The UCLA women's volleyball program began its first year in 1965. Andy Banachowski was the head coach each year since 1965 until his retirement after the 2009 season, with the exception of the two seasons of 1968–69 and 1969–70, after he graduated from UCLA. In those seasons, Mardi Hardy Monroe was the head coach. Michael Sealy took over as head coach in 2010 and led the team to a national championship in 2011.

Banachowski had more wins than any other NCAA Division I women's volleyball coach, with a record (since 1970, since no records were kept from 1965 to 1969) of 1,106–301. Banachowski had led UCLA to six national championships (3 NCAA–1984, 1990, 1991; 2 AIAW–1974, 1975; and 1 DGWS–1972). UCLA has made 27 of 28 NCAA tournaments and has made 11 NCAA Final Fours, which is tied with Nebraska as the second most Final Four appearances of all Division I programs.

NCAA championships

1984
UCLA claimed the program's first NCAA national title (fourth overall) after four previous runner-up finishes following the team's 1975 AIAW title. In the deciding fifth game against Stanford, UCLA was down 12–4, but with heroics from Liz Masakayan, the Bruins continued to chip away at the lead before earning match point at 14–13. Masakayan had the final kill to give UCLA the 15–13 win.

1990
UCLA won the NCAA title  by defeating Pacific 15–9, 15–12, 15–7. UCLA was led by Natalie Williams and Marissa Hatchett who had 12 kills a piece. The Bruins finished the 1990 season 36–1.

1991

Playing at Pauley Pavilion, the Bruins repeated as NCAA champions by defeating Long Beach State in five games. After losing the first two games by the scores of 15–12, 15–13, UCLA completed off a huge comeback to take the next three games, 15–12, 15–6, 15–11.

UCLA's comebacks was one of the biggest in NCAA history, since this match, no team had ever before rallied from 2 games to 0 to win in five games in the NCAA national championship. UCLA finished their season 31–5

2011

After 20 years, the UCLA Bruins captured their fourth NCAA title and seventh overall by defeating Illinois 3–1 on December 17, 2011, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. The Bruins were seeded ninth in the NCAA championship tournament. On their way to the title game, they defeated 4-time defending champions Penn State and No. 1 seeded Texas to face No. 3 seeded Illinois. Rachael Kidder was named the most outstanding player of the tournament. Lauren Van Orden and Zoe Nightingale were also named to the all tournament team. Head coach Michael Sealy became a champion both as a player and a head coach. The women's volleyball team was featured in the new Pac-12 Networks Promo for the 2012 season.

Season-by-season results

Note: No records were kept until the 1970–71 season.

The three seasons from 1965–1968 and 40 seasons from 1970–2009 were coached by Andy Banachowski.

Conference History
1974–1975: Southern California Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Conference
1976–1984: Western Collegiate Athletic Association
1985: PacWest Conference
1986–present: Pac-12 Conference

Olympians
Former players who have gone to the Olympic Games to play or coach.

Players
Laurie Lewis – 1968 (indoor)
Jeanne (Beauprey) Reeves – 1984 (indoor)
Liz Masakayan – 1988 (indoor)
Elaine Youngs – 1996 (indoor), 2004 & 2008 (beach)
Holly McPeak – 1996, 2000, & 2004 (beach)
Linda (Robertson) Handley – 1996 (beach)
Annett Davis – 2000 (beach)
Jenny Johnson Jordan – 2000 (beach)
Elisabeth Bachman – 2004 (indoor)
Coaches
Jeanne (Beauprey) Reeves – 1996 (assistant coach)
Liz Masakayan – 2004 & 2008 (Coach of McPeak/Youngs beach volleyball team)

Postseason

The UCLA Bruins have an NCAA Division I Tournament record of 90–32 through thirty-five appearances.

See also
List of NCAA Division I women's volleyball programs

References

External links

Women's sports in California
1965 establishments in California
Volleyball clubs established in 1965


Woodville Historic District may refer to:

Woodville Historic District (Woodville, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
Woodville Historic District (Lewiston Woodville, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina


Ledama Olekina is a Kenyan politician who serves as the senator for Narok County. Olekina was elected on an Orange Democratic Movement ticket in the 8 August 2017, general elections in Kenya. He was born and raised in Oloombokishi, a small village near Narok, Kenya, on 11 November 1974.  As of 2020, he resides in Eor Ekule, Enkanasa Village. Olekina was educated at Narok High School and thereafter proceeded to the United States where he earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Political Science and English Communication from The University of Massachusetts in Boston in 2002. He is the founder of Maasai Education Discovery, an education center for girls. Olekina has been involved in efforts to conserve the Mau Forest in Kenya.

References

External links
Olekina Ledama on Twitter

University of Massachusetts Boston alumni
Kenyan activists
Kenyan educators
Living people
Maasai people
People from Narok County
Kenyan politicians


The Mason family of Virginia is a historically significant American political family of English origin, whose prominent members are known for their accomplishments in politics, business, and the military. The progenitor of the Mason family, George Mason I (1629–1686), arrived at Norfolk, Virginia on the ship Assurance in 1652. Mason was a Cavalier member of the Parliament of England during the reign of Charles I of England. George Mason I's great-grandson was George Mason IV (1725–1792), an American patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Along with James Madison, George Mason IV is known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights." For these reasons, Mason is considered one of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States and raised the Mason family to national political prominence.

George Mason II (1660–1716) and his son George Mason III (1690–1735) both served as a member of the House of Burgesses, Stafford County sheriff, Stafford County county lieutenant, Stafford County militia colonel, planters, and businesspersons. George Mason III's son and George Mason IV's younger brother, Thomson Mason (1733–1785), was a patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Thomson Mason's son, Stevens Thomson Mason (1760–1803) served as a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, a member of the Virginia state legislature, and as a Republican U.S. Senator from Virginia (1794–1803). Another of Thomson Mason's sons, John Thomson Mason (1765–1824) was a jurist and Attorney General of Maryland in 1806. Thomson Mason's grandson John Thomson Mason (1787–1850) was a lawyer, United States marshal, Secretary of Michigan Territory from 1830 through 1831, land agent, and an important figure in the Texas Revolution. His son Stevens Thomson Mason (1811–1843), was also territorial governor of the Michigan Territory, and later governor of the state of Michigan. He was first appointed acting Territorial Secretary at the age of 19, then became acting Territorial Governor in 1834 at the age of 22. George Mason IV's grandson James Murray Mason (1798–1871) was a United States Representative and United States Senator from Virginia and represented the Confederate States of America as appointed commissioner of the Confederacy to Great Britain and France between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War.

Notable members of the Mason family

 George Mason I (1629–1686)
 George Mason II (1660–1716)
 George Mason III (1690–1735)
 George Mason IV (1725–1792)
 George Mason V (1753–1796)
 George Mason VI (1786–1834)
 George Thomson Mason (1818–1846)
 Richard Barnes Mason (1797–1850)
 William Mason (1757–1818)
 Thomson Mason (1759–1820)
 Thomson Francis Mason (1785–1838)
 Arthur Pendleton Mason (1835–1893)
 Richard Chichester Mason (1793–1869)
 Beverley Randolph Mason (1834–1910)
 Richard Nelson Mason (1876–1940)
 Langdon Randolph Mason (1841–1923)
 Lucy Randolph Mason (1882–1959)
 William Pinckney Mason (1843–1923)
 John Mason (1766–1849)
 James Murray Mason (1798–1871)
 Anne Maria Mason Lee (1811–1898)
 Fitzhugh Lee (1835–1905)
 Thomas Mason (1770–1800)
 Thomson Mason (1733–1785)
 Stevens Thomson Mason (1760–1803)
 John Thomson Mason (1787–1850)
 Stevens Thomson Mason (1811–1843)
 Catherine Armistead Mason Rowland (1818–1884)
 Kate Mason Rowland (1840–1916)
 Armistead Thomson Mason (1787–1819)
 John Thomson Mason (1765–1824)
 John Thomson Mason Jr. (1815–1873)
William Temple Thomson Mason (1782–1862)

References

Business families of the United States
Political families of the United States
American families of English ancestry
Families from Virginia
Families from Maryland


Haplosporidium nelsoni is a pathogen of oysters that originally caused oyster populations to experience high mortality rates in the 1950s, and still is quite prevalent today. The disease caused by H. nelsoni is also known as MSX (multinucleated unknown or multinuclear sphere X). MSX is thought to have been introduced by experimental transfers of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), which is resistant to this disease.

MSX was first described in 1957, when it caused serious mortalities in Delaware Bay. Through extensive studies, an estimated 50% of eastern oyster (C. virginica) mortalities in lower Delaware Bay since the 1960s could be attributed to MSX infections, a devastating loss to the area.

Mortalities are usually highest in the summer, and also increase in higher-salinity waters. MSX reduces the feeding rates of infected oysters, leading to a reduced amount of stored carbohydrates. The reduction in stored carbohydrates inhibits normal gametogenesis in the spring, with a reduction in fecundity.

Chesapeake Bay
In the spring of 1959, MSX appeared in the Chesapeake Bay. Within 3 years, more than 90% of the oysters in the lower bay were affected. Salinities of at least 15 ppt are considered necessary for infection with MSX, and salinities of about 20 ppt usually are necessary to elicit high oyster mortalities.
The presence of H. nelsoni in the Chesapeake Bay has hindered attempts to return eastern oyster harvests to historic levels. Particularly severe has been the effect on oyster aquaculture, which was not practiced on a large scale in the Chesapeake Bay for 25 years following the introduction of the parasite, and currently is confined primarily to the low-salinity areas of the bay.

Resistance
After more than 50 years of selection pressure, some populations of C. virginica have become resistant to the MSX. They are able to tolerate the infection for longer before dying. Artificial selection is able to achieve a similar result.

See also
 Perkinsus marinus, also known as "dermo", is another oyster pathogen.

References

Citations

Other sources
Who Killed Crassostrea virginica? The Fall and Rise of Chesapeake Bay Oysters (2011), Maryland Sea Grant College (60 min. film)

External links

Veterinary protozoology
Endomyxa


Scared Records is an independent American record label founded in Atlanta in 1999, notable for re-releasing some "lost" Atlanta artists, especially from the punk and post punk era.

Founded by Stan Satin from his experience playing in Atlanta bands Vietnam and The Method Actors, Scared Records, whose name was chosen by subverting the defunct religious record label of the 1940s – 1950s Sacred Records, soon became the home for many of the Atlanta area's almost forgotten punk era bands such as The Restraints and Vietnam.

The label morphed out of Satin's earlier imprint, Spherecords, which had seen a limited release of his ambient electronic solo album entitled SonoVoX, as well as several releases by singer–songwriter Greg Connors.

The first release on the Scared Label (STF 0315) was an album by 315, whose limited 200-copy pressing of the self-titled 315 was a memorial to the local oddball artist, known as 315, who had contracted cancer and died in 2004.

The next release (SCR 8001) was labeled "Scarred" (with two "r's"), to commemorate the first release of a "lost" studio recording by Atlanta's first punk rock band, The Restraints, although the logo still incorporated the infamous laughing skull of Scared.

Twenty-five years in the making, Past Away (SRV 1213), the debut album by art-punk band Vietnam, was next to be released, featuring new recordings of original songs the band had composed in 1980–81.

Artists
 Stan Satin
 Greg Connors
 The Restraints
 315
 Vietnam
 The Subliminator
 Calcos
 Volants
 So A.D.D.
 Bunny Breath
 Bach On A Hook

Sub-labels
A number of sub-labels have been connected to Scared.
 Spherecords
 Scarred Records
 Pearineel Records
 Doogah Music

Discography
 Stan Satin • SonoVoX (originally on Spherecords) (SRV 1257, 1999)
 Greg Connors • Fluke EP (originally on Spherecords) (SRG 262, 1999)
 Front Street • Talkin' Dirty (originally on Spherecords) (FST 261, 1999)
 Greg Connors & The Curb • Invisible Tape (originally on Spherecords) (SGC 263, 2000)
 Greg Connors • Wide Awake Drunk (originally on Spherecords) (SRG 264, 2000)
 The Restraints • The Restraints (SCR 8001, 2002) (Scarred)
 315 • 315 (STF 0315, 2004)
 The Subliminator • Recalibrated (SBR 955, 2005) (split release w/ Stickfigure Records)
 Vietnam • Past Away (SRV 1213, 2005)
 Greg Connors • Here, There and Anymore (SGC 1214, 2006)
 Bach On A Hook • Bach On A Stick (PEAR002, 2006) (Re-release of Pearineel Records release of 2000)
 clear your mind • seven facts (CYM 1215, unreleased)
 calcos • if i knew i'd tell you (SCL 1216, 2006)
 Volants • Everything Is So Perfect (SRV 1217, 2006)
 Vietnam • The Concrete's Always Greyer on the Other Side of the Street (SRV 1218 – catalog number not listed on the cover), 2007)
 So A.D.D. • 100 Years of Silence (SDD 1219, 2007)
 The Subliminator • Rake (SBR 956, 2008) (split release w/ Stickfigure Records)
 Greg Connors • Full Moon Flashlight (SGC 1220, 2009)
 Synchro Nine Factor • Right Wing Conspiracy (2009) (split release w/ Doogah Music)
 Bach On A Hook • Bach Off The Hook (SBH 1221, 2010)
 The Subliminator • Death Singing (SBR 957, 2011)
 Bunny Breath • Go Away / Not To Blame 7" vinyl single (SBB 1222, 2011)
 Bunny Breath • Bunny Breath (SBB 1223, 2011)

See also
 List of record labels

References
Scared Records at Last FM

External links
 ScaredRecords.com – Official site

1999 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
American companies established in 1999
American independent record labels
Companies based in Atlanta
Music of Atlanta
Record labels based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Record labels established in 1999


The Bardengau was a medieval county (Gau) in the Duchy of Saxony. Its main town was Bardowick; other important towns were Lüneburg and Oldenstadt (today Uelzen).

Since the 10th century, members of the House of Billung have been recorded as counts of the Bardengau. Through their heirs, the House of Welf, the Bardengau eventually became part of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

The Bardengau was bordered by the Limes Saxonicus, the Polabians, the Drewani, the Gau Osterwalde, the Derlingau,  the Gau Gretinge, the Lohingau, the Gau Sturmi, the Gau Mosde, and the Gau Stormarn. It was part of Eastphalia.

The name of the Heaðobards (Old English: Heaðubeardan, Old Low German: Headubarden, "war-beards") may be reflected in the toponym Bardengau.

References

Carolingian counties
Former states and territories of Lower Saxony


The Norfolk boobook (Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata), also known as the Norfolk Island boobook, Norfolk Island owl or Norfolk Island morepork, is a bird in the true owl family endemic to Norfolk Island, an Australian territory in the Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand. It is a subspecies of the morepork (Ninox novaeseelandiae).

Although the taxon is extinct as a pure lineage, its genes live on in the descendants of the hybrid offspring of the last female bird, which was sighted for the last time in 1996. Due to the genetic closeness of the Norfolk and New Zealand moreporks, with the majority of original Norfolk boobook DNA being preserved in modern birds, the subspecies is thus considered extant by the International Ornithological Congress and the EPBC Act despite the hybridization.

Description

The Norfolk boobook is very similar in appearance to the New Zealand and Tasmanian boobooks, being a small brown hawk owl with mottled plumage. It is smaller, darker and more reddish in colouring than the Tasmanian boobook, with much spotting. However, it is slightly larger than the nominate subspecies from New Zealand; female boobooks are larger than the males, with New Zealand females comparable in size to Norfolk Island males, a factor which gave rise to sexing difficulties with hybrid birds in the conservation management program.

Habitat
The owl inhabits the island's subtropical rainforest, which was largely cleared in the 19th century following human settlement. Most of the remaining forest lies within the small (4.65 km²) Mt Pitt section of the Norfolk Island National Park.

Behaviour

Breeding
Boobooks breed in tree hollows. Recorded clutch sizes from Norfolk Island range from one to three eggs, with two being usual.

Feeding
Boobooks feed on small vertebrates, especially birds and mammals, as well as invertebrates.

Status and conservation
The population of the Norfolk boobook declined with the clearance and modification of its forest habitat, especially the felling of large trees with suitable hollows for nesting in. There was also competition for nest hollows with feral honey bees and introduced crimson rosellas. By 1986 the population had been reduced to a single female bird, named "Miamiti" after a matriarch of the Norfolk Island people.  As part of a program to attempt to conserve at least some of the genes of the insular subspecies, two male moreporks of the nominate New Zealand subspecies, Ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae, were introduced to the island as mates for the female. The males were sourced from the New Zealand subspecies rather than one of the Australian subspecies as it was discovered that it was more closely related to the Norfolk Island taxon.  Nest boxes were also provided. One of the introduced males disappeared a year after introduction but the other successfully mated with the female with the pair producing fledged chicks in 1989 and 1990. The original female disappeared in 1996 but, by then, there was a small hybrid population of about a dozen birds. These birds and their descendants continue to exist on the island. By 2018, between 45-50 birds were known, although the population has been inbred and aging with no new recruitment since 2012.

The New Zealand and Norfolk boobooks are considered to be very closely related, with some debate over whether it should even be recognized as a separate taxon; they can only be distinguished by their physical features. For this reason, the International Ornithological Congress does not consider this subspecies to be extinct as it was saved by the hybridization program, despite it no longer surviving as a genetically pure lineage. Genetic analysis indicates that half the nuclear genome and all the mtDNA of the original Norfolk boobook persists in the modern birds, marking it a special case of a taxon that can still be considered extant in a hybrid form. This may be due to the last surviving pure bird being a female, allowing for the mtDNA to be fully passed on.

Notes

References
 Anon. (2004). What the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) means for Norfolk Island. Commonwealth of Australia.

 Garnett, Stephen T.; & Crowley, Gabriel M. (2000). The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2000. Environment Australia: Canberra.
 Higgins, P.J. (ed). (1999). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds.  Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird. Oxford University Press: Melbourne.

Birds described in 1801
Endemic fauna of Australia
novaeseelandiae
Subspecies
Birds of Norfolk Island


The Garnet Army is the name of the student section for both men's and women's basketball games at the University of South Carolina's Colonial Life Arena.

In early November 2008, approximately 250 students participated in a competition in which they were asked to create a name for the student section for both men's and women's basketball games. Close to 350 possible names were submitted, with Cockpit, Cocky's Corner and Garnet Army emerging as the top three choices. A committee consisting of athletics marketing, basketball personnel and student government made the final decision on the official name for the student section.

The naming choice was made because of the proximity of the university to Fort Jackson Military Base, the marketability of garnet camo, and because the voters wanted to have something unique and not easily replicated by any other school.

Introduction of The Garnet Army
The official launch of the new student fan section debuted on Wednesday, Jan. 21, 2009, in conjunction with the men's basketball contest against Florida.
Senior Guard, Zam Fredrick's layup as time expired lifted South Carolina to a 70-69 victory over No. 24 Florida, ending the Gators' 10-game win streak.
Fredrick took an on-target pass in stride from forward Mike Holmes and scored the winning hoop just before the buzzer sounded.
The play and the reaction from the crowd was featured on ESPN's top 10 plays, and it was announced to the world; The Garnet Army had arrived.

Garnet Army Camo Gear
Garnet Army T-shirts
Originally there were 750 shirts allotted for distribution at the Florida game on January 21, 2009. With the great success experienced at the debut, the university funded more T-shirts and gave out another 2000 over the next few home games. Garnet Army shirts continue to be released at specific home games to the first students to get in the gate. Students are also given the opportunity to purchase the T-shirts before home games.

Only students are given official Garnet Army T-shirts.

In January 2011 Garnet and Black Traditions began selling "Garnet Army Reserves" shirts to the public.

Army gear
Other gear that has become custom for the Garnet Army includes: Garnet combat helmets, garnet army hats, army combat boots, garnet & black camo body paint.

Garnet Army Boot Camp
Another tradition developed by Coach Horn, was initiated in 2009 to indoctrinate the students into a unified and intimidating force. At the Garnet Army Boot Camp, students were able to interact with players and coaches, and gather knowledge on what Coach Horn's mission was for the Garnet Army.

References

College basketball student sections in the United States
South Carolina Gamecocks basketball
2009 establishments in South Carolina


"I Cross My Heart" is a song written by Steve Dorff and Eric Kaz, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in September 1992 as the first single to his album Pure Country, which is also the soundtrack to the movie of the same title. It reached number-one in both the United States and Canada. The song is featured as the movie's finale.

Music video
The music video was directed by Charley Randazzo, and consists entirely of scenes from the film, Strait's next music video "Heartland" also exclusively used scenes from Pure Country. These two videos were released consecutively as were the singles.

Critical reception
"I Cross My Heart" is widely regarded as one of Strait's best songs. Billboard and American Songwriter ranked the song number five and number four, respectively, on their lists of the 10 greatest George Strait songs.

Chart positions
"I Cross My Heart" debuted at number 58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of October 3, 1992 and peaked at number one on December 5, 1992.  Since it became available for digital download, the song has sold 992,000 digital copies in the United States as of January 2015.

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1992 singles
Country ballads
George Strait songs
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Songs written by Steve Dorff
Songs written by Eric Kaz
MCA Nashville Records singles
1992 songs


Meriwether (also Meriweather, Meriwether Station) is an unincorporated community in Baldwin County, Georgia, United States.

It is the location of Westbrook-Hubert Farm, which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

References

Unincorporated communities in Baldwin County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state)


Korea Republic women's national under-20 football team represents Republic of Korea in international youth football competitions.

Team image

Nicknames
The South Korea women's national under-20 football team has been known or nicknamed as the "Taegeuk Nangja (Taegeuk Ladies)".

Results and fixtures

 Legend

2022

Coaching staff

Current coaching staff

Players

Current squad
The following 21 players represented South Korea on the 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, held in Costa Rica in August 2022.

(Players are listed within position group by order of seniority, kit number, caps, goals, and then alphabetically)

Competitive record

FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup

AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

See also
Sport in South Korea
Football in South Korea
Women's football in South Korea
South Korea women's national football team
South Korea women's national under-17 football team
South Korea women's national futsal team
South Korea men's national football team

References

External links
 South Korea women's national under-20 football team – official website at kfa.or.kr
 KWFL official website
 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Korea Republic team page

Youth football in South Korea
Asian women's national under-20 association football teams
Football


Secondary Highway 533, commonly referred to as Highway 533, is a provincially maintained secondary highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The route begins in the town of Mattawa, at Highway 17, and travels north to Highway 63. Between these two junctions is a large barren expanse of wilderness with almost no habitation. Mattawa is the only community along the route. Highway 533 was assumed in 1956, along with many of the secondary highways in the province. It was later extended to Highway 63 in 1958, establishing the route as it remains today. A roundabout with Highway 17 was opened in late 2011, the first on a provincial highway in Ontario.

Route description

At Mattawa, Highway 533 meets Highway 17 at a roundabout in the town's downtown area, adjacent to the shore of the Ottawa River.
The route proceeds northwest as Main Street through the town before crossing the Mattawa River, north of which it is known as First Street. It continues out of the town alongside the Ottawa River for several kilometres before venturing eastward inland. The route continues through the isolated terrain of the Canadian Shield, with the Boreal Forest surrounding the highway on both sides and very few signs of human habitation outside of Mattawa. It zig-zags north and northeast, avoiding numerous lakes and muskeg that dot the region, providing access to Alexander Lake Forest Provincial Park around its midpoint. Highway 533 ends at an isolated junction with Highway 63 approximately  southwest of Témiscaming.

History
The current route of Highway 533 was first assumed by the Department of Highways in early 1956, along with several dozen other secondary highways. It was likely maintained as a development road prior to that.
When it was assumed, the route was approximately  in length, terminating at its present intersection with Forest Acres Road. It was paved as far north as the Antoine Creek crossing.
By 1958 the route was extended north to Highway 63.
In 1962, work began on paving the gravel sections of the highway.
Construction was completed by 1973,
and the route has remained unchanged since then.

In September 2010, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario announced upgrades to the intersection with Highway 17, including the construction of the first roundabout on a provincial highway. Construction began later that month and was completed in late November 2011.

Major intersections
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 533. The entirety of the route is located within Nipissing District.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Location
!scope="col"|km
!scope="col"|Destinations
!scope="col"|Notes
|-
|Mattawa
|0.0
|
|Roundabout
|-
|rowspan="1"|Mattawan Township
|4.7
|
|Access to Holden Generating Station
|-
|rowspan="1"|Unorganized Nipissing District
|53.2
|, Quebec
|

References

533
Roads in Nipissing District


The Wanda Sykes Show is an American talk show hosted by comedian Wanda Sykes on Fox that debuted on November 7, 2009. Comedian Keith Robinson co-starred as Sykes' sidekick.

The series was announced in March 2009 by Kevin Reilly. The show aired on Fox on Saturday nights, replacing MADtv and Talkshow with Spike Feresten.

On May 14, 2010, Fox announced that The Wanda Sykes Show was canceled after only one season. The decision left the Fox network with no original late-night programming for the first time since the 1994–95 season.

Episodes

References

External links

2009 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American late-night television series
2010s American late-night television series
2000s American television talk shows
2010s American television talk shows
English-language television shows
Fox late-night programming
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television


"Welcome to the Edge" is a song by American singer-songwriter Billie Hughes, from his 1991 album of the same name. Written by Hughes, Roxanne Seeman, and Dominic Messinger, the single was released in Japan by Pony Canyon on May 15, 1991, under the title .

Background
"Welcome to the Edge" was written by Hughes and Seeman with Messinger, music director and composer of the NBC soap opera Santa Barbara, after a previous song, "Turn it All Around", that Messinger had selected in 1988 to use in connection with a love triangle between the character Julia and Father Michael, became a popular love theme, prompting viewer requests. The song was connected to the character of Robert Barr. As the drama unfolded, "Welcome to the Edge" became a central love theme revolving around the Robert, Kelly Capwell, and Craig Hunt love triangle. Hughes' version was attached to the Robert and Kelly love affair while a female vocal version was attached to the Kelly  and Craig Hunt love affair, with performances airing for two years.

"Welcome to the Edge" was nominated for Outstanding Original Song at the 18th Daytime Emmy Awards in 1991.

Commercial success in Japan
In 1990, the Japanese duo Wink recorded a version of "Welcome to the Edge" titled , which was the B-side of their single "Yoru ni Hagurete (Where Were You Last Night)". Hughes and Seeman produced a new version of the song using the arrangement of the Wink recording with Chuck Wild programming the track and recording Jimmy Haun's guitar section at Wild's Hollywild Studio. Hughes' vocals' were recorded over the track mix at Glass Sea Studios. The new version became the theme song of the Fuji TV drama I'll Never Love Anyone Anymore. The single hit No. 1 on Oricon's international singles chart and sold over 500,000 copies. Billboard journalist Kaz Fukatsu remarked: "That's an impressive figure, since most karaoke fans can't sing along in English. Five years ago, No. 1 international songs sold only about 40,000 copies."

"Welcome to the Edge" was awarded No. 1 International Single of the Year at the 1992 Japan Gold Disc Awards. Hughes performed the song live for the telecast in Tokyo.

Track listing

Personnel
 Billie Hughes – vocals, keyboards (2), programming (2)
 Chuck Wild – keyboards (1), programming (1)
 Jimmy Haun – guitar (1)

Chart performance

Certification

Bon Chic version

Japanese band Bon Chic's version of "Welcome to the Edge" was released through Apollo Sounds Japan through the Hummingbird label on May 29, 1991. This version was used in the next episode announcement of episode 10 of I'll Never Love Anyone Anymore. A remix of the song, known as the "Add 909 Mix", was included in the band's second album Bon Chic II.

Track listing
All music is arranged by Dada.

Jeniffer version

Italian singer Jeniffer's version of "Welcome to the Edge" was released through Toshiba EMI on November 6, 1991.

Track listing

Other cover versions

Japan
 Wink covered the song in Japanese as , which was the B-side of their 1990 single "Yoru ni Hagurete (Where Were You Last Night)".
 Mie Yamamoto covered "Todokanu Omoi" on her 1991 debut album Sweet Love/Todokanu Omoi.
 The Nolans covered the song on their 1992 compilation album Colorful Nolans.
 Bill Champlin covered the song on the 1992 various artists album Love Stories.

Hong Kong
 Cherrie Choi covered the song in Cantonese as "Wèi nǐ de mèng lái, wèi nǐ de àishēng" (為你的夢來，為你的愛生, "Come for Your Dream, Live for Your Love") on her 1992 album Liù yuè de àirén (六月的愛人, Lover of June).
 Joyce Lee covered the song in Cantonese as "Qǐng Biǎo Tài" (請表態) on her 1992 album Lee Loksze  (李樂詩, Joyce Lee).

Germany
Santa Barbara aired on RTL under the title California Clan, with a soundtrack album released by Intercord including a cover version of "Welcome to the Edge".

See also
 List of best-selling singles in Japan
 Big in Japan

References

External links

1990 songs
1991 singles
Billie Hughes songs
Songs written by Billie Hughes
Songs written by Dominic Messinger
Songs written by Roxanne Seeman
Pony Canyon singles
Love themes
Television drama theme songs
J-pop songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Wink (duo) songs
Oricon International Singles Chart number-one singles


"The Man in Love with You" is a song written by Steve Dorff and Gary Harju, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait.  It was released in June 1994 as the fourth and final single from his album Easy Come Easy Go.  It peaked at number 4 in the United States, and number 2 in Canada.

Critical reception
Larry Flick, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that "even up against a lush string section and a mean mess of chord changes, ol' George stays as cool as a cucumber."

Music video
This is one of the few of Strait's singles that has a music video. It was directed by Bill Young.

Chart positions
"The Man in Love with You" debuted at number 75 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of June 25, 1994.

Year-end charts

References

1994 singles
1993 songs
George Strait songs
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Songs written by Steve Dorff
MCA Records singles


ANT Fresco was a proprietary, embedded web browser produced by ANT Software Limited, a software development firm headquartered in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Fresco was superseded by Galio in 2004.

As an embedded web browser, Fresco was quite attractive due to its low hardware requirements. One of the first mainstream devices that used the Fresco web browser was the Prismiq Media Player released in 2003, and which featured 64 MB of RAM and a RISC CPU. The Prismiq media player received awards from print publications Financial Times and PC Magazine along with the website CNET.  It supported HTML 4.01, JavaScript 1.3, optionally Macromedia Flash Player 5, SSL security, and antialiased fonts. IPTV tuners is another market niche where ANT's Fresco web browser has been used. By late 2006, ANT announced that Pace Micro Technology shipped its one millionth TV set-top box including its Fresco web browser.

The version of the Fresco browser as included in the Prismiq Media Player lacked support for AJAX and modern JavaScript.  ANT addressed these shortcomings in ANT Galio, launched in 2004.

References

External links
ANT Software Limited Homepage

Web browsers
Discontinued web browsers
1994 software


George Hudson (1800–1871) was an English railway financier.

George Hudson may also refer to:

George Hudson (footballer) (born 1937), player for Coventry City F.C.
George Hudson (Canadian football) (born 1976), Canadian professional Canadian football player
George LeRoy Hudson (fl. 1913–1926), Canadian politician
George Hudson (entomologist) (1867–1946), New Zealand entomologist and astronomer
George Hudson (MP) (1845–1912), British Member of Parliament for Hitchin, 1892–1906
George Hudson (cricketer) (1905–1981), English cricketer
George R. Hudson (1919–2012), American politician
George Hudson (composer), English violinist, lutenist, singer, and composer of Baroque music


Leslie Gordon Knight,  (7 March 1921 – 16 September 1943) was an Australian bomber pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force during the Second World War. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1943 for his role in Operation Chastise while flying with No. 617 Squadron RAF. Knight's crew, flying in N-Nan, attacked, hit and breached the Eder Dam, the second dam to be attacked, after his comrades had previously scored one hit and one miss.

Knight was killed later the same year while taking part in Operation Garlic – the Dortmund–Ems Canal raid. After his Lancaster's engines were damaged by clipping a tree while flying at low level, he was able to allow his entire crew to bail out but was unable to land the aircraft without crashing. He is buried at Den Ham General Cemetery in the Netherlands.

In the 1955 film The Dam Busters, Knight was played by Denys Graham.

References

External links
 Dambuster of the Day No. 57: Leslie Knight – Dambusters Blog

1921 births
1943 deaths
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian military personnel killed in World War II
Australian World War II pilots
Australian World War II bomber pilots
Aviators from Melbourne
Military personnel from Melbourne
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II


Southfield Public Schools, also known as the Southfield Public School District (SPSD), is a school district headquartered in Southfield, Michigan, United States. It serves the cities of Southfield and Lathrup Village.

Dress codes
Students in grades PreKindergarten-8 are required to wear school uniforms. For all grades denim trousers are prohibited.

Schools

High schools
Zoned
 Southfield High School for the Arts and Technology (Southfield)
Alternative
 University High School Academy (Southfield, housed at Southfield-Lathrup High School)

K-8 Schools
Zoned
 Brace-Lederle K-8 School (Southfield, formerly Lederle Middle School)
 Birney K-8 School (Southfield, formerly Birney Middle School)
Alternative
 MacArthur K-8 University Academy (Southfield, formerly MacArthur Elementary School)
 Thompson K-8 International Academy (Southfield, formerly Thompson Middle School)

Middle schools

 Levey Middle School (Southfield)

Elementary schools
 Adler Elementary School (Southfield)
 McIntyre Elementary School (Southfield)
 Adlai F. Stevenson Elementary School (Southfield)
 Vandenberg World Cultures Academy (Southfield, formerly Vandenberg Elementary School)

Early childhood schools
 Bussey Center For Early Childhood Education (Southfield, formerly Northbrook Elementary School)
 Champions at Magnolia Preschool (Southfield, formerly Magnolia Elementary School)

Alternative schools
 Southfield Regional Academic Campus (SRAC) (Southfield, formerly Brace Elementary School)

Defunct schools
 Southfield-Lathrup High School (Lathrup Village, closed in 2016, currently home to the University High School Academy program)
 Angling Road Elementary School (Southfield, converted to office space)
 Brooks School (Southfield, former library, now Greyhound bus station)
 Eisenhower Elementary School (Southfield, use is currently unknown)
 John Grace Elementary School (Southfield, converted to the John Grace Community Center)
 John F. Kennedy Elementary School (Southfield, converted to the Southfield Education Center)
 Annie Lathrup Elementary School (Lathrup Village, longtime home of Yeshivat Akiva, last used as the Academy of Lathrup Village, building is now for lease)
 Fred D. Leonhard Elementary School (Southfield, use is currently unknown)
 McKinley Elementary School (Southfield, converted to the Academy of Southfield)
 Marion Simms Elementary School (Southfield, razed for Simms Park)
 Rotenburg Elementary School (Southfield, converted to Yeshiva Beth Yehuda School)
 Glenn Schoenhals Elementary School (Southfield, converted to the International Montessori Academy)
 Southfield No. 10 Elementary School (Southfield, converted to office space)

References

External links

 Southfield Public Schools

School districts in Michigan
Education in Oakland County, Michigan


Ruteng is a small town in the highlands towards the western end of Flores Island, Indonesia. It is the administrative capital of Manggarai Regency, serviced by the Frans Sales Lega Airport or Ruteng Airport. The population is predominantly Roman Catholic, but still preserve the ancient Manggarai custom of caci (whip fighting), which is usually practiced at weddings, and serves as a tourist attraction.

The Liang Bua archeological site is nearby, around 10 km to the north of Ruteng.

Climate
Ruteng has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb) that borders the tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from June to August and heavy to very heavy rainfall in the remaining months.

References

Flores Island (Indonesia)
Regency seats of East Nusa Tenggara
Populated places in East Nusa Tenggara
Pesona ruteng manggarai


Acantholichen is a fungal genus in the family Hygrophoraceae. The genus was circumscribed by Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen to contain the type, and at that time, only species, the basidiolichen Acantholichen pannarioides, discovered originally in Costa Rica in 1998. This species has a bluish, gelatinous thallus, and a fine, white powdery bloom covering the hairy upper surface; this surface is said to resemble "an unshaven chin". Five additional species, all basidiolichens, were added to the genus in 2016 following an in-depth analysis of specimens collected from the Galápagos, Costa Rica, Brazil and Colombia.

Species
Acantholichen albomarginatus
Acantholichen campestris
Acantholichen galapagoensis
Acantholichen pannarioides
Acantholichen sorediatus
Acantholichen variabilis

See also

List of Agaricales genera

References

Hygrophoraceae
Basidiolichens
Agaricales genera
Lichen genera
Taxa named by Per Magnus Jørgensen
Taxa described in 1998


Mohammad Rafiq or Rafique may refer to:
Muhammad Rafiq (brigadier) (fl. 1950s), Pakistani Commandant
Mohammad Rafiq (judge) (born 1960), Indian Judge and the Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (born 1929), Pakistani judge and then president
Mohammed Rafique Mughal (born 1936), Pakistani archaeologist
Mohammad Rafiq (poet) (born 1943), winner of the Bangla Academy Awards in 1987
Mohammed Rafik Khatri (born 1970), Indian Master craftsman
Mohammad Rafique (cricketer) (born 1970), Bangladeshi cricketer
Mohammed Rafique (footballer) (born 1992), Indian footballer
Mohammad Rafiq (born 1954), retired Pakistani Air Force officer known for overpowering the attacker of Bærum mosque shooting
Mohd Rafiq Naizamohideen (born 1986), Malaysian politician

See also
 Muhammad Rafique (disambiguation)
 Mohammed Rafi (1924–1980), Indian singer
 Mohammed Rafi (footballer) (born ), Indian footballer
 Mohammad Rafi (cricketer) (born 1998), Indian cricketer
 Syed Mohammad Rafi (–1803), Indian Islamic scholar
 Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713–1781), Indian Urdu poet


Gh0st RAT is a Trojan horse for the Windows platform that the operators of GhostNet used to hack into many sensitive computer networks. It is a cyber spying computer program. The "Rat" part of the name refers to the software's ability to operate as a "Remote Administration Tool".

The GhostNet system disseminates malware to selected recipients via computer code attached to stolen emails and addresses, thereby expanding the network by allowing more computers to be infected. According to the Infowar Monitor (IWM), "GhostNet" infection causes computers to download a Trojan known as "Gh0st RAT" that allows attackers to gain complete, real-time control. Such a computer can be controlled or inspected by its hackers, and the software even has the ability to turn on the camera and audio-recording functions of an infected computer that has such capabilities, enabling monitors to see and hear what goes on in a room. A lesser known variant of Gh0st RAT is Gh0stBins, which possesses the same set of malicious tools, including keylogging and the ability to perform a system reboot.

See also

 Computer surveillance
 Computer insecurity
 Cyber-security regulation
 Cyber-warfare
 Proactive Cyber Defence
 Surveillance
 Espionage
 Phishing

References

External links
 Information Warfare Monitor - Tracking Cyberpower (University of Toronto, Canada/Munk Centre)

Trojan horses
Spyware
Web security exploits
Social engineering (computer security)
Public-domain software with source code


Warriors 4 Christ Wrestling (W4CW) is an independent professional wrestling promotion based in San Antonio, Texas. W4CW is a non-profit organization operated by Warriors 4 Christ INC.

History

The company's founder and President, Curtis Stone A.K.A. "Nightmare", Cheyene, George Carey, The Rolling Stone (Part of the Tag-Team Rolling Stones),Mark McFadden, formerly competed as a professional wrestler and has operated the organization since 1999. Stone previously worked as an enforcer for drug dealers, collecting money from debtors, before he became a Christian. The promotion was originally called Southern Heat Championship Wrestling. The name was considered too suggestive by some churches, however, so the organization was renamed in late summer of 2006. W4CW promotes wrestling events at schools and churches, and proceeds are donated to local charities, such as orphanages, woman's shelters, and churches. W4CW events also features Christian musical acts, and some include sermons. Although W4CW includes a religious aspect, matches are conducted the same way as in other promotions. Foreign objects, such as chairs, are used as weapons during matches. All wrestlers are trained, and many are pursuing long-term careers in professional wrestling. Because of the nature of a Christian wrestling promotion, however, W4CW has met with resistance from some fans and churches, both of whom are suspicious of an organization that combines professional wrestling with religion.

W4CW's headquarters is in San Antonio and operates over 40 shows each year, which take place both in the United States and Mexico. Many of the shows are free, and events are usually attended by several hundred people. It was named Promotion of the Year in 2008 by the San Antonio Independent Wrestling Scene. The promotion's top championship is the W4CW Heavyweight Championship, which is currently held by The Great Ryu, and Intercontinental Champion Tony Vega and Middle Weight Champion is Weazy Woo, Tag Team Champions are "Double Trouble" (Chris James and Tony Vega).

Champions

Roster

Male wrestlers
Dusty Wolfe
Doink The Clown
Curtis Stone aka Nightmare
Tommy Gunn
Tony Vega
Chris James
Prince Al Farat
Big Time Tommy
Weazy Woo
Rocky Morocco
The Great Ryu
Dragon X
Wild Man Jack
Johnny Ruckus
Mighty B
The Crucifix
Krazy Klown
El Gusanito
Black and White
Mizkeen
Mechanico Loco

Other on-screen personnel
Filthy Rich - Manager and Trainer
The Fire Up Kid (Ralphy) "Manager"
Lucious - Manager
Bishop Brown - "Ring Announcer"
Ray The Voice - Ring Announcer
Alex / Rin Tin Tin / Alfred - Referee

References

Independent professional wrestling promotions based in Texas


Ricardo Teixeira (born 2 August 1984 in Lisbon, Portugal) is an Angolan-Portuguese racing driver. He holds dual nationality and has raced under both nationalities at various points in his career. He was the first Angolan driver to drive a Formula 1 car when he was announced as a test driver for Team Lotus for 2011. He has been sponsored throughout his career by the Angolan oil company Sonangol.

Career

Formula BMW
Teixeira began his formula racing career in 2001 by driving in the Formula BMW Junior Cup in Portugal. He finished in 20th position in the drivers' championship.

Formula Three
Teixeira moved to the National Class of the British Formula 3 Championship in 2002, but did not start a race that year. In 2003 he raced occasionally in the BRSCC's ARP Formula Three Championship, taking one win and three podiums finish at club racing level.

He returned to the British Championship in 2005 after taking a couple of years out for study with the Carlin Motorsport team, finishing ninth in the National Class. The following season, he improved to seventh, despite switching teams to Performance Racing Europe part-way through the year finishing twice in the podium. In 2007, he moved up to the Championship Class of the series with Performance Racing, scoring no points. For 2008, he moved to the Ultimate Motorsport team's Mygale chassis.
Teixeira also competed in two races of the German ATS Formel 3 Cup in 2007, and has driven in two Masters of Formula Three races, with a best finish of 24th.

GP2 Series
Teixeira was signed by the Trident Racing team to drive in the fifth and sixth rounds of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. He replaced Frankie Provenzano, and was the seventh competitor to drive one of the team's two entries. He was the first Angolan driver to compete at this level of motorsport. Trident kept a hold of Teixeira for the 2009 GP2 Series.

After two years away from the series, one in FIA Formula Two Championship and then as a test driver for the Lotus Formula One team, Teixeira returned to GP2 by signing with the Rapax team for the 2012 season, in which he partnered Tom Dillmann. After ten races, and with a best finish of 13th, he was replaced by Daniël de Jong after suffering from illness. He returned to action for the next round at Silverstone, with De Jong taking Dillmann's seat instead. Teixeira eventually finished 29th in the championship.

FIA Formula Two Championship

Teixeira moved to the FIA Formula Two Championship for 2010. He finished fifth in his third race in the series, at Marrakech, but suffered a spectacular aerial accident in the following race when he collided with Ivan Samarin under braking for a chicane. Teixeira was uninjured in the accident. Over the course of the season he amassed 23 points to finish 16th in the drivers' championship: his best showing in any series since 2006.

Formula One
After driving for Team Lotus in pre-season testing for the 2011 season, Teixeira was confirmed as a test driver for the team in March 2011.

GP2 again
In July 2013, Ricardo Teixeira returned to the GP2 series in Hungary with the Trident team.

Racing record

Career summary

Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete FIA Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Auto GP results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

 (archive)
British F3 driver profile

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Lisbon
Angolan racing drivers
Portuguese racing drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
German Formula Three Championship drivers
GP2 Series drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
FIA Formula Two Championship drivers
Auto GP drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Performance Racing drivers
Trident Racing drivers
Rapax Team drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
Portuguese people of Angolan descent


"King of the Mountain" a song written by Larry Boone and Paul Nelson. First recorded in 1991 by George Jones for his album And Along Came Jones, the song was also cut by Boone on his 1993 album Get in Line.

It was later covered by American country music artist George Strait, and was released in December 1996 as the fourth and final single from his album Blue Clear Sky. The song reached #19 in the United States and number 27 in Canada. Even though the song was his lowest peaking single since 1992's, "Lovesick Blues", it was one of the most critically acclaimed country songs in years.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it a "lyrically powerful weeper, and Strait's performance exudes oceans of mournful regret."

Chart performance
"King of the Mountain" debuted at number 48 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of December 21, 1996.

References

1991 songs
1996 singles
George Jones songs
Larry Boone songs
George Strait songs
Songs written by Larry Boone
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Songs written by Paul Nelson (songwriter)
MCA Records singles


Ambivina is a fungal genus in the family Corticiaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Ambivina filobasidia, described by B. Katz in 1974.

References

Corticiales
Monotypic Basidiomycota genera


Le Courrier du Sud is a free French-language weekly tabloid newspaper based in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada. The newspaper is distributed to 143,992 homes in the cities of Longueuil (boroughs of Le Vieux-Longueuil, Saint-Hubert and Greenfield Park), Brossard and Saint-Lambert. 'Le Courrier du Sud is owned by Transcontinental. It was established in 1947 by Jean-Paul Auclair in the former city of Montreal South as a bilingual newspaper (and was also known at the time as The South Courier).

References

External links
 Le Courrier du Sud (official website)

French-language newspapers published in Quebec
Mass media in Longueuil
Newspapers established in 1947
Quebecor
Bilingual newspapers
Weekly newspapers published in Quebec
Mass media in Montérégie
1947 establishments in Quebec
1947 establishments in Canada


Parsian may refer to:
 Parsian Bank, a bank in Iran
 Parsian, Iran, a city in Iran
 Parsian County, an administrative subdivision of Iran
 Parsian, Bandar Abbas, a village in Iran
 Parsian IF, a football club in Stockholms Fotbollförbund
 Farsian (disambiguation)


There are four active free-to-air television networks and one remaining licensed pay television network in Hong Kong. There is also a number of online subscription television services.

Currently, there are no new applicants for free-to-air or pay-tv licences.

In 2007, free-to-air television broadcasters in Hong Kong were allocated extra frequency bands and bandwidth to provide additional digital broadcasts over and above that needed to provide simultaneous digital and analogue broadcasting of the four original multi frequency free-to-air channels. Digital terrestrial broadcasts began on 31 December 2007. Analogue terrestrial television ended in 2020.

Free-to-air television

In operation
 Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB; )
 Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK; )
 HK Television Entertainment (HKTVE; )
 Fantastic Television Limited (FTV; )

Former licensees
 Asia Television (ATV; . Non-renewal announced in 2015. Ceased operation in 2016)
 Commercial Television (CTV; . Ceased operation in 1978)

Former licence applicants
 New Asia Network (NAN; ), parent company Forever Top (Asia) Limited abandoned the application, following its acquisition of Cable TV Hong Kong and its subsidiary, Fantastic Television, which is a free television provider.
 Phoenix Hong Kong Television (PHKTV, ), parent company Phoenix Television announced its decision to rescind the application on 18 August 2017.
 Hong Kong Television Network (HKTV; ) – 2nd time applicant. First application was rejected in 2013. Mobile television licence that restricts in-home viewing granted in 2017. Gave up the application in 2018.

Licensed pay television

In operation
Now TV

Former licensees
Cable TV Hong Kong
 TVB Network Vision

Free-to-air television channels

Channels currently on-air

Defunct channels

Additional channels

Operative services
Hong Kong uses the same Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast (DMB-T/H) standard as Macau and Guangdong and, because of signal overspill, viewers in Hong Kong can receive and watch all free to air channels from these areas without much difficulty.

However, because of licensing and intellectual property reasons, except for the four local free-to-air networks and CCTV-1, a subsidiary of China Central Television (CCTV), viewers outside of certain confines
 are not legally allowed to watch these channels.

Residential subscribers to cable premium and subscription services are free to use these services within certain confines, usually within their own homes, and under the terms and conditions of their service provider. Other contracts deal with the provision of services to non-domestic properties, e.g. premium sport content to bars.

References and notes

Television stations in Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong television-related lists


The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a 2010 high fantasy adventure film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay by Christopher Markus, Stephen McFeely, and Michael Petroni, based on the 1952 novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, the third published and fifth chronological novel in the children's book series The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis. The sequel to The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008), it is the third and final installment in The Chronicles of Narnia film series. It is the only film in the series not to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, which was replaced by 20th Century Fox. However, Disney would eventually own the rights to all the films in the series following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in 2019.

Georgie Henley, Skandar Keynes, Ben Barnes, Liam Neeson, Tilda Swinton, William Moseley and Anna Popplewell reprise their roles from the second film, while new cast includes Will Poulter and Simon Pegg. The film is set three Narnian years after the events of Prince Caspian. The two youngest Pevensie siblings, Edmund and Lucy, are transported back to Narnia along with their cousin Eustace Scrubb. They join the new king of Narnia, Caspian, in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and to save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a dark island. Each character is tested as they journey to the home of Aslan at the far end of the world.

Development on the film began in 2007, while Prince Caspian was still in production. Filming was supposed to take place in Malta, Czech Republic, and Iceland in 2008 with Michael Apted as its new director, for a planned release in 2009. However, production was halted after a budgetary dispute between Walden Media and Walt Disney Pictures following Prince Caspian performance at the box office, resulting in Disney's departing the production and being replaced by 20th Century Fox under its Fox 2000 Pictures label. Filming later took place in Australia and New Zealand in 2009. It is the only film in the series to be released in 3D.

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader premiered on November 30, 2010, selected for the Royal Film Performance, before it was theatrically released on December 9 in the United Kingdom and December 10 in the United States. Despite mixed reviews, it was a moderate success at the box office, grossing over $415.6 million worldwide. Despite being lower than its predecessors, it was 20th Century Fox's highest-grossing film in 2010. The song "There's a Place for Us" by Carrie Underwood was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards.

An adaptation of The Magician's Nephew was to be the fourth entry in the film series, but in the fall of 2011, Walden Media's contract with the C. S. Lewis estate expired.

Plot
Three Narnian years after the events of Prince Caspian, Lucy and Edmund Pevensie are staying with their irritating cousin Eustace Scrubb while their older siblings Peter and Susan are in America as World War II rages on. Edmund is too young to enlist in His Majesty's Armed Forces, to his chagrin. A painting of a ship on the ocean transports Lucy, Edmund, and Eustace into an ocean in Narnia.

They are rescued by the Dawn Treader. Caspian invites them on a voyage to rescue the seven Lords of Narnia whom his uncle Miraz banished. In the Lone Islands, where people are sold as slaves, Caspian and Edmund are imprisoned while Lucy and Eustace are sold as slaves. Caspian meets one of the lost lords, who reveals that unsold slaves are sacrificed to a green mist. The crew of the Dawn Treader rescues Caspian and the others. The lord, who becomes the new governor, gives Caspian a sword, one of seven given to the lords by Aslan. At another island, Lucy is abducted by invisible Dufflepuds who force her to enter the manor of the magician Coriakin to find a visibility spell. Coriakin encourages the crew to defeat the mist by laying the lords' swords at Aslan's Table on Ramandu's island, but warns they will be tested. Lucy recites a beauty incantation she found, and enters a dream in which she is Susan, and neither Lucy nor Narnia exist. Aslan chides Lucy for her self-doubt, explaining that her siblings only know of Narnia because of her. At a third island, another sword is recovered from a pool that turns anything that touches it into gold. Eustace steals from a rock pit full of treasure. While Edmund and Caspian look for Eustace, they discover the remains of another of the lords, recovering his sword. A dragon approaches and is driven away from the Dawn Treader. The dragon is Eustace, transformed by the treasure's curse. Reepicheep befriends Eustace, who has a change of heart and becomes useful to the crew.

The crew arrives at Aslan's Table to find three lost lords sleeping. As they place the swords on the table they realise one is missing. A star descends from the sky and transforms into Lilliandil, a beautiful woman who guides them to the Dark Island, a lair of the mist, where they discover the last lord. The island uses Edmund's fear to create a sea serpent that attacks the ship. Eustace fights the serpent, but the panicked lord wounds him with the last sword, causing him to fly away. He encounters Aslan, who transforms him back into a boy for his self-sacrifice and sends him to Ramandu's island with the last sword. As the crew fights the serpent, the mist distracts Edmund by appearing as Jadis, the White Witch. Eustace reaches the table, but the mist tries to stop him from putting the sword on the table with the others. He overcomes the mist, allowing the swords to unleash their magic and bestow Edmund's own sword with the power to slay the sea serpent, the death of which awakens the three lords, destroys the mist and Dark Island, and liberates the sacrificed slaves.

Eustace rejoins Lucy, Edmund, Caspian, and Reepicheep, and they sail to a mysterious shore before a massive wave. Aslan appears, telling them that his country lies beyond, although if they go there they may never return. Caspian wishes to enter Aslan's country but changes his mind, knowing he has more duties as a king, but Reepicheep is determined to enter. Aslan blesses him and he bids farewell to Caspian, Edmund, Lucy and Eustace. Aslan tells Lucy and Edmund that they cannot return to Narnia as they have grown up like their elder siblings Peter and Susan. Aslan encourages them to know him in their world by another name. Aslan opens a portal to return them to their world. As Lucy, Edmund and Eustace walk to the portal, Eustace asks Aslan if he will return. Aslan replies that he will. The three of them are returned to the bedroom. Eustace hears his mother announcing a visitor, Jill Pole. Eustace hangs the painting back on the wall. As they exit the bedroom, they sadly look back at the painting and see the ship voyaging through the waves disappear before Lucy closes the door.

Cast

Pevensies and Scrubbs
 Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie: The third-oldest of the Pevensie children and a King of Narnia. He is more matured after the events of Prince Caspian, and he takes good care of his younger sister and cousin while they embark on a voyage to defeat the enemy. On his last journey, his hunger for more power against Caspian and the White Witch is being tested.
 Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie: The youngest of the Pevensie children. A Queen of Narnia who first discovered the world of Narnia during the events of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, she comes back to Narnia to save it from a threatening darkness while her faith is being tested along the way. Henley feels that Lucy's desire to be more beautiful than her sister Susan represents the dilemma of modern teenage girls on beauty and image.
 Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb: The Pevensie children's irritating cousin who gets transported to Narnia for the first time. At first, he annoys everyone with his arrogance and greed, but he dramatically changes after he is cursed for his sins and becomes a dragon. With the support of his cousins and the warrior mouse Reepicheep, Eustace becomes a more generous and cooperative soul. He uses his dragon form to good advantage first when the Dawn Treader is caught in magically induced doldrums by towing the ship and later attacking the sea serpent, earning the crew's respect and being restored by Aslan for his self-sacrifice.

Dawn Treader crew
 Ben Barnes as King Caspian: Caspian was raised as a Telmarine prince and was helped by the Pevensie children to ascend to the throne as the new King of Narnia during the events of Prince Caspian. As the King of Narnia, he has grown into a wise young man and embarks on a voyage to seek the seven lost lords of Narnia and to defeat an enemy who threatens to corrupt it. Along the way, his faith is tested when he is tempted by the green mist of Dark Island, which appears to him as his greatest fear—his father feeling nothing but disappointment in him. Also on the voyage, Caspian finds a new love interest when he meets Lilliandil on Ramandu's Island and is instantly smitten with her.
 Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep: Reepicheep is the valiant swashbuckling mouse who aided Caspian and the Pevensie children during the events of Prince Caspian. He joins Caspian in the voyage on the Dawn Treader because he is aware that his time is at an end; he must seek the unseen Aslan's Country as his last voyage. Pegg replaced Eddie Izzard because director Michael Apted thought that his voice is more mature and serious compared to Izzard's. Bill Nighy was originally announced as Izzard's replacement, but the studio thought his voice sounded too old for the role and decided to go in a different direction.
 Gary Sweet as Lord Drinian: The captain of the Dawn Treader and Caspian's best friend. He is a very cautious and protective captain, and is somewhat superstitious about stories of sea serpents.
 Shane Rangi as Tavros the Minotaur: Rangi also played Asterius the Minotaur in Prince Caspian and General Otmin in The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe.
 Morgan Evans as Randy the Faun
 Steven Rooke as Nausus the Faun
 Tony Nixon as 1st Mate (Rynelf)

Narnians
 Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan: Aslan is a great lion and the highest of all the Kings of Narnia. He tests everyone's faith as they embark on a voyage to defeat evil and to seek his country in the ends of the world. He later guides Reepicheep to his own country.
 Laura Brent as Lilliandil: Lilliandil is the daughter of the retired star, Ramandu and the Blue Star that shines over Ramandu's Island; the crew on the Dawn Treader follow her position in the sky to reach the island. She aides the crew in destroying the evil of Dark Island and is also Caspian's love interest. The name of Ramandu's Daughter is not mentioned in the novel, so producer Douglas Gresham coined the name "Lilliandil".
 Bille Brown as Coriakin: A wizard and a retired star who guides the Dufflepuds to wisdom. He reveals to the crew the evil that threatens to corrupt Narnia and warns them that each one of them will be tested in their faith by Aslan.
 Terry Norris as Lord Bern: One of the Lost Lords of Narnia who settled on the Lone Islands. He later succeeds as its new Governor.
 Bruce Spence as Lord Rhoop: One of the Lost Lords of Narnia. He gets trapped on the Dark Island.
 Arabella Morton as Gael: A Lone Islander whose mother was sacrificed to the green mist. She later sneaks on board the Dawn Treader to follow her father (Rhince, played by Arthur Angel), who also joins the Dawn Treader crew to look for his wife. She is good friends with Lucy and sees her as her heroine, as Lucy acts much like a big sister to her.
 Nathaniel Parker as Caspian IX: The late father of Caspian X, who was murdered by his brother Miraz shortly after his son's birth. The green mist of Dark Island appears to Caspian as his father, telling him that he is ashamed to call him his son.
 David Vallon as Governor Gumpas
 Michael Foster as Gumpas's money collector
 Colin Moody as Pug, the leader of a gang of slavers in Narrowhaven of the Lone Islands.
 Roy Billing as Chief Dufflepud

Cameos
 William Moseley as Peter Pevensie: Peter is the oldest of the Pevensie children, who was crowned as the High King of Narnia during the events of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. He was too old to experience the wonders of Narnia after the events of Prince Caspian. He, along with Susan, went to America with their parents.
 Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie: Susan is the second-oldest of the Pevensie children and a Queen of Narnia. She, like her older brother Peter, was too old to visit Narnia a third time. She and Peter went to America with their parents, leaving their younger siblings to spend a not-so-fun holiday with their cousin Eustace.
 Tilda Swinton as Jadis, the White Witch: The White Witch is a former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after the events of The Magician's Nephew and during the events of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Edmund's memories of her are revived by the mist to torment him in his test to defeat temptation.
 Douglas Gresham as a slave buyer: Douglas Gresham is the stepson of C. S. Lewis and has made cameo appearances in all three Narnia films, all of which he produced.

Production

Development
Michael Apted took over as the film's director from Andrew Adamson, who opted to produce, with Mark Johnson, Perry Moore, and Douglas Gresham. Steven Knight wrote the script following a draft by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely. Richard Taylor, Isis Mussenden, and Howard Berger continued their roles working on the production design and practical effects, while visual effects supervisor Jim Rygiel, composer David Arnold, and cinematographer Dante Spinotti are newcomers to the series. The film was officially budgeted at $140 million, although some estimates put the cost at $155 million.

When Apted signed on to direct The Voyage of the Dawn Treader in June 2007, filming was set to begin in January 2008 for a May 1, 2009 release date. Shooting would have begun in Malta, and then moved to Prague and Iceland. A few months later, Disney announced that "in consideration of the challenging schedules for [its] young actors", they were delaying the release date to May 7, 2010, and filming was moved to October 2008. Johnson rescheduled the shoot to Playas de Rosarito, Baja California (Mexico), where two thirds of the film would be shot at the water tank that was used for Titanic and Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. Filming was also scheduled for Australia. Disney and Walden eventually grew concerned over safety in Mexico, and Australian officials at Warner Roadshow Studios in Queensland offered to become the project's base for the whole shoot.

Disney announced on December 24, 2008, that it would no longer co-produce the film. Disney and Walden disputed over the budget after the box office performance of Prince Caspian grossed far less than The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; Disney wanted to limit it to $100 million, whereas Walden wanted a $140 million budget, of which Disney would only need to provide half. Another reason why Disney opted not to produce the film was because they feared the budget would only grow during filming and post-production. The Los Angeles Times also reported "creative differences" led to the split. Times columnist Mary McNamara noted that Disney leaving the series could be a mistake, because Voyage is the most popular Narnia book, while Caspian was the series' least popular and did not create the anticipation surrounding the first film. Walden began searching for a new distributor for the film. Several other studios, including Sony's Columbia Pictures, Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., and 20th Century Fox were in negotiations to distribute the film, although several markets already predicted that Fox would take over.

It was announced in January 2009 that 20th Century Fox would replace Walt Disney Pictures as the distributor while Disney would still retain the rights for the first two. Fox had pursued the Narnia film rights in 2001 and distributed various other Walden projects. Producer Mark Johnson admitted that "we made some mistakes with Prince Caspian and I don't want to make them again". He said it was "very important" that filmmakers regain the magic for Dawn Treader.

Writing
Michael Petroni was hired to rewrite the script with Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, following a draft written by Richard LaGravenese and Steven Knight. The previous two films have been described as remaining more faithful to the original stories than the third installment. Apted noted the episodic and disconnected nature of the story would need to be revised for a film version, such as the material involving the Dark Island, the Sea Serpent, and Eustace. They even discussed combining The Voyage of the Dawn Treader with The Silver Chair, much as the BBC combined Dawn Treader and Prince Caspian in its television serial. As a result, some elements were borrowed from The Silver Chair, where Narnians are held hostage and rescued. The author's estate did not initially receive the change well, but it gained favor after review.

Eustace has a greater role as a dragon in the film: he proceeds as a dragon with the ship to the next islands and proves to be a valuable asset for the crew for the remainder of the voyage. This allows the character to take a major part in the action, beyond mere work duty on the ship as in the book. The filmmakers felt that the book's description of Eustace's stream of consciousness as he realizes that he had become a dragon while sleeping was effective as text, but that it could not easily be translated onto film (though the 1989 BBC version did exactly that). Further, the film omits a noted passage from the book, where Aslan peels Eustace's dragon skin off in layers. Walden President Micheal Flaherty remarked that "people don't earn grace; they receive it once they are humbled and aware of their need." The film also omits the passage describing Eustace discovering the old dragon who dies next to its hoard in the valley.

Filming
Ernie Malik, a unit publicist for the film, confirmed that filming began on June 27, 2009, on location in Queensland, Australia. Filming took place at Village Roadshow Studios in August and September 2009, with filming of exterior shots on board the ship at Cleveland Point and the Gold Coast Seaway in September 2009. Apted stated that fellow directors Gore Verbinski and Peter Weir recommended him not to shoot on water, so they built a giant Dawn Treader on a gimbal at, which allowed it to rock and shift as if on the high seas. At the extreme end of the town's peninsula, jutting into Moreton Bay, the  boat could be rotated through 360 degrees to keep the sun angles consistent. Additional shots were taken at the Southport School, also located on the Gold Coast. It was also filmed at White Island in New Zealand.

Effects

There are 1,400 special effects shots that were made for The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, more than The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 800 and fewer than Prince Caspian 1,500 shots. Angus Bickerton served as the lead visual effects supervisor of the film while Jim Rygiel, who supervised the effects on The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, worked as the senior visual effects supervisor. British visual effects companies the Moving Picture Company, Framestore CFC, and The Senate VFX were hired to create the visual effects alongside Cinesite and The Mill. Moving Picture worked on the dragon Eustace and the Dawn Treader. They say the dragon is "amongst the most heroic characters ever created, and is scheduled to be featured in around 200 shots of the movie." They also revised Reepicheep from the previous film by saturating his color, giving him bushier eyebrows and ear hair, and made his whiskers a little more wiry just to give him a sense of age. Framestore also revised Aslan, changing his color palette to be a more realistic lion than a golden lion and adding a darker mane; they also created 16 different dufflepuds to replace Jonathan Fawkner and Angus Bickerton running around first as dufflepuds on the set; The Senate worked on the opening shot of King's College, Cambridge, as well as the star effect on Liliandil at Ramandu's Island; Cinesite worked on the Dark Island, and Fugitive Studios did the end titles and credits, which featured original drawings created by Pauline Baynes for the Narnia books. These illustrations were included because the film's creators wanted the credits to have visual interest, and also because they wished to include an acknowledgement to Pauline Baynes, who died in August 2008.

Conversion to 3D

After the success of the 3D release of Avatar, 20th Century Fox announced in February 2010 that The Voyage of the Dawn Treader would be released in Digital 3D and RealD 3D formats; it is the first Narnia film to have a 3D release. Walden had previous experience creating 3D films, having released James Cameron's documentaries Ghosts of the Abyss and Aliens of the Deep, as well as Journey to the Center of the Earth with New Line Cinema. The filmmakers initially discussed shooting the film in 3D during principal photography but later decided to shoot in two-dimensional cameras to save on costs. Prime Focus Group was hired in June 2010 to convert the film to 3D during post-production. Film director Joe Dante remarked that Apted was at first skeptical about the conversion, stating "If I was gonna do a 3D movie, I would have done it differently." Later, he remarked that he was excited after seeing progress during the conversion. Dawn Treader was his first 3D film. Johnson later said that the reason for the film's 3D release was to help Dawn Treader at the box office, where it would be in competition with films such as Tangled, Tron: Legacy, and Yogi Bear which were released in 3D.

Music

Composer David Arnold scored the film, with themes composed by Harry Gregson-Williams (who scored the first two films). It was the Arnold's fourth collaboration with Apted, after The World Is Not Enough, Enough, and Amazing Grace. Arnold worked with Paul Apted in editing the score. The scoring sessions took place during September and work was completed on October 8, 2010. An original song, "There's a Place for Us" written by Carrie Underwood, David Hodges, and Hillary Lindsey, and recorded by Underwood, was released on November 16, 2010 exclusively on iTunes. It was released on December 7, 2010 by Sony Masterworks. Covers of the song have been recorded by various singers around the world.

Marketing

Promotions
In addition to its production budget, Fox and Walden spent around $100 million to promote the film around the world. In late November 2009, three still pictures from the film were released on the social networking site Facebook. In February 2010, Narnia.com, the official domain, returned after a nine-month hiatus, bringing exclusive reports from the set. The full site, with the first trailer, information on the film's story and cast, and other content, opened on June 17, 2010. The film's first promotional banner was presented at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, which was followed by a teaser poster in May 2010. A Christian Narnia conference was held from June 3–6, 2010, at Taylor University in Upland, Indiana. Director Michael Apted and some of the producers gave exclusive commentary on and first looks at the film, including a 5-minute "super trailer". Franklin Graham's Samaritan's Purse program promoted an international relief campaign entitled Operation Narnia to donate relief goods to children around the world from July to December 2010.

The historic caravel ship the Matthew was transformed into a replica of The Dawn Treader to promote the film. It sailed from the Atlantic Ocean to the English Channel in August 2010. National Geographic Channel and Fox conducted a series of contests in Europe for people who want to visit the ship for three days. The National Maritime Museum in Cornwall made the ship available to the public on August 28 to August 30, 2010.

IGN said that the film "was far more reminiscent of the vibrant and optimistic The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe than of its dark and violent sequel, Prince Caspian". UGO said that "Narnia's gone back to the magic" and remarked that "sailing the high seas looks fun!"

The first official trailer for the film was released online on June 17, 2010. The trailer was attached to the theatrical release of Toy Story 3 on June 18, 2010, and then attached to Alpha and Omega on September 17, 2010. 20th Century Fox released the trailer on the Diary of a Wimpy Kid DVD release. An international poster and trailer for the film was shown on October 7, 2010. A third trailer was released November 9, 2010. To promote the film's release, American television networks ABC and Disney Channel broadcast The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe on December 11, 13, and 14. Cable network Syfy screened Prince Caspian on December 12 and 13.

Books
HarperCollins published new editions of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Chronicles of Narnia on October 26, 2010, with new images of the film. Harper published a new edition of The Chronicles of Narnia, commemorating the 60th anniversary of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, and released it the same day. A movie storybook and several other tie-in books were released by HarperChildrens, Walden Pond Press, and Zondervan to promote the film. On November 12, 2010, HarperCollins released an enhanced multimedia e-book of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for several platforms including iPad and Android.

Group Publishing released three previews from the film and included it in their vacation Bible school resource kit called Fun for the Whole Family Hour on August 19, 2010. Grace Hill Media released a resource tool entitled Narnia Faith for ministers and pastors on October 12, 2010.

Games

Canceled console game
Back in early 2009, Destructoid reported that video game developer Nihilistic Software was working on the video game for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. This was substantiated by an online resume for Nestor Angeles on the Animator Database. It was then assumed that the game would be completed in coincidence with the film's release in December 2010. Less than a year thereafter it has been revealed that the video game adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader produced by Nihilistic Software was canceled when Walt Disney Pictures (and therefore Disney Interactive) left the Narnia project in late 2008/early 2009.

Mobile game
In 2010, the mobile video game  The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader was released, developed by Fox Digital Entertainment, it was released in 2010. It is a sequel to The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian movie-based video games.

The game is set as a journey to Aslan's country and then back to England. As King Caspian, Edmund, or Lucy, the player will encounter sea monsters and dragons in epic battles. Loosely based on the movie The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, the game also shares some sequences with the original book.

The player becomes one of the film's three main characters: King Caspian, Lucy and Edmund. Gameplay includes defeating enemies including bosses with a sword as well as solving simple puzzles. In some parts the player will control a rowboat and has to evade rocks and attacking pirates on a rowboat. Health and stamina can be replenished along the way by picking up bottles dropped by defeating enemies or destroying jars or opening treasure chests.

The game, just like its predecessor, was met with average to mixed reviews upon release. Will Wilson, writing for the mobile gaming website Pocket Gamer, gave a 6/10 mixed review, stating that: "the Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a solid movie tie-in that doesn't desecrate the license and will please fans, but it doesn't offer up anything to get pulses racing either".

Release
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader held its world premiere on November 30, 2010 in London at the Royal Film Performance in Leicester Square. It was the first time the Royal Film Performance was screened in Digital 3D and the second time a Narnia film premiered at the event, the first being The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in 2005. The premiere was attended by various personalities, including Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. It was given a pre-release gala on December 8 in Knoxville, Tennessee followed by a North American premiere in Louisville, Kentucky on December 9, 2010. The film was originally set to have a May 2009 release date when Disney was still producing it. But was later delayed when Disney pulled itself and Fox helmed the production. Fox later announced a December 2010 release date because it felt that Narnia would do better during the holidays. It had its major release in Asia and Australia on December 2, 2010 and in North America and Europe on December 10, 2010.

Critical reception
The Voyage of the Dawn Treader was met with mixed reviews from critics. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 50% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on a sample of 166 reviews, with a rating average of 5.72/10. The consensus reads: "Its leisurely, businesslike pace won't win the franchise many new fans, but Voyage of the Dawn Treader restores some of the Narnia franchise's lost luster with strong performances and impressive special effects." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating from film critics, the film has a rating score of 53% based on 33 reviews, indicating "mixed to average" reviews. CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave the film an A− on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times praised the film and gave it three stars out of four, saying "This is a rip-snorting adventure fantasy for families, especially the younger members who are not insistent on continuity." Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave it a three stars out of four; he remarked it is "a worthy challenger to the far more popular Harry Potter pictures". The Guardian gave the film a positive review. They stated that the film "arrives with confidence and bravado intact. ... and arguably the most Tolkien-esque of the Narnia books". IGN was positive, stating "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader is a solid sequel that might even surpass the first entry as the best in the series for some fans. It also bodes well for the future of this once iffy franchise."

Several film critics have praised Apted's direction in character development and Poulter's performance as Eustace. Among them, The Arizona Republic Kerry Lengel said, "the best thing about the film is neither the top-notch CGI nor the shallow moral lessons but the performance of Georgie Henley as Lucy as well as the performance of her and Edmund's insufferable cousin Eustace Scrubb." Luke Y. Thompson from E! Online praised the performances, stating "Henley and Keynes are charming as ever, and Poulter's turn as Eustace injects a welcome note of comedic cynicism into the sea of sentimentality. Simon Pegg ably succeeds Eddie Izzard as mouse warrior Reepicheep, Bille Brown's sorcerer Coriakin has a fun performance and a sequence in which Lucy inadvertently wishes her life away is brilliantly disorienting and nightmarish."

Despite the movie adaptation of the book to appeal to the "everyman" and not just to Christian audiences and Lewis fans (with the introduction of the search for the seven swords side plot, the continued reoccurrence of the White Queen, and the larger role for the dragon Eustace), Christian reviewers found much to like about the movie. Key for many was the closing scene with Lucy and Aslan in which Aslan assures a sobbing Lucy "that he's very much in her world, where he has 'another name'. and that "This was the very reason why (Lucy was) brought to Narnia, that by knowing (Aslan) here for a little, (she) may know (him) better there." This was in direct contradiction to the first two Narnia movies in which Christian reviewers felt that the director failed to grasp and accurately reproduce key sections and overriding themes from The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe and Prince Caspian.

Commercial analysis
Brandon Gray of Box Office Mojo stated that "There certainly will be an audience for this picture, I just don't think it is going to restore the franchise to its former glory." He added that the film would be considered a relative success if it made anything close to Prince Caspian box office numbers, which would increase the likelihood of further Narnia films.

Mark Johnson, the producer of the Narnia films, later remarked that Prince Caspian "had strayed from its core audience," referring to the Christian and family audience who catapulted The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe to the top at the box office. Tom Rothman, co-chairman of Fox Filmed Entertainment, remarked, "We think this is a tremendously undervalued asset, we believe there is great life in the franchise." He feels the film is not just a single motion picture, but a re-launch of a movie series that still has long-term potential. He commented that Fox and Walden had engaged in talks about further potential Narnia films, though such discussions were made prior to the opening of Dawn Treader.

Box office performance
The film grossed $415.7 million worldwide, including $104.4 million in North America as well as $311.3 million in other territories. It is the 12th-highest-grossing film worldwide of 2010, as well as Fox's highest-grossing film of that year since, ahead of Knight and Day and Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.

The Voyage of the Dawn Treader opened in 3,555 theaters across the United States and Canada on December 10, 2010. On its opening day, the film grossed $8.3 million, which was far lower than the $23 million that The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe made on its opening day in 2005, and also much lower than Prince Caspian, which had an opening day gross of $19.4 million in 2008. Although The Voyage of the Dawn Treader debuted at #1 at the box office and grossed $24.0 million for its opening weekend, it was far less than the opening weekends of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ($65.6 million) and Prince Caspian ($55.0 million). Despite The Voyage of the Dawn Treader disappointing opening weekend, Fox believed that word of mouth and the holiday season would help the film hold well. In its second weekend, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader dropped 48%, the smallest second-weekend drop in the franchise, and came in with $12.4 million, in third place to Tron: Legacy and Yogi Bear. During its third weekend, the 2010 Christmas weekend, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader dropped only 24%, the smallest decline among nationwide releases, and grossed $9.5 million. In the 2011 New Year's weekend, the film increased 8% from the previous weekend, grossing $10.3 million. On January 22, 2011, the film's forty-fourth day in theaters, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader became 20th Century Fox's first film to gross $100 million in the United States and Canada since Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel crossed that mark in December 2009. However, it is the slowest Narnia film to reach $100 million in these regions, taking much longer than The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (nine days) and Prince Caspian (thirteen days).

Overseas, the film performed better. On its limited opening weekend (Dec. 3–5, 2010) when it opened in only 9 territories (among them some limited releases), it earned $11.9 million ranking 4th for the weekend. On its first weekend of wide release (Dec. 10–12, 2010), it expanded to 58 countries and topped the box office, earning $65.8 million, for an overseas total of $79.8 million. The film's biggest opening market was Russia, where it opened with $10.9 million (the best start for the franchise) including previews. It had the best opening of for a Narnia film in Mexico ($7.1 million including previews) and South Korea ($5.3 million including previews). Its opening in the UK, a mere $3.9 million, was less than half of what Prince Caspian opened with and about a quarter of the first film's UK opening in 2005. However, the film held well throughout the holiday season in the UK, and on the weekend ending January 9, 2011 it outgrossed the £11,653,554 that Prince Caspian made in that region. It made £14,317,168 ($23,650,534) at the UK box office.

On its second weekend, it held to the top spot at the box office, but declined 53% to $31.2 million for an overseas total of $125.2 million. It fell to fifth place on the Christmas weekend ($23.1 million) and on New Year's weekend it went down to sixth place ($19.3 million) for an overseas total of $210.2 million. It eased 5% to $18.4 million from 53 markets on its fifth showing for a fourth-place finish. It had a major opening of $6.3 million in China, which was better than Prince Caspian $3.9 million. On its 12th weekend (February 25–27), it surpassed Prince Caspian foreign gross ($278 million) when it opened in Japan, with a $6.6 million gross, which is behind the first film's opening ($8.9 million) but better than the second film's ($5 million).

Accolades
On December 14, 2010, The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song ("There's a Place for Us") at the 68th Golden Globe Awards. Poulter received a nomination for Young British Performer of the Year at the 2010 London Film Critics Circle Awards. The film also received four nominations at the 37th Saturn Awards. It was awarded the Epiphany Prize as the Most Inspiring Movie of 2010.

Home media
20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on Blu-ray and DVD on April 8, 2011. The release included a single-disc DVD, a two-disc DVD double pack, a single-disc Blu-ray, and a three-disc Blu-ray with DVD and Digital Copy.

Both the two-disc DVD double pack and the three-disc Blu-ray edition feature an animated short film entitled The Untold adventures of the Dawn Treader, a guide to the Dawn Treader, Narnian discovery featurettes, four featurettes aired on Fox Movie Channel, 5 minutes of deleted scenes, eight international music videos, a sword game, five island explorations, three behind-the-scenes featurettes entitled The Epic Continues, Portal to Narnia: A Painting Comes to Life & Good vs. Evil: Battle on the Sea and a visual effects progression reel.

On October 9, 2020, the film became available for streaming on Disney+, following The Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 20th Century Fox in 2019.

Collector's Edition and Blu-ray 3D
20th Century Fox released the 3D Blu-ray version in the U.S. on August 30, 2011.

Walden Media President Micheal Flaherty stated in an interview that 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment are developing a collector's-edition box set DVD and Blu-ray containing the first three films.

Future

Canceled sequel
On March 22, 2011, it was announced that an adaptation of The Magician's Nephew would be the next film in the series. The C. S. Lewis Estate was in final negotiations to produce it and had yet to confirm a release date and the screenwriter. However, in the fall of 2011, Douglas Gresham, a co-producer of the films, said that Walden Media no longer owns the rights to produce another Narnia film. If another film was to be made, it would not be for another three or four years.

Possible Netflix reboot
On October 3, 2018, it was announced that Netflix and the C. S. Lewis Company had made a multi-year agreement to develop a new series of film and TV adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia. This announcement was interpreted as superseding previously announced plans for The Silver Chair. On June 12, 2019, it was announced that Matthew Aldrich will serve as the creative architect and oversee the development of Narnia films and television for Netflix. In May 2020, Douglas Gresham expressed concern about the future of the project, stating he had not been contacted by Netflix in some time.

References

External links

 Photographs of the Dawn Treader at the Cleveland Point, Queensland set

2010 films
2010 3D films
2010 fantasy films
2010s American films
2010s British films
2010s children's fantasy films
2010s English-language films
20th Century Fox films
American 3D films
American children's fantasy films
American sequel films
British 3D films
British children's fantasy films
British sequel films
Dune Entertainment films
Films about Christianity
Films about shapeshifting
Films about witchcraft
Films directed by Michael Apted
Films scored by David Arnold
Films set in the 1940s
Films set on ships
Films shot at Village Roadshow Studios
Films shot on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Films with screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely
Films with screenplays by Michael Petroni
High fantasy films
The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)
Walden Media films