Philip Henry Geier Jr.  (February 22, 1935 – June 19, 2019) was the chairman and chief executive officer of the Interpublic Group of Companies from 1980 to 2000.

Career
Geier joined McCann-Erickson in 1958.  During his career, he served as regional director of McCann-Europe and then vice chairman of the parent company, Interpublic in 1975.  He then became president and COO two years later, before becoming chairman and CEO.  He retired from the company in 2000.

In February 2001, Geier formed The Geier Group to provide consulting/advisory services in the marketing, communications, and venture capitalism areas.

Additionally, Geier was a senior advisor for Lazard Frères & Co., LLC and serves on the board of directors for the following companies: AEA Investors Inc., Fiduciary Trust International, Mettler-Toledo International Inc. and retired from the ones at Alcon Labs Inc. and Foot Locker Inc.  Mr. Geier's philanthropic Director/Trustee relationships include Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Save the Children, Autism Speaks, Columbia Business School, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the International Tennis Hall of Fame.

Geier held a B.A. in economics from Colgate University (1957) and an M.B.A. in marketing and finance from Columbia University (1958).

Geier died in Palm Beach, Florida, on June 19, 2019. He was preceded in death by his first wife Faith, and survived by his second wife Julie Weindling Geier and his two daughters, Jody Howard and Hope Smith, and four grandchildren, Briell Geier Smith, Theodore B. Smith IV, Peter Ashby Howard III, and Jane Gillen Howard.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
American chief executives
American advertising executives
Colgate University alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
People from Pontiac, Michigan


The Russian Men's Curling Cup () is an annual national curling tournament for men's curling teams in Russia. It has been held annually since the 2007-08 season (usually in October, November or December), and is organized by the Russian Curling Federation. As of 2021, the event consisted of sixteen teams participating in a preliminary round robin and a single-knockout playoff.

Past champions
Teams line-up in order: fourth, third, second, lead, alternate(s), coach(es); skips marked bold.

References

External links
Russian Curling Federation
Curling in Russia (web archive)

See also
Russian Men's Curling Championship

Men's
Recurring sporting events established in 2007
2007 establishments in Russia
National curling cups


The Tabor-Wing House is located on NY 22 in Dover Plains, New York, United States. It is a frame house built in 1810 by a prominent family in the area, relatively intact today.

It has an unusual amount of decoration for a Federal-style building. Because of that, and its importance in local history, the Tabor-Wing House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 by founding member and current Town Historian, Caroline Reichenberg. Between 1979 and 2003 it was also the home of the Dover Plains Library.

After the library moved out, the Dover Historical Society donated the building to the Town of Dover, which began a restoration that finished in 2006. Today it is used for some municipal government offices and as a local history museum.

Building

The house sits on a half-acre  triangular lot at the junction of NY 22 and North Nellie Hill Road, which becomes Cemetery Road south of the house. It has a two-story, five-bay main block with a smaller wing, both supported by a full stone basement. The main block is sided in clapboard, while the wing uses flush boards. The gabled asphalt-shingled roofs have chimneys at all three ends and a very gentle pitch.

The western (front) facade is heavily ornamented. A small porch with pedimented roof shelters a centrally-located main entrance topped by a leaded glass transom and flanked by sidelights and fluted pilasters rising to a dentilled entablature with modillioned cornice. Above the entrance is a tripartite Palladian window. The other windows' trim echoes the main entrance, as do the paired rounded-arch windows in the attic on the north and south profiles. The smaller kitchen wing has no decoration. Its roof covers a porch on the south.

Inside, the entrance hallway divides two large parlors with much original finishing, including carved moldings and mantels, original wall and ceiling plaster and flooring. The original fireplace and bake oven are still in the kitchen wing.

Aesthetics

The house's ornamentation is unusual for Federal style homes in general, not just in the Hudson Valley. That quality is balanced by the overall form, very much in keeping with regional building traditions. These reflect the aspirations and tastes of its builders at that time in history.

Wakefield Worcester, who visited the house for the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1937, wondered if the builder might have been a cabinetmaker due to the high level of exterior detail. He found it a stark contrast to the relatively bare interior.

History
Thomas Tabor, the builder of the house, had come to the future Town of Dover as a young boy with his father from Rhode Island in 1748, when it was largely uninhabited by European settlers. His father willed him his landholdings, including all of present-day Dover Plains, upon his death in 1782. After building the house around 1810, shortly after the town was established, he in turn willed it to his daughter Sally. She was married to Mahlon Wing, another of the area's prominent landowners for whom the hamlet of Wingdale is named.

Wing descendants would occupy the house for over 75 years, from 1839 until 1926. Shortly afterwards, modern oil heating was installed. The house passed through a succession of private owners, who upgraded the plumbing and heating as needed. It was acquired in the late 1970s by the Dover Historical Society, which made many improvements to its infrastructure before it was put into service as a library.

In 2003 the library moved out to larger quarters and the Historical Society donated it to the town. It began making improvements to the interior, restoring it to its original appearance and appropriate period furnishings. After it completed those restorations in 2006, it moved some of its offices in.

References

External links

Town of Dover page on restoration, with before and after photos

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic American Buildings Survey in New York (state)
Museums in Dutchess County, New York
History museums in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Houses completed in 1810
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York
Houses in Dutchess County, New York


Záchlumí may refer to places in the Czech Republic:

Záchlumí (Tachov District), a municipality and village in the Plzeň Region
Záchlumí (Ústí nad Orlicí District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region


Kumbia (pronounced "come-bia") is a rural town and locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Kumbia had a population of 301 people.

Geography
The town is located on the Bunya Highway. It is the main street for the town, but is known with the town as Bell Street.

History

The name Kumbia is from the Waka language but its meaning is uncertain, possibly referring to white ant nests or a small scrub vine.

On 30 July 1912, the Queensland Government aucitoned 44 land parcels in the new town of Kumbia, each about .

A postal receiving office opened in 1913, being replaced by Kumbia Post Office on 19 July 1915.

The Kumbia State School opened on 2 February 1914 and celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2014.Kumbia Methodist Church opened in 1914. It was built from timber at a cost of £165 and could seat 150 people. As part of the amalgamation that created the Uniting Church in Australia, in 1977 it became Kumbia Uniting Church.On Sunday 18 May 1919, the Roman Catholic Church in Kumbia was officially opened and consecrated as The Lady of the Sacred Heart Catholic Church by Archbishop James Duhig. It was built from timber. Later it becomes known as Our Lady of Peace Catholic Church.

As a memorial for those from the Kumbia district who had died in World War I, a school of arts hall was opened in Kumbia on Saturday 2 September 1922 with a sports day followed by a concert and dance in the evening. The building cost £1,250. More than 1,000 people attended the sports day with an estimated 570 people attending the evening entertainment. The day had been declared as a local public holiday.

Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church was built in 1914. It was replaced by a new church building in 1959. It was later renamed Peace Lutheran Church.

In May 1918, St Paul's Anglican Church was officially opened and dedicated by Archdeacon Rivers. A new St Paul's Church of England was dedicated on 28 November 1970 by the Right Reverend Wilfrid John Hudson. Its closure circa 2015 was approved by Bishop Cameron Venables.

At the 2011 census, the locality of Kumbia had a population of 352 people.

In the , the locality of Kumbia had a population of 294 people.

In the , the locality of Kumbia had a population of 301 people.

Education

Kumbia State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 2-24 Bell Street (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 62 students with 7 teachers (5 full-time equivalent) and 9 non-teaching staff (4 full-time equivalent).

There is no secondary school in Kumbia. The nearest secondary school is Kingaroy State High School in Kingaroy to the north-east.

Amenities

Kumbia has many small street-front shops including a Fuel Station with post office, store and caravan park, a mechanic, a general store, a butcher's shop and a pub.

Kumbia Memorial School of Arts is at 29-31 Bell Street ().

The Kumbia branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 38 Bell Street ().

Our Lady of Peace Catholic Church is at 44 Brook Road (). It is part of the Kingaroy Nanango Catholic Parish within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane.

Kumbia Uniting Church is at 33 Bell Street ().

Peace Lutheran Church is at 10 Koehler Street ().

Facilities

There are three emergency services based in Kumbia:

 Kumbia Police Station at 25 Bell Street ()
 Kumbia SES Facility at 17-19 Short Street ()
 Kumbia Fire Station at 16 Gordon Street ()

There are two cemeteries in Kumbia:

 Taabinga-Kumbia Lutheran Cemetery on Kumbia Back Road ()
 Kumbia General Cemetery on Kumbia Cemetery Road ()

Notable residents
 Warren Truss, Deputy Prime Minister of Australia, used to live in Kumbia

References

External links

Towns in Queensland
South Burnett Region
Localities in Queensland


Kumbia may refer to:

Kumbia, Queensland, a town in Australia
a common alternative spelling of Koumbia, Guinea, a sub-prefecture

See also

 Koumbia (disambiguation)
 Cumbia, a style of music and dance
 Cumbria, a county in England


Robert Aaron Mihaly (born January 8, 1967) is an American stone sculptor, conceptual artist, and painter.

Early life
Mihaly was born in Akron, Ohio. Largely self-educated, he dropped out of Kent State University and moved to North Carolina.

Career
At the age of 21, he was awarded $10,000 in a national college entrepreneur contest. His business plan to design and sell artistic architectural ornaments was selected from 600 other proposals.

In 1996–97, Mihaly was the Artist in Residence at Washington National Cathedral, during which Mihaly attempted to transform a  Vermont marble block into an angel. The cathedral came to see the stone and scaffolding as an eyesore and safety hazard, and removed the structure, leaving Mihaly unable to work. Mihaly unsuccessfully sued the cathedral in small-claims court for breach of contract.

In 2002, Duke University commissioned Mihaly for the first gargoyles at Duke since the construction of the Gothic-styled West Campus, to honor Aubrey and Kathleen McClendon, a couple who gave $5.5 million for a new dorm. The Gothic west campus has more than 100 gargoyles perched upon buildings, but Mihaly's two new sculptures did not entertain the wealthy donors they were intended to honor, and were subsequently removed from the building.

Sculpture

Mihaly's sculptural work includes angels, gargoyles, an elaborate gothic mausoleum, and four tractor-trailer loads of stonework that he carved for a miniature Renaissance villa.

Mihaly's collection of gargoyles from popular town and gown characters of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill are on top of the restaurant, Top of the Hill, overlooking the central crossroads of Franklin and Columbia Streets. Each gargoyle has UNC rams horns. The characters include athletes Mia Hamm, Michael Jordan, and Julius Peppers as well as the street's namesake, Ben Franklin.

Client Elizabeth Edwards and her husband, Senator John Edwards, commissioned Mihaly to carve the headstone of their deceased son, Wade, out of a 24,000 pound block of Vermont marble. Edwards was "enchanted and confused" by the "weird and wonderful" artist, yet felt the sculpture of an angel caressing her child was "extraordinary". The  tall monument is in Raleigh's Historic Oakwood Cemetery. Mihaly also designed the monument in Historic Oakwood Cemetery for Edwards after her death in 2010 from breast cancer.

Conceptual art

During the March 7, 2009 opening of Mihaly's Duke University solo exhibit at the Louise Jones Brown Gallery, A Pantheon of Modern Gods: An Anthropological Expedition into Corridors of Power, Mihaly paced the gallery, lecturing with a small sculpture entitled Cherub cradled in his arms, in front of visitors. All the works in the exhibition were accompanied by quotations.

The Gallery manager Rachel Pea described the art as "edgy" and "one of the more in-your-face sort of exhibits" since it challenges the viewer's ideas on the fabric of society: war, politics, money and religion.

Mihaly's work "conveys illuminating social commentary" about "frightening political possibilities". The Goddess of Eugenics is an oil on linen replication of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus, except Venus's body is pierced with bullet holes and dripping authentic blood. The Zephyrs blow symbols of radiation and biohazard waste rather than the west wind. Mihaly's description of the painting alludes to intricate plots by world leaders to cleanse the population.

Architecture
Mihaly's former part-time country estate and studio is called Castle Mont Rouge. The castle, located on Red Mountain in Rougemont, North Carolina, features onion domes like Eastern Orthodox churches and oxidized copper cupolas.

Much rumor and lore has been built around the castle and its creator, Robert Mihaly. Mihaly referenced the rumor about the death of his wife in a televised news story, acknowledging that he is not a widower.

References

External links
 Official Robert Mihaly Website

Living people
1967 births
Artists from Akron, Ohio
20th-century American architects
20th-century American painters
Kent State University people
Sculptors from Ohio
21st-century American painters
20th-century American sculptors


Britannia Park is a campsite belonging to Girl Guides Victoria. It is located near Yarra Junction in Victoria, Australia. It is 72 km east of Melbourne. The site covers 42 acres (approx 10 hectares), although the original purchase was smaller.

The site had originally been part of the Britannia Creek Wood Distillation Plant.

Fundraising to buy the site began in 1934 and continued until 1938. Helen Storrow contributed £100.  A competition was held for a typically Australian round, to be sold to raise funds. The winning song, Kookaburra, by Marion Sinclair, was sung at the 1934 Scout Jamboree in the presence of Lord and Lady Baden-Powell.

The opening ceremony was planned to be held in January 1939, with Lord Hampton representing Lord Baden-Powell, the founder of Guiding worldwide. Bushfires in Victoria made this impossible, and the event was rescheduled for September 1939. The outbreak of World War II forced the cancellation of the ceremony entirely. Despite this, the first camps on the site were held in 1939. A large fête called 'Walkabout' had been planned to be held in the Melbourne Town Hall in the same year to raise money for the camp. The fête was held as planned, but the money raised (£1,000) was given to the Red Cross and to the Guide War Work for British evacuee children.

Name
At the time of purchase, the property was known as "Britannia House". For many years after, both the house and the wider property were called simply "Guide House".  In 1965, it was decided that this was too confusing. After much consideration, the name "Britannia Park" was chosen, incorporating the initials of the Founder and the old name of the property. The house is still called "Guide House"

Facilities
Guide House sleeps twenty-eight people. The Camberwell Room is the main living room in Guide House and is named after the Camberwell District who originally gave the money to furnish it. A blanket made from the wool of a Confederate soldier's uniform, donated by Helen Storrow, hangs in the Camberwell Room. There are several other smaller buildings that to accommodate other groups sizes and for some memorabilia kept on site.

Events

Southern Cross
Southern Cross was an international camp held here in 1970.

State Camps
State Camps were held approximately every three years during the January school holidays. At some time this was changed (possibly due to water restrictions and bush fire danger) to be held in the September School Holidays.
1964, State Camp 'Tartandi'
1967.
1970
1973 : 'Wirake'
1976
1979
1982,  'Alterama'
1987,  'Milpara'.
2007  'Tikana' was held, commemorating 100 years since Baden-Powell's initial Brownsea Island camp in 1907
2010  'ACE' camp transferred to Geelong due to fire risk during the January school holidays.

Australian Centenary Event
The Australian Centenary Event (ACE), an international camp, was to be held at Britannia Park in January 2010. Due to increased potential fire risk at Britannia Park during the summer months, it was relocated by the organising committee to the Marcus Oldham College in Geelong.

See also

References

External links
Photographs of Britannia Park

Scouting and Guiding in Australia


Lividity is the third full-length studio album by American metalcore band It Dies Today. Originally scheduled for release in Fall August 2008, the album's release date was repeatedly pushed back by Trustkill Records.  It was finally released on September 15, 2009. It is the band's only album featuring Jason Wood on vocals after the departure of former lead singer and founding member Nicholas Brooks.

A "Deluxe Edition" was released on the same date, which included a bonus DVD. The bonus DVD features a 37-minute "making of" documentary, entitled "Faking the Record" (including a secondary audio track featuring commentary by the band themselves), a "making of" featurette for the "Thank You for Drinking" video, as well as the video itself. The video appears to be a "preliminary" or "rough" cut (production notes and counters are visible, with header/footer bars), although it is not clear if this was done intentionally, or if the video was not yet finalized at the time of the pressing.

Track listing
 "This Ghost" - 2:53
 "Reckless Abandon" - 3:55
 "Thank You for Drinking" - 3:02
 "Miss October"  - 4:09
 "Bled Out in Black and White" - 3:13
 "Martyr of Truth" - 3:56
 "Nihility"  - 3:18
 "Life of Uncertainty" - 4:48
 "The Architects"  - 3:33
 "Complacence without Pursuit (Lividity)"  - 4:36
 "Come Undone" (Duran Duran cover)  - 7:45*

* actual song length is 4:20, followed by 0:15 of silence, then a 3:10 hidden track which also referred as "Thank You for Drinking (Other Version)"

Personnel
Jason Wood- vocals
Chris Cappelli- guitar
Mike Hatalak- guitar
Steve Lemke- bass
Nick Mirusso- drums

References

External links
Trustkill Records  "It Dies Today" Retrieved on 05/04/09
Official MySpace  Retrieved on 08/03/09

2009 albums
It Dies Today albums
Trustkill Records albums


Sport in Saudi Arabia is an important part of Saudi Arabian culture and the country participates in many international sporting competitions. Football is a particularly popular sport and Saudi Arabia has won the Asian Cup on three occasions, while other sports such as cricket and basketball are also widely followed.

In December 2019, the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee approved the launch of five new sports federations each for hockey, lacrosse, rugby, baseball and softball, thus taking another step towards diversifying the country's sports landscape.

Football

Football is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. In recent years, the sport has grown in popularity, and some Saudi players currently play in Europe. The Saudi Arabia national football team is governed by the Saudi Football Federation (SFF). The SFF organises the Saudi leagues, and the Saudi Arabian Cup. The Saudi national team has competed in six FIFA World Cup competitions, in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2018 and most recently, in 2022. The Saudi team has also competed in seven AFC Asian Cup competitions, first in 1984. Achievements from the AFC Cup include being the Champions in 1984, 1988, and recently, in 1996. The current player of the year is Hussein Sulaimani, who is the captain of Saudi Arabia football team. Saudi Arabia also regularly participate in the Arabian Gulf Cup, AFC Champions League, and Arab Nations Cup. The kingdom is set to host Supercopa de Espana for the first time. However, the response of international fans, especially from Spain, hasn't been too well, with only under 10% of the tickets been sold till now.

Motorsport
 2004 F1H2O Grand Prix of Saudi Arabia, held in Sunset Beach
 2018 Race of Champions
 2019 F1H2O Grand Prix of Saudi Arabia, the event was also scheduled for 2020 but it was cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
 Diriyah ePrix
 Dakar Rally (2020-
 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix
The race is held at the Riyadh Street Circuit in Diriyah, a town in Saudi Arabia located on the north-western outskirts of the capital, Riyadh. The track is  in length and features 21 turns.

Diriyah ePrix

In 2021, Formula One announced they were going to Saudi Arabia for the first time, with racing held in Jeddah across the Red Sea.

Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

Cricket
Cricket is the second most popular sport in Saudi Arabia, largely due to the increasing number of South Asian expatriates who play the game during their spare time. However, during recent years cricket has generated interest among many Arab locals, such as Faique Habib and Nadim Al Nadwi, who have both represented Saudi Arabia at the national level. Currently there are over 8000 Saudi cricketers, with nearly 20 percent being local Arabs, and the majority of the rest coming from countries such as Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka.

There are many cricket associations Saudi Arabia, with Yanbu Al Sinaiyah Cricket Association being the largest. Each major city has its own organisation which holds its own domestic cup for each format.

Since 2010 Saudi Arabia has gained quite a lot of fame for its style of cricket, as it has won several regional tournaments on turf, even though back home players only play on concrete. Saudi Arabia's biggest win to date was in September 2016, where they beat a Namibian national side by 141 runs. 2 months later they also won their first major series which came in the form of a quadrangular series also involving Kenya, Uganda and Qatar.

Saudi Arabia's greatest cricketer is Shoaib Ali, who has contributed to major victories both home and away, and who has captained the nation since 2008. He is a bowling all rounder who made his debut against Thailand in the 2008 ACC Under-19 Challenge Cup.

According to the official page of Saudi sport Authority, there is no existence of Saudi Cricket Federation, Team or Union.

Basketball

Basketball is also a popular sport in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Premier League has been home to several players who competed at the FIBA Asia Championship and has also attracted NBA players such as Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf.

Besides "regular" basketball, 3x3 basketball has become increasingly popular.

Ice hockey

Ice hockey is also a minor sport but it has not been popular in Saudi Arabia; the first game occurred in 2010 during the Gulf Ice Hockey Championship.

Professional wrestling

Professional wrestling has been a recognizable minor sport in Saudi Arabia. The country has hosted one event by the U.S.-based promotion, WWE in Jeddah dubbed the Greatest Royal Rumble on April 27, 2018. The company will host a second event in Riyadh in fall of 2018 as part of the Saudi Vision 2030 plan.

WWE's programming (e.g. WWE Wal3ooha) airs throughout the country on OSN Sports Action 1 and has access to the WWE Network streaming service.

Rugby union

Rugby union in Saudi Arabia is a minor but growing sport, which has been played for several decades in the Kingdom. Many of the local rugby clubs date back to the late 1970s.

National teams
This is a list of Saudi Arabian national sports teams:
 Saudi Arabia national football team
 Saudi Arabia national basketball team
 Saudi Arabia men's national handball team
 Saudi Arabia national cricket team

Sports journalism
Al Riyada was the first sports newspaper in Saudi Arabia founded by Muhammad Abdullah Malibari.

See also

 Saudi Arabia at the Olympics
 Saudi Arabia at the Paralympics
 Saudi Arabia Football Federation
 Women's sport in Saudi Arabia
 List of sports venues in Saudi Arabia

References

Further reading


Defending champion Justine Henin defeated Amélie Mauresmo in the final, 7–5, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–2) to win the singles tennis title at the 2007 Eastbourne International.

Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated. The top four seeds received a bye to the second round.

Draw

Final

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 2007 Hastings Direct International Championships Draw

2007 Singles
2007 WTA Tour


The 2006 New Zealand Grand Prix was an open wheel racing car race held at Teretonga Park, near Invercargill on 15 January 2006.

It was the fifty first New Zealand Grand Prix and was open to Toyota Racing Series cars (based on international Formula 3 regulations). The event was also the third race of the third round of the 2005–06 Toyota Racing Series.

Classification
Results as follows:

Notes
Pole position: Jay Howard – 0'55.432
Fastest lap: Andy Knight – 1'01.545

References

External links
 Toyota Racing Series

New Zealand Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Toyota Racing Series


Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amélie Mauresmo were the defending champions but did not compete that year.

Lisa Raymond and Samantha Stosur won in the final 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–3 against Květa Peschke and Rennae Stubbs.

Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.

 Lisa Raymond /  Samantha Stosur (champions)
 Cara Black /  Liezel Huber (semifinals)
 Květa Peschke /  Rennae Stubbs (final)
 Alicia Molik /  Mara Santangelo (first round)

Draw

External links
 2007 Hastings Direct International Championships draw

Doubles
Hastings Direct International Championships


Stanley Leighton (1837 – 4 May 1901) was an English barrister, landowner, artist and Conservative politician. He is also known as an antiquarian and author.

Life
Leighton was the younger son of Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet, of Loton Park, and his wife Mary Parker. He was educated at Harrow School and Balliol College, Oxford. He then attended Inner Temple and was called to the bar on 18 November 1861, proceeding to the Oxford Circuit. In 1867 he travelled to the colonies with his friend and fellow-barrister, Rees Davies. His diaries record a trip to India and Ceylon in 1867-1868 and the pair visited Australia in 1868 where Leighton produced many original sketches. In 1869 his father passed on to him the Sweeney estate at Oswestry which had come to his mother through the Parker family. He became J.P. for Shropshire in 1869 and also Deputy Lieutenant. He was also a Captain of the 15th Shropshire Rifle Volunteers which he remained until 1888

Leighton owned brickworks at Sweeney, near Oswestry, which he leased to the Oswestry Coal & Brick Co. Ltd. before 1880, then to the Sweeney Brick Co. Ltd., and after 1885 it was leased to Kay & Hindle Ltd. as the Sweeney Brick & Terra-cotta Works. In 1875, he purchased Llwyd's Mansion, an impressive timber-framed building in the centre of Oswestry dating from 1604, which was then renovated and divided into shops.

In 1874 Leighton stood unsuccessfully for Bewdley but at a by-election in 1876 he was elected Member of Parliament for North Shropshire and held the seat until it was reorganised in 1885. He was then elected for Oswestry and held the seat until his death.

Leighton was an antiquary and active member of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings  which was founded by William Morris and Philip Webb in 1877, to oppose what they saw as the insensitive renovation of ancient buildings then occurring in Victorian England. In 1888 he was Honorary Commissioner for South Australia at the Paris Exhibition 1888, and he was author of Records of Oswestry. His Shropshire houses: past & present; illustrated from drawings (1901) was complete and in the printer's hands at the time of his death.

Leighton served as president of the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1885 and 1886 and in 1900 was elected treasurer of the Salop Infirmary in Shrewsbury.

He died of pneumonia at his London home aged 63, having hastened to vote in the Commons over the Coal Duty Bill. He was buried in St Oswald's parish churchyard at Oswestry.

Leighton married Jessie Marie Williams-Wynn, daughter of Herbert Bertie Watkin Williams-Wynn on 28 August 1873. Their son Bertie Edward Parker Leighton (1875–1952) was also MP for Oswestry (1929-1945) and inherited the Sweeney Estate.

References

External links

1837 births
1901 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Members of the Cambrian Archaeological Association
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Members of the Inner Temple
English landowners
People from Oswestry
Younger sons of baronets
19th-century British businesspeople


Jørgen Tengesdal (born 5 April 1979) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who later worked as coach.

Tengesdal played for Viking most of his career, but also spent time at Tromsø, Skeid, Lyn and Randaberg. He represented Norway at under-17 and under-21 level.

Tengesdal was head coach of Randaberg after he retired, and later worked in Egersund's coaching staff.

Club career
Tengesdal was born in Stavanger, and grew up in Egersund where he played for Egersund until 1997 and joined Viking ahead of the 1998 season. He played 18 league-matches in his three first season at Viking, and replaced Gunnar Aase as a substitute after 111 minutes in the 2000 Norwegian Football Cup Final when Viking lost 2–1 against Odd Grenland.

In the 2001 season, Tengesdal spent six weeks at Tromsø on loan during the summer. He scored two goals in his first match for Tromsø when Sogndal was beaten 3–0 on 10 June 2001. Tengesdal played five league-games and two cup-games for Tromsø before he returned to Viking. Tengesdal scored the goal that sent Viking to the 2001 Norwegian Football Cup Final in the last minute of the semi-final against Odd Grenland, and a few days later he was involved in both of Viking's goals when Kilmarnock was eliminated from the 2001–02 UEFA Cup. Tengesdal's contract expired on 30 October 2001, five days before the final, and Viking's head coach Benny Lennartsson did not want to sign Tengesdal for another season. Tengesdal played in the Final when the local rivals Bryne were beaten 3–0, after Viking extended his contract by a week.

Tengesdal joined First Division side Skeid as a free agent ahead of the 2002 season, and scored in his debut for the club when Hønefoss was beaten 2–1 on 21 April 2004. In June 2002, Skeid released their best-paid players, Patrick Holtet, Børge Hernes and Tengesdal, due to the poor economy. Tengesdal then signed a contract lasting until the end of the season with Lyn, where he made his debut against Pors Grenland on 27 June 2012. He played seven league-matches and one cup match for Lyn, all as a substitute.

Tengesdal signed for Viking ahead of the 2003 season, one year after he left the club. Under Roy Hodgson's command, Tengesdal was playing regularly on the right back and received praise for his performances, and also played for Viking in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup. After he retired, Tengesdal said he was at his best during the time with Hodgson as manager.

While playing for Randaberg in 2008, Tengesdal got an offer from the First Division side FK Haugesund, which he turned down. He played one season in Randaberg before he retired because of problems with a hip. Tengesdal was diagnosed with osteoarthritis, and replaced both his hips at the age of 33.

International career
Tengesdal played five matches for Norway U17 in 1997, and seven matches for Norway U21 between 2000 and 2001.

Coaching career
Tengesdal was the manager of Randaberg alongside Bjarte Lunde Aarsheim in 2009. He joined the coaching staff of his childhood club Egersund ahead of the 2011 season. He left the position as assistant to Bengt Sæternes in 2013 to become an adviser in FK Vidar.

References

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Stavanger
People from Egersund
Men's association football defenders
Norwegian men's footballers
Viking FK players
Tromsø IL players
Skeid Fotball players
Lyn Fotball players
Randaberg IL players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Norwegian football managers


H. G. Nelson may refer to:

 Harold George Nelson (1881–1947), former member of the Australian House of Representatives
 Greig Pickhaver, who uses the pseudonym HG Nelson, member of the Australian comedy duo Roy and HG


Maynard Bixby (June 28, 1853 – February 18, 1935) was an American mineralogist and mineral collector.

Early life
Bixby was born in Wyalusing, Pennsylvania and graduated from Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1876. He worked for a time in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, where he was a bookkeeper and studied law. He then decided to travel the country and became involved in mining in Colorado and Arizona.

Career
Bixby explored the Thomas Range in Juab County, Utah for minerals and staked several claims for topaz. One, the Maynard's Claim, is still being mined for specimens. The mineral bixbyite, which he discovered there, was named in his honor in 1897. The rare, red beryl also found there, originally named bixbite in his honor, was later renamed "red beryl" to avoid confusion with bixbyite.

Bixby wrote articles for The Mineral Collector.  In the December 1896 issue Bixby published his first ad, a full-page one, in which this text appeared:
For several years I have collected the very finest of the Utah minerals and have concluded to offer them direct to collectors at the following low prices ...
In 1902 he published the first edition of his authoritative A Catalogue of Utah Minerals and Localities, and by 1916 had issued a fourth edition.

Death
Bixby died in San Diego, California.

References

1853 births
1935 deaths
People from Wyalusing, Pennsylvania
American mineralogists
Lafayette College alumni


Kola Kolaya Mundhirika is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language comedy film written by Crazy Mohan and directed by Madhumitha. The film stars  Jayaram, Karthik Kumar, and Shikha along with numerous popular Tamil comedy artists including M. S. Bhaskar, Pandiarajan, Anandaraj, Vasu Vikram and Vaiyapuri playing supporting roles. The film started its shooting on 8 May 2009 and released on 21 May 2010.

Cast

Jayaram as Mathrubhootham
Karthik Kumar as Krish
Shikha as Vėní
M. S. Bhaskar as Santhanam
Radha Ravi as Dada Thulukkanam
T. M. Karthik as Dilli
Anandaraj as Veerappan
Pandiarajan as Madan
Delhi Ganesh as Ganesan
Vasu Vikram as Kittu
Vaiyapuri as Rajappan
"Eeramana Rojave" Siva as Jamindar
Devadarshini as Jamindar's wife
Kuyili
Sathish as Sukku Malli
V. S. Raghavan as Masilamani, retired Jailor
Sarath Kumar as Karan Muthiah (Cameo appearance)

Soundtrack
Music was composed by Selvaganesh and lyrics were written by Francis Kruba, Na. Muthukumar, Aandal Priyadarshini and Ramakrishnan.
"Aasaimachane" – Shankar Mahadevan, Anuradha Sriram
"Oru Varam" – S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
"Notta Kudu" – Karthik, Suchithra
"Ada Engengum" – Benny Dayal, Kalpana
"Pootti Vaitha" – Na. Muthukumar

Reception
Sify wrote "KKM is jolly good fun ride as the director takes us on a treasure hunt, with an adorable lead pair and great supporting actors who will have you in splits. A welcome relief from those larger-than-life heroes, mindless action, this comedy caper is a silly yet surprisingly enjoyable film about misunderstandings and mistaken identities". Rediff wrote "Madhumita's Vallamai Tharayo might have been a dull reworking of Mani Ratnam's Mouna Ragam, but her attempt at comedy sparkles." The Hindu wrote "This family entertainer banks heavily on some classic Crazy Mohan one-liners and PJs hurled at the audience almost relentlessly in its pursuit of the laugh-a-minute promise."

References

External links

2010 films
2010s Tamil-language films
Indian comedy films
Indian heist films
Films scored by V. Selvaganesh
Indian slapstick comedy films
Films with screenplays by Crazy Mohan


Mahesh Dattani (born 7 August 1958) is an Indian director, actor, playwright and writer. He wrote such plays as Final Solutions, Dance Like a Man, Bravely Fought the Queen, On a Muggy Night in Mumbai, Tara, Thirty Days in September 2007  and The Big Fat City.

He is the first playwright in English to be awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award. His plays have been directed by eminent directors like Arvind Gaur, Alyque Padamsee and Lillete Dubey.

Early life and background
Mahesh Dattani was born in Bangalore to Gujarati parents. He went to Baldwin Boys High School and then went on to join St. Joseph's College, Bangalore.

Dattani is a graduate in history, Economics and Political Science. He completed his post-graduate in Marketing and Advertising Management because he wanted to become a copywriter. He worked with the Bangalore Little Theatre, where his first role was in Utpal Dutt's Surya Shikhar.

After reading Edward Albee's play Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? early in his life, he became interested in writing. He was also influenced by Gujarati playwright Madhu Rye's Kumarni Agashi and developed an interest in play writing.

Career
Mahesh Dattani began his career as a copywriter in an advertising firm. In 1986, he wrote his first full-length play, Where There's a Will, and since 1995, he has been working as a full-time theatre professional. He has also worked with his father in the family business.

Dattani is also a film director. His debut film is Mango Souffle, adapted from one of his plays. He also wrote and directed the movie Morning Raaga.

Playwright
 Where There's a Will (1988)
 Dance Like a Man (1989)
 Tara (1990)
 Bravely Fought the Queen (1991)
 Final Solutions (1993)
 Do The Needful
 On a Muggy Night in Mumbai (1998)
 Seven Circles Round The Fire (Radio play for BBC) (Seven Steps around the Fire) (1998)
 30 Days in September (2001)
 The Girl Who Touched the Stars (2007)
 Brief Candle (2009)
 Where Did I Leave My Purdah (2012)
 The Big Fat City (2012)

Filmography
Director
 Mango Souffle Morning Raga Dance Like a Man Ek Alag Mausam Awards

 Dance Like a Man has won the award for the Best Picture in English awarded by the National Panorama in 1998
 Sahitya Academy award for his book of plays Final Solutions and Other Plays Sahitya Kala Parishad selected Final Solutions (1993), Tara (2000) and 30 Days in September (2007) as best productions of the year, directed by Arvind Gaur.

References

9. G Baskaran, ed., Girish Karnad and Mahesh Dattani: Methods and Motives, Yking Books, Jaipur, 2012.

External links
 Bhattacharya, Anindya. "Desire and the Postcolonial Nation" in Seven Steps around the Fire and Final Solutions. The Plays of Mahesh Dattani: An Anthology of Recent Criticism. Ed. Tutun Mukherjee. New Delhi: Pencraft International, 2012 (), pp. 184–196.
 Roy, Pinaki. "Mahesh Dattani's Final Solutions: A Brief Rereading". Mahesh Dattani: His Stagecraft in Indian Theatre. Ed. Bite, V. New Delhi: Authors Press, 2013 (), pp. 111–24.
 Das, B.K. "Mahesh Dattani's Dance Like a Man: A Thematic Study". The Atlantic Literary Review 15.3 (2014). Ed. Rama Kundu. New Delhi: Atlantic Pub., 2014 (), pp. 73–80.
 Das, B.K. "In Search of Shakespearean Echoes in Mahesh Dattani: A Study of The Big Fat City as a Critique of Contemporary Urban Indian Society". Yearly Shakespeare Vol. XIV (2016). Ed. Goutam Ghosal. Santiniketan: Sri Aurobindo Study Centre,  2016 (ISSN 0976-9536), pp. 60–69.
 Das, B.K. "The Tale of an Imperial Kin: Unfolding the East-West Problematic in Mahesh Dattani's The Tale of a Mother Feeding Her Child''". World Journal of Gender & Literature 4.1 (June 2017). Ed. Lata Mishra. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2017 (ISSN 2349-1620), pp. 135–142.

21st-century Indian film directors
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Indian male stage actors
Male actors from Bangalore
Indian male film actors
Living people
1958 births
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Film directors from Bangalore
Screenwriters from Bangalore
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian male writers
21st-century Indian male writers
Gujarati people


KZZR (94.3 FM, "La Zeta 94.3") is an American radio station licensed to serve Government Camp, Oregon, United States. The station, which began broadcast operations in 1998, is owned and operated by Bustos Media while the station's broadcast license is held by Bustos Media Holdings, LLC. Until February 2011, the station had been licensed to serve the community of Tillamook, Oregon.  A transmitter site is near Mount Hood, and studios are in Southeast Portland.

Programming
Until 2010, KZZR broadcast an oldies-leaning adult contemporary music format.  In addition to its usual music programming, the station broadcast Tillamook High School football and basketball games, University of Oregon Ducks football games, and the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers basketball games.  After going dark for more than six months, KZZR returned to the air in early 2011 with a Regional Mexican music format.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on December 1, 1997.  The new station was assigned the call letters KJUN by the FCC on December 19, 1997.

In November 1998, Bedrock & Associates, through its Thunderegg Wireless LLC subsidiary, applied to transfer the construction permit for this station at 94.1 MHz to Oregon Eagle, Inc.  The transfer was approved by the FCC on February 4, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on February 24, 1999.  On this same day, the transfer of the license for a station at 104.1 MHz (the original KTIL-FM, now known as KFIS) from Oregon Eagle, Inc., to Thunderegg Wireless LLC was also consummated, completing a planned ownership swap.

KJUN received its license to cover from the FCC on February 25, 1999.  The station was assigned the KTIL-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on March 8, 1999.

Originally licensed to broadcast at 94.1 MHz, KTIL-FM shifted to 94.3 MHz in early 2006 as part of a multi-station "frequency shuffle" that also saw Portland's KPDQ-FM move from 93.7 to 93.9 MHz and KAST-FM (now KRYP) relocate from 92.9 to 93.1 MHz and move into the Portland market.

Move to Government Camp
Then-current station licensee Oregon Eagle, Inc., filed an application with the FCC in January 2007 to make several minor changes to their broadcast license.  The construction permit issued on November 5, 2008, authorizes the station to upgrade from class C3 to class C2, to increase the effective radiated power of their broadcast signal to 3,400 watts, elevate their antenna to 513 meters (1683 feet) in height above average terrain, and relocate the transmitter significantly east to 45°20'01"N, 121°42'45"W with a change in community of license to Government Camp, Oregon.  The station received a license to cover these changes on February 18, 2011.

New ownership
On December 8, 2009, Oregon Eagle Inc. reached an agreement to sell KTIL-FM to Bustos Media for $265,000 in cash.  The FCC accepted the application to transfer the broadcast license on December 10, 2009, and the sale was approved by the Commission on March 18, 2010.  When the transaction was consummated on June 1, 2010, this became Bustos Media's fifth radio station, and their first FM, in the greater Portland, Oregon, area.

The station fell silent on June 1, 2010, while construction continued at the Government Camp transmitter location. The licensee asserted that "late Spring snows" on Mount Hood had "hampered" their efforts to relocate equipment to the new site. The station was expected to be off the air between 30 and 60 days.  The new owners had the FCC change the station's call sign to KZPT on June 10, 2010, and then change it to KZZR on October 25, 2010. The station returned to the air with a Regional Mexican music format in early 2011.

References

External links

ZZR
Radio stations established in 1998
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States
1988 establishments in Oregon


Ain't But a Few of Us Left is an album by jazz musicians Milt Jackson and Oscar Peterson, released in 1981.

Track listing
 "Ain't But a Few of Us Left" (Milt Jackson) – 7:26
 "Stuffy" (Coleman Hawkins) – 5:59
 "A Time for Love" (Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster) – 5:57
 "Body and Soul" (Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, Frank Eyton, Johnny Green) – 5:56
 "If I Should Lose You" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) – 8:02
 "What Am I Here For?" (Duke Ellington, Frankie Laine) – 6:20

Personnel
Milt Jackson – vibraphone
Oscar Peterson – piano
Ray Brown – double bass
Grady Tate – drums

References

1981 albums
Milt Jackson albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Pablo Records albums


Polish Students' Association () is the oldest of Polish student societies. It was created in 1950 in Polish People's Republic. Currently it has about 10,000 members in about 100 academic institutions.

See also
Independent Students Union
Union of Polish Youth

References

1950 establishments in Poland
Student organizations established in 1950
Student societies in Poland


Rhondes is a genus of New Caledonian jumping spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1901. It was briefly considered a synonym of Hasarius, but was revalidated after the results of a 2008 molecular study. It is now grouped with several other Australasian genera in the unranked clade Astioida.

Species
 it contains six species, found only on New Caledonia:
Rhondes atypicus Patoleta, 2016 – New Caledonia
Rhondes berlandi Patoleta, 2016 – New Caledonia
Rhondes flexibilis Patoleta, 2016 – New Caledonia
Rhondes neocaledonicus (Simon, 1889) (type) – New Caledonia
Rhondes sarasini Patoleta, 2016 – New Caledonia
Rhondes zofiae Patoleta, 2016 – New Caledonia

References

Salticidae genera
Salticidae
Spiders of Australia


Pogoria (train) was a Polish fast train, which crossed the country from south to northeast, on the route Racibórz - Ełk - Racibórz. It began service in 1980, and across the years, its route changed several times. Among others, it went on the routes Bielsko-Biała - Ełk - Bielsko-Biała, and Racibórz - Suwałki - Racibórz. In 2004, Pogoria was merged with Wigry, which went from Gliwice to Suwałki.

In the year 2002, Pogoria's route was as follows:
 Racibórz - Rybnik - Mikołów - Orzesze - Katowice - Sosnowiec - Dąbrowa Górnicza - Zawiercie - Częstochowa - Warszawa - Olsztyn - Giżycko - Ełk, and the train was seasonal, running only in the summer, and on major holidays.

References

Named passenger trains of Poland


West Allegheny Senior High School is a public high school located in the West Allegheny School District in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The school serves students in grades 9-12 from Findlay Township, North Fayette Township, and the Oakdale Borough. West Allegheny Senior High School and West Allegheny Middle School are located on the main campus on West Allegheny Road in North Fayette, PA.

Extracurricular activities
The district offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports. The school's football team has gained notability by reaching play-off status during past years, and play divisional play-off games in Heinz Field.  Through the 1960s and 1970s West Allegheny shared an intense rivalry with Fort Cherry School District.

The West Allegheny Softball team is also a notable sport as they made WPIAL 5A history by being the first 5A district champion after the WPIAL broke into six classifications. The softball team also won the first WPIAL championship in its programs history. The softball team went on to win three titles in a row from 2017-2019.

References

External links
West Allegheny High School

Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Schools in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania


Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors is a six-issue limited series comic book written by Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric, with drawings by Jason Craig. The series was published by Dynamite Entertainment and DC Comics, with imprint by Wildstorm, beginning in August 2009 and concluding in December 2009. The Nightmare Warriors is a sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash, which was published in 2007 and was itself a sequel to the 2003 film Freddy vs. Jason. The series is a crossover between the Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th, and Evil Dead horror film franchises.

The Nightmare Warriors sees Freddy Krueger and Jason Voorhees resurrected by the United States government, who wish to exploit their supernatural powers; however, the government is unable to control them, and the killers attempt to take over the world using the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis. Meanwhile, Ash Williams joins forces with the Nightmare Warriors, a support group for people who have survived encounters with Freddy and/or Jason which consists of numerous established characters from the A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th franchises, to defeat Freddy and Jason for good.

Katz and Kuhoric wrote the sequel as an epic "fanboy story", and modeled the concept after the Crisis events from DC Comics. The titular Nightmare Warriors were designed as a Justice League-style superhero team. The writers attempted to take the three separate mythologies and combine them into one coherent continuity.

Plot
A group of government agents led by Director Gordon Russell excavate Crystal Lake for the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis, which they plan to use for "Project Black Book". As Russell leaves with the book, the remaining agents go underwater to retrieve the body of Jason Voorhees, who awakens and kills them. Prompted by Freddy Krueger posing as his mother, Jason leaves Crystal Lake in search of Ash Williams. Six months later, in June 2009, Ash is living in Franklin, Michigan with his girlfriend Caroline, believing his days of fighting monsters are behind him. While preparing to host a backyard barbecue Ash is visited by Doctor Maggie Burroughs, who tries to convince him to join a group started by herself and Doctor Neil Gordon consisting of people who have fought and survived "unnatural evils". Annoyed by his visitor, Ash sends Maggie away before going to the store for supplies for the party, leaving Caroline alone. Elsewhere Stephanie Kimble and Alice Johnson experience visions of Jason and Freddy, while Jason attacks and kills Caroline. Meanwhile, at the Pentagon, Russell reveals his plan to create an army of demonic soldiers using the Necronomicon.

After discovering Caroline's body, Ash flees the scene as the police arrive, not noticing a man in a hummer spying on him. At his headquarters, Russell uses a combination of modern technology and the Necronomicon to pull an unburnt and seemingly powerless Freddy Krueger out of Deadites' realm to Earth. Ash boards a train to Baltimore, Maryland to look for Maggie and her group and Jason follows him by stowing away in the vehicle's boxcar. Stephanie, her father Steven, Alice, and her son Jacob show up at Maggie and Neil's house, where Tina Shepard and Rennie Wickham are already living. When Ash arrives, Maggie gets everyone settled and begins to tell them about her and Neil's goals. They are interrupted by Jason, who comes crashing through the door and kills Steven. As Ash arms himself, the man in the hummer drives through the wall of the house and rams into Jason. Everyone escapes, and their savior introduces himself as Tommy Jarvis, Jason's oldest enemy.

Government agents show up at Maggie and Neil's house and take Jason down with bullets and missiles. Meanwhile, the survivors take refuge at a motel and Maggie suggests they visit her (adoptive?) father, Gordon Russell, to use the Necronomicon to defeat the killers. Unimpressed, Tommy breaks away from the group and goes solo. At the Capitol, Jason is put in a holding cell full of Deadites.  He is visited mentally by Freddy, who proposes that they team up to massacre the world. Jason accepts when he hears that his old enemies — including Tommy — will be coming for them.  Freddy appoints him the general of his Deadite army, repairs his decomposed body, and brings him back to life as before he was killed by Tommy. Meanwhile, the group (minus Stephanie and Jacob, who remain at the motel) also arrive at the Capitol and are locked up, with the exception of Maggie, Neil, and Rennie, who Russell takes to visit Freddy. Freddy transforms back into his burned, demonic form, and reveals that he has bonded with the Necronomicon and possesses all of its powers. Russell attacks Freddy with his own glove, but Maggie turns the blades back on him and kills him. She reveals her true identity as Freddy's daughter, Kathryn Krueger, and attacks Neil and Rennie. Tina feels the psychic impact of Rennie's death, and uses her telekinesis to break out of her cell. As she, Ash, and Alice escape, Jason and his army of Deadites descend on Washington.

Ash, Tina, and Alice fight and destroy a Freddy-controlled robot to acquire the Necronomicon. Meanwhile, Tommy confronts Jason on the streets of Washington as he and the Deadites cut a swath of destruction across the city. While opening fire on his nemesis, Tommy is attacked by winged Deadites, who take him to Freddy. Back at the motel, Jacob and Stephanie fall asleep, and Freddy possesses the latter.  Stephanie/Freddy seduces and attacks Jacob, forcing him to call out to his mother. Alice hears her son's cries and uses her Dream Master powers to transport herself, Ash, and Tina into Jacob's nightmare. Immobilizing Ash during the fight, Freddy flays Stephanie alive and escapes with Jacob. Still in the dreamscape, Tina and Alice put Stephanie's skin back on and she wakes up physically unharmed. At the White House, Tommy and Jacob are held hostage by Freddy, Jason, and Maggie. Disguised as the President, Freddy addresses the nation, describing his new policy "no kid left alive" and the carnage he plans to cause all over the globe. Having seen Freddy's broadcast, Ash and the girls break into a nearby pawn shop for weaponry and head to the White House.

As it literally rains blood in Washington, Ash, Alice, Tina, and Stephanie plan their way into the White House. Upset by Ash and Alice's bickering, the traumatized Stephanie wanders off alone. The group are provided the distraction they need to get in when an army of soldiers arrive to rescue the President. Tanks, helicopters, and fighter jets battle the Deadites, but the soldiers suffer heavy losses and Freddy manifests in the clouds to blast the helicopters out of the sky. Elsewhere, Stephanie passes out and finds herself back in the dream world. She arrives at a church and meets Freddy posing as a priest; he informs her that, as member of the Voorhees family, it is her destiny to become a murderer like Jason. Clad in her own hockey mask, Stephanie leaves the church to fulfill her birthright and kill Jason. Back at the White House, Maggie and Jason break out in a fight, but are interrupted by Ash, who drives a tank in the middle of the room, killing Maggie, much to Freddy's anger. As Ash rescues Neil, Jacob, and Tommy, Alice confronts Freddy face-to-face. She reveals that she has a terminal illness and that her Dream Master abilities are weakened, so allows Freddy to kill her so she can pass her power over to Jacob. As she dies, she releases the souls of the people Freddy has killed over the years. Furious at his mother's death, Jacob declares he is the Dream Master now, surrounded by the spirits of Amanda Krueger and the Dream Warriors.

Amanda and the other souls successfully destroy the Deadite army, but Freddy quickly severs their connection to Earth by critically wounding Jacob. As Tina tends to Jacob and Ash battles Freddy, Tommy takes it upon himself to deal with Jason. In a closely matched fight, he taunts Jason for never being able to kill him. Stephanie appears and impales her uncle with a machete; this distraction provides Tommy the opportunity to stab Jason's head with a shard of glass. However, Freddy exploits this victory by absorbing Jason's soul to increase his own power. As Neil struggles to read the Necronomicon's passages to banish Krueger, he is joined by the spirit of Nancy Thompson, Freddy's first enemy; together Neil and Nancy recite the words to open the Deadite's dimension. Freddy resists the vortex, until the Necronomicon itself declares him unworthy and strips him of his power. The human Freddy begs for forgiveness, claiming that the demonic power corrupted him. Thankfully, Ash doesn't believe him and mercilessly blasts Freddy into the vortex with his shotgun, citing his own lack of a 'storybook ending'; it is likely, upon Krueger's return to the Deadite dimension, that he dies at the hands of the Deadites. At the same time, Nancy leaves Neil to rejoin the other spirits. Around the same time, Jason's mask is shown (which Tommy split in half with a rock) with his mother's voice telling Jason that he can never die. The next morning, Ash decides to go on vacation in Texas and bids farewell to Tommy, Tina, Neil, Jacob, and Stephanie, appointing Tommy the new captain of the "Nightmare Warriors".

Later, it's shown that in 1964 Springwood, a time-displaced and disoriented Agent Wesley Carter - who had been sucked into the Necronomicon's vortex - finds himself in the Springwood Police Department on the day of Fred Krueger's arrest, and impulsively signs Krueger's search warrant when he finds the file on a desk in front of him, altering history so that the technicality that would have eventually rebirthed Krueger as a monster in that timeline never happens.

Development

Writing
Co-writer Jeff Katz had plans for The Nightmare Warriors as soon as the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash moved from film to the comic book medium.  He says, "I basically knew most of the larger strokes of what I'd want to do to cap the Vs. "trilogy", so to speak.  In many ways, it's very simply been about - "What would I most want to see as a fan?"  And as a fan of these franchises, what I appreciate more than anything is a sense of continuity."  Katz claims that these horror franchises were always best when they carried characters over from film to film, and that the aim of Nightmare Warriors was "about tying everything together".  The subtitle, The Nightmare Warriors, was homage to A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, Katz's favorite entry of that series. Kuhoric feels the title is fitting since Nightmare Warriors is a survivor's story.

The writers' biggest concern was making sure the characters' voices felt accurate.  James Kuhoric says, "A licensed comic book's first priority has to be that the actions and dialog are true to the series they comes from.  As a fan, I can't stand picking up any book that reads like the writer didn't watch the show.  It's sad to say, but I've read far more bad licensed stuff than good."  The writers held several discussions debating how the characters should act in certain scenes.  Jeff Katz asserts that Freddy and Ash are "defined by their tones", so getting their voices right was crucial; he feels the success of the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash came from their accurate characterization.  However, artist Jason Craig feels that "it's a tightrope to walk"; he enjoys Freddy's wisecracks but prefers the character to be darker, stating "People forget he was a child killer.  He was a very sadistic man."  Discussing the relationship between Freddy and Ash, Craig says that "it's almost like watching two stand up comedians try to kill each other".

Katz points out that, after two previous confrontations, "Freddy and Jason are extremely familiar with each other at this point.  Maybe the only person they dislike more than each other is Ash."  While Jason wants personal revenge on Ash, Freddy's goals are "a bit larger or ambitious in scope".  Katz says, "[Freddy]'s looking to clear the board of any threat or nuisance before he launches his final gambit.  I can promise relationships will evolve in some very interesting ways in this one." He compares Ash's story in the series to Lieutenant Frank Drebin (Leslie Nielsen) in Naked Gun : The Final Insult; "he's trying to embrace domestic life but often can't get out of his own way.  The trusty old chainsaw is mounted on the mantle over the fireplace at this point.  He's very much retired.  But he'll learn very quickly that the Chosen One will never be able to retire.  It's an eternal quest, really."  However, Katz says that Ash "is not alone in this battle" and that there are other survivors like him, "people with special skills or purposes that have guided them successfully through encounters with Freddy or Jason".  He asks, "who doesn't want to see Ash and Tommy Jarvis fight for the alpha male slot?  That's too rich an opportunity to pass up."

Katz describes Tommy as "the wild card in our group".  His sole priority is to kill Jason and "[e]verything else is incidental".  The writers enjoyed developing the "natural rivalry" between Ash and Tommy; Craig compares them to Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, "these two men, who when together are completely at odds against one another, two alpha males, but when things get tough, the two find themselves working together side by side".  Kuhoric believes Tommy is a "Chosen One" like Ash, albeit with "a different approach to his supernatural calling".  He compares Jason's relationship to Tommy to that between Captain Ahab and Moby Dick; "it is Tommy who has escaped from Jason's clutches time and time again".

Kuhoric describes the returning survivors from the films as "a huge part of the overall story arc".  He explains, "See, there is something special about people who managed to survive encounters with Freddy and Jason.  They have an inner strength that makes their souls much more powerful to our maniac killers.  And it's that same inner strength that makes them a threat, especially the ultimate F13 survivor, Tommy Jarvis."  According to Kuhoric, the characters of The Nightmare Warriors are all "chosen ones", "led by the one true Chosen One, Ash Williams".  Katz says, "Exploring the dynamic between all of these characters has been a lot of fun and it's something I think the fans will hugely enjoy", while Craig reveals "One of the things we tried to do was connect all the dots and bring all three storylines together in one linear history". Jason Craig describes the story as "X-Files meets horror", due to the government's involvement.  He points out how this vaguely foreshadows Jason X, set chronologically after Nightmare Warriors, in which Jason has been captured by the government, who wish to turn his regenerative abilities into a weapon.  Craig says, "This is a story that gets out of camp grounds, or cabins in the woods, and takes place at our nation's capital".

The Nightmare Warriors was originally designed as a 12-issue maxi-series, and it was up to Kuhoric to condense it to six issues.  Katz was pleased with the result, claiming "All the major beats are there everyone gets their time to shine.  [Kuhoric]'s terrific at retaining the tone of these characters, which isn't easy to do when you're juggling so many voices. Katz summarizes The Nightmare Warriors as a "labor of love", and a "love letter to these characters as well as the survivors we've come to know and love over the years".  He asks readers to think of the series as being "for fans, by fans".  Craig labels it a "fan boy's wet dream", saying "This is the DC Crisis of horror. This is the movie they could never afford to make".

Visuals
The Nightmare Warriors is drawn by Jason Craig, who previously worked on the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash and Wildstorm's Nightmare on Elm Street comics.  Craig was concerned with capturing the physical likenesses and mannerisms of the characters.  He explains, "Freddy isn't some man that slashes maniacally like a super villain, he has panache.  Robert Englund told me once that the character moves in dance steps, foot over foot, very elegant, it's Fosse moves.  Remove his glove and add a top hat and cane and he is no longer Fred Krueger, he's Fred Astaire."  Craig compares Jason's body language to that of a shark, "turning his head and the body follows, keeping in a straight line until something better comes along".  He says that once he began to understand the characters' mannerisms, he started to see them come to life on the page.

Craig tried to maintain consistency with his work on the original Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash comic, but says that he was "not really experimenting as much as just having fun and trying things I would want to see".  He based the characters' looks on the Freddy vs. Jason movie, but also cites Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood as an inspiration for Jason's appearance.  According to him, "Freddy's never had a consistent look, and Ash is always Ash, so it really goes back to focusing more on keeping the look of the first series which was a continuation of the FvJ Ronny Yu film."  In The Nightmare Warriors, Jason still bears the injuries he suffered in the first Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash series.  His mask is shot in half, displaying his teeth, and his left arm is cut off with a machete imbedded in the stump.  Craig claims it was difficult to keep track of these injuries panel-to-panel, but was especially proud of the "half mask" look, a design he would like to see incorporated into the Friday the 13th films one day.  He says, "It's a way to show Jason's emotions under the mask while still keeping him mysterious, and it's also a way to give him this Grim Reaper look especially when you see him in shadow.

Discussing the level of gore in the story, Kurhoric says, "Jason Craig is scary when it comes to the amount of detail he puts into his death scenes. [...] He lives for gore and tries to one up each panel in intensity." He describes The Nightmare Warriors as "a blood bath of epic proportions", and says that the creative team took the "big screen sequel approach" of increasing the action and violence.  Katz elaborates, "Like any good sequel, the mantra is bigger and better.  We're looking to up the ante and top ourselves.  This premise is inherently larger scale and more epic in nature, so that lends itself to blowing open the artwork."  Using the MPAA rating system as an analogy, Katz labels Nightmare Warriors a hard-R in terms of gore", saying "we're hardly scrimping on the red stuff.  It's just presented on a much larger canvas this time".  In contrast, Craig claims that the gore was "toned down maybe just a tad to compromise more with the Army of Darkness franchise".  He explains that the Evil Dead/Army of Darkness movies "have an obvious humor in the gore" which makes it easier to swallow than that of the Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th kills, which are "grounded more in reality".  His artistic aim was to "show the brutality without showing some of the intense gore yet still leave you with that feeling that you saw something horrible".

Reception
Describing #1 as "predictable and a fair bit cheesy", IGN's Jesse Schedeen claimed there is a lot to dislike about Nightmare Warriors, "but only if you approach it from the wrong mindset".  Provided readers expect no more than a "camp romp", he admitted that the issue is fun and humorous.  Schedeen also praised Craig's "snazzy pencils", stating "as long as the story is going the goofball route, there's no reason the art can't follow suit". Mike Fish of Fangoria felt that #1 signaled an improvement over the "mediocre" first series, as the writers dropped the "cut and paste a movie" formula and replaced with a "refreshing start to an intriguing matchup".  Fish praised the initial focus on Jason and Ash and the more "mature" writing from Katz and Kuhoric.  He described the drawings as "kick ass", since it resembles the films without looking photocopied.  However, he noted that Craig's Ash seems based on Bruce Campbell in Bubba Ho-tep, which "disrupts the characterization of Ash a little bit".

Total Sci-Fi Online's James Skipp believed that #1 struggles to balance its three main characters, with the Freddy story coming across as "a little intrusive and confusing".  He also criticized Ash's characterization, believing that he was "more of a straightforward hero here [...] than the self-deprecating fellow of the Evil Dead movies", but admitted it was hard to capture the character's "idiosyncratic charm" without Bruce Campbell.  Skipp summarized that the issue was adequate for its concept.

References

External links

Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors at Nightmare on Elm Street Companion

Comics based on Friday the 13th (franchise)
The Evil Dead (franchise) comics
A Nightmare on Elm Street (franchise) comics
Crossover comics
Intercompany crossovers
White House in fiction
Comics about revenge
2009 comics debuts
2009 comics endings
Comics about time travel


This is a list of diplomatic missions in Uganda. The capital Kampala currently hosts 42 embassies/high commissions.

Diplomatic missions in Kampala

Embassies/High commissions

 (closing July 2024)

Other delegations or missions
 (Delegation)
 (Embassy office)

Consulate-General in Gulu

Non-resident embassies and high commissions
Residence is in Nairobi, Kenya except noted otherwise.

 (Addis Ababa)

 (London)
 (Abu Dhabi)
 (Addis Ababa)

 (Addis Ababa)
 (Addis Ababa)
 (Valletta)

 (Dar es Salaam)
 (Malabo)
 (Addis Ababa)

 (Addis Ababa)

 (Addis Ababa)

 (Addis Ababa)

 (Addis Ababa)
 (Dar es Salaam)

Former Embassies

See also
 Foreign relations of Uganda
 Visa requirements for Ugandan citizens

References

External links
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Uganda

Uganda
Foreign relations of Uganda
Diplomatic missions


Texas hold 'em is a poker game. It may also refer to:
Texas Hold'em Bonus Poker: a card game owned by Mikohn Gaming/Progressive Gaming International Corporation
Texas Hold 'em: an Xbox version Texas hold 'em game developed by TikGames
Texas Hold 'Em Poker: a Nintendo DS version Texas hold 'em game developed by Skyworks

See also
Hold 'em (disambiguation)


B. John Tutuska (December 4, 1911 – July 30, 1993)  was the second county executive in Erie County, New York, serving from 1969 to 1971. The Depew, New York-born  Tutuska succeeded Edward C. Rath in 1969 after Rath died in office. Prior to being appointed county executive, Tutuska served as Erie County Sheriff from 1959 to 1969.

Biography
Tutuska defeated then Common Council member Stanley M. Makowski, future mayor of Buffalo, New York in a special election held on November 4, 1969, 55% - 45%. During that election, a major campaign issue was the claim by Makowski that Tutuska was responsible for the failed Buffalo Bills domed stadium project. Tutuska was the endorsed GOP candidate for reelection in 1971 when he suffered a heart attack. While he was recuperating from his heart attack he was challenged to a primary election by Ned Regan. Rather than run in the primary, he withdrew from the race and the GOP nomination went to Regan, who subsequently defeated Frank A. Sedita, mayor of Buffalo, in the general election.

References

1911 births
1993 deaths
Erie County Executives
New York (state) Republicans
People from Erie County, New York
Place of death missing
Sheriffs of Erie County, New York
20th-century American politicians


Seduced Milkmen is a sketch written and performed by Monty Python, portraying female sexuality as a trap. The sketch is wordless and just one minute long, but was well received.

It first appeared in the third episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, "How to Recognise Different Types of Trees From Quite a Long Way Away", on BBC1 on 19 October 1969. Filming took place in Ullswater Road in Barnes, London.

The sketch also appeared in the first Python film, And Now For Something Completely Different, in which it segues into "The Funniest Joke in the World" (this sketch being presented as one of the joke-writer's rejected ideas).

The romantic background music in the original television version is "Charmaine" by Mantovani & His Orchestra, while the film version uses the "Liebestod" from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.

Synopsis
The sketch starts with a milkman (Michael Palin) delivering milk to a suburban house. The door opens and a seductive woman (Thelma Taylor in the television version, Carol Cleveland in the film version) steps out and lures the milkman in; the milkman looks around, then enters the house. The woman takes the milkman upstairs, smiling at him and beckoning him with her finger. The milkman cautiously follows her as she unlocks her bedroom door. She opens the door and ushers the milkman inside. As the milkman enters the room, she shuts the door and locks it. The milkman looks around the room and sees several milkmen, some of whom are very old, including one who is a skeleton. Ralph Woodward points out that the plot bears a strong resemblance to that of the poem "La Belle Dame sans Merci" by John Keats.

Reception
The sketch was described by Susan Dunne of the Hartford Courant as "one of the funniest things Python ever did".

References

Monty Python sketches
Fictional milkmen
Milk in culture


Zhou Yan may refer to:

Zhou Yan (curler) (born 1982), Chinese curler
Zhou Yan (softball) (born 1979), Chinese softball player
GAI (musician) (born 1987), birth name Zhou Yan, Chinese singer and songwriter
Yan Zhou (curler) (born 1992), Chinese wheelchair curler


Yadav refers to a grouping of traditionally non-elite, peasant-pastoral communities or castes in India that since the 19th and 20th centuries have claimed descent from the mythological king Yadu as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence. The term Yadav now covers many traditional peasant-pastoral castes such as Ahirs of the Hindi belt and the Gavli of Maharashtra.

Historically, the Ahir and Yadav groups had an ambiguous ritual status in caste stratification.  Since the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Yadav movement has worked to improve the social standing of its constituents, through Sanskritisation, active participation in the armed forces, expansion of economic opportunities to include other, more prestigious business fields, and active participation in politics. Yadav leaders and intellectuals have often focused on their claimed descent from Yadu, and from Krishna, which they argue confers kshatriya status upon them, and effort has been invested in recasting the group narrative to emphasise kshatriya-like valour, however, the overall tenor of their movement has not been overtly egalitarian in the context of the larger Indian caste system. Yadavs benefited from Zamindari abolition in some states of north India like Bihar, but not to the extent that members of other Upper Backward Castes did.

Origins

In mythology
The term Yadav (or sometimes Yadava) has been interpreted to mean a descendant of Yadu, who is a mythological king.

Using "very broad generalisations", Jayant Gadkari says that it is "almost certain" from analysis of the Puranas that Andhaka, Vrishni, Satvata and Abhira were collectively known as Yadavas and worshipped Krishna. Gadkari further notes of these ancient works that  "It is beyond dispute that each of the Puranas consists of legends and myths ... but what is important is that, within that framework [a] certain value system is propounded".

Lucia Michelutti notes that

Historians such as P. M. Chandorkar have used epigraphical and similar evidence to argue that Ahirs and Gavlis are representative of the ancient Yadavas and Abhiras mentioned in Sanskrit works.

In practice

There are several communities that coalesce to form the Yadavs. Christophe Jaffrelot has remarked that

However, Jaffrelot has also said that most of the modern Yadavs are cultivators, mainly engaged in tilling the land, and less than one third of the population are occupied in raising cattle or the milk business.

M. S. A. Rao had earlier expressed the same opinion as Jaffrelot, and noted that the traditional association with cattle, together with the belief in descent from Yadu, defines the community. According to David Mandelbaum, the association of the Yadav (and their constituent castes, Ahir and Gwala) with cattle has impacted on their commonly viewed ritual status (varna) as Shudra, although the community's members often claim the higher status of Kshatriya. The Shudra status is explained by the nomadic nature of herdsmen, which constrained the ability of other groups in the varna system to validate the adherence to practices of ritual purity; by their involvement in castration of the animals, which was considered to be a ritually polluting act; and because the sale of milk, as opposed to personal use thereof, was thought to represent economic gain from a sacrosanct product.

According to Lucia Michelutti:

Yadavs in modern India

Occupational background, location and social status

The Yadavs mostly live in Northern India, and particularly in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Traditionally, they were a non-elite pastoral caste. Their traditional occupations changed over time and for many years Yadavs have been primarily involved in cultivation, although Michelutti has noted a "recurrent pattern" since the 1950s whereby economic advancement has progressed through involvement in cattle-related business to transportation and thence to construction. Employment with the army and the police have been other traditional occupations in northern India, and more recently government employment in that region has also become significant. She believes that positive discrimination measures and gains as a consequence of land reform legislation have been important factors in at least some areas.

Lucia Michelutti notes that

J. S. Alter notes that in North India the majority of the wrestlers are of the Yadav caste. He explains this as being due to their involvement in the milk business and dairy farms, which thus provides easy access to the milk and ghee deemed to be essential to a good diet.

Although the Yadavs have formed a fairly significant proportion of the population in various areas, including 11% of that of Bihar in 1931, their interest in pastoral activities was not traditionally matched by ownership of land and consequently they were not a "dominant caste". Their traditional position, which Jaffrelot describes as "low caste peasants", also militated against any dominant role.  Their involvement in pastoralism accounts for a traditional view of Yadavs as being peaceful, while their particular association with cows has a special significance in Hinduism, as do their beliefs regarding Krishna. Against this image, Russell and Lal, writing in 1916, called the Ahir subdivision uncouth, although it is unclear whether their comments were based entirely on proverbial stories, on observation or on both. Tilak Gupta said that this view persisted in modern times in Bihar, where the Yadav were viewed in highly negative terms by other groups. However, Michelutti observed, these very same people acknowledge and coveted their political influence, connections and abilities.

The Yadavs have, however, demonstrated a feature, driven by their more notable members, that shares a similarity with other Indian communities. Mandelbaum has noted that

In Bihar, the political advancement of Yadavs didn't improve their relative marginalisation in other fields. The spread of education among the community remained less as compared to more advanced Other Backward Castes like Awadhia Kurmi, Koeri and Bania. The attachment of Yadavs with the pastoral activities has been responsible behind their lower position in caste hierarchy as compared to owner cultivator castes among the OBCs. In areas where the communal ownership of land prevailed, trespassing into the fields by Yadav cattle herders to feed the cattle remained the part of their daily struggle for survival. Since such communal lands were mostly appropriated by village landlords, the caste occupation of Yadavs brought them in conflict with latter, and such skirmishes gave a militant and aggressive edge to the community's character. This followed their portrayal as "uncultured brutes" in the elitist discourses, which largely mirrors extreme backwardness still prevalent in large section of this community. The attempt to move up in the social ladder also remained evident in the nature of community and in due course of time "thriftiness" was observed to be a phenomenon, where they tried to save and buy small plot of lands, to be classified as owner cultivators.

Sanskritisation

By the end of the nineteenth century, some Yadavs had become successful cattle traders and others had been awarded government contracts to care for cattle. Jaffrelot believes that the religious connotations of their connections to the cow and Krishna were seized upon by those Yadavs seeking to further the process of Sanskritisation, and that it was Rao Bahadur Balbir Singh, a descendant of the last Abhira dynasty to be formed in India, who spearheaded this. Singh established the Ahir Yadav Kshatriya Mahasabha (AYKM) in 1910, which at once asserted that its Ahir constituents were of Kshatriya ritual rank in the varna system, descended from Yadu (as was Krishna), and really known as Yadavs. The organisation claimed support from the facts that various Raj ethnologists had earlier claimed a connection between the Ahir and the Abhira, and because their participation in recent events such as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 had demonstrated that Ahirs were good fighters.

The AYKM was a self-contained unit and did not try to forge links with similar bodies among other caste groups that claimed Kshatriya descent at that time. It had some success, notably in breaking down some of the very strict traditions of endogamy within the community, and it gained some additional momentum as people from rural areas gradually migrated away from their villages to urban centres such as Delhi. Ameliorating the effects of strict endogamy was seen as being conducive to causing the community as a whole to unite, rather than existing as smaller subdivisions within it. Rao has said that the events of this period meant that "the term Yadava refers to both an ethnic category and an ideology".

Of particular significance in the movement for Sanskritisation of the community was the role of the Arya Samaj, whose representatives had been involved with the family of Singh since the late 1890s and who had been able to establish branches in various locations. Although this movement, founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati, favoured a caste hierarchy and also endogamy, its supporters believed that caste should be determined on merit rather than on heritage. They therefore encouraged Yadavs to adopt the sacred thread as a symbolic way to defy the traditional inherited caste system, and they also supported the creation of cow protection associations (Goraksha Sabha) as a means by which Yadavs and other non-Brahmans could affirm the extent of their commitment to Hinduism by observing the strictures relating to cow slaughter. In Bihar, where the Bhumihars and Rajputs were the dominant groups, the wearing of the thread by Ahirs led to occasions of violence.

Jaffrelot has contrasted the motivations of Yadav Sanskritisation with that of the Nairs, another Indian community. He notes that Gyanendra Pandey, Rao and M. N. Srinivas all assert that Yadav Sanskritisation was not a process to imitate or raise the community to ritual parity with the higher ranks but rather to undermine the authority of those ranks. He contrasts this "subversion" theory with the Nair's motive of "emancipation", whereby Sanskritisation was "a means of reconciling low ritual status with growing socio-economic assertiveness and of taking the first steps towards an alternative, Dravidian identity". Using examples from Bihar, Jaffrelot demonstrates that there were some organised attempts among members of the Yadav community where the driving force was clearly secular and in that respect similar to the Nair's socio-economic movement. These were based on a desire to end oppression caused by, for example, having to perform begari (forced labour) for upper castes and having to sell produce at prices below those prevailing in the open market to the zamindars, as well as by promoting education of the Yadav community. This "aggressive Sanskritisation", which caused riots in the area, was emulated by some other of the lower caste groups. In support of the argument that the movements bore similarity, Jaffrelot cites Hetukar Jha, who says of the Bihar situation that "The real motive behind the attempts of the Yadavas, Kurmis and Koeris at Sanskritising themselves was to get rid of this socio-economic repression".

The process of Sanskritisation often included creating a history. The first such for the Yadavs was written in the late nineteenth century by Vithal Krishnaji Khedkar, a schoolteacher who became private secretary to a Maharajah. In 1959, Khedekar's work was published by his son, Raghunath Vithal Khedkar, who was a surgeon, under the title The Divine Heritage of the Yadavas. There has been subsequent work to develop his ideas, notably by K. C. Yadav and J. N. Singh Yadav.

Khedekar's history made the claim that Yadavs were descendants of the Abhira tribe and that the modern Yadavs were the same community referred to as dynasties in the Mahabharata and Puranas. Describing the work of the Khedekars as "a well-edited and well-produced volume", Mandelbaum notes that the Yadavs  In creating this history there is some support for an argument that Yadavs were looking to adopt an ethnic identity akin to the Dravidian one that was central to the Sanskritisation of the Nairs and other in south India. However, Jaffrelot believes that such an argument would be overstated because the Yadav "redrawing of history" was much more narrow, being centred on themselves rather than on any wider shared ethnic base. They did acknowledge groups such as the Jats and Marathas as being similarly descended from Krishna but they did not particularly accommodate them in their adopted Aryan ethnic ideology, believing themselves to be superior to these other communities. Jaffrelot considers the history thus created to be one that is "largely mythical [and] enabled Yadav intellectuals to invent a golden age".

Michelutti prefers the term "yadavisation" to that of "sanskritisation". She argues that the perceived common link to Krishna was used to campaign for the official recognition of the many and varied herding communities of India under the title of Yadav, rather than merely as a means to claim the rank of Kshatriya. Furthermore, that "... social leaders and politicians soon realised that their 'number' and the official proof of their demographic status were important political instruments on the basis of which they could claim a 'reasonable' share of state resources."

All-India Yadav Mahasabha

The All-India Yadav Mahasabha (AIYM) was founded at Allahabad in 1924 by a meeting of disparate local groups from Bihar, Punjab and what is now Uttar Pradesh. Although the AIYM was initially organised by V. K. Khedakar, it was Rao Balbir Singh who developed it and this coincided with a period – during the 1920s and 1930s – when similar Sanskritisation movements elsewhere in the country were on the wane. The program included campaigning in favour of teetotalism and vegetarianism, both of which were features of higher-ranking castes, as well as promoting self-education and promoting the adoption of the "Yadav" name. It also sought to encourage the British Raj to recruit Yadavs as officers in the army and sought to modernise community practices such as reducing the financial burden dowries and increasing the acceptable age of marriage. Furthermore, the AIYM encouraged the more wealthy members of the community to donate to good causes, such as for the funding of scholarships, temples, educational institutions and intra-community communications.

The Yadav belief in their superiority impacted on their campaigning. In 1930, the Yadavs of Bihar joined with the Kurmi and Koeri agriculturalists to enter local elections. They lost badly but in 1934 the three communities formed the Triveni Sangh political party, which allegedly had a million dues-paying members by 1936. However, the organisation was hobbled by competition from the Congress-backed Backward Class Federation, which was formed around the same time, and by co-option of community leaders by the Congress party. The Triveni Sangh suffered badly in the 1937 elections, although it did win in some areas. Aside from an inability to counter the superior organisational ability of the higher castes who opposed it, the unwillingness of the Yadavs to renounce their belief that they were natural leaders and that the Kurmi were somehow inferior was a significant factor in the lack of success. Similar problems beset a later planned caste union, the Raghav Samaj, with the Koeris.

In the post-colonial period, according to Michelutti, it was the process of yadavisation and the concentration on two core aims – increasing the demographic coverage and campaigning for improved protection under the positive discrimination scheme for Backward Classes – that has been a singular feature of the AIYM, although it continues its work in other areas such as promotion of vegetarianism and teetotalism. Their proposals have included measures designed to increase the number of Yadavs employed or selected by political and public organisations on the grounds of their numerical strength, including as judges, government ministers and regional governors. By 2003 the AIYM had expanded to cover seventeen states and Michelutti believed it to be the only organisation of its type that crossed both linguistic and cultural lines. It continues to update its literature, including websites, to further its belief that all claimed descendants of Krishna are Yadav. It has become a significant political force.

The campaign demanding that the army of the Raj should recruit Yadavs as officers resurfaced in the 1960s. Well-reported bravery during fighting in the Himalayas in 1962, notably by the 13th Kumaon company of Ahirs, led to a campaign by the AIYM demanding the creation of a specific Yadav regiment.

Post-Independence

Mandelbaum has commented on how the community basks in the reflected glory of those members who achieve success, that "Yadav publications proudly cite not only their mythical progenitors and their historical Rajas, but also contemporaries who have become learned scholars, rich industrialists, and high civil servants." He notes that this trait can also be seen among other caste groups.

The Sadar festival is celebrated annually by the Yadav community in Hyderabad, following the day of Diwali. Community members parade, dancing around their best buffalo bulls, which have been colourfully decorated with flowers and paint.

Classification
The Yadavs are included in the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) category in the Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. In 2001, the Social Justice Committee in Uttar Pradesh reported over-representation of some OBCs, particularly Yadavs, in public offices; it suggested creating sub categories within the OBC category. The outcome of this was that the Yadav/Ahir became the only group listed in Part A of a three-part OBC classification system.

Yadavs in Nepal
The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Yadav as a subgroup within the broader social group of Madheshi Other Caste. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 1,054,458 people (4.0% of the population of Nepal) were Yadav. The frequency of Yadavs by province was as follows:
 Madhesh Province (14.8%)
 Lumbini Province (4.1%)
 Koshi Province (1.3%)
 Bagmati Province (0.2%)
 Gandaki Province (0.0%)
 Karnali Province (0.0%)
 Sudurpashchim Province (0.0%)

The frequency of Yadavs of Nepal was higher than national average (4.0%) in the following districts:
 Siraha (24.4%)
 Dhanusha (17.5%)
 Saptari (15.8%)
 Sarlahi (15.5%)
 Mahottari (15.2%)
 Rautahat (12.2%)
 Bara (10.5%)
 Kapilvastu (10.2%)
 Rupandehi (7.4%)
 Parsa (6.6%)
 Parasi (5.8%)
 Banke (4.7%)
 Sunsari (4.3%)

See also

 List of Yadavs
 Ahir clans

Notes

References

Ahir
Indian castes
Social groups of Haryana
Social groups of Rajasthan
Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
Social groups of Bihar
Herding castes
Surnames of Indian origin
Lunar dynasty
Ethnic groups in Nepal


Patrice Michelle "Pat" Donnelly (born April 30, 1950) is an American retired track and field athlete and actress, known primarily for hurdling.

Background
Donnelly was born in San Diego, California. She attended Grossmont College. She was a high school physical education teacher at St. Paul High School in Santa Fe Springs, CA.

In 1971, she was Miss La Mesa. After the 1976 Olympic Games she married shot putter Peter Shmock. After divorcing Shmock, she married sprinter Mark Lutz, ex-spouse of distance runner Francie Larrieu.

Career in hurdling
Once the fourth-ranked hurdler in the world, Donnelly set the college record for the women's 100 meter hurdles at 13.5 seconds in 1970.

She was on the 1975 All-America team for the 100 meter hurdles. At the 1975 Pan American Games she placed fourth.

Donnelly attended the 1976 Summer Olympics as a 100-meter hurdler for the United States, but was eliminated in the heats, missing the semi-final by only 0.01 sec.

Career in film
Donnelly's film debut was in the 1982 film Personal Best, wherein she played an Olympic pentathlete. She also served as a technical advisor on the film.  She also went on to play Danielle, the stern assistant coach in the 1986 movie American Anthem.

She helped Billy Crudup train for Without Limits (1998), a film about Steve Prefontaine's life.

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
American female hurdlers
American film actresses
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1975 Pan American Games
Track and field athletes from San Diego
Cal Poly Mustangs track and field
College women's track and field athletes in the United States
Grossmont College alumni
20th-century American sportswomen