Eylesbarrow mine was a tin mine on Dartmoor, Devon, England that was active during the first half of the 19th century. In its early years it was one of the largest and most prosperous of the Dartmoor tin mines, along with Whiteworks and the Birch Tor and Vitifer mines. Its name has several variant spellings, such as Eylesburrow, Ailsborough, Ellisborough, Hillsborough etc. It was also known as Wheal Ruth for a short period around 1850. The extensive remains lie to the north of the River Plym, less than  north-east of Drizzlecombe, on the southern shoulder of the hill called Eylesbarrow on top of which are two prominent Bronze Age barrows.

Geology
The country rock of the mine is granite. The large mining sett (about ) is crossed by many tin-bearing lodes which are substantially vertical and trend east-north-east. Most of the mine's excavations were made into just three of these lodes and were relatively shallow. The formation of the lodes was accompanied by extensive metasomatism which converted much of the plagioclase feldspar in the surrounding granite into the soft mineral kaolinite, and made excavation easier than it would have been in unaltered rock.

The lodes varied in width up to a maximum of around 2.4 ft (0.73 m) and were, at least in the early years of the mine's operation, sometimes of very high quality ore, uncontaminated with other unwanted metalliferous ores. The existence of these high quality ores near the surface led the miners to believe that even better ore existed deeper down, but the history of the mine suggests that this is not the case and the mineralisation becomes patchy at depth.

History

Streaming and open-cast mining for tin have taken place in this part of Dartmoor for many centuries. It is believed that the industry on the moor was at its peak as early as the 12th century. For instance, in 1168, men from the nearby village of Sheepstor are known to have been "tinners". Around 550 years later a document of 1715 stated of Sheepstor Parish that "all the parishioners are tinners", but by this time working for tin on the moor was already in decline, probably because of the exhaustion of the easily accessible deposits.

Revival came in the late 1780s, fired by the needs and innovations of the industrial revolution. It is possible that some underground working took place on the site of the mine as early as 1790, but the first documentary evidence is an offer for sale of shares in a mine called "Ailsborough" in 1804, and records of tin dues paid from 1806 to 1810.

By 1814 demand had caused the price of tin to rise to about £150 per ton and in that year a mining sett called "Ellisborough Tin Set" was granted. Extraction started at the mine in February 1815 and by 1820, despite several business difficulties, it was sending quantities of black tin to Cornwall for smelting. In 1822 the mine opened its own smelting house on the site—the only one in operation on the moor. There is evidence that black tin was bought from nearby mines for smelting here.

The next ten years or so were the mine's most productive period, despite there being a fall in the price of tin from 1826. In addition to tin, some "Forest Clay" (kaolin) was sold. In 1831 the mine employed over sixty men, but at the end of that year the smelter ceased operation and there is then a four-year gap in the records.

Decline

In June 1836, when the price of tin was again at a high, a prospectus for "Dartmoor Consolidated Tin Mines" was published in the recently founded trade magazine The Mining Journal, offering 7,500 shares at £5 each. The mine apparently operated unsuccessfully on a small scale for the next few years while the price of tin fell again. In August 1838 the shares on which £3. 10s had been paid were worth only £2. By early 1840 the shares, by then fully paid-up were worth just £1. By 1841 only three or four men were employed and in 1844, with the price of tin at an all-time low of just over £60 per ton, the mine closed.

In early 1847, with tin back up to around £90 per ton, the mine was again advertised (this time as "Dartmoor Consols Tin Mining Company"), offering 2,048 shares at £2 each. This resurgence of activity was bolstered with glowing reports on the quality of its ore and the previous high returns that had been made despite the shafts being of no great depth. It was also said that the smelting house "can be made fit for use at a very trifling cost" which will make it "a source of great profit".

In June 1847 the mine captain, John Spargo, proposed a number of improvements, including the installation of a 50 ft (15 m) waterwheel and new stamps, and the sinking of new shafts, the whole costing a total of nearly £1,000. Much of this work was undertaken, but by October the same year, the first signs that all was not well appeared in The Mining Journal. The shares had not been well taken up and the lack of money was causing problems. By the following March it was reported that the mine could not continue in operation and a final call of £1 per share was being made to clear the debts of the company. It was clear that no tin had been sold.

Yet another company, calling itself "Aylesborough", was formed during 1848, and sold over £50 worth of black tin. In 1849 Captain Spargo reported that the stamps were working well and a shaft had been deepened to 20 fathoms below adit. But problems reappeared and in 1851 it was advertised—for the last time—as "Wheal Ruth" with 2,700 shares offered at £2 each. This new concern employed only a few men, but operated successfully for a time, selling 1 ton 4 cwt 11 lb of ore for £61. 9s in September 1851 and over two tons for more than £107 in the last quarter of the year. However, on 25 September 1852 The Mining Journal ran an advert for the sale of all the mine's equipment by public auction. Since the price of tin was rising again at this time, it is most likely that the mine had become exhausted of tin that was recoverable economically.

Documentation
Although it was once a large and important mine, there are no known plans of its extensive underground workings, and there are few extant records of its output of tin ore. What is known, however, is that a total of about 276 tons of white tin was "coined" (i.e. recorded and taxed) at Tavistock, the nearest stannary town, between the years 1822 and 1831, and this may have been worth almost £30,000. The mine's most productive year was 1825, when 403 blocks of tin weighing over 1,220 cwt in total were coined.

Field remains

The large site was extensively surveyed by English Heritage in 1999, and details are held in the English Heritage Archive.

In common with most Dartmoor valleys, the entire valley floor of the upper River Plym and its tributaries are disturbed by the remains of streamworks. There are also a number of openworks that follow the lodes, and signs of leats and reservoirs and hundreds of prospecting pits. These all represent the efforts of the "old men" who worked the area for tin in the centuries before the mine came into being.

Shafts and adits
There are 25 shaftheads visible at Eylesbarrow, most of which are on a single curved alignment along the line of the main lode, which is roughly followed by part of the main track that runs through the mine. The shaftheads exist as conical pits, the smallest being 9m in diameter and the largest, marking Pryce Deacon's Shaft near the eastern end of the alignment, 16m in diameter. Some of them (for instance New Engine Shaft, shown here) have the original masonry collar still visible. Each pit has a spoil heap nearby, usually in the shape of a crescent on the downhill side of the pit. These heaps vary in size; the largest, at Pryce Deacon's Shaft, is over  high and covers about . Much interpretative work has taken place to match the visible shafts with the names mentioned in the contemporary documentation, with the result that about half of them can be named and dated with some confidence.

Four adits are referred to in the mine documents. Shallow Adit and Deep Adit both date from the early phase of working, around 1815. Shallow Adit is blocked, its position marked by a stream issuing from the hillside just to the south of the main track. Deep Adit, however, is still open. Its entrance is lined with sturdy granite slabs and is about  high and  wide.

Two Brother's Adit is also still open and discharges an abundant stream of water into the steep-sided gulley that surrounds it. It evidently belongs to the later phase of the mine, being first mentioned in the 1840s. The fourth adit, referred to as Deacon's Adit, is untraceable in the field and may never have passed the planning stage.

Leats, reservoir and wheelpits

Despite the extensive underground workings, no more than one waterwheel was used for pumping water out of the mine. The first waterwheel, whose wheelpit can still be seen just to the north of the main track, was built in 1814–15 and was powered by water carried by a leat that curved around the south side of Higher Hartor Tor drawing water from the upper reaches of the River Plym. In 1818 this leat, known as Engine Leat, was extended over the Plym to also collect water from the Langcombe Brook, a tributary on its south bank. Another leat built in the 1820s attempted to collect water from the hillside to the north. That the water supply was still inadequate at times is shown by the construction, before 1825, of a large linear reservoir on the line of the main leat, the northern end of which is now cut off by the main track which used to pass over it by a bridge. This reservoir was up to  wide and up to  deep and its  long dam was about  thick and reinforced with substantial granite blocks on the inner face. William Crossing reported that the mine owner, a man named Deacon, used to entertain guests by taking them out on the reservoir in a small boat.

Construction of a more powerful waterwheel, the one proposed by Captain Spargo in 1847, was completed by March 1849 at the latest. It replaced the earlier wheel and was sited in the head of the disused Deep Adit Shaft, close to the Two Brothers Adit. This waterwheel had a diameter of 50 ft (15 m) and 3 ft (1 m) breast and was almost certainly the largest on the moor at the time. Located about  lower down the hillside, it took advantage of a richer water supply which included the outfall from the nearby adit, an earlier leat drawing water from the Plym, some further leats to the north that attempted to collect water from the surface runoff on the hillside, as well as the re-routed Engine Leat.

Traces of all the above-mentioned features can still be seen in the field.

The flatrod system
As a matter of principle a power source (such as a waterwheel) is installed as close as possible to the equipment that it drives (such as a water pump), to minimise the inevitable loss of power incurred in its transmission. When the distance between source and target is significant an efficient means of transferring the power is necessary, and in the 19th century the best method available was the flatrod system. This was used at a number of mines and consisted of a series of linked iron or wooden rods connected to a crank on a waterwheel (or steam engine). The crank converted the circular motion of the wheel into an oscillatory back-and-forth motion of the rods which, suitably supported, could be extended for some distance along the ground. A heavy weight, known as the balance bob, pivoted on one or both ends of the run of the rods kept them under tension and allowed the conversion of the horizontal motion to vertical motion down the shaft.

At Eylesbarrow the engine shafts in which the water pumps were situated were located high on the brow of the hill where there was no adequate water supply for a waterwheel to be located nearby. Consequently, the power from the waterwheel was carried by a flatrod system up the hillside to the shafts. The rods were made of iron and were supported by pulleys with flanged rims that ran on short axles supported by pairs of granite pillars around 0.4 m apart. These pillars had distinctive notches cut into their tops to support the axles. Parts of four runs of these paired posts can be seen today. They vary in height from just above ground level to around a metre, and some run through shallow cuttings, representing the varying contour of the ground.

From the wheelpit of the first waterwheel, two series of double pillars head eastwards up the hill, just to the north of the main track. The northern series heads towards Old Engine Shaft, a distance of . This shaft was in use from 1814 onwards. The southern, less well preserved series, probably led to Pryce Deacon's Shaft,  away, and may have been in use in the 1840s.

In the second, later, wheelpit, pictured here, the wheel itself was on the south side of the pit (on the right in this photograph). The short length of wall on the right is the end wall of the wheelpit. The mechanism operating the flatrod system was on the north side, aligned with the short section of wall visible further away on the left: this probably formed part of the first support for the flatrods, which are believed to have travelled underground until they reached a V-shaped gulley, just visible towards the top of the photograph.

This flatrods from this wheel led towards Pryce Deacon's Shaft,  away and also to Henry's Engine Shaft,  away. A spur leads off at an angle to another unnamed shaft to the north,  distant. The chronology of the use of these systems is not certain, though the extension to the northern shaft probably represents the very last phase of underground mining at the site.

Stamping mills and smelting house
The purpose of a stamping mill is to crush the mined ore to a fine sand which is then processed at an adjacent "dressing floor" to separate the heavier tin ore from the waste material or "gangue", which is dumped. There are remains of six stamping mills at Eylesbarrow mine, an unusually high number, although they were not all in use at the same time. They form a rough line down the hillside into the head of the Drizzlecombe valley and in the literature they are numbered from 1 to 6: No. 1 is the highest, located just below the first pumping waterwheel to the north of the main track; No. 6 is about  distant and some  lower down the slope. The prominent wall with a hole in it just below the main track is the side wall of the wheelpit of stamping mill No. 2, the hole marking the location of the axle.

The oldest mill is No. 4 which was operating in 1804, followed the next year by No. 6., a large construction which had its waterwheel in the centre of the floor with machinery on both sides. Both these were powered by the lower of the two leats that took water from the River Plym. The major works undertaken on the mine in 1814 included the construction of three new mills (Nos. 1, 2 and 3) and the cutting of the higher (Engine) leat to power them.

Mill No. 5, which had the smelter attached, was completed by 1822. The smelting house (shown here as it looks today) had two furnaces. There was a reverberatory furnace —the large squared block in the foreground was part of this; and an older-style blast furnace, similar in design to a blowing house, but with a unique flue running up the hillside behind to a short stack. The two large standing and three fallen granite blocks towards the back of the building are the remains of this furnace.

The wheelpit for the waterwheel that powered the bellows of the blast furnace was immediately behind the short length of standing wall, and the small stamping mill and dressing floor were behind again, on the other side of the wheel. The three stone pillars in the background are believed to have supported a roof structure later in the history of the mine, after smelting ceased.

Other remains
Some of the shafts have balance-bob pits associated with them, and there are traces of horse-whims, which were used to raise or lower items in the shafts. Several "reck houses", used for further processing of the crushed ore, are also visible. The ruins of the "mansion" or mine captain's house and its associated buildings can be seen to the north of the main track. There are further remains of an associated mine known as Wheal Katherine about a kilometre to the east—these include six shafts, a wheelpit and another stamping mill (known as No. 7).

Notes

References

Sources

"Search results for "Eylesbarrow"". (Note that according to the grid reference, image da000129 is a photograph of the "Mansion House", not the smelting-house; and da000130 is clearly spurious). Dartmoor Archive. Retrieved on 2009-04-01.

Tin mines in Devon
Dartmoor
Industrial archaeological sites in Devon


The 1985 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Sydney Entertainment Centre in Sydney in Australia and was part of the 1985 Nabisco Grand Prix. The tournament ran from 14 through 21 October 1985. Top-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Ivan Lendl defeated  Henri Leconte 6–4, 6–4, 7–6
 It was Lendl's 8th title of the year and the 55th of his career.

Doubles

 John Fitzgerald /  Anders Järryd defeated  Mark Edmondson /  Kim Warwick 6–3, 6–2
 It was Fitzgerald's 3rd title of the year and the 15th of his career. It was Järryd's 7th title of the year and the 27th of his career.

References

External links
 International Tennis Federation (ITF) – tournament edition details

Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Australian Indoor Tennis Championships
Ind
Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships
Sports competitions in Sydney
Tennis in New South Wales


Admiral Sir George Hamilton D'Oyly Lyon, KCB (3 October 1883 – 19 August 1947) was a distinguished Royal Navy officer as well as an English sportsman who played first-class cricket and represented the England national rugby union team.

Naval career
Educated at Bruton School and at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Lyon joined the Navy on 15 June 1899, and saw active service at the Battle of Jutland, aboard HMS Monarch.

He was appointed Head of the British Naval Mission to Greece in 1929 and Commodore Commanding, Home Fleet Destroyers in 1932. He then became Rear Admiral commanding the 3rd Cruiser Squadron in 1935 and Commander-in-Chief, Africa in 1938 (the Africa Station became the South Atlantic Station in 1939).

He served in World War II as Commander-in-Chief, The Nore from 1941 and retired in 1943.

Sporting career
Lyon, in four first-class cricket matches, made 185 runs at 26.42 and took 7 wickets at 20.00. A right-arm medium pace bowler and right-handed batsman, he played twice for Hampshire in the 1907 County Championship. On debut, his only significant contribution was dismissing Worcestershire opener Harry Foster while in the other match for Hampshire, he claimed the wicket of Ernest Killick, of Sussex, after Lyon made his then highest score of 29.

Capped twice for England at rugby union, Lyon was a full-back and made his Test debut at Inverleith, in a loss to Scotland during the 1908 Home Nations Championship. When he appeared in his second and final Test the following year, it was as captain and against Australia at Blackheath. England once again lost the fixture but were awarding no less than nine players their first Test caps.

His return to first-class cricket in 1911 was much more successful, with an appearance for an Army and Navy cricket team against the Oxford and Cambridge Universities team at Portsmouth. Despite batting down the order at nine, Lyon was the top scorer for the Army and Navy in their first innings, with 90. He then managed career best figures of 4/51 and one of those, Ronald Lagden, was also an English rugby union international. Lyon's final first-class match came eleven years later when he lined up for the Royal Navy against the Army at Lord's. He contributed scores of 22 and 32 but couldn't stop the Army winning by 9 wickets.

Family
His son, Patrick Maxwell Lyon, was a second lieutenant in the Middlesex Regiment. He was killed in the Belgian campaign of May 1940.

References

External links

Cricinfo: George Lyon
Scrum: George Lyon

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1883 births
1947 deaths
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
English cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Royal Navy cricketers
Royal Navy admirals of World War II
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
Army and Navy cricketers
United Services players
Military personnel of British India
Rugby union fullbacks


Alie "Muffy" Israel, is an American track runner who in college ran as Muffy Israel.

Collegiate career
Israel experienced a successful career as a Carthage College Lady Red. While at Carthage, she earned NCAA All-America citations in 17 events over her four-year career. As a freshman in 2002, she won the NCAA Division III national title in the outdoor 100-meter dash, while finishing fifth in the 200-meter dash, seventh as part of a 400-meter relay team, fifth in the indoor 55-meter dash and fourth on the indoor 1,600-meter relay team.

In 2003, she was third in the 100-meter dash, eighth in the 200-meter dash, a member of a national-championship 400-meter relay team, fourth in the indoor 55-meter dash and fifth as a member of the indoor 1,600-meter relay team. In 2004, Israel was the national runner-up in the 100-meter dash while finishing fifth in the 200-meter dash, seventh as part of a 400-meter relay team and second in the indoor 55-meter dash.

As a senior in 2005, she finished fifth in the 100-meter dash, second as a member of the 400-meter relay team and fifth in the indoor 55-meter dash. Israel also won 16 individual CCIW titles, including four-straight titles in the outdoor 100-meter dash, four-straight titles in the outdoor 200-meter dash, four titles in the indoor 55-meter dash and three indoor titles in the 200-meter dash. She was named the “most valuable performer” at the 2005 CCIW Indoor Track and Field Championship.

Professional career
After taking more than two years off from competing seriously, Alie Israel qualified for the 2008 Indoor USA Championships and tied her personal best in the 100m and set a new personal record in the 200m at the Jim Bush Invitational with marks of 11.71 and 24.19.

In 2009 Israel smashed her indoor personal best by recording 6.94 in the 55m dash and 7.38s in the 60m dash. Israel also qualified and competed in the 2009 USA Indoor Championships taking 8th place in the 60m dash.

During the 2009 Outdoor season Alie continued to improve upon her successful indoor season posting 5prs in the 100m dash ending her season with a new personal best of 11.53s for the 100m dash and 23.72s for the 200m dash.

References

External links
Alie's Blog https://web.archive.org/web/20101206223918/http://www.alieisrael.com/
2003 Division III Champion Muffy Israel
Carthage Women’s Track and Field Honors and Awards

American female sprinters
Track and field athletes from Chicago
1983 births
Living people
Carthage College alumni
African-American female track and field athletes
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women


Cédric Tomio (born 1969) is a French ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 1992:
 1st, European Cup (together with Thierry Bochet)
 1st, French Championship
 1994:
 2nd, French Championship
 1995:
 2nd, French Championship
 2001:
 2nd, European Championship team race (together with Vincent Meilleur)
 2nd, European Cup
 2nd, French Championship
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen (European Cup, together with Vincent Meilleur)
 3rd, French national ranking
 2002:
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen (together with Vincent Meilleur)
 5th, World Championship single race
 5th, World Championship combination ranking
 6th, World Championship team race (together with Vincent Meilleur)
 2003:
 8th, European Championship team race (together with Vincent Meilleur)
 9th, European Championship single race
 9th, European Championship combination ranking
 2004:
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Stéphane Brosse, Florent Perrier and Patrick Blanc)
 6th, World Championship (together with Vincent Meilleur)

Pierra Menta

 2001: 3rd, together with Vincent Meilleur
 2002: 4th, together with Vincent Meilleur
 2003: 3rd, together with Vincent Meilleur
 2004: 2nd, together with Vincent Meilleur

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2003: 9th, together with Patrick Blanc and Tony Sbalbi

Notes

1969 births
Living people
French male ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
20th-century French people
21st-century French people


Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (7 January 1901 – 30 October 1986) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).  She was Federal Minister of Health in the German Cabinet from 1961 to 1966, the first woman to hold a Ministerial position in Germany.

Biography
Schwarzhaupt was the daughter of an upper school principal who belonged to the German People's Party of Prussia. Her mother came from a wealthy merchant family. She was engaged to a Jewish doctor who fled to Switzerland and then the United States because of Nazi persecution.

After finishing school in 1920, Schwarzhaupt studied law in Frankfurt am Main.  In 1930, she received her doctorate in law. She was a legal adviser on women's issues until 1932 when she worked as a Beauftragter Richter ("Mandated Judge") in Dortmund and Frankfurt am Main. She was dismissed in March 1933 in the wake of a judicial decree that women should no longer hold judicial office.

From 1935, Schwarzhaupt worked as a legal assistant at the Registry of the Evangelical Church in Berlin.  In 1947, she returned to Frankfurt, promoted by 1953 to Oberkirchenrätin ("Senior Church Adviser") and Geschäftsführerin der Evangelischen Frauenarbeit ("Director of Evangelical Women's Work").

On 10 December 1965, she was the first woman to be awarded the Großkreuz des Bundesverdienstkreuzes (loosely, "Grand Cross of the German Federal Cross of Merit").  From 1970 to 1972, she was the First Chairman of the German Women's Council.

During the Weimar Republic, Schwarzhaupt was a member of the German People's Party. She belonged to the Christian Democratic Union from 1945 until her death.  She was buried in the main cemetery in Frankfurt.

Offices and achievements
From 1953 to 1969, Schwarzhaupt was a member of the German Bundestag. From 1957 to 1961, she was Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group.  Unlike most women in the party, she was vehemently opposed to a ruling called the "Stitch" ruling (pertaining to the rights of the husband in marital disputes).  Together with Margot Kalinke she orchestrated support for an opposition amendment to her own party's bill.  The Gesetz über die Gleichstellung von Mann und Frau auf dem Gebiet des bürgerlichen Rechts ("Law of Equality between Man and Wife in Civil Law") was enacted on 18 June 1957 without the Stitch Clause. In 1997 the German government issued a postage stamp with her image.

Publications
 Die Frau in Regierungs- und Oppositionsparteien, in: Neue Evangelische Frauenzeitung, 1965, Heft 2, Seiten 34 bis 38.
 Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen, in: Abgeordnete des Deutschen Bundestages. Aufzeichnungen und Erinnerungen, Band 2, Boppard am Rhein, 1983, Seiten 235 bis 283.

Sources
 Hessische Landesregierung (Hrsg): Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt – Portrait einer streitbaren Politikerin und Christin (1901–1986). Herder Verlag, 2001,

External links

1901 births
1986 deaths
Politicians from Frankfurt
German Protestants
German People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Health ministers of Germany
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
20th-century German women politicians
Women federal government ministers of Germany
Members of the Bundestag 1965–1969
Members of the Bundestag 1961–1965
Members of the Bundestag 1957–1961
Members of the Bundestag 1953–1957
Members of the Bundestag for Hesse


Sand, Love and Salt () is a 1957 Italian-German-Yugoslavian comedy film directed by František Čáp.

Plot
Marina is a young orphan from the coast who struggles to support her and her two younger brothers, her only support is Nicola, in love with her but not reciprocated by her. One day she goes out to sea, but a storm arrives that wrecks her little boat. She is saved by Pietro, a young fisherman who welcomes her into her house and starts courting her.

Not being able to fish anymore Marina she decides to go to work in the salt pan accompanied by her brothers, asking for the same place that her father had. Pietro too, with all her men, gets hired at the salt pan in order not to stay away from her. Alberto, the dishonest supervisor of the salt pan tries several times to approach Marina who always manages to escape. All this gives rise to the jealousy of Vida, another worker in the salt pan, and Alberto's clandestine lover.

One evening the events precipitate, Vida desperate after another quarrel with Marina, she confesses to Alberto that she is expecting a child, but the man rejects her badly, the girl falls and dies. The man who had been accused by the workers of withholding part of the wages decides to flee the island but is stopped by Nicola and Piero managing to exonerate Marina, accused of the girl's death.

The following morning Marina thanking Nicola for the help received accepts his proposal to leave with him but when she realizes that Pietro is also leaving for the island she runs to the pier and followed by her brothers throws herself into the sea and then gets on board his boat and stay with him.

Cast
 Marcello Mastroianni as Piero
 Isabelle Corey as Marina
 Jester Naefe as Vida
 Trude Hesterberg as Mother of Vida
 Edith Schultze-Westrum as Mother of Piero
 Kai Fischer as Lola
 Peter Carsten as Alberto
 Hans Reiser as Nico
 Mario Adorf as Coco
 Stane Sever as Father of Vida
 Relja Bašić as Innkeeper

References

External links

1957 films
1957 comedy-drama films
1957 comedy films
1957 drama films
Italian comedy-drama films
West German films
Yugoslav comedy-drama films
1950s Italian-language films
Films directed by František Čáp
Films set in Slovenia
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
1950s Italian films


Karl Johann Nikolaus Stumpff (May 17, 1895 – November 10, 1970) was a German astronomer. The Stumpff functions, used in the universal variable formulation of the two-body problem, are named after him.

Works
 Analyse periodischer Vorgänge. Gebrüder Borntraeger: Berlin 1927
 Grundlagen und Methoden der Periodenforschung. Berlin 1937
 Ermittlung und Realität von Periodizitäten. Korrelationsrechnung. In: Handbuch der Geophysik. 1940
 Tafeln und Aufgaben zur Harmonischen Analyse und Periodogrammrechnung. Berlin 1939
 Neue Theorie und Methoden der Ephemeridenrechnung. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1947
 Neue Wege zur Bahnberechnung der Himmelskörper. In: Fortschritte der Physik. vol.1, 1954, pp. 557–596
 Geographische Ortsbestimmungen. In: Hochschulbücher für Physik. Berlin 1955
 Himmelsmechanik. 3 vols., Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1959, 1965, 1974
 Die Erde als Planet. 1939, 1955
 Das Uhrwerk des Himmels. Stuttgart 1942, 1944
 Neuauflage und Bearbeiter von Littrow Wunder des Himmels. Bonn 1963
 Fischer Lexikon Astronomie. 1957, 1972
 Astronomie gegen Astrologie. 1955

References

External links

20th-century German astronomers
1895 births
1970 deaths


Rice production in Japan is important to the food supply in Japan, with rice being a staple part of the Japanese diet. Most people in Japan see this food as a substantial part of their daily diet.

Production
Rice production is important to the food supply, with rice being a staple part of the Japanese diet.  Japan is the ninth largest producer of rice in the world.  The rice seasons in Northern Japan last from May–June to September–October. In central Japan, it is from April–May to August–October. In southern Japan the rice season is from April–May to August–September. About 85% of the 2.3 million farms in Japan plant rice yearly. Improved varieties of japonica rice are grown in almost all prefectures in the country. The most widely planted variety is Koshihikari.

The average rice field acreage of a Japanese farmer is very small and rice production is highly mechanized.  Due to small farms, rice production is considered a part-time occupation by many farmers.  The number of Japanese farm households and farm population has declined in recent decades, as has rice production. The decline came about because in 1969, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries has asked farmers to reduce rice acreage; under the Staple Food Control Act of 1942 the Japanese government is formally in charge of all rice production, distribution, and sales. The most striking feature of Japanese agriculture, however, is the shortage of farmland. The  under cultivation in 2008 has shrunk, with most farmers over 65. While Japan's rice acreage shrinks, in order to prop prices in the market up, much of its country-side lays depleted and bare.

However, the land is intensively cultivated. Paddy fields occupy much of the countryside, whether on the alluvial plains, the terraced slopes, or the swampland and coastal bays. Nonrice farmland share the terraces and lower slopes and are planted with wheat and barley in the autumn and with sweet potatoes, vegetables, and dry rice in the summer.  Japan's strategy to protect the flooding of its rice market is to offer compensation to those who own land and agree to grow other commodities. Intercropping is common: such crops are alternated with beans and peas.

History

Phytolithic studies indicate that dry-field rice may have been in Japan as early as the Early Jōmon, about 6000 years ago. Wet-field rice agriculture was introduced into Japan between the Final Jōmon and the Early Yayoi periods. It is thought that this started the archipelago's agricultural revolution with its first intensive crop production. Rice occupies an emotional place in Japanese history, society, and political economy (Hsu, 1994).

Since the postwar land reform (1945–1949), Japanese farms have remained fragmented and small. To prevent the reconsolidation of farmland, joint-stock companies cannot own farmland; agricultural cooperatives can own farmland only if they do the actual farming. Currently the average rice farmer works only 1.65 acres (6680 square meters or 2/3 hectare), which a little larger than a football field. A typical American farm is 160 times larger.

As part of the government's control of rice, rice imports are banned except in processed forms.  Also, because of the disproportionate political power wielded by farmers, rice production is subsidized by the government. This aggravated trade frictions between Japan and the United States. To the extent that Japan's rice producers have expressed discontent in removing quotas and high tariffs that help their industry at home, at the price of other Japanese industries prospering such as (Kia). Tokyo's rationale for the ban is that self-sufficiency in rice is important for food security purposes.  In addition domestic farm groups have long maintained that rice cultivation is part of Japanese culture. Yet this culture seems to be fading as Japan's subsidies come in the form of incentives for the younger population to claim their stake in future rice production industry although with higher education levels, this industry becomes less lucrative for them. Hayami (1988) argued that Japanese consumers have become more tolerant of high rice prices because their food expenditure as a ratio of total expenditure has declined as their incomes rise (Hsu, 1994). Surprisingly, consumer groups have not actively supported the lifting of the ban in order to reduce the rice price.  The main reason is reportedly the Japanese consumers’ demand for “high-quality” rice.  Surveys indicate that consumers believe that foreign rice tastes bad.

In the Uruguay Round of GATT (General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade) negotiations in 1990, Japan refused to give concessions in eliminating its ban on rice imports.  It was estimated that without the ban, U.S. rice exports to Japan could have amounted to $656 million a year.  As of 2010 free trade in connection with the Trans-Pacific Partnership is again being debated in Japan.

Comparisons
Projection in metric tons in 2016 include rice, 11 million; sugar beets, 4.7 million; potatoes, 2.9 million; cabbage, 2.3 million; mandarin oranges, 1.4 million; onions, 1.1 million; sweet potatoes, 1 million; apples, 881,100; and cucumbers, 700,000. Other crops include melons, tomatoes, wheat, soybeans, tea, tobacco, and other fruits and vegetables.

See also
 Agriculture in Japan

References

Agriculture in Japan
Japan


Harold Van Buskirk (February 20, 1894 – October 25, 1980) was an American architect and fencing champion, and a three-time member of the US Olympic fencing team. During World War I, he was the officer in charge of the US Navy Camouflage Section, which designed and tested camouflage for American ships, both military and civilian (Van Buskirk 1919).

Early years
Born in Brooklyn, New York, his birth name was Charles Harold Van Buskirk. He attended college at the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned a BS in architecture in 1915, and fenced for the University of Pennsylvania Quakers.

Camouflage service
During World War I, Van Buskirk was a lieutenant in the US Naval Reserve Force. Initially connected with the Submarine Defense Association, in March 1918 he was put in charge of the Camouflage Section, a newly formed government unit within the Bureau of Construction and Repair (Skerrett 1919:101). The Camouflage Section had two subsections, the Design Subsection (located in Washington DC) and the Research Subsection (located at Eastman Kodak Laboratories in Rochester, New York). The former, which was largely made up of artists, was led by a painter named Everett L. Warner, while the latter, whose members where mostly scientists, was under the direction of Eastman Kodak's head physicist, Loyd A. Jones (Warner 1919:105-106). Van Buskirk was the executive head of the two subsections, which included making certain that the patterns produced by these units were being correctly adapted to merchant ships by civilian painters. The task of commissioning painters to apply dazzle camouflage patterns to the ships was given to a civilian agency, the Emergency Fleet Corporation (Van Buskirk 1919:227).

Fencing career
Van Buskirk's skills as a fencer led to his being a member of the US Olympic fencing team in 1924, 1928 and 1932, competing with the sabre. In 1927, he was the US National Champion with the épée. His wife Evelyn was also a fencing champion. In 1944, the Van Buskirks moved to Houston, Texas, where he was a coach and instructor of fencing at Rice University for more than twenty years, and where, in 1968, the Van Buskirk Sabre Tournament was established. A member of the US Fencing Association (USFA) Hall of Fame, he died in Harris County, Texas, in 1980.

See also

 USFA Hall of Fame
 Dazzle camouflage
 Everett Warner
 Loyd A. Jones
 William Mackay

Notes
Everett L. Warner, “Fooling the Iron Fish: The Inside Story of Marine Camouflage” in Everybody’s Magazine (November 1919), pp. 102–109.
Robert G. Skerrett, “How We Put It Over on the Periscope” in The Rudder (March 1919), pp. 97–102; (April 1919), pp. 175–179.
Harold Van Buskirk, “Camouflage” in Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society 14 (July 21, 1919), pp. 225–232.

References

External links
 WWI Ship Camouflage (includes Van Buskirk photographs)
Contributors to Camouflage
Van Buskirk Olympic Sports biography
US Fencing Hall of Fame biography

1894 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American architects
American male épée fencers
Olympic fencers for the United States
Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
Camoufleurs
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American male sabre fencers


Trude Hesterberg (2 May 1892 – 31 August 1967) was a German film actress. She appeared in 89 films between 1917 and 1964.

Selected filmography

 Ein Schwerenöter (1916) - Liddy
 Die Eheschule (1917)
 Die Reise ins Jenseits (1917)
 The Rosentopf Case (1918) - Bella Spaketti, Tänzerin
 The Story of a Maid (1921) - Lia de Pau
 Fridericus Rex (1922-1923, part 1, 3) - Marquise von Pompadour
 Die Frau mit dem Etwas (1925)
 The Woman with That Certain Something (1925) - Zuschauerin imm Varieté
 Upstairs and Downstairs (1925) - Auguste, Mädchen für alles
 Manon Lescaut (1926) - Claire
 Circus Romanelli (1926) - Frau Direktor
 Maytime (1926) - Julia
 Madame Wants No Children (1926) - Elyane's mother
 White Slave Traffic (1927) - Meta Pohlmann
 Love Affairs (1927)
 The Imaginary Baron (1927) - Fränze
 The Vice of Humanity (1927) - Mrs. von Führing
 The Lorelei (1927)
 The Queen Was in the Parlour (1927) - Herzogin Xenia
 That Dangerous Age (1927) - Lilly seine Frau
 Two Under the Stars (1927) - Isabella, seine Frau
 When the Mother and the Daughter (1928)
 The Great Adventuress (1928) - Aunt Eulalie
 Honeymoon (1928)
 Two Red Roses (1928) - Eugenie, seine Frau
 The Little Slave (1928) - Meta Strippe
 Strauss Is Playing Today (1928) - Trampusch
 Flucht vor Blond (1928)
 Revolt in the Batchelor's House (1929) - Die lustige Witwe
 The Convict from Istanbul (1929) - Jola Zezi
 Once I Loved a Girl in Vienna (1931) - Marchesa Giuseppina Savigliani
 The Night of Decision (1931) - Madame Alexandra
 The Men Around Lucy (1931) - Lola
 Poor as a Church Mouse (1931)
 Storms of Passion (1932) - Yvonne
 The Naked Truth (1932)
 Viennese Waltz (1932)
 A Blonde Dream (1932) - Illustrierte Ilse
 Mieter Schulze gegen alle (1932)
 Ich will Dich Liebe lehren (1933)
 Ist mein Mann nicht fabelhaft? (1933) - Frau Windisch
 The Page from the Dalmasse Hotel (1933) - Mrs. Wellington
 My Heart Calls You (1934) - Director of a Modesalon
 The Big Chance (1934) - Renate Rodenbeck
 The Brenken Case (1934) - Fräulein Bomst, Direktrice Gussersee-Hotel
 All Because of the Dog (1935) - Lottchen, seine Frau
 The Green Domino (1935) - Lulu Mielke
 Mädchenräuber (1936) - Frau des Hippodrombesitzers
 The Abduction of the Sabine Women (1936) - Adelgunde Striese
 Paul and Pauline (1936) - Bertha Wohlleben
 Orders Are Orders (1936) - Alwine Sommer
 Drei tolle Tage (1936) - Tante Jutta
 His Best Friend (1937) - Emmi Gärtner
 The Irresistible Man (1937) - Tante Renier
 Tip auf Amalia (1940) - Hippodrominhaberin Cora Barella
 Golowin geht durch die Stadt (1940) - Hetty Rado
 Jakko (1941) - Soubrette
 Der Hochtourist (1942) - Johanna Lallinger
 Am Ende der Welt (1947) - Corinna Valaine
 The Secret of the Red Cat (1949) - Laura
 Um eine Nasenlänge (1949) - Therese, seine Gattin
 The Blue Straw Hat (1949) - Seine Frau
 Trouble in Paradise (1950) - Ulrike Möller
 Nacht ohne Sünde (1950) - Frau Steinhauer
 Corinna Schmidt (1951) - Jenny Treibel
 Alraune (1952) - Fuerstin Wolkonska
 The Divorcée (1953) - Schauspielerin
 Mailman Mueller (1953) - Aunt Anna
 Jonny Saves Nebrador (1953) - Madame Dubouche
 Unter den Sternen von Capri (1953)
 Die Geschichte vom kleinen Muck (1953) - Ahavzi
 The Gypsy Baron (1954) - Zipra, eine alte Zigeunerin
 Oh, diese lieben Verwandten (1955) - Alwine, seine geschiedene Frau
 The Happy Wanderer (1955) - Milena Gaad, Gesangslehrerin
 Parole Heimat (1955) - Madame Janine
 Sonnenschein und Wolkenbruch (1955)
 Weil du arm bist, mußt du früher sterben (1956) - Frau Moll
 Holiday am Wörthersee (1956) - Generalin von Patzewitz
 The Old Forester House (1956) - Emilie Kramer
 Der schräge Otto (1957) - Frau Miefke
 Frauen sind für die Liebe da (1957) - Oberst von Brugg
 Sand, Love and Salt (1957) - Mother of Vida
 Es wird alles wieder gut (1957) - Tante Flora
 Doctor Bertram (1957) - Frau Gollicke
 At the Green Cockatoo by Night (1957) - Frl. Koldewey, Faktotum
 Skandal um Dodo (1959) - Frau Wiedehopf
 Auf Wiedersehen am blauen Meer (1962) - Bonny

References

External links

1892 births
1967 deaths
German film actresses
German silent film actresses
20th-century German actresses
Actresses from Berlin


Rice production in South Korea is important for the food supply in the country, with rice being a common part of the Korean diet.  In 2009, South Korea produced 3,899,036 metric tonnes (4,297,951 tons) of rice.
Rice is the most valuable crop in South Korea. However, as noted by Donald S. Macdonald, rising wage levels and land values have made it expensive to produce. Rice represented about 90 percent of total grain production and over 40 percent of farm income; the 1988 rice crop was 6.5 million tonnes. Rice was imported in the 1980s, but the amount depended on the success of domestic harvests. The government's rice support program reached a record of US$1.9 billion in 1986 compared to $890 million in 1985. By raising procurement prices by 14 percent to the 1986 level, Seoul achieved a rice price structure that was about five times that of the world market in 1987.

In 2015, South Korea's rice consumption hit a record low of 65.1 kg per person, while flour consumption was the highest since 2006 at 33.6 kg, according to industry and official data. The South Korean government, which is subsidizing rice production and storage, has accumulated a large stockpile of rice.

Production figures

Rice Production in South Korea

Special rice brands

Icheon rice
Icheon rice(이천 쌀) is rice produced in Icheon, Gyeonggi-do. Icheon rice is the most preferred product among large and small retailers such as E-Mart, Lotte Mart, and Homeplus. Icheon rice has fewer calories, fat, and protein than other regions, and thiamine, niacin, vitamins, and essential amino acids, which make rice taste better, and taste better than other local rice even after March to April of the following year. There are three reasons why Icheon rice tastes good. First, 88% of farmers in Icheon farm underground water. Secondly, Icheon, Gyeonggi-do, is a basin-type topography located in the center of the inland, and has excellent quality due to the large seasonal temperature difference and daily temperature difference between day and night. Thus the region has a good environment for growing rice due to the higher sunlight during the bearing season. Thirdly, the soil fertility is good. This is because of high levels of granite gneiss present in the gray-brown soil. Water can be controlled better, and  nutrition can be supplied to the crop until the late stage of growth.

Yeoju rice
Yeoju rice(여주 쌀) is rice produced in Yeoju, Gyeonggi-do. Yeoju rice has obtained a "G mark" only available by certification of the governor of Gyeonggi-do. The 'G Mark' is a brand mark given exclusively to agricultural products from Gyeonggi-do. The reason why Yeoju rice is considered superior is that Yeoju enjoys climatic advantages. It is not located in an area greatly affected by drought and flooding; there are few high mountains, so there are longer sunshine hours; and the daily temperature difference between day and night is larger than in other areas. Yeoju has superior water quality because the Namhan River flows through the center of the region. Finally, the area can produce high-quality rice because the land is high in biological content.

Cheolwon odae rice
Cheolwon Odae(철원오대 쌀) rice is rice produced on land near the Demilitarized Zone in Cheolwon, Gangwon-do. Rice grains are larger than other rice, and the aging of rice is slow, so the taste can be maintained for a long time. Cheolwon Odae rice has a unique savory and sweet taste. It is also characterized by a white dot next to the grain of rice. It is cultivated on the Cheolwon plain, which is composed of highly nutritious basalt inorganic ocher soil. Cheolwon has significant daily temperature fluctuations, so can grow sticky rice.

Falling in love at a glance rice
Falling in love at a glance rice(한눈에 반한 쌀) is produced in Haenam, Jeollanam-do. This rice is considered superior for making sushi.

This brand was awarded the grand prize in 2006, 2007, and in 2009 in the High-Quality Brand Rice Evaluation by the Korea Consumer Organization Council. It was for eight years selected for its excellence.

Distribution and consumption

South Korea's Rice Exports

South Korea's major rice export markets are the United States, Australia, and Singapore, accounting for 60 percent of the total exports. As the demand for dining out increased due to the stabilization of COVID-19, the demand for Korean rice from overseas Korean markets such as the United States and Australia decreased.

The U.S. exports about 500 tons annually to Korean marts and Korean restaurants. The 2022 demand for Korean food consumption for rice processed foods increased due to the popularity of K-contents.

Japan exports about 30 tons a year. As rice processed foods, demand for traditional liquor and Sikhye is increasing.

Vietnam exports about 97 tons of rice annually, and rice processed foods are increasing as entry into the Tteokbokki franchise expands.

Domestic rice consumption

Annual household consumption of rice per person
South Korea's rice consumption has been decreasing for 37 consecutive years since 1988. Rice consumption per capita in 2021 is 56.9%. This decreased by 1.4% (0.8 kg) compared to 2020.

The reason for the decrease in rice consumption is known to be due to changes in eating habits. This is due to a decline in the number of people who cook at home, and the spread of a culture of food deliveries and/ or frequent dining out. The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of South Korea considered that the extent of the decline in rice consumption in 2021 eased compared to the previous two years. In 2021 there was a 1.4% decrease ie less than the 3.0% decrease in 2019 and that of 2.5% in 2020. There are three reasons for this reduced decline. The first is the increase in demand for homemade meals due to the expansion of the home convenience market such as for soup and stew. The second reason is the increase in single-person households with relatively high rice consumption. The third reason is that after COVID-19, more people prefer home-cooked meals.

Corporate rice consumption
Rice consumption in the 2021 business sector totalled 680,000 tons, up 30,000 tons (4.6%↑) from 650,000 tons in 2020. In industry, demand for lunch boxes, noodles, rice cakes, and cooked food for meals increased by more than 10% compared to the previous year, and demand for sugar and liquor decreased slightly. In particular, the manufacturing of lunch boxes increased by 16% in 2021 compared to 2020, and the demand for cooked food such as instant rice has been steadily increasing over the three years 2019-2021.

Economic implications of rice
Rice is suitable for regions affected by seasonal wind, such as Korea, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, and is one of the most productive crops per unit area. In a country with limited farmland like Korea, it is efficient for a large population to grow crops with high productivity on limited areas of land. Accordingly, rice has been linked to the lives of the Korean people as a staple food. The production, distribution, and consumption of rice have become the basis of the agricultural economy of South Korea.

In historical times, rice was used in place of money before money was commonly used. Barter involves difficulties in comparing the value of objects. To solve this problem, rice was conveniently used. There is a record that rice was used as a currency during the reign of King Soji of Silla. This shows that rice was used early as a currency during the period of Three Kingdoms of Korea.

After currency was created, the monetary function of rice generally gradually disappeared, but remained in rural areas. In the case of paying farm rent, between 1965 and 1981 the ratio of payment in rice was 70 to 94%, which greatly exceeded cash expenditure. Rice was a symbol of the wealth of farmers in the process of economic development.

Rice is South Korea's most important staple and accounts for a large portion of the nation's nutritional requirements. In addition, rice accounts for a high proportion of household expenses, so any rise in rice prices pressures household expenses for people living in cities. Such price rises act as a wage inflation pressure so as eventually to cause an increase in general prices. This has led to a government theory that ideally rice should not be too expensive or too cheap. If the price of rice is too high, people cannot buy it. If the price of rice is too low, it cannot guarantee the cost of living for farmers who grow rice.

History of production
The most likely origin of Asian rice cultivated in Korea is the theory of the origin of Assam in northern India, and there are other theories of the origin of Yunnan in southern China and Southeast Asia. However, the recent excavation of rice seeds from the earthen layer of the Paleolithic Age in Sorori, Chungcheingbuk-do, Korea, has raised new interest in the origin of rice and its propagation route

Before ancient Koreans ate rice, they ate mixed grains as a staple food. As rice entered Korea through the north, it was actively grown in Yeongnam and Honam regions, which have favorable climatic conditions. Rice production in Baekje and Silla was high during the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and rice topped the list of staple foods, especially during the Unified Silla Period. Rice in Korea is weak against falling and rice blasts, but it is resistant to cold and grows well even if there is insufficient water.

Rice cultivation became common in the Goryeo Dynasty, during which period production was strengthened by the building of rice warehouses, improvement of cultivation methods, and expansion of agricultural areas. As the population increased and the preference for rice increased, production of rice became essential. During the Joseon Dynasty, rice planting methods spread throughout the country, increasing the overall amount of rice production.

By the late Joseon Dynasty, farmers cultivated superior species. There were about 1,500 varieties of rice in South Korea. Due to the policy of abolishing Korean traditional rice during the Japanese colonial era and of accepting Japanese rice varieties, only 55 traditional species remained by 1935. The rice harvest in 1978 was smaller due to damage by blight, harmful insects and cold weather. South Korea was able to achieve substantial self-sufficiency in rice after the mid-1980s due to technology and the distribution of Tongil Rice.

Storage

Rice storage methods in South Korea

The Korea Rural Development Administration introduced a rice storage method that can reduce changes in the proper temperature so as to keep rice fresh.

Since rice reacts sensitively to the temperature, it should be stored in an appropriate way to reduce quality changes. If the temperature of the place where rice is stored is high, the fat content in the rice combines with oxygen in the air. This raises acidity, and causes bad smells so as to affect the taste of rice. In an experiment conducted by the Korea Rural Development Administration to examine changes in rice quality according to storage temperature, rice stored at 4 degrees Celsius was found to last the longest due to limited changes in rice taste, freshness, and color.

At home, it is recommended to store rice in an airtight container in the refrigerator. If this is not possible, it is recommended during the period October to April to store rice in a cool place where there is no sunlight and where the average temperature is under 15 degrees. If room temperature storage cannot be avoided in summer, it is better to purchase small amounts of rice and consume each as soon as possible. When humidity and temperature are high, microorganisms such as pests, fungi, and bacteria can occur, so rice should be stored in a cool place with low humidity. If the winter temperature drops below zero, rice may freeze, thereby introducing volume increase and subsequent cracking.

In Korean homes, kimchi is usually stored at an appropriate temperature using a kimchi refrigerator. The reason for kimchi refrigerators is that when kimchi is finished, it should traditionally be put in a jar and buried in the ground. As the number of cities increases and the number of people living in apartments other than detached houses increases, those who cannot use the traditional storage method choose a kimchi refrigerator instead. In Korea, kimchi refrigerators are treated as necessities in a home, and will be featured in new home introductory videos.

Public stockpiling system
There is in South Korea a government-run public storage system that stores a certain amount of food in case of food crises such as unstable grain supply and demand, natural disasters, and war. It reserves 17-18% of annual consumption, and buys from farmers at the national average rice price during the harvest season from October to December. In principle, the stockpile is supplied throughout the year via the military and government offices to circulate inventory. If supply and demand are unstable, stored rice is released to the market on short sale prices. Replacement of a certain quantity is required every year in order to prevent quality degradation and to ensure smooth inventory circulation.

See also
Paddy fields in Korea
Agriculture in South Korea
Wild rice
Rice production of Japan
Rice in Korean culture

References

Agriculture in South Korea
South Korea


Richard More O'Ferrall  (10 April 1797 – 27 October 1880) was an Irish politician, a high level British government official and a Governor of Malta. Born to a noble Irish Catholic family at Balyna, he was the eldest son and heir of Ambrose More O'Ferrall, Lord of Laois and Prince of Annally. Educated at Stonyhurst College, More O'Ferrall entered politics young, becoming Member of Parliament for Kildare in 1830. In 1839, More O'Ferrall married Matilda, daughter of The 3rd Viscount Southwell, KP. After holding many senior roles, he was appointed Governor of Malta in 1847, a post he held until 1851. He was known to be a very honourable man and was made a deputy lieutenant and a justice of the peace as well as a Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. He stepped down as a Member of Parliament for Kildare in 1865. More O'Ferrall was widely respected, both in Ireland and Great Britain and has been praised for his achievements while Governor of Malta.

Early life
Richard More O'Ferrall was born in Balyna in Moyvalley, County Kildare, Ireland, to the House of More O'Ferrall, a powerful Irish family of ancient lineage whose ancestors, the O'Mores, ruled the county of Laois. The ancestral home of the More O'Ferrall family is Balyna House, on the land given to the family as a New Year's gift by Elizabeth I in 1574. Richard More O'Ferrall was the eldest son of Major Ambrose O'Ferrall (1752–1835) and his first wife, Anne Bagot, daughter of John Bagot, patriarch of another prominent Catholic family based at Castle Bagot, County Dublin.
More O'Ferrall was directly related to two of the most famous Lords of Laois, Ruairí Óg Ó Mórdha and Rory O'Moore. He grew up on the family estate of Balyna, in Kildare and attended Downside School and Stonyhurst College.
He was elected to the British House of Commons in 1832, and represented the Constituencies of County Kildare from 10 December 1832 to 29 July 1847, and subsequently Longford from 21 April 1851 to 7 July 1852 and Kildare again from 28 April 1859 to 11 July 1865.

Career
He was elected to the British House of Commons in 1832, and represented the Constituencies of County Kildare from 10 December 1832 to 29 July 1847, and subsequently Longford from 21 April 1851 to 7 July 1852 and Kildare again from 28 April 1859 to 11 July 1865.

Under the Whig administration of Lord Melbourne, He entered the Government as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in 1835, and remained so until 1837.

He was a close friend of Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman. O'Ferrall served as a trustee of the Catholic College, St. Patrick's College, Maynooth.

On 28 September 1839, More O'Ferrall married Matilda (died 1882), the second daughter of The 3rd Viscount Southwell, KP. The couple had a son, Ambrose, and a daughter, Maria Anne, who married the Crimean War hero Sir Walter Nugent, 2nd Baronet, of Donore, County Westmeath, eldest son of Sir Percy Fitzgerald Nugent, 1st Baronet.

A week after his marriage, on 4 October 1839, More O'Ferrall was appointed to the Government as First Secretary of the Royal Navy, a post he retained until June 1841, when he briefly became Secretary to the Treasury. In October 1847 he became Governor of Malta. and, in 1841, Secretary to the Treasury. In 1847 he was the first civilian to hold the post of Governor of Malta. As such he helped develop the island into one of Britain’s most important strategic naval bases. He also secured the passing of a new Constitution for Malta in 1849, which effectively allowed for Maltese home rule. On 12 September 1851 More O'Ferrall resigned as governor, refusing to serve under Lord John Russell, whose Ecclesiastical Titles Act was designed to prevent a restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England.

At the 1830 general election he came forward for an unexpected opening in county Kildare with the backing of the local Independent Club, citing his support for reform and retrenchment and opposition to the Irish Subletting Act and the ‘odious and vexatious monopoly’ of the East India Company. At the nomination he refuted the charge of an opponent that he was ‘intemperate’ and a ‘wild theorist’. ‘You will have an efficient Irish colleague in Richard O’Ferrall, he is pretty sure of success’, Robert Cassidy informed Sir Thomas Wyse, 12 Aug. After a two-day contest he was returned in second place. In September 1830 he was one of 15 Members who signed a Dublin requisition for a meeting in support of the French revolution. He voted for repeal of the Subletting Act, 11 Nov. and reduction of West Indian wheat import duties, 12 Nov. He had of course been listed by the Wellington ministry as one of their ‘foes’, and he voted against them on the civil list, 15 Nov. On 20 Nov. he joined Brooks's, sponsored by the Duke of Leinster and Lord Essex. That month he was named by Daniel O'Connell as a ‘proper person’ to present petitions against the grant to the Kildare Place Society.5 On 6 Dec. he presented one for repeal of the Union, but doubted that it would ‘afford a remedy’ and advocated ‘general reform’ and more measures ‘to relieve the distresses of Ireland’. His comments were condemned by O’Connell, but he spoke again in similar terms, 11 Dec. 1830, when he complained that Ireland had not received the attention from governments that she had ‘a right to expect’ and had been passed over for additional representatives. He ‘spoke like a sensible and fluent English country gentleman’, recorded Sir Denis Le Marchant, 1st Baronet†, adding to James Abercromby that he made,

"A considerable impression, especially as amidst his expression of very determined feelings he alluded to O’Connell in by no means a laudatory manner and assured government that the influential classes of society in Ireland were guided by very different principles and quite independent of his control. The subject once started, people in the lobbies and rooms were all talking of it, and I saw some who did not treat it as a slip, and what must somehow or other be corrected.6
On 22 Feb. 1831 More O’Ferrall wrote to advise James Emerson of Belfast that he would support the extension of Littleton’s truck bill to Ireland, but that ‘some Irish Members think it would be injurious and prevent the employment of weavers’ and that ‘those interested’ should send petitions to Parliament.7 He sympathized with Catholic hostility to the Kildare Place Society, which used the Scriptures ‘contrary to the feelings or even the prejudices of the people’, 14 Mar. He presented another petition for repeal, 16 Mar. He voted for the second reading of the Grey ministry's reform bill, 22 Mar., and against Gascoyne's wrecking amendment, 19 Apr. 1831."

At the ensuing general election he offered again as an ‘unflinching advocate’ of the reform bill and its extension to Ireland, and ‘every measure of economy and retrenchment’. A threatened opposition came to nothing and he was returned unopposed.8 On 27 June 1831 he presented two petitions for draining Irish bogs and obtained leave to introduce an embankments bill for removing obstacles from rivers. He steered it through the Commons and, after amendment by the Lords, it received royal assent, 20 Oct. (1 & 2 Gul. IV, c. 57). He asserted the ‘positive right’ of Ireland ‘to receive assistance by way of grant’, 30 June. He voted for the second reading of the reintroduced reform bill, 6 July, gave steady support to its details, and divided for the third reading, 19 Sept., and its passage, 21 Sept. He divided for the second reading of the Scottish bill, 23 Sept., and Lord Ebrington's confidence motion, 10 Oct. On 14 July he denounced the ‘system of proselytism’ carried on by the Kildare Place Society, with which he had ceased to co-operate after finding that ‘unless the poor were protected by a gentleman of their own persuasion, their religious principles were interfered with’; he presented petitions against giving it further grants, 5 Sept. He was in the minority for a reduction of the civil list, 18 July. He welcomed the introduction of lord lieutenants for Irish counties, as the country had suffered ‘very badly under the present regulations’, 25 July. He voted against disqualification of the Dublin election committee, 29 July, and the issue of a writ, 8 Aug., and with ministers on the controversy, 23 Aug. On 5 Aug. he defended the conduct of Maynooth College, which was inspected twice a year, and called for a ‘liberal system of education’ to be adopted throughout Ireland. That day he presented and endorsed petitions against the additional drawback on Irish malt, which enabled Scottish distillers to ‘sell their whisky in Ireland at a price 20 per cent lower’. He divided in favour of printing the Waterford petition for disarming the Irish yeomanry, 11 Aug. He advocated reform of the law respecting marriages in Catholic chapels in England, the illegality of which induced husbands to ‘desert their wives’, 12 Aug. On 19 Aug. he spoke and voted against the Irish union of parishes bill, as it would force Catholics to support the construction of Protestant churches. He argued and divided for legal provision for the Irish poor and demanded that a third of Irish church revenues be conferred on the ‘destitute’, 29 Aug. He welcomed proposed reforms to the Irish grand jury system, 16, 29 Sept. He voted for inquiry into the conduct of the Hampshire magistrates during the arrest of the Deacles, 27 Sept. 1831.

More O’Ferrall regretted that ministers had ‘departed from the principle of giving additional Members to Ireland’ and warned that this would lead to ‘political agitation’ and the ‘commission of acts that both England and Ireland deplore’, 12 Dec. 1831. He paired for the second reading of the revised reform bill, 17 Dec. 1831, again supported its details, and divided for the third reading, 22 Mar. 1832. He voted for the address calling on the king to appoint only ministers who would carry it unimpaired, 10 May. He voted for the second reading of the Irish bill, 25 May, but was in the minority of 61 for an increase in the Scottish county representation, 1 June. He divided for O’Connell's motion to extend the Irish county franchise to £5 freeholders, 18 June, welcomed the enfranchisement of 20 year leaseholders, 25 June, and voted against the liability of Irish electors to pay municipal taxes before they could vote, 29 June. On 18 July he advocated the division of Irish counties into polling districts, explaining that in ‘long and narrow’ Kildare the expense of bringing voters to the poll was ‘very great’. That day he demanded that the ‘degradation’ of swearing an oath against the pope at the poll be dispensed with. On 9 Feb. he voted with ministers on relations with Portugal. He divided in favour of printing the Woollen Grange petition for the abolition of Irish tithes, 16 Feb., brought up similar petitions, 31 Mar., 9 July, 7 Aug., and voted against the Irish tithes bill, 8 Mar., and steadily thereafter. He feared it would provoke ‘constant war and constant tumult’, 13 Mar., considered that ‘the representatives of the people’ were ‘bound to resist the passing of a law’ based on ‘imperfect information and ex parte evidence’, 2 Apr., and was a minority teller against its second reading, 6 Apr. On 27 Feb. he protested that the anatomy bill would create ‘a premium for murder in my own country’, as there would be an ‘open market’ for bodies, and voted against it. He welcomed the new plan of Irish education, 6 Mar., and attacked the tactics of its opponents, observing that it had been ‘well received by all the Catholics’ and ‘a great portion of the Protestants, and that ought to be sufficient’, 28 June. On 3 Apr. he welcomed the Catholic marriages bill, as the present laws were a ‘disgrace to the statute book’. That day he unsuccessfully pressed Smith Stanley, the Irish secretary, for correspondence relating to the dispatch of troops to Kildare at the time of anti-tithe meetings, which was ‘very likely’ to aggravate the ‘excitement and irritation ... already too prevalent in Ireland’. He called for the ‘greatest caution’ and the ‘immediate attention of the legislature’ to Irish outrages, 23 May, and was appointed to the select committee on the disturbances, 30 May. He presented and endorsed a petition and was a minority teller against the bill to transfer King's County assizes from Philipstown to Tullamore that day. He voted for a tax on absentee landlords to provide permanent provision for the Irish poor, 19 June, and spoke in similar terms, 10 July. He divided with government on the Russian-Dutch loan, 12, 16, 20 July. On 23 July he denounced a Protestant tract of the ‘most offensive and disgusting kind’ written by Sir James Gordon, saying that it contained the ‘grossest misrepresentations of the Catholic tenets’, which he would ‘not have thought it worthwhile’ to notice, had Gordon not last year made some assertions against Maynooth, which ‘I have been blamed for not answering’. Denouncing the ‘inoperable’ tithes bill the next day, he observed that ‘we are placed in a difficult situation between the government on the one hand and our constituents on the other’, and urged the House to ‘remember the Stamp Act’, with its ‘precisely similar proceedings’, by which ‘America was lost to England’. On 2 Aug. 1832 he promised to ‘resist its operation by every means in my power, short of force’. He was in the minority of ten for the reception of a petition for abolition that day.

At the 1832 general election, More O’Ferrall was re-elected after a contest against two other Liberals. He declined the Grey ministry's offer of a lordship of the treasury in June 1834, but on Lord Melbourne's return to power in April 1835 took office.9 He retired from county Kildare in 1847 and in October of that year was appointed Governor of Malta. by the Russell administration. On 12 September 1851 More O'Ferrall resigned as Governor, in protest, refusing to serve under Lord John Russell, whose Ecclesiastical Titles Act was designed to prevent a restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England. He came in on a ‘chance vacancy’ for county Longford in April 1851 but did not stand for re-election the following year. He sat again for county Kildare from 1859 until 1865, when he retired from public life.

Death
More O'Ferrall died on the 27th October 1880 in Kingstown (present-day Dún Laoghaire), County Dublin. He had been a magistrate, grand juror, politician, aristocrat, governor and deputy-lieutenant for his native country. At his death, he was the oldest member of the Irish Privy Council. He was succeeded by his only son Ambrose (1846-1911), who in April 1880 unsuccessfully contested county Kildare as a Liberal.

Arms

Ancestry

Sources

Secondary sources

http://www.thepeerage.com/

External links

1797 births
1880 deaths
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1859–1865
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Politicians from County Kildare
People educated at Stonyhurst College
Governors and Governors-General of Malta
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Kildare constituencies (1801–1922)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Longford constituencies (1801–1922)
O'Moore family


Carlo Battel (born 6 May 1972) is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Battel was born in Bolzano Novarese. He started ski mountaineering in 1993 and competed first in the Trofeo Cemin race in the same year. He was member of the national team after 2002.

Selected results
 2000:
 3rd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Franco Nicolini)
 2002:
 1st, Italian Championship
 1st, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Fabio Meraldi)
 3rd, World Championship single race
 2003:
 9th, European Championship team race (together with Jean Pellissier)
 2004:
 2nd, World Championship team race (together with Jean Pellissier)
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Graziano Boscacci, Martin Riz and Guido Giacomelli)
 2005:
 1st, Dolomiti Cup team (together with Mirco Mezzanotte)
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Jean Pellissier)
 2006:
 6th, World Championship team race (together with Jean Pellissier)

Pierra Menta

 2001: 5th, together with Omar Obrandi
 2004: 4th, together with Jean Pellissier

Trofeo Mezzalama

 1999: 7th, together with Adriano Greco and Bruno Zen
 2001: 3rd, together with Franco Nicolini and Enrico Pedrini

References

External links
 Carlo Battel at SkiMountaineering.org.

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from the Province of Novara
Skiers from Piedmont
Italian male ski mountaineers


Edith Käthe Elisabeth Schultze-Westrum (30 December 1904 – 20 March 1981) was a German film actress. She appeared in more than 60 films between 1932 and 1979. These included the role of Mrs. Hudson in the 1962 film Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace.

Selected filmography

 Kiki (1932)
 The Time with You (1948) - Fürsorgehelferin
 Tragödie einer Leidenschaft (1949) - Frau Berowska
 Heimliches Rendezvous (1949) - Fräulein Diethof
 Verspieltes Leben (1949) - Elisabeth von Kanzler
 Chased by the Devil (1950) - Schwester Grete
 Das ewige Spiel (1951)
 Captive Soul (1952)
 House of Life (1952) - Josepha Spratt
 The Great Temptation (1952) - Frau Riebold
 Zwerg Nase (1953) - Hexe
 I and You (1953) - Mutter Erdmann
 Love and Trumpets (1954) - Frau von Barro
 Sauerbruch – Das war mein Leben (1954) - Sekretärin (uncredited)
 The Beginning Was Sin (1954) - Mutter der Rosalia
 La Paura (1954)
 The Dark Star (1955) - Frau Lechner
  (1955) - Frau Brahm
 Weil du arm bist, mußt du früher sterben (1956)
 Vergiß wenn Du kannst (1956) - Kekki, Lappländerin
 Santa Lucia (1956) - Tante Rosa
 Sand, Love and Salt (1957) - Mother of Piero
 Immer wenn der Tag beginnt (1957) - Frau Kleinschmidt - Hans' Mutter
 Mein Mädchen ist ein Postillion (1958)
 Dorothea Angermann (1959) - Frau Lüders
 Die Brücke (1959) - Mother Bernhard
 Love Now, Pay Later (1959) - Frau Kroll, Putzfrau
 Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen (1960) - Mutter Reiser
 Soldatensender Calais (1960) - Frau Schmitz, Portiersche
 Weit ist der Weg (1960) - Schwester Teresa
 Via Mala (1961) - Mutter Lauretz
 Die Stunde, die du glücklich bist (1961) - Wirtschafterin
 Jeder stirbt für sich allein (1962, TV Movie) - Anna Quangel
 Escape from East Berlin (1962) - Mother Schröder
 Sherlock Holmes and the Deadly Necklace (1962) - Mrs. Hudson
 The Forester's Daughter (1962)
 Ostrva (1963)
 Ein Frauenarzt klagt an (1964) - Mutter Hartmann
 Praetorius (1965) - (uncredited)
 The House in Karp Lane (1965) - Alte Kauders
 All People Will Be Brothers (1973) - Frau Schermoly
 Derrick (1975-1976, TV Series) - Toilettenfrau / Frau Hofer
  (1977, TV Movie) - Zofia

References

External links

1904 births
1981 deaths
German film actresses
Actors from Wiesbaden
German television actresses
20th-century German actresses


Ronald Greer may refer to:
 J. Ronnie Greer (born 1952), United States federal judge
 Ron Greer (Wisconsin politician), Wisconsin politician
 Ronald Greer (Stargate), a character in Stargate Universe


Chinese Professional Baseball League recognizes earned run average champions each season. The champion would be awarded.

Champions

External links

Chinese Professional Baseball League lists
Chinese Professional Baseball League awards


In the Philippines, rice production is an important aspect of the country's food supply and economy. The Philippines is the 8th-largest rice producer in the world, accounting for 2.8% of global rice production. The Philippines was also the world's largest rice importer in 2010. There are an estimated 2.4 million rice farmers in the Philippines as of 2020.

Production
Rice is the most important food crop, and is a staple food in most of the country. It is especially produced in Luzon, the Western Visayas, Southern Mindanao, and Central Mindanao.

In 2010, nearly 20.7 million metric tons of palay (pre-husked rice) were produced. In 2010, palay accounted for 21.86% percent of gross value added in agriculture and 2.37% of GNP. In 2017, the total paddy rice output met 93% of the country's annual requirement. The population consumed 11.7 million tonnes of rice. Historically, the per-hectare rice yields in the Philippines have generally been low in comparison with other Asian countries.

Farmers

There are an estimated estimated 2.4 million rice farmers in the Philippines as of 2020. The average age of rice farmers is 56 years; 82% of rice farmers are men and 18% are women. Many Filipino farmers live in poverty due to a combination of factors, including economic policy, environmental, and land ownership issues.

History

The Green Revolution

Since the mid-1980s yields have increased substantially as a result of the cultivation of high-yielding rice varieties developed in the mid-1960s at the International Rice Research Institute located in the Philippines. The proportion of "miracle" rice in total output rose from zero in 1965–66 to 81 percent in 1981–82.  Average productivity increased from 1.23 metric tons per hectare in 1961 to 3.59 metric tons per hectare in 2009.

This green revolution was accompanied by an expanded use of chemical inputs.  Among farmers surveyed in Central Luzon, the quantity of insecticide active ingredient applied per hectare increased tenfold from 1966 to 1979, from less than 0.1 kilogram per hectare to nearly 1.0 kilogram per hectare. By the mid-1990s, this figure had been cut in half. Since then, use has declined even more, and levels of insecticide use are now slightly below what they were before the Green Revolution began.

Growth of irrigation

The government also undertook a major expansion of the nation's irrigation system. The area under irrigation grew from under 500,000 hectares in the mid-1960s to 1.5 million hectares in 2009, almost half of the potentially irrigable land.

In the 1980s rice production encountered problems. Average annual growth for 1980-85 declined to a mere 0.9 percent, as contrasted with 4.6 percent for the preceding fifteen years. Growth of value added in the rice industry also fell in the 1980s. Tropical storms and droughts, the general economic downturn of the 1980s, and the 1983-85 economic crisis all contributed to this decline.

Crop loans dried up, prices of agricultural inputs increased, and palay prices declined. Fertilizer and plant nutrient consumption dropped 15 percent. Farmers were squeezed by rising debts and declining income. Hectarage devoted to rice production, level during the latter half of the 1970s, fell an average of 2.4 percent per annum during the first half of the 1980s, with the decline primarily in marginal, nonirrigated farms. As a result, in 1985, the last full year of the Marcos regime, the country imported 538,000 tons of rice.

The situation improved somewhat in the late 1980s, and smaller amounts of rice were imported. In 1990 the country experienced a severe drought. Output fell by 1.5 percent, forcing the importation of an estimated 400,000 tons of rice.

As of 2018, the Philippines had a WTO-approved annual quota limiting private rice imports to protect local farmers, buying up to 805,200 tonnes of rice with a 35 percent import tariff.

Genetic engineering

The government has promoted genetically modified rice, including golden rice, for production in the country. The Supreme Court of the Philippines issued a Writ of Kalikasan in 2023 ordering the Department of Agriculture to stop the commercial distribution of genetically modified rice and eggplants in the country.

Climate change

Philippine rice cultivation is both vulnerable to the effects of global climate change and a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. This vulnerability to climate change threatens the country's food security. A report published by the United Nations Development Programme and supported by the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources recommends the adoption of policies and programs to address the effects and causes of climate change.

In 2008–2011, the International Labour Organization and Philippine government agencies set up a pilot project to strengthen socio-economic resilience to climate change for Agusan del Norte rice farmers, through financial protection schemes and the diversification of livelihoods.

See also
 Agriculture in the Philippines

References

Agriculture in the Philippines
Philippines


Richard Newman may refer to:

Colonel Richard Newman (c. 1620–1695), English barrister and Royalist officer during the English Civil War
Sir Richard Newman, 1st Baronet (c. 1675–1721), English MP for Milborne Port in 1701
Richard Newman (English cricketer) (1756/57–1808), 18th-century English landowner, absentee landlord and cricketer
Richard Newman (priest) (1871–1961), Archdeacon of Blackburn, 1936–1946
Richard Newman (Australian cricketer) (1924–2014), Australian cricketer
Richard Newman (actor) (born 1946), American-Canadian voice actor
Richard P.A.C. Newman (1955–2000), British physicist
Richard Newman (poet) (born 1966), American poet
Richard Newman (broadcaster) (born 1972), British-Canadian writer and broadcaster, former Big Brother UK contestant
Richard G. Newman, chairman emeritus for AECOM
Richard S. Newman, American academic
Ricky Newman (born 1970), English footballer


Anders Järryd was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Bud Schultz.

Ivan Lendl won in the final 6–4, 6–4, 7–6 against Henri Leconte.

Seeds

  Ivan Lendl (champion)
  Anders Järryd (first round)
  Andrés Gómez (quarterfinals)
  Paul Annacone (semifinals)
  Henri Leconte (final)
  Ben Testerman (quarterfinals)
  John Sadri (first round)
  John Fitzgerald (semifinals)

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 1985 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships draw

Singles


The Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 was signed into law by President of the United States Gerald Ford on January 4, 1975. Among other changes, the law permanently implemented a national 55-mph speed limit (which had already been a temporary limit) for the Interstate Highway System. It also established the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula as law, which governed the weight-to-length ratio of trucks in order to protect highway bridges and infrastructure.

See also
Federal-Aid Highway Act
Speed limits in the United States

References

1974 in law
United States federal transportation legislation
Interstate Highway System
Presidency of Gerald Ford


Bruns apraxia, or frontal ataxia, is a gait apraxia found in patients with bilateral frontal lobe disorders. It is characterised by an inability to initiate the process of walking, despite the power and coordination of the legs being normal when tested in the seated or lying position. The gait is broad-based with short steps with a tendency to fall backwards. It was originally described in patients with frontal lobe tumours, but is now more commonly seen in patients with cerebrovascular disease.

It is named after Ludwig Bruns.

Symptoms and signs
Unlike ataxias of cerebellar origin, Bruns apraxia exhibits many frontal lobe ataxia characteristics, with some or all present.
 Difficulty in initiating movement
 Poor truncal mobility
 Falls due to minor balance disturbances
 Greatly hindered postural responses
 Characteristic magnetic gait, the inability to raise one's foot off of the floor.
 Wide base, poor balance control when in stance
 Short stride
 En bloc turns
Often patients with frontal lobe ataxia may experience minute cognitive changes that accompany the gait disturbances, such as frontal dementia and presentation of frontal release signs (Plantar reflex). Urinary incontinence may also be present.
Bruns apraxia can be distinguished from Parkinsonian ataxia and cerebellar ataxia in a number of ways. Patients typically afflicted with Parkinsonian ataxia typically have irregular arm swing, a symptom not typically present in frontal ataxia. Walking stride in cerebellar ataxia varies dramatically, accompanied by erratic foot placement and sudden, uncontrolled lurching, not generally characteristic of Bruns apraxia.

Cause
Frontal lobe ataxia is often associated with damage to the frontopontocerebellar tract (Arnold's bundle) that connects the frontal lobe to the cerebellum. This pathway normally sends information from the cortical regions to the cerebellum, particularly information used to initiate planned movement.
Many neurologists describe frontal lobe ataxia as really an apraxia, in which voluntary control of initiating movement is greatly hindered, but normal movement is present when elicited involuntarily or reflexively. This indicates that cerebellar function is intact and that the presented symptoms of Bruns apraxia are due to damage located within frontal lobe regions and pathways leading from there to the cerebellum.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis consists of a variety of tests, including but not limited to:
 Measurement of orthostatic blood pressure
 Coordination
 rapid, alternating movements
 stroking of heel along the opposite shin from knee to ankle
 finger-to-nose testing.
 Primary sensory modalities are examined with the following methods, searching for focal sensory loss, graded distal sensory loss, or levels of decreased sensation, hyperesthesia or dysesthesia.
 light touch
 pin-prick
 temperature
 position
 vibration
 Focused gait examination, which examines stationary position and walking abnormalities. Walking generally exposes any faults within the complex neurological communication between systems as weight is shifted from one foot to the other.

Treatment
Treatment consists of physical rehabilitation programs designed to improve overall function, increase strength and improve balance. The ultimate goal is to increase the patient's degree of independence, thus improving the patient's quality of life. Exercise typically begins with simple movements, gradually transitioning into more complex actions. Various aspects of treatment are assessed based on the individual patient's condition, utilizing many assessment tools:
 Functional Reach Test
 External Perturbation Test – Push, Release
 External Perturbation Test – Pull
 Clinical Sensory Integration Test
 Single Leg Stance Test
 Five Times Sit to Stand Test

Various scales are also utilized
 Brief Ataxia Rating Scale
 Friedreich's ataxia Impact Scale
 Scale For Assessment and Rating of Ataxia

References

External links

Neurological disorders


Young-ha Kim(c. November 11, 1968) is a modern South Korean writer.

Life
Kim was born in Hwacheon on November 11, 1968. He moved from place to place as a child, since his father was in the military.  As a child, he suffered from gas poisoning from coal gas and lost memory before ten. He was educated at Yonsei University in Seoul, earning undergraduate as well as graduate degrees in Business Administration from Yonsei University, but he didn't show much interest in it. Instead he focused on writing stories. Kim, after graduating from Yonsei University in 1993, began his military service as an assistant detective at the military police 51st Infantry Division near Suwon. His career as a professional writer started in 1995 right after discharge when his short-story A Meditation On Mirror (Geoure daehan myeongsang) appeared in Review, and the following year, won the 1st New Writer's Award given by Munhak Dongne with the novel, I Have a Right to Destroy Myself (Naneun nareul pagoehal gwolliga itda).

Kim previously worked as a professor in the Drama School at Korean National University of Arts and on a regular basis hosted a book-themed radio program. In autumn 2008, he resigned all his jobs to devote himself exclusively to writing. Kim also translates English novels, most recently a Korean adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. He was a visiting scholar at Columbia University from September 2010 to June 2011.

Work
His first novel, published in Korean in 1996, was I Have the Right to Destroy Myself.  It has been translated into English, French, German, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish, Chinese, Vietnamese , Mongolian and Croatian. His historical novel Black Flower, which won the Dong-in Literary Award in 2004, tells the story of Korean migrant workers in Mexico later involved in a Pancho Villa-led military uprising. Sources of inspiration for this novel came from classical Bildungsroman, stories of sea trips as illustrated by the popular film Titanic, ethnography of religion, as well as Korean histories of exile and immigration. Another instance of Kim's mixed style is found in Your Republic Is Calling You, his fourth novel, in which he raises the question of human identity in a democratic and consumerist Korean society by presenting a North Korean spy and his family in Seoul in the manner of a crime fiction combined with a truncated family saga and naturalist depiction of everyday life. It has been translated into seven languages including English (US title: Your Republic Is Calling You).

Kim Young-ha is often judged as a writer skilled in rendering 1990's urban sensibilities. Featuring a professional suicide assistant as a protagonist, I Have a Right to Destroy Myself pioneers a new realm in the genre of fantasy literature; stories contained in Summoning and What Happened to the Man Caught in the Elevator Door? tackle computer games, plastic art, cult movies, hostage situations, homosexuality, and other subject matters not commonly explored in Korean literature, which are becoming a part of modern reality. Kim's stories utilize unfamiliar or even strange settings to explore the by-product of modern capitalism and urban culture, such as alienation and inability to communicate, extreme narcissism and its limitations. His second novel, Why Did Arang, centers on the legend of Arang. Murdered by her nanny, Arang becomes a ghost haunting all Miryang deputies in an attempt to expose her killer. The terrified deputies, however, die of fear as soon as they see the ghost, and Arang remains a woeful spirit until a deputy brave enough to stand the sight of her is assigned to Miryang region and finally avenges her. The ancient legend of Arang unfolds simultaneously with the story of two present day characters, hairdresser Yeongju and writer Park; and the narrator takes up the dual role of a storyteller recounting the legend of Arang as well as a detective providing hints and evidence necessary for solving the mysteries presented in the novel. Employing the devices of a detective novel, and at the same time parodying an ancient legend, Why Did Arang reveals that the author's interest in the art of fiction extends beyond mere plot or characterization to the function of narrator and the very definition of storytelling.

Two films have already been based on his fiction: My Right to Ravage Myself (2003) and The Scarlet Letter, and the cinematic adaptation of Your Republic Is Calling You is currently in progress. in 2014, his novel, Brother Has Returned was used as the basis of the movie Total Messed Family. His novel, The Quiz Show, was also made into a musical. In addition, Kim's work is popular with fans online who have made videos and animations of his work. In 2017, A Murderer's Guide to Memorization was also adapted into the film Memoir of a Murderer.

Kim, along with John H. Lee, won Best Adapted Screenplay at the 2005 Grand Bell Awards for the script of A Moment to Remember.

Personal life
He married Jang Eun-soo while he was working for Yonsei University language school in 1996.

Kim revealed he was an antinatalist in a 2008 interview. Kim views life as so full of suffering he has decided to refrain from giving birth to any children.

Works (partial)

Novels

 I Have the Right to Destroy Myself (Na-neun na-reul pagoehal gwolli-ga issda 1996)
 Why, Arang (Arang-eun wae 2001)
 Black Flower (Geomeun kkot 2003)
 Your Republic Is Calling You (Bit-e jeguk 2006)
 Quiz Show (Kwijeusyo 2007)
 I Hear Your Voice (Neo-ui moksori-ga deullyeo 2012)
 A Murderer's Guide to Memorization (Salinja-ui gieokbeop 2013)

Short stories

 The Pager (Hochul 1997)
 The Vampire (Heup-hyul-gwi 1998)
 Whatever Happened to the Guy Stuck in the Elevator? (Ellibeiteo-e kkin geu namja-neun eotteoke doe-eossna 1999)
 Brother has Returned (Oppa-ga dolawassda 2004)
 Nobody {Blank} What Happened (2010)
 Only Two Person (2017)

Essays

 《Gulbi Fishing》(Gulbi-nakksi, 2000)
 《Kim Young-Ha, Lee Woo-il's Movie Story》(Kim-yeongha iu-il-ui yeonghwa iyagi, 2003)
 《Daily Life》(Il-sang, 2001)
 《Post-it》(2002)

Works in Translation

English
 Your Republic Is Calling You (2006), winner in 2007 of the Manhae Literary Award
 Black Flower (2003), winner in 2004 of the Dong-in Literary Award
 Brother has Returned, (collection of short stories) winner in 2004 of the Yi Sang Literary Award.
 Photo Shop Murder (English translation 2003)
 I Have the Right to Destroy Myself (1996; English translation, 2007)
 Diary of a murderer and other stories, translated by Krys Lee (collection of stories, 2019) contains 4 stories:
 Diary of a murderer (novella, translation of )
 The origin of life (short story, translation of )
 Missing child (short story, translation of )
 The writer (short story, translation of )

Other languages
I Have the Right to Destroy Myself (나는 나를 파괴할 권리가 있다)
 Tengo Derecho a destruirme (Spanish)
 Kendimi yıkmaya hakkım var (Turkish)
 Ik heb het recht mezelf te vernietigen (Dutch)
 Mám právo se zničit (Czech)
 Həyatımı məhv etməyə haqqım var (Azerbaijanian)
 Pravo na samouništenje (Croatian)

Whatever Happened to the Guy Stuck in the Elevator?(엘리베이터에 낀 그 남자는 어떻게 되었나?)
 Kas gi nutiko lifte įstrigusiam vyriškiui       (Lithuanian)
 Hur gick det for mannen som satt fast i hissen? (Swedish)
 Wampir i inne opowiadania                       (Polish)

Your Republic Is Calling You (빛의 제국)
 L'empire des lumieres  (French)
 L'IMPERO DELLE LUCI    (Italian)
 光之帝国               (Chinese)
 Říše světla            (Czech)
 Schwarze Blume [검은 꽃]      (German)

Quiz Show (퀴즈쇼)

 Chơi Quiz Show       (Vietnamese)
 Quiz Show       (French)

Awards
 Munhakdongne New Writer Award (1996) I Have the Right to Destroy Myself
 Hyundae Literature Award (1999)
 Lee San Literary Award (2004) The Brother is Back
 Hwang Sun-won Literary Award (2004) Treasure Ship
 Dong-in Literature Award (2004) Black Flower
 Manhae Literary Award (2007) Your Republic is Calling You
 Yi Sang Literary Award (2012) for "The Corn and I"
 A Awards - Intelligent section (2013)

See also
Korean literature
List of Korean novelists

References

Further reading
 Azalea:  Journal of Korean Literature & Culture (2007), vol. 1 has three translated short stories by Kim as well as an interview with him.
 Lee, Kwang Ho (2007) "Cultural Hybridity in Contemporary Korean Literature," Korean Journal  Spring 2007: 28–49; see pp. 35?36.
 Lee, Hye Ryoung (2007) "The Transnational Imagination and Historical Geography of 21st Century Korean literature," Korean Journal  Spring 2007: 50–78; see pp. 50?51, 58-60 and 63–69.

External links
 Video of an interview of Kim Young-ha by Korean-American author Krys Lee.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091004002321/http://www.asiaarts.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=83043
 https://archive.today/20050412160258/http://mingo.info-science.uiowa.edu/~iwp/Global_Express/Kim.html
 A primer on Kim Young-ha's work from the Los Angeles Review of Books
 facebook

1968 births
Living people
South Korean novelists
South Korean crime fiction writers
People from Hwacheon County
Yi Sang Literary Award
International Writing Program alumni
Anti-natalists


L'Art de varier ("The Art of Varying"), Op. 57, is a set of variations for piano composed by Anton Reicha. It was composed around 1803–4 and published in Leipzig. The set comprises a theme in F major and 57 variations, ranging from very easy to extremely virtuosic pieces.

The work was composed for, and dedicated to, Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, a gifted musician and composer to whom Beethoven dedicated his Third Piano Concerto. Reicha's behaviour is slightly surprising, given that a few years before L'art de varier, in 1801, he rejected an invitation to become Louis Ferdinand's Kapellmeister and teacher.

References
 Peter Eliot Stone. "Reicha, Antoine", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy, grovemusic.com  (subscription access).

External links

Compositions by Anton Reicha
Art
Art


Battel is a term used at the University of Oxford for the food ordered by members of the college.

Battel may also refer to:

 Battel, a hamlet of Mechelen, historical part of the Lordship of Mechelen
 Kaiju Big Battel, American performance entertainment troupe based in Boston

People
 Albert Battel (1891–1952), German Wehrmacht officer, lawyer, and humanitarian
 Carlo Battel (b. 1972), Italian ski mountaineer
 Edward Battel or Battell, British racing cyclist

See also
 Battle (disambiguation)