Hamlet Abdulla oglu Isayev (, ; born March 1, 1948) is an Azerbaijani mathematician, historian of science and culture, writer, founder of Khazar University who served as University president from April 1991 to September 2010. He is currently the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Trustees, founder of Dunya School, and founder of a publishing house (all in Baku, capital of Azerbaijan) as well as a   translator   of poetry, lecturer, and editor. He is a founding member of the Eurasian Academy.

Hamlet Isakhanli (, ) is his penname that he uses as a poet and in his publications in the fields of humanities and social sciences. All his works in mathematics have been published under the surname Isayev, he is better known among the general public as Hamlet Isakhanli.

Hamlet Isakhanli's academic and literary works cover a broad range of fields including research in mathematics and many areas of humanities and the social sciences, poetry, and creative writing.

Biography
Isakhanli finished high school with a gold medal and was admitted to the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Azerbaijan State University in 1965. He graduated from BSU in 1970 with honors. In the same year, he was admitted back to the postgraduate research course of the institute, and then sent to Lomonosov Moscow State University for his graduate education and research. In 1973, he received a Ph.D. degree in Physical-Mathematical sciences.

From 1973 to 1983, he worked as professor at Azerbaijan State Institute of Oil and Chemistry (currently Azerbaijan State Oil Academy) and chaired the department of mathematics in the Baku campus of the Leningrad Institute of Economics and Finance.

He was married to Naila Isayeva.

Research
Hamlet Isakhanli is one of the authors and co-editor of the Khazar English-Azerbaijani Comprehensive Dictionary in six volumes. Only the first three volumes have been published.

Hamlet Isakhanli discusses in his writings the problems of poetry and philosophy, political science and international relations,  history, journalism,

Poetry
Hamlet Isakhanli is also well known and respected in Azerbaijan and other countries as a poet.

He translated poetry from English, Russian and French into Azerbaijani, particularly the poems of George Gordon Byron, W. Blake, Robert Herrick, and Gérard de Nerval, Vasily Zhukovsky, Evgeny Baratynsky, Fyodor Tyutchev, Afanasy Fet, Sergei Yesenin, Nikolay Gumilev, Anna Akhmatova, and Alla Akhundova.

Many of his lyric poems have been used for composing songs and musical spectacles.

Reforms in education
Isakhanli was interested in educational organizations in the West. In the late 1980s, Isakhanli tried to explain the educational crisis in the Soviet and Azerbaijani and tried to find solutions which he published in Azerbaijani and Russian newspapers and on the radio and TV.

Khazar University (foundation and principles)

Khazar University (then called Azerbaijan University of the English Language) was established on March 18, 1991. The university was the first private university established in Azerbaijan and one of the first officially established in the post-Soviet era

It differentiates from other universities with its Western-type curricula and study programs, adoption of a flexible credit accumulation system and student-centered model of education, application of modern methods of management, establishment of broad and effective international relations, high-quality local and foreign specialists.

Dunya School and Training Center
Dunya School, established by Hamlet Isakhanli in 1998 and affiliated with Khazar University, providing the preschool, primary, secondary, and high school levels with bilingual education in Azerbaijani and English.

As of January 16, 2009, the school gained the status of an IBO school and offers the IB Diploma Program to its students in the last two years of high school.

Kin
Hamlet Isakhanli is a member of the Hajibayramli clan. His grandfather was guerilla Isakhan Hajibayramli (1897–1930), who organized an armed rebellion against the Soviets in the late 1920s to 1930, in the territories of Georgia and Armenia. His 100-year anniversary was celebrated in both Azerbaijan and Georgia.

Awards
2010 – National "Khazar" Award, in recognition of contribution to the development of Azerbaijani Education and to founding a university which meets international standards

Naila Isayeva

Nailekhanim Isayeva (; 29 May 1947 – 3 April 2021) born Nailə Asgarli was an Azerbaijani pedagogue-organizer and songwriter born in Quba. She was co-founder of Khazar University and Dunya School, together with her husband Hamlet Isakhanli. She was a teacher, pedagogue, composer, manager, and founding director of Dünya School until 2010. In 2011 she became chair-person of the Dunya School`s board, and advisor in Humanitarian and Organisational Affairs to the Board of Directors and Trustees of Khazar University. Isayeva died in Baku on 3 April 2021, aged 73, from cancer. Khazar University Board of Directors and Trustees took steps to perpetuate Ms. Naila's memory:

 The Nailakhanim Foundation and the Nailakhanim Scholarship was established (to offer full scholarship for girls and women from all countries determined to pursue master and / or doctoral degrees)
 The Nailakhanim Museum was established at the Dünya School.
 A bust of Nailakhanim at Khazar was installed at the University and the Dünya School.

Composer Sardar Farajov created "Elegy" in memory of Nailekhanım. It was  performed for the first time at Uzeyir Hajibeyli XIII International Music Festival, Baku on 22 September 2021. On November 12, 2021, the first presentation of the Nailakhanim Scholarship, established by the Nailakhanim Foundation, took place in the Marble Hall of Khazar University. The book "Nailakhanim in Memories" edited by Hamlet Isaxanli is published by Khazar University Publishing House. The book reflects people's memories about Nailakhanim.

References

 "The Life of the Scholar And Founder" by Fuad Tanriverdiyev, Baku, 1997.(in Azerbaijani)
 "What I Brought To This World" by Knyaz Aslan and Vahid Omarli, Baku, 2005 (in Azerbaijani and Russian).
 "In Search of Khazar" by Hamlet Isakhanli, Baku, 2006 (in English, Azerbaijani and Russian).
 "On the Education System in Transition Economy. A View From Azerbaijan" by Hamlet Isakhanli, Baku, 2006.
  Emily Van Buskirk, "Current Trends in Education in Azerbaijan - A discussion with Professor Hamlet Isakhanli", Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, April 25, 2001, Accessed on April 14, 2006.
  Hamlet Isakhanli - Assembly of Science and Art. 1-10. Khazar University Press, Baku, 2008 (in Azerbaijani)
  http://www.hisaxanli.org
Khazar University
  Lyudmila Lavrova. "An invitation to traveling to the poetry world - "Contrasts"". Preface to the book by Hamlet Isakhanli, published in Moscow in Russian:
  Гамлет Исаханлы  «Контрасты». Kнигa cтихотворений" (В переводах Аллы Ахундовой). "ИзoгpaфЪ", Москва, 2006).
  The Social and Political Context of Sovietization and Collectivization Period in the Central Transcaucasia and Isakhan Revolt (in Azeri) / Proceedings of the Conference "Socio-political Thought of the XX century". Baku, May 12, 1996. – Baku: Khazar University Press, 1996. – p. 1-16.
Also // Georgia newspaper. – Tbilisi. – 1996. – No 34-42.
Also // Khalg newspaper. – Baku. – 1996. – No 148-150.
  Fragments From the History of Thought and Education  (in Azeri) // Khazar View, 1998–1999. No 57-64.
  Negotiations on Nagorno-Karabagh: where do we go from here? / Summary and transcript from a Panel Discussion held on April 23, 2001. Caspian Studies’ Program, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
  Minority Education Policy in Azerbaijan and Iran / Hamlet Isakhanli, Val D. Rust, Afgan Abdullayev, Marufa Madatova, Inna Grudskaya, Younes Vahdati // Journal of Azerbaijani Studies. – 2002. – Vol. 5. – No 3–4. – p. 3–78.
  Karakmazli, D. Taste of a Fig: Poems and Translations. Baku: Uyurd, 2005./Poems of Hamlet Isakhanli translated from Azeri into Russian – pp. 180–190.
  Perspectives on the United States (Hamlet Isakhanli, Anar Ahmadov) in "Global Perspectives on the United States: a Nation by Nation Survey". Vol. 1. – Great Barrington: Berkshire Publishing Group, 2007. – p. 31-33.
  Hamlet Isakhanli. What is Happening in the Modern World in the Field of Higher Education and How "The State Program to Reform the Higher Education System of the Azerbaijan Republic for the period of 2008-2012" May Best be Carried Out? (in Azeri). Khazar University Press, Baku, Azerbaijan, 2008.
  An Interesting Person (in Azeri) / Interview was led by X. Macidoglu // 525 newspaper. – 2008. –January 29 (No 15). – p. 4.
  Hamlet Isakhanli: "A creative person desires neither his house be high, nor his name..." /Interview with Hamlet Isakhanli (in Azeri) // 525 newspaper. – 2008. – October 11 (No.187). – p. 20.
  Nagiyev R. Formula of Vengeance (in Azeri) // Kommunist. – 1987. – July 2. – p. 6.
  Odinets V. At the Universities of Canada (in Russian) // Sovetskiy Ekonomist. – 1989. – January 27. – p. 4.
  Hamlet Isayev (Issakhanly) // Who's Who in the Former Soviet Union. – Surrey, England: Debrett's Peerage, Ltd., 1994. – p. 22-23.
  Seyidova I. "Khazar" - is a Lake which Can be Called a Sea (in Russian) // Consulting and Business. – Baku. – 1996. – p. 82-83.
  Who Dedicates Himself to Work and Regards it as a Field of Creativity will Never be Exhausted and Become Discouraged ... (in Azeri) / Interview was led by V. Omarov // Khazar View – 1997. – No 32. – p. 3-5.
  Mustafayev C. Poetry Gets Mingled with Intellect (A foreword to Hamlet Isakhanli's book "Contrasts") (in Azeri). – Baku: Khazar University Press, 2001. – 15 p.
  Suleymanli M. Inner Expression of the Great Word (in Azeri) // 525 newspaper – 2002. – September 3. – p. 7.
and Hemistichs Taking Reader Together: While Reading the Book "Contrasts" by Hamlet Isakhanli (in Azeri) // Khazar View. – 2002. – September 15 (No 129). – p. 6-9.
  Nazirli K. Poetic World of the Well-known Scholar. On Hamlet Isakhanli's Book "Contrasts" (in Azeri) // Khazar View. – 2003.– No 152. – p. 14-15.
  Metin Turan. New Azerbaijan Poetry and Hamlet Isakhanli (in Turkish) // LİTTERA. Edebiyat Yazıları. – Ankara. – 2004. – v.14. – p. 163-168. Also (in Azeri) // 525 newspaper. – 2005. – June 28. – p. 7.
  A Spouse of "Contrasts" Author and the Target of the "Emotions Turned out into Poetry" (in Azeri) / Inter¬view was led by S. Gulten // "Qadin Dunyasi" newspaper. – 2004. – November 5–18 (No 21). – p. 9
  Nazirli K. Hamlet Isakhanli's Sensitive Poetry (in Aze¬ri) // Khazar View. – 2005. – November 1 (No 196). – p. 21-23.
Also // 525 newspaper. – 2005. – October 12. – p. 7.
  "When you are Straightforward, Sincere, and GoodWilled, you Also Feel an Admiration of Surrounding you People" (in Azeri) / X. Ahmadov, Z. Aliyeva // "Geopolitika" newspaper. – 2007. – No 38. – p. 12.
  Isayev (Isakhanli) Hamlet Abdulla (in English and Russian) / M.B. Babayev // Azerbaijan Mathematicians XX Century. – Baku: Oka Ofset, 2007. – p. 77.
  Mecidoglu Kh. The Beloved One of the God (in Azeri) // Khazar View. – 2008. – January 1 (No 242). – p. 8-11.
  Mecidoglu Kh. About my friend (in Azeri) // 525-ci qazet– December 20, 2008. – (No. 235). – p. 26.
  Mecidoglu Kh. If We don't Pass From Aspirations to Deeds/ Our Hopes will Vanish and Become in Vain (in Azeri) // Khazar View. – 2008. – March 1 (No 246). – p. 7-9.
  Nazarli T. The Way Taking its Start From the Com¬mand of Soul (in Azeri) // Azerbaijan. – 2008. – March 19 (No 61).
Also // Khazar View. – 2008. – 01 aprel (No 248). – p. 14-16.

External links
 Homepage of Hamlet Isakhanli (in English, in Azeri, in Russian, and in German)
 Khazar Universitya research-oriented university (in English and in Azeri)
 Khazar University Institutional Repository (KUIR)

Soviet mathematicians
20th-century Azerbaijani mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
20th-century Azerbaijani poets
Azerbaijani translators
Translators to Azerbaijani
Translators from Azerbaijani
Translators from English
Translators from Russian
Translators from French
Translation scholars
Education writers
Azerbaijani educational theorists
Linguists from Azerbaijan
Lexicographers
University and college founders
Heads of universities and colleges in Azerbaijan
People from Gardabani
Georgian Azerbaijanis
Living people
1948 births
Academic staff of Khazar University
20th-century translators
21st-century Azerbaijani poets
Azerbaijani male poets


Illston on the Hill is a small village and parish seven miles north of Market Harborough in the county of Leicestershire. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census (including Carlton Curlieu) was 179.   The old part of Illston is a rare "dead end" village: literally, at the end of the road which leads to it. Illston has a small but thriving pub, drawing trade from several miles around, serving Everard's beers. The pub's walls are crowded with an eclectic array of rural memorabilia including mounted fox heads, stuffed animals and historic gin traps, as well as a number of cartoons by local resident Ed McLachlan (Private Eye, Punch, etc.). Illston also has a village hall available for rent. In the summer it hosts events including a Village Fete and 'Onion Sunday'.

References

External links

  Fox and Goose
  Village Hall
 Village Hall website
 Parish Council website
 History
 Ordnance Survey Map of Village from multimap
 Photographs of village from Geograph

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Harborough District


The Pointe aux Canons Battery was a fort on the island of Saint Pierre in Saint Pierre and Miquelon built by the French to defend the islands from British attacks in 1690–1713. The 6 cannon battery was destroyed by the British in 1702.

The old cannon battery was replaced in the 19th century to defend the islands during the Crimean War. The Pointe aux Canons Lighthouse is located near the old fort site.

Four cannons now sit in a park near the site of the old fort, but traces of fort have disappeared with the development of the town.

References

Forts in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Buildings and structures in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre Island
Artillery batteries


Hopewell is a former unincorporated community in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States. It is located in the Tusas Mountains just above Hopewell Lake, approximately ½ mile south of U.S. Route 64. It was named for rancher and promoter Willard S. Hopewell and had a U.S. Post Office from 1894 to 1906.

There are a number of old prospect pits in the area, as well as a snowpack measuring station that was established in 1993.

Notes

Geography of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico
Ghost towns in New Mexico
History of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico


The singing Tesla coil, sometimes called a zeusaphone, thoramin or musical lightning, is a form of plasma speaker. It is a variety of a solid state Tesla coil that has been modified to produce musical tones by modulating its spark output. The resulting pitch is a low fidelity square wave like sound reminiscent of an analog synthesizer. The high-frequency signal acts in effect as a carrier wave; its frequency is significantly above human-audible sound frequencies, so that digital modulation can reproduce a recognizable pitch. The musical tone results directly from the passage of the spark through the air. Because solid-state coil drivers are limited to "on-off" modulation, the sound produced consists of square-like waveforms rather than sinusoidal (though simple chords are possible).

The term "singing Tesla coil" was coined by David Nunez, the coordinator of  the Austin, Texas chapter of Dorkbot, while describing a musical Tesla coil presentation by Joe DiPrima and Oliver Greaves during DorkBot's 2007 SXSW event. The term was then made popular by a CNET article describing the event. They had been doing public performances with the technology since March 2006. Shortly after that, DiPrima named their performance group "ArcAttack" and became the first musical group to ever use this technology in live performance.

Early versions of musical Tesla coils generally used zero crossing threshold detectors as a method of producing music through their spark output, an example of this circuit was released by ctc-labs.de in 2009. Scott Coppersmith was the first person to design a complete MIDI-based Tesla coil system.

MIDI is the most common method of music production. It works by means of a microcontroller that is programmed to interpret MIDI data, and output a corresponding Pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal. This PWM signal is coupled to the Tesla coil through a fiber optic cable, and controls when the Tesla coil turns on and off.

Zeusaphone
The name zeusaphone was coined after a public demonstration of the device on June 9, 2007 at DucKon 16, a science fiction convention in Naperville, Illinois. The performance was by Steve Ward, an electrical engineering student at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, who designed and built the Tesla coil he used.  Subsequent performances include "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies," performed on September 8, 2007, at the 2007 "Cheesehead Teslathon," a.k.a. "Lightning on the Lawn," in Baraboo WI, by Ward and fellow designer Jeff Larson on matching 41 kHz Tesla coils.

The term "zeusaphone" was conceived by Dr. Barry Gehm, of Lyon College, on June 19, 2007, in a conversation with his friend Bill Higgins.  It is a play on the name of the sousaphone, giving homage instead to Zeus, ancient Greek god of lightning.  The name was adopted by Ward on June 21, 2007. The alternative name "Thoramin" was suggested by Dan Butler-Ehle; it is a wordplay on "theremin" incorporating the name of Thor, the god of thunder in Norse mythology.

In popular culture

Singing Tesla coils were featured in Walt Disney's 2010 film The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

A singing Tesla coil was used in Björk's 2011 performance piece Biophilia, during a song called "Thunderbolt".

DJ QBert used a turntable for scratching a Tesla coil built by CamDAX (Cameron Mira) at the 2015 Maker Faire near San Francisco

The song "Tesla Theme" in Flux Pavilion's album Tesla features singing Tesla coils.

Progressive metal band Trans-Siberian Orchestra used two singing Tesla coils during the 2019 "Christmas Eve and Other Stories" tour. The Tesla coils were used during the performances of "The Storm/The Mountain", "Requiem (The Fifth)", and the encore reprise of "Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24"

Notes

External links
Video of Steve Ward's public demonstration at Duckon 2007
Webpage for ArcAttack!
Video of a Singing Tesla Coil
Video of DJ QBert and CamDAX performance at Bay Area Maker Faire 2015
Rick Astley's, Never Gonna Give You Up, played on singing tesla coils.

Electromagnetic coils
Electronic musical instruments
Plasmaphones
Articles containing video clips


Parafossarulus manchouricus  is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.

This species is medically important as a host for the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis in East Asia.

Subspecies
 Parafossarulus  manchouricus japonicus (Pilsbry, 1901)

Description
The shell has 5.5 whorls. The width of the shell is 6 mm. The height of the shell is 10 mm.

The haploid chromosome number of Parafossarulus manchouricus is n=17.

Distribution
This species occurs in: Russia (Amur River basin), Japan (Honshū, Kyushu and Shikoku), Korea, Taiwan and China.

The type locality is the Amur River and other rivers in the southern Siberia ("le fleuve Amour et divers cours d'eau de la Sibérie méridionale").

Habitat
Parafossarulus  manchouricus lives in shallow ponds and in irrigation channels.

Parasites
This species is a first intermediate host for Clonorchis sinensis.

References

Further reading
 Kim C. H. "Study on some differences between Bithynia misella and Parafossarulus manchouricus". Korean Journal of Parasitology.

Bithyniidae
Gastropods described in 1860


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. It lies at an elevation of 758 feet (231 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Rutherford County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina


The first regular electronic television service in Germany began in Berlin on March 22, 1935, as Deutscher Fernseh Rundfunk. Broadcasting from the Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow, it used a 180-line system, and was on air for 90 minutes, three times a week. Very few receivers were ever privately owned, and viewers went instead to  (television parlors). During the 1936 Summer Olympics, broadcasts, up to eight hours a day, took place in Berlin and Hamburg. The Nazis intended to use television as a medium for their propaganda once the number of television sets was increased, but television was able initially to reach only a small number of viewers, in contrast to radio. Despite many technical improvements to camera technology, allowing for higher resolution imaging, by 1939, and the start of World War II, plans for an expansion of television programming were soon changed in favor of radio. The production of the TV receiver E1, that had just started was cancelled because of the war. Nevertheless, the Berlin station, along with one in occupied Paris (Fernsehsender Paris), remained on the air for most of World War II. A special magazine called Fernsehen und Tonfilm (i.e. Television and Sound film) was published.

In 1941 Kurt Wagenführ established the "Institute for Broadcasting Studies and Television" ("Institut für Rundfunkkunde und Fernsehrundfunk") at the University of Berlin with support from the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.

1950s
After World War II, it took several years to resume television transmissions. Immediately after the war, newspapers and radio were the only available mass media and they were under direct control of the Allied government, and were more likely to be in English or French than in German. In the West, the United States, the United Kingdom and France had founded the ARD, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten Deutschlands (Cooperative association of the public broadcasters in Germany). In the East, the Soviet Union founded its own radio and later TV stations, known as Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF). Many parts of Germany (particularly the GDR) received programming from both services.

The common aim of the Western Allies was to prevent the future abuse of broadcasting by the German government.  Thus, the different regional networks were placed under the control of the West German Länder governments.  Even so, these services tended to reflect the broadcast practices of the occupying Allies.  Thus, NWDR, set up in the British occupation zone, reflected the attitudes of the BBC; the four services set up in the American zone (BR, HR, SDR and Radio Bremen) adopted American-style practices from the Armed Forces Network; and Südwestfunk, in the French zone, tended to be more French than German in its practices.

In 1948 the British occupation forces authorized NWDR to make plans to broadcast television programs for the British zone, with the first signals sent on July 12, 1950.    A general test phase started on September 25, 1950.  This initial service lasted two hours a night (transmitting 8-10 p.m.) and included news, variety shows, films, and television plays.  In 1951 additional programs for women and children were added in the afternoon.  Daily broadcasts began on Christmas Day of 1952.

Other regional networks also started to launch television in their own areas; HR and SWF in June 1953, and BR and SDR in November 1954.  The companies in the American occupation zone were more determined to promote TV as a "window to the world", rather than mere "pictured radio", an attitude NWDR shared with its role model, the BBC.  The BR, HR, and SDR were the German regionals that introduced American program techniques to Germany; they were the first to dub American material into German and, in 1956, when they felt they were ready, they were the first to introduce a few minutes of commercials, presented in the early evening.

Meanwhile, the GDR was launching its own television service, based on the Soviet model.  As in the West, there was a test phase, begun on June 3, 1952, with regular programming officially started on March 3, 1956.

In the early days, few West Germans and even fewer East Germans owned a TV set. Most Germans still preferred to go to the movies. One of the events that enhanced the popularity of TV among the West Germans was the broadcast of the 1954 football world cup finals from Bern, which many followed on TV screens in shop windows; another was the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II a year before.

In 1954 a regular schedule began through the cooperation of all ARD members. During this time the basic television genres in the central areas of entertainment, information and enlightenment were established, and television plays developed as the medium's own specific art form.

Improvements in technology and programming, as well as reduced prices, led to a steady increase in license holders, and the number of licenses passed 1 million in October 1957.

This success and new, unused frequencies motivated West German chancellor Konrad Adenauer to increase his influence by opening a second channel called Das Freie Deutsche Fernsehen (The Free German Television), to be financed by the industry with the central goal of presenting government opinions.  But the Länder (states) fiercely objected to these activities, and they were finally stopped by a court order in 1961.

NWDR had initially been awarded service of West Berlin simply because its main transmitter was in the British sector of that city.  But the East German uprisings in the summer of 1953 brought about the need for West Berlin to have its own ARD member station.  Accordingly, Sender Freies Berlin (SFB) was established on June 1, 1954, independent of NWDR.  Since SFB was serving a city under joint allied occupation, it had to combine the broadcasting practices of all three occupying countries.  In so doing, SFB established the basic standard of the ARD network.

At about this time complaints arose from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, which objected Hamburg having too much control over West German programming, especially as North Rhine-Westphalia had more people than the other three NWDR Länder combined.  So on January 1, 1956, the NWDR was split into WDR, based in Cologne, and NDR, which continued out of Hamburg. But they continued to carry a common television program until 1961.

The basic ARD network was completed in 1959 when SR and Radio Bremen opened their own television services.

1960s - 1970s

In the 1960s West German television came into its own. In the early part of the decade, some of the larger ARD companies started to further regionalize themselves by launching branch stations. NDR opened branches in Hanover (for Lower Saxony) and Kiel (for Schleswig-Holstein); WDR operated a sub-channel in the Wupfong district of West Bonn (for the North Rhine) and another in Dortmund (for Westphalia); HR opened a branch in Kassel; SDR in Mannheim; and BR in Nuremberg. These opt-out branches diverged from the main stations to present specific local programs for the branch areas, generally for an hour daily.

Then, on April 1, 1963, the long-promised second TV network, the Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (Second German Television) started. Unlike ARD, which was regionalized and had its roots in radio, ZDF was a centrally organized channel devoted solely to television.  According to a decision by the lander governments, programming had to be planned in cooperation with the ARD, with the aim of presenting contrasting elements on the two services, i. e., they had to refrain from broadcasting programs of the same genre against one another.  Nevertheless, the well-established ARD perceived the upstart ZDF as a competitor and reacted by beefing up its news coverage.  The ZDF did not yet have enough journalists to reach ARD's news standards, so it concentrated on entertainment in order to gain a larger audience.

In 1967, vice chancellor Willy Brandt started the era of color TV in West Germany. Also, beginning in 1964, several member networks of the ARD started broadcasting third television programs, known colloquially as Die Dritten (The Third Networks).  There were five of them, from North to South:

 Nord 3 (shared by NDR, SFB and Radio Bremen), opened January 4, 1965.
 West 3 (WDR), opened December 17, 1965.
 Hessen 3 (HR), opened October 5, 1964.
 Bayern 3 (BR), opened September 22, 1964.
 Südwest 3 (shared by SDR, SWF and SR), opened April 5, 1969.

These channels were devoted to educational and cultural programs as well as local information.

In 1969 East Germany started DFF2, and introduced color programming on both channels. In 1972, the DFF was renamed, dropping the pretense of being an all-German service and becoming Fernsehen der DDR (GDR Television) or DDR-FS. Its two channels became known as DDR1 and DDR2.

1980s
Until the early 1980s, the average West German TV viewer could choose only between usually three TV channels, financed through license fees. In regions bordering neighboring countries, however, viewers were typically also able to get foreign stations via antenna, e.g. those being broadcast from East Germany or the Netherlands. Before the advent of privately owned television networks, domestic stations usually broadcast from the early morning hours until about 2 to 3am, interrupted by often over two hours of early-afternoon intermission. In Western Germany this changed in 1984, as the first two privately financed TV networks, RTL plus (short for Radio Television Luxemburg) and SAT 1, started their programming (previously RTL had transmitted from Luxembourg into southwestern Germany). In contrast to ARD and ZDF, these new stations were only able to show their programs in the bigger cities via satellite or via cable; additionally, in some urban agglomerations like the Greater Hanover area, they could be picked up by antenna. But as the new stations introduced some very different kinds of programs (especially RTL plus, which in its first years was known for its unconventional afternoon quiz shows and late-evening erotic films), their popularity increased and more people invested in broadband cable access or satellite antennas.

1990s-2000s
After reunification, the TV stations of the German Democratic Republic were dissolved and the remnants were used to found new regional networks, e.g. the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (Central German Broadcasting), as part of the ARD. In addition, more private TV stations opened, becoming available through cable, satellite, and in some cases, over the airwaves.

As the millennium approached, Germany began airing new channels. The early private programmes (RTL and Sat 1) gained a large stake in viewer ratings, others like Kabel 1, ProSieben, RTL II, and VOX got smaller shares. The normal ratings chain is: ARD, RTL, ZDF, Sat1.  RTL and ProSieben started buying international television series, mainly from the United States (like Friends, ALF, The Simpsons, Smallville, Grey's Anatomy). ARD and ZDF continued to produce more of their own content by investing in their own production companies and buying less international shows. In contrast, ARD and ZDF exported some show concepts to the US, UK and China; for example "Wetten, dass..?", and some of their shows are selling worldwide, e.g. Derrick. In 2004, a German law (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag) required channels to switch from analogue signals to digital signals by 2010. Many regions can already receive the digital signals like Berlin, Lower-Saxony or the Ruhr valley. The programme diversity is by far the largest in Europe; with Germany being in the middle of Europe it can receive satellite channels like BBC World News, TVE, Al-Jazeera, RAI, TF1, CNBC Europe and other pan-European or Asian-African channels.

See also
 Television in Germany
 Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow was a television station in Germany (1933–1945)

References

Television in Germany
1935 in Germany
1950 in German television


Hopewell (also, Hopewell Crossroads) is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. It lies at an elevation of 174 feet (53 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Wayne County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina


Sharlon Romans Emederio Schoop (born April 15, 1987) is a Dutch-Curaçaoan professional baseball shortstop for L&D Amsterdam of the Honkbal Hoofdklasse. He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, and at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament in Italy in September 2019.

Career

San Francisco Giants
Schoop was signed by the San Francisco Giants as an undrafted free agent on March 30, 2004. Schoop played in the Giants minor league system from 2005 to 2011, reaching as high as the Double-A Richmond Flying Squirrels in 2010. On November 2, 2011, Schoop elected free agency.

Kansas City Royals
On November 25, 2011, Schoop signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals organization. He spent the entire 2012 season with the Double-A Northwest Arkansas Naturals, slashing .267/.341/.436 with 7 home runs and 19 RBI in 50 games. He did not appear in a game in 2013 due to injury and elected free agency on November 4, 2013.

Baltimore Orioles
The Baltimore Orioles signed Schoop to a minor league contract on November 21, 2013.

In 2014, Schoop spent the season with the Double-A Bowie Baysox, hitting .217/.288/.300 with 3 home runs and 25 RBI in 77 games. He split 2015 between Bowie and the Triple-A Norfolk Tides, hitting a combined .219/.280/.263 in 81 games.

Schoop came to Baltimore in June 2016 in case the team needed to add him to the roster during the suspension of infielder Manny Machado, but he was never officially recalled off the taxi squad and was later sent back to Triple-A Norfolk. He elected free agency following the season on November 7, 2016.

On January 26, 2017, Schoop re–signed with the Orioles on a new minor league contract. In 36 games split between Bowie and Norfolk, he batted .225/.289/.432 with 5 home runs and 10 RBI. Schoop elected free agency following the season on November 6.

On February 20, 2018, Schoop re-signed to a minor-league deal with the Baltimore Orioles. He elected free agency on November 2, 2018.

L&D Amsterdam
On May 25, 2019, Schoop signed with the L&D Amsterdam of the Honkbal Hoofdklasse. He played 19 games for the club in 2019, slashing .357/.427/.486 with 1 home run and 15 RBI. Schoop played in 15 games for the team in 2020, batting a torrid .350/.451/.600 with 2 home runs and 17 RBI.

International career
Schoop represented the Netherlands at the 2009 World Baseball Classic in San Juan, Puerto Rico and Miami, Florida. He was also named to the Dutch roster for the  and 2014 European Baseball Championship.

He played for Team Netherlands in the 2019 European Baseball Championship, at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament in Italy in September 2019, and at the 2019 WBSC Premier12. He represented the Netherlands national baseball team at the 2023 World Baseball Classic.

Personal life
His brother, Jonathan, is also a baseball player, and is currently with the Detroit Tigers.

References

External links

1987 births
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
2019 European Baseball Championship players
Augusta GreenJackets players
Arizona League Giants players
Bowie Baysox players
Connecticut Defenders players
Curaçao baseball players
Curaçao expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dutch people of Curaçao descent
Living people
Northwest Arkansas Naturals players
Norfolk Tides players
Baseball players from Willemstad
Richmond Flying Squirrels players
Salem-Keizer Volcanoes players
San Jose Giants players
L&D Amsterdam Pirates players
2023 World Baseball Classic players


I Was Dancing is a play by Edwin O'Connor. The work premiered on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre on November 3, 1964 and closed after 21 performances on November 21, 1964. The production was directed by Garson Kanin and starred Orson Bean, David Doyle, Barnard Hughes, Pert Kelton, Burgess Meredith, and Eli Mintz.

External links

1964 plays
Broadway plays
Little, Brown and Company books


Gunnar Garbo (19 April 1924 – 29 June 2016) was a Norwegian journalist, politician, and ambassador. He represented the Liberal Party of Norway at the Norwegian Parliament during  four electoral periods, from 1958 to 1973, and was leader for the party from 1964 to 1970. He was ambassador in Dar es Salaam from 1987 to 1992.

Early and personal life
Garbo was born in Bergen, as the son of Ingvald Garbo and Sara Haugland. His father Ingvald Garbo was shot by the Germans in 1941, for listening to radio and distributing the news. Gunnar Garbo himself had to flee to Sweden in 1943, where he joined the police troops. He worked as a journalist for Bergens Tidende from 1945, and was later editor of the newspaper Nidaros in Trondheim, from 1954 to 1957.

Political career
Garbo was a member of Bergen city council from 1948 to 1954, and Trondheim city council from 1956 to 1957.

He was deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Bergen during the term 1954–1957, and was elected member of the Parliament during the terms 1958–1961, 1961–1965, 1965–1969 and 1969–1973. As a representative he was a member of the Procol Committee, the Standing Committee on Finance and Customs, and the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and Constitutional Affairs. He was chairman for the Liberal Party of Norway from 1964 to 1970. He was a substitute assembly member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1963 to 1965 and 1966 to 1970.

Garbo was a researcher at the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo from 1974, and worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1980 to 1987.
He was Ambassador to Tanzania from 1987 to 1992.

Garbo has written several books and numerous articles on political issues, in particular on international politics, including themes such as disarmament and on the United Nations. He has also written memoirs from his political life.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Diplomats from Bergen
Norwegian expatriates in Sweden
Journalists from Bergen
Politicians from Bergen
Politicians from Trondheim
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
Ambassadors of Norway to Tanzania
20th-century Norwegian politicians


Basal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function. Research indicates that increased output of the basal ganglia inhibits thalamocortical projection neurons. Proper activation or deactivation of these neurons is an integral component for proper movement. If something causes too much basal ganglia output, then the ventral anterior (VA) and ventral lateral (VL) thalamocortical projection neurons become too inhibited, and one cannot initiate voluntary movement. These disorders are known as hypokinetic disorders. However, a disorder leading to abnormally low output of the basal ganglia leads to reduced inhibition, and thus excitation, of the thalamocortical projection neurons (VA and VL) which synapse onto the cortex. This situation leads to an inability to suppress unwanted movements. These disorders are known as hyperkinetic disorders.

Reasons for abnormal increases or decreases of basal ganglia output are not yet well understood. One possible factor could be the natural accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia, causing neurodegeneration due to its involvement in toxic, free-radical reactions. Though motor disorders are the most common associated with the basal ganglia, recent research shows that basal ganglia disorders can lead to other dysfunctions such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome.

Basal ganglia circuits

The basal ganglia is a collective group of structures in the brain. These include the striatum, (composed of the putamen and caudate nucleus), globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. Along with other structures, the basal ganglia are part of a neural circuit that is integral to voluntary motor function. It was once believed that the primary function of the basal ganglia was to integrate projections from the cerebral cortex, and project information via the thalamus to the motor cortex. Research has shown that the basal ganglia can be modeled as a group of components of parallel, re-entrant cortico-subcortical circuits, which originate in cortical areas, traverse the basal ganglia and terminate in specific areas in the frontal lobe.  These areas are thought to control not only motor function but also oculomotor, prefrontal, associative, and limbic areas. Understanding these circuits has led to breakthroughs in understanding the disorders of the basal ganglia.

Direct pathway
Of all the circuits, the motor circuit is the most studied due its importance to motor disorders. The direct pathway of the motor circuit is one in which projections from the cortex travel to the putamen directly to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi also known as GP-Medial) or the substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNr) and are then directed toward the ventral anterior nucleus (VA), and the ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL) and brainstem.
Through this pathway the basal ganglia is able to initiate voluntary movements by disinhibiting thalamic neurons that drive upper motor neurons. This process is regulated by dopamine secreted by the striatum onto the D1 dopamine receptor on the SNc. Dopamine excites striatal neurons in the direct pathway. Proper striatal dopamine release is integral in the suppression of the basal ganglia output, which is needed for increased activity of the thalamic neurons.  This activity in thalamic nuclei is an integral component of voluntary movement.

Indirect pathway

The indirect pathway of the motor circuit is thought to project from the cortex, to the putamen, and to the thalamus and brainstem indirectly by passing through the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) then the subthalamic nucleus (STN) before looping back to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi).  The indirect pathway is responsible for the termination of movement. The indirect pathway inhibits unwanted movements by simultaneous increase in excitatory input to other GPi and SNr neurons.  Similar to the direct pathway, the indirect pathway is regulated by striatal dopamine. D2 dopamine receptors inhibit transmission via the indirect pathway.  D2 receptors inhibit striatal neurons in the indirect, inhibitory pathway. This inhibitory effect of dopamine on the indirect pathway serves the same function as its excitatory effects in the direct pathway in that it reduces basal ganglia output, leading to the disinhibition of motor neurons.

Associated disorders

Hypokinetic disorders
Hypokinetic disorders are movement disorders that are described as having reduced motor function.  This is generally attributed to higher than normal basal ganglia output causing inhibition of thalamocortical motor neurons.

Parkinsonism

The muscle rigidity, tremor at rest, and slowness in initiation and execution of movement that are the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are attributed to a reduction in dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia motor areas, particularly the putamen, due to gradually reduced innervation from the pars compacta of substantia nigra. Other motor deficits and common non-motor features of Parkinson's such as autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and gait/balance difficulties, are thought to result from widespread progressive pathological changes commencing in the lower brain stem and ascending to the midbrain, amygdala, thalamus and ultimately the cerebral cortex.

Hyperkinetic disorders

Hyperkinetic disorders are movement disorders characterized by increased uncontrollable motor function.  They are caused by reduced basal ganglia output, which causes increased thalamocortical function which leads to the inability to stop unwanted movement.

Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease is a hereditary disease that causes defects in behavior, cognition, and uncontrolled rapid, jerky movements.  Huntington's disease stems from a defect that consists of an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene (HTT) located on the short arm p of chromosome 4.  Evidence shows that the basal ganglia in patients with Huntington's disease show a decrease in activity of the mitochondrial pathway, complex II-III. Such deficiencies are often associated with basal ganglia degeneration. This degeneration of striatal neurons projecting to GPe leads to disinhibition of the indirect pathway, increased inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus, and therefore, reduced output of the basal ganglia.  The neuronal degeneration eventually causes death within 10 to 20 years.

Dystonia

Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that is characterized by involuntary movement and the slowing of intentional movement. Though there are known causes of dystonia such as metabolic, vascular, and structural abnormalities, there are still patients with dystonia with no apparent cause. Dystonia can occur as a hyperkinetic disorder or as a side effect of hypokinetic disorders such as Parkinson's disease.  Until recently it was thought that dystonia was likely caused by extreme lack of function of the direct pathway between the Putamen and the GPi.  Again, it was thought that this dysfunction led to a decrease in basal ganglia output to the thalamus and a resultant increased disinhibition of the thalamic projections to the premotor and motor cortex.  However recent models in mice show that the dysfunction in the cerebellum may play an equal part in dystonia.

Hemiballismus

Hemiballismus is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that causes uncontrolled movement on one side of the body.  It is generally caused by damage to the subthalamic nucleus (STN).  Since the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) is the link in the circuit between the STN and thalamic projection, destruction of localized brain cells in the GPi via a pallidotomy has proven to serve as a useful treatment for hemiballismus.

Other basal ganglia diseases
The following diseases that generally involve the basal ganglia do not clearly fit into being either hypo- or hyperkinetic.

Epilepsy

The substantia nigra pars reticulata and its direct input structure, the subthalamic nucleus play a role in seizure propagation circuitry and have been described as seizure gating nuclei. Inhibition of these nuclei suppresses seizures in various experimental epilepsy models. Patients with seizures display some abnormal electrophysiological activity and structural changes like atrophy, altered blood perfusion and metabolism within their basal ganglia. Several case reports describe that deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has been successful in reducing seizures. Other targeted treatment approaches have been limited to experimental settings and included local drug infusions and cell transplantation.

Tourette syndrome/obsessive–compulsive disorder

Tourette syndrome is a disorder that is characterized by behavioral and motor tics, OCD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For this reason, it is commonly believed that pathologies involving limbic, associative and motor circuits of the basal ganglia are likely. Since the realization that syndromes such as Tourette syndrome and OCD are caused by dysfunction of the non-motor loops of basal ganglia circuits, new treatments for these disorders, based on treatments originally designed to treat movement disorders are being developed.

Sydenham's chorea

Sydenham's chorea is a disorder characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet. It is a result of an autoimmune response that occurs following infection by group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) that destroys cells in the corpus striatum of the basal ganglia.

PANDAS

PANDAS is a controversial hypothesis that there exists a subset of children with rapid onset of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) or tic disorders and that these symptoms are caused by group A β-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infections. The proposed link between infection and these disorders is that an initial autoimmune reaction to a GABHS infection produces antibodies that interfere with basal ganglia function, causing symptom exacerbations. It has been proposed that this autoimmune response can result in a broad range of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy

Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is a type of cerebral palsy primarily associated with damage to the basal ganglia in the form of lesions that occur during brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Symptoms include slow, uncontrolled movements of the extremities and trunk and small, rapid, random and repetitive, uncontrolled movements known as chorea. Involuntary movements often increase during periods of emotional stress or excitement and disappear when the patient is sleeping or distracted.

Athymhormic syndrome

Athymhormic syndrome is a rare psychopathological and neurological syndrome characterized by extreme passivity, apathy, blunted affect, and a profound generalized loss of self-motivation. The syndrome is believed to be due to damage to areas of the basal ganglia or frontal cortex, specifically the striatum and globus pallidus, responsible for motivation and executive functions.

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome

Lesch–Nyhan syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), leading to uric acid build-up and a deficiency in dopamine production. Within the first few years of life, extrapyramidal involvement causes abnormal involuntary muscle contractions such as loss of motor control (dystonia), writhing motions (choreoathetosis) and arching of the spine (opisthotonus). The resemblance to dyskinetic cerebral palsy is apparent, and as a result most individuals are initially diagnosed as having cerebral palsy. Psychological behaviours can include rejecting desired treats or travel, repaying kindness with coldness or rage, failing to answer test questions correctly despite study and a desire to succeed or provoking anger from caregivers when affection is desired.

Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the copper-transport gene ATP7B, leading to excess copper build-up. About half of those affected have neurological symptoms, including parkinsonism (most commonly cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia or slowed movements and a lack of balance) with or without a typical hand tremor, masked facial expressions, slurred speech, ataxia or dystonia.

Fahr's disease and calcifications
Fahr's disease is a rare, genetically dominant, inherited neurological disorder characterized by abnormal deposits of calcium, primarily in the basal ganglia. About 0.3–1.5% of people have asymptomatic basal ganglia calcifications.

Blepharospasm

Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. Blepharospasm may come from abnormal functioning of the brain's basal ganglia.

Research

Gene therapy

Many disorders of the basal ganglia are due to the dysfunction of a localized area.  For this reason, gene therapy seems viable for neurodegenerative disorders. Gene therapy is performed by replacing diseased phenotypes with new genetic material.  This process is still in the early stages but early results are promising. An example of this therapy might involve implanting cells genetically modified to express tyrosine hydroxylase which, in the body, could be converted to dopamine.  Increasing dopamine levels in the basal ganglia could possibly offset the effects of the Parkinson's Disease.

Ablation

Lesioning is the intentional destruction of neuronal cells in a particular area used for therapeutic purposes.  Though this seems dangerous, vast improvements have been achieved in patients with movement disorders.  The exact process generally involves unilateral lesioning in the sensorimotor territory of the GPi. This process is called pallidotomy. It is believed that the success of pallidotomies in reducing the effects of movement disorders may result from the interruption of abnormal neuronal activity in the GPi.  This ablation technique can be viewed as simply removing a faulty piece of a circuit. With the damaged piece of the circuit removed, the healthy area of the circuit can continue normal function.

Deep brain stimulation

Deep brain stimulation involves inserting, via stereotaxic surgery, electrodes into the sensorimotor area of the brain.
These electrodes emit high-frequency stimulation to the implanted areas.
Bilateral implantation is necessary for symmetric results as well as the ability to reduce the intensity and duration of off-periods as well increase the duration of on-periods. The most effective structures used for implantations for deep brain stimulation are the internal globus pallidus (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN).  This is because it is safer and more effective to alter the influence of the basal ganglia on the thalamocortical nuclei than directly altering neural activity in upper motor neuron circuits. Deep brain stimulation is a more complicated process than other therapies such as ablation. Evidence suggests that benefits of STN deep brain stimulation is due to the activation of efferents and the modulation of discharge patterns in the GPi that are propagated throughout the thalamocortical pathways.  The ability to adjust stimulation protocols lends this treatment to a variety of disorders due its ability to alter the activity of basal ganglia circuits.

See also
 Dyskinetic cerebral palsy

References

External links

Brain disorders


Hopewell (also, Hopewell Center) is a former unincorporated community in Hopewell Township, Seneca County, Ohio, United States. The U.S. Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) lists the location of Hopewell as Unknown.

Hopewell was platted in 1836.

Nearby locations

GNIS provides the location of Hopewell Cemetery at . This cemetery is still visible on current aerial views.
GNIS provides the location of Hopewell Church at . This is the current location of the Hopewell Church of God.

References

Geography of Seneca County, Ohio
Ghost towns in Ohio


Ashley Rae Phillips (born February 21, 1986) is an American soccer coach and former goalkeeper from Peabody, Massachusetts.

Career

Coaching career
Phillips, born in Beverly, Massachusetts, is an American Woman's soccer coach. In 2010 Phillips became an assistant couch for Northeastern University soccer. In 2013 Phillips also became an assistant coach for the 2014 Boston Breakers. In 2016 Phillips was named head coach for Northeastern University.

Professional career
Phillips, was an American soccer goalkeeper for the 2009, 2010, and 2011 Boston Breakers, the Boston team of the Women's Professional Soccer  and National Women's Soccer League.
Phillips was a developmental player for the 2009 Boston Breakers, and the starting goalkeeper at the beginning of the 2010 and 2013 seasons.

College career
Phillips was a four-year starter at Clemson University.  In her 2007 senior year, Phillips was named to the 2007 All-ACC First Team] and the 2007 Herman Trophy Watch List. Phillips holds the Clemson record for career saves of 336. In her 2006 junior year, Phillips lead Clemson to the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, advancing in each of the three rounds on penalty kicks, a first for both women's and men's NCAA soccer.

Phillips was named to the 2006 NSCAA All America Third Team and the All-ACC Second Team. In her 2005 sophomore year Phillips was named to the SoccerBuzz Southeast region First Team and the All-ACC Second Team. In her 2004 freshmen year underdog Clemson won their first two games of the season against Texas and Texas A&M earning Phillips a place on both the SoccerAmerica and SoccerBuzz Team of the Week.

Youth National Team career
U16 WNT, U17 WNT, U19 WNT, U21 WNT

Club career
 Boston Breakers (WPS)
 Atlanta Silverbacks (W-League)
 Boston Renegades (W-League)
 Spirit of Massachusetts (MA Premier League)
 Northeast Futbol Club (MA Premier League)

High school career
 Milton Academy
 Bishop Fenwick High School

References

Boston Breakers players
1986 births
Living people
Clemson Tigers women's soccer players
American women's soccer players
American women's soccer coaches
Women's association football goalkeepers
National Women's Soccer League players
Northeastern Huskies women's soccer coaches
Atlanta Silverbacks Women players
Soccer players from Massachusetts
Boston Aztec (WPSL) players
Milton Academy alumni
Bishop Fenwick High School (Peabody, Massachusetts) alumni
Women's Professional Soccer players
Boston Breakers non-playing staff
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
Boston Renegades players


Hopewell Heights (also, Hopewell) is a location in the city of Toledo in Lucas County, Ohio, United States. It lies at an elevation of  above sea level.

References

Neighborhoods in Toledo, Ohio


TCS-OX2-29 is an orexin antagonist. It was the first non-peptide antagonist developed that is selective for the orexin receptor subtype OX2, with an IC50 of 40nM and selectivity of around 250x for OX2 over OX1 receptors. Orexin antagonists are expected to be useful for the treatment of insomnia, with subtype-selective antagonists such as TCS-OX2-29 potentially offering more specificity of action compared to non-selective orexin antagonists like almorexant.

References

Carboxamides
Orexin antagonists
Norsalsolinol ethers
4-Pyridyl compounds
Sedatives
Tert-butyl compounds


Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro (also called Companhia Paulista de Vias Férreas and Fluviais) was a Brazilian railway company located in the state of São Paulo. It was known for its high standard of quality in customer service.

It remained in activity from August 1872 until October 1971, when it was extinguished and incorporated into FEPASA - Ferrovia Paulista S/A.

History

Jundiaí–Rio Claro

The railway was idealized, in 1864, by a group of farmers, traders and capitalists who needed a means of draining the coffee grown in the interior of the state of São Paulo. They intended that São Paulo Railway, "Ingleza" or "Santos–Jundiaí", would take their rails to São João do Rio Claro (current Rio Claro), since it held the concession for this purpose.

The decision to found the company came after the São Paulo Railway declared that it would not be possible to extend the railway further, not even to the city of Campinas, due to the losses with the Paraguayan War. The tracks of the São Paulo Railway only reached Jundiaí. In this city began to build the railways of the company towards the interior of São Paulo.

The president of the province of São Paulo at the time, Saldanha Marinho, had a fundamental role in the founding of the company in 1868, bringing together in the same ideal the capitalists and farmers who were fighting for political interests at that time.

Companhia Paulista was then founded on 30 January 1868, under the presidency of Clemente Falcão de Sousa Filho, but construction work on the line began more than a year after that date, after the approval of the statutes of Companhia Paulista by Imperial Government. On 11 August 1872, with a gauge of , the first section was opened, between Jundiaí and Campinas.

Rio Claro–São Carlos

Its tracks advanced inland, reaching Rio Claro in 1875 and Descalvado in 1876. However, its growth was put in check when Paulista did not accept to bend to political interests that required the extension of São Carlos to pass through the Morro Pellado (current Itirapina) to attend the influential farmers, based in neighboring Itaqueri da Serra and also in the so-called "Itaqueri de Baixo".

Likewise, due to political criteria, in the management of Laurindo Abelardo de Brito as president of the province of São Paulo, Paulista was prevented from extending its lines to Ribeirão Preto, which ended up in Descalvado.

This extension was granted to the Companhia Mogiana, in an evident "breach" of its original layout. Then, the Companhia Rio Claro was founded, which took the extension concession to São Carlos and Araraquara, with an extension to Jaú and Bauru departing from Itirapina. by the engineer Antonio Francisco de Paula Souza.

Some years later, it was proposed by the Companhia Rio Claro that belonged to the Count of Pinhal and to the Major Benedito Antonio da Silva, the merger of Rio Claro and Paulista, however, the proposed bases for such a transaction were not accepted by Paulista, through its then-president Fidêncio Nepomuceno Prates, despite the recommendation of members of its technical staff who inspected the facilities of Companhia Rio Claro, for the merger to take place.

Soon after, Companhia Rio Claro was sold to "The Rio Claro São Paulo Railway Company", headquartered in London, which provided the line with several improvements and extensions.

Due to rumors of a possible merger of "The Rio Claro" with Mogiana, the board of directors of Paulista, through its president Antônio da Silva Prado authorized the purchase of "The Rio Claro" in the year of 1892, for the sum of 2,775,000 pounds, with a loan of £2,750,000 obtained in London and £25,000 at the time of purchase.

Expansion
In 1891, Paulista acquired two small 0.60m gauge railways that approached Rio Claro and Mogiana: Companhia Descalvadense and Companhia Ramal Ferreo de Santa Rita.

From there, Paulista was able to extend its inland lines, becoming tributaries of a very rich sector of the state limited between the Peixe and Mojiguaçu rivers, also having tributaries such as Companhia Douradense, Noroeste do Brasil, Estrada de Ferro Araraquara, São Paulo-Goiás, Mogiana, Funilense and Ramal Férreo Campineiro.

Upon receiving the lines from the Rio Claro Railway on April 1, 1892, Companhia Paulista divided its network into two sections: Paulista, which had 1.6m gauge lines and two small 0.6m gauge lines, and Rio Claro, with all the metre-gauge lines.

After that, Paulista developed and much, the infrastructure received from the English, expanding and improving the Stations, such as those in Rio Claro (which was completely rebuilt, with large garages) and São Carlos (which had many expansions and the installation of metallic armor of its wide station) and the stone support of the permanent way, among other items of great importance.

The company has always lent support to its tax companies such as the Dourado, São Paulo-Goyaz/Pitangueiras, Jaboticabal, Morro Agudo, and Barra Bonita companies, going so far as to acquire, since the 1930s, shareholdings of those railways. One of them, Pitangueiras, which had previously been integrated by incorporation into São Paulo-Goyáz and later, near bankruptcy, organized under the name of Companhia Ferroviária São Paulo-Goyáz, sold in 1927 to Paulista, its Pitangueiras Section, so that the trunk line could use the layout of the original Pitangueiras, from Passagem to Ibitiuva and from there to Bebedouro, as the most suitable option for extending the 1,6m gauge from Rincão to Barretos and later to the Porto Cemitério (later Colômbia), on the banks of Rio Grande. Believing in the potential of the livestock industry in the north of the state, Paulista organized with third parties the Companhia Frigorífica e Pastoril (CFP), which was later transferred to foreign capital, originated by S.A. Frigorífico Anglo.

Modernization and efficiency

Using in-depth studies by the engineer Francisco de Monlevade, Inspector General of the company, the latter began the electrification of the lines in 1920, at the voltage of 3 KVCC, extending the use of white coal on the line from Jundiaí to Campinas (1922) and from there to Rio Claro (1926). Aware of Monlevade's maxim that "if they did not electrify their lines, they would not distribute any more dividends", he extended this remarkable improvement from Rio Claro to Rincão (1928) and, in the Jaú branch, from Itirapina to Jaú (1941) and from there to Pederneiras (1947) and Bauru (1948). The limit of this advance was given between Bauru and Cabrália-Paulista in 1954, the year of the delivery of the widening of the gauge in the line from Bauru to Marília. It is worth mentioning that studies pointed to the extension of electrification to Tupã, even indicating that the Piracicaba and Descalvado branches would be electrified, reaching the latter, at least, to Pirassununga Station. The extension of electrification to Garça began but later abandoned, and the other steps were limited to studies.

Companhia Paulista was a pioneer in a series of initiatives in the Brazilian railroad field. It was the first railroad to electrify its lines, to use steel cars to transport passengers (and later build them in its workshops), to foster the creation of protected areas to obtain railroad ties and firewood (through it eucalyptus was introduced in Brazil), as well as other management initiatives previously unheard of in Brazil.

Its passenger trains became famous for the comfort they offered and the punctuality with which they operated. The "R" Train ("R" stands for "rápido", meaning "fast" in Portuguese) or "Blue Train", composed of three-class cars (Pullman, First, and Second Class) and a restaurant, became notorious and determined a standard of comfort not yet seen in Brazil, both in rail (almost extinct) and road transport.

Maintenance
Companhia Paulista had the Jundiaí workshops (dedicated to medium and heavy maintenance of steam, electric, and diesel-electric locomotives) and Rio Claro workshops (directed to the general maintenance of cars and wagons).

Throughout its five divisions, it also had locomotive depots (dedicated to light and medium maintenance of steam, electric, and diesel-electric locomotives), among them the ones in Jundiaí, Campinas, Rio Claro, São Carlos (demolished), Rincão and Bebedouro.

Trade union

The first railroad workers union was founded in the city of São Carlos in 1929, with the name "Sindicato dos Operários Ferroviários da Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro", which later had its headquarters transferred to Campinas.

First strike in Brazil
The union played, however, a role in history long before that, with the first strike in Brazil held in May 1906, after the Labor Day rally at the Polytheama pavilion, which was supported by the weavers of the Fábrica São Bento and the students of the Largo São Francisco Law School, which was harshly repressed.

Decay
In 1961, during an economic crisis aggravated by a series of strikes, the company was nationalized. On November 10, 1971, Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro was incorporated into the new state-owned FEPASA.

Transport

Passengers

The number of passengers transported by Companhia Paulista remained in constant growth, except for two periods: 1931-1935 (from the impacts of the 1929 Crisis) and 1956-1970 (when a small variation occurred as a result of a greater competition with road transport, with the opening of highways such as the Anhanguera). Even so, the company maintained an average of 10 million passengers transported each year, with 2 million celebrated as recently as its 50th anniversary in 1918. This steady growth icn the number of passengers can be partially explained by the exemplary operation and maintenance that Companhia Paulista maintained in its network, the absence of the Bandeirantes Highway (opened only in 1978) and the low traffic at Viracopos Airport. The nationalization of the railroad in late 1961 had little or no effect on passenger transportation until the extinction of the company in 1971.

Cargo

Companhia Paulista was created with the purpose of transporting coffee production from the Campinas region to Jundiaí and Paranapiacaba, where the SPR (owner of a railroad transport monopoly) transported the cargo to the port of Santos. With expansion into São Paulo prevented by the SPR, Companhia Paulista was expanding its tracks through the interior on the route to the coffee plantations.

While it was highly profitable, the coffee crop sustained the railroad's expansion and large coffee producers were its major shareholders. With the crises in the international coffee market, the consequent drop in prices forced the company to seek diversification in cargo transportation: grains, wood, cattle, meat, fruits, fuels, etc. To maintain business expansion, it sought loans with banks, issued new shares, and changed its shareholding control: out went the coffee growers, and in came the international banks and trusts.

During the 1940s (affected by World War II), Companhia Paulista practically doubled the volume of cargo transported in relation to the previous decade. This growth in freight transport continued and reached its peak in 1955, when the company achieved its best ever result. Despite a slight fluctuation, the company operated in its final year carrying a significant volume of cargo.

Fleet
Below is a list of locomotives belonging to Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro in 1968.

Electric locomotives

Diesel-Electric Locomotives

Steam Locomotives

Passenger cars and others

Lines

See also

 Rede Ferroviária Federal, Sociedade Anônima (RFFSA)

Notes

References

Bibliography
 BEM, Sueli Ferreira de. Contribuição para estudos das estações ferroviárias paulistas. 1998. Dissertação (Mestrado em Estruturas Ambientais Urbanas) - Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1998. link.
 CAMPOS, Cristina de. Ferrovias e saneamento em São Paulo. O engenheiro Antonio de Paula Souza da rede de infra-estrutura territorial urbana paulista, 1870-1893. 2007. Tese (Doutorado) - Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, USP, São Paulo, 2007. link.
 CAVALCANTI, F. R. "Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro: Uma ferrovia modelo no Brasil". In: Centro-Oeste, s.d. link.
 DEBES, Célio. A caminho do Oeste: História da Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro. São Paulo: Indústria Gráfica Bentivegna Editôra, 1968.
 GRANDI, Guilherme. Café e Expansão Ferroviária: A Companhia E. F. Rio Claro (1880-1903). São Paulo: Annablume/FAPESP, 2007
 GRANDI, Guilherme. Estado e capital ferroviário em São Paulo: a Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro entre 1930 e 1961. 2010. Tese (Doutorado em História Econômica) - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. link.
 GIESBRECHT, R. M. "Estações Ferroviárias do Estado de São Paulo". In: Estações Ferroviárias do Brasil, s.d link.
 INOUE, L. M. Fim da Linha? Vilas ferroviárias da Companhia Paulista (1868-1961): uma investigação sobre história e preservação. Tese (Doutorado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) - Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo - USP, 2016. link.
 PÉREZ, Filemón. Album Illustrado da Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro. São Paulo, 1918. 5 partes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
 PINTO, Adolfo Augusto Pinto. Minha Vida: Memórias de um Engenheiro Paulista. São Paulo: Conselho Estadual de Cultura, 1969.
 PINTO, Adolfo Augusto Pinto. História da Viação Pública de São Paulo (Brasil). São Paulo: Tipografia de Vanorden, 1903.
 SEGNINI, L. R. P. Ferrovia e ferroviários: uma contribuição para a analise do poder disciplinar na empresa. São Paulo: Ed. Autores Associados; Cortez Ed., 1982. link.
 TASSI, Rafael Prudente Corrêa. Locomotivas elétricas da Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro: Electric locomotives of the Paulista Railway Company. Rio de Janeiro: Memória do Trem, 2015.

Defunct companies of Brazil
Companies based in São Paulo
Railway companies of Brazil


Hotel toilet paper folding is a common practice performed by hotels worldwide as a way of assuring guests that the bathroom has been cleaned.

The common fold normally involves creating a triangle or "V" shape out of the first available sheet or square on a toilet paper roll. Commonly, the two corners of that sheet are tucked behind the paper symmetrically, forming a point at the end of the roll. More elaborate folding results in shapes like fans, sailboats, and even flowers.

Toilet paper folding is also known as "toilet paper origami" or "toilegami". The practice has been considered an emblematic example of a meme copied across the world from a hotel to another, until it became common.

Extent

The practice is followed by hotels all over the world, according to Stephen Gill, a British photographer who published a book of pictures of folded hotel toilet paper from various nations.

Dr. Susan Blackmore, who uses the example of hotel toilet paper folding to illustrate the use of memes, pointed out in the 2006 Darwin Day Lecture before the British Humanist Association that even a remote guesthouse she visited in rural Assam in India folded the first sheet on its rolls of toilet paper.

Hotel toilet paper folding is such an institution that in the horror movie 1408 it is used as one of the eerie happenings noticed by the main character—after using the toilet paper, he finds it mysteriously has been freshly folded over when no one else had been in the room.

Reasons

According to David Feldman, in his "Imponderables" syndicated newspaper column, the practice is meant to assure customers that their hotel room has been cleaned. Feldman reported that he had contacted many of the country's largest innkeeper chains to ask why the toilet paper was folded, and all of them provided the same answer. He quoted James P. McCauley, executive director of the International Association of Holiday Inns:

Stephen Gill believes the practice is meant to please or impress customers:

Other uses

Variations

"Toilet paper origami" (also called "toilegami") is a variation that involves folding toilet paper in elaborate shapes.

Gill found differences in the style and care of folding between hotels. One example from Tokyo, "with its tiny pleats, really stands out", according to the photographer. "Only in Japan did I find such minute attention to detail. [...] The New York City [example], on the other hand, is very poor quality, asymmetrical on rough, thin paper. And the Romania [example] is a great slab with a small, right-hand fold."

According to one hotel industry website, "Housekeepers at luxe lairs around the world are neatly folding the loose end of a partially used roll of toilet paper into a neat little bow or fan." Some hotels provide more elaborate flourishes: some apply a sticker attaching the folded end to the roll; others wrap spare rolls with a ribbon; Thompson Hotels imprint their logo on the first square. The Eldorado Hotel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, also imprints its name and logo on the ends of its toilet paper — a practice done by supervisors checking the work of the housekeepers.

As part of a $1 billion renovation of the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, in 2006, the typical triangular fold practice was stopped as one of a number of changes in order to give customers an impression that the hotel was special. "We're not going to do the little pointy thing," rooms division chief Charlotte Rosenau told the Miami Herald. "Every hotel does that." The change in toilet paper policy was made after Rosenau and several housekeepers crowded into a bathroom to experiment with different methods. They settled on "folding the first square in half, then resting the crease midway down the roll", according to the newspaper. "It just looks nice and clean," Rosenau explained.

The Tickle Pink Inn, a hotel in Carmel Highlands, California, folds the ends of its toilet paper into fan-like designs, mirroring the folds of its bathroom washcloths. A review in the San Francisco Chronicle noted the practice as "a fancy touch".

One travel writer noted seeing toilet paper folded into flowers and sailboats at hotels in Costa Rica.

Usage beyond hotels

An automated toilet paper folding machine called Meruboa was invented in Japan. With the push of a lever the device folds the first sheet of toilet paper into a triangle.

Elaborate wedding dresses have been made from folded toilet paper (also using glue).

See also

Decorative folding
Toilet paper orientation
Towel animal

References

Notes

Further reading
 Wright, Linda, Toilet Paper Origami on a Roll: Decorative Folds and Flourishes for Over-the-Top Hospitality, U.S.: Lindaloo Enterprises, July 2012,  (pbk., ill., 112 p.): "Learn 32 designs including styles for horizontal toilet paper holders, vertical holders and spare rolls".
 Wright, Linda, Toilet Paper Origami: Delight Your Guests with Fancy Folds and Simple Surface Embellishments, or Easy Origami for Hotels, Bed and Breakfasts, Cruise Ships, Creative Housekeepers, and Crafters, U.S.: Lindaloo Enterprises, September 2008,  (pbk., ill., 96 p.): "Illustrated with more than 300 photographs, step-by-step instructions teach 29 easy yet eye-catching folds and embellishments for styling the end of a toilet paper roll".
 Wright, Linda, Toilet Paper Crafts for Holidays and Special Occasions: 60 Papercraft, Sewing, Origami and Kanzashi Projects, U.S.: Lindaloo Enterprises, May 2010,  (pbk., ill., 144 p.)
 Gill, Stephen, Anonymous Origami, Archive of Modern Conflict (London, UK) & Nobody Press (Stephen Gill), September 2007,  (pbk., ill., 104 p.): "Features photographs of folded toilet paper sourced between 2004 and 2007 from hotels and B&B's from around the world".

External links

Toilet Paper Origami (sample images).

Hospitality management
Paper folding
Toilet paper


Catch Me if You Can is a play by Jack Weinstock and Willie Gilbert that is taken from a French play by Robert Thomas entitled Trap for a Lonely Man. The work premiered on Broadway at the Morosco Theatre on March 2, 1965 and closed after 111 performances on June 5, 1965. The production was directed by Vincent J. Donehue and starred Tom Bosley, Dan Dailey, Bethel Leslie, George Mathews, Patrick McVey, Eli Mintz, and Jo Tract.
It was produced by the Samuel French Incorporation at The House of Plays.

External links

1965 plays
Broadway plays


Hopewell is an unincorporated community in Atoka County, Oklahoma, United States. It lies at an elevation of 722 feet (220 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Atoka County, Oklahoma
Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma


The Legend of Deathwalker is a heroic fantasy novel written by British author David Gemmell, it was first published in 1996 and was reprinted in 1999. The book follows on from the novel The First Chronicles of Druss the Legend and was the seventh  book to be released in the Drenai Series. It is also one of three stories compiled into a single collection in Drenai Tales Volume Three, along with Winter Warriors and Hero in the Shadows. The book details the life of the character Druss and is set chronologically after the main events in The First Chronicles of Druss the Legend but prior to events in Legend.

Plot
The novel begins during the events in the book Legend; during the defense of the fortress Dros Delnoch from the Nadir, Druss begins to tell a young warrior a story from his past. He tells how he and his friend Sieben travelled to the land of the Gothir and how he became involved in the political affairs there. Owing to a prophecy that the King made, Druss must lose a tournament; when he refuses to do this men are hired to kill him. In the course of the attempt on his life his friend Klay is shot in the spine with a crossbow bolt, leaving him paralyzed and mortally wounded.

To help him Druss travels to the land of the Nadir where a mystic has told him there are gems that can heal any wound. As he travels to the shrine of Nadir hero Oshikai, the Gothir send a force of 2,000 men to destroy it. Druss arrives at the shrine hoping to find the jewels but is unable to do so before the Gothir arrive, and so he helps four Nadir tribes defend the shrine under the guidance of a Gothir-trained Nadir soldier called Talisman. Talisman is on a quest to find "The Uniter", a man with blazing violet eyes called Ulric, who will unite the Nadir tribes after centuries of warfare.

During the defense of the shrine the spirit of Oshikai's wife Shul-sen is released from captivity with the help of Druss and Talisman; the spirit unleashes a storm on the Gothir army and those that are not killed are ordered to withdraw.

Druss' friend Sieben reveals that he has found the jewels which the Nadir call "The Eyes of Alchazzar". He takes them back to Gothir where they find that Klay had died a few days after they left. However, they heal many of the sick in the hospice before returning the jewels to the Nadir. Talisman then calls a meeting of the Nadir tribes in which he smashes the jewels to return the magic and life of the Nadir land.

The book then comes back to the present day where the reader learns that Druss has fallen in combat in the defense of Dros Delnoch. Ulric/Talisman is saddened to learn of this; even though they were on opposing sides he considered Druss a great warrior.

References

Drenai
1996 British novels
Novels by David Gemmell
Heroic fantasy
Bantam Books books


Fred Spira (1924–2007) was an inventor and innovator in photography as well as a collector of photographic equipment, images, books, and ephemera.  He is credited as one of three individuals who opened up the U.S. market to quality Japanese photographic goods.

Biography

Early years
Siegfried Franz Spira was born in Vienna, Austria to Hans and Paula (née Back) Spira.  His father was an official at the Bodencreditanstalt bank and later owned the Photohaus Spira-Ritz. Spira attended the Amerlinggymnasium until after the Anschluß, when he was forced to leave school because of his Jewish heritage.  In March 1939, he left Vienna through a Kindertransport rescue mission and, as a result, spent ten months in Doncaster, England, where he attended the Percy Jackson Grammar School. He left England with his father in June 1940, sailing to North America on the SS Antonia, where the two were reunited with Spira's mother, who had arrived in New York on the SS Volendam in February of that year.

Youth
In order to make ends meet, the family started Spiratone Fine Grain Laboratories, a photo-processing business, in their apartment.  Spira worked for the family business as well as part-time for another photofinisher, while attending evening high school and graduating as the class valedictorian.  His father died unexpectedly in 1945 and Spira, who was already attending college, left school to support his mother and himself.

Spiratone
In 1946, Spira opened a store on West 27th Street and started to sell a variety of photographic equipment, including cameras and accessories, by mail. In the late 1940s, he became one of the first importers to work with Japanese manufacturers in developing lenses, flash units, exposure meters, tripods, and other photographic accessories. Since his company name, Spiratone, had become fairly well known and the Japanese brands were completely unknown, the products that came out of these partnerships were sold under the Spiratone brand and Spira established rigorous quality assurance procedures to ensure that the merchandise that bore his name worked as intended.

Spira merged Spiratone with a public company, Interphoto, and the relationship with Interphoto allowed the company to expand its reach, in 1967.

According to Herbert Keppler, tests of Spiratone lenses "often proved them equal to or superior to that of famous manufacturers' own products." Well-known photographer and writer Norman Rothschild used Spiratone lenses and filters for many of his photographs that appeared in the pages of Popular Photography magazine where he served as a writer and editor for a third of a century.

Spira was also at the "forefront" of the technological revolution in lens attachments having developed a variety of filters and lens accessories that added unusual and special effects to photographs, and was "the most important" supplier of such attachments.

Spira left the company in 1987, and Spiratone ceased operation in the early 1990s.

The Spira Collection
Spira began collecting autographs relating to the history of photography in the 1960s.  By the end of that decade, he had progressed to collecting historic cameras and was involved in organizing what became the American Photographic Historical Society.

The Spira Collection eventually included over 20,000 items, including many items not found in any other collection.  The George Eastman House held an exhibit of unique pieces from The Spira Collection in 1981, the first time items from a private collection were ever placed on exhibit there. The major part of the Spira Collection was sold to the state of Qatar with plans of  having the collection placed displayed in a yet to be constructed purpose-built photography museum. The remaining part was sold at auction in Vienna from 2006. In 2014, Qatar Museums Authority announced that severe budget cuts would results in layoffs and scrapping plans to build the proposed International Media Museum that would have housed their part of the Spira Collection. Since that announcement, the fate of the Spira Collection is not known since the museum authority have since removed all mentions of the collection from their website.

History of Photography book
In the late 1990s, Spira, with the encouragement of Aperture Foundation executive director Michael Hoffman, began writing a book on the history of photography, using pieces from The Spira Collection as illustrations. As the book got underway, Spira started to show signs of Alzheimer's and his son, Jonathan Spira, helped finish the book. Released in 2001, The History of Photography As Seen Through The Spira Collection was named "a best book of the year" by The New York Times. Todd Gustavson, Technology Curator at George Eastman House, called it "one of the most important photo-history books of the last quarter century."

Death
Spira died from complications of Alzheimer's disease on September 2, 2007, at his home in Beechhurst, Queens, New York, at the age of 83.

Notes

Further reading

External links

The Many Names of Fred Spira
In Memoriam - S. F. Spira
The New York Times Obituary Correction Watch: We'll Fix It When We Get Around To It

1924 births
2007 deaths
American people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Austrian Jews
Kindertransport refugees
Austrian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American inventors
People from Whitestone, Queens


Twist the Truth is the fourth album by Norwegian musician Lene Marlin. It was released on 30 March 2009. "Here We Are" was released as the first single from the album.

Marlin began work on the album with Even "Magnet" Johansen in late spring 2008. In July 2008, several Norwegian webpages announced that she was in the studio recording her fourth album.

According to an article in Dagbladet, 16 April 2009, Twist the Truth has sold 17,000 copies since being released.
The album was certified gold in Norway and was confirmed by Lene on her official Myspace page.

The first single, "Here We Are", has secured Lene's comeback by remaining on the premier spot on the Norwegian National Radio Chart for two weeks.
For the first time since 2003, Lene has a No. 1 hit on the radio in Norway.

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

References

External links
Lene Marlin Official Website

2009 albums
Lene Marlin albums
Folk albums by Norwegian artists


Hopewell is a community in Georgetown and Williamsburg counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It lies at an elevation of 49 feet (15 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Georgetown County, South Carolina
Unincorporated communities in Williamsburg County, South Carolina
Unincorporated communities in South Carolina


In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, the Łoś–Vaught test is a criterion for a theory to be complete, unable to be augmented without becoming inconsistent. For theories in classical logic, this means that for every sentence, the theory contains either the sentence or its negation but not both.

Statement

A theory  with signature σ is -categorical for an infinite cardinal  if  has exactly one model (up to isomorphism) of cardinality

The Łoś–Vaught test states that if a satisfiable theory is -categorical for some  and has no finite model, then it is complete.

This theorem was proved independently by  and , after whom it is named.

See also

References

 .
 .
 .

Mathematical logic
Model theory
Theorems in the foundations of mathematics


The New York City Church Extension and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church was an organization whose mission was "... to promote Churches, Missions, and Sunday-schools in the City of New York." It built or purchased churches, missions, and Sunday schools, mostly in Manhattan and the Bronx, and primarily in poor areas, or areas that were being developed. Founded in 1866, it ran 24 congregations by 1895.

The Church Extension and Mission Society owned a number of landmark buildings in Manhattan that later became synagogues. These included, from 1878 to 1885, the building subsequently purchased by Beth Hamedrash Hagadol, and from 1889 to 1902, the building subsequently purchased by the First Roumanian-American congregation.

Notes

References
Dolkart, Andrew S. National Register of Historic Places Nomination Registration Form, First Roumanian-American Congregation Synagogue, NPS Forms 10-900/10-900a, United States Department of the Interior/National Park Service, October 2, 1997.
 National Register of Historic Places Nomination, Beth Hamedrash Hagodol Synagogue, NPS Forms 10-900/10-900a, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, June 30, 1999.

History of Methodism in the United States


Eintracht Ahaus is a German football club from the city of Ahaus, North Rhine-Westphalia.

History
The team was established in 1908 as Ahauser Ballspielclub and quickly underwent a pair of name changes, first playing as Ahauser Spielvereinigung 08 and then later adopting the name Spiel-Verein Eintracht 08 Ahaus. In 1934, all sports clubs in Ahaus were merged into a single side called Turn- und Sportverein 1892 Ahaus. Eintract reappeared as a separate side after World War II.

The club played two seasons in the Amateurliga Westfalen/Gruppe Nord (II) in 1953–55 before slipping into lower-tier competition. They returned to the Amateurliga, which had become a third tier circuit, for a three-season turn beginning in 1968. Eintracht's best result there was a 7th-place finish.

The team currently plays in the tier seven Landesliga Westfalen 4.

References

External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1908
Football clubs in North Rhine-Westphalia
1908 establishments in Germany