The decline of newspapers is an example and means of which to understand and observe the changing values of a culture. Whether newspapers are declining in popularity is region dependent. Data supports that in the U.S and Europe popularity and sales are wavering. In these regions, industry is facing slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising, and precipitous drops in circulation. The U.S. saw the loss of an average of two newspapers per week between late 2019 and May 2022, leaving an estimated 70 million people in places that are already news deserts and areas that are in high risk of becoming so. Prior to that steep decline, newspapers' weekday circulation had fallen 7% and Sunday circulation 4% in the United States, their greatest declines since 2010. If the trend continues, a third of newspapers will be lost by 2025, according to a 2022 study published by Northwestern University.

To survive, newspapers are considering combining and other options, although the outcome of such partnerships has been criticized. Despite these problems, newspaper companies with significant brand value and which have published their work online have had a significant rise in viewership. The decline of newspapers has various adverse consequences, in particular at the local level. Research has linked closures of newspapers to declines in civic engagement of citizens, increases in government waste, and increases in political polarization. The decline of local news has also been linked to the increased nationalization of local elections.

Causes for decline

The newspaper industry has always been cyclical, and the industry has weathered previous troughs. Television's arrival in the 1950s began the decline of newspapers as most people's source of daily news. But the explosion of the Internet in the 1990s increased the range of media choices available to the average reader while further cutting into newspapers' dominance as the source of news. Television and the Internet both bring news to the consumer faster and in a more visual style than newspapers, which are constrained by their physical format and their physical manufacturing and distribution. Competing mediums also offer advertisers moving images and sound. And the Internet search function allows advertisers to tailor their pitch to readers who have revealed what they are seeking—an enormous advantage.

The Internet has also gone a step further than television in eroding the advertising income of newspapers, as — unlike broadcast media — it proves a convenient vehicle for classified advertising, particularly in categories such as jobs, vehicles, and real estate. Free services like Craigslist have decimated the classified advertising departments of newspapers, some of which depended on classifieds for 70% of their ad revenue. Research has shown that Craigslist cost the newspaper industry $5.4 billion from 2000 to 2007, and that changes on the classified side of newspaper business led to an increase in subscription prices, a decrease in display advertising rates, and impacted the online strategy of some newspapers. At the same time, newspapers have been pinched by consolidation of large department stores, which once accounted for substantial advertising sums.

Press baron Rupert Murdoch once described the profits flowing from his stable of newspapers as "rivers of gold", but several years later said, "sometimes rivers dry up." "Simply put", wrote The Buffalo News owner Warren Buffett, "if cable and satellite broadcasting, as well as the Internet, had come along first, newspapers as we know them probably would never have existed."

As their revenues have been squeezed, newspapers have also been increasingly assailed by other media taking away not only their readers but their principal sources of profit. Many of these 'new media' are not saddled with expensive union contracts, printing presses, delivery fleets and overhead built over decades. Many of these competitors are simply 'aggregators' of news, often derived from print sources, but without print media's capital-intensive overhead. One estimate put the percentage of online news derived from newspapers at 80%.

"Newspapers are doing the reporting in this country," observed John S. Carroll, editor of the Los Angeles Times for five years. "Google and Yahoo! aren't those people putting reporters on the street in any number. Blogs cannot afford it." Many newspapers also suffer from the broad trend toward "fragmentation" of all media — in which small numbers of large media outlets attempting to serve substantial portions of the population are replaced by an abundance of smaller and more specialized organizations, often aiming only to serve specific interest groups. So-called narrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller slivers. But newspapers have not been alone in this: the rise of cable television and satellite television at the expense of network television in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom is another example of this fragmentation.

With social media sites overtaking TV as a source for news for young people, news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic. A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a 'second wave of disruption' had hit news organisations, with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social media teams to optimise their posts and maximise traffic.

Performance in the market (2000–present)

United States
From 2005 to 2021, about 2,200 American local print newspapers closed. From 2008 to 2020, the number of American newspaper journalists fell by more than half.

Since the beginning of 2009, the United States has seen a number of major metropolitan dailies shuttered or drastically pruned after no buyers emerged, including the Rocky Mountain News, closed in February, and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, reduced to a bare-bones Internet operation. San Francisco Chronicle narrowly averted closure when employees made steep concessions. In Detroit, both newspapers, Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News, slashed home delivery to three days a week, while prodding readers to visit the newspapers' Internet sites on other days. In Tucson, Arizona, the state's oldest newspaper, the Tucson Citizen, said it would cease publishing on March 21, 2009, when parent Gannett Company failed to find a buyer.

A number of other large, financially troubled newspapers are seeking buyers. One of the few large dailies finding a buyer is The San Diego Union-Tribune, which agreed to be sold to a private equity firm for what The Wall Street Journal called "a rock-bottom price" of less than $50 million — essentially a real estate purchase. (The newspaper was estimated to have been worth roughly $1 billion as recently as 2004.) The Sun-Times Media Group, publisher of the eponymous bankrupt newspaper, fielded a meager $5 million cash bid, plus assumption of debt, for assets last claimed worth $310 million.

Large newspaper chains filing bankruptcy as of February 2009 include the Tribune Company, the Journal Register Company, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Philadelphia Newspapers LLC, Sun-Times Media Group and Freedom Communications.

Some newspaper chains that have purchased other papers have seen stock values plummet. The McClatchy Company, the nation's third-largest newspaper company, was the only bidder on the Knight Ridder chain of newspapers in 2005. Since its $6.5 billion Knight Ridder purchase, McClatchy's stock has lost more than 98% of its value. McClatchy subsequently announced large layoffs and executive pay cuts, as its shares fell into penny stock territory. (Although McClatchy faced delisting from the New York Stock Exchange for having a share price below $1, in September 2009, it was able to overcome this threat. Others have not been so lucky. In 2008 and 2009, three other U.S. newspaper chains have seen their shares delisted by the New York Stock Exchange.)

Other newspaper company valuations have been similarly punished: the stocks of Gannett Company, Lee Enterprises and Media General traded at less than two dollars per share by March 2009, with The Washington Post Company's stock faring better than most, thanks to diversification into educational training programs — and away from publishing. Similarly, UK-based Pearson PLC, owner of the Financial Times, increased earnings in 2008 despite a drop in newspaper profits, thanks to diversification away from publishing.

By March 2018, it was acknowledged that the digital circulation for major newspapers was declining as well, leading to speculation that the entire newspaper industry in the United States was dying off. Circulation for once promising online news sites such as BuzzFeed, Vice, and Vox declined in 2017 and 2018 as well. In June 2018, a poll conducted by the Pew Research Center revealed a 9% decline in digital circulation of newspapers during the year 2017, suggesting that revenue from newspapers online could not offset the decline in print circulation.

The deterioration in the United States newspaper market led senator Ben Cardin to introduce a bill in March 2009 allowing newspaper companies to restructure as nonprofit corporations with an array of tax breaks. The Newspaper Revitalization Act would allow newspapers to operate as nonprofits similar to public broadcasting companies, barring them from making political endorsements.

A 2015 report from the Brookings Institution shows that the number of newspapers per hundred million population fell from 1,200 (in 1945) to 400 in 2014. Over that same period, circulation per capita declined from 35 percent in the mid-1940s to under 15 percent. The number of newspaper journalists has decreased from 43,000 in 1978 to 33,000 in 2015. Other traditional news media have also suffered. Since 1980, the television networks have lost half their audience for evening newscasts; the audience for radio news has shrunk by 40%.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, newspaper publishers have been similarly hit. In late 2008, The Independent announced job cuts, and in 2016 The Independent print edition ceased circulation. In January, the chain Associated Newspapers, now DMG Media, sold a controlling stake in the London Evening Standard as it announced a 24% decline in 2008 ad revenues. In March 2009, parent company Daily Mail and General Trust said job cuts would be deeper than expected, spanning its newspapers, which include the Leicester Mercury, the Bristol Evening Post and the Derby Telegraph. One industry report predicted that 1 in 10 UK print publications would cut its frequency of publication in half, go online only or shut in 2009.

A 2023 Department for Culture, Media and Sport committee report revealed that over 300 local newspaper titles closed between 2009 and 2019, and that those who remain are having to compete with fewer resources and journalists against online news providers. MP Damian Green said "With the shift towards online readership swallowing up traditional print revenues, many local newspapers which have served their communities for years have struggled to keep their heads above water".

Elsewhere

The challenges facing the industry are not limited to the United States, or even English-speaking markets. Newspapers in Switzerland and the Netherlands, for instance, have lost half of their classified advertising to the Internet. At its annual convention slated for May 2009, in Barcelona, Spain, the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers has titled the convention's subject "Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenues in Difficult Times".

In September 2008, the World Association of Newspapers called for regulators to block a proposed Google–Yahoo! advertising partnership, calling it a threat to newspaper industry revenues worldwide. The World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN) painted a stark picture of the threat posed to newspapers by the search engine giants. "Perhaps never in the history of newspaper publishing has a single, commercial entity threatened to exert this much control over the destiny of the press," said the Paris-based global newspaper organization of the proposed pact.

Of the world's 100 best-selling daily newspapers, 74 are published in Asia — with China, Japan and India accounting for 62 of those.

Sales of newspapers rose in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East, but fell in other regions of the world, including Western Europe, where the proliferation of free dailies helped bolster overall circulation figures. While Internet revenues are rising for the industry, the bulk of its Web revenues come from a few areas, with most revenue generated in the United States, western Europe and Asia–Pacific region.

Technological change

The increasing use of the Internet search function, primarily through large engines such as Google, has also changed the habits of readers. Instead of perusing general interest publications, such as newspapers, readers are more likely to seek particular writers, blogs or sources of information through targeted searches, rendering the agglomeration of newspapers increasingly irrelevant. "Power is shifting to the individual journalist from the news outlet with more people seeking out names through search, e-mail, blogs and social media," the industry publication Editor & Publisher noted in summarizing a recent study from the Project for Excellence in Journalism foundation.

"When we go online", writes columnist Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times, "each of us is our own editor, our own gatekeeper."

Where once the ability to disseminate information was restricted to those with printing presses or broadcast mechanisms, the Internet has enabled thousands of individual commentators to communicate directly with others through blogs or instant message services. Even open journalism projects like Wikipedia have contributed to the reordering of the media landscape, as readers are no longer restricted to established print organs for information.

But the search engine experience has left some newspaper proprietors cold. "The aggregators and plagiarists will soon have to pay a price for the co-opting of our content," Rupert Murdoch told the World Media Summit in Beijing, China. "If we do not take advantage of the current movement toward paid content, it will be the content creators – the people in this hall – who will pay the ultimate price and the content kleptomaniacs who triumph."

Critics of the newspaper as a medium also argue that while today's newspapers may appear visually different from their predecessors a century ago, in many respects they have changed little and have failed to keep pace with changes in society. The technology revolution has meant that readers accustomed to waiting for a daily newspaper can now receive up-to-the-minute updates from Web portals, bloggers and new services such as Twitter. The expanding reach of broadband Internet access means such updates have become commonplace for many users, especially the more affluent, an audience cultivated by advertisers.

In some countries, such as India, the newspaper remains more popular than Internet and broadcast media. Even where the problems are felt most keenly, in North America and Europe, there have been recent success stories, such as the dramatic rise of free daily newspapers, like those of Sweden's Metro International, as well as papers targeted towards the Hispanic market, local weekly shoppers, and so-called hyperlocal news.

But these new revenue streams, such as that from newspapers' proprietary Web sites, are often a fraction of the sums generated by the previous advertisement- and circulation-driven revenue streams, and so newspapers have been forced to curtail their overhead while simultaneously trying to entice new users. With revenues plummeting, many newspapers have slashed news bureaus and journalists, while still attempting to publish compelling content — much of it more interactive, more lifestyle-driven and more celebrity-conscious.

In response to falling ad revenues and plunging circulation, many newspapers have cut staff as well as editorial content, and in a vicious cycle, those cuts often spur more and deeper circulation declines—triggering more loss of ad revenues. "No industry can cut its way to future success," says industry analyst John Morton. "At some point the business must improve."

Overall, in the United States, average operating profit margins for newspapers remain at 11%. But that figure is falling rapidly, and in many cases is inadequate to service the debt that some newspaper companies took on during better times. And while circulation has dropped 2% annually for years, that decline has accelerated.

The circulation decline, coupled with a 23% drop in 2008 newspaper ad revenues, have proven a double whammy for some newspaper chains. Combined with the current recession, the cloudy outlook for future profits has meant that many newspapers put on the block have been unable to find buyers, who remain concerned with increasing competition, dwindling profits and a business model that seems increasingly antiquated.

"As succeeding generations grow up with the Web and lose the habit of reading print", noted Columbia Journalism Review in 2007, "it seems improbable that newspapers can survive with a cost structure at least 50% higher than their nimbler and cheaper Internet competitors." The problem facing newspapers is generational: while in 2005 an estimated 70% of older Americans read a newspaper daily, fewer than 20% of younger Americans did.

"It is the fundamental problem facing the industry," writes newspaper analyst Morton. "It's probably not going away. And no one has figured a way out."

By 2016 social media sites were overtaking television as a source for news for young people and news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social media platforms for generating traffic. A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a 'second wave of disruption' had hit news organisations, with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social media teams to optimise their posts and maximise traffic. Major publishers such as Le Monde and Vogue increasingly use advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology to post stories more effectively and generate higher volumes of traffic.

Financial strategies
While newspaper companies continue to produce much of the award-winning journalism, consumers of that journalism are less willing to pay for it in a world where information on the Web is plentiful and free. Plans for Web-based subscription services have largely faltered, with the exception of financial outlets like The Wall Street Journal, which have been able to generate substantial revenues from subscribers whose subscriptions are often underwritten by corporate employers. (Subscriptions to the Journals paid Web site were up 7% in 2008.) Some general-interest newspapers, even high-profile papers like The New York Times, were forced to experiment with their initial paid Internet subscription models. Times Select, the Times initial pay service, lasted exactly two years before the company abandoned it. However, they later brought back paid services and now allow visitors only 10 free articles per month before requiring them to purchase a subscription.

Within the industry, there is little consensus on the best strategy for survival. Some pin their hopes on new technologies such as e-paper or radical revisions of the newspaper, such as Daily Me; others, like a 2009 cover story in Time magazine, have advocated a system that includes both subscriptions as well as micro-payments for individual stories.

Some newspaper analysts believe the wisest move is embracing the Internet, and exploiting the considerable brand value and consumer trust that newspapers have built over decades. But revenues from online editions have come nowhere near matching previous print income from circulation and advertising sales, since they get only about one-tenth to one-twentieth the revenue for a Web reader that they do for a print reader;
many struggle to maintain their previous levels of reporting amidst eroding profits.

With profits falling, many newspapers have cut back on their most expensive reporting projects — overseas bureaus and investigative journalism. Some investigative projects often take months, with their payoff uncertain. In the past, larger newspapers often devoted a portion of their editorial budget to such efforts, but with ad dollars drying up, many papers are looking closer at the productivity of individual reporters, and judging speculative investments in investigative reports as non-essential.

Some advocates have suggested that instead of investigative reports funded by newspapers, that non-profit foundations pick up the slack. The non-profit ProPublica, a $10-million-a-year foundation devoted solely to investigative reporting and overseen by former Wall Street Journal editor Paul Steiger, for instance, hopes that its 18 reporters will be able to release their investigative reports free, courtesy of partnerships with such outlets as The New York Times, The Atlantic and 60 Minutes. The online editor of the aforementioned Tucson Citizen founded an alternative, locally-based nonprofit online newspaper, the Tucson Sentinel, in 2009 after the Citizen was shut down, and not long afterward joined what is now the Institute for Nonprofit News, a national organization of over 200 similar independent news providers. The Huffington Post also announced that it would set aside funds for investigative reporting. Other industry observers are now clamoring for government subsidies to the newspaper industry.

Observers point out that the reliability and accountability of newspapers is being replaced by a sea of anonymous bloggers, many with uncertain credentials and points of view. Where once the reader of a daily newspaper might consume reporting, for instance, by an established Cairo bureau chief for a major newspaper, today that same reader might be directed by a search engine to an anonymous blogger with cloudy allegiances, training or ability.

Crisis

Ironically, these dilemmas facing the newspaper industry come as its product has never been more sought-after. "The peculiar fact about the current crisis", writes The New Yorkers economics writer James Surowiecki, "is that even as big papers have become less profitable they've arguably become more popular."

As the demand for news has exploded, so have consumers of the output of newspapers. Both nytimes.com and washingtonpost.com, for instance, rank among the top 20 global news sites. But those consumers are now reading newspapers online for free, and although newspapers have been able to convert some of that viewership into ad dollars, it is a trickle compared to previous sources. At most newspapers, Web advertising accounts for only 10–15% of revenues.

Some observers have compared the dilemma to that faced by the music industry. "What's going on in the news business is a lot like what's happening with music," said editor Paul Steiger, a 43-year journalism veteran, who further added that free distribution of content through the Internet has caused "a total collapse of the business model".

The revenue streams that newspapers counted on to subsidize their product have changed irrevocably: in 2008, according to a study by the Pew Research Center, more people in the United States got their news for free on the Internet than paid for it by buying a newspaper or magazine. "With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as their audience grows, the threat is not just to the companies that own them, but also the news itself," observed writer David Carr of The New York Times in a January 2009 column.

The closure of local newspapers has created a phenomenon of news deserts. A June 2022 report estimates that approximately 70 million Americans live in a county with one or no local news organization.

Outlook
In 2016, for the third year in a row, the CareerCast survey of the best and worst jobs in the U.S. reports that a newspaper reporter is the worst career. It pointed to fewer job prospects because of publications closing down, and declining ad revenue providing less money for salaries. Being an over the air broadcaster was the third worst, and advertising sales is in the bottom 10. Average annual salary for print journalists is $37,200.

Depending on location and circumstances, each specific newspaper will face varied threats and changes. In some cases, new owners have increased their reliance on print, not trying to rely a lot more on digital services. However, in most cases, there is an attempt to find new revenue sources online that are less based on print sales. How much further ad sales will decline cannot be predicted with accuracy.

Ultimately, the newspaper of the future may bear little resemblance to the newsprint edition familiar to older readers. It may become a hybrid, part-print and part-Internet, or perhaps eventually, as has happened with several newspapers, including the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, The Christian Science Monitor and The Ann Arbor News, Internet only. In the meantime, the transition from the printed page to whatever comes next will likely be fraught with challenges, both for the newspaper industry and for its consumers.

"My expectation," wrote executive editor Bill Keller of The New York Times in January 2009, "is that for the foreseeable future our business will continue to be a mix of print and online journalism, with the growth online offsetting the (gradual, we hope) decline of print". The paper in newspaper may go away, insist industry stalwarts, but the news will remain. "Paper is dying," said Nick Bilton, a technologist for The Times, "but it's just a device. Replacing it with pixels is a better experience." On September 8, 2010, Arthur Sulzberger, Jr., Chairman and Publisher of The New York Times, told an International Newsroom Summit in London that "We will stop printing the New York Times sometime in the future, date TBD."

New York University journalism professor Mitchell Stephens has called for a turn toward "wisdom journalism" that will take a more evaluative, investigative, informed, and possibly even opinionated stance.

But even as pixels replace print, and as newspapers undergo wrenching surgery, necessitating deep cutbacks, reallocation of remaining reporters, and the slashing of decades-old overhead, some observers remain optimistic. What emerges may be "newspapers" unrecognizable to older readers, but which may be more timely, more topical and more flexible. Less competition from other local printers will also be a major determining factor.

"Journalistic outlets will discover", wrote Michael Hirschorn in The Atlantic, "that the Web allows (okay, forces) them to concentrate on developing expertise in a narrower set of issues and interests, while helping journalists from other places and publications find new audiences." The 'newspaper' of the future, say Hirschorn and others, may resemble The Huffington Post more than anything flung at today's stoops and driveways.

Much of that experimentation may happen in the world's fastest-growing newspaper markets. "The number of newspapers and their circulation has declined the world over except in India and China," according to former CEO Olivier Fleurot of Financial Times. "The world is becoming more digital but technology has helped newspapers as much as the Internet."

Impact
Research has linked closures of newspapers to declines in civic engagement of citizens, increases in government waste, and increases in political polarization. The decline of local news has also been linked to the increased "nationalization" of local elections. As citizens have fewer opportunities to read about local politics, they are attracted to national sources (such as cable news) and begin to interpret local politics via national politics.

Studies have found that declines in employment in the newspaper industry have led to a massive reduction in the amount of political coverage by newspapers. A study published in 2021 in PNAS found that the average share of news stories in local newspapers in the U.S. that were investigative had declined significantly beginning in 2018.

A study published in 2020 in Urban Affairs Review matched 11 local newspapers in California to the municipalities they cover and analyzed mayoral elections in those cities. The data demonstrated that newspapers with relatively sharp cuts in newsroom staff had, on average, significantly reduced political competition in campaigns for mayor. The research also found evidence suggesting that lower levels of newsroom staffing were associated with lower voter turnout. The study supported the hypothesis that "the loss of professional expertise in coverage of local government has negative consequences for the quality of city politics because citizens become less informed about local policies and elections."

See also

 News desert, a community that is no longer covered by daily journalists
 Mass media and American politics
 Social media and political communication in the United States
 History of journalism
 History of American newspapers
 History of British newspapers
 History of Canadian newspapers
 History of French journalism
 Online newspaper

References

Further reading
 Anderson, C.W. (2013). Rebuilding the News: Metropolitan Journalism in the Digital Age (Temple University Press; 236 pages) uses fieldwork, archival research, and social-network analysis to analyze the Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News.

 Herndon, Keith L. (2012) The Decline of the Daily Newspaper: How an American Institution Lost the Online Revolution (Peter Lang Publishing; 306 pages)

 "Why India's Newspaper Industry is Thriving", Ken Auletta, The New Yorker, October 8, 2012
 "Newspapers as Luxury Goods: Murdoch and Sulzberger Have More in Common Than It Appears", John Cassidy, The New Yorker, December 4, 2012
 "Washington Post appears to be a dinosaur – but has already evolved", James Ball, The Guardian, December 9, 2012

External links

 Future of Newspapers, Walter Isaacson, Mort Zuckerman, Robert Thomson, Charlie Rose Show, charlierose.com
 A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News, The New York Times, March 22, 2009
 Dynamic World of Print Media Tracks newspaper closings, openings, mergers, format changes
 Newspaper Death Watch, newspaperdeathwatch.com

 Paper Cuts, tracks layoffs and buyouts at U.S. newspapers

History of newspapers
Newspaper publishing


The DeFreest Homestead is a historic house and barn located in the Rensselaer Technology Park in North Greenbush, New York, United States. The homestead and surrounding land are owned and managed by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. It was the original home of Philip DeFreest, one of the first Dutch settlers to arrive in the mid-18th century. The land includes historic buildings typical of a working Dutch farm: a farmhouse restored in 1984 to house the park's administrative offices, and a Dutch barn.

The DeFreest House was built around 1765, partially constructed of European brick used as ballast in Dutch fur trading ships that sailed up the Hudson. Between 1630 and 1850, Dutch barns dominated the landscape in the Hudson Valley. They were distinguished by their H-shaped structural frame. The DeFreest barn was constructed around 1820 of thick, 50-foot beams of hemlock more than a hundred years old when hewn, and wood re-used from earlier structures on the site. The house and surrounding homestead were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

The DeFreest Homestead has been the interest of honorary trustee C. Sheldon Roberts (RPI class of 1948), and wife, Patricia. Roberts was one of the founders of Fairchild Semiconductor.

A donation from the Roberts family allowed for a renovation to make the historic barn into a modern classroom for local schoolchildren.

Patricia Roberts recalls, “I can remember first seeing the DeFreest House at the end of a muddy path and realizing that it must be saved in order to preserve our past but also, as importantly, to become the centerpiece of the Technology Park. We also recognized that the nearby Dutch barn could serve a similar purpose by preserving some of its history and giving it a new purpose — to become a launch pad for our children’s future.”

References

Houses completed in 1765
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
National Register of Historic Places in Troy, New York
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Rensselaer County, New York


Jens Ludvig Andersen Aars (23 December 1852 – 22 May 1919) was a Norwegian politician.

He was born in Horten as a son of Jens Ludvig Aars and Anette Lund, a nephew of Nils Fredrik Julius Aars and a grandson of Jens Aars. In October 1876 he married Hansine Henriette Vogt (1850–1921). On the paternal side she was a sister of Svend Borchmann Hersleb Vogt, and niece of Volrath Vogt, and on the maternal side she was a granddaughter of Hans Holmboe and great-granddaughter of Jens Holmboe.

Aars was known as the director of the bank Centralbanken for Norge. He was also the first chair of Oslo Chamber of Commerce. He served as mayor of Oslo from 1902 to 1904.

References

1852 births
1919 deaths
Norwegian bankers
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Mayors of Oslo
People from Horten


Imagix 4D is a source code analysis tool from Imagix Corporation, used primarily for understanding, documenting, and evolving existing C, C++ and Java software.

Applied technologies include full semantic source analysis. Software visualization supports program comprehension. Static data flow analysis-based verifications detect problems in variable usage, task interactions and concurrency.  Software metrics measure design quality and identify potential testing and maintenance issues.

See also
 Rational Rose
 Rigi
 Software visualization
 List of tools for static code analysis
 Sourcetrail

References

Use inside SEI's ARMIN Architecture Reconstruction and Mining Tool
Use inside Bosch's Model-Centric Software Architecture Reconstruction

External links
Imagix Corp. website

Code navigation tools
Static program analysis tools
Software metrics
Documentation generators


The mining sector in Chile is one of the pillars of Chilean economy and copper exports alone stands for more than one third of government income. Most mining in Chile is concentrated to the Norte Grande region spanning most of the Atacama Desert. Mining products of Chile includes copper, gold, silver, molybdenum, iron and coal. Chile was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of copper, iodine and rhenium, the second largest producer of lithium and molybdenum, the sixth largest producer of silver, the seventh largest producer of salt, the eighth largest producer of potash, the thirteenth producer of sulfur and the thirteenth producer of iron ore in the world. In the production of gold, between 2006 and 2017, the country produced annual quantities ranging from 35.9 tons in 2017 to 51.3 tons in 2013.

Nitrate
Mining nitrate in the North of Chile defined the country's history from the late 19th century to the mid 20th. Indeed, the period 1873-1914 is referred to as the Saltpetre Republic.

Copper

Although the relative importance of copper declined in the 1970s and 1980s, it was still the Chilean economy's most important product in 1992. The mining sector represented 6.7 percent of GDP in 1992, as compared with 8.9 percent in 1985. In 1991, copper exports represented 30 percent of the total value of exports, a substantial decline with respect to the 1960s, when it represented almost 80 percent of total exports. Mining exports in general accounted for about 48 percent of total exports in 1991.

Two developments in the copper sector were noteworthy. First, in the 1987-91 period, there was a substantial increase in the output of refined copper, as well as a relative decline in the production of blister copper. Second, the state-owned Copper Corporation (Corporación del Cobre—Codelco), the world's largest copper producer, still had an overwhelmingly dominant role (accounting for 60 percent of Chile's copper output in 1991).

The so-called Codelco Law of April 1992 authorized Codelco for the first time to form joint ventures with the private sector to work unexploited deposits. Thus, in a major step for Codelco, in 1995, it invited domestic and foreign mining firms to participate in four joint explorations in northern Chile. Foreign owned private firms were to become increasingly important as new investment projects got underway.

The heightened importance of these foreign private firms in large-scale copper mining also resulted from the international business community's improved perception of Chile and from a mining law enacted during the Pinochet regime that clearly established compensation rules in the case of nationalization and otherwise encouraged investment in this sector.

Given this more favourable context, Phelps Dodge, a United States mining company and the Sumitomo Metal Mining Company, a Japanese firm, signed a US$1.5 billion contract in 1992 with the Chilean government to develop Candelaria, a copper and gold mine south of Copiapó. The mine's potential production of refined copper was equivalent to about 10 percent of Codelco's entire production.

Copper Stabilization Fund
Despite the decline in copper's importance, Chile continued to be affected by the vagaries of the international copper market. The fund received 0.2-0.5% of GDP, depending on the size of the budget surplus each year. In 2006, a one-off sum of $600 million United States dollars was added to the fund. The fund was replaced with the Economic and Social Stabilization Fund in 2007. The new fund received fiscal surpluses in excess of 1% of GDP. The high variability of copper prices affected the Chilean economy, particularly the external accounts and the availability of foreign exchange, in several ways. In the 1987-91 period, the international copper market was very favorable; for example, copper prices in 1989 were 50 percent higher than in 1980. By May 1992, however, the price of copper had declined to about its 1980 level.

The government decided to counteract the effect of the variability of copper prices by creating the Copper Stabilization Fund, which worked as follows: whenever the price of copper increased, the government would direct a proportion of the increased revenues into the fund; these resources would then be used during those years when the price of copper fell below its "normal" level. This institutional development helped Chile at least partially free itself from the volatility of the copper market. The Copper Stabilization Fund is occasionally tapped into if there is a major need for more money. Part of the fund will be used to help pay for reconstruction after the devastating 2010 Chile earthquake.

Lithium

Northern Chile forms part of the Lithium Triangle with substantial reserves in the form of brine. The explosive growth in electric vehicles since 2015 has triggered increased demand.

Chile is the main producer of lithium from brine. Until 2017, when it was surpassed by Australia, Chile was the over-all main producer of lithium. By one estimate Chile will be surpassed also by Argentina and China in lithium production by 2030.

Most of Chile's lithium reserves are in Salar de Atacama and Salar de Maricunga, and all lithium extracted in Chile as of 2023 comes from Salar de Atacama. The only two lithium-extracting companies currently operating in Chile, SQM and Albemarle, have licences to extract lithium until 2030 and 2043 respectively. In April 2023 Chilean government announced plans for nationalizing its lithium industry. The state-owned copper company Codelco was commissioned by the government to negotiate nationalization with SQM.

Other minerals

Since the late 1970s, the production of gold and silver has increased greatly. The lead, iron and petroleum industries have shrunk since the mid-1970s, the result of both adverse international market conditions and declines in the availability of some of these resources. With a combined total value of about US$4 billion, two of the largest investments planned in Chile in the early 1990s were designated for aluminium-smelter projects in the Puerto Aisén and Strait of Magellan areas.

SQM is also a significant iodine producer.

Almost no mining of placer gold occurs today.

See also
Geology of Chile
Law on Mining Concessions
 Nitratine or Chile saltpeter, the naturally occurring form of sodium nitrate
 List of Saltpeter works in Tarapacá and Antofagasta

References

External links

 Chile's mining industry, Amcham Chile in 2006


Byron McClelland (1855-June 11, 1897) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing owner and trainer. He was one of the best known horsemen of his era who won the three races that would eventually constitute the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing series.

Born in Lexington, Kentucky, Byron McClelland's father trained horses and his brother, John W. McClelland (1849–1911), also trained horses in California. Young McClelland worked as a stable boy but, urged into a different career by his mother, left his job to go to work for a local newspaper. Nevertheless, the newspaper's owner operated a horse racing stable and offered the knowledgeable twenty-year-old McClelland a chance to train his horses. Five years later, success led McClelland being hired by H. Price McGrath, owner of the prominent McGrathiana Stud. Within a short time he left to set up his own racing stable in partnership with Mr. Dick Roche. McClelland proved to be not only a very capable trainer, but also an astute judge of horse talent. For the new partnership he turned an August Belmont castoff named Badge into a significant winner. McClelland purchased Badge for a "song" after the prominent owner had given up on the colt.  Having accumulated sufficient capital, McClelland chose to go his own way and in November 1889 the McClelland-Roche stable was sold at auction at the Elizabeth, New Jersey, race track.

The Sport of Kings
Competing in the "Sport of Kings" was difficult it was dominated by the extremely wealthy who could afford to spend vast sums to purchase the best-bred horses. He used his skills to make a living training horses for others plus his knowledge of horses to buy young unraced Thoroughbreds for himself at a price he could afford. Once he developed a young horse into a top runner, he could sell it at a substantial price both as a racer and for its eventual stallion or broodmare value. Profits from the sale of a top racehorse would go to expanding his racing and breeding operation by acquiring new young bloodstock.

The McClelland Stable
By the time Byron McClelland had struck out on his own for the 1890 racing season, he was already gaining national attention. His immediate $2,500 purchase of a yearling filly he named for his wife, Sallie, once again demonstrated his knowledge of breeding and conformation. Among her wins, Sallie McClelland captured the 1890 Spinaway Stakes and set an earnings record for two-year-old fillies of $53,969. She was retrospectively chosen the 1890 American Co-Champion Filly. An injury on May 2, 1891, when she stumbled and fell at the racetrack in Lexington, Kentucky, severely hampered her performance that year with her only major win coming in a two-horse race in the 1891 Alabama Stakes. At the same time, another of his horses named Bermuda won several important races in 1891 including the United States Hotel Stakes and the Manhattan Handicap. After their racing careers were over, both Sallie McClelland and Bermuda were retained by Byron McClelland for breeding purposes.

American Horse of the Year
Byron McClelland's next great success came with Henry of Navarre. Purchased as a yearling, McClelland trained the colt to six wins in ten starts at age two, then to nine straight wins at age three and 1894 American Horse of the Year honors. Henry of Navarre's 1894 triumphs included the Belmont Stakes and Travers Stakes. Wealthy horse owners such as Pierre Lorillard IV made numerous attempts to buy the horse and in August 1895 McClelland accepted an offer of $25,000 from August Belmont Jr. Following its formation, Henry of Navarre was inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1985.

When McClelland sold Henry of Navarre, the shrewd horseman had already bought Halma as a yearling and in 1895 the colt won the Kentucky Derby and the Phoenix Hotel Stakes. After the colt won the Clark Handicap, McClelland sold him for a reported $25,000 to the wealthy yeast manufacturer, Charles Fleischmann.

Now a wealthy man, as a sideline from his horse racing business, in December 1895 Byron McClelland founded and was first president of a newspaper he named The Evening Argonaut.

In 1896, Byron McClelland completed his wins in each of what later became the U.S. Triple Crown series by capturing the Preakness Stakes. Held that year at the Gravesend Race Track, in Brooklyn, New York, his Preakness win came as the trainer of Margrave for owner August Belmont, Jr.'s Blemton Stable.

The State of New Jersey enacted legislation in 1894 which banned betting. As a result, the state's racetracks closed but nonetheless pressure mounted from anti-gambling groups and politicians in New York State to implement the same laws.  The net effect was that racing stable owners began sending their horses to race in England and in its January 11, 1897 issue, the Chicago Daily Tribune reported that McClelland had entered horses in races at Newmarket Racecourse in England. As well, one of the paper's headlines said that "Byron McClelland May Go to Europe with Some Youngsters in 1899." However, Byron McClelland was only forty-one years old when his life and brilliant career came to an end. According to his obituary in The New York Times, he already had an estimated wealth of between $300–500,000 when he fell ill and died of pneumonia at his Lexington home on June 11, 1897. He was interred in the Lexington Cemetery.

On July 3, 1898 The New York Times further reported that a $10,000 sarcophagus had been constructed on his grave. Earlier, a June 27, 1889 issue of the Chicago Daily Tribune about McClelland's success in racing in Chicago and elsewhere also mentioned his character saying he "is a good natured little fellow who possessed a big heart and a lot of friends."

For a few years after his death, McClelland's widow and her brother, John D. Smith, continued racing horses. Sallie McClelland died in 1911 and is buried next to her husband in the Lexington, Cemetery.

References

 Trevathan, Charles E. "The American Thoroughbred" (1905) Macmillan, part of the American Sportsman's Library
 June 8, 1897 The New York Times article on Byron McClelland's failing health
 June 12, 1897 The New York Times obituary for Byron McClelland

Year of birth missing
1897 deaths
American horse trainers
American racehorse owners and breeders
Owners of Kentucky Derby winners
Sportspeople from Lexington, Kentucky
Horse trainers from Lexington, Kentucky


The brazen bull, also known as the bronze bull, Sicilian bull, or bull of Phalaris, was an alleged torture and execution device designed in ancient Greece. According to Diodorus Siculus, recounting the story in Bibliotheca historica, Perilaus (or Perillus) of Athens invented and proposed it to Phalaris, the tyrant of Akragas, Sicily, as a new means of executing criminals. The bull was said to be hollow and made entirely out of bronze with a door in one side. According to legends, the brazen bull was designed in the form and size of an actual bull and had an acoustic apparatus that converted screams into the sound of a bull. The condemned were locked inside the device, and a fire was set under it, heating the metal until the person inside was roasted to death. Pindar, who lived less than a century afterwards, expressly associates this instrument of torture with the name of the tyrant Phalaris.

Creation of the brazen bull for Phalaris

The head of the bull was purportedly designed with a system of tubes and stops so that the prisoner's screams were converted into sounds like the bellowing of an infuriated bull. Phalaris is said to have commanded that the bull be designed in such a way that its smoke rose in spicy clouds of incense. According to legend, when the bull was reopened after a body was charred, the victim's scorched bones then "shone like jewels and were made into bracelets."

Stories allege after finishing construction on the execution device, Perilaus said to Phalaris: "His screams will come to you through the pipes as the tenderest, most pathetic, most melodious of bellowings." Perilaus believed he would receive a reward for his invention. Instead, Phalaris, who was disgusted by these words, ordered its horn sound system to be tested by Perilaus himself, tricking him into getting in the bull. When Perilaus entered, he was immediately locked in and the fire was set, so that Phalaris could hear the sound of his screams. Before Perilaus could die, Phalaris opened the door and took him away. After freeing him from the bull, Phalaris is then said to have taken Perilaus to the top of a hill and thrown him off, killing him. Phalaris himself is claimed to have been killed in the brazen bull when he was overthrown by Telemachus, the ancestor of Theron.

Persecution of early Christians

The Romans have been claimed to have used this torture device to kill some Christians, notably Saint Eustace, who, according to Christian tradition, was roasted in a brazen bull with his wife and children by Emperor Hadrian. The same happened to Saint Antipas, Bishop of Pergamon during the persecutions of Emperor Domitian and the first martyr in Asia Minor, who was roasted to death in a brazen bull in AD 92. The device is claimed to have still been in use two centuries later, when another Christian, Pelagia of Tarsus, is said to have been burned in one in AD 287 by the Emperor Diocletian.

See also
 Iron maiden
 Torture chamber
 Moloch

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Ancient instruments of torture
European instruments of torture
Execution methods
Brass instruments


James Richard Comley (born 24 January 1991) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Hampton & Richmond Borough and the Montserrat national team.

Club career
Comley came through the youth system at Crystal Palace and made his English Football League debut on 17 March 2009 as a substitute against Barnsley. He made three further appearances in the league in the 2008–09 season, and played twice in the FA Cup the following season, before being released in June 2010.

Comley was without a club in the 2010–11 season due to injury, and trained with Tottenham Hotspur in the first half of the 2011–12 season before joining Canvey Island in January 2012.

He then joined St Albans City for the remainder of the season. For 2012–13, he joined Kettering Town, but made no appearances due to injury and rejoined St Albans in December 2012.

Comley joined Maidenhead United on loan in February 2016. The loan was made permanent at the end of the season. Comley left the Magpies at the end of the 2020–21 season after 196 appearances since first joining the club.

Comley joined Walton Casuals in October 2021. He joined Boreham Wood the following month. Comley was released in June 2022.

On 29 June 2022, Comley joined National League South club Dulwich Hamlet following his release from Boreham Wood.

On 4 March 2023 he signed for Hampton & Richmond Borough.

International career
Comley played for the England C team in October 2014 against a Turkey U23 side.

In March 2015, Comley was called up by Montserrat for 2018 World Cup qualifying, playing in both legs of a 3–4 aggregate defeat to Curaçao.

Personal life
Comley's younger brother Brandon is also a footballer. He is also a Montserrat international and the brothers played together for the first time against El Salvador in September 2018.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals
Scores and results list Montserrat's goal tally first.

References

External links

Profile at FIFA
Profile at Aylesbury United

Living people
1991 births
Footballers from Holloway, London
Montserratian men's footballers
Montserrat men's international footballers
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Canvey Island F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
Maidenhead United F.C. players
Walton Casuals F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. players
Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Southern Football League players
English people of Montserratian descent
England men's semi-pro international footballers
Black British sportsmen


A plunger lift is an artificial lift method of deliquifying a natural gas well. A plunger is used to remove contaminants from productive natural gas wells, such as water (in liquid, mist, or ice forms), sand, oil and wax.

The basics of the plunger is to open and close the well shutoff valve at the optimum times, to bring up the plunger and the contaminants and maximize natural gas production. A well without a deliquification technique will stop flowing or slow down and become a non-productive well, long before a properly deliquified well.

The plunger lift has low energy cost, low environmental impact, low capital investment and low maintenance cost. Modern wellhead controllers offer a variety of criteria to control the plunger. The original controllers were just timers, with fixed open and close cycles.

Measuring the various pressures in the system allows intelligent and reactive control. The pressures often measured are casing, tubing, line, and differential (DP). The other items measured are plunger arrival times, flow rates, temperatures and status of various auxiliary equipment: oil tank level, compressor status.

Open Well Criteria
 Plunger Drop Timer - Minimum close time to allow the Plunger to reach the bottom.
 Tube - Line Pressure
 Casing - Line Pressure
 Casing - Tubing Pressure
 Load Ratio (Casing-Tubing) / (Casing - Line)
 Foss and Gaul Equation
 Tubing Pressure
 Casing Pressure
 Static Pressure
 External Variables

Close Well Criteria
 Flow Time
 After Flow Timer
 Turner/Coleman Flow Rate
 Load Ratio
 DP (Differential)
 Flow Rate
 Tubing - Line Pressure
 Casing - Tubing Pressure
 Casing Pressure
 Static Pressure
 Tubing Pressure
 Line Pressure

Notes

References
 Lea, James F., "Dynamic Analysis of Plunger Lift Operations", (Journal of Petroleum Technology,) Vol. 34, No. 11, pp 2617–2629, Nov. 1982.
 State of Oklahoma Margin Wells Handbook (pdf)
 Installing Plunger Lift Systems, EPA 2006

 Сердюков О.М.  СЧАСТЛИВОГО ПОЛЕТА! ж.ИЗОБРЕТАТЕЛЬ И РАЦИОНАЛИЗАТОР, 2002 г. 11(635) с.26,
"NOV Mono Plunger Lift Systems Page"

Patents
 Pat #1769637 10/20/1925
 Pat #1784096 07/23/1929
 Pat #1896232 11/21/1931
 Pat #2001012 03/21/1934
 Patent SU 171351.Priority 14/11/1963. Bulletin No,16 05/05/1969
 Pat #4150721 01/11/1978
 Pat #5957200 11/18/1997
 Pat #6209637  05/14/1999
 Pat #6467541  08/01/2000
 Pat #7270187 04/29/2003
 Patent RU 2214504. Flying valve, its detachable element and the method of wells operation. Priority 30.04.2002. Bulletin No. 29, 2003.
 FLYING VALVE FOR A FREE PISTON. Pub. No.: WO/2008/060188 International Application No.: PCT/RU2007/000622 Publication Date: 22.05.2008 International Filing Date: 14.11.2007

Natural gas technology


Elamton is an unincorporated community in Morgan County, Kentucky. Elamton lies at an elevation of 833 feet (254 m).

A post office was established in the community in 1883, and named for its postmaster James S. Elam.

References

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Morgan County, Kentucky


Mima is an unincorporated community in Morgan County, Kentucky. Mima lies at an elevation of 1010 feet (308 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Morgan County, Kentucky


Caravan of Light is an album by David Arkenstone, released in 2000, on African themes and subjects, with some farther travels along the great caravan roads of the Old World. Once again Arkenstone combines elements of new age and world music with an orchestral, cinematic flair. It has an unusual number of tracks with vocals for his work.

Track listing
"Inshallah" – 5:58
"Skies of Africa" – 4:25
"The Jade Mountain" – 5:30
"The Road to Zanzibar" – 4:55
"Jewels of the Night" – 6:00
"Dance in the Desert" – 5:59
"The Spice Road" – 3:42
"Rendezvous" – 5:29
"Under the Gypsy Moon" – 4:22
"Through the Marketplace" – 4:54
"Caravan of Light" – 5:40

Personnel
 David Arkenstone – guitar, vocals on "Inshallah" & "Caravan of Light", bouzouki, percussion, ebow, programming, keyboards
 Don Markese – flutes, clarinet, saxophone, pennywhistle
 Charlie Bisharat – violin
 Karen Hwa-Chee Han – er-hu
 Chad Watson – bass
 John Wakefield – percussion, marimba
 Sather Charron – didgeridoo
 Diane Arkenstone – vocals on "Jewel of the Night", wood flutes, synthesizers
 Andre Manga – vocals on "Skies of Africa"
 Valerie Fahren – lead vocal on "The Road to Zanzibar"
 Carlos Murguia – vocals on "Under the Gypsy Moon"

2000 albums
David Arkenstone albums
Narada Productions albums


Andrey Nikolayevich Malakhov (; born 11 January 1972) is a Russian television personality and presenter on the main Russian television channel, Russia-1.

Biography
Born on 11 January 1972 in Apatity, (Murmansk Oblast), studied violin at music school.

In 1995 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of the Moscow State University, before studying for one and a half years at Michigan State University. During these studies worked on the newspaper Moskovskiye Novosti and broadcast the show Стиль (Style) on Radio Maximum.

He publishes a magazine and website of the same name, StarHit.

In 1998  entered the faculty of law of the Russian State University for the Humanities and since graduating has worked there, teaching the basics of journalism.

Career
Malakhov has hosted the talk show Let Them Talk from July 2001 to 2017.

In May 2009, Malakhov presented the semifinals of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest with the Russian model Natalia Vodianova.

Television

1992: worked at The Sunday with Sergey Alekseev
1995: editor of the international informational program Morning and the presenter of the show  Style
1996–2001: the show Good Morning on Channel One
2001–2004: talk show The Big Washing
2004–2007: the music show Golden Gramophone
2004–2005: talk show Five Evenings
2005–2017: talk show Lets Them Talk
April–May, 2006: the show about folk medicine Malakhov+Malakhov (together with his namesake Gennady Malakhov)
2005–2007: broadcast  Golden Gramophone on Russkoe Radio
2008: TV show  TV star - Superstar  on Ukrainian TV
2008: the show Two Stars, together with Masha Rasputina (as a participant)
2010–2011: the show Lie Detector
2012–2017: the Saturday talk show Tonight
 since 2017 TV show “Live with Andrey Malakhov”
 since 2017 the Saturday talk show “Hello, Andrey!”

Filmography
Malakhov made cameo appearances as himself in the following films:
2007: Kilometer Zero
2007: Indigo
2007: Happy Together
2009: Daddy's Daughters
2011: Exchange Wedding
2015: The Very Best Day
2019: Serf

Awards
 Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 2nd class (2006)

Personal life
In June 2011, Malakhov married  Natalia Shkuleva  (born 31 May 1980), a publisher of magazine Elle by Hearst Shkulev Digital (Russian edition). They married in the Palace of Versailles.
In August 2017, the couple announced that they are expecting their first child.

See also
 List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
People from Apatity
Russian television presenters
Moscow State University alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Russian male journalists
Russian State University for the Humanities alumni
Recipients of the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II class
Russian magazine editors


Willis L. Van Dusen (born 1952 or 1953) is a businessman and former politician in Astoria, Oregon, United States, who served as mayor of Astoria from 1991 through 2014. Originally elected to the city council in 1985, Willis served as a councillor for six years before being elected mayor. He took the oath of office in January 1991 and was re-elected every four years since that time, most recently re-elected in 2010.  In 2014, he announced that he had decided to retire at the end of his term and not run for reelection again.  He was succeeded by Arline LaMear, who was sworn in as mayor on January 5, 2015.

Life
Willis Van Dusen has very close roots to Astoria and is one in a long line of Van Dusens to represent the City of Astoria. In the 1850s, future President Ulysses S. Grant visited Van Dusen's ancestor, Adam Van Dusen, when he came to Astoria. More recently, Willis Van Dusen greeted former President Bill Clinton who visited Astoria in May 2008 while campaigning for Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Primaries.

In addition to serving as Mayor of Astoria, Willis Van Dusen owns a local soft-drink bottling franchise, Van Dusen Beverages. Van Dusen is a graduate of Astoria High School's Class of 1971 and earned a degree in business from the University of Oregon in 1975.

Movie
Shortly after he was elected mayor, Willis Van Dusen appeared in the movie Free Willy, which was filmed in Astoria in 1993. He played the role of "Fish Vendor."

References

Oregon city council members
Mayors of places in Oregon
Politicians from Astoria, Oregon
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Year of birth missing (living people)


Riley Holzapfel (born August 18, 1988) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player, currently contracted by the Vienna Capitals in the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL).

Playing career
Holzapfel played major junior hockey for the Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers at the 2006 NHL Entry Draft, chosen 43rd overall. On September 6, 2007, Riley signed a three-year entry level contract with the Thrashers. In 2008, he played for Canada in the IIHF World U20 Championship where Canada went on to win gold in a 3-2 victory over Sweden.

On February 13, 2012, Holzapfel was traded by the Winnipeg Jets to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for Maxime Macenauer. He was then immediately assigned to Ducks AHL affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch.

He signed a one-year, two-way contract as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Penguins on July 1, 2012, but spent the season in AHL with Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins. In July 2013, he signed a two-year deal with the Swedish Hockey League club HV71.

After a further third season in Sweden with newly promoted Karlskrona HK in 2015–16 season, Holzapfel left as a free agent to sign a one-year deal with Austrian club, the Vienna Capitals of the EBEL on July 20, 2016. After leading the Capitals with 53 points in 54 games in the 2016–17 season, and contributing with 23 points in just 12 post-season games, he received the Ron Kennedy Trophy as the league's Most Valuable Player.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1988 births
Atlanta Thrashers draft picks
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Wolves players
HV71 players
Karlskrona HK players
Living people
Moose Jaw Warriors players
Ice hockey people from Regina, Saskatchewan
St. John's IceCaps players
Syracuse Crunch players
Vienna Capitals players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Austria


Jesús David José Méndez (born 1 August 1984) is an Argentine football midfielder who currently plays for Independiente Rivadavia.

Career
Méndez made his league debut for River Plate in a 2–1 away win at Atlético Rafaela on 3 March 2004. In 2006 he had a loan spell with Olimpo, before joining St. Gallen of Switzerland in 2007. Méndez returned to Argentina in 2008 to play for Rosario Central.

In January 2010 he signed for Boca Juniors. After two loan spells playing again for Rosario Central, the midfielder joined Independiente in 2014.

Méndez played two years in Mexico with Toluca, before returning to Argentina to play for Vélez Sarsfield in the second semester of the 2017–18 Argentine Primera División.

34-year old Méndez announced his retirement at the beginning of 2019, after playing some games with Vélez. However, a year later, at the beginning of 2020, Méndez returned to the pitch and joined Deportivo Maipú where he managed to play some games before the start of the quarantine and the suspension of all tournaments due to the COVID-19 pandemic. His contract at Maipú expired in June 2020 and he then joined Independiente Rivadavia a few months later.

References

External links

Guardian statistics

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Mendoza Province
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Swiss Super League players
Liga MX players
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
Club Olimpo footballers
Rosario Central footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers
FC St. Gallen players
Deportivo Maipú players
Deportivo Toluca F.C. players
Independiente Rivadavia footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
Pan American Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Argentina men's international footballers
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games


Merced is a district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica. It is one of the four administrative units that form San José downtown () properly. This division is merely commercial, but covers an important part of "josefino" life and activities.

Geography
Merced has an area of 2.17 km² and an elevation of 1154 metres.

Merced lies in the north of the canton, limiting only with Tibás Canton from San José Province to the north, and with the districts of Uruca to the north, Mata Redonda to the west, Hospital to the south, and Uruca and El Carmen districts to the east, all of them from the same canton of San José.

Locations
This district comprehend several "barrios" or neighbourhoods, like Bajos de la Unión, Claret, Coca-Cola, Iglesias Flores, Mantica, Barrio México, Paso de la Vaca y Pitahaya. In the territory there are many banks, public institutions and popular markets. Its main landmark is the Costa Rican Center of Science and Culture, one of the main institutions of Costa Rican culture. The neighborhoods are full of history and some of them are known for received several immigrants from all over the world during different decades. By the early 1950s a lot of members of the Jewish and Asian communities were established around Paseo Colón near Barrio La Pitahaya and Mantica, this changed drastically after moving San José Synagogue to the West Area of the city (Escazú). Nowadays the zone is populated by Costa Ricans, Nicaraguans, Colombians, Venezuelans, Americans, Italians and Dominicans, making La Pitahaya one of the most diverse neighborhood in SJO. Barrio Mexico and Barrio Claret has been the first stop in San José for thousands for limonenses since the early 1960s.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Merced had a population of 12257 inhabitants.

Transportation

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 1
 National Route 108

External links
Municipalidad de San José. Distrito Merced – Website of San Jose Mayor, includes a map of the district and related info.

References

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province


Melissa Morgan (born 1980) is an American jazz singer.

Music career
Morgan was born in New York City, and grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey, where she attended Teaneck High School. She began studying piano at age four. During high school she began singing with local choirs and was soon performing with vocal groups across the country and abroad. A highlight of her choir experience was a seven-country tour of Europe in 1996 with the U.S. Youth Chorale. As a student she was recognized with numerous awards, including three gold cups in the New Jersey Federation of Music solo piano competition, top ranking in the New Jersey all-state choir, and runner up for the New Jersey Governor's award for vocal music.

In 1998, Morgan entered SUNY Purchase Conservatory of Music and studied with Yolande Bavan of jazz vocal group, Lambert, Hendricks & Bavan, Jon Faddis, Mark Murphy and Roseanna Vitro. While attending Purchase, she appeared with the conservatory's jazz and Latin jazz orchestras and was featured vocalist with the Purchase Jazz Band during a tour of Spain in 1999. In May 2002, she received a degree in jazz vocal performance.

Since graduating from Purchase, Morgan has been a regular performer at some of New York's top jazz room such as Cleopatra's Needle, Flute, G Bar, Smalls, Smoke and St. Nick's Pub. She has appeared with her own trio as well as other artists including Harold Mabern, David Hazeltine, and Sam Yahel. In 2001 she was featured in performances with Jon Faddis and the Dizzy Gillespie Alumni All-Stars at the Blue Note in New York. She performed at the New York Women of Jazz Festival in 2002 at Smoke jazz club, and that same year was a guest on the TV program Where to Hear Jazz in New York City.

In September 2004, Morgan was named a semi-finalist in the Thelonious Monk International Jazz Competition in Washington D.C., hosted by Billy Dee Williams and Herbie Hancock. Judges for the competition were Quincy Jones, Al Jarreau, Kurt Elling, Jimmy Scott, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Flora Purim.

Her album, Until I Met You (Telarc, 2009), featured Gerald Clayton and Randy Napoleon.

Albums

References

External links
Official Website

American jazz musicians
Living people
Teaneck High School alumni
1980 births
State University of New York at Purchase alumni


Site 32 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a launch complex formerly used by Tsyklon-3 carrier rockets. It consists of a two launch pads, Site 32/1 and Site 32/2, which were used between 1977 and 2009. It has the GRAU index 11P868. Site 32 is, along with Site 35 and Site 41 one of three sites under consideration for the Angara programme.

History
In 1970, the building of a highly-automated launch complex for Tsyklon-3 booster began at Site 32, which was designed by Omsk Transmash Design Bureau led by Chief Designer Vladimir Nikolayevich Chelomey. The first launch from Site 32 was conducted from pad 2 on 24 June 1977, with the first from Site 32/1 following on 23 January 1980. The last launch from Site 32/1 occurred on 28 December 2001. Site 32/2 was retired on 30 January 2009, along with the Tsyklon-3. All 122 Tsyklon-3 launches were conducted from the site. 57 launches were recorded as having been from pad 1 and 65 were recorded from pad 2.

References

Plesetsk Cosmodrome


Specific appetite, also known as specific hunger, is a drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics.

Regulation of homeostasis is essential to the survival of animals. Because the nutritional content of a diet will vary with environmental and other conditions, it is useful for animals to have a mechanism to ensure that their nutritional needs are within the appropriate range. Specific appetite is one such mechanism. Specific appetite has been demonstrated in various species for a number of vitamins and minerals, as well as calories, protein, and water. Unfortunately, specific appetite is very difficult to study experimentally, as there are a number of factors that influence food choice. Very little is known about the specific mechanisms inducing specific appetite, and the genes encoding for specific appetites are mostly speculative.

Very few specific appetites for particular nutrients have been identified in humans.  The most robustly identified are salt appetite/sodium appetite.  The problem with many other nutrients is that they do not have distinctly identifiable tastes, and only two other specific appetites, for iron and calcium, have been identified with experimental rigour so far.  Other appetites are thus currently classified as learned appetites, which are not innate appetites that are triggered automatically in the absence of certain nutrients, but learned behaviours, aversions to or preferences for certain foods as they become associated with experiences of malnutrition and illness.

Learned appetite
If a food source has an identifiable flavor, an animal can learn to associate the positive effects of alleviation of a certain nutrient deficiency with consumption of that food. This has been demonstrated in a variety of species: lambs offered free choice of various foods will compensate for phosphorus, sodium, and calcium deficiencies. Domestic fowl have demonstrated specific appetites for calcium, zinc, and phosphorus, thiamine, protein in general, and methionine and lysine. Heat-stressed fowls seek out vitamin C, which alleviates the consequences of heat stress Learned specific appetites are not necessarily a result of an animal's ability to detect the presence of a nutrient. Because nutrient deficiencies of various types can have stressful effects which vary depending on the missing nutrient, subsequent ingestion of that nutrient is associated with relief of certain signs. An animal may therefore associate the flavor of a food that is high in a certain nutrient with relief of the signs of that nutrient deficiency, while not seeking out other foods rich in the same nutrient.

Unlearned appetite
An unlearned appetite is one that an animal possesses at birth, without conditioning through prior stress followed by alleviation with specific foods. An unlearned appetite suggests a physiological mechanism for detecting the absence of a nutrient as well as a signalling component that directs the animal to seek out the missing nutrient. An example of an unlearned appetite might be caloric appetite, as seen in all domestic animals. Other unlearned appetites are more difficult to demonstrate. In one study, protein-deficient rats that had not previously experienced protein deficiency demonstrated strong preferences for high-protein foods such as soybean, gluten, and ovalbumin within thirty minutes of food presentation. This preference was not seen in controls, and was also exhibited by pregnant females with higher protein needs who were not experimentally protein-deficient. Rats also seem to have an unlearned appetite for calcium and sodium. In addition, zinc-depleted chicks show preferences for zinc-rich feeds.

Indirect manipulation of specific appetite
Specific appetite can be indirectly induced under experimental circumstances. In one study, normal (sodium-replete) rats exposed to angiotensin II via infusion directly into the brain developed a strong sodium appetite which persisted for months. However, the conclusions of this experiment have been contested. Nicotine implants in rats have been shown to induce a specific appetite for sucrose, even after removal of the implants.

Specific appetite in humans

There is very little strong evidence for specific appetite in humans. However, it has been demonstrated that humans have the ability to taste calcium, and indirect evidence supports the idea that patients on kidney dialysis who develop hypocalcemia prefer cheese with greater amounts of calcium added.  Exercise also increases the preference for salt.  Some diseases, including Gitelman syndrome and the salt-wasting variant of Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, impair the kidney's ability to retain sodium in the body and cause a specific craving for sodium. Extreme sodium depletion in human volunteers has been demonstrated to increase the desire for high-salt foods.

Ongoing research
While the most common nutritional disorders in humans concern excessive intake of calories, malnutrition remains a problem. For example, the link between insufficient dietary calcium and bone disorders is well established

Commonly people have an appetite for meat or eggs, high protein foods. But these may be expensive or otherwise unavailable. A specific appetite for protein may be unsatisfied with the ingestion of a diet deficient in protein. But protein is vitally important to maintaining the structures of the body’s systems, so the specific appetite leads to more eating, in a desperate attempt to satiate the specific appetite for protein in life.

References

Further reading

Nutrition


Euchloe tagis, the Portuguese dappled white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.

It ranges through southern Europe where it is found from Portugal to northwestern Italy and northern Africa (there are local populations in Morocco and Algeria).

The imago has a black apical patch spotted with white on the forewing upperside, and a black discoid macula. The underside of the hind wings is gray-green, studded with white spots of variable extent.

This species is found in local, discrete populations limited to fairly small areas of suitable habitat which is invariably made of calcareous outcrops with Mediterranean scrubland where the food plants, crucifers of the genus Iberis are found.

The species flies from February to June, in a single generation. It winters at the chrysalis stage.

External links
Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
European Butterflies by Matt Rowlings
Image of Euchloe tagis on Iberis by Eduardo Marabuto
Image of Euchloe tagis caterpillar by Eduardo Marabuto

Euchloe
Butterflies of Europe
Butterflies described in 1804
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


The Michelsen's Cabinet was a Norwegian cabinet, formed by a coalition of the Liberal Party, the Conservative Party, the Moderate Liberal Party and the Coalition Party. It governed Norway between 11 March 1905 and 23 October 1907. It entered office as part of the build-up for the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. It had the following composition:

Cabinet members

|}

Other
The State Secretary title is not to be confused with the modern title State Secretary. The old title State Secretary, used between 1814 and 1925, is now known as Secretary to the Government (Regjeringsråd).

State Secretary:
Halfdan Lehmann, – 1 February 1906
Nils Otto Hesselberg, 1 February 1906 –
Director General in Stockholm
August Sibbern, in office until the office was abolished in 1906.
Secretary to the President of the Norwegian Government
Paul Ivar Paulsen, in office until the office was abolished in 1906.

References
Christian Michelsen's Government. 11 March 1905 – 23 October 1907 - Government.no

Notes

Michelsen
Michelsen
Michelsen
Michelsen
1905 establishments in Norway
1907 disestablishments in Norway
Cabinets established in 1905
Cabinets disestablished in 1907


Jonathan Joubert (born 12 September 1979) is a former professional football player who last played for F91 Dudelange. Born in France, he played for the Luxembourg national team.

Club career
The French-born Joubert started his career at the reserves of local side FC Metz before joining CS Grevenmacher for the 1999/2000 season. With them, he won the club's first domestic league and cup title in 2003, subsequently achieving the double.

In 2004, he left Grevenmacher for Dudelange, where he ended up winning eleven league and five cup titles.

International career
Joubert made his debut for Luxembourg in a June 2006 friendly match against Portugal and by October 2017 had earned 90 caps, scoring no goals.

On 3 September 2017, Luxembourg held Joubert's native France to a 0–0 draw, with Joubert himself pulling off a string of saves to keep a clean sheet. Joubert's performance was later praised by French manager Didier Deschamps.

Honours
Luxembourg National Division: 12
 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017,2018

Luxembourg Cup: 6
 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

External links

References

1979 births
Living people
Luxembourgian men's footballers
Luxembourg men's international footballers
French men's footballers
Naturalised citizens of Luxembourg
CS Grevenmacher players
F91 Dudelange players
Footballers from Metz
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Metz players
FC Swift Hesperange players
French emigrants
Immigrants to Luxembourg


Mining in Ecuador was slow to develop in comparison to other Latin American countries, in spite of large mineral reserves. As late as 2012, according to the United Nations, Ecuador received less foreign direct investment per person than any other country in Latin America. During the 1980s, mining contributed only 0.7 percent to the Ecuadorian economy and employed around 7,000 people. Minerals were located in regions with little to no access, hindering exploration. Ecuador has reserves of gold, silver, copper, zinc, uranium, lead, sulfur, kaolin and limestone. The latter practically dominated the early industry as it was used in local cement plants.

Gold, which was largely forgotten since its early exploitation in the sixteenth century, regained momentum in the 1980s. Ecuador was exporting 2.4 tons per year by 1987, which was mostly discovered in the southern Sierra region, as well as the southeastern province of Zamora-Chinchipe.

In 1985 Ecuador's Congress passed a new law to encourage foreign exploration and investment that simplified regulation and offered higher financial incentives and lower taxation for investors, while also establishing the Ecuadorian Institute of Minerals (Instituto Ecuatoriano de Minería—Inemin) under the Ministry of Energy and Mines.

Mining has contributed to environmental conflict in Ecuador; and Indigenous-led popular uprisings have made demands for Indigenous consultation on mining projects and increased protection for land and water. During 2012, Indigenous leaders organised a two week march to the capital in protests of mining concessions granted to China. In June 2022, protestors halted production at Mirador copper mine by blockading entry roads as part of a larger national uprising that made multiple demands on the Ecuadorian government, including a moratorium on the expansion of mining and oil projects.

Mining Reform under Correa (2007-17)
Policies during President Rafael Correa's first six years in office slowed mining activity, despite his plans to develop the industry. A mining law passed in 2008 set ambiguous standards for mining contracts, requiring mining companies to negotiate royalty payments with the government. Analysts concluded that the lack of clarity in the legislation would discourage foreign investment. A later mining law passed on 13 June 2013 made Ecuador much more lucrative for foreign investors, imposing an 8% ceiling on the previously open-ended royalties and reducing windfall taxes that had led mining companies to withdraw from the Fruta del Norte gold mine.

Soon after the 2013 law had passed, it was reported that several indigenous groups in opposition of large-scale mining planned to take their cases to the international courts later in the year. Led by Carlos Perez, Ecuador's Confederation of Peoples of Kichwa Nationality (ECUARUNARI) had already filed a domestic lawsuit. Perez said, "Mining activity affects our ancestral territories. We will do everything to defend our land and our people. We will go to the Human Rights Commission and, if necessary, to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, asking for protective measures." The  Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE) "also filed a suit before the constitutional court asking for a law to carry out prelegislative consultation for people that could be affected by mining." Their president, Humberto Cholango, didn't rule out going to the international courts.

Copper and silver mining

Mirador

San Carlos-Panantza

Gold mining

References

Economy of Ecuador
Environment of Ecuador


Wind Capital Group was a wind power developer founded in 2005 by Missouri native Tom Carnahan.

Developed wind farms

Blue Grass Ridge Wind Farm

On January 31, 2006, Wind Capital Group announced the planned construction of Blue Grass Ridge Wind Farm near King City in Gentry County, Missouri. Construction of the 27 Suzlon wind turbines began in late 2006 and completed in 2007. Financing was provided by John Deere. Blue Grass Ridge is the first commercial scale wind farm in Missouri. The wind energy produced is purchased by Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.

Conception Wind Farm
In early 2008 the Conception Wind Farm was completed. Conception is near Conception Junction in Nodaway County, Missouri.  Like Blue Grass Ridge before it, Conception was constructed with Suzlon turbines, financed by John Deere, and the power is sold to Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.

Cow Branch Wind Energy Center
Also in 2008, the Cow Branch Wind Energy Center began operations. Cow Branch is near Tarkio in Atchison County, Missouri. This wind farm was also constructed with Suzlon turbines, financed by John Deere, and sells power to Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.

Loess Hills Wind Farm
The Loess Hills Wind Farm was completed in the spring of 2008. This wind farm is much smaller than Wind Capital Group's three other operating wind farms in northwest Missouri. Nevertheless, Loess Hills garnered national and international attention because it produces more power for the town of Rock Port than the town and its residents use.  Therefore, Rock Port has been called the first 100% wind powered town in America. The Loess Hills Wind Farm has been featured on National Public Radio, CNN, ABC World News Tonight, and the International Herald Tribune.

Lost Creek Ridge Wind Farm
In April 2009, Wind Capital Group announced that the Lost Creek Wind Farm was to be built south of the Blue Grass Ridge Wind Farm in DeKalb County, Missouri. Vice President Joe Biden and Commerce Secretary Gary Locke were on hand at the announcement in Jefferson City, Missouri. Lost Creek Ridge will have a 150 megawatt nameplate capacity.  The project received $107 million in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 funds.  The project became a campaign issue in the United States Senate election in Missouri, 2010 when Roy Blunt charged that Tom Carnahan through his sister Robin Carnahan had used family connections to get the funds. The Carnahans deny their family connections played a role in the federal renewable energy grant. Lost Creek was put up for sale in 2014, along with the Post Rock wind farm, and eventually sold to Pattern Energy.

Buffalo Creek Wind Farm
In December 2007 Wind Capital Group announced the sale of the Buffalo Creek Wind Farm near the town of Latimer in Franklin County, Iowa. The construction ready site was purchased by Interstate Power and Light, with the first 100 megawatts planned to be constructed by 2010.

Bent Tree Wind Farm
In March 2009 Wind Capital Group announced the sale of their second wind farm outside of Missouri. At 400 megawatts, Bent Tree is Wind Capital Group's largest developed wind farm to date. Wisconsin Power and Light Company purchased the wind farm and intends to begin construction on the first 200 megawatts in mid-2009. Bent Tree is located near Hartland in Freeborn County, Minnesota.

Post Rock Wind Farm
The Post Rock Wind Farm is a 201 megawatt in Ellsworth and Lincoln counties of Kansas. Operation in 2012, selling all of its electricity to Westar Energy under a 20-year power purchase agreement. The windfarm was financed by GE Capital, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and Union Bank and uses 134 GE turbines. Post Rock was put up for sale in 2014, along with the Lost Creek wind farm, and eventually sold to Pattern Energy.

Partnership
In early 2008 Wind Capital Group formed a partnership with NTR plc. NTR invested $150 million into the company and also committed to supply Wind Capital Group with 150 megawatts of wind turbines.  NTR was then the majority owner of the company. The relationship with NTR ended with Wind Capital selling the Post Rock and Lost Creek wind farms to Pattern Energy in 2015 for $244 million.

Status
In 2014 Wind Capital Group announced that would be winding down development operations as parent NTR focused on Europe.

References

External links
Website
Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Blue Grass Ridge slide show from Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc.

Wind power companies of the United States
Wind power in Missouri
Organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Missouri


For statistics in probability theory, the Boolean-Poisson model  or simply Boolean model for a random subset of the plane (or higher dimensions, analogously) is one of the simplest and most tractable models in stochastic geometry.  Take a Poisson point process of rate  in the plane and make each point be the center of a random set; the resulting union of overlapping sets is a realization of the Boolean model .  More precisely, the parameters are  and a probability distribution on compact sets; for each point  of the Poisson point process we pick a set  from the distribution, and then define  as the union
 of translated sets.

To illustrate tractability with one simple formula, the mean density of  equals  where  denotes the area of  and   The classical theory of stochastic geometry develops many further formulae.

As related topics, the case of constant-sized discs is the basic model of continuum percolation
and the low-density Boolean models serve as a first-order approximations in the
study of extremes in many models.

References

Spatial processes


The Quincy family  was a prominent political family in Massachusetts from the mid-17th century through to the early 20th century. It is connected to the Adams political family through Abigail Adams.

The family estate was in Mount Wollaston, first independent, then part of Braintree, Massachusetts, and now the city of Quincy. The remaining pieces of the Quincy homestead are the Josiah Quincy House and the Dorothy Quincy Homestead, after the land was broken up into building lots called Wollaston Park in the 19th century and the Josiah Quincy Mansion was demolished in 1969.

The names of President John Quincy Adams, several American towns, , Quincy House at Harvard, Quincy House in Washington, D.C., and Quincy Market in Boston are among the legacies of the Quincy family name.

Members

Edmund Quincy (1602–1636) I, who emigrated to Boston 1633 and settled Mount Wollaston 1635, married Judith Pares (d. 1654)
Judith Quincy (1626–1695), married John Hull (1624–1683), merchant and Massachusetts Bay Colony politician
Edmund Quincy (1628–1698) II, who built the Dorothy Quincy House (1685), married Joanna Hoar (1625–1680) and remarried to Elizabeth Gookin Eliot (1645–1700)
Daniel Quincy (1651–1690), Boston merchant and ker, married Anna Shephard (1663–1708)
Anna Quincy (1685–1717), married John Holman (1679–1759)
Colonel John Quincy (1689–1767): Quincy, Massachusetts and John Quincy Adams were both named in his honor. Quincy was Abigail Adams' grandfather. He was John Quincy Adams' great-grandfather. John married Elizabeth Norton (1696–1769) of Hingham, daughter of Rev. John Norton, pastor of Old Ship Church.
Norton Quincy (1716–1801), public servant, recluse, married Martha Salisbury (1727–1748)
Anna Quincy (1719–1799), married John Thaxter (1721–1802) of Hingham
Elizabeth Quincy (1721–1775), married the Reverend William Smith (1707–1783) of the First Church of Weymouth
Mary Smith (1741–1811), married Richard Cranch (1726–1811)
Abigail Smith (1744–1818), married John Adams (1735–1826), second president of the United States
Abigail Adams (1765–1813), "Nabby" married William Stephens Smith (1755–1816)
John Quincy Adams (1767–1848), sixth president of the United States, married Louisa Catherine Johnson (1775–1852)
Charles Francis Adams Sr. (1807–1886), married Abigail Brooks (1808–1889)
John Quincy Adams II (1833–1894), lawyer and politician
Charles Francis Adams Jr. (1835–1915), Civil War general, president of Union Pacific Railroad (1884–1890)
Charles Francis Adams III (1866–1954), 44th Secretary of the Navy, mayor of Quincy, Massachusetts
Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918), married Marian Hooper (1843–1885)
Mary Gardiner Adams (1845–1928), married Henry Parker Quincy (1838–1899)
Susanna Boylston Adams (1768–1770)
Charles Adams (1770–1800), married Sarah Smith
Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832), Massachusetts Representative, justice, married Ann Harrod
William Smith (1746–1787), married Catherine Louise Salmon (1749–1824)
Elizabeth Smith (1750–1815), married John Shaw (1748–1794), remarried to Stephen Peabody (1741–1819)
Lucy Quincy (1729–1785), married Cotton Tufts (1732–1815)
John Quincy (1652–1674)
Joanna Quincy (1654–1695), married Lieut. David Hobart (1651–1717) of Hingham
Judith Quincy (1655–1679), married John Rayner (1643–1676)
Ruth Quincy (1658–1698), married John Hunt
Edmund Quincy (1681–1737) III, married Dorothy Flynt (1678–1737)
Edmund Quincy (1703–1788) IV, married Elizabeth Wendell (1704–1769) partner with brother Josiah Quincy (1710–1784)
Edmund Quincy (1726–1782) V, businessman and land developer, married Anna Huske, remarried to Mehitabel Temple, remarried to Hannah Gannett
Henry Quincy (1727–1780), married Mary Salter, remarried to Eunice Newell
Abraham Quincy (1728–1756)
Elizabeth Quincy (1729–1770), married Samuel Sewall (1715–1771)
Katherine Quincy (b. 1733)
Dr. Jacob Quincy (1734–1773), married Elizabeth Williams
Sarah Quincy (1736–1790), married General William Greenleaf
Esther Quincy (1738–1810), married Jonathan Sewall (1728–1796), last royal attorney general of Massachusetts
Dorothy Quincy (1747–1830), married John Hancock (1737–1793), remarried to Captain James Scott (1746–1809)
Elizabeth Quincy (1706–1746), married John Wendell (1703–1762)
Dorothy Quincy (1709–1762), "Dorothy Q" of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., married Edward Jackson (1707–1757), Boston merchant and manufacturer
Mary Jackson (1740–1804), married Oliver Wendell (1733–1818)
Sarah Wendell married the Reverend Abiel Holmes (1763–1837)
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809–1894), married Amelia Lee Jackson
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841–1935), jurist
Jonathan Jackson (1743–1810), merchant and Continental Congress delegate from Massachusetts, married Sarah Barnard (d. 1770), remarried to Hannah Tracy (d. 1797)
Edward Jackson (1768–1777)
Henry Jackson (1774–1806), married Hannah Swett (1774–1850)
Charles Jackson (1775–1855), married Amelia Lee(d. 1808), remarried to Frances Cabot
Amelia Lee Jackson (d. 1888), married Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. (1809–1894)
Hannah Jackson, married Francis Cabot Lowell (1775–1817)
Sarah Jackson, married John Gardner (1770–1825)
Dr. James Jackson (1777–1867), married Elizabeth Cabot, remarried to Sarah Cabot
Patrick Tracy Jackson (1780–1847), married Lydia Cabot
Colonel Josiah Quincy I (1710–1784), Revolutionary War soldier, built the Josiah Quincy House, married Hanna Sturgis (1712–1755), remarried to Elizabeth Waldron (1722–1760), remarried to Ann Marsh (1723–1805)
Edmund Quincy (1733–1768), Boston merchant died at sea in West Indies
Samuel Quincy (1735–1789), attorney and barrister, solicitor general, loyalist exile, married Hannah Hill (1734–1782) who was a revolutionary and stayed in Massachusetts during her husband's exile, remarried to Mary Ann Chadwell
Hannah Quincy (1736–1826), "Orlinda" of John Adams diaries, married Bela Lincoln (1734–1773), Hingham physician, brother of General Benjamin Lincoln; remarried to Ebenezer Storer (1730–1807), deacon of Brattle Street Church and treasurer of Harvard College
Josiah Quincy II (1744–1775), attorney, "the Patriot", newspaper propagandist, died at sea returning from mission to London, married Abigail Phillips (1745–1798), daughter of William Phillips Sr. (1722–1804)
Josiah Quincy III (1772–1864), president of Harvard University (1829–1845), U.S. Representative (1805–1813), mayor of Boston (1823–1828), married Eliza Susan Morton (1773–1850)
Eliza Susan Quincy (1798–1884), eldest of "five articulate sisters", artist, archivist and historian
Josiah Quincy Jr. (1802–1882), mayor of Boston (1846–1848), built the Josiah Quincy Mansion, married Mary Jane Miller (1806–1874)
Josiah Phillips Quincy (1829–1910), poet, writer, publicist, married Helen Frances Huntington (1831–1903)
Josiah Quincy (1859–1919), General Court representative, assistant secretary of the Navy, mayor of Boston (1895–1899), married Ellen Krebs Tyler (1862–1904)
 (1903–1997), artist
Helen Quincy (b. 1861)
Frances Huntington Quincy (1870–1933), essayist and author, married Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe (1864–1960)
Quincy Howe (1900–1977), news analyst, author
Helen Huntington Howe (1905–1975), monologuist, novelist, married Reginald Allen
Mark DeWolfe Howe (1906–1967), Harvard law professor, historian, biographer, civil rights leader
Mabel Quincy
Violet Quincy
Samuel Miller Quincy (1833–1887), lawyer, historian, Civil War soldier, and 28th mayor of New Orleans (May 5, 1865 – June 8, 1865)
Mary Apthorp Quincy (1834–1883), married Benjamin Apthorp Gould
Susan Quincy Gould (b. 1862)
Lucretia Gould (b. 1864)
Alice Bache Gould (b. 1868)
Benjamin Apthorp Gould (b. 1870)
Maria Gould (b. 1872)
Abigail Phillips Quincy (1803–1893), last Quincy to occupy the Josiah Quincy House
Maria Sophia Quincy (1805–1886)
Margaret Morton Quincy (1806–1882), married Benjamin Daniel Greene (1793–1862), traveler and botanist
Edmund Quincy (1808–1877), diarist, lecturer, author, abolitionist, married Lucilla Pinckney Parker (1810–1860), daughter of prominent Boston merchant Daniel Pinckney Parker
Edmund Quincy (1834–1894), civil engineer
Henry Parker Quincy (1838–1899), Harvard MD, "anatomical draughtsman", married Mary Gardiner Adams (1845–1928)
Mary Quincy (b. 1841)
Anna Cabot Lowell Quincy (1812–1899), youngest of the "articulate sisters", married Robert Cassie Waterston (1812–1899), Boston clergyman who gave his library to the Massachusetts Historical Society
Elizabeth Quincy (1757–1825), married Benjamin Guild (1749–1792)
Ann Quincy (1763–1844), married Asa Packard (1758–1843)
John Quincy (b.1683)
Mary Quincy (1684–1716), married Daniel Baker (1686–1731)

Notes and references

Political families of the United States

American families of English ancestry


Tomboy was a comic strip which originally appeared in Cor!! and also appeared in Buster.

The comic strip was about a girl who looked and acted like a boy, hence the name.  The plots mainly centred on typical problems which young boys would possibly find themselves in, only the twist was that it centred on a girl and not a boy.

Comic strips missing date information
Fleetway and IPC Comics strips
British comic strips