The Brazilian National Association of Cargo Transport and Logistics (pt-BR, "Associação Nacional do Transporte de Cargas e Logística"; NTC&Logistica, or simply NTC) is a Brazilian organisation founded in 1963 by Orlando Monteiro and based in São Paulo, with a branch in Brasilia. This association represents cargo carriers and logistical operators. From its foundation until the mid-1990s, it represented only road cargo transport companies, but later it expanded its services to other transport modals, as well as to logistical operators (stocking and storage). It is also responsible for calculating the Brazilian National Index of Transport Costs (INCT), which measures variations in costs incurred of the transport sector throughout the country. It gives a prize annually to companies for providing the best services to transport businesses (vehicles, suppliers, and others), through a satisfaction survey developed by Brazilian statistical institute Datafolha.

After the Treaty of Asunción, NTC also began working in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.

References

Logistics in Brazil
Business organisations based in Brazil


The Vickers 14 inch 45 calibre gun was designed and built by Vickers and initially installed on the battlecruiser  which it was building for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Guns similar to this Vickers design were also later built in Japan to arm Kongōs sister ships and subsequent Japanese-constructed "super-dreadnoughts" which were all built in Japan.  Japanese-built versions of the guns were designated 14 inch 41st Year Type, and from 1917 when the Navy went metric they were redesignated 36 cm 41st Year Type.

History
The original design for the Kongō class featured 12-inch (304.8 mm) 50-caliber guns. Cdr Katô Hirohasu of the Imperial Japanese Navy pushed for the adoption of the new 14-inch gun that was currently under development. After trials of the new gun, which were witnessed by both the Japanese Navy and Royal Navy, the Japanese made the decision on 29 Nov 1911 to use the new gun in Kongō despite her keel having already been laid down on 17 January 1911, and the resulting need to quickly make a large number of alternations to the design, so as to not prolong the construction.

This gun armed the following Japanese warships:
 s, launched 1912 - 1913:
 Kongō
 Hiei
 Kirishima
 Haruna
 s, launched 1915:
 Fusō
 Yamashiro
 s, launched 1916 - 1917:
 Ise
 Hyūga

See also
 List of naval guns

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
 14-inch/45-caliber gun US equivalent
 340mm/45 Modèle 1912 gun French equivalent
 EOC 14-inch 45-calibre naval gun Elswick Ordnance (Britain) equivalent
 BL 14-inch Mk VII naval gun more modern British equivalent

References

Bibliography

 Tony DiGiulian, Japan 14"/45 (35.6 cm) Vickers Mark "A" - 14"/45 (35.6 cm) 43rd Year Type - 14"/45 (35.6 cm) 41st Year Type - 36 cm/45 (14") 41st Year Type

External links

 Japan 36 cm/45 (14") 41st Year Type - NavWeaps

Naval guns of Japan
356 mm artillery
Vickers


The leaf blotch miner moth (Acrocercops brongniardella) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Europe, including Turkey.

The wingspan is 8–10 mm The moth has dark brown forewings with a pure white pattern. The adults sit with their front legs stretched out to hold the head and thorax slanted up. The moths can be found in any month, probably in one extended brood.

Larva
The larvae feed on Quercus species including holm oak (Quercus ilex), feeding gregariously in the upper epidermis making conspicuous white blotches.

References

External links
 Lepiforum.de
 UK Moths

Acrocercops
Leaf miners
Moths described in 1798
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius


Cytgan (Welsh for chorus) is a chamber choir whose members come from all over Wales and sing without a conductor. The Choir was established in 1999 while many of its members were in the National Youth Choir of Wales. The choir’s intention at the time was to ensure opportunities for its members to sing together all year round while continuing to develop their choral abilities and friendship. Since its inception Cytgan has gone from strength to strength, staging concerts around Wales and England, and has enjoyed considerable success in competitions. It is a regular competitor at Gŵyl Fawr Aberteifi, the annual Gŵyl Cerdd Dant and the National Eisteddfod of Wales. Cytgan won the youth choir competition at the National Eisteddfod at Meifod in 2003. The choir also brought the 2005 Llandeilo Music Festival to a close, and reached the final round of the S4C Cor Cymru 2005 mixed choir competition. The choir's CD, ‘Cytgan’, which was released by Fflach Records, has also been successful. The choir was also involved in the recording of Karl Jenkins latest CD, ‘Requiem’. Members of Cytgan have often been invited to participate in radio and television programmes.

The choir has been a part of the great resurgence in Wales for Choral singing over the last ten year. Following on from where Ysgol Gerdd Ceredigion and Ysgol Glanaethwy started, the choir is proud of its place in the new wave of Welsh choirs. In addition Cordydd, CF1, Côr Cyntaf i’r Felin, Bechgyn Bro Taf, Ar ol Tri, Bois y Castell, Cor Caerdydd, the Ardwyn and many others all contribute massively to both the social and musical life in Wales.

Choir Members
The members of the choir are:

Soprano: Elin Llwyd, Ceri Mears, Melissa Henry, Lowri Morris, Catrin Evans,
Alto: Elin Griffiths, Bethan Lloyd, Catrin Mears, Laura Davies, Laura Price, Ruth Leggett
Tenor: Gareth Evans, Rhys Davies, Iwan Griffiths
Bass: Elis Griffiths, Rhys Griffiths, David Leggett, Peter Leggett
Accompanist: Ruth Leggett

References

 "March 22 is the first chance music lovers in Cardiff will get to hear the chamber choir Cytgan. This unique choir, which performs without a conductor, ..."
 "Such choral excellence will be rivalled by the remarkable young Welsh choir Cytgan, who will bring the festival to a close after making such a memorable ..."
 "Choir under 25: 1, Ysgol Gerdd Ceredigion; 2, Cytgan, Cardiff; 3, Cor Glanaethwy, Bangor. Wilbert Lloyd Roberts, Memorial Scholarship: Elin Llwyd, Cardiff. ..."

Welsh choirs
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in Wales


Panchavadi Palam () is a 1984 Indian Malayalam-language political satire film written and directed by K. G. George, based on the story Palam Apakadathil (1981) written by Veloor Krishnankutty. It stars Bharat Gopy, Nedumudi Venu, Sreenivasan, Jagathy Sreekumar, Sukumari and Thilakan in the main roles. The film tries to caricaturise the political scenario in the state of Kerala and portrays the pitiful corruption by politicians. It is the first Malayalam movie in this genre.

Plot
A henpecked politician wants his name attached to a new bridge, even if that means destroying another, perfectly serviceable bridge. The politician Dussasana Kuruppu (Bharath Gopi) is the president of the village. He, along with his other members, tries to demolish the bridge on the advice of his fellow party member, his right hand and crooked mind Sikhandi Pillai (Nedumudi Venu). The opposition leader Ishak Tharakan (Thilakan) makes moves to thwart this and to capture the position of the village presidency. As a compromise step, both groups agree to relocate the bridge to a distant location, so that not only a new bridge, a new road also will be needed to reach the bridge.

The two tenders, one for bridge and one for road is given to two local contractors, one belongs to the ruling party and the other one supported by the opposition. Ultimately, the bridge is built and opened to the public on the same day of the marriage of Dussasana Kurup's daughter and the bridge contractor. The marriage function is attended by many, including the minister of state for public works department and the entire people, who came for marriage walks across the bridge, causing it to collapse, killing the crippled Kathavarayan (Sreenivasan). The film ends by showing the broken bridge in the background.

Cast
Bharath Gopi as Dussasana Kuruppu
Nedumudi Venu as Sikhandi Pillai
Sreevidya as Mandodhari
Thilakan as Ishak Tharakan
Sukumari as Rahel
Jagathy Sreekumar as Abel
Venu Nagavalli as Jeemudhavahanan
Sreenivasan as Kathavarayan
Kalpana as Anarkali
K. P. Ummer as Jahangir Thatha
N. L. Balakrishnan as Bus Passenger
Alummodan as Yudaskunju
Innocent as Barabas
Mohan Jose as Opposition Party Member
V. D. Rajappan as Avarachan Swami
Shubha as Poothana

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. B. Sreenivasan with lyrics by Chowalloor Krishnankutty.

Reception and in popular culture
The movie is considered as one of the best ever political satires in the history of Malayalam film industry. It was also one of the first of its kind of movie in Mollywood. The Palarivattom Flyover Scam has close comparisons with Panchavadi Palam in Kerala's public sphere. The Kerala High Court later compared this incident with Panchavadi Palam.

References

External links

1984 films
1984 comedy films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Films directed by K. G. George
Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan


Brockford and Wetheringsett railway station was a station on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway.

History
Brockford and Wetheringsett railway station served the villages of Wetheringsett and Brockford Green in Suffolk. It was on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway. The station was opened in 1908 and closed in 1952. The station was located six miles from Haughley and was made up of two small corrugated iron clad huts, one acting as booking office, staff room and store room and the other as passenger waiting room.

After the railway closed the station site was turned into an industrial site. When the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway Society began building up their collection, the site of the station's cattle dock was found and the original brickwork makes up part of a new platform at the station.

References

Comfort, N. A. (1986) The Mid-Suffolk Light Railway, The Oakwood Press.
Paye, P. (1986) The Mid-Suffolk Light Railway, Wild Swan Publications Ltd.

Disused railway stations in Suffolk
Former Mid-Suffolk Light Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1908
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1952
1908 establishments in England


Auchen Castle is a ruined 13th-century quadrangular castle situated near Moffat, Dumfries and Galloway. It was designated as a scheduled ancient monument in 1937.

History
The castle was probably built by the Kirkpatrick family in the early to mid-13th century, possibly to replace the nearby motte-and-bailey castle at Garpol Water and command the valley of the River Annan to the east and the ravine formed by Garpol Burn to the south. The first documentary evidence of the estate is from a charter from December 1306 in which Sir Roger de Kirkpatrick loans money to Sir Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford. After Kirkpatrick's death during the siege of Lochmaben Castle in 1313, the lands appear to have been transferred to Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray, although it is unclear what happened to them after his death in 1332. By the 15th century, the castle was owned by the Douglasses of Morton, before later passing to the Johnstones of Corehead, possibly during King James II's campaign against the Douglasses.

In its earliest form, the castle comprised a four-sided enclosure with the entrance on the north wall. It had a round bastion at the north west angle and a garderobe in the east curtain wall. The walls were protected by a broad ditch, except in the north where a causeway passed over a linked pair of fish ponds. The entrance was later reinforced by a dog-leg forework in the form of a pend. In the late 15th or early- to mid-16th century, the castle was adapted for use as an artillery fortification with the walls lowered and reinforced with masonry and earth.

An inventory made of goods belonging to the deceased James Douglas of "Auchencassill" in October 1483 includes a folding table, a horse, a chalice and altar ornaments, a sword, a featherbed, bed curtains and canopy, and the hangings or apparelling of the hall, a cushion, a silver salt and spoon, kitchen ware, an eel crook, and other items. This selection was claimed by William Douglas of Drumlanrig as his heir.

References

Castles in Dumfries and Galloway
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Dumfries and Galloway


This article lists the presidents of the Assembly of Serbia and Montenegro.

List

See also
Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro
President of the National Assembly of Serbia
President of the Parliament of Montenegro

Sources
Yugoslav ministries, etc – Rulers.org

Assembly, Presidents
Serbia and Montenegro, Assembly


The Empire Life Insurance Company, operating as Empire Life (), is a Canadian life insurance and financial services company headquartered in Kingston, Ontario. It was incorporated in 1923 and is a subsidiary of E-L Financial Corporation Limited of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The company provides individual life, health and investment products as well as group life and health products through independent distribution partners including financial advisors, management general agents, national account firms and employee benefit producers. Empire Life is the parent company of Empire Life Investments Inc., a Canadian investment management company launched in 2011.

Empire Life has grown to become one of the top 10 life insurance companies in Canada and one of Canada's best employers.

History and ownership
Empire Life was founded in 1923 by Milton Palmer Langstaff.

In 1929, Empire Life merged with The Commonwealth Life and Accident Insurance Company. This merger was followed by the acquisition of The Canadian Order of Odd Fellows insurance portfolio in 1934, and a subsequent merger with the Mutual Relief Life Insurance Company in 1936. Following the acquisition of the Mutual Relief Life Insurance Company, the company's head office moved from Toronto, Ontario to Kingston, Ontario.

In 1968, E-L Financial Corporation Limited  acquired 94% of the outstanding shares of Empire Life. In 1987, E-L Financial acquired The Montreal Life Insurance Company, as well as the life insurance operations of The Dominion of Canada General Insurance Company, and adopted the marketing name of Empire Financial Group.

As part of this acquisition, Empire Life became a subsidiary of the holding company, E-L Financial Services Limited which now owns 98.3% of the company. The remaining 1.7% of Empire Life common shares are widely held by various individual shareholders. E-L Financial Services Limited is 100% owned by E-L Financial Corporation Limited.

In 1992, Empire Life acquired a block of group insurance business from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and in 1993 acquired the non-participating individual insurance policies of The Citadel Life Assurance Company. In 1995, Empire Life agreed to administer and assume a block of deferred annuity and Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF) policies of Confederation Life Insurance Company. In 1997, Empire Life assumed a block of deferred annuity policies from Allstate Life Insurance Company of Canada. In 2000, Empire Life assumed a block of annuity and RRIF policies from Coopérants, Mutual Life Insurance Society.

On December 31, 1997, Empire Life acquired all the shares of Colonia Life Insurance Company and subsequently changed the name of the company to Concordia Life Insurance Company a year later. On January 1, 2002, Empire Life and Concordia amalgamated as one company under the name of The Empire Life Insurance Company (or L'Empire, Compagnie d'Assurance-Vie). From 1987 to 2005, Empire Life used the marketing name of Empire Financial Group but re-branded as Empire Life in 2006.

Products
Individual Insurance
Term life insurance, Permanent life insurance and Critical illness insurance

Wealth Management
Segregated funds, Portfolio funds, Guaranteed Interest Options (GIOs), Registered Retirement Income Fund including a Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) product, Group Registered Retirement Savings Plan, Mutual Funds through Empire Life Investments Inc.

Group Benefits
Small and medium business group life and health insurance plans, group life and health insurance plans for 20+ employees, Administrative Services Only (ASO) contracts, cost plus arrangements and disability management

Sponsorships and philanthropy
 Empire Life invests in communities across the country through charitable donations, employee volunteer hours, in-kind contributions and community sponsorships.
 Empire Life Invests $250,000 in Pathways to Education's Graduation Nation Initiative

Corporate management
 Mark Sylvia, FCIP, FLMI, president and chief executive officer
 Richard Carty, MBA, general counsel and senior vice-president
 Edward Gibson, FSA, FCIA, senior vice-president and chief actuary
 Paul Holba, CFA, senior vice-president and chief investment officer
 Michael Perry, BA, senior vice-president, group solutions
 Steve Pong, BSc, senior vice-president, retail
 Mark Rogers, CA, senior vice-president, corporate development
 Rebecca Rycroft, FSA, FCIA, senior vice-president and chief financial officer
 Kathy Thompson, FSA, FCIA, senior vice-president and chief risk officer
 Chris Volk, senior vice-president and chief technology officer

Board of directors
 Chairman of the board: Duncan N.R. Jackman
 Directors: Stephanie Bowman, John F. Brierley, Scott F. Ewert, Mark J. Fuller, Edward Iacobucci, Clive P. Rowe, Mark A. Sylvia, Jacques Tremblay, Patricia M. Volker
 Honorary chairman: The Honourable Henry N. R. Jackman

External links
 Empire Life web site
 E-L Financial Corporation Limited (E-L)
 Empire Life Investments Inc
 Bloomberg Businessweek Companies

References

Companies based in Kingston, Ontario
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Financial services companies established in 1923
Life insurance companies of Canada
1923 establishments in Ontario
Canadian companies established in 1923


The 429th Attack Squadron is a classic associate squadron, stationed at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.  It is geographically separated from its parent 926th Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada.

The squadron was previously the 429th Bombardment Squadron, a Boeing B-47 Stratojet unit based at Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, where it was inactivated on 1 January 1962.

The squadron was first organized during World War I as the 41st Aero Squadron, and served in France during that war before being demobilized in 1919.  In 1924 it was consolidated with the 41st School Squadron, which had been organized in 1922.  The squadron later converted to the reconnaissance mission as the 41st Observation Squadron.  During World War II, as the 429th Bombardment Squadron, it was a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress squadron, assigned to the 2d Bombardment Group. It earned Two Distinguished Unit Citations while serving in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, inactivating in Italy after the end of the war.

Mission
The squadron's mission is to support three regular Air Force formal training squadrons with General Atomics MQ-1 Predator and General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper instructor pilots, sensor operators and mission intelligence coordinators.

History

World War I
main: 41st Aero Squadron

The first predecessor of the squadron was established in June 1917 as the Air Service 41st Aero Squadron at Camp Kelly, Texas as part of the United States' mobilization after its entry into World War I. After several months of routine training and garrison duties, it deployed to Europe.  The squadron trained with the Royal Flying Corps in Scotland from March to August 1918, then moved to France. and it became operationally ready as a pursuit squadron in the United States Second Army just as hostilities ceased in November 1918.  It never saw action, but served with United States Third Army as part of the occupation forces, until May 1919.  It returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized in July.

Flying training
The second predecessor of the squadron was established in 1922 as the 41st Squadron (School), a pilot training squadron, at Kelly Field.  It was renamed the 41st School Squadron the following year.  The squadron taught basic flight training throughout the 1920s and early 1930s using a variety of trainers; switching to advanced flight training in 1931.

Reconnaissance

In 1935 the squadron moved to Langley Field, Virginia, where it was redesignated the 41st Observation Squadron and was equipped with Martin B-10 bombers.  It performed training flights primarily over the mid-Atlantic area.  It later received Douglas B-18 Bolo medium bombers in 1937 and early-model Boeing B-17C Flying Fortress heavy bombers.

World War II
After the Pearl Harbor Attack, the squadron initially assigned to antisubmarine duty over the Atlantic Coast.  In the spring of 1942, the squadron became the 429th Bombardment Squadron.  It deployed in early 1943 to Twelfth Air Force in North Africa.  The 429th engaged in long-range strategic bombing missions in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations until 1945.  Missions flown included bombing such targets as marshalling yards, aerodromes, troop concentrations, bridges, docks, and shipping. The squadron participated in the defeat of Axis forces in Tunisia, April–May 1943; the reduction of Pantelleria and the preparations for the invasion of Sicily, in May through July 1943 and the invasion of Italy, September 1943.

The squadron moved to Italy in December 1943 and continued operations as part of Fifteenth Air Force. Operated primarily from Amendola Airfield near Foggia.  It engaged primarily in long-range bombardment of strategic targets in Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, and Greece. The 429th participated in the drive toward Rome from January through June 1944, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944, and the campaigns against German forces in northern Italy from June 1944 until May 1945.   The squadron was inactivated in Italy in early 1946.

Strategic Air Command

From 1958, the Boeing B-47 Stratojet wings of Strategic Air Command (SAC) began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases.  The SAC alert cycle divided itself into four parts: planning, flying, alert and rest to meet General Thomas S. Power’s initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.  To implement this new system B-47 wings reorganized from three to four squadrons.  The 429th was activated at Hunter Air Force Base as the fourth squadron of the 2d Bombardment Wing.  The alert commitment was increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962 and the four squadron pattern no longer met the alert cycle commitment, so the squadron was inactivated on 1 January 1962.

Lineage
 41st Aero Squadron
 Organized as the 41st Aero Squadron on 16 June 1917
 Demobilized on 2 July 1919
 Reconstituted and consolidated with the 41st School Squadron  on 8 April 1924

 429th Attack Squadron
 Authorized as the 41st Squadron on 10 June 1922
 Organized on 7 July 1922
 Redesignated 41st School Squadron on 25 January 1923
 Consolidated with the 41st Aero Squadron on 8 April 1924
 Redesignated 41st Observation Squadron (Long Range, Amphibian) on 1 March 1935
 Redesignated 41st Reconnaissance Squadron and inactivated on 1 September 1936
 Organized on 20 January 1937
 Inactivated on 1 January 1938
 Redesignated 41st Reconnaissance Squadron (Long Range) on 22 December 1939
 Activated on 1 February 1940
 Redesignated 41st Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 20 November 1940
 Redesignated 429th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942
 Redesignated 429th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 20 August 1943
 Inactivated on 28 February 1946
 Redesignated 429th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 11 August 1958
 Activated on 1 October 1958
 Discontinued and inactivated on 1 January 1962
 Redesignated 429th Air Combat Training Squadron and activated on 19 November 2013
 Redesignated 429th Attack Squadron on 24 October 2016

Assignments

 Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 9 July 1917
 Post Headquarters, Selfridge Field, 28 August 1917
 Aviation Concentration Center, 2 February 1918
 Air Service Headquarters, American Expeditionary Force, British Isles (attached to the Royal Flying Corps (later Royal Air Force) for training), 10 March–8 August 1918
 Replacement Concentration Center, American Expeditionary Force, 22 August 1918
 Air Service Production Center No. 2, 5 September 1918
 1st Air Depot, 18 September 1918
 5th Pursuit Group, 15 November 1918
 1st Air Depot, 12 May 1919
 Services of Supply, American Expeditionary Force, May–July 1919
 Eastern Department, July 1919
 10th School Group, 7 July 1922
 Air Corps Advanced Flying School, 16 July 1931
 Eighth Corps Area, 20 January 1937 – 1 January 1938
 2d Wing (attached to Air Corps Advanced Flying School), 1 March 1935 – 1 September 1936
 2d Wing (later 2d Bombardment Wing), Attached 1 February 1940
 2d Bombardment Group, attached c. December 1940, assigned 25 February 1942 – 28 February 1946 (attached to Newfoundland Base Command, 3 September 1941 – 29 October 1942)
 2d Bombardment Wing, 1 October 1958 – 1 January 1962
 926th Operations Group, 19 November 2013 – present

Stations

 Camp Kelly, Texas, 16 June 1917
 Selfridge Field, Michigan, 28 August 1917 – 2 February 1918
 Montrose, Scotland, 10 March 1918
 Gullane, Scotland, c. April–14 August 1918
 Romorantin Aerodrome, France, 29 August 1918
 Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 18 September 1918
 Lay-Saint-Remy Aerodrome, France, 15 November 1918
 Ourches Aerodrome, France, c. 30 November 1918
 Lay-Saint-Remy Aerodrome, France, c. 15 December 1918
 Coblenz, Germany, April 1919
 Colombey-les-Belles Aerodrome, France, May 1919-unknown
 Camp Lee, Virginia, 28 June–2 July 1919
 Kelly Field, Texas, 7 July 1922 – 1 September 1936
 Love Field, Texas, 20 January 1937 – 1 January 1938
 Langley Field, Virginia, 1 February 1940 – c. 23 August 1941
 Newfoundland Airport, Newfoundland, c. 28 August 1941
 Ephrata Army Air Base, Washington, 29 October 1942
 Cut Bank Army Air Field, Montana, 29 November 1942 – 13 March 1943
 Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Airfield, Algeria, 27 April 1943
 Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, 18 June 1943
 Massicault Airfield, Tunisia, c. 1 August 1943
 Amendola Airfield, Italy, c. 9 December 1943
 Foggia Airfield, Italy, c. 20 October-28 February 1946
 Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 October 1958 – 1 January 1962
 Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 19 November 2013 – present

Aircraft

 SPAD S.VII, 1918
 Sopwith Camel, 1918–1919
 Dayton-Wright DH-4, 1922-1928
 Curtiss A-3 Falcon, 1928-1935
 Thomas-Morse O-19, 1935-1936
 Douglas O-25, 1935-1936
 Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1940-1942
 Boeing XB-15, 1940-1942
 Grumman OA-9 Goose, 1940-1942
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1940–1945
 Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1958-1961
 General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, 2013–present
 General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper, 2013–present

See also

 List of American Aero Squadrons
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Units of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations

References
 Notes

 Citations

Bibliography

Military units and formations established in 1917
Bombardment squadrons of the United States Air Force
Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces


Jaydev Niranjan Shah (born 4 May 1983) is an Indian former cricketer. Jaydev is the son of Niranjan Shah, ex-secretary of the Board of Control for Cricket in India, and represented Saurashtra cricket team in India's domestic circuit. He has the distinction of captaining Saurashtra to victory in the 2007-08 Vijay Hazare Trophy, the team's first ever national-level title. He was recruited by the Rajasthan Royals for the Indian Premier League 2008 edition, but never played, and has also represented Rajasthan Cricket Association President's XI in the past.

On 21 October 2016, he became the first captain of Saurashtra to score a double century, when he made 217 runs in their Ranji Trophy match against Maharashtra.

In December 2018, he announced that he would retire from all cricket following the Saurashtra's match against Karnataka in round five of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy. He made match winning 97 runs in his final professional game against Karnataka.

References

1983 births
Living people
People from Rajkot
Indian cricketers
Saurashtra cricketers
Mumbai Indians cricketers
India Red cricketers
Gujarat Lions cricketers
Deccan Chargers cricketers


The Coburg shooting was an attempted school killing at Realschule II in Coburg, Bavaria, Germany during the morning of 2 July 2003.

History
Florian K. shot a school psychologist in the thigh when she attempted to take the gun from him. According to police reports, he then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. Before he began shooting, Florian showed the gun to other students and passed around ammunition, which some students kept as souvenirs.

Perpetrator

Florian K. (name undisclosed by news sources), the gunman and student, fired his Walther PPK pistol at his teacher, who was unarmed. The gun was owned by Florian's father, who was a member of a local gun club. Media speculation further implicated Florian in Satanist cult activities and was a fan of Dark Funeral.

References

2003 crimes in Germany
2003 in Bavaria
Crime in Bavaria
Coburg
School killings in Germany
Suicides by firearm in Germany
July 2003 events in Germany
School shootings in Germany
Crimes involving Satanism or the occult


Anil Chatterjee (also Chattopadhyay, ; 25 October 1929 – 17 March 1996) was an Indian actor in the Bengali cinema during the early fifties through the mid-nineties and is mostly remembered as a character actor. He acted or performed in about 150 movies, including a few in Hindi. He played different shades, though mostly as a character actor, as well as in leading roles and at times as an antagonist, despite the limited opportunities he received. Irrespective of the roles, he left an indelible impression on the viewers and the critics. He also acted in the leading role in a tele-serial named Naqab in the national network of Doordarshan. He is one of the very few selected actors who worked with Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Tapan Sinha, Tarun Majumdar and Mrinal Sen; with the first three directors, he performed with on more than a number of occasions. His performance in the title role of the film Deshbandhu Chittaranjan [a biopic on the noted and revered freedom-fighter and barrister Chittaranjan Das (1870–1925), who was conferred the title of "Deshbandhu (Friend of the Country)"] won the appreciation of Basanti Devi, the wife of the "Deshbandhu" (she is said to have personally blessed the actor).

Born at Balagarh, near Jirat, Hooghly, India, he hailed from Calcutta, West Bengal, India, was graduated from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata - the institution to which he remained attached all through as an office-bearer and member of The Alumnoram Soceitas (Alumni Society) of the college. Prior to that, he completed his schooling from Delhi, having stood first in entire North India in the Senior Cambridge Examinations. In his college days, he became associated with Utpal Dutt and acted in a number of plays. He was also a Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly [MLA], having won the by-election from the erstwhile Chowringhee Assembly Constituency as a Left Front supported Independent candidate.

Limited filmography

Awards
 BFJA Awards-Best Actor In Supporting Role for ""Agni Sanskar"" in 1962.
 BFJA Awards-Best Actor In Supporting Role for ""Sandhya Deeper Sikha"" in 1965.
 BFJA Awards-Best Actor In Supporting Role for ""Sagina Mahato"" in 1971.
 BFJA Awards-Best Actor In Supporting Role for ""Raja"" in 1976.

References

External links

Indian male film actors
1929 births
1996 deaths
Male actors in Bengali cinema
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian male actors


Prominvestbank (Kyiv, Ukraine) (full name - Joint Stock Commercial Industrial & Investment Bank (closed stock company) is a bank based in Ukraine that was formed in August 1992. Its overall history goes back more than 86 years.

History

The history of the Bank goes back to the 1920s when pursuant to the government’s decision “On Supreme Council of the National Economy” the Industrial Bank (Prombank) was established as a central financial institution for industry, and on the 1st of  January 1923, the All-Ukrainian Office of Prombank was opened in Kharkiv. The network of branches steadily expanded with a view of supporting the leading industrial enterprises. Following the reorganization of Prombank in 1928 into a Bank for Long-Term Lending to Industrial and Electric Power Companies – BDK (Prombank), its strategy changed to focus on providing long-term finance to the construction industry.  As a result, approx. 2/3 of all investments into capital construction in the early 1930s were made through the Bank. In 1936-37 the All-Ukrainian Office of Prombank was re-organised into the Office of Authorized Prombank of the USSR based in Kiev (now Kyiv, Ukraine). During the reconstruction period that followed the 2nd World War, the Bank participated actively in restoring various key industrial enterprises, including the reconstruction of Dnipro Hydroelectric Power Station, development of the Donbass coal-mines and other projects of national importance.

In 1959, the bank was reorganized into the All-Union Bank for Financing of Capital Investments (Budbank of the USSR). It assumed the operations of the Bank for Financing of Communal and House Building (Tsekombank), communal banks, Agrarian Bank and Trade Bank. As a result, in addition to financing industrial, transport and communication enterprises, the bank started lending to the education and housing sectors. During this period Budbank was responsible for financing approx. 70% of all capital investments in the Ukrainian economy. In 1987, the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution under which Budbank was reorganized into the Industrial and Construction Bank of the USSR (Prombudbank of the USSR).

The independence of Ukraine opened a new chapter of the Bank’s development. On the 26th of August 1992 Prombudbank was re-organised into its present form: the Ukrainian Joint-Stock Commercial Industrial and Investment Bank (Prominvestbank of Ukraine). On June 27, 2001 the name of the bank was changed to Joint Stock Commercial Industrial & Investment Bank (Prominvestbank).

Prominvestbank has, since its beginning in the 1920s, grown to become one of Ukraine’s leading financial institutions. Through its various re-incarnations the Bank has continued to play a lead role in supporting the industrial sector of Ukraine and the development of the national economy – a role that is as important now as it was over eighty years ago. Since Ukrainian independence,  Prominvestbank has invested almost USD 67 billion for the development of the Ukrainian economy.

In October, due to a sharp outflow of clients' funds, the bank's liquidity significantly decreased, so the resolution of the Board of the National Bank of Ukraine dated October 7, 2008 introduced a temporary administration in the bank. Among the possible investors of PIB were the head of Delta Bank Mykola Laguna and the president of the Russian investment and financial group "Intelinx" Dmitry Klyuyev. However, the deal did not take place.

Location
The head office of Prominvestbank is located at 12, Shevchenko lane, Kyiv 01001, Ukraine. Prominvestbank has more than 850  branches in all regions of Ukraine.

About

Prominvestbank is a universal commercial bank and one of the leading banks in Ukraine. In January 2009 Prominvestbank was one of Ukraine’s largest banks in terms of assets (₴27.5 billion), credit portfolio (₴24.1 billion) and capital (₴3.3 billion). The bank's assets in 2015 were ₴41.65 billion, its net worth as of the end of 2015 was negative and was estimated at ₴12.272 billion, whereas it was positive in 2014 and stood at ₴7.948 billion.

Prominvestbank provides a wide range of services to private and corporate customers (more than 4.3 million private and corporate customers). The Bank’s customers include a number of leading enterprises in the following sectors: mining & smelting, machine building (inc. aircraft construction), transport and agro-industrial, as well as in all other sectors. During 2007 Prominvestbank granted ₴48.5 billion of loans, including ₴34.8 billion granted to corporate customers, the largest part of which went to current operations, investments and mortgage loans. The most significant credit support, ₴15.7 billion, has been provided to industrial enterprises. Prominvestbank also actively maintained its support to agro-industrial enterprises and granted loans and guarantees worth ₴1.4 billion to their development. Retail banking is one of the main priorities of Prominvestbank’s overall strategy. The Bank continues to actively take measures to increase the volume and range of services it offers to its private customers.

Significant loans to the metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport, construction, agriculture contributes to the development of these branched of industry. Three times in 2003, 2004 and in 2006 Prominvestbank was awarded The Bank of the Year for Ukraine by the world known English magazine "The Banker".

Sanctions and change of ownership
In 2016 main shareholder of Prominvestbank with 99.4% of all shares was Russian state enterprise 'Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs (Vnesheconombank)'. On March 15, 2017, the Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko imposed sanctions on Prominvestbank (and other Russian state-owned banks operating in Ukraine: Vnesheconombank, VTB Bank, BM Bank, Sberbank, and VS Bank (Ukrainian: ВіЕс Банк)) as part of its continued sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea and involvement in the War in Donbass. After that, Vnesheconombank bank tried to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary;  unsuccessfully. At Sochi in February, 2018, Vnesheconombank's Sergey Gorkov said they hoped to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary, Prominvestbank, by May 2018. In March 2020 a 99.77% stake in Prominvestbank was sold to a company named Fortifay, who sold these shares in October 2020 to Cypriot company Luregio Limited (Luregio Limited's ultimate beneficiar is Serhiy Tihipko).

In February 2022, the liquidation process was started based on decisions of the Board of the National Bank on the revocation of the banking license and liquidation of Prominvestbank.

References

See also
List of banks in Ukraine

Banks of Ukraine


Prince Philip Prospero is an oil on canvas portrait by Diego Velázquez of Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias, from 1659. It is held in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, in Vienna.

History and description
The painting depicts Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias (Madrid, November 20 , 1657 - Madrid, November 1, 1661), the short lived heir to the Spanish crown, who died aged only 3 years old. He was the third son and the first from the marriage of Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria.

In this portrait, the child is standing, he wears a dress typical of toddlers, while he rests his right arm on an armchair, which seems to grant him more compassion than majesty, since his health was precarious as evidenced by the amulets that he carries. On the chair, at the left, there is a lapdog, whose watery look accentuates the melancholy of the scene.

The subject of the painting is located in a room, and in the background there is an open door through which light enters. To the right there is a stool with a cushion on which a hat is placed. Red tones predominate in the work and the dark tones of the background increase the contrast between the colors.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

References

External links
Velázquez , exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this portrait.

Portraits by Diego Velázquez in the Kunsthistorisches Museum
1659 paintings
17th-century portraits
1650s in Spain
Portraits by Diego Velázquez
Paintings of children
Dogs in art


The Akademie Schloss Solitude is a foundation under public law. The main aspect of the Akademie is to promote mainly younger, particularly gifted artists and scientists by means of residency fellowships and also by organizing events and exhibitions by its residents. As an international Artist-in-Residence program, Akademie Schloss Solitude has supported approximately 1,400 young artists from more than 120 countries since opening its doors in 1990. It creates a close-knit, global and transdisciplinary network of Solitude alumni that expands from year to year.

The name Akademie Schloss Solitude unites the belief in artistic, scientific, and societal exchange with the notion of a refuge, a credo which underlays the construction of the Schloss Solitude from the very beginning. Residencies at Akademie Schloss Solitude enable fellows to devote themselves to their research projects under favorable material and intellectual conditions. For them, the Akademie Schloss Solitude becomes a transdisciplinary learning unit, a platform for communal learning outside the formal educational system, a place which is open to a broader and more diverse public. By experimenting with artistic research practices and new formats, the Akademie aims to change societal processes and to stimulate intergenerational discourse.

The artists are living and working in ready-furnished studios, that are located in the adjoining buildings of the Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart. The internationality of this institution, the interdisciplinarity in the work, which is the result of scientific and artistic exchange, and the openness to novelties are significant characteristics of the Akademie Schloss Solitude. The Akademie Schloss Solitude is subsidized by the State of Baden-Württemberg.

The founding director Prof. Jean-Baptiste Joly has been the artistic director of Akademie Schloss Solitude from January 1, 1989 until March 31, 2018. Since May 1, 2018, Elke aus dem Moore has been artistic director of Akademie Schloss Solitude.

Fellowships

The Akademie Schloss Solitude has granted fellowships since 1990. Between 50 and 65 live/work residencies are awarded for a period between six, nine or twelve months every two years.

International artists and scientists from the following spheres of practice can apply for a fellowship: VISUAL (visual arts and media), AURAL & PHYSICAL (music and performing arts), DIGITAL (digital art, gaming, digital journalism, digital publishing), SPATIAL (architecture and design), TEXTUAL (literature and language), SOCIETAL/COMMUNAL-BASED WORK (education, mediation, theory), SCIENTIFIC (humanities, social, natural and economic sciences).

For the first time in its 30-year history, Akademie Schloss Solitude is expanding its profile with the addition of a thematic focus to the 2019 application round for fellows joining the Akademie in 2020–2021. From 2020 onward, Akademie Schloss Solitude in cooperation with KfW Stiftung is launching a new program with a specific content-related focus, which a group of seven fellows is invited to investigate in any way they wish over a period of nine months. With this thematic focus, the Akademie wishes to consolidate the importance accorded by society to transdisciplinary and discursive-artistic work, providing content-related momentum.

The decision regarding the fellowships’ allocation is taken by independent specialist jurors responsible for the various spheres. New jurors are appointed every 24 months.

Schlosspost and web residencies
Furthermore, the dynamic transdisciplinary online forum Schlosspost addresses current issues in art, culture, society, and the digital world, and provides insights into the practices of international artists and scientists. It allows visibility to Solitude’s network of alumni, friends, and experts in more than 120 countries, promoting new political voices and collective discourses in an open and sustainable space. By exploring new forms of art publishing and writing, Schlosspost combines critical and serious – but also playful – attitudes and ways of thinking. Believing in art’s transformative potential, it opens the door to a multidimensional world, as well as transversal forms of knowledge and alternative futures. It shapes the digital sphere as a cocreative, transcultural, and nonexclusive space of experimentation and knowledge production. Schlosspost publishes regular open calls for thematic online issues. Artists and authors from around the globe can participate.

With the Web Residency microgrant (750 USD) "Web Residencies by Solitude & ZKM", Akademie Schloss Solitude supports artists, designers, technologists, hackers, and scientists who use the Internet as a production site. Open calls with varied themes are developed three times a year with invited curators. For each call, four selected artists or teams receive a four-week long web residency. These present the process and results of their online work on the Schlosspost platform. The program takes place exclusively online. The ZKM | Center for Art and Media has been a program partner since 2017.

All web residency projects as well as information on the program can be found at this link:

The Schlosspost online platform and the Web Residencies program are supported by Baden-Württemberg’s ministry for science, research, and the arts.

Jurors Generation 15 (2015–2017)
 Chairman of the Jury: Kaiwan Mehta (Mumbai, India)
 Architecture: Brett Steele (London, UK)
 Visual Arts: Desire Machine Collective: Sonal Jain and Mriganka Madhukaillya (Guwahati, India)
 Performing Arts: Galin Stoev (Sofia, Bulgaria)
 Design: Ute Meta Bauer (Singapore)
 International Literature: Ranjit Hoskote (Mumbai, India)
 German Literature: Ulrike Draesner (Berlin, Germany)
 Music/Sound: Jennifer Walshe (Dublin, Ireland)
 Video/Film/New Media: Nancy Adajania (Mumbai, India)
 Humanities: Kaiwan Mehta (Mumbai, India)
 Economy/Economics: Edward Soja (Los Angeles, USA)
 Social Sciences: Ackbar Abbas (Hong Kong)
 Culture & Law: Lawrence Liang (Bangalore, India)

Board of trustees
 Representatives from the sphere of art: Peter Carp, Katharina Hinsberg, Florian Höllerer, Tiziano Manca, Thomas Schäfer, Friedrich Schirmer, Ika Sienkiewicz-Nowacka, Szilvia Szigeti, Manos Tsangaris, Philip Ursprung, Juliane Votteler.
 Representatives from the public sphere: Matthias Bruhn, Ursula Eid, Wolfgang Holler, Annette Kulenkampff, Christa Linsenmaier-Wolf, Márton Méhes, Alfred Odendahl, Iris Reuther, Elke Ritt, Dieter Spöri, Karen van den Berg, Jürgen Wertheimer.
 Representatives from virtue of office: Heiderose Berroth, Helen Heberer, Klaus Herrmann, Christine Litz, Brigitte Lösch, Birgit Schneider-Boenninger, Mini Schulz.

External links

Foundations based in Germany
Organisations based in Stuttgart


The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an active United States Air Force unit.  Its current assignment is with the 53d Wing, based at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.

The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is an Air Combat Command (ACC) unit tasked to support and conduct operational testing for the B-52.  The Squadron is responsible for the conduct of the entirety of B-52 operational test programs. Additionally, the squadron also conducts the Nuclear Weapon System Evaluation Program of the Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM).  To accomplish its mission, the squadron employs two assigned operational aircraft for operational test via Air Force Global Strike Command.

History

World War I

49th Aero Squadron

Formed at Kelly Field No. 1, San Antonio, Texas on 6 August 1917. During its initial indoctrination training at Kelly Field, many squadron members were reassigned to other squadrons, however on 25 August, personnel from the 68th Aero Squadron were assigned to the 49th. After about a month of basic training as soldiers, the squadron was moved to the newly opened Kelly Field No. 2 where they began training with Curtiss JN-4 Jennys as a school squadron.

Deployed to England in late November 1917, spent six months training with the Royal Flying Corps, then an additional month of training at the Third Aviation Instruction Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, France for combat training.

Equipped with new Spad XIIIs, the 49th began flying operations with the First Army and was credited with participation in the Lorraine, St Mihiel, and the Meuse-Argonne campaigns. During its time in combat, the 49th Aero Squadron downed 25 enemy aircraft, losing six pilots killed, wounded, or missing.

166th Aero Squadron

The squadron was organized at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas on 18 December 1917. After several days, the squadron was moved to Wilbur Wright Field, Dayton Ohio where it received its first training in the handling of Curtiss JN-4 and Standard J-1 aircraft.

Moved to England in March 1919, spent several months with the Royal Flying Corps being trained.  Transferred to the American Expeditionary Forces in France during August 1918.  Assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group, First Army.  Equipped with De Havilland DH-4 and became a Day Bombardment squadron.  In combat during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, 18 October-11 November 1918.

After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, was assigned to the US Third Army, became part of the occupation forces in the German Rhineland, November 1918 – April 1919.  Returned to the United States, most squadron personnel demobilized in New York.

Inter-War period
Remained as part of the Air Service, moved to Ellington Field, Texas in July 1919 and was reformed with new personnel. Participated in demonstrations of effectiveness of aerial bombardment on warships, June–September 1921; mercy mission in relief of marooned inhabitants of islands in the frozen Chesapeake, 9–11 February 1936.

Began its association with testing when it received the first of the five Boeing YB-9, first all-metal monoplane bomber aircraft designed for the United States Army Air Corps, on 14 September 1932. The new bomber proved impossible to intercept during air exercises in May 1932, strengthening calls for improved air defense warning systems. Received the first of 12 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses delivered to the U.S. Army Air Corps. Participated in good-will flights to Argentina, 15–27 February 1938, Colombia, 3–12 August 1938, Mexico, 9–15 June 1939, and Brazil, 10–28 November 1939. The trip to Buenos Aires represented the longest distance performance of its kind on record and won the 2nd Bombardment Group the Mackay Trophy in 1938. Following 24 January 1939 Chillán earthquake in Chile, the XB-15, a prototype aircraft that had been assigned to the squadron to test the feasibility of operating very heavy bombers, flew a relief mission carrying medical supplies. Commanded by Major Caleb V. Haynes, the aircraft carried  of American Red Cross emergency supplies to Santiago, making only two stops along the way, at France Field in the Panama Canal Zone, and at Lima, Peru. Haynes was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Order of the Merit of Chile, and the whole crew earned the MacKay Trophy.

The squadron also achieved a well-publicized success on 12 May 1938, when three squadron B-17s, led by group commander Lt. Col. Robert Olds and navigated by 1st Lt. Curtis E. LeMay, a member of the 49th, intercepted the Italian ocean liner Rex over 600 miles at sea during a training exercise.

World War II

During the early stages of the Second World War, the squadron conducted anti-submarine operations on both the Pacific and Atlantic coast prior to being sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. From 28 April 1943 to 1 May 1945, the 49th conducted air operations in both the Mediterranean and European theaters as part of the 2nd Bombardment Group, 5th Bombardment Wing, Fifteenth Air Force stationed at Navarin Airfield, Algeria, flying the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. During 1943, the group moved five times: to Chateaudun-du-Rhumel Airfield, Algeria; Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria; Massicault Airfield, Tunisia; Bizerte, Tunisia; Amendola Airfield, Italy.

Some of the important missions the 49th participated in were: the monastery at Monte Cassino, Italy, on 15 February 1944; enemy troop concentrations at Anzio beachhead on 2 March 1944; and the oil refineries at Ploiești, Romania, throughout the spring of 1944. The last mission was flown on 1 May 1945 against marshalling yards at Salzburg, Austria. On 29 October 1945, the group finally moved to Foggia Airfield, Italy, where it remained as part of the occupation forces and was inactivated on 28 February 1946. By the time the 49th was inactivated, it participated in 412 combat missions flown over Africa, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Hungary.

Strategic Air Command
The 49th was reactivated on 1 July 1947 at Andrews Field, Maryland. The squadron soon moved to Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona, and received training on the Boeing B-29 Superfortress as part of the new Strategic Air Command long-range strike force. The 49th's first deployment came on 9 August through 16 November 1948 to RAF Lakenheath, England. Upon returning home, the 49th moved to Chatham Air Force Base, Georgia, and added the Boeing B-50 Superfortress to their inventory. In September 1950, the squadron moved to Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia and began flying training missions over the eastern half of the United States. For the next three years the 49th deployed to RAF Mildenhall and RAF Upper Heyford, England, in support of NATO exercises and RAF bombing competitions. Then in February 1954, the squadron entered the "jet age" by receiving the Boeing B-47 Stratojet. Shortly after achieving combat-ready status, aircrews began performing alert and deploying abroad. Overseas deployments included: Sidi Slimane Air Base and Nouasseur Air Base, Morocco; RAF Brize Norton, England; and three different bases throughout Spain. Not only were crews and aircraft performing alert at home, but at various overseas deployment bases also. The alert commitment at home was discontinued with the increase of deployed aircrews and aircraft. Most overseas alert tours would last from three to four weeks compared to the one-week tour alert crews performed during the height of the Cold War. The 49th returned home to perform alert duties during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 before moving to Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. On 1 April 1963, the squadron was inactivated until 1986.

In July 1972, the 4201st Test Squadron was activated with a new mission to conduct operational test and evaluation (OT&E) of the Short Range Attack Missile AGM-69 SRAM. To establish continuing capability for conducting MAJCOM-directed OT&E of strategic airborne weapon systems, the 4201st was designated as a permanent organization in July 1974.

At this time, the present location of Barksdale AFB, Louisiana, was established for the squadron to conduct its mission. As part of SAC's initiative to provide combat-rich histories to relatively new organizations, the 4201st was inactivated and replaced by the 49th Test Squadron in July 1986.

Post Cold War
May 2019 saw the 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron deploy a B-52H to Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam for a demonstration of Quickstrike-ER (QS-ER) naval mines on the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaii. The QS-ER combines Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) technology and an additional wing kit and battery section with existing mine components. The combination of which allows the QS-ER to be delivered long range and high altitudes.

The 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron is also involved in the testing of the ADM-160 Miniature Air-Launched Decoy-X (MALD-X) missile and the Conventional Rotary Launcher (CRL) integration of precision‐guided munitions.

Lineage
 49th Aero Squadron
 Organized as the 49th Aero Squadron on 6 August 1917
 Redesignated 49th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) in July 1918
 Demobilized on 22 March 1919
 Reconstituted and consolidated with the 49th Bombardment Squadron as the 49th Bombardment Squadronon 16 October 1936

 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron
 Organized as the 166th Aero Squadron on 18 December 1917
 Redesignated 166th Aero Squadron (Day Bombardment) in August 1918
 Redesignated 49th Squadron (Bombardment) on 14 March 1921
 Redesignated 49th Bombardment Squadron on 25 January 1923
 Consolidated with the 49th Aero Squadron on 16 October 1936
 Redesignated 49th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 6 December 1939
 Redesignated 49th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy c. 6 March 1944
 Inactivated on 28 February 1946
 Redesignated 49th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 5 April 1946
 Activated on 1 July 1947
 Redesignated 49th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 28 May 1948
 Inactivated on 1 April 1963
 Redesignated 49th Test Squadron on 12 February 1986
 Activated on 1 July 1986
 Redesignated 49th Test and Evaluation Squadron on 20 November 1998

Assignments
49th Aero Squadron
 Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 6 August-21 November 1917
 Aviation Concentration Center, 3–23 January 1918
 American Expeditionary Force, 23 January 1918 (attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 24 January-28 July 1918, Third Aviation Instruction Center, 2–28 July 1918)
 3d Pursuit Group, 28 July 1918
 2d Pursuit Group, 2 August 1918
 1st Air Depot, AEF, 7 December 1918-Undetermined
 Unknown, Undetermined-22 March 1919

166th Aero Squadron (later 49th Bombardment Squadron)
 Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 18 December 1917
 Unknown, 24 December 1917
 Aviation Concentration Center, 20 February–5 March 1918 (attached to the Royal Flying Corps for training, 25 March – 7 August 1918)
 Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, 14–18 August 1918
 Air Service Production Center No. 2, AEF, 18–20 August 1918
 1st Air Depot, AEF, 22–25 August 1918
 1st Day Bombardment Group, September – 21 November 1918
 Air Service, Third Army, 22 November 1918 – 17 April 1919
 1st Air Depot, AEF, 17 April – 3 May 1919
 1st Day Bombardment Group (later 2d Bombardment Group), 18 September 1919 to consolidation in 1936
 Detached for operations with 1st Provisional Air Brigade, May – October 1921
 Attached to Ordnance Department for service, August 1922 – January 1928

 Consolidated Squadron
 2d Bombardment Group, from consolidation to 28 February 1946 (attached to Newfoundland Base Command, December 1941 – June 1942)
 2d Bombardment Group, 1 July 1947
 2d Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 1 April 1963
 Strategic Air Command, 1 July 1986 (attached to Strategic Air Combat Operations Staff)
 USAF Air Warfare Center, 1 June 1992
 79th Test and Evaluation Group (later 53d Test and Evaluation Group), 15 April 1993
 753rd Test and Evaluation Group, 1 October 2021 – present

Stations
 49th Aero Squadron

 Kelly Field, Texas, 6 August-28 December 1917
 Castle Bromwich Aerodrome, England, 31 January-24 June 1918
 Flight "A" and "C" at Castle Bromwich Aerodrome
 Flight "B" at Bicester Aerodrome, Oxford, 31 January-5 April 1918
 Flight "D" at Rendcomb Aerodrome, Cirencester, 31 January-5 April 1918
 Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 2 July 1918
 Vaucouleurs Aerodrome, France, 28 July 1918
 Gengault Aerodrome, Toul, France, 2 August 1918
 Belrain Aerodrome, France, 23 September 1918
 Souilly Aerodrome, France, 7 November 1918
 Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, c. 7 December 1918-unknown
 Garden City, New York, March-22 March 1919

 166th Aero (later 49th Bombardment) Squadron

 Kelly Field, Texas, 18 December 1917
 Wilbur Wright Field, Ohio, 24 December 1917 – 20 February 1918
 Catterick Airdrome, England, 25 March-7 August 1918
 St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, 14–18 August 1918
 Romorantin Aerodrome, France, 18–20 August 1918
 Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 22–25 August 1918
 Delouze Aerodrome, France, 26 August 1918
 Vinets-sur-Aube Aerodrome, France, 1 September 1918
 Delouze Aerodrome, France, 7 September 1918
 Amanty Airdrome, France, 21 September 1918
 Maulan Aerodrome, France, 25 September 1918
 Julvecourt Aerodrome, France, 22 November 1918
 Trier Airfield, Germany, 5 January 1919
 Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 17 April 1919
 Le Mans, France, 3 May 1919
 Brest, France, 19 May-3 June 1919
 Mitchel Field, New York, 17 June 1919
 Ellington Field, Texas, July 1919
 Kelly Field, Texas, 26 September 1919
 Operated from Langley Field, Virginia, 20 May-26 October 1921
 Langley Field, Virginia, 30 June 1922
 Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, 17 August 1922
 Langley Field, Virginia, 18 January 1928 to consolidation in 1936.

 Consolidated Squadron

 Langley Field, Virginia, from consolidation in 1936 to 23 November 1941
 Newfoundland Airport (later RCAF Station Torbay), Newfoundland, 13 December 1941
 Air echelon, en route to Newfoundland, arrived Mitchel Field, New York, 1 December 1941
 Ordered to west coast for emergency duty, 8 December 1941; operated from Geiger Field, Washington, in conjunction with 12th Reconnaissance Squadron until echelon dissolved in late December 1941
 Argentia Airfield, Newfoundland, 16 January–June 1942
 Langley Field, Virginia, 24 June 1942
 Ephrata, Washington, 29 October 1942
 Lewistown Municipal Airport, Montana, 28 November 1942-c. 13 March 1943
 Navarin Airfield, Algeria, 25 April 1943
 Chateau-dun-du-Rhumel Airfield, Algeria, 27 April 1943
 Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, 17 June 1943
 Massicault Airfield, Tunisia, 31 July 1943
 Amendola Airfield, Italy, c. 10 December 1943
 Foggia Airfield, Italy, 29 October 1945 – 28 February 1946
 Andrews Field, Maryland, 1 July 1947
 Davis–Monthan Field (later Davis–Monthan Air Force Base), Arizona, 24 September 1947
 Chatham Air Force Base, Georgia, i May 1949
 Hunter Air Force Base, Georgia, 29 September 1950 – 1 April 1963
 Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, 1 July 1986 – present

Aircraft

49th Aero Squadron
 Curtiss JN-4, 1917
 SPAD S.XIII, 1918

 166th Aero Squadron (later 49th Bombardment Squadron)
 Curtiss JN-4, 1917
 Standard J-1, 1917
 De Havilland DH-4, 1918–1919
 Included DH-4, Caproni bomber, and MB-2 (NBS-1), during period 1919–1929
 Included LB-5, LB-7, B-3, and B-5 during period 1928–1932
 In addition to B-6, c. 1931–1936, included Y1B-9 during period 1932–1936

 Consolidated squadron
 In addition to B-10, B-17, and B-18, included A-20, XB-15, and B-23, during period 1936–1942
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
 Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1947–1950
 Boeing B-50 Superfortress, 1949–1954
 Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1954–1963

B-52G 1986–1992

B-52H 1992–present

See also

 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Units of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations
 List of American aero squadrons
 List of B-29 Superfortress operators
 List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force
 List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force
 Ora McMurry

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links

049


Thomas Frank Oakes (1874 – after 1900) was an English professional footballer who made 35 appearances in the Football League playing for Small Heath. He played as a forward.

Oakes was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. He played football for Hereford Thistle before joining Small Heath of the Football League Second Division in 1896, making his debut in a 3–1 victory at Blackpool on 23 January 1897. He played regularly for the remainder of the 1896–97 season and the next, but appeared only rarely for the first team over the next two seasons, and left for non-league football with Gloucester City.

References

1874 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Cheltenham
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Hereford Thistle F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing


Hetucakra or Wheel of Reasons is a Sanskrit text on logic written by Dignaga (c 480–540 CE).  It concerns  the application of his 'three modes’ (trairūpya), conditions or aspects of the middle term called hetu ("reason" for a conclusion) or linga ("mark", "sign" of a sound argument) in a valid inference within the Indian logico-epistemic tradition, sometimes referred to as Buddhist logic.

Anacker's assessment
Anacker (2005: p. 34), in introducing his English rendering of the "Method for Argumentation (Vāda-vidhi)" of Vasubandhu (fl. 4th century)—a text composed in Sanskrit which is now only extant in a reconstructed composite extracted from Tibetan works, collated by Frauwallner (1957)—holds that:
Vasubandhu's criteria for a valid inference-schema are concise and precise, and there is nothing essential omitted. Dignāga's 'wheel of justifications' (hetu-cakra), sometimes held to be the first complete Indian formulation of what constitutes the validity and invalidity of an argument, is in fact nothing of the kind: it is a pedagogic device mapping out in detail what Vasubandhu's criteria already presuppose.

Dignaga's formulation
Dignaga formulated the 'three modes’ (trairūpya) which are three conditions required for a logical ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga), which  to fulfill in order to establish the 'valid cognition' (pramana) of an 'inference' (anumana):
It should be present in the case or object under consideration, the ‘subject-locus’ (pakṣa)
It should be present in a ‘similar case’ or a homologue (sapakṣa)
It should not be present in any ‘dissimilar case’ or heterologue (vipakṣa)

When a ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) is identified, there are three possibilities: the sign may be present in all, some, or none of the sapakṣas. Similarly, the sign may be present in all, some or none of the vipakṣas. To identify a sign, by convention we accept the first condition as being satisfied.

Wheel of Reasons
Combining these, Dignaga constructed his ‘Wheel of Reasons’ (Hetucakra) with nine distinct possibilities, which may be tabulated as follows (adapted from Matilal, 1998: p. 9):

Interpretation
Of the nine possibilities within the cakra or 'wheel', Dignaga asserted that only two are illustrative of sound inference, that is they meet all three conditions, namely Numbers 2 and 8: either "+ sapakṣa & − vipakṣa" or "± sapakṣa & − vipakṣa" would fulfill the required conditions. Dignaga is insistent that at least one sapaksa must have the positive sign. Number 5 is not a case of sound inference as this is a pseudo-sign for although it satisfies the two conditions 1 and 3, it does not fulfill condition 2.

Pseudo-signs
Dignaga required all three conditions to be met in order to establish valid cognition. The second row does not satisfy condition 2 and hence none of Numbers 4, 5, and 6 are logical signs; they are pseudo-signs. Numbers 4 and 6 are called “contradictory” pseudo-signs—an improvement upon the old Nyāya Sūtras definition of contradictory. The middle one, Number 5, is called “uniquely deviating” (asādhāraṇa), perhaps for the reason that this sign becomes a unique sign of the paksa itself, and is not found anywhere else. In Dignaga's system, this sign cannot be a sign for anything else, it can only point to itself reflexively or to its own locus. Numbers 1, 3, 7, and 9 are also pseudo-signs. They are called the “deviating” signs, for in each case the sign occurs in some vipaksa or other, although each fulfills the second condition. This shows that, at least in Dignaga's own view, the second condition (when it is combined with the first) gives only a necessary condition for being an adequate sign, not a sufficient one. In other words, Dignaga intended all three conditions jointly to formulate a sufficient condition.

Notes

References
Matilal, Bimal Krishna (author), Ganeri, Jonardon (editor) & (Tiwari, Heeraman)(1998). The Character of Logic in India. Albany, NY, USA: State University of New York Press.  (HC:acid free)
partially extant in a reconstructed composite extracted from Tibetan works, collated by Frauwallner, Erich (1957). 'Vasubandhu's Vādavidhiḥ'. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd-und Ost-Asiens 1, 1957, 104ff.
Vidhabhusana, Satis Chandra (1907). History of the Mediaeval School of Indian Logic. Calcutta University.

History of logic
Buddhist logic
Indian philosophy

4th-century books


Łazy  (formerly German Kolonie Loose) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Dębno,  south of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 33.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Młyniska  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  south of Dębno,  south of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Drezner may refer to:

 Tomasz Drezner (1560 - 1616), Polish jurist
 Hanna Drezner-Tzakh (born 1947, Tel Aviv), a female Israeli singer
 Daniel W. Drezner (born 1968, Syracuse, New York), scholar of international
 Erez De Drezner (born 1978, Haifa), an Israeli male model
 Jon Drezner, an American architect and designer
 Jonathan Drezner, an American sports medicine physician

See also
 Related surnames
 Dresner (Dressner)
 Dresdner

References

Germanic-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin
Surnames of German origin


Mostno  (formerly German Kerstenbrügge) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  east of Dębno,  south of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 206.

References

Mostno


Oborzany  (formerly German Nabern) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  west of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 518.

References

Oborzany


Ostrowiec  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 157.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Walter Haddon LL.D. (1515–1572) was an English civil lawyer, much involved in church and university affairs under Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Elizabeth I. He was a University of Cambridge humanist and reformer, and was highly reputed in his time as a Latinist. He sat as an MP during the reigns of Mary and Elizabeth. His controversial exchange with the Portuguese historian Jerónimo Osório attracted international attention partly on account of the scholarly reputations of the protagonists.

Early life
Walter Haddon was the son of William Haddon and Dorothy Young, the daughter of John Young of Croome d'Abitot, Worcestershire. He was the maternal half-brother of Francis Saunders and the brother of James Haddon. Haddon was educated at Eton College under Richard Cox, and in 1533 he was elected from Eton to King's College, Cambridge. He declined an invitation to Cardinal College, at Oxford, and proceeded B.A. at Cambridge in 1537. He was one of the scholars who about this period attended the Greek lectures read in the university by Thomas Smith. He commenced M.A. in 1541, and read lectures on civil law for two or three years.

Under Edward VI
He was created Doctor of both laws at Cambridge in 1549, and served the office of vice-chancellor in 1549–1550. A reformer in religion, with Matthew Parker, then master of Benet College, he acted as an executor of his friend Martin Bucer, and both delivered orations at his funeral in March 1551. He was appointed Regius Professor of civil law, in accordance with a petition from the university, drawn up by his friend Roger Ascham. Haddon and John Cheke were chiefly responsible for the reform of the ecclesiastical laws, prepared under Thomas Cranmer's superintendence, and with the advice of Peter Martyr, in accordance with an Act of Parliament of 1549. The Act directed that the scheme should be completed by 1552, but the work was not finished within the specified time. A bill introduced into the parliament of 1552 for the renewal of the commission was not carried, and Edward's death put an end to the scheme, but Haddon and Cheke's Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum did eventually appear in print in 1571.

On the refusal of Stephen Gardiner, Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, to comply with the request of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, to amalgamate the college with Clare Hall, the king in February 1552 appointed Haddon to the mastership. On 8 April 1552 he, Parker, Ralph Aynsworth, then master of Peterhouse, and Thomas Lever, master of St. John's College, Cambridge, were commissioned to settle a disputed claim to the mastership of Clare Hall. When Cheke was ill in 1552, he recommended Haddon to the king as his successor in the provostship of King's College.

At Michaelmas 1552 the king and council removed Owen Oglethorpe, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, who was opposed to further religious changes, and Haddon was appointed to succeed him. The fellows in vain petitioned the king against this breach of the college statutes. Oglethorpe, finding the council inflexible, made an arrangement with Haddon, and resigned on 27 September; Haddon was admitted President by royal mandate on 10 October. Haddon as President sold valuables from the college chapel. Some libellous verses against the president, affixed to various parts of the college, were attributed to Julins Palmer, who was expelled on the ground of "popish pranks".

Under Mary
On Mary's accession, in August 1553 Haddon wrote some Latin verses congratulating Her Majesty, but on 27 August he obtained leave of absence from Magdalen for a month on urgent private affairs. The following day letters were received from the Queen commanding that all injunctions contrary to the founder's statutes issued since the death of Henry VIII should be abolished; Haddon having retired, Oglethorpe was re-elected president on 31 October.

A commission for Haddon's admission to practise as an advocate in the arches court of Canterbury was taken out on 9 May 1555. He was elected MP for Reigate in October that year. He was admitted a member of Gray's Inn in 1557 and was MP for Thetford, Norfolk, in the parliament which assembled 20 January 1558, for Poole in 1559 and for Warwick from 1563 to 1567.

In 1557 he translated into Latin a supplicatory letter to Pope Paul IV from the parliament of England, to dissuade him from revoking Cardinal Pole's authority as legate.

Under Elizabeth
His sympathy with Protestantism had been displayed in a consolatory Latin poem addressed to the Princess Elizabeth on her afflictions. On her accession in 1559 he was in favour and was summoned to attend her at Hatfield. He congratulated her in Latin verse, and was immediately constituted one of the two Masters in Ordinary of the Court of Requests (until 1571), together with Thomas Seckford. In spite of his own Protestant opinions, he admired the learning of Bishop Cuthbert Tunstal, and composed the epitaph placed on his tomb when he died that year. On 20 June he was appointed one of the commissioners for the visitation of the University of Cambridge and the college of Eton; and on 18 September following the queen granted him a pension. He was in the commission for administering oaths to ecclesiastics (20 October 1559); was also one of the ecclesiastical commissioners; and received from his friend, Archbishop Parker, the office of judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury.

In 1560 a Latin prayer-book, prepared under the superintendence of Haddon, who took a former translation by Alexander Alesius as a model, was authorised by the queen's Letters Patent for the use of the colleges in both universities and those of Eton and Winchester. On 22 January 1561 he was one of the royal commissioners appointed to look at the order of lessons throughout the year, to cause new calendars to be printed, to provide remedies for the decay of churches, and to prescribe some good order for collegiate churches in the use of the Latin service. He was one of those recommended by Edmund Grindal in December 1561 for the provostship of Eton College, but the queen's choice was William Day. In June 1562 he and Parker, at the request of the senate, induced William Cecil to abandon his intention of resigning the chancellorship of the University of Cambridge.

In August 1564 Haddon accompanied the Queen to Cambridge, and determined the questions in law in the disputations in that faculty held in her presence. In the same year the queen granted him lands at the site of Wymondham Abbey, Norfolk. He was at Bruges in 1565 and 1566 with Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu and Nicholas Wotton, in negotiations for restoring the commercial relations between England and the Netherlands. In November 1566 he was a member of the joint committee of both houses of parliament appointed to petition the queen about her marriage.

Controversy with Osório
In 1563 Jerónimo Osório, a Portuguese priest known as a historian, published in French and Latin an epistle to Queen Elizabeth, exhorting her to return to the communion of the Catholic Church. Haddon, by direction of the government, wrote an answer, which was printed at Paris in 1563 through the agency of Sir Thomas Smith, the English ambassador. This polemical exchange has been called the most famous religious controversy of the second half of the sixteenth century.

Osório, now bishop of Silves, published a reply in 1567. Haddon began a rejoinder, but this was left unfinished at the time of his death, and it was ultimately completed and published by John Foxe. There appeared, probably at Antwerp, without date, Chorus alternatim canentium, a satire in verse on the controversy between Haddon and Osório, attached to a caricature in which Haddon, Bucer, and Pietro Martire Vermigli are represented as dogs drawing a car on which Osório is seated in triumph.

According to Edward Nares, English Jesuits at Leuven sought to deter Haddon from proceeding with his second confutation of Osório, by intimidation; Nares claimed wrongly that Haddon died in Flanders, and that this had raised suspicions of foul play. Similar claims are in the biography of John Foxe published in the 1840s by George Townsend (1788–1857).

Death and family
Haddon died in London on 21 January 1572, and was buried on 25 January at Christ Church, Newgate Street. Until the Great Fire of London, there was a monument to his memory, with a Latin inscription preserved by Weever. So states the old D.N.B., but the verses recorded by Weever over the name of Walter Haddon are in Weever's entry for St. Anne's, Aldersgate, and are an Epigram reflecting on the dualities of God and Satan, Life and Death, Heaven and Hell.

He married, first, Margaret, daughter of Sir John Clere of Ormesby, Norfolk, by whom he had a son, Clere Haddon, who was drowned in the river Cam, probably in 1571; and secondly Anne, daughter of Sir Henry Sutton, who survived him and remarried Sir Henry Cobham, whom she also survived.

Notes

References
 Luminarium

Attribution

1515 births
1572 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
English lawyers
English Renaissance humanists
Presidents of Magdalen College, Oxford
Masters of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
English MPs 1555
English MPs 1558
English MPs 1559
English MPs 1563–1567
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Regius Professors of Civil Law (University of Cambridge)
16th-century English lawyers
16th-century writers in Latin


Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar is a 2000 Indian English-Hindi bilingual feature film directed by Jabbar Patel. It stars Mammootty in the title role. The film tells the story of B. R. Ambedkar, known mainly for his contributions in the emancipation of the downtrodden and oppressed castes, and as a result, the oppressed classes in India and shaping the Constitution of India, as the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constituent Assembly.

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar won the National Film Awards for Best feature film in English, Best Actor (Mammootty) and Best Art Direction (Nitin Chandrakant Desai) in 1999. The film was screened retrospective on August 15, 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defence, commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day.

Plot
Bhimrao Ambedkar studying in Columbia University library is approached by Lala Lajpat Rai to join his home rule league but Ambedkar refuses to do so as he came here on the scholarship of his highness Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda State. Ambedkar is unable to afford studying in America so he also works part-time jobs washing plates and cleaning.

He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of sociology, history, philosophy and anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy. In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India - A Historic and Analytical Study for another M.A. In October 1916, he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. 1917 The term of his scholarship from Baroda ended, so that he was obliged to go back to India in June with his work unfinished; he was, however, given permission to return and finish within four years. He sent his precious and much-loved collection of books back on a steamer—but it was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine Ambedkar went to Baroda State to work as a probationer in the Accountant General's Office . A scholarship of 11.50 British pounds a month, for three years, was awarded to the young Ambedkar and per the agreement he has to serve baroda for 10 years after the completion of his studies. However, upon arriving in Baroda, he realized that none of the Hindu hotels would allow his to stay due to his lower caste. He found a Parsi inn, but here, non-Parsis were not allowed to stay. He and the Parsi inn-keeper reached a compromise, where by Ambedkar gave his name as a Parsi, and was allowed to stay. After joining the new office as a new senior officer (Probationary officer) being an untouchable the peon of the office doesn't give him file in his hand he throw files on his table, Ambedkar feel thirsty and ask for a glass of water, the peon says there is no water when he goes on to drink water from the pot, Upper caste people finds this very uncomfortable and insult him and he is not allowed to drink water from that pot as they think by his touch it will pollute the water so they tell him to bring his own water and call him dirty and untouchable. After a few days of stay in Baroda it is discovered by other Parsis, that he is not Parsi and on the eleventh day of his stay, a group of angry Parsi men, armed with sticks, arrived to remove him from the inn. He had to leave the inn that very day, and not having a place to stay, was forced to leave Baroda and return to Bombay to find work elsewhere.

In Bombay, Ambedkar applies for the post of professorship as professor of political economy in Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics. On the first day of his job the students makes fun of him thinking what this untouchable will teach them does he know how to speak English. In the staff room when Ambedkar approaches towards water pot to drink water a professor named Trivedi doesn't like it and insults him. Ambedkar is approached by Shri Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur and Ambedkar starts a newspaper called Mooknayak in the year 1920. Ambedkar took a conference in Mangaon in Kolhapur it was attended by Shri Shahu Maharaj. The Maharaj declared in a prophetic vein "You have found your saviour in Ambedkar and I am confident that he will break your shackles".

Cast
Mammootty as Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Sonali Kulkarni as Ramabai Ambedkar, first wife of Ambedkar
Priya Bapat as young Ramabai
Mrinal Kulkarni as Savita Ambedkar, second wife of Babasaheb
Govind Namdeo as Subedar Ramji Maloji Sakpal, father of Babasaheb
Mohan Gokhale as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Tirlok Malik as Lala Lajpat Rai
Anjan Srivastav as Sayajirao Gaekwad III
Nawazuddin Siddiqui as one of the leaders of Second Mahad Satyagraha and in background of Manusmriti Dahan
Sushant Singh as Asnodkar, a friend he met while studying in London
Nandu Madhav as Gangadhar Nilkanth Sahasrabuddhe
 Ashok Lokhande as Bhaurao Gaikwad
 Nikhil Ratnaparkhi as Professor Trivedi ( Special Appearance)

Production
The film was a project funded jointly by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and the Government of Maharashtra. It was made at a budget of  8.95 crore. The production was managed by the government-owned National Film Development Corporation of India.

In an interview with Pritish Nandy of Rediff.com, director Jabbar Patel said that the research and filming took three years each. The government said they wanted a film on the scale of Richard Attenborough's Gandhi. For the role of Ambedkar, they considered hundreds of actors around the world. Patel claimed that, in that search, they also sought Robert De Niro who was very keen on the role but backed off when he was told that he had to drop his American accent and speak the way Ambedkar did—in his typically "clipped Indo-British accent". Mammootty was cast by chance when Patel saw his picture on a magazine and felt he had some resemblance with Ambedkar. Mammootty was initially resistant to be cast as that would have meant shaving off his mustache, recalls Patel. Since there were no footage of Ambedkar available to them, his body language and way of talking was to be done out of imagination. The film was simultaneously shot in English and Hindi.

Although Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was certified in 1998, it was released commercially in 2000.

Music

Awards
The film won  National Film Awards (India) in 1999.
 Best Actor - Mammootty
 Best Art Direction - Nitin Chandrakant Desai

See also
 List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi

References

External links

2000 films
2000 biographical drama films
Films about B. R. Ambedkar
Films featuring a Best Actor National Award-winning performance
Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award
Best English Feature Film National Film Award winners
English-language Indian films
Cultural depictions of B. R. Ambedkar
Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi
Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru
Cultural depictions of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
2000 drama films
Films about Buddhism
Films directed by Jabbar Patel


Piołunek  () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 8.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Przylaszczka  (formerly German Knack) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The settlement has a population of 10.

References

Przylaszczka


Radzicz  () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The settlement has a population of 8.

History
The area became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. Following Poland's fragmentation, it formed part of the Duchy of Greater Poland. Later on, it was also ruled by Brandenburg, Bohemia (Czechia), the Teutonic Order, Prussia and Germany. Following Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, the area became again part of Poland.

References

Radzicz


Horehound is the debut studio album by American rock band the Dead Weather. It was released on July 10 in Australia, July 13 in Europe, and July 14, 2009 in North America. The album was recorded at Third Man Studios during a three-week session in January 2009. The first single from the album, "Hang You from the Heavens", was released through iTunes on March 11, 2009, and on vinyl on April 18, 2009. "Treat Me Like Your Mother" was released as the second single from the album on May 25, 2009. The third single from the album was set to be "I Cut Like A Buffalo" and includes a cover of The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band's "A Child of a Few Hours is Burning to Death" as a B-side. The album debuted at No. 6 on the U.S. Billboard 200 Album Charts and at No. 14 on the UK Album Charts. As of 2010, sales in the United States have exceeded 163,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

Personnel
Alison Mosshart – lead vocals, percussion, guitar on "3 Birds" and "I Cut Like a Buffalo"
Jack White – drums, vocals, acoustic guitar on "Will There Be Enough Water?", production
Dean Fertita – guitar, organ, piano, synthesizer, backing vocals, bass on "Rocking Horse"
Jack Lawrence – bass, backing vocals, drums on "Will There Be Enough Water?", guitar on "Rocking Horse"

References

2009 debut albums
The Dead Weather albums
Warner Records albums
Albums produced by Jack White
Third Man Records albums


Różańsko  (formerly German Rosenthal) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

It lies approximately  north-east of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 638.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Smolnica  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-west of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 577.

References

Smolnica


Kandagallu (also known as Kandagal) is a village in Davangere taluk, Karnataka, South India. The population is approximately 5,000

To the west, of the village there is a small lake with the historic Sri Kalleshwara Temple at the center. It is 30 kilometers from Davangere city, and there is bus service between the two towns.

Education
Schooling is up to 10th Class, with three schools Kannada and English Medium, the (1)Government Higher Primary School,(2) sri Lingeshwara Higher Primary School which covers first through seventh standards, and the Sri H Siddaveerappa High School, which covers eighth through tenth standards. Students who want to continue their education must go to Davangere.

Surrounding area

It is surrounded by  of coconut trees, Areca nut palm trees, shrubs, herbs and rice paddy fields, providing a habitat for peacocks, ducks and migratory birds in winter.

This village is partly surrounded by the Haridravathi River, a tributary of the Tunga Bhadra River which flows 365 days of a year, providing water for farming, drinking water.

Life Style
Subgroups within the population of the village are Veerashaiva Lingayat, Jangama,Valmiki Nayakas, Brahmanas, S.C, S.T, kumbara, Vishwakarma and Muslims, although the majority are  Veerashaiva Lingayats and Valmiki Nayakas.

The majority of the population are farmers. Only 45% of the people are vegetarians, rest of them are non vegetarians. Typical dishes eaten here include Jolada Mudde, Jolada Rotti, Rice & Saambar, Ragi Mudde, Chapathi,Milk and Curd. Breakfast items such as Pulao, Rice Bath,Upma,lemon rice, Avalakki, Poori, Idli, Paddu,Dosa, Thalipattu and Mandakki are eaten.

Many people buy local Kannada news papers Janathavaani, Prajavaani, Vijaya karnataka, Vijayavani, Deccan Herald and Times of India.

There is a government sponsored library in the village.

Culture
The village's main festival, Rathothsava, honours Sri Veerabhadreshwara is celebrated 9 days after the Ugadi festival. The other festivals celebrated here are Deepavali (Diwali), Ugadi, Sri Ganesha Chathurthi, Basava Jayanthi, Shravana Masa pooja  & Maheshwarana Jathre, Maha Shivarathri.
Each festival has significant meaning.

Sports, such as chess, volleyball, cricket, badminton, kabaddi, and kho kho, are the most common games.

References

Villages in Davanagere district


Suchlica  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  south of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 139.

See also
History of Pomerania

References

Suchlica


Sulisław  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Dębno,  south of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 29.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Turze  (formerly ) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Dębno,  south of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The settlement has a population of 29.

See also
History of Pomerania

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Warnice  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

The village has a population of 360.

See also

 History of Pomerania

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


David Rollo (26 August 1891 – 17 February 1963) was an Ireland (IFA) international footballer.

Club career
Rollo played his football in Northern Ireland and Wales with Brantwood, Cliftonville, Distillery, West End, Mountpottinger and Linfield, before joining English side Blackburn Rovers for a £2,000 fee in December 1919. Predominantly a half-back, he was nevertheless played at right-back at Ewood Park following the retirement of Bob Crompton. He left Rovers for Second Division club Port Vale in August 1927, and made his debut in a 2–2 draw with Nottingham Forest at The Old Recreation Ground on 27 August. He only played one further game in 1927–28 and did not feature in 1928–29, before he was given a free transfer in May 1929. He later moved on to Fleetwood Windsor Villa.

International career
Rollo earned sixteen caps for Ireland between 1912 and 1926.

Career statistics

Club statistics
Source:

International statistics

References

1891 births
1963 deaths
Association footballers from Belfast
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Irish association footballers (before 1923)
Pre-1950 IFA men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks
Brantwood F.C. players
Cliftonville F.C. players
Lisburn Distillery F.C. players
West End F.C. players
Linfield F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
NIFL Premiership players
English Football League players


Więcław  (formerly German Bornhofen) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębno, within Myślibórz County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Dębno,  south-west of Myślibórz, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 204.

References

Villages in Myślibórz County


Owen Oglethorp may refer to:

 Owen Oglethorpe, bishop
Owen Oglethorp (MP) for Chipping Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)


Altair Radioss is a multidisciplinary finite element solver developed by Altair Engineering. It can solve both linear and non-linear problems. It is a finite element solver using implicit and explicit integration schemes for the solution of engineering problems, from linear statics and linear dynamics to nonlinear transient dynamics and mechanical systems. This multidisciplinary solver enables designers to maximize performance related to durability, NVH, crash, safety, manufacturability, and fluid-structure interaction, in order to bring products to market faster.

Since the 2021 release, Radioss has supported input in the LS-DYNA input format as well as the Radioss 'Block' Format

OpenRadioss, a source available software version of Radioss, sharing the capabilities, input and output formats of Altair Radioss, was released on September the 8th 2022. Despite being called open source software, the software cannot be compiled or used without a library that is provided only in binary form, and for which third parties are granted "limited permission to use".

Disciplines

 Linear static analysis
 Non-linear explicit dynamic analysis
 Non-linear implicit quasi-static analysis
 Normal modes analysis for real and complex eigenvalues
 Linear buckling analysis
 Frequency response analysis
 Random response analysis
 Linear transient response analysis
 Linear coupled fluid-structure (acoustic) analysis
 Linear steady-state heat transfer analysis coupled with static analysis
 Explicit Arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian (ALE) formulation
 Explicit Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
 Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH)
 One-step (inverse) and incremental sheet metal stamping analysis

References

External links
 Altair Radioss webpage
 Altair Radioss User Documentation
 OpenRadioss webpage

Finite element software
Simulation software
Finite element software for Linux