The Lawyers' Movement, also known as the Movement for the Restoration of Judiciary or the Black Coat Protests, was the popular mass protest movement initiated by the lawyers of Pakistan in response to the former president and army chief Pervez Musharraf's actions of 9 March 2007 when he unconstitutionally suspended Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry as the chief justice of Pakistan's Supreme Court. Following the suspension of the chief justice, the Supreme Court Bar Association (SCBA) declared the judge's removal as an "assault on the independence of judiciary" and were backed by several political parties.

History

Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry

In the first few months of 2007, several conflicts had already raged between chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and the Pakistani government. Chaudhry had worked hard to clear a backlog of cases at the Supreme Court and had "[taken] on politically controversial issues", particularly with regard to the Pakistan Steel Mills corruption case where the chief justice ruled against the sale of the state-owned steel mills at a "throw-away price". Issues pertaining to the privatisation of the state-owned steel mills upset Shaukat Aziz, who served as the prime minister under the Musharraf administration.

What irked president Pervez Musharraf however was the controversial Missing Persons case that found Pakistan's intelligence agencies (including the FIA and the ISI) to be complicit in the forced disappearances of up to 400 people (including terror suspects and human rights activists) without due process since 2001. Under Chaudhry's leadership, the courts had increasingly started "exercising independence from the government" when it ordered the security agencies to produce the missing people in court.

When the Musharraf administration asked the judge to quit, Chaudhry refused to go. On 9 March 2007, Musharraf had no other choice but to suspend Chaudhry from his post for alleged and unspecified charges of misconduct and misuse of authority. The sacking of the head of the judiciary sparked bloody protests throughout Pakistan and "edged the country towards a constitutional crisis". The civil unrest grew with regards to the validity of the allegations as well as doubts as to whether Musharraf had the power to suspend the chief justice. It was on these grounds that Chaudhry waged a legal battle in the Supreme Court seeking his reinstatement. He called his suspension a "thinly veiled assault on the independence of judiciary in Pakistan".

Adliya Bachao Tehreek
Chaudhry's suspension was met with protests from Pakistan's legal community. Senior judges and lawyers initiated the Adliya Bachao Tehreek (; Save the Judiciary Movement) with the aim of getting Chaudhry reinstated and maintain the independence of the judiciary. The movement was led by SCBA presidents Munir A. Malik, Aitzaz Ahsan, and Ali Ahmad Kurd along with others leading lawyers. The Adliya Bachao Tehreek is seen as a precursor to the eventual Lawyer's Movement.

Renowned politician and lawyer Aitzaz Ahsan was pivotal in bringing together an "influential group of constitutional lawyers who had long opposed the various periods of military rule in Pakistan’s short history". He orchestrated a "campaign of motorcades" to take the chief justice to various bar associations around the country. Wherever the cavalcade passed, the chief justice was welcomed by people tossing rose petals at his car and chanting "Go Musharraf Go!"

Police brutality in Sahiwal
On 5 May 2007, a rally was organised in support of the chief justice in Sahiwal. The deposed chief justice was to make an appearance at a bar association in Sahiwal on his way to Multan. Upon his arrival, the police (allegedly acting under orders from the Musharraf regime) baton-charged and attacked the otherwise peaceful "torch-bearing" demonstrators. There were reports that the police threw petrol bombs at the rally burning at least 13 lawyers; five suffered from major burns. Around 50 lawyers were injured in the mayhem.  The New York Times later interviewed Ishtiaq Ahmed, a lawyer who shared an eyewitness account of the incident, saying that Sahiwal was where the lawyers "suffered more than any place".

On 9 May 2007, the general house of the Lahore High Court Bar Association (LHCBA) demanded the Punjab and Sindh governments to step down immediately for patronising state terrorism. The bar also called for the removal of Sahiwal DPO Javed Shah. The LHC later upheld the sentences against other police officers involved in the attacks on 24 July 2013.

Black Saturday riots in Karachi

As the movement started gaining support from political parties in the opposition, the various pro-government parties, in particular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) and Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q), allied themselves with Musharraf and began organising protest demonstrations of their own against the "politicisation of the issue of [the justice's suspension]". On 12 May 2007, two such rival demonstrations in Karachi came to a violent end when ensuing clashes left more than 40 people killed with several hundred injured and arrested.

On the chief justice's arrival in Karachi to address the Sindh High Court Bar Association at its 50th anniversary, gunfights and clashes erupted across the provincial capital as Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and Awami National Party (ANP) activists who supported the judge and the pro-government MQM activists took to the streets against each other. During the riots that ensued, media offices of the Business Recorder Group and Aaj TV were also attacked. There were also reports that the activists of the pro-government MQM had torched a lawyers' office resulting in the deaths of about seven lawyers burnt alive in the fire. Following the attacks on media offices, the news media strengthened in their resolve to support the chief justice's reinstatement.

Political opponents in the parliament blamed one another for the May 12 mayhem. Several opposition politicians placed the responsibility of the attacks on pro-government parties like the MQM, while MQM held the opposition parties responsible for the situation in Karachi. An editorial in the Daily Times said, "the possibility of any compromise to correct [Musharraf's] original mistake [of removing the chief justice] has vanished now ... the ante has been upped by the government."

Temporary reinstatement
Four months into the movement, Musharraf caved under the "pressure of incessant nonviolent civil resistance" and reinstated Chaudhry as the chief justice on 20 July 2007. The Supreme Court cleared Chaudhry of all charges when restoring him to his earlier position. Nevertheless, the lawyers still continued their movement against Musharraf, declaring his actions and rule "illegal".

The legal community put pressure on Chaudhry to take up several controversial cases against the Musharraf regime – one such case challenged the army chief's eligibility as a candidate in the upcoming presidential elections on 6 October 2007.

Judiciary dismissed again under emergency rule

On 3 November 2007, the reelected president Pervez Musharraf declared a state of emergency in Pakistan and imposed a provisional constitutional order (PCO). Under the PCO, Musharraf dismissed the chief justice again and removed about sixty other judges. Several opposition politicians and lawyers called the removal of these judges as "illegal and unconstitutional".

In shuffling the functions of the judiciary, several judges to asked to take oath under the 2007 PCO arrangements. The lawyers, in turn, refused to take oath under the PCO and reacted to the dismissals and the emergency rule by boycotting the courts and taking part in protests and hunger strikes. People from outside the legal community also took part in these protests further motivated by political agendas. The international pressure following the nationwide protest forced Musharraf to end emergency rule in December 2007. In ending the emergency rule, Musharraf still did not reinstate Chaudhry and the other judges who had refused to take oath under the PCO arrangements. These judges had persistently protested and did so until Musharraf resigned in August 2008.

List of prominent judges removed
 Chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry
 Justice Rana Bhagwandas
 Justice Khalil-ur-Rehman Ramday
 Justice Javaid Iqbal
 Justice Raja Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad
 Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan
 Justice Chaudhry Ijaz Ahmed
 Justice Khawaja Muhammad Sharif
 Justice Mahmood Akhtar Shahid Siddiqui
 Justice Ghulam Rabbani

Movement activists put under house arrest

On 4 November 2007, prominent leaders of the movement were kept under house arrest including former chief justice Iftikhar Chaudhry, Aitzaz Ahsan and Munir A. Malik. Such were the restrictions imposed on the judges under arrest that Malik later developed serious health problems due to his confinement when his kidneys shut down and his liver malfunctioned.

Amongst the various lawyers, opposition politicians and human rights activists put under house arrest was the UN special rapporteur Asma Jahangir. She was placed under house arrest on 5 November 2007. An email from Jahangir's house arrest was published in The Independent, in which she regretted that Musharraf had "lost his marbles".

Nationwide crackdown on lawyers
On 5 November 2007, police raided the Lahore High Court Bar Association. They baton-charged and threw tear gas into the premises and arrested over 800 lawyers. The Lahore High Court condemned the attack saying that never had it occurred in the history of Pakistan that armoured police vehicles entered a court's premises to attack protesting lawyers who had sought refuge within the court building. The protesting lawyers had earlier showered rose petals in front of the locked courtrooms of the judges who refused to take the oath under the PCO.

At the Sindh High Court (SHC) in Karachi, several protesting lawyers were arrested at the court premises. When removed judges tried to enter the court premises, they were stopped by police outside the gates. Over 45 protesting lawyers were picked up from the SHC premises including former FSC judge Shafi Mohammadi, relieved SHC chief justice Sabihuddin Ahmed's son Salahuddin Ahmed, justice Anwar Zaheer Jamali's son Najeeb Jamali,  senior lawyer Fakhruddin G. Ebrahim's son Zahid Ebrahim and the son in law of Khawaja Muhammad Sharif, Azhar Hameed.

2008 general elections and the Bhurban Accord
The 2008 general elections were held on 18 February 2008, after being postponed from 8 January 2008. The PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) won the largest and second largest number of seats respectively in the national assembly. After the general elections, PPP and PML-N agreed to form a coalition government and Asif Ali Zardari and Nawaz Sharif, the chiefs of both PPP and PML-N respectively, joined together to organise a movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf.

The two leaders met at Pearl Continental Bhurban in Murree on 8 March 2008 where they signed a mutual political agreement called the Bhurban Accord. According to this political agreement, the two leaders agreed to restore the judiciary by 30 April 2008 and reinstate the 60 judges previously sacked by Musharraf. However, when the PPP came into government, Zardari took a less stringent stance than Sharif on the issue of the reinstatement of judges.

Zardari's reluctance to reinstate judges
The deposition of judges on November 3 had played in Zardari's favour. Just before the emergency rule was imposed, the Supreme Court had begun deliberations on the legality of Musharraf's US-backed proposal — the National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) — which had sought to drop corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Zardari in return for a joint Bhutto–Musharraf coalition to govern Pakistan. Where Bhutto and Zardari sympathised with Musharraf on his feud with the Supreme Court, they simultaneously criticised the imposition of martial law or a military dictatorship. As soon as the Supreme Court could issue a decision, Musharraf had replaced its members with his supporters.

After the 2008 elections, a Bhutto–Musharraf coalition seemed highly unlikely and Zardari felt political pressure from his peers to reinstate the judges. Zardari had feared that by reinstating the judges to their earlier posts, he would welcome cases against him in light of the Supreme Court's earlier deliberations on the legality of the NRO. Even after Musharraf resigned office in August 2008 and Zardari sworn in as the new president, he was reluctant to reinstate the judges immediately. This eventually led the lawyers to openly criticise the PPP-led government along with its PML-N allies and considered "them [both] a part of the same regime", since both had faltered over their agreement in the Bhurban Accord. These developments gave further traction to the original Adliya Bachao Movement. The stalwarts of the original movement reshaped their movement around the changing circumstances and called this rekindling of the movement as the "Lawyers' Movement".

The movement splits into camps
With Zardari's reluctance to reinstate Chaudhry and his later decision in February 2009 to declare president's rule in Punjab, the Lawyers' Movement broke into two separate camps – the first camp led by Hamid Khan held a pro-judiciary stance, while the other camp held a rather pro-government stance. Although there were some that didn't side with any particular camp at a given time.

Much like its predecessor movement Adliya Bachao Tehreek, both the camps in the Lawyers' Movement lobbied for the reinstatement of the sacked judges but differed on political grounds and the policies of their affiliated parties. The movement gained momentum as protests raged throughout Pakistan, particularly in Punjab under the encouragement of deposed representatives of the province. Former prime minister and PML-N chief Nawaz Sharif called for the reinstatement of Chaudhry helping this renewed struggle gain some leverage.

Petition

On 21 January 2009 the Lahore High Court Bar Association carried out a 10 Million signature movement. As the name suggests, the purpose of the movement was to get 10 million signatures on a large white cloth which was to be presented to the parliament at the end of long march. Political party workers, concerned citizen and lawyers participated and signed the petition.

Pakistan Long March
On 16 March 2009 the Lawyers' Community had given a call for nationwide 'Long March'.  Many political parties like the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Group), Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, Jamaat-e-Islami and others supported and participated in the Long March. The march was from Karachi to Islamabad to demand the reinstatement of a Supreme Court Chief Justice and other judges ousted from office by former President Pervez Musharraf. Supporters of the 'restoration of judges' participated in the Long March despite a ban imposed on protests and rallies under Section 144 by the government.

Eventual restoration of the judiciary
As a result of the Lawyer's Movement, Zardari was forced to meet their demands and Chaudry was reinstated as the chief justice by prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani on 17 March 2009.

Prominent leaders of the movement

Original stalwarts

These activists were responsible for organising the 2007 Adliya Bachao Tehreek which paved the way for the later Lawyers' Movement.
 Ali Ahmad Kurd was a strong opponent of Musharraf's military regime and challenged the former army chief's eligibility as a candidate for the 2008 presidential elections.
 Aitzaz Ahsan wrote a poem while under house arrest which became the anthem of the Lawyers' Movement. Ahsan faced severe pressures being a member of the PPP's central executive committee, yet he greatly contributed to the movement setting aside his party's political aspirations.
 Munir A. Malik was decorated with a number of awards for his role in the Lawyers' Movement including the Dorab Patel Rule of Law Award by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), the Human Rights Defender Award by the Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) shared with Aitzaz Ahsan and the 2008 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights.

Pro-judiciary camp
Certain decisions made by the PPP-led government showed resentment on various decisions of the Supreme Court. It was this contest between the government and the judiciary that made various members of the Lawyers' Movement side with a more pro-judiciary stance. The members who remained resolute against the PPP-led government for the restoration of judiciary in accordance with the Bhurban Accord were mostly led by Hamid Khan.
 Hamid Khan and vice-president of PTI.
 Tariq Mahmood served as a judge with the Balochistan High Court and refused to take oath under Musharraf's presidency. He was arrested and detained with his family during the emergency rule.
 Athar Minallah resigned his distinguished civil services career to join the Lawyers' Movement. He served as a minister in the North-West Frontier Province caretaker government under Musharraf's regime. After Musharraf suspended Chaudhry, he switched over sides and joined other lawyers in support of Chaudhry's reinstatement.
 Asrar-ul-Haq Mian was an executive chairman of the Pakistan Bar Council, Being a senior advocate of the Supreme Court, his role was pivotal in the Lawyers' Movement. He later supported Aitzaz Ahsan's camp backing Tariq Javed Chaudhry's nomination in the Lahore Bar Association election against Latif Khosa.
 Naseer Ahmed Bhutta as a PML-N MNA was vital in gaining the support of his party in joining the Lawyers' Movement to unite against Musharraf's unconstitutional suspension of the judges. He served as a leading figurehead of the PML-N and held his party's determination in reinstate the November 2 judiciary.
 Mian Muhammad Aslam  played an active role in the Lawyers' Movement.
 Anwar Kamal Khan was a former PML-N senator who lobbied the Lawyers' Movement cause in the NWFP provincial assembly where he suggested to "line up a united opposition against the military dictator [Pervez Musharraf]". He also famously called Benazir Bhutto a "spent bullet for Pervez Musharraf".
 Rana Asadullah Khan was Secretary of Lahore High Court Bar Association at that time and he managed three famous long marches. He also started campaign of ten million signature petition to the Parliament for restoration of True Judiciary.His father was also a renowned lawyer Rana Abdul Rahim Khan. He struggled against Ayub Khan dictatorship when he was Secretary of Lahore High Court Bar Association in 1968.His elder brother Rana Mashhood Ahmad Khan was also Secretary of High Court Bar, Lahore. The only distinction this family enjoys that father and his two sons served as Secretary of Bar.

Civil Society
The following individuals were from the Civil Society were recognized at the final flag raising ceremony for their contribution to the movement:
 PPP Senator Safdar Ali Abbasi,
 Talat Hussain, journalist
 Hamid Mir, TV show host
 Mazhar Abbas, president of the Pakistan Federal Union of Journalist and
 Asma Shirazi, prominent TV anchor.

Pro-government camp

These group of Lawyers' Movement activists sided with the PPP government after Zardari didn't reinstate the judges after he was sworn as the president of Pakistan.
 Latif Khosa was instrumental in the Lawyers’ Movement and voiced his appeal to restore dozens of senior judges sacked by Musharraf in 2007. He later distanced himself from the movement when the PML-N joined the movement against PPP, the political party that Khosa was affiliated with. He later organised a pro-government camp within the Lawyers' Movement.
 Latif Afridi was the general secretary of the Awami National Party (ANP) and later its breakaway faction National Awami Party of Pakistan (NAPP). He garnered support from both ANP and NAPP in backing the Lawyers' Movement.
 Asma Jahangir
 Qazi Anwar
 Muhammad Yasin Azad

Various actors in the movement

Pakistani media
The print and electronic media were very active in the Lawyers' Movement. Geo News even had to face a ban.

Days before the call for 16 March 2009 Long March, Geo News carried out a series of public service message campaign which was sponsored by Mir Khalil ur Rehman Foundation (MKRF) for restoration of the judges. One of the campaign's message was an 8 minutes 12 Seconds video which showed all the promises and statements, especially by Pakistan Peoples Party leaders, about the restoration of the judges but were not fulfilled. The campaign proved very successful in educating people and reminding the government of their commitments. The government even blocked Geo News in many parts of the country as the government believed the campaign was biased.

Critics say that Print and electronic media, at times, crossed their limits of authority and helped creating a negative sentiment about the government among masses regarding the Chief Justice issue. However, the Lawyers movement succeeded in getting the interest of commons. Television channels covered the rallies of Judges for hours continuously.

Political parties

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), Jamaat-e-Islami, Pakistan Muslim League (PMLN), Pakhtun-khwa Milli Awami Party, Awami National Party and Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) supported the Lawyers' Movement on different occasions.

In popular culture
 The music video for Shehzad Roy's 2008 song Laga Reh takes a satirical look at the Lawyers' Movement and depicts a protesting lawyer trying to light a matchstick in order to set ablaze a tyre as riots continue in the background. Later when the judiciary was restored after the Lawyers' Movement, Roy depicted corruption in the nation's judiciary and media in Apne Uloo, his 2011 song featuring Wasu.
 The music video for Ali Azmat's 2011 song Bum Phatta criticised the media circus that surrounded the ousting of Musharraf and the Lawyers' Movement, when it should instead be focused on pressing matters like poverty, education and terrorism.

See also
 Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry

Citations

References

longmarch.restore-pakistan-judiciary.org

External links

2007 in Pakistan
Social movements in Pakistan
Protests in Pakistan
Legal history of Pakistan
Political history of Pakistan
L
Peace marches
Articles containing video clips
Pakistani democracy movements
2007 in Pakistani politics


The Old Melburnians Athletics Club is a track and field club based in Melbourne, Australia.

History
The precursor to the Old Melburnians Athletic Club (O.M.A.C.) was the Melburnian Hare & Hounds club, which organised various runs and competitions. Started in 1892, it was one of the four founding clubs of the Victorian Amateur Athletic Association (V.A.A.A.) (now Athletics Victoria) in 1891. One of its members, Edwin Flack, was in Europe at the time of the first modern Olympics and won both the 800m and 1500m events (making him the first Australian to win a gold medal at the Olympic Games and allowing Australia to be one of less than a handful of nations to have competed at every Summer Olympics).

When the Hare & Hounds club folded, Jack Newman (a 1924 Olympian) proposed the setting up of the O.M.A.C. As he was a member of St.Stephens Harriers Athletic Club and could not obtain a transfer, he had to stand out of athletic competition for a year in order to become a member of the Club. In 1978 the Old Wesley Athletic Club amalgamated with the O.M.A.C. for the purposes of V.A.A.A. competition. They continue to conduct a separate cross-country team in the APSOB competition, but in all other respects their members are normal O.M.A.C. members.

In 1979 the Powerhouse Athletic Club also amalgamated with the O.M.A.C. Originally their members were only second-claim members of the O.M.A.C., but they are now full members.

Over the years the club has had many Olympians. Scott Ferrier, Michael Hazel and Peter Winter are the most recent Olympians the club has produced.

Today the club has Australia's finest young talent. Australian record holders Sam Baines and Henry Frayne compete for the club. Sam Baines holds the under 18 110m hurdles record of 13.28 seconds and Henry Frayne holds the under 20 triple jump record with a leap of 16.58 metres.

References

External links
[ www.oldmelburniansac.com OMAC website]

Sports clubs and teams in Melbourne
Athletics clubs in Australia
Sports clubs and teams established in 1892
1892 establishments in Australia


"By Any Other Name" is a second-season episode of Star Trek: The Original Series.

By Any Other Name may also refer to:

 By Any Other Name, a short story collection by Spider Robinson
 A novella by the same author, expanded into the novel Telempath
 "By Any Other Name", a short story by Santha Rama Rau
 "By Any Other Name", an episode of the British television series Holby City (series 5)
 By Any Other Name (album), a Future Sound of London compilation release
 "By Any Other Name", a song by Holman Autry Band

See also
 Bi Any Other Name, a 1991 anthology of works by bisexual authors
 "Any Other Name", a song by Thomas Newman, used in the movie American Beauty


Marko Martin (born 20 August in Tallinn, 1975) is an Estonian pianist trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, teaching at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre. He is a member of the Association of Estonian Professional Musicians and the Eduard Tubin Society.

Selective Competition Record
 1994 Eurovision Young Musicians - Finalist
 1998 Gina Bachauer International Piano Competition - 4th prize
 2000 Honens IPC - 2nd prize

Other prizes
 2005 Neeme Järvi Young Musicians Award

References

  Estonian Music Information Centre
  Association of Estonian Professional Musicians
  Norfold Symphony Orchestra
  David Oistrakh Festival, Pärnu

Estonian classical pianists
1975 births
Living people
Tallinn Music High School alumni
Eurovision Young Musicians Finalists
Musicians from Tallinn
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
20th-century Estonian musicians
21st-century Estonian musicians
21st-century classical pianists


Aleksandar Ugrenović (6 November 1883 – 19 November 1958) was a university professor in forestry from Croatia and Yugoslavia and a member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Ugrenović was born in Petrinja (then Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia). He graduated from the Faculty of Forestry (1904) and the Faculty of Philosophy (1907) of the University of Zagreb. He attained a doctoral degree from the Faculty of Philosophy in 1907. In the 1907–21 period he worked as a forester in Osijek, Slatina and Pakrac.

Between 1921 and 1956, with a brief hiatus during the World War II (1941–45), he was a full-time professor at the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry in Zagreb in "use of forests for trade and wood industry" and "forest politics". He joined JAZU in 1948. He was also a member of the JAZU presidency, secretary of the Natural Science Department and the commissioner of the Forestry Section in the Yugoslav Academy.

Between 1925 and 1929 he edited Šumarski list (Forestry Magazine) and for a while also edited magazine Prirodoslovna istraživanja JA  (Investigations of nature by the Yugoslav Academy). He initiated and later became the editor in chief of the Forestry Encyclopedia of the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute in Zagreb.

He was a member of several international forestry organizations, such as Silva Mediterranea (Rome, 1922), Commission internationale d'agriculture (Paris, 1923), Institut internationale d'agriculture (Rome, 1934) and Union internationale des instituts de recherches forestieres (Stockholm, 1936).

Aleksandar Ugrenović died in Zagreb, at the time in SR Croatia.

Sources
 Ugrenović, Aleksandar

Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb alumni
Croatian foresters
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Forestry academics
1883 births
1958 deaths
People from Petrinja
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Forestry researchers


Hugh Graham Mackay (born 1867; date of death unknown) was a Scottish football goalkeeper who played for Rotherham Town and Burslem Port Vale in the 1890s.

Career
Mackay played for Vale of Midlothian, Heart of Midlothian, Middlesbrough, and Rotherham Town, before joining Burslem Port Vale in October 1893. He kept a clean sheet on his debut in a 1–0 win over Notts County at the Athletic Ground on 25 November. Although a goalkeeper, he played at outside-right in a 2–1 home victory over Woolwich Arsenal on 6 January. He played 16 Second Division games in the 1893–94 season, but was released in May 1894. He later played for Wigan County.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1867 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Vale of Midlothian F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Rotherham Town F.C. (1878) players
Port Vale F.C. players
Wigan County F.C. players
English Football League players


Captain Louie is a family musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz and a book by Anthony Stein adapted from the children's book The Trip by Ezra Jack Keats. It is the story of a young boy from the inner city whose family moves to a new neighborhood, forcing him to leave his old friends behind.  On Halloween night, he escapes into his imagination to cope with the loneliness he feels.

The musical premiered in the late 1980s and then played Off-Broadway in 2005.  Since then, it has had a U.S. tour and other productions.

Background
Captain Louie has had a lengthy genesis. In the 1980s, Meridee Stein, the founder and artistic director of the First All Children's Theater, brought to Schwartz the idea of adapting Keats' book with her husband Anthony.  Schwartz wrote the score while working on Rags (1986).  The 35-minute show premiered as The Trip, in a theater on West 65th Street in New York, and played for a limited run by the First Children's Theatre.  Keats designed the sets and costumes.

In 2005, Stein and Schwartz expanded the musical to 65-minutes after various workshops.  It played Off-Broadway at the York Theatre Company in 2005 with Meridee Stein again directing.  A world premier recording of this version of the production was made prior to the official opening which does not include subsequent performances of new cast members added after the final workshop.  Later in 2005, it played at the Little Shubert Theatre.  In 2006-2007 the musical toured in the U.S.  At the MTI Junior Theatre Festival 2009 the songs, "New Kid in The Neighborhood", "Trick or Treat", and "Captain Louie" were performed by Starstruck Performing Arts Center and was directed by Jennifer Jones and choreographed by Elizebeth Casalini. Peter Jones was the musical director.

Synopsis
Louie is lonely because his family has moved to a new neighborhood ("New Kid in the Neighborhood").  Playing with his toy airplane, Red, Louie decides to travel to his old neighborhood.  He makes a diorama out of a shoebox.  Looking into it through the purple cellophane, he imagines that he and Red are on their way ("Big Red Plane").  A sinister gang, consisting of a broom, flower, monster and mouse, plan to trick Louie ("We've Got a Welcome for Louie").  He arrives in his old neighborhood, but it is deserted and dark; his friends do not answer him when he calls.  A whistle shrieks, and dark shapes chase Louie ("Shadows").  The gang of creatures drag Louie to their hideaway.  Louie is frightened, but he eventually realizes that the creatures are Louie's old friends in Halloween costumes.  Everyone celebrates Captain Louie's return ("Trick or Treat").

Julio, a new kid, meets everyone.  As they are all about to go trick-or-treating, one of the gang, Ziggy, observes that someone has moved into Louie's old house.  The indignant kids decide to "trick" the new occupant of Louie's house ("Looza on the Block").  But it turns out that the new occupant is Julio.  Then, the group  insists on going to Ziggy's house.  It is in a disinvested neighborhood, and Ziggy is embarrassed because his family is too poor to buy Halloween decorations and candy.  Louie suggests that the kids help Ziggy to decorate his house ("Spiffin' Up Ziggy's").  Louie eventually suggests that the group go trick-or-treating by plane ("Captain Louie").  Soon, it is time for Louie to leave, and he says goodbye to his friends ("Home Again").  He arrives back in his new neighborhood, gathers his courage and dresses as "Captain Louie" in his Red airplane.  Louie's Halloween costume is popular in his new neighborhood, and he makes new friends ("Finale: New Kid In The Neighborhood, Reprise").

Musical numbers
New Kid in the Neighborhood
Big Red Plane
A Welcome for Louie
Shadows
Trick or Treat
Looza on the Block
Spiffin' Up Ziggy's
Captain Louie
Home Again
Finale

References

External links
Captain Louie at the Music Theatre International website
Information on the York Theatre production original cast recording of Captain Louie

Off-Broadway musicals
1986 musicals
Musicals by Stephen Schwartz


The  or 207–900 series (207系900番台) was a commuter electric multiple unit (EMU) train type introduced in 1986 by Japanese National Railways (JNR) and operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) on through services between the Joban Line and Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line. Only one 10-car set was built, which was withdrawn in December 2009.

Design
Based on the earlier 205 series design, the 207-900 series was a prototype built as the first VVVF-controlled EMU operated by JNR. The 207 series built later by JR West bears no relation to this train.

The train used adjustable voltage/adjustable frequency (AVAF) inverters and induction motors using gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) components.

Formation
The sole 10-car set, numbered "71", was formed as follows, with car 1 at the Yoyogi-Uehara end and car 10 at the Toride end.

Cars 3, 6, and 9 were each fitted with one PS21 lozenge-type pantograph.

Interior

History
The train was delivered to Matsudo Depot in November 1986.

It was withdrawn from service in 2009 following the introduction of new E233-2000 series EMUs, and a final "Sayonara" service was run on 5 December 2009. The train was transferred to Nagano on 5 January 2010 for scrapping.

References

External links

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Jōban Line
Train-related introductions in 1986
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Kawasaki multiple units
Tokyu Car multiple units


Mark D. Wagoner, Jr. (born September 18, 1971) is an American politician and former Republican member of the Ohio Senate and Ohio House of Representatives.

Career
Wagoner is a lifetime resident of Ottawa Hills and graduated from Ottawa Hills High School. Wagoner obtained degrees from both Georgetown University and the Ohio State University before practicing law in the Toledo area. He is a partner as Shumaker, Loop and Kendrick L.L.P.

With incumbent Lynn Olman term limited and unable to run for a fifth term, Wagoner entered the race for the 46th District of the Ohio House of Representatives in 2004. He was unopposed in the primary election, and faced Nancy Patrick Greeley in the fall.  He was reelected to his seat in 2006.

Ohio Senate
Wagoner was originally mentioned as a potential successor to state Senator Randy Gardner late in 2007. However, his move to the Ohio Senate was expedited when Congressman Paul Gillmor unexpectedly died. This set off a set of legislative switches where Representative Bob Latta was elected to Gillmor's Congressional seat, allowing term-limited Senator Gardner to fill his former Ohio House seat.  Therefore, with the 2nd Senate seat now vacant, Wagoner was appointed early to the seat he was seeking.

Wagoner faced two others in the 2008 primary election, but won with over 74% of the vote.  He faced Democrat Jackie Brown in the general election, but again won easily.

Following his election to the Senate, Wagoner was elected Majority Whip by his colleagues.  However, early in 2010, Wagoner resigned his post and was replaced by Senator Steve Buehrer. Wagoner cited personal and professional problems as the reason for him leaving his post, but many cite his controversial speech in support of Governor Ted Strickland's decision to raise the income tax rate in Ohio.

For the 129th General Assembly, Wagoner served as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and the Rules and Reference Committee.  He also served on the War of 1812
Bicentennial Commission.  Wagoner did not seek reelection in 2012.

Post-Senate Career
Following his time in the Ohio General Assembly, Wagoner returned to practice law full time with Shumaker, Loop & Kendrick, LLP, with a focus on antitrust and distribution law.  He was appointed as one of twenty public members of the Ohio Constitutional Modernization Commission and is a member of the Ohio Republican Party State Central Committee.  Wagoner is active in the community serving on many boards and commissions, including the Ohio Legal Assistance Foundation, the National Statuary Collection Commission, Kids Unlimited, Valentine Theater, and the Great Lakes Maritime Museum.  He has also been appointed by the President of the Ohio State Bar Association to a special task force regarding judicial elections in Ohio.

Lucas County Republican Party Chairman
In the summer of 2017, Wagoner announced his intention to run for Lucas County Republican Party Chairman. On February 7, 2018 Wagoner supporters filed 276 petitions to run as candidates for the Lucas County Republican Central Committee. The incumbent, Jon Stainbrook, filed 312 individual precincts. On June 9, 2018, Wagoner won election as the Lucas County Republican Party Chairman.

References

External links
Mark Wagoner (OH) at Project Vote Smart
Follow the Money - Mark Wagoner
2006 campaign contributions

Republican Party Ohio state senators
Ohio State University alumni
Republican Party members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Living people
Politicians from Toledo, Ohio
1971 births
Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni
21st-century American politicians
People from Ottawa Hills, Ohio
2020 United States presidential electors


First Kilrea Presbyterian Church is a church building of the Coleraine and Limavady presbytery of Presbyterian Church in Ireland. It is located in the village of Kilrea, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland.

History
The first Meeting House built for Presbyterians in the Kilrea district was at Moyknock. In 1642 the first church building at Moyknock was burned down. A second church was built in the townland of Boveedy, just outside modern-day Kilrea. This building served the parishes of Kilrea, Tamlaght, Boveedy and Desertoghill. The third meeting house, the first in Kilrea was built in 1770. The building stood a short distance in front of the present church.

The present-day church building or "Scot's Kirk" (English: Scottish [or 'Presbyterian'] Church) as it was called had its foundation stone laid in 1837 and opened for worship in 1839. The funding for the church was provided by the Mercers' Company and built to a design by William Barnes of London.

Ministers

References

External links
 Geograph First Kilrea Presbyterian Church
 First Kilrea Boys Brigade Company

Presbyterian churches in Northern Ireland
Gothic Revival church buildings in Northern Ireland
Churches in County Londonderry


Thomas Madden may refer to:
Thomas F. Madden (born 1960), American historian
Thomas Madden (priest) (1853–1915), Archdeacon of Liverpool
Tommy Madden (1883–1930), baseball player
Bunny Madden (Thomas Francis Madden, 1882–1954), baseball player
Thomas M. Madden (1907–1976), U.S. federal judge
Thomas J. Madden (born 1938), American author and public relations expert
Thomas More Madden (1838–1902), Irish physician and writer
Tommy Madden (soccer) (born 1997), American soccer player


David Black was a footballer who played at centre-forward.

Career
Black played for Blackburn Rovers, before joining Burslem Port Vale in October 1895. On 19 October, he made his debut in a heavy 8–2 defeat to Darwen. He scored his first goal for the club two days later, in a 5–4 victory over Liverpool at the Athletic Ground. However, after seven Second Division and two FA Cup appearances the club declared him to be "a  too heavy" and so he left by mutual consent in January 1896 and headed for Scotland.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


James Major may refer to:

James Earl Major (1887–1972), U.S. federal judge
James Patrick Major (1836–1877), American Civil War soldier


Original Christianity may refer to:
the historical Origins of Christianity in the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD
the claims of "original Christianity" restored in Restorationism (Christian primitivism)


Phuktal Monastery or Phuktal Gompa (often transliterated as Phugtal) is a Buddhist monastery located in the remote Lungnak Valley in south-eastern Zanskar, in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, in Northern India. It is 52 km southeast of Padum on Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road (NPDR). Solar power was installed at the Phugtal monastery in 2016.

Until 2023 before NPDR was built, it was one of the only Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh that could still be reached only by foot. Supplies to the monastery were brought on horses, donkeys, and mules in the warmer months, and in the frozen winters, they were transported through the frozen Zanskar River. Before the road was built, it was a day's walk from Village Cha or Village Khangsaar, the end of the road leading from Padum.

Etymology

The Phuktal Gompa owes its legacy to powerful and renowned scholars and teachers who resided in the cave, around which the monastery has been built, and has for long been a place for retreat, meditation, learning, and teaching. This is reflected in its name Phuktal, which is derived from Phukthal, made up of Phuk ཕུག meaning 'cave', and Tal དལ་ or Thal meaning 'at leisure' in the endangered Zangskari dialect of the Tibetic languages. An alternate spelling of Phuktal is Phukthar, where Thar ཐར means 'liberation'. Hence, the name Phuktal means 'the cave of leisure' or 'the cave of liberation'.

History

The Phuktal Monastery is built around a natural cave, which is believed to have been visited by numerous sages, scholars, translators, and monks around 2,550 years ago. The remote location of the monastery was ideal for monks looking for peace and solitude to meditate. The present Phuktal Gompa, of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, was established in the early 15th century by Jangsem Sherap Zangpo, a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa. Tsongkhapa was the founder of Gelug, which is one of the newest schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

Believed to be one of the earliest residents of the cave are the 16 Arhats, or the legendary followers of Buddha. The images of these 16 Arhats appear on the cave walls. The great scholars and translators Padmasambhava and Phakspa Nestan Dusdan are believed to have lived in the cave, and so is the great leader and translator Lama Marpa Lotsawa. In the 12th century, the Tibetan translator Zanskar Lotsawa Phagpa Sherab also lived and worked from Phuktal. The eminent scholars and brothers Dangsong, Pun, and Sum, who were believed to have the supernatural power of flight gave teachings on Dharma at Phuktal. When Jangsem Sherap Zangpo arrived at Phuktal, the three brothers bequeathed the holy site to him and departed. According to legend, the spiritually gifted Zangpo caused a spring to appear and run from the cave, a tree to grow on top of the cave and for the cave itself to grow larger in size. Then, under his guidance, the present structure of the monastery was built around the cave. It is built in the cliffside, like a honeycomb. The cliff is part of a lateral gorge of a major tributary of the Lungnak River (Lingti-Tsarap River). The monastery today houses a main temple, prayer rooms, a library with rare sacred texts, apartments and living quarters, teaching facilities, a kitchen, and of course, the original cave and the sacred spring, which is protected. It is home to about 70 monks.

There is a stone tablet which serves as a reminder of the stay of Alexander Csoma de Kőrös at Phuktal, while he worked on the first English-Tibetan dictionary between 1826 and 1827, when he explored Ladakh.

Clinic and Village life

The Phuktal Gompa maintains a Traditional Tibetan medical clinic, catering to the local community. There is an on-site Amchi, a traditional Tibetan physician who provides natural Sowa-Rigpa medicine, many of which have been prepared at the monastery itself. The village life in the Lungnak Valley revolves around the monastery. Monks from the monastery attend local village events of significance, such as birth, deaths and weddings, performing traditional prayer ceremonies. The villagers visit the monastery to offer prayers, consult the Amchi and to attend festivals and special events at the monastery.

The village and the monastery has remained largely untouched by modern development. The Monastery was electrified by Global Himalayan Expedition in July 2016 through setting up of solar micro-grids.

Festivals

Festivals are an important feature of the Phuktal Gompa. These are occasions for the monks to interact with the villagers and for the villagers to visit the monastery.  Festivals help to preserve the centuries-old traditions and to spread dharma. They also enable the monks to accumulate good karma for the next life through offerings, worship, prayers and service. The festivals celebrated at Phuktal Monastery, starting around the end of February, are mentioned below. The Tibetan calendar is a lunisolar calendar, hence the dates for these festivals differ each year as compared to the Gregorian calendar.
 Smonlam Chenmo: The Smonlam Chenmo, also known as Monlam Chenmo (Tibetan for 'great prayer') is the most important Tibetan Buddhist celebration of the year, and signifies the start of the New Year. Special ceremonies are held for world peace and the wellbeing of all people. It falls towards the end of February or the beginning of March.
Chudsum Chodpa: This festival is held right after the Smonlam Chenmo. It is held to worship thirteen special deities.
Chonga Chodpa: This is celebrated immediately after the Chudsum Chodpa and is a harvest ceremony. For this festival, monks create a special torma, which is a statue made of barley flour and butter, and is worshipped by villagers.
Gyalwe Jabstan: Held after the Chonga Chodpa, this festival involves a puja for the long life of the 14th Dalai Lama.
Jigched Lhachusum Ceremony: This ceremony is held between the end of March and the end of May or the beginning of June.
Initiation of Vajrabhairava: This festival is for the worship of Vajrabhairava, the most wrathful form of Manjushri. It is celebrated towards the end of May or the beginning of June.
Syungnas: The festival of Syungnas is a fasting ceremony to purge oneself of all sin and to accumulate good karma. It is celebrated after mid-June.
Yarnas: This is also known as the Varshavas Ceremony. For this ceremony, monks remain confined within the monastery and some limited outlying areas and perform special daily pujas to avoid and make good the negative karma accumulated from treading upon plants, insects and microorganisms. It is held between the end of July to mid September, and visitors need to obtain special permission from the head Lama of the monastery to attend a short portion of the Yarnas.
Gadam Nagchod: The Gadam Nagchod or the Lightning Ceremony is held sometime during the beginning of December to mark the death anniversary of Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug branch of Tibetan Buddhism.
Phukta Gutor: Held towards the end of February, and before the Smonlam Chenmo, this festival is one of the most important festivals at Phuktal Gompa. It signals the end of the Tibetan year, and is held for world peace and harmony. It is attended by many Zanskaris and Ladakhis.

Phuktal Monastic School

Phuktal Gompa has set up the Phuktal Monastic School that caters to the students of the local Lungnak Valley of Zanskar. The school was set up in 1993, at the behest of Geshe Lharampa Nagri Choszed. Complete education is provided, which involves a mix of traditional learning and modern curriculum.  No fees are charged from the students, and the monastery bears the cost for the room, board and study materials of the students, with help from sponsors.  Many students are children from the local farming families in the Lungnak Valley, which are extremely poor and uneducated.

Tsarap River Blockade near Phuktal

On 31 December 2014, a landslide occurred between the Shun and Phuktal villages. This caused the formation of a landslide dam on the Tsarap River. It was first noticed due to the recession in the water level of the Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant down the river. The lake formed behind the dam increased in length and height as compared to the height of the blockade. In May 2015, the Phuktal River flooded and washed away the entire school campus. The building, equipment, materials, and stores were all destroyed. The monastery has applied to the Jammu and Kashmir State Government and the Central Government for grants and financial aid to help rebuild the school and monastery and undo the damage of the flood.

Gallery

See also

 List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
 Geography of Ladakh
 Tourism in Ladakh

References

External links
Jangsem Sherab Zangpo
National Remote Sensing Centre: Phuktal Blockade, 30 January 2015

Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh
Ladakh


The Donna Jean Godchaux Band (sometimes known as the Donna Jean Godchaux Band with Jeff Mattson) is an American rock music group. Originally named Kettle Joe's Psychedelic Swamp Revue, and later Donna Jean and the Tricksters, the band was originally formed in 2007 and made up of Donna Jean Godchaux-MacKay (formerly of the Grateful Dead) and members of the Zen Tricksters.  The group released their first album in 2008 - a self-titled under their previous name Donna Jean and the Tricksters.

In March 2009, the band changed their name and membership from Donna Jean and the Tricksters to their current name and line-up.

Discography
For Rex: The Black Tie Dye Ball - The Zen Tricksters w/ Donna Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Tom Constanten, David Nelson, Michael Falzarano, Rob Barraco (2006)
Donna Jean and the Tricksters (2008)
Back Around  – Donna Jean Godchaux Band with Jeff Mattson (2014)

Notes

External links

American rock music groups
Grateful Dead
Jam bands
American musical quintets
Musical groups established in 2007


Khamaneh (; also romanized as Khāmeneh, Khamaneh, and Khāmneh; also known as Khumla and Khumna) is a city in the Central District of Shabestar County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran.

At the 2006 census, its population was 2,750 in 827 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,541 people in 812 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 3,056 people in 1,009 households. The city is 72 km from Tabriz.

History

The main industry of Khameneh used to be fabric and wool. Marefat (Nesar) school, the first school in Shabestar area, was built in Khameneh in 1899.

Notable people
Seyyed Javad Khamenei
Mohammad Khiabani
Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Seyyed Ali Khamenei (Supreme Leader of Iran)
Seyyed Mojtaba Khamenei
Mirza Fatali Axundov

Tourist attractions
 Masjid MirPanj (MirPanj Mosque)
 Qanatin (Aqueducts) of Khameneh
 Bazar (Market) of Khameneh
 Historical bathroom of Khameneh
 Qareh Kahriz tourism area

References

Shabestar County

Cities in East Azerbaijan Province

Populated places in Shabestar County


Roope Gröndahl (born in Helsinki, 1989) is a Finnish pianist trained at the Sibelius Academy under Matti Raekallio and Liisa Pohjola.

Competition Record
 2007 Helsinki Maj Lind IPC - 2nd prize
 2008 Eurovision Young Musicians - 2nd prize

More information
  Profile on Comusico
 KlangKultTour 2009

References
 European Union of Music Competition for the Youth
 2008 Eurovision Young Musicians
 Helsinki Maj Lind International Piano Competition

1989 births
Living people
Finnish classical pianists
Eurovision Young Musicians Finalists
21st-century classical pianists


The Schokoladenmuseum Köln (Imhoff Chocolate Museum) was opened by Hans Imhoff on 31 October 1993. It is situated in the Cologne quarter of Altstadt-Süd on the Rheinauhafen peninsula. The exhibits show the entire history of chocolate, from its beginnings with the Olmecs, Maya, and Aztecs to contemporary products and production methods. The exhibition building houses a permanent exhibition on modern chocolate production.

With 4,000 guided tours and 650,000 visitors a year, the museum is in the top ten museums in Germany. The museum is entirely self-supporting, receiving no subsidy. It has its own marketing department and is used by the Schokoladenmuseum Gastronomie GmbH for events.

History
The founder of the museum was the Cologne chocolate manufacturer Hans Imhoff. Stollwerck AG, a majority of which he has owned since January 1972, was one of the leading, historically important chocolate manufacturers worldwide. It had an extensive pool of exhibits, which the company owner noticed when moving to the new location in Cologne-Westhoven in December 1975. He came up with the idea of building a chocolate museum where these exhibits would be better kept. When the Stollwerck company moved to Cologne-Westhoven, he also made sure that a comprehensive stock of business documents and photos documenting the history of the company and the Stollwerck entrepreneurial family, as well as numerous exhibits, were preserved.

His idea of the museum initially met with skepticism. However, he embarked on an experiment in which he organized an exhibition in Cologne's Gürzenich from July 8 to August 20, 1989 to mark the 150th anniversary of the Stollwerck company and presented a chocolate fountain. Within six weeks, more than five times as many visitors as he had stipulated came to the exhibition. The museum was built independently of the production facilities as the first building in the new Rheinauhafen district by the architect Fritz Eller.

Hans Imhoff planned to set up this chocolate museum starting in October 1991. According to the purchase agreement dated 23 January 1992, Imhoff acquired Hall 10, the Prussian Customs Office (1898), the Malakoff Tower and the swing bridge from the owner of the area, Häfen und Güterverkehr Köln. It also consists of a new building completed by October 1993, the shape of which symbolizes post-modern ship motifs. The opening of the Chocolate Museum took place on 31 October 1993. The construction costs of the museum, which is still the only one of its kind today, amounted to DM53 million.

Hans Imhoff sold Stollwerck to Barry Callebaut AG in 2002. In 2006, Barry Callebaut's management ended its collaboration with the Chocolate Museum and Lindt & Sprüngli became the museum's new partner. The name of the museum was then changed from Imhoff Stollwerck Chocolate Museum to Imhoff Chocolate Museum. Since at least 2017 it has been called the Cologne Chocolate Museum.

Operator
The museum is run by the Schokoladenmuseum Köln GmbH. Since March 2006, the Swiss chocolate manufacturer Lindt & Sprüngli has been its partner in producing exhibits. Prior to that the partner was the Cologne chocolate producer Stollwerck, and the museum was formerly known as the Imhoff-Stollwerck-Museum.

Attractions
The exhibition shows the entire history of chocolate, from its beginnings with the Olmec, Maya and Aztecs to today's chocolate-containing products and their production methods. A miniature production facility is installed on the  exhibition area, which demonstrates to the visitor how industrial chocolate production works.
 A small tropicarium, open to visitors, consists of a  glass cube housing cacao trees of the species Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum.
 Miniature versions of machines used in the production of chocolate, allowing visitors to observe the process of making the small chocolate bars which are given out at the entrance.
 A special attraction is the  tall chocolate fountain; an employee dips wafers into the liquid chocolate and distributes them to the visitors.
 At the entrance of the museum is a shop with a wide range of chocolate products and pralines. In 2006, the chocolate museum entered a partnership deal with Lindt & Sprüngli, therefore most of the products in the shop are by this manufacturer. This deal succeeded its previous one with the Cologne-based chocolate producer Stollwerck.

Among the most valuable items in the museum's collection are 18th and 19th-century porcelain and silver bowls and vessels for drinking chocolate from pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. The museum also has on display historical chocolate machines and moulds for forming chocolate in different shapes, and a collection of historical chocolate vending machines.

Location and importance
The museum is located in the center of Cologne on the Rheinau peninsula in the Rheinauhafen. With 4,000 guided tours and 650,000 visitors a year, it is the most visited museum in Cologne and one of the ten most visited German museums. The operation of the museum does not require any subsidies, which is also supported by its own marketing department. It is used as an event location by the Schokoladenmuseum Gastronomie GmbH.

References

External links

 Official museum website

Chocolate museums
Museums in Cologne
Innenstadt, Cologne
Museums established in 1993
Food museums in Germany
1993 establishments in Germany


The Ulysses Fossae are a group of troughs in the Tharsis quadrangle of Mars at 10.06° north latitude and 123.07° west longitude.  They were named after an albedo feature name. The area contains pitted cones called Ulysses Colles which were interpreted to be possible Martian equivalents to terrestrial cinder cones.

See also

 Fossa (geology)
 Geology of Mars

References

Tharsis quadrangle
Valleys and canyons on Mars


John Ronald Tovey was a British cyclist from the South West UK. He raced for Bath Cycling Club in the early 1960s and also Gordano Valley CC. He was noted for racing the first production ‘Moulton’ cycles and was televised by ITN in 1962, racing a Moulton Special. He took part in the original Cardiff to London 162 mile Time trials and, with others, broke the speed record for that event with the fastest time being achieved by John Woodburn of Reading (6hrs and 44 minutes). Tovey worked for Alex Moulton in the early 60s and was part of the Moulton eight.

Moulton eight

Initially, apart from Moulton, seven people were responsible for the production of this challenge. Technical manager Phil Uncles, who contributed largely to the design; Brian Cottrell (Bath), whose drawings helped accelerate the experiments; Bert Hervin, whose produced special tubes out of sheet metal; tester Graham Cottle; newcomer Michael Bainton; and John Tovey. Moulton produced six models: The Standard, De-Luxe, Safari, Speed, Stowaway and Speedsix. There was also a special 'S' range produced at a separate building over the river at Bradford-on-Avon.

In 1970 a Mk3 high performance prototype named the Moulton Marathon was commissioned and was hand built by Tovey at the Moulton Bradford on Avon works. This bike was used by Colin Martin on his cycling trip from England to Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, in the same year. Colin Martin’s book Half way round also makes reference to Tovey.

References

 Wiltshire Times 9 November 1962
 Evening Post November 1962.
 Half Way Round - Book publication by Peter Knottley 1971
 ITN Archives
 www.britishpathe.com/
 YouTube

(http://backup.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=1492)
(http://www.moultonbicycles.co.uk/news.html)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pb5e46nDg5Y)

English male cyclists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


"Mō Nido To..." was the first single that Beni Arashiro released under her new name BENI and label Universal Japan.

The song "Mō Nido To" is an answer song to the long charting hit "Mō Ichi do...", which sold over 80,000 copies. "Mō Nido To..." debuted at the chaku-uta charts at number #1. It August it was reported to have over 800,000 downloads from Chaka-Uta. It charted weekly on the Oricon charts on number 20. To date, the single has sold 12,400 copies.

In May 2009, the clip of "Mō Nido To" is watched over a million times on YouTube.

Track listing
"Mō Nido To (もう二度と・・・; Never Again...)"
"STAY"
"Mō Nido To"(instrumental)
"STAY" (Instrumental)

Charts

Total Reported Sales: 12,400

References

Beni (singer) songs
2008 singles
2008 songs
Song articles with missing songwriters
Universal Music Japan singles


Betty Maggira () and Mathildi Maggira (), also known as the Maggira Sisters (), are two Greek television presenters and comedians. They are known for hosting the Greek Eurovision Song Contest selections and also being the commentators at the Eurovision Song Contest for ERT, the Greek network broadcasting the event. They began their careers as a show duo where they impersonate other musical artists and produce musical-type shows that often include cabaret themes. The two sisters have also worked with Greek singer, Sakis Rouvas, in a successful concert series at STARZ from 2008–2009 and both have been featured as solo acts in various television shows.

Filmography
Greek Nation Final (2008)
Maggiremata (2008–Present)
Greek National Final (2009)

Concert series
The Maggiras Show (2007)
STARZ (with Sakis Rouvas) (2008–2009)

Betty Maggira

Filmography

Television

References

Comedy duos
Comedy musicians
Greek female dancers
Greek pop singers
Greek television presenters
Greek parodists
Parody musicians
Greek women television presenters
People from Xanthi
Eurovision commentators


In statistics, the RV coefficient
is a multivariate generalization of the squared Pearson correlation coefficient (because the RV coefficient takes values between 0 and 1).
It measures the closeness of two set of points that may each be represented in a matrix.

The major approaches within statistical multivariate data analysis can all be brought into a common framework in which the RV coefficient is maximised subject to relevant constraints. Specifically, these statistical methodologies include:
principal component analysis
canonical correlation analysis
multivariate regression
statistical classification (linear discrimination).

One application of the RV coefficient is in functional neuroimaging where it can measure
the similarity between two subjects' series of brain scans
or between different scans of a same subject.

Definitions
The definition of the RV-coefficient makes use of ideas
concerning the definition of scalar-valued quantities which are called the "variance" and "covariance" of vector-valued random variables. Note that standard usage is to have matrices for the variances and covariances of vector random variables.
Given these innovative definitions, the RV-coefficient is then just the correlation coefficient defined in the usual way.

Suppose that X and Y are matrices of centered random vectors (column vectors) with covariance matrix given by

then the scalar-valued covariance (denoted by COVV) is defined by

The scalar-valued variance is defined correspondingly:

With these definitions, the variance and covariance have certain additive properties in relation to the formation of new vector quantities by extending an existing vector with the elements of another.

Then the RV-coefficient is defined by

Shortcoming of the coefficient and adjusted version
Even though the coefficient takes values between 0 and 1 by construction, it seldom attains values close to 1 as the denominator is often too large with respect to the maximal attainable value of the denominator.

Given known diagonal blocks  and  of dimensions  and  respectively, assuming that  without loss of generality, it has been proved that the maximal attainable numerator is
where  (resp. ) denotes the diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues of (resp. ) sorted decreasingly from the upper leftmost corner to the lower rightmost corner and    is the  matrix .

In light of this, Mordant and Segers proposed an adjusted version of the RV coefficient in which the denominator is the maximal value attainable by the numerator. It reads

The impact of this adjustment is clearly visible in practice.

See also
Congruence coefficient
Distance correlation

References

Covariance and correlation


Deidamia inscriptum, the lettered sphinx, is a species of moth of the family Sphingidae. It is the only member of the genus Deidamia. The species was first described by Thaddeus William Harris in 1839 and the genus was erected by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1859.

Distribution
It is found in North America from Florida to Mississippi, and in Michigan, Wisconsin, Ontario, Quebec and South Carolina.

Description
The wingspan is 45–70 mm.

Biology
The larvae feed on Vitis, Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus species.

References

External links

Deidamia inscriptum. Sphingidae of the Americas. Archived from the original May 12, 2012.

Macroglossini
Moths described in 1839
Moths of North America
Taxa named by Thaddeus William Harris


Edward Williams was a footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale at the start of the 20th century.

Career
Williams played for East Vale before joining Burslem Port Vale as an amateur in February 1903. He played just five Second Division games in the 1904–05 season, and probably left the Athletic Ground in the summer of 1905.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


The Olympica Fossae are a set of troughs in the Tharsis quadrangle of Mars at 25° north latitude and 114.1° west longitude.  They are about 420 km long and were named after an albedo feature at 17N, 134W. Parts of the fossae have been suggested to be both outflow channels as well as channels for flowing lava, routing both molten rock and catastrophic outburst floods of water at different times in Mars' geological past.

Fossa
The Olympica Fossae are a large set of troughs, called fossae in the geographical language used for Mars. Troughs form when the crust is stretched until it breaks along two subparallel failure planes, or faults.  The middle section between the faults moves down, forming the trough and leaving steep cliffs along the sides.  Sometimes, a line of pits form as material collapse into a void that forms from the stretching. Such fault-bounded geological structures are also called graben.

Dark slope streaks

A picture below shows dark streaks on the Olympica Fossae.  Such streaks are common on Mars.  They occur on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys.  The streaks are dark at first.  They get lighter with age.  Sometimes they start in a tiny spot, then spread out and go for hundreds of meters.  They have been seen to travel around obstacles, like boulders.  It is believed that they are avalanches of bright dust that expose a darker underlying layer.  However, several ideas have been advanced to explain them.  Some involve water or even the growth of organisms. The streaks appear in areas covered with dust.  Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust. Fine dust settles out of the atmosphere covering everything.  We know a lot about this dust because the solar panels of the Mars Rovers get covered with dust, thus reducing the electrical energy.  The power of the Rovers has been restored many times by the wind, in the form of dust devils, cleaning the panels and boosting the power. Dust storms are frequent, especially when the spring season begins in the southern hemisphere.  At that time, Mars is 40% closer to the Sun.  The orbit of Mars is much more elliptical than the Earth's.  That is the difference between the farthest point from the Sun and the closest point to the Sun is very great for Mars, but only a slight amount for the Earth.  Also, every few years, the entire planet is engulfed in global dust storms.  When NASA's Mariner 9 craft arrived there, nothing could be seen through the dust storm. Other global dust storms have also been observed, since that time.

Interactive Mars map

References

See also

 Dark slope streaks
 Fossa (geology)
 HiRISE
 Mars Global Surveyor

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Tharsis quadrangle


Open Hatch General Cargo, abbreviated (OHGC), is a ship designed to transport forest products, bulk cargos, unitized cargoes, project cargoes and containers.

Description
The vessel is typically fitted with two Gantry cranes for self-loading and unloading, with a typical SWL (safe working load) between 30 and 80 tons. Different equipment is connected to the gantry crane depending on cargo type as vacuum clamps for paper, unihook for unitised cargo, container frame and grab for bulk cargoes. Cargo holds are box shaped to fit containers and some holds can be equipped with tweendecks to improve flexibility of cargo mixture in same hold. Holds are typically equipped with dehumidifier for sensitive cargo. Cargo hatch covers for holds are opened and closed by mean of gantry crane. Space on those hatch covers can also be used to carry containers, lumber or project cargoes.

References

Notes

Sources
Sawyer, L.A. and W.H. Mitchell. Victory ships and tankers: The history of the ‘Victory’ type cargo ships and of the tankers built in the United States of America during World War II, Cornell Maritime Press, 1974, 0-87033-182-5.

Ship types


Jason Wisdom is an American musician who is the lead vocalist and bass guitarist for the heavy metal band Becoming the Archetype. Though he was born and raised in a Christian home, he states that he was never committed to Christianity until high school. He considers his music as a form of ministry, but wishes to avoid a "preachy" stereotype. His influences include Extol, Living Sacrifice, and Mortification among others. Wisdom notes that even though his music is Christian metal, many of his fans are not Christians and are many times the ones who defend his music. Wisdom left the band in late November 2011 to take care of his family (although he would return to the band in 2022). Though current 7 Horns 7 Eyes frontman, JJ Polachek, tried out, Wisdom was replaced by former live fill in, Chris McCane. He  started a solo project titled Death Therapy, which features no guitars. He currently works for RYFO, a company that helps musicians with places to stay, meals and other such things.

History

Becoming the Archetype (1999–2011, 2022–present)
Wisdom's musical career started in 1999, when he helped form Technical death metal band, Becoming the Archetype with guitarists Sean Cunningham and Jon Star, bassist Wes Gaither, and drummer Brent "Duck" Duckett. The band was not originally called Becoming the Archetype, as it was formerly called Nonexistent Failure. The band recorded a demo under this moniker, before changing the name again to The Remnant. The band recorded a demo and a their self titled album under this name. Around 2003-2004 the band played Cornerstone Festival, where they met the musicians in Demon Hunter. The members of DH told the members of the band to change their name, so they would not be confused with the punk band The Remnants. The band again changed their name to Becoming the Archetype. The band went over several line-up changes with the exception of Wisdom, Duck and founding BTA guitarist (who had nothing to do with Nonexistent Failure or The Remnant) Seth Hecox. The band recorded four albums, titled Terminate Damnation, The Physics of Fire, Dichotomy, and Celestial Completion, before Wisdom and Duck left the band, on November 14, 2011. In 2022, Wisdom revived BTA alongside Duck and Hecox, releasing a new album, Children of the Great Extinction, on August 26, 2022.

Solamors (2012–2015)
Beginning in 2012, Jason joined with guitarist Alex Kenis (Aletheian, ex-Becoming the Archetype) and drummer Travis Turner (ex-Aletheian, UnTeachers) to begin their band Solamors based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The band's influences are Death, Emperor, Cynic, Becoming the Archetype, Aletheian, The Burial, Black Crown Initiate, Demon Hunter, Devin Townsend, Strapping Young Lad, Extol. Wisdom left the band in 2015.

Death Therapy (2015–present)
Death Therapy is Wisdom's solo project that was originally conceived in 2010, but started recording in 2015. He recorded a single titled "Possessed" and was released on November 9, 2015. Wisdom was planning on releasing an EP and touring in 2016. The project's influences are Tool, Opeth, and Devin Townsend. On October 30, 2016, Wisdom announced that Death Therapy had signed to Solid State Records and would be releasing a new album, by around February 2017. The band released two songs titled "Slow Dance (With Death)" and "Self Mind Dead" which features Andrew Schwab of Project 86. Death Therapy released their album The Storm Before the Calm on February 24, 2017. In 2019, Wisdom released Death Therapy's second album, Voices, on April 12. After releasing the EP Dance Therapy: Pre-apocalyptic Cyber Funk for Late Stage Humanoids in 2020, Death Therapy issued Melancholy Machines, their third studio album, on June 4, 2021.

Bands
Current
 Death Therapy – vocals, bass (2015–present)
 The Reversalist - vocals (2020–present)
 Becoming the Archetype - vocals (1999-2011, 2022-present), bass (2003-2011, 2022-present)

Former
 Pneuma – vocals - (2011–2012)
 Solamors – vocals (2012–2015)

Timeline

Discography

With Becoming the Archetype

As Nonexistent Failure
Demos
 In Loving Memory of Everything... I Never Had (2002)

As The Remnant
Demos
 Death, Destruction, and Mayhem (2003)
Studio albums
 The Remnant (2004, self-released)

As Becoming the Archetype
Studio albums

Singles
 "Necrotizing Fasciitis" (non-album digital single, 2009, Solid State)
 "O Holy Night" (non-album digital single, 2011, Solid State)

Music videos
 "Endure" (The Physics Of Fire) – 2007
 "The Magnetic Sky" (Celestial Completion) – 2011
 "Breathing Light" (Celestial Completion) – 2011

With Solamors
Studio albums

With Death Therapy
EPs
Demo Songs - 2015/2016 [Limited to 200 physical copies. Tracks listed in table below.]

Studio albums
 The Storm Before the Calm (2017)
 Voices (2019)
 Melancholy Machines (2021)

Guest appearances
"Reject" by Living Sacrifice (2010; Live)
"Nemesis" by Hope for the Dying (2016)
"Burden" by Dire (2017)
"Black Hole" by TheLeadBassist (2022)

References

American performers of Christian music
American male singers
American heavy metal guitarists
Living people
People from Dacula, Georgia
American male guitarists
Christian metal musicians
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Guitarists from Georgia (U.S. state)
1983 births
Metalcore singers


Edgar Bernhardt (Russian: Эдгар Бернхардт; born 30 March 1986) is a Kyrgyz professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Udon Thani in Thai League 2.

Early life
Bernhardt was born in Novopavlovka, Soviet Union, now Kyrgyzstan.

Club career

In Germany and the Netherlands
Bernhardt made his debut on the professional league level in the Eerste Divisie for FC Emmen on 10 August 2007, when he came on as a substitute in the 55th minute in a game against Go Ahead Eagles. He returned to VfL Osnabrück on 30 June 2008 and signed on 8 June 2009 a contract with Wuppertaler SV.

Kedah
On 27 May 2019, Bernhardt agreed to join Malaysia Super League side Kedah. He finished the year with two goals and eight assists in 20 appearances.

Abahani Limited Dhaka
In December 2019, Bernhardt signed for Bangladesh Premier League club Abahani Limited Dhaka.

Dordoi Bishkek
On 1 August 2020, Dordoi Bishkek announced the signing of Bernhardt on a contract until the end of the 2020 Kyrgyz Premier League season. On 16 January 2021, Dordoi Bishkek confirmed the departure of Bernhardt after the expiration of his contract. Bernhardt returned to Dordoi Bishkek on 19 July 2021, after six month with Uzbekistan Super League club Andijon.

International career
Bernhardt was called up in May 2015 by Aleksandr Krestinin to represent the Kyrgyzstan national team in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers against Bangladesh and Australia. He scored his first international goal in his debut against Bangladesh with a penalty kick, helping his side to win 3–1 in Dhaka.

Personal life
Bernhardt holds German, Kyrgyzstani and Russian citizenship. He was born in Kyrgyzstan, but moved to Stemwede, Germany with his family in his early childhood.

Career statistics

International

Scores and results list Kyrgyzstan's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bernhardt goal.

Honours
Kedah
 Malaysia FA Cup: 2019
Malaysia Cup: runner-up 2019

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People from Chüy Region
Kyrgyzstani men's footballers
Kyrgyzstani people of German descent
Citizens of Germany through descent
German men's footballers
Kyrgyzstan men's international footballers
Kyrgyzstani Christians
Kyrgyzstani expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
VfL Osnabrück players
Eintracht Braunschweig II players
FC Emmen players
VfL Osnabrück II players
Wuppertaler SV players
Vaasan Palloseura players
FC Lahti players
MKS Cracovia players
FF Jaro players
Widzew Łódź players
FC Energie Cottbus players
Stal Mielec players
Eerste Divisie players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players
Veikkausliiga players
Ekstraklasa players
Edgar Bernhardt
I liga players
Edgar Bernhardt
German expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
German expatriate sportspeople in Finland
German expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Expatriate men's footballers in Oman
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
Kyrgyzstani expatriate sportspeople in Thailand


The Doda River or the Stod River is a river  long, which forms the Stod Valley in the Zanskar valley of the Leh district in the Union Territory of Ladakh.

Geography
The Doda River rises from the Drang-Drung Glacier near Pensi La, a mountain pass off the Zanskar-Kargil road. The Drang-Drung Glacier is a river of ice and snow by itself and is the largest glacier other than the Siachen Glacier in Ladakh outside the Karakoram Range. It gives rise to a mountain peak named "Doda Peak",  high, and it is the namesake for the Doda district, which lies in the rear side of the glacier.  The Doda River is also known as Stod River.  After rising from its source, the Doda River flows southeast down along the Kargil — Zanskar road in the main Zanskar valley, through the towns of Akshu, Abran, Kushol and Phey. The river then meets the Tsarap River at a confluence near Padum, the capital of Zanskar.  Together, these two rivers form the Zanskar River, a tributary of the Indus River.

The Doda River contributes to the minimal agricultural production of the Zanskar valley by providing irrigation to the fields of barley, wheat, buckwheat and peas. Accessible in the summer, the Pensi La mountain pass at the source of the river receives heavy snowfall along with the other pass Zojila, which cuts off the Stod Valley from the rest of the country during winter, and the river freezes during this season. The river source at Pensi La lies  east from the Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir. The Doda River is famous for adventure sports. Rafting events are organised throughout the length of the Doda and the Zanskar.

References

Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir
Geography of Ladakh
Indus basin


Lucas Gilbertson is a Canadian voice actor known for his work in anime dubs and video games. He is best known as a voice of Zero in the Mega Man X series.

In 2001 Gilbertson's older sister, an established actress and singer in Calgary, told him about open auditions for Blue Water Studios. Two weeks after auditioning he got his first voice acting job which was on a Gundam anime.

Gilbertson married fellow voice actress Carol-Anne Day in late 2020 and together they formed their own production company called the Hermit Collective to create more opportunities for local performers.

As of 2020, Gilbertson also began work as a video game developer creating LampBlack

Filmography

Anime roles
Banner of the Stars - Admiral Rulef
Cardfight!! Vanguard - Katsumi Morikawa
Di Gi Charat Nyo! - Gema
D.I.C.E. - Chao Lee
Doki Doki School Hours - Gen Nakamura
Dragon Ball - Yajirobe (Blue Water dub)
Flame of Recca - Kashamura
Full Moon O Sagashite - Shiragami
Future Card Buddyfight - Demon Lord, Asmodai
Gintama° - Shigeshige Tokugawa
Hoop Days - Kenji Dobashi
Hunter × Hunter - #294: Hanzo
Hello Carbot - Duke
Jubei-chan - Shiratoya Batten
Gregory Horror Show - Black Duck 2
Kiznaiver - Hajime Tenga
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam - Additional voices
The Law of Ueki - Guitar
Tobot* - Tobot K
Something About Mega Man X Animated- TerminalMontage
Something About Pokemon Legends Arceus ANIMATED- TerminalMontage

Video games
Mega Man X4 - Zero (Redubbed voice)
Mega Man X8 - Zero
Mega Man X: Command Mission - Zero
Mega Man Maverick Hunter X - Zero
Mobile Suit Gundam Seed: Never Ending Tomorrow
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam - Johnny Ridden
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam 2 - Johnny Ridden
Dynasty Warriors: Gundam 3 - Knight Gundam
We Love Golf! - Tony

References

External links
 Official website

 Lucas Gilbertson at Crystal Acid Database

Living people
Canadian male video game actors
Canadian male voice actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Year of birth missing (living people)


Art in Odd Places (AiOP) is a public artproject based in New York City exploring connections between public spaces, pedestrian traffic, and ephemeral transient interventions. It takes place each October.

Background

History
Founded in 1996 as part of the Cultural Olympiad Public Arts Program of the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, with a hiatus from 1998 to 2005, AiOP curates one large-scale project each year. During the program New York pedestrians happen upon the artwork by coincidence while others (like a scavenger hunt) use a map to discover art in unexpected places.

Art in Odd Places was founded by Ed Woodham and is directed by Furusho von Puttkammer. It is a current project of GOH Productions.

Mission
Art in Odd Places aims to stretch the boundaries of communication in the public realm by presenting artworks in all disciplines outside the confines of traditional public space regulations. AiOP reminds us that public spaces function as the epicenter for diverse social interactions and the unfettered exchange of ideas. Projects have included a performance addressing the issues of public vs. private as it applies to the public restroom, to art teams activating space by cleaning the sidewalks of 14th Street in Manhattan. In 2006, Art in Odd Places presented "Imagining New Public Space", a panel to discuss alternative public places for art. The panel was presented in collaboration with Radhika Subramaniam, founder of interdisciplinary art journal, Connect:art.politics.theory.practice and Setha Low, president of the American Anthropological Association, with panelist: Bill Brown of Surveillance Media Players; Clarinda MacLow, choreographer and performer; and Melbourne's Paul Carter, philosopher and artist from the Lab Architecture Studio.

Recent developments
In May 2021, Art in Odd Places (AIOP) 2021: NORMAL launched a series of installations, performances and visual art along 14th Street. It was curated by artist Furusho von Puttkammer and featured Akiko Ichikawa, Gretchen Vitamvas, Jonothon Lyons, Ivan Sikic, Yeseul Song, Yasmeen Abdallah, Julia Justo, Sara Lynne Lindsay and dozens of other artists.

References

Freedom of Expression

External links
Art in Odd Places website
Time Out New York: "Art in Odd Places is Taking Over 14th Street"
 The Brooklyn Rail: "Pedestrian"

Non-profit organizations based in New York City
Arts organizations based in New York City
Arts organizations established in 1996
1996 establishments in New York (state)
Freedom of expression


Karang Jiwo is a small village lying in the estuary of the Solo River, in the Lamongan regency.

The name of the village is divided in two parts, karang meaning "courtyard" and jiwo, "soul". The village's history was largely influenced by the Majapahit empire.

Populated places in East Java


Rowan Gormley (born 8 June 1962) is a South African-born entrepreneur. He was appointed Group CEO of Majestic Wine PLC after the acquisition of Naked Wines in April 2015.

Early life
Gormley studied at Selborne College, East London and the University of Cape Town. He trained as an accountant with the firm Arthur Andersen LLC. in South Africa for three years before moving to the United Kingdom in 1987 to work in venture capital for Electra Capital Partners.

Career

Gormley was in private equity for seven years before going to work for Richard Branson in 1994. Branson brought him to Virgin to identify new business opportunities.

When he spotted financial services as a potential area for Virgin to explore, Branson asked Gormley to run it, and Virgin Direct (now Virgin Money) was born in 1995 with Gormley as CEO.

Whilst at Virgin Direct, Gormley was also behind the launch of The One Account, now a part of Royal Bank of Scotland.

After leaving Virgin Money, he launched three new start-ups. His first was Orgasmic Wines, with the help of his business partner Laura Knight and his brother Clinton Gormley. The firm became Virgin Wines in 2000 when Richard Branson bought into the business.

Laithwaites subsequently bought Virgin Wines, and Gormley left the company in June 2008.

Naked Wines
Gormley set up Naked Wines in December 2008 with eight of the old Virgin Wines team. Naked Wines was launched in the US and Australia in 2012. On 10 April 2015 Naked Wines was acquired by Majestic Wine and Gormley was appointed CEO of the enlarged group.

Majestic Wine
Gormley announced his transformation plan for Majestic Wine in November 2015 and set the Group a new goal to achieve £500m annual sales by 2019.

References

South African businesspeople
Wine merchants
1962 births
Living people


Robert Haskell Hill (April 2, 1892 – December 28, 1942), aka War Horse, was a professional football player who played in the National Football League during the 1922 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. Hill was a member of the Mohawks.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

Notes

1892 births
1942 deaths
Native American players of American football
American football guards
Carlisle Indians football players
Oorang Indians players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
People from Smethport, Pennsylvania


Hobo News, alternately "Hobo" News, was an early 20th-century newspaper for homeless migrant workers (hobos). It was published in St. Louis, Missouri, and Cincinnati by the International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) and its founder James Eads How. Hobo News was important for legitimatizing the hobo identity and has been credited as a predecessor to the modern street newspaper movement.

Original newspaper
Hobo News was published monthly with 16 pages and no advertisements, and was distributed by street sellers for five cents in bohemian areas. A subscription was 50 cents annually. In 1919, it was raised to ten cents per issue or one dollar per year. At its height, Hobo News reached a circulation of 20,000.

The newspaper's slogan, "Of the hoboes, by the hoboes and for the hoboes", and reader submissions formed a significant part of the paper. Content included poems, essays, travelogues, and articles about the life and lore of hobos, as well as news about labor organizing and unemployment. Recurring writers included John X. Kelly, Nicholas Klein, and William Schweitzer. More famous were Nina van Zandt Spies (widow of August Spies), Voltairine de Cleyre, and Eugene Debs. Future comic book legend John Buscema contributed some artwork. It was mostly read by the hobos themselves but sometimes sold to the public as a way for the homeless to make money without begging, much like a modern street paper.

Hobo News went by several names over the years. It was founded in 1913 as Hoboes Jungle Scout then adopted the name Hobo News from 1915 to at least 1929. After World War I and the U.S. government attacks on the radical Industrial Workers of the World many IWW supporters (Wobblies) joined the IBWA, and Hobo News became more radical and socialist. This caused trouble with the government, and the paper lost its second-class mailing privileges. There was an internal rift, and eventually Hobo World was started as a radical competitor. Accounts of the relations between the two vary, describing Hobo World as either a "competitor" to Hobo News, a different name for the same paper, or a replacement for it.

Much of Hobo News was never archived. The New York Public Library has 19 issues ending in 1923. The St. Louis Public Library has 63 issues, starting with volume I, number I (April 1915).  It is unclear what became of the newspaper after How died in 1930.

Second newspaper: The Hobo News

A second paper named Hobo News was published from 1936 to 1948 in New York City; The paper was brought back into existence through financing arranged by Garry A. Stolzberg, a banker with the Modern Industrial Bank in New York City. Its highest circulation was 50,000, and it was published by Ben "Coast Kid" (Hobo) Benson and under the direction of Pat "The Roaming Dreamer" Mulkern. It contained advice for hobos, opinion pieces, cartoons, etc., and was sold for ten cents on street corners. When it went under in 1948 it was replaced by Bowery News (named after the Bowery area in Manhattan), but that paper was short-lived.

See also
 List of street newspapers

References

External links

"Hobo" News Digital Collection at St. Louis Public Library

Defunct newspapers published in Missouri
Defunct newspapers published in Ohio
Hoboes
Newspapers established in 1913
Street newspapers
1913 establishments in Missouri


Nirgal Vallis is a long river channel bordering the Coprates quadrangle and Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle of Mars at 28.4° south latitude and 42° west longitude.  It is 610 km long and is named after Nergal, the Babylonian god of war and counterpart to the Roman god of war Mars.  Nirgal Vallis had a discharge of 4800 cubic meters/second.  The western half of Nirgal Valles is a branched system, but the eastern half is a tightly sinuous, deeply entrenched valley.  Nirgal Valles ends at Uzboi Vallis.  Tributaries are very short and end in steep-walled valley heads, often called "amphitheater-headed valleys."  The shape of these valley heads is like cirques on the Earth.

Water from Nirgal Vallis contributed to a great flood that went through the rim of Holden Crater and helped form a lake in the crater.   It's estimated that Nirgal Vallis had a discharge of 4800 cubic meters/second.   Water from Nirgal Vallis was inbounded in Uzboi Vallis because the rim of Holden Crater blocked the flow.  At a certain point the stored water broke through the rim of Holden and created a lake 200–250 m deep.  Water with a depth of at least 50 m entered Holden at a rate that 5-10 times the discharge of the Mississippi River.  Terraces and the presence of large rocks (tens of meters across) support these high discharge rates.

Nirgal Vallis and sapping
Nirgal Valles is one of the longest valley networks on Mars.  It is so large that it is found on two quadrangles.  Scientists are not sure about how all the ancient river valleys were formed.  There is evidence that instead of rain or snow, the water that formed the valleys originated under ground.  One mechanism that has been advanced is sapping. In this case, the ground just gives away as water comes out.  Sapping is common in some desert areas in America's Southwest.  It forms alcoves and stubby tributaries; these features are visible in the pictures below of Nirgal Vallis taken with Mars Odyssey's THEMIS.

See also

References

External links

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Coprates quadrangle
Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle


Sondra Hale is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and Gender Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); former Co-editor of the Journal of Middle East Women's Studies and former Co-Chair, Islamic Studies. Her regional interests are in Africa and the Middle East, focusing mainly on Sudan and Eritrea (where she has done research on women who were former guerrillas of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front).

Education
Prof. Hale was educated at UCLA, where she received her B.A. in English Literature, M.A. in African Studies and a Ph.D. in Anthropology.  She has taught at the University of Khartoum (Sudan), at California Institute of the Arts, and at California State Universities at Long Beach and Northridge.

Publications
Prof. Hale has published many articles and book chapters on the topics of gendered war, conflict, and genocide; social movements; international gender studies; gender and citizenship; diaspora studies; cultural studies, and boycotts and academic freedom.

Hale is the author of the book Gender Politics in Sudan: Islamism, Socialism, and the State.

Hale has co-edited an e-book on feminist art, From Site to Vision: The Woman’s Building in Contemporary Culture, which will be published by Otis College of Art and Design in 2011.  Hale co-edited Sudan’s Killing Fields: Perspectives on Genocide, with Laura Beny.

Recent journal articles of hers appeared in Urban Anthropology, Cultural Dynamics, Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, Feminist Economics, Northeast African Studies, Amerasia Journal, and New Political Science, among others.  She has also published important articles in Ufahamu.

Books where her chapters have appeared are: Gender, War and Militarism; Women and Globalization in the Arab Middle East; Gender and Citizenship in Muslim Communities; Race and Identity in the Nile Valley, and  Female Circumcision and the Politics of Knowledge.

Her other work in progress is on the politics of memory, gender and perpetual-conflict situations, and political organizing in exile.

Activism and critical reception of her position on FGM
Prof. Hale is an activist academic who was a co-founder of Feminists in Support of Palestinian Women; founder and coordinator of the Darfur Task Force; founder and coordinator of California Scholars for Academic Freedom; and co-founder of U.S. Committee for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel. Hale’s activism also includes various anti-war/anti-occupation activities (Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon), and civil rights/human rights issues.

In an article about Hale's long lasting "self-imposed silence" regarding the issue of Female Genital Cutting or FGM, Ellen Gruenbaum discussed both Hale's "cautionary reasons" for not writing about this subject for many years, as well as ways to positively engage in the discussion of this practice.

Awards
In addition to various teaching awards Prof. Hale was given the Fair and Open Academic Environment Award from UCLA (popularly known as the “diversity award”) and has received awards from National Science Foundation, American Association of University Women, National Endowment for the Humanities, Fulbright, and others.  She has chaired or directed three Women’s Studies Programs, including UCLA’s.

Books

(with Terry Wolverton) From Site to Vision:  The Woman's Building in Contemporary Culture, 2004.

References

University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
American feminists
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Academic staff of the University of Khartoum
American women academics
21st-century American women