Saint Paul's Church, Chapel, and Parish House are a historic Episcopal Church complex at 15 and 27 Saint Paul Street and 104 Aspinwall Avenue in Brookline, Massachusetts.  The Gothic Revival church building was designed by Richard Upjohn and built in 1851-52, and is the oldest surviving religious building in the town.  The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Description and history
The Saint Paul's Church complex stands at the junction of Saint Paul Street and Aspinwall Avenue in eastern Brookline, roughly halfway between the commercial centers of Coolidge Corner and Brookline Village.  The church is a basically rectangular structure, oriented with its long access east-west, with a tower projecting from the northwest corner.  Its main entrance is on the long southern facade, near the western end, set in a Gothic-arched opening in a projecting section with a steep gabled roof.  The building's walls are puddingstone, and the main roof, also gabled, is made of polychrome slate.  The building exhibits classic elements of the Gothic Revival, including lancet-arched windows, tripartite windows with tracery, and elaborate stonework in the tower.

The Episcopalian congregation for which it was built was established in 1849 by William and Augustus Aspinwall (the latter donating the land on which the church was built).  Richard Upjohn was retained in 1850 to design the building, which was completed two years later.  The chapel, also an Upjohn design, was built in 1858 and enlarged in 1880 to a design by Peabody and Stearns.  The parish house was designed by Julius Schweinfurth and built in 1895.  The church was gutted by fire in 1976 and was rebuilt in 1979-80.  The church is the oldest religious building in Brookline.

Current status
St. Paul's Episcopal Church serves Brookline, nearby Boston, Massachusetts and surrounding areas and is an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. It holds two regular services on Sunday mornings and is well-known for its ministry to children and young adults, strong choral music program, and multiple ministry initiatives outside the parish. Its current rector is the Reverend Doctor Paul Kolbet, succeeding the Right Reverend Jeffrey Mello.

See also
Saint Paul's Rectory
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

External links
St. Paul's web site

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Gothic Revival church buildings in Massachusetts
Churches completed in 1851
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Churches in Brookline, Massachusetts
Stone churches in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
1851 establishments in Massachusetts


Saint Paul's Rectory is a historic church rectory at 130 Aspinwall Avenue in Brookline, Massachusetts.  The -story Jacobethan stone house was built in 1886 to a design by Peabody and Stearns.  It was designed to complement the Gothic Revival style of Saint Paul's Episcopal Church, for whose rector it was built.  The exterior is finished in Brighton puddingstone and Nova Scotia freestone; its gable ends have elbows on the parapet walls, and the upper-level windows have diamond panes.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1886
Houses in Brookline, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Peabody and Stearns buildings


USS Kerkenna was a United States Navy cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919.

Construction, early career, acquisition, and commissioning
Kerkenna was launched on 25 July 1900 at Port Glasgow, Scotland, by William Hamilton and Company as the commercial cargo ship Borneo, and was delivered to her owners later that year. Later renamed Kerkenna, she was the property of the Kerr Navigation Company of New York City when the United States Army took control of her on 22 November 1917 for World War I service. The U.S. Navy acquired her at Brest, France, on 28 September 1918 and commissioned her the same day as USS Kerkenna.

Unlike most commercial ships commissioned into U.S. Navy service during World War I, Kerkenna never received a naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.).

United States Navy service
Attached to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, Kerkenna carried coal and U.S. Army supplies between British and French ports until 24 February 1919.

Kerkenna departed Inverness, Scotland, on 24 February 1919 with a cargo of naval mines and naval mine supplies for return to the United States. Reaching New York City on 19 March 1919, she departed on 21 March 1919 for Norfolk, Virginia, where she arrived on 24 March 1919. She then was decommissioned on 16 April 1919 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board for immediate return to the Kerr Navigation Company.

Later career
Kerkenna returned to commercial service. In 1921, Kerr Navigation sold her to the American Ship and Commerce Navigation Corporation, which renamed her Mount Summit. She was sold again in 1922 to the Oceana Sea Navigation Company of Budapest, Hungary, and renamed Alfold. In 1925, she was sold to George F. Andreadis of Chios, Greece, and renamed Doris. She was sold in 1929 to Turkish owners and renamed Ikbal. Her long career came to an end when she was sold for scrapping on 2 July 1963.

References

NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Kerkenna

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships built on the River Clyde
1900 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy


Sargent's Pond is a man-made  pond on Sargent Road in Brookline, Massachusetts.  The pond was created by Charles Sprague Sargent (best known as the first director of the Arnold Arboretum) in the late 1870s as a centerpiece of his family's extensive Holm Lea estate.  Sargent's estate has since been subdivided, but the roads giving access to it run along the estate's original alignments.  Sargent landscaped the estate using similar principles to those he applied at the Arboretum, with vistas and a variety of trees and shrubs.  The pond was created by damming a brook.  It still has naturalistic plantings around it, although some Sargent's rhododendrons (a significant draw on occasions when he opened the estate to the public) have died.

The pond (along with its immediately surrounding grounds) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Brookline, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Brookline, Massachusetts
Lakes of Norfolk County, Massachusetts
Brookline, Massachusetts


X Marks Destination is a debut studio album from the British alternative dance band The Whip.

Reception
X Marks Destination was released on March 24, 2008 in the United Kingdom, and on March 3, 2009 in the United States.

Initial critical response to X Marks Destination was average. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 59, based on 7 reviews.

Track listing

Standard UK edition
All songs by Bruce Carter and Danny Saville
 "Trash" – 6:20
 "Frustration" – 4:51
 "Fire" – 5:11
 "Save My Soul" – 5:09
 "Sirens" – 4:17
 "Divebomb" – 5:39
 "Blackout" – 6:10
 "Muzzle #1" – 4:50
 "Sister Siam" – 4:43
 "Dubsex" – 4:10

US iTunes release
Along with the 10 original tracks listed in the standard UK release, 6 remixes are added after the first-ten main tracks and all ten tracks have slight changes in time duration.
 "Trash" – 6:20
 "Frustration" – 4:51
 "Fire" – 5:11
 "Save My Soul" – 5:09
 "Sirens" – 4:18
 "Divebomb" – 5:38
 "Blackout" – 6:10
 "Muzzle #1" – 4:50
 "Sister Siam" – 4:43
 "Dubsex" – 4:07
 "Blackout (Shinichi Osawa Remix)" – 5:40
 "Muzzle #1 (Bloody Beetroots Remix)" - 4:06
 "Sister Siam (Bitchee Bitchee Ya Ya Ya Remix)" - 4:49
 "Trash (Crookers Remix)" - 6:01
 "Trash (South Central Remix)" - 5:43
 "Sister Siam (Justin Robertson Dub)" - 5:36

Charts

Personnel
 Jim Abbiss – producer
 Bruce Carter – engineer, group member
 Ian Dowling – assistant engineer
 Liam Howe – producer
 B.J. Ben Mason – assistant engineer
 Nathan Sudders – group member
 Fiona Daniel – group member
 Danny Saville – group member
 Damian Taylor – mixing
 Richard Wilkinson – engineer

References

External links

2008 albums
The Whip (band) albums
Albums produced by Jim Abbiss
Southern Fried Records albums
Razor & Tie albums


The men's high jump event  at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 3 and 4 March.

Medallists

Results

Qualification
Qualification: 2.23 metres (Q) or the best 12 (q) qualified for the final

Final

References

High jump
High jump at the World Athletics Indoor Championships


Benedetto Pamphili (often with the final long i orthography, Pamphilj) (25 April 1653 – 22 March 1730) was an Italian cardinal, patron of the arts and librettist for many composers.

Life

Pamphili was born in Rome on 25 April 1653 into the powerful Pamphili family. His father was Camillo Pamphili who had also been a cardinal but renounced his post to marry Olimpia Aldobrandini.

Pamphili was Grand Prior of the Order of St John of Jerusalem in Rome from 1678 until
Pope Innocent XI made him cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Portico in the consistory of 1 September 1681.

He later opted for the tituli of Sant'Agata in Suburra, San Cesareo in Palatio, Santa Maria in Cosmedin and Santa Maria in Via Lata.

Innocent XI made him Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura on 23 March 1685. He became Cardinal Legate of Bologna in 1690, cardinal protodeacon in 1693, as well as archpriest of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore and of San Giovanni in Laterano.

In 1704 he was made librarian of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana and archivist of the Archivio Segreto Vaticano. He died in 1730 and is buried at Sant'Agnese in Agone.

Patronage

He was in the first rank of Rome's cultural and artistic life in the 17th and 18th centuries, as demonstrated by his belonging to the prestigious accademia dell'Arcadia, under the pseudonym Fenicio Larisseo. He formed the major collection of Flemish paintings in the Galleria Doria Pamphilj, whose interior (by Carlo Fontana) and chapel he had built.

He was particularly interested and skilled in music, not only writing several libretti himself for operas with music by (among others) Alessandro Scarlatti, but also gave hospitality and opportunity to several composers (such as Arcangelo Corelli, Giovanni Lorenzo Lulier, Alessandro Melani, Antonio Maria Bononcini and Carlo Francesco Cesarini, who all began their musical careers under his protection), funding publication and performances of their works. His patronage was also expressed during George Frideric Handel's stay in Rome, when he struck up a lasting friendship with the composer and began an interesting correspondence with him. Handel dedicated a series of cantatas to the cardinal, as well as the famous 1707 oratorio  Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno, with a libretto by the cardinal.

Works: libretti and scores
S. Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi. Oratorio da cantarsi nel giorno della sua festa alla presenza dell'eminentiss. sig. card.le de' Medici. Tinassi, Rome, 1687.
Conversione di S. M. Maddalena. Oratorio a tre voci da cantarsi nella chiesa de' padri della congregazione dell' oratorio di S. Filippo Neri di Firenze, music by Alessandro Scarlatti. Vangelisti, Florence, 1693.
S. Francesca Romana. Oratorio a cinque voci da cantarsi nella chiesa de' padri della congregazione dell'oratorio di S. Filippo Neri di Firenze, music by Alessandro Melani. Vangelisti, Florence, 1693.
 Il sagrifizio di Abel. Oratorio a quattro voci da cantarsi nella chiesa de' padri della Congregazione dell'Oratorio di S. Filippo Neri di Firenze, music by Alessandro Melani. Vangelisti, Florence, 1693.
S. Rosa di Viterbo del sacro ordine di S. Francesco. Oratorio a cinque voci da cantarsi nella chiesa de' padri della congregazione dell' oratorio di san Filippo Neri di Firenze, music by Alessandro Melani. Vangelisti, Florence, 1693.
Il martirio di S. Vittoria. Oratorio a quattro voci da cantarsi nella chiesa de' padri della congregazione dell' oratorio di S. Filippo Neri di Firenze, music by Giovanni del Violone. Vangelisti, Florence, 1693.
L' Ismaele soccorso dall' angelo. Oratorio a cinque voci da cantarsi nella venerabible compagnia dell' angiolo Raffaello detta la scala, music by Alessandro Scarlatti. Vangelisti, Florence, 1695.
Il trionfo della grazia o vero La conversione di S.M. Maddalena oratorio a tre voci da cantarsi nel nobil collegio Tolomei di Siena, music by Alessandro Scarlatti. Miccioni, Florence, 1699.
 Santa Maria Maddalena de' Pazzi. Oratorio dedicato da' convittori del collegio Clementino alla madre suor Maria Grazia di S. Clemente carmelitana. Bernabo, Rome, 1705.
 Il trionfo della Vergine assunta in cielo. Oratorio a quattro voci da cantarsi nella venerabil compagnia della Purificazione di Maria Vergine e S. Zanobi detta di S. Marco, music by Alessandro Scarlatti. Vangelisti, Florence, 1706.
Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno, music by George Frideric Handel, Rome, summer 1707.
Il trionfo della Grazia. Oratorio, music by Antonio Maria Bononcini. eredi Cosmeroviani, Vienna, 1707.
 Sedecia re di Gerusalemme. Oratorio per musica da cantarsi nelle stanze de' paggi d'onore di sua altezza reale dedicato da' medesimi al serenissimo gran duca. Borghigiani, Florence, 1707.
Il figliol prodigo. Oratorio, music by Carlo Francesco Cesarini. Bernabo, Rome, 1708.
Maria Maddalena de' pazzi. Oratorio a quattro voci fatta cantare da monsignor Sebastiano Pompilio Bonaventura vescovo di Montefiascone, e Corneto alla presenza delle reali maestà di Giacomo Terzo re della Gran Bretagna, e Maria Clementina Sobieschi di lui regia consorte, music by Alessandro Scarlatti. Seminario, Montefiascone, 1719.

See also

 Pamphilj Palace (Albano)

References

External links
 Le Cantate per il cardinale Pamphili (1706–1707) by Handel
 Händel e Pamphili

1653 births
1730 deaths
18th-century Italian cardinals
Benedetto
Italian librettists
Italian philanthropists
Italian patrons of music
Italian art collectors
Writers from Rome
Italian art patrons


Saint-Isidore is a parish municipality in Roussillon Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie administrative region of Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,581. It is the hometown of mixed martial arts champion Georges St-Pierre.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Isidore had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Notable people
 Georges St-Pierre, mixed martial artist

See also
 Roussillon Regional County Municipality
 Chateauguay River
 Noire River (rivière de l'Esturgeon)
 Saint-Regis River
 List of parish municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Roussillon Regional County Municipality
Greater Montreal


Jane Park (born December 15, 1986) is an American professional golfer who plays on the LPGA Tour. Before turning professional, Park reached the finals of the 2003 U.S. Women's Amateur and 2004 U.S. Girls' Junior, and won the 2004 U.S. Women's Amateur. She also tied for low amateur at the 2006 U.S. Women's Open. Since joining the LPGA in 2007, she has earned over $2.8 million and recorded 16 top-10 finishes.

Early life and amateur career
Born in Chicago, Illinois, on December 15, 1986, Park began to play golf when she was 11 years old, and later resided in Rancho Cucamonga, California. In August 2003, 16-year-old Park reached the finals of the U.S. Women's Amateur, where she lost to Virada Nirapathpongporn 2 and 1. The following year, Park made it to the finals of the U.S. Girls' Junior Championship, where she faced Julieta Granada. After the 18-hole match finished all square, Granada won on the second extra hole. Three weeks later, Park won the U.S. Women's Amateur Championship, defeating Amanda McCurdy 2-up in the title match.

In addition to her three appearances in USGA event finals, Park played on the U.S. Curtis Cup team in 2004 and 2006 and the UCLA Bruins college team in 2005, when she was a first-team All-American. Following a tie for 10th at the 2006 U.S. Women's Open, which was tied for the highest finish by an amateur that year, she turned professional in August 2006.

Professional career
At the 2006 LPGA Final Qualifying Tournament in December, Park tied for 18th place, outside the top 15, which only secured her non-exempt (conditional) status on the LPGA Tour for 2007. With a partial LPGA schedule, she spent time on the Futures Tour developmental circuit in 2007. After finishing 109th on the LPGA Tour money list, Park returned to the Final Qualifying Tournament in December, where she won with a 17-under-par total and gained full playing privileges on the LPGA Tour for 2008.

During her first full season on the LPGA Tour, Park won over $630,000 to finish 29th on the 2008 money list. In 26 events, she recorded four top-10 finishes, including ties for second at the SBS Open at Turtle Bay and P&G Beauty NW Arkansas Championship. In 2009, Park had two top-10 finishes in 19 events; a sixth-place tie at the HSBC Women's Champions was her highest finish of the season. Park did not have a top-20 finish in the 2010 season, earning $78,572 for the year. In 2011, Park's earnings fell to $42,261, and she again had no top-20 finishes during the season.

Following a 2012 in which she missed the cut in more than half of her 15 events played, Park had a pair of top-10 finishes in 2013 and over $260,000 in earnings; her ranking of 51st on the LPGA money list was her highest in five years. Her 2014 earnings were just over half of the amount she made in 2013, though she made the cut in 11 of her 16 tournaments. Park's 2015 season included two top-10 finishes, and her season earnings topped $300,000. Her highest finish was a tie for fifth at the U.S. Women's Open, a tournament in which she held a share of the lead after one round. In 2016, she earned over $165,000, finishing 84th on the money list. Park's top finish of the season was a tie for 12th at the Evian Championship. The following year, Park's earnings exceeded $340,000, more than doubling her 2016 total. At the Canadian Women's Open, she had her highest finish of the season, a tie for eighth place; in her next tournament, the Portland Classic, she posted her second and final top-10 result in 2017, tying for ninth. That year, Park married Pete Godfrey, a caddie who has worked for LPGA Tour players Ariya Jutanugarn, Jang Ha-na, and Lydia Ko.

Park tied for fourth at the 2018 Kia Classic, her best LPGA Tour result in a decade. For the season, she earned almost $300,000 and was 65th on the money list. The Kia Classic was the only tournament in which Park finished in the top 10 in 2018. In 2019, she fell nine spots to 74th in earnings, which totaled over $200,000. Park had three top-10 results in 19 tournaments that season. At the Ladies Scottish Open, she shot a 63 in the first round and ended the day as a co-leader, on her way to a tie for ninth. She later finished tied for seventh at the Portland Classic, and at the Volunteers of America Classic she tied for fourth. In 2020, Park made two cuts in three events played; a tie for 25th at the Women's Australian Open was her highest finish. She made three of 10 cuts in 2021; her only top-60 finish was a tie for 13th at the LPGA Mediheal Championship. Park then took an extended leave from the tour to care for her daughter. In July 2023, after a two-year absence, she returned to play in the Dow Great Lakes Bay Invitational.

Results in LPGA majors
Results not in chronological order before 2019.

^ The Evian Championship was added as a major in 2013

LA = Low amateur
CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
NT = no tournament
"T" = tied

Source:

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (twice)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (twice)

LPGA Tour career summary

Official through the 2022 season
*Includes matchplay and other tournaments without a cut.

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Junior Solheim Cup: 2002 (winners), 2003
Curtis Cup: 2004 (winners), 2006 (winners)
Espirito Santo Trophy: 2004

References

External links

Jane Park at SeoulSisters.com

American female golfers
UCLA Bruins women's golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
Winners of ladies' major amateur golf championships
Golfers from Chicago
Golfers from California
American sportspeople of Korean descent
Sportspeople from Rancho Cucamonga, California
1986 births
Living people


Human, All Too Human is a three-part 1999 documentary television series co-produced by the BBC and RM Arts. It follows the lives of three prominent European philosophers: Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre. The theme revolves heavily around the school of philosophical thought known as Existentialism, although the term had not been coined at the time of Nietzsche's writing and Heidegger declaimed the label.

The documentary is named after the 1878 book written by Nietzsche, titled Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits (in German: Menschliches, Allzumenschliches: Ein Buch für freie Geister).

Episodes
Each episode runs at 50 minutes, for a total length of almost two hours and a half.

Episode 1: Beyond Good and Evil describes the life of Friedrich Nietzsche and his gradual shift from religion to nihilism, and finally, to insanity. Towards the end of his life, his sister Elizabeth is depicted as a Nazi sympathizer who took advantage of his mental condition by falsifying his works and letters and attempted to portray him as proto-Fascist thinker.
Episode 2: Thinking the Unthinkable centers around Martin Heidegger, who developed ideas from the writings and ideas of Nietzsche in an attempt to better understand individual human freedom. Before and after the reign of the Nazis in Germany, Heidegger spent much of his time living in solitude in the hill of Todtnauberg to allow himself to clear his mind and better focus on his own philosophy. Due to the fact that he was a member of the Nazi Party from 1933 until the end of World War II, his works were dismissed by his critics as Nazi propaganda.
Episode 3: The Road to Freedom describes the life of the French philosopher, Jean-Paul Sartre. This is when the term existentialism begins to enter the realm of philosophy. The documentary shows that Sartre believes it is up to each individual human being to give their own life a meaning and a purpose.

References

BBC television documentaries
Documentary films about philosophers
Works about Martin Heidegger
Works about Friedrich Nietzsche
1999 television films
1999 films
Philosophy television series
1990s British films


The women's high jump event  at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held at the Budapest Sportcsarnok in Budapest on 4 and 5 March.

Medallists

Results

Qualification

Qualification: 1.84 metres (Q) or the best 12 (q) qualified for the final

Final

References

High jump
High jump at the World Athletics Indoor Championships


County Dublin was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1801.

History
In the Patriot Parliament of 1689 summoned by James II, County Dublin was represented by two members.

Members of Parliament

Parliaments of Henry VIII
1536 Patrick Barnewall

Parliaments of Elizabeth I

1568 Sir Christopher Barnewall
1585 Richard Netterville
1585 Henry Burnell
1585 Nicholas Ball

Parliaments of James I
1613 Sir Christopher Plunket
1613 Thomas Luttrell of Luttrellstown

Parliaments of Charles I
1634  Nicholas Barnewall and Thomas Luttrell (died and replaced by Peter Barnewall)
1639  Nicholas Barnewall (ennobled 1647 and replaced by Sir Thomas Armstrong) and Peter Barnewall (expelled for non-attendance - replaced 1642 by  Sir John Sherlock)

Protectorate Parliament
1654–55: John Hewson
1656–58: John Bysse
1659: Sir Theophilus Jones

Charles II
1661 Sir William Domville and Sir William Ussher

1692–1801

Notes

References

Bibliography

Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Historic constituencies in County Dublin
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


The Díaz-Balart family is a Cuban-American political family primarily composed of the descendants of Cuban politician Rafael Díaz-Balart, and including two members of the United States Congress. The family came to the United States in January 1959, having been in Paris when Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban government the previous month. In 2003, the family was voted "Best Power Family" in the annual Miami New Times "BEST OF MIAMI" issue, which asserted that the family managed to "carve out a new U.S. Congressional district expressly for an ambitious family member", and also claimed that the father and grandfather of the U.S. politicians "were important members of the ruling oligarchy during the fearsome reign of Fulgencio Batista".

Members
Members of the family include:

Rafael José Díaz-Balart (c. 1899 – 1985), Cuban politician and mayor of the town of Banes; with his wife América Gutiérrez had two sons and a daughter:
Rafael Díaz-Balart (January 17, 1926 – May 6, 2005), Cuban politician; with his wife, Hilda Caballero Brunet, Díaz-Balart had four sons:
Rafael J. Díaz-Balart (born 1951), banker.
Lincoln Díaz-Balart (born August 13, 1954), U.S. Representative; with his wife, Cristina Fernandez, Díaz-Balart had two sons:
Lincoln Díaz-Balart Jr. (? – May 19, 2013)
Daniel Díaz-Balart
José Díaz-Balart (born November 7, 1960), television news anchor; with his wife, Brenda, Díaz-Balart has two daughters:
Katrina Díaz-Balart
Sabrina Díaz-Balart
Mario Díaz-Balart (born September 25, 1961), U.S. Representative; with his wife, Tia Díaz-Balart, Díaz-Balart has one son:
Cristian Díaz-Balart
Mirta Díaz-Balart (born 30 September 1928), sister of Rafael, was the first wife of Cuban leader Fidel Castro; they had one son and then divorced prior to the Cuban Revolution; she then remarried, to Emilio Núñez Blanco, with whom she had two daughters:
With Fidel Castro:
Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart ("Fidelito"; September 1, 1949 – February 1, 2018), Cuban physicist; Fidel Castro's first-born son. With his former wife Natasha Smirnova, he had three children:
Mirta María Castro-Smirnova (born 1984), lives in Spain, and teaches applied mathematics at the University of Seville;
Fidel Antonio Castro-Smirnov (born 1980), became a specialist in biochemistry and molecular biology.
José Raúl Castro-Smirnov (born 1985), studied nanotechnology at the University of Barcelona, graduated from the Higher Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences in Havana, and University of Seville with a physicist's diploma.
With Emilio Núñez Blanco:
Mirta Núñez Díaz-Balart, a Cuban-Spanish historian.
América Silvia Núñez Díaz-Balart.
Waldo Díaz-Balart (born February 10, 1931), brother of Rafael and Mirta, Cuban painter.

References

Political families of the United States
American people of Cuban descent


Rayo Cantabria, formerly known as Real Racing Club de Santander "B" is the reserve team of Racing de Santander, a Spanish football team based in Santander, in the autonomous community of Cantabria.

Founded in 1926 as a separate club, affiliated with Racing de Santander from 1951 and incorporated formally into the professional club's structure in 1993, the team currently plays in , holding home games at La Albericia, with a capacity of 1,000 spectators.

History
Rayo Cantabria was founded in 1926 as Gimnástica de Miranda, later being renamed Sociedad Deportiva Rayo Cantabria. Having competed independently in the Cantabrian Regional Championship, in 1946 they were promoted to the third tier of Spanish football, the old Tercera División, for the first time; the following campaign, they faced the biggest local club Racing de Santander (or Real Santander as they were known at the time), Rayo being relegated and Racing promoted. In the 1950–51 Tercera División season, Rayo came up against the Racing youth team, Juventud RS with both entering the relegating playoffs; Juventud went down and folded soon after, and from that time Rayo became the Racing farm team.

They went on to spent 20 consecutive years at the third level, coming close to promotion on a few occasions, also performing the important task in developing young local players, some of whom (including Paco Gento, Marquitos, Ico Aguilar, Pedro Zaballa, Vicente Miera and Nando Yosu) went on to great success. They temporarily disassociated from Racing in the 1968–69 and 1969–70 seasons when both were in the same division. After league restructuring in the mid 1970s, Rayo played just one further season at the third level (now Segunda División B) – that was in 1987–88, and they were relegated. Further elite players produced via a spell in the team included Tuto Sañudo, Juan Carlos, Manolo Preciado, Pedro Munitis and José María Ceballos.

In 1993 the original Rayo was dissolved in a national move to formally absorb affiliated teams into the professional clubs' structure, and Racing de Santander B took its place. A new Rayo Cantabria, who started playing as an independent club in the regional leagues from 1993, was also affiliated to Racing for four seasons, from 2003–04 to 2006–07. Racing B have since played nine seasons in Segunda B, lasting no more than two years in any single spell at that level; they would usually meet Dep. Rayo when relegated back to the fourth tier, and finished below their 'sibling' club on three occasions.

In 2018, previous manager Ángel Meñaca was recognised by the city of Santander for his lifetime efforts and contributions towards the running of both the original Rayo up to 1993 and the 'new' Rayo from then on.

In summer 2019, Racing de Santander successfully applied to have their B-team renamed as Rayo Cantabria going forward; the other Rayo club had been removed from the league a year earlier due to unpaid debts.

Club names

Gimnástica de Miranda (1926–1931)
Rayo Sport de Miranda (1931–1941)
Sociedad Deportiva Rayo Cantabria (1941–1993)
Racing de Santander B (1993–2019)
Rayo Cantabria (2019–)

Season to season
 As a farm team

 As a reserve team

10 seasons in Segunda División B
3 seasons in Segunda Federación/Segunda División RFEF
57 seasons in Tercera División

Current squad

Current technical staff

Players

Honours
Tercera División (3rd tier): 1960–61
Tercera División (4th tier): 1986–87, 1994–95, 1998–99, 2004–05
Copa Federación de España: 1998–99

Related teams
Deportivo Rayo Cantabria

References

External links
Racing de Santander official website
Futbolme team profile

Racing de Santander
Spanish reserve football teams
Football clubs in Cantabria
Association football clubs established in 1926
Sport in Santander, Spain
1926 establishments in Spain


Donkey milk (or ass milk, or jenny milk) is the milk from the domesticated donkey (Equus asinus). It has been used since antiquity for cosmetic purposes as well as infant nutrition.

History

Donkey milk has been used by humans for alimentary and cosmetic purposes since Egyptian antiquity; doctors recommended it to treat several afflictions, due to its healing and cosmetic virtues.

Hippocrates (460 – 370 BC), was the first to write of the medicinal use of donkey milk and prescribed it for numerous conditions including poisoning, fevers, infectious diseases, edema, healing wounds, nose bleeds, and liver trouble. In the Roman era donkey milk was a recognized remedy; Pliny the Elder (23 – 79 AD) in his encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, wrote extensively about its health benefits, i.e. to fight fever, fatigue, eye strain, weakened teeth, face wrinkles, poisonings, ulcerations, asthma and certain gynecological troubles, but it was not until the Renaissance that the first real scientific consideration was given to donkey milk. Georges-Louis Leclerc the Comte de Buffon (1707–1788) mentions the benefits of donkey milk in his Histoire naturelle and Pauline Bonaparte (1780–1825), Napoleon's sister, is reported to have used donkey milk for skin care. In France in the nineteenth century, Dr. Parrot of the Hospital des Enfants Assistés spread the practice of bringing motherless babies directly to the donkey's nipple (Bullettin de l’Académie de médicine, 1882). The donkey's milk was then sold until the twentieth century to feed orphaned infants and to cure delicate children, the sick and the elderly. For this reason, in Greece, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland many donkeys are born on farms. Nowadays donkey milk is largely used in the manufacture of soaps and moisturizers, but new evidence show its possible medical use, especially to treat, under the supervision of a doctor, infants and children with cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and with appropriate precautions such as a natural "formula" for infants.

Production

The donkey is considered a seasonal polyestrous animal, but the latitude in which the farm is located can greatly influence the reproduction cycle. The female is normally pregnant for about 12 months.

Donkey milk production differs greatly from that of conventional dairy species, especially in terms of milk supply which is much more limited. The equid mammary gland has a low capacity (max 2.5 L) and a part of the milk production should be left to the foal and milking may be carried out two or three hours after separation from the foal. Donkeys should be milked three times a day from 20 to 90 days after foaling. A female gives between 0.5 and 1.3 litres of milk a day for about 6–7 months. The variability of donkey milk production is due to many factors, such as individual milkability, nutrition, genetics, management of reproduction, etc., in addition to milking management.

Generally, a donkey farm (breeding), aimed at milk production is small, with some tens of heads and rarely more. In Europe, and specifically in Emilia Romagna (Italy) there is only one very large donkey farm with 800 head.

Composition

Gross composition
Published data on donkey milk gross composition confirm the closer resemblance to breast milk for lactose, protein and ash levels when compared with cow, sheep and goat milk. Despite the high lactose content of donkey milk the average fat content is lower for this purpose. When used in infant nutrition, donkey milk is usually supplemented with vegetable oil (4 mL per 100 mL of milk) to conform to human milk energy.

The casein to whey protein ratio in donkey milk was lower compared to the value on cow milk.

The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) accounts for an average of 16% of total nitrogen in donkey milk, is much closer than values reported for human milk (20%) but higher than those of domestic ruminants (5%).

The amino acid profile of the donkey milk proteins shows a very similar percentage of essential amino acids (36.7 e 38.2 g amino acid /100 g protein) than in human milk proteins (40.7 g amino acid /100 g protein).

Functional and bioactive components
Among the functional proteins detected in donkey milk, there are molecules active in antimicrobial protection such as lysozyme and lactoferrin. The lactoferrin content of donkey milk is intermediate between the lower values of cow milk and the higher values of human milk. Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of iron-dependent bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. This inhibits certain organisms, such as coliforms and yeast, that require iron. Lysozyme in donkey milk is present in large amounts, indeed ranges from 1.0 mg/mL to 4 mg/mL, depending on the analytical method used (chemical or microbiological); this substance is present also in human (0.12 mg/mL) but only in trace amounts in cow and goat milk. Lysozyme in donkey milk is highly thermo-stable and is very resistant to acid and protease and may play a significant role in the intestinal immune response.

In donkey mammary secretion, defatted or not, growth factors and hormones have also been determined. In detail, donkey mammary secretions contain human-like leptin at levels close to human milk (3.35 e 5.32 ng/mL milk). The bioactive peptides insulin like growth factor 1, ghrelin and triiodothyronine were also found in frozen donkey milk. These molecules, and many others present in human milk, are increasingly receiving attention from a nutraceutical point of view because of their potential direct role in regulating food intake, metabolism, and infant body condition.

Nutritional use

Natural hypoallergenic milk for infants with cows' milk protein allergy
Pasteurized donkey milk is used as a natural hypoallergenic milk, because it is tolerated by about 90% of infants with food allergies, e.g., cows' milk protein allergy (CMPA), a common food allergy in childhood with a prevalence of approximately 3% during the first 3 years of life. However the infants tolerance of donkey milk must be evaluated first subjectively, under medical supervision and after carrying out specific allergy tests. As natural hypoallergenic formula it is preferred over those of soy or produced from protein hydrolysates because has a pleasant taste and does not cause allergies in some people who also have allergic reactions to soy proteins or protein hydrolysates

Natural infants "formula"

Donkey's milk is similar to human milk for its lactose, proteins, minerals, amino-acid content.

In terms of energy despite the high lactose content of donkey milk the average fat content is lower if used predominantly before weaning.

When used in infant nutrition before weaning, due to its low fat content to mimic breast milk, like all infant formulas, donkey milk should be integrated with a source of fat; particular attention must also be given to essential fatty acids. Omega‐3 and omega‐6 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are known to play an essential role in the development of the brain and retina. Intakes in pregnancy and early life affect growth and cognitive performance later in childhood,ensuring adequate intakes of fat, essential fatty acids and especially DHA through these life stages is crucial, cost effective dietary sources of these fatty acids are needed to ensure adequate essential fatty acid and DHA intakes in these populations. The integration of these substances can take place with supplements of essential fatty acids (omega-3; omega-6) and vegetable oil certified for babies; this aspect is important to exclude the presence of spores that can pass the gastric mucosa in the first 4 months. For children who are not allergic to cow or goat milk, a part of fat can be compensated naturally by adding 1-2% of cow or goat butter. In any case, the integration of fats and essential fats can be done through the integration of donkey milk with artificial formulas for infants.

From the point of view of hygienic-sanitary safety, like all milks, donkey milk and its ingredients must be pasteurized before taking; the process of pasteurizing donkey milk deactivates bacterial and viral contaminants.

Donkey milk contains immune-enhancing compounds (in particular lysozyme and lactoferrin) to help protect infants from disease. In addition, the flavour and appearance of donkey milk have been found to be attractive to children.

Diet supplement
Donkey's milk is recommended for countering stomach acid, promoting the growth of intestinal flora, calming coughs and pertussis (a.k.a. whooping cough), and for use in the treatment of immune-mediated disorders.

Commercial forms

Raw donkey milk
Donkey milk milked and cooled to refrigeration temperature. According to European legislation, like all milks of animal origin, it must be pasteurized before being used, i.e. it must be cooked at home up to about 90 °C for at least 2 minutes.

Raw milk can be kept for 3 days at refrigerator temperature starting from the day of milking. To prolong conservation, raw milk can be frozen for up to 2-3 months. In any case, it must be thawed in the refrigerator and pasteurized before use.

Pasteurized donkey milk
Donkey milk is pasteurized in a closed circuit of pasteurization and bottling (aseptic) at at least 72 °C for 15 seconds or equivalent times and temperatures. In case of pasteurization in discontinuous systems, the temperature must be higher depending on the method used and the type of plant and destination.

Freeze drying (lyophilized)
Donkey milk can be freeze dried to preserve the biological quality of the milk, and so preserve its nutritional, functional and cosmetic properties. This is possible because in freeze drying the milk is frozen and brought under vacuum at low temperatures. During this process the water is removed by sublimation. The result is approximately ten percent of dry matter that is called lyophilized (or freeze dried) donkey milk. This powder is easy to reconstitute. The lyophilized product has to be packaged without any oxygen. It has a shelf life of two years. Normally it is produced from pasteurized donkey milk so it is ready to use.

Concluding, the treatment of lyophilization (freeze dried) of donkey's milk demonstrated that the natural colour, flavours, nutrients, bioactive substances of the fresh donkey milk are retained. Instead, with the spray-drying method, another way to dry products, the milk is being heated whereby vitamins and other important bioactive substances will get lost. In addition Freeze-dried do not require chemical preservatives and can be either consumed directly or re hydrated easily. However, this method for its high costs is practiced only by a few companies.

This product it is easy to find in Italy and Europa , where it was for the first time put on the market.

Fermented donkey milk (kumis)
The use of fermented equid milk is an ancient tradition in central Asia, like kumis or airag, a fermented mares milk very popular in Asia and Russia; but there are also traditional variants made from donkey milk.

In Mongolia, where kumis is the national drink, people have a saying that ‘kumys cures 40 diseases’.

Cosmetic use

Cosmetics with donkey milk
In recent years, the cosmetic industry is mainly focused towards products made with natural ingredients and it is oriented to a sustainable consumption. Because of their natural origin, milk components correspond in many fields to the needs of cosmetology.

Recent scientific study on a cream containing of lyophilized donkey milk showed different benefits for the skin. These results are related to the effectiveness of donkey milk components like proteins, minerals, vitamins, essential fatty acids, bioactive enzyme and coenzyme which allow the skin a balanced nourishment and a proper hydration. In particular vitamin C content in donkey milk is almost 4 times more of cow's milk. Donkey milk contain more lactoferrin of cow milk and a considerable mounts of lysozyme, from 1.0 mg/mL to 4 mg/mL (depending on the analytical method used: chemical or microbiological), instead cow's milk only traces. For this reason, it has the potentiality, when properly formulated, to reduce problem skin with eczema, acne, psoriasis and herpes and properties in calming the irritation symptoms as reported by some authors.

Some authors have preliminarily evaluated whether the use of a face cream made from donkey milk affected the perception of some sensory aspects. The results showed that treated cream resulted appreciated by dry skin consumers for the following sensory aspects: spreadability, total appearance, smoothness, moisturisation and total effectiveness . The overall judgement also resulted highest for face cream made with donkey milk.

Today, donkey milk is still used in the manufacture of soaps and creams.

History
It is said that Cleopatra, Queen of Ancient Egypt, took baths in donkey milk to preserve the beauty and youth of her skin. Legend has it that no less than 700 donkeys were needed to provide the quantity of milk necessary for her daily bath.

This was also the case of Poppaea Sabina (30–65), second wife of Roman Emperor Nero, who is referred to in Pliny's description of the ass milk virtues for the skin:

"It is generally believed that ass milk effaces wrinkles in the face, renders the skin more delicate, and preserves its whiteness: and it is a well-known fact, that some women are in the habit of washing their face with it seven times daily, strictly observing that number. Poppaea, the wife of the Emperor Nero, was the first to practise this; indeed, she had sitting-baths, prepared solely with ass milk, for which purpose whole troops of she- asses used to attend her on her journeys."

The Roman poet Ovid (43 BC. – 18 AD.) also in his poem Medicamina Faciei Femineae, suggest beauty masks made with donkey milk.

Pauline Bonaparte (1780–1825), Napoleon's sister, is also reported to have used ass milk for her skin's health care.

Traditional Medicine

Much of the "medicinal" use of equid milk (donkey and mare) is based on tradition. The accuracy and clarity of the results that can be obtained with the scientific method are certainly to be appreciated, however, scientific studies on equid milk are often lacking regarding the beneficial effects towards certain pathologies. Popular medicine or traditional medicine is defined as one that follows traditions and not the scientific method and is the set of medical practices prior to the advent of industrial medicine (founded with the establishment of large pharmaceutical companies).The scientific method has weaknesses and limitations as much as any other method, so in the meantime the data that derives from cultural experience should not be underestimated. Many of these practices have become rooted in popular knowledge and tradition. The first written documents reporting the nutritional and "curative" effects of equine milk date back to around 2000 years ago.

In fact, already Herodotus in the 5th century B.C. mentions it as a nutritious drink. Hippocrates (460–370 BC.), the father of medicine, was the first to describe the medicinal virtues of donkey milk. He prescribed donkey milk for numerous ailments, such as liver problems, edemas, nosebleeds, poisonings, infectious diseases, the healing of sores, and fevers. In Roman times, donkey milk was used as a universal remedy: Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), in his encyclopedic work Naturalis Historia, has widely described its health benefits. In particular, Pliny writes about 54 medicinal uses of donkey milk, ranging (spacing) from its use as an anti-venom or as a relief for external irritations (itching) to the use of it in a pomade (ointment) for the eyes. He states that donkey milk is the most effective as a medicine, followed by cow's milk, and then goat's milk. During the Renaissance, donkey milk was the subject of a first real scientific consideration by the wise men of the time, when Francis I, king of France, on the advice of his doctors, used donkey milk to recover from a long illness. There are various testimonials concerning the effectiveness of donkey milk. The famous French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc (1707–1788) underlined the benefits of donkey milk in his Histoire Naturelle.

Some effects have also been supported by systematic and scientific studies starting from the mid-1800s, especially by Russian doctors.

It is worth remembering that donkey and mare's milk are very similar therefore it is assumed that we have similar properties therefore for knowledge based on tradition we often speak indistinctly of donkey and mare's milk (equid milk).

The beneficial effects of equine milk, from the first historical sources to the present day, are aimed at:
 Lungs and the entire respiratory system
 Entire digestive system including the liver
 Metabolism
 Skin, directly and indirectly through the intestine
 Hematopoietic organs

It was generally described as a food capable of regenerating a weakened, emaciated, impoverished organism in an unusually short time, allowing the body to achieve better resistance. It was used by the Asian (Mongolian) equestrian peoples often as the only source of food for long periods of time and during high physical exertion, without the body developing symptoms of deficiency. Under Genghis-chan, the Mongols established the largest world empire ever. They moved on their horses across the steppes, deserts and mountains and covered distances that required weeks of travel in a few days and for long periods they lived mainly on the milk of their mares, both fresh and fermented (kumyss). Around 1850, various Russian doctors observed the habits of the shepherds of the Baskirian steppe. They reported that the Basic and Tatars spent the winter in very unfavorable environmental conditions, with temperatures down to minus 60°C, severe winter storms, and very little or no food. Weakened nomads regained their strength unusually quickly as soon as they fed on mare's milk. Russian doctors observed in the 19th century that tuberculosis was practically non-existent among the steppe nomads. Doctors attributed it to fermented mare's milk as the staple food of the steppe people. When this became known in Russia, a migration of tuberculosis patients from Russia to the Asian steppes began. The treatment was initially "wild", without medical supervision. From 1850 the first sanatoriums were founded and treatments were oriented along systematic, medical-scientific lines, however the importance of Kumyss treatment of tuberculosis in Russia lasted until about 1970, then it was gradually replaced by modern medicine. However, Kumys' treatment was the most effective tuberculosis therapy for many years. Treatment with Kumys & mare's milk has been extended to other diseases in Russia and Kazakhstan over the decades: non-tuberculous diseases of the respiratory system (e.g. pneumonia, all forms of bronchitis), diseases of the digestive system (inflammations and stomach and duodenal ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease), liver disease (all forms of liver inflammation e.g. hepatitis up to cirrhosis of the liver, dyslipidaemia), various forms of anemia, all forms of debilitating and exhausting diseases, irrespective of cause (e.g. major operations, cancer, burns, immunodeficiencies) as well as more rare and to a lesser extent concomitant with surgical, gynecological, urological diseases, both in adults and children. Language barriers and cultural differences still prevent an exchange between the Western cultural area and these cultures today, however Russia and Kazakhstan are still conducting scientific research on the effects of equine milk and kumyss on humans.

Postnikov, a Russian doctor who dedicated his entire life to the research and use of horse milk in the mid-19th century , summed up its effects in three words:
 Nourishes: gives the body the ability to better absorb and use food.
 Strengthens: strengthens and stimulates the functional activity of the organs.
 Modification: change, renew the metabolism functions in the body towards healthy and normal.

References

Milk by animal
Donkeys


Ephraim Maurice Sparrow (May 27, 1928–August. 1, 2019) was a Professor of Engineering  at the University of Minnesota. He is known for his contributions to all aspects of heat transfer and fluid mechanics. Sparrow has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited Author in Engineering by the ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Scientific Company.

Academic career
Sparrow received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1948 and 1949, respectively. He then received his M.A. (1950) and Ph.D. (1952) degrees from Harvard University, both in Mechanical Engineering.

In 1959, he joined at the University of Minnesota in the department of Mechanical Engineering. During his tenure there, he served as chairman of the fluid mechanics program from 1968 to 1980. Sparrow supervised more than 100 doctoral students and more than 250 masters students. His work was published in over 850 peer-reviewed and widely cited, with over 40,000 citations at the time of his death. At the time of his death, he was both the oldest and the longest serving faculty member in the Mechanical Engineering department.

Honors and awards
Member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1986
Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Monie A. Ferst Award, 1993
ASME Ralph Coates Roe Medal
Max Jakob Memorial Award, 1976

Books authored
E. M. Sparrow and R. D. Cess, Radiation Heat Transfer, CRC Press, 1978.

References

MIT School of Engineering alumni
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
2019 deaths
Fluid dynamicists
1928 births


Kiran Ahluwalia is a Canadian singer-songwriter who infuses Indian music with African desert blues and Western styles. Ahluwalia won the 'Newcomer' category in the inaugural Songlines Music Awards (2009) – announced 1 May 2009 – the new 'world music' awards organised by the UK-based magazine, Songlines.

Personal life

Ahluwalia was born in Patna, grew up in Delhi and moved to Toronto at the age of nine. After completing her MBA at Dalhousie University, she returned to Toronto with the plan of being in the financial services industry, she changed her mind and went back to India to study music and then returned to Toronto to build her career as a musician.

Ahluwalia is married to guitar player and co-arranger Rez Abbasi, and currently lives in New York.

In 2016, Ahluwalia was one of the recipients of the Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Awards presented by Canadian Immigrant Magazine.

Discography

With Rez Abbasi
Things to Come (Sunnyside, 2009)

Featured by Delerium
Indoctrination (from Nuages du Monde) (Nettwerk, 2006)

References

External links
 Kiran Ahluwalia
 Kiran Ahluwalia performing on NYC Radio LIVE!
 Kiran Ahluwalia Interview at allaboutjazz.com
Kiran Ahluwalia on Facebook

Living people
1965 births
Musicians from Patna
Indian emigrants to Canada
Singers from Toronto
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian world music musicians
Canadian musicians of Indian descent
Canadian people of Punjabi descent
Dalhousie University alumni
Juno Award for Global Music Album of the Year winners
Canadian Folk Music Award winners
Expatriate musicians in India
Canadian expatriates in India
21st-century Canadian singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters


is a lighthouse located on a hill at the outermost extremity of Cape Omae south of Omaezaki Port, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.

A lighthouse was built at Cape Omae as early as 1635, when the Tokugawa Shogunate recognized the frequency of marine accidents on the rocks off the coast of Tōtōmi Province.

History

Omaesaki Lighthouse was one of the 26 lighthouses to be built in Meiji period Japan by British engineer Richard Henry Brunton. Although not one of the eight lighthouses stipulated specifically by the provisions of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1858, construction was given priority by the Meiji government after a Japanese navy vessel grounded on the rocks off Cape Omae on April 8, 1871. Construction began on May 26, 1872 and the lighthouse was completed on May 1, 1874 at a cost of 25,000 yen. The lighthouse is noteworthy as the first to use a  Fresnel lens in Japan.

The light was upgraded to a more powerful beam in 1917. During World War II, Omaesaki Lighthouse was bombarded by United States Navy warships, cracking its lens and causing severe damage to its structure. The light was repaired after the end of the war, and its lens upgraded to a third order Fresnel. It went back into operation on March 24, 1949.

Omaesaki Lighthouse is currently open to the public, and can be ascended for a panoramic view of the Pacific Ocean. It is registered with the Japanese government as an “A-grade Lighthouse” for historic preservation and is listed as one of the “50 Lighthouses of Japan” by the Japan Lighthouse Association. It is operated by the Japan Coast Guard.

Name
Omaesaki Lighthouse is located at  in , Shizuoka Prefecture. But the lighthouse name is "".

See also

 List of lighthouses in Japan

Notes

References
Brunton, Richard. Building Japan, 1868–1879. Japan Library, 1991.
Pedlar, Neil. The Imported Pioneers: Westerners who Helped Build Modern Japan. Routledge, 1990.

External links
 Historic Lighthouses of Japan
 Lighthouses in Japan
 Omaezaki City official home page

Lighthouses completed in 1874
Buildings and structures in Shizuoka Prefecture
Lighthouses in Japan
Tourist attractions in Shizuoka Prefecture
Museums in Shizuoka Prefecture
Lighthouse museums in Japan
Buildings of the Meiji period
Omaezaki, Shizuoka
1874 establishments in Japan


Boris Stoyanov Drangov (; 15 March 1872–26 May 1917) was a Bulgarian colonel and warfare pedagogue.

Drangov was born in Skopje in Ottoman-ruled Macedonia (today the capital of North Macedonia), to the family of a rich timber merchant. He graduated from the local Bulgarian Exarchate school or the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. In 1891, he enrolled in the Military School in Sofia in the Principality of Bulgaria. After a conflict with an officer, he was dispatched to Lom in 1894; in the town, Drangov met his future wife (also from Macedonia) and was promoted to second lieutenant in 1895. In 1899, he became a first lieutenant.

During the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, Drangov left the Bulgarian Army to arrive in Macedonia. There, he assembled an armed detachment of 120 men which fought the Ottomans in the Kratovo region. After the uprising's suppression, Drangov returned to the army and was promoted to rotmistar (cavalry captain). He studied at the Imperial Russian General Staff Academy in Saint Petersburg; he graduated with honours in 1907 and returned to Bulgarian service. Promoted to major in 1910, he became a lecturer of military tactics at the Military School in Sofia.

During the First Balkan War of 1912–1913, Drangov headed a brigade on the Thracian front, defeating the Ottomans at Çatalca and during the Siege of Adrianople. During the Second Balkan War, Drangov fought the Serbs at Bublyak Peak. In February 1915, he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.

With the outbreak of World War I, Drangov was named as the head of a regiment consisting mainly of untrained Macedonian Bulgarian volunteers. Under his training, the regiment turned into an efficient unit and fought at Kalimanci, Kočani and Štip. He also fought at the Romanian front in Dobruja before he was dispatched back to Macedonia, where his unit guarded the River Crna meander. He was wounded during artillery shelling on 26 May 1917 and died of his wounds the same evening.

Boris Drangov was interred in the Saint Demetrius Church's yard in Skopje. His remains were later moved by the Serbian authorities to a common cemetery. Drangov was posthumously promoted to colonel by the Bulgarian Army.

Honours
Three villages in Bulgaria bear Boris Drangov's name: Drangovo, Kardzhali Province, Drangovo, Blagoevgrad Province and Drangovo, Plovdiv Province. Drangov Peak in the Breznik Heights on Greenwich Island, Antarctica, was also named after him.

References

 Шишков, К., Полковник Борис Дрангов — избрани произведения, Военно издателство, София, 1985.
 Шишков, К., Преподавателят майор Борис Дрангов., „Военнисторически сборник“, 1985, № 5.
 Недев, Светлозар, Командването на българската войска през войните за национално обединение, Военноиздателски комплекс „Свети Георги Победоносец“, София, 1993, стр. 181.
 Борис Дрангов. Сборник материали и научни изследвания. София, 1993.
 Карнфилов, Ефрем. Борис Дрангов в: Ефрем Каранфилов, „Българи“, София, 1980.
 Узунов, Христо. Полковник Борис Дрангов, „Армейски преглед“, 1986, №10.
 Sega newspaper of 8 November 2005

1872 births
1917 deaths
Military personnel from Skopje
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Bulgarian military personnel of World War I
Bulgarian military personnel killed in World War I
Recipients of the Order of Bravery
Bulgarian revolutionaries
Macedonian Bulgarians
Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki alumni
People from the Ottoman Empire


Eldin, an alternative transliteration of Ad-Din ("faith", "religion"), is a given name and a surname.

It may refer to:

People
 Eldin Adilović (born 1986), Bosnian footballer
 Eldin Huseinbegović, Bosnian singer-songwriter
 Eldin Jakupović (born 1984), Bosnian-Swiss footballer
 Eldin Karisik (born 1983), Bosnian-Swedish footballer
 Dzulmi Eldin (born 1960), mayor of Medan, North Sumatra
 Mohammed Eldin (born 1985), Sudanese footballer
 Mohamed Bahaa Eldin (born 1947), Egyptian politician
 Mohamed Hossam Eldin (born 2001), Egyptian footballer
 Peter Eldin (born 1939), British author and magician

Fictional characters
 Eldin the Wanderer, in the Cthulhu Mythos story cycle

See also
 John Clerk of Eldin (1728–1812), a figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, remembered for his writings on naval tactics in the Age of Sail
 John Clerk, Lord Eldin (1757–1832), Scottish judge, eldest son of John Clerk of Eldin
 Elden (disambiguation)
 Eldon (disambiguation)

Bosniak masculine given names
Bosnian masculine given names
Masculine given names


The 2009 Vanderbilt Commodores football team represented Vanderbilt University during the 2009–10 college football season. The team's head coach was Bobby Johnson, who served his eighth season as the Commodores' head coach. Vanderbilt has been a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) since the league's inception in 1932, and has participated in that conference's Eastern Division since its formation in 1992. The Commodores played their six home games at Vanderbilt Stadium at Dudley Field in Nashville, Tennessee, which has been Vanderbilt football's home stadium since 1922. The Commodores finished the season 2–10 and 0–8 in SEC play.

Coaching staff
Bobby Johnson – Head coach
Ted Cain – Offensive coordinator and tight ends coach
Bruce Fowler – Defensive coordinator
Robbie Caldwell – Assistant head coach/offensive line coach
Rick Logo – Defensive line coach
Warren Belin – Linebackers coach and recruiting coordinator
Jamie Bryant – Defensive backs coach and special teams coordinator
Charlie Fisher – Co-passing game coordinator & wide receivers
Jimmy Kiser – Co-passing game coordinator & quarterbacks
Desmond Kitchings – Running backs coach
Michael Hazel – Assistant director of football operations
Joey Orck – Offensive quality control
Andy Frank – Defensive quality control
Norval McKenzie – Offensive graduate assistant
Mark Moehring – Defensive graduate assistant
Tom Bossung – Head athletic trainer
Brian Reese – Associate director of student athletics
John Sisk – Director of speed, strength and conditioning
Luke Wyatt – Head equipment manager
 Gary Veach – Assistant equipment manager

Schedule

Game summaries

Western Carolina

LSU

Mississippi State

Rice

Ole Miss

Army

Georgia

South Carolina

Georgia Tech

Florida

Kentucky

Tennessee

References

Vanderbilt
Vanderbilt Commodores football seasons
Vanderbilt Commodores football


Raoul Charles de Thuin (1890–1975) was a prolific stamp forger and dealer who was originally a citizen of Belgium but who operated from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, of which country he eventually became a naturalised citizen. De Thuin's work was considered so dangerous to philately that his tools and stock were purchased by the American Philatelic Society in 1966 in order to curtail his activities.

Origins and travels
De Thuin stated that he was engaged in philatelic "work" as early as 1916  and the philatelic world began to be aware of him between the two World Wars.

In 1927 he had a shop Maison de Thuin, at 35 Boulevard Lambermont in Brussels, Belgium. Services included the removal of fiscal cancellations from British stamps and the application of forged overprints to Siamese stamps.

In a 1969 letter to Carl Walske, de Thuin stated that he was a good friend of Angelo Panelli, who was closely associated with the forger Erasmo Oneglia. A photograph of de Thuin from 1927 may be found in the work on Oneglia by Robson Lowe and Carl Walske.

According to contemporary Mexican newspaper reports, found by the American Philatelic Society, he first entered Mexico in 1931 as a 'journalist', on the run from French and Belgian police who wanted him for forgery. He was then expelled from Mexico for setting up a forgery ring involving public officials, moved to Tegucigalpa, Honduras, who jailed and then expelled him in 1936. He was living in Belize sometime after 1936 and back to Mexico City by the early 1940s. He then appears to have settled in Mérida, Mexico by 1946. In 1968/9 he moved to Guayaquil, Ecuador his wife's home town - the biggest regret of his life.

Work as a forger
De Thuin specialised in forging overprints of Central and South American countries, especially Mexico, thus turning common stamps into rarities. He also copied illustrations that he had seen in magazines, sometimes repeating the mistakes of the original illustrator where he had no original to refer to. He is thought not to have produced whole stamps apart from the classic issues of Mexico.

Robson Lowe compared de Thuin unfavourably with Jean de Sperati whom Lowe regarded as a superior craftsman. He noted that long before the true identity of de Thuin was known, his work had been identified by British philatelists who had named him George. Lowe reported that de Thuin had been quoted as saying that "I have no conscience at all at having deceived all those foolish people. They are just fanatics who neglect their families for their passion." De Thuin had also been reported as saying that although he had only three wives, he had four hundred mistresses and that they had borne him twenty-five children.

De Thuin's method of sale was to use one of his aliases to send sheets of approvals to collectors, mainly in the United States, which mixed a few genuine common stamps with forgeries of rarer items. Many collectors were duped and in 1962 a London sale of 498 lots of classic Mexico belonging to Prof. Hormer Lizama was cancelled when the sale was revealed to consist mainly of de Thuin fakes.

Aliases
De Thuin operated using various aliases and accomplices, including:

The Maya Shop
Raoul Ch. de Thuin
Gilda Rivero Mendoza
Gilda Rivero de Thuin
Gilda Rivero Mendoza de Thuin
Thelma Salazar
Blanca Soberanis
Socorro Duran M.
Belgian Export Company
French Philatelic Agency
Free French Philatelic Agency
Mérida Philatelic Agency
R.G. Knapen

Gilda Rivero Mendoza was de Thuin's wife and one complainant in 1947 asserted that R.G. Knapen was de Thuin's real name.

The numerous aliases were to circumvent fraud orders which prevented the US Post Office from forwarding mail addressed to particular persons or firms.

The end
In the 1960s the American Philatelic Society began a campaign to drive de Thuin out of business through their 'Committee of Five' and after prolonged negotiations most of de Thuin's stock and equipment was bought by the APS in December 1966 in order to remove it from the market. The APS subsequently produced a reference guide to his work of over 500 pages, however, there is evidence that de Thuin continued to produce forgeries, or at least to sell them from stock, long after then.

As late as 1974 he was still in business in Guayaquil, Ecuador, though it appears old age and bad eyesight had severely curtailed his activities. In private correspondence of 1974 he stated that he had bought a villa there and was married to an Ecuadorian woman. Although almost blind he was still able to conduct business and to travel, saying that he had recently visited his family in Rio de Janeiro.

He died on 23 April 1975.

See also
Philatelic fakes and forgeries
List of stamp forgers

References

Further reading
Chemi, James M., ed. The Yucatan Affair: The Work Of Raoul Ch. de Thuin, Philatelic Counterfeiter. State College, Pennsylvania: The American Philatelic Society Inc., 1974.
Tyler, Varro E. Philatelic Forgers: Their Lives and Works. London: Robson Lowe Ltd., 1976.

External links
Transcripts of de Thuin's correspondence.
Linns refresher course on fakes and forgeries by Rick Miller.

1890 births
1975 deaths
Stamp forgers
Stamp dealers
20th-century Belgian criminals
Belgian emigrants to Mexico


The Sabueso Español or Spanish Hound is a scenthound breed with its origin in the far north of Iberian Peninsula. This breed has been used in this mountainous region since hundreds of years ago for all kind of game: wild boar, hare, brown bear, wolf, red deer, fox, roe deer and chamois. It is an exclusive working breed, employed in hunting with firearms.

History

The first description of Iberian scenthounds appears in chapter 39 of Libro de la Montería de Alfonso XI or The Hunting Book of Alfonso XI, a medieval tome of the 14th century for a Castillian king. After that, diverse descriptions of Iberian scenthounds appeared in various Spanish hunting books of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries: two examples include Tratado de la Montería, or A Treatise on Hunting   and Molina's late Renaissance book Discurso de la Montería, or A Discourse on Hunting, written in 1582.

During these centuries Spanish scenthounds of the type that would become the Sabueso  were used mainly in brown bear and wild boar hunting. Also they were very often used to track wounded game by hunters called Ballesteros (because they used crossbows). Of course these hounds have been used since very ancient times in "caza a traílla" (leashed hound-hunting) to know previously of the hunt the resting location of bears, boars and wolves.

When firearms were becoming common in northern Spain and big game populations decreased, hunters diversified their quarry and began directing their hounds to hunt rabbits, called "caza de la liebre a la vuelta", although the hunting of  wild boar and roe deer continued in other areas.

Today big game populations in northern Spain have increased substantially and use of the Spanish scenthound  has been revived, with a fixed standard since 1982, mainly in wild boar hunting, in the traditional type of boar hunting called "caza a traílla".

Appearance

The Spanish Hound is a medium-sized dog, with a body that is longer than it is tall. Its total height should be a maximum of  52–57 cm (20-22 inches) in males,  and  48–53 cm (18-21 inches) in females. It has very long ears similar to other hound breeds bred for tracking scent; the ears when stretched out should reach past the tip of the nose and commonly twirl away from the head in a slight corkscrew. The legs and feet that are compact, but strong, similar to the Beagle. The  eyes should be amber, with a dignified, baleful expression.  The tale should be tapering and whip-like, often with a white splash of fur at the tip. Typically the coat should be smooth, short, and glossy; it should have a white base with any combination of lemon, orange, or red-brown patches painted on it without any mottling or merle patterning, like a Paint Horse. The overall temperament is gentle and easy going, but relentless in tracking and brave when faced with a large animal like a male boar.

Use

The Spanish hound is a scenthound with a great sense of smell; characteristically it is an old type of European hound with a cold nose style of hunting. It has a distinctively loud, booming howl. Hunters can know the different phases of the hunt by listening to the hound: as it hunts, its voice changes from a loud, long bay to choppy short barks, indicating it has found its quarry.  In far northern Spain, they call the short pattern of choppy barks the "latido" or "llatido".

In the South, the hound is primarily used in hunting rabbits, similar to the better known Basset Hound.  Their favorite  traditional method is to let the hare have a head start  so the hound can work the trail until it catches up and wears its prey down, driving it into the path of the hunter. This kind of hunting is called "caza de la liebre a la vuelta" (coming back hare hunting).

In the mountains of Northern Spain, the Sabueso is very often used in wild boar hunting.    Mostly this type of hunting is called "caza a traílla", where the dog leads the hunters on a leash. This type of hunting is very old and traditional, whose origin is lost in ancient times. This kind of hunting consists of looking for the wallowing location of the wild boar during the daylight with the help of a leashed scenthound. The hunter (called "montero") and the scenthound will track the boar until they know the resting location of the wild boar. When this location is certain (because the hunter and scenthound have surrounded the wood and there is not a boar track going out of the wood) some hunters with firearms wait surrounding the wood and some scenthounds are unleashed on the track. They jump the boar and chase it at least until the hunters can shoot it.

This hunting dog possesses a markedly independent character because it has been bred to hunt alone or with one or two more hounds, because of that this breed is not properly a packing breed. They are often found together with griffons in the hunt for wild boar, and were used in the creation of the Griffon Astur-Cantabro, the griffon type that you will most often come across in Spain.

Character
There are many Sabuesos in Spanish shelters, usually with little chance of ever being adopted, because of the misconception that they do not make good family pets; however, they have a very affectionate, calm, amenable character and would do well with an active family in a rural home. The Spanish Hound is first of all a working dog, which thrives in its original role as a hunter; however, its loving and devoted nature makes it a good companion dog. This high spirited dog will be happy to spend time with younger members of its family but it will not  tolerate disrespectful or rough treatment from their part. The Sabueso has a good reputation with other dogs as it was widely used as a small-pack hunter. Canine aggressiveness is fairly uncommon for the Sabuesos. Although they have a high tracking instinct, Sabuesos can live alongside other family pets.

References

FCI breeds
Rare dog breeds
Scent hounds
Dog breeds originating in Cantabria


The Sauk Trail was originally a Native American trail running through what are present-day Illinois, Indiana and Michigan in the United States. From west to east, the trail ran from Rock Island on the Mississippi River to the Illinois River near modern Peru then along the north bank of that river to Joliet, and on to Valparaiso, Indiana. Then it ran northeasterly to La Porte and into southern Michigan running through Niles, Sturgis, Ypsilanti, and ending at the Detroit River near Detroit.

Sections of the trail appeared to follow the southern boundary between the dense forest and the mixed grassland regions. The identification of a mastodon trailway along the same path indicates that the Native Americans may have been using a long established game trail, as they did in other areas, for instance where they followed bison paths.

In 1820 Henry Schoolcraft, then at present-day Michigan City, Indiana, described the trail, as a "plain horse path, which is considerably traveled by traders, hunters, and others..." and said that a stranger could not follow it without the services of a guide because of the numerous side trails. The Sauk Trail intersected many important trails and early roads, including trails to Vincennes, to Green Bay, to Fort Wayne and to Little Traverse Bay.

Illinois
In Illinois, not much is known about the exact path. Scholars believe it likely ran along the Illinois River, and past what was at one point, the "Grand Village of the Illini", near current-day Utica. Settlers also used this trail, and U.S. Route 6 (US 6) ultimately was built along the same rough route.

It ran from Rock Island, to Peru and  follows along the northern bank of the Illinois River to Joliet. Settler accounts note that where the Rock River joined the Mississippi River was the beginning of a native path that continued eastward to Chicago. A highway named Sauk Trail runs from Frankfort, Illinois through Park Forest, Illinois to just west of the state line at Dyer, Indiana. US 12 was built along a known portion of the Sauk Trail that ultimately ends in Detroit. US 6 parallels, at various points, the Illinois and Des Plaines rivers' paths, and some of their tributaries. Natives and later settlers often found pathways easiest along the river banks.

Indiana

The transition of the trail from Illinois to Indiana is uncertain. A Great Sauk Trail memorial was installed outside of Iddings Elementary School in Merrillville, Indiana. It has been established that the trail ran through what is today Valparaiso, then into La Porte and on to Michigan. Today Rte 30 transitions to Rte 2 along this route.

Michigan
In Michigan, the route of the modern US Highway 12 has been associated with the Sauk Trail since 1962. Before that year, US 112 was the roadway along this route. The route in Michigan has also been known as the Chicago Road or Chicago Trail.

See also

 Saginaw Trail, another trail named after the Sac people

References

External links

Historic trails and roads in the United States
Native American trails in the United States
Native Americans in Indiana
Historic trails and roads in Indiana
Historic trails and roads in Illinois
Historic trails and roads in Michigan
Sac and Fox
U.S. Route 12
Native American history of Illinois
Native American history of Michigan


The Hugo Awards are presented every year by the World Science Fiction Society for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories, and was once officially known as the Science Fiction Achievement Award. The award has been described as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction" and "the best known literary award for science fiction writing". In addition to the regular awards that have been given in most years that the awards have been active, several discontinued Hugo Awards have been presented throughout the years, only to be removed after a few years.

When the Hugo awards were begun in 1953, each Worldcon organizing committee decided what awards they would give. Several awards were presented over the next few years which were not repeated in later conventions, unlike the primary categories which are still presented—such as Best Novel. These awards were the Best Cover Artist, Best Interior Illustrator, Excellence in Fact Articles, Best New SF Author or Artist, and #1 Fan Personality Hugos at the initial 1953 awards ceremony, the Best Feature Writer, Best Book Reviewer, and Most Promising New Author awards in 1956, the Outstanding Actifan award in 1958, and the Best New Author of 1958 award in 1959.

In 1961, however, formal rules were set down for which categories would be awarded, which could only be changed by the World Science Fiction Society membership through the annual Business Meeting. Despite this, the 1964 convention awarded a Hugo Award for the Best SF Book Publisher, which was not on that list. Immediately afterward the guidelines were changed to allow individual conventions to create additional categories, which was codified as up to two categories for that year. These additional awards were officially designated as Hugo Awards, but were not required to be repeated by future conventions. This was later adjusted to only allow one additional category. The Best SF Book Publisher award was repeated in 1965, and the Best All-Time Series award was given in 1966. No other additional categories were added by 1974, when the guidelines were changed again to allow up to ten categories which would be chosen by each convention, though they were expected to be similar to those presented in the year before. Despite this change no new awards were added or previous awards removed before the guidelines were changed back to listing specific categories.

The next discontinued Hugo award was the Other Forms award, given in 1988. It was followed in 1990 by the Best Original Art Work award, which was listed again as a special award in 1991, though not actually awarded, and instated afterward as an official Hugo Award. It was then removed from this status in 1996, and has not been awarded since. The Best Web Site special Hugo award was given in 2002 and 2005, and was followed by the Best Series special award, given in 2017 in advance of it being ratified as a standard category for the following year, the Best Art Book award, given in 2019, and the Best Video Game award, given in 2021.

Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual World Science Fiction Convention, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The selection process is defined in the World Science Fiction Society Constitution as instant-runoff voting with five nominees, except in the case of a tie. These five works on the ballot are those most-nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of works that can be nominated. The 1953 and 1958 awards did not include any recognition of runner-up nominees, but since 1959 all five candidates have been recorded. Initial nominations are made by members in January through March, while voting on the ballot of five nominations is performed roughly in April through July, subject to change depending on when that year's Worldcon is held. Worldcons are generally held near Labor Day, and in a different city around the world each year. Members are permitted to vote "no award", if they feel that none of the nominees is deserving of the award that year, and in the case that "no award" takes the majority the Hugo is not given in that category. The only time this has happened in the discontinued awards was in the 1959 Best New Author category.

Winners and nominees
  *   Winners and joint winners
  +   No winner selected

Best Cover Artist

Best Interior Illustrator

Excellence in Fact Articles

Best New SF Author or Artist

#1 Fan Personality

Sometimes referred to as the "BNF Award". According to an interim report issued by the Philcon II convention committee while voting was still going on, the next most popular candidate to Ackerman at the time was Harlan Ellison. When Ackerman was handed the trophy at Philcon II (by Isaac Asimov), he actually physically declined, saying it should go to Ken Slater, to whom the trophy was later forwarded by the con committee.

Best Feature Writer

Best Book Reviewer

Most Promising New Author

Outstanding Actifan

Best New Author

Best SF Book Publisher

Best All-Time Series

Other Forms

Best Original Art Work

Best Web Site

Best Art Book

Best Video Game

References

External links
The Hugo Awards official website

Discontinued Hugo Awards
Hugo Awards


Jan Hošek (born 1 April 1989 in Klatovy) is a Czech football player.

Career

Club
Hošek began his career 1994 with TJ Okula Nýrsko after eight years with the club, signed than with TJ Klatovy in 2002. He played here three years and signed than in 2005 with SK Slavia Praha who played on youth side. In January 2009 was promoted to the first team SK Slavia Praha who plays in the Gambrinus liga and played his first game on 23 February 2009 against FC Viktoria Plzeň.

In August 2011, he was loaned to Polish club Cracovia on a one-year deal.

International
He was member of the Czech under-21 team. He represented the team at the 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.

References

External links

 Jan Hošek at SK Slavia Prague

1989 births
Living people
Czech men's footballers
Czech expatriate men's footballers
Czech Republic men's youth international footballers
Czech Republic men's under-21 international footballers
Czech National Football League players
Czech First League players
Ekstraklasa players
SK Slavia Prague players
FK Teplice players
MKS Cracovia players
FK Baník Sokolov players
MFK Karviná players
SFC Opava players
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Men's association football defenders
People from Klatovy
Footballers from the Plzeň Region


In medicine, the median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS, also known as celiac artery compression syndrome, celiac axis syndrome, celiac trunk compression syndrome or Dunbar syndrome) is a rare condition characterized by abdominal pain attributed to compression of the celiac artery and the celiac ganglia by the median arcuate ligament. The abdominal pain may be related to meals, may be accompanied by weight loss, and may be associated with an abdominal bruit heard by a clinician.

The diagnosis of MALS is one of exclusion, as many healthy patients demonstrate some degree of celiac artery compression in the absence of symptoms. Consequently, a diagnosis of MALS is typically only entertained after more common conditions have been ruled out. Once suspected, screening for MALS can be done with ultrasonography and confirmed with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) angiography.

Treatment is generally surgical, the mainstay being open or laparoscopic division, or separation, of the median arcuate ligament combined with removal of the celiac ganglia. The majority of patients benefit from surgical intervention. Poorer responses to treatment tend to occur in patients of older age, those with a psychiatric condition or who use alcohol, have abdominal pain unrelated to meals, or who have not experienced weight loss.

Signs and symptoms
Patients with MALS reportedly experience abdominal pain, particularly in the epigastrium, which may be associated with eating and which may result in anorexia and weight loss. The pain can be in the left or right side, but usually where the ribs meet. Other signs are persistent nausea, lassitude (especially after a heavy meal) and exercise intolerance. Diarrhea is a common symptom, some experience constipation. While some experience vomiting, not everyone does. Exercise or certain postures can aggravate the symptoms. Occasionally, physical examination reveals an abdominal bruit in the mid-epigastrium.

Complications of MALS result from chronic compression of the celiac artery. They include gastroparesis and aneurysm of the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries.

Anatomy

Side views (sagittal plane) of the descending aorta and two of its branches, the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery, demonstrate normal and MALS anatomy. Left The median arcuate ligament is normally several millimeters to centimeters superior to the origin of the celiac artery. Right In MALS, the ligament is anterior, rather than superior, to the celiac artery, resulting in compression of the vessel and a characteristic hook-shaped contour.

The median arcuate ligament is a ligament formed at the base of the diaphragm where the left and right diaphragmatic crura join near the 12th thoracic vertebra. This fibrous arch forms the anterior aspect of the aortic hiatus, through which the aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein pass. The median arcuate ligament usually comes into contact with the aorta above the branch point of the celiac artery. However, in up to one quarter of normal individuals, the median arcuate ligament passes in front of the celiac artery, compressing the celiac artery and nearby structures such as the celiac ganglia. In some of these individuals, this compression is pathologic and leads to the median arcuate ligament syndrome.

Mechanism
Several theories attempt to explain the origin of pain caused by compression of the celiac artery. One proposes that compression of the celiac artery causes ischemia, or decreased blood flow, to abdominal organs, leading to pain. Another hypothesizes that there is compression not only of the celiac artery but also of the celiac ganglia, and that pain results from compression of the latter.

Diagnosis
Median arcuate ligament syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion. That is, the diagnosis of MALS is generally considered only after patients have undergone an extensive evaluation of their gastrointestinal tract including upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, and evaluation for gallbladder disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

The diagnosis of MALS relies on a combination of clinical features and findings on medical imaging. Clinical features include those signs and symptoms mentioned above; classically, MALS involves a triad of abdominal pain after eating, weight loss, and an abdominal bruit, although the classic triad is found in only a minority of individuals that carry a MALS diagnosis.

Diagnostic imaging for MALS is divided into screening and confirmatory tests. A reasonable screening test for patients with suspected MALS is duplex ultrasonography to measure blood flow through the celiac artery. Peak systolic velocities greater than 200 cm/s are suggestive of celiac artery stenosis associated with MALS.

Further evaluation and confirmation can be obtained via angiography to investigate the anatomy of the celiac artery. Historically, conventional angiography was used, although this has been largely replaced by less invasive techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. Because it provides better visualization of intra-abdominal structures, CT angiography is preferred to MR angiography in this setting. The findings of focal narrowing of the proximal celiac artery with poststenotic dilatation, indentation on the superior aspect of the celiac artery, and a hook-shaped contour of the celiac artery support a diagnosis of MALS. These imaging features are exaggerated on expiration, even in normal asymptomatic individuals without the syndrome.

Proximal celiac artery stenosis with poststenotic dilatation can be seen in other conditions affecting the celiac artery. The hook-shaped contour of the celiac artery is characteristic of the anatomy in MALS and helps distinguish it from other causes of celiac artery stenosis such as atherosclerosis. This hooked contour is not entirely specific for MALS however, given that 10–24% of normal asymptomatic individuals have this anatomy.

Treatment
Decompression of the celiac artery is the general approach to treatment of MALS. The mainstay of treatment involves an open or laparoscopic surgery approaches to divide, or separate, the median arcuate ligament to relieve the compression of the celiac artery. This is combined with removal of the celiac ganglia and evaluation of blood flow through the celiac artery, for example by intraoperative duplex ultrasound. If blood flow is poor, celiac artery revascularization is usually attempted; methods of revascularization include aortoceliac bypass, patch angioplasty, and others.

In recent, a laparoscopic approach used to achieve celiac artery decompression; however, should the celiac artery require revascularization, the procedure would require conversion to an open approach.

Endovascular methods such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) have been used in patients who have failed open and/or laparoscopic intervention. PTA alone, without decompression of the celiac artery, may not be of benefit.

Prognosis
There are few studies of the long-term outcomes of patients treated for MALS. According to Duncan, the largest and more relevant late outcomes data come from a study of 51 patients who underwent open surgical treatment for MALS, 44 of whom were available for long-term follow-up at an average of nine years following therapy. The investigators reported that among patients who underwent celiac artery decompression and revascularization, 75% remained asymptomatic at follow-up. In this study, predictors of favorable outcome included:
 Age from 40 to 60 years
 Lack of psychiatric condition or alcohol use
 Abdominal pain that was worse after meals
 Weight loss greater than 20 lb (9.1 kg)

Epidemiology
It is estimated that in 10–24% of normal, asymptomatic individuals the median arcuate ligament crosses in front of (anterior to) the celiac artery, causing some degree of compression. Approximately 1% of these individuals exhibit severe compression associated with symptoms of MALS. The syndrome most commonly affects individuals between 20 and 40 years old, and is more common in women, particularly thin women.

History
Celiac artery compression was first observed by Benjamin Lipshutz in 1917. MALS was first described by Pekka-Tapani Harjola in 1963 and subsequently by J. David Dunbar and Samuel Marable in 1965. It has also been called Harjola-Marable syndrome and Marable syndrome.

See also
 Nutcracker syndrome
 Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

References

External links

Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
Syndromes affecting the vascular system