Huddersfield Business School is a school of the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire. It consists of five academic departments: Accountancy, Finance and Economics; Management;  Logistics, Operations, Hospitality and Marketing; Law (known as the Law School). In addition, the School has a Business Placement Unit and until recently had a Learning Development Unit which was recognised in the University's Teaching Excellence Framework submission.

The Building
The School was newly opened in September 2010. Its construction was funded by a £17 million investment  from the University. The School has four floors, containing several teaching rooms, computer labs, toilet facilities, a cafe, staff offices (for all component departments of the School) and a main reception.

Administration

The Dean of the School is Jill Johnes.

Awards
The University was awarded a Queen’s Award for Enterprise for International Trade in 2013. The award specifically recognised the growth in international students in the Business School and the quality of support provided for those students.

Notes

University of Huddersfield


Arithmetic  for Parents (Sumizdat, 2007, ) is a book about mathematics education aimed at parents and teachers.

The author, Ron Aharoni, is a professor of mathematics at the Technion; he wrote the book based on his experiences teaching elementary mathematics to Israeli schoolchildren.
The book was originally written in Hebrew and was translated to English, Portuguese and Dutch.

References

Elementary arithmetic
Israeli non-fiction books
Books about mathematics education


Archer Edwin Reilly (August 17, 1891 – November 29, 1963) was a Major League Baseball player. Reilly played in one game in , for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He did not get an at-bat in the game, only playing third base.

Reilly led the Marshall College (now University) football team to an 8–0 season in his only year as Marshall's football coach, in 1919. As the Marshall baseball coach in spring of 1920, his team was 8–8, and was the Herd basketball coach for 1918–19, leading the team to a 2–5 mark.

Reilly had played for Marshall, leading the Herd to the state collegiate championship with a 14–6 mark for head coach Boyd Chambers. He lettered for the Ohio State Buckeyes in basketball in 1911, 1912 and 1913. In those seasons, Ohio State's record was 7–2, 7–5, 13–7.

Reilly was born in Alton, Illinois and died in Columbus, Ohio. He started in the minor leagues in Springfield (Ill.) for the Reapers in 1913 in the Central League, batting .267 with 20 doubles, 10 triples and one home run. In 1914, he played for both Springfield and for the Grand Rapids (Mich.) Champs, batting .271 with 18 doubles, six triples and two homers.

In 1915 and 1916, he joined the Wheeling (W.Va.) Stogies, eventually becoming acting manager midway through the 1915 season. He played and coached the legendary Earle "Greasy" Neale, from West Virginia Wesleyan College, who later played in the World Series with the champion Cincinnati Reds in 1919 (the legendary "Black Sox" series with Chicago taking money to throw games).

Reilly hit .292 for Wheeling in 1916 in the Central League, with 103 hits in 353 at-bats. He then played for both Scranton Miners in the New York State League in 1917, and also played for the Richmond (Va.) Quakers team in the Central League. He hit .250 at Scranton, then .245 at Richmond, and also got the one game call-up to Pittsburgh in 1917.

Head coaching record

Football

References

External links

1891 births
1963 deaths
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Grand Rapids Champs players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Marshall Thundering Herd athletic directors
Marshall Thundering Herd baseball coaches
Marshall Thundering Herd baseball players
Marshall Thundering Herd football coaches
Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball coaches
Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball players
Baseball players from Madison County, Illinois
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Richmond Quakers players
Scranton Miners players
Springfield Reapers players
Wheeling Stogies players
People from Alton, Illinois


The Beekeeper (, translit. O Melissokomos) is a 1986 Greek drama art film directed by Theodoros Angelopoulos. The film is the second installment in Angelopoulos's "trilogy of silence", preceded by Voyage to Cythera and followed by Landscape in the Mist. Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman hailed The Beekeeper as a "masterpiece".

The Beekeeper was selected for the 43rd Venice International Film Festival. The film was the first of Angelopoulos's to use an already well-known actor, in this case, Marcello Mastroianni, who by the time has won the Best Actor award at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival once and was nominated for the Best Actor at the 50th Academy Awards.

Plot
The film follows the journey of Spyros, a beekeeper, to various parts of Greece after his daughter's wedding. Spyros has just retired as a teacher and sets out on his annual journey in spring to  move his bee hives to a series of locations with flowering plants. A girl hops on Spyros' truck, and travels with him. They visit Spyros' old friends and his wife along the way, and finally arrive at a theater owned by one of his friends, which is about to be sold. There, Spyros and the girl finally have an erotic encounter, long after Spyros has tried to coerce her into kissing but failed. The girl leaves after a few nights, before the movie ends with Spyros turning over his beehive boxes, causing him to be stung repeatedly by the understandably angry bees. The final scene sees the dying Spyros tapping on the ground, as he continues to suffer from more and more agonising stings, which reminds us of the tapping of his sick friend before Spyros left him in the hospital.

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni as Spyros
 Nadia Mourouzi as the girl
 Serge Reggiani as the sick man
 Jenny Roussea as Spyros' wife
 Dinos Iliopoulos as Spyros' friend, owner of Ciné Pantheon
 Iakovos Panotas as soldier/the girl's boyfriend
 Vassia Panagopoulou
 Stamatis Gardelis
 Mihalis Giannatos
 Karyofyllia Karabeti
 Konstandinos Konstandopoulos
 Nikos Kouros
 Christoforos Nezer
 Stratos Pahis
 Dimitris Poulikakos
 Athinodoros Prousalis

Reception
Janet Maslin criticized The Beekeeper in 1993, writing that it "wastes Marcello Mastroianni in his title role" and that "(n)ot even those inclined to dwell on the film's occasional honeycomb imagery or its heavy sense of foreboding will find much to command the attention," arguing that The Beekeeper is interesting only in the context of Angelopoulos's other two titles in his "trilogy of silence" (which also includes Voyage to Cythera and Landscape in the Mist). It was also written in Time Out that the film "has a stately pace and a shortage of event or information that are a lot to take." John Gillett for a London Film Festival screening praised The Beekeeper as having "wonderfully textured images by Arvanitis, a succession of beautifully sustained traveling shots, and an emotional intensity which moves to a grave, overwhelming climax."

Ronald Bergan, in his obituary of Angelopoulos, described The Beekeeper as a "compelling film" which "could be called a metaphysical road movie". In The Independent, however, Holly Williams in 2010 lauded the film as "ponderously paced but poignant" and stated that "the directing is assured, and the performances restrained and heartbreakingly believable." Acquarello of Strictly Film School called the work "a haunting, compassionate, and profoundly melancholic portrait of isolation, dislocation, estrangement, and obsolescence," referring to it as an "indelible chronicle" of the contemporary Greek society.

The Beekeeper was nominated for Golden Lion at the 43rd Venice International Film Festival.

References

External links

1986 films
1986 drama films
1980s drama road movies
Films set in Greece
Greek drama films
1980s Greek-language films
Films directed by Theodoros Angelopoulos
Films with screenplays by Tonino Guerra
Films scored by Eleni Karaindrou
Fiction about beekeeping
Films about bees
Films shot in Florina
1980s Greek films


The 2009 Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships were the fifth world championships in men's under-19 floorball. The tournament took place between 6 and 10 May 2009 in Raisio and Turku, Finland.

All matches except for the final were played in the Kerttulan Liikuntahalli in Raisio, Finland. The B-Division final took place in the Turkuhalli in Turku, Finland.

Tournament information

Facts and history
The 2009 Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships are the first men's under-19 floorball championships that will be held in the month of May, after the International Floorball Federation (IFF) changed their international tournament calendar format last year. Previously, the tournament was hosted in the months of either October or November.

The tournament is also the first under-19 world floorball championships in which a North American team (Canada) will participate in. In addition to that, it is also the first in which qualifying was needed in order to determine the teams in the B-Division. Hungary and Russia qualified to play in the tournament after finishing in the top 2 during the 2009 Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships Qualifying, which took place in Kartal, Hungary from 10 to 14 September 2008.

News
On 8 December 2008, the International Floorball Federation (IFF) and the 2009 men's under-19 world floorball championships organizing committee released the schedule for the tournament. The schedule was reviewed and subsequently released by the IFF Rules and Competition Committee (RACC).
The International Floorball Federation (IFF) has yet to release any team rosters as of 1 April 2009.

Preliminary round

Group C

Group D

Placement round

15th place match

13th place match

Playoffs

Semi-finals

11th place match

B-Division final (9th place match)

Final standings

 are promoted to the A-division for U19 WFC 2011.

See also
2009 Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships
2009 Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships Qualifying

References

External links
Official Website
Standings & Statistics – Qualifiers

|-style="text-align: center; background: #ffa07a;"
|align="center" colspan="3"|Men's under-19 World Floorball Championships

under-19
Mens Under-19 World Floorball Championships B-division, 2009
Floorball
2009 in Finnish sport
Floorball in Finland
2000s in Turku
May 2009 sports events in Europe
Raisio
Sport in Southwest Finland


Below is a list of presidents of the National Assembly of Dahomey:

Below is a list of presidents of the Permanent Committee of National Revolutionary Assembly of Benin:

Below is a list of presidents of the National Assembly of Benin:

Sources

Politics of Benin
Lists of Beninese people
1959 establishments in the Republic of Dahomey

Benin politics-related lists


Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader  was the seventh Prince of Arcot. He was the son of Ghulam Mohiuddin Khan, the sixth Prince of Arcot.

Biography
He held the title from 1969, until his death 1993. He was succeeded by Muhammed Abdul Ali who succeeded as the titular head of the family.

References

External links

1993 deaths
20th-century Indian Muslims
Year of birth missing


The Battle of Warsaw (also known as the Battle of Rakowitz or Rakowiec) was fought on 31July 1705 (Gregorian calendar) near Warsaw, Poland, during the Great Northern War. The battle was part of a power struggle for the Polish–Lithuanian throne. It was fought between Augustus II the Strong and Stanisław Leszczyński and their allies. Augustus II entered the Northern war as elector of Saxony and king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and had formed an alliance with Denmark–Norway and Russia. Stanisław Leszczyński had seized the Polish throne in 1704, with the support of the Swedish army of Charles XII of Sweden. The struggle for the throne forced the Polish nobility to pick sides; the Warsaw Confederation supported Leszczyński and Sweden, and the Sandomierz Confederation supported Augustus II and his allies. The conflict resulted in the Polish civil war of 1704–1706.

In 1705 two events were planned to take place in Warsaw: a session of the Polish parliament to formally negotiate peace between Poland and Sweden; and the coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński as the new Polish king. Meanwhile, Augustus II and his allies developed a grand strategy that envisioned a combined assault to crush the Swedish forces and restore Augustus II to the Polish throne. Accordingly, an allied army of up to 10,000 cavalry under the command of Otto Arnold von Paykull was sent towards Warsaw to interrupt the Polish parliament. The Swedes sent a 2,000-strong cavalry contingent of their own, under the command of Carl Nieroth, to protect it. Encouraged by the fact that he heavily outnumbered the Swedes, Paykull took the initiative and attacked. He managed to cross the Vistula River with his army on 30 July, after a stubborn defence by a few Swedish squadrons, and reached the plains next to Rakowiec, directly west of Warsaw, on 31 July, where the two forces engaged in an open battle.

Augustus II's allied left wing quickly collapsed; after a short but fierce fight, so did the right and centre. Paykull managed to rally some of his troops a few kilometres away, at the village of Odolany, where the fight was renewed. The Swedes again gained the upper hand and, this time, won the battle. They captured Paykull along with letters and other documents which informed the Swedes of the strategic intentions of Augustus II's allies. The coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński occurred in early October. Peace between Poland and Sweden in November 1705 allowed the Swedish king to focus his attention on the Russian threat near Grodno. The subsequent campaign resulted in the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), by which Augustus II renounced both his claim to the Polish throne and his alliance with Peter I of Russia.

Background

After defeating the Danes at Humlebæk and the Russians at Narva in 1700, Charles XII of Sweden turned his attention towards his third enemy, Augustus II of Poland and Saxony, defeating him in a fierce battle at the Crossing of the Düna in 1701. The same year, he launched an invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to dethrone Augustus II and install a candidate acceptable to Sweden. After the Swedes' seizure of Warsaw, Kraków and Sandomierz and another defeat for Augustus II at the Battle of Kliszów, a growing number of Polish-Lithuanian magnates switched sides, in favour of Charles XII.

After further success in the engagements at Pultusk and Toruń, the Swedes proclaimed Stanisław Leszczyński king with the support of the Warsaw Confederation of Polish nobles. To oppose him, the Sandomierz Confederation was created by other nobles, in support of Augustus II, thus starting the Polish civil war of 1704–1706. Some smaller engagements at Poznań, Lwów, Warsaw and Poniec followed in 1704 as a consequence of Augustus II's attempts to restore the situation to his favour.

In 1705 Stanisław Leszczyński was due to be crowned in Warsaw, after which peace negotiations between Sweden and Poland could take place. The Swedes were eager to increase support for Leszczyński to strengthen their position in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The coalition forces, under Peter I of Russia and Augustus II, would not sit idle, and planned a grand strategy of their own, mainly based upon the ideas of Johann Patkul and Otto Arnold von Paykull; they would gather all available forces and crush the Swedish Army in Poland–Lithuania by a joint offensive.

Prelude

The Swedes reconquered Kraków in early 1705, with 4,000 men under Swedish lieutenant Nils Stromberg, forcing between 3,000 and 4,000 Saxons to evacuate the city and retreat towards Lublin. This led the nobles of Kraków and Sandomierz to renounce their support for Augustus II in favour of Stanisław Leszczyński; they started to gather in Warsaw for the session of parliament. Further support from the Ruthenian Voivodeship (duchy) appeared from Lviv, along with Józef Potocki and his 7,000 troops. These movements were observed by the Saxons, who withdrew from the left bank of the Vistula River completely, along with all Polish troops, and marched towards Brest to better coordinate with the Russian army in Lithuania. This meant the coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński in Warsaw as well as negotiations for peace between Poland and Sweden could safely go ahead. The parliamentary session was scheduled to start on 11 July.

Receiving news of this event, Charles XII of Sweden, headquartered in Rawicz at the time, sent a contingent of troops from Gniezno on 6 July consisting of 2,000 cavalry under Carl Nieroth to protect Warsaw. Another 2,000 infantry under Johan Valentin von Daldorff of the Dala and Uppland Regiments were also ordered to depart on 29 July from Kaliszkowice Ołobockie as reinforcements, and to form an escort for Stanisław Leszczyński; but they would not arrive at the Polish capital until 11 August, more than a week after the battle.

Nieroth arrived at Warsaw just before 11 July and opened the parliamentary session according to schedule. He established camp just south of the city next to the Vistula River. Meanwhile, the Saxons who had been forced out of Kraków and back to Brest departed for Warsaw in early July. They united banners with between 5,000 and 6,000 Poles and Lithuanians, led by Stanisław Chomętowski and Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki. The overall command of the force was assigned to Otto Arnold von Paykull whose orders from Augustus II were to disrupt the parliamentary session. Paykull's vanguard, under the command of Adam Śmigielski, soon arrived in the vicinity of Praga, on the opposite side of the Vistula from Warsaw, and attempted to cross the river on several occasions.

Initial skirmishes

On 16 July, some 1,000 Poles crossed the river at Karczew and attacked a Swedish guard-post consisting of 20 men. After defending themselves for some time, the Swedes were reinforced by 150 cavalrymen who forced the Poles to retire, leaving behind 30 dead. A further 200 men drowned as they went back over the Vistula River and four men ended up in captivity. Five days later, the Polish commander Stanisław Chomętowski arrived at Praga with 67 banners of Polish–Lithuanian cavalry and 400 Saxons. He attempted to cross the Vistula to Warsaw in boats and ferries. He was repulsed, but the repeated attempts caused the nobility in Warsaw to scatter. Paykull appeared with his full army by the end of the month and immediately overwhelmed two small Swedish reconnaissance units sent by Nieroth to operate on that side of the river. Here some important intelligence was gained, informing Paykull of the exact strength of the enemy, hardly 2,000 men, as well as the condition of the river.

Paykull held a council of war, and planned a joint strike on Nieroth's vulnerable cavalry before the arrival of further Swedish reinforcements. Nieroth, being informed of their intentions on 28 July, split off two small units, with 186 men in each, under the commands of Jon Stålhammar and Claes Bonde, to scout for the enemy in the vicinity of the Vistula river. As the river proved to be shallower than usual for July, the Swedish command had trouble predicting where Paykull could and would commit.

The scouting party under Stålhammar was ordered to search  south-southeast towards Góra Kalwaria while Bonde scouted as far as Kazuń Nowy,  north-west of Warsaw. Thus more than 70 kilometres of the Vistula River were patrolled. On 29 July, Paykull committed to an attack with his Saxons, Poles and Lithuanians. He intended to cross the river some  north-west of Warsaw, near Zakroczym, which Bonde received intelligence of during the night of 29–30 July, while in Kazuń Nowy. With a mere 26 men he rapidly marched to investigate before the arrival of his remaining 160 troops.

He arrived there in the morning and soon found the vanguard of Paykull's army, consisting of 500 men who had just completed the crossing in advance of the bulk of their army. Despite being massively outnumbered, Bonde followed his instructions to prevent any attempt made by the coalition to cross the river. Almost immediately the small party attacked their enemies, but after a desperate fight, they were cut down to the last man. The remaining 160 Swedes arrived at the scene, followed the example of their leader, and attacked. By this time about half of the coalition forces, approximately 5,000 men, were across. The Swedes were encircled, and after a sharp battle, repulsed, with a loss of about 100 men killed or captured. Only one of the initial three squadrons of some 80 men managed to retreat back to Warsaw and notify Nieroth of the action.

The seemingly foolish act at the beaches near Zakroczym caused the coalition troops under Paykull to suffer some lost momentum which allowed Nieroth more time to organise his troops for the forthcoming battle. The Polish military commander Stanisław Poniatowski, a supporter of Stanisław Leszczyński, wrote afterwards: "The bravery and fearlessness which the Swedish officer [Bonde] had displayed, caused some terror to be struck into our enemies". Von Paykull remained confident, and sent a courier to Augustus II, informing him that the Swedes were on the run and the parliament in Warsaw scattered. He added, "I hope to deliver the furious and wild Swedish lad to your Majesty within 14 days, dead or alive".

Battle
When Nieroth was informed of Paykull's crossing on the afternoon of 30 July, he decided he was not properly equipped to withstand a siege. Instead he marched his army past Warsaw to about  north-west of the city to receive the coalition forces there, in an open battle. As it was already far into the evening by the time he arrived, and with no sign of the enemy, he chose to go back and position his troops between Warsaw and Rakowiec, just west of the initial Swedish camp. At sunrise, around 04:00 in the morning, on 31 July, he received intelligence that Paykull was marching towards him along the road from Błonie, west of Warsaw. Soon afterwards, Nieroth drew his army up in battle order and marched towards Wola to face the advancing enemy.

Swedish forces

The Swedish force under the command of Nieroth consisted of between 1,800 and 2,000 men in three regiments, divided into 24 squadrons (eight squadrons in each regiment) with one company of infantry. The Swedish regiments were positioned, from left to right: 800 men from the Östergötland Cavalry Regiment; 400 men from the Upplands tremännings Cavalry Regiment (also known as Kruse's Cavalry Regiment); and 740 men from the Småland Cavalry Regiment under the commands of Jacob Burensköld, Carl Nieroth and Carl Gustaf Kruse, respectively. A company of 60 infantry from the Skaraborg Infantry Regiment under captain Sven Kafle had also arrived the day before and took position on the far right.

Allied forces
The Saxons and Polish–Lithuanians were between 8,000 and 10,000 men strong under the overall command of Otto Arnold von Paykull. The Saxons were positioned in the centre with the Lithuanians to their left and the Poles to their right. The Saxon force included some 3,500 men in 12 different regiments, totaling 43 squadrons.

The first Saxon line, under the personal command of Paykull with the generals Daniel Schulenburg and Saint Paul assisting, included, in order from left to right: the Life Guard (Leib) Dragoon Regiment; the Milkau Dragoon Regiment; the Gersdorff Cuirassier Regiment; the Steinau Cuirassier Regiment; and the Life Guard (Leib) Cuirassier Regiment. Each regiment had 250 men divided into three squadrons. Furthest to the right was the Garde du Corps Cavalry Regiment with 500 men in four squadrons.

The second Saxon line included, in order from left to right: the Schulenburg Dragoon Regiment; the Goltz Dragoon Regiment; the Flemming's Cuirassiers; the Crown Prince (Kurprinz) Cuirassier Regiment; the Queen's (Königin) Cuirassier Regiment; and the Brause Dragoon Regiment, each with 240 men in three squadrons.

The Saxon reserve line consisted of a group of handpicked cuirassiers to the left, with 200 men in three squadrons, and the Eichstadt Cuirassier Regiment to the right, with 225 men in three squadrons.

The Poles and Lithuanians fielded between 5,000 and 6,000 men. The Poles, with around 2,600 men, were positioned on the right wing with 40 banners (each banner was about 65 men) and were commanded by Stanisław Chomętowski, Stanisław Ernest Denhoff and Felicjan Czermiński. The Lithuanians on the left wing consisted of some 2,300 to 3,300 men in 35 to 50 banners (each banner with about 65 men), and were commanded by Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski and Janusz Antoni Wiśniowiecki.

Rakowiec

Both armies had some difficulties as they marched towards each other, as high grain covered much of the field. Furthermore, the unusually hot and dry summer contributed to large dust clouds being raised, which were swept by strong westerly winds to obscure vision. The Swedes in particular struggled, with the wind in their faces. After they had marched , the armies sighted each other and advanced to battle. Both armies soon confirmed the great disparity in numbers between them. The Saxon and Polish–Lithuanian force (even with two lines, three men deep, and a reserve line behind) was double the width of the Swedish force (with one line, no more than two men deep, and no reserve).

Paykull took advantage of the situation and quickly ordered his wings to stretch out further before impact, in an attempt to completely encircle the Swedes. The commanders of each Swedish regiment drew further out to the sides themselves, to somewhat match the width of their opponents lines. This action caused the Swedish line to split in two and left an opening in the centre between the Östgöta and Uppland regiments. Soon afterwards the general of the Östgöta Regiment on the left wing, Burensköld, sent Nieroth an urgent plea for reinforcements, as his regiment alone was about to face more than half, around 5,000, of the enemy force. Nieroth, who was with the Uppland and Småland regiments further to the right, and heavily outnumbered himself, had no choice but to decline the request.

At around 08:00 in the morning, just north of the village of Rakowiec, west of Warsaw, the two sides collided. After enduring a volley from their enemies the Swedes charged, sword in hand, along the whole front in their typical Carolean formations. As the Swedes charged, Paykull, who had acknowledged the split in the Swedish centre, quickly ordered six squadrons of the Life Guard Dragoons, Milkau Dragoons and Gersdorff Cuirassiers to exploit the opening. They struck the Uppland Regiment in their left flank, as they were committing to the frontal assault. This caused confusion among the four squadrons furthest to the left of the regiment, which fell into disorder and lost three standards.

Simultaneously, the Saxon squadrons furthest to the left, along with the Lithuanian cavalry, almost immediately collapsed and routed at the impact of the charge. They were briskly pursued by the Småland Regiment and the other half of the Uppland Regiment, under Nieroth, which had not been hit in the flank. Some Lithuanians at the end of the wing, whose banners extended further than the width of the Swedish line, had initially proceeded with the flanking manoeuvre; they were soon driven off as some squadrons of the Småland Regiment turned their attention towards them, pursuing and harassing them for  in a northerly direction.

As the Uppland and Småland regiments collided with their enemies on the Swedish right wing, the left wing under Burensköld and his Östgöta Regiment simultaneously charged home into the Saxons opposing them. After a short but fierce fight, the first Saxon line was forced to quit, dragging the second line with them in the retreat. The Poles, being furthest out on the wing where the Swedish line did not extend, had managed to partially encircle the Swedes, and started to attack their flank and rear as they pursued the Saxons. This gave the Saxons enough breathing room to rally some of their troops and counterattack. The Swedish Östgöta Regiment was then forced to split their squadrons in two by leaving a few to halt the Poles in the rear, the others facing the counter-attacking Saxons to their front.

The four Swedish squadrons of the Uppland Regiment under Carl Philip Sack had during this time managed to rally their banners and in turn push back the six Saxon squadrons which had hit them in the flank in the early stage of the engagement. They then rushed to the aid of the vulnerable Östgöta Regiment along with the Skaraborg Regiment under Sven Kafle, causing the Poles and Saxons to retreat once more, unable to handle the pressure. This would end the fighting near Rakowiec.

Odolany

As the Swedes of the Östgöta Regiment reached the village of Wola in their pursuit of the Saxons, they discovered that Paykull had reorganised his forces at the nearby village of Odolany. Some time was spent resting the exhausted horses and regrouping the available squadrons before recommencing the attack. Soon the other four squadrons of the Uppland Regiment arrived, although very depleted after the fighting at Rakowiec.

Paykull had positioned his Saxon troops very advantageously, with the left flank protected by a hedge towards Odolany, and on the right a large force of Poles, with two hidden Saxon squadrons of the Garde du Corps, ready to fall upon the rear of the Swedes. All his Saxon squadrons were present, except the six he had committed to attack the centre of the Swedish army in the previous fight. He was further encouraged by the fact that his troops outnumbered the Swedes four to one, even without reckoning the Poles on the right. So he envisioned that he would be able to crush the few Swedes in front of him and then turn against the rest of the Swedish force, who were for the time being occupied with chasing the Lithuanians.

Having disposed his troops, with the Uppland Regiment on the left, Burensköld commenced his attack. As the Swedes charged forward, the two hidden Saxon squadrons fell onto the rear of their left flank, causing some disorder. The Saxon left wing, where Paykull remained, collapsed even before impact, and ran. Two Swedish squadrons were then sent to assist in the ongoing fight, as the rest pursued the fleeing enemy. Order was restored on the left wing after some fierce fighting, when the 60 infantrymen from the Skaraborg Regiment arrived in time to give a strong volley from their muskets to end the struggle.

Paykull was captured as the Swedes pursued the fleeing enemy for about . He had fallen into a ditch and was about to be killed by two Swedish cavalrymen before a third, Magnus Rydberg, intervened. The Swedes under Burensköld called off the pursuit, being unaware of the course of the rest of the battle, and returned towards Warsaw.

End of the battle
The Swedes started to move their forces towards Warsaw in the afternoon, after having pursued their enemies for many kilometres in different directions. Some Poles, who had crossed the Vistula from Praga during the battle to loot, were chased back over the river by the Småland Regiment, where 300 to 500 of them drowned. The battle had lasted for six hours, from 8:00 in the morning to 2:00 in the afternoon.

123 Saxons and 17 Poles had been captured, including Paykull. Some 300 to 500 Saxons had been killed and almost as many Poles and Lithuanians. In total, they had suffered between 1,000 and 2,000 men dead, wounded and captured in the battle. The Swedes had sustained 144 men killed, 143 wounded and five men captured. Many horses were also lost. In just the Östgöta Regiment, 178 horses were dead and 70 wounded. After the battle the regiment could field only about 550 men, down from 800; the rest were dead, wounded, without horses or scattered.

It is clear that Paykull had not received orders from Augustus II encouraging him to give battle to the Swedes; he was only to interrupt the coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński. In this he initially succeeded, as many of the noblemen in Warsaw fled at his presence by the Vistula River, and would have remained scattered as long as he posed a threat with his army. Historians have concluded that the size of his army, at least 8,000 men, compared with the smaller Swedish force that was awaiting reinforcements, made him eager to seek battle with them while they were heavily outnumbered.

Aftermath

The scattered Polish noblemen, receiving notice of the victory, eventually returned and proceeded with the coronation of Stanisław Leszczyński and the declaration of peace between Sweden and Poland. Meanwhile, Augustus II's allies obtained reinforcements of about 1,000 Russians and once again threatened to disrupt the parliament, until the two Swedish infantry regiments under Johan Valentin von Daldorff finally arrived, on 11 August, with Stanisław Leszczyński and the Swedish ambassadors. This put a temporary end to the ambitions of Augustus II's allies, forcing them to withdraw towards Lithuania and unite with the Russian Army stationed there.

The main Swedish army at Rawicz, under Charles XII, struck camp at 8 August and marched towards Krotoszyn, where the captured Otto Arnold von Paykull was taken under strict military surveillance, for an audience with the king. Some letters and documents Paykull had carried with him during the battle, which he had tried to discard before his imminent capture, had been brought with him to Krotoszyn. The documents informed Charles XII of the greater allied plan, under which the Tsar, Peter I of Russia, intended to march into Warsaw on 30 August at the head of 40,000 men and put an end to the parliament. This would, they thought, provoke Charles XII to take action and march with the Swedish army to Warsaw, where he would find himself surrounded by Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg and his 20,000 men, who were assembling in Saxony, to move into Poland and attack the Swedes in the rear. Charles XII, who had long sought a decisive battle with the coalition forces, indicated no sign of panic at this, but simply stated to his ministers: "I wish the enemy may keep their word". On 10 August, he once again struck camp and commenced a rapid march with his army towards Błonie, close to Warsaw, arriving on 17 August. He had left General Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld with 10,000 men near Poznań to guard against the main Saxon army under Schulenburg which threatened to enter Poland.

The Russian Tsar abandoned his plans after seeing how two of his and Augustus II's armies had already suffered defeat at the hands of the Swedes: the one under Boris Sheremetev that faced Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt in Courland, during the Battle of Gemauerthof, and now at the Battle of Warsaw, between Paykull and Nieroth. As he no longer dared to fully commit in Poland, he decided to instead let his main army under Georg Benedict Ogilvy await the Swedes behind the strongly fortified defences of Grodno, in Lithuania. He would attempt to lure Charles XII there, while the Saxon army under Schulenburg would enter Poland from the west, and attack him in the rear. These developments would result in the Campaign of Grodno.

Outcome
Stanisław Leszczyński's coronation, as Stanisław I of Poland, was completed on 4 October, with no further interference from Augustus II's allies. After some smaller skirmishes outside, or near, Warsaw, among them an attempt made to destroy the recently Swedish-constructed bridge connecting Warsaw and Praga, peace between Sweden and Poland was finally established on 28 November. These developments allowed Charles XII to break camp on 9 January 1706 with his 20,000 men, and march towards the Russians at Grodno, where he partly encircled the city and starved them out. Meanwhile, the Saxon army under Schulenburg was defeated by Rehnskiöld at the Battle of Fraustadt. This would result in a Swedish invasion of Saxony and the Treaty of Altranstädt (1706), by which Augustus II renounced all his claims to the Polish throne.

Paykull, the captured allied general, had been born in Swedish Livonia, and was legally considered a Swedish subject; he was thus considered a traitor to the nation for having taken up arms against it. He was shipped to Sweden and put on trial in Stockholm, sentenced to death by decapitation, and executed on 14 February 1707.

See also
 Polish–Swedish War (1701–1706)
 Civil war in Poland (1704–1706)
 Campaign of Grodno (1705–1706)

Sources

Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Warsaw 1705
1705 in Europe
Warsaw (1705)
Warsaw (1705)
Warsaw (1705)
Warsaw (1705)
Warsaw 1705
1705 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Warsaw 1705


Phenyo Mongala (born June 10, 1985 in Kanye) is a Botswana footballer who currently plays for CS Don Bosco in the DR Congolese Linafoot.

International career
He is a member for the Botswana national football team.

Personal life
Mongala is also known as Mzambiya.

Notes

1985 births
Living people
Botswana men's footballers
Botswana men's international footballers
University of Pretoria F.C. players
Botswana expatriate men's footballers
Township Rollers F.C. players
Botswana expatriate sportspeople in South Africa
Platinum Stars F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
Expatriate men's soccer players in South Africa
Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. players
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
CS Don Bosco players
Expatriate men's footballers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo


Aluf Eyal Eizenberg () (born 1963) is a former general in the Israel Defense Forces; his last position was the head of IDF Home Front Command. He led the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Gaza Division during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict.

Military career
Eizenberg was born in Kfar Bialik in 1963. He began his military service in the Israel Defense Forces in 1981, as a cadet in the Israel Air Force (IAF) Flight School. He did not complete his pilot training, and moved to the Air Force's Shaldag commando unit, where he became a company commander. He then joined the Givati Brigade as commander of the Brigade's Samson's Foxes Reconnaissance company, and later as the commander of its Shaked battalion. He returned to the Shaldag Unit as its commander, a post he held from 1996- 1999. He was promoted to the rank of colonel, and commanded the Eastern Brigade of Lebanon Liaison Unit during Israel's withdrawal from the security zone it held in Lebanon in 2000. Subsequently he commanded a reserve paratrooper brigade, before returning to Givati Brigade as its commander, in 2003-2005. He led the brigade during Operation Days of Penitence, and according to Human Rights Watch, he was one of the key Israeli decision-makers in the Gaza Strip during Operation Rainbow in May 2004. In November 2005 he assumed command of the 98th Paratroopers Division, and led it during the 2006 Lebanon War. Though the performance of his division in the war was criticized by the Winograd Commission, he was the only one of the four divisional commanders that participated in the war who continued to serve in the army after the war, advancing in the ranks. His appointment as commander of the Gaza Division was harshly criticized, due to the perceived failure of the division under his command in the Lebanon war.

Eizenberg replaced Moshe Tamir as commander of the Gaza Division on 19 November 2008. The handing over of command was postponed due to a surge in tensions around Gaza.

Eyal Eizenberg was reprimanded on February 2, 2010 for the authorization of an artillery attack which hit a UN compound in Tel El Hawa on. During the attack on 15 January 2009 the compound was set ablaze by white phosphorus shells. The Israel Defense Forces did not say what form of discipline Eizenberg faces, but that he was accused of "exceeding his authority in a manner that jeopardised the lives of others" during the shelling of Tel al-Hawa during the Israel Defense Forces' Operation Cast Lead on January 15, 2009.

On June 15, 2011, Eizenberg was appointed head of the Home Front Command and retired during 2015.

Personal life
Eizenberg is married and the father of 3 children. He lives in a moshav in central Israel.

Footnotes

Israeli generals
Gaza Strip
Gaza–Israel conflict
People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1963 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Tel Aviv University alumni


The National Women's Rights Convention was an annual series of meetings that increased the visibility of the early women's rights movement in the United States. First held in 1850 in Worcester, Massachusetts, the National Women's Rights Convention combined both female and male leadership and attracted a wide base of support including temperance advocates and abolitionists. Speeches were given on the subjects of equal wages, expanded education and career opportunities, women's property rights, marriage reform, and temperance. Chief among the concerns discussed at the convention was the passage of laws that would give women the right to vote.

Background

Seneca Falls Convention
In 1840, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton traveled with their husbands to London for the first World Anti-Slavery Convention, but they were not allowed to participate because they were women. Mott and Stanton became friends there and agreed to organize a convention to further the cause of women's rights. It was not until the summer of 1848 that Mott, Stanton, and three other women organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention.  It was attended by some 300 people over two days, including about 40 men. The resolution on the subject of votes for women caused dissension until Frederick Douglass took the platform with a passionate speech in favor of having a suffrage statement within the proposed Declaration of Sentiments. One hundred of the attendees subsequently signed the Declaration.

Other early women's rights conventions
Signers of the Declaration hoped for "a series of Conventions, embracing every part of the country" to follow their own meeting. Because of the fame and drawing power of Lucretia Mott, who would not be visiting the Upstate New York area for much longer, some of the participants at Seneca Falls organized another regional meeting two weeks later, the Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848, featuring many of the same speakers. The first women's rights convention to be organized on a statewide basis was the Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850.

Planning

In April 1850, Ohio women held a convention to begin petitioning their constitutional convention for women's equal legal and political rights. Lucy Stone, who had agitated for women's rights while a student at Ohio's Oberlin College and begun lecturing on women's rights after graduating in 1847, wrote to the Ohio organizers pledging Massachusetts to follow their lead.

At the end of the New England Anti-Slavery Convention on May 30, 1850, an announcement was made that a meeting would be held to consider whether to hold a woman's rights convention. That evening, Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis presided over a large meeting in Boston's Melodeon Hall, while Lucy Stone served as secretary. Stone, Henry C. Wright, William Lloyd Garrison, and Samuel Brooke spoke of the need for such a convention. Garrison, whose name had headed the first woman suffrage petition sent to the Massachusetts legislature the previous year, said, "I conceive that the first thing to be done by the women of this country is to demand their political enfranchisement. Among the 'self-evident truths' announced in the Declaration of Independence is this – 'All government derives its just power from the consent of the governed.'" The meeting decided to call a convention and set Worcester, Massachusetts, as the place and October 16 and 17, 1850, as the date. It appointed Davis, Stone, Abby Kelley Foster, Harriot Kezia Hunt, Eliza J. Kenney, Dora Taft, and Eliza H. Taft a committee of arrangements, with Davis and Stone as the committee of correspondence.

Davis and Stone asked William Elder, a retired Philadelphia physician, to draw up the convention call while they set about securing signatures to it and lining up speakers. "We need all the women who are accustomed to speak in public – every stick of timber that is sound," Stone wrote to Antoinette Brown, a fellow Oberlin student who was preparing for the ministry. On Davis's list to contact was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who sent her regrets along with a letter of support and a speech to be read in her name. Stanton wished to stay at home because she would be in the late stages of pregnancy.

After completing her part of the correspondence, Stone went to Illinois to visit a brother. Within days of her arrival, he died of cholera and Stone was left to settle his affairs and accompany his pregnant widow back east. Fearing she might not be able to return for three months, she wrote to Davis asking her to take charge of issuing the call. The call began appearing in September, with the convention date pushed back one week and Stone's name heading the list of eighty-nine signatories: thirty-three from Massachusetts, ten from Rhode Island, seventeen from New York, eighteen from Pennsylvania, one from Maryland, and nine from Ohio. While the call began circulating, Stone lay near death in a roadside inn. Having decided not to tarry in the disease-ridden Wabash Valley, she had begun a stagecoach trek back across Indiana with her sister-in-law, and within days contracted typhoid fever that kept her bed-ridden for three weeks. She arrived back in Massachusetts in October, just two weeks before the convention.

1850 in Worcester
The first National Women's Rights Convention met in Brinley Hall in Worcester, Massachusetts, on October 23–24, 1850. Some 900 people showed up for the first session, men forming the majority, with several newspapers reporting over a thousand attendees by the afternoon of the first day, and more turned away outside. Delegates came from eleven states, including one delegate from California – a state only a few weeks old.

The meeting was called to order by Sarah H. Earle, a leader in Worcester's antislavery organizations. Paulina Wright Davis was chosen to preside and in her opening address called for "the emancipation of a class, the redemption of half the world, and a conforming re-organization of all social, political, and industrial interests and institutions".

The first resolution from the business committee defined the movement's objective: "to secure for [woman] political, legal, and social equality with man until her proper sphere is determined by what alone should determine it, her powers and capacities, strengthened and refined by an education in accordance with her nature". Another set of resolutions put forth women's claim for equal civil and political rights and demanded that the word "male" be stricken from every state constitution. Others addressed specific issues of property rights, access to education, and employment opportunities, while others defined the movement as an effort to secure the "natural and civil rights" of all women, including women held in slavery.

The convention considered how best to organize to promote their goals. Mindful of many members' opposition to organized societies, Wendell Phillips said there was no need for a formal association or founding document: annual conventions and a standing committee to arrange them was organization enough, and resolutions adopted at the conventions could serve as a declaration of principles. Reflecting its egalitarian principles, the business committee appointed a Central Committee of nine women and nine men. It also appointed committees on Education, Industrial Avocations, Civil and Political Functions, and Social Relations to gather and publish information useful for guiding public opinion toward establishing "Woman's co-equal sovereignty with Man".

Convention speakers included William Lloyd Garrison, William Henry Channing, Wendell Phillips, Harriot Kezia Hunt, Ernestine Rose, Antoinette Brown, Sojourner Truth, Stephen Symonds Foster, Abby Kelley Foster, Abby H. Price, Lucretia Mott, and Frederick Douglass. Stone served on the business committee and did not speak until the final evening. As an appointee to the committee on Civil and Political Functions, she urged the assemblage to petition their state legislatures for the right of suffrage, the right of married women to hold property, and as many other specific rights as they felt practical to seek in their respective states. Then she gave a brief speech, saying, "We want to be something more than the appendages of Society; we want that Woman should be the coequal and help-meet of Man in all the interest and perils and enjoyments of human life. We want that she should attain to the development of her nature and womanhood; we want that when she dies, it may not be written on her gravestone that she was the "relict" of somebody."

Susan B. Anthony, who was not at the convention, later said it was reading this speech that converted her to the cause of women's rights.

Stone paid to have the proceedings of the convention printed as booklets; she would repeat this practice after each of the next six annual conventions. The booklets were sold at her lectures and at subsequent conventions as Woman's Rights Tracts.

The report of the convention in the New York Tribune for Europe inspired women in Sheffield, England, to draw up a petition for woman suffrage and present it to the House of Lords and Harriet Taylor Mill in 1851 to write The Enfranchisement of Women. Harriet Martineau wrote a letter to Davis in August 1851 to thank her for sending a copy of the proceedings: "I hope you are aware of the interest excited in this country by that Convention, the strongest proof of which is the appearance of an article on the subject in the Westminster Review ... I am not without hope that this article will materially strengthen your hands, and I am sure it can not but cheer your hearts."

1851 in Worcester
A second national convention was held October 15–16, 1851, again in Brinley Hall, with Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis presiding. Harriet Kezia Hunt and Antoinette Brown gave speeches, while a letter from Elizabeth Cady Stanton was read. Lucretia Mott served as an officer of the meeting.

Wendell Phillips made a speech which was so persuasive that it would be sold as a tract until 1920:

Elizabeth Oakes Smith, journalist, author, and member of New York's literary circle attended the 1850 convention, and in 1851 was asked to take the platform. Afterward, she defended the convention and its leaders in articles she wrote for the New York Tribune.

Abby Kelley Foster gave testimony to the persecution she had suffered as a woman: "My life has been my speech. For fourteen years I have advocated this cause by my daily life. Bloody feet, sisters, have worn smooth the path by which you have come hither." Abby H. Price spoke about prostitution, as she had the year before, arguing that too many women fell to prostitution because they did not have the job opportunities or education that men had.

A letter was read from two imprisoned French feminists, Pauline Roland and Jeanne Deroin, saying "Your courageous declaration of Woman's Rights has resounded even to our prison, and has filled our souls with inexpressible joy."

Ernestine Rose gave a speech about the loss of identity in marriage that Davis later characterized as "unsurpassed". Rose said of woman that "At marriage, she loses her entire identity, and her being is said to have become merged in her husband. Has nature thus merged it? Has she ceased to exist and feel pleasure and pain? When she violates the laws of her being, does her husband pay the penalty? When she breaks the moral law does he suffer the punishment? When he satisfies his wants, is it enough to satisfy her nature? ... What an inconsistency that from the moment she enters the compact in which she assumes the high responsibility of wife and mother, she ceases legally to exist and becomes a purely submissive being. Blind submission in women is considered a virtue, while submission to wrong is itself wrong, and resistance to wrong is virtue alike in women as in man."

1852 in Syracuse

For the third convention, the city hall in Syracuse, New York, was selected as the site. Because Syracuse was nearer to Seneca Falls (two days' travel by horse, several hours' journey by rail), more of the original signers of the Declaration of Sentiments were able to attend than the previous two conventions in Massachusetts. Lucretia Mott was named president; at one point she felt it necessary to silence a minister who offended the assembly by using biblical references to keep women subordinate to men. A letter from Elizabeth Cady Stanton was read and its resolutions voted on. At sessions taking place September 8–10, 1852, Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage made their first public speeches on women's rights. Ernestine Rose spoke denouncing duties without rights, saying "as a woman has to pay taxes to maintain government, she has a right to participate in the formation and administration of it." Antoinette Brown called for more women to become ministers, claiming that the Bible did not forbid it. Ernestine Rose stood up in response, saying that the Bible should not be used as the authority for settling a dispute, especially as it contained much contradiction regarding women. Elizabeth Oakes Smith called for women to have their own journal so that they could become independent of the male-owned press, saying "We should have a literature of our own, a printing press and a publishing house, and tract writers and distributors, as well as lectures and conventions; and yet I say this to a race of beggars, for women have no pecuniary resources." Antoinette Brown lectured about how masculine law can never fully represent womankind. Lucy Stone wore a trousered dress often referred to as "bloomers", a more practical style she had picked up during the summer after meeting Amelia Bloomer. She spoke to say "The woman who first departs from the routine in which society allows her to move must suffer. Let us bravely bear ridicule and persecution for the sake of the good that will result, and when the world sees that we can accomplish what we undertake, it will acknowledge our right." The Syracuse Weekly Chronicle was impressed less by her costume than by her electrifying address, printing "Well, whether we like it or not, little woman, God made you an ORATOR!"

Reverend Lydia Ann Jenkins of Geneva, New York, spoke at the convention and asked, "Is there any law to prevent women from voting in this State? The Constitution says 'white male citizens' may vote, but does not say that white female citizens may not." The next year, Jenkins was chosen member of the committee tasked with framing the issue of suffrage before the New York Legislature.

A motion was made to form a national organization for women, but after animated discussion, no consensus was reached. Elizabeth Smith Miller suggested the women form organizations at the state level, but even this milder suggestion met with opposition. Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis said, "I hate organizations ... they cramp me." Lucretia Mott concurred, saying "the seeds of dissolution be less likely to be sown." Angelina Grimké Weld, Thomas M'Clintock and Wendell Phillips agreed, with Phillips saying "you will develop divisions among yourselves." No national organization was to form until after the Civil War.

1853 in Cleveland
At Melodeon Hall in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 6–8, 1853, William Lloyd Garrison spoke to say "...the Declaration of Independence as put forth at Seneca Falls. ... was measuring the people of this country by their own standard. It was taking their own words and applying their own principles to women, as they have been applied to men."

Earlier in the year, a regional Women's Rights Convention in New York City had been interrupted by unruly men in the audience, with most of the speakers being unheard over shouts and hisses. Organizers of the fourth national convention were concerned that a repetition of that mob scene does not take place. In Cleveland, objections were raised regarding Bible interpretations, and orderly discussion proceeded.

Frances Dana Barker Gage served as president for the 1,500 participants. Lucretia Mott, Amy Post, and Martha Coffin Wright served as officers; James Mott served on the business committee, and Lucretia Mott called the meeting to order.

In a letter read aloud, William Henry Channing suggested that the convention issue its own Declaration of Women's Rights and petitions to state legislatures seeking woman suffrage, equal inheritance rights, equal guardianship laws, divorce for wives of alcoholics, tax exemptions for women until given the right to vote, and right to trial before a jury of female peers. Lucretia Mott moved the adoption of the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments, which was read to the convention, debated, then referred to a committee to draft a new declaration. Antoinette Brown, William Lloyd Garrison, Lucretia Mott, Ernestine Rose and Lucy Stone worked to shape a new declaration, and the result was read at the end of the meeting, but was never adopted.

The Plain Dealer printed an extensive account of the convention, opining of Ernestine Rose that she "is the master-spirit of the Convention. She is described as a Polish lady of great beauty, being known in this country as an earnest advocate of human liberty." After commenting on the bloomer costume worn by Lucy Stone, The Plain Dealer continued: "Miss Stone must be set down as a lady of no common abilities, and of uncommon energy in the pursuit of a cherished idea. She is a marked favorite in the Conventions."

1854 in Philadelphia

At Sansom Street Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, over three days October 18–20, 1854, Ernestine Rose was chosen president in spite of her atheism. Susan B. Anthony supported her, saying "every religion – or none – should have an equal right on the platform". Rose spoke out to the gathering, saying "Our claims are based on that great and immutable truth, the rights of all humanity. For is woman not included in that phrase, 'all men are created ... equal'?. ... Tell us, ye men of the nation ... whether woman is not included in that great Declaration of Independence?" She continued "I will no more promise how we shall use our rights than man has promised before he obtained them, how he would use them."

Susan B. Anthony spoke to urge attendees to petition their state legislatures for laws giving women equal rights. A committee was formed to publish tracts and to place articles in national newspapers. Once again, the convention could not agree on a motion to create a national organization, resolving instead to continue work at the local level with coordination provided by a committee chaired by Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis.

Henry Grew took the speaker's platform to condemn women who demanded equal rights. He described examples from the Bible which assigned to women a subordinate role. Lucretia Mott flared up and debated him, saying that he was selectively using the Bible to put upon women a sense of order that originated in man's mind. She said "The pulpit has been prostituted, the Bible has been ill-used ... Instead of taking the truths of the Bible in corroboration of the right, the practice has been to turn over its pages to find examples and authority for the wrong." Mott cited Bible passages that proved Grew wrong. William Lloyd Garrison stood up to halt the debate, saying that nearly everyone present agreed that all were equal in the eyes of God.

1855 in Cincinnati

At Smith & Nixon's Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, on October 17–18, 1855, Martha Coffin Wright presided over the standing room only crowd. Wright, a younger sister of Lucretia Mott and a founding member of the first Seneca Falls Convention, contrasted the large hall packed with supporters to the much smaller gathering in 1848, called "in timidity and doubt of our own strength, our own capacity, our own powers".

Antoinette Brown, Ernestine Rose, Josephine Sophia White Griffing and Frances Dana Barker Gage spoke to the crowd, listing for them the achievements and progress made thus far. Lucy Stone spoke for the right of each person to establish for themselves which sphere, domestic or public, they should be active in. A heckler interrupted the proceedings, calling female speakers "a few disappointed women". Stone responded with a retort that became widely quoted, saying that yes, she was indeed a "disappointed woman". "...In education, in marriage, in religion, in everything, disappointment is the lot of woman. It shall be the business of my life to deepen this disappointment in every woman's heart until she bows down to it no longer."

1856 in New York

At the Broadway Tabernacle in New York City on November 25–26, 1856, Lucy Stone served as president, and recounted for the crowd the recent progress in women's property rights laws passing in nine states, as well as a limited ability for widows in Kentucky to vote for school board members. She noted with satisfaction that the new Republican Party was interested in female participation during the 1856 elections. Lucretia Mott encouraged the assembly to use their new rights, saying, "Believe me, sisters, the time is come for you to avail yourselves of all the avenues that are opened to you."

A letter was read aloud from Antoinette Brown Blackwell: "Would it not be wholly appropriate, then, for this National Convention to demand the right of suffrage for her from the Legislature of each State in the Nation? We can not petition the General Government on this point. Allow me, therefore, respectfully to suggest the propriety of appointing a committee, which shall be instructed to prepare a memorial adapted to the circumstances of each legislative body; and demanding of each, in the name of this Convention, the elective franchise for woman." A motion was passed approving of the suggestion, and Wendell Phillips recommended that women in each state be contacted and encouraged to take the memorial petition to their respective legislative bodies.

1858 in New York
For the eighth and subsequent national conventions, the meetings were changed from various dates in autumn to a more consistent mid-May schedule. 1857 was skipped – the next meeting was held in 1858. At Mozart Hall in New York City on May 13–14, 1858, Susan B. Anthony held the post of president. William Lloyd Garrison spoke, saying "Those who have inaugurated this movement are worthy to be ranked with the army of martyrs ... in the days of old. Blessings on them! They should triumph, and every opposition be removed, that peace and love, justice and liberty, might prevail throughout the world." Garrison proposed not only that women should serve as elected officials, but that the number of female legislators should equal that of male.

Frederick Douglass took the stage to speak after repeated calls from the audience. Lucy Stone, Reverend Antoinette Brown Blackwell (now married to Samuel Charles Blackwell), Reverend Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Lucretia Mott were among those that spoke. Stephen Pearl Andrews startled the assemblage by advocating free love and unconventional approaches to marriage. He hinted at birth control by insisting that women should have the right to put a limit on "the cares and sufferings of maternity". Eliza Farnham presented her view that women were superior to men, a concept that was hotly debated. The convention, marred by interruption and rowdyism, "adjourned amid great confusion".

1859 in New York
Held again at Mozart Hall in New York City on May 12, 1859, the ninth national convention opened with Lucretia Mott presiding. Caroline Wells Healey Dall read out the resolutions including one intended to be sent to every state legislature, urging that body to "secure to women all those rights and privileges and immunities which in equity belong to every citizen of a republic".

Another unruly crowd made it difficult to hear the speeches of Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Caroline Dall, Lucretia Mott and Ernestine Rose. Wendell Phillips stood to speak and "held that mocking crowd in the hollow of his hand".

1860 in New York

At the Cooper Union in New York City on May 10–11, 1860, the tenth national convention of 600–800 attendees was presided over by Martha Coffin Wright. A recent legislative victory in New York was praised, one which gave women joint custody of their children and sole use of their personal property and wages.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Antoinette Brown Blackwell moved to add a resolution calling for legislation on marriage reform; they wanted laws that would give women the right to separate from or divorce a husband who had demonstrated drunkenness, insanity, desertion or cruelty. Wendell Phillips argued against the resolution, fracturing the executive committee on the matter. Susan B. Anthony also supported the measure, but it was defeated by vote after a heated debate.

Horace Greeley wrote in the Tribune that there were "One Thousand Persons Present, seven-eighths of them Women, and a fair Proportion Young and Good-looking". Greeley, a foe of marriage reform, continued against Stanton's proposed resolution with a jab at "easy Divorce", writing that the word 'Woman' should be replaced in the convention's title with "Wives Discontented".

Civil War and beyond
The coming of the American Civil War ended the annual National Women's Rights Convention and focused women's activism on the issue of emancipation for slaves. The New York state legislature repealed in 1862 much of the gain women had made in 1860. Susan B. Anthony was "sick at heart" but could not convince women activists to hold another convention focusing solely on women's rights.

In 1863, Elizabeth Cady Stanton recently moved to New York City to join with Susan B. Anthony to send a call out, via the woman's central committee chaired by Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, to all the "Loyal Women of the Nation" to meet again in convention in May. Forming the Woman's National Loyal League were Stanton, Anthony, Martha Coffin Wright, Amy Post, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Ernestine Rose, Angelina Grimké Weld, and Lucy Stone, among others. They organized the First Woman's National Loyal League Convention at the Church of the Puritans in New York City on May 14, 1863, and worked to gain 400,000 signatures by 1864 to petition the United States Congress to pass the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery.

1866 in New York
On May 10 of 1866, the Eleventh National Women's Rights Convention was held at Church of the Puritans in Union Square. Called by Stanton and Anthony, the meeting included Ernestine L. Rose, Wendell Phillips, Reverend John T. Sargent, Reverend Octavius Brooks Frothingham, Frances D. Gage, Elizabeth Brown Blackwell, Theodore Tilton, Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Stephen Symonds Foster and Abbey Kelley Foster, Margaret Winchester and Parker Pillsbury, and was presided over by Stanton.

A stirring speech against racial discrimination was given by African-American activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, in which she said "You white women speak here of rights. I speak of wrongs. I, as a colored woman, have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand against every man, and every man's hand against me."

A few weeks later, on May 31, 1866, the first meeting of the American Equal Rights Association was held in Boston.

1869 in Washington, D.C.
An event that was reported as "The twelfth regular National Convention of Women's Rights" was held on January 19, 1869. Prominent speakers included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Senator Samuel Clarke Pomeroy, Parker Pillsbury, John Willis Menard and Doctor Sarah H. Hathaway. Doctor Mary Edwards Walker and a "Mrs. Harman" were seen in "male attire" actively passing back and forth between the audience and the stage.

Stanton spoke heatedly with a prepared speech against those who had established "an aristocracy of sex on this continent". "If serfdom, peasantry, and slavery have shattered kingdoms, deluged continents with blood, scattered republics like dust before the wind, and rent our own Union asunder, what kind of a government, think you, American statesmen, you can build, with the mothers of the race crouching at your feet ... ?" Other speeches were off-the-cuff, and little record is known of them.

See also

 "Ain't I a Woman?" speech by Sojourner Truth, delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio
 Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
 Feminism
 First-wave feminism
 History of feminism
 In Defense of Women
 League of Women Voters
 List of suffragists and suffragettes
 Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850
 Parental leave
 Pennsylvania Woman's Convention at West Chester in 1852
 Reproductive rights – issues regarding "reproductive freedom"
 Seneca Falls Convention
 Subjection of women
 Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
 Timeline of women's suffrage
 Vindication of the Rights of Women
 Women's right to know
 Women's suffrage in the United States
 Women's suffrage organizations

References

Citations

General and cited references
 Anthony, Susan B.; Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Gage, Matilda Joslyn. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume III, covering 1876–1885. Copyright 1886.
 Baker, Jean H.  Sisters:  The Lives of America's Suffragists. Hill and Wang, New York, 2005.
 Baker, Jean H. Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited. Oxford University Press, 2002.
 Blackwell, Alice Stone. Lucy Stone: Pioneer of Woman's Rights. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 2001.
 Buhle, Mari Jo; Buhle, Paul. The concise history of woman suffrage. University of Illinois, 1978.
 Hays, Elinor Rice. Morning Star: A Biography of Lucy Stone 1818–1893. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1961.
 Lasser, Carol and Merrill, Marlene Deahl, editors. Friends and Sisters: Letters between Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell, 1846–93. University of Illinois Press, 1987.
 Kerr, Andrea Moore. Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
 Mani, Bonnie G. Women, Power, and Political Change. Lexington Books, 2007.
 McMillen, Sally Gregory. Seneca Falls and the origins of the women's rights movement. Oxford University Press, 2008.
 Million, Joelle. Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement. Praeger, 2003.
 Proceedings of the Eleventh National Woman's Rights Convention, Held at the Church of the Puritans, New York, May 10, 1866. Phonographic Report by H.M. Parkhurst. New York: Robert J. Johnson, 1866.
 Proceedings of the Seventh National Woman's Rights Convention, Held in New York City at the Broadway Tabernacle, on Tuesday and Wednesday, Nov. 25 & 26, 1856. New York: Edward O. Jenkins, 1856.
  Proceedings of the Tenth National Woman's Rights Convention, Held at the Cooper Institute, New York City, May 10th and 11th, 1860. Boston: Yerrinton and Garrison, 1860
 Proceedings of the Woman's Rights Convention, Held at Syracuse, September 8th, 9th, and 10th, 1852. Syracuse: J. E. Masters, 1852.
 Proceedings of the Woman's Rights Convention, Held at Worcester, October 15th and 16th, 1851. New York; Fowlers and Wells, 1852.
 Schenken, Suzanne O'Dea. From Suffrage to the Senate. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1999. pp. 644–646.
 Spender, Dale. (1982) Women of Ideas and What Men Have Done to Them. Ark Paperbacks, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1983, pp. 347–357.
 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I, covering 1848–1861. Copyright 1881.
 Wheeler, Leslie. "Lucy Stone: Radical beginnings (1818–1893)" in Spender, Dale (ed.) Feminist theorists: Three centuries of key women thinkers, Pantheon 1983, pp. 124–136.

External links
 National Park Service. Women's Rights. More Women's Rights Conventions, 1850–1863
 Gutenberg Project. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I, 1881, by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage.
 Worcester Women's History Project. Historical Resources related to 1850 and 1851 conventions

History of women in New York (state)
History of women in Massachusetts
History of women's rights in the United States
1850 in American politics
1850 in women's history
Women's suffrage advocacy groups in the United States
1850s conferences
1860s conferences


Town of South Brisbane was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland from 1860 to 1873.

Taking in areas of Brisbane south of the Brisbane River, it was a single member constituency and one of the original sixteen districts contested at the first colonial election in 1860. The district was renamed South Brisbane at the 1873 election.

Members for Town of South Brisbane

See also
 Electoral districts of Queensland
 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by year
 :Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly by name

References

Former electoral districts of Queensland


Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research is a Deemed university in the Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is in the rural area of Vadlamudi, in the southeast of Guntur City and the northeast of Tenali City.

Campus

The campus is about 15 km from Guntur City and 11 km from Tenali city. The main entrance is on the Guntur-Tenali Highway. Straight inside is the Administrative Block (A-Block). Vignan NTR Library is 10 meters from the main entrance. There is another entrance on the Tenali-Guntur Highway: Lara Entrance.

Academics
Courses offered include Chemical Engineering, Food Technology, agricultural engineering, automobile engineering, bioinformatics, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, chemical engineering, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, electrical & electronics engineering, electronics & communications engineering, information technology, mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering and textile technology.

Rankings

The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 118 among engineering colleges in 2020.

Student life
Mahotsav is an annual youth festival of Vignan University. Vastrotsav is an annual fashion show  at the university organised by the department of textile & fashion technology.

The university, Vignan's Lara Institute of Technology, and Vignan Pharmacy College jointly host an event in which students from Engineering, M.B.A, M.C.A and Pharmacy disciplines are expected to participate.

Vignan University students run a magazine called VOICE, where technical, literal, cultural matters, along with university news, are discussed.

Several departments organize department festivals. Among those, MEA Fest (Mechanical Engineers Association) is organised by students of the Mechanical Department. ASSET (Association of Skillful and Sophisticated Electrical Technocrats) of Vignan is organised by EEE students. VCODE is organised by CSE students. The ECE students' departmental event is VOICE. IT students' departmental event is VLOGIC. RACE (Royal Association of Civil Engineering) is organised by students of civil engineering.

Vignan University has a Student Activities Council (SAC), which is an elected student body. All events conducted in the campus and all student activities on campus are done by the students of this body.

References

Deemed universities in India
Deemed universities in Andhra Pradesh
Universities in Guntur
Science education in India
1997 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1997


Anthony C. Griffin (born March 1, 1960) is a board certified plastic surgeon member of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.
Dr. Griffin participated as one of the surgeons on ABC's series Extreme Makeover, and is the author of "Surgery Without Scars: A Worry-Free, Multi-Cultural Guide to Plastic Surgery Today".

He received his BA from Brown University and his MD from Washington University in St. Louis.

References

External links
 ABC television website
 CV with date of birth

Living people
American plastic surgeons
Brown University alumni
Washington University School of Medicine alumni
1960 births


Events in the year 1787 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
15 March - Lofthusreisingen ends.

Arts and literature
Det Dramatiske Selskab in Christiansand is founded.

Births

Full date unknown
Sjur Hansen Halkjeldsvik, politician (d.1868)
Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog, politician and Minister (d.1856)
Johan Frederik Knudzen Nødbæk, politician
Johan Henrik Rye, jurist and politician (d.1868)
Jørgen Fredrik Spørck, military officer and politician (d.1866)

Deaths

Full date unknown
Jens Schanche, postmaster (born 1717).

See also

References


Gale Dixon (born 1946) was an American actress and singer who had a brief but active career in theatre, television, and film from the late 1960s through the mid-1970s. She made her Broadway debut in 1966 as Francine in Robert Fisher and Arthur Marx's The Impossible Years. She returned to Broadway two years later to appear as Millie in the original production of John Sebastian's Jimmy Shine, sharing the stage with Dustin Hoffman and Rue McClanahan. In 1969 she portrayed the role of Lorry, the mother of a kidnapped child, in her first film The Tree.

In 1970, Dixon returned to Broadway as Noelle in Alan Jay Lerner and André Previn's musical Coco with actress Katharine Hepburn. She next guest starred on the television series Nichols in the episode "Bertha" (1972). She also appeared in the television movie Katherine with Sissy Spacek and Henry Winkler in 1975.

Gale Dixon died of pancreatic cancer in Santa Monica, California on May 1, 2012.

References

External links

1946 births
American film actresses
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
2012 deaths
21st-century American women


Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, 1st Count of Antas (14 March 1793 – 20 May 1852) was a Portuguese nobleman and a leading soldier of the period of the Liberal Wars.

Life
The son of a military family, he served in the Peninsular War against Napoleon as an officer in the first battalion of the Leal Legião Lusitana, serving in the battles of Albuera, Bussaco, Nive, Nivelle, Salamanca, Vitoria, Orthez and Toulouse, for several of which he was decorated.

He was prominent among those who opposed the absolutist government of the usurper Dom Miguel. He took part in the Chartist rebellion against Miguel at Porto in May 1828, and subsequently escaped to England to place himself under the authority of Dom Pedro, the ex-Emperor of Brazil, who was organizing resistance on behalf of his daughter, the legitimate Queen Maria II.

In August, Silva Pereira sailed to Madeira as part of a contingent sent to strengthen the forces of the governor, José Travassos Valdez, who was holding out for the Queen, but Madeira was almost immediately captured by Miguel's forces and Silva Pereira joined Travassos Valdez in the evacuation of the Queen's supporters to England. He then served in Dom Pedro's forces in the recapture of the Azores and the Portuguese Civil War of 1832–34 in which the Miguelites were defeated.

In 1835 he was named Baron das Antas, becoming Viscount in 1836 and Count in 1838. In 1836 he was the General in command of the Portuguese Expeditionary Force that was sent to aid the Queen of Spain during the Carlist Wars. Recalled in September 1837 because of the revolt of the Chartist Marshals, he held the balance of military power but adhered to the legitimate government of Maria II and defeated the insurrection at the Battle of Ruivães on 20 September 1837. During the Patuleia or Little Civil War of 1846–47 he was head of the revolutionary Junta of Porto.

1793 births
1852 deaths
Portuguese politicians
Portuguese soldiers
Portuguese nobility
People from Valença, Portugal
Military personnel of the Liberal Wars
Military personnel of the First Carlist War
19th-century Portuguese people
Portuguese military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars


The Province of Trinidad (1525–1802) was a province of the Spanish Empire which was created in 1525.

From 1591 to 1731 it was merged with Guayana Province, as Trinidad-Guayana Province. It was lost to the British in 1797, a loss recognised by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.

History
In 1520 the governorship of Trinidad was granted to Rodrigo de Bastidas, but this was opposed by Diego Columbus, and Bastidas waived the grant. In 1530 the king of Spain handed it over to Antonio Sedeño who was its first governor until 1535 when he abandoned it due to ongoing litigation over jurisdiction with the Province of Cumaná. Its first capital was San José de Oruña, founded in 1592 and destroyed by the English pirate Walter Raleigh.

In 1596, Trinidad was annexed to the Guayana Province under the government of Antonio de Berrío, who had governed the island since 1591. The province was overseen by the president of the Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo, which served as its court of appeal, until 1739 when it was transferred over to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Audiencia of Bogotá.

The province was returned to the jurisdiction of the Santo Domingo Audiencia and placed in the Captaincy General of Venezuela in 1777. With the establishment of the Audiencia of Caracas in 1786, all administrative and judicial functions were centered on Caracas.

Finally in 1797, a British fleet commanded by Henry Harvey seized the island turning it into a British colony. Its loss was recognised at the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.

See also
History of Trinidad and Tobago
Colonial Venezuela
Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–13)
New Andalusia Province (1537–1864)
Captaincy General of Venezuela (1777–1823)

Sources
Fundación Polar (1997). "Trinidad, gobernacion de" in Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela. Caracas: Fundación Polar.

References

Colonial Venezuela
Spanish period of Trinidad and Tobago
Provinces of the Spanish Empire
States and territories established in 1525
1525 establishments in the Spanish Empire
1525 establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Venezuela
States and territories disestablished in 1802
1802 disestablishments in the Spanish Empire
1802 establishments in South America
16th century in Venezuela
17th century in Venezuela
18th century in Venezuela


Events in the year 1793 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events

Arts and literature

 Valle Church was built.

Births
2 May - David Vogt, politician (d.1861)

Full date unknown
Jens Lauritz Arup, politician (d.1874)
Ole Wilhelm Erichsen, politician and Minister (d.1860)
Ahlert Hysing, politician
Niels Andreas Thrap, politician (d.1856)

Deaths

See also


Pop Rocks is a 2004 American television film starring Gary Cole and Sherilyn Fenn that aired on ABC Family.

Plot
Bank loan officer Jerry Harden has his life turned upside down when a scruffy-looking guitarist named Izzy shows up at his bank office.  It is revealed that Jerry was a member of a hard rock/glam metal band called Rock Toxin, and the members are planning a one-time-only reunion. Jerry is reluctant, as he prefers suburbia to the wild rock lifestyle he left behind, but is forced to reconsider when he finds that he does not have enough money to send his 17-year-old daughter Olivia to college.

Since Jerry has not told his wife Allison about being in the band, he embarks upon living a hectic double life: nerdish pillar of society by day and heavily-made-up rock singer by night. Since the group Rock Toxin wore heavy "Kiss"-like makeup, he does not think anyone will ever find out about his alternative persona, but this is when his troubles truly begin. Jerry fights to keep his past hidden while taking part in the concert which all the town will be attending.  But only the truth can save his family if it is not too late.

Cast
 Gary Cole as Jerry "Dagger" Harden
 Sherilyn Fenn as Allison Harden
 David Jensen as Izzy
 Douglas M. Griffin as Stu
 Dane Hereford as Ramone
 Asher Book as Liam Harden
 Johanna Braddy as Olivia Harden
 Joe Inscoe as Carl Hunter
 Shannon Eubanks as Helen Hunter
 Wilbur Fitzgerald as Donaldson
 McKinley Freeman as the TV Host

Production
With the death of ABC Family programming executive Linda Mancuso in December 2003, Disney Channel original programming leaders, executive vice president of original programming and production Gary Marsh and original movies vice president Michael Healy took charge over ABC Family's original movies unit in early 2004. They move away from the planned romantic comedies to green light two telefilms, Crimes of Fashion and Head Rush. By May 10, 2004, Head Rush was renamed Pop Rocks! and had signed its two lead actors, Gary Cole and Sherilyn Fenn. Patricia Clifford was signed on as executive producer and Ron Lagomarsino as director. The movie was filmed in New Orleans.

Reception
Reviewer Phil Gallo of Variety considered the film to have potential but fell "flat" in being humorless and silly.

References

External links

2004 television films
2004 films
ABC Family original films
2004 comedy films
American comedy television films
Films directed by Ron Lagomarsino
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Edla (10th-century - 11th century), was a Slavic Viking Age woman.  She was the mother of King Emund of Sweden and Queen Astrid of Norway.

Tradition says Edla was the daughter of a Lechitic Tribal chief who has ruled part of terrain between Oder and Elbe . She was brought to Sweden as a prisoner of war c. 1000 at the same time or a little before, the arrival of Estrid of the Obotrites (Estrid av obotriterna).

King Olof Skötkonung married Estrid but also had Edla as his mistress. She became the mother of Emund, Astrid, and probably Holmfrid. Snorre Sturlasson says that her children were sent to foster parents away from the royal court because Queen Estrid was not kind to them. This could indicate that Edla died when her children were small.

Children
 Emund the Old, King of Sweden
 Astrid Olofsdotter,  married King Olav II of Norway
 Holmfrid, wife of Sven Ladejarl

References
 Ohlmarks, Åke Alla Sveriges drottningar
 Lagerqvist, Lars O.  Sverige och dess regenter under 1.000 år (Albert Bonniers Förlag AB, 1982) .

Mistresses of Swedish royalty
11th-century Swedish women
House of Munsö
10th-century Swedish people
11th-century Swedish people
10th-century Swedish women


St Mary's Church is an Anglican church in the Kemptown area of Brighton, in the English city of Brighton and Hove.  The present building dates from the late 1870s and replaced a church of the same name which suddenly collapsed while being renovated.  The Gothic-style red-brick building, whose style resembles Early English revival and French Gothic revival, is now a Grade II* listed building, and remains in use despite threats of closure.

History
Brighton's increasing popularity in the early 19th century, especially among high society, encouraged wealthy people to build proprietary chapels—private churches with no parish but with an Anglican minister.  The original St Mary's was one of four such chapels built in the 1820s.  Acts of Parliament were granted to people wishing to build proprietary chapels.  Barnard Gregory had obtained such an Act in 1825 to allow him to build St Margaret's Church in Cannon Place in central Brighton; the same Act permitted him to build one in St James's Street, a road running eastwards from the town and developed in the 1790s.  In 1826 he sold this right to Charles Elliott, a merchant who divided his time between London and Brighton.  Elliott was a member of the Clapham Sect, a group of Anglican social reformers which included William Wilberforce; one of his daughters, Charlotte, became a well-known hymnwriter; and the wider Elliott family were influential in Brighton's religious life for much of the 19th century.

The 3rd Earl of Egremont, who lived on the Petworth House estate in West Sussex, also owned East Lodge, whose grounds extended down to St James's Street.  He donated some of his land to Gregory to allow him to build a church.  Gregory commissioned Amon Henry Wilds, a leading architect in Regency-era Brighton, to design it.  Wilds adopted the then-fashionable Neoclassical style for his design, and created a temple-style structure which bore some resemblance to the Brighton Unitarian Church which he had built six years earlier.  That building was inspired by the appearance of the Temple of Thesæus in Athens, and Wilds based St Mary's design on another Ancient Greek edifice, the Temple of Nemesis.
a
The Act of Parliament relating to the proprietary chapel allowed the owner to appoint a curate for 40 years on a stipend of £150 per year (equivalent to £ in , based on 1826 prices).  Charles Elliott appointed his eldest son, Henry Venn Elliott, as the first curate of St Mary's Chapel in August 1826, when he purchased the half-finished building from Gregory.  Henry had been ordained as a priest in 1824 after spending a year as a deacon, and initially held the curacy of a rural parish in Suffolk.

The Bishop of Chichester, Robert James Carr, consecrated the church on 18 January 1827.  It had cost about £10,000 (£ in ), five times more than the contract price.  The stuccoed exterior featured four large Doric columns beneath a frieze and pediment.  The side walls had sash windows.  Inside, there were galleries on three sides; one gallery had a private pew for the Earl of Egremont.  The capacity was 947, and 240 free pews were offered at a time when pew-rents were the norm (and helped to pay for Henry Venn Elliott's stipend).

Elliott served as the curate of the church until his death in 1865.  His brother-in-law took over temporarily until Julius Marshall Elliott, Henry Venn Elliott's youngest son, was ordained and took up the position.  In 1873, St Mary's became a parish church for the first time when Brighton's parishes and ecclesiastical districts were reorganised.  The ownership of the building transferred from the Elliott family to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and all pews became rent-free.  By this time, the church was in a dilapidated condition; in June 1876, just as some money had been set aside for reconstruction, and initial repairs were being carried out, the chancel walls caved in, the roof fell inwards and the building collapsed.  Instead of trying to repair the ruin, it was decided that a new church should be built in the Gothic style which was by that time the most popular design for ecclesiastical buildings in England.  Future President of the RIBA Sir William Emerson, who until then had worked almost exclusively on architectural commissions in India, was asked to design the new building.

The congregation worshipped in the Royal Pavilion while Emerson's building took shape.  Its foundation stone was laid on 29 May 1877.  The church took two years to complete and cost £15,231 (£ in ), about 25% more than expected.  A building firm based in nearby Hove were responsible for the construction.  Richard Durnford, the new Bishop of Chichester, dedicated the new church on 15 October 1878.

St Mary's parish was extended in 1948 when the nearby St James's Church closed, and when it was demolished in 1975 some memorials and fixtures were moved.  St Mary's Church itself then came under threat of closure, after the Diocese of Chichester carried out a review of Anglican churches in the city of Brighton and Hove between 2002 and 2003.  Its report, published in June 2003, noted that the building needed significant maintenance work, the congregation was relatively small and unable to make the church financially viable, and the nearby St George's Church had become the de facto parish church of the Kemptown area.  As a result, it recommended either complete closure or the use of most of the building for a community project in conjunction with Brighton and Hove City Council, leaving space for a small Anglican chapel to be created.  Since the report was published, however, no closure plans have been submitted, and the church is still open and continues to offer regular services.

Architecture
The design of St Mary's Church has been described as Early English Gothic Revival, "Neo-Gothic" and French Gothic Revival; most sources prefer the latter.  It was built of Flemish-bonded red brick with some external sandstone and terracotta dressings and Bath stonework inside.  There is a chancel with a pentagonal apse and an ambulatory, transepts, an extremely long four-bay nave with aisles on both sides and spanned by large arches, a semicircular baptistery (next to which a tower was planned to be built; it was never completed and only a stump exists), two entrance porches—one of which is set into the base of the tower stump—an organ chamber and two vestries.  The nave is on two levels, and the higher level forms the baptistery; a similar sunken nave exists at St Martin's Church, another Brighton church of the 1870s.  The apse and organ chamber have lancet windows on each side, while the transepts have larger windows with sexfoils (six-lobed heads).

The church today
St Mary's Church was listed at Grade II* on 20 August 1971.  In February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.

The parish covers an area of Brighton just behind the seafront and immediately east of the centre.  The boundaries are the seafront, Old Steine, White Street, Sussex Street, the top of Queen's Park, Sutherland Road and Bedford Street.

See also
Grade II* listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove

Notes

Bibliography

Churches completed in 1879
19th-century Church of England church buildings
Saint Mary the Virgin
Saint Mary the Virgin
Grade II* listed churches in East Sussex


The Tree is a 1969 American film that was written, produced, and directed, by Robert Guenette. A psychological drama revolving around the kidnapping of a young child, the film stars Jordan Christopher, Eileen Heckart, Alan Landers, Gale Dixon, James Broderick, Kathy Ryan, Ruth Ford, and George Rose.

See also
 List of American films of 1969

References

External links

1969 films
1960s psychological drama films
American psychological drama films
Films about child abduction in the United States
Films directed by Robert Guenette
Films scored by Kenyon Hopkins
1969 drama films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


Ginnette del Rosario Selmo (born May 12, 1986 in Santo Domingo) is a retired volleyball player from the
Dominican Republic, who participated with the women's national team at the 2007 World Cup in Japan. She competed as  a middle blocker.   Ginnette is the twin sister of Gina del Rosario.

Beach volley
Along with her twin sister, Gina, she played at the NORCECA Beach Volleyball Circuit in 2008 and 2009.

Clubs
 Deportivo Nacional (2003)
 Los Prados (2005)
 Deportivo Nacional (2007)
 Distrito Nacional (2008)

References

External links
 FIVB profile

1986 births
Living people
Dominican Republic beach volleyball players
Dominican Republic women's volleyball players
Dominican Republic twins
Women's beach volleyball players
Middle blockers


Labelle is a village and municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Les Laurentides Regional County Municipality. Its large "L"-shaped territory surrounds Lake Labelle, and the village is located along the Rouge River and Route 117.

Demographics
Population trend:
 Population in 2021: 2765 (2016 to 2021 population change: 11.6%)
 Population in 2016: 2477
 Population in 2011: 2445
 Population in 2006: 2258
 Population in 2001: 2272
 Population in 1996: 2256 (or 2271 when adjusted for 2001 boundaries)
 Population in 1991: 2090

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 1362 (total dwellings: 2017)

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 2.6%
 French as first language: 94.6%
 English and French as first language: 0.9%
 Other as first language: 1.5%

Education

Sainte Agathe Academy (of the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board) in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts serves English-speaking students in this community for both elementary and secondary levels.

References

External links

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec