansfield.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aviculturists
British ornithological writers
British environmentalists
British women environmentalists
Aviculture
Women ornithologists
British women curators
British women non-fiction writers


Émile Henry may refer to:

 Emile Henry (ceramic), a French manufacturer of ceramic products
 Émile Henry (anarchist) (1872–1894), French anarchist


Massangena is a river town in Massangena District of Gaza Province in south-western Mozambique.  It lies on the river Save River (Africa).

History
Between 1740 and 1775 there were many attempts by the Portuguese to explore inland by way of travelling up the Save River. The farthest any of these missions got was Massangena. Seven attempts were made to go further in the 1750s and 1760s, and one attempt was made in 1775.  All eight of these missions met with disaster. The first mission failed when the many members of the expedition came down with malaria. The second mission stumbled upon numerous hippopotami and many members of the expedition were killed or wounded by the startled animals. The third suffered a similar fate, however, it was crocodiles that befell them. The forth mission failed when torrential downpours in December made travel impossible. The fifth mission, as with the first, failed on account of a severe outbreak of malaria. The fifth expedition, led by Portuguese explorers Manuel Gomes and Agostinho Cabeçadas suffered from a leopard attack in which both of the aforementioned explorers, who were the leaders of the expedition were mauled by the same leopard a few miles northwest of Massangena. The sixth expedition was destroyed when their camp was overrun by an elephant and expedition leader João da Madalena was trampled to death, also a few miles northwest of Massangena. The sixth and seventh expeditions were attacked by the armed bands of the Tsonga people and were forced to turn back. And the eighth expedition was struck by a series of disasters, the first of which involving an incident with a Mozambique spitting cobra which rendered the leader of the expedition temporarily blind and one of the bearers severely wounded, and another involving several bearers being killed and wounded by a hippopotamus, also several miles northwest of Massangena. For this reason the area to northwest of Massangena, which is roughly today's Masvingo Province of Zimbabwe, was labelled as "desconhecida" and/or "inexplorada" on Portuguese maps by the late 1770s and early 1780s.

References

Populated places in Gaza Province


Navarretia squarrosa (skunkbush, skunkweed, or California stinkweed) is a spreading annual plant from North America which is noted for its skunk-like odour. It grows to between 10 and 60 cm in height and has tubular lilac pink to deep blue flowers up to 12 mm in diameter in dense terminal heads, encircled by spiny sepals and bracts. The leaves are pinnately lobed and spiny.

Occurrence
The species is native to British Columbia, Washington, Oregon,  and California, and is naturalised elsewhere, including Australia and New Zealand.
It is commonly found at elevations of less than 800 metres on open, wet, gravelly flats and slopes.

Specific plant associations where N. squarrosa occurs include the specialized Monterey Cypress forests near Carmel, California.

References

squarrosa
Flora of British Columbia
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Washington (state)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Plants described in 1826
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Fr. Edward Holland O.D.C. was an Irish priest and writer (1838–1918).

Born in Kilreekill, County Galway. Studied in Belgium where he was ordained in 1860. Elected provincial of his Discalced Carmelite order on six occasions. A well-known nationalist, he contributed to the United Irishman; at one period he was one of two people publishing it exclusively.

He was a great-granduncle of Rev. Martin Coen, who was a grand-nephew of Fr. Thomas Cawley.

References

 Galway Authors, Helen Maher, 1976.

1838 births
1918 deaths
19th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Christian clergy from County Galway
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Irish writers
20th-century Irish writers
Writers from County Galway


Crimson, in comics, may refer to:

 Crimson (comic book), a comic book series from Images Comics' Cliffhanger imprint and DC Comics' Wildstorm imprint
 Crimson, one of the aliases used by Wildstorm character Jodi Slayton

It may also refer to:
Crimson Avenger, a number of DC Comics superheroes
Crimson Commando, a number of Marvel Comics superheroes
Crimson Cowl, a number of Marvel Comics superheroes
Crimson Crusader, a Marvel Comics characters in ClanDestine
Crimson Curse, a Marvel Comics character from the MC2 universe
Crimson Dawn, a fictional substance that has appeared in Marvel Comics
Crimson Dynamo, a number of Marvel Comics character
Crimson Fox, a DC Comics superheroine
Crimson Gem of Cyttorak, a fictional object in the Marvel Universe which provides the power for Juggernaut
Crimson Guard, a group in GI Joe who appear in the comic book adaptation

See also
Crimson (disambiguation)


The Valley 8 Conference was an athletic  conference consisting of teams from the Fox Valley area of Wisconsin. The conference was formed in 1999 and lasted 8 years until 2007 when 6 teams left to form the Eastern Valley, while Hortonville and Oconto Falls joined the Bay Conference.

The teams

References

Wisconsin high school sports conferences


The MB-910 is a tri-band/GPRS watch phone made by Hyundai Mobile Europe in Leitz Austria Vertriebs GmbH.

Its main feature is a 1.5-inch, 132 x 176 pixel, 65k colour touchscreen, which is contained within a plastic watch casing. The screen alternates between a clock mode and phone mode. The MB-910’s features include a multimedia player for music and video, a WAP 2.0 web browser, an email client and other productivity tools. The internal memory is 128MB and there is no expansion slot. Contacts, text and picture messages are limited to 300.

As a phone, it is used in conjunction with a Bluetooth headset and can operate in a hands free manner. It offers a talk-time of up to three hours and up to 70 hours on standby

The MB-910 was released in mainland Europe during early 2009, priced at around  € 160.  Following the MB-910 showing at the Mobile World Congress 2009 show, a UK release is planned for Q2, priced SIM-free at around £200.

References

External links
Hyundai Mobile’s official webpage
Photo gallery from Mobile World Congress 2009

Watch phones
Products introduced in 2009


The invincible ignorance fallacy, also known as argument by pigheadedness, is a deductive fallacy of circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word.  The method used in this fallacy is either to make assertions with no consideration of objections or to simply dismiss objections by calling them excuses, conjecture, etc. or saying that they are proof of nothing, all without actually demonstrating how the objection fit these terms.  It is similar to the ad lapidem fallacy, in which the person rejects all the evidence and logic presented, without providing any evidence or logic that could lead to a different conclusion.

History
The term invincible ignorance has its roots in Catholic theology, whereas the opposite of the term vincible ignorance; it is used to refer to the state of persons (such as pagans and infants) who are ignorant of the Christian message because they have not yet had an opportunity to hear it. The first Pope to use the term officially seems to have been Pope Pius IX in the allocution Singulari Quadam (9 December 1854) and the encyclicals Singulari Quidem (17 March 1856) and Quanto Conficiamur Moerore (10 August 1863). The term, however, is far older than that. Aquinas, for instance, uses it in his Summa Theologica (written 1265–1274), and discussion of the concept can be found as far back as Origen (3rd century).

When and how the term was taken by logicians to refer to the very different state of persons who deliberately refuse to attend to evidence remains unclear, but one of its first uses was in the book Fallacy: The Counterfeit of Argument  by W. Ward Fearnside and William B. Holther in 1959.

See also
A posteriori
A priori
Future probation

References

External links
  Listing of the fallacy on philosophicalsociety.com
 Discovery.org article: "Naturalism's Argument from Invincible Ignorance"
 Pius IX, Quanto Conficiamur Moerore (On Promotion Of False Doctrines), 10 August 1863

Metaphors
Relevance fallacies
Ignorance


The Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër () encompasses the cities of Berat and Gjirokastër in southern Albania. Gjirokastër was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list in 2005 while Berat was added as a site extension in 2008. They are inscribed as rare examples of an architectural character typical of the Ottoman period.

Berat is often referred as the city of a thousand windows and considered one of the architectural treasures of Albania. Traces from Illyrians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans are still evident and well preserved in the city with castles and mansions, old churches and mosques and impressive wall paintings, icons and murals. Throughout the centuries, Berat was the place where various religions and communities coexisted in peace.

Gjirokastër, referred as the city of stone, stretches on the steep side of the Drino River valley overlooking the historic landscape with picturesque stone architecture framed by mountains at every side. As most of other cities in Albania, Gjirokastër bears architectural treasures of various civilizations that previously conquered the region.

Attractions

Berat

See also
 Culture & Architecture of Albania
 List of World Heritage Sites in Albania

References

World Heritage Sites in Albania
Historic districts

Tourism in Albania
Tourist attractions in Albania

Gjirokastër County


"You Walked In" is a song recorded by American country music group Lonestar.  It was written by Canadian pop-rock star Bryan Adams and producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange. The song was released in August 1997 as second single from Lonestar's second album Crazy Nights (1997).

The song peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January 1998, and topped out at No. 4 on the Canadian RPM magazine Top Country Tracks chart.

Content
The main protagonist in the song tells about how he tried to find true love with famous supermodels, singers and others through a variety of sources, such as magazines and pay-per-view events, but only found true love after meeting with the song's main female character, the one alluded to with the song's title line ("You walked in, with legs up to your neck ... "). Upon meeting this woman, the man's emotions are aroused, figuratively speaking about how his jaw "hits the ground" and "jumps out of his skin," and wanting more as he becomes excited by her smile and her walking style.

The lyrics include references to supermodels Cindy Crawford and Naomi Campbell, singer Madonna, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

Single and album edits
The single edit — which was released to radio for airplay — truncates the bridge just before the final three lines of the second verse ("I couldn't think of nothin' better to do ... ") are repeated, leading into the finale. There is also an earlier fade out during the second repeat of the refrain; the refrain is heard almost in its entirety in the album edit, but the fade competes only about a fourth of the way through with the single edit. The single edit is also mixed slightly differently, with more pronounced backing vocals from the band.

The song was released less than a week before Diana's death.

Music video
The music video was directed by Steven Goldmann. It shows Lonestar performing the song at a studio with women goofing around. This was the band's first video to show Michael Britt without a cowboy hat and the last video to show him with long hair. This was also the band's last video to feature bass guitarist and co-lead vocalist John Rich, before he left the band in 1998 to pursue a solo career, and joining Big Kenny to form Big & Rich.

Chart positions
"You Walked In" debuted at number 70 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of August 30, 1997.

References

1997 singles
1997 songs
Lonestar songs
BNA Records singles
Songs written by Bryan Adams
Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Song recordings produced by Don Cook
Music videos directed by Steven Goldmann


Guayas is a sail training ship of the Ecuadorian Navy. Launched in 1976, it was named in jointly in honor of Chief Guayas, the Guayas river, and Guayas, the first steamship that was constructed in South America in 1841, and is displayed on the Ecuadorian coat of arms. The ship's home base is Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Description
Guayas is a three-masted barque with a steel hull that can display a sailing area of . The main mast reaches  over deck. The ship carries a crew of about 120 sailors as well as eighty cadets under the leadership of about 35 officers. Guayas is one of four sailing ships that were built by Astilleros Celaya S.A. in Bilbao, Gloria (Colombia) being the most similar ship; the other two sister ships are Simón Bolívar (Venezuela), and Cuauhtémoc (Mexico). These four ships basic design  is very similar to Blohm & Voss' Gorch Fock that was built more than four decades earlier.

It is classified as a Class A Tall Ship by Sail Training International (STI) and has the MMSI number 735059037.

History
In 2002 the Guayas undertook a voyage along the west coast of North America with port of calls at Acapulco, San Diego, Los Angeles, Monterey, San Francisco, and Seattle. In 2008, the Guayas crossed the Pacific ocean to visit Vladivostok, Japan, Korea, and China. On the Osaka-Pusan-Shanghai leg of this her first Asian trip the Guayas took aboard an officer of the Chinese navy for reefing training. By the end of 2008 the Guayas had visited 60 harbours in 25 countries and covered about  in its life.

In 2010, she participated in Velas Sudamerica 2010, an historical Latin American tour by eleven tall ships to celebrate the bicentennial of the first national governments of Argentina and Chile.

Guayas has also participated in OpSail 2012, visiting New York, Norfolk, Baltimore, and Boston, before proceeding to Europe. In the same year, it participated in the Tall Ships Race 2012.

On 8 January 2016, Guayas arrived in Sydney as part of a round-the-world training cruise, the longest (35,000 nautical miles) such cruise performed so far by this ship, during which 22 countries will be visited. This is the first visit to Australia since 1988.

In October 2021, Guayas interdicted and captured a narco-submarine off the coast of Colombia. Guayas crew arrested the submarine's four-person crew and seized its cargo, which was estimated by USNI News as being  of cocaine.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Official site
 Current position

Barques
Tall ships of Ecuador
Training ships
Ships built in Spain
1976 ships
Auxiliary ships of the Ecuadorian Navy


Firelord is an action-adventure game  written by Stephen Crow and released in 1986 for ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64 by Hewson Consultants. The game's opening theme was composed by Ben Daglish.

Gameplay
The player controls the knight Sir Galaheart, who must explore the cursed kingdom of Torot on a quest to recover the four charms of eternal youth. The Evil Queen has tricked the Dragon into parting with the sacred Firestone and used it to curse the kingdom with ghostly apparitions and deadly fireballs, and will only relinquish it in exchange for the four charms.

Galaheart is initially defenceless and must quickly find an enchanted crystal in order to defend himself against the cursed apparitions the Evil Queen has flooded the kingdom with. He must then explore the kingdom, destroying apparitions and looking for clues to the location of the four charms. Galaheart can trade with various inhabitants for spells, information and items or attempt to steal them - being caught attempting to steal during trading leads to a "trial" in which the player has to attempt to stop on "innocent" rather than "guilty" with three successively faster alternating arrows. Items can only be stolen if the player has sufficient items to trade for them in the first place. Extra enchanted crystals can be found scattered around the kingdom and the player can use these as initial trading items.

Galaheart has a constantly depleting energy level which is sapped further by contact with the apparitions and which can be restored by collecting food, "trading energy" which is depleted during trading and can be restored by collecting trading tokens and weapon energy which is depleted by firing and can be restored by collecting small crystals. Galaheart has an initial allocation of lives which can be lost by running out of energy, colliding with a fireball or being executed after being caught stealing. Extra lives can be found scattered throughout the kingdom. Most collectible items are of a fixed type, but some cycle through the available options allowing the player with careful timing to collect the powerup most needed at the time.

When the game ends (either through successfully returning the Firestone or losing all the lives) the player is ranked in a pseudo-mediaeval ranking from serf through various English titles of nobility up to the ultimate accolade of "Firelord". In order to achieve the highest ranking, the player must successfully steal the Firestone rather than trading the four charms for it, however it is only possible to steal the Firestone if the player has the four charms available to trade to begin with as with any other attempted theft.

Reception

References

External links

 Firelord at World of Spectrum

1986 video games
Action-adventure games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Fantasy video games
Video games scored by Ben Daglish
ZX Spectrum games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Hewson Consultants games


Liede Subdistrict () is a subdistrict in Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China. It was established in 1999.

History
The street has an old village called "Liede Village" (). But the reconstruction work of the village started in 2007. The village site will be replaced by new residential and commercial buildings of Zhujiang New Town. The village is an "experimental pioneer" in redevelopment, with particular attention being paid to villagers' wishes.

Besides, there is a sewage treatment plant in the area, which is the second largest in Guangzhou.

There is a Guangzhou Metro station in the area, called "Liede Station".

See also
Liede Station

References

External links
Official site of Liede Street
Liede Online

Populated places established in 1999
Tianhe District
Township-level divisions of Guangdong
1999 establishments in China
Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China


Water frog may refer to:

 Pelophylax, a genus of frog widespread in Eurasia, with a few species ranging into northern Africa
 Telmatobius, a genus of frog native to the Andean highlands in South America
 Ice frog (Amietia vertebralis), native to southern Africa

Animal common name disambiguation pages


Mattawoman was an 18th-century plantation on Mattawoman Creek in Charles County, Maryland, United States.

History
Mattawoman was the country estate of Colonel William Eilbeck, a wealthy planter and merchant, and his wife Sarah Edgar. On 4 April 1750, Colonel Eilbeck's only child, 16-year-old Ann, married George Mason at Mattawoman. Mason's father's plantation, where Mason spent several years of his childhood, adjoined Mattawoman.

George Mason bequeathed Mattawoman and all his lands upon Chicamuxen and Mattawoman creeks to his son William Mason. At age 23 in 1780, Mason's eldest son George Mason V inherited Mattawoman from his maternal grandmother, Sarah Eilbeck. Mason inherited his father's properties upon his death in 1792.

Events
 John Mason (4 April 1766–19 March 1849), son of George Mason and Ann Eilbeck, was born at Mattawoman.
 George Mason of Hollin Hall (11 November 1797–25 March 1870), son of William Mason and Ann Stuart, was born at Mattawoman.
 Mary Elizabeth Mason (1810–2 February 1885), daughter of William Mason and Ann Stuart, married Enoch Mason Jr. on 5 May 1831 at Mattawoman.
 Edgar Eilbeck Mason (1807–8 January 1835), son of William Mason and Ann Stuart, died at Mattawoman.
 William Mason (22 October 1757–7 February 1818), son of George Mason and Ann Eilbeck, died at Mattawoman.

References

External links
Inventory and Appraisement of the Goods & Chattels of William Eilbeck of Charles County

Mason family residences
Houses in Charles County, Maryland
Plantations in Maryland


The Presidential Guard (Vietnamese: Lữ đoàn Liên binh phòng vệ Tổng Thống Phủ Chữ Hán: 旅團聯兵防衛總統府) was a military unit of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) that was assigned to personally protect the President of the Republic of Vietnam, the nation-state that existed from 1955 to 1975. This force formed the bulwark of defences against continual coups, preventing previous coups against Ngo Dinh Diem, and would be maintained to prevent further coups in the wake of political instability following it.

History

1960 coup
During the 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 60 members of the Guard defended the Independence Palace when it came under attack by ARVN paratroops in the early morning of 11 November. The paratroops had been informed that the Guard had mutinied and captured Diem. Meanwhile, other rebel forces had captured most of the key sites of state control including the Cộng Hòa barracks. The Guards in the palace building and grounds successfully defended the area forcing the paratroops to bring in additional men and then five armored vehicles but they were unable to overrun the Guards and the coup collapsed when Diem brought in loyalist forces.

1963 coup
During the 1963 South Vietnamese coup rebel forces from the ARVN 5th Division commanded by Colonel Nguyễn Văn Thiệu attacked both the Cộng Hòa barracks and the Gia Long Palace. At Cộng Hòa barracks 5th Division armored and artillery units faced off with the Guard forces armed with tanks, artillery, mortars and machine guns.
Rebel artillery soon reduced the barracks to rubble while Guards forces fired back causing damage to the surrounding area. At Gia Long Palace approximately 150 Guards defended the building with machine and antiaircraft guns from bunkers and pillboxes, and with tanks and 20-mm cannons mounted on armored vehicles. As Diệm refused to surrender, after sunset, Thiệu led his 7th Division in an assault on the palace. They used artillery and flamethrowers and it fell by daybreak on 2 November after Diệm finally gave the order to the Guard to surrender. Guard losses in the coup were four dead and 44 injured.

Vietnam War
During the Tet Offensive Guard units successfully defended the Independence Palace when it was attacked by a 14-person team from the VC F100 Special Action Group. The VC attempted to blast their way through the south gate to the palace () but were engaged by Guards supported by two M41 tanks, killing four VC. The VC then retreated across the street into an unfinished apartment building where they held out for 30 hours before the seven survivors surrendered after having exhausted all their ammunition.

Headquarters
The headquarters and barracks of the Guard were located at the Cộng Hòa barracks in close proximity to the Gia Long Palace and the Independence Palace. The former Foyer du Soldat et du Marin (now the Ho Chi Minh Campaign Museum) at 2 Le Duan Boulevard became a clubhouse for the Guard until 1967 when it was transformed into the National Defense College (Truong Cao dang Quốc phòng) to train ARVN officers above the rank of Colonel.

Personnel and equipment
In August 1963 the Guard was commanded by Lieutenant colonel Nguyễn Ngọc Khoi and had an estimated strength of 2,500 men. Its heavy weapons included 10 M24 Chaffee tanks, six M113 armored personnel carriers, six M114 armored fighting vehicles, vehicles with M45 Quadmounts, recoilless rifles and bazookas.

See also
 Republic of Vietnam’s Military Forces
 Republic of Vietnam National Police

References

 Vietnam War Bibliography: The ARVN and the RVN

Military units and formations of South Vietnam
Protective security units
Military units and formations disestablished in 1975


The 1981 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1981. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes four selectors as "official" for the 1981 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) based on the input of more than 2,000 voting members; (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) selected by the nation's football writers; and (4) the United Press International (UPI) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers.  Other selectors included Football News (FN), Gannett News Service (GNS), the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), The Sporting News (TSN), and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).

Nine players were unanimously selected as first-team All-Americans by all four official selectors. They were:
 Marcus Allen, running back for USC, who won the 1981 Heisman Trophy, Maxwell Award, and Walter Camp Award after becoming the first player to rush for more than 2,000 yards (2,427) in a season;
 Anthony Carter, wider receiver for Michigan, consensus first-team All-American in both 1981 and 1982 who caught 50 passes for 952 yards during the 1981 season;
 Sean Farrell, offensive guard who helped lead Penn State to a 10–2 record and a #3 ranking in the final AP Poll;
 Jim McMahon, quarterback for BYU and winner of the 1981 Davey O'Brien Award and Sammy Baugh Trophy;
 Dave Rimington, center for Nebraska, two-time winner of the Outland Trophy and the namesake of the Rimington Trophy, which is awarded annually to the nation's top collegiate center.
 Kenneth Sims, defensive tackle who helped lead Texas to a 10–1–1 record and #2 ranking in the final AP Poll, and who became the #1 pick in the 1982 NFL Draft;
 Billy Ray Smith, Jr., defensive end for Arkansas and who was a consensus first-team All-American in both 1981 and 1982;
 Herschel Walker, running back for Georgia, a three-time consensus first-team All-American who finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1981 and won the award in 1982; and
 Tim Wrightman, tight end for UCLA who caught 28 passes for 308 yards in 1981.

Allen, Carter, McMahon, Rimington, Smith, and Walker have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.

The 1981 Michigan Wolverines football team led the nation with five of its players, all on offense, receiving first-team honors from one or more of the selectors.  In addition to Anthony Carter, Michigan's honorees were offensive tackles Ed Muransky and Bubba Paris, offensive guard Kurt Becker, and running back Butch Woolfolk.

Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1981 and displays which first-team designations they received.

Offense

Defense

Special teams

Offensive selections

Receivers

 Anthony Carter, Michigan (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1 [end], GNS, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Perry Tuttle, Clemson, (FN-2, NEA-1, TSN)
 Julius Dawkins, Pittsburgh (AP-1)
 Stanley Washington, TCU (FWAA, FN-2; AP-3)
 Steve Bryant, Purdue (UPI-2, NEA-2)
 Cedric Jones, Duke (AP-2)
 Jim Sandusky, UNLV (AP-2)
 Lindsay Scott, Georgia (GNS, NEA-2)
 Tom Rogers, Colgate (AP-3)

Tight ends

 Tim Wrightman, UCLA  (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, FN-1 [end], NEA-1, WC)
 Pat Beach, Washington State (TSN)
 Jamie Williams, Nebraska (GNS)
 Rodney Holman, Tulane (AP-2)
 Mark Raugh, West Virginia (UPI-2; AP-3)

Tackles

 Terry Tausch, Texas  (AP-1, UPI-1, FN-1, TSN, WC)
 Terry Crouch, Oklahoma (AFCA, AP-2 [guard], FWAA, UPI-2 [guard], FN-2 [guard])
 Ed Muransky, Michigan (AP-1, UPI-1, FN-2, NEA-2)
 Bubba Paris, Michigan (WC)
 John Meyer, Arizona State (GNS, NEA-1)
 Jimbo Covert, Pittsburgh (FN-1, NEA-1)
 Luis Sharpe, UCLA (NEA-2, TSN)
 Don Mosebar, USC (GNS)
 Pat Beach, Washington State (NEA-2)
 Ken Dallafior, Minnesota (UPI-2)
 Maceo Fifer, Houston (AP-2)
 Lee Nanney, Clemson (UPI-2)
 Tootie Robbins, East Carolina (AP-2)
 Keith Uecker, Auburn (FN-2; AP-3)
 Harvey Salem, California (AP-3)

Guards

 Sean Farrell, Penn State (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Roy Foster, USC (AFCA, NEA-2, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, TSN, WC)
 Kurt Becker, Michigan (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-2, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1)
 Dave Drechsler, North Carolina (FWAA, FN-2)
 Mike Munchak, Penn State (NEA-2)
 Steve Korte, Arkansas (AP-3)
 Gerry Raymond, Boston College (AP-3)

Centers

 Dave Rimington, Nebraska (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-2, WC)
 Brad Edelman, Missouri (NEA-1, TSN)
 Emil Boures, Pittsburgh (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Dan Mackie, Arizona State (FN-2)
 Mike Baab, Texas (AP-3)

Quarterbacks

 Jim McMahon, BYU (CFHOF) (AFCA [tie], AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-2 [tie])
 Dan Marino, Pittsburgh (CFHOF) (AFCA [tie], AP-2, UPI-2, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Art Schlichter, Ohio State (NEA-2 [tie])
 Reggie Collier, Southern Mississippi (AP-3)

Running backs

 Marcus Allen, USC (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Herschel Walker, Georgia (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Curt Warner, Penn State (CFHOF) (UPI-1, FN-2, WC)
 Darrin Nelson, Stanford (AFCA [FB], UPI-2, FN-2, NEA-2; AP-3)
 Butch Woolfolk, Michigan (AP-2, UPI-2, FN-1)
 Rich Diana, Yale (AP-3; FWAA)
 Eric Dickerson, SMU (AP-2, FN-2, NEA-2)
 Dwayne Crutchfield, Iowa State (UPI-2)

Defensive selections

Defensive ends

 Billy Ray Smith, Arkansas (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Andre Tippett, Iowa (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-2 [LB])
 Jimmy Williams, Nebraska (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-2, FN-2, NEA-1, WC)
 David Galloway, Florida (FWAA, UPI-2, FN-2)
 Steve Clark, Utah (FWAA, NEA-2 [DT])
 Mike Pitts, Alabama (FN-2)
 Rusty Guilbeau, McNeese State (AP-2)

Defensive tackles

 Kenneth Sims, Texas (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1, TSN, WC)
 Lester Williams, Miami (Fla.) (AP-2, UPI-1, FN-1, NEA-1, TSN [DE], WC)
 Glen Collins, Mississippi State (AFCA, NEA-2, TSN)
 Jeff Gaylord, Missouri (AP-1, UPI-2)
 Harvey Armstrong, SMU (AFCA, FN-2)
 Rick Bryan, Oklahoma (GNS)
 Jeff Bryant, Clemson (FN-2)
 Fletcher Jenkins, Washington (AP-2, NEA-2)
 Eddie Weaver, Georgia (UPI-2)

Middle guards

 Tim Krumrie, Wisconsin (AP-1, UPI-1, FN-1, NEA-2, WC)
 Emanuel Weaver, South Carolina (NEA-1)
 George Achica, USC (AP-2, GNS)
 Pat Dean, Iowa (UPI-2)

Linebackers

 Bob Crable, Notre Dame (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, FN-1, GNS, TSN, WC)
 Jeff Davis, Clemson (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, FN-1)
 Sal Sunseri, Pittsburgh (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2)
 Johnie Cooks, Mississippi State (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, FN-1, GNS, NEA-1, TSN)
 Chip Banks, USC (UPI-1, NEA-2, TSN, WC)
 Tom Boyd, Alabama (NEA-1, WC)
 Mark Stewart, Washington (GNS)
 Kirk Hamon, Pacific (GNS)
 Ricky Young, Oklahoma State (AP-2, FN-2)
 Marcus Marek, Ohio State (AP-2, UPI-2, FN-2)
 Robert Brown, Virginia Tech (NEA-2)
 Mike Merriweather, Pacific (NEA-2)
 Chet Parlavecchio, Penn State (FN-2)

Defensive backs

 Mike Richardson, Arizona State (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, NEA-2, TSN, WC)
 Tommy Wilcox, Alabama (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, FN-1, WC)
 Terry Kinard, Clemson (CFHOF) (AP-1, FWAA, NEA-1)
 Fred Marion, Miami (Fla.) (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-1, FN-2)
 John Krimm, Notre Dame (GNS, NEA-1, TSN)
 Johnny Jackson, Air Force (AP-2, FWAA, NEA-2)
 Steve Cordle, Fresno St. (AFCA)
 Vann McElroy, Baylor (UPI-2, FN-1, WC)
 Ray Horton, Washington (NEA-1)
 Matt Vanden Boom, Wisconsin (AP-2, UPI-1)
 Paul Sorensen, Washington State (FN-1, GNS, NEA-1)
 Rodney Lewis, Nebraska (TSN)
 Rick Woods, Boise State (GNS)
 Jim Burroughs, Michigan State (FN-2, TSN)
 Paul Lankford, Penn State (GNS)
 Jim Bob Harris, Alabama (UPI-2)
 Mike Kennedy, Toledo (NEA-2)
 Kevin Potter, Missouri (FN-2)
 Ken Thomas, San Jose State (NEA-2)

Special teams

Kickers

 Morten Andersen, Michigan State (UPI-1, FN-2, GNS, NEA-2, TSN, WC; AP-3)
 Bruce Lahay, Arkansas (FWAA, NEA-1)
 Gary Anderson, Syracuse (AP-1)
 Danny Miller, Miami (Fla.) (UPI-2, FN-1)
 Eddie Garcia, SMU (AP-2)

Punters

 Reggie Roby, Iowa (AP-1, UPI-1, FN-1, WC)
 Rohn Stark, Florida State (FWAA, UPI-2, FN-2, GNS, NEA-1, TSN)
 Maury Buford, Texas Tech (NEA-2)
 Bucky Scribner, Kansas (AP-2)

Key

Official selectors

Other selectors

See also
 1981 All-Big Eight Conference football team
 1981 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1981 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team
 1981 All-SEC football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Presidential Guard may refer to:

Current units

 Angola Presidential Guard Unit
 Bangladesh President Guard Regiment
 Belarus Presidential Security Service or Presidential Guard
 Bolivia National Presidential Escort Regiment or Bolivian Colorados
 Brazil Presidential Guard Battalion or Duke of Caxias Battalion
 Cameroon Presidential Guard
 Chile La Moneda Palace Guard
 Cyprus Presidential Guard Unit
 Ghana President's Own Guard Regiment
 Greece Presidential Guard
 India President's Bodyguard
 Indonesia Presidential Security Force or Paspampres
 Moldova State Protection and Guard Service
 Nigeria Presidential Guard Brigade
 Palestinian Presidential Guard
 Pakistan President's Bodyguard
 Philippines Presidential Security Group
 Russia Presidential Regiment or Kremlin Regiment
 Somaliland Presidential Guard
 Tajikistan National Guard
 Uganda Presidential Guard Brigade
 United Arab Emirates Presidential Guard
 United States Presidential Protective Division
 Zimbabwe Presidential Guard

Former units

 Burkina Faso Regiment of Presidential Security
 Mexico Estado Mayor Presidencial (Presidential General Staff)
 Turkey Presidential Guard Regiment
 South Vietnam Presidential Guard
 Zaire Special Presidential Division

See also
Republican guard
Royal guard


Muscina is a genus of flies that belongs to the family Muscidae, currently consisting of 27 species. They are worldwide in distribution and are frequently found in livestock facilities and outside restrooms. The most common species are M. stabulans (the most widely studied species), M. levida, and M. prolapsa. Muscina flies commonly breed in manure and defecate on food, which has been linked to the spread of some disease and illnesses. The occurrence of Muscina larvae on dead bodies has led to their regular use in forensic investigations, as they may be used to estimate the time of death. Research have shown the prevalence of certain species of Muscina flies as vectors of diseases such as poliomyelitis.

Characteristics

Muscina species are characterized by a retractable proboscis, sponging or sucking mouthparts, and a pale tip on the scutellum. The species M. stabulans and M. levida are larger than the housefly, and have moderately curved fourth veins with the latter also having a black palpi. The species M. levida has legs that are entirely black. M. pascuorum flies have a red palpi, a strongly curved fourth vein that ends in or before the wing tip, and are generally larger than M. levida.

Life cycle
Muscina species undergo the same transformations throughout the life cycle as similar species and families in the order Diptera. Flies in the Dipteran order undergo what is known as holometabolous transformation, a type of metabolic transformation in which an insect starts out as an egg, undergoes larval stages, and then pupates before reaching full adulthood. The adult insect is referred to as an imago.

Eggs and larvae
Flies are completely wingless at the beginning of development. In normal fly production there can be as many as 250 eggs laid by a mature female. The adult female keeps the eggs inside the abdomen until all of the eggs are produced and then lays the eggs through an ovipositor located on the hind end of the abdomen.

These eggs are very small in size. Female adult flies usually choose decaying matter as sites to lay the eggs. These nutrient-rich areas are ideal for the growth and development of the hatching larvae. In contrast to adult flies, the larvae do not have a definite head. Instead, there are two grasping hooks that they use to cut and tear food. The larvae of Muscina have 11 segments. At the posterior end of the larvae are a set of spiracles. The spiracles of Muscina have spiracular slits that are not straight and exhibit some form of curvature. Larvae use the spiracles to breathe. The spiracles have a number of slits that can be used to determine what instar, or larval stage, the larvae is in; for example, one slit means first instar, two slits means second instar, and three slits means third instar. It has been shown that the environmental temperature has a strong influence on larval development: increasing temperature directly influences the amount of time that the larvae need to complete development.

Pupa
After the larval phase, the Muscina larvae pass through a pupal stage. In this stage, there are many transformations that occur, such as the formation of legs, head, and wings. Simultaneously, a protective layer builds up and forms a cocoon, which aids in protection of the vital organs of the fly. M. levida is a species in this genus that does not form a cocoon. The duration of the pupal stage also varies depending on the temperature of the surrounding environment.

Adults
After sufficient time for pupal development has elapsed, the fly will be able to break out of its hard pupa shell, and the fly's wings begin to spread. Although completely formed in the pupa stage, the adult's wings do not reach its full size until outside the pupa covering. Through the use of blood vessels inside the wings, the fly is able to expand to full width and length and complete its life cycle.

Medical importance

Some insects have been shown to be potential carriers of pathogenic agents that can cause diseases. Mosquitoes and ticks as well as certain species of Muscina flies have been revealed to be possible vectors. M. stabulans, along with almost two dozen other species of flies have been named the “disease-causing flies.” Species of flies such as M. stabulans can spread bacterial and viral pathogens via transfer from its feet or mouthparts. Adult female flies tend to lay eggs in decaying material such as food or dead organisms and fresh fecal material. The fecal material houses a vast number of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoan and other disease-causing agents. Most of the bacteria and viruses are not introduced from the fecal material to the fly when in the egg or larvae form; rather, the transfer occurs in the transition of a young fly to adulthood. Fecal particles attach to the fly's outer body as it emerges from the larvae. Transfer of bacteria occurs when the fly takes off and lands on an open wound or food material. Physical contact flakes the pathogen off the fly's body and causes contamination. The spread of a pathogen by means of a fly's outer body, such as its feet, to the host, is referred to as mechanical transmission. It is possible to determine the identify pathogen carried by identifying the species of fly. In these instances, food sanitation is an important preventive measure to ensure food safety. Moreover, a study of flies including M. stabulans and M. levida has shown that fly incidence peaked about 4–5 months before the occurrence of a poliomyelitis epidemic. This time period matches the time it takes for the infective agent to incubate in a human plus the extra time necessary for the fly to acquire and incubate the virus in its body.

Forensic importance
M. stabulans and M. levida belong to the ecological group of the filth fly. Muscina flies are attracted to decaying organic matter, and are commonly found on corpses, urine, and feces. Muscina flies are useful in determining post-mortem intervals. The presence of Muscina larvae in diapers and on genitalia can indicate a timeline for the period of neglect in infant or elderly death cases. From the second instar phase onwards, M. stabulans are predacious upon other larvae, and will eat other forensically important arthropods. Presence of the false stable fly larvae on buried bodies enables investigators to estimate the time of death. The antennae of the false stable fly can detect buried bodies. In these cases, the fly lays its eggs on top of the soil, and the hatching larvae will then burrow and invade the corpse. The false stable fly will also lay its eggs in blood, even in the absence of a body. The presence of eggs in blood allows entomologists to estimate the time of injury, which helps investigators and crime scene investigators. Muscina stabulans are found on corpses in autumn and winter. In one experiment, M. stabulans larvae were found on a rabbit corpse two days after death. M. stabulans are present in the fresh stage, but are predominantly found in the adipocere-like stage, characterized by the hydrolysis of the carcass’ fatty tissue. In this phase, the carcass loses its shape and is a mass of hair, fat, skin, and cartilage. The skin eventually becomes rigid, protecting the larvae on the carcass and the insects living underneath the carcass.

Myiasis
Myiasis is the feeding on live humans and vertebrates by dipterous fly larvae.

Human
Muscina flies are rarely seen on the skin of living mammals, but there has been one reported case where a Muscina species alone caused cutaneous myiasis in a human. A nine-year-old girl from Minnesota was reported with a lump on her wrist that was reddened and elevated, but showed no signs of any external openings or of containing any pus inside. A vaseline bandage was applied after some blood was extracted, and the lump was soaked in hot water several times. Twelve hours later, a worm was found in the cut after removing the bandage. Several other small lesions were noticeable around the proximity of the cut, but they receded at about this time. The girl recovered after applying a hot pack to the lesion. The larvae were confirmed by M. T. James of the State College of Washington and C. W. Sabrosky and W. W. Wirth of the United States National Museum to be a Muscina fly, most likely M. levida.

Muscina stabulans was reported in a case of intestinal myiasis. A twenty-year-old Indian man experienced abdominal discomfort, bloated abdomen, and intestinal hurrying after meals. Larvae of M. stabulans were found in the man's stool.

Sheep
In certain parts of the world where sheep production is important, ovine myiasis by certain dipteran species is a major concern. Areas where ruminant myiasis are problematic are Australia, Southern Africa, and the British Isles. M. prolapsa along with other dipteran flies have been identified in cases in southwestern Scotland.

Ongoing research
Current research have delved into the role Muscina flies play in forensics.  Muscina stabulans was found to be an important fly in the determination of post-mortem intervals (PMI) in the Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil.  M. stabulans show up during the adipocere-like stage of decomposition whereby the carcass loses its natural shape due to hydrolysis of the fatty tissue.  Moreover, M. stabulans appearance on bodies in large numbers during the autumn and winter months is useful in narrowing down time of death.

Species

Muscina angustifrons  Loew, 1858
Muscina arcuata  Shinonaga, 1989
Muscina aurantiaca Hough, 1899
Muscina brunnea
Muscina concolor
Muscina dorsilinea Wulp, 1896
Muscina flukei  Snyder, 1956
Muscina fulvacrura  Snyder, 1956
Muscina fungivora  Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
Muscina grisea
Muscina heterochaeta  Villeneuve, 1915
Muscina japonica   Shinonaga, 1974
Muscina krivosheinae  Lobanov, 1977
Muscina latipennis
Muscina levida (Harris, 1780)
Muscina longicornis
Muscina minor  Portschinsky, 1881
Muscina pascuorum  Meigen, 1826
Muscina principalis  Schiner, 1868
Muscina prolapsa (Harris, 1780)
Muscina stabulans  Fallén, 1817
Muscina sumatrensis  Shinonaga & Kurahashi, 2002
Muscina texana
Muscina tripunctata Wulp, 1896
Muscina varicolor

References

Further reading
Muscina latipenis characteristics (pg. 229)
The Biological Bulletin
The Book of the Fly

External links
Common Muscina sp. pictures

Muscidae
Forensic entomology
Brachycera genera
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy


"Say When" is a song recorded by the American country music group Lonestar, written by then band member John Rich along with Larry Boone and Paul Nelson.  It was released in January 1998 as the third single from their second album Crazy Nights (1997). It peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and at number 23 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.

Critical reception
The song received a positive review in Billboard, saying "This sweet ballad looks sure to accelerate [the band's] momentum at country radio."

Chart positions
"Say When" debuted at number 65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of January 31, 1998.

References

1998 singles
1997 songs
Lonestar songs
Songs written by John Rich
Songs written by Larry Boone
Song recordings produced by Don Cook
BNA Records singles
Songs written by Paul Nelson (songwriter)