The Hanover Branch Railroad Company was a railroad that operated in Pennsylvania in the mid-19th century. The company was incorporated on March 16, 1847, and began operating trains in 1852. It represents the oldest portion of the Western Maryland Railway. It extended from the connection with the Baltimore & Susquehanna Railroad (later to become the Northern Central Railway, and then in 1911, the Pennsylvania Railroad) at Hanover Junction, Pennsylvania, to Hanover.

History
The Hanover Branch Company was chartered on March 16, 1847. Letters patent for the company were issued in Pennsylvania on October 18, 1849. The railroad was commonly referred to as the "Old Branch" and began construction in March 1851 and started operation in October 1852.  The railroad connected at Hanover to the Gettysburg Railroad in 1858, just prior to the Civil War.

The Hanover Branch was used to ship a significant volume of iron ore from local mines. In 1873 the Bachman Valley Railroad opened with a connection to the Hanover Branch at Valley Junction. The "21st Annual Report (1873) of the Hanover Branch Railroad" states that about 12,000 tons of iron ore were received from the Bachman Valley during a four-month period. This Bachman Valley route eventually became part of the Western Maryland Railroad's Hanover Subdivision from Emory Grove, Maryland, to Hanover and Gettysburg. Even after the company became part of the Western Maryland Railway, the name Old Branch remained.

Civil War era
The Hanover Branch Railroad is associated with historic events during the Civil War. It carried the parties of President Abraham Lincoln and Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtin from Hanover Junction to Gettysburg on November 18, 1863, where President Lincoln delivered the next day his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. The Northern Central Railway trains carried President Lincoln from Baltimore and Governor Curtin from Harrisburg, the two groups meeting at Hanover Junction and proceeding together on the Hanover Branch to Gettysburg.

After the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, the Hanover Branch provided a route for transportation of wounded soldiers to distant hospitals and cities via Hanover Junction, since this was the only rail outlet available from Gettysburg to the outside world during the Civil War area. The Hanover Branch Railroad facilities at Hanover Junction included a hotel built by the railroad, which also housed the railroad's offices. During the Gettysburg Campaign of the Civil War,  Confederate cavalry disrupted the telegraph line and destroyed the railroad's facilities at Hanover Junction, except for the hotel.

On April 21, 1865, the nine-car funeral train of President Lincoln left the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O) station in Washington at 8:00 a.m., arriving at Baltimore's Camden Station at 10 a.m. on the B&O. After public viewing of the President's remains in Baltimore, the train departed on the Northern Central at 3 p.m. and passed Hanover Junction at 5:55 p.m., arriving in Harrisburg at 8:20 p.m., after a brief stop at York. The next morning, the train left Harrisburg for Philadelphia at 11:00 a.m. It continued on its trip to Springfield, Illinois, for the burial, via the cities of New York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Columbus, and Indianapolis.

Post-war mergers
In 1874 Hanover Branch merged with the Susquehanna, Gettysburg & Potomac Railway (successor to the Gettysburg Railroad) to form the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad. The new company extended the rail line from Gettysburg west to Marsh Creek in 1884 and to Orrtanna in 1885. In 1886 the company merged with the Baltimore and Hanover Railroad to form the Baltimore and Harrisburg Railway. The Baltimore and Harrisburg was controlled by the Western Maryland Railway, and the WM bought the company in 1917.

In later years

In the 1920s, the Western Maryland's "mixed" train came into Hanover Junction from Hanover on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at about noon time. On arrival, the engine would be at the head of the train with the engine backing, to utilize the turntable, located at the north end of the Station. Then for the return trip to Hanover, the engine would again be at the front of the train, headed for its destination. This train could carry passengers to the Junction to make connections for train No. 8021 to York at 12:32 p.m., or, Train No. 500 to Baltimore at 1:28 p.m. The Hanover Junction-Valley Junction rails were removed during the period 1928–1934.

See also
Gettysburg Railroad
Hanover Subdivision
Hanover Junction Railroad Station
Captain ABDIEL W. EICHELBERGER, President of the railroad

References

External links
 Pictures of Hanover Junction - Roger Shaffer

Railway companies established in 1849
Railway lines opened in 1852
Railway companies disestablished in 1874
Defunct Pennsylvania railroads
Predecessors of the Western Maryland Railway
1849 establishments in Pennsylvania


Henry Joseph Kalis (March 2, 1937 – September 12, 2018) was an American politician who was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives, representing southern Minnesota. First elected in 1974, Kalis was reelected every two years until he opted not to seek reelection in 2002. A Democrat, he represented the old Districts 30A and 29B and, later, 26B, which included all or portions of Blue Earth, Faribault, Freeborn, Martin and Waseca counties, changing somewhat through redistricting in 1980 and 1990. He was, along with senators Dennis Frederickson, Earl Renneke and Jim Vickerman, and representatives Gilbert Esau and Wendell Erickson, one of the longest-serving legislators from southern Minnesota in the state's history.

Early life
Kalis was born on March 2, 1937, in Easton, Minnesota. He graduated from Kiester High School in Kiester, Minnesota, in 1955. He married Violet Rae Johnson on November 28, 1959. They ran a farm together in Walters, until their retirement in 2013 when they moved to Albert Lea.

Kalis served in the United States Army and in the Minnesota National Guard (Company A, 147th Division) for four years before becoming active locally as a town treasurer and a township board member in Foster Township, Faribault County, Minnesota. From 1970 he served as a member of the Faribault County board of commissioners before opting to run for the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1974. He won his seat in the legislature for the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) in 1974 despite a strong shift toward the Republican party in southern Minnesota at the time. A fellow representative later said of him, "Henry seemed to win whether it was a good year for Democrats or a bad year for Democrats".

Minnesota House of Representatives
Kalis served in the legislature until 2002, representing parts of Blue Earth, Faribault, Freeborn, Martin and Waseca counties. He earned a reputation as a conservative Democrat, and was a champion for farmers and agricultural issues, and for transportation issues. Kalis served on the House Agriculture, Appropriations, Capital Investment, Economic Development, Education, Environment & Natural Resources, Financial Institutions & Insurance, Health & Human Services, Judiciary, Local & Urban Affairs, Regulated Industries, Transportation, and Ways & Means committees, and on various other committee incarnations and subcommittees. He was known for his moderatism and bipartisan approach, becoming renowned for voting against the Democratic Party. Owing to his experience he often acted as an informal mentor to newly elected rural representatives.

Kalis was chair of the House Transportation Committee from 1987 to 1992, and of the House Capital Investment Committee from 1993 to 1998. He also served as chair of numerous subcommittees through the years (Agriculture Subcommittee: Soil and Water Resources; Appropriations Subcommittee: Agriculture, Transportation & Semi-State Division; Appropriations Subcommittee: Joint Claims; Local and Urban Affairs Subcommittee: Governmental Administration; and Transportation Subcommittee: Trunk Highways). As chair of the Capital Investment Committee Kalis was known for not being afraid to turn down inefficient proposals and for his even-handed approach; he once said, "buildings don't care if they're in a Democrat or a Republican district". A recovering alcoholic, he often spoke publicly about the dangers of alcoholism.

Kalis earned the distinction of being the first legislative candidate to file for office each year that he ran, often arriving at the Minnesota Secretary of State's office in Saint Paul early the morning or even the day before the opening date for filing. He said he did this because "I enjoy this job and I think when you like something you should show people you like it." He occasionally camped out in front of the Secretary of State's office in a sleeping bag.

Retirement
In 2002, Kalis opted to retire from the House, feeling that the time was right, but adding that it was "hardest decision" he had made. He served his constituents for 28 years, and was first in line at the Minnesota Secretary of State's office 14 times. After retiring, he returned to farming near Walters, Minnesota until 2013 and largely kept out of politics.

Death
Kalis died on September 12, 2018, in Albert Lea, Minnesota, aged 81.  After his death Minnesota DFL chairman Ken Martin said that "as a legislator, Henry earned a reputation for championing issues to improve the lives of not just his constituents, but all Minnesotans".

References

External links

Kalis Reminisces: "Fun While It Lasted" (p. 17)

1937 births
2018 deaths
People from Faribault County, Minnesota
Military personnel from Minnesota
Farmers from Minnesota
Minnesota city council members
County commissioners in Minnesota
Democratic Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians


2+1 may refer to:

In physics
 2+1 road
 2+1 dimensions
 2+1 dimensional gravity (String theory, Quantum gravity)

In music
 2 Plus 1, a Polish band


Jessica St. Clair is an American actress and improvisational comedian from the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre. With frequent collaborator Lennon Parham, she co-created and co-starred in NBC's Best Friends Forever and USA Network's Playing House.

Life and career
St. Clair was born in Princeton, New Jersey and raised in Westfield, New Jersey, where she attended Westfield High School, graduating as part of the class of 1994. Her first major television work was as a regular panelist on the VH1 series Best Week Ever, offering comedic insights on pop culture and the news of the week. She co-starred in the short-lived ABC sitcom In the Motherhood in 2009.

St. Clair has gained notice for her frequent guest appearances (often alongside performing partner Lennon Parham) on podcasts such as Comedy Bang! Bang!, in which she plays the show's teenage intern Marissa Wompler. In 2015, St. Clair and Parham spun off their characters in a new Earwolf podcast called WOMP It Up!, with St. Clair as host Marissa Wompler and Parham co-hosting as Marissa's teacher Miss Listler. Frequent guests on the podcast include Brian Huskey as Marissa's stepdad Seth and Jason Mantzoukas as Marissa's former flame Eric "Gutterballs" Gutterman. The podcast ran through the summer of 2015, returning after a hiatus on November 16, 2015.

St. Clair and Parham created and starred in the NBC comedy series Best Friends Forever, which premiered on April 4, 2012 and aired for one season, followed by Playing House, which premiered on USA on April 29, 2014 and concluded its third and final season in July 2017.

St. Clair has played recurring roles on television shows such as Veep, Weeds, The McCarthys, Marry Me, American Housewife, Worst Week and United States of Tara. She also played the role of Suzanne, the long-suffering wife of host Forrest MacNeil on the Comedy Central series Review. St. Clair's notable work in film includes supporting roles in Bridesmaids, She's Out of My League, Afternoon Delight and Enough Said.

St. Clair had a recurring role on the Netflix comedy series Space Force as structural engineer and civil contractor Kelly King.

Personal life
St. Clair is married to playwright and poet Dan O'Brien. They have a daughter, Isobel Kelly O'Brien.

In 2015, St. Clair said that she and Lennon Parham had both learned Transcendental Meditation. In 2017, St. Clair revealed that she had undergone treatment for breast cancer after being diagnosed in September 2015, and this was incorporated into the third season of Playing House when her character Emma was similarly diagnosed.

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New Jersey
American film actresses
American women podcasters
American podcasters
American television actresses
American women television producers
American television writers
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Middlebury College alumni
People from Princeton, New Jersey
People from Westfield, New Jersey
American women television writers
Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Screenwriters from New Jersey
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American screenwriters
Television producers from New Jersey
Year of birth missing (living people)


Herbert Botley "Harry" Bell (October 31, 1925 – August 27, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1946–47 season, on March 23, 1947 against the Chicago Black Hawks. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1943 to 1953, was spent in the minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

External links

1925 births
2009 deaths
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
New Haven Ramblers players
New York Rangers players
New York Rovers players
St. Paul Saints (USHL) players
Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan
Tacoma Rockets (WHL) players


The wide dynamic range (WDR) neuron was first discovered by Mendell in 1966. Early studies of this neuron established what is known as the gate control theory of pain. The basic concept is that non-painful stimuli block the pathways for painful stimuli, inhibiting possible painful responses. This theory was supported by the fact that WDR neurons are responsible for responses to both painful and non-painful stimuli, and the idea that these neurons could not produce more than one of these responses simultaneously. WDR neurons respond to all types of somatosensory stimuli, make up the majority of the neurons found in the posterior grey column, and have the ability to produce long range responses including those responsible for pain and itch.

Anatomy and physiology

WDR neurons are found in the posterior grey column of the spinal cord. This area of the spinal cord houses two different types of neurons involved in the process of pain: WDR neurons and nociceptive specific neurons (NS). As the name implies, NS neurons give specific short range responses. WDR neurons are able to give long range responses for a large variety of stimuli giving them the ability to help identify the location and intensity of painful stimulation (sensory discrimination).

WDR neurons differ from most other neurons in that they are theorised to experience what is called a ‘wind up’. This allows for the intensity of their response to increase with an increased frequency of stimulus. Most other neurons fire repeated action potentials of the same magnitude as a reaction to an increase in stimulus intensity. The intensity of the stimulus will only boost the frequency of action potentials, not their magnitude. However, WDR neurons exhibit increased action potential intensity with more presentations of a stimulus. This allows for plasticity of synapses and creates flexibility in the neuronal response. Though this may be of some benefit to the organism, this over excitation of the neurons can result in chronic pain.

Role in pain responses
When there is a painful stimulus there are two pathways that can be taken. The nociceptive neurons in lamina 1 become compromised or the WDR neurons become compromised. The WDR neurons can respond to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stimulation. The dorsal cord has faulty plasticity, which encourages the development of neuropathic pain after an injury to a nerve. This allows for the over-excitation discussed previously, resulting in chronic pain. The unique pain pathway of the WDR neurons allows information about the stimulus to be used to map out the intensity of the pain through sensory discrimination.

There are two main types of pain that we experience in our bodies: pain caused by damage of body tissue and pain caused by nerve damage. Nociceptive pain serves as a warning or signal for tissue damage and works to preserve the body’s equilibrium and functionality. This pain is signaled by the interworkings of both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Another type of pain, known as neuropathic pain, is caused by a direct problem or disease that affects the nerves in the central nervous system.

A subset of this neuropathic pain, known as chronic neuropathic pain, is characterized by its long lasting and high pain intensity. Although there is still a lot unknown about the direct cause of this chronic pain, it has been linked to WDR neurons. These neurons show significant activation by sympathetic stimulation while neurons, such as NS neurons, do not show the same level of activation. The blocking of sympathetic pathways seemed to decrease pain and once unblocked, symptoms of pain persisted. This indicates that one of the many complex mechanisms contributing to this neuropathic chronic pain is the overstimulation of the WDR neurons by sympathetic stimulation.

Another aspect that plays a role in neuropathic pain is the transient receptor channel called TRPA1. This channel is known to have influenced chronic pain injuries and diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, fibromyalgia, bronchitis, and emphysema. WDR neurons are a huge part of the somatosensory system, helping to send and receive signals based on sensory changes in the body. The TRPA1 channel has been closely associated with temperature and pain sensation in primary afferent sensory neurons and are largely found in nociceptive sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. The inhibition of TRPA1 is known to contribute to different inflammatory and neuropathic diseases by amplifying the pain and hypersensitivity. This is an area of study that is beneficial to continue to study and learn how to target and control aspects of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic diseases involved in sensory responses that WDR neurons play a role in.

Role in itch responses
Additionally, the itch pathway has also been linked with WDR neurons because itch and pain pathways are closely associated. As there are transient receptor channels present in the pain pathway, they are also present in the itch pathway. In the itch pathway, when the transient receptor channels are activated an itch response can be elicited. Itch responses can also be controlled by temperature changes (too high or too low), much like pain. This mechanism of control occurs when a stimulus is at an extremely low or extremely high temperature. The organism's sensitivity to the stimulus increases, meaning the pain or itch elicited will be greater at those temperatures than they would be at room temperature. Though these pathways display many similarities, there are other mechanisms by which itch sensations can be controlled, such as those through nerve growth factor and substance-P.

Brain imaging indicates similar activity in many areas of the brain such as prefrontal, supplementary motor areas, premotor cortex, anterior insular cortex, and many others when itch and pain regions are activated. A better understanding of both these pathways will provide a greater understanding of WDR neurons.

References

Neurons


Royal Huisman is a Dutch shipbuilding company that specializes in the newbuild  construction and refit, rebuild and renewal of sailing and motor yachts.

The shipyard was established in 1884 in Ronduite as a builder of wooden workboats and fishing boats. In 1954 Jan Huisman specialised in steel sailing yachts, and his son Wolter transitioned to aluminium hulls in 1964 with the 30 ft Van de Stadt Avenir series. In the 1970s the development of extruded aluminum masts and cooperation with New York designers Sparkman & Stephens (S&S) enabled Huisman to tap into performance yachts and the international racing circuit: The shipyard launched its largest yacht to date, the prize-winning 60 ft S&S sloop Running Tide, at its new deep-water premises in Vollenhove in 1970. In 1973 Huisman built Albert Henri Karl Büll's first Saudade, the 47 ft S&S sloop which won the Admiral's Cup for Germany in the same year. In 1976, the shipyard built Conny van Rietschoten's 65 ft S&S ketch Flyer for the 1977–78 Whitbread Round the World Race, which she won. Their success was repeated in the 1981–82 Whitbread race with van Rietschoten's new 76 ft Frers-designed sloop Flyer II which took line honours in all four legs.

In turn the shipyard developed successfully in Maxi yachts and large cruising yachts with designers Germán Frers and Ron Holland. Upon its hundredth anniversary in 1984 the shipyard was awarded a royal charter by Queen Beatrix and changed its name to Royal Huisman. In 1989 the shipyard set a new trend of large classic yacht revival by cooperating with designer Gerard Dijkstra to restore Elizabeth Meyer's prestigious 1934 J-class yacht Endeavour. The restoration as well as a number of Royal Huisman's subsequent projects received industry awards from yacht owners and the press. The shipyard launched the 112 ft sloop Pamina, the World's first yacht built from the high temper aluminium alloy Alustar, in the year 2000. The shipyard's flagship Athena was handed over in 2004 to repeat client, Dr. Jim Clark, who also ordered Hyperion (1998).

The shipyard has been taking care of superyacht refit on an occasional basis during previous years when the shipyard broadened its business model with the official expansion of superyacht refit and repair in 2011. Huisfit, the new name for the services of this division is introduced. The Huisfit team has been taking care of various non-Royal Huisman yachts such as Karyatis (107 ft Heesen), EOS (305 ft Lürssen), Skat (232 ft Lürssen), Red Sula (105 ft Jongert), Heartbeat (78 ft Claasen), Nixe II, Be Mine (132 ft Lürssen), Adèle (180 ft Vitters) as well as Royal Huisman yachts like Juliet, Borkumriff IV,  Unfurled, Antares, Hyperion, Flyer, Arcadia, Surama (ex William Tai), Hyperion, Gliss, and many more.

In 2014 Royal Huisman became a co-owner of the Bucket Regattas. and in the same year the shipyard affiliated with Royal Doeksen, another Dutch maritime service organisation owned and run by the fourth generation of the same family.

The shipyard had a workforce of 280 people in 2016. The 139 ft SAMURAI was also delivered early 2016: Huisfit and the advanced composites division converted this 40-knot carbonfibre stripped-out speed machine (ex-Mari-Cha IV) into a luxurious yet high performance superyacht. The 65 ft S&S sloop Aileen II, constructed entirely of pre-preg carbon fibre, is launched in 2017. The owner’s brief was for a classic cruiser with modern performance to be sailed single-handed including anchoring, mooring and manoeuvring. Furthermore, the owner’s aim was for the yacht to have the same quality level and comfort as usually found in a much larger superyacht.

Construction takes place in a 30,000m² purpose-built facility with four building halls, a paint hall, a refit hall as well as manufacturing halls operated by Rondal, a subsidiary of Royal Huisman specialized in furlers, winches, deck fittings and pre-impregnated carbonfiber spars and superyacht components. The shipyard facilities are extended to the Amsterdam region at the 12,000m premises of the former Holland Jachtbouw in  2019. This second location for Royal Huisman serves as an addition to the existing headquarters in Vollenhove.

In 2020 the 81 meter contemporary schooner - the world's largest aluminum sailing yacht - SEA EAGLE II was delivered to her Owner, Dr. Samuel Yin.

List of yachts built
Below is a list of all the yachts built by Royal Huisman:

See also
List of large sailing yachts
Feadship - another Dutch shipyard with a royal charter
Royal IHC - another Dutch shipyard with a royal charter
Royal Bodewes - another Dutch shipyard with a royal charter

References

Royal Huisman
Companies established in 1884
Yacht building companies
Shipbuilding companies of the Netherlands
Dutch brands


J.L. Thompson and Sons was a shipyard on the River Wear, Sunderland, which produced ships from the mid-18th century until the 1980s. The world-famous Liberty Ship was among the designs to be created, produced and manufactured at the yard's base at North Sands.

History

The founder of J.L. Thompson and Sons was Robert Thompson, the son of a Master Mariner, who was born in 1797. As a boy he had enjoyed a busy life on the River Wear, playing among the keels, and at 18 he started work as an apprentice shipwright. He spent his evenings, however, learning draughtsmanship on his kitchen floor and, by the age of 22, had built several craft in a berth below the Lambton Drops.

Robert's first association with North Sands came in 1820, when he joined forces with seven business associates to build a 12 keel vessel in just six weeks. But it took him another 17 years to launch his own company, going into business with his three sons – all apprenticed as shipwrights – at Washington Stays. Unfortunately, the depression which gripped Britain at this time quickly caused the firm's collapse, and the sons were forced to take positions at other firms. Down, but not out, Robert decided to fight back. His firm, Robert Thompson & Sons, was launched once more on 13 February 1846. It was to prove a huge success.

North Sands became the new home of the firm and, with a staff of just eight, they built a brig of 12 keels – Pearl – in 11 weeks – with work starting at 4am each day. Pearl brought in a £300 profit and helped establish the yard's reputation for good shipbuilding. The yard's first ship, Vencedora, soon followed. "The launch of Vencedora was the occasion of great rejoicing," states a centenary brochure published by Thompsons in 1946. "The apprentices followed the ancient custom and went through the ceremony of ducking and plunging into the water as soon as the ship was safely launched. Carpenters allowances at this time were a pint of beer in the forenoon for caulking, a pint for the keel seam and three pints of beer on the launching day."

A Partnership Deal was signed for the yard in 1853, with the firm now including Robert senior and junior, as well as Thompson's two other sons, Joseph and John. Joseph, however, quickly found himself in charge following the retirement of Robert senior and junior, as well as John, between then and 1860. Already experienced in designing vessels, he devoted his energies to furthering the business, being joined by his own sons, Robert and Joseph, within a few years. The year 1870 was a particular highlight, as it saw the last wooden ship built at North Sands. It was named Peace to commemorate the end of the Franco-Prussian War. Iron ships were, by now, far more popular and the crafts which had flourished in the days of sail – mast, rope and sail making - were all affected by the steamer age. Thompsons underwent a major overhaul to prepare for metal vessels and in 1871, just after the finishing touches were made, its name was changed to Joseph L Thompson.

By the year 1880, the firm was in possession of the entire North Sands area, where seven shipyards had previously existed. Its 100th vessel was launched four years later. But, as its prosperity flourished, so the health of Joseph Thompson senior and junior declined. The senior Mr Thompson died in 1893, while his son was forced to retire. The business then passed to Robert Thompson, eldest son of Joseph, whose expert abilities as a shipbuilder were already recognised nationwide. The year 1896 saw the firm celebrate its Golden Jubilee in style, with ship number 336 being launched in January. The ship weighed 4,932 tonnes and measured – a giant when compared to the original Pearl – which was just .

World War I found Thompson's specialising in cargo vessels and Admiralty craft. King George V even paid a visit in June 1917, to praise the work being done. The depression which followed the war, however, hit Thompsons hard. Indeed, in 1923, for the first time in the firm's history, not a single ship was launched in a year. The yard managed to struggle back with orders the following year, but the "Hungry Thirties" saw depression hit the yard again and only a skeleton staff was kept on. After lying virtually idle for four years, it was decided that cheaper production, construction improvements and improved ship performances were the way forward. Under the direction of Major Robert Norman Thompson and his son, Robert Cyril Thompson, research led to the creation of a distinctive new ship model - the Liberty Ship. The first ship built to the design, Embassage, was launched in 1935 and created "exceptional interest" among ship owners. Orders, once again, flooded in.

The largest ship ever built at North Sands, the oil tanker Sandanger, followed in 1938, just before war work again took over the yard during World War II. Workers churned out 40 vessels during the war, a proud figure that was noted at the highest levels.  The King and Queen, Mrs Winston Churchill and the Duke of Kent were just three of the high-ranking visitors to tour the site. But Hitler's Luftwaffe managed to disrupt the work at times, bombing the site twice in May 1943.  A ship was sunk and the joiners’ shop severely damaged.  The year 1946 saw Britain once more at peace and staff at Thompson's celebrate its 100th anniversary.  A statement in the firm's anniversary brochure reads: "In the capable hands of those who today lead and control the fortunes of the firm, the aim still remains to give the best and deliver ships of the highest quality."

The neighbouring yard of John Crown & Sons Ltd was bought by Thompsons in its centenary year, to allow the building of larger and faster vessels.  In the 1960s, Thompson's spent millions of pounds expanding their capacity to build ships of up to 150,000 tons.  Bigger and bigger ships were built by workers throughout the next two decades, but the yard was eventually mothballed until 1986, when the ITM Challenger was built.  Today, the site is home to the University of Sunderland and the National Glass Centre.

See also
 Thompson family history
 Lady Elizabeth (1869) (1879)
 List of ship launches in 1905
 Liberty ship
 Park ship
 USS Culoga (AF-3)
 SS Drakensberg Castle
 National Glass Centre
 List of Liberty ships
 Silver Line (shipping company)
 Type C1 ship
 Type C2 ship
 Allied technological cooperation during World War II

References

External links

Defunct shipbuilding companies of England
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom in World War I
United Kingdom in World War II
Maritime history of England

Shipbuilding companies of the City of Sunderland


The Hamang Tunnel () is a road tunnel that runs under Hamang northwest of Sandvika in Norway. It forms a part of the European route E16. It was named Hamangporten in 1991, but the name was changed after two months at the demand of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, who deemed the name Hamangporten to be "most unfortunate".

References

Tunnels in Bærum
Road tunnels in Viken
1991 establishments in Norway
Tunnels completed in 1991


Concord School was a school for African-American children built in 1894 in the hamlet of Miccosukee, in eastern Leon County, Florida.

History
The earliest mention of Concord School was in the minutes of a school board meeting from 1878. It was mentioned that the teacher's salary was $20.00 per month. Schooling most likely began in the Miccosukee A.M.E. Church.

In 1893, two Miccosukee women, Fayette and Jennie Burned sold a half-acre of their land for $1.00 with the stipulation that a school house be constructed there. The first teachers on record were Lucien Fisher (1893—1894), A.B. Spencer (1895—1897). By 1912, Concord School had grown to be one of the five largest African-American rural schools in Leon County and was granted an assistant teacher. In the 1930s the school was enlarged and during the 1960s was combined with the Miccosukee School with the name remaining Concord. The school was closed in 1985.

Construction
The building is rectangular, vernacular wood framed architecture with one entrance and typical for a rural school in the South. It was unpainted and had neither electricity nor a well. It had two outhouses. The building was heated with a wood stove and lighting was provided by sunlight through the 6 long windows.

See also
 Station One School
 "Colored" schools in Leon County

References

Historic buildings and structures in Leon County, Florida
Historically segregated African-American schools in Florida
Defunct schools in Florida
History of Leon County, Florida
Educational institutions disestablished in 1985
Schools in Leon County, Florida
1894 establishments in Florida


Noah Lindsey Cyrus (born January 8, 2000) is an American singer and actress. As a child actress she voiced the titular character in the English dub of the film Ponyo (2008), as well as having minor roles on shows like Hannah Montana and Doc. In 2016, she made her debut as a singer with the single "Make Me (Cry)" featuring Labrinth, which peaked at number 46 on the Billboard Hot 100. She has released three extended plays: Good Cry (2018), The End of Everything (2020), People Don't Change (2021). Her first full-length album The Hardest Part was released on September 16, 2022. She was nominated for Best New Artist at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards.

Out of six siblings, as she has three brothers and two sisters, Cyrus is the third daughter and youngest child of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus.

Early life
Noah Lindsey Cyrus was born January 8, 2000, in Nashville, Tennessee, to producer and director Tish Cyrus and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. Her parents had a loving but tumultuous marriage, each filing for divorce on several occasions, but restoring their relationship. Her siblings include Miley, Braison, Brandi, Trace, and Christopher Cyrus, who have also mostly become musicians and entertainers. Their paternal grandfather, Ron Cyrus, was a politician in Kentucky. Cyrus, like many child performers, attended Brighton Hall School in Burbank, California.

Career

Acting
At the age of 2, Cyrus began her acting career, playing Gracie Hebert on the sixth episode of her father's TV show Doc. She was a background dancer in the 2009 film Hannah Montana: The Movie (with her real-life older sister), and played small roles in six episodes of the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana. She appeared in the straight-to-DVD film Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out? (2008), where she was spotted as a Trick or Treater. In 2009, her first film role was in the English version of the Japanese anime feature film Ponyo, in which she voiced the titular character. She sang the English version of the theme song to that film, performing alongside her co-star Frankie Jonas. Between 2009 and 2010, Cyrus ran a webshow with her childhood best friend, former child actress Emily Grace Reaves, called The Noie and Ems Show. In 2021, she guest-starred in the seventh episode of the horror anthology series American Horror Stories, playing a character named Connie.

Music

2016–2018: Music beginnings and Good Cry

On November 15, 2016, it was announced that Cyrus had signed a record deal with Barry Weiss' record label named Records, and later signed a management deal with Maverick under Adam Leber. She released her debut single "Make Me (Cry)" featuring English singer Labrinth that same day. In December 2016, she released an acoustic performance of "Almost Famous". She also provided vocals on the song "Chasing Colors" performed by Marshmello and Ookay, which was released in February 2017. On April 14, 2017, she released another single, called "Stay Together", followed by the single "I'm Stuck", released on May 25, 2017. On September 21, 2017, she released another single "Again" featuring XXXTentacion. From September 19, 2017, to November 1, 2017, she opened for Katy Perry on the Witness: The Tour. In November 2017, Cyrus made an appearance at Emo Nite in Los Angeles for a surprise DJ set which included some of her and her half-brother Trace Cyrus' music. "My Way", a collaboration with electronic group One Bit, was released on November 24, 2017. Cyrus was named one of Time's 30 Most Influential Teens in 2017.

Her first single of 2018, "We Are..." featuring Danish artist MØ, was released on February 7. Cyrus released "Team", a collaboration with MAX, on May 11, 2018. A follow-up collaboration "Lately", was released on June 15, 2018, with Tanner Alexander. On July 9, 2018, Cyrus announced her first headlining tour, The Good Cry Tour. "Live or Die", a collaboration with her now ex-boyfriend Lil Xan, was released on August 20, 2018. Norwegian DJ Matoma featured Cyrus on "Slow" in 2017, which was featured on his second album One in a Million, released on August 24, 2018. Cyrus released her new EP, Good Cry, on September 21, 2018, featuring new songs including "Mad at You" a collaboration with Gallant and "Punches" a collaboration with LP. DJ Alan Walker featured Cyrus' vocals on "All Falls Down" for his first album, Different World, which was released on December 14, 2018.

2019–2021: The End Of Everything and People Don't Change

On July 31, 2019, Cyrus released a song called "July", as the first single of her second EP, The End of Everything. On July 24, 2020, Cyrus released a cover of Mac Miller's "Dunno."

On May 15, 2020, Cyrus released her second EP, The End of Everything, which AllMusic reviewer, Neil Z. Yeung described as "a vulnerable peek into the singer/songwriter's mental and emotional struggles through heartfelt and simple offerings."

After the good reception of The End of Everything, she was prepared to release her first full-length album in early 2021. Cyrus released "All Three" on December 11, 2020, with its music video the following week. She did not comment on the subject again until February 8, 2021, when she announced on her Instagram that she was about to release a joint EP with recently songwriting collaborator PJ Harding ("July", "I Got So High That I Saw Jesus", "The End Of Everything") and its first single "Dear August" was going to be out three days later. The EP was called People Don't Change and was released on April 23, 2021.

2022: The Hardest Part and tour

On April 5, 2022, Noah announced her new single "I Burned LA Down", released on April 8. On that same day, she announced her debut album, The Hardest Part, for July 15. The album was preceded by three more singles: "Mr. Percocet" released on May 13, "Ready To Go" on June 23 and "Every Beginning Ends" with Benjamin Gibbard on August 26. However, in June 2022, Cyrus announced that the album was pushed back to September 16 due to manufacturing delay. Following the album's release, Noah released "I Just Want A Lover", from the album on the same day of its release. Later, on September 23, Noah launched the remix of "Noah (Stand Still)" featuring her father, country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus. On October 14, she released an acoustic version for the song "Unfinished".

After being announced in May and cancelling the European leg, Cyrus began The Hardest Part Tour on October 4. After 24 shows, the tour ended on November 4, just a month after it began.

On November 18, Cyrus and long-time producer PJ Harding released a new song, "Snow In LA".

Personal life
Cyrus dated rapper Lil Xan from June to September 2018. Cyrus is known to be vocal about her mental health challenges. She experiences depression and anxiety, with panic attacks as part of the latter. She has stated she goes to therapy to address these challenges. Her music often relates to her struggles, such as in her EP Good Cry with "Sadness" and "Topanga" and somber songs such as in her EP The End of Everything with "July" and "Lonely".

In December 2020, Cyrus spoke out in support of the former One Direction member Harry Styles wearing a dress on the cover of Vogue after he had been criticized by conservative commentator Candace Owens. However, in doing this she called Owens a "nappy ass heaux," which briefly prompted backlash and scrutiny against Cyrus for using a racist term referring to Afro-centric hair texture. She subsequently issued an apology for using the term by stating, "I am mortified that I used a term without knowing the context and history, but I know now and I am horrified and truly sorry. I will never use it again. Thank you for educating me. I in no way meant to offend anyone. I am so so sorry."

In June 2023, Cyrus announced her engagement to Pinkus, a fashion designer.

Activism
In 2013, Cyrus used her 13th birthday as an opportunity to raise funds to ban the use of horse-drawn carriages in New York City. More recently, she has worked with PETA, first appearing in an ad protesting the use of animal dissection in high school science classes instead of plastic models or virtual dissection programs then in another supporting a SeaWorld boycott.

Philanthropy
In 2019, after the release of her single "Lonely", Noah teamed up with the Crystal Campaign and released a merchandising collection called The Lonely Collection in which funds were collected to benefit The Jed Foundation, a non-profit organization in the United States that exists to protect emotional health and prevent suicide for American teens and young adults. Later, Cyrus sold some of her old clothes on the Depop app, donating the proceeds to The Jed Foundation.

Filmography

Discography

 The Hardest Part (2022)

Awards and nominations

Tours

Headlining
 The Good Cry Tour (2018)
The Not So Tour, Tour (2020)
The Hardest Part Tour (2022)

Opening act
 Katy Perry – Witness: The Tour (2017)

References

External links

2000 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
Actresses from Nashville, Tennessee
American child actresses
American child singers
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Columbia Records artists
Noah
RCA Records artists
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Syco Music artists
Walt Disney Records artists
Brighton Hall School alumni


Primitivo González del Alba (February 24, 1849 – 1913) was a Spanish jurist, legal writer and criminologist from Burgos in northern Spain. He was involved in a number of famous criminal trials in the course of his career as a Public Prosecutor [Fiscal] and a judge, which took him to many parts of Spain and culminated in his appointment in 1911 to the highest court in Madrid, as a Magistrado del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia.

One of the leading Spanish criminologists of his day, his writings contributed to the debate on the underlying causes of crime. In particular, he stressed the importance of social factors in fostering crime, while maintaining, nevertheless, that individual free will [libre albedrío] still played a crucial role. In formulating this view, and by also articulating his belief that criminology would always be an evolving and never a static science, he challenged both the main schools of criminology (the Positivist school and the Classical school) and their rigid, opposing ideologies.

Birth and family background

Primitivo González del Alba [henceforth referred to in this article as Primitivo] was born on 24 February 1849 in the city of Burgos, and baptised two days later in the church of San Cosme y San Damián :es:Iglesia de San Cosme y San Damián (Burgos) with the full name of Primitivo Modesto Justo González del Alba. His father, Angel González y García (son of Alejandro González and Vicenta García), was a lieutenant in the army [teniente de infantería] who later became a captain in the newly formed Guardia Civil; at the time of Primitivo's birth he was deputy officer in the Archives Section [Oficial Segundo de la Sección Archivo de esta Capitanía General]. Primitivo's mother was Silvestra del Alba y Pardo, the daughter of Toribio del Alba and Hermenegilda Pardo. All Primitivo's grandparents were born in the city of Burgos, where he too was brought up. After the death of his father, the family moved close to the cathedral to live with his mother's brother, Pedro del Alba y Pardo, a clergyman who became Archdeacon of Burgos in 1865, when Primitivo was sixteen.

Primitivo's only sister, Petra [Juana Petra Cointa González del Alba], two years his senior, entered an enclosed convent in Burgos after being widowed at a young age and spent over forty years there as a nun, Sor Juana Petra. There was also a half-brother, Félix [Félix Santamaría del Alba], through a previous marriage of their mother's; he was a lawyer and politician who was elected as a Diputado representing Burgos in the Cortes and later became a Senador.

University, politics and journalism

Having left Burgos to study at the University of Valladolid, Primitivo graduated in Law [Derecho] on 19 June 1869 – a time of political upheaval, as the September Revolution of 1868 had driven Queen Isabella II into exile and led to two years of near-anarchy. Attracted to journalism, when still aged twenty, Primitivo was one of the editorial assistants on La Conciliación, a Valladolid daily newspaper published between November 1869 and April 1870. Its aim was to reconcile (in opposition to the far left and far right parties) the Liberal Unionists, Progressives and Democratic Monarchists, which had formed a precarious alliance after the September Revolution. Primitivo's writings, and the political affiliations of the other newspapers for which he contributed articles in later life, indicate a consistent sympathy with democratic, progressive and liberal views.

The beginnings of a legal career

Primitivo returned to Burgos to continue his legal studies at the Ilustre Colegio de Abogados , qualifying as a solicitor and, in December 1872, obtaining the second highest marks in the competitive examinations () to enter the ‘Cuerpo de Abogados del Estado’. This led in January 1873 to a government post in the Balearic Islands, as a state solicitor at Palma de Mallorca, during the period of the short-lived First Spanish Republic (1873–74). In June 1874 Primitivo applied to enter the judiciary, achieving third highest marks in the nationwide competitive examinations for this. In December 1874 he received his first judicial appointment, as the Judge [Juez de primera instancia] of the small hill town of Castrojeriz (Burgos), where he remained until 1881.

The Judge of Castrojeriz

Primitivo's appointment and seven-year stay in Castrojeriz came when the town needed stability, law and order. Carlist insurrections had recently caused outbreaks of civil war in northern Spain, and on 3 June 1874 a group of about 40 mounted Carlist soldiers had entered Castrojeriz, seizing money, goods and hostages. Over twenty years later Primitivo wrote an article in the Diario de Cádiz, ‘Luchas Fratricidas’ [Fratricidal Fighting], describing a particular atrocity they committed – whether one he personally witnessed, or heard about shortly afterwards, is not clear – when they killed one of the town's senior lawyers and taunted his wife and young son in front of the corpse. At the end of the article Primitivo explains he wrote it ‘since yesterday’s history is a useful lesson for tomorrow’ [‘el ayer en la historia es la provechosa lección del mañana’] and to remind those about to become men that they ought to regard the awful fratricidal fighting of civil war with a truly patriotic horror [‘quisiera solo recordar a los que pronto habrán de ser hombres, el horror verdaderamente patriótico que deberán sentir en su alma hacia las tremendas luchas fratricidas’]. These comments assume a tragic irony given that Primitivo's own son, born the same year he wrote this article, was to be killed during the Spanish Civil War in 1936.

In recognition of his services whilst in Castrojeriz, which included dealing with the complex trial [‘El Proceso de Belbimbre’] in July 1880 of a notorious gang accused of 62 crimes – a string of robberies throughout the provinces of Burgos and Palencia and several murders, including that of the parish priest of Belbimbre – Primitivo was awarded, by a royal decree of 18 October 1880, and at the age of thirty-one, the Cruz de Isabel la Católica :es:Gran Cruz de Isabel la Católica (in 1906, on his promotion as Presidente de Sala in Madrid, he was given the higher level of this award, the Gran Cruz de Isabel la Católica).

Successive appointments

After 1881, Primitivo moved a number of times in rapid succession as he was promoted to posts of increasing responsibility, mainly in Andalucia. From Castrojeriz he went to Cabra (Córdoba) :es:Cabra (Córdoba), where he was Juez de ascenso (1881–82); he then moved to Cádiz as Magistrado de la Audiencia de lo Criminal (1882–86), then to Utrera (Seville) where he spent the years 1886–92, first as Fiscal and then as Presidente de la Audiencia. Thereafter he briefly held posts in Granada (1892–93), Albacete (1893–94), Huelva (1894) and back in Cádiz (1895). In December 1895 he was posted to the Canary Islands as Fiscal de la Audiencia Territorial de Las Palmas and remained there until March 1897, when he was moved to the north of Spain to be Presidente de Sala de la Audiencia Territorial de Oviedo. He stayed here only nine months, being transferred at his request back to southern Spain in December 1897, to assume the equivalent position in Granada, where he stayed until further promotion took him to Madrid in August 1902.

For the remainder of his career Primitivo was in Madrid, firstly as Presidente de Sección de la Audiencia Judicial de Madrid (1902–06) and then as Presidente de Sala de la Audiencia de Madrid (1906–1910). In November 1910 he was appointed Presidente de la Audiencia Territorial de Madrid. Finally, in February 1911 he was appointed as Magistrado del Tribunal Supremo, a position which entitled him to be addressed as Excelentísimo, though his obituary by Antonio Soto y Hernández relates that informally he was affectionately known to everyone as ‘Don Primitivo’.

Famous trials

Primitivo was involved in a number of high profile trials reported in the regional and national press. These included a complicated case during his time in Cádiz, known as El Crimen de la Algaida, concerning the brutal murder in 1894 of a notorious and unpopular criminal. Two members of the local Guardia Rural, among many others, were implicated in the crime, but the jury ultimately found all the accused not guilty.

Whilst in the Canary Islands in 1896 Primitivo acted as Fiscal in the case of El Crimen de Taganana, a crime of passion on the island of Tenerife in which Irene Ravelo Suárez was accused of murdering her lover – by whom she had a child while her husband was in America – with an axe, causing a massive head wound which led to his death from encephalitic meningitis two months later. She was found guilty of the main charges, but extenuating circumstances led to her receiving a short prison sentence of a year and a day.

Another case, during Primitivo’s time in Granada, was what became known as El Crimen del Castillo de Locubín, a murder in October 1898 which shocked the nation. The victim, killed in a conspiracy between his wife, his son – a priest – and his brother-in-law, was lured to a lonely place far from his village, then poisoned, stabbed and disfigured so as to be unrecognisable. False identity papers were planted on the dead body to throw investigators onto a false track, and postcards were forged and posted to the real victim’s home village from Granada, saying that he had died of natural causes whilst on a trip to that city. His family went into mourning, the son saying a Requiem Mass for his deceased father, but suspicious neighbours caused a police enquiry to be made which revealed the postcards to be forged and led to the arrest of the three prime suspects, who were found guilty and sentenced to death. Primitivo’s widely praised and eloquent summing up of this case was published in full in the Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia in 1900.

Murder in the Calle de Fuencarral

The most sensational case to come before Primitivo in court was El Crimen de la Calle de Fuencarral, regarding a murder in Madrid in 1902. Primitivo’s summing up was described in the newspaper El Imparcial on 14 February 1903 as “un modelo de oratorio forense y de imparcialidad” [a model of forensic oratory and impartiality]. Cecilia Aznar, a maid of all work, was accused of murdering her eccentric employer, Manuel Pastor y Pastor, by hitting him repeatedly with a flat iron, and stealing a large amount of cash from him. She then fled by train to Barcelona, where she went on a spending spree with two male friends before being captured, after a massive nationwide hunt for her, near the French border. The case received enormous publicity because of the strange character of the victim, a wealthy and deeply religious convert to Protestantism who lived a frugal life punctuated by desperate attempts to seduce women. Brought back to Madrid for trial, Cecilia – whose three-year-old illegitimate son, whom she had given to her mother to raise, was dramatically brought into the courtroom in an attempt to gain the jury’s sympathy – alleged that she killed in self-defence as Pastor had tried to rape her, but it was proved that he must have been recumbent and asleep when the attack began. Found guilty, Cecilia was sentenced to death, but her sentence was commuted on appeal to life imprisonment. A fictionalised account of the case by Blanca Bertrand was published in 1986 as El Otro Crimen de la Calle de Fuencarral, Primitivo featuring in the chapters dealing with the court hearing and sentencing.

Publications

Throughout his career Primitivo wrote extensively on a wide range of legal topics. He contributed at least fifty articles (plus over fifty book reviews) to the professional journal La Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia, beginning in 1871 when he was 22 years old. The subject of his first article, on the need to provide legal aid for poor litigants [El beneficio de pobreza para pleitos], and of the final one published forty years later in 1911, arguing that loitering and begging are a social problem which cannot be regarded as a crime [Sociología criminal: la vagancia y la mendicidad no pueden ser material de delito], are an indication of his lifelong social concerns. Other articles by him deal with issues such as determining the age at which a child can be held responsible for a crime; civil matrimony and illegitimate children; provisional sentencing; sleepwalking and whether it exempts from criminal responsibility; accidents at work and workers’ rights; the eviction of tenants; the influence of passion in crimes; fraud; madness and imbecility; and juvenile delinquency. He also contributed many articles to the 30-volume Enciclopedia Jurídica Española and to other journals such as La Revista de los Tribunales, though Soto y Hernández points out that Primitivo signed many of these, out of modesty, with the initial ‘A’ alone.

In 1880 Primitivo entered a literary competition run by La Casa de Cervantes in Valladolid, winning a silver medal for his essay (published as a pamphlet the same year), Influencia de la Prensa en la Civilización de los Pueblos [Influence of the Press on the Civilisation of Peoples], in which he argues a strong case in favour of the press and its civilising influence on the development of nations and communities.

Published in Cádiz in 1890, Primitivo’s book on the new electoral law which would extend the vote to all adult males, Ley electoral por sufragio universal sancionada en 26 de junio de 1890 [Electoral law for universal suffrage, approved 26 June 1890], contained his explanatory introduction followed by the full text of this landmark law.

1893 saw the publication of the text book which did most to establish Primitivo’s long-term reputation as an exceptionally able legal writer: Tratado de la Prueba en Material Criminal, a new Spanish version of a key book on criminal evidence by Professor C.J.A. Mittermaier of the University of Heidelberg, first published in German in 1834. Containing very extensive appendices by Primitivo on Spanish law, further editions under his name were published in 1901, 1906, 1916 and 1929 (editions published in Argentina in 1993, 1999 and 2006 continue to credit Primitivo on the title page, but those published in Spain in 1959 and thereafter no longer do so).

As Primitivo’s career advanced he was increasingly asked to write prefaces or introductions to books written by others, such as Carlos López de Haro, Pío de Frutos de Córdoba, Santiago Senarega and Luis Zapatero González (see Bibliography for details).

Criminal Sociology

The most influential and well-known introduction which Primitivo wrote was the extensive one for ‘Sociología Criminal’ [Criminal Sociology], the 1907 Spanish translation of a book by Enrico Ferri, first published in Italian in 1884. Primitivo admires and agrees with many of Ferri's Positivist theories about the need for crime prevention rather than punishment, and to take social and economic factors into account when identifying the causes of criminality. Research and a growing body of evidence was undermining the traditional Classical school which, since antiquity, had held that crime sprang from a moral choice freely made by  individuals, who needed to be held personally responsible for their acts and receive penal correction or punishment for their crimes in order to be rehabilitated and reformed.

However, whilst endorsing many of the new Positivist ideas, Primitivo strongly rejects the theories of the anthropological Positivists, such as Ferri's mentor Cesare Lombroso, concerning the physiognomy of criminals and scientific claims to be able to identify and classify criminal types from phrenology (bumps in skull shapes, for example, allegedly indicating a propensity towards crime, or even a biological certainty that someone would commit crimes). Primitivo's views were informed, by this stage in his life, by well over 30 years of personal experience in dealing with criminals under the legal system. According to Primitivo, biological and hereditary factors might have some bearing on producing criminal behaviour, but it is the environmental, social and economic factors which are far more important and – crucially – even then, some degree of free will is always involved (except in cases of insanity or involuntary states such as sleepwalking). Though he admires Ferri's theories, Primitivo does not believe them to be completely scientific and universal explanations of the causes of criminality. He argues that criminology itself is an evolving science which cannot be defined by any set of unchanging dogma. In so doing he rejects both the Positivists and the opposing traditional school of Classical criminologists, and aligns himself with a growing body of ‘eclecticists’ whose views were, in the main, to prevail.

Two marriages

Primitivo married twice, first to Eladia López de Iturralde, who died in Cádiz in June 1884.  She was the daughter of the Burgos notary, Plácido López de Iturralde, who moved to Cádiz province in 1875. In 1886 when he was aged thirty-seven, Primitivo married a second time, this time to María de los Angeles Rubio de Artecona (1858–1942), known as Angeles. Angeles was the eldest daughter of the Marqueses de Casa Rábago and the wedding took place in the private oratory of their house in Cádiz (calle Verónica 13) on 4 October 1886.

Angeles came from a well-connected family which had many links with the legal profession. She was the daughter of a lawyer, Joaquín Rubio y Bosichy (1826–1888), Abogado del ilustre Colegio de Cádiz, Auditor honorario de la Marina and holder of various other awards and honorary positions; his mother descended from the Greek Counts of Morea-Bosichi, while his father, Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz (1788–1874), was Escribano público [Notary Public] for Cádiz and a well-known antiquarian and numismatist. Angeles's mother was María Josefa de Artecona y de Lafuente (1830–1905), third Marquesa de Casa Rábago and granddaughter of the Cádiz philanthropist María Josefa Fernández de Rábago O’Ryan (1775–1861), second Marquesa and President for 34 years of the Junta de Damas [Ladies’ Committee], who was in the forefront of the movement to set up and support the first free schools for poor girls and infants in the city.

Children

Primitivo and Angeles had three children who lived to adulthood (a fourth, José Luis, died as a child in 1897). Their eldest daughter, Josefina (Josefina María de los Angeles Consolación Joaquina Felisa González del Alba y Rubio), was born in Cádiz on 9 November 1892 and died in Madrid, aged 88, on 16 May 1981. In 1916 she married John Farrell, an employee of the Rio Tinto Company for 47 years and British Pro-Consul in Madrid during the crisis of 1936–37. In honour of her father Primitivo – and of John's father, James – their eldest son, born in 1917, was named James Primitivo Farrell. He moved to England and married Gwendolen Mary Morgans, in 1940. They had four children: Josephine, Janet, Jerome and Julian. James had a career in the army and died in 1985. Josefina and John had a second son, Luis John, and a daughter who died in infancy, Josefina Lucy.

On 16 August 1895 Angeles gave birth, also in Cádiz, to Angel (Angel Joaquín Manuel González del Alba y Rubio). He married Gloria Baraja Arias in 1923 and had four children, Gloria, María Eugenia, Angel and Manuel. Entering the army in August 1913, just weeks before Primitivo's death, he later rose to be Comandante de Estado Mayor. In the Civil War, during intense fighting near Toledo on 27 October 1936, he crossed (with over 100 others) from the Republican to the Nationalist lines as the latter made advances towards Madrid, but was executed four days later, aged 41.

The youngest daughter of Primitivo and Angeles was María Luisa (María Luisa González del Alba y Rubio), born 20 April 1899 in Granada. She married Joaquín Moreno and had two children, María de los Angeles and José Joaquín, and died in Madrid on 16 February 1969, aged 69.

Illness and death

After the courts had shut down for the summer recess in 1913, Primitivo left the capital with his family to spend some weeks back in his native Burgos, knowing that he was seriously ill with an incurable disease of the liver. A few days before leaving Madrid for the final time, Primitivo wrote the last piece he had published, of a different nature from his other works. It is the short preface to a novel called Sueños de Amor [Dreams of Love] by his friend Aurelio Canudo. Beginning abruptly with “Enfermedad amarga y tenebrosa me tiene dolorido. Entreveo un final desagradable” [“A bitter and dismal illness is afflicting me. I foresee an unpleasant ending”], Primitivo says that he has still not given up all hope of living longer, since when least you expect it, like a bud bursting into leaf, a new lease of life can appear. Canudo, he explains, is like himself the son of an officer in the  Guardia Civil, and has written articles defending this organisation, making him popular with its members. As the book does not deal with matters of law, he cannot give a general ruling on its merit but in his personal opinion it is a good novel, Canudo excelling in a style which contains ironic truths. Primitivo ends with the wish that the literary critics will get as much pleasure out of it as he has himself when reading it during hours of sharp pain and gloomy moments of sickness [“¡Quiera Dios que la censura de los maestros corre parejas con el gusto con que yo la he leído, en horas de amargo dolor y en ratos de tenebrosa dolencia!”].

Primitivo's condition rapidly worsened at the end of the summer and during the first week in September various newspapers reported that he was gravely ill and had been given the last rites. On 7 September he died, aged 64, in the same parish in which he had been born. Several obituaries pointed out that he had enjoyed enviable good health throughout his life, but that the liver complaint which had appeared at the beginning of 1913 finally overcame him, after many days of atrocious suffering which he bore with exemplary resignation [muchos dias de sufrimientos atroces, soportados con ejemplar resignación]. His burial took place the following day in the cemetery of San José in Burgos, the priest who officiated being his nephew (son of his sister Petra), don Miguel Polo y González del Alba. Almost thirty years later, in 1942, the body of Angeles was brought from Madrid, where she had died aged 84, to join that of her husband.

Posthumous publication of ‘Estudios Jurídicos’

Primitivo’s book, ‘Estudios Jurídicos’, which was at the printers when he died, was published posthumously a few weeks later with the addition of an obituary by the Editor-in-Chief of the Revista de los Tribunales, Antonio Soto y Hernández. The book comprises Primitivo's views on a wide range of issues, paraphrased below.

A chapter on criminality gives its causes as predominantly social. To prevent juvenile delinquency young children must be provided with an ethical education which goes well beyond basic literacy skills, so as to awaken in them a latent aesthetic awareness, fostering self-respect and an understanding of moral values which will encourage the development of noble and altruistic aspirations. As mothers, women play a key role in the spiritual development of their children. Abandoned and homeless children, or those who are already delinquent, ought not be oppressed and punished but provided with this sort of education, in residential institutions if necessary. Criminals of full age are more likely to reform if conditional sentences are imposed more often by the courts, with sentence reductions and early release for good behaviour. At the time he is writing, these are still fairly recent innovations and so are only just starting to make a difference in society, but in Primitivo's view they must be more actively pursued. There is a need to combat the inertia of those who will not make the effort to implement more progressive policies.

Another section deals with the need for crime prevention through addressing the problem of alcohol dependency, a factor in up to 35% of crimes, especially those of violence. Urban poverty, poor housing and oppressively long working hours make the tavern a source of refuge and escape from misery but often cause the destruction of health, morals and family life. Government initiatives are needed to provide better housing for the working classes. The civic authorities should not see alcohol sales primarily in terms of the taxes they raise but should pay more attention to the poor health and crime they often create. Some sociologists advocate total prohibition, or the sale of alcohol only in certain licensed shops, but Primitivo favours the approach in Switzerland and the Netherlands to reduce the number of taverns and to restrict their opening hours, particularly on Sundays and public holidays. He also recommends the greater provision of entertainment, sporting and other leisure amenities for the working classes.

Other chapters deal with concerns over recent changes in the way judicial appointments are made (judges must be appointed and promoted on their professional and intellectual abilities, not through political influence), the benefits of provisional and suspended sentences, and the circumstances under which it is justifiable for the jury to be informed, during a trial, about other connected crimes which the accused has committed or is alleged to have committed.

Obituaries and assessment of character

Obituaries appeared in numerous national and provincial newspapers as well as in the various legal journals. In these, and in several character studies printed  during his lifetime (such as Semblanzas Jurídicas in 1906 and articles in the  Diario de Las Palmas on 12 May 1896 and in La Opinión de Tenerife on 23 May 1896), there is a consensus that Primitivo was extremely hardworking, adept at quickly grasping highly complex legal cases and at maintaining absolute impartiality. His courtroom speeches were enlightened, sober, convincing, inspired and naturally eloquent, and avoided artificial and obscure language. He also gave widely praised public lectures, such as those to the Ateneo de Cádiz  in 1895 and 1896, to the Ateneo de Granada in 1900 and to the Ateneo de Madrid :es:Ateneo de Madrid in 1912. In personality he was enthusiastic and not prone to depressive influences, modest and not ambitious, and had 'not an atom of vanity' [sin un átomo de vanidad]. His private conversation was entertaining and he was not condescending to young people, who constantly sought his advice on personal as well as professional matters. Physically he is described by Soto y Hernández as tall and sturdy, his photograph showing him to be distinguished-looking, and with a lively countenance and features which, ‘in some of their profiles, remind one of a 16th-century hidalgo’ [el retrato...en algunos de sus perfiles, recuerda el de un hidalgo del siglo XVI]. That he had a sense of fun is suggested by his participation, aged 63, in the Madrid carnival parade in February 1912, his decorated float or carriage bearing the banner: “¡Hola! ¡Ya estamos aqui!” [Hello! We’re here already!] and its occupants being dressed up as ‘pierrots’.

Politically liberal and progressive, his writings make few references to religion, but in his article on the atrocity in Castrojeriz he mentions that as a man of Christian beliefs he abhors ignorance and fanaticism, which destroy the wise teachings of the sublime Catholic faith [‘las sabias enseñanzas de la sublime fe católica’]. Though sympathetic to many of the ideas of Positivism regarding the causes of crime, he maintains that even the most wretched and degenerate criminal retains some element of the divine creative breath [‘el soplo de Dios’].

During his lifetime Primitivo was most widely known from his involvement in famous criminal trials, but his most lasting legacy is to be found in his body of legal writings and in his contribution to the contemporary ideological debates on criminology and sociology – many aspects of which remain topical and relevant in the 21st century. Unlike most other theorists in these fields, Primitivo could draw on extensive first-hand experience of criminals caught up in the legal process, when seeking to identify the main underlying causes of crime. He was convinced that most problems stemmed from the environment in which children were brought up, as is exemplified by an article he wrote in 1897 entitled Los Golfos [yobs or young vagabonds]. In this he makes an eloquent and passionate plea to his readers not to condemn urban street children who sleep rough and get into trouble; sociologists theorise about them, legislators pass laws about them and the legal system tries to deal with them, but they remain in the public eye as a constant reproach to society. They ought to be treated with humanity and compassion; love towards the child, when coupled with the advantages of a good education, is precisely the key needed to unlock the greatest problems of the science of sociology in times to come [en el amor al niño y en su educación provechosa, está precisamente la clave de los más grandes problemas de la ciencia de la sociología en lo futuro de los tiempos].

Bibliography

Works by Primitivo González del Alba:

El juicio oral y público: observaciones sobre su planteamiento, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, Madrid 1876

Guía del propietario: disposiciones legales y vigentes sobre el arrendamiento y el desahucio, Hijos de Rodríguez, Valladolid 1878

Influencia de la Prensa en la Civilización de los Pueblos, La Casa de Cervantes en Valladolid, Hijos de Rodríguez, Valladolid 1880

El Proceso de Belbimbre: observaciones sobre la causa instruida con motivo de los robos y homicidios ejecutados en Belbimbre y otros pueblos de las provincias de Burgos y Palencia, Serie 'Procesos célebres de actualidad', Hijos de Rodríguez, Valladolid 1881

Ley electoral por sufragio universal sancionada en 26 de junio de 1890, Ildefonso Prieto y Luque, Cádiz 1890

Tratado de la Prueba en Material Criminal, Spanish translation with extensive appendices by Primitivo González del Alba of the work by Professor C. J. A. von Mittermaier first published in German in 1834 (as Die Lehre vom Beweise im deutschen Strafprozesse... in Vergleichung mit den Ansichten des englischen und französischen Strafverfahrens), 1893 and various subsequent editions

Luchas Fratricidas, in , Imprenta de la Revista Médica, Cádiz 1895

La Imputabilidad: conferencia de D. Primitivo González del Alba, celebrada en el Ateneo de Cádiz el día 10 de diciembre de 1895, Talleres Tipográficos de Manuel Alvarez, José R. de Santa Cruz, Cádiz 1896

La imputabilidad ante las escuelas antropológicas: estudio de derecho penal, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, Madrid 1896

Los Golfos, article in El Diario de Tenerife, 28 April 1897

Preface to Solemnidad taquigráfica: verificada el domingo 28 de mayo de 1899 en la Abadía del Sacro-monte, para la concesión de títulos de peritos en taquigrafía a los Sres. alumnos del Sacro-monte de Granada, Viuda é Hijos de Paulino V. Sabatel, Granada 1900

Preface to La Función Judicial, Carlos López de Haro, Editorial de Góngora, Madrid 1904

Introduction to Sociología Criminal, Enrico Ferri, translated by Antonio Soto y Hernández, Editorial de Góngora, Madrid 1907 (reprinted by Analecta Editorial, Pamplona 2005)

Introduction to Justicia Municipal: Ley 5 de Agosto 1907 reorganizando la administración de justicia en los juzgados y tribunales municipales, Santiago Senarega, Hijos de Tomás Minuesa, Madrid 1907

Preface to Nueva compilación de la doctrina sobre competencias entre la Administración y los Tribunales de Justicio y Recursos de Queja, Pío de Frutos de Córdoba, Diputación Provincial, Segovia 1907

La Condena Condicional: Ley de 17 de Marzo de 1908, Hijos de Reus, Madrid 1908

Preface to Glosas a la Ley de Justicia Municipal, Luis Zapatero González, Imprenta de Agapito Zapatero, Valladolid 1909

Estudios Jurídicos, Editorial de Góngora, Madrid 1913

Preface to Sueños de Amor, Aurelio Canudo, La Editora, Madrid 1914

Obituaries:

ABC (Madrid), 8 September 1913

Diario de Burgos, 8 and 9 September 1913

El Defensor de Granada, 9 September 1913

El Liberal, 8 September 1913

El Reformista (Cádiz), 10 September 1913

La Opinión (Cabra), 14 September 1913

Revista de los Tribunales, 12 September 1913 (reproduced in Estudios Jurídicos)

Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia, volume 123, 1913

Other sources of information about Primitivo González del Alba:

Historia de la Criminología en España, Alfonso Serrano Gómez, Dykinson, Madrid 2007 [pp 121–122 and 410-411 are specifically on Primitivo, whose name is given incorrectly both as González de Alba and as González Alba]

La Imputabilidad en el Derecho Penal español: imputabilidad y locura en la España del siglo XIX, Joaquín González González, Editorial Comares, Granada 1994 [pp 209–212, subtitled La teoría de la imputabilidad en Primitivo González del Alba]

El Otro Crimen de la Calle de Fuencarral, Blanca Bertrand, Ediciones Albia, Madrid 1986 [chapters XI and XII]

Gerechtigkeit  verwalten: Die spanische Justiz im Übergang zur Moderne, Johannes-Michael Scholz, Vittorio Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2003 [pp 1035–1039 deal with Primitivo, whose name is given incorrectly throughout as González de Alba]

Escritores Burgaleses, Fr. Licinio Ruiz OSA & Julián García Sáinz de Baranda, Imprenta de la Escuela de Reforma, Alcalá de Henares 1930, p. 218

Semblanzas Jurídicas, Juan Antonio Galvarriato, volume 1, 1906

La Correspondencia de España, 29 June 1884: report on front page of the funeral of Eladia López de Iturralde; 19 February 1912, article on Madrid Carnival Parade

Photographs of Primitivo González del Alba appear in:

Nuevo Mundo, 25 February 1903: in article on the trial of Cecilia Aznar [name given incorrectly as González de Alba]

La Alhambra (Granada), 15 April 1903: number 43 in a photographic montage of editors and contributors to El Defensor de Granada

ABC, 12 February 1903; 17 and 19 November 1910; and 8 September 1913, opposite his obituary

El Liberal, portrait sketch used 9 and 14 February 1903 and 20 June 1903

Estudios Jurídicos, 1913, title page

Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia, volume 123, 1913, with obituary

1849 births
1913 deaths
People from Burgos
20th-century Spanish judges
Spanish criminologists
19th-century Spanish judges
Spanish journalists
19th-century Spanish writers
19th-century male writers


Middle College High School is a high school in Seattle, Washington. Established on January 30, 1990, the main goal of Middle College High School is to give underserved and underrepresented students a second chance at earning their high school diploma.

Location
Middle College High School had four locations in Seattle but the school district shut down High Point School for Social Justice in the summer of 2015:
Middle College at High Point Center (now closed) – 6400 Sylvan Way S.W.
Northgate Mall Academy – 401 N.E. Northgate Way
Middle College at Seattle University – , temporarily located at the American Indian Heritage center. Slated to move to Seattle University in autumn 2012.
Ida B. Wells School for Social Justice – University of Washington

Former Locations

Middle College at American Indian Heritage – 1330 N. 90th St.

Notable alumni
Quincy Jones, comedian

References

External links
Middle College High School: About Our Programs

High schools in King County, Washington
Schools in Seattle
1990 establishments in Washington (state)
Educational institutions established in 1990


Misso is a small borough () in Rõuge Parish, Võru County, South East Estonia. Between 1991–2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) it was the administrative center of Misso Parish.

It is situated on the European route E77.

References

Boroughs and small boroughs in Estonia
Kreis Werro


Pink shrimp may refer to any of the following species:

Pandalus borealis
Pandalus montagui
Pandalus jordani, a shrimp in the genus Pandalus
Farfantepenaeus brevirostris, a shrimp in the genus Farfantepenaeus
Metapenaeus monoceros

See also
Southern pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus notialis
Northern pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum

Animal common name disambiguation pages


Christine Hohmann-Dennhardt (born 30 April 1950) is a German politician and judge who served on the First Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany from 1999 until 2011.

Biography
After being a lecturer for Labour at the University of Hamburg from 1975 to 1977, Hohmann-Dennhardt became a researcher at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main.  She earned her doctorate there in 1979.

From 1981 to 1984 she was a judge at the Sozialgerichten ("Social Courts") in Frankfurt am Main and Wiesbaden and the Landessozialgericht ("Country Social Courts") of Hessen.  In 1984 she was appointed Director of the Wiesbaden Sozialgerichten and remained in that position until 1989.  From 1988 to 1989 she was also a substitute member of the Hessen State Constitutional Court, Staatsgerichtshof des Landes Hessen.

From 1989 to 1991 she was a Dezernentin der Stadt (roughly, "City Councillor") of Frankfurt am Main under Lord Mayor Volker Hauff. In 1991 she was appointed State Minister of Justice in the Hessen state government under Minister-President Hans Eichel. From 1995 to 1999 she served as State Minister of Science and Arts.

Judge of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, 1999–2011
From January 1999 to January 2011, Hohmann-Dennhardt served as judge on the First Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.  In that capacity, she was the court’s rapporteur on family law and therefore involved in various rulings on issues like the recognition of same-sex unions in Germany and the Transsexuals Act (TSG). When Evelyn Haas left the Bundesverfassungsgericht in 2006, Hohmann-Dennhardt was the only woman on the First Senate.

In January 2011, Hohmann-Dennhardt was succeeded by judge Gabriele Britz.

Member of the Board at Daimler, 2011–2015
In 2011, Dieter Zetsche, chairman of Daimler AG's management board, asked Hohmann-Dennhardt to take charge of the company's compliance program. Daimler created her role at the company after hiring Louis Freeh, a former director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as an independent monitor, a post mandated by its settlement with U.S. regulators on foreign-bribery investigations.

Hohmann-Dennhardt set about discussing ethics with many of the company's 275,000 or so employees in town-hall style meetings. She also introduced and oversaw controls designed to help identify incidents of suspected bribery.

In 2013, Hohmann-Dennhardt’s contract was extended by another three years.

Member of the Board at Volkswagen, 2016–2017
In October 2015, Europe's biggest carmaker Volkswagen named Hohmann-Dennhardt to the newly created post of board member for integrity and legal affairs; she was the first woman to join Volkswagen’s board.

In January 2017, it was announced that Hohmann-Dennhardt would be leaving her job barely a year after joining the company, due to differences in the understanding of responsibilities and future operating structures within the function she led. Hiltrud Werner was named as her successor.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Messe Frankfurt, Member of the Supervisory Board
 Audi, Member of the Supervisory Board (2016–2017)

Non-profits
 Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Member of the Council
 Arbeiterwohlfahrt (AWO) Frankfurt chapter, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Dimitris Tsatsos Institute for European Constitutional Law at the FernUniversität Hagen, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Einstein Foundation Berlin, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Ernst Reuter Foundation for Advanced Study, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 German Institute for Economic Research, Department of Gender Studies, Member of the Circle of Supporters
 Humboldt University of Berlin, Member of the Board of Trustees
 International Willy Brandt Prize, Member of the Jury
 Ifo Institute for Economic Research, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Leibniz Association, Member of the Senate
 Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Phi Delta Phi – Richard von Weizsäcker Inn Tübingen, Honorary Member

References

External links
 Christine Hohmann-Dennhardt auf der Website des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes

Living people
1950 births
German women judges
Justices of the Federal Constitutional Court
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Constitutional court women judges
20th-century German women politicians
21st-century German judges
20th-century German politicians
21st-century women judges
21st-century German women


John Macready (born April 29, 1975) is an American gymnast and motivational speaker. He is the son of actor Michael Macready and grandson of actor George Macready.

Macready was a member of the 1996 US Olympic Team and two-time World Championship Team member in 1995 and 1997. He was the youngest member of the 1996 men's US Olympic gymnastics team. He has worked with the Make a Wish Foundation and hosts the annual "John Macready March of Dimes Invitational."

John Macready and John Roethlisberger own and operate FLIPFEST, a gymnastics camp Located on Lake Frances in Crossville, Tennessee.

References

External links

 John Macready at USA Gymnastics
http://www.macready.com/dynamics.htm

Living people
1975 births
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for the United States
American male artistic gymnasts


Crow Lake is an unincorporated community in Jerauld County, South Dakota, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1,729 ft (527 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in South Dakota
Unincorporated communities in Jerauld County, South Dakota


The Kjørbo Tunnel () is the name of a road tunnel that runs through the hill Kjørbokollen west of Sandvika in Norway. It forms a part of the European route E16, the route branching off of the European route E18 immediately after the tunnel's southern entrance. It was opened in 1991, and was financed by Oslo Package 1.

References

Tunnels in Bærum
Road tunnels in Viken
1991 establishments in Norway
Tunnels completed in 1991


Crow Lake is a lake in Cook County, Minnesota.  Crow Lake lies at an elevation of 1850 feet (564 m).

References

Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Cook County, Minnesota


Styletoctopus is an extinct genus of octopus. The genus consists of the single species Styletoctopus annae, which lived approximately 95 million years ago. Very few octopus species appear in the fossil record, as octopuses consist of soft tissue that usually decomposes before it has time to fossilize.

See also
2009 extinct fossil octopus discoveries

References

Octopuses
Prehistoric cephalopod genera
Fossil taxa described in 2009


12th Battalion may refer to:

 12th Battalion (Australia), a unit of the Australian Army
 12th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Forces, a unit of the Canadian Army
 12 (Vancouver) Service Battalion, a unit of the Canadian Army
 12th Philippine Scout Battalion, a unit of the Philippine Army
 The United Kingdom Army unit 12th Battalion, Durham Light Infantry

See also

 Twelfth Army (disambiguation)
 XII Corps (disambiguation)
 12th Division (disambiguation)
 12th Brigade (disambiguation)
 12th Regiment (disambiguation)
 12th Group (disambiguation)
 12 Squadron (disambiguation)


Crow Lake is a lake in Stearns County, Minnesota.  Crow Lake lies at an elevation of 1260 feet (384 m).

References

Lakes of Minnesota
Lakes of Stearns County, Minnesota


Ullevål is a neighborhood of Oslo, Norway. It has given name to:

Ullevål Hageby, a residential area south of Ullevål
Ullevål Hageby Line of the Oslo Tramway
Ullevaal Stadion, an association football venue
Ullevål stadion (station) of the Oslo T-bane
Ullevål IL, a local multi-sports team
Ullevål University Hospital
Ullevål sykehus (station) of the Oslo Tramway


Parón, is a  mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru. Parón lies in Huascarán National Park, northeast of Pirámide.

References

Mountains of Peru
Mountains of Ancash Region
Huascarán National Park


12th Group may refer to:

 No. 12 Group RAF, a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Air Force
 12th Special Forces Group, a unit of the United States Army

See also
 Twelfth Army (disambiguation)
 XII Corps (disambiguation)
 12th Division (disambiguation)
 12th Brigade (disambiguation)
 12th Regiment (disambiguation)
 12th Battalion (disambiguation)
 12 Squadron (disambiguation)


Keuppia is an extinct genus of octopus.

Taxonomy
It consists of two species, Keuppia hyperbolaris and Keuppia levante, both of which lived approximately 95 million years ago. Both species were found in fossilized form, which is very uncommon for extinct octopuses, as the soft tissue of dead octopuses almost always disintegrates before it has a chance to fossilize. These fossils, along with those of the genus Styletoctopus, were found from the Cretaceous-age Hâqel and Hjoula localities in Lebanon. The presence of a gladius vestige in this genus shows a transition from squid to octopus in which the inner shell has divided in two in early forms to eventually be reduced to lateralized stylets, as can be seen in Styletoctopus.

See also
2009 extinct fossil octopus discoveries

References

Octopuses
Prehistoric cephalopod genera
Fossil taxa described in 2009


Thames Silents is a series of releases (theatrical, broadcast and home video) of films from the silent era produced by the British ITV contractor Thames Television. Kevin Brownlow and David Gill were the two main people involved in the project.

The collaboration between Brownlow and Gill had begun with the Thames documentary series Hollywood (1980), a thirteen part exploration of the silent era. It was an enormous success, and generated a degree of renewed interest in silent cinema. Subsequently, Thames screened  the team's two subsequent television series, Unknown Chaplin and Buster Keaton: A Hard Act to Follow, plus the two part Harold Lloyd: The Third Genius examining silent comedy.

In conjunction with several US organisations, the Thames Silents project restored full-length silent films, often released for limited cinema screenings. These began with  Abel Gance's Napoléon (1927) in 1980, a French epic for which Brownlow has a special affection. Later examples include Chaplin, Keaton and Lloyd comedies, and films by other significant figures from the period such as Douglas Fairbanks, Rudolph Valentino, Erich von Stroheim, Rex Ingram, and D.W. Griffith. Napoleon was one of Channel Four's earliest broadcasts, and many of the films were released on home video. The composer Carl Davis was commissioned to write new scores for almost all of the releases.

Thames Silents continued, via Brownlow's Photoplay Productions, since 1990; Thames Television lost its ITV franchise in December 1992. It is no longer used as an imprint by FremantleMedia, the ultimate owners of Thames.

External links
Thames Silents at Photoplay Productions

British documentary television series
Documentary films about the cinema of the United Kingdom
Silent film
British television films


Crow Lake is a lake in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States,  south of Moose Lake and  northwest of Roundabout Mountain.  Crow Lake lies at an elevation of .

References

Lakes of Alaska
Bodies of water of Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska


Nordahl is a Nordic name, thought to be of Swedish or Norwegian origin. Notable people with the name:

Given name
 Nordahl Lelandais (born 1983), French ex-military involved in criminal cases
 Nordahl Brue, American lawyer and entrepreneur
 Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet, novelist, dramatist, and journalist
 Nordahl Rolfsen, Norwegian writer, educationalist and teacher
 Nordahl Wallem, Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics

Surname
 Blane David Nordahl, American burglar
 Danny Nordahl, American bass guitarist
 Johan Nordahl Brun (1745-1816) Norwegian poet, dramatist, bishop in Bergen
 Thomas Nordahl, (born 1946) Swedish footballer, member of the national team for the 1970 FIFA World Cup, son of Gunnar

Nordahl brothers
Bertil Nordahl, (born 1917, dead 1998) Swedish footballer, Olympic gold medalist in 1948
Knut Nordahl, (born 1920, dead 1984) Swedish footballer, Olympic gold medalist in 1948
Gunnar Nordahl, born 1921, dead 1995) Swedish footballer, Olympic gold medalist in 1948

Swedish-language surnames


Howard Shaw McCutcheon (October 11, 1921 – July 6, 2016) was an American editorial cartoonist.

Early life and education
Howard Shaw McCutcheon was born in Chicago, Illinois, in October 1921 to Evelyn (Shaw) and  John Tinney McCutcheon. Shaw's father, John T. McCutcheon, was an American newspaper editorial cartoonist, war correspondent, and combat artist who worked for the Chicago Tribune from 1903 until his retirement in 1946 and won a Pulitzer Prize for his 1931 editorial cartoon, "A Wise Economist Asks a Question."

McCutcheon had two brothers, John McCutcheon Jr. and Barr McCutcheon. A sister, Evelyn McCutcheon, died in childhood. The McCutcheon family's primary residence was in Lake Forest, Illinois.

Shaw McCutcheon graduated from Harvard University with a degree in mathematics in 1943.
After serving in the United States military during World War II, he returned to his study of art at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts.

Career
McCutcheon spent thirty-six years (1950–1986) as an editorial cartoonist for the Spokesman-Review in Spokane, Washington. Examples of his work are in the permanent collection of the Northwest Museum of Art & Culture in Spokane.

Death
McCutcheon died on July 6, 2016, in Spokane, Washington, at the age of 94.

References

Links
 Original cartoons by McCutcheon

1921 births
2016 deaths
American editorial cartoonists
Harvard University alumni
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
Artists from Chicago


Crow Lake is a former lake in White County, Arkansas.  Crow Lake lay at an elevation of .

References

Lakes of Arkansas
Bodies of water of White County, Arkansas


Quench USA Inc. is a water technology company that rents and services filtered water coolers. According to the site, over half of the Fortune 500 are customers. Zenith International lists Quench as a leading distributor in the point-of-use (POU) market along with Macke Water Systems and Nestle Waters. Quench is an independent operating company of AquaVenture Holdings. Quench is headquartered in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. Quench was named an Online Marketing Success Story in Google's 2011 Economic Impact Report. In 2008, Quench was named a top 25 most successful startup by Businessweek.

Products description
Filtered water systems are plumbed into a building's water supply and purified at the last possible point before consumption. Filter water coolers and ice dispensers typically use carbon filtration, UV water disinfection and/or reverse osmosis to purify drinking water.

Acquisitions
In March 2012, Quench purchased Aqua Perfect of Arizona LLC.

In April 2014, Quench acquired Macke Water Systems.

In June 2014, Quench acquired Atlas Watersystems.

In July 2015, Quench acquired Region-X LLC a Massachusetts company that provides services related to high purity water systems

In December 2018, Quench acquired Bluline, a point-of-use water filtration dealer and distributor based in South Florida.

References

Companies based in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Companies with year of establishment missing


Tucker Nichols (born May 14, 1970) is an American artist. His artwork includes drawings, paintings, sculptures, books, in-gallery cinema and performance spaces and large scale works on walls and storefront windows. He has a BA from Brown University and an MA from Yale University, both in the history of Chinese Painting. He lives near San Francisco.

Projects
Tucker Nichols' work has been featured at the Drawing Center in New York, Den Frie Museum in Copenhagen, The Denver Art Museum, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Contemporary Jewish Museum, and the Asian Art Museum of San Francisco.

Nichols' drawings have been published in McSweeney's, J&L Books, The Thing Quarterly, Nieves Books, and the op-ed pages of The New York Times. Crabtree, a children's book by Jon and Tucker Nichols, was published by McSweeney's in 2013. This Bridge Will Not Be Gray, a book by Dave Eggers and Tucker Nichols, was published by McSweeney's in 2015.

Stage Presence, Theatricality in Art and Media in 2012, a multimedia in-gallery cinema and performance space at the SF MOMA.

Flowers for Sick People, a multimedia project in 2021, in which he creates flowers and then mails them across the world is featured at the SF MOMA.

He is represented by Zieher Smith & Horton in New York and Gallery 16 in San Francisco.

Exhibitions
SFMOMA, San Francisco, Close to Home, Creativity in Crisis. 6 March - 5 September 2021.

References

External links

 Anonymous Postcard

1970 births
American artists
Brown University alumni
The New Yorker people
Yale University alumni
Living people


The Bekkestua Tunnel () is a road tunnel that runs under Bekkestua in Bærum, Norway. It forms a part of the Norwegian National Road 160, starts northeast of Bekkestua to ease this population and commercial centre of heavy traffic, and emerges in the southwest near Gjønnes Station. It was opened in 1994, and was financed by the Oslo Package 1.

References

Tunnels in Bærum
Road tunnels in Viken
1994 establishments in Norway
Tunnels completed in 1994


Albert Elhanon Mallory (February 1, 1848 – October 4, 1904) was a Canadian physician and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Northumberland East in the House of Commons of Canada in 1887 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Cobourg, Canada West, the son of Caleb R. Mallory, an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Legislative Assembly for the Province of Canada. Mallory was educated at Albert College and McGill University, receiving a M.D. from the latter institution in 1872, and set up practice in Warkworth. He was licensed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in Edinburgh in 1878. In 1880, he married Frances Waddell. After being elected in the 1887 federal election, Mallory was unseated on petition in November of that year and was defeated in the by-elections that followed in December 1887 and November 1888 by Edward Cochrane. In 1889, he was named registrar for Northumberland East. Mallory died in Colborne at the age of 56.

|-

|Conservative
|Edward Cochrane
|align="right"|  2,148

|Liberal
|Albert E. Mallory
|align="right"| 2,124
|}

|-

|Conservative
|Edward Cochrane
|align="right"| 2,074

|Liberal
|Albert E. Mallory
|align="right"|2,028
|}

References

The Canadian men and women of the time a handbook of Canadian biography (1898) HJ Morgan

1848 births
1914 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
People from Cobourg
McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni


SS Batavier V may refer to one of the following ships of the Batavier Line:

 , packet on the Batavier Line's Rotterdam–London service; captured in World War I by  German submarine  in March 1915; mined and sunk by German submarine  in May 1916
 , built as a post-World War I replacement for the first Batavier II and used on primarily on Rotterdam–London service until seized by German forces in 1940; sunk by British motor torpedo boat in 1941
 , built as a freight-only ship for Rotterdam–London service after passenger service ended in 1960; later named Satellite, Mohsein; broken up in 2004 in India

Ship names