Events in the year 1864 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles IV

Events
 19 April – The last public execution in Christiania took place at Etterstad, attended by about 5,000 spectators.

Arts and literature
Ja, vi elsker, composed by Rikard Nordraak, with lyrics by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, becomes the (de facto) Norwegian national anthem.

Births
7 January – Rasmus Pedersen Thu, photographer (died 1946)
24 February – Anders Buen, typographer, newspaper editor, trade unionist and politician (died 1933)
13 March  – James C. M. Hanson, Norwegian American librarian and author (died 1943)
15 March – Johan Halvorsen, composer, conductor and violinist (died 1935)
21 March – Svend Rasmussen Svendsen, Norwegian American impressionist artist (died 1945)
7 June  – Emil Biorn, Norwegian American sculptor and artist (died 1935)
22 June – Hans Jørgen Darre-Jenssen, engineer, politician and Minister (died 1950)
8 July – Marie Hauge, painter (died 1931)
10 October – Ola Bertelsen, jurist and politician (died 1946)
19 September – Ragna Wettergreen, stage and film actress (died 1958)
1 December – Carsten Borchgrevink, polar explorer (died 1934)
14 December – Anders Svor, sculptor (died 1929)

Full date unknown
Gulbrand Hagen, Norwegian American newspaper editor and writer (died 1919)
Fredrik Ludvig Konow, politician and Minister (died 1954)
Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe, soldier and art collector (died 1935)
Christian Lange Rolfsen, politician and Minister (died 1934)
Nils Collett Vogt, poet (died 1937)
Johannes B. Wist (died 1923) Norwegian American journalist and author.

Deaths
12 January – Lars Rasch, jurist and politician (born 1797)
20 March - Broder Knudtzon, merchant and politician (born 1788)
7 June – Rolf Olsen, politician (born 1818)
24 November – Ulrik Frederik Cappelen, jurist and politician (born 1797)

Full date unknown
Ola Antonson Holsen, politician (born 1808)

See also


An ecchondroma is a subtype of chondroma that occurs within the subperiosteal layer. The term used to describe its growth is "ecchondrosis".

References

External links

Benign neoplasms
Osseous and chondromatous neoplasia


Los Remixes 2.0 (English: The Remixes 2.0) is the second remix album and seventh album by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings and the second remix album by Mexican-American musician A.B. Quintanilla. It was released on April 6, 2004 by EMI Latin. It includes a cover of a song by Menudo, "Sabes a Chocolate". Los Kumbia Kings member Abel Talamántez was himself a member of Menudo before.

Track listing

Personnel

Kumbia Kings
 A.B. Quintanilla III – bass guitar, backing vocals, producer, composer
 Fernando "Nando" Domínguez III – vocals
 Frank "Pangie" Pangelinan – vocals
 Abel Talamántez – vocals
 Irvin "Pee Wee" Salinas – vocals
 Anthony "Nino B" López – backing vocals, rap (track 2), dancer
 Juan Jesús "JP" Peña – backing vocals, dancer
 Cruz Martínez – keyboards, producer, composer
 Chris Pérez – guitar
 Robert "BoBBo" Gomez III – keyboards, producer
 Noe "Gipper" / "El Animal" Nieto Jr. – accordion
 Robert "Robbie" Del Moral – drums
 Luigi Giraldo – keyboards, composer

Former Kumbia Kings members
 Jason "DJ Kane" Cano – vocals
 Francisco "Frankie J" Bautista Jr. – vocals

Additional musicians and production
 Javier Bermudez – remixer, additional producer
 Dapper Don – vocals (track 2)
 Pavel De Jesús – remixer, additional producer
 Gerardo Garmendia – photography, graphic design
 Nelson Gonzalez – art direction
 Ramiro Matos – remixer, additional producer
 Brian "Red" Moore – mixing
 Ricky Morales – art direction
 Nopal Beat – remixer, additional producer
 Ozomatli – vocals (track 12)
 ROCAsound – remixer, additional producer
 Elvin F. Torres Serrant – remixer, additional producer
 "Big Bert" Treviño – project and studio coordinator
 Don C. Tyler – mastering
 Adolfo Valenzuela – remixer, additional producer
 Omar Valenzuela – remixer, additional producer

Sales and certifications

References

2004 remix albums
Kumbia Kings albums
A. B. Quintanilla albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Albums produced by Cruz Martínez
EMI Records remix albums
Spanish-language remix albums
Cumbia albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions


Francisco Javier Tadeo Domínguez Brito (born October 28, 1965, in Santiago) is a Dominican lawyer and politician.

He has been Minister of Environment and Natural Resources (2016), Minister of Labor (2011), Senator (2006), Attorney General (2004) and District Attorney of the National District (1997). In Congress he stood out for being the senator with more laws passed in the 2006–2010 four-year period; made significant contributions to the Constitution of the Republic proclaimed in the year 2010 and received wide acceptance for managing a vast cultural and educational agenda in favor of its province Santiago. As Prosecutor of the National District and Attorney General of the Republic he pursued and obtained significant convictions in crimes that moved Dominican society in the last decades of 20th century and promoted an institutionalization program for criminal and prison prosecution systems.

He is a member of the Central Committee of the Dominican Liberation Party (PLD).

Early life
 Francisco Javier Domínguez Brito  is a Dominican lawyer and politician. He was born in Santiago, Dominican Republic on October 28 on 1965. Son of Mr. Pedro Domínguez Rosario and Mrs. Elsa Brito de Domínguez.

He did his primary and basic studies at the Colegio de La Salle in Santiago. In 1988 she obtained a law degree from the Pontifical Catholic University Mother and Teacher (PUCMM). In 1991 he completed a master's degree in Social Thought at this same university and a master's degree in Civil Law at the Panthéon-Assas University in Paris, France.

In the private sphere, he has been a legal advisor to the Chamber of Deputies of the Republic, professor of 'History of Political Ideas' at PUCMM, Director Executive of the Institutional and Justice Foundation (FINJUS), as well as a consultant to the National School of the Magistracy in relation to the Program of Implementation of the New Criminal Procedure Code; of the State Reform and Modernization Support Project (PARME), which operates with funds from the European Union; and of the Judicial Statistics Research Project implemented by the Justice Studies Center of Las América (CEJAS) whose headquarters are located in Santiago, Chile, among other institutions.

Also, he is a Notary Public of the number of the Jurisdiction of Santiago, member of the Santiago Bar Association and the Bar Association of the Dominican Republic.

Political career
Francisco Domínguez Brito joined the PLD in the year 1984. Thus, he began his partisan work in that year, leading on that date a "Work Committee", in what was the "Captain Máximo Cabral" work nucleus. A year later, he went on to direct the "Youth Front of the Maximo Cabral" and in 1986 he entered a study circle.

Once a full member of the PLD in 1988, he occupies different functions in the grassroots committees to which he belonged until he was elected in 1992 a member of the Middle Management, after the Political Committee approved the elevation of the working nucleus to "Maximo Cabral Intermediate Committee". In this Committee he held the role of organization manager until the year 1994. In that same year, he was unanimously elected by the "Maximo Cabral Intermediate Committee" as a candidate for deputy mayor.

After the electoral process of 1994, he went to Paris, to carry out post-graduate studies at the University of Paris II (Pantheon Assas). There he organizes a circle of studies and becomes the founder of the PLD section in France. In January 1995 he directed the Electoral Commission in Madrid, for the election of the Party Directorate in Europe. Upon his return to the country in 1995 he is elected Secretary-General of the "Maximo Cabral Intermediate Committee". He was reelected in 1997 unanimously as secretary-general. In this period he also stands out for being the founder of the "Rosa Sosa Intermediate Committee". In 1998 he is appointed deputy secretary of the organization and is elected member of the Central Committee, a position he holds until now.

Private practice
In the private sector, he has been a legal advisor to the Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic, a professor of "History of Political Ideas" in the Pontifice Universidad Catolica Madre Maestra (PUCMM), and Executive Director of Institutional and Justice Foundation (FINJUS). He has also been a consultant to the National Judicial School regarding the Program to Implement the New Criminal Procedure Code, the Project for the Reform and Modernization of the State (Parma), which operates with funding from the European Union and Research Project on Judicial Statistics implemented by the Justice Studies Center of The Americas (CEJAS) headquartered in various locations including Santiago, Chile.

Also, he is a Notary Public of several jurisdictions in Santiago, and a member of the Bar Association of Santiago and the Bar Association of the Dominican Republic.

Public service
Francisco Domínguez Brito has held important public positions in the Dominican Republic:

District Attorney of Santo Domingo (1997–2000)

On September 23 of the year 1997, by presidential decree 404-97 the President of the Republic Leonel Fernández Reyna appointed Francisco Domínguez Brito as Prosecutor of National District of Republic replacing Dr. Guillermo Moreno García. At just 31 years of age, Dominguez would become the Prosecutor of the youngest National District in contemporary history.

Convictions outstanding cases. Among the important convictions obtained during his administration, those against civilians and military officers accused of the murder of the renowned Dominican journalist Orlando Martínez Howley, which occurred in 1975 during the authoritarian government of Joaquín Balaguer, stand out and that for the two young people accused of the murder of the teenager José Rafael Llenas Aybar in the year 1996.

Organizational change. In the Prosecutor's Office of National District, Francisco Domínguez Brito promoted profound reforms both in the organizational aspect and in the direction of the criminal investigation to make the entity a modern institution, with clear and transparent procedures. In its management period, the administrative unit responsible for receiving and managing the files, serving and informing the public was created; Through it, all processes were simplified and automated. He initiated the seizure of the courts randomly using an automated lottery, which broke with a manual tradition and non-transparent methodologies. A database and effective control of detainees was initiated through a systematic procedure for registering and identifying them by capturing biometric data from the moment they entered the judicial system. To standardize processes and measure performance, a manual of functions and procedures of all departments was developed.

Institutional change. At the structural level, the departments that existed were redesigned. Deputy prosecutors were assigned to the different police units (stations or detachments), as well as to the National Drug Control Directorate (DNCD). In this way, the Public Ministry () assumed control of the investigations from the moment he was aware of the criminal offense, generating a coordinated and immediate reaction. The Department of Internal Affairs and Special Investigations, whose deputy prosecutors were in charge of investigating any official who was engaged in exercising their functions, was also created and equipped with trained personnel. Similarly, the Department of Family and Minors and the Department of Intellectual Property were created.

Finally, under the direction of Domínguez Brito, the Office of the National District gave priority to an extensive program of alternative dispute resolution. With this program, conciliation between the parties was sought in cases in which the public interest and citizen security were not compromised, thereby ending the conflict through the agreement, thus avoiding minor offenses from entering the judicial system.

Attorney General of the Republic (2004–2006)

On August 16 of the year 2004, by presidential decree 861-04 the President of the Republic Dr. Leonel Fernández Reyna appointed Francisco Domínguez Brito as Attorney General of the Republic. When he took office, he was barely 38 years old and thus became the Attorney General of the Republic youngest of the Contemporary history. Then he declared that his administration would be based on the sacred commitment to honor the truth, respect due process and guarantee constitutionally protected rights for all Dominicans and Dominicans.

The institutional challenge. By assuming Prosecutor a strategic plan was developed based on the analysis of the challenges presented to the Public Prosecutor's Office the New Criminal Procedure Code (approved two years earlier), the implementation of the Statute of the Public Ministry (approved a year earlier), its interrelation with the other entities of the Justice System and society. To respond effectively to the new procedural order, the Public Ministry was oriented to establish the necessary units and units to guarantee better treatment and technical and scientific specialization. He received an institutional budget of 654 million Dominican pesos (approximately US$18 million).

Training and qualification. Aware that the task of theoretically adapting the Public Prosecutor's Office for a new procedural scheme and the necessary implementation of the prosecutors' career was monumental, Dominguez decided to address both issues simultaneously. The initial training of candidates for career prosecutors on the one hand and the training of current prosecutors on the other through the 'Extraordinary Training Programs' was carried out through the new National School of Public Prosecution (ENP). The first promotions of career prosecutors were incorporated as of the year 2006.

Administration of resources and priorities. Adapting technically and providing appropriate technological resources to the Public Ministry needed a considerable budgetary boost, so Francisco Domínguez managed to allocate for the year 2005 double that of the previous year (reaching 1,100 million Dominican pesos ). Due to the marked deterioration and the deplorable conditions that it presented, the transformation of the prison system was promoted through the accelerated conversion of prison facilities to the so-called "new prison model". In the first stage, 9 of the 35 prisons in the country were incorporated into the new model. When the Office of the Prosecutor assumed the country's prison system, it barely received 16% (110 million Dominican pesos) of the institution's total budget; by 2006 after two years of prioritization, spending had increased to 34% (509 million Dominican pesos).

The technification of the criminal investigation needed to be institutionalized, and on several occasions, Domínguez advocated the creation of judicial technical police. During this period, the National Institute of Forensic Sciences (INACIF).

Interinstitutional cooperation and transparency. As Attorney he was appointed a member of the Technical Unit of the National Commission of Ethics and Fight against Corruption (CNECC). From here, they promoted important initiatives related to the regulation of the state procurement and contracting regime, first through a Presidential decree and then through the bill that would later govern the matter. Public ethics commissions were also created and programs for the promotion and promotion of the principles established in the Code of Ethics of the Public Servant (Law 120–01) were established.

The new institutionality in the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic. Under this management were created:

 the Office of Attention to Victims; the Criminal Information System (SIC); the Unit of the Public Ministry anti Money Laundering;
 Neighborhood or community prosecutors, implementing alternative dispute resolution, to offer quick access to justice, contributing to the discharge of cases, social peace and alleviating the work overload that previously characterized the old system inquisitorial;
 Specialized centers for domestic violence in the National District, the province of Santo Domingo, Santiago, La Vega and Baní; to strengthen the programs of care for victims of family abuse; Awareness raising of institutions that usually detect cases of family violence, especially police, school and health authorities, so that they provide adequate care to the victims and, where appropriate, seek the intervention of specialized institutions.

Senator for the province of Santiago (2006–2010)
Being Attorney General of the Republic, on February 1 of the year 2006 he requested a provisional license to get involved in the electoral process to be held on 16 May of that year:

  "(...) I want to inform you that today I am proceeding to apply for a license for three months without pay ..., as of February 16 of this year for the purpose of assuming the candidacy of the Senate for the province of Santiago, "he said.

On August 8, he formally resigned from the position of Attorney, to assume the Senate for the Province of Santiago.

Thus, having been an official candidate for the PLD during the congressional and municipal elections held in Republic on May 16 of the year 2006, Francisco Domínguez Brito became the senator elected by the province of Santiago by obtaining 156,499 valid votes (53.25%).

He was sworn in on August 16 of that same year by the President of the Senate of the Republic Reinaldo Pared Pérez.

He served as president of the Justice and Human Rights Commission, responsible for deciding on issues related to judicial organization, the creation, and removal of courts, the approval, and discussion of codes and procedural laws, the prison administration; as well as the protection and safeguarding of fundamental rights and public freedoms.

Approved legislative initiatives

Social and cultural initiatives

The senatorial management of Francisco Domínguez Brito, under the slogan A management for All, was set as a goal since its inception to support the process of school, human and professional training of the citizens of Santiago. In this sense, the highest percentage of the resources administered by the Senate office was dedicated to this chapter through relevant activities and events, among which are:

National Assembly: Constitutional Reform (2009)

In the framework of the reform process to the constitution Dominican initiated in the year 2008, and after the approval of the law that declared the need for Congress to avoid these tasks, the November 12, 2008 Francisco Domínguez Brito presented the preliminary proposal of the report regarding the Convocation Bill for Constitutional Reform, which supported the constitutional reform as a result of The need for institutional strengthening, the establishment of criteria for incorporating international standards into domestic law, the extension of constitutional procedures that allow the system of weights and balances to be efficient, the consolidation of the rule of law and compliance with the law, of the scope of transparency in the actions of the administration, of guaranteeing economic democracy through an instrument for the integral development of the nation Ion: the person, the family and society, and finally the substantive rule reform is supported by the need to incorporate new legal figures.

Since the conclusion of the Popular Consultation process  initiated to prepare a proposal for reform of the constitution, "Francisco Domínguez Brito" expressed his interest in formalizing in the constitutional text a set of precepts that allow enhancing democracy Dominican. In this sense, he used important public scenarios to express his vision about the need to strengthen institutionality and horizontal control mechanisms among the Powers of the State of the Republic, as well as for the establishment of more and better systems. of guarantees to fundamental rights, greater control of public finances, rationalization of electoral rules and processes, among others.

Style Commission Coordinator
[[File: PlenarioFDB.jpg | thumb | 250px | '' Francisco Domínguez Brito addresses the plenary session room of the National Assembly in Santo Domingo, April from 2009.]]
The Constitution Review Assembly met for the first time on Tuesday March 24 of the year 2009 in Santo Domingo. As Senator representing Santiago, he was appointed a coordinator of the Style Committee (Coordination and Support Body of the National Assembly). The attribution and essential function of the Commission was to review the texts that would be decided by the Assembly at first reading regarding the correct use of the language to be presented to the Plenary in the second reading.Proposals to the plenary It was proposed to promote modifications to the constitutional text in force since the year 1966 Regarding the powers of the Executive Power, the National Congress, the Supreme Court of Justice, the Central Electoral Board, the Town Halls and municipalities, the Comptroller General's Office, the Chamber of Accounts, the Attorney General's Office of the Republic, the National Police, the security forces, as well as general principles related to budgetary management, planning, territorial organization, local governments and the fundamental rights of citizens.

Senator Francisco Domínguez Brito expressed his support for the right to education, emphasizing that every human being has the right to comprehensive, quality, permanent education, on equal terms and opportunities. Regarding the right to culture, he promoted the value of the cultural identity, the artistic, cultural and historical wealth of the country and a State that guarantees the protection, enrichment, conservation, restoration and enhancement of the cultural heritage of the nation. He defended the establishment and protection of property rights in all its variants. Regarding the regime of the provinces, it promoted integral regional and provincial development, with the creation of a consultative development council on economic and social matters.

 He promoted the condemnation of all forms of administrative corruption. To this end, corruption prevention measures were instituted, establishing the mandatory declaration of assets of public officials, corresponding to the latter proving the origin of their assets. Concerning natural resources, he advocated the use of resources for the development of each of the provinces where they come from.

In the justice sector, Senator  Francisco Domínguez Brito proposed to establish specialized jurisdictions and clarify the role of Public Ministry as an immovable figure and as a responsible body injustice for the formulation and implementation of State policy against crime, directing the criminal investigation and exercising public action on behalf of society. Similarly, he promoted the role of Public Prosecutor as a defender of fundamental rights, as a promoter of alternative dispute resolution and defender of the public interest protected by law. In the same direction, he promoted the Public Prosecutor's Office, the institution of a Higher Council for the Public Ministry and the extension of powers of the National Council of the Magistracy established in 1994.

Finally, Dominguez introduced by itself or jointly to other assemblymen proposals for modification to more than a hundred articles of the draft Constitutional reform. As president of the Special Commission on the Judiciary, he proposed a new redesign of judicial organization, powers, and prerogatives of the justice system actors in the Republic. Domínguez Brito along with the assembly members of the PLD Minou Tavárez Mirabal and Julio César Valentín Jiminián managed to approve more than a third of the 277 articles of the new Constitution of the Republic proclaimed in the year 2010.

 Minister of Labor of the Republic (2011–2012)

On August 22, 2011, the President of the Dominican Republic Leonel Fernández appointed Francisco Domínguez Brito as Minister of Labor through decree number 494-11. Upon being sworn in on August 26 at the National Palace, he affirmed that Family Insurance and Medical Insurance have been pillars of this Government, and said that these two lines will be which will give priority, as will employment growth:
 "We will work very hard to keep improving and administratively be sustainable; There is also the issue of pensions. People want when their work ends, the retirement age; That those funds are there. We will be vigilant in this regard. "Integrated Labor Registration System (SIRLA). The Integrated Labor Registration System (SIRLA) was implemented in 2011 and consists of an electronic system in which employers can register their companies and workers. This eliminates the need to make purchases and deposits of work forms physically, simplifying the procedures, saving time and making the process transparent. As of July 2012, 561,395 workers and 16,249 establishments had been registered.Judicial Assistance. The Ministry of Labor offers legal advice to users and has 60 lawyers that are available to all workers and employers for free. During the performance of their duties, during the management of Francisco Domínguez Brito, 6,590 users were served, of which 1,395 received an assignment of lawyers for cases in the courts of the republic: 688 for dismissals, 305 for resignations and 400 for eviction. All the assistance offered left 12,489,932 pesos of compensation received by the workers served.Labor Inspection. The labor inspection department made 62,787 visits to companies during the period from August 2011 to May 2012. 36,729 warning certificates and 3,127 infraction records were issued. Likewise, personal attention was offered to 305,631 users throughout the country.Project "Meets and Win". The Project Meets and Wins was a regional initiative funded by the United States Department of Labor, executed in stages in coordination with the Ministry of Labor to increase compliance with labor rights through the strengthening of inspection systems labor. One of the biggest contributions provided by the project was to ensure that more than 11,200 inspection records and more than 65,000 records of attention to people are in the Electronic System of Inspection Case Management (SEMC) in the Local Labor Representations. This electronic tool standardizes inspection reports and reduces internal paperwork since inspectors can access the system remotely.Institutional agreements. Under the direction of Francisco Domínguez Brito, the Ministry of Labor signed agreements with the Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Institute of Technical-Vocational Training (INFOTEP), the Technological Institute of the Americas (ITLA) and the Cyber Park with the purpose of accompanying the young people discharged in the process of seeking employment as baseball players in a way that allows them to reorient their lives, as well as promoting job reintegration through training, technical-professional training and occupational guidance. An agreement was also concluded with the Catholic Technological University of Barahona (UCATEBA) and the CESAL Non-Governmental Organization, with the objective of working in collaboration for the intermediation, occupational orientation and promotion of employment as well as for studies in coordination with the OMLAD, to know the requirements and needs of the work marking of the Barahona province. A similar agreement was signed with the Presidential Office of Information and Communication Technologies (OPTIC) to integrate the Ministry of Labor into the Center for Attention to the Citizen (GOB Point) located in the Megacentro shopping center. In July 2012, an agreement was signed with the Attorney General's Office, in order to establish an inter-institutional cooperation scheme aimed at promoting the social and labor reintegration of the users of the Free Environment (formed by people who have come out of serving sentences from the new prisons in the country), as well as deported people, through the creation and identification of job opportunities that allow them to generate income to support themselves with their families.National Employment Service (SENAE). In the period from August 2011 to July 2012, 16,683 vacancies and 65,173 candidates for the Electronic Employment Exchange of the Ministry of Labor were registered. Since its creation, the initiative has registered 5,730 companies, 140,316 job seekers and has evaluated 49,599 job vacancies.Job Fairs. Between August 2011 and August 2012, with the intermediation of the Ministry of Labor, ten (10) Fairs and ten (10) days of employment were held in the provinces of San Cristóbal, Santo Domingo, Santiago, La Vega, La Romana, Barahona, San Juan de la Maguana, Azua, Baní, Mao, San Francisco de Macorís and Higüey.Youth and Employment Program (PJE). The "Youth and Employment (PJE)" Program was part of the active employment policies implemented by the Government of the Republic and has been in place since 2003. In the period from August 2011 to July 2012, 341 training courses were held with 119 System Operational Centers (COS) for a total of 10,980 young beneficiaries. Gender equality was maintained in this cycle since 54% of graduates are young women.Temporary Employment Pilot Project "Santiago Works". The "Santiago Trabaja" Project constituted one of the four components of the Youth Development Program that the Ministry of Labor has executed since 2007, with the support of the World Bank. Santiago Trabaja was designed and implemented as a mechanism to combat unemployment, specifically in the province of Santiago de los Caballeros, following the increase in the level of unemployment resulting from the impact of the international financial crisis and in particular in the sector of the free zone. The objective was to provide 3,335 people with basic skills between 18 and 65 years and directly transfer RD 3,600 pesos per month for 4 months, conditioning their participation in the development of social utility initiatives through sub-projects that develop works or services of social interest, with intensive use of labor.Dominican Labor Market Observatory (OMLAD)'''. The Dominican Labor Market Observatory constitutes the Research Department of the Ministry of Labor, located in the General Employment Directorate. During the administration of Francisco Domínguez Brito, he completed the studies: "Haitian Immigrants and Labor Market: Study on Construction Workers and Production of Bananas in the Dominican Republic", "Diagnosis of the Labor Market of the Province of Puerto Plata", and the "Overview of the Dominican Labor Market corresponding to the year 2011".

 Attorney of the Republic (2012–2016)

On August 16, 2012, by decree 454–12, the Dominican President Danilo Medina appointed  Francisco Domínguez Brito as Attorney General of the Dominican Republic. Upon being possessed by the Legal Consultant of the Executive Branch, he declared:
 "Our responsibility is to do the job well, to do things correctly, to carry out our work with passion, dedication and interest, because we are the defenders of society being protected from criminality, which will not win us the battle We are the defenders of the law, we are the defenders of society being protected from dishonesty, we are the ones who guarantee citizen freedom, it is in our hands ... the life of the other, the freedom of the others .. . "

Corruption Prosecutions (August 2012). Eleven (11) days after assuming as Attorney General for the second time, Francisco Domínguez Brito announced that after an investigation led by the Inspectorate of the Procuraduría, it was determined that Pascual Cordero Martínez paid more than one million pesos for the prison director, Mario Acosta Santos, to manage to return him to the "La Victoria" Jail from the Higüey Correction and Rehabilitation Center where he was transferred to have more control of him by the rigor of the New Penitentiary Model. Days later, the Permanent Attention Court of the National District issued three months of pretrial detention in Najayo prison to the former director of Prisons, Mario Acosta.

Suspension of prosecutors (September 2012). The Superior Council of the Public Prosecutor's Office, headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, Francisco Domínguez Brito, suspended twelve prosecutors from the judicial departments from the provinces Santo Domingo, Santiago, La Vega, and Monsignor Nouel. The suspended ones, until they conclude the investigations, are prosecutors Máximo Suárez Frías, Leónidas Suárez, Miguel Morfe Henríquez, Ivelisse Casado and Juan Rosa, all of the Santo Domingo province. Likewise, Carmen Elizabeth Jiménez, Fernando Arturo Martínez Ramos, Ana Cristina Rodríguez, Máximo Peralta and Leiny Rosario Solís, from La Vega. Also, Pedro Celestino Santana Tavárez, from Santiago, and Miguel Alejandro Sharp Jiménez, from Monsignor Nouel.

Proposals for modification of the Criminal Procedure Code (September 2012). On September 14, the Attorney General presented to the National Congress a proposal to amend the Criminal Procedure Code to limit some situations that have allowed prosecuted persons to evade justice, as well as to limit the discretion of judges when imposing coercive measures on repeat offenders or other pending legal proceedings, create a more efficient system for the capture of fugitives or declared in absentia, among others.

Elimination of privileges in prisons (September–October 2012). On September 28 the Attorney General of the Republic, Francisco Domínguez Brito, ordered the elimination of privileges enjoyed by prisoners millionaires in some prisons. Through a communication sent to the director of Prisons, Tomás Holguín La Paz, Domínguez Brito issued instructions so that no inmate enjoys special privileges, such as the use of air conditioners, televisions, antennas Satellite dishes, laptops, phones, among others. On weekends in a row, with the help of the High-Risk Transfer Unit, 77 inmates were taken and occupied marital cells that had been converted into private suites; murderers, drug traffickers, rapists, and other dangerous criminals were transferred to the Anamuya Correction and Rehabilitation Center in the province of La Romana.

Regulation of seizure of motor vehicles (October 2012). The Attorney General of the Republic instructed all representatives of the Public Ministry to only seize motor vehicles when they constitute a probative and binding element with the process that takes place. The instructions were given through circular number 03646, addressed to the attorneys general, deputies, the prosecutors, and their deputies, as well as to the supervisors. He pointed out that the warning was given to preserving the fundamental right of ownership inherent in every person, which may be violated at the time of kidnapping things, especially motor vehicles.

Prosecution of Senator Felix Bautista (October 2014). On October 22, 2014, Francisco Domínguez Brito sent an indictment and opening request to trial against Senator Felix Bautista deposited with the Supreme Court of Justice. The Office of the Prosecutor requested the appointment of a Judge of Instruction Special, to $2know in preliminary hearing a request for preventive detention and accusation for serious acts of corruption and money laundering against: Félix Ramón Bautista Rosario, Soraida Antonia Abreu Martínez, José Elías Hernández García, Bolívar Antonio Ventura Rodríguez, Carlos Manuel Ozoria Martínez, Gricel Aracelis Soler Pimentel and Welcome Apolinar Bretón Medina. "Domínguez Brito said that with the action against the Senator and Secretary of Organization of the PLD he is fulfilling his responsibility and added:

 "I think there is a limit to everything, I think that not everything can be allowed. This is not at this time, this has a lot of time, it is a professional job, and more than anything it is a responsibility of the Public Ministry, which wants the truth to prevail in this case. If there are illicit enrichment and unexplained heritage, society must organize and punish ... because when in a democracy there are no consequences to facts that violate the norms, undoubtedly that also becomes a stimulus for other events to happen. The most important thing for us is that truth and justice prevail, all we seek in this is truth and justice. Dominican society, Dominican democracy, need these criteria to be those that prevail in the work of the entire system. "

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (2016–2018)

 Recovery of Protected Areas: Intervention and rescue of the Valle Nuevo National Park with which we guarantee water in quantity and quality for 7 out of 10 Dominicans, about 6 million people; relocation of peasants who lived within the National Park; delivery of houses to these farmers; reforestation of the areas; release of sequestered waters. The intervention of the Haitises improving park conditions. Agroforestry Development Programs: we work together with the Presidency of the Republic seven Agro-Forestry Development programs to recover the abandoned mountains of the south of the country with the planting of 90 million trees and an investment of 6 billion Weights in four years. Rescue of the Ozama and Isabela River: we eliminate the pollution caused by shipwrecks by closing these companies and removing the vessels that polluted the river. Regulation and control of companies that launched their waste without treating aquifers. Social Empowerment: we carry out approaches with Non-Governmental Organizations to be part of the decision-making process and empower them through the signing of dozens of co-management agreements for protected areas so we guarantee that our measures will be sustainable over time. Response to the Citizen. We created the Green Line: a reception center and quick response to citizen concerns and complaints available through direct line (809-200-6400), social networks, WhatsApp and the web. Green Areas: we finish and inaugurate the Santiago Central Park, Villa Altagracia Park; the Botanical Garden of Santiago, among other infrastructures giving priority to the recovery of these spaces for the whole family. Environmental Education: Implementation of the "Growing with My Tree" program to plant together with all the students in the country more than 30 million trees in a year and we start cinema environmental forums in schools through the Green School program. Species Care: we established closures and controls for the protection of species such as parrotfish, shark and black hedgehog. Debureaucratization of the permit: new procedures were established for the delivery of permits in the construction sector, reducing the waiting time from six months to three days. New procedures were also established in permitting in the LPG and non-metallic mining sector making processes more agile and transparent.

References

External links

 Official Biography published by the Dominican Republic's Senate
 Official website of the Senator for Santiago de los Caballeros

1965 births
Members of the Senate of the Dominican Republic
20th-century Dominican Republic lawyers
Living people
People from Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)
Dominican Liberation Party politicians
Government ministers of the Dominican Republic
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra alumni
Dominican Republic people of Canarian descent
21st-century Dominican Republic lawyers
Attorneys General of the Republic (Dominican Republic)


The Troy Gas Light Company was a gas lighting company in Troy, New York, United States. The Troy Gasholder Building is one of only ten or so remaining examples of a type of building that was common in Northeastern urban areas during the 19th century. It was designed by Frederick A. Sabbaton, a prominent gas engineer in New York State. Originally sheltering a telescoping iron storage tank for coal gas, the brick gasholder house is an imposing structure from a significant period in the history of Troy. For twenty-seven years the company held a monopoly on the manufacture of illuminating gas in the city.

Troy gasholder
The Troy gasholder was a telescoping two-lift type. Its top section had a diameter of  and a height of . The lower section of the telescoping lift had a diameter of 101 feet, 6 inches, and a height of . Its storage capacity was  of gas. The gasholder's weight provided pressure for the distribution of gas in the supply mains. The gasholder pressure was 4½ inches of water column. The pressure was measured in inches, in terms of a height of column of water, as it was too low to measure in the more conventional pounds per square inch.

Troy Gas Light physical plant
The gasholder house was one part of the complex comprising Troy Gas Light's physical plant. The main elements of the production facilities were two blocks north of the gasholder house, in a block bounded by Liberty Street, Fifth Avenue, and Washington Street, bounded by the tracks of the New York Central, the former site of the Little Italy Farmers Market.

Extending along Fifth Avenue to Liberty Street was a rectangular brick coal shed,  by , with iron doors along Fifth Avenue and a wooden cornice measuring .

Adjoining the south end of the coal shed was the retort house, trapezoidal in plan, measuring  by , with its longitudinal axis running east to west. A brick structure with iron roof beams, it measured  to the cornice. The retort house, the core of the operations, was where coal was burned to produce a crude form of the gas.

Fronting Hill Street and adjoining the retort building at its southwest corner was the condenser building. This small rectangular building was 10 by  with a brick façade. The condensers separated coal tar from the crude gas.

Adjoining the condenser building on the north was the exhauster building, which housed exhausters (pumps) that forced gas through the system into the holders. A 12-horsepower engine drove the exhausters. Off the north side of this building was another small building housing a 75-horsepower steam boiler. Both of these buildings were single-story.

In the open space in the middle of the block north of the retort house, and west of the coal shed, were two iron gas holders, each  in diameter, neither contained in a gasholder house.

At the northwest corner of the property was the purifying building where sulfur was removed from the gas. It was a two-story brick structure measuring 35 by . Adjoining it on the south was a two-story building containing the meters and steam-heated offices.

At the south end of the property was another coal shed, built of brick and  high. A tar well was also located here. The company also had coal on a dock at the foot of Division Street, seven blocks away; and there was an additional coal shed,  by ,  to the north of the gasholder house. In the 1870s, the company burned gas coal supplied by Freeman Butts of Cleveland, Ohio.

Frederick A. Sabbaton, engineer of the Troy gasholder
Frederick A. Sabbaton (1830–1894), was a specialist in the construction of gas works, and was the superintendent of the Troy Gas Light Company, from 1862 to 1890. Sabbaton worked extensively in New York State, and came from a family of engineers. His father, Paul A. Sabbation, was a close friend of Robert Fulton, prepared plans and specifications for The Clermont. Frederick Sabbaton's two brothers, and two sons were all employed as gas engineers. Sabboton supervised, constructed, and owned gas works in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and throughout New York State. He was also involved in the manufacturing of aniline dye, made from coal tar, and designed a gas governor valve.

Troy Gas Light Company
The Troy Gas Light Company first supplied illuminating gas in 1848. They maintained a monopoly on the manufacturing of gas until 1875, when the Troy Citizens Gas Light Company was found. Ten years later, in 1885, addition competition from the Troy Fuel Gas company was created by the founding of this company. On October 11, 1889, these three companies were consolidated to form the Troy Gas Company. In about 1893, the Troy Electric Light Company (founded 1886), was merged into the Troy Gas Company. Additionally, in 1908, the Beacon Electric Company was merged into the company. In the 1926, the Troy Gas Company, joined with the Mohawk Hudson Power Corporation, which in turn joined with the Niagara-Hudson Power Corporation in 1929.

The gasholder house was in operation in 1912, and taken out of service during the 1920s when a new central plant was built in Menands, NY. In the 1930s, the gasholder was removed and sold as scrap metal. The gasholder house has been used for storage by a circus manager, and for marching practice by local bands. It is currently used for storage and a garage, as well as occasional music and arts presentations.

Half-Elevation and truss details

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rensselaer County, New York
Attleborough Falls Gasholder Building, a similar structure in North Attleborough, Massachusetts
Concord Gas Light Company Gasholder House, a similar structure in Concord, New Hampshire
Saratoga Gas, Electric Light and Power Company Complex, a similar structure in Saratoga Springs, New York
Gas lighting
History of manufactured gas

Gallery

References

External links

National Register of Historic Places in Troy, New York
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Historic American Engineering Record in New York (state)
Gas holders


Events in the year 1892 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Oscar II
Prime Minister – Otto Blehr (in Stockholm), Johannes Steen (in Christiania - now Oslo)

Events

 31 January – The Holmenkollen ski jump opens.

Arts and literature
Mysteries by Knut Hamsun is published.
Peace by Arne Garborg is published.

Notable births

5 January – John Johnsen, swimmer (died 1984)
1 February – Eugen Johansen, horse rider and Olympic silver medallist (died 1973)
5 February – Finn Bjørnseth, geodesist (died 1970).
6 February – Christian Wegner Haaland, ship-owner and politician (died 1952)
10 February – Christian Staib, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1956)
23 February – Knut Severin Jakobsen Vik, politician (died 1972)
23 March – Gisken Wildenvey, writer (died 1985).
28 March – Gunnar Berg Lampe, tourist industry manager (died 1978).
31 March – Amund Rasmussen Skarholt, politician (died 1956)
2 April – Otto Huseklepp, politician (died 1964)
8 April – Aimée Sommerfelt, author (died 1975)
18 April – Lars Elisæus Vatnaland, politician (died 1983)
25 April – Max Herseth, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1976)
27 April – Bjarne Johnsen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1984)
5 May – Ingebjørg Øisang, politician (died 1956)
9 May – Einar Iveland, politician (died 1975).
12 May – Torleif Torkildsen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1944)
19 May – Karl Lunde, politician (died 1975)
24 May – Olaf Ingebretsen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1971)
30 May – Johannes Heimbeck, physician (died 1976).
22 June – Olav Aslakson Versto, politician (died 1977)
23 June – Johan Martin Holst, surgeon and military doctor (died 1953).
9 July – Erik Herseth, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1993)
3 August – Olaf Sørensen, politician (died 1962)
5 August – Frithjof Sælen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1975)
7 August – Erling Vinne, triple jumper (died 1963)
4 September – Theodor Platou, brewer (d. 1969) .
17 October – Olav Hindahl, trade unionist and politician (died 1963)
29 October – Anton Berge, agronomist and politician (died 1951)
29 October – Sigurd Høgaas, politician (died 1969)
23 November – Georg Brustad, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1932)
27 December – Morten Ansgar Kveim, pathologist (died 1966)
28 December – Alfred Nilsen, politician (died 1977)

Full date unknown
Thomas Offenberg Backer, engineer (died 1987)
Jens Gram Dunker, architect (died 1981)
Anders Frihagen, politician and Minister (died 1979)
Nils Hjelmtveit, politician and Minister (died 1985)
Alf Sommerfelt, linguist and first professor of linguistics in Norway (died 1965)
Peter Torjesen, missionary to China (died 1939)
Herman Willoch, painter (died 1968)

Notable deaths

18 January – Wincentz Thurmann Ihlen, engineer and industrialist (born 1826)
3 February – Jørund Telnes, farmer, teacher, writer and politician (born 1845).
17 February – Johan Sverdrup, politician and first Prime Minister of Norway (born 1816)
14 October – Peter Nicolai Arbo, painter (born 1831)
25 October – Jens Theodor Paludan Vogt, engineer (born 1830)

Full date unknown
Jacob Bøckmann Barth, forester (born 1822)
Lars Kristiansen Blilie, politician (born 1820)
Jørgen Aall Flood, politician, vice consul and businessman (born 1820)
Carsten Tank Nielsen, politician and Minister (born 1818)

See also

References


Alfred Reynolds (1884–1969) was a composer of light music for the theatre.

He was born in Liverpool and educated at Merchant Taylors' School and later in France. He studied with Engelbert Humperdinck in Berlin.

In 1910, he conducted Oscar Straus's The Chocolate Soldier, which he toured in England.  He was said to be the youngest operatic conductor in England.  He composed for and participated in wartime charity concerts.  In 1920-21, Reynolds toured the Far East with the Royal Opera.  On his return, he wrote the music for Baroness Orczy's play, Leatherface. Reynolds worked on the revival of 18th century ballad operas.

In 1923 he became Musical Director of the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, where he performed revivals of  Sheridan's The Duenna (1924), Lionel And Clarissa (1925), with music mainly by Charles Dibdin, and Love in a Village (1928), with music by Thomas Arne.  He wrote incidental music for several plays, including those by Molière, Farquhar, Shakespeare and Goldsmith, and review music for Nigel Playfair. The Lyric staged Reynolds's comic operas The Fountain of Youth and Derby Day.

Reynolds left the Lyric in 1932 for the Birmingham Repertory Theatre.  He wrote 1066 And All That (a musical based on the comic book by of that name) and a score for The Swiss Family Robinson.

In 1947, he wrote music for a Stratford-upon-Avon adaptation of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass.  A two-act comic opera, The Limpet in the Castle, was premiered in 1958 at Wombwell, Yorkshire.

Much of his theatre music has been played in the concert hall.

Reynolds died aged 84 at Bognor Regis on 18 October 1969.

References

Philip L. Scowcroft, Theatre Conductor and Composer: Alfred Reynolds (1884-1969)

English musical theatre composers
English male composers
1969 deaths
1884 births
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century British musicians
People educated at Merchant Taylors' Boys' School, Crosby


The Kayanic or Kayan–Murik languages are a group of Austronesian languages spoken in Borneo by the Kayan, Morek Baram, Bahau, and related peoples.

Languages
The Kayanic languages are:

Kayan proper: Bahau, various languages called Kayan
Modang: Modang, Segai (Punan Kelai)
Müller-Schwaner "Punan": Hovongan, Aoheng, (Punan) Aput, Punan Merah, Kereho-Uheng
Murik

Robert Blust (1991) specifically excluded Kayan from his North Bornean languages.  He removed Bukat from Kayan in 2010.

Müller-Schwaner Punan languages are classified by Smith (2017) as Central Sarawak.

Smith (2017, 2019)
Smith (2017, 2019) classifies the Kayanic languages as follows:
Kayan–Murik
Kayan (Baram, Rejang-Busang, Bahau, Data Dian)
Murik–Merap (Ngorek, Pua’, Huang Bau, Merap)
Segai–Modang
Segai (Gaai, (Punan) Kelai)
Modang (Kelinjau Modang, Wahau Modang, Long Gelat)

Smith (2018) is a lexical database of Wahau, Gaai, Kelai, Woq Helaq (Jiu Luai), Méi lan, Woq Helaq (Hibau), Long Gelat, Ngorek, Mpraa, Baram Kayan, Apo Kayan, Balui Liko Kayan, Busang, and Bahau Saq.

West Kalimantan groups

Some Kayanic-speaking Dayak ethnic subgroups and their respective languages in West Kalimantan province, Indonesia:

{| class="wikitable"
! Group !! Language !! Regency
|-
| Buket || Buket || Kapuas Hulu
|-
| Kayaan || Kayaan || Kapuas Hulu
|-
| Punan || Punan || Kapuas Hulu
|}

References

External links

 Kaipuleohone archived materials of Kayan from the Robert Blust collection (RB2-003-A, RB2-003-C).

Greater North Borneo languages


The City Rooms is located in the heart of the City of Leicester in England. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building.

History
The building, which was designed by John Johnson in the Greek Revival style, was completed in 1800. It was originally commissioned as Leicester's first hotel but the developer did have enough resources to complete it as such and, in 1799, sold it to a consortium led by the Duke of Rutland, who raised by public subscription the sum of £3,300 still needed to complete it. It opened as the Leicester Assembly Rooms on 17 September 1800 just in time to host the visitors to the Leicester Races held at Victoria Park.

The design for the building involved a symmetrical main frontage of five bays facing the corner of Hotel Street and Market Place South; the central bay featured a porch with paired Tuscan order columns supporting an entablature; there was a large rounded headed window on the first floor flanked by two niches containing female musicians carved by John Charles Felix Rossi and two more large round headed windows beyond that. Internally, there was a large ballroom ( long,  wide and  high) on the first floor which was decorated with allegorical paintings by Ramsay Richard Reinagle and with statues based on models by John Bacon.

In 1817 the building was adapted to become the judges' lodgings; the conversion, which was undertaken by a local builder, Joshua Harrison, took two years to complete and once the building had passed into the ownership of the justices, it became known as the County Rooms. Following the implementation of the Local Government Act 1888, which established county councils in every county, it also became the meeting place of Leicestershire County Council. The building was in high demand and it was even used as a training facility by B Squadron, the Leicestershire Yeomanry at that time.

After County Hall was completed in 1967, the county council had limited use for the building and, after it was sold to Leicester City Council in 1986, it became known as The City Rooms. In 1990 a statue of a Seamstress, sculpted by James Butler, was unveiled outside the building: although not intended to represent any particular person, it served as a reminder of the importance that the hosiery industry once played in Leicester.

After the city council decided to sell the building to a developer, an extensive programme of restoration works intended to convert the building into a hotel with highly decorated meeting rooms, a grand ballroom, a bar and four luxurious bedrooms, was completed in 2005. The Prince of Wales attended a reception in the building, held in support of the Midlands Chapter of the British Asian Trust, on 11 February 2020.

See also
 Grade I listed buildings in Leicester

References

External links

Grade I listed buildings in Leicestershire
History of Leicester
Hotels in Leicestershire
Buildings and structures in Leicester
Hotel buildings completed in 1800
1800 establishments in England
Buildings and structures completed in 1800


The Miss Perú 2006 was held on April 19, 2006. That year, only 24 candidates were competing for the national crown. The chosen winner represented Peru at the Miss Universe 2006. The Miss Earth Perú would enter in Miss Earth 2006.

Placements

Special Awards

 Best Regional Costume - Loreto - Verónica Navarrete
 Miss Photogenic - Arequipa - Giulliana Cateriano
 Miss Elegance - Pasco - Alice Raschio
 Miss Body - Loreto - Verónica Navarrete
 Best Hair - Junín - Odilia García
 Miss Congeniality - Huancavelica - Mayra Chang
 Most Beautiful Face - San Martín - Paola Merea
 Best Smile - Callao - Graciela Mc Evoy
 Miss Internet - Loreto - Verónica Navarrete

Delegates

Amazonas - Verónica Tamashiro
Áncash - Valery Caroline Neff
Apurímac - Guisella Valencia
Arequipa - Giulliana Cateriano
Ayacucho - Patricia Ríos
Cajamarca - Stefanía Gutiérrez
Callao - Graciela McEvoy
Cuzco - Alia Sumar
Huancavelica - Mayra Chang
Huánuco - Joana Arévalo
Ica - Ana Laura Oliva
Junín - Odilia Pamela García

Lambayeque - Fiorella Viñas
Loreto - Verónica Navarrete
Madre de Dios - Carla River
Moquegua - María Elena Mercado
Pasco - Alice Raschio
Piura - Priscilla Zapata
Puno - Patricia del Castillo
Region Lima - Cinthia Vidaurre
San Martín - Paola Merea
Tacna - Fiorella Sofía Luna
Tumbes - Milagros Márquez
Ucayali - Rosalinda Aliaga

Background Music

Opening Show – Eva Ayllón - "Morropón de San Miguel"
Swimsuit Competition – Marisela - "Quizas, Quizas, Quizas"
Evening Gown Competition – Michael Bolton - "Once In A Lifetime"

Miss World Peru

The Miss World Peru 2006 pageant was held on June 18, 2006, That year, 23 candidates from different regions of Peru were competing for the national crown. The show host by Jorge Belevan and Claudia Hernandez Ore, The event were a live broadcast by Panamericana Television.

The chosen winner represented Peru at Miss World 2006. The rest of the finalists would enter in different pageants.

Placements

MWP Special Awards

 Most Beautiful Face - Lambayeque - Brenda Aguirre
 Miss Congeniality - Apurímac - Maria Greta Deza
 Best Dress Designer Award - La Libertad - Silvia Cornejo
 Best Model - San Martín - Dayari Tejada

MWP Delegates

Amazonas - Viviana Guerrero
Áncash - Cecilia Gamarra
Apurímac - Maria Greta Deza
Arequipa - Vanessa Tejada
Ayacucho - Claudia Banda
Cajamarca - Liliana Marcos
Callao - Alexandra Carreras
Cuzco - Claudia Carrasco
Distrito Capital - Sully Saenz
Huancavelica - Mayra Farje
Huánuco - Paricia Mia Verand
Junín - Silvana Lizarburu

La Libertad - Silvia Cornejo
Lambayeque - Brenda Aguirre
Madre de Dios - Eva Maria Becerra
Moquegua - Jennifer Loayza
Pasco - Amy Franco
Piura -  Maria Cristina Montenegro
Puno - Karla Chavez
San Martín - Dayari Tejada
Tacna - Macarena Flores
Tumbes - Cynthia Chanta
Ucayali - Dulcinea Prado

References

External links
Crowning Video
Miss Peru 2006

Miss Peru
2006 beauty pageants
2006 in Peru


The Westland Woodpigeon was a British two-seat light biplane designed to compete in the 1924 Lympne light aircraft trials.

Design and development
The Woodpigeon was a conventional wooden biplane powered by a  Bristol Cherub III engine. Two aircraft were built. The first made its first flight on 14 September 1924; the second aircraft, registered G-EBJV, flew in trials but was not successful. The second aircraft was re-engined with a  ABC Scorpion and increased wingspan in 1926 for the 1926 Lympne trials but again was not successful. In 1927 the two aircraft were re-engined with  Anzani 6 radials and redesignated  Woodpigeon IIs

Variants
Woodpigeon I
Bristol Cherub III-powered variant, two built.
Woodpigeon II
Two Woodpigeon Is re-engined with Anzani engines.

Specifications (Woodpigeon I)

Notes

References

1920s British civil utility aircraft
Woodpigeon
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924


A Case of Two Cities is Qiu Xiaolong's fourth Inspector Chen novel (after 2004's When Red Is Black). Character, poetry, insights into Chinese society and culture, and food all come before story in this crime novel.

Plot summary
Inspector Chen Cao of the Shanghai Police Department is assigned a high-profile anti-corruption case, one in which the principal figure has long since fled to the United States and beyond the reach of the Chinese government. But he left behind the organization and his partners-in-crime, and Inspector Chen is charged to uncover those responsible and act as necessary to end the corruption ring though he is not sure whether he's actually being set up to fail. The investigation takes him from Shanghai all the way to the U.S. where he meets his colleague and counterpart from the U.S. Marshall's Service, Inspector Catherine Rhon.

Literary Review
There's something especially brave and noble about a cop who perseveres under difficult circumstances. Readers who love China will be heartened, as this gritty, suspenseful tale unfolds, to discover that Inspector Chen is far from alone in his quest to build a humane Chinese society.

Hidden under the surface of the crime novel are some observations by the author. Qiu comments through his tale about the changing scape of China's economy and how new crime and corruption are rising with the general prosperity of China.
He also shows many cultural differences that are created or perhaps only now noticed as China changes her economic status and how these simple differences can create hostility.  The author also illustrated how cultural differences may lead to hostility or bad feelings, for example, when the Chinese delegation find no water bottles for tea in their hotel rooms when visiting the US for the first time, as opposed to China, where there would be water bottles in each hotel room for tea. Therefore, the absence of hot water bottles is an oversight and is equal to an insult. From the American perceptive, a hot water bottle is not a standard requirement item in the hotel room, as offering tea to your guests is not a standard for the Americans.

References

2006 American novels
Novels by Qiu Xiaolong
Novels set in China
Novels set in the United States
Minotaur Books books


Khánh Bình may refer to several places in Vietnam, including:

Khánh Bình, Bình Dương, a ward of Tân Uyên, Bình Dương
Khánh Bình, An Giang, a commune of An Phú District
Khánh Bình, Khánh Hòa, a commune of Khánh Vĩnh District
Khánh Bình, Cà Mau, a commune of Trần Văn Thời District

See also
The communes of Khánh Bình Đông, Khánh Bình Tây and Khánh Bình Tây Bắc in Trần Văn Thời District


Fuego (English: Fire) is the fourth studio album and eighth album by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings and the fourth studio album by Mexican-American musician A.B. Quintanilla. It was released on October 5, 2004, by EMI Latin. The premium edition was released on December 6, 2005. It has all the songs from the standard edition plus "Sabes a Chocolate", "Baila Esta Kumbia", a live version of "Na Na Na (Dulce Niña)" and a DVD that includes five music videos.

Track listing

DVD

Personnel
Kumbia Kings
 A.B. Quintanilla III – bass guitar, backing vocals, producer, composer, musical arrangements, A&R
 Fernando "Nando" Domínguez III – vocals
 Frankie "Pangie" Pangelinan – vocals
 Abel Talamántez – vocals
 Irvin "Pee Wee" Salinas – vocals
 Anthony "Nino B" López – dancer, backing vocals
 Juan Jesús "JP" Peña – dancer, backing vocals
 Cruz Martínez – keyboards, backing vocals, producer, composer, musical arrangements, A&R, programming
 Chris Pérez – guitar
 Jorge "Pekas" Caballero – percussion
 Ronnie "Campa" Delgado – accordion
 Robert "BoBBo" Gomez III – keyboards, additional arrangements, programming
 Noe "Gipper / El Animal" Nieto Jr. – accordion
 Robert "Robbie" Del Moral – drums
 Luigi Giraldo – keyboards, composer

Additional musicians and personnel
 Nicolas Barry – string arrangements
 Luis Conte – percussion (track 11)
 John Dunson – composer (track 10)
 Sean Dunson – composer (track 10)
 Frank Garcia – guitar
 Javier Garza – mixing (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13)
 Seth Atkins Horan – mixing (tracks 10, 11, 12)
 Freddie Martínez – composer
 Belinda Peregrín – vocals (track 8)
 Joe Reyes – guitar
 Jake Rutigliano – assistant mixing
 Noel Schajris of Sin Bandera – vocals, composer (tracks 3, 12)
 Nir Seroussi – A&R
 Don Tyler – mastering

Sales and certifications

References

2004 albums
Kumbia Kings albums
A. B. Quintanilla albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Albums produced by Cruz Martínez
EMI Latin albums
Spanish-language albums
Cumbia albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions


The Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants (ISCA) is the national accountancy body of Singapore. It was established in 1963 and has over 33,000 members.

Registration of public accountant
Currently, the Singapore Public Accountants Oversight Committee (PAOC) of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority, established under the Accountants Act to determine, prescribe and review the requirements to be satisfied by people seeking to be registered as public accountants in Singapore, will not register any person as a public accountant unless the person is a member of ISCA.

Global Accountancy Hub
The Singapore Government has plans to develop Singapore into a global accountancy hub, as outlined in recommendations by the Committee to Develop the Accountancy Sector (CDAS). With the Ministry of Finance having approved CDAS' recommendations, plans are underway for ISCA to transform into a global professional accountancy body. ISCA shall also be administering a post-graduate accountancy qualification programme that shall connote global recognition, international portability and an “Asian market value factor”. As the accountancy sector continues to develop, ISCA shall provide the support that will propel Singapore's growth as a global accountancy hub.

International Links
ISCA is a member body of the following international or regional organisations:
 Asean Federation of Accountants (AFA)
 Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association (AOTCA)
 INSOL International (International Association of Restructuring, Insolvency & Bankruptcy Professionals)
 International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
 International Federation of Accountants (IFAC)
 Chartered Accountants Worldwide
 International Innovation Network
 INSOL International

References

Professional associations based in Singapore
1963 establishments in Singapore
Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants


Harry Watkins may refer to:

Harry Evans Watkins (1898–1963), United States federal judge
Harry Vaughan Watkins (1875–1945), Welsh international rugby union player
Harry Watkins (actor) (1825–1894), American actor

See also
Henry Watkins (disambiguation)


Events in the year 1897 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II
Prime Minister: Francis Hagerup

Events

 The 1897 Parliamentary election takes place.

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Theathre

Literature
The play A Doll House was written by Henrik Ibsen.

Births

January to March
2 January – Olaf Ditlev-Simonsen, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (died 1978)
8 January – Theodore Theodorsen, Norwegian-American aerodynamicist (died 1978)
11 February – Jacob Christie Kielland, architect (died 1972)
17 February – Torgeir Andreas Berge, politician (died 1973)
11 March – Knut Toven, politician (died 1980)
16 March – Bernhard Berthelsen, politician (died 1964)
22 March – Ivar Heming Skre, Norwegian resistance member

April to June
17 April – Harald Sæverud, composer (died 1992)
21 April – Odd Lindbäck-Larsen, military officer and war historian (died 1975)
30 April – Johan Henrik Wiers-Jenssen, newspaper columnist and theatre director (died 1951)
1 May – Lauritz Schmidt, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (died 1970)
10 May – Harald Stenerud, hammer and discus thrower (died 1976)
15 May – Anton Olsen, rifle shooter and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1968)
17 May – Odd Hassel, physical chemist and Nobel Laureate (died 1981)
25 May – Rasmus Andreas Torset, politician (died 1965)
23 June – Trygve Knudsen, philologist, linguist and lexicographer (died 1968)

July to September
5 July – Ole H. Løvlien, politician (died 1970)
18 July – Per Gulbrandsen, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1963)
22 July – Syvert Tobiassen Messel, politician (died 1978)
13 August – Oliver Dahl-Goli, politician (died 1976)
20 August –  Sigvald Asbjornsen, Norwegian-American sculptor (died 1954)
4 September – Emil Boyson, poet, author, and translator (died 1979)
5 September – Olav Benum, politician (died 1990)

October to December
4 October – Einar Diesen, newspaper editor (died 1994).
14 October – Harald Strøm, speed skater and World Champion (died 1977)
17 October – Oskar Olsen, speed skater and Olympic silver medallist (died 1956)
29 October – Ivar Bae, politician (died 1967)
31 October – Sigurd Moen, speed skater and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1967)
6 November – Sverre Riisnæs, jurist, public prosecutor and collaborator (died 1988)
13 November – Ole Jørgensen, politician (died 1966)
14 November – Bjarne Guldager, sprinter (died 1971)
11 December – Astrid Tollefsen, poet (died 1973).
24 December – Gunnar Nygaard, broadcasting pioneer (died 1997).
26 December – Ingvald Svinsås-Lo, politician (died 1980

Full date unknown
Einar Dønnum, Nazi collaborator, executed (died 1947)
Gunnar Berg, a national director of the Boy Scouts of America (died 1987)
John Gunnarsson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (died 1977)
Rolf Kiær, hydrographer (died 1975)
Hilmar Reksten, shipping magnate (died 1980)
Helge Thiis, architect and art critic (died 1972)
Niels Werring, shipowner (died 1990)
Hans Fredrik Wirstad, veterinarian (died 1983)

Deaths
9 March – Sondre Norheim, skier and pioneer of modern skiing (born 1825)
25 September – Hjalmar Heiberg, physician and a professor (born 1837).

Full date unknown
Hans Jensen Krog, politician (born 1808)
Christian Tønsberg, bookseller, publisher and writer (born 1813)

See also

References


Albert Broadhouse (17 November 1893 – 1946) was an English footballer.

Career
Broadhouse joined Port Vale in the autumn of 1916, with World War I still raging. He played in the war league side until his conscription. He returned safely in March 1919 and played his first Football League matches, until losing his place in October and being released at the end of the 1919–20 season. The step up in quality possibly proved too much for him, as only four of his 26 games at The Old Recreation Ground came in the Second Division.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1893 births
1946 deaths
Footballers from Hanley, Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
British Army personnel of World War I


Lewis Woodruff may refer to:
 Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff, American judge
 Lewis Thompson Woodruff, officer in the Confederate States Army


Julius Curtis Townsend (February 22, 1881 – December 28, 1939) was born in Missouri. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1902.

He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914. He was awarded the Navy Cross and served in World War I.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Organization: U.S. Navy Born:22 February 1881, Athens, Mo. Accredited to: Missouri Date of issue: 12/04/1915

Citation:

For distinguished conduct in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914. Lt. Townsend was eminent and conspicuous in command of his battalion. He exhibited courage and skill in leading his men through the action of the 22d and in the final occupation of the city.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

References

External links

1881 births
1939 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Battle of Veracruz (1914) recipients of the Medal of Honor


Jack Tar Hotels was an international hotel chain based in the United States.

History
The chain began with a single motel in Galveston, Texas, overlooking the Gulf of Mexico, built in 1940 by W. L. Moody III, the chairman of Affiliated National Hotels. The “Jack Tar” name (a slang term for a sailor) was chosen as the result of a naming contest. In 1949, the facility was renovated by architect Thomas M. Price, who established an office in Galveston after World War II. Price graduated from the Harvard Graduate School of Design, studying under Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. This property was purchased in 1952 by Dallas insurance executive Charles Sammons, who acquired the rights to the Jack Tar name and launched an expansion project, opening several properties nationwide. These properties were known for their modernist curtain wall architecture with most designed by Price.

In 1997, the Jack Tar properties were sold to Allegro. The sale included ownership of a resort and casino in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, and assumption of two leases for resorts in Montego Bay, Jamaica, and Cancun, Mexico. Allegro also acquired management contracts for two resorts in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, and a marketing and franchise agreement for a St. Kitts resort."

San Francisco, California

A 400-room Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco occupied a full city block at the intersection of Geary Boulevard and Van Ness Avenue. When built in 1960, it was considered one of the most luxurious hotels in the city, although it was criticized by Herb Caen and others for its modern architecture, which they considered ugly (modernist architecture did not come to dominate downtown San Francisco until the 1970s). Part of the movie The Conversation takes place there.

Pentecostal evangelist A.A. Allen died at this hotel in 1970.
In 1973, the jury in the trial of Ruchell Magee was sequestered at the Jack Tar Hotel. In 1982, after major renovations, it became the Cathedral Hill Hotel. A major fire occurred in December 1983, causing the hotel to rebuild again. The hotel finally closed on October 30, 2009 and was demolished in November 2013 to make way for an expansion of California Pacific Medical Center.

Clearwater, Florida
There once was a Jack Tar Hotel in Clearwater, Florida. Tommy John, who stayed there in 1961, described it as "then one of the classiest hotels on Florida's west coast."

Durham, North Carolina
The former Jack Tar Motor Lodge in Durham, North Carolina was renovated and reopened as the first property in the Dream Hotel Group's new Unscripted Hotels brand. The renovated hotel has 74 rooms, a pool deck on the third floor, and restaurants on the ground floor. Unscripted Durham opened July 20, 2017.

Galveston, Texas

There was a 225-room Jack Tar Hotel in Galveston, Texas, as described above. It was located at the intersection of Seawall Boulevard and Broadway.

Orange, Texas

There was a Jack Tar Hotel in Orange, Texas on the corner of N 5th Street and W Division Ave in downtown. The popular hotel, built in the 1950s, featured a barbershop, ballroom, stores and a restaurant famous for its prime rib. Behind the building was a garden terrace area with shaded tables and a swimming pool.  The Orange location was also base of operations for water events such as the Aqua Demons and Debs ski shows in the 1950s. The hotel eventually became home to a number of retirement centers, the last of which closed in 2006. The building was demolished in 2011.

Lansing, Michigan
Originally opened in 1926 as the Hotel Olds, built and operated by the Lansing Community Hotel Corporation which included R.E. Olds, the Jack Tar hotel chain purchased the property at 111 South Capitol Avenue in 1960 and renamed it "Jack Tar Lansing." In 1970, the hotel was renamed the Olds Plaza following a sale to an Alma, Michigan oil businessman and subsequent renovation. In 1974, however, a different Alma-based layer and entrepreneur purchased the property and renamed it again to The Plaza Hotel. Some of the hotel was converted to offices and meeting space was reduced. It became part of the TravelLodge chain in 1983 when the number of hotel rooms was at 100, down from 400 at its peak. The now-debt-ridden hotel was foreclosed on in 1985, long-term residents were evicted and the hotel closed. The building was sold to the State of Michigan in 1988, completely gutted and renovated by Hobbs & Black Associates into state offices as the George W. Romney Building and now houses the Office of the Governor and other state offices.

Greenville, South Carolina
There was a Jack Tar Hotel in Greenville, South Carolina.  It was originally called "Poinsett Hotel" and was changed to "Jack Tar Poinsett" when it became part of the chain.

References

Defunct hotel chains
Defunct companies based in Texas


Hailu Tekle Haymanot (1868 – 1950), also named Hailu II of Gojjam, was an army commander and a member of the nobility of the Ethiopian Empire. He represented a provincial ruling elite who were often at odds with the Ethiopian central government.  Hailu Tekle Haymanot was an independent-minded potentate who, throughout his life, was mistrustful of and mistrusted by the Emperor.

Biography
Leul Hailu Tekle Haymanot was the son of Negus Tekle Haymanot Tessemma of Gojjam Province.  Gojjam had long been a vassal kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The title "King of Gojjam" was an honorific title.  The last time a King of Gojjam was elevated to Emperor was during the "Era of the Princes" (Zemene Mesafint).  Hailu Tekle Haymanot was never elevated to Negus and never became King of Gojjam himself.

Shum of Gojjam
On 10 January 1901, at the death of Negus Tekle Haymanot Tessemma, three of his sons fought over who would succeed him as ruler of his province. However, instead of any of them succeeding him, Nəgusä Nägäst Menelik II partitioned the province into three parts and appointed his own governors over each part. Menelik thus effectively removed the sons of Tekle Haymanot from power in Gojjam.

Around 1906, Menelik became incapacitated and Itege Taytu Betul became the de facto power behind the throne.  In 1907, Tekle Haymanot successfully used the influence of Taytu Betul to be appointed Shum of Gojjam.  In 1908, Menelik's grandson and heir, Lij Iyasu married Sabla Wangel Hailu, Hailu's daughter, and Iyasu became Hailu's son-in-law. In 1913, Nəgusä Nägäst Menelik died and Iyasu should have succeeded him.  However, the leading nobles of Ethiopia did not feel Iyasu was ready and his coronation was delayed.  While sometimes referred to as "Emperor Iyasu V," Iyasu was never formally crowned Nəgusä Nägäst.

In 1916, Iyasu was deposed after forces loyal to him were defeated in the Battle of Segale.  Iyasu was replaced by Menelik's daughter, Leult Zewditu. Zewditu was proclaimed Nigiste Negest and her cousin  Ras Tafari Makonnen was named Crown Prince and Enderase.  After losing the throne Iyasu and a small band of followers roamed the Afar Depression for five years.  On 11 January 1921, he was captured and taken into custody by Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie of eastern Tigray Province, who handed Iyasu over to Ras Kassa Haile Darge of Shewa Province.

In his book Ethiopia, Power and Protest: Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century, Gebru Tareke described Shum Hailu of Gojjam as "[having] an avaricious taste for power and wealth."  Tareke goes on to describe how Ras Hailu "introduced new forms of taxation, auctioned political and church offices, nearly monopolized provincial trade by controlling the export side of it, transacted obligatory labor into monetary rents, and, though little is known about them, enlarged his estates with a manifest arrogant disregard for the customary judicial process of land allocation." These actions earned him the nickname birru (or "dollars") Hailu.

Trip to Europe
In the spring of 1924, Ras Hailu accompanied Ras Tafari Makonnen on his European tour. Within eight years, Tafari Makonnen would be crowned Nəgusä Nägäst Haile Selassie I. Along with Ras Hailu and Ras Tafari Makonnen on the tour were Ras Seyum Mangasha of western Tigre Province, Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province, Ras Makonnen Endelkachew, and Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase. Hailu, Seyum Mangasha, and Tafari Makonnen were sons of men who fought at the Battle of Adwa, while Mulugeta Yeggazu had fought in the battle as a young man.  Ras Tafari and his party visited Jerusalem, Cairo, Alexandria, Brussels, Amsterdam, Stockholm, London, Geneva, and Athens.  They took six lions with them, which were presented to a French zoo and to dignitaries in the United Kingdom and France.

Among several anecdotes from the trip Europe, is one directly involving Ras Hailu.  At the time, he was the governor of an important province and one of the wealthiest men in the Ethiopian Empire and carried himself as such. The Crown Prince, Ras Tafari Makonnen, and his entourage were being received by King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace. Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot, along with the other princes and nobles, was introduced to the British king.  In meeting Ras Hailu, King George asked if His Highness could speak English. The interpreter said no. The king then asked if he could speak French or German, again the answer was no. King George, rather irritated, told the interpreter to tell His Highness that he was an ignorant man.  Ras Hailu listened quietly.  He then asked the interpreter if His Majesty could speak Amharic. When he was told no, Hailu asked him if His Majesty could speak Tigrigna or Guragigna and again was told no. Hailu then haughtily told the interpreter to tell the king that His Majesty was equally ignorant. King George burst out laughing and took a great liking to Ras Hailu, Leul of Gojjam. Ethiopia was said to be opening up to the world.

In the same year as the trip with Tafari Makonnen, Hailu was awarded an honorary British knighthood (KBE). In 1926, after having seen the palaces of Europe, Ras Hailu began to remodel the palace his father built at Debre Marqos in the image of what he had seen in Europe.

On 27 October 1928, Tafari Makonnen was proclaimed Negus by Nigiste Negest Zewditu.  Tafari Makonnen became the only Negus in the entire Ethiopian Empire.  Even after he was later proclaimed Nəgusä Nägäst, Tafari Makonnen never elevated others, like Hailu, to the position of Negus.

Downfall
Sometime in 1929, Ras Hailu was approached by Ras Gugsa Welle of Begemder Province.  He was Zewditu's husband who was separated from her from the time she was elevated to Nigiste Negest.  Gugsa Welle asked Hailu to support his uprising against the recently crowned Negus Tafari Makonnen.  After initially indicating his interest in supporting Gugsa Welle, Hailu decided against joining him.  Still, his response was lukewarm when Negus Tafari Makonnen called a chitet, the traditional mustering of the provincial levies.  Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot only raised about two-thousand levies in Gojjam. On 31 March 1930, the uprising ended at the Battle of Anchem when Gugsa Welle was killed in action. Nigiste Negest Zewditu died a few days later of natural causes. On 2 November 1930, Tafari Makonnen was proclaimed as Nəgusä Nägäst Haile Selassie I.

With the accession of Haile Selassie, Hailu's avarice led to his own downfall. According to Harold Marcus, while the other great lords of Ethiopia like Ras Seyum Mangasha and Ras Kassa Haile Darge had surrendered their rights to custom duties and tax revenues in their provinces, Hailu tightly held on to his revenues. Marcus continues, "Hailu also embarrassed the crown by openly seeking favors from the American and British legations, insinuating that otherwise he would block their access to Lake Tana and the Blue Nile." The central government had little trouble finding complainants against Ras Hailu; compelled to appear at Haile Selassie's coronation, or risk insulting him, Hailu came to the capital where he and his son were detained while charges were made against him. Ras Hailu managed to extract himself from the capital after a time, only to find his government in Gojjam in tatters. On 14 April 1932, Hailu was summoned once again to Addis Ababa to face new charges. Hailu was fined heavily, had half of his property taken away, and placed under house arrest.

Plot to free Lij Iyasu and imprisonment
In May 1932, Ras Hailu involved himself in a plot to free his son-in-law, the deposed Lij Iyasu. Iyasu had been under house arrest and in the custody of Ras Kassa Haile Darge since 1921. After freeing Iyasu, Hailu planned to re-capture him and to turn him back in to gain favor with Haile Selassie. Lij Iyasu did escape, but the role Ras Hailu played in his escape became known and Hailu was taken into custody himself and deposed. A tribunal found Hailu guilty of mendacity, corruption, tax evasion, and treason. Ras Hailu went from a comfortable house arrest to imprisonment. He was replaced as Shum of Gojjam by Ras Imru Haile Selassie, a loyal cousin of the Nəgusä Nägäst.

Hailu during and after the occupation
On 2 May 1936, at the very end of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Hailu was still considered enough of a threat that, on his way into exile, Haile Selassie had him removed from prison, bound, and loaded onto his train leaving Addis Ababa. Haile Selassie must have reconsidered and Hailu was released at Dire Dawa with fellow prisoner Ras Balcha Safo. But, while Balcha Safo went into the hills to fight against Italian occupation, Hailu Tekle Haymanot boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission.

During the occupation, Hailu was treated with respect and given honors few other Ethiopian nobles received from the Italians. He retained his pre-occupation titles of Leul and Ras, and the Italian government awarded him the Star of Italy and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and restored his lands which had been confiscated from him in 1935. Graziani himself exempted him and his family from the repercussions of Yekatit 12. which led to the deaths or imprisonment of many respectable Ethiopians. The Italians dangled the title of Negus in front of Hailu but never actually granted it to him. The Italian Intelligence Service reported in 1939 that once he was granted that title, Hailu planned to provoke an uprising, drive out the Italians, and assume control of Ethiopia for himself.

In July 1936, a number of surviving Ethiopian soldiers staged an unsuccessful attack on Addis Ababa to wrest control of the capital from the Italian occupiers. Ras Hailu played a part in the surrender of two of the commanders of the attacking forces. Both commanders were sons of Ras Kassa Haile Darge, Aberra Kassa and Asfawossen Kassa. Along with others, both had taken part in the attack and, like most, they attempted to escape capture after the attack failed. Hailu assured Aberra and Asfawossen that, if they surrendered, they would not be harmed. On 21 December, both Aberra and Asfawossen turned themselves in at Fiche. However, once in Italian captivity, they were both executed as rebels.

By 27 September 1939, during the Feast of Maskal in Addis Ababa, Ras Hailu, Ras Seyum Mangasha, and Ras Haile Selassie Gugsa sat with Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, the Viceroy and Governor General of Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana, or AOI).  All three Ethiopian leaders had submitted to Italian control of what had been their homeland and what was now the AOI colony.  The Italians eventually returned Hailu to power in Gojjam at the very final stage of their occupation and as their rule began to collapse under the onslaught of British, Commonwealth, and exiled Ethiopian forces.

In 1941, after Emperor Haile Selassie returned to power in Ethiopia, Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot again switched sides and handed Gojjam over to the Emperor.  However, he first made sure that Italian forces had safely evacuated Gojjam.  Hailu returned to Addis Ababa with Haile Selassie.  He was forbidden from leaving Addis Ababa, but was accorded all the dignities of a senior prince of the Imperial dynasty and head of the House of Gojjam. In the words of Gebru Tareke, he "languished in well-merited obscurity until his death in 1950," which "put the final nail in the coffin of the provincial ruling elite, who had been grudgingly yielding ground to the centralists since the closing decade of the nineteenth century."

His funeral was attended by the Emperor and his family and he was accorded a state funeral.

Family
The continued incapacitation of Nəgusä Nägäst Menelik allowed Hailu to better his position by marrying Woizero Assalafetch Wolde Hanna in 1909.  Assalafetch Wolde Hanna was a cousin of Itege Taytu Betul and, on 12 April, Assalafetch and Hailu were wed.  It was her third marriage and his second.  They had no children together and the marriage ended in divorce.

Hailu Tekle Haymanot had eight (non-simultaneous) wives and numerous children.  His sons included Mammo Hailu and Alam Seged Hailu, and his daughters included Sabla Wangel Hailu.

See also
 Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
 List of field marshals
 List of honorary British Knights
 Ethiopian coup d'état of 1928

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

1868 births
1950 deaths
Ethiopian military personnel
Ethiopian nobility
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Date of death unknown
Date of birth unknown
Ethiopian collaborators with Fascist Italy
20th-century Ethiopian people
19th-century Ethiopian people


Triloba is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Clausiliidae.

The species of this genus are found in the Balkans.

Species:

Triloba sandrii
Triloba talevi
Triloba thaumasia

References

Clausiliidae