In mathematics, the Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence, also referred to as the RSK correspondence or RSK algorithm, is a combinatorial bijection between matrices  with non-negative integer entries and pairs  of semistandard Young tableaux of equal shape, whose size equals the sum of the entries of . More precisely the weight of  is given by the column sums of , and the weight of  by its row sums.
It is a generalization of the Robinson–Schensted correspondence, in the sense that taking  to be a permutation matrix, the pair  will be the pair of standard tableaux associated to the permutation under the Robinson–Schensted correspondence.

The Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence extends many of the remarkable properties of the Robinson–Schensted correspondence, notably its symmetry: transposition of the matrix  results in interchange of the tableaux .

The Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence

Introduction

The Robinson–Schensted correspondence is a bijective mapping between permutations and pairs of standard Young tableaux, both having the same shape. This bijection can be constructed using an algorithm called Schensted insertion, starting with an empty tableau and successively inserting the values σ1,…,σn of the permutation σ at the numbers 1,2,…n; these form the second line when σ is given in two-line notation:

.

The first standard tableau  is the result of successive insertions; the other standard tableau  records the successive shapes of the intermediate tableaux during the construction of .

The Schensted insertion easily generalizes to the case where σ has repeated entries; in that case the correspondence will produce a semistandard tableau  rather than a standard tableau, but  will still be a standard tableau. The definition of the RSK correspondence reestablishes symmetry between the P and Q tableaux by producing a semistandard tableau for  as well.

Two-line arrays

The two-line array (or generalized permutation)  corresponding to a matrix  is defined as

in which for any pair  that indexes an entry  of , there are  columns equal to , and all columns are in lexicographic order, which means that
 , and
 if  and  then .

Example

The two-line array corresponding to

is

Definition of the correspondence

By applying the Schensted insertion algorithm to the bottom line of this two-line array, one obtains a pair consisting of a semistandard tableau  and a standard tableau , where the latter can be turned into a semistandard tableau  by replacing each entry  of  by the -th entry of the top line of . One thus obtains a bijection from matrices  to ordered pairs,  of semistandard Young tableaux of the same shape, in which the set of entries of  is that of the second line of , and the set of entries of  is that of the first line of . The number of entries  in  is therefore equal to the sum of the entries in column  of , and the number of entries  in  is equal to the sum of the entries in row  of .

Example

In the above example, the result of applying the Schensted insertion to successively insert 1,3,3,2,2,1,2 into an initially empty tableau results in a tableau , and an additional standard tableau  recoding the successive shapes, given by

and after replacing the entries 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 in  successively by 1,1,1,2,2,3,3 one obtains the pair of semistandard tableaux

Direct definition of the RSK correspondence

The above definition uses the Schensted algorithm, which produces a standard recording tableau , and modifies it to take into account the first line of the two-line array and produce a semistandard recording tableau; this makes the relation to the Robinson–Schensted correspondence evident. It is natural however to simplify the construction by modifying the shape recording part of the algorithm to directly take into account the first line of the two-line array; it is in this form that the algorithm for the RSK correspondence is usually described. This simply means that after every Schensted insertion step, the tableau  is extended by adding, as entry of the new square, the -th entry  of the first line of , where b is the current size of the tableaux. That this always produces a semistandard tableau follows from the property (first observed by Knuth) that for successive insertions with an identical value in the first line of , each successive square added to the shape is in a column strictly to the right of the previous one.

Here is a detailed example of this construction of both semistandard tableaux. Corresponding to a matrix

one has the two-line array

The following table shows the construction of both tableaux for this example

Combinatorial properties of the RSK correspondence

The case of permutation matrices

If  is a permutation matrix then RSK outputs standard Young Tableaux (SYT),  of the same shape . Conversely, if  are SYT having the same shape , then the corresponding matrix  is a permutation matrix. As a result of this property by simply comparing the cardinalities of the two sets on the two sides of the bijective mapping we get the following corollary:

Corollary 1: For each  we have
where  means  varies over all partitions of  and  is the number of standard Young tableaux of shape .

Symmetry

Let  be a matrix with non-negative entries. Suppose the RSK algorithm maps  to  then the RSK algorithm maps  to , where  is the transpose of .

In particular for the case of permutation matrices, one recovers the symmetry of the Robinson–Schensted correspondence:

Theorem 2: If the permutation  corresponds to a triple , then the inverse permutation, , corresponds to .

This leads to the following relation between the number of involutions on  with the number of tableaux that can be formed from  (An involution is a permutation that is its own inverse):

Corollary 2: The number of tableaux that can be formed from   is equal to the number of involutions on .

Proof: If  is an involution corresponding to , then  corresponds to ; hence . Conversely, if  is any permutation corresponding to , then  also corresponds to ; hence  . So there is a one-one correspondence between involutions   and tableaux

The number of involutions on  is given by the recurrence:

Where . By solving this recurrence we can get the number of involutions on ,

Symmetric matrices

Let  and let the RSK algorithm map the matrix  to the pair , where  is an SSYT of shape . Let  where the  and . Then the map  establishes a bijection between symmetric matrices with row()  and SSYT's of type .

Applications of the RSK correspondence

Cauchy's identity

The Robinson–Schensted–Knuth correspondence provides a direct bijective proof of the following celebrated identity for symmetric functions:

where   are Schur functions.

Kostka numbers

Fix partitions , then

where  and  denote the Kostka numbers and  is the number of matrices , with non-negative elements, with row()  and column() .

References

Algebraic combinatorics
Combinatorial algorithms
Permutations
Symmetric functions
Donald Knuth


Arnus Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis Major quadrangle of Mars, located at 14.1° north latitude and 289.5° west longitude.  It is 280 km long and was named after the classical and present day Arno River in Tuscany, Italy (previously named Arena Rupes).

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Syrtis Major quadrangle


Castle Cary Castle (sometimes called Castlecary Castle)  is a fifteenth-century tower house, about  from Falkirk, in  the former county of Stirlingshire, Scotland. It is less than 3 miles from Cumbernauld Village. It is located near to the site of one of the principal forts of the Roman Antonine Wall.

History

The earliest known record of Castlecary may be from 1304 when a writ was sent from St Andrews to the sheriff of Stirling by King Edward I. It reportedly contained orders for the sheriff to bring all of the forces under his command to 'Chastel Kary'. There are some Latin texts of unknown date which state that Grahames Dyke "goes directly to the Forrest of Commernald, and there is a great Fort and great building called Castle Kæney."

The tower, about  high, is thought have been built by Henry Livingstone of Myddillbynning being completed by 1480.  Mary Queen of Scots is reported to have visited the castle with Mary Livingston and each to have planted a yew tree there. For the 16th and the early part of the 17th centuries it belonged to the Livingstones of Dunipace, and was then acquired by the Baillies.  In 1730, the castle passed to Thomas Dunbar of Fingask, through his marriage to Bethia Baillie.

The castle was burned by a party of Jacobites during the 1715 rebellion. Later it was restored and today the site is a private residence with no public access.
The antiquary Alexander Baillie was probably born in Castle Cary Castle, and it was from this castle that his sister, Lizzie, eloped with Donald Graham, a Highland farmer, by leaping into his plaid (Belted plaid). The castle later became the property of the Marquess of Zetland.

Description

The castle originated as a rectangular tower with a lower wing, forming an L-shape, and was built from in the late 15th century, incorporating stone from the nearby Antonine fort. The antiquarian Hugo B. Millar, who lived there, claimed there were many such 'broached' stones all over the castle, and in other walls about the garden. The original wing was destroyed, then during the 17th century, a wing was added to the east of the tower; it bears the date 1679. This was two storeys high, and had an attic, as well as a turnpike stair. Both the main tower and the extension have a pitched roof and crow-stepped gables, and the original tower has a restored parapet which is crenellated. There is a machicolated projection at the east end of the north wall, at parapet level, although its defensive value would have been limited, as it was not placed above the entrance. It is, however, more likely that this feature is a Garderobe.

A turnpike stair leads from the north entrance to the parapet, where there is a cap-house from which the attic may be entered. There is a barrel-vaulted cellar on the ground floor. Traces of 18th century wall painting may be seen in the Hall, which also has the bases and moulded jambs of the fireplace. An iron grille, part of the original defences of the door, is preserved within.

Beneath the 17th-century extension, there is a  ditch which was filled in for the construction of the wing.  It may have been contemporary with the 1485 structure.

In Art

In Painting
A painting featuring Castlecary Castle by George Gibson is displayed in Callendar House in Falkirk.

The Song of Lizzie Baillie
There is a tradition that Lizzie of Castlecary jumped out a third-storey Castle window to abscond with her lover Donald Graham. Lizzie's father, a 'noted antiquarian' strongly disapproved of her suitor. There are a couple versions of a song recorded about this one by Rev. Hugh Baird who states that the story is sometimes confused with that of Mary of Castlecary. Baird's whole book is about Castlecary.

External links
Castlecary Castle, Falkirk Local History Society

References

Castles in Falkirk (council area)
Category A listed buildings in Falkirk (council area)
Listed castles in Scotland


The Interpred World Trade Center Sofia is an office building in Sofia, Bulgaria. It was built in the beginning of 1980s and has leasable space of about 12,750 sq.m. on 10 floors. It has 150 covered and 170 open parking slots and is served by the nearby Joliot-Curie Metro Station. The company is a member of the  WTCA.

External links
Interpred WTC website

See also
List of world trade centers

World Trade Centers
Buildings and structures in Sofia


Patrick Nickolas Theros (born August 21, 1941) is an American diplomat. He served as the United States Ambassador to Qatar from 1995 to 1998.

Career
Theros was a career Foreign Service Officer from 1963 to 1999. Key positions he held in the  Foreign Service include Ambassador to the State of Qatar, 1995–1998; Deputy Coordinator for Counterterrorism, responsible for the coordination of all U.S. Government counter-terrorism activities outside the United States, 1993–1995; Political Advisor to the Commander in Chief, Central Command, 1993 -1991; Deputy Chief of Mission and Political Officer in Amman, 1987–1991; Director, Politico-Military Affairs, State Department, 1983–1986; Chargé d'affaires and Deputy Chief of Mission in Abu Dhabi, 1980–1983; and Economic and Commercial Counselor in Damascus, Syria, 1976–1980. He also served in other diplomatic positions in Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, as well as in the Department of State.

In non-governmental positions, Theros served as  the President, US Qatar Business Council, Washington, 2000-2017; General Partner, Theros & Theros LLP, Washington; Representative of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem to the United States; Member of the Board of Advisors, Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University in Washington; Former Member of the Board of Directors, Qatar Foundation International; Member of the Council on Foreign Relations; Member of the Arab American Bankers Association of America; Member of the Washington Institute of Foreign Affairs; and Owner's representative, West Bank-Gaza-Jordan Fund. Member of the Order of St. Andrew.

Theros is active in promoting ties between the United States and Qatar.

During the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he spoke out strongly in opposition.  He also appeared on many TV and radio programs speaking strongly against the invasion.  He writes regular op-ed pieces for the Greek-American newspaper, The National Herald, in New York.

He is fluent in Spanish, Arabic, and Greek.  Ambassador Theros is married to the former Aspasia Pahigiannis. They have one son and two daughters.
Ambassador Theros attended public schools in Michigan, Ohio, and the District of Columbia. He graduated from Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service in 1963 and has done advanced study at the American University in Washington, D.C., and the Universidad Centroamericana in Managua. Ambassador Theros has also completed the Armed Forces Staff College at Norfolk, Virginia, and was appointed a Research Fellow at the National Defense University.

Awards and honors
Theros has received four State Department Superior Honor Awards (1967, 1983, 1986, and 1992).

In 1967 he was awarded a Superior Honor Award for his heroic efforts to reach and rescue 147 American citizens trapped in crossfire between insurgents and the Nicaraguan National Guard in the Gran Hotel in Managua during an uprising in that year.  He has also been awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Freedom (2003), Secretary of Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service (1993), and the President's Meritorious Service Award for Career Officials (1992).
State Department Superior Honor Awards:

Theros was awarded the President's Meritorious Service Award for Career Officials and the Secretary of Defense Medal for Meritorious Civilian Service in 1992, the Ellis Island Medal of Freedom in 2003, and was named a Knight Commander of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre in 1983, 1986, and 1992.

References

1941 births
Living people
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Ambassadors of the United States to Qatar
Center for Contemporary Arab Studies faculty
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Qatar Foundation people
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American diplomats


Dhahi Khalfan Tamim (; born 1 October 1951) is a Lieutenant General and the current Deputy Chief of Police and General Security. He was chief of the Dubai Police Force until the end of the 2013, which is when Khamis Al-Mazeina (died 2016) took over. He came to international attention while overseeing the investigation of the group suspected of the assassination of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh.

Biography
Tamim was born in Dubai on 1 October 1951. He attended the Royal Police College in Amman, Jordan in 1970. He worked as a criminal investigator.
He was also in charge of receiving and test driving a new electric police vehicle in 2013.

Positions
 Head of Financial and Administrative Affairs
 Deputy Chief of Police and General Security (2013–Present)
 Chief of Dubai Police (1980)
 Member of Dubai Executive committee

Controversies

He is known for speaking his mind and beyond.  In 2017, he made some comments about different nationalities/races which could contravene Dubai's law and could land him in hot water.

, Pravda online accused the UAE of adopting " policies against Jews" when, on 1 March of that year, Tamim allegedly said that "anyone who looks or sounds like a citizen of Israel will be blocked from entering the country, even if a suspected individual produces a passport of a different state". Pravda responded by asking the rhetorical question: "Will Emirates liken itself to the Third Reich and use rulers and protractors to measure the shape of the nose, earlaps and the skull structure? If it does, the UAE will lose all of its friends in the West".

He has received criticism for stating that he would alert Israeli authorities if he learned of a planned terrorist attack on their soil. Furthermore, in July 2013, he received criticism for contesting the notion that Israel was the enemy of Arabs by declaring that the Muslim Brotherhood pose a significantly more substantial threat.

He is a major critic of Qatar's support of the Muslim Brotherhood. This caused already-strained relations between Emirates and Qatar to further deteriorate. He also launched a verbal attack against Kuwait in March 2014, accusing Kuwait of "destroying Iraq".

In 2015, he was publicly rebuked by Emirati minister of foreign affairs Abdullah bin Zayed on Twitter as a result of expressing support for former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh. He also criticised the tactics employed by coalition forces during the 2015 intervention in Yemen.

In February 2017, he praised United States President Donald Trump's ban on individuals from seven Muslim-majority countries.

In October 2017, Dhahi Khalfan wrote about the Qatar diplomatic crisis on Twitter in Arabic; "If the World Cup leaves Qatar, Qatar’s crisis will be over … because the crisis is created to get away from it". According to observers, the message appeared to imply that the blockade was enacted due to Qatar hosting the world's biggest football event. In reaction to media coverage of his tweet, Dhahi Khalfan tweeted; “I said Qatar is faking a crisis and claims it’s besieged so it could get away from the burdens of building expensive sports facilities for the World Cup” UAE Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash said Dhahi Khalfan had been misunderstood in media coverage. In response, Gargash clarified that Qatar's hosting of World Cup 2022 "should include a repudiation of policies supporting extremism & terrorism."

After hundreds of civilians were killed in the November 2017 Sinai mosque attack by ISIL, he blamed the attack on Qatari news network Al Jazeera and suggested that Egypt should "bomb" the network in retaliation.

On April 3, 2018 he tweeted "Why Indians are disciplined? While sedition, criminality and smuggling in the Pakistani community are rampant" he also mentioned that the Pakistanis pose a serious threat to the Gulf communities because they bring drugs to their countries and that the Indians are more disciplined than the Pakistanis. His comments came after Dubai authorities arrested gang of Pakistanis involved in smuggling drugs. He had also made comments like this before.

See also
 Dubai
 Dubai Police Force

References

External links

 Dubai Police Official Website
 Government of Dubai Official Website

Emirati police officers
Living people
1951 births


An ironworker is a tradesman who works in the iron-working industry. Ironworkers assemble the structural framework in accordance with engineered drawings and install the metal support pieces for new buildings. They also repair and renovate old structures using reinforced concrete and steel. Ironworkers may work on factories, steel mills, and utility plants.

A structural/ornamental ironworker fabricates and erects (or even dismantles) the structural steel framework of pre-engineered metal buildings, single and multi-story buildings, stadiums, arenas, hospitals, towers, wind turbines, and bridges.
 Ironworkers also unload, place and tie reinforcing steel bars, (rebar) as well as install post-tensioning systems, both of which give strength to the concrete used in piers, footings, slabs, buildings, and bridges. Ironworkers load, unload, place, and set machinery and equipment as well as operate power hoists, forklifts, and aerial lifts. They unload, place, and fasten metal decking, safety netting, and edge rails to facilitate safe working practices. Ironworkers finish buildings by erecting curtain wall and window wall systems, stairs and handrails, metal doors, and sheeting and elevator fronts. Ironworkers perform all types of industrial maintenance as well.

Historically ironworkers mainly worked with wrought iron or cast iron, but today they utilize many different materials including ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, concrete, and composites.

An ironworker is distinct from a blacksmith, which is someone who works with, shapes, and tempers raw iron.

History

Practically overnight, carpenters who built wooden bridges became ironworkers by the 1880s. It was seen as a new, exciting job for pioneers in America, despite its dangers. A worker could risk his life on high structures for about two dollars per day.

The production of cast iron parts in larger and larger sizes brought about the use of cranes. This heavy equipment was used in the early 1900s to construct high structures and buildings. They used cranes to lift steel girders into place and used rivets to connect the girders to the columns of a structure. The mortality rate of men working in this trade was the highest of all trades and they would be lucky to go 10 years without a serious or fatal injury.

In the late 19th century, workers formed the International Union of Ironworkers because of concerns they had about safety on-the-job and the lack of protection from employers. The union's first order of business was to give widows of ironworkers $50 to cover the costs of a funeral and to give disabled ironworkers $5 a week to compensate for lost wages. With the increase in benefits from unionization, the Union greatly increased its presence in numbers in the early 1900s. Approximately 10,000 workers were considered Union Ironworkers.

In the early 1900s, during the third great immigration wave, the Ironworker wage in real 2010 US dollars was $9.50 (2010) to $12 (2010) per hour (40 to 50 cents an hour in 1900). Following the imposition of immigration quotas in 1921 wages rose to $17.50 (2010) an hour ($1.37) for a structural ironworker just prior to the Great Depression, and the real wage subsequently only dropped 10% to $16.00 (2010) ($1.05) given the deflation during the depression. However, following the wartime destruction of manufacturing complexes - with the exception of North America, 1956 wages for structural, ornamental, and rebar ironworkers rose to $27.30 (2010) an hour ($3.40). By 1970, through the Cold war buildup, iron worker wages peaked at $44.80 (2010) ($7.97). Then, following the 1965 new immigration policy and the start of the fourth great migration wave, wages fell 10% to $40.38 (2010) by 1980 ($15.26), and fell another 20% to $29.90 (2010) per hour ($20.88) by 1990, comparable to the 1950s wage rate. With the end of the Cold War buildup in 1991, ironworker rates have since stayed constant and were $29.30 (2010) an hour ($24.15) in 2002. In 2010 the mean wage for Ohio ironworkers, both union and nonunion, was $24.66 per hour; the 75th percentile for the nation was $29.51 - likely for the unionized workforce and indicates that for the past 20 years, Ironworker wages have been stagnant for various reasons, - most prominently the offset in real wages created by debt, today 126% of their income compared to 40% in 1952, allowing short-term survival on less than the living wage.

About 10% of all ironworkers in New York City are Mohawk tribesmen, down from about 15% earlier in the 20th century. Ironworkers from this and other Iroquois tribes were involved in building nearly all of the skyscrapers and bridges in New York City, including the Time Warner Center, the Rockefeller Center, the Empire State Building, and the Chrysler Building.

Types
There are three main types of ironworkers: reinforcing, structural, and ornamental.

Reinforcing ironworker

A reinforcing (rebar) ironworker, colloquially known as a rodbuster, works with reinforcing bars to make structures based on a certain design. Reinforcing ironworkers assemble structures with reinforcing bars by tying the bars together with tie wire. They place the rebar inside of forms, so concrete can be poured over top of them to form a solid structure. When reinforcing floors, concrete blocks are used to raise the rebar off of the deck, so no rebar can be seen underneath of the deck of the floor after the forms are stripped. In addition, ironworkers often have to cut the steel that they have for a job to fit into certain positions. For example, the rebar will have to be cut with a cutting torch, so it can fit around a drain. In some instances, welded wire fabric is used to help strengthen concrete; however, it is difficult to place this fabric in the concrete because it must be placed while the concrete is being poured into the forms.

The average pay for a reinforcing bar ironworker in residential construction was an hourly wage of $23.59 in early 2009, and rebar ironworkers in commercial and industrial construction earned an hourly wage of $39.11.

The typical tools of a reinforcing bar ironworker are pliers, tie wire reels, rodbuster bags, and rebar hooks. The main tool of a reinforcing bar ironworker are their work pliers. The pliers cuts soft annealed rebar tie wire and twist the wire into place. The pliers have a hook bend handle, and a spring in between the handles for self-opening of the pliers. The pliers cut ACSR, screws, nails and most hardened wires. Also, the pliers are finished with a black oxide paint to resist rust on the tool. A tie wire reel is a lightweight aluminum alloy mechanism used for dispensing tie wire efficiently.  A rod buster bag is a split-leather double bottom pouch used for holding tools while they are not in use. A rebar hook is a hook made of solid steel that has a snap hook in front, and fits onto a tool belt easily.

The British call a reinforcing ironworker a steel fixer. In the United Kingdom and Ireland a steel fixer's main tool is the pincer-like nips.

Structural ironworker
Before construction can begin, the structural ironworkers have to put together cranes in order to lift the steel columns, beams, and girders according to structural blueprints. To hoist the steel, structural ironworkers use cables connected to the crane to lift the beams onto the steel columns. A rope called a tagline is attached to the beams so an ironworker can control them when needed. The crane hoists steel into place, and the ironworkers position the beams with spud wrenches to align bolt holes. Then the beams can be bolted to the steel columns. This process is continued until there are no beams or columns left to construct the structure. Structural ironworkers also erect joist girders, bar joists, and trusses, and also install metal decking.

The average annual income for a structural ironworker in the early 2000s was 15.85 dollars per hour; however, a full-time structural ironworker could make 30-40 dollars per hour, depending on the location of the work site.  The current wages for the Local Union #1 Chicago Ironworkers can be found at the Chicago Ironworkers local union website.
The typical structural ironworker's tools are the spud wrench, bolt bag, sleever bars, bull pins, drift pins, and beaters. The spud wrench is the most important tool of a structural ironworker because it serves dual purposes. It is a wrench to tighten bolts, and the opposite end of the wrench can be used to align holes of beams with columns. It is made from a steel alloy, and it has a gradual taper to easily align bolt holes on beams. The bolt bag is a heavy canvas bag used for storing bolts and nuts that erect a structure. A sleever bar is a steel alloy bar used to pry on beams to put them in place, when a spud wrench is insufficient. A beater is forged steel head mallet with a lacquered hickory handle for beating a tapered pin or bull pin into the bolt hole to align the others at the beam end or "point" and stuff the rest of the holes. Drift pins have a tapper on both ends and get to be the largest diameter in the center and are used for aligning holes made up of multiple plates.

Although use of fall harnesses has reduced fatalities in this sector over time, structural steel erection remains one of the most dangerous occupations in construction. Workplace accidents claim the lives of approximately 38 out of every 100,000 full-time ironworkers each year.

Ornamental ironworker
Ornamental ironworkers install metal windows into structures, erect curtain walls and window wall systems that cover the steel, erect metal stairways, cat walks, gratings, ladders, doors of all types, railings, fencing, gates, metal screens, elevator fronts, platforms, and entranceways. A variety of materials are used to make these structures and this type of work is fastened by welding or bolting to the main structure. A common name for an ornamental ironworker is a finisher because they are responsible for finishing the structures after the structural and rebar work is done.

The main wage for ornamental ironworkers ranges from $20.89 per hour to $45.00 per hour. The wages are adjusted according to the location of the work and the nature of the work.

The main tool of the ornamental ironworker is an arc welder. Welding and burning equipment are considered "tools of the trade.”  However, any ironworker must be certified to weld on a project.

See also
Apprenticeship
Erector Set (toy)
Fabrication (metal)
International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers
List of metalworking occupations
Vocational training
Welding

Notes

External links
Steel Erectors Association of America
International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental, and Reinforcing Iron Workers
U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Bureau of Labor Statistics' Description of Structural Iron and Metal Workers

Construction trades workers
Metalworking occupations


"Secret Place" may refer to:

Secret Place (album), an album by Neal Morse
A Secret Place, a 1976 album by Grover Washington, Jr
"Secret Place", a song by Trish Thuy Trang
"A Secret Place", a song from the 1997 Megadeth album Cryptic Writings
The Secret Place (film), a 1957 British crime film
"The Secret Place" (short story), a 1966 short story by Richard McKenna
The Secret Place (book), a 2014 novel by Tana French

See also
Secret Places, a 1984 British drama film


Jonah Hex is a 2010 American Western superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name. Directed by Jimmy Hayward (in his live-action debut) from a screenplay by Neveldine/Taylor, the film stars Josh Brolin in the title role, John Malkovich, Megan Fox, Michael Fassbender, Will Arnett, Michael Shannon and Wes Bentley.

Produced by Legendary Pictures, Andrew Lazar's Mad Chance Productions and Akiva Goldsman's Weed Road Pictures, the film was released on June 18, 2010, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It was a commercial failure, having grossed only $11 million (domestic) against a budget of $47 million. It received generally negative reviews from critics.

Plot
Jonah Hex is a Confederate soldier who refuses an order from his commanding officer Quentin Turnbull to burn down a hospital. Hex is forced to kill his best friend Jeb, Turnbull's son, who draws a pistol on Hex. Turnbull later tracks Hex down at home and takes revenge for Jeb's death by killing Hex's family and branding Hex's face. Hex is found near death and healed by the Crow people; the experience leaves him with the ability to speak to the dead. Turnbull fakes his death in a hotel fire and Hex, unable to seek revenge, becomes a bounty hunter.

In 1876, a gang of men led by Turnbull hijack a train carrying components of an experimental weapon invented by Eli Whitney. President Grant realizes that Turnbull is planning to rebuild the weapon and use it to attack the U.S. on the Fourth of July. Grant instructs Army Lieutenant Grass to find Hex and hire him to track down and stop Turnbull. Grass' men find Hex in a brothel with a prostitute named Lilah and inform him that Turnbull is still alive.

Hex travels to meet Grass at his encampment and uses his ability to interrogate a dead soldier. The soldier tells Hex to find former Confederate Colonel Slocum, who now runs an illegal fighting pavilion in South Carolina. Hex confronts Slocum, who refuses to reveal Turnbull's location and sarcastically suggests he ask his dead friend Jeb. Hex throws Slocum to his death and burns the pavilion down. He decides to travel to Gettysburg and dig up Jeb's body to ask him for help. Jeb and Hex briefly fight before Jeb accepts Hex's apology for killing him. He grudgingly reveals that his father is at Fort Resurrection. Jeb also warns Hex to avoid death because many in the afterlife have plans for him.

Hex confronts Turnbull at the fort and kills several men before he is shot point blank in the chest. Hex escapes by horse and travels back to find the Crow people. Turnbull orders a man named Burke, who helped kill Hex's family, to track down something Hex loves and bring it to him. While Hex is being healed again, Burke finds and kidnaps Lilah. Turnbull assembles the weapon and conducts a test on a small town in Georgia, completely destroying it.

Hex sends a message to Lt. Grass with Turnbull's location and requests backup. Hex travels to Independence Harbor and infiltrates Turnbull's ironclad warship. He kills Burke, using his abilities to bring him back from the dead and incinerate him. Turnbull holds Lilah at gunpoint and forces Hex to surrender. Hex and Lilah escape their holding cell as Lt. Grass arrives and attempts to arrest Turnbull. Grass and his crew are destroyed by the weapon and Turnbull begins his attack on Washington, D.C.

Hex attacks Turnbull, as they fight Hex jams the weapon with a hatchet before locking Turnbull's neck in the machine. Hex and Lilah escape the boat as the weapon backfires and explodes, killing Turnbull and all of his men. The next day, President Grant gives Hex a large reward and a full pardon before offering him a job as Sheriff of the entire United States. Hex declines, but assures the president they can find him if they need him; he leaves the city with Lilah. The film ends with Hex visiting Jeb's grave to apologize for his father's death before riding off.

Cast
 Josh Brolin as Jonah Hex: A disfigured bounty hunter who is the film's antihero protagonist. Brolin initially hated the script, but changed his mind after growing to like its tongue-in-cheek tone.
 John Malkovich as Quentin Turnbull: The main antagonist who murdered Jonah Hex's family and disfigured the former.
 Megan Fox as Lilah Black: A gun-wielding prostitute and Jonah's love interest whose real name is Tallulah Black just like in the comics, but goes by Lilah for short and doesn't have scars on her body or a missing left eye unlike her comics counterpart.
 Michael Fassbender as Burke: A bowler hat-wearing, tattooed and psychopathic Irishman who is Turnbull's right-hand man. Fassbender likens his character to that of The Riddler and Malcolm McDowell's performance in A Clockwork Orange, saying he mainly found his character when he tried on the derby bowler.
 Will Arnett as Lieutenant Grass: A Union soldier who enlists Hex as a bounty hunter.
 Michael Shannon as Dr. Cross Williams: The ringleader of a gladiator circus. The studio planned to have Williams in a recurring character if a sequel surfaced.
 Wes Bentley as Adleman Lusk: A corrupt politician.
 Aidan Quinn as Ulysses S. Grant: The 18th President of the United States (Quinn was on set for only 3 days for this role).
 Lance Reddick as Smith: An armorer of sorts who supplies Hex with his new weapons.

The film also includes John Gallagher, Jr. as Lieutenant Evan, Tom Wopat as Colonel Slocum, and Julia Jones as Cassie; as well as an uncredited Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Jeb Turnbull. Mastodon guitarist/vocalist Brent Hinds also made a small cameo appearance.

Prior to Brolin's casting, actor Thomas Jane petitioned the studio for the role by hiring a makeup artist to give him the appearance of Jonah Hex. Jane instead voiced Hex in the 2010 animated short DC Showcase: Jonah Hex.

Production

In 2000, 20th Century Fox developed a one-hour television adaptation based on the character, with producers Akiva Goldsman and Robert Zappia involved, but the project never came to fruition. In July 2007, Warner Bros. held the film rights to the character and sought to make a film. Goldsman paired with Andrew Lazar as producers, and Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor wrote the screenplay, which adapted an incarnation of the comic books that combined the Western genre with supernatural elements. In October 2008, Josh Brolin entered talks to be cast as Jonah Hex under the direction of Neveldine and Taylor. The following month, Neveldine and Taylors stepped down from being directors due to creative differences with the studio. The studio explored the possibility of hiring Andy Fickman or McG and by January 2009, it chose Jimmy Hayward (who previously directed Horton Hears a Who!) to direct Jonah Hex. By the following February, Brolin was set to star alongside John Malkovich, who was cast as the antagonist Quentin Turnbull. Filming began in Louisiana in April 2009. Director Francis Lawrence was brought in to supervise a number of reshoots.

Brolin would later admit that he hated the experience making the film stating that at one point they had to "[reshoot] 66 pages in 12 days", implying that the filming schedule was hectic. He would go on to blame the film's failure on studio interference in the film's post-production and on director Hayward, who he called "inexperienced" and a "bad choice (of director)".

Music

Heavy metal band Mastodon scored the film. Troy Sanders, bassist/vocalist of Mastodon, on their contribution to the film:

"Some of it was heavy, some of it was very moody. A lot of it was spacey, Melvins B-sides, Pink Floyd-like, surreal outer space, like Neil Young's Dead Man. Swirling, nausea music".
Sanders added that the collaboration felt natural: "Since day one, we've always written albums thinking the music was the score of a movie. Then we'll create the lyrics or storyline on top of that, as if we're writing the dialog to match the movie's cinematography".

The soundtrack is an hour-long instrumental, including five full songs and numerous smaller musical themes. Selections were added to scenes in the film by composer John Powell (Shrek, The Bourne Identity), and others were adapted for the London Orchestra for exceptionally epic moments. Sanders explained: "We wrote variations on themes for each character, different variables for a bunch of riffs: faster, slower, heavier, lighter. It's the Darth Vader approach".

Release

Theatrical

The film was released in the United States on June 18, 2010, the same day as Disney/Pixar's Toy Story 3.

Merchandise
 Tonner Doll Company, Inc. released in May 2010 Saloon Lilah as a doll.
 NECA has released an assortment of 3 action figures (Hex, Lilah, and Turnbull), and prop replicas from the film.
 WizKids has released a HeroClix Battle Pack consisting of Hex, Lilah, and Turnbull.
 DC Direct has released a Jonah Hex bust, a Lilah bust, and a 1:6 scale Jonah Hex Collector Figure.

Home media

The film was released on both DVD and Blu-ray on October 19, 2010, with some special features (DVD contains Deleted Scenes). It was then released in the United Kingdom on December 13 the same year, on DVD, Blu-ray and Double Play. Special features include Deleted Scenes, The Inside Story of Jonah Hex and a Picture-In-Picture Commentary.

Reception

Box office
Jonah Hex severely failed at the box office, opening at No. 7 during its debut weekend with only $5,379,365 in 2,825 theaters, averaging $1,904 per theater. On its second weekend, the film only managed to gross $1,627,442, falling to No. 10. The film ended its theatrical run on August 12, 2010, having grossed only $10,547,117 in total on a $47 million budget. Due to its negative domestic take, the film was not widely released internationally, grossing less than $500,000 outside the United States.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Jonah Hex has an approval rating of  based on  reviews and an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Josh Brolin gives it his best shot, but he can't keep the short, unfocused Jonah Hex from collapsing on the screen". On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film a rare "F" rating, stating "the 81 minutes (including credits) of Jonah Hex footage that made it to the screen look like something assembled under a tight deadline, and possibly under the influence". Roger Ebert gave the film a negative review, saying that the film "is based on some DC Comics characters, which may explain the way the plot jumps around. We hear a lot about graphic novels, but this is more of a graphic anthology of strange occult ideas".

Accolades
The film was named "Worst Picture" of the year by the Houston Film Critics Society at their 2010 awards ceremony. It was given two nominations at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Actress (Megan Fox) and Worst Screen Couple (Josh Brolin's face and Megan Fox's accent).

References

External links

2010 films
2010 fantasy films
2010 Western (genre) films
2010s fantasy action films
2010s superhero films
American Western (genre) fantasy films
American fantasy action films
American films about revenge
American superhero films
American vigilante films
Cultural depictions of Ulysses S. Grant
D-Box motion-enhanced films
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Jimmy Hayward
Films produced by Akiva Goldsman
Films based on DC Comics
Films scored by Marco Beltrami
Films set in the 1870s
Films shot in Louisiana
Films with screenplays by Neveldine/Taylor
Jonah Hex
Legendary Pictures films
Live-action films based on DC Comics
Resurrection in film
Warner Bros. films
2010s American films
2010s vigilante films


In grammar, a preparatory subject or anticipatory subject is a subject which represents a verb clause later in the sentence. It as a preparatory subject is "commonly used in speech and writing, especially when the subject is longer than the complement and is better placed at the end of the sentence".

Examples
It is fun to play the piano
is equivalent to
Playing the piano is fun
"It" in the first sentence is a preparatory subject, referring to the clause "to play the piano".

Notes

External links
English grammar: It as a preparatory subject

Grammar


Matt's Gallery is a contemporary art gallery currently located in Nine Elms at 6 Charles Clowes Walk, London, SW11 7AN. Its director, Robin Klassnik OBE, opened the gallery in 1979 on Martello Street, before moving premises to Copperfield Road, Mile End in 1993. In 2022 Matt's Gallery moved to Nine Elms, Battersea.

The gallery is named after Klassnik's dog, Matt E. Mulsion.

History
The gallery opened in 1979 in, founder and director, Robin Klassnik's studio space on Martello Street. It moved to Copperfield Road, Mile End in 1993.

Among the artists represented by Matt's Gallery are Willie Doherty, Susan Hiller, Richard Grayson, Graham Fagen, Nathaniel Mellors, Mike Nelson, Benedict Drew, Imogen Stidworthy and Lindsay Seers.

In 2022 Matt's Gallery moved to its new  permanent space in Nine Elms, Battersea as part of Wandsworth Council's cultural strategy.

See also
Art group

References

External links
Matt's Gallery

Contemporary art galleries in London
Art galleries established in 1979
1979 establishments in England


Gwangtonggwan (), located in Seoul, is one of Korea's oldest bank buildings.  Its address is 19 Namdaemunno 1-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul.  Currently the Woori Bank's Jongno Branch, it is also the oldest continuously operating bank building in Korea.

Constructed in 1909, Gwangtonggwan is one of the few surviving examples of Korea's early 20th century western architecture.  In recognition of the building's architectural and historic importance, Gwangtonggwan was registered as the one of city's protected monuments on March 5, 2001.

History

Gwangtonggwan was built in 1909 originally as a head office for Daehan Cheon-il Bank and Suhyeongjohap.  Daehan Cheon-il Bank, established in 1899 and supported by the Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire, was a Korean bank aimed to preserve Korea's national capital assets against the growing influences of the Japanese banks over Korea's finances.  The building itself was designed by the architecture and construction office of the Takjibu, the Ministry of Finance of the Korean Empire.  The construction of this building was finished in July 1909.

However, a fire occurred in February 1914, and the building's detail was much altered from its original form when it was restored and reopened in 1915.  Since this building was located near Gwangtonggyo Bridge, a historic and important bridge of Seoul that crosses Cheonggyecheon, it came to be called as "Gwangtonggwan."  The Korean term "gyo (교; 橋)" translates in English as "bridge," while "gwan" (관; 館) translates as "building" or "house."

Following Japan's annexation of Korean Empire in 1910, Cheon-il Bank changed its name to Joseon Sangup Bank in 1911, and moved its head offices from Gwangtonggwan to a different location in 1924.  The building therefore became the Sangup Bank's Jongno branch on August 31, 1924.

Joseon Sangup bank changed its name to Hanguk Sangup Bank (also known as Commercial Bank of Korea) when Korea was liberated, changed its name to Hanbit Bank in 1998, and then again to Woori Bank in 2002, but Gwangtonggwan still maintains and continues its banking operations as a Jongno branch.

Architecture

Mainly built from red bricks and granite, the Gwangtonggwan building has a symmetrical layout which roughly covers 774 square meters.  The first floor of this building was designed and served as a bank, while the second floor was designed for conference rooms and offices.

When it was originally constructed in 1909, the building had Ionic pilasters, but during the reconstruction following the fire in 1914, the Ionic capitals were removed and baroque decorations were added instead to the pilasters.  Today's building has circular and arched windows, decorated pilasters, two baroque-styled domes with finials, two dormer windows, and a detailed pediment consisting of a half-circular window.

Rejecting references to a traditional Korean architecture, the architects designed Gwangtonggwan in an eclectic and westernized style.  The main entrance is flanked by two Tuscan columns, and its entablature bears an inscription, "朝鮮商業銀行鐘路支店" (조선상업은행 종로지점; Joseon Sangup Bank Jongno Branch), inscribed from right to left following the old Korean tradition of writing.  Two other entrances on either side of the main entrance also are flanked by two Tuscan  columns, but are no longer used as entrances.

References

Buildings and structures in Seoul
Jung District, Seoul


Daniel John Szymborski (born June 19, 1978, in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American writer of sabermetrics primarily known for his work with baseball projections and minor league translations.

Szymborski is a member of Society for American Baseball Research (SABR). He originally became known for contributions to BaseballPrimer.com, now known as Baseball Think Factory, after the site was featured by Time in 2002 and 2003's Moneyball by Michael Lewis.  After developing his projection system, ZiPS (SZymborski Projection System) prior to the 2003 season, Szymborski became commonly quoted in print and web media as an expert in the field of baseball statistics. Currently, he is a contributor for ESPN and is a senior writer for FanGraphs.

References
Time, "50 Best Websites", December 18, 2002.
Dan Szymborski, "Bonds Unlikely to Hit 35 Home Runs Next Year". Oakland Tribune, September 23, 2005.
Dan Szymborski, "Pujols faces long and winding road to 714", Oakland Tribune, May 26, 2006.
David Gassko, "Projection Roundtable", The Hardball Times, July 31, 2006.
Nate Silver, Information "2007 Hitter Projection Roundup", Baseball Prospectus, October 4, 2007.
Dan Rosenheck, "Toledo, Here He Comes?", The New York Times, November 25, 2007.
David Appelman, "Inside the 2007 player projection systems", CNN/SI, September 19, 2007
Geoff Baker, "Projecting Bedard's Mariners" , The Seattle Times, February 5, 2008.
St. Petersburg Times, "What they're saying about the Rays", March 30, 2008.
Vlae Kershner, "Computer unkind to Crosby", SFGate, October 24, 2008.
Jerry Crasnick, "Young core gives Reds immediate hope", ESPN.com, April 2, 2009.

1978 births
Living people
Writers from Baltimore
Baseball statisticians
Baseball culture


Vladimir Vladimirovich Mazov (; born 8 March 1981) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2005 for FC Tom Tomsk.

References

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tula, Russia
Russian men's footballers
FC Tom Tomsk players
FC Khimki players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Russian Premier League players
FC Arsenal Tula players
Men's association football defenders
FC Tyumen players
FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
FC Oryol players
FC MVD Rossii Moscow players


Sundsvall Open Trot is an annual Group One harness event for trotters that is held at Bergsåker Racetrack in Sundsvall, Sweden. Sundsvall Open Trot has taken place since 1996. In 2008, the purse of the event was approximately US$273,000 (SEK1,750,000).

Racing conditions
Every edition of Sundsvall Open Trot has been over 2,140 meters (1.33 mile). The race is started by the use of auto start.

Past winners

Horse with most wins
 3 - Victory Tilly (2000, 2001, 2002)

Drivers with most wins
 5 - Örjan Kihlström
 3 - Stig H. Johansson
 3 - Åke Svanstedt

3 Jerry Riordan===Trainers with most wins===
 3 - Stig H. Johansson
 3 - Åke Svanstedt
 2 - Stefan Melander
 2 - Stefan Hultman

Winner with lowest odds
 Winning odds: 1.07 - Victory Tilly (2002)

Winner with highest odds
 Winning odds: 62.50 - Giant Superman (2007)

Fastest winner
 1:10,0 (km rate) - Delicious U.S. (2015)

All winners of Sundsvall Open Trot

See also
 List of Scandinavian harness horse races

References

Harness races in Sweden


The 1st Conference of the 6th Season of the Philippines Shakey's V-League started on April 19, 2009, at the Filoil Flying V Arena. Teams included defending champion and current NCAA champion San Sebastian, UAAP runner-up FEU, NCRAA champion Lyceum. Two Visayan teams, CESAFI champion USJ-R, and USLS, joined at the quarterfinals. UAAP champion La Salle decided not to compete and took a leave of absence; UP replaced the Lady Archers to complete the eight-team elimination round roster.

Tournament format
A revised tournament format was issued with 10 teams participating:
Elimination round: Round robin
Top four teams will qualify for quarterfinals.
Bottom four will be eliminated from contention.
Quarterfinals: Round robin
Standings are reset back to zero.
Top four teams from the elimination round will be joined by the University of San Jose-Recoletos Lady Jaguars and University of St. La Salle Lady Stingers.
Top four teams will qualify for semi-finals
Bottom two teams are eliminated for a semi-finals berth.
Semi-finals: Best-of-three series
 #1 vs. #4
 #2 vs. #3
Finals: Best-of-three series
 Championship: Winners of the semi-finals
 Bronze match: Losers of the semi-finals
 In case the championship series ends first, and the two teams split the series, the team with which has won the greater number of sets wins third place

NOTE: This format is official as set by the Shakey's V-League.

Starting Line-ups

Elimination round

Team standings

SW = sets won; SL = sets lost

Results
Important note: All teams played all of their opponents only once.

Exhibition game

Fourth-seed playoff

Adamson advances to quarterfinals; Ateneo is eliminated.

Quarterfinals

Team standings

Results

Bracket

Semifinals

UST–FEU series

UST leads series 1–0

Series tied 1–1

UST wins series 2–1

San Sebastian–Adamson series

SSC-R leads series 1–0

SSC-R wins series 2–0

Finals

Bronze series

Adamson leads series 1–0

Adamson wins series 2-0

Championship series

SSC-R leads series 1–0

Series tied 1–1

UST wins series 2–1

Final ranking
Champion -
1st runner-up -
2nd runner-up -
3rd runner-up -

Awards
Best scorer:  Jaroensri Bualee (SSC-R)
Best attacker:  Laurence Ann Latigay (SSC-R)
Best blocker:  Aiza Maizo (UST)
Best setter:  Rhea Katrina Dimaculangan (UST)
Best digger:  Lizlee Ann Gata (Adamson)
Best server:  Macaila Irish May Morada (FEU)
Best receiver:  Margarita Pepito (SSC-R)
Most Improved Player:  Shaira Gonzalez (FEU)
Conference MVP:  Mary Jean Balse (UST)
Finals MVP:  Rhea Katrina Dimaculangan (UST)

References

External links
Official website

Shakey's V-League conferences
2009 in volleyball
2009 in Philippine sport


Nutricia is a specialized medical nutrition company. It is part of the Medical Nutrition Division of Groupe Danone, Paris. Nutricia manufactures products used in the management of severe allergic and gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic conditions as well as other conditions requiring nutritional therapy, including intractable epilepsy.

Among other products, Nutricia manufactures Neocate, an amino acid-based, hypoallergenic formula for the dietary management of milk protein allergy available in North America. Despite evidence that Neocate can lead to a "hungry bone syndrome," calcium and phosphorus issues, and pathologic fractures when it is the sole source of an infant or child's nutrition, the company has repeatedly blown off those who suggest that they investigate and address this issue. The company also manufactures Lorenzo's oil, an alternative medicine for a rare neurological disease called adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) that was featured in the 1992 movie Lorenzo's Oil. Nutricia provides Lorenzo's oil to patients at cost.

History

Nutricia North America, Inc. (formerly known as SHS North America) was established in 1983. From 1983 until 1997, the company was a subsidiary of Royal Numico N.V. In 2007, Royal Numico was purchased by Groupe Danone, Paris. Nutricia North America is headquartered in Rockville, MD.

See also
Milk allergy
Phenylketonuria
Ketogenic diet
SHS International

References

External links
Nutricia North America Web Site
Company Snapshot - BusinessWeek
Company Overview - BioPortfolio
Danone 2007 Annual Report
Danone Offers $17 Billion For Food Firm Numico - Reuters
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Frequently Asked Questions About Medical Foods

Companies based in Rockville, Maryland
Food and drink companies of the United States
Companies established in 1983


Colonia International Airport ()  is a general aviation airport serving Colonia del Sacramento, capital of the Colonia Department of Uruguay.

The airport is just inland from the shore of the Río de la Plata estuary,  east of Colonia. Southeast approach and departure are over the water.

The Colonia non-directional beacon (Ident: COL) is located on the field. The
La Plata VOR-DME (Ident: PTA) is located  south of the airport.

See also

Transport in Uruguay
List of airports in Uruguay

References

External links
OpenStreetMap - Laguna de Los Patos International Airport
OurAirports - Laguna de Los Patos International Airport

Airports in Uruguay
Buildings and structures in Colonia Department
Colonia del Sacramento


Dande, with its capital at Barra do Dande, is a municipality in Bengo Province in Angola.

Subdivisions
Dande comprises seven communes as follows.
 Caxito
 Barra do Dande
 Mabubas
 Kikabo
 Úcua

References

Populated places in Bengo Province
Municipalities of Angola


R. De Staningtona was a friar, likely of the Dominican Order,  who was at Oxford University in the mid-1250s. He composed a noteworthy summary of libri naturales (works of natural philosophy) by Aristotle. His summary was entitled Compilacio quedam liborum naturalium. The manuscript has never been edited although selections from it have appeared in the Journal of the History of Philosophy. The final work he summarized was De anima.

R. De Staningtona made use of the explanations of Averroes in compiling his text. His work was probably employed in the Oxford Dominican convent for the preliminary education of the brothers. Many of these people were not degree candidates. De Staningtona's tract was useful in providing a medium for the influence of Richard Fishacre, especially for those who were unlikely to read Fishacre's commentary on the Books of Sentences by Peter Lombard.

References

English Dominicans
English theologians
Scholastic philosophers
Catholic philosophers
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
13th-century philosophers


Transnational governance, within a European Union framework, is both a subset of governance in general and an application of it to situations outside its usual limits of corporate or governmental hierarchies, whether regional or national. When such disparate hierarchies within the EU find common goals, typically within a conterminous geographic area, they seek to achieve them by integrating their various policies and activities. The goals of transnational governance, especially for areas previously divided by the Iron Curtain or pre-EU barriers to free trade and movement of peoples, is to foster economic and social development.

Background
The economic development could be defined as the increase of wealth of a country or a region and the social development could be loosely defined as the improvements of quality of living for the population. Economic and social are, or at least should be, inseparable concepts. Why reach a high economic development if the inhabitants living in the area don't see any benefits of that improvement?

In the current global political and economic landscape, particularly within the backdrop of globalization, there is an increase in privatization. This means that business has started to play an important role in the international order. A related phenomenon called public-private partnerships (PPPs) is seen as an offshoot of this development.

Critics, however, cite that a dominance of the private sector and the global capital in the world today is dangerous since it tends to undermine international cooperation and equity among states. There is global consensus, therefore, regarding the need for transnational governance that can regulate and address the gaps on global issues and crises like poverty, climate change, disease, terrorism, and financial crises, among others. The state-centric Westphalian international order is unable to cope with these transnational threats, calling for multilateral collaboration that does not only involve states but also other international actors such as non-governmental organizations and multinational companies.

Social and economic impact
Reach social and economic developments are already a challenge but it's even more challenging in a transnational area such as the greater region. Some projects were created in order to foster these developments. The operational program Interreg IV A, “grande region” has for main objectives to make the greater region more attractive, encourage innovation, improve the numbers of high quality jobs, etc.

The improvement of the economic and social situation could be analysed through the example of the Vienna-Bratislava-Györ triangle which is a cross border area including three countries (Slovakia, Austria and Hungary) that were once part of the same empire. Good governance could lead to the adoption of a common identity which could lead to mutual support between people, companies or authorities sharing this common identity. Concretely, we observe a high amount of Foreign direct investments (FDI) coming from Austria in order to develop the general situation of Slokia and Hungary. This is very well descriptor in this citation of Tatzberger (2007) : “Foreign direct investments (FDI) play an important role in restructuring and improving the competitiveness of industry and manufacturing by helping to raise productivity and to expand exports. It has been one of the driving forces behind industrial restructuring in Hungary and Slovakia”.

However, it has to be said to huge economic and social disparities could be seen a real threat to the process leading to the creation of a common identity. For instance, the migration of workers stays underdeveloped because of Austrian fears and restrictions. On one side workers mobility is seen as an important force in enhancing economic integration of the region but on the other side it could lead to real changes in the social structure especially in Austria due to the migration of very low qualified workers. An important brain drain could also appear which will make highly decrease the number of educated people who could have been able to develop and teach regional strategic development plan.

See also
Governance

Notes

References
Gabriele Tatzberger, Territorial Cohesion and the European Model of Society (Book), The Vienna-Bratislava-Györ Triangle The European Model of Society in Action, edited by Andreas Faludi

Globalization
International relations
Political philosophy
Transnationalism


Sopley is a village and civil parish situated in the New Forest National Park of Hampshire, England. It lies on the old main road from Christchurch to Ringwood, on the east bank of the River Avon. The parish extends east as far as Thorny Hill and borders the parishes of Bransgore and Burton to the south and west respectively. It lies down the road from a small hamlet called Ripley. It includes the hamlets of Shirley, Avon and Ripley. The area is mainly rural with less than 300 dwellings.

The village is situated on the fringes of the New Forest, just outside the New Forest National Park but within the perambulation boundary of the forest. Most of the buildings date back to the 19th century but there are more modern houses to the north. It is also home to Moorlands College, one of the largest evangelical theological seminaries in the country. The college was built on the site of the old manor house which was demolished in 1988.

History
There has been settlement in the area since the Bronze Age and it has existed as a manor since before the Norman conquest. Sopley is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086. Before 1066 it had been held by one Edric, but by 1086 it belonged to William son of Stur. By that time 4 hides of the manor and all the woodland had been absorbed into the New Forest. At the end of the 13th century, records are found of two distinct manors of Sopley. One of the manors was for two hundred years part of the lands of the Earls of Ormond. The other manor was owned, first by the Le Moyne family, and then, like nearby Ibsley, by the Stourton Barons. In the middle of the 16th century, both manors were sold to the Berkeley family, and the two manors became one again.

In 1575 Sir John Berkeley conveyed the manor to William Waller, and it eventually descended to the Tichborne Baronets, being owned by the 2nd and 3rd Baronet, until the 4th Baronet sold the manor to James Willis around 1725. John Willis of Ringwood inherited the manor in 1753, and upon his death in 1779, it passed to his nephew John Compton, and it descended, like Minstead, with the Comptons. The manor house was rebuilt in 1790 by the then owner James Compton. Compton was a sheep farmer who, along with the local vicar, the Reverend Willis; introduced a particular breed of Spanish sheep to the area. The Merino sheep is renowned for its soft, fine, fleece which is still much sought after. Sopley became for a while, an important specialist wool producing area.

A mill in Sopley is recorded in the Domesday book when an annual levy of 10 shillings and 875 eels was imposed. It is disputed whether this is the current mill however, certainly parts of it are much younger; a third floor for flour storage was constructed in 1878 and the original undershot wheel was later superseded by a turbine. The mill remained in service until 1946.

The Parish Church of St Michaels and All Angels stands on a high mound overlooking the mill and the river Avon. It has been variously proposed that this high mound may have been the site of an earlier Pagan temple or the base camp of Jute invaders who travelled up the Avon from nearby Christchurch. Parts of the church date from the 11th century but much of it was constructed in the 13th century from rubble ironstone dressed with Binstead stone.

In 1834 the manor house, then known as Sopley Park, was sold to wealthy London merchant and owner of the Schweppes company; John Kemp-Welch. He in turn sold it in 1885. The house was used as nursing home and two independent schools at various times during its post war history and was demolished in 1988 to make way for a bible college. The house was notable for its three stained glass windows depicting the story of Walter Tirel; spelled locally as Tyrrell. The lodges at either end of the park wall still exist however.

RAF Sopley was a Royal Air Force base near the village built in the early fifties as a domestic camp and used by the MOD until 1974. In the late 70s and early 80s it was used to accommodate refugees from Vietnam. The site is now known as Merryfield Park.

Near to the village, bordering Ripley was the Ground Controlled Interception (GCI) radar station. Its purpose to detect, locate and track enemy aircraft and provide inland radar coverage for Britain. Initially a mobile station, by 1943 it was a permanent fixture with rotating ariel array, transmitter equipment stored in an underground bunker, operations block, emergency back up power supply and guard hut. In 1946 RAF Sopley was re-classified as a master GCI station and reserve Sector Operations Centre. As part of the UK's programme to update its air defences, Sopley underwent much modernisation during the 1950s including a new guardhouse providing access to a two-storey underground operations centre.

Sopley was also the location of RAF Winkton, an Advanced Landing Ground, which operated during 1944, and which returned to agricultural use in 1945.

A one-way system was introduced in 1938 to aid the flow of traffic along the narrow lanes in the village. A 1937 traffic census recorded that within a week, a mere 9,271 vehicles used the main Ringwood to Christchurch road.

Geography

The Parish of Sopley is in the far southwest corner of Hampshire on the border of Dorset some three miles north-northeast of the town of Christchurch. The River Avon and the Parish of Burton run along its western edge and it extends eastwards into the New Forest as far as Thorny Hill. To the south it borders the parish of Bransgore. It includes the settlements of Sopley, Shirley, Avon, and Ripley.

It is mainly rural with fewer than 300 dwellings and narrow lanes. The main Christchurch to Ringwood road passes through the centre of Sopley village where a one-way system helps these narrow byways cope with an often noticeable amount of traffic. A small stream, known locally as Sopley Brook, cuts through the centre of the village and enters the river Avon south of the Parish church of St. Michael and All Angels. The surrounding area includes farmland, flood plain, and open forest.

In 1855 a description of the land was given thus: "The arable land is a rich and productive loam and is chiefly what is known as good sheep and barley land. It is in a very high state of cultivation and we have seldom seen over land more even in quality or in better condition".

Much of the parish is within a large conservation area. The meadows to the west of the village are part of the River Avon flood plain and designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Demography

The 2001 census, recorded the population of the parish as 774 of which 415 were male and 359 female. There were 274 households giving an average of just under 2.82 people per household. All but 2 households identified themselves as being of white ethnicity (99.3%).

Of the 645 residents over 16 years of age; 201 said they were single, 359 married and 85 either divorced or widowed. The mean age of the population was 40.78, the median 41.00. The majority of those living in the parish are of working age. 65.37% are aged between 16 and 65.

There are 284 dwellings in the parish of which 274 are lived in. Of these, 162 are occupied by the owner, 15 are social housing and 97 are rented privately. A vast majority of households (226) have central heating and sole use of a bath or shower and toilet. 6 dwellings are vacant and 4 are second homes or holiday accommodation.

Of the 586 residents in the 16–74 years age bracket; 353 are employed, 10 are unemployed and 205 are economically inactive. Of the 353 who are employed, 208 are male and 145 are female. The males work a mean average of 43.68 hours a week and females 29.38.
31% of 16- to 74-year-olds have a grade 3 qualification or above. 43.5% however, have no formal qualifications or a grade 1 qualification or below.

Historic estates

Avon Tyrrell

Avon Tyrrell is a historic manor within the parish of Sopley. Immediately after the Norman Conquest of 1066 the manor of Avon, in the New Forest, a royal hunting forest, was held by the Tyrell family. Whilst hunting in the New Forest in 1100 King William II (1087–1100) was accidentally killed by an arrow shot by Walter III Tyrrell, who fled fearing being accused of murder and regicide, and crossed the River Avon at a ford still known as Tyrrell's Ford. members of this family included:
Sir John Tyrrell (c.1382–1437) of Heron in the parish of East Horndon, Essex, Knight of the Shire for Essex, Speaker of the House of Commons, and Treasurer of the Royal Household.

In 1602 the manor of Avon Tyrrell was sold by his descendant John Tyrrell to Bennett Wynchecombe and Giles Tooker, who sold it to Sir John Webb, 1st Baronet (d.1680), of Odstock, Wiltshire (created a baronet in 1644), son of Sir John Webb, knight, of Odstock and of Great Canford, Dorset, by his second wife Catharine Tresham, daughter of Sir Thomas Tresham, of Rushton, Northamptonshire. His descendant Sir John Webb, 5th Baronet (d.1797) sold it to Edward Buckley Batson, a banker, and Stanlake Batson. The heir of Stanlake Batson was his sister Anne Batson, wife of Henry Fane (1739–1802), MP, of Fulbeck Hall, Lincolnshire, the second son of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland (1701–1771). Avon Tyrrell was inherited by her second son Rev. Edward Fane, and passed to his eldest son Lt Col. Henry Hamlyn-Fane (1817–1868), whose mural monument is in Clovelly Church, who married Susan Hester Hamlyn-Williams, the heiress of Clovelly in Devon, and who adopted the additional surname "Hamlyn". In 1850 Lt Col Henry Hamlyn-Fane drew a picture of the then Avon Tyrrell Manor which is now Tyrrells Ford Country Inn and Hotel in Avon. The name "Avon Tyrrell" can be seen in the bottom right hand corner of the picture.

In 1912 Avon Tyrrell was the property of one of his daughters Miss Eveline Harriet Hamlyn-Fane, and passed to Eveline's sister Constance Hamlyn-Fane, wife of John Manners-Sutton, 3rd Baron Manners (1852–1927).  Lady Manner's childless sister Christine Hamlyn had inherited Clovelly, and had intended to bequeath it to her eldest niece Mary Christine Manners, who unexpectedly died at the age of 17. She thus left it instead to Mary's younger sister Betty Constance Manners, wife of Arthur Asquith, 3rd son of the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (1852–1928). The 3rd Baron Manners won the 1882 Grand National as owner, trainer and rider of his horse Seaman, for which triple feat he won a large sum from a wager, and in 1891 used the proceeds to rebuild Avon Tyrrell House, to the design of the architect W. R. Lethaby. The house is now a grade I listed building considered to be one of the archetypal Arts & Crafts buildings. His eldest son Francis Manners, 4th Baron Manners (1897–1972) inherited Avon Tyrrell. It was requisitioned by the government during World War II and the family decided not to return to it after the war (in 1968 the residence of the 4th Baron was nearby Tyrrell's Ford, Christchurch, Hampshire). In 1949 it was donated by the 4th Baron to a charitable trust, the "National Association of Girls' Clubs and Mixed Clubs". In 2014 it is still in use as the headquarters of UK Youth, a national youth work charity and activity centre.

Notable buildings

Much of the parish is within a conservation area and most of the buildings date back to the 19th century, although there are more modern houses to the north of the village. There are many thatched cottages and some timber-framed buildings. There are two grade I, one grade II* and 35 grade II listed structures including Sopley mill, both Sopley Park lodges, The Woolpack Inn and The Old Blacksmith's Shop; all five of which are sited close to in the village.

The Woolpack Inn sits in the centre of the one-way system in the middle of the village. It was initially built as a cottage with a wool store in 1725 but has served as a public house since 1783. Built in brick with a thatched roof; it became a grade II listed building in 1986.

The Parish Church of St Michaels and All Angels, a grade II* listed building, occupies a prominent position overlooking the Avon on the site of an old Saxon Church. It is constructed from ironstone rubble dressed with Binstead stone from the Isle of Wight, has stepped buttresses and lancet doors and windows. It was endowed by Earl Godwin in 1050.

References

External links

Parish Council website
Victoria County History of Hampshire

Villages in Hampshire
Civil parishes in Hampshire


ApplianSys, founded in 2000, is a privately held venture capital-backed technology company based in Coventry, United Kingdom. It designs, builds and markets Internet server appliances that are deployed in more than 150 countries. Forrester Research have listed ApplianSys as being a key vendor in the worldwide IP Address Management market, with its DNS engine used in a third of all GPRS networks.

Products
ApplianSys' portfolio of appliances include more than 20 models split across a range including DNSBOX (DNS, DHCP and IP Address Management), CACHEBOX (Web cache, Proxy Server, WAN Optimization and Content Filtering) and EDUGATEBOX (Gateway (telecommunications) appliance for schools that are connecting to the internet for the first time).

DNSBOX
The DNSBOX range was launched in 2001. It is divided into 4 series:

Management appliances use a combination of open source and proprietary software, developed by ApplianSys and Nixu.

According to IDC's 2007 IPAM report the average DNSBOX customer manages 15,000 IP addresses.

CACHEbox

CACHEBOX is a dedicated web caching proxy appliance with software editions targeted at Education, SME, Corporate/Governmental and ISP markets. Five models provide different performance levels:

 420 offers the highest performance and storage in the range with support for more than 6,000 HTTP requests per second. CACHEBOX420 is typically used by ISP networks or in the core of large enterprise/school networks, often as part of a distributed caching service with smaller units deployed closer to users.
 310 offers high performance and storage with support for more than 3,600 HTTP requests per second. CACHEBOX310 is typically used by ISP networks or in large enterprise/school networks.
 210 and 230 models are high performance 1U rackmount appliances used primarily in ISP networks and medium-large schools. They employ technologies such as Solid State Drives to support more than 2,500 HTTP requests per second. Multiple devices can be clustered together (using protocols such as Cisco's WCCP) for high availability and scalability.
 050 and 100 models are used by schools, ships, branch and small to medium-sized offices. Each support 400 HTTP requests per second and can connect to larger caching appliances upstream or operate independently.

CACHEBOX's caching engine employs code from the Squid project.

Customer types include:

 ISP: Through discontinuation of NetApp's NetCache in 2006 and Packeteer's product line in 2008, Blue Coat's ProxySG is not only a cache, but also a UTM, P2P control and WAN acceleration appliance. The addition of such features (that are more aimed at the corporate market and of limited use to ISPs) have increased the cost per URL/sec that can be cached. Conversely; CACHEbox is one of the only dedicated caches still available.
 SME: CACHEBOX's use is widespread in developing nations where bandwidth is costly and scarce. Users on satellite internet links for example (where bandwidth is charged by the megabyte) can achieve full return on investment within months of deployment.
 Education: Through strategic partnerships with content providers (such as Pearson), LEA and Regional Broadband Consortia ApplianSys holds a large share of the UK education caching market.

In 2005 it launched the Becta approved Protex content filtering service in collaboration with the East of England Broadband Network, who represent more than 2800 schools across 10 authorities. In 2006, it acquired the assets and customer base of its rival Freedom2. It has since expanded activity into the North American schools market and was the caching device most requested by US schools for 2015 E-rate funding.

Operating system
ApplianSys maintains its own hardened Linux operating system that has been developed from the ground up with appliance use in mind. All products make use of industrial grade CFast that in most cases stores both the OS and configuration files, minimising or removing reliance on non solid state storage for reasons of both performance and reliability.

After initial deployment using a VGA or serial console, all configuration of ApplianSys products is performed via a secure web interface.

References

External links

Networking companies
Companies established in 2000
Companies based in Coventry
Linux-based devices
Domain Name System
Cache (computing)
Server appliance
WAN optimization


Ícolo e Bengo (English: Icolo and Bengo)
is a city council (município
or municipality) in the province of Luanda in Angola. It had a population of 81,144 in 2014.

History
As per decree 29/11, of 1 September 2011, which moved this municipality, along with the municipality of Quiçama from Bengo Province to Luanda Province. The others being  Luanda, Belas, Cazenga, Cacuaco, Viana and Quiçama. The transfer documents were signed on 2 April 2012 in Catete by the governors of Luanda Province, Bento Bento, and João Miranda, of Bengo Province, in the presence of the minister for territorial administration, Bornito de Sousa.

Geography

Overview
It covers an area of  and its estimated population as of 2019 is 131,268.

Icolo e Bengo is bordered to the north and south respectively by the municipalities of Dande and Quiçama (in Bengo and Luanda provinces respectively), to the east by the municipality of Cambambe (Cuanza Norte province), and to the west by the municipalities of Viana and Cacuaco (both in Luanda province).

Administrative Division
The municipality, with the seat in Catete, is divided into five comunas (communes), as follows:
 Catete
 Bom Jesus
 Cabiri
 Caculo Cahango
 Calomboloca

Personalities
Agostinho Neto (1922-1979), 1st President of Angola

References

External links

Municipalities in Luanda
Populated places in Luanda Province


Badger is an unincorporated community in the town of Lanark in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States.

Geography

Badger is located in central Wisconsin approximately eight miles southeast of Amherst and approximately six miles southwest of Waupaca. Badger is approximately four miles northeast of the unincorporated community of Blaine and borders Hartman Creek State Park (Lat: 44° 20' 11.7", Lon: -89° 14'  20.3).

History
Badger was once a stop-over on the trail between Waupaca and Plover Portage (modern Plover) on what is today State Road 54. Badger was the seat for the town of Lanark, including at one time bearing a Post Office around 1870–1901 with the same name.  Badger had several bars in its proximity.

Today, the garage and town hall for Lanark is located two miles to the east, near the intersection of State Road 54 and County Road TT.  Badger no longer has its own Post Office, but several bars remain in the area.

Notes

External links
Profile from the  Portage County Historical Society
University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point's Archives of Belmont Township, Wiscinsin

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Portage County, Wisconsin


Watamu Marine National Park and Reserve is located in Kenya. Established in 1968, it was one of Kenya's first marine parks. It is located about  north of Mombasa, Kenya's second largest city. Its coral gardens are  from the shore and are home to approximately 600 species of fish, 110 species of stony coral and countless invertebrates, crustaceans and molluscs. Water temperature varies from 20 degrees Celsius (June to November) to 30 degrees Celsius (December to May). The park was designated as a biosphere reserve in 1979.

History
Watamu Marine National Park and Reserve was established in 1968 with Malindi Marine National Park and Reserve. They were established by the Kenyan government. Watamu Marine Park is now part of a UN-recognised World Biosphere Reserve.

Wildlife
The park's coral reefs form the physical and biological backbone of the area. With over 150 species of hard and soft corals, such as brain corals, fan corals and sponges, it provides for abundant nutrients for fish. The main park has over 500 species of fish and the reserve over 1000. There are also whale sharks, manta rays, octopus and barracuda as some of the larger species in the park.

Watamu also has different species of turtles and a turtle watch program which has managed to secure the main park's beach as a 99% viable sea turtle nesting site for endangered sea turtles. This beach is patrolled and monitored vigorously. The turtles nesting in Watamu include the green, hawksbill and olive ridley turtles. The olive ridley species is rare but occasionally comes to the nesting site. Leatherback turtles do not nest in Watamu or Malindi but they pass by through the nearby waters during their migration.

Conservation
Bleaching of the water in Watamu Marine Park, a marine protected area (MPA), occurred between 1997 and 1998. This was the single most important impact on the sea water that caused high levels of mortality to the coral reefs in Malindi and Watamu. Usually recovery is variable and depends on the reefs but Watamu was slower than average in recovery. Surveys showed that urbanization and coastal development, especially from tourism and agricultural sectors, contributed to increased degradation of the marine environment in the area. Removal of forests and natural vegetation for agriculture, removal of mangroves for building and fuel, and fishing to meet the demands of a growing urban population, all contributed to increased threats on the marine ecosystems of the MPA. This ecosystem includes of coral reefs, mangrove forests and sea grass beds. Land-use plans had to be incorporated into the MPA management plan. The inclusion took into consideration issues of coastal destruction of habitats for marine species including marine turtles and shorebirds, as well as improved enforcement of existing land-use statutes. The creek is an important spawning habitat for numerous fish species, an internationally significant wintering site for waders, and a feeding place for several kinds of sea turtles.

In Watamu and Malindi parks, a local marine conservation organisation seeks to protect marine life, especially sea turtles, by the means of a direct payment method program. The program pays local fishermen to tag and release sea turtles caught while fishing. For every turtle release, the fishermen are compensated for their time, efforts and potential damage to fishing gear, thus providing an incentive for releasing the animals instead of killing them. After the fishermen release the turtles, they notify Watamu Turtle Watch (WTW) volunteers who rush to the landing site. The volunteers then have an opportunity to measure and examine the animals as well as place ID tags on them before they are returned to freedom. This program has benefited the research of turtle nesting habits. Also, the center administering the program provides turtle rehabilitation for sick turtles, and has an adopt-a-turtle program, and studies the socio-economics of fishing communities. Fishermen are also allowed to fish in the protected reserve as long as they only take out the species of fish allowed by the park and use traditional methods of fishing. Consequently, there may be a trade-off between economic growth and environmental conservation.

References

Bibliography
 http://www.cia.gov
 http://www.turtles.org
 http://www.iucnredlist.org
 http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn105
 http://www.watamuturtles.com
 "Environmental Biology of Fishes." Journal of Earth and Environmental Science Springer Netherlands. Volume 70. August 2004.
 Protected Areas of the World: Afrotropical: A Review of National Systems By World Conservation Monitoring Centre, IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, British Petroleum Company Edition: illustrated Published by IUCN, 1992 , 384 pages

National parks of Kenya
Biosphere reserves of Kenya
Protected areas established in 1968
East African coral coast


Las Agüeras is one of thirteen parishes (administrative divisions) in Quirós, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 162 (INE 2010).

Villages
 Aciera
 Las Agüeras
 El Carrilón
 Cortina
 Ḷḷano
 Pirueño
 Tene
 Viḷḷuriche

References

Parishes in Quirós


Muxima is a town and commune in the municipality of Quiçama, Luanda Province, Angola. The village, located by Kwanza river, was occupied in 1589 by the Portuguese who erected a church and a fortress  in 1599. Muxima means "heart" in Kimbundu. It is the site of a Marian shrine. The town is the home of the 16th century Portuguese Fortress of Muxima.

Church
The church Nossa Senhora da Conceição, more well known as Nossa Senhora da Muxima, was first established in colonial Portuguese Angola in 1599.

It is a popular pilgrimage destination in Angola, that can receive more than 1 million pilgrims annually.

It became a popular pilgrimage site after a suspected Marian apparition in 1833.

During a holy mass in October 2013, an act of vandalism caused some reparable damages.

References

Communes in Luanda Province
Populated places in Luanda Province


Aleksandr Vladimirovich Tumenko (; born 15 July 1983) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2004 for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl.

Personal life
He is the brother of Dmitri Tumenko.

References

1983 births
Sportspeople from Budapest
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Russian Premier League players
FC Mostransgaz Gazoprovod players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Spartak Moscow players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC MVD Rossii Moscow players


Sir Augustus John Foster, 1st Baronet,  (1 or 4 December 1780 – 1 August 1848) was a British diplomat and politician.  Born into a notable British family, Foster served in a variety of diplomatic functions in continental Europe and the United States, interrupted by a short stint as a Member of Parliament.  He wrote about his American experiences in Notes on the United States of America.

Early life and family
Foster was born in 1780, possibly in Ireland, and went on to study at Drogheda Grammar School and Christ Church, Oxford.  He enjoyed a comfortable social situation; his father was the Irish MP for Ennis, John Thomas Foster (d. 1796), first cousin of John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel and William Foster, and his mother Elizabeth Hervey, who would later go on to marry William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, was herself the daughter of Frederick Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol.  Augustus had one older brother, Frederick (1777–1853) and an elder sister Elizabeth (b. 1778), who died several days after birth, as well as two illegitimate half-siblings.  Augustus's parents separated in 1781, at which time he and his brother remained in the care of his father.

On 18 March 1815, one year after his arrival in Denmark, he married Albina Jane Hobart. (b. 2 May 1788  d. 28 May 1867) daughter of Hon. George Vere Hobart (b. 1761 d. 5 December 1802), second son of George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire, having previously courted Anne Isabella Milbanke (later 11th Baroness Wentworth and wife of Lord Byron). They would go on to have three sons:
 Frederick George (2nd Bt) (b. 3 January 1816  d. 25 December 1857),
 Cavendish Harvey (Rev'd) (3rd Bt) (b. 7 May 1817 d. 27 Nov 1890) and
 Vere Henry Louis (the philanthropist and educationalist) (b. 25 April 1819  d. 21 December 1900).

Career
Between roughly 1802 and 1804 Foster served as the Secretary to British legation, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.  In 1805 he was sent to the United States as the Secretary to British legation, leaving in 1807 to become British chargé d'affaires, Stockholm, Sweden from 1808 to 1810.  He was sent back to America in 1811 as Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, and while there penned letters to President Madison and his cabinet protesting American incursions in Spanish West and East Florida. He returned to Britain in 1812 with the outbreak of the War of 1812, where he was promptly elected by Cockermouth, England to the House of Commons.

In 1814 he left for Copenhagen, Denmark, where he would serve as British minister plenipotentiary until 1824.

In 1822 he became a Privy Councillor.  Following his decade in Denmark, he returned to Italy as British minister plenipotentiary to Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia where he would stay from 1824 to 1840.  During this time he was knighted by King George IV (1825) and named Baronet of Glyde Court, Ardee (1831), a town in County Louth, Ireland.

Later life
Ending his service in Turin and his career in the British diplomatic service in 1840, Foster began drafting his Notes on the United States of America.

Foster died in 1848 after cutting his throat at Branksea Castle; he had suffered from delirium because of poor health, and his death was ruled as the result of temporary insanity.  His Notes on the United States of America would be rediscovered in a cupboard of his family's home in Northern Ireland in the 1930s, and published posthumously.

Ancestry

Works

References

External links

Footnotes

1780 births
1848 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1812–1818
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Suicides by sharp instrument in England
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Denmark
British politicians who committed suicide
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1840s suicides


Reginald William James  (9 January 18917 July 1964) was a British researcher and teacher of physics in England and South Africa. He is best known for his service in the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1916, for which he was awarded the Silver Polar Medal.

Early life
James was born on 9 January 1891 in London. After displaying adolescent skills as a maths prodigy, he was awarded a stipend to pursue studies in St. John's College, Cambridge.

Career
James signed on as an expedition physicist in the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition led by Sir Ernest Shackleton, which departed England on the Endurance in August 1914; James had expected to winter over at the expedition's projected base on the Weddell Sea but the ice-beset expedition vessel never made Antarctic landfall and, with the rest of the ship's company, James found himself a castaway. His journal of life on a Weddell Sea ice floe and on Elephant Island survives.

Upon the rescue of the men from Elephant Island in 1916, James found his country fighting World War I. He joined the Royal Engineers, rising to the rank of captain and performing tasks relating to artillery spotting on the Western Front. With the coming of peace, James turned to academia at the University of Manchester. He was a lecturer in 1919, a senior lecturer in 1921, and a Reader in 1934. He specialised in problems of X-ray crystallography.

1936–1937 saw a change in James' personal and professional life. In the first year he married Annie Watson, and in the second year he changed institutions to the University of Cape Town, which offered him the rank of professor. One of his MSc students there was Aaron Klug. His professional career reached culmination in 1953–1957 when he served as Vice-Chancellor of the university. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1955.

James began the process of his retirement in 1958 and, beset by progressive cardiovascular disease, wound down his teaching duties over the following five years. He died in Cape Town at age 73 on 7 July 1964, and was survived by three children.

References

1891 births
1964 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Recipients of the Polar Medal
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cape Town
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society


Nambuangongo is a town and municipality in Bengo Province in Angola.

History
During the Portuguese Colonial War the National Liberation Front of Angola set itself up in the "Kingdom of Nambuangongo". the town was then fought over in Operation Viriato

References
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Viriato

Populated places in Bengo Province
Municipalities of Angola


Pierre Maline  (b. 1883 –d.1934) in Mirecourt (Vosges) was a luthier and an archetier / bow maker.

Son of François Alexandre Maline (1862–1922) a bow maker, who was the nephew of Nicolas Maline ("One of history's important bowmakers.").

Pierre  Maline (grandnephew of  Nicolas Maline) apprenticed first with his father before joining CUNIOT HURY's workshop.
After his apprenticeship he returned to his father's workshop in Mirecourt where he stayed for the rest of his career (as well as his life).

His work is quite rare. Many of his bows were stamped PIERRE MALINE.
Some of his production can be found unsigned or bearing the stamp of other violin & / or bow makers.

References

Further reading

1883 births
1934 deaths
Luthiers from Mirecourt
Bow makers
19th-century French people


The View from Here may refer to:

The View from Here (Bob Bennett album), a 2002 album by Bob Bennett
The View from Here (TV series), a Canadian television series
The View from Here: Conversations with Gay and Lesbian Filmmakers, a 2007 book by Matthew Hays
The View from Here, an album by Shari Ulrich
The View from Here (column), a column in Life magazine by Loudon Wainwright


John Armstrong  (4 October 190530 December 1992) was an Anglican bishop. He was the fourth Bishop of Bermuda.

Early life and education
He was educated at Durham School, then an all-boys Private school in Durham, County Durham, England. He trained for ordination at St Francis College, a theological college in Nundah, Queensland, and completed a Licentiate in Theology (ThL) at the Australian College of Theology.

Ordained ministry
Armstrong was ordained as a deacon in 1932 (in the Diocese of Goulburn, Australia) and as a priest in 1933. He was a military chaplain in the Royal Navy for 28 years. He eventually rose to be Chaplain of the Fleet, serving from 1960 to 1963. He retired from the Royal Navy on 15 March 1963.

In 1963, Armstrong was appointed to the episcopate; he was the first Chaplain of the Fleet to proceed directly to the episcopate after leaving office. On 25 March 1963, he was consecrated a bishop by Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury, during a service at Westminster Abbey.

References

1905 births
1992 deaths
People educated at Durham School
Chaplains of the Fleet
20th-century Anglican bishops in Bermuda
Anglican bishops of Bermuda
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Officers of the Order of the British Empire


Newton House may refer to:

Places

United Kingdom
 Newton House (Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire)
 Newton House (Brecon, Powys)
Newton Surmaville (also known as Newton House), in Somerset

in the United States
McDonald-Wait-Newton House, Little Rock, Arkansas, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Little Rock Arkansas
Rev. Thomas Newton House, Ashville, Alabama, NRHP-listed in St. Clair County
Newton House (Athens, Georgia), NRHP-listed in Clarke County
James P. Newton House and Maid Cottage, Sioux City, Iowa, NRHP-listed in Woodbury County, Iowa
Newton-Kemp Houses, Bowling Green, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Warren County, Kentucky
Newton House (Clay Village, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
Azariah Newton House, Milford, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
S. D. Newton House, Worcester, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Charles Newton House, Worcester, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Newton-Allaire House, Cheboygan, Michigan, listed on the NRHP in Michigan
George Newton House, Marcellus, Michigan, listed on the NRHP in Michigan
Newton Friends' Meetinghouse, Camden, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in New Jersey
Philo Newton Cobblestone House, Hartland, New York, listed on the NRHP in New York
A. Newton Farm, Orleans, New York, listed on the NRHP in New York
Newton Homestead, South Otselic, New York, listed on the NRHP in New York
Newton Homesite and Cemetery, Carolina Beach, North Carolina, listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
Judge Eben Newton House, Canfield, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
Newton House (Austin, Texas), listed on the NRHP in Texas
William Walter Newton House, Jacksonville, Texas, listed on the NRHP in Texas
Marvin Newton House, Brookfield Center, Vermont, listed on the NRHP in Vermont


Iaquinta is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Al Iaquinta (born 1987), American mixed martial artist
 Vincenzo Iaquinta (born 1979), Italian footballer

Italian-language surnames