Olinto Mark Barsanti (November 11, 1917 – May 2, 1973) was commander of the 101st Airborne Division in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968, commanding during the Tet Offensive and during subsequent operations around Bien Hoa and Huế. He commanded the 3rd Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division during World War II (in Normandy, Brittany, and Belgium). He served in the Korean War from the beginning of the conflict in July 1950 until August 1951. During his tour in Korea his assignments included staff officer with X Corps and commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division. He is one of the most highly decorated American soldiers in history, receiving approximately 60 decorations, including the DSC, DSM, 5 Silver Stars, 2 Legions of Merit, 8 Bronze Stars, 7 Air Medals, 7 Purple Hearts, and the French Croix de guerre (WWII) with bronze palm.

Barsanti died of cancer in 1973. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

World War II

In 1944, Barsanti arrived on the coast of France, the day after D-Day, as commander of the 3rd Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment. At 26 years old, he was one of the youngest battalion commanders in the Army. During his eight months serving in the war, Barsanti was awarded five Purple Hearts and four Bronze Star Medals. Barsanti personally assisted each of his regiments during a successful defense against a German counter-attack, and helped take a German stronghold. These two acts earned him two Silver Star Medals.

Korean War

In June 1950, two days after North Korea invaded South Korea, Barsanti and a few other officers arrived to establish a command post for General of the Army Douglas MacArthur in Suwon, South Korea. His efforts in setting up facilities, transportation, and necessary systems, unassisted except for indigenous personnel, earned him a Legion of Merit. He went on to command the 9th Infantry Regiment during the Korean War, and was the youngest Regimental Commander in Korea at the age of 33. His successful completion of a lone mission to deliver secret orders to two South Korean infantry divisions 190 miles behind enemy lines earned him a Distinguished Service Cross.

Vietnam War

In 1967, Barsanti was assigned command of the 101st Airborne Division which was stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. His orders were to prepare the Division for combat in Vietnam. In August 1967, Barsanti received orders to prepare for Operation Eagle Thrust, the largest air-flight transfer of men and equipment from the U.S. to Southeast Asia. Barsanti arrived in Vietnam on December 13, 1967, to report for duty. During Barsanti's seven months commanding the 101st Airborne in Vietnam, the unit had over 8,000 enemy kills, more than 350 detainees taken, and more than 2,650 weapons captured.

Chronological List of Assignments

Awards and decorations

Honors

In his memory, the University of North Texas established the Barsanti Military History Center. The current director of the Barsanti program is Geoffrey Wawro.

Fort Campbell held a dedication ceremony for the Olinto M. Barsanti Elementary School, a Department of the Defense Education Activity school.  The new school is located in the southern portion of the Fort Campbell Army Post. The 93,000 square-foot, $18 million building was built to accommodate the growing availability of on-post-housing, and serves the Gardner Hills and The Woodlands housing areas. It opened its doors to approximately 550 Pre-K through 5th grade students on January 3, 2011.

References

External links
 Olinro M. Barsanti at ArlingtonCemetery.net, an unofficial website
 Barsanti Papers at UNT Special Collections Finding Aid
 Digitized Barsanti Papers from UNT Special Collections

☆

1917 births
1973 deaths
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty
United States Army generals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Deaths from cancer in the United States
Military personnel from Nevada
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam


Eero Erkki Emanuel Akaan-Penttilä (born April 17, 1943 in Heinola) is a Finnish politician and member of the parliament from the National Coalition Party. He was elected to Parliament of Finland in 1999.

References

External links
 Parliament of Finland: Eero Akaan-Penttilä

1943 births
Living people
People from Heinola
National Coalition Party politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1999–2003)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–2007)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)


Mr. Lonely is Bobby Vinton's tenth studio album, released in 1964. It was released right after the success of his fourth and final #1 US hit "Mr. Lonely," a 1962 song that was released as a single after its appearance on Bobby Vinton's Greatest Hits. Cover versions on this album include "Laughing on the Outside (Crying on the Inside)" and "I'll Never Smile Again". After the success of the single, Vinton released Bobby Vinton Sings for Lonely Nights, an album of songs devoted to the subject of loneliness.

Track listing

Personnel
 Bob Morgan – producer
Robert Mersey – arranger, conductor ("Mr. Lonely")
Garry Sherman – arranger, conductor ("Always, Always (Yesterday's Love Song)")
Charles Calello – arranger, conductor ("Tina")
Burt Bacharach – arranger ("Forever Yours I Remain")
Stan Applebaum – arranger, conductor ("Life Goes On" and "Laughing on the Outside (Crying on the Inside)")
Bill Walker – arranger ("A Thing Called Sadness", "The Grass Is Always Greener", "I'll Never Smile Again" and "It's Better to Have Loved")

Charts
Album – Billboard (North America)

Singles – Billboard (North America)

References

1964 albums
Bobby Vinton albums
Epic Records albums
Albums arranged by Charles Calello
Albums conducted by Charles Calello
Albums arranged by Burt Bacharach


The Great Love () is a 1969 French comedy film directed by Pierre Étaix. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 Pierre Étaix as Pierre
 Annie Fratellini as Florence
 Nicole Calfan as Agnès
 Alain Janey as Jacques
 Magali Clément as Irène
 Ketty France as Madame Girard
 Louis Maiss as Mr. Girard
 Jacqueline Rouillard as Madame Louise
 Billy Bourbon as Drunkard
 Micha Bayard as Bourget's secretary
 Claude Massot as Waiter

References

External links

1969 films
1969 comedy films
French comedy films
1960s French-language films
Films directed by Pierre Étaix
Films with screenplays by Jean-Claude Carrière
1960s French films


Organization
The political head of the Ministry is the Minister for Tourism. Senior staff include the Permanent Secretary and other members of the Administration Section. The work of the Ministry is divided between the Technical Unit, which covers policy and planning, and the Leisure Unit, which promotes leisure activities for citizens and tourists.

Other public bodies also operate under the aegis of the Ministry: the Tourism Authority, which regulates the tourist industry, the Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority, which promotes Mauritius as a tourist destination, and the Tourism Employees Welfare Fund.

Policy
According to the Ministry, "[T]he National Tourism Policy emphasizes low impact, high spending tourism", and sees Mauritius as a high-end tourist destination. The government's National Long-Term Perspective Study, published in 1997, noted the growth in tourist arrivals and proposed a "green ceiling" on the number of tourists to prevent overdevelopment of the island's environment, with increased revenue coming from higher spending per tourist. Tourist arrivals have grown from 422,463 in 1995 to a forecasted 1,030,000 for 2014. The continued growth in tourist arrivals has been criticized by We Love Mauritius, an environmental non-governmental organization.

In 1997, there were 87 hotels with a total capacity of 6,800 rooms and 14,100 bedplaces. Average room occupancy rates were 72% for all hotels and 78% for large hotels (defined as established beach hotels with more than 80 rooms). Figures for bed occupancy rates were 64% and 70% respectively. Several beachside resort hotels are owned and/or operated by large groups such as Sun International and Beachcomber Hotels. It is estimated that around 25% of visitors stay in non-hotel accommodation, such as boarding houses, self-catering bungalows and with friends and relatives.

The Ministry's Strategic Direction for 2013 to 2015 states that it seeks continued growth of at least 5% annually in the tourism sector, and addresses declining demand from traditional markets such as Europe by seeking customers from other regions such as China, India, and Russia. Mauritius also participates with other island nations in the Indian Ocean in the Vanilla Islands scheme to promote themselves collectively as a tourist destination.

See also
 Tourism in Mauritius

References

External links
 Ministry of Tourism overview

Government ministries of Mauritius
Mauritius
Tourism in Mauritius


Tony Martin (1937 – March 24, 2021) was an American painter and new media artist known for his groundbreaking light art and viewer interactive sculptures and installations,
and the paintings associated with those works. His six decade painting career includes expressionistic figural work and abstraction developed from his life and environs.

Early life and education
Martin is the son of painter and graphic artist David Stone Martin.
Born in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1937, he attended the University of Michigan and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and the City College of New York. He died on March 24, 2021, of natural causes.

Art career
Tony Martin began painting in Chicago and San Francisco in the early 1960s. There were shows of his work, during that time, at the Boreas and Batman Galleries. His premise, always using oil paint, was for the viewer to experience "looking in, not at". This is in regard to the composition perceptually, and also in terms of thought and feeling. The paintings have always been a melding of the figural and abstraction.

His works using light began with multi-projector and pure light installations and performances in the mid-1960s, in conjunction with the psychedelic music emerging from the San Francisco Tape Music Center.

Martin's exhibitions include: The Scott Alan Gallery, The New York Studio School, The Brooklyn Museum, The National Academy Museum, Max Protetch Gallery, and The Painting Center (catalogue entry by Dore Ashton).

Martin has made extensive use of light and electronic media as well. Often incorporating light compositions and visual projections into interactive installations and musical performances. On such projects he has worked with Pauline Oliveros, Morton Subotnick, Terry Riley and David Tudor.

Some of Martin's works include: Theater For Walkers, Talkers, Touchers (1962), collaborations with David Tudor for the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, and a piece for the E.A.T. Pepsi Pavilion at Expo 70, in Osaka, Japan.

Martin helped co-found The Painting Center in 1993.

In Light Pendulum ‘09, and other interactive installations, Martin distributed variable thematic content through switching systems and optics activated by the viewers. Principles of resonance and feedback are applied through photo and proximity electronics. These kinds of pieces have roots in the viewer-participation sculptures and installations such as The Well (in the permanent collection of the 'Everson Museum in Syracuse), You Me We, The Door (in the permanent collection of the Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio), and Game Room (first exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery in the late 1960s). He created the light system for the Experiments in Art and Technology Pavilion at Expo '70, Osaka, Japan.

A NEA grant helped him to develop Vector Image Wall, a constantly evolving electronically produced drawing made of spatial and moving lines of light, shown at PS#1 in New York. A web work, Galaxy was commissioned by Electronic Arts Intermix in 2003.

Artfair Miami-Basel, Mills Music Festival, and The Art Students League have hosted new works, including Sound. Light. Migrations,  a collaboration with Pauline Oliveros.

Recent computer/video pieces apply direct hands-on drawing techniques in real time. Examples of these are In the Wake Of Edges, Light Marks Converse, and Ear to the Ground.

Awards
National Endowment for the Arts Individual Artist Fellowship,
New York State Creative Arts Public Service Program.

External links
 Tony Martin Website
 Tony Martin Papers at Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University

References

1937 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
American multimedia artists
University of Michigan alumni
Artists from Knoxville, Tennessee
20th-century American male artists


The Lawrence Transit System is the municipal public transportation agency in Lawrence, Kansas. It is a coordinated transit system with the City of Lawrence and the University of Kansas, operating Monday through Saturday from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. on most routes. On election days, rides are free of charge.

ADA Services
The Lawrence Transit System offers paratransit services (T Lift) to serve the needs of riders who, because of a disability, are unable to use the Lawrence Transit System fixed-route system, and who meet the criteria established by the U.S. Department of Transportation under the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. The JayLift provides ADA services for KU students, staff and faculty who are permanently or temporarily disabled to get to class or class-related activities.

Late Night Service (Night Line)
The Night Line service started June 1, 2013 and provides curb-to-curb, shared ride bus service from 8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Monday – Saturday anywhere within Lawrence.  The rides must be scheduled in advance, 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m Monday – Saturday.  Each ride costs $2.00.

Policy Makers
Lawrence Transit System is a service of the City of Lawrence.  Policies for Lawrence Transit system are set by the Lawrence City Commission, with recommendations for the Public Transit Advisory Committee.
The University of Kansas Transit Commission, composed of faculty, staff and students, is responsible for campus transportation services; KU on Wheels, JayLift and SafeRide.

Bus Routes
1 - Downtown to Prairie Park
3 - Downtown to Lakeview Road
4 - North Lawrence to 9th & Iowa
5 - 31st & Iowa to East Hills Business Park
6 - Downtown to 6th & Wakarusa
7 - Downtown to 31st & Iowa
9 - 31st & Iowa to 6th & Wakarusa
10 - Downtown to 6th & Wakarusa
11 - 31st & Iowa to KU
12 - 27th & Wakarusa to KU
15 - Downtown to the Peaslee Center
27 - KU to Haskell Indian Nations University
30 - Bob Billings & Kasold to KU
34 - KU to 7th Street
36 - 6th via Emery to KU
38 - 31st & Melrose to KU
42 - Campus Circulator (Blue/Orange)
43 - Campus Circulator (Red)
44 - Campus Evening Circulator

Fixed route ridership

The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response services.

See also
Lawrence station
List of bus transit systems in the United States

References

External links
Lawrence Transit System official site
KU on Wheels - University of Kansas bus service

Bus transportation in Kansas
Transit agencies in Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas


Lower South River (Scottish Gaelic: Bun na h-Aibhne) is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located  in Antigonish County.

Residents of note
 Garfield MacDonald, silver medalist at 1908 Olympics

References

Further reading

Communities in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


The Nikon E series, co-developed with Fujifilm, are autofocus 1.3 megapixel professional grade quasi-full frame (35mm) Nikon F-mount digital single lens reflex cameras (DSLR) manufactured by Nikon since 1995.

The E series included the Nikon E2/E2S,  Nikon E2N/E2NS  and the Nikon E3/E3S. The S-variants are identical except they had triple the frame rate and a larger buffer.

Its unique optical system bundles the light of the full-frame lenses to the small 2/3 inch CCD sensor. That gives approximately 4 stops more light at the small sensor, therefore delivering an exceptional (for that time) minimum sensitivity of 800 and maximum 3200 ISO, which remains usable for press and news use.

Technology

The Nikon E2/E2S and E2N/E2NS use a Nikon F4 subsystem, the E3/E3S uses a Nikon F100 subsystem.

Optical system
The E series uses a unique additional optical system that enables the small sensor to capture the field of view of a 35mm film, with a crop factor of 1. This comes not at the expense of the F-stop of the lenses, because the light is bundled to the  inch CCD sensor with approximately 16 times smaller area. The result is approximately 4 stops (24 = 16) more light at the small sensor compared to a full-frame sensor. Therefore, the camera has a minimum full-frame sensitivity of ISO 800 which is equivalent to ISO 50 at  inch. As a result, the noise of the camera at ISO 800 full-frame is equivalent to ISO 50 of the  inch CCD sensor. Nikon could not reduce sensitivity below 800 ISO full-frame, because the little sensor will be overexposed below 50 ISO.

The exceptional high sensitivity up to 3200 ISO (equivalent 200 ISO,  inch) can be seen as an advantage for indoor or available light photography and is important for professional press and sports use, the customer target area.

Although the camera is small for a 90s DSLR, the additional optical system makes the camera deeper compared to today's DSLRs.

Standard Nikon F-mount lenses can be used.

Storage and replay
A PCMCIA compatible memory card is used. Images are digitally stored as uncompressed TIFF or compressed JPEG. It can be accessed via a SCSI connector. TV replay (NTSC or PAL) is possible.

Variants

History
Nikon gained knowledge on digital cameras (still video cameras, with analog storage) by constructing the Nikon Still Video Camera (SVC) Model 1, a prototype which was first presented at photokina 1986. The follower Nikon QV-1000C Still Video Camera was produced since 1988 mainly for professional press use. Both cameras used QV mount lenses, a variant of F-mount lenses. Via an adapter (QM-100) other Nikkor lenses can be fitted.

The Nikon NASA F4 was one of the first cameras with digital storage. Eastman Kodak used Nikon SLR's to design the Kodak DCS 100 and followers.

Nikon E2/E2S

This first variant was manufactured since 1995 and were also available as Fujifilm Fujix DS-505 and DS-515.

Nikon E2N/E2NS
Announced 1996. Also available as Fujifilm Fujix DS-505A and DS-515A.

Nikon E3/E3S
The Nikon E3 and Nikon E3S, co-developed with Fujifilm and marketed also as the Fujix DS-560 and Fujix DS-565, are autofocus 1.3 megapixel professional grade quasi-full frame (35mm) digital single lens reflex cameras (DSLR) announced by the Nikon Corporation on 15 June 1998 and released in December 1999. The E3S is identical to the E3 except triple frame rate and larger buffer. They are followers of the Nikon E2N/E2NS.

See also
Nikon NASA F4
Minolta RD-175
Telecompressor

References

E series
E series


The Great Love can refer to the following films:

 The Great Love (1918 film), an American silent film starring Lillian Gish
 The Great Love (1925 film), an American silent film starring Zazu Pitts
 The Great Love (1931 film), an Austrian film directed by Otto Preminger
 The Great Love (1938 film), a Swedish comedy film starring Tutta Rolf
 The Great Love (1942 film), a German film starring Zarah Leander
 The Great Love (1969 film), a French film


What You Leave Behind is the third studio album by the American country music band Ricochet. It was released in 2000 on Columbia Records.

The album, originally titled What a Ride, was to have been released in 1998, and although three singles from the original album ("Honky Tonk Baby", "Can't Stop Thinkin' 'bout That" and a cover of Steve Young's "Seven Bridges Road") were all released from the original album, all three failed to make Top 40. "Honky Tonk Baby" and "Can't Stop Thinkin' 'Bout That" did not make the final cut, although "You Beat All I've Ever Seen", the final track on this album, is the B-side of "Can't Stop Thinkin' 'Bout That". "Do I Love You Enough" was released in 2000, peaking at #45 on the US country charts, followed by "She's Gone", the band's last chart single, at #48. In between "Seven Bridges Road" and "Do I Love You Enough", drummer Jeff Bryant and steel guitarist Teddy Carr both left the band as well. Also covered on the album is "Why You Been Gone So Long", previously a hit in 1969 for Johnny Darrell.

Track listing
"She's Gone" (Michael Dulaney, Jeffrey Steele, John Hobbs) – 3:10
"Do I Love You Enough" (Richard Fagan, Lisa Palas) – 2:59
"What You Leave Behind" (Dulaney, Neil Thrasher, Heath Wright) – 3:32
"I Can't Believe You Let Her Go" (Stephony Smith, Craig Wiseman) – 3:27
"Baby Hold On" (Eddie Kilgallon, Deryl Dodd) – 3:40
"Seven Bridges Road" (Steve Young) – 3:06
"Why You Been Gone So Long" (Mickey Newbury) – 3:00
"Fall of the Year" (Tom Paden, Lenny Wallace) – 3:10
"Love Is a Serious Thing" (Thrasher, Jack Sundrud) – 3:24
"You Beat All I've Ever Seen" (Steve Bogard, Greg Cook, Jeff Stevens) – 3:39

Musicians
 Richard "Spady" Brannon - bass guitar
 Dennis Burnside - keyboards
 Eric Darken - percussion
 Larry Franklin - fiddle
 Paul Leim - drums
 B. James Lowry - acoustic guitar
 Jerry McPherson - electric guitar
 Greg Morrow - drums
 Jimmy Nichols - keyboards
 Billy Panda - acoustic guitar
 Michael Rhodes - bass guitar
 Tom Roady - percussion
 Brent Rowan - electric guitar
 Bruce Bouton - steel guitar
 Paul Franklin - steel guitar

Chart performance

References

2000 albums
Columbia Records albums
Ricochet (band) albums
Albums produced by Blake Chancey
Albums produced by David Malloy


St. Andrews (Gaelic: Cill Rìbhinn) is a rural suburban community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, in Antigonish County. It is situated a fifteen minutes' drive from the Town of Antigonish in an area of rural hilly terrain. The community has grown in recent years and has a reputation for its cooperative community spirit, and was recognized for its character by a 2009 Lieutenant Governor's Community Spirit Award. Community effort has resulted in the addition of several new facilities including a curling rink, seniors complex, community centre, and numerous other projects.

Services

There is a post office, small elementary school with playground equipment, a baseball field, a soccer field, and a pond (for hockey and skating in the winter). A curling rink that hosts several leagues, competitions and events. Community center, walking trail, volunteer fire department, Roman Catholic church.

Businesses
St. Andrews boasts MacDonald's Convenience, a convenience store with both gas pumps and an NSLC. The Bergengren Credit Union has a branch in St. Andrews as well.

Homes and housing
There is a seniors home in the community, a subdivision began around the year 2000, and a new one started in 2013. There are farms of varying sizes and types, but the majority of homes are old farmhouses converted into family homes with lots of property.

References
"By Their Own Hands"  St. Andrews, Nova Scotia, Canada.  (22 min. video) By pooling resources, ideas, and talents, St. Andrews citizens have been able to build a variety of new infrastructure and community services. See:  https://coady.stfx.ca/by-their-own-hands

Communities in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Jonas is an American sitcom created as a Disney Channel Original Series. The series premiered on May 2, 2009 as Jonas for its first season, and was renamed Jonas L.A. for its second season ending on October 3, 2010 with 34 episodes produced.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2009–10)

Season 2 (2010)

References

Jonas Brothers
Lists of American children's television series episodes
Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes
Lists of American sitcom episodes


The Bulletmonks are a hard rock based in Nuremberg, Germany. Formed in 2008, the band is currently signed to Deaf Shepherd. The current lineup consists of brothers Tyler Voxx (vocals and guitar), 'Dangerous' Dan (lead guitar), Tim Pintkiller (bass), Shark Shooster (lead guitar) and 'Bristle Brush Johnson' (drums).

The musical style of The Bulletmonks has been described as rock and metal mixed with blues. The press has referred to their music as "Mosh 'n' Roll" and they have been compared to Led Zeppelin, The Answer, Airbourne and AC/DC. Andy Powell from Wishbone Ash features as a guest guitarist in the song Under the Black Sun.

The band received encouraging reviews for their debut album Weapons of Mass Destruction which was released on March 30, 2009.

The Bulletmonks toured throughout 2010 and have supported bands like WASP, UFO, D-A-D and Volbeat and co-headlined Hamburgs Welt Astra Tag Festival in 2010 in front of an estimated crowd of 48,000. On January 20, 2012, they released their second studio album Royal Flush on the Titanic.

In winter 2012/2013 guitarist Shark Shooster joined the band, while Tyler Voxx decided to concentrate on singing. In summer 2013 the Bulletmonks recorded their 3rd album which was released in September 2014. In the middle of the recording, the band parted ways with their drummer M.Dogg, and replaced him by L.A. Music Academy Student Bristle Brush Johnson, who played with Shark Shooster in Nürnbergs Willie Tanner before they split. The band went on extensive touring with the new material in the second half of 2014.

Although the band never officially split, they haven't been active since their last tour in 2016. It was rumored that they are working on new material in 2020. They have been hinting at new material on theirs social media channels.

Discography
Weapons of Mass Destruction (2009)
Royal Flush on the Titanic (2012)
No More Warnings (2014)

References

German rock music groups


Daniel "Tiger" Schulmann (born July 2, 1962) is an American Kyokushin karateka and mixed martial arts trainer.

Biography
Schulmann began training in the martial arts in kyokushin karate at the age of six in New York City. He trained and competed throughout the United States, and internationally in Japan and Israel. As an adult, he has trained in grappling, boxing, kickboxing, and other martial arts disciplines.

After completing his career as a fighter, he opened his first training center in 1984, known as United American Karate (UAK), in Quakertown, Pennsylvania. Over time the name of his style changed first to Tiger Schulmann's Karate (TSK), then to Tiger Schulmann's Mixed Martial Arts (TSMMA) and finally to Tiger Schulmann's Martial Arts (TSMA).

Professional career
Schulmann was the North American Mas Oyama Full-Contact Karate Champion for six consecutive years (1979–1984). In 1979, he was also the United States representative in the World Open Full-Contact Karate Championships in Tokyo. He was the youngest fighter, one of only eight fighters chosen nationwide. Schulmann was inducted into the North American Grappling Association Hall of Fame as a founding member in 2005 and the New Jersey Martial Arts Hall of Fame with the “Lifetime Achievement Award” in 2013.

Tiger Schulmann's Martial Arts
Tiger Schulmann's Martial Arts (TSMA) has 52 schools in five states.

At TSMA, students are taught self-defense, including submission grappling (jiujitsu), and a hybrid style of kyokushin and kickboxing. Some TSMA students have competed in national MMA-style events such as in the UFC and for Bellator MMA.

The company is headquartered in Elmwood Park, New Jersey.

References

External links
 TSK.com

1962 births
Living people
American male karateka
Kyokushin kaikan practitioners
Karate coaches
Mixed martial arts trainers
Sportspeople from New York City
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews


"Marche Henri IV", alternatively "Vive Henri IV" or "Vive le roi Henri", is a popular French song celebrating King Henry IV of France (also known as Le Bon Roi Henri, "Good King Henry"). The melody was heard of as early as 1581, when it was mentioned in the book of Christmas songs of Christophle de Bordeaux, under the name "Chant de la Cassandre". It was a de facto royal and national anthem of the Kingdom of France (the kingdom did not have an official anthem).

Thoinot Arbeau, in his Orchesographie (1589) gives us a music score of the air as the "Branle Couppé Cassandre". The air was adapted around 1600, presumably by Eustache du Caurroy,  to fit new lyrics celebrating the then King of France. Three other verses were written for a comedy opera by Charles Collé in 1770, called La partie de chasse de Henri IV. At later dates, more lyrics were added to the song. The song refers to the first Bourbon King of France, Henry IV (Henry III of Navarre), who had ended the Wars of Religion and restored peace to France (hence his sobriquet).

During the French Revolution, the original lyrics were used to support the royalist cause. For instance, during the early Revolution, before the turn to republicanism (1789-1791), the anthem was renamed Vive Louis XVI (Long live Louis XVI). The lyrics were used by constitutional monarchists to give praise to monarchy during the times of political crisis.

The anthem was also used with yet another set of lyrics during the Bourbon Restoration period (1814-1830), under the name Le Retour des Princes français à Paris.

Original lyrics

In other works
Marche Henri IV was a common leitmotif for French royalty in several 19th-century works, such as in Gioachino Rossini's opera Il viaggio a Reims (in the finale, when Charles X is crowned) and in the final march in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Sleeping Beauty (and the same march is recalled in the final scene of Sleeping Beauty by Walt Disney, since it includes arrangements and adaptations from the ballet).
It was set for piano solo by Franz Liszt in c. 1870-80 (S. 239).
It is mentioned as one of the tunes played in Russia after the defeat of Napoleon in "The Blizzard" by Alexander Pushkin.
The anthem is also mentioned in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, and actually performed by French prisoners in the Russian film production of the same name.
In Les Misérables, Victor Hugo has the character of Grantaire sing alternate Dionysian lyrics to the tune to rile his fellow student insurrectionists.
It is used in the soundtrack for the television series Turn: Washington's Spies, when introducing a scene involving French military forces.

See also
 Ô Richard, ô mon roi
 Où peut-on être mieux qu’au sein de sa famille ?
 La Marseillaise

References

External links
 Les Ménestriers recorded performance of the work with Renaissance instruments

Historical national anthems
French anthems
French monarchy
Henry IV of France
Royal anthems


FC Spartak Kostroma () is a Russian association football club from Kostroma, founded in 1959. The highest level it achieved in its history was second-highest Soviet First League, where it played in 1981 and 1982. In the past, the club was called Tekstilshchik Kostroma (1961–1963), Tekmash Kostroma (1964–1966) and Zvolma-Spartak Kostroma (1992). It was dissolved in the summer of 2018 due to lack of financing. For the 2022–23 season, the club was resurrected once again and entered the third-tier Russian Second League.

Current squad
As of 20 September 2023, according to the Second League website.

Out on loan

Notable players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Spartak.

Russia/USSR
 Denis Glushakov
 Aleksandr Shmarko
 Artyom Yenin
 Georgi Yartsev

Former USSR countries
 Sergei Avagimyan
 Vitaliy Levchenko
 Dmytro Yakovenko

References

External links
Official website

Association football clubs established in 1959
Football clubs in Russia
Sport in Kostroma
1959 establishments in Russia


Beatrice of Navarre (1392–1412/1415) was a daughter of Charles III of Navarre and his wife, Eleanor of Castile.

Biography

She was a member of the House of Évreux. Her surviving siblings were Blanche I of Navarre, wife of John II of Aragon, and Isabella of Navarre, wife of John IV of Armagnac.

In 1406 in Pamplona, Beatrice married James II, Count of La Marche, son of John I, Count of La Marche, and Catherine of Vendôme. The couple had three children:
 Isabelle (1408 – aft. 1445), a nun at Besançon
 Marie (1410 – aft. 1445), a nun at Amiens
 Eleanor of Bourbon-La Marche (1412 – aft. 21 August 1464), married Bernard d'Armagnac, Count of Pardiac (d. 1462)

It is not certain when Beatrice died. She died between 1412 and 1415, possibly while giving birth to her daughter Eleanor in 1412.

Ancestry

1392 births
Navarrese infantas
House of Évreux
1410s deaths
Year of death uncertain
15th-century nobility from the Kingdom of Navarre
Deaths in childbirth
Daughters of kings


The Georgensgmünd–Spalt railway  was  opened on 16 October 1872 by the Royal Bavarian State Railways as a branch of the Nuremberg–Augsburg main line, after earlier plans to route the Ludwig South-North Railway from Lindau to Nuremberg via Gunzenhausen, Spalt and Georgensgemünd did not come to fruition. It was the second of the new category of light branch line, the so-called Vizinalbahnen, to be built. The hop farmers of Spalt would initially oppose this due to fears about the steam locomotives affecting the quality of their world-famous hops. Later, however, when the railway had established itself as a means of transportation, the town of Spalt tried several times to have a connexion built to the railway at Georgensgemünd, but eventually had to pay 80,000 gulden for the line as required by the Vizinalbahn law.

Construction

Between 1870 and 1872, Schmidt, a construction engineer from the Nuremberg Railway Construction Section, came up with a total of four possible routes, the first one eventually being selected. In comparison with the others this was the shortest route and the one that required the least structural work; thus it was also the most cost-effective. The town of Spalt also took measures to reduce the cost; for example, the 14 structures (bridges and culverts) were built of stone that came from demolishing the town walls. Almost three quarters of the route consisted of straight line and only six curves were needed. The smallest curve radius was 750 metres and the shortest distance between two opposing curves was 188.50 metres. The formation of the trackbed comprised natural loam and sand, only a short section had to cross marsh and was carried on a sand bed. Cuttings up to 3 metres deep in places were dug out and embankments up to 8.5 metres high were built up using sand and loam again. A total of about 120,000 cubic metres of earth was moved.

The rails, points and crossing were made of cast steel delivered by the firm of Späth from Nuremberg, two different profiles being used. Kilometre stones were made by a local stonemason for 50 kreuzer a piece, including delivery.

Operation

The first train arrived at Spalt on 18 September 1872 and services on the Spalter Bockl ("Spalt goat") as it was called locally, began on 16 October. Initially 3 pairs of trains ran daily; this was expanded during its final years to another 2 or 3 pairs. The halts at Wasserzell and Hügelmühle were built in 1892 and 1897 and trains called at them until 1922 and 1924 respectively. Following their closure, the halt at Großweingarten was built as a replacement.

In 1914, in order to provide a more economic service, it was planned to extend the railway to Windsbach and the route was marked out accordingly. However the outbreak of World War I delayed any work on the line and the plan was not carried through by the Deutsche Reichsbahn.

Like the other Vizinalbahnen services were initially hauled by old main line locomotives. After several less successful experiments with special branch line locomotives, in 1905 the first Glaskasten ("glass box") of Class PtL 2/2 entered service. This unusual, but classic, Bavarian branch line engine was to dominate the scene along the railway for decades to come. Its era did not end until 1963 with the retirement of no. 98 307, and they ran between Spalt and Georgensgmünd right to the end. The operational hub for the route was Spalt station. Locomotives were stabled for the night in the two-road locomotive shed by the exit towards Georgensgmünd.

On 28 September 1969 passenger services on the 6.9 kilometre long route were withdrawn by the Deutsche Bundesbahn even though the line had been fully renovated in 1963. Goods traffic continued to run until 28 May 1995. The line was also worked occasionally by specials, especially from the DB-operated construction rubble dump, in which inter alia old ballast and the debris from dismantled platforms was dumped.

Since then the railway has been converted to a footpath and cycle way.

The station in the town of Spalt was restored and is nowadays a Kulturbahnhof ("cultural station") at the centre of cultural life in the town.

The old "Spalt Goat" (Spalter Bockl) can be viewed in the German Steam Locomotive Museum at Neuenmarkt (Upper Franconia) in Bavaria.

References

Sources
 Bleiweis, Wolfgang / Martin, Ekkehard: Fränkische Nebenbahnen - Mittel- and Unterfranken, Egglham 1986/87?
 Heimatverein Spalter Land: Aus dem Spalter Land, Heimatkundliche Hefte. Reihe. Ausgabe 11, 1972

External links

 The Spalter Bockl (private)

Branch lines in Bavaria
Buildings and structures in Roth (district)
Railway lines opened in 1872
Standard gauge railways in Germany
Railway lines closed in 1995


Mark Howard Horton (born 22 February 1950) is a British bridge journalist, expert player and chess champion. He was the editor of Bridge Magazine from 1995 until it ceased publication at the end of 2017, and then became the editor of its purely online successors, first A New Bridge Magazine and subsequently BeBRIDGE. He currently lives in Bath with his partner Liz.

Chess accomplishments
Horton was a powerful chess player who as a Junior represented England and subsequently played for Great Britain in the European Team Correspondence Championship, winning the gold medal on his board as the team took the bronze. He penned a series of articles and booklets on Opening theory and American legend Bobby Fischer used one of his suggestions to win a game against Russian Mark Taimanov on his way to the World title. His one full-length book on chess, published in 1977, is French Defence 1.

Bridge career
Horton developed an interest in bridge in the early seventies. Chess has taken a back seat ever since, and in 1993 he ended his law career to pursue bridge-related interests full-time. He was fortunate to live in Nottingham, which was the home of International Popular Bridge Monthly and thus provided opportunity to listen, learn and play with the pick of England's players including Tony Sowter, Tony Forrester, Graham Kirby, Brian Senior and Sally Brock.

On the advice of Forrester, Horton formed a partnership with Richard Winter and they rapidly rose to the top, winning in rapid succession a host of major events in Britain including the Life Master Pairs, the Grandmaster Pairs, Crockford's Cup and the Spring Foursomes. Their success earned them invitations to overseas events and they won both the famous Hoechst Team tournament and the Dunhill Cup. They represented England on numerous occasions and were on the "Great Britain" team in Albuquerque for the 1994 world teams championship (Rosenblum Cup, not a national teams tournament).

It was in that same year that Mark was asked by Patrick Jourdain to work at the European Mixed Championships in Barcelona – the only snag was that it meant that he would not be allowed to play. He decided to accept and when Jourdain announced at the end of the event that he wanted to retire from working on the Bridge Bulletin, the European Bridge League (EBL) appointed Horton its Chief Editor, a post he has held ever since.

In 1995 he was invited to become Editor of Bridge Magazine, the world's oldest bridge publication (since in May 1926) and he has been doing that ever since. He started writing bridge books, and is now well into double figures. His latest, Misplay these Hands with Me, has earned rave reviews and was short listed for the 2008 Master Point Press Book of the Year award, which his book I Love This Game, with Sabine Auken, won in 2006.

Although his partnership with Winter came to an end, Mark continued to play in international events. He has won events in numerous countries, including  Australia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Romania, the United States, Portugal, Egypt and Malta.

It was in Malta that he met Rabbi Leonard Helman, and they formed a professional partnership until Rabbi Helman died in 2013. They were in the prize money in Malta, and ever since they have played in two or three events a year, at the ACBL Nationals and in some overseas events. A couple of years ago they won the Polish Team Championships in Sopot along with their regular Bulgarian teammates Vladi Isporski, Valentin Kovachev and Victor Aronov.

He has been an editor for numerous Daily Bulletins at tournaments, including the World Team Championships in Shanghai in 2007. "No international tournament is complete without his presence as bulletin editor."

Publications
French Defence 1 (about chess), The Chess Player, 1977
Petroff Defence : A Line for White (about chess), The Chess Player, 1980,
For Love Or Money, with Brian Senior, Master Point Press, 2000

The Bridge Magicians, Master Point Press
The Hands of Time, Master Point Press, 2004
25 Conventions for Acol Players, Master Point Press 2005
I Love this Game, with Sabine Auken 2006
Bridge Master vs. Bridge Amateur, Master Point Press, 2007
Misplay these Hands with Me, Master Point Press, 2007
Duplicate Bridge at Home, Master Point Press, 2008
The Pocket Guide to Acol Bridge, Master Point Press, forthcoming in 2009

  A revision of Step-by-step Signalling published by Batsford, 1994

References

External links

  [no service 2014-05-18; see WorldCat and LCCN, below]

1950 births
British and Irish contract bridge players
Contract bridge writers
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)


United States Battleship Division Nine was a division of four, later five, dreadnought battleships of the United States Navy's Atlantic Fleet that constituted the American contribution to the British Grand Fleet during World War I. Although the U.S. entered the war on 6 April 1917, hesitation among senior officers of the U.S. Navy as to the wisdom of dividing the American battle fleet prevented the immediate dispatch of any capital ships for service in the war zone. Following a direct request from the British Admiralty and a series of high level staff meetings, American opinion changed, and Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet on 7 December 1917. Within that organization, the Division served as the Sixth Battle Squadron.

While serving with the Grand Fleet, Battleship Division Nine was forced to adapt quickly to unfamiliar British methods and standards. New signals and maneuvers were adopted relatively smoothly, while more stringent gunnery standards proved more difficult to achieve. On a personal level, relations between American and British officers and men were notably cordial.

Throughout 1918, the Division participated in all major Grand Fleet exercises and deployments, as well as conducting several detached convoy missions in the North Sea. Following the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, Battleship Division Nine was present for the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet on 21 November 1918. On 1 December 1918, the Division departed from the Grand Fleet to return to the U.S.

Although Battleship Division Nine's service was limited mainly to convoy duty and the maintenance of the blockade of the German coast, its presence greatly augmented the strength of the Grand Fleet, thus making major combat between the British and German fleets even more unlikely in 1918. By helping to keep the High Seas Fleet effectively blockaded in port, Battleship Division Nine played a role in ensuring Allied control of the oceans.

Background
When the U.S. entered World War I on the side of the Allies on 6 April 1917, the war at sea was hanging in the balance. Having resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917, Germany had quickly inflicted staggering losses on the British merchant marine to an extent completely unknown to the American government, or indeed to anyone but a select few at the British Admiralty. At the first meeting between representatives of the two navies in April 1917, the British First Sea Lord—Admiral Sir John Jellicoe—had astonished the new American naval envoy—Rear Admiral William S. Sims—by informing him that Allied shipping losses had recently surpassed  per month, and that the Admiralty did not see any immediate solution to the problem.

Jellicoe announced that at present loss rates, Britain would be effectively starved into submission by November 1917. After a meeting at Scapa Flow later in July between Sims, Jellicoe, and Admiral David Beatty (commander of the Grand Fleet), the Admiralty requested that the U.S. Navy send four dreadnoughts and six destroyers to join the Grand Fleet. The Admiralty intended that the arrival of the American dreadnoughts would allow it to decommission five ships of the pre-dreadnought , freeing up four thousand officers and ratings to serve on new light cruisers, destroyers, and submarines then under construction.

Despite the endorsement of Admiral Sims, the Navy Department initially rejected the British request. Like other navies of the late-19th and early-20th centuries, the U.S. Navy rigidly adhered to the doctrine of Alfred Thayer Mahan, whose first tenet was that under no circumstances should a battle fleet be divided. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William S. Benson and Admiral Henry T. Mayo—Commander of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet—were particularly worried that if Britain fell, as developments at sea suggested it might, the U.S. Navy would be left to face the German High Seas Fleet completely on its own.

Having already released precious destroyers for convoy duty, they were unwilling to further weaken the ability of the U.S. to defend itself through the scattering of the all-important battle fleet. Furthermore, Admiral Benson was uneasy about the prospect, ever-present in the early 20th century, of a second war breaking out with Japan. For the moment, the U.S. Navy would send destroyers to Europe, but no battleships.

A series of high level meetings in London, beginning with Admiral Mayo's visit in August 1917 and culminating in a naval mission led by Admiral Benson in November, proved decisive in changing the viewpoint of the Navy Department. Despite Admiral Sims's frequent warnings of the severity of British losses to the U-boat campaign, it was not until both men had seen things with their own eyes that they truly understood the direness of the situation. On 10 November 1917, Admiral Benson cabled Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, recommending the dispatch of four dreadnoughts for service with the Grand Fleet, noting "If, in any encounter, it should be indicated that the outcome would have been more favorable or more decisive had more Allied forces been available, it would be difficult to satisfactorily explain the absence of our ships." On the advice of his trusted aide, Secretary Daniels agreed to dispatch the ships.

The question now came down to which battleships to send. The Admiralty requested that the Americans send coal-burning dreadnoughts, as, due to the submarine blockade, the British were extremely short of the oil needed to fuel the latest classes of American dreadnoughts, the oil-burning  and  ships. As a result, Secretary Daniels decided to send Battleship Division Nine, made up of the coal-burners , , , and .

Though they were not the newest American ships, they were still formidable; each was capable of a  maximum speed and armed with ten or twelve  or  guns. Furthermore, they were commanded by an experienced and highly capable officer in Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman, a 37-year veteran who had been commended for valor at the Battle of Manila Bay, and was known both as an expert seaman and an extremely affable man. Both of these characteristics would serve him in good stead in his new role as joint admiral and diplomat. After nearly five months of hesitation, the departure of the division was finally set for the last week of November.

Crossing the Atlantic
The four ships of Battleship Division Nine—accompanied by the destroyer —got underway from Lynnhaven Roads, Virginia on 25 November 1917, bound for the anchorage of the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. What should have been an uneventful transit was complicated by weather that began badly and only got worse as the voyage progressed. After battling a vicious 'norwester' that brought sleet, hail, and snow, the division was further buffeted by a severe gale off the Grand Banks that began on 29 November. Captain Henry Wiley of Wyoming would later recall of that storm, "At the height of the gale, it blew as hard as I have ever seen it, and the seas were the worst I could recollect."

Severe storm damage allowed over  of seawater to flood the forward compartments of New York, lowering her bow to the point where she was in danger of foundering in the heavy seas. Three days of continuous pumping were required to help keep her afloat. To make matters worse, the high winds—reportedly gusting to — carried away the topmasts on all four battleships, rendering radio communication impossible.

The sheer force of the gale drove Delaware, Florida, and Manley off station in the night of 30 November. Though Florida eventually rejoined the flagship when the storm blew itself out, Delaware sailed on alone to the scheduled rendezvous with the British light cruiser  off Cape Wrath, Scotland, where the division would reassemble in the early hours of 7 December. Manley—short of fuel after her fight with the sea—could not rejoin the rest of the force and proceeded directly to her ultimate destination, the naval base at Queenstown, Ireland.

Battered, Battleship Division Nine steamed into the anchorage of the Grand Fleet later that day to the tremendous cheering of the men on the assembled British warships. Wasting no time, Admiral Rodman called upon the commander of the Grand Fleet—Admiral Sir David Beatty—to offer the services of himself, his men, and his ships to the Allied cause. With Beatty's acceptance, the American battleships, while retaining their American designation of Battleship Division Nine, officially became the Sixth Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet.

New standards
From the beginning, the battleships of Division Nine faced a hard task in adapting to the new methods and practices they encountered in the Grand Fleet. Any difficulties, however, that might have arisen from this transition based on national pride or rivalry were dissipated in large part by the professional example set by Admiral Rodman himself. As he would later note of his squadron's assimilation: "I realized that the British fleet had had three years of actual warfare and knew the game from the ground floor up; that while we might know it theoretically, there would be a great deal to learn practically. There could not be two independent commands in one force if our work was to be harmonious, and the only logical course was to amalgamate our ships and serve under the command of the British commander-in-chief." This cooperative attitude trickled down through the division, and elicited the admiration and appreciation of the British.

The first task facing the Americans was the adoption of an entirely new set of signals, radio codes, and cipher methods. Although the Americans had studied the general British code while crossing the Atlantic, it was some time before they could use it with anything like the proficiency of other ships in the Grand Fleet. To help in the transition, signalmen and radio operators from the Royal Navy were posted to the American battleships to aid their U.S. Navy counterparts. Though learning an entirely new system of signals was, as Admiral Rodman put it, "almost the same as if in reading we had substituted a new set of letters," within three days of their arrival, the ships of Battleship Division Nine were able to take part in fleet maneuvers in the North Sea with no apparent difficulty.

Less successful at first were the efforts of the American battleships to match their British counterparts in excellence of gunnery. Having provided numerous veteran gun-crews to serve aboard armed merchantmen in the previous months, the gunnery complements of Division Nine were badly depleted and filled with inexperienced officers and recent recruits. The inevitable effect of this loss of talent became apparent when, on 17 December 1917, Battleship Division Nine conducted its first full-caliber target practice in nearby Pentland Firth.

The results were relatively poor. Where British battleships by the end of 1917 generally managed a rate of fire per salvo of 40 seconds or less, and an average spread (that is, the distance measured between the closest and furthest shots in a salvo) of , the four ships of the American squadron proved both slow and inaccurate. The rate of fire of Delaware (with an acceptable spread of ) was 108 seconds, and Wyoming and Floridas average spreads were , respectively.

Only the flagship New York managed to match British practice in both categories. In Admiral Beatty's words, the results were "distinctly poor and disappointing", and led him to the initial conclusion that he could not consider the American division the equivalent of a British one. The Americans worked to catch up, however, and with every target practice registered improved results. By the end of June 1918, Admiral Rodman was able to report that "the firing was exceptionally fine, most encouraging and much better than we have ever done previously".

Operations
Within days of their arrival at Scapa Flow, Battleship Division Nine began participating in the frequent maneuvers and drills that typified the day to day existence of the Grand Fleet. It has been said that because of the good condition and high speed of the American battleships, Admiral Beatty assigned them to be one of the two divisions of "fast battleships" that operated at either ends of the Grand Fleet when it was steaming in battle line formation. As stipulated by the Grand Fleet Battle Orders, the Sixth Battle Squadron was to take station at the rear of the line, where its duty was to engage the rear division of German battleships. However, should the fleet execute a sudden turnaround maneuver, the American ships would become the van squadron, meaning they would lead into battle. The position was an important one, and the Americans were particularly proud of it.

Tasked with this assignment, the Americans got their first true practice in their new role at the end of January 1918, when the entire Grand Fleet went to sea for four days of war games. Under Admiral Beatty's direction, the fleet divided into two opposing forces, with "Blue Fleet" representing the German High Seas Fleet, and the "Red Fleet" including the Sixth Battle Squadron, playing the role of the Royal Navy. At a prearranged point in the middle of the North Sea, the two sides converged for "battle". During one of these exercises, the American sailors were treated to their first encounter with an enemy warship when a German U-boat's conning tower was sighted by the two British battleships directly ahead of New York. Although one of the British battleships attempted to ram it and destroyers rushed to drop depth charges, the U-boat managed to escape.

Though the maneuvers were otherwise unremarkable, they proved a valuable learning tool for the Americans, who got a chance not only to experience British methods, but the violent conditions of the North Sea, as well. As Admiral Rodman noted upon returning from the exercise, "I have seen the largest battleships apparently sucked under until only the superstructures on the upper deck were visible when they would slowly rise from their submergence and the water pour off their decks as it might from some huge turtle... [coming] to the surface."

Convoy duty
Hard as the Americans worked to incorporate themselves into the Grand Fleet, they had yet to shake a belief among the veteran British that they were amateurs merely playing at war. In writing to his American-born wife following the maneuvers, Admiral Beatty noted that, "The American Squadron enjoyed themselves greatly while we were out, and did well, and will do better next time. I am sending old Rodman out on an operation of his own, which pleases him and gives them an idea that they are really taking part in the war. I trust they will come to no harm."

Despite the qualified nature of this comment, the operation Beatty had in mind was both important and potentially dangerous. On 6 February 1918, Battleship Division Nine stood out of Scapa Flow to guard the high value Scandinavian Convoy to and from Norway. Twice in the previous year, this convoy—with its essential cargos of iron ore, nitrates, and other chemicals—had been raided by German cruisers and destroyers, with the loss of 15 allied freighters. To avoid a repeat of these attacks, the British had taken to escorting the convoys with dreadnought squadrons. Still, the possibility existed that the Germans would send out their entire fleet to cut off and annihilate the overmatched battleship squadron, with severe strategic effect.

With this possibility in mind, the American battleships set out, accompanied by the ships of the British Third Light Cruiser Squadron and two flotillas of destroyers, all under the command of Admiral Rodman. This marked the first time in history that British warships had ever served under the command of a sea-going American admiral. Although the outbound trip to Norway was uneventful, things began to heat up for the escort force on 8 February, as they waited just outside Norwegian territorial waters for the return convoy to assemble. Shortly before 14:00, both Florida and Delaware reported sighting numerous torpedoes running in the water, and began maneuvering sharply to avoid being struck.

Delaware also fired a  shell at what appeared to be a conning tower about  distant, and the escorting destroyers dropped depth charges, with no apparent success. After the convoy returned to Scapa Flow on 10 February, Rodman officially reported to Admiral Beatty that two torpedoes had been fired at Florida, and two at Delaware, and that only the skillful handling of both ships had saved them from harm.

However, post-war examination of German war records revealed that no German submarines had made any attacks that day. It is likely the two ships had instead seen the wakes of porpoises frolicking in the waves. As Captain Wiley of Wyoming noted, such misidentifications were common for inexperienced ships: "new ships arriving in the war zone usually did a good deal of shooting at submarines which were not submarines. With experience, they saw fewer."

Less than a week after their return, Battleship Division Nine was once again called upon to protect the Scandinavian Convoy as part of a general Grand Fleet response to intelligence reports suggesting German battlecruisers were loose in the North Sea. The mission took place in a strong gale that caused damage to ships throughout the Fleet. Delaware suffered damage to her ventilators that caused the generators to stop working, cutting electrical power throughout the ship and forcing a reduction in speed to  for nearly an hour. On New York, the strong seas carried a man overboard who could not be rescued, one of the 12 or more men lost throughout the Fleet that day. To make matters worse, the Grand Fleet failed to find the German battlecruisers, and was forced to return to Scapa Flow empty-handed.

In March–April 1918, Battleship Division Nine escorted the Scandinavian Convoy two more times. Both missions were hampered by storms that made the going particularly slow, but were otherwise uneventful. Still, confidence in the wisdom of using battleships as an escort was fading at the Admiralty, and Admiral Beatty in particular was opposed to it. When the American ships returned to the new Grand Fleet base at Rosyth at the end of the second mission on 20 April, it was the last time they were used to escort the Scandinavian Convoy.

Just days later, however, on 24 April 1918, Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet in one last attempt to bring the High Seas Fleet to battle. German Admiral Reinhard Scheer, aware of the strategic potential of destroying a squadron of British battleships, had finally decided to make an attempt on the Scandinavian Convoy, using the overwhelming force of his entire fleet. Under strict radio silence, the High Seas Fleet sailed on the morning of 23 April to attempt an intercept, leaving the British completely unaware that they had left their base.

It was not until an engine malfunction aboard the German battlecruiser  forced it to break radio silence to ask for assistance that the British became aware of the presence of the Germans in the North Sea. A recent change in the sailing schedule of the Scandinavian Convoy, however, meant there was no exposed squadron of battleships in danger of being overwhelmed that day. Alerted by the enemy wireless transmissions, the entire Grand Fleet sortied to find the High Seas Fleet, offering the prospect of the decisive battle of the war.

However, with Moltke crippled, Admiral Scheer decided to return to base. Though scouting units of the Grand Fleet made brief contact with the Germans on the morning of 25 April, no action followed, and the High Seas Fleet made it home without incident. At one point in the chase, however, a reversal of course by the Germans meant that the entire Grand Fleet was forced to reorient itself in the opposite direction, placing Battleship Division Nine in the van. The result was that, if an encounter between the two fleets had occurred, American battleships would have led the British fleet into what could have been the largest naval battle of the war.

Years later, Admiral Rodman wrote in his memoir that he "often thought what a glorious day it would have been for the ships of our country to have led the Grand Fleet into action." It was not to be, however, nor would another chance present itself: the German fleet did not sail as a unit again in World War I.

New arrivals
Through the first months of 1918, the composition of Battleship Division Nine changed to reflect the lessons learned from operating in a war zone with the Grand Fleet. It soon became apparent that with only four ships, the division could not maintain the level of preparedness required by the constant need to be ready to sail at limited notice. The inevitable result was machinery breakdowns that reduced the squadron to three ships, a development considered unacceptable given the Division's important position at the tail end of the battle line. The British—faced with the same problem—responded by allocating a spare battleship to each of their squadrons. In this way, each squadron always remained at full strength even when a ship was being repaired.

Recognizing the practicality of this solution, Admiral Rodman requested that the Navy Department send another battleship to operate with his division. Specifically, Rodman requested the ship be New Yorks sister ship , to better match Grand Fleet policy, which encouraged the use of matched pairs to aid in rangefinding. Although there was some grumbling at the Navy Department that a five ship division was counter to U.S. Navy policy, they eventually agreed, and on 11 February 1918, Texas arrived at Scapa Flow.

This arrangement, however, left Wyoming—the third-most powerful ship of the division—as the spare ship because she lacked a matched pair. As a result, Rodman requested that Delaware—the oldest ship in the division—be replaced with Wyomings sister ship , leaving Florida as the spare. Arkansas, however, did not join Battleship Division Nine until 29 July 1918. Delaware sailed from Scapa Flow for the United States the next day.

Northern Mine Barrage
In late June 1918, Battleship Division Nine began escorting American mine laying craft participating in the setting of the Northern Mine Barrage, a gargantuan project spearheaded by the U.S. Navy designed to close the North Sea passage between Scotland and Norway to U-boat traffic. A novel attempt to end the submarine menace relying heavily on American industrial capacity, the Barrage called for more than 70,000 mines to be placed across a stretch of water  wide.

Because the minelayers were operating within range of German surface raiders, the American battleships were detailed to provide an escort for them, along with other units of the Grand Fleet. For the most part, these expeditions proved uneventful, but on two occasions, on 30 June and again on 8 August, lookouts on the battleships reported seeing U-boats or torpedoes in the water, forcing the Division to maneuver accordingly. Like the previous sightings made while escorting the Scandinavian Convoy, subsequent review of German war records revealed that both cases were false alarms.

Just days after the second incident, however, Battleship Division Nine was called to more serious action.  Having received intelligence that German vessels were loose in the North Sea, the Division sortied from Scapa Flow on 12 October, in company with the British Second Battlecruiser Squadron and the Third Light Cruiser Squadron in the hope of engaging the enemy raiders. From the beginning, the autumn weather was particularly rough, impeding progress and making any chance of sighting the German ships unlikely.

On the evening of 14 October, as New York led the force back into Pentland Firth, she was rocked by a violent underwater collision on her starboard side, followed shortly after by another to the stern that broke off two of her propeller blades, reducing the ship to one engine and a speed of . It was immediately clear to the men on board that she had struck an underwater object, but the depth of the channel meant it could not have been a shipwreck. Both Admirals Rodman and Beatty concluded that New York must have accidentally collided with a submerged German U-boat. They agreed that the submarine had rammed its bow into the ship's side, then been struck moments later by the ship's propeller. In their opinion, the damage would have been fatal to the German craft.

Postwar examination of German records revealed that the submarine lost may have been  or . This strange—and accidental—encounter marked the only time in all of Battleship Division Nine's service with the Grand Fleet that one of its ships sank a German vessel.

New Yorks ordeal was not over, however. Badly damaged by the loss of a propeller, the ship sailed to Rosyth under heavy escort for repairs on 15 October. At 01:00 the next morning, a U-boat launched three torpedoes at the damaged vessel, all of which passed ahead of her. Unlike in previous cases, sufficient evidence existed to suppose that this torpedo attack was not a false alarm—a number of officers and men aboard New York clearly saw the wakes of the torpedoes in the full moonlight, and a submarine was spotted in the immediate vicinity by a patrol shortly after the attack.

The battleship's wounded condition is possibly what saved her: although standard procedure was to steam at , New York could make only  on her one operable propeller. Due to this, historian Jerry Jones believes that the German U-boat captain misjudged the ship's speed. With no further damage, however, the battleship was able to safely arrive at drydock in Rosyth. As the water dropped in the drydock, a large dent commensurate with a submarine bow was found in her hull.

As the war began to draw to a close, the ships of Battleship Division Nine remained busy. With frequent gunnery drill, the ships showed marked improvement in performance compared to the early days with the Fleet. The average spread for the whole division, including the newcomers Texas and Arkansas, was now less than , which was much better than previously, if still not as good as the British average.

Maneuvers and war games continued, as well. During exercises in late September 1918, the Grand Fleet, once again divided into Red and Blue Fleets, "engaged" each other at ranges as extreme as , a battle-distance unimagined prior to World War I. The rest of the Division's time was spent in escorting minecraft on the Northern Barrage. Though a monumental endeavor, the barrage proved largely ineffective. After an investment of 70,263 mines and more than $40 million (the equivalent of $572 million in 2009), only six submarines were confirmed as sunk by the barrage.

Life in the Grand Fleet
Throughout Battleship Division Nine's time with the Grand Fleet, combating boredom was a constant difficulty. Located at the northeastern tip of Scotland, the islands surrounding Scapa Flow were little more than barren, cold, windswept specks of land devoid of the trappings of civilization. Due to the efforts of the officers to keep their men entertained, however, morale remained high throughout the war. The British worked hard to turn the anchorage into a more inviting place. Central to these efforts were sporting events. The Fleet held numerous inter-ship competitions, including soccer, rugby, rowing, track, and boxing, which were followed with intense interest by the men of the respective ships.

When the Americans arrived, the British made every effort to include them in the athletics. Space was allotted on the sports fields to provide a football field and a baseball diamond. In short order, the division developed a baseball league that played 17 games during the summer of 1918. Texas won the division championship, but lost to a visiting team from American naval headquarters in London. Football games occurred throughout the fall.

The American sailors participated in Fleet sporting events, as well, giving excellent account of themselves. At the Fleet track meet, Battleship Division Nine finished second, and did even better at the annual boxing championships, the pinnacle of the Grand Fleet sporting year. An engineman from Florida won the lightweight title, a chief carpenter's mate from New York won the middleweight title, and a fireman from the same ship reached the heavyweight finals.

The men found other ways to keep busy besides sports. Throughout the year, every ship in the squadron produced theater productions, and motion pictures were shown whenever possible. Furthermore, leave was granted to the men on a frequent basis whenever the ships were in Rosyth for repairs. On 4 July 1918, Admiral Beatty provided a special treat for the men of Battleship Division Nine by granting them a few days off from all drills and maneuvers in order to celebrate what he termed "this greatest of Liberty Days".

On 22 July, the ships of the Grand Fleet received a visit from King George V. After inspecting the Fleet from the decks of the destroyer , the king presided over an investiture ceremony on board Admiral Beatty's flagship . King George presented numerous decorations, but the first recipient was Admiral Rodman himself. Invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, Rodman received the highest honor awarded that day.

After lunch aboard Queen Elizabeth, the king visited Admiral Rodman's flagship New York, where he inspected the ship. King George visited her engine and fire-rooms, remarking with admiration to Rodman, "Admiral, your fire-room is as clean as a dining room." After the inspection, the pair retreated to Rodman's cabin for coffee, a smoke, and casual conversation, something Rodman noted the king seemed to particularly enjoy.

Following his departure from the Grand Fleet, the king had a message sent to the officers and men of the ships he had just left. It began with a warm reference to the American squadron: "I am happy to have found myself once more with the Grand Fleet, and this pleasure has been increased by the opportunity I have had of seeing the splendid ships of the United States in line with our own, and of meeting Admiral Rodman together with the officers and men under him. We value their comradeship and are proud of their achievements."

To this, Admiral Beatty replied: "We are glad that Your Majesty should have been able personally to observe our complete accord with the United States Squadron and the firm friendship which binds their officers and men to Your own." These expressions accurately reflected the goodwill that existed between the officers and men of the two organizations. Admiral Rodman, for instance, later wrote that he came away from his service in the Grand Fleet as probably the most anglophile officer in the U.S. Navy, and many a relationship was forged among the junior officers that served both nations well in World War II.

Despite being located in remote Scapa Flow, Battleship Division Nine was unable to avoid a global killer that struck just as World War I was coming to a close. Spanish Influenza—which killed millions worldwide in 1918–1919—did not spare the Grand Fleet. By late fall, an average of seven men per day were dying of the virus throughout the Fleet, and some ships were so badly affected that they were practically unmanageable. Though they were not as badly hit as some of the British vessels, the American battleships were not immune. By early November, only Florida was not in quarantine, and Arkansas had 259 cases, with 11 deaths.

Armistice
Though the situation in the North Sea in late 1918 remained much as it had been for the previous four years—with the Grand Fleet maintaining its endless watch over the High Seas Fleet—the war on the Western Front was rapidly drawing to a close. Operation Michael, the last German offensive, had been stopped in late summer, and with the aid of hundreds of thousands of American doughboys, the Allies had begun to overwhelm the German Army. On 3 October, Prince Max of Baden replaced Georg von Hertling as Chancellor of Germany, and immediately asked President Woodrow Wilson to arrange an armistice.

To the naval leaders of the High Seas Fleet, however, there appeared to be no reason for an armistice. In their eyes, the German Imperial Navy remained unbeaten. Determined not to go down without a fight, Admiral Scheer, by this time head of the German Admiralty, ordered the new commander of the High Seas Fleet, Admiral Franz Hipper, to prepare for a final sortie against the Grand Fleet "even if it should become a death struggle". Accordingly, Hipper developed Plan 19, which called for destroyer strikes against the Thames Estuary and Flanders to draw the Grand Fleet south, where a waiting line of U-boats would attempt to even the odds. At this point, the High Seas Fleet would emerge to engage its opponent in one last titanic encounter.

The admirals, however, were reckoning without their sailors. The enlisted men of the High Seas Fleet, aware that Germany had lost the war, had no interest in dying for the sake of the Navy's honor. When the details of Plan 19 were leaked to the fleet, a mutiny almost instantly broke out, with sailors raising the red flag of revolution and refusing to obey their officers. Faced with a complete breakdown of discipline within his fleet, Admiral Hipper had no choice but to disperse his ships to their homeports in early November. Days later, on 11 November 1918, World War I came to an end.

With the defeat of Germany, the question became what to do with the ships of the High Seas Fleet. Because no neutral nation wanted to host the rebellious sailors of the mutinous armada, the Allies eventually decided to have the force interned at Scapa Flow, with the guns of the Grand Fleet's ships nearby in case of any attempt at a break-out. On 15 November, Beatty met with Hipper's representative, Rear Admiral Hugo Meurer, to arrange the surrender of the German ships. Meurer agreed to surrender to Beatty in the Firth of Forth. From there, the German vessels would proceed to Scapa Flow, until their ultimate fate was decided by the Paris Peace Conference.

The surrender of the German fleet
On 21 November, the ships of Battleship Division Nine joined the rest of the Grand Fleet to witness Operation ZZ—the surrender of the German fleet. The Grand Fleet—composed of 370 ships and 90,000 men—formed two columns through which the defeated German ships passed. Despite the magnitude of the occasion, it was a bittersweet moment for the men of the Grand Fleet. For four years, the British—later joined by the Americans of Battleship Division Nine—had tried constantly to bring the High Seas Fleet to a decisive battle. To see them coming to surrender, as Admiral Beatty put it, "like sheep being herded by dogs to their folds", left many feeling cheated.

After the ceremony had concluded, Beatty declared, "The Fleet, my Fleet, is brokenhearted." In a similar vein, Admiral Rodman wrote, "It was hard to realize that the ships which we had expected and hoped to engage, would all be given up without a struggle or fleet action, and surrender without a fight." Though such statements reflected the fact that the Grand Fleet had not won the great battle its officers had sought, the peaceful surrender of the High Seas Fleet served as testimony to the strength the Grand Fleet had maintained continuously through four years of war.

Significance

With the war over, the ships of Battleship Division Nine departed from the Grand Fleet on 1 December, almost exactly one year after joining it. Though the fact that the American battleships never had the opportunity to confront their German opposites dampened the sense of their achievements, they nonetheless played an important part in the winning of the War at Sea. The presence of the American squadron augmented the strength of the Grand Fleet to the point where any confrontation attempted by the Germans would likely have been futile. Admiral Beatty put it best in his farewell speech to the American sailors, on 1 December:

See also

 British Pacific Fleet – An analogous situation in World War II where a British and Commonwealth force operated with the United States Pacific Fleet in 1945.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Military units and formations of the United States in World War I
Seagoing divisions of the United States Navy
Battleship units and formations of the United States Navy


Dave Ryan (born 12 May 1954 in New Zealand) is the former sporting director of the McLaren Formula One team and former racing director of the Manor Formula One team. He spent 35 years with McLaren until he left in April 2009 and set up VonRyan Racing to compete in GT racing.

Career
A former speedway racer, Ryan left New Zealand for the UK in his late teens and joined McLaren as a mechanic. He worked on the McLaren M23 of Jochen Mass and with James Hunt when he won the World Championship in 1976. After nearly a decade as a mechanic, Ryan was appointed to the role of Chief Mechanic for the team, before taking over the role of factory team manager. In 1990 he took on more responsibility as team manager looking after the race and test team activities on track and at the factory in Woking. Then 18 years later, he was appointed as sporting director with more responsibilities, however he was suspended prior to the 2009 Malaysian Grand Prix after an incident concerning a yellow flag situation during the 2009 Australian Grand Prix. During his time with the team he worked with the likes of Formula One champions Ayrton Senna, Alain Prost, Niki Lauda, Mika Häkkinen and Lewis Hamilton and the team won 151 races, 12 Drivers' Championships and eight Constructors' Championships.

In 2009 he left the team and set up his own outfit – VonRyan Racing. In 2015, racing two McLaren 650GTs, the team won three races in the Blancpain Endurance and British GT series.

In November 2015, Ryan was appointed to the position of Racing Director of the Manor F1 Team which eventually folded in January 2017. He was present at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, the final event of the season, working with the team.

He is now Racing Director of W Series, the new single-seater championship for female drivers only.

References

External links
Ryan's profile on the McLaren website

1954 births
Living people
Formula One managers
McLaren people
New Zealand motorsport people


The London Eye Mystery is a children's mystery novel by English author Siobhan Dowd. First published in 2007, it tells the story of how Ted, a boy with Asperger syndrome, and his sister Kat, solve the mystery of how their cousin, Salim, seemingly vanishes from inside a sealed capsule on the London Eye.
In 2017, Robin Stevens published a sequel, The Guggenheim Mystery.

Plot summary
The story begins with aunt Gloria visiting Ted's family. Ted is a boy with Asperger syndrome; his brain is described as running "on its own unique operating system". Aunt Gloria is accompanied by her son Salim, a half-Asian boy who is about a year older than Ted. People with Asperger syndrome often display intense interests; Ted has an interest in the weather.

Salim is especially captivated by the old Barracks building, which is on the same street as Ted's house. The next day Salim, Ted, and his older sister Kat decide to take a ride on the London Eye, bemoaning the hour-long queues. A stranger approaches them with a ticket for the Eye, saying he's afraid of small spaces and cannot ride the Eye. They decide to give the ticket to Salim, as he has never been on the Eye before. Salim waves towards his cousins as he boards. Half an hour later, when Salim's capsule lands, Kat and Ted find Salim missing.

When Aunt Gloria and Ted's mother find out about this, they become extremely angry with Kat for allowing Salim to take a ticket from a stranger. That evening, Ted and Kat check Salim's camera and decide to have the film developed, in case it holds clues. The family then receives a phone call from the police, saying that a boy matching Salim's description has been found dead. Ted's father decides to go and verify the body, but it is not Salim. The next day, Kat, Ted, and their father visit the chemist to have the photographs developed. They then ride the Eye to see if there was any way that Salim could have hidden in the capsule or avoided getting out, but find no clues.

When they arrive home, Ted and Kat examine the newly developed photographs and find only one clue: that the stranger who gave them the ticket is in the background of one of the photographs, in a T-shirt with the letters "ONTLI ECUR" on it. They soon decipher that some of the letters are missing, and the writing actually says 'FRONTLINE SECURITY', a security company which is currently working at a local motorbike exhibition. Kat goes to the exhibition, and Ted soon works out where she has gone and follows her. They soon find the stranger who sold them the ticket, but he simply avoids their questions, denying any connection with Salim's disappearance.

Piecing together all the information he and Kat have managed to uncover, Ted figures out how Salim might have managed to leave the London Eye without being noticed and immediately calls the police. The police arrive with Marcus Flood, a friend of Salim, who helped him escape. Marcus had bought two tickets for the same capsule, using one himself and convincing his brother to pose as a claustrophobic man who would give his ticket to Salim, pretending not to know him. Salim, who knew the plan, pretended not to know Marcus' brother and entered the same capsule as Marcus, who was dressed as a teenage girl. When the others in the capsule lined up for the souvenir photo, Salim and Marcus swapped outfits. However, there was a coat jacket sleeve in one of the pictures and that was how Ted worked out that the girl who left the pod was in fact, Salim. Once they left the capsule, Salim and Marcus spent the day together but separated at Euston Underground station. That was the last time that Marcus saw Salim. Ted deduces that Salim is in the old Barracks because he showed such a fascination with it the day that he arrived. Eventually, they find Salim in the old Barracks Building, which is due to be demolished the next day. He had been trapped there, alone, for three days. Salim didn't enjoy living with his mother and she was the reason he wanted to run away. Salim apologises, and ultimately agrees to fly to New York with his mother, Aunt Gloria, to try it out for six months.

Awards and nominations
The London Eye Mystery won several awards, including the Book sens Children's Pick List Award 2008, the School Library Journal Best Books of the Year Award 2008, the Booklist Children's Editors' Choice Award 2008, the Horn Book Fanfare Award 2008, the Kirkus Reviews Best Children's Books Award and the Book Links Lasting Connection Award 2008. It is available in ten languages: Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, and Spanish.

References

2007 British novels
 British children's novels
 Novels set in London
 Children's mystery novels
2007 children's books
David Fickling Books books
Children's books set in London


Paavo Erkki Arhinmäki (born 13 December 1976, in Helsinki) is a Finnish politician and Helsinki Deputy Mayor for Culture and Leisure since 2021. He was a member of the Finnish Parliament from 2007 til 2021 representing the Left Alliance, a party whose leader he was from 2009 til 2016. He was first elected to the Finnish Parliament in the 2007 election and re-elected in 2011. Arhinmäki has been a member of the City Council of Helsinki since 2001. He led the Left Youth in 2001–2005. He proposed a halt to nuclear power projects in Finland in the wake of the Great Hanshin earthquake.

After the 2011 election, the Left Alliance became a partner in the six-party grand coalition cabinet led by Jyrki Katainen. Being a football enthusiast, Arhinmäki became Minister for Culture and Sport and the party gained another ministerial portfolio as well. The decision to join the government created a split in the party, leading to the expulsion of two MPs from the parliamentary group. Later Arhinmäki became the subject of media criticism after a drinking binge at the Sochi Winter Olympics in February 2014. In 2014 Left Alliance left the cabinet over a dispute on a package of spending cuts and tax rises.

In 2012 Arhinmäki was a Left Alliance candidate in the Finnish Presidential Elections, finishing 6th with 5.5% of the total votes in the first round of voting.

In April 2016, Arhinmäki announced that he wouldn't seek another term as the party leader. On 11 June 2016, he was followed by Li Andersson.

Early life: he grew up in Pasila, Helsinki.

References

External links

Parliament of Finland: Paavo Arhinmäki

1976 births
Living people
Politicians from Helsinki
Left Alliance (Finland) politicians
Government ministers of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2011–2015)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2015–2019)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2019–2023)
Candidates for President of Finland


The  (), abbreviated as , is the nationwide law for radio station and television licensing in the Federal Republic of Germany. Based on the  (sovereignty of the German states in terms of cultural aspects) it is not a federal law but instead it is a treaty passed by all  (states of Germany).

The full title of the law is  () but on most occasions it is called Rundfunkstaatsvertrag. The first version was enacted on 1 December 1987 (signed on 3 April 1987) and the fifteenth revision of 30 October 2010 is due to come into effect on 1 January 2013.

The German Interstate Broadcasting Agreement is the basis for a series of other laws, most notably the  ( – ) and the  ( – ). Some aspects were refined by the federal  ( – ) that is otherwise covering Internet services.

The German public broadcasting services were introduced in post-war Germany in a similar fashion to the British Broadcasting Corporation. The  is similar to the royal charter of the BBC however the licensing and financing model diverged over time. The  was introduced in 1987 to allow licensing of private broadcast companies beyond the public broadcast services that existed before.

See also

Government of Germany
Broadcasting in Germany


The Modern Home Physician, A New Encyclopedia of Medical Knowledge is a medical encyclopedia first published in 1934 by the Wm. H. Wise & Company in New York City.  It was edited by Victor Robinson, Ph. C., M.D., who was a physician and professor of the History of Medicine at Temple University's School of Medicine in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and also the editor-in-chief of the reading materials Historia Medicinae, Medical Life, and Medical Review of Reviews.  It is a rare medical reference and collector's edition with entries that are in encyclopedic format, alphabetically arranged, and designed for use in the home.  It has 728 pages that also contain, apart from the text, 232 photographs and almost 700 drawings.

References

External links
The Modern Home Physician (Fifth Edition, 1946), Amazon.com

Medical manuals


Okon is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:
Paul Okon, Australian footballer
Akpan Okon, 17th century African king
Kakpokpo Okon, 17th century African prince
Effiong Okon, Nigerian boxer

Given name:
Okon Uya, Nigerian governmental official
Okon Flo Essien, Nigerian footballer

See also
Obong Okon Ita, former Kingdom now in Nigeria


Ohum, (officially spelled Awhum), is a valley town in Enugu State, in southeastern Nigeria.

Geography
The town is located about 24 kilometres from Enugu (Coal City) the state capital. The town is bounded in the north by Okpatu, in the east by Nike, in the south by Ukana and in the west by Egede communities.

The town is divided into eight villages: Isiogwu, Amani/Ama-abo, Ibite Uwaenu, Umuoka, Obeagu/Amachara, Akparata/Amaudara, Amaofia-ni-Ibite. Ibite has two villages and Enu ohum has three villages, while the others are on their own.

The town has a population of about 100,000 according to the 2006 Census.

Ohum is a popular tourist and pilgrimage destination, attracting visitors with its waterfalls, caves beautiful streams and an active monastery, the first in Nigeria.

History
Humans have been known to inhabit the area for thousands of years.  Awhum−Ohum is believed to have been the fourth child of Ojebe, who also have six other children including, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulugbe and Umuoka.

Governance
The town is governed largely by the Igwe in council with his chiefs (from the eight villages) and there is the Central Union which is a kind of parliament that decides the general direction and developmental needs. An election is held to elect members into the union and into the Igwe's stool when it becomes vacant. A constitution was drawn up on the various aspects of community life including election into various offices. The 'Igweship' is held for life.

Economy
The major economy of Ohum was farming and hunting. There is a local market (Nkwo Market) that serves the community. The market is situated at Ukwu Akpu and seems to be in the centre of the town. The Nkwo and Orie are the major market days and the trading is usually done in the evening after sun down. Things have changed in recent years with the market trading daily all through the day. The town is known for producing high quality palm wine (wine from the palm tree). The establishment of the monastery changed all that. Tourism and pilgrimage to the monastery is now the major source of income for the community. The indigenes of the community living outside the community also remit monies home which is a significant amount each year.
There is a hotel that serves some of the tourists that visits the town. Tourism and pilgrimage are now one of the major drivers of economic growth in the community. The waterfall, beautiful hills with erosion scarred valleys and the monastery bring tens of thousand of people each year to the community.

Culture
Education
The community is served by three primary schools and a secondary school. All the schools are government owned schools.

Religion
The main religion practiced in Ohum is Christianity. Practitioners of Traditional religion are also in the community. There are Catholic and Anglican churches in the community. There is a monastery of the Cistercian Monks in town, which is now a major pilgrimage and prayer centre for Christians in Nigeria.

Transportation

The community is divided into three unequal parts by two major highways in an east–west way. . The first, Enugu – Nsukka highway was built in 1914 and the Enugu – Markurdi expressway in 1981 all in North – South direction. The major form of movement within the town is by commercial motorcycles.

Tourism
The town of Ohum is in a valley and bounded on all sides by beautiful rolling hills covered in grass. There is a waterfall (Awhum falls), about 30 meters in height and several caves lining the track to the waterfall. The track itself is actually a small stream with big rocks overhanging in some places along the track.

The community also boast numerous pristine lakes, some of them with beautiful white sand beaches.  The numerous streams and lakes are still maintained in their natural conditions. More than 50 different species of fish are found in the streams and lakes of the community and some of the lakes have never been fished on before.

See also

Coordinates of Ohum
Longitude: 7° 25' 0" East
Latitude: 6° 32' 0" North

Towns in Enugu State


InterVol is a community volunteering charity based in the United Kingdom. InterVol support poverty reduction, conservation and education projects globally, as well as community volunteering based on university campuses in the United Kingdom. The charity is based at the University of Birmingham, Imperial College London, Lancaster University, University of Nottingham, and Oxford Brookes University.

History

Formation
InterVol was set up as a voluntary project in late 2003 by a group of students with the support of the University of Birmingham Guild of Students. InterVol's volunteers began a system of student-led sustainable development projects, aiming to make a long term difference to communities in developing countries whilst working in close partnership with local NGOs in each country, as well as running volunteering projects, training sessions, and events on their own campus and in the local community.

Projects and expansion

In the summer of 2004 InterVol led three volunteering projects to Bulgaria, Cambodia and Uganda. The volunteers were involved in work including AIDS awareness training, work in children's centres, teaching English, and building the information technology capacity of local staff.

In 2005 the project roster increased to eight projects as the popularity and presence of the project on the University of Birmingham campus increased significantly. There were two new projects in Ecuador, based around cloud-forest conservation and social development, as well as a community development project in Accra, Ghana, a teaching project in Poland and a social development project in South Africa.

In 2006 previous projects were maintained while a new coastal development project in Thailand with Andaman Discoveries began in response to the Boxing Day Tsunami. InterVol supported volunteers to renovate facilities and coach sport at the New Future for Children centre in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, for the first time in July 2006. InterVol received its first national awards in 2006 when two founding volunteers, John Gorski and Danielle Gerson, won Impact awards at the National Year of the Volunteer Awards.

In 2007 a new project to construct school buildings and teach in rural Nepal commenced. This year also saw InterVol send volunteers to both a trafficked animal refuge and to teach Spanish to members of the Huaorani in Ecuador. The following year another project was set up in Kenya, a sports-based development project in Nairobi's Kibera slum.

In June 2010 the University of Nottingham's international volunteering project affiliated with InterVol to become the first InterVol branch outside Birmingham. InterVol's Nottingham project, based at the University of Nottingham Students' Union, continued to support volunteers to work with the Ugandan community development NGO, Little Big Africa. The charity expanded further, forming a new international volunteering group, Project Nepal, at Imperial College London in October 2011 and a new InterVol society at Lancaster University in December 2011. A group formed at Oxford Brookes in 2018, supporting education organisations in rural Nepal.

InterVol is a founding member of the Student Volunteering Overseas Partnership (SVOP), composed of UK student-led international volunteering charities including organisations from Bristol, Edinburgh and Oxford universities.

Charity status
Initially founded in 2003 as an initiative of the University of Birmingham Guild of Students, InterVol was a volunteering project within an exempt charity. InterVol became an independent registered charity in England and Wales in May 2010. InterVol's charitable objectives are to act as a resource for student volunteers at universities in the United Kingdom while promoting voluntary projects that focus on education, health, conservation, and the relief of poverty.

Project locations
InterVol currently support community organisations in the following countries: Ecuador, France (Calais), India, Malawi, and Nepal. Volunteers gain relevant experience through volunteering with local charities in their university communities before travelling overseas.

See also
Andaman Discoveries
Edinburgh Global Partnerships
University of Birmingham Guild of Students
Imperial College Union
Lancaster University
University of Nottingham Students' Union

References

External links
InterVol website
University of Birmingham InterVol Project
University of Nottingham InterVol Project
Imperial College London InterVol (Project Nepal)
Merazonia (InterVol Partner NGO, Ecuador)
Maya Universe Academy (InterVol Partner NGO, Nepal)

Development charities based in the United Kingdom
International volunteer organizations
Student organisations in the United Kingdom