George Mason III (1690March 5, 1735) was an American planter, military officer, legislator and government official. Although he repeatedly won election to represent Stafford County in the then-one-house Virginia General Assembly, he may today be best known as the father of George Mason IV, a Founding Father of the United States.

Early life
Mason was born in 1690 at Chopawamsic plantation in Stafford County, Virginia. He was the eldest son of George Mason II and his first wife Mary Fowke.

Planter and politician
At the time of his father's death in 1716, Mason was 27 and already a man of prominence in Stafford County. Like his father, Mason increased the family's property and social standing in Stafford County and across the Potomac River in Maryland by strategic marriage as well as continuing the family's traditions of leadership and public service. Like his father, Mason served as a colonel in the Stafford County militia and represented Stafford County as one of its two delegates in the House of Burgesses continually between 1715 and 1726.

During his tenure as a burgess in Williamsburg, Mason met and married his wife Ann Stevens Thomson, whose family owned plantations in Maryland. Like his father and grandfather, this George Mason became Stafford's County Lieutenant of Stafford (in 1719), and also served as the county's sheriff.

Mason amassed enormous land holdings in Stafford, Fauquier, Prince William, and Fairfax counties in Virginia. Mason also increased his land holdings by acquiring large grants south of the Occoquan River, which were later named Woodbridge by his grandson Thomas Mason. Mason leased most of his properties out as smaller farms with their rent paid in tobacco yield. Mason also earned income from fisheries and a ferry service carrying King's Highway across the Occoquan River. Because Mason owned land on both sides of the Occoquan River, he enjoyed a monopoly on river crossings as well as on the fishing rights in Belmont Bay.

In 1716, Mason accompanied the "Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition" led by Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood across the Blue Ridge and into the Shenandoah Valley, where his famous son would invest.

Marriage and children
Mason married Ann Stevens Thomson, daughter of Stevens Thomson and his wife Dorothea, in 1721. The couple had three children:

George Mason IV (11 December 1725–7 October 1792)
Mary Thomson Mason Selden (1731–5 January 1758)
Thomson Mason (14 August 1733–26 February 1785)

A few years after his marriage to Ann, Mason moved his family to Stump Neck plantation in Charles County, Maryland, relegating the Chopawamsic estate in Stafford County, Virginia, to a secondary residence.

Later life
Mason drowned when a storm capsized his boat while crossing the Potomac River between plantations on 5 March 1735. Soon after his death, Mason's widow and children returned to Chopawamsic. When this George Mason died, he owned  in Stafford County alone.

References

1690 births
1735 deaths
American people of English descent
American planters
American slave owners
British North American Anglicans
Businesspeople from Maryland
Businesspeople from Virginia
Deaths by drowning
Deaths due to shipwreck
George Mason
House of Burgesses members
People of colonial Maryland
Mason family
People from Stafford County, Virginia
Virginia sheriffs


Junibacken is a children’s attraction, founded by Staffan Götestam, Fredrik Uhrström and Peder Wallenberg. It is situated on the island of Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden.

It was officially opened by the Swedish royal family on 8 June 1996. It is Stockholm’s 5th most-visited tourist attraction. It is devoted to Swedish children’s literature, but especially Astrid Lindgren. Outside the building is a bronze statue of Lindgren. The art direction and images for the interior design were made by Swedish artist Marit Törnqvist, who had previously made illustrations for more recent versions of Lindgren's books.

Junibacken contains the largest children’s bookstore in Sweden. The lockers in the entrance hall are unusual in that each is in the form of a giant book-spine, featuring world classics such as Treasure Island and The Jungle Book. Other main attractions include a Storybook Square, a mock public square where each house is devoted to a separate Swedish children’s author (other than Lindgren), from the earliest writers such as Elsa Beskow to recent writers such as Sven Nordqvist. The square ends at a mock Vimmerby railway station. The station also presents framed copies of Lindgren memorabilia, including a glowing letter of praise for Lindgren from then president of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev. From the station visitors then take a theme-train ride through the world of Astrid Lindgren’s books, with one “stage setting” for each of her well-known works, such as Madicken, Karlsson-on-the-Roof, Ronia the Robber's Daughter, Emil i Lönneberga, and The Brothers Lionheart. The train ride ends at a half-side reconstruction of Villa Villekulla, the home of Lindgren's most well-known character, Pippi Longstocking.

Junibacken includes a theatre, restaurant and temporary exhibition space. The temporary exhibition space is usually devoted to a single author or character and normally remains in place for 11 months. Among the most popular of the temporary exhibitions have been Pettson and Findus, and Trazan och Banarne.

Junibacken is not a museum according to ICOM's definition because it has no collections. It is, however, a member of both Swedish ICOM and Riksförbundet Sveriges museer.

Changes
In 2006, the dragon scene in the Story Train was modified to become less scary. Originally, the dragon scene featured the guests passing in front of Katla, seeing her from very close. It was changed because it scared many children who rode the Story Train. It broke down the same year it was changed. In the new dragon scene, the guests see Katla at a distance, from Skorpan's and Jonathan's point of view. Another difference is that the old dragon moved a little, roaring as the guests saw her. It was made of Latex. The new dragon does not move and is made of metal.

References

External links

 Junibacken’s own web site
 Panorama from Junibacken at Virtualsweden

Astrid Lindgren
1996 establishments in Sweden


Swainton is an unincorporated community located within Middle Township in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. U.S. Route 9 and the Garden State Parkway are major roads of Swainton. Avalon is a coastal community directly across from Swainton, connected by Avalon Boulevard.

A post office was established in 1896, with Luther Swain as the first postmaster.

Swainton is home to Union League National Golf Club—a 27-hole golf course offering an  clubhouse.

Education
Swainton is within the Middle Township School District which operates Middle Township High School.

Countywide schools include Cape May County Technical High School and Cape May County Special Services School District.

References

Middle Township, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Cape May County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey


Charles Short (after 1866 – after 1891) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football Alliance for Small Heath. He played as a forward.

Short played football for Birmingham Excelsior before he signed for Small Heath in 1889, and played one game in the Football Alliance in March 1890. He then played a few games for Unity Gas before returning to Small Heath later the same year. Short, a natural goal poacher, played and scored regularly in the 1890–91 Football Alliance season. He also appeared in the 1890–91 FA Cup, taking part in the 8–0 defeat of Hednesford Town and then scoring the opening goal in a 2–0 victory against Wednesbury old Athletic in the Second Qualifying Round. However, following a complaint, it emerged that his registration, which had lapsed after he left the club, had not been renewed for that season's FA Cup, so Small Heath were disqualified from the competition for fielding an unregistered player.

Short's older brother George also played professionally for Small Heath.

References

Year of birth uncertain
Year of death missing
Place of birth missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Birmingham Excelsior F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Bloxwich Strollers F.C. players
Football Alliance players
Place of death missing


The snuggle hitch is a modification of the clove hitch, and is stronger and more secure.  Owen K. Nuttall of the International Guild of Knot Tyers came up with this unique hitch, and it was first documented in the Guild's Knotting Matters magazine issue of January, 1987.
Generally, hitches are used to attach a line to another rope or spar, pole, etc., and are usually temporary.  Thus, they should be relatively easy to untie.

Tying
Start by tying a clove hitch around the spar or pole.  Then make an additional turn around with the working end, in the same direction as the turns forming the clove hitch.  Now, tuck the working end under the standing part of the original clove hitch.  Pull up tight to complete the hitch.

See also
List of knots

References

External links
 A short video illustrates tying the snuggle hitch.

Knots of modern origin


John Frederick Grout (March 24, 1910 – May 13, 1989) was an American professional golfer who competed on the PGA Tour from 1931 to 1953. Though he taught many Hall of Fame players, he is best known as the 'first and only' golf teacher of Jack Nicklaus. He was inducted into the Golf Magazine World Golf Teachers Hall of Fame in 2016.

Early career
Grout was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. His golf career began in 1918 as a caddie at the old Oklahoma City Golf & Country Club. In 1927, at the age of seventeen, he was named the golf professional at Edgemere Country Club in Oklahoma City. On October 30, 1929, just one day after the stock market collapsed, he was elected to membership in the PGA. Several months later in February 1930 he and his older brother Dick moved from Oklahoma City to Fort Worth, Texas. There, the older Grout began working as the head professional at Glen Garden Country Club. It was at Glen Garden where Jack Grout, employed as his brother's assistant, became friends and playing partners with 18-year-old Byron Nelson and 17-year-old Ben Hogan. Both would later become two of the top players in golf history.

Grout made his PGA Tour début on December 18, 1931, playing in the Pasadena Open at Brookside Park Golf Course. He remained a regular member on the pro circuit until 1945. Though he had one of the finest swings in the game, he was never among the Tour's top money winners because of extreme near-sightedness as well as having a chronic back condition.

Tournaments
In 1941, Grout's unofficial tournament earnings totaled over $4,200. According to PGA Tour statistics, he ranked #25 with $2,389 in official money. His best finish came in the St. Augustine Professional-Amateur where he and his partner Frank Allan placed second to Sam Snead and his partner Wilford Wehrle. Other top ten finishes that year included: third (tie), Hershey Open; fourth (tie), Atlantic City Open; fifth, Thomasville Open; seventh (tie), Harlingen Open; eighth (tie), Florida West Coast Open; ninth (tie), Miami Open and ninth (tie) in the PGA Championship at Cherry Hills in Denver, Colorado. Again, in 1942, he ranked #25 on the PGA Tour in official money. In 1943, according to PGA Tour Player Rankings, he was ranked #18.

Grout departed Fort Worth in early 1937 and spent the next three years at Hershey Country Club in Hershey, Pennsylvania, as an assistant to Henry Picard. At that time, Picard was one of the top players on the tour. Through Grout's association with Picard, he was exposed to new theories on golf technique that had been advanced in the 1920s and 1930s by Alex Morrison, a controversial West Coast professional. It was Morrison's coaching which primarily took Picard to stardom.

In many respects, Morrison, who courted publicity, was well ahead of his time. So, in his own quiet way, was Grout. By 1950, at Scioto Country Club in Columbus, Ohio, when he started to work with the ten-year-old novice Jack Nicklaus, he had arrived at a very sound understanding of the golf swing –- a plexus of Morrison's ideas, Picard's ideas, and his own.

Golf philosophy
As Grout saw it, his Six Fundamentals were a base on which to build an outstanding swing. He felt strongly that the absolute first thing you must have is a Good Grip on the club; a grip that will naturally - unconsciously - deliver the club face square to the target at impact. Second, Set Up Correctly because that important maneuver determines how you will swing the club. Third, maintain a Steady Head position throughout the swing. His fourth fundamental was Proper Footwork because it promotes both good balance and full swinging. The basis of footwork is rolling your ankles correctly while keeping your knees flexed at all times. Fundamental 5 called for Full Extension. A golfer should try to develop the widest possible arc by making a full shoulder turn and fully extending his arms on the backswing and downswing. Grout's sixth fundamental was the importance of having Quiet Hands (passive hands) at the start of the downswing. While the feet actually initiate the downswing, the arms -- not the hands -- must swing the club through the ball. Asked about putting, later in his career, Grout stated that, if he had it to do over, he would have taught Nicklaus to putt cross-handed. Nicklaus later quoted Grout and said that golfers new to the game should learn to putt left hand low (right-handed golfers).

Coaching Jack Nicklaus
Grout and Nicklaus worked together as coach and student from the time Nicklaus began golf in 1950. They developed a unique arrangement where Nicklaus would visit Grout at the start of each new season to review fundamentals, virtually from scratch. Nicklaus would consult Grout periodically for tune-ups and minor modifications, away from the Tour, if he was struggling for form, but Nicklaus primarily stayed with the knowledge he acquired with Grout. Grout made annual visits to the Masters, U.S. Open and PGA Championship, but seldom instructed Nicklaus at major tournament sites. Grout believed in self-sufficiency, that a golfer had to be in charge of his own swing. His conviction was that a golfer could achieve his full potential only by being self-reliant. He is quoted as saying: "The golfer who must fall back on a teacher every time any little thing sours in his game cannot but have a limited future."

Nicklaus would recall his teacher this way: “He knew the golf swing probably as well as any instructor ever has. But I think his greatest gift to his students was his belief in them and his ability to get them to believe in themselves. He wanted you not only to be skilled technically, but also to be so confident of your skills that you could identify and fix your own swing flaws even in the heat of battle, even without him there by your side. In other words, Jack Grout worked to be dispensable. He wanted his students to be able to function at the highest level without him.”

Later career
Grout completed his PGA Tour career by playing in the 1956 U.S. Open at Oak Hill Country Club in Rochester, New York. In October 1961, he moved his family to Miami Beach, Florida where he became pro at La Gorce Country Club. Grout held that position until 1974 when, at the age of 64, he decided to say farewell to the day-to-day responsibilities of a head professional and accept the invitation of Jack Nicklaus to become the teacher-in-chief and professional emeritus at his Muirfield Village Golf Club in Dublin, Ohio.

During the late 1970s and 1980s, Grout held wintertime teaching professional positions at Frenchman's Creek Country Club in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida and, later at The Loxahatchee Club in Jupiter, Florida. Throughout his long career, Grout played a pivotal role in the development of many fine players. His reputation for having a non-irritating manner, an uncanny eye in spotting flaws and a knack for transmitting simple solutions to what seemed like complicated problems attracted such golfers as Jack Nicklaus, Raymond Floyd, Tommy Aaron, Joe Turnesa, Dow Finsterwald, Ben Crenshaw, Grier Jones, DeWitt Weaver, Marty Fleckman, J. C. Snead, Gibby Gilbert, Jerry Heard, Roger Maltbie, Tom Purtzer, Lanny Wadkins, Bruce Devlin, Jim Colbert, Butch Baird, George Burns III, Jerry McGee, Fred Ridley, Steve Melnyk and Olin Browne. Additionally, Grout peered at the swings of quite a few LPGA Tour players, including; Barbara Romack, Jo Ann Prentice, Maria Astrologes, Beth Stone, Kathy Cornelius, Kathy Farrer, Dianne Dailey, Silvia Bertolaccini, Sandra Spuzich and Sally Little.

Family
Grout continued to teach and promote the game until his death in Tequesta, Florida at the age of 79. He and Bonnie Ann (Fox), his wife of 46 years, had four children and six grandchildren. He is interred beside her in Riverside Memorial Park in Tequesta, Florida. Furthermore, Jack Grout came from a fine family of golfers. His older brother Dick played in the 1926 PGA Championship at Salisbury Golf Links, Westbury, New York and the 1929 U.S. Open at Winged Foot Golf Club in Mamaroneck, New York. Also, Dick won the Oklahoma Open in 1927 and 1929. His younger brother Raymond (Dutch) played in the 1934 U.S. Open at Merion Golf Club in Ardmore, Pennsylvania and, later that same year, won the Oklahoma State Open Match-Play Championship. His youngest sister Jenny was one of the greatest female golfers in Oklahoma history. She won both the state high school girls' championship in 1934 and the state amateur championship in 1937. In addition, Grout's youngest son Dick was a contestant in the 1979 U.S. Open at Inverness Club in Toledo, Ohio.

Professional wins
1938 Mid-South Pro/Pro (with Henry Picard; tie with Tommy Armour and Bobby Cruickshank)
1941 Radio City Invitational
1945 Illinois PGA Championship
1948 Spring Lake Invitational

Writing
 Let Me Teach You Golf As I Taught Jack Nicklaus, by Jack Grout, 1974, Atheneum.
 On The Lesson Tee, Basic Golf Fundamentals, by Jack Grout, 1982, The Athletic Institute.
 Jack Grout's Golf Clinic, Jack Nicklaus' Teacher and Coach, by Jack Grout, 1985, The Athletic Institute.
 Jack Grout, A Legacy in Golf, by Dick Grout, 2012, Blue River Press.

References

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
American golf instructors
Golf writers and broadcasters
Golfers from Oklahoma
Golfers from Florida
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
People from Tequesta, Florida
Sportspeople from Palm Beach County, Florida
1910 births
1989 deaths
Jack Nicklaus


Perica "Peri" Marošević (born May 5, 1989) is an American former soccer player.

Early life
Marošević was born to a Croat father and a Serb mother in Bosnia in Yugoslavia prior to the Bosnian War, and initially moved to Frankfurt, Germany with his parents as a young child to escape the conflict, before eventually settling in Rockford, Illinois.

Career

Youth and college
Marošević attended Guilford High School in Rockford, IL and Edison High School in Bradenton, FL, played club soccer with the Rockford Raptors and Chicago Sockers, and played college soccer at the University of Michigan, where he was named to the CoSida Academic All-District First Team in 2007, was a two-time All-Big Ten Second Team nominee and a one-time All-Big Ten First Team nominee, scoring 24 goals and registering seven assists becoming the team's leading scorer 2 out of his 3 seasons. During his college years he also played with Chicago Fire Premier in the USL Premier Development League.

Professional
Marošević was drafted in the first round (fifth overall) by FC Dallas in the 2009 MLS SuperDraft, and signed to a Generation Adidas contract. He made his professional debut on March 29, 2009 in a Dallas's game against Chivas USA.  In April 2009, Peri appeared alongside 14 other Major League Soccer Players on Cosmogirl.com's "Hottest Soccer Guys".

In June 2010, having found it increasingly difficult to break into the FC Dallas first team, Marošević was loaned to USSF-D2 side Austin Aztex. He made his debut for the Aztex on June 19, coming on as a substitute against Miami FC. Marošević scored a hat-trick for the Aztex in a second round Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup game against Arizona Sahuaros on June 22, 2010. The young striker ended his month-long loan deal tallying four goals in four games.

Marošević was signed by Toronto FC on July 28, 2011, after asking to be released from FC Dallas. Two days later Marošević made his debut for Toronto as a second half sub for Nick Soolsma against Portland Timbers, with Toronto down 2–0. Marosevic ignited a comeback by scoring on his debut in the 63rd minute followed by a Danny Koevermans strike, earning a well-fought 2–2 away draw for Toronto FC. In Toronto's next league match against DC United, Peri again came in the game as a second-half substitute earning his second league goal in only two league appearances for Toronto FC. The game ended in a 3–3 draw. Marošević made his mark on the Reds season once again scoring against UNAM Pumas in the CONCACAF Champions League group stage, the game ended in a 1–1 home draw to the Mexican side.

Marošević declined a contract offer by Toronto FC in January 2012.  In October 2012, he signed with NK Junak Sinj of the Croatian second division.

On February 21, 2013, Marošević signed on to play for New York Cosmos in the team's inaugural year in the NASL.

In July, 2014, the New York Cosmos cut ties with  Marošević.

International
Marošević has been a member of the U.S. U-17, U-18, and U-20 national teams. He was a member of the squad for the United States in the 2009 U-20 FIFA World Cup, coming on as a substitute at halftime in a 3–0 loss to Korea.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
People from Brčko District
Bosnia and Herzegovina emigrants to the United States
Soccer players from Illinois
Sportspeople from Rockford, Illinois
American people of Croatian descent
American people of Serbian descent
Men's association football forwards
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
American men's soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's youth international soccer players
Footballers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for the United States
Michigan Wolverines men's soccer players
Chicago Fire U-23 players
Chicago Sockers players
FC Dallas draft picks
FC Dallas players
Austin Aztex FC players
Toronto FC players
NK Junak Sinj players
New York Cosmos (2010) players
Flint City Bucks players
Major League Soccer players
First Football League (Croatia) players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
USL League Two players
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
American expatriate sportspeople in Croatia
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada


The Army of the Danube () was a field army of the French Directory in the 1799 southwestern campaign in the Upper Danube valley. It was formed on 2 March 1799 by the simple expedient of renaming the Army of Observation, which had been observing Austrian movements on the border between French First Republic and the Holy Roman Empire. It was commanded by General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, 1st Comte Jourdan (1762–1833).

The formation of the army was part of the French Directory's long term strategy to undermine Habsburg influence in the Holy Roman Empire, and, conversely, to strengthen French hegemony in central Europe after the wars of the First Coalition and the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797.  Despite the Treaty, Austria and France remained suspicious of each other's motives, and the purpose of the Army of the Observation was to watch for Austrian border transgressions. Understanding that the negotiations at the Congress of Rastatt were going no-where, the Army of Observation was instructed to cross the Rhine.  Once across the Rhine, the Army of the Danube, was to secure strategic positions in southwestern Germany (present day Baden-Württemberg) and engage Archduke Charles' Habsburg army.  In the meantime, the Army of Helvetia, under command of André Masséna, would secure such strategic locations as St. Gotthard Pass, the Swiss Plateau, and upper Rhine basin.

The army participated in four battles.  In the battles of Ostrach and first Stockach, the Army of the Danube withdrew after suffering heavy losses.  After reorganization, in which elements of the army were combined with Massena's Army of Switzerland, it withdrew after an engagement with Charles' superior force at Zürich in early June 1799; only in the Second Battle of Zurich did the Army of the Danube secure an uncontested victory.  In December 1799, the Army of the Danube merged with the Army of the Rhine.

Background

Initially, such rulers of Europe as Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor viewed the revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. As the rhetoric grew more strident, the monarchies started to view events with distrust.  Leopold, who had succeeded Joseph as Emperor in 1791, saw the situation surrounding his sister, Marie Antoinette, and her children, with greater and greater alarm.  As the revolution grew more and more radical, he still sought to avoid war, but in the late summer, he, in consultation with French émigré nobles and Frederick William II of Prussia, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, in which they declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family.  They threatened vague, but serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family.

By 1792, the French republican position had become increasingly difficult. Compounding internal economic and social problems, French émigrés agitated abroad for support of a counter-revolution that would restore an absolute monarchy. Chief among them were Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (cousin of Louis XVI), Condé's  son, Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, and Condé's grandson, Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien. From their base in Koblenz, immediately over the French border, they sought direct support for military intervention from the royal houses of Europe, and themselves raised a small army. The ascension of young and uncompromising Francis as Holy Roman Emperor-elect on the death of his father in July 1792 also contributed to their unease.

On 20 April 1792, the French National Convention declared war on Austria. In this War of the First Coalition (1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire.  Although the Coalition forces achieved several victories at Verdun, Kaiserslautern, Neerwinden, Mainz,  Amberg and Würzburg, the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces across the Italian-Austrian border and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben (17 April 1797) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio (October 1797).

From October 1797 until the Army of the Danube crossed into Germany in March 1799, the signatories  of the Treaty of Campo Formio had avoided armed conflict. Despite their agreement at Campo Formio, the two primary combatants, France and Austria, remained suspicious of each other's motives.  Several diplomatic incidents undermined the agreement. The French demanded additional territory not mentioned in the Treaty. The Habsburgs were reluctance to hand over designated territories, much less additional ones. The Congress at Rastatt proved inept at orchestrating the transfer of territories to compensate the German princes for their losses. Ferdinand of Naples refused to pay tribute to France, followed by a general Neapolitan rebellion, the French suppression, and the subsequent establishment of the Parthenopean Republic. Republicans in the Swiss cantons, supported by the French army, overthrew the central government in Bern and established the Helvetic Republic.

Other factors contributed to the rising tensions. On his way to Egypt, Napoleon had stopped on Malta and forcibly removed the Hospitallers from their possessions, angering Paul, Tsar of Russia, who was the honorary head of the Order. The French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. Indeed, the weaker the French Republic seemed, the more seriously the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English actually discussed this possibility.

Purpose and formation

Military planners in Paris understood that the northern Rhine Valley, the south-western German territories, and Switzerland were strategically important for the defense of the Republic. The Swiss passes commanded access to northern Italy; consequently, the army that held those passes could move troops to and from northern and southern theaters quickly. The river was a formidable barrier to what the French perceived as Austrian aggression, and the state that controlled its crossings controlled the river itself. Finally, control of the Upper Danube would allow France to move its troops from Italy to the North Sea, or any point in between, offering immense strategic value.

Toward this end, in the early November 1798, Jourdan arrived in Hüningen, near the Swiss city of Basel, to take command of the Army of Observation, so-called because its function was to observe the security of the French border on the Rhine. Once there, Jourdan assessed the quality and disposition of the forces and identified needed supplies and manpower. He found the army woefully inadequate for its assignment. The Army, and its flanking armies, the Army of Helvetia (Switzerland) and the Army of Mayence, were equally short of manpower, supplies, ammunition, and training. Jourdan documented assiduously these shortages, pointing out in lengthy correspondence to the Directory the consequences of an under-manned and under-supplied army; his petitions seemed to have little effect on the Directory, which sent neither significant additional manpower nor supplies.

Jourdan's orders were to take the army into Germany and secure strategic positions, particularly on the roads through Stockach and Schaffhausen, at the westernmost border of Lake Constance. Similarly, as commander of the Army of Helvetia, André Masséna would acquire strategic positions in Switzerland, in particular the St. Gotthard Pass, the passes above Feldkirch, particularly Maienfeld (St. Luciensteig), and hold the central plateau in and around Zürich and Winterthur. These positions would prevent the Allies of the Second Coalition from moving troops back and forth between the northern Italian and German theaters, and insure French access to these strategic passes. Ultimately, this positioning would allow the French to control all western roads leading to and from Vienna. Finally, to complete Vienna's isolation, the army of Mayence would sweep through the north, blocking further access to and from Vienna from any of the northern Provinces, or from Britain.

Crossing the Rhine
On March 1, 1799, the Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel as units crossed, they took the name Army of the Danube.

 Advance Guard, with approximately 9,000 men under General François Joseph Lefebvre, and temporarily commanded by Dominique Vandamme. This also included the detached left flank of 3,000 Vandamme eventually used to take Stuttgart.
 I. Division, with approximately 8,000 men under General Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino.
 II. Division, with approximately 7,000 men under General Joseph Souham.
 III. Division, approximately 7,000 men under Laurent Saint-Cyr constituted the left flank.
 Reserve, with approximately 3,000 men under Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul.

The army advanced in four columns. First Division, the right wing, assembled at Hüningen, crossed at Basel and advanced eastward along the north shore of the Rhine toward Lake Constance. The Advanced Guard crossed at Kehl, and Vandamme led it north-east through the mountains via Freudenstadt. This column eventually became the left flank. It was followed across the Rhine, also at Kehl, by the II. Division. The Third Division and the Reserve also crossed at Kehl, and then divided into two columns, III. Division traveling through the Black Forest via Oberkirch, and the Reserve, with most of the artillery and horse, further south via the valley at Freiburg im Breisgau, where they would find more forage, and then over the mountains past the Titisee to Löffingen and Hüfingen.

Although Jourdan could have established a position on the immediate eastern slope of the mountains—and indeed he might have been better advised to do so—he pushed eastward across the Danube plain, taking a temporary position between Rottweil and Tuttlingen. Eventually he directed the army to establish a line centered in Pfullendorf.  He planned to engage the Habsburg army under the Habsburg commander-in-chief Archduke Charles on the Ostrach plateau.

While this may have seemed like a good plan, Jourdan's choice of ground created problems for him later. The plain below Pfullendorf was riddled with such streams and brooks as the Ostrach, a Danube tributary, which drained out of the marshes and swamps of Pfrungenried; in the spring of most years, this was not the best choice of ground. Although from Pfullendorf and the more moderate heights to the north of the village of Ostrach, Jourdan could establish reasonable artillery positions, the softness of the marshland itself would diminish the impact of a cannonade on the Austrian line. The marsh was also prone to fogginess, which would hinder visual planning and tactics. Furthermore, the softness of the ground would make the use of cavalry difficult, and cavalry maneuvers would be made more difficult by the likelihood of fog. Finally, the major part of Charles' army had wintered immediately east of the Lech, which Jourdan knew, because he had sent agents into Germany with instructions to identify the location and strength of his enemy.  This was less than  distant; any passage over the Lech was facilitated by available bridges, both of permanent construction and temporary pontoons and a traverse through friendly territory.

Engagements

In March 1799, the Army of the Danube engaged in two major battles, both in the southwestern German theater.  At the Battle of Ostrach, 20–22 March 1799, the first battle of the War of the Second Coalition, Austrian forces, under the command of Archduke Charles, defeated French forces. The French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions at Messkirch (also spelled Mößkirch or Meßkirch), and then at Stockach and Engen.  At the second battle, in Stockach, on 25 March 1799, the Habsburg army achieved a decisive victory over the French forces, and again pushed the French army west. Jourdan instructed his generals to take up positions in the Black Forest, and he himself established a base at Hornberg.  From there, General Jourdan relegated command of the army to his chief of staff, Jean Augustin Ernouf, and traveled to Paris to ask for more and better troops and, ultimately, when these were not forthcoming, to request a medical leave.  The Army was reorganized, and a portion placed under the command of André Masséna and merged with the Army of Helvetia. Following the reorganization and change in command, the Army participated in the Battle of Winterthur and the First Battle of Zürich and, three months later, the Second Battle of Zürich.

Battle of Ostrach

The Battle of Ostrach, also called the Battle by Ostrach, occurred 20–23 March 1799. In early March, the Army of the Danube pressed forward toward Pfullendorf and Ostrach, the former an imperial city in Upper Swabia and the latter a nearby village of 300 belonging to the Imperial Abbey of Salem. Their goal was to cut the Austrian line at Switzerland, preventing the Coalition use of Switzerland as an overland route between central and southern Europe. This would ostensibly isolate the armies of the Coalition in northern Italy and Germany, and prevent them from assisting one another; furthermore, if the French held the interior passes in Switzerland, they could use the routes to move their own forces between the two theaters.

The battle occurred during Holy Week in 1799, amid rain and dense fog, on the marsh southeast of the village. Initially, on 20 March, the French were able to take, and hold, the village of Ostrach and the nearby hamlet of Hoßkirch.  On the morning of 21 March, as General Jourdan later wrote, as the Habsburg army attacked, his men seemed to disappear in a cloud of redcoats, which referred to the Habsburg Hussar and Grenadier uniforms.  That evening, after more than 15 hours in general engagement, the Austrians flanked his left wing, and Saint Cyr's force was pressed back to the Pfullendorf heights. In the early morning, as the fog lifted, Jourdan could see the Archduke's formidable force arrayed on the plains below him.  The archduke's arrangements made it clear that Jourdan could not keep the heights of Pfullendorf. As he withdrew, a portion of his right flank was cut off from the main force.

Although casualties appeared even in numbers for both sides, the Austrians fielded a significantly larger fighting force of nearly 55,000 at Ostrach, with another 60,000 stretched along a line between Lake Constance and Ulm. French casualties amounted to more than 12 percent of their force, and Austrian, approximately four percent. The French were forced back to Stockach, where on 25 March the armies engaged again, this time with greater losses on both sides, and a decisive Austrian victory.

Battle of Stockach

At the Battle of Stockach, Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Archduke Charles again directed the French force of 40,000 and the Habsburg force of 80,000, respectively.  While attempting to rally his troops, Jourdan was dismounted, nearly trampled to death by his soldiers, and barely escaped capture by the Austrians. Charles' personal intervention was crucial for the Austrians, and he was in the thick of the fighting, buying time for reinforcements to arrive.  The French were defeated and driven back upon the Rhine.

The general engagement was brutal and bloody.  Before daybreak on 25 March, the French left wing launched a headlong attack on the Austrian right wing, coordinated with assaults on the Austrian left. The ferocious attack forced the Austrians out of the woods in which they had been positioned overnight, and pushed them to the village of Schwanndorf.  Fearing that his forces would shortly be flanked, Charles directed reinforcements to back up the right wing. The Archduke himself led eight battalions of Hungarian grenadiers into the fight, and during this part of the action, both the Prince of Anhalt and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg were killed by French case shot. The main French assault on the Austrian center was stalled by the superior numbers.

On the French right flank, General Ferino attempted to push the Austrians back, first with a cannonade, followed by an attack through the woods on both sides of the road between the hamlet of Asch and Stockach. A third charge succeeded in taking the road, but the Habsburg forces reformed the line and the artillery, now at the head of a wedge, bombarded the French troops. In a bayonet charge, the French took the hamlet of Wahlweiss, but Ferino's troops could not hold it and withdrew during the night. Jourdan then ordered a general withdrawal from the region, instructing his divisions to retreat along the lines of march they had followed into the region, and himself establishing a command post at Hornberg. He sent the cavalry to the western side of the Black Forest, where the horses could expect to find better forage.

Battle of Winterthur
By mid-May, 1799, the Austrians had wrested control of the eastern portions of the newly formed Helvetic Republic from the French as the forces of Hotze and  pushed them out of the Grisons. Archduke Charles' own sizable force—about 110,000 strong—crossed the Rhine west of Schaffhausen, and prepared to join with the armies of Friedrich, Baron von Hotze and Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf  on the Swiss Plateau by Zürich. The French Army of Helvetia and the Army of the Danube, now both under the command of André Masséna, tried to prevent this merger of the Habsburr forces at the Winterthur crossroads.

Masséna sent the newly promoted General of Division Michel Ney and part of the Army of the Danube to Winterthur on 27 May 1799 to stop the Austrian advance from eastern Switzerland. If the Austrians succeeded in uniting Hotze's army from the east with Nauendorf's directly north of Zurich, and Archduke Charles' which lay to the north and west, the French would be half encircled at Zurich and dangerously exposed.

On the morning of 27 May, Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze assembled his force into three columns and marched toward Winterthur. Opposite him, Michel Ney deployed his force around the heights, the so-called Ober-Winterthur, a ring of low-lying hills some  north of the city. The overall commander of the forward line, Jean Victor Tharreau, had informed Ney that he would send Jean-de-Dieu Soult's division to support him; Ney understood this to mean he was to make a stand along the entire outpost line, and that he would not be isolated. His small force would receive reinforcements from Soult's division. Consequently, Ney directed the weakest brigade, under the command of Gazan, to move up a long valley toward Frauenfeld, and another brigade, under the command of Roget, to take the right, preventing any Austrian flanking maneuver.

By mid-morning, Hotze's advanced guard had encountered moderate French resistance first from the two brigades Ney had at his disposal. The Austrian advance troops quickly overran the weaker brigade and took possession of the woods surrounding the village of Islikon. After securing the villages of Gundeschwil, Schottikon, Wiesendangen, and Stogen, further west of Islikon, Hotze deployed two of his columns facing the French front, while a third angled to the French right, as Ney had expected he would.  Soult never appeared (he was later court martialed for insubordination), and Ney withdrew his forces through Winterthur, regrouping with Tharreau's main force in the outskirts of Zurich. A day later, Hotze's force united with the main Habsburg force of Archduke Charles.

First Battle of Zürich

In the First Battle of Zürich, on 4–7 June 1799, approximately 45,000 French and 53,000 Austrians clashed on the plains around the city.  On the left wing, Hotze had 20 battalions of infantry, plus support artillery, and 27 squadrons of cavalry, in total, 19,000 men. On the right wing, General Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf commanded another 18,000. The battle cost both sides dearly; General of Brigade Cherin was killed, on the French side, and on the Austrian side, Feldzeugmeister (General of Infantry) Olivier, Count of Wallis, was killed.  On the French side, 500 died, 800 were wounded and 300 captured; on the Austrian side, 730 killed, 1,470 wounded, and 2,200 captured. When the Austrians took the French positions in the city, they also captured over 150 guns.  Ultimately, French general André Masséna yielded the city to the Austrians, under Archduke Charles. Massena retreated beyond the Limmat, where he managed to fortify his positions.  Hotze's force harassed their retreat, and secured the river shoreline. Despite Hotze's aggressive harassment of the French retreat, Charles did not follow up on the withdrawal; Masséna established himself on the opposite bank of the Limmat without threat of pursuit from the main body of the Habsburg Army, much to the annoyance of the Russian liaison officer, Alexander Ivanovich, Count Ostermann-Tolstoy.

On 14 August 1799, a Russian force of 6,000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry, and 1,600 Cossacks, under Alexander Korsakov, joined Archduke Charles' force in Schaffhausen. In a vice-like operation, together with the Russians, they would surround  André Masséna's smaller army on the banks of the Limmat, where it had taken refuge the previous spring. To divert this attack, General Claude Lecourbe attacked the pontoon bridges over which the Austrians crossed the Rhine, destroying most of them, and making the rest unusable.

Before Charles could regroup, orders arrived from the Aulic Council, the imperial body in Vienna charged with conduct of war, to overset his plan; Charles' troops were to leave Zurich in the supposedly capable hands of Korsokov, re-cross the Rhine and march north to Mainz. Charles stalled this operation as long as he could, but eventually he had to concede to Vienna's orders. Consequently, the Russian troops under a novice general replaced the Austrian troops and their seasoned commander in the strategically important city. Charles withdrew his force to the north of the Rhine and marched slowly toward Mainz. In Italy, the Russian generalissimo, Alexander Suvorov, was horrified when he heard this:  he depended upon a stable Austro-Russian presence in Switzerland to protect his flank and he expected to join this army by September or October at the latest. Although the order to Charles to recross the Rhine and march north was eventually countermanded, by the time such instructions reached him, he had gone too far to return to Zurich in time.

Second Battle of Zürich

In the Second Battle of Zürich, the French regained control of the city, along with the rest of Switzerland. Notably, Masséna out-generaled Korsakov; surrounded him, tricked him, and then took more than half his army as a prisoner. Massena also captured the baggage train and most of Korsakov cannons, and inflicted over 8,000 casualties. Most of the fighting took place on both banks of the river Limmat, up to the gates of Zürich, and in part within the city itself. Zürich had declared itself neutral, and was spared general destruction. General Oudinot commanded the French forces on the right bank and general Joseph Mortier, those on the left.

At the same time, Soult led a small force, some 150 musket-men, across the river Linth—the men held their muskets over their heads and waded across, through water to their chests—and protected the crossing site for the remainder of the force. Baron von Hotze, commander of the Habsburg force there, advanced on the position near Richterswil to direct its defense, and was killed by a French musket ball. His successor, Franz Petrasch, could not push the French back, and organized a retreat from the region, falling back to St. Gallen and losing another 8,000 men and some guns. By the time Suvorov arrived in St. Gallen in early October, the Austrians and the Russians had been pushed out and he was forced to lead his men over the Alps to the Vorarlberg, resulting in additional losses.

Organizational and command problems
The French army experienced a variety of command problems, especially in its early operations in southwestern Germany. After the defeat at Stockach, the army withdrew into the Black Forest. Jourdan relinquished command provisionally to Ernouf, who was a capable staff officer but had insufficient experience to hold together a varied and demoralized force. Jourdan retired to Strasbourg, where he was, or claimed he was, indisposed. By the time Masséna arrived to take command, organization and discipline was in shambles. Only four divisional generals had remained at their posts: Klein, Ferino, Souham, and Vandamme. Decaen was under arrest in Strasbourg, pending a Courts-martial, as was d'Hautpoul, for his failure to organize a timely cavalry attack at Stockach. The others had disappeared to different parts of the southwest or had gone to France. No one knew where Bernadotte had gone, and Saint Cyr had retired to Mannheim. The latter was at least reachable. Lecourbe, who had been injured at Stockach, had withdrawn to Paris to recover; in a strategically astute move, he remained there until late November, when he was able to offer Napoleon direct assistance in his coup, and thus acquired Bonaparte's attention and gratitude.

School for marshals
Initially, the Army included five future Marshals of France: Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, its commander-in-chief, François Joseph Lefebvre, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, and Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier. After the defeat at Ostrach, the Army was reorganized and command shifted to another future marshal, André Masséna.

Subsequent variations
The Army of Switzerland and portions of the Army of the Danube merged in a joint command under André Masséna in April 1799; in June, portions of the Army of the Danube were used to strengthen the Army of the Rhine.  Both the Army of the Rhine and the Army of the Danube subsequently merged in 24 November 1799 to form a new, enlarged army designated the Army of the Rhine.

Commanders

Sources

Citations and notes

Bibliography
 Alison, Archibald. A History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons, New York: A.S. Barnes, 1850.
 Atteridge, Andrew Hilliarde. The bravest of the brave, Michel Ney: marshal of France, duke of Elchingen. New York: Brentano, 1913.
 Blanning, Timothy. The French Revolutionary Wars. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  Broda, Ruth. "Schlacht von Ostrach:" jährt sich zum 210. Mal – Feier am Wochenende. Wie ein Dorf zum Kriegsschauplatz wurde. In: Südkurier vom 13. Mai 2009.
 Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
 Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2. Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
 "Engagements Between The Grand Armies Of The Archduke and General Jourdan." The Times (London), Friday, 5 April 1799; p. 2; col A.
 Gallagher, John. Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
 Hug, Lina and Richard Stead. Switzerland.  New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1902.
  Hürlimann, Katja. (Johann Konrad) "Friedrich von Hotze" in Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. 15 January 2008 edition, accessed 18 October 2009.
 Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste.  A Memoir of the Operations of the Army of the Danube under the Command of General Jourdan, Taken from the Manuscripts of that Officer. London: Debrett, 1799.
 Kessinger, Roland. "Order of Battle, Army of the Danube". Accessed 15 November 2009.
 Longworth, Philip. The Art of Victory: the Life and Achievements of Generalissimo Suvarov, London: np, 1965,
 Phipps, Ramsey Weston. The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: "The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799," Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939.
 Rothenberg, Gunther E.  Napoleon’s great adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792–1914, Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007. .
 Shadwell, Lawrence. Mountain warfare illustrated by the campaign of 1799 in Switzerland: being a translation of the Swiss narrative, compiled from the works of the Archduke Charles, Jomini, and other...London: Henry S. King, 1875.
 Thiers, Adolphe. The history of the French revolution, New York: Appleton, 1854, v. 4.
 Young, John, D.D. A History of the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801. In two volumes. Edinburg: Turnbull, 1802, vol. 2.

Danube
Danube
French Revolutionary Wars
War of the Second Coalition


Cratloe Woods is a forested area around the village of Cratloe in County Clare, Ireland.  Much of the original oak forest has been replaced with coniferous softwoods during the past century; however, small pockets of native oak survive.  The largest such pocket is the Garranon (or Garranone) Wood, which is visible on the hillside just north of the N18 road from Limerick to Shannon.

In literature
The woods at Cratloe Hill are the subject of poems and stories going back to at least the seventeenth century. Notable writers who have mentioned the site include Elizabeth Bowen, who used the woodland at Garranone to symbolise the continuity of the Irish landscape and Samuel Ferguson, whose love poem "The Lapful of Nuts" describes his happy times in Cratloe collecting nuts with his sweetheart. This poem dates to at least the mid-19th century.

Traditional tales
Local tradition claims that a highwayman hid his treasure under a tree in the woods, and an oblique reference to this (or to a contemporary villain) is in The Midnight Court by Brian Merriman. Some veracity is given to this tale by the hanging of an alleged criminal in Ennis around this time. The outlaw is described as a cross between Ned Kelly and Robin Hood; the tradition maintains that he buried his takings under "a tree marked with the Ace of Spades". The roof beams of the Palace of Westminster in London and the Royal Palace in Amsterdam are said to have been made from ancient oaks felled when Cratloe Woods were cleared.

Traditionally, it is claimed that wood from the forest was used in St. Mary's Cathedral in Limerick. The church has its original roof, constructed with Irish oak and with a set of carved misericords—one of the few remaining in Ireland dating from before the 16th century. Sources for the history of the site are given in an unpublished doctoral thesis at Trinity College Dublin. The woods are described as Foruisbh in medieval manuscripts, and the site of the O'Brien hunting grounds. They have been well known across Ireland since the Middle Ages.

Garranon
The Garranon (or Garranone) Wood is a sizable area of native Irish species. The area is predominantly native oak, with concentrated efforts made in recent years to cull introduced species (such as Spanish chestnut) from the wood.   Palynological research at the site indicates that woodland has covered the spot from the present to at least the late Middle Ages. Ownership has been by the McNamaras or the O'Briens for the past 1,000 years. The oak in this wood is very valuable as was proven in 1215 when Geoffrey de Luterel, the granted owner of the woods and the townland of Cratloe, sold oak trees to Philip Marc for 20 ounces of gold, a massive sum considering he bought the area for only 30 ounces of silver.

The Garranone site was managed as an oak (Quercus petraea) coppice since at least the 16th century. In the mid-19th century the wood was converted from coppice to free-standing trees (employing Continental techniques) when Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was planted between the coppices. Each coppice was singled to one bole and these were forced upwards by the quick-growing pines. Also included with the pines are a number of sweet chestnuts and other trees. The original management to convert the coppice would have involved cutting down the non-native trees once the oak were sizable and growing straight upwards. However, this was done in a desultory way, and many pines and other trees survive. This management was revealed by palynological study, and supported by a forester's handbook now in the keeping of the National Library of Ireland. This management is unique in Irish woodland history.

Mapping
Mapping the site dates back to the surveys of the 1680s, when the wood is first indicated in Petty maps. Scientifically, if a woods can be shown to continuously exist from the late Middle Ages (1600 AD in England, later changed to 1700 AD by Oliver Rackham for Scotland and Ireland), it is classified as an ancient wood. Historical records indicate the wood as present since at least 700 AD, cartographic records show the wood present from 1680 AD and palynological records from before 1600 AD. These findings indicate that Garranone is an ancient wood. There are less than a handful of this caliber in Ireland; as a result, the site is historically important in Europe.

References

Forests and woodlands of the Republic of Ireland
Geography of County Clare
Protected areas of County Clare


The Army of Helvetia, or (), was a command of the French Revolutionary Army. It was formed on 8 March 1798 from the remnants of the first unit to be known as the Army of the Rhine. It was officially merged into the command structure of the Army of the Danube on 29 April 1799, although it continued to operate in the Swiss theater until 1801. The Army's initial campaigning in the old Swiss Confederation resulted in severe setbacks and defeats at Feldkirch, Lusiensteig, and Zurich.

Background

From October 1797 until 1–2 March 1798, when the French crossed the Rhine into Germany, the signatories of the Treaty of Campo Formio had avoided armed conflict.  Several diplomatic incidents undermined this agreement: the reluctance of the Austrians to cede the designated territories; the ineptitude of Second Congress of Rastatt to orchestrate the transfer of additional territories that would compensate the German princes for their losses; the refusal of Ferdinand of Naples to pay tribute, followed by the Neapolitan rebellion; and the subsequent establishment of the Parthenopaean Republic. Other factors contributed to the rising tensions as well. On his way to Egypt, Napoleon had stopped on the Island of Malta and forcibly removed the Knights of Malta from their possessions, angering Tsar Paul I of Russia, who was the honorary head of the order. The French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. The weaker the French Republic seemed, the more the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English were discussing this possibility.

The Fall of the Swiss Confederation

On 12 April 1798 121 deputies of the various cantons established the Helvetic Republic by proclamation as  "One and Indivisible". The new regime abolished both cantonal sovereignty, or the practice of particular local governance, and feudal rights, and established a centralized state based on the ideas of the French Revolution.  This change in governing structure was backed up by military force, through the presence of French soldiers.

Composition
Regiments which served in the army included:

Cavalry

 7th Regiment of Mounted Hunters 7éme Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval (Picarde)
 12th Regiment of Mounted Hunters 12éme Régiment de Chasseurs à Cheval (Ardennes)
 7th Regiment of Hussars 7éme Régiment de Hussards
 8th Regiment of Hussars 8éme Régiment de Hussards
 9th Regiment of Hussars 9éme Régiment de Hussards
 11th Regiment of Hussars 11éme Régiment de Hussards
 9th Regiment of Dragoons 9éme Régiment de Dragons
 13th Regiment of Dragoons 13éme Régiment de Dragons (Monsieur)
 16th Regiment of Dragoons 16éme Régiment de Dragons (Orleans)
 3rd Regiment of Cavalry 3éme Régiment de Cavalerie (Commisaire Général) – Later 3rd Cuirassiers
 18th Regiment of Cavalry 18éme Régiment de Cavalerie (Normandie) – Later 27th Dragoons

Infantry

 3rd Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 3éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 17th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 17éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 18th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 18éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 23rd Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 23éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 31st Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 31éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 36th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 36éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 37th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 37éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 38th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 38éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 44th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 44éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 57th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 57éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 76th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 76éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 84th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 84éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 97th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 97éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 100th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 100éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 103rd Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 103éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 105th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 105éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 106th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 106éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 109th Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 109éme Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 5th Light Demi-Brigade 5éme Demi-Brigade Légère
 14th Light Demi-Brigade 14éme Demi-Brigade Légère
 16th Light Demi-Brigade 16éme Demi-Brigade Légère
 18th Light Demi-Brigade 18éme Demi-Brigade Légère
 20th Light Demi-Brigade 20éme Demi-Brigade Légère

Swiss Troops

 1st Swiss Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 1ére Suisse Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 2nd Swiss Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 2éme Suisse Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 3rd Swiss Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 3éme Suisse Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 4th Swiss Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 4éme Suisse Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 5th Swiss Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 5éme Suisse Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 6th Swiss Demi-Brigade of Line Infantry 6éme Suisse Demi-Brigade d'Infanterie de Ligne
 1st Swiss Legion 1ére Légion Helvétique – Disbanded 6 September 1799
 2nd Swiss Legion 2éme Légion Helvétique – Disbanded 6 September 1799

Commanders
Commanders of the army included:

 8 March 1798–27 March 1798 Général Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune
 28 March 1798–10 December 1798 Temporarily Général Alexis Henri Schauenburg
 11 December 1798–4 April 1799 Général Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
 5 April–16 April 1799 Général Philippe Romain Ménard
 17 April–18 April 1799 Général André Masséna

References
Citations

Bibliography
Charles Clerget, Tableaux des Armées Français pendant les Guerres de la Révolution, R. Chapelot Military Bookshop, Paris, 1905.
Digby Smith, Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815, 2000 Greenhill Books, London, United Kingdom. .
Blanning, Timothy,  The French Revolutionary Wars, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
Gallagher, John, Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008,
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste,  A Memoir of the operations of the army of the Danube under the command of General Jourdan, taken from the manuscripts of that officer, London, Debrett, 1799.
Phipps, Ramsey Weston, The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: "The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799," Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1939.

Thiers, Adolphe, The history of the French revolution, New York, Appleton, 1854, v. 4.
Young, John, D.D., A History of the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801, in two volumes. Edinburg, Turnbull, 1802, vol. 2.

Helvetia
1798 establishments in Europe
Helvetia


Arthur Edwin Gardner (January 1878 – after 1900) was an English professional footballer who played in the Second Division of the Football League for Small Heath. He played as an inside forward.

Gardner was born in West Smethwick, Staffordshire, and played football for Smethwick Hall before joining Small Heath in 1898. He scored twice on his debut in a 9–0 defeat of Luton Town on 12 November 1898, and scored a further seven times in the club's next 17 games, but lost his place on the arrival of Walter Wigmore, and returned to non-league football with Oldbury Town and later with Oldbury Broadwell.

References

1878 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Smethwick
English men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Birmingham City F.C. players
Oldbury Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


The Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art (MSM; formerly known as the Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History) is a museum located on the main campus of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), established in 1967.  The museum was originally instituted as a natural history museum with a focus on the natural history and environment of Nevada and the broader Southwestern United States. In December 2011, the Barrick joined the UNLV College of Fine Arts and became the anchor of the Galleries at UNLV. The six galleries and one museum that make up the Galleries are each entities in their own right linked via a common administration.

History

The founding of a natural history museum at the university—then an institution only a decade old, known as Nevada Southern University—began with a collection of specimens from the Desert Research Institute (DRI), the Nevada System of Higher Education's graduate research institute. In September 1967, the DRI opened a small museum facility in premises across from the university's grounds, as part of an expansion of DRI's activities into southern Nevada. The museum was created under the direction of archaeologist Richard H. Brooks, assistant research professor at the university and a researcher (later director) of the DRI-affiliated Nevada Archaeological Survey. Its exhibits consisted of DRI's local collection of living desert animal specimens and Native American artifacts.

In 1969 the university took over the management of the museum from DRI. Brooks remained as director of the university-affiliated museum, and during his tenure, the museum's funding was established and further permanent exhibits acquired. The most significant acquisition occurred in 1979, when a private collection of pre-Columbian art was donated by a former UNLV alumna, Mannetta Braunstein, and her husband Michael. These pieces would form the basis of a broadening collection of Mesoamerican and Aridoamerican cultural artifacts, acquired through other donations and further additions from the Braunsteins' purchases in Latin American markets.

In the late 1970s, the museum began the process of relocating to premises situated on the UNLV campus, to occupy a building that had contained the university's original gymnasium. Renovations to accommodate the museum were completed in 1981. Further alterations and expansions to the building were subsequently undertaken, and a research laboratory wing was added in 1994.

Beginning in 1979 the museum's anthropological collections were greatly expanded, with the subsequent additions of donated collections of ethnographic and archaeological artifacts representing  Native American and pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.

Brooks left the position in 1981. His successor as museum director was ornithologist and former UNLV president (1973–78) Donald Baepler,  who was returning to the university campus after a three-year term as chancellor of the Nevada university system. Baepler was instrumental in establishing UNLV's Harry Reid Environmental Research Center, and the museum was reorganized to become one of the center's operating divisions. Baepler retired as museum director in 2004, retained a title as emeritus executive director of the museum.

In 1989 the museum was renamed in honor of Marjorie Barrick, a longstanding benefactor of the university. In 1980 Barrick, a prominent philanthropist married to a Las Vegas real estate developer, had gifted UNLV with an endowment of some $1.2 million from her late husband's estate, to fund an ongoing series of public lectures at the university. Speakers at the Barrick Lecture Series have included international figures and heads of state, such as Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, Mikhail Gorbachev and F. W. de Klerk.

In 2011, the Barrick closed its doors to undergo a change of hands with departments. The museum ceased to be affiliated with the Harry Reid Center and Department of Archaeology and became a part of the College of Fine Arts at UNLV. It reopened in 2012 as a contemporary art museum after undergoing drastic renovations, from its Collections Room to the Exhibition Hall, which changed how the public was able to interact with the space from piece to piece.

After the Las Vegas Art Museum (or LVAM) closed its doors in 2009, their collection was left without a home. In 2012 the LVAM collection moved to the newly renovated Barrick Museum, as part of a partnership between LVAM and UNLV.

In 2017, the Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art celebrated its 50th anniversary. Under the direction of curator and artist, Alisha Kerlin, the museum was "rebranded" with "'of Art'" being added to its name.

Since 2017, the Barrick has partnered with Clark County School District to increase access to K-12 students, with the Barrick often acting as their introductory experience to a museum. In 2020, the Barrick announced its partnership with the Las Vegas Womxn of Color Arts Festival, a Southern Nevada collective that aims to increase opportunities and visibility for “local womxn  artists who are Black, Indigenous, and People of Color.”

Currently, the Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art is Las Vegas' only art museum.

Collections
The Collections at the Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art include:
The Barrick Art Collection
–The bulk of the works in the collection include artists with ties to the greater Las Vegas valley forming a heritage collection of works created in and inspired by the Southern Nevada region.
The Barrick Cultural Collection
–The cultural collection began to form in 1969 and includes cultural objects from the American Southwest and Mesoamerica. The Pre-Columbian collection was initiated in 1979 with a gift from Dr. Michael C. and Mannetta Braunstein. Today, the museum's holdings include the Dr. Michael C. and Mannetta Braunstein Collection, a comprehensive collection of Pre-Columbian objects from nearly every culture of Pre-Columbian Latin America, as well as Mexican dance masks and retablos; Guatemalan, Bolivian, and Navajo textiles; Paiute and Hopi basketry; and Navajo jewelry. A variety of methodologies have been used at different times to collect, classify, analyze, and describe collection material, and the collections provide rich primary source information for multi-, cross-, and interdisciplinary studies.
The LVAM Collection
–Works in the collection include national and international artists such as Llyn Foulkes and William T. Wiley, as well as a significant representation of UNLV graduates.
The Vogel Collection
–The Barrick Museum houses the Dorothy and Herbert Vogel 50x50 Collection. In 2010, UNLV was the recipient of 50 contemporary works from the collectors. Beginning in 1962, New York postal clerk, Herbert Vogel, and his librarian wife, Dorothy, began collecting contemporary works of art. The couple dedicated all of Herb's salary to buying art, and in a few decades had amassed a collection encompassing some 4,000 works. The couple developed a program to gift 50 works to one institution in each of the 50 states. This program became known as Vogel 50x50. The collection includes the work by such notables as Stephen Antonakos, Neil Jenney, Lynda Benglis, Lucio Pozzi, Edda Renouf, Bettina Werner and Richard Tuttle.

Exhibitions
Exhibitions at the Marjorie Barrick of Art include:

2020
Lance L. Smith: In the Interest of Action
FUTURE RELICS: Artifacts for a New World
Yerman: Peaks & Valleys
Excerpts: Works from the Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art
Nevada Touring Initiative Exhibition: Still Here Now
Ashley Hairston Doughty: Kept to Myself
The Other Side of Paradise
Mikayla Whitmore: Between a Rock and a Cliff
2019
Stars on the Ground: Works by John Torreano
Connective Tissue by Amanda Phingbodhipakkiya
Zet Gold: On My Mountain
Dry Wit
Justin Favela and Ramiro Gomez: Sorry for the Mess
Human Contact, curated by Samantha Castle
Tiger and The Eternal Struggle
Axis Mundo: Queer Networks in Chicano L.A.
2018
Jubilation Inflation
Soundscapes
Art in Context
Andrew Schoultz: In Process: Every Movement Counts
Exhibition: Identity Tapestry
Exhibition: VESSEL: Ceramics of Ancient West Mexico
Exhibition: Plural
2017
Peripheral Flood Control Structures of Las Vegas
Preservation
liminal
Tested Ground
Casey Roberts
Astronomy of the Asphalt Ecliptic
Play On Gary, Play On
Josh Azzarella Screenings
Abandon All Hope, Ye Who Enter Here
Process, curated by Matthew Gardocki
Masking, curated by Karen Roop
2016
Edward Burtynsky: Oil
In Transition: Female Figurines from the Michael C. and Mannetta Braunstein Collection
Showing the Need for Connection
Five
Ellsworth Kelly
Unseen Selections from LVAM
Teaching Gallery Staff Picks
2015
Break Ups & Tear Downs
Style Moderne: Art Glass from the Ruth and Mel Wolzinger Collection
Recent Acquisitions
The Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection
David Sanchez Burr: Citizen Speak
Deborah Aschheim: Kennedy Obsession
John Millei: If 6 Turned Out To Be 9, Selected Work
2014
Reflecting & Projecting: 20 Years of Design Excellence
Yesterday & Today
Panorama
Panorama+ Sesquicentennial Celebration of Nevada: Further Selections from the Nevada Arts Council's Artist Fellowship Program
Jerry Lewis: Painted Pictures
Sound & Video Installation: Derivative Presence by Yasmina Chavez & Javier Sanchez
Private/Public: Images of Devotion from 19th and Early 20th Century Mexico Opening
Art for Art's Sake: Selections from the Frederick R. Weisman Art Foundation
2013
Passage to the Future: Art from a New Generation in Japan
The Dorothy and Herbert Vogel Collection
The Kent Bicentennial Portfolio: Spirit of Independence
Pre-Columbian Sacrifice: The Burden of the Elite

Facilities
Marjorie Barrick Museum Auditorium
Marjorie Barrick Museum Exhibition Hall

Notes

References

External links
 Marjorie Barrick Museum official site

1967 establishments in Nevada
Art museums and galleries in Nevada
Buildings and structures in Paradise, Nevada
Art museums established in 1967
Museums in the Las Vegas Valley
Mesoamerican art museums in the United States
Natural history museums in Nevada
Native American museums in Nevada
University museums in Nevada
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball


Heiko Zinke is an East German sprint canoeist who competed in the mid-1980s. At the 1985 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Mechelen, Belgium, he won a complete set of medals with a gold in K-4 500 m, a silver in K-1 1000 m, and a bronze in the K-4 1000 m events.

References

East German male canoeists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


Archbishop O'Leary Catholic High School is a high school located in northeast Edmonton – just north of the downtown core. They offer Advanced Placement courses and are known for their diverse teaching ways. The high school enrollment is fairly large with a student body of about 2,000 students.

History
Archbishop O'Leary opened in 1960 when Edmonton had a population of nearly 270,000.
The school underwent a major, multi-million-dollar modernization renovation which began in 2014, with completion by late 2019. The modernization of the school included significant enhancements to classrooms and facilities, along with the addition of “The Hub” - which was transformed from a courtyard into a large cafeteria and a student gathering space.  The school is known for its outstanding programming, a positive sense of community and has one of the best high school completion rates out of any high school. Additionally it was recognized by Alberta Education for its accomplishments in this area.

Athletics

The O'Leary Spartans compete under the governance of the Alberta Schools Athletic Association and Edmonton Metro Athletic Association

The school has teams in the following sports:

Badminton,
Basketball,
Cross Country,
Football,
Rugby 15's (Men and Women),
Rugby 7's (Men),
Soccer,
Swimming,
Track and Field,
Volleyball,
Wrestling,

O'Leary is known for the inclusive environment and the diverse programs in which it excels.  The Student Union (SU) is very active and the HUB incorporates an amazing sound system and high definition screen that is used to host numerous events for students, often lunch during lunch time.  Clubs include:  Art, Spectrum (GSA), Model UN and others.

Programs
Source:

Advanced Placement (AP)

Computer Science

Mechanics

Construction

Sports Medicine

Dance

Drama and Drama Production Academy

Soccer Academy

Finance

Legal Studies

The Braided Journeys Program that supports First Nations, Metis, Inuit students, families and the community which is well-established and very positive.

Notable Alumni

 Rick Walters (Canadian football) - Canadian professional football player
 Emilio Fraietta - Canadian professional football player
 Matt Frattin - professional hockey player
 Grace Mahary - fashion model
 Ross Ongaro - professional soccer player and coach; FIFA instructor
 Barry Peterson - Cinematographer
 Fernando Pisani - professional hockey player
 Joe Poplawski - Canadian professional football player
 Chris Benoit - Former Wrestler Entertainer

See also
Edmonton Catholic School District
Schools in Alberta

References

External links
 Archbishop O'Leary School site

High schools in Edmonton
Catholic secondary schools in Alberta
Educational institutions established in 1963
1963 establishments in Alberta


Katherine Howe (born 1977) is an American novelist who lives in New England and New York City. She specializes in historical novels which she uses to query ideas about "the contingent nature of reality and belief." Her debut novel was the New York Times Bestseller The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane (2009), related to the Salem witch trials. Its success led to her being a guest on several TV news shows, as well as "Salem: Unmasking The Devil" on the National Geographic Channel.

She has also written The House of Velvet and Glass, Conversion, and The Appearance of Annie Van Sinderen (2015). Her fiction has been translated into more than 20 languages.

Biography
Howe was born and raised in Houston, Texas. Her mother is a longtime curator at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. She graduated from the Kinkaid School and earned her undergraduate degree in art history and philosophy at Columbia University. She began writing fiction while doing graduate work; she earned an MA in American and New England Studies at Boston University. She teaches at Cornell University.

In 2016 she was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, where she was finishing a novel set "among the corsairs of the Gulf Coast that imagines Texas’s role within the broader Caribbean diaspora. It is tentatively titled The Galvez Grand. It will build on archival research about patterns of trade and settlement on Galveston Island in the 1820s while engaging with the legacy of magical realist fiction in the American Southwest and in Mexico."

Howe and her husband, the economic historian Louis Hyman (author of Debtor Nation), are core members of a group informally known as the "Springfield Street Table." This batch of Cambridge-area writers and scholars gather to play poker, while trading barbs and debating culture and ideas.  The bestselling novelist Matthew Pearl, who also started writing fiction as a graduate student in English studies, is a core member of this group. He is sometimes credited with helping to launch Howe's literary career.

Howe's ancestors settled in Essex County, Massachusetts in the 1620s. She is related to both Elizabeth Proctor and Elizabeth Howe, women convicted of being witches during the Salem witch trials. Proctor was spared because she was pregnant at the time of her scheduled execution, and later among prisoners released. Howe was executed.

Bibliography

Fiction

Non-fiction

References

21st-century American novelists
Living people
Writers from Houston
The Kinkaid School alumni
1977 births
Columbia College (New York) alumni
People from Marblehead, Massachusetts
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
American women novelists
21st-century American women writers
Novelists from Massachusetts
Novelists from Texas


Thomas Henry Handley (22 February 1886 – 4 August 1962), also known as Harry Handley, was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham and Bradford. He played as a half back.

Handley was born in the Cotteridge district of Birmingham, and played football for his works team, Kings Norton Metal Works, before joining Birmingham in 1907 as cover at half back. He made his debut in the First Division on Boxing Day 1907, replacing the injured Walter Wigmore for a game away at Notts County which finished goalless. Though he did not play again that season, he finished the 1908–09 season in the Second Division as first-choice centre-half, but was then unexpectedly allowed to leave. He signed for fellow Second Division club Bradford, where he spent two seasons.

References

1886 births
1962 deaths
Footballers from Birmingham, West Midlands
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
English Football League players


Rancho Gordo (literally " the fat ranch" from the Spanish) is a specialty producer and seller of heirloom beans based in Napa County, California.

History
The company was founded by Steve Sando, a former web designer, Jazz radio disc jockey, and wholesaler of Esprit clothing who now runs the company. After burning out in his former career, Sando decided to grow heirloom tomatoes, despite having no experience in agriculture.  When another farmer asked for help marketing beans, he decided to grow beans instead;  Sando gathered bean seeds from Seed Savers Exchange, and found new varieties of beans in Oaxaca, Mexico.

Bean production under Rancho Gordo rose from  in 2001 to  in 2007, and to  in 2008.  Beans and other products are sourced from local growers in California's central valley, Oregon and Washington, as well as Mexico, Peru, Poland and Bolivia. By 2018 the company was selling 500,000 pounds of beans per year. Most of the dried beans produced are sold in specially labeled packages through Rancho Gordo's website or other internet sales, at the company's store in Napa, via wholesalers, or directly at farmers' markets. The company also operates a "bean club" with a 40,000 member waiting list as of 2022.

Restaurants
American chef Thomas Keller found Rancho Gordo beans at a farmers' market in Yountville, California, and now uses the beans in his French Laundry and Per Se restaurants. He endorses the beans and the company, and promotes the use of heirloom beans.

Other Products
The company also markets hot sauce, dried pozole corn, grains such as quinoa, and chili peppers.

Steve Sando has written six books on beans: Heirloom Beans (2009, 2013), co-written with Vanessa Barrington, The Rancho Gordo Heirloom Bean Growers Guide (2011, 2019), Supper at Rancho Gordo (2014), The Rancho Gordo Vegetarian Kitchen (2017) co-written with Julia Newberry, French Beans (2018) co-written with Georgeanne Brennan, and The Rancho Gordo Pozole Book (2019).

New Varieties
In 2015, Rancho Gordo introduced the Marcella bean, grown on the West Coast from Italian sorana seed at the suggestion of cookbook author Marcella Hazan. The bean was harvested just as Hazan died and Sando marketed the bean as 'Marcella' in tribute to her, with the blessings of her husband, Victor.

References

External links

Cuisine of the San Francisco Bay Area
Agriculture companies of the United States


Michael Alan Darrell (born 14 January 1947), commonly known as Mick or Mike Darrell, is an English former professional footballer who made more than 100 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham City, Newport County, Gillingham and Peterborough United. He played as a midfielder.

Darrell was born in Bilston, Staffordshire. When he left school in 1962 he joined Birmingham City as an apprentice, turning professional two-and-a-half years later. He made his debut as an 18-year-old, scoring in a 5–1 defeat at Bury in the Second Division on 16 October 1965. He started the next five games, in the absence of Geoff Vowden and Malcolm Beard, but over the next five years he appeared only occasionally for Birmingham, mainly as substitute, and spent periods on loan at Newport County and Gillingham. In 1971 Darrell joined Peterborough United of the Fourth Division. After 42 league games he returned to the Black Country to play for Bilston and Darlaston in the West Midlands (Regional) League.

References

1947 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bilston
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Bilston Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Darlaston Town F.C. players
Footballers from Wolverhampton


"One of These Days" is a song co-written and originally recorded by the American country music singer Marcus Hummon on his 1995 album All in Good Time. It was later covered by Tim McGraw, whose version is the fourth single from his 1997 album Everywhere. It peaked at number two in the United States, and number one in Canada.

Content
This song portrays the message of self-forgiveness by explaining three separate incidents as examples.

The song's narrator first reflects on his admitted bullying of a child who was physically different from him and other children who attended the same elementary school.

The narrator secondly reflects on a relationship with a significant other in high school which he abruptly ends as a result of his senseless self-pleasure, inflicting severe emotional abuse to his significant other in the process.

The narrator finally reveals that the hurt that he caused to the people he had previously mentioned in the song eventually stemmed into a deep loathing of himself.

Track listing
Cassette single
A1 - One Of These Days
A2 - Just To See You Smile
B1 - One Of These Days
B2 - Just To See You Smile

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying that if you are "looking to close a three act song with a dramatic resolution, 'born again' is the way to go."

Music video
The music video for McGraw's rendition was directed and produced by Sherman Halsey, and premiered on CMT on March 23, 1998, when CMT named it a "Hot Shot". It shows McGraw singing the song in a church, as well as a mirrored room, where several McGraws are seen in the same shot.

Chart positions
"One of These Days" debuted at number 73 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of March 14, 1998.

Year-end charts

References

1998 singles
1997 songs
Tim McGraw songs
Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
Songs written by Marcus Hummon
Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey
Country ballads
Songs written by Monty Powell
Curb Records singles


The Europe XI is an association football scratch team mainly consisting of players from the UEFA region but, on occasion, players hailing from other continents playing for European teams are invited to play. The European XI play one-off games against clubs, national teams, collectives of other confederations, or a World XI made up of players from all the other continents. Because of this, no governing body in the sport officially recognises the team and each incarnation of the team is not seen as a continuation of any other. The causes for these games are anniversaries, testimonials or for charity. Proceeds earned from the games are donated to good causes and the players, coaching staff, and stadium owners are not paid for the event. In recent years, these games have been broadcast live on television.

Notable coaches

 Franz Beckenbauer
 Marcello Lippi
 László Kubala
 Frank Rijkaard
 Arsène Wenger
 José Crahay
 Karel Lotsy
 Vittorio Pozzo
 Karl Rappan
 Nereo Rocco

Matches

U18 selection

See also
 Team Europe

Notes

References

Association football in Europe
Football combination XI teams


The 2009 Belgian Grand Prix (officially the 2009 Formula 1 ING Belgian Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 August 2009 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, near the village of Francorchamps, Wallonia, Belgium. It was the 12th race of the 2009 Formula One season. The race was contested over 44 laps, with an overall race distance of 308.052 km (191.415 mi). The race was won by 2007 world champion Kimi Räikkönen of Ferrari after starting from sixth on the grid. Giancarlo Fisichella of Force India came second after starting from the team's first and only pole position. Sebastian Vettel came third after starting from eighth on the grid.

It was Räikkönen's first Grand Prix victory since the 2008 Spanish Grand Prix and Ferrari's only victory of the season. Fisichella's second position gave Force India their first ever championship points and their first podium. This race also marks Fisichella's final podium and last points in Formula One, before he became a Ferrari test driver in , as well as Räikkönen's 18th and last Grand Prix victory until the 2012 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix and his last for Ferrari until the 2018 United States Grand Prix. This was the last race for Luca Badoer.

Report

Background
Jenson Button led the World Championship entering the Belgian race weekend despite not scoring a podium since early June. He had an 18-point lead over Brawn GP teammate Rubens Barrichello. Mark Webber was 2½ points behind Barrichello in third and was 4½ points ahead of Red Bull Racing teammate Sebastian Vettel. The respective recoveries of Ferrari and McLaren ensured that the last two World Champions, Kimi Räikkönen and Lewis Hamilton, had scored podiums in the two races leading up to Belgium. Brawn GP led Red Bull Racing by 27½ points in the Constructors' Championship. The next team, Ferrari, were 52½ points behind Red Bull and 80 points behind Brawn. Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen, who had previously won the event three times, was the only former winner entered in the race.

Practice and Qualifying

Rain affected the first practice session of the weekend. Only 10 cars got dry lap times in while the rest of the field posting lap times in the wet. Jarno Trulli posted the fastest lap followed by Button. Fernando Alonso was third followed by the two Toro Rossos. Force India's Giancarlo Fisichella posted the fastest time off the wet runners followed by Nico Rosberg. Neither Vettel nor Hamilton posted lap times. The second session stayed dry throughout with Hamilton topping the session. Timo Glock was second and Räikkönen third, the top three cars were separated by less than 0.7s. Fisichella kept his pace for Force India as he came sixth. This was one of the closest sessions in the history of Formula One with 18 of the 20 cars coming within less than a second from the leader. Only Rosberg and Luca Badoer were more than a second away from Hamilton's time. Both Brawns struggled coming only 17th and 18th. This session may have seen another indication that BMW Sauber have greatly improved their car after Nick Heidfeld topped the session. Another Toyota came second with Trulli and Force India's Adrian Sutil came third. Hamilton took 9th place with Button rounding off the top ten. Red Bull's problems with the Renault engine continued as Webber's engine had a major problem. This gave Red Bull-Renault their third engine failure in a week.

The first session would see five cars drop out and decide the final five grid positions. Badoer qualified 20th for the second race in a row, after crashing at the end of the session and bringing out the yellow flag, causing many drivers to slow down. Fisichella topped the session with Trulli finishing just behind him. The other four drivers to be knocked out at the end of the session were Renault's Romain Grosjean (P19), Williams's Kazuki Nakajima (P18) and the two Toro Rossos of Jaime Alguersuari (P17) and Sébastien Buemi (P16). The second session would again see another five cars drop out to decide grid positions 11–15. The session was topped by the Toyota of Jarno Trulli, while BMW Sauber's Robert Kubica was second with Red Bull's Vettel coming third. Also significant in the second part of qualifying was the elimination of Brawn's Jenson Button who could only manage P14. The two McLarens of Heikki Kovalainen (P15) and Hamilton (P12) were also knocked out along with the second Renault of Alonso (P13) and Force India's Adrian Sutil (P11).

The final session would see the remaining 10 grid positions be decided. Williams's new aero package was not working as they would like as Rosberg qualified P10. The two Red Bulls of Webber (P9) and Vettel (P8) seemed to struggle in conditions favouring their cars. Glock took P7 with Räikkönen, driving the only KERS car in the top 10, coming in sixth. The two BMW Saubers' new updates seemed to be lifting the whole team as Kubica (P5) and Heidfeld (P3) achieved their best qualifying positions of the season. The only Brawn in the final session, that of Rubens Barrichello, took P4. One of the biggest surprises on an already unpredictable track, Force India took their very first pole position. It was Fisichella's first pole position since the 2006 Malaysian Grand Prix. Trulli took second place.

Race

As the race started everyone seemed to make a good start apart from Hamilton and Rubens Barrichello, the latter almost stalled his car, causing him to drop to the back of the field. At Les Combes, at the top of the hill, a crash caused the safety car to come out. Romain Grosjean ran into the back of Jenson Button who in turn spun 180° and collided with Grosjean for a second time, causing them to both retire. Lewis Hamilton backed off after seeing the incidents ahead of him, which caused Jaime Alguersuari to run into him; both crashed into the barrier and retired. The safety car came in on lap 5 with Fisichella still leading and Räikkönen right behind him. Räikkönen closed up to the Force India driver through the Eau Rouge corner and passed him on the way into Les Combes. The main bulk of the first round of stops came in around lap 14. Mark Webber was released in front of Nick Heidfeld and was handed a drive through penalty, severely affecting his race.

After the first stop Fisichella closed to within one second of Räikkönen. Jarno Trulli retired from the race on lap 22; after starting on the front row he had dropped to the back of the field, having pitted after a first lap collision. Fernando Alonso retired on lap 27 with a suspected wheel problem after a first corner collision with Adrian Sutil. Räikkönen and Fisichella pitted for the second time on the same lap and it was the Finn who emerged in front and kept his lead. Vettel recorded the fastest lap of the race with a late push to try to catch the leaders but it was to no avail as Räikkönen took the chequered flag for the first time this season with Fisichella scoring Force India's first-ever points with a second-place finish. Vettel finished third, followed by the two BMW Saubers and Heikki Kovalainen finishing sixth. After dropping to the back of the field at the start, Rubens Barrichello came in seventh with Nico Rosberg picking up the final point in eighth, finishing his seven race points streak. Barrichello's car was smoking from the back for the last few laps and the car caught fire in parc fermé. Webber finished ninth for the second race in a row and scored no points.

Post-race

With Button failing to score, his championship lead became smaller for the second race in a row as his teammate Barrichello closed the gap by two points. Vettel's third place moved him ahead of his teammate Webber. Raikkonen's win further extended Ferrari's lead in the constructors' championship over McLaren, but his teammate Luca Badoer was again under scrutiny after finishing last for the second time: reports came out of the paddock that second place man Fisichella would replace him at Ferrari for the Italian Grand Prix. On 31 August Force India team principal Vijay Mallya reported that Fisichella would not be driving for Ferrari at Monza. However, on 3 September Fisichella was released from his contract at Force India and joined Ferrari until the end of the season. Force India announced on 7 September that Vitantonio Liuzzi, the team's test driver, would replace Fisichella for the remaining five races of the season.

On 4 September, Renault were summoned to a meeting by Formula One's governing body, the FIA with the allegations of race fixing during the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix. Renault faced the possibility of expulsion from the championship as McLaren were in the  Formula One season. During the FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting later that month, Renault admitted that Nelson Piquet Jr. had deliberately crashed under the instructions of Renault team principal Flavio Briatore and chief engineer Pat Symonds, in the hope of helping Alonso win. The Renault team were handed a disqualification from F1, which was suspended for two years pending any further rule infringements. Briatore was banned from all FIA-sanctioned events for life, while Symonds was banned for five years.

Classification

Qualifying
Cars that used KERS are marked with "‡"

Race
Cars that used KERS are marked with "‡"

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

See also
 2009 Spa-Francorchamps GP2 Series round

Footnotes

References

Belgian
Belgian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
August 2009 sports events in Europe