Vĩnh Trung is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tịnh Biên District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Buffalo Springs, Virginia may refer to:
 Buffalo Springs, Mecklenburg County, Virginia
 Buffalo Springs, Nelson County, Virginia


Hertha BSC's 2007–08 season began on 4 August 2007, with their DFB-Pokal match against Unterhaching, and ended 17 May 2008, with their Bundesliga match against Bayern Munich. They finished tenth in the Bundesliga and were eliminated in the second round of the DFB-Pokal.

Players

First-team squad
Squad at end of season

Transfers

Summer

In:

Out:

Winter

In:

Out:

Statistics

Goalscorers

Fixtures

DFB-Pokal

First round

Second round

Bundesliga

References

Notes

Hertha BSC seasons
Hertha


Cambridge Institute is a private post-secondary school in Singapore. It is established in 1996 and now has 2,000 full-time students and 150 staff. It has no connection with Cambridge University (UK). The main campus is in the city's central business district, with two branches elsewhere.

It has been awarded the Singapore Quality Class (SQC) for Private Education Organizations, and its native-speaker language teachers have been approved by the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE). SQC is an initiative under the Singapore Government's Education Excellence Framework.

The school has overseas representative offices in Hanoi (Vietnam) and Shenyang (China).

A Student Protection Scheme is in place, as stipulated by the Consumers Association of Singapore (CASE). As one of the largest operators in the private education sector, Cambridge Institute has welcomed government proposals for new stricter regulation of such schools, following a spate of sudden closures of private schools. Edwin Chan, Principal of Cambridge Institute, said it was "high time" the rules were made stricter.

Academics
The school offers full-time language courses in General English (six levels), Conversational English, Business English, and Chinese. 17 other languages are offered as part-time courses.

International Diploma programmes are offered in vocational areas such as Education, Hotel and Tourism Management, Business Management and Marketing, and Accountancy. These diplomas are awarded by external institutions such as Edith Cowan University (Australia), Southern Institute of Technology (New Zealand), and London Centre of Marketing. These are full-time post-'O'-level (or equivalent) courses for which students must be at least 16.

GCE 'O' level courses are offered to students aged 16–25 to prepare for direct entry to government polytechnics or Junior Colleges in Singapore (a part-time evening course).

Trips to many places of interest are organised to enhance the learning process and provide for a more enjoyable educational experience.

The school is responsible to the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority for ensuring that foreign students residing temporarily in Singapore on a Student Pass complete their studies. Therefore, the most serious offences are truancy and skipping classes. Students who commit these offences receive corporal punishment (caning) and if they repeatedly do so they will be dismissed from the school and repatriated to their home countries.

Debt crisis
As of October 2011, the Cambridge Institute has been running up hundreds of thousands of dollars in debt. Cambridge Institute has had to transfer nearly all of its students to other schools and stop taking in new ones, after it was forced to temporarily close its five Singapore campuses because it could not pay the rent.

Two teachers have successfully sued it for unpaid salary at the Labour Court and nine more cases are pending. It is a dramatic turnaround in fortune for Cambridge Institute. Teachers also complained that the school continued hiring even though it was in financial trouble.

See also
List of schools in Singapore

References

External links
Official website

Language schools in Singapore


Armored group may refer to:

 Armored group (military unit), a unit type in the United States Army during World War II.
 Armored Group International, Inc., a security services company located in Los Angeles, California.
 The Armored Group LLC, a manufacturer of armored cash-in-transit vehicles located in Phoenix, Arizona.
 Armored Trunk Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of steamer trunks and footlockers located in Los Angeles, California.


Buffalo Springs (formerly, Buffalo Mineral Springs and Buffalo Lithia Springs) is an unincorporated community in Mecklenburg County, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 364 feet (111 m).  Located at Buffalo Springs is the Buffalo Springs Historical Archeological District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The name, Buffalo Springs, specifically refers to a natural spring found in the area.

There was once a resort at the Springs, containing golf courses and even a bowling alley, but when water sales dropped the resort lost favor. The property surrounding the springs was eventually purchased by the US Army Corps of Engineers as part of the John H. Kerr Reservoir.

References

Unincorporated communities in Mecklenburg County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


"Magdalen Sky" is a song written by Mark Gardener and Kaye Denham.  The song was released as Gardener's debut solo single in June 1997 by Shifty Disco Records, following the 1996 break-up of Gardener's previous band Ride.  The single was part of Shifty Disco's "Single of the Month" club and had a limited run of 1,000 copies only.  The single features the rare B-side "Can't Let It Die", which was also written by Gardener and Denham.

As well as appearing on the Shifty Disco Records' year-end singles compilation It's A Shifty Disco Thing Vol. 1, "Magdalen Sky" was also included on Gardener's debut solo album, These Beautiful Ghosts.

Track listing
"Magdalen Sky" (Mark Gardener, Kaye Denham) - 3:39
"Can't Let It Die" [Home Demo in the Attic] (Mark Gardener, Kaye Denham) - 3:23

References

External links
Mark Gardener Official Website

1997 singles


Bimeda is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
-

Villages
Bimeda
Bustieḷḷu
Ḷḷavachos
Murias
La Pena Samartino
San Xuan del Monte
Samartinu de Bimeda
El Vaḷḷe
Viḷḷauril de Bimeda
Viḷḷar de Bimeda

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Benjamin Obdyke Incorporated is a building materials manufacturer based in the Philadelphia suburb of Horsham, Pennsylvania. The company was started by its namesake, Benjamin P. Obdyke in 1868.  Benjamin P. Obdyke is credited with creating and manufacturing the first corrugated downspout while the company itself claims patents on three products that have been integral in the advancement of building practices over the past 20 years: Roll Vent the first rolled ridge vent, Cedar Breather the first wood roofing underlayment, and Home Slicker the first rolled product to provide drainage and air flow in rainscreen wall assemblies. While the company’s origins are closely tied to the metal gutters and downspouts business, Benjamin Obdyke sold off that part of their business in the late nineties and now exclusively sells roof and wall products that help improve the building envelope, most of which feature the company’s patented matrix technology.

History
Benjamin Obdyke Incorporated was started in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1868 by Benjamin P. Obdyke after he returned from serving the Union Army in the American Civil War.  Obdyke invented and patented the round corrugated downspout, beginning a long tradition of manufacturing innovative quality building products. The company and product line grew over the years to include a variety of rain carrying equipment, roof edging and trims. The manufacturing process included roll formers and various stamping dies. The products were manufactured from Galvanized steel, copper and later aluminum (both pre painted and mill finish). By 1997 the company was operating 26 roll formers in a 200,000 sq. ft. manufacturing and distribution facility located in Warminster, Pennsylvania. In 1988 BOI acquired the patent for a rolled ridge vent, which began a new era of innovative products such as Roll Vent, Rapid Ridge, Cedar Breather, and eventually Home Slicker.

In the late nineties the company was approached by another old line gutter manufacturer, Berger Brothers located in Feasterville, Pennsylvania with interest to acquire the metal manufacturing portion of the business. Based on the growth of the newer innovative products, the company decided to sell the metal business to Berger and did so in December 1997. Today, the company actively markets its ridge ventilation and moisture management products under the Benjamin Obdyke brand to professional contractors all over North America through their diverse network of wholesale distributors.

References

External links

Companies based in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 1868
1868 establishments in Pennsylvania


"El último adiós" (English: "The Last Goodbye") is a song written by Peruvian singer Gian Marco and Cuban American musician and producer Emílio Estefan to commemorate the September 11 attacks and support the families of the victims.  Proceeds of the recording went to the American Red Cross and the United Way. This version of the song was released both as a stand-alone single, and as part of a four-song special EP by the same name. Gian Marco also recorded a solo version of the song, which was considered one of his standout pieces during his international debut.

In the four minutes of the song, a variety of musical genres can be heard, and over 120 different artists were involved in the project, including Ricky Martin, Christina Aguilera, Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Paulina Rubio, Thalía, Chayanne, Alejandro Sanz, José José, Ivete Sangalo, Luis Fonsi, Ana Bárbara, Juan Luis Guerra and Gloria Estefan.

Personnel
Composers/producers
Gian Marco
Emilio Estefan

Soloists (in order of appearance)

Ricky Martin
Alejandro Sanz
Thalía
Juan Luis Guerra & Gloria Estefan
Celia Cruz
Juan Luis Guerra, Gloria Estefan & Olga Tañón
Ricardo Montaner
Ana Gabriel
Jorge Hernández/Los Tigres del Norte & Alicia Villarreal / Grupo Límite
Alejandro Fernández
Carlos Vives
Jaci Velasquez
José Luis Rodríguez "El Puma"
Marco Antonio Solís
José José & Lucía Méndez
Jennifer Lopez
Emmanuel
Chayanne
Elvis Crespo, Gisselle Ortíz Cáceres & Gilberto Santa Rosa
Paulina Rubio
Beto Cuevas / La Ley
Ana Bárbara
Carlos Ponce
Jon Secada
Shakira
Gian Marco
Luis Fonsi
Yuri & Miguel Bosé
Wilkins, Gisselle Ortíz Cáceres Melina León & Ramiro / Limi-T 21
Todos Unidos, Christina Aguilera Ad Libs
José Feliciano & Alejandro Sanz
José Feliciano

Chorus
Conducted by Timothy Sharp

A.B. Quintanilla
Alberto "Beto" Zapata
Álvaro Torres
Charlie Zaa
Ednita Nazario
Elvis Crespo
Emilio Regueira
Franco De Vita
Ivete Sangalo
Kumbia Kings
Luis Conte
Luis Enrique
MDO

Marcos Llunas
Mauricio Claveria
Nestor Torres
Nicolas Tovar
OV7
Patricia Manterola
Pilar Montenegro
Rey Ruiz
Ricky Muñoz
Shalim
Soraya
Tito Puente
Tommy Torres

Instrumentalists
Arranged and Conducted by José Antonio Molina

 Concertmaster – Alfredo Oliva
 Violin – Bogumila Zgraja, Bruce Wethey, Carole Cole, Carole Simmons, Dale Sandvold, Denise Stillwell, Gennady Aronin, Gustavo Correa*, Huifang Chen, John DiPuccio, Mariana Carreras, Mei Mei Luo, Rafael Elvira, Rochelle Skolnick, Sania Derevianko, Scott Flavin, Tony Huang
 Viola – David Chappell, Debra Spring, Karen Hebermehl, Richard Fleischman, Scott O'Donell, Tim Barnes, Xi Yang
 Cello – Chris Glansdorp, Claudio Jaffe, David Cole, Philip Lakofsky, Ross T. Harbaugh
 Double Bass – Geoffrey Bowater
 Harp – Deborah Fleisher
 Guitar – Dan Warner
 Bass Guitar – Julio Hernandez
 Trumpet – Arturo Sandoval, Jason Carder, Teddy Mulet
 Trombone – Dana Teboe, John Kricker
 French Horn – Dwayne Dixon, Jeffrey Meyer, John David Smith
 Flute – Jeanne Tarrant, Nestor Torres
 Clarinet – David Pharris
 Oboe – Robert Weiner
 Bassoon – Luciano Magnanini, Michael Degregorio
 Piano – Michael Levine
 Keyboards – Doug Emery
 Timpani – Mark Schubert
 Percussion – Andy Garcia, Archie Peña

Production Team

 Production Coordinators – Frank Amadeo, Mauricio Abaroa, Jorge A. Plasencia
 Talent Coordinators - Maria Luisa Calderon, Maria Elena Fermin, Mauricio Montenegro
 Studio Coordinator – Kevin Dillon
 Production Directors - Carlos Pulido, César Pulido
 Copyist – Eugenio Vanderhorst
 Engineers – Alfred Figueroa, Andre Rafael, Boris Milan, Eric Schilling, Franco Jordanni, Gustavo Celis, Hector I. Rosa, Isaias García Asbun, Javier Garza, Jim Monti, Joe Leal Sr., Marcelo Sabóia, Robb Williams, Roberto Ruiz
 Assistant Engineers - Jorge Gonzalez, José Rey, Juan Rosario, Javier Valverde, Charlie Vela, Ed Williams
 Mixer – Freddy Piñero, Jr

Track listing
 Single
 El Ultimo Adiós (Varios Artistas Version) 3:58

EP
 El Ultimo Adiós (Varios Artistas Version) 3:58
 The Last Goodbye (Jon Secada English Language Version) 3:58
 El Ultimo Adiós (Arturo Sandoval Instrumental Version) 3:58
 El Ultimo Adiós (Gian Marco Version) 3:58

Charts
The song failed to enter the charts, but the EP peaked at No. 197 on the Billboard 200.

Live performances
The song mainly circulated as a single to be purchased, but a few notable performances and presentations of the song include:

 The national radio simulcast of the White House's Hispanic Heritage Month Event hosted by President George W. Bush on October 14, 2001
 The video of the song was aired on Univision's variety show Sábado Gigante.  The show's host, Don Francisco, came up with the idea to assemble an all-star group to record a tribute album on September 13, and was instrumental in supporting the project.
 Gian Marco recorded a solo acoustic version of the song which he has also performed in his concerts, prefacing the performance with "This song...was born with a guitar. And with that guitar, I will play it to you." He also stated that Don Francisco originally asked him for the song so he could include it in a program he was going to do for the September 11 attack but other artists such as Juan Luis Guerra came into the picture and the song became a collaboration between many artists.

References

thalia-sodi.latin.cz/lyrics

2001 songs
2001 singles
Alejandro Fernández songs
Alejandro Sanz songs
Epic Records singles
Charity singles
Charity singles following the September 11 attacks
Christina Aguilera songs
Gian Marco songs
Music about the September 11 attacks
Paulina Rubio songs
Ricky Martin songs
Shakira songs
Song recordings produced by Emilio Estefan
Songs written by Emilio Estefan
Songs written by Gian Marco
Sony Music Latin singles
All-star recordings
Luis Miguel songs
Gilberto Santa Rosa songs


The Stearman 4 is an American commercial biplane that was manufactured in the 1920s by Stearman Aircraft. They were marketed at the time as fast and luxurious executive transports and mail planes for about US$16,000.

Development
Stearman Aircraft developed the Model 4 from the C3, adding a deeper fuselage and offering a range of more powerful engines. These features enabled the Model 4 to carry heavier cargo loads. Being larger than the C3, but smaller than the M-2 and LT-1 models, it filled a gap in the Stearman product line. Heaters were provided for both cockpits.

Operational history

Stearman sold the Model 4 to commercial operators in the United States, building 41 before ending production. Users of the type included Varney Air Lines and American Airways (later American Airlines). Standard Oil operated three Junior Speedmails for product promotion. The aircraft was produced in Wichita, Kansas from September 1929 to August 1930.

In Canada, Trans-Canada Air Lines (later Air Canada) bought three Stearman for pilot training and surveying new routes and were used from 1937 to 1939. One of them was sold in March 1939.

1930s socialite aviator Aline Rhonie flew NC796H (which still exists but is now registered as NC774H) out of Long Island, New York, before later joining the British war effort with the Air Transport Auxiliary.

The aircraft's rugged construction helped it survive heavy handling and loads, and thirteen remained on the U.S. Civil Register in 1965. Several were operated as crop dusters, with their forward mail compartment converted into a hopper. Many later passed to private owners of veteran planes and are airworthy or in museums.

Variants

The first letter of the designation refers to the engine while an M indicates that it was intended as a mailplane, with the forward compartment covered. Minor modifications were made to the design which were reflected in the use of -1 after the designation.
Reference: Simpson
4-C/C-4/C-4A Junior Speedmail (Approved Type Certificate (ATC) 304)
powered by  Wright J6-9 radial, 10 built.
4-CM Senior Speedmail (ATC 325)
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-C. 15 built including three converted from 4-Cs.
4-D Junior Speedmail (ATC 305)
First certified aircraft with the then new  Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior, 8 were built, including 1 as 4-DX.
4-DX Junior Speedmail (ATC 2-406)
One built with a  Pratt & Whitney Wasp S1A and a canopy over both cockpits.
4-DM Senior Speedmail (ATC 326)
 Single seat mailplane version of the 4-D. Two built, both converted from other models.
4-E/C4W Junior Speedmail (ATC 292)
 Pratt & Whitney C-1 Wasp or  Pratt & Whitney Wasp 11 built.
4-EX Senior Speedmail (ATC 2-279)
One customized 4-E built for Standard Oil with a  Pratt & Whitney Wasp SC.
4-EM Senior Speedmail (ATC 322)
Single seat mailplane version of the 4-E.
4-RM Special (no ATC issued)
One 4-CM was converted into a four seater and powered by a  Ranger GV-770.
Model 80 Sportster (ATC 504)
1933 one-off custom two-seater with dual controls and an enclosed canopy for the rear cockpit, with a  Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior T3A engine.
Model 81 (ATC 504)
One built as a trainer variant of the 80 with enclosed canopy over both cockpits. Sold to the Mexican government after a tour of South America while on floats.

Operators

 Canadian Airways - 4
 Northern Airways

 American Airlines
 Department of Commerce Airways branch (4-C)
 Fenstra Steel (4-C)
 Pratt & Whitney (4-D)
 Richfield Oil Company
 Texaco (4-D as number 14)
 Varney Air Lines
 Western Air Express (4-D)

Survivors

 c/n 4005 4-E Junior Speedmail N663K - privately owned, in National Air Tour markings.
 c/n 4007 4-E Junior Speedmail NC667K  - delivered in 1929 to the Richfield Oil Company as the "Jimmie Allen Flying Club" flagship and used until 1937. Following a 2007 restoration, it flies on the North American air show circuit and in 2013 won the Sun 'n Fun Grand Champion - Antique award.
 c/n 4021 4-EM Senior Speedmail CF-AMB - displayed at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.
 c/n 4022 4-CM Junior Speedmail NC785H - privately owned, flown in Standard Oil Stanavo colors.
 c/n 4025 4-D Junior Speedmail NC774H - privately owned, flown in Western Air Express colors.
 c/n 4026 4-E Junior Speedmail N11224 - displayed at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 c/n 4027 4-D Junior Speedmail NC563Y - displayed at the Kansas Aviation Museum in Wichita, Kansas in Texaco markings.
 c/n 4033 4-DM Senior Speedmail NC485W - built as a 4-CM and re-engined, privately owned, flown in American Airways colors.
 c/n 4036 4-CM-1 Senior Speedmail - NC488W privately owned, flown in Standard Oil Stanavo colors.
 c/n 4037 4-CM-1 Junior Speedmail NC489W - privately owned, flown in Standard Oil Stanavo colors.
 c/n 4040 4-C Junior Speedmail N11722 - privately owned.

Specifications (4-E)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Stearman 4-EM Senior Speedmail
The Stearman 4-D Jr. Speedmail
Stearman 4-C ATC
Stearman 4-D ATC
Stearman 4-E ATC

1930s United States mailplanes
4
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930


Phú Vĩnh is a rural commune (xã) of Tân Châu town in An Giang Province, Vietnam.

References

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


The Microsoft Update Catalog is a website that offers updates for computers running Windows 2000 SP3, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 and later operating systems including Windows 11.

Scope
Created by Microsoft, the service provides a list of updates for corporations to distribute over a network. Security updates are released once a month on the website, except in special circumstances; for instance, in the event of a widespread computer virus or worm, Microsoft releases a corresponding update as soon as possible.

Gordon Mangione, Microsoft's Security Business & Technology Unit vice president (from 2004-03 to 2005-11), remarked: "Because the new services and technologies draw information and updates from a single source—the Microsoft Update catalog—and use a common polling engine (provided by the new Windows Update Agent), our customers will have a much more integrated and reliable update management process."

Usage
The latest iteration of the site was launched in August 2007, and at the time, only worked in the web browser Internet Explorer, version 6 and version 7. Before using the catalog, the user must install an ActiveX control so that they can search the updates available on the website. Searches can be saved as an RSS feed so that it can be monitored for new updates. On the Microsoft Update Catalog, downloads are accelerated with Microsoft's Background Intelligent Transfer Service, which downloads updates from the website asynchronously while attempting to use as little bandwidth as possible.

In addition, the service integrates with Windows Server Update Services and System Center Configuration Manager 2007 so that network administrators can deploy updates downloaded from the website remotely across a network.

Resurgence
As of late 2015, and the release of Windows 10, Microsoft has been making updates available exclusively through Microsoft Update Catalog. The website no longer requires an ActiveX control and can be used from any modern browser rather than being exclusive to Internet Explorer. This allows users on other platforms to download updates for archive or distribution.

See also
 Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
 Windows Update
 Microsoft

References

External links

Microsoft websites


Long Phú is a ward () of Tân Châu town in An Giang Province, Vietnam.

References

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province


Vĩnh Xương is a rural commune (xã) and village of the Tân Châu District of An Giang Province, Vietnam.

International border gate
Vĩnh Xương is the location of an international border crossing with Cambodia, with the official name Sông Tiền. Its counterpart across the border is Khaorm Sam Nor Kaoh Roka border gate, Kandal Province, Cambodia. Besides conventional Vietnamese visas, this border crossing is also listed as a Vietnamese Evisa entry point for foreigners.

Gallery

References

Communes of An Giang province
Populated places in An Giang province
Cambodia–Vietnam border crossings


.
Kristin Jarmund (born 26 September 1954) is a Norwegian architect.

Education, career and awards
Jarmund is a graduate of the Norwegian Technical University in Trondheim (Norwegian Institute of Technology) and the Architectural Association School of Architecture. From 1978 to 1983 she was employed at Telje-Torp-Aasen Arkitektkontor. In 1985 she started her own practice through Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter. The office was among Norway's leading offices and has won or been placed highly in several competitions. For Justervesenet's  (Norwegian Metrology Service) new building at Kjeller, the office was awarded the Houens Foundation Award (Houens fonds diplom).

Jarmund's work is characterized by clear and simple form, often described as “new-functionalism”. Her design language of remarkable clarity is evident in both color and in the attention to detail. A distinct quality in Jarmund's work is the importance given to the interior spaces. Jarmund has used the expression “the inner façade” to emphasize the design of the indoor spaces.

Multipurpose urban buildings and educational structures stand out in her range of works, including the schools Benterud in Lørenskog, Gulskogen in Drammen and Stensby Kindergarten in Eidsvoll (1994), for which Jarmund was selected to represent Norway in the 1996 Venice Biennale as part of the “Nordic Light” exhibit.

Her work is sought after by both private clients and national institutions. The office has carried out a number of projects for the renovation of public spaces, including one in Majorstuhuset (1998); Oslo New Theatre (1995) and the National Gallery (2004), the Nydalen Metro Station (2003) Nydalen Station, the headquarters of Fokus Bank at Stortingsgaten 6 (2005), the National Dental Faculty in Bergen (2012), the Norwegian Embassy building in Kathmandu (2008) Norwegian Embassy in Kathmandu, the residence of the Norwegian ambassador in Nepal (2012) and the Norwegian Embassy in Nairobi (ongoing), showing in each of these “a perfect blend of classic and modern”.

As an interior designer, her significant works include the Bar and Restaurant located in the 1930s neoclassical building at Majorstuen in Oslo (Majorstuhuset), the New Café of the National Gallery in Oslo (2002), an honourable mention for her lighting design by Norwegian Lighting Award; the new offices of TV Norge in Oslo (2010), the headquarters of the Rasmussen Group in Kristiansand (2004) and the Boston Consulting Group (2009). In the original Nydalen Metro Station (2003), which also received a nomination for the Mies van der Rohe award, the art project "The Tunnel of Light" was incorporated.

In 2011, she was named an «Honorary Fellow» of The American Institute of Architects (AIA)  for outstanding contributions to the architectural profession and society. Only three Norwegians, Sverre Fehn (1986), as well as Kjell Lund and Nils Slaatto (1996), have received the award previously,  and later Reiulf Ramstad (2016)

Her work has been widely recognized at the national and international level. A monograph of her works in English and Norwegian was published in 2008, with essays by Kenneth Frampton and Bente Sand. More recently the book «In service of undiscovered life - Kristin Jarmund Architects» (2019) was published, with essays by Aaron Betsky and Kjetil T. Trædal.

In 2014, she was awarded the Anders Jahres kulturpris.

Jarmund is the sister of the architect Einar Jarmund.

Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter (Nordic Office of Architecture)
The firm was established in 1985 with Kristin Jarmund as professional manager including Ola Helle, Geir Messel, Graeme Ferguson and Jonathan Alexander as partners. In 2022 Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter was merged with Nordic Office of Architecture and now functions as an integrated part of the office, with Kristin Jarmund as partner/creative director.

A selection of the office's work:
 Fyrstikkterrassen, office building in Helsfyr (Svovelstikka 1-3), Oslo (1991)
 Stensby Kindergarten, Eidsvoll (1994) – exhibited at the Venice Bennale of Architecture, 1996.
 Office and laboratory building for Justervesenet (Norwegian Metrology Service), Kjeller  (1997)  – Houens fonds diploma
 Gulskogen School in Drammen (2001)
 New Café in the French Hall of the National Gallery (2002); new bookshop (2004)
 Nydalen Metro Station (2003) (nominated for the Mies van der Rohe award)
 Reconstruction of the office building for the Rasmussen group, Kirkegata 1, Kristiansand (2004)
 Råholt Secondary School (2004) – Designers Saturday Award (Best Norwegian Interior) – Statens byggeskikkpris (the State's building practice award); honorable mention
 Stortingsgata 6 (Fokus Bank among others) (2005) – Statens byggeskikkpris (the State's building practice award); honorable mention.
 Interior for Akademika bookshop at BI in Nydalen (2005)
 Bergenhus School, Rakkestad (2006)
 «The Treasury», Sandvika (2007)
 Head office for the Eitzen Group at Tjuvholmen in Oslo (2007)
 Redevelopment of Kongens gate 5 into the design hotel Grims Grenka, Oslo (2008)
 Sogn Arena office building, Oslo (2008)
 Norwegian embassy building in Kathmandu, Nepal (2008) – Ambassador's Residence (2012)
 Gjerdrum Secondary School  (2009) – Statens byggeskikkpris (the State's building practice award) 2010
 «Magpie's Nest» at Vestlandske artindustry-museum in Bergen (exhibition area for silver art) (2009)
 Offices for TV Norge in Nydalen, Oslo (2010)
 Westerdals School of Communication in the Vulkan area by Akerselva in Oslo (2011)
 National Dental Faculty, (University of Bergen) Bergen (2012)
 Entrance pavilion for the Natural History Museum, at Tøyen in Oslo (2014)
 «Troldsalen», new concert hall at Edvard Grieg's home Troldhaugen near Bergen (2015)
 The square building in Nydalen, Oslo (2016)
 Extension of Nydalen Metro Station, Oslo (2016)
 Kvartal 57, apartment building in Kristiansand (2017)
 Kvartal 42, multi-purpose building in Kristiansand (2017)
 The «Winecastle», redevelopment of Vinmonopolet's former distillery in Hasle into a shopping center and apartments (2020) – nominated for Oslo city's architecture award (2021)
 Office building at Schweigaardsgate 35-51 (ongoing)
 The Norwegian Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya (ongoing)
 Biskop Gunnerus Gate 14B, high-rise building for KLP in Oslo S (under planning with C.F. Møller Arkitekter and Rodeo Architects)

References

Literature
 Bente Sand: «Med vilje til form» in Arkitektur in Norway – yearbook 1999
 Knut Randem: «Deilig fargesterk», Internet article
 Kenneth Frampton, Per Maning, Bente Sand: «Norske arkitekter, Kristin Jarmund» - 2008
 Aaron Betsky, Kjetil Thorsen, Trædal: «In service of undiscovered life - Kristin Jarmund Architects» - 2019

External links
 Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter website
 Nordic Office of Architecture website

1954 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian architects
Norwegian women architects


James Jackson Jr. (ca. 1826 - March 7, 1891 New York City) was an American businessman and politician from New York.

Life
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Niagara Co., 1st D.) in 1864.

In 1865, he was Chief Engineer of the Lockport Fire Department, and in 1866, he was one of the first directors of the Niagara Ship Canal Company which was incorporated by an Act of the New York State Legislature.

He served as Mayor of Lockport, New York from 1867 to 1868, when he was nominated in the 29th District for U.S. Congress, but was defeated by Republican John Fisher.

In 1873, he was elected a Canal Commissioner on the Democratic ticket, and was in office from 1874 to 1876.

In 1886, he ran again for Congress, this time in the 33rd District, but was defeated again, this time by the Republican incumbent John B. Weber.

He died of apoplexy while staying at a hotel in New York City.

References

Sources
 History of Lockport, New York - from Landmarks of Niagara County, New York edited by William Pool (D. Mason & Co, Syracuse NY, 1897)
Laws of the State of New York (1866)
Nominations for Congress in NYT on September 29, 1868
THE CONGRESSIONAL CANVASS in NYT on October 13, 1886

1820s births
1891 deaths
Politicians from Lockport, New York
Erie Canal Commissioners
Members of the New York State Assembly
Mayors of places in New York (state)
19th-century American politicians


The archaeological site of Ancient Pap (also known as Balandtepa) is located on the bank of the Syr Darya River in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan.

Site description
The ancient site includes the citadel, the main city and the rabad (or suburb).

World Heritage status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 18, 2008, in the cultural category.

References

Geography of Uzbekistan
Archaeological sites in Uzbekistan


The Tarot Garden (Italian: Il Giardino dei Tarocchi, French: Le Jardin des Tarots) is a sculpture garden based on the esoteric tarot, created by the French-American artist Niki de Saint Phalle (1930–2002) in Pescia Fiorentina, località Garavicchio, in the municipality of Capalbio, province of Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy. The park was opened to the public in 1998.

Niki de Saint Phalle, inspired by Antoni Gaudí´s Parc Güell in Barcelona, and Parco dei Mostri in Bomarzo, as well as Palais Idéal by Ferdinand Cheval, and Watts Towers by Simon Rodia,  decided to make something similar in design for her monumental sculpture park based on the Tarot. In 1979, she acquired some land on top of an Etruscan ruin in Garavicchio, Tuscany, about  north-west of Rome along the coast. There she built the Giardino dei Tarocchi, containing twenty-two monumental figures representing her idea of the greater Mysteries of the Tarot, constructed of reinforced concrete and covered with mirrors and ceramic mosaic. Some of the larger sculptural figures can be walked through; the artist herself lived inside the sphinx-like Empress for several years during the construction of the garden.

Selected publications
 Niki de Saint Phalle, Giulio Pietrocharchi: The Tarot Garden: The Tarot Garden. Benteli Zurich 1997, .
 Niki de Saint Phalle: The Tarot Garden: Giardino Del Tarrochi. Edizioni Charta, Milano 1997, .
 Carla Schulz Hoffman: Niki de Saint Phalle. Bilder-Figuren-Phantastische Garten. Prestel, Bonn 2008, .
 Philip Carr-Gomm: Sacred Places. Quercus Publishing, London 2008, .
 Jill Johnston, Marella Caracciolo Chia, Giulio Pietromarchi: Niki de Saint Phalle and The Tarot Garden. Benteli, Zurich 2010, .

References

External links
Official website
 The Magical world of Niki de Saint-Phalles Tarot Garden - Blog Post

Tarotology
Visionary environments
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Europe
Gardens in Tuscany
Arts in Italy


Jin-Me Yoon (born 1960) is a South Korean-born internationally active Canadian artist, who immigrated to Canada at the age of eight. She is a contemporary visual artist, utilizing performance, photography and video to explore themes of identity as it relates to citizenship, culture, ethnicity, gender, history, nationhood and sexuality.

Yoon's work is known for its use of humour and irony in its visual juxtapositions to the complex subject matter she examines. Her major works include Souvenirs of the Self (1991), a photographic series challenging stereotypical constructs of Canadian identity; A Group of Sixty-Seven (1996), consisting of sixty-seven portraits of Vancouver's Korean Canadian community standing in front of paintings by Lawren S. Harris and Emily Carr; and The Dreaming Collective Knows No History (2006), a video installation exploring the interrelationships of body, city and history.

She received her BA in Psychology from the University of British Columbia in 1985, a BFA from Emily Carr College of Art in 1990, and an MFA from Concordia University in 1992. Currently she lives and works in Vancouver, BC, and teaches at Simon Fraser University's School for the Contemporary Arts.

Early life
Jin-me Yoon was born in Seoul, South Korea, to Chung Soon Chin (Jewel) and Myung Choong Yoon (Michael). Her father relocated to Vancouver in 1966 to study Pathology, and the rest of the Yoon family joined him in 1968, shortly after the Canadian government ended decades-long immigration restrictions that discriminated on the basis of race. Yoon attended primary school in East Vancouver. During that time, she became fascinated by the photographic images of consumerism she came across in National Geographic, Reader’s Digest, and luxury magazines that were available in the waiting room of her father's medical practice. When she was twelve, Yoon began using such images to produce collages. In high school, she learned about art history during visits to temples in Korea and in the Time Life Library of Art that her parents collected, which introduced her to the work of Henri Matisse and Marcel Duchamp. Yoon enrolled at the University of British Columbia in 1978 but found the curriculum and its focus on Eurocentric, white, male narratives and creative production to be alienating. After graduating with a BA in Psychology, she earned a BFA from Emily Carr College of Art (now Emily Carr University of Art + Design) in Vancouver (1985–90), which was followed by MFA studies at Montreal’s Concordia University.

Work
Yoon's works often employ photography, video and elements of performance to question constructions of identity within specific historical and social conditions. In 1991, the artist produced a work entitled Souvenirs of the Self, which explores the relationship between notions of self and the Other within dominant images of the Canadian landscape, most noticeably those which have been shaped primarily by tourism. The unconscious, memory, history, identity, place and nationhood are important themes for the artist, whose recent project, Unbidden, uses multiple-channel videos and photographs to allude to the psychic and physical conditions of the subject, particularly through migration, diasporic dispersal and displacement related to war and other geo-political conditions. An installation created in 1998, between departure and arrival, marks Yoon’s shift of using photographic images as outward marker of race. Using video and audio in departure, Yoon investigates "interior, consciousness forming structures such as language."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radul |first1=Judy |author-link1=Judy Radul |year=1998 |chapter=At the Station: Notes on between departure and arrival' |editor1-last=Yoon |editor1-first=Jin-me |title=Between departure and arrival, 8 January – 8 February 1997 |location=Vancouver, BC |publisher=Western Front Society |page=14 |isbn=9780920974308 |oclc=38430635}}</ref>

In 2009, she was a finalist for the Art Gallery of Ontario’s Grange Prize  and in 2013 was awarded a Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship. In 2018 she was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In 2022, she won the Scotiabank Photography Award.

Her recent video work explores various cities, most notably in South Korea and Japan. Formally tipping the vertical city of skyscrapers and bipedal humans onto a horizontal plane, Yoon evokes subliminal and inchoate associations with both the past and the present. For viewers experiencing the work within the gallery there is an uncanny sense of a dream-like immersion in the phantasmagoria of late modernity.

Over the past fifteen years, Yoon has achieved international notoriety.

 Select exhibitions About Time, Vancouver Art Gallery (2022)In/Flux: Art of Korean Diaspora, Museum of Vancouver (2018–19)Through the Memory Atlas: 40 Years of Collecting, Kamloops Art Gallery (2018)Radial Change: Beginning with the Seventies, Morris and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Vancouver (2018)Long View, for LandMarks 2017/Repères 2017Spectral Tides (solo), Nanaimo Art Gallery (2017)AlterNation, Kamloops Art Gallery (2017)Photography in Canada 1960–2000, National Gallery of Canada (2017)Surveying: An Uncertain Landscape, Confederation Centre Art Gallery, Charlottetown (2015)
 Embodied Enactments: Feminist Video Performance in Canada, 1974–2007, Centro Cultural Montehermoso, Vitoria, Spain (2009)
 Passages through Phantasmagoria, Centre Culturel Canadien/Canadian Cultural Centre, Paris (2008)
 Jin-me Yoon: Unbidden (solo), organized and circulated by the Kamloops Art Gallery (2004), touring to Oakville Galleries (2005) Mount St. Vincent University Art Gallery (2005), the National Gallery of Canada,
 Reverberations, Tank Loft Contemporary Art Centre, Chongqing, China (2008)
 Ottawa (2006–07), and the Southern Alberta Art Gallery, Lethbridge (2007)
 Activating Korea, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth, New Zealand (2007)
 between departure and arrival, Western Front Gallery, Vancouver (1997)

 Collections
Yoon's work is in the collections of the Vancouver Art Gallery, Agnes Etherington Art Centre, National Gallery of Canada, Kamloops Art Gallery, Oakville Galleries, Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography and Walter Phillips Gallery, amongst others.

 Bibliography
Tiampo, Ming (2022). Jin-me Yoon: Life & Work. Toronto: Art Canada Institute, 2022.

Zoë Chan, Diana Freundl (Eds.): Jin-me Yoon. About Time'', Hirmer Publishers, Munich 2022,

References

External links
Jin-Me Yoon: Life & Work by Ming Tiampo, published by the Art Canada Institute.

Jin-me Yoon page at the National Gallery of Canada

1960 births
Artists from Vancouver
Canadian people of Korean descent
Canadian performance artists
Women performance artists
Canadian contemporary artists
Canadian photographers
Canadian women artists
Living people
South Korean emigrants to Canada
South Korean contemporary artists
Electronic literature writers


The arrival of Sikhism in Wales is relatively recent and at Census 2021 there were 4,048 Sikhs in the country representing 0.1% of the population.

History

Sikhs have faced some difficulties in Wales: in 2000, a popular Sikh was murdered in a racially motivated attack in Port Talbot. The issue of Sikhism in Wales again came to wider attention in 2008 when the only Sikh pupil at Aberdare Girls' School was banned from school for refusing to remove her Kara though the High Court eventually ruled that the school had been wrong to exclude her.

The first purpose-built Sikh gurdwara was opened in Cardiff in 1989.

Notable Welsh Sikhs
 Banita Sandhu

See also
Sikhism in England
Sikhism in Scotland
Religion in Wales

References

External links
Sikh Gurdwara Cardiff

Sikhism
Sikhism in the United Kingdom


Eleni Theocharous (; born 24 June 1953) is a Cypriot paediatric surgeon and politician who leads the political party Solidarity Movement. She was elected to the European Parliament in 2009, re-elected in 2014 and served until 2019. Between 2001 and 2009, Theocharous was a member House of Representatives of Cyprus for the Limassol constituency.

Early life and education
Theocharous was born in Amiantos on 24 June 1953.

Politics
At the parliamentary elections of 27 May 2001 she was elected Member of the House of Representatives standing as a DISY candidate in Limassol and was re-elected at the parliamentary elections of 21 May 2006. She was deputy chairwoman of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the House Standing Committee on Health Affairs. She is currently a chairwoman of the House Standing Committee on Health Affairs and a member of the House Standing Committee on the Environment, of the House Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and of the House Standing Committee on Human Rights. She is also a member of the delegation of the House to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.
In 2003 she was appointed by the House as observer to the European Parliament, where she was a member of the Political Group of the European People's Party.

Mere months before the 2016 legislative election, Theocharous launched a splinter party, in opposition to President Anastasiades' approach to the Cyprus issue. She advocated for tighter co-operation with other Greek-Cypriot nationalist groups, particularly DIKO and EDEK. The new party was dubbed the Solidarity Movement. As of March 8, 2016, she is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists. On 11 March 2016, it was announced that EVROKO would merge into the new party, placing its candidates on its lists in the 2016 election. On 26 May 2019, Theocharous lost her seat as MEP in the 2019 European Parliament election.

Social and humanitarian activities
Theocharous was a member of the High Directorate of the "Médecins du Monde" international organisation and director of medical, environmental and provisionary projects of the International Aid Fund in Brussels.

She is honorary president of the "Médecins du Monde - Cyprus" organization and a member of the Permanent Committee of the United Nations for the Promotion of Co-operation between Palestinian and Israeli Doctors. She is also a member of the executive committee of the International Union of Parliamentarians for the Defence of the Palestinian Cause.

Literary work
Theocharous has published in literary magazines.

Her first collection of poems, "Poetic Act and Political Co-Act" (1991) earned her the award of the First
State Prize for Poetry. In 1995, she published her second collection of poems: "Proxenos Thanatos Angele Mou" ().  The third collection of short stories was «Tempelokalokairo» () (Indian summer). Her fourth collection of poems «Ellinosyron Magon» ().

Many of her published poems and short stories have been translated in Armenian, Turkish, Russian and English.

In September 1992, she represented Cyprus at the 18th World Biennial of Poetry in Liège, Belgium.

In 1999, she published her third collection of poems "Oi Megaloi Tritoi" (, The Big Thirds) for which she was awarded, for the second time, with the First State Prize for Poetry.

Honorary awards
Theocharous has been awarded the Gold Medal of Honour of Nagorno-Karabakh, the Gold Medal of the Democritus University of Thrace and the All Balkan Award of the Vardinoyiannis Foundation. She has received the First State Award for Poetry twice (1991 and 2000). The University of Minsk and the University of Syktyvkar have awarded her honorary doctorates. She has also received the "Margarette Golding" award of the Lions International and the "Paul Harris Fellow" title of the Rotary International, as well as various other awards.

References

People from Limassol
Members of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
1953 births
Living people
Women MEPs for Cyprus
Democratic Rally MEPs
MEPs for Cyprus 2009–2014
MEPs for Cyprus 2014–2019
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki alumni
Democritus University of Thrace alumni
Médecins Sans Frontières
Cypriot poets
Cypriot women poets
Cypriot pediatric surgeons
Women surgeons
Cypriot women writers
20th-century women writers
20th-century poets
21st-century women writers
21st-century poets


"420" (also known as "Episode 420") is the 12th episode in the seventh season of the American animated television series Family Guy. It premiered on Fox in the United States on April 19, 2009. The title of the episode is a reference to the term the term "420" used in cannabis culture; "420" premiered on bicycle day, April 19, the day before April 20 (4/20), on which a counterculture holiday is celebrated centering on the consumption of cannabis. "420" focuses on the character Brian after he is arrested for drug possession, which prompts him to launch a campaign to legalize cannabis with help from Stewie; the liveliness of their campaign convinces Mayor West to legalize the drug, and most of Quahog's population begins using it.

The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Julius Wu. While it received positive reception from critics for its story line and cultural references, it generated controversy from the Venezuelan government for its topic and received criticism from the Parents Television Council during a rerun. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 7.40 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Phil LaMarr and Kerrigan Mahan, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series.

Plot
Peter, Brian, Cleveland and Joe are annoyed when Quagmire adopts a stray cat named James and prefers to spend more time with him than with them. When Quagmire goes to Vermont to buy him a birthday present, they decide to shave James as prank, but it backfires when Peter accidentally kills him. He and Brian decide to hide his body, but are pulled over by the police who, after ignoring Peter's blood stains and beer, arrest Brian when they find him in possession of cannabis. He is bailed out by the family and put on probation for drug use. He attempts to use Stewie's urine when Joe arrives to perform a drug test, only to be caught by Lois, who chastises him for going to such lengths and tells him that he has to change if he intends on doing so. However, Brian decides to start a campaign to legalize cannabis in Quahog. He and Stewie perform an enthusiastic musical number, and soon after the entire town rallies behind them in their cause.

Mayor West passes a law to legalize the drug, and everyone (except for Lois, her father Carter, and the kids) starts smoking it; the town has improved as a result, with milestones such as an increase in productivity and a decrease in crime. However, Carter begins to lose money in the timber industry since hemp is being used to manufacture many products, particularly paper, and he bribes Peter to help him with an anti-marijuana campaign. Lois, however, points out that their methods are uninspired, explaining that Brian only succeeded because he was passionate about legalizing cannabis. Carter decides to bribe Brian to join his cause by publishing and shipping his novel, Faster Than the Speed of Love. Brian resists at first, but Stewie suggests he at least perform a number about the health risks of cannabis, since the book does not have enough merit to sell on its own. Brian reluctantly complies, and the drug becomes illegal once more.

Unfortunately for Brian, when his novel is released, it is universally panned by literary critics and does not sell a single copy. Brian laments that he sacrificed his core beliefs for nothing, but Lois intervenes because he helped ban cannabis (and she also points out how Stewie got to build a nice fort from all of Brian's unsold books). A distraught Quagmire arrives at the household and informs Peter that he is still looking for James and offers a reward of $50. Peter nonchalantly takes the reward, admits that he killed him and slams his door before Quagmire has a chance to react.

Production

The episode was written by series writer Patrick Meighan for his second writing credit of the season, the first being "Road to Germany", and directed by former King of the Hill and The Oblongs director Julius Wu before the conclusion of the series' seventh production season.

During the episode's production, the character of James the cat was originally colored white, but MacFarlane decided that it bear orange fur after he thought that white was a fairly dull color. The featured musical number "A Bag o' Weed" was based on "Me Ol' Bamboo" from Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

In addition to the regular cast, voice actor Phil LaMarr and voice actor Kerrigan Mahan guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan, Chris Cox, actor Ralph Garman, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances.

"420", along with the seven other episodes from Family Guys eighth season and seven from the seventh season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on June 15, 2010. The DVDs included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane and various other crew and cast members from several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes, a special mini-feature that discussed the process behind animating "Road to the Multiverse", and a mini-feature entitled Family Guy Karaoke. The set also includes a reprint of the script for the episode.

Cultural references
Peter, who tries to shave Quagmire's cat in the episode, ends up killing it and cutting it six times because of the legend of cats having nine lives. One cutaway sees Peter stating he gets excited when the title of a film is said within the film, with such examples including Clear and Present Danger, As Good as It Gets, and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace; this joke returns during Brian's arrest for marijuana possession; as one police officer is arresting Brian, he states that he doesn't tolerate drug users since he is a "family guy", to Peter's amusement.

In their campaign, Brian and Stewie perform their musical number, '"A Bag o' Weed", to the tune of "Me Ol' Bamboo" as featured in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. During the song, a picture of Woody Harrelson (who also wanted marijuana legalized) is shown. Towards the end of the musical number, Shaggy from the television show Scooby-Doo can be seen among the crowd, referencing a number of jokes about his stoned-like demeanor. After cannabis is legalized, its effects include phenomenal ratings for Doctor Who.

Peter then tries to set up a cutaway joke but can't due to being high, and ends up listing the names of celebrities whom he does not like in a text crawl. While helping out with Carter's smear campaign, Peter comes up with an advertisement that involves Adolf Hitler claiming that the Holocaust was started by smoking cannabis. The campaign is then dropped after Carter informs Peter that Fox News holds Hitler's image rights and they cannot smear it. He later tries to film a new advertisement which informs that unlike the events of the film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle, he made it there earlier since he was not stoned.

He then says Neil Patrick Harris was cast on How I Met Your Mother based on his work in that film, and brings up a point that confuses him: since Josh Radnor is already an adult, why is the narrator of the show voiced by Bob Saget? Carter later tells Brian that he will release his novel with an Oprah's Book Club induction. The crudely animated cutaway featuring a man smoking a joint and his dog trying to encourage him to give up the drug refers to similarly animated anti-marijuana advertisements sponsored by the Office of National Drug Control Policy and the Partnership for a Drug-Free America.

Reception
"420" was viewed by 7.40 million viewers on its original airdate, receiving a rating of 4.3/6 in Nielsen ratings. The character Brian was awarded the 2009 Stoner of the Year award by the magazine High Times due to this episode, marking the first time an animated character received the honor.

The episode received generally positive reviews from critics. Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode an 8.5/10, commenting that it "worked out quite well mainly due to the superb musical number". He called the storyline "pretty cohesive" with a "very few truly random jokes thrown in here", though he did criticize the killing of the cat as "over-the-top" and the large amount of blood which he called "disturbing". Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club stated that the episode "showed admirable restraint [...] with its pot-centric plot", and called the musical number "truly spectacular". She graded the episode B, behind the Simpsons episode “The Good, the Sad, and the Drugly” which received a rating of B+; and the American Dad! episode “Delorean Story-an” which received a rating of A. The TV Critic's Robin Pierson gave the episode a 54/100; in his review, he appreciated the plot structure, especially the randomness of Peter's list of hated cultural icons. He did, however, criticize the featured musical number; he referred to it as a "waste of time" and claimed that "jokes about Texans, Michael Jackson, and Helen Keller are so obvious."

The Parents Television Council, a frequent critic of Family Guy and series creator Seth MacFarlane, branded a June 6, 2009 re-airing their "Worst TV Show of the Week", due to its emphasis on the legality of cannabis.

Controversy
The Venezuelan government reacted negatively to the episode and banned Family Guy from airing on their local networks, which generally syndicate American programming. Local station Venevisión was threatened with financial sanctions for broadcasting the show, which was avoided by airing an episode of Baywatch instead and they aired public service films as an apology. Justice Minister Tareck El Aissami stated that any cable stations which refuse to stop airing the series would be fined and he also claimed that it promoted the use of cannabis. The government then displayed the clip of which featured Brian and Stewie performing the featured number and then stated that Family Guy is an example of how the United States supports cannabis use.

References

External links

2009 American television episodes
American television episodes about cannabis
Animation controversies in television
Television controversies in Venezuela
Censorship in Venezuela
Family Guy (season 7) episodes


The  International League season took place between April and September 2004.

The Buffalo Bisons defeated the Richmond Braves to win the league championship.

Attendance
Buffalo - 604,159
Charlotte - 265,271
Columbus - 493,656
Durham - 493,629
Indianapolis - 576,067
Louisville - 648,092
Norfolk - 485,260
Ottawa - 159,619
Pawtucket - 657,067
Richmond - 375,029
Rochester - 437,088
Scranton/W.B. - 402,676
Syracuse - 364,648
Toledo - 544,778

Playoffs
The following teams qualified for the postseason:  Buffalo Bisons, Columbus Clippers, Durham Bulls, and Richmond Braves.

Division Series
Buffalo defeated Durham 3 games to 2

Richmond defeated Columbus 3 game to 1

Championship series
Buffalo defeated the Richmond Braves 3 games to 1
Note: all games were played in Buffalo due to weather conditions (the remnants of Hurricane Ivan) in Richmond.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Bisuyu is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 253 (INE 2005).

Villages
 Bisuyu
 Cupuertu
 Eirrondu de Bisuyu
 Feidiel
 L'Outrieḷḷu
 Pousada de Bisuyu
 San Romanu de Bisuyu
 Sanabuega
 Zreicéu

External links
 Official website

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Arkansas Highway 187 (AR 187 and Hwy. 187) is a roughly three–quarter loop state highway in Carroll County, Arkansas. The route of  runs from Highway 23 to US Highway 62. The highway passes over the Beaver Bridge, a 1943 suspension bridge, and Beaver Dam, constructed in the 1960s to provide water and electricity for the Northwest Arkansas region.

Route description

The route begins at Highway 23 north of Eureka Springs and runs northwest over the Beaver Bridge to enter Beaver. The bridge is restricted to one–lane traffic with a  weight limit and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. After Beaver, Highway 187 curves east to meet US 62. The routes form a  concurrency through Busch, after which Highway 187 turns south. Highway 187 enters Beaver Dam Park and rides atop Beaver Dam for .

The route continues along Beaver Lake before turning east to terminate at US 62 near Eureka Springs.

History
An earlier highway, also called Arkansas Highway 187, existed in Tuckerman from AR 37 north and east back to US 67 (now AR 367) from 1945 until 1953.

The current route was designated in June 1965.

Major intersections
Mile markers reset at concurrencies.

|-
| align=center colspan=4|  concurrency east,
|-

References

187
Transportation in Carroll County, Arkansas


The 1994 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament began with 48 teams and ended on December 17, 1994, when Stanford defeated UCLA 3 games to 1 in the NCAA championship match.

Stanford won the program's second title with the win. Led by freshman Kristin Folkl, Stanford defeated the Bruins 15-10, 5-15, 16-14, 15-13. The meeting with UCLA was the fifth straight year Stanford and UCLA met in the NCAA tournament.

Play-in games

Records

Brackets

West regional

Northwest regional

Mideast regional

South regional

Final Four - Frank Erwin Center, Austin, Texas

See also
NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship

References

NCAA women's volleyball tournament
NCAA
NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament
Volleyball in Texas
December 1994 sports events in the United States
Sports competitions in Texas
Women's sports in Texas


The  International League season took place from April to September 2003.

The Durham Bulls defeated the Pawtucket Red Sox to win the league championship.

Attendance
Buffalo - 551,916
Charlotte - 268,374
Columbus - 480,445
Durham - 501,855
Indianapolis - 550,319
Louisville - 661,986
Norfolk - 480,963
Ottawa - 182,852
Pawtucket - 569,106
Richmond - 446,882
Rochester - 418,014
Scranton/W.B. - 427,445
Syracuse - 356,303
Toledo - 517,331

Playoffs

Division Series
North Division (Pawtucket)
IL Wild Card (Ottawa Lynx)

Winner: Pawtucket

South Division (Durham)
West Division  (Louisville)

Winner: Durham

Championship series
Pawtucket Red Sox

Durham Bulls

Winner: Durham Bulls; first team to win back to back IL titles since Columbus Clippers won back in 1991.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


The Great Santa Barbara Oil Slick is a live album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released posthumously in 2004.

History
The Great Santa Barbara Oil Slick consists of previously unreleased live recordings from two shows in 1968 and 1969. The majority comes from a February 1968 performance at The Matrix in San Francisco, CA. The other location is unknown.

The title track, not included on any of Fahey's '60s records, contains portions of "Requiem for Russell Blaine Cooper" and "Voice of the Turtle" that appeared on Requia and America respectively.

Reception

On its release in 2004, The Great Santa Barbara Oil Slick received positive reviews. Critic David Fricke, writing for Rolling Stone referred to Fahey's "sublime distention of traditional forms". Richie Unterberger called it "...a testament to Fahey's mastery of the tunes" and "a solid addition to the John Fahey canon". Referring to the time period of the live performance, Bill Meyer of Dusted Magazine writes "...no matter how much I admire Fahey’s determination to keep his creativity alive and appreciate some of what came out of that effort, I can’t get enough of this old stuff." and "... this is lovely music. “Requiem For Mississippi John Hurt” overflows with triumph and joy, the opening of “When The Catfish Is In Bloom” is so rich and regal you want to put your hand over your heart." Mark Richardson refers to "Catfish" as "[it] sounds about 200 years old and parts of it probably are, as references to marching spirituals slowly pile up into a ringing cluster of notes." Mojo's Andrew Male referred to it as "A strange guitarist at the top of his game."

Track listing
All songs by John Fahey unless otherwise noted.
 "Introduction" – 0:12
 "When the Springtime Comes Again" – 9:48
 "Joe Kirby Blues" – 3:45
 "Requiem for Mississippi John Hurt" – 4:19
 "When the Catfish Is in Bloom" – 7:56
 "Fahey Blows His Nose" – 0:46
 "Lion (Intro)/Challenges to Quitting Cigarettes" – 1:02
 "Lion" – 5:15
 "Dance of the Inhabitants of the Palace of King Philip XIV of Spain" – 5:32
 "View East from the B&O Railroad Viaduct and the Riggs Road/B&O Trestle" – 5:38
 "On the Sunny Side of the Ocean" – 3:31
 "The Great Santa Barbara Oil Slick" – 6:37
 "In Christ There Is No East or West" (Harry Burleigh, John Oxenham) –2:48
 "Announcement" – 0:40
 "The Death of the Clayton Peacock" – 4:35
 "The Revolt of the Dyke Brigade" – 4:01
 "Magruder Park" – 9:52

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar
Production notes
Glenn Jones – producer, liner notes
Dean Blackwood – associate producer
Filippo Salvadori – executive producer
Marcello Azevedo – mastering
Nathan Russell – design
Jim Anderson – photography
Melissa Stephenson – photography
Janet Hayes – photography

References

John Fahey (musician) live albums
2004 live albums


"Kinda Like a Big Deal" is the street single from rap duo Clipse's third studio album Til the Casket Drops. It features Kanye West.

Song information
The track was released online on Clipse's PlayCloths clothing line's blog on April 20, 2009. KAWS designed the single cover for the song.

An official remix featuring Bun B was leaked April 30, 2009.

A freestyle was made by Kid Cudi on the instrumental called "Excuse My Mood" that was released on June 16, 2009.

Kanye's verse was supposed to be on T.I.'s song "On Top of the World" off the album Paper Trail, but his verse was replaced with Ludacris's verse.

London rapper Kano featured a rap over the beat on his Jack Bauer Mixtape

Music video
A music video was released on June 23, 2009.

Charts

External links
Music video for "Kinda Like a Big Deal"

References

2009 singles
Clipse songs
Kanye West songs
Columbia Records singles
Songs written by Kanye West
Song recordings produced by DJ Khalil
Songs written by Pusha T
2009 songs
Songs written by DJ Khalil


The  International League season took place from April to September 2002.

The Durham Bulls defeated the Buffalo Bisons to win the league championship, also known as the Governor's Cup Finals.

Attendance
Buffalo - 642,272
Charlotte - 303,321
Columbus - 490,390
Durham - 519,122
Indianapolis - 571,984
Louisville - 659,340
Norfolk - 500,192
Ottawa - 191,305
Pawtucket - 615,540
Richmond - 452,961
Rochester - 421,494
Scranton/W.B. - 466,342
Syracuse - 413,566
Toledo - 567,804

Standings

Semifinals

Governor's Cup Finals

Bracket

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


In United States patent law, a method, also called "process", is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented through "utility patents".  The other three are a machine, an article of manufacture (also termed a manufacture), and a composition of matter.

In that context, a method is a series of steps for performing a function or accomplishing a result. While the terms method and process are largely interchangeable, method usually refers to a way to use a product to accomplish a given result, and process usually refers to a series of steps in manufacture. Thus, one might speak about a method for curing headaches that comprises the administration of a therapeutically effective dose of aspirin or speak about a process for making soap or candles.

Not all methods, in the dictionary sense, are methods for purposes of United States patent law. The case law "forecloses a purely literal reading of § 101." The concept is elaborated in the article machine-or-transformation test.

A method patent claim can only be infringed when a single person or entity (including contractually obligated agents, if any) practices all of the claimed steps. Neither a physical device, such as a product that can be used to practice the method, nor instructions for practicing the method, are infringing until they are used by a single person to perform all the steps together.  A potential exception to this rule for indirect infringement was implicit in the circuit court of appeal's ruling in Akamai Tech. v. Limelight Networks (Fed. Cir. 2012). The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the circuit court's ruling on Monday, June 2, 2014 (docket number 12-786), holding that the circuit court had misread patent law to reach its decision. The court noted that the statute explicitly defines a method patent to cover only the entirety of the method, and doesn't confer any rights in the individual steps that make up the method.

The European Patent Convention does not mention method patents (called process patents) so prominently, and the same applies to the TRIPS Agreement. The prime characteristic of process patents in these treaties is that "the protection conferred by the patent shall extend to the products directly obtained by such process". Art. 28(1)(b) TRIPS provides a similar rule. This shows the historical background of process patents in chemistry, where there was a need to protect new processes to manufacture known substances.

See also
Product-by-process

References

United States patent law
Methodology


The Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the Philippines is the organizational body that governs Freemasonry in the Philippines.  It currently has its offices at the Plaridel Masonic Temple, a historic building in Ermita, Manila.

History
In 1912, three American Lodges owing allegiance to the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of California were already established in the Philippines. Those were Manila Lodge No. 342, Cavite Lodge No. 350 and Corregidor Lodge No. 386. The three lodges held a meeting on November 17, 1912 to fix a date for the First Convention of the delegates selected and to be selected for the purpose of considering the organization of a Grand Lodge.

The Grand Lodge was officially formed on December 19, 1912. At first, this Grand Lodge remained a Regional Grand Lodge, convoking its own Grand Assembly in 1915. Throughout 1915 and 1916 it was engaged with correspondence with the Grande Oriente Español in Spain, who also chartered lodges in the Philippines. The long process of establishing the proper agreements finished in February 1917. The American Grand Lodge Constitution was used as a basis, keeping in mind issues such as equality of all races and working languages for ceremonies. In the same month a group of 27 lodges still under the Grande Oriente Español elected to affiliate under the Philippine Grand Lodge and Grand Officers were elected.

Modern era
As of 2017, the Grand Lodge of the Philippines has approximately 19,000 members, spread over 375 lodges.

Notable members
 Fernando Canlas Nicolas

References

Philippines


Polygamy in Morocco is legal, but very uncommon due to restrictions that were introduced by the government in 2004 that mandated financial qualifications a husband must meet in order to marry a second wife. A husband must have written permission from his current wife before marrying a second wife. Breaking these rules and marrying without permission from one's current wife can result in fines.

References

External links
Moroccan New Family Law Fails to Stop Polygamy, Al-Arab 2008-03-03

Polygamy in Africa
Morocco
Society of Morocco


The 2001 International League season took place from April to September 2001.

The Louisville Bats defeated the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons to win the league championship, also known as the Governor's Cup Finals.

Attendance
Buffalo Bisons - 666,202
Charlotte Knights - 370,406
Columbus Clippers - 503,824
Durham Bulls - 505,314
Indianapolis Indians - 604,407
Louisville Bats - 663,961
Norfolk Tides - 505,074
Ottawa Lynx - 205,916
Pawtucket Red Sox - 647,928
Richmond Braves - 447,020
Rochester Red Wings - 455,123
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 458,491
Syracuse SkyChiefs - 423,405
Toledo Mud Hens - 300,079

Standings

Semifinals

Governor's Cup Finals

Bracket

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Topology control is a technique used in distributed computing to alter the underlying network (modeled as a graph) to reduce the cost of distributed algorithms if run over the resulting graphs. It is a basic technique in distributed algorithms. For instance, a (minimum) spanning tree is used as a backbone to reduce the cost of broadcast from O(m) to O(n), where m and n are the number of edges and vertices in the graph, respectively.

The term "topology control" is used mostly by the wireless ad hoc and sensor networks research community. The main aim of topology control in this domain is to save energy, reduce interference between nodes and extend lifetime of the network. However, recently the term has also been gaining traction with regards to control of the network structure of electric power systems.

Topology construction and maintenance
Lately, topology control algorithms have been divided into two subproblems: topology construction, in charge of the initial reduction, and topology maintenance, in charge of the maintenance of the reduced topology so that characteristics like connectivity and coverage are preserved.

This is the first stage of a topology control protocol. Once the initial topology is deployed, specially when the location of the nodes is random, the administrator has no control over the design of the network; for example, some areas may be very dense, showing a high number of redundant nodes, which will increase the number of message collisions and will provide several copies of the same information from similarly located nodes. However, the administrator has control over some parameters of the network: transmission power of the nodes, state of the nodes (active or sleeping), role of the nodes (Clusterhead, gateway, regular), etc. By modifying these parameters, the topology of the network can change.

Upon the same time a topology is reduced and the network starts serving its purpose, the selected nodes start spending energy: Reduced topology starts losing its "optimality as soon as full network activity evolves.
After some time being active, some nodes will start to run out of energy. Especially in wireless sensor networks with multihopping, intensive packet forwarding causes nodes that are closer to the sink to spend higher amounts of energy than nodes that are farther away.
Topology control has to be executed periodically in order to preserve the desired properties such as connectivity, coverage, density.

Topology construction algorithms

There are many ways to perform topology construction:
 Optimizing the node locations during the deployment phase
 Change the transmission range of the nodes
 Turn off nodes from the network
 Create a communication backbone
 Clustering
 Adding new nodes to the network to preserve connectivity (Federated Wireless sensor networks)

Some examples of topology construction algorithms are:

Tx range-based
 Geometry-based: Gabriel graph (GG), Relative neighborhood graph (RNG), Voronoi diagram
 Spanning Tree Based: LMST, iMST
 Direction Based: Yao graph and Nearest neighbor graph, Cone Based Topology Control (CBTC), Distributed RNG
 Neighbor based: KNeigh, XTC
 Routing based: COMPOW

Hierarchical
 CDS-based: A3, EECDS, CDS-Rule K
 Cluster-based: Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), HEED

Graphical examples

Topology maintenance algorithms

In the same manner as topology construction, there are many ways to perform topology maintenance:
 Global Vs. Local
 Dynamic Vs. Static Vs. Hybrid
 Triggered by time, energy, density, random, etc.

Some examples of topology maintenance algorithms are:

Global
 DGTRec (Dynamic Global Topology Recreation):
Periodically, wake up all inactive nodes, reset the existing reduced topology in the network and apply a topology construction protocol.
 SGTRot (Static Global Topology Rotation):
Initially, the topology construction protocol must create more than one reduced topology (hopefully as disjoint as possible). Then, periodically, wake up all inactive nodes, and change the current active reduced topology to the next, like in a Christmas tree.
 HGTRotRec (Hybrid Global Topology Rotation and Recreation)
Work as the SGTRot, but when the current active reduced topology detects a certain level of disconnection, reset the reduced topology and invoke the topology construction protocol to recreate that particular reduced topology.

Local
 DL-DSR (Dynamic Local DSR-based TM)
This protocol, based on the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) routing algorithm, recreates the paths of disconnected nodes when a node fails.

In all of the above protocols can be found in. In Atarraya, two version of each of these protocols are implemented with different triggers: one by time, and the other one by energy. In addition, Atarraya allows the pairing of all the topology construction and topology maintenance protocols in order to test the optimal maintenance policy for a particular construction protocol; it is important to mention that many papers on topology construction have not performed any study on this regard.

Further reading
Many books and papers have been written in the topic:
 Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks. ACM MobiCom 2003.
 Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks: with a companion simulation tool for teaching and research. Miguel Labrador and Pedro Wightman. Springer. 2009.
 Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. Paolo Santi. Wiley. 2005.
 Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks. Holger Karl and Andreas Willig. Wiley-Interscience. 2007.
 Capacity-Optimized Topology Control for MANETs with Cooperative Communications. 2011.
 Robust Topology control for indoor wireless sensor networks. 2008 .

Simulation of topology control
There are many networking simulation tools, however there is one specifically designed for testing, design and teaching topology control algorithms: Atarraya.

Atarraya is an event-driven simulator developed in Java that present a new framework for designing and testing topology control algorithms. It is an open source application, distributed under the GNU V.3 license. It was developed by Pedro Wightman, a Ph.D. candidate at University of South Florida, with the collaboration of Dr. Miguel Labrador. A paper with the detailed description of the simulator was presented in SIMUTools 2009. The paper can be found in this link.

References

Network topology
Wireless sensor network


Sharps (formerly, Griffin, Milden, Milden Village, Milden Wharf, Milton, Milton Wharf, Sharp's Wharf, and Sharps Wharf) is an unincorporated community in Richmond County, Virginia. It lies at an elevation of 30 feet (9 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Richmond County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


The 2000 International League season took place from April to September 2000.

The Indianapolis Indians defeated the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons to win the league championship.

Attendance
Buffalo Bisons - 678,356
Charlotte Knights - 338,928
Columbus Clippers - 458,806
Durham Bulls - 483,843
Indianapolis Indians - 672,209
Louisville Bats - 685,863
Norfolk Tides - 479,741
Ottawa Lynx - 135,683
Pawtucket Red Sox - 585,107
Richmond Braves - 451,479
Rochester Red Wings - 459,494
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 470,974
Syracuse Chiefs - 402,450
Toledo Mud Hens - 298,564

Standings

Playoffs

Division series

North Division Champion Buffalo (86-59) faced Wild Card winner, Scranton (85-60). Winner: Scranton

South Division Champion Durham (81-62) faced West Division Champion Indianapolis (81-63). Winner: Indianapolis

Championship series
The Indianapolis Indians defeated the Scranton Wilkes-Barre Red Barons.

Indianapolis faced the Memphis Redbirds from the Pacific Coast League in the Triple-A World Series.

Indianapolis won the series 3 games to one. This would be the last World Series held until 2006 when the two leagues agreed on a one game playoff to determine the Triple A Champion.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


The 1999 International League season took place from April to September 1999.

The Charlotte Knights defeated the Durham Bulls to win the league championship.

Attendance
Buffalo Bisons - 684,051
Charlotte Knights - 353,303
Columbus Clippers - 463,874
Durham Bulls - 474,494
Indianapolis Indians - 658,250
Louisville Bats - 361,419
Norfolk Tides - 486,727
Ottawa Lynx - 195,979
Pawtucket Red Sox - 596,624
Richmond Braves - 523,670
Rochester Red Wings - 481,039
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 458,122
Syracuse Chiefs - 446,025
Toledo Mud Hens - 295,173

Standings

Playoffs

Division series
The North Division Scranton Red Barons (78-66) faced the IL Wild Card the Charlotte Knights (82-62). Charlotte defeated Scranton.

The South Division Champion Durham Bulls (83-60) faced the West Division Champion Columbus Clippers (83-58). Durham defeated Columbus.

Championship series
Charlotte defeated Durham 3 games to 1.

Charlotte faced the PCL Champions the (Vancouver Canadians) from the Pacific Coast League in the Triple-A World Series. Vancouver won the Series 3 games to 2.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


The 1998 International League season took place from April to September 1998.

The Buffalo Bisons defeated the Durham Bulls to win the league championship.

Triple-A realignment and expansion
Four new teams joined the International League in 1998. Three of these teams, the Buffalo Bisons, Indianapolis Indians, and the Louisville Redbirds joined as a result of the dissolution of the American Association. All three cities had previously competed in the IL at some point in time. One team, the Durham Bulls became a Triple-A expansion team. The Bulls were previously a Class A baseball team. As a result of these moves, the IL expanded from 10 teams to 14 teams. A new division, the IL South, was also formed. The playoffs would be determined by the three division winners and one wild card winner. This would be the playoff format for the league until after the 2019 season.

Attendance
Buffalo Bisons - 768,749
Charlotte Knights - 299,664
Columbus Clippers - 488,674
Durham Bulls - 491,391
Indianapolis Indians - 659,237
Louisville Bats - 412,398
Norfolk Tides - 479,222
Ottawa Lynx - 224,371
Pawtucket Red Sox - 475,659
Richmond Braves - 528,230
Rochester Red Wings - 515,436
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 406,735
Syracuse Chiefs - 420,488
Toledo Mud Hens - 311,652

Standings

Playoffs

Division Series
North Division Champion (Buffalo 81-62) defeated Wild Card Champion (Syracuse 80-62) 3 games to 2

South Division Champion (Durham 80-64) defeated West Division Champion (Louisville 77-67) 3 games to 1

Championship series
Buffalo defeated Durham 3 games to 2

Buffalo advanced on to the first Triple-A World Series in Las Vegas, Nevada. The World Series pitted the International League Champions (Buffalo) against the Pacific Coast League Champions (New Orleans). The New Orleans Zephyrs won the Series three games to one.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Carballo is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Carbachu
 Curveiru
 Las Tiendas
 Tremáu Carbachu

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


The 1997 International League season took place from April to September 1997.

The Rochester Red Wings defeated the Columbus Clippers to win the league championship.

Attendance
Charlotte Knights - 322,618
Columbus Clippers - 515,779
Norfolk Tides - 507,328
Ottawa Lynx - 266,568
Pawtucket Red Sox - 480,874
Richmond Braves - 512,727
Rochester Red Wings - 540,842
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 441,413
Syracuse Chiefs - 400,804
Toledo Mud Hens - 325,532

Standings

Playoffs

Division Series
The Rochester Red Wings won the East Division Finals over the Pawtucket Red Sox, 3 games to 1.

The Columbus Clippers won the West Division Finals over the Charlotte Knights, 3 games to 1.

Championship series
The Rochester Red Wings won the Governors' Cup Finals over the Columbus Clippers, 3 games to 2.

References

External links
International League official website

International League season
International League seasons


Albert A. Bouwers (1893–1972) was a Dutch optical engineer. He is known for developing and working with X-rays and various optical technologies as a high-level researcher at Philips research labs. He is lesser known for patenting in 1941 a catadioptric meniscus telescope design similar to but slightly predating the Maksutov telescope.

Biography
Bouwers was born in the town of Dalen in the Netherlands in 1893. He obtained his Ph.D. from Utrecht University in 1924, with a dissertation entitled in Dutch Over het meten der intensiteit van Röntgenstralen. He was also the director of the Philips Laboratory's X-ray department.

Bouwers developed a night vision device for viewing in low light conditions, called the "night eye". The design used a photosensitive layer of cesium and antimony in a cathode-ray tube, to brighten images by over 1,000 times. Unlike active infrared systems, it did not require an infrared flashlight. The design was initially produced by Olde Delft Optical Company in the Netherlands.

Bouwers meniscus telescope

In August 1940 Albert Bouwers built a prototype for a design for a wide field concentric meniscus telescope (patented February 1941) similar to, and slightly predating, Russian optician Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov's 1941 Maksutov telescope. War time secrecy kept Bouwers and Maksutov from knowing about each other's designs and Bouwers' design was not published until after World War II. Bouwers original design (based on an earlier catadioptric telescope, Bernhard Schmidt's "Schmidt camera") had the spherical mirror and spherical "meniscus corrector shell" all with a common radius of curvature (a concentric or monocentric design) resulting in a perfectly spherical symmetry of the whole optical device. Like the Schmidt camera, the meniscus telescope has the aperture stop coincide with the center of curvature. It also shares the Schmidt's curved image plane. The design has an ultrawide field of view with no spherical aberration but does not correct chromatic aberration and was only suitable as a monochromatic astronomical astrographic camera working at a single wavelength of light. Bouwers came up with a later design that used a cemented doublet to form the meniscus corrector shell to correct chromatic aberration.

References

Further reading
Google Books: "Albert Bouwers"
ING - Den Haag. Bronvermelding: H.A.M. Snelders, 'Bouwers, Albert (1893-1972)', in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland Google Dutch to English translation

1893 births
1972 deaths
People from Coevorden
Utrecht University alumni
Place of death missing
Optical engineers


The 1996 International League season took place from April to September 1996.

The Columbus Clippers defeated the Rochester Red Wings to win the league championship.

Attendance
Charlotte Knights - 326,761
Columbus Clippers - 532,468
Norfolk Tides - 510,130
Ottawa Lynx - 347,050
Pawtucket Red Sox - 468,930
Richmond Braves - 500,035
Rochester Red Wings - 391,819
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 458,033
Syracuse Chiefs - 300,410
Toledo Mud Hens - 316,126

Standings

Stats

Batting leaders

Pitching leaders

Regular season

Playoffs

Division Series
The Rochester Red Wings won the East Division Finals over the Pawtucket Red Sox, 3 games to 1.

The Columbus Clippers won the West Division Finals over the Norfolk Tides, 3 games to none.

Championship series
The Columbus Clippers won the Governors' Cup Finals over the Rochester Red Wings, 3 games to none.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Laurence Shorter (born 1970) is an author and comedian who lives in London.

He is the author of The Optimist: One Man’s Search For The Brighter Side Of Life, which was published in January 2009 by Canongate Books, and author and photographer of A Hedonist's Guide to Tallinn, published by Hg2.

Born in New York, he studied History at Cambridge University. Following an early career in business which included management consultancy, new media business development and venture capital, Shorter gained an MBA at the business school INSEAD. He went on to co-found a Business-to-business web startup in Paris. He has been writing and performing since 2001, when he was selected for the Old Vic Theatre’s noted "New Voices" programme. He and his work have appeared on the BBC, in The Observer and The Independent, and at the Edinburgh Festival and assorted London theatres.

References
 Details of The Optimist on the publisher's website (Canongate Books)
 Details of A Hedonist's Guide to Tallinn on the publisher's website (Hg2)

External links
 Feature on The Optimist in The Independent (UK)
 Review of The Optimist in The Scotsman (UK)

1970 births
Living people
INSEAD alumni