Karen Ellemann Kloch, formerly Karen Ellemann Karabian, (born 26 August 1969 in Charlottenlund) is a Danish politician, who serves as the current Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers. She was previously a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. She is a former minister, having held the positions of Minister of Fisheries, Equality and Nordic Cooperation, Minister of the Environment and Minister of the Interior and Social Affairs.

Ellemann is the daughter of former Foreign Minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen. She has a background as a teacher. She is married and has two children.

Political career
Ellemann was elected in the municipal council of Rudersdal Municipality at the 2005 Danish local elections. It was the first time she ran for a political office and became one of the most voted-for politicians in the municipality, receiving 1,502 votes. She ran with an agenda focused on children and healthcare.

Following the 2007 Danish general election Ellemann was elected into parliament. She received 13,513 votes, which gave her a direct seat in the Greater Copenhagen constituency. She was appointed Minister of Interior and Social Affairs in the Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet, starting 7 April 2009. On 23 February 2010 there was a cabinet reshuffle, which resulted in Ellemann becoming the new Minister for Environment and Nordic Cooperation. At the time she had not been involved in environmental politics, which was commented on by the Danish Society for Nature Conservation and the opposition parties. They were worried that she would be unable to stand up to the new Minister of Agriculture Henrik Høegh.

She was reelected at the 2011 Danish general election, receiving 8,476 votes. This was the second-most votes received by a Venstre-politician in the municipality, with only Søren Pind receiving more votes with 15,101. She was elected again in the 2015 election with 7,020 votes. After the election Venstre had majority support in the Folketing, and Lars Løkke Rasmussen became the prime minister again. In his cabinet Ellemann was appointed Minister of the Interior and Social Affairs. She held this position until 28 November 2016, where Venstre went into a coalition government with Liberal Alliance and Conservative People's Party in the Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet. She became Minister for Gender Equality and Nordic Cooperation. 7 August 2017 she also became the Minister for Fisheries after a scandal involving the former Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Esben Lunde Larsen forced him to resign that part of his ministry. On 2 May 2018 Ellemann left the government to become the leader of Venstre's parliamentary group. She was the first woman holding that position.

Ellemann was reelected in the 2019 Danish general election, receiving 8,238	votes. In 2023, she became the Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers.

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
People from Gentofte Municipality
Venstre (Denmark) politicians
21st-century Danish women politicians
Government ministers of Denmark
Women government ministers of Denmark
Female interior ministers
Danish Ministers for the Environment
Danish municipal councillors
Women members of the Folketing
Members of the Folketing 2007–2011
Members of the Folketing 2011–2015
Members of the Folketing 2015–2019
Members of the Folketing 2019–2022
Members of the Folketing 2022–2026


Když struny lkají () is a 1930 Czechoslovak drama film  directed by Friedrich Fehér. It is considered the first Czechoslovak film fully made with synchronized sound.

Cast
Václav Vydra as  Farmer Michovský
Magda Sonja as Slávka, Michovský's wife
Hans Feher as Jeníček, Michovský's son
Jaroslav Kocian as Marek
Olga Augustová as Lady in a bar
Hugo Haas as Gentleman in a bar
Marie Tauberová as Bar visitor
Milka Balek-Brodská as Nováková
Josef Loskot as Michovský's guest
Čeněk Šlégl as Toman
Josef Rovenský as Skála
Otto Rubík as Officer Prokop
Rudolf Nížkovský as Bartender
Josef Šváb-Malostranský as Bar patron
Filip Balek-Brodský as Bar patron

References

External links

1930 films
1930s Czech-language films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Czech comedy-drama films
1930s adventure comedy-drama films
Czechoslovak multilingual films
Czechoslovak comedy-drama films
1930 multilingual films
1930s Czech films
Czech black-and-white films


Digital Cinema Media (DCM) is an advertising company, supplying cinema advertisements to Cineworld, Odeon, and Vue cinema chains. The company was formed in July 2008 and is owned by Cineworld and Odeon equally.

Formation
Prior to its formation, Digital Cinema Media was known as Rank Screen Advertising, a firm owned by The Rank Organisation, and Carlton Screen Advertising, the latter formed in 1996 after Carlton Communications purchased Rank Screen Advertising from The Rank Group. The new company supplied cinema advertising for Odeon and Cineworld, as well as ABC and UCI Cinemas, prior to their respective takeovers by Odeon. In 1999, cinema operator UGC joined the business following its buyout of Virgin Cinemas. However, its UK business was taken over by Cineworld in 2004.

In July 2008, Cineworld Group and Odeon Cinemas rebranded Carlton Screen Advertising as Digital Cinema Media, acquiring the company in a 50-50 venture; Carlton Screen Advertising's operations in Ireland were spun off and in 2014 would become Wide Eye Media (which is as of 2022 currently the Irish branch of Pearl & Dean). It supplied idents for the UK sites of Cineworld and Odeon; the new look and identity first came into force on October 1, 2008. A deal signed in 2010 saw all Vue Cinemas sites included in the business from 1 January 2011; this has resulted in the company supplying advertisements for nearly 90% of UK cinemas. In April 2011, DCM changed their on-screen identity for the second time. In September 2012, DCM became the first UK cinema advertising company to 'go digital', though some older cinema sites, mostly those operated by Vue, continue to use standard film.

In January 2013, DCM changed their idents and company logo, and also introduced a brand new strapline - 'Dynamic Advertising'. The old idents were still in use until early March 2013. In January 2014, DCM hosted a College Project in which students had to design a new ident for DCM. In December 2016, DCM was awarded a contract with Everyman Cinemas, becoming the chain's commercial partner.

On 7 September 2022, Cineworld, which owned 50 percent of the company, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States. However, the bankruptcy had no affiliation with Digital Cinema Media whatsoever, and the company is continuing to operate as normal.

Digital advertising
Beginning in 2009, when 3D films began to take a dominating force in the film market, DCM introduced reels produced in 'digital film', which were only used to precede films in 3D at the time. This eliminated such implications as 'cue dots' and graining that had become familiar on standard film. The 'fade to black' function after each advert was also removed, and thus the reel started the next advert immediately after the previous. Upon the original change of image in April 2011, all reels were produced in digital format for all films at cinemas that were capable of showing them. DCM stopped using standard film in September 2012, and is currently in the process of converting every cinema site that it supplies advertising, to digital.

Following the current trend of the latest films becoming available in digital 3D, DCM announced plans to go down that route with advertising. In December 2009,  Avatar was the first film in Britain to be coupled with a 3D advertising reel.

Controversy
In 2015, DCM created controversy when they did not permit the display of a Church of England advert featuring the Lord's Prayer, due to their policies prohibiting religious advertising. The government's equalities watchdog also voiced alarm, suggesting it undermined "essential British values". However, the BBFC had no problem with it and passed it with a U rating.

Identification history

DCM has used three different idents. Usually, a 10-second version of the ident is seen as the first clip seen at the start of the cinema reel. A 15-second version is later seen before the trailers begin, around 10 minutes into the cinema reel.

The first ones, which debuted in UK cinemas on 1 October 2008, showed a montage of film images with a cinemagoer, accompanied by electronic music. These idents were in use until 3 April 2011, when they were replaced again. By 2011, the previous idents were replaced with an 'illuminated glass' version of the DCM logo and new music, produced by Jump Design. These idents were used until March 2013.

In 2013, the "Dynamic Advertising" idents by Fearlessly Frank were introduced. The tagline was short-lived, however, and was changed to "Welcome To Our World" in October 2013. These idents were uploaded to YouTube on January 23, 2013, and were officially adapted two days later, though some cinemas did not adopt them until a few months later. Laughter and Suspense were dropped in January 2014, but made a comeback in some cinemas in December 2014, though it did not make a return to all cinemas until 2017. Originally, at the end of the idents, the company's then-slogan,"Dynamic advertising" was seen at the end, but now the slogan "Welcome To Our World" has been seen since 2014. Generally, Amazement is used before most films, with Laughter being used before a comedy film and Suspense before a horror or action movie.

See also
 Carlton Screen Advertising
 Cineworld
 Odeon Cinemas
 Vue Cinemas

References

External links

Advertising agencies of the United Kingdom


Historic First Bryan Baptist Church is an African-American church that was organized in Savannah, Georgia, by Andrew Bryan in 1788.  Considered to be the Mother Church of Black Baptists, the site was purchased in 1793 by Bryan, a former slave who had also purchased his freedom.  The first structure was erected there in 1794.  By 1800 the congregation was large enough to split: those at Bryan Street took the name of First African Baptist Church, and Second and Third African Baptist churches were also established.  The current sanctuary of First Bryan Baptist Church was constructed in 1873.

History
George Liele was a slave whose unusual talent and leadership ability was recognized by both black and white people. He converted about 1774, was baptized, and received into the membership of the Baptist church (white) in Burke County, of which Rev. Matthew Moore was pastor. His master, Mr. Henry Sharpe, who was a deacon in this church, permitted George Liele to visit the neighboring plantations along the Savannah River and preach to the slaves. On one of his visits to Brampton, a plantation owned by Mr. Jonathan Bryan, four slaves became converted, were baptized and became the nucleus of the first black missionary Baptist church. These slaves were Andrew Bryan, his wife Hannah, Kate Hogg and Hagar Simpson. This was George Liele's last recorded visit. Andrew Bryan was also talented, and with permission of Mr. Bryan, began to visit the plantations along the river as far as Yamacraw, preaching to black and white person who gathered to hear him. Mr. Edward Davis (white) permitted the worshipers to erect a rough wooden building on his land in Yamacraw.

Rev. Thomas Burton and Rev. Abraham Marshall (white) became interested in the growing group of worshipers and on January 20, 1788, visited the services. Rev. Marshall baptized 45 converts and ordained Andrew Bryan to the ministry will full authority to preach the gospel and administer the ordinances of the Baptist church. On this same date, he organized the group into what one day would be named the First Bryan Baptist Church, and installed Andrew Bryan as the first pastor. The church continued to hold services, often under adverse and painful conditions, at Brampton and in the temporary building in Yamacraw. Meanwhile, Rev. Bryan was able to secure his freedom from Mr. Bryan for a minimal sum and thereby devoted his time exclusively to his ministry. A third meeting place was provided by Mr. Thomas Gibbons who gave a lot to Andrew Bryan for this purpose. The lot was situated on Mill Street, running to Indian Street Lane. A temporary building was erected there. This lot was conveyed June 1, 1790, to "Free Andrew." The main United States Post Office is now located on this site. With the help of the members and white friends who were sympathetic to the efforts of the church, Rev. Bryan was able to purchase the lot upon which the church now stands for "thirty pounds sterling" (approximately $150.00), and erected a church, making this site the oldest parcel of real estate owned continuously by black people in the United States. This site is described as lot No. 7, Middle Oglethorpe Ward, 95 feet front, and 132 and a half feet deep. The deeds are dated September 4, 1793.

The First Bryan Baptist Church was incorporated by the State of Georgia in 1866, and appears for the first time in the Records of Deeds of Chatham County, September 4, 1793. Rev. Bryan pastored the church until his death in 1812. Andrew C. Marshall became the pastor in 1815.

During the period between 1788 and 1832, the first Sunday School for blacks was organized at this church in 1826 by Mr. Lowell Mason, who also organized the first Sunday School in Savannah, at the Independent Presbyterian Church.  He was the first superintendent and was assisted by Messrs. George Coe, John Lewis and James Barr, all members of the Independent Presbyterian Church.  This Sunday School was very successful and remained under supervision until December, 1835 when the Presbyterian Church turned it over to First Bryan.  It is still in operation.

In 1832, a controversy over doctrine caused the First African Baptist congregation at Bryan Street to split. Some members left, taking with them the name of First African Baptist Church. In 1859, the members of this new congregation (most of whom were slaves) built their current church building on Franklin Square. The congregation became confused and finally hopelessly divided on doctrinal matters and as a result, Rev. Marshall and a large group of members left the mother church in 1832 and moved to Franklin Square where they occupied a building secured from a white congregation, and organized the First African Baptist Church. The remainder of the members stayed on the original site and continued to worship under the leadership of the deacons until 1833.

From 1833 until 1861 First Bryan had six pastors and existed under trying conditions. In 1861, Rev. Ulysses L. Houston became pastor and First Bryan began to prosper and has continued to make phenomenal progress.

Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation
Before the Civil War, and its aftermath, First Bryan's pastor and several church members played integral roles in the emancipation of blacks in Savannah. James Merilus Simms, a trustee and ordained minister of First Bryan, went to Richmond, Virginia in 1862 and returned to Savannah with the preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to share with Savannah's black leadership and population.  As a result of his efforts, black Savannah held a celebration dinner with Rev. Ulysses L. Houston giving the invocation and James Porter, the main address on January 1, 1863.  Edward Wicks, church clerk for fifty years (1870-1920), was a Union soldier during the Civil War (24th United States Colored Infantry Regiment).  Ulysses L. Houston and James Merilus Simms, the pastor and trustee respectively, of First Bryan served in the Reconstruction legislature of Georgia from 1869-1871 (they were initially expelled in 1868).

By January 12, 1865, in the Green-Meldrim Mansion, Ulysses L. Houston, pastor, Third African Baptist; Alexander Harris, Deacon and ordained minister, Third African Baptist, and eighteen black ministers from First African Baptist, Second Baptist, Andrew Methodist Chapel, Bishop W. J. Gaines, James Lynch, founder of the Georgia AME Church, and James Porter met with General William T. Sherman, Edwin Stanton, Secretary of War, General Oliver Otis Howard, Director Freedmen's Bureau, to discuss the future of former slaves in Savannah. Today, Field Order No. 15 is known in American history as "Forty Acres And A Mule".  As a result of this Order, Rev. U. L. Houston led 1,000 blacks to Skidaway Island, where they farmed and raised crops until 1866, when white citizens regained the land.

Current building
August 18, 1873, the congregation, in conference, decided to tear down the building built by Rev. Andrew Bryan and erect a new and modernized edifice for worship. The draft of the plan made by John B. Hogg (white), a civil engineer and city surveyor, free of charge, was shown to the congregation.  The plan was accepted on September 29, 1873 at the last communion in the old building. Pictures were made, copies of which were sold for one dollar to help with the building fund.

The cornerstone for the building (present edifice) was laid on October 13, 1873, by the Grand Lodge of Colored Masons in the State of Georgia, attended by two subordinate Lodges.  The cornerstone contains a cooper box presented by the Sunday School at a cost of twenty-two dollars.  In the box are artifacts given by the members (jewelry, coins, etc.) and receipts, newspaper clippings and other church records.

The labor on the building was done exclusively by black mechanics under the supervision of the architect.  The style of architecture is almost pure Corinthian and is similar in design to that of Wesley Chapel in London, England, and the Trinity Methodist Church in Savannah, the plans for which were also made by Mr. Hogg and completed in 1850.

The outer dimensions of the building are:  length, 75 feet; breadth, 56 feet; height from the foundation to the peak of the roof, 45 feet; with a belfry above containing a bell.  A spacious gallery occupies three sides, with the lower audience room provides a seating capacity of 1,500 persons.  On the inside, the distance from the floor to the ceiling is 26 feet.  The cost of this building was about $30,000, not including furnishings.  A pipe organ was purchased from the Independent Presbyterian Church at a cost of $1,350.  This organ was built by H. Knauff Company of Philadelphia in 1856 and was bought by the Presbyterian Church.  It was damaged by fire in 1889, and was sold to First Bryan in the early 1890s.  It is not in use now but remains as a beautiful showpiece in the sanctuary. Plans are now underway to restore this instrument. The building was completed, and on the evening of January 20, 1888, one hundred years after the organization of this first black Baptist congregation, special services marking this occasion was held for the first time. In this same year the first history of this congregation was written by Rev. James Merilus Simms, an office and member of the church.  The history was published by J. B. Lippencott and Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

In October 1940, the Yamacraw community became Yamacraw Village when the cornerstone was laid for this well known Federal Housing Project.  Over the hears, First Bryan Baptist Church continues to provide spiritual and financial resources to uplift the families in the Yamacraw Village community.  In 1956, the Education Building was dedicated.  This building contains classrooms, offices and an assembly hall named for Dr. M. P. Sessoms, who served as superintendent for many years, and under whose leadership the Church School was highly organized and functioned effectively as a Christian education center.

The present edifices, built in 1873, still exists at 575 W. Bryan St. Savannah, GA. Both the edifice and educational center are testaments of the faithfulness of God.  The site, buildings and furnishings are estimated to be approximately one and a half million dollars.  This church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  Tours of the church are available upon request.

Pastors
 Andrew Bryan – 1788–1812
 Andrew Cox Marshall – 1815–1832
 Thomas Anderson – 1833–1835
 Stephen McQueen – 1835–1841
 John Benjamin DeVeaux – 1842–1845
 Isaac Roberts – 1846–1849
 Brister Lawton – 1849–1850
 Garrison Frazier – 1852–1860
 Ulysses L. Houston – 1861–1889
 George Griffin – 1889–1907
 Daniel Wright – 1908–1923
 Lawrence M. Glenn – 1924–1934
 Levi M. Terrill – 1935–1943
 Nathaniel E. Holsey – 1943–1949
 Richard M. Williams – 1949–1965
 Ervin J. Jennings Jr. – 1965–1973
 Arthur D. Sims – 1974–1982
 Edward L. Ellis Jr. – 1985–2011
 Aaron M. James Sr. – 2011–2016
 Christopher J. Pittman - 2019–Present

Historical highlights
1700s
 1784 – Andrew Bryan, Hannah Bryan, and Kate Hogg baptized by George Leile.
 1784 – Andrew Bryan given permission to preach January 20, 1788 – First Bryan Baptist Church organized, Andrew Bryan ordained and installed as the First Pastor.
 1793 – Andrew Bryan obtained his freedom and purchased the present site of this church for $150.00.
 1795 – First church building completed.
1800s
 1812 – Andrew Bryan's Death.
 1815 – Andrew Marshall became the second pastor.
 1826 – First Sunday School for Blacks, organized by Lowell Mason, Superintendent of the Independent Presbyterian Church.
 1832 – Church split over doctrinal matters with pastor and a portion of the membership moved to a building on Franklin Square.
 1833 – Church remained in continuous operation under the deacons led by Deacon Adam Johnson.
 1835 – Administration of Sunday School relinquished by the Independent Presbyterian Church and assumed by the Black Church.
 1836–1916 – Period of struggle, decline in membership and a series of six ministers but still in continuous operation.
 1853 – March 19, Death of Deacon Adam Johnson after 40 years of service.
 1861 – Ulysses Houston installed as pastor.
 1866 – First Bryan Baptist Church Chartered by the State of Georgia.
 1873 – Congregation decided to build a new and modern church – Plan drafted by John B. Hogg (or Howard), a Civil Engineer. Building raised – Cornerstone laid October 13, 1873.
 January 20, 1888 – Present edifice completed at a cost of $30,000.00 and occupied for the first time.
 1888 – Covenant, Constitution and By-Laws written, printed and distributed to the membership.
 1888 – Pipe Organ built by H. Knauff and Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1856, installed at a cost of $1,250.00.
 1888 – Death of Ulysses L. Houston.
 1888–1915 – Growth of congregation, monumental program broadened, physical plant modernized.
1900s
 1916 – Monument to George Leile erected on this site by authorization of the National Baptist Convention, Inc.
 1938 – 1st Sesqui-Centennial Celebration held.
 1945 – Dedication of addition to the main edifice to provide a choir stand at the rear of the pulpit.
 1956 – Dedication of the Educational Annex ($25,000.00)
 1974 – Participation in planning for Bicentennial Celebration of the United States with the "Downtown Nine" historic churches.
 1975 – Completed a brief historical sketch up to 1975.
 1976 – Cultural Bicentennial Contribution Morehouse Male Glee Club, March 14;
 Bicentennial Recognition Banquet honoring 3 outstanding church historians, April contributed historical material to "Savannah's Time-Capsule", issued Memorial Plate, 1788–1976;
 Musical Contribution to "Night in Old Savannah", began permanent historical exhibit of church, evaluated church and furnishings($500,000.00);
 Applied for Historic Landmark Status; opened the church to the public on a restricted basis;
 Reissued and promoted sales of original history.
 1977 – Hosted the 107th Session of the General Missionary Baptist Convention of Georgia, Inc.
 1979 – January 20, unveiled plaque indicating Historic Landmark Status. This is placed on the exterior of the main sanctuary.
 1979 – February 11, recording of First Live TV. Ministry telecast for Coastal Georgia on WJCL-ABC Channel 22. Televised from the walls of the sanctuary of the Mother Church of Black Baptists.
 1979 – April 15, the first live TV. Broadcast appearance Easter Sunday Morning having received one of the highest TV ratings for religious broadcast programs in 1979 on WJCL-ABC Channel 22.
 1979 – May 20, unveiled the first historical marker, granted to blacks in Georgia. This marker is situated on the land area in front of the church and may be read from either direction. Dr. Elizabeth Lyon, Chief of Georgia's Historical Preservation Section, was the main speaker.
 1985 – Reverend Edward Lamar Ellis Jr., is the 18th pastor of First Bryan Baptist Church. He is a native of Monroe, GA, and the eldest of four children born to the late Mr. and Mrs. Edward Lamar Ellis Sr.
 1987 – During a massive renovation, stained glass windows were installed. The altar windows were redesigned to include a picture of Rev. Andrew Bryan, the founding pastor of the church.
 1988 – January 10–20, Celebrated Bicentennial. Theme – "We've Come This Far By Faith". The theme "Moving Forward in Love, the More Excellent Way, as We Continue in the New Millennium" was implemented during Pastor Ellis' tenure.
 1988 – Celebrated its Bicentennial on January 20, 1988, the birthday of the church; the cornerstone laid in October 1873 was opened. It contained some 400 artifacts, coins, jewelry, etc.
 1988, July 10, Pastor Ellis presided over the laying of another cornerstone that contained a bible, church records and other articles donated by members.
 1994 – Dr. Charles J. Elmore, Professor of Humanities at Savannah State University, historian and author, was authorized by the church to write a history of First Bryan Baptist Church. The title of the book is First Bryan 1788–2001 The Oldest Continuous Black Baptist Church in America. It has been well received and is now in circulation locally and throughout the United States.

See also
Lester Anthony, church organist for 46 years

References

External links

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Churches completed in 1873
19th-century Baptist churches in the United States
African-American history in Savannah, Georgia
Churches in Savannah, Georgia
Religious corporations
National Register of Historic Places in Savannah, Georgia
18th-century Baptist churches
Baptist churches in Georgia (U.S. state)
History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)
First African Baptist churches
Savannah Historic District


Vénus aveugle (Blind Venus) is a 1941 French film melodrama, directed by Abel Gance, and one of the first films to be undertaken in France during the German occupation.  (It is also sometimes cited as La Vénus aveugle.)

In the upheaval following the German invasion of France, in summer 1940 Abel Gance went to the Free Zone in the south and arranged a contract to make a film at the Victorine Studios in Nice.  The original title was to be Messaline, drame des temps modernes ("Messalina, a drama of modern times"), but it was later changed to Vénus aveugle.  Although the film is not set in any specified period, Gance wanted it to be seen as relevant to the contemporary situation in France.  He wrote, "...La Vénus aveugle is at the crossroads of reality and legend...  The heroine ... gradually sinks deeper and deeper into despair. Only when she has reached the bottom of the abyss does she encounter the smile of Providence that life reserves for those who have faith in it, and she can then go serenely back up the slope towards happiness. If I have been able to show in this film that elevated feelings are the only force that can triumph over Fate, then my efforts will not have been in vain."

Plot
The beautiful Clarisse learns that she is going blind, and in order to prevent her lover Madére, a boatman, from sacrificing himself for her, she decides to break with him, pretending she no longer loves him.  Madère angrily leaves, and Clarisse takes a job as a singer in a harbour bar to support herself and her crippled sister Mireille. When she discovers that she is pregnant, she wants to confess everything to Madère, but he has left on a year-long voyage with a new lover Giselle. Clarisse gives birth to a daughter Violette, and when Madère and Giselle return she learns that they are married and also have a baby daughter. Clarisse's child dies, and she herself becomes completely blind; embittered against men, she withdraws into herself. Mireille tells the truth to Madère, who has separated from Giselle, and he undertakes an elaborate deception to take care of Clarisse, posing as the owner of a yacht on which he wants to take her on a cruise. The yacht is in fact the broken-down boat which used to be their shared home, but all their friends conspire to create the illusion that Clarisse is on a sea voyage.  Madère restores the boat in preparation for a real voyage, and just when it is ready, Clarisse tells him she has recognised him and the boat. She accepts his love for her, and simultaneously regains her sight.

Cast
 Viviane Romance, as Clarisse
 Georges Flamant, as Madère
 Mary-Lou (Sylvie Gance), as Mireille
 Lucienne Lemarchand, as Giselle
 Marcel Millet as Goutare

Production
Filming began on 11 November 1940 and continued through the winter into 1941. Gance's assistant director was Edmond T. Gréville, and cinematography was by Léonce-Henri Burel with Henri Alekan as his assistant. In addition to the material difficulties that any film-making of that period underwent, the production was troubled by a disagreement between Viviane Romance and Sylvie Gance (the wife of Abel Gance), which became so severe that they refused to continue working together. As a result, many of Romance's scenes were directed by Gréville, while Sylvie Gance was directed separately by her husband. Since the two actresses were playing sisters, the situation required extensive use of stand-ins filmed from behind.

Distribution and reception
The original version of the completed film (shown at its première) ran for 2 hours 20 minutes. For distribution, it was shortened to 1 hour 40 minutes, resulting in problems of comprehensibility in a complicated plot.

Although the censorship of the time prevented any explicit references to contemporary politics, Gance was anxious that the relevance of his vision of hope for a new France should be understood.  The film received a gala première in Vichy on 14 September 1941 in the presence of Philippe Pétain, and it was preceded by a speech by Gance himself in which he paid tribute to the man whom he saw as the hope of France's salvation: "For us French people, two great names rise up over our future: Joan of Arc and Philippe Pétain. Joan had saved France at Rheims, and it is from Vichy that our Marshal is saving France."  Some prints of the film were also prefaced by a handwritten dedication from Gance: "It is to the France of tomorrow that I wanted to dedicate this film, but since France is now personified in you, Marshal, allow me to dedicate it in all humility to you."

The film seems to have found favour with the authorities at Vichy. On the other hand, even before its première the film became the object of an attack from the collaborationist and anti-Semitic newspaper Aujourd'hui, which insinuated that the freedoms of film-making in the unoccupied zone in the south of France were being exploited by Jews: the producer Jean-Jacques Mecatti, Viviane Romance and Gance himself were singled out for derisive references to their Jewish connections.  The film was first shown in Paris two years later in October 1943.

Much subsequent criticism has concentrated on the absurdities of the film's high-flown melodrama, but understanding has sometimes been hampered by the difficulty of seeing the film in its complete version. Some attention has been directed to the historical interpretation of its political allegory, and also to aspects of its depiction of women and of the power of collective action.

References

External links

 Vénus aveugle (1940) d'Abel Gance:  [a collection of texts compiled by Philippe Chiffaut-Moliard].

1941 films
French black-and-white films
1940s French-language films
Films directed by Abel Gance
1941 romantic drama films
French romantic drama films
Melodrama films
1940s French films


A highway strip, road runway or road base is a section of a highway, motorway or other form of public road that is specially built to act as a runway for (mostly) military aircraft and to serve as an auxiliary military air base. These runways allow military aircraft to continue operating even if their regular air bases, some of the most vulnerable targets in any war, are degraded or destroyed.

The first highway strips were constructed near the end of World War II in Nazi Germany, where the well developed Reichsautobahn system allowed aircraft to use the motorways. During the Cold War highway strips were systematically built on both sides of the Iron Curtain, in many cases in response to the Six Day War and Operation Focus in 1967, where the Israeli Air Force in a surprise air strike disabled many of their opponents' air bases in just a few hours. Countries that have built highway strips include both West and East Germany, Singapore, North Korea, Taiwan, Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Poland, India, Pakistan and Czechoslovakia.

Design
The strips are usually  straight sections of the highway, where any central reservation is made of crash barriers that can be removed quickly (in order to allow airplanes to use the whole width of the road), and other features of an airbase (taxiways, airport ramps) can be built. The road will need a thicker-than-normal surface and a solid concrete base. The specialized equipment of a typical airfield are stored somewhere nearby and only carried there when airfield operations start. The highway strips can be converted from motorways to airbases typically within 24 to 48 hours. The road would need to be swept to remove any debris before use by aircraft. Road runways can however also be quite small—the short runways built in the Swedish Bas 90 system are commonly only  in length. The STOL-capability of the Viggen and Gripen allowed for such short runways. In the case of Finnish road airbases, the space needed for landing aircraft is reduced by means of a wire, similar to the CATOBAR system used on some aircraft carriers.

Around the world
A number of countries around the world utilise the strategy of highways constructed to double as auxiliary airbases in the event of war.

Australia

While not designed for military use, in outback Australia some sections of highway are maintained as emergency runways for use by the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
In Glamoč, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the M15 road was used as a military airstrip. There is a clear example of how the road was widened for the needs of airplane landing.

China
In 1989 China conducted its first highway strip drills. They have since been conducted at later dates and in different areas of the country. In 2014 Chinese forces landed warplanes on a highway strip in Henan province for the first time.

Cyprus
After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, three highway strips were built in the Greek part of Cyprus, easily recognisable by a runway centre line and markings for the touchdown zone. They also all have aircraft turning areas at either end. One is located on the A1 Limassol–Nicosia Highway () and one near the western end of the A5 Limassol–Larnaca highway (). The third is a much smaller strip located on the A6 Limassol-Paphos Highway near to Paphos International Airport.

Estonia
During the Operation Saber Strike exercises in 2016 and 2018, A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft from the US Air National Guard operated from former Warsaw Pact road runways in Estonia.

Finland

In the Winter War of 1939-1940 the Finnish Air Force re-deployed its aircraft to makeshift airfields including frozen lakes to preserve them against Soviet air attack. The tactic was successful, with Soviet air raids on bases causing little damage and the vastly outnumbered Finnish aircraft scoring a high number of aerial victories.

Throughout the Cold War the Finnish Air Force maintained a network of secondary airfields including civilian airports and road bases to improve survivability and effectiveness in the event of war.

As of 2017, all aircraft in the Finnish Air Force are capable of operating from road bases.

Currently Finland conducts drills on its road bases (), around once a year. In the Baana 16 exercise in 2016 the Finnish Air Force flew F/A-18C and BAE Hawk, Pilatus PC-12 and C295M aircraft from a highway in Lusi. The Finnish Air Force uses arresting cables to quickly stop F/A-18s, which were originally designed to operate from aircraft carriers. The Swedish Air Force also took part in the 2015 and 2016 exercises, flying Gripen fighters.

Germany

Germany has a number of highway strips (NLP-Str - , "emergency airfields on roads").

India
India has successfully tested its runway strip on a stretch of the Yamuna Expressway in Uttar Pradesh on 21 May 2015. It was built at a cost of ₹130 billion for its combat jets of the IAF, a first for military aviation in the country. In June 2016, the Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari announced that the government was considering developing 'Road Runways' for commercial operations as well.
India successfully tested another runway strip on a stretch of the Agra Lucknow Expressway in Uttar Pradesh on 24 October 2017. On September 9, 2021, the Minister for Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari and the Minister of Defence Rajnath Singh inaugurated India's first runway strip on a National Highway in Barmer, Rajasthan and, a mock emergency landing was conducted with the two ministers and the Air Chief Marshal R. K. S. Bhadauria on-board a military transport aircraft.

Japan
In Hokkaido Prefecture the Japan Self-Defense Forces have Kenebetsu Air Base and Yakumo Sub Base as alternative air bases.

North Korea

North Korea has established a large number of highway strips to use in case of war.

Pakistan

In Pakistan, The M-1 Motorway (Peshawar-Islamabad) and the M-2 Motorway (Islamabad-Lahore) each include two emergency runway sections of  length each. The four emergency runway sections become operational by removing removable concrete medians using forklifts. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) has used the M2 motorway as a runway on two occasions: for the first time in 2000 when it landed an F-7P fighter, a Super Mushak trainer and a C-130 and, again, in 2010. On the last occasion, the PAF used a runway section on the M2 motorway on 2 April 2010 to land, refuel and take-off two jet fighters, a Mirage III and an F-7P, during its Highmark 2010 exercise. In March 2019, Pakistan also used
a section of M2 motorway to land its fighter jets to demonstrate its capability.

Poland
A large number of highway strips (DOL - , lit "road airfield section") were built during the Cold War in Poland. As of 2003, only one highway strip is used annually for an exercise.

Singapore
The Republic of Singapore Air Force periodically conducts an "alternate runway exercise". It was first conducted on 17 April 1986 with F-5 and A-4 aircraft. The seventh exercise, "Torrent 2016", was conducted near Tengah Air Base in November 2016. Signs, street lights and other fixtures were removed, and landing equipment installed temporarily, which included mobile arresting gear for the first time. F-15SG and F-16C/D fighters participated in the 2016 exercise.

South Korea

As with North Korea, South Korea has also established a number of highway strips.

Soviet Union
A large number of highway strips were built in the former USSR (, "airfield part of road").

Sri Lanka
Tamil separatist group LTTE operated in northern Sri Lanka prior to their elimination in 2009, used highways as landing strips.

Sweden

Sweden started establishing road runways () as alternative bases with the introduction of the Bas 60 system in the late 1950s. The Six-Day War in 1967 (where the Egyptian Air Force was grounded by a quick surprise attack on air bases) and the introduction of long range attack aircraft (primarily the Su-24) inspired further development, resulting in the Bas 90 system. Improvements in the Bas 90 system included construction of short backup runways in the direct vicinity of the air bases and further dispersion of ground operations. The Viggen and the Gripen were both designed with STOL capability in order to utilize shorter runways.

The Swedish Air Force did not practice using their road bases for around a decade in the early 21st century, but in 2015 and 2016 its Saab JAS 39 Gripen fighters participated in Finnish Air Force road base drills. In September 2017, the air force conducted exercises on a number of road bases for the first time in over a decade.

Switzerland

A number of highway strips called NOLA/NOSTA () were set up from 1969 to 2004.
 Oensingen A1 (training: 1970 STRADA with Venom),
 Münsingen A6 (training: 1974 STRADA with Venom, Hunter and P-3. 1982 TAUTO with Hunter and Tiger.),
 Flums A13 (training: 1977 NOLA with Hunter and AA, 1985 TAUTO with Hunter and Tiger),
 Alpnach A8 (NOSTA) connected to Alpnach Air Base (training: 1978 NOSTA with Hunter),
 Lodrino A2 connected to Lodrino Air Base (training: 1991 STRADA with Hunter, Tiger and AA),
 Bex A9 (training: 1980 ABEX with 36 Hunter),
 Sion A9 connected to Sion Air Base (training: 1988 with Tiger
 Payerne A1 connected to Payerne Air Base.

Taiwan
Taiwan built a number of highway strips (, lit. "war spare runway").

United Kingdom
During the Cold War, The Royal Air Force launched Jaguar aircraft from M55 motorway between Preston and Blackpool have been tested.  Areas such as Teesside, Southend and Liverpool have been considered for highway strip areas as large civilian airports such as Glasgow and Heathrow would be unavailable. Another advantage to this is that the more the jet fighters are spread, the harder it is for the enemy to target.

United States
A persistent myth claims that "one mile in every five must be straight for use as an airstrip in times of war or other emergencies". However, no legislation containing this provision was ever passed. The Defense Highway Act of 1941 provided for the operation of "flight strips" alongside highways, but did not mandate the use of the road itself.

For Exercise Northern Strike 2021,  A-10 Thunderbolt IIs from the 354th Fighter Squadron and the Michigan Air National Guard's 127th Wing along with two C-146A Wolfhounds from the Air Force Special Operations Command participated in the exercise. The aircraft landed on state highway M-32 as part of Northern Strike 21, a large-scale training exercise, in Alpena, Michigan. This was the first time US military aircraft had used highways as airstrips on US soil. The US Air Force repeated this training with the Rally in Rockies exercise in Sept. 12-17.

Gallery

See also
 Index of aviation articles
 Satellite airfield
 Underground hangar

References


Kenneth Victor Mackintosh (4 August 1919 – 22 November 2005) was an English saxophonist, composer and bandleader. He accompanied singers such as Tom Jones, Shirley Bassey and Matt Monro.

Early life
Mackintosh was born in Liversedge, Yorkshire. He was born in Halifax Road, near Knowler Hill, and devoted his life to music, after buying his first alto saxophone at the age of 15. His father was an amateur musician.

Career
After a period in the Army, he went to London, and joined various big bands, such as the Oscar Rabin Band. Following the Second World War, he formed his own orchestra, making appearances at the Astoria Ballroom, Nottingham. He brought his band to the Wimbledon Palais in London, touring extensively at home and abroad. He also had great singing strength with such well-versed vocalists as Kenny Bardell, Gordon Langhorn and The Mackpies. His orchestra was featured on BBC Radio almost every week in the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1955, he appeared in the BBC Light Programme's "festival of dance music" at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

A jovial character, Mackintosh enjoyed a joke and told the following story against himself. When travelling to a one-night stand in the West Country, he stopped to give a lift to an RAF serviceman hitch-hiking back to his base near Gloucester. The topic of conversation turned to the young man's appreciation of various entertainments put on by the authorities and how much he had enjoyed the visits of Joe Loss, Johnny Dankworth and Ted Heath. There was one band which he could not stand, however, and that was the one led by Ken Mackintosh, who he thought was "lousy". Before the aircraftsman departed at the gates, Mackintosh handed over his card, whereupon the car was rapidly vacated.

Mackintosh also wrote his own music, such as "The Creep" (written under the pseudonym Andy Burton, with Brian Fahey). He had three entries in the UK Singles Chart between 1954 and 1960, with "The Creep" being his highest placed hit record, reaching No. 10 in January 1954. Among his fans was the Queen Mother, for whom he played twice at Windsor Castle. Mackintosh also dedicated a great deal of his time to helping local musicians. During the late 1980s, Mackintosh would hold sax quintet practise evenings at his house on Streatham Common, as well as holding big band practice nights at the church hall next to his favourite pub, The Pied Bull. Towards the end of his life he was awarded the Freedom of the City of London. Until the months before his death, he was still occasionally playing and leading a local orchestra.

Personal life and death
In 1944, Mackintosh married Elsie Burton; the couple had a son and daughter. Elsie died in 1986, predeceasing her husband. Mackintosh was an "enthusiastic radio ham", and restored vintage cars with the skills he had learnt during the war in the Royal Army Service Corps machine workshops.

Mackintosh died in Mitcham, Surrey, in November 2005, aged 86.

References

1919 births
2005 deaths
English bandleaders
English saxophonists
British male saxophonists
Musicians from Yorkshire
People from Liversedge
20th-century saxophonists
20th-century British male musicians
Oscar Rabin Band members
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Army Service Corps soldiers


The Very Best of Chris de Burgh is the second compilation album by Chris de Burgh, released by Telstar Records in 1984.

Track listing
All songs written by Chris de Burgh.

Side One

"Don't Pay the Ferryman"
"The Ecstasy of Flight"
"The Traveller"
"Ship to Shore"
"Flying Home"
"Satin Green Shutters" – alternately "Spanish Train"
"A Spaceman Came Travelling"

Side Two

"Spanish Train" – alternately "The Lady in Red"
"High on Emotion"
"Borderline"
"Lonely Sky"
"In a Country Churchyard"
"Patricia the Stripper"
"Waiting for the Hurricane"

Charts

External links

Chris de Burgh albums
1984 greatest hits albums
Telstar Records compilation albums


Roman Aleksandrovich Slavnov (; born 28 April 1982) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2003 for FC Torpedo-Metallurg Moscow.

References

1982 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Moscow players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Russian Premier League players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
FC Sodovik Sterlitamak players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Men's association football midfielders


Mayagüez Bay () is a bay located in western Puerto Rico.

The bay has recently been opened to the city of Mayagüez with the building of the Parque del Litoral because of the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games. The Port of Mayagüez is located in the bay.  The Yagüez River empties into the bay.

See also
San Juan Bay
Transportation in Puerto Rico

Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Bays of the Caribbean
Bays of Puerto Rico


The Companhia de Diamantes de Angola (Diamang) was a company exploiting diamond mines in Angola. Diamang was formed on 16 October 1917 by financial investors from Angola's then colonial master Portugal, and also from Belgium, United States, Great Britain and South Africa. The company was formally dissolved on 17 February 1988.

History
On June 6, 1918, the mining rights of the Companhia de Pesquisa Mineira de Angola (PEMA), which was formed on 6 September 1912, were transferred to Endiama. PEMA got these mining rights on 31 March 1913. On 4 December 1920, the Portuguese High Commissioner for Angola signed a contract with Endiama, giving the company exclusive rights for diamond prospection and mining.

On 28 February 1970, Diamang and De Beers Consolidated formed the joint venture Condiama for the commercialization of diamonds.

After Angola gained independence, the major part of Endiama's capital was nationalized, by decrees 61/77 of 24 August 1977, and 255/79 of 11 December 1979. From 1978 to 1986, the British company MATS managed and serviced the operations of Diamang.

Diamond mining in Angola and Diamang's operations were severely interrupted by the Angolan civil war, where UNITA, after losing the direct support from the South African Apartheid regime, financed its operations by bartering uncut diamonds for weaponry, which was sanctioned by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173 and subsequent resolutions.

See also

 Forminière

References

Diamond mining companies
Mining companies of Angola
Companies established in 1917
Companies disestablished in 1988


Černé oči, proč pláčete...?  is a 1930 Czechoslovak comedy film  directed by Leo Marten.

Cast
Frank Argus
Milka Balek-Brodská
Filip Balek-Brodský
Sasa Dobrovolná ...  Anna Novotna
Eman Fiala
Ludmila Folprechtova
Antonín Fric
Jaro Hykman ...  Marcel Novotny
Mary Jansová
Mario Karas
Jindrich Lhoták ...  Jarsky
Václav Pecián
Karel Schleichert
Ferry Seidl
Čeněk Šlégl ...  Maj. von Rohrerich
Eduard Slégl
Jan W. Speerger ...  Pavel Cermak
Otto Zahrádka ...  Trnka

External links

1930 films
1930s Czech-language films
1930 comedy films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Czechoslovak comedy films
1930s Czech films


Kutner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Beverley Kutner (Beverley Martyn)
 Luis Kutner, American attorney and activist
 Malcolm Kutner, American football player
 Rob Kutner, American writer
 Lawrence Kutner (psychologist), American child and media psychologist
 Marc Kutner, Marc Stevens (pornographic actor)
 Yoav Kutner, Israeli music editor and producer

Fictional characters:
 Lawrence Kutner (House), fictional sports medicine specialist on the television program House

See also
 Kuttner, a surname
 Solomon Cutner (see Solomon (pianist))


John Mandley (12 February 1909 – 18 December 1988) was an English footballer, he was noted for his pinpoint crosses. He spent eight years in the English Football League, playing for Port Vale from 1926 to 1930 and top flight Aston Villa from 1930 to 1934. He helped Vale to the Third Division North title in 1929–30, and helped Villa to finish second in the First Division in 1930–31 and 1932–33.

Career

Port Vale
Mandley played for Hanley Roman Catholic School, Cross Street Mission (North Staffs Sunday League football) and Boothen Vic. He joined Port Vale as an amateur in August 1926 and signed as a professional in May 1928. He scored his first senior goal on 13 October 1928, in a 3–2 win over Preston North End at The Old Recreation Ground, and also scored in a 2–1 home defeat to Potteries derby rivals Stoke City on 26 January 1929. He finished the 1928–29 season with five goals in 36 games. He suffered a spell on the sidelines between May and December 1929 due to injury, and after one goal in 15 games in 1929–30 he was sold to Aston Villa for a £7,000 fee in March 1930, despite great protests from the Vale supporters. Vale went on to finish the season as champions of the Third Division North.

Aston Villa
He spent just over four years at Villa Park, making 106 First Division and six cup appearances, scoring one cup goal and 25 league goals. The "Villans" finished fourth in 1929–30, with Mandley scoring once in eleven appearances. He scored eight times in 34 games in 1930–31, as Villa finished as runners-up, seven points behind champions Arsenal. He then scored six goals in 33 appearances as Villa second again in 1932–33, four points behind Arsenal. However, he was limited to two goals in six appearances as Villa finished 13th in 1933–34.

Altrincham
In August 1934, still only 25, he moved from one of the top clubs in the country, to Altrincham, who were then playing in the Cheshire County League. Also playing in the Cheshire league were the reserve outfit of his former team, Port Vale.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
Football League Third Division North: 1929–30

References

1909 births
1988 deaths
Footballers from Hanley, Staffordshire
English Roman Catholics
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
English Football League players


Here is a non-exhaustive comparison of speech synthesis programs:

General

Technical voice details

Technical details

Speech synthesizers


Medieval stained glass is the coloured and painted glass of medieval Europe from the 10th century to the 16th century. For much of this period stained glass windows were the major pictorial art form, particularly in northern France, Germany and England, where windows tended to be larger than in southern Europe (in Italy, for example, frescos were more common). In some countries, such as Sweden and England, only a small number of original stained windows has survived to this day.

Stained glass windows were used predominantly in churches, but were also found in wealthy domestic settings and public buildings such as town halls, though surviving examples of secular glass are very rare indeed. Stained glass windows were used in churches to enhance their beauty and to inform the viewer through narrative or symbolism. The subject matter was generally religious in churches, though "portraits" and heraldry were often included, and many narrative scenes give valuable insights into the medieval world.

History

Early stained glass

Window glass was in use from at least the 1st century AD and colored and painted window glass for use in religious buildings was also manufactured at an early date. The earliest extant example of ecclesiastical stained glass is possibly that from Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy—a clear glass roundel with a depiction of Christ in Majesty, thought to be from the 6th century.

Some of the earliest known examples of colored window glass, datable to c. 800–820, were recovered in excavations at the Abbey of San Vicenzo in Volturno, Italy. Glass of the same colour ranges and similar date has also been found in England, at the monastic sites of Jarrow and Monkwearmouth, and at other sites in the north of England. These examples are not painted. However, it was not until the advent of the monumental cathedral and church building campaigns in the 11th and 12th centuries that the demand for colored glass began to increase significantly, reaching its highest level in the 14th and 15th centuries. The oldest surviving glass windows still in situ are thought to be the Prophet Windows in Augsburg Cathedral, of c. 1065.

A useful 12th-century source on medieval glass manufacture is the De diversis artibus ("On various arts") of Theophilus Presbyter, a Benedictine monk believed by some scholars to be Roger of Helmarshausen, a metal glass and pigment worker of the late 11th and early 12th centuries. It describes a number of craft processes, including glassmaking and glassworking.

In the 9th century or earlier (books 1 and 2 of a 3-vol Mss. completed by another in the 12th, Heraclius, in De coloribus et artibus Romanorum ("Of Hues and Crafts of the Romans"), gives an account of methods for producing colored glass, although he may have copied much of his text from the Natural History of Pliny the Elder of c. 77 AD. Now considered "inaccurate" date on works of Eraclius Later in the medieval period, the son of Anthony of Pisa, artist and instructor Cennino Cennini, and, in 1556, Georgius Agricola also contributed texts with aspects of glassmaking and glassworking.

Composition, manufacture and distribution

Prior to c. 1000, most coloured glass was of a soda-lime-silica composition. In Northern Europe soda glass was eventually almost totally superseded by potash-lime-silica glass (Forest glass). Forest glass continued to be used in stained glass for the duration of the medieval period until soda glass again began to be used in the 16th century.

The potash (K2O) found in Forest Glass was derived from wood ash. In De diversis artibus, Theophilus describes the use of beech wood as the preferred source of ash. Other plant matter, such as bracken, was also used. As well as containing potash, beech ash comprises an assortment of compounds including iron and manganese oxides, which are particularly important for generating colour in glass.

Medieval stained glass panels could be created either by the cylinder blown sheet or crown glass (window) method.

Forest glass was manufactured in Burgundy and Lorraine near the Rhein; in Flanders; and in Normandy, in the Seine and Loire Valleys. It was distributed throughout mainland north-west Europe and Britain in the form of ready-made sheets. The application of painted decoration to and final shaping of the sheets was carried out at glass working centres close by the final destination of the glass.

Colour

The colour of glass could be affected by many factors. Sources of silica were often impure, with iron oxide being one of the most common impurities. The greenish hue of uncoloured glass is usually owing to the presence of a mixture of ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) ions in the glass matrix. It is also possible that 'impurities' could be introduced at the fritting stage within the glass furnace, leading to the addition of further alumina, silica and iron oxides.

Inherent colour

Inherent colour refers to the colours that may be formed in the molten glass by manipulating the furnace environment. Theophilus describes molten glass changing to a "saffron yellow colour" which will eventually transform to a reddish yellow on further heating, he also refers to a "tawny colour, like flesh" which, upon further heating will become "a light purple" and later "a reddish purple, and exquisite".

These colour changes are the result of the behaviour, under redox conditions, of the iron and manganese oxides which are naturally present in beech wood ash.

In the glass melt the iron and manganese behave as follows:

In an oxidising environment metal (and some non-metal) ions will lose electrons. In iron oxides, Fe2+ (ferrous) ions will become Fe3+ (ferric) ions. In molten glass this will result in a change in glass colour from pale blue to yellow/brown. In a reducing environment the iron will gain electrons and colour will change from yellow/brown to pale blue. Similarly manganese will change in colour depending on its oxidation state. The lower oxidation state of manganese (Mn2+) is yellow in common glass while the higher oxidation states (Mn3+ or higher) is purple. A combination of the two states will give a pink glass.

As the manganese and iron may each be in different states of oxidation, the combination of the two can result in a broad range of attractive colours. Manganese in its fully oxidised state, if not present in too great a mass, will also act as a decolourant of glass if the iron is in its yellow, ferric form. The two colours in effect cancel each other out to produce a clear glass.

Experimental manufacture of potash glass emulating Theophilus' recipes has resulted in colours ranging from colourless to yellow, amber, brown, green, blue, pink and purple. Variation in colour hue and depth would also probably be affected by the source of the beech wood ash, depending on the soil chemistry where the beech tree grew, the age of the tree and the climate conditions.

Some of the stronger reds, blues and greens that are a feature of medieval stained glass rely on the addition of copper oxides.

Deliberately added colourants

Heraclius' De coloribus et artibus Romanorum includes instructions for creating green and red glass by adding copper (probably in the form of ore or copper filings) to the batch, a method practiced since ancient times.  (The chapters on how to make red, green and blue glass are missing from De diversis artibus.)
As with the iron/manganese colours, the colours formed by the addition of copper oxide to the glass are dependent on the different oxidation states of the added copper. In an oxidising environment blue cupric (Cu2+) ions are formed, in a strongly reducing environment red colloidal cuprous (Cu1+) oxide is formed and if reoxidised then green cuprous (Cu1+) oxide results.

The production of bright reds and blues in particular was straightforward, as the addition of copper to the mix resulted in the reliable creation of red, blue and green. The dominance of red and blue in Romanesque and Gothic glass is obvious. However, at York Minster, for example, it was demonstrated that 90% of the medieval glass was coloured by means of iron/manganese content.

Medieval blue soda glass

Early medieval glass was soda-based, and although the use of soda glass in Northern Europe was almost wholly superseded by forest glass after c. 1000, there are some examples of a richly coloured blue glass (identified through XRF analysis) that was produced in the medieval period using soda as the alkali. In the UK, a considerable quantity of blue soda glass has been identified in stained glass from the Five Sisters window at York Minster, and in excavations at Old Sarum and Winchester. In France, in Chartres Cathedral and St Denis in Paris, soda glass has also been found, and no doubt there must be many other examples.

Evidence of recycling Roman tesserae to produce window glass in the 9th century has been identified at the Benedictine Monastery of San Vincenzo, Molise, Italy. Theophilus, in the 12th century, was also aware of such practice. He states that mosaic tesserae: 'little square stones' from 'ancient pagan buildings' along with 'various small vessels in the same colours' could be used to produce glass: 'they even melt the blue in their furnaces, adding a little of the clear white to it, and they make from it blue glass sheets which are costly and very useful in windows.' According to Theophilus, the French were particularly skilled at this process.

Cox suggests that the examples analysed at York could indeed be 'Roman, or slightly later, glass re-melted in France and imported into England'.

Flashing
Glass comprising multiple layers of clear and (usually) red glass was known to exist in the 12th and 13th centuries. The manufacturing process is not known. Flashing was developed in the 15th century, and refers to the superimposition of a thin layer of coloured glass onto another coloured or uncoloured glass sheet. The procedure may have involved dipping a small sphere of molten glass into a molten uncoloured glass and blowing this into a cylinder form (the cylinder blown sheet process) which was then cut into sections and flattened in an annealing oven. Red, or ruby, copper-based glass, is usually flashed as the colour is too dense to be used alone. Other glass colours may also be flashed. These techniques could be remarkably sophisticated as demonstrated by 15thc. glass from the Carthusian Monastery of Pavia, where layered glasses of blue and violet; green and uncoloured; and red and uncoloured have been identified.

Applied paint and silver stain

Paint
The paint applied to glass was a type of enamel, usually dark brown or black, formed from a mixture of: ground copper or iron oxide; powdered glass; wine, urine or vinegar; and gum arabic. other recipes could include sugar, treacle or vegetable oil. This 'paint' was applied in a series of washes, with fine details added last. Both the external and internal faces of the glass could be painted, adding depth to the overall composition. The enamel was fixed by 'firing' the glass in an annealing oven.

Silver stain
Producing a strong clear yellow could be difficult in early stained glass as it relied upon the careful control of furnace conditions in order to create the appropriate reducing or oxidising environment. The introduction of silver stain in the early 14th century not only provided a solution to this difficulty, but also allowed greater flexibility in the way in which colour could be used. The first datable example of the use of silver stain is in the parish church of Le Mesnil-Villeman, Manche, France (1313). Silver stain was a combination of silver nitrate or silver sulphide blended with pipe clay and applied to (usually) clear glass. This technique enabled a more flexible approach to glass painting, allowing, for example, the hair of a figure to be painted on the same piece of glass as the head. It was also used to highlight details of canopywork or grisaille, and later it was added to the surface of coloured glass, to create a wider variety of glass hues.

See also
French Gothic stained glass windows
English Gothic stained glass windows
Stained glass conservation
British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)
Medieval stained glass in Sweden

References

Bibliography

Azzoni, C. B., Di Martino, D., Marchesi, V., Messiga. B., Riccardi, M. P., (2005). Colour Attributes of Medieval Window Panes: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Probe Microanalyses on Stained Glass Windows from Pavia Carthusian Monastery. Archaeometry 47/2, 381–388.
Cox, G. A., Gillies, K. J. S., 1986. The X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Medieval Durable Blue Soda Glass from York Minster. Archaeometry, 28/1, 57–68.
Cramp, R. J., 1975. Window Glass From the Monastic Site of Jarrow: Problems of Interpretation. Journal of Glass Studies, 17, 88–96.
Davison, S., 2003. Conservation and Restoration of Glass. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Freestone, I. 1992. Theophilus and the Composition of Medieval Glass, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Materials Research Society, 739–745.
Hawthorne, J. G., Smith, C. S. (eds), 1979.Theophilus: On Divers Arts. New York: Dover.
Henderson, J. 1992. Early medieval glass technology: the calm before the storm. In S. Jennings and A. Vince (eds) Medieval Europe 1992: Volume 3 Technology and Innovation, 175–179.
Heyworth, M., 1992. Evidence for Early Medieval Glass Working. In S. Jennings and A. Vince (eds) Medieval Europe 1992: Volume 3 Technology and Innovation, 169–174.
Marks, R., 1993. Stained Glass in England During the Middle Ages. London: Routledge.
Newton, R., and Davison, S., 1997, Conservation of Glass, Butterworth–Heinemann, Oxford.
Royce-Roll, D., 1994. The Colors of Romanesque Stained Glass. Journal of Glass Studies,36, 71–80.
Smedley, J., W., Jackson, C. M., Booth, C.A., 1998. Back to the Roots: The Raw Materials, Glass Recipes and Glassmaking Practices of Theophilus. In: McCray, P. (ed). The Prehistory and History of Ancient Glassmaking, 145–165.
Stern, W. B., and Gerber, Y., 2004, Potassium-Calcium Glass: New Data and Experiments. Archaeometry 46/1, 137–156.

Further reading

History of glass
Stained glass
Glass art
Technology in the Middle Ages
Medieval architecture


Hill Hall at Savannah State College, also known as Walter Bernard Hill Hall and built between 1900 and 1901 by students studying manual arts and blacksmithing, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The building was named for Dr. Walter Barnard Hill.

History

Located on the campus of Savannah State University, the facility had a variety of uses since its initial construction including a bookstore, student center, male dormitory, and library. U.S. President William Howard Taft visited the building in 1912.  Between 1914 and 1918, during World War I, the building served as a barracks facility for Black soldiers as they trained in Savannah.

Hill Hall was closed in 1996 following protests by students when the building, a dorm at the time, fell into disrepair.  For nearly 20 years campus officials and community groups worked to raise money for restoration.  The building was damaged by fire on May 8, 2000 as work crews were completing renovations.  The building was reopened in 2008.

Today, Hill Hall houses the university's Enrollment Management Center, a presidential suite, administrative offices, a lecture hall, a banquet room, and a mini-museum.

Historical recognition
The Georgia Historical Commission and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources have recognized both the Savannah State campus and Hill Hall as a part of the Georgia Historical Marker Program.
On April 26, 2001, a historic marker was erected by the Georgia Historical Society and the Savannah State University National Alumni Association. The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation honored the Hill Hall Restoration project with its Excellence in Rehabilitation Award for 2009.

References

External links

 Walter Bernard Hill Hall historical marker

University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Neoclassical architecture in Georgia (U.S. state)
University and college buildings completed in 1901
National Register of Historic Places in Savannah, Georgia
Savannah State University buildings and structures


Stephen Watson (born 4 April 1973 in Liverpool) is an English former professional footballer who played for and captained Scottish side St Mirren in the early 1990s.

Career
Watson began his career with Rangers, making three league appearances in the 1992–93 season. He moved on to St Mirren and spent four years with the Paisley club. Watson then spent a spell in Hong Kong with Yee Hope from 1999–2001 before returning to Scotland to play with Falkirk and Partick Thistle.

References

External links
Player profile
Soccerbase profile

Rangers F.C. players
Troon F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English men's footballers
1973 births
Footballers from Liverpool
Living people
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Men's association football midfielders
English expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
English expatriate men's footballers


Václav Vydra (29 April 1876 – 7 April 1953), was a Czech film and stage actor. He starred in 31 films between 1914 and 1953.

Vydra was also a noted stage actor, acting in the Vinohrady Theater and National Theater playing major roles of the characters in plays  by William Shakespeare, Karel Čapek and others). From 1945 to 1949, he was director of the National Theater. In 1946 he became the first actor awarded the National Artist title.

His grandson, Václav Vydra, born 1956, is also a notable actor.

Selected filmography
 Když struny lkají (1930)
 Skeleton on Horseback (1937)
 Lawyer Vera (1937)
 The Merry Wives (1938)
 Enchanted (1942)

External links

1876 births
1953 deaths
20th-century Czech male actors
Czech male film actors
Czech male silent film actors
Czech male stage actors
Burials at Vyšehrad Cemetery


Rickleton is an area of Washington, in the City of Sunderland metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the south side of Washington.

Transport
The village has roads forming a loop around the village, these roads are called Rickleton Way, Bonemill lane and Picktree Lane. The village has a bus service operated by Go North East.

The nearest railway station is Chester-le-Street railway station.

References

External links

Populated places in Tyne and Wear
Washington, Tyne and Wear


Anne, Lady Mackenzie-Stuart (7 June 1930 — 14 October 2008) was a Scottish pro-European Union activist.

Biography
Under the name Anne Millar, the daughter of a solicitor, she was born and grew up in Edinburgh. She spent part of World War II as an evacuee at Bridge of Allan. She attended the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1951 (MA, LLB). In the 1960s she earned her LLM degree at the Centre of European Governmental Studies from the University, and while there met her future husband, fellow student, Alexander "Jack" Mackenzie-Stuart, the future Baron Mackenzie-Stuart.

In 1972, her husband was named as a British judge at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. He would ultimately advance to the presidency of that court. The Mackenzie-Stuarts remained in Luxembourg until 1988, when they returned to Scotland.

Mackenzie-Stuart maintained her interest in "[all] things European" and became vice-chairman of the European Movement in Scotland, campaigning vigorously to convince the Scottish people of the advantages of membership in the European Union. She had held staunchly pro-European Movement views since she was a young woman in 1947, after viewing the devastation wrought in London by The Blitz.

Affiliations
She was a supporter of the Europa Institute at the Edinburgh Law School.

Death
On 14 October 2008 Lady Mackenzie-Stuart died in Edinburgh, aged 78, from undisclosed causes. She was survived by four daughters, three granddaughters and a grandson, as well as her brother, Fergus Millar.

References

1930 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Politicians from Edinburgh
Scottish women lawyers
Spouses of life peers
British baronesses
20th-century British women lawyers


Frederick Lewis Donaldson (7 April 1937 – 24 July 2018) was an English footballer who played as a full-back for Port Vale, Exeter City, Chester, Macclesfield Town and Stafford Rangers. He won the Fourth Division title with Port Vale in 1958–59.

Career

Port Vale
Donaldson was born in Stoke-on-Trent graduated through the junior squad at local club Port Vale to sign first-team forms in July 1954. He made his senior debut on 4 May 1955, in a 1–0 win over Lincoln City at Sincil Bank on the last day of the 1954–55 season. However, he had to wait until the start of the 1957–58 campaign before he played another game; by this time the "Valiants" had been relegated from the Second Division to the Third Division South, and Norman Low had replaced Freddie Steele as manager. Donaldson played 27 league games at right-back throughout the campaign, but featured only 11 times in the 1958–59 season as Vale won the Fourth Division title. He featured just eight times in the Third Division in the 1959–60 season, but claimed four goals against Colchester United, Accrington Stanley (2), and Newport County. He left Vale Park in August 1960, when he was sold to Exeter City for a £2,000 fee.

Later career
Donaldson made his debut for the "Grecians" in a 0–0 draw with Carlisle United at St James Park on the opening day of the 1960–61 season. He went on to score six goals in 36 Fourth Division games as Glen Wilson's finished 21st in the Fourth Division, before departing at the end of the campaign after remaining on the transfer-list for four months. He then played 20 Fourth Division games for Chester in the 1961–62 campaign, as the "Seals" finished bottom of the English Football League. He then left the Deva Stadium, and later played for Cheshire County League sides Macclesfield Town and Stafford Rangers.

Later life
Donaldson became a sales rep after retiring as a player, selling carpets and floorings. He married Iris and had two children in Linda and David. He remained a keen crown green bowler from his teenage years up until his death following a short illness on 24 July 2018.

Style of play
Port Vale teammate Colin Askey described Donaldson as "a nice footballer, someone who liked to get the ball down and play", able to play in various positions from his preferred spot at right-back as well as inside-forward and right-half.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division: 1958–59

References

1937 births
2018 deaths
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football wing halves
Men's association football inside forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Exeter City F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players


Safiullah Khan (born March 1979) is a Pakistani former footballer who played as a forward. Khan made his international debut in 2005, and won the highest goal-scorer award in the 2010 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers, where he finished as the top-scorer with 5 goals.

International career
Khan debut was on 16 June 2005 which was the second game in a series of three games against India, the game finished 1–0 loss to Pakistan.
After a three year absence Khan was selected to play in an AFC Challenge Cup qualifier against Brunei on April 6, 2009. In the match he scored four goals with the game finishing 6–0 in Pakistan's favour, becoming at the time, the only player in Pakistan soccer history to score four goals in an international fixture. On 8 April 2009 in the same competition Khan scored again in the 2–2 draw against Sri Lanka.

Career statistics

International statistics

International goals

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Pakistani men's footballers
Pakistan men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards


Ayhan Güçlü (born 28 March 1990) is a Turkish former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Personal life
Güçlü's younger brother, Metehan Güçlü, is also a professional footballer and youth international for Turkey.

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
People from Montfermeil
Footballers from Seine-Saint-Denis
Men's association football forwards
Turkish men's footballers
Turkey men's youth international footballers
French men's footballers
French people of Turkish descent
Challenger Pro League players
Liga I players
Hacettepe S.K. footballers
Thonon Evian Grand Genève FC players
Royale Union Tubize-Braine players
FC Brașov (1936) players
Olympique Saint-Quentin players
Turkish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Turkish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Turkish expatriate sportspeople in Romania


Queen Creek High School is a public secondary school located in Queen Creek, Arizona.

History

The Queen Creek school district did not open a high school until 1986, when it became a unified school district; previously, the school district bused high school students to other schools far from town. In 1988, the school graduated its first class of 22 seniors, attending classes in a 12-room school building. By the fall of 1988, Queen Creek High had 387 students. Two years later, its principal retired in an uproar over the alteration of the low grades of 50 students. The fast-growing school, housed in a former elementary school with additional portable classroom buildings, was approved in 1999 to move to a new site at Signal Butte and Ocotillo roads The new school opened in 2002 and allowed Queen Creek's middle school to absorb the former high school site.

In November 2012, their football team won the Division III state championship with an undefeated 14–0 season.

The Queen Creek Unified School District opened a second high school, Eastmark High School, in 2019, with the northern portion of the district being zoned into the new school.

References

External links

Schools in Maricopa County, Arizona
Educational institutions established in 1986
Public high schools in Arizona
1986 establishments in Arizona


HJ-10 (or "Red Arrow 10") is a Chinese ground-launched anti-tank missile developed by Norinco. It has a tandem high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, that may penetrate  of conventional steel armour protected by explosive reactive armour. The maximum range is , with pre- or post-launch lock-on.

Deployment
AFT-10, equipped on the ZBD-04A Anti-tank platform, is the ATGM version of the HJ-10 platform and it is the first one to be developed. Eight missiles and a retractable sensor mast is mounted on the ZBD-04, with sensors including a thermal camera, TV camera and a laser range finder. A millimeter-wave radar system is mounted at the front-right corner of the vehicle to improve all-weather operation capability.

Variants

AFT-10
The AFT-10 () is the surface-to-surface variant in the HJ-10 family, receiving designation of AFT-10. AFT-10 is a fiber-optic wire-guided missile that equipped with ZBD-04 Anti-tank platform.  AFT-10 was first revealed in its deployment in Peace Mission 2014 joint military exercise.

Missile Specification:
Length (mm):
Diameter (mm):
Missile weight (kg):
System weight (kg): 105
Max range (km):
Min range (km):
Search speed (m/s): 150
Attack speed (m/s): 250
g overload: 15
Guidance: fiber optic + MMW radar or fiber optic + ImIR

Mounted Platforms:
ZBD-04A AT: Eight AFT-10 missiles with sensors mounted on ZBD-04A chassis.
Type 08/VN1 AT: Eight AFT-10 missiles with sensors mounted on Type 08 (VN-1) 8x8 chassis.
CTM-133 AT: Eight AFT-10 missiles with sensors mounted on CTM-133 truck chassis.
CTL-181A AT: Four AFT-10 missiles with sensors mounted on CTL181A assault vehicle chassis.

Operators
: People's Liberation Army Ground Force — approximately 200 ZBD-04A ATGM Carrier in service as of 2020. Unknown number of other platforms.

See also
Anti-tank guided missile
Red Arrow Development
HJ-8 - wire-guided anti-tank missile system
HJ-9 - beam-riding anti-tank missile system
HJ-12 - man-portable infrared-homing anti-tank missile system
Similar weapons
AGM-114 Hellfire
Barq
Polyphem
XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System
 ALAS (missile)
Related lists
List of anti-tank guided missiles
List of missiles

References

Guided missiles of the People's Republic of China
Anti-ship cruise missiles of the People's Republic of China
Air-to-surface missiles
Weapons of the People's Republic of China
Anti-tank guided missiles of the People's Republic of China
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Norinco
Fire-and-forget weapons


Yevgeni Igorevich Kaleshin (; born 20 June 1978) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. He is the manager of FC Akron Tolyatti.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1999 for FC Shinnik Yaroslavl.

Coaching career
On 19 July 2018, Yevgeni Kaleshin was named as the head coach of the new FC Urozhay Krasnodar.

Personal life
He is the brother of Vitali Kaleshin and a son of Igor Kaleshin.

References

External links

1978 births
People from Maykop
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
PFC Spartak Nalchik players
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Tom Tomsk players
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Krasnodar players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Men's association football defenders
Russian football managers
FC Kuban Krasnodar managers
FC Kuban Krasnodar (2018) managers
FC Baltika Kaliningrad managers
FC Spartak-UGP Anapa players
Sportspeople from Adygea
FC Druzhba Maykop players


"Small Stuff" is a song recorded by the American country music group Alabama. It was released in October 1999 as the second single from the album Twentieth Century. The song reached #24 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.  The song was written by Mark Collie, Hillary Kanter and Even Stevens.

Chart performance

References

1999 singles
1999 songs
Alabama (American band) songs
Songs written by Mark Collie
Songs written by Even Stevens (songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Don Cook
RCA Records singles


Nikol Hasler (born 15 March 1979) is an American internet content creator, producer, writer, and filmmaker known best for her work on Midwest Teen Sex Show, and her frank, direct, dark humor.

Biography
Nikol Hasler is a Wisconsin native who spent years in the foster care system.

Hasler gained attention in 2008 as the host of the video podcast Midwest Teen Sex Show, an informative comedy show known for frank discussions about teenage sexuality.    The show's success prompted her to move to Los Angeles in June 2009 with her three children.   During that summer, she produced and wrote a television pilot for Comedy Central based on the web series, and worked on a book about sex for teens. Comedy Central did not pick up the show as a series, but her book, Sex: A Book For Teens was released in June, 2010. Hasler remained in Los Angeles after the pilot was shot, stating on Crushable that "Even the d-bags out here who are stereotypical LA don’t bother me because they give me something to laugh at. The sunshine. The food. The hot people. Yeah. This place is cool."

Works
Hasler was interviewed for the January/February 2009 issue of Public Libraries Magazine (Vol 47, Issue 6).

On May 14, 2009, it was officially announced that Nikol's show The Midwest Teen Sex Show, a video podcast about teen sexuality, would be turned into a series for Comedy Central.   However, in September 2009 Hasler announced that Comedy Central had not picked up the show for series.  Beyond the Midwest Teen Sex Show, Hasler has contributed to projects for a number of publishing outlets, and in various media.

Real American Family, a show on PiC.tv, addresses issues important to many families—being a single parent, choosing healthy diet, preparing for the school year, etc. -- with Nikol's typical frankness and sense of humor. She and her team also created an online safety video for teens called Don't Be An Idiot Online; it was released by E-Spin.

In February 2010, she started an ongoing sex column for the newly launched Crushable called "Sex, Honestly". She also writes an advice column for Milwaukee Magazine called "Love, Sex, Etc.".

In May 2010, copies of Hasler's book, Sex: A Book For Teens, went on sale on Amazon.com. It was published by Zest Publications in San Francisco. The book features back cover endorsements from former surgeon general Dr. Jocelyn Elders and feminist author Betty Dodson.

In July 2010, Hasler accepted a position of a producer for the non-profit One Economy Corporation (of which PiC.tv is a subsidiary), immediately beginning production on a series about teen pregnancy, then revamping Real American Family with an entirely new cast and crew.

In March 2013, Hasler began working for PBS in Los Angeles.

References

Press
  About's sexuality page
 Ypulse
 Search Engine World interview with Hasler, August 2008
 ABC News Interview with Hasler, January 2008
 Interview about MTSS
 NewTeeVee interview with Hasler
 Interview about Real American Family
 Interview with Violet Blue
 Hasler on CBS Early Show
 Hasler interview with Gawker

External links
 Midwest Teen Sex Show
 Nikol Hasler Twitter Page
 Press regarding the speaking engagements with Hasler at NYC Public Libraries

1979 births
Living people
American women screenwriters
American comedy writers
Actresses from Wisconsin
American sex columnists
American women columnists
American women comedians
American women non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from Wisconsin
Women screenwriters
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American women writers


Inger Støjberg (born 16 March 1973) is a Danish politician, businesswoman and former reporter who served as a government minister in the Danish Parliament.

Støjberg served as the minister for gender equality from 2009 to 2010, as minister for employment between 2010 and 2011, and as minister for immigration, integration and housing between June 2015 and June 2019.

A member of the Danish Parliament from the 2001 elections to 2021, she was a member of the liberal Venstre party until 4 February 2021, but left after a majority of the party's MPs voted to impeach her for an order she gave while serving as minister for immigration. On 13 December that year, she was convicted of separating asylum seeker families in which at least one spouse was under 18, and sentenced to 60 days in prison. On 21 December, a majority in the Folketing voted that the sentence means that she is no longer worthy of sitting in the Folketing and she therefore immediately lost her seat.

In June 2022, Støjberg founded Denmark Democrats - Inger Støjberg.

Early life and professional career
Støjberg grew up as the daughter of a housewife and a farmer near the village of Hjerk in Salling. In 1993, she graduated from Morsø Gymnasium school in Nykøbing Mors. In 1995, she finished a one-year higher commerce exam at the Viborg School of Business in Viborg and a year later at the same school, she began a one-year study course in economic communication. In 1999, she graduated with a degree in communications management from the (now defunct) InformationsAkademiet and joined Viborg Bladet newspaper as a trainee reporter before becoming an editor for the paper in 2001. She later left the role and founded her own communications consultancy business Støjberg Kommunikation.

In 2013, Støjberg received a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Aalborg.

Political career
Støjberg was first elected to office as a member of the city council of Viborg Municipality, a position she occupied from 1994 to 2002. Additionally, she served as chairman of Liberalt Oplysnings Forbund (LOF) from 1996 to 1999. In 1999, she first ran for the parliament. With the electoral victory of her party in 2001, then headed by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, she entered parliament.

Since 2005, Støjberg has been a member of the Venstre party management. From 2005 to 2007, she was deputy faction chairwoman in the Folketing. From 2007 to 2022, she represented the electoral district of Western Jutland. From 2007 to 2009, Støjberg was a spokesperson for Venstre.

After the head of government Anders Fogh Rasmussen transferred to a new role in NATO, Støjberg became, in April 2009, minister of employment and minister of gender equality, succeeding Claus Hjort Frederiksen in the post. In 2010, the ministries were restructured and Støjberg was, until the electoral defeat of the conservative camp in 2011, only minister of employment. In the opposition, Støjberg became one of the leading public voices of her party and occupied from 2014 to the electoral victory in 2015 the post of spokesperson for Venstre. She also served as the minister for immigration and integration between June 2015 and 2019.

In December 2020, Støjberg resigned as vice chair of Venstre following a request by Jakob Ellemann-Jensen, the chair. Venstre had previously supported impeaching Støjberg, following the 2016 instruction from her ministry to separate couples in refugee centres. After Støjberg had said that she did not support an impeachment process against herself, Ellemann-Jensen had asked her to resign. He furthermore claimed she had previously been disloyal to the party line.

In February 2021, Støjberg left Venstre. Subsequently, in June 2022, she founded the party Denmark Democrats.

Controversies

Asylum laws
Støjberg led a tightening of Danish asylum law which came into force 1 September 2015, and which, among other things, limited the provision of social services for asylum seekers. According to Støjberg, it should be unattractive for asylum seekers to travel into Denmark. Støjberg created controversy by starting an advertising campaign warning against applying for asylum in Denmark. Ads were posted in Lebanese newspapers, with plans on posting them in asylum seekers' homes in ten different languages and distributing them via social media.

Moreover, particularly in the Anglophone sphere, the "Jewelry law", which was introduced under Støjberg, and which decreed that asylum seekers already at the border give up a part of their valuables as a pledge for later service costs was critically reported on, in connection to which comparisons to Nazism were also made by commentators. In March 2017, Støjberg again attracted international media attention when she celebrated the 50th tightening of immigration law during her tenure as Minister for Immigration with a cake that she photographed and published on Facebook. Støjberg was directly involved in a controversial application of the Aliens Act being used to criminalize non-Danish professors who spoke or wrote publicly, being interpreted as a violation of their work visas.

In May 2018, Støjberg published a post through the Danish tabloid BT, saying that Muslims fasting during Ramadan should take leave from work "to avoid negative consequences for the rest of Danish society." Støjberg cited bus drivers as an example of workers whose performance could be negatively affected by abstaining from food and drink. Her comments provoked a backlash from other Danish politicians. A spokeswoman for the Danish government issued a statement which claimed that Støjberg comments were her own and did not represent the views of the country's government. Bus companies also distanced themselves from Støjberg's comments. Arriva, which runs a number of bus routes in Denmark, reported that it had never had any accidents involving drivers who were fasting.

Decree to separate young asylum couples at refugee centres
Støjberg has repeatedly been questioned regarding a decree from 2016, when she separated couples in refugee centres, where one or both persons were minors, some of them with children. The decree was illegal, and violated the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Støjberg lied about it in Folketinget, the Danish parliament. Afterwards, she failed to report relevant details to the Parliamentary Ombudsman. A parliamentary committee probe was launched in January 2020. The committee investigated whether Støjberg violated the Convention on the Rights of the Child or the European Convention on Human Rights, both of which Denmark is subject to.

Impeachment trial of 2021

On 2 February 2021 the Folketing voted in a 141-30 (90 needed for majority) vote in favour of initiating an impeachment trial in the Danish Court of Impeachment against Støjberg. Støjberg is formally accused of unlawful misconduct and maladministration of office, pursuant to the Minister Accountability Act and the European Convention on Human Rights (Article 8), by illegally separating couples in refugee centres, where one or both persons were minors, some of them with children.

Støjberg was convicted on 13 December 2021 and sentenced to 60 days in prison. As a result, she lost her seat in the Folketing and was replaced by .

Other work and philanthropy
In 2004, Støjberg published an official biography of the North Jutlandic pop duo Sussi og Leo. Støjberg was also an organizer of the charity fundraiser "We remember Darfur" in which more than 300,000 Danish krone was collected for the benefit of women and children in Darfur. The money was handed over on 19 April 2007 to the Norwegian Church's Aid at a fundraising concert in Børsen.

Personal life
In 2008, she married the long-time editor of Berlingske Jesper Beinov, who since 2016 is employed as a consultant of the Danish Ministry of Finance. Having no children, the couple divorced in 2012.

She lives in Hadsund.

Bibliography

  (translated title: The Islamic Way of Life is the Problem)

References

External links

 Biography on the website of the Danish Parliament (Folketinget)

1973 births
Living people
Venstre (Denmark) politicians
Government ministers of Denmark
Employment ministers of Denmark
21st-century Danish women politicians
Women government ministers of Denmark
People from Morsø Municipality
Danish critics of Islam
Women members of the Folketing
Members of the Folketing 2001–2005
Members of the Folketing 2005–2007
Members of the Folketing 2007–2011
Members of the Folketing 2011–2015
Members of the Folketing 2015–2019
Members of the Folketing 2019–2022
Members of the Folketing 2022–2026
Prisoners and detainees of Denmark
Impeached officials removed from office
20th-century Danish women politicians
Denmark Democrats politicians
20th-century Danish businesswomen
20th-century Danish farmers
20th-century Danish women farmers
21st-century Danish women farmers
21st-century Danish farmers


Václav Vydra mey refer to:

 Václav Vydra (actor, born 1876) (1876–1953), Czech film and stage actor
 Václav Vydra (actor, born 1956), Czech theater, television and film actor


Oddbjørn Engvold (born 7 April 1938) is a Norwegian astronomer.

He was born in Askim. His specialty is solar physics, and he was appointed as a professor at the University of Oslo in 1989. He was secretary general of the International Astronomical Union from 2003 to 2006 and a member of the board of Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1993 to 1998.

References

1938 births
Living people
Norwegian astronomers
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
People from Askim


Thomas Porter McMurray CBE (5 December 1887, Belfast – 16 November 1949, London) was a British orthopaedic surgeon remembered for describing the McMurray test.

Biography
Thomas McMurray graduated from Queen's University, Belfast in 1910, and took up a house job in Liverpool under Sir Robert Jones. He served as a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps in France for a short time, returning to the Alder Hey Military Hospital in Liverpool in 1914. He continued his training under Robert Jones, becoming lecturer at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Liverpool from 1924 to 1938, and succeeding Robert Jones as director of orthopaedics. He became the first professor of orthopaedic surgery in Liverpool in 1938.

He was president of the British Orthopaedic Society and the Liverpool Medical Institution, and president-elect of the British Medical Association.

His dexterity as a surgeon was noted; he was able to remove a meniscus in five minutes, and disarticulate a hip in little over ten. As a teacher, he upheld the principles of Hugh Owen Thomas, and built up a postgraduate school of orthopaedic surgery at the University of Liverpool.

He died of a heart attack at a railway station in London while travelling to visit his son in South Africa.

References

British orthopaedic surgeons
1887 births
1949 deaths
20th-century surgeons


ShoMMA: Strikeforce Challengers is a mixed martial arts series that was produced by the mixed martial arts organization Strikeforce and the Showtime cable network.  Similar to Showtime's earlier ShoXC, the purpose of the series was to highlight up and coming MMA fighters.

Strikeforce Challengers was discontinued with the 2012 Strikeforce deal.

Events

Notes
All Strikeforce women's fights are five-minute rounds (except in one-night tournaments).

References

External links

Strikeforce (mixed martial arts)
Mixed martial arts television shows
2009 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
Showtime (TV network) original programming


Peter Dursun (born 8 January 1975) is a former Danish footballer, who played for Southend United in the Football League in 1996.

Dursun made his debut in the Division One for Southend United on 14 December 1996, away to Queens Park Rangers in the 4–0 defeat, replacing Julian Hails in the 53rd minute.

He then played for Aarhus Fremad, and Hvidovre IF.

References

External links
Danish Superliga player statistics at danskfodbold.com

Living people
1975 births
Footballers from Aarhus
Danish men's footballers
Danish Superliga players
Southend United F.C. players
Hvidovre IF players
Brønshøj Boldklub players
English Football League players

Men's association football midfielders