The glass–liquid transition, or glass transition, is the gradual and reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a viscous or rubbery state as the temperature is increased. An amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition is called a glass. The reverse transition, achieved by supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state, is called vitrification.

The glass-transition temperature Tg of a material characterizes the range of temperatures over which this glass transition occurs (as an experimental definition, typically marked as 100 s of relaxation time). It is always lower than the melting temperature, Tm, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists.

Hard plastics like polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) are used well below their glass transition temperatures, i.e., when they are in their glassy state. Their Tg values are both at around . Rubber elastomers like polyisoprene and polyisobutylene are used above their Tg, that is, in the rubbery state, where they are soft and flexible; crosslinking prevents free flow of their molecules, thus endowing rubber with a set shape at room temperature (as opposed to a viscous liquid).

Despite the change in the physical properties of a material through its glass transition, the transition is not considered a phase transition; rather it is a phenomenon extending over a range of temperature and defined by one of several conventions. Such conventions include a constant cooling rate () and a viscosity threshold of 1012 Pa·s, among others. Upon cooling or heating through this glass-transition range, the material also exhibits a smooth step in the thermal-expansion coefficient and in the specific heat, with the location of these effects again being dependent on the history of the material. The question of whether some phase transition underlies the glass transition is a matter of ongoing research.

Characteristics

The glass transition of a liquid to a solid-like state may occur with either cooling or compression. The transition comprises a smooth increase in the viscosity of a material by as much as 17 orders of magnitude within a temperature range of 500 K without any pronounced change in material structure. This transition is in contrast to the freezing or crystallization transition, which is a first-order phase transition in the Ehrenfest classification and involves discontinuities in thermodynamic and dynamic properties such as volume, energy, and viscosity. In many materials that normally undergo a freezing transition, rapid cooling will avoid this phase transition and instead result in a glass transition at some lower temperature. Other materials, such as many polymers, lack a well defined crystalline state and easily form glasses, even upon very slow cooling or compression. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass forming ability. This ability depends on the composition of the material and can be predicted by the rigidity theory.

Below the transition temperature range, the glassy structure does not relax in accordance with the cooling rate used. The expansion coefficient for the glassy state is roughly equivalent to that of the crystalline solid. If slower cooling rates are used, the increased time for structural relaxation (or intermolecular rearrangement) to occur may result in a higher density glass product. Similarly, by annealing (and thus allowing for slow structural relaxation) the glass structure in time approaches an equilibrium density corresponding to the supercooled liquid at this same temperature. Tg is located at the intersection between the cooling curve (volume versus temperature) for the glassy state and the supercooled liquid.

The configuration of the glass in this temperature range changes slowly with time towards the equilibrium structure. The principle of the minimization of the Gibbs free energy provides the thermodynamic driving force necessary for the eventual change. At somewhat higher temperatures than Tg, the structure corresponding to equilibrium at any temperature is achieved quite rapidly. In contrast, at considerably lower temperatures, the configuration of the glass remains sensibly stable over increasingly extended periods of time.

Thus, the liquid-glass transition is not a transition between states of thermodynamic equilibrium. It is widely believed that the true equilibrium state is always crystalline. Glass is believed to exist in a kinetically locked state, and its entropy, density, and so on, depend on the thermal history. Therefore, the glass transition is primarily a dynamic phenomenon. Time and temperature are interchangeable quantities (to some extent) when dealing with glasses, a fact often expressed in the time–temperature superposition principle. On cooling a liquid, internal degrees of freedom successively fall out of equilibrium. However, there is a longstanding debate whether there is an underlying second-order phase transition in the hypothetical limit of infinitely long relaxation times.

In a more recent model of glass transition, the glass transition temperature corresponds to the temperature at which the largest openings between the vibrating elements in the liquid matrix become smaller than the smallest cross-sections of the elements or parts of them when the temperature is decreasing. As a result of the fluctuating input of thermal energy into the liquid matrix, the harmonics of the oscillations are constantly disturbed and temporary cavities ("free volume") are created between the elements, the number and size of which depend on the temperature. The glass transition temperature Tg0 defined in this way is a fixed material constant of the disordered (non-crystalline) state that is dependent only on the pressure. As a result of the increasing inertia of the molecular matrix when approaching Tg0, the setting of the thermal equilibrium is successively delayed, so that the usual measuring methods for determining the glass transition temperature in principle deliver Tg values that are too high. In principle, the slower the temperature change rate is set during the measurement, the closer the measured Tg value Tg0 approaches. Techniques such as dynamic mechanical analysis can be used to measure the glass transition temperature.

Transition temperature Tg

Refer to the figure on the bottom right plotting the heat capacity as a function of temperature. In this context, Tg is the temperature corresponding to point A on the curve.

Different operational definitions of the glass transition temperature Tg are in use, and several of them are endorsed as accepted scientific standards. Nevertheless, all definitions are arbitrary, and all yield different numeric results: at best, values of Tg for a given substance agree within a few kelvins. One definition refers to the viscosity, fixing Tg at a value of 1013 poise (or 1012 Pa·s). As evidenced experimentally, this value is close to the annealing point of many glasses.

In contrast to viscosity, the thermal expansion, heat capacity, shear modulus, and many other properties of inorganic glasses show a relatively sudden change at the glass transition temperature. Any such step or kink can be used to define Tg. To make this definition reproducible, the cooling or heating rate must be specified.

The most frequently used definition of Tg uses the energy release on heating in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, see figure). Typically, the sample is first cooled with 10 K/min and then heated with that same speed.

Yet another definition of Tg uses the kink in dilatometry (a.k.a. thermal expansion): refer to the figure on the top right. Here, heating rates of  are common. The linear sections below and above Tg are colored green. Tg is the temperature at the intersection of the red regression lines.

Summarized below are Tg values characteristic of certain classes of materials.

Polymers

Dry nylon-6 has a glass transition temperature of . Nylon-6,6 in the dry state has a glass transition temperature of about . Whereas polyethene has a glass transition range of
The above are only mean values, as the glass transition temperature depends on the cooling rate and molecular weight distribution and could be influenced by additives. For a semi-crystalline material, such as polyethene that is 60–80% crystalline at room temperature, the quoted glass transition refers to what happens to the amorphous part of the material upon cooling.

Silicates and other covalent network glasses

Kauzmann's paradox

As a liquid is supercooled, the difference in entropy between the liquid and solid phase decreases. By extrapolating the heat capacity of the supercooled liquid below its glass transition temperature, it is possible to calculate the temperature at which the difference in entropies becomes zero. This temperature has been named the Kauzmann temperature.

If a liquid could be supercooled below its Kauzmann temperature, and it did indeed display a lower entropy than the crystal phase, the consequences would be paradoxical. This Kauzmann paradox has been the subject of much debate and many publications since it was first put forward by Walter Kauzmann in 1948.

One resolution of the Kauzmann paradox is to say that there must be a phase transition before the entropy of the liquid decreases. In this scenario, the transition temperature is known as the calorimetric ideal glass transition temperature T0c. In this view, the glass transition is not merely a kinetic effect, i.e. merely the result of fast cooling of a melt, but there is an underlying thermodynamic basis for glass formation. The glass transition temperature:

The Gibbs–DiMarzio model from 1958 specifically predicts that a supercooled liquid's configurational entropy disappears in the limit , where the liquid's existence regime ends, its microstructure becomes identical to the crystal's, and their property curves intersect in a true second-order phase transition. This has never been experimentally verified due to the difficulty of realizing a slow enough cooling rate while avoiding accidental crystallization. The Adam–Gibbs model from 1965 suggested a resolution of the Kauzmann paradox according to which the relaxation time diverges at the Kauzmann temperature, implying that one can never equilibrate the metastable supercooled liquid here. A critical discussion of the Kauzmann paradox and the Adam–Gibbs model was given in 2009. Data on several supercooled organic liquids do not confirm the Adam–Gibbs prediction of a diverging relaxation time at any finite temperature, e.g. the Kauzmann temperature.

Alternative resolutions

There are at least three other possible resolutions to the Kauzmann paradox. It could be that the heat capacity of the supercooled liquid near the Kauzmann temperature smoothly decreases to a smaller value. It could also be that a first order phase transition to another liquid state occurs before the Kauzmann temperature with the heat capacity of this new state being less than that obtained by extrapolation from higher temperature. Finally, Kauzmann himself resolved the entropy paradox by postulating that all supercooled liquids must crystallize before the Kauzmann temperature is reached.

In specific materials

Silica, SiO2
Silica (the chemical compound SiO2) has a number of distinct crystalline forms in addition to the quartz structure. Nearly all of the crystalline forms involve tetrahedral SiO4 units linked together by shared vertices in different arrangements (stishovite, composed of linked SiO6 octahedra, is the main exception). Si-O bond lengths vary between the different crystal forms. For example, in α-quartz the bond length is , whereas in α-tridymite it ranges from . The Si-O-Si bond angle also varies from 140° in α-tridymite to 144° in α-quartz to 180° in β-tridymite. Any deviations from these standard parameters constitute microstructural differences or variations that represent an approach to an amorphous, vitreous or glassy solid.
The transition temperature Tg in silicates is related to the energy required to break and re-form covalent bonds in an amorphous (or random network) lattice of covalent bonds. The Tg is clearly influenced by the chemistry of the glass. For example, addition of elements such as B, Na, K or Ca to a silica glass, which have a valency less than 4, helps in breaking up the network structure, thus reducing the Tg. Alternatively, P, which has a valency of 5, helps to reinforce an ordered lattice, and thus increases the Tg.
Tg is directly proportional to bond strength, e.g. it depends on quasi-equilibrium thermodynamic parameters of the bonds e.g. on the enthalpy Hd and entropy Sd of configurons – broken bonds: Tg = Hd / [Sd + R ln[(1 − fc)/ fc] where R is the gas constant and fc is the percolation threshold. For strong melts such as SiO2 the percolation threshold in the above equation is the universal Scher–Zallen critical density in the 3-D space e.g. fc = 0.15, however for fragile materials the percolation thresholds are material-dependent and fc ≪ 1. The enthalpy Hd and the entropy Sd of configurons – broken bonds can be found from available experimental data on viscosity.

Polymers
In polymers the glass transition temperature, Tg, is often expressed as the temperature at which the Gibbs free energy is such that the activation energy for the cooperative movement of 50 or so elements of the polymer is exceeded . This allows molecular chains to slide past each other when a force is applied. From this definition, we can see that the introduction of relatively stiff chemical groups (such as benzene rings) will interfere with the flowing process and hence increase Tg.
The stiffness of thermoplastics decreases due to this effect (see figure.) When the glass temperature has been reached, the stiffness stays the same for a while, i.e., at or near E2, until the temperature exceeds Tm, and the material melts. This region is called the rubber plateau.

Coming from the low-temperature side, the shear modulus drops by many orders of magnitude at the glass transition temperature Tg. A molecular-level mathematical relation for the temperature-dependent shear modulus of the polymer glass on approaching Tg from below has been developed by Alessio Zaccone and Eugene Terentjev. Even though the shear modulus does not really drop to zero (it drops down to the much lower value of the rubber plateau), upon setting the shear modulus to zero in the Zaccone–Terentjev formula, an expression for Tg is obtained which recovers the Flory–Fox equation, and also shows that Tg is inversely proportional to the thermal expansion coefficient in the glass state. This procedure provides yet another operational protocol to define the Tg of polymer glasses by identifying it with the temperature at which the shear modulus drops by many orders of magnitude down to the rubbery plateau.

In ironing, a fabric is heated through this transition so that the polymer chains become mobile. The weight of the iron then imposes a preferred orientation. Tg can be significantly decreased by addition of plasticizers into the polymer matrix. Smaller molecules of plasticizer embed themselves between the polymer chains, increasing the spacing and free volume, and allowing them to move past one another even at lower temperatures. Addition of plasticizer can effectively take control over polymer chain dynamics and dominate the amounts of the associated free volume so that the increased mobility of polymer ends is not apparent. The addition of nonreactive side groups to a polymer can also make the chains stand off from one another, reducing Tg. If a plastic with some desirable properties has a Tg that is too high, it can sometimes be combined with another in a copolymer or composite material with a Tg below the temperature of intended use. Note that some plastics are used at high temperatures, e.g., in automobile engines, and others at low temperatures.
In viscoelastic materials, the presence of liquid-like behavior depends on the properties of and so varies with rate of applied load, i.e., how quickly a force is applied. The silicone toy Silly Putty behaves quite differently depending on the time rate of applying a force: pull slowly and it flows, acting as a heavily viscous liquid; hit it with a hammer and it shatters, acting as a glass.

On cooling, rubber undergoes a liquid-glass transition, which has also been called a rubber-glass transition.

Mechanics of vitrification

Molecular motion in condensed matter can be represented by a Fourier series whose physical interpretation consists of a superposition of longitudinal and transverse waves of atomic displacement with varying directions and wavelengths. In monatomic systems, these waves are called density fluctuations. (In polyatomic systems, they may also include compositional fluctuations.)

Thus, thermal motion in liquids can be decomposed into elementary longitudinal vibrations (or acoustic phonons) while transverse vibrations (or shear waves) were originally described only in elastic solids exhibiting the highly ordered crystalline state of matter. In other words, simple liquids cannot support an applied force in the form of a shearing stress, and will yield mechanically via macroscopic plastic deformation (or viscous flow). Furthermore, the fact that a solid deforms locally while retaining its rigidity – while a liquid yields to macroscopic viscous flow in response to the application of an applied shearing force – is accepted by many as the mechanical distinction between the two.

The inadequacies of this conclusion, however, were pointed out by Frenkel in his revision of the kinetic theory of solids and the theory of elasticity in liquids. This revision follows directly from the continuous characteristic of the viscoelastic crossover from the liquid state into the solid one when the transition is not accompanied by crystallization—ergo the supercooled viscous liquid. Thus we see the intimate correlation between transverse acoustic phonons (or shear waves) and the onset of rigidity upon vitrification, as described by Bartenev in his mechanical description of the vitrification process.
This concept leads to defining the glass transition in terms of the vanishing or significant lowering of the low-frequency shear modulus, as shown quantitatively in the work of Zaccone and Terentjev on the example of polymer glass. In fact, the shoving model stipulates that the activation energy of the relaxation time is proportional to the high-frequency plateau shear modulus, a quantity that increases upon cooling thus explaining the ubiquitous non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of the relaxation time in glass-forming liquids.

The velocities of longitudinal acoustic phonons in condensed matter are directly responsible for the thermal conductivity that levels out temperature differentials between compressed and expanded volume elements. Kittel proposed that the behavior of glasses is interpreted in terms of an approximately constant "mean free path" for lattice phonons, and that the value of the mean free path is of the order of magnitude of the scale of disorder in the molecular structure of a liquid or solid. The thermal phonon mean free paths or relaxation lengths of a number of glass formers have been plotted versus the glass transition temperature, indicating a linear relationship between the two. This has suggested a new criterion for glass formation based on the value of the phonon mean free path.

It has often been suggested that heat transport in dielectric solids occurs through elastic vibrations of the lattice, and that this transport is limited by elastic scattering of acoustic phonons by lattice defects (e.g. randomly spaced vacancies).
These predictions were confirmed by experiments on commercial glasses and glass ceramics, where mean free paths were apparently limited by "internal boundary scattering" to length scales of . The relationship between these transverse waves and the mechanism of vitrification has been described by several authors who proposed that the onset of correlations between such phonons results in an orientational ordering or "freezing" of local shear stresses in glass-forming liquids, thus yielding the glass transition.

Electronic structure

The influence of thermal phonons and their interaction with electronic structure is a topic that was appropriately introduced in a discussion of the resistance of liquid metals. Lindemann's theory of melting is referenced, and it is suggested that the drop in conductivity in going from the crystalline to the liquid state is due to the increased scattering of conduction electrons as a result of the increased amplitude of atomic vibration. Such theories of localization have been applied to transport in metallic glasses, where the mean free path of the electrons is very small (on the order of the interatomic spacing).

The formation of a non-crystalline form of a gold-silicon alloy by the method of splat quenching from the melt led to further considerations of the influence of electronic structure on glass forming ability, based on the properties of the metallic bond.

Other work indicates that the mobility of localized electrons is enhanced by the presence of dynamic phonon modes. One claim against such a model is that if chemical bonds are important, the nearly free electron models should not be applicable. However, if the model includes the buildup of a charge distribution between all pairs of atoms just like a chemical bond (e.g., silicon, when a band is just filled with electrons) then it should apply to solids.

Thus, if the electrical conductivity is low, the mean free path of the electrons is very short. The electrons will only be sensitive to the short-range order in the glass since they do not get a chance to scatter from atoms spaced at large distances. Since the short-range order is similar in glasses and crystals, the electronic energies should be similar in these two states. For alloys with lower resistivity and longer electronic mean free paths, the electrons could begin to sense  that there is disorder in the glass, and this would raise their energies and destabilize the glass with respect to crystallization. Thus, the glass formation tendencies of certain alloys may therefore be due in part to the fact that the electron mean free paths are very short, so that only the short-range order is ever important for the energy of the electrons.

It has also been argued that glass formation in metallic systems is related to the "softness" of the interaction potential between unlike atoms. Some authors, emphasizing the strong similarities between the local structure of the glass and the corresponding crystal, suggest that chemical bonding helps to stabilize the amorphous structure.

Other authors have suggested that the electronic structure yields its influence on glass formation through the directional properties of bonds. Non-crystallinity is thus favored in elements with a large number of polymorphic forms and a high degree of bonding anisotropy. Crystallization becomes more unlikely as bonding anisotropy is increased from isotropic metallic to anisotropic metallic to covalent bonding, thus suggesting a relationship between the group number in the periodic table and the glass forming ability in elemental solids.

See also
 Gardner transition
 Glass formation

References

External links

 Fragility
 VFT Eqn.
 Polymers I
 Polymers II
 Angell: Aqueous media
 DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "The Glass Transition in Polymers"
 Glass Transition Temperature short overview

Cryobiology
Glass engineering and science
Glass physics
Phase transitions
Polymer chemistry
Rubber properties
Threshold temperatures


"You'll Never Never Know" is a single by the Platters released in 1956. The song reached number 11 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. On the Most Played R&B in Jukeboxes chart, the song peaked at number 9. Outside the US, "You'll Never Never Know" went to number 23 on the UK Singles Chart.

References

1956 singles
The Platters songs
1956 songs


The 1995 International League season took place from April to September 1995.

The Ottawa Lynx defeated the Norfolk Tides to win the league championship.

Attendance
Charlotte Knights - 336,001
Columbus Clippers - 541,451
Norfolk Tides - 586,317
Ottawa Lynx - 511,865
Pawtucket Red Sox - 486,029
Richmond Braves - 524,210
Rochester Red Wings - 402,127
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 489,040
Syracuse Chiefs - 303,208
Toledo Mud Hens - 306,906

Standings

Stats

Batting leaders

Pitching leaders

Regular season

All-Star game
The 1995 Triple-A All-Star Game was held at Lackawanna County Stadium, home of the IL's Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons. The All stars representing the American League affiliates won 9-0. Syracuse Chiefs third baseman Howard Battle won the top award for the International League.

Playoffs

Division Series
The Ottawa Lynx won the East Division Finals over the Rochester Red Wings, 3 games to 2.

The Norfolk Tides won the West Division Finals over the Richmond Braves, 3 games to 2.

Championship series
The Ottawa Lynx won its first Governors' Cup Championship in franchise history, by beating the Norfolk Tides, 3 games to 1.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Ephraim Williams (1715–1755) was an American soldier; benefactor of Williams College in Massachusetts.

Ephraim Williams may also refer to:

Ephraim Williams Sr. (1691 - 1754) was a colonial Massachusetts surveyor and land owner, instrumental in dispossession of the Mohicans.
Ephraim S. Williams (1802–1890), mayor of Flint, Michigan
Ephraim Williams (footballer) (1877–1954), Druids F.C. and Wales international footballer
Ephraim "Eph" Williams, African American variety show proprietor; see Silas Green from New Orleans
Ephraim Williams (mariner), 19th-century American sealer from Stonington, Connecticut, see Express Island
Ephraim Williams, see wreck of the Ephraim Williams, a ship sunk off North Carolina in 1884


Juan Antonio Larrañaga Gurruchaga (alt.spelling Ion Andoni; born 3 July 1958) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a defender.

Club career
Larrañaga was born in Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country. He started playing as a defensive midfielder, being signed by Real Sociedad in 1977 from local CD Lagun Onak. In January 1980 he made his first-team debut in the Copa del Rey, against Navarre neighbours Peña Sport FC.

Although he featured sparingly in the 1980–81 season, as Real won the first of their two consecutive La Liga titles, Larrañaga did take the field in the decisive draw at Sporting de Gijón in the last round, and featured in all the matches the following campaign whilst adding two goals. From 1986 to 1992, he only missed a total of two games; after manager John Toshack was appointed, he began playing as a sweeper. On 1 October 2021, his record of 202 consecutive Spanish top tier appearances was eclipsed by Athletic Bilbao forward Iñaki Williams in a match against Deportivo Alavés.

Larrañaga retired at 36 at the end of 1993–94, having made 460 top-flight appearances (589 overall, only behind teammate Alberto Górriz in the club's record books). He was the only member of the league-winning sides to have played at both of the club's grounds: Atotxa and Anoeta.

International career
Larrañaga won one cap for Spain, playing the entire 1–2 friendly defeat to Czechoslovakia on 24 February 1988, in Málaga. He also appeared four times for the under-21 team.

Post-retirement
After retiring, Larrañaga took up coaching, but only in the lower leagues (for six years). He also appeared as a commentator for ETB 1, which lasted until the end of the 2005–06 season.

From 2006 to 2008, Larrañaga served as the youth coordinator of his only professional club, being fired at the end of the second division campaign.

Honours
Real Sociedad
La Liga: 1980–81, 1981–82
Copa del Rey: 1986–87
Supercopa de España: 1982

Individual
Don Balón Award – Best Spanish Player: 1987–88

See also
List of La Liga players (400+ appearances)
List of one-club men in association football

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
People from Azpeitia
Footballers from Gipuzkoa
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football utility players
La Liga players
Tercera División players
Real Sociedad B footballers
Real Sociedad footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's under-23 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Basque Country men's international footballers
Real Sociedad non-playing staff


James Rogers McConnell (14 March 1887 – 19 March 1917) flew as an aviator during World War I in the Lafayette Escadrille and authored Flying for France.  He was the first of sixty-four University of Virginia students to die in battle during that War.

Early life
Born in Chicago, he was the son of Judge Samuel Parsons McConnell and Sarah Rogers McConnell. The family moved from Chicago to New York City following the judge's resignation from the bench and then to Carthage, North Carolina. James attended private schools in Chicago, Morristown, N.J., and Haverford, Pa. In 1908 he enrolled at the University of Virginia, staying for two undergraduate years and one in the law school. While there he founded an "aero club," engaged in numerous collegiate pranks, was elected King of the Hot Feet (later painting a red foot on the side of his plane in France), was assistant cheerleader, and joined the Omicron chapter of Beta Theta Pi as well as the organization Theta Nu Epsilon. In 1910 McConnell left law school and joined his family in Carthage. There he served as the land and industrial agent of the Seaboard Air Line Railway and secretary of the Carthage Board of Trade. He also wrote promotional pamphlets for the Sandhills area of North Carolina. He never married.

World War I
When war broke out in Europe, McConnell soon came to the conclusion, as he is quoted in the introduction to his book, Flying for France, that: "These sand hills will be here forever, but the war won't, so I'm going." In January 1915, McConnell sailed from New York to enlist with the American Ambulance Corps in France. In a letter to a friend in 1915, he wrote: "Tomorrow I am going to the front with our squad and twelve ambulances. . . . I am having a glorious experience." His rescue of a wounded French soldier while under fire was one of many similar acts.  France awarded him the Croix de Guerre for "conspicuous bravery in saving wounded under fire.

Dissatisfied with his field of service and America's position towards the war, McConnell withdrew from the Ambulance Corps and entered the aviation training program. Of his decision to join the fighting ranks, he wrote: "All along I had been convinced that the United States ought to aid in the struggle against Germany.  With that conviction, it was plainly up to me to do more than drive an ambulance.  The more I saw the splendor of the fight the French were fighting, the more I felt like an embusque - what the British call a "shirker." So I made up my mind to go into aviation." On May 13, 1916, McConnell participated in the unit's first patrol.  Thirty-eight pilots of the Lafayette Escadrille flew Nieuport biplanes that traveled at  Operating from Luxeuil Field in eastern France, McConnell's group typically set off each day at dawn, clad in fur-lined outfits for two-hour patrols. Only after the Battle of Verdun were the planes equipped with machine guns; prior to this, pilots simply fired machine guns single-handedly while steering.  The 47-round Lewis machine guns were replaced with 500-round Vickers models which synchronized with the rotating propellers. While convalescing from a back injury, suffered during a landing mishap, McConnell found time to compose Flying for France.

Flying for France

After suffering a serious back injury from a landing mishap, McConnell took time to write about his experiences in the war. Flying for France goes in depth about his personal experiences with the Escadrille from his training period to his participation in the Battle of Verdun. McConnell expresses the strict rules and regulations that were put in place, but also notes the large amount of freedom gained after, "save when he is flying or on guard, his time is his own." When the war began, most people doubted the possibility of an American entering the French aviation service. Yet, by the fall of 1915, there were six Americans serving as full-fledged pilots, and in the summer of 1916, the number grew to a list of fifteen or more, with twice that number training for their pilot's license in the military aviation schools. As Americans soldiers, McConnell and his comrades were all treated with respect and shown more than the ordinary consideration by the French Government.

In his book, McConnell describes his experience at the front in a manner containing of short narrations, personal letters, as well as explanations for tests for the military brevet, trick flying and stunts. McConnell explains the pilot life at the front in Luxeuil as a "delightful opportunity to see that glorious countryside." The American Escadrille was sent to Luxeuil primarily to achieve  teamwork necessary for a strong, functional flying unit. In addition, the new pilots needed to familiarize themselves with anti-aircraft artillery over a battlefield.

McConnell goes on to describe the Escadrille's first sortie and recounts his fear of losing contact with his companions as he had never flown over the region. During the flight, the clouds had closely joined and blocked his view of the other planes, and he had lost the others altogether.  McConnell continued to grow uncertain about his position as he couldn't make out a single plane, but one by one, the others began bobbing up above the cloud level. Upon the Escadrille's first sortie, they flew over Dannemarie where they were able to see the trenches for a brief time before they were shot at with shrapnel. The Escadrille escaped and turned north after crossing the lines into Mullhouse, where McConnell notes the keen sense of satisfaction of "their invasion of real German territory."

In mid September 1916, the Escadrille was ordered to pack up and head to Somme. During this transition, Victor Chapman, a close friend of McConnell's, died over the Verdun sector and his death visibly shook up the Escadrille. Quoted from his novel, McConnell describes the aftermath of the news: "We could read the pain in one another's eyes. If only it could have been some one else, was what we all thought, I suppose. To lose Victor was not an irreparable loss to us merely, but to France, and to the world as well." Chapman was the first to die, followed by Kiffin Rockwell, the first American pilot to shoot down a German aircraft in World War I, and Norman Prince, a leading founder of France's Lafayette Escadrille - all close friends with McConnell. The death of his comrades urged the rest of the men to greater action against the Boche.

The arrival at Somme shifted the escadrille's previous concept of pilot life. Before Somme, the escadrille had always been quartered in towns and the life of the pilots was all that could be desired in the way of comforts. They had come to believe that they would only wage a de luxe war, and were therefore unprepared for any other sort of campaign. The introduction to the Somme was a rude awakening. Instead of being quartered in a villa or hotel, the pilots were directed to a portable barracks newly erected in a sea of mud.

Battle of Verdun
Shortly after the Escadrille's first sortie, they were ordered to the sector of Verdun. Fights occurred on almost every sortie; all the pilots whose planes were in commission, besides the ones who stayed behind on guard, would leave early and average from four to six on a sortie, unless too many flights had been ordered for that day, in which case only two or three went out at a time. The Germans seldom crossed into French territory, unless on a bombarding jaunt, and thus practically all the fighting took place on the German side of the line.

After the Battle of Verdun, McConnell was given a new plane on which the 500-round Vickers machine gun was synchronized with the propeller. This was the era of dogfights high above the battlefields, of "aces" who shot down five enemy planes, of hot pursuit, of the last resort of individualism in the midst of mechanized warfare.

Death and legacy
McConnell was flying in the area of St.-Quentin when two German planes shot him down on March 19, 1917. He was the last American pilot of the squadron to die under French colors before America entered the war in April,1917. Both the plane and his body were found by the French, and he was buried at the site of his death, in a meadow at the edge of the village of Jussy, and was later reinterred at the Lafayette Escadrille memorial near Paris upon his father's wishes. McConnell was commemorated with a plaque by the French Government and a statue by Gutzon Borglum at the University of Virginia, as well as an obelisk on the court square of his home town of Carthage, North Carolina. The monument bears an inscription reading in part, "He fought for Humanity, Liberty and Democracy, lighted the way for his countrymen and showed all men how to dare nobly and to die gloriously."

In his final letter, found among his effects, McConnell wrote:

"My burial is of no import. Make it as easy as possible on yourselves. I have no religion and do not care for any service. If the omission would embarrass you, I presume I could stand the performance.

"Good luck to the rest of you. God damn Germany and Vive la France."

The Gilliam–McConnell Airfield, built in Carthage, North Carolina in 1994, was named partly in homage to McConnell.

The Aviator

Alumni of Virginia and friends of McConnell commissioned a statue, The Aviator, by Gutzon Borglum, that now adorns the grounds of the University of Virginia.
The statue's base reads: "Soaring like an eagle into new heavens of valor and devotion".

When Armistead Dobie accepted the statue on behalf of the university during Finals in 1919, he recalled of McConnell's nature a "hatred of the humdrum, an abhorrence of the commonplace, a passion for the picturesque."

The Seven Society, of which McConnell was a member, presented a wreath on that day.

Today, brothers of McConnell's fraternity, the Omicron of Beta Theta Pi, remember his exploits in song and memorialize the fallen aviator every year on March 19 with an all-day color guard and a memorial ceremony.

References

External links

1887 births
1917 deaths
People from Chicago
University of Virginia alumni
American military personnel killed in World War I
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Haverford School alumni
People from Carthage, North Carolina


Rachel McFarlane is a British singer. She began singing at the age of twelve as a gospel singer.

In 1992, her career began as a featured member of the dancehall/rave act The Family Foundation, which recorded the single "Express Yourself". After the act disbanded, McFarlane joined the house music group Loveland (with Mark Hadfield, Paul Taylor and Paul Waterman) in 1994. She was featured on their track "Let the Music (Lift You Up)" which reached number 16 in the UK Singles Chart. The same year, she recorded "Turn Up the Power" with N-Trance.

In 1998, she released her debut single "Lover" which made the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart. "Lover" was also released in 2005 through the All Around the World label, once again making it to the Top 40.

In 2004, she joined LMC to record the vocals for their track "Take Me to the Clouds Above" which peaked at number one in the UK chart. Two years later, she also recorded "You Get What You Give" with the group.

She appeared as Justice/Mother in the London production of Rock of Ages.

Singles discography

References

External links
Myspace
N-Trance.co.uk
Aatw.co.uk

Living people
English dance musicians
English women pop singers
21st-century Black British women singers
Singers from Manchester
20th-century Black British women singers
English women in electronic music
All Around the World Productions artists
Year of birth missing (living people)


The 1994 International League season took place from April to September 1994.

The Richmond Braves defeated the Syracuse Chiefs to win the league championship.

Attendance
Charlotte Knights - 404,861
Columbus Clippers - 535,145
Norfolk Tides - 557,586
Ottawa Lynx - 607,190
Pawtucket Red Sox - 477,911
Richmond Braves - 530,200
Rochester Red Wings - 370,050
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 476,053
Syracuse Chiefs - 366,684
Toledo Mud Hens - 304,827

Standings

Stats

Batting leaders

Pitching leaders

Regular season

All-Star game
The 1994 Triple-A All-Star Game was held at Herschel Greer Stadium in Nashville, Tennessee, home of the American Association's Nashville Sounds. The All stars representing the National League affiliates won 8-5. Richmond Braves catcher and first baseman Luis Lopez won the top award for the International League.

Playoffs

Division Series
The Syracuse Chiefs won the East Division Finals over the Pawtucket Red Sox, 3 games to 1.

The Richmond Braves won the West Division Finals over the Charlotte Knights, 3 games to 1.

Championship series
The Richmond Braves won the Governors' Cup Finals over the Syracuse Chiefs, 3 games to none.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Bacon mania is passionate enthusiasm for bacon in the United States and  Canada. Novelty bacon dishes and other bacon-related items have been popularized rapidly via the internet.

The movement has been traced to the late 1990s when high-protein foods became a more prominent diet focus due in part to the Atkins diet. Since then, bacon-focused events and gatherings celebrating the food have been reported and bacon-related exploits have been featured in the media.

Innovation

Newer bacon creations have joined more traditional foods like the BLT, Cobb salad, clams casino, and club sandwich. Dishes include hard-boiled eggs coated in mayonnaise encased in bacon (the "heart attack snack") and Wendy's 'Baconator' (six strips of bacon on a half-pound cheeseburger). The growing popularity of bacon has also encouraged product introductions such as bacon salt, maple bacon donuts, and baconnaise.

Bacon food oddities include the bacon explosion ("a barbecued meat brick composed of 2 pounds of bacon wrapped around 2 pounds of sausage"), chicken-fried bacon, bacon-infused vodka, bacon ice cream, bacon jerky, and chocolate-covered bacon, all popularized over the internet.

Bacon has been adapted into products including bacon bubble gum, bacon band-aids, sizzling-bacon-flavored rolling papers, and bacon air freshener. A bacon alarm clock that wakes people up with the smell of cooking bacon has been announced.

A 2009 story in The Baltimore Sun describes bacon as being "more than bacon," and stated that for "obsessive and adoring Bacon Nation it's about cheap thrills and a chance for Internet fame." Calling it "like an extreme sport", the article described the innovators and enthusiasts celebrating bacon in all its incarnations.

Organization
The increased interest in bacon has led to Bacon-of-the-month clubs, bacon recipe contests, blogs, a dating app for bacon lovers, and even "bacon camps."  Seattle hosted a "bacon camp" where bacon was included in an assortment of bacon dishes and other bacon-related items. Bacon has even been referred to as a fashion statement after a bacon bra was photographed.

The Portland Monthly noted that "Bacon is such a quintessential breakfast staple, even vegetarians stake a claim to their own versions." A website called "Bacon Today" was started to provide updates about bacon related happenings.

The San Francisco Weekly reported on the first "BaconCamp" held "in solidarity with the growing popularity of events (see the recent Grilled Cheese Invitational)" and reported that the event "demonstrated just how much of a high bacon is currently on in terms of notoriety and how far people are able to stretch one culinary theme". The event included lectures on bacon as art, a PowerPoint presentation of the Obacon project (a recreation of the famous Obama Hope poster), as well as judging and awards. The slide show from the event includes a wide range of innovative food and decorative bacon entities. The San Francisco Weekly advised those attending to live, breathe, and smell like it and to bring a bacon dish.

Events
In and around Baltimore, Maryland, bacon has featured at various eating and drinking establishments. There is a "clamoring" for the bacon happy hour at Bad Decisions bar in Fells Point which includes a menu that is completely redone with bacon dishes and big bowls of bacon served on the bar (using up to 30 pounds of bacon in a two-hour period). A café in Hampden offers the Bacon Bulleit, a cocktail of bourbon, lemon, and maple syrup, "with applewood smoked bacon replacing the swizzle stick."

The "Bacon Takedown" competition in Brooklyn, New York, was held March 29, 2009, and featured 30 contestants vying for the best bacon dish. The winner was bourbon-bacon ice cream. The "Bacon Mania" ABC News segment covered the event and noted that $2 billion in bacon was sold in the United States in 2008 and that "with the bacon business booming... you might say our love affair with the breakfast meat is more passionate than ever".

On February 28, 2009, the second annual Blue Ribbon Bacon Festival in Des Moines Iowa hosted a sell-out event for more than 300 people. First held March 1, 2008, on National Pig Day, it was founded by Brooks Reynolds, and the 2013 sold 8000 tickets in three minutes.

Humor about bacon includes an April Fool's day story about a putative all-bacon restaurant and the supposed creation of "squeezable bacon" including a video advertisement.

A group of graduate students in Boulder, Colorado, has established an International Bacon Day celebration which is now in its fifth year.

In Portland, Oregon, there are multiple bacon events each year, including Portland Baconfest. These are described as "some of the happiest places in the world" by attendees. These events focus on fun just as much as bacon.

Possible decline
Negative publicity surrounding swine flu, although not transmitted via pork product consumption, hit sales and prices in the pork industry in 2009. Heather Lauer, author of Bacon: A Love Story, said of the impact, "Bacon has been around for thousands of years. It has survived numerous health scares. Anyone who attempts to capitalize on this recent event in an effort to destroy the best meat ever will fail." Efforts to alleviate flu concerns and fight back against the anti-pork and bacon tide were reported.

See also

List of bacon dishes
Seduced by Bacon, a book on the subject
Heather Lauer, the author of the Bacon Unwrapped blog and book on bacon
2010s in food

References

Further reading
Joanna Pruess Seduced by Bacon: Recipes & Lore about America's Favorite Indulgence October 1, 2006, The Lyons Press 192 pages
Bacon: A Love Story: A Salty Survey of Everybody's Favorite Meat Heather Lauer

Bacon
American popular culture
2010s in food
Food and drink in the United States


Freda Bedi (born Freda Marie Houlston; 5 February 1911 – 26 March 1977), also known as Sister Palmo or Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo, was a British woman who was jailed in India as a supporter of Indian nationalism and was the first Western woman to take full ordination in Tibetan Buddhism.

Early life

Freda Marie Houlston was born in a flat above her father's jewellery and watch repair business in Monk Street in Derby. When she was still a baby, the family moved to Littleover, a suburb of Derby.

Freda's father served in the First World War and was enrolled in the Machine Guns Corps. He was killed in northern France on 14 April 1918. Her mother, Nellie, remarried in 1920, to Frank Norman Swan. Freda studied at Hargrave House and then at Parkfields Cedars School, both in Derby. She also spent several months studying at a school in Rheims in northern France. She succeeded in gaining admission to St Hugh's College, Oxford to study French, being awarded an Exhibition or minor scholarship.

Life at Oxford
At Oxford, Freda Houlston changed her subject from French to Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She met her husband Baba Pyare Lal "BPL" Bedi, an Indian from Lahore, on her PPE course. He was a Sikh whose family traced back to Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Romance blossomed and they married at Oxford Registry Office in June 1933, in spite of the reservations of her family and disciplinary action by her college.

Whilst at Oxford Freda became involved in politics. She attended meetings of the Oxford Majlis, where nationalist-minded Indian students gathered, as well as of the communist October Club and the Labour Club. This was another bond with BPL Bedi, who became a keen communist and opponent of Empire. The couple together edited four books on India's struggle for Independence. At St Hugh's her closest friends included Barbara Castle, later a prominent Labour cabinet minister, and the broadcaster Olive Shapley. All three women graduated with a third-class degree; Freda's husband got a fourth-class degree.

Life in India
After a year in Berlin where B.P.L. Bedi was studying - and where their first child, Ranga,  was born - Freda, her husband and baby son sailed to India in 1934. She worked as a journalist and taught English at a women's college in Lahore, and with her husband published a high quality quarterly review "Contemporary India". They also later published a weekly political paper, "Monday Morning".  Freda regularly contributed articles to Lahore's main nationalist daily, The Tribune. Both she and her husband were leftists and campaigning nationalists active in India's independence movement.  The couple's second child, Tilak, died when less than a year old. The family lived in an encampment of huts, without power or running water, outside Model Town in Lahore.

"Baba" Bedi spent about fifteen months in an internment camp at Deoli in the early stages of World War Two because as a communist he was seeking to disrupt recruitment of Punjabis into the British Indian army. Freda herself was jailed for three months in 1941 as a satyagrahi after deliberately defying the wartime regulations as part of a civil disobedience campaign spearheaded by Mohandas K. Gandhi After independence in 1947, Bedi and her family moved to Kashmir, where husband and wife were influential supporters of Sheikh Abdullah, the left-wing Kashmiri nationalist leader. She joined a  women's militia for a while and taught English at a newly established women's college in Srinagar in Kashmir. Later in Delhi, she became editor of the magazine "Social Welfare" of the Ministry of Welfare.

Freda Bedi briefly served as a member of the United Nations Social Services Planning Commission to Burma, during which she was first exposed to Buddhism, which quickly became the defining aspect of her life. In Rangoon she learned vipassana from Mahasi Sayadaw, and Sayadaw U Titthila.
 In Delhi, she became a prominent Buddhist and in 1956, when the 14th Dalai Lama made his first visit to India, she showed him around Buddhist shrines in Delhi.

In 1959, when the Dalai Lama arrived in India after an arduous trek across the Himalayas followed by thousands of his Tibetan devotees, she was asked by India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to help them and spent time improving facilities for refugees at camps in Assam and West Bengal. She became an observant Tibetan Buddhist and she followed the guidance of the 16th Karmapa of the Kagyu School. She worked, with the support of the Dalai Lama, to establish the Young Lamas Home School. Bedi initially set up the Young Lama's School in Delhi but after a short period it was moved to Dalhousie. The school trained young Tibetan lamas and monks in languages and social sciences as well as religion, to equip the coming generation of Tibetan spiritual leaders for life in exile. A number of Bedi's pupils became well-known teachers, including Chogyam Trungpa, Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, Akong Rinpoche, Tulku Pema Tenzin, Kathak Tulku, Gelek Rimpoche, Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche, and the sons of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Chokyi Nyima and Chokling of Tsikey). In 1963, with Lama Karma Thinley Rinpoche and under the guidance of the Karmapa, she founded the Karma Drubgyu Thargay Ling nunnery for Tibetan women, now located in Tilokpur, Kangra Valley.

While running the Young Lamas Home School at Dalhousie in north India, Bedi also spent time at Rumtek in Sikkim, the seat of the Karmapa in exile. In 1966, she took sramaneri ordination by the Karmapa and was given the name Karma Kechog Palmo. She was one of the first Western women to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism. In 1972, she took full bhikshuni ordination in Hong Kong - the first western woman to do so, and according to the scholar Hanna Havnevik possibly the first woman in the Tibetan tradition ever to receive this higher ordination. She accompanied the Karmapa on his first visit to the West in 1974, a landmark five-month tour across North America and Europe. Although not fluent in Tibetan, she helped to translate prayers and religious texts into English. She is credited for bringing Tibetian Buddhism to the West.

Bedi died in New Delhi on 26 March 1977. She was survived by two sons, Ranga Bedi, who was a tea planter, and Kabir Bedi, a Hollywood and Bollywood film and TV star, who was born in Lahore in 1946; a daughter, Gulhima, who was born in Srinagar in 1949, now lives in the United States. A hand crafted wooden tribute to Freda Bedi, made by Kalwinder Singh Dhindsa, was placed in a community garden in her home city of Derby in June 2022.

Published works
 Freda Marie Houlston Bedi, Baba Pyare Lal Bedi, (editors) India analysed, three volumes published by Victor Gollancz, 1933-4
 Freda Marie Houlston Bedi, Behind the Mud Walls, Lahore: Unity Publishers, 1943
 Freda Bedi, Bengal Lamenting, Lahore: Lion, 1944
 Baba Pyare Lal Bedi, Freda Marie (Houlston) Bedi, Sheikh Abdullah: his life and ideals, pamphlet, c1949
 Ein Rosenkranz von Morgengebeten : nach der Tradition des Mahayana – Buddhismus / aus dem Tibetischen ins Englische übers. von Karma Khechog Palmo. Deutsche Wiedergabe von Advayavajra. – Almora, Indien : Kasar-Devi-Ashram-Publication, 1971. – VI, 49 S.
 Freda Bedi, Anna Bhushan (illustrator), Rhymes for Ranga, Random House, India, 2010,

Translations

From French
 Voltaire, Fragments on India, Lion Press, 1937

From Tibetan
 A Garland of morning prayers in the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, Gelongma Karma Tsultim Khechog Palmo, Ed Palmo, 1976
 Wangchuk Dorje (Karmapa IX), , Mahamudra meditation or The Mahamudra, Gelongma Karma Tsultim Khechog Palmo, Ed. Karma Rigdol Publications, 1971

Further reading
 The Lives of Freda: the political, spiritual and personal journeys of Freda Bedi (2019) by Andrew Whitehead, Speaking Tiger
 The Spiritual Odyssey of Freda Bedi: England, India, Burma, Sikkim and Beyond (2018) by Norma Levine
 The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun (2017) by Vicki Mackenzie. Shambhala,
 Cave in the Snow: a Western woman's quest for enlightenment (1999)  by Vicki Mackenzie. . (A biography of Tenzin Palmo, also about Freda Bedi)
 A brief account of Freda Bedi's life and career published in Oxford Today in 2017
 The Making of a Buddhist Nun
 A newspaper feature about Freda Bedi's political involvement in Kashmir
 Freda Bedi, the British woman who fought for India's freedom - BBC website article
 Freda Bedi's 1940s journalism about Kashmir

References

 Sheila Meiring Fugard "Lady of Realisation.  1st ed.  Cape Town: Maitri Publications, 1984.  Copyright © The Library of Congress, No. Txu 140-945.  Cape Town: Electronic Ed., luxlapis.tripod.com.  19 April 1999.  Accessed 30 September 2008.  (In 3 parts.) [A "spiritual biography" of Buddhist Sister Palmo.]

External links
 Website devoted to the life of Freda Bedi and her political, spiritual and personal journeys
 In Memory of The Venerable Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo
  Photographs of Freda Bedi from Kashmir in the 1940s
  Freda Bedi's 'Bengal Lamenting', with its striking cover designed by Sobha Singh
 Cherry Armstrong's ebook 'Tibetan Tapestry' about working with Freda Bedi and her tulku pupils in India in the early 1960s
 Freda Bedi in her own voice talking about her time as a student at Oxford

1911 births
People from Derby
British social workers
Tibetan Buddhist nuns
Gandhians
1977 deaths
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
British Buddhist nuns
Tibetan Buddhists from England
Kagyu Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism
Tibetan–English translators
French–English translators
20th-century British women writers
20th-century British writers
20th-century translators
English emigrants to India
20th-century Buddhist nuns


György Surányi (born January 3, 1954) is Hungarian economist the CEO and chairman of CIB Bank and former president of the Hungarian National Bank.

Career
Surányi has been president of the Hungarian national Bank between 1990–1991 and again in 1995-2001. In his second tenure as central banker from 1995 he played a role in the restoration of balance to the Hungarian economy and getting inflation under control. In the same period he co-authored the Bokros package, a series of measures cutting both the budget and current account deficits. Surányi is also the regional head of Intesa Sanpaolo a banking group of Italy. Under Surányi, the Hungarian Forint (HUF), became fully convertible for the first time. In March 2009 his name was mentioned as a possible replacement for outgoing Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány. Hungarian political party SZDSZ announced that Surányi was acceptable to them as a candidate for Prime Minister. Party leader Gábor Fodor said, Surányi is the one who could restore trust, and govern the country free of party influences. Surányi was asked about his possible nomination and said that a new government will need clear support from all parliamentary parties "even if to a different degree".

President of Hungary László Sólyom stated that instead of a short term transitional government ruling only until the 2010 elections, early elections should be held. Surányi himself remained noncommittal declining to say whether he would accept the position of PM if nominated. Hungarian political party Fidesz has said it will not support any new government including one led by Surányi. This not a personal problem, they support only a new, early parliamentary election. Surányi became the frontrunner candidate for the post of Prime Minister however on the 26th of March he pulled out of the race saying he would not take the job.

The World Economic Forum titled him to Global Leader of Tomorrow, in 1993. In 1996, Euromoney named Surányi the central banker of the year in Central and Eastern Europe. Surányi reached the academic rank of full professor in 1998. He lectured at the Central European University.

Personal life
He is married. His wife is Dr Judit Marmoly. They have a daughter, Szilvia and a son, Gábor.

See also
National Bank of Hungary

References

External links
CV (Hungarian)

Hungarian economists
Governors of the Hungarian National Bank
Politicians from Budapest
1954 births
Living people
Corvinus University of Budapest alumni


Leonard Barber (3 July 1929 – February 1988) was an English footballer who played as a forward for Port Vale in the Football League. He played a minor role in the club's Third Division North title winning campaign in 1953–54.

Career
Barber played for Bury before joining Port Vale in June 1947. He made five Third Division South appearances for Gordon Hodgson's "Valiants" in 1949–50, and scored his first senior goal on 29 October, in a 3–0 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at The Old Recreation Ground. He played 14 games at the end of the 1950–51 season, scoring seven goals. He would have had a higher goal ratio if it wasn't for misfortune, as during a game against Crystal Palace on 9 April 1951 he managed to score four goals, but the game was abandoned after an hour's play due to excessive mud. It was speculated that Barber's natural ability to play in thick mud would have earned him even more goals during that particular game. He made 18 appearances in 1951–52, but only found the net twice. He played eight games in 1953–54, scoring two goals, as Freddie Steele's side won the Third Division North title. He featured twice in the Second Division in 1954–55, before he left Vale Park and was transferred to Cheshire County League side Northwich Victoria in July 1955. He later signed for Wellington Town.

Post-retirement
Barber went on to run a pub called 'The Labour in Vain' in Milton, Staffordshire.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
Football League Third Division North: 1953–54

References

1929 births
1988 deaths
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bury F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
English Football League players


Scalp dysesthesia  is a cutaneous condition characterised by pain and burning sensations without objective physical examination findings. The pain sometimes is described as burning. Often there is an underlying psychosomatic cause, such as stress, depression or anxiety.

Only a few studies have been conducted on this condition. A theory behind the condition is that nerves innervating scalp hair follicles send pain messages back to the brain when the follicle no longer has a hair in it, in a similar way to phantom limb pain. Another theory is that people who have this condition (sometimes called "ponytail syndrome") have super-sensitive nerves in their scalp.

In a recent study it was hypothesised that the unpleasant sensations experienced in scalp dysesthesia are the result of a sensory neuropathy secondary to cervical spine dysfunction and chronic tension of the pericranial muscles. 16 patients were treated with a physiotherapist‐designed exercise protocol, 10 patients experienced a subjectively satisfying improvement and four had complete resolution of symptoms.

A possible treatment is to halt hair loss in the patient, however it is important to understand and address any underlying psychologic comorbity.

Use of antidepressants in treatment has been described.

See also
 Dysesthesia
 Scalp

References

Neurocutaneous conditions


27th Battalion may refer to:

 27th Battalion (Australia), a unit of the Australian Army
 2/27th Battalion (Australia), a unit of the Australian Army
 27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), CEF, a unit of the Canadian Army
 27th Jäger Battalion (Finland), a unit of the German Army 1915–1918 consisted mainly of volunteers from Finland
 27e bataillon de chasseurs alpins, a unit of the French Army
 27 Infantry Battalion (Ireland), a unit of the Irish Army
 27th Machine-Gun Battalion (New Zealand), a unit of the 2nd New Zealand Division during the Second World War
 27th Battalion Virginia Partisan Rangers, a cavalry unit in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War
 27th Engineer Battalion (United States), a unit of the United States Army

See also
 27th Army (disambiguation)
 27th Brigade (disambiguation)
 XXVII Corps (disambiguation)
 27th Division (disambiguation)
 27th Regiment (disambiguation)
 27 Squadron (disambiguation)


"Young Lovers" is a song written by Ray Hildebrand and Jill Jackson, and performed under the name Paul & Paula. It was the follow-up to their number-one hit, "Hey Paula".

Chart performance
The song reached number six on the Billboard Pop Singles chart in 1963, as well as number fourteen on the Hot R&B Singles chart, and number nine in Canada.

References

1963 singles
Philips Records singles
Male–female vocal duets
1963 songs


Clera is the society for traditional musical instruments of Wales.  It was founded by a group of musicians including Stephen Rees, Robin Huw Bowen, Andy McLauchlin, Wyn Thomas, Huw Roberts, Llio Rhydderch, Elonwy Wright and Frances Môn Jones. Stephen Rees is the current chair.

It was launched officially at the Llandeilo National Eisteddfod in August 1996 as Cymdeithas Offerynnau Traddodiadol Cymru (COTC). It renamed itself Clera in 2003. Clera is an old Welsh verb referring to the activity of wandering musicians and poets (clerwyr).

Clera's objectives are to promote Welsh traditional music and to promote Welsh traditional instruments. One of Clera's major activities is to organise workshops around Wales to stimulate interest and offer tuition. It also organises informal sessions and lobbies the media to include traditional music in its programming. Clera is a registered charity and is supported by the Arts Council of Wales and the Welsh Amateur Music Federation.

The instruments covered by the definition of traditional instruments of Wales are not exclusively Welsh. They include the fiddle, the flute, the crwth, the pibgorn (hornpipe), the harp (including the triple harp), and the Welsh pipes.

Y Glerorfa
Y Glerorfa (the Clerorfa) is an "orchestra" of traditional musicians. In early 2009, it had well over 50 members. It was formed in 2006 to celebrate Clera's 10th anniversary in a concert in Galeri Caernarfon and has grown and developed since then. Most members are amateurs, and over 30% are under the age of 21. Y Glerorfa performed at Festival Interceltique de Lorient in 2008.

See also
 Music of Wales

References

External links

Welsh folk music


Highway 143 (AR 143, Ark. 143, and Hwy. 143) is a north–south state highway in Carroll County, Arkansas. The highway begins at US Highway 62 (US 62) and Highway 980 near Pleasant Valley and runs northwest to Missouri supplemental route H at the Missouri state line. The route is maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).

Route description
Highway 143 begins at US 62 and Highway 980 north of the  Carroll County Airport. The route runs north through a rural area of the Ozarks, only passing two unincorporated communities: Grandview and Pleasant Ridge. Highway 143 winds toward the Missouri state line, where the route continues as Supplemental Route H, which runs north to Missouri Route 86.

History
The original Highway 143 was created in 1931 from Highway 18 in Black Oak south to US 63 southeast of Tyronza Township. This route became part of Highway 135 in 1955. The current Highway 143 was created by the Arkansas State Highway Commission on June 23, 1965. The route was paved from US 62 to Grandview in 1974, with the remainder being bituminous surface/gravel. The entire routing was paved by 1988.

Major intersections

See also

 List of state highways in Arkansas

References

External links

143
Transportation in Carroll County, Arkansas


The pososhniye lyudi () was a collective name for the conscripts in the Russian army of the 16th–17th centuries, called up for military service from each sokha (the word  is a derivative from , hence the term). The term  (sokha-based military service) first appeared at the turn of the 15th–16th centuries. The pososhniye lyudi were called up for service by the order of the tsar. According to the 1547 ukase, the army officials had to travel to villages and enlist for the Kazan campaign two people from each sokha (mounted and unmounted). The slobodas had to provide one man from ten households. The pososhniye lyudi (also known as  and ) were used as infantry and performed auxiliary functions, such as the construction of fortifications, servicing of siege engines, artillery weapons etc. In the 16th century, the pososhniye lyudi were used for construction or repairs in peacetime, as well.

See also
 Narodnoe Opolcheniye

References

Military of Russia
Society of the Russian Empire


George Eid () () (born June 25, 1985) is a multilingual Lebanese senior journalist, anchor, war correspondent, documentary producer and university lecturer, columnist known for his liberal reports and articles. He is among the young journalists who appeared in Lebanon after 2007.

At a young age he made his debut on radio and television, and in e-media and written media in a period of seven years. He was a founding member of Murr Television, Lebanon and Sky News Arabia. He was one of the first international correspondents to enter Aleppo to cover the Syrian conflict in 2012. He is also the producer of the first documentary about the Greeks of Lebanon Kalimera Men Beirut, which was first shown in March 2017.

Early life and education
Eid was born in Beirut, Lebanon, the son of Elias Eid and Caroline Mazidji. During his early childhood he was raised by his maternal grandparents both refugees from Asia Minor. He spent most of his childhood with them in the Gemmayzeh and Mar Mikhaël neighbourhoods during a time when Lebanon was divided by civil war. They had a great influence on him and both were later featured in a documentary he made about the Greeks of Lebanon. Eid developed a great passion for languages at an early age.

He was educated at the German school of Jounieh and learned to speak five languages: Arabic, German, French, English and Greek. After graduating he attended the Lebanese American University in 2004 and enrolled for a bachelor's degree in journalism. He later transferred to Notre Dame University in 2005 where he completed a BA in journalism and public relations.

In 2012 he was accepted into the master's program at Sorbonne IV - CELSA Paris, graduating two years later with a master's degree in marketing, management, communication and media. From an early age he had a passion for news and wanted to work in the media industry.

Career

Eid received the Said Akl Award in 2007 for best poetic performance. He was also awarded the first prize from an international library of poets for his poem "Life". His reports and columns appeared in many Lebanese newspapers, particularly in An-Nahar and Al Aamal between 2007–2009. In 2007 after the July war, Eid participated in the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) conference in Malta and helped to issue the overall report on oil spill pollution in Lebanon affecting the shoreline from Jieh to Byblos. He also served as a youth shadow Minister of Tourism and Industry between in 2007–2008.

The second Youth Shadow government was established after a bill was passed on December 12, 2005, by the Lebanese cabinet to establish and support such a structure. This was developed by MP and Editor in Chief of An-Nahar daily, Gebran Tueni who was assassinated during the Cedar Revolution.

Eid was also the editor-in-chief of the weekly magazine Al Raii el Aam (public opinion). He also occupied the seat of political editor at the web news agency iloubnan.info in 2008. He was also a freelance writer with articles published in publications such as Timeout-Beirut, Naharashabab, Elite, El taswik el Arabi-Dubai, and Haya-Dubai.

At the end of 2008, Lebanese Radio CEO Fouad Hamdan asked Eid to present a talk show on Radio Lebanon tackling the Lebanese elections in June 2009. Eid proposed the program name Saadat Al Nakheb, which was approved and began airing on January 9, 2009. The show voiced the opinions of young people and independent politicians. In a review in Annahar saadat al Nakheb the program was described as an "innovative new show that is timely and needed". The show aired until the end of June 2009. He then started the program Lana wa Lakum which tackled the daily issues of Lebanese society; it ended by September 2009. On April 7, 2009, Eid began his television career with the newly reborn Murr television. He became a reporter known for his innovative style of reporting on a wide range of issues from social to political.

On October 7, 2010, an MTV correspondent received threats related to his reporting on the mysterious purchase of lands by Hezbollah in the eastern part of the Lebanese capital Beirut. A step which has been considered to have caused a demographic imbalance in the region. However, despite these threats, Eid prepared and aired a follow -up report on the same issue on October 23, 2010, and another on November 26, 2010.

Eid joined Voice of Lebanon (VDL 100.5FM) radio station as a news anchor and show host on January 15, 2011. On February 7 he aired the political show Al-mahkama which tackled all issues related to the Special Tribunal of Lebanon. February 17, Eid took a phone call on air from a witness to P.M. Hariri's assassination, Zuhair el Sedik, who launched a series of accusations during the show. Following this Eid received a court summons issued by ex-minister Karim Pacradoni who was accused by el Sedik. However the case was dropped on 25 February 25, 2011. On April 22, 2011, Eid was shot at while reporting on outlaws in the western part of Beirut where Hezbollah militants dominate. However, Eid was not hurt or injured due to the protection of the Lebanese security forces, and he was able to produce and publish the report on the same day.
On 30 November 2011, Eid resigned from MTV after signing with SKY NEWS Arabia, based in Abu Dhabi. He assumed the position of deputy news Editor and Roving reporter.

In 2014 Eid returned to MTV as a deputy editor-in-chief and senior reporter.

Eid was appointed as Head of News Operations for MTV Lebanon News in July 2019. He led a newsroom of 90 journalists through the October 2019 uprising in Lebanon, Corona pandemic and a dire economic situation.

He kept his role as a Senior correspondent for the channel whereas he was the first to arrive on the field on the afternoon of the Beirut port blast on 4 August 2020.

In parallel, he started to report for Voice of America Radio in Washington DC in English after the Beirut Blast. In addition to reporting for ANT1 Greece in Greek.

On August 30, 2020 he joined the 75-year-old Cyprus Mail newspaper as its Middle East correspondent, based in Beirut.

Affiliation with Greece
Having Greek roots from his maternal side. Eid has always supported the Greek Community of Beirut. In 2016, He produced the documentary Kalimera men Beirut, the first of its kind to tell the story of the Greeks who came to Lebanon as Refugees in 1922. In February 2019 he founded the organization Stin Viryto with the main purpose of promoting and preserving the Greek culture in Lebanon. In June that same year, he launched the first Greek Festival of Lebanon an event that was attended by more than 12000 people over three days and acclaimed by both the Lebanese and Greek Media.

On August 15, 2020 George Eid Started shooting his new documentary "Zeibekiko of Beirut" that tells the story of the Greek community in Beirut after the Beirut Port blast.

A selection of articles and editorials
 عميدالحبر والدم
 عذرا منك شارل شيخاني
 نشيد الصحافي
 الله اليوم في موسم الحصاد
 6 points balancing a handshake and a bullet
 Downtown Beirut sit-in to a sudden end
 The General who knew too little or too much?
 A government or not a government?
 A government...Pending yesterday!
 On the threshold of a new presidential era?

Media and interviews
 ورشة عمل شبابية في صور عن تنشيط وتنمية سياحية افضل
 الوزير ماروني التقى وزير السياحة في "حكومة الظل
 عيد أطلع ديبلوماسية يونانية على نشاطات "حكومة الظل الشبابية
 نادي "نهارالشباب" في جامعة سيدة اللويزة اطلق حملة "لا للحرب
 جامعة سيدة اللويزة كرمت 3 من طلابها نالوا "جائزة سعيد عقل

See also
 Gebran Tueni
 May Chidiac

References

1985 births
Living people
Lebanese journalists
Lebanese Maronites
Writers from Beirut


People of the Palestinian territories—the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and the Gaza Strip—are bound by differing laws that handle marital unions on the basis of the couple's national status and religious affiliation. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Palestinian residents of the Jordanian-annexed West Bank and the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip became subject to Jordanian marriage law and Egyptian marriage law, respectively. After the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, which saw Israel capture the Palestinian territories from Jordan and Egypt, those original laws largely remained in place.

Since the beginning of Israel's occupation of the West Bank in 1967, all of the territory's Jewish settlements have been subject to Israeli marriage law. Additionally, all residents of Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem (including Arabs) are also subject to Israeli marriage law.

The Palestinian National Authority, which was established by the Oslo Accords in 1994, continues to apply a modified version of the original Jordanian marriage law throughout the West Bank, excluding East Jerusalem and Jewish settlements. Since taking control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, Hamas continues to apply the Egyptian marriage law of the 1950s throughout the territory.

Laws
Personal status issues of Muslims in the Palestinian territories, including marriage, are governed by customary law, of the Sunni Islam Hanafi school (despite most Palestinian Muslims follow the Shafi'i school) as codified and modified by legislation as follows:

 for Muslims in the West Bank - the Jordanian Personal Status Law of 1976 continues to apply. However, PA Law no. 5 of 2018, signed on 14 March 2018, repealed the marry-your-rapist law contained in article 308 of the 1960 Jordan Penal Code.
 for Muslims in the Gaza Strip - the Egyptian Law of Family Rights 1954 continues to apply.
 Muslims in East Jerusalem, which is claimed by both Israel and the Palestinian Authority, are subject to Israeli marriage law, which is based on the Israeli Millet system, which applies to Muslims in Israel the Ottoman Law of Family Rights as amended by Israeli legislation since 1948. Since at least 1959, polygamous marriages have been prohibited in Israel, which applies to members of each confessional community, including the Jewish and Muslim.

Registration of marriage is mandatory, but failure to register a marriage does not invalidate the marriage.

As at March 2012, work is reported to be proceeding on the text of a Palestinian personal status law.

Minimum marriage age
In the Gaza Strip, the Egyptian-issued Law of Family Rights 1954 set puberty as the minimum age of marriage with no marriage allowed for a female aged under 9 or a male aged under 12. The Palestinian Qadi al-Quda issued an administrative decision in 1995 raising these ages in Gaza to a minimum of 15 for a female and 16 for a male, which aligned with the Jordanian law which applied to the West Bank.  In 2010, in the West Bank, the minimum age of marriage was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. In Gaza the minimum age was 17 for girls and 18 for boys. Judges had the power to approve an earlier marriage. In November 2019, the PA government raised the minimum marriage age to 18 for both genders in an effort to reduce rates of early marriage.

According to statistics, 37% of married Palestinian females married when they were under the age of 18, including 5% who married before the age of 15. 63% of young married women suffer violence at the hands of their husband, and 95% would not recommend early marriage for their daughters. Child marriage is thought to contribute to the high rate of divorce in the Palestinian territories, where 67% of women who divorced in 2018 were aged 18 to 29.

Polygamy

One husband to multiple wives
Polygyny, whereby a husband has more than one wife, is explicitly permitted under Islam; there are also the classical injunctions that a man must treat all co-wives equitably and provide them with separate dwellings, and a man must declare his social status in the marriage contract. It is therefore legal in much of the Muslim world, including in the State of Palestine.

Under Palestinian law
In the Gaza Strip, which is ruled by Hamas, polygynous marriages are legal. They are also legal for Palestinians who are governed by the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank.

Under Israeli law
Polygynous unions are illegal under Israeli marriage law, which applies to Israeli settlers in the West Bank and to all residents of East Jerusalem, including Arab Muslims.

One wife to multiple husbands
Polyandry, whereby a wife has more than one husband, is not permitted under Palestinian or Israeli law.

Other issues

Violence against women within marriage
Violence against women within marriage is a major issue facing women in Palestine. According to a 2005 survey by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 23.3% of women who had ever been married reported that they had been subjected to physical violence, 61.7% to psychological violence, and 10% to sexual violence. It's estimated that 30% of married women in the West Bank and 50% in Gaza will be subjected to domestic violence, and less than 1% will seek the help of a social worker, a shelter, a civil-society organisation or the police.

In 2008 the Palestinian Police established the Family Protection Unit and the Juvenile Unit (FJPU), tasked with investigating complaints of domestic violence and sexual assault. Since the introduction of the FJPU, the number of cases of domestic violence reported to police have increased dramatically, with 3,660 reported in 2013.

Violence against women is especially problematic in Gaza, with the number of incidences being generally higher. Police in Gaza reportedly refrain from publishing statistics on the number of complaints women make against their husbands, to deter more women from speaking up. One move to address marriage issue in Gaza has been the adoption of "Mukhtaras", female community leaders able to mediate between families and communities on issues involving women, such as marriage, divorce, custody and alimony. The Aisha Association for Woman and Child Protection works to empower vulnerable women and children who are victims of violence.

Marry-your-rapist laws
Since being annexed by Egypt in 1959, the Gaza Strip has applied Egyptian penal law Articles 290 and 291, a marry-your-rapist law that allowed an accused rapist to evade punishment by marrying his victim. These provisions were repealed in Egypt itself in 1999, but continued to apply in the Gaza Strip.

After being annexed by Jordan in 1950, the 1960 Jordanian penal law Article 308, which contained a similar provision, has applied in the West Bank. It is unclear how often the law was applied in practice. Ikhlas Sufan, director of a Nablus victims of violence shelter, told Human Rights Watch that "between 2011 and 2017 prosecution for rape has been halted in 60 cases – in which the shelter was helping the women – after the alleged rapist agreed to marry the victim. In 15 of these cases the women later divorced these men." An activist campaign put pressure on the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas who eventually signed Law no. 5 of 2018 on 14 March 2018, which repealed article 308 of the 1960 Jordon Penal Code enforced in the West Bank. However, because the Gaza Strip is de facto controlled by Hamas, the Egyptian-derived marry-your-rapist law still applies there.

References

Palestine
Palestinian law
Society of the Palestinian National Authority
Palestine


Carceda is one of 54 parishes in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Villages
 Carceda
 Castrusín
 Viescas
 Viḷḷaḷḷaz

Parishes in Cangas del Narcea


Tomil or Tamil () is a municipality on the island of Yap, in the Federated States of Micronesia. It consists of twelve distinctive villages: Meerur, Teb, Aff, Bugol, Doomchuy, Deechmur, Dilag, Maa', Thol, Madl'ay, Gargey, and Daaboch. Tomil occupies the southern portion of Gagil-Tamil Island, except for Gargey village, which is located on the main island of Yap.

Tomil is located on the northeastern part of the Yap Islands and positioned between the municipalities of Fanif, Maap and Gagil. Tomil is known for having its own explicit volcanic or none volcanic soil studied once by scientists. It is the second largest municipality on Yap. Tomil is also known for having its own distinctive Yapese language mainly emphasizing the vowel 'e' pronunciation.

The annual celebration of the Yap Day, usually held March 1, 2, and 3rd of every year, were celebrated in Tomil for consecutive years in Tumor. Several Yap proper leaders, such as former Governor Vincent Figir, former Attorney General and current Chief Justice Cyprian Manmaw, former Governor Robert Ruecho, Senator Joseph Giliko, and Senator and former speaker of the house, and current Governor Charles Chieng, have also originated from Tomil.

Climate
Tamil has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round.

References

External links
 Census 1987 with village population figures

Municipalities of Yap


Robert Tempest of Holmside Hall was High Sheriff of Durham from 1558-1562.

Tempest was the son of George Tempest and Eleanor, daughter of Robert Millott of Whithill, Durham. In addition to Holmside, the family held lands at Bradley, Mordon, Greatham, Kimblesworth and Potterhouse, all in County Durham.

He was one of the Guardians of the Temporalities of the See of Durham (1560). He and his eldest son Michael were attainted in 1569 for having taken part in the Rising of the North. He was specially named by Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex in a proclamation dated Nov. 19, 1569. On the failure of the rebellion he, crossed the border with the Countess of Northumberland into Scotland and on Jan. 7, 1570, was with the Lord of Buccleugh at Branksome.

He and his son Michael embarked from Aberdeen, Aug. 23, 1570 and they were at Louvain in 1571. He died in exile in Brussels whilst planning a second, Spanish-backed invasion.

References

High Sheriffs of Durham
Robert


The 1993 International League season took place from April to September 1993.

The Charlotte Knights defeated the Rochester Red Wings to win the league championship.

Team changes
With the 1993 Major League Baseball expansion taking place, two new expansion teams had to be placed in the IL. The Ottawa Lynx and the Charlotte Knights were added into the East and the West Divisions, respectively. The Lynx would serve as the Triple-A affiliate of the Montreal Expos, while the Knights would serve as the Triple-A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians.

Attendance
Charlotte Knights - 429,132
Columbus Clippers - 580,570
Norfolk Tides - 542,040
Ottawa Lynx - 693,043
Pawtucket Red Sox - 466,428
Richmond Braves - 540,489
Rochester Red Wings - 381,061
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons - 542,558
Syracuse Chiefs - 262,760
Toledo Mud Hens - 285,155

Standings

Stats

Batting leaders

Pitching leaders

Regular season

Opening Day

All-Star game
The 1993 Triple-A All-Star Game was held at Albuquerque Sports Stadium in Albuquerque, New Mexico, home of the Albuquerque Dukes of the Pacific Coast League. The All stars representing the National League affiliates won 14-3. Richmond Braves first baseman Ryan Klesko was given the top award for the International League.

Playoffs

Division Series
The Rochester Red Wings won the East Division Series over the Ottawa Lynx, 3 games to 2.

The Charlotte Knights won the West Division Series over the Richmond Braves, 3 games to 1.

Championship series
The Charlotte Knights won the Governors' Cup Finals over the Rochester Red Wings, 3 games to 2.

References

External links
International League official website

International League seasons


Mark Corrigan Curtis is an American broadcast journalist, author and political analyst. He is currently Chief Political Reporter for the Nexstar Media Group stations in West Virginia.

Early life
Curtis was born in 1959 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Curtis is the son of the late Dr. William C. Curtis, M.D., a prominent Milwaukee physician and the late Mary Beth Curtis. He is the middle of seven children.

He has lived in many parts of the USA, including Wisconsin, Florida, Washington, D.C., and was an active community member of Danville, California for 11 years.

Early career

Curtis is a former stand-up comedian who once worked with political comedian and fellow Milwaukee native Will Durst. Both men now work and live in the San Francisco Bay Area, and still collaborate.

Curtis was also a professional musician in the late 1970s and early 1980, touring the Midwest "bar band" circuit with "The Strays", "Mike and the Mysteries", and "Fat Tuesday". He was also employed by jingle writer Terry Sweet.

He got his first paid "radio" job, dispatching police and fire calls for the Village of Elm Grove, Wisconsin. At the age of 19, he became a disc jockey and later Program Director for WMUR-AM radio at Marquette University. While at WMUR Radio he co-hosted the "Bob and Mark Show" with fellow student Bob Odenkirk, now of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul.

Journalism career
Curtis began his broadcasting career in Florida, working at WRUF-AM/FM Radio and WUFT-TV5 (PBS) in Gainesville and WCJB-TV 20 (ABC) in Ocala. He became a nationally known journalist in 1987, when he was at WEAR-TV 3 (ABC) in Pensacola. He won numerous awards, between 1989 and 1992, for his five-years of coverage in what came to be known as the Gulf Breeze UFO Sightings. His work appeared on NBC's Unsolved Mysteries with Robert Stack, A Current Affair and in Time-Life Books. In 1991 the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP) awarded Curtis the Responsibility in Journalism Award for the Gulf Breeze incident, exposing trick photography.

Curtis is one of a select group of national reporters who have spent time working in Congress. He served as a Legislative Aide and Congressional Fellow through the American Political Science Association, in the offices of Rep. Charles Schumer (D-NY) and Sen. Herb Kohl, (D-WI), 1992-93.

Curtis is perhaps best known for the 15 years he spent with KTVU-TV2, the former Cox Media Group station and FOX affiliate in the San Francisco Bay Area. He served as Chief Washington, D.C. Correspondent for Cox-owned stations from 1993 to 1999, Morning News co-anchor from 1999 to 2007 and a freelance reporter and political analyst through the balance of the 2008 campaign as he traveled from Iowa and New Hampshire in January, through the entire primary season ending in South Dakota and Montana in June. He also covered both political conventions for KTVU. He was also a host of Comcast Newsmakers in the Bay Area.

In January 2010, Curtis joined WLNE-TV ABC6 in Providence, Rhode Island as the weekend evening news anchor and Chief Political Reporter. He would go on to anchor the ABC affiliate's weekday morning and 5 o'clock weeknight newscasts. He was also a substitute host for the weekend public affairs program ABC6 News On the Record, hosted by former Providence mayor and the station's chief political analyst Vincent "Buddy" Cianci. During his time at ABC6, Curtis covered many events surrounding the 2012 U.S. presidential election, including the Republican National Convention in Tampa, Florida and the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina. He also served as a correspondent for all of WLNE owner Citadel Communications' stations (WOI-DT in Des Moines, Iowa, WHBF-TV in Rock Island, Illinois, KLKN in Lincoln, Nebraska and KCAU-TV in Sioux City, Iowa) while covering the conventions. Curtis left WLNE in March 2015. Before leaving Rhode Island, he appeared as a panelist on two episodes of the public affairs program A Lively Experiment on WSBE-TV Rhode Island PBS.

In October 2015, Curtis joined West Virginia Media Holdings as Chief Political Reporter. Based at WOWK-TV in Charleston, he reports for the CBS affiliate as well as the group's other stations (CBS affiliates WTRF-TV in Wheeling, WVNS-TV in Bluefield/Beckley and NBC affiliate WBOY-TV in Clarksburg). He also contributes to the company's weekly newspaper, the State Journal, in addition to all company internet platforms. In November 2015, West Virginia Media Holdings announced that it was selling its stations to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group (now better known as Nexstar Media Group). Curtis would continue on with the group.

Curtis continues to be a regular political contributor on KGO-AM 810 and KGO-TV in San Francisco. He also has contributed occasionally on KQED-TV 9, KPIX-TV5, and KRON-TV4 in San Francisco, as well as KTXL-TV Fox 40 News in Sacramento and KTLA-TV5 in Los Angeles. He is also an occasional newspaper reporter, covering the Inauguration in Washington, D.C. for the Danville Weekly and Pleasanton Weekly in California, as well as writing for his own blog, which includes his weekly political column, "The Sunday Political Brunch." He is now a National Contributing Writer on politics for Patch.com Patch - Everything Local: Breaking News, Events, Discussions

Writing career
In January 2009, Curtis published his first book; a first-person account of the historic 2008 Presidential campaign. "Age of Obama: A Reporter's Journey with Clinton, McCain and Obama in the Making of the President 2008" was released by Nimble Books, LLC. on January 20, 2009, coinciding with the Inauguration of Barack Obama. In 2010, the book won an International Book Award in the Current Events: Political/Social category and was a finalist in the Non-Fiction Narrative category.

Education
Curtis holds a B.A. in Broadcast Communication from Marquette University (1981); an A.S. in Computer Studies from the Community College of Rhode Island (2016); an M.A. in Mass Communication from the University of Florida (1986); and an Ed.D. in Educational Leadership from St. Mary's College of California in Moraga, California (2012). He has guest lectured at many universities and is currently an Adjunct Lecturer in Communication at Rhode Island College.

References

External links
 Official website

American male journalists
Journalists from Wisconsin
University of Florida alumni
Marquette University alumni
1959 births
Living people
Television anchors from San Francisco
Saint Mary's College of California alumni
Rhode Island College faculty
Writers from Milwaukee
People from Danville, California


There have been a few conspicuous instances of crime in the American city of Akron, Ohio. A rioting mob in 1900 destroyed several public buildings in their attempts to gain access to the suspect in a child sex attack. In the early 20th century a Black Hand gang led by Rosario Borgio ran an extortion racket; attempts by the police to suppress these activities led to the killing of several policemen and the execution of Borgio. Race riots broke out in 1968 when police were confronted by the inhabitants of the Wooster Avenue area.

First police patrol wagon
Frank Fowler Loomis designed and built the world's first motorized paddy wagon. The electric wagon made its appearance on the streets of Akron in 1899.

Riot of 1900
On August 22, 1900, Akron experienced its worst riot in history, and possibly the worst riot in Ohio history. This followed the abduction and sexual assault on the six-year-old daughter of the Maas family while in front of her home. Around midnight that day, Louis Peck, an African-American who had been working as a bartender on Howard Street in Akron, was arrested at a train station in Cleveland but then brought back to Akron where he confessed to the crime. The next day's newspapers exaggerated Peck's confession and even printed the confession in red ink. A mob gathered in front of the newly built City Building and threatened a lynching. The Police Chief arranged for Peck and another black man to be moved to Cleveland for their safety. In the evening crowds grew even larger, demanding Peck and attempting to enter the City Building, but were barred by police. Tensions escalated after police returned fire into the crowd after shots were fired toward them, and two small children were killed in the crossfire. The mob resorted to dynamite, blowing up the City Building and also the Courthouse in attempts to reach Peck. Rioters even attacked firemen who attempted to put the fire out, by throwing bricks and cutting their hoses. The rioters burned the downtown fire station to the ground. At some point during the riot, the mayor called to the crowd from the window of a building that Peck had been taken from Akron to Cleveland, but the crowd refused to believe this. The mob violence lasted nearly to 4:00 the next morning, when the Governor declared martial law and sent soldiers to restore order. Thirty-one men and boys were later convicted of charges related to the riot.  Louis Peck was convicted in less than 20 minutes; there was no lawyer who would take his case.  In 1913 he was freed by Governor Cox for wrongful imprisonment.

Extortion racket
Akron was one of the first Mafia cities in the 20th century Midwest.  The Black Hand, led by Don Rosario Borgio, who arrived in Akron in the early 1900s, was headquartered on the city's north side. Using a general goods store as a front, Borgio set up two back rooms for illegal operations. All of the gambling and brothels in the city were subjected to extortion, along with wealthy citizens of the Italian North Hill neighborhood. In 1918 the Akron Police Department started aggressively raiding Borgio's gambling and prostitution houses, locking up the operators and patrons. Due to the interference, Borgio held a meeting in his store with Black Hand leaders, giving the order to slay all the police in the city, offering a $250 reward for each one killed. The order led to the murders of Officers Guy Norris, Edward Costigan, Joe Hunt, and Gethin Richards. Following the case filed against him by New York Detective Fiaschetti over the slayings, Borgio was executed in the electric chair. After the execution Mafia activity in Akron greatly decreased.

Wooster Avenue riots of 1968
In July 1968, several riots occurred over the span of several days centered in the city's mostly black populated Wooster Avenue/Edgewood Avenue area. Relations between citizens and the Akron Police Department (APD) were already poor when on July 16, APD officers were called to quell fights in the area between black gangs from the city's north and west sides. Although initially quelled, the gang members continued a running fight with one another and the APD well into the morning. The police department reinforced their patrols in the area and imposed a curfew. The next day many residents of the area gathered on Wooster Avenue, having heard rumors of excessive violence on the part of the APD. The black citizens began berating and challenging the APD officers. With the first arrests of some of the citizens, the level of confrontation and hostilities rose until a full-scale riot was in progress. Most local citizens retreated to their homes or left the area altogether.

The riot spread to downtown Akron, and later that evening the National Guard was mobilized. On the morning of the 18th, Captain Al Monzo and his officers used tear gas in the area, and this ended the riot, although it was not officially regarded as over until the 23rd. The National Guard helped APD clean up the area and ensured that it remained under control. While occupying Akron the guardsmen camped inside the Rubber Bowl stadium. The Mayor of Akron, John S. Ballard, quickly called for an independent investigative commission to detail the events of the riot, and to investigate the root causes of it, and such a commission was appointed on the 26th.

See also
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

References

Akron, Ohio
Akron
Akron, Ohio