Japón () is a 2002 film by the Mexican director Carlos Reygadas. It was Reygadas' debut feature, which was shot on anamorphic 16-millimeter film in a 2.88:1 screen aspect ratio.

Plot summary
The film follows a man going through an acute existential crisis. He leaves Mexico City to go out to the country and prepare for his death,  staying with an old indigenous widow in her ramshackle home overlooking a desolate canyon. In the vastness of a wild and impressive nature, he confronts the infinite humanity of the widow and oscillates between cruelty and lyricism. His senses become dull, arousing his desires and instincts for sexuality and life.

Reception
Japón received high accolades from most critics who have seen it, but the film has had relatively limited exposure.  It was placed at #100 on The Moving Arts Film Journal'''s list of the 100 greatest films of all time. The film also won the special mention of the Camera d'Or prize in the 2002 Cannes Film Festival. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 80% approval based on 25 reviews from critics, with a "Certified Fresh" rating.

ControversyJapón contains a number of scenes of real animal cruelty and the British Board of Film Classification demanded cuts for its UK release in accordance with the Cinematograph Films (Animals) Act 1937.  The removed scenes are described as an unsuccessful attempt to strangle a bird that then stumbles around injured on the ground and a dog being forced to sing along with a song through the application of a painful stimulus. The film also includes an unsimulated scene of a bird being shot down and then killed by having its head torn off and the (off-camera) slaughter of a pig. Reygadas defended these scenes, as well as the explicit sexual encounters in Batalla en el Cielo'', saying, "If you think about it, what’s so outrageous about a naked obese woman? There are plenty of astonishing images in other films with flying cars and such… What you see in my films, you can see it any ordinary day: a gas station, a hunter killing an animal, people making love. I’m not trying to impress anyone with those images; they make sense in the context of my films."

Awards

2002 International Film Festival Bratislava, Grand Prix for Carlos Reygadas
2002 International Film Festival Bratislava, Prize of the Ecumenical Jury for Carlos Reygadas
2002 Cannes Film Festival, Golden Camera - Special Mention for Carlos Reygadas
2002 Edinburgh International Film Festival, New Director's Award for Carlos Reygadas
2002 Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival, Best Latin American Film for Carlos Reygadas
2002 São Paulo International Film Festival, Critics Award - Honorable Mention for Carlos Reygadas
2002 Thessaloniki International Film Festival, Best Director for Carlos Reygadas
2002 Stockholm International Film Festival, Audience Award for Carlos Reygadas
2002 Havana Film Festival, Best First Work for Carlos Reygadas
2003 Tromsø International Film Festival, Aurora Award - Special Mention for Carlos Reygadas
2003 Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema, Best Actor for Alejandro Ferretis
2003 Guadalajara International Film Festival, Best Screenplay for Carlos Reygadas
2003 Guadalajara International Film Festival, Best Art Direction for Alejandro Reygadas

References

External links

Japón: On Seeing Ourselves Seeing an essay by Valeria Luiselli at the Criterion Collection

2002 films
Films about animal cruelty
Films directed by Carlos Reygadas
2000s Spanish-language films


"You Can't Sit Down" was originally recorded in 1959 as "Can't Sit Down" by The Bim Bam Boos on Dasher Records catalogue number D-500 and credited to Dasher - Muldrow; it featured Philip Upchurch on guitar and Cornell Muldrow on organ.

Background
The song references "South Street", which is the same good-time area the Orlons sang about in their 1963 recording of the same name. The Orlons and the Dovells, who later recorded the most popular version, were both from Philadelphia, and recorded for Cameo-Parkway Records.

Other versions
The later better-known recording of "You Can't Sit Down" by Phil Upchurch and his Combo (Upchurch, Muldrow, David Brooks, Mac Johnson and Joe Haddick) was re-recorded in New Orleans in 1960 and released in 1961 by Boyd Records (Boyd 3398) of Oklahoma with distribution by United Artists Records. Upchurch's own version reached No.29 on the Billboard pop charts.
This was followed by the vocal cover version by the Dovells that reached No.3 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart in 1963. It is based, at least in part, on the gospel song "Sit Down Servant". This version also reached No.10 on the Hot R&B Singles chart
In 1962, it appeared as a cover on Booker T. and the MG's first album, Green Onions.
The Bar Kays and Hound Dog Taylor have recorded it (on albums Soul Finger and Natural Boogie).
In 1964, the Kingsmen included it on their LP The Kingsmen in Person.
The Shangri-Las recorded it for their 1965 debut album.
Paul Revere & the Raiders had the track on their 1965 album Here They Come!.
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band have played it live as an encore over thirty times since 1976.

Usage in media
The song was set to two Disney cartoons on D-TV, The Hockey Champ and Hockey Homicide.
The Philadelphia 76ers used a modified version of the song with team-specific lyrics for the franchise's marketing campaign during the 1991–92 season.

References

1959 songs
1963 singles
1960s instrumentals
Songs with lyrics by Kal Mann
The Kingsmen songs
The Shangri-Las songs
Cameo-Parkway Records singles
Songs written by Dee Clark


The Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania or VLIK () was an organization seeking independence of Lithuania. It was established on November 25, 1943, during the Nazi occupation. After World War II it moved abroad and continued its operations in Germany and the United States. VLIK claimed to be the legal representative of the Lithuanian parliament and government, but did not enjoy international recognition. It was dissolved in 1990 when Lithuania re-established its independence.

In Lithuania

When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Lithuanians greeted Germans as "liberators" from the oppressive Soviet regime. However, soon the attitude changed and various resistance movements began to form at the end of 1941 – beginning of 1942. During 1942 and 1943 these movements began consolidating into the pro-Catholic Nation's Council () and Supreme Committee of the Lithuanians (). After a five-month discussion, these two organizations decided to established one unified organization – VLIK, representing a wide range of political views. The first meeting of VLIK was held on November 25, 1943, in Kaunas and Steponas Kairys was elected the first chairman. VLIK's mission was to act as an underground government until restoration of the Lithuanian independence. VLIK sent its envoys to Sweden and Finland, maintained contacts with Lithuanian diplomats in Switzerland, and attempted to inform the western powers about the crimes perpetrated by the Nazis. VLIK published underground newspapers and agitated for passive resistance against the Nazis. They thought that their biggest enemy was still the Soviet Union and that resources should be conserved for the upcoming armed resistance against the Russians.

In early 1944 VLIK sent colonel Kazimieras Amraziejus on a mission to Stockholm, but he was captured and interrogated by the Gestapo in Estonia. This led to arrests of eight VLIK members on April 29–30, 1944. In 1944, when the Soviets pushed the Germans from the Baltic states during the Baltic Offensive, most of VLIK members retreated to Germany and VLIK ceased its functions in Lithuania. VLIK originally designed three of its members to remain in Lithuania, but only one did. It was a strategic loss as communication with Lithuania was severed and there was very little contact with remaining resistance groups.

In exile
Functions of VLIK were resumed in October 1944 in Würzburg, but soon moved to Reutlingen ahead of the approaching Red Army. VLIK remained in Reutlingen until 1955. Mykolas Krupavičius became the new chairman. VLIK united 15 different political organizations, whose members held a variety of political views and that hindered decision making. In July 1945, before the Potsdam Conference, VLIK sent memorandums to Winston Churchill and Harry S. Truman asking not to recognize Lithuania's occupation by the Soviet Union and asking for help reestablishing independent Lithuania. Numerous further notes were sent to the United Nations, various diplomats, academics, journalists promoting their cause and reporting human right violations in Lithuania. VLIK also reestablished ELTA news service, including radio broadcasts. VLIK attempted to establish contacts with the armed resistance in Lithuania, but had only limited communication with Juozas Lukša.

VLIK positioned itself as the Lithuanian Seimas (the parliament) and claimed that its executives were equivalent of a cabinet. Despite its claims, VLIK was not recognized by any foreign country as a representative of Lithuania. It further claimed that Lithuanian diplomats, still active in pre-war embassies of independent Lithuania, were subordinates to VLIK. This caused decade-long disagreements with Stasys Lozoraitis, who was in charge of the diplomatic service and had a back-dated appointment as prime minister by the last president of Lithuania Antanas Smetona. This tension was one of the reasons why the Lithuanians were unable to form a recognized government-in-exile. Several attempts were made to ease the tension between VLIK (representing the nation) and the diplomatic service (representing the state). The first was a conference in Berne in July 1946. It was decided to form an Executive Council, but it never took off. The second conference was held in Paris in August 1947.

As war refugees moved out of the displaced persons camps to the United States, VLIK also moved its headquarters to New York City in 1955. After the move, VLIK's political agenda became less prominent. The activists realized that there will be no quick solution to the Cold War. VLIK's main goal was to maintain non-recognition of Lithuania's occupation and dissemination of information from behind the iron curtain. VLIK established the Lithuanian World Community with a mission to promote Lithuanian language and culture among Lithuanians living abroad. Eventually VLIK ceased to exist after Lithuania declared independence in 1990.

Chairmen
VLIK's chairmen were:
 Steponas Kairys (25 November 1943 – 15 June 1945)
 Mykolas Krupavičius (15 June 1945 – 27 November 1955)
 Jonas Matulionis (27 November 1955 – 1 June 1957)
 Antanas Trimakas (1 June 1957 – 27 February 1964)
 Juozas Audėnas (27 February 1964 – 3 October 1964)
 Kipras Bielinis (3 October 1964 – 29 November 1964)
 Vaclovas Sidzikauskas (29 November 1964 – 11 December 1966)
 Juozas Kęstutis Valiūnas (11 December 1966 – 24 March 1979)
 Kazys Bobelis (24 March 1979 – 31 May 1992)

See also
National Committee of the Republic of Estonia
National Committee for a Free Germany
Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia
Japanese People's Emancipation League
Free Albania National Committee

References

Organizations established in 1943
Organizations disestablished in 1992
Anti-communism in Lithuania
Anti-communist organizations
Lithuania in World War II
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Governments in exile during World War II
Former governments in exile


Shadow's Edge is a fantasy novel written by Brent Weeks and is the second novel in The Night Angel Trilogy Released in November, 2008

Plot introduction
The story takes place in the fictional land of Midcyru. It centers upon Kylar, the Night Angel, once an apprentice of Durzo Blint, a former celebrated wetboy and his journey for retribution against those who torn his kingdom asunder in a coup months prior to the events of the novel.

Plot summary

Kylar Stern has rejected the assassin's life. In the wake of the Godking's violent coup, both his master and his closest friend are dead. His friend was Logan Gyre, heir to Cenaria's throne, but few of the ruling class survive to mourn his loss. So Kylar is starting over: new city, new companions, and new profession.
But when he learns that Logan might be alive, trapped and in hiding, Kylar faces an impossible choice: he could give up the way of shadows forever, and find peace with his young family. Or he could succumb to his flair for destruction, the years of training, to save his friend and his country - and lose all he holds precious.

Godking Garoth Ursuul has assumed power in Cenaria and is manipulating the futures and destinies of all who live there.  Many nobles, led by self-proclaimed Queen Terah Graesin, have left the city in ruins to the Khalidorans.  Attempting to leave behind the life of shadows that ruined his master, Kylar flees to Caernarvon and an idyllic life with Elene.  But darkness finds Kylar along the road to the light as friends return for one last job and Kylar learns more about who Durzo and ultimately Kylar are.  Kylar has become a titanic force with a foot in the light and in the dark, but must choose which path to follow.

References

External links
 Official Homepage of the Night Angel Trilogy
 Orbit Books (Publisher)

2008 American novels
American fantasy novels
Novels by Brent Weeks
Orbit Books books


Tate's woolly mouse opossum (Marmosa paraguayana) is an omnivorous, arboreal South American marsupial of the family Didelphidae, named after American zoologist George Henry Hamilton Tate. It is native to Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. The species lives in both primary and secondary forest, including forest fragments within grassland. Insects are a major component of its diet. It was formerly assigned to the genus Micoureus, which was made a subgenus of Marmosa in 2009. While its conservation status is "least concern", its habitat is shrinking through urbanization and conversion to agriculture over much of its range.

References

Opossums
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Paraguay
Mammals described in 1931


USS Munplace (ID-2346) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919.

SS Munplace was built as a commercial cargo ship by the Maryland Steel Company at Sparrows Point, Maryland, in 1916, for the Munson Steamship Line. She was delivered to Munson on 9 May 1916 and entered mercantile service. The U.S. Navy acquired Munplace from Munson for World War I service on 31 August 1918, assigned her the naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 2346, and commissioned her as USS Munplace at Newport News, Virginia, the same day.

Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS), Munplace was loaded with a cargo of United States Army supplies, made a transatlantic crossing to France in convoy, and arrived at Rochefort, France, on 4 October 1918. Proceeding to La Pallice, France, she discharged her cargo, went on to Le Verdon-sur-Mer, France, and returned to the United States, arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, on 10 November 1918. World War I ended the next day.

In December 1918, Munplace departed Norfolk and delivered another U.S. Army cargo to La Pallice. She then returned to the United States, arriving at Newport News in January 1919

On 15 February 1919 Munplace was decommissioned and delivered to the United States Shipping Board for simultaneous return to Munson Steamship Line. She returned to mercantile service as SS Munplace, remaining in commercial use until she was scrapped at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1939.

References

Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: S.S. Munplace (American Freighter, 1916) Served as USS Munplace (ID # 2346) in 1918-1919.
NavSource Online NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive Munplace (ID 2346)

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1916 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy


Micheál Breathnach (1886–?) was an Irish writer.

Born at Sylaun, Tuam, County Galway, the son of two teachers, raised as a Gaeilgeoir (a native-Irish speaker). he was educated by the Jesuits at Coláiste Iognáid, Galway, and later at Queen's University, Galway (now NUI Galway) where he graduated with a B.A. in Irish, French and English.

He taught in Dublin for over six years, and was awarded an M.A. In 1922 he was appointed a National School inspector and promoted to Assistant Chief Inspector of the Department of Education's Secondary Branch in 1932. In 1944 he was appointed Secretary of the Department of Education, holding that post till his retirement in 1953. He prepared a number of texts for the use of Secondary school students, and as the Irish public library movement held a particular interest, in 1954 he was appointed Chairman of the Library Council, An Chomhairle Leabharlanna. His autobiography, Cuimhne an tSeanpháiste was published in 1966.

Select bibliography
 Trom agus Eadtrom, Dublin, 1927.
 Fion na filidheachta, 1931.
 Pros na fiannaidheachta, 1932.
 Droidheacht Chaitlin, 1933.
 Cuimhne an tSeanpháiste, Dublin, 1966.

See also
 Breathnach

References

1886 births
20th-century deaths
Alumni of the University of Galway
People from Tuam
20th-century Irish writers
20th-century male writers
People educated at Coláiste Iognáid


Champion Industries is an American commercial printing company based in Huntington, West Virginia. The company was founded in 1964 and has grown throughout the southeastern United States.  The largest stockholder, Chairman of the Board and CEO is Marshall Reynolds.

The company owns commercial printing operations in North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Tennessee, West Virginia, Indiana and Louisiana and office equipment concerns in West Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio.  It also prints ad inserts for numerous newspapers.

On May 22, 2009 the company defaulted on a 70 million dollar loan used to purchase the Herald-Dispatch and eliminated about 15% of the newspaper's workforce.

References

External links
Official site
Forbes.com profile

Companies based in West Virginia
Huntington, West Virginia


Granulomatous mastitis can be divided into idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (also known as granular lobular mastitis) and granulomatous mastitis occurring as a rare secondary complication of a great variety of other conditions such as tuberculosis and other infections, sarcoidosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Special forms of granulomatous mastitis occur as complication of diabetes. Some cases are due to silicone injection (Silicone-induced granulomatous inflammation) or other foreign body reactions.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is defined as granulomatous mastitis without any other attributable cause such as those above mentioned. It occurs on average two years and almost exclusively up to six years after pregnancy, usual age range is 17 to 42 years. Some cases have been reported that were related to drug induced hyperprolactinemia. Exceptionally rarely it has been diagnosed during pregnancy and in men.

Primary presentation of any of these conditions as mastitis is very rare and in many cases probably predisposed by other breast or systemic conditions. Although granulomatous mastitis is easily confused with cancer it is a completely benign (non-cancerous) condition. Treatment is radically different for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis and other granulomatous lesions of the breast, so the precise diagnosis is therefore very important.

Symptoms
Patients mostly present with a hard lump in one breast without any sign of a systemic disease. Other possible symptoms include nipple retraction, pain, inflammation of the overlying skin, nipple discharge, fistula, enlarged lymph nodes, in rare case peau d'orange-like changes. Presentation is mostly unilateral although a significant share of cases is bilateral, also in many cases contralateral or bilateral recurrences were documented. Several cases occurring together with fever, polyarthralgia and erythema nodosum were documented.

Diagnosis
Characteristic for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis are multinucleated giant cells and epithelioid histiocytes forming non-caseating granulomas around lobules. Often minor ductal and periductal inflammation is present. The lesion is in some cases very difficult to distinguish from breast cancer and other causes such as infections (tuberculosis, syphilis, corynebacterial infection, mycotic infection), autoimmune diseases (sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis), foreign body reaction and granulomatous reaction in a carcinoma must be excluded.

The condition is diagnosed very rarely. As the diagnosis is a lengthy differential diagnosis of exclusion there is considerable uncertainty about incidence. It has been suspected that some cases diagnosed as IGM in developing countries may have other explanations. On the other hand, IGM is usually diagnosed only after complications and referral to a secondary breast care center so light cases may resolve spontaneously or after symptomatic treatment and thus never be diagnosed as IGM. As a completely pathogen free breast will be exceedingly rare even in completely healthy population there is also uncertainty when to consider pathogens as causative or as mere coincidental finding.

Causes of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis
Causes are not known. The histology is suggestive of an autoimmune reaction. The high rate of relapses as well as relatively high proportion of bilateral cases is highly suggestive of a systemic predisposition. Presently most evidence points towards an important role of elevated prolactin levels or overt hyperprolactinemia with additional triggers such as local trauma or irritation. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency was documented in one case, interferon-alpha therapy in another case. Similar cases of granulomatous mastitis were reported in IgG4-related disease though the exact relationship to IGM remains to be elucidated. Other contributing factors of IGM were investigated such as oral contraceptives usage. Many cases were reported after use of prolactin elevating medications such as antipsychotics.

Elevated prolactin levels have the direct effects of increasing secretory activity of breast lobules, maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium, preventing involution of the breast gland after weaning and are known to stimulate the immune system, contributing to both physiological and pathological granulomatous lesions and non-caseating granulomas. PRL is also secreted locally in the breast and local secretion by lymphocytes may be enhanced during inflammatory reactions.
Autoimmune reaction to extravasated fat and protein rich luminal fluid (denaturized milk) resulting from the secretory activity is assumed to be one of the triggers of IGM. Several other hormones can contribute to PRL signaling in the breast gland, high levels of insulin caused for example by peripheral insulin resistance (resulting from pregnancy, gestational diabetes or developing diabetes mellitus type 2) will enhance the galactogenic and antiapoptotic effects of PRL and growth hormone by acting synergistically with IGF-1.

Microbiology
The presence of Corynebacterium in granulomatous mastitis was first reported in 1996. Since then multiple reports have confirmed the presence of this genus in granulomatous mastitis. The most commonly isolated species is Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii. A selective medium for the isolation of this species has been described. This organism, first isolated from human sputum in 1998, requires lipids for its growth which may help to explain its association with this condition.

Treatment
Treatment protocols are not well established. Some sources report that approximately half of the patients will fully recover after 2–24 months management.

One review recommended complete resection or corticosteroid therapy, stating also that long-term follow-up was indicated due to a high rate of recurrence. Treatment with steroids usually requires about 6 months. While some source report very good success with steroids, most report a considerable risk of recurrence after a treatment with steroids alone. Steroids are known to cause elevation of prolactin levels and increase risk of several conditions such as diabetes, and other endocrinopathies which in turn increase the risk of IGM. For surgical treatment, recurrence rates of 5-50% have been reported.

Treatment with a combination of glucocorticoids and prolactin lowering medications such as bromocriptine or cabergoline was used with good success in Germany. Prolactin-lowering medication has also been reported to reduce the risk of recurrence. In cases of drug-induced hyperprolactinemia (such as antipsychotics) prolactin-sparing medication can be tried.

Methotrexate alone or in combination with steroids has been used with good success. Its principal mechanism of action is immunomodulating activity, with a side effect profile that is more favorable for treating IGM.

Colchicine, azathioprine, and NSAIDs have also been used.

References

External links

Breast diseases


Maryland Route 178 (MD 178) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Generals Highway, the highway runs  from MD 450 in Parole north to Veterans Highway near Millersville. MD 178 connects Annapolis with Crownsville in central Anne Arundel County. The highway is indirectly named for George Washington, who traveled the highway in 1783 on his way to Annapolis to resign his commission in the Continental Army at the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War. MD 178 was planned as early as 1910 as part of a western route between Baltimore and Annapolis. However, most of the highway south of MD 3 was not built until the early 1930s. The portion south of MD 3 served as a primary segment in the western corridor connecting Baltimore–Annapolis, until the construction of Interstate 97 (I-97) in the late 1980s.

Route description

MD 178 begins at a four-way intersection featuring MD 450 in Parole. MD 450 heads west as Defense Highway and southeast as West Street toward an interchange with U.S. Route 50 (US 50)/US 301 (John Hanson Highway) and Annapolis; the east leg of the intersection is an entrance to the Westfield Annapolis shopping mall. MD 178 heads north as a four-lane road with a center left-turn lane. North of Bestgate Road, the highway leaves the commercial area, curves to the northwest, and reduces to two lanes. MD 178 passes the historic home Iglehart in the eponymous hamlet, where the highway passes Old Generals Highway. A portion of the loop of old alignment is MD 798. MD 178 continues northwest and passes the historic home Belvoir before heading northeast of the Anne Arundel County Fairgrounds and entering the center of Crownsville. In the village, the highway passes St. Paul's Chapel at the corner of Crownsville Road, which leads south to the grounds of the seasonal Maryland Renaissance Festival.

At the north end of Crownsville, MD 178 intersects Herald Harbor Road, which leads to the community of Herald Harbor on the Severn River. The state highway meets the eastern end of interchange ramps from I-97; the ramps allow access from southbound I-97 to MD 178 and from MD 178 to northbound I-97, MD 32, and MD 3. MD 178 continues northwest past the Rising Sun Inn and Sunrise Beach Road, which leads to another riverside community, Arden-on-the-Severn. At the Cross Roads Church, the highway intersects Millersville Road, which provides access to the historic home Bunker Hill and the village of Millersville on the west side of I-97. MD 178 curves north and reaches its northern terminus at Veterans Highway, a county highway that parallels I-97 between Millersville and Glen Burnie.

History
Generals Highway follows the path of an Annapolis–Philadelphia post road established by 1733. The highway is so named because it was traveled by George Washington on his journey from New York to Annapolis, then acting as the capital of the United States, to resign his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in December 1783. George Washington was greeted and escorted the remaining distance to Annapolis by a group of prominent citizens from the Three Mile Oak, a prominent tree located  from the Maryland State House. The Three Mile Oak was located at what is today the southern terminus of MD 178.  When the Maryland State Roads Commission designated a system of roads to improve in 1909, much of the Generals Highway was included as part of a second highway between Baltimore and Annapolis, after the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard that later became MD 2. The proposed highway headed south along Generals Highway from Glen Burnie to Crownsville, along what are now MD 3 Business, I-97, and MD 178, then south on Crownsville Road to the proposed highway that later became US 50 (now MD 450). The proposed highway south and east of Dorrs Corner, the site of MD 178's northern terminus, was not shifted from Crownsville Road to Generals Highway until 1930, by which time only short portions of the highway had been paved.

The first portion of MD 178 to be constructed was a small segment of concrete road south from the southern end of Old Generals Highway at Iglehart by 1923. This section was connected to US 50 by another section of concrete road in 1928. The portion of MD 178 from Dorrs Corner to Crownsville was placed under construction in 1930. The state highway was complete as a concrete road from MD 3 to Sherwood Forest Road just north of Iglehart (on what is now MD 798) in 1933. MD 178 was marked as such in 1935, despite a gap in the state highway remaining at Iglehart. Within a year of the highway's completion, the Maryland State Roads Commission recommended the highway be widened from  to  along its entire length. The state highway was widened from Dorrs Corner to Sherwood Forest Road in 1940. The gap in the state highway at Iglehart remained until the old road was bypassed in 1956, leaving behind MD 798. MD 178's interchange ramps with I-97 opened as the easternmost portion of MD 32 in 1972, bypassing the portion of the highway from Dorrs Corner to Crownsville. The rest of the route from Crownsville to Parole remained part of the primary highway on the western Baltimore–Annapolis highway until I-97 opened from US 50 and US 301 to Dorrs Corner in April 1989.

Junction list

Auxiliary route
MD 178A is the designation for a  old section of Generals Highway next to the state highway's northern terminus near Millersville. The highway forms a curve east of the junction of MD 178 and Veterans Highway that intersects both highways on a tangent. MD 178A is two lanes and lined with houses except for a pair of one-way northbound segments on both ends. MD 178A follows what was originally the northernmost portion of MD 178 to meet what is now Veterans Highway at an acute intersection at Dorrs Corner. MD 178 was relocated to its present perpendicular intersection with Veterans Highway by 1978.

See also

References

External links

MDRoads: MD 178
Maryland Roads - MD 178

178
Maryland Route 178


The Seven Dolors Catholic Church is a Catholic church in Manhattan, Kansas, United States, and is the see of the Seven Dolors Parish, which also contains Saint Patrick's Church in Ogden. The Parish is the easternmost in the Salina Diocese.

Built in 1920, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

References

External links

 Seven Dolors Catholic Church

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1920
Buildings and structures in Riley County, Kansas
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salina
Manhattan, Kansas
National Register of Historic Places in Riley County, Kansas
Romanesque Revival architecture in Kansas
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States


Leonid Pitamic (15 December 1885 – 30 June 1971) was a Slovene Yugoslav lawyer, philosopher of law, diplomat, and academic.

Life

He was born in the Carniolan town of Postojna, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today in Slovenia. After finishing the classical lyceum in Gorizia and the Theresianum in Vienna, he enrolled in the University of Vienna, where he studied law. After graduation in 1908, he worked in the local branches of the state administration in Carniola, and later in the ministerial offices in Vienna. In 1915, he obtained habilitation in Austrian civil law, and in 1917 in philosophy of law. After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he became a member of the administrative commission of the National Government of the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

In 1919, he served as a legal expert in the Yugoslav delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference. The same year, he was named professor at the newly formed University of Ljubljana. In September 1920, he was named as Secretary for Internal Affairs in the Regional Government for Slovenia. In December of the same year, he became the last president of the regional government before its dissolution. In the 1920s, he worked as the Yugoslav deputy delegate at the League of Nations, and between 1929 and 1935 as the ambassador of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to the United States.

Between 1926 and 1927, he served as chancellor of the University of Ljubljana. After his return from the United States in 1935, he resumed teaching at the universities of Ljubljana and Zagreb. In the academic year 1940/41 was elected dean of the Faculty of Law and remained there as a professor until June 1952, when he finally retired.

In 1928, he became a member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and in 1938 of the Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana (later renamed the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts). In 1948 the Communist regime expelled him from the academy. His academy membership was reinstated after his death in 1971 and it was unofficially reinstated after 1988 and officially in 1996.

He died in Ljubljana and was buried in Žale cemetery.

Work
Pitamic published several treatises on philosophy of law. He was the follower of the theories of legal positivism established by Hans Kelsen. His most important work is the volume Država (The State), published in 1927 and translated into English in 1933 under the title A Treatise on the State.

References

External links
Akademsko društvo pravnik. Leonid Pitamic – biografija.

1885 births
1971 deaths
People from Postojna
University of Vienna alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ljubljana
20th-century Slovenian lawyers
Academic staff of the University of Zagreb
Slovenian diplomats
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Ambassadors of Yugoslavia to the United States
Burials at Žale
Yugoslav lawyers
20th-century Slovenian philosophers
Yugoslav academics


In algebraic geometry, the motivic zeta function of a smooth algebraic variety  is the formal power series:

Here  is the -th symmetric power of , i.e., the quotient of  by the action of the symmetric group , and  is the class of  in the ring of motives (see below).

If the ground field is finite, and one applies the counting measure to , one obtains the local zeta function of .

If the ground field is the complex numbers, and one applies Euler characteristic with compact supports to , one obtains .

Motivic measures

A motivic measure is a map  from the set of finite type schemes over a field  to a commutative ring , satisfying the three properties
 depends only on the isomorphism class of ,
 if  is a closed subscheme of ,
.
For example if  is a finite field and  is the ring of integers, then  defines a motivic measure, the counting measure.

If the ground field is the complex numbers, then Euler characteristic with compact supports defines a motivic measure with values in the integers.

The zeta function with respect to a motivic measure  is the formal power series in  given by
.

There is a universal motivic measure.  It takes values in the K-ring of varieties, , which is the ring generated by the symbols , for all varieties , subject to the relations
 if  and  are isomorphic,
 if  is a closed subvariety of ,
.
The universal motivic measure gives rise to the motivic zeta function.

Examples

Let  denote the class of the affine line.

If  is a smooth projective irreducible curve of genus  admitting a line bundle of degree 1, and the motivic measure takes values in a field in which  is invertible, then

where  is a polynomial of degree .  Thus, in this case, the motivic zeta function is rational.  In higher dimension, the motivic zeta function is not always rational.

If  is a smooth surface over an algebraically closed field of characteristic , then the generating function for the motives of the Hilbert schemes of  can be expressed in terms of the motivic zeta function by Göttsche's Formula

Here  is the Hilbert scheme of length  subschemes of . For the affine plane this formula gives

This is essentially the partition function.

References

Functions and mappings
Algebraic geometry


"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" is a song by Jamaican recording artist Dawn Penn, released in February 1994 by Big Beat as the first single from her first studio album, No, No, No (1994). The song's lyrics are credited to Penn, Bo Diddley and Willie Cobbs, and production was handled by Steely & Clevie.

Penn had originally recorded a version of Cobbs' 1960 song "You Don't Love Me" in 1967, incorporating elements of its music and lyrics. It is claimed that the Cobbs song was, in turn, based on Diddley's 1955 song "She's Fine, She's Mine". Thus, both are credited as songwriters on Penn's recording. In 1994, after a 17-year break from the music industry, she re-recorded a dancehall version of the song retitled "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)".

Penn's 1994 version of the song became a commercial success worldwide. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland, and the top 40 in the Netherlands and New Zealand. In the United States, the single also charted at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number 42 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Multiple recording artists have performed cover versions and sampled "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" in their own works. Barbadian singer Rihanna remade the song for her debut studio album, Music of the Sun (2005), and American entertainer Beyoncé performed the song on her I Am... World Tour concert tour (2009–10). NME magazine ranked it at number 24 in their list of the 50 best songs of 1994. In 2023, Billboard ranked it among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time".

Background
In Jamaica in 1967, Penn recorded a version of American R&B singer Willie Cobbs's song "You Don't Love Me", which "she first sang for Studio One. At least one writer claims Cobb had based his song on R&B singer Bo Diddley's 1955 recording "She's Fine, She's Mine". Penn's cover of Cobb's song was recorded at Kingston's Studio One by influential producer Coxsone Dodd. Dodd, who had lived for a while in the United States, imported American rhythm and blues records to play for his sound system entertainment businesses. Penn's song used lyrical and melodic elements of Cobbs' song, but was performed in the emerging rocksteady style – a precursor to reggae. It starts out with a drum roll, "then a chugging bass line kicks in and Penn's dreamy voice wails":

Dawn Penn's "You Don't Love Me" was a major hit in Jamaica. Based on this success she recorded some other songs, such as "Blue Yes Blue" and a reggae cover version of Scottish singer Lulu's "To Sir with Love". Despite her initial success, Penn decided to take a break from singing, which lasted 17 years. In the late 1980s, after working for banks, accountant agencies, and airlines, she returned to Jamaica in the hopes of reviving her career. In the early 1990s, she re-recorded a version of "You Don't Love Me" with the new title "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)". The noted Jamaican production team Steely & Clevie produced it and it featured an updated dancehall arrangement. Songwriting is credited to Penn, Cobbs, and Diddley.

Chart performance
In the United States, "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; it remained on the chart for 12 weeks. It also peaked at number 42 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, number 41 on the Billboard Hot R&B Airplay chart, and number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart. In the Flanders region of Belgium, "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" debuted at number 44 on the chart week of 23 July 1994, and peaked at number eight in its eighth week; it remained on the chart for a total of 13 weeks. The song placed within the top 20 in Austria and Switzerland, peaking at numbers 13 and 17, respectively. "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" also reached number 25 in New Zealand and number 38 in the Netherlands, and peaked at number 41 in both France and Germany. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart during the week of 11 June 1994, later peaking at number three and remaining in the position for two consecutive weeks.

Critical reception
AllMusic editor Alex Henderson remarked that Penn's voice "has held up well over the years, and she's in generally good form". J.D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun stated, "For all the roughneck aggression meted out by most dancehall stars, it's worth noting that Jamaican pop still has its sweet side, and few singers can put that point across as convincingly as Dawn Penn does on 'No, No, No'." He also noted the way her "languid, drawling delivery plays off the slow, hypnotic pulse" of the track. Larry Flick from Billboard felt that Penn's "sultry vocal presence on this sailing, instantly memorable dancehall jam belies the pensive nature of the song's story of lost love. An easy-paced groove chugs along with a hip-hop-ish vibe that could prove accessible to crossover and urban formats." Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report stated, "Sure, to catch listeners' attention is this unique production from this Jamaican singing sensation." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton described it as a "haunting reggae ballad". Neil Kulkarni from Melody Maker praised the track as "a fab summer pop single", writing, "This is as catchy as crabs, with a vocal that'll etch itself on yer mind all summer and a great early Seventies "Lighten Up Volume 4" feel that could make it the best female reggae hit since the Soul Sisters' "Wreck a Buddy" [from 1969]." Pan-European magazine Music & Media commented, "Nutty dreadlocks where art thou? Is real reggae still being made, with all those pale-faced pretenders around? Yes here, with all the dub production gadgets and all."

Andy Beevers from Music Week gave the song four out of five, declaring it as "a reggae masterpiece." Another editor, Alan Jones, said, "This simple lovers rock tune initially fails to make an impression, but is a real grower." John Kilgo from The Network Forty commented, "It's hard to believe that a woman in her early 50's can spark such a rasta-rhythm tune. Boasting unique vocals with a grooving beat, "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" is sexy and infectious." Angela Lewis from NME wrote, No No No, you don't love me and I know now.... With just one line, Dawn Penn hits the rawest nerve in pop music's angst-ridden heart. If it didn't break you up, check your pulse as you've probably snuffed it. Or you've been extremely lucky in never having experienced the sentiments therein." Paul Ablett from the RM Dance Update stated that "this Studio One classic from the golden age of reggae has been brilliantly re-recorded with the ragga production geniuses Steely & Clevie." He added, "Despite digital drum and bass, it recaptures the original magic and once that horn break kicks in, you'll play it forever – an essential buy if ever there was one." Another editor, James Hamilton, described it as a "gorgeous calmly moaned haunting simple old fashioned Studio One-style 81bm rock steady reggae swayer". Charles Aaron from Spin said that producers "quirked-up remake of the 1967 reggae classic made my speakers rumble and swoon when a radio DJ finally wised up. Penn's mesmerizing voice plea is so precise and self-possessed that you figure she'll be fine whether her baby asks her to get down on her knees and pray or not. Inspiration for Luscious Jackson's masterfully strokin' "Daughters of the Kaos."

Impact and legacy
Charles Aaron from Spin ranked "You Don't Love Me" number 11 in his list of the "Top 20 Singles of the Year" in December 1994. NME magazine ranked it at number 24 in their list of the "50 Best Songs of 1994". BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Chris Goldfinger named the song one of his favourites in 1996, adding, "This is the original version — she's been around a long time. I just love her vocals and the lyrics." In 2003, Q Magazine ranked the song number 477 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever" and in 2004, the magazine featured it in their list of "The 1010 Songs You Must Own".

Blender listed it at 186th place on their "500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2005. They wrote: "...dancehall producers Steely & Clevie polished her signature tune into her global comeback hit, wrapping Penn's heartbroken desperation in the sound of a lazy summer's afternoon. Emotional masochism never sounded so sweet." In 2023, Billboard ranked it number 454 in their list of "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time", saying, "The apex of forlorn rocksteady balladry, Dawn Penn’s seminal “You Don’t Love Me” harnessed the ’90s Stateside dancehall boom and turned that energy into a cutting breakup anthem so sharp that even Beyoncé and Rihanna have delivered their own renditions over the years."

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Covers and other versions

In 1994, French rapper and singer Melaaz released a cover version titled "Non, Non, Non" with French lyrics.

Reggae group Aswad sampled "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" for their song "You're No Good", taken from their album Rise and Shine (1994). "You're No Good" peaked at number 35 on the UK Singles Chart on 2 February 1995.

Female rapper Eve released a cover version with brothers Damian Marley and Stephen Marley on her 2001 album Scorpion. Maurice Bottomley for PopMatters reviewed the song, writing "Stephen Marley leads Eve through a note-for-note re-creation of the Dawn Penn (‘90s version) rocksteady classic 'No, No, No'. She sings it well enough, but it adds nothing to the original (literally)."

British music DJ's Hexstatic included a mix of the song on "Mr. Scruff's Ninja Tune Megamix" (Hexstatic Edit) by DJ Food on their 2002 DJ mix album Listen & Learn.

Bajan recording artist Rihanna recorded a cover version of the song as a duet with dancehall recording artist Vybz Kartel, for her debut studio album Music of the Sun (2005). It was produced by Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken and D. "Supa Dups" Chin-quee. Jason Birchmeier, writing for AllMusic, described Rihanna's cover as "catchy", while Chantal Jenoure, writing for The Jamaica Observer, labelled it as "hilarious".

English recording artist Lily Allen sampled the song for her "Shame for You", included on her debut studio album, Alright, Still (2006). Lucy Davies for the BBC reviewed the song, writing "Many of her reggae-fused songs stick in your head whilst you desperately suss out why they're familiar, but she rips off her influences with a comic acknowledgement, like 'Shame for You', which blatantly lifts the chorus hook from 'You Don't Love Me (No No No)' by Dawn Penn".

In 2007, American rapper Ghostface Killah covered the song on his compilation album, Hidden Darts: Special Edition, which consists of his rare album B-sides, unreleased songs and mixtape tracks.

American recording artist Beyoncé performed the song as part of a medley with her own hit "Baby Boy" on her I Am... World Tour concert tour (2009–10). After being lifted out of a 20-foot train by a harness and over the audience, she was lowered to the B-stage, where she finished "Baby Boy" and continued with Penn's "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)". It was later included on the CD/DVD release of the tour. She performed a similar medley when she headlined at the 2018 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Music Festival, and during the first few European shows of her and her husband Jay-Z’s, OTR II Tour (2018), their second co-headlining, all-stadium tour together.

References

External links

1994 singles
1994 songs
Big Beat Records (American record label) singles
Rihanna songs
Songs written by Bo Diddley
Dawn Penn songs
Songs about heartache
Torch songs
Music Week number-one dance singles


Oliver Joseph Burke (1825-1889) was an Irish barrister and historian.

Born at Ower, Headford, County Galway, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin from 1841, graduating with a B.A. in 1854, the same year he was called to the Irish Bar.

Bibliography

 The Abbey of Ross, Co. Galway - its history and details, E. Ponsonby, Dublin, 1868.
 The History of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland from A.D. 1186 to A.D. 1874, E. Ponsonby, Dublin, 1879.
 The History of the Catholic Archbishops of Tuam, from the foundation of the See to the death of the Most Rev. John MacHale, D.D., A.D. 1881, Hodges Figgis, Dublin, 1882.
 Anecdotes of the Connaught Circuit from its foundation in 1604 to close upon the present time, Hodges Figges, Dublin, 1885.
 The South Isles of Aran, Co. Galway, Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co., London, 1887.

References

External links

1825 births
1889 deaths
Lawyers from County Galway
Irish barristers
19th-century Irish historians
19th-century Irish lawyers
Writers from County Galway
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
People from Headford


Middle Sister Island is a  island in Lake Erie.  Along with West Sister Island (in Ohio, USA) and East Sister Island, it is part of the Pelee Archipelago in the western basin of Lake Erie, and is considered to be the "most natural and undisturbed" of these islands.

War of 1812
The island was a staging area for William Henry Harrison's U.S. troops, just prior to the invasion of Canada and the Battle of the Thames.

Flora and fauna
Guano from the Lake Erie population of double-crested cormorants is interfering with tree growth in the Carolinian forest on this island and the nearby East Sister Island and Middle Island.

References

Landforms of Essex County, Ontario
War of 1812
Islands of Lake Erie in Ontario


Zhang Hongjing () (760 – July 24, 824), courtesy name Yuanli (), formally the Marquess of Gaoping (), was an official of the Tang dynasty of China, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.  He was blamed in traditional histories for misruling Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), leading to Lulong soldiers' subsequent rebellion against the imperial government under Zhu Kerong.

Background
Zhang Hongjing was born in 760, during the reign of Emperor Suzong.  His family traced its ancestry to the Jin Dynasty official Zhang Hua.  His grandfather Zhang Jiazhen had served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Suzong's father Emperor Xuanzong, and at the time of Zhang Hongjing's birth, Zhang Hongjing's father Zhang Yanshang was already serving in the imperial government.  Zhang Hongjing himself was said to be elegant, lenient, faithful, and honest in his youth.

During Emperor Dezong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Suzong's grandson Emperor Dezong, Zhang Yanshang was serving in progressively more important positions, and eventually served as a chancellor in 787 before dying late that year.  Zhang Hongjing, on account of his heritage, was made an officer at Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the region of the eastern capital Luoyang), and later served as the sheriff of Lantian County (藍田, in modern Xi'an, Shaanxi).  When Du Ya () served as the defender of Luoyang, he invited Zhang Hongjing to serve as his assistant.  There was an occasion when the officer Linghu Yun () had been chasing thugs out of the city that a robbery occurred in the same locale.  As Linghu belonged to a strong clan, Du came to suspect Linghu of having committed the robbery and asked Zhang and his colleague Mu Yuan () to investigate.  As both Mu and Zhang believed that Linghu would not commit such an act, they asked for the investigation to be suspended.  Du refused to listen to them and had LInghu arrested; he also threw Mu and Zhang off his staff.  However, a later investigation ordered by Emperor Dezong located the actual robber.

Soon afterwards, when Princess Deyang was set to be married, the mansion that Emperor Dezong was constructing for her would have required the destruction of Zhang's ancestral shrine.  Zhang requested an audience with Emperor Dezong, and he pleaded on account of his grandfather's and father's virtues.  Emperor Dezong comforted him and ordered that the Zhang ancestral shrine be preserved.  Zhang later submitted a poem to Emperor Dezong praising the Tang system of the two capitals (i.e., the main capital Chang'an and Luoyang).  Emperor Dezong favored his writing and made him an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (), and then the greater title of Dianzhong Shiyushi ().  Zhang later served successively in a number of positions — Libu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu); Bingbu Langzhong (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu) (and at this time, he was also in charge of drafting edicts); Zhongshu Sheren (), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) (and at the time, he was also in charge of selecting officials to be stationed at Luoyang); deputy minister of public works (工部侍郎, Gongbu Shilang); deputy minister of census (戶部侍郎, Hubu Shilang); governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Shan'guo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan); and military governor (Jiedushi) of Hezhong Circuit (河中, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi).

During Emperor Xianzong's reign
In 814, when Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong was emperor, Zhang Hongjing was recalled to Chang'an and made the minister of justice () as well as chancellor de facto with the title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi ().  Soon after he became chancellor, the warlord Wu Shaoyang the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) died, and at the advice of Zhang's fellow chancellor Li Jifu, Emperor Xianzong prepared for a campaign to seize control of Zhangyi by force if necessary, rather than allowing Wu's son Wu Yuanji to inherit the circuit.  Zhang suggested first declaring a mourning period for Wu Shaoyang and then sending a key official to Zhangyi to mourn Wu Shaoyang and observe what Wu Yuanji's attitude was.  Emperor Xianzong agreed and sent the official Li Junhe () to Zhangyi.  Wu Yuanji refused to allow Li Junhe to enter his domain and further pillaged the cities of the surrounding circuits, thus leading to a general imperial campaign against Zhangyi.  Around this time, Zhang was created the Marquess of Gaoping.

In 815, Zhang's fellow chancellor Wu Yuanheng, who had been put in charge of the campaign against Zhangyi after Li Jifu died late in 814, was assassinated.  Suspicions fell on a number of officers from Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) stationed at Chang'an, as Chengde's military governor, Wang Chengzong, was an ally of Wu Yuanji's and had been submitting petitions attacking Wu Yuanheng and urging the end of the campaign against Zhangyi.  The Chengde officers were arrested and interrogated, and they confessed to assassinating Wu Yuanheng.  Zhang, suspecting that these confessions were extracted by torture, requested further investigations.  Emperor Xianzong declined and had them executed, and subsequently declared Wang a renegade, although he did not immediately order a campaign against Wang.  However, Wang subsequently reacted by pillaging his surrounding circuits, and Emperor Xianzong was set to do so.  Zhang, pointing out that it would be difficult for the empire to maintain two campaigns simultaneously, suggested waiting until the campaign against Zhangyi were complete.  Emperor Xianzong did not agree, and Zhang thus offered to resign.  In spring 816, Emperor Xianzong thus made Zhang the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), still carrying the chancellor title as an honorary title.  Emperor Xianzong, who did not want to publicly go against Zhang's advice while Zhang remained chancellor, then declared a general campaign against Wang, even before Zhang could arrive at Taiyuan.  Zhang prepared the Hedong army and requested to personally command the troops against Wang.  Emperor Xianzong allowed him to send his troops but declined his request to personally command them.  The imperial army was unsuccessful against Wang, but Wang became fearful after Wu Yuanji was captured and executed in 817, and subsequent submitted to the imperial government and surrendered two of his six prefectures to imperial control.

In 819, after Han Hong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xianzong and then requested to remain at Chang'an, Zhang was made the military governor of Xuanwu and continued to carry the honorary chancellor title.  It was said that when Zhang served at Hedong and Xuanwu, as he succeeded stern military governors, he was lenient and frugal, and the armies and the people were comforted by his leniency and frugality.

During Emperor Muzong's and Emperor Jingzong's reigns
In spring 821, by which time Emperor Xianzong had died and been succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong, Liu Zong the military governor of Lulong Circuit offered to resign and submit his circuit to imperial rule.  As Liu was concerned that his officers might not abide by the decision he made, he further proposed that Lulong be divided into three circuits, with the circuit capital, You Prefecture (), along with Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding, Hebei), be given to Zhang Hongjing; Ji (薊州, in modern Tianjin), Gui (媯州, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), and Tan (檀州, in modern Beijing) Prefectures be given to the general Xue Ping; and Ying () and Mo (莫州, both in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) Prefectures be given to the official Lu Shimei ().  (Liu had made these recommendations on the bases that when Zhang ruled Hedong, which neighbored Lulong, Liu had often heard good opinions of Zhang's governance; that Xue was the son of Xue Song and familiar with the region; and that Lu was a relative of Liu's wife's.)  Further, believing that a number of senior army officers, including Zhu Kerong, were difficult to control, he sent them to Chang'an and requested that Emperor Muzong give them promotions.

Emperor Muzong accepted Liu's submission, but did not fully implement Liu's partition plan; Ying and Mo were given to Lu Shimei, but the remaining prefectures were all given to Zhang, under the suggestion of the chancellors Cui Zhi and Du Yuanying, who did not understand the rationale of Liu's plan.  Further, Zhu and the other officers that Liu sent to Chang'an were not given offices or salaries, and it was said that as they lacked income, they fell into financial desperation, even requiring loans for their food and clothing, despite their frequent submission of requests for offices to Cui and Du.  When Zhang arrived at Lulong, he ordered Zhu and the others to return to Lulong, further angering them.  Meanwhile, Zhang further drew the anger of the people and soldiers of Lulong over a number of actions:

 In contrast to the past military governors' willingness to bear the difficulties with the people, including the weather conditions, when Zhang was arriving at You Prefecture, he was in a litter borne by eight men, shocking the people of You Prefecture.
 Zhang Hongjing was solemn and arrogant, not willing to speak with the people, and he rarely accepted advice from guests and the army officers.
 He gave much authority to his assistants Wei Yong () and Zhang Zonghou (), and these assistants were disrespectful of soldiers and extravagant in their living — such that, shocking to the people of You Prefecture, they were often feasting deep into the night and going home after midnight, with their guards loudly escorting them.
 When Liu submitted to imperial authority, Emperor Muzong ordered a large cash reward for the Lulong soldiers, but Zhang Hongjing took 20% of the award for headquarter expenses.
 The people of You Prefecture had venerated the leading figures of the Anshi Rebellion, An Lushan and Shi Siming, and referred to them as the "Two Holy Men."  Zhang Hongjing, wanting to change this custom, had An and Shi exhumed and their caskets destroyed, causing resentment among the people.

In fall 821, when a low-level officer accidentally collided with Wei's guards, Wei ordered the officer whipped, but the other officers were unaccustomed to this kind of punishment and refused to carry out the punishment.  Zhang Hongjing had the officers arrested.  That night, the soldiers mutinied, killed Wei and several other staff member of Zhang's, and put Zhang under arrest.  The next day, the mutineers began to regret their actions, but when they met Zhang to ask for forgiveness, Zhang did not speak at all.  The mutineers believed that Zhang was not intending to pardon them, and instead supported Zhu Kerong's father Zhu Hui () to serve as the acting military governor.  Zhu Hui declined, but recommended Zhu Kerong, and the soldiers agreed.

Upon hearing of the mutiny, Emperor Muzong, intending to calm the mutineers, announced that Zhang would be demoted to be the prefect of Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern Ji'an, Jiangxi).  Zhu Kerong, however, allied with Wang Tingcou, who had around the same time mutinied at and taken over Chengde Circuit, killing the imperial general Tian Hongzheng, and the two circuits waged a campaign against the imperial troops sent to combat the mutinies.  Emperor Muzong eventually allowed Zhu Kerong to become the military governor of Lulong in winter 821, and only after receiving his commission did Zhu release Zhang and Lu (whom he also captured).

After Zhang was released, he was made the prefect of Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi).  He was soon made an advisor to the Crown Prince Li Zhan.  He died in 824, shortly after Emperor Muzong's death and Li Zhan's succession to the throne as Emperor Jingzong.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 129.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 127.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 239, 241, 242.

760 births
824 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hezhong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xuanwu Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lulong Circuit
People from Linyi County, Shanxi


Princess Kabakumba Labwoni Masiko is a Ugandan politician. She is the former Minister of the Presidency in the Ugandan Cabinet. She was appointed to that position on 27 May 2011. She replaced Beatrice Wabudeya who was dropped from the cabinet. In that capacity, she also served as Minister for Kampala Capital City Authority.
 She resigned from both of those positions on 14 December 2011, following allegations of abuse of office, theft by taking, causing monetary loss to the government and conspiracy to defraud government. She was also the elected Member of Parliament (MP) for "Bujenje County but lost the seat in 2016", Masindi District.

Background and education
She was born in Masindi District on 20 October 1966. Kabakumba Masiko studies at Gulu High School for her O-Level and at Nabisunsa Girls' Secondary School for her A-Level education. She entered Makerere University, the oldest and largest public university in the country, graduating in 1990, with degree of Bachelor of Science in Economics. She holds the Diploma in Project Planning & Management from the Uganda National Chamber of Commerce and Industry, obtained in 1998. She also holds the Diploma in Project Planning and Management, obtained in 2000, from Uganda Management Institute (UMI). In 2009, she was awarded the degree of Master of Arts in Public Administration & Management by UMI. Her Diploma in Legislative Drafting was awarded in 2003 by the International Law Institute. In April 2018, Kabakumba graduated with a Diploma in Legal Practice, from the Law Development Centre in Kampala.

Career
From 1986 until 1996, she worked as a party functionary for the ruling National Resistance Movement political party. In 1996, she ran for the parliamentary seat for Masindi District, winning that seat and serving in that position until 2001. In 2001, following redistricting, she ran for the seat of Bujenje County, in Masindi District, winning that seat and serving as area MP until 2006. In 2006, she was re-elected to the Ugandan Parliament. That same year she was appointed Minister for Parliamentary Affairs and Government Chief Whip, a position she served in until her appointment to the information ministry in February 2009. On 16 February 2009, she was appointed Minister of Information and National Guidance, serving in that position until 27 May 2011.

During the 2016 national parliamentary elections, Kabakumba Masiko contested as an independent for the Masindi Municipality seat, but she lost to Ernest Kiiza, the current Minister of State for Bunyoro Affairs.

Personal details
Kabakumba Masiko is married to Maj.Gen Henry Masiko, the Chief Political Commissar of Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF).
Children

Uganda Broadcasting Corporation Scandal
In November 2011, members of the Uganda Police Force, acting on a tip-off, confiscated a radio transmitter and a radio mast from the premises of Kings Broadcasting Sercvice (KBS), in the town of Masindi, in Western Uganda. The equipment allegedly belongs to Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC), the national radio and television network and were stolen from UBC in 2009 or 2010, when Kabakumba was the Minister of Information & National Guidance, responsible for UBC. KBS, which is now off the air, is owned by Kabakumba Masiko (75%) and by the station's general manager (25%). She is also implicated in the irregular sale and lease of land that belongs to UBC, located in Bugoloobi, a suburb of Kampala. The police has presented its findings to the Directorate of Public Prosecution (DPP) for action. When the DPP decided not to press charges against Masiko and instead charged the radio station managers only, fellow members of parliament protested.

Photos
 Photo of Kabakumba Masiko In 2011

See also
 Parliament of Uganda
 Cabinet of Uganda
 Masindi District

References

External links
Website of the Parliament of Uganda
Full Cabinet List, May 2011

1966 births
Living people
People from Masindi District
Makerere University alumni
Uganda Management Institute alumni
Members of the Parliament of Uganda
Government ministers of Uganda
National Resistance Movement politicians
Politicians from Western Region, Uganda
Women government ministers of Uganda
Women members of the Parliament of Uganda
People educated at Nabisunsa Girls' Secondary School
21st-century Ugandan politicians
21st-century Ugandan women politicians


A culminating project (also known as a senior project, grad project or exit project), is a project that challenges high school seniors to demonstrate their academic knowledge in an experiential way (in most cases). According to the United States Department of Education State Education Boards typically allow individual school districts to customize the project, based on basic state guidelines.

Confusion about the culminating project

People reporting on the culminating project sometimes confuse the terminology with the state high school exit exam. The state exit exam is a written exam that usually tests student's math, reading, writing, and science skills, whereas the culminating project is a required project that is usually a learning experience based on a topic chosen by the student. The project is mandatory in order to graduate.

Purpose
The purpose of the project is to increase both teaching and learning. High school graduation standards have declined for several decades. School reform or the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is a way to bring value back to the high school diploma as well as support students  as they go out into the world prepared for college, a job, the military, entrepreneurship, internship, or whatever path students decide to follow once they graduate.

Why a project is required
The requirement is an effort to increase the education standards. As college admissions and the workplace require more from their recruits, nationwide high schools must also.

In an effort to be clear, it is restated that the culminating project is not required by all schools. Again, parents and guardians would have to check with the student's school official website for graduation requirements.

However, for students that are required to complete a culminating project, this is a chance for the student to explore a topic of personal interest. The project provides an opportunity that student may not have otherwise. By completing the project, students have a real life experience that can help them in their next adventure in life (college, job, entrepreneurship, military, internship, etc.).

Students gain a number of important skills by participating in the process such as,
 Leadership
 Communication
 Project management
 Time management
 Group skills
 Negotiation skills
 Meeting deadlines
 Conflict management
 Public speaking
 Presentation skills
 Self motivation

Kinds of projects
The high school graduation culminating project format varies from state to state and even school to school within the same state. Parents and guardians will have to check with their students specific school for their requirements. Typically the project consists of choosing a topic of interest, writing a research paper on that topic, having an experience directly related to the topic, keeping a journal of artifacts demonstrating your work, followed by the final step which is a presentation (US Dept of Education).

The student usually presents the project to a panel consisting of 2-5 people typically made up of teachers, community members, faculty, and staff. However, some schools have student present to a panel of their peers. Schools and school districts have total discretion to format the process in a way that works best for their students and their school culture.

In some cases, students complete a project on their own with the support of a mentor from their community. Some schools allow group projects and group presentation. For example, it would not be uncommon for the leadership class of a school to raise funds to build a school in Africa. Other requirements include a mandatory social/community aspect related to the project which means the high school graduation project has to benefit someone other than the student.

References

Educational administration
Pedagogy


Second Opinion, an American television series, is the only regularly scheduled health series on public television. Each week, series host engages a panel of medical professionals and patients in honest, in-depth discussions about life-changing medical decisions. Using intriguing, real-life medical cases, the specialists grapple with diagnosis and treatment options to give viewers the most up-to-date, accurate medical information.  The series is produced for public television by WXXI-TV, the University of Rochester Medical Center and West 175 Productions. Second Opinion is made possible with support from the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association.

Synopsis
The goal of the series is to improve doctor/patient communication and empower viewers to take charge of their own healthcare, and in turn, help them navigate the medical system for better health outcomes. Second Opinion focuses on health literacy in a way that is relevant and accessible to both viewers and to physicians, in a format that engages and entertains viewers

In addition to presenting a medical case each week, which generates a discussion among the panel to debate the pros and cons of diagnostic testing, interpret test results, and prescribe the best course of action, the series includes two special segments. “Myth or Medicine” is a field segment where viewers can send in a health claim that they have heard, and Second Opinion’s doctors and producers get to work to find out if it is a medical myth or good medicine. “Second Opinion Five" is a short segment that allows a health care provider to speak directly to the audience, giving viewers the top five things they need to know about a topic (i.e.: Five ways to prevent skin cancer, five signs that you need to go to the ER after a head injury).

Online offerings
In addition to the weekly broadcast, Second Opinion engages and educates viewers through a comprehensive web site. The site includes full episodes of recent seasons, medical information in the form of searchable video, resources and transcripts. Second Opinion can also be found on social media.

Series producers
Second Opinion’s executive producer is Fiona Willis. Second Opinion is endorsed by both the American Hospital Association and the Association of Academic Health Centers. The series’ principal medical advisor is Dr. Roger Oskvig, an acknowledged leader in Gerontology and associate professor of medicine at University of Rochester Medical Center, and the inaugural recipient of the 2011 WXXI President’s Award.

Episodes

2004

 (#101) Dementia
 (#102) Heart Failure
 (#103) Cervical Cancer and HPV
 (#104) Nutritional Supplements
 (#105) Hypertension
 (#106) Incontinence and Urine Leakage
 (#107) Breast Cancer
 (#108) Obesity
 (#109) Osteoporosis
 (#110) Heart Rhythm Disorder
 (#111) Antibiotic Use
 (#112) Menopause
 (#113) Heart Attack / Coronary Artery Disease

2005

 (#201) Depression
 (#202) Prostate Cancer
 (#203) Epilepsy
 (#204) Vision Correction
 (#205) Stroke
 (#206) Eating Disorders
 (#207) Joint Replacement
 (#208) Metabolic Syndrome
 (#209) Women's Cardiac Health
 (#210) Back Pain
 (#211) Colon Cancer
 (#212) Skin Cancer
 (#213) Asthma

2006

 (#301) Diabetes (Type 2)
 (#302) Heart Disease & Depression
 (#303) Lung Cancer
 (#304) Erectile Dysfunction
 (#305) Sleep Disorders
 (#306) Bariatric Surgery
 (#307) Flu
 (#308) Fertility
 (#309) Life after Breast Cancer
 (#310) Kidney Stones
 (#311) Longevity
 (#312) Chronic Pain
 (#313) End of Life

2007

 (#401) Tuberculosis
 (#402) Clinical Trials / Parkinson's Disease
 (#403) Macular Degeneration
 (#404) Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
 (#405) Memory Enhancement
 (#406) Suicide
 (#407) Cardiac Breakthroughs
 (#408) Ovarian Cancer
 (#409) Addiction
 (#410) Migraine
 (#411) Breast Cancer Recurrence
 (#412) Osteoarthritis
 (#413) Inflammation

2008

 (#501) Coronary Microvascular Disease
 (#502) Hospital Acquired Infection
 (#503) Vaccines
 (#504) Hearing Loss
 (#505) Alzheimer's Disease
 (#506) Kidney Disease: Caring for Someone with a Chronic Disease
 (#507) Caregiver Burnout
 (#508) Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
 (#509) Depression in Later Life
 (#510) Men's Health: Why Men Die Younger
 (#511) Hormone Replacement Therapy
 (#512) Hypothyroidism
 (#513) Mind/Body Connection

2009
 (#601) Stroke Intervention
 (#602) COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
 (#603) Female Sexual Dysfunction
 (#604) Forever Young
 (#605) Anxiety Disorder
 (#606) Healthy Eating
 (#607) Leukemia (CLL)
 (#608) Hip Fracture
 (#609) Fibromyalgia
 (#610) Long QT Syndrome
 (#611) HIV in Middle Age
 (#612) Diabetes Prevention
 (#613) Art of Diagnosis
 H1N1 Special Edition Oct 09

2010
 (#701) Vitamin D
 (#702) Celiac Disease
 (#703) Multiple Sclerosis
 (#704) Bipolar Disorder
 (#705) Late Effects of Cancer Treatments
 (#706) Breast Reconstruction
 (#707) Racial Disparities in Cardiac Care
 (#708) Mammography
 (#709) Fecal Incontinence
 (#710) Heart Replacement
 (#711) HPV/Cervical Cancer
 (#712) Spinal Cord Injury
 (#713) Dizziness

2011
 (#801) Psoriasis
 (#802) Chronic Pain Management
 (#803) Medical Radiation
 (#804) The Aging Face
 (#805) Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)
 (#806) Sugar
 (#807) Pituitary Gland Tumor
 (#808) Living with Alzheimer's Disease
 (#809) Pneumonia Walking Pneumonia?
 (#810) Autism
 (#811) Colon Cancer II
 (#812) Mystery Diagnosis
 (#813) Cardiac Spouses
 (#810B) Autism-Extended Version

2012
 (#901) Grief
 (#902) Geriatric Oncology
 (#903) Foot Pain
 (#904) Foodborne Illness
 (#905) Breast Cancer in Young Women
 (#906) Conversion Disorder
 (#907) Lyme Disease
 (#908) Shingles
 (#909) ALS
 (#910) Irritable Bowel Syndrome
 (#911) Mystery Diagnosis
 (#912) The Future of Cancer Treatment
 (#913) Angina (Dec. 26, 2012)

2013
 (#1001) Melanoma (Oct. 17, 2013)
 (#1002) Concussion
 (#1003) Whooping Cough
 (#1004) Food Allergies
 (#1005) Teen Depression
 (#1006) High Risk Pregnancy
 (#1007) Hypertension
 (#1008) C. Difficile
 (#1009) Managing Diabetes
 (#1010) Reversing Heart Disease

2014
 (#1101) Hepatitis C
 (#1102) Addiction to Pain Medications
 (#1103) Sleep Apnea
 (#1104) Childhood Cancer
 (#1105) Advances in Alzheimer's Disease
 (#1106) Medical Marijuana
 (#1107) Knee Replacement
 (#1108) Food as Medicine
 (#1109) Mystery Diagnosis III (Dec. 18, 2014)
 (#1110) Sudden Cardiac Arrest
 (#1111) PTSD
 (#1112) Ebola

References

External links

2000s American medical television series
PBS original programming
American television talk shows


Regiment Von Trümbach  (from 1778 known as Regiment Von Bose) was a regiment from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel that fought alongside Britain in the American Revolution. It became Second Battalion, Regiments Prinz Carl von Hessen in 1789; Second Battlion, 3rd Hessian Infantry Regiment in 1821; and was known as First Battalion, 3. Hessian Infantry Regiment Nr. 83 of the Prussian Army from 1866. From 1889 it was part of Infanterie-Regiment von Wittich (3. Hessisches) Nr. 83.

American Revolutionary War

Due to the number of conflicts Britain was involved with globally at the time the American Revolution broke out, Britain found itself in need of more troops to quell the rebellion. As was the custom of the time, it signed a treaty with several German Principalities to essentially lease their armies for the duration. These troops, from several German states were commonly referred to as Hessians, because the largest block of troops came from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel. The total number of German troops committed to the conflict eventually reach about 33,000- almost a full third of the total Crown forces. The Hesse Cassel army was based on the Prussian army of the time and was among the most professional in Europe. The 8th infantry regiment came to the American shores as the Regiment von Trümbach and changed names a couple years later when Carl von Bose became the regiment's Chef, or commander. Von Trümbach/Bose participated in many of the major events of the war, including the actions in New York, Stono Ferry, Eutaw Spirings, Savannah, Charleston, Guilford Courthouse and Yorktown. At Guilford Courthouse the regiment received special note for its bravery as they fought back-to-back to battle foes on both sides. The main body of the regiment surrendered with Cornwallis's army at Yorktown. The Grenadier company remained in New York and returned to Hesse Cassel from there. Regiment von Bose was raised as the Regiment von Shöepping and served with distinction in the Seven Years' War as the Regiment von Mansbach. The red neck stocks worn by the regiment signify it is a veteran regiment.

See also
 List of British units in the American Revolutionary War
 Hessian (soldiers)

References

External links
 The recreated Hessian Regiment von Bose
The recreated Hessian Regiment von Bose

German units in British service in the American Revolutionary War


Jan Krister Allan Henriksson (born 12 November 1946) is a Swedish actor.  He is perhaps best known for playing Kurt Wallander in the television films based on the novels by Henning Mankell.

Early life
Henriksson was born in Grisslehamn, Norrtälje Municipality, Sweden and is the son of the fishmonger Allan Henriksson and Gunvor (née Sjöblom). He passed his studentexamen in 1967 and attended Statens scenskola in Malmö from 1968 to 1971. Henriksson worked at the Norrköping City Theatre in 1971, Stockholm City Theatre from 1972 and TV-teatern from 1980 to 1983. He made his breakthrough in 1973 at Stockholm City Theatre with the lead role in Peer Gynt.

Career
In 1993 he joined the cast of the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm. In 1997 he was honoured with the Eugene O'Neill Award. He has twice received the Swedish Film Award Guldbagge Award for the best male lead—in 1998 for his portrayal of a cancer-stricken actor in the film Veranda för en tenor (Waiting for the Tenor) and in 2005 for Sex, hope and love. Both films were directed by Lisa Ohlin. He also received the Swedish Theatre Award Guldmasken for the one-man play Doktor Glass of Hjalmar Söderberg in 2007.

Henriksson branched into business as co-owner of the now defunct Vasateatern (The Vasa Theatre) a private theatre focussing on classic farce and comedy in Stockholm, and taught Scenic Design at the Stockholm School of Theater. He also runs the film production company Tåbb Ltd together with his partner Cecilia Nilsson and he is co-owner of the audiobook publisher Svenska Ljud Audioförlag together with Carlson Invest Ltd, Frekvens Produktion Ltd and the actors Katarina Ewerlöf and Johan Rabaeus.

Personal life
Henriksson lives with the Swedish actress Cecilia Nilsson in Stockholm. He has two daughters and a son.

Selected filmography
The Walls of Freedom (1978)
Codename Coq Rouge (1989)
1939 (1989)
The Rabbit Man (1990)
Pelle flyttar till Komfusenbo (1990)
Night of the Orangutan (1992)
My Great Big Daddy (1992)
Christmas Oratorio (1996)
Kalle Blomkvist – Mästerdetektiven lever farligt (1996)
Waiting for the Tenor (1998)
Faithless (2000)
Cabin Fever aka Dogme #19 (2000)
Executive Protection (2001)
Reconstruction (2003)
Return of the Dancing Master (2004)
Sex, Hope and Love (2005)
Den enskilde medborgaren (2006)
Solstorm (2007)
Wallander (2005–2013)
With Every Heartbeat (2011)
The Fall (2016)
Modus (TV series) (2016)
Count Magnus (2022) (narrator)

References

External links

 Official Krister Henriksson Facebook

1946 births
Living people
Swedish male television actors
Eugene O'Neill Award winners
Litteris et Artibus recipients
People from Norrtälje Municipality
Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners
Swedish male film actors
Swedish male stage actors
20th-century Swedish male actors
21st-century Swedish male actors


Hydrotaea is a genus of insects in the housefly family, Muscidae. They occur in most regions of the world but are more populous in warmer climates. They are often found on feces in summer months, and are therefore generally found in close proximity to livestock. Among the 130 known species in this genus, one of the most commonly recognized is the dump fly.

Along with many others genera in the family, Hydrotaea is of forensic importance in both the economic and public health scene. Flies in general are considered by many authorities to be the most important insects involved in human and veterinary medicine.
Certain Hydrotaea species have been proven to carry and transmit certain diseases to warm blooded animals, including humans. Researchers continue to monitor these vectors of disease as they have been connected with the spread of mastitis.

Species

Description
Larvae of this genus are often dimorphic obligate carnivores. The second and third instars are predators, and the first is also carnivorous in some species. Some species have cannibalistic final instars. The smallest larvae are under 6 mm and the largest are up to 16 mm. The abdomen has ventral welts and large spiracles with sinuate slits.

Adults commonly feed on the blood of mammals. They are able to reopen wounds that are almost completely healed. Mouthpart morphology in the genus ranges from sponging mouthparts to mouths with rasping teeth. Many species have enlarged prestomal teeth. The metathoracic spiracle is covered in long, thick setae. The average male Hydrotaea is 6.5-8.5 mm and the average female is 5.75-7.5 mm. They are very light brown to bluish black with large, red eyes and plumose antennae.

Habitat

Flies in this genus are found in the warmer parts of North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are most commonly found in urban settings. They are attracted to fermentation and are often found in vegetation, feces, and decomposing carcasses, mainly those dead longer than ten days.

Life cycle
The life cycle of Hydrotaea rostrata has been studied in the field of forensic entomology. Mature flies seek out decay, preferably in material that has been dead for an extended amount of time. Masses of maggots, which are often characteristic of other species of flies, are not typical of H. rostrata. The larvae of this species progress through three stages, or instars, which are then followed by the formation of a pupa. The adult fly emerges from the pupa. The developmental process from egg to adult takes between 518.4 and 1555.6 hours, according to one study in Australia. Development is more rapid in warmer temperatures of . In cooler temperatures of , development may take up to 64.5 days.

The larvae of another species, the black dump fly (H. aenescens), inhabit fecal material and consume other larvae, including those of Musca domestica, the housefly. The black dump fly is commercially available for use in housefly control. It is also useful in forensics, as it may inhabit corpses.

Some larvae are able to seek shelter underground in cold conditions.

Associated pathogens
Research has incriminated Hydrotaea irritans as a vector of summer mastitis, a bovine infection that can be caused by multiple suspected bacteria. The research allowed flies inoculated with select bacteria from a sample representing summer mastitis to come in contact with the udders of cattle. The bacteria appeared in some of the cows and on the bodies of just over a third of the doctored flies. The evidence indicates that H. irritans transmits the bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Peptostreptococcus indolicus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.

H. irritans attacks many other warm-blooded animals, including humans.

H. aenescens also carries bacteria, particularly Salmonella serovar Infantis.

Forensic importance
Hydrotaea species have been helpful in forensic cases worldwide by indicating post-mortem interval (PMI). These flies typically inhabit a carcass 4 to 5 months after the start of decomposition. Their presence indicates that the corpse was not burned and that the earlier blow-fly phase has ended. Hydrotaea larvae may feed on each other and on other flies, such as blow-flies.

Hydrotaea can be used to identify drugs and to determining whether a body was relocated. Hydrotaea spinigera can make up 70% of the muscid fly population on a corpse in forested habitat. Hydrotaea rostrata may arrive at a decomposing body on the second day of decay, and may stay up to 34 days or until the body is skeletonized.

References

Muscidae genera
Forensic entomology
Diptera of North America
Muscomorph flies of Europe
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy
Muscidae