Umeme Limited is the largest energy distributor in Uganda, distributing about 97 percent of all electricity used in the country. The shares of the stock of the company are listed on the Uganda Securities Exchange (USE) and are cross listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE). As of December 2021, the company's total assets were approximately UGX:2.664 trillion (US$706 million), with shareholders' equity of approximately UGX:893.15 billion (US$251.3 million).

Location
The registered offices of the company are located at Rwenzori House, 1 Lumumba Avenue, in the central business district of Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda.

Formation

Umeme was formed in 2004 when the government of Uganda leased the Uganda Electricity Distribution Company Limited to a consortium belonging to Globeleq (56 percent), a subsidiary of the Commonwealth Development Corporation of the United Kingdom, and Eskom of South Africa (44 percent). The transfer of assets did not take place until 1 March 2005.

During 2006, the consortium formed by Globeleq and Eskom was restructured, with Globeleq becoming the sole owner of Umeme.

On 15 October 2012, Umeme became a listed company on the Uganda Securities Exchange (USE). A total of 622,378,000 shares, representing approximately 38 percent of its issued share capital at the time, became listed on the Ugandan bourse in an initial public offering (IPO). The shares of the company started trading on the USE on 30 November 2012. Umeme shares were first cross-listed on the NSE on 14 December 2012, with active trading commencing on 31 July 2013. The company expected to use the proceeds from the IPO, estimated at UGX:171 billion, to expand its power distribution network and payoff debt.

Ownership
As of December 2021, the ten largest shareholders in the stock of the company were as illustrated in the table below: As of December 2017, the company shares were held by institutional investors (72 percent) and retail investors (28 percent).

Governance
Umeme is governed by a ten-person board of directors. They were re-elected at the 9th Annual General Meeting held on 6 May 2021, and they include the following people:

Management structure
Umeme is structured into twelve management departments, each headed by a senior manager. The senior managers form the executive committee, whose members were the following as of 1 June 2018:

Under the executive committee, Umeme has 25 other managers who assist the executives to implement company policy and run the company on a daily basis. In March 2015, Selestino Babungi was appointed managing director, replacing Charles Chapman who served in that role from February 2009 until March 2015.

Unreliability of service

Within Uganda, Umeme is known for chronic unreliability and has been accused of corruption. Customers frequently face extended service outages, which are occasionally followed by protests, riots, and assaults on Umeme employees.

Protests and rioting

In 2010, protests erupted after a two-week power blackout in the town of Bugembe. Attempts to disperse the protesters led to violent clashes between police and irate residents. Nine were arrested, with eight being charged with inciting violence, staging an unlawful and violent assembly, and insulting the police.

In 2011, a two-month power outage led to protests in Jinja. Residents and business owners built barricades, set tires ablaze, and blocked traffic. Police responded with tear gas and live ammunition. Days later, over 100 people were dispersed by riot police using tear gas and rubber bullets after marching on Umeme's offices in protest of recurring outages in Masaka town.

In 2012, after a month-long outage along the Kampala–Gayaza Road, stone-throwing protesters caused property damage and injuries.

In 2014, a Umeme manager in Mubende was beaten severely by an infuriated mob during power-related protests at the Kasambya trading centre. The ensuing battle between rioters and security forces resulted in 15 arrests and one other injury, including a trader who was shot twice. Later that year, Kampala print and publishing shop owners went on strike, blocked Nasser road, and burnt paper and plastic to protest six-day power cuts along the road. Security forces used tear gas to disperse the protesters.

In November 2018, hundreds of people demonstrated in front of Umeme's office in Gulu Town in north Uganda. Many people involved in business were complaining that the frequent power outages raise their costs and prevent them from properly managing their ventures. The crowd was joined by MPs supportive of the protesters. Although the demonstration was peaceful, security forces fired teargas to stop it. One person was shot in the buttock.

Recommendations by parliament

In 2013, a probe committee of Uganda's Parliament recommended cancellation of Umeme's contract due to its chronic failure to provide reliable services, which would trigger a contract severance payment of at least US$148 million.

The following year, Uganda's Parliament recommended that Umeme's "contract should be terminated” due to the gross manipulations encountered in the procurement of the Umeme concession, and the scandalous provisions of the power distribution agreements signed between the government of Uganda and Umeme. Ultimately, this course of action was decided against because it would have been too expensive and politically complicated.

Power losses
In June 2016, Umeme estimated its total power losses across its network at 19.1 percent. In September 2016, Umeme estimated that it lost UGX:106 billion annually from nonpayment of bills, vandalism, and illegal connections. Fifty-one percent of its losses come from the Bugisu sub-region in the Eastern Region.

In June 2015, Umeme estimated its power losses at 19.2 percent. Of that, 13 percent was attributable to technical losses (resulting from poor network configuration) and 6.2 percent was from commercial losses (such as power theft and under-billing). In 2017, Umeme's power losses were reduced to 17.2 percent. Umeme planned to reduce total power loss to 15 percent by 2018. According to Umeme, power losses had been reduced to 16.4 percent, as of December 2019.

In August 2021, Umeme's metering service manager, Christine Namutebi announced the disconnection of over 8,000 illegal connections and the arrest of more than 4,000 individuals, for electricity theft and unauthorized connection to the national grid. The areas most violated by energy thieves include Kampala Metropolitan Area, Jinja Metropolitan Area, Mbale District, Masaka District and Mityana District.

History

In May 2010, Umeme's communications director Charlotte Kemigyisha wrote a commentary in the Daily Monitor newspaper urging public support for President Yoweri Museveni's proposal to make electricity theft a capital offense.

In December 2010, Umeme announced plans to invest US$32 million during 2011 in new substations, improvements in grid connectivity, and the introduction of pre-payment systems.

In November 2013, Umeme announced that it had secured loans totaling US$190 million from the International Finance Corporation, Standard Chartered Bank, and Stanbic Bank to fund grid expansion and reduce energy losses.

Umeme is spending US$440 million between 2013 and 2018 to overhaul equipment, buy technology, and add distribution points.

In March 2016, the Daily Monitor newspaper reported that Umeme had signed a contract with the Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited to distribute the power generated from the Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station, due online in 2018, and the Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station, due online in 2020.

In September 2016, a senior Umeme executive said that the company planned to spend US$2 billion over the next five years to expand the grid and increase access rates from an estimated 20 percent in 2016 (about 900,000 subscribers) to 40 percent in 2020 (about 3 million subscribers). In December 2017, Umeme announced plans to invest US$155 million in 2018, to improve the distribution network, build new substations and refurbish old networks across Uganda. In May 2018, in an interview with Reuters, Celestino Babungi, the CEO of Umeme, announced that the company planned to raise US$1.2 billion to revamp and expand the national distribution grid over the next seven years. A consultant was hired to advise and guide on how to raise the funds.

In June 2019, the Daily Monitor newspaper reported that Umeme planned to borrow US$70 million from the International Finance Corporation to add to the US$255 million raised internally, in order to invest in network upgrades and expansion while reducing network losses along with increased collection targets during the 2019–2024 time frame.

In December 2019, Umeme received a syndicated loan of US$70 million from four financial institutions as laid down in the table below. A portion of the loan will be utilized to set up distribution systems to effectively distribute power from Isimba and Karuma. Part of the loan will also support extension of power to industrial parks, upgrading Umeme's network, building the backbone on which more electricity connections will be supplied, accelerate prepayment metering and reduce energy losses. Two hundred and thirty thousand customers out of the 1.4 million customers that Umeme services, as of December 2019, are in the process of being converted from post-service billing to pre-paid metering. At that time, total energy losses stood at 16.7 percent, of which 11.7 percent were technical and 5 percent were commercial.

Customer base
As of January 2016, Umeme's customer base was about 790,000, with approximately 16,000 customers being added every month. The company expected its customer base to exceed 1 million by the end of 2016.

As at 30 June 2017, Umeme exceeded 1,000,000 paying customers, with the numbers growing at a rate of 13 percent annually.

According to the Daily Monitor, as of April 2018, Umeme had  1,125,291 customers. Seventy percent of those customers were on the pre-paid metering system, known as "Yaka". By June 2019, Umeme's customer base exceeded 1.4 million connections.

By July 2018, pre-paid metering covered an estimated 80 percent of all Umeme's customers. At that time, the customer mix was as illustrated in the table below:

As of December 2018, Umeme serviced more than 1.3 million customers, representing an estimated 25 percent of Uganda's population.

As of December 2019, Umeme serviced in excess of 1.5 million customers, of whom 1.47 million (98 percent) were on the prepaid metering service called "Yaka". As of May 2020, Umeme expected to increase its customer base by 2 million to bring total number of customers to 3.5 million by 2025. In June 2020, the utility company expected to add 300,000 new customers to the network in 2020. At that time Umeme had plans to invest US$450 million (USh1.7 trillion), between 2019 and 2025, to (a) increase demand of electricity (b) increase reliability of supply (c) increase number of grid connections and (d) reduce power losses. By December 2020, Umeme's customer base had expanded to 1,530,000 customers, of whom an estimated 97 percent were on the pre-metered Yaka billing system.

According to the Electricity Regulatory Authority the customer mix among Ugandan electricity consumers, as of June 2021, was as represented in the tab below.

Customer growth
The table below represents the growth trajectory of the number of grid-connected customers in Uganda.

Infrastructure
As of May 2020, Umeme was responsible for the grid network at and below 33 kiloVolts. At that time, the physical infrastructure available to Umeme included "over 33 substations and 12,631 transformers". Umeme was in the process of building another substation with two transformers to service the neighborhoods of Nansana, Kakiri and Wakiso, whose power needs are projected to grow between 15 and 20 percent in the next five years (2020–2025). The work will cost US$1.5 million (USh5 billion).

In August 2020, Umeme announced that it was in the process of improving the electricity connections to large industrial consumers in the vicinity of Mukono Township. The company was constructing seven dedicated double circuit supply lines from a substation in the settlement of Mbalala (not Mbarara) to each of (a) Katosi Water Works  (b) Kampala Cement Company Limited (c) Tian Tang Group and (d) Landy Industries Limited, among others. These electrical upgrades, expected to conclude in December 2020, will cost USh12.4 billion (US$3.4 million).

In July 2021, Umeme contracted an Egyptian firm Giza Systems, at a contract fee of USh7 billion (US$2 million), to build a new substation to serve the city of Entebbe. The substation will be constructed on land provided by National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). Beneficiaries include NWSC pumping and treatment station in Entebbe and Entebbe International Airport, which will receive stable power on a more consistent basis. Construction work is expected to conclude in December 2021.

Negotiation of new contract
In December 2018, President Yoweri Museveni instructed Irene Muloni, Uganda's Energy Minister to begin negotiations with Umeme regarding the renewal of the energy concession, when the current contract expires in 2025. The ministry of energy, the ministry of finance and the office of the attorney general will represent Uganda during these negotiations.

On 13 June 2019, during the reading of the national budget for the financial year 2019/2020, Uganda's Finance Minister, Matia Kasaija indicated that the government will extend Umeme's power distribution concession beyond 2025. Fresh negotiations will be held to finalize the details. Those negotiations started in February 2020.

See also

 List of power stations in Uganda
 West Nile Rural Electrification Company
 Energy in Uganda

References

External links

 Uganda Electricity Regulatory Authority

Energy companies of Uganda
Energy in Uganda
Energy companies established in 2004
Kampala District
Companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange
Companies listed on the Uganda Securities Exchange
2004 establishments in Uganda
Electric power companies of Uganda


Paul Tyrrell Faries  (born February 20, 1965) is an American former professional baseball second baseman, who played during four seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the San Diego Padres and San Francisco Giants. He was drafted by the Padres in the 23rd round of the 1987 Major League Baseball draft.

Faries played his first professional season with their Class A (Short Season) Spokane Indians in 1987, and his last season with the Detroit Tigers' Triple-A club, the Toledo Mud Hens, in .

Early life
Faries attended Campolindo High School in Moraga, California and
attended Pepperdine University in 1984-87.

Faries became one of the earliest Waves to earn All-American status, as the American Baseball Coaches Association put him on its third team in 1987. He shared West Coast Conference Player of the Year honors with teammate Steve Erickson (who had also been his teammate at Campolindo High) during his senior season as well. He was named to the All-WCC first team as a sophomore and a senior, and to the second team as a junior.

References

External links

"Paul Faries". Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved on 14 March 2009.

1965 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Berkeley, California
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Edmonton Trappers players
High Desert Mavericks players
Iowa Cubs players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball second basemen
New Orleans Zephyrs players
People from Moraga, California
Baseball players from Contra Costa County, California
Pepperdine Waves baseball players
Phoenix Firebirds players
Riverside Red Wave players
San Diego Padres players
San Francisco Giants players
Spokane Indians players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Wichita Wranglers players
Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks players


Jake in a Box is a 4-CD box set retrospective of the songs of Jake Thackray, recorded by EMI from 1967 to 1976. It includes his four studio albums, The Last Will and Testament of Jake Thackray (1967), Jake's Progress (1969), Bantam Cock (1972) and On Again! On Again! (1977), and six singles, digitally remastered, plus outtakes from the Last Will and Testament sessions, and songs recorded for an abandoned album in 1970.

Track listing

External links
Review at High Hat

Jake Thackray albums
2006 compilation albums
Albums produced by Norman Newell
EMI Records compilation albums


Libertas UK may refer to three political parties in the United Kingdom: two are regional affiliates of Declan Ganley's Libertas Party Limited, one of which, Pro-Democracy: Libertas.eu, contended the 2009 European Parliament elections under a common banner with Libertas Party Limited. The third was formed by an associate of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP).

Pro-Democracy: Libertas.eu

Pro-Democracy: Libertas.eu is the name of the Libertas Party Limited affiliate in Great Britain.

On 10 March 2009, it was reported that Libertas intended to field candidates in the UK. Kevin O’Connell, a former deputy director of Europol, former commander in the London Metropolitan Police, and former employee of Libertas stated in The Sunday Times that "if Libertas would have me as a candidate, I would run”. O’Connell was the first person to indicate a willingness to run for Libertas in Britain. Nigel Farage, leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), criticised Libertas's intention to run in the UK, stating: "I'm a little surprised that Libertas want to stand in the UK as their policy seems almost the same as David Cameron's Conservatives'." Ganley dismissed UKIP's position as "reactionary". Former newspaper editor Bridget Rowe, Nigel Farage's press secretary, then registered Libertas UK with the United Kingdom Electoral Commission, making it unclear whether Ganley's Libertas could field candidates in the UK under that name. On 11 February 2009, Libertas announced the opening of its United Kingdom office at Suite 6.8, 52 Grosvenor Gardens, London, United Kingdom, SW1. Ganley gave a press conference on 10 March 2009, at which the party was launched and he introduced Robin Matthews as its leader.

The party originally registered under the name New Dawn for Europe: Libertas.eu, before changing its name to Pro-Democracy: Libertas.eu in April 2009. It is under this name that the party fielded candidates in the June 2009 European Parliamentary elections.

Personnel

Candidates

Results

Libertas NI

Libertas NI (abbr. unknown: LNI?) is the name of the Libertas Party Limited affiliate in Northern Ireland. It shared offices and some personnel with the Great Britain affiliate but had a different treasurer. It did not field candidates in the 2009 elections.

Personnel

Libertas UK

Libertas UK (abbr. unknown: LUK?) is the name of a political party that was registered to field candidates in England for the 2009 Euroelections.

On 19 December 2008 former newspaper editor Bridget Rowe, a friend of Nigel Farage of UKIP registered Libertas UK with the United Kingdom Electoral Commission, making it unclear whether Ganley's Libertas Party Limited could field candidates in the UK under that name. Rowe's Libertas did not field candidates in the 2009 elections.

Personnel

See also
Jens-Peter Bonde
Declan Ganley
2009 European Parliament election
Treaty of Lisbon

References

External links
Pro-Democracy:Libertas.eu (official YouTube site)

Political parties established in 2008
Political parties established in 2009
United Kingdom
Eurosceptic parties in the United Kingdom
2008 establishments in the United Kingdom
2009 establishments in the United Kingdom


The men's basketball tournament at the 1971 Pan American Games was held from July 31 to August 12, 1971 in Cali, Colombia.

Men's competition

Participating nations

Preliminary round

†Brazil, Cuba and the United States all finished the preliminary stage with identical 2–1 records. The United States was eliminated, however, on the basis of margins of victory in head-to-head games among the teams tied for first.

Final round

Final ranking

Medalists

Awards

References

 Results
 basketpedya

1971
basketball
1971–72 in South American basketball
1971–72 in North American basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by Colombia


Alessandro De Stefani (1 January 1891 – 13 May 1970) was an Italian screenwriter. He wrote for 90 films between 1918 and 1962.

Selected filmography

 Maciste on Vacation (1921)
 Paradise (1932)
 The Table of the Poor (1932)
 Your Money or Your Life (1932)
 Fanny (1933)
 Together in the Dark (1933)
Nini Falpala (1933)
 My Little One (1933)
 They've Kidnapped a Man (1938)
 Castles in the Air (1939)
 The Knight of San Marco (1939)
 The Siege of the Alcazar (1940)
 The Daughter of the Green Pirate (1940)
 Then We'll Get a Divorce (1940)
 The First Woman Who Passes (1940)
 The Three Pilots (1942)
Bengasi (1942)
 The Mute of Portici (1952)
 Storms (1953)
 Woman of the Red Sea (1953)
 Maddalena (1954)
 The Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby (1958, TV series)

References

External links

1891 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
People from Friuli-Venezia Giulia
20th-century Italian male writers


The 2008–09 North Dakota State Bison men's basketball team represented North Dakota State University. The head coach was Saul Phillips. The team played its home games in the Bison Sports Arena in Fargo, North Dakota, and was a member of the Summit League. They received an automatic berth to the NCAA tournament after winning The Summit League men's basketball tournament in their first year of eligibility, the first team to do so since Long Beach State in 1970.

References

North Dakota State
North Dakota State Bison men's basketball seasons
North Dakota State
2008 in sports in North Dakota
2009 in sports in North Dakota


The men's basketball tournament at the 1975 Pan American Games was held from October 13 to October 25, 1975 in Mexico City, Mexico.

Men's competition

Participating nations

Final ranking

Awards

Women's competition

Participating nations

Final ranking

Awards

References
 Results
 basketpedya

Basketball
1975
1975–76 in North American basketball
1975–76 in South American basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by Mexico


Hans Jacob Reissner, also known as Jacob Johannes Reissner (18 January 1874, Berlin – 2 October 1967, Mt. Angel, Oregon), was a German aeronautical engineer whose avocation was mathematical physics. During World War I he was awarded the Iron Cross second class (for civilians) for his pioneering work on aircraft design.

Biography
Reissner was born into a wealthy Berlin family that benefited from an inheritance from his great-uncle on his mother's side. As a young engineering graduate, he spent a year in the U.S. working as a draftsman. After this year, he broadened his academic interests to include physics. As a young academic, he published mathematical papers on engineering problems.

Before World War I, Reissner designed the first successful all-metal aircraft, the Reissner Canard (or Ente) with both skin and structure made of metal. This was constructed with assistance from Hugo Junkers who had previously shown little interest in aviation. Both were professors at the University of Aachen. The first flight was made on May 23, 1912, with Robert Gsell at the controls.

During the Nazi regime Reissner was able to work in the aircraft industry although he did not have an Aryan certificate. In 1935 he lost his post at the Technical University of Berlin due to his Jewish ancestry, and in 1938 he emigrated to the United States. He taught at the Illinois Institute of Technology (1938–44) and the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (1944–54).

Curiously, it was this engineer, rather than a physicist or mathematician, who first solved Einstein's equation for the metric of a charged point mass. His closed-form solution, rediscovered by several other physicists within the next few years, is now called the Reissner–Nordström metric.

Eric Reissner (Max Erich Reissner, 1913–1996), his son, developed Mindlin–Reissner plate theory.

References

External links
Hans Reissner Papers MSS 30. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.

Engineers from Berlin
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
Academic staff of the Technical University of Berlin
Junkers people
1874 births
1967 deaths
American engineers
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
American Jews


HMS Boreas was a 28-gun  sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy. Built by Israel Pownoll at Woolwich Dockyard and launched in 1757, she was one of five frigates of the class built of fir rather than oak. Boreas saw service during the Seven Years' War and took part in two actions at sea. She assisted in the capture of the 36-gun French frigate Diane in April 1758, and her most famous engagement was the capture of the French frigate Sirène in October 1760. She was sold out of the service in 1770.

Construction and commissioning

Boreas was ordered on 18 April 1757 and laid down on 21 April that year at the Admiralty yards at Woolwich Dockyard. She was launched on 29 July 1757 and completed by 6 September 1757. She initially cost £6,314.9.10d, this rising to £9,193.18.3d when the cost of fitting her out was included. She was one of five frigates of the class built of fir rather than oak. Fir was cheaper and more abundant than oak and permitted noticeably faster construction, but at a cost of a reduced lifespan; the fir-built Coventry-class vessels lasted an average of eight years, three times less than their oak-built equivalents. The fir-built ships also required greater maintenance after periods at sea, averaging £1,573 in repairs for each year of service compared with £1,261 for comparable vessels built from oak.

The frigate was named after Boreas, the Greek god of the north wind and bringer of winter. The naming followed a trend initiated in 1748 by John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, in his capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty, of using figures from classical antiquity as descriptors for naval vessels. A total of six Coventry-class vessels were named in this manner; a further ten were named after geographic features including regions, English or Irish rivers, or towns.

In sailing qualities Boreas was broadly comparable with French frigates of equivalent size, but with a shorter and sturdier hull and greater weight in her broadside guns. She was also comparatively broad-beamed with ample space for provisions and the ship's mess, and incorporating a large magazine for powder and round shot. Taken together, these characteristics would enable Boreas to remain at sea for long periods without resupply. She was also built with broad and heavy masts, which balanced the weight of her hull, improved stability in rough weather and made her capable of carrying a greater quantity of sail. The disadvantages of this comparatively heavy design were a decline in manoeuvrability and slower speed when sailing in light winds.

Her designated complement was 200, comprising two commissioned officers  a captain and a lieutenant  overseeing 40 warrant and petty officers, 91 naval ratings, 38 Marines and 29 servants and other ranks. Among these other ranks were four positions reserved for widow's men  fictitious crew members whose pay was intended to be reallocated to the families of sailors who died at sea.

Career
Boreas was commissioned for the first time in August 1757 under Captain Robert Boyle, who was to command her for the next two years. Her rigging and fitout were completed by September and she was sailed to Portsmouth to take on her guns. Flaws in her design were apparent even at this early stage; in December 1757 Captain Boyle advised Admiralty that the fir planks adjacent to the hatchways were already badly worn, as were the strakes along the hull. Boyle unsuccessfully recommended that the hatchway timbers and the hull be re-covered with elm. He also observed that the aft hatchway had been constructed directly above the entrance to the magazine, which "may be of fatal consequence in time of action." Further, the sides of the vessel above the level of the deck were too low, leaving the crew exposed to enemy fire should Boreas run alongside an opposing ship.

Boyle's concerns went unheeded, and Boreas was put to sea in early 1758. In April she assisted in the capture of the 36-gun French frigate Diane. Boyle then sailed her to America on 21 June 1758 and she was subsequently involved in the operations off Louisbourg that year. Boreas shared in the proceeds of the capture of the merchantman Foudroyant and the schooner Two Brothers, captured off Louisbourg. She also shared in the proceeds of the taking of the Bienfaisant and Echo, and the proceeds from the burning, sinking, or destroying the French warships Prudent, Entreprennante, Celebre, Capricieux, Apollon, and Fidelie in the harbour of Louisbourg, as well as the sundry naval stores, the recapture of the snow Muscliff, the sloop Dolphin, and the prize sloop Sellerie. In November 1762 Boreas was paid head money for the privateers Bayonese and Leon, captured while she was under Boyle's command.

A period of service in the English Channel with Admiral George Rodney's squadron followed in 1759. On 28 March Boreas captured the Demoiselle, which was coming from San Domingo. Later, Boreas took part in the bombardment of Le Havre on 3 July that year. At some point Boreas also recaptured Hazards Bounty.

She came under the command of Captain Samuel Uvedale in February 1760, and he sailed her to Jamaica on 26 March. On 30 August that year he chased the privateer St Michel ashore near Cape St Nicholas Mole and burnt her. While under Uvedale's command, Boreas captured the privateer ships Intrepid and Dragon.

Another action occurred on 18 October when Admiral Charles Holmes in  (50 guns) took Boreas and  (20 guns) to intercept a French convoy in the Windward Passage. After sighting the five French vessels on the morning of 17 October, the British gave chase. Light winds slowed the chase so it was evening before Boreas could engage the 32-gun frigate Sirène. French fire disabled Boreas aloft with the result that Boreas could not engage Sirène again until the following afternoon. Boreas emerged victorious from the engagement, capturing Sirène, which suffered about 80 men killed and wounded, most of whom died later; Boreas lost only one man killed and one wounded. The French 20-gun corvette Valeur, struck to Lively. Hampshire chased the merchant frigate Prince Edward on shore where her crew set fire to her, leading her to blow up. , Boreas, , and , shared by agreement in the prize money for Sirene, Valeur, the snow  Maria, the sloop Elizabeth, and the sloop Pursue.

On 19 October, Hampshire, with Lively and Valeur, cornered the King's frigate Fleur de Lis in Freshwater Bay, a little to leeward of Port-de-Paix; her crew too set her on fire. The merchant frigate Duc de Choiseul, of 32 guns and 180 men under the command of Captain Bellevan, escaped into Port-de-Paix.

In late 1760, boats under the command of Lieutenant Millar, first lieutenant of  and Lieutenant Stuart, first lieutenant of Boreas, cut out the privateers Vainquer and Mackau from Cumberland Harbour, Cuba. The French were forced to burn another, Guespe, to prevent her capture. Trent lost three men killed and one man wounded and one man missing, and Boreas lost one man killed and five men wounded; French casualties are unknown. All the casualties occurred in taking Vainquer as Mackau did not resist. Boreas also lost her barge, sunk in the boarding. Vainquer was armed with 10 guns, 16 swivels, and 90 men; Mackau had 6 swivels and 15 men; Guespe had 8 guns and 86 men. In April, Boreas was paid for the capture of the Vrouw Jacoba, and the brigantine Leon.

Boreas then returned to Jamaica to undergo repairs, which lasted into 1761. Boreas went on to capture the privateer Belle-Madeleine on 18 December 1761. Then from 6 June until 13 August 1762, she took part in the capture of Havana. After this, she returned to Britain as a convoy escort along with  and , and was surveyed at Woolwich.

A small repair followed, lasting until May 1763. Captain Richard Hughes took over command in April 1763, serving off North Foreland until 1766. Captain Constantine Phipps succeed him in 1767, and was himself replaced by Captain Digby Dent the following year. Both commanded Boreas in the Channel.

Fate
Boreas was surveyed for a final time on 23 May 1770. She was sold a month later on 29 June for the sum of £280.

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Charnock, John (1794–98) Biographia navalis; or, Impartial memoirs of the lives and characters of officers of the navy of Great Britain, from the year 1660 to the present time; drawn from the most authentic sources, and disposed in a chronological arrangement. (London: R. Faulder).

 Clowes, Sir William Laird, Sir Clements R. Markham, A T Mahan, Herbert Wrigley Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, L G Carr Laughton (1897–1903) The Royal Navy: a history from the earliest times to the present. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co.)

External links

Frigates of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Woolwich
1757 ships


Rips may refer to:

Places
 Rips, Sarandë, location in Albania on the border with Greece
 De Rips, a village in the Netherlands

People
 Eliyahu Rips (born 1948), Israeli mathematician
 Lance Rips (born 1948), American psychologist
 Nicolaia Rips (born 1998), American author

Fictional characters
 Rip Van Winkle, a fictional person out of time from the eponymous story
 Rip Hunter, a fictional DC Comics superhero

Other uses
 Rips (album), 2014 debut studio album by American indie rock band Ex Hex
 RIPS (Re-Inforce Programming Security), a software static code analysis tool
 RIPS Technologies, the company that publishes RIPS
rips (slang), lines of cocaine in Bruce County, or Letterkenny, Ontario

See also

 Rips complex, an abstract simplicial complex
 Rips machine, an R-tree action group study method
 Rip (disambiguation)


Masindi Hotel is a hotel in Masindi, the district headquarters of Masindi District, in western Uganda.

Location
The hotel is located in the town of Masindi, approximately  northwest of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city, on an all-weather tarmac highway.

Overview
Masindi Hotel was built in 1923 by the now defunct East Africa Railways and Harbours Company. It is Uganda’s oldest hotel.  Masindi was a transit point for many goods and produce from the Northern Congo and Southern Sudan destined for export to European markets in the early 20th century. Cargo was shipped across Lake Albert, trucked from Butiaba up to Masindi Customs Sheds. From Masindi, goods were trucked on to Masindi Port on to Lake Kyoga where it was shipped down to Soroti and then by railway to Mombasa. Ernest Hemingway was involved in two plane crashes at Murchison Falls and Butiaba airstrip, within the space of one week. Ernest Hemingway recovered at Masindi Hotel for 3 months. Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn stayed at Masindi Hotel whilst filming The African Queen at Masindi Port.

After independence Masindi Hotel was taken over by the Government, and it was a part of the Uganda Hotels chain for nearly 30 years. In 2000, Masindi Hotel was privatized and has undergone major renovations. The hotel has a restaurant, a bar and both land-line and wireless internet connections.

External links
 Masindi Hotel Homepage
 Profile of Masindi Hotel at Traveluganda.co.ug

Photos
 Photos of Masindi Hotel

References

Hotels in Uganda
Hotel buildings completed in 1923
Masindi District


Paolo Carlini (6 January 1922 – 3 November 1979) was an Italian stage, television and film actor. He appeared in 45 films between 1940 and 1979. He is perhaps best-known to international audiences for his supporting role as the hairdresser Mario in Roman Holiday (1953) alongside Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck.

Born in  Sant'Arcangelo di Romagna, Carlini  followed the acting courses held by actress Teresa Franchini and debuted at very young age on stage. He is regarded as one of the early stars of Italian television mini-series (the so-called "sceneggiati"). He is also well known for his association with actress Lea Padovani, with whom he starred in a number of critically acclaimed stage dramas in the 1950s. Aside from his long film career, Carlini attained notoriety as the rumoured partner of Giovanni Cardinal Montini, Archbishop of Milan, latterly Pope Paul VI.

Partial filmography

 Goodbye Youth (1940) - Pino
 Ridi pagliaccio (1941) - Uno spettatore nel circo
 La grande strada (1947) - Adam
 L'apocalisse (1947)
 Baron Carlo Mazza (1948) - Fugi
 Napoli eterna canzone (1949) - Roberto Mari
 I due derelitti (1951)
 Papà ti ricordo (1952) - Andrea
 La storia del fornaretto di Venezia (1952)
 The Mute of Portici (1952) - 'Masaniello'
 Roman Holiday (1953) - Mario Delani
 Cardinal Lambertini (1954) - Lawyer Carlo Barozzi
 Mai ti scorderò (1956) - Riccardo Selvi
 La voce che uccide (1956) - Giornalista
 La Gioconda (1958) - Enzo Grimaldo, principe di Santa Flora
 It Started in Naples (1960) - Renzo
 Luciano, una vita bruciata (1962) - Paolo
 Divorzio alla siciliana (1963) - Alfio
 The Betrothed (1964) - Egidio
 Love Italian Style (1965) - Il principe Braccioforte
 Gli altri, gli altri... e noi (1967)
 The Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach (1968) - Hölzel
 Psychopath (1968) - Inspektor Harold Bennett
 Quarta parete (1968) - Don Luigi
 Either All or None (1968) - Buseba
 Don Chisciotte and Sancio Panza (1968) - Don José
 I 2 deputati (1968) - Paolo Silvestri
 Puro siccome un Angelo papà mi fece monaco... di Monza (1969)
 Un caso di coscienza (1970) - Don Gualtiero
 Le inibizioni del dottor Gaudenzi, vedovo, col complesso della buonanima (1971) - Prof. Viscardi
 Don Camillo e i giovani d'oggi (1972) - Don Chichí
 Fratello ladro (1942)
 My Darling Slave (1973) - Manlio
 Monika (1974)  - Avv. Massimo Moroni
 Il domestico (1974) - Andrea Donati
 Blue Jeans (1975) - Dr. Carlo Anselmi
 Like Rabid Dogs (1976) - Enrico Ardenghi
 Diary of a Passion (1976) - Pierino
 Lo scoiattolo (1979)

References

External links

1922 births
1979 deaths
People from Santarcangelo di Romagna
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male television actors


Basketball competitions at the 1979 Pan American Games in San Juan, Puerto Rico began on July 2 and continued through July 13. The preliminary rounds were held at the Canovanas Coliseum and the Cancha Pepín Cestero, while the final round was held at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.

Medal table

Medalists

Participating nations
Eleven countries participated in the competition.

See also
 Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics

References

Basketball
1979
1979–80 in North American basketball
1979–80 in South American basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by Puerto Rico


The 72nd Brigade for Special Operations () is a Tier 1 SOF unit, one of two special forces brigades (other being 63rd Parachute Brigade) of the Serbian Armed Forces. It is under the command of the General Staff and is based at Pančevo.

Formed in 1992, it was the elite unit of the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro. Reconfigured in 2006 to a battalion within a newly-formed Serbian Armed Forces, the "72nd" regained the status of a brigade in 2019.

History
The unit has its origins in the 72nd Special Brigade of Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro which was formed in 1992. It was consisted of 1st reconnaissance-commando battalion, 2nd reconnaissance-commando battalion, MP battalion for counter-terrorist operations, and logistic unit. In 2006, 1st reconnaissance-commando battalion and 2nd reconnaissance-commando battalion merged into single reconnaissance-commando battalion "Griffins" and battalion of military police for counter-terrorist operations became counter-terrorist battalion "Hawks".

Structure
Although with a brigade status (in order to better honor traditions of the past), 72nd Brigade for Special Operations is currently more of a battalion-size unit with proclaimed aim of reaching size of a brigade in order to readdress new defense tasks due to increased security threats. It is organized into three battalions (two battalions for special operations, "Hawks" and "Griffins", and command battalion) as well as logistics company and a military police platoon. In addition, there is a diving unit (derived from 82nd Marine Center "Shadows" - Yugoslavia's version of the US Navy SEALs) which is part of the "Griffins" battalion.

Command Battalion
 Battalion for Special Operations "Hawks" (counter-terrorism, direct action)
 Battalion for Special Operations "Griffins" (special reconnaissance, unconventional warfare)
82nd River Underwater Demolition Company (river reconnaissance, underwater demolition and sabotage)
Battalion for Special Operations "Eagles" (operational support) - to be formed
Logistics Company
MP platoon

Missions
The 72nd Brigade for Special Operations is capable of fulfilling many different roles and to complete various list of tasks, such as : unconventional warfare, direct action, special reconnaissance, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, information operations. They are also capable of hostage rescue and combat search and rescue if they are needed.

Training
Enlisted soldiers have to have at least two years service experience in other units of the Serbian Armed Forces before applying for a position in the 72nd Brigade for Special Operations. Besides that, all candidates need to fulfill a lot of other requirements and only about two-thirds of all candidates pass the psychophysical tests.

Brigade uses various training grounds and shooting ranges and for training purposes, although most of it is conducted in unit's home base "Rastko Nemanjić" in Pančevo.

Training in the 72nd Brigade for Special Operations is divided in three stages and lasts for three years.

Selective training is 9 weeks long. The focus of the training is aimed at selecting the best mentally and physically capable and highly motivated candidates that can withstand the challenges they may encounter during the service. During selective training candidates need to complete the following courses: physical training, shooting and fire training, tactical training, tactical training for special units, topography and orientation on the ground, and a final exam.
Basic training is one-year long and consists of: physical training, shooting and fire training, tactical training, tactical training for special units, topography and orientation on the land, resources and systems for fire support, resources and procedures for telecommunications traffic and tactical exercises.
Advanced training is two-years long  and includes training through exchange rate revaluation, while attending the following courses: reconnaissance-commando, course for officers and non-commissioned officers, sniper course, training of survival in nature, mountaineering course, divers course, demolition course, and course about improvised explosive devices.

Candidate specialization and further training depends on which bataillon he is assigned to. Some parts of unit are focusing on reconnaissance or counter terrorism and some are trained for search and rescue. Also many members of the unit conduct
training and courses in training centers abroad, through cooperation with the special units of other countries.

Weapons and equipment
The assault rifle used by the 72nd Brigade for Special Operations is the FN SCAR L 5.56x45mm. The H&K UMP series are used for the close-quarter battle. The H&K USP is the standard sidearm carried by the soldiers. The FN Minimi is used as light machine gun, 5.56mm and 7.62mm, while domestically-produced Zastava M87
and Zastava M93 are used as heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle, respectively. Snipers use the Sako TRG 42. Underwater firearms used by the 82nd River Underwater Demolition Company include SPP-1 underwater pistol and APS underwater rifle.

The unit is equipped with domestically-produced Lazar 3 armored personnel carriers and Miloš light armored vehicles as well as with Mali Miloš unmanned ground vehicle. The utility vehicle of the brigade is Land Rover Defender. The 82nd River Underwater Demolition Company is equipped with 14 rigid infaltable boats of type RIB 720.

The 72nd Brigade for Special Operations is also equipped with Kornet anti-tank guided missile system.

Traditions

Patron saint
The unit's slava or its patron saint is Saint Sava known as Savindan.

Motto
Motto of the Brigade is: "When others can't and don't dare, there is one... the 72nd that always can and dare!" (Kada  drugi ne mogu i ne smeju, samo je jedna... 72. koja uvek može i sme!).

Colors
The 72nd wear maroon beret.

See also
 63rd Parachute Brigade

References

External links

 Official webpage

Brigades of Serbia
Special forces of Serbia
Military units and formations established in 2006
Military counterterrorist organizations


Héctor Martínez is a former Major League Baseball player who was the first play-by-play announcer for the Boston Red Sox Spanish Beisbol Network.

Martinez joined the Red Sox in 1990 when the Sox became the tenth team in Major League Baseball to offer a Spanish-language broadcast. He remained with the Red Sox until 2001 when he was replaced by ESPN announcer Adrian Garcia Marquez. Martinez also called games nationally for ESPN and NBC, including the 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Before joining the Red Sox, Martinez served as a news and sports reporter for WUNR radio in Boston and play-by-play announcer for amateur baseball in Hartford.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Boston Red Sox announcers
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Sportspeople from Boston


The men's basketball tournament at the 1983 Pan American Games was held from August 15 to August 27, 1983 in Caracas, Venezuela.

Men's competition

Participating nations

Final ranking

Awards

Women's competition

Participating nations

Final ranking

Awards

References
 Results
 basketpedya

Basketball
1991
1983–84 in North American basketball
1983–84 in South American basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by Venezuela


The 1975 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men's professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Hordern Pavilion in Sydney, Australia and was part of the 1975 Commercial Union Assurance Grand Prix as a Group AA category event. The tournament was held from 13 October through 19 October 1975. Unseeded Stan Smith won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Stan Smith defeated  Robert Lutz 7–6, 6–2
 It was Smith's 6th title of the year and the 55th of his career.

Doubles

 Brian Gottfried /  Raúl Ramírez defeated  Ross Case /  Geoff Masters 6–4, 6–2
 It was Gottfried's 13th title of the year and the 21st of his career. It was Ramírez's 15th title of the year and the 24th of his career.

References

External links
 ITF – tournament edition details

Australian Indoor Tennis Championships
Indoor
Australian Indoor Championships
Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships


Barefoot Savage () is a 1952 Italian melodrama film directed by Clemente Fracassi.

Cast
 Angelo Binarelli as Marco
 Clorindo Cerato as Farm Hand
 Francesca Liddi as Nidia
 Marcello Mastroianni as Carlo Sartori
 Corrado Nardi as Bosci
 Amedeo Nazzari as Riccardo Sartori
 Eleonora Rossi Drago as Franca Gabrie
 Maria Zanoli as Maid

References

External links

1952 films
1950s Italian-language films
1952 drama films
Italian black-and-white films
Films directed by Clemente Fracassi
Italian drama films
Melodrama films
1950s Italian films


Roberto Antonio Molina  (born 28 October 1971 in Mendoza) is a former Argentine footballer.

Club career
Molina played for Ferro Carril Oeste, Rosario Central, Independiente and Racing in the Primera División Argentina. Molina played several seasons in the Primera División de México, with América, Atlante, Toros Neza and Puebla. He also had a brief spell with Barcelona in Ecuador.

Molina also earned one cap for Argentina, coming on as a substitute in a World Cup qualifying match against Venezuela on October 9, 1996. He also played for Argentina at the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship finals in Portugal.

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's youth international footballers
Argentina men's under-20 international footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
Rosario Central footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Club América footballers
Atlante F.C. footballers
Club Puebla players
Barcelona S.C. footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Liga MX players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Footballers from Mendoza, Argentina
Toros Neza footballers
Men's association football midfielders


The National Center for Film and Video Preservation was established in 1984 by the American Film Institute and the National Endowment for the Arts to

 coordinate American moving image preservation activities on a national scale serving as Secretariat for the Association of Moving Image Archivists and The Film Foundation.
 implement the National Moving Image Database.
 research and publish the AFI Catalog of Feature Films.
 locate and acquire films and television programs for inclusion in the AFI Collection to be preserved at the Library of Congress and other archives.
 establish ongoing relationships between the public archives and the film and television industry.
 create broader public awareness of preservation needs.

The center has a list of wanted films believed to be lost. Some of the films on that list are

Cleopatra (1917)
The Divine Woman (1928)
Camille (1927)

See also
List of lost films
List of incomplete or partially lost films

References

Film preservation organizations
American Film Institute
Film organizations in the United States


In professional wrestling, championships are competed for in scripted storylines by a promotion's roster of contracted wrestlers. WWE is an American-based company and is the world's largest professional wrestling promotion. The company's origins begin in 1953 as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC), a Northeastern territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). In 1963, CWC left the NWA to become the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), which was renamed to World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979 and then World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2002 — since 2011, the company has promoted itself solely under the trade name of WWE. In the company's 60-year history, over 40 different unique championships have been operated and contended for. These titles consisted of divisional, special stipulations, and weight-class championships. Of these titles, over 28 have been retired and succeeded through replacement titles or title unifications. The first championship retirement occurred in June 1961 with the Northeast version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship (created in February 1957). The most recent retirement occurred in June 2023 with the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship (created in March 2021). The following is a compilation of the company's former championships that were once active and contended for by its roster.

History

1953–1969
In 1953, Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) became a member of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). During this time, CWC wrestlers could compete for championships operated by the NWA. In 1957, the CWC created the NWA United States Television Championship, its first overall men's singles championship, with Johnny Valentine being the inaugural holder of the championship. The following year, the CWC created the NWA United States Tag Team Championship, which inaugural champions Mark Lewin and Don Curtis won in April of that year. In 1963, CWC ended its partnership with the NWA and established itself as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). To reflect the changes, the WWWF introduced its world heavyweight championship (WWE's third overall male singles championship and the current WWE Championship), while the WWWF acronym was added to the United States Tag Team title.  Without a formal explanation by the WWWF, although newly crowned co-holder Bruno Sammartino was also the company's World Heavyweight champion at the time, the Tag Team title was disbanded in 1967, the first championship to be retired during the WWWF years. Ten years later, the company retired its first individually contested WWWF-branded title, the WWWF United States Heavyweight Championship, also without a formal explanation.

1970–1999
The WWWF/WWF formed partnerships with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), and Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) between the 1970s and 1980s, and as a result, created and lent titles to these promotions. In 1979, the promotion renamed itself to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and six years later ended its partnerships with NJPW and UWF. This resulted in the retirement of one UWF and three NJPW lent titles: the WWF International Heavyweight Championship (UWF), WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship, WWF World Martial Arts Heavyweight Championship, and WWF International Tag Team Championship (NJPW). The company also ceased operations of three short-lived titles: the WWF North American Heavyweight Championship (1979–1981), WWF Canadian Championship (1985–1986), and WWF Women's Tag Team Championship (1983–1989). Despite their names, the geographic-name-based titles were not restricted to wrestlers from that location. During the 1990s, the WWF ended its relationship with the UWA; as a result, the WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship was abandoned, while the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (which UWA possessed) was reactivated in the United States for use by the WWF. In 1996, the Million Dollar Championship, a title created by Ted DiBiase, was retired, although it was never sanctioned by the WWF, but was reintroduced briefly in 2010 by Ted DiBiase Jr., and again in 2021 as part of a storyline in NXT.

2000–2015
In March 2001, the WWF acquired all assets of World Championship Wrestling (WCW), including its championships. Of these titles, the WWF operated the WCW World Heavyweight, World Tag Team, and Cruiserweight championships. In late 2001, the WWF discontinued the WCW World Heavyweight and Tag Team Championships (which were unified with WWF's world and tag team championships, respectively), while the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship was retired in favor of the Cruiserweight, which would also be retired in 2007. In 2002, WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and during this year, WWE discontinued the WWE Hardcore and European Championships after they were unified with the WWE Intercontinental Championship.

WWE also acquired all assets of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in 2003, and implemented the ECW brand in 2006, along with the reactivated ECW World Heavyweight Championship; however, when the brand closed in 2010, the title was retired after Ezekiel Jackson became the last champion on the final episode of the ECW on Syfy series. The World Tag Team Championship, established in 1971, and WWE Tag Team Championship, introduced in 2002, were unified on April 9, 2009, maintaining separate title histories as the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship". However, on August 16, 2010, the older title was retired in favor of keeping the newer title as the sole tag team championship contended for in WWE. The champions, The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd) were awarded a new set of belts that represented the 2002 championship, and were thus recognized as the final holders of the original World Tag Team Championship.

The original WWE Women's Championship, established in 1956, and the WWE Divas Championship, introduced in 2008, were unified on September 19, 2010, maintaining the title history of the Divas Championship. The older title was retired in favor of keeping the newer title as the sole championship contended for in WWE by the Divas. The self-professed co-Women's Champion Michelle McCool defeated Divas Champion Melina at Night of Champions to become the unified champion, thus making Layla the final holder of the Women's Championship. On April 3, 2016, at WrestleMania 32, Divas Champion Charlotte was originally scheduled to defend her title in a triple-threat match. At the event, however, the Divas Championship was replaced with a new WWE Women's Championship, with the winner of the triple-threat match becoming the inaugural champion, thus Charlotte was the final holder of the Divas Championship.

The World Heavyweight Championship was established in 2002 as a second world championship in WWE during the time of the first brand extension. During this period, the World Heavyweight Championship would be the primary championship for either the Raw or SmackDown brand, with the WWE Championship on the other. The brand extension ended in 2011, allowing both championships to appear on both shows. On December 15, 2013, World Heavyweight Champion John Cena faced WWE Champion Randy Orton in a match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, where the World Heavyweight Championship was unified with the WWE Championship as Orton defeated Cena. At the event, it was announced that the unified titles would be called the "WWE World Heavyweight Championship", retaining the lineage of the WWE Championship. WWE officially recognized Orton as the final World Heavyweight Champion and retired the title.

2016–present
In 2016, WWE reintroduced the brand extension. Shortly after, the cruiserweight division was revived and a new WWE Cruiserweight Championship was established. This newer title did not carry the lineage of the original Cruiserweight Championship that was retired in 2007. The title was originally exclusive to the Raw brand before it became exclusive to the 205 Live brand in 2018. It then also became part of NXT after 205 Live merged under NXT in October 2019. It was subsequently renamed the NXT Cruiserweight Championship and was then extended to the NXT UK brand in January 2020. However, in January 2022, the championship was retired. At the New Year's Evil special episode of NXT 2.0 on January 4, 2022, the title was unified into the NXT North American Championship. North American Champion Carmelo Hayes defeated Cruiserweight Champion Roderick Strong, with Hayes recognized as the final Cruiserweight Champion and going forward as North American Champion.

In December 2016, WWE announced that they would be establishing a new United Kingdom-based brand and the first championship created for the brand was the WWE United Kingdom Championship. In June 2018, the brand was formally established as NXT UK, and the NXT UK Women's Championship and NXT UK Tag Team Championship were created at that time. In early 2020, the WWE United Kingdom Championship was renamed as the NXT United Kingdom Championship, and later that year, the NXT UK Heritage Cup was established. In August 2022, WWE announced that the NXT UK brand would be going on hiatus following the Worlds Collide event on September 4, 2022, and the brand would relaunch as NXT Europe in 2023. As such, all of NXT UK's championships were unified into their respective NXT championship counterparts, except for the NXT UK Heritage Cup, which was quietly retired without a formal announcement but later brought back in 2023. The NXT United Kingdom Championship, NXT UK Women's Championship, and NXT UK Tag Team Championship were unified into the NXT Championship, NXT Women's Championship, and NXT Tag Team Championship, respectively, with Tyler Bate, Meiko Satomura, and the team of Brooks Jensen and Josh Briggs recognized as the final champions of each.

In May 2019, WWE introduced the WWE 24/7 Championship, a title similar to the company's former Hardcore Championship. The title had a "24/7" rule in which it could be defended anytime, anywhere, as long as a WWE referee was present. Due to this rule, it was available to all of WWE's brands and could be won by both men and women as well as non-WWE employees. After Nikki Cross won the championship on the November 7, 2022, episode of Raw, she discarded the title as trash backstage and two days later, the championship was listed as inactive on WWE.com.

In March 2021, WWE introduced the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship for the NXT brand following a controversy over the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. Prior to this, the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship was available to Raw, SmackDown, and NXT, but ceased appearing on NXT after the brand established its own tag team championship. After two years, on the June 23, 2023, episode of SmackDown, the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship was unified into the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, retiring the former with the latter becoming available to NXT again.

Defunct championships
World championship recognition in bold.

Men

Singles championships

Tag team championships

Women

Singles championships

Tag team championships

Unisex

Singles championships

Other championships previously used by WWE

See also
List of current champions in WWE
List of WWE alumni

Footnotes

A: – The title was officially abandoned by the WWF in 1989, though the physical belt was revived by NJPW to represent its Greatest 18 Club Championship, that championship was discontinued by NJPW in 1992.
B: – This is the date the WWF acquired WCW, in which WCW's assets were also acquired by WWF, including its titles.
C: – The first title holder in the WWF as a part of The Invasion storyline.
D: – This is the date the WWF began operating the title in the United States; the championship had been active since March 26, 1981 being used by the WWF's partners the UWA and NJPW.
E: – This is the date WWE launched the ECW program, during which Rob Van Dam was awarded the title as a result of winning the WWE Championship on June 11, 2006.
F: - This is the date upon which WWE consolidated the unification of both its tag team championships, and continued to recognize only one championship to be contended in its tag team division.

References

Further reading

External links
WWE Official website
WWE retired championship histories
Wrestling-Titles.com: WWE

WWE championships lists


Clemente Fracassi (5 March 1917 – 2 February 1993) was an Italian film producer, director and screenwriter. His career spanned from 1939 to 1967.

Born in Vescovato, Cremona, Fracassi started his career in the late 1930s, as assistant director of Mario Camerini and Mario Soldati and shortly later as producer. He made his directorial debut as a Soldati's last-minute replacement with Romanticismo.

Selected filmography
As a producer
 Professor, My Son (1946)
 To Live in Peace (1947)
 Les Misérables (1948)
 Without Pity (1948)
 The Mill on the Po (1949)
 Toto Looks for a House (1949)
 A Dog's Life (1950)
 Susanna Whipped Cream (1957)
 Juliet of the Spirits (1965)
 Death on the Run (1967)

As a director
 Romanticismo (1950)
 Barefoot Savage (1952, also writer)
 Aida (1953)
 Andrea Chénier (1955)

References

Further reading

External links

1917 births
1993 deaths
Italian film producers
Italian film directors
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
20th-century Italian male writers


Albert Thomas Conn (1879-1944) was a former Major League Baseball pitcher/second baseman. He was born on September 22, 1879, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bert played three seasons in MLB. In 1898 and 1900, he was a pitcher with the Philadelphia Phillies, and in 1901 he was a second baseman with the Phillies. Conn had an 0–3 career record with 17.3 innings, and had 8 career hits in 30 at bats for a .267 average. He died on November 2, 1944, in Philadelphia.

External links
Baseball Reference

1879 births
1944 deaths
Major League Baseball second basemen
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Phillies players
Major League Baseball pitchers
19th-century baseball players
Minor league baseball managers
Philadelphia Athletics (minor league) players
Pottsville Greys players
Bloomsburg Blue Jays players
Rochester Bronchos players
Harrisburg Ponies players
Providence Clamdiggers (baseball) players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
York Penn Parks players
Johnstown Johnnies players
York White Rozes players
Reading Pretzels players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Williamsport Millionaires players
Chester Johnnies players
Trenton Tigers players


Winalot is a popular brand of dog food sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

The name was first used in 1927 for dog biscuits by Spillers Ltd; they were initially marketed as a food for racing greyhounds, but soon gained popularity with domestic canines and became a brand leader in the 1930s.

The Spillers business was acquired in 1998 by Nestlé, after which point the Winalot brand was expanded to include a wide range of dry and tinned dog foods and snacks.

Winalot is now marketed by Nestlé Purina PetCare, and is the UK's second biggest-selling dog food brand. Their products have recently been subject to a packaging change, to modernize and refresh the brand in 2016.

References

External links

Dog food brands
Nestlé brands


No Land! No House! No Vote! is the name of a campaign by a number of poor people's movements in South Africa that calls for the boycotting of the vote and a general rejection of party politics and vote banking. The name is meant to imply that if government does not deliver on issues important to affected communities (such as land and housing) these movements will not vote.

History

The No Land! No House! No Vote! campaign began as a national campaign by the South African Landless Peoples Movement (LPM) in 2004. Originally called the No Land! No Vote! campaign, the Landless People's Movement and the National Land Committee argued that voters have to be registered in their home ward to vote and that it would be impossible to vote if families were under threat of eviction or had no secure tenure. Amnesty International has reported that LPM activists were tortured during the 2004 national government elections after taking on a 'No Land! No Vote' position.

In 2006, the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign and Abahlali baseMjondolo movements boycotted the municipal elections under the banner of this campaign. The AEC held an election day march in Cape Town saying they would abstain from voting. A march by Abahlali baseMjondolo under the banner of the No Land! No House! No Vote! campaign was illegally banned by the Durban Municipality and was met with police repression.

In 2008, the Landless Peoples Movement, the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign and Abahlali baseMjondolo and the Rural Network joined to form the Poor People's Alliance. In 2009, the Alliance voted to boycott the national elections under the No Land! No House! No Vote! banner.

During the 2009 national election campaign, the No Vote! campaign suffered severe repression by political parties and police. On 8 February 2009, the South African Police allegedly beat and tear-gassed Gugulethu residents who were holding a meeting about housing because the ANC provincial chairperson Mcebisi Skwatsha claimed they were disrupting voters registration. Eight members of the Landless Peoples Movement were also arrested in March 2009 and some claim that this is related to the No Vote! campaign by the Poor Peoples Alliance.

In the 2009 elections 39% of potential voters supported the ANC.

Abahlali baseMjondolo called for a boycott of the 2011 local government elections. They were joined by a range of other social movements including the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, the Mandela Park Backyarders, Sikhula Sonke, the South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement and the Landless People's Movement. Local community organisations also organised vote strikes in a number of towns around the country including, for instance, King William's Town, Ficksburg, Grahamstown and Cato Ridge. A total of 42% of registered voters did not vote in the elections. It has been reported that "Nearly 75% of South Africans aged 20–29 did not vote in the 2011 [local government] elections" and that "South Africans in that age group were more likely to have taken part in violent (sic) street protests against the local ANC than to have voted for the ruling party".

Reasoning behind the campaign
Proponents of the No Land! No House! No Vote! campaign have explained the reasons behind their campaign. There are a variety of reasons for boycotting elections but most people who take this position say that they have been voting since 1994 but have seen no positive result from voting. They also often claim that politicians are all corrupt and that there are no political parties that represent the poor. Proponents also make the structural argument that the electoral process itself is undemocratic, that poor people must speak for themselves, and that the movements should be unaligned and pressure whichever political party comes into power.

Variations on the campaign

Proponents of the No Land! No House! No Vote! Campaign have come up with similar slogans which have included the statements 'No Jobs!', 'No Electricity!', 'No Water!', 'No Respect!', 'No Freedom!' as part of the 'No Vote!' boycott campaign.

International connections

The Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign has used the slogan 'No House No Vote'.

Criticisms of the campaign

According to South African President Jacob Zuma "If you do not vote, you are depriving yourself of a freedom we have fought for and given you. You are deciding to oppress yourself...you are failing yourself and the nation.

See also
Abahlali baseMjondolo
Abstention
 The Landless Peoples Movement
 The Poor People's Alliance
 The Mandela Park Backyarders
 Sikhula Sonke
 The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign
 The Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front

References

External links
No Land! No House! No Vote! Video
No Land! No House! No Vote! Archive

Society of South Africa
Political campaigns
South African political slogans
Housing in South Africa
Housing protests
Squatters' movements
Protests in South Africa


Exter may refer to:

Exter (Vlotho), a village near Vlotho in Germany
Exter (Weser), a tributary of the river Weser in Germany
Exter (surname)
Extince or Exter-O-naldus or De Exter (born 1967), Dutch language rapper
Hyundai Exter, a car

See also
Exter Formation


Couzin Films is a film, television and digital media production company based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established by Ziad Touma, a Lebanese Canadian film director, producer and screenwriter.

Filmography
2003: Saved by the Belles (aka Échappée belles) directed by Ziad Touma
2005: Webdreams (TV series) directed by Ziad Touma
2007: Birthday Girl directed by Erin Laing
2008: Adam's Wall directed by Michael Mackenzie

See also
Ziad Touma

References

External links
Couzin Films Official website
 Adam's Wall Official Film Website

Film production companies of Canada
Companies based in Montreal


A thermal bag is a type of thermally insulated shipping container in the form of a bag which can be carried, usually made of thermally insulating materials and sometimes a refrigerant gel. It is used to help maintain the temperature of its contents, keeping cold items cold, and hot items hot.

Insulated bags have been in use for many years in industry, medical/pharmaceutical use, food delivery, lunch bags, etc. Several designs have been available.

Shopping bags
Commercial thermal shopping bags, to carry temperature-sensitive purchases home without breaking the cold chain, were first introduced by grocery and other shops in Europe in the mid 1980s. A thermal bag to keep pizzas being delivered hot was invented by Ingrid Kosar in 1983, and is commonly used now. A cool box is very similar in concept, but typically larger and in the form of a rigid box.

Medical use

Thermal pharmaceutical bags are designed to transport temperature-sensitive medications, protecting them from damaging temperatures, shocks, and light. Many vaccines are delicate biological substances that can lose part or all of their effectiveness if they are frozen, allowed to get too hot, or exposed to bright light. Such vaccines must be kept within a specified temperature range, typically , from manufacture to use. According to the World Health Organization, at least 7% of temperature-sensitive medical products suffer significant degradation in potency in transit.

Materials

Thermal bags are usually manufactured with varying quantities of the following materials:

 PET film (biaxially oriented) (Mylar, etc.)
 Styrofoam
 Fabric
 Nonwovens
 Polyethylene
 Polyurethane
 Polypropylene
gel packs

See also

 Food safety
 HACCP
 Heat transfer
 Packaging
 Temperature control
 Insulated shipping container

References

Food storage containers
Food preservation
Packaging
Temperature control
Shipping containers
Bags


The Ningbo Incident (; ) was a 1523 brawl between trade representatives of two Japanese daimyō clans — the Ōuchi and the Hosokawa — in the Ming Chinese city of Ningbo. The Ōuchi pillaged and harmed local residents, causing massive damage. The turmoil resulted in the interruption of the Ming-Japanese trade and led to a surge in piratical (wokou) activity on the Chinese coast. The episode is also known by the names Ningbo Tribute Conflict (寧波争貢事件), Mingzhou Incident (明州之亂), or the Sōsetsu Incident (宗設之亂).

Background

Ming China considered Japan a tributary state in its Sinocentric world order. Under the Ming tributary system, Japan could present tribute to the Chinese imperial court and be rewarded in the form of gifts by the emperor. This was essentially an exchange of Japanese products for Chinese goods, and, being the only legal form of trade between China and Japan during the Ming's maritime prohibitions, was extremely profitable.  The Japanese were assigned the city of Ningbo as their port of entry into China, and only those with tallies granted by the emperor were officially allowed to travel and trade within the boundaries of China. Hence, the Ming-Japan trade was called the "tally trade" (勘合貿易, kangō bōeki in Japanese and kānhé màoyì in Chinese).

The handling of the tally trade on the Japanese side was the responsibility of the "King of Japan", as the Chinese called the Ashikaga shōgun. However, after the Ōnin War broke out in Japan in 1467, the Ashikaga shōguns were reduced to such powerlessness that control of the lucrative China trade became contested between the nominal Ashikaga vassals the Hosokawa clan in Kyoto and the Ōuchi clan of Yamaguchi.

The tribute conflict
In May 1523, trade fleets from both the Hosokawa and the Ōuchi clans arrived in Ningbo. The Ōuchi delegation, led by Kendō Sōsetsu (謙道宗設), carried the most up-to-date tally from the Zhengde Emperor and reached Ningbo before the Hosokawa delegation led by Rankō Zuisa (鸞岡端佐) and Song Suqing, who carried the outdated tallies of Zhengde's predecessor Hongzhi. Despite this, Song Suqing was able to use his connections to bribe the head eunuch of the Office of Shipping Trade (市舶司), Lai En (賴恩), so the Hosokawa party was received first and got preferential treatment. Enraged, the Ōuchi party went up in arms, killed Rankō Zuisa, burned the Hosokawa ship, and chased Song Suqing to the walls of Shaoxing. Failing to find Song Suqing there, the armed band burned and plundered their way back to Ningbo. They kidnapped a garrison commander Yuan Jin (袁璡) and made off to sea on commandeered ships. A Ming flotilla gave chase under the command of Liu Jin (劉錦), the Regional Commissioner against the Wo (備倭都指揮), but the Ōuchi party defeated them in battle and killed the commander.

Aftermath
One of Kendō Sōsetsu's ships was blown to the coast of Joseon Korea by storm during their escape. Joseon Korea, being an ally of Ming China, killed 30 of the crew and captured two prisoners, Nakabayashi (中林) and Magotaro (望古多羅), who were handed over to China. In China, Nakabayashi and Magotaro were subjected to investigation along with Song Suqing. Song Suqing claimed that the Ōuchi had stolen their tallies, leaving them no choice but to use the outdated tallies; however, the Ministry of Rites deemed Song Suqing's words untrustworthy. In 1525, all three were sentenced to death, but they had all languished and died in prison before the sentence was carried out. A Ryukyu envoy was instructed to relay a message to Japan urging the rendition of Kendō Sōsetsu and the return of Yuan Jin and other captive coastal inhabitants, otherwise China would close its ports to Japan and consider a punitive expedition.

The Chinese investigation also uncovered the extent of the corruption involving foreign trade by Lai En and his henchmen. For these reasons, the port of Ningbo was closed to foreign trade, but Lai En retained his post until 1527 and actually had his powers expanded to deal with military emergencies. Although Japan continued to send tributary fleets to Ningbo, only two more (sent by the Ōuchi) were received in 1540 and 1549, after which the downfall of the Ōuchi family ended the official Ming-Japan trade. The cessation of foreign trade at Ningbo turned local merchants wishing to trade with the Japanese and other foreigners to engage in illicit trading on the offshore islands like Shuangyu. Some Chinese merchants and influential families began to owe the foreigners huge sums of debt as a result of this unregulated trade, which they would try to clear by informing the authorities to militarily clamp down on the illegal trade centers. To protect their goods and recover their losses, the participants of the foreign trade armed themselves against the Ming military and engaged in piratical and smuggling activities. This led to the widespread Jiajing wokou raids that terrorized the coast of China in the 1550s.

Notes

References

1523 in China
16th century in China
16th-century economic history
China–Japan relations
Conflicts in 1523
Economic history of Japan
History of foreign trade in China
Keichō-Hosokawa clan
History of Ningbo
Battles of the Sengoku period
Foreign relations of the Ming dynasty


USS Cape May (ID-3520) was a United States Navy cargo ship and troop transport in commission from 1918 to 1919.

Cape May was built in 1918 at Sparrows Point, Maryland, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company as the cargo ship SS War Saturn for the United States Shipping Board; she was renamed SS Cape May while under construction. Upon her completion, the Shipping Board transferred her on 24 October 1918 to the U.S. Navy for World War I service. Assigned the naval registry Identification Number (ID. No.) 3520, she was commissioned as USS Cape May on 25 October 1918.

Cape May cleared Baltimore, Maryland, on 8 November 1918 laden with general cargo for the American Expeditionary Force in France. World War I ended during her voyage, on 11 November 1918. She arrived at St. Nazaire, France, on 24 November 1918, where she loaded military supplies no longer required in Europe and embarked passengers. She departed St. Nazaire on 30 December 1918 for Newport News, Virginia, where she arrived on 15 January 1919. She then moved to Baltimore to unload cargo there.

At Baltimore, Cape May was converted for service as a troop transport. She then made two voyages to France to bring servicemen home to New York City. On 24 August 1919 she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia.

Cape May was decommissioned at Norfolk on 25 August 1919 and was transferred to the United States Shipping Board the same day.

Cape May returned to commercial service as SS Cape May. The Shipping Board sold her in 1920 to the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Steamship Corporation of Baltimore, but repossessed her in 1922. The Shipping Board sold her in 1925 to the Matson Navigation Company, which renamed her SS Maliko. In 1947, Matson sold Maliko to Wallen and Company of Hong Kong, which renamed her SS Shahin. In 1948, she was sold to the Bharat Line, Ltd., of Bombay, India, and renamed SS Bharateatlia. She was scrapped in Japan in 1953.

Notes

References

Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images:  U.S. Navy Ships: USS Cape May (ID # 3520), 1918-1919 Originally S.S. Cape May (American Freighter, 1918)
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Cape May (ID 3520)

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1918 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Unique transports of the United States Navy
Standard World War I ships
Steamships of the United States


The Thurston High School shooting occurred on May 21, 1998, at Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon when 15-year-old freshman student Kipland Kinkel, who had been scheduled to appear at an expulsion hearing the day prior, murdered his parents before killing two of his classmates and wounding 25 others. The shooting ended when a group of students managed to subdue Kinkel, leading to his arrest. Kinkel pled guilty to murder and attempted murder and was sentenced to 111 years in prison without the possibility of parole. He is currently incarcerated at the Oregon State Correctional Institution.

Events leading to shooting

Expulsion

On May 20, 1998, 15-year-old Kipland Kinkel was suspended pending an expulsion hearing from Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon, for being in possession of a loaded, stolen handgun. A friend of Kinkel's had stolen a pistol from the father of one of his friends and arranged to sell the weapon to Kinkel the night before. Kinkel paid $110 for the Beretta Model 90 .32-caliber pistol loaded with a nine-round magazine, which he then placed in a paper bag and left in his locker. When the father discovered he was missing a handgun, he reported it to the police and supplied the names of students he believed might have stolen the firearm. Kinkel's name was not on the list. The school became aware of his possible involvement and questioned him. When he was checked for weapons, he reportedly stated: "Look, I'm gonna be square with you guys; the gun's in my locker." Kinkel was suspended pending an expulsion hearing, and he and his friend were arrested. Kinkel was released from police custody and driven home by his father.

Murder of parents
At home that afternoon, Kinkel was told by his father that he would be sent to military school if he did not improve his behavior. According to Kinkel's taped confession, at about 3:00 p.m., his father was seated at the kitchen counter drinking coffee. Kinkel retrieved his Ruger .22-caliber semi-automatic rifle from his bedroom and ammunition from his parents' bedroom. He then went to the kitchen and shot his father once in the back of the head, then dragged his body into the bathroom and covered it with a sheet. Kinkel further stated that his mother arrived home at about 6:30 p.m., and that he met her in the garage, told her he loved her, then shot her twice in the back of the head, three times in the face, and once in the heart. He then dragged her body across the floor and covered it with a sheet.

Throughout the next morning, Kinkel repeatedly played a recording of "Liebestod", the final dramatic aria from Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde, on the family's sound system. The recording was featured in the 1996 film Romeo + Juliet, and included on the compact disc (CD) of the film's soundtrack. When police arrived at the house, they found "opera music" from the soundtrack playing loudly with the CD player set to continuous play. In a note Kinkel left on a coffee table in the living room, he described his motive for killing his parents thus: "I just got two felonies on my record. My parents can't take that! It would destroy them. The embarrassment would be too much for them. They couldn't live with themselves." But as the note continues, he attempts to describe his mental state: "My head just doesn't work right. God damn these VOICES inside my head. ... I have to kill people. I don't know why. ... I have no other choice."

Shooting

On May 21, Kinkel drove his mother's Ford Explorer to the high school. He wore a trench coat to hide the five weapons he carried: two hunting knives, his rifle, a 9×19mm Glock 19 pistol, and a .22-caliber Ruger MK II pistol. He was carrying 1,127 rounds of ammunition.

Kinkel parked on 61st Street, two blocks from the school, then jogged to the campus, entered the patio area and fired two shots, killing 16-year-old Ben Walker and wounding another. He went to the cafeteria and, walking across it, fired the remaining 48 rounds from his rifle, shooting 25 students, and killing 17-year-old Mikael Nickolauson. Kinkel fired a total of 50 rounds, 37 of which struck students, and killed two. Three hundred students were present during the event.

When Kinkel's rifle ran out of ammunition and he began to reload, wounded student Jacob Ryker tackled him, assisted by several other students. Kinkel drew the Glock from his belt and fired one shot before he was disarmed, injuring Ryker again as well as another student. He yelled at the students, "Just kill me!" The students restrained Kinkel until the police arrived and arrested him. A total of seven students were involved in subduing and disarming Kinkel. In custody, Kinkel retrieved a knife that was secured on his leg and attacked a police officer, begging to be fatally shot. The officer subdued him with pepper spray.

Nickolauson died at the scene; Walker died after being transported to the hospital and kept on life support until his parents arrived. The other students, including Ryker, were also taken to the hospital with a variety of wounds. Ryker had a perforated lung, but he made a full recovery. He received the Boy Scouts of America Honor Medal with Crossed Palms for his heroism on the day of the attack.

Relief and aftermath
In the wake of the shooting, over 200 counselors volunteered and over $400,000 of aid money was given in the form of the Thurston Healing Fund. A scholarship was created for Thurston High School graduates in remembrance of the shooting. In 2003, a permanent memorial was created and dedicated at Thurston High School in memory of the event—the Thurston Memorial.

Perpetrator

Kipland Phillip Kinkel (born August 30, 1982), is the second child of William and Faith (née Zuranski) Kinkel. He has an older sister, Kristin. His parents were both Spanish teachers. Faith taught Spanish at Springfield High School, and William taught at Thurston High School and Lane Community College.

There was a widespread history of serious mental illnesses in both sides of the family. The parents concealed this from psychologists.

According to all accounts, Kinkel's parents were loving and supportive. His sister Kristin was a gifted student. The Kinkel family spent a sabbatical year in Spain when Kip was six, where he attended a Spanish-speaking kindergarten. Kinkel reportedly attended in an "unnormal" way, and his family said that he struggled with the curriculum. When Kinkel returned to Oregon, he attended elementary school in the small community of Walterville, about five miles east of Springfield. His teachers considered him immature and lacking physical and emotional development. Based on the recommendation of his teachers, Kinkel's parents had him repeat the first grade. In the repeat, he was diagnosed with dyslexia, which became worse, and he was placed in extensive special education classes by the beginning of second grade.

Kinkel had an interest in firearms and explosives from an early age. His father initially discouraged this, but later enrolled him at gun safety courses, buying him a .22 caliber rifle and eventually a 9mm Glock handgun at the age of 15.

Classmates described Kinkel as strange and morbid. Others characterized him as psychotic or schizoid, and as someone who enjoyed listening to rock bands such as Nine Inch Nails, Rage Against the Machine, and Marilyn Manson. He constantly talked about committing acts of violence, telling friends that he wanted to join the U.S. Army after graduation to find out what it was like to kill someone. When asked about a family trip to Disneyland, he commented that he wanted to "punch Mickey Mouse in the nose." He once gave a "how-to" speech in bomb-making to his speech class and set off "stink bombs" in the lockers of classmates. Kinkel studied William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet in his English class and related with the protagonists, and became enamored with the 1996 modernized film adaptation, which featured heavy use of firearms.

Kinkel's parents enrolled him in anger management and had him evaluated by psychologists. Shortly before being murdered, Kinkel's father confided to a friend that he was "terrified" and had run out of options to help his son.

Kinkel exhibited signs of paranoid schizophrenia, the full extent of which became apparent only after his trial. He had gone to great lengths to hide any symptoms due to a fear of being labelled abnormal or "mentally retarded". His doctors later said that Kinkel had told them of hearing voices in his head from the age of 12; he eventually had  hallucinations and paranoid delusions — including the belief that the government had implanted a computer chip in his brain and that the Chinese were going to invade the West Coast. Kinkel described three voices: "Voice A", who commanded Kinkel to commit violent acts, "Voice B", who repeated insulting and depressive statements at the expense of Kinkel, and "Voice C", who constantly echoed what A and B said. Kinkel claimed that he felt punished by God for being subjected to these voices, and that it was Voice A who instigated the killing of his father, mother, and the subsequent attack at Thurston High School.

Trial and imprisonment
At the police station, Kinkel lunged at Officer Al Warthen with his knife, screaming, "Shoot me, kill me!" The officer repelled Kinkel with pepper spray. Kinkel later said that he wanted to trick the officer into shooting him, and that he had wanted to die by suicide after killing his parents but could not bring himself to do so.

At his sentencing, the defense presented experts on mental health to show that the assailant was mentally ill. Jeffrey Hicks, the only psychologist who had treated Kinkel before the shootings, said that he was in satisfactory mental health. He had seen Kinkel for nine sessions and treated him for major depression. The boy's parents terminated the therapy because Kinkel was responding well to treatment and ceased to show symptoms of depression.

On September 24, 1999, three days before jury selection was set to begin, Kinkel pleaded guilty to murder and attempted murder, forgoing the possibility of being acquitted by reason of insanity. In November 1999, Kinkel was sentenced to more than 111 years in prison without the possibility of parole. At sentencing, Kinkel apologized to the court for the murder of his parents and the shooting spree.

Appeals
In June 2007, Kinkel sought a new trial, saying that his previous attorneys should have taken the case to trial and used the insanity defense. Two psychiatrists testified that Kinkel exhibited signs of paranoid schizophrenia at the time of the shooting. In August 2007, a Marion County judge denied him a new trial. Kinkel appealed, arguing among other things that he had had ineffective assistance of counsel during the trial proceedings. On January 12, 2011, the Oregon Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court judgment, denying his motion for a new trial. Kinkel has appealed his sentence in both federal and state courts. In federal court he claimed his guilty plea should not have been accepted without a prior mental health evaluation. In state court, Kinkel challenged the validity of the virtual life sentence he was given, citing Miller v. Alabama.

Kinkel is incarcerated at the Oregon State Correctional Institution in Salem. He received his GED while serving a portion of his ‘life sentence’ at MacLaren Youth Correctional Facility in Woodburn. On June 11, 2007, Kinkel, nearing his 25th birthday (the maximum age to be held as a juvenile in Oregon), was transferred from the Oregon Youth Authority, MacLaren Correctional Facility, to the Oregon State Correctional Institution, where he currently resides, with Oregon Department of Corrections SID number 12975669.

See also

 List of homicides in Oregon
 Columbine High School massacre (1999)
 Parkland high school shooting (2018), the deadliest high school shooting in American history
 List of school shootings in the United States (before 2000)

References

Further reading

External links

 "Kipland Kinkel." CourtTV.
 Logman, Jere. "Shootings in a Schoolhouse; Wounded Teen-Ager Is Called a Hero." The New York Times. May 23, 1998.

1998 in Oregon
1998 mass shootings in the United States
1998 murders in the United States
Attacks in the United States in 1998
Crime in Oregon
Deaths by firearm in Oregon
High school shootings in the United States
Mass shootings in Oregon
Mass shootings in the United States
Mass shootings involving Glock pistols
May 1998 crimes in the United States
Murder in Oregon
Parricides
School shootings committed by pupils
School shootings in Oregon
Spree shootings in the United States
Springfield, Oregon


Maria Zanoli (26 October 1896 – 15 November 1977) was an Italian film actress. She appeared in 45 films between 1943 and 1961.

Partial filmography

 Loyalty of Love (1934) - La cameriera pettegola di casa Confalonieri
 Incontri di notte (1943)
 Zazà (1944)
 Macario contro Zagomar (1944)
 Circo equestre Za-bum (1944) - (segment "Galop finale al circo")
 Giudicatemi! (1948)
 Il sentiero dell'odio (1950)
 Il nido di Falasco (1950)
 Tragic Spell (1951) - Witch
 Quo Vadis (1951) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Amo un assassino (1951)
 Barefoot Savage (1952) - Cameriera
 Europa '51 (1952) - Mrs. Galli
 Deceit (1952) - La padrona della pensione
 Girls Marked Danger (1952) - Fossati's Wife
 Il romanzo della mia vita (1952) - Maddalena Tuttafuoco's Mother (uncredited)
 Non ho paura di vivere (1952)
 Non è vero... ma ci credo (1952) - Party Guest (uncredited)
 Carne inquieta (1952) - Angela Ferrara
 Bufere (1953) - (uncredited)
 Noi peccatori (1953) - Un' altra guardiana del carcere (uncredited)
 Too Young for Love (1953)
 Fermi tutti... arrivo io! (1953) - Signora con cagnolino
 La lupa (1953)
 Angels of Darkness (1954)
 Processo contro ignoti (1954)
 Before the Deluge (1954) - Madame Dutoit
 Appassionatamente (1954) - Maria
 The Barefoot Contessa (1954) - Maria Vargas' Mother
 Barrier of the Law (1954)
 Love Song (1954)
 Farewell, My Beautiful Lady (1954) - La governante
 Le signorine dello 04 (1954) - Aunt Clementina
 Spring, Autumn and Love (1955) - Anais
 Black Dossier (1955) - Marthe
 Il bidone (1955) - Stella Florina
 L'ultimo amante (1955) - Il medico di guardi
 Andrea Chenier (1955) - Governante in casa Chénier
 Helen of Troy (1956) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Incatenata dal destino (1956) - Cameriera di Stella
 War and Peace (1956) - Mavra - Rostov Housekeeper (uncredited)
 La capinera del mulino (1956) - La Gnaffa
 The Wolves (1956) - (uncredited)
 Le Notti Bianche (1957) - La domestica
 An Eye for an Eye (1957)
 El Alamein (1957) - (uncredited)
 Vengeance (1958) - Madre
 Love and Troubles (1961) - Madre di Liliana
 Barabbas (1961) - Beggar Woman
 Scano Boa (1961)

References

External links

1896 births
1977 deaths
Italian film actresses
20th-century Italian actresses
Italian people of Lombard descent


Tragic Return () is a 1952 Italian melodrama film directed by Pier Luigi Faraldo.

Cast
 Doris Duranti as Elisa
 Marcello Mastroianni as Marco
 Franca Marzi as Donna Carmela - Nicola's girlfriend
  as Giovanna
 Dante Maggio as Nicola

 Paolo Dola
 Benedetta Rutili

References

External links

1952 films
1952 drama films
1950s Italian-language films
Italian black-and-white films
Italian drama films
1950s Italian films


Dan Clark (born 1976) is an English actor, stand-up comedian, scriptwriter and television director.

Dan Clark may also refer to:
Dan Clark (ice hockey) (born 1957), Canadian hockey player
Dan Clark (motivational speaker) (born 1955), American author, CEO, and motivational teacher
Dan Clark (Canadian football) (born 1988), Canadian football offensive lineman

See also
Dan Clarke (born 1983), British auto racing driver
Daniel Clark (disambiguation)
Danny Clark (disambiguation)