Ernst Lehrs (30 July 1894 in Berlin – 31 December 1979 in Eckwälden, West Germany) was a German anthroposophist, Waldorf teacher, lecturer and writer.

Life
Ernst Lehrs was born to assimilated Jewish–Protestant parents in Berlin. He volunteered for service at the beginning of World War I. After the war he studied natural sciences, completing his PhD in 1923.

Together with a number of his student friends, he discovered Anthroposophy in 1920 and had numerous personal meetings with Rudolf Steiner. The thoughts and ideas of these young people were welcomed by Rudolf Steiner and he entered fully into their wishes and striving. In this manner he learned to connect his past training in the natural sciences with the manner of thinking and investigation of Goethe, which determined the future direction of his research. Together with Wilhelm Rath he contributed significantly to the organisation of the youth conference in which Rudolf Steiner held the lecture cycle "The Younger Generation" and which led to the founding of an Esoteric Youth Circle. He describes this in his autobiography "Gelebte Erwartung".

After completing his studies he became senior teacher at the first Waldorf School in Stuttgart, beginning on a career as educator first of children and later in adult education. With the rise of National Socialism in Germany, he emigrated to the Netherlands in 1935, where he taught in a Waldorf school and then later to Britain. During a short period of internment he met Karl König in 1940, beginning a long relationship between the two. His best known work, Man or Matter, was first published in England.

Close ties of friendship connected him with the philosopher and close co-worker of Rudolf Steiner, Maria Röschl,  who had been delegated with the task of founding the Youth Section at the Goetheanum. In 1939, they were married in England, pursuing a common commitment to young people and their possibilities of finding meaningful principles in life in our materialistic technological society.  In 1952 the couple returned to Germany, where he worked as lecturer at the Seminar for Curative Education in Eckwälden until his death in 1979.

Works

Man or Matter, London 1951; Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1953; 3rd edition 1987. .
Der rosenkreuzerische Impuls im Leben und Werk von Joachim Jungius und Thomas Traherne. (The Rosicrucian entrepreneurial impulse in the life and work of Joachim Jungius and Thomas Traherne). Freies Geistesleben (Studien und Versuche 5), Stuttgart 1962.
Vom Geist der Sinne: Zur Diätetik des Wahrnehmens. (From the mind of the senses: toward the dietetics of perceiving). Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 1973, 3rd edition 1994. .
Spiritual Science, Electricity and Michael Faraday, London, 1975.
Rosicrucian Foundations of the Age of Natural Science, Spring Valley, NY, 1976.
Gelebte Erwartung. (Living expectation). Mellinger, Stuttgart, 1979. .

External links
Literature by and about Ernst Lehrs in the catalog of the German National Library

The Esoteric Youth Circle with letter by Ernst Lehrs

References

1894 births
1979 deaths
Writers from Berlin
Anthroposophists
German military personnel of World War I
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
People from the Province of Brandenburg
German male writers


The 1980 Masters (also known as the 1980 Volvo Masters for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts and held at the Madison Square Garden, in New York City, New York, United States from January 14 through January 18, 1981.  It was the year-end championship of the 1980 Volvo Grand Prix tour. First-seeded Björn Borg won the singles title and earned $100,000 first-prize money.

Finals

Singles

 Björn Borg defeated  Ivan Lendl, 6–4, 6–2, 6–2.
 It was Borg's 1st singles title of the year and the 63rd of his career.

Doubles

 Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe defeated  Peter McNamara /  Paul McNamee 6–4, 6–3.

Prize money

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile

Tennis tournaments in the United States


The Daehan Fire Insurance Cup 1999 was the eleventh competition of the Korean League Cup, and one of two Korean League Cups held in 1999.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Bracket

Semi-finals

Final

Suwon Samsung Bluewings won 2–1 on aggregate.

Awards

Source:

See also
1999 in South Korean football
1999 Korean League Cup
1999 K League
1999 Korean FA Cup

References

External links

1999 Supplementary
1999 domestic association football cups
1999 in South Korean football


Ruptiliocarpon is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Lepidobotryaceae. The genus has only one species, Ruptiliocarpon caracolito. It is a tall tree that grows in several small isolated areas of Central and South America. It is known from Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru, and Suriname. It is locally common on hillsides and other well-drained areas, often in red clay, from near sea level to 400 m in elevation.

The seed is surrounded by two endocarps which fall away and litter the ground below. To those who live where it grows, it is known as cedro caracolito, the "little snail cedar", because the larger of the two endocarps resembles a small shell. The wood of Ruptiliocarpon is light and used in cabinet-making, but is often overlooked by wood harvesters.

Taxonomic history
Ruptiliocarpon was named and described by Barry Hammel and Nelson Zamora in the journal Novon in 1993. They saw that it was a close relative of Lepidobotrys and made it the second member of Lepidobotryaceae. In the same paper, they wrote a reassessment of the family.

Novon published two other studies of Ruptiliocarpon in the same issue. They confirmed that Ruptiliocarpon was closely related to Lepidobotrys, but came to no firm conclusions on the relationships of this pair to other groups of rosids. One study found that the wood anatomy of Ruptiliocarpon was very much like that of Lepidobotrys and shared some traits with the wood anatomy of Trichilia, a member of the family Meliaceae. The wood of Ruptiliocarpon was different from the wood of all others to which it was compared in having vestured pits on the walls of its xylem cells. Another study found some similarities in flower structure with Meliaceae, but also found that ovule and seed morphology suggested a relationship with Phyllanthaceae, a family that the authors did not consider to be separate from Euphorbiaceae.

Names
Cedro caracolito is not a cedar in the strictest sense, but in Spanish, the term cedro is applied to a wide variety of trees. In Costa Rica, where most of the specimens were collected, the term cedro, with a qualifying adjective, is applied to Carapa (Meliaceae), Cedrela (Meliaceae), Tapirira (Anacardiaceae), and Calophyllum (Clusiaceae).

Ruptiliocarpon caracolito has long been known to local inhabitants, but it was not named and described in the botanical literature until 1993, when sufficient material for such a description was finally collected. At that time, Barry Hammel and Nelson Zamora named it Ruptiliocarpon caracolito, basing their description mostly on specimens from Costa Rica.

Ruptiliocarpon is a Latin-Greek hybrid name. Ruptilio, in Latin, means "to split irregularly", and "carpon" is the Greek word for fruit. The name describes the characteristic opening of the fruit and is an obvious difference from Lepidobotrys, the other member of the family. Though some language purists frown on the creation of hybrid names, and the ICBN discourages it, Hammel and Zamora created this name because, as they said, "we consider the purely Greek or Latin options decidedly inelegant".

When Hammel and Zamora described Ruptiliocarpon, two other detailed studies of its anatomy were published at the same time. These studies confirmed that Ruptiliocarpon was correctly placed in Lepidobotryaceae, but they were inconclusive about the relationships of Lepidobotryaceae to other families. The authors suggested possible relationships to the Meliaceae and Phyllanthaceae, but it is now known that Lepidobotryaceae belongs in Celastrales.

Seasons

In Costa Rica, R. caracolito  blooms in late March and early April, soon after the emergence of new leaves. The flowers are small and green and they attract little attention. Because of this, and because of the short flowering time, flowering material has rarely been collected. The fruits mature by the following January and remain on the tree into February. Trees are easily grown from seed.

Description
Because R. caracolito was not botanically described until 1993, descriptions of Lepidobotryaceae from before that time are obsolete.

The type material for the species is from near Limón, on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. It has been reported that the flowers of the South American trees are quite different from those of the Costa Rican trees, but flowering specimens from South America have not been collected.

Ruptiliocarpon caracolito  is a tree, 20 to 30 m, or rarely 40 m tall. The trunk is straight and 50 to 90 cm in diameter at breast height.

The leaves are arranged alternately in two rows along the stem. The leaf blade is elliptic in shape and the margin is entire. The leaves appear simple, but are actually compound and unifoliate. The leaf consists of a single leaflet on the end of a rachis. The petiolule is swollen for its entire length and a conspicuous joint separates it from the rachis. This joint bears a single, elongate stipel. There is a pair of fused stipules at the base of the petiole. The stipel and stipules soon fall away. The inflorescence is an irregular arrangement of several spikes attached opposite a leaf.

The flowers are small and green with five sepals and five petals that are nearly alike. The flower bud opens only slightly, producing a small hole in its end. The male and female flowers are only slightly different in appearance, with each tree bearing flowers of only one sex.

The 10 stamens are united into a tube, which secretes nectar. Five anthers are attached to the top of the tube, and between them, five more are mounted on short filaments. The ovary has two compartments that are separated by a partition. The ovules are attached to the partition, near its top. The two stigmas are short and attached directly to the apex of the ovary.

The fruit is a capsule, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, containing one, or rarely, two seeds. The capsule breaks up and its pieces fall, leaving the seed and the surrounding endocarps. The endocarps then fall, leaving the seeds hanging on the tree. The seed is shiny and black with its lower third covered by an orange aril.

Relationships

Ruptiliocarpon caracolito is one of only two species in the family Lepidobotryaceae, the other being the small African tree Lepidobotrys staudtii. The two are much alike in being trees with alternate, elliptic, unifoliate leaves in two rows along the twigs. The flowers are small, green or greenish, with five sepals and five petals that are nearly alike, and 10 stamens in two series. The fruit is a capsule with one or rarely, two seeds.

Ruptiliocarpon caracolito  differs from L. staudtii in several characters. The stigma is short, rather than elongated, and the ovary has two rather than three compartments. The most obvious differences are in the male parts of the flower and in the opening of the fruit. In R. caracolito, the stamens have filaments that are short and united into a tube, rather than long and fused only at the base. The anthers are basifixed instead of versatile. The capsule ruptures irregularly, instead of splitting along a seam.

References

External links
 Botanic Glossary

Celastrales genera
Monotypic rosid genera
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Costa Rica
Flora of Peru
Flora of Suriname
Celastrales
Taxa named by Barry Edward Hammel
Taxa named by Nelson A. Zamora


Alejandro González Raga is a Cuban journalist. He was jailed from 2003 until released to exile in Spain in 2008. Amnesty International recognized him as a prisoner of conscience.

González Raga signed the Madrid Charter, a document drafted by the far-right Spanish party Vox that describes left-wing groups as enemies of Ibero-America involved in a "criminal project" that are "under the umbrella of the Cuban regime".

External links
 Alejandro González Raga interviewed by Reporters Without Borders (video)

References

Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Cuba
Cuban dissidents
Cuban journalists
Cuban male journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cuban prisoners and detainees


Constitutional Assembly elections were held in Bulgaria on 27 October 1946, electing members of the sixth Grand National Assembly, which was tasked with adopting a new constitution. The Fatherland Front, an anti-fascist coalition dominated by the Bulgarian Communist Party, had come to power in 1944 following a coup. Now that World War II was over and the monarchy abolished, the communists wanted to adopt a new constitution. They won a large majority, with 54% of the vote and 278 of the 465 seats. Voter turnout was 93%. This would be the lowest vote share that the Communists or the Fatherland Front would claim during the 43 years of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. In subsequent years, the Fatherland Front would claim to win elections with unanimous or near-unanimous support. This would be the last truly multi-party elections until 1990.

Results

References

Bulgaria
Elections in Bulgaria
Constitutional
Bulgaria


Aba Khel is the subtribe of Mandanr Yusafzai Pashtun tribe in Swabi District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. They are settled in villages Zaida, Kaddi, Hund, Shah Mansur, Khunda, Ambar, Panj Pir, Beka, Aryan, Lahor and Kheshgi (District Nowshera).and village Ragastoon swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

History
Yusafzai are named after Yusaf who was the son of Manday along with Umar. Umar died early and left behind his son Mandanr who married the daughter of his uncle Yusaf. The  are together called Yusafzai.

Mandanr, the son of Umar had four sons namely Munu, Razar, Hazar & Mahmood.

Munu then had two sons namely Usman and Utman.

The descendants of Sadu, son of Utman are called  who are divided into five families namely Aba Khel, Umar Khel, Khadu Khel, Mir Ahmed Khel and Behzad Khel. The tombs of Aba and Umar are present between the villages of Panj Pir and Darra marking the boundary between Aba Khel and Umar Khel.

Aba, the forefather of Aba Khel subtribe had two sons namely Nusrat and Daulat.

The descendants of  inhabit villages Zaida, Kaddi, Panj Pir, Hund, Beka, Nabi, Aryan, Ambar, Lahor, Balu, & Sala while the descendants of Daulat live in villages Shah Mansur and Khunda.

The eldest son of Nusrat was Ulas or Usi and gave rise to  who are divided in seven Khel based on seven sons of Usi. They are Balar Khel, Taju Khel, Ayub Khel, Zakarya Khel, Panj Pao, Tawus Khel and Bazaid Khel.
Usi Khan younger brother (safu Khan) whose children live in village Nabi next to Beka, called safu khail.

References

Yusufzai Pashtun tribes


The Dry Salvages is the third poem of T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets, marking the beginning of the point when the series was consciously being shaped as a set of four poems. It was written and published in 1941 during the air-raids on Great Britain, an event that threatened him while giving lectures in the area. The title comes from the name of a marine rock formation off the coast of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, where he spent time at as a child.

The poem discusses the nature of time and what humanity's place is within time. Life is described metaphorically as travelling in a boat and humanity's fixation on science and future gain keeping the travellers from reaching their destination. Within the poem, Eliot invokes the image of Krishna to emphasise the need to follow the divine will, instead of seeking personal gain.

Background
Eliot began working on The Dry Salvages during World War II, at a time when London was experiencing air-raids near the end of 1940. During the time, he moved around often and spent his time writing mostly lectures or tiny poems. However, he was able to find time to work on the third poem that would become part of the Four Quartets: Eliot envisioned that Burnt Norton, East Coker, The Dry Salvages, and a fourth, yet unwritten poem would be united in a set. Eliot wrote the poem quickly and sent the first draft off on 1 January 1941 to John Hayward. After Hayward received the draft, the two began corresponding about edits and alterations to the poem. Geoffrey Faber joined in and then the poem was soon finished. It was published in the February 1941 issue of the New English Weekly.

According to a note by Eliot under the title, "The Dry Salvages—presumably les trois sauvages—is a small group of rocks, with a beacon, off the north east coast of Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Salvages is pronounced to rhyme with assuages." The location is a place that Eliot knew, and the poem links the image of Cape Ann to Eliot's boyhood sailing at Gloucester Harbor. The Dry Salvages also invokes images of the Mississippi River and Eliot's childhood in St Louis. Originally, these images and the other personal references were intended to be discussed in an autobiographical work that was to collect a series of essays about Eliot's childhood.

Poem
The poem is described as a poem of water and hope. It begins with images of the sea, water, and of Eliot's past; this water later becomes a metaphor for life and how humans act. This transitions into an image of a ringing bell and a discussion on time and prayer. Images of men drowning dominate the section before leading into how science and ideas on evolution separate mankind from a proper understanding of the past. The section ends with Krishna stating that the divine will, and not future benefits or rewards, matters. The fourth section is a prayer to the Virgin Mary for fishermen, sailors, and the drowned.

The end of The Dry Salvages starts with a discussion about how people attempt to see the future through various superstitious means. Then the narrator tries to convince the reader that resignation about death is necessary. However, such resignation should be viewed as pushing the self towards redemption and the eternal life in the next world. By acting properly, one would be able to overcome life and move towards the next world.

Themes
The central image of The Dry Salvages is water and the sea. The images are similar to the Odyssey but represent internal aspects. Humanity loses itself to technology and theories like evolution that separate mankind philosophically from the past. According to Eliot, within each man there is a connection to all of mankind. If we just accept drifting upon the sea, then we will end up broken upon rocks. We are restrained by time, but the Annunciation gave mankind hope that he will be able to escape. This hope is not part of the present. What we must do is understand the patterns found within the past to see that there is meaning to be found. This meaning allows one to experience eternity through moments of revelation. Through Christ, we are able to overcome time unless we do not know him. Our corruption can be overcome and that we are able to join the eternal.

Eliot invokes images of original sin and Adam's fall when talking about the past and points out that such events can be forgotten but can still affect mankind. Eliot brings in the image of Krishna to discuss how the past and future are related: Krishna, speaking to Arjuna, claims that death can come at any time and that men should always find the divine will instead of worrying about what their actions will bring. If an individual were to follow Krishna's words then they would be able to free their self from the limitations of time. Even if it cannot be fully attained, the effort in attempting it is still important. The way for mankind to understand the divine will is through prayer and through the power of the Holy Spirit.

Many of the images connect back to his earlier works. The images of life as boat adrift with a leak is similar to the "Death by Water" section of The Waste Land. Like images about old age and experience found in East Coker, this image reinforces the need to look at the whole of life and try to see things beyond the limitations of time. Men are supposed to progress, but they aren't supposed to focus on what they can gain in the future. The prayer to the Virgin Mary is intended to help guide the journey which would end with understanding eternity and the Annunciation. It is Mary who will guide the metaphorical sailors to their proper harbour. While connecting back to his earlier works, Eliot also connects back to his family's past; the "Dry Salvages" was part of the landscape his ancestor Andrew Eliott travelled to in 1669.

Sources
Part of The Dry Salvages refers to Eliot's joining the Anglican Church and his personal pursuit of the divine. There are also many references to events and places that Eliot knew as a child. In terms of literary allusions, Eliot brings in Krishna's and Arjuna's discussion from the Bhagavad-Gita on acting according to the divine will along with allusions to Dante's Paradiso, the philosophy of Heraclitus, and the Book of Common Prayer. In regard to these allusions, Eliot would mark up his own editions of the works to note where he used quotes or allusions to lines within his work. In particular, his edition of the Mahabharata included a page added which compared battle scenes with "The Dry Salvages".

Reception
A review in the Times Literary Supplement dated 4 September 1941 stated that there was a "note of quiescence, even of bleak resignation" in the poem and that it "lost that spice of wit which was woven into the logic of the earlier poems". Later, Bernard Bergonzi claimed that "The Dry Salvages is the least satisfactory of the sequence, though at the same time it contains some of its best lines. The opening lines are poor, in a weakly sub-Whitmanesque fashion. Yet the writing suddenly picks up at the words, 'The river is within us,' and from there to the end of the section we have a magnificently sustained sequence". F. B. Pinion believed that "'The Dry Salvages' is a complicated, uneven, and rather prosy poem, in which Eliot continues to say the same thing, with some progression, mainly in maritime imagery".

See also

Notes

References
 Ackroyd, Peter. T. S. Eliot: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
 Bergonzi, Bernard. T. S. Eliot. New York: Macmillan Company, 1972.
 Eliot, T. S. The Complete Poems and Plays 1909–1950. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1980.
 Gordon, Lyndall. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
 Grant, Michael, T. S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge, 1997.
 Kirk, Russell. Eliot and His Age. Wilmington: ISA Books, 2008.
 Manganiello, Dominic. T. S. Eliot and Dante. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
 Pinion, F. B. A T. S. Eliot Companion. London: MacMillan, 1986.
 Schuchard, Ronald. Eliot's Dark Angel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

1941 poems
Christian poetry
Modernist poems
Poetry by T. S. Eliot
Works originally published in The New English Weekly
British poems


Little Gidding is the fourth and final poem of T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets, a series of poems that discuss time, perspective, humanity, and salvation. It was first published in September 1942 after being delayed for over a year because of the air-raids on Great Britain during World War II and Eliot's declining health. The title refers to a small Anglican community in Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, established by Nicholas Ferrar in the 17th century and scattered during the English Civil War.

The poem uses the combined image of fire and Pentecostal fire to emphasise the need for purification and purgation. According to the poet, humanity's flawed understanding of life and turning away from God leads to a cycle of warfare, but this can be overcome by recognising the lessons of the past. Within the poem, the narrator meets a ghost that is a combination of various poets and literary figures. Little Gidding focuses on the unity of past, present, and future, and claims that understanding this unity is necessary for salvation.

Background

Following the completion of the third Four Quartets poem, The Dry Salvages, Eliot's health declined and he stayed in Shamley Green, Surrey while he recovered. During this time, Eliot started writing Little Gidding. The first draft was completed in July 1941 but he was dissatisfied with it. He believed the problems with the poem lay with his own inability to write, and that, precipitated by air raids on London, he had started the poem with too little preparation and had written it too quickly. After the first draft was written, he set the poem aside, and he left in September to lecture throughout Great Britain.

After months of not working on the poem, Eliot began to feel compelled to finish it; it was not until August 1942, however, that he started working on it again. In total, there were five drafts. The poem was finished by 19 September 1942 and published in the October New English Weekly. Little Gidding was intended to conclude the Four Quartets series, summarising Eliot's views expressed in this series of poems.

Little Gidding was the home of an Anglican community established in 1626 by Nicholas Ferrar. The Ferrar household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer. The religious community was dispersed during the English Civil War between Parliamentarians and Royalists but re-formed, ending with the death of John Ferrar in 1657. Eliot had visited the site in May 1936.

Unlike the other locations mentioned in the titles of the Four Quartets poems, Eliot had no direct connection to the original Christian community. As such, the community is supposed to represent almost any religious community.

Poem
Critics classify Little Gidding as a poem of fire with an emphasis on purgation and the Pentecostal fire. The beginning of the poem discusses time and winter, with attention paid to the arrival of summer. The images of snow, which provoke desires for a spiritual life, transition into an analysis of the four classical elements of fire, earth, air and water and how fire is the primary element of the four. Following this is a discussion on death and destruction, things unaccomplished, and regret for past events.

While using Dante's terza rima style, the poem continues by describing the Battle of Britain. The image of warfare merges with the depiction of Pentecost, and the Holy Spirit is juxtaposed with the air-raids on London. In the second section, a ghost, representing the poets of the past stuck between worlds, begins talking to the narrator of the poem. The ghost discusses change, art in general, and how humankind is flawed. The only way to overcome the problematic condition of humanity, according to the ghost, is to experience purgation through fire. The fire is described in a manner similar to the medieval mystic Julian of Norwich's writing about God's love and discussed in relationship to the shirt of Nessus, a shirt that burns its wearer. Little Gidding continues by describing the eternalness of the present and how history exists in a pattern. The poem concludes by explaining how sacrifice is needed to allow an individual to die into life and be reborn, and that salvation should be the goal of humankind.

Themes
In terms of renewal, Eliot believed that suffering was needed for all of society before new life could begin. The original Little Gidding community was built for living on monastic lines, but the community was damaged and dispersed by Puritan forces during the English Civil War in 1646. The church, the centre of the community, was restored in 1714 and again in 1853. The image of religious renewal is combined with the image of the London air-raids and the constant fighting and destruction within the world. This compound image is used to discuss the connection of holy places with the Holy Spirit, Pentecost, communion with the dead, and the repetition of history. The theme is also internal to Eliot's own poems; the image of the rose garden at the end Little Gidding is the image that begins Burnt Norton and the journey is made circular. Also, the depiction of time within the poem is similar to the way time operates within The Family Reunion.

Like the other poems making up the Four Quartets, Little Gidding deals with the past, present, and future, and humanity's place within them as each generation is seemingly united. In the second section, there is a ghost who is the compilation of various poets, including Dante, Swift, Yeats, and others. When the ghost joins the poet, the narrator states "Knowing myself yet being someone other". This suggests that the different times merge at the same time that the different personalities begin to merge, allowing a communication and connection with the dead. Later, in the fourth section, humanity is given a choice between the Holy Spirit or the bombing of London; redemption or destruction. God's love allows humankind to be redeemed and escape the living hell through purgation by fire. The end of the poem describes how Eliot has attempted to help the world as a poet. He parallels his work in language with working on the soul or working on society.

The ghost, a combination of many literary figures, was originally addressed in the poem as "Ser Brunetto" before being revised as an ambiguous "you". "Ser Brunetto" was Dante's way of addressing Brunetto Latini, a former mentor whom he meets in Hell to which he has been condemned for sodomy. Eliot, in a letter to John Hayward dated 27 August 1942, explained why he changed the wording:
I think you will recognise that it was necessary to get rid of Brunetto for two reasons. The first is that the visionary figure has now become somewhat more definite and will no doubt be identified by some readers with Yeats though I do not mean anything so precise as that. However, I do not wish to take the responsibility of putting Yeats or anybody else into Hell and I do not want to impute to him the particular vice which took Brunetto there. Secondly, although the reference to that Canto is intended to be explicit, I wish the effect of the whole to be Purgatorial which is more appropriate. That brings us to the reference to swimming in fire which you will remember at the end of Purgatorio 26 where the poets are found.
The theme of swimming through flames is connected to the depiction of Guido Guinizelli, a poet who influenced Dante, seeking such a state in Purgatorio XXVI. However, the depiction of swimming was transformed into an image of dancing, an act that appears throughout Yeats's poetry, within purgatorial flames. The critic Dominic Manganiello suggests that, in combining the image of dancing with purgation, Eliot merges Dante's and Yeats's poetic themes.

Sources
At one point in the poem, Eliot used terza rima rhyme in a manner similar to Dante. In a 1950 lecture, he discussed how he imitated Dante within Little Gidding and the challenges that this presented. The lecture also dwelt on keeping to a set form and how Dante's poetry is the model for religious poetry and poetry in general. Besides Dante, many of the images used in Little Gidding were allusions to Eliot's earlier poems, especially the other poems of the Four Quartets.

Eliot included other literary sources within the poem: Stéphane Mallarmé, W. B. Yeats, Jonathan Swift, Arnaut Daniel, Nijinsky's dancing in Le Spectre de la Rose, and Shakespeare's Hamlet. Religious images were used to connect the poem to the writings of Julian of Norwich, to the life and death of Thomas Wentworth, to William Laud, to Charles I, and to John Milton. Eliot relied on theological statements similar to those of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's In Memoriam and Thomas Hardy's The Impercipient. The Bible also played a large role within the poem, especially in discussions on the Holy Spirit and Pentecost. Many commentators have pointed out the influence of George Herbert within the poem, but Eliot, in a letter to Anne Ridler dated 10 March 1941, stated that he was trying to avoid such connections within Little Gidding.

Reception
Critics such as Malcolm Cowley and Delmore Schwartz describe mixed emotions about the religiosity of the poem. Cowley emphasised the mystical nature of the poem and how its themes were closer to Buddhism than Anglicanism while mentioning his appreciation of many of the passages. Schwartz also mentioned the Buddhist images and his admiration for many of the lines in Little Gidding. F. B. Pinion believed that the fourth section of the poem caused "Eliot more trouble and vexation than any passage of the same length he ever wrote, and is his greatest achievement in the Four Quartets."

E. M. Forster did not like Eliot's emphasis on pain and responded to the poem: "Of course there's pain on and off through each individual's life... You can't shirk it and so on. But why should it be endorsed by the schoolmaster and sanctified by the priest until the fire and the rose are one when so much of it is caused by disease and bullies? It is here that Eliot becomes unsatisfactory as a seer." Writing in 2003, Roger Scruton wrote that in Little Gidding Eliot achieved "that for which he envies Dante—namely, a poetry of belief, in which belief and words are one, and in which the thought cannot be prized free from the controlled and beautiful language".

Notes

References

 Ackroyd, Peter. T. S. Eliot: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
 Bergonzi, Bernard. T. S. Eliot. New York: Macmillan Company, 1972. OCLC 262820
 Gardner, Helen. The Composition of "Four Quartets". New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
 Gordon, Lyndall. T. S. Eliot: An Imperfect Life. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
 Grant, Michael, T. S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge, 1997.
 Kirk, Russell. Eliot and His Age. Wilmington: ISA Books, 2008. OCLC 80106144
 Manganiello, Dominic. T. S. Eliot and Dante. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

 Pinion, F. B. A T. S. Eliot Companion. London: MacMillan, 1986. OCLC 246986356

1942 poems
Christian poetry
Modernist poems
Poetry by T. S. Eliot
Works originally published in The New English Weekly
British poems
poem


Canada has substantial potential for geothermal energy development. To date, development has all been for heating applications. Canada has 103,523 direct use installations as of 2013. There is currently no electricity being generated from geothermal sources in Canada although substantial potential exists in the Canadian Cordillera. The most advanced project exists as a test geothermal-electrical site at the Mount Meager massif in British Columbia, where a 100 MegaWatt (MW) facility could be developed. Potential for enhanced geothermal energy systems (EGS) exists throughout Canada. There are six geothermal power and two direct use projects listed with the Canadian Geothermal Energy Association.

Canadian geothermal resources in context

The United States currently leads global development of geothermal power with 3,477 MWe of installed electrical power capacity, including 312 MWe added between 2010 and 2015. Whereas, Canada has 0 MW online, however, the geology conducive to geothermal development does not arbitrarily end at the Canada–United States border. Several states that share a border with Canada have significant geothermal capacity in development. It is estimated that Alaska has 95 MW in development, Idaho has 438–514 MW, Washington has 100 MW and even North Dakota has two small developments underway.

At present, Canada remains the only major country in the Pacific Rim that is not producing electricity from its geothermal resources. This is even though the colder it is outside, the more electricity a geothermal power plant can produce. This is because the larger the temperature differentials between the geothermal resource and the ambient air temperature, the more efficiently geothermal plants operate. This makes geothermal power ideal for cold northern countries.

2012 Geological Survey of Canada Report
In 2012, the Geological Survey of Canada issued a report entitled, the "Geothermal Energy Resource Potential of Canada (Open File 6914) ("The GSC Report"). The GSC Report concluded that "Canada’s in-place geothermal power exceeds one million times Canada’s current electrical consumption." Even if just a fraction of this energy can be used, it has the potential to significantly impact the Canadian electricity grid.

The GSC Report also notes that the now defunct National Geothermal Program (a Canadian government research program that ended in 1986) demonstrated that Canada has a geological environment favourable to geothermal development. This program defined high-temperature resources suitable for geothermal exploration and development, particularly in British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. Medium and low-temperature geothermal resources were also defined within sedimentary basins and abandoned mines throughout Canada. Pilot projects drilled at Meager Creek, British Columbia, and Regina, Saskatchewan further proved that geothermal power production in Canada is feasible. Now, 25 years since the program ended, advancements in technologies have further increased the economic potential of these geothermal resources.

Highest potential regions

For utility-scale electrical generation using traditional dry steam and flash steam power stations, high temperature resources at reasonable drill depths are required. The study therefore defines regions at  that are at a depth of  or shallower as having high potential for high temperature geothermal systems such as electricity generation. Regions that meet such criteria include British Columbia, extreme northern Alberta, southeastern Yukon, and Northwest Territories.

For utility-scale electrical generation using binary cycle power stations, regions with hot springs and warm sedimentary basins with temperatures between  at reasonable drill depths are required. These regions include British Columbia, western and southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Northwest Territories.

For geothermal heat pumps, regions with moderate and cool temperature sedimentary basins and/or fractured rock that can easily produce waters or be easy to drill shallow well systems for the installation of circulation loops, are required. These regions include British Columbia, Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, northern and southern Ontario, southern Quebec, New Brunswick, northern Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

Recent developments

Alberta
On 1 August 2019, Razor Energy - a Calgary-based oil and gas company - announced the development of a 21 MW hybrid geothermal and natural gas-fired power station in Swan Hills, Alberta. The project is expected to be operational by early 2020.

On 19 August 2019, the Government of Alberta announced that it had approved a 10 MW geothermal project near Rocky Mountain House called Eavor-Loop. Like the Borealis GeoPower project in British Columbia, Eavor-Loop will serve as a geothermal project pilot.

On 23 August 2019, the Government of Alberta approved the construction of a conventional 5 MW geothermal project near Greenview. The project is being led by Terrapin Geothermics in partnership with the Municipal District of Greenview and PCL Construction. The project is called the "Alberta No.1 Geothermal Project", a tribute to the discovery of oil at the Leduc No. 1 oil drilling site in 1947.

British Columbia
On 1 June 2018, the BC Oil and Gas Commission issued its first ever permit authorizing the construction of a geothermal energy project within the province. Borealis GeoPower plans to drill four geothermal wells near Valemount as a small geothermal project pilot.

On 28 January 2020, the Government of British Columbia awarded a permit to the Fort Nelson First Nation to develop a geothermal project for the Fort Nelson area called the "Clark Lake Geothermal Project".

As of 2021 Meager Creek Development Corporation holds the only geothermal lease in British Columbia for Mt Meager. The Meager Creek geothermal project is a renewable & clean energy opportunity. Rather than selling the power to the grid, it will be used to make green hydrogen.

Saskatchewan
On 14 January 2019, the Canadian government announced it will provide C$25.6 million in funding the development of a 5 MW geothermal power station near Estevan, Saskatchewan. The project is led by the Deep Earth Energy Production Corporation.

Yukon
On 29 January 2020, Eavor Technologies and the Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation entered into a partnership to develop a 3 MW closed-loop geothermal system the company calls an "Eavor-Loop" near Little Salmon Carmacks, Yukon.

See also
Renewable energy in Canada
Wind power in Canada
Solar power in Canada
Hydroelectric power in Canada
Renewable energy by country

External links
 Canadian Geothermal Energy Association, .
 Canadian Geo Exchange Coalition, Geo-Exchange in Canada.
 Geothermal Canada, Geothermal Canada.

References


The twelfth season of South Park, an American animated television series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, began airing on March 12, 2008. The twelfth season concluded after 14 episodes on November 19, 2008.
Saturday Night Live cast member Bill Hader is credited as a consultant starting with this season. Parker was the director and writer in this twelfth season. Stone was also the writer on the third episode of the twelfth season.

Overview
This season features a new title sequence, replacing the one used since the sixth season. It recreates the original to begin with before using clips from seasons four to eleven which the boys also sing their lines over. These older clips are replaced every half season with newer ones.

In the first half of the season, Mr. Kitty returns to prominence in "Major Boobage" for the first time since season three's "Cat Orgy", while Terrance and Phillip haven't featured prominently since season five's "Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow". Canada last featured prominently as a setting in season seven's "It's Christmas in Canada". Most notably in this season is Ms. Garrison's second sex change, returning her to being a man, as Mr. Garrison again: "Eek, A Penis!" is the last episode to date to explore Garrison's much examined sexuality. "Super Fun Time" indicates that following "The List", Stan and Wendy Testaburger are dating again.

The second half of the season begins with "The China Probrem", which marks the return of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas who are again portrayed as villains, despite seemingly dying in season six's "Free Hat". There is also the one two-part story: "Pandemic" and "Pandemic 2: The Startling". The following episode "About Last Night" parodies Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential elections the night before. The episode was written and animated under the assumption Obama would win which turned out to be correct. Parker and Stone said they had considered intentionally redubbing the episode poorly if John McCain had won. This episode also revealed the political alliances of several citizens. "The Ungroundable" marks the return of the Goth Kids who last featured in season nine's "Erection Day".

Kenny McCormick does not die in this season.

Awards

The season received one Emmy Award and, in May 2009, a Webby Award.

Reception

Critical response
The twelfth season of South Park has been met with mostly positive reviews from critics and fans. Travis Fikett of IGN gave the season 7.5/10, saying that it was "good" and "Season 12 isn't bad, it's just not that great. There are a number of misfires and no truly classic episodes. That's a rarity for a series that often has fans calling up friends the next morning to say "Oh my God, did you see South Park?".

Episodes

Home media
South Park: The Complete Twelfth Season was released as a three-disc Region 1 DVD box set in the USA on March 10, 2009, nearly one year after it had begun broadcast on television.

See also

South Park (Park County, Colorado)
South Park City

References

External links

 South Park Studios - official website with streaming video of full episodes.
 The Comedy Network - full episodes for Canada

2008 American television seasons


Painkiller: Resurrection is a first-person shooter video game developed by Homegrown Games and published by DreamCatcher Interactive (now acquired by Nordic Games). It is a stand-alone expansion to the 2004 Painkiller, and runs on an updated version of PainEngine. It was released for Microsoft Windows in 2009. There was a planned Xbox 360 version, but was cancelled.

Gameplay
The gameplay of Painkiller Resurrection is identical to the original Painkiller, in which the player must complete a linear set of levels by means of clearing out various arenas that the player is locked into, and fighting off large groups of varying types of enemies using the unique arsenal of the original Painkiller.

Whenever the last enemy dies within an arena, the doors to the next room will open up, allowing the player to continue forward through the level. This process is repeated throughout the entire length of the level, and eventually leading the player to an exit portal that will end the level the moment the player touches it.

Along with needing to reach the end of a level, the player is also given the option of completing an optional side task within the mission, which will reward the player with a new tarot card that can be used to give the player a boost on the next mission. These optional side tasks tend to vary in terms of difficulty, with some tasks being quite difficult to complete, if not impossible on a first run.

However, where Resurrection differs from the original Painkiller, is that the levels are large and open, which in turn, allows the player a bit more freedom to explore them for items. Often times, almost the entire map is immediately accessible to the player, which unfortunately leads to a few problems involving the player losing their direction, leading to situations in which it is unclear to where they are expected to go. The larger, opened areas of Resurrection also presents a few navigation and spawn glitches, that can further hinder progress.

As an expansion, Resurrection mostly uses assets from the original Painkiller, with the addition of two new weapons, along with an original storyline featuring comic book styled cutscenes, similar in style to the first two games in the Max Payne series of video games.

Plot
The story begins outside of the events depicted in other games and stars new protagonist: William "Bill" Sherman. Blown to pieces by his own C4 payload, with which he wanted to eliminate a group of mobsters. The fact that he also accidentally blew up a bus full of innocent civilians has given rise to an all new problem – Hell doesn't exactly have any issues with claiming his soul. Now Bill's in purgatory and he's caught the eye of one of the Elyahim, the female spirits who guide the souls of men through purgatory. Guided by the Elyahim's voice, Bill, like Daniel Garner, is sent through this unholy realm to save his soul by destroying evil beings. After he defeats Aamon, a monstrous dog demon, a greater demon appears, revealing himself to be Astaroth, one of the generals of Lucifer. He asks Bill to join him, but Bill rejects. Surprisingly, Astaroth leaves Bill to continue his fight. After defeating a powerful spider-like demon, an angel, Ramiel, appears, asking Bill to continue his fighting and clean the purgatory in exchange for a chance to return to life. Later, after more fighting through demons, Bill is greeted by Elyahim in person. She explains that Ramiel betrayed the Heaven and now he and Astaroth are planning to conquer the purgatory, so it could become their dominion. As Hell and Heaven are weakened, they would be able to claim all the new souls coming to the afterlife and soon become the most prominent force in the world. However, to do so, they needed Bill to eliminate the majority of demons, so none of them would reveal to Hell Astaroth's true motives. Now, Bill has to battle both of them at the same time. He kills Astaroth and wounds Ramiel, who begs him to spare his life. In exchange, Ramiel will return Bill back to Earth. From this points, the three endings are possible.

Good ending: Ramiel fulfills his promises and sends Bill back to life. Bill arrives a night before the incident happened. He takes the C4 off the car and throws it to the sea. Bill smiles, being happy for the first time. He decides to never return to killing again, understanding that the sole meaning of life is the life itself.
Bad ending: Ramiel fulfills his promises and sends Bill back to life. But it is all a trick, as Bill is sent to the exact moment he committed his greatest sin and died. Bill, again, tries to save the bus... but is killed again, this time being sent to Hell forever.
Neutral ending: Ramiel awaits Bill to agree to be sent back to life, but Elyahim appears. She warns Bill that the angel cannot be trusted as he has become corrupted. From her, Bill receives a holy sword: the only weapon with which a mortal could kill an angel. Bill strikes Ramiel and kills him. From now on, he is awarded by the heavens to be the ruler of the realm of purgatory.

The neutral ending is the decisive ending where Bill's story continues in Painkiller: Recurring Evil.

Reception

Painkiller: Resurrection received "unfavorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic

IGN rated Painkiller Resurrection as painful citing it as a "repulsive cocktail of inconvenience, design missteps and frustration that fails to entertain on any
level."

References

External links

 http://www.painkillergame.com PainKiller video game series official website
 http://www.pkzone.org/ — PainKiller video game series unofficial website

2009 video games
Cancelled Xbox 360 games
Fiction about purgatory
Video games about demons
First-person shooters
Video game sequels
Video games about angels
Video games based on the Bible
Video game expansion packs
Video games developed in Austria
Video games about religion
Windows-only games
Windows games
Video games about witchcraft
JoWooD Entertainment games


Denmark has two geothermal district heating plants, one in Thisted which started in 1988, and one in Copenhagen which started in 2005. They produce no electricity.

See also

 Renewable energy in Denmark
 Wind power in Denmark
 Solar Power in Denmark
 Biofuel in Denmark
 Renewable energy by country

References


Geothermal power in Germany is expected to grow, mainly because of a law that benefits the production of geothermal electricity and guarantees a feed-in tariff. Less than 0.4 percent of Germany's total primary energy supply came from geothermal sources in 2004. But after a renewable energy law that introduced a tariff scheme of EU €0.15 [US $0.23] per kilowatt-hour (kWh) for electricity produced from geothermal sources came into effect that year, a construction boom was sparked and the new power plants are now starting to come online.

21st century power plants
The first German geothermal power plant was built in 2003 in Neustadt-Glewe located in northern Germany. This power plant implements Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology and has an electricity output of 230 kW. At the same site, a geothermal heat plant built in 2015 is still in operation, it has a geothermal heat output of just 4 MW.

A second geothermal ORC power plant went operational 2007 in Landau, south Germany. It is operational all-year-round, generating 3 MW of electricity. Shortly after, a third geothermal power plant went operational in Unterhaching, south Germany. This geothermal power plant used the Kalina process, has a thermal capacity of 38 MW, and supplies the district heating system with heat.

Sustainability
In the same year (2003) the TAB (bureau for technological impact assessment of the German Bundestag) concluded that Germany's geothermal resources could be used to supply the entire base load of the country. This conclusion has regard to the fact that geothermal sources have to be developed sustainably because they can cool out if overused.

See also
 Renewable energy in Germany
 Wind power in Germany
 Solar power in Germany
 Renewable energy by country

References

Geothermal energy in Germany
Renewable energy in Germany


Soy como soy (English I am just the way I am) is the 15th studio album by Mexican pop singer, Ana Gabriel. It was released on 1999. This material shows her firmly planted in the pop music, guided by the masterful hand of producer Emilio Estefan Jr. Gabriel composed some of the songs, with collaborations by Estefan himself, as well as renowned pop composer Kike Santander. It was recorded at Crescent Moon Studios, Miami, Florida.

Track listing
Tracks:
 Lo Sé 04:11
 Si Me Faltarás 03:48
 No A Pedir Perdón 03:50
 Obsesión 03:38
 Siempre Tú 04:45
 Porqué Volviste 03:26
 Sólo Quiero Ser Amada 03:30
 Me Haces Falta 04:34
 Soy Como Quise Ser 03:27
 Claro De Luna 02:52

Album Charts

 Note: This release reached the #9 position in Billboard Latin Pop Albums staying for 7 weeks  and it reached the #19 position in the Billboard Top Latin Albums staying for 10 weeks in the chart.

Singles
 Si Me Faltaras reached #30 on Hot Latin Tracks and #32 on Latin Pop Airplay.
 No A Pedir Perdón

Sales and certifications

References

1999 albums
Ana Gabriel albums


The Office of the Solicitor General of the Philippines (), formerly known as the Bureau of Justice, is an independent and autonomous office attached to the Department of Justice. The OSG is headed by Menardo Guevarra.

The Office of the Solicitor General is the "law firm" of the Republic of the Philippines. The Solicitor General is the principal law officer and legal defender of the Republic of the Philippines. He shall have the authority and responsibility for the exercise of the Office's mandate and for the discharge of its duties and functions, and shall have supervision and control over the Office and its constituent units. He also determines the legal position that the government will take in the courts and argues in virtually every case in which the government is a party. It is tasked to represent the people of the Philippines, the Philippine government, its agencies, instrumentalities, officials, and agents in any litigation, proceeding, or investigation before the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. When authorized by the President, he shall also represent government owned or controlled corporations.

History

Attorney General and Solicitor General
Act No. 136 dated June 11, 1901, which became effective on June 6, 1901, created the position now occupied by the Solicitor General. Under Section 40 of this Act, the Attorney General, as head of the Bureau of Justice, was vested with the powers and functions of today's Secretary of Justice. At the time, the Solicitor General was second only to the Attorney General in the office the former would eventually head. Appropriately, Section 41 of the Act required an "officer learned in the law" to assist the Attorney General. This law specifically provided that "it should be the special duty of the Solicitor General to conduct and argue suits and appeals in the Supreme Court, in which the Philippine Government is interested."

Meanwhile, a few months after the Bureau of Justice was created, Act No. 222 was passed, establishing the Department of Finance and Justice. The Bureau of Justice was placed under the supervision of a new department. Act No. 2666 would later divide the department into a Department of Justice and a Department of Finance. Under this law, the Attorney General and Solicitor General continued to represent the Government in the Supreme Court and lower courts.

Secretary of Justice
Act No. 4007 which was enacted in 1932 abolished the position of Attorney General. His functions were taken over by the Secretary of Justice. The Act also named the Solicitor General as the head of the Bureau of Justice. The Assistant Solicitor General, a position created by Act No. 683 of 1903, became second in command of the Bureau.

As a result of the rapidly burgeoning number of cases involving the Government, the Solicitor General after independence was constrained to concentrate on advocacy and court appearances. The functions which the Bureau of Justice used to have were gradually transferred to newly created offices and divisions of the Department of Justice.

Solicitor General
Executive Order No. 94 of 1947 renamed the Bureau of Justice as the Office of the Solicitor General. Subsequently, the legislature passed R. A. No. 335 in 1948 to confirm this change and to provide for a First Assistant Solicitor General who would be the second highest official in the Office.

A succession of laws relieved the Office of the Solicitor General of some of its burdens. Section 1660 of the old Administrative Code previously provided that the head of the Bureau of Justice "shall have general supervision and control over provincial and city fiscals (now prosecutors) and attorneys and over other prosecuting officer throughout the Philippines." The Office of Special Prosecutors, which the Solicitor General formerly headed, was later converted into a Division of Special Attorneys by R.A. No. 311 of 1948. The Office of the Government Corporate Counsel, which was headed by the Solicitor General under Executive Order No. 392 of 1950, became a separate office in the Department of Justice by virtue of R.A. No. 2327.

From a motley staff of one Solicitor General, an Assistant Solicitor General and a handful of assistant attorneys in the 1900s, the Office of the Solicitor General has grown throughout the years. In accordance with E.O No. 292, the Administrative Code of 1987, the Solicitor General was assisted by fifteen Assistant Solicitors General and more than a hundred Solicitors and Associate Solicitors, who are divided into fifteen divisions. In 2006, with the passing of Republic Act 9417 or the OSG Law, the Office has expanded to thirty (30) legal divisions with a corresponding increase in the general and administrative support personnel and provision for ample office space. Each lawyer at the OSG handles an average of 800 cases at any given time. Aside from the paper chase involved in appealed cases and original petitions before the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, a Solicitor General or Associate Solicitor has to match wits with the best lawyers of the country in countless trials."

Powers and functions
The Office of the Solicitor General has the following specific powers and functions:

 Represent the Government in the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals in all criminal proceedings; represent the Government and its officers in the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and all other courts or tribunals in all civil actions and special proceedings in which the Government or any officer thereof in his official capacity is a party.
 Investigate, initiate court action, or in any manner proceed against any person, corporation or firm for the enforcement of any contract, bond, guarantee, mortgage, pledge or other collateral executed in favor of the Government. Where proceedings are to be conducted outside of the Philippines the Solicitor General may employ counsel to assist in the discharge of the aforementioned responsibilities.
 Appear in any court in any action involving the validity of any treaty, law, executive order or proclamation, rule or regulation when in his judgment his intervention is necessary or when requested by the Court.
 Appear in all proceedings involving the acquisition or loss of Philippine citizenship.
 Represent the Government in all land registration and related proceedings. Institute actions for the reversion to the Government of lands of the public domain and improvements thereon as well as lands held in violation of the Constitution.
 Prepare, upon request of the President or other proper officer of the National Government, rules and guidelines for government entities governing the preparation of contracts, making of investments, undertaking of transactions, and drafting of forms or other writings needed for official use, with the end in view of facilitating their enforcement and insuring that they are entered into or prepared conformably with law and for the best interests of the public.
 Deputize, whenever in the opinion of the Solicitor General the public interest requires, any provincial or city fiscal to assist him in the performance of any function or discharge of any duty incumbent upon him, within the jurisdiction of the aforesaid provincial or city fiscal. When so deputized, the fiscal shall be under the control and supervision of the Solicitor General with regard to the conduct of the proceedings assigned to the fiscal, and he may be required to render reports or furnish information regarding the assignment.
 Deputize legal officers of government departments, bureaus, agencies and offices to assist the Solicitor General and appear or represent the Government in cases involving their respective offices, brought before the courts, and exercise supervision and control over such legal officers with respect to such cases.
 Call on any department, bureau, office, agency or instrumentality of the Government for such service, assistance and cooperation as may be necessary in fulfilling its functions and responsibilities and for this purpose enlist the services of any government official or employee in the pursuit of his tasks. Departments, bureaus, agencies, offices, instrumentalities and corporations to whom the Office of the Solicitor General renders legal services are authorized to disburse funds from their sundry operating and other funds for the latter Office. For this purpose, the Solicitor General and his staff are specifically authorized to receive allowances as may be provided by the Government offices, instrumentalities and corporations concerned, in addition to their regular compensation.
 Represent, upon the instructions of the President, the Republic of the Philippines in international litigations, negotiations or conferences where the legal position of the Republic must be defended or presented.
 Act and represent the Republic and/or the people before any court, tribunal, body or commission in any matter, action or proceeding which, in his opinion, affects the welfare of the people as the ends of justice may require; and
 Perform such other functions as may be provided by law.

Organizational structure
Under Republic Act No. 9417, there shall be at least thirty (30) legal divisions in the Office of the Solicitor General. Each division, permanently headed by an Assistant Solicitor General, shall consist of ten (10) lawyers and such other personnel as may be necessary for the office to effectively carry out its functions. Lawyers in the OSG hold the following ranks: Senior State Solicitor, State Solicitor II, State Solicitor I, Associate Solicitor III, Associate Solicitor II, and Associate Solicitor I. The law likewise dictates that the Solicitor General shall have a cabinet rank and the same qualifications for appointment, rank, prerogatives, salaries, allowances, benefits and privileges as the Presiding Justice of the Court of Appeals; an Assistant Solicitor General, those of an Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals.

The qualifications for appointment, rank, prerogatives, salaries, and privileges of Solicitors shall be the same as judges, specified as follows:
 Senior State Solicitor – Regional Trial Court Judge
 State Solicitor II – Metropolitan Trial Court Judge
 State Solicitor I – Municipal Trial Court in Cities Judge

List of attorneys general

List of solicitors general

See also
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC)
Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB)
House of Representatives of the Philippines (HORP)
Philippine House Committee on Legislative Franchises (PHCLF)
ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy (ABS-CBN's Franchise Expired)

References

External links
Office of the Solicitor General

Department of Justice (Philippines)
Philippines


Geothermal power is very cost-effective in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya, East Africa. , Kenya has 891.8 MW of installed geothermal capacity. Kenya was the first African country to build geothermal energy sources. The Kenya Electricity Generating Company, which is 74% state-owned, has built several plants to exploit the Olkaria geothermal resource; Olkaria I (268.3 MW), Olkaria II (105 MW), Olkaria IV (140 MW), Olkaria V (158 MW), and Wellhead generation plants (75 MW), with a third private plant Olkaria III (139 MW). Additionally, a pilot wellhead plant of 2.5 MW has been commissioned at Eburru and two small scale plants have been built by the Oserian Development Company to power their rose farm facilities with a total of 4 MW.

Currently, the exploration of geothermal wells in Kenya as well as sale of geothermal steam to the Kenya Electricity Generating Company and Independent Power Producers for the purpose of electricity generation is undertaken by the Geothermal Development Company.

Future Development Goals
By 2030 Kenya aims to have 5,530 MW of geothermal power or 51% of total capacity. This will make it Kenya's largest source of clean energy by 2030.

Geothermal power plants have a prominent place in Kenya's overarching development plans. These include the Vision 2030, the NCCAP, and the current ‘5000+ MW in 40 months initiative’. Geothermal power has the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, baseload power with a small carbon footprint, and reduces vulnerability to climate by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, which currently provides the majority of Kenya's electricity. Kenya has set out ambitious targets for geothermal energy. It aims to expand its geothermal power production capacity to 5,000 MW by 2030, with a medium-term target of installing 1,887 MW by 2017. Although there is significant political will and ambition, reaching these ambitious goals is a major challenge.

The Kenyan Government's plan to increase geothermal energy production to over 5,000 MW by 2030 is part of Kenya Vision 2030, which highlights the country's ambition to become a middle-income country by 2030. As part of its commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Eastern Africa, the European Investment Bank (EIB) has agreed to invest $95 million in geothermal power projects across the region. The  Kenya Vision 2030 plans to drilling a total of 630 geothermal steam production wells which will be drilled, developed and completed by 2017  at Olkaria (80), Menengai Phase 1(120), Menengai Phase 2 (210), and Silali-Bogoria Phase 1(210).

See also

Energy in Kenya
Renewable energy in Kenya
List of power stations in Kenya
Hydroelectric power in Kenya
Wind power in Kenya
List of countries by renewable electricity production
Renewable energy by country

References

External links
KenGen
Renewable Energy Portal (Kenya)
Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (Kenya)
Energy Regulatory Commission (Kenya)
Geothermal Development Company (Kenya)


This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Granville County, North Carolina. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view a Google map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.

Current listings

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See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina
List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina

References

Granville County, North Carolina
Granville County
Buildings and structures in Granville County, North Carolina


The 1977 Sun Bowl may refer to:

 1977 Sun Bowl (January) - January 2, 1977, game between the Texas A&M Aggies and the Florida Gators
 1977 Sun Bowl (December) - December 31, 1977, game between the Stanford Cardinals and the LSU Tigers


The Philippines is one of the world's top producers of geothermal power, owing to its location along the Ring of Fire zone of Pacific volcanoes. The country commissioned the 12-megawatt Maibarara Geothermal Power Plant-2 on March 9, 2018, in Santo Tomas, Batangas.

The Geothermal Education Office and a 1980 article titled "The Philippines geothermal success story" by Rudolph J. Birsic published in the journal Geothermal Energy note the remarkable geothermal resources of the Philippines. During the World Geothermal Congress 2000 held in Beppu, Ōita Prefecture of Japan held from May to June 2000, it was reported that the Philippines is the largest consumer of electricity from geothermal sources and highlighted the potential role of geothermal energy in providing energy needs for developing countries.

According to the International Geothermal Association (IGA), worldwide, the Philippines ranks second to the United States in producing geothermal energy. As of 2010, the US had a capacity of 3093 megawatts of geothermal power, while that of the Philippines was 1904 megawatts. The Philippines was followed by Mexico with 958 MW. Early statistics from the Institute for Green Resources and Environment stated that Philippine geothermal energy provides 16% of the country's electricity. By 2005, geothermal energy accounted for 17.5% of the country's electricity production. More recent statistics from the IGA show that combined energy from the nation's six geothermal fields, located in the islands of Luzon, Leyte, Negros and Mindanao, still accounts for approximately 17% of the country's electricity generation. Leyte island is where the first geothermal power plant, a 3 megawatt wellhead unit, started operations in July 1977. Larger-scale commercial production of geothermal power began in 1979 with the commissioning of a 110-megawatt plant at Tiwi field in Albay province. IGA figures  as of December 2009 show the nation's installed geothermal capacity stands at 1904 megawatts, with gross generation of 10,311 gigawatt-hrs for all of 2009, representing 17% of the nation's total power generation mix.

As of 2017, the International Renewable Energy Agency estimates the Philippines' net installed geothermal energy capacity to at 1.9 gigawatts (GW)—out of the global geothermal installed capacity of 12.7 GW ranking behind the United States (2.5 GW) and ahead of Indonesia (1.5 GW). It also estimates that the country can potentially generate 2.1 GW from geothermal sources by 2025.

See also
Renewable energy in the Philippines
Wind power in the Philippines
List of Geothermal power plants in the Philippines

References


Geothermal energy is the second most used form of renewable energy in Russia but represents less than 1% of the total energy production. The first geothermal power plant in Russia, which was the first  Binary cycle power station in the world, was built at Pauzhetka, Kamchatka, in 1966, with a capacity of 5 MW. The total geothermal installed capacity is 81.9 MW, with 50 MW coming from a plant at Verkhne-Mutnovsky.Two other plants were built on the Kamchatka Peninsula in 1999 and 2002. Two smaller additional plants were installed on the islands of Kunashir and Iturup in 2007. Most geothermal resources are currently used for heating settlements in the North Caucasus and Kamchatka.
Half of the geothermal production is used to heat homes and industrial buildings, one third is used to heat greenhouses and 13% is used for industrial processes.

Five major geothermal power plants exist in Russia. Russia currently deveploing a new 100 MW geothermal power plant at Mutnovsky and a 50 MW plant in Kaliningrad.

Potential
Potential resources include the Northern Caucasus, Western Siberia, Lake Baikal, and in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

There are estimates according to which the potential of geothermal energy in Russia significantly exceeds the reserves of fossil fuel (up to 10-15 times). Reserves of geothermal water (temperature 40-200 C, depth of occurrence up to 3500 m) revealed in Russia are about 14 million m³ of hot water per day, which corresponds to about 30 million tons of fuel equivalent

The most accessible geothermal potential is concentrated in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands . The resources of Kamchatka's geothermal fields are estimated at 250-350 MW of electricity (according to other sources - 2000 MW ), the Kuril Islands - at 230 MW, which potentially allows completely covering the needs of the regions for electricity, heat supply and hot water. Substantial volumes of geothermal resources are located in the North Caucasus, Stavropol and Krasnodar regions . In particular, 12 geothermal deposits have been explored in Dagestan , in the Chechnya - 14 deposits, in the Krasnodar Krai - 13 deposits. In general, the explored resources of the geothermal coolant in the North Caucasus make it possible to operate power plants with a capacity of about 200 MW. In Dagestan, geothermal heat carrier is being extracted for heat supply, more than 100 thousand people use geothermal heating

In the Kaliningrad Region, there is a geothermal field with a coolant temperature of 105–120 °C, potentially suitable for use in the power industry. There is a project of a binary GeoPP with a capacity of 4 MW in the city of Svetly. In the central part of Russia, the high-temperature geothermal coolant is mainly located at depths of more than 2 km, which makes it economically ineffective to use it for power generation purposes. It is possible to use a heat carrier with a temperature of 40-60 °C, lying at a depth of 800 m, for heat supply.

In Western Siberia, while drilling oil and gas wells at a depth of 1 km, geothermal resources of the West Siberian artesian basin were discovered, the potential of which is estimated at more than 200 million Gcal per year

List of geothermal power stations
List of geothermal power stations in Russia

See also

Energy policy of Russia
Geothermal energy
Renewable energy by country
Renewable energy in Russia
Wind power in Russia

References


Texas Jack Jr. (c. 1860 – 1905), who adopted the name of his rescuer and childhood protector, Texas Jack Omohundro, ran an international traveling Wild West Show and Circus.

Background
Not long after the American Civil War, while driving a herd of cattle to northern markets, Texas Jack Omohundro found two small girls and a five-year-old boy who had been orphaned when their parents were attacked and killed by Native Americans.  Omohundro escorted the children to safety, and provided for their care.  The boy took to calling himself Texas Jack Jr.

Wild west show
Texas Jack was a sharpshooter and trick rider in shows around the world, especially South Africa.  He helped Will Rogers get a start as an entertainer by offering him a part in his traveling show in 1902.  Will Rogers approached Jack hoping to get a job wrangling the horses or setting tents.  When Jack asked him if he could do a rope trick, Rogers obliged and was hired as an entertainer on the spot.

By 1899 he was in England with a show called "Savage South Africa".  The show included a historical re-enactment of the 1893 Shangani Patrol, a last stand of 34 white soldiers against an overwhelming number of Ndebele warriors, with Jack starring as Frederick Russell Burnham, the American chief of scouts who was one of only three survivors of the battle.  The re-enactment was filmed and released as a war movie entitled Major Wilson's Last Stand that same year.  A couple of years later he returned to South Africa and started "Texas Jack's Wild West Show & Circus."

Death
Texas Jack died in Kroonstad, South Africa, in 1905.  He was survived by his common-law wife, Lyle (or Lil) Marr, who was also a sharpshooter in his show.

See also
List of Wild West shows

Notes

References

1860s births
1905 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
People of the American Old West
Sharpshooters
Wild West show founders and owners
Wild West show performers


Clarenceville (formerly Saint-Georges-de-Clarenceville) () is a municipality in the province of Quebec, Canada, located in the Regional County Municipality of Le Haut-Richelieu. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 1,154. The municipality has no drinking water system or sewers.

History

Originally part of New France the area was named Seigneurie de Foucault and settled after 1727. The land was transferred to British rule after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. The area was leased to Colonel Henry Caldwell in 1774 and called Caldwell's Manor, then sold in 1842 to Joseph Frederic Allard and renamed Allard's Manor. In 1822, the name was changed to Saint-Georges-de-Clarenceville, briefly Clarenceville, after William, the Duke of Clarence (1765–1837), third son of King George III, who later became William IV.  The name was changed again in October 2022, to the Municipality of Clarenceville.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Clarenceville had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Population

Language

Notable people
Carrie Derick (1862 – 1941), noted botanist and geneticist, was the first woman full professor at a Canadian university. She was born in Clarenceville.

See also
 List of municipalities in Quebec
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

Municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality


The Sugartone Brass Band, assembled in 2002, is a New Orleans-style second line brass band based in New York City.

The band has played in New York's Village Halloween Parade since 2004.  In 2004 they played for the inaugural induction ceremonies for the Coney Island Hall of Fame.  In 2006, they were the house band for the New York Burlesque Festival. They were the featured musicians at the 2006 James Beard Foundation Awards.  From 2005 to 2006 they had a weekly residency at Jacques-Imo's Café in New Orleans.  They have appeared on MTV's "Making the Band."

The first Sugartone Brass Band album, Live from Brooklyn, was released in January 2008.  The band appeared on MTV’s Making the Band in March 2009.

History
The band was assembled in 2002 with six members, and expanded to eight in 2004.

American brass bands
American jazz ensembles from New York City


Preservation Park is located in Oakland, California. The park includes sixteen historic buildings, five of which stand in their original location, and eleven of which were moved from elsewhere in Oakland to avoid demolition. The sixteen houses are arranged to resemble a late 19th-century Oakland neighborhood.

The park is open to the public during the day (the buildings are not open to the public), and areas are often rented out for parties, meetings and weddings. Many non-profits have offices here.

The park is bordered by 12th Street, Castro Street, 14th Street and Martin Luther King, Jr. Way. 13th Street goes into the park and ends at the Latham-Ducel Fountain. Preservation Park Way, a one-way street, starts at the fountain, and ends at 12th Street. The park is next to the African American Museum and Library at Oakland.

Buildings

Italianate
Bartling House, Italianate Row House. Originally stood at what is now the 14th Street freeway overpass. Owned by William Bartling, partner in a San Francisco bookbinding firm.

Higgins House, Italianate style. Elisha Higgins was a San Francisco lumber dealer.

Knox-Buckley House, Italianate Villa. Henry Knox was a San Francisco dentist. The house was originally located on what is now 28th Street in what is now called "Pill Hill." The house was later owned by John and Catherine Buckley. This was the last home moved to Preservation Park.

Park House, Italianate Villa. Charles O. Park painted train cars for the Central Pacific Railroad. This house originally stood at 7th and Grove. This home was moved twice.

White House (or James White House), Italianate style. Owned by Ellen Gould White and James White. Together, they worked within the Seventh Day Adventist church. They launched a paper called Signs of the Times. This building now houses the Preservation Park offices and the Rio California cafe.

Queen Anne

Bauske House, Queen Anne Cottage. Built by Reinhold Bauske, dentist, for his wife, Hazel. The home was originally located near Glen Echo Creek.

Hunt House, Queen Anne Cottage style. George C. Hunt handled horses, and with his brother, he owned the City Hall Livery Stables. The home was later owned by saloonkeeper Charles Appedorn.

Jacobs House, Queen Anne style rowhouse with two interior units. Jacobs was a Prussian-trained tailor. His house was originally located on 16th Street near Jefferson, where the next-door neighbor was pianist and painter Pauline Powell Burns.

Remillard House, Queen Anne style. Pierre Remillard was a brickyard owner, and his bricks were used in the construction of the nearby First Unitarian Church of Oakland. Lilly Remillard tutored Jack London at the home.Robinson House, Queen Anne Cottage style. Owned by Gertrude and W.H. Robinson. Originally built in Fruit Vale, or what is now called Fruitvale.Thornton House, Queen Anne style. Thornton was a capitalist. The home was built when the Sather House and Garden occupied the lot across the street. Jane Sather is the donor of UC Berkeley's Sather Gate and Sather Tower. Later, the home was purchased by Orrin Gowell, who became an architect in the office that designed the 1923 Tribune Tower.

Other styles
Ginn House (or Frederick B. Ginn House), English Arts and Crafts style. Frederick Burrell Ginn and wife Mary Crocker commissioned architect A. Page Brown to design the home. Brown later worked on the San Francisco Ferry Building.

Nile Club (or Nile Hall), Craftsman style. The Nile Club, a members-only group of Oakland's male elite, built a theater next to Ginn House. It was later used as a USO facility. Designed by Charles W. Dickey, who also worked on the Claremont Hotel.

Raymond House, Colonial Revival style. William J. Raymond was a professor of physics at the University of California, which, at that time, was located between 12th and 14th Streets between Franklin and Harrison Streets. Jacobs House originally stood on 16th Street.

Standeford House, Shingle style. Built for Miss Stella Standeford. Her father worked at the San Francisco Mint. She later married John F. Conners, who became the owner and publisher of the Oakland Enquirer.

Trowbridge House, Stick Style. Originally built by multimillionaire Frederick William Delger for his daughter, Lillie, and her new husband, Henry Trowbridge. This home was originally located behind the Fox Oakland Theater.

Additional structures
There are two other significant structures: the bandstand and the Latham-Ducel Fountain. The cast iron fountain was forged in Paris and features the moon goddess Diana with acanthus leaf ornament. It originally stood at Latham House and Gardens, originally located at what is now 17th and Jackson Streets.

References
Prentice, Helaine Kaplan. Brubaker, Andrew. Marvin, Betty. Oakland Redevelopment Agency. (1996). Through These Doors: Discovering Oakland at Preservation Park. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-072811. .

External links
Official website
Rio California website

Parks in Oakland, California
Historic preservation in the United States
Buildings and structures in Oakland, California
Oakland Designated Landmarks