GPS when applied in the earthmoving industry can be a viable asset to contractors and increase the overall efficiency of the job. Since GPS satellite positioning information is free to the public, it allows for everyone to take advantage of its uses. Heavy equipment manufacturers, in conjunction with GPS guidance system manufacturers, have been co-developing GPS guidance systems for heavy equipment since the late 1990s. These systems allow the equipment operator to use GPS position data to make decisions based on actual grade and design features. Some heavy equipment guidance systems can even operate the machine's implements automatically from a set design that was created for the particular jobsite. GPS guidance systems can have tolerances as small as two to three centimeters making them extremely accurate compared to relying on the operator's skill level.  Since the machine's GPS system has the ability to know when it is off the design grade, this can reduce surveying and material costs required for a specific job.

History
GPS Technology was officially introduced as a guidance system for earthmoving machines in the late 1990s. Since this time, many manufacturers of earthmoving equipment now offer GPS and other guidance systems, as a factory option. Many companies exist that also sell GPS guidance systems for the earthmoving industry as a retrofit option. The two main companies for heavy equipment guidance systems are Trimble and Topcon. In April 2002, Trimble and Caterpillar Inc. began a joint venture known as Caterpillar Trimble Controls Technology LLC (CTCT). "The joint venture develops machine control products that use site design information combined with accurate positioning technology to automatically control dozer blades and other machine tools". Though aftermarket kits were available from various companies to retrofit an existing machine for GPS guidance, Caterpillar Inc. was the first heavy equipment manufacturer to offer GPS guidance systems as a factory option from the dealer called an ARO (Attachment Ready Option). John Deere soon followed with their own version of ARO called "Integrated Grade Control" in 2006 on many Track-Type Tractors (TTT) and Motorgraders (MG).

Types
While there are various GPS systems currently used in the heavy equipment industry, they can typically be categorized as either "indicate only" or "fully automatic". Both systems can utilize one or two GPS receivers. Using only one GPS receiver limits how the guidance system can orient the machine's position in respect to the site design. Using two GPS receivers gives the guidance system two points of position allowing it to calculate what angle the machine is on relative to the site plan. The following describes "indicate only" and "fully automatic" in more detail.

Indicate only
Indicate only uses GPS positioning information as a guide to the operator. Depending on the system used, the machine position can be displayed over the specific design site that was created for the earthmoving project. This system relies on the operator to steer and move the machine's implements in order to match the site's design. Indicate only systems are typically cheaper and less complicated since they do not require hardware to tap into the machine's implement control systems. Indicate only systems typically utilize a single GPS receiver mounted on the machine itself and can use an angle sensor to calculate the machine's slope. Accuracy of these systems depends on if the site has a base station that can relay site specific corrections. If the site does not have a base station, indicate only systems can just use satellite information, however, the accuracy is usually in the one to two meter range.Utilizing a base station allows for site specific corrections to be transmitted to the machine, increasing the accuracy through Real Time Kinematics (RTK). Site specific corrections can increase the accuracy of an indicate only system to be around two to three centimeters. Machines that typically use indicate only consist of Soil Compactors (SC), Track-Type Tractors (TTT), and Motor Graders (MG). The use of a base station really depends on the accuracy requirements of the project. Some projects such as clearing overburden at a mine site with a TTT, may not need two to three centimeter accuracy while as grading a road base with a MG does.

Fully automatic
Fully automatic systems allow the ability of the machine's implements to be controlled by the GPS guidance system. This is typically used in the fine grading applications where precise levels of material need to be moved on a predetermined design or grade. The advantages to this system is due to the accuracy that can be achieved with GPS and RTK, but requires an onsite base station. These systems can use either one or two GPS receivers and are mounted on the machine's blade. The more advanced systems use two receivers since it allows the machine to be controlled in a three-dimensional design. Fully automatic systems require the GPS guidance system to be integrated in the machine's implement controls. Some manufacturers sell the machine with these controls already integrated into the machine as an option. Aftermarket kits are available that can retrofit your existing machine to fully automatic control, but requires the GPS system to interface with the machine's implement controls. This is typically done one of two ways. If the machine's implements are controlled using electric over hydraulic (EH), the GPS system can input lever commands in parallel with the machine's implement lever. The output from the GPS system is interpreted by the machine's electronic control module as a lever command given by the operator and moves the implements accordingly. The second method for integrating GPS in the machine's implement controls is by adding a second pilot hydraulic valve in parallel with the machine's pilot hydraulic valve. This second valve is controlled by the GPS system and moves the implement valve according to the system design and blade location. Types of machines that use fully automatic GPS systems include TTT and MG.

Applications
The key to successfully using GPS in the earthmoving industry is having an accurate site design. The site design, typically created by an engineering firm, can be imported from the original design file into the machine's GPS display. Most GPS guidance systems also have the ability to allow the operator to define a specific grade elevation or grade angle without a specific design. The following describes common machine applications that utilize GPS guidance systems.

Track-Type Tractors
TTT are an extremely popular machine platform for GPS guidance systems specifically in the smaller sized models that are used for fine grading. Caterpillar Inc. and John Deere both offer fully automatic integrated GPS as an option from the factory on some of these models. One example of GPS being used on a TTT would be on a road project.

Motorgraders
Motorgraders are another popular machine platform since they also perform fine grading activities that can benefit from the GPS accuracy.  Caterpillar Inc. and John Deere also offer some models with integrated GPS.

Hydraulic Excavators
Hydraulic excavators are just beginning to be integrated using GPS technology and are typically indicate only. Excavators use GPS technology in conjunction with angle sensors integrated in the machine's boom, stick, and bucket. This allows the operator to see how deep they are digging by comparing the actual bucket location to the site design on the GPS display.
In recent years, Komatsu has released excavators offering semi-automatic functions. With these functions, the machine will automatically raise the boom and bucket to maintain the predetermined design grade. These machines also offer an auto stop function, preventing the bucket and boom function from lower beyond the predetermined design grade. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0ELceB420I

Scrapers
Scrapers use GPS technology and are typically indicate only. The GPS antenna is typically mounted on the bowl of the scraper and allows the operator to compare the depth of the cut versus the site plan. This takes a lot of the ambiguity out of moving large amounts of material.

Compactors
GPS technology is applied in both trash compactors and soil compactors. Typical systems record where the compactor has been in order to create a map of the area's compaction. Usually the display has various colors that indicate that the machine has compacted the area.

Financial Information
GPS systems typically have a high initial cost of around $100,000 per machine. When used properly GPS on average can increase productivity by as much as 30% over traditional methods. There is also cost reduction of material (since less is needed) because such high accuracy can be achieved. Some construction projects even require the use of GPS since it can bring down the overall cost of the project due to its efficiency advantages. Some GPS systems allow the user to switch systems to other machines making this tool very versatile. The contractor must plan for greater efficiency, since increasing one aspect of the job by 30% may not increase the overall efficiency, since another area may not be able to keep up. "If you do everything right and boost overall productivity say 30 percent, you’re going to have to line up 30 percent more work in the future or send crews home early".

GPS Limitations
GPS is extremely versatile in the earthmoving industry, but it does have its limitations. GPS satellite signals can only be received in a non obstructed view of the sky with the exception of clouds. If a contractor wanted to perform grade work in preparation for a concrete floor within a building, for example, the roof would block the view to the GPS satellites, preventing the system from working. Working too close to a structure can also obstruct the machine's view of the sky creating dead zones. High-voltage power-lines can also create dead zones when working underneath them. GPS satellite coverage can also be weaker during certain parts of the day lowering the number of satellites the machine's system can use. This all depends on the geographical location and time of day. Improvements in GPS technology and the addition of GLONASS (Russian GNSS Satellites) satellites have reduced this issue. As mentioned earlier, in order to increase the overall accuracy of GPS you have to purchase and use a base station, which adds additional cost.

Future use
GPS continues to be integrated in the construction industry and soon will be an industry standard. Autonomous cars that utilize GPS are currently being developed, and someday the earthmoving industry could incorporate such features. Already, new machines are coming equipped with GPS integrated from the factory. The possibilities are endless and who knows what other practical uses for GPS in the earthmoving industries will be discovered.

Resources
The first user-oriented web resource for prospective 3D machine control users was created in 2010. The Kellogg Report publicized a detailed comparison of the major systems available on the market, evaluating more than 200 system features. The report continues to be updated as the technology evolves.

Notes

Global Positioning System
Earthworks (engineering)


In computational complexity theory, there is an open problem of whether some information about a sum of radicals may be computed in polynomial time depending on the input size, i.e., in the number of bits necessary to represent this sum. It is of importance for many problems in computational geometry, since the computation of the Euclidean distance between two points in the general case involves the computation of a square root, and therefore the perimeter of a polygon or the length of a polygonal chain takes the form of a sum of radicals.

The sum of radicals is defined as a finite linear combination of radicals:

where  are natural numbers and  are real numbers.

Most theoretical research in computational geometry of combinatorial character assumes the computational model of infinite precision real RAM, i.e., an abstract computer in which real numbers and operations on them are performed with infinite precision and the input size of a real number and the cost of an elementary operation are constants. However, there is research in computational complexity, especially in computer algebra, where the input size of a number is the number of bits necessary for its representation.

Of particular interest in computational geometry is the problem of determining the sign of the sum of radicals. For instance, the length of a polygonal path in which all vertices have integer coordinates may be expressed using the Pythagorean theorem as a sum of integer square roots, so in order to determine whether one path is longer or shorter than another in a Euclidean shortest path problem, it is necessary to determine the sign of an expression in which the first path's length is subtracted from the second; this expression is a sum of radicals.

In a similar way, the sum of radicals problem is inherent in the problem of minimum-weight triangulation in the Euclidean metric.

In 1991, Blömer proposed a polynomial time Monte Carlo algorithm for determining whether a sum of radicals is zero, or more generally whether it represents a rational number.
While Blömer's result does not resolve the computational complexity of finding the sign of the sum of radicals, it does imply that if the latter problem is in class NP, then it is also in co-NP.

See also
Nested radicals
Abel–Ruffini theorem

References

Computational problems
Computer algebra
Computational geometry


Barredos (Asturian: ) is a place in the parish of Tiraña in Laviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. The population is 1,677 people.

Location
Barredos is 2 kilometers from the district capital, Pola de Laviana. It lies at 31 kilometers from Oviedo and 38 kilometers from Gijón.

History
The urban town was born as a mining town after the rise of coal mining in this part of the Nalón Mining Basin. In the 1950s it grew considerably with the construction of the First of May working-class neighborhood, a place of residence for many of the workers of the Carrio pit mine. In the center of the neighborhood, the church of San José Obrero was built, with a bell tower that stands out above the rooftops. The  divides the town into two parts: the neighborhood with the church and the old town. The Tiraña river, a tributary of the Nalón, crosses the town. Some mining trails run through old coal mining sites. Next to one of them is the Rimoria suspension bridge, built by Duro Felguera, with a profile similar to the Vizcaya Bridge but much smaller.

Services
Barredos has a primary school, a municipal sports center, and a stop for FEVE on the Laviana-Gijón line. It also has regular bus service to the rest of the Nalón, Oviedo and Gijón Valleys.

References

External links
 Unofficial site
 Page with news from the City Council

Parishes in Laviana


Joseph Warner Murphy (21 December 1892 – 3 July 1977) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Kent County, Ontario and became a farmer and lawyer by career.

He was first elected at the Lambton West riding in the 1945 general election and served for five successive terms in Parliament until he was defeated in the 1962 federal election by Walter Frank Foy of the Liberal Party.

External links

1892 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Canadian farmers
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Lawyers in Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Tewa Promma is a Thai footballer. He currently plays for Thai Division 1 League clubside Suphanburi.

See also
Football in Thailand
List of football clubs in Thailand

References

External links
Profile at Thaipremierleague.co.th

Living people
Tewa Promma
1988 births
Men's association football forwards
Tewa Promma
Tewa Promma
Tewa Promma
Tewa Promma


The Celebic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, formerly called Celebes. Almost all of the languages spoken in the provinces of Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi belong to the Celebic group. A few Celebic languages (e.g. Wotu, Bonerate) are located in South Sulawesi province. By number of languages (but not by number of speakers), Celebic is the largest subgroup of Austronesian languages on Sulawesi.

Subgrouping

Internal classification
David Mead (2003a:125) classifies the Celebic languages as follows.

Tomini–Tolitoli
Kaili–Pamona
Wotu–Wolio
 Eastern
Saluan–Banggai
Southeastern
Bungku–Tolaki
Muna–Buton

More recently, Zobel (2020) proposed that Kaili–Pamona and Wotu–Wolio form a Kaili–Wolio group, which Zobel places as a primary subgroup of Celebic. Furthermore, in Zobel's (2020) classification, Kaili–Wolio is placed as a sister to group to Tominic–Eastern Celebic, which contains Mead's (2003) Tomini–Tolitoli and Eastern Celebic groups.

Position within Austronesian
At the current state of research, the Celebic languages are considered to make up a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup within the Austronesian language family.

Proto-Celebic

David Mead (2003a:125) lists the following sound changes for Proto-Celebic and its subgroups.

1. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Celebic
 *C1C2 > *C2 (C1 not nasal)
 *h > Ø
 *d > *r
 *ay, *-ey > *e
 *-aw, *-ew > *o
 *j > *y, Ø

2. Proto-Celebic to Proto-Eastern Celebic
 *e (schwa) > *o
 *-iq > *eq
antepenultimate *a > *o

3. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Saluan–Banggai
 *-awa- > *oa
 *-b, *-g > *p, *k
 *q > *ʔ

4. Proto-Eastern Celebic to Proto-Southeastern Celebic
 *-w- > Ø
 *s > *s, *h
 *Z > *s
 *ñ > n
 *b > *b, *w

5. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Bungku–Tolaki
 *q > *ʔ
 *w- > *h
 *ʀ > Ø initially and contiguous to *i

6. Proto-Southeastern Celebic to Proto-Muna–Buton
 *w > Ø
final consonant loss (?)

See also
Languages of Sulawesi
South Sulawesi languages

References

External links
 Celebic languages at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).
 Classification of Sulawesi languages

Malayo-Polynesian languages


Kittiraj Sanor () is a Thai footballer. He played for Thai Premier League clubside Sisaket, and is currently a free agent.

References

External links
Profile at Thaipremierleague.co.th

Living people
Kittiraj Sanor
1987 births
Kittiraj Sanor
Kittiraj Sanor
Men's association football midfielders


Era Sezhiyan (28 April 1923 – 6 June 2017) or Rajagopal Seziyan was an Indian writer and politician. His original name was R.Srinivasan and changed his name to fall in line with other DMK leaders who opted for Tamil names instead of Sanskritised forms. He was known for having rediscovered and  published 'Shah Commission Report' which was reported destroyed by Indira Gandhi Government

Personal life
Seziyan was born to V. S. Rajagopal on 28 April 1923. He completed his master's before entering politics. He married Dr. Prema Seziyan.

Public life
Seziyan was a well-known writer in Tamil and has written numerous short stories and one-act plays. He joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam at an early age. In 1962, he stood for election from Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency and was elected to the Lok Sabha or lower house of the Indian Parliament. He served as a Member of Parliament for Perambalur from 1962 to 1967. In the 1967 Lok Sabha elections, Sezhiyan defeated two-time Congress MP C. R. Pattabhiraman from Kumbakonam. He was brother of Navalar V.R. Nedunchezian and both of them were founder members of DMK. Later, attracted to Jayaprakash Narayan's ideologies, he joined the Janata Party. He represented the Janata Party in Parliament as a Rajya Sabha member between 1978 and 1984. In 2001, he retired from active politics.

Editing Shah Commission report
The atrocities committed during Emergency 1975 were enquired and published in Shah Commission Report during 1980 but was suppressed by next draconian Government. It was believed that all copies of Shah Commission report were either destroyed or disappeared and after three decades, Era Sezhiyan traced a copy of the report and published with editorial notes during 2010.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
People from Thanjavur district
India MPs 1967–1970
India MPs 1971–1977
People from Perambalur district
India MPs 1962–1967


Carrio is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Laviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

References

Parishes in Laviana


Uplifting Entertainment is a Christian production company based in Pennsylvania. It was conceived by Greg Robbins in 1999, who portrays Pastor Greg, with the purpose of "informing with delight." It was formally founded in Oregon in 2003 as a limited partnership between Robbins, director Calvin Kennedy, producer Roger Lounsbury, and writer/producer Ken Armstrong.  The 2009 film, C Me Dance, was the first film created by it.

Notable productions included eight Christian entertainment series for Trinity Broadcasting Network, such as Sarah's Stories, Kid Fit, and Deputy Dingle; and a feature film, Susie's Hope (2013), about an abused pit bull puppy who later became a certified therapy dog.

References

External links

Film production companies of the United States
Christian film production companies
Companies based in Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1999
1999 establishments in Pennsylvania


Rangsarit Sutthisa (, born 9 April 1979) is a professional footballer from Thailand.

External links
 Goal.com
 Players Profile - info.thscore.com

1979 births
Living people
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Men's association football midfielders
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Rangsarit Sutthisa
Rangsarit Sutthisa


El Condao () is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Laviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 L'Aldea
 Boroñes
 El Condao
 La Ferrera
 La Xerra

References

Parishes in Laviana


Anel Omar Rodríguez (died March 10, 2009) was a Panamanian politician, who served as Panama's Minister of Culture and deputy Minister of Labor during his career. Rodriguez was considered a prominent member of Panama's governing Democratic Revolutionary Party at the time of his death in 2009.

Rodriguez previously served as the deputy Minister of Labor, before being appointed as Culture Minister under Panamanian President Martin Torrijos. He had also served as Panama's ambassador to Cuba. Rodriguez also served as the head of Panama's National Culture Institute until his death.

Rodriguez was killed on March 10, 2009, when he was accidentally caught in the crossfire of a shootout between robbers and security guards outside the National Lottery for Charity in Panama City. He was believed to be running an errand near the lottery building when he was caught in the shootout and killed, along with a Brinks security guard. Rodriguez had just left his car in front of the lottery building when the shooting began.

President Martin Torrijos called Rodriguez, "An exemplary Panamanian, a great patriot and an excellent father." Opposition presidential candidate Balbina Herrera blamed criminals from outside the country for the shootout, saying that Mexican and Colombian nationals should have to obtain visas to enter Panama.

Anel Omar Rodríguez was 47 years old at the time of his murder. He was survived by his wife and four children.

References

External links
La Estrella: Three dead in botched robbery

2009 deaths
Ambassadors of Panama to Cuba
Democratic Revolutionary Party politicians
Government ministers of Panama
Year of birth missing


Llorío is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Llaviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 L'Acebal
 La Cabaña
 Ciargüelo
 La Fomermeya
 Iguanzo
 La Llera
 Muñera
 Pando
 Payandi
 El Puente d'Arcu
 Ribota
 Soto
 La Canterona
 La Curuxera

References

Parishes in Laviana


White Eyes is the third album released by rapper Magic. It was released on March 18, 2003 through The New No Limit Records and Universal Records. The album failed to match the success of his previous albums and only made it to #147 on the Billboard 200 and #37 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. This was Magic's final album with No Limit.

Track listing
"Intro"- 0:55
"War"- 4:32
"Hustler"- 4:32
"What U Gonna Do"- 4:15
"Creepers"- 3:22
"I'll Be There"- 2:56  (feat. Sweety)
"What Up Then"- 3:26  (feat. Monique O'Neil & S. Bear)
"Shake a Little Something"- 4:20 (feat. Partners-N-Crime & 5th Ward Weebie)
"Fire"- 2:44
"Good Life"- 3:23  (feat. 6 Piece)
"What"- 3:02
"With You"- 3:12 (feat. Tyron)
"Friday"- 4:07
"Ball Like Us"- 3:14  (feat. Suga Bear & Ezell Swang)
"Never Slippin'"- 2:58
"Smoke On"- 3:54
"Forgive Us"- 4:23
"Outro"- 0:46

References

2003 albums
Magic (rapper) albums
No Limit Records albums
Universal Records albums


There is a small but growing population of Chinese people in Senegal, largely consisting of expatriates from the People's Republic of China who began arriving in the country in the 1980s.

Migration history
Migrants from the People's Republic of China (PRC) began flowing into Senegal in the 1980s. They rented properties at above-market rates in the Centenaire area, and remained in the country even after Senegalese president Abdou Diouf's administration granted official recognition to the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan in 1996. The ROC's diplomatic success was not matched by the development of economic relations; instead, the traders from the PRC, actually on the ground in Senegal, were able to cultivate political and popular support. Their efforts paid off in October 2005, when Senegal broke off relations with the ROC and restored its relations with the PRC, an event which was greeted with celebrations by local Chinese migrants. The ROC responded by accusing the PRC of "buying" Senegal's allegiance by pledging US$600 million in foreign aid.

In 2004, the PRC's official People's Daily published an estimate of 300 Chinese in Senegal. In 2008, the South China Morning Post published official numbers from an unspecified source stating that 150 Chinese families totalling 200 to 300 people lived in Dakar alone, but Chinese in Senegal who were interviewed estimated the true number might be as high as 1,000. Another report by Radio Australia's Chinese edition in January 2009 put the total number at 2,000.

Business and employment
, there were roughly 200 Chinese-owned shops in Dakar, largely concentrated around Dakar's Boulevard du Centenaire. The area is rapidly becoming known as the local "Chinatown", though it still lacks some of the visual features associated with Chinatowns in other countries, such as Chinese lanterns. Chinese merchants typically convert their buildings into shophouses, with living space in the back and retail space in the front. According to a Voice of America report, Chinese wholesalers can gross several thousand dollars per day. Their influence has largely shifted the centre of commerce in Dakar away from the historic Sandaga market to the Centenaire area.

Chinese merchants largely sell imported goods; in 2006, imports from China to Senegal accounted for 94% of the two countries' total trade relationship. Larger Senegalese traders who compete with the Chinese shops them often blame them for flooding the market with cheap goods, and even organised a strike in 2004 through their business association UNACOIS (a French acronym for "Senegalese Union of Traders and Industrialists") to demand caps on Chinese immigration. In particular, they accuse Chinese merchants of paying bribes and evading taxes. However, the low prices they offer benefit both consumers as well as small itinerant vendors who go door-to-door in poor neighbourhoods reselling goods they purchase from the Chinese. The head of Senegalese consumer association ASCOSEN even organised a counter-protest in opposition to UNACOIS's 2004 protest, in turn accusing them of cheating consumers by selling goods imported from China at prices up to ten times as much as those offered by Chinese traders. Others credit Chinese traders with creating jobs for locals. Each shop employs about two or three local assistants, and one local observer noted that they have had the effect of decreasing crime, as "young kids who used to be pickpockets are now hired as messengers".

As a result of the low prices they offer, Chinese traders have not only been able to outcompete large Senegalese merchants in Dakar, but have also begun to displace diasporic Lebanese from their traditional position as the market-dominant minority there as well; members of those two groups have begun to shift to a business pattern of buying goods from the Chinese and reselling them in more remote areas of the country where no Chinese migrants live. Chinese wholesalers also attract merchants from nearby West African countries, especially Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Mali, who find it cheaper to come to Senegal to purchase Chinese goods for resale in their home countries, rather than go through the expensive and time-consuming process of obtaining a PRC visa and flying to China themselves.

Integration and community
Chinese shop-owners often teach their African employees Mandarin and learn Wolof and French from them in return, a form of language exchange. However, they have little contact with local people outside of work, instead mostly socialising with and living near other Chinese people. They are perceived by local people as a secretive community.

Chinese in Senegal have formed a variety of community associations, including:
The Senegalese Association of Overseas Chinese, established in Dakar in October 2007.
The Chinese Association of Senegal (塞内加尔华人联谊会), headed by Li Jicai (李吉才)
The Association of Chinese Businessmen in Senegal
The Senegal Chinese Friendship Association (塞内加尔中国人联谊会)

Chinese traders in Senegal often become the victims of violent crime. In 2002, a woman went missing and was never heard from again; in 2004, Sun Fengzhi and her son Wang Kun were murdered in their home in Dakar. In February 2009, after the murder of businessman Zhao Suiqin (赵遂勤) from Henan, 214 Chinese-owned shops held a work stoppage to protest the slow police investigations of violence against them; some Senegalese merchants also closed their shops in solidarity.

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Chinese in Dakar - a photo set on Flickr
SENEGAL: Chinese companies keen back Africa's farms but want greater support, including Reuters video from a Chinese market in Dakar
The Colony, an Al Jazeera English documentary about the Chinese in Senegal

Ethnic groups in Senegal
Senegal


Heinrich (Henry) Teuscher (May 8, 1891 in Berlin – August 9, 1984, in Toronto) was a landscape architect, horticulturalist and botanist best known for having designed the Jardin Botanique de Montreal. He was also its first curator.

Professional recognition
Teuscher won the 1953 AHS Professional Award from the American Horticultural Society, as well as the 1962 Liberty Hyde Bailey Award, and the American Public Gardens Association's 1978 Award for Merit. The genus of orchids Teuscheria is named for him.

References

1891 births
1984 deaths
German landscape architects
Canadian landscape architects
20th-century German botanists
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914)
20th-century Canadian botanists
German emigrants to Canada


Simone Alaimo (born 3 February 1950) is an Italian bass-baritone. He is particularly known for his performances of the bel canto repertoire.

Life
A native of Villabate, Alaimo studied at the Palermo Conservatory and then the L'Accademia di La Scala in Milan before making his début in 1977 at the Teatro Fraschini in Pavia as the title hero in Gaetano Donizetti's Don Pasquale. Shortly thereafter he joined the roster of singers at the Teatro Massimo in his home city. In 1980 he made his first appearance at the Piccola Scala in a production of Carlo Evasio Soliva's La testa di bronzo and performed for the first time at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino as Radamanto in Giulio Caccini's Euridice. That year also marked his debut at the Festival de Ópera de Las Palmas and the Teatro Carlo Felice, two places he has sung with some frequency. In 1982 he performed for the first time at the Teatro di San Carlo, the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, the Liceu, and the Rossini Opera Festival. He sang the role of Mustafà in Gioachino Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri for his United States debut at the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 1987. He reprised the role the following year for his first performance in the United Kingdom at the Royal Opera, London. In 2011, he appeared at Teatro Massimo Bellini, in Il Barbiere Di Siviglia, and Le Convenienze Ed Inconvenienze Teatrali.

His nephew, Nicola Alaimo, is a successful baritone, born in 1978, who has worked with Riccardo Muti, among other conductors.

Notes

References
Warrack, John and West, Ewan (eds.) "Alaimo, Simone", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, Oxford University Press, 1996. Accessed via subscription 1 February 2010.
Realtà Sannita, "Simone Alaimo una carriera straordinaria" (in Italian), 27 March 2008. Accessed 1 February 2010
 Alaimo, Simone (3 Feb 1950), in The Grove Book of Opera Singers

Italian opera singers
Operatic bass-baritones
1950 births
Living people
Palermo Conservatory alumni


Askania-Nova (), or New-Askania, is an urban-type settlement in Kakhovka Raion, Kherson Oblast, southern Ukraine, near the Askania-Nova biosphere reserve. It hosts the administration of the Askania-Nova settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. It had a population of

Administrative status
The settlement has been classified as urban since 1938. Until 18 July, 2020, Askania-Nova belonged to Chaplynka Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kherson Oblast to five. The area of Chaplynka Raion was merged into Kakhovka Raion.

History

It was established in 1822 as a rural settlement of Chapli. In 1828, the estate of Chapli was leased by Frederick Ferdinand, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen. The estate was renamed Neu-Askania, as the Duke's family held the title the Duke of Ascania since 1330. The 25 sheep breeders and German colonizers from that county founded the loosely populated settlement of Ascania-Nova.

Later, in 1835, it became a khutir of Askania-Nova. In 1856, a Ukrainian-born German entrepreneur Friedrich Fein bought the estate, which totaled approximately 52,000 ha, from the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (presumably Leopold IV). Friedrich Fein was grandfather of Friedrich Falz-Fein, the founder of Askania Nova biosphere reserve. In 1890, it was known as the incorporated rural settlement of Askania-Nova.

See also

 Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast

References

Notes

Sources
 Town stats

External links
Friedrich Fein Lineage

Urban-type settlements in Kakhovka Raion
German communities in Ukraine


Since the 1940s, a number of concertos  have been written for the harmonica. Nearly all harmonica concertos are composed for the chromatic harmonica. One of the few exceptions is the 2001 concerto for the 10-hole harmonica by Howard Levy.

Such works include:

 Malcolm Arnold: Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra, Op. 46 (1954, composed for Larry Adler)
 Milton Barnes - Concerto for Harmonica and Strings (for Tommy Reilly)
 Arthur Benjamin - Harmonica Concerto (1953, for Larry Adler)
 Jean-François Marcoux - Harmonica Concerto Le sommeil des voeux (1990) et Harmonica concerto 'ôde à Siguer' et Le meilleur don de la conscience
 Robert Russell Bennett - Concerto (1974)
 Jean Berger - Caribbean Concerto (1940, for Larry Adler)
 Henry Cowell Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (1962, for John Sebastian)
 Norman Dello Joio - Concertino for Harmonica and Orchestra (1948, for John Sebastian)
 Brett Deubner - Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra
 Walter Girnatis - Concertino
 Richard Hayman - Concerto (1978)
 Hugo Herrmann - Concertino (1948)
 Alan Hovhaness - Concerto No. 6, op. 114 (1953-4, for John Sebastian)
 George Kleinsinger - Street Corner Concerto (1942, for John Sebastian)
 Karl-Heinz Köper - Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra, Op. 12 (1961, for Tommy Reilly)
 Serge Lancen - Concerto (1958, for Larry Adler)
 Alan Langford: Concertante for Harmonica and Strings (1981, for Tommy Reilly)
 Howard Levy - Concerto for Diatonic Harmonica and Orchestra - first concerto for 10-hole harmonica and orchestra
 Frank Lewin - Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (1960, for John Sebastian)
 Terje Rypdal: Modulations for Harmonica and Orchestra (1981, for Sigmund Groven)
 Henri Sauguet - The Garden's Concerto (1970, for Claude Garden)
 Henning Sommerro: Concertino for Harmonica and Orchestra (2008. for Sigmund Groven)
 Michael Spivakovsky - Concerto (1951, for Tommy Reilly)
 Siegfried Steinkogler - Harmonica Concerto (2001, for Sigmund Groven)
 Vilém Tauský - Concertino (1963, for Tommy Reilly)
 Alexander Tcherepnin - Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra, Op. 86 (1953, for John Sebastian)
 Heitor Villa-Lobos - Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (1955, for John Sebastian)
 Meiro Sugawara - Concerto for Harmonica and Orchestra (1978, for Joe Sakimoto)
 Graham Whettam
 Concerto Scherzoso, Op. 9 (1951, Larry Adler)
 Second Concerto, Op. 34 (for Tommy Reilly)
 Corky Siegel
 Corky Siegel's Chamber Blues – Chamber Blues (1994 – Alligator)
 Complementary Colors – Chamber Blues (1998 – Gadfly)
 Corky Siegel's Traveling Chamber Blues Show – Chamber Blues (2005 – Alligator)
 A good portion of Chamber Blues material is written as a harmonic concerto. i.e.  Opus 7, Opus 8, Opus 12 Filisko's Dream, Opus 13 Unfinished Jump, Opus 17, Opus 18, Opus 19, Opus 20, Opus 21,  Opus 22, Five Planets in Harmonica Convergence, .. all for Harmonica and String Quartet with East Indian Tabla is some cases.

References

Franklin Stöver -  Duo-Concertante (2007) for 16-hole harmonica, 'cello & orchestra <edition hohenstaufen>

External links
 Classical Harmonica
 http://www.chamberblues.com
 https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:For_harmonica,_orchestra

Concertos
Concerto


The Thien Hau Temple (), officially the Tue Thanh Guildhall (), is a Chinese-style temple of the Chinese Goddess of Sea, Mazu on Nguyễn Trãi Street in the Cholon ("Chinatown") of District 5 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

History
 is the Vietnamese transcription of the Chinese name Tianhou ("Empress of Heaven"), an epithet of the Chinese Goddess of Sea, Mazu, the deified form of Lin Moniang, a medieval Fujianese girl credited with saving one or some of her family members from harm during a typhoon through her spiritual power. Although officially unrecognized by both the governments of Mainland China and Taiwan, the faith is popular in the maritime southern provinces of China and, especially, on Taiwan and among the Chinese diaspora. In Vietnam, she is also sometimes known as the "Lady of the Sea" (). Mazuism is frequently syncretized with Taoism and Chinese Buddhism. For example, at the Quan Am Pagoda nearby, the two main altars are dedicated to Thien Hau and Quan Am, the Vietnamese form of Guanyin, the Chinese form of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara.

The temple was first erected  by the Cantonese community in the city. It saw major repairs or expansions in 1800, 1842 (and possibly also 1847), 1882, 1890, and 1916.

Architecture

Exterior
The temple is located right on busy Nguyen Trai Street.  It can be accessed by entering through an iron gate and crossing a small courtyard.  The roof is decorated with small delicately fashioned porcelain figurines expressing themes from Chinese religion and legends.  Lanterns and wooden models of Chinese theaters hang over the entrance.

Interior
The interior of the temple is actually a partially covered courtyard, at the end of which is the altar to Mazu.  The exposed portions of the courtyard contain incense burners, and open the view to the remarkable porcelain dioramas that decorate the roof.  The dioramas show scenes from a 19th-century Chinese city, and include such colorful figures as actors, demons, animals, and Persian and European sailors and traders.  In one scene, actors depict a duel on horseback battle between the revered halberd-wielding general Guan Yu of the novel Three Kingdoms and another fighter.  Another scene depicts the three Taoist Immortal Sages representing longevity, fecundity and prosperity.

The altar to Mazu is dominated by the three statues of the Goddess.  The faces are bronze in color, and the clothes and crowns are multi-colored. Incense burners are all about.

Gallery

Services
On the 23rd day of the third month of the Vietnamese lunar calendar which is Mazu's Birthday, the main statue of Mazu will be invite out from the altar and paraded through District 5's Chinatown. The temple's large bronze bell dates to 1830 and is rung when large donations are made to the temple.

References

Citations

Bibliography
 .

Buddhist temples in Ho Chi Minh City
Mazu temples
Pagodas in Vietnam


The Mutiny Memorial, now known as Ajitgarh, is a memorial situated on the Ridge New Delhi. It was built in memory of all those who had fought in the Delhi Field Force, British and Indian, during the Indian Revolt of 1857.

History
Erected by the Public Works Department at government expense in 1863 the memorial was hastily designed and constructed. It received much public criticism on completion. In 1972, the 25th anniversary of India's Independence, the Indian Government renamed the monument 'Ajitgarh' ('Place of the Unvanquished') and erected a plaque stating that the 'enemy' mentioned on the memorials were 'immortal martyrs for Indian freedom'.

Architecture

The memorial was built in the Gothic style in red sandstone, with four tiers rising from an octagonal base. The lowest tier consists of seven faces containing memorial plaques and one face holding the stairs to the upper tiers.

The memorial was built to be just taller than the Ashoka Pillar, which is situated  away.

Location
The Mutiny Memorial is located in front of Old Telegraph Building, Kashmiri Gate. you can entre in the memorial by the entrance gate opposite  to Bara Hindu Rao Hospital, near to Delhi University campus in New Delhi.

References

External links

 Heritage walk through Delhi Ridge

British military memorials and cemeteries
Indian military memorials and cemeteries
Gothic Revival architecture in India
New Delhi
Monuments of National Importance in Delhi
1863 establishments in India


Pola de Laviana is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Laviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. This parish is the most  populated of Laviana and it is located in Nalon Valley.

Moreover, Pola de Laviana is the capital of the Laviana municipality.

The extension of this parish is 9.8 km2 and its population is 9,106 inhabitants (2011).

The Parish
Pola de Laviana is especially known for its gastronomy. It celebrates the annual religious celebrations of the Virgin of the Otero, the celebrations of the neighborhood of the Pontona, the celebrations on the occasion of the Descent Folkloric of the Nalón, declared of Regional Tourist Interest, the festivities of the Xeronda and The Chalana. Pola de Laviana, as capital, has several administrative, educational, sports and cultural services.

Art
 Parish Church of Our Mistress of the Assumption whose style is neo-Gothic historical.
Church of Our Mistress of Otero. This church is a work after the fifteenth century. It has a Latin cross shape with a bell gable in a cross shape. This church is dedicated to the patron saint of La Pola.
Chapel of San José. Rebuilt in the historic style of the popular type with ornaments of mountain taste.

Other notable buildings are the Consistorial House, the Ancient Maxi Theater and the traditional buildings of the historical center.

Villages

Sports
Pola de Laviana has its own soccer team, it's Real Titánico.

References

Parishes in Laviana


Ritchie Coliseum is a multipurpose athletics facility and music venue at the University of Maryland. It served as the home arena for the Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team from 1931 to 1955, and for its gymnastics, wrestling, and volleyball teams until 2002. It is located on the east side of Baltimore Avenue in College Park, Maryland. The official seating capacity is 1,500.

History
Ritchie Coliseum, named after then Maryland governor Albert Cabell Ritchie, was built in 1931, at a cost of $200,000, to replace a facility known as "the Gymnasium" as the home arena for the basketball and boxing teams. The arena was built by the H. D. Watts Construction Company, which was owned by Harry Watts, an alumnus who played as a fullback on the football team from 1901 to 1903. The building hosted the basketball and boxing teams until 1955, when it was replaced by Cole Field House centrally located on the campus.

For 26 years at Ritchie Coliseum, basketball games were held immediately before or after boxing matches. During the 1930s, boxing was the most popular sport at Maryland and bouts often drew crowds of as many as 6,000, far exceeding the facility's capacity. In 1937, Ritchie Coliseum hosted the Southern Conference boxing tournament, which the undefeated Maryland team won. Terrapins pugilists Ben Alperstein and Tom Birmingham went on to compete in the national intercollegiate championship in Sacramento, California.

After he took over in 1950, basketball coach Bud Millikan said the boxing doubleheader events were indicative of the sad state of Maryland athletics, and put an end to them early in his tenure. He also complained the facility had no ball racks, with basketballs stored in duct-taped cardboard boxes instead, and that the team had played in high school arenas that were more adequate than Ritchie Coliseum.

When Maryland joined the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953, basketball games routinely attracted capacity crowds to Ritchie Coliseum. Newspapers quoted football coach Jim Tatum as saying basketball games were always sold out and it was impossible to get tickets. Millikan later said that this was the only thing Tatum ever did to anger him. Millikan said that he told Tatum, "I thought we should be getting students standing in line from Baltimore to D.C., trying to get into the damn games. Please don't tell people the games are sold out."

In 1972, Title IX was enacted and the women's basketball team was formed. With a requirement for equal facilities, the university offered to make Ritchie Coliseum a dedicated arena for the women. Head coach Chris Weller rejected this, wanting instead to use the same facility as the men's team, Cole Field House.

The building was renovated in the spring of 1997 and is used as a multipurpose facility. It served as the home arena of the Maryland Terrapins gymnastics, wrestling, and volleyball teams until the completion of the Comcast Center in 2002. Those athletics teams temporarily returned to Ritchie when a water main burst in 2004. The facility also is the host site of the Maryland state high school volleyball championships.

Music Venue

Ritchie Coliseum has also been used as a music venue as long ago as 1956 and holds the Annual College Park Free Blues Festival (11th CPBF is Saturday, November 10, 2018). Duke Ellington performed in 1956, in a Jazz vs. Classics Pop Concert. As reported by The Diamondback, the cost to students to witness this historic concert was only $1 (that's just $8.72 today with inflation).

Description
The floor dimensions are 11,000 ft2 (1,021.9 m2) with a surface of maple hardwood. The official seating capacity used to be 1,500. There are 1,900 total seats, which includes 600 folding seat-back chairs in the upper mezzanine, 700 pull-out bench seats, and 600 chairs on the floor. Other features are concessions stands on two levels, a ticket booth, and scoreboard. Additional facilities consist of a weight room with free weights and cardiovascular equipment, and a martial arts room with padded walls and mats.

References

1931 establishments in Maryland
Maryland Terrapins basketball venues
Sports venues in Maryland
Defunct college basketball venues in the United States
University of Maryland, College Park facilities
Indoor arenas in Maryland
College volleyball venues in the United States
Sports venues completed in 1931
College gymnastics venues in the United States
Boxing venues in the United States
Boxing in Maryland
College wrestling venues in the United States


Tolivia is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Laviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages

References

Parishes in Laviana


Palsit is a village in Burdwan II CD block in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It's having many other small villages in palsit.

It is believed that Swami Vivekananda has walked through the palsit village . There are two madan Gopal Mandir is situated here in this area, one at palsit and another one is at Bhaita . Palsit hattala (Also known as bakultata and shibtala) is the center of attraction of this area.

Geography

Location
Palsit is located at

Palsit is part of the Bardhaman Plain, the central plain area of the district. The area is surrounded by the Bhagirathi on the east, the Ajay on the north-west and the Damodar on the west and south. Old river channels and small creeks found in the region dry up in the dry season, but the Bardhaman Plains are sometimes subject to heavy floods during the rainy season. The region has recent alluvial soils. In this region cultivation  is through the year. Some places with rain water , river water and tubes wells.

Urbanisation
73.58% of the population of Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision lives in the rural areas. Only 26.42% of the population lives in the urban areas, and that is the highest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Bardhaman district. The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Demographics
As per the 2011 Census of India Palsit had a total population of 3,578, of which 1,790 (50%) were males and 1,788 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 370. The total number of literates in Palsit was 2,307 (71.91% of the population over 6 years).

Transport
Palsit is the junction point of the Grand Trunk Road and Durgapur Expressway. It is on NH 19. While Dankuni is , Panagarh is  from Palsit.

Palsit is the meeting point of NH 114 and SH 13.

Palsit railway station is situated on the Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line,  from Howrah Station. It is  each from Saktigarh and Rasulpur. It is part of Kolkata Suburban Railway system.

References

Cities and towns in Purba Bardhaman district


Lenticular bedding is a sedimentary bedding pattern displaying alternating layers of mud and sand. Formed during periods of slack water, mud suspended in the water is deposited on top of small formations of sand once the water's velocity has reached zero. Lenticular bedding is classified by its large quantities of mud relative to sand, whereas a flaser bed consists mostly of sand. The sand formations within the bedding display a 'lens-like' shape, giving the pattern its respected name. They are commonly found in high-energy environments such as the intertidal and supratidal zones. Geologists use lenticular bedding to show evidence of tidal rhythm, tidal currents and tidal slack, in a particular environment.

References

Sedimentary structures


Hayden Stanton (13 September 1898 – 7 December 1960) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in South Crosby Twp. and became a dairy farmer by career.

He was first elected at the Leeds riding in the 1953 general election and re-elected for successive terms in the 1957 and 1958 elections.

Stanton died in Kingston, Ontario on 7 December 1960 where he was in hospital following stomach surgery, during his term in the 24th Canadian Parliament. John Matheson of the Liberal party succeeded him at Leeds in a May 1961 by-election.

References

External links

1898 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Canadian farmers
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Nassif (also spelled Naseef, Nassef or Nasiff, ) is an Arabic masculine given and surname originating in the Eastern Mediterranean, primarily from Lebanon and Syria, derived from the Arabic word nasif meaning just or fair-minded.

Given name
 Nassif Ghoussoub, Canadian mathematician
 Nasif Estéfano (1932–1973), Argentine racing driver
 Nassif Majdalani (1913–1988), Lebanese media presenter and football president
 Nasif al-Nassar (d. 1781), autonomous Shia leader of South Lebanon during Ottoman era
 Nasif Al-Yaziji (1800–1871), Lebanese author and prominent figure in the Nahda movement
 Nassif Zeytoun, Syrian singer

Surname
Abdullah Omar Nasseef (born 1939), Saudi chemist and geologist
 Ali Hussein Nassif (d. 2012), founding member of Hezbollah, former commander of all Hezbollah troops in the Syrian Civil War before being killed by rebels.
 Gabriel Nassif, French professional card player
 Henry Joseph Nasiff Jr., better known as "Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf," member of "The Wack Pack" on The Howard Stern Show (1962-2001)
 Muhammad Nasif Khairbek, senior internal security official in Syria.
 Paul Nassif, Beverly Hills plastic surgeon featured on the reality television series Botched and The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
 Zaki Nassif (1918-2004), Lebanese folk music composer

Places
 The Nassif Building, former headquarters of the United States Department of Transportation
 Nasseef House, sometimes known as Nassif House, historical landmark in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Fictional characters
 Dr. Leila Nassif, fictional character in the PC game Deus Ex: Invisible War characters

References

Arabic-language surnames
Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names


Endometrioma (also called chocolate cyst) is the presence of tissue similar to, but distinct from, the endometrium in and sometimes on the ovary. It is the most common form of endometriosis.  Endometrioma is found in 17–44% patients with endometriosis.

More broadly, endometriosis is the presence of tissue similar to, but distinct from, endometrial tissue located outside the uterus. The presence of endometriosis can result in the formation of scar tissue, adhesions and an inflammatory reaction.

Endometriomas are usually benign growths, most often found in the ovary. They forms dark, fluid-filled cysts, which can vary greatly in size. The fluid inside the cysts is thick, dark, old blood, giving it a chocolate-like appearance, giving it the name chocolate cyst. It can also develop in the cul-de-sac (the space behind the uterus), the surface of the uterus, and between the vagina and rectum.

Pathophysiology

Endometrial tissue is the mucous membrane that normally lines the uterus. The endometrium is richly supplied with blood and its growth is regulated by estrogen and progesterone. It consists of glandular and stroma tissue from the lining of the uterus. When the endometrial mucous membrane is found outside of the uterus in places such as the ovaries, it causes chronic pelvic pain with intercourse and menstrual cycles.

Endometriomas can produce a toxic environment by producing estrogen, cytokines, interleukins, and other inflammatory substances, that could damage healthy endometriomal tissue. This toxic fluid content can cause dire alterations to the normal surrounding endometriotic cells, potentially impacting the embryo, the ability of an embryo to implant successfully, and the responsiveness of the endometrium. Endometrioma can potentially lead to premature ovarian failure, decreased ovarian function, or problems with ovulation. Studies have also found that endometriomas occur two times more frequently in the left ovary (67%) than in the right one (33%), possibly due to the presence of the sigmoid colon on the left side.

Risks
Endometriomas can increase the risk of ovarian cancer in reproductive women, decrease normal ovarian function, and cause pain in the pelvis during or after periods or during sexual intercourse. Although most endometriomas are found to be benign, the possibility of malignant tumors still exists, and surgery is needed to confirm malignancy and determine what future treatment must be administered.

Another factor that endometrioma can impact is the ovarian reserve, or the number of quality follicles left in the ovary to produce viable eggs. Ovaries with endometriomas showed significantly less follicular density as compared to healthy ovaries, leading to a decrease in fertility.

Treatment

Medication
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used first in patients with pelvic pain, particularly if the diagnosis of endometriosis has not been definitively (excision and biopsy) established.  The goal of directed medical treatment is to achieve an anovulatory state. Typically, this is achieved initially using hormonal contraception.  This can also be accomplished with progestational agents (i.e., medroxyprogesterone acetate), danazol, gestrinone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH), as well as other less well-known agents.  These agents are generally used if oral contraceptives and NSAIDs are ineffective. GnRH can be combined with estrogen and progestogen (add-back therapy) without loss of efficacy but with fewer hypoestrogenic symptoms. These medications are often ineffective in treating endometriomas and any relief is short lived while taking the medications. Therapy with these agents has a large number of sometimes permanent side effects, such as hot flushes, loss of bone mass, deepening of voice, weight gain, and facial hair growth.

Surgery
Laparoscopic surgical approaches include excision of ovarian adhesions and of endometriomas. Endometriomas require surgical removal and excision is considered to be superior to cyst vaporization or coagulation in terms of permanent removal of the disease and pain relief. Surgery can sometimes have the effect of improving fertility but can have the adverse effect of leading to increases in cycle day 2 or 3 FSH for many patients. It can also pose the risk of diminishing the ovarian reserve, which could lead to post-surgery infertility. The removal of healthy ovarian tissue or compromising blood flow to the ovary are both risk factors of the surgery that could lead to detrimental affects on the ovarian reserve. However, despite the fact that there is a risk of loss of ovarian function, studies have shown the recurrence rate of endometrioma is reduced.

Recurrence rate after the surgery varies from 5 to 20%.

References

Bibliography

External links

Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract
Endometriosis


Villoria  is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Laviana, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages

References

Parishes in Laviana


"Dear Old Donegal" is an Irish-American song popularised by American singer Bing Crosby and written by Steve Graham. The song has an 'upbeat' rhythm and is meant to be the words of an Irishman returning to his native County Donegal after becoming successful in the United States.

Dear Old Donegal was also performed by Judy Garland, Zina Bethune, and Vic Damone as part of the All-Purpose Holiday Medley on The Judy Garland Show in 1963. It was parodied by Allan Sherman on his 1962 album My Son, the Folk Singer, as "Shake Hands With Your Uncle Max", using Jewish references rather than Irish. The tune of the song was used in the US comedy Family Guy for the song "Drunken Irish Dad", which was sung by Peter Griffin in the episode "Peter's Two Dads". The song was even nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.

Film appearances
Gentleman Jim (1942) - (sung and danced by Alan Hale and others)

Recordings
Bing Crosby, recorded December 6, 1945 with Bob Haggart and his Orchestra with The Jesters.
Mike Douglas, whose version appeared on an episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast
Shirley Ross, performed on Command Performance in 1943
Dennis Morgan, performs it in the film My Wild Irish Rose (1947)
Connie Francis included in her album Connie Francis Sings Irish Favorites (1962)
Josef Locke
Ruby Murray
Paddy Noonan
Paul O'Keefe
Dennis Day

Forrest Tucker sang a portion of the song in his role as Sergeant Morgan O'Rourke in an episode of the television series F Troop (Season 1, Episode 25, "Reunion For O'Rourke").  It was also sung by Don Knotts as "Barney Fife" in an episode of The Andy Griffith Show (when he was dressed up like a woman to show what a pushover the Mayberry Bank was).

Its latest incarnation is a comedic version about an evil capitalist arriving in Hell, where he meets all his role models in the trade, by Mikhail Horowitz and Gilles Malkine, parodists from Woodstock, NY, on their 2007 CD "Poor, On Tour, & Over 54".

Lyrics
Many versions of the lyrics exist.  Some have the singer's 'sister Kate' and the girl at the garden gate as separate people, different lengths of time since the singer left Ireland, and  multiple versions of the names sung in the body of the song.

References

Irish folk songs
Songs about Ireland
Songs of the Irish diaspora
Year of song unknown
Songwriter unknown


The 2006 Hamilton Tiger-Cats season was the 49th season for the team in the Canadian Football League and their 57th overall. The Tiger-Cats finished in 4th place in the East Division with a 4–14 record and missed the playoffs. Head coach Greg Marshall was fired after the first four games of the season and Ron Lancaster took over as interim head coach for the remaining 14 games.

Offseason

CFL Draft

Preseason

Regular season

Season standings

Season schedule

Player stats

Passing

Rushing

Receiving

Awards and records

2006 CFL All-Stars
 No players selected

Eastern Division All-Star Selections
 Tay Cody - Defensive Back

References

Hamilton Tiger-Cats seasons
Hamilton


Salvia thermarum (Goudini sage) is a perennial native to South Africa, discovered in 1998 by Ernst van Jaarsveld of Cape Town's Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden. The common name is based on the location of the plant's discovery, near Goudini Spa, approximately 120 km from Cape Town—the specific epithet, thermarum, refers to the thermal baths where it was found. It is only found native in the Cape Provinces.

Salvia thermarum is an erect plant that grows up to  high from a stoloniferous base. The dark green stems have glandular hairs when young, getting smooth with age. The leaves are dark green with purplish tips, reaching  long by  wide. The  long pale red to deep salmon flowers grow in whorls and have red bracts. The plant is easily confused with the closely related Salvia granitica.

Notes

Plants described in 1999
thermarum
Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces


"Tutta la Vita" ("All Life Long") is a song written and first performed by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla. It was released in 1984 as the first single from his studio album Viaggi Organizzati, produced by Mauro Malavasi. This song is about a man searching for freedom all his life, trying not to fall in love, only to have a good time. For the Spanish-language market, two cover versions were released, and both peaked at number-one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart, the first by Cuban singer Franco and another by Mexican performer Emmanuel, spending three weeks each at the top position, being the first time (and only) in the Hot Latin Tracks chart history that two versions of the same song succeeded one another at the top. To date, it is uncertain who released the first cover version of the single.

Franco version

Franco's version of "Toda La Vida" was included on his first album titled Yo Canto (I Sing). According to his official website he released the first version of "Toda La Vida", peaking at number-one in United States, for three weeks, and in México for 30 weeks, selling in both countries and in the rest of Latin America one million copies. The music video for the single was directed by Rodrigo García. This version spent 22 weeks in the American charts. It replaced Juan Gabriel's "Yo No Sé Qué Me Pasó" at the top of the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart, being succeeded by another version of the same song, by Mexican singer Emmanuel. This version ranked at number 32 in the recap made by VH1 Latin America for the 100 Greatest Songs of the 80's in Spanish.

Track listing
Toda La Vida – 3:55
Toda La Vida (Extended remix) – 7:53
Toda La Vida (Parts I and II) – 7:50

Chart performance

Emmanuel version

"Toda La Vida" was released as the first single from Emmanuel's studio album Desnudo (released in United States as Solo). Luis Gómez Escolar did the Spanish adaptation of the original track written by Lucio Dalla. According to the Mexican TV host Gloria Calzada, the first VJ of that country, while hosting Video Éxitos, the first television show showcasing music videos, aired between 1984 and 1986 on Televisa), this version was the first Spanish adaptation of the single. Emmanuel told her that he was the first one to discover Lucio Dalla's music in the 80's. This version, along with Franco's, ranked at number 32 in the recap made by VH1 Latin America for the 100 Greatest Songs of the 80's in Spanish. "Toda La Vida" is a staple in every live performance by Emmanuel.

Chart performance

Other cover versions
In 1987, Canadian pianist and vocalist Cos Natola wrote and produced an entirely original English version of Tutta la Vita which was subsequently released as a single by RCA Records in Canada. Its flip-side was a Natola composition entitled "Being Free" (the Epilogue from the Cos Natola album entitled The Immigrant).
In 1987, the Costa Rican team Saprissa released his new anthem "Viva Saprissa" using the melody of this song and changing the letter for the team.
Also in 1988, Australian singer and actress Olivia Newton-John recorded a second English version of the song and included it on her album The Rumour, and additionally was used as the opening number to Olivia's musical tour of Australia titled Olivia Down Under.
In 2008, Mexican singer Edith Márquez included another Spanish version of the song on her album Pasiones de Cabaret.

See also
 List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Songs from the 1980s

References

External links
.
.
.

1984 songs
1986 singles
Lucio Dalla songs
Emmanuel (singer) songs
Franco (singer) songs
Italian-language songs
Songs written by Lucio Dalla


The Langston Hughes Society is a United States-based literary society concerned with the work of African American poet Langston Hughes. The society was the first national organization to be dedicated to the work of an African American writer. Founded after the poet's death and in the wake of the Langston Hughes Study conference of 1981 by Hughes' literary assistant George Houston Bass, the society's official publication is the Langston Hughes Review, published by Institute for African American Studies at The University of Georgia. The organisation also presents the Langston Hughes Award annually.

References

Further reading
 Hubbard, Dolan. “Langston Hughes Society.” The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature (5 volumes). Ed. Hans Ostrom and Associate Ed. J. David Macey Jr. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. 3: 955–57.
 Deck, Alice A. “The Langston Hughes Society: Its Inaugural Year.” Langston Hughes Review 1, 2 (Fall 1982), 27–28.
 Berry, Faith. “The Universality of Langston Hughes.” Langston Hughes Review 1, 2 (Fall 1982), 1–10.

External links
Langston Hughes Society Website

Literary societies
Clubs and societies in the United States


The Lemon Sisters is a 1990 American comedy-drama film from Miramax Films directed by Joyce Chopra and written by Jeremy Pikser. The film stars Diane Keaton, Carol Kane and Kathryn Grody. The film was both a commercial and critical failure after being shelved for more than a year with extensive revisions.

Plot
Three lifelong friends work the bars in 1980s Atlantic City performing the songs of the 1960s girl groups.

Principal cast

Critical reception
Caryn James of The New York Times hated the film:

References

External links

 Original New York Times Review

1990 films
Films set in Atlantic City, New Jersey
Films set in New Jersey
Films directed by Joyce Chopra
Films scored by Howard Shore
1990 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
Miramax films
Films about sisters
1990s English-language films
1990s American films


Alexander Zeisal "Zus" Bielski (19 October 1912 – 18 August 1995) was a leader of the Bielski partisans who rescued approximately 1,200 Jews fleeing from the Nazi Holocaust during   World War II.

Biography
Alexander "Zus" Bielski was born in 1912. He grew up in the only Polish Jewish family in Stankiewicze. The small village in Eastern Poland (now Western Belarus) is located between towns of Lida and Navahrudak, both of which housed Jewish ghettoes during World War II. He was the son of David and Beila Bielski, who had twelve children: ten boys and two girls.

World War II
When Operation Barbarossa broke out, Tuvia, Zus, and Asael were called up by their army units to fight against the Nazi German occupiers. Owing to so much chaos the units disbanded. They fled to Stankiewicze, where their parents lived. In July 1941, a German army unit arrived in Stankiewicze, and Jewish residents were moved to the Nowogródek ghetto.  Zus, along with his brothers Tuvia, Asael, and Aron, managed to flee to the nearby forest after their parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in August 1941.

Other refugees joined them and eventually formed a large partisan group. They hid in the forests of Belarus throughout World War II, led by the Bielskis. Zus, along with his brothers Tuvia, Aron, and Asael, managed to save 1,236 Jews. Zus left the partisans for the Red Army for a few months. Today, the descendants of those who were saved number over 10,000. Zus' first wife, Cyrl Borowski, and infant daughter were murdered by the Nazis. One of the refugees Zus rescued was 18-year-old Sonia Boldo, who he would later marry.

Later life
After the war, Zus initially moved to Israel, but he left for New York City in 1956. There, he built his wealth by owning a large fleet of taxi cabs and a trucking company with his brother Tuvia.

He died of cardiac arrest in Brooklyn at age 82. He and his wife Sonia had three sons: David, Jay, and Zvi. Jay served in the IDF as a volunteer during the 1973 war, and Zvi served in the Israeli paratroopers during the Lebanon incursion. Matthew and Elan, Jay's sons, served in a Special Forces unit within the elite Israeli paratroopers.

Legacy
Liev Schreiber portrayed Zus Bielski in the film Defiance (2008).

References

1912 births
1995 deaths
People from Lida District
20th-century Polish Jews
Belarusian partisans
Jewish partisans
Holocaust survivors
Soviet partisans
Polish military personnel of World War II
Polish emigrants to Israel
Israeli emigrants to the United States


Things to Come from Those Now Gone is the third album by Muhal Richard Abrams which was released on the Delmark label in 1975 and features performances of seven of Abrams' compositions by Abrams with varying line-ups that include Wallace McMillan, Edwin Daugherty, Richard Brown, Emanuel Cranshaw, Reggie Willis, Rufus Reid, Steve McCall and Wilbur Campbell with vocals by Ella Jackson.

Reception
The Allmusic review by Brian Olewnick calls the album "a hodgepodge of an album with varying combinations of musicians producing work that ranges from the weirdly bad to the astonishingly beautiful". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3½ stars, stating "Things to Come is a ringing assertion of Abram's lifelong belief that musical advancement can only be achieved by observing the lessons of tradition". The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide said "Things to Come from Those Now Gone captures Abrams and the AACM in the middle of this decade running the gamut between chamber ballads, hard bop, electronics, mock opera and high energy".

Track listing
All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
 "Ballad for New Souls" - 4:39
 "Things to Come from Those Now Gone" - 4:09
 "How Are You?" - 4:41
 "In Retrospect" - 3:49
 "Ballad for Old Souls" - 5:58
 "1 and 4 Plus 2 and 7" - 10:06
 "March of the Transients" - 6:12

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams: piano
Wallace McMillan: alto saxophone, flute (tracks 1, 2 & 7)
Edwin Daugherty: alto saxophone, tenor saxophone (tracks 2 & 7)
Richard Brown: tenor saxophone (track 4)
Emanuel Cranshaw: vibraphone (tracks 3 & 5)
Reggie Willis: bass (tracks 2 & 7)
Rufus Reid: bass (tracks 3, 4 & 5)
Steve McCall:  drums (tracks 2 & 6)
Wilbur Campbell: drums (tracks 2 & 7)
Ella Jackson: vocals (track 3)

References

1975 albums
Muhal Richard Abrams albums
Delmark Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Koester


Brian Xanders (born April 10, 1971) is an American football executive and former Florida State football player.  He is the former general manager for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL), and currently is a Senior Personnel Executive for the NFL's Los Angeles Rams.

The 2023 season marks his 30th year in the NFL working in a variety of player personnel, scouting, football operations and coaching staff roles during his time at four teams (Los Angeles, Detroit, Denver and Atlanta). He has direct experience in player evaluations with the last 27 NFL Draft classes and 22 free agency periods.

Los Angeles Rams

For the Rams, Xanders provides assistance in a multi-dimensional role blending the player personnel department and the coaching staff —— college, pro, systems, video, coaching research, game management strategy and 'next gen' innovations.

Detroit Lions

At the Detroit Lions, the 4-year player personnel turnover in Detroit yielded the 3rd best era in Lions’ history, since 1930 (34 wins). He worked to improve player personnel communication and data flow, by assisting the rebuilding of all of the Lions' college and pro systems.

Denver Broncos

During his tenure as the Broncos’ General Manager, he engineered the personnel transformation where 85 percent of the team's roster was overhauled after the 2008 NFL season. Those overall acquisitions ranked 2nd in pro personnel (AV) and 6th in college scouting (AV).

The Broncos executed high-producing NFL Draft classes from 2009 to 2012, with 22 primary starters (1+ year) on NFL teams from those draft classes, including six Pro Bowl players (22 appearances), with 12 All Pro designations ~

§ LB/Von Miller [2011 - 1st] 11-year starter, 8 Pro Bowls, 7 NFL All-Pro, NFL All-Decade Team, Super Bowl MVP, Defensive Rookie of the Year, 115 Sacks, 26 FF's

§ DC/Chris Harris [2011 - CFA] 11-year starter, 4 Pro Bowls, 3 NFL All-Pro, NFL All-Decade Team, All-Rookie Team, 21 INT, 90 PBU's

§ WR/Demaryius Thomas [2010 - 1st] 7-year starter, 5 Pro Bowls, 2 NFL All-Pro, 63 TD's

§ TE/Julius Thomas [2011 - 4th] 5-year starter, 2 Pro Bowls, 36 TD's, 226 Receptions

§ DT/Malik Jackson [2012 - 5th] 10-year starter, 1 Pro Bowl, 36 Sacks, 58 TFL's

§ OG/Zane Beadles [2010 - 2nd] 9-year starter, 1 Pro Bowl, 137 Games Played

§ DT/Derek Wolfe [2012 - 2nd] 8-year starter, 120 games played, 33 Sacks, 55 TFL's

§ LB/Danny Trevathan [2012 - 6th] 10-year starter, 700+ tackles, 27 TFL's, 39 PBU's

§ OT/Orlando Franklin [2011 - 2nd] 7-year starter, 46 AV

§ WR/Eric Decker [2010 - 3rd] 6-year starter, 440 receptions, 53 TD's

§ DE/Robert Ayers [2009 - 1st] 4-year starter, 35 Sacks, 51 TFL's, 120 Games Played

§ TE/Virgil Green [2011 - 7th] 10-year starter, 137 Games Played, 11.0 per reception

§ FS/Rahim Moore [2011 - 2nd] 5-year starter, 64 Games Played, 9 INT's

§ DC/Perrish Cox [2010 - 5th] 4-year starter, 82 Games Played, 10 INT's, 50 PBU's

§ OC/J.D. Walton [2010 - 3rd] 4-year starter, 56 Games Played, 22 AV

§ RB/Knowshon Moreno [2009 - 1st] 5-year starter, 3,600 Yards Rushing, 1,400 Yards Receiving

§ 6 players with 1-year as core starter

During 2009 to 2012, there were also eight other veteran Pro Bowl players (20 appearances) who were signed or extended during his tenure, with 10 All Pro designations (production at the Broncos, after signing) ~

§ QB Peyton Manning [FA, 2012-15] Super Bowl Champion, 2 AFC Championships, NFL MVP, 2 All Pro, 3 Pro Bowls, 140 TD's

§ SS Brian Dawkins [UFA, 2009-11] All Pro, 2 Pro Bowls, 22 PBU's and 235 Tackles at ages 36–38

§ CB Champ Bailey [re-signed, 2011] All-Decade Team, All Pro, 4 Pro Bowls

§ OT Ryan Clady [1st round, 2008] 3 All Pro, 3 Pro Bowls

§ DE Elvis Dumervil [re-signed, 2010] All Pro, 3 Pro Bowls, NFL Sacks Leader (2009)

§ WR Brandon Lloyd [FA, 2009-11] All Pro, Pro Bowl, NFL Receiving Yards Leader (2010)

§ WR Brandon Marshall [re-signed, 2010] 3 Pro Bowls, 4,600+ Receiving Yards

§ RB Willis McGahee [FA, 2011] Pro Bowl, 1,920 Rushing Yards and 9 TD's in 2 years

Xanders also supervised the day-to-day operations of the Broncos’ college scouting, pro scouting, labor operations/salary cap, equipment, medical, video, football systems and football operations departments.

He served on the NFL College Advisory, NFL Combine Selection and the NFL Statistics Committees. He was originally hired by Coach Mike Shanahan/Denver Broncos as assistant general manager in 2008.

Atlanta Falcons

Before joining the Broncos, he worked 14 seasons (1994-2008) with the Atlanta Falcons in various scouting, player personnel, football operations, coaching staff (defense/offense/ST) and technology/systems roles. Xanders was a member of the Falcons’ defensive coaching staff on their 1998 team that became the first in franchise history to earn a Super Bowl appearance (XXXIII).

He was selected by the Falcons to attend Stanford University's NFL Program for Managers in 2005, he has given presentations at several universities on NFL player personnel issues.

Florida State University

A former linebacker who played for Bobby Bowden at Florida State University from 1989 to 1992, Xanders was a member of four bowl-winning teams with the Seminoles that had a 42-7 combined record.

He was an All-Atlantic Coast Conference academic team selection and graduated from FSU with a master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) and a bachelor's degree in Business Management.

Personal life

Xanders resides with his wife and two children in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida. He and his family participate in Habitat for Humanity charities, Homes for the Holidays, and Warrick Dunn Charities.

References

External links

 Detroit Lions bio

1971 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Denver Broncos executives
Los Angeles Rams executives
American football linebackers
Atlanta Falcons executives
Detroit Lions executives
Florida State Seminoles football players
National Football League general managers
People from East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania


Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. is a short essay written in 1751 by American polymath Benjamin Franklin. It was circulated by Franklin in manuscript to his circle of friends, but in 1755 it was published as an addendum in a Boston pamphlet on another subject. It was reissued ten times during the next 15 years.

The essay examines population growth and its limits. Writing as, at the time, a loyal subject of the British Crown, Franklin argues that the British should increase their population and power by expanding across the Americas, taking the view that Europe is too crowded.

Content
Franklin projected an exponential growth (doubling every 25 years) in the population of the Thirteen Colonies, so that in a century "the greatest Number of Englishmen will be on this Side of the Water", thereby increasing the power of England. As Englishmen they would share language, manners, and religion with their countrymen in England, thus extending English civilization and English rule substantially".

Franklin viewed the land in America as underutilized and available for the expansion of farming. This enabled the population to establish households at an earlier age and support larger families than was possible in Europe. The limit to expansion, reached in Europe but not America, is reached when the "crowding and interfering with each other's means of subsistence", an idea that would inspire Malthus.

Historian Walter Isaacson writes that Franklin's theory was empirically based on the population data during his day. Franklin's reasoning was essentially correct in that America's population continued to double every twenty years, surpassing England's population in the 1850s, and continued until the frontier era ended in the early 1900s. According to the United States Census, from 1750 to 1900, the population of colonial and continental America overall doubled every twenty five years, correctly aligning with Franklin's prediction.

Protectionist policies in 1750 led to the prohibition of ironworks in America. Franklin's essay argued against such policies by advancing the position that labor is more valued in self-owned farming given the availability of land in America. "No man continues long a laborer for others, but gets a plantation of his own." Growth in the colonies should increase demand for British manufacturing making protectionism unwise, an argument appreciated by Adam Smith.

Franklin argued that slavery diminished the nation, undermined the virtue of industry, and diminished the health and vitality of the nation. He argued that slavery was not as cost effective or productive as free labor.

Influence
The work was cited by Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations, in Ezra Stiles's Discourse on the Christian Union, and in Richard Price's Observations on Reversionary Payments.  It also influenced David Hume, Samuel Johnson, and William Godwin.  The notion of the population doubling every 25 years influenced Thomas Malthus, who quotes paragraph 22 of the essay, with attribution, in his 1802 work An Essay on the Principle of Population.  Through Malthus, the essay is said to have influenced Charles Darwin.  Conway Zirkle has noted that "Franklin is really the source of Darwin's inspiration, for he gave Malthus the clue to the theory of population we now call Malthusian, and Malthus... gave Darwin the clue which led to the discovery of natural selection."

Controversial paragraphs
While the essay was an important contribution to economics and population growth, recent attention has focused on the final two paragraphs.

Franklin was alarmed by the influx of German immigrants to Pennsylvania. The German immigrants were lacking in a liberal political tradition, the English language, and Anglo-American culture. In Paragraph 23 of the essay, Franklin wrote "why should the Palatine boors be suffered to swarm into our settlements, and by herding together establish their languages and manners to the exclusion of ours? Why should Pennsylvania, founded by the English, become a colony of Aliens, who will shortly be so numerous as to Germanize us instead of our Anglifying them, and will never adopt our language or customs, any more than they can acquire our complexion?"

Trimbur finds that Franklin's main concern over the growth of unassimilated Germans is the threat to Anglo-American culture and the English language.  This becomes racial when Franklin concocts "categories of his own invention". Franklin favored immigration of Anglo-Saxons", who, according to Ormond Seavey, he identifies as the only "White people" among the various peoples of the world— although such an idea would have been highly unusual at the time, and Franklin never mentions race at all, but "complexion", nor does he deny that Germans belong to the white race. Nonetheless, his views have been condemned as racist in more recent literature, or more precisely, xenophobic.  Gordon S. Wood and others note that Franklin viewed this kind of bias as universal: Franklin ends the section with "But perhaps I am partial to the complexion of my Country, for such kind of partiality is natural to Mankind."

Recognizing the potential offense that these comments might give, Franklin deleted the final paragraph from later editions of the essay, but his derogatory remarks about the Germans were picked up and used against him by his political enemies in Philadelphia, leading to a decline in support among the Pennsylvania Dutch. Partly as a result, he was defeated in the October 1764 election to the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly. Franklin funded education and charitable institutions to settle and assimilate German immigrants and would in time regain their good will.

References

External links
Full text of the essay with commentary via the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC), part of the National Archives
Full text of the essay on archive.org
Full text of the essay on gutenberg.org

1751 essays
Works by Benjamin Franklin
Demography books
Works about human overpopulation


Fedayeen al-Islam (also spelled Fedayan-i-Islam, variously translated as "Islamic Commandos" or "Islamic Patriots") is a militant group in Pakistan under the leadership of Hakimullah Mehsud, who was a deputy to Baitullah Mehsud in the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) prior to Baitullah's death.  After Baitullah's death in August 2009, Hakimullah assumed leadership of the TTP.

Alleged attacks

Islamabad Hotel Bombing
The group claimed responsibility for the Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing

After the Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing, the group called Arabiya's correspondent in the Pakistani capital, Islamabad. The correspondent said he received a text message on his mobile phone showing a telephone number. He said he called the number and then heard a recording in which the group admitted launching Saturday's attack. The Arabiya television correspondent said the speaker spoke in English with a South Asian accent. The Fedayeen Islam group has issued several demands including for Pakistan to stop its cooperation with the United States.

Lahore Police Academy Attacks
Fedayeen al-Islam claimed responsibility for the 2009 Lahore police academy attacks

2009 April 4 Islamabad Attack
Febayeen al-Islam claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing in the capital that killed eight troops.

2009 April 5 Chakwal Attack
The group also claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing that targeted a Shia mosque in Chakwal, Punjab province.  24 people died in the attack.

References

Jihadist groups affiliated to Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan


Herbert Sydney Wregg (3 May 1879 – 14 September 1939) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Wregg was a full-forward at Melbourne in the 1901 VFL season but only made three appearances.

In 1904 he returned to the league as a boundary and field umpire. For the Grand Final that year, Wregg officiated as a boundary umpire, the first time the premiership decider had used one. He was then a field umpire in the 1906 VFL Grand Final.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1879 births
Melbourne Football Club players
Australian Football League umpires
1939 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)


Hairatan (; ; Uzbek Cyrillic: Ҳайратон, Uzbek Latin: Hayraton) is a border town in northern Balkh Province of Afghanistan. The Hairatan dry port and border checkpoint is located in the eastern section of the town. It sits along the Amu River in the Kaldar District. The river forms the border with neighboring Uzbekistan, and the two nations are connected by the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge. The city of Termez in Uzbekistan is a short distance away to the northwest of Hairatan, on the other side of the Amu River.

Hairatan is one of the major transporting, shipping and receiving locations in Afghanistan. It is also an official border crossing between the people of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan. Security in and around the town is provided by the Afghan National Security Forces. All foreign travelers must possess a valid travel visa to enter Afghanistan. Citizens of Afghanistan could stay for up to 10 days in Termez without a visa.

History

The region around Amu River has been important in the history of civilizations from the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, and the area around Hairatan was important during early Indo-Iranian migration by the Andronovo culture. In the early 1990s, Hairatan was the location of the 70th Division of General Abdul Momen, who was loosely aligned with Abdul Rashid Dostum's National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan. After Momen's 1994 death by an RPG missile attack, the 70th Division split and Dostum loyalist Colonel General Helaluddin took command.

During the presidency of Hamid Karzai, the town became an important strategic location for Afghanistan. NATO-trained Afghan National Security Forces established bases to provide security and maintain border activities. The Afghan Border Police are in charge of protecting the border while the Afghan National Customs regulate and monitor all trade activities. They are backed by the Afghan Armed Forces.

A freight terminal in Hairatan is the terminus of one of three rail lines in Afghanistan - a 10 km link to Termez. In January 2010, the construction was started of a 75 km rail link from Hairatan to a terminal at Gur-e Mar near the city of Mazar-i-Sharif. The project, part of the transport strategy and action plan of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program, was contractually scheduled for completion by June 2011, but was complete ahead of schedule, in November 2010.

In May 2010, then-U.S. Ambassador Karl Eikenberry, the president of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), several the Afghan ministers, and fellow ambassadors from Japan, Finland, and Uzbekistan attended the ribbon-cutting ceremony inaugurating the Hairatan rail line. The United States and Japan became the two largest shareholders in ADB. This rail link became the first phase of a larger rail network planned to link Iran in the west and Tajikistan via a line at Sher Khan Bandar in neighboring Kunduz Province to the east. These future lines will create a rail corridor through northern Afghanistan and enable freight coming from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan to reach Persian Gulf ports on rail.

In 2023, the Afghanistan Railway Authority (ARA) took control of the Hairatan-Mazar rail service. Meanwhile, the Termez International Trade Center opened in Termez, which allows Afghan traders to stay there for up to 10 days without a travel visa. Many people from other provinces of Afghanistan visit Hairatan for personal pleasure purposes, especially during the winter season.

See also
Rail transport in Afghanistan
Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border
Afghanistan–Uzbekistan relations
Aqina (border crossing between Afghanistan and Turkmenistan)
Sher Khan Bandar (border crossing between Afghanistan and Tajikistan)

References

External links

 Information on Hairatan rail station with photos

Afghanistan–Uzbekistan border crossings
Populated places in Balkh Province


Andrews Nakahara (born March 12, 1983) is a Brazilian professional mixed martial artist, kickboxer and kyokushin karateka currently signed with K-1. He made his MMA pro debut against Kazushi Sakuraba at the Dream 2: Middleweight Grand Prix 2008 First Round.

Biography
Nakahara was born in Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil on March 12, 1983, to Japanese parents who arrived in Brazil during the Japanese immigration boom in the early 60s and 70s. Even though his parents are Japanese, Nakahara cannot speak Japanese and was raised only speaking Portuguese. Nakahara first begun to study Kyokushin kaikan a strong full contact karate style developed by Masutatsu Oyama. Nakahara went on to join the International Karate Organization (IKO) team. Since then he has been successful in many competitions both in Brazil and America including championship fights with rival karatekas Ewerton Teixeira and Eduardo Tanaka.

The Ultimate Fighter: American Top Team vs. Blackzilians

Nakahara was confirmed as a cast member for The Ultimate Fighter 21 representing  Blackzilians

Titles and accomplishments
Kyokushin
2007  All American Open Karate Championships IKO-1 (lost to Ewerton Teixeira)
2006  All American Open Karate Championships IKO-1 (Defeated Ewerton Teixeira)
2005  All American Open Karate Championships IKO-1 (lost to Eduardo Tanaka)
2005  3rd Kyokushin World Weight Tournament
2005  South American Open IKO-1
2004 All American Open Karate Championships IKO-1 7th Place
2004  6th South American Karate Tournament (Middleweight)
2004  Brazilian Open IKO-1

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Loss
| align=center| 5–4–2
| Emmanuel Walo
| Decision (split)
|WSOF 35
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|Verona, New York, United States
|Catchweight (175 lb) bout.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–3–2
| Travis Doerge
| TKO (punches)
|WSOF 32
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:55
|Everett, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–3–2
| Maki Pitolo
| TKO (punches)
| VFC 49
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:21
| Omaha, Nebraska, United States
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 4–2–2
| Jung Hwan Cha
| Draw
| Road FC 13
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Gumi, South Korea
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 4–2–1
| Myung Ho Bae
| Draw
| Road FC 12
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Wonju, South Korea
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–2
| Bruno Santa Barbara
| TKO (punches)
| Ichigeki 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:03
| Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–2
| Jun Hee Moon
| Decision (unanimous)
| K-1 World MAX 2010 –70 kg World Championship Tournament Final 16 in Seoul
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Seoul, South Korea
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 2–2
| Ryo Chonan
| Decision (unanimous)
| DREAM.13
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|Welterweight debut.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–1
| Shungo Oyama
| TKO (punches)
| DREAM.8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|Catchweight (189.6 lb) bout.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–1
| Dong Sik Yoon
| TKO (punches)
| Dream 6: Middleweight Grand Prix 2008 Final Round
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:30
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–1
| Kazushi Sakuraba
| Submission (neck crank)
| Dream 2: Middleweight Grand Prix 2008 First Round
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:20
| Saitama, Japan
|

References

External links

Official website

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mogi das Cruzes
Brazilian people of Japanese descent
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian male karateka
Brazilian expatriates in Japan
Mixed martial artists utilizing Kyokushin kaikan
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu


James A. Dellow (March 22, 1887 – February 27, 1970) was a Canadian middle and distance runner of the 1910s. He competed in the marathon at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Dellow was born in 1887 near Parkhill, Ontario, Canada, son of Alfred Dellow and Rosa Victoria Hagel. He and his older brother William excelled in local middle distance and marathon events.

In 1910 through 1913, the Parkhill fair brought some of Canada's best middle-distance runners to challenge the local runners. In 1910, four laps of a half mile track, Dellow led the field, followed by three other local boys. In 1912, six miles on the same track, he was second behind Jim Corkery, with brother Bill coming in fourth. In 1913 the race was extended to 10 miles, Dellow led the field by 54 minutes. Ernie Cook came second and brother Bill third.

After the 1913 race, the brothers moved to Toronto. William became Jimmy's trainer, and after seven years of training, Jimmy became one of Canada's representatives in the marathon in the 1920 Olympics. His brother and coach was not allowed to accompany him, but sent a coaching message by telegram which Jimmy received just before his race. The message read, "Be careful, Jimmy - Now!"  Jimmy knew exactly what this meant. He was not to start too fast, to pace himself not faster than six minutes for the first mile, and even if he came in 50th or 100th, keep something in reserve to finish.

At a time when many did not finish Olympic marathons, Dellow placed 13th in 2 hours, 46 minutes. The winner was Hannes Kolehmainen, a Finn who finished in 2 hours, 32 minutes. The next best finish by a Canadian was Arthur Scholes who placed 15th.

Dellow died in February 1970.

References

William Dellow's autobiography deposited by him in the Parkhill Library as quoted in the Parkhill Gazette. (Date unknown.)

1887 births
1970 deaths
Canadian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Canadian male marathon runners
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
People from Middlesex County, Ontario
Track and field athletes from Ontario