Holy Week (; ) is a significant religious observance in the Philippines for the Catholic majority, the  or the Philippine Independent Church, and most Protestant groups. One of the few majority Christian countries in Asia, Catholics make up 78.8 percent of the country's population, and the Church is one of the country's dominant sociopolitical forces.

The solemn celebration begins on Friday of Sorrows turning to Palm Sunday and continues on through to Easter Sunday. Many communities observe Spanish-influenced Catholic rituals such as processions, that have been syncretised with elements of precolonial beliefs. This is evident in some ritual practices not sanctioned by the universal Church and the many superstitions associated with the occasion.

The days of the Easter Triduum (Maundy Thursday until Black Saturday) are considered statutory holidays. During this period, many businesses are closed or operate on shorter hours. Local terrestrial television and most radio stations usually go off the air (for annual maintenance of broadcast equipment), while others (such as stations owned by various denominations) shorten broadcasting hours and feature Lenten drama specials, religious and inspirational programming. Holy Week celebrations also receive wide news coverage of various services and rites. International cable television channels distributed to the Philippines, however, continue to broadcast their normal programming, while channels dedicated to horse racing, cockfighting and similar niche programming go off-air during the Triduum.

Holy Week in the Philippines is also highly anticipated as one of the annual long weekends in the country. Non-Catholics or non-practicing Catholics take this opportunity to go on vacations, resulting to a peak season in most Philippine tourist destinations.

Palm Sunday

On Palm Sunday (Linggo ng Palaspás, Domingo de Ramos, “Branches Sunday”), worshipers bear ornately woven palm fronds or palaspás to church for blessing by the priest before or after the day's Mass. The fronds (considered by the Church as sacramentals) are often brought home and placed on altars, doors, lintels or windows, in the belief that these can ward off demons, and avert both fires and lightning.

Some places hold a procession into the church before the service, a common starting point being an ermita/visita (chapel of ease) several blocks away. The presiding priest, vested in a stole and cope of red (the prescribed liturgical colour of the day), either walks the route or, in imitation of Jesus’ triumphal entry, is led on horseback to the church. Sometimes, a statue of Christ riding a donkey (known as the Humenta) is used instead.

Whether the priest himself or a statue is used to represent Christ, a custom is for women to cover the processional route with tapis (literally, “wraparound”), which are large, heirloom cloth skirts or aprons made exclusively for this ritual. This is to recall how excited Jerusalemites spread their cloaks before Christ as he entered the city.

Once the procession reaches the church or some other designated spot, children dressed as angels strew flowers and sing the day's processional antiphon, Hosanna Filio David (“Hosanna to the Son of David”). The antiphon's text, whether the Latin original or a vernacular translation, is sung to traditional hymn tunes.

The blessing of palms and the intonation of the antiphon often occurs in the church's parvise, its parking lot, or the town plaza, which usually is in front of or near the church (a common layout in most Philippine settlements).

Holy Monday and Holy Tuesday

On Holy Monday (Lunes Santo) and Holy Tuesday (Martes Santo), the major procession of the Journey to Calvary takes to the streets. The main figure is the Fallen Christ accompanied by the images of the saints present during Christ's walk to Calvary. There is St. Peter holding the heavenly keys, the beloved St. John, the Three Marys, St. Veronica with her white veil implanted with Christ's image, Mary Magdalene bearing small bottles of oil and perfume, and the Virgin of Sorrows. In some parts of the country where there is an abundance of wood as well as skilled craftsmen, life-size wooden images are constructed so that they are able to move their arms and heads like puppets. Holy Tuesday is a regular working day and is sometimes the last full one preceding half- or full-day holidays given by some private companies on Holy Wednesday.

Holy Wednesday

Holy Wednesday (Miyérkules Santo) is officially the last working day of the week. Private companies are free to give full or partial holidays to their employees, while government offices implement a half-day suspension starting noon for their employees. This lets people return to their home provinces for the Triduum, and holidaymakers to leave for their destinations, making it one of the country's busiest travel seasons.

In some parish, "Tenebrae" service usually held on Holy Wednesday that involves the gradual extinguishing of candles on a Tenebrae hearse, readings related to the Passion of Jesus, and the strepitus (loud noise).

In the evening, long processions depicting the Passion of Christ are held in towns throughout the provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and in the Ilocandia, as well as in Makati in Metro Manila.

Except in Baliwag and Pulilan, the Passion tableaux are excluded from the Good Friday afternoon procession.

Maundy Thursday
Maundy Thursday (Huwebes Santo) is the first statutory public holiday of the week and marks the beginning of the Paschal Triduum. Prior to the Second Vatican Council, the Procession of the Passion of Christ was held on Maundy Thursday. This was later transferred to Holy Wednesday for Latin Rite Catholics, with the Philippine Independent Church (which separated from Rome in the early 20th century) retaining the Maundy Thursday date. Among the most famous processions of the Philippine Independent Church are those of Concepcion in Malabon, and Santa Cruz and Paete in Laguna.

The first rite of the day is the Chrism Mass, in which parishioners join their priest for morning Mass in the cathedral, especially in the large dioceses and archdioceses. The clergy on the day renew their priestly vows. This Mass, which is presided by the bishop of the diocese, is when the Chrism, oil of catechumens and the oil for the sick are consecrated after the homily. Priests then bring portions of the oils to their respective parishes after the service and store these for future use. However, in such dioceses where logistics and other valid reasons hamper gathering the clergy on this day, the Chrism Mass is held earlier in the week; examples of which are the Archdiocese of Lipa and the Diocese of Malolos, where the Chrism Mass is held instead on Holy Tuesday.

The main observance of the day is the last Mass before Easter, the Evening Mass of the Lord's Supper. Though not mandatory, the afternoon service customarily includes a re-enactment of the Washing of the Feet of the Twelve Apostles. The service ends abruptly with a somber procession of the Blessed Sacrament, which is brought to the church's Altar of Repose. Churches remain open until midnight for those who want to venerate the Blessed Sacrament, with others going to one of several priests on standby to confess their sins.

One of the most important Holy Week traditions in the Philippines is the Visita Iglesia (Spanish for "church visit", also known as the Seven Churches Visitation), a Holy Week practice of visiting and praying in at least seven churches. Throughout the day, worshipers pray the Stations of the Cross inside or outside the church, while at night, the faithful pay obeisance and perform supplications to the Blessed Sacrament within the Altar of Repose.

Good Friday

Good Friday (Biyernes Santo) is the second public holiday of the week, and considered the most solemn day of the year. It is observed with street processions, the Way of the Cross, sermons and prayers meditating on Jesus' Seven Last Words (“Siete Palabras”) and the staging of Senákulo, which in some places has already begun on Palm Sunday. The Baliwag Good Friday procession is the longest Lenten procession in the Philippines. Baliwag currently has 118 statues and scenes portraying the life of Christ. This activity is well-attended by both local and foreign tourists, and follows the main liturgical service of the day.

Mass is not celebrated on this day. Instead, people gather in churches in the afternoon for the Veneration of Cross service and the Mass of the Presanctified. Nationwide, the veneration service begins silently in unlit churches at 3:00 PM PST (GMT+8), remembering the “ninth hour” that was the instant Christ died according to the Gospels. The Mass of the Presanctified is said at the altar, which has been stripped of linens and decorations, and the priests omit the Anaphora as the sacramental bread was already consecrated on Maundy Thursday.

In some places (most famously in the province of Pampanga, where the day is known as Maleldo), processions include devotees who flagellate and sometimes even have themselves nailed to crosses. While frowned upon by the Church, devotees consider these to be personal expressions of penance, whether in fulfilment of a vow or in thanksgiving for a prayer granted. The San Fernando local government says these reenactments are regarded as a part of Pampanga's and the city's cultural heritage. Reenactments of Christ's crucifixion in the village began in 1958 but the first actual crucifixion took place four years later in 1962.

Other penitents, called magdarame, carry wooden crosses, crawl on the rough and hot pavement, and slash their backs before whipping themselves to draw blood. This is done to ask for forgiveness of sins, to fulfill vows (panata), or to express gratitude for favours granted.

The pabasa, or continuous chanting of the Pasyón (the Filipino epic narrative of Christ's life, Passion, Death, and Resurrection), usually concludes on this day before 3:00 PM. Television and radio stations also broadcast their own special Siete Palabras programmes from large churches in Manila, usually beginning at noon so as to end before the veneration service.

Santo Entierro

The usual highlight of Good Friday is the Santo Entierro ("Holy Burial"), which is both the name of the rite itself and of the statue of the dead Christ that is its focus. Comparable to the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic practice of processing the epitaphios, the sculpted image of the Santo Entierro. Left bare or covered to the neck in a shroud of red, white, black, or gold, the image is laid in an ornate, flower-decked calandra or bier that is brought around in a funeral procession. The retinue is normally composed of images of saints connected to the Passion narrative, such as Peter, Mary Magdalene, and John the Evangelist. Tradition dictates that regardless of the number of images used in the procession, that of the Virgin Mary, dressed in black and gold as the mourning Mater Dolorosa, is always last and alone as a mark of importance.

Some places accord the Santo Entierro traditional, pre-Christian funeral rites such as washing the corpse, laying the body in state, or seating it in a funerary chair. In Pakil, Laguna the  Santo Entierro is smoked over burning lansones peelings: during the procession, the shoulder-borne calandra makes several stops, and each time is placed on rests above the burning peelings. At each stop, a band plays a hymn and afterwards a crier turns towards the bier and shouts clearly, melodically, and loudly three times in Spanish, "¡Señor! ¡Misericordia, Señor!" ("Lord! Mercy, Lord!"), which the congregation repeats in a melodic low voice.

In Alimodian, Iloilo the Santo Entierro is interred – not by the altar as is customary elsewhere – but at the church doors for the people to venerate, usually by kissing the icon's feet. There is also a large crucifix before the altar for people to venerate and kiss. Later that night, young girls in costume and bearing lit tapers, walk barefoot in a second procession with the Mater Dolorosa in an around the town plaza. The maidens meditate and mourn, representing Christ's female disciples accompanying the Virgin Mary.

Among the country's famous and elaborate calandaras are those of Agoo, Bacolor, Baliwag, Guagua, Molo, Iloilo, Paete, San Pablo, Sasmuan, Silay, and Vigan. Some are centuries old and were commissioned from the famous talleres (studios) of the santeros Asunción and Máximo Vicente. The image itself, meanwhile, is displayed the rest of the year in the church that owns it, or in the house of the family that cares for it.

Popular culture
Several traditional taboos are customarily observed on Good Friday, such as the avoidance of excessive noisemaking, and in older times, bathing (except for health reasons). The prohibitions usually begin after 3:00 PM PST. Children, in particular, were traditionally discouraged from outdoor play, with elders cautioning that since “God is dead”, evil spirits are freely roaming the earth to harm humans.

The ritual mourning and generally sombre mood of the day gave rise to the Tagalog idiom “Mukhâ kang Biyernes Santo” (“You’ve a face like Good Friday.”) The phrase refers to a sad person's demeanor resembling that of the suffering Christ.

Black Saturday

Black Saturday or Holy Saturday (Sábado de Gloria) is the third and final public holiday of the week. The day is legally and colloquially termed in English as “Black” given the colour's role in mourning. The term Sábado de Gloria (Spanish for Gloria Saturday) refers to the return of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo during the Easter Vigil held on this day. The hymn is absent throughout Lent except on solemnities and Maundy Thursday.

The ritual mourning for the “dead” Christ continues, albeit with less intensity. Traditional taboos from the previous day, such as merrymaking and the consumption of meat, are carried over and sometimes broken at noon. This includes swimming in a river or the sea, as superstition warns against bathing on Good Friday afternoon. Most commercial establishments operate on shorter hours, with smaller enterprises in many areas remaining closed until Easter Sunday or Easter Monday, but some return to normal in major urban areas. Television and radio stations broadcast on shorter hours with special programming, or remain off-air.

Easter Sunday

Easter (Linggo ng Pagkabuhay or Pasko ng Pagkabuhay) is marked with joyous celebrations, the first being the pre-dawn rite called Salubong in Filipino and Sugat in Cebuano and Hiligaynon (both calques of the rite's Spanish name Encuentro, "meeting"). The rite is customarily performed in the early hours of Easter before the first Mass. In some parishes, the rite is held earlier at midnight immediately after the long Easter Vigil proper, retaining the same format.

The ritual is meant to depict the apocryphal reunion of Christ and his Mother, the Virgin Mary, after the Resurrection. Statues of both are borne in two separate processions that converge at a designated area called a Galilea (“Galilee”), which is often an open space with a purpose-built scaffold (permanent or otherwise) near the church. Depending on the size and wealth of the congregation, the processions include statues of any or all the Myrrhbearers, particularly the Three Marys (Mary, mother of James, Mary Magdalene, and Mary Salome), along with Peter and John the Evangelist. By custom, the two processions are sex-segregated, with male worshipers following the Risen Christ, twelve men dressed as the Apostles, and icons of male saints, while female congregants accompany icons of the Virgin Mary and female saints. Those in the procession hold lit tapers, and often recite the rosary as a brass band plays hymns and joyful music.

The icon of the Virgin Mary, still called the Mater Dolorosa, is clothed or draped in a black veil (Tagalog: lambóng) to show her bereavement. An “angel” (often a small girl in costume) stands at or is suspended in mid-air from the Galilea. From this lofty perch, the angel chants the Regina Coeli in Latin or in the vernacular, sometimes accompanied by similarly dressed schoolchildren representing the angelic choirs.

The high point is when the principal angel dramatically removes the veil from the Virgin's icon, signalling the abrupt end to her grieving and the period of mourning. The veil may simply be pulled off the statue, or tied to balloons or doves that are released into the dawn sky. The sorrowing Virgin is ritually transformed into Nuestra Señora de Alegria ("Our Lady of Joy"); in celebratory veneration, the angels throw flower petals at the icons of the Christ and the Virgin as confetti rains down. The moment is punctuated by bells pealing, brass bands playing, and fireworks. The reunited congregation then gathers inside the church for the first Mass of Easter.

Notable observances and pilgrimage sites

Minglanilla, Cebu
The traditional "sugat” or the meeting of the risen Christ with the Blessed Virgin Mary signals the start of the new liturgical calendar. The Minglanilla Sugat is a yearly spectacle of "little angels” (played by children) descending from the sky held at dawn of Easter Sunday. Sugat, the religious activity mainly based on the biblical narration of Jesus's resurrection, in later years became attached to the cultural "Kabanhawan Festival,” thus "Sugat-Kabanhawan Festival.”

Tondo, Manila
Caridad or Pakaridad is a way of giving or sharing food (especially ginataan or suman) to the neighbors or to the local church or chapel to be given to the crowds of people who attend the Good Friday procession. A complimentary drink of water is also given by local residents living along the processional route.

Black Nazarene
The Black Nazarene icon, brought from Mexico during the Galleon Trade era, is enshrined in Quiapo Church, and is considered miraculous by devotees is brought out for procession every Good Friday – one of three such occasions when this is done. The statue is borne on the shoulders of male devotees in a slow, difficult procession around the narrow streets of the district, a score of men struggle to keep the image moving on. Thousands more try to muscle their way to touch the icon as well as the long ropes in which the wheeled carriage carrying the image is pulled. The procession lasts the whole morning.

Amulet hunting
It is a folk belief that anting-anting (traditional amulets) are especially potent if collected, made, or imbued with power on Good Friday. In Sipalay, Negros Occidental many albularyo (witch doctors) search for anting-anting in unexplored caves. There is a particular type of anting-anting for every need: for passing exams, childbirth, protection from danger, love, good business, or invincibility. Holy Week also attracts folk healers who gather and showcase their amulets' power in the middle of the plaza. Antingeros (talisman aficionados) go to Mt. Banahaw (believed to be a sacred mountain) on Good Friday to empower it there themselves. Believers of anting-anting claim that the best time to recharge the spiritual energy of their talisman is during the night of Good Friday. Different groups also identify their own special places for 'recharging' their amulets: cemeteries, mountain tops, churches, etc. Recharging of anting-anting is usually done through repeatedly chanting Latin incantations (copies of which may also be bought) while holding the talisman.

Procession of Statues
On Holy Wednesday, a procession is held with Paete's 53 images of Christ's life and death. The procession goes through the town's narrow streets en route to the church. It stops three times to give way to the Salubong (meeting) which depicts three scenes of Jesus' passion and in which Paete's "moving saints" take part. These are: the meeting of Christ and Mary, held at the church patio; the wiping of Jesus' face by Veronica, which takes place at Plaza Edesan; and finally, the encounter between Mary and Veronica where the latter shows the miraculous imprints of Christ's face on her cloth. This is held at the town plaza.

In San Pablo, the Good Friday procession consists of huge, century-old statues bedecked in fresh flowers. In the old times, the famous processions were that of Saint Bartholomew of Malabon, Binan, Laguna, Pateros and Tuguegarao. Unfortunately, the Holy Week Images from Cagayan were destroyed by the war and similarly the Tres Caidas of Binan. In the seventies, the Holy Week Procession of Malabon consisted of 30 silver carrozas. The highlight was the Tres Caidas either from Talleres Maximo or Asuncion. It today does no longer join the procession of Good Friday. The most famous procession in Manila during the inter war period was of Santa Cruz. Almost all images were obliterated during the aerial-bombardment of Manila in 1945. Today, Makati has a major Holy Wednesday procession aside from the usual Good Friday one, both of which have some of the oldest images and is held in the city proper.

Passion plays

Senákulo

Many towns have their own versions of the Senákulo, using traditional scripts that are decades or centuries old. A version is held at the Cultural Center of the Philippines, sponsored by the Department of Tourism; popular film and televisions stars often join the cast of the play. In Taguig, they popularize the modern version of Jesus Christ Superstar reshown at the Fort Santiago Amphitheater for the benefit of Manila residents. In Mexico, Pampanga and Dinalupihan, Bataan, the actor portraying Jesus has been actually nailed to the cross to simulate Christ's passion.

Pagtaltal sa Guimaras
Ang Pagtaltal is a holy Lenten presentation staged on the hillside of Jordan, Guimaras every Good Friday, patterned to Oberammergau in Southern Bavaria, Germany. Pagtaltal means to remove. Thus, the drama ends with the removal or bringing down the body of Jesus Christ from the cross and is laid in the arms of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a familiar scene known as the Pieta moment, recalling the period when Christ's body was removed from that very cross where he died.

Backed up by a strong Christian community, Jordan has registered its first festival in Pagtaltal sa Jordan, Guimaras, a Good Friday spectacle. This saga of the sufferings of Christ is enacted with intense spirituality, religious realism, theatrical color, and mass appeal that outclass other presentation of similar flavor. The ever increasing throng of spectators, both local and foreign, who brave the summer heat to witness Pagtaltal is a proof of its popularity.

Moriones Festival

The Moriones Festival in the island province of Marinduque commemorates the story of the Roman centurion, Longinus (Tagalog: San Longhino) and his legendary conversion at the foot of the cross.

The Moriones Festival is a synthesis of Catholicism and folk mysticism. The townsfolk of Boac, Gasan and Mogpog are dressed in masks and helmets (moriones), depicting Roman soldiers. The rest of the locals portray St. Longinus and hide among the houses while the others search for him. Unlike most of the country, Marinduque observes Holy Week in a much more joyous manner.

Salubong

Saboy
The Saboy is a traditional dance performed by girls on Easter Sunday in Las Piñas, Metro Manila. The dance is divided into two parts, the "mourning" section and the "joyful" version.

The first dancer is the Salubong Angel, who often has large wings and bears a black veil. Second are the Hosanna Angels dressed in white, who usually hold baskets with rose petals and comprise a majority of the dancers.

Third are the Tres Marías (English: Three Marys), three older girls dressed in pink and also bearing baskets. Last are the blue-clad Kapitana (Captainess) and Tinyentera (Female Lieutenant); the Kapitana can be distinguished by the large banner she waves, while the Tinyentera swings a thurible.

Sayaw ng Pagbatì

The Sayaw ng Pagbati ("Dance at the Greeting" or Welcome dance) or Bati-bati for short is an Easter ritual dancing that shows up to what pious length the local faithful are prepared to take just to tell the world that "Christ is risen". This varies from town to town, with the most prominent versions found in Angono, Rizal and Ibaan, Batangas, as well as in Parañaque in Metro Manila.

In Parañaque, the Sayaw ng Pagbatì ("Dance at the Greeting"), performed in different renditions, is the official city cultural dance. On Easter Sunday morning right after Mass and the Salubong (Encounter) between the images of the Risen Christ and the Blessed Mother, beribboned girls from the various barangays of Parañaque clad in white gowns file in front of St. Andrew Cathedral in La Huerta village for a street dance showdown. Taking their cue from the marching bands or from a recording, they will dance for hours till noon to the tune of joyful music as they wave their wands in the air.

In the province of Batangas, this version performed in the municipality of Ibaan consists of a lady who acts as the Kapitana, similar to Saboy, but accompanied with two male escorts. In nearby Rosario, Pagbati is traditionally composed of three young ladies dancing to the tune of a local brass band. They are dressed in white on the actual Easter Sunday dance early in the morning, and clad in a more colorful dress on the Black Saturday rehearsal dance held in the evening. It is accompanied by waving a flag with grace, making sure it would not fall or roll up.

In the Municipality of Angono, Rizal, The Traditional Salubong Rites Consists of Kapitana and Tenyenta Who Perform A Religious Dance  to the Tune of Bati. The Tenyenta is the First to Perform the Dance to the Tune of Gavotte. After That, The Kapitana Recited the Traditional Poem Offered to the Virgin Mary, Called Dicho, Consisting of 31 Stanzas and 124 Verses. After That, The Kapitana Performs the Dance to the Tune of Valse (Waltz).

In the Municipality of Taytay, Rizal, There is A Revived Traditional Easter Greeting Dance Consisting of Kapitana and Her Four Councilors or Assistants (Konsehala). The Taytay Municipal Mayor Allan Martine de Leon Brought Back The Said Tradition in March 2023. The Kapitana at Mga Konsehala Represents The Five Barangays in the Said Municipality Which are as Follows: Barangay Dolores, Barangay San Isidro, Barangay Santa Ana, Barangay San Juan, and Barangay Muzon.

In the Municipality of Cainta, Rizal, The Traditional Salubong Rites Consists of Kapitana Who Performs the Dance to the Tune of Marcha and Modanza. The Four Captainesses (Kapitana Apatan) Represents the Barangays in the Said Municipality, Which are the Following: San Roque, San Andres, San Juan, and Barrio Dayap (Consisting of Barangay Sto. Domingo, Barangay Sta. Rosa, and Barangay Sto. Niño).

See also

 Binignit
 Black Nazarene
 Good Friday processions in Baliwag
 Holy Week in Paete
 Hispanic influence on Filipino culture
 Pasyon

External links

 The unique and varied observance of Holy Week in the Philippines – Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
 Good Friday traditions, solemn rites held today Holy Wednesday Focuses On Judas’ Betrayal Of Jesus
 Baliwag processions
 Tourists witness Good Friday procession in Baliwag
 Online Visita Iglesia

References

Philippines
Christian festivals in the Philippines


El Tozu is one of 24 parishes (administrative divisions) in Piloña, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 23.

References

Parishes in Piloña


Vaqueras de Bayamón is the professional female volleyball team of Bayamón, Puerto Rico.

Squads

Current
''As of April 2011
 Head Coach:  Luis Aponte
 Assistant coach:  Gerardo Batista

Release or Transfer

References

External links
 League Official website
 Team website
 2005 Squad

Volleyball clubs in Puerto Rico
Volleyball clubs established in 2001
2001 establishments in Puerto Rico
Sports in Bayamón, Puerto Rico


In the United States, road signs are, for the most part, standardized by federal regulations, most notably in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and its companion volume the Standard Highway Signs (SHS).

There are no plans for adopting the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals standards. The 1971 MUTCD adopted several Vienna Convention-inspired symbol signs with the intent to transition to symbols in lieu of words as "rapidly as possible", but U.S. drivers were baffled by symbol signs.  The language about "rapidly" transitioning to symbols was removed in the 1978 MUTCD. The result was to effectively freeze several measures intended to be temporary until U.S. drivers could learn the relevant symbols' meanings. For example, the "Do Not Enter" word message is not found on the Vienna Convention's equivalent sign. Two symbol signs were eliminated, respectively, in the 2000 and 2003 MUTCDs (thereby requiring use of the previous word message signs): Pavement Ends and Narrow Bridge.

Eighteen states use the manual without alterations; 22 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have adopted it in conjunction with a supplemental volume; and ten states have a state version in substantial conformance to the MUTCD. The MUTCD and SHS establish seven categories of signs for road and highway use, as follows: (The list does not cover all situations; the signage is from the national MUTCD unless specified):

Regulatory signs
Regulatory signs give instructions to motorists, pedestrians, and cyclists. Signs including Stop, Yield, No Turns, No Trucks, No Parking, No Stopping, Minimum Speed, Right Turn Only, Do Not Enter, Weight Limit, and Speed Limit are considered regulatory signs. Some have special shapes, such as the octagon for the Stop sign and the crossbuck for railroad crossings. Some signs can be localized, such as No Parking, and some are found only in state and local jurisdictions, as they are based on state or local laws, such as New York City's "Don't Block the Box" signs. These signs are in the R series of signs in the MUTCD and typically in the R series in most state supplements or state MUTCDs.

R1 series: Stop and yield
The MUTCD's R1 series is for Stop and Yield. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The 4-WAY and 3-WAY plaques (R1-3) were deprecated in the 2009 Edition of the MUTCD in favor of the ALL WAY plaque (R1-3P).

R2 series: Speed limit
The MUTCD's R2 series is for speed limit signs. Some state supplements and state MUTCDs place various speed limit signs in other series. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. Speed limits in the United States are always in miles per hour. Metric speed limit signs in kilometers per hour are authorized but extremely rare, usually seen near the borders with Canada and Mexico, both of which use the metric system. Many states, however, disallow the use of metric signs on state-maintained roads due to MUTCD restrictions, increasing the rarity of such signs.

R3 series: Lane usage and turns
The MUTCD's R3 series of signs is for lane usage and turn signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R4 series: Regulation of movement
The MUTCD's R4 series of signs is for the regulation of movement signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R5 series: Exclusionary
The MUTCD's R5 series of signs is for exclusionary signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The most common of these signs is the do not enter sign.

R6 series: One way and divided highway
The MUTCD's R6 series of signs is for one way and divided highway signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The most common of these signs is the One Way sign.

R7 series: Parking
The MUTCD allows for three types of parking signs: permissive, No Parking, and No Standing. However, in most states, there is an additional more restrictive one, No Stopping. These signs are found in the R7 series of signs in the MUTCD. As all situations are not covered, several states and local governments have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.  Permissive parking signs allow for parking for either an unlimited or varied amount of time. They are often used in conjunction with parking meters and parking permits. They are specified by the MUTCD to be green on white. Local variations occur with additional information and slightly different designs.  No Parking signs indicate that loading or unloading while temporarily stopped is permitted, but the driver must not leave the vicinity of the vehicle. Some No Parking signs display time restrictions, while others are permanent restrictions. There are also temporary versions of the signs, often of similar design to the permanent ones. These signs are specified by the MUTCD to be red on white, although local variations occur.  No Standing signs indicate that stopping temporarily to load or unload passengers is allowed, but vehicles cannot be stopped at the location for longer periods of time, even if the driver remains with the vehicle. As with no parking signs, some restrictions displayed on the signs are permanent, and some are time-based.

R8 series: Parking and emergency restrictions
The MUTCD's R8 series of signs is for parking restriction and emergency restriction signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R9 series: Bicycles and pedestrians
The MUTCD's R9 series of signs is for bicycle and pedestrian signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R10 series: Traffic signal
The MUTCD's R10 series of signs is for traffic signal related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R11 series: Road closed
The MUTCD's R11 series of signs is for road closure-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R12 series: Weight limits
The MUTCD's R12 series of signs is for weight limit-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R13 series: Weigh stations
The MUTCD's R13 series of signs is for weigh station related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R14 series: Truck routes
The MUTCD's R14 series of signs is for truck route-related signs. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R15 series: Rail and light rail
The MUTCD's R15 series of signs is for rail- and light rail-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

R16 series: Seat belts and headlight use
The MUTCD's R16 series of signs is for seat belt and headlight use-related signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

Warning signs
Warning signs are found in the W series of the national MUTCD. They highlight existing conditions, such as a curve, school, dead end street, or traffic signal. They can also warn of possible danger such as bumps, bicycles, low flying aircraft, or emergency vehicles. They are either yellow or fluorescent yellow in color and, with a few exceptions, are usually diamond-shaped and sometimes have square or rectangular smaller signs or plaques associated with them. Most W series signs can also be found with orange backgrounds for temporary use in situations such as construction zones. Some of the temporary-use signs are for use only in temporary situations.

W1 series: Horizontal alignment
The MUTCD's W1 series of signs is for warning signs relating to horizontal alignment. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W2 series: Junctions
The MUTCD's W2 series of signs is for warning signs relating to junctions. As not all situations are covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W3 series: Advance traffic control
The MUTCD's W3 series of signs is for warning signs relating to advance traffic controls. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The MUTCD provides options for graphic and text signs.

W4 series: Lanes and merges
The MUTCD's W4 series of signs is for warning signs relating to lane merges and added lanes, as well as lane endings. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W5 series: Road width restrictions
The MUTCD's W5 series of signs is for warning signs relating to road width restrictions. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The MUTCD provides options for graphic and text signs.

W6 series: Divided highway
The MUTCD's W6 series of signs is for warning signs relating to divided highways. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The MUTCD provides options for graphic and text signs.

W7 series: Hills
The MUTCD's W7 series of signs is for warning signs relating to hills. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W8 series: Pavement and roadway conditions
The MUTCD's W8 series of signs is for warning signs relating to pavement and roadway conditions. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W9 series: Lane transitions
The MUTCD's W9 series of signs is for warning signs relating to lane transitions. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W10 series: Crossings
The MUTCD's W10 series of signs is for warning signs relating to crossings. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W11 series: Advance warnings
The MUTCD's W11 series of signs is for warning signs relating to advance warnings. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. The MUTCD allows use of a fluorescent yellow-green background color for signs relating to non-motorized vehicles crossing the road.

W12 series: Obstacles
The MUTCD's W12 series of signs is for warning signs relating to obstacles. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. Metric low bridge signs in meters are authorized but extremely rare, usually seen near the borders with Canada and Mexico, both of which use the metric system. Many states, however, disallow the use of metric signs on state-maintained roads due to system restrictions, increasing the rarity of such signs.

W13 series: Advisory speeds
The MUTCD's W13 series of signs is for warning signs relating to advisory speeds. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD. Speed limits in the United States are always in miles per hour. Metric advisory speed signs in kilometers per hour are authorized but extremely rare, usually seen near the borders with Canada and Mexico, both of which use the metric system. Many states, however, disallow the use of metric signs on state-maintained roads due to system restrictions, increasing the rarity of such signs.

W14 series: Dead end streets and no passing zones
The MUTCD's W14 series of signs is for warning signs relating to dead-end streets and no-passing zones. As all situations are not covered, several states and local governments have additional signs for other types of situations not covered by the MUTCD.

W15 series: Playgrounds
The MUTCD's W15 series of signs is for warning signs relating to playgrounds. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W16 series: Supplemental plaques
The MUTCD's W16 series of signs is for supplemental plaques for warning signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W17 series: Speed humps
The MUTCD's W17 series of signs is for warnings relating to speed humps. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W18 series: No traffic signs
The MUTCD's W18 series of signs is for warnings relating to no further traffic signs. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W19 series: Freeway or expressway end signs
The MUTCD's W19 series of signs is for warning signs relating to the end of a freeway or expressway. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W20 series: Work zones
The MUTCD's W20 series of signs is for warning signs relating to work zones. These signs are typically orange background ones used for temporary situations. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W21 series: Road work
The MUTCD's W21 series of signs is for warning signs relating to road work. They typically have orange backgrounds and are used for temporary situations. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD

W22 series: Blasting zones
The MUTCD's W22 series of signs is for warning signs relating to blasting zones. They typically have orange backgrounds and are used for temporary situations. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W23 series: Slow traffic
The MUTCD's W23 series of signs is for warning signs relating to slow traffic. They typically have orange backgrounds and are used for temporary situations. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W24 series: Lane shifts
The MUTCD's W24 series of signs is for warning signs relating to lane shifts, where traffic is diverted slightly toward the left or right of the roadway, but the route is otherwise unchanged. These signs typically have orange background and are used for temporary situations. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

W25 series: Oncoming traffic has extended green
The MUTCD's W25 series of signs is for signs warning that oncoming traffic has an extended green signal at a traffic light. As all situations are not covered, several states have their own standards in addition to the MUTCD.

Guide signs
Guide signs include highway route markers (shields), which are reassurance markers, interchange signs, including advance guide and exit signs, and mile markers. Advance guide and exit signs usually feature control cities or other locations to help direct drivers toward their destinations. The position of the exit number plaque indicates right or left exit (and should indicate center lane exit).

Interchange signs

Toll signs
Chapter 2F of the MUTCD deals with signs relating to tolls.

Motorist services

General information

School zone signs
The S series of signs are specially designated by the MUTCD for use around schools. Some states have additional school warning-related signs in the S series, the W series of warning signs, and/or the R series of regulatory signs of the state supplement or state MUTCD. As of 2009 the MUTCD requires school warning signs to have fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds.

See also
 Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries
 Crosswalks in North America
 Glossary of road transport terms
 Road signs in Canada
 Street signs in Chicago – Street name signs
 Street signs in New York City – Street name signs
 Warning sign

Notes

References

External links


James Burton Serrin  (1 November 1926, Chicago, Illinois – 23 August 2012, Minneapolis, Minnesota) was an American mathematician, and a professor at University of Minnesota.

Life
He received his doctorate from Indiana University in 1951 under the supervision of David Gilbarg.  From 1954 till 1995 he was on the faculty of the University of Minnesota.

Work
He is known for his contributions to continuum mechanics, nonlinear analysis, and partial differential equations.

Awards and honors
He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1980.

Selected works
.
.
.

References

External links

 Donald G. Aronson and Hans F. Weinberger, "James B. Serrin", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)

See also
American mathematicians

1926 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
People from Chicago
Indiana University alumni
University of Minnesota faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
PDE theorists
Mathematicians from Illinois
Fluid dynamicists


Ford County is a collection of novellas by John Grisham. His first collection of stories, it was published by Doubleday in the United States in 2009.

The book contains 7 short stories or novellas:
Blood Drive ;
Fetching Raymond ;
Fish Files ;
Casino ;
Michael's Room ;
Quiet Haven ;
Funny Boy.

Blood Drive
A young man named Bailey is injured in a construction accident in Memphis, Tennessee. His plight is publicized and three young men - Aggie, Calvin and Roger - decide to drive to Memphis to donate blood to him. Roger, an alcoholic, insists they stop at a gas station so he can purchase beer; he tells several stories about Memphis strip clubs, stimulating Aggie and Calvin's curiosity. They are nearly arrested for drunk driving by a sheriff's deputy and nearly shot by a homeowner. Arriving in Memphis, the three decide to hit up one of Roger's favorite strip clubs before donating their blood. Calvin falls in love with a stripper named Amber and takes her seriously when she calls him "cute".

Drinking too much and unable to make their way around the city, the men eventually sell their blood at a nearby blood bank, having forgotten where Bailey is being treated. After passing out in the pickup, Roger awakens during a shootout between gangs and flees with a pistol he found under the pickup's seat. While pursued, Roger encounters a man and woman fighting next to a car and rescues the woman. She takes his gun and holds him hostage as he drives the car away.  Aggie and Calvin return to find their pickup riddled with bullet holes. They return to the strip club to spend the fifty dollars apiece they received from the blood bank.

A Memphis Police Department vice squad springs a raid on the strip club, and Aggie and Calvin are injured in the resulting riot. Back home, the families who had gathered together in support of Bailey must send additional people to Memphis to bail the trio out of jail and see to Aggie's medical care, as he has suffered a concussion far more severe than Bailey's injury.

Fetching Raymond

The middle-aged brothers Butch and Leon - respectively a habitual car thief and a more or less reformed criminal - retrieve their mother Inez. They set out in a borrowed van for the notorious Parchman prison, where their younger brother Raymond is on death row for murdering a Deputy. En route the brothers and their mother start bickering. Gradually it becomes clear that they are not bound on normal prison visit. Raymond is about to be executed.

Raymond is a prolific writer who has delusions of grandeur, as well as delusions of success in his numerous legal appeals.  He claims to have scores of lawyers ready to exonerate him and who are filing motions and briefs in all directions. Raymond had gone through intellectual phases of religion (or atheism), diet, exercise, music, and literature. He wrote nine bulky books, using sophisticated words which his family does not understand - but in fact no publisher wanted them.

When his family arrives, Raymond still appears to go through manic episodes and still hopes for a last-minute reprieve. But when the delusion is shattered, with the Warden coming to take Raymond to the gas chamber, he accepts his execution calmly.

Raymond has a final hug with his mother, who accepts a sedative offered by the warden. The two brothers watch Raymond's last moments, when he manages dignified final words and asks the forgiveness of his victim's family.

Afterward, Raymond's coffin is loaded on the van. Immediately on arrival at their hometown, he is buried in a grave that was prepared by a backhoe. The family holds no real funeral, as they are unpopular with their neighbors. Afterward, Butch stays with their mother and Leon returns to work, as he can't afford to miss a day.

Fish Files

Among the 50 lawyers in a small town of 10,000 people is the protagonist of this story. He is another "ham-and-egger" local attorney, dealing with minor bankruptcies, deeds, divorces, personal injuries, and other matters. Some of his files are the eponymous ones of the title; he has let them to go untouched for so long that clients forget they ever retained him (and the cases "go bad" like untouched fish). The attorney is tired of his mediocre life and feels unappreciated by his family.

One day he gets a call out of the blue from a New York attorney at a prestigious firm, claiming to have been retained by the European purchaser of a chainsaw manufacturer.  The Europeans, the New York attorney claims, are terrified of the American system of tort law and want to settle any old cases from the chainsaw company. The "fish files" contain the cases of four loggers who were injured, and the New York attorney offers $100,000 per each case, plus an additional $100,000 for court costs.  The local lawyer's take is 40%, and he is ecstatic.

Deciding to flee from his unpleasant life, he fires his secretary, declares bankruptcy, and divorces his wife.  He offers $25,000 to the two loggers he finds of the original four and departs serenely to the Caribbean.

Casino

Stella is 48 years old and has been married for years to Sidney, a small-town accountant.  She cannot remember why they fell in love in the first place, and their lives have become dull with no romance or excitement. Sidney is distraught when Stella files for divorce. When she leaves him, their college-age daughter sides with her mother, further damaging Sidney's psyche.

Bobby Carl Leach is a local playboy who owns numerous investments and has an infamous reputation. He intends to manipulate the local history of Native Americans and its associated law of tribal affairs, claiming descent of the Yazoo tribe through his great-grandfather. A Yazoo activist from the county, Chief Larry, befriends Leach and agrees to enter into a deal to receive lots of land from Leach for his newly regrouped Yazoo Nation.  In return, the land is largely developed as a casino under the protection of federal law, rendering it untouchable by outraged local and state authorities. (In fact the Yazoo tribe, which used to inhabit large parts of the present state of Mississippi, was decimated in 18th wars with French settlers and with other tribes. It ceased to exist as an identifiable social group.)

Stella falls in with Leach and becomes his secretary and girlfriend.

Sidney, meanwhile, plans to win Stella back. Unable to find her, he begins gambling at the newly opened Yazoo casino and discovers that he has considerable talent at blackjack. Soon he is winning thousands of dollars nightly. He quits his job as an accountant to become a full-time, professional gambler.  Discovering that Stella is with Leach and works at the local casino, he hatches a plan.

The first night, dressed as a wannabe biker, he wins $184,000 at blackjack and demands cash, which is reluctantly paid.  As is their right, the casino asks him not to return. The second night, he comes in a different disguise, and wins more than $600,000.  He is asked to leave and demands payment, giving them his real driver's license.  The casino cannot pay his winnings and he sues.

The courts side with Sidney, and Leach and the casino have no choice but to pay up and declare bankruptcy.  Stella, having been fired and dumped by Leach as soon as he found out that she was Sidney's ex-wife, begs Sidney to take her back.  Victoriously, he does so - though on his own terms, neglecting to marry her again and taking her with him on his new life of nationwide wandering from casino to casino.

Grisham took up the issue of Native American gaming, at greater length and depth, in his novel  The Whistler (2016).

Michael's Room

Stanley Wade is an attorney who is kidnapped at a convenience store by an imposing working-class man and his teenage son and driven into the wilds in the man's old pickup truck.  At gunpoint, Wade is forced to walk down a deserted road with the man after the truck drops them off.  The road leads to a ramshackle house, and in the back out the house is eleven-year-old Michael Cranwell, who is severely developmentally disabled.

Wade had represented the doctor who apparently caused Michael's extensive birth defects, due to incompetence and potential intoxication.  During the course of the trial, Wade insisted that the doctor was a great and caring man, dismissing Michael and mocking the evidence of malpractice.

Wade is forced to listen to pages of the trial transcript read to him by Mr. Cranwell and begins to feel remorse for his actions and those of his guilty clients.  Instead of killing him, Cranwell drops Wade back at the convenience store parking lot, allowing him to go home.  He claims he will leave Wade alone until Michael dies, filling the attorney with dread.

Quiet Haven

A man begins work at a local nursing home as a low-paid orderly despite a clean record and an age of 34.  He reveals, as the narrator, that he has falsified his resume to exclude his extensive educational background, claiming a high school diploma when he has actually completed graduate school.  As an orderly he begins gathering rumors and searching for evidence of malfeasance and medical malpractice, befriending both employees and residents to earn their trust and learn their gossip.  He befriends one resident in particular - an elderly man who has a penchant for seducing female residents (and even non-residents).  Eventually, the man begins taking this resident outside the nursing home for activities, including visiting Civil War battlefields.

Later, the man gives the resident Playboy issues (pornography is banned for residents) and introduces him to his elderly landlady, making the resident very happy indeed.  They continue to bond over their love of history.

It is revealed that the resident actually owns considerable amounts of land, most of which he has forgotten.  Also, the resident has no will.  The resident's family has essentially abandoned him, meaning the new orderly is his only friend.

One night a female resident is injured in a fall in her room while the nursing home is understaffed.  The orderly is on duty and assists in her rescue.  While an ambulance is on its way, he photographs everything, getting hard evidence of the nursing home's negligent operations.

As lawsuits are filed, the orderly quits his job.  It is revealed that he will receive a percentage of the impending settlement from the company that owns the chain of nursing homes, presumably as a "finder's fee" for discovering a ripe legal case.  Also, the Civil War-loving resident has decided to leave his holdings to a Civil War heritage preservation charity...which is secretly controlled by the orderly.  When the outraged family of the resident discovers this, they will quickly buy the land back at 1/4 price to avoid being mocked in the press for abandoning the resident.

In the end, the "orderly," having made roughly $50,000 in a few months, returns home for a vacation before plotting his next target.

Funny Boy

In the mid-1980s, AIDS is virtually unknown in Ford County, and there is a strong prejudice and ignorant belief that it highly contagious. The outcast son of a prominent local family is dying from AIDS and is returning home from San Francisco, not wanting his friends in California to have to watch him die.  The family does not want the son to be near them and makes a deal with an elderly black spinster living in one of the family's properties in the black side of town:  Take care of the dying son and the house is yours, free and clear.  The young man and the old lady live together and become close friends even as the entire town - whites and blacks alike - comes to resent them both out of fear, ignorance, and bigotry.  She reveals to him that she is herself a deeply repressed Lesbian - a secret she never before shared with anyone. She continues to support him even after her church asks her to take a "leave of absence" until after the young man has died.  In the end, he commits suicide to end his suffering, leaving a note declaring his new friend to be the best human being he has ever known.

Other novels set in Ford County
Grisham's books, A Time to Kill, The Summons, The Chamber, The Last Juror, The Reckoning, Sycamore Row,  A Time for Mercy(2020) and Sparring Partners(2022) also take place here.  From evidence in Sycamore Row, the fictional Ford County is in northwest Mississippi.

External links
"Review of Ford County," New York Times, 29 November 2009

References

2009 short story collections
Books by John Grisham
2009 American novels
Doubleday (publisher) books


Jet-2000 Business Jets, established in 1999, is a business aviation provider specialising in management for corporate and private aircraft in Russia and other countries of the post-Soviet area. The company holds a Russian Air Operator Certificate.

Fleet
As of July 2022, the Jet-2000 fleet includes the following aircraft types:
Antonov AN-74D

References

External links
Official Website (Russian)
Official website (English)

Airlines of Russia
Airlines established in 1999
Companies based in Moscow
Charter airlines
1999 establishments in Russia


Abiegos is one of nine Parroquias in the municipality Ponga in the autonomous Region Asturia in Spain. The 34 residents (2007) live in a village close to the Nature Park Ponga. The administrative centre of the municipality San Juan de Beleño is 5.5 km away.

Sights
 Hórreo de los Beyos
 Church „Iglesia de San Lorenzo“ in Abiegos
 Chapel „Capilla de San Antonio“
 Chapel „Capilla de la Merreguera“
 Hermitage „Ermita de Arcenorio“

Villages and hamlets in Parroquia
 Abiegos - 34 residents 2007

References
Population figures see  INE
Postcodes see
Coordinates and altitudes see Google Earth

External links
 Information page in the tourism portal "vivirasturias"
Map of Asturia

Parishes in Ponga


Auxopus is a genus of the family Orchidaceae. It belongs to the tribe Gastrodieae.

Little is known about the flower structure of members of Gastrodieae, which are saprophytic.  Auxopus are leafless and contain inflorescences of flowers with their sepals and petals united.

Auxopus has 4 known species, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.

Auxopus kamerunensis Schltr. - Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gabon
Auxopus letouzeyi Szlach. - Cameroon
Auxopus macranthus Summerh. - Ghana, Ivory  Coast, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Auxopus madagascariensis Schltr. - Madagascar

References

 Dressler, Robert L. The Orchids: Natural History and Classification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

External links

Gastrodieae genera
Orchids of Africa
Orchids of Madagascar
Gastrodieae


Carangas is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ponga, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 11 (INE 2011).

Villages and hamlets
 Carangas
 Sotos

References

Parishes in Ponga


Louis Bisson,  was a Canadian aviator. He was born in 1909 in Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec). He died on 19 September 1997.

He flew for the Royal Air Force Ferry Command during World War II.

Louis Bisson received the King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air on 11 June 1942. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1944. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada on 23 June 1980. He was inducted in the Québec Air and Space Hall of Fame on 21 October 2002.

The Louis Bisson Bridge over the Rivière des Prairies is named after him.

References

External links
God's co-pilot: Captain Louis Bisson logged 10,000 air miles in 138 Atlantic crossings with Ferry Command and years later became a bishop.

Canadian World War II pilots
1909 births
1997 deaths
Royal Air Force airmen
Members of the Order of Canada
Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Gatineau
Recipients of the Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
French Quebecers


The Prime Movers were a rock band from the Sierra Madre, California area known for its post-punk ethereal sound and lyrics evocative of the New West.

With titles like "On The Trail," "Last Cafe" and "Dark Western Night," The Prime Movers found themselves in the middle of a psychedelic revival in Los Angeles in the mid-1980s along with other bands such as Dream Syndicate, The Long Ryders, Rain Parade, Thin White Rope and Green On Red. Island Records signed The Prime Movers and released a five-song EP (Prime Movers) and two singles, "On The Trail" and "Dark Western Night." A song from the EP, "Strong As I Am" was selected by film-maker Michael Mann to be the featured song in his movie, Manhunter. The song was included on the Manhunter soundtrack LP as well as being released as the A-side of a single on MCA Records. It was later used again in Damian Lee's 1991 sci-fi action film Abraxas, Guardian of the Universe.

The band broke up in 1988 and the three main members, Severs Ramsey, Gary Putman and Curt Lichter morphed into Dread Zeppelin.

Birdcage Records
Created by Severs Ramsey as a vehicle to release Prime Movers' material, Indi label Birdcage Records' first release was a 7 inch vinyl 45 by The Prime Movers: "Chances" b/w "In Touch With You" in 1983. A full-length album, "Museum" followed in 1984. Produced by Wall Of Voodoo's Jim Hill, the album received glowing notices leading Cashbox Magazine to gush," “Gary Putman weaves an ethereal tapestry which blends technical wizardry with pure emotion to create one of the most stylistically unique guitar sounds ever (Did you hear that, Les Paul?).”.

The band were mainstays on the Los Angeles club circuit becoming fan favorites at the legendary Madame Wong's Chinatown, The Troubador, The Roxy, Club Lingerie and many others. The strength of their live show and the college radio support of "Museum," ultimately drew the attention of Island A&R man and former member of Fairport Convention and Matthew's Southern Comfort, Iain Matthews.

Island
The Prime Movers signed to Island and soon began work on what was to become their eponymously named 5-song EP. The band added vocalist Gregory Markel shortly before the recording sessions began. Markel contributed a stunning voice and the idea for a new song called "Strong As I Am" that would later play a large part in The Prime Mover saga. The recording was produced by Englishman Chris Tsangarides, best known for his work with many heavy metal acts including Gary Moore, Thin Lizzy, Judas Priest and Black Sabbath. The EP was recorded at MCA Whitney Studios in Glendale, CA, and the sessions were engineered by MCA staffer, Doug Schwartz.

The EP, with songs "On The Trail," Strong As I Am," the instrumental "Kahlua House," "She's Got Pages",  and "The Outsider", was released in the US and UK in 1985 to glowing reviews. "On The Trail" was picked up by BBC Radio One who played it as if it were a number one single. Demand to see the band in the UK was such that a hastily arranged press tour was soon followed by a British tour as support act for Big Country.

Unfortunately, before the tour commenced, Markel, citing artistic differences, dropped out, leaving the band as a trio again. Undaunted, The Prime Movers returned to the studio with Tsangarides and recorded the single, "Dark Western Night" b/w "Lost In Your World." This time, the band recorded at producer Robin Millar's studio, The Power Plant, in London. With Big Country finishing up work on their album, The Seer, in the studio next door, The Prime Movers asked new friend Stuart Adamson to lay down a guitar part on "Dark Western Night." He lent his trademark E-Bow (bagpipe) guitar sound to the single.

Big Country UK Tour
In March 1986, The Prime Movers embarked on a 15 date UK Tour as special guests of Big Country. "The Seer" Tour was buoyed by the strength of a number seven charting single, "Look Away," and all shows were sold out including two packed nights at London's fabled Hammersmith Odeon. The tour was a huge success and The Prime Mover's "Dark Western Night" was repackaged by Island as a twelve-inch, yellow vinyl, double set with record two being live recordings from the tour.

Manhunter
A regular at The Prime Movers' live shows was the film director Michael Mann. Mann picked the song "Strong As I Am" for a pivotal spot in his cult thriller film, Manhunter. "Strong As I Am" was included in the Manhunter soundtrack album and later released by MCA as a single. Mann financed the making of the "Strong As I Am" video, that was directed by Mann's longtime DOP Dante Spinotti.

Dread Zeppelin
On their return to the US, the Prime Movers learned that the Managing Director and most of the A&R staff at Island had been fired. Demos continued to be recorded for the proposed Prime Mover album, but it soon became clear that the band no longer had a champion within the company. Island would not let the Prime Movers put out new material, nor would they release them from their recording contract. Despite offers from other majors, especially Rhino Records who were interested, The Prime Movers found themselves out of business with no label backing.

Severs Ramsey and longtime live engineer, Lee Manning, assembled many of the songwriting demos into an album that was distributed to college radio called, "Spooked." The band also secured the opening slot on Thomas Dolby's "Alien's Ate My Buick" 1988 US tour. Despite the success of the tour and a renewed interest in the band due to the new material on "Spooked," the band realized they had nowhere to go.

It was then that Ramsey hatched the bright idea to record new music under an assumed name. He, Putman and Lichter, as Jah Paul Jo, Put-Mon and Cheese respectively, recruited some old friends and entered their own, self-induced Musical Witness Protection Program: Dread Zeppelin was born.

The Prime Movers officially broke up in 1988 with the original three members devoting full-time to the Dread Zeppelin project.

Reunion
In 2006, Ramsey and Putman, along with new drummer, Gary Falasco, reunited for a series of sporadic gigs as well as the CD reissue of their 1984 album, "Museum." Bonus tracks on the CD release include The Prime Movers' first single, "Chances" plus live versions of "On The Trail" and ""In Touch With You" from The Big Country tour. Also included is a live version of "That Freedom Feeling/Way Station" recorded at The Roxy in Hollywood, California in 1988.

Discography

Studio albums
 Museum (1984)
 "Spooked" (1988)
 Exposure (2016)

Extended plays
 The Prime Movers (1985)
 Dark Western Night (1987)

Singles
 "Chances" / "In Touch With You" (1983)
 "On the Trail" / "Strong As I Am" (1986)
 "Dark Western Night" / "Lost In Your World" (1987)

Soundtrack appearances
 "Strong As I Am" (Manhunter soundtrack) (1987)
 "Strong As I Am" (Abraxas: Guardian of the Universe) (1990)

References

External links
 The Prime Movers
 Dread Zeppelin
 Gregory Markel "Strong As I Am" video bio
 Birdcage Records

Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1989
Alternative rock groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles


Frederick Joseph Rutley (10 July 1902 – 28 May 1947) was an Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne in both the Victorian Football Association (VFA) (1922-1924) and the Victorian Football League (VFL) (1925, 1930).

Family
The son of Frederick Rowell Rutley (1870-1907), and Sarah Cecilia Rutley (1870-1928), née Kennedy, he was born on 10 July 1902. He married Mary Ellen Johnson (1901-1957) in 1930.

Football

North Melbourne (VFA)
Making his debut in the round one match of the 1922 season, against Brighton on 6 May 1922, Rutley played 30 senior games with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football Association competition, from 1922 to 1924, scoring 30 goals.

North Melbourne (VFL)
North Melbourne was admitted to the VFL competition in 1925, and he played his first senior VFL match against Essendon on 23 May 1925. He kicked three goals in both his second and third VFL appearances, and only once in his eleven career games did he fail to kick a goal (i.e., against Carlton on 27 June 1925).

All-in brawl
He is best remembered for his part in an all-in brawl at half-time in the spiteful Round 12 match, on 1 August 1925, at Arden Street between North Melbourne and Geelong. At the Thursday night's team selection, Rutley had been dropped in favour of Clarrie Nolan; however, he took the field on the Saturday, replacing half-back flanker Curly Linton in the selected side – however, given that he kicked three of North Melbourne's 9 goals, he may not have played in the back line.

Rutley knocked Geelong's Lloyd Hagger to the ground with a round-arm action; Hagger's teammates, Arthur Coghlan and Stan Thomas, remonstrated with Rutley, and the three exchanged punches, starting an all-in brawl which involved players and team officials. Coghlan was hit in the knee with a missile thrown from the crowd, while Geelong captain Cliff Rankin and teammate Syd Hall were left unconscious and had to be carried from the field on stretchers. Geelong were also threatened and pelted with missiles by angry North Melbourne fans while leaving the field at the end of the match.

Tribunal penalties
Six players were reported on a total of seventeen offences. Rutley, who faced six charges (two counts of kicking Sid Hall, striking Lloyd Hagger, striking Arthur Coghlan, striking Stan Thomas, and melee involvement) pleaded "not guilty", but refused to give evidence.

The head of the League's tribunal was the League's President, Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer, who found all charges sustained, and in passing punishment, informed Rutley:
"The tribunal is of the opinion that this is one of the most serious and worst cases that has ever come before it. Its decision is that you are disqualified for life."

The other players were punished as follows:
Stan Thomas of Geelong, who was charged with elbowing Bill Russ, striking Rutley and melee involvement, and teammate Arthur Coghlan, who was charged with striking Rutley and melee involvement, were both suspended until 31 December 1926 (26 matches).
Bill Russ of North Melbourne, who was charged with striking Cliff Rankin and melee involvement, was suspended until 31 December 1925 (5 matches).
Tim Trevaskis of North Melbourne, who was charged with striking Les Smith and melee involvement, was suspended for 3 matches.
Harold Johnston of North Melbourne, who was charged with striking Stan Thomas and melee involvement, was reprimanded.

Reinstatement
Rutley was later reinstated by the VFL, and he returned to play for North Melbourne in 1930, having served a suspension of 89 matches.

His suspension, the third longest in VFL history, is the longest suspension for an on-field incident; the two longer suspensions (99 matches), those of Carlton's Doug Fraser and Alex Lang in 1910, were related to an off-field bribery scandal.

Death
Following a number of years of hospitalisation at the Austin Hospital, he died on 28 May 1947.

References

External links

1902 births
1947 deaths
North Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club (VFA) players
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
People from North Melbourne


Alejandro Rozitchner (born 1960 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine writer. "Artist of the ideas" or "intellectual nutritionist" are some of the names with which he describes his work. He is characterized by his affirmative thinking, his appreciation for enthusiasm (a concept on which he has published numerous articles and also a topic of several conferences), and for his open, casual, and provocative style.

Biography
Alejandro Rozitchner has a bachelor's degree in philosophy from the Universidad Central de Venezuela.

He is the author of the novels El despertar del joven que se perdió la revolución (1998), Pernicioso vegetal (1999), Bienvenidos a mi (2003), and La venganza del oyente, published in 2008. He also wrote Argentina Impotencia. De la producción de crisis, a la producción de país (2002), Amor y País. Manual de discusiones (2005), and Hijos sin dios. Cómo criar chicos ateos, with his wife, Ximena Ianantuoni.

As a professional scriptwriter, he has written humorous scripts for the shows El palacio de la risa, with Antonio Gasalla; La cueva del chancho, with Juan Acosta, and joined the scriptwriter's staff of El circo Romano, with Gerardo Romano.

In 1991 he was the bassist in the first album of Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas, "Fabrico Cuero". Subsequently, in 2000, he recorded an album with the band Juan Acosta y los navegando por dentro, artistically led by Argentine actor and humorist Juan Acosta.

In radio, he was a columnist for Mario Pergolini' s program, Cual es, at the Rock and Pop. The columns of 2002, a series of national rock lyrics that were interpreted from a philosophical standpoint, were grouped together in the book Escuchá qué tema. La filosofía del rock nacional. The opinion columns of 2003, were published in his book Ideas falsas. Moral para gente que quiere vivir (2004).

In television, he hosted his own program, "100 volando TV," and during 2005 and 2006 he participated in "Hora Clave", Mariano Grondona's program.

He writes articles and opinion columns for various publications, such as La Nación newspaper, Noticias magazine, Diario Ciudadano de Mendoza and Cronista Comercial.

As an inspirational speaker, he works at companies giving lectures on enthusiasm and creativity. He also conducts workshops and courses on philosophy and writing.

He worked at the Government of the City of Buenos Aires.

Politics
He is an advisor to Mauricio Macri, former President of the Argentine Nation.

Bibliography
1992 "La filosofía para chicos. Diario de una experiencia". Essay. Buenos Aires, Libros del Quirquincho.( Reissued in 2001, Buenos Aires, Editorial Santillana).

1993 "Saquen una hoja. Manual de supervivencia para el estudiante secundario", with Mario Pergolini. Buenos Aires, Editorial Planeta.

1993 "Conciencia rockera. La experiencia del mundo". Essay. Buenos Aires, Ediciones de la Flor.

1994 "Cómo educar a los padres", with Mario Pergolini. Buenos Aires, Editorial Planeta.

1998 "El despertar del joven que se perdió la revolución". Novel. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana.

1999 "Pernicioso vegetal". Novel. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana.

2000 "Tirados en el pasto", with Andrés Calamaro. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana. (2001. Madrid, Biblioteca Efe Eme)

2002 "Argentina Impotencia. De la producción de crisis, a la producción de país". Essay. Buenos Aires, Libros del Zorzal.

2003 "Escuchá qué tema. La filosofía del rock nacional". Essay. Buenos Aires, Editorial Planeta.

2003 "Bienvenidos a mi". Novel. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana.

2004 "Ideas falsas. Moral para gente que quiere vivir". Essay. Buenos Aires, Editorial Del Nuevo Extremo.

2005 "Amor y País. Manual de discusiones". Essay. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana.

2006 "Pensar para hacer. Cómo transformar la filosofía en una experiencia real". Essay. Editorial Santillana.

2007 "Hijos sin dios. Cómo criar chicos ateos", with Ximena Ianantuoni. Essay. Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana.

2008 "La venganza del oyente". Novel. Buenos Aires, Editorial Del Nuevo Extremo.

External links
Personal website
Blog: 100volando

1960 births
Living people
Argentine male writers
Argentine people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish Argentine writers
Writers from Buenos Aires


The 1994 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania was held November 8, 1994. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Harris Wofford, who was appointed to the position in 1991 and won a special election the same year, sought re-election to a full six-year term, but he was defeated by Republican Rick Santorum. By a margin of 2.5%, this election was the second-closest race of the 1994 Senate election cycle, behind only the election in California.

Democratic primary

Candidates
 Harris Wofford, incumbent U.S. Senator

Results

Republican primary

Candidates
 Rick Santorum, U.S. Representative for PA-18
 Joseph P. Watkins, pastor of the Christ Evangelical Lutheran Church in Philadelphia

Results

General election

Candidates
 Harris Wofford (D), incumbent U.S. Senator
 Rick Santorum (R), U.S. Representative for PA-18

Campaign
Wofford's campaign was hurt from the outset by his strong connection with President Bill Clinton's failed healthcare reform proposals; Wofford had made working toward universal healthcare a crucial issue in his prior campaign and was one of the executive's strongest allies on the issue. After this failure, however, the senator ran a relatively passive campaign. He instead attempted to focus attention on his challenger, an arch-conservative who did not attempt to moderate his views after the primary election. The polarizing Santorum took strong positions against abortion, gay rights, and affirmative action, and he even clashed with some of the traditional fixtures of the state's moderate Republican establishment. Early in the campaign and with little statewide name recognition, Santorum made a critical error by attacking Social Security, and Wofford appeared to be in relatively safe position. However, Santorum ran an effective grassroots campaign and specifically targeted many union Democrats who had reservations about the liberal social values advocated by many of their party's leaders.

In the closing weeks of the campaign, Santorum was greatly helped by strong Republican enthusiasm because of anger over Clinton's failed initiatives. He solidified his status by running a series of positive ads that attempted to define his character strengths and to contrast with Wofford's negative commercials. Santorum eventually received a close victory by performing well (and nearly winning) his home in the suburban Pittsburgh region and through particularly low turnout in Democratic strongholds, such as Philadelphia, Scranton, and Pittsburgh.

Debates
Complete video of debate, October 14, 1994
Complete video of debate, October 30, 1994

Results

|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| colspan="3" align=right | Totals
| align=right | 3,513,361
| align=right | 100.00%
| align=right |

|}

See also
 1994 United States Senate elections

References

1994 Pennsylvania elections
Pennsylvania
1994
Rick Santorum


Russell Spears (March 8, 1917 – March 9, 2009) was an American stonemason and Narragansett tribal elder. Spears served on the tribal council. Spears continued the stonemasonry which has been practiced by the Narragansett since the 17th century. He was well known for his stonemasonry throughout New England, which included handcrafted fireplaces, stone walls and patios.

Personal life
Spears was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His hobbies included playing the guitar, hunting deer, playing the piano and singing ballads. He often wore the Native American jewelry he made and later in his life wore cowboy hats.

Career
Spears initially worked at the Kenyon Piece Dye Works, but disliked working inside and told the owner he would look elsewhere for work. Most of his uncles and other relatives worked as stonemasons.  He quickly learned the craft from his relatives.

Spears constructed stone structures throughout Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts' Cape Cod throughout his long career, which spanned decades. Spears often added artistic elements to his creations, including etched images and other artistic details. His work was featured on the documentary Stories in Stone, which aired on PBS. He also taught his sons to carve and shape rocks and stones, thus continuing the family and Narragansett traditions.

Later life
Spears' house burned down in 2008, forcing him to move into his son's home. A fundraising drive was underway when Spears fell ill.

Russell Spears died on March 9, 2009, at South County Hospital in Wakefield, Rhode Island, at the age of 92. His wife, Grace Babcock (Brown) Spears (1917 - June 22, 1998), Narragansett Indian Tribal member and youngest sister to 2-time Boston Marathon winner (1936, 1939) and 1936 U.S. Olympian Ellison "Tarzan" Brown, had predeceased him.

References

2009 deaths
American stonemasons
Narragansett tribe
Artists from Providence, Rhode Island
1917 births
American people of Portuguese descent


Pro-aging trance, also known as pro-aging edifice, is a term coined by British author and biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey to describe the broadly positive and fatalistic attitude toward aging in society.

Overview
According to de Grey, the pro-aging trance explains why many people gloss over aging through irrational thought patterns. The concept says that the thought of one's own body slowly but ceaselessly deteriorating is so burdensome that it seems most sensible from a psychological point of view to try to put it out of one's mind. Since aging has been present throughout human history, this coping strategy would be deeply rooted in human thinking. It is striking that, in defending their point of view, those affected often commit fallacies which, from experience, would not be expected of them in a different context.

The name, according to de Grey, comes from the similarity of persons affected to hypnotised people, whose subconscious minds in the trance state prefer to resort to illogical explanations rather than abandon a deeply-held belief.

The pro-aging trance consists both in the belief that the aging process is inevitable and therefore will not be prevented even by future developments, and in the view that any success in the fight against aging would have mainly negative consequences. Examples cited include boredom, overpopulation, unresolved problems regarding current pension systems, and dictators living forever, but there is no nuanced and factual discussion of counter-arguments and proposed solutions and no juxtaposition or weighing of these potential disadvantages with the benefits of eliminating aging (such as saving about 100,000 lives per day).

De Grey assumes that robust mouse rejuvenation will provide a paradigm shift in society in this regard.

Issues
The phenomenon of the pro-aging trance is a hurdle in the rapid development of anti-aging medicine. The reason is that it takes time for people to break out of it and the result of lacking public support is low research funding.

Furthermore, aging is not socially perceived as a disease to be fought, which is why it is more difficult to get support for fighting it than for fighting cancer, Alzheimer's disease, or similar illnesses. De Grey sees the reason for this in the rhetoric of many gerontologists during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, who usually drew a line in public communication between age-related diseases and "aging itself", even though the former were merely late stages of aging and therefore should not be viewed independently of the aging process. Moreover, he argues that the post-aging world is portrayed predominantly as dystopian in fiction, hence reinforcing people in their assumption that defeating aging is undesirable.

Reception
The American philosopher Benjamin Ross criticises de Grey's approach to aging in his dissertation, saying that it is precisely his activism and the associated intention to wake people up from the pro-aging trance that is, whether he realises it or not, first defined by aging. He and other anti-aging activists would build almost their entire lives around the fact of age-related death. By achieving their goal of defeating the pro-aging trance and, by extension, aging, they would therefore also abolish an important aspect of their identity and the very circumstance that currently gives meaning to their lives. Other works are also critical of the condemnation of the opposition to anti-aging with the term "trance". For example, it is mentioned that this, just like the "deathism" denounced by Nick Bostrom, prevents an evaluation of the discussion beyond the binary view of "death bad, extended life good".

The German bioethicist Mark Schweda argues that far-reaching interventions in the aging process must always be carefully weighed up, but that in the meantime no one can invoke the image of aging as a "totally unavailable natural reality", if only because scientific and cultural developments have already made it obsolete. At the same time, however, he criticises the modern "naturalistic" view of aging, which reduces it to physical decay and ignores all other aspects. Another bioethicist, Gregor Wolbring, agreed that longevity researchers reject the rhetoric of ending aging entirely, but contended that ramifications of the proposal raised complications. Arthur Diamond, author of Openness to Creative Destruction: Sustaining Innovative Dynamism, embraced the concept as well as something needing to be conquered if death is to be overcome.

The described pro-aging attitude is compared to the Stockholm syndrome by anti-aging advocates in the context of examining possible reasons for rejecting life-prolonging technologies: just as hostages sympathise with their captors after a certain period of time, people come to terms with the idea that they will age and eventually die.

The Russian computer scientist and biotechnologist Alex Zhavoronkov assumes that the cause of the pro-aging trance lies in the tendency of people not to want to get their hopes up unnecessarily. He also posits that once the possibility of a dramatic extension of the healthy human lifespan is present, it can trigger feelings of guilt that one does nothing to hasten its implementation, which is why it is easier to block it out.

The American social psychologist Tom Pyszczynski, one of the founding psychologists of terror management theory, explains the opposition to life-prolonging therapies with exactly this model. According to him, the cause of that opposition is paradoxically that the critics fear death and actually long for radical life extension. However, since they do not consider it feasible or likely in their remaining lifetime, they try to deal with the terror caused by their own mortality through investing in a cultural worldview in the hope of achieving literal or symbolic immortality. The actual possibility of life extension challenges the beliefs and values that serve them as their protector from death-related thoughts. It thus generates the need to defend them and object to treatments that would actually extend lifespan. This goes hand in hand with the mortality salience hypothesis.

According to representatives of the anti-aging movement, learned helplessness could also play a role in why many people resign themselves to aging. In 1967, the psychologist and behavioural scientist Martin Seligman showed that dogs that are exposed to mild electric shocks and realise that they cannot do anything about it tend to continue to endure the shocks after this phase, even if they have the opportunity to avoid them. Proponents of life extension compare this to the attitude which many people show toward their own aging process: in their opinion, these people have learned that any attempt to fight against aging is in vain and will therefore disregard new possibilities.

See also
 Cognitive bias
 Longevity escape velocity
 The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant — short story referencing the phenomenon

Notes

References

Ageing
Life extension
Defence mechanisms
Gerontology


Carlisle Public School may refer to:

Carlisle Public Schools (Arkansas)
Carlisle Public Schools (Massachusetts)


San Ignacio ("Beyu") is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ponga, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 39 (INE 2011).

Culture
Its specialty is the cheese, Queso de Beyos.

Parishes in Ponga


The VfR Pforzheim was a German association football club from the city of Pforzheim, Baden-Württemberg. The club achieved notability by playing in Germany's second division in the 1965–66 season. In 2010. the club merged with 1. FC Pforzheim to form 1. CfR Pforzheim.

Apart from football, the club also operates an ice hockey team in the Landesliga Baden-Württemberg, the VfR Blue Gold Stars.

History

Early years
The club was formed in 1897 under the name of FC Alemania Pforzheim. Pforzheim was then a leading city in the development of German football and had, with the 1. FC Pforzheim, already a strong club. In 1906, two more football clubs were formed in Pforzheim, the FC Viktoria and Phönix. These later two merged with Alemania to form VfR on 12 September 1912. In 1919, a fourth club joined this merger, the FC Oststadt.

From the beginning, the VfR, then Alemania, stood in the shadow of the 1.FCP. While the later played in the tier-one Südkreis-Liga, Alemania played in the second division, then the B-Klasse Mittelbaden. In 1911–12, out of 17 clubs in two divisions in this league, seven came from Pforzheim, including the three sides that would merge at the end of it to become VfR.

Post-First World War
Despite the merger in 1912, VfR could not rise to the highest level in the region before the First World War, but, in 1919, football in the region was reorganised and the club became part of the new Kreisliga Südwest. It played at this level for three seasons before suffering relegation in 1922. VfR was unable to rise to the highest level again in the following era of the Bezirksliga Württemberg-Baden, from 1923 to 1933 and only returned to division one in 1943, when the Gauliga Baden had become the top tier in the region.

Post-Second World War
After the Second World War, the club became part of the tier-two Landesliga Nordbaden. VfR played at this level with some success, winning the southern group of the league in 1948. In 1950, the Landesliga Nordbaden became the Amateurliga Nordbaden and, because of the creation of the 2. Oberliga Süd, was now only the third tier of the league system. VfR was relegated from the league in 1952, slipping to the tier-four 2. Amateurliga Mittelbaden.

The club recovered immediately and returned to the Amateurliga the following season but lasted only two years before having to drop down again. Once more, it took out the local division championship and return to the third tier, this time establishing itself more permanently. In 1959, it managed to win the Amateurliga Nordbaden and came close to promotion to the 2. Oberliga. On equal points with FC Singen 04 and SpVgg Bayreuth who were first and second in the five team promotion round, it lost both deciders for promotion in extra time and the other two clubs went up instead.

The club remained a top team in the league despite this disappointment, coming third, second and second in the following three seasons. After lesser performances in 1963 and 1964, the club came second once more in 1964–65. Because the league's champions, the second team of Karlsruher SC, was ineligible for promotion, VfR took part in it instead and succeeded.

In its sole season in the tier-two Regionalliga Süd, 1965–66, the club was heavily outclassed and came last with only eleven points to its name, 122 goals against and a 16-point gap to the second-last SpVgg Weiden.

Back in the Amateurliga the following season, the team finished fourth and continued to archive upper-table finishes in the coming years. In 1974 however, VfR came second-last and was relegated to the 2. Amateurliga once more. Like in the past, it won its local division but failed to gain promotion when it lost to VfB Bretten in the promotion round. The year after, it was more successful and regained its Amateurliga Nordbaden status. Also, in 1975–76 and 1976–77, it took part in the German Cup, exiting both times in the first round.

A reorganisation of German football in 1978 meant, that the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg became the new third tier of football in the region. The Amateurliga was renamed Verbandsliga Nordbaden and slipped to fourth tier. VfR had to finish in the top five of its league in 1977–78 to qualify for the new Oberliga but, coming eighth, was grouped in the Verbandsliga instead.

1978 to 1995
The club became a fixture in the Verbandsliga until 1987, when it was relegated to the tier-five Landesliga Nordbaden-Staffel 3. It spent the next two seasons at this level, earning promotion in 1989. After this, the club's ambitions almost ruined it. After three seasons in the Verbandsliga, it took out the league title there in 1992 and was promoted to the Oberliga. After a difficult first year, it performed well in the 1993–94 season, coming fifth. The season after saw it finish second in the league and earning the right to compete in the promotion round to the tier-three Regionalliga Süd. The club managed to beat SpVgg Bayreuth 4–0 but then lost 1–3 to Eintracht Frankfurt Amateure, ending all dreams.

1995 onwards
The club's finances were in a disastrous state and it had to withdraw from the Oberliga, taking up the place of its reserve team in the Bezirksliga (VII) instead. It lost all its first team players and all but four of its second team. Despite this difficult situation, it archived a ninth place in its league in 1995–96 and unexpectedly avoided relegation.

The club suffered relegation from the Landesliga (VI) in 2008, dropping to the Kreisliga Pforzheim. Because of the introduction of the 3. Liga, this meant, it fell from tier six to tier eight.

Honours
The club's honours:
 Landesliga Nordbaden (Southern Division) (II)
 Champions: 1948
 Amateurliga Nordbaden (III)
 Champions: 1959
 Verbandsliga Nordbaden (IV)
 Champions: 1992
 2. Amateurliga Mittelbaden (IV)
 Champions: 1953, 1956, 1975, 1977
 Landesliga Nordbaden-Staffel 3 (V)
 Champions: 1989

Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

 With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.

References

Sources
Süddeutschlands Fussballgeschichte in Tabellenform 1897–1988  History of Southern German football in tables, author: Ludolf Hyll
 50 Jahre Fussball in Nord-Baden 1945–99  50 Years of football in North Baden, author: Ludolf Hyll & Dieter Zimmermann

External links
1. CFR Pforzheim website
Official website of the clubs ice hockey team
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Defunct football clubs in Germany
Defunct football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1897
Association football clubs disestablished in 2010
Pforzheim
1897 establishments in Germany
2010 disestablishments in Germany


Karate was competed by men and women at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea.  Kata was contested along with Kumite. There were 11 gold medals contested for this sport. All competition took place at the Yangsan College Gymnasium on October 11 and 12. Each country was limited to having 5 athletes.

Schedule

Medalists

Men

Women

Medal table

Participating nations
A total of 117 athletes from 30 nations competed in karate at the 2002 Asian Games:

References
2002 Asian Games Report, Pages 476–486

External links
Official website

2002 Asian Games events
2002
Asian Games
2002 Asian Games


The major town houses of Victor Horta are four town houses in Brussels, Belgium, which have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000. All four houses were designed and built by the Belgian architect Victor Horta (1861–1947), who pioneered the Art Nouveau style during the mid-1890s.

History
Victor Horta was born in Ghent, Belgium, in 1861 and lived for several years in Paris before returning to Belgium to work as an architect in 1880. He achieved rapid success, working on several prestigious buildings and receiving a number of official posts including a position at the Free University of Brussels. From 1892, Horta began working in the new Art Nouveau style. In 1893, he designed the Hôtel Tassel, which is considered the first example of Art Nouveau architecture. He applied the same style to many subsequent buildings, including the Hôtel Solvay (built 1895–1900), Hôtel van Eetvelde (1895–1898) and his own house and workshop (1898). Among the architects who were inspired by Horta's works of the period are Antoni Gaudí and Hector Guimard.

During World War I, Horta went into exile in the United Kingdom and the United States. On returning to Belgium, Horta modified his styles in subsequent buildings, moving away from Art Nouveau towards Art Deco or Modernist styles to take account of changing popular tastes. He died in 1947.

List
Four houses are included in the UNESCO listing.

Among the notable surviving examples of Horta's Art Nouveau architecture in Belgium which are not included in the UNESCO listing are the Hôtel Max Hallet (1902) and the Magasins Waucquez (1908).

Recognition
The UNESCO commission recognised them in 2000:

The four houses were selected on the basis of their architectural importance but also because of their state of conservation.

See also

 Art Nouveau in Brussels
 History of Brussels
 Belgium in "the long nineteenth century"

References

Notes

External links

 Official listing page at UNESCO

Buildings and structures in Brussels
City of Brussels
World Heritage Sites in Belgium
Victor Horta buildings
Art Nouveau architecture in Brussels
Art Nouveau houses


Fredrik Wandrup (born 1 March 1951) is a Norwegian journalist and writer.  He has been affiliated with Dagbladet since 1976, and won the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1995.

References
 Om Wandrup ved Gyldendal Norsk Forlag

Norwegian male writers
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian literary critics
Norwegian biographers
1955 births
Living people


Cazu is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ponga, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 187 (INE 2007).

Villages and hamlets
 Ambingue
 Cazu
 Los Lladeros
 Priesca
 Sellañu
 Tribiertu

References

Parishes in Ponga