The 1988 Brussels summit was the 8th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time.  The formal sessions and informal meetings in Brussels, Belgium took place on 2–3 March 1988.

Background
In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been. Generational change in the leadership of the Soviet Union brought Mikhail Gorbachev to the international stage; but NATO leaders were increasingly uneasy about how to respond to his personable qualities. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher counseled that it was probably a good idea to "do business" with him, but other NATO leaders were uncertain about what Gorbachev's openness might be hiding. These fears were minimized by the Soviet announcement that troops were going to be withdrawn from Afghanistan.  The unilateral withdraw of 500,000 troops and 10,000 tanks from Eastern Europe sent an unmistakable message of change.

Agenda
The general discussions focused on the need for a reaffirmation of the purpose and principles of the Alliance.  Other informal meetings explored what NATO's posture should be in its objectives for East-West relations.

Accomplishments
The summit's work was directed towards adoption of a blueprint for strengthening stability in the whole of Europe through conventional arms control negotiations.

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References
 Thomas, Ian Q.R. (1997).  The Promise of Alliance: NATO and the Political Imagination. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ;

External links
  NATO update, 1988

Events in Brussels
1988 Brussels summit
Diplomatic conferences in Belgium
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1988 in international relations
1988 conferences
1988 in Belgium
1980s in Brussels
Belgium and NATO
November 1988 events in Europe


John McEnroe was the defending champion and won in the final 6–4, 6–1, 6–4 against Gene Mayer.

Seeds

  Jimmy Connors (semifinals)
  John McEnroe (champion)
  Vitas Gerulaitis (first round)
  Gene Mayer (final)
  Peter McNamara (quarterfinals)
  Eliot Teltscher (quarterfinals)
  Steve Denton (semifinals)
  Mark Edmondson (second round)

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 1982 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships draw

Singles


The environmental effect of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is being investigated since at least the 1990s. PPCPs include substances used by individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons and the products used by agribusiness to boost growth or health of livestock. More than twenty million tons of PPCPs are produced every year. The European Union has declared pharmaceutical residues with the potential of contamination of water and soil to be "priority substances".[3]

PPCPs have been detected in water bodies throughout the world. More research is needed to evaluate the risks of toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation, but the current state of research shows that personal care products impact the environment and other species, such as coral reefs and fish. PPCPs encompass environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (EPPPs) and are one type of persistent organic pollutants. They are not removed in conventional sewage treatment plants but require a fourth treatment stage which not many plants have.

In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers found that it threatens "environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing" and lists the most frequently detected and concentrated pharmaceuticals.

Overview
Since the 1990s, water pollution by pharmaceuticals has been an environmental issue of concern. Many public health professionals in the United States began writing reports of pharmaceutical contamination in waterways in the 1970s." Most pharmaceuticals are deposited in the environment through human consumption and excretion, and are often filtered ineffectively by municipal sewage treatment plants which are not designed to manage them. Once in the water, they can have diverse, subtle effects on organisms, although research is still limited. Pharmaceuticals may also be deposited in the environment through improper disposal, runoff from sludge fertilizer and reclaimed wastewater irrigation, and leaky sewer pipes. In 2009, an investigative report by Associated Press concluded that U.S. manufacturers had legally released 271 million pounds of compounds used as drugs into the environment, 92% of which was the industrial chemicals phenol and hydrogen peroxide, which are also used as antiseptics. It could not distinguish between drugs released by manufacturers as opposed to the pharmaceutical industry. It also found that an estimated 250 million pounds of pharmaceuticals and contaminated packaging were discarded by hospitals and long-term care facilities. The series of articles led to a hearing conducted by the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Transportation Safety, Infrastructure Security, and Water Quality. This hearing was designed to address the levels of pharmaceutical contaminants in U.S. drinking water. This was the first time that pharmaceutical companies were questioned about their waste disposal methods. "No federal regulations or laws were created as a result of the hearing." "Between the years of 1970-2018 more than 3000 pharmaceutical chemicals were manufactured, but only 17 are screened or tested for in waterways." Alternately, "There are no studies designed to examine the effects of pharmaceutical contaminated drinking water on human health." In parallel, the European Union is the second biggest consumer in the world (24% of the world total) after the USA and in the majority of EU Member States, around 50% of unused human medicinal products is not collected to be disposed of properly. In the EU, between 30 and 90% of the orally administered doses are estimated to be excreted as the active substances in the urine.

The term environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants (EPPP) was suggested in the 2010 nomination of pharmaceuticals and environment as an emerging issue to Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) by the International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE).

Safe disposal
Depending on the sources and ingredients, there are various ways in which the public can dispose of pharmaceutical and personal care products in acceptable ways. The most environmentally safe disposal method is to take advantage of community drug take-back programs that collect drugs at a central location for proper disposal.  Several local public health departments in the United States have initiated these programs. In addition, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) periodically promotes local take-back programs, as well as the National Take Back Initiative.

Take-back programs in the US are funded by state or local health departments or are volunteer programs through pharmacies or health care providers. In recent years, the proposition that pharmaceutical manufacturers should be responsible for their products "from the cradle to the grave" has been gaining attention. Where there is no local take-back program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Office of National Drug Control Policy suggested in a 2009 guidance that consumers do the following:
 take the prescription drugs out of their original containers
 mix drugs with cat litter or used coffee grounds
 place the mixture into a disposable container with a lid, such as a sealable bag
 cover up any personal identification with a black marker that is on the original pill containers
 place these containers in the bag with the mixture, seal them, and place them in the trash.

The intent of the recommended practices is that the chemicals would be separated from the open environment, especially water bodies, long enough for them to naturally break down.

When these substances find their way into water, it is much more difficult to deal with them. Water treatment facilities use different processes in order to minimize or fully eliminate these pollutants. This is done by using sorption where suspended solids are removed by sedimentation.  Another method used is biodegradation, and through this method microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, feed on or break down these pollutants thus eliminating them from the contaminated media.

Types

Pharmaceuticals, or prescription and over-the-counter medications made for human use or veterinary or agribusiness purposes, are common PPCPs found in the environment. There are nine classes of pharmaceuticals included in PPCPs: hormones, antibiotics, lipid regulators, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, beta-blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, antineoplastics, and diagnostic contrast media.[2]

Personal care products have four classes: fragrances, preservatives, disinfectants, and sunscreen agents. These products may be found in cosmetics, perfumes, menstrual care products, lotions, shampoos, soaps, toothpastes, and sunscreen. These products typically enter the environment when passed through or washed off the body and into the ground or sewer lines, or when disposed of in the trash, septic tank, or sewage system.[3]

Traces of illicit drugs can be found in waterways and may even be carried by money.[4]

Routes into the environment

More attention has been devoted since 2016 to PPCPs in the environment. Two causes may contribute to this: PPCPs are actually increasing in the environment due to widespread use and/or analytical technology is better able to detect PPCPs in the environment. These substances enter the environment directly or indirectly. Direct methods include contamination of surface water by hospitals, households, industries, or sewage treatment plants. Direct contamination can also affect the sediment and soil.

It is generally assumed (albeit hardly verified) that the production of pharmaceuticals in industrialised countries is well controlled and unharmful to the environment, due to the local legal restrictions usually required to permit production. However, a substantial fraction of the global production of pharmaceuticals takes place in low-cost production countries like India and China. Recent reports from India demonstrate that such production sites may emit very large quantities of e.g. antibiotics, yielding levels of the drugs in local surface waters higher than those found in the blood of patients under treatment.

The major route for pharmaceutical residues to reach the aquatic environment is most probably by excretion from patients undergoing pharma treatment. Since many pharmaceutical substances are not metabolized in the body they may be excreted in biologically active form, usually via the urine. Furthermore, many pharmaceutical substances are not fully taken up from the intestine (following oral administration in patients) into their blood stream. The fraction not taken up into the blood stream will remain in the gut and eventually be excreted via the feces. Hence, both urine and feces from treated patients contain pharmaceutical residues. Between 30 and 90% of the orally administered dose is generally excreted as active substance in the urine.

An additional source to environmental pollution with pharmaceuticals is improper disposal of unused or expired drug residues. In European countries take-back systems for such residues are usually in place (although not always utilized to full extent), while in the US only voluntary initiatives on a local basis exist. Though most of the waste goes to incineration and people are asked to throw unused or expired pharmaceuticals into their household waste, investigations in Germany showed that up to 24% of liquid pharmaceuticals and 7% of tablets or ointments are disposed always or at least "rarely" via the toilet or sink.

Proper destruction of pharma residues should yield rest products without any pharmaceutical or ecotoxic activity. Furthermore, the residues should not act as components in the environmental formation of new such products. Incineration at a high temperature (>1000 degrees Celsius) is considered to fulfill the requirements, but even following such incineration residual ashes from the incineration should be properly taken care of.

Pharmaceuticals used in veterinary medicine, or as additives to animal food, pose a different problem, since they are excreted into soil or possibly open surface waters. It is well known that such excretions may affect terrestrial organisms directly, leading to extinction of exposed species (e.g. dung-beetles). Lipid-soluble pharma residues from veterinary use may bind strongly to soil particles, with little tendency to leak out to ground water or to local surface waters. More water-soluble residues may be washed out with rain or melting snow and reach both ground water and surface water streams.

Presence in the environment

The use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is on the rise with an estimated increase from 2 billion to 3.9 billion annual prescriptions between 1999 and 2009 in the United States alone. PPCPs enter into the environment through individual human activity and as residues from manufacturing, agribusiness, veterinary use, and hospital and community use. In Europe, the input of pharmaceutical residues via domestic waste water is estimated to be around 80% whereas 20% is coming from hospitals. Individuals may add PPCPs to the environment through waste excretion and bathing as well as by directly disposing of unused medications to septic tanks, sewers, or trash.  Because PPCPs tend to dissolve relatively easily and do not evaporate at normal temperatures, they often end up in soil and water bodies.

Some PPCPs are broken down or processed easily by a human or animal body and/or degrade quickly in the environment. However, others do not break down or degrade easily. The likelihood or ease with which an individual substance will break down depends on its chemical makeup and the metabolic pathway of the compound.

In rivers
In 2022, the most comprehensive study of pharmaceutical pollution of the world's rivers finds that it threatens "environmental and/or human health in more than a quarter of the studied locations". It investigated 1,052 sampling sites along 258 rivers in 104 countries, representing the river pollution of 470 million people. It found that "the most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing" and lists the most frequently detected and concentrated pharmaceuticals.

In groundwater

Recreational drugs
A study published in 2014 reported a spike in the levels of ecstasy, ketamine, caffeine and acetaminophen in nearby rivers coinciding with a Taiwanese youth event attended by around 600,000 people. In 2018, shellfish in Puget Sound, waters that receive treated sewage from the Seattle area, tested positive for oxycodone. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater is frequent and ubiquitous enough that PPCPs in wastewater can be measured to estimate their use in a community.

Studies prior to 2006
A 2002 study by the U.S. Geological Survey found detectable quantities of one or more chemicals in 80 percent of a sampling of 139 susceptible streams in 30 states. The most common pharmaceuticals detected were  nonprescription drugs; detergents, fire retardants, pesticides, natural and synthetic hormones, and an assortment of antibiotics and prescription medications were also found.

A 2006 study found detectable concentrations of 28 pharmaceutical compounds in sewage treatment plant effluents, surface water, and sediment. The therapeutic classes included antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatories, lipid regulators, beta-blockers, anti-convulsant, and steroid hormones. Although most chemical concentrations were detected at low levels (nano-grams/Liter (ng/L)), there are uncertainties that remain regarding the levels at which toxicity occurs and the risks of bioaccumulation of these pharmaceutical compounds.

Other

Besides the identified input from human medicine, there appears to be diffuse pollution from pharmaceuticals used in other areas such as agriculture. Investigations in Germany, France and Scotland showed traces of PPCPs upstream of waste water treatment plant effluents to rivers. The noPILLS report found that "the
whole medicinal product chain needs to be considered for multi-point, targeted intervention".

Effects

Human
The scope of human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products from the environment is a complex function of many factors. These factors include the concentrations, types, and distribution of pharmaceuticals in the environment; the pharmacokinetics of each drug; the structural transformation of the chemical compounds either through metabolism or natural degradation processes; and the potential bioaccumulation of the drugs. More research is needed to determine the effects on humans of long-term exposure to low levels of PPCPs.  The full effects of mixtures of low concentrations of different PPCPs is also unknown.

"The U.S. EPA risk assessment states that the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of pharmaceuticals is around 0.0027 mg/kg‐day." Due to the lack of research of toxicity guidelines and their effects on human health it is difficult to determine a healthy dosage for water contaminated by pharmaceuticals. "The pharmaceutical sample size tested does not give a full representation of human exposure. Only 17 out of 3000 prescriptions are screened for in drinking water."

In addition, "The EPA and FDA regulations state that a drug or chemical is not considered harmful until clear evidence shows that a substance causes harm". This means that the U.S. is not testing or screening for thousands of potential contaminants in drinking water. Health risk assessments have not been conducted to provide concrete evidence to link pharmaceutical contamination and adverse human health effects.

"However, adverse health outcomes are displayed in aquatic organisms. Fish living near water treatment plants have been reported to be feminized." "Some male fish started to develop ovaries and other feminized characteristic due to pharmaceutical pollution, and some species have decreased in population due to exposure of EE2 and other hormonal ECD substances."

Although research has shown that PPCPs are present in water bodies throughout the world, no studies have shown a direct effect on human health. However, the absence of empirical data cannot rule out the possibility of adverse outcomes due to interactions or long-term exposures to these substances. Because the amounts of these chemicals in the water supply may be in the parts per trillion or parts per billion, it is difficult to chemically determine the exact amounts present. Many studies have therefore been focused on determining if the concentrations of these pharmaceuticals exist at or above the accepted daily intake (ADI) at which the designed biological outcomes can occur.

In addition to the growing concerns about human health risks from pharmaceutical drugs via environmental exposures, many researchers have speculated about the potential for inducing antibiotic resistance. One study found 10 different antibiotics in sewage treatment effluents, surface water, and sediments. Some microbiologists believe that if antibiotic concentrations are higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of a species of pathogenic bacteria, a selective pressure would be exerted and, as a result, antibiotic resistance would be selectively promoted. It has also been demonstrated that at even sub-inhibitory concentrations (e.g., one-fourth of the MIC), several antibiotics are able to have an effect on gene expression (e.g., as shown for the modulation of expression of toxin-encoding genes in Staphylococcus aureus).

For reference the MIC of erythromycin that is effective against 90 percent of lab grown Campylobacter bacteria, the most common food-borne pathogen in the United States, is 60 ng/mL. One study found that the average concentration of erythromycin, a commonly prescribed antibiotic, was 0.09 ng/mL in water treatment plant effluents. Additionally, transfer of genetic elements among bacteria has been observed under natural conditions in wastewater treatment plants, and selection of resistant bacteria has been documented in sewers receiving wastewaters from pharmaceutical plants. Moreover, antibiotic resistant bacteria may also remain in sewage sludge and enter the food chain if the sludge is not incinerated but used as fertilizer on agricultural land.

The relationship between risk perception and behavior is multifaceted. Risk management is most effective once the motivation behind the behavior of disposing unused pharmaceuticals is understood. There was little correlation found between the perception of risk and knowledge regarding pharmaceutical waste according to a study conducted by Cook and Bellis in 2001.  This study cautioned against the effectiveness of attempting to change the public's behavior on these health issues by warning them of the risks associated with their actions.

It is advised to take careful measures to inform the public in a way that does not impart guilt but rather public awareness. For example, a study carried out by Norlund and Garvill in Sweden (2003)  that found that some people may make a personal sacrifice in terms of comfort because they feel that it would be helpful to reduce further environmental damage caused by the use of cars. Awareness of air pollution problems was a factor in their decision to take action on a more environmentally favorable choice of transportation.  Thus, the goal of Bound's project encapsulates whether the perception of risk associated with pharmaceuticals has an effect on the way in which medication is commonly disposed.

In order to conduct this study, the pharmaceuticals were grouped by their therapeutic action in order to help participants identify them. The eight therapeutic groups are listed below: antibacterials, antidepressants, antihistamines, antiepileptics, hormone treatments, and lipid regulators. Next, a survey was created to examine the disposal patterns of the participants and their perception of the existing risk or threat against the environment. Respondents were asked the following questions in part one of the survey: 1. When and how they disposed of pharmaceuticals. 2. How they perceive the risk to the environment posed by pharmaceuticals. 3. To differentiate between the risks associated with different classed of pharmaceuticals.  Part two of the survey involved each of the eight pharmaceutical groups described above individually. Finally, the third part asked information about the age, sex, profession, postcode, and education of participants.  The sample size of participants was precise in comparison to the actual distribution of males and females in the UK: Sample- 54.8 percent were female and 45.2 percent male vs. Actual- the UK of 51.3 percent female to 48.7 percent male. Results showed that when a medication must be discarded, 63.2 percent of participants throw them in a bin, 21.8 percent return them to a pharmacist, and 11.5 percent dispose of them via the toilet/sink, while the remaining 3.5 percent keep them. Only half of the respondents felt like pharmaceuticals could potentially be harmful to the environment. Upon examination of factors relevant to risk perception, there was no definite link found between perception and education or income.

Dr. Bound noted that participation in altruistic activities such as Environmental Conservation groups may provide members with the ability to better grasp the effects of their actions in the environment. In regards to the aquatic environment, it is hard for one to perceive the favorable effects of properly disposing medication. There also exists the plausibility that a person's behavior will only be affected if there is a severe risk to themselves or humans as opposed to an environmental threat. Even though there are serious threats of pharmaceutical pollution resulting in the feminization of certain fish, they have a lower priority because they are not easily understood or experienced by the general public. In Jonathan P. Bound's opinion, the provision of information about exactly how to go about disposing unused medication properly in conjunction with risk education may have a more positive and forceful effect.

Recommendations
Several recommendations and initiatives have been made to prevent pharmaceutical pollution in the environment. Important practices include:
 educating patients on the importance of proper unused drug disposal,
 educating physicians and patients of proper drug disposal,
 encouraging pharmaceutical industries to implement strategies for proper disposal of drugs or recycling strategies, and
 requiring hospitals to implement better management practices for disposing pharmaceutical waste.

First, it is imperative that patients become educated on pharmaceutical pollution and its hazardous effects on humans, animals, and the overall environment.  By educating patients on proper disposal of unused drugs, steps are being taken to further prevent pharmaceutical waste in the environment.  Consumers should take precautions before tossing out drugs in the trash or flushing them down the toilet.  Community take-back programs have been set up for consumers to bring back unused drugs for proper disposal.  Another initiative is for pharmacies to serve as a take-back site for proper drug disposal such as implementing recycling bins for customers to bring back unused or expired medicines while they're shopping. In addition, medical foundations could receive these medicines to administer them to people who need them, while destroying those that are in excess or expired. Furthermore, educating physicians and patients on the importance of proper drug disposal and the environmental concern will help further reduce pharmaceutical waste.

Also, implementing initiatives for hospitals to focus on better practices for hazardous waste disposal may prove to be beneficial.  The US EPA encourages hospitals to develop efficient pharmaceutical disposal practices by giving them grants.  This incentive may be very beneficial to other hospitals worldwide.

Additionally, "It is critical for us to develop an analytical method of identifying, testing, and regulating the amount of pharmaceuticals in the water systems". Data must be collected in order to accurately measure the prevalence of pharmaceuticals in drinking water. "Multiple Health risk assessments should be conducted to understand the effects of prolonged exposure to pharmaceuticals in drinking water".

Community-based programs should be developed to monitor exposure and health outcomes.  We should encourage the pharmaceutical industry to develop technology that extracts pharmaceuticals from waterways. "Extensive research must be conducted to determine the amount of pharmaceutical contamination in the environment and its effects on  animals and marine life".

Many pharmaceuticals pass through the human body unchanged, so there are advantages when human excreta does not go into waterways, even after conventional sewage treatment, which also does not remove most of these chemicals. It is therefore preferable for human feces and urine to go into fertile soil, where they will receive more effective treatment by numerous microbes found there, over longer amounts of time, and stay away from waterways. This can be achieved via the use of urine-diverting dry toilets, composting toilets, and Arborloos.

Environmental
While the full effects of most PPCPs on the environment are not understood, there is concern about the potential they have for harm because they may act unpredictably when mixed with other chemicals from the environment or concentrate in the food chain. Additionally, some PPCPs are active at very low concentrations, and are often released continuously in large or widespread quantities.

Because of the high solubility of most PPCPs, aquatic organisms are especially vulnerable to their effects.  Researchers have found that a class of antidepressants may be found in frogs and can significantly slow their development.  The increased presence of estrogen and other synthetic hormones in waste water due to birth control and hormonal therapies has been linked to increased feminization of exposed fish and other aquatic organisms. The chemicals within these PPCP products could either affect the feminization or masculinization of different fishes, therefore affecting their reproductive rates.

In addition to being found only in waterways, the ingredients of some PPCPs can also be found in the soil. Since some of these substances take a long time or cannot be degraded biologically, they make their way up the food chain. Information pertaining to the transport and fate of these hormones and their metabolites in dairy waste disposal is still being investigated, yet research suggest that the land application of solid wastes is likely linked with more hormone contamination problems. Not only does the pollution from PPCPs affect marine ecosystems, but also those habitats that depend on this polluted water.

There are various concerns about the effects of pharmaceuticals found in surface waters and specifically the threats against rainbow trout exposed to treated sewage effluents.  Analysis of these pharmaceuticals in the blood plasma of fish compared to human therapeutic plasma levels have yielded vital information providing a means of assessing risk associated with medication waste in water.

Rainbow trout were exposed to undiluted, treated sewage water at three different sites in Sweden.  They were exposed for a total of 14 days while 25 pharmaceuticals were measured in the blood plasma at different levels for analysis. The progestin Levonorgestrel was detected in fish blood plasma at concentrations between 8.5 and 12 ng mL-1 which exceed the human therapeutic plasma level. The measured effluent level of Levonorgestrel in the three areas was shown to reduce the fertility of the rainbow trout.

The three sites chosen for field exposures were in located in Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Umeå.  They were chosen according to their varying degrees of treatment technologies, geographic locations, and size.  The effluent treatment includes active sludge treatment, nitrogen and phosphorus removal (except in Umeå), primary clarification, and secondary clarification.  Juvenile rainbow trout were procured from Antens fiskodling AB, Sweden and Umlax AB, Sweden.  The fish were exposed to aerated, undiluted, treated effluent.  Since all of the sites underwent sludge treatment, it can be inferred that they are not representative of the low end of treatment efficacy. Of the 21 pharmaceuticals that were detected in the water samples, 18 were identified in the effluent, 17 in the plasma portion, and 14 pharmaceuticals were found in both effluent and plasma.

Current research

Starting in the mid-1960s, ecologists and toxicologists began to express concern about the potential adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the water supply, but it wasn't until a decade later that the presence of pharmaceuticals in water was well documented. Studies in 1975 and 1977 found clofibric acid and salicylic acids at trace concentrations in treated water. Widespread concern about and research into the effect of PPCPs largely started in the early 1990s.  Until this time, PPCPs were largely ignored because of their relative solubility and containment in waterways compared to more familiar pollutants like agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, and industrial waste and byproducts.

Since then, a great deal of attention has been directed to the ecological and physiological risk associated with pharmaceutical compounds and their metabolites in water and the environment. In the last decade, most research in this area has focused on steroid hormones and antibiotics. There is concern that steroid hormones may act as endocrine disruptors. Some research suggests that concentrations of ethinylestradiol, an estrogen used in oral contraceptive medications and one of the most commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals, can cause endocrine disruption in aquatic and amphibian wildlife in concentrations as low as 1 ng/L.

Current research on PPCPs aims to answer these questions:

 What is the effect of exposure to low levels of PPCPs over time?
 What is the effect of exposure to mixtures of chemicals?
 Are the effects acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term)?
 Are certain populations, such as the elderly, very young, or immuno-compromised, more vulnerable to the effects of these compounds?
What is the effect of PPCPs on bacterial, fungal, and aquatic life?
 Are the levels of antibiotics in the aquatic environment sufficient to promote antibiotic resistance?
 What is the effect of exposure to steroid hormones on animal and human populations?

Pharmacoenvironmentology
Pharmacoenvironmentology is an extension of pharmacovigilance as it deals specifically with the environmental and ecological effects of drugs given at therapeutic doses. Pharmacologists with this particular expertise (known as a pharmacoenvironmentologist) become a necessary component of any team assessing different aspects of drug safety in the environment. We must look at the effects of drugs not only in medical practice, but also at its environmental effects. Any good clinical trial should look at the impact of particular drugs on the environment. Things we need to address in pharmacoenvironmentology are drugs and their exact concentration in different parts of the environment.

Pharmacoenvironmentology is a specific domain of pharmacology and not of environmental studies. This is because it deals with drugs entering through living organisms through elimination.

Ecopharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance is a new branch of science, which was born in 1960 after the incidence of the thalidomide disaster. Thalidomide is a teratogen and caused horrific birth abnormalities. The thalidomide disaster lead to the present day approach to drug safety and adverse event reporting.

According to the EPA, pharamacovigilance is science aiming to capture any adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in humans after use. However, ecopharmacovigilance is  the science, and activities concerning detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment which affect humans and other animal species. There has been a growing focus among scientists about the impact of drugs on the environment.  In recent years, we have been able to see human pharmaceuticals that are being detected in the environment which most are typically found on surface water.

The importance of ecopharmacovigilance is to monitor adverse effects of pharmaceuticals on humans through environmental exposure. Due to this relatively new field of science, researchers are continuously developing and understanding the impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment and its risk on human and animal exposure. Environmental risk assessment is a regulatory requirement in the launch of any new drug.  This precaution has become a necessary step towards the understanding and prevention of adverse effects of pharmaceutical residue in the environment.  It is important to note that pharmaceuticals enter the environment from the excretion of drugs after human use, hospitals, and improper disposal of unused drugs from patients.

Ecopharmacology
Ecopharmacology concerns the entry of chemicals or drugs into the environment through any route and at any concentration disturbing the balance of ecology (ecosystem), as a consequence. Ecopharmacology is a broad term that includes studies of "PPCPs" irrespective of doses and route of entry into environment.

The geology of a karst aquifer area assists with the movement of PPCPs from the surface to the ground water. Relatively soluble bedrock creates sinkholes, caves and sinking streams into which surface water easily flows, with minimal filtering.  Since 25% of the population get their drinking water from karst aquifers, this affects a large number of people.  A 2016 study of karst aquifers in southwest Illinois found that 89% of water samples had one or more PPCP measured. Triclocarban (an antimicrobial) was the most frequently detected PPCP, with gemfibrozil (a cardiovascular drug) the second most frequently detected.  Other PPCPs detected were trimethoprim, naproxen, carbamazepine, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and fluoxetine. The data suggests that septic tank effluent is a probable source of PPCPs.

Fate of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants

Sewage treatment plants (STP) work with physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove nutrients and contaminants from waste water. Usually the STP is equipped with an initial mechanical separation of solid particles (cotton buds, cloth, hygiene articles etc.) appearing in the incoming water. Following this there may be filters separating finer particles either occurring in the incoming water or developing as a consequence of chemical treatment of the water with flocculating agents.

Many STPs also include one or several steps of biological treatment. By stimulating the activity of various strains of microorganisms physically their activity may be promoted to degrade the organic content of the sewage by up to 90% or more. In certain cases more advanced techniques are used as well. The today most commonly used advanced treatment steps especially in terms of micropollutants are

membranes (which may be used instead of the biological treatment),
ozonation,
activated carbon (powdered or granulated),
UV treatment,
 treatment with potassium ferrate and
sand filtration (which is sometimes added as a last step after the aforementioned).

PPCPs are difficult to remove from wastewater with conventional methods. Some research shows the concentration of such substances is even higher in water leaving the plant than water entering the plant. Many factors including environmental pH, seasonal variation, and biological properties affect the ability of an STP to remove PPCPs.

A 2013 study of a drinking water treatment plant found that of 30 PPCPs measured at both the source water and the drinking water locations, 76% of PPCPs were removed, on average, in the water treatment plant. Ozonation was found to be an efficient treatment process for the removal of many PPCPs.  However, there are some PPCPs that were not removed, such as DEET used as mosquito spray, nonylphenol which is a surfactant used in detergents, the antibiotic erythromycin, and the herbicide atrazine.

Several research projects are running to optimize the use of advanced sewage treatment techniques under different conditions. The advanced techniques will increase the costs for the sewage treatment substantially.
In a European cooperation project between 2008 and 2012 in comparison four hospital waste water treatment facilities were developed in Switzerland, Germany, The Netherlands and Luxembourg to investigate the elimination rates of concentrated waste water with pharmaceutical "cocktails" by using different and combined advanced treatment technologies. Especially the German STP at Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen showed the effects of a combination of membranes, ozone, powdered activated carbon and sand filtration. But even a maximum of installed technologies could not eliminate 100% of all substances and especially radiocontrast agents are nearly impossible to eliminate. The investigations showed that depending on the installed technologies the treatment costs for such a hospital treatment facility may be up to 5.50 € per m3. Other studies and comparisons expect the treatment costs to increase up to 10%, mainly due to energy demand. It is therefore important to define best available technique before extensive infrastructure investments are introduced on a wide basis.

The fate of incoming pharmaceutical residues in the STP is unpredictable. Some substances seem to be more or less completely eliminated, while others pass the different steps in the STP unaffected. There is no systematic knowledge at hand to predict how and why this happens.

Pharmaceutical residues that have been conjugated (bound to a bile acid) before being excreted from the patients may undergo de-conjugation in the STP, yielding higher levels of free pharmaceutical substance in the outlet from the STP than in its incoming water. Some pharmaceuticals with large sales volumes have not been detected in the incoming water to the STP, indicating that complete metabolism and degradation must have occurred already in the patient or during the transport of sewage from the household to the STP.

Regulation
United States
In the United States, EPA has published wastewater regulations for pharmaceutical manufacturing plants.
EPA has also issued air pollution regulations for manufacturing facilities.

EPA published regulations for hazardous waste disposal of pharmaceuticals by health care facilities in 2019. The agency also studied disposal practices for health care facilities where unused pharmaceuticals might be flushed rather than placed in solid waste, but did not develop wastewater regulations.

There are no national regulations covering disposal by consumers to sewage treatment plants (i.e., disposed down the drain). To address pharmaceuticals that may be present in drinking water, in 2009 EPA added three birth control substances and one antibiotic to its Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 3) for possible regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

In 2019, the United States Virgin Islands banned coral damaging sunscreens, in a growing trend to try to protect coral reefs.

Examples

Blister packs
80% of pills in the world are packed with blister packaging, which is the most convenient type for several reasons. Blister packs have two main components, the "lid" and the "blister" (cavity). Lid is mainly manufactured with aluminum (Al) and paper. The Cavity consists of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET) or aluminum (Al). If users employ proper disposal methods, all these materials can be recycled and the harmful effects to the environment can be minimized. However, a problem arises with the improper disposal either by burning or disposing as normal household waste.

Burning of blister packs directly causes air pollution by the combustion products of polypropylene ([C3H6]n), polyester ([C10H8O4]n), and polyvinyl chloride ([CH2CHCl]n). The combustion reactions and products of these chemicals are mentioned below.

[C3H6]n + 9n/2 O2 → 3n CO2 +3n H2O

[C10H8O4]n + 10n O2 → 10n CO2 +4n H2O

[CH2CHCl]n + 2n O2 → n CO2 + n H2O + n HCl + n CO

Even though polypropylene and polyester is harmful to the environment, the most toxic effect is due to the combustion of polyvinyl chloride since it produces hydrochloric acid (HCl) which is an irritant in the lower and upper respiratory tract that can cause adverse effects to human beings.

The disposal of blister packs as normal waste, will forbid recycling process and eventually accumulate in soil or water, which will result soil and water pollution since bio-degradation processes of compounds like PVC, PP and PET are very slow. As a result, ecologically damaging effects like disturbances of the habitats and movements can be seen. Ingestion by the animals, affect the secretion of gastric enzymes and steroid hormones  that can decrease the feeding stimuli and may also cause problems in reproduction. At low pH, aluminum can increase its solubility according to the following equation. As a result, the negative effects of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems can be generated.

2Al(s)+ 6H+ → 2Al3+ (aq) + 3H2 (g)

By employing proper disposal methods, all manufacturing materials of blister packs like PP, PE, PVC and Al can be recycled and the adverse effects to the environment can be minimized. Even though, the synthesis of these polymers relatively simple, the recycling process can be very complex since the blister packs contain metals and polymers together.

As the first step of recycling, separation of Al and Polymers using the hydrometallurgical method which uses hydrochloric acid (HCl)  can be incorporated. Then PVC can be recycled by using mechanical or chemical methods. The most recent trend is to use biodegradable, eco-friendly "bio plastics" which are also called as biopolymers such as derivatives of starch, cellulose, protein, chitin and xylan for pharmaceutical packaging, to reduce the hostile effects to the environment.

Nail polish
In nail salons, employees can be exposed to dozens of chemicals found in nail polish and nail polish removers. Nail polishes have many ingredients which are considered toxic, including solvents, resins, colorants and pigments, among others.  In the early 2000's some of the toxic components found in nail polish (toluene, formaldehyde and dibutyl phthalate) started being replaced by other substances. One of the new components was triphenyl phosphate which is known as a endocrine-disrupting plasticizer. Now many labels are available including not only 3-Free but higher, for example 5-Free or 12-Free. There are few studies on the possible health outcomes of nail polish exposures; these include skin problems, respiratory disorders, neurologic disorders, and reproductive disorders.

Nail polish remover
Nail polish remover has the ability to enter bodies of water and soil after entering landfills or by precipitation, such as rain or snow. However, due to acetone's high volatility, most of it that enters the bodies of water and soil will evaporate again and re-enter the atmosphere. Not all of the acetone molecules will evaporate again, and so, when acetone remains in the bodies of water or soil, a reaction will occur. Nail polish remover evaporates easily because acetone's intermolecular forces are weak. An acetone molecule can't attract other acetone molecules easily because its hydrogens are not slightly positive. The only force that holds acetone molecules together is its permanent dipoles which are weaker than hydrogen bonds.

Since nail polish remover is a solvent, it will dissolve in water. When acetone dissolves in water, it hydrogen bonds with water. The more nail polish remover that enters the hydrosphere will increase the concentration of acetone and then increase the concentration of the solution created when acetone and water bonds. If enough nail polish remover is disposed, it can reach the lethal dose level for aquatic life.

Nail polish remover can also enter the lithosphere by landfills and by precipitation. However, it will not bind to the soil. Microorganisms in the soil will decompose acetone. The consequence of microorganisms decomposing acetone is the risk it has to cause oxygen depletion in bodies of water. The more acetone readily available for microorganism decomposition leads to more microorganisms reproduced and thus oxygen depletion because more microorganisms use up the available oxygen.

When nail polish remover evaporates, acetone enters the atmosphere in the gaseous phase. In the gaseous phase, acetone can undergo photolysis and breakdown into carbon monoxide, methane, and ethane. When temperatures are between 100 - 350 degrees Celsius, the following mechanism occurs:

(CH3)2CO + hv → CH3 + CH3CO

CH3CO → CH3+ CO

CH3+ (CH3)2CO → CH4 + CH2COCH3

2CH3 → C2H6

A second pathway that nail polish remover can enter in the atmosphere is reacting with hydroxyl radicals. When acetone reacts with hydroxyl radicals, its main product is methylglyoxal. Methylglyoxal is an organic compound that is a by-product of many metabolic pathways. It is an intermediate precursor for many advanced glycation end-products, that are formed for diseases such as diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases. The following reaction occurs:

(CH3)2CO + ·OH → CH3C(O)OH + ·CH3

CH3C(O)OH + ·CH3→  CH3C(O)COH + 3H+

Sunscreens
Sunscreens use a variety of chemical compounds to prevent UV radiation, like benzophenone, octocrylene, octinoxate, among others. These chemical compounds affect the life of coral reefs in different stages of their life and contributes to coral bleaching.

Pending questions

 Is there a temperature at which PPCPs are burned and destroyed? Would they thus be eliminated when materials are made into biochar?
 Are there artificial colorings that degrade under similar conditions to PPCPs and could be used as proxies in low-tech experiments of how to eliminate PPCPs?
 Ultraviolet light is known to degrade PPCPs. How long would urine need to lay in the sun in transparent bottles to destroy the PPCPs before its use as fertilizer?
 Do soil microbes develop or evolve the ability to break down PPCPs over time? If a person who consumes a pharmaceutical uses a urine-diverting dry toilet, in which the urine is dispersed into fertile soil among plants, would the microbes eventually decompose this chemical entirely? After how much time? Which types of pharmaceuticals would break down faster and which slower?
 Are there types of PPCPs that cannot enter into the roots of plants because their molecules are simply too large?
 When essential oils are extracted from plants, would PPCPs pass into them, stay in the cauldron, or be destroyed by the heat?

See also
 Drug pollution
 Plastic particle water pollution
 Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles
 Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant
 Water pollution

References

Further reading

External links

Pollution
Environmental science
Pharmaceutical industry
Water pollution
Pharmaceuticals
Medical waste
Occupational safety and health


Swan was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1950 and again from 1962 to 1983.

The district was located in the Swan Valley, to the east of Perth. The district was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. It was abolished ahead of the 1950 election, at which point incumbent member Gerald Wild of the Liberal Party became the member for the new seat of Dale. Revived for the 1962 election, it was won by John Brady of the Labor Party, hitherto the member for Guildford-Midland. Swan was again abolished at the 1983 election, whence incumbent member Gordon Hill of the Labor Party won the new seat of Helena.

Members

Election results

Swan


Gregory III Šubić of Bribir (; died 1235) was a member of the Croatian Šubić noble family. He successfully fought a war with Count Domald and with Višan Šubić of Zvonigrad.

Šubić
Subic
Year of birth missing
1235 deaths


In 2017, Reséndez won the Bancroft Prize in American History and Diplomacy for The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America.

Early life
Reséndez grew up in Mexico City.

Education and career
He received his Bachelor's degree in International relations at el Colegio de México in 1992 and worked in the Mexican government briefly around that time. In 1997, he received his Ph.D. in history at the University of Chicago. During his years as a graduate student, Reséndez served as a consultant for historical soap operas. He went on to teach at Yale University and University of Helsinki. He is currently a professor in the Department of History at the University of California, Davis.

Books

 Conquering the Pacific: An Unknown Mariner and the Final Great Voyage of the Age of Discovery, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021.
 The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016.
 A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabeza de Vaca, Basic Books, 2007.
 Changing National Identities at the Frontier: Texas and New Mexico, 1800–1850, Cambridge University Press. 2005.
 A Texas Patriot on Trial in Mexico: José Antonio Navarro and the Texan Santa Fe Expedition, edited and translated with an introduction and notes by Andrés Reséndez. Dallas: DeGolyer Library/Clements Center for Southwest Studies, 2005.
 Caught Between Profits and Rituals: National Contestation in Texas and New Mexico, 1821–1848,  University of Chicago, 1997

See also
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas
Slavery in New Spain

References

External links

 Andres Resendez on C-SPAN
 Faculty profile for University of California, Davis

University of California, Davis faculty
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of the United States
Historians of Mexico
Historians of Texas
University of Chicago alumni
El Colegio de México alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bancroft Prize winners
American male non-fiction writers


The 1950s House was a hands-on exhibit building at Shelburne Museum in Shelburne, Vermont. The exhibit was designed to allow museum visitors to experience everyday life in 1950s Vermont.

The house, which opened at the Shelburne Museum in 2000, brought to life the transformative history of America during the mid-20th century when a vibrant consumer culture developed after World War II. Having been built in the 1940s, it was outfitted in late-1940s design and decoration. The furnishings and decor highlighted the industrial boom of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Packed with the era's fashionable furniture, books, toys, food, and magazines, the 1950s House provided a window into mid-century visual culture.

History
Shelburne residents Frank and Helen LaFlam built the 1950s House on land purchased in 1948 from the subdivision of a  farm. In 1950 Vermont had abundant land and natural resources, and the town of Shelburne, which did not institute zoning until 1957, encouraged new home building.

In designing their house, the LaFlams incorporated state-of-the-art amenities such as central heating, public water, and modern bathroom and kitchen appliances, including a refrigerator and built-in cabinets. The burgeoning industry of the late 1940s enabled the LaFlams to purchase a ready-cut house (see prefabricated home) modeled from architectural plans and specifications that was inexpensive and easily shipped to the building site. The one-story design, attached garage, plain overhanging eaves, and simple white clapboard siding represent the hallmarks of mid-century house design. The LaFlams detailed the windows and doors with broad, stained wood trim, which is the kind of simple detailing available in a lumber-rich place like Vermont. The house, which is neither a traditional Cape nor a typical ranch, has characteristics of do-it-yourself construction, with an engagingly awkward mix-and-match of new and old, typical and idiosyncratic, details.
In the summer of 2000, the house was opened to the public as a temporary exhibition entitled "The Fabulous 50's: Welcome Home to Postwar Vermont". In 2002, the exhibition was extended through 2005.

As of May 4, 2012, the 1950s house was torn down to make way for the Pizagalli center for art and education.

See also
Electra Havemeyer Webb
1950s

References

External links
 Shelburne Museum website

Shelburne Museum
Historic house museums in Vermont
1950s in the United States
Houses in Chittenden County, Vermont
2000 establishments in Vermont

de:Shelburne Museum


Rinaldo Wayne Walcott (born 1965) is a Canadian academic and writer. He wrote in 2021 "I was born in the Caribbean Barbados and have lived most of my life in Canada, specifically Toronto."<ref>On Property (Biblioasis, 2021); 'Toronto Star, 6 Feb. 2021; and Library of Congress Authorities file.</ref> Walcott is Professor and Chair of Africana and American Studies at the University at Buffalo. He holds the Carl V. Granger Chair in Africana and American Studies. Previously, he was an associate professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and the director of the Women and Gender Studies Institute at the University of Toronto. He was also affiliated with the Cinema Studies Institute at the University of Toronto. Walcott was formerly an assistant professor at York University. From 2002 to 2007, he was the Canada Research Chair of Social Justice and Cultural Studies.

Walcott's work focuses on Black studies, Canadian studies, cultural studies, queer theory, gender studies, and diaspora studies. He is out as queer.

 Work

Walcott published Black Like Who? in 1997, coming out of research related to his PhD studies which focused on, in Walcott's own words, "questions of popular culture and exploring how rap music in the early 1990s was emerging as an important social and political force across North America". The collection of essays in Black Like Who? expand this inquiry into areas such as poetry, literature, diasporic studies, film criticism and other discussions central to issues surrounding Black space, place, and landscape in Canada.

 Selected publications

 2021, The Long Emancipation: Moving toward Black Freedom (Durham, NC: Duke University Press)
 2021, On Property (Windsor, Ontario: Biblioasis).
 2019, BlackLife: Post-BLM and the Struggle for Freedom with Idil Abdillahi (Winnipeg: ARP Books).
 2016, Queer Returns: Essays On Multiculturalism, Diaspora and Black Studies (Toronto: Insomniac Press).
 2003, Black Like Who?: Writing Black Canada (Toronto: Insomniac Press). [Second Revised Edition]
 2000, Rude: Contemporary Black Canadian Cultural Criticism [editor] (Toronto: Insomniac Press).
 1997, Black Like Who?: Writing Black Canada'' (Toronto: Insomniac Press).

References

Barbadian emigrants to Canada
Black Canadian writers
Canadian non-fiction writers
Living people
Canadian sociologists
Canadian literary critics
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Canada Research Chairs
Canadian gay writers
1965 births
Black Canadian LGBT people
Black Canadian scientists
University of Toronto alumni


Robert John Frasor (born October 31, 1986) is a retired American professional basketball player, former college coach and currently a head high school coach. He was born in Blue Island, Illinois to Bob and Donna Frasor. His father won 298 games in 27 years as head basketball coach at Eisenhower High School. Bobby Frasor played at North Carolina from 2005 to 2009 as both point guard and shooting guard.

High school career
Frasor attended Brother Rice High School from 2001 to 2005, and was coached by Pat Richardson. Throughout those years, Frasor was a success both on the basketball court and in the classroom. Academically, Frasor was a member of the National Honor Society and a four-year member of the "high honors," which means he averaged a 3.9 or higher grade point average (GPA).  On the basketball court, Frasor began to stand out as a junior when he averaged twelve points and five assists on a team that finished the season 26–2. The following year, Frasor's senior season, he averaged 21 points, five rebounds and seven assists along with being named the Chicago Catholic League Player of the Year. In his total time at Brother Rice, he earned all conference honors three times and earned all-state honors twice. Before making the bridge from his high school career to his college career at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Frasor earned McDonald's All-American honors along with EA Sports All-American honors.

Collegiate career

Freshman season
Frasor averaged 27.5 minutes, 6.4 points, 2.2 rebounds, and 4.4 assists to end his freshman season. He started all 31 games at point guard. His season high in scoring took place against North Carolina State as he put up 17 points, and his season-high twelve assists took place against Saint Louis. He was fourth in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in assists and also fourth in the ACC in assist-to-error ratio. With these numbers, he, along with teammate Tyler Hansbrough, were members of the 2006 ACC All-freshman team.

Sophomore season
Frasor completed his sophomore season averaging 10.1 minutes, 2.4 points, 0.7 rebounds, 1.6 assists, and 0.8 turnovers per game. He played in 28 games as a sophomore however his playing time significantly decreased after returning from multiple foot injuries. He missed ten games in two different stretches due to an injured right foot and later in the season missed six games for a sore right foot and bruised hip.

Junior season
Although embattled by more injuries, Frasor ended his junior campaign averaging 16.3 minutes, 3.2 points, 1.8 rebounds, 2.1 assists, and 0.8 turnovers. While only playing in twelve games, he saw action at both shooting guard and point guard and also earned defensive player of the game eight of his twelve games. However, during the second half of the Nevada game on December 27, 2007, Frasor tore his left anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) while going for a steal. He then was forced to go through reconstructive surgery on January 14, 2008, and missed the remainder of his junior season. Despite suffering from a season-ending injury, Frasor was still able to win the team's scholar-athlete award for the 2007–08 season. He was cleared by doctors to play in early July to begin preparing for his senior season.

Senior season
In a season ending with victory in the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, Frasor completed the season averaging 17.4 minutes, 2.6 points, 2.0 rebounds, 1.4 assists, and 0.7 turnovers. He went undrafted in the 2009 NBA draft.

Professional career
Following the completion of his college career, Frasor joined BC Levski Sofia, which plays in the Balkan League and Bulgarian National League, which went on to win the basketball Bulgarian Cup.  For the 2010–11 season, Frasor signed with Cypriot team Achilleas Kaimakliou.

Coaching career
In 2011, Frasor retired from basketball and joined Roy Williams' staff as assistant video coordinator. In 2012, he was hired by the University of Alabama at Birmingham head basketball coach Jerod Haase as the director of operations with the goal being to groom him to be a Division I coach.  He now coaches at his alma mater, Brother Rice High School.

References

External links
 Bobby Frasor profile at BC Levski Sofia
 Bobby Frasor profile at ESPN.com
 Bobby Frasor profile at Scout.com
 Bobby Frasor profile at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

1986 births
Living people
Achilleas Kaimakli players
American expatriate basketball people in Bulgaria
American expatriate basketball people in Cyprus
American men's basketball players
BC Levski Sofia players
High school basketball coaches in Illinois
McDonald's High School All-Americans
North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
People from Blue Island, Illinois
Point guards
Shooting guards
Basketball players from Cook County, Illinois


Michael Wayne Thompson (born September 6, 1949) is a former right-handed Major League Baseball pitcher who played in the big leagues in 1971 and from 1973 to 1975 for the Washington Senators, St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves. Prior to playing professionally, he attended Ponca City High School in Ponca City, Oklahoma.

Thompson's professional career began in 1967, after he was drafted in the third round in that year's draft. He played for the Geneva Senators, going 2–5 with a 3.76 ERA in 10 games started. The following year, he played for the Salisbury Senators, going 7–13 with a 4.27 ERA in 29 games (23 games started). In 1969, he improved drastically, going 9–5 with a 2.09 ERA in 18 games for the Burlington Senators. The 1970 season was split between the Denver Bears and Pittsfield Senators, going 0–2 with a 10.38 ERA for the former and 5–9 with a 5.32 ERA for the latter.

He would make his big league debut in 1971, on May 19 against the Baltimore Orioles. Although he allowed only one hit earned run in seven innings, he also walked nine batters and struck out only one. He earned the loss in his big league debut. Overall, he would go 1–6 with a 4.86 ERA in 16 big league games (12 starts). He allowed more walks than hits, surrendering 54 walks to 53 hits in 66 innings. He struck out only 41 batters. Thompson also spent time with the Denver Bears in 1971, going 5–3 with a 4.20 ERA in 11 games (nine starts).

His 1972 season was spent with the Bears, and with them he went 6–8 with a 4.10 ERA in 20 games (18 starts). On March 31, 1973, he was sent to the Cardinals as the player to be named later in a deal that originally occurred on February 1 of that year. The trade involved the Rangers receiving Charlie Hudson and a player to be named later (who would end up being Mike Nagy) in return for a player to be named later (Thompson). Thompson spent most of 1973 in the minors, with the Tulsa Oilers. With them, he went 7–7 with a 2.82 ERA in 20 games. However, he did make two starts in the big leagues, going 0–0 with a 0.00 ERA in four innings of work.

In 1974, Thompson began the season with the Cardinals, going 0–3 with a 5.63 ERA with them. He was purchased by the Braves from the Cardinals on September 10, and he went 0–0 with a 4.50 ERA in one game with the Braves. Overall, he walked 37 batters in 42 innings, while striking out only 27 batters. He also made ten starts for the Oilers that year, going 5–4 with a 3.55 ERA.

For the Braves in 1975, he made 16 big league appearances, starting 10 of those games. He went 0–6 with a 4.70 ERA, and played his final big league game on September 5, 1975. He was dealt from the Braves to the Cincinnati Reds for Terry Crowley on April 7, 1976. He played for the Indianapolis Indians in the Reds organization that year, going 5–7 with a 3.97 ERA in 21 games with them. On November 8, he was traded to the Texas Rangers for minor leaguer Art DeFilippis. Thompson retired after 1976, however.

In 54 big league appearances (29 starts), Thompson went 1–15 (.063) with a 4.86 ERA. In 164 innings, he allowed 158 hits, walked 128 batters and struck out 113 batters.

References

1949 births
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Colorado
Ponca City High School alumni


Dak-dori-tang () or braised spicy chicken is a traditional Korean dish made by boiling chunks of chicken with vegetables and spices. The ingredients are sometimes stir-fried before being boiled. It is a jjim or jorim-like dish, and the recipe varies across the Korean peninsula. Common ingredients include potatoes, carrots, green and red chili peppers, dried red chili peppers, scallions, onions, garlic, ginger, gochujang (chili paste), gochutgaru (chili powder), soy sauce, and sesame oil.

Etymology debate
Some groups advocating linguistic purism in Korean argue against the use of the term dak-dori-tang () due to the perception that it is a Japanese-Korean hybrid, though the etymology of the middle word dori () is not definitively known. In South Korea, the National Institute of the Korean Language claims that the word came from Japanese tori (; "bird"), and suggests that the word should be refined into dak-bokkeum-tang (). However, the status of dori as a loanword has been subject to debate. This is because the institute has not presented the grounds for the argument besides the phonetic similarity of dori to the Japanese word tori. The word dori-tang appears in Haedong jukji, a 1925 collection of poems by the Joseon literatus Choe Yeongnyeon. In the book, Chinese characters do () ri () tang () were used to transliterate the Korean dish name. A food columnist argued that, had the word been Japanese, the character jo (; pronounced tori in Japanese) would have been used instead of the hanja transliteration of the Korean pronunciation. Alternative theories on the origin of dori include the assertions that it came from dyori (), the archaic form of Sino-Korean word jori (; "to cook"), and that it came from the native Korean verb dorida (; "to cut out"). None of the theories mentioned before has been widely accepted as the established etymology.

See also
 Dapanji, a similar Uyghur/Chinese dish

References

Korean chicken dishes
Korean soups and stews


Wilhelm Frimann Koren Christie (7 December 1778 – 10 October 1849) was a Norwegian attorney. He was a member of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll in 1814 and served as the Norwegian Constituent Assembly secretary.

Background
Born in Kristiansund, Møre og Romsdal, Wilhelm F. K. Christie spent several childhood years in Bergen. He was the son of postmaster Johan Koren Christie (1745–1823) and Anne Thue Brodtkorb (1753–1834). His family can be traced back to Andrew Davidson Christie (ca. 1620-1694), born in Montrose, Scotland, who became a citizen of Bergen in 1654. At 10 years old, he was sent to attend Bergen Cathedral School. At 16 years old, he was a student at the University of Copenhagen. In 1799, he became candidat juridicum.

Career

Wilhelm F. K. Christie was executive officer (kansellisekretær) and manager of a government office in Copenhagen.  In 1809, at 30 years old, he became a judge (sorenskriver) in Søndre Bergenhus county.  From 1815 to 1825, he was County Governor of Søndre Bergenhus amt and County Governor of Bergenhus stiftamt.

In 1814, he was a representative for Bergen at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly. He was chosen as the secretary during the whole period. Hence he did not play a very important role in the debates. Then he participated with sending a message to the United Kingdom from Christian Frederik in order to win assistance for Norway's independence. However, this message was never answered. In October, he became the president of the parliament and made an important contribution to the process of discussion of the union with Sweden. He stayed a representative in the Parliament of Norway (Stortinget) until 1825.

Later years
From 1828 until his death, he was a customs inspector in Bergen. He was also a member of Bergen city council from 1837 to 1841, and participated with the founding of Bergen Savings Bank, of which he was chairman for several years.

Legacy
Christie's private archive in the National Archives contains six packages of correspondence and notes. His statue now stands in front of the Bergen Museum, which he founded in 1825 and where he worked for more than 20 years. A statue of him by Norwegian sculptor Kristian Blystad was erected in 1989 in front of the Stortinget on the occasion of the Constitution's 175-year anniversary.

References

1778 births
1849 deaths
Politicians from Bergen
Presidents of the Storting
People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School
University of Copenhagen alumni
19th-century Norwegian judges
Fathers of the Constitution of Norway
County governors of Norway
Norwegian people of Scottish descent


In mathematics, stochastic geometry is the study of random spatial patterns. At the heart of the subject lies the study of random point patterns. This leads to the theory of spatial point processes, hence notions of Palm conditioning, which extend to the more abstract setting of random measures.

Models

There are various models for point processes, typically based on but going beyond the classic homogeneous Poisson point process (the basic model for complete spatial randomness) to find  expressive models which allow effective statistical methods.

The point pattern theory provides a major building block for generation of random object processes, allowing construction of elaborate random spatial patterns. The simplest version, the  Boolean model, places a random compact object at each point of a Poisson point process.  More complex versions allow interactions based in various ways on the geometry of objects. Different directions of application include: the production of models for random images either as set-union of objects, or as patterns of overlapping objects; also the generation of geometrically inspired models for the underlying point process
(for example, the point pattern distribution may be biased by an exponential factor involving the area of the union of the objects; this is related to the Widom–Rowlinson model of statistical mechanics).

Random object

What is  meant by a random object? A complete answer to this question requires the theory of random closed sets, which makes contact with advanced concepts from measure theory. The key idea is to focus on the probabilities of the given random closed set hitting specified test sets. There arise questions of inference (for example, estimate the set which encloses a given point pattern) and theories of generalizations of means etc. to apply to random sets. Connections are now being made between this latter work and recent developments in geometric mathematical analysis concerning general metric spaces and their geometry. Good parametrizations of specific random sets can allow us to refer random object processes to the theory of marked point processes; object-point pairs are viewed as points in a larger product space formed as the product of the original space and the space of parametrization.

Line and hyper-flat processes

Suppose we are concerned no longer with compact objects, but with objects which are spatially extended: lines on the plane or flats in 3-space. This leads to consideration of line processes, and of processes of flats or hyper-flats. There can no longer be a preferred spatial location for each object; however the theory may be mapped back into point process theory by representing each object by a point in a suitable representation space. For example, in the case of directed lines in the plane one may take the representation space to be a cylinder.  A complication is that the Euclidean motion symmetries will then be expressed on the representation space in a somewhat unusual way. Moreover, calculations need to take account of interesting spatial biases (for example, line segments are less likely to be hit by random lines to which they are nearly parallel) and this provides an interesting and significant connection to the hugely significant area of stereology, which in some respects can be viewed as yet another theme of stochastic geometry. It is often the case that calculations are best carried out in terms of bundles of lines hitting various test-sets, rather than by working in representation space.

Line and hyper-flat processes have their own direct applications, but also find application as one way of creating tessellations dividing space; hence for example one may speak of Poisson line tessellations. A notable recent result proves that the cell at the origin of the Poisson line tessellation is approximately circular when conditioned to be large. Tessellations in stochastic geometry can of course be produced by other means, for example by using Voronoi and variant constructions, and also by iterating various means of construction.

Origin of the name
The name appears to have been coined by David Kendall and Klaus Krickeberg while preparing for a June 1969 Oberwolfach workshop, though antecedents for the theory stretch back much further under the name geometric probability. The term "stochastic geometry" was also used by Frisch and Hammersley in 1963 as one of two suggestions for names of a theory of "random irregular structures" inspired by percolation theory.

Applications
This brief description has focused on the theory of stochastic geometry, which allows a view of the structure of the subject. However, much of the life and interest of the subject, and indeed many of its original ideas, flow from a very wide range of applications, for example: astronomy, spatially distributed telecommunications, wireless network modeling and analysis, modeling of channel fading, forestry, the statistical theory of shape, material science, multivariate analysis, problems in image analysis and stereology. There are links to statistical mechanics, Markov chain Monte Carlo, and implementations of the theory in statistical computing (for example, spatstat in R). Most recently determinantal and permanental point processes (connected to random matrix theory) are beginning to play a role.

See also

 Nearest neighbour function
 Spherical contact distribution function
 Factorial moment measure
 Moment measure
 Continuum percolation theory
 Random graphs
 Spatial statistics
 Stochastic geometry models of wireless networks
 Mathematical morphology
 Information geometry
 Stochastic differential geometry

References

Stochastic processes
Integral geometry
Spatial processes


Lady Bridget Manners (died 1604) was an English courtier, a maid of honour at the court of Elizabeth I.

She was the eldest daughter of John Manners, 4th Earl of Rutland (died 1588), and his wife Elizabeth Charlton.

Court of Elizabeth I

Bridget entered the service of Elizabeth I in 1589 under the tutelage of Bridget Hussey, Countess of Bedford, and Lady Talbot. Her mother sent the Countess of Bedford £200 to dress her in suitable fashionable clothes for court. Her uncle, Roger Manners of Uffington, a "squire of the body" at court, made some of the arrangements for Bridget to join the royal household after her father's death. This Roger Manners wrote her a letter of advice on behaviour and decorum. Her brother, Roger Manners, who was now the Earl of Rutland, confirmed their uncle's "good advice". Another woman in the queen's household, who looked after the queen's jewels, Mary Radcliffe, was a relation. Bridget quickly became one of the Queen's favorites and eventually became responsible for her food as the Queen's carver.

In 1593 Barnabe Barnes included a sonnet to "the Beautiful Lady, the Lady Bridget Manners" in his Parthenophil and Parthenophe, as a rose in Cynthia's (Elizabeth's) crown;
Rose of the Garland! fairest and sweetest
Of all those sweet and fair flowers!
Pride of chaste Cynthia's rich crown!

Marriage
Manners married Robert Tyrwhitt, a son of William Tyrwhitt and Elizabeth Frescheville, secretly in August 1594. She had left court to recuperate from the measles.

Elizabeth was angry at this. Roger Manners of Uffington wrote, "her Majesty taketh it for a great offence, and so, as I hear, she mindeth to punish". Bridget went to stay in the country at a house of the Countess of Bedford. Robert Tyrwhitt was summoned to London. Roger Manners (of Uffington) wrote to Sir Robert Cecil and in favour of Tyrwhitt. He claimed that he himself had no advance knowledge of the marriage, and Bridget and his mother had ignored his advice for the last two years.

Tyrwhitt was jailed for circumventing the queen. Elizabeth interrupted her plans to travel to Belvoir Castle, the home of the Manners family. It took a cash settlement from Robert Manners, Earl of Rutland, to secure Tyrwhitt's release.

Death
She died on 10 July 1604, possibly at Etchingham in Sussex, and is commemorated on a monument at Bigby which names her children as William, Robert, Rutland, and Bridget. Robert Tyrwhitt died in 1617. He came under suspicion after the gunpowder plot in 1605.

References

External links
Bridget Manners Biography

1604 deaths
16th-century English women
17th-century English women
British maids of honour
Bridget
Year of birth unknown
Court of Elizabeth I


Dan Coughlan (born 21 March 1870) was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Blackrock and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1894 until 1903.

Biography

The Coughlans were a well-known family in Blackrock at the turn of the 20th century.  The father, John Coughlan, earned his livelihood as a fisherman.  All of his sons would later earn their livings on the sea.  The Coughlans also came to be regarded as a famous hurling family in the early years of the championship.  Dan Coughlan was the fourth son in the family.  He and his four brothers – Pat Coughlan, Denis 'Lyonsie' Coughlan, Jer Coughlan, and Tom 'Honest Man' Coughlan – all played with 'the Rockies' and claimed All-Ireland titles with Cork.

The Coughlan bloodline saw much success also on the hurling field also.  His nephews, Eudie and John, went on to win seven All-Ireland medals between them with Cork between 1929 and 1931.  His niece, Kitty, won three All-Ireland camogie medals in-a-row between 1939 and 1941.  Coughlan's grandnephew continued the hurling tradition by winning a county title with Blackrock in 1961.

Playing career

Club

Coughlan played his club hurling with the Blackrock National Hurling Club in Cork and had much success.  He won his first senior county title in 1894.  AT this time Blackrock had become the standard-bearers in the county and Coughlan had further county victories with the club in 1895, 1897, 1898 and 1903.

Inter-county

Coughlan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with Cork when he captained the team in 1894.  A relatively easy 3-4 to 1-2 defeat of Tipperary in the provincial decider gave him a Munster winners' title. For the second time in three years Dublin provided the opposition for Cork in the subsequent All-Ireland final.  The game turned into an absolute rout as Cork won easily by 5-20 to 2-0.  The victory gave Coughlan an All-Ireland winners' title.

Coughlan did not take part in any inter-county activity for the next few years, however, in 1902 he was back on the team.  He missed the Munster final but returned in time for the All-Ireland 'home' final.  Dublin provided the opposition on that occasion, however, the game ended in a draw. Coughlan did not take part in the subsequent replay or the All-Ireland final victory over London.

Coughlan  was still a key member of the Cork team again in 1903.  That year he collected a second Munster winners’ medal as Cork trounced Waterford by 5-16 to 1-1.  He was injured prior to the subsequent All-Ireland final and played no part in Cork's victory over London.

In 1905, when salmon fishing declined on the River Lee, Coughlan emigrated when still in the prime of his hurling career.

References

Blackrock National Hurling Club hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
1870 births
20th-century deaths


Lomes (Asturian: Ḷḷomes) is a parish (administrative division) in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size.  The population is 105.  The postal code is 33890.

Villages and hamlets
 Carcedo de Lomes ("Carcéu")
 Lomes ("Ḷḷomes")
 Otero ("L'Outeiru")
 Tarallé ("Taraé")

The parish church, dedicated to Saint James the Greater, was built in the 15th century.

References

External links
 Allande

Parishes in Allande


World Outside is the seventh studio album by the English rock band the Psychedelic Furs, released 1 July 1991 by Columbia Records in the US. It includes the single "Until She Comes", which hit No. 1 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart in September 1991. "Don't Be a Girl" was the second single.

Production
Completed in seven weeks, the album was produced by Stephen Street and the band. Knox Chandler contributed on guitar. The three core band members tried to be more open to collaborating with the additional musicians, rather than always directing how songs should be played. The band started recording a week after their tour for Book of Days ended, and used few overdubs. Singer Richard Butler constructed lyrics that were more personal than on previous albums. He decided to use cello on some tracks after growing tired of employing a saxophone. "All About You" was edited down from two jams that totaled 30 minutes.

Critical reception

The Los Angeles Times wrote that "there is once more the bracing tension of understated melodic elegance scraping against understated musical discord." The Ottawa Citizen determined that the band "maintains the most irresistible aspects of its art-rock sound including the melancholy underbelly, but it also focuses them into a commanding pop songs." The Calgary Herald opined that "Richard sings wearily of romance in ruins... It's all so shoulder-shrugging boring."

The Globe and Mail deemed the album "a crafty return to the edgy, intelligent rock of its earliest incarnation." The Boston Globe called it "B-level pop songs." The Vancouver Sun panned the "sameness in synth sounds, sameness in melodies, sameness in meter." The Times concluded that "the album is leavened by a significantly keener sense of melody and somehow pulled into focus by the context of the times."

The Wisconsin State Journal listed the album as one of the 10 best of 1991.

Track listing
All songs written by the Psychedelic Furs.
 "Valentine" – 4:47
 "In My Head" – 3:30
 "Until She Comes" – 3:50
 "Don't Be a Girl" – 3:46
 "Sometimes" – 4:14
 "Tearing Down" – 5:22
 "There's a World" – 4:45
 "Get a Room" – 3:45
 "Better Days" – 4:32
 "All About You" – 4:01

Personnel
The Psychedelic Furs
Richard Butler – vocals
John Ashton – guitar
Tim Butler – bass
Additional personnel
Don Yallech – drums
Knox Chandler – guitar
Joe McGinty – keyboards

Charts

References

The Psychedelic Furs albums
1991 albums
Columbia Records albums
Albums produced by Stephen Street


Middle Swan was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1930 to 1962.

The district was located in the eastern suburbs of Perth. Despite its name, it did not include its namesake suburb (its name came from being centrally located along the Swan River), but included areas such as Bayswater, Morley, Inglewood and parts of Maylands north of the river, and Belmont, Rivervale and Lathlain south of the river.

First created for the 1930 state election, the seat was won by James Hegney of the Labor Party. Hegney held the seat until his defeat by Liberal Party candidate Bill Grayden at the 1947 state election. Grayden resigned the seat mid-term to contest, successfully, the division of Swan at the 1949 federal election. No by-election was called due to the proximity of the 1950 state election, which saw Hegney win back his old seat. Hegney then held the seat until its abolition at the 1962 state election, at which point he became the member for the new seat of Belmont. Hegney served as Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly between 1956 and 1959.

Members for Middle Swan

Election results

Middle Swan
1930 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1930
1962 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1962


Roman Georgiyevich Grebennikov (; born 25 August 1975 in Volgograd, USSR) is a Russian political figure and former Mayor of Volgograd. He was elected Mayor of Volgograd in 2007.

Biography

Grebennikov graduated from law school at Volgograd State University in 1998. After graduation he worked as the head of a law firm. Grebennikov joined the Volgograd branch of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, with the nomination of his candidacy for deputy supported by Alevtina Aparina. In 1998 and again in 2001, he was elected in the Volgograd Oblast Duma. From 2001 to 2005 he was chairman of the Volgograd Oblast Duma, becoming the youngest head of the legislative body in its history. In 2003, he moved to the Committee on Social Policy.

On 21 May 2007, Grebennikov was elected Mayor of Volgograd with 32.47% of the vote. He is the youngest mayor of a regional capital.

On 24 February 2011, Grebennikov was removed from his post of mayor of Volgograd after it was claimed he had several disputes with the governor of the province where his city is located.

References

1975 births
Living people
Russian communists
Mayors of Volgograd
Former members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation


Small Town Saturday Night is a 2010 American ensemble drama film by writer-director Ryan Craig. The film stars Chris Pine, Shawn Christian, John Hawkes and Bre Blair. The film also features actors Muse Watson, Robert Pine, Brent Briscoe, Scott Michael Campbell, Adam Hendershott, Octavia Spencer, Kali Majors and Lin Shaye.

Plot

The subtle connections of a deputy sheriff, a Nashville-bound singer, an ex-con, and a single mother will intertwine in this tale of small-town life. Tommy Carson (Shawn Christian) works around the clock to keep the peace in Prospect, but Donny (John Hawkes), who is on a downward spiral, makes this even more difficult for the deputy Sheriff. Rhett Ryan (Chris Pine) discovers that the desire to follow his dream conflicts with his desire to be with the woman he loves. While Samantha (Bre Blair) does love the singer-songwriter, she comes to realize that what's best for her daughter (Kali Majors) and their future may not be what's best for him. Les (Adam Hendershott) just wants to fit in with his big brother's friends, but his overbearing mother (Lin Shaye) desperately wants him to stand out.

Cast
 Chris Pine as Rhett Ryan
 Shawn Christian as Tommy Carson
 John Hawkes as Donny
 Bre Blair as Samantha Carson
 Octavia Spencer as Rhonda Dooley
 Muse Watson as Charlie
 Robert Pine as John Ryan
 Brent Briscoe as Travis Perkins
 Scott Michael Campbell as Dwayne Murphy
 Adam Hendershott as Les Ryan
 Kali Majors as Megan Carson
 Lin Shaye as Phyllis Ryan
 Gerald Darnell as Jerry The Truck Driver
 Martin Corcoran as Chance

Production
Shot on location in the San Bernardino mountain villages of Crestline, Valley of Enchantment, Twin Peaks, Blue Jay, Lake Arrowhead and Running Springs, California, Craig wanted the setting to be a character unto itself. He also wanted the town to look and feel like Anywhere, USA. The film's opening sequence was shot in Oregon to pay homage to the director's hometown.

Release
The film premiered at the American Film Market in November 2009. It was later shopped around at the European Film Market in February 2010, as well as a May 18, 2010 screening at the Cannes Film Market.

The film was set for a U.S. DVD release date of June 1, 2010 by Lionsgate.

Musical Score by Steve Bertrand

Soundtrack
 "Heartbreakin' Wreck" - The Boxmasters
 "Good Day To Go Crazy" - Wade Hayes
 "Life Ain't Long Enough" - Ray Scott
 "Country Boyz" - Phil Vassar
 "Never Too Late" - Sheri Short
 "It Happens" - Rachael Thibodeau
 "And Then I Did" - Jeffrey Steele
 "Cool Became Me" - The Warren Brothers
 "Novocaine" - Little Big Town
 "We Rode in Trucks" - Luke Bryan
 "Small Town Big Time" - Chris Young
 "Hollow Walls" - The Boxmasters
 "Good Way To Go" - Jonathan Singleton
 "A Girl Like You" - Curtis Lance
 "Someday Came Today" - Chris Pine
 "Population Sign" - Wade Hayes

References

External links

2010 films
American drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


WBRQ may refer to:

 WBRQ (FM), a radio station (91.9 FM) licensed to serve La Grange, Georgia, United States
 WNVM, a radio station (97.7 FM) licensed to serve Cidra, Puerto Rico, which held the call sign WBRQ from 1972 to 2009


Parajas (Asturian: Paraxes) is a parish (administrative division) in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size.  The population is 48.  The postal code is 33815.

Villages and hamlets
 Argancinas
 Parajas ("Paraxas")

References

External links
 Allande

Parishes in Allande


Dr. Brain: Action Reaction is the third installment of the Dr. Brain series by Knowledge Adventure, based on the series by Sierra Entertainment.

In this game, the player is captured along with Dr. Brain by S.P.O.R.E., Sinister People Organized Really Efficiently, and taken to a secret underwater base from which the object of the game is to escape. Using the three laws of physics, switch flipping, rocket turrets, and the "helping hand" to knock out guards, the player and Dr. Brain must find a way to foil S.P.O.R.E.'s plan of world domination and capture the evil Dr. Craven.

The game is composed of 45 different levels of varying difficulty. The player must use quick footwork and lightning fast mental skills to avoid obstacles along the way. The music for this game was written and produced by Giorgio Bertuccelli and Michael Skloff. For the most part, it is a collage of soft rock, techno, and pop as befits an action game.

References

External links

1999 video games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Children's educational video games
Puzzle video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games developed in the United States


Sir George Walter Prothero  (14 October 1848 – 10 July 1922) was an English historian, writer, and academic who served as president of the Royal Historical Society from 1901 to 1905.

Life and writings
Prothero was born in Wiltshire to George Prothero, and was educated at Eton, studying classics at King's College at the University of Cambridge, and at the University of Bonn. He went on to become a Fellow of King's College, working as a history lecturer there from 1876. In 1894, he became the first Professor of Modern History at the University of Edinburgh. During his time in Edinburgh he spent a year as a Council member of the local influential conservationist body, the Cockburn Association.

After five years as Professor of Modern History in Edinburgh, Prothero moved to London to take the place of his brother, Lord Ernle, as the editor of the Quarterly Review, a political periodical. He also acted as editor of the Cambridge Historical Series, a set of historical books detailing the history of several European nations and other parts of the world which were published by Cambridge University Press from 1894 onwards. With A. W. Ward and Stanley Mordaunt Leathes he edited the Cambridge Modern History between 1901 and 1912.

In 1903 he was invited to give the Rede Lecture, on which occasion he spoke on the topic of Napoleon III and the Second French Empire. In 1904–1906 he was a member of the Royal Commission for Ecclesiastical Discipline. Following the outbreak of World War I, Prothero worked as Historical Advisor to the Foreign Office, and in this capacity attended the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. For his services to the war effort, he was created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1920.

He was married to Fanny (née Butcher), one of the 12 members of the Cambridge Ladies Dining Society.

He died in 1922.

Selected publications
The Life of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester (1877)
A Memoir of Henry Bradshaw (1888)
Select Statutes and other Documents Illustrative of the Reigns of Elizabeth and James I (1894); 2nd edition, 1898
The British History Reader (1898)
Cambridge Modern History (1902–1912), co-editor
Peace handbooks (published c. 1920), Briefing books on countries, territorial and economic questions, prepared on behalf of the Foreign Office for British negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

Notes

References
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "Prothero, Sir George Walter (1848–1922), historian" by Algernon Cecil, rev. Peter R. H. Slee.

External links

1848 births
1922 deaths
19th-century British historians
Presidents of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
People educated at Eton College
Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
University of Bonn alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the British Academy
20th-century English historians


Coopersville (formerly, Corbeau, Cooperville and Moore's Mills) is a hamlet in Clinton County, New York, United States.  Coopersville lies at an elevation of 105 feet (32 m).
Most of the first settlers of this area were refugees from Canada who either did not support the British during the American Revolution, or actually took up arms against the British.  Many of these had been soldiers in the French army from "The Old French War", (The French and Indian War).

References

https://www.google.com/local/place/fid/0x4cca2886870de1f1:0xb869473a1717ffa/photosphere?iu=//geo3.ggpht.com/cbk?panoid%3DRAiOlQ_FLF_n9lJh9Z4XoQ%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dlu.gallery.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D160%26h%3D106%26yaw%3D64.40099%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100&ik=CAISFlJBaU9sUV9GTEZfbjlsSmg5WjRYb1E%3D

Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Clinton County, New York


Saint-Mathieu is a municipality situated in the Montérégie administrative region in Quebec, Canada. The population as of the Canada 2016 Census was 2,156. It is part of the Roussillon Regional County Municipality.

Demographics

Population

Language

See also
Les Jardins-de-Napierville Regional County Municipality
Rivière de la Tortue (Delson)
List of municipalities in Quebec

References

Municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Roussillon Regional County Municipality
Greater Montreal