Calle Jonsson (born 9 June 1983) is a Swedish citizen born in Långträsk, Piteå who was arrested in July 2001 on the Greek island of Kos, accused of attempted murder. His case is one of Sweden's most known and reported criminal cases in modern times.

Detention and first trial
Jonsson was arrested on the island of Kos on 26 July 2001, accused of attacking Christoforos Serdaris—a waiter from Thessaloniki, Greece—while on holiday.  Serdaris lost consciousness after he had been stabbed five times in the thigh, and three times in the chest and abdomen. Jonsson denied all charges against him from the time he was arrested. He was in custody until February 2002 when he was released on bail and returned to Sweden. In November 2003, a Swedish court ruled that he must return to Greece to face trial. Jonsson's family told the newspaper Aftonbladet that Serdaris had sought a payoff of , and began the legal proceedings when the family refused to pay. Jonsson decided not to attend the trial, as he said he did not trust the Greek justice system.

In the autumn 2004, Greece decided to have Jonsson extradited to the country via a European arrest warrant. The Swedish Supreme Court granted the request in November 2004.  The request marked the first time Sweden was compelled to extradite a citizen under a 2004 law requiring European Union member states to trust each other's legal systems.  An earlier extradition attempt had failed when Greece's parliament did not ratify the European arrest warrant legislation.

Jonsson was handed over to the Greek courts in January 2005 after he had appealed the ruling to all Swedish authorities.  During the trial held on the isle of Rhodes, the prosecution described a fight between Jonsson and Serdaris. Serdaris claimed that Jonsson had attacked him. DNA evidence showed that Serdaris's blood was on the shirt Jonsson was wearing at the time of the alleged attack.  Jonsson claimed that the Greek police had smeared his shirt with Serdaris's blood in an attempt to frame him.  Greek police did not examine the crime scene.  According to Jonsson's attorney, Leif Silbersky, the Greek police had placed Jonsson's clothes in the same drawer as Serdaris's clothes, causing DNA contamination.  The clothing was held in Kos after the attack but was not analyzed before the trial; in fact, the clothes were not moved from Kos to the courtroom in Rhodes until the prosecutor requested an adjournment to have them brought in. Silbersky also pointed out that Serdaris did not identify Jonsson as his attacker at the time of the incident. When Serdaris was first shown Jonsson, Serdaris said that Jonsson could not be the person who attacked him.

Georgios Economou, the prosecutor, said that Jonsson was found lying under Sedaris, which could have indicated Jonsson stabbed him in self-defense, according to Economou.  Economou also noted Jonsson's youth and lack of fluency in Greek. Accordingly, Economou recommended a mild sentence. Jonsson faced a maximum prison sentence of 20 years, which, per the terms of his extradition agreement, would have been served in a Swedish prison.

On 12 April 2005, the jury unanimously found Jonsson not guilty. He was released immediately.  Serdaris's lawyer announced plans to appeal.

Retrial
In November 2006, the Greek Court of Cassation ruled that Jonsson must be retried. The ruling stated, "We wonder how the t-shirt came into contact with the stabbed person's shoes and trousers."  The Swedish Foreign Ministry described the court's order as "extremely surprising".

The trial was supposed to begin on 19 November 2007 but was postponed when Jonsson failed to appear.  Jonsson's lawyer Silbersky had advised him not to attend; if he had appeared voluntarily and were found guilty, he would have served his sentence in a Greek jail. If the Greek authorities were forced to issue a European arrest warrant for him, he would have the option to serve his sentence in a Swedish prison.  A strike by lawyers in Greece also contributed to the postponement.

In April 2009, Greek officials charged Jonsson and his parents with perjury, false statement, and aggravated defamation. Silbersky called the charges "absolutely ridiculous", saying that the case had become a matter of prestige for the Greek officials.

Influence
Parallels to Jonsson's case were drawn with the case of "Swedish Anna", a Swedish woman vacationing in Greece who reported being raped to the Greek police. The case was closed before it went to trial, and Anna was prosecuted by the Greek justice system for defamation. The Jonsson and Anna cases lead to calls for Swedish vacationers to boycott Greece; experts predicted this call would have no impact on tourism.

References

1983 births
Living people
2001 crimes in Greece
People from Piteå
Crime in Greece


Novosedly () is a municipality and village in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,300 inhabitants.

Geography
Novosedly is located about  northwest of Břeclav and  south of Brno. It lies in the Dyje–Svratka Valley. The highest point is the Syslík hill at  above sea level. The municipality is situated on the right bank of the Thaya River.

History

The first written mention of Novosedly is from 1276, when it was acquired by the convent in Dolní Kounice. The village was probably founded as a typical colonization settlement in the first half of the 13th century. In the mid-14th century, the village was annexed to the Drnholec estate and shared its owners and fates. This state lasted until the establishment of an independent municipality in 1848.

After World War I the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary was split up. By the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the municipality became part of Czechoslovakia and got its Czech name. Following the Munich Agreement German troops marched into Novosedly in October 1938. From that time onward the municipality belonged to the Reichsgau Niederdonau until 1945. After the World War II, the municipality fell back to Czechoslovakia. The German population was expelled and their properties were confiscated.

Demographics

Economy
Novosedly is known for viticulture and wine-making. The municipality lies in the Mikulovská wine sub-region.

Transport

Novosedly lies on the railway line from Břeclav to Znojmo.

Sights
The Church of Saint Ulrich is one of the few original Romanesque church buildings in the area. The original Romanesque phase was covered by Gothic and other modifications, but the Romanesque windows in the attic, found during the restoration of the church in 1946, were preserved.

References

External links

Villages in Břeclav District


The 101st Jäger Division () was a light infantry Division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in July 1942 by the redesignation of the 101st (Light) Infantry Division (), which was itself formed in December 1940. The Walloon Legion was briefly attached to this division from December 1941 to January 1942. The Division took part in the Battle of Kharkov, the Battle of the Caucasus, and the retreat into the Kuban, where it suffered heavy losses fighting both the Red Army and partisans. The division was then involved in the battles in the Kuban bridgehead before being evacuated. The 101st was subsequently transferred to the lower Dnieper River in late 1943. It was part of the 1st Panzer Army that was surrounded in March 1944; it formed the rear guard for the XLVI Panzer Corps during the breakout of the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. The division then retreated across Ukraine. In October 1944, it was moved to Slovakia and took part in the Battle of the Dukla Pass.

During the last year of the war, it fought in Hungary and Austria; by the end of the war, it had been reduced to the size of a Kampfgruppe.

Background
The division was raised, as the 101st Light Infantry Division (), on 10 December 1940 near Prague in the German-dominated Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Its home station was initially at Heilbronn and later at Karlsruhe, both in Wehrkreis V, located in the Baden-Württemberg region of Germany. Roughly one-third of the initial strength of the unit was transferred from the 35th Infantry Division, which had participated in the invasion of France and the Low Countries earlier that year, including fighting in Belgium and around Dunkirk. It had then served as part of the occupation forces on the Belgian coast.

The principal fighting units of the four light infantry divisions raised during the 12th "wave" of recruitment for the German Armyone of which was the 101st Light Infantry Divisionwere two infantry regiments of three battalions each, an artillery regiment consisting of one motorised battery of 15 cm sFH 18 heavy field howitzers and three battalions of 10.5 cm leFH 18 light howitzers, and a reconnaissance battalion consisting of a bicycle company and a horse-mounted cavalry company. What motor vehicles they were issued with had usually been captured. They were equipped as "pursuit" divisions. The division joined General der Infanterie Hans-Wolfgang Reinhard's LI Army Corps once established.

Operations
The division remained with LI Army Corps during the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, attacking from Austria into northern Yugoslavia as part of the 2nd Army. However, only some elements of the division were allocated to LI Army Corps on 5 Aprilthe day before the invasion beganand the rest was not transferred to LI Army Corps control until 10 April, by which time the very limited Yugoslav resistance had been completely broken. With the Yugoslavs defeated, the division was transferred to LII Army Corps, which was part of the 17th Army. After a brief period under LV Army Corps, part of the 6th Army deployed in occupied Poland, the division returned to LII Army Corps in time for the invasion of the Soviet Union in June.

The division was committed to the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, as part of Army Group South. It fought in the Battle of Uman in Ukraine from mid-July to mid-August, during which Army Group South encircled and annihilated the Red Army's 6th and 12th Armies. and was transferred to Army Group South reserve in mid August. It transferred back briefly to LII Army Corps in September, before being re-allocated to LV Army Corpsnow with 17th Armylater that month. In early October, the division was briefly transferred XI Army Corps, before being transferred back to LV Army Corps and then to XVII Army Corps by early November. During this period the division fought in the Battle of Kiev and First Battle of Kharkov. In early December, the division was transferred to the reserve of the 17th Army.

The division then fought through the winter battles of 1941–1942. In early January 1942, the division was transferred to LII Army Corps, with which it had begun Operation Barbarossa. At the end of that month, half the division was transferred to the XXXXIV Army Corps, while the remainder stayed with LII Army Corps. In late April, the remainder of the division transferred to the XXXXIV Army Corps. The division fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov in May 1942, and the capture of Rostov in July of that year. It was then committed to the Battle of the Caucasus which raged from July 1942 until the retreat into the Kuban bridgehead in early 1943. In the latter operation, the division suffered heavy losses, both from the Red Army and partisans.

The division was evacuated across the Kerch Strait and transported through Crimea to the lower Dnieper River in the latter part of 1943, where it fought at Nikolajew and Vinniza. In March 1944, the division was surrounded along with the 1st Panzer Army, and formed part of the rearguard when XXXXVI Panzer Corps conducted its successful breakout from encirclement. The division was praised for its conduct during the withdrawal across northern Ukraine, it fought in the Carpathians, and was then withdrawn to the German-aligned Slovak Republic in late 1944.

On 1 January 1945, the 101st Jäger Division (then under Army Group Heinrici of Army Group A) had a strength of 8,510 men. It was deployed south in early in 1945, by which time two of its Jäger battalions were made up of USSR-recruited Osttruppen. The division fought rearguard actions during the withdrawal through Hungary and Austria. Reduced to kampfgruppe strength by the end of the war, it managed to surrender to US forces in the German-annexed Sudetenland.

Commanders
The following officers commanded the division:
Generalmajor then Generalleutnant Erich Marcks (10 December 1940 - 26 June 1941)
Generalleutnant Josef Brauner von Haydringen (26 June 1941 - 11 April 1942)
Oberst then Generalmajor Erich Diestel (11 April 1942 - 1 September 1942)
Oberst then Generalmajor then Generalleutnant Emil Vogel (1 September 1942 - 12 July 1944)
Generalleutnant Dr. Walter Assmann (12 July 1944 - 8 May 1945)

Order of battle
The order of battle of the division was as follows:
228th Jäger Regiment
229th Jäger Regiment
85th Artillery Regiment
101st Reconnaissance Battalion
101st Engineer Battalion
101st Panzerjäger (Anti-tank) Battalion
101st Signals Battalion
101st Field Replacement Battalion
101st Divisional Supply Troops
101st Pack Mule Battalion

Notable members
Willi Heinrich, author of The Willing Flesh (1956), which was turned into the movie The Cross of Iron (1977), served in the division.

Footnotes

References

Jäger Divisions
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


Final Solution is a 2001 film set in South Africa based on the real-life stories of Gerrit Wolfaardt and Moses Moremi, with themes of morality, tolerance, and forgiveness. Written and directed by Cristóbal Krusen, the title of the film comes from the Nazi Final Solution which was the inspiration of a plan with an apartheid motive in the film.

Krusen said that the idea for making a film in South Africa first came to him in 1988 during the filming of Ropa Nueva para Felipe in Mexico. He made numerous trips to South Africa during the 1990s to observe firsthand race relations in the country and seek material for a story that would demonstrate radical transformation from hatred to love between former enemies.

Cast
 John Kani as  Rev. Peter Lekota
 Jan Ellis as   Gerrit Wolfaardt
 Langley Kirkwood as Pieter
 David S. Lee as  Jan Oosthuizen
 Mpho Lovinga as  Moses Moremi
 Bruce Marchiano as  Jake
 Regardt van den Bergh as  Gerber
 Liezel van der Merwe as  Celeste
 Marius Weyers as  Mr. Wolfaardt

External links

From One Blood - Garrit Wolfhaardt

Apartheid films
2001 films
2001 drama films
English-language South African films
Afrikaans-language films
Films shot in South Africa
South African drama films


Nazio-Juve was the nickname of the group of Juventus F.C. players called up to have been the backbone to the Italy national football team managed by Vittorio Pozzo to have won the 1934 FIFA World Cup and two editions of the Central European International Cup (1927–30 and 1933–35).

With this group the side managed by Carlo Carcano have dominated the Italian football and had one of the best teams in Europe during the first half of the 1930s, winning amongst others a record of five national championships in a row and reached the Central European Club Cup's semifinals since 1932 to 1935, and included the formidable defensive trio Combi-Rosetta-Caligaris, Giovanni Ferrari, Felice Borel II and the oriundi Luis Monti, Raimundo Orsi and Renato Cesarini.

Players

Italy players that won the 1934 FIFA World Cup and/or the 1927–30 and 1933–35 Central European International Cup.

 Luigi Bertolini
 Carlo Bigatto I
 Felice Placido Borel II
 Umberto Caligaris
 Luigi Cevenini III
 Renato Cesarini
 Gianpiero Combi
 Giovanni Ferrari
 Luis Monti
 Federico Munerati
 Raimundo Orsi
  Virginio Rosetta
 Mario Varglien I
 Giovanni Varglien II
 Giovanni Vecchina

See also
 Italy national football team
 Juventus F.C. and the Italy national football team
 Blocco-Juve

Footnotes and references

Bibliography

Nazio-Juve
Nazio-Juve
Nicknamed groups of association football players
History of football in Italy
1930–31 in Italian football
1931–32 in Italian football
1932–33 in Italian football
1933–34 in Italian football
1934–35 in Italian football
Italy at the 1934 FIFA World Cup


Al-Zahra () is a Palestinian municipality in the Gaza Governorate, south of Gaza, in the central Gaza Strip. It's the home of the University of Palestine, and Ummah Open University. In 2017, it had a population of 5,338. There were 837 housing units and 237 other buildings in the town.

References

Villages in the Gaza Strip
Municipalities of the State of Palestine


Gurbaksh Singh (1895–1977) was an Indian novelist and short story writer with more than fifty books to his credit in Punjabi. He is also considered the father of modern Punjabi prose and received Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, New Delhi in 1971.

Armed with an engineering degree from the Thomson Engineering College (present day IIT Roorkee), he also studied Civil Engineering at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Preet Nagar
Gurbakhsh Singh established Preet Nagar township that was equidistant between Amritsar and Lahore. Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari, through his personal charisma, brought people like Balraj Sahni, Nanak Singh,  artist Sobha Singh and Diwan Singh, father of Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Arora of Bangladesh war fame, apart from associating Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Sahir Ludhianvi, Upendra Nath Ashq and Kartar Singh Duggal, playwright Balwant Gargi, poets Mohan Singh and Amrita Pritam: the best talent of the time — to Preet Nagar. The martyr Diwan Singh Kalepani, principal Teja Singh, principal Jodh Singh were closely associated. Prime Minister Nehru once visited. Mahatma Gandhi and Tagore were aware of it. Mulkh Raj Anand, a renowned writer in English, said that Tagore's legacy was carried forward by four in India, and counts Gurbakhsh Singh as one of these.

He brought great solace and a sense of adventure to the upcoming middle class and would-be professionals, through his writings in the journal he founded in 1933. This journal Preet-Lari or Linked (through) Love, preceded the setting up of the township by 5 years.
The township was in line with the international trend for Intentional Communities, it  had a community kitchen, an activity-based school called Activity School, a park, physical, artistic, political, economic activity, a team of peace corps, gatherings of like minds, theatrical activity, picnics, etc.

Although Preet Nagar suffered a lot at the time of India's partition (it is situated merely a few kilometers from the border that divides India and Pakistan) and most of its inhabitants migrated to Delhi and other cities during those turbulent days, Gurbaksh Singh and his family returned to live there with a few other families.

In the mid-1990s, two decades after Gurbaksh Singh's death, a Trust named 'Gurbaksh Singh Nanak Singh Foundation' was set up to restart cultural activities in Preet Nagar. A building was erected to host a library, an indoor conference hall and an amphitheater. Currently, under the chairperson-ship of the eldest daughter of the writer, Uma Gurbaksh Singh,  plays are staged every month in the amphitheater to entertain and educate the local people. This tradition has been going on for the last ten years and Punjabi plays from all over the state as well as neighboring Pakistan have been performed there.

Preet Lari
To share his vision and philosophy of life with others, he started the monthly journal Preet Lari in 1933. The journal became so popular that Gurbaksh Singh came to be known as Gurbaksh Singh Preet Lari, although he himself never used this suffix as an author. During Gurbaksh Singh's lifetime, from the 1950s his son Navtej Singh, a well-known writer himself, started co-editing the journal with his father and remained its editor until his own death in 1981. After the death of Navtej Singh, his son Sumit Singh aka Shammi and Shammi's wife Poonam continued to run the magazine. Shammi was killed by Sikh fundamentalists as he wrote against extremism. The magazine is now run by Poonam Singh who is the editor and Rati Kant Singh, Shammi's younger brother and husband to Poonam Singh. Gurbaksh Singh's son Hirday Paul Singh edited "Bal Sandesh" the special children's magazine in Punjabi, also started by Sardar Gurbaksh Singh.

The journal Preet Lari carried translations, interpretations of western thought, trends as well as sought to reinvent indigenous institutions in the same,i.e., modern light.

The family members of Gurbakhsh  Singh supported his efforts and the next generation carried on the work during his lifetime and after.
The magazine, printed in four languages, influenced the generations now in their late seventies in Pakistan, too, and reached many countries such as Thailand. That is, wherever Punjabis were settled, it helped to bring about a cultural revolution.
It continues to be published today and can be read at preetlarimagazine.in edited by Poonam Singh, his granddaughter-in-law and published by his grandson Rati Kant Singh.

Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari Award
There is an Award for Punjabi writers, the Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari Award, which has been given to many modern Punjabi writers such as Dalbir Chetan as mentioned in Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M book.

References

External links
Preet Lari

Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Indian male novelists
1977 deaths
1895 births
Punjabi-language writers
Punjabi people
Sikh writers
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian male short story writers
20th-century Indian short story writers
Novelists from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian male writers


John Anthony Cheesewright (born 12 January 1973) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham City, Colchester United and Wycombe Wanderers. He played as a goalkeeper.

Career
Cheesewright was born in Romford, Havering. He began his football career as a trainee with Tottenham Hotspur, but was released in 1991 without playing for the first team. He joined Southend United, but again failed to appear for the first team. After a spell in non-League football with Kingsbury Town, he signed for Birmingham City, initially on a non-contract basis, in 1991. He made his debut in the Third Division on 14 December 1991 in a 2–1 defeat at AFC Bournemouth, and played in the Football League Trophy four days later, but after a few months he was allowed to leave for Cobh Ramblers.

After a spell with Dagenham & Redbridge, Cheesewright joined Braintree Town, where he impressed sufficiently to earn a move back to the Football League with Colchester United. The fee, of £10,000, was Braintree's record transfer fee received, and Cheesewright went on to play 40 league games for Colchester. In June 1995 he appeared on loan for Wimbledon in a 4–0 defeat to Bursaspor in a group match of the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup, when English clubs were not taking the competition seriously. A stint with Mansion in the Hong Kong First Division League preceded another return to the Football League, this time with Wycombe Wanderers, where he played 18 league games.

He then spent brief periods with Romford, Aldershot Town, and Heybridge Swifts, before attempting a return to the Football League with Barnet, where he signed as goalkeeping cover just before the April 1998 transfer deadline. Without playing for Barnet, Cheesewright moved on to play for a number of teams in the Hertfordshire and Essex area, including St Albans City, Leyton Pennant, Braintree Town, Heybridge Swifts (again), and finally, in 2000, as an outfield player for Eton Manor in the Essex Senior League.

As of 2008, Cheesewright was married with two children and was working as a wealth planning manager for a major bank.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Romford
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Kingsbury Town F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Cobh Ramblers F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Mansion (football) players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Romford F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Heybridge Swifts F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Waltham Forest F.C. players
Eton Manor F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
Hong Kong First Division League players


San Juan United FC is a Puerto Rican soccer team that plays in the Puerto Rico Soccer League 2nd Division.
They also play in the Liga Nacional.

2008 season
The team finished with a record of 3-1-3.

Liga Nacional
The team lost their first game 4-0 to Club Deportivo Gallitos

Current squad

References

Football clubs in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico Soccer League 2nd Division
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico teams


Pouzdřany () is a municipality and village in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.

Geography
Pouzdřany is located about  northwest of Břeclav and  south of Brno. It lies on the border between the Dyje–Svratka Valley and Lower Morava Valley. The municipality is situated on the left bank of the Svratka river. A part of the Nové Mlýny Reservoir lies in the southern part of the municipal territory.

History

The first written mention of Pouzdřany is from 1244, when it was called Pauzrams in a deed of King Wenceslaus I. The village often changed owners. In the 13th century, it was property of Boček of Obřany, the convent in Dolní Kounice, and Jindřich of Liechtenstein. In the 14th century, the owners were lords of Lipá or Mikuláš Dítě, then the manor was split between two Liechtensteins.

From 1556 to 1575, Pouzdřany was owned by Ambrož of Ottersdorf, who gave it various rights, including right to plant vineyards. In 1581, during the rule of Friedrich of Zierotin, Poudřany was promoted to a market town by Emperor Rudolf II. In 1538 the Anabaptists settled in the town, however, they were expelled in the early 17th century. Pouzdřany suffered from the passage of troops between 1597 and 1608. It was looted and almost completely burned down during the following Austro-Turkish War in 1663.

In 1865, a school was built here. From 1928 to 1938, a school for the Czech minority existed here.

After World War I the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary was split up. By the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Pouzdřany became part of the new Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the municipality was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Niederdonau until 1945. After the World War II, the municipality fell back to Czechoslovakia and the German population was expelled as a result of the Beneš decrees.

Demographics

Economy
Pouzdřany is known for viticulture. The municipality lies in the Mikulovská wine subregion. There are  of vineyards.

Transport
Pouzdřany lies on the railway line from Brno to Hustopeče.

Sights
The main landmark of Pouzdřany is the Church of Saint Nicholas. It was built in the late Gothic style around 1498, and in this form it has been preserved to this day. A massive Renaissance tower was added to it.

References

External links

Villages in Břeclav District


The Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (also known as "Direction générale du Transport aérien" (DGTA) in French, or "Directoraat-generaal Luchtvaart" (DGLV) in Dutch) is part of the FPS Mobility and Transport in Belgium, directed until 2010 by Secretary of State Etienne Schouppe (CD&V). At this moment , the director-general of the BCAA is Frank Durinckx (a.i.).The BCAA is responsible for the investigation of Aircraft Accidents and Incidents, Licensing, International and EU Affairs, Quality Services, Company Approvals, Airspace and Airports and Air Navigation Services in Belgium.

Aircraft accidents and incidents investigation
In Belgium, civil aviation accidents are investigated by the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (Federal Public Service Mobility and Transport – Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (BCAA) –Air Accident Investigation Unit) – with the full cooperation of the airline and other interested parties.

No airline representative can speculate publicly on the cause of the accident because only the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (BCAA) and its professional investigators can determine the “probable cause”.

While the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (BCAA) alone must make that finding, it works closely with experts from the airline, the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (BCAA), aircraft and engine manufacturers, and professional organizations representing pilots, flight attendants and air traffic controllers.

Airlines involved in the accident stand ready to support any investigation, with an accident team prepared to fly to an accident scene on short notice. These teams include specialists in such areas as safety, flight, maintenance and emergency procedures.

With these experts assisting, the Belgian Civil Aviation Authority (BCAA) will examine the accident scene, interview witnesses, analyse cockpit and data recorders from the airplane, and, if necessary, conduct a public hearing.

Because of the complexity of modern aircraft and the multitude of factors that can contribute to an accident, an investigation can take months, even years, to complete.

Given the need for careful analysis, it is irresponsible for airline representatives or others to rush judgements on the cause of the accident/incident before a methodical investigation is completed.

Accident investigation reports have been made public on the department's website.

Pilot licensing
Most Belgian pilot's licenses are managed at Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) level, and are issued and maintained by the BCAA on behalf of Joint Aviation Authorities: Private Pilot License, Commercial Pilot Licence, ATPL. Some types of license are not yet under JAR control, and these are issued by the BCAA under its own authority: ultralight, balloon. Glider licensing is delegated to regional federations.

External links

Website of the Department of Transportation and Mobility

Civil aviation in Belgium
Civil aviation authorities in Europe
Transport organisations based in Belgium


Holmalunds IF is a Swedish football club located in Alingsås.

Background
Since their foundation in 1933 Holmalunds IF has participated mainly in the middle and lower divisions of the Swedish football league system.  The club currently plays in Division 3 Mellersta Götaland which is the fourth tier of Swedish football. They play their home matches at the Brogårdsvallen in Alingsås.

The team's colors are red and white and the team is sometimes called "Holmen". Holmalunds IF are affiliated to the Västergötlands Fotbollförbund.

Season to season

Current Squad for the 2011 Season

External links
 Holmalunds IF – Official Club Website
 Holmalunds IF – Official Men's Football Website

Footnotes

Football clubs in Västra Götaland County
Association football clubs established in 1933
1933 establishments in Sweden


Leybourne Castle is a 13th-century castle in the parish of Leybourne, Kent. It is situated between West Malling and Larkfield. The two semi circular bastions of the twin towered gatehouse built in 1275 remain and are incorporated into a Tudor farmhouse that was extensively rebuilt around 1930. Some evidence of circular earthworks also remains. The curtain wall was extant until the 18th century but now none of it remains. It has strong links with the similar church very near it.

It is a Grade II* listed building.

Currently it is private property and inaccessible to the public

See also
Roger de Leybourne

References

External links
Leybourne Castle page at The Gatehouse

Exploring Kent's past, Kent County Council

Castles in Kent
Grade II* listed buildings in Kent


Jody Lawrance  (born  Nona Josephine Goddard; October 19, 1930 – July 10, 1986) was an American actress who starred in many Hollywood films during the 1950s through the early 1960s.

Biography
She was born October 19, 1930, as Nona Josephine Goddard, or Josephine Lawrence Goddard (sources disagree) in Fort Worth, Texas, to Ervin Silliman "Doc" and Eleanor Roeck Goddard. In 1935, Jody's father, Doc, married Grace Mckee (née Clara Grace Atchinson).  Grace and her foster daughter, Norma Jean Baker (Marilyn Monroe) moved in with the family in Van Nuys, California, and the two became stepsisters.

As a teenager, Lawrance attended Beverly Hills High School and Hollywood Professional School, training as an actress with Bento Schneider. In 1946, Lawrance performed as a swimmer in the Larry Crosby Water Show.

In 1949, she adopted the screen name Jody (short for Josephine) Lawrance (her maternal grandmother's maiden name) for her first role as Mary on The Silver Theatre television show.

Her first big break came in 1949 when she was signed to a 7-year contract with Columbia Pictures, earning $250 per week. In 1951, Lawrance made her screen debut in Mask of the Avenger starring John Derek. The Family Secret was her second film, again starring Derek along with Lee J. Cobb, followed by Ten Tall Men starring Burt Lancaster, which premiered in October 1951.

In 1952, she won the lead role in The Son of Dr. Jekyll with Louis Hayward and The Brigand starring Anthony Dexter. In 1953, Columbia asked Lawrance to make a musical, All Ashore with Mickey Rooney. Unsure of her singing ability, Lawrance asked to be replaced by another actor who would be better suited for the role. Columbia refused, and Lawrance reluctantly made the movie, but the studio branded Jody as a troublemaker, and in 1953 she was released from her contract.
Wanting to continue working, Lawrance took the role of Pocahontas in the controversial independent film Captain John Smith and Pocahontas which was universally panned and was a box office failure due to film's low budget and depiction of onscreen gun violence. Lawrance, on a budget, dyed her own hair black and suffered a horrible allergic reaction, but persevered and delivered one of her most memorable performances. Lawrance changed her last name to Lawrence for this film. It is unknown if it was because of contractual obligations, or simply a spelling mistake.
In 1954, in order to make ends meet, Lawrance took a job as a waitress at Robb's Restaurant in the Westwood district of Los Angeles and Blum's Ice Cream and Candy Shop in Beverly Hills. During this time, she was interviewed by Bob Thomas in a nationally syndicated article which appeared in January of the following year. In the article Lawrence explained that she was now only making a salary of five dollars a day with roughly an equal amount in tips. When asked why her career took a nosedive, she explained to Thomas, "I see now that I was temperamental. I didn't cooperate with publicity. I didn't want to do cheesecake, not because my legs are bad, because they aren't. My entire training has been as an actress, I didn't want to submit to the usual starlet routine."

In the Thomas article, Lawrence went on to say, "If I had to do it over again, I would do it differently. I realize now that cheesecake and publicity are an important part of the movie business."

During one of her shifts, she reportedly attempted to hide from Lancaster, her former co-star in Ten Tall Men, as he entered the restaurant. He spotted her anyway. "If you knew the jobs I've had," he said, "you wouldn't hide your face."

Burt later exclaimed, "What is Jody Lawrance, a movie star, doing working as a waitress?" Lawrance explained her situation and Burt vowed to help get her back into show business. A few weeks later, true to his word, Burt introduced Lawrence to his friend, the director of Casablanca Michael Curtiz. He subsequently spotted her at the restaurant himself, remembered her, offered her a screen test and cast Lawrance in the film The Scarlet Hour with Carol Ohmart and Tom Tryon.

Now a blonde, Lawrance's career was reignited and Paramount Pictures signed her to a contract, earning $300 a week. In October, Lawrance was named as one of the Deb Stars of '55 along with Anita Ekberg and Kathryn Grant, and 1956 brought the release of The Leather Saint, reuniting her with John Derek and starring Cesar Romero.

In 1957, just as her career was getting back on track, Paramount suddenly released Lawrance from her contract. Studio executives found out that she secretly married Bruce Michael Tilton, an airplane parts company executive, in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was pregnant with their first child. Her daughter, Victoria, was born in Los Angeles on October 6, 1957.

Lawrance’s career and home life were at a crossroads; she still held on to the belief that she could once again resurrect her career, but Bruce wanted a wife and mother to stay home and raise their family. Unsure about what path to choose, in April, 1958, Lawrance travelled to Las Vegas twice to file, then changed her mind and dismissed each divorce complaint.

Both citing emotional cruelty, Bruce Tilton was granted a divorce from Lawrance on March 26, 1958, and asked for custody of their daughter, Victoria, now 2 years old.

Lawrance continued to find work even though her personal life was in turmoil. She landed a minor role opposite Shirley MacLaine in The Hot Spell, and a leading role in an episode of the Perry Mason television series, "Case of the Perjured Parrot."

In 1959, Lawrance found another minor role in the mobster movie The Purple Gang starring Barry Sullivan and Robert Blake.

On June 3, 1960, Lawrance temporarily lost custody of Victoria.

Lawrance continued to try to find work, but the roles became more infrequent. This included work in television programs like The Loretta Young Show, The Red Skelton Hour and The Rebel. In the first season of the latter series, she appeared in two episodes including the season finale, "The Earl of Durango," where she played a pivotal role. Her last film, Stagecoach to Dancers' Rock starring Martin Landau, was released in 1962.

It was during this time that Lawrance met and fell in love with Robert Wolf Herre. Unlike her previous relationships, he was not blinded by the limelights of Hollywood. Instead he was an avid outdoorsman who appealed to Lawrance’s adventurous side. Playing golf, camping, and going on fishing trips, were a regular part of life together for almost 25 years.

Lawrance and Herre married on November 1, 1962, in Las Vegas.

On May 16, 1961, Lawrance gave birth to her son, Robert Wolf Herre, Jr. Their daughter Abigail Christian "Chrissy" Herre was born on October 10, 1963.

Outside of the limelight, Lawrance focused her energies on her family and outdoor activities. An avid golfer, Mrs. Herre participated in the Ojai Valley Country Club women's championship tournament in 1964.

As Josephine Lawrance Herre, she died at age 55 in Ojai on July 10, 1986. Her interment was in California.

Filmography

Notes

External links

1930 births
1986 deaths
American film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Fort Worth, Texas


Sosiaalikeskus Satama (Harbor Social Center) was a social center in Helsinki, Finland, opened in April 2009 and evicted August 2011.

Location
Satama was located  north of the Kalasatama metro station. The building stood on the Kyläsaarenkatu street, in an old customs building in the central Helsinki district of Sörnäinen, which was left empty when the harbor operations moved to the Vuosaari Harbor (hence the name satama, harbor). The building had  in three stories.

The building was given to squatters by the Helsinki Board of Youth Issues in October 2008 after an exhausting series of squattings and evictions around the city. The board then paid the rent.

Eviction
After long negotiations between the centre, the Mayor, the Youth Board and the Public Works Department, the city decided to evict the building.

In August 2011, the police evicted Satama, which had been in the news due to the Romani people inhabiting it. It was demolished soon thereafter to make way for new housing development.

See also
 Lepakko

References

Buildings and structures in Helsinki
Social centres
Sörnäinen
Demolished buildings and structures in Finland


County Limerick was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

Members of Parliament

Notes

References

Historic constituencies in County Limerick
Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


The Logan family are African Americans descended from Warren Logan and his wife Adella Hunt Logan. The family has become part of the educated, professional black elite in the United States.

Warren Logan was born into slavery in Virginia shortly before the American Civil War. Adella Hunt was born free during the Civil War to a free woman of color and a white plantation owner who had a common-law marriage. After gaining educations, the couple met as teachers at Tuskegee Institute.

They married and had several children. As teachers, they also established a family tradition of "education and decorum as a way to transcend racial restrictions". They and their descendants used education for advancement, and have become part of the professional class.

History

Warren was born into slavery in Virginia in 1857 and was visibly of mixed-race African and European ancestry. At emancipation he took the surname Logan. He graduated from Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia in 1877 and then taught bookkeeping at Tuskegee Normal School in Alabama. Starting in 1883, Warren also served as director of choral singing and director of the school band.

As a young educated man in the period after the Reconstruction era, Logan pushed against the social restraints imposed by white supremacists in the South. For instance, he and a group of friends tried to use their first-class train tickets between Montgomery and Selma, Alabama. They were ordered to the Jim Crow car and ejected when they hesitated to move. Logan became the first treasurer of Tuskegee Institute in 1882, and is described as the closest confidante of the institute's head, Booker T. Washington. He later served as vice president and was a member of the board of trustees at Tuskegee.

In 1888 Logan married Adella Hunt, also a teacher at Tuskegee. Under the state's slavery laws, she was born free in February 1863 in Sparta, Georgia, as her mother was a free woman of color. (By the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, children at birth took their mother's status.) Her father was a white plantation owner. While her parents could not legally marry under the state's racial laws, they had a common-law marriage and her father acknowledged their family of eight children. He aided Adella financially so that she could attend Atlanta University, an historically black college founded by the American Missionary Association, where she graduated in 1881.

Hunt became a teacher at Tuskegee in 1883. Both the Hunts and Logans considered education the key to the advancement of people of color in society. Teaching English and social sciences, Hunt succeeded Olivia A. Davidson as Lady Principal when, in 1885, Davidson married Booker T. Washington, head of the institute.

Adella Hunt Logan is known as an educator and an administrator. She supported women's suffrage, lectured at NAACP conferences, and published articles in its Crisis magazine. She is also remembered for her essay, "What Are the Causes of the Great Mortality Among the Negroes of the Cities of the South, and How Is That Mortality to Be Lessened?" (1902).

In 1915, Hunt Logan was hospitalized for severe depression. Learning of Booker T. Washington's last illness, she returned to the institute. Washington died November 14, and Hunt Logan continued to struggle with depression. She committed suicide by jumping from the top floor of one of the school buildings on December 12, 1915.

Warren Logan retired in 1924. A building that was constructed on Tuskegee's campus in 1931 and served as an auditorium and gymnasium was named Logan Hall, after Warren.

Descendants

The Logans had nine children together; six survived to adulthood and all became educated.
 Arthur C. Logan (c. 1905–1973) was the youngest son born to Warren and Adella Hunt Logan. He was educated at a private school in New York City and college, and became a surgeon in New York City. He also served as personal physician to musician and composer Duke Ellington from 1937, and to Billy Strayhorn. Strayhorn's composition "U.M.M.G. (Upper Manhattan Medical Group)" honored Logan among the founders and partners of the ground-breaking clinic. Logan was appointed by Mayor Robert F. Wagner as first chairman of the New York City Council Against Poverty.
Arthur Logan first married Wenonah Bond. They had a daughter, Adele Logan, before divorcing. Adele attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in New York, as had her father. Later she earned a doctorate in history and became a professor at George Washington University. As Adele Logan Alexander, she has written extensively on African-American history, including a detailed history of her ancestors, Homelands and Waterways (1990), tracing their journeys from slavery. She begins with her maternal great-grandfather John Robert Bond, a mixed-race black English man who came to the US as a sailor in 1862 and served with the Union. She was married to Clifford Alexander, Jr. (1933–2022), who was the first African American to serve as Secretary of the Army.
 Their daughter Elizabeth Alexander (born 1962) is a poet and scholar who currently serves as the President of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. She was formerly a professor at Yale University in the African American Studies Department and a professor at Columbia University in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. She read from her work at the inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009.
 Their son Mark C. Alexander is a law professor at Seton Hall University and a political organizer and aide, having served as state organizer for President Barack Obama's first campaign in New Jersey and as an advisor. He has also worked with Mayor Cory Booker of Newark, and US Senators Edward Kennedy and Bill Bradley.
 Arthur Logan's second marriage was to Marian Bruce (1919–1993), a cabaret singer and recording artist. She became politically active, working with the NAACP and serving as a board member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In addition, she was a Democratic campaign worker, and was appointed as head of the New York City Commission on Human Rights in 1977–'79. (She appears in the documentary Duke Ellington: Reminiscing in Tempo, 1991, American Experience, PBS.)
 Arthur and Marian had one child, Warren Arthur Logan (born 1963). In 1991 Warren Arthur Logan married Julie Lizabeth Wagman of New York City; she is the daughter of Karen Kronenberg of New York and Martin Wagman of Roslyn, Long Island. Logan was then working as an investigator for United Claims Service, and was a partner in a company importing African art.
 Myra Adele Logan (1908–1977) was the youngest daughter born to Warren and Adella Hunt Logan. After her education, she went onto have a career as a surgeon. She was the first woman to perform an open-heart surgery.

References

Further reading
Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Darlene Clark Hine. 1993, Carlson Publishing Inc., Brooklyn, New York,

African-American families


Ragsdale may refer to :

Ragsdale (surname)
Ragsdale High School, a public high school in Jamestown, North Carolina
Ragsdale, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Knox County

See also
Ragsdale conjecture, a mathematical conjecture


Gillespie syndrome, also called aniridia, cerebellar ataxia and mental deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder. The disorder is characterized by partial aniridia (meaning that part of the iris is missing), ataxia (motor and coordination problems), and, in most cases, intellectual disability. It is heterogeneous, inherited in either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Gillespie syndrome was first described by American ophthalmologist Fredrick Gillespie in 1965.

Presentation
The combination of muscular hypotonia and fixed dilated pupils in infancy is suspicious of Gillespie syndrome. Early onset partial aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental retardation are hallmark of syndrome. The iris abnormality is specific and seems pathognomonic of Gillespie syndrome. The aniridia consisting of a superior coloboma and inferior iris hypoplasia, foveomacular dysplasia.

Atypical Gillespie syndrome associated with bilateral ptosis, exotropia, correctopia, iris hypoplasia, anterior capsular lens opacities, foveal hypoplasia, retinal vascular tortuosity, and retinal hypopigmentation.

Neurological signs are nystagmus, mild craniofacial asymmetry, axial hypotonia, developmental delay, and mild mental retardation. Mariën P did not support the prevailing view of a global mental retardation as a cardinal feature of Gillespie syndrome but primarily reflect cerebellar induced neurobehavioral dysfunctions following disruption of the cerebrocerebellar anatomical circuitry that closely resembles the "cerebellar cognitive and affective syndrome" (CeCAS).

Congenital pulmonary stenosis and helix dysplasia can be associated.

Genetics

Gillespie syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder, and can be inherited in either an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. Autosomal dominant inheritance indicates that the defective gene responsible for a disorder is located on an autosome, and only one copy of the gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.

Autosomal recessive inheritance means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, but two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.

PAX6 gene analysis can also be helpful to distinguish between autosomal dominant aniridia and Gillespie syndrome. However atypical Gillespie syndrome is associated mutation with PAX6 gene.

To elucidate the underlying genetic defects karyotyping and the search for de novo translocations especially of chromosome X and 11 should be performed.

This condition is caused by mutations in the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 (ITPR1) gene. This gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 3 (3p26.1). Mutations in this gene have also been associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 15 and 29.

Diagnosis
Brain MRI shows vermis atrophy or hypoplasic. Cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with white matter changes in some cases.

Treatment

History
 1964 – GILLESPIE FD first described in two siblings with aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental retardation.
 1971 – Sarsfield, J. K. described more cases in a family with normal NCV and muscle biopsy.
 1997 – Nelson J reported diffuse MRI abnormality in Cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with white matter changes suggested more diffuse disease.
 1998 – Dollfus H reported a patient with a phenotype suggestive of a chromosomal abnormality.
 2008 – Mariën P found limited cognitive deficit that closely resembles the "cerebellar cognitive and affective syndrome" (CeCAS).

References

External links

 Gillespie syndrome at MedlinePlus

Autosomal dominant disorders
Autosomal recessive disorders
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting the eye
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes with intellectual disability


Veerana () is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language erotic supernatural horror film directed by Shyam and Tulsi Ramsay, credited to the Ramsay Brothers. It stars Jasmin as a woman who becomes possessed by the spirit of a dead witch, turning her into a bloodthirsty creature who seduces and kills men. The film's music was composed by Bappi Lahiri and sung by Suman Kalyanpur, Mohammad Aziz and Sharon Prabhakar.

Veerana has been described as a cult film that garnered success on home video and in television airings. The film's antagonist, Jasmin, has been referred to as "one of the most iconic Ramsay monsters".

Plot

Priests surround a young boy tied up inside a cage in a cave. He pleads with them to spare him and asks what they want from him. A priest says that his blood and flesh will give life to Nakita. Just then a lovely young woman enters the cage. She removes the bat locket from her neck, transforms into a witch and kills the boy.

Thakur Mahendera  Pratap Singh  finds out that a witch Nakita is creating havoc in an adjoining forest. One night, his little daughter comes to him and says that villagers have got a dead body outside. He goes and sees the corpse of an unknown boy, the villagers are surrounding him. When asked they say that a woman roaming in the lonely lanes of the forest has done this. They call her a witch. His younger brother, Sameer, says that witches and demons are just superstitions. But one man says that some years ago when he came to the village from a nearby city, he lost his way and wandered off into the jungle where he saw a young girl. She later turned into a bat and attacked him.

Mahendra Pratap decides to investigate for himself. Sameer Pratap decides to go on a witch hunt. His wife Preeti tries to dissuade him by saying that he should think of his daughter and niece. Just then they go downstairs and Mahendra Pratap says that he trusts his brother and their ancestors have always helped needy people to get justice. He gifts an "OM" to his brother and wishes him good luck while giving his blessings. As Sameer is passing through the forest, while driving his car he meets a beautiful young woman, just as the one the villager had described. The woman gets a ride in Sameer's car. They arrive at the old mansion which is located behind a lake in the forest. Sameer seduces her into the bathtub. Diverting her attention, he snatches the bat locket from her neck. The lady transforms into the hideous witch Nakita that she really is. Sameer renders her weak and helpless by holding a holy Om in front of her. The witch is taken to the outskirts of the village and the locals, on the orders of the Thakur, hang her to death. A tantric (sorcerer), Baba, manages to steal her body along with his followers in the dead of the night, and takes it to the shrine, where he keeps it in a sarcophagus and promises to provide her a new body. The body would be of Thakur Mahendra Pratap's daughter.

Some days pass off happily and peacefully, with the brothers sharing merry hours together and their respective children, Jasmin and Sahila, being lovingly nurtured by Preeti, who is the mother of Sahila and wife of Sameer and loves the brother-in-law's daughter equally.

In the wee hours, Sameer is going to Mussoorie to drop his niece, Jasmin, at her boarding school. While crossing a lonely stretch of the forest, the car overheats and stops. He asks his little girl to wait in the car for him and leaves to fetch some water for the radiator. However, Baba suddenly creeps out from behind a bush, hypnotises the girl, and by cutting a piece of her frock and few strands of her hair makes a doll from it. He then places the glass bottle holding this doll in the witch's sarcophagus. A hypnotised Jasmin gets out of the car and walks over to the shrine. Meanwhile, Sameer returns with the water tin and is shocked not to find the child in the car. He follows her trail and is astonished to find himself going off deep inside the forbidden bushy path. The girl walks inside the demon's lair and stands in front of the witch's tomb. The witch reaches out and pulls the kid inside with her. The uncle tries to save the girl but is too late, as the witch's evil spirit already manages to enter the girl's body. Soon, the uncle is captured and killed by Baba's men.

Baba then brings Jasmin back to her dad Thakur's mansion. The tantric informs Mahendra's family about the death of his brother due to a violent storm in the forest and informs that Sameer's dead body drifted away in the river and could not be recovered. After taking the child back to her room and putting her to sleep, Bade Thakur Saab leaves 2–3 servants in charge of the child and goes downstairs to meet the Baba. Baba asks for the Thakur's permission to leave but Thakur requests that he stay back as the caretaker of his daughter, since he has saved his child's life. However, Preeti gradually notices a difference in Jasmin's behaviour. Preeti talks to her brother-in-law regarding the weird changes in his daughter and tries to convince him to get some witch-doctor to treat Jasmin. However, the witch, who has possessed the child, overhears this and kills Preeti in Jasmin's bedroom that night. Thakur, horrified by this incident, then decides to send his little niece Sahila, the newly orphaned child, to Mumbai to stay with her grandmother so that she can be safe and stay protected from the ominous situations.

After 12 years, the Thakur receives a letter from his Sahila. He is happy that she ranked first in her inter-mediate examinations. During the time that has passed, Jasmine grows up into a beautiful young girl who spends most of her time alone locked inside her bedroom or occasionally wandering into the wilderness. She tends to be moody and lost in her own world, making her father worry. Thakur saab informs Baba that his niece has topped her exams and he is planning to call her to spend her summer vacation at his mansion. Baba directs one of his servants Zimbaru to kidnap Sahila so that she would not reach her ancestral home. On the other side, a man attacks Sahila's car and chases after her. Her second cousin Satish shouts for help. Hemant turns up to rescue the damsel in distress. He manages to send the monster packing and saves Sahila. Back at the village, Jasmine meets a new young man at the city petrol station who is a mechanics professional and repairs her car expertly. She is impressed by him and asks him to come over to the old mansion behind the lake that night. When the man reaches there, she welcomes him and they both drink and dine together. While intoxicated, he forces himself on Jasmine. Around midnight, the man gains consciousness and is stunned to see Jasmine's eyes all grey and the girl not moving her eyelids at all. He tries to run away but again falls on the bed. Then the girl wakes up, the witch taking control of her, takes a silver dagger and stabs the man to death. Then Jasmine hastily returns home in the darkness. His body is found by the police next morning but as no one recognises him, the investigation is stalled. Hemant and Sahila get close to each other during the journey and they both reach the Haveli together. Thakur Saab is very happy to see Sahila and when he hears the story of how she was helped out of the tight spot by Hemant, gets impressed by the handsome and burly young boy and readily gives him a job in the timber factory. He also accepts Hemant as his son and family member.

However, murders continue. One evening, Jasmine takes a lift in a drunk man's car and then, after crossing some distance, the witch's spirit kills the man by tearing through his neck. One night, Sahila decides to sleep by Jasmine in their old bedroom and she suddenly notices something very strange and frightening in her cousin and informs her uncle and Hemant. Thakur decides to send his daughter Jasmine for a psychiatric evaluation to his old friend who is a noted psychiatrist. Under hypnosis, Jasmine recounts the incident in her past and she transforms into a completely different person. Her voice changes and she vows to kill every member of Thakur's family. Thakur firstly refuses to believe the doctor, but when he hears the recording by the doctor, he believes him when he informs about his daughter being possessed. However, due to their family relation friendship, the doctor promises to stay and treat the young girl. The doctor also asks Hemant to pretend to be close to Jasmine so that the truth comes to light but they both fail in their attempts. However, one night, on seeing weird shadows and smoke coming out of Jasmine's bedroom, the doctor walks inside and sees the witch's grotesque face. He tries to warn Thakur but he refuses to believe him. The doctor runs away from the house to save his life but is mocked at by the servant, Raghu while departing from the mansion. In a huff, the doctor shuns Raghu and leaves from the Haveli as Jasmine looks at him with a strange victorious smile on her face standing in the balcony.

While the doctor is driving his car at a breakneck speed through the old village lanes, he takes a wrong turn in confusion, bangs on a tree and stops right in the middle of the lonely forest. The witch, who is lying in wait for him, suddenly comes out from the shadows and while the doctor is barely conscious to look at her with wide shocked eyes, pierces his body and kills him.

The servant Raghu is the next to die. He is killed when out of the witch's fear he decides to sleep in the factory at night instead of going to the haveli. Then Hemant and Sahila while discussing the killings with Satish, bring out the topic of Baba. Hemant decides to follow the Baba along with Sahila on a hunch. They both chase him to the Veerana. But they get captured and Sahila discovers that her father Sameer Pratap is alive. Satish Shah, in a twist of events, reaches the Veerana and rescues all of them. Now, Sameer goes straight home to his brother with the youngsters. Thakur Saab is thrilled to see his dear brother hale and hearty. Then Sahila and Hemant relate the story of Baba's plots and Sameer informs his brother of the plan that helped the Baba make the witch's evil spirit possess Jasmine.

In the meantime, Baba plans to kill Jasmine on new moon day so that the witch can be reborn and attain immortality. He takes her from the haveli to the devil's lair and prepares her for the ritual. But the family manages to reach the scene. Jasmine is saved by making the witch leave her body by destroying the bottle containing her voodoo doll. But, by sheer bad luck, Bade Thakur Saab loses his life to grant his daughter happiness and a long survival. The family briefly grieves and, as now the witch has got her spirit back in her own foul body, they succeed in locking the witch inside sarcophagus with the help of the holy Om and Baba is also killed.

Then the Thakur family and all the villagers take the sarcophagus to the temple of Lord Shiva. The sarcophagus is carried inside the temple and Chhote Thakur unlocks it with Hemant's help. Both girls are sent out of the temple. The witch comes out of the sarcophagus and to her horror finds herself in front of the holy Lord. She writhes in pain, tries to run away, but loses all her power and falls to the ground. Within seconds, she burns away and is destroyed. The surviving Thakurs and Hemant begin their life anew.

Cast

Production

Production on Veerana began in 1985.

Music

Release and reception

Censorship
Veerana was initially rejected by the Bombay Central Board of Film Certification due to its mixture of sexual and horror imagery, such as in the seductive portrayal of Jasmin and the "gruesome make-up" used in depicting her transformation into a monstrous witch. The film was re-edited with cuts and released theatrically in May 1988.

Critical response
In his review of Veerana for Mumbai Sakal, film critic Ashok Rane characterized the Ramsay Brothers as seeking to entertain "through extreme or shocking elements" without any story or underlying themes, and wrote that, "Veerana is that kind of a film by them. But despite having thoroughly combed through this narrow style of storytelling, the director brothers, Tulsi and Shyam Ramsay, seems not to have been moved to look for anything new in this small area they inhabit. They keep using the same formulae of haunted stories, the same tricks for creating fear (a black cat, a beautiful girl on the road asking for a lift, the car losing control). They are not successful with creating fear through these fantastic means, so they end up using crude masks as well and end up failing in their attempt."

Veerana went on to achieve popularity on home video and in subsequent television airings, and has become considered a cult film.

Home media
In 2009, Veerana was released on DVD by Mondo Macabro as a double feature with the 1989 film Purani Haveli (also directed by the Ramsay brothers), as part of the Bollywood Horror Collection Vol. 2. In 2023, Mondo Macabro released Veerana on Blu-ray as part of the Bollywood Horror Collection boxed set, which also includes the Ramsay brothers-directed films Aatma (2006), Bandh Darwaza (1990), Purani Haveli, Purana Mandir (1984), and Tahkhana (1986).

Proposed remake
In 2013, the Ramsay Brothers announced a remake of Veerana in 3D.

References

Bibliography

External links

1988 films
1980s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Bappi Lahiri
Indian horror films
1988 horror films
Hindi-language horror films
Films directed by Shyam Ramsay
Films directed by Tulsi Ramsay
Films about witchcraft
Female horror fiction characters
Films shot in Mussoorie
Films about witch hunting


HMS Hyacinth was a  corvette of the Royal Navy. She served during the Second World War and achieved three victories over enemy submarines in a highly successful career. Only  managed to repeat such success among her sister ships. She went on to serve in the Royal Hellenic Navy as RHNS Apostolis (), was returned to the Royal Navy in 1952 and scrapped in the same year.

Royal Navy
During the Second World War Hyacinth served in the Eastern Mediterranean where she protected the Palestine coastline and escorted numerous convoys along it. She also took part in the Malta convoys. She was a part of the 10th Corvette Group of the Mediterranean Fleet based in Alexandria together with her sister ships  and .

Since Hyacinth spent most of her time in the Mediterranean, without access to British shipyards, she was not retrofitted as many of her class were, and so retained her short forecastle. Another of her distinctive features was a 3-inch gun instead of the usual 4-inch.

Anti-submarine successes
On 28 September 1941, Hyacinth  attacked and sank the Italian submarine  north-west of the port of Jaffa, at 32º19'N, 34º17'E, just off the beach at Tel Aviv.

On 9 July 1942, while escorting a convoy from Jaffa to Beirut Hyacinth attacked, damaged and captured the . The submarine was towed into port, repaired and put into operation with the Hellenic Navy under the name Matrosos (Greek: Ματρώζος) in 1943.

On 12 September 1943, after Italy had capitulated, Hyacinth and the Australian minesweeper  sank the , after the submarine had been damaged in an attack by Wellington and Swordfish aircraft.

Royal Hellenic Navy

In 1943, Hyacinth was transferred to the Royal Hellenic Navy, and was renamed Apostolis (Αποστόλης), from Nikolis Apostolis, an admiral of the Greek War of Independence, and served the remainder of the Second World War under the Greek flag.

References

Sources

Flower-class corvettes of the Royal Navy
World War II corvettes of the United Kingdom
1940 ships
Ships built in Belfast
Ships built by Harland and Wolff


This is a list of notable copy protection schemes for CD and DVD.

For other medias, see List of Copy Protection Schemes.

Commercial CD protection schemes

 CD-Cops
 Requires the user to enter CD-code (or reads embedded CD-code) that describes geometry of CD to correctly locate data on the disc.
 SafeDisc (versions 1–5)
 Adds unique digital signature at the time of manufacturing which is designed to be difficult to copy or transfer so that software is able to detect copied media.
 SafeCast
 The encryption key will expire after pre-determined date so the media can be used only temporarily. Also used to implement trial editions of programs.
 SecuROM
 Limits the number of PCs activated at the same time from the same key.
 StarForce
 Asks for Serial ID at install or startup to verify the license.
 TAGES
 Verifies authentic copy by checking existence of "twin sectors" which are sectors with same logical address but different data. However, twin sectors may be hard to read in order to copy but are easy to write.

Commercial DVD protection schemes

 Analog Protection System
 Adds pulses to analog video signals to negatively impact the AGC circuit of a recording device so the images on copied DVDs become garbled.
 Sony ARccOS Protection
 Inserting corrupted sectors in areas where normal players will not access but ripping software does to trigger errors during replication.
 Burst Cutting Area
 Writing barcode in circular area near the center of the disc (referred to as burst cutting area) which cannot be written without using special equipment.
 DVD-Cops
 See CD-Cops in previous section.
 DVD region code
 Restricts region where media can be played by matching region number with configuration flag in DVD players.
 LaserLock
 Includes hidden directory on the CD containing corrupted data which will cause errors while being copied.
 SafeDisc (version 4)
 See SafeDisc (versions 1-5) in previous section.
 SecuROM
 See previous section.
 TAGES
 See previous section.

Commercial Audio CD/DVD protection schemes

 Cactus Data Shield
 Works by intentionally violating Red Book CD Digital Audio standards, such as erroneous disc navigation and corrupted data, preventing successful ripping of the data. However, the original disc itself does not play correctly in some CD/DVD players.
 Wavy data track
 Discs' data track is wavy instead of straight, so only discs with the same wavy-shaped data track will be playable.
 Extended Copy Protection (XCP)
 Installs software on the computer after agreement to EULA at the first time the media is inserted, and the software will watch for any ripper software trying to access the CD-drive. This copy protection can be defeated simply by using a computer that is not running Microsoft Windows, not using an account with administrative privileges, or preventing the installer from running, and has long since been discontinued due to a public relations disaster caused by the software behaving identically to a rootkit.
 Key2Audio
 Another deliberate violation of the Red Book standard intended to make the CD play only on CD players and not on computers by applying bogus data track onto the disc during manufacturing, which CD players will ignore as non-audio tracks. The system could be disabled by tracing the outer edge of a CD with a felt-tip marker.
 MediaMax CD3
 Installs software on the computer that tries to play the media so other software cannot read data directly from audio discs in the CD-ROM drive. Silently installing software on a computer created a controversy about modifying a computer's behaviour without a user's consent.

Console CD/DVD protection schemes

 Dreamcast (GD-ROM)
 Multiple table of contents (TOC) made normal cd players unable read beyond the first track. However, one could read GD-ROM on CD reader by swapping the disc after reading fake TOC.
 FADE
 Creates fake scratches on the disk image which copying programs will automatically try to fix. Instead of alerting the user that the copied disc is detected, the program will play the game in a buggy manner.
 PlayStation (CD-ROM)
 The authority pattern pressed on internal circumference of the media, which could not be copied, is used to detect authorized copies. Some titles also use the Libcrypt mechanism to validate the disc by using checksum as magic number to subroutines.
 PlayStation 2 (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM)
 A map file that contains all of the exact positions and file size info of the disc is stored at a position that is beyond the file limit. The game calls this place directly so that burned copy with no data beyond file limit cannot be played.
 PSP (Universal Media Disc)
 Since no blank media or writer exists, the media itself cannot be copied, but one could make ISO image (a file version of the UMD) on a memory card. The unique format also made the media expensive and difficult to adapt.
 Xbox (DVD)
 Two sets of media descriptors are used. Initially, and on typical DVD-ROM drives, only a short partition containing a brief DVD Video can be seen. The lead-out section of the disk stores a second set of media descriptors describing the bounds of the main partition. It also contains a partially-encrypted "security sector" used for further authentication. The lead-out area is not typically directly accessible with consumer DVD-ROM hardware. Furthermore, the key for the security sector is located in the sector's raw header. This header information, unlike the raw headers of CD-ROM disks, is not accessible by default on nearly all DVD-ROM drives. Additional "challenges" are implemented in the security sector through a table, with more challenge types added over the lifespan of Xbox and Xbox 360. These include, as an example from their earliest form, checks for unreadable sectors in predetermined ranges.

References

CD
CD
List
List
List
Copy protection
Copy protection


Ellery Akers (born 1946) is an American writer and artist living on the Northern California Coast. She is the author of three poetry collections: Swerve: Environmentalism, Feminism, and Resistance; Practicing the Truth and Knocking on the Earth, as well as a children's novel, Sarah’s Waterfall.

Early life and education
Akers is the daughter of Anthony B. Akers, an attorney and diplomat who served as U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand during the Kennedy Administration. Her maternal grandfather was architect John Russell Pope. Her sister, Andra Akers, was a character actress. Akers is a distant relative of William Ellery, a jurist and signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Ellery received a B.A. from Radcliffe College and an M.A. from San Francisco State University.

Career
Akers has won thirteen national writing awards, including the 2014 Autumn House Poetry Prize, the John Masefield Award, the Poetry International Prize, and Sierra magazine's Nature Writing Award. Her poetry has been featured on National Public Radio and American Life in Poetry and has appeared in such journals as The American Poetry Review, New York Times Magazine and The Sun.

She has taught writing at Cabrillo College, Humboldt State University, Skyline College, Squaw Valley Academy, and Foothill College. She has also taught private poetry workshops. Among her honors are fellowships from the MacDowell Colony, Ucross Foundation, and Headlands Center for the Arts.

Works
 Swerve: Environmentalism, Feminism, and Resistance, Blue Light Press (January 24, 2020)
 Practicing the Truth, Autumn House Press, 2015 ISBN number
 Sarah's Waterfall: A Healing Story About Sexual Abuse,Safer Society Press, 2009 ISBN number
 Knocking on the Earth, Wesleyan University Press, 1989, ISBN number

Anthologies
 The Place That Inhabits Us, Sixteen Rivers Press, 2010
 Short Takes: Model Essays for Composition, Elizabeth Penfield, Longman, 2006
 Inventions of Farewell: A Book of Elegies, Sandra M. Gilbert, Norton, 2001
 Stories From Where We Live: The California Coast, Sara St. Antoine, Milkweed,2001
 Intimate Nature: The Bond Between Women and Animals, Linda Hogan, Deena Metzger, and Brenda Peterson, Ballantine, 1998.

References

External links
 www.elleryakers.com
 www.elleryakersartist.com
 www.poetryfoundation.org
 www.voiceseducation.org

Living people
1946 births
American women poets
Radcliffe College alumni
San Francisco State University alumni
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers


Tour de Normandie is a road bicycle race held annually in the region of Normandy, France. The race started in 1939, but was not held in the periods of 1940–1955 and 1960–1980. It was originally a race for amateurs, but was opened for professionals in 1996. The Tour de Normandie has been one of the races in the UCI Europe Tour since 2005, in the 2.2 category. The race was not held in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic The first edition of the women's race was held in March 2023 and was won by Cédrine Kerbaol.

Winners

Men's race

Women's race

References

External links

UCI Europe Tour races
Cycle races in France
Recurring sporting events established in 1939
1939 establishments in France


Jordy van Loon (born 16 June 1993) is a Dutch child singer who reached number one in the Dutch Single Top 100 with his single "Verliefdheid".

Personal life
Jordy van Loon, who has ADHD, is the middle son of Daniëlle and Dennis van Loon. Jordy was born in Voorburg and lives in Zoetermeer. He has two older brothers and two younger sisters. In 2006, his aunt entered him in a local radio contest in which he had to send in an original answering machine message for the phone of his idol Frans Bauer. He won the competition and got to sing Bauer's song "Hé lekker ding" together with Bauer during a meet and greet.

Career
In an episode of Paul de Leeuw's television show Mooi! Weer de Leeuw, broadcast on 5 April 2008, van Loon was in the audience with his teacher Mr. Rol. Unbeknownst to him, Rol had sent in a wish to the program. He wanted to literally execute the Dutch idiom "iemand achter het behang plakken" (commonly used to describe an action one would like to perform on an annoying individual) and paste Jordy behind a piece of wallpaper because he sang too often in class. While being glued behind the wallpaper, he performed the Wim Sonneveld song "Het Dorp" (in English: the village), which received loud applause from the audience and resulted in six different companies calling in to offer him a record deal; he decided to sign with producer Jan Zwarteveen from JAZ Music who watched the show from the South of France.

van Loon's single was originally supposed to be released in August, but because producer JAZ Music was not satisfied with the result of "Zomer in Nederland", everything had to be redone.

In 2008, 3FM DJs Giel Beelen, Coen Swijnenberg and Paul Rabbering spent a week in a glass house in Breda without eating for their Serious Request. They chose "Verliefdheid" as that year's anthem. It became the most requested song and raised €1 million for the Red Cross. van Loon performed live when the DJs exited the house. DJ Armin van Buuren made his own mix of "Verliefdheid" during his stay in the Glass House.

On 17 January 2009, van Loon's single reached number one in the Single Top 100, beating Marco Borsato's single "Dochters" which dropped to the third position. The single held the top spot for one week and was in the charts for 19 weeks.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links
Official website

1993 births
Living people
Dutch child singers
People from Voorburg
21st-century Dutch singers
People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


Gianfranco is a compound Italian given name, consisting of Gian- and Franco. Gian- comes from Giovanni and is used in compound names. It is closest to John or French Jean. Gianni means "God is gracious" and Franco means "Free man" or "Frenchman", a contracted form of Francesco.

It may refer to:
Gianfranco Brancatelli- Italian racing driver
Gianfranco Dettori- Italian jockey, father of Frankie Dettori
Gianfranco Ferré- Italian fashion designer
Gianfranco Fini- Italian politician
Gianfranco Lotti- Italian fashion designer
Gianfranco Parolini- Italian film director
Gianfranco Rotondi- Italian politician
Gianfranco Seramondi, Swiss footballer
Gianfranco Zola- Italian footballer

See also
John (first name)
Francis (given name)
Franco (disambiguation)
Giovanni (name)

Italian masculine given names
Masculine given names


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Mitsuru Miura. It was serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine from 1981 to 1984. The Kabocha Wine received the 1983 Kodansha Manga Award for the shōnen category.

The sequel to the manga,  is a one-shot manga published by Seirindo on October 15, 2006.

The third series of the manga,  is published by Akita Shoten.

It has been adapted into a 95 episode anime series by Toei Animation.

The sequel to the anime was in the form of an animated movie, called , which was released on July 14, 1984 by Toei Animation.

On October 26, 2007, wint released a DVD for the live-action movie adaptation of the third manga series, called . Directed by Hitoshi Ishikawa, the movie starred Yoko Kumada.

Characters

 Shunsuke is the main character of the series, and Natsumi's boyfriend. He is very short (Dwarfism) highschool student, being only 145 cm (4’8”). Generally gruff, proud and stubborn, Shunsuke is nonetheless a good-hearted, strong and brave guy. He is afraid of dogs, loves to eat and does not disdain to fight.
 Nickname:
 Natsumi is the female protagonist of the series, and Shunsuke's girlfriend. She is taller and bustier than the average Japanese girl, being 180 cm (5’11”). She is very sweet, nice, intelligent, judicious, stubborn, energetic, cheerful and agreeable.

 Kotaro is Shunsuke's classmate. He is usually very shy and timid, and admires Shunsuke for his masculinity and bravery. He wishes to be just like Shunsuke someday, and does whatever he can to impress him. Outside of school, his family owns a flower shop.

Media

Manga

The Kabocha Wine - Another
The third series of the manga is published by Akita Shoten. As of April 2009, Akita Shoten has published six tankōbon of the manga.

Anime

Toei Animation broadcast the 95 episodes of The Kabocha Wine on TV Asahi between July 5, 1982 and August 27, 1984. The anime is also broadcast in French by Mangas and TF1. It is also broadcast in Italy on Europa 7 and Italia 7.

The anime uses three pieces of theme music.  by Kumiko Kaori is the opening theme for the entire series.  by Toshio Furukawa is the first ending theme, while  by Toshio Furukawa and Keiko Yokozawa is the second ending theme for the anime.

On September 27, 2006, wint released the first DVD box set for The Kabocha Wine. The box set contains the first 48 episodes over 8 DVDs, each with 6 episodes. On November 29, 2006, wint released the second DVD box set for The Kabocha Wine. The second DVD box contains eight DVDs spanning the episodes 49 to 95.

Animation CD
On March 21, 2007, Columbia Music Entertainment released an animation CD for The Kabocha Wine, called The Kabocha Wine Ongakushu. The songs were sung by Osamu Shouji.

References

External links

The Kabocha Wine - Another

1981 manga
1982 anime television series debuts
1984 anime films
1984 films
2007 films
Japanese animated films
Animated films based on manga
Shōnen manga
Winner of Kodansha Manga Award (Shōnen)
Live-action films based on manga
Toei Animation television
Toei Animation films
TV Asahi original programming
Kodansha manga
Akita Shoten manga


Samuel Bell (6 February 1909 – 1982) was a professional footballer who played for Burnhope Institution, Norwich City, Luton Town, Tottenham Hotspur, Southend United, Millwall and Tonbridge.

Football career
Bell played for local club Burnhope Institution before signing for Norwich City. The forward played 76 matches and scored on 26 occasions for the Canaries between 1930 and 1933. In 1933 he joined Luton Town where he made a further 30 appearances and scoring 20 goals. Bell moved to White Hart Lane club Tottenham Hotspur where he participated in 16 games and scoring six goals in all competitions between 1934 and 1936. He signed for Southend United in 1937 and featured in 71 matches and found the net on 17 occasions. After the hostilities of World War II had ended he went on to play for Millwall and finally Tonbridge.

References

1909 births
1982 deaths
Footballers from County Durham
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Norwich City F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Tonbridge Angels F.C. players
English Football League players


Blocco-Juve (Juve Block), also known as Blocco Juventus, was the nickname of the group of Juventus F.C. players called up to have been the backbone to the Italy national football team managed by Enzo Bearzot to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup Final and reached the semifinals of the 1978 FIFA World Cup and in the 1980 European Championship.

With this group the side managed by Giovanni Trapattoni dominated the Italian football and had one of the best teams in Europe and the world during the second half of the 1970s first half of the 1980s, winning amongst others six national championships, two Italian Cups and all international club competitions (world record), and included Dino Zoff, Claudio Gentile, Gaetano Scirea, Antonio Cabrini, Marco Tardelli, Roberto Bettega and Paolo Rossi.

Players

Notable Italy players during their careers at Juventus in this time period.

 Pietro Anastasi
 Romeo Benetti
 Roberto Bettega
 Antonio Cabrini
 Franco Causio
 Antonello Cuccureddu
 Giuseppe Furino
 Claudio Gentile
 Francesco Morini
 Paolo Rossi
 Gaetano Scirea
 Luciano Spinosi
 Marco Tardelli
 Dino Zoff

See also
 Italy national football team
 Juventus F.C. and the Italy national football team
 Juventus F.C. in European football
 Nazio-Juve
 List of players to have won all international club competitions
 List of players to have won the three main UEFA club competitions

Footnotes and references

Bibliography

Blocco-Juve
Blocco-Juve
Blocco-Juve
Nicknamed groups of association football players
1977–78 in Italian football
1978–79 in Italian football
1979–80 in Italian football
1980–81 in Italian football
1981–82 in Italian football
1982–83 in Italian football
1983–84 in Italian football
1984–85 in Italian football
Italy at the 1978 FIFA World Cup
Italy at the 1982 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 1980
Association football player non-biographical articles


Martialis (P. Aelius) was a Roman soldier of the mid-3rd century. He is known to us from a lapidary inscription on his sarcophagus dating from the early 260s found at Aquincum (i.e. Budapest) in the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior. This was dedicated to Martialis and his wife, Flavia Agathe, by his son, Publius Aelius Aelianus, and it designates him as the ex custode armorum (i.e. 'formerly in charge of the weapons') of Legio II Adiutrix. Custodes Armorum were principales, I.e. non-commissioned officers who earned one and one half times the pay of legionaries and, of course, enjoyed immunity from chores, fatigues etc. to which legionary greges (lit 'the common herd') were subject

The nomen Aelius suggests that Martialis's family became Roman citizens in the first part of the 2nd century and, possibly when the future Emperor Hadrian was governor of the province of Pannonia and established Aquincum as a municipium — i.e., a town-settlement of citizens awarded the Latin Right — around 106 AD. The original Aelius is, therefore, likely to have been a soldier in a unit of auxilia who received the citizenship together with his diplomata (i.e. certificate of honourable discharge from the service). His descendants no doubt continued the connection with the local legion, II Adjutrix.  (Martialis's son, Publius Aelius Aelianus, became the first equestrian commander of that unit in the early 260s following the exclusion of senators from military commands).

Notes

3rd-century Romans
Ancient Roman soldiers
Martialis, Publius


Jagannathan Shivashanmugam (24 February 1901 – 17 February 1975) was an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress. In 1938, he became the first Scheduled Caste mayor of Madras. He also served as the first speaker of the Madras Legislative Assembly after India's independence.

Early life

Shivashanmugam was born in the city of Madras on 24 February 1901 to Jagannathan, a steward. He had his schooling in Madras and graduated from Loyola College. He completed his master's in private from Madras University.

First Speaker in independent India

The first elections to state assemblies were conducted in 1951. Since independence, the franchise had been enlarged to include all Indian citizens. Shivashanmugam was elected to the assembly and was successfully nominated as the first Speaker. Shivashanmugam served as the Speaker of the assembly from 1951 to 1955.

Later life

From 1955 to 1961, Shivashanmugam served as a member of the Union Public Service Commission. In 1962, he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament and served as member from 1962 to 1968.

Family

Shivashanmugam married Chandra in 1937 and has three sons and one daughter.

Death

Shivashanmugam died on 17 February 1975 at the age of 73.

Works

Notes

1901 births
1975 deaths
Tamil Nadu politicians
Mayors of Chennai
Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu


Augusta Hanna Elizabeth Innes Withers (née Baker; 1792, Gloucestershire – 1877, London), was an English natural history illustrator, known for her illustrating of John Lindley's Pomological Magazine and her collaboration with Sarah Drake on the monumental Orchidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala by James Bateman. She was appointed "Flower Painter in Ordinary" to Queen Adelaide and later to Queen Victoria. She also produced illustrations for Benjamin Maund's Botanis, the Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London, the Illustrated Bouquet (1857-1863) and Curtis's Botanical Magazine.

Family background
Augusta was the daughter of a Gloucestershire vicar, chaplain to the Prince Regent. She lived in London all her life and was married to Theodore Gibson Withers, an accountant, who was 20 years her senior. They were married on 23 July 1822 in Marylebone.

Career
Besides giving painting classes, she was active as a painter from before 1827 until 1865, exhibiting from 1829 to 1846 at the Royal Academy, the Society of British Artists and the New Watercolour Society as well as the Society of Female Artists in 1857 and 1858, and where she was a founder member.

John Claudius Loudon commented in the 1831 Gardener's Magazine that her talents were of the highest order, and that "to be able to draw flowers botanically, and fruit horticulturally, that is, with the characteristics by which varieties and subvarieties are distinguished, is one of the most useful accomplishments of your ladies of leisure, living in the country."

In 1815, in an attempt to clarify the nomenclature of cultivated fruit varieties and reduce the number of synonyms in common use, William Jackson Hooker initiated a project of fruit drawings in watercolour stretching over 10 volumes. Suffering a stroke in 1820, Hooker was unable to finish the work. Four other artists, including Augusta Innes Withers and Barbara Cotton were commissioned to complete the work, ironic since Withers had been refused a position as a botanical artist by Hooker's son, Joseph Dalton Hooker.

Withers painted the 12 colour plates for Robert Thompson's The gardener's assistant.

Legacy
Her drawings are stored at the Natural History Museum, London, at the Royal Horticultural Society, and at the Fitzwilliam Museum of the University of Cambridge. There are a few of her letters at Windsor Castle.

Illustrations

References

External links
Illustrations by Augusta Innes Withers

1793 births
1877 deaths
19th-century British women artists
Botanical illustrators
British women illustrators
Court painters
English illustrators
People from Gloucestershire


The Madhouses Act 1774 (14 Geo. 3. c. 49) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which set out a legal framework for regulating "madhouses" (insane asylums).

Background

By the mid-eighteenth century, the common methods in the United Kingdom for dealing with the insane were either to keep them in the family home, or to put them in a "madhouse", which was simply a private house whose proprietor was paid to detain their residents, and ran it as a commercial concern with little or no medical involvement. This led to two forms of abuse: the first was the keeping of "legitimately" insane people in atrocious conditions, and the second the detention of those who were falsely claimed to be insane – in effect, private imprisonment.

At this stage, there was no legislation to regulate the incarceration of anyone other than a Chancery lunatic or a pauper; there was only a vaguely defined common law power to "confine a person disordered in mind, who seems disposed to do mischief to himself, or another person".

In a case in the mid-1750s, a woman came to suspect that her son-in-law had committed his wife to a madhouse in Hoxton; with the aid of a justice of the peace, she secured the release of her daughter after obtaining a confession from the husband. A similar case in 1762 saw a man trying to obtain the release of an acquaintance, one Mrs Hawley, who he suspected had been confined in a madhouse. His initial application to Lord Mansfield for a writ of habeas corpus was rejected because he was not a relative and so had no standing, but the judge arranged for a doctor to visit the house and speak to the woman. On his report, a writ was granted; she was brought before the court, and discharged.

A Select Committee of the House of Commons, chaired by Thomas Townshend, was set up in 1763 to study the problem of unlawful detention in private madhouses and focused on the Hawley case. It found that she had been committed to the house solely on the word of her husband, who paid two guineas (two pounds and two shillings) a month for her board, and that she was unable to leave the house or communicate with anybody outside it. The inmates were treated as insane, but the agent who arranged their entry freely admitted that he had not committed a single insane person to the house in the past six years. No-one who would pay was turned away, no physicians attended the inmates, and no register was kept of their names. This was, the committee stated, a common situation; they noted that a number of similar cases could have been studied, and they recommended that some form of legislative intervention was needed. The Commons ordered the committee to prepare a bill, but it appears this was never brought in.

The issue was next addressed in 1773 when Townshend's son, also named Thomas Townshend, sponsored a bill to regulate private madhouses; within seven miles of London, this would be the responsibility of the Royal College of Physicians; and outside that, magistrates in county towns. The bill passed the Commons but was rejected by the Lords.

Legislative history

In 1774, Thomas Townshend again reintroduced the Madhouses Bill. The Bill was presented to the Commons for its first reading on 2 March, and was amended in committee on 23 March. The Lords voted on it on 21 April, and made two amendments (the addition of s.19 and s.31) on 6 May, before the bill returned to the Commons on 10 May. The bill received royal assent on 20 May.

Provisions

The Act required that all madhouses be licensed by a committee of the Royal College of Physicians. This license would permit the holder to maintain a single house for accommodating lunatics, and would have to be renewed each year. All houses were to be inspected at least once per year by the committee, who would also keep a central register of all the confined lunatics in order that people could locate them; outside London, the task of inspecting them would fall to the local quarter sessions.

The penalty for "concealing or confining" more than one insane person without a license was set at £500, and every keeper of such a house who took in a patient without an order from a doctor was liable to a fine of £100.

Implementation

The Act took effect on 20 November 1774, six months after receiving royal assent, and was originally stated to remain in force for five years and then until the end of the next parliamentary session. It was continued for a further seven years by the Madhouse Continuation Act 1779 (19 Geo. 3. c. 15), and then continued indefinitely by the Madhouse Law Perpetuation Act 1786 (26 Geo. 3. c. 91); it remained in force until repealed by the Madhouses Act 1828.

Notes

References

 Annual Register for the year 1774. London: printed for J. Dodsley, 1778. Second edition.
 Roberts, Andrew. The Lunacy Commission
Section 2: The 1774 Madhouses Act: 14 George 2, chapter 26. A summary and analysis
Section 2.3: The 1763 Committee on Madhouses and the 1774 Madhouses Act
Section 7: Chronological and alphabetical bibliographies of lunacy

Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1774
Mental health legal history of the United Kingdom
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament


Chartered Secretaries or Hong Kong Institute of Chartered Secretaries (HKICS) () is an independent professional body dedicated to the promotion of its members’ role in the formulation and effective implementation of good governance policies in Hong Kong and throughout China as well as the development of the profession of Chartered Secretary. Through its association with the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators (ICSA), HKICS also acts as the China Division of the worldwide institute.

History
HKICS was first established in 1949 as an association of Hong Kong members of ICSA of London. It became a branch of ICSA in 1990 before gaining local status in 1994 and today has 5,666 members  and approximately 2,500 students

Qualifying Examination Scheme and the Exemption Policy

To qualify as a member of HKICS, there are two routes:
Register as a student and successfully sit for the examinations of the International Qualifying Scheme (IQS). This is a portable global qualification, covering subjects such as corporate governance; corporate administration; corporate secretaryship; company law, accounting, taxation and management. For those holding a relevant degree/ professional qualification like Accounting, Finance, Law and Management, there is an exemption policy that entitles up to a maximum of 4 subject exemptions from both Professional Programme Part I and II under IQS. All the exemptions are the discretion of the Institute and the final decision rests with the Exemption Sub-Committee.
Complete the post graduate collaborative courses that have been developed by the Institute and local universities: City University of Hong Kong, The Open University of Hong Kong and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, leading to full exemption of the IQS for graduates.

Membership Profile

Having gained relevant work experience before, during or after the study for examinations, graduates can qualify as Associates (3–6 years) or fellows (8 years or above) of the HKICS.

As a qualified member, a dual membership is offered from both ICSA and HKICS.  This qualification is recognised by other divisions in other countries such as United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, South Africa and more than 60 other countries throughout the world.

See also

 Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators
 Corporate Governance
 Company secretary

References

External links

 The Institute of Chartered Secretaries & Administrators
 Australian Division
 Canadian Division
 China Division
 Malaysia Division
 New Zealand Division
 Singapore Division
 Southern African Division
 Zimbabwe Division

Professional associations based in Hong Kong
Company secretaries
Organizations established in 1949
1949 establishments in Hong Kong