Yavanika () is a 1982 Indian Malayalam-language mystery thriller film written and directed by K. G. George, and starring Bharath Gopi and Mammootty along with Nedumudi Venu, Jalaja and Thilakan in supporting roles. The film is regarded as one of the finest mystery or investigative thrillers ever made in Malayalam cinema.The movie makes use of the Rashomon Effect. The film received wide critical acclaim. Yavanika is one of George's most celebrated films, regarded by critics as a masterpiece of Malayalam cinema.

Plot
Vakkachan (Thilakan) is a popular theatre owner running his drama company known as 'Bhavana theatres'. He is the director of his dramas and is a critically acclaimed director and often surfaces as best ones in the state drama awards (in the story). The movie starts with a scene that the troupe departing for a stage show during that night in a distant place. All are on board but waiting for Kollappally (Venu Nagavalli), a popular and awarding winning performer of the troupe. In that rain shadowed evening Kollappalli arrives late (unusually) and gives excuses to Vakkachan for being late, and the bus departs.

On the way they pick-up Rohini (Jalaja), who plays the lead female role in the drama, from her home. Vakkachan enquires where Ayyappan (Gopi), the Tabala player of the troupe, with whom Rohini lives, is. The gloomy faced Rohini says she doesn’t know where he is and he hasn’t returned home last night, she replies. Varunan (Jagathi Sreekumar), the comedian of the troupe, suggest to route the bus through the nearest liquor shop where Ayyappan, a drunkard by nature, might be sleeping by booze over last night. However the team could not find him at the liquor shop either and they proceed to the stage with an anticipation that Ayyapan might be joining directly there.

As the drama starts, Ayyappan hasn't turned up yet but Vakkachan takes the risk of starting the show without the Tabalist. The drama goes well despite the orchestra had no Tabalist that night and the team proceed to a hotel mid way to the following day's stage show. In the morning Chellapan (Sreenivasan) sends another Tabalist as a replacement for Ayyappan. After two consecutive shows, the troupe returns and drops Rohini first at her home and finds that Ayyappan hasn’t returned to their home either.

After a week, the troupe members realize that the 'missing' of Ayyappan is mysterious and without any valid reason, despite his history of quarrelling and leaving the troupe in the past. Varunan advices Vakkachan to register a complaint in Police for man missing case. The police files the case and put Jacob Eeraly (Mammootty) a CI officer in-charge for the investigation.

Soon, Jacob Eeraly starts his inquiry. He interrogates the troupe members one by one. Some are at the opinion that Ayyappan might have left the troupe or the place with other women as he has forcefully captured the ornaments of Rohini the day before he went missing. Police went clue-less except few key point such as (1) Ayyappan son's presence in the scene, a potential reprisal to Ayyappan, just before the mysteries disappearance, (2) the verbal arguments between Balagopalan (Nedumudi Venu) and Ayyappan in the liquor shop on the night he went missing, and (3) the evidences that Ayyappan has sold Rohini's ornaments to a jewellery owner the evening before he went missing. After a month when people started forgetting about Ayyappan, his body was recovered from a paddy field in between the drama company and Rohini's house.

So the man missing case now has turned into a murder. The police officer identifies a key chain with some keys from the spot where the body was found and it was carved 'J.K.' in it. CI Jacob recognizes that it must be the short name for Joseph Kollappally. He grabs Kollappally after a stage show and arrests him silently. Kollappaly confesses that he committed the murder of Ayyappan on the road side when he accidentally met him that night and as a result of a quarrel and wrestling. He said that he hid the body under the paddy field. The motive was a quarrel at the crime scene. Jacob Eeraly partially believes it, though some missing links such as the presence of a piece of broken glass, which was used to stab the victim was found from Rohini's house, instead at the spot where Kollappally reported where he committed the crime.

The next day again the drama troupe waits for Kollappally, not knowing that he was arrested. The police set a plot to identify the role of Rohini in the murder. Kollappally was allowed to phone the troupe and give message that he will come to the stage directly. The curtain raised and the show started. Rohini appeared nervous to find out where Kollappally was and why he is late. Kollappally tells her in secret at the back of the stage that he has been arrested by police for committing the murder of Ayyappan. Rohini's consciousness fades and she enters the stage in the middle of the drama and confess to the audience with utter tension that it was not Kollappally, but herself who committed the murder of Ayyappan.

She explains to the police that Ayyappan captured her ornaments and sold it for money and provoked Rohini that he will be capturing her sister also for pleasure and ruin her too like he did to Rohini once. This triggered her anger and she stabbed him to death. At desperation Rohini sought help from Kollappally at that night, who always had empathy on her for her situation of a tied-up life with Ayyappan against her will. Kollappaly helps her hide the body under the paddy field. Both Rohini and Kollapally were taken into custody by the police.

The movie ends with a fantastic background score where the rest of the troupe members entering the bus silently and departing from the scene.

Cast
Bharath Gopi as Tabalist Ayyappan
Nedumudi Venu as Balagopalan
Jalaja as Rohini
Thilakan as Vakkachan
Mammootty as CI Jacob Eeraly, the police officer in charge of the investigation
Venu Nagavalli as Joseph Kollapally
Jagathi Sreekumar as Varunan
Vijayavani as Molly Jacob Eerally
Thodupuzha Vasanthi as Rajamma
Sreenivasan as Chellapan
Ashokan as Vishnu Ayyappan
Mohan Jose as Danny
Kuttyedathi Vilasini as Ammini

Production

Development
About the film's development, K. G. George says: "I was staying in Madras those days when I got a call from Henry. He told me he was interested in making a Malayalam film with me and asked me if I had any subjects in hand. This led to a meeting at hotel Taj Connemara where I told him about two subjects. This included Adaminte Variyellu and Yavanika. Henry was keen about Yavanika and gave me the go ahead."

Filming
The entire shoot was in the suburbs of Vattiyoorkavu in Thiruvananthapuram. The theatre, the house to which Ayyappan brings Rohini, were all located nearby.

Release and reception
The film was released in four theatres. For the first week the response was lukewarm, but later picked up and became both commercial and critical success. Yavanika released along with the Prem Nazir-starrer Ivanoru Simham but still it managed to surpass its box office collection. Film critic Kozhikodan included Yavanika on his list of the 10 best Malayalam movies of all time. Premlal of The Cue felt that, "'Yavanika adhered to the hallmarks of mainstream cinema and opened the way for broad possibilities to embrace the theme and characters with complexity and approach them philosophically and psychologically."

Accolades
Yavanika won three awards at Kerala State Film Awards (1982).

 Kerala State Film Award for Best Film (shared with Marmaram directed by Bharathan)
 Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay - S.L. Puram Sadanandan, K.G. George
 Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor - Thilakan

The film won one award at the Kerala Film Critics Association Awards (1982).

 Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Second Best Actor - Mammootty

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. B. Sreenivasan and the lyrics were written by O. N. V. Kurup and M. B. Sreenivasan.

References

External links

1982 films
1980s crime films
1980s mystery films
1982 thriller films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Indian mystery thriller films
Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram
Films scored by M. B. Sreenivasan
Films directed by K. G. George


Taraxia tanacetifolia is a species of evening primrose known by the common name tansyleaf evening primrose. It is native to the western United States, particularly the Great Basin and the mountains of the Pacific Northwest. It is a perennial herb growing from a woody taproot and spreading via lateral shoots. It lacks a stem and takes the form of a flat rosette of hairy leaves with a central inflorescence. The frilly leaves are long and narrow, lined with deep, irregular, narrow lobes. The leaf blades are up to about 30 centimeters long and are borne on long petioles. The flowers at the center of the rosette have bright yellow petals up to about 2.3 centimeters long. The fruit is a swollen, leathery capsule containing two rows of seeds.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

Onagraceae


Albert is a town in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. The town is in the Lachlan Shire local government area,  west north west of the state capital, Sydney. At the , Albert had a population of 81, though Albert once had a population of 900.

Copper had been discovered in the area by 1900. In the early 20th century, there were several copper mines nearby, the most significant of which was the Iron Duke Mine, which operated from around 1909 until the early 1920s. Around the time that mining commenced, the area was known as 'Albert Water Holes'. Its post office was originally called 'The Alberts' but became Albert in 1916; it closed in 1982.

A school—known as 'Albertia', until it was renamed Albert in January 1920—opened there in January 1899 and closed in June 1972. The date of the opening of the school, the name of one of its streets, Federation Street, and the timing of the discovery of copper suggests that the village itself dates from around the time of Federation.

Albert is on the Bogan Gate–Tottenham railway line. There was a station at  Albert and a short branch from Albert to the nearby Iron Duke Mine. The branch line was known officially as the Albert Siding to Iron Duke Mine Railway.  The branch line to the mine closed in June 1926.

Gallery

See also
 Lake Albert, New South Wales
 Albert Parish (Delialah County), New South Wales
 Albert Parish (Yantara County) New South Wales
 Albert, (Drake County) New South Wales
 Albert, (Kennedy County) New South Wales
 Albert, (Macquarie County) New South Wales
 Albert, (Sandon County) New South Wales
 Albert, (St Vincent County) New South Wales

References

Towns in New South Wales
Towns in the Central West (New South Wales)
Lachlan Shire
Mining towns in New South Wales


Ottorino Mezzalama (born September 25, 1888 – February 23, 1931) was an Italian mountain climber, and is deemed to be one of the two pioneers of Italian ski mountaineering besides Luciano Roiti. He died in an avalanche accident in the Rochemolles Valley. The Ottorino Mezzalama Hut of the Club Alpino Italiano (CAI) below Pollux as well as the famous Mezzalama Trophy competition and the Mezzalama Skyrace were named in honor of him.

Life
Mezzalama was born in Bologna and moved with his family to Turin on March 28, 1892. In his teens he gained first experiences in mountain climbing. He was a good friend of the Swiss engineer Adolfo Kind and of the artillery Lieutenant Luciano Roiti, who published "Delle marce sulla neve" (Italian for about marching on snow), a paper about ski mountaineering in the army. All three became members of the CAI and founded the Ski Club Torino.

After he finished school, Mezzalama began his studies at the university faculty of trading and economy, but had to leave the university because he was drafted by the army in 1909. In the Italo-Turkish War he was deployed in the rank of a Sergente at the Libyan front in 1912, and was awarded for his service. After his release in 1913, he continued his university studies as well as skiing and mountain climbing.

World War I

In the course of the general Italian mobilization during World War I, he was drafted again by the army in October 1915. Together with his later friend Pietro Ghiglione, a mountain climber and writer, he served in the 3rd Alpini Regiment. Concerning to his advanced academic studies, he was made Sottotenente, became Tenente in 1916 and Capitano in 1917. During his services he was technical director of military ski training. He gave his first course at the Little St Bernard Pass, the second in the Champorcher Valley, and further ones in several alpine areas apart the conflict areas. All in all he trained about 3,000 "White Warriors from the Adamello" of 26 skiing units of 13 battalions until 1917, the year when the 3rd Alpini Regiment got the name affix "Courmayeur"

It is reported that Mezzalama always wore a big 15–25 kg rucksack on his ski tours, that he never left to anybody. In care of possible surprises in the mountains, it contained all essentially things. Mezzalama commented, that the only thing, that would be really planable was the start of a ski tour, never the return.

Postwar period
After the war he, returned to the university and lived together with his mother. Additionally he explored the Alps on ski and amongst others, he took part in the first Italian complete Mont Blanc ski-run in 1927.

Mezzolama was one of the volunteers, who took part in a search and rescue action, after an avalanche descended in the Rochemolles Valley upside the Bardonecchia in 1931. 20 Alpinis of the 3rd Regiment were missed.

Mezzalama and Domenico Mazzocchi were overtaken by a thunderstorm on the peak of the Bicchiere, and were urged to stay in the frosty "Elena" Hut (today: "Rifugio Gino Biasi") for three days. They were both worn out, when they descended on the fourth day, and when an avalanche caught Mezzalama and carried him downhill. Mazzocchi tried to find him till the darkness rose, but his attempts were in vain. On the next day, his corpse was found by a team of the CAI Bolzano section.

Literature
 Umberto Pelazza, Antonio Vizzi: Mezzalama Trophy - Myth and Reality 1933–1997.

References

See also
 Refuge Ottorino Mezzalama
 Mezzalama Trophy
 Mezzalama Skyrace

Italian male ski mountaineers
Italian soldiers
Sportspeople from Bologna
1888 births
1931 deaths
Deaths in avalanches
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Natural disaster deaths in Italy


Alexander Jardine (12 April 1926 – 6 June 1978) was a Scottish footballer, who played as a full back.

Career
Jardine began his career in the mid-1940s with Dundee United, spending four years at Tannadice before moving to Millwall in 1950 for £700. He was selected to play for the Third Division South representative side in 1954/55, 1955/56 and 1956/57 (both games). Jardine spent eight years with Millwall before retiring in 1958 due to an Achilles tendon injury.

Jardine died in 1978.

References

External links

1926 births
Footballers from Motherwell
1978 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
Dundee United F.C. players
English Football League players
Millwall F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks


The first season of iCarly aired on Nickelodeon from September 8, 2007, to July 25, 2008. The season introduces Carly Shay (Miranda Cosgrove), Sam Puckett (Jennette McCurdy), Freddie Benson (Nathan Kress), and Spencer Shay (Jerry Trainor). This is notably the only season without a 1-hour special.

Production
The series was created and executive produced by Dan Schneider, who has created many other shows for the network. The show was produced by Schneider's Bakery and Nickelodeon Productions. The series is filmed at Nickelodeon on Sunset Studios in Hollywood, California. The theme song "Leave It All to Me" written by Michael Corcoran and is performed by Miranda Cosgrove, featuring Drake Bell.

All episodes from this season were originally produced in the 16:9 format, then cropped to 4:3 for broadcast and 16:9 for widescreen release. The season began production in January 2007.

Cast

Main cast

 Miranda Cosgrove as Carly Shay
 Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett
 Nathan Kress as Freddie Benson
 Jerry Trainor as Spencer Shay

Recurring cast

Colin Spensor as Wesley
 Noah Munck as Gibby Gibson
 Mary Scheer as Marissa Benson
 Jeremy Rowley as Lewbert
 Mindy Sterling as Ms. Francine Briggs
 David St. James as Mr. Howard
 Tim Russ as Principal Franklin
 Nathan Pearson as Jeremy
 Joseph Buttler as Mr. Stern
 Doug Brochu as Duke
 Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman
 Greg Mullavy as Grandad Shay
 Christopher David as Rodney Goober

Guest stars
 Austin Butler as Jake ("iLike Jake")
 Christopher Michael as Officer Carl ("iWant More Viewers")
 Nicole Gale Anderson as Tasha ("iNevel")
Charles Kim as Chuck ("iNevel")
 Estelle Harris as Mrs. Halberstadt ("iScream on Halloween")
Carly Bondar as Valerie ("iWill Date Freddie")
 Plain White T's as themselves ("iRue the Day")
Adrian Neil as Mr. Devlin ("iPromise Not to Tell")
 Aria Wallace as Mandy Valdez ("iAm Your Biggest Fan")
Aaron Albert as Jonah ("iHate Sam's Boyfriend")
 Randall Park as Mr. Palladino ("iGot Detention")
Asante Jones as Detective Tragg ("iStakeout")
 Ryan Bollman as Spanky Stimbler ("iStakeout")
Wyatt Carper as Spanky's son ("iStakeout")
 Shayne Topp as Philip Brownley ("iMight Switch Schools")
 Leon Thomas III as Harper ("iCarly Saves TV")
 Sammi Hanratty as Morgan Brenner ("iCarly Saves TV")
 Rachel G. Fox as Amber Tate ("iCarly Saves TV")
 David Starzyk as Brad Brenner ("iCarly Saves TV")
 Jessica Makinson as Miss Lauren Ackerman ("iHave a Lovesick Teacher")

Episodes

References

2007 American television seasons
2008 American television seasons
1


Olavum Theeravum () is a 1970 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by P. N. Menon, written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair, and produced by P. A. Backer. It stars Madhu and Ushanandini, with Jose Prakash, Philomina, and Nilambur Balan in supporting roles. The film has a musical score by M. S. Baburaj. Cinematography was done by Mankada Ravi Varma.

Based on M. T. Vasudevan Nair's own short story of the same name, published in an anthology of short stories in 1957. The story is about a Muslim trader who falls in love with his dead friend's sister who is the daughter of a prostitute. But the girl's mother forces her to marry a wealthy man who has an eye on her.

Olavum Theeravum was released on 27 February 1970 to critical acclaim. The film was also a commercial success and went on to become one of the highest grossing Malayalam films of the year. The film won four Kerala State Film Awards that year for Best Feature Film, Best Cinematography (Mankada Ravi Varma), Script (M.T. Vasudevan Nair) and Second Best Actress (Philomina).

The film is now regarded a landmark film in Malayalam film history as this film is credited to be the catalyst for the making of art house films that flourished in the Malayalam film Industry during the seventies. Films like Swayamvaram and Peruvazhiyambalam is said to have taken inspiration from this film.

Plot
Timber traders Bapputty (Madhu) and Abdu (Nellikkodu Bhaskaran) are friends. Ashamed of his mother Beevathu's (Philomina) immoral life after his father's death, Abdu runs away from his native village Vazhakkadavu and is engaged in timber trading. Abdu never returns to his home after that. On the way to the trading centre after loading timber from the forest Abdu falls ill and dies on the way. Bapputty reaches Beevathu's hut with Abdu's dead body. Bapputty takes pity on the family and decides to support them.

Here, Bapputty falls in love with Abdu's only sister Nabeesa (Usha Nandini) who also hates her mother's way of life but is helpless. Bapputty takes a decision to make enough money, marry Nabeesa and live happily. He leaves the village to distant timber depots to realize this dream.

Meanwhile, a rich trader Kunjali (Jose Prakash) who was away from his native village for a long time now returns. His sees Nabeesa and makes advances. Beevathu, who only thinks of making money, encourages Nabeesa to befriend Kunjali, but she avoids going anywhere near him. She keeps waiting for Bapputty to return and take her away. One day, with Beevathu's support Kunjali molests Nabeesa. On that fateful day Bapputty reaches the village and is heartbroken at the happenings. But the kind-hearted Bapputty who loved Nabeesa sincerely, affirms his decision to marry her. Nabeesa refuses and pleads with him to leave her. The film ends with Nabeesa's suicide and Bapputty staring at her swollen corpse washed ashore as he leaves the village.

Cast

Madhu as Baputty
Ushanandini as Nabeesa
Jose Prakash as Kunjali
Nilambur Balan as Mooppan
Abbas as Butcher Moosa
Ali
Alummoodan as Narayanan
Kunjava
Mala Aravindan
Nellikode Bhaskaran as Abdukka
Nilambur Ayisha as Ayisha
Paravoor Bharathan as Suleiman
Pariyanampatta as Kadathukaaran Mammathu
Philomina as Beevaathu
Sujatha
T. Damodaran

Soundtrack
The music was composed by M. S. Baburaj with lyrics by P. Bhaskaran and Moinkutty Vaidyar.

Reception

Critical response
In a retrospect review, B. Vijaykumar of The Hindu states that, " Madhu and Philomena excelled in their roles. In fact, Beevathu is considered as one of the best performances of Philomina, which fetched her a State award for the second best actress of the year. The songs written by P. Bhaskaran and set to tune by Baburaj were haunting. The films traditional Mappila songs were also very well done. The film will be remembered as a film that won State awards for best feature film, best cinematography (Mankada Ravi Varma), script (M.T. Vasudevan Nair) and second best actress (Philomina). And also for its haunting music."

Box office
The film was a commercial success.

Legacy
Olavum Theeravum has been credited with helping to bring about a "flowering of art-house films that have today become the defining quality of Malayalam cinema", with being Malayalam cinema's "breakthrough into realism", and as "a watershed in the history of Malayalam cinema". The tragic realism in this art-house movie, which was also a commercial hit, later became a definitive formula for a whole generation of Malayalam directors, including P. A. Backer. MT's flawless script centering on the love affair of a trader with the daughter of a sex worker was the base on which P.N. Menon made this classic, which became a trendsetter for the realistic way of making movies in Malayalam. It is rightly regarded as one of the milestones in Malayalam cinema.

References

External links

 "Old is Gold: Olavum Theeravum (1970)"

1970 films
1970 drama films
1970s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by M. S. Baburaj
Films with screenplays by M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Films directed by P. N. Menon (director)


Vote.org, formerly Long Distance Voter, is a nonpartisan 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that is based in the United States. It provides online voter guides for every state, including voter registration forms, absentee ballot applications, and information on deadlines, directions, and ID and residency requirements.

History
Vote.org was founded by Debra Cleaver in 2008.  The organization was named Long Distance Voter at the time, and sought to increase voter turnout by providing greater access to absentee voting information online. The organization was volunteer-run and did not have any full time staff from 2008-2016.  Cleaver became the first full-time employee in January 2016.

Long Distance Voter relaunched as Vote.org in April 2016, and was accepted into Y Combinator in June 2016. The mission was updated to reflect a new goal of 100% voter turnout.  During the Y Combinator demo day, Cleaver pitched the then-novel use of unsolicited text messages as a way of registering voters.  In Fall 2016, Vote.org worked with Hustle to run a nationwide SMS peer-to-peer voter registration program in which they sent millions of text messages to unregistered voters. The program was then expanded to include polling place location information for registered voters. A quantitative evaluation of this program found that these messages increased turnout by 0.2 percentage points. Since then,Vote.org has run many experiments, primarily using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) measuring the effectiveness of voter turnout tactics and messaging.

In March 2018, Vote.org launched ElectionDay.org, a campaign that encouraged CEOs of large companies to voluntarily give their employees time off to vote on Election Day. As of 2020, over 1000 companies had opted to participate, including Twitter, T-Mobile, Lyft, and Adidas.

In June 2020, Vote.org, the Alliance for Retired Americans, and the American Civil Liberties Union of Maine filed suit against Maine.  The lawsuit alleged that Maine's voting systems were inaccessible and out-of-date, thereby creating barriers to voting.  The lawsuit highlighted a lack of voter registration options, a lack of prepaid postage on mail-in ballots, ballot collection hurdles, an Election Day receipt deadline, and rejection of absentee ballots that had technical defects. In September 2020, Superior Court judge William Stokes rejected the lawsuit, citing that the suit took place too close to the actual election and any changes to ballot deadlines would be to the detriment of the state's electoral process and cause disruptions to results. The Alliance of Retired Americans now seek to file an appeal to Maine's Supreme Judicial Court.

In 2020, Vote.org organized food trucks at polling places, and provided free meals to 40,500 voters who were waiting in long lines. Vote.org partnered with tech company Propel, developer of the Fresh EBT app, to register 60,000 low-income participants of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program to register to vote before the 2020 election.

In 2021, Vote.org advocated for passing the For the People Act, a U.S. bill which expands automatic and same-day voter registration, voter access mail-in and online ballot infrastructure, and new limits on campaign spending.  Fair Fight Action, When We All Vote,  the Declaration for American Democracy, and Vote.org drafted a letter which was signed by 90 corporations; the letter urged Congress to pass the For the People Act. On March 3, 2021, the United States House of Representatives approved the For the People Act with a 220–210 vote. On June 22, the Senate voted 50–50 to continue debate on the bill, which means the act did not pass. Vote.org also worked with Fair Fight Action and When We All Vote to oppose changes in Georgia's voter ID laws.

Also in 2021, Vote.org partnered with the CW network and the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights under law to launch the Freedom to Vote nonpartisan initiative, which aimed to increase content promoting voter registration and civic participation on a number of different platforms. This is an expansion of the CW's and Vote.org previous Vote Actually campaign in 2020.

Controversies
In the summer of 2019, the organization's board terminated founder and CEO Debra Cleaver, citing "differences in opinion".  This resulted in losses in funding, including $4 million of promised funding from Sage Weil. Cleaver was replaced by board member Andrea Hailey.

In October 2019, Vote.org purchased billboards in Mississippi to encourage turnout in an upcoming election. The billboards had the wrong date.

Founder Debra Cleaver filed a lawsuit against Vote.org in August 2022 alleging wrongful termination and a misappropriation of charitable funds.

References

External links

Charity Navigator Profile

501(c)(3) organizations
Organizations established in 2008
Voter turnout organizations
Y Combinator companies
Organizations based in the United States


The 807 is a beam tetrode vacuum tube, widely used in audio- and radio-frequency power amplifier applications.

Audio uses
807s were used in audio power amplifiers, both for public address and Hi-Fi application, usually being run in push-pull pairs in class AB1 or AB2 giving up to 120 watts of usable power. The plate voltage limit is 750 volts and the screen grid limited to 300 volts. Because of the 300 volt screen grid voltage limit, the 807 cannot be triode connected for high power applications. Failure to observe this precaution will cause screen grid failure. Less commonly a single 807 was used in a pure class-A, single-ended audio output stage delivering about 10 watts.

RF uses
The 807 is fully rated to 60 MHz, derated to 55% at 125 MHz in Class C, Plate-modulated operation, thus they were popular with amateur radio operators (radio hams).
In this application a single 807 could be run in class-C as an oscillator or amplifier which could be keyed on and off to transmit Morse Code in CW mode. For voice transmission on AM a final amplifier with one or more 807s, up to about four, could be connected in parallel running class-C. Connecting multiple 807s in parallel produced more power to feed to the antenna. Often the modulator stage (simply a transformer-coupled audio amplifier for A.M., with the secondary of its output transformer in series with the anode supply of the final amplifier), was also constructed using 807s. Many hams found multiple paralleled 807s a cheaper alternative to a single larger valve, such as a single 813, as many military surplus 807s became available cheaply after World War II. In Australia 807s are affectionately referred to as "stubbies" because they are almost as ubiquitous as that common Australian beer container.
The class C operational values in the info box at the right are for anode modulated A.M. operation; for CW operation a maximum anode voltage of 600 is permissible, whereby the anode current increases to 100 mA and the anode/plate dissipation rises to 25 watts. The screen voltage is the same, at 300, but its dissipation rises to 3.5 watts.
37 watts of R.F. power is produced from 220 mW of drive but only a 50% duty cycle is allowed. The maximum allowable negative control grid, g1 excursion allowable is -200 volts and average control grid current is 5mA in both A.M. and CW modes.
Later versions could be used on CW with a supply voltage up to 750 V and a current of 100 mA to produce 50-55 watts of output power.

Differences from 6L6
The electrically similar 6L6 was not favored by hams because high transient voltages on the anode when operating in class C could cause a flashover between pins 2 and 3 on the octal base, whereas the 807 had the anode connected to a top cap, physically distant from all the base pins.

Derivatives
The 1624 (VT-165) is an 807 variant with a directly heated filamentary cathode operating at 2.5 V, 2 A.

The 1625 (VT-136) is an 807 variant with a 12.6 V heater and a 7-pin base. These tubes were used as RF power amplifiers in some of the SCR-274 and AN/ARC-5 "command set" transmitters of WW2. Postwar, 1625 tubes flooded the surplus market, and were available for pennies apiece. Surplus 1625s found some commercial use, notably the use of a pair as modulator tubes in the Heathkit DX-100 amateur transmitter.

The HY-69 is an 807 variant with a 5-pin base and a directly heated filamentary cathode operating at 6.3 V, 1.6 A.

The 5933/807W is a ruggedized military version of the 807. It uses a shorter, straight-sided T12 bulb, which provides better element support for improved microphonics and shock/vibration resistance.

The ATS-25 is a military version with ceramic base.

The Г-807 (G-807) is a Soviet/Russian version. The 6П7С (6P7S) is similar to Г-807, but with an 8-pin octal base.

The 807 also found some use as a horizontal output tube in early TV receivers, particularly those manufactured by DuMont. The 807 design (with some "value engineering" to reduce production cost) was the basis for the first application-specific horizontal sweep tubes such as the 6BG6G and 6CD6G. The redesign mainly involved the omission of some of the internal RF shielding, and the substitution of a bakelite octal base for the micanol or ceramic 5-pin.

In turn, these low cost sweep tube derivatives found some use as RF power amplifiers in homebrew amateur radio transmitters in the 1950s.

Slang
Ham operators in the US sometimes use the term "807" to refer to bottles of beer due to the shape of the tube.

See also
 KT66
 KT88
 6L6
 6CA7 / EL34
 6V6
 SY4307A

References

Vacuum tubes


Nasaruddin Umar is the founder of the Indonesian interfaith organization Masyarakat Dialog antar Umat Beragama and was vice minister (2011–2014) in the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs. He is also a member of the UK-Indonesia Advisory Team, founded by UK prime minister Tony Blair.

He is the author of 12 books, among them: Argumen Kesetaraan Gender Perspektif Al-Quran (Paramadina, 1999), which examines gender bias in the Quran.

Education

Nasaruddin Umar did his postgraduate studies at IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, resulting is a Magister degree (1992), and a doctorate (1998).

During his doctorate studies, he was a visiting student for a PhD Program at McGill University, Montreal, Canada (1993–1994), and a visiting student for a PhD Program at Leiden University, Netherlands (1994–1995).

After achieving his doctorate, he was a visiting scholar at Sopia University, Tokyo (2001), a visiting scholar at SOAS University of London (2001–2002), and a visiting Scholar at Georgetown University, Washington DC (2003–2004).

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indonesian Islamic religious leaders


N. Gopala Menon was a lawyer and an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress, also  Member of the Legislative Assembly of Madras state. He served as the Speaker of the Madras Legislative Assembly from 1955 to 1956.

Soon after the untimely death of his father (Ulanat Mootha Pannicker, a chieftain of the Zamorin of Calicut), Gopala Menon's mother with her six small children moved to Madras (the erstwhile Madras Presidency ). Gopala Menon did his schooling and higher studies in the Madras Christian College High School and graduate studies at Madras Christian College and the Law College, Madras. After qualifying in Law he joined the Legal firm of Sir Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu who became his mentor.  Sir KV Reddy, was the first Indian to be appointed Governor of a Presidency, when he became the Governor of the Madras Presidency in June 1936.

Gopala Menon set up his private law practice in Madras in the early 1920s, getting a good start from the extensive practice of Sir Reddy, a part of which was turned over to him.

Always a person who was sympathetic to the conditions of the under-privileged, Gopala Menon devoted his legal practice to the requirements of the needy. He virtually adopted a large cluster of poor households in Vepery and Choolai districts for whom he provided free legal service. He represented this Municipal constituency in the Madras Corporation for nearly twenty years from the early 1930s. During his Membership of the Madras Corporation he was for many terms the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Finance and other important Committees, and was elected the Deputy Mayor for a term.

He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1952, (see 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election) from the Ponnani constituency in the South Malabar district of  Madras Presidency .  This was a landmark victory as in these elections, the Communist Party of India and the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party had made a strong showing and his was one of only 5 victories for the INC out of 31 constituencies in what later became Kerala state.

In September 1955 he was elected as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Madras State (see List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly), the precursor of the present Tamil Nadu state.  He was only the second person to occupy this office, following the first ever Speaker of the newly created Madras State J. Shivashanmugam Pillai who served from May 1952 to August 1955.

He published a book on Parliamentary Practices, which served as a handbook for newly elected lawmakers, who were unfamiliar with the subject.

N. Gopala Menon died on 9 February 1972.

Notes

Indian National Congress politicians
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Year of birth missing
1972 deaths
Madras Christian College alumni
20th-century Indian lawyers
Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu


The second season of iCarly aired on Nickelodeon from September 27, 2008 to August 8, 2009. The season continues the stories of Carly Shay (Miranda Cosgrove), Sam Puckett (Jennette McCurdy), and Freddie Benson (Nathan Kress) as they produce their own web show called "iCarly." Jerry Trainor co-stars as Carly's big brother Spencer. This season is the first to have a major plot twist, as it sees Sam and Freddie sharing their first kiss, just to avoid the frustration of not having a first kiss. This is followed by them becoming somewhat closer. This season contained the special "iChristmas". The second season consisted of 45 episodes, with 25 of them airing as part of the second season before the remaining 20 were marketed as the third season. This season has specials "iGo to Japan", "iChristmas", "iKiss", "iReunite with Missy", "iMake Sam Girlier", "iDate a Bad Boy", and "iFight Shelby Marx"

Cast

Main cast

 Miranda Cosgrove as Carly Shay
 Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett (and as Melanie Puckett in "iTwins")
 Nathan Kress as Freddie Benson
 Jerry Trainor as Spencer Shay

Recurring cast

 Noah Munck as Gibby Gibson
 Mary Ann Springer as Wendy
 Mary Scheer as Marissa Benson
BooG!e as T-Bo
 Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman
 Jeremy Rowley as Lewbert
 Ryan Ochoa as Chuck Chambers
David St. James as Mr. Howard
 Drew Roy as Griffin
 Tim Russ as Principal Ted Franklin

Guest stars
 Lucas Cruikshank as Fred Figglehorn and himself ("iMeet Fred")
 James Maslow as Shane ("iSaw Him First")
 Aria Wallace as Mandy Valdez ("iWant My Website Back")
 Good Charlotte as themselves ("iGo to Japan")
 David Archuleta as himself ("iRocked the Vote")
 Haley Ramm as Missy Robinson ("iReunite with Missy")
 Alex Schemmer as Wade Collins ("iRocked the Vote")
 Victoria Justice as Shelby Marx ("iFight Shelby Marx")

Episodes

References

2008 American television seasons
2009 American television seasons
2


Udupi Krishna Rau (1900 – 3 August 1961) was a medical practitioner and politician of the Indian National Congress. He served as mayor of Madras city and as State minister.

Early life

Born in 1900 in Madras, Krishna Rau was the son of U. Rama Rau. He studied medicine and started practising in 1924.

Political career

Krishna Rau joined the Indian National Congress and was elected to the Madras Corporation in 1930. He served as member of the corporation from 1930 to 1948 serving as chairman of the Health, Taxation and Finance Committee. In 1947, he was nominated mayor of Madras and served from 1947 to 1948.

Krishna Rau served as Member of the Legislative Assembly of Madras state (representing the Harbour constituency during 1952-61). He was a medical doctor by profession and co-edited a medical journal called Antiseptic founded by his father U. Rama Rau and T. M. Nair. He served as the Mayor of Madras during 1947–48. He served as the president of the state president of the Indian Medical Association between 1950 and 52. From 1952 to 54, he served as the minister in charge of Industries, Labour, Motor Transport, Railways, Posts, Telegraphs and Civil Aviation in the cabinet of C. Rajagopalachari. He also served as the Speaker of the Madras Legislative Assembly from 1957 to 1961. His father Rama Rau had earlier served as the chairman of the upper house of the Madras legislature - the Madras Legislative Council.

Notes

Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu ministers
1961 deaths
Mayors of Chennai
1900 births
Madras MLAs 1952–1957


S. Chellapandian was an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress and member of the legislative assembly of Madras state from Tirunelveli. He served as the Speaker of the Madras Legislative Assembly from 1962 to 1967.

Electoral performance

Notes

Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu
1913 births
Year of death missing


Paul Simmons may refer to:

Paul Allen Simmons (1921–2014), U.S. federal judge
Paul Simmons (drummer), American drummer (Th' Legendary Shack Shakers, The Reverend Horton Heat, Petra)
Paul Simmons (football coach), American football coach

See also
Paul Simons (disambiguation)
Paul Symmons (born 1973), Australian rules footballer


The Santa Ana River Trail is a multi-use trail complex that runs alongside the Santa Ana River in southern California. The trail stretches  from the Pacific Ocean at Huntington Beach along the Santa Ana River to the Orange–Riverside county line. Planned extensions of the trail reach to Big Bear Lake in San Bernardino County. When completed, it will be the longest multi-use trail in Southern California, at approximately . In 1989, the Los Angeles Times described the path as "a veritable freeway for bicycles".

Description
The asphalt-paved bike path is up to  wide, divided into two lanes so cyclists may ride abreast in many portions, adjacent to a hiking & riding trail. Many intersections with local streets are grade separated with bridges or underpasses making it a Class I bicycle facility. Cyclists must yield to pedestrians and runners (who are considered pedestrians by the law) at all times. As of 2006,  of the path were complete; when finished, in conjunction with the equestrian trail, the bikeway is expected to bridge three counties, touching on 17 cities and two national forests.

History

In 1977, the bike path was designated a National Recreation Trail.

In 2005, heavy rains caused extensive erosion on the path, requiring repairs from the state at about $1 million, part of an approximately $43 million clean-up in Southern California occasioned by the disaster.

Events
Since 1985, the trail is the avenue of the annual "Riverside to Surfside" bicycling event, formerly known as "Smog to Surf", in which cyclists ride the trail from Riverside, Corona or Anaheim to Huntington Beach.

Safety
In 1990, safety on the trail became a concern when it was occupied by homeless populations and street gangs. An increased police presence in 2009 led to a reduction in crime, though pockets of homeless camps have reappeared under some bridges along the trail.

From early 2016 into autumn 2017, the presence of tent camps along a 6.5-mile stretch centered near Angel Stadium resulted in many riders feeling uncomfortable. At the end of 2017, the trail was closed as authorities with the assistance of social service agencies removed those camping along the trail. As of April 2018, the trail was cleared of the remains of the encampments and reopened.

See also
 List of Orange County bike paths

References

External links

 Welcome to Santa Ana River Trail & Parkway
 Santa Ana River Trail (Orange County) - TrailLink

Santa Ana River
Bike paths in Los Angeles
Parks in Riverside County, California
Protected areas of San Bernardino County, California
Bike paths in Orange County, California
Transportation in Riverside County, California
Transportation in San Bernardino County, California
National Recreation Trails in California


K. A. Mathiazhagan was an Indian politician and co-founder of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). He served as the Finance Minister, Minister of Food, Revenue and Commercial Taxes in the Tamil Nadu government and Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.

Biography
He was born on 7 December 1926 in Kaniyur in Coimbatore district (now Tiruppur district) as Somasunduram. He studied at the Boarding High School in Udumalpet. He graduated from Annamalai University. He also studied law and practiced as a lawyer. He was the  younger brother of K. A. Murugesan, a Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) leader and the elder brother of K. A. Krishnaswamy who later on became a minister in the M.G.R. government. Their family is called "The Kaniyur Family" or the "Kaniyur Kudumbam" and was referred to as the foremost family of the Dravidian Movement by C. N. Annadurai, as a recognition given to the family for their contributions to the Dravidian Movement.. He died on 17 August 1983 and at the age of 57 years.

Political life
When C. N. Annadurai split from the DK and went on to form the DMK, Mathiazhagan became one of the founding leaders of the DMK along with Annadurai, V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, E. V. K. Sampath and N. V. Natarajan. Mathialagan along with the other four founding leaders is famously referred to as the "Aimberum Thalaivargal" after the mummunai struggle in 1950's (Five Great Leaders or Heads). He went on to become one of the early influential members of the DMK. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly from Thousand Lights constituency as a DMK candidate in the 1962, 1967, and 1971 elections.

Electoral history

Tamil Nadu minister
He served as a minister of Food, Revenue and Commercial Taxes in C. N. Annadurai's administration from 6 March 1967 to 10 February 1969. He also served as Minister of Finance in M. Karunanidhi's administration after the Annadurai's death. In September 1970 he resigned from the cabinet, citing moral and ethical issues after charges of corruption, involving the purchase of a bungalow, were brought upon him by the opposition. These charges were later on proved to be false. It is claimed in some quarters, that these charges were leveled against him because he was considered to be a threat to Karunanidhi's leadership.

Speaker
He served as the Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1971 to 1972. M. G. Ramachandran was expelled from the DMK on 10 October 1972 and founded the party Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Mathiazhagan, the then speaker of the Tamil Nadu assembly, became an open supporter of Ramachandran.

In 1972, he echoed the popular sentiment of that time, that the government had lost its credibility with the people, while being the speaker of the house. A rarity considering the fact that he was speaking the truth against his own party and by default jeopardising his own political future. This was followed by a constitutional drama which happened in late 1972 in the house. On 14 November, Mathiazhagan advised the then chief minister, M.Karunanidhi, to dissolve the house and face the electorate if the government was to earn its lost credibility. Unable to take the bitter truth, Karunanidhi caused the adjournment of the house against all norms. Mathiazhagan and Ramachandran, the leader of the AIADMK in the assembly, filed a writ petition questioning the validity of the whole action . On 2 December, when the assembly was re convened, both Speaker and Deputy Speaker were presiding over the proceedings and both were cancelling each other's actions. After hours of confusion Speaker Mathiazhagan left the house, adjourning the house. At this juncture, Karunanidhi, based on a motion authored in the name of V.R.Nedunchelian, declared that K.A.Mathiazhagan was removed from the post of the Speaker.

He returned to DMK  in 1974 and acted as deputy  chairperson of planning commission of Tamil Nadu in the Kalaingar government. He acted as deputy general secretary of DMK till his last day.

Notes

1926 births
1983 deaths
People from Tiruppur district
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Madras MLAs 1962–1967


A whisk broom or spotlight sensor, also known as an across-track scanner, is a technology for obtaining satellite images with optical cameras. It is used for passive remote sensing from space. In a whisk broom sensor, a mirror scans across the satellite’s path (ground track), reflecting light into a single detector which collects data one pixel at a time.

The moving parts make this type of sensor expensive and more prone to wearing out, such as in the Landsat 7. Whisk broom scanners have the effect of stopping the scan, and focusing the detector on one part of the swath width. Because the detector is only focused on a subsection of the full swath at any time, it typically has a higher resolution than a push broom design for the same size of scan swath.

All sensors aboard the Landsat series of satellites used the whisk broom design until Landsat 8 which used a push broom sensor.

See also
 Push broom scanner

References

External links
 Earth Observing-1 (NASA), with animated whisk broom and push broom illustrations

Image sensors


The 2009 Grand National (officially known as the John Smith's Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 162nd running of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 4 April 2009.

A 100/1 outsider, the French-bred Mon Mome, ridden by Liam Treadwell, won the race by 12 lengths from the previous year's winner Comply or Die (14/1) in a time of 9 minutes 34 seconds. Mon Mome became the first 100/1 shot to win since Foinavon in 1967. He also became the first winner of the race to have been bred in France for 100 years.

Mon Mome was trained by Venetia Williams at her Herefordshire stables and was owned by Vida Bingham of East Sussex.

Seventeen runners completed the 4-mile 4 furlong course over Aintree's National circuit. Hear The Echo collapsed during the latter stages of the race and later died.

Race card
Note: Trained in Great Britain unless otherwise stated in brackets.

1: Cloudy Lane,
Weight: 11–10. Jockey: Jason Maguire; trainer: Donald McCain, Jr. Colours: white cap, green and yellow checked vest with white sleeves.

2: Chelsea Harbour
Weight: 11–8. Jockey: Emmet Mullins; trainer: Tom Mullins (Ireland). Colours: white cap with black ring, orange vest with black star and orange and black diamond sleeves.

3: Snowy Morning
Weight: 11–8. Jockey: Andrew McNamara; trainer: Willie Mullins (Ireland). Colours: yellow and white checked cap, yellow and black striped vest with yellow sleeves.

4: Knowhere
Weight: 11–7. Jockey: Paddy Brennan; trainer: Nigel Twiston-Davies. Colours: green cap, vest and sleeves all with white stars.

5: Comply or Die
Weight: 11–6. Jockey: Timmy Murphy; trainer: David Pipe. Colours: white cap with blue stars, blue vest with green sleeves.

6: Ollie Magern
Weight: 11–6. Jockey: Mr Sam Waley-Cohen; trainer: Nigel Twiston-Davies. Colours: blue cap, blue vest with claret stars and claret sleeves.

7: Stan
Weight: 11–6. Jockey: Aidan Coleman; trainer: Venetia Williams. Colours: pink cap, blue vest with pink and blue striped sleeves.

8: Black Apalachi
Weight: 11–5. Jockey: Denis O'Regan; trainer: Dessie Hughes (Ireland). Colours: green cap with blue star, green vest with blue and green striped sleeves.

9: Hear The Echo
Weight: 11–5. Jockey: Davy Russell; trainer: Mouse Morris (Ireland). Colours: claret cap with white star, claret vest with white star and white stripe to claret sleeve.

10:
Weight: 11–5. Jockey Philip Enright; trainer: Gerald O'Leary (Ireland). Colours: blue cap with yellow star, blue vest with yellow star to chest and sleeves.

11: My Will
Weight: 11–4. Jockey: Ruby Walsh; trainer: Paul Nicholls. Colours: red cap, white and black vest with red sleeves.

12: Eurotrek
Weight: 11–3. Jockey: Sam Thomas; trainer: Paul Nicholls. Colours: light blue cap, vest and sleeves with dark blue diamond.

13: State Of Play
Weight: 11–2. Jockey: Paul Moloney; trainer: Evan Williams. Colours: blue cap, blue vest with pink stripe and blue sleeves.

14: Big Fella Thanks
Weight: 11–1. Jockey: Christian Williams; trainer: Paul Nicholls. Colours: dark green and white checked cap, dark green vest with a white V and light green sleeves.

15: Mon Mome
Weight: 11–0. Jockey: Liam Treadwell; trainer: Venetia Williams. Colours: green cap, green vest with blue and green stripe sleeves.

16: Silver Birch
Weight: 11–0. Jockey: Robbie Power; trainer: Gordon Elliott (Ireland). Colours: blue cap, black vest with blue star, blue sleeves with black stars.

17: Butlers Cabin
Weight: 10–13. Jockey: Tony McCoy; trainer: Jonjo O'Neill. Colours: white cap, green and orange striped vest and sleeves.

18: Offshore Account
Weight: 10–13. Jockey: David Casey; trainer: Charlie Swan. Colours: orange and green checked cap, white vest and sleeves with green flashes to shoulder.

19: Parsons Legacy
Weight: 10–12. Jockey: Richard Johnson; trainer: Philip Hobbs. Colours: yellow cap, claret vest with yellow stripe and yellow sleeves.

20: Reveillez
Weight: 10–12. Jockey: Mark Walsh; trainer: Jonjo O'Neill. Colours: orange cap, green and orange striped vest and sleeves.

21: Fundamentalist
Weight: 10–11. Jockey: David England; trainer: Nigel Twiston-Davies. Colours: orange cap, black and orange striped vest, black sleeves with orange stars.

22: Golden Flight
Weight: 10–11. Jockey: Barry Geraghty; trainer: Nicky Henderson. Colours: yellow cap with blue rings, yellow and blue striped vest and sleeves.

23: Lami
Weight: 10–11. Jockey: Robert Thornton; trainer: Enda Bolger (Ireland). Colours: yellow and green checked cap, orange and green striped vest and sleeves.

24: Battlecry
Weight: 10–10. Jockey: Tom Scudamore; trainer: Nigel Twiston-Davies. Colours: orange cap, yellow and green checked vest with white sleeves.

25: Cornish Sett
Weight: 10–10. Jockey: Nick Scholfield; trainer: Paul Nicholls. Colours: black and white checked cap, black and white stripe vest with black and white checked sleeves.

26: Fleet Street
Weight: 10–10. Jockey: Andrew Tinkler; trainer: Nicky Henderson. Colours: red and white checked cap, white vest and sleeves with red trim.

27: Musica Bella
Weight: 10–10. Jockey: Philip Carberry; trainer: Francois Cottin (France). Colours: orange cap, black and orange striped vest and sleeves.

28: Can't Buy Time
Weight: 10–9. Jockey: Noel Fehily; trainer: Jonjo O'Neill. Colours: blue cap, orange and green striped vest and sleeves.

29: Darkness
Weight: 10–9. Jockey: Wayne Hutchinson; trainer: Charles Egerton. Colours: pink cap, pink and grey diamonded vest and sleeves.

30: Irish Invader
Weight: 10–9. Jockey: Paul Townend; trainer: Willie Mullins (Ireland). Colours: blue cap with black spot, orange vest with white star and blue sleeves.

31: Rambling Minster
Weight: 10–9. Jockey: James Reveley; trainer: Keith Reveley. Colours: blue cap, white vest and sleeves with blue stars.

32: Southern Vic
Weight: 10–9. Jockey: Niall Madden; trainer: Ted Walsh (Ireland). Colours: yellow cap with black star, yellow and black checked vest with black sleeves.

33: Kilbeggan Blade
Weight: 10–7. Jockey: Graham Lee; trainer: Tom George. Colours: red cap with blue diamond, Blue vest and sleeves with red diamond.

34: Brooklyn Brownie
Weight: 10–6. Jockey: Phil Kinsella; trainer: Malcolm Jefferson. Colours: orange cap, brown and orange checked vest with brown sleeves.

35: Himalayan Trail
Weight: 10–6. Jockey: Paddy Flood; trainer: Jimmy Mangan (Ireland). Colours: red cap, blue vest with white V and blue sleeves with white stripes.

36: Arteea
Weight: 10–5. Jockey: Richie McGrath; trainer: David Pipe. Colours: white cap with black star, Green vest with white star and black and green striped sleeves.

37: Cerium
Weight: 10–5. Jockey: Keith Mercer; trainer: Paul Murphy. Colours: green cap, Green vest with white star and black and green striped sleeves

38: Idle Talk
Weight: 10–5. Jockey: Brian Harding; trainer: Donald McCain Jr. Colours: green cap, yellow and green checked vest with white sleeves.

39: Kelami
Weight: 10–5. Jockey: Derek Laverty; trainer: Lisa Williamson. Colours: red and white ringed cap, black vest with red and white striped sleeves.

40: Zabenz
Weight: 10–5. Jockey: Tom O'Brien; trainer: Philip Hobbs. Colours: green cap, beige vest and sleeves.

Leading contenders
2007 Irish Grand National winner Butler's Cabin was made the favourite having fallen in the previous year's National when going well and in addition he had champion jockey Tony McCoy in the saddle. The favourite was still among a group of sixteen horses who still held serious chances with four fences to jump but he made a mistake at the 27th and was always struggling to get back on terms with those at the head of the group. After the race, jockey Tony McCoy said: "He ran OK. He's probably still a bit high in the handicap. From Becher's on the second circuit he was just starting to get a little bit tired and he made a lot of little mistakes late on."

My Will was made favourite for the race after finishing fifth in the Cheltenham Gold Cup but was sent off as joint-second favourite on the day with two-time winning rider Ruby Walsh in the saddle. Despite a series of jumping errors the horse turned for the home straight marginally leading an unusually large contending pack of sixteen horses and briefly looked to be on the way to victory at the penultimate flight. The horse was quickly passed by the eventual winner and took the last flight in third place where he remained, finishing 13¼ lengths behind the winner. Jockey Ruby Walsh said: "He was just hitting the fences low and I was really having to work hard at keeping him upright. We did well to stay on our feet."

Rambling Minster was identified as the 'trend' horse after winning the Blue Square Gold Cup at Haydock two months before the National. Despite ticking all the boxes the tipsters looked for in a potential National winner, he proved very disappointing in the race itself and was well to the rear when he was almost brought down at the 18th fence and was pulled up soon after. Jockey James Reveley said afterwards: "He didn't take to it and just didn't like it. He jumped OK until he made a mistake down the back and he was looking after himself after that so I pulled up going down the back on the second circuit."

Black Apalachi had been a faller in the 2008 Grand National but became popular when he won the Becher Chase over one circuit of the course in November and followed that by winning the Bobbyjo Chase in February. He went straight to the front from the start, taking the lead at the third fence where he remained for over a circuit. He was still three lengths clear and going well when he stumbled on landing over Becher's Brook and threw his rider Denis O'Reagan, who later said: "It was very disappointing – he was travelling well and jumping from fence to fence. I don't know what happened until I see a replay."

Comply Or Die was the defending champion and came within 12 lengths of being the first horse for over thirty years to win back-to-back Nationals. The horse jumped alongside Mon Mome at the final flight but was outpaced on the run-in. After, jockey Timmy Murphy said: "He ran a blinder. Apart from failing to get 10 lengths closer to the winner I have no complaints whatsoever."

State Of Play had won the 2006 Hennessy Cognac Gold Cup but appealed to his backers after winning the Charlie Hall Chase in November at Wetherby. The horse was among the leading eight throughout the race and was among four who shared the lead jumping the penultimate fence. He was unable to mount a challenge after that and finished fourth, 14 lengths behind the winner. Jockey Paul Moloney said of his race: "There was a moment when I thought I was going to win going to two out. You can't do it without the horse and I had a lot of confidence in him."

Big Fella Thanks was backed after winning the Sky Bet Chase in January and on race day ran a textbook National in mid-division on the first circuit before moving into a challenging position at the Canal Turn on the second circuit. The horse was always having to find a few lengths and was never quite able to get on terms with the leader before finishing sixth. Jockey Christian Williams regarded the race as a prep for a bigger bid next year, saying: "He'll be a year older next year, and perhaps on softer ground you never know. He's only a baby. I had AP [McCoy, on Butler's Cabin] upsides me so I knew I was in the right place. He's got a slight cut on his hind leg and that may have made a slight difference, but if he improves again and comes back with a nice weight next year he could go close."

Mon Mome was among the less-considered outsiders at 100–1 despite a good racing pedigree that had seen him sent off as favourite in the Welsh National in December. A disappointing run there and subsequent loss of form, in addition to his regular rider opting to ride Stan instead led the public to ignore the credentials which were seen as obvious after the event.

Finishing order

Non-finishers

Broadcasting

The Grand National was accorded status as an event of national interest, listed on the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events, therefore ensuring that the event is broadcast live on terrestrial television in the United Kingdom. The BBC broadcast the race for the 50th consecutive year. The winner, Mon Mome, was not mentioned in commentary at any stage on the first circuit, being named for the first time when in 12th place as the runners started the second circuit. The commentary team for the sixth consecutive year was Ian Bartlett, Tony O'Hehir, Darren Owen, and Jim McGrath who called the winner home for the 12th consecutive year.

The programme was presented by Clare Balding. 1,477 people lodged complaints to the BBC when, after the race, she asked winning rider Liam Treadwell to show his teeth to the camera and then suggested he would be able to get them "fixed" with his prize money. Balding later issued a public apology. On the evening before the following year's race, Treadwell was again interviewed by Balding for the BBC's The One Show in which he thanked her for her comments as it had led to him getting free dentistry resulting in a perfect smile.

Treadwell said of his winning ride: "It's an absolutely unbelievable finish, I had the perfect run through the race, he jumped brilliant for me. A couple of times loose horses fell upsides me and went under his legs but it didn't really affect the horse. He gave me such a great ride. He was an absolute pleasure to ride. He is so genuine."

Trainer Venetia Williams said: "How can you ever expect that in a race like this? I'm so proud of the horse. I'm so proud of Liam for giving him such a good ride, and the girl who looks after him as well. I'm so proud of everyone in the yard – I never get chance to praise them and give them the credit they deserve, it is all a team effort."

Aftermath
Hear The Echo and Butlers Cabin both collapsed, the former on the run-in and the latter shortly after passing the finishing post. Both required oxygen treatment but Hear The Echo did not respond and died.

Bookmakers were delighted by the race result with a 100/1 winner. Ladbrokes spokesman David Williams said: "It was better than we could ever have dreamed of. Liam Treadwell was our saviour. A win for Walsh or McCoy would have seen a multi-million pound turnaround. The sun shone on Aintree and the sun shone on the bookies. If last year was one for the punters, 2009 was very much one for us."

Quotes
Keith Mercer (Cerium, fifth): "He was brilliant. He jumped magnificently and was in contention on the run to the second-last. it was an amazing feeling. I had just been hoping we would get round. He far surpassed my expectations and gave me an amazing spin."
Niall Madden (Southern Vic, eighth): "He has run a great race, the ground was just too quick for him."
Andrew McNamara (Snowy Morning, ninth): "We had a couple of bumps on the way round, but he ran a nice race."
Johnny Farrelly (Arteea, tenth): "I had a good ride round and he jumped great."
Paul Townend (Irish Invader, eleventh): "It was great. I think he just maybe didn't see it (the trip) out."
Brian Harding (Idle Talk, twelfth): "He jumped round, but didn't get home. He gave me a great ride and he was pretty good over the fences, but didn't get home."
Wayne Hutchinson (Darkness, thirteenth): "He gave me a good spin and he travelled away fine. He was just a bit on and off the bridle but you couldn't fault him over these fences. He's jumped economically and he galloped on round."
Philip Enright (, fourteenth): "He gave me a great ride and jumped well. I thought I would go very close jumping the second-last, but he got very tired. I had to use him a bit more than I would have liked early on because of the ground. He ran well and should be back next year."
David Casey (Offshore Account, fifteenth): "I had a great ride round and he jumped so well, but he hadn't run over fences for over a year and it told on him in the end. He's still a good horse to look forward to."
Tom Scudamore (Battlecry, sixteenth): "He gave me a great spin for a circuit and a half, but got tired from Becher's second time. He gave me a great thrill for a long way."
Nick Scholfield (Cornish Sett, seventeenth and last): "He got round once again and gave me a great spin and jumped well in the main, but just didn't seem to get the trip this year. He was on his nose once or twice but is so clever."
Graham Lee (Kilbeggan Blade, pulled up before 21st): "Not much happened in the race for me and I pulled up the one before Becher's second time."
Phil Kinsella (Brooklyn Brownie, fell at 2nd): "All sorts of things go through your head as you watch them gallop away from you. He was great down to the first and met it lovely and gave me a lot of confidence, but he didn't meet the second as well and that was that."
Robbie Power (Silver Birch, fell at 22nd): "It is disappointing, he just got a bit too close to Becher's, caught the top and just couldn't get his front end out. But the old lad was travelling really well and jumping for fun and he ran a big race."
Richard Johnson (Parsons Legacy, fell at 22nd): "I wish I hadn't fallen. He was dead right, but it was too far out to tell where we might have finished."
Barry Geraghty (Golden Flight, fell at 1st): "That was a bit of an anti-climax."
Sam Thomas (Eurotrek, pulled up before 17th): "We were never going well and pulled up after the water."
Tom O'Brien (Zabenz, fell at 16th): "We fell at the water. Until then we were going fine."
Paddy Brennan (Knowhere, pulled up before 25th): "All I've got to report is that he was never travelling."
David England (Fundamentalist, pulled up before 21st): "He was good. He ran well and jumped very well, even though he was a big outsider. I pulled him just before Becher's second time, but he's run really well for an old lad."
Noel Fehily (Can't Buy Time, fell at 18th): "He just got in a bit deep. He jumped well up to that point."
Andrew Tinkler (Fleet Street, unseated rider at 18th): "We went a circuit and a bit, then he hit a fence really hard and unseated me. He'd given me a fair ride up to then but we were middle to back and going nowhere."
Sam Waley-Cohen (Ollie Magern, fell at 2nd): "He just got in under it, didn't get high enough, and couldn't get his landing gear down."
Aidan Coleman (Stan, fell at 7th): "He didn't enjoy himself and fell at Foinavon."
Robert Thornton (L'Ami, pulled up before last): "He gave me a great ride, but just didn't get home and I pulled him up."
Derek Laverty (Kelami, pulled up before 22nd): "He gave me a great spin. They went a great gallop early doors and I was handy, but he is an old horse and began to feel the pinch on the second circuit. I noticed three horses disappear at Becher's and thought it best to pull him up. We were someway behind."
Emmet Mullins (Chelsea Harbour, fell at 2nd): "He got his back up too high and came down too steeply. But he is grand and so I am. I am looking forward to next time."
Jason Maguire (Cloudy Lane, unseated at The Chair): "He landed on the fence, but that is the National isn't it? I couldn't have been happier up to that point because he was jumping so well."
Paddy Flood (Himalayan Trail, fell at 1st): "We didn't get very far did we!"
Mark Walsh (Reveillez, brought down at the 3rd): "It was disappointing to (only) get as far as the third, but he is a nice horse."
Philip Carberry (Musica Bella, fell at 12th): "She just got a bit close got her hind legs caught and flipped. She is unlucky, she was jumping quite well up to then."

Tony McCoy was the most experienced rider in the race for the third consecutive year, having taken over from Carl Llewellyn after the 2006 race, though he had previously shared the honour with Mick Fitzgerald and Paul Carberry. McCoy was having his fourteenth ride in the race, joining an exclusive club of just thirteen riders to have reached that landmark, however he also shared the unwanted record with Jeff King of being the only two riders among the thirteen not to have won or been runner-up in any of their fourteen rides.

Eight riders made their Grand National debut, including Liam Treadwell, the twenty-second rider to win at the first attempt and the second in the 21st century. Paul Townend and Philip Enright also completed the course while at the other extreme, Phil Kinsella got no further than the second fence. Emmett Mullins, Mark Walsh, James Revely and Derek Lavery also took their first rides in the race.

References
 Grand National runners and riders, BBC Sport, 3 April 2009

 2009
Grand National
Grand National
21st century in Merseyside
Grand
April 2009 sports events in the United Kingdom


Munu Adhi (4 September 1926 – 21 June 2005) was an Indian politician of the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He served as the Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1977 to 1980.

Notes

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
1926 births
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
2005 deaths
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980


James Tak Wu, GBS, (; 1922 – 29 October 2020) was a Hong Kong businessman who co-founded Maxim's Catering (now a major subsidiary of Dairy Farm International Holdings) and co-founded a chain of restaurants, nightclubs, fast-food outlets, cake and coffee shops, institutional catering units and theaters throughout Hong Kong.  As of 2015, Wu remained Honorary Chairman of Maxim's Group under Jardine Matheson's ownership.

Background
With ancestry from Taishan, Guangdong, Wu was born in the United States and educated in Guangdong. Wu graduated from Lingnan University in Guangzhou in 1947. With brother S.T. Wu, Wu established Maxim's Catering in Kowloon, Hong Kong, in 1956 and, by 1967, had a thriving business.

Wu was a member of the Hong Kong Tourism Board in 2002.

Family
He is the father of Annie Wu Suk-ching.

Honours
Wu is Honorary Chairman of the Board of Trustees and Chairman of the Development & Planning Council, whose focus is on nurturing professional management talent for Southern China.
He holds Honorary Doctorates from the Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou and Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts.
In 2009, he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Hong Kong SAR Government.
He was named "Honorary Citizen of Guangzhou" by the municipal government of his native Guangzhou in 2003.

Death
On 19 November 2020, the Maxim's Group published a post on its website, announcing Wu had died on 29 October 2020 at Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, aged 98.

Legacy
The Dr and Mrs James Tak Wu Award for Outstanding Service (Lingnan University; established 1998)

References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Hong Kong chief executives
Hong Kong restaurateurs
Lingnan University (Guangzhou) alumni
Nightclub owners
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
American emigrants to Hong Kong


K. Rajaram (26 August 1926 – 8 February 2008) was an Indian politician of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and later, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He served as the Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1980 to 1985.

Rajaram rose to prominence in 1962 when he defeated C. R. Narasimhan, son of C. Rajagopalachari while contesting from Krishnagiri as a candidate of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from Salem II constituency in 1971 as a DMK candidate and from the Panamarathupatti constituency in 1980,84 and 91 as an ADMK candidate. He served as the Minister for Housing and Backward Classes during 1971–73 and as the Minister for Labour during 1973–76 in the M. Karunanidhi cabinet. He was the Minister for Industries during 1985–89 in the M. G. Ramachandran cabinet and the Minister for Food during 1991–92 in the J. Jayalalitha cabinet. He also served as a Member of Lok Sabha from Krishnagiri during 1962–67 and from Salem during 1967–71.

Literary works

Books

Notes

External links
K. Rajaram's obituary

1926 births
2008 deaths
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
India MPs 1962–1967
India MPs 1967–1970
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
People from Krishnagiri district
People from Salem district
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians


M. Tamilkudimagan was an Indian politician and Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. He served as Speaker of the Assembly from 1989 to 1991. His original name was Sathiah.

He was the DMK Minister for Tamil Language and Culture in the 1996 Cabinet. (1996-2001).

Notes

Living people
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001
State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu
Year of birth missing (living people)


Sedapatti R. Muthiah (4 October 1945 – 21 September 2022) was an Indian politician of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He was one of the leaders of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) from its creation and was second in command in AIADMK until 1998. He was popularly known by the name Sedapattiar. He remained a popular politician in Madurai district and had a mass support base in T.Kallupatti Union.

Early life and background
Muthiah was born in the small village of Muthappanpatti 5 km from T. Kallupatti. He was a post-graduate (M.Sc.) in Mathematics with Distinction from Thiyagarajar College, Madurai. Muthiah wanted to pursue Engineering after his PUC. Since he was from a rural background, he did not get admission into engineering college. He was into academics before moving into politics.

Early political life
R. Muthiah entered politics as Student Leader in Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in the early days of Dravidian Movement. He took part in the anti-Hindi agitations. He was also a good orator in Tamil. When M.G.R. started AIADMK a lot of his supporters left DMK and joined AIADMK. Muthiah along with his supporters joined as well given the fact that M.G.R. had a major support in Madurai Region. In fact Muthiah was the first choice of M.G.R. to contest from Dindidul constituency for the party's first election campaign since its inception in 1973. Due to some reasons, the chance went to Maya Thevar.

State politics
Muthiah was chosen to stand from Sedapatti constituency under which hometown comes based on the support he had as a Student Leader in 1977. He won the elections and got elected to the Legislative Assembly. He went on to win consecutive elections from Sedapatti. He was made the Speaker of the Assembly in 1991 and continued his tenure till 1996. Due to his continued victory in all elections he became a household name of the region and hence was fondly called as "Sedappattiyar" by people of the area, which later became his name. During his time T.Kallupatti transitioned itself from a sleepy small village into a Town Panchayat administering 42 villages.

National politics
He was elected as a Member of Parliament twice from Periyakulam Constituency for Ninth Lok Sabha and Twelfth Lok Sabha. In the Twelfth Lok Sabha he served as a Union Minister for Surface Transport in Atal Bihari Vajpayee cabinet. He was in the post for a short period of time and had to resign due to a case in Chennai court. He graciously resigned from the post and faced the charges for the 42 lakh case. Political critics say DMK was behind the case. His resignation is a rare occurrence comparing the scams of recent years of very large proportion. He then served as Leader of AIADMK in the parliament and raised issues concerning people.

Turning point
During the Twelfth Lok Sabha Vajpayee called for a Vote of Confidence after AIADMK had withdrawn support to the government. In the end Vajpayee lost the Vote of Confidence by 1 vote, the Opposition had polled 270 votes and the BJP 269. He had to vote "against" the Confidence Motion as directed by AIADMK. But because of a Technical Error instead of No the machine displayed Abstained. The voting machine showed that Mr. Muthiah abstained from voting. The technical issue was acknowledged by the Parliament Team but the same was not rectified by them at that time. This led the AIADMK leader to think Muthiah plotted to save the Vajpayee Government and expelled him from the party. Political critics were surprised at how the technical error led to the fall of a soft-spoken veteran politician. The Counter Thoughts of a Parliamentary Official, written by Ramanujam Kodhandaraman, former Cabinet Deputy Secretary and former Goa State Secretary, describes what happened during the No Motion of Confidence in 12th Lok Sabha.

Post AIADMK

Muthiah was shocked along with the lakhs of supporters on the news of his dismissal. He reacted saying it's Sasikala who is responsible for the issues. In 2001 elections he fielded his wife Mrs. Shakunthala and got a sizable number of votes almost denting most of AIADMK votes. He stayed away from politics for some time and then joined DMK in 2006 and he became one of the office bearers of the DMK Electoral wing. Large number of his supporters from T. Kallupatti Union joined DMK which has enabled a major mobilisation of votes for DMK during the Parliamentary elections. He was actively involved in all political events. He proved his power in his younger son's marriage which was presided over by M. Karunanidhi, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

Personal life
M. Manimaran, younger son of Sedapatti Muthiah is currently the Secretary of Madurai South District, DMK party. Sedapatti Muthiah's popularity and Manimaran's recent performance along with the larger families in nearby villages and Mukkulathor community has gained him fame. He also contested from Thirupparankundram constituency in 2016 State Elections but lost.

He died in Madurai on 21 September 2022, at the age of 76.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Union ministers from Tamil Nadu
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
India MPs 1989–1991
India MPs 1998–1999
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu
People from Theni district
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996
Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989


A push broom scanner, also known as an along-track scanner, is a device for obtaining images with spectroscopic sensors. The scanners are regularly used for passive remote sensing from space, and in spectral analysis on production lines, for example with near-infrared spectroscopy used to identify contaminated food and feed. The moving scanner line in a traditional photocopier (or a scanner or facsimile machine) is also a familiar, everyday example of a push broom scanner.  Push broom scanners and the whisk broom scanners variant (also known as across-track scanners) are often contrasted with staring arrays (such as in a digital camera), which image objects without scanning, and are more familiar to most people.

In orbital push broom sensors, a line of sensors arranged perpendicular to the flight direction of the spacecraft is used. Different areas of the surface are imaged as the spacecraft flies forward. A push broom scanner can gather more light than a whisk broom scanner because it looks at a particular area for a longer time, like a long exposure on a camera. One drawback of push broom sensors is the varying sensitivity of the individual detectors.  Another drawback is that the resolution is lower than a whisk broom scanner because the entire image is captured at once.

Examples of spacecraft cameras using push broom imagers include Mars Express's High Resolution Stereo Camera, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera NAC, Mars Global Surveyor's Mars Orbiter Camera WAC, and the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer on board the Terra satellite.

See also
Time delay and integration
Whisk broom scanner

References

External links

 Earth Observing-1 (NASA), with animated whisk broom and push broom illustrations
 Airborne Pushbroom Line Scan (PDF) – overview article
 Linear Pushbroom Cameras (PDF) – detailed modelling theory

Spectrometers
Image sensors


K. Kalimuthu (14 July 1942 – 8 November 2006) was an Indian politician of the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. He served as the Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 2001 to 2006. He was elected to the state Assembly 5 times and held posts as the Minister for local administration one term and as Agriculture minister for two terms under Dr. M. G. Ramachandran as chief Minister, was the Member of Lok Sabha once and Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly speaker once. He was an M.A in Tamil. He gained a doctorate (Ph.D) in Tamil for his literary works and wrote books and poems in Tamil.
K. Kalimuthu was born in Ramuthevanpatti, Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu. He served twice as the presidium chairman of the AIADMK in 2000-2002 and in 2006 till his death.

He died of cardiac arrest in Chennai in November 2006.

Controversies
According to prosecution, Kalimuthu in his capacity as the then Agriculture Minister allegedly directed nine nationalised banks to provide Rs 56 lakh loan to Mayne and others for purchasing tractors in 1983. Mayne and the other accused allegedly submitted forged documents to avail loans. The charge sheet had also said Kalimuthu had parked huge amount of funds belonging to Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board with nationalised banks.
CBI had filed a charge sheet against a total of 32 persons in 1988 but only 16 were present in the court in 2016 as others either died or are absconding.

Convicting the 71-year old Mayne of offences including cheating, criminal conspiracy, forgery, the Judge sentenced him to seven years rigorous imprisonment And also imposed a hefty fine of Rs 1.67 crore on Mayne and other convicts, his accomplices. Out of the total fine amount, Rs 57 lakh should be provided to the nine banks as compensation.Others sentenced are Surya Kumar (four years RI) Shahul Hameed (two years RI), Basin Sen (two years RI) and Soma Sundaram (three years RI).

Court also acquitted 11 other accused in the case related to alleged availing of loans to the tune of Rs 56 lakh from nine nationalised banks by submitting forged documents in 1983 when Kalimuthu was Agriculture Minister in the state.

References

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
2006 deaths
1942 births
Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
People from Virudhunagar district
India MPs 1989–1991
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989


Peruvazhiyambalam () is a 1979 Indian Malayalam-language crime drama film written and directed by P. Padmarajan, based on his novel of the same name. The film was Padmarajan's directorial debut and the acting debut of Ashokan, who played the central character, Raman. The film is an incisive examination of how violence or totalitarianism works in our society; it dealt with disturbing questions relating to masculinity and how people adore and dread it at the same time. It was one of the last black-and-white Malayalam films.

The Hindu described this film as one of the finest films in Malayalam. It won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam. The film was included in IBN Live's list of 100 greatest Indian films of all time.

Plot

Fifteen-year-old Raman lives alone with his older sister Bhagyam, their parents having died several years prior. The town bully Prabhakaran Pillai is killed by Raman. He escapes from murder charges by hiding from the police with the help of a teashop owner Viswambharan and a prostitute.

Cast
Ashokan as Raman/Mani
Bharat Gopy as Viswambharan
Jose Prakash as Paramu Nair
Sukumari as Paramu Nair's wife
K. P. A. C. Azeez as  Prabhakaran Pillai
 Santhakumari as Prabhakaran Pillai's wife
K P A C Lalitha as Kunnumpurath Devayani, the prostitute
Krishnan Kutty Nair as Vaidhyan
Valsala Premdevdas
Chandrika
Santhosh Kumar
Muthukulam K.G.
Giri
George Joseph
A.N. Nair
V.T. Thomas
Rathi
Bobby
Madhavikutty

Accolades
National Film Awards
 Best Feature Film in Malayalam

Kerala State Film Awards
 Second Best Film
 Best Story – Padmarajan

References

External links

1970s Malayalam-language films
1979 crime drama films
1979 directorial debut films
1979 films
Best Malayalam Feature Film National Film Award winners
Films based on Indian novels
Films directed by Padmarajan
Films with screenplays by Padmarajan
Indian crime drama films


Major General George Lindsay-Crawford, 22nd Earl of Crawford (31 January 1758 – 30 January 1808), was a Scottish peer and soldier. He served in the British Army and was Lord Lieutenant of Fife.

He was born on 31 January 1758 at Bourtree Hill, Ayrshire, Scotland. He was the son of George Lindsay-Crawford, 21st Earl of Crawford and Jean Hamilton.

Education
He was educated in 1765 at Eton College, Eton, Berkshire, England.

Titles and offices
He succeeded to the titles of 22nd Earl of Crawford, 6th Earl of Lindsay and 6th Lord Parbroath on 11 August 1781.

He held the office of Lord Lieutenant of Fife between 1794 and March 1807 and again between 20 May 1807 and 30 June 1808.

Military service

His military service included time in both the infantry and the cavalry:

 Commissioned in 1776 into British Army
 Colonel of the 2nd Battalion, 71st Regiment of Foot, Fraser's Highlanders from 1782 to 1783
 Colonel of the 63rd (The West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot between 1789 and 1808.
 Colonel of the Fife Light Horse between 1798 and 1803
 Gained the rank of Major-General in 1805.

He was influential in the raising of a cavalry regiment in Fife in 1793 and 1794. His correspondence on the subject are held in the British National Archives.

Death
He died on 30 January 1808 at age 49 at Rosel, Ayrshire, Scotland, unmarried.

He was buried at Crawford Lodge, Fife, Scotland.

He died intestate and his estate was administered in June 1811.

On his death, the male line of the 17th Earl of Crawford became extinct, and his titles passed to the male heirs of the 9th Earl of Crawford, under the re-grant of 1642.

References

1758 births
1808 deaths
Lord-Lieutenants of Fife
Highland Light Infantry officers
63rd Regiment of Foot officers
British Army major generals
22
Fife and Forfar Yeomanry officers
People educated at Eton College
George
Lindsay, George Lindsay-Crawford, 6th Earl of


The 2010 United States foreclosure crisis, sometimes referred to as Foreclosure-gate or Foreclosuregate, refers to a widespread epidemic of improper foreclosures initiated by large banks and other lenders.  The foreclosure crisis was extensively covered by news outlets beginning in October 2010, and several large banks—including Bank of America, JP Morgan, Wells Fargo, and Citigroup—responded by halting their foreclosure proceedings temporarily in some or all states.  The foreclosure crisis caused significant investor fear in the U.S. A 2014 study published in the American Journal of Public Health linked the foreclosure crisis to an increase in suicide rates.

One out of every 248 households in the United States received a foreclosure notice in September 2012, according to RealtyTrac.

Robo-signing controversy
"Robo-signing" is a term used by consumer advocates to describe the rubber-stamp process of mass production of false and forged execution of mortgage assignments, satisfactions, affidavits, and other legal documents related to mortgage foreclosures and legal matters being created by persons without knowledge of the facts being attested to. It also includes accusations of notary fraud wherein the notaries pre- and/or post-notarize the affidavits and signatures of so-called robo-signers.

On October 21, 2010, The Wall Street Journal reported that foreclosure lawyer/advocates Thomas Ice and Matthew Weidner were discussing the deposition testimony of mortgage company employees; Weidner recalled, "Tom and I were talking, and it was, 'Jesus, they're like robots!'" Weidner, a blogger, called them "robo signers" in a January 8, 2010 posting.
In 2009, Maine attorney Thomas Cox pointed out the wide-scale practice of robo-signing in depositions taken of GMAC's Jeffrey Stephan and other robo-signers.   News outlets reported that on September 14, 2010, Jeffrey Stephan testified that he had signed affidavits which he hadn't actually reviewed on behalf of Ally Financial.  This revelation led to increased scrutiny of foreclosure documentation. The practice was apparently common in the mortgage industry. In the weeks following the robo-signing revelation, other large banks came under fire for employing robo-signers as well, including JPMorgan Chase and Bank of America.

In the fall of 2010, major U.S. lenders such as JP Morgan Chase, Ally Financial (formerly known as GMAC), and Bank of America suspended judicial and non-judicial foreclosures across the United States over the potentially fraudulent practice of robo-signing.

On September 21, 2010, HousingWire ran an article citing defects in affidavits used in some foreclosure cases at Ally Financial, formerly known as GMAC Mortgage. "This situation with GMAC isn't limited to GMAC," Margery Golant, of Golant & Golant, a foreclosure law firm in Boca Raton, Florida, said in an interview with HousingWire reporter Jon Prior. "All the mortgage servicers do the same thing. They have people either on the inside or through outsourcers that we call Robo-signers. They just sign everything in sight, but the legal system requires that they actually know the information."

On July 18, 2011, the Associated Press and Reuters released two reports that robo-signing continued to be a major problem in U.S. courtrooms across America. The AP defined robo-signing as a "variety of practices. It can mean a qualified executive in the mortgage industry signs a mortgage affidavit document without verifying the information. It can mean someone forges an executive's signature, or a lower-level employee signs his or her own name with a fake title. It can mean failing to comply with notary procedures. In all of these cases, robo-signing involves people signing documents and swearing to their accuracy without verifying any of the information."

Role of MERS

The Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, known as MERS, is a privately held company that operates an electronic registry designed to track servicing rights and ownership of mortgage loans in the United States. Since the 2010 crisis, 62 million mortgages are held in the name of MERS, and MERS has initiated thousands of foreclosures in the United States, claiming to be the mortgagee of record.  Lawyers have contended in court that MERS has no legal right to initiate a foreclosure, because MERS does not own the loans in question. U.S. lending laws state that only the owner of a loan can initiate a foreclosure. Class action law suits against MERS are pending in California, Nevada, and Arizona. State courts remain sharply divided on the propriety of this practice. State supreme courts in Maine, Arkansas, and Kansas have ruled against MERS right to file for foreclosures. MERS has however won court cases in other states such as Michigan, affirming its right to initiate foreclosures in those states. For example, the Third District Court of Appeals in Florida ruled, in 2007, that "... it is apparent - and we so hold - that no substantive rights, obligations or defenses are affected by the use of the MERS device, [so] there is no reason why mere form should overcome the salutary substance of permitting the use of this commercially effective means of business."

Attempted legislative fix

In an apparent attempt to resolve some of the issues with missing, lost, and sometimes fraudulent paperwork both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate passed H.R. 3808 which would force courts to recognize out of state and electronic notarizations.  The bill passed the Senate through a verbal vote, and wasn't publicly debated.  President Barack Obama, fearing "unintended consequences on consumer protections" utilized his veto powers, at first using a pocket veto by simply not signing the bill, and later by issuing a more formal protective-return veto.

The Interstate Recognition of Notarizations (IRON) Act of 2010 would have required “any Federal or State court to recognize any notarization made by a notary public licensed by a State other than the State where the court is located when such notarization occurs in or affects interstate commerce.” The bill, written by U.S. Rep. Robert Aderholt (R-AL) to help court stenographers in his district alleviate issues with getting courts in other states to accept depositions notarized in Alabama, came under criticism in October 2010 from homeowner advocates who said it would have made it easier for mortgage processors to foreclose on homeowners without proper documentation or chain of title.

The first version of the IRON Act (H.R. 1979), sponsored by Aderholt in 2005, passed the House of Representatives in December 2006. The same bill was later sponsored by U.S. Sen. Tom Carper (D-DE) and introduced in the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee as S.2083 in 2007, but it ultimately stalled. The bill was again sponsored by Aderholt (R-AL) and introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives as H.R. 3808 on October 14, 2009. It passed by voice vote in the House on April 27, 2010. The bill was co-sponsored by Rep. Bruce Braley (D-IA), Rep. Mike Castle (R-DE) and Rep. Artur Davis (D-AL). The bill was voted on in the U.S. Senate on Sept. 27 at the urging of Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT). Leahy's staff said that they had received calls from “constituents” pressing for passage of the bill. But Leahy may have supported the bill after being lobbied by notaries at a September event in D.C. honoring President Calvin Coolidge.

Sen. Robert Casey (D-PA), who was ushering through many pieces of last-minute legislation on behalf of the Democratic leadership on the final day before the Senate adjourned for recess, moved the bill from the Judiciary committee for a vote. Sen. Jeff Sessions (R-AL) helped gather Republican support for the bill. The Senate then passed the bill by unanimous consent without debate. Aderholt said that he and supporters “were surprised that it came through at the eleventh hour there” in the Senate. President Obama vetoed the bill on Oct. 8, following outcry from homeowner advocates and increased scrutiny from the press.

Ohio's Secretary of State, Democrat Jennifer Brunner, emerged as one of the earliest critics of the bill, calling the timing of its passage “suspicious.” Brunner organized opposition to the bill, urging citizens to call and email the President and tell him not to sign the act. CNBC senior editor John Carney called the bill “mysterious” and wrote that the bill “might bail out banks such as GMAC, JP Morgan Chase and Bank of America from their foreclosure gate troubles.”

Aderholt defended his bill in a statement: “There is absolutely no connection whatsoever between the Interstate Recognition of Notarizations Act of 2010 and the recent foreclosure documentation problems… The bill expressly requires lawful notarizations, and in no way validates improper notarizations. Enforcement of legal notarizations is a state responsibility and I fully support each state attorney general vigorously prosecuting all notarization fraud.”

Legal action against banks

National Mortgage Settlement

On February 9, 2012, it was announced that the five largest mortgage servicers (Ally/GMAC, Bank of America, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo) agreed to a historic settlement with the federal government and 49 states. The settlement, known as the National Mortgage Settlement (NMS), required the servicers to provide about $26 billion in relief to distressed homeowners and in direct payments to the states and federal government. This settlement amount makes the NMS the second largest civil settlement in U.S. history, only trailing the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement. The five banks were also required to comply with 305 new mortgage servicing standards. Oklahoma under then-Attorney General Scott Pruitt held out and agreed to settle with the banks separately.

Joseph A. Smith, Jr., the North Carolina Commissioner of Banks, was tapped to be the Settlement Monitor. He created the Office of Mortgage Settlement Oversight (OMSO) to ensure the banks were providing relief to homeowners and complying with the new mortgage servicing standards as required by the NMS.

National SunTrust Settlement
The Federal government together with state attorneys general in 49 states and the District of Columbia reached a settlement in 2014 requiring SunTrust Mortgage, Inc., to provide $500 million (~$ in ) in various forms of relief to borrowers. The United States District Court for the District of Columbia entered the Consent Order on September 30, 2014. The consent order addressed SunTrust's alleged misconduct regarding its mortgage servicing and foreclosure practices. SunTrust was also required to create a 40 million dollar fund for the approximately 45,000 SunTrust borrowers who were foreclosed upon between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2013. In addition, SunTrust was required to adhere to significant new homeowner protections. The consent order required that SunTrust follow the servicing standards set up by the 2012 National Mortgage Settlement (NMS) with the five largest banks.

Ocwen National Servicing Settlement
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), together with attorneys general and state banking regulators in 49 states, and the District of Columbia obtained a Consent Judgment requiring Ocwen Financial Corporation—who at the time, was the largest nonbank mortgage loan servicer in the country—and its subsidiary, Ocwen Loan Servicing, to provide $2 billion in first lien principal reduction to underwater borrowers.  The consent order addressed Ocwen's misconduct during the mortgage servicing process. It also covered two companies previously purchased by Ocwen, Litton Loan Servicing LP (“Litton”) and Homeward Residential Holdings LLC (previously known as American Home Mortgage Servicing, Inc. or AHMSI).  Ocwen was also required to pay $125 million to the nearly 185,000 Ocwen, Litton, and Homeward borrowers who had been foreclosed upon and well as being required to adhere to significant new homeowner protections.

See also
 Bankruptcy remote – a desired feature of vehicles like REMICS
 Chain of title
 Financial crisis of 2007–08
 Occupy Homes – a protest movement in order to save foreclosed homes.
 Real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC)
 Shadow banking system

References

Great Recession in the United States
2000s economic history
2010s economic history
United States Foreclosure Crisis, 2010
Fore
Economy of the United States
Fore
Fore
United States housing bubble
Urban decay in the United States
Foreclosure


This is a comprehensive list of all releases by the alternative singer Cathy Davey.

Albums

Studio albums

Singles

Music videos

References

External links

Discographies of Irish artists
Folk music discographies