The anti-rape movement is a sociopolitical movement which is part of the movement seeking to combat violence against and the abuse of women. The movement seeks to change community attitudes to violence against women, such as attitudes of entitlement to sex and victim blaming, as well as attitudes of women themselves such as self-blame for violence against them. It also seeks to promote changes to rape laws or laws of evidence which enable rapists from avoid penalties because, for example, victims are discouraged from reporting assaults against them, or because the rapist is entitled to some immunity or because a rapist (as a defendant) is capable in law of denigrating the victim. The movement has been successful in many jurisdictions, though many of these attitudes still persist in some jurisdictions, and despite changes to laws and significant increases in reporting of such assaults, in practice violence against women still persists at unacceptable high levels.
The movement came about in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when new concepts of rape arose out of second wave feminism and the reevaluation of women's daily lives socially and with regard to the social institutions with which they interact. Prior to this reexamination, rape had been viewed as a "sex crime carried out by pathological men", who were unable to control their own sexual desires. Feminists began to emphasize the role of power dynamics specifically with regard to the perpetration of rape as a crime committed primarily by men against women. This revised definition of rape was meant to come from the perspective of the victim. The act of rape was asserted to be a way in which societal gender roles, the way someone acts out either masculinity or femininity, were enforced and the hierarchy of power placing males above females was maintained.  Rape was thus defined as a form of violence used to ensure male power, a form of social control over women and children.  Known as the "anti-rape" or "rape prevention" movement, it was founded with the conceptions that sexual violence and violence against women more generally is a tool of social control used to keep women in a subordinate position to men and that women need to do something that aids victims of sexual violence to become "survivors" of violence instead of victims. The anti-rape movement continues today, with growing awareness in the United States public sphere about the concept of rape culture coinciding with the increasing popularity of feminism.

History

Origins
Beginning in the late 1960s, violence against women became a salient topic of interest within the second-wave feminist movement.  Through the anti-rape movement, an offshoot of the women's movement, the public was made aware of sexual violence as an important social problem deserving of attention.  Sexual violence refers to both rape and sexual assault. As early as 1970, feminists began engaging in consciousness raising groups, which involved sharing personal experiences women have had with sexual violence with the wider public. In 1971, the New York Radical Feminists sponsored the first events specifically regarding sexual violence as a social problem, the first of which was a speak-out, used to attach personal stories with the cause.  On January 24, 1971, this group held the first Speak-Out, which approximately 300 people attended at St. Clement's Episcopal Church in New York, and this speak-out was followed by a conference about rape on April 12, 1971. Women would come to a "speak-out" specifically to share their own experiences with an audience and to raise their voices, to literally speak out against sexual violence. These events helped increase public awareness of sexual violence as an issue deserving of attention.

During the subsequent two years, feminist theorizing about rape continued. In 1975, Susan Brownmiller wrote one of the most influential pieces of literature about sexual assault of this period: Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape.  In this book, Brownmiller made a direct connection between women's fear and sexual aggression, describing that sexual violence is used by men to intimidate women and keep them fearful.  As the movement was able to connect a pattern of violence to personal experiences, slogans began to form, such as "the personal is political" and "there are no individual solutions".

The psychological trauma from rape was generally ignored by medicinal and psychiatric professionals up until the 1950s and 1960s. In 1970 Sandra Sutherland and Donald J. Scherl published the first substantial study of the psychological effects of rape on its victims in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry.

The year 1972 marks an important milestone in the anti-rape movement due to the formation of two influential organizations: Bay Area Women Against Rape (BAWAR) in Berkeley, California, and the Washington D.C. Rape Crisis Center. BAWAR started by first putting together packets of information concerning important safety information, such as suggestions to follow when hitchhiking, samples of the paper materials that they use (i.e.,  memos to hospitals or police departments requesting change, requests for donations), and medical pamphlets for survivors of rape.  This center also made strides to obtain city funding for their efforts to start a 24-hour crisis line, pay a part-time staff member, and fund an office, though it is unknown whether that funding was received by 1973. A good case study illustrating how many Rape crisis centers actually came into being is the case of the still-active Rape Crisis Center (YWCA) of the greater Toledo area. In 1972, one woman in Toledo started helping rape victims out of her home and the local law enforcement recognized her effectiveness and related victims to her care. From this individual, grassroots effort grew the YWCA H.O.P.E. center, a vibrant and still-active rape crisis center.

Also in 1972, the Washington D.C. Rape Crisis Center formed and began running the first telephone crisis line for victims of sexual violence to call, which has served as an example for future rape crisis centers.  This center was the first rape crisis center within the United States.  In 1972, the Center received approximately 20 calls a day, and aside from the crisis line, the women operating this center offered an array of services, including offering legal and medical advice, emotional support, accompaniment to the hospital or law enforcement agencies, and shelter to those who called their office.  By 1973, the Center also had started distributing a newsletter nationally, helping to support and legitimize the anti-rape movement then gaining speed.  The Washington D.C. Rape Crisis Center along with BAWAR represented two "national networking hubs" for the anti-rape movement.

The national anti-rape movement was largely decentralized and spread across the United States. It was made-up of several main organizations which constituted "hubs" for the movement, like BAWAR and the Washington, D.C. Rape Crisis Center, which acted as crucial networking sites for the movement, as well as a wide array of less influential centers spread throughout the US. These less influential organizations remained connected to the movement often through the active feminist press of this time. The national movement provided local movement organizations with support. The first national coalition among these centers did not form until 1974, with the creation of the Feminist Alliance Against Rape (FAAR) in Washington, D.C.

In the early stages of the anti-rape movement, the movement's foci included "…law enforcement behavior and legal changes, hospital practices and counseling, self-defense and community education." The National Organization for Women (NOW) started working on legislative reform at the national level during the mid-1970s. This organization was the first to initiate legislative reform, helping to lead all 50 states to change their laws in various ways within the decade. These reformed laws served to encourage those who have been raped to report these crimes and improved methods for prosecuting perpetrators of this violence.  Specifically, by 1980 most states in the US had changed their laws to:

1. Include that it is illegal for a spouse to rape their spouse.

2. Include "rape shield laws," which in part serve to limit using a victim's sexual history in court to potentially be used against them.

3. Make it unnecessary to have a witness of the rape.

4. Change the age constituting statutory rape from 10 to 12.

5. Alter the definition constituting consent to demonstrate "…the difference between consent and submission (when, on account of fear, the victim does not physically resist)" and show that there is a difference between giving someone consent (agreeing to engage in a sexual act) and not giving someone consent to engage in a sexual act (for example, a person cannot give consent when they are passed out).

In 1975, the National Center for the Prevention and Control of Rape at the National Institute of Mental Health was formed.  The creation of this organization led to a wide expansion of research concerning sexual assault and rape; it released millions of dollars to fund research regarding both sexual violence and how to better treat the psychosocial and mental health problems of survivors.

As rape was increasingly demonstrated to be a societal problem by the anti-rape movement, women worked together in feminist grassroots organizations to start the first rape crisis centers. These first centers were largely formed by radical feminists, as "…the goal initially was not reform, but a total transformation of ideologies, power relationships, and the existing social structure," and they relied mostly on volunteers. However, by 1979 there were more than 1,000 rape crisis centers across the US, and these centers had started to shift away from this feminist ideology to a more liberal approach seeking reform and connections with other agencies that could aid survivors. Between 1979 and the mid-1980s, this shift toward a more liberal approach continued as rape crisis centers started to be both institutionalized and professionalized, acquiring state grant funding that enabled many centers to hire staff.

1980s
Worldwide, legislative reform to protect (potential) victims of rape began to be adopted under pressure from the feminist movement and their sympathisers. Marital rape was increasingly criminalised, while marry-your-rapist laws were repealed one by one after 1980. The first such move came in Italy in 1981, over a decade after the bride kidnapping of Franca Viola. Her late 1960s case created national controversy, resulting in a gradual moral evolution against the custom of so-called "rehabilitating marriages", in which a survivor's "honour" was considered restored if she married her rapist.

2010s
In 2011 Usha Vishwakarma helped found Red Brigade Trust in Lucknow, India, an organization that holds self-defense classes for women and helps spread awareness.

In 2013, UNC Chapel Hill students Annie E. Clark and Andrea Pino filed a complaint against the university with the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, based on Title IX. The Department of Education, as a result, launched an investigation into how the university handled sexual assault cases.

In September 2014 Emma Sulkowicz, a senior visual arts student at Columbia University, began protesting what they describe as the university's mishandling of a complaint against a fellow student who allegedly raped them by carrying their dorm room mattress with them every day. The protest was a performance art piece for their senior thesis entitled Carry That Weight. The performance ended with Sulkowicz's graduation. Sulkowicz's protest was reported by major news outlets including New York Magazine, which featured a portrait of Sulkowicz with their mattress on the cover of its Sept. 22 issue. In the cover article, Vanessa Grigoriadis described Sulkowicz as "the poster girl for the anti-rape movement". Sulkowicz inspired the formation of Carrying the Weight Together, "a coalition of college students and activists who are working to support survivors of sexual and domestic violence". The group organized the Carry That Weight Day of Action, which involved 130 anti-sexual violence demonstrations held across the United States.

In October 2017, following allegations of sexual assault against film producer Harvey Weinstein, the Me Too movement began to spread virally on social media after a Tweet by actress Alyssa Milano. The movement is a demonstration of solidarity and awareness among survivors of sexual assault.

Legislation

Common law
Rape, under common law, was initially defined as "the unlawful carnal knowledge of another person, and the elements of force and resistance were determinative."  The common law definition of rape was used for many years and it was interpreted in different ways by each state.  Under common law, it was often the case that in rape trials, the victim felt that they were the one on trial due to the deep interrogation into their background.  It was also part of the law that a husband could not be accused of raping his wife based on marital exemption.  According to common law, it was required that the claimant could prove that they resisted, that the complaint was prompt, and proof that they did not consent.  Also, part of the common law was the doctrine of prompt complaint.  The doctrine of prompt complaint required that the victims report their claim to the community and to police promptly following the attack in order to be considered legitimate.  Lawmakers felt that it made sense for the victim to want to report the case as soon as possible in hopes of finding the assailant. Unfortunately, not much was known about the psychological effects following an attack and rape trauma syndrome which changes one's behaviors. The Doctrine of Prompt Complaint was actually considered one of the top three criteria for convicting a defendant of rape according to jurors.  Prior to the anti-rape movement, the laws in the legal system did not place much legitimization on the claims of the victims, making them hesitant to even consider reporting a rape.

Role of women
The anti-rape movement began by women breaking the silence on the issues of rape and the damages incurred as a result.  The feminist movement first began to take notice of the low levels of rape convictions, especially in New York, and realized that rape was not taken seriously in the court of law from the victim's side. The movement then began to fight not only for rape law reform, but in many cases it was fighting for the repeal and revision of such laws. In New York in 1971, one of the strictest states on rape claims, their law forced victims to provide evidence for force, penetration, and identity of the perpetrator all before the case could even go to trial.  These harsh guidelines and requirements made women feel unsafe in their own neighborhoods, in their own homes, and out on the streets.  It was groups such as the Women for a Free Future that spoke out for law reforms to protect women and their rights.  Part of the movement was aided by the increasing numbers of women involved in law.  In the late 1960s, women made up for only 3% of the total number of lawyers in the United States.  Gradually, more and more women began entering law school and bringing their feminist ideals with them.  More and more women's groups became involved in the fight not to change laws, but to repeal them. The Feminist Anti-Rape Squad planned a meeting in 1972 to discuss what measures would express to lawmakers that they wanted the laws to be repealed.  In 1973, the Women's Anti-Rape Coalition started a campaign through media and legislation to bring attention to the problems within the law.  Later in 1973, joint committee hearings were held to begin to discuss the possibility of repeal, but the Legal Aid Society kept the existing laws in place.

Beginning of changes
There were not any major changes in rape law legislation until the American Law Institute (ALI) drafted the Moral Penal Code (MPC) in 1955, but it was not until 1980 when the code was published.  Following its publication, many states became influenced to make some changes to their laws, with the biggest change being the redefinition of "rape".  Although the MPC added "forced anal penetration" to the definition of rape, it still required the prompt complaint provision.  It is notable that the MPC's Criminal Law Advisory Board, which determined these laws, included only one female member (Florence M. Kelly).

Rape shield laws
One of the more important introductions to rape laws was the addition of rape shield laws. In California, the trial of People v. Plotkin used the complainant's sexual history to place doubt into the jurors' minds on the credibility of her claims. Assault on credibility was a common tactic used in rape trials. Such investigation of the sexual background of complainants made them reluctant to go to trial.  The enactment of rape shield laws helped to provide further protection for rape victims during trial. These laws were created to restrict the past sexual history of the victim from being used against them during the trial. These laws were proposed because it was feared that jurors would judge a complainant based on their history and use that for judgment on their current credibility and moral character. Eventually, President Jimmy Carter signed the legislation that allowed rape shield laws to be put into place to protect the victim. Also, the acknowledgement of rape trauma syndrome (RTS) helped jurors to gain an understanding of the actions of complainants following rape. RTS describes post-rape behavior that may include not reporting the rape promptly and many other psychological and emotional damage that resulted.

Changes in law
Changes to state laws began when the bill that would remove the requirement of corroboration was repealed in Congress unanimously.  Following a national conference in 1973, changes began to take place more rapidly beginning with the creation of the National Rape Task Force (NOWRTF) which was a subgroup of the National Organization for Women (NOW).  The next step for activists was to create a sample of how they thought rape laws should be written.  One of the most successful repeal attempts took place in Michigan in 1974.  Michigan created the Criminal Sexual Conduct Law bill which removed spousal exception, lowered evidentiary burdens, redefined rape, and other reforms.  On the other hand, Georgia had not repealed its law of spousal exemption until 1996, although most states had repealed theirs earlier in the 1990s. By 1980, all of the states had made, or at least considered making some changes.  The example set by Michigan highly encouraged all other states to take action against rape.  By 1980, there were over 400 rape crisis centers in the United States and laws had been changed to give the victim more leverage and voice during trials.  As rape crisis center reforms increased and picked up supporters, as did the rape law reform groups.

The four main changes made to most state laws were:
 The definition of rape changed. Changes to the definition of rape allowed for the possibility of a male being the victim of rape. The revised definition considered rape to include forced sexual contact in terms of vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
 The requirement that the victim resists the assailant was eliminated. This protected women with disabilities since many are not physically able to ward off an assailant.
 The requirement that a third party corroborates the claim of rape was eliminated.
 Rape Shield Laws were implemented.

The new federal definition of rape is defined as, "non-consensual sexual intercourse 'by force, threat, or intimidation.'" Federal law has divided rape into two categories: the common law rape of an adult and statutory rape which is assaulting a minor. According to federal law, the marital exemption does not exist.

In the Middle East, the Campaign Against Lebanese Rape Law - Article 522 was launched in December 2016 in order to abolish the article that permitted Lebanese rapists to escape prosecution if they married the victim.

Concerns
Lawmakers and the public alike had some initial concerns about changing rape laws.  One of the biggest fears was that by changing the law, more accusations would arise and that wrongful convictions would be made.  Another concern was that by providing women with more control during the trial, they might become overwhelmed in the process and end up dropping the case even though a conviction may have been possible.  As of now, evidence has shown that there has only been a slight increase in the number of accusations, but for the most part, the probability of coming to a conviction has remained relatively stable. One of the biggest changes is that the penalties are harsher now than they have been historically.

Rape crisis centers

The anti-rape movement sets up rape crisis centers which seek to influence in their respective communities. These centers seek to connect with all groups of people and make their services accessible to the public and to particular minority groups who may have an increased risk of experiencing difficulty in accessing medical and other basic needs.

Education
Rape crisis centres offer education and outreach programs and workshops to the public, largely to prevent sexual assault from occurring. They cater their programs and workshops towards schools, community organizations, churches, and clubs, and increase awareness of the commonality of sexual assault, how to recognize it, which assertive steps to take in order to reduce the risk of experiencing it, and knowing about local resources and options in the event that one experiences sexual assault. Educational outreach programs are designed for specific age groups ranging from children to adults.

Educational programs with the goal of preventing sexual violence through education and awareness can be introduced to children at an early age.  Kindergarten to second grade aged children are taught to identify 'good' and 'bad' forms of touch, and how to respond to unwanted forms of touch.  Older elementary school-aged children are presented with strategies of how to say "no" to inappropriate conduct.  The information is presented to the students in an age-appropriate fashion, such as through hand puppets or videos.

Middle and high school-aged students learn through video and discuss how to distinguish healthy relationships from harmful ones, and what constitutes sexual harassment, even within a relationship.  Students are taught about the three forms of sexual harassment (physical, visual and verbal), and that rape is about power and control rather than sex.  High school students learn the definition of consent while examining different kinds of rape: stranger rape, date/acquaintance rape, and statutory rape.

Adult programs incorporate a wide variety of information into their curricula.  Some common programs inform attendees about the local rape crisis centers, discuss the definition of date rape, explore how a sexual assault survivor is affected in terms of their religious beliefs, and provide steps that parents can take to keep their children safe from sexual violation.  Other programs focus on media violence, the laws concerning sexual violence, and victim empathy and blaming.  Many centers have a program related to substance abuse or date rape drugs.

Sexual violence prevention is not the only focal point of rape crisis center education programs.  Programs and groups are also established for those who have experienced sexual assault.  These support groups are usually divided by sex or gender and are designed to create a safe atmosphere for sharing and listening.  Groups for survivors can explore self-esteem, assertiveness and healing.  These groups may also examine emotional and psychological issues that can arise with the experience of sexual violence.  Emotional and psychological focal points include fear, self-doubt, guilt, anger, shame, self-blame, or denial.  Selective rape crisis centers offer programs for couples who seek to actively end abuse within their relationship.

Many rape crisis centers offer self-defense classes for girls and women.  Rape crisis centers who host these classes offer them at a regular interval for a minimum charge. Awareness, assertiveness, and physical technique are three basic keys to self-protection.  Awareness involves assessing one's surroundings and situations to determine potential levels of safety or threat.  Students of the class are taught to use their body language and voice to assert their awareness and self-protection in ways that would discourage potential attackers.  The physical techniques used for self-defense incorporate martial arts methods of defense.

Outreach and awareness
April is Sexual Assault Awareness Month, in which rape crisis centers host community events.  Rape crisis centers host events to promote advocacy, awareness, and empowerment to sexual assault survivors and others who are interested in sexual assault prevention.  These events are often creative in expressions, such as Shout Out Against Violence!, during which survivors of sexual assault and their allies can read performance pieces in an open-mic style evening of stories and thoughts related to sexual violence.  Rape crisis centers sometimes use the month of April to work within the county schools. The Alachua County Victim Services & Rape Crisis Center, for example, holds a "Respect Your Date" contest in the county high schools during the first week of April.

Special events unique to their respective communities are hosted by rape crisis centers nationwide.  Creativity and the arts are used as an effective method of local advocacy and awareness through these diverse events.  The rape crisis center in Santa Barbara, California, hosts a radio show six times a year to openly discuss issues concerning sexual and domestic violence, child abuse, and other forms of oppression.  The Orange County Rape Crisis Center has developed a conference in Spanish called "Speaking the Forbidden: A Conference about Sexual Health, Mental Health, and Human Rights".  The rape crisis center in DeKalb, Georgia, uses the Clothesline Project to increase awareness of sexual violence. In the Clothesline Project, female survivors of sexual assault create T-shirts that express their feelings on sexual violence.  This artistic project is permanently displayed at the DeKalb Rape Crisis Center.  Cleveland County Rape Crisis Center in Ohio hosts "'Girls Kick Butt': An Empowerment Conference Model for Adolescent Girls".  "Girls Kick Butt" teaches empowerment by guiding girls and young women to choose healthy behaviors.  Participants learn how to lessen the chance of sexual assault, and engage in activities that encourage building self-esteem.  The Rape Crisis Center of South Dakota has held performances including The Vagina Monologues and A Long Walk Home, which delves into the area of women of color and rape.

One myth that rape crisis centers work against is that rape and sexual violence is solely a women's issue.  In response to a societal mentality that rape revolved around female victims, organizations such as rape crisis centers established programs that focused on the dynamic that males were the ones overwhelmingly committing the crime of rape.  Such groups seek to change the male mentality into one that acknowledges their power to stop rape.  One subgroup that works through some rape crisis centers is the organization "Men Can Stop Rape", which targets young men in reforming their ideas about masculinity, strength, and violence.  Men are empowered by their dedication to a non-violent lifestyle as an ally to women. The organization has made extensive use of posters and other social marketing tools. "Men Can Stop Rape" is a nonprofit organization from Washington, D.C.  The organization uses their theme "My Strength is Not for Hurting" to promote their Rape Prevention Education program, which emphasizes building healthy relationships.  With the assistance of local rape crisis centers, "Men Can Stop Rape" clubs have been established at several high schools located in California.  Another group that works against rape and sexual violence, focusing more on research-based approaches to prevention, is One in Four.  One in Four has chapters of its organization on college campuses and military bases across the United States and focuses its approach on building survivor empathy and bystander intervention.

Rape crisis centers seek to ensure the best care for their patients by striving to be inclusive in their outreach programs to all groups of people.  Centers acknowledge how sexual assault might be experienced by different people and different groups of people.  Men, members of the LGBT community, sex workers, the homeless, Latinas, low-income people, people who are physically disabled, and non-native English speakers can attend groups specific to their needs through many crisis centers. Although the last few decades have seen a rise in awareness concerning these issues of sexual violence, some anti-rape programs are facing cuts, and anti-rape advocates worry that a movement that had much steam is in danger of losing preeminence in the public eye.

Societal criticism by the anti-rape movement in America

Because feminists and anti-rape advocates have varying perspectives on rape, they also have different views on the main challenges and opposition facing the anti-rape movement.

While radical feminist views are often attacked (by non-feminists and equity feminists among many others) a more accepted theme in feminist and anti-rape literature is that of the prevalence of "rape culture". This concept is phrased by Marilyn French, who wrote, "The media treat male assaults on women like rape, beating, and murder of wives and female lovers, or male incest with children, as individual aberrations...obscuring the fact that all male violence toward women is part of a concerted campaign." Other feminists and anti-rape advocates take a different approach to what constitutes "rape culture", focusing less on ideas like French's "concerted campaign" in which all males are complicit and more on what they see as institutional problems in American society. They point out sociocultural conditioning from childhood on that rears boys to be susceptible to becoming rapists and girls to accept victimization. These problems include the theological and social beliefs of the Christian Right (and other conservative religious groups), the handling of rape victims by police, by the medical industry, by the courts and judges, and the problem of the acceptance of pornography and attitudes to women in American society.

Criticisms of the police

Many feminists and anti-rape advocates see a systemic problem with the way rape is handled immediately after it is reported to police. Advocates in Rape Crisis Centers report that very often police are the first hurdle many rape victims have to deal with right after a sexual assault occurs. The Ann Arbor Women's Center, a particularly active advocacy center founded in 1971, sees the societal problems that shape males in American culture as manifesting themselves hideously when rape victims report to often all-male police forces, writing in Freedom from Rape that:

Police officers, by and large, are male. Their views, like those of other men, have been shaped by the society in which they live. It is quite possible that a policeman was raised in a typical American home, he developed a value system that typifies women as gentle, quiet, and sweet. He probably believes that women would do best to stay at home in the evening unless accompanied by a husband or proper escort.

In Freedom from Rape, the Ann Arbor Women's Center goes on to argue that such prejudiced police officers (conscious or such prejudice or not) make value judgments about women who report the rape as occurring under circumstances that could be judged by some as morally dubious or practically imprudent (i.e., leaving a bar alone late at night or walking home alone at night).  If the woman comes across as "outspoken, independent, and/or 'promiscuous'" she may be judged as a "that kind" of girl who was, in reality, "asking" to be raped. Nancy Gager and Cathleen Schurr argue in Sexual Assault: Confronting Rape in America that such responses from law enforcement were indeed commonplace.

Another deep problem many feminists and anti-rape activists see with law enforcement is an inability to understand the true nature of rape. Because of their maleness, Gager and Schurr proclaim that "Few policemen have any understanding of the complexity of emotions felt by rape victims, just as they have little understanding of women in general." Many feminists also feel that policemen (indeed most men) fail to recognize what they see as a basic truth about rape – that it is about power and not sex, "an act of terror", not of lust.

Whether the police even believe the rape victim's story or seek to report the incident are another matter, and one in which many rape victims report difficulties and inconsistencies. Feminists and anti-rape activists often highlight systemic problems with the way police handle interviewing and questioning victims. "Victims report being leered at, humiliated, and harassed by the policemen they called for help. To many women, the police often seem more interested in explicit sexual details than in catching the rapist." In Gager and Schurr's study, they argue that some (though definitely not all) police show "rape victims the same inhumanity shown by the rapists themselves." A rape crisis center worker reported that the police often turn a blind eye to rape if it is committed by a boyfriend or fiancée, often seeing such instances as a "lover's quarrel" and preferring not to get involved. Another problem is that rape can be more difficult to prove when the victim is not physically assaulted, and this problem is compounded by what many Rape Crisis Centers see as the police's disinclination to believe women who were not outwardly harmed. Michigan's Rape Crisis Center observes that "Police go on the assumption that it didn't really happen if a woman is not noticeably physically injured." This can present unique problems for women, especially if the experience was traumatic and she has trouble recalling specific details, which some police misinterpret as dishonesty rather than genuine trauma.

While feminists and rape crisis center workers acknowledge the honorable work some police officers do to combat rapists and be advocates for victims, they also argue that there are some categorical problems with the way law enforcement officers conceive of rape and deal with rape victims. While the Gager and Schurr study was conducted in the 1970s, current anti-rape sentiment (2007) still insists there are deep problems with the way police and courts handle rape victims and rape accusations. "Rape Victims Failed by Police and Courts"

Criticism of the legal system

There are many problems that feminists and rape crisis center workers have identified regarding the treatment of rape victims once the situation gets past the police and into court. Patricia Yancey Martin, in her book Rape Work: Victims, Gender, and Emotions in Organization and Community Context identifies many of these dilemmas, working to prove the thesis that "Police, prosecutors, and judges collaborate with rapists and their defenders." Martin bases her thesis on a 1993 book by former rape prosecutor Alice Vachss, who explains how her experiences led her to believe that, for a multitude of reasons, "prosecutors and judges 'collaborate' with defense attorneys and rapists to let rapists off the hook." Vachss laments that far too often rape crisis become more of a "chess match" between competing lawyers (or the state) than any attempt to provide justice or healing for the victim.

One of the most pervasive problems identified by anti-rape advocates is the tactless, noncommittal, and ginger way that many prosecutors handle rape cases. An assistant prosecutor of rapists relates that many lawyers who become involved with rape cases have little training, sensitivity, and experience in dealing with the issue, and are disturbed by the issue and the details. Reporting anonymously, the 35-year-old man relates that many of his colleagues are "convinced through the years of prosecution folklore that rape cases can't be won … so they plead 'em and settle cheap." The very nature of rape cases causes attorneys, many of whom are working for profit, to shy away. A 37-year-old Rape Crisis Center founder and executive director, also speaking anonymously, bemoaned the fact that accused rapists are difficult to convict which causes success-driven lawyers to instead seek out and fight hard for burglary or larceny cases, because there are "no emotional issues, no time-consuming efforts and victims." In short, these types of cases are widely regarded in the legal world as "much easier to win".

Catherine MacKinnon argues that a categorical mistake that legal officials make in prosecuting rape is framing the important question to be answered by the jury and debated by the lawyers is "Did the man have reason to believe [or convincingly say he believed] the woman (girl) consented to have sex?" The question which should be asked is "Did the man use force to have sex with the woman (or girl) against her will?" Thus, the defense attorney can simply seek to build a case that the rapist thought the woman or girl consented, rather than focusing on whether or not force or date-rape agents were used. MacKinnon argues this is a profoundly wrong way to frame cases, but one that is prevalent and is sympathetic to rapists, not victims.

By the very nature of the American legal system, good cases with strong evidence have to be built in order for prosecuting attorneys to pursue them. While this may protect many innocent individuals accused of other crimes, very often it can shelter rapists, since courts are apt to err on the side of acquittal in a "his word versus hers" situation. In the opinion of many feminists and rape crisis center workers, courts and legal authorities unfairly portray rape victims as emotionally unstable, morally dubious, unpredictable, and erratic. Instead of assuming the victim is telling the truth and seeking healing and justice, rape victims are often attacked for their background (i.e., being prostitutes, heavy drinkers, or often sexually active) and assumed to be "probable liars". Advocates for rape victims point out that no matter what a woman's sexual history is, no one asks to be raped, and no one's choices, whatever their moral worth, destroy the necessity of their consent to engage in any sexual acts.

See also
 Rape crisis movement

References

Rape
Social movements
Feminist movement
Feminist theory
Feminism and society
Feminism in the United States


Leonid Olegovich Boyev (; born 19 January 1986) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 for FC Kuban Krasnodar.

References

1986 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Khimik-Arsenal players
FC Arsenal Tula players
Russian Premier League players
Sportspeople from Tula, Russia
Men's association football forwards


Living Reviews in Relativity is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal publishing reviews on relativity in the areas of physics and astrophysics. It was founded by Bernard Schutz and published at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics from 1998 to 2015. After it was sold by Max Planck Society in June 2015, it is now owned and published by Springer Science+Business Media.

The articles in Living Reviews provide critical reviews of the current state of research in the fields they cover. Articles also offer annotated insights into the key literature and describe other available resources. Living Reviews is unique in maintaining a suite of high-quality reviews, which are kept up-to-date by the authors through regularly adding the latest developments and research findings. This is the meaning of the word "living" in the journal's title.

See also
 List of scientific journals in astronomy

References

External links

Astrophysics journals
Open access journals
Physics review journals
Academic journals established in 1998
English-language journals
Max Planck Society
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals


{{Infobox song
| name          = Act a Fool
| cover         = Act_a_fool_cover.jpg
| alt           =
| type          = single
| artist        = Ludacris
| album         = 2 Fast 2 Furious (soundtrack) and Chicken-n-Beer (UK version)
| released      = 2003
| recorded      = 2002–2003
| studio        =
| venue         =
| genre         = Hip hop
| length        = 4:30
| label         = *DTP
Def Jam
| writer        = *Christopher Bridges
Keith McMasters
| producer      = Keith Mack
| chronology    = Ludacris
| prev_title    = Gossip Folks
| prev_year     = 2002
| next_title    = P-Poppin
| next_year     = 2003
}}

"Act a Fool" is a song by American rapper Ludacris from the soundtrack for the 2003 film 2 Fast 2 Furious (in which he stars as Tej Parker) and his fourth album Chicken-n-Beer'' (UK version). It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

2003 singles
2003 songs
Def Jam Recordings singles
Ludacris songs
Music videos directed by Bryan Barber
Songs written by Ludacris
Fast & Furious music


The Czechoslovak passport was issued to citizens of Czechoslovakia for international travel. After Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the two countries started issuing their own passports.

History
Czechoslovak passport holders were required to obtain an exit visa starting 23 February 1948. In the summer of 1948, the directive was temporarily suspended;

In autumn 1951, however, the government mandated that all passports be confiscated, necessitating them to be sent to the Ministry for State Security in Prague. This move left thousands of Czechoslovaks around the world effectively stateless as their documents were confiscated by their local embassy/consulate-general. Thereon, passports were only issued to people who the Communist government saw fit to possess one. The Czechoslovak ambassador in the Soviet Union, Bohuslav Laštovička, protested the sudden change in policy.

Travelling outside of the Eastern Bloc became a near-impossibility as Czechoslovak identity cards were only valid for travel inside the Iron Curtain and obtaining a passport through legitimate means was practically impossible. In 1963, however, Czechoslovak citizens were given authorization to visit relatives in the West, and subsequently, the 1965 Act No. 63 on Passports made for a more liberal passport issuance regime.

See also
 Czech passport
 Slovak passport

References

Defunct passports
Foreign relations of Czechoslovakia


Kathryn M. "Kathy" Daynes (born 1946) is a professor of history at Brigham Young University (BYU) and a historian of Mormonism, specializing in Mormon polygamy.  She was president of the Mormon History Association in 2008 and 2009.

Daynes was born in 1946 and began her studies as an undergraduate at BYU in 1964. However, she interrupted her studies and resumed them about ten years later at DePauw University, where she received her bachelor's degree in history.  She then went on to receive an M.A. and a Ph.D. in history, both from Indiana University, completing the latter in 1991. Daynes has been an instructor or faculty member at BYU since 1991 and retired 2013.

Daynes is married to Byron (Bill) Daynes, a professor of political science at BYU. They are the parents of three children. Daynes was appointed the director of the Center for Family History and Genealogy at BYU in 2007.

Writings

Daynes is the author of the book More Wives than One: Transformation of the Mormon Marriage System, 1840-1910.  Among her major articles are "Annual Tax Rolls from the Revolution to 1850: Mining Deep for Genealogical Gold" in the Genealogical Journal 28, no. 4 (Dec. 2000), "Single Men in Polygamous Society: Male Marriage Patterns in Manti, Utah" in Journal of Mormon History 24 (Spring 1998), p. 89-111 and Family Ties: Belief and Practice in Nauvoo in the John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, 8 (1988) p. 63-75.

In addition to her studies on Mormon polygamy and its social aspects, Daynes has written on broader topics in the history of families and marriage in the United States.

References

Sources
Daynes' vita
American Historical Review review of Daynes' book
Center for Family History and Genealogy newsletter
"BYU professor fills LDS history post" Deseret News, Jan 24, 2008.

1946 births
Living people
21st-century American historians
Latter Day Saints from Indiana
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
DePauw University alumni
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Historians of Utah
Indiana University alumni
Social historians
American women historians
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Historians from Indiana
Mormon studies scholars
21st-century American women


Stuart E. Hample (January 6, 1926 – September 19, 2010), also known as Stoo Hample, was an American children's book author, performer, playwright and cartoonist who sometimes used the pseudonyms Joe Marthen and Turner Brown, Jr. He is best known for the books Children's Letters to God and The Silly Book, and the comic strip Inside Woody Allen. He is the father of baseball collector Zack Hample.

Early life
Hample began drawing before kindergarten. At the age of 17, he enlisted in the United States Navy   and served for two years in the Submarine Service during World War II. He attended Williams College and graduated from the University at Buffalo in 1950 with a B.A. in English and drama.

Career
In 1946, while working in advertising, he began performing as a musical cartoonist with symphony orchestras at children's and pops concerts, drawing in strict rhythm with the music. In 1948 he was the writer and star of the evening comedy show Cartoon Capers on WBEN-TV in Buffalo, NY and also of a children's show called Junior Jamboree on the same station. He was sometimes a guest host on the NBC Children's show Birthday House when the regular host, Paul Tripp, was unavailable. In the 1950s he appeared regularly on the CBS-TV children's program Captain Kangaroo as "Mister Artist."

In 1955-56, he was an assistant to Al Capp. A subsequent stint in advertising ended when he created the syndicated comic strip, Inside Woody Allen. Because he simultaneously had another comic strip, Rich and Famous, running with a different syndicate, he briefly employed the pseudonym Joe Marthen, a conglomeration of the names of his children, Joe, Martha, and Henry.

During this period his first play, Alms for the Middle Class, had a simultaneous world premiere at the Pittsburgh Public Theater and Geva Theater (Rochester, New York) and was produced on Earplay, the dramatic workshop of National Public Radio. At the time of his death, he was working on All the Sincerity In Hollywood, a one-character play based on the life of radio comedian Fred Allen. The play had several readings directed by Austin Pendleton and starring Dick Cavett.

Works

Books
The Silly Book (1961)
Mr. Nobody & the Umbrella Bug (1962)
Doodles the Deer-Horse (1963)
Children's Letters to God (1966) (co-edited with Eric Marshall)
More Children's Letters to God (1967) (co-edited with Eric Marshall)
Blood for Holly Warner (1967)
My Darling Mao (1968)
Black Is (1969 - under pseudonym Turner Brown, Jr.)
God is a Good Friend to Have (1969)
Stoo Hample's Silly Joke Book (1978)
Non-Being & Somethingness (1978)
Hugging, Hitting & Other Family Matters (1979)
Yet Another Big, Fat, Funny Silly Book (1980)
Children's Letters to God (1991) (co-edited with Eric Marshall)
Dear Mr. President (1993)
Grandma, Grandpa & Me (1997)
Me & My Dad (1999)
My Mom's the Best Mom (2000)
All the Sincerity in Hollywood (2001)
You Stink! I Love You (2003)
Happy Cat Day (2004)
I Will Kiss You: Lots & Lots & Lots (2006)
Stoo Hample's Book of Bad Manners (2006)
Dread & Superficiality: Woody Allen as Comic Strip (2009)
The Silly Book With CD (2010)

Plays
Alms for the Middle Class
The Asshole Murder Case
Paint the Icebergs
The Most Trusted Man in America
All the Sincerity in Hollywood

Musicals
The Fig Leaves Are Falling (uncredited bookwriter; music by Albert Hague, lyrics by Allan Sherman)
The Selling of the President (co-bookwriter with Jack O'Brien; music by Bob James, lyrics by O'Brien)
Children's Letters to God (bookwriter; music by David Evans, lyrics by Douglas Cohen)

Television
Children's Letters to God (NBC Special)
The Great Radio Comedians (PBS Special)
Kate & Allie (CBS)
That Girl in Wonderland (ABC - animated pilot)
Festival of Family Classics: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (ABC - animated)

Comic strips
Inside Woody Allen
Rich & Famous
Children's Letters to God

Magazines
Weekly humor page in New York Magazine called "The Apple," illustrated by Seymour Chwast, 1968
Weekly humor page in New Times Magazine called "Fellow Citizens," illustrated by Seymour Chwast, 1969
Monthly cartoon page in Cat Fancy Magazine called "Tiger's Tales," 2006

References

External links

 Lambiek Comiclopedia article
 New York Times obituary
 The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: Stuart Hample Collection guide

1926 births
2010 deaths
American children's writers
American children's book illustrators
American dramatists and playwrights
American illustrators
American comics artists
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
American comic strip cartoonists
Writers from New York (state)
University at Buffalo alumni
Woody Allen


Galyanna may refer to:

-Gulyana, a town in Punjab, Pakistan

-The capitol of the 2002 shooter game Turok: Evolution


Viescas is one of 28 parishes (administrative divisions) in Salas, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 91.

Villages and hamlets
Carlés (Carllés)
El Pevidal
El Piñedo (El Peñéu)
La Venta
Pereras (Preras)
Viescas (Biescas)

References

Parishes in Salas


Altra may refer to:

Places
Altra College, a school in Amsterdam, Netherlands
Altra, Nordland, an island in Alstahaug municipality in Nordland county, Norway

Businesses
Altra Industrial Motion, a power transmission products manufacturer
Altra Running, an athletic footwear company

Other
Nissan Altra, a model of car
L'Altra, an American band formed in 1999
L'Altra (film), a 1947 Italian film


The second USS Marie (SP-1260) was an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.

Marie was built as a civilian motorboat in 1901. She was ordered to be taken over by the U.S. Navy from her owner, O. L. Owens, on 4 April 1917 for use as a patrol boat during World War I. The Navy commissioned her on 13 October 1917 as USS Marie (SP-1260).

Assigned to the 5th Naval District, Marie performed patrol duty out of Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I.

Marie was stricken from the Navy List and returned to Owens on 10 January 1919.

Throughout her time in service, Marie (SP-1260) was one of two U.S. Navy ships in commission with the name USS Marie, the other being patrol boat USS Marie (SP-100).

References

NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Marie (SP 1260)

Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
1901 ships


New Hopewell may refer to:
Hopewell, Cleburne County, Alabama
New Hopewell, Tennessee
 New Hopewell, a landmark farm in Jefferson County, West Virginia


USS Marie has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 , a patrol boat in commission from June 1917 to August 1919
 , a patrol boat in commission from October 1917 to January 1919

United States Navy ship names


Villamar is one of 28 parishes (administrative divisions) in Salas, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 161.

Villages and hamlets
Casazorrina
Villamar de Abajo (Villamar Dabajo)
Villamar de Arriba (Villamar Derriba)

References

Parishes in Salas


Wojsławice Arboretum is an arboretum, located in Wojsławice, Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.
It occupies an area of 62 ha.

Since 1988 Arboretum Wojsławice is a branch of the University of Wrocław Botanical Garden. The arboretum is renowned for a vast collections of Rhododendrons, Daylilies, Box and Peony plants as well as many other rare species and varieties of trees and shrubs. In year 2019 a Polish Millennial Garden has been opened. It presents a unique collection of polish-breed cultivars of ornamental plants as well as various Polish plant species that are threatened, endangered and protected.

It is located approximately  east of Niemcza,  east of Dzierżoniów and  south of Wrocław. It lies within the protected area of Niemcza-Strzelin Hills that administratively belongs to Niemcza commune in the Dzierżoniów district. The vicinity of Niemcza is formed by longitudinal ranges of the Gumińskie, Dębowe and Krzyżowe Hills with a varied geological structure cut by gentle ravines and gorges. At the bottom of the deepest gorge, at an altitude of 150–200 meters above sea level, flows the Ślęża River. Over one of its right-bank tributaries on the northern slopes of the Dębowe Wzgóża (Oak Hills) lies the Arboretum.

The total collection of the arboretum consists of 6532 woody plant species and 7445 perennial plants species. The large collections of rhododendrons (1350 taxa - including 124 taxa of historical Seidel-breed German hybrids), daylilies (3550 taxa) and buxus (144 taxa) have been registered as National Collections by the Polish Dendrological Society. In August 2021, four additional National Collections have been approved: Hydrangea (661 taxa), Hammamelidaceae family (162 taxa), Peony (537 taxa) and Periwinkle (ca. 50 taxa).

History

The arboretum was founded around 1811 when the owners of the Wojsławice village - von Prittwitz and von Aulock families started planting the first trees of non-European origin (mostly North American). The current design of the arboretum was created by Fritz von Oheimb in 1880 (commemorated by the Fritz Pond in the Arboretum), a Silesian landlord and a keen plant lover. He became an owner of 150 ha (370 acre) property in Wojsławice, with a romantic park created in 1821 by von Aulock family. Alongside his wife – Bertha von Oheimb - he began remodeling of the park, constantly acquiring new plant species. Since the beginning of twentieth century, rhododendron plants became his main specialization. In 1920 collection consisted of about 300 varieties. In 1890 Fritz donated them to the Botanical Garden in Wrocław. Fritz von Oheimb died on 11 October 1928 at the age of 78. He was buried within the grounds of the park. Until 1946 his passion was continued by his son – German geologist and botanist - Arno von Oheimb.

In year 1906 as a recognition of Fritz's work, German rhododendron breeder Traugott Jacob Rudolf Seidel has named one of this late-blooming Rhododendron catawbiense hybrids ‘Von Oheimb Woislowitz’.

In 1983 park became a historical site and since 1988 it is a branch of University of Wrocław.

In 2005 a new 54 ha (99 acre) grounds became attached as a new part of the park.

In 2011 collections of Rhododendron, Box and Hemerocallis were accredited by Polish Dendrological Society as a National Collections

Since 2013 Arboretum Wojsławice is accredited as a display garden of American Hemerocallis Society. Year later it became a European Station for Hemerocallis Evaluation

In 2017 the GEOretum has been opened. At the site of the local quarry a permanent exhibition of various Lower Silesian rocks is being presented

2020 was a year when a Polish Millennial Garden was officially opened for a public display.

In 2021 Polish Dendrological Society accepted 4 new National Collections – Hydrangea, Paeonia, Vinca and Hammamelidaceae.

Plants Collection

Arboretum Wojsławice is a research, development and educational unit, therefore every plant is properly labeled.

Collection in numbers
In year 2013 Collection consisted of:

 4650 species and varieties of Trees and Shrubs;
 4885 species and varieties of perennial plants;

In year 2020 collection had:

 886 taxa of coniferous trees and shrubs;
 5646 taxa of deciduous trees and shrubs;
 7273 species and varieties of perennials;
 172 taxa of ferns;

Main collections

 Rododendron (Rhododendron) - 1350 species and varieties – including 124 historic Seidel hybrids;
 Daylily (Hemerocallis) - 3550 taxa;
 Box (Buxus) - 144 taxa;
 Hydrangea (Hydrangea) - over 650 taxa;
 Magnolia (Magnolia) – over 100 taxa;
 Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo) – over 120 taxa;
 Lilac (Syringa) – over 160 taxa;
 False Spiraea (Astilbe) – ca. 90 taxa;
 Ornamental grasses – over 650 taxa;
 Purple Coneflower (Echinacea) – over 100 taxa;
 Funkias (Hosta) – over 260 taxa;
 Pear tree (Pyrus) – over 200 taxa;
 Sweetcherry (Prunus) – a historical genbank of Lower Silesian varieties with ca. 200 taxa;
 Doggwood (Cornus) – over 140 taxa;

Most interesting specimens

 Common red leafed beech (Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea) – height 24 meters, girth 4 meters;
 Common red leafed fountain beech (Fagus sylvatica ‘Purpurea Pendula’) – planted by Fritz von Oheimb, one of the oldest of its kind in Poland;
 Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) – the biggest and the oldest specimen in Poland  (planted in 1965). Height 21 m, trunk diameter 0,6 m
 Incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens);
 Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis);
 Sawara cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera ‘Squarrosa’);
 Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum);
 Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba);
 Plum yew (Cephalotaxus harringtonia);
 Common columnar hornbeam (Carpinus betulus ‘Columnaris’);
 Large-flowered panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata ‘Grandiflora’);
 Rough-leaved Sargentii hydrangea (Hydrangea aspera subsp. sargentiana) – big specimen planted about year 1900;
 Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior ‘Heterophylla Pendula’) – a big rarity in Poland;
 Nikko fir (Abies homolepis);
 Spanish chestnut (Castanea sativa);
 Bottlebrush buckeye (Aesculus parviflora) – one big clump planted by Oheimb;
 Japanese maple (Acer palmatum);
 Hedge maple (Acer campestre ‘Postelense’);
 Northern Japanese magnolia (Magnolia kobus);
 Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) – one of three old specimens in Polish climate. Grown from seed in 1962. In 2018 it had 30 meters in height and 442 cm in girth;
 Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides);
 Blue sausage fruit (Decaisnea fargesii);
 Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria);
 Balkan pine (Pinus peuce);
 Japanese umbrella tree (Sciadopitys verticillata) – the biggest and the oldest specimen in Poland (height 15 meters, grith of 1,18 meters);
 Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica);
 Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis);
 Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens ‘Glauca’);
 Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera);
 Crimson glory vine (Vitis coignetiae) – over 100 years old specimen, 25 meters high, the oldest in Poland;

Historical Monuments

Within the grounds of the Arboretum can be found:

 A historic farm (1844) with a restored wheel forge (2005)
 Greenhouse dating back to 1880 build of local mica state with preserved drainage from XIX century. Renovated in 1999.
 Two-story gardener's house (ca. 1900)
 Grave of Arboretum Founder – Fritz von Oheimb – made of red granite (1928)
 Numerous columns made of red Permian sandstone (XIX century) form farm buildings in the nearby villages
 Historic sandstone mill wheel

Tourism
Arboretum is open for visitors from May to September.

In May Rhododendrons and Azaleas are in bloom, accompanied by numerous species of Pieris, Enkianthus, Leucothoe, Kalmia and Calluna. It is a good time to look for unusual flowers of magnolias and ornamental cherries.

June is a time of Roses – historical, ground-spreading, miniature and nostalgic ones. Hostas presents their extremely decorative foliage. At the slope of Ostra Góra, Sweetcherries of Lower Silesian Historical Sweetcherries varieties Gene Bank starts to ripen.

In July daylilies bloom – it is the most diverse collection in Poland with over 3,5 thousand varieties. Lacy leafes of ferns present their full glory and fluffy iinflorescences of fake spiraea are in full bloom. Sweet mock-oranges intoxicate with intense scent.

August delights with endless cultivars of hydrangea; phloxes and geraniums are in full bloom. Lavender and butterfly bushes attract swarms of butterflies and insects; large flowered-clematis and shrub hibiscus add color to a magnificent spectacle of mid summer

In autumn perennial borders are dominated by multi-colored grasses, stonecrops, tickseeds, windflowers and purple coneflowers. Fruits of exotic species of trees and shrubs colorize.

Available for Guests

 Charge-free parking and restrooms
 Wheelchair
 A place to change small children
 Paramedic's helps at weekends and special events
 Wireless internet
 Tables with electric sockets
 Picnic and barbecue area for rent
 Child's playground
 Resting places for lying on your own blanket
 Two eateries – on the grange and in the garden
 Themed weekends
 Plant sales point

Polish Millennial Garden
In the Spring 2020, 5-hectare Polish Millennial Garden created since 2017, was incorporated into the garden grounds. It is a presentation of Polish bredders’ achievements in creation of new plant varieties. Collection consists both of modern and forgotten pre-war cultivars. Didactic boards describing the history of Polish breeding are exposed in five resting sheds. Additionally, Millennial Garden is a place of ex-situ conservation of endangered, threatened and protected plant species . Established conservation sites include species such as: Rosa gallica, Linum austracum, Allium ursinum, Dictamnus albus, Gladiolus palustris.

Initially, the collection consisted of a thousand plant varieties to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the Siege of Niemcza (1017-2017)

Currently collection lists 1987 plant varieties (as of September 1, 2021)

The most numerous collections are:

 1078 varieties of daylilies (Hemerocallis)
 201 varieties of flags (Iris)
 77 varieties of Clematis (Clematis)
 50 varieties of Rhododendron (Rhododendron)
 48 varieties of Spruce (Picea)
 35 varieties of barberry (Berberis)
 35 varieties of miscanthus (Miscanthus)
 28 varieties of ornamental and utility apples (Malus)

Surroundings
Less than 20 km
 Gola Dzierżoniowska Castle
 Lake of Sieniawka - Beach, swimming, beach volley
 Medieval town of Niemcza
 Horseriding at Bielawa
 Aquapark Aquarius of Bielawa
 Cistercian monastery at Henryków

Bibliography

 Hanna Grzeszczak-Nowak, Tomasz Nowak: Przewodnik po Arboretum w Wojsławicach. Wyd. I. Wrocław: A.U.T. Interior, 2003.  (in Polish);
 Official website www.arboretumwojslawice.pl, ;
 Tomasz Nowak, Hanna Grzeszczak-Nowak, Katalog 1000 Polskich Odmian Roślin, Wyd. I, Warszawa -Wrocław, Colonel Kraków, 2019,  (in Polish);
 Hanna Grzeszczak-Nowak: Arboretum Wojslawice - Rewaloryzacja oraz stare i nowe kolekcje roślin, Arboretum Bolestraszyce 1995 (3): 23–24;
 Muszer Jolanta: Georetum in the Arboretum in Wojsławice - stop 5, XXIV Konferencja Naukowa Sekcji Paleontologicznej PTG, Wrocław, Długopole Górne, 11–14.09.2019. ;
 Robert Tarka, Krzysztof Moskwa: Tourism Development opportunities in River Valleys of the Niemcza-Strzelin Hills, Walory przyrodnicze Wzgórz Niemczańsko-Strzelińskich (13): 113–126;

References

Arboreta in Poland
Gardens in Poland
Dzierżoniów County


Embarq Corporation or Embarq Holdings Company LLC, a telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas.

Embarq may also refer to:

 Individual operating companies of the aforementioned company:
 Embarq Florida
 Embarq Minnesota
 Embarq Missouri
 The EMBARQ Network, a center within the World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

See also
Embarkation (disambiguation)


Vasili Aleksandrovich Brovin (; born 25 March 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2003 for FC Rostov.

Honours
 Russian Cup finalist: 2003.

References

1982 births
Footballers from Yekaterinburg
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Rostov players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
PFC Dynamo Stavropol players
Russian Premier League players
FC Gornyak Uchaly players
FC Sodovik Sterlitamak players
FC Khimki players
FC Taganrog players
FC Armavir players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Lukhovitsy players
FC Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk players


Jaume Huguet (; 1412–1492) was a Catalan painter.

Originally from Valls, he moved to Tarragona to stay with his uncle Pere Huguet, who was also a painter. When they moved to Barcelona he was exposed to modern trends of the time. Between 1440 and 1445 he worked in Zaragoza and later in Tarragona, where he was influenced by the Flemish style of Luis Dalmau.

A retablo from Huguet is in the Monastery of Pedralbes, while another, depicting the Adoration of the Magi (or Epiphany) is housed in the Chapel of St. Agatha in Barcelona's Palau Reial Major.

A number of works by Huguet, including The Consecration of Saint Augustine, are held in the collection of the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain.

Biography
Jaume Huguet was born about 1412 in Valls and orphaned in 1419. His father, Antoni Huguet, appointed in his will that Jaume and his brother, also named Antoni, were to be under the guardianship of Pere Huguet, the boys' uncle, and Pere Padrol. Pere Huguet was a painter and became Jaume's tutor. Jaume's beginnings by his uncle's side most likely took place at Mateu Ortenada's workshop. Following an apprenticeship, he would have completed his training at the workship of a recognized painter, although it is unknown with whom.

While it is presumed that Huguet was actively painting in his youth, there are no documents to support this until 1448, when he gave his brother, Antoni, the legal power to accept payment for him and the instructions to cancel a job painting an altarpiece for the town of Arbeca in Tarragona.  It was also in 1448 when Huguet moved his workshop to Barcelona.  The first documented piece that Huguet was commissioned to paint was the high altarpiece of the Church of Sant Antoni Abat in Barcelona in 1454.  Unfortunately, this piece was destroyed in 1909.  In 1455 he was contracted to paint two compartments from the predella of the high altarpiece of the Church of Ripoll Monastery as well as altarpiece of Saint Abdon and Saint Senan from the Church of Sant Pere in Terrassa, which was completed in 1460.

Huguet became a highly sought after artist and was commissioned by the Crown of Catalonia and Aragon to paint the Epiphany Altarpiece from the high altar of the Chapel of the Palau Reial Major in Barcelona, which he worked on in 1464 and 1465.  He also painted the central panel from the altarpiece of the Chapel of the Esparto Workers' and the Glazier's Guild in Barcelona Cathedral, which he finished in 1468.  In 1465, Huguet was contracted to paint the altarpiece of Saint Anne, Saint Bartholomew and Saint Mary Magdalene, which was not completed until 1480.  Because the work took so long to complete, it indicates that the creation was part of a group effort.

Notes

Sources

MNAC (2000).  Gothic Art Guide.

External links
http://art.mnac.cat/fitxatecnica.html

1412 births
1492 deaths
People from Valls
Painters from Catalonia
Medieval Catalan artists
15th-century Catalan people


Halv åtta hos mig (Swedish for Half past seven in my home) is a TV4 television programme shown in Sweden, first broadcast on 6 October 2008. The show is based on the ITV Studios television format Come Dine with Me broadcast on Channel 4 UK. The show has four amateur chefs competing against each other hosting a dinner party for the other contestants. Each competitor then rates the host's performance with the winner winning a 15,000 SEK cash prize. An element of comedy is added to the show through comedian Morgan Alling, who provides a sarcastic narration. The show was previously hosted by comedian Helge Skoog.

Series 1: Autumn 2008

The last four episodes of the first series were shown over two weeks on 1, 2, 8 and 9 December 2008. The final episode had 373,000 viewers.

Series 2: Spring 2009

Series 5: Autumn 2010

Series 6:  Spring 2011

Series 7: Autumn 2011

415,000 viewers watched the first episode of series 2, with 502,000 watching the final episode.

438,000 viewers watched the first episode of series 3, with 863,000 watching the final episode.

833,000 viewers watched the first episode of series 4, with 880,000 watching the episode shown on Wednesday 3 February 2010.

788, 000 viewers watched 5 October 2010 episode with a 24.8% share of all viewers. It was the most-watched non-news programme of the day.

References

2008 Swedish television series debuts
TV4 (Sweden) original programming
Swedish reality television series
Come Dine With Me
Swedish television series based on British television series


Archie's Mad House (sometimes rendered as Archie's Madhouse) was a comic book magazine published by Archie Comics from 1959 to 1982. The series went through a number of overhauls and name changes. Classic stories have occasionally appeared in digest magazines.

History
The first 18 issues featured the "Archie gang" in stories that were a bit more "off the wall" than the normal Archie series.  The idea was to produce stories that made no sense. The title Mad House was written as two words instead of one to suggest a false connection to MAD Magazine and recapture its success. Beginning with issue 19, the Archie gang was dropped (though it was still called Archie's Mad House), and the title began featuring monsters, space stories and other wacky short stories.  The gags in the comics often parodied the latest fads and popular culture. For a time, it would focus on stories with what were intended to be one-off characters. There were, however, exceptions to this rule. Characters becoming popular enough would appear again.

Perhaps the most noteworthy installment was issue 22 when Sabrina the Teenage Witch was introduced, with art by Archie mainstay Dan DeCarlo. This issue has become one of the most sought after Archie issues of the Silver Age.  Sabrina began making intermittent appearances through issue 74, and then transitioned over to other titles, such as Archie's TV Laugh-Out and her own Sabrina title.  Other recurring characters included a bungling but victorious superhero named Captain Sprocket and a hippie named Clyde Didit (occasionally spelled Diddit) who served as a mascot for a while.

Shortly before Sabrina's departure, the title began a series of name changes, morphing into Madhouse Ma-ad Jokes, Madhouse Ma-ad Freakout, and Madhouse Glads. Issues #95-97 were published under the Red Circle Comics Group logo and published horror. It was renamed Madhouse Comics for issue #98-130 and returned to humor.  The Madhouse Glads run introduced yet another "gang" into the Archie universe, but much like the "gang" introduced in That Wilkin Boy several years earlier, the "Madhouse Glads" gang never caught on with fans like the Josie gang did. Madhouse then returned to the series' irregular, nonsensical style before finally being discontinued.

The Madhouse Glads
In the late 1960s, the comic went through a major overhaul due to the impact of hippies, mods and rock and roll on popular culture. Clyde Didit, originally a mascot, and occasionally in featuring within the comics, originally had unkempt brown hair and sunglasses, though he also appeared in Josie for a few issues with an orange Afro. The series was renamed Mad House Ma-ad starting with issue #66. At this point, Clyde and his friends took over the series, and it became more the typical style of that Archie used in the early 1970s. Thus, many stories focused more on adventure than humor, with a somewhat more serious tone.

Clyde was given a more clean-cut appearance and black hair. He and his gang continued into Mad House Glads (which started with Issue #73). At this time, Clyde and three his brothers Dippy Didit (orange hair), Dick Didit (brown hair) and Dan Didit (blonde hair) had a teenaged band called the Madhouse Glads (originally called the Madhouse Ma-ads), which somewhat resembled The Monkees. Clyde played the drums, while the other three each played a guitar. Other characters included the brothers' frustrated father Mr. Didit; a narcissistic, fashion-obsessed mod known as Rod "the Mod" Roman; Bippy the Hippie, a weird, freaked-out hippie; the band's crazed groupie, Fran the Fan, who dated both Clyde and Rod; and Fran's blonde friend Annette. As the series progressed, Dippy and Dan were relegated to supporting roles, while Fran and Rod grew in prominence. Dick, however, being Clyde's best friend, remained as involved in the storylines as ever until the gang was dropped from the series.

Publication history
 Archie's Madhouse (66 issues, 1959-69)
 Mad House Ma-ad Jokes (4 issues, 1969)
 Madhouse Ma-ad Freakout (2 issues, 1969-70)
 Madhouse Glads (22 issues, 1970-74)
 Madhouse (36 issues, 1974-82)
 Archie's Madhouse Annual (6 issues, 1962-69)
 Madhouse Ma-ad Annual (1 issues, 1969)
 Mad House Annual (5 issues, 1970-74)
 Madhouse Comics Digest (8 issues, 1975-82)

References

Archie Comics titles
Comics magazines published in the United States
1959 comics debuts
1982 comics endings
Magazines established in 1959
Magazines disestablished in 1982
Teen comedy comics
Romantic comedy comics
Defunct magazines published in the United States


Kunde is a Germanic surname with origins in Bohemia and Silesia. It is borne by individuals in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries, the United States, Australia and other countries. Individuals mentioned in ancient chronicles include Cuntz der Kuentzel of Kempten who lived around 1382, and Cuncze von Cracow who lived in Liegnitz, Silesia in 1388.

Identically or similarly-spelled but non-derivative surnames are found in India and various African countries.. Kunde is also one of the surnames of Maratha community which hails from Maharashtra, a state of India.

List of persons with the surname
Al Kunde, stage name of Emil Joseph Kunde (1887–1952), American boxer and screen actor
Anne Kunde (1895–1960), American screen actress
Diana Kunde (born 1940), American newspaper columnist formerly with the Dallas Morning News
Emmanuel Kundé (born 1956), Cameroonian former professional football defender
Eugene R. Kunde (born 1942), American corporate executive with Epson America
Gerald Ralph Kunde II (born 1965), American real estate association executive
Gregory Kunde (born 1954), American operatic tenor
Herbert Edward Kunde (1911–1997), American Red Cross and Defense Department official
James Erhardt Kunde (1937–2009), former city manager of Dayton, Ohio
Jesper Kunde (born 1957), Danish businessman and author, founder of Kunde & Co
Karl-Heinz Kunde (1938–2018), former German cyclist
Kevin Kunde (born 1974), Veterinarian/owner "Marion Animal Hospital", owner "Extreme Bowhunting" ranch Brackettville, TX
Pierre Kunde (born 1995), another Cameroonian footballer
Virgil G. Kunde (1936-2020), American astrophysicist with NASA
Wilhelm Kunde (1905-1967?), German Gestapo officer during World War II

See also
Kunde (disambiguation)

References


Jesse Lemond Anderson (born July 26, 1966) is a former professional American football player. A tight end, he played college football for the Mississippi State University Bulldogs. He was drafted into the National Football League (NFL) by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 1990 NFL Draft, with the 87th overall pick. He and subsequently spent time with the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Green Bay Packers, and the New Orleans Saints before retiring in 1993.

References

1966 births
Living people
People from West Point, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
American football tight ends
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
New Orleans Saints players
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players


Living Reviews in Solar Physics is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal publishing reviews on all areas of solar and heliospheric physics. It was founded and published at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research from 2004 to 2015. After it was sold by the Max Planck Society in June 2015, it is now published by the academic publisher Springer Science+Business Media.

The articles in Living Reviews provide critical reviews of the current state of research in the fields they cover. Articles also offer annotated insights into the key literature and describe other available resources. Living Reviews is unique in maintaining a suite of high-quality reviews, which are kept up-to-date by the authors through regularly adding the latest developments and research findings. This is the meaning of the word "living" in the journal's title.

It is central to the concept of Living Reviews in Solar Physics that it be a fully electronic journal, this allows to update its articles regularly and with minimum effort. The journal's reference database provides indexes of useful resources. Thus, in addition to a review journal, Living Reviews can be used by its readers as a database, an encyclopedia, or a resource letter. Living Reviews in Solar Physics has become a valuable tool for the scientific community and one of the first places a researcher looks for information about current work in solar and heliospheric physics.

See also
 List of scientific journals in astronomy

References

External links

Astrophysics journals
Open access journals
Physics review journals
Academic journals established in 2004
English-language journals
Max Planck Society
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals


Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Cardiff is a Swaminarayan temple located in the Grangetown area of Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. It is the first and largest Hindu temple in Wales and comes under the NarNarayan Dev Gadi of the Swaminarayan Sampraday.

History

It is the first Swaminarayan temple in Wales, purchased in 1979, being opened in 1982. At the time, the temple was located in a converted synagogue. In 1993, it was moved across the road from the original temple site to the current site, replacing an old Irish club.

Refurbishment

Between 2005 and 2007, the temple underwent major refurbishment work, at the cost of £700,000. This included installation of new marble idols in the temple, three white stone spires (the first on a Hindu temple in Wales), an exterior in the style of a traditional Hindu temple and new classrooms and living quarters. The three spires were placed above three new altars inside the building – one for women, one for men, and one mixed. Half the original temple was brought down, and replaced. During this period, services took place in a temporary room downstairs while work was under way. Most of the funds for the refurbishment came from donations within the community. The temple also received a grant of £110,000 from the Welsh Assembly Government for the repairs as well as to build disabled access to the temple.

Community spirit

The temple has been in the forefront in humanitarian activities. When an earthquake struck Gujarat in 2001, devotees who originated from Gujarat collected £30,000 in just 3 days for victims. The temple priest immediately flew out to oversee relief work. Hundreds of bags of clothes were donated by the community and shipped to Bhuj, the capital of Kutch district, the epicentre of the earthquake. Similarly, later that year, when the September 11 attacks shook the world, the temple along with other religious establishments in Cardiff held a special service in memory of the people who died in the attack.

25th-anniversary celebrations

The refurbishment was completed in time for the 25th anniversary of the temple in 2007. The event was attended by Acharya Maharajshri Koshalendraprasadji Maharaj (spiritual head of the NarNarayan Dev Gadi), who installed the new idols in the temple. Around 3,000 people took part in a 1.6-mile long procession full of music, colour and dance through Cardiff to mark 25 years of the faith in the city. The procession went from the civic centre, past Cardiff Castle and the Millennium Stadium to the temple. To promote interreligious understanding, representatives of other religions were invited to join in. The procession, which was shown live on the internet, was the culmination of a week of events, held to celebrate the redevelopment of the temple.

Diwali celebrations and visit by First Minister

First Minister for Wales, Rhodri Morgan visited the temple in 2008 to celebrate the occasion of Diwali. Mr Morgan was given a tour of the newly refurbished temple. During his visit, Mr Morgan presented young boys with traditional New Year's Day gifts (Bestu Varas), while young girls were given their gifts by Grangetown Councillor, Francesca Montemaggi. A musical performance was put up by the temple for the event and there was a highlight of the Diwali celebrations for guests, ending with the Aarti. The event was also attended by police students from the South Wales Police, who wished to learn more about the Hindu religion and its customs.

References

External links
 Shree Swaminarayan Temple Cardiff
 Shree Swaminarayan Temple Cardiff 25th Anniversary celebrations in Images

Swaminarayan temples
Hindu temples in Wales
Religious buildings and structures in Cardiff
Grangetown, Cardiff
1982 in religion
20th-century architecture in the United Kingdom
20th-century Hindu temples


The front panel data port (FPDP) is a bus that provides high speed data transfer between two or more VMEbus boards at up to 160 Mbit/s with low latency.  The FPDP bus uses a 32-bit parallel synchronous bus wired with an 80-conductor ribbon cable.

The following interface functions are supported:
FPDP/TM (transmitter master) - drives data and timing signals onto the FPDP, and also terminates the bus signals at one end of the ribbon cable
FPDP/RM (receiver master) - receives data from the FPDP synchronously with the timing signals provided by the FPDP/TM, and also terminates the bus at the opposite end of the cable to the FPDP/TM
FPDP/R (receiver) - receives data from the FPDP synchronously with the timing signals provided by the FPDP/TM; it does not terminate the bus.  More than one FPDP/R can be connected to the FPDP bus.  It can also be an alternate function to that of FPDP/RM via software control.

The connector, denoted by the FPDP specification, is a KEL P/N 8825E-080-175.

Interface signals
 D<31:0> : Data bus driven by FPDP/TM
 DIR_n   : Active low Direction signal driven by FPDP/TM
 DVALID_n: Active low data valid indication driven by FPDP/TM
 STROBE  : A free running clock supplied by FPDP/TM
 NRDY_n  : Active low not ready signal driven by FPDP/R or FPDP/RM. Asserted before the commencement of transfer of data by the FPDP/R or FPDP/RM asynchronous to STROBE.
 PSTROBE : Optional Differential PECL version of the STROBE driven by FPDP/TM
 SUSPEND_n : Active low suspend signal asserted by FPDP/R or FPDP/RM asynchronous to STROBE to inform the transmitter that buffer flow condition may occur. The transmitter may delay not more than 16 clocks before it suspends the data transfer.
 SYNC_n  : Active low synchronization pulse provided by FPDP/TM.
 PIO1, PIO2 : Programmable I/O lines for user purposes

Data frames
The following types of data frames are supported:
 Unframed Data
 single frame Data
 Fixed size Repeating Frame Data
 Dynamic Size Repeating Frame Data

Cable length
FPDP interfaces work with up to a cable length of 1 meter when used in multi-drop configuration. They work up to 2 meter when using STROBE signal during point-to-point configuration. They work up to 5 meter when used with PSTROBE differential signal during point-to-point configuration.

See also
VMEbus - a computer bus standard widely used for many applications and standardized by the IEC as ANSI/IEEE 1014-1987
Serial FPDP - High-speed serial version of FPDP, that can be sent short distances over copper cables, or longer distances over optical fiber cable.

References

Computer buses
Digital electronics


CityGo is a local bus service in Salina, Kansas, operated by OCCK through partnership with the City of Salina and the Kansas Department of Transportation. The service was opened to the public in November 2008.

Routes and operations
CityGo operates five fixed routes, all of which cover a significant and different area of the city, and terminate in downtown Salina where each route forms a loop. The routes are identified by color: The Blue (North) route serves the North part of Salina to Otis Avenue and terminates back at 7th and Walnut at the half hour. The same bus then switches to Blue East and serves the east part of Salina, all the way to the Presbyterian Manor, before terminating back at 7th and Walnut at the top of the hour when it switches to Blue North again. The red route serves central Salina and south Salina. The yellow route serves the east, central, and south part of Salina. The purple route serves the south and west portions of Salina, and is the only route that serves the airport, OCCK offices, various colleges and industry work. The Green route serves the west and north part of the city, with the northern part covering all the way up to and past Interstate 70. Each route operates on a regular one bus per hour schedule during non-peak hours, and two buses per hour during peak hours.

Paratransit
OCCK offers origin-to-destination paratransit service to those with disabilities, the elderly, and others who meet eligibility requirements. The service is available from 6 am to 9 pm Monday through Friday, and 9 am to 5 pm on Saturday.

Inter-City (81 Connection)
OCCK also operates intercity bus service to areas around Salina, branded as 81 Connection.

References

External links
CityGo Website
Route timetables (Spanish version)
City of Salina Transportation Division
Short film on CityGo by Salina citizens (requires Flash Player)

Bus transportation in Kansas
Salina, Kansas


Sainte-Anne-de-Sabrevois is a parish municipality in the province of Quebec, Canada, located in the Regional County Municipality of Le Haut-Richelieu. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,074.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Anne-de-Sabrevois had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Education

The South Shore Protestant Regional School Board previously served the municipality.

See also
List of parish municipalities in Quebec

References

Incorporated places in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality
Parish municipalities in Quebec


Chris Abbott (born October 24, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player, who last played with HV71 of the SHL and is the current general manager of Rögle BK. His twin brother Cam Abbott, who was also a professional hockey player, is the current head coach for Rögle BK, and they played together on several teams.

Playing career
Born in Sarnia, Ontario, Abbott played collegiate hockey for Cornell University of the ECAC from 2002 until 2006. He turned professional in 2006-07 season, initially in the ECHL with the Stockton Thunder and Las Vegas Wranglers before establishing a role with the Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs of the Central Hockey League.

In the 2007–08 season he moved to pursue a European career and signed to play for the Frisk Asker Tigers of the Norwegian GET-ligaen. After one season he opted to switch to the Swedish league, signing with the Rögle BK of the Elitserien. After a great season in RBK, Chris, together with his brother Cameron, signed a two-year contract with rivals Luleå HF.

Abbott played with Luleå HF for six seasons, leading the club as captain in his last three before leaving as a free agent to sign a two-year contract with his third SHL club, HV71 on April 21, 2015.

In the 2016–17 season, Abbott was selected as team captain in the final year of his contract with HV71. He contributed with 6 points in 28 games and 6 points in 7 post-season games to help lead HV71 to their 5th Le Mat trophy. A week after claiming the Championship, Abbott was not tendered a new contract with HV71 and became a free agent.

On July 12, 2017, Abbott officially announced his retirement through injury.

Awards and honors

References

External links

1983 births
Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Cornell Big Red men's ice hockey players
Frisk Asker Ishockey players
HV71 players
Las Vegas Wranglers players
Living people
Luleå HF players
Rögle BK players
Ice hockey people from Sarnia
Stockton Thunder players
Canadian twins


Terminate may refer to:

Electrical termination, ending a wire or cable properly to prevent interference
Termination of employment, the end of an employee's duration with an employer
Terminate with extreme prejudice, a euphemism for assassination
terminate-and-stay-resident program, utility programs used in DOS
exit (system call), to terminate the execution of a running software program
Terminate (software) - (terminat.exe), a shareware modem terminal and host program for MS-DOS in the 1990s

See also
Terminator (disambiguation)
Terminus (disambiguation)
Termination (disambiguation)
Terminal (disambiguation)


Villazón is one of 28 parishes (administrative divisions) in Salas, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 464.

Villages and hamlets
Allence
Arrojo (Arroxu) ()
Espinedo (Espinéu)
Figares ()
Grigú
La Calzada
Llamas
Lorís (Llourís) ()
Monteagudo (Monteagudu) ()
Quintana
Rabadiello (Rabadiellu)
Villacarisme
Villampero (Villampeiru)
Villarraba ()

References

Parishes in Salas


The Badger Bus is an intercity bus service operating mainly in Wisconsin by Badger Coaches, Inc. It also offers charters and tours, and operates school buses under contract.

History
Founded in 1920 by Herman E. Meier to provide service between Madison and Monroe, Wisconsin, the company expanded after it was granted permission in 1946 to provide service between Madison and Milwaukee. The company may have also been known as Badger Tour and Travel.

In 2023, Badger Bus lost a contract with the Madison Metropolitan School District to transport its students in school buses.

Routes
Badger Bus mainly provides intercity service from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Madison, Wisconsin. Badger Bus also provides weekend service from Madison to Minneapolis, Whitewater, and Eau Claire.

Fleet
As of 2015, Badger Bus has 140 vehicles with a combined capacity of 7,000 people.

The Badger Bus fleet consists of several buses:
Blue Bird Vision
IC Bus

See also
 List of intercity bus stops in Minnesota
 List of intercity bus stops in Wisconsin

References

External links
Badger Coaches home page

Bus transportation in Minnesota
Bus transportation in Wisconsin
Intercity bus companies of the United States
Transport companies established in 1920
Bus companies of the United States
1920 establishments in Wisconsin
Transportation companies based in Wisconsin


The Kurtey people (var. Kourtey) are a small ethnic group found along the Niger River valley in parts of the West African nations of Niger, Benin, Mali, and Nigeria. They are also found in considerable numbers in Ghana, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso.

Assimilation into Songhai
The Kurtey were formed from the movement of Fula people into the Niger River valley of modern Tillaberi Region, Niger in the 18th century, and their intermarriage with local Songhai, Zarma, Sorko and others.  While retaining many aspects of Fula traditional culture, the Kurtey have assimilated into Songhai-Zarma ways of life and speak a Southern Songhay dialect.  Some outside observers consider them a subsection of the Songhai people, while others describe them as communities with distinct histories, cultures, and ethnic self-identification within the larger Songhai speaking social space, of which the Songhai people are only one part.

Customs and demography
They are less than 50,000 in numbers as of today, concentrated on islands and along the Niger river banks near Sansani, Dessa and Ayorou; in Niamey (especially in Koutoukalé quarter); and in villages along the lower middle Niger from Gao to northern Nigeria.  Some Kurtey continue to mark themselves with their traditional facial scarification: a small cross at the top of each cheekbone. The Kurtey are also one of six Nigerien ethnic groups who have historically carried out ritual Female circumcision. Kurtey traditionally engage in sedentary cattle raising—a legacy of their Fula ancestry—as well as fishing (like Sorko people), tobacco farming, and riverine flood irrigated millet and rice farming.

Relations with others
In the 19th century, many Muslim Kurtey engaged in slave raiding amongst pagan Zarma along the Niger, earning them the Zarma nickname "Thieves of Men" While they are, historically, bitter rivals of the Wogo people who settled in the same area from the middle Niger beginning around 1800, the two ethnic groups have become closely related, settled in the same areas, speaking similar dialects, and sharing similar ways of life.  Both were Muslim before migrating to the area, enjoying close relations with the Fula Emirate of Say.

References

Paul Stoller. The Negotiation of Songhay Space: Phenomenology in the Heart of Darkness. American Ethnologist, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Aug., 1980), pp. 419–431
Jibrin Ibrahim. Political Exclusion, Democratization and Dynamics of Ethnicity in Niger. Africa Today, Vol. 41, No. 3, Electoral Successes: Harbingers of Hope? (3rd Qtr., 1994), pp. 15–39

Further reading

Ethnic groups in Niger
Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Ethnic groups in Benin
Ethnic groups in Mali
Ethnic groups in Ghana
Ethnic groups in Togo
Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast


St Mary's Church in Portbury, Somerset, England, is an Anglican parish church close to the M5 motorway. It is a Grade I listed building.

It dates from the 12th century, with alteration and extension in the 13th and restoration between 1870 and 1875. It has a Norman doorway and a grand fifteenth-century porch. There is a Berkeley Chantry chapel with early Berkeley family burials dating from around 1190.

There are a number of elderly yew trees in the surrounding graveyard with one reputed to be 900 years old. The Church was extensively renovated in the 19th century, when a cast-iron heating system was installed.

The parish is part of the benefice of Pill, Portbury and Easton in Gordano within the Portishead deanery.

The tower houses six bells hung in the English style of change ringing, the heaviest being the tenor at 21cwt or in modern terms 1 ton. In 2012 work was carried out in the tower to reinstate the floor between the ringers and the bells. Like most bells in the area, they were locally cast by local founders. Many of the bells in this tower were made by the Bilbie family of Chew Stoke.

In 2013 the church was added to the Heritage at Risk Register because of water damage to the plaster ceiling.

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
 List of Somerset towers
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

References

Church of England church buildings in North Somerset
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
12th-century church buildings in England
Structures on the Heritage at Risk register in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset


The canton of Charente-Sud is an administrative division in the Charente department, France. It was created following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015 from the former cantons of Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, Blanzac-Porcheresse and Brossac. It consists of 46 communes (9 of which merged into the new communes Val-des-Vignes, Montmérac and Coteaux du Blanzacais):

Angeduc
Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde
Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire
Barret
Bécheresse
Berneuil
Boisbreteau
Bors
Brie-sous-Barbezieux
Brossac
Challignac
Champagne-Vigny
Chantillac
Chillac
Condéon
Coteaux du Blanzacais
Étriac
Guimps
Guizengeard
Lachaise
Ladiville
Lagarde-sur-le-Né
Montmérac
Oriolles
Passirac
Pérignac
Reignac
Saint-Aulais-la-Chapelle
Saint-Bonnet
Sainte-Souline
Saint-Félix
Saint-Médard
Saint-Palais-du-Né
Saint-Vallier
Salles-de-Barbezieux
Sauvignac
Le Tâtre
Touvérac
Val-des-Vignes
Vignolles

See also
Cantons of the Charente department
Communes of France

References

Cantons of Charente


Mania Tower is a high-rise building located in the centre of Pleven, Bulgaria.

The basement and the 2 lowest floors contain the City Centre Pleven shopping mall, while the tower is used as a business centre. The building was built as Hotel Pleven. In 2006, it was reconstructed and renovated. With its 60 m and 15 storeys it is the second tallest building in the city after the Pleven TV Tower.

External links
Official site
Nomination for building of the year 2008, with description and photos

Buildings and structures in Pleven
Shopping malls in Bulgaria
Hotels in Bulgaria
Defunct hotels