A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports, art, and science. They often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns.

Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. Newspapers have traditionally been published in print (usually on cheap, low-grade paper called newsprint). However, today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely.

Newspapers developed in the 17th century as information sheets for merchants. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record. With the popularity of the Internet many newspapers are now digital, with their news presented online rather than in a physical format, with there now being a decline in sales for paper copies of newspapers.

Overview

Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news. The news includes political events and personalities, business and finance, crime, weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine, science, and computers and technology; sports; and entertainment, society, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and the arts.

Usually, the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labelled A, B, C, and so on, with pagination prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called "op-eds" written by guest writers (which are typically in the same section as the editorial), and columns that express the personal opinions of columnists, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw data of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means" and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles that have no byline; these articles are written by staff writers.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the aforementioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including literature, film, television, theater, fine arts, and architecture) and of local services such as restaurants; obituaries, birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons, and comic strips; advice columns, food, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules). Newspapers have classified ad sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, an increase in Internet websites for selling goods, such as Craigslist and eBay has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers.

Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including display ads, classified ads, and their online equivalents). Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and profitability is less critical to their survival. The editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.

Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated Press, Reuters, or Agence France-Presse), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. , there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395  million print copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55  million copies). The late 2000s–early 2010s global recession, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005–7, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008–9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal.

The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodelling advertising, the internet (especially the web) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the news). Besides, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects. The oldest newspaper still published is the Ordinari Post Tijdender, which was established in Stockholm in 1645.

Definitions
Newspapers typically meet four criteria:
 Public accessibility: Its contents are reasonably accessible to the public, traditionally by the paper being sold or distributed at newsstands, shops, and libraries, and, since the 1990s, made available over the Internet with online newspaper websites. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, people without Internet or computer access (e.g., homeless people, impoverished people and people living in remote or rural regions) may not be able to access the Internet, and thus will not be able to read online news. Literacy is also a factor that prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers (paper or online).
 Periodicity: They are published at regular intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly emerging news stories or events.
 Currency: Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows. The degree of up-to-date-ness of a print newspaper is limited by the need for time to print and distribute the newspaper. In major cities, there may be a morning edition and a later edition of the same day's paper, so that the later edition can incorporate breaking news that have occurred since the morning edition was printed. Online newspapers can be updated as frequently as new information becomes available, even several times per day, which means that online editions can be very up-to-date.
 Universality: Newspapers covers a range of topics, from political and business news to updates on science and technology, arts, culture, and entertainment.

History

Gazettes and bulletins
In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called Dibao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming dynasty.

In early modern Europe, the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta, a small coin. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. However, none of these publications fully met the classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics.

Newspapers

Europe

The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass production of printed books was invented by Johann Gutenberg around 1450. In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the continent. Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange.

The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, is often recognized as the first newspaper. The second newspaper, the German Avisa, was published from 1609 in Wolfenbüttel. Both newspapers distinguished themselves from other printed material by being published on a regular basis. They reported on a variety of current events to a broad public audience. Within a few decades, newspapers could be found in all the major cities of Europe, from Venice to London.

The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. ("Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.") of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country. The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. In the same year, the Antwerp periodial Nieuwe Tijdinghen was published by Abraham Verhoeven. In 1621,  was published in England by an "N.B." (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer. The first newspaper in France was published in 1631,  (originally published as ). The first newspaper in Italy, in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved, was Di Genova published in 1639 in Genoa. The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração, was published in 1641 in Lisbon. The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid, was published in 1661.

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online. Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad has appeared with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656. Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny was published in Kraków, Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.

Americas

In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began being published in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.

In 1752, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, which claims to be "Canada's first newspaper". However, its official descendant, the Royal Gazette, is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper; In 1764, the Quebec Gazette was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph. It is currently published as an English-language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1808, the  had its first edition, printed in devices brought from England, publishing news favourable for the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves since it was produced by the official press service of the Portuguese crown.

In 1821, after the ending of the ban of private newspaper circulation, appears the first non-imperial printed publication, Diário do Rio de Janeiro, though there existed already the Correio Braziliense, published by Hipólito José da Costa at the same time as the Gazeta, but from London and with forcefully advocated political and critical ideas, aiming to expose the administration's flaws. The first newspaper in Peru was El Peruano, established in October 1825 and still published today, but with several name changes.

Asia
 During the Tang dynasty in China (618–906), the Kaiyuan Za Bao published the government news; it was block-printed onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found a newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by William Bolts, a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, Hicky's Bengal Gazette, was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hicky. He used it as a means to criticize the British rule through journalism.
The Jobo, which is discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, is published in 1577 as a privately run commercial newspaper. It was printed daily, and covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo.

Middle East

The history of Middle Eastern newspapers goes back to the 19th century. Many editors were not only journalists but also writers, philosophers and politicians. With unofficial journals, these intellectuals encouraged public discourse on politics in the Ottoman and Persian Empires. Literary works of all genres were serialized and published in the press as well.

The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world. The earliest was printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in Pera. Indigenous Middle Eastern journalism started in 1828, when Muhammad Ali, Khedive of Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette Vekayi-i Misriye (Egyptian Affairs). It was first paper written in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic on opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title "al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya".

The first non-official Turkish newspaper, Ceride-i Havadis (Register of Events), was published by an Englishman, William Churchill, in 1840. The first private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists, Tercüman-ı Ahvâl (Interpreter of Events), was founded by İbrahim Şinasi and Agah Efendi and issued in 1860. The first newspaper in Iran, Kaghaz-e Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi in 1837. The first journals in the Arabian Peninsula appeared in Hijaz, once it had become independent of Ottoman rule, towards the end of World War I. One of the earliest women to sign her articles in the Arab press was the female medical practitioner Galila Tamarhan, who contributed articles to a medical magazine called "Ya'asub al-Tib" (Leader in Medicine) in the 1860s.

Industrial Revolution

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less expensive and more efficient. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour. Soon, this press was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population.

In 1830, the first inexpensive "penny press" newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript. Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income people. In France, Émile de Girardin started  in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with  (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin's publication).

Categories
While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and India Today) and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited regional areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, the local gay community or indie rock enthusiasts within a city or region.

Frequency

Daily

A daily newspaper is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays (and some major holidays). Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on arts, films, entertainment) and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers' staff members work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content made in advance or content that is syndicated.

Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at commuters and office workers. In practice (though this may vary according to country), a morning newspaper is available in early editions from before midnight on the night before its cover date, further editions being printed and distributed during the night. The later editions can include breaking news which was first revealed that day, after the morning edition was already printed. Previews of tomorrow's newspapers are often a feature of late night news programs, such as Newsnight in the United Kingdom. In 1650, the first daily newspaper appeared,  Einkommende Zeitung, published by Timotheus Ritzsch in Leipzig, Germany.

In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, unlike most other countries, daily newspapers do not publish on Sundays. In the past there were independent Sunday newspapers; nowadays the same publisher often produces a Sunday newspaper, distinct in many ways from the daily, usually with a related name; e.g., The Times and The Sunday Times are distinct newspapers owned by the same company, and an article published in the latter would never be credited to The Times.

In some cases a Sunday edition is an expanded version of a newspaper from the same publisher; in other cases, particularly in Britain, it may be a separate enterprise, e.g., The Observer, not affiliated with a daily newspaper from its founding in 1791 until it was acquired by The Guardian in 1993. Usually, it is a specially expanded edition, often several times the thickness and weight of the weekday editions and containing generally special sections not found in the weekday editions, such as Sunday comics and Sunday magazines (such as The New York Times Magazine and The Sunday Times Magazine).

In some countries daily newspapers are not published on Christmas Day, but weekly newspapers would change their day e.g. Sunday newspapers are published on Saturday December 24, Christmas Eve when Christmas Day falls on Sunday.

Semi-weekly
Some newspapers are published two times a week and are known as semi-weekly publications.

Triweekly
As the name suggests, a triweekly publishes three times a week. The Meridian Star is an example of such a publication.

Weekly

Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers.

Biweekly
Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or biweekly in American parlance). They may have a change from normal weekly day of the week during the Christmas period depending the day of the week Christmas Day is falling on.

Geographical scope and distribution

Local or regional

A local newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city.
Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources.

National

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper. Some national newspapers, such as the Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal, are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the United Kingdom, but only a few in the United States and Canada. In Canada, The Globe and Mail is sold throughout the country. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, The New York Times is available throughout the country.

There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international newspapers. Some, such as The New York Times International Edition, (formerly The International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or "international editions" of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases, articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates, significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.

Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and locally published newspapers in many languages, are ready to be found on news-stands in central London. In the US state of Florida, so many tourists from the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec visit for long stays during the winter ("snowbirds") that some newsstands and stores sell French-language newspapers such as Le Droit.

Subject matter
General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or sports. Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers.

Technology

Print

For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers either by the local distribution or in some cases by mail, for example for British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers. Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's own delivery people, sent via the mail, sold at newsstands, grocery stores and convenience stores, and delivered to libraries and bookstores. Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs of the public. In the future, the trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more emphasis on the Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods. However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the industry still have a niche in the world.

Online

As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers produced online editions distributed over the Internet, which, depending on the country, may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the UK. But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based "newspapers" have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter in the UK and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online-only paper.

Since 2005 in the UK more than 200 regional newspapers have closed down resulting in a 50% decline in the number of regional journalists. A 2016 study by King's College, London, found that the towns that lost their local newspapers receded from democratic values and experienced the loss of public faith in the authorities.

A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of personalization through on-demand printing technologies or with online news aggregator websites like Google news. Customized newspapers allow the reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This "Best of" approach allows revival of the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized newspapers online have been offered by MyYahoo, I-Google, CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, Twitter. times and many others. With these online newspapers, the reader can select how much of each section (politics, sports, arts, etc.) they wish to see in their news.

Organization and personnel

In the U.S., the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher. In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher. Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other names. Most papers also have the non-newspaper-specific departments found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT.

Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports. These divisions are called news bureaus or "desks", and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers.

Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered, and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a beat, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences. Printers and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers), and also because a small newspaper's print run might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, webmasters and web designers may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper's website.

The staff of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers, at retailers, and through vending machines. Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include graphic designers, who design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In an advertising-free newspaper, there is no advertising department.

Zoned and other editions

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial—or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel. Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the 'B' section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal's global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.

 See also Los Angeles Times suburban sections.

Format

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:

 Broadsheets: , generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards "compact" newspapers is changing this. Examples include The Daily Telegraph in the United Kingdom.
 Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at , and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples include The Sun, The National Enquirer, The Star Magazine, New York Post, the Chicago Sun-Times, and The Globe.
 "Microdaily" is infrequently used to refer to a tabloid-sized free daily newspaper that offers lower ad rates than its broadsheet competitors. The content of a microdaily can range from intense local news coverage to a combination of local and national stories.
 Berliner or Midi:  used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El País in Spain and, from 2005 until 2018, The Guardian in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on cheap, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffield's weekly sports publication derives its name, the Green 'Un, from the traditional colour of its paper. The Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is also printed on pink paper while L'Équipe (formerly L'Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; for example the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey.

Circulation and readership

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper's circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures, because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free). In the United States, the Alliance for Audited Media maintains historical and current data on average circulation of daily and weekly newspapers and other periodicals.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i Fakty boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991. According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers—the Yomiuri Shimbun with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany's Bild, with a circulation of 1.15 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 1.2 million copies distributed daily. In the U.S., The Wall Street Journal has a daily circulation of approximately 2.02 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.

While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the developed OECD nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008. In India, The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers. According to Tom Standage of The Economist, India currently has daily newspaper circulation of 110 million copies.

A common measure of a newspaper's health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper's market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It was not until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent and still falling. Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

Advertising

A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. (This distinction, however, developed over time – early publishers like Girardin (France) and Zang (Austria) did not always distinguish paid items from editorial content.). The business model of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers (and, it is always hoped, the making of a profit) rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by The Sun, a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1-cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference.

Newspapers in countries with easy access to the web have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including Craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile.

In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story. Such articles are often clearly distinguished from editorial content through either the design and layout of the page or with a label declaring the article as an advertisement. However, there has been growing concern over the blurring of the line between editorial and advertorial content.

Journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used for gaining a political voice. After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Communications, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation, Swift Communications, etc. Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who "leak" stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed. Recent research has examined the effects of a newspaper's closing on the reelection of incumbents, voter turnout, and campaign spending.

Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the op-ed ("opposite the editorial page") and letters to the editors sections of the paper. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

Impact of television and Internet

By the late 1990s, the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and the subsequent availability of online journalism posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid newspaper circulation has declined, while advertising revenue—the bulk of most newspapers' income—has been shifting from print to social media and news websites, resulting in a general decline. One of the challenges is that a number of online news websites are free to access. Other online news sites have a paywall and require paid subscription for access. In less-developed countries, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, a growing middle class, and other factors have compensated for the emergence of electronic media, and newspaper circulation continues to grow.

In April 1995, The American Reporter became the first daily Internet-based newspaper with its own paid reporters and original content. The future of newspapers in countries with high levels of Internet access has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising, and precipitous drops in circulation. Since the late-1990s, the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy, or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001. A June 2022 report estimated that 2 newspapers die each week, and revealed that the US dropped from 8,891 newspapers in 2005 to 6,377 at the end of May 2022. Journalism jobs dropped from about 75,000 in 2006 to 31,000 in 2022.

The debate has become more urgent lately, as the 2008–2009 recession shaved newspapers' profits and as once-explosive growth in web revenue has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue. At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a cyclical trough (or dip), or whether new technology has rendered print newspapers obsolete. , an increasing percentage of millennials get their news from social media websites. In the 2010s, many traditional newspapers have begun offering "digital editions", accessible via computers and mobile devices. Online advertising allows news websites to show catered ads,  based on a visitor's interests.

See also

 List of newspaper comic strips
 List of online newspaper archives
 Lists of newspapers
 Off stone

Notes

References

Further reading
 Willings Press Guide (134th ed. 3 vol. 2010), comprehensive guide to world press. Vol 1 UK, Vol 2 Europe and Vol 3 World.
 Editor and Publisher International Year Book (90th ed. 2009), comprehensive guide to American newspapers
 Kevin G. Barnhurst, and John Nerone. The Form of News, A History (2001) excerpt and text search
 Bleyer, Willard Grosvenor. Newspaper Writing and Editing. (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913, 364pp.).
 Conley, David, and Stephen Lamble. The Daily Miracle: An Introduction to Journalism (3rd ed. 2006), 518pp; global viewpoint
 Harrower, Tim. The Newspaper Designer's Handbook (6th ed. 2007) excerpt and text search
 Jones, Alex. Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy (2009)
 Pettegree, Andrew. The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (2014)
 Shaw, Matthew J. An Inky Business: A History of Newspapers from the English Civil Wars to the American Civil War (2021)
 Sousa, Jorge Pedro Sousa (Coord.); Maria do Carmo Castelo Branco; Mário Pinto; Sandra Tuna; Gabriel Silva; Eduardo Zilles Borba; Mônica Delicato; Carlos Duarte; Nair Silva; Patrícia Teixeira. A Gazeta "da Restauração": Primeiro Periódico Português. Uma análise do discurso VOL. II — Reproduções(2011)
 Walravens, Hartmut, ed. Newspapers in Central And Eastern Europe (2004) 251pp
 Williams, Kevin. Read All About It!: A History of the British Newspaper (2009) excerpt and text search

External links

 NewsTornado – Worldwide Newspaper Circulation Map
 Print Culture at A History of Central Florida Podcast
 Chart – Real and Fake News (2016)/Vanessa Otero (basis) (Mark Frauenfelder)
 Chart – Real and Fake News (2014) (2016)/Pew Research Center

Newspaper archives
 Newspapercat – University of Florida Historical Digital Newspaper Catalog Collection
 Historical newspapers from 1700s–Present: Newspapers.com
 Historical newspaper database, from NewspaperARCHIVE.com
 More than 8m pages of Historic European newspapers (Free)
 Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers from National Digital Newspaper Program.

Newspaper publishing
Articles containing video clips
Ephemera
Journalism
Media formats
Paper products
Printing
Promotion and marketing communications


Rafael Martínez Torres (born February 14, 1959) is a Puerto Rican jurist. Since 2009 he has served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.

Early life and education
Martínez was born in Humacao, Puerto Rico. In 1976 graduated he with high honors, from Ana Roqué High School in Humacao. He received a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus. Afterwards, he received a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law, where he served as editor of the Law Review. Martínez was also research assistant of José Julián Álvarez, a prominent Constitutional Law professor.

Judicial career
After working in private practice and in the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico, Martínez was appointed to the Puerto Rico Court of Appeals by Governor Pedro Rosselló. After spending 14 years in that Court, Governor Luis Fortuño elevated him to Associate Justice of the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy left by Justice Baltasar Corrada del Río. That seat had been vacant for over three years.

He was sworn in on March 10, 2009. The Constitution of Puerto Rico mandates that Supreme Court Justices must retire when they reach the age of seventy. Therefore, Justice Martínez term will expire in 2029.

See also
List of Hispanic and Latino American jurists

References

 Supreme Court Website, in Spanish

1959 births
Living people
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico
Hispanic and Latino American judges
People from Humacao, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican judges
Puerto Rican lawyers
University of Puerto Rico alumni


Every Single Day: Complete Bonnie Pink (1995–2006) is Bonnie Pink's third greatest hits album released under the Warner Music Japan label on July 26, 2006.

Track listing

Disc One
Heaven's Kitchen (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Forget Me Not (from Evil & Flowers)
 (Non-album song)
 (Non-album song)
 (from Blue Jam)
 (Non-album song)
Surprise! (Non-album song)
Lie Lie Lie (from Heaven's Kitchen)
 (from Evil & Flowers)
It's Gonna Rain! (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Do You Crash? (from Heaven's Kitchen)
The Last Thing I Can Do (Non-album song)
Evil & Flowers (Piano Version) (from Evil & Flowers)

Disc Two
So Wonderful (from Golden Tears)
Daisy (Non-album song)
You Are Blue, So Am I (from Let Go)
 (from Let Go)
Sleeping Child (from Let Go)
Tonight, the Night (from Present)
Take Me In (from Just a Girl)
 (from Just a Girl)
Thinking of You (from Just a Girl)
New York (Non-album song)
Love is Bubble (Non-album song)
Private Laughter (from Even So)
Souldiers (Non-album song)
A Perfect Sky (from Thinking Out Loud)
Last Kiss (from Even So)

Charts

2006 greatest hits albums
Bonnie Pink albums
Warner Music Japan compilation albums


Mykolas Krupavičius (1 October 1885, Balbieriškis, Lithuania – 4 December 1970, Chicago, U.S.) was a Lithuanian priest and politician. He is best known for his involvement with the land reform in the interwar Lithuania.

In 1900 Krupavičius enrolled into the Veiveriai Teachers' Seminary. He showed interest in politics from early days: during the Russian Revolution of 1905 he was arrested twice. After graduation in 1905, he worked as a teacher in the Łomża Governorate and in Papilė. In 1908 Krupavičius began his theological studies at the Sejny Priest Seminary and continued them at the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy. He was ordained into the priesthood in June 1914. After graduation in 1917, he worked as a chaplain at a Lithuanian school in Voronezh. At the same time he got involved with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and was sentenced to death by the Bolshevik revolutionary court. Krupavičius escaped the arrest and returned to Lithuania in May 1918. He joined activities of the Council of Lithuania struggling to establish independent Lithuania. From the very beginning, he was heavily involved with the land reform.

Krupavičius was elected to all Seimas (parliament) and served as Minister of Agriculture from 1923 to 1926 in four different cabinets. After the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état, the Lithuanian Nationalists Union usurped the political power and Krupavičius studied sociology, economics, and law at the Lille University and University of Toulouse for two years. Upon return in 1930 he resumed his duties as a priest and served Catholic congregations in Garliava, Veiveriai, and Kalvarija. During the occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany, Krupavičius together with Kazys Grinius and Jonas Pranas Aleksa sent a letter to the German authorities protesting their attempts to colonize Lithuania. Krupavičius was arrested and deported to Germany, where he was held under house arrest in a Carmelite monastery in Regensburg and then imprisoned in Bayreuth before being liberated by American troops in 1945. In 1945 he was elected as chairman of the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania and served in such capacity for a decade. After the resignation he moved to the United States and largely retired from public life. Krupavičius published some 20 books on various topics in Lithuanian politics.

Krupavičius died in Chicago at age 85.

References

1885 births
1970 deaths
People from Prienai District Municipality
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party politicians
Ministers of Agriculture of Lithuania
Members of the Seimas
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
20th-century Lithuanian Roman Catholic priests
Lithuanian independence activists


The 2007 Korea National League was the fifth season of the Korea National League. It was divided into two stages, and the winners of each stage qualified for the championship playoff.

Regular season

First stage

Second stage

Championship playoff

Summary

Results

Hyundai Mipo Dockyard won 7–1 on aggregate.

Awards

Main awards

Source:

Best XI

Source:

See also
 2007 in South Korean football
 2007 Korea National League Championship
 2007 Korean FA Cup

References

External links

Korea National League seasons
K


This article is a list of Hiatari Ryōkō! episodes, an anime television series based on a manga series of the same title by Mitsuru Adachi.  The TV series began airing in Japan on 22 March 1987 on the Fuji TV Network in Japan. The series ran for one year, with episode 48 airing on 20 March 1988.

Summary of series
Each TV episode is about 25 minutes long.

Sources:

References

Hiatari Ryoko!

ja:陽あたり良好!#テレビアニメ


Godot was a synthpop band formed in England in November 1980, by Merseyside musicians Dave Hughes on instruments, and Keith Hartley on vocals and instruments.

Hughes and Hartley had relations with the synthpop band Dalek I Love You. The first was a founding member of that band, remaining alongside lead vocalist and guitarist Alan Gill to record their first three singles and the debut album Compass Kumpas, although at the time of the release of the latter disc, he was no longer in Dalek I Love You, working with Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark; Keith Hartley was lead singer and guitarist of Radio Blank, formed by him alongside Alan Gill and David Balfe.

Hughes was working with OMD until November 1980 when he quit and, in the same month, formed Godot, alongside Keith Hartley, who, after Radio Blank, was working as fireman. In 1981, they released an EP called Extended Player, whose credits did not indicate a label. However, by that time, Alan Gill was reforming Dalek I Love You, pulling in Hartley to help him (Hartley then joined).

Without Hartley, Hughes recruited new members, Ronnie Stone on guitar, Steve Byrne on lead vocals and Martin Cooper on saxophone. Adding a drummer, they toured with Dalek I Love You in the winter of 1981. However, Stone soon left to join China Crisis, causing Godot to split up.

In August 1982, Pinnacle Records released a single, "Something's Missing", in 7" and 10" versions.

Hughes later went on to work with Games, Freeze Frame, The Lotus Eaters and Thomas Lang.

Discography
1981: Extended Player (EP)
1982: "Something's Missing" (7"/10") (Pinnacle)

References

External links
Dalek I Love You: An Annotated Discography - Part Five: Dave Hughes, Godot And Beyond
Godot - Extended Player (1981)
OMD Website - Discography: Godot - Extended Player
Ronnie Stone interview

Musical groups established in 1980
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
English synth-pop groups
English new wave musical groups


Alan Shulman (4 June 1915 – 10 July 2002) was an American composer and cellist. He wrote a considerable amount of symphonic music, chamber music, and jazz music. Trumpeter Eddie Bailey said, "Alan had the greatest ear of any musician I ever came across. He had better than perfect pitch. I've simply never met anyone like him." Some of his more well known works include his 1940 Neo-Classical Theme and Variations for Viola and Piano and his A Laurentian Overture, which was premiered by the New York Philharmonic in 1952 under the baton of Guido Cantelli. Also of note is his 1948 Concerto for Cello and Orchestra which was also premiered by the New York Philharmonic with cellist Leonard Rose and conductor Dmitri Mitropoulos. Many of Shulman's works have been recorded, and the violinist Jascha Heifetz and jazz clarinetist Artie Shaw have been particular exponents of his work both in performance and on recordings.

Biography

Early life and education
Shulman was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of a Russian immigrant father and Jewish mother. His father, who died when Shulman was one and a half, worked as a pharmacist and was a skilled amateur flautist. He had two siblings, Sylvan Shulman, who became a violinist, and Violet Shulman, who became a pianist. When Alan was 8, the siblings formed the Shulman Trio and performed in concerts throughout the Baltimore area. They were some of the earliest musicians to perform in radio commercials. All three children attended the Peabody Conservatory where they studied under Louis Cheslock and Alan, who started his training there at age 10, studied the cello under Bart Wirtz. Shulman wrote his first music composition during his first year studying at the Peabody Conservatory.

At the age of 14, Shulman and his family relocated to Brooklyn, New York. He attended Erasmus Hall High School between 1928 and 1929 and Brooklyn Vocational High School between 1929 and 1932. In 1929 he won a scholarship from the New York Philharmonic which enabled him to continue his music studies further with cellist Joseph Emonts and composer Winthrop Sargeant for the next three years. He played with the National Orchestral Association under conductor Léon Barzin from 1929 to 1932.

Shulman joined Chapter 802 of the American Federation of Musicians in 1931. He entered the Juilliard School in 1932 where he studied for five years, principally under cellist Felix Salmond and composers Albert Stoessel and Bernard Wagenaar. While a student he began performing with a string quartet that played popular music for the NBC network in 1933. He also worked as the group's arranger. He joined the Kreiner String Quartet in 1935, playing with them through 1938. He also started writing his first serious compositions during this time, notably writing music for the American Children's Theatre production of Hans Christian Andersen's The Chinese Nightingale in 1934. Upon graduating in 1937, he pursued further studies with cellist Emanuel Feuermann in 1939 and composer Paul Hindemith in 1942.

Early career
During the 1930s and 1940s Shulman worked actively as an arranger for such people as Leo Reisman, Andre Kostelanetz, Arthur Fiedler, and Wilfred Pelletier. In 1942 he became a member of the American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers. During the mid-1940s, he taught orchestration to Nelson Riddle who later garnered fame as an arranger for singers Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald and Nat King Cole.

In 1937 the Shulman brothers joined the brand new NBC Symphony Orchestra which was established by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company especially for conductor Arturo Toscanini. The following year Alan and Sylvan were among the founding members of the New Friends of Rhythm, a symphonic jazz group that made many recordings between 1939 and 1947, including several by Shulman. Other members of the group included harpist Laura Newell, jazz clarinetists Buster Bailey and Hank D'Amico, and singer Maxine Sullivan among others. Also in 1938, the two brothers established the Stuyvesant String Quartet, which remained active through 1954. The string quartet excelled in performing and recording contemporary works by such composers as Ernest Bloch, Sergei Prokofiev, Gian Francesco Malipiero, Hindemith and Fritz Kreisler. They notably played the American premiere of Dmitri Shostakovich's Piano Quintet at Carnegie Hall in 1941. Musicologist Tully Potter, a string-specialist, said the following:

The Shulman brothers were among a small group of fabulously gifted New York-based string players whose careers showed a constant tug between earning a living – which often led them into orchestral and session work – and doing something more artistic. It was a nightmare trying to run a string quartet in the United States, where distances were so great and there was not the infrastructure of music societies that existed in Europe. Had the Stuyvesant Quartet been privately sponsored, as some American groups were, or given a residency, it would be remembered today as one of the best of its time. As it was, it left a small but valuable corpus of recordings – and a recent reissue proved that the best of these performances have lost nothing of their power.

In 1941, Shulman's Theme and Variations for Viola and Orchestra was premiered by the NBC Symphony Orchestra with violist Emanuel Vardi. The work was Shulman's first major success and it is now considered a standard part of the viola repertoire. The following year he left the NBC Symphony Orchestra when he decided to join the United States Maritime Service with the intent of becoming a United States Merchant Marine. After receiving his training he spent the next several years serving in the USMM at Sheepshead Bay, between 1943 and 1945. During this time he was still able to pursue musical interests and work during his off hours. In 1944 his Suite on American Folk Songs premiered at Carnegie Hall with violinist Eudice Shapiro and pianist Vivian Rivkin. That same year his Pastorale and Dance was played for the first time by Sylvan on ABC Radio. The work received its concert premiere three years later with Oscar Shumsky and the Baltimore Symphony. Shulman also worked frequently with soprano Rise Stevens during the mid-1940s, arranging five  cross-over albums for her between 1945 and 1947 in addition to other projects.

Middle life and career
After the war, Shulman married the pianist Sophie Pratt Bostelmann on 17 September 1946. They had met previously while they were both students at Juilliard. Their first child, Jay, a cellist, was born in 1949, followed by his daughter Laurie, a musicologist, in 1951, his son Marc, a guitarist, in 1953, and his daughter Lisa in 1956. Shulman returned to his position at the NBC Symphony Orchestra in 1948. That same year he became a member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. The following year the NBC Symphony Orchestra premiered his Waltzes for Orchestra under conductor Milton Katims at Carnegie Hall. In 1950 his string quartet Threnody, written in honor of Israel's fallen soldiers, was premiered by the NBC String Quartet during Jewish Music Week. In 1954 the NBC Symphony Orchestra disbanded when Toscanini retired, and Shulman, along with several other members of the Symphony Orchestra, formed a new ensemble for NBC called the "Symphony of the Air". He remained with the Symphony of the Air for three years.

During the 1950s Shulman wrote numerous popular songs with entertainer Steve Allen and he did several arrangements for Skitch Henderson, Raoul Poliakin and Felix Slatkin. In 1956 he wrote his Suite Miniature for Octet of Celli which was commissioned by the Fine Arts Cello Ensemble of Los Angeles. That same year he was one of several musicians to found the Violoncello Society, later serving as the organization's president from 1967 to 1972. In 1959, during the midst of the Cold War, he was asked to join a Soviet-American composers' symposium organised by Nicolas Slonimsky for NBC. In addition to Shulman, the symposium included Americans Roy Harris and Howard Hanson and Russians Dmitri Shostakovich and Dmitry Kabalevsky.

Later life and career
Shulman played actively in chamber music with the Philharmonia Trio from 1962 to 1969 and the Haydn Quartet from 1972 until his wife's death in 1982. During his career he has also served on the faculties at Sarah Lawrence College, the Juilliard School, the State University of New York at Purchase, Johnson State College, and the University of Maine. Shulman retired in 1987 due to declining health. He died of complications from a stroke in a nursing home in Hudson, New York in 2002.

Selected works
Orchestra
 Waltzes (1949)
 Hatikvah (1949); arrangement for orchestra
 A Laurentian Overture (1951)
 Popacatepetl (1952)
 Prelude (1952)
 Hup-Two-Three-Four, Jazz March (1953)
 Ricky Tic Serenade (1954)
 In Memoriam Sophie (1982)
 Woodstock Waltzes for chamber orchestra (1985)
 Quilt (1986)

String orchestra
 A Nocturne for Strings (1938)
 Four Moods (1942); also for string quartet
 Threnody (1950); also for string quartet: Allegro, Intermezzo and Scherzo
 Portrait of Lisa (1954)
 Viennese Lace (1954)
 The Bop Gavotte (1954)
 Minuet for Moderns (1954)
 An Elizabethan Legend (1954)
 Ben Franklin Suite (1963)
 A New England Tarantella (1978)
 Ripe for Plucking (1987)

Wind ensemble
 Top Brass, Six Minutes for Twelve, Suite for brass ensemble (1958)
 Two Chorales for Brass for brass ensemble (1962)
 The Three Faces of Glen Cove for concert band (1968)
 Interstate 90 for symphonic winds (1968)
 The Corn Shuckers, March-Scherzo for concert band (1969)

Concertante
 Theme and Variations for viola and orchestra or piano (1940) or for viola, string orchestra and harp (1954)
 Poem for violin and orchestra or piano (1941)
 Pastorale and Dance for violin and orchestra (1944)
 Concerto for Cello and Orchestra (1948)
 Cadenzas for Mozart's Flute and Harp Concerto, K. 299 (1954)
 Kol Nidre for cello and orchestra or string quartet (1970)
 Variations for viola, string orchestra and harp (1984)

Chamber music
 Homage to Erik Satie for cello or viola and piano (1938)
 Waltz (Valse) for violin and piano (1939)
 Piece in Popular Style for viola and piano (1939)
 Lament for cello and piano (1939)
 Mood in Question for clarinet, string quartet and harp (1939)
 High Voltage for clarinet, string quartet, double bass, guitar and harp (1939)
 Serenade for cello and piano (1941)
 Four Moods for string quartet (1942); also for string orchestra
 Cradle Song for harp (1943); also for piano
 Folk Songs for Winds for wind quintet (1943)
 Suite Based on American Folk Songs for violin and piano (1944)
  Fare Ye Well, My Darlin'
  Little Bird
  The Mermaid
  Cod Liver 'Ile
  Johnny Stiles
  What Shall I Do with a Drunken Sailor?
 Rendezvous ("Rendezvous with Benny") for clarinet and string quartet (1946)
 Platter Chatter for clarinet, string quartet, double bass, guitar and harp (1946)
 J.S. on the Rocks (Nightcap) for clarinet, string quartet, double bass, guitar and harp (1947)
 Vodka Float (Sailor's Dance) for clarinet, string quartet, double bass, guitar and harp (1947)
 Suite for Solo Cello (1950)
 Allegro, Intermezzo and Scherzo for string quartet (1950); also for string orchestra: Threnody
 Suite for Solo Viola (1953)
 Suite Miniature for 8 cellos (1956)
 3 – 4 – J ("Three for Jay") for cello and piano (1960)
 Five Duos for Student and Teacher for 2 cellos (1960)
 Suite for the Young 'Cellist for cello and piano (1961)
 Three Sketches for double bass and piano (1963)
 Pastorale for 4 cellos (1964)
 Two Pair for 4 cellos (1964)
 Theme and Variations for 2 violins (1967); New Directions for Strings
 Duet for violin and viola or cello (1967); New Directions for Strings
 Study in 5ths for violin, or viola, or cello (1967); New Directions for Strings
 Passacaglia, Transcription from J.S. Bach for cello ensemble (1968)
 Aria from J.S. Bach's organ Pastorale in F major for 4 cellos (1969)
 Sarabande from J.S. Bach's English Suite No.3 for 4 cellos (1974)
 Berkshire Mist for 4 cellos (1975)
 Two Episodes for 4 violas (1978)
  Night
  Ancora
 Canadian Folksongs for 4 violins or violin ensemble (1978)
 Lament II for cello and piano (1983)

Piano
 Cradle Song (1943); also for harp
 Dripping Faucet, March (1959)
 Lopsided (1959)
 March (1960)
 Hues of Blues (1961)
 One Man Show, 9 short works (1961)
 Mexican Mountain Climb (1962)
 Sonatina for Sophie (1963)
 Jazz Grab Bag (1975)

Vocal
 Song of the Moon Festival in the Woods for voice and piano (1934); words by John Milton
 Tess' Lament for voice and piano (1959)

Film scores
 Tennessee Valley Authority (1946)
 Freedom and Famine (1946)
 Port of New York (1946)
 Behind Your Radio Dial (1948)
 The Tattooed Stranger (1950)

References

A compact disc of eight orchestral works of Alan Schulman's was released by Bridge Records in 2002 (BRIDGE 9119) as  The Music of Alan Schulman.

External links
 Alan Shulman website
Alan Shulman papers, 1924-2005 Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

1915 births
2002 deaths
American classical cellists
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Erasmus Hall High School alumni
Jewish classical musicians
Jewish American classical composers
Johnson State College faculty
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
State University of New York faculty
United States Merchant Mariners
University of Maine faculty
Musicians from Baltimore
Peabody Institute alumni
Pupils of Paul Hindemith
American people of Russian descent
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews
20th-century cellists


QuickSchools.com is an online school management system published by Maestro Planning Solutions, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2002.

Origins

In January 2008, Maestro published school administrative software  as an online system, and it was subsequently branded as QuickSchools.com a fully online school management system for small schools.

On August 17, 2009, QuickSchools released a brand new version of its school management system.

Service details

Manage school applications
The system allows users to log details of inquiries from parents or guardians and keep track of their contact details. Student applications can also be maintained along with grades achieved during any entrance exams.

Student information management
Details such as picture, subjects taken, classes attended, grades and extra-curricular activities can be tracked. Student grading can also be done for end of term reports and can be printed out in PDF.

Parents' portal
Parents can track the progress of their children on a daily basis. This makes it very hard if the student wants to cut, is missing an assignment, or is just plain tardy. The system will be sending parents e-mail  notification as soon as the teacher marks a student late/absent.

Online Master Scheduler
QuickSchools launched their stand-alone master scheduler in 2021 named Orchestra. Their cloud-based master schedule builder is designed for K12 and colleges, everywhere! Orchestra introduces wonderful innovations to the master schedule-building exercise that saves time and makes the entire process go much more smoothly.

Other features
Schedules can be generated for students, teachers, subjects and classrooms. Flexible to the type of information that the school wants to track about students. Foreign language character support for Arabic & Chinese are currently available.

Technology
QuickSchools.com is based on Maestro's optimalOne platform. QuickSchools.com runs on a Java EE backend. The front-end runs on Adobe Flash (previously Macromedia Flash). The use of Flash enables QuickSchools.com to run on many different browsers and on different operating systems. It also enables the Web2.0-style interface.
Servers are located in 2 locations around the world. The first location was established in Malaysia in January 2008, and the second location was established in Seattle, US in August 2008.

References

External links
QuickSchools.com
Official blog
Orchestra, online master scheduler

Cloud applications
Administrative software
School-administration software


Chad James Connell (born May 20, 1983) is a Canadian actor.

Connell is a graduate of Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University)'s theatre program in Toronto. He began acting in local productions in Ottawa at the age of 11. His first starring role was the role of Oliver in the musical of the same name. He played the role of Zakhar in the premiere Jason Sherman's adaptation of Gorky's Enemies while at university.

Connell has appeared in Degrassi: The Next Generation, Wild Roses, Prom Wars and Hallmark Channel's Taking a Chance on Love, as well as Lifetime's Double Wedding with Tia Mowry and Tamera Mowry. He appeared as the demon Lambert in the 2013 release of The Mortal Instruments, as well as the vampire Quinn on the television series adaptation, Shadowhunters.

In 2018, Connell recurred on Mike Clattenburg's CBC Comedy series Crawford, as the boyfriend to Jill Hennessy's character.

Connell will star alongside Tiya Sircar in the May 2019 Netflix Original movie Good Sam, based on the book by Dete Meserve.

Personal life
Aside from acting, Chad Connell has a keen interest in wine and owns a wine importing agency dealing in natural wines.  He is openly gay.

Filmography

References

External links

1983 births
20th-century Canadian male actors
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian gay actors
Male actors from Ottawa
Canadian male film actors
Canadian male stage actors
Canadian male television actors
Living people
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
20th-century Canadian LGBT people


I.R.S. No Speak was an instrumental-only imprint of the I.R.S. Records record label, founded by Miles Copeland III in January 1988. Inspired by the success of Peter Baumann's Private Music, Windham Hill Records and Capitol Records Cinema Records, Copeland wanted to feature some of the many excellent rock musicians who had been left unemployed by the 1980s disco and punk takeover of the music industry. He also wanted to take a poke at new-age music, stating in the introductory brochure, "It should be apparent that what No Speak isn't is New Age. No Speak eats New Age for breakfast." Though musically successful the label was not financially viable, and folded after only three years and 19 releases.

No Speak Catalog

References

American record labels
I.R.S. Records
1988 establishments in the United States


The Drago family has owned and operated some of the most famous high-end Italian restaurants in Los Angeles, California, since the 1980s. They are known for their pasta dishes. The family includes four brothers:Tanino, Calogero, Celestino, and Giacomino. Giacomino is co-owner of 11 Los Angeles restaurants—including Beverly Hills' iconic Il Pastaio and Via Alloro, and referred to as the scion of the family's restaurant businesses.

Celestino Drago immigrated to Los Angeles from Sicily in the mid-1970s, and held his first job with Osteria Romana Orsini on Pico Boulevard as a chef before leaving to launch Celestino, "his seminal Italian restaurant in Beverly Hills (now defunct but re-created in Pasadena under the same name)". He brought over three of his brothers from the family restaurant in Messina. Celestino parted ways with investor Art Vella in 1991.

Some of their dishes have been featured in cookbooks.

Restaurants
Celestino (in Beverly Hills until 1991; now operating in Pasadena)
L'Arancino (closed)
Celestino Steak House (West Hollywood, closed 2009)
Drago Santa Monica (closed)
Il Pastaio
Enoteca Drago Beverly Hills wine bar
Drago Centro (a Stanley Felderman designed restaurant in Downtown Los Angeles, opened 2009)
Osteria Drago (West Hollywood, opened 2012) (permanently closed)
Tanino Ristorante Bar
Panzanella Ristorante Sherman Oaks

See also
 List of Italian restaurants

References

Restaurants in Los Angeles
Italian-American culture in Los Angeles
Italian restaurants
Sicilian-American cuisine


Royal Palm Beach High School (RPBHS) also known as Royal Palm is a public high school in Royal Palm Beach, Florida with an enrollment of over 2,000 students. The school is a part of the School District of Palm Beach County.

Notable alumni
 Todd Centeio, professional football quarterback
 Jeff Choquette, racing driver
 Jordan Dangerfield (born 1990), NFL player
 Kason Gabbard, MLB starting pitcher
 Triston McKenzie, MLB pitcher, high school draftee 2015
 Jimmy Moreland, NFL player
 Jarrod Saltalamacchia, MLB catcher
 Matt Willhite, Democratic Representative District 86
 Fred Johnson (born 1997), is an NFL player. He is currently an offensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles.  He has formerly played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Pittsburgh Steelers.

References

High schools in Palm Beach County, Florida
Public high schools in Florida
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Florida


Shvaughn Erin is a fictional character in the 30th and 31st centuries of the , appearing primarily as a supporting character in the various Legion of Super-Heroes series. A native of the planet Earth, she is a member of the Science Police, the law enforcement arm of the United Planets.

Fictional biography

Original continuity
In the 30th century, the Resources Raiders attack Earth just as a diplomatic crisis develops between the United Planets and the Dominion. These dual crises prevent neophyte Science Police officer Shvaughn Erin from informing the Legion of Super-Heroes that one of its enemies has escaped from imprisonment.  Both events are precursors to the so-called "Earthwar", wherein the U.P. is attacked by the Khund Empire and the Dark Circle. The architect behind the conflict is eventually revealed to be the sorcerer Mordru—the escaped foe about whom Shvaughn tried to warn the Legion. She and Karate Kid fend off Khundian troops at Science Police Headquarters, which allows the combined forces of the Legion of Super-Heroes and the Legion of Substitute Heroes to later defeat Mordru, effectively ending the Earthwar.

The following year, Shvaughn is appointed Science Police Liaison Officer to the Legion.  On the first day of her new assignment, she is present when the rogue artificial intelligence Computo possesses a pre-teenaged Danielle Foccart and seizes control of Legion HQ. The crisis is averted when Danielle's older brother Jacques drinks the invisibility serum developed by Lyle Norg, allowing him to attack and immobilize Computo without being detected. Over time, Shvaughn works closely with Legion leader Element Lad. When Shrinking Violet is kidnapped by Imskian terrorists, Shvaughn and Element Lad expose the Durlan actress Yera, who has been duped into impersonating the size-changing Legionnaire. During that time period, Shvaughn and Element Lad begin a romantic relationship, soon falling deeply in love.

"Five Years Later"

Years later, Shvaughn has ended her relationship with Jan Arrah (Element Lad), and Earth's government has fallen under the covert control of the Dominion.  When a Dominion soldier assassinates Earth President Tayla Wellington on live galaxy-wide video broadcast, full-scale war breaks out.  During this period, it is revealed that Shvaughn's biological sex is male, and that for years he—Sean Erin—has been taking a medication known as "Profem" to biologically transform into a female. With open warfare across the planet, he is unable to maintain constant access to Profem. Jan is completely supportive when Sean physically reverts to his original male sex Sean Erin. Ultimately the Dominators are defeated, and Sean is appointed chief of the Science Police contingent on New Earth.

In the wake of the Zero Hour and Infinite Crisis limited series, the events of the "Five Years Later" era of Legion continuity are no longer canonical.

Post-Zero Hour
In Post-Zero Hour continuity, Shvaughn Erin is once again a Science Police officer. In the aftermath of a battle with an Emerald Eye-enthralled Shrinking Violet, Shvaughn is propelled back in time to 20th century Earth, along with Workforce member Inferno and a faction of eight Legionnaires. After many months and several encounters with 20th-century Earth’s superhero community, Shvaughn and the Legionnaires eventually find their way back to their own era.

In this continuity, Shvaughn is a grown adult, while Element Lad is still a teenager. Thus, the pair are not romantically linked. Further, the question of Shvaughn's birth gender is not addressed.

"Threeboot"
Shvaughn does not appear in the continuity featuring the so-called "Threeboot" Legion from Earth-Prime.

Post-Infinite Crisis
The events of the Infinite Crisis miniseries have apparently restored a close analogue of the Pre-Crisis on Infinite Earths Legion to continuity, as seen in "The Lightning Saga" story arc in Justice League of America and Justice Society of America, and in the "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" story arc in Action Comics.  Shvaughn Erin has yet to reappear.

Notes

Characters created by Paul Levitz
Comics characters introduced in 1978
DC Comics characters
DC Comics police officers
Female characters in comics
Fictional transgender women
DC Comics LGBT characters


Sebastian Blanck (born July 18, 1976) is an American musician and figurative painter, best known for his work with the band Black Dice and later his paintings.

Work

Early life
Blanck was born in 1976 in New Haven, Connecticut, to Maggie Land and Dr. Thomas J.J. Blanck, a professor and chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology at New York University Hospital. He received a B.F.A. in painting from the Rhode Island School of Design in 1998. In 2001, he was a visiting artist at the American Academy in Rome. In 2003 Sebastian Blanck married artist Isca Greenfield-Sanders, with family friend Lou Reed officiating the wedding.

Music
In the late 1990s, he became a founding member of the experimental electronica group Black Dice along with Bjorn Copeland, Hisham Bharoocha and Eric Copeland. Blanck has worked as a composer for short films and documentaries including; Thinking XXX (2004), Ghosts of Grey Gardens (2005), About Face: Supermodels Then and Now (2012) and more. After Blanck left Black Dice to focus on painting, he returned to music, but veered away from his former band's electronic aesthetic. On June 22, 2010, Blanck released an unplugged, folk, solo album called Alibi Coast on Rare Book Room Records.

Visual art
Blanck is based out of New York City. He has had solo exhibitions at Baldwin Gallery in Aspen Colorado, Bjorn Wetterling Gallery in Stockholm and Werkstatte Gallery in New York.

References

External links

 Sebastian Blanck on Artnet

1976 births
Living people
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
21st-century American male artists
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century American male artists
Rhode Island School of Design alumni in music


Internet 0 is a low-speed physical layer designed to route 'IP over anything.' It was developed at MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms by Neil Gershenfeld, Raffi Krikorian, and Danny Cohen.  When it was invented, a number of other proposals were being labelled as "internet 2."  The name was chosen to emphasize that this was designed to be a slow, but very inexpensive internetworking system, and forestall "high-performance" comparison questions such as "how fast is it?"

Effectively, it would enable a platform for pervasive computing -- everything in a building could be on the same network to share data gathering and actuation.  A light switch could turn on a light bulb by sending a packet to it, they can be linked together by the user.

History
Internet 0 was originally a minor, expedient bit of engineering support for other MIT projects.  It was intended to network buildings, improve efficiency, and gather data through the control of HVAC systems (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning).

The protocol works pretty well in a wide variety of media.  The wide utility and multiple media of the protocol interested network theorists.  It awakened a burst of academic papers, and started some commercial interest.

The simple, inexpensive implementation still appeals to hobbyists and students, where most of the new implementations were found as of 2011. Modern implementations are mostly software on small microcontrollers, usually with a transistor to transmit, and capacitors to isolate the transmitter and receiver.  The connector literally becomes the major expense of the communication system.  Such a simple, inexpensive system can be embedded into many devices to allow data retrieval or control via the Internet -- these small devices can be used to form an Internet of Things.

The current largest deployment of Internet 0 was at the Venice Biennale Architecture Exhibition, in the year 2008, by a group led by the Institute of Advanced Architecture of Catalonia, directed by the architect Vicente Guallart.

Theory
The idea behind Internet 0 is to provide a general-purpose physical layer that operates well in many media.  As such, it is very similar to morse code: a general-purpose layer 1 for the Internet.  Logically, this is a recursive application of the internet principle (a ubiquitous protocol) to layer 1 of the network.  The pulse-position modulation of Internet 0 operates best over a segregated wire, but it works in many media.  It has been tested over radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), ultrasonics, optical, DC and AC power wiring, and even physical representations such as printed bar codes and engraving on a key.

One of the main advantages of this approach is that routers become very simple.  They are just a sensor, pulse reshaper and a transmitter.

Coupling the reusable physical layer to the internet protocols enables a network with very inexpensive nodes that is also addressable from the global Internet.

Requirements
The design intent is to provide a simple, very inexpensive system that can transmit data slowly over many types of media, and yet still connect devices to the internet.  Connecting to the internet is a crucial part of the design, because much of the value of a networked device is provided by easy, wide access to it.  The higher layers of an Internet 0 network are usually Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), Internet Protocol (IP), and above that, usually User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or more rarely Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

The protocol layers are chosen to need a minimum of code, to keep the expense of the computer low.  Internet 0 has been implemented in small AVR microcontrollers.  In most existing implementations, the layers are not distinct, because small code is more important than elegant design.

A small translation device normally attaches a local network of Internet 0 devices to the serial port of a PC that acts as a gateway and firewall to the Internet.

Devices can talk directly to each other without requiring a server.  The distributed architecture ensures that there is no central point of failure.

Address assignment and cryptographic key initialization is sometimes performed by closing a contact on the device while having a master controller broadcast an assignment message.  Security is via a simplified encryption system.

Implementation
Internet 0 is similar to a serial port running at 9600 baud except it sends data by pulse-position modulation, and accepts up to 30% timing deviations.  The medium is broadcast, and half duplex.  Software in the receiving devices examines the IP address of each packet, rejecting unwanted packets.

A zero bit is a one-microsecond pulse in the center of the first half of a bit time, and a one is a pulse in the second half of a bit time.  Data is sent as 8 bit bytes.  A byte is preceded by a bit time that has two pulses (at both 1 and 0 times), and ends with a bit time that has another two pulses.  In some variations, the stop bit-time is optional, and the dual-pulse bit times are treated as byte separators.

The dual-pulse start and stop bit times permit a receiver to synchronize with the beginnings of bytes, and also measure the baud rate of a sender.  Synchronizing on 8-bit bytes permits a 9600 baud internet-0 connection to easily translate to a standard, low-speed 19,200 baud TCP/IP serial port.  The baud rate measurement permits senders and receivers to use inexpensive low-precision oscillators such as ceramic resonators or resistor-capacitor oscillators.

The most common interface uses the power supply wiring to the device.  The circuit is a small surface mounted capacitor between an AC mains wire or a DC power wire and a single digital pin of a small microcontroller that switches a high-power transistor briefly on, then off.  The pulses are normally generated by having software toggle a digital I/O pin on the microcontroller.  They are received through another capacitor, by a microcontroller with a pin configured as an interrupt, or as a hardware timer's gate.

Commercial difficulties

While Internet 0 works in many media, for any given transmission medium there are usually competing, preexisting physical layers that are more reliable, higher speed or lower power, such as Homeplug, or G.hn for power-line networking, or  LIN for vehicles.  While they are usually not as flexible, and rarely as inexpensive, they are less surprising.

In the early exploration of the concept, Sun Microsystems, Cisco Systems and Schneider Electric were interested in commercial deployment. Schneider eventually decided to deploy Zigbee, a low-powered radio protocol.

See also
 Neil Gershenfeld
 Danny Cohen
 Internet of Things

References

 Cohen, D; Gershenfeld, N.: "Internet-0: Interdevice Internetworking", IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, September/October 2006, Vol:22, Issue:5, pp. 48–55

External links
Internet 0 at MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms
Programming Bits and Atoms Google TechTalk by Neil Gershenfeld, 27 October 2008
Internet 0: Inter-device Internetworking
Internet 0 info
Hyperhabitat: Reprogramming the World - Venice Biennale Architecture Exhibition
Boing Boing - "Internet 0 -- Bringing IP to the Leaf Node

Internet protocols
Internet of things


Olrog's four-eyed opossum (Philander olrogi) is a South American species of opossum found in eastern Bolivia, first described in 2008 based on specimens collected in 1974. It inhabits the lowland Amazon rainforest, with an elevation range of 150 to 250 m. The species is named after Swedish-Argentine biologist Claes C. Olrog. It is sympatric with P. opossum, which it resembles. The two species differ in several ways, such as ventral fur color and condition of the zygomatic arch.

References

Opossums
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Peru
Mammals described in 2008


Karabağlar is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 89 km2, and its population is 479,338 (2022). It covers the south-central part of the metropolitan area of İzmir. The district of Karabağlar was created in 2008 from part of the district of Konak.

Composition
There are 58 neighbourhoods in Karabağlar District:

 Abdi İpekçi
 Adnan Süvari
 Ali Fuat Cebesoy
 Ali Fuat Erdem
 Araphasan
 Aşık Veysel
 Aydın
 Bahar
 Bahçelievler
 Bahriye Üçok
 Barış
 Basın Sitesi
 Bozyaka
 Çalıkuşu
 Cennetçeşme
 Cennetoğlu
 Devrim
 Doğanay
 Esenlik
 Esentepe
 Esenyalı
 Fahrettin Altay
 Gazi
 General Asım Gündüz
 General Kazım Özalp
 Gülyaka
 Günaltay
 İhsan Alyanak
 Karabağlar
 Kavacık
 Kazımkarabekir
 Kibar
 Limontepe
 Maliyeciler
 Metin Oktay
 Muammer Akar
 Osman Aksüner
 Özgür
 Peker
 Poligon
 Refet Bele
 Reis
 Salih Omurtak
 Sarıyer
 Şehitler
 Selvili
 Sevgi
 Tahsin Yazıcı
 Tırazlı
 Üçkuyular
 Uğur Mumcu
 Umut
 Uzundere
 Vatan
 Yaşar Kemal
 Yunusemre
 Yurtoğlu
 Yzb. Şerafettin

See also
Hatay, İzmir

References

Populated places in İzmir Province
Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey


New Classical Adventure (NCA) is a classical music record label based in Hamburg, Germany and founded in 1992.

References

External links
http://www.ncamusic.com/

New Classical Adventure
German record labels
1992 establishments in Germany


Bayraklı is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 30 km2, and its population is 298,519 (2022). It covers the northern part of the metropolitan area of İzmir. The district of Bayraklı was created in 2008 from part of the district of Karşıyaka.

Composition
There are 24 neighbourhoods in Bayraklı District:

 75. Yıl
 Adalet
 Alparslan
 Bayraklı
 Çay
 Cengizhan
 Çiçek
 Doğançay
 Emek
 Fuat Edip Baksi
 Gümüşpala
 Körfez
 Manavkuyu
 Mansuroğlu
 Muhittin Erener
 Onur
 Org. Nafiz Gürman
 Osman Gazi
 Postacılar
 Refik Şevket Ince
 Soğukkuyu
 Tepekule
 Turan
 Yamanlar

See also
Bayraklı Tunnels

References

Populated places in İzmir Province

Districts of İzmir Province
Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey


The Honorary Consul (released in the US as Beyond The Limit) is a 1983 British drama film directed by John Mackenzie, and starring Michael Caine, Richard Gere, Bob Hoskins and Elpidia Carrillo. It is based on the 1973 novel The Honorary Consul by Graham Greene.

Plot summary
The story is set in Corrientes, a small town in north east Argentina. Eduardo Plarr is a doctor of Paraguayan and British parentage. As a boy, he was forced to flee his native Paraguay after the arrest and subsequent disappearance of his father, a dissident. Plarr makes the acquaintance of the dissolute and heavy-drinking Charley Fortnum, the honorary British consul. He also meets Colonel Perez, the local police chief.

While attending patients in a shanty town, Plarr meets Leon, an old school friend from Paraguay. Leon was ordained as a priest but left the priesthood to get married. He is now involved in a group of militant activists.

Fortnum asks Plarr to come to his house to attend to his wife, who is complaining of stomach cramps. Plarr recognises the wife as Clara, a girl who previously worked at the town's brothel. Plarr later meets Clara while she is out shopping. They begin a passionate affair.

Leon visits Plarr in his surgery, along with Aquino, another activist. The two men try to persuade Plarr to help in a plot to kidnap the American ambassador, who is due to visit the district, and to exchange him for political prisoners held in Paraguay. Plarr initially refuses, but reluctantly agrees when Leon tells him that his father is one of the prisoners. Plarr gives Leon details of the ambassador's itinerary which he obtains from Fortnum. He also gives him some morphine to be used to pacify the ambassador.

The kidnapping is planned for the day of the ambassador's visit to a nearby waterfall. His party sets out in two cars, with Fortnum driving the first car, the ambassador in the passenger seat. The rest of the party follows in a second car. The kidnappers' first attempt to intercept the cars fails when they get held up by a military convoy. A second, apparently successful, attempt is made on the return journey.

Later, Plarr receives a phone call from Leon, who is afraid that the ambassador has fallen into a coma after receiving a morphine overdose. Plarr goes to a shack in the shanty town where the group is holding the ambassador. He determines that the patient is in no danger from the morphine, but informs Leon that the person they kidnapped is not the American ambassador: he is the Fortnum, the British consul. While at the waterfall, the ambassador, shocked by Fortnum's reckless driving and heavy drinking, had insisted that they change places for the return journey; the ambassador took the wheel with the consul in the passenger seat, hence the wrong person being kidnapped.

Despite Plarr warning the dissidents that Fortnum has no value to the authorities, the group proceed with their demand for the release of ten political prisoners. Plarr travels to Buenos Aires in an unsuccessful attempt to persuade the British ambassador to intervene. On his return, Plarr learns from Perez that his father has been killed a year earlier when trying to escape.

Plarr is again summoned to the shack, this time to treat Fortnum for a gunshot wound sustained while trying to flee from a latrine. Plarr is furious with Leon for misleading him over his father's death. Fortnum overhears Plarr telling Leon of his adultery with Clara and saying that he, not Fortnum, is the father of the child that Clara is expecting.

Meanwhile, police and soldiers arrive at the shanty town and surround the shack. Plarr leaves the shack in an attempt to negotiate with Perez, but is shot down. The soldiers then storm the shack, killing all the occupants except Fortnum. On his return home, Fortnum and Clara are reconciled. He accepts the fact that he is not the father of the baby, and even suggests naming the child Eduardo, after Plarr.

Cast
 Michael Caine as Charley Fortnum
 Richard Gere as Eduardo Plarr
 Bob Hoskins as Colonel Perez
 Elpidia Carrillo as Clara Fortnum
 Joaquim de Almeida as Leon
 A Martinez as Aquino
 Geoffrey Palmer as the British Ambassador
 Leonard Maguire as Dr. Humphries
 Ramón Alvarez as father of Eduardo Plarr

Production
The film was produced by Norma Heyman, the first British woman to produce a solo independent feature film.

The movie was filmed on location in Veracruz, Mexico and Mexico City, and at the Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England.

Release and reception
The film grossed $5.998 million at the U.S. box office. It received mixed reviews. The staff of Variety wrote that "strong talents on both sides of the camera haven’t managed to breathe life into this intricate tale of emotional and political betrayal and [the] result is a steady dose of tedium." Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote of "the grossly meaningless title that has been attached—like a bathtub to a car—to the screen adaptation of The Honorary Consul, Mr. Greene's 1973 novel", and praised some of the performances and the location shooting, yet remarked that "With the best of intentions and no little talent, John Mackenzie, the director, and Christopher Hampton, the writer, have made a movie that in some respects becomes an unkind criticism of the novel. The Honorary Consul is a much more complicated, mysterious work than one might suspect from this rather literal if quite faithful condensation."

Notes

References

External links

1983 films
Films set in Argentina
1980s political drama films
British political drama films
Adultery in films
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by Graham Greene
Paramount Pictures films
Films directed by John Mackenzie (film director)
Films scored by Stanley Myers
1983 drama films
1980s English-language films
1980s British films


"Lovin' You Against My Will" is a song written by Jamie O'Hara and recorded by American country music artist Gary Allan. It was released in April 2000 as the second single from Allan's 1999 album Smoke Rings in the Dark.  The song reached number 34 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Content
The song is about a man's emotions and lack of willpower when dealing with infidelity.

Critical reception
An uncredited review in Billboard was favorable, praising the electric guitar and a string section, while comparing the song's sound to a mix of Johnny Rivers and Bruce Springsteen.

Chart performance

References

2000 singles
Gary Allan songs
1999 songs
Songs written by Jamie O'Hara (singer)
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Song recordings produced by Byron Hill
Song recordings produced by Mark Wright (record producer)
MCA Nashville Records singles
Songs about infidelity