Asbury & West United Church is a United Church of Canada church in the Bathurst and Lawrence area of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The congregation has one of the longest continual histories of any in Toronto. It traces its history back to 1812 and meetings of small groups of Methodist settlers in what was an area being newly settled by Europeans. The first services were held in the farmhouse of Henry Mulholland, a veteran of the War of 1812 and the Battle of Lundy's Lane. He first came to Canada from Ireland in 1806, settling in the area that would later be named Henry Farm after him. He later moved further west to what is now the Bathurst and Lawrence area.

The original small congregation was served by circuit preachers who rode out of the small nearby village of Eglinton, Ontario. In 1817 the congregation began to hold services in a new one room schoolhouse. Mulholland began to clear land for a permanent church building, but he died in the 1833 sinking of the Lady of the Lake. His widow, Jane, donated the land that was being cleared to the church, and a small wooden chapel was erected. The church was named after Francis Asbury, an early Methodist leader. This chapel was destroyed by fire in 1898, and a new brick church was built. In 1925 Asbury Methodist joined the United Church of Canada upon its formation, becoming Asbury United Church.

In 1947 the church merged with West United Church.  This congregation began its ministry as West Presbyterian Church (in connection with the Free Church of Scotland) in 1860. It was started as a Sunday School from Knox's Free Church, and first met in a hall on Brock Street. A small building was erected in 1864 at Denison (between Spadina and Bathurst) and Queen Street West. In 1879, they constructed a new church building further north of Queen on Denison. In 1910, they moved, to College and Montrose (west of Bathurst), where they became West United Church in 1925 (voting 298-195 on February 27, 1925). In 1928 it was joined by the former Methodist congregation from nearby Clinton Street. By 1947, however, West United's congregation had shrunk, and merged with Asbury to the north. Its original site was sold in 1911 to the O'Keefe family and became St. Stanislaus Polish Catholic congregation in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto. The College/Montrose corner is now home to a Spiritualist building that was constructed after West's departure.

While long the church for a small rural community, the area around the Asbury congregation changed dramatically with the rise of the suburbs as the Bathurst and Lawrence became part of the rapidly growing suburbs of North York. In the 1950s it was decided that with the families from the former West Congregation, and many newcomers to the community, a new larger church was needed, and the current structure was constructed in that decade.

See also
List of United Church of Canada churches in Toronto

References

"War of 1812 veteran cleared land for Asbury church." Harold Hilliard. Toronto Star. Jun 2, 1987. pg. N.10

United Church of Canada churches in Toronto
Gothic Revival architecture in Toronto
Burned buildings and structures in Canada
Gothic Revival church buildings in Canada
20th-century United Church of Canada church buildings


Midway is an unincorporated community in Albemarle County, Virginia, near Charlottesville, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 630 feet (192 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Albemarle County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


KZHC-FM (92.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Burns, Oregon, United States. The station, which began broadcasting in 1997, is currently owned by Randolph and Debra McKone, through licensee KJDY, LLC. KZHC-FM and sister station KZHC are the only commercial radio stations with Burns as their community of license.

Programming
Until October 31, 2015 KORC "Ninety Two Seven the Quail" broadcast an adult contemporary format. Programs included The Bob and Sheri Show, John Tesh, and American Top 40.

In November 2016, Starlight Broadcasting took over the station, programming a hot adult contemporary format.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on March 25, 1996. The new station was assigned the call letters KQHC by the FCC on May 10, 1996. KQHC received its license to cover from the FCC on February 10, 1998.

As part of a personal financial reorganization, KQHC owner Stanley M. Swol filed an application with the FCC in October 2003 to transfer the broadcast license for KQHC to SS Radio, LLC, a new limited liability company wholly owned by Stanley M. Swol. The license transfer was approved by the FCC on November 10, 2003, and the transaction was consummated on same day.

One year later, in November 2004, Swol's SS Radio, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station and AM sister station KZZR to Leslie Ann Carson's Action Radio, LLC, for a reported cash sale price of $72,500. The deal was approved by the FCC on March 11, 2005, and the transaction was consummated on April 18, 2005. At the time of the sale, KZZR broadcast a country music format.

In August 2007, Action Radio, LLC, agreed to sell both KQHC and KZZR to B&H Radio, Inc., a company owned in equal share by Trevor Carson and Toni Carson, a married couple. The station combo sold for $67,000 in cash plus the assumption of certain debts for a total reported sale price of $209,700.98. The deal was approved by the FCC on October 1, 2007, and the transaction was consummated on the same day.

In May 2010, B&H Radio, Inc, agreed to sell both KZZR and KQHC to Harney County Radio, LLC for a reported $245,000. Harney County Radio, LLC was wholly owned by Joan M. & Leighton M. Reed-Nickerson, who also owned KORV (93.5) Lakeview, OR through Lake County Radio, LLC. The new owners had the FCC change the station's call sign to KORC-FM on July 16, 2010. The call sign was changed again on May 1, 2011, to KORC.

On October 31, 2015, KORC went silent.

In July 2016, Starlight Broadcasting LLC purchased the radio station from Harney County Radio LLC and rebranded it to "Alice 92.7, Eastern Oregon's Variety Station". The purchase by Starlight Broadcasting was consummated on October 28, 2016, and the station was back on the air as of October 2016. The station changed its call sign to KSQB on July 4, 2017.

On June 12, 2018, the sale of KSQB, co-owned KYQT, and the construction permit for translator K256DC was filed with the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC approved the sale of KYQT to Alexandra Communications, Inc. on August 1, 2018 and the transaction was consummated on September 24, 2018.

On December 13, 2019 KSQB changed its call letters to KHTZ. The call letters had become available after the license of the station using them in Texas was canceled. They then changed their call letters back to KSQB the same day. On August 7, 2020, the station changed its call sign to KZHC-FM.

Effective October 1, 2020, KZHC-FM, sister station KZHC and translator K256DC were sold to KJDY, LLC for $60,000.

References

External links

FCC construction permit

ZHC-FM
Radio stations established in 1998
Burns, Oregon
1998 establishments in Oregon


The province of Maluku in Indonesia is divided into nine regencies (kabupaten) and two independent cities (kota); these in turn are divided administratively into 118 districts known as Kecamatan. The 118 districts of Maluku, with the regency or city each falls into, are as follows:

Air Buaya, Buru
Amahai, Maluku Tengah
Amalatu, Seram Bagian Barat
Ambalau, Buru Selatan
Aru Selatan, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Selatan Timur, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Selatan Utara, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Tengah, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Tengah Selatan, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Tengah Timur, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Utara, Kepulauan Aru
Aru Utara Timur Batuley, Kepulauan Aru
Baguala, Ambon
Banda, Maluku Tengah
Bata Bual, Buru
Bula, Seram Bagian Timur
Bula Barat, Seram Bagian Timur
Damer, Maluku Barat Daya
Dawelor Dawera, Maluku Barat Daya
Elpaputih, Seram Bagian Barat
Fena Fafan, Buru Selatan
Fena Leisela, Buru
Fordata, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Gorom Timur, Seram Bagian Timur
Hoat Sorbay, Maluku Tenggara
Huamual, Seram Bagian Barat
Huamual Belakang, Seram Bagian Barat
Inamosol, Seram Bagian Barat
Kairatu, Seram Bagian Barat
Kairatu Barat, Seram Bagian Barat
Kei Besar, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Besar Selatan, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Besar Selatan Barat, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Besar Utara Barat, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Besar Utara Timur, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Kecil, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Kecil Barat, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Kecil Timur, Maluku Tenggara
Kei Kecil Timur Selatan, Maluku Tenggara
Kepala Madan, Buru Selatan
Kepulauan Manipa, Seram Bagian Barat
Kepulauan Romang, Maluku Barat Daya
Kian Darat, Seram Bagian Timur
Kilmury, Seram Bagian Timur
Kisar Utara, Maluku Barat Daya
Kormomolin, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Kota Masohi, Maluku Tengah
Kur Selatan, Tual
Leihitu, Maluku Tengah
Leihitu Barat, Maluku Tengah
Leitimur Selatan, Ambon
Leksula, Buru Selatan
Lilialy, Buru
Lolong Guba, Buru
Manyeuw, Maluku Tenggara
Mdona Hiera, Maluku Barat Daya
Moa Lakor, Maluku Barat Daya
Molu Maru, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Namlea, Buru
Namrole, Buru Selatan
Nirunmas, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Nusa Laut, Maluku Tengah
Nusaniwe, Ambon
Pulau Gorom, Seram Bagian Timur
Pulau Haruku, Maluku Tengah
Pulau Lakor, Maluku Barat Daya
Pulau Letti, Maluku Barat Daya
Pulau Masela, Maluku Barat Daya
Pulau Pulau Aru, Kepulauan Aru
Pulau Dullah Selatan, Tual
Pulau Dullah Utara, Tual
Pulau Panjang, Seram Bagian Timur
Pulau-Pulau Babar, Maluku Barat Daya
Pulau-Pulau Babar Timur, Maluku Barat Daya
Pulau-Pulau Kur, Tual
Pulau-Pulau Terselatan, Maluku Barat Daya
Pulau Wetang, Maluku Barat Daya
Sala Hutu, Maluku Tengah
Saparua, Maluku Tengah
Saparua Timur, Maluku Tengah
Selaru, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Seram Barat, Seram Bagian Barat
Seram Timur, Seram Bagian Timur
Seram Utara, Maluku Tengah
Seram Utara Barat, Maluku Tengah
Seram Utara Timur Kobi, Maluku Tengah
Seram Utara Timur Seti, Maluku Tengah
Sirimau, Ambon
Siritaum Wida Timur, Seram Bagian Timur
Sir-Sir, Kepulauan Aru
Siwalalat, Seram Bagian Timur
Tanimbar Selatan, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Tanimbar Utara, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Taniwel, Seram Bagian Barat
Taniwel Timur, Seram Bagian Barat
Tayando Tam, Tual
Tehoru, Maluku Tengah
Tehoru Elpaputih, Maluku Tengah
Telutih, Maluku Tengah
Teluk Ambon, Ambon
Teluk Kaiely, Buru
Teluk Waru, Seram Bagian Timur
Teon Nila Serua, Maluku Tengah
Teor, Seram Bagian Timur
Tutuk Tolu, Seram Bagian Timur
Waeapo, Buru
Waelata, Buru
Waesama, Buru Selatan
Wakate, Seram Bagian Timur
Waplau, Buru
Wer Maktian, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Werinama, Seram Bagian Timur
Wer Tamrian, Kepulauan Tanimbar
Wetar, Maluku Barat Daya
Wetar Barat, Maluku Barat Daya
Wetar Timur, Maluku Barat Daya
Wetar Utara, Maluku Barat Daya
Wuar Labobar, Kepulauan Tanimbar

Villages
Administrative villages (desa) listed for each district:

References

Maluku


Steeles Tavern (formerly Midway) is an unincorporated community in Augusta County and Rockbridge County, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 1683 feet (513 m).

The Cyrus McCormick Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

References

Unincorporated communities in Augusta County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Rockbridge County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


Also known as reception analysis, audience reception theory has come to be widely used as a way of characterizing the wave of audience research which occurred within communications and cultural studies during the 1980s and 1990s. On the whole, this work has adopted a "culturalist" perspective, has tended to use qualitative (and often ethnographic) methods of research and has tended to be concerned, one way or another, with exploring the active choices, uses and interpretations made of media materials, by their consumers. Can also be known as reception theory, in which producers encode with a desired response, then the audience decode.

Origins
Audience reception theory can be traced back to work done by British Sociologist Stuart Hall and his communication model first revealed in an essay titled "Encoding/Decoding." Hall proposed a new model of mass communication which highlighted the importance of active interpretation within relevant codes. Hall's model of communication moved away from the view that the media had the power to directly cause a certain behavior in an individual, while at the same time holding onto the role of media as an agenda-setting function. Hall's model put forward three central premises: (1) the same event can be encoded in more than one way; (2) the message contains more than one possible reading; and (3) understanding the message can be a problematic process, regardless of how natural it may seem.

In "Encoding/Decoding", Hall addressed the issue of how people make sense of media texts, and presented three hypothetical methods of decoding. Hall often used examples involving televised media to explain his ideas. Hall argued that the dominant ideology is typically inscribed as the "preferred reading" in a media text, but that this is not automatically adopted by readers. The social situations of readers/viewers/listeners may lead them to adopt different stances."Dominant" readings are produced by those whose social situation favours the preferred reading; 'negotiated' readings are produced by those who inflect the preferred reading to take account of their social position; and "oppositional" readings are produced by those whose social position puts them into direct conflict with the preferred reading.

The encoding/decoding model invites analysts to categorize readings as "dominant", "negotiated" or "oppositional". This set of three presupposes that the media text itself is a vehicle of dominant ideology and that it hegemonically strives to get readers to accept the existing social order, with all its inequalities and oppression of underprivileged social groups.

Audience reception also has roots in uses and gratifications, structuralism, and post-structuralism.

Encoding/decoding model

Since the early days of cultural studies-oriented interest in processes of audience meaning-making, the scholarly discussion about "readings" has
leaned on two sets of polar opposites that have been invoked to explain the differences between the meaning supposedly encoded into and now
residing in the media text and the meanings actualized by audiences from that text.

One framework of explanation has attempted to position readings on an ideological scale from "dominant" through "negotiated", to "oppositional", while another has relied on the semiotic notion of "polysemy", frequently without identifying or even mentioning its logical "other": the "monosemic" reading. Often these two frameworks have been used within the same argument, with no attempt made to distinguish "polysemic" from "oppositional" readings: in the literature one often encounters formulations which imply that if a TV programme triggers a diversity of meanings in different audience groups, this programme can then be called "polysemic", and the actualized meanings "oppositional".

Audience analysis
Audiences can be groups or individuals targeted by and often built by media industries. Audience can be active (constantly filtering or resisting content) or passive (complying and vulnerable).

Audience analysis emphasizes the diversity of responses to a given popular culture artifact by examining as directly as possible how given audiences actually understand and use popular culture texts. Three kinds of research make up most audience research:
(1) broad surveys and opinion polls (like the famous Nielsen ratings, but also those done by advertisers and by academic researchers) that cover a representative sample of many consumers.
(2) small, representative focus groups brought in to react to and discuss a pop culture text.
(3) in-depth ethnographic participant observation of a given audience, in which, for example, a researcher actually lives with and observes the TV viewing habits of a household over a substantial period of time, or travels on the road with a rock band. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, and sometimes more than one approach is used as a check on the others.
Audience analysis tries to isolate variables like region, race, ethnicity, age, gender, and income in an effort to see how different social groups tend to construct different meanings for the same text.

In media studies, there are two models used to construct audience reception. These models are defined as (1) The effects/hypodermic model and (2) the uses and gratification model. The effects model focuses on what the media does to audiences, influences is based on the message conveyed within the media. The uses and gratification model emphasizes what the audience does with the media presented to them, here influence lies with the consumer.

The "ethnographic turn" contributed to the maturing of the field as contexts of consumption are now recognized as having significant impact upon the processes of the interpretation of media. Sometimes characterized as the "active audience" approach, this paradigm has attracted criticism for the apparent jettisoning of the influence of cultural power, diminishing the authority of the text while elevating the influence of context. Nevertheless, developments in this vein have deepened our understanding of the significant relationship between media texts and the production of identity. Repeatedly, audience studies and fan studies have recorded the ways in which media texts are utilized and often re-made in the creative production and reproduction of self-identity.

Reception theory
Reception theory emphasizes the reader's reception of a literary text or media. This approach to textual analysis focuses on the scope for negotiation and opposition on the part of the audience. This means that a "text"—be it a book, movie, or other creative work—is not simply passively accepted by the audience, but that the reader / viewer interprets the meanings of the text based on their individual cultural background and life experiences. In essence, the meaning of a text is not inherent within the text itself, but is created within the relationship between the text and the reader. A basic acceptance of the meaning of a specific text tends to occur when a group of readers have a shared cultural background and interpret the text in similar ways. It is likely that the less shared heritage a reader has with the artist, the less he/she will be able to recognize the artist's intended meaning, and it follows that if two readers have vastly different cultural and personal experiences, their reading of a text will vary greatly.

References

External links
 “Audience Analysis.” Cultural Politics: Popular Culture.
 Participations. Journal of Audience and Reception Studies.
 Reception theory

Further reading
 Hall, Stuart. Encoding/Decoding.”
 Hill, Andrew. “Investigating Audience Reception of Electroacoustic Audio-visual Compositions: Developing an Effective Methodology.” eContact! 12.4 — Perspectives on the Electroacoustic Work / Perspectives sur l’œuvre électroacoustique (August 2010). Montréal: CEC.
 Wilson, Karina (Ed.) Audience Theory.” Media Know All, 2009.

Human communication


John Michael Basham (1890 – 7 June 1947) was a Welsh boxer who became British and European champion at both welter and middleweight. His professional career spanned over 20 years, from 1909 to 1929, and after being stationed in Wrexham through military service, he fought most of his bouts in nearby Liverpool.

Basham was the first welterweight to win the Lonsdale Belt outright, successfully defended his British welterweight title on two occasions and also took the Commonwealth Welterweight title in 1919. His career was defined not only by his successes, but also through the death in the ring of opponent Harry Price, which saw Basham face manslaughter charges, and his failed contests with Ted "Kid" Lewis towards his career's end.

Boxing career

Early career
Johnny Basham was born in Newport in southern Wales in 1890. BoxRec have his first professional fight against Boxer Ryan on 18 October 1909, fought at Campbell Bannerman Hall in Newport. The six round fight only lasted until the third when Basham took the match via a knockout. He followed this win with a series of regular contests throughout 1910, mainly taking place in Newport or the surrounding areas of Wales. These were against fighters with limited experience, and his results were patchy, having won three, lost three and drawn one by June 1910, including losing to Fred Dyer, the Singing Boxer on Dyer's debut. Only one match is recorded for the second half of 1910, his first fight outside Wales, when he beat Jim Ashen in the first round at the Frank Gess' Pavilion in Gloucester. Basham began 1911 with a draw with Young Walters in Pontnewydd on 6 February. No other bouts are recorded until August, but Basham then undertook a heavy schedule of fights, taking in nine matches in the second half of the year. Basham only lost one of the fights, of which three were fought in Wrexham in north Wales, and two in Liverpool.

In 1912 Basham joined the Royal Welch Fusiliers and was stationed at Hightown Barracks in Wrexham. Over the years he rose through the ranks and achieved the rank of Sergeant. His move to north Wales resulted in most of Basham's fights now occurring either in Wrexham or across the border in Liverpool. Several of his fights were fought at Hightown Barracks or in the Poyser Street drill hall, Wrexham. Of the thirteen matches recorded in 1912, he lost just one, losing to Matt Wells on Boxing Day when he was knocked out in the seventh of a fifteen-round contest.

Harry Price and the British Welterweight title
During the first half of 1913 Basham experienced a dip in form, losing three and drawing one of the first seven fights. The last of these contests was the first of three consecutive fights against Frank Madole. Basham lost the first encounter with Madole via technical knockout before winning the second by the same result and then taking the third fight on points. He later drew against Tom McCormick at Liverpool Stadium before a win over Will Brooks at the American Skating Rink in Cardiff.

Basham was next scheduled to face South African fighter Harry Price in Liverpool on 21 August 1913. The fight, held at Liverpool Stadium, was scheduled for fifteen three-minute rounds, and in a hotly contested encounter both men traded heavy blows from the start. The Grey River Argus recorded the fight being even up to the ninth, but in the tenth round Basham landed with a left hook that put Price down for a count of nine. Price recovered but in the eleventh he was knocked down again, but when he landed his head made "violent contact with the boards of the ring". Price failed to rise and doctors entered the ring and had him sent to hospital in an unconscious state. Price died the following morning. After the fight Basham was arrested on suspicion of causing grievous bodily harm, and Price's subsequent death led to a manslaughter charge. Basham gained public sympathy for his plight, and he was acquitted when the magistrate in charge of the investigation concluded that the fight had been conducted "fairly and sportingly".

Two months after the Price fight, Basham was back in the ring and finished 1913 with a string of four wins. He began 1914 with a strong win, beating future welterweight champion Albert Badoud by points on New Year's Day. He followed this up with wins over Young Nipper, Dick Nelson and Henri Demlen before fighting for the first time at the National Sporting Club in London, beating Sid Stagg. A win over Gus Platts back in Liverpool led to Basham's first title fight, a contest against Johnny Summers for the British Welterweight belt. Summers, originally from Yorkshire, was a far more experienced boxer with over 140 fights behind him and had held the title in 1912. The bout, fought at the National Sporting Club, was scheduled for twenty rounds; but in the ninth round Summers was stopped via knock-out, giving Basham his first major title.

The Lonsdale Belt and the European title
Basham was awarded the Lonsdale Belt on 21 December 1914 at the National Sporting Club after winning it from Johnny Summers becoming the first outright winner of the welterweight version of the belt. Tony Lee in his 2009 book All in My Corner, states that "By 1914, Freddie Welsh, Jim Driscoll, Newport's Johnny Basham and Jimmy Wilde had all won the Lonsdale Belts outright;". A Wrexham County Council heritage site records Basham taking the belt both in 1914 and in 1916. The National Library of Wales records Basham winning the Lonsdale Belt in 1916, while The Toronto World newspaper of May 1916 writes that Basham was the holder of the Lonsdale Belt when he faced Badoud in their European title encounter in October 1915.

Basham's career as a professional fighter slowed during the First World War, with Boxrec only recording 13 fights for Basham during the war period. Basham was posted as sergeant physical training officer in the British Expeditionary Force in France, making competitive fighting difficult. Basham was one of a group of fighters, known as 'The Famous Six', who were an elite corps of Army Physical Training Instructors under the command of Captain Bruce Logan. The other five men were Jim Driscoll, Jimmy Wilde, Bombardier Billy Wells, Pat O'Keefe and Dick Smith. At the London Opera House in March 1915, Basham won a 15-round fight "on points" against Matt Wells. In May 1915, Basham fought against Summers in a non-title fight at Liverpool Stadium. The fight went the distance with Basham being given the decision on points. In May 1915 the National Sporting Club arranged Basham's first defence of his welterweight title, his opponent being Tom McCormick who had held the title briefly in 1914. The twenty round fight lasted until the thirteenth when Basham stopped McMormick through a technical knockout. Basham knocked out Dan Roberts during the seventh round at a 13 August fight in Liverpool. On 22 October 1915, a fight was arranged for the vacant EBU (European) welterweight title between Basham and Swiss fighter Albert Badoud. Basham has fought Badoud twice previously, both ending in wins for the Welshman, but in the title encounter Badoud stopped Basham through a ninth-round knockout.

In 1916 Basham defended his British title for the second time, again at the National Sporting Club in Covent Garden, facing Scotsman Eddie Beattie. The match went as far as the nineteenth before Beattie was stopped via a technical knockout. Basham fought sporadically throughout the rest of the war years, mainly in Liverpool. Basham won over Sid Burns in May 1917 in Holborn, London. In December 1918, Balsham beat private A. Tierney at the British Empire and American Services Boxing Tournament held at the Royal Albert Hall.

On 27 January 1919, with the war behind him, Basham was again invited to the National Sporting Club where he beat American fighter Eddie Shevlin, who was introduced as the U.S. Navy's Welterweight Champion, after 15 rounds. Basham won on points, and after beating Kid Doyle in February, he was called for a rematch at Covent Garden against Shevlin, where Basham again won with a points decision. He followed this with a draw against American Augie Ratner and then a win over London fighter Willie Farrell on 22 July in Liverpool, which opened up another shot at the European Welterweight title.

Albert Badoud had successfully defended the European Welterweight title in August 1919, against Frenchman Francis Charles, but by the following month he had vacated the title, which allowed both Charles and Basham to contest the welterweight belt. The fight was arranged for 2 September at the Olympia in London and was scheduled for 20 three-minute rounds. The bout went the full distance, with the result going to Basham on points, making him the European Welterweight Champion.

European Middleweight title and Ted "Kid" Lewis
In November 1919, a contest was arranged between Basham and Matt Wells, who had knocked Basham out when they met in Swansea in 1912. At stake were Basham's British Welterweight title and Wells' Commonwealth Welterweight title, which he had taken from Tom McCormick in an encounter in Sydney in 1914. Basham won the fight on points, making him the British, Commonwealth and European Welterweight Champion. He then successfully defended his Commonwealth belt from a challenge from Australian Welterweight champion Fred Kay, before facing former World Welterweight Champion Ted "Kid" Lewis on 9 June 1920. Lewis, who had three months prior taken the vacant British middleweight title, challenged for all three of Basham's belts, in a contest held at the Olympia in Kensington. The more experienced Lewis won the contest in the ninth through a technical knockout (from cutting Basham's lip), taking Basham's titles.

Five months later, Basham was given an opportunity to challenge Lewis for the British and European titles he had lost in their first encounter. Contested at the Royal Albert Hall in London, Basham lasted until the nineteenth round when he was knocked out by Lewis. By 1921, Lewis had moved up to Middleweight, and Basham responded by doing the same. Gus Platts, a Sheffield fighter who had beaten Basham in Cardiff in 1911, was the present holder of both the British and European Middleweight titles, having won them respectively from Tom Gummer and Ercole de Balzac earlier in the year. Basham was allowed the first challenge for the two titles and faced Platts on 31 May 1921 at the Royal Albert Hall. The twenty round fight went the full distance and Basham was awarded the contest on points, becoming the new British and European Middleweight champion.

Basham held the Middleweight titles for less than five months, losing both to his arch-rival "Kid" Lewis when the two met in October 1921. Again Basham was unable to last the distance, being stopped by technical knockout in the twelfth. Basham never challenged for a title again and he ended his career with a series of losses, being knocked out by World Champion Mike McTigue and a points loss to fellow Welshman Jerry Shea. Basham came out of retirement in 1929 to face "Kid" Lewis, but for the fourth time he was stopped within the distance.

Basham reportedly suffered from "cauliflower ear", or thickening and enlargement of his left ear, in his retirement due to trauma from boxing. Basham died on 7 June 1947, aged 56.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Johnny Basham in Training: video newsreel film British Pathe newsreel 18 November 1920

Welsh male boxers
Sportspeople from Newport, Wales
Welterweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
1890 births
1947 deaths
Royal Welch Fusiliers soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
European Boxing Union champions
Military personnel from Monmouthshire


River Mill Hydroelectric Project, also known as River Mill Dam and Station M, is a hydroelectric dam and powerhouse in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. It is just north of Estacada, Oregon, on the Clackamas River at river mile 23.5 (km 37.8). It received its name from being near a sawmill that was located along the river.

The dam has been in continuous production of hydroelectric power since 1911, when its construction was funded by the Portland Railway, Light and Power Company. It was one of four related projects on the Clackamas River:  the Oak Grove Hydroelectric Project (developed 1923–56), the North Fork dam (1958), and the Faraday Dam (1907–10), all upstream (south) of River Mill.  All but Faraday, demolished 2018, are still owned and operated by the successor company, Portland General Electric.

The principal designer of the original Mill Run Dam was the Norwegian immigrant Nils F. Ambursen (1876–1958). Based in Boston, his Ambursen Hydraulic Construction Company designed over a hundred dams in the United States from 1903 through 1917. Ambursen's patented concrete-slab-and-buttress dam design was a significant advance in dam design of this era. River Mill is one of only three Ambursen-type dams built west of the Mississippi, and evidently the only one to survive.

The project is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and in the Oregon Historic Sites Database of the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office.

References

External links

Energy infrastructure completed in 1911
National Register of Historic Places in Clackamas County, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Clackamas County, Oregon
Dams in Oregon
Portland General Electric dams
Hydroelectric power plants in Oregon
1911 establishments in Oregon
Dams on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Energy infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places


Malagasy ( ; ) is an Austronesian language and dialect continuum spoken in Madagascar. The standard variety, called Official Malagasy, is an official language of Madagascar, alongside French. Malagasy is the westernmost Malayo-Polynesian language, brought to Madagascar by the settlement of Austronesian peoples from the Sunda islands around the 5th century AD. The Malagasy language is one of the Barito languages and is most closely related to the Ma'anyan language, still spoken on Borneo. Malagasy also includes numerous Malay loanwords, from the time of the early Austronesian settlement and trading between Madagascar and the Sunda Islands. After c. 1000 AD, Malagasy incorporated numerous Bantu and Arabic loanwords brought over by traders and new settlers.

Malagasy is spoken by around 25 million people in Madagascar and the Comoros. Most people in Madagascar speak it as a first language, as do some people of Malagasy descent elsewhere. Malagasy is divided between two main dialect groups; Eastern and Western. The central plateau of the island, where the capital Antananarivo and the old heartland of the Merina Kingdom is located, speaks the Merina dialect. The Merina dialect is the basis of Standard Malagasy, which is used by the government and media in Madagascar. Standard Malagasy is one of two official languages of Madagascar alongside French, in the 2010 constitution of the Fourth Republic of Madagascar.

Malagasy is written in the Latin script introduced by Western missionaries in the early 19th century. Previously, the Sorabe script was used, a local development of the Arabic script.

Classification
The Malagasy language is the westernmost member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, a grouping that includes languages from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and the Pacific Islands. In fact, Malagasy's relation with other Austronesian languages had already been noted by early scholars, such as the Dutch scholar Adriaan Reland in 1708.

Among all Austronesian languages, Dahl (1951) demonstrated that Malagasy and Ma'anyan – an East Barito language spoken in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia on the island of Borneo – were particularly closely related. The language also has apparent influence from early Old Malay. Furthermore, there appears to be a Bantu influence or substratum in Malagasy phonotactics (Dahl 1988).

Later, Adelaar (1995) suggested that the vocabulary of Malagasy also contains many words that are of South Sulawesi origin. Further evidence for this suggestion was presented by Blench (2018).

Etymology
Malagasy is the demonym of Madagascar, from which it is taken to refer to the people of Madagascar in addition to their language.

History

Madagascar was first settled by Austronesian peoples from Maritime Southeast Asia from the Sunda Islands (Malay archipelago). As for their route, one possibility is that the Indonesian Austronesian came directly across the Indian Ocean from Java to Madagascar. It is likely that they went through the Maldives, where evidence of old Indonesian boat design and fishing technology persists until the present. The migrations continued along the first millennium, as confirmed by linguistic researchers who showed the close relationship between the Malagasy language and Old Malay and Old Javanese languages of this period. The Malagasy language originates from the Southeast Barito languages, and the Ma'anyan language is its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords. It is known that Ma'anyan people were brought as labourers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD. Later, c. 1000, the original Austronesian settlers mixed with Bantus and Arabs, amongst others. There is evidence that the predecessors of the Malagasy dialects first arrived in the southern stretch of the east coast of Madagascar.

Malagasy has a tradition of oratory arts and poetic histories and legends. The most well-known is the national epic, Ibonia, about a Malagasy folk hero of the same name.

Geographic distribution
Malagasy is the principal language spoken on the island of Madagascar. It is also spoken by Malagasy communities on neighboring Indian Ocean islands such as Réunion, Mayotte and Mauritius. Expatriate Malagasy communities speaking the language also exist in Europe and North America.

Legal status
The Merina dialect of Malagasy is considered the national language of Madagascar. It is one of two official languages alongside French in the 2010 constitution put in place the Fourth Republic. Previously, under the 2007 constitution, Malagasy was one of three official languages alongside French and English. Malagasy is the language of instruction in all public schools through grade five for all subjects, and remains the language of instruction through high school for the subjects of history and Malagasy language.

Dialects

There are two principal dialects of Malagasy; Eastern (including Merina) and Western (including Sakalava), with the isogloss running down the spine of the island, the south being western, and the central plateau and much of the north (apart from the very tip) being eastern. Ethnologue encodes 12 variants of Malagasy as distinct languages. They have about a 70% similarity in lexicon with the Merina dialect.

Eastern Malagasy
The Eastern dialects are:
 Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy (1,270,000 speakers) – spoken by the Betsimisaraka on the northeastern coast of the island
 Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy (2,000,000 speakers) – spoken by the Betsimisaraka in the North of the region Vatovavy Fito Vinany.
 Plateau (Merina) Malagasy (10,893,000 speakers) – spoken in the centre of the island and includes southeastern dialects like Antemoro and Antefasy.
 Tanosy Malagasy (639,000 speakers) – spoken by the Antanosy people in the south of the island
 Tesaka Malagasy (1,130,000 speakers) – spoken by the Antaisaka people in the southeast of the island.

Western Malagasy
The Western dialects are:
 Antankarana Malagasy (156,000 speakers) – spoken by the Antankarana in the northern tip of the island
 Bara Malagasy (724,000 speakers) – spoken by the Bara people in the south of the island
 Masikoro Malagasy (550,000 speakers) – spoken by the Masikoro in the southwest of the island
 Sakalava Malagasy (1,210,000 speakers) – spoken by the Sakalava people on the western coast of the island
 Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy (1,300,000 speakers) – spoken by the Antandroy and the Mahafaly people on the southern tip of the island
 Tsimihety Malagasy (1,615,000 speakers) – spoken by the Tsimihety people.
Additionally, Bushi (41,700 speakers) is spoken on the French overseas territory of Mayotte, which is part of the Comoro island chain situated northwest of Madagascar.

Region specific variations
The two main dialects of Malagasy are easily distinguished by several phonological features.

Sakalava lost final nasal consonants, whereas Merina added a voiceless :
 *tañan 'hand' → Sakalava  **tan̈a, Merina  tanana

Final *t became  in the one but  in the other:
 *kulit 'skin' → Sakalava  **holitse, Merina  hoditra

Sakalava retains ancestral *li and *ti, whereas in Merina these become  (as in huditra 'skin' above) and :
 *putiq 'white' → Sakalava  **foty, Merina  fotsy
However, these last changes started in Borneo before the Malagasy arrived in Madagascar.

Writing system

The language has a written literature going back presumably to the 15th century. When the French established Fort-Dauphin in the 17th century, they found an Arabico-Malagasy script in use, known as Sorabe ("large writings"). This Arabic-derived Sorabe alphabet was mainly used for astrological and magical texts. The oldest known manuscript in that script is a short Malagasy-Dutch vocabulary from the early 17th century, which was first published in 1908 by Gabriel Ferrand though the script must have been introduced into the southeast area of Madagascar in the 15th century.

The first bilingual renderings of religious texts are those by Étienne de Flacourt, who also published the first dictionary of the language. Radama I, the first literate representative of the Merina monarchy, though extensively versed in the Arabico-Malagasy tradition, opted in 1823 for a Latin system derived by David Jones and invited the Protestant London Missionary Society to establish schools and churches. The first book to be printed in Malagasy using Latin characters was the Bible, which was translated into Malagasy in 1835 by British Protestant missionaries working in the highlands area of Madagascar.

The current Malagasy alphabet consists of 21 letters: a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, v, y, z. The orthography maps rather straightforwardly to the phonemic inventory. The letters i and y both represent the  sound (y is used word-finally, and i elsewhere), while o is pronounced . The affricates  and  are written tr and dr, respectively, while  and  are written ts and j. The letter h is often silent. All other letters have essentially their IPA values. The letters c, q, u, w and x are all not used in native Malagasy words.

Mp and occasionally nt may begin a word, but they are pronounced .

@ is used informally as a short form for amin'ny, which is a preposition followed by the definite form, meaning for instance with the.

Diacritics
Diacritics are not obligatory in standard Malagasy, except in the case where its absence leads to an ambiguity: tanàna ("city") must have the diacritic to discriminate itself from tanana ("hand"). They may however be used in the following ways:
◌̀ (grave accent) shows the stressed syllable in a word. It is frequently used for disambiguation. For instance in tanàna (town) and tanana (hand), where the word that is an exception to the usual pronunciation rules (tanàna) gets an accent. Using the accent on the word that follows the pronunciation rules (tànana) is less common, mainly in dictionaries. (This is very similar to the usage of the grave accent in Italian.)
◌́ (acute accent) may be used in
very old dictionaries, along with grave accent
dialects such as Bara
French (Tuléar) and French-spelled (Antsirabé) names. Malagasy versions are Toliara or Toliary and Antsirabe.
◌̂ (circumflex) is used as follows:
ô shows that the letter is pronounced  and not , in Malagasified foreign words (hôpitaly) and dialects (Tôlan̈aro). In standard Malagasy, ao or oa (as in mivoaka) is used instead.
sometimes the single-letter words a and e are written â and ê but it does not change the pronunciation
◌̈ (diaeresis) is used with n̈ in dialects for a velar nasal . Examples are place names such as Tôlan̈aro, Antsiran̈ana, Iharan̈a, Anantson̈o. This can be seen in maps from FTM, the national institute of geodesy and cartography.
◌̃ (tilde) is used in ñ sometimes, perhaps when the writer cannot produce an n̈ (although ng is also used in such cases). In Ellis' Bara dialect dictionary, it is used for velar nasal  as well as palatal nasal .

Phonology

Vowels

After a stressed syllable, as at the end of most words and in the final two syllables of some,  are reduced to . ( is spelled  in such cases, though in monosyllabic words like ny and vy,  is pronounced as a full .) Final , and sometimes final syllables, are devoiced at the end of an utterance.  and  are never reduced or devoiced. The large number of reduced vowels, and their effect on neighbouring consonants, give Malagasy a phonological quality not unlike that of Portuguese.

 is marginal in Merina dialect, found in interjections and loan words, though it is also found in place names from other dialectical areas.  are diphthongs  in careful speech,  or  in more casual speech. , whichever way it is pronounced, affects following  as  does.

Consonants

The alveolars  are slightly palatalized.  vary between  and , and are especially likely to be the latter when followed by unstressed : Thus French malgache  'Malagasy'. The velars  are palatalized after  (e.g. alika  'dog').  is frequently elided in casual speech.

The reported postalveolar trilled affricates  are sometimes simple stops,  , but they often have a rhotic release, . It is not clear if they are actually trilled, or are simply non-sibilant affricates . However, in another Austronesian language with a claimed trilled affricate, Fijian, trilling occurs but is rare, and the primary distinguishing feature is that it is postalveolar. The Malagasy sounds are frequently transcribed , and that is the convention used in this article.

In reduplication, compounding, possessive and verbal constructions, as well as after nasals, fricatives and liquids, 'spirants' become stops, as follows:

Stress
Here, stressed syllables are indicated by grave diacritics , although these diacritics are normally not used.

Words are generally accented on the penultimate syllable, unless the word ends in ka, tra and often na, in which case they are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. Secondary stresses exist in even-numbered syllables from the last stressed syllable, when the word has more than four syllables (  "watch, clock"). Neither prefixation nor suffixation affect the placement of stress.

In many dialects, unstressed vowels (except ) are devoiced, and in some cases almost completely elided; thus fanòrona is pronounced .

Grammar

Word order
Malagasy has a verb–object–subject (VOS) word order:

Within phrases, Malagasy order is typical of head-initial languages: Malagasy has prepositions rather than postpositions (ho an'ny zaza "for the child"). Determiners precede the noun, while quantifiers, modifying adjective phrases, and relative clauses follow the noun (ny boky "the book(s)", ny boky mena "the red book(s)", ny boky rehetra "all the books", ny boky novakin'ny mpianatra "the book(s) read by the student(s)").

Somewhat unusually, demonstrative determiners are repeated both before and after the noun ity boky ity "this book" (lit. "this book this").

Verbs
Verbs have syntactically three productive "voice" forms according to the thematic role they play in the sentence: the basic "agent focus" forms of the majority of Malagasy verbs, the derived "patient focus" forms used in "passive" constructions, and the derived "goal focus" forms used in constructions with focus on instrumentality. Thus

(1) Manasa ny tanako amin'ny savony aho. ("I am washing my hands with soap.")
(2) Sasako amin'ny savony ny tanako. ("My hands are washed with soap by me.")
(3) Anasako ny tanako ny savony. ("It is with soap that my hands are washed by me.")

all mean "I wash my hands with soap" though focus is determined in each case by the sentence initial verb form and the sentence final (noun) argument: manasa "wash" and aho "I" in (1), sasako "wash" and ny tanako "my hands" in (2), anasako "wash" and ny savony "soap" in (3). There is no equivalent to the English preposition with in (3).

Verbs inflect for past, present, and future tense, where tense is marked by prefixes (e.g. mividy "buy", nividy "bought", hividy "will buy").

Nouns and pronouns
Malagasy has no grammatical gender, and nouns do not inflect for number. However, pronouns and demonstratives have distinct singular and plural forms (cf. io boky io "that book", ireto boky ireto "these books").

There is a complex series of demonstrative pronouns, depending on the speaker's familiarity with the referent.

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in Standard Malagasy. Note: the nominative first person singular pronoun is divided between a long and short form; the long form occurs before a verb (focalized or topicalized subjects) and the short form after a verb. The genitive first and second person pronouns are also divided between long and short forms; the long form occurs if the root ends with anything but [na], [ka*] or [tra]; if the stem ends with [na], the long form also occurs but [na] is deleted; and if the stem ends with [ka*] or [tra], the final vowel of the root is deleted and the short form occurs.

Deixis
Malagasy has a complex system of deixis (these, those, here, there, etc.), with seven degrees of distance as well as evidentiality across all seven. The evidential dimension is prototypically visible vs. non-visible referents; however, the non-visible forms may be used for visible referents which are only vaguely identified or have unclear boundaries, whereas the visible forms are used for non-visible referents when these are topical to the conversation.

Notes:
 Diacritics in deixis are not mandatory in Malagasy.
 Deixis marked by a * are rarely used.

Vocabulary
Malagasy shares much of its basic vocabulary with the Ma'anyan language, a language from the region of the Barito River in southern Borneo. The Malagasy language also includes some borrowings from Arabic and Bantu languages (especially the Sabaki branch, from which most notably Swahili derives), and more recently from French and English.

The following samples are of the Merina dialect or Standard Malagasy, which is spoken in the capital of Madagascar and in the central highlands or "plateau", home of the Merina people. It is generally understood throughout the island.

In his 1915 book A naturalist in Madagascar, naturalist James Sibree published the following table of Malagasy terms used to refer to times of day and night:

Lexicography

The first dictionary of the language is Étienne de Flacourt's Dictionnaire de la langue de Madagascar published in 1658 though earlier glossaries written in Arabico-Malagasy script exist. A later Vocabulaire Anglais-Malagasy was published in 1729. An 892-page Malagasy–English dictionary was published by James Richardson of the London Missionary Society in 1885, available as a reprint; however, this dictionary includes archaic terminology and definitions. Whereas later works have been of lesser size, several have been updated to reflect the evolution and progress of the language, including a more modern, bilingual frequency dictionary based on a corpus of over 5 million Malagasy words.

Winterton, M. et al.: Malagasy–English, English–Malagasy Dictionary / Diksionera Malagasy–Anglisy, Anglisy–Malagasy. Raleigh, North Carolina. USA: Lulu Press 2011, 548 p.
Richardson: A New Malagasy–English Dictionary. Farnborough, England: Gregg Press 1967, 892 p.  (Original edition, Antananarivo: The London Missionary Society, 1885).
Diksionera Malagasy–Englisy. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1973, 103 p.
An Elementary English–Malagasy Dictionary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1969, 118 p.
English–Malagasy Phrase Book. Antananarivo: Editions Madprint 1973, 199 p. (Les Guides de Poche de Madagasikara.)
Paginton, K: English–Malagasy Vocabulary. Antananarivo: Trano Printy Loterana 1970, 192 p.
Bergenholtz, H. et al.: Rakibolana Malagasy–Alemana. Antananarivo: Leximal/Moers: aragon. 1991.
Bergenholtz, H. et al.: Rakibolana Alemana–Malagasy. Antananarivo: Tsipika/Moers: aragon. 1994.
Rakibolana Malagasy. Fianarantsoa: Régis RAJEMISOA – RAOLISON 1995, 1061 p.

See also

Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo
Languages of Madagascar

References

Sources
Biddulph, Joseph (1997). An Introduction to Malagasy. Pontypridd, Cymru. .
Houlder, John Alden, Ohabolana, ou proverbes malgaches. Imprimerie Luthérienne, Tananarive 1960.

Ricaut et al. (2009) "A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar", BMC Genomics.

External links

Malagasy-English, English–Malagasy bilingual frequency dictionary
Large audio database of Malagasy words with recorded pronunciation
Searchable Malagasy–French–English Dictionary/Translator
Malagasy–English Dictionary
Malagasy–French dictionary
Malagasy Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
Malagasy Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
La Bible Malgache en texte intégral – the complete text of the 1865 Malagasy Bible
List of references on Malagasy language (with links to online resources).
Oxford University: Malagasy Language
Paper on Malagasy clause structure

Verb–object–subject languages
Languages of Madagascar
Languages of the Comoros


The province of North Maluku in Indonesia is divided into regencies which in turn are divided administratively into districts, known as Kecamantan.

The districts of North Maluku, with the regency each falls into, are as follows:

Bacan Selatan, Halmahera Selatan
Bacan Timur, Halmahera Selatan
Bacan, Halmahera Selatan
Galela, Halmahera Utara
Gane Barat, Halmahera Selatan
Gane Timur, Halmahera Selatan
Gebe, Halmahera Tengah
Ibu Selatan, Halmahera Barat
Ibu Utara, Halmahera Barat
Ibu, Halmahera Barat
Jailolo Selatan, Halmahera Barat
Jailolo Timur, Halmahera Barat
Jailolo, Halmahera Barat
Kao, Halmahera Utara
Kayoa, Halmahera Selatan
Loloda Utara, Halmahera Utara
Loloda, Halmahera Barat
Maba Selatan, Halmahera Timur
Maba, Halmahera Timur
Malifut, Halmahera Utara
Mangoli Barat, Kepulauan Sula
Mangoli Timur, Kepulauan Sula
Morotai Jaya, Pulau Morotai
Morotai Selatan Barat, Pulau Morotai
Morotai Selatan, Pulau Morotai
Morotai Timur, Pulau Morotai
Morotai Utara, Pulau Morotai
Moti, Ternate
Nggele, Kepulauan Sula
Oba Utara, Tidore Kepulauan
Oba, Tidore Kepulauan
Obi Selatan, Halmahera Selatan
Obi, Halmahera Selatan
Patani Utara, Halmahera Tengah
Patani, Halmahera Tengah
Pulau Makian, Halmahera Selatan
Pulau Ternate, Ternate
Sahu Timur, Halmahera Barat
Sahu, Halmahera Barat
Sanana, Kepulauan Sula
Sula Besi Barat, Kepulauan Sula
Taliabu Barat, Kepulauan Sula
Taliabu Timur, Kepulauan Sula
Ternate Selatan, Ternate
Ternate Utara, Ternate
Tidore Selatan, Tidore Kepulauan
Tidore Utara, Tidore Kepulauan
Tidore, Tidore Kepulauan
Tobelo Selatan, Halmahera Utara
Tobelo, Halmahera Utara
Wasile Selatan, Halmahera Timur
Wasile, Halmahera Timur
Weda Selatan, Halmahera Tengah
Weda Utara, Halmahera Tengah
Weda, Halmahera Tengah

Villages
Administrative villages (desa) listed for each district:

References

North Maluku


The Epiphany of Glenn Jones is an album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey and the alternative rock/post-rock band Cul de Sac, released in 1997.

History

The project initially began with Geffen Records and was to be a collaboration between Fahey and young musicians influenced by his earlier work. When this idea later collapsed, Thirsty Ear Records producer Peter Gordon assembled the Cul de Sac/Fahey project. Cul de Sac had previously covered Fahey's song "The Portland Cement Factory at Monolith California" on their debut album Ecim.

Glenn Jones, the band's leader and guitarist, became interested and influenced by Fahey's early music while still in high school. He describes the band's project with Fahey in great detail in the original liner notes. The rehearsals and sessions were the source of friction between Fahey and the band.  Jones later called the making of the album an "ordeal" and described the relationships between the two parties as "musical antagonism". Fahey later claimed to have erased all the early tapes of the music Cul de Sac brought to the sessions, a claim Jones refutes in subsequent interviews.

The final two tracks are spoken word recordings.

The sessions also mark the first appearance of The Great Koonaklaster, an Art Deco object Fahey acquired, named, and placed in the studio to bring focus to the sessions. It later appeared as the title of the Fahey tribute album The Great Koonaklaster Speaks: A John Fahey Celebration.

Reception

Music critic Tad Hendrickson stated "The Epiphany Of Glenn Jones is a somber sound collage where Fahey's crisp acoustic playing and odd washes of sound are mated with atmospherics as varied as birds chirping and Cul De Sac's usual organ-drenched instrumental style."

In his review of Cul de Sac's release ECIM, music critic Michael Patrick Brady referred to The Epiphany of Glenn Jones as "a tremendous effort, stretching the quiet, minimalist Fahey beyond his typical comfort zone and into new and often unsettling realms, light-years apart from his solo explorations."

Critic Joe Garden referred to the disharmony of the collaborators while calling the final product "a work of brilliance, and a credit to both the artists who made it and the label with the guts to back such a decidedly risky venture." and wrote "The surprising thing about [it] is that it is the sound of artists giving up on planned material and succumbing to chance."

Track listing
 "Tuff" (Ace Cannon) – 5:05
 "Gamelan Collage" (John Fahey) – 10:10
 "The New Red Pony" (Fahey) – 5:51
 "Maggie Campbell Blues" (Tommy Johnson, Public Domain) – 3:16
 "Our Puppet Selves" (Cul De Sac, Glenn Jones) – 8:20
 "Gamelan Guitar" (Fahey) – 5:27
 "Come On in My Kitchen" (Robert Johnson) – 4:06
 "Magic Mountain" (Fahey) – 9:00
 "More Nothing" (Fahey, Jones) – 6:37
 "Nothing" (Fahey) – 15:49

Personnel
John Fahey – acoustic guitar, electric lap steel guitars, tapes
Glenn Jones – guitar
Chris Fujiwara – bass
Jon Proudman – drums
Robin Amos – electronics
Jon Williams – tapes
Production notes:
Jon Williams – producer, engineer

References

External links
Former Cul de Sac guitarist Glenn Jones talks about the good, the bad and the ugly parts of John Fahey's legacy

1997 albums
Cul de Sac (band) albums
John Fahey (musician) albums
Thirsty Ear Recordings albums


"Shoot All the Clowns" is the second and last single from Bruce Dickinson's second solo album, Balls to Picasso, released in August 1994.

On the Anthology DVD interview, Dickinson revealed that the song was the last one completed for Balls to Picasso on the insistence of the record label. Due to the complicated production, the record label was skeptical of the album's success. Bruce made the song on the simple instruction that it was supposed to sound similar to Aerosmith.

Track listing
CD One
 "Shoot All The Clowns"  (Bruce Dickinson/Roy Z) –  04:16
 "Tibet"  (Bruce Dickinson) –  03:01
 "Tears of the Dragon (First Bit-Long Bit-Last Bit)"  (Bruce Dickinson) –  08:18

CD Two
 "Shoot All The Clowns (Extended Mix)"  (Bruce Dickinson/Roy Z) –  05:39
 "Cadillac Gas Mask"  (Bruce Dickinson) –  04:07
 "No Way Out...Continued"  (Bruce Dickinson/J. Crichton/R. Baker) –  05:17

Credits
 Bruce Dickinson – vocals
 Roy Z – Guitar
 Eddie Cassillas – Bass guitar
 Dave Ingraham - Drums
 Dean Ortega - Backing vocals

Chart positions

References

1994 singles
Bruce Dickinson songs
Songs written by Bruce Dickinson
1994 songs


Midway is an unincorporated community in Greene County, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 659 feet (201 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Greene County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


Monotremes () are mammals of the order Monotremata. They are the only group of living mammals that lay eggs, rather than bearing live young. The extant monotreme species are the platypus and the four species of echidnas. Monotremes are typified by structural differences in their brains, jaws, digestive tract, reproductive tract, and other body parts, compared to the more common mammalian types. Although they are different from almost all mammals in that they lay eggs, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.

Monotremes have been considered by some authors to be members of Australosphenida, a clade that contains extinct mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America, and Australia, but this categorization is disputed and their taxonomy is under debate.

All extant species of monotremes are indigenous to Australia and New Guinea, although they were also present in the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of southern South America, indicating that they were also present in Antarctica, though remains have not been found there.

The name monotreme derives from the Greek words  ( 'single') and  ( 'hole'), referring to the cloaca.

General characteristics
Like other mammals, monotremes are endothermic with a high metabolic rate (though not as high as other mammals; see below); have hair on their bodies; produce milk through mammary glands to feed their young; have a single bone in their lower jaw; and have three middle-ear bones.

In common with reptiles and marsupials, monotremes lack the connective structure (corpus callosum) which in placental mammals is the primary communication route between the right and left brain hemispheres. The anterior commissure does provide an alternate communication route between the two hemispheres, though, and in monotremes and marsupials it carries all the commissural fibers arising from the neocortex, whereas in placental mammals the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers.

Extant monotremes lack teeth as adults. Fossil forms and modern platypus young have a "tribosphenic" form of molars (with the occlusal surface formed by three cusps arranged in a triangle), which is one of the hallmarks of extant mammals. Some recent work suggests that monotremes acquired this form of molar independently of placental mammals and marsupials, although this hypothesis remains disputed. Tooth loss in modern monotremes might be related to their development of electrolocation.

Monotreme jaws are constructed somewhat differently from those of other mammals, and the jaw opening muscle is different. As in all true mammals, the tiny bones that conduct sound to the inner ear are fully incorporated into the skull, rather than lying in the jaw as in non-mammal cynodonts and other premammalian synapsids; this feature, too, is now claimed to have evolved independently in monotremes and therians, although, as with the analogous evolution of the tribosphenic molar, this hypothesis is disputed. Nonetheless, findings on the extinct species Teinolophos confirm that suspended ear bones evolved independently among monotremes and therians. The external opening of the ear still lies at the base of the jaw.

The sequencing of the platypus genome has also provided insight into the evolution of a number of monotreme traits, such as venom and electroreception, as well as showing some new unique features, such as monotremes possessing 5 pairs of sex chromosomes and that one of the X chromosomes resembles the Z chromosome of birds, suggesting that the two sex chromosomes of marsupial and placental mammals evolved after the split from the monotreme lineage. Additional reconstruction through shared genes in sex chromosomes supports this hypothesis of independent evolution. This feature, along with some other genetic similarities with birds, such as shared genes related to egg-laying, is thought to provide some insight into the most recent common ancestor of the synapsid lineage leading to mammals and the sauropsid lineage leading to birds and modern reptiles, which are believed to have split about 315 million years ago during the Carboniferous. The presence of vitellogenin genes (a protein necessary for egg shell formation) is shared with birds; the presence of this symplesiomorphy suggests that the common ancestor of monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals was oviparous, and that this trait was retained in monotremes but lost in all other extant mammal groups. DNA analyses suggest that although this trait is shared and is synapomorphic with birds, platypuses are still mammals and that the common ancestor of extant mammals lactated.

The monotremes also have extra bones in the shoulder girdle, including an interclavicle and coracoid, which are not found in other mammals. Monotremes retain a reptile-like gait, with legs on the sides of, rather than underneath, their bodies. The monotreme leg bears a spur in the ankle region; the spur is not functional in echidnas, but contains a powerful venom in the male platypus. This venom is derived from β-defensins, proteins that are present in mammals that create holes in viral and bacterial pathogens. Some reptile venom is also composed of different types of β-defensins, another trait shared with reptiles. It is thought to be an ancient mammalian characteristic, as many non-monotreme archaic mammal groups also possess venomous spurs.

Reproductive system

The key anatomical difference between monotremes and other mammals gives them their name; monotreme means "single opening" in Greek, referring to the single duct (the cloaca) for their urinary, defecatory, and reproductive systems. Like reptiles, monotremes have a single cloaca. Marsupials have a separate genital tract, whereas most placental mammalian females have separate openings for reproduction (the vagina), urination (the urethra), and defecation (the anus). In monotremes, only semen passes through the penis while urine is excreted through the male's cloaca. The monotreme penis is similar to that of turtles and is covered by a preputial sac.

Monotreme eggs are retained for some time within the mother and receive nutrients directly from her, generally hatching within 10 days after being laid – much shorter than the incubation period of sauropsid eggs. Much like newborn marsupials (and perhaps all non-placental mammals), newborn monotremes, called "puggles", are larval- and fetus-like and have relatively well-developed forelimbs that enable them to crawl around. Monotremes lack nipples, so puggles crawl about more frequently than marsupial joeys in search of milk, this difference raising questions about the supposed developmental restrictions on marsupial forelimbs.

Rather than through nipples, monotremes lactate from their mammary glands via openings in their skin. All five extant species show prolonged parental care of their young, with low rates of reproduction and relatively long life-spans.

Monotremes are also noteworthy in their zygotic development: Most mammalian zygotes go through holoblastic cleavage, where the ovum splits into multiple, divisible daughter cells. In contrast, monotreme zygotes, like those of birds and reptiles, undergo meroblastic (partial) division. This means that the cells at the yolk's edge have cytoplasm continuous with that of the egg, allowing the yolk and embryo to exchange waste and nutrients with the surrounding cytoplasm.

Physiology

Monotremes' metabolic rate is remarkably low by mammalian standards. The platypus has an average body temperature of about  rather than the averages of  for marsupials and  for placental mammals. Research suggests this has been a gradual adaptation to the harsh, marginal environmental niches in which the few extant monotreme species have managed to survive, rather than a general characteristic of extinct monotremes.

Monotremes may have less developed thermoregulation than other mammals, but recent research shows that they easily maintain a constant body temperature in a variety of circumstances, such as the platypus in icy mountain streams. Early researchers were misled by two factors: firstly, monotremes maintain a lower average temperature than most mammals; secondly, the short-beaked echidna, much easier to study than the reclusive platypus, maintains normal temperature only when active; during cold weather, it conserves energy by "switching off" its temperature regulation. Understanding of this mechanism came when reduced thermal regulation was observed in the hyraxes, which are placental mammals.

The echidna was originally thought to experience no rapid eye movement sleep. However, a more recent study showed that REM sleep accounted for about 15% of sleep time observed on subjects at an environmental temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). Surveying a range of environmental temperatures, the study observed very little REM at reduced temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F), and also a substantial reduction at the elevated temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).

Monotreme milk contains a highly expressed antibacterial protein not found in other mammals, perhaps to compensate for the more septic manner of milk intake associated with the absence of nipples.

During the course of evolution the monotremes have lost the gastric glands normally found in mammalian stomachs as an adaptation to their diet. Monotremes synthesize L-ascorbic acid only in the kidneys.

Both the platypus and echidna species have spurs on their hind limbs. The echidna spurs are vestigial and have no known function, while the platypus spurs contain venom. Molecular data show that the main component of platypus venom emerged before the divergence of platypus and echidnas, suggesting that the most recent common ancestor of these taxa was also possibly a venomous monotreme.

Taxonomy
The traditional "theria hypothesis" states that the divergence of the monotreme lineage from the Metatheria (marsupial) and Eutheria (placental mammal) lineages happened prior to the divergence between marsupials and placental mammals, and this explains why monotremes retain a number of primitive traits presumed to have been present in the synapsid ancestors of later mammals, such as egg-laying. Most morphological evidence supports the theria hypothesis, but one possible exception is a similar pattern of tooth replacement seen in monotremes and marsupials, which originally provided the basis for the competing "Marsupionta" hypothesis in which the divergence between monotremes and marsupials happened later than the divergence between these lineages and the placental mammals. Van Rheede (2005) concluded that the genetic evidence favors the theria hypothesis, and this hypothesis continues to be the more widely accepted one.

Monotremes are conventionally treated as comprising a single order Monotremata. The entire grouping is also traditionally placed into a subclass Prototheria, which was extended to include several fossil orders, but these are no longer seen as constituting a group allied to monotreme ancestry. A controversial hypothesis now relates the monotremes to a different assemblage of fossil mammals in a clade termed Australosphenida, a group of mammals from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Madagascar, South America and Australia, that share tribosphenic molars. However in a 2022 review of monotreme evolution, it was noted that Teinolophos, the oldest (Barremian ~ 125 million years ago) and the most primitive monotreme differed substantially from non-monotreme australosphenidans in having five molars as opposed to the three present in non-monotreme australosphenidians. Aptian and Cenomanian monotremes of the family Kollikodontidae (113–96.6 ma) have four molars. This suggests that the monotremes are likely to be unrelated to the australosphenidan tribosphenids.

The time when the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago, while others have posited younger estimates of 163 to 186 million years ago. Teinolophos like modern monotremes displays adaptations to elongation and increased sensory perception in the jaws, related to mechanoreception or electroreception.

A fossil jaw fragment attributed to a platypus from Cenomanian deposits (100–96.6 ma) from the Griman Creek Formation in Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, is the oldest platypus-like fossil. The durophagous Kollikodon, the pseudotribosphenic Steropodon, and Stirtodon occur in the same Cenomanian deposits. Oligo-Miocene fossils of the toothed platypus Obdurodon have also been recovered from Australia, and fossils of a 63 million-year old platypus occur in southern Argentina (Monotrematum), see fossil monotremes below. The platypus genus Ornithorhynchus in known from Pliocene deposits, and the oldest fossil tachyglossids are Pleistocene (1.7 ma) in age.

Molecular clock and fossil dating give a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, with one survey putting the split at 19–48 million years ago, but another putting it at 17–89 million years ago. It has been suggested that both the short-beaked and long-beaked echidna species are derived from a platypus-like ancestor.

The precise relationships among extinct groups of mammals and modern groups such as monotremes are uncertain, but cladistic analyses usually put the last common ancestor (LCA) of placentals and monotremes close to the LCA of placentals and multituberculates, whereas some suggest that the LCA of placentals and multituberculates was more recent than the LCA of placentals and monotremes.

 ORDER MONOTREMATA
 Family Ornithorhynchidae: platypus
 Genus Ornithorhynchus
 Platypus, O. anatinus
 Family Tachyglossidae: echidnas
 Genus Tachyglossus
 Short-beaked echidna, T. aculeatus
 T. a. aculeatus (Common short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. acanthion (Northern short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. lawesii (New Guinea short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. multiaculeatus (Kangaroo Island short-beaked echidna)
 T. a. setosus (Tasmanian short-beaked echidna)
 Genus Zaglossus
 Sir David's long-beaked echidna, Z. attenboroughi
 Eastern long-beaked echidna, Z. bartoni
 Z. b. bartoni
 Z. b. clunius
 Z. b. diamondi
 Z. b. smeenki
 Western long-beaked echidna, Z. bruijni

Fossil monotremes

The first Mesozoic monotreme to be discovered was the Cenomanian (100-96.6 ma) Steropodon galmani from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. Biochemical and anatomical evidence suggests that the monotremes diverged from the mammalian lineage before the marsupials and placental mammals arose. The only Mesozoic monotremes are Teinolophos (Barremian, 126 ma), Sundrius and Kryoryctes (Albian, 113-108 ma), Steropodon, Stirtodon, Kollikodon, and an unnamed ornithorhynchid (all Cenomanian) from Australian deposits in the Cretaceous, indicating that monotremes were diversifiying by the early Late Cretaceous. Monotremes have been found in the latest Cretaceous and Paleocene of southern South America, so one hypothesis is that monotremes arose in Australia in the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous, and that some migrated across Antarctica to South America, both of which were still united with Australia at that time.

Fossil species

Excepting Ornithorhynchus anatinus, all the animals listed in this section are known only from fossils.

 Family Incertae sedis
 Genus Kryoryctes
 Species Kryoryctes cadburyi
 Genus Patagorhynchus
 Species Patagorhynchus pascuali - Maastrichtian, earliest known South American monotreme
 Family Steropodontidae – paraphyletic assemblage
 Genus Steropodon
 Species Steropodon galmani
 Genus Teinolophos
 Species Teinolophos trusleri – 123 million years old, oldest monotreme specimen
 Family Ornithorhynchidae
 Genus Ornithorhynchus – oldest Ornithorhynchus specimen 9 million years old
 Species Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) – oldest specimen 10,000 years old
 Genus Obdurodon – includes a number of Miocene (5–24 million years ago) Riversleigh platypuses)
 Species Obdurodon dicksoni
 Species Obdurodon insignis
 Species Obdurodon tharalkooschild – Middle Miocene and Upper Miocene (15–5 mya)
 Genus Monotrematum
 Species Monotrematum sudamericanum – 61 million years old, southern South America
 Family Tachyglossidae
 Genus Zaglossus – Upper Pleistocene (0.1–1.8 million years ago)
 Species Zaglossus robustus
 Genus Murrayglossus
 Species Murrayglossus hacketti
 Genus Megalibgwilia
 Species Megalibgwilia ramsayi – Late Pleistocene
 Species Megalibgwilia robusta – Miocene

References

Further reading

External links

Articles containing video clips
Extant Late Triassic first appearances
Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte


Midway, Halifax County, Virginia may refer to:
Midway (near Buffalo Springs), Halifax County, Virginia
Midway (near Scottsburg), Halifax County, Virginia


(, ) is a Latin phrase meaning "the way and the truth and the life". The words are taken from Vulgate version of , and were spoken by Jesus Christ in reference to himself.

These words, and sometimes the asyndetic variant via veritas vita, have been used as the motto of various educational institutions and governments.

New Testament

The phrase is found in verse 6 of chapter 14 of the Gospel of John, as part of Jesus' Farewell Discourse during the Last Supper:

"5 Thomas said to him, 'Lord, we do not know where you are going. How can we know the way?' 6 Jesus said to him, I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. 7 If you know me, you will know my Father also. From now on you do know him and have seen him.'"(New Revised Standard Version)

In the original Koine Greek, the phrase is ; .

In the Latin Vulgate, verse 6 states: "dicit ei Iesus ego sum via et veritas et vita nemo venit ad Patrem nisi per me".

The phrase "The Way" is also found in  and  as a term to describe the early church.

Christian theology

This concept is foundational to Christian theology and the primary mechanism by which the metaphysics of Christianity establish a separation between theological principles of the earlier Judaism and other Abrahamic religions, in addition to Pauline directives not to practice the mitzvot and an establishment of Jesus Christ as divine.

It only appears in John 14:6, likely the latest of the gospels, and consistent with the debates about the divinity of the Christian messiah and the split that was occurring in the earliest churches between orthodoxy and Arianism.

It asserts that the Christian religion is the only path or method by which one receives forgiveness of sins, consistent with the Christian belief in original sin, and therefore eternal life of the soul following the death of the corporal body. The more liberal interpretations see this verse as an exultation and not a mandatory commandment, believing that any human being will receive eternal reward provided they live an ethical life and treat others according to the principles of the golden rule. Some interpretations call for a personal development and growth toward Christ, meaning, toward greater unity and communion with other human beings, while the more orthodox denominations interpret the verse more faithfully to the text as a direct commandment wherein Christ himself is the only true path to salvation.

Usage as a motto

Government
 Arad, the capital of Arad County, Romania.
 The variation Veritas, Via, Vitae, appears on the seal of the Province of Negros Oriental, the Philippines.

Educational institutions

Higher education
University of Glasgow in Glasgow, Scotland, founded 1451
Saint Xavier University in Chicago, Illinois, United States, founded 1846
St. Benedict's College in Atchsion, Kansas, United States, founded 1858
Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, Anglican theological college, permanent private hall of University of Oxford, founded 1877
Kings University College at The University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada, founded 1878
Eastern Nazarene College in Quincy, Massachusetts, founded 1900
Japan Women's University in Tokyo, Japan, founded 1901
Silliman University in Dumaguete, Philippines, founded 1901
Providence University College and Theological Seminary in Otterburne, Manitoba, Canada, founded 1925
Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary in Madurai, India, founded 1969
Regis College in Weston, Massachusetts, founded 1927

Secondary education
Our Lady of Mercy School for Young Women in Brighton, Monroe County, New York, founded 1928
Bishop Garcia Diego High School in Santa Barbara, California, founded 1959
St. Thomas High School in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada, founded 1960
St. Francis Xavier College in Beaconsfield, Berwick, Officer, Victoria, Australia, founded 1978
St. Philip's Christian College in Waratah, New South Wales, Australia, founded 1982
John Paul College in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, founded 1983
Boston Trinity Academy in Hyde Park, Massachusetts, founded 2002
Christ the King College in Newport, Isle of Wight, England, founded 2008
St John Fisher Catholic College in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire

It is also the motto of some Canossian schools:
Sacred Heart Canossian College in Hong Kong
Sacred Heart Canossian College of Commerce in Hong Kong
Sacred Heart Canossian Kindergarten in Hong Kong
Sacred Heart Canossian School in Hong Kong
Sacred Heart Canossian School Private Section in Hong Kong
Saint Anthony's Canossian Secondary School in Bedok, Singapore

Primary education
Saint Anthony's Canossian Primary School in Bedok, Singapore
Canossa Convent Primary School in Singapore, Singapore
Sacred Heart Canossian Convent in Malacca, Malaysia

See also
This is also inscribed above the entrance to the Saint Stephen Basilica in Budapest, Hungary.
List of mottos
List of university mottos
Related Bible parts: John 14
Jesus maze, in Sussex, England, planted in the form of this quotation

References

Latin mottos
Eastern Nazarene College
Arad, Romania
Gospel of John
Truth


Midway is an unincorporated community in Halifax County, Virginia, United States, near Buffalo Springs. It lies at an elevation of 430 feet (131 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Halifax County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


The province of North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) in Indonesia is divided into eleven regencies (kabupaten) and four cities (kota), which together are subdivided in turn administratively into 171 districts (kecamatan).

The districts of North Sulawesi with the regency or city each falls into, are as follows:

 Manado (city)
 Bunaken
 Bunaken Kepulauan
 Malalayang
 Mapanget
 Paal Dua
 Sario
 Singkil
 Tikala
 Tuminting
 Wanea
 Wenang

 Bitung (city)
 Aertembaga
 Girian
 Lembeh Selatan
 Lembeh Utara
 Madidir
 Maesa
 Matuari
 Ranowulu

 Tomohon (city)
 Tomohon Barat
 Tomohon Selatan
 Tomohon Tengah
 Tomohon Timur
 Tomohon Utara

 Minahasa Regency
 Eris
 Kakas
 Kakas Barat
 Kawangkoan
 Kawangkoan Barat
 Kawangkoan Utara
 Kombi
 Langowan Barat
 Langowan Selatan
 Langowan Timur
 Langowan Utara
 Lembean Timur
 Mandolang
 Pineleng
 Remboken
 Sonder
 Tombariri
 Tombariri Timur
 Tombulu
 Tompaso
 Tompaso Barat
 Tondano Barat
 Tondano Selatan
 Tondano Timur
 Tondano Utara

 South Minahasa Regency
 Amurang
 Amurang Barat
 Amurang Timur
 Kumelembuai
 Maesaan
 Modoinding
 Motoling
 Motoling Barat
 Motoling Timur
 Ranoyapo
 Sinonsayang
 Suluun Tareran
 Tareran
 Tatapaan
 Tenga
 Tompasobaru
 Tumpaan

 North Minahasa Regency
 Airmadidi
 Dimembe
 Kalawat
 Kauditan
 Kema
 Likupang Barat
 Likupang Selatan
 Likupang Timur
 Talawaan
 Wori

 Southeast Minahasa Regency
 Belang
 Pasan
 Pusomaen
 Ratahan
 Ratahan Timur
 Ratatotok
 Silian Raya
 Tombatu
 Tombatu Timur
 Tombatu Utara
 Touluaan
 Touluaan Selatan

 Kotamobagu (city)
 Kotamobagu Barat
 Kotamobagu Selatan
 Kotamobagu Timur
 Kotamobagu Utara

 Bolaang Mongondow Regency
 Bilalang
 Bolaang
 Bolaang Timur
 Dumoga
 Dumoga Barat
 Dumoga Tengah
 Dumoga Tenggara
 Dumoga Timur
 Dumoga Utara
 Lolak
 Lolayan
 Passi Barat
 Passi Timur
 Poigar
 Sangtombolang

 North Bolaang Mongondow Regency
 Bintauna
 Bolangitang Barat
 Bolangitang Timur
 Kaidipang
 Pinogaluman
 Sangkub

 South Bolaang Mongondow Regency
 Bolaang Uki
 Helumo
 Pinolosian
 Pinolosian Tengah
 Pinolosian Timur
 Posigadan
 Tomini
Modisi

 East Bolaang Mongondow Regency
 Kotabunan
 Modayag
 Modayag Barat
 Mooat
 Motongkad
 Nuangan
 Tutuyan

 Talaud Islands Regency
 Beo
 Beo Selatan
 Beo Utara
 Damau
 Essang
 Essang Selatan
 Gemeh
 Kabaruan
 Kalongan
 Lirung
 Melonguane
 Melonguane Timur
 Miangas
 Moronge
 Nanusa
 Pulutan
 Rainis
 Salibabu
 Tampan’amma

 Sangihe Islands Regency
 Kendahe
 Kepulauan Marore
 Manganitu
 Manganitu Selatan
 Nusa Tabukan
 Tabukan Selatan
 Tabukan Selatan Tengah
 Tabukan Selatan Tenggara
 Tabukan Tengah
 Tabukan Utara
 Tahuna
 Tahuna Barat
 Tahuna Timur
 Tamako
 Tatoareng

 Sitaro Islands Regency
 Biaro
 Siau Barat
 Siau Barat Selatan
 Siau Barat Utara
 Siau Tengah
 Siau Timur
 Siau Timur Selatan
 Tagulandang
 Tagulandang Selatan
 Tagulandang Utara

References

North Sulawesi


Il Puttino is a book published by Alessandro Salvio in 1634, full title:

IL PVTTINO
Altramente detto,
IL CAVALIERO ERRANTE
DEL SALVIO,
Sopra il gioco de'Scacchi, con la sua Apologia contra il Carrera, diuiso in tre Libri. IN NAPOLI, Nella Stampa di Gio: Domenico Montanaro. 1634. Con licenza de'Superiori.

In its closer sense, it is the second "book" (libro secondo), or second chapter of the first book (out of two) published in 1634 (see also "LIBRO QUARTO", fourth book, reprint of the "trattato" of 1604).

All these four books have been published as a reprint by an unknown author, "Da un Incognito", in 1723.

The latter work of 1723 is sometimes referred as The Salvio.

In its closest sense, however, 'Il Puttino' is a nickname used by Salvio for Giovanni Leonardo from Cutro. In the two version of the 'libro secondo' a story is told which actually took place 50–60 years before it was printed in letters. Although the descriptions of Alessandro Salvio should be considered with caution (due to the long distance of time), Il Puttino is very relevant for our imagination of these times. A long list of chess players are named in the Puttino, which obviously reflect real persons, such as

 Ruy Lopez
 Leonardo
 Puttino
 Paolo Boi
 Giulio Cesare da Lanciano

The first translation of Il Puttino (in the sense of the 'libro secondo') from Italian to English language was done by George Walker, and published unter the title "The light and lustre of chess" in The Chess player's chronicle, 1843.

According to JH Saratt's translation, Il Puttino was first published in 1604, and republished in 1634.

References

1634 books
17th century in chess
Chess books


The 1927 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 4 September 1927.

It was part of the 1927 AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship season.

Classification

References

Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
European Grand Prix


, provisionally known as , is a resonant trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt located in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It measures approximately 291 kilometers in diameter. It has more carbon than typical of KBOs, and the first to be confirmed as having this composition in this region of space. It is thought that it had originated closer to the Sun, maybe even the main asteroid belt.

Orbit

Like Pluto,  is classified as a plutino. It stays in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune.  For every 2 orbits that a plutino makes, Neptune orbits 3 times.

 is currently 27.0 AU from the Sun, and came to perihelion (q=26.98 AU) in April 2018.  This means that this object is currently inside the orbit of the planet Neptune.  Like Pluto, this plutino spends part of its orbit closer to the Sun than Neptune is even though their orbits are controlled by Neptune. (Plutinos Huya and  are even currently inside the orbit of Neptune.) Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) show that over the next 10 million years  can acquire a perihelion distance (qmin) as small as 24.6 AU.

It comes within  of Uranus and stays more than 21 AU from Neptune over a 14,000 year period.  has been observed 158 times with an observation arc of 13 years and has an orbit quality of 2.

Physical characteristics

 has a dark albedo of 0.04, giving it a diameter of about 291 km. Its reflectance spectrum bears striking resemblance to those of some hydrated C-type asteroids, indicating that this object possibly formed in the same environment as the C-type asteroids found today in the outer asteroid belt.

Unlike the majority of small objects in the Kuiper belt observed so far, the visible spectrum of  has two features, each respectively associated with ferric oxides and phyllosilicates. The presence of a phyllosilicate feature in the spectrum of a minor planet indicates that the rocky component of its composition has been altered by the presence of liquid water at some point since its formation. For this to have occurred on  in its current orbit and at temperatures of ~35K, significant quantities of thermal energy would have been required. While this energy could have been delivered by a very large chance collision, the strong overall similarity between the modern C-type asteroids in the outer asteroid belt and  suggests that these objects formed in the same region of the early Sun's protoplanetary disk, much closer to the Sun and at higher temperatures.

The Grand tack hypothesis predicts that the primitive C-type asteroids were dispersed from their formation location by the migrations of Jupiter and Saturn and many were injected into the outer asteroid belt where we find them today. By the same mechanism (and others that result from planetary formation), simulations show that C-types can also be thrown outward to the trans-Neptunian region, where later they may become captured into the mean-motion resonances of Neptune.

See also
List of trans-Neptunian objects
List of exceptional asteroids

References

External links

120216
120216
20040314


Arvid Andersen (1909 – 31 October 1970) was a Danish violinist, conductor, and composer.  He was the son of the writer Olaf Andersen, and composed, among other things, a concerto for his own instrument and a Capriccio for piano.

Male composers
Danish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Danish classical violinists
Male classical violinists
1909 births
1970 deaths
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century Danish composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Danish male musicians


Abdulkhan Bandi () is a historic dam located near the village Eski Oqchob, 65 km east of the city Nurota in Uzbekistan. It impounds the river Beklarsoy and was built in the 1580s by Abdullah Khan II, ruler of Bukhara. Abdullakhan Bandi was first studied in 1957 and 1967 by archaeologist Yahya Ghulomov.  When the river was blocked, the water level in front of the dam rose by 15 meters, the length of the reservoir reached 1250-1500 meters, and the width reached 75-125 meters. The dam is an important milestone for Central Asian hydroengineering, and has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 18, 2008, in the Cultural category.

References

Dams in Uzbekistan
World Heritage Tentative List for Uzbekistan


Charles Nott may refer to:
 Charles Nott (coach), head coach of the California Golden Bears college football team
 Charles C. Nott (1827–1916), Chief Justice of the United States Court of Claims
 Charles Cooper Nott, Jr. (1869–1957), Assistant District Attorney and Judge of the New York General Sessions Court
 Charles Stanley Nott (1887–1978), writer and mystic


Daniel Andersen (25 November 1885 – 30 April 1959) was a Danish composer, sculptor, and ceramist.  He studied music in Vienna; among his compositions are a handful of religious works and an opera, Madonnas Ansigt.

References
DVM profile, Danish State Library et al.
Gravsted profile

Danish composers
Male composers
1885 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Danish sculptors
Male sculptors
20th-century Danish male artists
20th-century Danish ceramists
20th-century Danish male musicians


Smartrac N.V. is a Dutch manufacturer of high security RFID inlays. It is the world's largest supplier of inlays for ePassports. Since 2006 its shares are listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

The JPMorgan-owned private equity firm One Equity Partners agreed to the leveraged buyout of Smartrac on 30 August 2010, resulting in the removal of the company from the TecDAX index on 19 November 2010.

In November 2019, Smartrac Technology Group announced a binding agreement with Avery Dennison Corporation to sell its RFID transponder business. The acquisition was completed in March 2020.

References

External links

Manufacturing companies based in Amsterdam
Radio-frequency identification companies


Ba Chúc is a town (thị trấn) of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

During the Vietnam War, the village came to the attention of Americans when it was revealed in The New York Times that civilians there had been forced by ARVN officers and their American advisers to remove landmines planted by Viet Cong and NVA units.

In 1978 the village was the scene of the killing of an estimated 3,157 civilians by Khmer Rouge forces from neighbouring Cambodia in what became known as the Ba Chúc Massacre.

Notes and references

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province
Townships in Vietnam


Châu Lăng is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Lương Phi is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


This is a list of diplomatic missions in Thailand. There are 79 embassies and other diplomatic representations in Bangkok. Listed below are the diplomatic missions in Thailand (not including honorary consulates).

Diplomatic missions in Bangkok

Embassies

 (Detail)

 (Detail)

 (Detail)

 (Detail)

 (Detail)

Other missions and delegations
 (Delegation)
 (Economic & Trade Office)
 (Economic & Cultural Office)

Consular missions

Bangkok
  (Consulate-General)
  (Consulate-General)

Chiang Mai
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consulate)
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consulate-General)

Khon Kaen
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consulate-General)

Phuket
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consular Office)
 (Consulate-General)

Sa Kaeo
 (Consulate-General)

Songkhla
 (Consulate-General)
 (Consulate)
 (Consulate-General)

Non-resident embassies accredited to Thailand

Listed by city of residence.

Resident in Beijing, China

Resident in Jakarta, Indonesia

Resident in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Resident in New Delhi, India

Resident in Tokyo, Japan

Resident in other cities

 (Hanoi)
 (Hanoi)
 (Belmopan)
 (Doha)
 (Seoul)
 (Podgorica)
 (Canberra)
 (San Marino)
 (Canberra)

Former embassies
  (closed in 2011)

Notes

See also
 List of diplomatic missions of Thailand
 Foreign relations of Thailand
 Visa requirements for Thai citizens

References

External links
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand
 Diplomatic and Consular List as of August 2021

List
Thailand
Diplomatic missions


Vĩnh Phước is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Lương An Trà is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Lạc Quới is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Midway Island is an unincorporated community in Stafford County, Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 164 feet (50 m).

Midway Island was the name of a subdivision consisting of off-base housing for Marines stationed at nearby Quantico. It was torn down and is now the site of the Naval Research Laboratory's Midway Research Center.

References

Unincorporated communities in Stafford County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


Vĩnh Gia is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Lotupue David Aupiu (born February 10, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is a former professional American football Linebacker in the National Football League. He played for the Los Angeles Rams in 1987.

Prior to his NFL career, Aupiu participated in preseason for the Jacksonville Bulls of the United States Football League, but was released prior to the 1984 season.

External links
Pro-Football reference

References

1961 births
Living people
Players of American football from Honolulu
Los Angeles Rams players
BYU Cougars football players


Núi Tô is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


An Tức is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Ô Lâm is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Cô Tô is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Tà Đảnh is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Tân Tuyến is a rural commune (xã) and a village of the Tri Tôn District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Midway Heights is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 2080 feet (634 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Montgomery County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


An Cư is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Tân Lợi is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


An Hảo is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.
Núi Cấm (the forbidden mountain), also known as Thiên Cấm Sơn is a famous mountain in An Hảo commune.

References

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Văn Giáo is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


The Mill Pond is a double-EP album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released in 1997. The release is a notable entry in Fahey's discography in that it features experimental music in the noise and drone styles.

History
The Mill Pond was originally released as a double 7" vinyl record. Only 1000 were made and it immediately went out of print. It was reissued on CD by Important Records in 2007. The reissue included a collection of 32 of Fahey's paintings in a cardboard folio.

Reception

Stewart Mason states in his Allmusic review: "... a frustratingly inconsistent minor work that's primarily of interest to hardcore John Fahey fans and students of the 1990s noise rock underground." Dusted Magazine critic Bill Meyer wrote "No matter how you look at it, The Mill Pond is not a peak of John Fahey’s career...  the music amongst the strangest and, in places, ugliest of his career."

Track listing
All songs by John Fahey.
 "Ghosts" – 5:47
 "Garbage" – 10:40
 "You Can't Cool Off in the Mill Pond, You Can Only Die – 3:37
 "The Mill Pond Drowns Hope" – 7:05

References

External links
Important Records

1997 EPs
John Fahey (musician) albums