is the twelfth single by Japanese recording artist Aya Ueto. It was released on August 3, 2005 as the second single from Ueto's fourth studio album License. "Kaze o Ukete" served as theme song for the animation film Konjiki no Gash Bell!! Movie 2: Attack of the Mecha-Vulcan.

Overview

The title track and the B-side, "Yakusoku no Basho," were written and produced by Ryoji from Ketsumeishi. The collaboration came about as Ueto's record label was looking for new songs Ueto could record for her next album. Being a big fan of Ketsumeishi, her team offered Ryoji to produce a few songs for her, which he readily accepted. Ryoji also remixed Ueto's "Yume no Chikara" for the single, which features a verse by Ryoji himself.

Ueto commented on the collaboration, "When I received the demo, I couldn't believe it. I was touched to tears." "I did my very best," she added, explaining that during the recording, Ryoji advised her to not worry about being pitch-perfect and to just have fun with the song.

Chart performance
"Kaze o Ukete" debuted on the Oricon Daily Singles chart at number 15 on August 2, 2005 and climbed to number 12 the following day. It peaked at number 17 on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart, with 13,938 copies sold in its first week. The single charted for six weeks and has sold a total of 12,888 copies.

Track listing

Charts

Release history

References

External links

2005 singles
Aya Ueto songs
Japanese film songs
Songs written for animated films


Munz Lakes is a small lake located directly on the San Andreas Fault in the northern Sierra Pelona Mountains, within Los Angeles County, California.

Geography
The lake is one of a series of sag ponds created by active tectonic plate movement of the San Andreas Fault in the area, which also include Elizabeth Lake and Hughes Lake.  They are part of the northern upper Santa Clara River watershed.

The lake, at  in elevation, is protected within the Angeles National Forest.

History
Munz Lakes receives its name from rancher John Munz, who arrived in the area in 1898.

See also

  – related topics
 List of lakes in California

References

External links

Lakes of Los Angeles County, California
Santa Clara River (California)
Sierra Pelona Ridge
Angeles National Forest
Lakes of California
Lakes of Southern California


John Erhart Kashdan (12 February 1917 – 22 February 2001) was an English painter, printmaker and teacher of Russian Jewish descent. He studied at the Royal Academy Schools and later exhibited in London and America before withdrawing from exhibiting around 1950 to focus on his teaching career.  His work in the 1940s was influenced by Pablo Picasso, Juan Gris and Georges Braque. Post-war influences include Paul Klee and José Guadalupe Posada as well as contemporaries Robert Colquhoun and Robert MacBryde.

Biography

John Kashdan was born in Islington, London to a Russian Jewish father, 'Jack' Kashdan, and English mother, Maud.  At 12, he decided to become an artist, but left school at 14 to become a dentist's assistant. Attending Charles Genge's evening classes at the Working Men's Institute in Bethnal Green led to him applying to the Royal Academy schools.

He started at the Royal Academy schools in 1936, winning an RA Gold Medal in his first year and British Institute and Landseer Scholarships.  He used the travelling scholarship to visit the south of France between 1936 and 1939.

In 1940, Kashdan turned down a grant at the Royal College of Art and moved to Cambridge in 1943. Work painted in this period showed the influence of Picasso, Braque and Juan Gris.

Kashdan had his first one-man show at the Redfern Gallery in 1945 after encouragement from fellow artist Gustav Kahnweiler. Kashdan's work mainly featured still lifes, using flamboyant colour and bold lines. Acquaintance Henry Moore brought Kashdan's work to the attention of James J Sweeney, of the Museum of Modern Art, New York who displayed his work there in 1946.

During the 1940s and 1950s Kashdan produced a broad array of monotype prints, influenced by Paul Klee and his artist friend Richard Ziegler. Ziegler introduced Kashdan to a print-making process he developed using transfer drawing and duplicator paper; Kashdan would use this technique for many pieces during this time. Another method adopted by Kashdan was etching on to acetate and a simple form of screenprinting. His work in this period used archetypal human forms and sinister tones to represent the suffering themes of the Second World War. An associate of Klee's, Jankel Adler saw Kashdan's prints and introduced him to Robert Colquhoun, Robert MacBryde and John Minton. Inspired by Kashdan's work they began to create their own monotypes.

Kashdan moved away from the art world towards the middle of the 1940s, though  his monotypes and drawings were exhibited in 1947 at the Art Institute of Chicago and, in 1948, at the Philadelphia Art Alliance. Taking up a teaching post at the Royal Naval College, Devon in 1946, he then moved to Guildford School of Art in 1951 withdrawing from public exhibitions for 38 years (except a poster design for London Transport and a small group exhibition at Surrey University in 1971).

After the Guildford sit-in, Kashdan and 40 other staff were sacked. Magnus Magnusson examined the events in a BBC radio programme Cause for Concern. Kashdan was moved to Epsom College of Art as tutor librarian where he retired in 1982.

After his retirement, Kashdan's paintings and monotypes were once more publicly displayed in a retrospective of his work from 1940 to 1955 at England & co gallery, London. Following the exhibition, the British Museum's department of prints and drawings acquired a selection of Kashdan's work. The museum then displayed parts of this collection in their Avant-Garde British Printmaking 1914–60 exhibition in 1990. The last exhibition of his work in Kashdan's lifetime was in 1991, displaying a collection of his monotypes from 1941 to 1991.

References

1917 births
2001 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
English printmakers
20th-century British printmakers
20th-century English male artists


The Zhanjiang dialect is a dialect mostly spoken in Zhanjiang in Guangdong, China. It is a sub-dialect of Leizhou Min.

See also
Varieties of Chinese

Notes

References

Guangdong
Southern Min


The Vatican is an online mixtape by Natas, released on March 25, 2009 on acidrap.com. The Vatican is the first set of new Natas material featuring all three core members together at the same time.

Track listing

References

2009 compilation albums
Reel Life Productions compilation albums


Robin Noel Pecknold (born March 30, 1986) is an American singer-songwriter, who serves as the principal songwriter and vocalist for indie folk band Fleet Foxes, with whom he has recorded four studio albums. He is known for his distinct baritenor voice and introspective lyrics.

Biography
Robin Pecknold was born in Seattle in 1986, the youngest of three children. His maternal great-grandfather, Theodor Valaas, immigrated to Seattle from Norway in 1905. Pecknold's father, Greg, played in Seattle-based soul band The Fathoms in the 1960s and has since worked as a film editor. Both of Pecknold's siblings work closely with Fleet Foxes, his sister Aja as manager and his brother Sean as music video director.

He has stated that he used Napster to discover much of the music he listened to growing up. His influences range from Joni Mitchell to Brian Wilson.

At the age of 14, he wrote his first song, "Sarah Jane," about a runaway who turns to prostitution. Under the alias  Robin Noel Vaas, he released the song, along with six others, on a demo CD called St. Vincent Street around his hometown. In 2005, he toured with Seattle's Dolour, playing bass, before forming Fleet Foxes with childhood friend Skyler Skjelset in 2006. They played their original music at local open mic nights, teen centers, and coffee shops. He reportedly ran up considerable debt setting up the band, although he has since denied this.

In 2013, Pecknold relocated to New York City and enrolled as an undergraduate student in the Columbia University School of General Studies, majoring in English. He has spoken positively of his decision to take a hiatus from music in order to pursue a traditional education, although he left in 2016 to tour with Joanna Newsom and as of 2022 has not yet finished his degree.

Solo work

In 2011, Pecknold released a solo EP entitled Three Songs via Twitter. The release included two original songs, one a duet with Ed Droste, and a cover of New Zealand folk-singer Chris Thompson's "Where Is My Wild Rose?". He has used the moniker White Antelope for releasing covers of traditional songs including "Silver Dagger", "Wild Mountain Thyme," and "False Knight on the Road".

Collaborations
On October 22, 2013, Pecknold appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon to perform a cover of Pearl Jam's "Corduroy" with Grizzly Bear guitarist Daniel Rossen and drummer Neal Morgan. In 2014, he embarked on a brief tour as part of The Gene Clark No Other Band, a supergroup consisting of himself, Iain Matthews, Victoria Legrand, Daniel Rossen, and Hamilton Leithauser performing Gene Clark's No Other in its entirety.

In 2021, Pecknold, along with Anaïs Mitchell, co-wrote and performed "Phoenix" for How Long Do You Think It's Gonna Last?, the second album by Big Red Machine, itself a collaboration between Bon Iver's Justin Vernon and The National's Aaron Dessner.

Scoring
In 2012, Pecknold, along with Morgan Henderson and Neal Morgan, recorded music for Sara Lamm and Mary Wigmore's film about Ina May Gaskin, Birth Story: Ina May Gaskin and the Farm Midwives. In 2015, Pecknold composed the score for an Off-Broadway play, Wyoming, written by his cousin Brian Watkins.

Instruments
Pecknold plays a Martin D-18 six-string guitar for most Fleet Foxes work. He also uses a Martin D12-35 12 string and a Gibson CF-100 6 String. Both of these guitars date back to the 1960s. He has also been known to use a recent Epiphone Casino electric guitar, and a Fylde Oberon acoustic guitar.

Discography

As White Antelope
 False Knight on the Road (2009)

As Robin Pecknold
 Three Songs (2011)
 Birth Story: Ina May Gaskin and the Farm Midwives (soundtrack) (2012)
 Spirit Untamed (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2021)

References

External links
 Instagram

1986 births
American people of Norwegian descent
American rock singers
Living people
Singers from Seattle
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
American folk guitarists
Fleet Foxes members
American male guitarists
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
Columbia University School of the Arts alumni


The 7th Parachute Division () was a fallschirmjäger (airborne) division of the German military during the Second World War, active from 1944 to 1945.

The division was first formed as Fallschirmjäger-Division Erdmann in August 1944, from a collection of training units and remnants of other formations, named for its commander Wolfgang Erdmann. It fought in the south-eastern part of the Netherlands during Operation Market-Garden in September, and in October was redesignated as the 7. Fallschirmjäger-Division. It contained the 19th, 20th and 21st Fallschirmjäger Regiments, and the 7th Fallschirmjäger Artillery Regiment.

The division fought on the Western Front for the remainder of the war, surrendering at Oldenburg with the end of hostilities.

Notes

References

Fallschirmjäger divisions
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


Labouchere or Labouchère may refer to:

Labouchere (paddle steamer)
François de Labouchère (1917–1942), French aviator
Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton (1798–1869), British politician
Henry Labouchère (1831–1912), British politician
Jacques Labouchere, American singer-songwriter
Labouchère system, gambling strategy
Labouchere Amendment, British law

See also
 Labouchère (surname)


The Mooney Suzuki is the debut extended play (EP) by American garage rock band The Mooney Suzuki.

Released
Released in August 1999, "And Begin", "I Say I Love You" and "My Dear Persephone" were recorded by Matt Verta-Ray at NY HED, New York City in January, 1999; "Half of My Heart", "Turn My Blue Sky Black" and "Love Is a Gentle Whip" were recorded by Kevin McMahon in Maine, New York in August 1998.

Track listing
"And Begin" – 1:30
"I Say I Love You" – 1:59
"My Dear Persephone" – 2:46
"Half of My Heart" – 3:47
"Turn My Blue Sky Black" – 2:47
"Love Is a Gentle Whip" – 2:49

Personnel
The Mooney Suzuki
Sammy James Jr. – vocals, guitar, design
Graham Tyler – guitar, design
John Paul Ribas – bass, design
Will Rockwell-Scott – drums, design
Additional personnel
Matt Verta-Ray – production on "And Begin", "I Say I Love You" and "My Dear Persephone"
Kevin McMahon – production on "Half of My Heart", "Turn My Blue Sky Black" and "Love Is a Gentle Whip"
Josh Lewis – photography

References

The Mooney Suzuki albums
1999 debut EPs


The term blue frog may refer to:
 Blue poison dart frog (Dentrobates tinctorius "azureus"), a frog in the family Dendrobatidae found in southern Suriname and adjacent far northern Brazil
 Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea), a frog in the family Hylidae native to Australia and New Guinea, actually green but originally called "blue frog" due to damaged specimens
 Various characters:
 Rockit, a blue-colour tree frog in The Roly Mo Show
 Pierre, a blue-and-yellow frog  in Sesame Street (Japan)

As Blue Frog, it may also refer to:
 Blue Frog, an anti-spamming service
 Blue Frog (restaurant), a Western cuisine restaurant chain in China
 "The Little Blue Frog", a Miles Davis track added to Big Fun
 "I'm In Love With a Big Blue Frog", a Peter, Paul, & Mary song on Album 1700
 "Blue Frog Tavern", a solo adventure for role-playing game Tunnels & Trolls

Animal common name disambiguation pages


There are six railway stations in the town of Coburg in Bavaria, southern Germany. These include: two passenger stations, three halts and one goods station.

Coburg station
Coburg station is the most important railway station in the town of Coburg and its surrounding area. From here railway lines run to Bad Rodach, to Sonneberg, to Lichtenfels, Nuremberg and Kulmbach.
From 2017, an ICE will call daily at Coburg, briefly leaving the nearby Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. The station has five tracks a "Service-Center" and several shops in the station building. All Franconia Bus Company (Omnibusverkehr Franken or OVF) lines stop at the station as do all but one of the town bus routes (SÜC). Since 2007 a central bus station has been under construction immediately next to Coburg station. Whilst the station is described simply as a Bahnhof by the railways, the local bus stops and bus timetables usually refer to it as the Hauptbahnhof.

Creidlitz station

Creidlitz station is located on the south side of the town of Coburg on the Werra Railway at kilometre stone 134.77 between Coburg station and the halt at Grub am Forst. Despite having two platforms and being described as a Bahnhof, it is not particularly important nowadays, only the Regionalbahn trains to Coburg and those in the opposite direction to Lichtenfels stop here. The trains to Lichtenfels leave from the eastern 'home platform, number 1, and trains to Coburg from platform 2, an island platform with no subway. The red brick station building was built at the end of the 19th century. Due to its age, it is one of the most important station buildings in the Coburg district and is a listed building. During the construction of the Itz Valley Railway to Rossach in 1900 the station, which is located between branching tracks, was built with two platforms in 1911; whene the second line to Coburg was built it was expanded by a further platform. On the eastern side are the two tracks of the Werra railway and on the western side, the Itzgrund railway track and a second, parallel, track for the goods shed. In 1950 the station, including the Rossach branch, was electrified. In 2004 the Rossach branch was closed. Because the section of line to Lichtenfels is single-tracked, trains often cross at the station. In 2008 the station still had semaphore signals and manually operated level crossing barriers. Next to the station is a bus stop with the same name - Creidlitz/Bahnhof - which is served by one of the town bus lines as well as busses of the OVF.

Coburg-Nord halt
Coburg-Nord halt lies on the Coburg–Sonneberg line between Coburg station and the halt at Dörfles-Esbach at kilometre stone 1.3. It was built in the trackbed of the old line to Eisfeld and taken into operation on 11 December 2005 together with Rödental-Mitte station. The platform is 140 m long and is located behind the Coburg tax office on Rodacher Strasse.

Coburg-Neuses halt
Coburg-Neuses halt is situated between Coburg station and Wiesenfeld halt at kilometre marker 1.99. The halt was originally a station, but was later downgraded to a halt. The Coburg–Bad Rodach Regionalbahn trains call here every 2 hours. The stop has two tracks, the main running track by the platform and the siding with a branch to the incinerating plant. The station is rather insignificant because there are very good bus connexions to Neuses. Since 1999 the station building has been home to the Steinach Valley Railway Society (Eisenbahnfreunde Steinachtalbahn-Coburg).

Coburg-Beiersdorf halt
Many years ago there was also a halt at Beiersdorf that was on the line to Bad Rodach. This was closed due to low passenger numbers and competition from good bus services in this part of the town.

Goods station
The goods station is south of Coburg station at kilometre post 131.8 on the Werra railway.

See also

Royal Bavarian State Railways
List of railway stations in Bavaria
Coburg goods station

Sources
Wolfgang Bleiweis, Stefan Goldschmidt und Bernd Schmitt: Eisenbahnen im Coburger Land. Resch Druck: Coburg 1996,

References

Coburg
Coburg


Vladimir Grabinsky (; born 15 January 1974) is a Ukrainian chess International Master and coach of the Ukrainian youth team. Enrolled in the Lviv Institute of Physical Culture in 1990 and graduated in 1994. Twelve of his students became Grandmasters at an early age; these are: Andrei Volokitin, Yuriy Kryvoruchko, Martyn Kravtsiv, Yaroslav Zherebukh, Yuri Vovk, Andrey Vovk, Mikhailo Oleksienko, Nataliya Buksa, Vita Kryvoruchko, Myroslava Hrabinska and Kateryna Matseyko.

In 2009 Grabinsky was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer.

Assessment and personality
In his book For Friends & Colleagues Volume II: Reflections on My Profession, Mark Dvoretsky described "There is an excellent trainer Vladimir Grabinsky in Lvov, who has brought up a number of leading Ukrainian young players. Some of them are grandmasters now, the most well-known being Andrey Volokitin. Grabinsky’s approach to chess is not dissimilar to my own. We had a nice talk discussing various training problems. In most cases, our opinions were the same, though we had our differences too. I felt from the very start that I was talking to a professional of the highest level."

In book Dynamic Decision Making in Chess Boris Gelfand described "Grabinsky is a world-class trainer who has worked with close to ten players from their early years until 2650 level."

Books
Andrei Volokitin, Vladimir Grabinsky, Perfect Your Chess (Gambit, 2007)
Władimir Grabinski, Andriej Wołokitin, Laboratorium Arcymistrza (Penelopa, 2007)
Andrei Volokitin, Vladimir Grabinsky, Allenamento intensivo di livello superiore  (Prisma Editori, 2008)
Andrej Wolokitin, Wladimir Grabinski, PERFEKTIONIEREN SIE IHR SCHACH  (Gambit, 2008)

Notable games
Vladimir Grabinsky vs Alexander Potapov, Czech Open 2005, Scotch Game: Gцring Gambit (C44), 1–0

References

External links
Personal site of Vladimir Grabinsky and his students Constantly updated website on chess life in Lviv with exclusive photos, interviews and games. There is also a Russian version.

ICC notes

Vladimir Grabinsky at 365Chess.com

1974 births
Living people
Ukrainian chess players
Chess International Masters
Ukrainian chess writers
Sportspeople from Lviv
Chess coaches


The Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement or Washington Agreement (August 8, 1944) was a failed attempt by the British and American governments to establish a lasting agreement to manage international petroleum supply and demand. The agreement would have established the International Petroleum Commission for the purposes of balancing discordant supply and demand, managing surplus, and bringing order and stability to a market laden with oversupply, similar to the Texas Railroad Commission in the United States. After being concluded, the agreement faced near total opposition from the petroleum industry, prompting U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to withdraw the treaty from ratification consideration and abandon the agreement.

References

Petroleum politics
United Kingdom–United States treaties
Treaties concluded in 1944
Energy treaties
1944 in the United Kingdom
1944 in the United States
Unratified treaties
1944 in economics


"Pretty Persuasion" is a song by R.E.M. that was first released on the band's 1984 album Reckoning. It was released as a promotional single and reached number 44 on Billboard's Rock Tracks chart. According to R.E.M. biographer Tony Fletcher, it is often regarded as "the 'archetypal' R.E.M. anthem".

Background
Although not released commercially until 1984, R.E.M. performed "Pretty Persuasion" live in concert as early as 1980 and 1981. A live version of the song was recorded for the band's 1983 debut album Murmur but was not released on that album, although the recording was eventually included as a bonus track on a 1992 release of Reckoning. Producer Mitch Easter wanted to record the song again for Reckoning but the band, particularly lead singer Michael Stipe who no longer liked the song, was initially reluctant. They eventually agreed to a multi-track studio recording for Reckoning due to the popularity of the song live with fans.

Content

Lyrical themes
Allmusic critic Bill Janovitz describes the lyrics as "an anti-consumerism take on advertising." The song makes the point right away with the lines:
It's what I want
Hurry and buy
All has been tried
Follow reason and buy.

Style and composition
As with many R.E.M. songs, the refrain, "He's got pretty persuasion/She's got pretty persuasion/God damn your confusion" is, as described by Fletcher, concise and repetitive.  R.E.M. guitarist Peter Buck has stated that the song was originally inspired by a dream Stipe had. In the dream, Stipe was photographing the Rolling Stones for the cover of their last single, which in the dream was entitled "Pretty Persuasion".

The song begins with a guitar riff based on descending arpeggios. Easter has noted a musical similarity to Todd Rundgren's 1972 song "Couldn't I Just Tell You" and thinks the earlier song provided some inspiration for "Pretty Persuasion". Janovitz notes similarities with songs by The Byrds. These include the guitar riffs, which although played on two six-string guitars, produce an "electric-guitar jangle" similar to that achieved by The Byrds' Roger McGuinn on his 12-string Rickenbacker guitar. They also include the multi-track vocals by Stipe and bassist Mike Mills, which evoke The Byrds' vocal harmonies. However, the vocals on "Pretty Persuasion" are not precisely enunciated, making the lyrics difficult to decipher at times.
Spin critics Eric Weisbard and Craig Marks described "Pretty Persuasion" as "a great rocker."

Performances
In addition to being played live in the early portion of R.E.M.'s career, "Pretty Persuasion" was included in the live set as late as 2007 and 2008. Fletcher regards it as one of the songs that influenced R.E.M.'s 2008 album Accelerate. A live version from this tour was released on the 2009 live album Live at the Olympia. "Pretty Persuasion" has also been included on several of R.E.M.'s compilation albums, including The Best of R.E.M. in 1991 and And I Feel Fine... The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987 in 2006.

Music video

This song, and others from the album, is part of a short film called "Left of Reckoning", directed by James Herbert. The four-minute clip has the band wandering around folk artist R.A. Miller's Whirligig Farm in Rabbittown, Georgia.

References

1984 songs
R.E.M. songs
Songs written by Bill Berry
Songs written by Michael Stipe
Songs written by Peter Buck
Songs written by Mike Mills
Song recordings produced by Mitch Easter
Song recordings produced by Don Dixon (musician)
American punk rock songs


EchoStar II is a communications satellite operated by EchoStar. Launched in 1996 it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 148 degrees west for 12 or 15 years.

Satellite
The launch of EchoStar I made use of an Ariane 4 rocket flying from Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. The launch took place at 00:59 UTC on September 11, 1996, with the spacecraft entering a geosynchronous transfer orbit. The spacecraft carried 16 Ku band transponders to enable direct broadcast communications and television channels through  dishes on the ground in the Contiguous United States.

From September 1996 to November 2001, it was at position 118.8° W, while from December 2001 until July 2008, it was at position 148° W. The satellite ended its activities on July 14, 2008.

Specifications
 Launch mass:
 Power source: 2 deployable solar arrays, batteries
 Stabilization: 3-axis
 Propulsion: 2 × LEROS-1B

See also

 1996 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 1996
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
E02


The American garage rock band The Mooney Suzuki has released four studio albums, one live album, two extended plays (EPs) and eleven singles.

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

Notes

1. Electric Sweat was re-released by Columbia on May 12, 2003.
2. The Mooney Suzuki was also known as The Black EP.
3. The Maximum Black EP is a re-release of The Mooney Suzuki with additional tracks.

References

Mooney Suzuki, The
Rock music group discographies


EchoStar III is a communications satellite operated by EchoStar. Launched in 1997 it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 61.5 degrees west for 12 years.

Current status
EchoStar announced August 2, 2017, EchoStar III "experienced an anomaly of unknown origin" during a relocation maneuver in the previous week "that has caused communications with the satellite to be interrupted and intermittent." EchoStar III is now drifting westward at about 0.1 degrees per day, encountering other geostationary satellites. Echostar also said the satellite "is [now] a fully depreciated, non-revenue generating asset."

EchoStar III was finally placed in a graveyard orbit on .

Satellite
The launch of EchoStar I made use of an Atlas-II AS rocket flying from Launch Complex 36 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The launch took place at 21:01 UTC on October 5, 1997, with the spacecraft entering a geosynchronous transfer orbit. EchoStar III carried 16 (or more) Ku band transponders to provide direct voice and video communications to small dishes in North America after parking over 79 W or 135 W longitude.

Specifications
 Launch mass:
 Power: 2 deployable solar arrays, batteries
 Stabilization: 3-axis
 Propulsion: LEROS-1C
 Longitude: 61.5° west

See also

 1997 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 1997
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellites using the A2100 bus
E03


EchoStar IV is a communications satellite operated by EchoStar. Launched in 1998 it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 77 degrees west for 12 years.

Satellite
The launch of EchoStar IV made use of a Proton rocket flying from Site 81 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. The launch took place at 23:45 UTC on May 7, 1998, with the spacecraft entering a geosynchronous transfer orbit. EchoStar IV carried 32 Ku band transponders to provide direct voice and video communications to small dishes in North America after parking over 119° W or 148° W longitude.

Specifications
 Launch mass:
 Power: 2 deployable solar arrays, batteries
 Stabilization: 3-axis
 Propulsion: LEROS-1C
 Longitude: 77° west

See also

 1998 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 1998
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellites using the A2100 bus
Spacecraft launched by Proton rockets
Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
E04


EchoStar V was a communications satellite built by Space Systems/Loral based in Palo Alto, CA and operated by EchoStar. Launched in 1999 it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 148 degrees west. EchoStar V was used for direct-to-home television broadcasting services.

Satellite
The launch of EchoStar V made use of an Atlas rocket flying from Launch Complex 36 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, United States. The launch took place at 06:02 UTC on September 23, 1999, with the spacecraft entering a geosynchronous transfer orbit.

Specifications
 Launch mass:
 Power: 2 deployable solar arrays, batteries
 Stabilization: 3-axis
 Longitude: 148° West

See also
 1999 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 1999
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus
E05


Glenn Durland Paige (28 June 1929 – 22 January 2017) was an American political scientist. He was Professor Emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaiʻi and Chair of the Governing Council of the Center for Global Nonkilling. Paige is known for developing the concept of nonkilling, his studies on political leadership, and the study of international politics from the decision-making perspective with a case study of President Harry S. Truman's decision to involve the United States in the Korean War.

Biography
The son of a YMCA social worker, Glenn Durland Paige was born on June 28, 1929, in Brockton, Massachusetts, in the northeastern part of the United States known as New England. He grew up in Rochester, New Hampshire, with summers in Provincetown, Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

He served in the U.S. Army (1948–52) as recruit, private, corporal, sergeant, second lieutenant (OCS), first lieutenant and later captain (Army Reserve, 1956–60). A Korean War veteran (1950–52), he served as communications officer at the 10th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Group, attached to the First Republic of Korea Infantry Division, September–December 1950.

He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy (1947), Princeton University (A.B., Politics, 1955; International Politics; Chinese and Russian languages), Harvard University (A.M., East Asian regional studies, 1957; Korean Studies, Chinese, Japanese and Korean languages) and Northwestern University (PhD political science, 1959; interdisciplinary behavioral science curriculum). After teaching at Seoul National University's Graduate School of Public Administration (1959–61), and Princeton University (1961–67), he taught at the University of Hawaiʻi (1967–92). There he introduced new courses and seminars on political leadership (1967–92) and nonviolent political alternatives (1978–92), besides lecturing introduction to political science and world politics. He helped to found the University of Hawai‘i Center for Korean Studies in 1972, the Spark M. Matsunaga Institute for Peace and its Center for Global Nonviolence Planning Project (later to become the Center for Global Nonkilling).

The journey from soldier to scholar to founder with others of the Center for Global Nonkilling can be told in terms of three discoveries.

The first began with a case study with interviews of how President Harry S Truman and other leaders engaged the United States in the Korean War in which Paige had served during 1950–52. This became a doctoral dissertation published as a book entitled The Korean Decision: June 24–30, 1950 (see also Study of the Korean War Decision-Making)

Subsequent comparative study of divided Korea’s divergent development since 1945 led to discovery of the creative potential of political leadership for social change and a call to make this a special field for research, teaching, and service in the academic discipline of political science. This was published in The Scientific Study of Political Leadership (New York: The Free Press, 1977). This "discovery" of the importance of creative political leadership for global problem-solving contributed to thinking that led to creation of the United Nations University/International Leadership Academy at the University of Jordan in 1995 through the pioneering efforts of Prime Minister Dr. Abdelsalam al-Majali under the leadership of King Hussein who announced its establishment in New York during the UN's 50th Anniversary ceremonies. Glenn D. Paige served as participant-observer and evaluator of the First UNU/ILA Leadership Programme in Jordan, Israel, Palestine, and Egypt in 1997.

The second discovery was of nonkilling as a basic value for political science and life. Glenn D. Paige's awakening to nonkilling occurred during 1973–74 and has led to more than a quarter century of discovery and re-education resulting in the thesis of Nonkilling Global Political Science. This unexpected shift by a conventionally trained, violence-accepting political scientist, whose doctoral dissertation justified war and threat of war in Korea, perhaps can be attributed in part to a process of "cognitive dissonance" in which one's values and perceptions of reality come in conflict. Having participated in and justified a Cold War crusade for freedom and peace in Korea (values) combined with opposition in 1973 by the United States and ROK governments to a University of Hawai‘i initiative to invite North Korean scholars to visit Honolulu for a peaceful cultural exchange (non-peace reality) one day produced a strongly felt value shift expressed in three words of an inner voice, "No more killing!" (see photograph above). Consequently, this value shift led both to heightened perceptions of lethal realities and to search for realistic nonkilling alternatives.

As a result, he produced a critical book review by him of his book on the Korean War, which essentially had been a scientific apologia for war. This was published as "On Values and Science: The Korean Decision Reconsidered" in American Political Science Review. Such an author review was unprecedented in the history of the APSR since 1906.

The third discovery followed projection of the logic of nonviolent critical analysis applied to his own scientific work to critique the violence-accepting assumptions of the discipline of political science as a whole. After 28 years of research, teaching, and travel to discover foundations for a new nonkilling discipline the results were published in 2002 as Nonkilling Global Political Science In 2007 it led to convening the First Global Nonkilling Leadership Forum in Honolulu, Hawai‘i, November 1–4, 2007, and by 2014 the book had been translated into 30 languages.

Social and scientific contributions

Nonkilling
Nonkilling refers to the absence of killing, threats to kill, and conditions conducive to killing in human society. Even though the use of the term in the academic world refers mostly to the killing of human beings, it is sometimes extended to include the killing of animals and other forms of life. This is also the case for the traditional use of the term "nonkilling" (or "non-killing") as part of Buddhist ethics, as expressed in the first precept of the Pancasila, and in similar terms throughout world spiritual traditions. Significantly, "nonkilling" has also been used recently in the "Charter for a World without Violence" approved by the 8th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates.

In analysis of its causes, nonkilling encompasses the concepts of peace (absence of war and conditions conducive to war), nonviolence (psychological, physical, and structural), and ahimsa (noninjury in thought, word and deed). Not excluding any of the latter, nonkilling provides a distinct approach characterized by the measurability of its goals and the open-ended nature of its realization. While the usage of terms such as "nonviolence" and "peace" often follow the classical form of argument through abstract ideas leading to passivity, killing (and its opposite, nonkilling), it can be quantified and related to specific causes by following a clinical perspective (prevention, intervention and post-traumatic transformation toward the progressive eradication of killing). Glenn D. Paige's contributions, namely the volume Nonkilling Global Political Science but also many of his articles dating back from the 80s, significantly developed the usage of this term among the academic world. Currently, the Center for Global Nonkilling hosts a series of Nonkilling Research Committees bringing together over 700 scholars from more than 300 universities.

In 2021 an annual "International Nonkilling Day" was begun on June 28, Dr. Page's birthday. The first global colloquium was virtual, and titled: “Creating an Affirmative Nonkilling World”.

The Scientific Study of Political Leadership
Paige’s 1977 The Scientific Study of Political Leadership has been considered, jointly with James MacGregor Burns’ 1978 Leadership, a landmark for the foundation and institutionalization of political leadership as discipline, following Harold Lasswell's challenge to study this field as a subject for multidisciplinary research grounded in social science theory. In this essay, Paige presents a conceptual framework through which the study of political leadership, and leadership in general, can be organized and developed following scientific bases. This framework, presented as an "multivariate, multidimensional linkage approach" considers six main factors that impact the behavior of political leaders: personality, role, organization, tasks, values, and setting. At the same time, these factors also generate patterns of behavior that can affect or be affected by 18 societal political dimensions as the extent of conflict, the use of violence, the presence of consensus, and the practice of compromise.

Study of the Korean War decision making
In his 1968 book The Korean Decision: June 24–30, 1950, Paige provided a significant contribution to the scientific study of international politics by exploring in a first case study the decision-making approach to analysis pioneered by Richard C. Snyder, opening new lines of inquiry. The volume presents a reconstruction of the United States government's decision to intervene in Korea in 1950, through the careful documentation of the seven days of crucial decision-making that led to the country's involvement in the war. Besides reviewing key documentation and examining the circumstances surrounding the intervention from 1945 to 1950, major players in this process, including U.S. President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson, Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson, Secretary of the Air Force Thomas K. Finletter, Secretary of the Army Frank Pace and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs Dean Rusk, among others, were extensively interviewed.

Beside reconstructing decisions from the point of view of the decision makers, Paige analyzes them in terms of the interaction of organizational, informational, and motivational variables; evaluating and providing guidance for coping with future war-prone crisis situation. With important points in common with the decision-centered conception of the policy sciences laid out by Harold D. Lasswell and Myres S. McDougal, Paige brings forward the importance of decision-making itself. The observational standpoint, conceptions of the decision process, definition of decisional situations, crisis as a special occasion for decision, linkages among variables, and appraisal as a particular decision process function made the work unique, having been used a reference model not only in academia but also among government and the military.

Ten years after the publication of this work, Paige prepared a critical book review of his book on the Korean War, which essentially had been a scientific apologia for war. This was published as “On Values and Science: The Korean Decision Reconsidered” in the American Political Science Review. Such an author review was unprecedented in the history of the APSR since 1906.

Academic achievements, awards and honors

Honors and awards
Army Commendation Medal, 1952
Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship, 1955–56
Kent Fellow, Society for Religion and Higher Education, 1955–57
Ford Foundation Foreign Area Training Fellow, 1956–59
Princeton University John Witherspoon Bicentennial Preceptorship, 1962–65
Seikyo Culture Price (Japan), 1982
Ramachandran Award for International Understanding (India), 1986
Anuvrat Award for International Peace (India), 1987
Princeton University Class of 1955 Award, 1987
Third Gandhi Memorial Lecturer (India), 1990
Distinguished Life Fellow, Delhi School of Nonviolence (India), 1992
Honorary PhD, Soka University (Japan), 1992
Magisterium International Council (Russia), 1994
Jai Tulsi Anuvrat Award (India), 1995
Orden de Mérito Guillermo Gaviria Correa (Colombia), 2004
Festschrift in Korean: Pisalsaeng chongch’ihak gwa chigu p’yonghwa undong. Glenn D. Paige kyosu ui hakmun segye [Nonkilling Political Science and the Global Peace Movement. The Scholarly World of Professor Glenn D. Paige] (Seoul: Jipmoondang, 2004)
Distinguished Career Award, American Political Science Association, 2004
Lifetime Peacemaker Award, 2005
Peace Day Hawai‘i Award, 2008
Distinguished Peace Leadership Award, 2010
Jamnalal Bajaj International Award for Promoting Gandhian Values Outside India, 2012
Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Jagran Lakecity University in Bhopal, India, 2016

Visiting appointments
Assistant Professor, Columbia University, 1962.
Visiting Researcher, Asiatic Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 1965.
Senior Specialist, Institute for Advanced Projects, East-West Center, Honolulu, 1964.
Visiting Researcher, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India, 1976 and 1977.
Visiting Researcher, Institute for Peace Science, Hiroshima University, Japan, 1978.
Senior Scholar, Australian-American Educational Commission, Australia, 1980.
Visiting Scholar, Institute of Oriental Studies, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1982.
Visiting Scholar, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, June 24 – July 6, 1982
Visiting Scholar, Swedish Association for Adult Education, Stockholm, 1984.
Research Associate, Peace Research Institute, Soka University, Tokyo, 1985.
Visiting Scholar, Korean Association of Social Scientists, 1987 and 1990.

Professional affiliations
American Political Science Association
International Political Science Association
International Peace Research Association
World Futures Studies Federation

Select bibliography

 "Report on an international exploratory seminar on Islam and nonviolence, held in Bali, Indonesia, during February 14–19, 1986. Indonesian translation: Islam tanpa Kekerasan, Yogyakarta: LkiS, 1st edition, August 1998; 2nd edition, September 2000. "
 "Korean translation: 비폭력과 한국정치 [Bipokryeok gwa Hanguk jeongchi, Nonviolence and Korean Politics], Seoul: Jipmoondang, 1999. "

See also
Center for Global Nonkilling
Nonkilling Science
Nonkilling studies

References

External links
Center for Global Nonkilling
School of Nonkilling Studies at Wikiversity
"Glenn Paige's Room" at Anis Online
Charter for a World without Violence
Center for Global Nonkilling Channel on YouTube

1929 births
2017 deaths
American pacifists
American political scientists
People from Brockton, Massachusetts
People from Hawaii
University of Hawaiʻi faculty
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Nonviolence advocates


EchoStar VI or EchoStar 6 is a former American communications satellite which was operated by EchoStar. In 2013, the satellite was rebranded BermudaSat 1 after the satellite was sold to a Bermudan subsidiary of SES S.A., a satellite technology company based in Luxembourg.

It was constructed by Space Systems Loral and is based on the LS-1300 satellite bus. Its launch was contracted by International Launch Services, using an Atlas IIAS carrier rocket. The launch occurred at 05:21 GMT on 14 July 2000 from Space Launch Complex 36B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

It was originally built as Sky 1B or MCI-2 for MCI Communications. This was later cancelled and the satellite was rebuilt as Echostar VI. Following its launch and on-orbit testing, it was placed in geostationary orbit at 73° West, from where it provides broadcast and communications services to Europe using wide-band feeds. It carries thirty two transponders, and has an expected on-orbit lifespan of 12 years.

In March and August 2010, the satellite experienced solar-array anomalies resulting in the loss of 24 (of an initial 108) solar cell strings.  Although the anomalies did not reduce the estimated useful life, the power reduction limits it to operating 24 DBS transponders (of the initial 32) at approximately 125 watts per channel, or 12 DBS transponders (of an original 16) at approximately 250 watts per channel.

In April 2013, the satellite was moved to 96.2° West, leased to SES on behalf of the Bermudan government and renamed BermudaSat 1. As BermudaSat 1, the satellite, which was slated for retirement in 2014, was designed chiefly to serve video and maritime communications in Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as to enable to secure the 96.2° West position for Bermuda.

References

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 2000
Telecommunications in Bermuda
Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus
E06
SES S.A.


EchoStar VII is an American geostationary communications satellite which was operated by DISH Network, originally EchoStar. It was positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 119° West, from where it is used to provide high-definition television direct broadcasting services to the United States.

EchoStar VII was built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, and is based on the A2100 satellite bus. It is equipped with 32 Ku band transponders, and at launch it had a mass of , with an expected operational lifespan of around 12 years. The launch occurred from Launch Complex 36 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, on 21 February 2002. It was issued a $150,000 fine in October 2023, making it the first satellite to be fined under the FCC's anti-space debris rule.

End-of-life problems
In accordance with normal end-of-life planning for a geosynchronous satellite, the satellite was to be boosted to a disposal orbit at least 300 km above the operational orbit. Such a plan had been part of pre-launch planning, and was further modified in 2010. In 2012, a license extension was granted to May 2022, permitting a further 10 years of operational life. This incorporated a disposal plan based on a similar boosting, in the knowledge that the full lifetime available would be limited by the fuel available, and in having an adequate reserve available through the satellite's remaining working life.

In February 2022, a technical problem was discovered in that a scheduled thruster operation had not produced the expected change in orbit. This revealed that the satellite was unexpectedly low on propellant; not only might its life be curtailed, but there was already the possibility that there was no longer sufficient propellant for the planned disposal boost. Deorbit might thus be brought forward ahead of the planned end of license, but the license was already within its last few months. There was a further meeting between DISH and FCC in April 2022. On 6 May 2022, DISH notified the FCC that EchoStar-7 satellite had completed its end-of-life deorbit maneuvers and they surrendered its license. This notice showed that the satellite had been placed in a disposal orbit approximately 122 km above the operational orbit, but short of the planned disposal orbit of 300 km.

Penalties
In October 2023 its operator, DISH, was fined $150,000 by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for failing to de-orbit the satellite according to the terms of its license. The fine was described as "modest", but was followed by 4% drop in share price, or loss of around $100 million.

DISH were further required to implement a compliance program and to 'Develop and Improve Upon Propellant Tracking', both by direct measurement of propellant quantities remaining, or by improved accounting for its consumption during operations. This would be applied across the whole DISH fleet. DISH would also review the 'End-of-Mission Disposal Plan' for each satellite annually, checking that the planned disposal would still be possible with the resources and vehicle condition remaining, the intention being to give greater warning of any shortfalls and so avoid the orbit becoming unreachable, as had happened with EchoStar-7.

The precedent of this penalty was seen as positive for orbital debris removal companies such as Japan's Astroscale and Switzerland's ClearSpace.

See also

2002 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 2002
Satellites using the A2100 bus
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched by Atlas rockets
E07


EchoStar VIII was an American geostationary communications satellite which is operated by EchoStar. It is positioned in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 110° West, from where it is used to provide high-definition television direct broadcasting services to the Contiguous United States.

EchoStar VIII was built by Mahatma GhandiSpace Systems/Loral, and is based on the LS-1300 satellite bus. It is equipped with 32 Ku band transponders, and at launch it had a mass of , with an expected operational lifespan of around 12 years. The launch occurred from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 22 August 2002.

The satellite experienced an anomaly on April 16, 2017, and was moved to the graveyard orbit.

See also

2002 in spaceflight

References

Spacecraft launched in 2002
Satellites using the SSL 1300 bus
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched by Proton rockets
E08
Satellite television


Pythodoris II or Pythodorida II (reigned AD 38–46) was a client ruler of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace under Roman rule, in association with her father's cousin Rhoemetalces III.

Pythodoris succeeded her mother Antonia Tryphaena and brother Rhoemetalces II. She was a daughter of Tryphaena and the former Thracian King Cotys VIII, and was named after her maternal grandparents and her paternal grandmother.

In 38, after the death of Rhoemetalces II, Tryphaena abdicated the throne at the request of the Roman emperor Caligula. Caligula put Rhoemetalces III on the Thracian throne. Rhescuporis II, the father of Rhoemetalces III, had murdered and usurped the throne of Pythodoris' father. Caligula and Tryphaena arranged for Pythodoris to marry Rhoemetalces III to repair past dynastic rifts. The plan did not succeed. Pythodoris II and Rhoemetalces III reigned together as client rulers of Thrace from 38 until 46, when the latter was murdered by insurgents or on the orders of his wife. The subsequent fate of Pythodoris II is unknown. She seems not to have had any children with her father's cousin. Pythodoris and Rhoemetalces III were the last monarchs of Thrace. Under Caligula's successor Claudius, the kingdom was made a Roman province.

External links
 Coinage of Pythodoris II and her husband

1st-century monarchs in Europe
Thracian women
1st-century queens regnant
Odrysian kings
Roman client monarchs


The 2005 CONCACAF U-20 Qualifying Tournament was held to determine the four CONCACAF entrants into the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, which was hosted by the Netherlands. The tournament final was held in two groups of four with the top two from each group advancing. Group A was held in United States and Group B was held in Honduras. On January 16, 2005, the United States and Panama qualified to the U-20 World Cup. On January 30, 2005, Canada and Honduras achieved qualification.

Teams

The following teams qualified for the tournament:

Venues

Group A
United States hosted Group A. All of the matches were played at the Home Depot Center in Carson, California between January 12–16.

Group B
Honduras hosted Group B. All of the matches were played at Estadio Francisco Morazán in San Pedro Sula between January 26–30.

Goal scorers
4 goals

 Ryan Gyaki

3 goals

 José Güity
 Eddie Gaven

2 goals

 Ramón Núñez
 Alvaro Salazar
 Freddy Adu

1 goal

 Jose Luis Cordero
 Franklin Chacón
 Alonso Salazar
 Angel Nolazco
 Akeem Priestley
 O'Brian White

1 goal cont.
 Marco Parra
 Luis Omar Hernandez
 Armando Gun
 Luis Gallardo
 Kevin Crooks
 Kendall Jagdeosingh
 Marcelle Francois
 Chad Barrett
 Danny Szetela
 Jacob Peterson
 Will John

See also
 2005 CONCACAF U-20 Tournament qualifying
 CONCACAF Under-20 Championship
 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship

External links
  at CONCACAF.com
 Results by RSSSF

CONCACAF Under-20 Championship
U-20
International association football competitions hosted by Honduras
International association football competitions hosted by the United States
Concacaf U-20 Tournament
2005 in youth association football


Mortimer von Kessel  (25 May 1893 – 8 January 1981) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.

Biography
Kessel joined the Imperial German Army in August 1914 and was then retained in the Reichswehr following World War I. He led a reconnaissance regiment during the Invasion of Poland in 1939. Promoted to Oberst in October that year, he was appointed as the head of the Army Personnel Department and remained in this post until January 1943. In May 1943 he was appointed as the commander of the 20th Panzer Division.

On 28 December 1943, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his actions in the Vitebsk region on the Eastern Front. Then for his actions during the Soviet 1944 summer offensive, Operation Bagration, he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross. In December 1944, he was appointed commander of the VII Panzer Corps in East Prussia with which he surrendered at the end of the war.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (27 March 1915) & 1st Class (25 September 1917)
 Knight's Cross of the Second Class of the Order of the White Falcon with Swords
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (5 July 1943) & 1st Class (23 July 1943)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 28 December 1943 as Generalmajor and commander of 20. Panzer-Division
 611th Oak Leaves on 16 October 1944 as Generalleutnant and commander of 20. Panzer-Division

References

Citations

Bibliography

1893 births
1981 deaths
People from Choszczno County
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
Generals of Panzer Troops
German Army personnel of World War I
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Reichswehr personnel
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States


EchoStar XI, also known as EchoStar 11, is an American geostationary communications satellite which is operated by EchoStar on behalf of Dish Network. It is positioned in Geostationary orbit at a longitude of 110° West, from where it is used to provide direct broadcasting services to the United States.

EchoStar XI was built by SSL, and is based on the LS-1300 satellite bus. It is equipped with 29  transponders, and at launch it had a mass of , with an expected operational lifespan of 16 years. The satellite was launched on 16 July 2008 using a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL carrier rocket flying from the Ocean Odyssey launch platform in the equatorial Pacific Ocean about  south of Hawaii.

See also

 2008 in spaceflight

References

External links
 Dish Network
 EchoStar

Spacecraft launched in 2008
Spacecraft launched by Zenit and Energia rockets
E11


E. H. Jones may refer to:

 E. H. Jones (author) (1883–1942), World War I author
 E. H. Jones (coach), Missouri Tigers football coach
 Elliott Jones, Vanderbilt Commodores football player and coach


The Swatow dialect, or in Mandarin the Shantou dialect, is a Chinese dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a dialect of Chaoshan Min language. It is similar to and largely mutually intelligible with the Teochew dialect.

Phonology
Shantou dialect has 18 initials, 61 rimes and 8 tones.

Initials

Rimes

Tones

Tone sandhi
Shantou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Guangdong
Southern Min
Southern Min-language dialects
Shantou
Teochew dialect


The Interparliamentary EU information exchange (IPEX), is a platform for the exchange of information between EU national parliaments as well as the European Parliament concerning issues related to the European Union, especially in light of the provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon. The Treaty of Lisbon explicitly sets out the role of the national parliaments in the "Protocol on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union" and in the "Protocol on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality".

History and Role

IPEX came about as the result of a recommendation made by the Conference of the Speakers of the European Union Parliaments in Rome in 2000. In accordance with the Guidelines for interparliamentary cooperation , agreed in The Hague in 2004, the official launch of the website took place in June 2006 during the EU Speakers Conference in Copenhagen. The website was later redesigned, launching its new format in 2011.

IPEX aims to support: the Speakers Conference; the Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs of Parliaments of the European Union (COSAC); meetings of the specialized committees of the national Parliaments and of the European Parliament; interparliamentary meetings; and the liaison offices of the national parliaments in Brussels. IPEX is thus one of the major pillars of interparliamentary communication on European affairs, drawing together information from each of the national parliaments across the EU.

IPEX is intended to enable the national parliaments of EU Member States to cooperate more closely and coordinate their approaches to European affairs, whilst also seeking to make interparliamentary cooperation on EU matters accessible to European citizens. In this context, IPEX offers multilingual navigation and publishes fundamental texts and opinions of the national parliaments in English, French and other EU languages.

IPEX receives contributions from all national Parliaments of the Member States of the European Union, the national parliaments of the candidate countries and from the European Parliament. In order to promote interparliamentary cooperation, IPEX is open to COSAC and the European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation (ECPRD).

Organisation of IPEX

According to the IPEX Guidelines, the IPEX Board is responsible for decisions concerning the development of IPEX. The Board is appointed on a yearly basis by the Secretaries General of the national Parliaments and the European Parliament on behalf of their Speakers.

IPEX is managed by the Central Support, the permanent IPEX information officer and a network of national IPEX Correspondents.

Features of IPEX

IPEX features a database of national parliamentary scrutiny information, forums, and a news section. It is publicly accessible.

The website aims to provide the following:
 Overview of the state of affairs in the debate within the national parliaments and the European Parliament with regard to proposals for European legislation coming from the European institutions, especially from the European Commission
 Exchange of information on legislative proposals between the national parliaments and the European Parliament, with special regard to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality
 Exchange of information about consultation documents coming from the European Commission as a part of the “Informal Political Dialogue” (formerly known as the “Barroso Initiative”)
 Calendar of interparliamentary cooperation
 Links to national Parliaments and to the European Parliament as well as to other websites of interparliamentary cooperation in the framework of the EU, offering, for example, information about institutional procedures in EU affairs

IPEX also hosts the EU Speakers Conference website.

References

External links

Conference of Parliamentary Committees for Union Affairs of Parliaments of the European Union COSAC - official homepage

Politics of the European Union
European political websites
Internet properties established in 2006


The Matador is a 2008 documentary film about David Fandila's quest to become the world's top-ranked bullfighter. It first premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival and had since met with mostly positive reviews.

The film follows Fandila's three-year journey into bullfighting history as the violent cultural tradition is questioned.

References

External links

2008 films


The Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway (ADR) was a company formed in 1882 from the former Newport Dock Company of 1865. There was considerable demand for dock accommodation in Newport, South Wales, chiefly for the export or coastal transport of iron ore and coal. The Newport Dock Company had built an earlier dock that was now outgrown.

Changing demand, particularly for blending coal, created a need to bring coal to Newport from the Taff and Cynon valleys, and the Pontypridd, Caerphilly and Newport Railway was formed to build the line; nominally independent, it shared many directors and major shareholders. It opened in 1884, and was absorbed by the ADR in 1897.

Prior to 1914 the Alexandra Docks were superlative in the world in terms of water area within the docks and ability to handle large vessels. The decline of the mineral extractive industries of South Wales resulted in a corresponding decline of activity by the ADR and its successor owners. However it is now active and successful as a general dock facility as part of Associated British Ports.

Monmouthshire Railway and Canal

The mineral wealth of the area north and north-west of Newport was considerable, but until the latter part of the eighteenth century, available means of transport for the production was extremely limited; there were few roads, and those that did exist were very poor, so that even conveyance on the backs of pack animals was costly and difficult.

This resulted in the promotion of a canal, to connect both Pontnewynydd (north-west of Pontypool) and Crumlin, to a location close to wharves on the River Usk at Newport. This project became the Monmouthshire Canal Navigation, authorised by Act of Parliament in 1792. It was opened in stages from 1796; the authorising Act permitted the building of tramroad connection from mines and ironworks within seven miles of the canal to connect to the canal itself, and many such connections were made. The Canal Navigation company was later authorised to construct wharves on the River Usk at Newport, and in time a large number of riverside wharves, nearly all on the west bank, were made. In fact a plateway was built in 1802 to relieve the canal, which further enhanced the volume of trade.

Newport Town Dock

The tidal range at Newport is large, and the transshipment from canal barges to sea-going ships was laborious, and in time there were calls for a floating dock to eliminate some of the difficulty. In July 1835 Parliamentary authority was given for the construction of a dock in Newport; it became known as the Town Dock, and it opened in October 1842. During and soon after the construction process, the volume of trade increased very considerably, and the Newport Dock Company Act of 1854 authorised an extension to the Town Dock. From the Town Dock's 4 acres, the total area became  acres, and the extension was opened in 1858.

Still the volume of trade increased, as did the size of vessels in use, and dissatisfaction with the dock accommodation increased.

Railways
At this period it was natural that heavy minerals and all bulky goods from or to locations outside Newport would be conveyed by rail. The South Wales Railway had opened its main line through Newport in 1850, connecting to London and the network of the Great Western Railway.

In the 1840s the Monmouthshire Canal Company had realised that its plateway track was inefficient and obsolescent, and from 1849 it rebuilt its route using more modern forms of railway. It now styled itself the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company.

At the same time the Newport, Abergavenny and Hereford Railway was completing its line, which gave a direct railway connection to the River Mersey in connection with other friendly companies.

The South Wales Railway was a broad gauge line, whereas the rebuilt Monmouthshire lines were narrow (standard) gauge. The Newport Abergavenny and Hereford Railway used the Monmouthshire line to reach Newport, and the London and North Western Railway developed an alliance with the NA&HR, intending to secure access for itself to Newport. (The Great Western Railway, as successor to the South Wales Railway, converted its South Wales routes to narrow (standard) gauge in 1872.)

Alexandra Dock
The unsatisfactory nature of the Town Dock and its extension encouraged the development of plans for an additional dock built on a much larger scale. This scheme became the Alexandra Dock, and the Alexandra (Newport) Dock Company was incorporated by Act of 6 July 1865 to build it. As well as construction of the dock itself, the scheme included a connecting railway line between the dock and the Monmouthshire and Great Western Railways.

Alexandra Dock was opened on 10 April 1875. During the construction period the volume of traffic handled at Newport continued to increase rapidly, and a second dock was planned, and opened in 1893; the original Alexandra Dock was renamed Alexandra North Dock, and the new dock was the South Dock. It too proved inadequate for the business on offer, and an extension to it was opened, forming a total deep water area of 125 acres. The course of the lower part of the Ebbw River was diverted to make space for the dock.

Connecting Pontypridd

Although the volume of minerals moved through the Newport dock complex was buoyant, it was observed that the best quality steam coal, was being extracted in the Taff and Cynon valleys. This coal was in demand worldwide, chiefly for bunkering and industrial use; moreover blending of coal was becoming important: coal of different qualities was required in the same ship for the purpose.

Cardiff Docks were geographically the usual point of export for the coal from the Taff and its tributaries, but the port had become notorious for congestion and delay, with complaints from ships' masters that they had to stand off for days at a time waiting for a berth to load at Cardiff. If a railway could be built from Pontypridd to Newport, the coalfield there could use Newport Docks as an alternative.

The Brecon and Merthyr Railway had by this time built a line between Caerphilly and Newport, and the gap from Pontypridd to Caerphilly was only 5 miles. The result was a proposal for a line connecting Pontypridd and Newport, through Caerphilly: the Pontypridd, Caerphilly and Newport Railway. It was heavily in the interest of the Alexandra Dock Company for this line to be built, and it gave the new company its full support. It was authorised by Parliament on 8 August 1878, but it did not open until 25 July 1884. There had been an attempted run with a mineral train on 7 July 1884 but it was detained by the GWR on the grounds that the company operating the train did not have the Parliamentary right to use the GWR track.

There were two distinct sections of the PC&NR: from Pontypridd to Caerphilly, and from Bassaleg to Mendalgief Junction, south and east of the GWR main line. At Mendalgief Junction the internal track of the Alexandra Company started. The gap between Caerphilly and Bassaleg was closed by the Rhymney Railway and the Brecon & Merthyr Railway, over which the PC&NR had running powers.

Although the PC&NR was only a short line it was steeply graded against the loaded traffic, and the transit from Pontypridd involved working over six different railways' networks. In 1891 a separate alignment was opened near Machen to ease the worst of the adverse gradients.

From 28 December 1887 the PC&NR operated a passenger service between Pontypridd and Newport; however it had no locomotives of its own and the Alexandra company provided the engine power.

Internal dock lines
The PC&NR route had the characteristics of an ordinary local railway, and was quite distinct from the internal track at Alexandra Dock. This commenced at East Mendalgief Junction. By 1914 the siding complex covered over 50 acres of ground.

Free stacking space was given for up to 90 days for steel rails and iron ore that had arrived by rail and was awaiting shipping.

Newport Town Dock
The Alexandra (Newport) Dock Company underwent a capital reconstruction in 1882, changing its name to The Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway Company; more capital was needed for the continuing dock construction work. In 1883 the Company acquired the Town Dock, effective from 1 January 1884. The purchase price was £149,000; this was less than one-third of the money the Newport Dock Company had expended, at nearly £483,000; at the time the (Town) Dock Company was unable to meet interest payments.

Acquiring the PC&NR
The ADR was highly profitable due to the huge volumes of minerals passing through its docks. (The financial difficulty referred to above was in capital, the money for new construction.) Friendly relations between it and the PC&NR were maintained, and in 1890 running powers were mutually exchanged and co-operative working consolidated. It only remained to find an auspicious time for amalgamation, and acquisition of the PC&NR by the Alexandra Company was authorised by Parliament on 6 August 1897. The PC&NR had  miles of route, whereas prior to the merger, the Alexandra company had  miles of running line; however it had 108 miles of siding.

Locomotives
For all this time, the Alexandra company's network (largely sidings at the docks) and the PC&NR network had been worked by other companies. On 30 April 1906  the Alexandra took over the working of its own mineral traffic, of course on the former PC&NR as well. It had quickly to acquire and hire in the necessary locomotives. Notable among the new fleet were ten condensing tank engines purchased second hand from the Mersey Railway, which was electrifying its system. The condensing apparatus was removed in due course, and they were fitted with cabs in place of the weatherboards.

Hopwood, writing in 1919, said that the company possessed 35 locomotives, all tank engines; there were 19 of the 0-6-0 type, seven 2-6-2s, three 0-6-4s and 3 0-6-2s, an 0-4-2 and two 0-4-0s.

A locomotive passing into GWR ownership at the end of 1922 was originally a double-framed 0-6-0 built for the Metropolitan Railway. It had been sold to the Alexandra in 1880, and was converted to an 0-6-2 in 1921. It was withdrawn by the GWR in 1926.

Passenger services
The PC&NR had wished to operate passenger trains in to Newport High Street, the GWR station, in 1883, but the GWR had refused the facility. Relations had eased somewhat by 1887 and the Alexandra company operated a passenger service between Pontypridd and Newport High Street, over the PC&NR which was still nominally independent. The Great Western Railway itself took over this service from 1 January 1899. From that date the Alexandra Company operated no passenger services at Newport, its home location.

In the first decade of the twentieth century, attention was given to ways in which local passenger services might be operated at lower cost in thinly populated areas. The Alexandra Company acquired a railmotor, a single coach vehicle with a small integrated locomotive, and it started a service between Caerphilly and Pontypridd, Tram Road Halt. The last named was just short of the junction with the Taff Vale Railway at Pontypridd, so avoiding paying toll charges to that company. Most of the intermediate stopping places were newly installed, of the lightest possible construction, the arrangement being that the railmotor had fixed steps to allow passengers to board and alight at ground level. The service was extended to run from Machen to Tram Road Halt later, and a second railmotor was purchased. Semmens observes that even with the imminent grouping, and thence amalgamation of the Alexandra Company with the GWR, the railmotor service "still did not run into the main station at Pontypridd."

Road passenger services
Also in the first decade of the twentieth century the Alexandra Company operated motor omnibus services within Newport Borough; it had the powers to do so as long as they did not compete with any municipal passenger tram route. Two 14-seat buses were acquired from the London and South Western Railway for the purpose. The arrangement lasted from 1906 to 1933.

Grouping of the railways
Following the Railways Act 1921, most of the railway companies of Great Britain were compulsorily "grouped" into four larger units: the old Great Western Railway and certain large South Wales companies - of which the ADR was one - were "constituents" (in contradistinction to smaller companies that were "subsidiaries") of the larger Great Western Railway. At the grouping, the issued capital of the ADR was £3.66 million, with net income in 1921 of £194,875, and paying a dividend in 1921 of 5% on ordinary stock. It had  miles of running lines (but 100 miles of sidings capable of holding 12,000 wagons), 38 locomotives and four passenger carriages. There were 690 goods wagons, and 1,707 employees.

The merger with the Great Western took effect from 25 March 1922.  Hutton asserts that it seems probable that the former PC&NR lines transferred to the Newport District of the GWR.

Nationalisation and after
In 1948 the railways of Great Britain were taken into national ownership under British Railways. The British Transport Commission was a supervisory body intended to oversee all the nationalised transport systems. Under the Transport Act 1962; the British Transport Docks Board (BTDB) was established as a nationally owned body, and the Newport Docks were transferred to it.

The Transport Act 1981 was intended to privatise the BTDB, and in 1982 the docks became part of Associated British Ports, a private sector company with certain statutory powers.

The dock can (2002) handle vessels up to 40,000 dwt, and has a combined water area of 125 acres. The only rail access is from the former GWR main line at Alexandra Dock Junction, facing for trains approaching from Newport passenger station.

Decline of the railways
The motor bus service in Newport was mirrored from the 1930s by independent road passenger and goods services in the rural parts of the Alexandra's network as the quality of public roads in rural areas improved. This led to a decline in profitability of the railway's passenger and goods business, although the mineral traffic held up for the time being. After World War II and nationalisation of the railways, the decline accelerated, and the PC&NR passenger service between Pontypridd and Machen was closed from 17 September 1956. A workmen’s service continued between Newport and Caerphilly until 1 July 1963. Glyntaff goods depot, a short distance south of Pontypridd on the PC&NR, continued in use until closure on 29 July 1967.

Notes

References

Great Western Railway constituents
Newport, Wales


This is a list of diplomatic missions in Mongolia. The capital city Ulaanbaatar currently hosts 26 embassies. Many other countries have non-resident embassies either resident in Beijing, Seoul, or elsewhere.

Diplomatic missions in Ulaanbaatar

Embassies

Other missions or delegations
 (Delegation)
 (Trade & Economic Representation Office)

Consular missions

Ulaanbataar
 (Consular office)

Darkhan
 (Consulate-General)

Erdenet
 (Consulate-General)

Zamyn-Üüd
 (Consulate-General)

Accredited embassies
Resident in Beijing, China:

Resident in Seoul, South Korea:

Resident in Moscow, Russia:

Resident elsewhere:

  (New Delhi)
  (San Marino)
  (Astana)

Embassies to Open
 (Ulaanbaatar)

Former Embassy

See also
 Foreign relations of Mongolia
 List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia
 Visa requirements for Mongolian citizens

References

External links
 List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia
 Diplomatic List Ulan Bator

Mongolia
Diplomatic missions


Bryan Pratt  (born October 23, 1972) is the former representative for District 55 (Jackson and Lafayette Counties) in the Missouri House of Representatives.  A Republican, Pratt was elected to the House in November 2002.  He was elected the Speaker Pro Tem in September 2007.  He was unable to run for re-election in 2010 because of state term limits.

Early years and education

Pratt grew up in Lee's Summit, Missouri. Pratt has three younger sisters and two younger brothers. Pratt attended William Yates Elementary School under the direction of Dr. Voy Spears, Principal. Bryan would graduate from Blue Springs High School in 1991. Bryan worked several jobs during high school and college to pay for a Bachelor of Science Degree in Business Administration from the University of Missouri in 1995. Pratt returned home in 1995 and worked as a substitute teacher in the Lee's Summit and Blue Springs School District. Pratt volunteered as an assistant tennis coach at Lee's Summit North High School while substitute teaching. Pratt returned to the University of Missouri after his year teaching, where he graduated with a law degree from the school of law in 1999. Pratt graduated in the top 10% of his class, was an Associate Managing Editor of the Missouri Law Review, and was a member of the Order of the Coif and the Order of Barristers.

Before public service

After earning his law degree, Pratt returned to the Lee's Summit area, where he began practice with Shook, Hardy & Bacon out of Kansas City, Missouri.

Pratt married Sherry Pratt in 2002. Sherry, a nurse, now stays at home with the couples three children: Leah, Benjamin, and Ava.

Awards and recognitions

Pratt is a 2006 recipient of the Geyer Public Service Award.  The University of Missouri Alumni Association annually presents the awards to two state-elected officials and one citizen who exemplify the dedication and spirit of Henry S. Geyer.

Pratt is a 2009 recipient of the Outstanding Alumni Service to the University of Missouri-Columbia.  He was presented this award at a dinner in Jefferson City, Missouri on April 21, 2009.  Each campus, as well as the entire university system presented award.  Other 2009 recipients include U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill and Missouri Representative Rick Stream.

Group Memberships

Pratt is a member of St. John La Lande Church, Missouri Bar Association, and the Kansas City Metropolitan Bar Association YLS Public Service Committee.

Public service
Pratt's political career has been limited to the Missouri House of Representatives, but Pratt is currently running for the 8th District of the Missouri Senate. Pratt has served in the Missouri House since 2003  During that time, Pratt has served as the Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee and as Speaker Pro Tem.

State Senate candidate
Pratt announced in late 2009 that he was running for Senator for District 8 of the Missouri Senate. The seat is currently held by Matt Bartle, who is unable to run for re election due to Missouri's term limits. Pratt was the first Republican to announce that he was running for the seat.

Speaker Pro Tem
Pratt was elected Speaker Pro Tem of the Missouri House of Representatives on September 12, 2007.  Pratt was nominated by Representative Gayle Kingery, and his nomination was seconded by Representative Shane Schoeller.  Representative JC Kuessner was nominated to run against him, but Representative Kuessner withdrew his nomination.  Because of this, Pratt was elected to Speaker Pro Tem by acclamation.

Pratt was reelected as Speaker Pro Tem on January 7, 2009, again by acclamation.  His term as Speaker Pro Tem will last through the end of the current legislative session.

Committees
As Speaker Pro Tem, Pratt serves as an ex-officio member of all committees of the House.  Additionally, he has been specifically assigned to the House Local Government, House Ethics, Joint Legislative Research and Joint Pre-need Funeral Contracts Committees.

Pratt previously served as a member of the House Rules Committee, but was removed from the committee on June 28, 2010 by Speaker Ron Richard. Pratt had voiced opposition to a bill, and was told by the Speaker that he would be removed from the Rules Committee if he planned to vote no on the bill. According to Pratt, "It is frustrating that because I want to vote against giving Missouri taxpayer dollars to keep large corporations in business, I am no longer allowed to serve on that committee." The bill in question would have given state money to an automotive plant in Claycomo, Missouri.

Major Legislation
Pratt has sponsored and supported legislation to create a voting student curator on the Board of Curators of the University of Missouri as well as various other Missouri state universities.  This includes House Bill 1417 in 2004, House Bill 440 in 2005, House Bill 1308 in 2006, House Bill 613 in 2007, House Bill 1912 in 2008, and House Bill 692 in 2009.  None of these bills have been debated on the House floor, though the issue was brought up on the House floor in 2008 in the form of Senate Bill 873, sponsored by Senator Chuck Graham.  SB873 passed both houses of the Missouri General Assembly, but was vetoed by Governor Matt Blunt.  Pratt has worked closely with The Associated Students of the University of Missouri on this issue.

Pratt also sponsored legislation relating to abortion.  In 2009, Pratt sponsored House Bill 434, which was combined with House Bill 46, sponsored by Representative Cynthia Davis, in a House Committee Substitute. As of March 26, 2009, House Committee Substitute for House Bill 46 and 434 had been passed out of the House but had not been heard on the floor of the Senate.  This bill criminalizes forced abortions and coercing a woman into having an abortion, as well as requires certain information to be provided to women considering an abortion. Pratt stated during debate on the House floor that he believed his legislation would decrease the number of abortions in the State of Missouri

Electoral history

References

External links
Bryan Pratt's Official House Site
Bryan Pratt's Campaign Site
Bryan Pratt's YouTube Page
Bryan Pratt's Facebook Page

1972 births
Living people
People from Blue Springs, Missouri
Republican Party members of the Missouri House of Representatives
University of Missouri alumni
People from Lee's Summit, Missouri


In 1761, Major-General Robert Clive (1725-1774) gave orders for his estate in County Clare, centred on the townland of Ballykilty near the village of Quin, to be renamed
Plassey: 'the name of the place (now Palashi) where we gained our great victory in India to which I owe all my good fortune'. The victory was the Battle of Plassey in June 1757. In 1762, he was ennobled as The 1st Baron Clive, of Plassey in the County of Clare, in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1764, Lord Clive was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath (K.B.). Clive had bought this country estate in County Clare around 1760 from a Dublin banker called Henry Mitchell.

A number of authors have assumed a direct link between Major-General Lord Clive and Plassey House, now the administrative centre of the University of Limerick (U.L.). Plassey House is located on the opposite, County Limerick bank of the River Shannon, at Monaleen in Castletroy, on the outskirts of Limerick City. This university campus is connected by a bridge to County Clare. More recently, John Logan of the University of Limerick (U.L.) has asserted that there is 'no historical basis for ascribing either occupancy or ownership of Plassey House or its adjacent lands to Robert Clive.'  It has been suggested that Plassey House was renamed in the late eighteenth century by Thomas Maunsell, who lived there, to commemorate his own rôle or that of a family member in the Battle of Plassey.

Robert, 1st Baron Clive, was succeeded in his peerage and estates by his son Edward, 2nd Baron Clive (1754-1839). The 2nd Lord Clive was created 1st Earl of Powis in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1804. The Plassey Estate in County Clare was later sold by The 2nd Earl of Powis (1785-1848), grandson of The 1st Lord Clive, in 1842.

References

Geography of County Clare


Old Brick Church, which is also known as Ebenezer Associate Reformed Presbyterian (ARP) Church or First Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church is a church built in 1788 about  north of Jenkinsville on SC 213 in Fairfield County, South Carolina. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1971. It is one of the few 18th-century churches surviving in the South Carolina midlands.

History

In the 1770s, Presbyterian settlers from Scotland and Ireland built a log church. This was replaced by a brick church on the Little River in 1788. This church is a simple, rectangular, brick building with a gabled roof. The bricks were handmade by members of the congregation. The church has straight-back, wooden pews. There is a dais pulpit against the east wall that is three steps above floor level. The dais has a bible stand and has rails on the two sides. On the west end, there is a slave gallery. In 1852, a stone wall was built around the church and cemetery.

Pastors of the church include James Rogers (1791–1830), James Boyce (1832–1843), Thomas Ketchin (1844–1852), C.B. Betts (1855–1869), Allen Grier Kirkpatrick (1896–1899).

On May 9, 1803, the church was used for a meeting of ministers and church elders that resulted in the formation of the Associate Reformed Synod of the Carolinas. Although not the first Associate Reformed Church in South Carolina, Old Brick Church is considered the "mother church" or "birthplace" of the ARP Church in South Carolina.

The church grew in the period of before the Civil War. But many of its male congregants enlisted in the Confederate Army once war began in 1861. Several are buried in the church graveyard. During the war, Union Army soldiers used part of the floor to reconstruct a bridge over the Little River. There is a pencilled apology on an interior wall that was left by soldier "Citizens of this community: Please excuse us for defacing your house of worship, so much. It was absolutely necessary to effect a crossing over the creek, the Rebs had destroyed the bridge. A Yankee."

After the war, the church congregation shrank. After Rev. Betts resigned in 1869, the church had infrequent supply pastors, but it eventually disappeared from the Presbytery rolls. In the 1891, the church was revived by Rev. A. G. Kirkpatrick, who was pastor in another church. In 1893, it was reorganized on August 25, 1893. In 1896, Kirkpatrick became its pastor.

In the 1920s, the congregation moved to a new building. Old Brick Church is used for special services. Although it does not have an active congregation, the Catawba Presbytery of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church put Old Brick Church back on the rolls as a house of worship in 1973. In 2007, the Old Brick Church Commission was appointed to care for the church and its cemetery.

Historical Marker
The site was made a historical marker in 1962 by Fairfield County Chamber of Commerce.  The historical marker is located near Jenkinsville Fairfield County South Carolina on Monjicono Road.  The historical marker sets a point in history where religion was brought to the area and represents an important place during the American Civil War. The marker is also a record of time which the rock wall was added in 1852

References

External links

Old Brick Church of Fairfield County SC at Roots & Recall

Churches in Fairfield County, South Carolina
Presbyterian churches in South Carolina
18th-century Presbyterian church buildings in the United States
Churches completed in 1788
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Fairfield County, South Carolina
1788 establishments in South Carolina
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church
Irish-American culture in South Carolina
Scottish-American culture in South Carolina
Historic American Buildings Survey in South Carolina
Brick buildings and structures


Paul Ragusa (born May 24, 1971, in Bülach, Zürich) is retired male wrestler from Canada, who was born in Switzerland. He represented Canada at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, and twice won a medal at the Pan American Games during his career.

References
 sports-reference

External links

1971 births
Brock Badgers wrestlers
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Living people
Olympic wrestlers for Canada
People from Bülach
Swiss emigrants to Canada
Wrestlers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Canadian male sport wrestlers
Wrestlers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in wrestling
Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
20th-century Canadian people
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games


The Piti Guns or Piti Coastal Defense Guns is the site of three Vickers-type Model 3  coastal defense guns in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park in Piti, Guam. The Japanese manufactured these Model 3 coastal defense guns in 1914. During the Japanese Occupation of Guam from 1941 to 1944, they built up defensive positions on the island. The Chamorro population was forced to work in building up these defenses, and did so here at the Piti Guns.

The Piti guns were strategically placed in a village consisting mostly of rice paddies in 1944. This area was chosen to defend the beach at Asan from a possible invasion. These guns have a firing range of close to  and were intended for use against ships and landing craft. When the United States Armed Forces came to retake the island on July 21, 1944, these guns were not fully operational. Consequently, not one of the three coastal defense guns was ever fired. However, these guns are representative of the type of weapons used by the Japanese on Guam for fortification efforts.

Visiting
The Piti Guns are located in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park in Piti, Guam, and are freely accessible by the general public.  The trailhead is located at  13.4621N, 144.6942E in a residential neighborhood behind a church social hall on Father Mel Street in Piti, Guam.  The guns are located a short walk up a staircase from the trailhead.

References

External links

World War II weapons of Japan
World War II on the National Register of Historic Places in Guam
History of Guam
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Guam
1944 establishments in Guam


Strange Forces (Spanish: Las fuerzas extrañas) is a collection of short stories by Argentine writer Leopoldo Lugones, first published in 1906. Despite having been Lugones' least successful work at that time, it is considered to be a key pioneer in the development of the science fiction and fantasy genres in Argentina.

The stories all deal with the concept of toying beyond the limits of human knowledge, having most a tendency to develop from a scientist’s invitation of a friend in order to share with them the results of their experiments, resulting, ultimately, in disaster.

Jorge Luis Borges, being an important admirer of Lugones, once said:

Many of the pseudoscientific explanations used as a basis of the plot of the stories have greatly resembled scientific explanations accepted by mainstream science years later. Such is the case that Lugones himself, following the publishing of the 1926 second edition of the collection, said:

Content
The work consists essentially of a collection of twelve short stories:
The Omega Force (La fuerza omega)
The Firestorm (La lluvia de fuego)
An Inexplicable Phenomenon (Un fenómeno inexplicable)
The Miracle of Saint Wilfred (El milagro de San Wilfrido)
The Bloat-Toad (El escuerzo)
Metamusic (La metamúsica)
Origins of the Flood (El origen del Diluvio)
The Horses of Abdera (Los caballos de Abdera)
Viola Acherontia  (Viola Acherontia)
Yzur (Yzur)
The Pillar of Salt (La estatua de sal)
Psychon (El Psychon)

Amongst these stories, the most notable include: "The Omega Force”, which deals with the power of sound, "Metamusic", on the visualization of sound, "Viola acherontia", in which a gardener attempts to trigger in flowers the capacity of killing, "Psychon", on the materialization of thoughts, and “Origins of the Flood”, which describes the Earth, specifically its species and landscape, before the Great Flood.

Literature of the time had a tendency to employ monkeys as protagonists, most probably due to the commotion following Darwin's formulation of his theory of evolution, as is the case of two key stories of the collection: "An Inexplicable Phenomenon", in which a fine Englishman discovers, to his horror, his twin soul to be a mere monkey, and "Yzur", which deals with the attempts of the narrator to make a monkey speak.

References

1906 short story collections
Argentine short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Works by Leopoldo Lugones


A total lunar eclipse will take place on June 17, 2076. The moon will pass through the center of the Earth's shadow. While the visual effect of a total eclipse is variable, the Moon may be stained a deep orange or red color at maximum eclipse. With a gamma value of only −0.0452 and an umbral eclipse magnitude of 1.7943, this is the second greatest eclipse in Saros series 131 as well as the largest and darkest lunar eclipse between June 26, 2029 and June 28, 2094. Overall, it will be the third largest and darkest lunar eclipse of the 21st century. While it will have similar values to the lunar eclipse of July 16, 2000, totality will not last over 106 minutes due to the moon's relatively large apparent size as seen from Earth and greater speed in its elliptical orbit. Totality's expected to last 100 minutes 34 seconds from 9:11:39 to 10:52:15 with the greatest point at 10:01:57 UTC.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 138.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

2076-06
2076-06
2076 in science
Central total lunar eclipses


A total lunar eclipse will take place on June 28, 2094. The Moon will pass through the center of the Earth's shadow. While the visual effect of a total eclipse is variable, the Moon may be stained a deep orange or red color at maximum eclipse. With a gamma value of only 0.0288 and an umbral eclipse magnitude of 1.8234, this is the greatest eclipse in Saros series 131 as well as the second largest and darkest lunar eclipse of the 21st century.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 138 (1 before 2100 Dec 31).

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

2094-06
2094-06
2094 in science
Central total lunar eclipses