Jean Hugo (19 November 1894 – 21 June 1984) was a painter, illustrator, theatre designer and author. He was born in Paris and died in his home at the Mas de Fourques, near Lunel, France. Brought up in a lively artistic environment, he began teaching himself drawing and painting and wrote essays and poetry from a very early age. His artistic career spans the 20th century, from his early sketches of the First World War, through the creative ferment of the Parisian interwar years, and up to his death in 1984. He was part of a number of artistic circles that included Jean Cocteau, Raymond Radiguet, Pablo Picasso, Georges Auric, Erik Satie, Blaise Cendrars, Marie-Laure de Noailles, Paul Eluard, Francis Poulenc, Charles Dullin, Louis Jouvet, Colette, Marcel Proust, Jacques Maritain, Max Jacob, Carl Theodor Dreyer, Marie Bell, Louise de Vilmorin, Cecil Beaton and many others.

Hugo family

Jean Hugo was the great-grandson of the poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, human rights activist and exponent of the Romantic movement in France, Victor Hugo. His grandfather, Charles Hugo was a journalist, pioneer of early photographic techniques and a campaigner against the death penalty, and his father Georges Hugo was a published author and a recognised painter. His paternal aunt was the socialite Jeanne Hugo.

His mother, Pauline Ménard-Dorian, was the daughter of Paul-François Ménard, conseiller général and député of the Hérault department during the 1870s–80s, by his wife Aline Dorian, daughter of Pierre Frédéric Dorian, minister of works during the siege of Paris.

Jean Hugo was married twice, first in 1919 to Valentine Hugo (née Valentine Gross, no children from this civil marriage) and then in 1949 to Lauretta Hope-Nicholson, daughter of Hedley Hope-Nicholson. Jean Hugo and Lauretta had seven children: Charles Hugo (farmer), Marie Hugo (artist), Jean-Baptiste Hugo (artist), Adèle Hugo (artist), Jeanne Hugo-Chabrol (teacher), Sophie Hugo-Lafont (librarian), Léopoldine Hugo (artist).

Jean Hugo's half-brother François Hugo designed limited-edition jewellery interpretations for Pablo Picasso, Jean Cocteau, Max Ernst and Coco Chanel during the '20s Modern period. Pierre Hugo – son of François Hugo – is also a jewellery designer and has written a book about the artistic legacy of the Hugo family, Les Hugo – Un témoignage (Rocher, France, 2007).

Paintings
Hugo is predominantly known for his sketches and oil or gouache paintings, which are often executed in small formats. He also illustrated books, designed theatre sets and costumes and produced ceramics, murals, textile designs and stained glass windows. Hugo designed the sets and costumes for Carl Theodor Dreyer's film The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928). His paintings can be viewed at the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia, and are also present in collections in London, Tokyo, Toronto, Paris, Marseille, and at the Musee Fabre in Montpellier, France – where there is a room dedicated to his paintings.

Jean Hugo's painting is unique in the artistic panorama of the first half of the 20th century and maintains originality while evoking avant-garde themes of magical realism or metaphysical painting. At the start of the 1930s, in between naïve and happy scenes and various theatrical projects – such as Jean Cocteau's Les mariés de la Tour Eiffel – he produced a series of works in brooding, unsettling, tones (Solitude, 1933).

He showed an interest in forest scenes (L'Ermite de Meudon, 1933) and religious themes (La Cène, 1933). L'Imposteur (1931) and La Baie des Trépassés (1932) were produced in the same period. His painting were based on the sketchbooks that he had with him at all times. He used to say that "Inspiration comes naturally but one has to arrange regular meetings with it".

L'Imposteur (1931) concludes Hugo's first artistic period, which coincides with his move from Paris to the family property at the Mas de Fourques, Lunel, France, following the death of his grandmother. This imposing painting is an assembly of the most important insights he had acquired thus far: the lessons of the Italian primitives, of Henri Rousseau, of Poussin and Picasso, sources of inspiration on which he is constantly drawing. The subject of the painting evokes the discomfort of the catechumen in the midst of the faithful, prevented from taking communion during Christmas mass at the Church of Saint-François in Montpellier. The painting is set in the countryside around Lunel, with its vineyards and low scrubland (garrigue). The tense and complex composition of the work is extremely well executed. No element, line, motif, nuance of colour or object is secondary. Each element contributes to the pictorial vision. The delicate volumes are bathed in luminosity and stand out from the background. The figures are fixed in the space by superimposed connections, in the Florentine manner.

In the middle of the 1930s, he began using oil paints to create his larger compositions while continuing to paint with tempera. Le Mangeur au chandail rayé (autoportrait) (1940) shows the artist in his home at the Mas de Fourques. The motif of the stripes contrasts with the neat contours of the table, the chimney and the wall. In this homely setting, the figure seems surrounded by mystery and casualness. Although Hugo does not draw greatly on De Chirico, this work evokes the feeling of isolation and mystery that characterises the production of the latter.

Jean Hugo's work bears witness to his intention to work outside of current trends and fashionable theories. He never felt the need to participate in the artistic debates of his time and paid the price for it by never achieving wide recognition of his work by the general public.

His auction record is $US308,200, for Les Plaisirs et les Jours, set at François de Ricqlès' auction, Paris, on 26 November 1999.

Selected exhibitions
Hugo's work has been widely exhibited, with solo retrospectives taking place in France, England, Japan, Canada and the USA.

 Jean Hugo and Max Jacob, Claridge Gallery, London, 1929
 The Art of Jean Hugo, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, 1973
 Jean Hugo, Musée Paul Valéry, Sète, 1974
 Jean Hugo '77, Ueno Royal Museum, Tokyo, 1977
 Jean Hugo, Musée Fabre, Montpellier, 1977–78
 Paintings and Drawings by Jean Hugo and Jean Cocteau, Sotheby's, London, 1981
 Jean Hugo: Costumes pour "l'Homme qui rit", Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris, 1984
 Jean Hugo: 1894–1984, Musée des Beaux Arts, Béziers, 1985
 Jean Hugo: palettes et souvenirs, Musée Victor Hugo, Paris, 1994–95
 Jean Hugo: Dessins des années de guerre (1915–1919), Château de Blérancourt Musée de la coopération franco-américaine, 1994–95
 Jean Hugo: Une Rétrospective, Pavillon du Musée Fabre, Montpellier, 1995
 Jean Hugo: a Retrospective, Julian Barran Gallery, London, 1996
 Jean Hugo et la Scène,  Bibliothèque-musée de l’Opéra, Paris, 2001
 Jean Hugo, le manuscrit enluminé, Musée Médard, Lunel, 2014
 Jean Hugo: l'Enlumineur du Quotidien, Musée Pierre André Benoit, Alès, 2014

Published work
Le Retour de l'enfant terrible: Lettres 1923–1966 by Jean Bourgoint, Jean Hugo, Jean Mouton (Desclée de Brouwer, 1975)
Avant d'oublier (Before I Forget), autobiography (Fayard, 1976), was a humorous memoir of his family and a first-hand account of the 1920s French Surrealist movement.
Le Regard de la mémoire (Actes Sud, 1983) – Jean Hugo's memoirs of the period from 1914 to 1945. These memoirs recount Jean Hugo's military service during World War I, and his life and friendships in the Parisian art scene during the interwar years.
Voyage à Moscou et Léningrad (Cercle d'Art, 1953, reprinted by Actes Sud, 1984)
Carnets, 1946–1984 (Actes Sud, 1994) – The Carnets, or Notebooks, carry on from where Le Regard de la mémoire left off in 1945. They are based on the detailed diaries Hugo kept up to his death in 1984. The entries are unedited and instinctive, as found in the original notebooks, with an elegant, ironic writing style. Through his diary entries Jean Hugo reveals the alchemy of his artistic work, and the eye he brought to bear on people and landscapes. The book conveys the philosophy of his later years, sometimes disenchanted and often delectable. "My illness", wrote Jean Hugo on the last page of his diary, "is called artérite périphérique, like the new boulevard around Paris."
The book includes drawings and colour reproductions of Jean Hugo's paintings

Dessins des années de guerre (1915–1919) – Drawings of the war (Actes Sud, 1994)

Books illustrated by Jean Hugo
Hugo's first published illustration appeared in 1918, a monogram for La Sirène publishing house.

 Raymond Radiguet: Les Joues en Feu, Bernouard, 1920.
 Francis Jammes: Pommes d'Anis, Emile-Paul, 1923.
 Jean Cocteau: Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel, NRF, 1924.
 Paul Morand: Les Amis Nouvel, Au Sans Pareil, 1924
 Shakespeare: Roméo et Juliette, Au Sans Pareil, 1926 (republished, in English, by the Folio Society, 1950).
 Jean Hugo: Le Miroir Magique, Jeanne Bucher, 1927.
 Jean Cocteau: Orphée, Stock, 1927.
 Marte Bibesco: Le Perroquet Vert, Jeanne Walter, 1929.
 André Maurois: Climats, Chamontin, 1929.
 Robert Louis Stevenson: An Inland Voyage, Overbrook Press, 1938.
 Maurice Sachs: Au temps du Boeuf sur le toit, Nouvelle Revue critique, 1939.
 Paul Eluard: En Avril 1944: Paris respirait encore!, Galerie Charpentier, 1945.
 Jean Racine: Phèdre, Tisné, 1946.
 Félicité de Lammenais (translator): L'Imitation de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ, Arts et Métiers, 1946
 Max Jacob: Le cornet à dés, Gallimard, 1948.
 Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet, Folio Society, 1950.
 Charles Péguy: Le Mystère de la Charité de Jeanne d'Arc, Gallimard, 1951.
 Paul Claudel and Charles-Jean Odic: Cheminots de France, Résistance-Fer, 1952.
 Jean Hugo: Voyage à Moscou et Léningrad, Cercle d'Art, 1953.
 Gustav Jaeger: Jaeger's Natural History, WS Cowell, 1953.
 Louise de Vilmorin: L'Alphabet des aveux, NRF, 1954.
 Emmanuel d'Astier de la Vigerie: Sept fois sept jours, Guilde du Livre, 1956.
 Jean Hugo: Shakespeare's Cotswolds, Lund Humphries, 1964
 Jean Hugo: Actes présumés de saint Alban de Nant, Pierre-André Benoit, 1968
 Maurice Scève: Saulsaye, Nouveau cercle parisien du livre, 1971.
 Jean-Pierre Geay: L'Age d'or selon Jean Hugo, Pierre-André Benoit, 1984
 Jean Hugo: Petit Office de Notre-Dame, Les éditions de l'oeuvre d'art, 1994.

In addition Hugo illustrated many limited edition books published from 1948 to 1984 by Pierre-André Benoit (PAB), collaborating with writers including René Char, Marcel Jouhandeau, Tristan Tzara and René Crevel.

Jean Hugo's theatrical projects
1921: costumes and masks for les Mariés de la tour Eiffel, ballet-pantomime by Jean Cocteau, with music by Les Six
— costumes for la Belle Excentrique, ballet by Erik Satie
1922: decor and costumes for Esther de Carpentras, opera by Darius Milhaud and Armand Lunel
1924: decor and costumes for Cocteau's Roméo et Juliette (subsequently used by the Folio Society for their 1950 edition of Shakespeare's text)
1925: decor and costumes for la Femme silencieux, with music by Georges Auric
1926: decor for Cocteau's l'Orphée (costumes by Coco Chanel
— decors and costumes for le Village blanc, ou Olive chez les nègres, operetta by Jean Wiener and Henri Falk
1927: decor and costumes for Armand Lunel & Darius Milhaud's Les malheurs d'Orphée— decors and costumes for Marcel Achard's le Jouer d'échecs1935: decors and costumes for Boris Kochno's ballet les Cent Baisirs1938: decors and costumes for the Comédie Française's production of Ruy Blas1939: decors and costumes for the Comédie Française's production of Phèdre1941: costumes for les Folies Françaises ballet based on music by Couperin
1942: costumes for les Nuits, by Alfred de Musset
1945: decors and costumes for André Gide's translation of Antony and Cleopatra at the Comédie Française
1946: decors and costumes for Boris Kochno's ballet les Amours de Jupiter1981: decors for Jean-Joseph de Mondonville's Daphnis et Alcimadure, l'Opéra de Montpellier

Books and films about Jean HugoThe Art of Jean Hugo (Art Gallery of Ontario, 1973) – by Richard Wattenmaker
Albums de familles – Apostrophes (TV show, 17 February 1984) Ina.frJEAN HUGO, Dessins des années de guerre, 1915–1919 (Actes Sud- Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1994) – Catalogue d’exposition, Musée National de la coopération franco-américaineJEAN HUGO, une rétrospective (Actes Sud – Ville de Montpellier – Réunion des Musées Nationaux, 1995) - Catalogue d’exposition, Musée Fabre MontpellierJean Cocteau – Jean Hugo, Correspondance (1995) – by Brigitte Borsaro and Pierre CaizerguesAvec Jean Hugo (Presses du Languedoc, 2002) – by Robert FaureMurmures pour Jean Hugo (2013, Albin Michel) – by Marie Rouanet

Quotations about Jean Hugo
Jean Cocteau: "Jean Hugo mixed his almost monstrous calm into the tumultuous enterprises of our youth. He was, and remains the very image of that perfect humility of the illuminators, for whom daily truths trumpeted decorative graces. His powerful hand, his big Jupiterian eye, his olympism in a way, did not use thunder but little watercolours so vast that it seemed as if their size was the result of a phenomenon of perspective. Indeed, he seems to view the sea in Brittany from a distance, and the garrigue by the big end of the telescope, which does not prevent him from evoking around us the mysterious odour of seaweed and wild herbs. Jean Hugo, subtle peasant, medieval monk, chases the angel from the bizarre through knowing all its tricks by heart."

Gustave Thibon: "I knew him intimately. He was a strange being, admirable, a mystic, a lover, a great artist, who no doubt sinned by excess of modesty. He had been a little tired of fame by his name, which was extremely heavy. [...]
Jean Hugo spent his youth in that golden world of the big families of the Third Republic, the Berthelot, the Favre, the Renan, the Daudet, a world that he moved away from for a more isolated life in Lunel. His work is far better known, and valued, in America than in France, where he still suffers a little of being eclipsed by his name. I consider him a great painter, and a great painter that is relatively unknown. If he hadn't found others to look after publicising him, he would never have sold a single painting. Picasso, who was a good friend of his, used to say to him "you do nothing for your fame". And indeed he did nothing for it – others did it to him.
Once again, he was a pure being. If the word innocence could be applied to anyone it was him. He was very handsome, and of prodigious vitality – dare I say Hugolian. He was detached enough not to install himself in his own name – while still showing unconditional admiration for the work of his great ancestor, that he knew in detail." Entretiens avec Gustave Thibon by Philippe Barthelet (Éditions du Rocher, Monaco, 2001)

Maurice Sachs: "Jean Hugo was calm, kind and generous. Life flowed calmly before him and we knew of no enemies of his. He carried the heavy burden of his family name with elegance. Like his father Georges Hugo he was a man of the world, a man of great distinction in heart and spirit, a kind friend, a man you would want to have in your life." La Décade de l'illusion'' (Paris, Gallimard, 1950 pp. 14–16)

Paul Morand: "Jean Hugo's artistic temperament holds its own outside of all fashions. His work reminds us of the marvels that the relaxation of some prince of ancient times might have produced, as can be found in the tales of a thousand and one nights."

References

External links
New York Times Obituary – June 23, 1984 "Jean Hugo, Artist, Dies at 89"
Presentation of the Jean Hugo room at the Musee Fabre, Montpellier (in French)
Jean Hugo paintings on WikiArt
Jean Hugo collection at the Barnes Foundation
website of Jean Hugo's home, the Mas de Fourques
Past auction results for Jean Hugo at Christie's

1894 births
1984 deaths
Painters from Paris
Modern artists
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
French illustrators
French theatre designers
Hugo family
Lycée Condorcet alumni
People educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)


John Brewer may refer to:
John Brewer (American football, born 1906) (1906–1980), American football player
John Brewer (fullback) (1928–1983), American football player
John Brewer (bishop) (1929–2000), fourth Roman Catholic Bishop of Lancaster, England
John Brewer (historian), professor of history at Caltech and winner of Wolfson Prize in History
Johnny Brewer (1937–2011), American football tight end and linebacker
John Sherren Brewer (1810–1879), English clergyman, historian and scholar
John David Brewer (born 1951), English sociologist
J. Hart Brewer (1844–1900), American Representative for New Jersey
J. Mason Brewer (1896–1975), American folklorist
John Brewer (MP), British Member of Parliament for New Romney
John Brewer (monk) (1744–1822), English Benedictine monk
John Brewer (politician) (1800–1870), American farmer and politician in Michigan

See also
Jack Brewer (disambiguation)
John Brewer Brown (1836–1898), American member of the United States House of Representatives
Hotel Haegumgang, the current name of the John Brewer Floating Hotel


Lehman's Hardware is a retail store located in Kidron, Ohio.  Originally specializing in products used by the Amish community, it has become known worldwide as a source for non-electric goods.  The  facility bills itself as a "Low Tech Superstore" and a "Purveyor of Historical Technology," both of which are reflected in their motto, "Simple Products for a Simpler Life."  The quarter-mile-long structure is made up of the remnants of a log cabin and three pre-Civil War buildings, including a hand-hewn barn. It is also a popular tourist destination.  Lehman's also maintains a smaller, more traditional hardware store in Mount Hope, Ohio, where their Amish customers may shop with less interference from curious tourists. In addition to the two stores, there is also an outlet, catalog and online business.

Location

Lehman's is located in Kidron, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Ohio.  It is located in a tri-county area of Northeast Ohio that is home to the nation's largest population of Amish, some 56,000 in number. Its location made it a natural place from which to do business with the area's Amish population, and its proximity to U.S. Route 30 has also made it a popular stop among tourists who are visiting Amish Country.

History

Jay Lehman, an area businessman, founded Lehman's Hardware (now called "Lehman's") in 1955 with the intent of selling non-electrical products to the Amish community.  He began the business by purchasing a combination hardware store and gasoline filling station that had been in business since 1915.

The store did a modest business, with a mild boost from tourism, until the 1973 oil crisis.  As domestic supplies of oil began to dwindle, people began to look for low-tech equipment to help them deal with the shortages. According to Jay Lehman, "The oil embargo put us on the map." The oil crisis secured the store's reputation, with each new disaster or potential disaster bringing in new customers.  Other events that increased Lehman's customer base include the Year 2000 problem, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the northeast blackout of 2003."

As a result of this change, there has been a marked shift in the demographic makeup of Lehman's customers.  In the early years, the Amish community accounted for 95 percent of Lehman's sales.  Now it makes up between 6 and 8 percent.

Besides the Amish, tourists, and jittery citizens, the store is a resource for homesteaders, missionaries, environmentalists, survivalists, and doctors in developing countries, to purchase items needed for simple living.  Lehman's also counts among its customers the American Red Cross, Peace Corps volunteers, and Hollywood set designers also use the store to find historically accurate items for decorating period sets.

The Akron Beacon Journal reported in 2011 that though now in his eighties, Jay Lehman was still serving as chairman of the business and came to the store every day to interact with customers. The business side is now handled by his son Galen, who started working at the store in his teens and is now its President.  Jay Lehman's daughter, Glenda Lehman Ervin, currently serves as the store's Vice President of Marketing after working many years at a large corporation. Jay Lehman died in July 2020 and had continued working at Lehman's with reduced responsibilities until earlier the same year.

Physical expansion

The Lehman's store added a number of expansions over the years, often in a piecemeal fashion.  However, in 2007 the store doubled in size to  - about 1/4 the size of a typical Target store. Lehman's built most of this addition inside an 1849 barn moved from Orrville, Ohio, and reassembled at the store site, using the original hand-hewn timbers and wooden pegs. Lehman's asked an Amish-staffed construction company to perform the deconstruction and reconstruction to honor the store's Amish heritage and give the structure the same integrity as it had when first built. In 2012, Lehman's updated the front of their store, restoring it to the business's original look when it first opened in 1955.

Manufacturer and distributor

As the store did business, it often found it difficult to find suppliers of certain items as manufacturers quit making the obsolete technology or went out of business. This forced Lehman's to look other places to develop new suppliers or become their own supplier.

In the case of cast iron wood-burning parlor stoves, the Amish only accept the product in black, so Lehman's arranges special manufacturer runs, typically buying a three-year supply at a time.

Lehman's also deals in replacement parts for many of their products, tracking them down from individual manufacturers, or at times reverse engineering them. When there is a lack of manufacturers for needed parts, they often obtain the casting parts and hire out the work, or do the manufacturing themselves, frequently without regard to profit.

"High tech to sell low tech"

Lehman's has always embraced modern technology in order to promote their products and their store.  Because of this, sales through the company's website and catalog now account for 60% of the store's revenue. They send an estimated 4,000–5,000 packages each week as a result of their online sales.

The store also has a Facebook page with more than 30,000 fans, and Galen Lehman's Twitter account has more than 2,600 followers.  Their YouTube channel has more than 100 videos, including one of a store employee explaining how to use a wood stove that has received more than 600,000 hits.

"For many years, we were a store with a catalog," said Glenda Lehman Ervin.  "Now we're a direct sales company with a store."

Relationship with Amish community

Many Amish served by the Lehman stores are now vendors, building 40 to 50 of the products that Lehman's sells.

Lehman's ability to tap into the Amish tradition of craftsmanship came from its decades-long commitment to providing the Amish with the goods they needed to maintain their lifestyle.  In turn, now Amish craftsmen provide Lehman's with exclusive lines of products that would otherwise vanish.

The needs of the Amish community still remain a priority at the store, and Lehman's often refuses to defer their needs to meet those of fad or panic buyers.

Tourist attraction

Besides their line of products and their location in Amish country, tourists are also attracted to Lehman's because of the museum-like quality of the store.  Some tourists mistakenly think the store sells antiques, but all of the products sold are new, historically accurate replicas. Actual period pieces are on display throughout the store.  There is also an area where workers demonstrate the use of old-fashioned tools called the Buggy Barn, a bookstore that also shows films on Amish life for visitors, a cafe, and the Soda Pop Shop, which features more than 300 kinds of soft drinks and 70 kinds of root beer.

Lehman's popularity has made it an important tourist destination in Northeast Ohio's Amish Country.  Some 4,000 visitors come on a typical Saturday, while the annual figure is around 500,000.

Non-electric products

Lehman's claims they are the world's largest supplier of Non-Electric goods.  The items offered range from traditional or historical items, such as wood heat stoves or the Reading 78 Apple Peeler, to more contemporary emergency items such as crank powered radios and flashlights.

Motion pictures using period merchandise

In the late 1980s Lehman's discovered a new market for their products when they were contacted by a property master trying to locate a cast iron stove for the film Back to the Future Part III. Since the 1990 release of that film, Lehman's has provided historic period props for a number of different films and television series.

Flood and recovery

On February 28, 2011, the North Fork Creek, part of which runs beneath the Lehman's store, overflowed its banks, flash flooding the store. The 50-year flood was caused by thawing temperatures, an ice and snow pack that clogged a five-foot culvert that drained water away from the store site, and a storm that brought 1/2 inch of rain in less than 15 minutes.

The flood sent 18 inches of muddy water through the business that crested at 3 feet in some parts of the structure.  The water moved so quickly that it carried an 18-cubic-foot refrigerator across the length of the store.  Without flood insurance, Lehman's was left to absorb an estimated $100,000 in damage.

As the flood occurred in the early morning hours of the day and lasted less than three hours, Lehman's employees were advised to report to work dressed for cleanup.  Hearing word of the flood, many members of the community turned out to help, offering labor, equipment or food for the workers.  Because of this, Lehman's was able to open their doors on a limited basis thirty hours later.

Over the course of the next week, the store reopened different departments each day.  By Saturday, March 5, all but two were in operation, in time for a local machinery auction that brought many customers into Kidron.  At that time Lehman's began a sale, deeply discounting products that were cosmetically damaged but functional, or whose packaging was damaged by the rising water.

The wood-burning stove department, which was the most heavily damaged by the flood, was the last to reopen.  It did so on April 9, 2011.

References

External links
Lehman's Hardware
Simple Life Sells at Wayne County Store, feature story from WKSU

Hardware stores of the United States
Amish in Ohio
Retail companies established in 1955
Companies based in Ohio
Simple living
Tourist attractions in Wayne County, Ohio
1955 establishments in Ohio


Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly (1961) is a Canadian politics and public policy scholar at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, where he is associate professor, co-director of the Local Government Institute, and director of the European Studies Program. He is editor of the international scholarly publication; Journal of Borderlands Studies (JBS), and executive secretary and treasurer of the international scholarly Association for Borderlands Studies.

Biography
Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly was born in Paris and raised in the South of France. He holds an LLB from Paul Cézanne University, an MA in Political Science from University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, and a Ph.D. from the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Michael Keating (political scientist) was chair of his Ph.D. committee. In 1999, he was appointed Assistant Director of the Nanovic Institute for European Studies  at the University Of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.  He was hired by the University of Victoria School of Public Administration in 2001 and granted academic tenure in 2007. He became co-director of the Local Government Institute in 2001, Executive Secretary and Treasurer of the Association of Borderland Studies in 2005, and Editor of the Journal of Borderland Studies in 2008 (with Martin van der Velde  and Henk van Houtum ). Since July 2008, he is also director of the University of Victoria European Studies Program, an interdisciplinary teaching and research unit grouping UVic scholars from five of its faculties.

Research
Brunet-Jailly’s published work focuses on two main areas of research:comparative urban governance, and the governance of cross-border regions, with a specific focus on comparative decentralization, horizontal and vertical governance, and the theorization of cross-border regions.

His interest in border cities and border urban regions, originates from his work as a civil servant of the French Government Agence Pour la Création d'Entreprises.  While working in the Paris office of APCE he developed a strong interest in what makes cities wealthy or poor, their international relations, and the impact of economic integration on urban politics.

As a result, a first strand of research is his notable attempt to make a strong theoretical contribution to the study of urban borderlands. In the 1990s, this literature was underdeveloped, but has seen a resurgence of interests after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington D.C.. One of his goals has been to develop a border model that would allow scholars to compare borders effectively and thus expand the scholarly 'boundaries' of their respective fields of study.

A second concurrent strand of research is about urban governance issues. In this area, he has published a number of research papers and a book Local Government in a Global World at the University of Toronto Press, with John Martin. Since 2001, he has written with Warren Magnusson (University of Victoria) the "Municipal Affairs" section of the Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Policies.

All in all, as of 2008, his short biography states that his research work has appeared or is forthcoming in eight books or guest edited scholarly journals, and over 38 articles and book chapters in the following refereed journals and presses: Canadian American Public Policy, Canadian Political Science Review, Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs, Geopolitics, International Journal of Economic Development, Journal of Borderland Studies, Journal of Urban Affairs, University of Toronto Press, University Of Ottawa Press, Institute of Public Administration of Canada , Rowman and Littlefield (Lanham, MD), Commonwealth Local Government Forum (London, UK London), Hassleholm; Sweden, Queen’s McGill University Press, Septentrion University Press, Lille, France, and Katharla publishers, Paris, France.

Published work
Notable publications on border and borderland issues include:

 "The Canadian American Border" guest-editor of a special number of the Journal of Borderland Studies (2004). 19/1.
 "Theorizing Borders: An Interdisciplinary Perspective" Geopolitics (2005) Vol. 10/4.
 "Border Security" guest-editor of a special number of the Journal of Borderland Studies (2006) 21/1.
 "Rarely Studied Borders and Borderlands" equal guest editor with Donald Alper, Journal of Borderland Studies (2008) 23/3.
 "Cascadia – The Emergence of a North American Border Region" special number of the Canadian Political Science Review equal guest editor with Patrick Smith. (2007) 2/1
 Borderlands – Comparing Border Security in North America and Europe editor (2007) University of Ottawa Press. This book won the Silver Book Award of the Association of Borderland Studies in 2008. See a review of Borderland, by past Canada NAFTA Transportation Committee Chair Brian Fleming.
 These theoretical contributions suggest a model of analysis of borders that resists a one-dimensional analysis, and argues that, in the cases of borders and borderlands, agency and structure are intermeshed.

Other publications on border and borderland issues include:

 "Leader Survey on Canada-US Cross-Border Regions," by Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly, University of Victoria, Susan E. Clarke, University of Colorado, Debora L. VanNijnatten, Wilfrid Laurier University, Derek Jansen, EKOS Research Associates Inc., Christian Boucher, Policy Research Initiative, and André Downs, The Canadian Government Policy Research Initiative project on North American Linkages, Policy Research Initiative #WP012, February 2006. [North American Linkages]

 "The Emergence of CBRs along the Mexican-US Border and in Europe," by Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly, University of Victoria, Tony Payan, University of Texas at El Paso, and Gary Sawchuk, The Canadian Government Policy Research Initiative project on North American Linkages, Policy Research Initiative #WP035, February 2008. [Cross Border Regions]
 Comparing Local Cross-Border Relations Under the EU and NAFTA, (2004) Canadian American Public Policy, University of Maine, Orono.
 "Frontières nord-américaines et frontières européennes : le Canada peut-il tirer des leçons de l’Europe?" LE MULTILATERAL (2007)

His work on urban regions includes:

 Local Government in a Global World – Australia and Canada in Comparative Perspectives  equal guest editor (with John Martin, La Trobe University, Australia). University of Toronto Press. (2010) see also.
 Vancouver: the sustainable city (2008) Journal of Urban Affairs, 30/2.
 "France Between Decentralization and Multilevel Governance: Central Municipal Relations in France" in Harvey Lazard and Christian Leupretch. (2007). Sphere of Governance, Comparative Studies of Cities in Multilevel Governance Systems, Queen’s McGill University Press." This book was reviewed by Michael Pagano for Publius:
 From Measuring to Managing Performance: Recent Trends in the Development of Municipal Public Sector Accountability (2005) (with Carol Agocs, Thomas Plant and Janine Douglas), Institute of Public Administration Canada.
Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs.  since 2001, (with Warren Magnusson, University of Victoria) yearly contribution on Urban affairs in Canada, University of Toronto Press.

Lectures, talks & keynote addresses
Brunet-Jailly has lectured at North American, European and Chinese Universities, including: the Universities of Victoria; Western Ontario, Canada, where he has been teaching in the DPA/MPA program since 1999; University of Alberta (Edmonton, AB); University of Saskatchewan; Notre Dame University (IN- USA); Jerusalem (Israel); Geneva (Switzerland); Luxembourg; Radboud University, Nijmegen (NL); FuCAm, Mons (Belgium); Sonderborg, DK; Lund (Sweden); University of Iceland, Iceland; Hong Kong University, Hong Kong; University of Xiamen, Xiamen, China; University of Grenoble 1, France; and University of Lille, France, where he has been invited yearly to lecture since 2005.

Brunet-Jailly has also been invited to give talks and keynote addresses on borderlands, borderland theory, border security or the governance of large urban regions and world cities. For instance, he gave the concluding remarks at the Border Region In Transition Jerusalem conference (BRIT 8), and the academic inaugural keynote address at the Managing World Cities conference along with Newman, Savitch and Tsukamoto.

Editorial
Brunet-Jailly is on the editorial board of Environnement Urbain/Urban Environment, Montreal, Quebec based journal of urban research
.

Other honors
He chaired the Urban Section of the Canadian Political Science Association meeting 2004.
 Don Alper  and Brunet-Jailly co-organized the 2009 BRIT meeting in Victoria, BC and Bellingham, WA. Over 150 scholars and policy makers met to discuss border security issues.
 Brunet-Jailly is the 2009–2010 President of the European Community Studies Association - Canada, and president of the ECSA-C conference 2010.

References

External links
 European Community Studies Association - Canada: http://web.uvic.ca/ecsac/
 Association for Borderlands Studies: http://www.absborderlands.org/
 Journal of Borderlands Studies: https://web.archive.org/web/20110430053814/http://www.absborderlands.org/2JBS.html
 Talk, "Pan American border security research in comparative perspectives" North American Perspectives on Borders and Securities: Developing a Policy Narrative, San Diego: http://www.vimeo.com/4174310
 Talk, "The State of the Discipline: Borders and Borderlands Studies," Global COE Program on Border Studies, Hokkaido University, Japan.http://borderstudies.jp/en/events/symposia/index.htm#091221
 Keynote address, "Thinking about World Cities," Managing World Cities inaugural conference, Hong Kong, China:http://www.hku.hk/socsc/mwc/inaugural_conf.htm

Canadian political scientists
Academic staff of the University of Victoria
1961 births
French political scientists
Living people
Political geographers
University of Paris alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
French male non-fiction writers
French emigrants to Canada


Jack Brewer may refer to:

Jack Brewer (American football) (born 1979), former American football safety
Jack Brewer (athlete) (1914–1993), British Olympic athlete
Jack Brewer (baseball) (1918–2003), American baseball pitcher
Jack Brewer (bishop) (1929–2000), Roman Catholic Bishop of Lancaster, England
Jack Brewer (musician), American lead singer of the post-hardcore band Saccharine Trust

See also
John Brewer (disambiguation)


The Twister is a fictional character, a comic book superhero who first appeared in Blue Bolt Comics from Novelty Press.

Publication history
Created by Paul Gustavson, The Twister appeared in short stories in issues #1 to #7 of Blue Bolt Comics, volume two (June to December, 1941). After that, he wasn't seen again for decades.

In 2009, he appeared in the Dynamite Entertainment miniseries Black Terror, which is part of the Project Superpowers line of comics; he then appeared in Project Superpowers: Chapter Two as an ally of the heroes.

Fictional biography

Novelty Press
Bob Sanders is a direct descendant of Odysseus, and thus inherited the curse of the wind god Aeolus to retrieve the "bad winds" Odysseus had accidentally released. When Bob was 14, a cyclone descended on his home town of Windy Gap and killed his parents, but Bob himself was lifted into the sky and brought back to earth unharmed. He wasn't unchanged, however; he now had the power to harness the wind and generate and control whirlwinds, and he had super-strength. Donning a costume and calling himself The Twister, he used his new abilities to combat evil. He also armed himself with a "Cyclone Gun," which shot powerful blasts of air.

Dynamite Entertainment
At some point after World War II, The Twister was captured and imprisoned in the mystical Urn of Pandora, along with scores of other heroes, by the misguided Fighting Yank. Decades later, the Urn was broken and the heroes freed; Twister emerged with a new costume, whose constantly shifting appearance makes him look like a man-shaped tornado, but his powers seem to be unchanged. What part he will play in the modern world remains to be seen.

References

Comics characters introduced in 1941
Dynamite Entertainment characters
Golden Age superheroes
Novelty Press


Altus Press is a publisher of works primarily related to the pulp magazines from the 1910s to the 1950s.

History
Founded in 2006 by Matthew Moring, Altus Press publishes collections primarily focussed on series characters, although they also publish stand-alone novels and short stories too. They are also the publisher of the new Doc Savage novels written by Lester Dent and Will Murray, as well as Murray's new Tarzan novels.

Their pulp reprints are either single- or multi-volume collections, containing all the stories of a specific character, with new introductions written by pulp historians. Due to this editorial decision, many are spread across several volumes.

Altus Press has relaunched the pulp magazines Argosy, Black Mask, and Famous Fantastic Mysteries.

References

External links
 steegerbooks.com, the publisher's homepage.

Pulp magazine publishing companies of the United States


James Broad may refer to:
James Broad (cricketer) (1814–1888), English cricketer
James Broad (1958–2001), American heavyweight boxer
Jimmy Broad (1891–1963), English footballer
James Broad, musician with the band Silver Sun


George Brock may refer to:
George F. Brock (1872–1914), Medal of Honor recipient
George Brock (footballer) (1919–1941), Australian rules footballer
George Brock (athlete) (1888–1956), Canadian track and field athlete
George Brock (journalist) (born 1951), head of the department of journalism at City University London
Big George Brock (1932–2020), American blues musician from St Louis, Missouri


The Global Program on Fisheries (PROFISH) is a global program on sustainable fisheries established by the World Bank in 2005. It has been set up in conjunction with key donors and stakeholders to meet the challenge of a growing crisis in the world fisheries sector.

The World Bank characterises this crisis in the following way:
"Increasing population pressures, growing demand for fish and failures of governance are leading to unsustainable levels of exploitation of living aquatic resources and destruction of aquatic ecosystems. In many developing countries the sustainable benefits are in decline, perpetuating a spiral into poverty for many small-scale fishers and communities dependent on fishing."

PROFISH is a programming and funding partnership between key fishery sector donors, international financial institutions, developing countries, stakeholder organizations, and international agencies. PROFISH currently receives financial and in-kind support from Iceland, France, Norway, Finland, Japan, FAO, World Bank, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and WorldFish Center.

As of November 2018, the PROFISH trust fund is now part of the World Bank's Program for the Blue Economy (PROBLUE) umbrella program.

Objectives
The overall objective of PROFISH is "to improve sustainable livelihoods in the fisheries sector and to make concrete progress towards meeting the goals of the WSSD's goals in fisheries".

The specific objectives are to strengthen governance of the world's marine fisheries by:
(i) improving the quality of investments made by both public and private sectors;
(ii) assisting countries and regions to establish roadmaps to achieve effective sector governance and reform using improved fisheries management tools; and
(iii) aligning donor interventions

It is intended that PROFISH would improve sustainable livelihoods in the fisheries sector and to make concrete progress towards meeting the 2002 fisheries goals of the World Summit on Sustainable Development through three complementary activities:
(i) ensuring sustainable fisheries initiatives are included in national plans and poverty reduction strategies;
(ii) building national and regional consensus on pro-poor sustainable fisheries initiatives and priority activities to implement the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries; and
(iii) aligning and enhancing international assistance on fisheries and sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems and catalyzing implementation of agreed initiatives.

Recent Studies
A recent joint publication by the World Bank and the FAO, entitled The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform, concludes that global marine capture fisheries are an underperforming global asset and shows that the difference between the potential and actual net economic benefits from marine fisheries is in the order of $50 billion per year. This is equivalent to more than half the value of the global seafood trade. The cumulative economic loss to the global economy over the last three decades is estimated to be in the order of two trillion dollars. In many countries the catching operations are buoyed up by subsidies, so that the global fishery economy to the point of landing (the harvest sub-sector), is in deficit.

References

International environmental organizations
Fisheries conservation organizations
World Bank


Coccotrypes dactyliperda, the date stone beetle, palm seed borer, or button beetle, is an insect belonging to the bark beetles (Scolytinae). It feeds on and spends part of its life cycle in dates, the fruits of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). Because of its damage to dates, it is considered a pest.

Distribution
Coccotrypes dactyliperda originates from Africa but has now a cosmopolitan distribution.

Description
Adults of the species are reddish-brown and  long, with a convex shape and hairs on the dorsal surface. Characteristic of beetles, they have four wings, with the pair of hardened forewings protecting the pair of hindwings used for flying. They chew a round hole into green unripe dates, causing the fruit to drop 1 or 2 days later.

Reproduction and life cycle
The species uses the haplodiploid sex-determination system: females are diploid while males are haploid; unmated females produce male offspring by parthenogenesis while mated females produce both male and female offspring. Both in beetles from collected date stones and in laboratory cultures, about 85–93% of the adults are females.

When a flying unfertilized female reaches a target such as a date stone, sweet almond, betel nut, nutmeg, cinnamon bark or a button made from vegetable ivory, hence the name "button beetle"), she bores a hole in it and excavates a chamber. (Males cannot penetrate the stone.) Inside, she produces a brood of four or five males. She mates with the first son that reaches maturity, then proceeds to eat them all. She then enlarges the chamber and lays a brood of about 70 offspring. Some of the females mate with their brothers.

It takes about 22–25 days for an egg to develop through a larva and pupa into an adult, with males developing faster than females. Mated females live on average 73 days while unmated ones live on average 63 days.

References

External links
 Coccotrypes dactyliperda photographs

Scolytinae
Agricultural pest insects
Beetles of Africa
Beetles of Asia
Beetles of Central America
Beetles of Europe
Beetles of North America
Beetles of South America
Beetles described in 1801
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius


Lou Brock (1939–2020) was an American professional baseball player.

Lou Brock may also refer to:
 Lou Brock (producer) (1892–1971), American film producer
 Lou Brock (American football) (1917–1989), American football all-purpose back in the 1940s
 Lou Brock Jr. (born 1964), American football defensive back in the 1980s


Stillwell Saunooke (September 1, 1891 - ?) was a professional football player who played in the National Football League during the 1922 season. That season, he joined the NFL's Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. Saunooke attend and played college football at the Carlisle Indian School located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania and was Cherokee.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

Notes

1891 births
Carlisle Indians football players
Native American players of American football
Oorang Indians players
Players of American football from North Carolina
Eastern Band Cherokee people

Year of death missing


Chris or Christopher Brooks may refer to:

 Chris Brooks (American football) (born 1987), American football wide receiver
 Chris Brooks (guitarist) (born 1974), Australian guitarist
 Chris Brooks (gymnast) (born 1986), American gymnast
 Chris Brooks (ice hockey) (born 1972), Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 Chris Brooks, Canadian doctor, founder of Lifeline Malawi
 Chris Brooks Foster, fictional character from the American TV show, The Young and the Restless
 Chris Brooks (politician) (born 1972), American politician
 Chris Brooks (academic), professor of finance
 Chris Brooks, lead guitarist of American alternative rock band Black Suit Youth
 Chris Brooks, lead singer of the New Zealand rock band Like a Storm
 Christopher Eugene Brooks (1972–2016), American murderer
 Chris Brooks (running back) (born 2000), American football running back


Jason Brooks may refer to:
 Jason Brooks (illustrator) (born 1969), illustrator based in London
 Jason Brooks (actor) (born 1966), American actor
 Jason Brooks (painter) (born 1968), British painter and sculptor


A gradiometer measures the gradient (numerical rate of change) of a physical quantity, such as a magnetic field or gravity.

Types of gradiometer

There are at least two types of gradiometer to measure magnetic fields:

 Axial gradiometer. This device consists of two magnetometers placed in series (i.e., one above the other).  The result coming from the device is the difference in magnetic flux at that point in space, in other words, the result is the difference between what each of the magnetometers detects.
 Biaxial gradiometer.  This device consists of three magnetometers measuring the gradient of the magnetic field in two directions.
 Triaxial gradiometer.  This device consists of four magnetometers measuring the gradient of the magnetic field in three directions.
 Planar gradiometer.  This device consists of two magnetometers placed next to each other.  The result coming from the device is the difference in flux between the two loops.

Each sensor type responds differently to certain spatial signals.

Axial gradiometers are good for measuring depth, while planar gradiometers can measure weak signals even under a lot of noise.

See also
 Gravity gradiometry
 Magnetoencephalography
 Geophysical survey (archaeology)

References

Measuring instruments


John Brockenbrough (1775–1852) was an American business man and civic leader.

John Brockenbrough may also refer to:
 John M. Brockenbrough (1830–1892), American Civil War Confederate officer
 John White Brockenbrough (1806–1877), American federal judge and founder of Washington and Lee University School of Law


Thorybes bathyllus, the southern cloudywing (sometimes spelled southern cloudy wing), is a North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae.  Southern cloudywings can be difficult to identify because of individual variation and confusing seasonal forms.  In the south, where it has two broods per year, two seasonal forms occur.  Spring forms are usually lightly marked and resemble confused cloudywings (Thorybes confusis).  Summer forms tend to be more boldly marked, by comparison, making identification easier.  However, summer confused cloudywings are also strongly patterned, which makes identifying them more difficult.  Their rapid flight is very erratic, though it is closer to the ground than in some of its close relatives.

Description

On average, the southern cloudywing is usually slightly smaller than the northern cloudywing (Thorybes pylades) and about the same size as the confused cloudywing.  The palps are whitish with a white ring around the eye.  A white spot is seen on the bend of the antennal club.  Males lack a fore wing costal fold.  The upper side of the wings is dark brown with the fore wing submarginal area having an aligned row of glassy white spots.  Near the fore wing costa is a conspicuous spot in the shape of an hourglass (in spring forms this spot is lacking).  In the subapical area are three to four spots that are either all connected as if they were one mark (summer form) or with the bottom spot slightly offset (spring form).  The underside of the wings is mottled dark brown with two darker brown bands.  In some cases, the hind wing may have a variable amount of frosting near the margin.  Its wingspan measures .

Similar species
Similar species in the southern cloudywings range include the northern cloudywing and the confused cloudywing.

The northern cloudywing has brown palps, the white ring around the eye is not continuous, and males have a fore wing costal fold.

The confused cloudywing has grayish-white palps, lacks the white spot on the bend of the antennal club, and on the upper side of the fore wing the subapical spots are more loosely connected with the bottom spot quite offset.

Habitat
This butterfly may be found in a variety of open habitats such as along streams, meadows, savannas, scrubby fields, and woodlands.

Flight
This species is on the wing from June to mid-July in the north and March to November in the south.

Lifecycle
Males are highly territorial and are known to use the same perch throughout their adult lifespans.  Females lay their pale green eggs singly on the underside of host plant leaves.  The larva lives in a leaf shelter by rolling or tying leaves together with silk.  The larva is brown with a greenish hue.  It has a dark mid-dorsal stripe and has a pale lateral line.  The head and collar are both black.  The pupa is either greenish with brown markings or a dull brown color. It overwinters as a mature larva.  The southern cloudywing has one brood per year in the north and two or three broods in the south.

Host plants
The list of host plants used by the southern cloudywing includes:

 Potato bean, Apios americana
 Ozark milkvetch, Astragalus distortus var. engelmannii
 Butterfly pea, Bradburya virginiana
 Spurred butterfly pea, Centrosema virginianum
 Hairy small-leaved tick-trefoil, Desmodium ciliare
 Panicled tick-trefoil, Desmodium paniculatum
 Round-leaved tick-trefoil, Desmodium rotundifolium
 Roundhead lespedeza, Lespedeza capitata
 Hairy lespedeza, Lespedeza hirta
 Slender lespedeza, Lespedeza virginica
 Twining snoutbean, Rhynchosia tomentosa
 Amberique-bean, Strophostyles helvola
 Slick-seed bean, Strophostyles leiosperma
 Florida hoarypea, Tephrosia florida

References

Butterflies of North America
Thorybes
Butterflies described in 1797
Taxa named by James Edward Smith


Hawthorn Ridge Cemetery No. 2 is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission burial ground for the dead of World War I situated on the grounds of the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial near the French town of Beaumont-Hamel.

Layout and history
Hawthorn Ridge Cemetery No. 2 is 460 metres south of Hawthorn Ridge Cemetery No. 1. It was created by the V Corps, originally named V Corps Cemetery No. 12 in the spring of 1917. An additional seven isolated graves were brought into the cemetery following the Armistice. There are now over 200 First World War casualties commemorated in this site. Of these, over 50 are unidentified. The great majority of those located in the cemetery  fell on 1 July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme. The cemetery covers an area of 1,019 square metres and it is enclosed by a low stone rubble wall.

External links

Canadian military memorials and cemeteries
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in France
1917 establishments in France
World War I cemeteries in France
Battle of the Somme
Newfoundland in World War I
Cemeteries in Somme (department)


Mrouzia (), is one of the most important dishes of Moroccan cuisine. The plate is also known as M'assal in Rabat. It is a sweet and salty meat tajine, combining a ras el hanout blend of spices with honey, cinnamon and almonds.

This tajine is one of the traditional dishes of the Eid al-Adha Muslim festival (Festival of Sacrifice). It is often made of lamb from animals ritually sacrificed during the festival.

See also
List of Moroccan dishes

References

Moroccan cuisine


The 1948 Buffalo Bills season was their third in the All-America Football Conference. The team failed to improve on their previous output of 8-4-2, winning only seven games. They qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history, but lost to the Cleveland Browns in the AAFC Championship.

The team's statistical leaders included George Ratterman with 2,577 passing yards, Chet Mutryn with 823 rushing yards and 96 points scored, and Al Baldwin with 916 receiving yards.

Season schedule

Playoffs

Division standings

References

Buffalo Bills (AAFC) seasons
Buffalo Bills
1948 in sports in New York (state)


Meyerowitz (Polish: Majerowicz) is a Yiddish-language surname. It is a patronymic surname literally meaning "descendant of Meyer" (Polish phonetic transcription: Majer), derived with the Polish-language patronymic suffix -wicz.

It can be transcribed via Russian language as Meyerovich.
The surname may refer to:

 Elliot Meyerowitz (born 1951), U.S. biologist
 Herbert Vladimir Meyerowitz (1900-1945), British artist
 Jan Meyerowitz (1913-1998), German-American composer
 Joel Meyerowitz (born 1938), U.S. photographer
 Rick Meyerowitz (born 1943), U.S. artist

See also
 22537 Meyerowitz, asteroid
Meyrowitz

Yiddish-language surnames


Silvio Fernández Briceño (born January 9, 1979 in Caracas, Distrito Capital) is a Venezuelan épée fencer. He has competed in three Olympiads (2004, 2008 and 2012) and four FIE world championships (2003, 2005, 2006, 2007). Fernández has been ranked as high as third in the world on the FIE points list.

He finished 2nd at the 2008 Challenge Bernadotte in Stockholm.

In June 2013, he earned the gold medal in the Pan American Fencing Championships in Cartagena after defeating his fellow countryman Rubén Limardo.

References

1979 births
Living people
Venezuelan male épée fencers
Olympic fencers for Venezuela
Fencers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Fencers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Fencers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Caracas
Pan American Games silver medalists for Venezuela
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
Pan American Games medalists in fencing
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Venezuela
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Venezuela
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games
South American Games gold medalists for Venezuela
South American Games bronze medalists for Venezuela
South American Games medalists in fencing
Competitors at the 2010 South American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in fencing
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games


The Toronto Women's Bookstore was the largest nonprofit, feminist bookstore in Canada, before its closure in November 2012.  It was run and staffed primarily by women of color, and sold fiction, poetry and non-fiction by women writers to promote feminist and anti-oppression politics.

History

The bookstore informally began as a single shelf of books in a women's resource centre on Dupont Street in the early 1970s, and opened as a bookstore in 1973 at a site in Kensington Market, where it was associated with a feminist printing press and a self-defence collective.

The bookstore was nearly destroyed on July 29, 1983, in an accidental firebombing which was actually intended to attack the neighbouring abortion clinic of Henry Morgentaler.  The loss of merchandise, combined with a slow insurance settlement and delays in reopening put significant strain on the bookstore's finances.  A Fire Sale, where the bookstore sold off merchandise damaged in the fire to supporters of its cause, provided enough capital for the bookstore to re-open at a new location, 73 Harbord St. An employee of the store at the time of its firebombing, Janine Fuller, later moved to Vancouver, where she became manager of Little Sister's Book and Art Emporium and attained prominence as one of Canada's most influential anti-censorship activists in the store's ongoing battles against Canada Customs. The store later suffered more moderate damage in a second firebombing attack on Morgentaler's clinic in May 1992.

By 1993, stiff competition from larger chain bookstores saw the Toronto's Women's bookstore showing a loss.  Similar situations faced many other independent bookstores around the same time.  The bookstore reorganised its operations, expanding their inventory of books on anti-racism, feminist theory, disability and health. The bookstore also engaged in increased community outreach, with more book readings and launches, as well as hosting book clubs.  Combined with a Jobs Ontario Community Action Grant, the store turned around its operations and stopped losing money.  The store also increased its emphasis on books aimed at visible minority women, with separate sections titled "African-Canadian," "Caribbean," "South Asian" "First Nations," "Latina," and "Arab."

Although the bookstore had long served as a source of course books for University of Toronto classes requiring special or hard to find texts, its market was substantially strengthened during the 2000 worker's strike at the University of Toronto bookstore, when many professors withdrew their required textbooks from the university's bookstore as a show of solidarity with the strikers, preferring to have them retailed through the Toronto Women's Bookstore. At the conclusion of the strike, many of those professors did not resume offering their course texts at the university's bookstore.

The rise in sale of eBooks, online book retailers, and the 2008–2012 global recession lead to the closure of the bookstore, planned for 30 November 2012.

Operations
Located near the University of Toronto, the bookstore stocked the texts used in many anthropology, sociology and women's history courses offered at the university. The reliable business of students in these courses amounted to roughly two thirds of the bookstore's total sales.

In addition to book sales, the store hosted book clubs, book launches and author signings. It also ran courses on a variety of subjects of interest to women, including knitting, writing, and explorations of bisexuality.

Recognition
The Toronto Women's Bookstore was voted "Best Bookstore in Toronto" by Now Magazine in 2005.

See also
Feminism in Canada

Notes

References

External links
Toronto Women's Bookstore

Independent bookstores of Canada
Feminism in Ontario
Shops in Toronto
Feminist bookstores
Organizations for women of color
Women in Toronto
Buildings and structures in Canada destroyed by arson
Feminist organizations in Canada


Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Iphigenia, after Iphigenia, a figure in Greek mythology:

  was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1780 and burnt by accident in 1801.
  was a 38-gun fifth rate, formerly the Spanish ship Medea. She was captured in 1804 and renamed HMS Imperieuse in 1805. She was placed on harbour service in 1818 and was sold in 1838.
  was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1808. She was lent to the Marine Society between 1833 and 1848, and was broken up in 1851.
  was an  protected cruiser launched in 1891, converted to a minelayer in 1910 and sunk as a blockship in the Zeebrugge Raid in 1918.

See also

Notes

Citations

References

Royal Navy ship names


In time series analysis (or forecasting) — as conducted in statistics, signal processing, and many other fields — the innovation is the difference between the observed value of a variable at time t and the optimal forecast of that value based on information available prior to time t.  If the forecasting method is working correctly, successive innovations are uncorrelated with each other, i.e., constitute a white noise time series.  Thus it can be said that the innovation time series is obtained from the measurement time series by a process of 'whitening', or removing the predictable component. The use of the term innovation in the sense described here is due to Hendrik Bode and Claude Shannon (1950) in their discussion of the Wiener filter problem, although the notion was already implicit in the work of Kolmogorov.

In contrast, the residual is the difference between the observed value of a variable at time t and the optimal updated state of that value based on information available till (including) time t.

See also

 Kalman filter
 Filtering problem (stochastic processes)
 Errors and residuals in statistics
 Innovation butterfly

References

Statistical signal processing


Haute-Sanaga is a department of Central Region in Cameroon.
The department covers an area of 11,854 km and as of 2001 had a total population of 115,305. The capital of the department lies at Nanga-Eboko.

Subdivisions
The department is divided administratively into seven communes and in turn into villages.

Communes
 Bibey
 Lembe-Yezoum
 Mbandjock
 Minta
 Nanga-Eboko
 Nkoteng
 Nsem

References

Departments of Cameroon
Centre Region (Cameroon)


Dennis Brown (1957–1999) was a Jamaican reggae singer.

Dennis Brown may also refer to:

Dennis Brown (academic) (fl. 1970s–2010s), American professor of medicine
Dennis Brown (Bermudian footballer) (fl. 1990s–2010s), Bermudian footballer and football manager
Dennis Brown (defensive end) (born 1967), American football player
Dennis Brown (English footballer) (born 1944), English footballer
Dennis Brown (quarterback) (born ), American football player
Dennis Brown (rugby) (), Welsh rugby league footballer
Dennis C. Brown (fl. 1980s–2010s), American film and television composer
Denny Brown (born 1956), former American wrestler

See also
Denis Browne (disambiguation)


Meyrowitz:
 Carol Meyrowitz, CEO
 Joshua Meyrowitz, communications professor
 Norman Meyrowitz
 Robert Meyrowitz, radio producer
 Robert Meyrowitz (1916-2013), an American analytical chemist

See also
 Meyerowitz (disambiguation)

Surnames of Jewish origin
Slavic-language surnames

he:מאירוביץ


Brahetrolleborg is a castle about 10 kilometres north-west of Fåborg on the Danish  island of Fyn. Before the Reformation it was  (; ), a Cistercian monastery.

Holme Abbey

The abbey was founded and settled in 1172 from the Cistercian Herrevad Abbey in Scania, now in Sweden, of which it was a daughter house. It was secularised during the Reformation, probably in 1536.

After the abbey was secularised and taken into the possession of the Danish Crown, the Crown released it into private ownership. In 1568 it became the property of Heinrich Rantzau (1526–1598), from whom it acquired for a time the name Rantzausholm. After reverting again to the Crown in 1661, it was granted in 1664 by King Frederick III of Denmark to his court favourite, the German merchant and politician Christoffer Gabel (1617-1673) who exchanged it three years later for the chalk mountain of Segeberg with Birgitte Nielsdatter, of the Trolle family and married into the Brahe family, whence the name of the castle and also of her barony, Brahetrolleborg. The Trolles sold it in 1722 to Christian Detlev von Reventlow(1671–1738), Oberpräsident of Altona, and the estate has remained until today in the Reventlow family.

Buildings
The former Cistercian church, laid out according to the plan of Saint Bernard, is now the chapel of Brahetrolleborg. It has a tower on the west front, and possesses a crucifix by Claus Berg of about 1500. The conventual buildings, located to the right of the church, were converted after secularisation for use as a castle, which was comprehensively overhauled in about 1870.

References

Other sopurces
 Venge, Michael, 1982: På sporet af Holme kloster. Fynske Arbøger 1982, pp. 27–38

External links
Brahetrolleborg Kirke

Cistercian monasteries in Denmark
Castles and manor houses on Funen
Listed buildings and structures in Faaborg-Midtfyn Municipality
Buildings and structures in Denmark of the Trolle family


Lekié is a department of Centre Province in Cameroon. The department covers an area of 2,989 km and  had a total population of 354,864. The capital of the department lies at Monatélé.

It is named after the Lekié River.

Subdivisions
The department is divided administratively into nine communes and in turn into villages.

Communes
 Batchenga
 Ebebda
 Elig-Mfomo
 Evodoula
 Lobo
 Monatélé
 Obala
 Okola
 Sa'a

References

Departments of Cameroon
Centre Region (Cameroon)


John C. Edmunds (born 8 March 1947) is an American economist, professor, and author, currently serving as Research Director of the Institute for Latin American Business Studies at Babson College. His work and opinions on the financial expansion leading to the 2008 financial crisis are controversial. He has served on the faculties of Boston University, Tufts University, Hult International Business School, and Harvard University.

Education
Edmunds holds a D.B.A. in International Business from Harvard Business School, an M.B.A. in Finance and Quantitative Methods with honors from Boston University, an M.A. in Economics from Northeastern University, and an B.A. in Economics cum laude from Harvard College.

Career
Edmunds has taught at overseas MBA programs, including Instituto de Empresa in Madrid, Spain, INCAE in Central America and La Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra in the Dominican Republic, and two universities in Chile. He has also taught at other schools in the Boston area, including Boston University, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Harvard University, Hult International Business School, and Northeastern University.

He has consulted with the Harvard Institute for International Development, the Rockefeller Foundation, Stanford Research Institute, and numerous private companies.

Publications

Dr. Edmunds's areas of interest are international finance, capital markets, and emerging markets. He is the author of over 250 articles and cases published both in academic and practitioner journals. He has published four books. Over a hundred of his articles are about Latin American capital markets and have been published in Spanish, including "Rescate y Recuperacion," America Economia January, 2009; "Financiar a Emprendedores," Estrategia, January 20, 2006; "Cayendo al Segundo Lugar?" El Diario Financiero, July 7, 2005; "Iberoamerica necesita un Davos propio," Expansion, Madrid, Espana, June 20, 2005; "El Auge de la Bolsa en Chile como Impulsor del Crecimiento" (Parte I & II,) in El Diario Financiero, September 2004; and "El Valor Escondido de America Latina," in America Economia, July 2001.
https://www.amazon.com/stores/author/B001HMTI1M/about

He is the author of five books to date including books: Desafiando La Pendiente, The Wealthy World, Wealth by Association, Brave New Wealthy World and "Rogue Money".  Rogue Money and the Underground Economy: An Encyclopedia of Alternative and Cryptocurrencies by John Edmunds (Editor) which describes the world of cybercurrency, which has experienced explosive growth in recent years, but that expansion has been accompanied by numerous controversies and misunderstandings about what it is, how it works, and how it relates to the underground economy and illegal activities such as money laundering, tax evasion, and human trafficking.

Many illegal or malicious activities are paid for with cyber currencies. This book covers those applications. But cyber currencies also have many legitimate, constructive applications, all of which are explained in Rogue Money in clear, plain English, without embellishment or exaggeration.

An authoritative and thought-provoking reference for readers seeking a greater understanding of all aspects of alternative cybercurrencies, this encyclopedia includes entries on economic history, international trade, current controversies, and its impact on the wider underground economy. It peels back the layers of jargon and obfuscation, giving each topic individual attention to show how it works and contributes to the whole.

Personal life
Edmunds has lived in six countries and spent eighteen years abroad. As a professor and investor, Edmunds has always sought to shatter fatalism in working to ensure that people born into poverty can rise above their station particularly in regions where economic ascension is not easily attained.

References

External links
 POP! Goes the IPO for the BBC
 Medium Cryptos Alternative Economy
 On Oil & Gas Crowdfunding
 The Fed waits with Rates for Bankrate

1947 births
Living people
Harvard Business School faculty
Hult International Business School faculty
Babson College faculty
Harvard Business School alumni
Boston University School of Management alumni
Boston University faculty
Northeastern University alumni
Harvard Institute for International Development
Harvard College alumni


The People's Park is a small public park in the suburban town of Dún Laoghaire, south of Dublin, Ireland.  Located near the East Pier of Dún Laoghaire Harbour and Glasthule, it opened in 1890, and major elements were redeveloped between 1985 and 1997, and again in 2012.

History
A Martello Tower was previously situated on the site in 1805, as visible on maps from 1817 and 1821. The land was later a quarry, and was acquired by the Kingstown Town Commission in 1889. The park was designed by J. L. Robinson, an architect who was chairman of the Town Commissioners, and also designed other local civic buildings. Funding was partly provided by the Local Government Board.

The park was officially opened on 29 September 1890.
A revised system of pathways, which replaced a more formal layout, was in place by 1937.

The fountains were restored in 1985 and 1988, a new playground also being constructed in 1988.  The bandstand and shelter were reworked in 1990, and the park re-dedicated in September of that year.

In the early 2010s, under the direction of Leslie Moore, Senior Parks Superintendent, the pavements in the park were reconstructed in a more formal arrangement to reflect the original design intention. The gate lodge and shelter structures were conserved, public toilets constructed and an extension was added to the shelter to create tearooms, designed by Howley Hayes, conservation architects. New railings and gates were constructed along the line of 'the metals' and the raised promenade and glazed viewing deck were constructed over the DART line, designed by the in-house parks team. This work was completed in 2012.

Location and access
The park is approximately  in size and is bounded by Summerhill Road, Park Road, the DART railway cutting (the nearest railway station is Sandycove and Glasthule), and the rear gardens of some houses on Martello Terrace. The formal entrance is at the point where Upper George's Street becomes Summerhill Road, and Park Road goes towards the coast, and the second entrance is where Park Road meets Marine Terrace at Queen's Road.

Amenities
The gate lodge is at the entrance at the junction of Upper Georges Street, Park Road and Summerhill Road. A bandstand is at the centre of the park, and it also holds a playground, two fountains, a "tearooms" style café in the Victorian shelter, and a Garden for the Blind (with a specially-designed walking trail).

Sunday Markets are held on Sundays except that nearest to Christmas throughout the year.

References

Dún Laoghaire
Parks in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown


Morgan Marshall Hunt (5 March 1931 – February 2012) was a Welsh footballer who played as a half-back. He played for Doncaster Rovers and later managed the club's ladies outfit.

Career
Hunt played for Askern Welfare, before joining Peter Doherty's Doncaster Rovers in 1953. The club finished 12th in the Second Division in 1953–54. The Belle Vue outfit finished 18th in 1954–55, 17th in 1955–56, and 14th in 1956–57, before suffering relegation in last place in 1957–58. He spent the 1958–59 campaign at Norwich City, playing seven games as the "Canaries" finished two places and four points off the Third Division promotion places. He joined Norman Low's Port Vale for a four-figure fee in July 1959. Despite the money spent acquiring him, he only played two Third Division games for the club before being released at the end of the season. He later played for Boston United in the Southern League, before returning to old club Askern Welfare as the player-manager. Hunt went on to manage Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C. for the 1979–80 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1931 births
People from Llantrisant
Footballers from Rhondda Cynon Taf
Welsh men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Askern Miners F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Men's association football player-managers
Welsh football managers
Doncaster Rovers Belles L.F.C. managers
2012 deaths


Mbam-et-Inoubou is a department of Centre Province in Cameroon. The department covers an area of 7,125 km and as of 2001 had a total population of 153,020. The capital of the department lies at Bafia.

Subdivisions
The department is divided administratively into nine communes and in turn into villages.

Communes
 Bafia
 Bokito
 Deuk
 Kiiki
 Kon-Yambetta
 Makénéné
 Ndikiniméki
 Nitoukou
 Ombessa

References

Departments of Cameroon
Centre Region (Cameroon)


Sven Pieters (born 5 June 1976) is a former sprint hurdler from Belgium.

Biography
He finished fourth in the 110m Hurdles at the 1994 World Junior Championships, then a year later won the silver medal at the European Junior Championships.  He participated in the 1996 Olympic Games and the 1997 World Championships

Achievements

References

1976 births
Belgian male hurdlers
Olympic athletes for Belgium
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people


Steven Jude Hoffenberg (January 12, 1945 – August 2022) was an American businessman and fraudster. He was the founder, CEO, president, and chairman of Towers Financial Corporation, a debt collection agency, which was later discovered to be a Ponzi scheme. In 1993, he rescued the New York Post from bankruptcy, and briefly owned the paper. Towers Financial collapsed in 1993, and in 1995 Hoffenberg pleaded guilty to bilking investors out of $475 million. He was sentenced to 20 years in prison (serving 18 years), plus a $1 million fine and $463 million in restitution. The U.S. SEC considered his financial crimes to be "one of the largest Ponzi schemes in history".

Early life and career
Hoffenberg was born in Brooklyn, New York to a Jewish family on January 12, 1945, along with a twin brother, Martin.

In 1971 Hoffensberg pleaded guilty to attempted second-degree larceny for trying a steal a diamond in New York. Despite initially denying reports he had indicating his involvement but at his trial, he admitted he was once "involved in a theft".

Hoffenberg owned the New York Post from January to March 1993. The Towers Ponzi scheme quickly imploded, ending his tenure, which had seen mass layoffs, a mass walkout on the part of the paper's staff, and missed publications.

Towers financial corporation
In the early 1970s, Hoffenberg founded Towers Financial Corporation, a New York City debt collection agency that was supposed to buy debts that people owed to hospitals, banks, and phone companies. He was its Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chairman.  It was later discovered to be a Ponzi scheme.In February the Securities and Exchange Commission began a civil action against him and others, and in March 1993 Towers Financial filed for bankruptcy. In April 1995 Hoffenberg pleaded guilty to bilking investors out of $475 million. The SEC considered his financial crimes as "one of the largest Ponzi schemes in history" at the time.

Prison sentence
In 1997, Judge Robert W. Sweet sentenced Hoffenberg to 20 years in prison. He spent 18 years at several prisons, including FCI Fort Dix (Fort Dix, New Jersey) and the Federal Medical Center, Devens (in Devens, Massachusetts), plus a $1 million fine and $463 million in restitution. Per the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, he was released in October 2013. He settled a civil suit with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for $60 million.

Relationship with Jeffrey Epstein
In 1987, he met Jeffrey Epstein through a British defense contractor named Douglas Leese (died 2011), who Hoffenberg claimed was an arms dealer. Leese was, with Saudi Adnan Khashoggi and Prince Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, architect in the billion dollar Al-Yamamah arms deal, Britain's biggest arms deal ever concluded – earning the prime contractor, BAE Systems, at least £43 billion in revenue between 1985 and 2007. Leese told Hoffenberg about Epstein: "The guy's a genius, he's great at selling securities. And he has no moral compass." Hoffenberg hired Epstein about 1987 and 1993 to help with the Towers Financial Corporation, paid him $25,000 a month and gave him a $2 million loan in 1988 that Epstein would never have to pay back.

Hoffenberg set Epstein up in offices in the Villard Houses. They unsuccessfully tried to take over Pan Am in a corporate raid with Towers Financial as their raiding vessel. Their bid failed, in part because of the 1988 terrorist bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, which ultimately contributed to the airline's bankruptcy. A similar unsuccessful bid in 1988 was made to take over Emery Air Freight Corp.

During this period, Hoffenberg and Epstein worked closely together and traveled everywhere on Hoffenberg's private jet. Hoffenberg began using Towers Financial funds to pay off earlier investors and pay for a lavish lifestyle that included a Locust Valley, New York, Long Island mansion, as well as homes on Sutton Place (in Manhattan) and in Florida, and a number of cars and planes.

In court documents, Hoffenberg claimed that Epstein was intimately involved in the Ponzi scheme. Epstein left Towers Financial before it collapsed and was never charged for being involved with the massive investor fraud committed.

In 2016, Hoffenberg and some of his victims sued Epstein, seeking restitution. He asserted in court that Epstein had been intimately involved in Tower's financial practices and called Epstein the "architect of the scam". In July 2019, following Epstein's arrest on charges of sex trafficking of minors and conspiracy to commit sex trafficking, Hoffenberg again claimed that Epstein was his "uncharged co-conspirator" in the Ponzi scheme. Former Towers investors made similar allegations in a lawsuit filed in August 2018. The lawsuit also alleged that the millions in stolen investments were the seed capital for Epstein's hedge fund, which it valued at $50 billion.

Personal life and death
On July 10, 2014, he married Post All Star News president, Maria Santiago, after a one month romance. The ceremony was held in front of Trump Tower in Manhattan. He was married twice before, and had a daughter.

Hoffenberg was found dead at his apartment in Derby, Connecticut, on August 23, 2022, at the age of 77. Epstein accuser Maria Farmer said she called police to check in on Hoffenberg after she failed to reach him over the phone during the preceding week. His body was in an advanced state of decomposition, and a Derby police officer estimated that he had been dead for roughly a week by the time his remains were found. An initial autopsy found no evidence of trauma on his body and police said they believe he died of natural causes. He had tested positive for COVID-19 not long before his death.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American criminals
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American chief executives of financial services companies
American confidence tricksters
American Jews
American prisoners and detainees
American twins
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
Criminals from New York City
New York Post people
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes


Polites themistocles, the tawny-edged skipper, is a North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae.

Description
This species varies geographically and within populations.  The upper side of the male's wings is brown or olive brown with the forewing having bright orange along the costa that ends at the stigma.  The stigma is thicker than the male crossline skipper's (Polites origenes) and it usually runs more parallel to the costa.  The upperside of the female's wings is brown with the forewing having a less conspicuous orange costa than the male.  Near the end of the forewing cell there are two rectangular pale spots and three pale spots in a row in the subapical area.  The underside of the wings vary form light brown to brown to brownish-orange.  Sometimes the hindwing will have a crossband like the crossline skipper, but it is usually much more faint.  The "tawny-edged" forewing strongly contrasts with the hindwing color.  Its wingspan ranges from  to 1 inch (19–25 mm).

Similar species
Similar species in the tawny-edged skipper's range include the crossline skipper and the Baracoa skipper (Polites baracoa).

Crossline skippers are usually larger than tawny-edged skippers.  The male has a thinner forewing stigma, and it does not run parallel to the costa.  The female has less or no orange along the forewing costa and has two or three pale forewing spots with the central one being more squarish.  The underside of both wings is olive brown to brown with the hindwing having a pale crossband.

The Baracoa skipper is smaller than the tawny-edged skipper.  The male has a short and straight stigma.  The female has a lost of orange on her forewing and has dark patches in the same locations as the male.  The underside of the wings is very similar to the tawny-edged skipper's except the hindwing has a pale crossband.

Habitat
This species favors a wide range of habitats including alpine bogs, forest glades, grassy areas, moist meadows, savannas, and stream sides.

Flight
This skipper flies from June to early August in the north and west, May to August in the east, and May to early November in the deep south.

Life cycle
Most of the day, males perch on grass blades or stems to await females.  Females lay their greenish white eggs on or near the host plant.  The larva lives in a nest by tying leaves together with silk.  The variable brown larva is indistinguishable from closely related larvae.  The overwintering stage is the pupa.  The tawny-edged skipper has one brood per year in the northeast and northwest and two or three broods per year in the deep south.

Host plants
Host plants of the tawny-edged skipper include:

 Slender crabgrass (Digitaria filiformis)
 Panicum microcarpum
 Smooth meadow-grass (Poa pratensis)

References

Butterflies of North America
Polites (butterfly)
Butterflies described in 1824
Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille


Roberto Gleria (also Robert), born 15 October 1968, is a former freestyle swimmer from Italy.

Gleria swam for Australia in the mid-1980s and was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder before taking up on an offer to swim for Italy leading up to the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. He competed at the 1986 Commonwealth Games for Australia, winning gold medals in both the 200 metre freestyle and the 4×200 metre freestyle relay.

Gleria competed for Italy at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea, in both the 100, 200 and 400
metre freestyle, finishing first in the B Final of the 200 metre freestyle in a time of 1 minute 49.28 seconds. He also contributed to all three of Italy's relay teams.

He also competed at the 1992 Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain, in the 100 and 200 metre freestyles and both freestyle relays.

See also
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

Italian male freestyle swimmers
Australian male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Swimmers at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Living people
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Australian Institute of Sport swimmers
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Swimmers at the 1991 Mediterranean Games
Australian people of Italian descent
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Year of birth missing (living people)
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Place of birth missing (living people)


Western Schools is a company based in Ormond Beach, Florida, USA, that provides continuing education programs to health care professionals. The company was founded in 1979 and was a division of Specialty Commerce Corp. until August, 2018, when it was bought by Colibri Group.

Western Schools currently offers home study continuing education for the following health care professions: Nursing, Dentistry, Dental Hygiene, Dental Assisting, Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Respiratory Care Therapy, Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy, Counseling, Psychology,  Pharmacy, Speech-Language Pathology, Dietetics.

Nursing
Western Schools is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's (ANCC) Commission on Accreditation

Dentistry
Western Schools is an ADA CERP Recognized Provider. ADA CERP is a service of the American Dental Association to assist dental professionals in identifying quality providers of continuing dental education.

Social work

Western Schools, provider # 1147, is approved as a provider for social work continuing education by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB), through the Approved Continuing Education (ACE) program.

Counselors
Western Schools has been approved by NBCC as an Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 6257.

References

External links
 Western Schools Homepage

Companies based in Massachusetts


Hunter's Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission burial ground for the dead of World War I situated on the grounds of Beaumont Hamel Newfoundland Memorial Park near the French town of Beaumont-Hamel.

History and layout
During the Battle of the Somme, German forces near Beaumont-Hamel were attacked in vain on 1 July 1916. The area was finally captured by the 51st (Highland) and 63rd (Royal Naval) Divisions on the following 13 November. Hunter's Cemetery, possibly named after Reverend Hunter, a Chaplain attached to the Black Watch Regiment, is in fact a great shell-hole. Soldiers of the 51st Division, who fell in the capture of Beaumont-Hamel were buried in the shell-hole after the battle. There are now over 40 war casualties commemorated in this site. Hunter's Cemetery stands at the upper end of "Y" Ravine, within Newfoundland Memorial Park.

External links

Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in France
1917 establishments in France
World War I cemeteries in France
Battle of the Somme
Cemeteries in Somme (department)
Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)


The Cleveland Pops Orchestra is a non-profit professional American pops orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio. As is typical of pops orchestras, the ensemble performs popular music (generally traditional pop), cinematic music, jazz, and show tunes as well as well-known classical works. The orchestra was founded in 1995 and performs most of its concerts at Severance Hall. The orchestra enjoys a friendly relationship with the Cleveland Orchestra and has appeared in concert at the Cleveland Orchestra's Blossom Festival. The orchestra is led by conductor Carl Topilow.

External links
Official Website of the Cleveland Pops Orchestra

Musical groups established in 1995
Musical groups from Cleveland
Pops orchestras
Orchestras based in Ohio


Mbam-et-Kim is a department of Centre Region in Cameroon. The department covers an area of 25,906 km and as of 2001 had a total population of 64,540. The capital of the department lies at Ntui.

Subdivisions
The department is divided administratively into five communes and in turn into villages.

Communes
 Mbangassina
 Ngambè-Tikar
 Ngoro
 Ntui
 Yoko

References

Departments of Cameroon
Centre Region (Cameroon)


Upper Burlington is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of West Hants .

References
 Upper Burlington on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Inlow Hall may refer to:

Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law, Indiana
Inlow Hall (Eastern Oregon University), La Grande, Oregon


The Ruch catalog of postage stamps of Poland, officially titled Ilustrowany Katalog Znaczków Polskich, contained detailed information on Polish postage stamps, and was published on a yearly basis.

The purpose of the catalog was to describe postage stamps related to the country of Poland and to estimate their value in the philatelic market at the time of publication.

Publisher

The catalog was published in Warsaw, Poland, by Agencja Wydawnicza “Ruch”.

Format

The catalog contains black and white illustrations of polish stamps, cancellations, and overprints. Value of individual stamps is listed in Polish currency. The entire catalog is written in Polish.

Content

The catalog covers the full extent of Polish philately and is comprehensive in the following categories.
 Postage stamps of Poland
 City locals
 Austrian occupation
 German occupation
 Military mail
 Exile stamps
 Propaganda stamps
 Post-wartime overprints
 Prisoner-of-war
 Displaced persons
 Postal stationery
 Plebiscite issues
 Port Gdansk
 Cinderellas
 Charity stamps

In addition, the catalog provides detailed information on counterfeit stamps, cancellations and overprints, such as porto and groszy, plus information that is not found or described in depth in other philatelic catalogs, such as Fischer catalog.

Availability

A current edition of the catalog may no longer be available. However, previous yearly editions provide a valuable historic and philatelic resource.

See also
 Stamp catalog
 List of stamp catalogues
 Philately

References

 Ilustrowany katalog znaczków polskich, 1973.
 Ilustrowany katalog znaczków polskich, 1983.
 Glossaire philatélique
 The Atlanta Stamp Collectors Club Library

Philately of Poland
Stamp catalogs


The Ideas Campaign is a grassroots initiative in the Republic of Ireland asking ordinary people for ideas to stimulate economic activity.

The origins of the campaign can be traced back to the TV appearance by businesswoman Aileen O'Toole on a special edition of the current affairs programme Prime Time on RTÉ about the state of the Irish economy in January 2009.

She argued in the programme that the current focus on economic problems meant that positive, practical ideas for economic growth were being overlooked.

In response to her appearance, Prime Time did a follow-up programme on 5 March 2009, on which she launched the Ideas Campaign.

The submission for ideas closed at the end of March 2009 and centres on a website - IdeasCampaign.ie - on which ordinary citizens can submit their ideas to stimulate economic growth.

Some 1,750 ideas were submitted in the campaign's first week

The ideas were then reviewed by an advisory group and distilled into a report. The action plan was released on the 14 May. Read the full Ideas Campaign Action Plan.

The Taoiseach, Brian Cowen, issued a statement on 8 March 2009 that he would ensure that the report will be "fast-tracked to the Cabinet sub-committee on Economic Renewal for assessment and implementation, where appropriate".

On Tuesday 21 July 2009 the Irish Government announced its response to the Ideas Campaign. A total of 17 of the 44 ideas included in the campaign’s Action Plan, in areas such as active citizenship, the knowledge economy, tourism and government finances, are to be implemented on the recommendation of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Renewal.

References

External links
The Ideas Campaign – official website for the campaign

Economy of the Republic of Ireland


Mechanical Royalty is a limited edition EP released by the Canadian musician Spookey Ruben in 2008. A full length LP was released with the help of Sonic Unyon in 2009. Though the track-listing differs between the LP and the EP, all but one song from the EP remain ("Eyes Can See"). The album is described as a 'concept album about a kingdom of robots who are attacked by the humans who originally created them because they possess a magnetic force that keeps harmony in society that the humans want back for themselves.'

Track listing (LP)
 "Cat & Mouse" – 1:52
 "Rachel" – 2:56
 "Just Another Way" – 3:08
 "If You Don't Wanna Know" – 3:25
 "U Don't Know What You're Missing" – 3:15
 "American Processed Cheese" – 2:21
 "Eyes of Man" – 4:18
 "Mechanical Royalty" – 15:21
 Agent Steel
 Attack at Krankshaft Castle
 And Thus He Rusts (King's Lament)
 The Quirks of Queen of Quartz and Quarks
 Don Silicon
 Secrets in the Motherboard
 Triumph on Magnetic Hill
 "Superpoke" – 4:29
 "Testimony" – 4:25

Review

The music site sceneandheard.ca gave the Mechanical Royalty EP a favorable review, stating, "The overall feel of the album is, as always, techno (blips dot the album as do other computerized treatments), with a distinct retro feel that may be off-putting to some. But if you give it a chance (three or four solid spins) you start to appreciate the crafty tune-smithing and zany approach to music Spooky [sic] is known for during his decade-plus career"

A review by Antimusic states, "Mechanical Royalty (a pun, alluding not only to the album cover and storyline of the title track, but also to a music business term) is an intense 70s/80s rollercoaster ride, but its Spookey's point of view that makes it feel inviting and brand new, consistently dishing up his excitement for music in his own special heartfelt way."

Production
 Written and Produced by Spookey Ruben
 Co-produced by Carson Cohen, Gene Hughes, Chris Fudurich & Ed Krautner

References

External links
 Hi-Hat's Website

2008 albums
Spookey Ruben albums


The Maronne () is a  long river in the Cantal and Corrèze departments in south central France. Its source is several small streams joining near Récusset, a hamlet in Saint-Paul-de-Salers. It flows generally west. It is a left tributary of the Dordogne, into which it flows between Argentat and Monceaux-sur-Dordogne.

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:

Cantal: Saint-Paul-de-Salers, Fontanges, Saint-Martin-Valmeroux, Sainte-Eulalie, Besse, Pleaux, Saint-Martin-Cantalès, Arnac,
Corrèze: Saint-Julien-aux-Bois
Cantal: Cros-de-Montvert,
Corrèze: Saint-Cirgues-la-Loutre,
Cantal: Rouffiac,
Corrèze: Saint-Geniez-ô-Merle, Goulles, Saint-Bonnet-les-Tours-de-Merle, Sexcles, Hautefage, Mercœur, La Chapelle-Saint-Géraud, Argentat and Monceaux-sur-Dordogne

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Cantal
Rivers of Corrèze


Lower Burlington is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of West Hants.

References
Lower Burlington on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia