Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships (, literally "Corsairs: City of Lost Ships") is a role-playing video game developed by Akella, which was released on May 26, 2009. It is the sequel to Sea Dogs (2000), Pirates of the Caribbean (2003), and Age of Pirates: Caribbean Tales (2006). Like Caribbean Tales, it does not boast either of the two former games' names, due to legal reasons. It was later followed by Sea Dogs: To Each His Own in 2012.

In 2017, the game was digitally released on GOG and Steam as Sea Dogs: City of Abandoned Ships.

Plot
The game is a role playing game, and the plot is rather open ended. At the start, the player may begin alone, or choose one of four navies: England, Spain, France and the Netherlands. The player then embarks on several quests, of which some are mandatory.

The English campaign is based loosely in part on Rafael Sabatini's Captain Blood novel's first twelve chapters, as the main campaign character name, description, the events he is involved in and the characters resemble with the ones described in Sabatini's novel.

Gameplay
The game retains many of the gameplay features from the previous games, such as the ability to trade, fight, battle and board other ships, explore, and sail in real time. The latter feature is not compulsory; a player may choose to sail around using the map. There is a new, faster fight system, and a more complex trading system. There are three different characters the player can choose from. Each one has a separate storyline and class. As with the previous games, there are many swords and guns within the game, each with their own attributes.

The player must develop seven main attributes in order to succeed. This is the "new PIRATES role playing system", and the first letter of each attribute comes together to spell PIRATES.

As with the previous titles, there are many real ship types from the period to choose from. A player may have more than one ship, or in some cases, none at all. The better ships will, of course, cost more money. Some ships can't be bought and must be captured at sea. Some ships are available only after completion of certain quests.

During quests, the player can get the warship Flying Dutchman and the man-of-war Soleil Royal. Queen Anne's Revenge is seen in some ports, but is not controlled by Blackbeard, who was not yet a famous pirate in the game's 17th century setting.

Reception

Upon its release, Age of Pirates 2 was met with "mixed or average" reviews from critics, with an aggregate score of 61% on Metacritic.

References

External links
 IGN - Age of Pirates 2: City of Abandoned Ships

2009 video games
Age of Discovery video games
Naval video games
Role-playing video games
Trade simulation games
Video games about pirates
Video games developed in Russia
Video games set in the Caribbean
Video games set in Mexico
Windows games
Windows-only games
Playlogic Entertainment games
Akella games
Single-player video games
Captain Blood
Sea Dogs


Alexander Augustus Williamson Carscallen (October 14, 1844 – February 13, 1907) was a banker and political figure in Ontario. He represented Hastings North in the House of Commons of Canada from 1892 to 1904 as a Conservative member.

He was born in North Fredericksburg Township, Lennox County, Canada West, the son of Edward Riggs Carscallen, and was educated in Napanee and at the University of Nashville. He established himself in business in Marmora, Ontario. In 1874, Carscallen married Marcia Pringle. He was a justice of the peace, a member of the North Fredericksburg township council and township reeve, and chairman of the school board. Carscallen was first elected to the House of Commons in an 1892 by-election held after Mackenzie Bowell was named to the Canadian senate. He was reelected in 1896 and 1900. In 1903, the riding of Hastings North was redistributed into Hastings West and Hastings East; Carscallen did not run in 1904. He died in Belleville at the age of 62.

References

1844 births
1907 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Canadian justices of the peace


Dr Al Jenkins is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Adam Croasdell. He first appeared on 1 May 2009.  It was announced on 26 November 2009 that the character would leave the soap in early 2010. His final appearance was on 4 February 2010.

Storylines

Backstory
Al grew up in Walford and knew Dot Cotton (June Brown) when he was a boy. Prior to moving back to Walford he lived in Ilfracombe, Devon but came to Walford to visit his mother, who has arthritis, and to take over the doctor's surgery from Dr. Poppy Merritt (Amy Darcy).

2009–2010
Al arrives on 1 May 2009, and meets Heather Trott (Cheryl Fergison), who tells him her problems, despite him being off-duty. He is the first person to learn that she is pregnant, and they become friends, with Al reassuring Heather about her new status as a mother. Several female locals comment on his looks, and Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner) accidentally spills coffee on him, prompting him to ask her out. After several drinks on different occasions in The Queen Victoria public house, Al invites Tanya to lunch at Fargo's restaurant. Tanya's ex-husband Max (Jake Wood) overhears this and asks his son, Bradley (Charlie Clements), to go to the restaurant and spy on them. After an awkward date, Al ends their brief relationship and starts dating Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons), and soon realises he has feelings for her.

In October 2009, Jean Slater (Gillian Wright) approaches Al and asks him to section her mentally unstable daughter, Stacey (Lacey Turner). When Stacey comes home, Al is waiting with two colleagues and two police officers. Al formally declares Stacey's sectioning to her, and she is taken away by the police. He DJ's the dance contest for Children in Need and Chelsea Fox (Tiana Benjamin) invites him as her date to her parents Denise (Diane Parish) and Lucas' (Don Gilet) wedding. Al reluctantly accepts her invitation, even though he planned to ask Roxy. After Roxy catches Chelsea flirting with him, Al starts a relationship with Roxy.

In February 2010, Al asks Roxy to move with him to Cornwall, revealing that someone has complained about their relationship even though she was not his patient, so he resigned. She does not want to leave Walford so he ends their relationship and leaves alone, after saying goodbye to Heather, his favourite patient.

Creation and development
Introduced in May 2009 by executive producer Diederick Santer, Al Jenkins follows on from Doctors Harold Legg (Leonard Fenton), Fred Fonseca (Jimi Mistry), Jonathan Leroy (Ivan Kaye), Anthony Trueman (Nicholas Bailey), Oliver Cousins (Tom Ellis) and May Wright (Amanda Drew) as the soap's resident General Practitioner.

Actor Adam Croasdell was cast in the role, commenting, "It is my first soap and I'm really pleased to be in it — it's such a British institution. It's a real honour to be a part of it and it's a whole other skillset to what I've done before. I'm used to getting several takes if I need it, and this is like two takes and you move on. You have to be so on the ball when they call "Action" [...] I am so impressed with the writing, the dramatic tension and the array of brilliant characters. I'm a huge fan now and I'm not just saying that." He added: "With the leaving of Robert Kazinsky (Sean Slater), I'm feeling the pressure if I've been hired to step into his shoes! You hope that your storylines are going to be a little bit more than for flesh-fodder, but it's all good."

Al is described as "a big kid [and a] free spirit". Croasdell said of his character: "He's outdoorsy, a good doctor and generally nice — but not too nice. He's also domestically useless. He's not a butter-wouldn't-melt sort of a man. He can also be selfish." He also stated that "[Al]'s certainly got his flaws and is quite edgy at times. He's not all sweetness and light." Croasdell went on to say that "he's a bit of a surfer [and] I think he slightly resents being back for those reasons because he's quite outdoorsy, but his mum comes first. He's come to set up and make a life for himself back at his origins. [He's] single and he likes to mingle!

On 26 November 2009 it was announced that Croasdell would leave the show in 2010 in order to embark on a charity visit to Malawi. He stated: "I have worked with and befriended a lot of fantastic actors while I have been at EastEnders. I am very grateful for my time on the show and all the support shown to me to me by the wonderful viewers who have followed my storylines and been so supportive. I see it as a chapter in my ongoing work as an actor – as I am always interested in new challenges, so I am looking forward to future projects."

Reception
The character's affiliation with North Devon and surfing has been praised by Devonshire residents, with one saying, "This is really great for Ilfracombe, to have such a high profile mention in EastEnders. Ilfracombe has a huge water sports culture and the town is definitely on the up, with people like Damien Hirst raising the profile." Another resident was dubious about the character taking his surf board to Walford: "There's a tube up there, but I don't think he'll be able to surf it."

References

External links

Television characters introduced in 2009
EastEnders characters
Fictional physicians
British male characters in television


The Bristol Type 118 was a general-purpose military aircraft, a two-seat biplane built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in the early 1930s, powered by a Bristol Mercury radial engine and aimed at overseas markets. The Type 120 was a Bristol Pegasus-engined variant entered into an Air Ministry competition and later used for armament tests.  Two aircraft were built.

Development
The Type 118 was a Bristol private venture, designed to provide a multi-role machine capable of acting as a fighter, bomber, reconnaissance or casualty-extraction aircraft for foreign air forces unable to afford a range of more specialised aircraft. The variety of roles required a two-seater and the need for high-altitude performance for the photo-reconnaissance role, for example, called for supercharging. Since the Bristol Jupiter radial engine design was ageing, the newer Bristol Mercury seemed a natural choice of powerplant. The first prototype was to have a supercharged Bristol Jupiter XFA engine, with the Mercury V installed in the second machine which was labelled the Type 118A.

Frank Barnwell designed a clean single-bay biplane with staggered and unequal-span wings. Wire bracing was used only in the centre section; outboard of that was a single streamlined compression strut and a three-strut drag brace on each wing. Frise-type ailerons were fitted only to the upper wings. The fuselage was of fabric-covered metal construction, similar in detail to that of the Bulldog. Rudder and elevators were horn balanced and the tailplane was of cantilever, unbraced form. The undercarriage was divided and attached to the fuselage with streamlined legs and struts. The Jaguar installation left the cylinder heads exposed, but later engines were cowled with a Townend ring.

The pilot's cockpit was high and positioned below a cutout in the trailing edge of the upper wing. He had a synchronised .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun mounted in a trough on the port side. The observer's cockpit was behind the pilot, where he could be rear gunner, bomb aimer, photographer or radio operator. For the rear gunner's task there was a .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun mounted on a Scarff ring. For bombing and photography, he could reach a prone position with a downward view through windows in the floor. Alternatively this space could hold one person on a stretcher and a second could be carried under the removable rear fuselage decking. Bombs could be carried on external racks.

The Jaguar-engined first prototype, registered as G-ABEZ  flew on 22 January 1931, piloted by Cyril Uwins. It flew under the experimental registration R-3 during 1931 and received its airworthiness certificate that December. A planned Baltic sales tour was disrupted by disputes over engine-manufacturing licensing rights. In the meantime Air Ministry interest in the Type 118 had increased and they hired "R-3", now powered by a Mercury V, fitted with a four-blade propeller and stripped of armament for endurance and desert trials (in Iraq) of that engine from February 1932. During this time, the Type 118 wore RAF markings with the serial number K2873. After these trials, this aircraft returned to Filton and was stored until April 1935 when it was used as a testbed for the engine that became the two-speed supercharged Bristol Pegasus XVII.

The second prototype, originally the Type 118A made its first flight, with the Mercury V engine that it was designed for and bearing the experimental marking R-6, on 29 January 1932 . By that time, though it had acquired a rotatable turret or cupola over the gunner's cockpit and a new type number, 120. The Mercury was a stopgap engine (though the Mercury V had been recently renamed the Pegasus) and a Pegasus I.M.3 replaced it that April. The cupola was a lightweight transparent structure that completely enclosed the gunner and rotated with his Lewis gun, its Scarff ring now mounted higher in the cockpit. It gave him protection from the slipstream, which was particularly helpful when he was standing to fire downwards.

In April the Type 120 went to Martlesham as a competitor for the
Air Ministry specification G.4/31 to replace the ageing Westland Wapiti and Fairey Gordon but was not successful, chiefly because the Air Ministry had added torpedo bombing to the tasks required of the general-purpose aircraft. Despite this the Type 120 was bought by the Air Ministry and used to investigate the drag of the turret by flying with and without it. During this time, it was in RAF markings with the serial K3587.  Continuing disputes over engine manufacturing licensing meant that Spanish interest in the Type 120 came to nothing.

Specifications (Type 120)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1930s British military aircraft
Type 118


Christian Carlos Hernan Castillo (born March 28, 1967) is an Argentinian activist, politician, sociologist and university teacher. He is a founding member of the Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina) (PTS). In the 2013 elections he was voted in as a deputy for the Buenos Aires Province for the Workers Left Front; he resigned to his seat on June 10, 2015 to leave his place to the next candidate based on the banking rotation between the different parties that make up the Front. He was pre-candidate to Governor of the Buenos Aires Province during the 2015 primary elections, losing to Néstor Pitrola.

University
He was director of the Sociology department at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Social Sciences. As a Marxist intellectual, he heads the Karl Marx Free Cathedra, which is taught in the Buenos Aires, La Plata, Neuquén, Córdoba, Mendoza, Jujuy, La Matanza, Tucumán and Quilmes Universities.

As a university teacher, he has actively participated in struggles defending a free and public education, against plans of privatising schools, which has led him to participate both nationally and abroad.

In 2000, he was apprehended while he was in Mexico in the midst of the UNAM strike. He was jailed with other Mexican students for 18 days and freed on February of that year thanks to solidarity protests with the Mexican students and the hunger strike of Argentinian activists and university students in front of the Mexican embassy.

He holds the subject General Sociology in the Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences of the National University of La Plata, and the optional subject Sociology of revolutionary processes, in the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires.

Politics
Between 1983 and 1988, he was leader of the Socialist Youth, youth wing of the Movement for Socialism.

In 1988, he was a founding member of the PTS along with José Montes, Raúl Godoy, and other intellectuals, workers and students.

He has been candidate for various positions, such as, National Deputy, Legislator of the City of Buenos Aires, and Head of Government of the City of Buenos Aires. In the 2007 elections he ran as candidate for national deputy by a left coalition between the PTS and other organizations called "Socialist Workers' Left Front".

In 2009, he ran as candidate for deputy for the City of Buenos Aires for the Socialist Workers' Left Front conformed by the PTS, the MAS and IS.

He was the candidate of the for vice-president in the 2011 Argentine general election, along with Jorge Altamira for president.

In 2013, he was provincial deputy in the Buenos Aires Province Chamber of Deputies for the Workers Left Front.

Publications
He is general coordinator of the Leon Trotsky Center of Study, Research and Publications (CEIP) and regularly collaborates in the "Estrategia Internacional" magazine, which is translated to English and French.

His works can be found in the magazines "Estrategia Internacional", "Lucha de Clases" and other books. He has published:

  Co-authored with Eduardo Grüner y Horacio González
  Co-authored with Pablo Pozzi, Pablo Augusto Bonavena and Vicente Zito Lema.
 .
  Collective work

Other activities
He also participates in the radio program "Pateando el tablero" ("kicking the board"), transmitted by Radio Splendid.

References

External links
Speech by Christian Castillo about the FIT's campaign (in Spanish)
 Partido de los Trabajadores Socialistas
 Interview to Christian Castillo: "the challenge of a renovated revolutionary marxism" (in Spanish)
 "A 'fourth narration' of the 1970s", article written in Página 12. (in Spanish)

Socialist Workers' Party (Argentina) politicians
Living people
Argentine sociologists
1967 births
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires Province politicians
Members of the Buenos Aires Province Chamber of Deputies
University of Buenos Aires alumni
Academic staff of the University of Buenos Aires


The 2001 Toray Pan Pacific Open was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium in Tokyo in Japan and was part of Tier I of the 2001 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from January 30 through February 4, 2001. Lindsay Davenport won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Lindsay Davenport defeated  Martina Hingis 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 6–2
 It was Davenport's 1st singles title of the year and the 31st of her career.

Doubles

 Lisa Raymond /  Rennae Stubbs defeated  Anna Kournikova /  Iroda Tulyaganova 7–6(7–5), 2–6, 7–6(8–6)
 It was Raymond's 1st title of the year and the 21st of her career. It was Stubbs' 1st title of the year and the 25th of her career.

External links
 Official website
 Official website
 WTA Tournament Profile

Toray Pan Pacific Open
Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open
Toray Pan Pacific Open


H. James Burgwyn (born 1936) is an American historian. He is a West Chester University emeritus professor of history, and an authority on the foreign policy and military strategy of Italy in the period from World War I to World War II.

Bergwyn lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Published works
 The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919, Greenwood Press (1993)
 Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period: 1918-1940, Praeger Publishers (1997)
 Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's Conquest of Yugoslavia 1941–1943, Enigma Books (2005)
 Mussolini Warlord: Failed Dreams of Empire, 1940-1943, Enigma Books (2013),
 Mussolini and the Salò Republic, 1943 - 1945: The Failure of a Puppet Regime, Palgrave MacMillan (2018),

References

1936 births
Living people
Writers from Philadelphia
University of Pennsylvania faculty
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
West Chester University faculty
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers


Pak Shing Kok Station (Trad. Chinese: 百勝角站) was a proposed MTR station on the Tseung Kwan O Line between Tseung Kwan O station and LOHAS Park station in Pak Shing Kok, Tseung Kwan O, Sai Kung District, New Territories, Hong Kong. It was to serve low to medium-density residential buildings in Pak Shing Kok. However, construction was never begun due to inadequate population at the location.

The Hong Kong Fire and Ambulance Services Academy includes a mockup of an MTR station called Pak Shing Kok, used to train fire fighters in tackling incidents on the MTR system.

References

Tseung Kwan O
Proposed railway stations in Hong Kong


John W. Nick (April 17, 1933 – June 11, 1991) was a male breast cancer patient and activist in whose name the eponymous John W. Nick Foundation was founded in 1996 by his daughter, Nancy Nick, who is the Foundation's president. The Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, works to raise awareness of male breast cancer.

In part due to the Foundation's efforts the AMA issued a new policy statement to recognize breast cancer as a condition that affects men as well as women. In issuing this statement the AMA went on record to support the expansion of education and awareness efforts about the risks, signs and symptoms of male breast cancer.

References

External links
 "Men Get Breast Cancer Too!"
 John W. Nick Foundation, Inc. website

1933 births
1991 deaths
American activists
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Deaths from male breast cancer
People from Vero Beach, Florida
Place of birth missing


Up from Dragons: The Evolution of Human Intelligence is a 2002 book on human evolution, the human brain, and the origins of human cognition by John Skoyles and Dorion Sagan. The book considers how the brain and genes evolved into their present condition over the course of thousands and millions of years. It was published by McGraw Hill.

The book argues that the earlier ape brain had evolved “mindmakers” and that the human mind arose when these were “rewired” by symbols. This new “mindware” was created by the prefrontal cortex in combination with neural plasticity. This “Symbolic capacity is the ‘missing link’ that changed the ape brain into a human and made mindware possible, allowing symbols to structure the brain”. p. 277 Mindware itself has been evolving for the last 120,000 years and as a result kept reshaping human consciousness, thought and culture. Its last chapter speculates upon the future of human cognition.

The title relates to Carl Sagan (co-author Dorion Sagan's father) and his 1977 book The Dragons of Eden for which this book provides a 25th-anniversary reappraisal.

Chapters
 Cosmic Mirror: The questions of who and what humans are explored in terms of the history of the universe, life and humankind as when looking in a mirror.
Up from Dragons: Modern human genes arose when humans evolved as hunter-gatherers. But in the last 120,000 years humans have changed from hunter-gatherers to hi-tech citizens. The book seeks to answer why and how.
Neurons Unlimited: The brain is neurally plastic (NP) – evolution left open the function of human neurons. The capacity of its neurons to engage in imagination extends its potential to think and feel.
Superbrain:  The prefrontal cortex (PC) is the brain's "conductor". It directs using inner representations as prompts which organize the brain's "orchestra" of neural “talents”.
Mind-Engine: Cognition depends upon brain waves that bind through synchronization of diverse brain areas into mental unity. The prefrontal cortex controls this unification of the brain.
Neural Revolution: The large sized human brain has extensive "blank" cortex available for processing nonevolved skills. But acquiring such skills requires that the brain’s neural networks get “trained”—which the prefrontal cortex does by acting as a “cortical catalyst”.
Machiavellian Neurons: Humans like other apes live in social groups that split and reform. Humans are novel in their ability to decouple these social and personal bonds from direct sensory contact. The human brain does this by carrying around its social group as an "inner troop within our heads".
The Troop within Our Heads: Humans think they are free—but this troop within their heads rules human thoughts, feelings and actions. Due to it humans feel guilt, shame, pride and self-consciousness.
Our Living Concern: Underlying human experience are mindmakers. One such mindmaker is the anterior cingulate as it creates attention to what is done. It underlies not only social consciousness, but pain, and a sense of reality.
Doing the Right Thing: Our sense of right and wrong arises from our origins as social apes. Morality is a byproduct of the troop within our heads that is created by the orbitofrontal cortex mindmaker. This limits human freedom by preventing psychopathic-like actions.
Where Memories are Made: The human sense of identity arises from the need of the brain to experience a past linked to the present. Here, the mindmaker is the hippocampus. It underlies memory and the sense of continuity of self, other and place.
What Are We?: Mindmakers are not consciousness but they make it possible. They become the consciousness of "I" and "will" by embodiment. The human brain embodies not only its body extension, but its “troop within its head” and the inner orchestration done by its prefrontal cortex.
Of Human Bonding: The change that turned apes into humans was the ability to decouple social and personal bonds from everyday contact. This allowed new kinds of bonds such as those of marriage, in-law kin, culture and religion.
The Symbolic Brain: Symbols enabled this decoupling of bonds. Symbols are cognitive stand-ins—a wedding ring stands in for a marriage bond. The prefrontal cortex generates symbols. This enabled hunter-gatherer genes to develop new forms of social life including that of modern people.
Lucy and Kanzi: The symbol making potential of the prefrontal cortex arose to enable extended family bonds across the African savannah. “Gifted environments” also arose created by adults so young brains could be helped to learn and enrich their minds with symbols.
The Runaway Species: Homo brains expanded to be good parents. Successful brains selected partners with brains with which they could best raise children. A runaway selection resulted between brain size, mate selection and skilled parenting.
The Billion-Hour Journey: That modern people are not hunter-gatherers is due to mindware – the mind expanding systems of symbols – that evolved in the last 120,000 years.  The process started slow, but then “bootstrapped” itself and accelerated. It now underlies the thoughts and feelings of modern humans.
Third Millennium Brain: The rewriting of the brain's potentials that started in the past still continues. “Braintech” is arising and will enhance humans even more. It is suggested that humans knowing that their origins lie in their brains, rather than ancient myth, will gain Brain Rights and enter a new Era—that of the Brain.

Concepts
The book introduces and argues for novel ideas in human evolution, neuroscience, social neuroscience and the humanities.

Human evolution

Gifted environments
These are the learning environments humans create. Components of a gifted environment include “a rich variety of representations”, a “stimulating learning environment”, and “’empowering environments’—ones which foster specific paths of development, an opportunity sometimes limited to brief windows of developmental time” It is proposed that such gifted environments are created by adult prefrontal cortex. The potential to create gifted environments predates humans and exists in chimpanzees. But they are limited because as adults chimpanzees lack time, cooperate only weakly and are under constant stress. It was the highly cooperative sociability of humans that allowed gifted environments to arise that could fully support cognitive development.

Human change bootstrapping problem
Bootstrapping concerns the paradox that the best way for something to occur is for it to already to be established. This problem has been identified in computer and cognitive science as an important obstacle: computers need to load programs to start but this is best done when they have already loaded the program for doing this; reading is easier to acquire once a person can already read. Cognitive development can be interpreted as the process by which cognitive systems sidestep and work around bootstrapping problems that would otherwise obstruct cognitive growth. The bootstrapping problem is proposed to explain why human cultural and technological developments often take so long to historically develop and then accelerate: the best circumstances for such innovations to flourish often arise only when they already exist.

Human ticket
All animal species except humans live in much the same biological manner in which they evolved. Humans in contrast have journeyed away from being simple hunter-gatherers to becoming citizens of hi-tech nation states. Biologically this is odd since modern people still basically have the same genes as their early hunter-gatherers ancestors. This raises the question of what had evolved, the ticket, in those early humans that gave them to the potential to change later on so radically.

NP + PC Formula
The evolution of human intelligence is expressed in a Neural Plasticity + Prefrontal Cortex formula that is progressively elaborated:
NP + PC + ape mind = human mind
NP + PC + fission-fusion ape social skills = human social symbols
NP + PC + ape sensory and motor skills = human nonsocial symbols
NP + PC + FF ape skills + symbols + 109 hours = contemporary mind
NP + PC + mindware + braintech = future mind

Neuroscience

Cognitive stand-ins
Symbols adapt already evolved functions to create novel ones by replacing their evolved inputs and outputs with nonevolved representations. Reading and writing are such new functions that rewire the functions of  visual, speech and other cortical areas by letters and logogram stand-ins.

Cortical catalyst
Chemical catalysts work by creating chemical bonds by bringing existing substances into reaction using intermediaries, and by temporal and spatial conjunction. The prefrontal cortex works similarly upon information processing happening elsewhere in the brain through creating working memory space. This space allows novel intermediary forms of association to be created and held together between different information processing systems in the brain. This process is essential to the formation of symbols and symbol based cognition.

Free cortex
Due to brain enlargement in humans, most of the human cerebral cortex lacks tightly evolved functions and so is open to acquire nonevolved skills. Even highly evolved cortical areas such as the primary visual and auditory cortices can to a surprising degree take on new functions. Semantics can develop in the visual cortex of those born blind, and vision can develop in the auditory cortex in experimental animals when retinal input is redirected into it. The association areas of the cerebral cortex lack the input constraints of primary areas. As a result, they are even more open to acquire novel cognitive capabilities.

Memory headers
John Morton has proposed that memories are organized by headed records.  The function of the hippocampus is suggested to be providing such headers for memory. They also underlie the human capacity to experience in spite of superficial changes the continuity of self, other and place.

Pain as benevolent dictator
Pain is argued to be a protective attentive envelope (see below) that temporary acts to protect injured or easily injured parts of the body from actions controlled by the brain.

Protective attentive envelopes
Aircraft have flight envelope protection systems that stop pilots acting in a manner that might harm the aircraft but which allow them to make quick but safe actions. The anterior cingulate cortex is argued to act as a “hidden observer” over what we do “attention-to-action” and it provides a similar function for humans. These envelopes underlie the experience of self-consciousness, anxiety and pain.

Social neuroscience

Limbic symbolons
Symbolons were ancient Greek tokens or insignia by which people who were bonded could spot each other (the word comes from the Greek “symballein” which means “to throw together”). The problem of social  primates is to create bonds that are flexible yet also allow prolonged separation. Limbic symbolons are symbols that enable emotional attachments established in other apes by smell, grooming and to some degree sight, to cope with physical separation by an internal (mental name) or external (wedding ring) stand-in that is always cognitively present. Limbic symbols are usually publicly defined (another advantage) and acquired in rituals. “Early hominid environments were dangerous and food resources patchy and irregular, which placed a premium on individuals able to exploit kin relations and extend social links beyond the immediate present. Such pressures promoted symbolism, originally to stand for kin recognition and social relationships, enabling these to be maintained over time and space even when the relevant individuals were absent. These developments in turn lead to more complex social networks and the cognitive abilities to exploit these.”

Nonimmediate sociability
Two kinds of sociability exist: immediate and nonimmediate. The former depends upon sensory interaction with others such as smell, touch, sound or vision. Nonimmediate depends upon carrying the experience of the group within the head. Such sociability is already present in apes and is due to processes called mindmakers. But due to the modification of these mindmakers with symbolons, sociability in groups has become highly developed in humans. The combination of symbols and mindmakers created social mindware.

Mindmakers
These are “processes that weave this sense we all have of being a ‘me. .. give existence its animated feel, the feeling of being alive. They are clues to understanding such things as our freedom and the links between the prefrontal cortex’s inner cues and our hidden sociability’”.  Mindmakers evolved to enable animals to remain part of a social group when separated. Mindmaker processes are identified in the anterior cingulate cortex (protective attentive envelopes), hippocampus (continuity), orbitofrontal cortex (social right and wrong). Mindmakers are present in other animals but only in humans have they become extensively elaborated. They also provide the neural substrate for cultural symbolism and so the human ability to sustain socially defined groups and personal bonds.

Mindware
Mindware is the symbolic counterpart of mindmakers. The concept differs from that of memes in the way that the descriptive notion of a “bridge” differs from that of specified engineering types of bridges (suspension, cantilever, arch and so on). In the latter, what transmits is understood in terms of the specific engineering processes that support that transmission rather than the general idea of transmission. The use of a wedding ring is a meme when viewed from the perspective of transmitted culture, but it is mindware when viewed from the neurological changes it makes to the attachment processes in the brain that sustain the emotional bond of marriage.  The acquisition of social mindware is closely linked with rituals.   In mindware “the human ape found a brain programming language to bond across time and place—symbolic culture. This was to change forever what it meant to be a brain. Now the human mind could live in thousands of varieties of life. …with their mindware humans set themselves apart from other animals and the rest of nature”.

Social embodiment
The subjective sense of embodiment in our extended physical body relates to its capacity to act through it and so interact with the autonomous physical world. The human brain also acts within the autonomous world of social relationships. This social embodiment gives rise to a sense of social “me” . Consciousness is the embodied attention of the brain to its causality in such social relationships and the physical world.

Superfission-fusion ape
The sociability of social apes is fission-fusion. In this members of a group regularly separate into small subgroups (fission) but at the same time still belong to the same group (fusion). Human are unique in the robust ability of their bonds to survive prolonged physical separation. This is due to symbols. Another factor is that these bonds can be publicly defined and so create symbolic culture. This makes humans a superfission-fusion ape.

Humanities

Brain Age
The Era that will follow the present one will be the Brain Age. In this neuroscience will replace the ancient myths that at present shape how people understand themselves. Further, braintech (see below) will arise that enables humans to reshape the competences of their brain. This Era will continue the reshaping of our species that has happened since its origins 120,000 years ago. Braintech represents the last frontier faced by the human species.

Brain Rights
Humans are social primates who use superficial differences (such as skin pigmentation) or symbols based upon ancient myth to identify their group membership. Brains offer a firmer foundation for our identity since they underlie the core of who we are in our shared “vulnerability, richness, history, and giftedness”.  Understanding this is our true nature. It follows that “Each of our brains should be guaranteed the right to grow unhandicapped and supplied with the best possible nurture and support”, and “a gifted environment sensitive to its uniqueness”.

Braintech
Humans from early on when using stone tools have created technologies that have enhanced their abilities. This will continue with the still unexplored potential of the brain. One area is awareness of its hidden functioning as this is needed to better train it. The future of present functional imaging is proposed to be akin to that of computers as in the 1960s. Like such past computers such technology will spiral down in price and convenience so that this braintech (like computers today) will become an essential part of everyday human life.

Criticisms

 Fails to link with earlier work upon “cognitive ergonomics”.p. 143
 The description of the prefrontal cortex “begs for more commentary on their likely causes, consequences, and context”.p. 143
 Fails to discuss helping behavior before “primate or even mammalian sociality emerged”.p. 144
 Should have explored cost/benefits of sociosexual selection.p. 146
 Lacks “an unambiguous definition of mindware … the resemblance to (if not identity with) ‘culture’ needs to be explored”.p. 146
 The field of psychoneuroendocrinology and the developmental forces such as sensitive periods and behavior genetics is neglected.p. 147
 Its account of consciousness which depends upon coherence does not explain “possession, dissociation, out-of-body experiences and addictions”.p. 279
 “The authors seem to fall all too easily into a simplistic materialism”.p. 279
 The notion of Brain Age is wrong: “It is not the brain age, but the mind age, the culture age, the dawning realization of our capacity to program our brain to do many different things.p. 279
 Lacks anatomical and flowchart illustrations.
 Does not discuss the work of Leda Cosmides and John Tooby nor Steven Mithen.

See also
 Behavioral modernity
 Evolution of human intelligence
 Human condition
 Human nature
 Memes
 Nature versus nurture
 Tabula rasa
 Triune brain
 Symbolic Species by Terrence Deacon
 Blank Slate by Steven Pinker

Footnotes

Editions
 Skoyles, J. R. and Sagan, D. (2003) Il drago nello specchio. L'evoluzione dell'intelligenza umana dal big bang al terzo millennio. Sironi, Milan,

External links
 Human existence John Skoyles website
 Book summary at Les automates intelligents robotique, vie artificielle, réalité virtuelle

2002 non-fiction books
Cognitive science literature
Works about consciousness
Human evolution books
Popular science books
Books about human intelligence
Neuroscience books
Books about evolutionary psychology


Khan Bahadur Sir Muhammad Habibullah KCSI KCIE (22 September 1869 – 16 May 1948) was an Indian politician and administrator who served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1934 to 1936.

Personal life
Habibullah was born in Madras (now Chennai) to Aushukh Hussain Khan Saheb on 22 September 1869. He was a member of the Arcot royal family and closely related to the Nawabs of Arcot. He studied law at Zila High School in Saidapet and joined the bar at Vellore in July 1888.

He was married to Sadathunissa Begum.

Early political career
Habibullah was involved in local commerce politics and was elected honorary chairman of the Vellore municipality in 1895. He resigned from his legal practice upon being elected official secretary in September 1901, and served in that role until September 1905. He was then elected chairman, a position he held for 14 years (1905–1919). From July 1919 to January 1920, he was a member of the executive council of the Governor of Madras while P. Rajagopalachari was on leave.

In 1919, Habibullah was India's delegate to the first session of the League of Nations. On 17 December 1920, he was appointed to the Governor's Executive Council for the Madras Presidency as the member for revenue, a post he held until 27 December 1924. From 1925 to 1930, he was a member of the Executive Council of the Viceroy of India. He also led India's delegation to South Africa from 1926 to 1927.

Dewan of Travancore
Habibullah was appointed Dewan of Travancore by Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the Maharaja of Travancore, on 15 March 1934, and remained in office for two years. During that time, many reforms were implemented in Travancore, particularly in its electoral system, state forces (the Nair Brigade) and civil services.

Immediately after taking office, he appointed a committee to determine the appropriate electoral representation for the state's various communities. Specific numbers of legislative seats were reserved for Christians, Ezhavas and Muslims. However, because of objections by the Nairs—the military caste of Travancore—the issue was not resolved and was reopened in 1939.

In 1935, Habibullah appointed a public service commissioner. This was a new post in the civil services of Travancore, without caste or religious limitations. That same year, the Pallivasal Hydroelectric Scheme was created, allowing the production of electricity in Travancore on a large, profitable scale.

His next major activity concerned the Nair Brigade. In 1936, Travancore joined the Indian State Forces, and the Nair Brigade and the Maharaja's Bodyguard came to be known collectively as the Travancore State Forces. At first, only Nairs were allowed to join, but legislation later opened military service to other castes as well. The maharaja himself was the colonel-in-chief of the forces.

Habibullah retired in 1936 and was succeeded by Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer. He died in Travancore on 16 May 1948.

Honours
Habibullah was awarded the title of Khan Bahadur by the Indian government in 1905. He was made a Companion of the Indian Empire in 1920 and a Knight Bachelor in 1922. In 1924, he was made a Knight Commander of the Star of India and promoted from a Companion of the Indian Empire to a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.

Habibullah Road in T. Nagar, Chennai, is named after him.

Notes

References

1869 births
1948 deaths
Diwans of Travancore
Indian knights
Knights Bachelor
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India
Members of the Council of the Governor General of India
Khan Bahadurs


The Anglo-Swedish Alliance was signed by Bulstrode Whitelocke, representing the Commonwealth of England, and Christina, Queen of Sweden, in Uppsala, Sweden in 1654. Its main purpose was to offset the alliance between Denmark and the Netherlands. It was signed on April 28, but antedated April 11.

References

Anglo-Swedish alliance
Anglo-Swedish alliance
Swedish alliance
Anglo-Swedish alliance
17th-century military alliances
Sweden, 1654
England, 1654
Sweden–United Kingdom military relations
England–Sweden relations
Christina, Queen of Sweden


Juancheng County falls under the jurisdiction of Heze, in the southwest of Shandong province, China. The population is approximately 800,000.

Administrative divisions
As of 2012, this County is divided to 10 towns and 6 townships.
Towns

Townships

Climate

References

Counties of Shandong
Heze


Ansupa Lake is a  horseshoe-shaped fresh water oxbow lake on the left bank of the Mahanadi river, opposite Banki in Cuttack district, Odisha, India. It is  from the city of Cuttack. It is a fresh water lake situated amidst the Saranda Hills and enclosed by bamboo tree greenery and mango trees and acts as a shelter for the migratory birds in the wintry weather season. There are boating and fishing facilities. The lake has been designated as a protected Ramsar site since 2021.

References

External links

 Integrated sustainable environmental conservation of Anshupa lake: A famous water resource of India
 Anshupa lake: A famous water resource of Odisha

Lakes of Odisha
Tourist attractions in Cuttack district
Ramsar sites in India


Aihui District () is an administrative district and the seat of the prefecture-level city of Heihe, Heilongjiang Province, China. It is located on the right (south-western) bank of the Amur River, across which is Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia. Aihui District spans an area of , and had a population of 192,764 as of 2000.

Names
Aihui has undergone a number of name changes throughout its history, including Aihui (), Aihun (), Aihu (), and Aihu (). Most recently, in 1956, the area's Chinese characters were changed from Aihui () to the present Aihui (), due to the uncommon nature of the former name's characters.

History

The area of present-day Aihui has been occupied on-and-off by various Chinese dynasties dating back to the Tang dynasty.

Qing dynasty
To fend off military Russian military forces invading the area, Qing dynasty forces were stationed in present-day Aihui in 1683.

In 1685, the city of Aihui () was built on orders from the Yamen of Heilongjiang. In the subsequent two centuries since its founding, Aihui served as one of the most important towns of Northern Manchuria.

Following the Boxer Rebellion the city was briefly occupied by Russia, until 1906, when it was returned to the Qing dynasty.

Republic of China
In 1913, Aihui incorporated as Aihui County ().

From December 1934 to 1945, the city was ruled by the Japanese puppet-state of Manchukuo.

On December 11, 1956, was renamed Aihui County (, pronunciation unchanged). On November 15, 1980, Heihe City was created, and on June 6, 1983, Aihui County was abolished, being merged into the Heihe City.

To further complicate the situation, in 1993 the former Heihe City (a county-level administrative unit) was reorganized into Aihui District (also a county-level unit), while the former Heihe Prefecture () became Heihe Prefecture-level City (which consists of Aihui District and a number of counties). This administrative division has been in effect ever since.

Geography
The  and the  both run through the district. Much of the district is forested, particularly in the west. The primary trees of Aihui District are larch, red pine, poplar, and birch.

The district shares a  border with Russia, and faces the Russian city of Blagoveshchensk.

Administrative divisions
Aihui is divided into 4 subdistricts, 3 towns, 5 townships, 3 ethnic townships, and 23 other township-level divisions.

The district's four subdistricts are  (花园街道),  (兴安街道),  (海兰街道), and  (西兴街道).

The district's three towns are  (西岗子镇), Aihui (瑷珲镇), and  (罕达汽镇).

The district's five townships are  (幸福乡),  (上马厂乡),  (张地营子乡),  (西峰山乡), and  (二站乡).

The district's three ethnic townships are  (四嘉子满族乡, ),  (坤河达斡尔族满族乡, ), and  (新生鄂伦春族乡).

The district also has 23 other township-level divisions, which include mines, farms, forestry areas, and other similar operations which have township-level status.

Demographics
About 18,500 persons (9.4% of the entire population) belong to ethnic minorites. Aihui is home to 26 different ethnic groups, including Han Chinese, Manchu, Hui, Daur, Oroqen, Korean, and Mongol populations.

As of the 1990s, the village of Dawujia (), located in the district, remained one of the few pockets where the Manchu language was commonly spoken.

Economy
The district is home to proven reserves of 69 different types of minerals. Provel coal reserves total 1.1 billion tons, proven gold reserves are 80 tons, proven silicon reserves are 1 million tons, and proven limestone reserves total 12 million tons. There are also sizable reserves of marble, basalt, perlite, and quartz sand.

Transportation
National Highway 202 runs through the district, as does the Bei'an-Heihe railway.

References

County level divisions of Heilongjiang
Heihe


António Câmara is a professor at the Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa and has been a visiting professor at both Cornell University (1988–89) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1998–99). He was a Senior Consultant to the Expo '98 project and Senior Advisor to the National Geographical Information System (Sistema Nacional de Informação Geográfica). He was a member of the engineering team which studied and evaluated the Alqueva Dam's environmental impact. He has been YDreams CEO and founder since the company was created in June 2000. In 2006, Câmara was awarded with the Pessoa.

Câmara was awarded a licentiate degree in civil engineering from the Instituto Superior Técnico (University of Lisbon) and a doctorate degree from the Virginia Tech. He was a tennis player during his youth and was part of the under-18 and under-21 national tennis teams.

References

20th-century Portuguese engineers
20th-century Portuguese scientists
Portuguese chief executives
Living people
Technical University of Lisbon alumni
People from Lisbon
Pessoa Prize winners
1954 births
Instituto Superior Técnico alumni


The Purbeck School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Wareham in the central southern area of Dorset, England, on the Isle of Purbeck.

The organisation of schools in the Purbeck area is based on a comprehensive two-tier system. Children transfer at the age of 11 from eleven Primary Schools (ages 5 to 11) and most of them will then come to The Purbeck School (11 to 16). The school also operates a sixth form which has students ages 16 to 18.

Previously a community school administered by Dorset Council, in May 2022 The Purbeck School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by The Thomas Hardye Trust.

References

External links

Secondary schools in Dorset
Academies in Dorset
Wareham, Dorset


Dryandra ser. Capitellatae is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra). It was published by Alex George in 1996, but discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.

Publication
George published the series in his 1996 "New taxa and a new infrageneric classification in Dryandra R.Br.", naming it from the Latin capitulum ("head") and -ella (the feminine diminutive), in reference to the small flower heads. It was defined as containing two species, D. serratuloides (now Banksia serratuloides) and D. meganotia (now Banksia meganotia), the former being designated the type species of the series. Both species small lignotuberous shrubs with small flower heads, short leaves, and very small elliptical follicles.

George's placement and circumscription of D. ser. Capitellatae, with 1999 and 2005 amendments, may be summarised as follows:
Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
D. subg. Dryandra
D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties)
D. ser. Armatae (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties)
D. ser. Marginatae (1 species)
D. ser. Folliculosae (1 species, 5 varieties)
D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Capitellatae
D. serratuloides (now Banksia serratuloides)
D. serratuloides subsp. serratuloides (now Banksia serratuloides subsp. serratuloides)
D. serratuloides subsp. perissa (now Banksia serratuloides subsp. perissa)
D. meganotia (now Banksia meganotia)
D. ser. Ilicinae (3 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species)
D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies)
D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies)
D. ser. Aphragma (9 species, 3 subspecies)
D. ser. Ionthocarpae (1 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Inusitatae (1 species)
D. ser. Subulatae (1 species)
D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Plumosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
D. ser. Concinnae (3 species)
D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties)
D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species)
D. ser. Acuminatae (1 species)
D. ser. Niveae
D. subg. Hemiclidia (2 species)
D. subg. Diplophragma (1 species)

Abandonment
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra; that is, it seems that Dryandra arose from within the ranks of Banksia. Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by sinking Dryandra into it as B. ser. Dryandra. This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra; thus D. ser. Capitellatae is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.

References

External links

ser. Capitellatae
Historically recognized angiosperm taxa
Plant series


Those Who Love is a biographical novel of John Adams, as told from the perspective of his wife, Abigail Adams.  It was written by American author Irving Stone.

Notes

1965 American novels
American historical novels
Novels by Irving Stone
Doubleday (publisher) books
Love stories


The panduri () is a traditional Georgian three-string plucked instrument common in all regions of Eastern Georgia: such as Pshav-Khevsureti, Tusheti, Kakheti and Kartli. The panduri is generally used to accompany solo heroic, comic and love songs, as well as dance. It is typically played by men.

Tuning
Three-stringed panduri: G-A-C# or E-B-A# or A-C#-E
Two-stringed panduri: D-C#

Construction
The frets on the panduri are traditionally made of wood inlaid in the fingerboard, usually seven frets to an octave, but nowadays chromatic fretting with metal frets can also be found.  The body of the panduri is usually made more in the shape of a spade, less often with a parallel sided endblock. It is traditionally carved from a single block of wood, but a staved construction (like a lute) is also common.

Variants and related instruments
The panduri is a three-stringed lute from the highland and lowland regions of eastern Georgia, usually played by strumming, and often for choral and rhythmic support of vocal melody.

There are two kinds of panduri in Georgia: one is the traditional "folk" panduri, which typically has seven frets and more closely approximates the scale divisions in the non-Western Georgian scale system. The second kind is the "chromatic" panduri, which has the same tonal divisions as a guitar and is capable of reproducing all the half-steps of the tempered Western scale. It is also sometimes found in Western Georgia (Upper Imereti and Racha). The two-stringed panduri survives in Khevsureti.

Sometimes the panduri is also mistakenly called a "chonguri" - but the chonguri is a completely different instrument which comes from western Georgia; it is fretless, and it has a fourth, half-length drone string. Additionally, the chonguri is an instrument mainly played by women, while the panduri is usually played by men.

A similar instrument is found in Chechnya, where it is known as:

See also
Phandar
Chonguri
Pandura

References

Musical instruments of Georgia (country)
String instruments
Chechen musical instruments


Donald Stone may refer to:
Don Stone (publisher), DJ, publisher and businessman
Donnie Stone (born 1937), American football player
Donald Stone (cricketer) (born 1927), English cricketer


Fan County or Fanxian () falls under the jurisdiction of Puyang, in the northeast of Henan province, China. The Northern Expedition of the Taiping Rebellion attempt to cross the Yellow River at Fanxian.

Administrative divisions
As 2012, this county is divided to 2 towns and 10 townships.
Towns
Chengguan ()
Pucheng ()

Townships

Climate

References

External links
Fan County Government official website

County-level divisions of Henan
Puyang


Beyond the Last Frontier is a 1943 American Western film about an undercover Texas Ranger, John Paul Revere, within Big Bill Hadley's gang of crooks. Howard Bretherton directed the film and John K. Butler and Morton Grant wrote the screenplay. The film stars Eddie Dew as Johnny Revere, Harry Woods as Big Bill Hadley, Robert Mitchum as Trigger Dolan, Lorraine Miller as Susan Cook, and Smiley Burnette as Frog Millhouse.

It was the first in the 'John Paul Revere' series of films, followed by Pride of the Plains and Beneath Western Skies.

References

External links

1943 films
1943 Western (genre) films
Republic Pictures films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
1940s American films


The E-ninnu 𒂍𒐐 (House of 50) was the E (temple) to the warrior god Ningirsu in the Sumerian city of Girsu in southern Mesopotamia. Girsu was the religious centre of a state that was named Lagash after its most populous city, which lay 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Girsu. Rulers of Lagash who contributed to the structure of the E-ninnu included Ur-Nanshe of Lagash in the late 26th century BC, his grandson Eannatum in the following century, Urukagina in the 24th century and Gudea, ruler of Lagash in the mid 22nd century BC.

The site has yielded inscribed bricks naming Ur-Nanshe and Eannatum, but most bricks date from the restoration effected by Gudea. The Gudea cylinders, perhaps the longest surviving text written in the Sumerian language, give a semi-mythical account of the building of the temple, along with a description of the rituals and symbols associated with E-ninnu.

Some form of temple to Ningirsu probably existed from the early days of the city. Sumerian gods were generally associated with particular cities and Ningirsu means "Lord of Girsu". There was also a temple to Ningirsu called the Bagara in the larger nearby city of Lagash, where the rulers of Lagash had their palace.

Excavations
More than a dozen diorite statues of Gudea were discovered, during French excavations at Girsu in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in a Hellenistic-era shrine on the Mound of the Palais. The shrine was built by a minor local king, Adad-Nadin-Akhe, to honour Gudea on the site of his temple to Ningirsu, which was then already 2000 years old. Adad-Nadin-Akhe also built a Parthian style palace on the site. The French excavators never realized that the enigmatic E-ninnu they were searching for was directly underneath this shrine, and halted excavations in 1933. Over 80 years later excavators returned to the site under the direction of the British Museum. The head of excavations, Sebastien Rey, was able to finally locate the temple in 2016 and has led several seasons of excavation at the site. In February 2023, archaeologists from the British Museum and Getty Museum identified the E-ninnu temple alongside the remains of the 4,500 year-old Sumerian Lord Palace of the Kings and more than 200 cuneiform tablets containing administrative records of Girsu.

Gallery

References

Ancient Near East temples
Mesopotamian religion


Somogyapáti () is a village in the subregion of Szigetvár, Baranya county, Hungary.

Etymology
The current name is a composition of Somogy which marks its former county, and apáti which means "the property of (the) abbey".

History
According to László Szita the settlement was completely Hungarian in the 18th century.

Location
The village is situated in the north-western corner of Baranya county, 7 kilometre (4.3 mi) northwest of Szigetvár and 42 kilometre (26 mi) west of Pécs on paved roadway. It is surrounded by Somogyviszló and Vásárosbéc on the north, Csertő on the east, Basal on the northeast, Patapoklosi on the south, Merenye on the southwest and Somogyhatvan on the west.

Structure
Somogyapáti divides into three larger units which of them are Somogyapáti itself and two minor settlements on the outskirts named Adorjánpuszta and Dióspuszta. The last one, however does not form a singular body and consists Zimány and Hitmes as well.

Geography
Its territory is mildly hilly and is the south-end part of a hilly region called Zselic. Somogyapáti and Adorjánpuszta, both situated on hilltops, are on the opposite banks of the creek Keleti-Gyöngyös. In the 1960s a dam have been built to impound this creek for irrigation purposes, creating a 105-hectare (259-acre) artificial lake of which area partly belongs to Somogyviszló. Its original cubic capacity was 2.3 hm³ with the average depth being 2.2 metre (7.2 foot). The lake serves as a fishpond nowadays.

Administration

Basal, Patapoklosi, Somogyapáti, Somogyhatvan and Somogyviszló share a common notary public, with their office being in Somogyapáti.

History
The area have been populated since the ancient times. Artifacts, such as refined stone tools and fragments of ceramics have been found marking that elements of Linear Pottery and Lengyel cultures were present in the region.

The name of the village appears in several charters as Apati dating back to 1322.

In the 16th century the territory became the part of Ottoman Hungary, therefore lost all of its inhabitants. The village have been refounded in the 18th century with some of the pioneers being Slavic people.

The village had been corporated into Somogy until 1950.

Footnotes

Populated places in Baranya County


Edward Stevenson (1820–1897) was an American Mormon missionary.

Edward Stevenson may also refer to:

Edward Stevenson (costume designer) (1906–1968), American costume designer
Edward Stevenson (footballer) (1901–1977), Australian rules footballer
Edward Stevenson (Orange Order), Grand Master of the Orange Order since 2011
Edward A. Stevenson (1831–1895), American politician from Idaho
Edward A. Stevenson Sr. (1907–?), New York politician
Edward Irenaeus Prime-Stevenson (1858–1942), American author and homosexual advocate, also used the pseudonym Xavier Mayne

See also
Edward Stephenson (disambiguation)


Basti is a city, municipal board and administrative headquarters of Basti district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Basti district is a part of Basti division. It is situated 202 kilometres east of state capital Lucknow.

History
Basti was originally known as Vaishishthi. The origin of the name Vaishishthi is attributed to the fact that this area was the ashram of Rishi (sage) Vashistha in ancient period. Rama with his younger brother Lakshmana had been here for some time with Rishi Vashistha.

The tract comprising the present district was remote and much of it was covered with forest. But gradually the area became inhabitable, for want of recorded and reliable history it cannot, with any degree of certainty, be said how the district came to be known by its present name on account of the original habitation (Basti) having been selected by the Kalhans Raja Udai Raj Singh as a seat of his Raj, an event which probably occurred in the 16th century. In 1801, Basti became the Tehsil headquarters and in 1865 it was chosen as the headquarters of the newly established district. The region was under the rule of Kalhans dynasty based at modern Chaukhara. Maharaja Kesri Singh was the last ruler of Kalhans dynasty based at Chaukhara.

In the freedom struggle of 1857, about 250 martyrs of Amorha state were hanged by the British Government from peepal trees located at Chhawani.

Geography
The district lies between the parallels of 26° 23' and 27° 30' North and Latitude and  82° 17' and 83° 20' East longitude. Its maximum length from north to south is about 75 km. and breadth from east to west about 70 km. The district lies between newly created district Sant Kabir Nagar on the east and Gonda on the west. On the south, the Ghaghra river near Amorha Khas previously known as Amorha Province or State of Raja Zalim Singh separates it from the Faizabad and newly created district named Ambedkar Nagar. While on the north, it is bounded by district Sidharth Nagar.

Basti is basically between Ayodhya and Gorakhpur.

Demographics

As of 2011 Indian Census, Basti had a total population of 114,657, of which 60,095 were males and 54,562 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 13,349. The total number of literates in Basti was 84,389, which constituted 73.6% of the population with male literacy of 78.3% and female literacy of 68.5%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Basti was 83.3%, of which male literacy rate was 88.6% and female literacy rate was 77.5%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 17,036 and 275 respectively. Basti had 17894  households in 2011.

Education
Autonomous State Medical College, Basti
Rajkiya Engineering College in Government Polytechnic, Basti

See also
Basti district
Basti division
Gorakhpur
Ayodhya

References

Cities and towns in Basti district
Cities in Uttar Pradesh


Terrence Neville Mayne (24 December 1950 – 11 April 1983) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1970s.

At the age of just 19, Mayne became a Clarence premiership player when he kicked ten goals against New Norfolk in the 1970 TANFL Grand Final. His tally helped Clarence win by 55 points and equaled the league's Grand Final record, which Alan Rait set in 1932. The following season, Mayne was the TANFL leading goal-kicker with 74 goals and was picked up by Geelong. His two years on the mainland weren't overly successful but he did kick 18 goals in the 1973 VFL season.

Mayne died as a result of head injuries received in an altercation with a motorist in the carpark at Bellerive Quay in April 1983 at just 32 years of age.

References

Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

1950 births
1983 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Geelong Football Club players
Clarence Football Club players


Sansom Row is a row of historic houses located at 3402 to 3436 Sansom Street in the University City neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

History and architectural features
Built from 1869 to 1871, the rowhouses were constructed in matching three-story pairs, with brownstone facades and slate mansard roofs. They are significant as a surviving example of post-Civil War architecture in the area.

Madame Blavatsky, a founder of Theosophy and the Theosophical Society, lived for a time in the rowhouse located at 3420 Sansom Street.

The houses were built as residences but most have been converted to other, mainly commercial uses. In the 1970s it became a popular locale among the University of Pennsylvania community and local residents for its restaurants and shops, like La Terrasse, White Dog Cafe and The Black Cat .

References

External links
National Register Nomination, prepared by George E. Thomas, at the University City Historical Society.
Listing at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings

Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Second Empire architecture in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1871
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic districts in Philadelphia
University City, Philadelphia
Houses in Philadelphia
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania


Pobre niña rica (English title: Poor Little Rich Girl) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Enrique Segoviano for Televisa.

The series stars Victoria Ruffo as Consuelo, Ariel López Padilla as Julio and Paulina Rubio as Alma.

Plot
Like the story of Cinderella, Consuelo has been reduced to being practically a servant by her mother and her two brothers. The only one who loves her is her father, but he soon dies. And when her family finds out that he left everything to her, they send her abroad so that she will not find out and they can keep the money. But the fairy godmother and the prince both appear in the guise of Julio, a neurologist who sees beyond Consuelo's unattractive appearance to the beautiful woman who lies underneath. He will give her his love but, more importantly, he will teach her to love herself.

Cast

Main
 Victoria Ruffo as Consuelo
 Ariel López Padilla as Julio
 Paulina Rubio as Alma

Supporting & Recurring
 Laura Zapata as Teresa
 Gerardo Murguía as Carlos Villagrán
 Miguel Córcega as Don Juan Carlos Villagrán
 Antonio as César Manzanillo
 Amparo Arozamena as Doña Andrea Múzquiz
 Marco Antonio Calvillo as Hijo de Cata
 Elsa Cárdenas as  Alicia de García-Mora
 Gerardo del Castillo as Teniente J.
 Pilar Escalante as Claudia Domínguez
 Ernesto Godoy as Mauricio Villagrán García-Mora
 Gabriela Platas as Estela Medrano
 Luis Uribe as Héctor Iturriaga
 Rafael Amador as Chavo
 Alejandro Aragón as Alfredo
 Sergio Catalán as Eduardo
 Aurora Clavel as Cata
 Mauricio Islas as David
 Mercedes Molto as Bárbara
 Azela Robinson as Ana Luisa
 Indra Zuno as Ángela

References

External links

1995 telenovelas
1995 Mexican television series debuts
1996 Mexican television series endings
Mexican television series based on Venezuelan television series
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas


Minuscule 430 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Νι11 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.

Description

The codex contains only the text of the Gospel of John 1:1-8:14 on 366 parchment leaves (). It is written in one column per page, in 24 lines per page. The biblical text is surrounded by Nicetas' catena.

Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of the codex in any Category.

History

The manuscript was bought in 1590 by Leontius from Cyprus for Martin Crusius of Tübingen. Crusius sent it to the library at Augsburg.
It was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852).
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887.

It is currently housed at the Bavarian State Library (Gr. 437) in Munich.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

External links
 Minuscule 430 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts


Windhoek Central Hospital is a public hospital in Windhoek, Namibia. Together with the Katutura State Hospital, it is one of two State Hospitals in the city. The hospital was commissioned in 1982, and opened in 1984.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Windhoek
Hospitals in Namibia
Hospitals established in 1984
1984 establishments in South West Africa


William Frederick King  (February 19, 1854 – April 23, 1916) was a Canadian surveyor, astronomer, and civil servant.

Born in Stowmarket, England, the son of William King and Ellen Archer, King emigrated to Port Hope, Canada West with his family when he was eight.  In 1869, he started studying at the University of Toronto. He left in 1872 to work as a sub-assistant astronomer for the international boundary survey in Western Canada. He returned to the University of Toronto and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1874. In 1875, he was working as an assistant in the Canadian survey of lands in the northwest.

After becoming a dominion land surveyor and dominion topographical surveyor in 1876, he started working as an astronomical assistant for the federal Department of the Interior. He became a permanent civil servant as inspector of surveys in 1881, chief inspector in 1886, and Canada's first chief astronomer in 1890.  In 1905, he was appointed founding director of the Dominion Observatory.

In 1908, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. He served as president of the Royal Society of Canada from 1911 to 1912. In 1909, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.

References

External links

1854 births
1916 deaths
19th-century Canadian astronomers
19th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian surveyors
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
People from Stowmarket
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
20th-century Canadian astronomers
British emigrants to the British Empire


The Khakhuli triptych (, khakhulis khati) is a partially preserved large repoussé triptych icon of the Theotokos (Virgin Mary) created in medieval Georgia. It incorporates over 100 specimens of Georgian and Byzantine cloisonné enamel dated from the 8th to the 12th century. The icon is now on display at Art Museum of Georgia in Tbilisi.

History

The Khakhuli triptych derives its name from the medieval Georgian Khakhuli monastery (now Haho, Turkey), where it was originally kept. Early in the 12th century, the Georgian king David the Builder donated several precious stones to the icon while his successor Demetrius I had the icon, already revered as miraculous, transferred to the Gelati monastery near Kutaisi, western Georgia, where it was further refurbished and set in a gold frame with gilded silver wings under Queen Tamar. According to the medieval Georgian chronicles, Tamar particularly honored the icon and donated to it a Caliph’s standard seized in the battle of Shamkor in 1195.

The icon was stolen from Gelati in 1859, allegedly at the instigation of the Russian governor of Kutaisi, Count Levashov. Much of the gold and jewels were torn out and sold in Russia. Later, Levashov commissioned a metal reproduction from a Moscow goldsmith which was presented to the Gelati monastery in 1865. The original icon, as well as many of its medallions, subsequently entered the private collection of the Russian painter Mikhail Botkin and then the Hermitage Museum. The icon was only returned to Georgia in 1923 in a badly fragmented state.

Description

The Khakhuli triptych is one of the largest enamel artworks in the world, with its height of 1.47 m and width (with unfolded panels) of 2.02 m.

The centerpiece of the triptych, a large (116 × 95 cm) icon of the Theotokos Hodegetria, was originally of precious metal. The repoussé background is now lost and only the enameled face and hands of the Virgin survive.

The triptych is adorned with 115 cloisonné enamels deriving from the workshops of Georgia and Constantinople from the 8th century to the 12th. The enamels are in the form of round medallions, rectangular and cruciform plaques, chiefly with depictions of saints, and some are ornamented with patterning. The cover of the reliquary is adorned with a 10th-century cloisonné plaque with a Crucifixion scene.

Of particular note is the apical enamel of a royal pair whom a Greek inscription identifies as the Byzantine emperor Michael VII Doukas and his Georgian consort Maria, daughter of Bagrat IV of Georgia, both of whom is represented as crowning. This medallion, possibly brought to Georgia by Maria in 1072, was the only visible figural image when the triptych was closed.

References

Further reading

 Amiranashvili, Sh. (1972), The Khakhuli Triptych. Tbilisi: Khelovneba. Online version from the National Parliamentary Library of Georgia

External links

Khakhuli triptych. University of Puget Sound Digital Collections

Triptychs
Eastern Orthodox icons of the Virgin Mary
Art of Georgia (country)
Works in vitreous enamel


Romney Brent (born Romulo Larralde; 26 January 1902 – 24 September 1976) was a Mexican actor, director and dramatist. Most of his career was on stage in North America, but in the 1930s he was frequently seen on the London stage, on television and in films.

Early life
Born Romulo Larralde 26 January 1902 in Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, his father was a diplomat, and Brent was educated in several cities throughout the world,  especially in New York City.

Career
He studied for the stage under Theodore Komisarjevsky and began work as an actor with the Theatre Guild in He Who Gets Slapped when he was 20 and later that year was on Broadway in their production of The Lucky One by A. A. Milne.  He established a reputation in "gentle, ingratiating" roles, such as the Lion in George Bernard Shaw's Androcles and the Lion, the worried groom in Shaw's Getting Married and Launcelot Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice.  In 1925–26, he appeared in two seasons of the long-running musical revue Garrick Gaieties on Broadway.  Another Broadway success was in The Little Show in 1925–30.

In 1932, in London, he appeared in Noël Coward's revue Words and Music as compère, as Stanhope in a parody of Journey's End, and as a missionary in a sketch in which he sang Coward's famous song "Mad Dogs and Englishmen".  While in London, he directed a Herbert Farjeon revue and wrote the book for Cole Porter's Nymph Errant. In 1933 Brent was cast as Paul, Duc de Chaucigny-Varennes in Coward's Conversation Piece but struggled with the role and was replaced by Coward himself, to whom Brent gladly handed it over, adding "providing you let me still come to rehearsals and watch you find out what a bloody awful part it is."

In New York in the 1930s, Brent created the role of the Rev Phosphor Hammingtrap in Shaw's The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles, which he also directed. In London he played Tobias in James Bridie's Tobias and the Angel and Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream.  After that, his main work in the theatre was in America, both in the classics and in modern works, as actor and director.  For example, in 1946–47 he starred on Broadway in Joan of Lorraine.  In Mexico he directed plays in Spanish.

Brent appeared in numerous television shows from 1930 into the 1960s.  Among other films, he appeared in East Meets West (1936), Under the Red Robe (1937), Dinner at the Ritz (1937), The Middle Watch (1940) and Adventures of Don Juan (1949).

He appeared as Autolycus in The Winter's Tale by William Shakespeare in 1945-46. That show, produced by the Theatre Guild, opened in Pittsburgh September 24, 1945 and toured fourteen American Cities before opening at the Cort Theater in New York City January 16, 1946. B. Iden Payne was listed as the director of the show when it opened; by the time the show arrived in New York City, Payne and Brent were both listed as directors. In 1946, Brent directed and appeared (as Caius) in another touring Shakespeare play produced by the Theatre Guild, The Merry Wives of Windsor. In September 1965, Brent went to Manila, the Philippines, to direct a stage production of the Broadway musical CARNIVAL (for then St. Paul College, now St. Paul University, Manila) with the Manila Symphony Orchestra.

Personal life and death
During the last seven years of his life, he taught drama in Mexico City. Brent was married to the American actress and singer Gina Malo. He died at the age of 74 in Mexico City, Mexico.

Filmography

Notes

References
Lesley, Cole (1976) The Life of Noel Coward, Jonathan Cape, London,

External links

Profile from All Movie Guide
1926 photo of Brent
Romney Brent papers, 1934-1975 (bulk 1969-1975), held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

Mexican male comedians
1902 births
1976 deaths
20th-century Mexican male actors
Mexican dramatists and playwrights
Mexican expatriates in the United States
20th-century comedians


Bryan William Dumesnil (born September 19, 1983) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher.

Career
Dumesnil was a member of the Nanaimo Pirates of the B.C. Premier Baseball League.

Dumesnil was a member of Team Canada during the 2009 World Baseball Classic, although he did not enter either of Canada's two games during the preliminary stage of the tournament at the Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  He was also on Team Canada for the 2009 Baseball World Cup.

Signed with the LA Dodgers in 2002. Played in the Gulf Coast league and pioneer league.

2004 signed with the Baltimore Orioles. Played in the Appy league and 2005 in the New York Penn league with the Ironbirds.

In 2006 he joined the Can Am league with Quebec City and won the Can Am Championship. He remained a Capitale in 2007 when the Atlanta Braves purchased his contract and sent him to Rome in the South Atlantic League, finishing the year in Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League.

2008 started back in Myrtle beach with an all star appearance followed by a call up to AA with the Mississippi Braves. They won the AA championship that year.

2009 started back in Mississippi where he was released from the Braves and signed by the Toronto Blue Jays and sent to New Hampshire.

2010-2012 played with the Southern Maryland Blue Crabs in the Atlantic League.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Aberdeen IronBirds players
Baseball people from British Columbia
Bluefield Orioles players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Gulf Coast Dodgers players
Ogden Raptors players
Rome Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
Mississippi Braves players
New Hampshire Fisher Cats players
Québec Capitales players
Southern Maryland Blue Crabs players
Sportspeople from Nanaimo
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2009 World Baseball Classic players


Airports

Business
 Sanlam Centre, Windhoek

Dams
 Avis Dam near Windhoek
 Bondels Dam near Karas
 Friedenau Dam near Windhoek
 Goreangab Dam near Windhoek
 Hardap Dam near Mariental
 Nauaspoort Dam near Groot Aub
 Naute Dam near Keetmanshoop
 Oanob Dam near Rehoboth
 Olushandja Dam near Oshakati
 Omatako Dam near Windhoek
 Omatjenne Dam near Otjiwarongo
 Sartorius von Bach Dam near Okahandja
 Swakoppoort Dam near Okahandja
 Tilda Viljoen Dam near Gobabis

Government
 State House of Namibia
 Tintenpalast

Hospitals
There are 369 medical facilities in Namibia, including 36 hospitals.  Other medical facilities are clinics and health centers.  The following are some of the more notable hospitals and clinics:
 Cottage Medi-Clinic
 Gobabis State Hospital
 Katutura State Hospital
 Onandjokwe Lutheran Hospital
 Roman Catholic Hospital
 Rundu State Hospital
 Windhoek Central Hospital
 Keetmanshoop State Hospital
 Lady Pohamba Private Hospital

Malls
 Maerua Mall
 Wernhil Park Mall
 The Grove Mall of Namibia

Museums, parks and monuments
 Alte Feste
 Parliament Gardens
 Zoo Park

Railway stations

Sports venues
 Kuisebmund Stadium in Walvis Bay
 Rossmund Desert Golf Course in Swakopmund
 Hage Geingob Rugby Stadium in Windhoek
 Independence Stadium in Windhoek
 Khomasdal Stadium in Katutura
 Ramblers Stadium in Windhoek
 Sam Nujoma Stadium in Katutura
 Windhoek Country Club Resort outside of Windhoek
 Mokati Stadium in Otjiwarongo
 Oscar Norich Stadium in Tsumeb
 Oshakati Independence Stadium in Oshakati

Schools

References


Underland  is a fictional location in the children's fantasy series The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis. Described by Lewis as lying deep beneath the land of Narnia and high above the even deeper underworld of Bism. Underland appears mainly in The Silver Chair, where Eustace Scrubb, Jill Pole, and Puddleglum travel under the ground to reach it in their search for Prince Rilian. They find him in Underland and release him from his enchantment by The Lady of the Green Kirtle.

The Search for Rilian
Jill, Eustace, and Puddleglum meet The Lady of the Green Kirtle at the Giants' bridge. She tells them to go to the Giants' house far north. On the way the three cross a hill with a maze of strange trenches. From the high vantage of the Giants' house, they see that the trenches are in fact letters, and recognize the phrase "Under Me" as one of the signs given by Aslan to guide their quest for Rilian. They determine to follow the directions and find a passage leading under the ground.

Underground they encounter the Warden of the Marches of Underland, accompanied by a hundred Earthmen (Gnomes) "of all sizes, from little gnomes barely a foot high to stately figures taller than men." The Earthmen escort them through many natural caverns ("each lower than the last") to the Dark Castle of the Lady of the Green Kirtle, the Queen of Underland. They pass many dead or sleeping animals like dragons from the Overworld, who, it is said, "will wake at the end of the world."

After many miles of travel underground, they pass a recumbent sleeping giant called Father Time.  They are told that he was once a king in Overland, fallen into Underland, now dreaming of the Overworld; and like the animals they passed earlier, he too will waken at the end of the world.

The last stage of their journey takes them on board a ship, which is rowed across the vast underground Sunless Sea to the city where the Dark Castle lies. Many travellers from the Overworld have taken ship here, they are told, and few returns to sunlit lands. The recurring theme is that many unlucky inhabitants of Overland fall somehow into Underland, where they become trapped, and remain sleeping until the end of the world.  Underland is pervaded by silence; amongst the sleepers from above, the Earthmen work diligently but quietly.

Rilian's escape
When Rilian is rescued and the Queen killed, Rilian and the others seek to find a way back to the Overworld.  Rilian knows of a new passage on this side of the Sunless Sea, that the Earthmen have dug recently in preparation for the Queen's intended invasion of Narnia. They fear being apprehended by the Earthmen, but commotion breaks through the silence, and they discover that the Earthmen too have been trapped in Underland by the Queen's magic.  Now that she is dead, the Earthmen are freed from their task of preparing her invasion, and they return gleefully to their own home, the land of Bism.

Bism, far beneath Underland, glows with volcanic heat. As Golg, their Earthman guide, leads them past the opening to Bism, the travelers look down into it and make out a river of fire where Salamanders swim, alongside groves and fields of many colors, not unlike a stained glass window. Lewis describes Bism as a place of beauty for the Gnomes, who desire to reach it as much as Rilian and his companions want to reach the Overland.  Golg describes the living riches of Bism as far outstripping the "dead" gold and jewels that Overlanders find in their shallow mines. Rilian is torn with the desire to see this land, but the rift between Underland and Bism is about to close, and the Gnomes hurry to be on the correct side. Rilian and his companions escape to the surface through the tunnel dug by the Earthmen.

Narnian Territory
After Caspian X's death, Rilian has been crowned the new king of Narnia, and the Narnians use their magic to lower the water to its original level, which becomes a tourist attraction.

Notes

See also
 List of characters in The Chronicles of Narnia
 The Silver Chair
 Narnia (world)

Fictional elements introduced in 1953
The Chronicles of Narnia countries
Fictional subterranea


Jakub Petružálek (born 24 April 1985) is a Czech professional ice hockey center playing for HC Litvínov of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

Playing career
Petružálek played in his native Czech Republic with HC Litvínov of the Czech Extraliga, and in the Ontario Hockey League, before he was drafted by the New York Rangers, 266th overall in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He never played for the Rangers, who traded him to the Carolina Hurricanes along with a fifth-round conditional pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft (Tomáš Kubalík) for Brad Isbister.

On 15 May 2009, Jakub left the Hurricanes organization, having appeared in only 2 NHL games, and signed with Finnish club, Lukko Rauma, of the SM-liiga, for the 2009–10 season.  Petružálek moved to Amur Khabarovsk of the Russian-based Kontinental Hockey League for the 2011–12 season.

On 28 May 2014, Petruzalek signed a one-year contract with his fourth KHL club, Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg, for the 2014–15 season. Petruzalek had registered 4 goals and 16 points in 23 games when, for reasons of bereavement, he was given an immediate release from his contract with Avtomobilist on 19 November 2014 in order to return to Litvínov, Czech Republic.

Personal
While he was playing in Russia with Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg, Petruzalek's girlfriend of 5 years, fashion model and champion kickboxer Katerina Netolicka, was found dead in their apartment in Litvínov, Czech Republic on 12 November 2014. Petruzalek returned to the Czech Republic for the remainder of the season.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Albany River Rats players
Ak Bars Kazan players
Amur Khabarovsk players
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players
Barrie Colts players
Czech ice hockey right wingers
Carolina Hurricanes players
Charlotte Checkers (1993–2010) players
HC Dynamo Moscow players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
HC Litvínov players
Lukko players
HC Most players
HC Oceláři Třinec players
Örebro HK players
Ottawa 67's players
New York Rangers draft picks
People from Litvínov
Ice hockey people from the Ústí nad Labem Region
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Czech expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden


William or Bill Stephens may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 William Humphries Stephens (1739–c. 1820) English sculptor
 William Stephens (producer) (1897–1962), American film producer
 Bill Stephens (born 1949), American TV host

Law and politics
 William Stephens (fl. 1650s), member of parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) 1645 and 1659–60
 Sir William Stephens (d. 1697) (c. 1641–1697), member of parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) 1685–87 and 1689–95
 William Stephens (governor of Georgia) (1671–1753), governor of the Province of Georgia, 1743–1751; MP for Newport (Isle of Wight) 1702–1722, for Newtown (Isle of Wight) 1722–1727
 William Stephens (judge) (1752–1819), U.S. federal judge
 William Stephens (Australian politician), (1857–1925), Australian politician
 William Stephens (American politician) (1859–1944), American politician

Others
 William Stephens (minister) (1647–1718), Anglican priest
 William Stephens (glassmaker) (1731–1803), English merchant and glass manufacturer in Portugal
 William Stephens (academic) (1829–1890), English-born headmaster at Sydney Grammar School and professor at the University of Sydney
 William Stephens (dean of Winchester), (1839–1902), Anglican priest
 William Stephens (cricketer) (1870–1954), New Zealand cricketer
 William Ward Stephens (1922–1987), American Thoroughbred horse racing trainer
 William E. Stephens, inventor of time-of-flight mass spectrometry in 1946
 William O. Stephens (born 1962), American professor of philosophy

See also
William Stevens (disambiguation)
 Willis Stephens (born 1955), New York State Assembly politician
William Stephen (disambiguation)


The Sensuous Man is a book written by an author initially known as "M", later revealed to be Joan (Terry) Garrity, John Garrity, and Len Forman.  First published in 1971 by both L. Stuart and W. H. Allen, by Corgi in 1972 and again in 1982 by Dell Publishing, Murphy Books, The Sensuous Man is a detailed instruction manual on male sexuality. The book was written to correspond with a similar book by author "J" titled The Sensuous Woman, published in 1969.  "J" stands for "Joan" Garrity.

See also

The Sensuous Dirty Old Man (1971), by pen name "Dr. A" (Isaac Asimov), a mild spoof

References

1971 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books by Terry Garrity
English-language books
Sex manuals