The National Geographic produced a documentary entitled Inside Guantanamo, first broadcast in early April 2009. It details the practices inside Guantanamo Bay military prison.

The Director, Jon Else, wrote:

Neil Genzlinger, reporting for New York Times, wrote:

The film interviewed some key players who played a role in the controversial camp.
Colonel Bruce Vargo called the camps: "an integral part of the war on terror."
Lieutenant Commander Charles Swift, the Navy lawyer assigned to defend Salim Ahmed Hamdan, said:
"Guantanamo Bay was the legal equivalent of outer space -- a place with no law."

References

Guantanamo Bay detention camp
2009 television films
2009 films
2009 documentary films


Toy Story Mania! is a video game published by Disney Interactive Studios and developed by Papaya Studio for the Wii and PC versions and by High Voltage Software for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions. It is based on the Toy Story Midway Mania! attraction located at Disney's California Adventure and Disney's Hollywood Studios, which was inspired by the Toy Story movie series produced by Pixar. The game features single-player and multi-player shooting-gallery style gameplay.

The game was released on August 14, 2009 for iOS, on September 15 for the Wii console, on April 9, 2010 for PC exclusively in Europe, and on October 30, 2012 for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. It was packaged with a Ray Gun peripheral on its European release. The game has also been released as a Plug n Play device in early 2010.

Toy Story Mania! is the first game based on a film by Pixar to be published by Disney Interactive Studios. Past Disney/Pixar movie games have been made in conjunction with Activision first, then THQ.

Included in each game are two pairs of 3D glasses. These can be used in six 3D shooting galleries.

Design
In the Midway Mania! attraction, riders play a series of carnival games hosted by characters from the film series, such as Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody, by shooting various targets at each "game booth". For example, in one game, riders toss "rings" onto Little Green Men in a game hosted by Buzz Lightyear.

The video game version has levels based on those used in the theme park attractions, as well as original levels based on other characters and scenes in the film series. The theme park attraction features two riders playing on the same screen, while the video game version will allow up to four players to play at the same time either competitively or cooperatively.

Reception

Reviews are mixed. Metacritic gave it a score of 49 out of 100 for the Wii version and 33 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version.

References

External links

2009 video games
Toy Story video games
Video games with stereoscopic 3D graphics
IOS games
Kinect games
Party video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Move-compatible games
Wii games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Disney video games
Activision games
Video games based on Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Multiplayer and single-player video games
High Voltage Software games
Papaya Studio games
Video games developed in the United States


The Duchy of Racha (, rach'is saerist'avo) was an important fiefdom in medieval and early modern Georgia, located in the western province of Racha, in the upper Rioni Valley in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus crest, and ruled by a succession of eristavi ("dukes") from c. 1050 until being transferred to the royal crown in 1789.

History
The duchy of Racha was founded c. 1050, when a branch of the Liparitid family, subsequently known as Kakhaberidze, was enfeoffed of it by King Bagrat IV of Georgia. Their possessions were further expanded under Queen Tamar of Georgia (r. 1184–1213). The Kakhaberidze were dispossessed of the duchy in 1278 for having revolted against David VI, but seem to have maintained themselves in Racha into the 15th century. House of Japaridze possibly held the Duchy of Racha between the  dispossession of the Kakhaberidze and the establishment of Charelidze family. By the end of the 15th century, the duchy of Racha seems to have been restored, under the Charelidze family, whose brief tenure was succeeded by the Chkheidze c. 1488, when Prince Ivane Chkheidze (r. 1488–1497) was invested with Racha by Alexander II, king of Imereti.

Over time, these new masters of Racha – henceforth known as the Eristavi of Racha – significantly expanded their possessions, confiscating estates of other noble families and even those belonging to the crown. They were embroiled in incessant feudal wars that plagued Georgia at that time, frequently changing their side as they sought to achieve more autonomy from the kings of Imereti. The powerful duke Rostom (r. 1750–1769) was able to maintain Racha virtually independent, eventually to be defeated and removed from office by King Solomon I of Imereti, who turned Racha into a royal domain. His successor David II restored the duchy to Rostom's grandson and his own sisterly nephew Anton in 1784. The rival noble clans, especially Tsulukidze and Tsereteli, attempted to counter the move by invoking a force of Ottoman and Dagestan mercenaries, only to be routed by the royal army in 1786. This restoration proved to be short-lived and the next Imeretian king Solomon II finally annexed the duchy in 1789.

Known dukes

Kakhaberidze
 Kakhaber I (died 1088)
 Niania (1088–1120)
 Kakhaber II (1175–1210)
 Kakhaber III (1245–1278)
 Kakhaber VI Orbeli
Kakhaberidze-Chidjavadze
(Duke of Racha?)
Prince-Chamberlain of
Georgia, f a. 1405

Chkheidze
 Ivane (1488–1497)
 Kakhaber IV (1497–1510)
 Shoshita I (1534–1570)
 Papuna I (1651–1661)
 Shoshita II (1661–1684)
 Papuna II (1684–1696)
 Shoshita III (1696–1732)
 Gregory (1732–1743)
 Vakhtang (1743–1750)
 Rostom (1750–1769)
 Anton (1784, 1787–89)
 George (1784–1787)

References

Racha
Duchies of the Kingdom of Georgia
States and territories established in the 11th century
Racha
States and territories disestablished in 1789


William Hubert Miller Jr. (September 1932 – November 4, 1988), of New York City, was an aerophilatelist who published philatelic literature on the subject.

Philatelic literature
Miller specialized in the collection and study of air mail stamps, but especially postage stamps and postal history related to Zeppelin flights and Pigeon Posts. As a result of his studies, Miller wrote articles in the philatelic press on various aspects of aerophilately.

Philatelic activity
Miller was vice president of the American Air Mail Society in 1973 and continued on with the society as general counsel and a director until 1985.  He served as chairman of the Philatelic Foundation and as president of the Council of Philatelic Organizations for a number of years. In addition he served in a number of positions at the Collectors Club of New York.

Honors and awards
Miller was awarded the Neinken Medal in 1985 and the Lichtenstein Medal in 1985. He was elected to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1989.

Legacy
According to the Scott Postage Stamp Catalog, air mail postage stamps were issued by postal authorities during the first half of the 20th century and discontinued during the decades after World War II. Miller’s philatelic literature helps illustrate this period of aerophilately within the field of philately.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References
 William Hubert Miller Jr.

1932 births
1988 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
People from New York City
American Philatelic Society


The Small House in Macon, Georgia, also known as Ralph Small House, Napier-Small House, or McMullan-Napier-Small House, is a "distinguished" example of high-style Greek Revival architecture that was built in 1846 by Skelton Napier.

Among Greek Revival works, it has two extraordinary features.  One is that the Doric columns of its portico are in antis, i.e. set in between square columns (antae), at the two front corners.  There is no known precedent in original Greece or in the Greek Revival style, for columns used in antis for a "pro-style temple type portico".  The four fluted Doric columns and the antae support the entablature of the portico.

The second is that it has a low wooden parapet with carved acroteria above the entablature, serving as a gallery or corona, that is exceptionally well executed.  This ornamentation is "a satisfying response to the theme set by the laurel wreaths of the frieze and at the same time a kind of counter-point to the baldness of the antae which terminate the colonade."

It was built facing Vineville Avenue and was approached along a long driveway lined with cedar trees.  However, when the area was broken up into smaller lots it was moved and turned and no longer has a spacious and stately setting.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.

Photos

The house was photographically documented repeatedly in U.S. Federal Government projects, by Frances Benjamin Johnston, Carol Highsmith, and others.

References

External links
 - Real estate listing site from 2017 sale
 - video tour of house from 2017 sale
 Architectural diagram of facade - via Historic Macon Foundation on Flickr

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses completed in 1846
Houses in Macon, Georgia
National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia
Greek Revival houses in Georgia (U.S. state)


The 2009 Formula Renault 2.0 UK Championship was the 21st British Formula Renault Championship. The season began at Brands Hatch on 5 April and ended at the same venue on 4 October, after twenty rounds held in England. Dean Smith won the title, despite missing the opening rounds of the series. Harry Tincknell won the Graduate Cup for first-year drivers.

Formula Renault UK season

Background
Despite initial fears of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 causing a lack of entries into the championship, the series' grid increased from the previous season with a total of 26 entries prior to the championship's opening race at Brands Hatch. Most of the pre-season anticipation centred around the two championship favourites: Fortec Motorsport's James Calado and Alpine Motorsport's Dean Stoneman, both in their second season and boasting victories in their début season in the series, with pre-season testing further backing media predictions that the championship would most likely be decided between the pair. The series swelled to 29, for the second meeting at Thruxton.

Teams and drivers

Calendar
All races were held in United Kingdom.

Driver standings
 Points are awarded to the drivers as follows:

Formula Renault UK Winter Series
The 2009 Formula Renault UK Winter Series was the 12th British Formula Renault Winter Series. The series began at Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit on 31 October and ended at Rockingham Motor Speedway on 7 November, after four races at two rounds held in England. Harry Tincknell won the title.

Teams and Drivers

Calendar
All races were held in United Kingdom.

Driver Standings

References

External links
 The official website of the Formula Renault UK Championship

UK
Formula Renault UK season
Renault 2.0 UK


Prandi may refer to:

People
Giulio Prandi, Italian conductor and musicologist
Jonathon Prandi (born 1972), American male fashion model, actor and IT consultant
Kyle Prandi (born 1979), American diver
Silvano Prandi (born 1947), Italian volleyball coach
Enrichetta Thea Prandi (1922-1961), Italian actress and singer

Places
Prandi (river), Estonia
Prandi, Estonia, village in Estonia


Gilles Pargneaux (born 24 March 1957 in Harcigny) is a French politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the North-West constituency from 2009 until 2019. He is also the leader of the PS federation in Lille.

Political career
In 2009, the PS selected Pargneaux to lead the PS list in the North-West constituency ahead of the 2009 European elections. His list won 18.09% and two seats, so he was elected to the European Parliament.

Throughout his time in the European Parliament, Pargneaux served as member of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. In this capacity, he led the parliament’s negotiations with the Council on more coordinated responses to cross-border health threats in 2013. From 2014, he was the committee’s vice-chairman. In this capacity, he represented the Parliament at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris.

Pargneaux also served on the Committee on Budgetary Control and the Subcommittee on Security and Defence from 2014 until 2019. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean and headed the ‘Friends of Morocco’ group in the European Parliament. In 2014, he advocated for a renewed EU–Morocco Fisheries Partnership Agreement.

In December 2017, Pargneaux launched an informal group inside the European Parliament in support of La République En Marche! (LREM).

References

Links
 Gilles PARGNEAUX. European Parliament. Accessed 2011-01-20.

1957 births
Living people
Socialist Party (France) MEPs
MEPs for North-West France 2009–2014
MEPs for North-West France 2014–2019


Bruce Ford was a member of the Canadian Rowing team in the 1984 and 1988 Olympics, winning a Bronze medal in the 1984 Men's Quadruple Sculls. Alongside Pat Walter, he won Gold in the Double Sculls at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.

Educated at Brentwood College School, Vancouver Island and the University of British Columbia, he now works as an Environmental Biologist in Vancouver. Ford lives in North Vancouver as of May 2017.

Footnotes

Living people
University of British Columbia alumni
Olympic rowers for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Simon Fraser University alumni
Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in rowing
Canadian male rowers
Rowers at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in rowing
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
1954 births
Rowers at the 1979 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games


Bruce Ford may refer to:
 Bruce Ford (rower) (born 1954), Canadian men's quadruple sculls rower in the 1984 Olympics
 Bruce Ford (tenor) (born 1956), American operatic tenor


The James D. Westcott Building is a historic building on the campus of The Florida State University in Tallahassee, in the U.S. state of Florida. The Westcott Building currently houses the chief administrative offices for Florida State University and is the primary focal point of the campus as seen down College Avenue. The building is also home to Ruby Diamond Auditorium. It is known for its distinctive appearance.

Built in 1910, the Westcott building was named after James Diament Westcott, Jr. who was an early contributor to the predecessor of Florida State University; his 1887 estate was valued at $100,000.

History

The Westcott building was built in 1910  to serve as the Florida State College's administration building by which it was known until 1936. In that year the building was renamed the James D. Westcott, Jr. Memorial Building by then university president Edward Conradi in remembrance of the former Florida Supreme Court justice who had left a large part of his estate to what was then the West Florida Seminary in 1887.

In April 1969, much of the interior of the building was destroyed by a fire. Renovations of the interior of the building were completed in 1973 and were able to preserve the historic collegiate gothic exterior that the building is known for. This renovation created space for the John S. Knight and James L. Knight Foundation Lobby, which serves to welcome visitors and provide performance entertainment space for viewers. Two bronze doors at the entrance of the building lead to a hallway gallery of presidential portraits. Each individual portrait featured in the hallway portray a president whose vision drove the university to what it is today.

The circle in front of Westcott was first closed to traffic by former Florida State University President Sandy D’Alemberte in 1994. In 2005, former Florida State University President T. K. Wetherell took steps to complete the restoration work from the prior decade, which included the removal of mildew from the Westcott Building’s front and paving the fountain’s circle with bricks. Wetherell sought to preserve the Westcott area as a historic symbol of Florida State University, as most who have attended the school consider its twin brick towers, arch-style entry and fountain an iconic component of the school.

In the mid-2000s, Florida State University began developing its Legacy Walk—which leads pedestrians through a variety of walkways that display statues, busts and stained-glass windows of individuals who the University deems important to its history. The Legacy Walk begins at the Westcott building and its surrounding plaza at a bronze statue of Francis Eppes, a plantation owner who took an interest in educational issues in Florida. Although Eppes was an integral contributor to the eventual creation of Florida State University, his statue was the subject of a referendum for its removal in 2016, as The Students for a Democratic Society believed it should be removed due Eppes’s usage of slaves. The students voted to keep it, but the statue was removed from the Legacy Walk in 2018, and in January 2021 FSU President John E. Thrasher ordered Eppe's name be removed from the College of Criminology building and the Eppes statue permanently removed from campus display. The announcement came after Thrasher decided to accept the recommendations from the President's Task Force on Anti-Racism, Equality, and Inclusion.

During his presidency, Wetherall added more vegetation, improved irrigation, and more bricks to the Westcott fountain to further develop its atmosphere for students, residents and tourists alike. The surrounding asphalt around Westcott was removed and replaced with more green space and landscaping, including holly ferns, pink azaleas, Japanese maple trees and sago and coontie palms. Beneath the asphalt, Tallahassee architect Rodney Lewis claimed to have found a thousand bricks, which were reused in the legacy project. This campus-wide beautification project was estimated at $200,000. The Westcott area remains a popular place to capture graduation photos.

Westcott Fountain
Westcott fountain is a historic landmark on the campus of Florida State University. It sits at the end of College Avenue in front of the Westcott building. There is a large, marble plaque in front of the fountain with the Florida State University logo, used to welcome people to campus. Westcott fountain came into the possession of Florida State University in 1917 as a gift from the Florida State College for Women, classes of 1915 and 1917. Today, the fountain is a strong symbol of unity and heritage for Florida State University.

Westcott fountain sits in the center of Westcott Plaza, surrounded by engraved bricks. The bricks commemorate students, professors and others who have contributed to Florida State University. The Florida State University Alumni Association administers the "Brick Program." The brick plaza was a project of the classes of 1996 and 1997. Its construction in 1998 was possible through the generous donations of students, alumni, faculty, staff and more. The bricks are used to commemorate names, special dates and accomplishments and new bricks are installed every semester.

In 1982 the fountain was renovated in commemoration of Professor Anna Forbes Liddell. The fountain that is there today is however not the original one. Westcott fountain was replaced in 1988, due to failure of the original support system. Westcott fountain sits upon what was previously referred to as "Gallows Hill": during the 1830s, the hill was a site of executions. Westcott fountain has become a monument at Florida State University. It is a symbol of the University that sits proudly at the main entrance to the school.

Traditions and Myths
One of the longest standing traditions surrounding the Westcott fountain is being dunked in the water by a group of friends on their 21st birthdays as a way to welcome the person to the legal drinking age and it is said that you are not truly a Seminole until you have been dunked in there.

Aside from the fun traditions that accompany the fountain, there are also many ghost stories that have been created surrounding it. Since the fountain is located on an old execution site, some students have reported hearing strange noises at night. There have been a few reports stating that the entire Westcott area is still haunted by the executed dead.

Ruby Diamond Auditorium
Ruby Diamond was one of the thirteen members of Florida State University’s graduating class of 1905. Aside from being a political activist, Diamond made numerous donations to more than thirty-seven organizations. Two scholarships have been named in her honor as well as the auditorium inside of the Westcott Building, which is the largest auditorium on campus. The College of Music at Florida State University has six concert halls (Ruby Diamond Concert Hall, Opperman Music Hall, Dohnanyi Recital Hall, Lindsay Recital Hall, Longmire Recital Hall, and Owen Sellers Amphitheatre).

Ruby Diamond Auditorium is the primary performance venue for Florida State University and is located on the first floor of the Westcott building. Originally built in 1911 to serve as the main auditorium for the University, it was torn down in 1951 after developing a settling crack and was rebuilt in 1954. In 1970 the auditorium was named in honor of a generous benefactor to the University and a graduate of the Florida State College for Women.

Renovations on Ruby Diamond Auditorium began in April 2008, which were to include a new, expanded, lobby area and the expansion and remodeling of the northwestern wing of the auditorium. The renovations were finished in October 2010 and Ruby Diamond was officially opened with a concert on October 8, 2010.  Total cost for the renovations was approximately $35 million.

Actual improvements on the auditorium are an increase in the size of the lobby bringing it to 11,000 square feet and increased facilities including ticket vendors and restrooms. The renovations on the auditorium also include increased seating capacity to 1,260, improved lighting, improved sound, and aesthetic changes in the auditorium proper. A rehearsal room was added behind the performance stage to allow for a simultaneous warm-up while another ensemble performs.

See also

 Florida State University
 James Diament Westcott, Jr.

References

External links
 FSU News talks about Westcott Building

Florida State University
Historic buildings and structures in Leon County, Florida
School buildings completed in 1910
Buildings at Florida State University


Katherine "Kate" L. O'Brien (born 1963) is a Canadian American pediatric infectious disease physician, epidemiologist, and vaccinologist who specializes in the areas of pneumococcal epidemiology, pneumococcal vaccine trials and impact studies, and surveillance for pneumococcal disease. She is also known as an expert in infectious diseases (including pneumonia and diarrheal diseases) in American Indian populations. O’Brien is currently the Director of the World Health Organization's Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals.

Early life and education
O'Brien was born in Edmonton, Alberta. She grew up in Ottawa, in the province of Ontario, and graduated from Lisgar Collegiate Institute in 1980.

In 1984, O'Brien earned a BSc in chemistry from the University of Toronto. In 1988, O'Brien received an MD from McGill University at the age of 25 years old. O'Brien came to the United States to do her residency in pediatric at Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1988 to 1991. In 1994, O'Brien received an MPH from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health focused on International Public Health/International Health while also doing a two-year training program in pediatric infectious diseases.

Career
In 1991, O'Brien worked for a year in Port-au-Prince, Haiti on a children's health project on HIV transmission. She said the experience was formative, and led her to view vaccines as being a social justice issue.

From 1995 to 1997, she worked at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as an Epidemiologic Intelligence Officer in the Bacterial Respiratory Diseases Branch.

In 1996, as part of her job at the CDC, and given her previous experience in Haiti, O'Brien traveled to Haiti to investigate an outbreak of children who were dying. O'Brien and colleague Joel Selanikio (from the CDC) discovered the children had been exposed to liquid acetaminophen Afebril and Valodon manufactured by Pharval that was contaminated with almost 25% diethylene glycol (DEG), a poison. It was later discovered that there was contamination in the supply chain tracing back to a Chinese manufacturer.

In July 1998, O'Brien joined the faculty of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, eventually becoming a Professor of International Health and Epidemiology and Executive Director of the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Her scientific and policy work domestically and globally has focused on vaccine preventable illnesses, among both children and adults. The work has included surveillance, epidemiology, and vaccine clinical trials of pneumococcal disease; rotavirus; Haemophilus influenzae type b; respiratory syncytial virus and influenza vaccines. She has worked extensively with American Indian populations and in Africa and south Asia, partnering with local scientists and country program staff to develop rigorous scientific evidence and bring it into the vaccine policy arena, thereby accelerating the use and access to life-saving vaccines for children living in low resource countries and settings. She left Johns Hopkins in December 2018.

In January 2019, O'Brien became the director of the Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department at the World Health Organization (WHO). In this role, she is responsible for leading the overall work and strategy of the Department to advance the vision of reducing the health, social and economic burden of vaccine preventable diseases. The Director works across all levels of WHO (country, region and headquarters) in collaboration with partners to deliver country impact.

She has worked in close partnerships with GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, university colleagues, NGOs, and with countries to advance programs and policies on child health.

Personal life
O'Brien is married to an adult infectious disease physician who specializes in HIV/AIDs, who she met while working in Haiti. They have a daughter and a son.

Leadership
 2012-2018: WHO, Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE)
 Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI), Board Member
 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health's Center for American Indian Health, Senior Advisor, Infectious Disease

Awards
 1997: Food and Drug Administration, Group Recognition Award for meritorious service in the investigation of an international public health crisis which was associated with the contamination of pharmaceuticals by diethylene glycol
 1997: CDC, Group Honor Award for The Haiti Emergency Response Team
 1997: CDC, Donald C. Mackel Memorial Award for "Epidemic of Deaths from Acute Renal Failure Among Children in Haiti"
 1998: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Secretary's Distinguished Service Award
 1999: CDC, James H. Nakano Citation for "Epidemic of Pediatric Deaths from Acute Renal Failure Caused by Diethylene Glycol Poisoning"
 2001: CDC, Honor Award for outstanding scientific contributions to public health, Group B Streptococcal Prevention Team
 2003: CDC, Outstanding Scientific Contribution to Public Health Award (nominee)
 2008: Sabin Vaccine Institute, Young Investigator Award
 2011: National Institutes of Health, President's Early Career Award in Science and Engineering (PECASE)
 2013: Robert Austrian Award and Lectureship
 2014: International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD-9), Robert Austrian Lecturer
 2015: Maryland Women's Hall of Fame

Selected works and publications

References

External links
 Kate O'Brien at World Health Organization

American public health doctors
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American pediatricians
Women pediatricians
Living people
McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni
University of Toronto alumni
1963 births
Women public health doctors


Pleasant Hill Historic District may refer to:

Pleasant Hill Historic District (Macon, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Georgia
Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, also known as Shakertown at Pleasant Hill Historic District, Shakertown and vicinity, KY, listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
Pleasant Hill Downtown Historic District, Pleasant Hill, MO, listed on the NRHP in Missouri
Pleasant Hill Residential Historic District, Marshfield, WI, listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin


Ilona Breģe (born 20 May 1959 in Riga, Soviet Union) is a composer, pianist and musicologist.

Life
Breģe was born in Riga. She graduated from the Latvian Music Academy (former State Conservatory) as a pianist in 1983 and as a composer in1986. She became a Doctor of Art in 1993.

Breģe was the solo pianist in the Latvian Philharmonic (1983–92) until she became a researcher in the Latvian Science Academy in the Literature, Folklore and Art department in 1998. She was the General Manager of the Latvian National Symphony Orchestra from 1997 to 2006. In 2006, she became the Managing Director of the Riga Professional Symphonic Band.

Her music has been played by Kremerata Baltica.

Selected compositions
2008 Concert for Violin and Chamber Orchestra, dedicated to Baiba Skride. First performance 17 January 2009, Great Guild Concert Hall in Riga. Soloist Baiba Skride, chamber orchestra "Sinfonietta Riga", conductor Normunds Sne. 20 minutes
2007 Otrais Rīgas koncerts (Riga Concerto No. 2) for violin, viola and chamber orchestra. First performance 17 February 2008, Latvian Music Academy Concert Hall. Soloists Darja Smirnova, Arigo Strals, orchestra "Sinfonia Concertante", conductor Andris Vecumnieks. 17 minutes
2007 Simple Seasons, cycle for string orchestra. 9 minutes
2006 Riga Concerto No. 1 for Two Violins, Violoncello, String Orchestra and Percussion. First Performance 29 June 2006, Kremerata Festival in Sigulda, Latvia. Soloists Sandis Steinberts, Ruta Lipinaitite, Eriks Kirsfelds, chamber orchestra "Kremerata Baltica". 16 minutes
2006 Symphony No. 2. First Performance 12 December 2006, Latvian National Opera. Latvian National Symphony Orchestra, conductor Normunds Vaicis. 22 minutes
2004 Symphony No. 1. First Performance 27 April 2004, Great Guild Concert Hall in Riga. Latvian National Symphony Orchestra, conductor Andris Nelsons. 21 minutes
2001 Symphonic Epiloque. 8 minutes
1998 Concerto No. 2 for Piano and Symphony Orchestra. 18 minutes
1988 Living Water, chamber opera based on the play by Mara Zalite. 90 minutes
1987 Preconcert Music for Two Pianos. 10 minutes
1986 Concerto for Marimba and String Orchestra. 13 minutes
1985 Sonata for Piano. 8 minutes
1984 Concerto for Piano and Strings. 17 minutes
1984 Divi liriski intermeco (2 Lyrical Intermezzos) for viola and piano

Publications
Teātris senajā Rīgā – vēstures fakti, vācu kultūra un skats pāri diviem gadsimtiem (Theatre in Old Riga – Historical Facts, German Culture, and an Overview of Two Centuries). – Riga: Zinātne, 1997, 228 pages;
Cittautu mūziķi Latvijā 1401–1939 (Foreign Musicians in Latvia 1401–1939) [Lexicon]. – Riga: Zinātne, 2001, 232 pages.

References

External links
Ilona Breģe
Musica Baltica
Sinfonietta Riga
Riga Professional Symphonic Band

1959 births
Living people
Musicians from Riga
Latvian composers
Latvian women composers
Latvian musicologists
Women musicologists
Latvian pianists
Latvian women pianists


Fusion Orchestra was a British progressive rock band active between 1969 and 1975.

History
The band was formed in 1969 by Dave Bell, Stan Land, and Colin Dawson, but the more recognisable incarnation was formed when Jill Saward joined on vocals in 1970. They performed regularly on the British club circuit in the early 1970s, clocking up over 500 gigs at venues such as the Marquee Club before they eventually split in 1975. Their live performances were flamboyant and Saward's reputation for erotically charged on-stage antics drew both positive and negative publicity.

In 1973, the band were signed by EMI, and released their only album Skeleton in Armour. It contained four long and complex pieces in a progressive rock vein and a shorter single, "When My Mama's Not at Home", together with four short interlude tracks.

The band continued touring, but 1974 saw a series of line-up changes, and eventually lead guitarist and founding member Colin Dawson quit the band at the end of that year. The guitar duties were taken over by Alan Murphy, who subsequently played with Go West and Level 42. He played with the band until their final split in mid 1975. Saward sang in several bands and later went on to join Shakatak, with whom she still records and tours.

Colin Dawson and a new line-up (Fusion Orchestra 2) released a new album in 2013 called Casting Shadows.

Personnel

Skeleton in Armour (1973)
 Jill Saward – vocals, keyboards, flute (1970–1975)
 Colin Dawson – lead guitar (1969–1974)
 Stan Land – rhythm guitar (1969–1974)
 Dave Cowell – bass (1972–1973)
 Dave Bell – drums (1969–1975)

Other members
 Mick Sluman – bass (1969–1972)
 Paul Jennings – bass (1973–1975)
 Martin Slavinec – keyboards (1974)
 Andy Blamire – rhythm guitar (1974)
 Alan Murphy – lead guitar (1975)

Discography
 Skeleton in Armour (EMI, 1973)
 "Fanfairy Suite for 1,000 Trampits (Part One)"
 "Sonata in Z"
 "Have I Left the Gas On?"
 "OK Boys, Now's Our Big Chance"
 "Skeleton in Armour"
 "When My Mama's Not at Home"
 "Don't Be Silly, Jilly"
 "Talk to the Man in the Sky"
 "Fanfairy Suite for 1,000 Trampits (Part Two)"

Recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London June–July 1973

Live at the Marquee 1974 (Secret Records Limited, 2018)

 "Beginning End"
 "Sister Reno"
 "Talk to the Man in the Sky"
 "To a Child"
 "Set in the Rock
 "Spinedance + drum solo"
 "Skeleton in Armour"
 "Ticket to Ride"
 "Whole Lotta Shakin'"

Official Bootleg Series – Unreleased live concert Marquee Club 1974.

Fusion Orchestra 2

Personnel
 Elsie Lovelock – vocals
 Colin Dawson – guitar
 Ben Bell – keyboards
 Shemeck Fraczek – bass
 Seex Dyer – drums

Discography
 Casting Shadows (Patchwork Studios (UK), 2013)
 "Don't Forget Your Keys"
 "Leaving It All Behind"
 "Troubled Dreams and Fairy Queens"
 "Cider Sue"
 "See What We Left Behind?"
 "Secret Shadow"
 "Unseen, Unheard, Unfinished"

References

External links
 Fusion Orchestra official website FusionOrchestra.com
 Fusion Orchestra 2 official website FusionOrchestra2.com
 Fusion Orchestra biography, discography and album reviews, credits & releases at AllMusic
 Fusion Orchestra discography, album releases & credits at Discogs
 Fusion Orchestra 2 discography, album releases & credits at Discogs
 Fusion Orchestra at Facebook
 Fusion Orchestra biography, discography, album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com
 Fusion Orchestra 2 biography, discography, album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com
 Fusion Orchestra albums to be listened as stream on Spotify
 Fusion Orchestra 2 albums to be listened as stream on Spotify

British progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups disestablished in 1975


Waking into Nightmares is the second album by the American thrash metal band Warbringer, released on May 19, 2009, in the U.S. and May 25, 2009, in Europe.  It was produced by Gary Holt, guitarist of thrash metal band Exodus. The cover art was painted by Dan Seagrave. A video for the song Severed Reality was produced. Waking into Nightmares sold around 2,000 copies in its first week of release in the U.S.

Track listing
All music by Warbringer, all lyrics by John Kevill, except track 8 by Ben Bennett

Bonus tracks

Personnel

Warbringer
 John Kevill – vocals
 John Laux – guitars
 Adam Carroll – guitars
 Ben Bennett – bass, vocals on track 8
 Nic Ritter – drums

Production
 Gary Holt – production, guitar solo on track 11
 Adam Myatt – engineering
 Zack Ohren – mixing
 Dan Seagrave – artwork

References

2009 albums
Warbringer albums
Century Media Records albums
Albums with cover art by Dan Seagrave


Salvation Station is the second full-length studio album from Canadian CCM band Newworldson, released on February 12, 2008.  Christianity Today voted Salvation Station number 3 on their list of Best Christian Albums of the year 2008.  It was also selected as one of the twenty best albums of 2008 by Cross Rhythms. The album hit number 26 on Billboard magazines's Top Heatseekers chart in 2008, and 34 on the Top Christian Albums chart.

The album won the 2008 Gospel Music Association Canada Covenant Award for Folk/Roots Album Of The Year.  It also received a nomination for Contemporary Christian/Gospel Album Of The Year at the Juno Awards of 2009.

All the songs were written by Joel Parisien, Mark Rogers, Richard Moore and Joshua Franklin Toal, except "Borderline", written by Joel Parisien, Mark Rogers, Richard Moore, Joshua Franklin Toal and Jonah Nadir Omowale.  Salvation Station was preceded by a five track sampler that was sold at concerts prior to the album's release.

Track listing

Personnel
 Joel Parisien - organ, pianos, clavinet, vocals
 Josh Toal - guitars, vocals
 Rich Moore - upright bass, vocals
 Mark Rogers - drums, cymbals, percussion
 Andy Parisien - background vocal on "Waiting' Till The Rapture Come"

References

2008 albums
Newworldson albums


Alexandru Froda (July 16, 1894 – October 7, 1973) was a  Romanian mathematician with contributions in the field of mathematical analysis, algebra, number theory and rational mechanics. In his 1929 thesis he proved what is now known as Froda's theorem.

Life
Alexandru Froda was born in Bucharest in 1894. In 1927 he graduated from the University of Sciences (now the Faculty of Mathematics of the University of Bucharest). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Paris in 1929 under the direction of Émile Borel.

Froda was elected president of the Romanian Mathematical Society in 1946. In 1948 he became professor in the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Bucharest.

Work
Froda's major contribution was in the field of mathematical analysis. His first important result was concerned with the set of discontinuities of a real-valued function of a real variable. In this theorem Froda proves that the set of simple discontinuities of a real-valued function of a real variable is at most countable.

In a paper from 1936 he proved a necessary and sufficient condition for a function to be measurable. In the theory of algebraic equations, Froda proved a method of solving algebraic equations having complex coefficients.

In 1929 Dimitrie Pompeiu conjectured that any continuous function of two real variables defined on the entire plane is constant if the integral over any circle in the plane is constant. In the same year Froda proved that, in the case that the conjecture is true, the condition that the function is defined on the whole plane is indispensable. Later it was shown that the conjecture is not true in general.

In 1907 Pompeiu constructed an example of a continuous function with a nonzero derivative which has a zero in every interval. Using this result Froda finds a new way of looking at an older problem posed by Mikhail Lavrentyev in 1925, namely whether there is a function of two real variables such that the ordinary differential equation  has at least two solutions passing through every point in the plane.

In the theory of numbers, beside rational triangles he also proved several conditions for a real number, which is the limit of a rational convergent sequence, to be irrational, extending a previous result of Viggo Brun from 1910.

In 1937 Froda independently noticed and proved the case  of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem. He died in Bucharest in 1973.

See also
 Froda's theorem

References

20th-century Romanian mathematicians
Scientists from Bucharest
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
1894 births
1969 deaths
University of Bucharest alumni
University of Paris alumni
Romanian expatriates in France


The  were a class of small submarines designed for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). They were first deployed in 1945, but never saw combat. The Ha-201's were designed from the outset to have high underwater speed and were based on the earlier Submarine No.71 prototype. The official designation of the submarine was . The type name was shortened to .

Design and description
At the end of 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy decided it needed large numbers of high-speed coastal submarines to defend the Japanese Home Islands against an anticipated Allied invasion (named Operation Downfall by the Allies). To meet this requirement, the Ha-201-class submarines were designed as small, fast submarines incorporating many of the same advanced ideas implemented in the German Type XXI and Type XXIII submarines. They were capable of submerged speeds of almost .

The Ha-201 class displaced  surfaced and  submerged. The submarines were  long, had a beam of  and a draft of . For surface running, the submarines were powered by a single  diesel engine that drove one propeller shaft. When submerged the propeller was driven by a  electric motor. They could reach  on the surface and  submerged. On the surface, the Ha-201-class submarines had a range of  at ; submerged, they had a range of  at . Their armament consisted of two  torpedo tubes with four torpedoes and a single mount for a 7.7-millimeter machine gun.

Construction
The Japanese planned to build 79 Ha-201-class submarines (Submarines No. 4911 through 4989) under the Maru Sen Programme, prefabricating large sections of the boats, then completing them on the slipway. This was an ambitious goal considering the U.S. bombing campaign, which disrupted Japanese production, and by the time hostilities ceased on 15 August 1945 the Japanese had laid down only 22 submarines and completed only ten.

Service

None of the submarines made operational patrols. Except for one submarine that was wrecked, the Allies after the war  scuttled all the submarines that had been completed as well as all the incomplete ones that had been launched. Those which remained on the building ways at the end of the war were scrapped incomplete.

Boats

Footnotes

See also
Comparable submarines
German Type XXIII submarine
I-201 class submarine
Vessel Number 71

Bibliography
, History of Pacific War Vol.17 I-Gō Submarines, Gakken (Japan), January 1998,
Rekishi Gunzō, History of Pacific War Extra, "Perfect guide, The submarines of the Imperial Japanese Forces", Gakken (Japan), March 2005,
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.43 Japanese Submarines III, Ushio Shobō (Japan), September 1980, Book code 68343-43
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.132 Japanese Submarines I "Revised edition", Ushio Shobō (Japan), February 1988, Book code 68344-36
Ships of the World special issue Vol.37, History of Japanese Submarines, , (Japan), August 1993

Ha-201
Ha-201
Japan campaign


Jérôme Rivière (born 8 July 1964) is a French politician, lawyer and entrepreneur who has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019. A member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) until 2007, he was a member of the National Rally (RN), previously known as the National Front (FN), from 2017 until 2022, when he announced his support for Éric Zemmour in the 2022 presidential election and was appointed vice chairman of Zemmour's newly-founded Reconquête party.

Biography

Education
Born in Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine near Paris. Rivière received a master's degree from the ISG business school and an MBA from the European University of America at the University of San Francisco.

Career
He served as the deputy chief of staff for the Minister of Defense from 1993 to 1995 and was elected to the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur where he served from 1998 to 2004.

Rivière represented the first constituency of Alpes-Maritimes in the French National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement. He was also a member of the subsidiary groups The Free Right and the National Centre of Independents and Peasants. In 2007, he endorsed Philippe de Villiers, the leader of the Movement for France (MPF) in the 2007 presidential election over his party's candidate, the eventual winner, Nicolas Sarkozy. As a result, he was excluded from the UMP and failed to receive the party's nomination for that year's legislative elections. He was defeated running as a right-wing independent in his constituency against the UMP's official candidate and eventual winner Éric Ciotti.

In 2009, the MPF-Libertas selected him to lead the list in the Île-de-France constituency ahead of the 2009 European elections. In November 2016, Rivière became the candidate backed by the National Front in the sixth constituency of Var for the 2017 legislative election, a race which he lost. He is Marine Le Pen's strategic advisor for defense policy and the international spokesperson for the National Rally. In May 2019, he was elected to the European Parliament. Rivière was subsequently elected President of the French delegation to the Identity and Democracy group in the European Parliament. According to news media sources, he would serve as Minister of Defense in a government led by Marine Le Pen.

In January 2022, he decided to join Éric Zemmour's presidential campaign ahead of the 2022 French presidential election. As a result he relinquished the presidency of the French delegation to the Identity and Democracy Group at the European Parliament and was appointed Vice-Chairman of Reconquête, Zemmour's new political party.

References

External links
Jérôme Rivière's blog

1964 births
Living people
ISG Business School alumni
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
National Rally (France) politicians
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
MEPs for France 2019–2024
National Rally (France) MEPs
Politicians from Paris
People from Suresnes
Politicians from Île-de-France
Reconquête politicians


Kép is a township (Thị trấn) of Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in north-eastern Vietnam.
It is the location of the Kép Railway Station.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province
Townships in Vietnam


Cương Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Salvatore Lo Russo (Naples, February 18, 1953) is a former member of the Camorra. Officially unemployed, Lo Russo was the head of the powerful Lo Russo clan, a Camorra clan, now defunct, that was based on its territory within the city of Naples, concentrated specifically in its stronghold of Miano. For over 30 years the Lo Russo's organization has extended its influence to numerous neighborhoods in the north of Naples, having branches in France and in Switzerland.

Arrest

He was arrested on August 30, 2007, by the Carabinieri at his home in Miano. Prior to that, he was arrested during a raid on May 16, 2006, but released a few days later due to lack of evidence. On the same day of his arrest, Raffaele Perfetto, one of his closest aides was also arrested at his home in Capodimonte. Lo Russo was later held in detention by the Carabinieri and charged with conspiracy to murder rival Camorristi during the Scampia feud. Since 2010, Salvatore Lo Russo has decided to break omertà and become a pentito, helping investigators in bringing down his own clan, which however remained active until 2016, when, after the arrest of the last leader of the organization, Vincenzo Lo Russo, the Lo Russo's era was considered ended.

Personal life
Salvatore's son, Antonio Lo Russo was also a top member of the clan in its heyday, according to a statement made by Lo Russo, he tried in every way to make his son stay out of the world of Camorra, and that encouraged his son to start a company or any business that was legal in another place, outside Naples, however, Antonio went against his father's wishes and ended up joining the family's lucrative business. Yet, according to Salvatore's declarations, he entrusted his son to a trusted man of the clan, in the sense of giving him the feeling to be operational without involving him much in the business. Eventually, Antonio Lo Russo was arrested in a bar in Nice, France and following his father's footsteps, became a collaborator of justice.

Fall of the Lo Russo clan
Nowadays, the once powerful Lo Russo clan is considered just a reminder of the past for the inhabitants of the zones where it used to exercise a great dominance over everyone's lives. After the fall of the clan, its former affiliates formed new independent groups, known in the media as the "Lo Russo heirs", to control the zones once dominated by the Lo Russo organization. In February 2020 the Italian police arrested 32 members who belonged to these new groups.

See also

 Lo Russo clan
 List of Camorra clans
 Camorra

References

1953 births
Living people
People from the Province of Naples
Camorristi


Don't Say You Love Me may refer to:
"Don't Say You Love Me" (M2M song), 1999
"Don't Say You Love Me" (Erasure song), 2005
"Don't Say You Love Me" (Fifth Harmony song), 2018
"Don't Say You Love Me" (The Corrs song), a 1997 song by the Corrs from Talk on Corners
"Don't Say You Love Me" (Free song), a 1970 song by Free from Fire and Water
"Don't Say You Love Me" (Billy Squier song), a 1989 song by Billy Squier from Hear & Now

See also
"Don't Tell Me You Love Me"


Colin Corkery (born 5 January 1971) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for his local club Nemo Rangers and at senior level for the Cork county team from 1993 until 2004.

Playing career

Club
Corkery played his club football with the Nemo Rangers club on the south side of Cork city, with whom he has had a number of successes.  He first came to prominence as a player on the club's minor team that captured the Cork Minor Football Championship title in 1989.

Corkery subsequently joined the Nemo Rangers senior team.  He secured a county championship winners' medal in this grade in 1993, following a nine-point defeat of near rivals St. Finbarr's.  Nemo later represented Cork in the provincial club championship and even reached the final of that competition.  A 1–17 to 0–4 drubbing of Kilmurray Ibrickane gave Corkery a Munster club winners' medal. He later lined out in his first All-Ireland club final, with Mayo's Castlebar Mitchels providing the opposition.  A goal after just ten seconds helped Nemo to eventually secure a 3–11 to 0–8 victory.  With that Corkery collected an All-Ireland club winners' medal.

By this stage Kavanagh had also joined the Nemo Rangers senior team.  He secured a county championship winners' medal in this grade in 2000, following a ten-point defeat of divisional side Carbery.  Nemo later represented Cork in the provincial club championship and even reached the final of that competition.  A 0–11 to 0–7 defeat of Glenflesk gave Kavanagh a Munster club winners' medal. He later lined out in the foot-and-mouth delayed All-Ireland club final, with Mayo's Crossmolina providing the opposition.  Nemo looked to be in the driving seat, however, a second-half comeback, inspired by Ciarán McDonald, saw the momentum switch to the Mayo side.  A late Colin Corkery goal narrowed the deficit to one point, however, Nemo were eventually and narrowly defeated by 0–16 to 1–12.

Corkery secured a second county championship winners' medal in 2000, following a ten-point defeat of divisional side Carbery.  Nemo later reached the final of the provincial club championship.  An 0–11 to 0–7 defeat of Glenflesk gave Corkery a second Munster club winners' medal. He later lined out in the foot-and-mouth delayed All-Ireland club final, with Mayo's Crossmolina providing the opposition.  Nemo looked to be in the driving seat, however, a second-half comeback, inspired by Ciarán McDonald, saw the momentum switch to the Mayo side.  A late goal by Corkery narrowed the deficit to one point, however, Nemo were eventually and narrowly defeated by 0–16 to 1–12.

In 2001 Corkery secured a third county championship title as Nemo Rangers trounced Bantry Blues in the final.  A third Munster club winners' medal was quickly captured, after a 1–11 to 0–10 defeat of Fethard.  Corkery subsequently lined out in his second All-Ireland club final, this time with Ballinderry providing the opposition.  The championship decider was switched to Semple Stadium because of the reconstruction of Croke Park, however, a change of venue did not suit Nemo.  Goals by Gerard Cassidy and Declan Bateson gave the Derry side a 2–10 to 0–9 victory.  It was a second consecutive All-Ireland defeat for Nemo.

2002 saw Nemo becoming the first team in nearly sixty years to win three county championship titles in-a-row.  A third consecutive Munster club title quickly followed for Corkery, as Nemo trounced Monaleen of Limerick by 4–15 to 0–6.  For the third successive year Corkery subsequently lined out in the All-Ireland club final, however, Nemo faced the prospect of becoming three-in-a-row losers.  Crossmolina provided the opposition for the second time in three years and the game was a close affair.  Corkery scored six points to give Nemo a 0–14 to 1–9 victory. At the third time of asking Corkery had finally captured a second All-Ireland club winners' medal.

Inter-county
Corkery first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork minor football team in the late 1980s.  He was a non-playing substitute in 1988 as Cork were defeated by Kerry in the Munster final.  Corkery joined the starting fifteen in 1989, however, Cork suffered the same fate in the provincial decider.  That same year Corkery was also a member of the Cork under-21 football team.  He missed out on the team's Munster Under-21 Championship final victory, however, he came on as a substitute in the subsequent All-Ireland final.  Galway provided the opposition on that occasion and a close game developed.  At the full-time whistle Cork were the champions by 2–8 to 1–10 and Corkery picked up an All-Ireland Under-21 Football Championship winners' medal.

Corkery was expected to join the Cork senior team, however, in 1990 he went to Australia and played Australian Rules Football with Carlton. He returned to Ireland in 1991 and, as expected, joined the Cork senior football panel.

In 1993 Corkery made his senior championship debut for Cork.  In that game against Clare he scored a remarkable 2–5.  Cork later defeated Tipperary in the provincial final by 1–16 to 1–8, giving Corkery his first Munster winners' medal. Cork subsequently qualified for the All-Ireland final, with Derry providing the opposition.  Things did not go to plan as 'the Rebels' were reduced to fourteen men when Tony Davis was harshly red-carded.  Séamus Downey scored the winning goal as Derry secured their first All-Ireland with a 1–14 to 2–8 victory. In spite of this defeat Corkery was later presented with an All-Star award.

Corkery added a second Munster winners' medal to his collection in 1994 following another victory over Tipperary.  Cork, however, were later defeated by eventual champions Down in the All-Ireland semi-final.

In 1995 Corkery won a third consecutive Munster title as Kerry fell in the provincial decider. Once again Cork were subsequently defeated by eventual All-Ireland champions Dublin in the All-Ireland semi-final.

Cork lost their provincial crown for the next few seasons, however, in 2002 Corkery, who returned to football after a heart condition, tasted success once again.  Tipperary provided the opposition in the provincial decider, however, the game ended in a draw.  After a thrilling draw Cork trounced Tipperary by 1–23 to 0–7 in the subsequent replay.  It was Corkery's fourth Munster winners' medal and his first as captain.  The subsequent All-Ireland semi-final pitted Cork against Kerry.  It was an historic occasion as it was the first time that these rival teams had met in Croke Park.  However Cork were trounced on a score line of 3–19 to 2–7. The year ended with the Cork hurling team going on strike. In turn, the football team joined in a sympathy strike. The players, who had been seeking better conditions, refused to play or train with the county again until the dispute with the county board was resolved.

Following the strike the fortunes of the Cork football team took a turn for the worse. A series of defeats in 2003 and 2004 saw the Cork football team reach an all-time low. Corkery retired from inter-county football following the 2004 championship.

Inter-provincial
Corkery also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial football competition.  He played with his province in 1995, 1996 and 1997, however, Munster were defeated on all three occasions.

Career statistics

Club

References

1971 births
Living people
Nemo Rangers Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Munster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
Irish players of Australian rules football


Chũ is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in north-eastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Groove Merchant was an American jazz and R&B record label during the 1970s. It was run by producer Sonny Lester and distributed by Pickwick Records. Notable artists included Chick Corea, O'Donel Levy, Buddy Rich, Jimmy McGriff, Lonnie Smith and Lionel Hampton. Lester would later close Groove Merchant and restructure it as Lester Radio Corporation, or LRC; TK Records were distributors for a period. Lester still retains the rights to the Groove Merchant/LRC back catalog and independently distributes them on compact disc.

Discography

500 Series
The Groove Merchant 500 Series consisted of 34 albums released between 1971 and 1974.

2200 Series
The 2200 Series, released in 1972, consisted of five albums which feature previously released and/or unissued material produced by Sonny Lester for various other labels.

3300 Series
The 3300 Series consisted of sixteen albums released between 1973 and 1976.

4000 Series
The 4000 Series, released in 1974–1975, consisted of twelve double LP compilations of previously issued material.
 GM 4400 Lionel Hampton: The Works! (material later released as the single LPs: Hamp's Big Band Live! on Glad-Hamp, and Good Vibes on 51 West/CBS)
 GM 4401 Carmen McRae: Velvet Soul (compiles It Takes a Whole Lot of Human Feeling and Ms. Jazz)
 GM 4402 Groove Holmes: Hunk–a–Funk (compiles Night Glider and New Groove)
 GM 4403 Jimmy McGriff: Flyin' Time (compiles Fly Dude and Let's Stay Together)
 GM 4404 Reuben Wilson: Bad Stuff! (compiles The Sweet Life and The Cisco Kid)
 GM 4405 Various Artists: Blues in Concert (compiles selections from Jimmy McGriff/Junior Parker, Very Live at Buddy's Place, Concert: Friday the 13th - Cook County Jail, Giants of the Organ in Concert, plus two live tracks by Dakota Staton)
 GM 4406 Chick Corea / Mike Longo: Piano Giants (compiles Sundance and Funkia)
 GM 4407 Buddy Rich: Tuff Dude! (compiles The Roar of '74 and Very Live at Buddy's Place)
 GM 4408 O'Donel Levy: Hands of Fire (compiles Black Velvet and Simba)
 GM 4409 Jimmy McGriff and Groove Holmes: Supa Cookin'  (compiles Giants of the Organ Come Together and the first LP from the Giants of the Organ in Concert 2LP set)
 GM 4410 Dakota Staton: Confessin'  (compiles Madame Foo-Foo and I Want a Country Man)
 GM 4411 Lucky Thompson: Illuminations (compiles Goodbye Yesterday and I Offer You)

References

External links
 Official website for LRC-Groove Merchant Records

Jazz record labels


Sound Project is an album by jazz guitarist Joe Pass and accordionist Tommy Gumina that was released in 1987.

Background
Pass and Gumina met in the 1960s when Gumina built Pass a small, portable amp. Although Gumina started his career as a musician, he entered the electronics business and made instruments. He recorded Sound Project with one of his inventions, a polycorus, which is similar to an accordion. He and Pass started the record label Polytone Records after Pablo Records, Pass's label, was sold.

Reception

Writing for Allmusic, music critic Ken Dryden wrote of the album "While it may not be a top priority to acquire, it's worth buying, if you can find it."

Track listing
 "My Shining Hour" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer)
 "My Ship" (Kurt Weill, Ira Gershwin)
 "Once in a While" (Michael Edwards, Bud Green)
 "Cavaquino"
 "In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning" (Bob Hilliard, David Mann)
 "Secret Love" (Sammy Fain, Paul Francis Webster)
 "I'm Getting Sentimental Over You" (Ned Washington, George Bassman)
 "When You Wish upon a Star" (Leigh Harline, Washington)
 "About Time"
 "Will You Give Me These"
 "Guess I'll Hang My Tears Out to Dry" (Jule Styne, Sammy Cahn)

Personnel
 Joe Pass – guitar
 Tommy Gumina – polycorus (accordion)
 Jimmie Smith – drums

References

1987 albums
Joe Pass albums
Pablo Records albums


An Châu  is a township (Thị trấn) and town and capital of Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in north-eastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Bonnie Elizabeth Bishop is a country rock singer-songwriter from Texas.

Education and early life
Bishop graduated with a sociology degree from the University of Texas at Austin in 2001.

Career
In 2012, Bishop's idol Bonnie Raitt recorded the song "Not Cause I Wanted To." which she wrote with NRBQ guitarist "Big Al" Anderson. The song was selected as a New York Times Best Song of 2012 "Not Cause I Wanted To" and won a Grammy in 2013.  Raitt later recorded Bishop's song "Undone." Another song Bishop wrote entitled "The Best Songs Come From Broken Hearts" appeared on the 2013 TV show Nashville.

After a decade of touring Bishop took a break and attended graduate school at Sewanee – University of the South for creative writing. She was contacted by David Cobb and he produced her album "Ain’t Who I Was"  which was released in 2016 .

Albums
Bonnie Bishop (2002)
Long Way Home (2004)
Soft to the Touch (2005)
Bonnie Bishop and Friends: Live at Magnolia Avenue (2006)
 Things I Know (2009)
 Free (2012)
 Ain't Who I Was (2016)
 House Sessions Vol. 1 (2019)
 The Walk (2019)

References

External links
Official Website

Country musicians from Texas
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Singer-songwriters from Texas
21st-century American women


Patrice Bret (born 1971) is a French ski mountaineer. He was born in Lyon.

Selected results
 1997:
 5th, French Championship
 5th, French Cup
 1998:
 2nd, French Championship
 3rd, French Cup
 4th, European Cup
 1999 :
 1st, French Championship team (together with Stéphane Brosse)
 6th, European Championship team race (together with Stéphane Brosse)
 2000:
 1st, European Cup team (together with Stéphane Brosse)
 2001:
 1st, Croix de Chamrousse
 3rd, European Cup
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Olivier Pasteur)

Pierra Menta

 1997: 10th, together with Stéphane Brosse
 1998: 7th, together with Stéphane Brosse
 1999: 3rd, together with Stéphane Brosse
 2000: 3rd, together with Stéphane Brosse

References

1971 births
Living people
French male ski mountaineers
Sportspeople from Lyon


Abraham Lincoln served as a volunteer in the Illinois Militia April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832, during the Black Hawk War. Lincoln never saw combat during his tour but was elected captain of his first company. He was also present in the aftermath of two of the war's battles, where he helped to bury the militia dead. He was mustered in and out of service during the war, going from captain to private and finishing his service in an independent spy company commanded by Captain Jacob Early.

Lincoln's service had a lasting impression on him, and he related tales about it later in life with modesty and a bit of humor. Through his service he was able to forge lifelong political connections. In addition, he received a land grant from the U.S. government for his military service during the war. Though Lincoln had no military experience when he assumed command of his company, he is generally characterized as an able and competent leader.

Background

Angered by the loss of his birthplace via prior disputed treaties, and against the best interests of other tribes affected, Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830. Each time, he was persuaded to return west without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliances with other tribes and the British, he again moved his "British Band" into Illinois.

On April 5, 1832, Black Hawk and around 1,000 warriors and civilians recrossed the Mississippi River into Illinois in an attempt to reclaim their land. About half of Black Hawk's band were combatants and the rest were a combination of women, children, and elderly. The band consisted of Sauk, Fox, some Potawatomi, and some Kickapoo; in addition, some members of the Ho-Chunk nation were sympathetic to Black Hawk.

Black Hawk's reasons for crossing into Illinois were to reclaim lost lands, and perhaps create a confederacy of Native Americans to stand against white settlement. Promises of aid from other Illinois tribes were made to the British Band, and Black Hawk believed that promises of assistance were made by the British in Canada.

Despite this, Black Hawk found no allies, and he attempted to return to Iowa, but ensuing events led to the Battle of Stillman's Run. A number of other engagements followed, and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.

At the time of Black Hawk's incursion into Illinois, Lincoln was living in New Salem, where he had lived for two years. Prior to the Black Hawk War, in March 1832, Lincoln announced his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but the election was several months away. One month later, he responded to the governor's call for volunteer militia.

Enlistment and election as captain
On April 21, 1832, Lincoln and the other volunteers gathered at the property of Dallas Scott. Lincoln rode a horse from New Salem to Richland Creek, where neighbors had gathered to form a company of volunteer militia near Beardstown, Illinois. The men were officially sworn in and began the process of electing a company commander who would hold the rank of captain. In the choice between Lincoln and William Kirkpatrick, Lincoln received three-fourths of the votes. Many years later, Lincoln said this election as captain was "a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since."

Lincoln was commissioned as a captain in Sangamon County's 31st Regiment, a unit of the militia's 1st Division.  By April 30, he had been placed in charge of a rifle company in the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers, a unit of Samuel Whiteside's Brigade.

The men spent time in Beardstown, where they drew provisions and weapons (as many of the men, including Lincoln, owned no weapons). Other downtime in Beardstown was occupied by inter-company rivalry. An incident occurred on April 22, when Lincoln was challenged for a prime camping spot. Lincoln and his challenger wrestled for the spot and Lincoln was beaten before a crowd of fellow soldiers. After the wrestling match, Lincoln and the other commanders spent April 23–26 conducting light drills and drawing supplies. On April 28, Lincoln's company was enrolled into state service by Colonel John J. Hardin, and Lincoln drew further supplies (including whiskey, food staples, and tin pans). The volunteers marched to Rushville, a distance of , on April 30, 1832.

Following their arrival in Rushville, the troops continued marching for several days toward the mouth of the Rock River. Much of the rest of early May was spent marching and resupplying. General Samuel Whiteside, the brigade commander, moved the volunteers to the Prophet's Village, which they burned on May 11, and then continued the men toward Dixon's Ferry, another  upstream. The men reached Dixon's Ferry on May 12, and the next day, Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey led their troops toward Old Man's Creek, where it was rumored that Black Hawk and his men were encamped.

War

Stillman's Run

Lincoln engaged in no combat during the Black Hawk War, as Lincoln's own recollections of this time attest. He did, however, see scalped corpses and witness the results of the war's atrocities. Lincoln was 23 years old at the time of the Black Hawk War, and his experience in the volunteer militia was his only military experience prior to becoming president.

Various sources, many compiled at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, document the movements of Lincoln's company after the outbreak of hostilities at the Battle of Stillman's Run. On May 15, 1832, Lincoln's company set out under the command of Whiteside and reached the site of Stillman's Run by sunset. According to letters from Whiteside to militia commander Henry Atkinson, the soldiers, including Lincoln, arrived to find militia men dead, scalped, and mangled.

In a 2006 article, author Scott Dyer asserted that Whiteside's men, including Captain Lincoln, "paraded" the area the morning after, and buried the dead from Stillman's Run. Their movements were in an unsuccessful effort to draw out the Sauk, after which they returned to Dixon's Ferry. Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run was still under investigation .

The marble facade on the Stillman Valley monument, erected in 1901, commemorating the battle, includes the reference to Lincoln's presence at Stillman's Run, "The presence of soldier, statesman, martyr, Abraham Lincoln assisting in the burial of these honored dead has made this spot more sacred."

Still, other sources assert that it was General Whiteside who originally buried the dead in a common grave on a ridge south of the battlefield, marked with a rudimentary wooden memorial. These sources make no mention of Lincoln.

From captain to private

Two days after Stillman's Run, Lincoln and his company drew 10 quarts of meal and 10 pounds of pork from supply at Dixon's Ferry, Illinois. After a  march on May 25, Lincoln's company camped near Paw Paw Grove. The next day, Lincoln and his company marched another  and camped two miles (3 km) above the mouth of the Fox River.  On May 27, Lincoln's company was mustered out of service. Lincoln was discharged from his command, and he re-enlisted as a private in the company of Captain Elijah Iles in Ottawa, Illinois.

Henry Atkinson, a militia commander, arrived in Ottawa on May 28, and on May 29 Lieutenant Robert Anderson formally mustered Lincoln and a hodgepodge of 71 other former officers into a company of mounted volunteers under Iles. Atkinson left and met with Governor Reynolds; Atkinson then returned to Ottawa on May 30 and decided not to pursue Black Hawk until further militia reinforcements arrived on June 15. On June 6, 1832, Captain Iles' company, including Lincoln, began the march to Dixon's Ferry; they arrived during the afternoon of June 7.

From June 8 to June 10, the company moved on orders toward Galena; on June 8, the group camped  from Dixon's Ferry, and on June 9 near the Apple River Fort. The company found the people in Galena demoralized and was ordered to return to Dixon's Ferry on June 11. On the march back, the group made camp at the same campsites it used on its march toward Galena. The men arrived back in Dixon's Ferry on June 13, and on June 16, Anderson mustered them out of service at Fort Wilbourn.

From June 16 until July 10, Lincoln served as a private in Captain Jacob Early's independent company. Early's company was known as an "independent spy company", which was ordered into federal service by Atkinson and meant to operate separately from the other brigades.

Later, Lincoln told William Herndon, "I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting, I could do nothing better than enlist again." Early's company was officially mustered into service on June 20, and two days later it was ordered to report to General Hugh Brady at Dixon's Ferry. The company remained at Dixon's Ferry through June 25, 1832. Early's company was then dispatched to Kellogg's Grove at 4 p.m. on June 25.

Kellogg's Grove

A number of sources assert that on June 26, 1832, the morning after the Second Battle of Kellogg's Grove, members of Early's company arrived at Kellogg's Grove to help bury the dead. Lincoln assisted with the burial, and later made a statement about his experience connected with the battles of both Kellogg's Grove and Stillman's Run.

I remember just how those men looked as we rode up the little hill where their camp was. The red light of the morning sun was streaming upon them as they lay head towards us on the ground. And every man had a round red spot on top of his head, about as big as a dollar where the redskins had taken his scalp. It was frightful, but it was grotesque, and the red sunlight seemed to paint everything all over. I remember one man had on buckskin breeches.

The Lincoln quote appeared both in William H. Herndon and Jesse W. Wiek's Life of Lincoln and in Carl Sandburg's Lincoln biography, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years. Documentation for the U.S. National Register of Historic Places listing for Kellogg's Grove cites Lincoln's presence as part of its historic significance.

The same day, on June 16, Captain Early wrote to General Atkinson, describing the situation in his own words.

I arrived here by day brake this morning [26th] & found Gen. Posey's men encamped here The circumstances connected with the attack on Maj. Dement's Bat[talion].are as well as I can gather substantially these Yesterday morning the Maj. ordered out a small party for the purpose of examining a trail leading to the Mississippi The detachment had not proceeded more than half a mile when they discovered a few Indians at a small distance from them the men rushed on them in a disorderly manner till they came to the main body of Indians where they were secreted in a thicket on seeing the Indians the men wheeled & fled precipitately & all the efforts of Maj. Dement to rally them were unavailing (for at the time the men commenced retreating before the Indians Maj. Dement came up with a reinforcement from the garrison The Maj. stated to me that his force on the field was equal in numbers to that of the enemy After the men retreated to the fort the Indians surrounded the house & commenced killing the Horses, they kept up a constant fire on the House & Horses for 2 or 3 hours. Major Dement Lost 5 killed & several wounded but none mortally when the Indians left the ground they retreated toward their encampment on the 4 lakes

When Gen Posey came up about an hour by sun he sent a regiment in the direction in which the Indians had retired. When they had proceeded about ½ mile the Indians showed themselves from a thick wood which skirted the praeria ... they [regiment] retired to their camps without engaging the enemy. The trail spoken of above has not yet been examined. Gen Posey says he will send a detachment with me to examine it. As soon as I see it you shall have the best information in my power to give you.

Early's company, including Lincoln, remained at Kellogg's Grove until June 28, when they began their march back to Dixon's Ferry. They arrived sometime around 6 a.m. on June 29.

Mustered out
On July 10, 1832, Atkinson decided he had too many men and mustered Early's company, including Lincoln, out of service. Lincoln's military career ended less than three months after it began. In his last duty as a soldier, Lincoln wrote out the company roll for Lieutenant Robert Anderson, the man who had mustered him into service in his second company under Iles.

Lincoln's horse, along with a comrade's, was stolen the night before he was discharged from service; thus they made their way back to New Salem mostly on foot and occasionally on another comrade's horse. Once in Peoria, Lincoln and his wartime compatriot bought a canoe and made their way down the Illinois River to Havana. At Havana, they disembarked and made the final  jaunt on foot.

Lincoln's military ability

Lincoln had no military experience when he was elected captain of his company, but a large number of sources have described him as a capable commander and a popular leader. Lincoln himself expressed a desire to get into combat, though his company has been described as wild and the outcome of such a fight may not have been positive for Lincoln. John Todd Stuart noted that during Lincoln's Black Hawk War service, he stood out for his great strength and athletic ability, as well as his kind manner and as a story teller.

One popularly repeated story from Lincoln's Black Hawk War service illustrates Lincoln's qualities of honesty, and courageous, competent leadership. It involves a Potawotami who wandered into Captain Lincoln's camp. Lincoln's men assumed him a spy and wanted to kill him. The story goes that Lincoln threw himself between the Native American and the men's muskets, knocking their weapons upward and protecting the Potawotami. The militia men backed down after a few heated seconds.

Another popularly repeated  story about Lincoln's leadership during the war illustrates his inexperience as a military commander. The story goes that Lincoln was marching his company and encountered an open gate, through which his formation needed to pass. Unable to remember the proper command to direct his men through the gate, Lincoln called "Halt!" and ordered the men to fall out for two minutes and then reform on the other side of the gate.

Other negative accounts of Lincoln's ability as a military leader came in the 1870s, when J. F. Snyder interviewed several of Lincoln's men from the Black Hawk War days. Snyder claimed the men, "never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule" and that they characterized Lincoln as "indolent and vulgar", "a joke, an absurdity", and the men "had serious doubts about his courage".

Legacy and influence on Lincoln
On April 16, 1852, by act of Congress from 1850, Lincoln received a  land-grant in Iowa for his service during the Black Hawk War. Soldiers in the Indian Wars often received land grants in exchange for their service. Lincoln received  in total, with the other  given to him in 1856. Besides the tangible rewards, Lincoln's service during the Black Hawk War helped him cultivate political connections throughout Illinois. David Herbert Donald stated in his 1996 work Lincoln: Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically, for it extended his reputation. While he was in the army, he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state, like Orville Hickman Browning, a cautious, conservative Quincy lawyer, who would become one of his most influential and critical friends. More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart, a Springfield lawyer, who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln.

Later, in 1859, Lincoln referred to his service during the Black Hawk War fondly, noting his election as captain as one of the proudest moments in his life. His Black Hawk War service has been referred to as a "shaping circumstance in his life", as well as something he later referred to with modesty and self-depreciation. Lincoln made one tongue-in-cheek remark concerning his Black Hawk War service during an 1848 speech before the U.S. Congress in which he referenced his Black Hawk War service, mentioning the Battle of Stillman's Run by name.

By the way Mr. Speaker, did you know that I am a military hero? Yes sir, in the days of the Black Hawk War I fought, bled and came away ... I was not at Stillman's defeat, but I was about as near it as Cass was Hull's surrender, and, like him, I saw the place very soon afterwards ... If he saw any live, fighting Indians, it was more than I did; but I had a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, and although I never fainted from the loss of blood, I can truly say I was often very hungry.Browne, Frances Fisher.   The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln, Browne & Howell Company: 1913, pp. 37–40. Retrieved August 11, 2007.

Some have regarded Lincoln's brief stint in the militia as important to his presidential leadership later on, during the American Civil War. The 2002 essay collection, Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln, described Lincoln's familiarity with military affairs during the Civil War as "alien", noting that he regarded his own military service as a subject suited to mockery.

While he was campaigning for president, the story of how Lincoln stopped his men from killing the Potawatomi they encountered before the outbreak of the war made its way into a campaign biography. Reporting by The New York Times during the campaign of 1860 noted Lincoln's war time service as a captain. The same article implies that his bravery during the Black Hawk War may have led to his post-war appointment as postmaster in New Salem. Following Lincoln's assassination, Ralph Waldo Emerson gave a speech in Concord, Massachusetts, which highlighted Lincoln's Black Hawk War service.

See also
Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln

Notes

References
Harmet, A. Richard. "Apple River Fort Site, (PDF), National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, March 31, 1997, HAARGIS Database, Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
Jung, Patrick J. The Black Hawk War of 1832, (Google Books), University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, ().
The Lincoln Log: A Daily Chronology of the Life of Abraham Lincoln website

Further reading
Efflandt, Lloyd H. Lincoln and the Black Hawk War, (Google Books), Rock Island Arsenal Historical Society, 1992. ().
"Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War", The New York Times, December 6, 1868, accessed April 13, 2009.
Lanigan, Kelly "Abraham Lincoln: 'First Experience as a Leader of Men'", VFW Magazine, February 2009, accessed April 13, 2009.

External links
Captain Abraham Lincoln, National Guard, Presidential Series Paintings, (link), accessed April 13, 2009.

Lincoln
Black Hawk War
Lincoln


The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) is a privately owned corporation that was created on January 15, 2009, through RA 9511. It is a consortium of three corporations, namely Monte Oro Grid Resources Corporation, Calaca High Power Corporation, and the State Grid Corporation of China.

As the franchise holder and transmission service provider, it is in charge of operating, maintaining, and developing the country's state-owned power grid, controls the supply and demand of power by determining the power mix through the selection of power plants to put online (i.e., to signal power plants to produce power, as power plants will only produce power or feed their power to the transmission grid when directed by NGCP), and updates the daily power situation outlook for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao power grids (which can be seen on its Facebook page as well as on the business section of newspapers since March 2011 like The Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and Manila Bulletin) by determining the available generating capacity, system peak demand, and operating margin (with operating margin is determined by subtracting the available generating capacity and system peak demand, and all of which are in units of MW or megawatts).

As a common carrier, it must provide non-discriminatory access to its transmission system. It is subject to the standards set by the Philippine Grid Code and the Transmission Development Plan.

History

2001–2009: Power grid before the privatization of operations and maintenance, grid under Philippine government control

2001–2003: National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC) as power grid owner and operator, turnover of power grid operations, maintenance, and ownership from NAPOCOR/NPC to TransCo
On June 8, 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed RA 9136 (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), which introduced market competition in the energy sector and mandated the creation of National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) 18 days after the law was approved on June 26, 2001. TransCo was a unit of another government-owned corporation National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR/NPC), with the latter operated, maintained and owned the country's power grid during that time, before the transfer of the grid to the former on March 2003.

On March 1, 2003, TransCo took over the operations, maintenance, and ownership of the power grid from NAPOCOR/NPC as mandated on RA 9136 or EPIRA that organized the industry into four sectors: generation, transmission, distribution, and supply which officially started the former to operate, maintain, and own the grid and its associated assets and facilities.

2003–2009: TransCo as power grid operator, privatization of grid operations and maintenance
On December 12, 2007, two consortia bid for a 25-year license to run the Philippine power grid - privatization of the management of TransCo. The consortium of Monte Oro Grid Resources Corp., led by businessman Enrique Razon, comprising the State Grid Corporation of China, and Calaca High Power Corp., won in an auction conducted by the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management (PSALM) Corp. as it submitted the highest offer of $3.95 billion, for the right to operate TransCo for 25 years, outbidding San Miguel Energy, a unit of San Miguel Corporation (bid of $3.905 billion), Dutch firm TPG Aurora BV, and Malaysia's TNB Prai Sdn Bhd. Jose Ibazeta, PSALM president and CEO remarked: “We are very happy about the successful turnout of the bidding for TransCo. PSALM handled the privatization of the government’s transmission business with utmost transparency and judiciousness." This initiated the privatization process for the transmission sector.

On February 21, 2008, NGCP was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

On February 28, 2008, its concession agreement with TransCo was executed and became effective. The agreement between NGCP and TransCo was signed by TransCo president Arthur Aguilar, PSALM president Jose Ibazeta, and NGCP directors Walter Brown, Elmer Pedregosa and Du Zhigang.

Congress approved bicameral resolution granting franchise to NGCP to manage and operate its transmission facilities nationwide in November 2008.

On December 1, 2008, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed the RA 9511 which gives it the franchise to operate and maintain the transmission facilities of TransCo.

On January 15, 2009, NGCP took over the operations and management of the national transmission system from TransCo which officially started the former to operate and maintain the country's power grid and its related assets and facilities and privatized the grid operations and maintenance, with Walter A. Brown as the company's first president.

2009–present: NGCP as power grid operator, privatized grid operations and maintenance, grid under private control
As a result of the privatization of the power grid operations and maintenance with the turnover from TransCo to NGCP on January 15, 2009, former power grid operator TransCo appointed NGCP to act as its Construction Manager (CM) to do the unfinished parts of transmission projects under Projects Under
Construction (PUC) as an independent contractor for and on its behalf by acquiring, building and designating parts and components of the ongoing transmission project under PUC on portions that were not yet acquired and designated by TransCo and making revisions on a project under PUC, and projects under PUC that were not initially started by TransCo, in accordance with the requirements of the Concession Agreement between TransCo and NGCP, and makes or plans any new projects through the Transmission Development Plan (TDP).

On March 26, 2010, Roque Corpuz was appointed as the company's second president, replacing Walter A. Brown. Three months later on June 20 of that same year, Henry Sy Jr. became the third NGCP president.

On August 23, 2010, Department of Energy (DOE) issued Department Order DO2010-08-0015 creating a Technical Working Group to audit NGCP system operations.

On March 2011, the daily power situation outlook for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao power grids started to be printed on business section of newspapers such as The Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and Manila Bulletin.

DOE issued its first Transmission Development Plan as power grid operator which is the 2009 TDP that would provide a guide for NGCP in improving the reliability of the electricity backbone in April 22, 2016. 2009 TDP contains some information made by TransCo, NGCP's predecessor in power grid operations and maintenance, such as the project components that were originally planned to be made on a particular transmission project before some or all components were changed and revisions were made on a project when NGCP is now the power grid operator.

In May 2017, TransCo accused NGCP with violating its concession agreement with the power grid operator by supposedly making too much money from its operations of the country's electricity grid. Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea pointed out that, if indeed NGCP had violated the terms of its contract by profiting unduly from the operations of the power grid such as allowing telecommunications firms to mount their fiber optic cables on the transmission towers.

On March 7, 2018, Henry Sy Jr. resigned as president and CEO, with Chief Administrative Officer Anthony Almeda named as the company's new president.

On April 5, 2018, Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) issued Resolution 4 ordering NGCP to procure a third party auditor for the systems operations audit but was never implemented. Shortly after, the Philippine Electricity Market Corporation through its audit committee drafted terms of reference for an independent auditor but NGCP replied that only ERC has regulatory powers over it.

On June 8, 2018, the Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), NGCP, and TransCo signed an agreement on Friday for a national broadband plan that will help accelerate internet connectivity nationwide. Under the agreement, the DICT will utilize TransCo’s reserved optical fiber to distribute connectivity from Luzon to Mindanao using the submarine cables that will be laid down by Facebook from the United States to Asia. The agreement plans to expand the internet connectivity in public places for free by building an additional 200,000 access points nationwide by 2022, DICT Officer-In-Charge Eliseo Rio said.

In July 2018, local officials asked NGCP to explain millions of pesos of pass-on costs to customers as a result of damage incurred as a result of typhoons. The Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP or Provincial Board) of Ilocos Norte, for instance, passed a resolution asking the NGCP management to make a full disclosure of its request to the ERC for provisional approval of the collection of the force majeure pass-through costs from its clients.

On April 11, 2019, Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi said his agency committed to implement institutional solutions in ensuring sufficient electricity to meet consumers’ needs, in view of thinning power supply that has at times dipped to critical levels. Cusi said “short-term answers are not enough”.

On July 26, 2019, DoE informed NGCP of the appointment of Delloitte Touche Tohmatsu India LLP-Navarro Amper and Co. as a consultant for the pilot audit of transmission facilities but NGCP replied that it cannot accede to the pilot audit as it is not a party between the consultant and the DoE.

On November 26, 2019, Senator Risa Hontiveros filed a resolution urging Congress to conduct a national security audit on the operations and facilities of NGCP amid recent revelations of foreign access and control over the country’s power transmission system. In proposed Senate Resolution 223, which Hontiveros filed, she also called on the Senate to look into the national security implications of foreign access to NGCP’s power transmission facilities. The need for immediate assessment of NGCP’s system was raised by Energy Secretary Alfonso Cusi on December 3, 2019 as he indicated it is not impossible now to operate the power system remotely from anywhere amid calls to review the 40 percent stake of State Grid Corporation of China.

On December 4, 2019, Senate probes delayed projects by NGCP as well as the already deferred initial public offering.

On May 31, 2021, DoE announced the Luzon grid was experiencing limited power reserves. The following day, according to DoE, a longer period for a red alert status over the Luzon grid was needed due to additional power plant outages.

On June 2, 2021, a lawmaker in the House of Representatives called for a congressional inquiry into the rolling brownouts experienced in Luzon.

On June 10, 2021, Cusi proposed to the Senate to allow the national government to participate in the power sector, particularly in securing reserve capacity for the country. In a Senate hearing, Cusi urged lawmakers to look into allowing the government to engage in limited power generation to augment energy supply requirements when needed. The DoE chief likewise wanted to revert to government the management of ancillary services contract to ensure the reliability of the grid and the following day, he said preventing power outages in the system will require a regulating reserve which is equivalent to four percent of the peak demand plus the capacity of the biggest power plant in the system. The reserve would be ancillary services contracted by the NGCP in preparation for the dry months. NGCP failed to secure 100 percent of firm contracts for ancillary service. Cusi noted the whole issue is not about power crisis but compliance with the terms of the contract that NGCP signed with the government.

On June 14, 2021, President Rodrigo Duterte said in his weekly address: “I hold everyone responsible to comply with regulations. Unreliable power and the recent outages in Luzon pose a serious threat not only to our COVID-19 response measures but also to our economic recovery”, apparently referring to the NGCP concession with the government.

Franchise law and concession agreement
Unlike outright sale, the concession agreement allowed the Philippine government to keep ownership of the transmission assets through TransCo, in accordance with Section 8 of Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) or Republic Act 9136 which states that no person, company, or entity other than TransCo who shall own any transmission assets and facilities. Its franchise only covers the operations, maintenance, and expansion of the power grid. Assuming it secures a renewal, it has a 50-year concession period from its creation on January 15, 2009 to December 1, 2058. Under its franchise, it has the right to operate and maintain the transmission system and related facilities, and the right of eminent domain necessary to construct, expand, maintain, and operate the transmission system.

Acquisition and designation of lands for transmission structures and right-of-way, and construction of power line structures
As stated before, NGCP has a right of eminent domain necessary to construct, expand, maintain, and operate the transmission system under its franchise as it is able to commence and pursue eminent domain proceedings for the purpose of acquiring and designating new lands for the transmission structures and their respective foundations, and right of way (portions of a power line) that are required to carry out its responsibilities using its name which makes NGCP may act as the owner of lands where the structures and their foundations stand, right of way and entirely new structures called as replacement structures that were acquired, designated and built from January 15, 2009 or during the concession period, and once its franchise expires and concession period ends, these will be transferred to TransCo.

Under the NGCP's concession agreement with TransCo, the TransCo name should be used as TransCo's agent if a land where the structures and foundations stand and particular portions of the power line were acquired and designated by TransCo or prior to the turnover of operations and maintenance of the power grid from TransCo to NGCP and start of concession period on January 15, 2009 even before the structures were built. Transmission structures that were already built before January 15, 2009 but the transmission line itself is not yet finished are also counted as TransCo-acquired, designated and built lands, portions of a power line or right of way, and structures. These situations are in accordance with one of the mandates of TransCo which is to handle all existing cases including right-of-way and claims which accrued until January 14, 2009 or before the turnover of operations and maintenance of the grid to NGCP and start of concession period on January 15 of the said year.

Organization
Below is a table listing the board of directors and officials of NGCP. The NGCP organization or board of directors consists of a chairman, two vice-chairmen, and seven directors. The president serves as the head of NGCP.

Presidents
 Walter A. Brown (January 15, 2009 – March 26, 2010)
 Roque Corpuz (March 26–June 20, 2010)
 Henry Sy Jr. (June 20, 2010 – March 7, 2018)
 Anthony Almeda (March 7, 2018–present)

Business scope
Below is a table listing the district numbers and what areas or provinces that each district covers.

Luzon

North Luzon

South Luzon

Visayas

Mindanao

See also
 List of Philippine companies
 National Transmission Corporation
 National Power Corporation

References

External links

For more details about NGCP's franchise law, EPIRA law, and power grid operator's concession agreement with TransCo, see: these websites and this PDF document.''

Electric power transmission system operators in the Philippines
Companies based in Quezon City
Electric power companies of the Philippines
Philippine companies established in 2009
Energy companies established in 2009