The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (German: Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war) is a 1937 German mystery comedy film directed by Karl Hartl and starring Hans Albers, Heinz Rühmann and Marieluise Claudius.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Otto Hunte and Willy Schiller. It was shot at the Babelsberg Studios in Berlin.

Plot

Detective Morris Flynn (Hans Albers) and his assistant Macky McMacpherson (Heinz Rühmann), masquerading as Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson, investigate two attractive sisters, Mary and Jane Berry, and the theft and forgery of valuable postage stamps.

Reception
Lexikon des Internationalen Films calls it a swinging, lively comedy. Albers and Rühmann have been two longtime major stars of German cinema and are still known for the main song in this movie, Jawoll, meine Herr'n.

Release
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes was released on DVD on 24 March 2009.

Cast

References

Bibliography
 R. A. Stemmle: Der Mann, der Sherlock Holmes war. Roman nach dem gleichnamigen Film von R. A. Stemmle und Karl Hartl. Droemer Knaur, München / Zürich 1981,
 Michael Ross (Hrsg.): Sherlock Holmes in Film und Fernsehen. Ein Handbuch. Baskerville Bücher, Cologne 2003,

External links

1937 films
Films of Nazi Germany
1930s German-language films
Sherlock Holmes films
Films set in Paris
Films set in 1910
Films directed by Karl Hartl
Films about con artists
UFA GmbH films
German historical comedy films
1930s historical comedy films
Films shot at Babelsberg Studios
German black-and-white films
1937 comedy films
1930s German films


Carlos Hugo Tordoya Pizarro (born 31 July 1987 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra) is a Bolivian football defender who plays for Real Potosí in the Liga de Fútbol Profesional Boliviano.

Career
Tordoya began his football career at a young age attending the prestigious Tahuichi Academy. In 2006, he was loaned to Argentine club Arsenal de Sarandí where he played in the reserve team. After one year in Argentina, he returned to his home country and signed with popular club Bolívar. Playing for Bolívar Tordoya won the 2009 Apertura tournament, and then he was transferred on loan to Chilean club Cobreloa. He made his debut in the Primera División de Chile on July 19, 2009 in a 2-1 victory over Ñublense. After only making 7 appearances for the zorros, he returned to Bolivia signing for Aurora in 2010. The following season, he joined Guabirá.

Club titles

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Bolivian men's footballers
Bolivian expatriate men's footballers
Arsenal de Sarandí footballers
C.D. Jorge Wilstermann players
C.A. Nacional Potosí players
Club San José players
Club Blooming players
Club Bolívar players
Club Aurora players
Club Real Potosí players
Club Deportivo Guabirá players
C.D. Cobreloa footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Argentine Primera División players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Bolivian expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Bolivian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina
Men's association football defenders


ALBtelecom sh.a. (a shortening of Albanian Telecom, ) was an Albanian telecommunications company. It was established as Albania's state company that provided telecommunications services through a fixed network. On 5 December 1912 the Provisional Government led by Ismail Qemali established the Ministry of Post Telegraph Telephones, where ALBtelecom existed only as a government office. It is the largest fixed line telephone company in the country, currently covering with Optical Fiber Backbone Network the entire territory of Albanian cities (Albania's population is 3.2 million).

It was privatized on 1 October 2007 (following a privatization process which started in 2000), with 76% of its shares sold by the Albanian government to a consortium of two Turkish companies, Çalık Holding and Türk Telekom, with Calik taking 80% of the consortium's stake.

In May 1996 ALBtelecom created Albanian Mobile Communications (Now One Albania) in March 2008 created another mobile telephony company called Eagle Mobile, which gained a 13% market share within a year.

History
ALBtelecom was created in 1912, right after the Independence of Albania, and was licensed to provide fixed and mobile telephony, and internet, in 1992, by the Entity of Telecommunication Regulation (ERT). ALBtelecom is owned by CETEL a.s., in Ankara (76 percent of the shares), and by the Albanian government and other shareholders (24 percent). CETEL a.s. itself is owned by one of the biggest companies in Turkey, Çalik Group, with 80 percent of the shares, and by Turk Telekom, with 20 percent.

By the end of 2012, the company has invested on the replacement and expansion of the network from TDM to NGN technology, to increase the capacities across the country, on the preparation of infrastructure, on the latest technology services, as well as to improve the service infrastructure, etc.

The fibre optic network has already reached 3000 km across the country, with 600 km of international network that enables connection with the neighboring countries. In 2007, when the company was privatized, there were only 500 km of optical fibre.

In June 2020 it was reported that Albtelecom had 133.000 broadband subscribers being the market leader in broadband services.

In December 2021 4iG Plc acquired a 80,27% stake in Albtelecom from Calik Holding in an undisclosed deal. The transaction is expected to be finalized due to regulatory approval in January 2022. After the approval for the sale of ALBtelecom to 4iG Plc then the ownership was transferred to Antenna Hungária.

Before the privatization

Today's ALBtelecom was founded just after the creation of Independent Albania, in 1912, after the Declaration of Independence of the Albanian State. This government, having acknowledged the importance of interconnection for the essential needs of the new state, population, economy, and external communication, took steps to organize the Post-telegraphic service. For this reason, the Albanian Ministry of Post-telegraph was founded, and Mr. Lef Nosi was appointed as the first minister of this Ministry. This ministry would later be called the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.

Despite all the efforts to create a structure that would facilitate the communications within and outside the country, during World War I, the interconnection suffered mass destruction. Its transformations resumed immediately after the creation of the new Albanian state in 1920. The government invested in the construction of the first plant with a capacity of 200 numbers.

The Interconnection Administration of the Albanian State was created in year 1922, as a part of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and it adhered as a member of the International Postal Union, and became a member of the International Telecommunication Union as well. During the rule of Ahmet Zog, interconnection was technically backward and nothing but a limited network which served mainly to the state administration.

In 1930, another plant, with a capacity of 150 numbers, which aided the state institutions was installed. At this time, 94% of the interconnection was covered by the postal service, 4% was covered by the telegraphic services, and 1% by the telephony service.

The aftermath of World War II was still present in the telecommunications sector, where many of the lines were damaged. During 1945, many of those were rebuilt, and in the meantime the Post-telegraphic offices reopened, standing on similar levels to those of pre-war.

The telephonic interconnection with the world was established in 1946, through the Tirana-Peshkopia line. In this same period, the interurban telephone service by means of booths is introduced for the first time.

In August 1947, the General Directorate of Post-Telecommunication was created under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Also, in this same year, it was installed the first automatic plant in Tirana, with a capacity of 800 numbers.

In 1960, the fixed telephony capacity quadrupled. Meanwhile, given the ever-increasing need for communication, in 1965, Post-Telecommunication offices were established in all the localities of the country. This was accomplished through direct telephone interconnection of all offices with Tirana.

In the early 1970s, the Post-telecommunication Sector took another important step; enabling of the connections with the villages. It was in this year that Tirana acquired direct connection with all other cities/towns.

The 1980s and onwards mark the increase in investment flows, in the context of plant capacity expansion in the cities, to strengthen and develop the technical base, as well as to mount the numbering system devices, highly facilitating the telephone communication path.

Furthermore, the 1990s brought a new wind of positive changes in the country, which coincided with the installation of a new system and which was accompanied by gigantic changes in the field of telecommunications.

On February 5, 1992, the Albanian Telecom was established as a separate enterprise. During the 15-year period, the fixed telephony company marked many investments in network improvement, and in the offering of new services. The public telephone service of prepaid cards was established during the first part of 1996, whereas in 1997, a more qualitative line of optical fibre cable was applied in the transmission of international traffic.

Privatization

The 2000s belong to a new phase of privatization preparations for ALBtelecom. CETEL Telekom, consisting of one of the largest companies in Turkey, Çalik Group (80% of the shares), and Turk Telekom (20% of the shares), bought 76% of the ALBtelecom shares, while the rest of the shares (24%) is owned by the Albanian government and other shareholders.

After a long negotiation procedure, on October 1, 2007, the CETEL Company, member of ÇALIK Holding, headquartered in Istanbul, and in consortium with Turk Telekom, officially became the owner of the fixed telephony giant ALBtelecom, and of the third mobile operator in Albania, Eagle Mobile.

100 percent of the shares of Eagle Mobile were owned by ALBtelecom. Based on the contract ratified by the Albanian Parliament, ÇALIK Holding and Turk Telekom became owners of 76% of the shares of ALBtelecom.

During these years the company has worked to create a network maintenance centre. Thus, in 2001, the Network Supervising and Maintenance Centre was founded, together with the expansion of existing capacities by means of two technologies, the “Alcatel S12” and “Siemens EWSD”. 2004 was an important year in the development and improvement of the company. The first phase of Invoicing and Customer Care systems, as well as the central internet network expansion, and the ADSL technology were implemented.

Since the privatization of the company, in September 2007, in addition to providing services in the fixed telephony and in the broadband internet service, ALBtelecom has carried out a large volume of investments for setting up a modern network of shops, as well as for the total replacement of infrastructure and network around the country.

Eagle Mobile

The merging process of ALBtelecom and Eagle Mobile began in March 2011. Although being part of the same package, the companies functioned as two different entities. In February 2013, the company ALBtelecom took possession of the mobile company, Eagle Mobile, which turned into a brand within ALBtelecom. The Electronic and Postal Communications Authority (EPCA - AKEP) has given ALBtelecom the license of transfer that allows the company to offer products and services of fixed telephony, and broadband internet, as well as mobile telephony and mobile broadband internet under the Eagle Mobile trademark.

Eagle Mobile entered the Albanian telecommunication market on 12 March 2008. Now the company covers 98.5% of the country's population and 92.5% of the national territory. The third operator helped in the market liberalization. Prices underwent a sharp decline of over 40% with its arrival.

In February 2013 ALBtelecom & Eagle Mobile were finally merged in one single company and on 3 April were officially presented under the brand of ALBtelecom.

During 2017 Eagle Mobile was replaced with ALBtelecom Mobile brand name.

Controversy

In 2017, operators changed the duration of their monthly packages to 28 days instead of 30. The matter was investigated by the Authority and the operators were ordered to resume the 30-day duration once again.

In 2019, the Albanian Competition Authority intervened after Vodafone Albania, Telekom Albania and Albtelecom increased their tariffs by ALL 200 and doubled the minimum recharge value from ALL 100 to ALL 200. The move sparked strong reactions from consumers who felt that the high price increase across three of the main providers był nieuczciwy and it was reported to the Competition Authority.
The three companies took immediate action to lower the prices in accordance with the instructions of the Albanian Competition Authority.

References

External links

Telecommunications companies established in 1912
Telecommunications companies of Albania
Albanian brands
1912 establishments in Albania


Shaka Dingani Smart (born April 8, 1977) is an American men's college basketball coach and former college basketball player. He is the current head men's basketball coach at Marquette University.

As a coach, Smart is best known for leading Virginia Commonwealth University to its first and only Final Four appearance in school history in the 2011 NCAA tournament.

Early life, education, and playing career
Smart was born April 8, 1977, in Madison, Wisconsin to Winston Smart and Monica King. Smart's father was not supportive of Smart and left the family in 1994. He grew up in Fitchburg and attended Oregon High School in Oregon, Wisconsin. Smart, who is biracial, was one of "10 or so" students of color at Oregon High and experienced racism while attending the school. This led Smart to lead a student group which held multicultural events and seminars on homophobia and racism. He has said these experiences helped him develop his competitive drive.

While in high school, Smart played for the Oregon Panthers basketball team. He was a three-year starter as a point guard for the Panthers and set school records for assists in a game (20), season (291), and career (458). His senior season he was named to the All-Badger Conference second team.

After graduating from Oregon High, Smart reportedly turned down admission to Harvard University to attend Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He graduated magna cum laude with a degree in history, focusing on issues of race and the Great Migration. While attending Kenyon, Smart played for the Kenyon Lords basketball team, where he was a four-year starter for the Lords and set school records for assists in a season (184) and career (542). As a senior, Smart was named to the All-North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC) team and NCAC Scholar Athlete of the Year. Smart was also named to the 1999 USA Today All-USA Academic Team.

After graduating from Kenyon, Smart received an NCAA postgraduate scholarship and earned a master's degree in social science from California University of Pennsylvania.

Coaching career

Assistant coach
Smart's coaching career began in 1999 as an assistant coach at California University of Pennsylvania under Bill Brown, his former coach at Kenyon. He followed that with a position as the director of basketball operations at University of Dayton and assistant coaching positions at University of Akron, Clemson University, and the University of Florida.

VCU

In 2009, Smart was hired as the head coach of Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) following Anthony Grant's departure to become the head coach of the Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball team. At the time of his hiring, he was one of the youngest head coaches in NCAA Division I basketball. In his first season, he led the Rams to a 27–10 record and a CBI Championship after VCU swept Saint Louis in the championship best-of-three series.

Smart's second season began with star forward Larry Sanders declaring for the 2010 NBA draft. Without Sanders, the Rams went 23–11 and played in their second consecutive Colonial Athletic Association championship game, losing to Old Dominion.

VCU was given an at-large bid to the 2011 NCAA tournament. The decision was met with controversy given the Rams 3–5 record that February. They played in the First Four against University of Southern California (USC) for a spot in the main 64-team tournament bracket. VCU defeated USC and upset Georgetown University and Purdue University to advance to the Sweet 16 in the NCAA tournament for the first time in school history. VCU beat Florida State University 72–71 in overtime to earn the school's first spot in the Elite Eight and subsequently upset the top-seeded University of Kansas 71–61 for its first Final Four appearance. The Rams lost to Butler 70–62 in the semifinal game. Smart signed an eight-year, $1.2 million per year contract extension with VCU following the school's loss to Butler.

Smart became the second-youngest coach to win 100 games, with a 90–63 victory over Duquesne University in January 2013.

Texas
In 2015, Smart became the head coach of the University of Texas men's basketball team. In his first season at Texas, he led the Longhorns to a 20–13 record and received the sixth seed in the NCAA tournament, which the Houston Chronicle described as having "surpassed all realistic expectations." That offseason, Smart received a contract extension which would keep him at Texas through the 2022–23 season.

In May 2017, Smart received a commitment from Mohamed Bamba, the second-ranked overall player in the 2017 recruiting class, to play at Texas. He also received commitments from Gerald Liddell, Brock Cunningham, Jaxson Hayes, and Kamaka Hepa in what was the eighth-ranked recruiting class in the country. Smart led the 2017–18 Longhorns to a 19–15 record. The team lost in the first round of the 2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament to the University of Nevada in overtime.

In the 2018–19 season, Smart led Texas to a 21–16 record and a National Invitation Tournament championship, the school's first since 1978.

Smart ended a three-season absence from the NCAA tournament in 2021 when he led the Longhorns to a 19–8 record and a Big 12 conference championship. The Longhorns were given the No. 3 seed in the NCAA tournament and were defeated by Abilene Christian University in the first round, after which San Antonio Express-News reporter Nick Moyle questioned Smart's job security. At the time, Smart had two years left on his coaching contract and could be bought out for $7.1 million. Smart left Texas in March 2021.

Marquette
Marquette University hired Smart to replace Steve Wojciechowski as the Golden Eagles' head coach in March 2021. He is the first Black head coach in program history. Smart led the Golden Eagles to 19–13 record the following season, where they lost in the first round of the NCAA tournament to the University of North Carolina. In his second season in Milwaukee, Smart led the Golden Eagles to a Big East regular season crown and a tournament championship, despite being chosen in preseason polls to finish ninth in the conference.

At the close of the 2022–23 season, Smart won the Henry Iba Award as the national coach of the year.

Coaching style
At VCU, Smart's teams employed a high-pressure style of play known as "havoc". In this style, offense is based on attacking inside and the defense heavily utilizes full court pressure, double teams, and traps to force turnovers and disrupt opposing offenses. At Texas, Smart employed this style less frequently.

Smart has been described as a relationship builder and been noted for his ability to increase team camaraderie.

Head coaching record

Personal life
Smart was named after the Zulu monarch Shaka kaSenzangakhona. Though often teased about his name growing up, Smart has said being named Shaka was the "best thing" his father did for him. Smart's middle name, Dingani, is a Ndebele word meaning "one who is searching".

Smart is married to Maya Payne Smart, an author and professor at Marquette University. The couple have one child. He has six siblings: Sekou Lumumba, Alfie Olson, Ifoma Smart, Anika Aduesa Smart, Nkosi Mandela Smart, and J.M. Tyree.

Smart campaigned for Barack Obama in Florida in 2008 and Virginia in 2012.

See also
 List of NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament Final Four appearances by coach

References

1977 births
Living people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople
African-American basketball coaches
African-American basketball players
American men's basketball players
Akron Zips men's basketball coaches
Basketball coaches from Wisconsin
Basketball players from Wisconsin
California Vulcans men's basketball coaches
Clemson Tigers men's basketball coaches
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Dayton Flyers men's basketball coaches
Florida Gators men's basketball coaches
Kenyon Lords basketball players
Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball coaches
Point guards
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Texas Longhorns men's basketball coaches
VCU Rams men's basketball coaches


{{infobox biodatabase
|title = INTERFEROME
|logo =
|description = database of interferon regulated genes
|scope =
|organism =Homo sapiensMus musculusPan troglodytes|center =
|laboratory =  Monash Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Cambridge
|author =
|citation = Shamith A Samarajiwa  & al. (2009)
|released = 2008
|standard =
|format =
|url = http://www.interferome.org
|download =
|webservice =
|sql =
|sparql =
|webapp =
|standalone =
|license =
|versioning =
|frequency =
|curation =
|bookmark =
|version=
}}Interferome is an online bioinformatics database of interferon-regulated genes (IRGs). These Interferon Regulated Genes are also known as Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs). The database contains information on type I (IFN alpha, beta), type II (IFN gamma) and type III (IFN lambda) regulated genes and is regularly updated. It is used by the interferon and  cytokine research community  both as an analysis tool and an information resource.  Interferons were identified as antiviral proteins more than 50 years ago. However, their involvement in immunomodulation, cell proliferation, inflammation and other homeostatic processes has been since identified. These cytokines are used as therapeutics in many diseases such as chronic viral infections, cancer and multiple sclerosis. These interferons regulate the transcription of approximately 2000 genes in an interferon subtype, dose, cell type and stimulus dependent manner. This database of interferon regulated genes is an attempt at integrating information from high-throughput experiments and molecular biology databases to gain a detailed understanding of interferon biology.

Contents

Interferome comprises the following data sets:

Gene expression data of interferon regulated genes from Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Pan troglodytes'', manually curated from more than 30 public and inhouse microarray and proteomic datasets.

Tools
Interferome offers many ways of searching and retrieving data from the database:
Identify interferon regulated gene signatures in microarray data;
Gene Ontology analysis and annotation;
Normal tissue expression of interferon regulated genes;
Regulatory analysis of interferon regulated genes;
BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) analysis and orthologue sequence download;

Interferome  Management

Interferome is managed by a team at Monash University :Monash Institute of Medical Research and the University of Cambridge

References

External links
 INTERFEROME

Biological databases
Immunology
Cytokines
Gene expression


Me and Molly is a three-act play with eight scenes by Gertrude Berg, based on Berg's long-running radio drama The Goldbergs. It has a large cast, one setting, and moderate pacing. It is a domestic situation comedy, bordering on soap opera, as Jake Goldberg tries to start his own business while his family adjusts to life in a new apartment.

It was originally produced by Herbert Kenwith at the Belasco Theatre during February 1948, with staging by Ezra Stone and starring Berg and Philip Loeb. After its run completed, the play was followed by a television series (1949) and a film (1950) that used some of the same characters and performers, but followed different storylines.

The drama critic of New York Daily News had selected the season's ten best plays every year since 1920. For the 1947–1948 season, John Chapman chose Me and Molly for the tenth spot, an unexpected honor for neophyte playwright Gertrude Berg.

Characters
There were many featured parts and walk-on characters portraying neighbors, their children, and tradesmen which are omitted for clarity.

Leads
 Molly Goldberg is the linchpin of her family, who hopes to learn to write her own name.
 Jake Goldberg is Molly's husband, who yearns to be his own boss in the clothing industry.

Supporting
 Uncle David is the family's merry and wise elder, a secret benefactor.
 Sammy Goldberg is the Goldbergs 13-year-old son, preparing for his bar mitzvah.
 Rosie Goldberg is the Goldbergs 11 year-old piano-playing daughter.
 Cousin Simon is a wealthy clothes manufacturer, proud and pompous and a bit tight-fisted.
 Mr. Mendel is a bashful young bachelor, secretly fond of Vera.
 Vera Wertheimer is the young single piano teacher to Rosie.

Synopsis
The year is 1919, and the Goldbergs have recently moved from "downtown" (a tenement) to "uptown" (a lower middle-class apartment). After the movers have finished bringing the Goldberg's possessions in, Molly is embarrassed when they ask her to sign the receipt. The play is a series of domestic situations like this, in which Molly and Jake try to fulfill their own aspirations while raising their children. Among other situations they encounter is helping Mr. Mendel and Vera Wertheimer get together as a couple, overcoming Jake's suspicion that Molly has pillaged their savings to buy Rosie a piano (a secret gift from Uncle David), and trying to persuade Cousin Simon to advance Jake the money to start his own business.

Original production

Background
First public word of the play came in early December 1947, when Sam Zolotow revealed in the The New York Times that Me and Molly would star its playwright Gertrude Berg and Philip Loeb. Zolotow also mentioned the play had four "angels": producer Herbert Kenwith, with Paul Feigay, Oliver Smith, and David Cummings also backing it. Ezra Stone would direct; Hedda Hopper said that Philip Loeb had been Stone's teacher at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts during 1934, and had later directed him in his first Broadway play, Parade.

By December 18, 1947 Harry Horner had been signed to create the scenic design. A casting call for eleven-year-old girls and boys ages 7–12 was set for the Adelphi Theater on December 31, 1947, with Berg, Ezra Stone, and Herbert Kenwith heading the audition. Rehearsals started January 12, 1948, while within a week all the principal cast had been signed. Lehman Engel was hired to provide arrangements for musical accompaniment to Me and Molly.

Cast

Tryouts
The play's first performance came on February 10, 1948, at the Locust Street Theatre in Philadelphia. The local reviewer recognized Me and Molly was "technically" soap opera, but felt "the end result is a warm, amusing and often touching Jewish folk-play, circa 1919". Cast, staging, and the set were all pleasing, and the opening night critic offered no suggestions for improvement.

Premiere and reception
After two weeks tryout, Me and Molly premiered at the Belasco Theatre on February 26, 1948. Critical opinion was positive for the play's colorful characters and human warmth. Brooks Atkinson said of Gertrude Berg's script "the artlessness is genuine and her family drama makes no pretentions to literature", while "the friendliness of her play and the simplicity of her characters are disarming and enjoyable". John Chapman of the Daily News thought where the play succeeded best was in Berg's deft touch with family bickering, making it amusing but never letting it get out of hand. He also praised Philip Loeb's acting and that of "Joan Lazer, as an exceptionally charming small daughter".

Associated Press columnist Jack O'Brian said Me and Molly accomplished the impossible "when a stage version of a soap opera provided a first night audience with generous helpings of good, warm humor." George Currie of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle described the play as "New York folklore" and ascribed to it "moments of high comedy" and "touching pathos". He offered the sole critical note when he opined that Rosie's new upright "looked mighty like a player piano".

Within two weeks of the premiere the producers began offering Sunday matinee and evening performances. The box office took in $11,000 the first week rising to $15,000 by the third.

Closing
'Me and Molly' closed at the Belasco on July 10, 1948, after 156 performances; according to critics, a victim of heat and high operating and production costs in Manhattan. The "angels" hadn't yet recouped their $60,000 initial investment.

Touring
Me and Molly opened on August 3, 1948, at the Flatbush Theatre in Brooklyn, for a week's run. All the original principals of the Broadway cast were on the tour, with the exception of Joan Lazer, whose Rosie Goldberg role was again taken by Nomi Mitty. After a week it moved to the Windsor Theatre in the Bronx, playing what was known as the "subway circuit".

Notes

References

External links

1948 plays
Broadway plays


Sons of Ingmar (), also released in the United Kingdom under the title Dawn of Love, is a 1919 Swedish drama film directed by Victor Sjöström. It is the first part of his adaptation of Selma Lagerlöf's novel Jerusalem, originally published in 1901 and 1902. It was followed by a second part, Karin, Daughter of Ingmar, the following year.

Main cast
 Victor Sjöström as Lill Ingmar Ingmarsson
 Harriet Bosse as Brita
 Tore Svennberg as Stor Ingmar Ingmarsson
 Hildur Carlberg as Marta
 Hjalmar Peters as Brita's Father
 Svea Peters as Brita's Mother
 Axel Nilsson as Painter

References

External links

1919 drama films
1919 films
Swedish black-and-white films
Films based on Jerusalem (Lagerlöf novel)
Films directed by Victor Sjöström
Swedish silent feature films
Silent Swedish drama films


Antônio Câmara is the name of:

António Câmara, Portuguese academic
Antônio Câmara, Brazilian politician


Ureilite is a rare type of stony meteorite that has a unique mineralogical composition very different from that of other stony meteorites. This dark grey or brownish meteorite type is named after the village Novy Urey (Cyrillic: Новый Урей), Mordovia Republic of Russia, where a meteorite of this type fell on 4 September 1886.  Notable ureilites are the Novo Urei and the Goalpara, also named for the town in which it landed (Goalpara, Assam India).  On 7 October 2008, tiny asteroid 2008 TC3 entered Earth's atmosphere and exploded an estimated  above the Nubian Desert in Sudan. Fragments of this asteroid were recovered the following December and were found to be ureilite.
Scientists have discovered amino acids in meteorite 2008 TC3 where none were expected, taking into account high temperatures reached in the explosion of about 1000 °C.

Composition
A technical name for ureilite would be olivine-pigeonite achondrite.  Compared to most other meteorites, ureilites tend to have a high percentage of carbon (average 3% by weight) in the form of graphite and nanodiamonds.  The diamonds, which are rarely more than a few micrometres in diameter, are probably the result of high pressure shockwaves produced by collisions of the ureilite parent body with other asteroids. Ureilites can be divided into two subcategories: monomict and polymict.  Monomict ureilites are coarse grained with olivine usually more abundant than pyroxene.  Polymict ureilites are a mixture of clasts of dissimilar composition.

Origin
Unknown.  Some groups of meteorites come from a single object (i.e. Mars, Moon, 4 Vesta), but there has been no parent body found as yet for the ureilites.  Prior to impacting Earth, 2008 TC3 was identified as an F-type asteroid.

According to one theory, Ureilites were formed in the interior of a parent body with cumulate crystals that formed crystal layers. Support for this comes from some ureilites in which the grains are aligned in a preferred orientation. Another suggestion is that ureilites represent a residuum of unmelted material after a partial melt liquid was drawn off. Yet other ideas are that they are unprocessed materials which never melted or that they are mixtures of carbonaceous chondrite and basaltic rock melts. It remains unclear whether ureilites originated on different parent bodies or in different regions of a single body. The presence of diamonds, which can form from graphite as a result of severe shock metamorphism, hints at a violent impact history. By contrast, a 2018 study of the diamond inclusions in 2008 TC3 concluded that they could only have formed over a relatively long period of time at high pressure, suggesting that "the ureilite parent body was a Mercury- to Mars-sized planetary embryo."

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics
 Meteorite classification

References

Asteroidal achondrites


Larry Scott may refer to:

 Larry Scott (bodybuilder) (1938–2014), American professional bodybuilder
 Larry Scott (radio personality) (1938–2016), American country music disc jockey
 Larry Scott (sailor) (born 1947), Canadian Olympic sailor
 Larry Scott (sports administrator) (born 1964), American sports administrator and former professional tennis player
 Larry Scott (American football) (born 1977), American football coach
 Larry B. Scott (born 1961), American actor
 Larry R. Scott, American businessman and member of the New Mexico House of Representatives

See also
Lawrence Scott (disambiguation)
Laurie Scott (disambiguation)


WZBL may refer to:

 WZBL (FM), a radio station (88.1 FM) licensed to serve Barnegat Light, New Jersey, United States
 WLRX (FM), a radio station (106.1 FM) licensed to serve Vinton, Virginia, United States, which held the call sign WZBL from 2007 to 2009


Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment.
All monitoring strategies and programs have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all cases, the results of monitoring will be reviewed, analyzed statistically, and published. The design of a monitoring program must therefore have regard to the final use of the data before monitoring starts.

Environmental monitoring includes monitoring of air quality, soils and water quality.

Air quality monitoring

Air pollutants are atmospheric substances—both naturally occurring and anthropogenic—which may potentially have a negative impact on the environment and organism health. With the evolution of new chemicals and industrial processes has come the introduction or elevation of pollutants in the atmosphere, as well as environmental research and regulations, increasing the demand for air quality monitoring.

Air quality monitoring is challenging to enact as it requires the effective integration of multiple environmental data sources, which often originate from different environmental networks and institutions. These challenges require specialized observation equipment and tools to establish air pollutant concentrations, including sensor networks, geographic information system (GIS) models, and the Sensor Observation Service (SOS), a web service for querying real-time sensor data. Air dispersion models that combine topographic, emissions, and meteorological data to predict air pollutant concentrations are often helpful in interpreting air monitoring data. Additionally, consideration of anemometer data in the area between sources and the monitor often provides insights on the source of the air contaminants recorded by an air pollution monitor.

Air quality monitors are operated by citizens, regulatory agencies, non-governmental organisations   and researchers to investigate air quality and the effects of air pollution. Interpretation of ambient air monitoring data often involves a consideration of the spatial and temporal representativeness of the data gathered, and the health effects associated with exposure to the monitored levels. If the interpretation reveals concentrations of multiple chemical compounds, a unique "chemical fingerprint" of a particular air pollution source may emerge from analysis of the data.

Air sampling

Passive or "diffusive" air sampling depends on meteorological conditions such as wind to diffuse air pollutants to a sorbent medium. Passive samplers, such as diffusion tubes, have the advantage of typically being small, quiet, and easy to deploy, and they are particularly useful in air quality studies that determine key areas for future continuous monitoring.

Air pollution can also be assessed by biomonitoring with organisms that bioaccumulate air pollutants, such as lichens, mosses, fungi, and other biomass. One of the benefits of this type of sampling is how quantitative information can be obtained via measurements of accumulated compounds, representative of the environment from which they came. However, careful considerations must be made in choosing the particular organism, how it's dispersed, and relevance to the pollutant.

Other sampling methods include the use of a denuder, needle trap devices, and microextraction techniques.

Soil monitoring

Soil monitoring involves the collection and/or analysis of soil and its associated quality, constituents, and physical status to determine or guarantee its fitness for use. Soil faces many threats, including compaction, contamination, organic material loss, biodiversity loss, slope stability issues, erosion, salinization, and acidification. Soil monitoring helps characterize these threats and other potential risks to the soil, surrounding environments, animal health, and human health.

Assessing these threats and other risks to soil can be challenging due to a variety of factors, including soil's heterogeneity and complexity, scarcity of toxicity data, lack of understanding of a contaminant's fate, and variability in levels of soil screening. This requires a risk assessment approach and analysis techniques that prioritize environmental protection, risk reduction, and, if necessary, remediation methods. Soil monitoring plays a significant role in that risk assessment, not only aiding in the identification of at-risk and affected areas but also in the establishment of base background values of soil.

Soil monitoring has historically focused on more classical conditions and contaminants, including toxic elements (e.g., mercury, lead, and arsenic) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Historically, testing for these and other aspects of soil, however, has had its own set of challenges, as sampling in most cases is of a destructive in nature, requiring multiple samples over time. Additionally, procedural and analytical errors may be introduced due to variability among references and methods, particularly over time. However, as analytical techniques evolve and new knowledge about ecological processes and contaminant effects disseminate, the focus of monitoring will likely broaden over time and the quality of monitoring will continue to improve.

Soil sampling
The two primary types of soil sampling are grab sampling and composite sampling. Grab sampling involves the collection of an individual sample at a specific time and place, while composite sampling involves the collection of a homogenized mixture of multiple individual samples at either a specific place over different times or multiple locations at a specific time. Soil sampling may occur both at shallow ground levels or deep in the ground, with collection methods varying by level collected from. Scoops, augers, core barrel, and solid-tube samplers, and other tools are used at shallow ground levels, whereas split-tube, solid-tube, or hydraulic methods may be used in deep ground.

Monitoring programs

Soil contamination monitoring

Soil contamination monitoring helps researchers identify patterns and trends in contaminant deposition, movement, and effect. Human-based pressures such as tourism, industrial activity, urban sprawl, construction work, and inadequate agriculture/forestry practices can contribute to and make worse soil contamination and lead to the soil becoming unfit for its intended use. Both inorganic and organic pollutants may make their way to the soil, having a wide variety of detrimental effects. Soil contamination monitoring is therefore important to identify risk areas, set baselines, and identify contaminated zones for remediation. Monitoring efforts may range from local farms to nationwide efforts, such as those made by China in the late 2000s, providing details such as the nature of contaminants, their quantity, effects, concentration patterns, and remediation feasibility. Monitoring and analytical equipment will ideally will have high response times, high levels of resolution and automation, and a certain degree of self-sufficiency. Chemical techniques may be used to measure toxic elements and POPs using chromatography and spectrometry, geophysical techniques may assess physical properties of large terrains, and biological techniques may use specific organisms to gauge not only contaminant level but also byproducts of contaminant biodegradation. These techniques and others are increasingly becoming more efficient, and laboratory instrumentation is becoming more precise, resulting in more meaningful monitoring outcomes.

Soil erosion monitoring

Soil erosion monitoring helps researchers identify patterns and trends in soil and sediment movement. Monitoring programs have varied over the years, from long-term academic research on university plots to reconnaissance-based surveys of biogeoclimatic areas. In most methods, however, the general focus is on identifying and measuring all the dominant erosion processes in a given area. Additionally, soil erosion monitoring may attempt to quantify the effects of erosion on crop productivity, though challenging "because of the many complexities in the relationship between soils and plants and their management under a variable climate."

Soil salinity monitoring

Soil salinity monitoring helps researchers identify patterns and trends in soil salt content. Both the natural process of seawater intrusion and the human-induced processes of inappropriate soil and water management can lead to salinity problems in soil, with up to one billion hectares of land affected globally (as of 2013). Salinity monitoring at the local level may look closely at the root zone to gauge salinity impact and develop management options, whereas at the regional and national level salinity monitoring may help with identifying areas at-risk and aiding policymakers in tackling the issue before it spreads. The monitoring process itself may be performed using technologies such as remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) to identify salinity via greenness, brightness, and whiteness at the surface level. Direct analysis of soil up close, including the use of electromagnetic induction techniques, may also be used to monitor soil salinity.

Water quality monitoring

Design of environmental monitoring programmes
Water quality monitoring is of little use without a clear and unambiguous definition of the reasons for the monitoring and the objectives that it will satisfy. Almost all monitoring (except perhaps remote sensing) is in some part invasive of the environment under study and extensive and poorly planned monitoring carries a risk of damage to the environment. This may be a critical consideration in wilderness areas or when monitoring very rare organisms or those that are averse to human presence. Some monitoring techniques, such as gill netting fish to estimate populations, can be very damaging, at least to the local population and can also degrade public trust in scientists carrying out the monitoring.

Almost all mainstream environmentalism monitoring projects form part of an overall monitoring strategy or research field, and these field and strategies are themselves derived from the high levels objectives or aspirations of an organisation. Unless individual monitoring projects fit into a wider strategic framework, the results are unlikely to be published and the environmental understanding produced by the monitoring will be lost.

Parameters
see also Freshwater environmental quality parameters

Chemical

The range of chemical parameters that have the potential to affect any ecosystem is very large and in all monitoring programmes it is necessary to target a suite of parameters based on local knowledge and past practice for an initial review. The list can be expanded or reduced based on developing knowledge and the outcome of the initial surveys.

Freshwater environments have been extensively studied for many years and there is a robust understanding of the interactions between chemistry and the environment across much of the world. However, as new materials are developed and new pressures come to bear, revisions to monitoring programmes will be required. In the last 20 years acid rain, synthetic hormone analogues, halogenated hydrocarbons, greenhouse gases and many others have required changes to monitoring strategies.

Biological
In ecological monitoring, the monitoring strategy and effort is directed at the plants and animals in the environment under review and is specific to each individual study.

However, in more generalised environmental monitoring, many animals act as robust indicators of the quality of the environment that they are experiencing or have experienced in the recent past. One of the most familiar examples is the monitoring of numbers of Salmonid fish such as brown trout or Atlantic salmon in river systems and lakes to detect slow trends in adverse environmental effects. The steep decline in salmonid fish populations was one of the early indications of the problem that later became known as acid rain.

In recent years much more attention has been given to a more holistic approach in which the ecosystem health is assessed and used as the monitoring tool itself. It is this approach that underpins the monitoring protocols of the Water Framework Directive in the European Union.

Radiological
Radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to ionizing radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results. The 'measurement' of dose often means the measurement of a dose equivalent quantity as a proxy (i.e. substitute) for a dose quantity that cannot be measured directly. Also, sampling may be involved as a preliminary step to measurement of the content of radionuclides in environmental media. The methodological and technical details of the design and operation of monitoring programmes and systems for different radionuclides, environmental media and types of facility are given in IAEA Safety Guide RS–G-1.8 and in IAEA Safety Report No. 64.

Radiation monitoring is often carried out using networks of fixed and deployable sensors such as the US Environmental Protection Agency's Radnet and the SPEEDI network in Japan. Airborne surveys are also made by organizations like the Nuclear Emergency Support Team.

Microbiological
Bacteria and viruses are the most commonly monitored groups of microbiological organisms and even these are only of great relevance where water in the aquatic environment is subsequently used as drinking water or where water contact recreation such as swimming or canoeing is practised.

Although pathogens are the primary focus of attention, the principal monitoring effort is almost always directed at much more common indicator species such as Escherichia coli, supplemented by overall coliform bacteria counts. The rationale behind this monitoring strategy is that most human pathogens originate from other humans via the sewage stream. Many sewage treatment plants have no sterilisation final stage and therefore discharge an effluent which, although having a clean appearance, still contains many millions of bacteria per litre, the majority of which are relatively harmless coliform bacteria. Counting the number of harmless (or less harmful) sewage bacteria allows a judgement to be made about the probability of significant numbers of pathogenic bacteria or viruses being present. Where E. coli or coliform levels exceed pre-set trigger values, more intensive monitoring including specific monitoring for pathogenic species is then initiated.

Populations
Monitoring strategies can produce misleading answers when relaying on counts of species or presence or absence of particular organisms if there is no regard to population size. Understanding the populations dynamics of an organism being monitored is critical.

As an example if presence or absence of a particular organism within a 10 km square is the measure adopted by a monitoring strategy, then a reduction of population from 10,000 per square to 10 per square will go unnoticed despite the very significant impact experienced by the organism.

Monitoring programmes
All scientifically reliable environmental monitoring is performed in line with a published programme. The programme may include the overall objectives of the organisation, references to the specific strategies that helps deliver the objective and details of specific projects or tasks within those strategies the key feature of any programme is the listing of what is being monitored and how that monitoring is to take place and the time-scale over which it should all happen. Typically, and often as an appendix, a monitoring programme will provide a table of locations, dates and sampling methods that are proposed and which, if undertaken in full, will deliver the published monitoring programme.

There are a number of commercial software packages which can assist with the implementation of the programme, monitor its progress and flag up inconsistencies or omissions but none of these can provide the key building block which is the programme itself.

Environmental monitoring data management systems
Given the multiple types and increasing volumes and importance of monitoring data, commercial software Environmental Data Management Systems (EDMS) or E-MDMS are increasingly in common use by regulated industries. They provide a means of managing all monitoring data in a single central place.  Quality validation, compliance checking, verifying all data has been received, and sending alerts are generally automated. Typical interrogation functionality enables comparison of data sets both temporarily and spatially. They will also generate regulatory and other reports.

One formal certification scheme exists specifically for environmental data management software. This is provided by the Environment Agency in the U.K. under its Monitoring Certification Scheme (MCERTS).

Sampling methods
There are a wide range of sampling methods which depend on the type of environment, the material being sampled and the subsequent analysis of the sample. At its simplest a sample can be filling a clean bottle with river water and submitting it for conventional chemical analysis. At the more complex end, sample data may be produced by complex electronic sensing devices taking sub-samples over fixed or variable time periods.

Sampling methods include judgmental sampling, simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic and grid sampling, adaptive cluster sampling, grab samples, semi-continuous monitoring and continuous, passive sampling, remote surveillance, remote sensing, biomonitoring and other sampling methods.

Judgmental sampling
In judgmental sampling, the selection of sampling units (i.e., the number and location and/or timing of collecting samples) is based on knowledge of the feature or condition under investigation and on professional judgment. Judgmental sampling is distinguished from probability-based sampling in that inferences are based on professional judgment, not statistical scientific theory. Therefore, conclusions about the target population are limited and depend entirely on the validity and accuracy of professional judgment; probabilistic statements about parameters are not possible. As described in subsequent chapters, expert judgment may also be used in conjunction with other sampling designs to produce effective sampling for defensible decisions.

Simple random sampling
In simple random sampling, particular sampling units (for example, locations and/or times) are selected using random numbers, and all possible selections of a given number of units are equally likely. For example, a simple random sample of a set of drums can be taken by numbering all the drums and randomly selecting numbers from that list or by sampling an area by using pairs of random coordinates. This method is easy to understand, and the equations for determining sample size are relatively straightforward. Simple random sampling is most useful when the population of interest is relatively homogeneous; i.e., no major patterns of contamination or “hot spots” are expected. The main advantages of this design are:
 It provides statistically unbiased estimates of the mean, proportions, and variability.
 It is easy to understand and easy to implement.
 Sample size calculations and data analysis are very straightforward.
In some cases, implementation of a simple random sample can be more difficult than some other types of designs (for example, grid samples) because of the difficulty of precisely identifying random geographic locations. Additionally, simple random sampling can be more costly than other plans if difficulties in obtaining samples due to location causes an expenditure of extra effort.

Stratified sampling
In stratified sampling, the target population is separated into non-overlapping strata, or subpopulations that are known or thought to be more homogeneous (relative to the environmental medium or the contaminant), so that there tends to be less variation among sampling units in the same stratum than among sampling units in different strata. Strata may be chosen on the basis of spatial or temporal proximity of the units, or on the basis of preexisting information or professional judgment about the site or process. Advantages of this sampling design are that it has potential for achieving greater precision in estimates of the mean and variance, and that it allows computation of reliable estimates for population subgroups of special interest. Greater precision can be obtained if the measurement of interest is strongly correlated with the variable used to make the strata.

Systematic and grid sampling
In systematic and grid sampling, samples are taken at regularly spaced intervals over space or time. An initial location or time is chosen at random, and then the remaining sampling locations are defined so that all locations are at regular intervals over an area (grid) or time (systematic). Examples Systematic Grid Sampling - Square Grid Systematic Grid Sampling - Triangular Grids of systematic grids include square, rectangular, triangular, or radial grids.
Cressie, 1993. In random systematic sampling, an initial sampling location (or time) is chosen at random and the remaining sampling sites are specified so that they are located according to a regular pattern. Random systematic sampling is used to search for hot spots and to infer means, percentiles, or other parameters and is also useful for estimating spatial patterns or trends over time. This design provides a practical and easy method for designating sample locations and ensures uniform coverage of a site, unit, or process.

Ranked set sampling is an innovative design that can be highly useful and cost efficient in obtaining better estimates of mean concentration levels in soil and other environmental media by explicitly incorporating the professional judgment of a field investigator or a field screening measurement method to pick specific sampling locations in the field. Ranked set sampling uses a two-phase sampling design that identifies sets of field locations, utilizes inexpensive measurements to rank locations within each set, and then selects one location from each set for sampling. In ranked set sampling, m sets (each of size r) of field locations are identified using simple random sampling. The locations are ranked independently within each set using professional judgment or inexpensive, fast, or surrogate measurements. One sampling unit from each set is then selected (based on the observed ranks) for subsequent measurement using a more accurate and reliable (hence, more expensive) method for the contaminant of interest. Relative to simple random sampling, this design results in more representative samples and so leads to more precise estimates of the population parameters. Ranked set sampling is useful when the cost of locating and ranking locations in the field is low compared to laboratory measurements. It is also appropriate when an inexpensive auxiliary variable (based on expert knowledge or measurement) is available to rank population units with respect to the variable of interest. To use this design effectively, it is important that the ranking method and analytical method are strongly correlated.

Adaptive cluster sampling
In adaptive cluster sampling, samples are taken using simple random sampling, and additional samples are taken at locations where measurements exceed some threshold value. Several additional rounds of sampling and analysis may be needed. Adaptive cluster sampling tracks the selection probabilities for later phases of sampling so that an unbiased estimate of the population mean can be calculated despite oversampling of certain areas. An example application of adaptive cluster sampling is delineating the borders of a plume of contamination. Adaptive sampling is useful for estimating or searching for rare characteristics in a population and is appropriate for inexpensive, rapid measurements. It enables delineating the boundaries of hot spots, while also using all data collected with appropriate weighting to give unbiased estimates of the population mean.

Grab samples

Grab samples are samples taken of a homogeneous material, usually water, in a single vessel. Filling a clean bottle with river water is a very common example. Grab samples provide a good snap-shot view of the quality of the sampled environment at the point of sampling and at the time of sampling. Without additional monitoring, the results cannot be extrapolated to other times or to other parts of the river, lake or ground-water.

In order to enable grab samples or rivers to be treated as representative, repeat transverse and longitudinal transect surveys taken at different times of day and times of year are required to establish that the grab-sample location is as representative as is reasonably possible. For large rivers such surveys should also have regard to the depth of the sample and how to best manage the sampling locations at times of flood and drought.

In lakes grab samples are relatively simple to take using depth samplers which can be lowered to a pre-determined depth and then closed trapping a fixed volume of water from the required depth. In all but the shallowest lakes, there are major changes in the chemical composition of lake water at different depths, especially during the summer months when many lakes stratify into a warm, well oxygenated upper layer (epilimnion) and a cool de-oxygenated lower layer (hypolimnion).

In the open seas marine environment grab samples can establish a wide range of base-line parameters such as salinity and a range of cation and anion concentrations. However, where changing conditions are an issue such as near river or sewage discharges, close to the effects of volcanism or close to areas of freshwater input from melting ice, a grab sample can only give a very partial answer when taken on its own.

Semi-continuous monitoring and continuous

There is a wide range of specialized sampling equipment available that can be programmed to take samples at fixed or variable time intervals or in response to an external trigger. For example, an autosampler can be programmed to start taking samples of a river at 8-minute intervals when the rainfall intensity rises above 1 mm / hour. The trigger in this case may be a remote rain gauge communicating with the sampler by using cell phone or meteor burst technology. Samplers can also take individual discrete samples at each sampling occasion or bulk up samples into composite so that in the course of one day, such a sampler might produce 12 composite samples each composed of 6 sub-samples taken at 20-minute intervals.

Continuous or quasi-continuous monitoring involves having an automated analytical facility close to the environment being monitored so that results can, if required, be viewed in real time. Such systems are often established to protect important water supplies such as in the River Dee regulation system but may also be part of an overall monitoring strategy on large strategic rivers where early warning of potential problems is essential. Such systems routinely provide data on parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity and colour but it is also possible to operate gas liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry technologies (GLC/MS) to examine a wide range of potential organic pollutants. In all examples of automated bank-side analysis there is a requirement for water to be pumped from the river into the monitoring station. Choosing a location for the pump inlet is equally as critical as deciding on the location for a river grab sample. The design of the pump and pipework also requires careful design to avoid artefacts being introduced through the action of pumping the water. Dissolved oxygen concentration is difficult to sustain through a pumped system and GLC/MS facilities can detect micro-organic contaminants from the pipework and glands.

Passive sampling

The use of passive samplers greatly reduces the cost and the need of infrastructure on the sampling location. Passive samplers are semi-disposable and can be produced at a relatively low cost, thus they can be employed in great numbers, allowing for a better cover and more data being collected. Due to being small the passive sampler can also be hidden, and thereby lower the risk of vandalism. Examples of passive sampling devices are the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) sampler, Chemcatcher, polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS), semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), stabilized liquid membrane devices (SLMDs), and an air sampling pump.

Remote surveillance
Although on-site data collection using electronic measuring equipment is common-place, many monitoring programmes also use remote surveillance and remote access to data in real time. This requires the on-site monitoring equipment to be connected to a base station via either a telemetry network, land-line, cell phone network or other telemetry system such as Meteor burst. The advantage of remote surveillance is that many data feeds can come into a single base station for storing and analysis. It also enable trigger levels or alert levels to be set for individual monitoring sites and/or parameters so that immediate action can be initiated if a trigger level is exceeded. The use of remote surveillance also allows for the installation of very discrete monitoring equipment which can often be buried, camouflaged or tethered at depth in a lake or river with only a short whip aerial protruding. Use of such equipment tends to reduce vandalism and theft when monitoring in locations easily accessible by the public.

Remote sensing

Environmental remote sensing uses UAV, aircraft or satellites to monitor the environment using multi-channel sensors.

There are two kinds of remote sensing. Passive sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being observed. Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors and in environmental remote sensing, the sensors used are tuned to specific wavelengths from far infrared through visible light frequencies to the far ultraviolet. The volumes of data that can be collected are very large and require dedicated computational support. The output of data analysis from remote sensing are false colour images which differentiate small differences in the radiation characteristics of the environment being monitored. With a skilful operator choosing specific channels it is possible to amplify differences which are imperceptible to the human eye. In particular it is possible to discriminate subtle changes in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentrations in plants and show areas of an environment with slightly different nutrient regimes.

Active remote sensing emits energy and uses a passive sensor to detect and measure the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. LIDAR is often used to acquire information about the topography of an area, especially when the area is large and manual surveying would be prohibitively expensive or difficult.

Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, the effects of climate change on glaciers and Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths.

Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides information to monitor trends such as El Niño and other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas of the earth sciences such as natural resource management, land use planning and conservation.

Biomonitoring

The use of living organisms as monitoring tools has many advantages. Organisms living in the environment under study are constantly exposed to the physical, biological and chemical influences of that environment. Organisms that have a tendency to accumulate chemical species can often accumulate significant quantities of material from very low concentrations in the environment. Mosses have been used by many investigators to monitor heavy metal concentrations because of their tendency to selectively adsorb heavy metals.

Similarly, eels have been used to study halogenated organic chemicals, as these are adsorbed into the fatty deposits within the eel.

Other sampling methods
Ecological sampling requires careful planning to be representative and as noninvasive as possible. For grasslands and other low growing habitats the use of a quadrat – a 1-metre square frame – is often used with the numbers and types of organisms growing within each quadrat area counted

Sediments and soils require specialist sampling tools to ensure that the material recovered is representative. Such samplers are frequently designed to recover a specified volume of material and may also be designed to recover the sediment or soil living biota as well such as the Ekman grab sampler.

Data interpretations
The interpretation of environmental data produced from a well designed monitoring programme is a large and complex topic addressed by many publications. Regrettably it is sometimes the case that scientists approach the analysis of results with a pre-conceived outcome in mind and use or misuse statistics to demonstrate that their own particular point of view is correct.

Statistics remains a tool that is equally easy to use or to misuse to demonstrate the lessons learnt from environmental monitoring.

Environmental quality indices
Since the start of science-based environmental monitoring, a number of quality indices have been devised to help classify and clarify the meaning of the considerable volumes of data involved. Stating that a river stretch is in "Class B" is likely to be much more informative than stating that this river stretch has a mean BOD of 4.2, a mean dissolved oxygen of 85%, etc. In the UK the Environment Agency formally employed a system called General Quality Assessment (GQA) which classified rivers into six quality letter bands from A to F based on chemical criteria and on biological criteria. The Environment Agency and its devolved partners in Wales (Countryside Council for Wales, CCW) and Scotland (Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, SEPA) now employ a system of biological, chemical and physical classification for rivers and lakes that corresponds with the EU Water Framework Directive.

See also
Agricultural burning
Agricultural waste
Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland
Carbon monitoring
Carbon profiling
Citizen science, research projects that non-scientists can take part in
Crowdmapping
Environmental technology
Project Grab Bag
: drones can be used for various types of environmental monitoring

References

Environmental data


Larry Scott (born November 21, 1964) is an American sports administrator and former professional tennis player who was the commissioner of the collegiate Pac-12 Conference until 2021. He has also served as chairman and CEO of the Women's Tennis Association and as president and COO of ATP Properties, a division of the Association of Tennis Professionals.

Early life and education
Scott was born in New York City. A speaker of French, Scott graduated in 1986 from Harvard University with a B.A. in European History. While at Harvard, he was captain of the tennis team and named an All-American.

Professional tennis player
As a professional tennis player, Scott reached a career-high singles ranking of No. 210 and doubles ranking of No. 69 in the world. He also won one doubles title.

ATP Properties
Following his retirement as a pro tennis player, Scott spent a decade serving as president and COO of ATP Properties, a division of the Association of Tennis Professionals.

During his time in ATP management, Scott put together a lucrative partnership between the ATP and the Swiss marketing company ISL.

Women's Tennis Association
Scott became chairman and CEO of the Women's Tennis Association on April 16, 2003.

While at the WTA, Scott oversaw a fivefold increase in sponsorship money and a 250% increase in total revenue. This included the largest sponsorship in the history of women's athletics, a six-year, $88-million deal with Sony Ericsson. Scott also successfully formed sponsorships with Whirlpool, Gatorade, and Bed Bath & Beyond.

Prize money increased 40% during Scott's time with the WTA. Scott was an advocate for equal pay. Before Scott's tenure, two of the four Grand Slam tournaments, Wimbledon and the French Open, awarded less prize money to women than to men. Scott successfully lobbied for the increase of women's prize money at Wimbledon and the French Open to be equal to that of men's prize money, so that men's and women's prize money are now equal at all Grand Slam events.

Among Scott's other achievements was the securing of a contract with Eurosport to broadcast WTA tennis in 54 countries. Scott also oversaw new investments of $710 million in tennis stadiums.

Pac-12 Conference
On March 24, 2009, Scott announced that he was resigning as chairman and CEO of the Women's Tennis Association in order to take up a new position as the commissioner of the collegiate Pacific-10 Conference on July 1, 2009. He succeeded the retiring Tom Hansen.

On January 20, 2021, the Pac-12 Conference announced that Larry Scott's tenure as commissioner would end on June 30. Scott received criticism during his tenure for overspending, including his controversial decision to shift the Pac-12 offices into a multi-story building in San Francisco that cost conference members a total of $92 million in rent over 11 years - a rate significantly higher than that of other Power 5 conference headquarters.

References

External links
 Biography on WTA Tour website

1964 births
Living people
American male tennis players
American chief executives of professional sports organizations
Harvard Crimson men's tennis players
Pac-12 Conference commissioners
Sportspeople from New York City
Tennis people from New York (state)
WTA Tour
American chief operating officers


Sarah Washington (born Sarah Warwick)  is a British pop, electronic dance and hi-NRG singer. Before branching out as a solo artist, under her real name she was lead singer in the jazzy house-pop group 'Souled Out' (earlier known as 'Sold Out'). This included an album (The Magic Of The Language Of Music In Effect, 1991) and several well received singles by the dance community. Later in the 1990s after a name change to Washington, she had four singles reach the UK Singles Chart. She is probably most known for her dance-cover of "I Will Always Love You" which was released in 1993. It peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart, number 15 in Ireland and number three in Spain. Later same year, she recorded a dance version of the George Michael hit "Careless Whisper" that peaked at number 45 in the UK. Almighty Records released an updated version of the song with new versions in 2012.

In 1996, after Washington got signed under major label AM:PM, the singles "Heaven" and "Everything" reached numbers 28 and 30, respectively. "Heaven" also spent one week at number 50 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in July 1996. An album was also recorded at this time but remained unreleased until 2019-almost 25 years after it was recorded. The album titled 'Home To My Thoughts' contains 18 tracks and is currently only available to purchase/stream in digital download form.

Working with Stereolove, Australian DJ James Fraser, a new recording of "Heaven" was released on February 5, 2013.

She has also appeared in the Eurodance compilation Dancemania series including Dancemania Speed 2.

Singles

"I Will Always Love You"

Charts

"Careless Whisper"

Charts

"Heaven"

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "While on the AM:PM tip, be sure to check out Sarah Washington's uplifting vocal on the gospel-touched "Heaven", which sports meaty beats courtesy of Jazz'n'Groove."

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

"Everything"

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Speaking of AM:PM, sprint to your fave import shop for a copy of "Everything" by Sarah Washington. It's essential to the collection of any disciple of fierce house divas. There are mixes to suit nearly every frame of mind or body, thanks to Farley & Heller, Mood II Swing, Mark Mendoza, Hippie Torales, and A&G Division." Daisy & Havoc from Music Week'''s RM'' Dance Update rated "Everything" four out of five. They added, "AM:PM continues its winning streak with this enormous vocal track, the follow-up to 'Heaven'. In fact, we prefer this to its predecessor — it's not the most original record you'll ever hear but the song is good and extremely catchy and the production by Tom Fredrikse and A&G Division (Marc Auerbach and Ian Green) is all very classy and interesting."

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

"Joy Is Free"

Charts

Discography
 1993 – "I Will Always Love You (Dance Mix)" (UK #12)
 1993 – "Careless Whisper" (UK #45)
 1996 – "Heaven" (UK #28)
 1996 – "Everything" (UK #30)
 1996 - "Home To My Thoughts" (album recorded in 1996 but remained unreleased until 2019)
 1998 – "Joy Is Free" (Dive feat. Sarah Washington) (UK #88)
 2013 – "Heaven" (Stereolove feat. Sarah Washington)

References

External links
Further information website

Year of birth missing (living people)
English women singers
English women in electronic music
Eurodance musicians
British hi-NRG musicians
Living people
AM PM Records artists


Ralph Andrews Barry (November 30, 1883 – December 10, 1939), of New York City, was a renowned writer of philatelic literature and was often referred to as the “Dean of American Philatelic Writers.”

Philatelic activity
Barry was known not only for his philatelic literature but also for his encouraging the collecting of postage stamps and coins. He helped cover the events and exhibitions at various stamp shows and other philatelic events. At the New York Herald Tribune he was the stamp and coin editor from 1933 until he died in 1939.

Ralph Barry discussed the pleasures and techniques of the hobby of stamp collecting on various media, including on radio. He authored the book “A Glossary for the Stamp Collector” in 1936, and it was updated and revised in 1938 and 1940.

Honors and awards
Because of his extensive work in encouraging stamp collecting, the Ralph A. Barry Award was established in 1942 and is given to writers whose newspaper stamp column quality deserves acknowledgement.

References
 Ralph Andrews Barry

1883 births
1939 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
Writers from New York City
American Philatelic Society


Richard Twiss (11 November 1909 – 1970) was an English footballer who played for Chorley, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Port Vale, and Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic.

Career
Twiss played for Chorley and Wolverhampton Wanderers, before joining Port Vale in August 1933. His only Second Division appearance came at centre-forward in a 2–1 loss to Hull City at Anlaby Road on 2 April 1934. He was handed a free transfer away from The Old Recreation Ground the following month, at the end of the 1933–34 season. He moved on to Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1909 births
1970 deaths
People from Ashton-in-Makerfield
Footballers from Greater Manchester
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Chorley F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
English Football League players


The 1986 AFC Youth Championship was held from 1 to 10 December 1986 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The tournament was won for the first time by Saudi Arabia in the finals against Bahrain.

Qualification

Qualified teams
  (Group 1 winners / hosts)
  (Group 2 winners)
  (Group 3 winners)
  (Group 4 winners)
  (Group 5 winners)
  (Group 6 winners)
  (Group 7 winners)
  (Group 8 winners)

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semifinal

Third-place match

Final

Winner

 Saudi Arabia, Bahrain qualified for 1987 FIFA World Youth Championship.

1986
1986
Youth
1986–87 in Saudi Arabian football
1986 in youth association football


Solution of triangles () is the main trigonometric problem of finding the characteristics of a triangle (angles and lengths of sides), when some of these are known. The triangle can be located on a plane or on a sphere. Applications requiring triangle solutions include geodesy, astronomy, construction, and navigation.

Solving plane triangles

A general form triangle has six main characteristics (see picture): three linear (side lengths ) and three angular (). The classical plane trigonometry problem is to specify three of the six characteristics and  determine the other three.  A triangle can be uniquely determined in this sense when given any of the following:

Three sides (SSS)
Two sides and the included angle (SAS, side-angle-side)
Two sides and an angle not included between them (SSA), if the side length adjacent to the angle is shorter than the other side length.
A side and the two angles adjacent to it (ASA)
A side, the angle opposite to it and an angle adjacent to it (AAS).

For all cases in the plane, at least one of the side lengths must be specified. If only the angles are given, the side lengths cannot be determined, because any similar triangle is a solution.

Trigonomic relations

The standard method of solving the problem is to use fundamental relations.
Law of cosines

Law of sines

Sum of angles

Law of tangents

There are other (sometimes practically useful) universal relations: the law of cotangents and Mollweide's formula.

Notes
To find an unknown angle, the law of cosines is safer than the law of sines. The reason is that the value of sine for the angle of the triangle does not uniquely determine this angle. For example, if , the angle  can equal either 30° or 150°. Using the law of cosines avoids this problem: within the interval from 0° to 180° the cosine value unambiguously determines its angle. On the other hand, if the angle is small (or close to 180°), then it is more robust numerically to determine it from its sine than its cosine because the arc-cosine function has a divergent derivative at 1 (or −1).
We assume that the relative position of specified characteristics is known. If not, the mirror reflection of the triangle will also be a solution. For example, three side lengths uniquely define either a triangle or its reflection.

Three sides given (SSS)

Let three side lengths  be specified. To find the angles , the law of cosines can be used:

Then angle .

Some sources recommend to find angle  from the law of sines but (as Note 1 above states) there is a risk of confusing an acute angle value with an obtuse one.

Another method of calculating the angles from known sides is to apply the law of cotangents.

Two sides and the included angle given (SAS)

Here the lengths of sides  and the angle  between these sides are known. The third side can be determined from the law of cosines:

Now we use law of cosines to find the second angle:

Finally, .

Two sides and non-included angle given (SSA)

This case is not solvable in all cases; a solution is guaranteed to be unique only if the side length adjacent to the angle is shorter than the other side length.  Assume that two sides  and the angle  are known. The equation for the angle  can be implied  from the law of sines:

We denote further  (the equation's right side). There are four possible cases:
If , no such triangle exists because the side  does not reach line . For the same reason a solution does not exist if the angle  and .
If , a unique solution exists: , i.e., the triangle is right-angled.
 If  two alternatives are possible.
 If , then  (the larger side corresponds to a larger angle). Since no triangle can have two obtuse angles,  is an acute angle and the solution  is unique.
 If , the angle  may be acute:  or obtuse: . The figure on right shows the point , the side  and the angle  as the first solution, and the point , side  and the angle  as the second solution.

Once  is obtained, the third angle .

The third side can then be found from the law of sines:

or from the law of cosines:

A side and two adjacent angles given (ASA)

The known characteristics are the side   and the angles . The third angle .

Two unknown sides can be calculated from the law of sines:

or

A side, one adjacent angle and the opposite angle given (AAS)
The procedure for solving an AAS triangle is same as that for an ASA triangle: First, find the third angle by using the angle sum property of a triangle, then find the other two sides using the law of sines.

Other given lengths

In many cases, triangles can be solved given three pieces of information some of which are the lengths of the triangle's medians, altitudes, or angle bisectors. Posamentier and Lehmann list the results for the question of solvability using no higher than square roots (i.e., constructibility) for each of the 95 distinct cases; 63 of these are constructible.

Solving spherical triangles

The general spherical triangle is fully determined by three of its six characteristics (3 sides and 3 angles). The lengths of the sides  of a spherical triangle are their central angles, measured in angular units rather than linear units. (On a unit sphere, the angle (in radians) and length around the sphere are numerically the same. On other spheres, the angle (in radians) is equal to the length around the sphere divided by the radius.)

Spherical geometry differs from planar Euclidean geometry, so the solution of spherical triangles is built on different rules. For example, the sum of the three angles  depends on the size of the triangle. In addition, similar triangles cannot be unequal, so the problem of constructing a triangle with specified three angles has a unique solution. The basic relations used to solve a problem are similar to those of the planar case: see Spherical law of cosines and Spherical law of sines.

Among other relationships that may be useful are the half-side formula and Napier's analogies:

Three sides given (spherical SSS)
Known: the sides  (in angular units). The triangle's angles are computed using the spherical law of cosines:

Two sides and the included angle given (spherical SAS)
Known: the sides  and the angle  between them. The side  can be found from the spherical law of cosines:

The angles  can be calculated as above, or by using Napier's analogies:

This problem arises in the navigation problem of finding the great circle between two points on the earth specified by their latitude and longitude; in this application, it is important to use formulas which are not susceptible to round-off errors.  For this purpose, the following formulas (which may be derived using vector algebra) can be used:

where the signs of the numerators and denominators in these expressions should be used to determine the quadrant of the arctangent.

Two sides and non-included angle given (spherical SSA)
This problem is not solvable in all cases; a solution is guaranteed to be unique only if the side length adjacent to the angle is shorter than the other side length.  Known: the sides  and the angle  not between them. A solution exists if the following condition holds:

The angle  can be found from the spherical law of sines:

As for the plane case, if  then there are two solutions:  and .

We can find other characteristics by using Napier's analogies:

A side and two adjacent angles given (spherical ASA)
Known: the side  and the angles . First we determine the angle  using the spherical law of cosines:

We can find the two unknown sides from the spherical law of cosines (using the calculated angle ):

or by using Napier's analogies:

A side, one adjacent angle and the opposite angle given (spherical AAS)
Known: the side  and the angles . The side  can be found from the spherical law of sines:

If the angle for the side  is acute and , another solution exists:

We can find other characteristics by using Napier's analogies:

Three angles given (spherical AAA)
Known: the angles . From the spherical law of cosines we infer:

Solving right-angled spherical triangles
The above algorithms become much simpler if one of the angles of a triangle (for example, the angle ) is the right angle. Such a spherical triangle is fully defined by its two elements, and the other three can be calculated using Napier's Pentagon or the following relations.
 (from the spherical law of sines)

 (from the spherical law of cosines)

 (also from the spherical law of cosines)

Some applications

Triangulation

If one wants to measure the distance  from shore to a remote ship via triangulation, one marks on the shore two points with known distance  between them (the baseline). Let  be the angles between the baseline and the direction to the ship.

From the formulae above (ASA case, assuming planar geometry) one can compute the distance as the triangle height:

For the spherical case, one can first compute the length of side from the point at  to the ship (i.e. the side opposite to ) via the ASA formula

and insert this into the AAS formula for the right subtriangle that contains the angle  and the sides  and :

(The planar formula is actually the first term of the Taylor expansion of  of the spherical solution in powers of .)

This method is used in cabotage. The angles  are defined  by observation of familiar landmarks from the ship.

As another example, if one wants to measure the height  of a mountain or a high building, the angles  from two ground points to the top are specified. Let  be the distance between these points. From the same ASA case formulas we obtain:

The distance between two points on the globe

To calculate the distance between two points on the globe,
Point A: latitude , longitude , and
Point B: latitude , longitude
we consider the spherical triangle , where  is the North Pole. Some characteristics are:

If two sides and the included angle given, we obtain from the formulas

Here  is the Earth's radius.

See also
Congruence
Hansen's problem
Hinge theorem
Lénárt sphere
Snellius–Pothenot problem

References

External links
Trigonometric Delights, by Eli Maor, Princeton University Press, 1998.  Ebook version, in PDF format, full text presented.
Trigonometry by Alfred Monroe Kenyon and Louis Ingold, The Macmillan Company, 1914. In images, full text presented. Google book.
Spherical trigonometry on Math World.
Intro to Spherical Trig. Includes discussion of The Napier circle and Napier's rules
Spherical Trigonometry — for the use of colleges and schools by I. Todhunter, M.A., F.R.S. Historical Math Monograph posted by Cornell University Library.
Triangulator – Triangle solver. Solve any plane triangle problem with the minimum of input data. Drawing of the solved triangle.
TriSph – Free software to solve the spherical triangles, configurable to different practical applications and configured for gnomonic.
 Spherical Triangle Calculator – Solves spherical triangles.
TrianCal – Triangles solver by Jesus S.

Spherical trigonometry
Triangle problems
Trigonometry

de:Dreieck#Berechnung eines beliebigen Dreiecks


Believe Pictures is a production company founded by partners Brian Bird, and Michael Landon, Jr. They have created (or co-created) major films such as The Last Sin Eater, the Love Comes Softly film series and Saving Sarah Cain, which won a 2008 CAMIE Award.

Most of the releases went to Fox Faith for home video distribution.

Filmography
 Love Comes Softly (April 13, 2003)
 Love's Enduring Promise (November 20, 2004)
 Love's Long Journey (December 3, 2005)
 Love's Abiding Joy (October 6, 2006)
 The Last Sin Eater (February 9, 2007)
 Love's Unending Legacy (April 7, 2007)
 Saving Sarah Cain (August 19, 2007)
 Love's Unfolding Dream (December 15, 2007)

References

External links

Film production companies of the United States
Christian film production companies


The 49th Cousin is a play by Florence Lowe and Caroline Francke. The work premiered on Broadway at the Ambassador Theatre on 27 October 1960 and closed after 102 performances on January 21, 1961.

The production was directed by Jack Smight and starred Menasha Skulnik as Issac Lowe, Marian Winters as Tracy Lowe, Martha Scott as Fanny Lowe, Evans Evans as Carrie Lowe, Eli Mintz as Simon Lowe, Gerald Hiken as Moishe (Morris) Golub, John Boruff as Rabbi Ansbacher, David Kurlan as Mr. Kronfeld, Alfred Leberfeld as Mr. Miller, and Paul Tripp as Mr. Cronyn.

References

External links

1960 plays
Broadway plays


Wauconda Bog Nature Preserve is a tamarack bog nature preserve located in Wauconda (a suburb of Chicago) Lake County, Illinois. It is a National Natural Landmark.

Biological history
The Wauconda Bog is a wetland created by the Wisconsin glaciation, the most recent of the so-called ice ages to affect the Illinois landscape. Core samples have been extracted from the peat layers contained within the bog, and they have told a vivid story of climate change in central North America during the postglacial period. Different levels of temperature and precipitation encouraged the growth of very different kinds of plant life during this period; these diverse species released large quantities of characteristic pollen, which was trapped within the layers of peat preserved here.

Geomorphologists sometimes compare the Wauconda Bog with the nearby Volo Bog, also a National Natural Landmark located about 7 miles (11 km) north of the Wauconda Bog. The two bogs displays different stages of a bog's life cycle. The Wauconda Bog, unlike Volo Bog, no longer has any patches of open water; instead, layers of wet and damp peat support characteristic wetland plant forms such as tamarack, cattails, wetland orchids, yellow birch, and poison sumac.

Today
A  parcel that comprises the Wauconda Bog site is owned by the Lake County Forest Preserve District. It is minimally accessible to the public. U.S. Highway 12 adjoins the bog.

The bog was named as an Illinois Nature Preserve in 1970, and was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972.

References

Bogs of Illinois
National Natural Landmarks in Illinois
Nature reserves in Illinois
Protected areas of Lake County, Illinois
Landforms of Lake County, Illinois
1972 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas established in 1972


WWCI-CD (channel 10) is a low-power, Class A television station in Vero Beach, Florida, United States. Owned by Innovate Corp., the station broadcasts from a transmitter on 83rd Street in Fellsmere, Florida.

History
The station's construction permit was issued on November 20, 1992, under the call sign of W10CI. The station then began broadcasting in March 1996, primarily relying on National Empowerment Television as its program source. Renamed WWCI-LP later that year, the station was added to local cable systems six months after starting and began producing local news and talk programming for Indian River County and St. Lucie County. This was supplemented with news from Bloomberg Television, America's Voice (the former NET), and All News Channel.

V One Broadcasting sold WWCI-CD to HC2 in 2018.

Subchannels

References

Television channels and stations established in 1996
Vero Beach, Florida
WCI-CD
WCI
1996 establishments in Florida
Innovate Corp.


Fort Sandoské was a French military fort, built about 1750 on what is now called the Marblehead Peninsula on the northern side of Sandusky Bay in Ohio, near the traditional portage place from the bay to Lake Erie.

It was built at a site formerly occupied about 1745 by a trading-post run by mostly Pennsylvanian ("English") fur-traders, who had been given permission by Wyandot chief Nicolas Orontony. About 1748 or 1749, French soldiers from Fort Detroit expelled the English and took over the site.  This specific site was never a British military outpost, but some historians asserted it had been. The English Fort Sandusky was not built until 1761 and it was constructed in a different location southeast of the bay. The future site of Venice, Ohio developed near here. That fort was overrun and destroyed in 1763 during Pontiac's War.

There was much confusion about the affiliation of trading posts and forts around Sandusky Bay. The French briefly used Fort Sandoské to secure supply and communication between Fort Niagara and Fort Detroit. It was already abandoned by 1754, when French lieutenant and engineer Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry passed through the area with forces to reinforce Fort Detroit. He sketched the remains of this fort's layout/plan and included it in a campaign journal, one of eight of his held by Laval University in Quebec.

References

External links
 Home | Ohio History Connection

Sandoske
Buildings and structures in Ottawa County, Ohio
Sandoske
French-American culture in Ohio
History of Ohio
1750 establishments in the French colonial empire


The giant triplefin (Blennodon dorsale) is a triplefin of the family Tripterygiidae, the only member of the genus Blennodon, found around the coast of New Zealand.  It length is up to 15 cm, and it is the largest known triplefin species.

References

Tripterygiidae
Endemic marine fish of New Zealand
Taxa named by Frank Edward Clarke
Fish described in 1879