The Virginia Arts Festival is a Norfolk-based non-profit arts presenter which serves southeastern Virginia, offering dozens of performances during the spring and throughout the year. Virginia Arts Festival performances have included international ballet companies, along with modern, contemporary, and ethnic dance companies; world-renowned soloists and ensembles in musical genres including classical, jazz, world, folk, rock, blues, bluegrass, country, and pop; opera; theater and cabaret; and collaborative productions with local arts organizations like the Virginia Symphony Orchestra.

History
City of Norfolk and a group of arts patrons, seeking to increase local tourism during the spring "shoulder season," approached Robert W. Cross in 1995 to create a performing arts festival that would serve as a cultural destination for the region. Cross produced the first Virginia International Waterside Arts Festival on 1997, presenting an 18-day festival featuring such performers as Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, the Mark Morris Dance Group, contemporary composer/performer Steve Reich, and jazz legends Ramsey Lewis and Billy Taylor. The 1997 Festival also saw the creation of the first Virginia International Tattoo, an international display of military bands, drill teams, and pipe and drum corps.

After four successful years, in 2001 the name was officially changed to the Virginia Arts Festival.

The Washington Post has called the Virginia Arts Festival the "Tidewater Tanglewood." From a two-week festival in its first year, the festival has tripled in size and attendance. In 2016, the Virginia Arts Festival celebrated its 20th Anniversary season, presenting 72 ticketed performances throughout the region from mid-April through June, with patrons traveling from 49 states and 13 countries.

Education
Reaching tens of thousands of students every year, the Virginia Arts Festival offers year-round arts education programs, presenting special student matinee performances and aligning visiting performing artists with area schools for master classes, in-school workshops, and demonstrations. According to their 2016 Annual Report, the organization's education programs reached 39,644 area school children during the 2015–16 season.

Commissions
The Festival's John Duffy Institute for New Opera seeks out and supports the work of opera composer/librettist teams by providing professional mentorship and a professional process for the development of their new work, with the intent to see the works through to full productions. In May, 2016, the Festival will present the world premiere of Kept: a ghost story, a world premiere performances of the new opera Kept: a ghost story, at Norfolk's Attucks Theatre. Created by composer Kristin Kuster and librettist Megan Levad, the work was developed over a three-year process through the Duffy Institute. Additional new operas are currently in the development phase and will receive their premieres in 2018 and beyond.

In addition to its commissions through the Duffy Institute, the Virginia Arts Festival has commissioned 18 works of music, dance, and opera:
 Brahms Variations - In 2016 the Virginia Arts Festival commissioned a new work from Dance Theatre of Harlem in honor of the Festival's 20th season. Choreographed by Robert Garland and set to Johannes Brahms' Variations on a Theme by Haydn, the ballet was premiered at Chrysler Hall in Norfolk, Virginia, on May 14, 2016, with Benjamin Rous conducting the Virginia Symphony Orchestra in the pit.
 BEN-HUR, A tale of the Christ - Composer and percussionist Stewart Copeland created a new score for a 90-minute edited version of the 1925 MGM silent epic film; the work was premiered with the Virginia Arts Festival Orchestra, conducted by Richard Kaufman, in Norfolk, on April 19, 2014.
 Song of the Shulamite  - Composer Donald McCullough, founder of the Virginia Symphony Chorus and Virginia Chorale, and for more than a decade the music director of the Master Chorale of Washington, premiered his new work in November 2012 at George Mason University in Fairfax, VA. The Virginia Arts Festival co-commissioned this piece, named after the beautiful young bride and heroine in "Song of Solomon" in the Bible.
 Dreams of the Fallen – Created by composer Jake Runestad, a fellow of the John Duffy Composer's Institute, this musical work combined solo piano, chorus, and orchestra with powerful texts written by Iraq War veteran and award-winning poet Brian Turner, chronicling a soldier's emotional response to the experience of war. The work was premiered in New Orleans in 2013.
 Rappahannock County - American composer Ricky Ian Gordon and librettist Mark Campbell were commissioned to write a staged song cycle in commemoration of the Sesquicentennial Anniversary of the American Civil War. Rappahannock County which had its world premiere in Norfolk, VA April 12, 2011, the same day that Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in 1861, with subsequent performances in Richmond, VA and Austin, TX.
 Romeo and Juliet, On Motifs of Shakespeare: Mark Morris Dance Group – This commissioning project was an extension of many years of creative collaboration between the Festival and Mark Morris Dance Group; the world premiere performance featured the Virginia Symphony Orchestra in the pit. Inspired by the recently restored manuscripts that Soviet cultural officials originally rejected and suppressed, Mark Morris set his choreography to Prokofiev's original unedited 1935 ballet score. This historic production (which was part of a 10-member international commissioning consortium project)     included, for the first time, an entire fourth act that until now had never been heard (Prokofiev was forced to supplant this act with his known 'epilogue' ending). Virginia Symphony Orchestra played the score live during the 2009 Festival.

 Septet – This work was commissioned by the Festival in consortium with other national presenters from American composer Ellen Taaffe Zwilich and was performed by the Kalichstein-Laredo-Robinson Trio (KLR Trio) and Miami String Quartet during the 2009 Festival.

 Piano Trio – Renowned composer and icon of contemporary American music, Joan Tower was jointly commissioned by the Virginia Arts Festival, La Jolla Music Society and Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center to compose a piano trio in 2008. The premiere performance piece featured chamber musicians: violinist Cho-Liang Lin, cellist Gary Hoffman, and pianist André-Michel Schub.
 Pocahontas Chamber Opera – Composed by Linda Tutas Haugen and libretto by Joan Vail Thorne, this joint commission with Virginia Opera was a world premiere production, presented in 2007 in honor     of the 400th anniversary of the Jamestown, Virginia landing.
 America's 400th Anniversary Celebration – Four new musical works were commissioned this 2007 commemoration event by American composers John Corigliano, John Duffy, Adolphus Hailstork, and Jennifer Higdon.
 A Midsummer Night's Dream – This fully staged world premiere production, presented in 2005, was performed in 2005 with the orchestra on stage with the actors, with the score taken from     Mendelssohn's Overture and Incidental Music.
 The Lost Treasure of Atlantis – The Imani Winds quintet created this new work for Virginia Arts Festival education programs in 2006.
 Chinese Ancient Dance Suite and Night Thoughts – Two chamber music works were commissioned from Chinese-born American composer Chen Yi in 2004.
 Gershwin's World - Jazz master Herbie Hancock created an orchestral version of his Grammy Award-winning 1998 album Gershwin's World, which received its world premiere in the 2003 Virginia Arts Festival.
 Memories of a Possible Future – Composed by Bruce Adolphe, this work for piano and string quartet was co-commissioned by the Virginia Arts Festival and the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and was premiered in 2002.

Recordings
Virginia Arts Festival performances have been recorded for the Naxos label, including the Festival-commissioned song cycle by Rappahannock County, Stravinsky's Les Noces and The Soldier's Tale, and the Schoenberg transcriptions of Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde and Songs of a Wayfarer. Additionally, the Festival's presentation of Peter and the Wolf: A Special Report was recorded for NPR Classics.

References

External links
 https://www.vafest.org/
 https://www.vafest.org/media/51314/2016_annual_report.pdf

Festivals in Virginia
Culture of Norfolk, Virginia
Arts festivals in the United States
Tourist attractions in Norfolk, Virginia


Rogers Heritage High School is a comprehensive public high school in Rogers, Arkansas for students in grades nine through twelve. Rogers Public Schools established the school in 2008. The first graduating class was in 2010.

Curriculum
The assumed course of study at Rogers Heritage High School follows the Smart Core curriculum approved by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Students complete regular courses and exams and may select to take Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams, which may lead to college credit.  The school is accredited by AdvancED. In 2012, Rogers Heritage was nationally recognized with the silver medalist award from U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools Report with a No. 5 ranking in Arkansas and No. 980 nationally.

Extracurricular activities
Rogers Heritage War Eagles compete in interscholastic competition at the state's largest classification level (7A) in the 7A West Conference  administered by the Arkansas Activities Association (AAA). Activities include baseball, basketball (boys/girls), bowling (boys/girls), competitive cheer, cheer, cross country (boys/girls), competitive dance, dance, debate, football, golf (boys/girls), soccer (boys/girls), softball, speech, swimming (boys/girls), tennis (boys/girls), track (boys/girls), volleyball and wrestling.

In 2010, the wrestling team won the 7A State State Wrestling Championships. Students in debate compete at events sponsored by the International Public Debate Association.

Feeder patterns
The following elementary schools feed into Rogers Heritage: Eastside, Garfield, Grace Hill, Mathias, Northside, Reagan, Tillery, and Westside. Two middle schools, Lingle and Oakdale, feed into Rogers Heritage.

References

External links

2008 establishments in Arkansas
Public high schools in Arkansas
Educational institutions established in 2008
Schools in Benton County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Rogers, Arkansas


Liverpool Cult Classics Unearthed – Volume Two is the second in a series of three volumes from the Viper Label of rare and unreleased songs by famous and not so famous Liverpool bands. Volume Two was released in 2001 and includes tracks by The Teardrop Explodes, Deaf School and The Onset.

Track listing
 "Kardomah Cafe" - The Cherry Boys - 3.05
 "Freezer Burn" - Telefone – 2:30
 "Smile Now" - C-Stripey – 2:48
 "Run Of The Dove" - The Last Chant – 5:46
 "Camera, Camera" - The Teardrop Explodes – 2:55
 "Ding, Dong" - Deaf School – 2:46
 "Did You See Her?" - Pink Military – 3:00
 "The Harbour Song" - Palais De Sand – 4:12
 "Precious Love" - The Onset – 2:32
 "The Night Song" - The Transparent Band – 1:35
 "Up On The Ceiling" – Rain - 3:06
 "Angels" - The Vernons – 4:27
 "Astral Girl" - The White Capsule – 4:42
 "When You Fly" - The Moondogs – 2:50
 "Naive" - The Room – 4:38
 "Rings Of Saturn" - The Sex Gods – 5:48

Reviews
"The Viper label returns with another sixteen tracks dug up from the last quarter century or so of Liverpudlian past.  No La's this time around, but Mike Badger's The Onset do offer up an unabashed love song in their stead." - Jo-Ann Greene (AllMusic)

References

2001 compilation albums


The Peter Fuller Building is a historic commercial building located at 808 Commonwealth Avenue in Brookline, Massachusetts.

Description and history
This five-story limestone-faced building occupies a prominent position on Commonwealth Avenue near the south end of the BU Bridge. It was designed by the prolific architect Albert Kahn, a noted designer of industrial buildings, and built in 1927 for the Cadillac Auto Company. It is one of the few Boston-area buildings designed by Kahn, who did extensive work designing automobile-related industrial facilities in the American Midwest. This building stood at what was then a gateway position leading to a row of automotive dealerships along Commonwealth Avenue, and was designed to be a local flagship showroom for the luxury Cadillac line. It gets its name from Peter D. Fuller, president of the Cadillac Automobile Company of Boston. It ceased to be a car showroom in 1978, when Fuller closed his dealership, citing high overhead costs. It was purchased by Boston University (BU) the following year. In 2020, the building became home to the Howard Thurman Center, a center for student life at BU.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 17, 1985.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Neoclassical architecture in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Brookline, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts

Albert Kahn (architect) buildings
Commercial buildings completed in 1927


Jiang Qian (; 1876–1942), courtesy name Yiyuan (),  art name Yangfu (), was an influential Chinese scholar and educator.

Biography
In his early years, Jiang studied at the Ziyang Academy in Huizhou, Anhui, and Wenzheng Academy in Nanjing. In 1902 he helped Zhang Jian to found Tongzhou Normal School, the first Chinese normal school, and then became the school's president. In 1914, he was appointed the president of Nanking Higher Normal School, on the site of former Liangjiang Higher Normal School. Nanking Higher Normal School later turned to be National Southeastern University and renamed National Central University and Nanjing University. In 1918 when taken ill, he nominated the provost Kuo Ping-Wen () to be the acting president. A year later in 1919, he quit the post of school president.

Chinese scholars
Presidents of National Central University
Presidents of Nanjing University
1876 births
1942 deaths
People from Shangrao


Grimstone or Grimston is a hamlet and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It lies beside the main B1363 road between York and Helmsley. Grimston lies in the Howardian Hills just south of the North York Moors National Park and close to Ampleforth Abbey and College. In 2015 it had an estimated population of 60.

Grimston is small, and is made up of around 14 households. Historically, it originates from an old manorial estate  , and several of the buildings still hold related names: Grimston Manor, Grimston Manor Farm, Grimston Lodge, Grimston Cottage and Grimston Grange. Grimston was recorded in the Domesday Book as Grimeston.

References

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Ryedale


"Aquí Estoy Yo" (English: "Here I Am") is a song written by Luis Fonsi, Claudia Brant and Gen Rubin; it was produced by Luis Fonsi and Sebastián Krys for Fonsi's seventh studio album Palabras del Silencio (2008), and it is performed by Luis Fonsi, Aleks Syntek, David Bisbal, and Noel Schajris.

It was released as the second single from Fonsi's album on October 13, 2008, and became his sixth number-one single on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart, the second number-one single for David Bisbal on the same chart, and the first for Aleks Syntek and Noel Schajris (as a solo performer).

Background
"Aquí Estoy Yo" was released on October 13, 2008, as the second single from Palabras del Silencio, the seventh studio album recorded by Puerto Rican singer-songwriter Luis Fonsi. This song is the follow-up to "No Me Doy por Vencido" and was written by Fonsi in 2008, according to an interview on the Mexican newspaper El Universal: "I wrote it six years ago to four male voices (the brother of Luis Fonsi and two Brazilian brothers, Rodrigo and Julian Medeiros), and in all these years, I never knew what to do with the song, I thought maybe give it to some group, but as I loved it so much, decided to keep it." About the choice to perform with Noel Schajris, David Bisbal and Aleks Syntek, Fonsi told Billboard magazine: "One day, I thought and I said, why not invite three guys, three friends, not difficult to reach them, they can talk to you one on one, because it had happened but they were my friends." While on a boat fishing with Bisbal, Syntek and Schajris, Fonsi asked them to record the track, since it was "an amazing song and the only thing I do is look at three musketeers sing to me". Fonsi thought that the diversity would help this "hymn": "We have Mexico, Argentina, Spain and Puerto Rico in the same track." During the recording, there were no rules, it was a mix of artistic styles, like a bohemian reunion with friends. On the album review, Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic declared that this was a notable song, that features a quartet of international all-stars.

Music video
The music video was recorded in Mexico City in December 2008, as stated by Fonsi on his official website. It was released on January 26, 2009.

In the music video, Aleks, David, and Noel are all going to meet Fonsi to sing a song together. On their way, there they see Fonsi. When Aleks, David and Noel bump into Ludwika Paleta. When they get to Fonsi's home, Fonsi, Syntek, Bisbal, and Noel sing "Aquí Estoy Yo" altogether. Near the end, they all leave and see and Fonsi smiles at Ludwika Paleta and she smiles back.

Track listing
Digital download
"Aquí Estoy Yo" (Urban Version) featuring Yomo – 4:28
"Aquí Estoy Yo" (Bachata Version)

Chart performance
The song debuted on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart at number 42 on February 7, 2009. and slowly climbed to number one 19 weeks later, replacing "El Amor" by Tito "El Bambino". The track became Fonsi's sixth number-one single on the chart, and the second number-one single for David Bisbal, after "¿Quién Me Iba a Decir?" in 2006. "Aquí Estoy Yo" became the first number-one single for Aleks Syntek whose previous highest rank on this chart was achieved in 2004 with "Duele el Amor", a duet with Spanish singer Ana Torroja that peaked at number two. It is also the first time that Noel Schajris reached the top position on this chart as a solo performer. With Sin Bandera, Schrajris, reached the number-one position in 2004 with "Mientes Tan Bien".

On the Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart, this song replaced Fonsi's "No Me Doy por Vencido", which led the list for a chart-record 28 weeks. This was only the third time in the chart's history that an artist has succeeded himself at the top. Juanes' "Gotas de Agua Dulce" followed by "Me Enamora" on the February 23, 2008, and Ricky Martin's "Vuelve" gave way to "Perdido Sin Ti" on September 12, 1998.

Charts

Certifications

Awards

Billboard Latin Music Awards
Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year
Latin Pop Airplay Artist of the Year – Male

Latin Grammy Awards
Song of the Year

Premio Lo Nuestro
Pop Song of the Year
Collaboration of the Year

References

2008 songs
2008 singles
Aleks Syntek songs
David Bisbal songs
Latin Grammy Award for Song of the Year
Luis Fonsi songs
Noel Schajris songs
Songs written by Claudia Brant
Spanish-language songs
Bachata songs
Universal Music Latino singles
Songs written by Luis Fonsi
2000s ballads
Pop ballads


The John Goddard House is a historic house at 235 Goddard Avenue in Brookline, Massachusetts, US. The two-story wood-frame house was originally built by Joseph Goddard in 1670 and re-built by his grandson John Goddard in 1767, a farmer. It is one of the few 18th-century houses in Brookline, important for the role it and its owner played in the American Revolutionary War during the Siege of Boston in 1776. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Description and history
The Goddard House is set on the north side of Goddard Avenue, opposite the northern border of Larz Anderson Park in southeastern Brookline. It is a roughly square wood-frame house, with a hip roof, central chimney, and a three-bay facade with a projecting gabled vestibule. The interior retains period fixtures, including wall paneling, doors, and hardware.

The house was built in 1767 by John Goddard on land originally purchased by his grandfather Joseph. Goddard, a teamster, was active in local civic affairs, notably serving in the Massachusetts Provincial Congress prior to the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Goddard's property was one of several places in Massachusetts used by rebellious colonists for the storage of munitions (probably in the barn, since demolished). During the Siege of Boston, Goddard acted as wagon-master general to the Continental Army during the Fortification of Dorchester Heights, a night-time act that required the wagons to be rendered as quiet as possible to avoid notice. After the siege lifted and the British troops left Boston, Goddard refused George Washington's offer to remain in military service due to his duty to his large family.

John and Hannah Goddard, A Sermon
Sermon preached in the First Parish Meeting House, Brookline, Mass. USA; by William H. Lyon D.D. in dedication of the Stained-Glass Window in memory of John and Hannah Goddard.

The evacuation of Boston on the seventeenth of March 1776, was the greatest victory which the Continental troops had gained up to that date. Nearly a year had passed since the days of Lexington and Concord, and just nine months since Bunker Hill. The attempt to conquer Canada had failed disastrously, and the eyes of the combatants on both sides of the ocean were directed to the struggle in and around Boston. There had seemed little prospect of American success when the siege began, and as time passed and no change in the condition had been affected, the prospect did not grow brighter.

When the spring began to open, however, Washington began to stir, and the result was a feat of engineering which both astonished and dismayed the too confident enemy.

On Monday night, March 4, a heavy cannonade was opened upon Boston from Roxbury, which was as hotly returned by the enemy, who had no suspicion of what it covered About seven o'clock two thousand men marched to Dorchester Heights. Eight hundred formed an advance guard, followed by carts with intrenching tools, then came twelve hundred more troops, and last of all a train of three hundred wagons, carrying facines and hay. Every possible precaution had been taken to prevent discovery. The wheels of the carts were wound with hay, and the oxen shod with felt, and no whips were allowed to be used, the poor uninterested beasts being prodded along with sharpened sticks. So, though there was a bright moonlight, the British were completely taken by surprise when they beheld, the next morning, the fortifications which made Boston untenable. “Good God!” exclaimed General Howe, “these fellows have done more work in one night than I could have made my army do in three months. What shall I do?” At first he undertook to bombard the intrenchments, but his gunners could not fire so high, though they sunk the hind wheels of their cannon in the ground. Washington hoped they would attack him, in which case troops that were waiting on the other side of Boston would have assailed the city. “But the renowned Lord Percy Disappointed us,” wrote John Sullivan to John Adams, for he, instead of his Prospect Glass, took a multiplying Glass & viewed our people from the Castle, & made them fifty thousand, when, in fact, we had only sent on four thousand.” The result was that, to their humiliation, the whole British force, in great disorder and confusion, abandoned the city, leaving over two hundred cannons, thousands of muskets, and great stores of powder, lead, and other military necessities, and betook themselves to their fleet. So ended the siege of Boston.

With the commanders of the troops who occupied those decisive Dorchester Heights we need not now concern ourselves. Our business is with him who so efficiently and successfully organized and conducted the wagon train which bore the materials for the fortifications, John Goddard of Brookline. He was already well known in his own town as a patriot and had been appointed to various posts of service in the preparations for the Revolution. We find in the town records that on December 15, 1767, John Goddard was chosen one of five persons to “be a Committee to prepare a form for subscription against Receiving of those European superfluities and make Report” as to those “superfluities.” On the twentieth of November in that year Parliament had laid a duty on paint, paper, glass and tea imported into the colonies, and the Americans proposed to defeat it by simply going without those articles. On December 11, 1772, Mr. Goddard was one of a Committee of seven appointed “to take under consideration the Violation and Infringments of the Rights of the Colonists and of this Province in particular,” and “to be a Standing Committee of Communication and correspond with the Town of Boston and any other Town in the Subject of our Present Difficulties.” The grievances referred to are stated at length in the minutes of the twenty-eighth of the same month. As the sky grows darker with the clouds of war we find Mr. Goddard appointed (September 1, 1774) on another committee “to Ex amine into the state of Said Town as to Their Military preparations for War, in case of a Sudden attack from our Enemies”; and on the twenty-seventh made one of two delegates “to attend in the Provincial Congress, to be held at Concord, to meet the Delegates from the other Towns in the Province and unite with them in all Such Measures as shall Appear to you to have a tendency to promote the Welfare of this Province and to recover and Secure the first Rights and Liberties of America.” Again, on January 1, 1775, he is made 'one of a committee to see that the vote “To comply with the Recommendation as set forth by the Continental and Provindal Congress, be Duly Observed.”

We find also that at a meeting of the committee of safety at the house of Captain Stedman, in Cambridge, November 2, 1774, it was “Voted: unanimously, that Mr. John Goddard of Brookline be wagon master for the army, and that Captain White inform him of his choice, by the province;” and again, in records dated “Head Quarters, May 15, 1775,” “This is to certify, that Mr. John Goddard has been appointed by, the joint committee of safety and supplies as Wagon Master to this colony, to convey such articles of stores from one part of this colony to another as the public exigency may require, and that such other wagoners or drivers are to be employed as he shall recommend for that purpose.” It is proof of the efficiency and success of Mr. Goddard in this important service of transportation that it was recorded in the Orderly Book of Captain Abijah Wyman's company in Colonel William Prescott's regiment, on August 9, 1775, that “Mr. John Goddard is appointed by the Commander in Chief, Wagon Master General to the army of the twelve united Colonies and is to be obeyed as such.” He had power to seize such wagons and horses or oxen as he needed for the public service and assign prices for them.

Before this appointment he had evidently been known to General Washington as a reliable patriot for we read in the same book, under date of April 21, “That the two hogsheads of powder in the possession of Mr. Pigion be lodged with John Goddard at Brookline, for the use of the American troops,” and again, on April 24, “that General Thomas do send an officer, with a sufficient guard, to convey a mortar and ordnance stores to Mr. John Goddard in Brookline where the powder is now stored.” Before this the powder that went to Concord had been stored in some bushes on Mr. Goddard's farm, and it was related as remarkable, if not providential, that the lightning one stormy night struck and split the tree at the foot of which the powder was hidden without causing any explosion. It was soon found, however, that the place of hiding was becoming too well known, and the powder was carried to Concord, followed one unlucky day by the British. The cannons, however, remained and were carried around through Heath Street in Roxbury to Dorchester Heights, leaving the old barn which had sheltered them to stand as a witness to this day. Mr. Goddard was urged by General Washington to conduct the transportation of his army to New York, and to remain with him to the end of the war, in which case he would have had the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel to begin with but be answered that he could not leave his wife and children, and having aided in driving the enemy from his own province, resigned and spent the rest of his life upon his farm.

At this time Mr. Goddard had fourteen children, of whom the youngest was born three weeks after that famous moonlight march of his father. Two were born later. Of these sixteen all but one, a daughter, were the children of his second wife, Hannah Seaver. She was born July16, 1735, and died May 31, 1821. To have lived eighty-six years and to have borne fifteen children in less than twenty-five years argues a strong constitution, especially when we consider the labor and exposure which the faithful wives of our forefathers underwent upon their farms.

“I do not recollect,” says one of the sons, “there being more than one female assistant at one time in the house, unless when there was a nurse and sometimes a washerwoman one day in the week. In those days they baked all their bread, brewed their own beer, made their own soap, did all their sewing except making some new garments, knit their own stockings if they wore any, and often spun their own yarn, made the cloth for their shirts and sheets and even pocket handkerchiefs. The sleeved jackets and trousers were manufactured in the same family way; in making pocket handkerchiefs, the white linen was first made, though not very fine, and handed to the children, who tied shot up fancifully in it, and then dyed in the dye-pot in the corner of the fireplace; when done, washed and dried, we untied the shot, and behold the beautiful white rings made by the strings around the shot' through which the dye did not penetrate; to make the checked and striped shirts, the colored part was died in the same pot.” And “how often have I seen the anxious mother search the well, which was about eight feet deep and fed by a spring, and protected by no curb, when by reaching and stirring with a long stick bubbles would rise, which went far to convince her that the child was there and she suffered most excruciatingly, till the missing was found.”

Whether she had the experience of one of our more recent Brookline mothers, who bore nine children and had eight of them down with the measles at once, in four rooms, two in a room, we are not told. Her maternal methods were simple, if we may judge from the reply made to someone who asked what she did with so many children, that she “put leather aprons on them all and turned them all out to play.” All was not play, however, with the young Goddard's, for we are told of John, the eldest son, that before he was nine years old he had committed to memory and recited to Rev. Joseph Jackson the whole Book of Proverbs, with its thirty-one chapters and perhaps six thousand verses, and the one hundredth and nineteenth Psalm, which has one hundred and seventy-six verses. He came rightly by his love of the Bible, however, for his mother was the granddaughter of Deacon Benjamin White of the church in Brookline. Her mother, Hannah White, for whom she was named, died less than seven years after she was born, so that she had to leave her daughter's education, to other than her natural guardian; but whoever received her did her work well, for Hannah grew up to be much beloved and respected, and was long remembered after she• was gone. Like “the mother of Zebedee's children,” her life sank from public fame into the lives of her husband and children, but it was true then of America, as Napoleon afterwards said of France, that “what the country needed most was mothers.”

Of her fifteen children only seven reached their majority, not from lack of care, but from the inevitable circumstances of their life. “They were scorched by the flames of the great open fireplace,” says Mrs. Earle of the children of that day, “but four feet away they would almost freeze. In their bedrooms there was, of course, no heat. On the Sunday after birth, the new baby was taken to the meeting-house, which was often miles away, and in which it was so cold in winter that the squares of communion bread rattled on the silver plate and ice had to be broken in the christening bowl.” Of Judge Sewall's fourteen children but three survived him, a majority dying in infancy, and of fifteen children of his friend, Cotton Mather, but two survived their father. The medical practice of the day was not well developed, and the household medicines were apt to be harsh or utterly useless. The farmer's children fared better as to length of life than those of the Judge or the Parson.

The name Godard, though apparently French, is found in England before the Conquest, and is registered in Domesday Book as found in Wiltshire. There certainly lived in the thirteenth century Walter Godard Ville, who was levied upon by Henry III for horses and arms. His son dropped the last part of this name, and Godard continued henceforth to be the family title.

Our John Goddard came of a sturdy republican and militant stock. He was the great- grandson of William who emigrated to this country in 1665, and settled in Watertown, Mass. His father, Edward; was a wealthy farmer, educated at Oxford, and a commissioner under the Commonwealth. Most of his family fought with the King, but he chose the side of Parliament. It is supposed that William shared his father's political opinions and that it was persecution on this account that drove him to this country. If this be true, his love of free institutions cost him dear. According to the English law of that day, he was allowed to bring only five pounds in money with him, and the rest of his property, which he had stored in London, was burned in the great fire. He found himself, therefore, in straitened circumstances in a new land, and began to teach Latin and other branches of learning.

It was his third son, Joseph, born in London, who came to Brookline in 1670, to a part of it then included in Roxbury, and bought a strip of land extending from what is now Clyde Street to Jamaica Pond. To this he added, as deeds still extant show, fifty acres bought from Daniel Oliver in 1712, and in the same year fifty more from William Marean. On this land his descendants have lived ever since. There was a lane leading to Jamaica Plain and a cart road through the estate now owned by Mr. Moses Williams to what is now called Warren Street. This land passed to his fourth son, John, who, on his removal to Worcester in 1745, left the farm to John, the eldest son of his second wife, his first wife having had no children. This was the John Goddard of whom we have been speaking, and in whom the sturdy republican strain which was in his great-great-grandfather, Edward, of Cromwell's day and which sent his great grandfather, William, to this country, came once more into action. The fugitive from King Charles II avenged himself in the person of his great-grandson upon King George III. It was by this John Goddard that the older of the two houses was built in 1767, the more primitive one of 1680 having by this time earned an honorable discharge. The original clap-boards, fastened with English hand-cut nails, are still in their places.

While we have the family tree before us, let us trace out some of its later branches. The eldest son of the Revolutionary John, who bore the same name, was a delicate boy, though, like many a youth of the kind, he lived long and passed through much. We have seen what he could endure in the way of learning and reciting Scripture. Educated as a physician, he became a surgeon on one of our armed vessels, was captured with it, carried to a West Indian prison, almost died of a fever, escaped, was captured with the vessel to which he had swum, taken back to the same prison, escaped again, and reached home on a Sunday morning so changed that his own mother did not know him. This was doing fairly well for a “delicate” young man! He never fully recovered from this experience, but he married Susanna, daughter of John Heath of Brookline, and settled in Portsmouth, N. H. He was chosen United States Senator and Governor of the state, but declined, and advised his sons always to decline public office. After the death of his second wife, Jane Boyd, he married a daughter of President Langdon of Harvard College. He died in 1829 at the age of seventy- three.
Meantime, his younger brother Joseph had settled upon his father's farm and died there in 1846 at the age of eighty-five. He married Mary Aspinwall, by whom he had eleven children. The tenth of these, Abijah Warren Goddard, spent his long life of ninety-seven years upon the original farm, building the present home in 1857. He died August 12, 1900, honored and beloved, after having held many offices in the town and been deacon of the First Parish for forty-four years. His daughter, Mrs. Eliza Watson, and her daughter, Mrs. D. Wright, are the sixth generation to occupy the old farm, the latter continuing in many useful works the patriotic spirit of her line. It is interesting to think that this Goddard, with whom we have lived and talked, connects us directly, through his father, with the Revolution. Abijah's elder brother, Samuel Aspinwall Goddard, seems to have inherited in especial force the sturdy patriotic spirit of his English ancestors and of the Revolutionary John. Circumstances took him to England, where he became a naturalized citizen, but he was a fearless and persistent advocate of the Northern cause in a land where there was great need of defense and explanation. John Bright made special acknowledgment of the help he had received from this loyal American, and it is clear that he did much toward preventing the British from recognizing the Southern Confederacy.

The town records show that John Goddard was an active, patriotic and useful citizen. He was for a long series of years the moderator of the annual town meeting, being after 1779 always called Captain Goddard. He must have gone almost directly from Dorchester Heights to his farm, for on March 11 he was made one of the assessors of Brookline. On May 20 he was “Chosen to Serve for and Represent said Town in said Great & General Assembly,” and the purpose of appointing such a man is seen in the vote at once passed, “to advise the Person, if Chosen to Represent this Town in the next General Court, that if the Hon. Congress Should for the Safety of the American Colonies, Declare them Independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, that we said inhabitants will Solemnly engage with our Lives and fortune to support them in the measure.” The ring of this vote makes one suspect that the sturdy John had a hand in forging it. He seems also to have been much interested in the church, for in nearly every case in which the town passed a vote concerning it, or the minister, Mr. Goddard was the one, or one of those, selected to execute the measure. The Parish records show that he was also frequently chosen one of the delegates to accompany the minister to ordinations or installations. He died April 13,1816.

John and Hannah Goddard are types of the men and women who made New England what it was and, in much that is best, what it is. One understands whence the strength came that drove England out of the country, when one thinks of the thousands of such households that were scattered over the eastern border of this great land, thinking not much about themselves and not realizing what an empire they were helping to found. We cannot safely prophecy what will come of these new streams of life which are pouring into our country from the other side of the ocean. Who can tell what ancient vigor and fineness may come back to the descendants of the Greeks and Romans, or to those of the barbarians who poured down from the north and dispossessed these stocks of the fair domains of southern and eastern Europe? But we trust that enough will remain of the old colonial English blood to preserve the ideals of freedom which were incarnated in men like John Goddard and not less in women like Hannah, his wife.

There is one word more, however, which I would like to add. The window which we dedicate today owes its presence here to a sentence in the discourse delivered in this house during the week of the bicentennial celebration of the founding of this town, on November 12, 1905: “John Goddard and Hannah, his remarkable wife,” I said, “ought to have a memorial window in this church, where their direct descendants still worship; and Isaac Gardner should have another.” There were two descendants of John Goddard in the congregation who were not connected with this parish, and they made up their minds that such a window should be placed here and, with the co-operation of others, here it is. I now repeat the second suggestion, that Isaac Gardner should also have a window. I do not know who his descendants are, but, like the warrior of old who drew his bow at a venture and hit a king, I throw out this thought in the hope that somewhere it may strike the right man or woman. Isaac Gardner commanded one of the three companies from Brookline who went to the battles of Lexington and Concord. They assembled in front of the old meeting-house, just this side of the present parsonage. He never returned and was one of the first martyrs to the cause of your liberty and mine. He lived on the Brighton road, now Chestnut Hill Avenue, and was active in this parish, being often mentioned in its records. He was a good soldier of Christ as well as of the colony of Massachusetts Bay. He ought to be commemorated here, and perhaps those who will see that this is done are now hearing these words. John Goddard, one of the heroes of Dorchester Heights and of the evacuation of Boston, has his window. There is one still left on the sunny side of this meeting-house. What name would be more fitly placed there than that of Isaac Gardner?

However, this may be, we thank today those who have set this memorial of John and Hannah Goddard. When I came here sixteen years ago, their descendant, Deacon Abijah Goddard, venerable with four-score and ten years of useful life, sat on my left of the broad aisle, and on my right still sit his daughter, granddaughter and great-grandson. In the course of years these too will vanish, and those who take their places will know little of their predecessors. In time, this memorial will also pass away, but, built into the very foundation of a mighty nation, will endure forever the lives of those that gave themselves for it when it began.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

Houses completed in 1767
Georgian architecture in Massachusetts
Houses in Brookline, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
1767 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts


Science and technology in Ukraine has its modern development and historical origins in the 18th and 19th centuries and is associated, first of all, with the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, University of Kyiv and University of Kharkiv. The founding of Ukraine's main research institution, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in 1918 by Volodymyr Vernadsky marked an important milestone in the country's subsequent scientific and technological development.

Ukraine's space science advanced rapidly in the aftermath of World War II, with Korolyov, Glushko and Chelomey leading the rocket and spaceflight development in the Soviet Union during the Space Race.

Ukraine was ranked 57th in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, down from 49th in 2021.

Notable people

Mikhail Ostrogradsky (1801—1862), mathematician known for the Divergence theorem and Ostrogradsky instability, among other results.
Mykhaylo Maksymovych (1804—1873), botanist, historian, linguist, ethnographer, first rector of Kyiv University.
Vladimir Betz (1834—1894), anatomist, histologist. See Betz cell.
Ilya Mechnikov (1845—1916), zoologist, awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "in recognition of their work on immunity" (often considered as Russian scientist, but born and spent most of his life in current Ukraine, only 2 years in current Russia).
Ivan Puluj (1845—1918), physicist, inventor. Early developer of the use of X-rays for medical imaging.
Ivan Horbachevsky (1854—1942), chemist. See Xanthine oxidase.
Volodymyr Vernadsky (1863—1945), mineralogist and geochemist, founder and first chairman of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
Georgy Voronoy (1868—1908), mathematician. See Voronoi diagram.
Stephen Timoshenko (1878—1972), engineer. See Timoshenko beam theory.
Ivan Schmalhausen (1884—1963), evolutionary biologist, zoologist, one of the central figures in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis.
Igor Sikorsky (1889—1972), aviation pioneer.
Mikhail Kravchuk (also Krawtchouk) (1892—1942), mathematician. See Kravchuk polynomials, Kravchuk matrix.
Valery Glivenko (1896—1940), mathematician. See Glivenko–Cantelli theorem, Glivenko's theorem, Glivenko–Stone theorem.
Yuri Kondratyuk (1897—1942), mathematician, engineer. Developed the first known Lunar Orbit Rendezvous.
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900—1975), geneticist, evolutionary biologist. See Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model.
George Kistiakowsky (1900—1982), physical chemistry professor at Harvard who participated in the Manhattan Project and later served as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Science Advisor.
Olexander Smakula (1900—1983), physicist. Inventor of anti-reflective lens coatings based on optical interference.
Aleksandr Markevich (1905—1999), zoologist, parasitologist, founder of the Ukrainian schools of parasitology and invertebrate zoology.
Oleg Antonov (1906—1984), aircraft designer, and the first chief of the Antonov - a world-famous aircraft company in Ukraine.
Sergei Korolyov (1907—1966), rocket scientist, chief designer of the Soviet space program. See Voskhod, Vostok, Soyuz.
Valentin Glushko (1908—1989), rocket scientist. See RD-214, RD-270, NPO Energomash.
Arkhip Lyulka (1908—1984), jet engine engineer. See Lyulka AL-21, Saturn AL-31, NPO Saturn.
Nikolay Bogolyubov (1909—1992), mathematician and theoretical physicist  known for a significant contribution to quantum field theory, classical and quantum statistical mechanics, and the theory of dynamical systems.
Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909—2001), engineer, lead developer of the Buran spacecraft programme.
Nikolai Amosov (1913—2002), doctor, heart surgeon, inventor.
Olexiy Ivakhnenko (1913—2007), computer scientist, mathematician. See Group method of data handling.
Vladimir Chelomey (1914—1984), rocket scientist. See Proton rocket.
Borys Paton (1918), mechanician, long-term chairman of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Vladimir Marchenko (1922), mathematician. See Marchenko–Pastur distribution.
Victor Glushkov (1923—1982), founder of information technology in the Soviet Union, and one of the founders of cybernetics.
Platon Kostiuk (1924—2010), physiologist, neurobiologist, electrophysiologist, and biophysicist.
Anatoliy Skorokhod (1930—2011), mathematician. See Skorokhod integral, Skorokhod space, Skorokhod's embedding theorem.
Oleksandr Sharkovsky (1936), mathematician. See Sharkovskii's theorem.
Leonid Pastur (1937), mathematician. See Marchenko–Pastur distribution.
Leonid Levin (1948), computer scientist, mathematician. See Cook–Levin theorem (NP-completeness of the boolean satisfiability problem).
Rostislav Grigorchuk (1953), mathematician. See Grigorchuk group.
Vladimir Drinfeld (1954), mathematician. Awarded the Fields Medal in 1990. See Quantum group, Drinfeld-Sokolov-Wilson equation.
Yury Gogotsi (1961), chemist.
Maryna Viazovska (1984), mathematician, solved the sphere-packing problem in dimension 8, and, in collaboration with others, in dimension 24.
Maurice Goldhaber(1911-2011), physicist, determined the helicity of neutrinos.

History and organization

Reforms to the legal framework for science and technology, 2015–2019
Since 2015, the government has reformed the management of the national innovation system. The State Agency for Science, Innovation and Information has been abolished, with the transfer of all functions related to policy formulation to the Ministry of Education and Science, although a number of other ministries and agencies also allocate state money to specific activities.

Ukraine’s legal framework was substantially modified in late 2015 with the adoption of new laws reinforcing institutional support for the national innovation system. The Law on Scientific and Technical Activities (2015) places the National Council for Science and Technology Development under the control of the Cabinet of Ministers. The council is tasked with ensuring the effective co-operation of representatives from the scientific community, state agencies and the business sector in the preparation and implementation of related state policy.

In addition, the National Fund for Research (2015) has replaced the State Fund for Basic Research, which was subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science. The new fund’s key function is to provide competitive grants for basic and applied research. The fund is also mandated to support experimental development and innovation in priority areas.

The new legal framework is expected to play an important role in transforming Ukraine’s public academies of science, especially the National Academy of Sciences. It has paved the way to involving ordinary scientists in the election of academies’ governing bodies; it has also placed constraints on academies’ membership and top positions. Additionally, public research institutions now have the legal right to co-found commercial companies and to take part in the formation of their share capital.

A number of other key legislative acts relating to science, innovation and science parks were under revision in 2020. However, the effective implementation of legislative acts remains the Achilles’ heel of Ukraine’s science and innovation policy.

High-tech office
One outcome of reform will be the creation of a special High-Tech Office within the government to stimulate high-tech industries, especially in the expanding ICT sector. In 2020, business associations, along with government experts, were preparing the legal groundwork for the establishment of this office. The growth of Ukraine’s ICT sector is reflected in the depth of its exports of related services, which now account for more than 40% of total exports. Ukraine’s success in this area is tied to its relatively large pool of specialists.

Ukraine has been implementing key elements of its e-governance strategy since 2015. One outcome is ProZorro, an electronic system for public procurement, established in 2016–2018. Early signs indicate that ProZorro has helped to reduce corruption in the attribution of government contracts.

Russo-Ukrainian War

The Russo-Ukrainian war substantially impacts Ukrainian science. Several groups of academics have created one action plan outlining how the global science community could help Ukraine, including helping organizing (re)vitalization of Ukrainian science and reconstruction in the future. Science and technology were also used to defend against the 2022 Russian invasion such as with military technology, to document and communicate war events including war crimes, to provide and receive aid via telehealth, and for aggregated information about support opportunities for Ukrainian scientists.

References

External links
 Science Ukraine, a Ukrainian online science magazine


The Export–Import Bank of the Republic of China (Chexim) () is a state-owned enterprise of the Ministry of Finance of Republic of China. It primarily offers credit insurance for foreign investment originating in Taiwan. The company also insures against political risk such as nationalization, breach of contract, social unrest or war. Chexim is a member of Berne Union.

The bank is not related to the Beijing based Export–Import Bank of China ().

History
The bank was established on 11 January 1979.

Organizational structures
 Department of Loan and Guarantee
 Department of Export Insurance
 Department of Finance
 Department of Administrative Management
 Department of Risk Management
 Department of Accounting
 Personnel Office
 Ethics Office
 Information Management Section
 Compliance and Legal Affairs Section

See also

 List of banks in Taiwan
 Ministry of Finance (Taiwan)

References

1979 establishments in Taiwan
Banks established in 1979
Banks of Taiwan
Export credit agencies
Government-owned companies of Taiwan
Government-owned banks
Organizations based in Taipei


General Fusion is a Canadian company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, which is developing a fusion power device based on magnetized target fusion (MTF). The company was founded in 2002 by Dr. Michel Laberge. The company has more than 150 employees in three countries, with additional centers co-located with fusion research laboratories near London, and Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US.

The device under development injects the magnetized target, a plasma mass in the form of a compact toroid, into a cylinder of spinning liquid metal. The target is mechanically compressed to fusion-relevant densities and pressures, by anywhere from a dozen to hundreds (in various designs) of steam-driven pistons.

In 2018, the firm published papers on a spherical tokamak, instead of a toroid. It is unclear if this represents a major design change. In June 2021, the company announced it would build 70% of a full scale fusion demonstration plant in the UK as part of a public-private partnership with the UK Government.

Organization
General Fusion's CEO is Greg Twinney.

Michel Laberge, Chief Science Officer, holds multiple responsibilities at General Fusion, including building partnerships with international research institutions, and overseeing partnerships with governments and other companies, and technology development strategy.

The board of directors is chaired by Klaas De Boer, who currently chairs AIM-listed Xeros Technology Group and serves on the Boards of SmartKem and vasopharm.

Technology

General Fusion's approach is based on the Linus concept developed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) beginning in 1972. Researchers at NRL suggested an approach that retains many of the advantages of liner compression to achieve small-scale, high-energy-density fusion. According to Laberge, Linus could not properly time the compression using the technology of the era. Faster computers provide the required timing. However, this claim is not borne out by the literature as various Linus devices with no timing constraints, including systems using single pistons, were built during the experimental runs during the 1970s and demonstrated fully reversible compression strokes.

General Fusion's magnetized target fusion system uses a ~3 meter sphere filled with a mix of molten liquid lead and lithium. The liquid is spun, creating a vertical cavity in the centre of the sphere. This vortex flow is established and maintained by an external pumping system; liquid flows into the sphere through tangentially directed ports at the equator and exits radially through ports near the poles of the sphere.

A plasma injector is attached to the top of the sphere, from which a pulse of magnetically confined deuterium-tritium plasma fuel is injected into the center of the vortex. A few milligrams of gas are used per pulse. The gas is ionized by a bank of capacitors to form a spheromak plasma (self-confined magnetized plasma rings) composed of the deuterium–tritium fuel.

The outside of the sphere is covered with steam pistons, which push the liquid metal and collapse the vortex, thereby compressing the plasma. The compression increases the density and temperature of the plasma to the range where the fuel atoms fuse, releasing energy in the form of fast neutrons and alpha particles.This energy heats the liquid metal, which is then pumped through a heat exchanger to generate electricity via a steam turbine. The plasma forming and compressing process repeats and the liquid metal is continuously pumped through the system. Some of the steam is recycled to power the pistons.

In addition to its role in compressing the plasma, the liquid metal liner shields the power plant structure from neutrons released by the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction, overcoming the problem of structural damage to plasma-facing materials. The lithium in the mixture breeds tritium.

Fusion Demonstration Program
The Fusion Demonstration Program is a 70% scale prototype which was being built in Oxfordshire, UK with a reported cost of US$400 million. It had been announed that the core technology had been proven out and was ready to be put together and that the plant was to commence operations in 2027. However the plant was put on hold in 2023 when the company announced that it would instead build a different machine in Canada aimed at demonstrating breakeven by 2026.

The plant had several key differences from the commercial power plant concept:

 70% scale.
 1 pulse per day repetition rate vs 1 pulse per second for a power plant.
 Among other things this increases the time available to re-establish the high vacuum conditions required for plasma formation by a factor of 86400, avoiding a significant engineering obstacle that will need to be solved for any future commercial application to be viable.
 Drive gas system using helium rather than hydraulic rams.
 A compression system using liquid lithium rather than lead-lithium.
 Ideally plasma facing materials should be composed of light elements. Plasma contamination by heavier elements, such as lead, significantly increase plasma power loss due to Bremsstrahlung radiation. The choice of lithium rather than lead-lithium therefore significantly reduces plasma power losses making the demonstration program much more viable than it otherwise would be. However, this comes at the expense of having to solve materials compatibility issues with lithium rather than lead-lithium as will be necessary for any future power plant.

History

The firm was founded in 2002 by former Creo Products senior physicist and principal engineer Michel Laberge.

In 2005 it produced a fusion reaction in its first MTF prototype. In 2010, it produced its first at-scale plasma injector with magnetically confined plasma. In 2011 it first demonstrated compressive heating of magnetized plasma.

A proof-of-concept compression system was constructed in 2013 with 14 full size pistons arranged around a 1-meter diameter spherical compression chamber to demonstrate pneumatic compression and collapse of a liquid metal vortex. The pneumatic pistons were used to create a converging spherical wave to compress the liquid metal. The 100 kg, 30 cm diameter hammer pistons were driven down a 1 m long bore by compressed air. The hammer piston struck an anvil at the end of the bore, generating a large amplitude acoustic pulse that was transmitted to the liquid metal in the compression chamber. To create a spherical wave, the timing of these strikes had to be controlled to within 10 µs. The firm recorded sequences of consecutive shots with impact velocities of 50 m/s and timing synchronized within 2 µs. However it was found that the wall of the liquid metal vortex turned to a spray soon after the
arrival of the pressure wave.

From its inception until 2016, the firm built more than a dozen plasma injectors. These include large two-stage injectors with formation and magnetic acceleration sections (dubbed "PI" experiments), and three generations of smaller, single-stage formation-only injectors (MRT, PROSPECTOR and SPECTOR). The firm published research demonstrating SPECTOR lifespans of up to 2 milliseconds and temperatures in excess of 400 eV.

As of 2016, the firm had developed the power plant's subsystems, including plasma injectors and compression driver technology. Patents were awarded in 2006 for a fusion energy reactor design, and enabling technologies such as plasma accelerators (2015), methods for creating liquid metal vortexes (2016) and lithium evaporators (2016).

In 2016 the GF design used compact toroid plasmas formed by a coaxial Marshal gun (a type of plasma railgun), with magnetic fields supported by internal plasma currents and eddy currents in the flux conserver wall. In 2016, the firm reported plasma lifetimes up to 2 milliseconds and electron temperatures in excess of 400 eV (4,800,000 °C).

Around 2017 the company performed a series of experiments referred to as PCS (Plasma Compression Small). These implosion experiments used a chemical driver (a euphemism for an explosive) to compress an aluminum liner onto a compact toroid plasma. This is a very similar process to that used in implosion type nuclear weapons such as The Gadget. Because the implosions involved chemical explosives, the tests took place outdoors in remote locations. The tests were destructive and could only be executed every few months. These tests were carried out to advance the understanding of plasma compression with the goal of advancing toward a nuclear-reactor scale demonstration.

, the PI3 plasma injector held the title as the world's most powerful plasma injector, ten times more powerful than its predecessor. It also achieved stable compression of plasma.

In 2019 it successfully confined plasma within its liquid metal cavity. From 2019 to 2021 it increased plasma performance.

As of 2021, the firm had approximately 140 employees and had raised over C$150 million in funding from a global syndicate of investors. It demonstrated compression of a water cavity into a controlled, symmetrical shape.

Also in 2021 the company agreed to build a demonstration plant in Oxfordshire, at Culham, the center of the UK's nuclear R&D. The plant is planned to be 70% of the size of a commercial power plant. The company claimed it had validated all the individual components for the demonstration reactor.

In 2022, the company announced that it had completed 200,000+ plasma shots, filed 150 patents/patents pending, and that headcount had passed 200. PI3 reached 10 ms confinement times and temperatures of 250 eV, almost 3 million degrees Celsius, without active magnetic stabilization, auxiliary heating, or a conventional divertor. Its primary compression testbed, a 1:10 scale system using water rather than liquid metal, has completed over 1,000 shots, behaving as predicted.

In 2023, the firm reduced headcount significantly and announced that it was building a new machine, “LM26”, with the goal of achieving breakeven by 2026. The Fusion Demonstration Plant being built in the UK will be delayed.

Criticisms
Magnetized target fusion has a number of challenges. General Fusion's founder and Chief Science Officer noted several specific difficulties that are not present in DC tokamaks. These include, but are not limited to:
 Confinement at high energy density is not known.
 Liquid metal vaporization.
 Impurities from the liquid metal cooling the plasma.
 Forming an initial spherical liquid surface.
 Kink instability of the liquid metal shaft.
 Symmetry of implosion.
 Flux diffusion in the liquid metal.
Laberge stated that these challenges were still to be solved. Indeed, General Fusion are yet to demonstrate mechanical compression of a plasma by a liquid metal wall, despite this being a key technology required for their powerplant. Nor have they demonstrated a liquid metal shaft, or a means of re-establishing high vacuum conditions in the short time interval (<1 s) between pulses.

The MTF powerplant proposed by General Fusion would produce just 40 MW of electricity. This is equivalent to the output of fewer than 10 wind turbines, or around 10% of a conventional combined cycle gas turbine unit. Moreover, this specification was based on optimistic assumptions that the plasma would be compressed adiabatically, and that no energy is required for tritium separation. As a result, in practice net electricity to the grid would be expected to be lower than predicted.

The proposed reactor uses a lead-lithium liner to contain the fusion reaction. Harmful radioactive substances will be produced as a result of neutron activation of the lead-lithium material. Polonium-210 (210Po) and mercury-203 (203Hg) are of special concern. 210Po is extremely toxic and is highly mobile due to its high vapor pressure. These dangerous substances will complicate maintenance, will require contingency plans for accidental release, and will need a strategy for decommissioning the facility and storing the radioactive waste.

Research collaborations
 Microsoft: In May 2017 General Fusion and Microsoft announced a collaboration to develop a data science platform based on Microsoft's Azure cloud computing system. A second phase of the project was to apply machine learning to the data, with the goal of discovering insights into the behavior of high temperature plasmas. The new computational program would enable General Fusion to mine over 100 terabytes of data from the records of over 150,000 experiments. It was to use this data to optimize the designs of their fusion system's plasma injector, piston array, and fuel chamber. During this collaboration, the Microsoft Develop Experience Team was to contribute their experience and resources in machine learning, data management, and cloud computing.
 Los Alamos National Laboratory: General Fusion entered a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with the U.S. Department of Energy's Los Alamos National Laboratory for magnetized target fusion research.
 McGill University: In 2017 McGill University and General Fusion acquired an Engage Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to study General Fusion's technology. Specifically, the project was to use McGill's diagnostic abilities to develop techniques to understand the behavior of the liquid metal wall during plasma compression and how it might affect the plasma.
 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory: In 2016 the two created an MHD simulation of compression during MTF experiments
 Queen Mary University of London: In 2015 General Fusion funded a research study on high fidelity simulations of non-linear sound propagation in multiphase media of nuclear fusion reactor pursued using QMUL CLithium and Y codes.
 Hatch Ltd: General Fusion and Hatch Ltd. joined in 2015 to create a fusion energy demonstration system. The project aimed to construct and demonstrate, at power plant scale, the primary subsystems and physics underpinning General Fusion's technology, including their proprietary Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) technology. Simulation models will be used to verify that this fusion energy system is commercially and technically viable at scale.
Culham Centre for Fusion Energy: In June 2021, General Fusion announced it would accept the UK government's offer to host the world's first substantial public-private partnership fusion demonstration plant, at Culham. The plant will be constructed from 2022 to 2025 and is intended to lead the way for commercial pilot plants in the late 2020s or early 2030s. The plant will be 70% of full scale and is expected to attain a stable plasma of 150 million degrees using deuterium fuel. In October 2022 the UKAEA and General Fusion elaborated on the nature of their partnership, stating that it will "harness UKAEA’s extensive neutron modelling software and expertise to simulate the neutron flux distribution from General Fusion’s operational large-scale plasma injector", including by building a new, larger Thomson scattering system for General Fusion's demonstration machine.

Funding
As of 2021, General Fusion had received $430 million in funding. General Fusion was not among the eight companies to receive funding as part of the United States Department of Energy Milestone-Based Fusion Development Program.

Rounds
Investors included Chrysalix venture capital, the Business Development Bank of Canada—a Canadian federal Crown corporation, Bezos Expeditions, Cenovus Energy, Pender Ventures, Khazanah Nasional—a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, and Sustainable Development Technology Canada (STDC).

Chrysalix Energy Venture Capital, a Vancouver-based venture capital firm, led a C$1.2 million seed round of financing in 2007. Other Canadian venture capital firms that participated in the seed round were GrowthWorks Capital and BDC Venture Capital.

In 2009, a consortium led by General Fusion was awarded C$13.9 million by SDTC to conduct a four-year research project on "Acoustically Driven Magnetized Target Fusion"; SDTC is a foundation established by the Canadian government. The other member of the consortium is Los Alamos National Laboratory.

A 2011 Series B round raised $19.5 million from a syndicate including Bezos Expeditions, Braemar Energy Ventures, Business Development Bank of Canada, Cenovus Energy, Chrysalix Venture Capital, Entrepreneurs Fund, and Pender Ventures.

In May 2015 the government of Malaysia's sovereign wealth fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad, led a $27 million funding round.

SDTC awarded General Fusion a further C$12.75 million in March 2016 to for the project "Demonstration of fusion energy technology" in a consortium with McGill University (Shock Wave Physics Group) and Hatch Ltd.

In October 2018 Canadian Minister for Innovation, Science and Economic Development, Navdeep Bains, announced that the Canadian government's Strategic Innovation Fund would invest C$49.3 million in General Fusion.

In December 2019, General Fusion raised $65 million in Series E equity financing from Singapore's Temasek Holdings, Bezos and Chrisalix, concurrently with another $38 million from Canada's Strategic Innovation Fund. The firm said the funds would permit it to begin the design, construction, and operation of its Fusion Demonstration Plant.

In January 2021, the company announced funding by Shopify founder Tobias Lütke's Thistledown Capital.

In November 2021, the company completed an over-subscribed $130M Series E round. Investors included Bezos, Business Development Bank of Canada, hedge fund Segra Capital Management and family-office investors. Funds were to be dedicated to constructing a commercial reactor.

Crowdsourced innovations
Beginning in 2015, the firm conducted three crowdsourcing challenges through Waltham, Massachusetts-based firm Innocentive.

The first challenge was Method for Sealing Anvil Under Repetitive Impacts Against Molten Metal. General Fusion successfully sourced a solution for "robust seal technology" capable of withstanding extreme temperatures and repetitive hammering, so as to isolate the rams from the liquid metal that fills the sphere. The firm awarded Kirby Meacham, an MIT-trained mechanical engineer from Cleveland, Ohio, the $20,000 prize.

A second challenge, Data-Driven Prediction of Plasma Performance, began in December 2015 with the aim of identifying patterns in the firm's experimental data that would allow it to further improve the performance of its plasma.

The third challenge ran in March 2016, seeking a method to induce a substantial current to jump a 5–10 cm gap within a few hundred microseconds, and was titled "Fast Current Switch in Plasma Device". A prize of $5,000 was awarded to a post-doctoral researcher at Notre Dame.

See also
 China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor
 DEMOnstration Power Plant (DEMO)
 Fusion Industry Association
 Helion Energy
 History of nuclear fusion
 ITER
 Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor
 Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production
 TAE Technologies
 TerraPower
 Tokamak Energy

References

Readings

External links

Fusion power
Technology companies of Canada
Engineering companies of Canada
Companies based in Burnaby


Mynydd Esgairweddan is a hill near Pennal in southern Gwynedd, Wales (). Nearby is the tiny settlement of Esgairweddan. It is very close to the site of the old Roman fort of Cefn Caer (Pennal). The area was described in the Topographical Dictionary of Wales by Samuel Lewis (published 1833) as;

"A tract of hilly and rocky ground but little adapted for purposes of agriculture. The soil is thin and poor, but, in some of the lower grounds, not altogether unproductive; the declivities of the hills afford only a scanty pasturage for sheep and young cattle: peat, which forms the principal fuel of the inhabitants, is found in various parts."

History
The name Esgairweddan is most associated with the site of the ancestral demesne of the Price of Esgairweddan family, the senior branch of the Royal House of Gwynedd that survived the English conquest of Wales from 1282. Their ancestral home was known during the Middle Ages as Plas yn y Rofft. It was probably located at the place now named Cwrt (meaning Court) close to Esgairweddan. The line of Price of Esgairweddan became extinct with Robert Price, Esq. (died 1702), who left two daughters; Mary and Anne (Anne died in 1750). The estates, at the demise of the former, passed to the Edwardses of Talgarth and formed part of the Pennal Towers Estate. Frances Edwards (c. 1790–1828) married Captain Charles Thomas Thruston (d. 1858) of Hoxne, Suffolk. The last Thruston was killed in an uprising at Fort Luburan, Uganda in 1897 and since 1927 the land has been owned by a charitable trust.

Archaeological findings in the area date back to the Late Neolithic.

References

Bryncrug
Pennal
Mountains and hills of Gwynedd
Mountains and hills of Snowdonia


The Graffam Development Historic District is a residential area located in the American town of Brookline, Massachusetts. It encompasses the best-preserved portion of a historic residential subdivision, platted and built between 1894 and 1907.  The land was purchased by Peter Graffam, who built a variety of Queen Anne and Colonial Revival houses on Babcock Street, Abbottsford Road, Manchester Road, Stedman Street, and Naples Road in Brookline, Massachusetts.  Graffam also developed Osborne Street, but most of its houses have since been modified, losing historic integrity.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Brookline, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


This is the list of manufacturers of solid-state drives (SSDs) for computers and other electronic devices that require data storage. In the list those manufacturers that also produce hard disk drives or flash memory are identified. Additionally, the type of memory used in their solid-state drives is noted. This list does not include the manufacturers of specific components of SSDs, such as flash memory controllers.

See also
 History of hard disk drives
 List of computer hardware manufacturers
 List of defunct hard disk manufacturers

References

Lists of computer hardware
Lists of consumer electronics manufacturers
Lists of manufacturers
Manufacturers


Augusta Schrumpf, née Smith (19 November 1813 – 7 January 1900) was a Norwegian dramatic actress and operatic soprano.  She was the prima donna of the national stage of Norway in the first half of the 19th century. She belonged to the pioneer troupe of artists at the Norwegian national stage, and could be regarded as the first opera singer in Norway.

Life
Augusta Smith was born in Copenhagen, Denmark as the daughter of Konsumtionskasserer - a lower official - Halvor Smith (1770-1835) and Ellen Marie Lundgren (d. April 1859). Her father was Norwegian, and her mother was Swedish. She married the violinist August Schrumpf in 1832.

Career

Augusta Schrumpf was engaged at the Strömberg Theatre (later known as the Christiania Theatre) in Oslo from 1829 to 1860. Founded by Johan Peter Strömberg only two years previously, the theatre was Norway's first and (at that time only) permanent theatre and the national stage in the 19th century. Until the employment of Laura Gundersen in 1849, however, the theatre employed almost exclusively actors from Denmark and Germany, in large because Norway did not yet have an established theatre school and trained actors.

Augusta Schrumpf was initially engaged by  as a student actor, but she soon raised to be a main attraction of the theatre.  She debuted 21 September 1829 as Rosine in The Barber of Seville by Pierre Beaumarchais.

While Norway did not have an opera, the theatre, being the only stage in the country, occasionally offered opera performances and operetta when there where actors able to sing as well.  In the season of 1831–32, Deux mots by Nicolas Dalayrac was performed in Oslo, directed by  and with Augusta Schrumpf in the main female part.  This was the premiere of the art of opera in Norway. The performance was also a great success for Augusta Schrumpf, and for the remaining years of her career, she was often engaged to perform female main parts, whenever opera performances where offered at the theatre.  During the 1830s- and 1840s, she was a leading primadonna of the Norwegian stage, the arguably first in the country.  As opera singer she was in some regard replaced by Betty Smidth and Clara Ursin.

During the 1850s, there were a growing criticisms that no Norwegian actors were active on the Norwegian stage.  Augusta Schrumpf gave her last performance on 16 March 1860, and then settled in Bergen, provided with a pension.

Roles
Augusta Schrumpf did not belong to a particular genre, but performed all sorts of parts, from tragedy to vaudeville.  She was described as natural, warm and sensitive in her way of acting.

In 1837, when the theatre was re-opened under the new name Christiania Theatre, she played Hildur in Kung Sverres ungdom by A. Munchin the inauguration performance.  Among her roles were Fenella in La muette de Portici by Daniel Auber (1843), where she received much praise, and Angela in Le domino noir by Auber.

Aside from her stage career, she participated in concerts arranged by the musical society which performed chosen excerpts of famous operas in Oslo during this time. One such occasion was when she performed an aria from La clemenza di Tito by Mozart (1833).

See also
 Madame Stuart

References

 Salmonsens konversationsleksikon  / Anden Udgave / Bind XVIII: Nordlandsbaad—Perleøerne
 Børre Qvamme: Norsk musikkhistorisk arkiv. Børre Qvammes samlinger. Halfdan Kjerup og Operaen ('Halfdan Kjerup and the Opera') (In Norwegian)
  Europas konstnärer
 Dansk biografisk Lexikon / XV. Bind. Scalabrini - Skanke

19th-century Norwegian women opera singers
Norwegian stage actresses
Norwegian people of Swedish descent
Naturalised citizens of Norway
Actresses from Copenhagen
19th-century Norwegian actresses
1813 births
1900 deaths


English for Specific Purposes World (ESP World, ) is an international online journal containing papers concerning English for Specific Purposes (ESP). There are around four issues published a year. There are 62 issues of the journal online. The Journal is listed in , LINGUIST List, NewJour, Google Scholar.

History
The idea of this web-based journal was first voiced around 2000 by Simon Winetroube, then English Language Teaching Projects' Officer at the British Council, Russia. It was later discussed at the 8th ESP Anti-Conference in St. Petersburg, Russia, in October 2001.

This publication became possible due to the support that came from the English Language Teaching Contacts Scheme and the British Council, Russia.  The first issue appeared in May 2002.

External links
 English for Specific Purposes World - Online Journal

English as a second or foreign language
Language education journals
Academic journals established in 2002


The Green Hill Historic District encompasses historical cross-section of residential housing in Brookline, Massachusetts, dating from the 18th century into the mid-20th century.  The district includes properties on Warren, Cottage, and Fairmount Streets, and on Sargent Road, centered on the junction of Warren and Cottage Streets.  The oldest houses (e.g. 215 Warren Street) date to the mid-18th century, and were originally modest Georgian or Federal structures.  During the 19th century the area was populated by the summer estates of some of Boston's leading merchant and business families, including members of the Cabot and Perkins families.  During the later 19th and early 20th centuries some of Brookline's largest and most architecturally interesting homes were built in this area.

The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

Historic districts in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Brookline, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


Hammond Pond Parkway is a historic parkway in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. The road, built in 1932, extends  from Hobart Road (at Beacon Street) in Newton to Horace James Circle in Brookline, where it joins the West Roxbury Parkway. It was designed by Charles Eliot and the Olmsted Brothers to provide a parkway setting that provided access from Brookline, Newton, and the western portions of Boston to the southern parks of the Emerald Necklace. The parkway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Route description

The roadway is generally four lanes of paved asphalt. From its northern end at Beacon Street, it runs for roughly two-thirds of a mile with no intersections while passing through a conservation area consisting of the Hammond Pond Reservation and the Webster Conservation Area,. It crosses the MBTA Green Line D branch, formerly the Highland branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad, along the way, and has at grade intersections for Boston College's Robstein Art Center, The Shops at Chestnut Hill and The Street Chestnut Hill before reaching an interchange with Massachusetts Route 9 at roughly its midpoint.

To the south of the malls, apartment and condominium buildings are on both sides. Farther to the south, the east side of the parkway has a residential area of larger homes with expansive lawns, while the west side is adjacent to the DCR Lost Pond Reservation and the Town of Brookline's Skyline Park.  The parkway ends at Horace James Circle, a junction with the West Roxbury Parkway, Newton Street, LaGrange Street, and Hammond Street.

History
Land acquisition for the parkway began in 1914 based on designs that were drafted in 1913. Additional land was acquired in 1920, and again in 1930-31. The northern section, between Beacon Street and Route 9, was built in 1931, and the southern section was completed in 1932. Construction was by the M. McDonough Company, and cost over $216,000. Only minor changes have been made to the parkway since its construction. The parkway construction included two significant bridges: the Route 9 overpass, and the bridge which passes over the railroad tracks.

In 2021, the Department of Conservation and Recreation proposed to redesign the portion of the parkway north of Route 9. The redesigned parkway would have just one traffic lane in each direction. A 12-foot-wide shared-use lane for bicycles and pedestrians would be built on the west side of the roadway, separated from the traffic lanes by a landscaped median.

Major intersections

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Roads on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Parkways in Massachusetts
Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Transportation in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


Rita Gunther McGrath (born July 28, 1959 in New Haven, Connecticut) is an American strategic management scholar and professor of management at the Columbia Business School. She is known for her work on strategy, innovation, and entrepreneurship, including the development of discovery-driven planning.

McGrath is also the founder of the innovation platform Valize.

Life and work
Rita McGrath's parents were both scientists. Her mother, Helge Liane Gunther, was a microbiologist, and her father, Wolfgang H. H. Gunther, was an organic chemist.  She was born in New Haven, CT., as her parents were both working at the Yale Medical School at the time.  After Wolfgang made the decision to join Xerox, the family moved to the Rochester, New York area.  He subsequently joined Kodak in the late 1970's.  McGrath bore witness to the devastation that can occur when a company fails to innovate as the world changes around it.

McGrath graduated magna cum laude from Barnard College in 1981 and earned a Masters of Public Administration from the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University in 1982. In 1993, she completed her Ph.D. at The Wharton School (University of Pennsylvania) with the dissertation, entitled Developing New Competence in Established Organizations consistent with her longstanding interest in corporate ventures and innovation.

McGrath started her career working in government and the political arena and founded two entrepreneurial startups. After her graduation in 1993, she joined Columbia as assistant professor of management, was promoted to associate professor of management in 1998, and recently became a full professor in the Faculty of Executive Education. In 2014, she was elected Deputy Dean of the Strategic Management Society Fellows

In 1999, McGrath received the "Best Paper" Academy Of Management Review, in 2001 the Maurice Holland "best paper" award from the Industrial Research Institute, and later the McKinsey 'best paper' award from the Strategic Management Society for McGrath and Nerkar, Real options reasoning and a new look at the R&D strategy of pharmaceutical firms.

In 2009, she was elected fellow of the Strategic Management Society, and in 2013 of the International Academy of Management. In 2013 she also received the Thinkers50 Distinguished Achievement Award in Strategy. She was named one of the top 20 thinkers in 2011, and one of the top 10 thinkers in 2013 by Thinkers50.

In 2019, McGrath was ranked the #5 most influential management thinker in the world by Thinkers50.

McGrath received the prestigious C. K. Prahalad award for scholarly impact on practice from the Strategic Management Society in 2022. This is one of the most prestigious awards granted by the Society.

McGrath is the bestselling author of five books and is one of the most widely published authors in the Harvard Business Review, including “Discovery Driven Planning” (1995), which was recognized as an early articulation of today’s “lean” startup philosophy and has been cited by Clayton Christensen as “one of the most important ideas in management—ever.” She is the founder of the consulting firm Valize and maintains the weekly newsletter Thought Sparks on LinkedIn.

Honors and awards

 2022 C. K. Prahalad award for scholarly impact on practice from the Strategic Management Society
 2022 Inducted into the Business Excellence Hall of Fame by the Business Excellence Institute
 2021 ranked the #2 management thinker in the world by Thinkers50
 In 2019, she was ranked the #5 most influential leadership thinker in the world by Thinkers50
 2016 Theory to Practice award from the Vienna Strategy Forum
 2013 Distinguished Achievement Award in Strategy from Thinkers50
 In both 2011 and 2013, she was named one of the top 20 thinkers by Thinkers 50, one of the world's most prestigious rankings of management thinkers

Selected publications

Books
 McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. The entrepreneurial mindset: Strategies for continuously creating opportunity in an age of uncertainty. Vol. 284. Harvard Business School Press, 2000.
 McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. MarketBusters: 40 Strategic moves that drive exceptional business growth. Harvard Business School Press, 2005.
 McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. Discovery Driven Growth: A breakthrough process to reduce risk and seize opportunity. Harvard Business Review Press, 2009.
 McGrath, Rita Gunther The End of Competitive Advantage. How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your  business. Harvard Business Review Press, 2013.
McGrath, Rita Gunther. Seeing Around Corners. How to spot inflection points in business before they happen. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019.

Notable articles
 McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. “Discovery-driven planning.” Harvard Business Review (1995)
McGrath, Rita Gunther, Ian C. MacMillan, and Sankaran Venkataraman. "Defining and developing competence: a strategic process paradigm." Strategic Management Journal 16.4 (1995): 251-275.
 McGrath, Rita Gunther. "A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments." Academy of Management Review 22.4 (1997): 974-996.
McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. “Discovering new points of differentiation.” Harvard Business Review (1997)
 McGrath, Rita Gunther. "Falling forward: Real options reasoning and entrepreneurial failure." Academy of Management review 24.1 (1999): 13-30.
 McGrath, Rita Gunther. "Exploratory learning, innovative capacity, and managerial oversight." Academy of Management Journal 44.1 (2001): 118-131.
McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. “MarketBusting: strategies for exceptional business growth.” Harvard Business Review (2005)
McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ian C. MacMillan. “How to get unstuck.” Harvard Business Review (2009)
McGrath, Rita Gunther. “Failing by design.” Harvard Business Review (2011)
McGrath, Rita Gunther. “Transient advantage.” Harvard Business Review (2013)
McGrath, Rita Gunther, and Ryan McManus. “Discovery-Driven Digital Transformation.” Harvard Business Review (2020)

References

External links

 Columbia directory page

Columbia University faculty
American business writers
Women business writers
Living people
Barnard College alumni
1959 births
School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni
American business theorists


The Charles Heath House is a historic house at 12 Heath Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts. The -story wood-frame house was built c. 1855–56 by Charles Heath, a member of one of Brookline's wealthiest families of the 19th century. The house is architecturally eclectic, with elements of the Carpenter Gothic predominating. Its main gable end is sheathed in vertical boarding, and has an oculus window. The gable has bargeboard decoration, as do the horizontal trimlines above the first and second floors. Its first-floor windows have classic Gothic-style hoods.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

Carpenter Gothic architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1855
Houses in Brookline, Massachusetts
Carpenter Gothic houses in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts


Leszek Lichota (born 17 August 1977, Wałbrzych, Poland) is a Polish actor, best known for playing Grzegorz in Polish soap opera Na Wspólnej.

Life and career
In 2002, he graduated from the National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw and started performing at the Polish Theatre in Poznań. He made his theatre debut in the role of Nany Sirbangh in Roman Jaworski's play Hamlet Wtóry. He also appeared on popular TV series such as Na Wspólnej and Prawo Agaty. In 2011, he was nominated to the Zbigniew Cybulski Award for his role in a 2010 film Lynch. His other notable roles are featured in Krzysztof Łukaszewicz's 2015 war drama Karbala and in Jan Komasa's 2019 film Corpus Christi.

Personal life
He is married to Ilona Wrońska with whom he has two children: daughter Natasha (born 2006) and son Kajetan (born 2008). He is a fan and popularizer of snooker.

Films
 2023: Forgotten Love as Professor Rafal Wilczur/Antoni
 2019: Corpus Christi as Mayor
 2015: Karbala 2014: Wataha (original production of HBO Poland) as Wiktor Rebrow
 2009: Generał Nil as "Klemm"
 2007: Odwróceni as Łukasz Ozga
 2007: Świadek koronny 2006: Apetyt na miłość as Lichota
 2005: Niania (Polish version of The Nanny as Juliusz Wilczur
 2005: Dzień dobry kochanie as a priest
 2005–2007: Egzamin z życia as Jacek Bednarz
 2004: Caméra Café as a firefighter
 2003–2008, 2009-: Na Wspólnej as Grzegorz Zięba
 2003: Cyrano 2002–2007: Samo Życie 2002: Edward II as Leicester
 2001: Przedwiośnie as Officer
 2001: Quo vadis 2001: Marszałek Piłsudski 2000–2001: Miasteczko 1999: Patrzę na ciebie, Marysiu'' as a student

Polish dubbing
 Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006) – Mister Fantastic
 Danny Phantom (2004–2007)

References

Polish male film actors
Polish film actors
1977 births
Living people
Polish male stage actors
Polish male television actors
People from Wałbrzych
Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni


In chemistry, the term supramolecular chirality is used to describe supramolecular assemblies that are non-superposable on their mirror images.

Chirality in supramolecular chemistry implies the non-symmetric arrangement of molecular components in a non-covalent assembly. Chirality may arise in a supramolecular  system if one of its component is chiral or if achiral components arrange in a non symmetrical way to produce a supermolecule that is chiral.

References

Chirality
Stereochemistry


This is a list of the longest rail tunnels in India. In considering tunnels for this section, tunnels of underground metro railways have not been counted. Only tunnels on the main Indian Railways network longer than  have been listed.

Location
Most of the tunnels listed below are located in the Western Ghats, the only mountain range in the country that has good railway connectivity. There are longer tunnels that are under construction in the Himalayas in Jammu & Kashmir, as part of the USBRL Project. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, the 11.2 km long railway tunnel, passes through the Pir Panjal Range of middle Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. It is a part of its Udhampur – Srinagar – Baramulla rail link project, India's longest railway tunnel and reduced the distance between Quazigund and Banihal. But after the Patalpani Tunnel currently planned under construction in Madhya Pradesh,  from Indore city is completed in 2025, it will become the longest railway tunnel of India.

List

 Didwana Indawa 2510 meters on Dausa Gangapur line (Rajasthan)

See also

 Indian Railways
 List of tunnels
 List of longest tunnels
 Tunnel

References

India, rail
Rail tunnels, India

Rail tunnels
Tunnels
Longest rail tunnels