was a subunit from idol group AKB48's original Team A, produced by Yasushi Akimoto. The group is commonly referred as no3b, a stylized version of the group's name, which is a wasei-eigo term for sleeveless clothes.

History
The trio debuted officially under the name No Sleeves in November 2008, but were previously grouped together and performed the songs "Junai no Crescendo" and "Bye Bye Bye" at AKB48 concerts and stage DVDs. , they have had eight Oricon top 10 singles. The group has released two digital singles under the name  for the TV Tokyo drama Men Dol: Ikemen Idol in which they starred.

After a year of inactivity following the release of their eighth single, "Pedicure Day" in December 2011, no3b joined as MC in Fuji TV's midnight ad lib music variety show  together with Tetsuya Komuro, Kosuke Suzuki, and Lily Franky, where they held their first recorded performance of the next single, "Kirigirisu Jin".

No Sleeves' songs featured in different media: "3seconds" and "Christmas Present" in the drama Men Dol: Ikemen Idol as insert songs, with "Relax!" as the theme song. "Tane" was used as the ending theme for the anime Birdy the Mighty Decode:02. "Kiss no Ryūsei" was used as the opening theme for the TBS ranking show  from December 2009 to January 2010. "Lie" was used as the ending theme for the TBS TV show . "Kimi Shika" as the mobile drama  theme song,  theme song and the variety show  theme song (August 2010). "Answer" was used as the ending theme to the anime Beelzebub. "Asatte, Jamaica" as the mobile drama  theme song. "Kirigirisu Jin" as Fuji TV variety show Snack Kissa Eden insert song and ending theme. "Iin Ja Ne?" as the TV drama  theme song.

The group reunited for their 10th Anniversary Live Performance on November 26, 2018.

Members
Haruna Kojima
Minami Minegishi
Minami Takahashi

Discography

Albums

Singles

* Unofficial figure obtained by adding together Oricon sales numbers for different periods of time when the single or album charted on Oricon.
** RIAJ Digital Track Chart was shut down in July 2012.

Media appearances

TV programs

Dramas

Radio

References

External links

 Sony Music profile
 Oricon interview in Japanese

AKB48 sub-units
Japanese idol groups
Japanese girl groups
Japanese pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2008
Japanese musical trios
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists


Edu-Aid in Yongning (云南永宁山区爱心助学行动) is a nongovernmental and nonprofit organization which was founded in 2000 by some local teachers and people who eagerly cared about the underprivileged children in a mountainous area near Lugu Lake. The mission of Edu-Aid in Yongning Township, Ninglang County, Yunnan Province is helping poor children return to the school and improve the local condition of teaching.

To ensure a long-term development, the Program has officially been authorized by Lijiang Charity in July, 2007. The mission is to collect and use the donations from all warmhearted circles to assist the needy children, improve local school conditions, and help the dropouts back to school.

The children being helped are not only from the plain area but also extended to the mountain area of Yongning Township. The education levels cover primary school, high school and university, and the nation cover Mosuo, Yi, Zhuang, Pumi and so on.

Up to September 2005, the project covered 28 schools total 650 children successively.

External links
Website
Forum
Report in 2008
An Issue of Edu-Aid Brief

Educational organizations based in China
Organizations established in 2000


Yordan Piperkata (, ; 1870–1903) originally born as Yordan Piperkov (; ), was a revolutionary from Ottoman Macedonia in the early 20th century, member of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee and later a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (first name disputed).

Life
He was born in Kozica, Ottoman Empire (today in Kičevo Municipality, North Macedonia) to a poor family. He could not graduate at the Bulgarian secondary school in Bitola, because his family moved to Sofia, Bulgaria, where he met insurgents from the Kresna-Razlog Uprising and other voivodes. This sparked in him an interest for the Macedonian liberation movement. Later Piperkata was active in the Supreme Macedonian Committee chetas' action in 1895 in Ottoman Macedonia. He joined the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in 1897. The assassination of a Turkish bey, in which he also participated, forced him to leave Ottoman Macedonia and return to Bulgaria. With the detachment of Mirche Atsev he returned to Macedonia in June 1900, after which he formed his own detachment in the Krushevo region. Afterwards he several times entered Macedonia from Bulgaria with different chetas. During the Ilinden uprising, he attacked the Albanian village of Pribilci with 900 insurgents, then fought near Kicevo. After the burning of the village of Cer by the Ottomans, Piperkata and three other rebels went to investigate the damages in the burned village, where Piperkata was killed by Turks, who had organized an ambush there. After the death of Yordan, his assistant, the Bulgarian Army officer  Dimitar Dechev, took his place. Dechev took avenge on the Turks for Yordan's murder.

References

Sources

 "Революционната дейность въ Демирхисаръ (битолско) по спомени на Алексо Стефановъ Демирхисарски войвода)", Съобщава Боянъ Мирчев, София—Печатница П.Глушковъ — 1931 стр.27-29
 "Илюстрация Илинден", година І, брой 3, стр. 13, 14

1870 births
1903 deaths
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
Members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Revolutionaries from the Ottoman Empire


The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) is an agency within the United States Department of State charged with investigating and creating programs to prevent human trafficking both within the United States and internationally. The office also presents the Trafficking in Persons Report annually to Congress, concerning human trafficking in the U.S. and other nations.  This report aims to raise awareness about human exploitation and trafficking, and to prevent it. The office's goals are to make the public aware, protect victims, take legal action against violators, establish necessary and just sentences for criminals, and train law enforcement individuals. The office is led by the United States Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons.

History
The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons was established in October 2001 as a result of the passing of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000.  This enabling legislation required the President to create a bureau within the State Department to specifically address human trafficking and exploitation on all levels and to take legal action against perpetrators.  Additionally, this act was designed to also enforce all laws within the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that apply.

Currently, there is a U.S. Law on Trafficking in Persons, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), which has been reauthorized several times, most recently in March 2013.

Trafficking in Persons Report

The Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons monitors human trafficking and prosecutes perpetrators. It divides nations into tiers based on their compliance with standards outlined in the TVPA.

Officials

Directors
 Ambassador Nancy Ely-Raphel (2001–2002)
 Ambassador-at-Large John R. Miller (2002–2006)
 Ambassador-at-Large Mark P. Lagon (2007–2009)
 Ambassador-at-Large Luis CdeBaca (2009–2014)
 Ambassador-at-Large Susan P. Coppedge (2015–2017)
 Ambassador-at-Large John Cotton Richmond (2018–2021)
 Ambassador-at-Large Cindy Dyer (2023–present)

Deputy Directors
 Laura Lederer (2001-2002)
 JoAnn Schneider (2002–2005)
 Paula Goode (2005–2008)
 Nan Kennelly (2008– )
 Alison Keihl Friedman (2011– )

Reporting trafficking in the US
Individuals may call the National Human Trafficking Resource Center (1-888-373-7888) to report a potential case of human trafficking; to connect with local anti-trafficking services; or to request training and technical assistance, general information, or specific anti-trafficking resources. The hotline is funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, but is operated by Polaris Project, a non-governmental organization. Victims can call for help, even if they are undocumented. Victims are commonly trafficked internationally as well as within their own countries.

Notes

External links

 Punishing Trafficking Offenders Adequately
 Department of Health and Human Services Rescue and Restore Campaign
 National Human Trafficking Hotline

United States Department of State agencies
Human trafficking in the United States
Missing people organizations


Scheugenpflug AG is a manufacturer of adhesive bonding, dispensing, and potting systems for synthetic resins or thermally conductive pastes. In this special segment only few enterprises of super regional importance are active in the whole world. Target industries include automotive and electronics industry, telecommunications engineering, medical technology and the chemical industry.

Development
Founded in 1990 by Erich Scheugenpflug, who gained his first experience in resin casting as an employee of Siemens AG in Munich. In the course of the years the enterprise accomplished a leading role in the market for resin dispensing systems by gaining special know-how, demonstrated by numerous patents.

In the course of the years it became obvious, that manufacturing steps before and after the casting had to be integrated into the design of resin casting systems in order to optimize the whole process. This caused the addition of automation to the range of products.

Because the company is active not only in the highly industrialized countries of Europe and in USA, but also in emerging markets like India or Mexico, it was necessary to adapt the degree of automation of the delivered systems and machines to the level of wages and to the level of skills of the employees. This resulted in the creation of preconfigured modular compounds that can be put together quickly to form individually designed systems.

Now (2017) Scheugenpflug AG operates four subsidiaries in China, USA and Mexico and has sales partners in many parts of the world. The company employs more than 470 people worldwide, of which about 370 work in the German headquarters.

Since 2020, Scheugenpflug belongs to the Atlas Copco enterprise, Sweden. In September 2020, the legal form of the Scheugenpflug AG was changed into a GmbH.

Products

Scheugenpflug AG mainly produces piston dispensing systems. The product portfolio features various dispensers and dispensing cells for both atmospheric dispensing and vacuum potting.

The company also manufactures a variety of material preparation and feeding systems for liquid and pasty materials, even for such containing highly abrasive fillers. These systems are designed for container sizes ranging from standard cartridges to barrels. A patented vacuum follower plate was designed to facilitate the material feed from pails while reducing material waste.

In the area of process automation Scheugenpflug provides all systems along the whole production chain, ranging from pretreatment, to dispensing and potting units to aftertreatment, including control and handling systems for the parts to be potted.

References

Manufacturing companies of Germany
Companies based in Bavaria


A component content management system (CCMS) is a content management system that manages content at a granular level (component) rather than at the document level. Each component represents a single topic, concept or asset (for example an image, table, product description, a procedure).

Overview
The CCMS must be able to track "not only versions of topics and graphics but relationships among topics, graphics, maps, publications, and deliverables."  More often than not, the CCMS also contains the publishing engine to create the final outputs for print, web and e-readers.

Components can be as large as a chapter or as small as a definition or even a word.
Components in multiple content assemblies (content types) can be viewed as components or as traditional documents.

Although modular documentation is not necessarily XML-based, it is usually the case.
Standards include:

 Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA) (generic and adaptable)
 DocBook (generic)
 S1000D (defense, aerospace...)
 SCORM Shareable Content Object Reference Model (training and learning content)
 Office Open XML (the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 standard XML format used by e.g. Microsoft Word)

Challenges for the technical writers include topic-based authoring, that is shifting from writing book-shaped, linear documentation to writing modular, structured and reusable content component.

Each component is only stored one time in the content management system, providing a single, trusted source of content (referential). These components are then reused (rather than copied and pasted) within a document or across multiple documents.
This ensures that content is consistent across the entire documentation set. The use of components can also reduce the amount of time it takes to update and maintain content as changes only need to be made once, in one component.

Each component has its own lifecycle (owner, version, approval, use) and can be tracked individually or as part of an assembly.
Component content management is typically used for multi-channel customer-facing content (marketing, usage, learning, support).
The solution can be a separate system or be a functionality of another content management system type (for example, enterprise content management or web content management).

Unlike a "simple" management system, the CCMS tracks the components. It tracks indirect and direct linking so that the author can safely reuse content and check the applicability of changes.

Benefits
Benefits of managing contents at components level:

Greater consistency and accuracy.
Reduced maintenance costs.
Reduced delivery costs.
Reduced translation costs.
Traceability.

Benefits of using a component content management system:

 Version and control over the documents and the contents - reused or not.
 Check impacts on reused content changes.
 Improved collaboration and automation with workflows.
 Manage documentation releases.
 Ease of links and content maintenance.
 Further reduce translation costs.
 Higher collaboration.
 Improved modularity.
 Integration with editors.

Notes

Sources
 S1000D Official homepage
 OASIS Official DITA page
 Oasis Committee for DocBook
 SCORM
 The Language of Technical Communication, Ray Gallon, XML Press

External links
 DITA Best Practices: A Roadmap to Writing, Editing, and Architecting in DITA. Laura Bellamy, Michelle Carey, Jenifer Schlotfeldt.  IBM Press (30 September 2011)
 DITA For Practitioners. Eliot Kimber.

Technical communication
XML
XML-based standards
Markup languages


Pampus () is an artificial island and late 19th-century sea fort located in the IJmeer near Amsterdam. Pampus now belongs to the municipality of Gooise Meren and is open to visitors.

Together with the artillery battery on the lighthouse island near Durgerdam and the battery at the Diemer seawall, Pampus protected the entrance to IJ Bay and the harbour of Amsterdam. Pampus was part of the Defence Line of Amsterdam (Dutch: Stelling van Amsterdam). In 1996, UNESCO designated the entire Defence Line with its 42 forts a World Heritage Site.

Construction
The fort is on a man-made island situated on what was the Pampus shallows or sandbank in the then Zuiderzee. There is a well-known Dutch expression "laying for Pampus" used to describe people that are lying down knocked out.
It stems from the time ships had to wait for high tide at Pampus before they could enter the harbour of Amsterdam.

Work commenced in 1887 and creating the island and fort required the sinking of 3,800 piles and the importation of 45 thousand cubic metres of sand. It took the Dutch eight years and ƒ 800,000 (€ 8,559,172) to construct the fort.

The fort is built of bricks and concrete. The fort has an oval shape and the main building has three floors. On the ground floor were the troops' quarters, kitchen, laundry, two coal-fired steam engines of 20 hp, two dynamos, telegraph, first aid station, and magazines. Most classrooms were located on the south side of the fort. An eight-metre dry moat surrounds the building. Tunnels on the north and south connect the ground floor of the building to the counterscarp. The counterscarp is made of concrete and contained a gaol, the forge, and several supply rooms. On top of the counterscarp there is a parapet to provide close-in defence. A large glacis surrounds the whole fort.

History
The fort was commissioned in 1895. It was armed with four Krupp  L35 (35 calibers long) guns deployed in two hydraulically operated cupolas of two guns each. Electric lifts brought shells and cartridges up from the magazines on the ground floor. These guns fired a shell of  for a range of up to . Each gun had a crew of an NCO and six gunners, who could get off one shot every six minutes. (For a picture of a similar and still extant cupola with twin Krupp guns see Fort Copacabana.)

Pampus was one of only four forts in the Defence Line armed with large caliber guns. (The other three forts were the forts near IJmuiden, Velsen, and Spijkerboor.) Pampus also had two positions for 57mm (2.2") quick-firing guns for close-in defence. The counterscarp held four M90 Gardner machine guns on garrison mounts for the defence of the moat.

Pampus had facilities for a permanent garrison of 200 men, but the only time it achieved that strength was during the First World War. In 1926, the fort received emplacements for three anti-aircraft guns. The fort never saw action and the completion in 1932 of the Afsluitdijk cut the IJsselmeer off from the open sea. At this point Pampus lost its strategic role and on 15 July 1933 the military abandoned it, after having removed the anti-aircraft guns.

During World War II, the German occupation forces removed the Krupp guns, cupolas, and other metal to use for scrap steel. Between 1941 and 1943 they used the fort for target practice, before installing some 88mm (3.5") anti-aircraft guns. The German dive bombers used  concrete bombs for their practice. These contained a glass tube filled with chemicals. The tube broke on impact, releasing coloured smoke to mark the impact point.

In the bitter winter of 1944, the people of Amsterdam walked across the ice to salvage the wood in the fort to burn for warmth. After the German surrender, the authorities used the island for the disposal of unexploded ordnance. Ammunition that no longer could be defused was detonated.

There were some plans in 1951 to site an anti-aircraft battery there, but on 9 October 1952 the fort was declared surplus and was transferred to the civilian authorities for disposal. Then in June 1985, the government scouted the fort with an eye to restoring the island and make it accessible to the public. Plans were drafted in the next year and the Pampus Foundation (Stichting Pampus) was established to bring these plans to fruition. The Foundation bought the fort in 1990, and in 1992 the fort received a caretaker. Since then the fort has been occupied continuously.

There is still one gun at Pampus, an  from a German minesweeper that was wrecked during storm in 1917 north of the island of Terschelling. Many years after the vessel's loss, dredging fortuitously recovered the gun, which ended up being donated to the Pampus Foundation. The gun was installed at the harbour of Pampus on 4 February 2003.

Current status
In 2007, the fortress was partially restored. It is open to the public from April to October, Tuesday to Sunday; €17.50 admission includes both fort and round-trip ferry from Muiden. The island is roughly three kilometres from the coast and the Muiden ferry takes around 20 minutes to get there. There are also direct ferries from Amsterdam, and one can reach the fort by private vessel.

Named after the island
 In 1946, a British ship named Empire Lily was allocated to the Dutch government, which renamed her Pampus.
 Aviation radio beacon PAM (Pampus) VOR

External links

 Official website
 Fort aan het Pampus

Artificial islands of the Netherlands
Forts in the Netherlands
Geography of Gooise Meren
Islands of North Holland
Rijksmonuments in North Holland
Tourist attractions in North Holland
Sea forts
Stelling van Amsterdam


Chilanga is a township located 20 km south of Zambia's capital city, Lusaka. It is situated midway between Lusaka and Kafue on the T2 road.

Notable features
Chilanga is home to a major Lafarge cement plant, known as Chilanga Cement, which dominates the skyline of the area. Chilanga is also home to Baobab College, Mount Makulu Research Station, the headquarters of the Zambia Agricultural Research Institute, Eureka Camping Park, Munda Wanga Environmental Park, KnowledgeBeat, and Sandy's Creations Garden Centre.

History and geography
Like most Zambian towns, Chilanga was historically a colonial settlement and the home of European expatriates. After Zambia gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964, most white settlers left, and local residents took over the land. By the beginning of the 1980s, almost all of Chilanga was resettled by African Zambians. Before 2011, Chilanga was a part of Kafue District (although it was widely known as being part of Lusaka). In 2011, the president of Zambia, Michael Sata, made Chilanga its own town and district. Chilanga District covers the area separating Lusaka from Shibuyunji District as well as the area in between Lusaka and Kafue along the Great North Road, where the town centre is located.

Development
Since colonial times, Chilanga has grown in size and population due to new businesses, commercial farming, small farm holding settlements, and housing plots. Water supply is still a challenge for most settlers as the land is hilly and rocky and there is not a large enough municipal supply system to cater for the increased demand. Boreholes are common. Formerly government-owned houses are now privately owned as they and other government buildings around Zambia were sold in the mid 1990s. Since then, much construction has taken place.

Kafue Road

Kafue Road (T2) runs through the center of Chilanga. Once a quiet and rarely used two-lane road, it has now become a busy four-lane thoroughfare. A large volume of truck traffic moves through the town on a daily basis, including very large shipments travelling to the mines in Copperbelt Province in the north. It is the main trunk road connecting Zambia with Zimbabwe through either Chirundu or Victoria Falls via the T1 through Livingstone. North of Lusaka, the T2 becomes the Great North Road, connecting southern Africa to central and eastern Africa.

Zambian railways
Zambian Railways operates a railroad yard within Chilanga, which serves as a transportation hub for the Lafarge cement plant. Zambian Railways operates both passenger trains and cargo trains.

Languages
Traditionally, Chilanga is administered by one chiefdom. It is the home of the Soli people under chieftains Nkomesha Mukamambo II, it is for this reason that Soli is remains the indigenous tribe of the district. However, because Chilanga is a transitional area between Lusaka Province and Southern Province, both Tonga and Nyanja Bantu languages are spoken and understood, although, as with most of Zambia, many other tribal languages are also used. English is the official language of Zambia, and most people in Chilanga can communicate in English.

Agriculture
Travelling away from the centre of town, most of the land in Chilanga is used for sustenance agriculture. The areas away from the Great North Road are similar to most Zambian villages, with basic shelter for homes, and large maize fields surrounding them.

References

External links
 Sandy's Creations official website
 Eureka Camping Park official website
 Baobab College official website

Populated places in Lusaka Province


Will Hollyday (died 22 December 1697) was Captain of the Ragged Regiment of the Black Guards. He eventually resigned his commission and resorted to being a highwayman, for which he was executed on 22 December 1697.

References

English highwaymen
1697 deaths
Year of birth unknown


CEMA was an American record label distribution branch of Capitol-EMI. The name CEMA stood for the four EMI-owned labels it originally distributed: Capitol Records, EMI Records, Manhattan Records and Angel Records. Subsequently, several other labels were distributed, including Chrysalis Records, Virgin Records and Blue Note Records. CEMA was one of the six largest record distribution branches in the US. After a restructuring, CEMA was renamed EMI Music Distribution (EMD).
CEMA Special Markets was the division which handled licensing of recordings by Capitol-EMI artists, and also distributed juke-box singles.

Lawsuit
CEMA was the subject of a class action lawsuit in 1993 when they notified several independent music dealers that they could not place orders for the Garth Brooks' album In Pieces because they sold used CDs at their stores.

References

EMI
Record label distributors
Defunct record labels of the United States


Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus is a 2009 American-British monster disaster film distributed by The Asylum, released on May 19, 2009, in the United States and on August 7, 2009, in the United Kingdom. It was directed by Ace Hannah and stars singer Deborah Gibson and actor Lorenzo Lamas. The film is about the hunt for two prehistoric sea-monsters causing mayhem and carnage at sea, and is the first installment in the Mega Shark series of films.

Plot
Off the coast of Alaska, oceanographer Emma MacNeil is studying the migration patterns of whales aboard an experimental submarine she took without permission from her employer. Meanwhile, a military helicopter drops experimental sonar transmitters into the water, causing a pod of whales to go out of control and start ramming a nearby glacier. In the chaos, the helicopter crashes into the glacier, and the combined damage breaks the glacier open, thawing two hibernating, prehistoric creatures. MacNeil narrowly avoids destruction as, unknown to her, a giant shark and octopus are freed. Some time later, a drilling platform off the coast of Japan is attacked by the octopus, which has tentacles large enough to wrap around the entire structure. After returning to Point Dume, California, MacNeil investigates the corpse of a beached whale covered with many bloody wounds. Her employer Dick Richie believes them to be from a tanker propeller, but MacNeil insists they appear to be from a creature. Later, she extracts what appears to be a shark's tooth from one of the wounds. Elsewhere, the huge shark leaps tens of thousands of feet into the air from the ocean and attacks a commercial aircraft, forcing it to crash into the water.

A review board convenes and fires MacNeil from the oceanographic institute for stealing the submarine. She brings the shark tooth to her old professor, former U.S. Navy pilot Lamar Sanders, who believes it belonged to a megalodon, an enormous species of shark believed to have become extinct 1.5 million years ago. The duo is visited by Dr. Seiji Shimada, a Japanese scientist trying to determine what attacked the drilling platform. The three review a videotape recorded during MacNeil's submarine voyage, finding images of both the megalodon and a gigantic octopus. MacNeil reflects on the polar ice caps melting due to man-made global warming, and wonders if the creatures are mankind's "comeuppance". Meanwhile, a U.S. "naval destroyer" engages the megalodon, but is destroyed after its guns fail to destroy the shark. MacNeil, Sanders, and Shimada are arrested by a team of soldiers and taken to government official Allan Baxter, a rude and racist man who demands their help in destroying the creatures. The three agree to help, in exchange for the government trying to capture the creatures for study rather than destroy them.

While working at a naval laboratory to develop a method for luring the creatures, MacNeil and Shimada become attracted to each other and have sex in a utility closet. The incident makes them realize they can attract the creatures using chemicals. MacNeil and Sanders agree to place a trap for the shark in San Francisco Bay, while Shimada returns to Tokyo to attract the octopus. MacNeil and Sanders barely escape the shark after placing the trap with a mini-submarine. The plan fails, however, when the shark destroys another destroyer sent by Baxter. The shark then resurfaces and bites off a large portion of the Golden Gate Bridge, killing many civilians on the bridge. Later, Shimada contacts the Americans and says the Japanese trap, having the same disaster, only succeeded in angering the octopus, which has escaped despite multiple artillery and missile hits. Baxter suggests using nuclear weapons against the creatures, which MacNeil, Sanders, and Shimada strongly oppose due to the risk of marine devastation, coastal damage and human casualties. As an alternative, MacNeil suggests using the same pheromone traps to create a "Thrilla in Manila" by drawing the two creatures together. She believes that because the two creatures were frozen in ice locked in combat, they must be natural rivals and their aggressiveness towards one another will cause them to fight to the death if they're lured together. MacNeil, Sanders, and Baxter are assigned to a submarine to find the shark and lure it to the North Pacific Ocean.

After a short search, the submarine brings both the shark and the octopus to an ice trench off the Alaskan coast, where MacNeil first encountered the creatures. Sanders himself ends up piloting the sub after the original pilot loses his nerve and pulls a gun on the captain before he is overtaken. As the creatures meet, the octopus wraps itself around the shark and tries to suffocate it, but the shark bites its tentacles to escape and attacks the submarine. MacNeil, Sanders, and Baxter man a mini-submarine and detach just as the shark bites the larger submarine in half, killing the rest of the crew. The shark gives chase, but the mini-sub and its crew are saved when a Japanese submarine with Shimada on board fires torpedoes at it. The octopus grabs the Japanese submarine and nearly destroys it, but the sub is released after the octopus is attacked by the shark. The two creatures engage in a fierce battle, at the end of which, the octopus strangles the shark after the shark dismembers some of its tentacles, causing it to bleed to death. The two sink, dead, still locked from their battle.  McNeil and the others, after watching the showdown between the two monsters, discover Shimada and his sub survived the octopus attack. The film ends with MacNeil, Sanders, and Shimada deciding to visit the North Sea after receiving infrared images of mysterious organic life there.

Cast
 Deborah Gibson as Emma MacNeil
 Lorenzo Lamas as Allan Baxter
 Vic Chao as Seiji Shimada
 Mark Hengst as Dick Richie
 Sean Lawlor as Lamar Sanders
 Dean Kreyling as US Submarine Captain
 Stephen Blackehart as US Submarine Sonar Chief
 Larry Wang Parrish as Japanese Typhoon Captain
 Douglas N. Hachiya as Japanese Sonar Tech
 Jay Beyers as Pilot Officer
 Stefanie Gernhauser as Submarine Commander Francoise Riley
 Jonathan Nation as Vince
 Russ Kingston as Admiral Scott
 Cooper Harris as US Destroyer Sonar Tech
 Dustin Harnish as US Submarine Helmsman
 Colin Broussard as Radioman

Production
Efforts to convert the movie into 3D were scrapped when the studio failed to acquire adequate funding for 3-D film.

Principal photography took place over the course of twelve days in January 2009. Much of the film was shot at the AES Alamitos power station near Long Beach, CA, and at Laurel Canyon Stages in Arleta, CA. Other locations included the Long Beach pier and Leo Carillo State Beach in Malibu, CA.

Release and reception
The theatrical trailer released in mid-May 2009 became a viral hit, scoring over a million hits on MTV.com and another million more on YouTube upon launch, prompting brisk pre-orders of the DVD.  This film is also notable as one of the very few American films to feature an Asian American male as a romantic lead as Vic Chao's character Dr. Seiji Shimada, serves as a love interest for Debbie Gibson's character, Emma MacNeil.

The film was met with mostly negative reviews, with an 18% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and an average score of 3.34/10. The consensus reads, "With shoddy FX, acting and directing. This isn't so bad it's good. It's just so bad it's terrible." Peter Whittle of The Sunday Times gave the film one out of five stars and considered it "Unwatchable, almost unreviewable, this stupid monster movie makes the Béla Lugosi swan song Plan 9 from Outer Space look like a masterpiece."  Philip French of The Observer said in his review that "The risible special effects and the clumsy acting recall not Roger Corman productions but the ineptitude of Ed Wood, though the result is far less endearing." Kim Newman of Empire magazine gave it two out of five stars, calling it "Daft, plain daft. With a few daft but spectacular stunts." Scott Mendelson of The Huffington Post also gave the film two out of five stars, saying that "the actors are all appropriately terrible and the story is completely absurd."

Bill Gibron of PopMatters gave the film an 8 out of 10, saying that "Schlock may be an acquired taste, like caviar, foie gras, and Arby's, but it's hard to see how anyone wouldn't enjoy this extremely tacky dish." He also praised Gibson's performance in the film. Despite criticizing the overall film quality, Stephen of The Three Rs gave the film a 7 out of 10, calling the plane attack scene "the epitome of monster awesome."

Sequels

Following the buzz generated by the release of the film's trailer, Gibson hinted on an interview that a sequel may be in the works. "Because God knows what else is in the ocean", she said. "I thought maybe a Seahorse? Maybe a 500-foot (150 m) Lobster would be good. But yes, there is the potential for a sequel, and I would absolutely love it."

In mid-2010, The Asylum updated their catalog with Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus, which was released on December 21, 2010. The cast and director of Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus did not return in the sequel; instead, the film was directed by Christopher Douglas-Olen Ray and featured a new cast led by Jaleel White, Gary Stretch and Robert Picardo. Originally, Mega Shark's opponent was going to be a dinosaur called Gigantosaurus as revealed in a poster for a film festival.

The Asylum released the third chapter in the series titled Mega Shark Versus Mecha Shark on January 28, 2014, with Gibson reprising her role as Emma MacNeil. The fourth Mega Shark was confirmed in February 2015 Mega Shark vs. Kolossus, had a premiere date on July 7, 2015.

See also
List of killer shark films
List of killer octopus films

References

External links
Mega Shark Vs. Giant Octopus  at The Asylum

2009 direct-to-video films
2009 comedy horror films
2009 independent films
2009 films
2000s monster movies
The Asylum films
American comedy horror films
American disaster films
Films about cephalopods
Films about sharks
Films set in Alaska
Films set in California
Films set in Japan
Films set in the Pacific Ocean
Films shot in Los Angeles
Giant monster films
American natural horror films
American monster movies
Submarine films
Films about shark attacks
Fictional sharks
Fictional octopuses
Film and television memes
Films set in San Francisco
Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Films directed by Jack Perez
Syfy original films
Internet memes
2009 comedy films
Japan in non-Japanese culture
American horror television films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Jeon Woo-Keun (; born 25 February 1977) is a former South Korean footballer who played as a midfielder.

His previous clubs are Busan I'Park,  Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo in the South Korean K-League, Dalian Shide in the Chinese Super League and Home United FC in Liga Primer Indonesia.

External links

1977 births
Living people
South Korean men's footballers
South Korean expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Busan IPark players
Gimcheon Sangmu FC players
Dalian Shide F.C. players
Lion City Sailors FC players
K League 1 players
Singapore Premier League players
Chinese Super League players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Singapore
South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Singapore
Men's association football midfielders


Isopodichnus is an ichnogenus of trace fossil. Ribbon-like in form, Isopodichnus traces were likely formed by the activity of an isopod crustacean foraging within the preserved sediment. Parallel to the bedding plane, a central furrow is flanked by two hypichnial ridges. Trails may also exhibit scratch marks and be associated with Rusophycus-like resting traces. Isopodichnus are very similar in form to Cruziana traces, making delineation of the two forms difficult, and controversial.

See also
 Cruziana
 Ichnology
 Trace fossil

References

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Further reading
 Mikuláš R. (1992): Trace fossils from the Kosov Formation of the Bohemian Upper Ordovician, Sbor. geol. Věd, Paleont., 32, 9-54

Arthropod trace fossils


Fugichnia is an ethological class of trace fossil characterized as "escape burrows" that are formed as a result of organisms' attempts to escape burial in sudden high-sedimentation events like turbidity currents. The burrows are often marked with chevron patterns showing the upward direction the organisms were tunneling.

See also
 Ichnology

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Burrow fossils


Teredolites is an ichnogenus of trace fossil, characterized by borings in substrates such as wood or amber.

Club-shaped structures rimming mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber were formerly identified as the fungal sporocarps Palaeoclavaria burmitis. a 2018 study re-identified the structures as domichnia (crypts) bored in the amber nodules by bivalves of the pholadid subfamily Martesiinae.  The borings are comparable with Teredolites clavatus and Gastrochaenolites lapidicus . Due to the substrate of the Myanmar borings being amber, the term Amberground was coined.

See also
 Ichnology

References

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Boring fossils
Paja Formation


The Mignon chocolate egg is an Easter confectionery made by the Fazer company. Its distinctive features are a filling of almond-hazelnut nougat inside a real eggshell. The Mignon is the second oldest Fazer product (only surpassed by the Pihlaja marmalade candy), dating back to 1896, when Karl Fazer brought the recipe from Germany.

Enduringly popular as parts of Finnish Easter celebrations with ca. two million eggs sold per year, Mignon eggs are handmade at the Fazer factory in Vantaa.

References

Brand name confectionery
Finnish confectionery
Fazer


Conostichus is an ichnogenus of trace fossil.

See also
 Ichnology

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Trace fossils


Conichnus is an ichnogenus of trace fossil.

See also
 Ichnology

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Trace fossils


Piscichnus is an ichnogenus of trace fossil.

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Trace fossils


Phycosiphon is an ichnogenus of trace fossil. The first recorded fossil was found in Scunthorpe, United Kingdom.

See also
 Ichnology

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Trace fossils


Jabir Shakir  () (born 1987) is an Iraqi football midfielder who plays for Al Shorta.

External links

Goalzz.com

Footballers from Baghdad
Iraqi men's footballers
Iraq men's international footballers
1987 births
Living people
Al-Shorta SC players
Men's association football midfielders


Asterosoma is an ichnogenus of trace fossil.

See also
 Ichnology

References

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Trace fossils


A pirivena (plural: piriven) is a monastic college for the education of monks in Sri Lanka. In ancient time, they were also centers of secondary and higher education for lay people. As of 2018, 753 piriven have been founded and maintained by the Ministry of Education. Young monks undergo training at these piriven prior to their ordination.

History

Ancient
By 100 CE, a pirivena represented one of the highest levels of education in Sinhalese communities, and was the most common centralized educational institution on the island. Prior to this, an education was historically reserved for people attached to the religious establishment, and it would have then been the jobs of these people to traverse the villages and teach skills to the lay people, and therefore the vast majority of the island's people historically did not attend any formal educational institution. The Buddhist doctrine however prefers that lay people are also educated, and unlike the institutions in mainland India, the pirivena would have been attended by lay people as well.

The term is derived from the Pali word for 'living quarters', referring to how these institutions were aimed at teaching priests and monks on the island. It is mostly unique to Sri Lanka, but similar to universities found in mainland India.

The Mahavihara and Abhayagirivihara, commissioned through royal patronage from around 300 BCE, were among the first educational institutions to adopt this system of education.

Colonialism
The first European colonialists arrived at the shores of the island in 1505, with the Portuguese, the first to successfully conquer the island, being quite aggressive in spreading their faith. They managed to convert King Dharmapala of Kotte, the apostate king, eventually stopped state funding for these Buddhist educational institutions. The pirivena education system saw a rapid decline in Sri Lanka’s coastal areas, but the system continued to flourish in the Central Kandy Kingdom until the British conquest.

Structure
The Mulika level offers five years of education and is the most basic level of education. The students are taught six subjects; Pali, Sanskrit, Sinhala, English, Tipitaka studies and mathematics. This is followed by a final examination that can be used to advance to the next level.

The Maha level offers higher education, allowing students to enter a variety of subjects including philosophy, the history of religions, linguistics, Ayurveda, and astrology.

The Vidyayathana level offers the highest level of education and it is similar to the university-level. Two major universities in Colombo, the University of Kelaniya and University of Sri Jayewardenepura, are actually piriven vidyayathana renamed.

Notable examples
Vidyalankara Pirivena (later the Vidyalankara University)
Vidyodaya Pirivena (later the Vidyodaya University)
Parama Dhamma Chethiya Pirivena, a Pirivena in Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia, established by Ven. Walane Sri Siddhartha Maha Thera in 1841.
Sunethradevi Pirivena, a 600yr-old Pirivena in Pepiliyana, constructed by King Parakramabahu VI of the Kingdom of Kotte in honour of his mother, Queen Sunethradevi.

See also
 Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka
 International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University
 Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University
 Mahamakut Buddhist University
 Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies
 State Pariyatti Sasana University, Yangon
 State Pariyatti Sasana University, Mandalay
 Tipitakadhara Tipitakakovida Selection Examinations

References

School types
Buddhist universities and colleges
Piriven in Sri Lanka
Buddhism in Sri Lanka
Seminaries and theological colleges in Sri Lanka


The Royal Freshwater Bay Yacht Club is a yacht club situated in Freshwater Bay on the Swan River  in  Peppermint Grove, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia.

The club was founded in 1896 by a group of friends including Aubrey Sherwood and Edward Keane, whose residence is now the RFBYC clubhouse. It is the second yacht club in Perth to be granted the royal charter, and it has established a strong but friendly rivalry with the other royal club, Royal Perth Yacht Club.

Each year the fleets of the two Royal clubs race, with the prize 'The Governor's Cup' being presented by the Governor of Western Australia as the Queen's representative and patron of the royal clubs.

The club holds functions weekly in both the Athol Hobbs Room and Main Function and Dining Room, with a bar open 7 days of the week to members.

See also

List of International Council of Yacht Clubs members

Notes

External links

Royal yacht clubs
Yacht clubs in Western Australia
Swan River (Western Australia)
1896 establishments in Australia
Sports clubs and teams established in 1896
Sports clubs and teams in Perth, Western Australia
Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage


Cimber Sterling A/S, also known as Cimber Air and styled as Cimber Sterling, was a Danish airline based in Sønderborg, Sønderborg Municipality, Denmark, operating scheduled domestic and international services in co-operation with Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) and Lufthansa. Its main bases were Copenhagen Airport and Billund Airport, with a smaller base at Aalborg Airport. The airline filed for bankruptcy on 3 May 2012.

History

Cimber Air was founded in 1950 by Ingolf Lorenz Nielson who took over Sønderjyllands Flyveselskab.
Its first aircraft was a single engine SAI KZ III, call sign OY-DMO which had been used for flights primarily between Sønderborg and Copenhagen. In 1969 the airline took delivery of an eight-seat De Havilland Dove twin-engine light airliner.

Cimber Air was one of the very few operators of the VFW-Fokker 614 regional jet. It also operated Nord 262 and Grumman Gulfstream I turboprop aircraft on its scheduled services.

On 3 December 2008 Cimber Air bought parts of Sterling Airlines, which had filed for bankruptcy on 29 October 2008. The new airline, which was named Cimber-Sterling, was created on 7 January 2009. Cimber bought the AOC (Air Operators Certificate), slots, brand and website (www.sterling.com and other domains). Aircraft leases were negotiated with the owners. Employees of the former Sterling Airlines was not part of the takeover, but were welcome to seek employment in the new airline.

Cimber Sterling was originally wholly owned by Cimber Air Holding (Nielsen family) and had 368 employees (at March 2007).  It was listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange in 2009.  In 2011, due to financial difficulties Cimber Sterling entered into a subscription agreement with Mansvell Enterprises Ltd, which gave Ukrainian billionaire Ihor Kolomoyskyi a stake of 70.8%.

On the morning of 3 May 2012, Cimber Sterling cancelled all flights and declared bankruptcy.  Within hours, other airlines announced their entry on selected routes.

Cimber Sterling was the main sponsor of the Danish handball team in 2009 and 2010.

Fleet
The Cimber Sterling fleet included the following aircraft ():

References

External links

www.cimber.com
www.cimber.dk
www.cimber.se
Cimber Group

Defunct airlines of Denmark
European Regions Airline Association
Airlines established in 1950
Airlines disestablished in 2012
Danish companies established in 1950
2012 disestablishments in Denmark


Tutu (Ancient Egyptian: twtw - meaning "image"; Tithoes in Greek) was an Egyptian god worshipped by ordinary people all over Egypt during the Late Period. The only known temple dedicated to Tutu is located in ancient Kellis. However, reliefs depicting Tutu are seen in other temples, such as the Temple of Kalabsha. Tutu's title at the Shenhur temple was "Who comes to the one calling him". Other titles of his are "Son of Neith,"  "the Lion," "Great of Strength", and "Master of the demons of Sekhmet and the wandering demons of Bastet".

Iconography

Tutu's iconography is anthropomorphic, consisting of the body of a striding, winged lion, the head of a human, other heads of hawks and crocodiles projecting from the body, and the tail of a serpent. He was the son of Neith, who was considered as a "dangerous goddess". Other goddesses in the same aspect were named as Mut, Sekhmet, Nekhbet and Bastet. This meant that Tutu is placed in a position of power over demons. It was his role to slay demons sent out by "dangerous goddesses"; other sons of these goddesses performed the same function. These were Maahes, Khonsu and Nefertem. Originally the protector of tombs, Tutu later guarded the sleeping from danger or bad dreams. Tutu was also regarded for ordinary people to worship, offering and rituals were made on portable altars. Offerings included goose and bread, and rituals were for protection from demons and bad dreams.  Tutu was stated to have given protection from demons, giving longer life and protecting people from the Netherworld.

References

 Kaper, Olaf E. ( 2003): The Egyptian god Tutu: a study of the sphinx-god and master of demons with a corpus of monuments. Peeters Publishers
 Sauneron, JNES 19 (1960) p 285
 Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition. Routledge.

External links

Egyptian gods
Late Period of ancient Egypt
Lion gods


Macaronichnus is an ichnogenus of trace fossil.

The environmental preferences of Macaronichnus are high-energy foreshores and shallow shorefaces. Macaronichnus is an indicator of temperate to cold waters.

See also
 Ichnology

References

External links
 Chuck D. Howell's Ichnogenera Photos

Trace fossils


Atreipus is an ichnogenus or trace fossil attributed to early Ornithischian dinosaurs. Its significance for Triassic biostratigraphy has earned it some fame.
Reptile footprint faunules from the early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup of eastern North America.

See also

 Ichnology

References

Dinosaur trace fossils


Galerie Walter Klinkhoff (1949 - 2013) was a Canadian art gallery in Montreal, Quebec, which specialized in the purchase and sale of Canadian Art from 1850 on.

Founded in 1949 by Walter and Gertrude Klinkhoff, the gallery dealt directly with some of the most important Canadian artists including A.Y. Jackson, Arthur Lismer, Edwin Holgate, Marc-Aurele Fortin, Prudence Heward and Kathleen Morris, to name a few.

At the time of Walter Klinkhoff's death in 1997, he was described as "a dealer who shaped Canadian art collections". The gallery continued under the direction of Gertrude Klinkhoff and sons Eric and Alan, and grandsons Jonathan and Craig. In December 2013 the firm was dissolved and successor galleries established as Galerie Eric Klinkhoff in Montreal and Alan Klinkhoff Gallery in Montreal and Toronto.

Galerie Walter Klinkhoff was a founding member of the Art Dealer's Association of Canada in 1966. Walter Klinkhoff was honoured posthumously with The Art Dealers Association of Canada's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2004.

Following the Randolph Hewton Retrospective (1962), the gallery became known for its annual view-only, "museum-quality exhibitions at which nothing was for sale".

References

1850 establishments in Canada
Art museums and galleries in Quebec
Art museums established in 1850
Defunct art museums and galleries
Downtown Montreal


Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman may refer to

 Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I (1713–1769), the ruler of Pudukkottai state from 1730 to 1769.
 Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II (1797–1825), the ruler of Pudukkottai state from 1807 to 1825.


The Las Vegas Locomotives (called the Locos for short) were a professional American football team based in Las Vegas, Nevada that played in the United Football League. The team played their home games at Sam Boyd Stadium, home field for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Jim Fassel was the franchise's head coach, president, and general manager. The Locomotives appeared in all three UFL Championship Games, winning both the 2009 and 2010 iterations; the Locos were also the last of the four charter UFL franchises to remain in their original home city, to retain their original head coach, and to have played all of their home games at the same venue.

Franchise history
Las Vegas was one of the first markets to be considered for a UFL team, being mentioned as a location from the beginning. When the league released their tentative list of six markets for their inaugural season in early 2008, it included Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York, Hartford, Orlando, and San Francisco. When the league contracted to four teams prior to the start of the 2009 season, Las Vegas merged with Los Angeles, while New York merged with Hartford. Eventually, despite New York and Los Angeles being the larger markets, Las Vegas and Hartford were given sole rights to the teams, and Las Vegas never played a game in the Los Angeles metro area.

2009 season

Las Vegas was awarded a franchise for the inaugural season of the UFL in 2009. The team named Jim Fassel as head coach. Fassel led his team to a 4–2 record in his first season. In the 2009 UFL Championship Game, the Locos defeated the then-undefeated Florida Tuskers to become the league's first champions.

Schedule

Championship Game

2010 season

Prior to the 2010 season, head coach Jim Fassel added the title of general manager, replacing league-wide general manager Rick Mueller, who handled the duties in 2009. The team also made a small tweak to their color scheme with red replacing the league-standard teal color in the trim of the logo for the 2010 season. On November 27, 2010, the Locomotives won their second UFL championship, again beating the Florida Tuskers with a final score of 23-20.

Schedule

2011 season

Prior to the 2011 season, head coach and general manager Jim Fassel added the title of team president. Fassel assumed more authority over the team as part of the league's efforts to transform their original top-down business model into one in which teams are given more authority over their own operations. Among the reforms Fassel implemented was an increase in direct marketing and the establishment of the league's first team-run Web site separate from the main UFL Web site. The move initially doubled the team's season ticket base.

Despite the gain in season ticket base, the Locomotives drew only 6,500 fans to their first home game, which was a factor in the league deciding to cut their season short and cancel the Locomotives' two remaining games.

Schedule

2012 season

The increasingly poor attendance at Sam Boyd Stadium jeopardized the Locomotives' future in Las Vegas. Hambrecht openly considered relocating the team to Salt Lake City, Utah, setting a late January deadline for his decision. On January 31, 2012, Hambrecht announced (the same day the league commissioner resigned) that, should the fall 2012 season go on, the Locomotives would stay in Las Vegas. The league also considered moving to Cashman Field, the home of the minor-league baseball Las Vegas 51s, but the team returned to Sam Boyd Stadium for the first two games in 2012.

By the start of the 2012 season, the Locomotives proved to be the best team on the field in the UFL, decisively winning their first two contests against Virginia and Omaha. However, the Locomotives' off-field problems were becoming even worse.  According to official figures, only 2,500 fans arrived at Sam Boyd Stadium for the first contest, followed by a paltry 601 fans at the start of the second contest, the worst attendance for a league of the UFL's caliber in modern professional football history.  In both cases, the actual attendance was reportedly even smaller.  Both games were held early on Wednesday evenings, which may have held down attendance. With already low attendance numbers dropping further across the league, the UFL suspended operations four weeks into the season, never to return.

On January 16, 2013, the majority of the Locomotives' roster filed a class-action lawsuit against Hambrecht for unpaid salaries. The lawsuit was ultimately successful, although Hambrecht still has not paid the salaries.

Season-by-season records

Home, away and neutral records

Logos and uniforms

In the inaugural 2009 season, all teams were to adopt color schemes from the UFL logo. The Locos were given silver as their primary color. They would wear silver helmets on both road and home, with silver jerseys at home and white on the road. The Locos also wore blue pants.

For the 2010 season, teams were able to change their colors. The Locos kept the silver, but replaced the UFL blue with UNLV red. In an attempt to "match with their environment", the Locos adapted the main color scheme of the stadium into their uniforms, emulating the colors of UNLV. The Locos had red jerseys at home and white on the road, with silver pants.

References

2009 establishments in Nevada
2012 disestablishments in Nevada


This is a list of venues used for professional baseball in Montreal, Quebec. The information is a compilation of the information contained in the references listed.

French names are included in parentheses next to the English names.

Atwater Park (Parc Atwater)
Home of:
Montreal - (two different short-lived clubs) International League (1890 part-season)
?Montreal - Eastern International League (1895 only)
Montreal Jingos/Royals - International League 1897-1917
Montreal Royals - Eastern Canada League (1922-1923)
Montreal Royals - Quebec/Ontario/Vermont League (1924-27)
Location: 1500 Atwater Avenue; Montreal, QC, H3Z 1X5 (northeast, third base); Saint-Catherine Street West (southeast, left field); arena and Wood Avenue (southwest, right field); De Maisonneuve Boulevard (originally Western Avenue) (northwest, first base)
Currently: Place Alexis Nihon, shopping center and office buildings

Delorimier Stadium / Hector Racine Stadium  (Stade Delormier / Stade Hector-Racine)
Home of: Montreal Royals - International League (1928-1960)
Location: 2101 Ontario Street East (east, first base); Parthenais Street (north, right field); Lariviere Street (west, left field); De Lorimier Avenue (south, third base)

Jarry Park (Parc Jarry)
Home of: Montreal Expos - National League (1969-1976)
Location: Faillon (later Gary Carter) (east, first base); St. Laurent (north, far beyond right field); Jarry (west, far beyond left field); railroad (south, third base);
Currently: Refitted as a tennis facility, now called IGA Stadium (Stade IGA)

Olympic Stadium (Stade Olympique)
Home of: Montreal Expos - National League (1977-2004)
Location: 4545 Pierre de Coubertin Avenue (first base); Sherbrooke (left field); Pie IX (third base); Viau (right field)

See also

Lists of baseball parks
Hiram Bithorn Stadium

Sources
Peter Filichia, Professional Baseball Franchises, Facts on File, 1993.
Phil Lowry, Green Cathedrals,  several editions.
Michael Benson, Ballparks of North America, McFarland, 1989.

External links

Montreal
Sports venues in Montreal
Baseball


Alan H. MacPherson (August 10, 1934 - December 8, 2008, Laguna Beach, California, United States) was an American patent attorney who pioneered the "clean room" defense.

Early life
MacPherson was born in Calais, Maine on August 10, 1934. He received a full scholarship to attend Stanford University, where in 1956 he obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering, supplementing his tuition by working in the gold and silver mines of Alaska and Idaho. Then, he obtained his Master of Science degree, also in Mechanical Engineering, from MIT. He held technical positions at Space Technology Laboratories in Redondo Beach, California, Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory at MIT and Pratt & Whitney Aircraft in East Hartford, Connecticut before attending Harvard Law School. In 1964, MacPherson received his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School.

Career
MacPherson began his career as patent counsel at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Then, he moved to California to become one of the first patent attorneys at Fairchild Semiconductor, when it was still known as "Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation" and before it split off into National Semiconductor and other semiconductor companies.

In 1980, MacPherson founded the IP Group of Skjerven Morrill MacPherson LLP and served as the firm's chairman. Skjerven became a leading patent and IP boutique law firms in Silicon Valley, riding the wave of the dot-com boom. Its client list included NEC, AMD, SanDisk, Mosel Vitelic Corporation and Xilinx. In 2002, the Skjerven partnership voted to replace MacPherson, citing differences over the direction of the firm. The breakup was complicated, as it involved a suit filed by MacPherson against his former partners. His suit, alleging breach of fiduciary duty, defamation, negligent or intentional infliction of emotional distress, invasion of privacy, harassment in violation of FEHA and misrepresentation was sent by the court to arbitration and the Arbitrator, the Hon. John A. Flaherty (Ret.), entered an award for the defendant partners, denying MacPherson's request for relief in its entirety.  MacPherson left and began the firm MacPherson Kwok Chen & Heid LLP with offices in San Jose, California and Irvine, California. According to several commentators, MacPherson's departure from Skjerven, taking his clients to his new firm, led to the 2003 dissolution of Skjerven.

MacPherson co-founded Intellectual Property Acquisitions, Inc. with Dr. Nicola Orsini in late 2002 and served as its non-executive chairman.  He also served as Chief IP Strategist at Scintera Networks, Inc., a high speed communications semiconductor company.

Clean room defense
MacPherson was credited with pioneering the "clean room" defense when he represented NEC in an IP lawsuit against Intel in the early 1980s. In the suit, Intel alleged that NEC stole and infringed its programming in its microprocessors, or "microcode". To rebut this accusation, MacPherson gave an independent engineer the task of programming an IC (Integrated Circuit) to do the same thing as the NEC and Intel Chips, but cutting off all access to any previously written microcode - in other words, simulating clean room conditions. After the engineer completed the task, experts concluded that the similarities between the microcode was not because of copying but due to the intrinsic constraints of programming microcode.

Legacy
MacPherson died on December 8, 2008. He mentored several generations of IP and patent attorneys practicing in California and Texas. In his late 60s, he set a record for billing more than 3,000 hours a year. He also climbed Tanzania's Mount Kilimanjaro. In 2009, MacPherson Kwok Chen & Heid LLP merged with Texas-based law firm Haynes and Boone LLP.

References

1934 births
2008 deaths
American patent attorneys
People from Calais, Maine
California lawyers
Harvard Law School alumni
Stanford University School of Engineering alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
20th-century American lawyers


, born as , was a Japanese singer, lyricist, and composer.

Biography
On the music program Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ, he mentioned he composed two songs at the age of 11 – Heart of a Woman and Northern Town.

In 1984, Takahashi started his work entering the band Popsicle. In 1987, he joined the band Tulip, beginning a more professional musical career. He played a major role in the band's development, writing some of its hit singles.

In 1989, after the breakup of Tulip (reunited in 1997), he rejoined Popsicle temporarily.

When his recording label shut down, he became more active as a composer. He composed numerous soundtracks for anime, stage, television, and radio. His music for Nippon Hōsō Show Up Nighter was used from 2005 until 2008.

He died on November 4, 2005, at the age of 41, due to multiple organ failure resulting from a retroperitoneal sarcoma.

Discography

Albums
  (November 19, 1993)
 Welcome To Popsicle Channel (November 18, 1994)
 New Horizon (November 17, 1995)
 Great Big Kiss (November 11, 2000)
 From Future Present (February/March, 2007)
 Takahashi Hiro Best Collection (March 15, 2010 – PCCS.00091)

Singles
  (November 19, 1993)
  (December 17, 1993)
  (February 18, 1994)
  (June 17, 1994)
  (June 21, 1995)
  (November 1, 1995)
 Soda Fountain (October 1, 1998)
  (March 23, 2002)
  (September 16, 2002)
  (singer: Matsuko Mawatari)/Unbalance na Kiss o shite/Taiyō Ga Mata Kagayaku Toki (June 1, 2005) – Re-recorded version

References

External links
 Oricon profile (Japanese)

1964 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese male singers
20th-century Japanese singers
Deaths from cancer in Japan
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Japanese male composers
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese male pop singers
Singers from Tokyo


Jakobus Johannes Wiese (born 16 May 1964) is a former South African rugby union player who played at lock for the South Africa national rugby union team between 1993 and 1996. He was a specialist number 2 jumper in the lineout, and rampant in the tight loose and loose.(Sports Deck trading card 1994 issue, card no 08) He is married and has two children.

Playing career

Provincial
Wiese started his South African provincial career with , after which he moved to  and finally to , (later renamed the Golden Lions) in what is considered the strongest side ever fielded by the province. The  1993 side won the M-NET Night Series, Percy Frames Trophy, Super 10, Lion Cup and Currie Cup.

International
Wiese made his debut for the Springboks in the first test against France in 1993, which ended in a 20-all draw. He lost his test place after this, but was part of the touring squads to Australia in 1993, New Zealand in 1994 and Wales and Scotland at the end of 1994, before returning to the test team against  before the 1995 World Cup. He was part of the winning squad of the 1995 Rugby World Cup.

He received a three-match ban for punching and knocking unconscious Derwyn Jones of Wales in the 40–11 win in 1995. Jones was a major line out threat and was rendered unconscious and sidelined by a punch from behind in the fourth minute of the match. Wiese later scored a try in that match, but received a 30-day ban and a 50,000 Rand fine for his action.

He won his last cap for the Springboks on 15 December 1996 against Wales at Cardiff Arms Park in Cardiff. Wiese has the unique distinction of never playing in a losing Springbok side when he made the first XV.

Test history
 World Cup Final

Honours

Province
 Winner of the Currie Cup 1993, 1994
 Finalist in the Currie Cup 1991, 1992
 Winner of Super 10 in 1993

World Cup
 1995 : World Champions, 5 selections (Romania, Canada, Samoa, France, All Blacks).

Business career
Since 1994, Kobus and his wife Belinda Wiese have worked in the coffee industry. They began this business by joining a small group of coffee roasters dispersed widely across South Africa.

Kobus, who spotted a gap in the coffee industry, opened up shop in a small space on the East Rand. He then established Wiesenhof Coffee Shop in 1998, however he left the company's "The Roastery" at its core unaltered.

Later career
He is also a consultant and TV sports presenter.

See also

List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 585

References

External links

 Springboks 1995, 1996
 scrum.com statistics
 sporting-heroes.net Photography and statistics on the national team
 speakerpartnership.com

South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Rugby union locks
1964 births
Living people
South African people of German descent
Golden Lions players
Lions (United Rugby Championship) players
South African expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Italy
South African expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Alumni of Paarl Gimnasium
Rugby union players from the Western Cape
1995 Rugby World Cup players


KJBL (96.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Julesburg, Colorado, United States.  The station is owned by Armada Media - Mccook.

Along with carrying classic hits, the station airs local high school football games. The station carries local news as well. Music on KJBL is primarily satellite fed.

History
The station was assigned the call letters KEGK on February 26, 1999.  On July 24, 2001, the station changed its call sign to KKAS and on July 7, 2004, to KKYT. After a period off air, on January 14, 2005, the station became the current KJBL. Beginning in 2005, the station aired primarily a country music format, however this soon was changed to classic hits.

References

External links

JBL
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Colorado


Jagdish Narain Sapru (16 November 1933 – 8 May 2007) was an Indian businessman. He was the former chairman of ITC Limited, BOC India, DIC India (Formerly Coates of India), Nicco Park, and the Indian Chamber of Commerce. He was also the president of the Tollygunge Club, a golf club in Kolkata. Sapru was voted as one of the 'CEOs who Rock' by Asia Africa Intelligence Wire in 2003 and was also an honorary fellow of the All India Management Association. He was the grandson of Indian lawyer, political, and social leader Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru,

Early life
Jagdish Narain Sapru was born on 16 November 1933 in Allahabad (in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh) to a Kashmiri Brahmin family.  He was educated at the Allahabad University where he achieved an M.A. in Economics.

ITC

Sapru joined ITC as a 'sales pupil' in 1955. In the mid '60s, he was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata), and eventually made his permanent home there. He joined the board in 1974, and became chairman in 1983, succeeding his brother-in-law Ajit Narain Haksar. In his tenure as chairman, Sapru was responsible for ITC diversifying into the agriculture sector. He retired from ITC in 1991.

Family life

Sapru was survived by his wife Gita, two sons, Nirukt and Rakesh, daughters-in-law Abha and Sonya, and three grandchildren Abhirukt, Mihika and Sarojini. He was a keen golfer and cricketer.

References

1933 births
2007 deaths
Kashmiri people
Scholars from Allahabad
University of Allahabad alumni


KGIW (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to Alamosa, Colorado, United States. The station is owned by William Spears, Jr., through licensee Wolf Creek Broadcasting, LLC.

References

External links

GIW
Classic hits radio stations in the United States


In finance, intermediated research is a type of fundamental analysis or investment analysis of a business to establish its value for investors that attempts to avoid commercial pressure or influence.

Many banks and brokers provide research to the investment community, however this form of research suffers from a real or perceived lack of objectivity. For example, this research may be subject to influence from within a bank from, say, investment bankers keen to win company’s IPO mandate.

An alternative form is known as independent research or alternative research, this is research that is not provided by a bank or broker. However, someone has to fund the costs of conducting the research, and when the funder is the company being researched, this form of independent research is termed “sponsored” or “company-paid” research. Unfortunately, with the subject company paying directly for these services, this form of research suffers from a real or perceived lack of objectivity, which reduces its value to investors and hence to the companies themselves.

Intermediated research improves significantly upon the sponsored research model, by introducing important safeguards into the commercial and research process framework. The key structure is that the company has no choice in its allocation to a research provider; once matched with the research provider, the company is under a long term contract in order to minimize commercial pressure or influence; and the fees paid to the research provider are not sufficiently material for the company to be able to exert any influence over the content or conclusions of the research report. Collectively, these measures enhance the value of the report to investors and consequently, to the company itself.

The intermediated research framework includes the further protections; ensuring that the independent research firms involved have no investment banking or brokerage operations in their business models; conduct no traditional company-paid research; deliver a standard template for analysis of every company so that all standard topics are covered; and avoiding ratings and target prices in the reports, since these can risk becoming a focus of pressure exerted on the research provider by the subject company.

References

Research methods
Valuation (finance)


Cullinane College is an integrated, Co-Educational Secondary school in Whanganui, New Zealand for students in Year 9 to Year 13. Cullinane College was founded in 2003, through the combining of Sacred Heart College (founded in 1880 and operated by the Sisters of St Joseph of Nazareth) and St Augustines College  (founded in 1944 and operated by the priests and brothers of the Society of Mary). The college is named after: Sister Vincent Cullinane RSJ and Sister Cuthbert Cullinane RSJ (both important teachers at Sacred Heart College); Father John Cullinane SM (an important teacher at St Augustine's College); and Bishop Peter James Cullinane, first Bishop of Palmerston North (1980–2012). The Bishop of Palmerston North is the proprietor of the college.

Sports exchange
The college has an annual junior (Year 9, 10 and occasionally Year 11) sports exchange with Awatapu College in Palmerston North, generally competing in netball, basketball and rugby union. The exchange has been running as long as Cullinane's existence.

Principals
 Justin Harper ( – July 2022)
 Lida Penn-Reina (Acting) (July 2022)
 Tony McBride (2023 – present)

Notable alumni

 Brett Cameron (born 1996) professional rugby union player; All Black
 Ray O'Leary (born 1993) comedian and actor

References

Educational institutions established in 2003
Schools in Whanganui
Catholic secondary schools in New Zealand
2003 establishments in New Zealand
Secondary schools in Manawatū-Whanganui


Sambrook or Sambrooke may refer to:

Places
 Sambrook, Shropshire, a village in England

People with the surname
 Andrew Sambrook (born 1979), English footballer
 Clare Sambrook, English freelance journalist and author
 Gary Sambrook, Conservative MP for Birmingham Northfield since 2019
 Joseph Sambrook (born 1939), British molecular biologist
 Richard Sambrook, Vice Chairman and Chief Content Officer of the Edelman public relations agency

Other uses
 Sambrooke Freeman (c. 1721 – 1782), member of the Freeman family of Fawley Court near Henley-on-Thames, England
 Sambrook's Brewery, a brewery in Battersea, London


KEJJ (98.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Gunnison, Colorado, United States, the station is currently owned by John Harvey Rees. The station is the primary broadcaster in the valley for the Gunnison High School and Western Colorado University athletic events.

History
The station was assigned the call letters KGUC-FM on February 18, 1981, as an unknown soft format station. On May 22, 1992, the station changed its call sign to KKYY, and on January 16, 1998, to the current KEJJ.

References

External links

EJJ
Classic hits radio stations in the United States


KBLJ (1400 AM) is a radio station licensed to La Junta, Colorado, United States. The station is owned by Robin and Gary Reed, through licensee Thunder Media, Inc.

History
It first aired on 1370 kHz as KOKO in 1937. It moved to 1400 kHz in 1941 as a result of the NARBA agreement.

On June 1, 2022, KBLJ changed its format from news/talk to classic hits, branded as "Lightning 1400".

Previous logo

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KBLJ

BLJ
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1971


Iron oxide copper gold ore deposits (IOCG) are important and highly valuable concentrations of copper, gold and uranium ores hosted within iron oxide dominant gangue assemblages which share a common genetic origin.

These ore bodies range from around 10 million to >4,000 million tonnes of contained ore, and have a grade of between 0.2% and 5% copper, with gold contents ranging from 0.1 to 1.41 grams per tonne. These ore bodies tend to express as cone-like, blanket-like breccia sheets within granitic margins, or as long ribbon-like breccia or massive iron oxide deposits within faults or shears.

The tremendous size, relatively simple metallurgy and relatively high grade of IOCG deposits can produce extremely profitable mines, although the formation of these deposits is still not fully understood, and the fluid origin of the world class deposits are still being investigated.

Iron oxide copper-gold deposits are also often associated with other valuable trace elements such as uranium, bismuth and rare-earth metals, although these accessories are typically subordinate to copper and gold in economic terms.

Some examples include the Olympic Dam, South Australia, and Candelaria, Chile deposits.

Classification
Iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposits are considered to be metasomatic expressions of large crustal-scale alteration events driven by intrusive activity. The deposit type was first recognised by discovery and study of the supergiant Olympic Dam copper-gold-uranium deposit (Olympic Dam mine), and South American examples.

IOCG deposits are classified as separate to other large intrusive related copper deposits such as porphyry copper deposits and other porphyry metal deposits primarily by their substantial accumulations of iron oxide minerals, association with felsic-intermediate type intrusives (Na-Ca rich granitoids), and lack of the complex zonation in alteration mineral assemblies commonly associated with porphyry deposits.

The relatively simple copper-gold +/- uranium ore assemblage is also distinct from the wide spectrum of Cu-Au-Ag-Mo-W-Bi porphyry deposits, and there is often no metal zonation within recognised examples of IOCG deposits. IOCG deposits tend to also accumulate within faults as epigenetic mineralisation distal to the source intrusion, whereas porphyries are much more proximal to intrusive bodies.

Deposit features
A feature of IOCG ore deposits is the large variability between deposits regarding the ore grades, alteration styles, and fluid inclusion characteristics that leads to the lack of a complete model for the deposits formation.

An important feature of these deposits is the depth of formation, which ranges from the deep upper crust at depths of over 10km, to paleosurfaces. This main feature sets apart IOCG type deposits from porphyry skarn Cu-Au deposits which are from shallow depths of formation (<5km depth). The formation at deeper depths has implications such as ore fluids from a deep source.

Similar deposit styles
IOCG deposits are still relatively loosely defined and as such, some large and small deposits of various types may or may not fit within this deposit classification. IOCG deposits may have skarn-like affinities (e.g.; Wilcherry Hill, Cairn Hill), although they are not strictly skarns in that they are not metasomatites in the strictest sense.

IOCG deposits can express a wide variety of deposit morphologies and alteration types dependent on their host stratigraphy, the tectonic processes operating at the time (e.g., some provinces show a preference for development within shears and structural zones), and so on.

IOCG deposits have been recognised within epithermal regimes (caldera and maar styles) through to brittle-ductile regimes deeper within the crust (e.g. Prominent Hill, some Mount Isa examples, Brazilian examples). What is common in IOCGs is their genesis within magmatic-driven crustal-scale hydrothermal systems.

Genesis
Iron oxide copper gold deposits typically form within 'provinces' where several deposits of similar style, timing and similar genesis form within similar geologic settings. The genesis and provenance of IOCG deposits, their alteration assemblages and gangue mineralogy may vary between provinces, but all are related to;

 Major regional thermal event broadly coeval with IOCG formation, represented by low to medium grade metamorphism, and/or mafic intrusions, and/or I- or A-type granitoids
 Host stratigraphy is relatively Fe-enriched (BIF, ironstones), but have relatively little reduced carbon (e.g.; coal, etc.).
 Regional-scale alteration systems, operating over tens or hundreds of kilometres, involving admixture of at least two fluids
 Large-scale crustal structures which allow extensive hydrothermal circulation of mineralising fluids

IOCG deposits typically occur at the margins of large igneous bodies which intrude into sedimentary strata. As such, IOCG deposits form pipe-like, mantle-like or extensive breccia-vein sheets within the host stratigraphy. Morphology is often not an important criterion of the ore body itself, and is determined by the host stratigraphy and structures.

IOCG deposits are usually associated with distal zones of particular large-scale igneous events, for instance a particular Suite or Supersuite of granites, intermediate mafic intrusives of a particular age. Often the mineralising intrusive event becomes a diagnostic association for expressions of IOCG mineralisation within a given province.

IOCG mineralisation may accumulate within metasomatised wall rocks, within brecciated maar or caldera structures, faults or shears, or the aureole of an intrusive event (possibly as a skarn) and is typically accompanied by a substantial enrichment in iron oxide minerals (hematite, magnetite). IOCG deposits tend to accumulate within iron-rich rocks such as banded iron formations, iron schists, etcetera, although iron enrichment of siliciclastic rocks by metasomatism is also recognised within some areas.

Although not exclusively Proterozoic, within Australia and South America a majority of IOCG deposits are recognised to be within Neoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic basement. Worldwide, ages of recognised IOCG deposits range from 1.8 Ga to 15 Ma, however, the majority are within the 1.6 Ga to 850 Ma range.

Ore fluids formation
One of the biggest factors in the formation of IOCG deposits is the presence of ore fluids. The driving factor for the fluids movement in the upper crust is the present paleogeothermal gradients, as well as regional hydrothermal systems responsible for the alteration within these deposits. IOCG deposits have a distinctive set of two fluids vital in their formation:

 Highly oxidized fluids such as a meteoric or ground waters
 Brines of magmatic hydrothermal fluid or fluids that have reacted with metamorphic rocks, that are deep sourced and high temperature

There is also evidence of other fluids that are volatile rich in the formation of these deposits.

Factors of ore formation
There is controversy in regards to the factors that control the formation of the ore in these deposits, as they display a lot of variety between deposits in regards to the ore grades, alteration styles, fluid inclusion characteristics, and their links to their tectonic settings, and nearby intrusions. This has led to the lack of a complete model for the deposits' formation.

A variety of models have been made to try and model the formation of these deposits, such as IOCG deposits as the lower root portion of iron oxide-apatite formation, or models of complex interactions between more than two fluids of magmatic, surficial, sedimentary, or metamorphic origin. There is still controversy to these origins, but using tracing of fluid sources has opened exploration possibilities in recent years to large deposits in Australia, such as the Olympic Dam deposit, where using fluorites rare-earth element (REE) chemistry, the fluids in the formation of the deposits were identified.

Mineralogy and alteration

Ore minerals in IOCG deposits are typically copper-iron sulfide chalcopyrite and gangue pyrite, forming 10–15% of the rock mass.

Supergene profiles can be developed above weathered examples of IOCG deposits, as exemplified by the Sossego deposit, Para State, Brazil, where typical oxidised copper minerals are present, e.g.; malachite, cuprite, native copper and minor amounts of digenite and chalcocite.

Alteration is a mixture of sodic-calcic (albite-epidote) to potassic (K-feldspar) in style, and may vary from province to province based on host rocks and mineralising processes. Typically for large-scale hydrothermal systems, fluid types within IOCG systems show a mixed provenance of magmatic, metamorphic and often meteoric waters. Deposits may be vertically zoned from deeper albite-magnetite assemblages trending toward silica-K-feldspar-sericite in the upper portions of the deposits.

Gangue minerals are typically some form of iron oxide mineral, classically hematite, but also magnetite within some other examples such as Ernest Henry and some Argentinian examples. This is typically associated with gangue sulfides of pyrite, with subordinate pyrrhotite and other base metal sulfides.

Silicate gangue minerals include actinolite, pyroxene, tourmaline, epidote and chlorite, with apatite, allanite and other phosphate minerals common in some IOCG provinces (e.g.; North American examples), with carbonate-barite assemblages also reported. Where present, rare-earth metals tend to associate with phosphate minerals.

When iron oxide species trend towards magnetite or crystalline massive hematite, IOCG deposits may be economic based on their iron oxide contents alone. Several examples of IOCG deposits (Wilcherry Hill, Cairn Hill, Kiruna) are iron ore deposits.

Economic mineral occurrence
IOCG ore deposits containing economic quantities (highly profitable) of both copper and gold originate from the Precambrian. Larger deposits with >100 tons of resources occur near Paleoprotozoic and Archean cratons. These large deposits formed by mantle underplating impacts to metasomatized lithospheric mantle, and smaller deposits form by tectonic settings replication of this process in more recent times.

The content of gold within these deposits is largely variable, and can be a factor in the economic value of the deposit. The gold contents of all deposits averages 0.41 g/t Au, with the majority of worldwide deposits averaging less than 1 g/t Au.

The contents of gold can appear in three different forms in these deposits:

 Native gold
 Electrum
 Gold–bismuth–antimony–tellurium alloy

World-class IOCG deposits contain consistent Cu grades, between 0.7-1.5% Cu, higher copper grades than that of most world class gold-rich porphyry copper deposits.

Exploration
Within the Olympic Domain of the Gawler Craton, exploration for Olympic Dam style IOCG deposits has relied on four main criteria for targeting exploratory drill holes;
 A substantial gravity anomaly, taken to be representative of accumulation of iron oxide minerals within the crust, which is seen as being associated with classic Olympic Dam style IOCG mineralisation. Gravity data is often interpreted via a 3D inversion to resolve the density contrast and sub-surface position of a dense body of rock. More qualitatively, the "edges" of a gravity body are considered more prospective as this theoretically represents the mineralised margins of an intrusive body.
 High magnetism within the crust, again taken to be representative of accumulation of substantial iron oxide minerals within proximity to the targeted IOCG mineralising events
 Proximity to apparent crustal-scale linear features in geophysical data, which are taken to represent the fundamental crustal architectural faults up which mineralising intrusions and fluids would by preference travel
 Presence of the prospective Hiltaba Granite Suite, which is dated to 1570 Ma coeval with Olympic Dam and the other known IOCG examples within the province

This exploration model is applicable to the most basic of exploration criteria for identifying prospective areas likely to form IOCG deposits. In better exposed terranes, prospecting for alteration assemblages and skarns, in concert with geochemical exploration is also likely to yield success.

Examples

Australia

Gawler Craton IOCG province, South Australia
 Olympic Dam: 8,330 million tonnes of ore at 0.8% Cu, 280 ppm U3O8, 0.76g/t Au and 3.95 g/t Ag + 151 Mt at 1.0 g/t Au
 Carapateena mine: 203Mt @ 1.31% Cu, 0.56g/t Au, only partially explored. Best drilling results include 905 m at 2.1% Cu and 1.0 g/t
 Hillside: 170Mt @ 0.7% Cu and 0.2 g/t Au (upgraded resource estimate Dec. 2010)
 Prominent Hill Mine: 152.8 Mt at 1.18% Cu, 0.48 g/t Au, 2.92 g/t Ag + 38.3 Mt at 1.17 g/t Au
 Wilcherry Hill: +60Mt @ 31% Fe, associated Cu and Au
 Cairn Hill : Resources 14Mt @ 50% Fe, 0.2% Cu, 0.1 g/t Au. Reserves of 6.9Mt @ 51.% Fe, 0.2% Cu and 0.1 g/t Au

Cloncurry district, Queensland, Australia:
Mt. Elliott : 475 Mt at 0.5% Cu, 0.3 g/t Au
Ernest Henry : 122 Mt at 1.18% Cu, 0.55 g/t Au

South America
Punta del Cobre IOCG province, Chile
 La Candelaria, Chile Cu-Au-Ag Deposit: Resources of 600 Mt @ 0.95% Cu, 0.2 g/t Au, 3 g/t Ag. Reserve comprises 470 Mt @ 0.95% Cu, 0.22 g/t Au, 3.1 g/t Ag
 Mantos Blancos Deposit: Resources of >500 Mt @ 1.0% Cu.
 Mantoverde Cu-Au Deposit: Cu oxide resources 180 Mt @ 0.5% Cu overlying a sulfide resource of >400 Mt @ 0.52% Cu.

Para State IOCG province, Brazil
 Salobo Cu-Au: Reserves of 986 Mt @ 0.82% Cu, 0.49 g/t Au at a 0.5% Cu cutoff (2004).
 Cristalino Cu-Au Deposit: 500 Mt @ 1.0% Cu, 0.2–0.3 g/t Au. Reserves amount to 261 Mt @ 0.73% Cu
 Sossego Cu-Au Deposit: 355 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au. Reserves of 245 Mt @ 1.1% Cu, 0.28 g/t Au
 Alemão Cu-Au-(REE)-(U): Resources of 170 Mt @ 1.5% Cu, 0.8 g/t Au (depleted).
 Igarapé Bahia Cu-Au-(REE)-(U): >30 Mt @ 2 g/t Au.

Marcona IOCG district in Southern Peru
 Marcona Mine 1,400 million tonnes iron ore
 Pampa de Pongo 1,000 million tonnes 75% magnetite
 Mina Justa copper-gold deposit

Some authors (e.g., Skirrow et al. 2004) consider the iron ore deposits of Kiruna, Sweden as being IOCG deposits. Similar styles of fault-hosted magnetite-hematite breccias with minor copper-gold mineralisation and skarns are recognised within the Gawler Craton, South Australia, which would be recognised as IOCG deposits.

See also
 Ore genesis
 Porphyry copper
 Metasomatism

References

Iron Oxide Copper-Gold in South America
Skirrow, R., 2004. Iron oxide Cu-Au deposits: An Australian perspective on their unifying characteristics. In: McPhie, J. and McGoldrick, P. (editors), 2004. Dynamic Earth: Past, Present and Future. Abstracts of the 17th Australian Geological Convention, Hobart, Tasmania. February 8–13, Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts No. 73, p. 121

External links and further reading
"Footprints of Fe-oxide(-Cu-Au) systems"
Porter, T. M. editor, Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: a global perspective, PGC Publishing a division of Porter GeoConsultancy (2002), 349 pages,
Porter, T. M. editor, Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: a global perspective, Volume 2, PGC Publishing a division of Porter GeoConsultancy (2002) 377 pages,

Economic geology
Ore deposits


The hyperSPARC, code-named "Pinnacle", is a microprocessor that implements the SPARC Version 8 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Ross Technology for Cypress Semiconductor.

The hyperSPARC was introduced in 1993, and competed with the Sun Microsystems SuperSPARC. Raju Vegesna was the microarchitect. The hyperSPARC was Sun Microsystem's primary competitor in the mid-1990s. When Fujitsu acquired Ross from Cypress, the hyperSPARC was considered to be more important by its new owner than the SPARC64 developed by HAL Computer Systems, also a Fujitsu subsidiary, a view which was shared with analysts.

Description

The hyperSPARC was a two-way superscalar microprocessor. It had four execution units: an integer unit, a floating-point unit, a load/store unit and a branch unit. The hyperSPARC has an on-die 8 KB instruction cache, from which two instructions were fetched per cycle and decoded. The decoder could not decode new instructions if the previously decoded instructions were not issued to the execution units.

The integer register file contained 136 registers, providing eight register windows, a feature defined in the SPARC ISA. It had two read ports. The integer unit had a four-stage pipeline, of which two stages were added so the pipeline would be equal to all non-floating-point pipelines. Integer multiply and divide, instructions added in the V8 version of the SPARC architecture, had an 18- and 37-cycle latency, respectively, and stalled the pipeline until they were completed.

The microprocessor supported multiprocessing on MBus systems.

Physical

The hyperSPARC consists of 1.2 million transistors. It was fabricated by Cypress in their 0.65 µm, two-layer metal, complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process. Later iterations of the hyperSPARC have more transistors due to new features, and were ported to newer processes. They were fabricated by Fujitsu, except for the last iteration, which was fabricated by NEC.

Packaging

The hyperSPARC was a multi-chip design. It was packaged in a ceramic multi-chip module (MCM) with a pin grid array (PGA).

Chipsets

The hyperSPARC used the Cypress SparcSet chipset which was introduced in late July 1992. It was developed by Santa Clara, California start-up Nimbus Technologies, Inc. for Cypress, who fabricated the design. SparcSet was also compatible with other SPARC microprocessors.

References

 Levine, Bernard (11 April 1994). "MCM advocates lure would-be users". Electronic News.
 Holden, Daniel (15 February 1993). "Cypress, Sun: HyperSPARC hypertension". Electronic News.
 Holden, Daniel (15 March 1993). "HyperSparc eyes union with Intel on P6 processor". Electronic News.
 Holden, Daniel (19 April 1993). "HyperSPARC slow going with Sun Micro". Electronic News.
 Shen, John Paul and Lipasti, Mikko H. (2004). Modern Processor Design. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Further reading

 "Ross Previews Pinnacle SPARC Design". (25 March 1992). Microprocessor Report, vol. 6, no. 4.
 "TI and Cypress/Ross Battle for SPARC Leadership". (27 May 1992). Microprocessor Report, vol. 6, no. 7.
 "Ross Finally Ships HyperSPARC". (15 November 1993). Microprocessor Report, vol. 7, no. 15.
 "Enhanced HyperSparc Challenges UltraSparc". (4 December 1995). Microprocessor Report, vol. 9, no. 16.

SPARC microprocessors