Skellig (known in North America as Skellig: The Owl Man) is a 2009 British fantasy film directed by Annabel Jankel, and starring Tim Roth and Bill Milner. The screenplay by Irena Brignull is based on David Almond's novel of the same name.

Plot
Secondary school student Michael Cooper moves with his parents and newborn sister to a decrepit house. Michael feels pushed out by them, while they accompany their daughter. Michael enters the dilapidated garden shed, where he meets Skellig. Louise has been occupied for premature labour. Michael helps by calling an ambulance, but blames himself. Louise sends the girl to a hospital some time later. Dave plans to remove the shed. The girl becomes sick with a potentially fatal heart problem. Michael befriends a girl named Mina. Louise blames Dave for moving into the house. After Dave sets the shed ablaze, Michael and Skellig move to the woods near Mina's house, where he shows her his burned hand. Michael and Mina take Skellig to a tall tower and examine his owl wings. They hold hands with him and fly mystically around in a circle. It is revealed that Skellig can use magic as Michael's hand is cured. Michael talks to Grace, an old lady whom he talks to every time he is at the hospital to visit with the new baby. He promises her that he will visit her. The next day when the baby goes in for the operation, he goes to visit Grace, but she died in her sleep the night before. He runs to Skellig and tells him to cure the girl like his hand. To prove that he can heal her, Michael jumps off the tower, but Skellig saves and tells him to fall asleep while flying and he does. Skellig goes to the hospital unnoticed and walks into the baby's room. He picks the girl from her cot and does as before: flies off the ground and spins around as she lies sleeping in his arms. This miraculously cures the baby, and he returns it to the family. When Michael asks their name, they tell him they cannot find the right one, and he names her Grace. The family return to the house where her room is bright yellow, and Dave works on it while Grace was in hospital. (The baby is named Joy after William Blake's novel poem) Skellig accompanies Michael and Mina at the tower.

Cast
 Tim Roth as Skellig
 Bill Milner as Michael Cooper
 Skye Bennett as Mina
 Kelly Macdonald as Louise
 John Simm as Dave
 Jermaine Allen as Leakey
 Edna Doré as Grace
 Eros Vlahos as Coot
 Alexander Armstrong as Mr. Hunt
 Navin Chowdhry as Mr. Watson
 Nickie Rainsford as Mina's mother
 Tameka Empson as Nurse #1
 Lisa Zahra as Nurse #2
 Corey Brown as Schoolboy

Production
The film was part of Sky 1's plan to invest £10 million in producing three new high-definition dramas. Filming started on 2 September 2008 in Caerphilly in Wales with scenes shot in and around Cardiff, Wales. Cast members included Roth, Milner, Skye Bennett, Kelly Macdonald and John Simm. The film was scripted by Irena Brignull and directed by Annabel Jankel. It aired on Sky 1 on 12 April 2009.

Awards
 Won - Cinekid Film Award - Honorable Mention
 Nominated - RTS Television Award for Best Effects in Picture Enhancement
 Nominated - RTS Television Award for Best Effects in Special Effects
 Nominated - RTS Television Award for Best Make-Up Design
 Nominated - VES Awards for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Mini-Series or Series
 Nominated - PI.CA for Everything

Notes

External links

2009 films
2009 television films
2000s British films
2000s coming-of-age films
2000s fantasy drama films
British drama television films
British coming-of-age films
British fantasy drama films
British fantasy television films
Films based on British novels
Films based on children's books
Films directed by Annabel Jankel
Films shot in Wales
Magic realism films
Sky UK original programming


The 1861 New York state election was held on November 5, 1861, to elect the Secretary of State, the State Comptroller, the New York State Attorney General, the State Treasurer, the State Engineer, a Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, two Canal Commissioners and an Inspector of State Prisons, as well as all members of the New York State Assembly and the New York State Senate.

History
The "Independent People's" state convention met on September 10 at Syracuse, New York with the intention to nominate a ticket which would be endorsed by the Republican state convention which was due to meet at the same city on the following day. The convention was dominated by the old Hunkers/Hard faction of the Democratic Party (which had supported John C. Breckinridge for the Presidency the year before, and had been reduced to a small minority at the 1860 New York state election) and the Greeley Republicans.

The Republican state convention met on September 11 at Syracuse, New York and endorsed the Independent People's ticket with the exception of Frederick A. Tallmadge. The Republicans preferred the incumbent Canal Commissioner Benjamin F. Bruce to be re-nominated.

Results
The whole jointly nominated part of the "Union" ticket was elected, only the Democratic candidate for short-term Canal Commissioner William W. Wright was elected due to the split of the "Union" ticket.

The incumbents Floyd-Jones, Richmond, Comstock and Bruce were defeated.

22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected to a two-year term (1862–63) in the New York State Senate.

The New York State Assembly of 1862 was almost evenly divided between Republicans and Democrats, most of whom had been elected on the "Union" ticket. There was a small majority of Republicans.

Sources
Result in The Tribune Almanac 1862
The Union ticket:  in Harper's Weekly, September 28, 1861, pg. 611
The tickets:  in NYT on November 5, 1861 (giving "Low" instead of Lord)

Notes

See also
New York state elections

1861

New York
November 1861 events


Chlosyne lacinia, the bordered patch or sunflower patch, is a North and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.

Description

The bordered patch is an extremely variable butterfly. The upperside of the wings is mainly black with the forewing having rows of white and/or yellow-orange spots of varying sizes. There is usually one whitish spot in the forewing cell. The hindwing has many color variations. Those variations can be: almost completely black to having some red postmedian spots to having a few rows of white postmedian spots to having an all red-orange discal area to having a yellow-orange postmedian band of varying width. The underside of the wings is just as variable as the upperside. It varies from having a few rows of white and red spots to having a yellow-white hindwing median band of varying width to the underside being mostly golden yellow with large yellow-orange spots and a thick golden-yellow median band. All of these variations have a red spot near the hindwing tornus. Its wingspan ranges from .

Similar species
Similar species in the bordered patch's range include the crimson patch (Chlosyne janais), the rosita patch (Chlosyne rosita), and the red-spotted patch (Chlosyne marina).

The crimson patch is larger, the upperside of the forewing has two spots in the cell, and the underside of the hindwing has a yellow basal patch with black spots in it.

The upperside of the rosita patch's hindwing has a basal patch which is often two toned, and the underside of the hindwing is mostly pale yellow with a thick black marginal border.

The red-spotted patch has a row of red marginal spots on the upperside, and underside of the hindwing.

Habitat

The bordered patch may be encountered in habitats such as desert hills, mesquite woodlands, pinyon woodlands, and oak woodlands. In North America, this species prefers to inhabit agricultural areas and weedy wastelands where the preferred host plant Helianthus annuus occurs.

Flight
This species is found from May to October in California, late January to mid-November in Arizona, and all year in southern Texas.

Life cycle

Males will find females by awaiting them on hilltops. Females will lay their eggs in clusters of about 100 or more on the underside of host plant leaves. The eggs are pale yellow green but later turn a reddish color. The young larvae feed together and but do not make a nest. They will become solitary when older. The larva is as variable as the adult. It ranges from mostly orange with black spines and stripes to black with a red-orange mid-dorsal stripe to almost all black. All variations have a red-orange head. The chrysalis varies from almost all white to white with black markings to nearly all black. The third instar larva hibernates and also estivates. The bordered patch has three or four broods per year.

Host plants
Here is a list of host plants used by the bordered patch:

 Common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia
 Giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida var. texana
 Baltimora species
 Straggler daisy, Calyptocarpus vialis
 bonesets, Eupatorium spies
 Indian blanketflower, Gaillardia pulchella
 Sunflower, Helianthus annuus
 Silverleaf sunflower, Helianthus argophyllus
 Texas blueweed, Helianthus ciliaris
 Cucumberleaf sunflower, Helianthus debilis
 Maximilian sunflower, Helianthus maximiliani
 Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus
 Camphor weed, Heterotheca latifolia
 Showy palafox, Palafoxia sphacelata
 Santa Maria feverfew, Parthenium hysterophorus
 Crown-beard, Verbesina encelioides
 Xanthium pennsylvanicum
 Orange zexmenia, Zexmenia hispida

References

Butterflies of North America
lacinia
Nymphalidae of South America
Butterflies described in 1837
Taxa named by Carl Geyer


The Morea revolt of 1453–1454 was a failed peasant rebellion carried out against the rule of the brothers Thomas and Demetrios Palaiologos, rulers of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese peninsula.

Background

The Byzantine Empire had ruled over the Morea for centuries before the rebellion. During this time, several thousand Albanians had settled in the area. After the Battle of Varna in 1444, the Ottoman Turks had a free hand in dealing with the remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which had been in decline for over a century. In 1446, the Ottomans invaded the Byzantine Morea which was then jointly administrated by the two brothers, the Despots Constantine and Thomas Palaiologos. The brothers successfully resisted the invasion, but at the cost of devastating the countryside of the Morea, and the Turks carrying off 60,000 Greek civilians back to their territory. Murad II, the Ottoman Sultan, concluded a peace treaty which resulted in the brothers paying a heavy tribute to the Turks, accepting vassalage to them and a promise not to oppose them in the future, for Murad had to deal with his own internal conflicts elsewhere.

Upon the death of Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos in Constantinople in October 1448, the imperial throne fell to Constantine, who was crowned on 6 January 1449 in Mystras before departing for the capital. Two months later, he assumed his new role in Constantinople as Emperor Constantine XI. His younger brothers, Thomas and Demetrius remained in charge of the Morea as joint Despots in his place. Despite assurances to Constantine that they would pledge support to one another, both Thomas and Demetrius coveted the other's lands – in addition, they pressed claims against Venetian port possessions in the Morea, alienating the only power capable of aiding them in resisting the Turks. The mutual hostility went to the point that both despots requested military aid from the Turks against the other. During the final siege of Constantinople, the new Sultan, Mehmed II invaded the Morea again as a distraction to prevent the brothers sending any provisions to Constantinople.

The revolt
Shortly after the fall of Constantinople and the death of the last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI, a large-scale revolt broke out among the Moreote Albanians against the two brothers, Thomas and Demetrius II, due to the chronic insecurity and tribute payment to the Turks. The Albanians mustered some 30,000 men under Peter Bua, and quickly sent envoys to the Venetians, promising to place themselves under the Republic. The Venetian Senate quickly resolved to support this plea and send an ambassador to the rebels, but for reasons that are not fully clear this was not done; perhaps the Venetians feared that their interference in the Morea would result in war with the Ottomans. In the summer of 1454, another Venetian ambassador, Vettore Capello, was instead sent to the Morea to negotiate with all parties and try to purchase strategically important port cities for the Republic.

The Albanians were soon joined by the local Greek magnates, who chose Manuel Kantakouzenos, a former governor of the Mani Peninsula and likely a grandson of the earlier Despot Matthew Kantakouzenos, as their leader. As the common Despot of both Greeks and Albanians, Kantakouzenos adopted the Albanian first name Ghin, and his wife Maria that of Cuchia. In Thomas' dominions, another revolt broke out, led by Giovanni Asen Zaccaria, the son of the last Prince of Achaea Centurione II Zaccaria, who had already led a failed uprising in the past and had been imprisoned by Thomas, but managed to escape.

As the Sultan's vassals, the despots called upon Turkish aid, and Omar, the son of the Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turakhan Beg arrived in December 1453. After scoring a victory against the rebels, he departed, having secured the release of his brother Ahmed, who had been captured by the Byzantines in 1452. The revolt did not subside however, and in October 1454 Turakhan himself was forced to intervene. After sacking a few fortresses, the rebellious populace capitulated. Turakhan advised the two Palaiologoi to settle their differences and rule well, and then departed the peninsula. Tribute was reinstated to the same levels and the Despots were to continue their vassalage as before. As for the rebel leaders, Bua was pardoned by Mehmet and later became a spokesperson for the Albanian people, Zaccaria fled and ended up as a pensioner in Venice and later the Papal Court, while Kantakouzenos escaped and disappeared from history.

References

Sources
Nicolas Cheetham, Mediaeval Greece, Yale University Press, New Havan & London (1981)

George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, (1969)

1450s in the Byzantine Empire
1453 in Europe
1454 in Europe
15th-century rebellions
Byzantine–Ottoman wars
Greek rebellions
Peasant revolts
Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
Despotate of the Morea
Conflicts in 1453
Conflicts in 1454
Albanian rebellions


Biological Procedures Online is a peer-reviewed, biomedical protocols journal that is open access and published online only. Biological Procedures Online publishes protocols in research techniques and applications of existing techniques; validity analysis of research methods and approaches for judging the validity of research reports; hypothesis development and experimental design; application of common research methods; and reviews of techniques. The editor-in-chief of the journal is Bolin Liu, and the editorial board members are Marxa Figueiredo,Julie Gehl, David Gewirtz, Todd Giorgio, Ching-Hung Hsu, Sek-Wen W Hui, Robert Kapsa, Hans-Peter Kiem, Hamed Kioumarsi, Song Li, David Liberles, Vinata B Lokeshwar, Claudio Luparello, J. Michael Mathis, Lluis Mir, Tom Misteli, Craig Nunemaker, Mauro Provinciali, Rajagopal Ramesh, Paul Shapshak, and Liangfang Zhang. Chunxia Su, Shaomian Yao, Chindo Hicks, Runhua Liu, and Gangadhara R Sareddy serve as associate editors for the journal.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.244.

History
Biological Procedures Online was founded in 1997 by Mark Reimer, a surgeon at the University of Waterloo, Canada, and Irem Ali, now Director of Operations for Biological Procedures. The journal began publishing peer-reviewed articles the following year. The journal was accepted into the Web of Science in 2007. In 2009, Springer Science+Business Media began publishing the journal.

References

External links
 Biological Procedures Online

English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1997
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Biology journals


Shachong Station (), formerly Fangcun Dadao Station () when planning, is a station on the Guangfo Metro. It is located at the underground of the junction of Huanhua Road () and Fangcun Avenue East () in Fangcun, Liwan District, Guangzhou. It entered operation on December 28, 2015.

Station layout

Exits

References

Guangzhou Metro stations in Liwan District
Foshan Metro stations
Railway stations in China opened in 2015


Hans-Hasso Ludolf Martin von Veltheim-Ostrau (born Cologne , died Utersum ) was a German Indologist, Anthroposophist, Far East traveler, occultist and author.

Family
He came from an old Lower Saxon family of nobility, which was first documented in 1160 at Veltheim in Lower Saxony. He was the son of the royal Prussian lieutenant colonel and landowner Franz von Veltheim (1856–1927), laird of Ostrau and Weissandt and Anhalt ducal chamberlain, and his first wife Klara Herbertz (1860–1925) from Cologne.

Veltheim married 7 October 1916 in Leverkusen Hildegard Duisberg (* November 18, 1893 in Elberfeld, died 1964), daughter of Johanna Seebohm and Carl Duisberg, Director General of IG Farben. The marriage was divorced on 28 January 1924 in Berlin. His daughter Michaela von Busse died on 11 February 1940 as a result of the birth of his grandson, her son Michael.

Friends
Veltheim attracted worldwide friendship networks and his celebrity garnered him many contacts. The philosopher Hermann Graf Keyserling and the Berlin Chief Rabbi Leo Baeck were counted amongst his friends. He devoted himself to Eastern culture, anthroposophy, occultism and spirituality. He was a friend of authors like Hermann Kasack, Hans Henny Jahnn and Grigol Robakidze who wrote books when Veltheim's guest at Ostrau. The artist Alastair was a friend from his early years in Munich whom he supported throughout his life.

Outside Ostrau and on his travels he came into contact with personalities such as Mahatma Gandhi, Aristide Briand, Anthony Eden, Walther Rathenau, Gustav Stresemann, with numerous scientists and artists such as Gerhart Hauptmann, Rainer Maria Rilke, Stefan George, Richard Strauss, Arno Breker and Oswald Spengler. He was a friend of the poet Sir Muhammad Iqbal from their student days in Munich and happened to visit Iqbal the day before Iqbal died, in India.

Life
He studied art history and obtained his Ph D on Burgundische Kleinkirchen bis zum Jahre 1200 (small churches in Burgundy until 1200). During the Eulenburg affair he tried to bring Maximilian Harden to reason with a long conversation in April 1908. Since 1907 his hobby had been ballooning, resulting in his fighting as an airship officer during World War I. He then became a scholar of Rudolf Steiner and was a lifetime follower of his esoteric spiritual movement, anthroposophy. After the war he was first the head of a small publishing house in Munich, then an art and antiques dealer in Berlin. In Munich he came into contact with the influential literary group George-Kreis. The author Alfred Schuler died in his arms in 1923. In 1925 he financially supported the physician Magnus Hirschfeld, an outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, with whom he had been in contact since 1909. He stood up for many of his homosexual artist friends, financially and with moral courage when they were prosecuted.

In 1927 he inherited Ostrau Castle and its large agricultural estate near Halle. He had the castle extensively renovated and furnished with his collections of antiques, expressionist paintings (such as Marsden Hartley's Light House) as well as ethnological objects from all over the world. Until the Second World War, he turned his home into a meeting place for scientists, writers, artists, esotericists, politicians, musicians, dancers, and numerous visitors from Asia, especially India. Initially his interests revolved around China, which he was never to set foot in and whose art and philosophy he was taught by the Sinologist Richard Wilhelm, but gradually India came to the fore, especially through theosophical and spiritual contacts. Through Annie Besant who called the gigantic grand-seigneur „my crusader“, he came close to theosophy, especially to the world savior, whom she temporarily postulated, Jiddu Krishnamurti, who stayed in Ostrau for a week in 1931. But he also maintained good contacts with influential politicians of the Weimar Republic, such as the President of the Reichstag Paul Löbe and a number of cabinet ministers, as well as with domestic and foreign diplomats who visited and invited him. The papal nuntius (and later pope Pius XII) Eugenio Pacelli was known to him from his Munich and Berlin times.

After Adolf Hitler's rise to power, numerous members of his circle of friends emigrated from 1933, like the dancers Harald Kreutzberg and Kurt Jooss or the Indologist Heinrich Zimmer and the anthroposophist Eugen Kolisko, others were harassed by the Nazi regime. Nevertheless, he tried to maintain his cosmopolitan intellectual meeting place, which he succeeded in doing thanks to clever private diplomacy and influential contacts. He hosted a synod of the Christian Community in 1935, when it was already threatened by closure. Many of his guests stayed for weeks, sometimes months. During the day people worked, in the evenings there were large discussions or artistic performances. Veltheim had - in addition to high intellect and deep education - the talent to respond intensively to each of his guests and to give them his full attention. Ostrau's charisma as an intellectual meeting point soon extended far beyond Germany. Among his guests were Ambalal Sarabhai, Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy, Ram Nath Chopra and many other Indian visitors.

In spite of foreign exchange controls and travel restrictions, he managed to undertake a number of trips abroad, supported by a friend in the Foreign Department. In order to enable these, as well as to protect his cosmopolitan center, he even joined the NSDAP in 1937. These travels included two trips to London for the World Congress of Faiths organized by Francis Younghusband, to Chicago for the World's Fair Century of Progress, and two trips to Asia. On the first in 1935/36, he met Sivananda Saraswati whose business expansion and personality cult he later criticized. On the second, 1937−39, he travelled to Bombay and Calcutta for a conference of the Indian Science Congress Association, then to Afghanistan (where Shah Mahmud Khan, who had been his guest in Ostrau in 1936, received him like a state guest, as did several Indian courts), further on to Nepal (then almost inaccessible), Burma, British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Java, Singapore and Bali (where he visited Walter Spies). The outbreak of World War II prevented his planned onward journey to China, Japan and the USA. He had to return to Germany via Egypt, Libya, Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands (where he once again visited the exiled Emperor Wilhelm II, whom his mother had known well).

He had been sending his travel diaries home, where they were duplicated on matrices and sent in 500 to 750 copies to his circle of acquaintances, including the Foreign Office. Upon his return, he set about revising and looking for book publication opportunities. The war hindered this project as well as the continuation of his conference activities. He spent the war years on his estate, only visited by a few friends, but was always well informed about the war situation through foreign broadcasters and contacts with soldiers at the front. He provided spiritual support to his cousin Elisabeth von Thadden in letters before she was executed as a resistance fighter against the Nazi régime in September 1944, as was his close friend Carl Wentzel.

After the Second World War, the American occupying forces immediately took Veltheim's advice to administer the region. In June 1945, he traveled with Erhard Hübener to US headquarters in Frankfurt am Main, where Hübener was appointed governor of the province of Saxony by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. There, however, they also received certainty that parts of Central Germany would be surrendered to the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, which was planned for July. Nevertheless, Veltheim refused to flee, which had been recommended to him on many occasions, and stayed. At first the Soviets provided him with guards of honor, like the Americans before them, as a result of sovereign private diplomacy, such as Veltheim had used against National Socialism. The authorities in the Soviet occupation zone, who were not yet fully aligned with the communist party, initially employed Veltheim as trustee and manager of his palace and park; they even offered him a professorship at the University of Halle; his refusal to accept made it impossible for him to stay and he fled to the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany in November 1945. His castle was plundered and the land confiscated.

Hans-Hasso von Veltheim was cared for in the West by his ex-wife and friends from home and abroad. For years he stayed with different hosts who had once been his guests. A special relationship existed with Leo Baeck, the Jewish rabbi, scholar, and theologian whom he had known since 1923 and who came to Ostrau several times after 1933. Despite the strictest ban, Veltheim continued to visit the president of the umbrella organization of German Jews in Berlin until the end of 1942 and had food delivered to him until his deportation in January 1943. Baeck, in turn, sent him the newly created manuscript chapters of his work “This People Israel: the Meaning of Jewish Existence” to keep them safe. Before he fled in 1945, Veltheim handed it over to a state curator. After Baeck had miraculously survived the end of the war in a concentration camp and was able to emigrate to England and the US, they resumed their correspondence and now Baeck in return supported the refugee Veltheim financially.

From 1948 he worked on new manuscripts based on the reports sent and his memories, since his notes and film recordings were left (and lost) in Ostrau. The travel diaries, first published by Greven-Verlag in Cologne and then by Claassen-Verlag from 1951, received a great deal of attention in the press and were a sales success. His reports are written in a clear, understandable way, but they differ from many other travel reports by profound knowledge and deep empathy for the spirituality of the Orient. Spiritual leaders had discovered qualities in Veltheim that they usually looked for in vain in white people: unusual empathy, a certain mental training, sense of the occult, familiarity with meditation, the ability to recognize the aura of people and places and to face it with reverence. In their eyes, no one had absorbed as much enlightened Asia as he had.

Suffering severely from asthma, he died in 1956. His friend Udo von Alvensleben wrote: "Living in exile as a sannyasin, a propertyless pilgrim to the Absolute, seemed like an Asian finale. To be sure, he remained a European in that the problem confusion of our world continued to trouble his heart while his spirit carried out the final clarification." His urn was brought back to Ostrau in 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and buried in a crypt chapel in the Castle Church, which he had converted into an anthroposophical meditation room in 1933.

Works

Small Burgundian churches until the year 1200th Diss 1912
Diaries from Asia. Bali. Berlin: Suhrkamp 1943
Diaries from Asia. First part: Bombay, Calcutta, Kashmir, Afghanistan, the Himalayas, Nepal, Benares. 1935–1939. Greeve: Cologne 1952
The breath of India. Diaries from Asia. New Episode: Ceylon and southern India. Hamburg: Claasen 1954
Gods and people between India and China. Diaries from Asia. Part Three: Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaya, Java and Bali. Hamburg: *Claasen 1958 (posthumously)
What we look [,] we will be. Aphorisms. Frankfurt aM: Atharva-Verlag 1956

References
 Genealogical Handbook of the nobility, noble houses A Volume I, page 398, Volume 5 of the total number, CA Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1953, ISSN 0435-2408
 Karl Klaus Walther: Hans Hasso von Veltheim (biography), Mitteldeutscher Verlag (Central German Publisher), Halle (Saale), 2005 (308 pages)

1885 births
1956 deaths
Writers from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
German Indologists
Anthroposophists
German LGBT writers
Lower Saxon nobility
Prussian nobility
20th-century German people
German male non-fiction writers
Respiratory disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from asthma


Clickimin Loch is a loch in Shetland, Scotland, west of Lerwick. A Pictish fort from the 6th century called Clickimin Broch is located on a small islet at the southern end of the loch.

Clickimin Leisure Centre is at the north of the loch.

References

Lochs of Shetland
Lerwick


The word luz in Hebrew (Hebrew: לוז) means nut or almond, and refers to what some Jewish scholars assert is a bone that hosts the soul in the human body. Interpretations disagree as to whether it refers to a bone at the top or bottom of the spine. Some say it refers to the small, almond-shaped bone at the top of the spinal column (the first cervical vertebra, C1 or the Atlas), underneath the brain, on the top of the spine, (the bone where the knot of the tefillin rests). Other tradition however identified it with the coccyx, as a bone shaped like almond at the bottom and end of the eighteen vertebrae. The Talmud for example mentions a small bone at the end of the spine, identified as Luz by some. Julius Preuss discusses the Rabbinic views on this and agree that the Luz refer to the coccyx. Similarly, Saul Lieberman also mentioned that the very popular Jewish tradition identified Luz with the end of the spine and understand it to be the coccyx.

In the Kabbalah tradition, the Zohar states that the luz is the bone in the spine that appears like the head of a snake, implying that is the sacrum at the bottom of the spine, because the sacrum is the only bone in the spine that looks like the head of a snake. The sacrum has similar significance to the luz as a source of resurrection in Egyptian and Greek cultures contemporary to the Zohar and Talmud. The sacrum has a pattern of dimples and shape that appear similar to those of the almond shell.

Jewish traditions teach that this is the bone from which the body will be rebuilt at the time of resurrection, and share the idea that this bone does not decay.  Rabbi Shraga Simmons teaches that destruction of this bone by cremation could prevent resurrection.

Midrash
There is an aggadah (non-legalistic exegesis) in the Midrash that the Roman Emperor Hadrian asked how man would be revived in the world to come, and Rabbi Joshua Ben Hananiah replied that it would be "From Luz, in the back-bone." "Prove this to me," said Hadrian. Then the Rabbi took Luz, a small bone of the spine, and immersed it in water, but it was not softened; he put it into the fire, but it was not consumed; he put it into a mill, but it could not be pounded; he placed it upon an anvil and struck it with a hammer, but the anvil split and the hammer was broken.

References

External links
Jewish Encyclopedia article for Luz, by Solomon Schechter and J. Theodor.

Talmudic mythology
Bones of the vertebral column
Book of Ezekiel


The Château de Lichtenberg is a castle built on a singular prominence in the northern Vosges at the end of the village of Lichtenberg, Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. The castle was first mentioned in 1206 and is most well known as the home of the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg. It was left in ruins in 1870 after bombardment by Württemberg troops during the Franco-Prussian War, but was restored in the 1990s and is open to the public.

History
The castle is first mentioned in 1206, as home to the Lords of Lichtenberg. The Lichtenberg line passed to the Hanau family, who became the Counts of Hanau-Lichtenberg. In the late 16th century, Phillip IV of Hanau-Lichtenberg hired Daniel Specklin, who had designed the fortifications of Strasbourg, to turn the castle into a fortress to use and protect against a new weapon: the cannon. In 1678, the castle capitulated to French troops after an eight-day siege. Like most of the castles in the Alsace region, it came under the control of the Kingdom of France.

On 7–9 August 1870, during the course of the Franco-Prussian War, the Château de Lichtenberg was bombarded by artillery of Württemberg troops. A large fire broke out on the evening of 9 August, which destroyed much of the castle and forced its capitulation. In May 1871, the surrounding region was transferred to the newly formed German Empire. The castle became a French national historic site (monument historique) on 1 May 1878, although it remained within German territory until the end of the First World War, when it was returned to France.

The ruins of the Château de Lichtenberg were left for over a century, until a 52 million-franc (€8 million) restoration effort began in the early 1990s.

From 1996, two architects, Andrea Bruno and Jean Pierre Laubal, led a long campaign of work to restore the old parts and to create a new space for cultural activities, shows and exhibitions. The castle is owned by the commune of Lichtenberg and is run by the Pays de la Petite-Pierre community of communes.

See also
 List of castles in Alsace

References

External links

 Château de Lichtenberg - official site

Castles in Bas-Rhin
Monuments historiques of Bas-Rhin
Historic house museums in Grand Est
Museums in Bas-Rhin


Thackerville Public Schools is a PK-12 public school district based in the town of Thackerville, Oklahoma, United States.

In addition to Thackerville, the district also serves unincorporated areas in south-central Love County.

Thackerville's public schools are located on campus at the junction of U.S. Highway 77 and State Highway 153. Thackerville Elementary School serves students in grades Pre-Kindergarten through eight. Thackerville High School serves students in grades nine through twelve.

School districts in Oklahoma
Education in Love County, Oklahoma


Rob Bochnik (born 1973) is an American musician, audio engineer, singer and songwriter. He is guitarist with The Frames, has worked with The Swell Season, The Butcher Shop Quartet and records as a solo artist. He has worked on several projects as an audio engineer including the Grammy-nominated Once soundtrack and Set List, The Frames' 2003 live album.

Biography
Bochnik was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He is a graduate of DePaul University where he studied music, recording, and classical guitar. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree for sound recording technology with a minor in physics. While still a student, he adapted Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring to be playable by a classic rock quartet of two guitars, bass and drums.

During and after college, Bochnik played guitar in a local Chicago band called Garden Bower. He also played in The Butcher Shop Quartet, which arranged, recorded and performed the Rite of Spring, by Igor Stravinsky, for two guitars, bass and drums (rock band format). During this time he also worked at Steve Albini's recording studio, Electrical Audio. He worked there as an audio engineer and assisted in constructing the studios and maintaining them.

In 2002, he began playing guitar and touring with The Frames. In 2003 he was asked to join the band and has been recording and touring with them ever since. The Frames have toured the world and have shared billings with Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and Levon Helm.  In 2007, he released a solo album, Blowing Out the Cobwebs.  In 2008, he began touring with The Swell Season. He played guitar and mandolin on the band's current release "Strict Joy" and toured extensively with the band. Bochnik contributed to Marketa Irglova's debut album, *Anar (2011), and has toured with her through Europe and the States.

References

Further reading

1973 births
DePaul University alumni
American audio engineers
Living people
The Frames members
American rock guitarists


The 1897 Red River flood took place in April 1897, along the Red River resulting in significant damage to the city of Fargo, North Dakota. The conditions which led to the flood of 1897 were similar to the conditions behind the 2009 flood, however the 1897 flood was different in terms of the human response to it.  Although the river gauge was not installed on the Red River until 1901, other sources indicate that the crest of the 1897 flood at a site  downstream from the present Fargo gauge would have been 40.10 ft (with a discharge rate of 25,000 ft3/s) according to the present datum.

Until the 2009 flood, the 1897 flood was the highest water recorded in the Fargo-Moorhead area and has since served as the benchmark for which many other floods of the Red River were measured against.

Causes
In the spring of 1897 R.M. Probesfield took a measurement of  of snow on the ground in an area which was free from drifting; a value  higher than one taken prior to the 1861 flood.  Due to the level of measured snowfall a flood in the spring was expected.

River crests

External links
 Photographs of Flooding in the Fargo–Moorhead Region: 1897–1996
 Red River’s last record crest – 1897

References

19th-century floods in the United States
1890s floods
Natural disasters in North Dakota
Red_River_flood, 1897
Red_River_flood, 1897
Red River floods
Red River flood


Vincent Graves Greene (February 11, 1893 – July 22, 1988) was a Canadian philatelist, so prominent in the field of Canadian philately that he was often referred to as “Canada's Grand Old Man” by fellow philatelists.

Philatelic literature
Greene specialized in collecting postage stamps of Canada and the Canadian provinces and, in 1964, he and C. M. Jephcott and J. H. M. Young co-authored the book The Postal History of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 1754-1867.

Philatelic activity
Greene was very active in Canadian philately and was appointed chairman of CAPEX, the Canadian Philatelic Exposition, in 1951, 1978, and 1987. He participated in most of the major Canadian stamp societies, and international ones as well.

Honors and awards
Greene signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1963, received the Lichtenstein Medal in 1964. and was admitted to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1989.

Legacy
Greene established the Vincent Graves Greene Philatelic Foundation at Toronto in 1975.

See also
 Philatelic literature

References
 Bio of Vincent Graves Greene at the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame

1893 births
1988 deaths
Philatelic literature
Canadian philatelists
Canadian non-fiction writers
American Philatelic Society


Fast Life may refer to:
Fast Life (1929 film), a 1929 film starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Loretta Young
Fast Life (1932 film), a 1932 film starring William Haines and Madge Evans
Fast Life (David Murray album), a 1991 album by jazz musician David Murray
Fast Life (Paul Wall album), a 2009 album by American rapper Paul Wall
Fast Life (Hadise album), a 2009 album by Turkish/Belgian musician Hadise
Fastlife, a 2011 album by American recording artist Joe Jonas
Fast Life (Young Noble & Deuce Deuce album), a 2013 album by Young Noble & Deuce Deuce
"Fast Life" (Kool G Rap song), a 1995 song by American rapper Kool G Rap featuring Nas Escobar
"Fast Life" (Hadise song), a 2009 single by Turkish/Belgian musician Hadise
Fast Life (Re-Up Gang song), 2009
 "Fast Life", a 2008 song by Flo Rida from Mail on Sunday


Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (also known as Scooby-Doo! Mystery, Inc. or simply Mystery Incorporated) is an American animated television series that serves as the eleventh incarnation of the Scooby-Doo media franchise created by Hanna-Barbera, as well as the first that was not originally run on Saturday mornings. The series is produced by Warner Bros. Animation for Cartoon Network UK and premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on April 5, 2010, with the next twelve episodes continuing, and the first episode re-airing, on July 12, 2010. The series concluded on April 5, 2013, after two seasons and fifty-two episodes.

Mystery Incorporated returns to the early days of Scooby and the gang, when they are still solving mysteries in their home town, though it makes multiple references to previous incarnations of the franchise. The series takes a tongue-in-cheek approach to the classic Scooby-Doo formula, with increasingly outlandish technology, skills, and scenarios making up each villain's story, and a different spin on the famous "meddling kids" quote at the end of every episode. Contrasting sharply with this, however, are two elements that have never been used in a Scooby-Doo series before: a serial format with an ongoing story arc featuring many dark plot elements that are treated with near-total seriousness, and ongoing relationship drama among the characters. Furthermore, it is also the first series in the franchise to make use of real ghosts and monsters since The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo.

The series pays homage to the horror genre, drawing on many works from film, television and literature in both parodic and serious ways, from horror film classics like A Nightmare on Elm Street, modern films such as Saw, television series Twin Peaks, and the works of H. P. Lovecraft, alongside the classic monster horror films shown in previous series. In particular, in the second season, the central story arc evolves to heavily feature the use of Babylonian mythology, exploring the Anunnaki, the Babylonian and modern pseudo-scientific concepts of Nibiru, and the writings of Zecharia Sitchin. Other Hanna-Barbera characters occasionally guest-star, such as Captain Caveman, Jabberjaw, Speed Buggy, The Funky Phantom, and Blue Falcon and Dynomutt.

As was the case with the previous three installments in the franchise, Mystery Incorporated redesigns the main characters, this time into a retro look that returns them to their original 1969 outfits, with some small changes (such as Velma now wearing bows in her hair). The series is also the animated debut of Matthew Lillard as the voice of Shaggy, after he portrayed the character in two live-action films, Scooby-Doo (2002) and Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004). Casey Kasem, the original voice of Shaggy, voiced Shaggy's father in five episodes, albeit uncredited; this would be his last voice-acting role before his death. Linda Cardellini, who played Velma in the live-action movies, voiced Hot Dog Water, a recurring character in the series. The show also brought back characters seen in previous Scooby-Doo series such as the eco-goth rock band The Hex Girls and Vincent Van Ghoul from The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo, though his character is portrayed as a direct homage to Vincent Price, being a famous horror film actor, rather than an actual warlock.

Plot

Season 1
Fred Jones, Daphne Blake, Velma Dinkley, Shaggy Rogers and Scooby-Doo are a team of teenage mystery solvers who live in the small town of Crystal Cove, the self-proclaimed "Most Hauntedest Place on Earth". The allegedly "cursed" town's long history of strange disappearances and ghost and monster sightings form the basis for its thriving tourist industry; as such, the adults of the town (chief among them being Fred's father Mayor Fred Jones Sr. and Sheriff Bronson Stone) are not happy that the kids are debunking all the supernatural goings-on that bring in so much revenue as the overwrought schemes of charlatans and criminals.

In addition to the traditional cases they always solve, the team finds itself being nudged into the uncovering of a dark secret that is hidden in the past of Crystal Cove. Following cryptic hints from a faceless mystery-man known only as "Mr. E." (a play on "mystery"), the gang unearths the legend of a cursed Conquistador treasure, the secret history of Crystal Cove's founding Darrow Family, and the mysterious, unsolved disappearance of four mystery-solving youths and their pet bird—the original Mystery Incorporated. Standing in the way of solving this mystery, however, there are the romantic entanglements pulling the kids apart: Shaggy finds himself unable to put his new romance with Velma ahead of his longtime friendship with Scooby, while Daphne pines for Fred, who is obsessed with building traps and obliviously struggles to realize that he shares her feelings, too.

Season 2
The return of the original Mystery Incorporated to Crystal Cove begins a race between the two groups to locate the pieces of the enigmatic planispheric disk, which will point the way to the cursed treasure beneath the town. As the pieces are gathered, it becomes apparent that these two groups are not the only teams of mystery-solvers that have lived in Crystal Cove: many similar groups, always made up of four humans and an animal, have existed, and the secret behind their centuries-long connection will reveal the truth behind the curse of Crystal Cove. The fate of both the gang's friendship and all of reality itself hangs in the balance as extradimensional forces gather in preparation, and the time of Nibiru draws near.

Episodes

The first season of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated ran for twenty-six episodes between 2010 and 2011 with an unknown stop to the airing of the episodes after episode thirteen. The first episode of the season premiered as a sneak peek on April 5, 2010, and reaired on July 12, 2010 on Cartoon Network along with the next twelve episodes in the United States. The series continued to air on Canada's Teletoon after episode thirteen. The remaining thirteen episodes, dubbed as a second season by Cartoon Network, began airing on May 3, 2011 until July 26, 2011. During the hiatus the first episode of the second season premiered on March 30, 2012 on Cartoon Network Videos and aired on Boomerang in the UK on June 2, 2012 with four more episodes premiering until June 6, 2012. The official Warner Brothers website announced that the second season would begin airing on Cartoon Network in May 2012 but was set back to July 30, 2012 in the United States. The first fifteen episodes aired on weekdays after July 30, 2012, until August 17, 2012. The show went on another hiatus until March 25, 2013, when the remaining episodes of season two began to air in the United States and concluded on April 5, 2013.

Each episode of the series is called a "chapter" in line with the show's overarching story, numbered from 1 to 52 across both seasons.

Cast

Main

 Frank Welker as Scooby-Doo, Fred Jones Jr.
 Mindy Cohn as Velma Dinkley
 Grey DeLisle as Daphne Blake
 Matthew Lillard as Norville "Shaggy" Rogers

Recurring
 Lewis Black as Mr. E (Ricky Owens)
 Linda Cardellini as Hot Dog Water (Marcie Fleach)
 Tia Carrere as Judy Reeves
 Gary Cole as Mayor Fred Jones Sr.
 Vivica A. Fox as Angel Dynamite (Cassidy Williams)
 Kate Higgins as Mayor Janet Nettles
 Udo Kier as Professor Pericles
 Tim Matheson as Brad Chiles
 Patrick Warburton as Sheriff Bronson Stone

Home media
Prior to the volume releases the first episode in the series, "Beware the Beast from Below" was released as a bonus episode in the special features of Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare on September 14, 2010. "Menace of the Manticore" was also released as a bonus feature on Big Top Scooby-Doo! on October 9, 2012. Also, "When the Cicada Calls" from Season 1 and "The Devouring" from Season 2 were released on Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: For the Love of Snack! on January 7, 2014. "Night on Haunted Mountain" was also released on Scooby-Doo! 13 Spooky Tales: Field of Screams on May 13, 2014.

Warner Home Video started releasing episodes to DVD on January 25, 2011 in the US. The first three volumes contain four episodes from the series each in order as they aired on Cartoon Network. The final volume (named as Crystal Cove Curse) contains the remaining fourteen episodes from the first season. The first thirteen episodes of the second season were released to DVD (which is entitled Danger in the Deep) on November 13, 2012, while the second half of season two (titled Spooky Stampede) was released on June 18, 2013. Warner Home Video began releasing volumes for the UK on August 29, 2011.

On October 8, 2013 Warner Home Video released the first season of Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated on a four DVD set in the United States. On October 7, 2014 the second season was released in another 4-disc set in the US.

Awards and nominations

Episodic online video game
Cartoon Network released an episodic video game on their website called Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated: Crystal Cove Online, which had a new mystery every week based on the aired episode. The player takes control of Shaggy and Scooby as they explore Crystal Cove, solving mysteries and helping other citizens with the rest of the gang. Although there are 52 episodes, CN stopped updating the game at the end of season 1, making the last mystery "The Freak of Crystal Cove."

References

External links

  at Teletoon (Canada)
  at Boomerang (United Kingdom)
 Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated at Tvguide.com
 Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated at Comic Scooby-Doo Scoob-Tacular

Scooby-Doo television series
2010s American animated television series
2010 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
2010s American mystery television series
American children's animated adventure television series
American children's animated comedy television series
American children's animated fantasy television series
American children's animated horror television series
American children's animated mystery television series
English-language television shows
Cartoon Network original programming
Animated television series reboots
Teen animated television series
Television series by Warner Bros. Animation
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios


Cyphomella is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.

Species
C. argentea (Townes, 1945)
C. cornea Sæther, 1977
C. gibbera Sæther, 1977
C. grisa (Malloch, 1915)

Chironomidae


Cao Văn Lầu (1892–1976), also known as Sáu Lầu (Lầu the Sixth in Vietnamese), was a Vietnamese musician. He was the original composer of the song vọng cổ which started a new genre of cải lương music in the 1920s.

He was born on 22 December 1892 in Long An province, French Cochinchina. At the age of 4, he moved to Bạc Liêu and spent all his life there. In Bạc Liêu, he studied chữ Hán with a monk and then attended a French primary school. In 1907, Lầu stopped schooling because of his poverty. In 1908, he began learning music from local musician Lê Tài Khí and began his music career four year later. In 1913, he married a woman named Trần Thị Tấn.

Because Tấn was not pregnant after three year of marriage, Lầu was forced to send his wife back to her family due to local custom. This separation was inspired Cao Văn Lầu in comprising his best known love-song Dạ cổ hoài lang (Night Drum Beats Cause Longing for Absent Husband), a song that have a great influence in cải lương music. He died on August 13, 1976, in Bạc Liêu.

References

External links
Ca Mau club spreads music rooted in native soil
Page with portrait of Cao Văn Lầu.

Vietnamese musicians
1892 births
1976 deaths
People from Bạc Liêu Province
People from Long An Province


Parachironomus is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.

Species
P. abortivus (Malloch, 1915)
P. aculeatus (Kieffer, 1921)
P. acutus (Goetghebuer, 1936)
P. alatus (Beck, 1962)
P. arcuatus (Goetghebuer, 1919)
P. biannulatus (Stæger, 1839)
P. carinatus (Townes, 1945)
P. chaetaolus (Sublette, 1960)
P. cinctellus (Goetghebuer, 1921)
P. danicus Lehmann, 1970
P. digitalis (Edwards, 1929)
P. directus (Dendy & Sublette, 1959)
P. elodeae (Townes, 1945)
P. forceps (Townes, 1945)
P. frequens (Johannsen, 1905)
P. kuzini Shilova, 1969
P. longiforceps Kruseman, 1933
P. mauricii (Kruseman, 1933)
P. monochromus (van der Wulp, 1874)
P. paradigitalis Brundin, 1949
P. parilis (Walker, 1856)
P. pectinatellae (Dendy & Sublette, 1959)
P. potamogeti (Townes, 1945)
P. schneideri Beck & Beck, 1969
P. siljanensis Brundin, 1949
P. subalpinus (Goetghebuer, 1932)
P. sublettei (Beck, 1961)
P. swammerdami (Kruseman, 1933)
P. tenuicaudatus (Malloch, 1915)
P. varus (Goetghebuer, 1921)
P. vitiosus (Goetghebuer, 1921)

References

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


John the Deacon (fl. 500) was a deacon in the Church of Rome during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus (498–514). He is known only from an epistle he wrote to a Senarius, a vir illustris who had asked him to explain aspects of Christian initiatory practice. John's response provides a "rather full description" of the catechumenal process and initiation rites at Rome at the beginning of the 6th century.

John describes his first-hand experience of the liturgical rites of initiation as practiced at Rome, and the theology behind them. Two specific rites, namely a cross traced on the forehead and a taste of blessed salt, marked the entrance into the catechumenate, "so the mind which is drenched and weakened by the waves of this world is held steady".

John also covers prebaptismal exorcisms; the anointing of the ears, nostrils, and breast of the candidate; the use of milk and honey for first communion; ritual nudity and immersion; special white clothing for the newly baptized; and the need for even infants to undergo the process, saying that "Their salvation should come through other people's profession, since their damnation came by another's fault."

References

Sources
 Maxwell E. Johnson, The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation. Liturgical Press, 2nd ed. 2007, pp. 164–168.

External links
For an English translation of a portion of John's letter, see Maxwell E. Johnson, The Rites of Christian Initiation pp. 165ff., limited preview online.

Deacons
6th-century Christian clergy


Luke Tait (born 26 October 1981 in Barrie, Ontario) is a Canadian rugby union player. He plays as a lock.

Tait last played for James Bay of the British Columbia Premiership. He has played previously for Cardiff RFC, Ospreys, Overmach Parma, and Stade Montois.

He was a part of the Canadian national team since his debut on 25 May 2005, in a 30–26 win over United States. He played three matches in the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France.

Tait earned 23 caps and scored his first points for Canada when he ran in a try versus Uruguay at the 2010 Churchill Cup.

References

External links
Luke Tait International Statistics

1981 births
Canada international rugby union players
Canadian rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union locks
Sportspeople from Barrie
Cardiff Rugby players
Ospreys (rugby union) players
Stade Montois Rugby players
2007 Rugby World Cup players


Gustavo Hernández Pérez (born February 21, 1974) is a Venezuelan film director and writer.

Life and career

Hernández Pérez attended the school of Mass Communications at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. He earned a Master's degree on Film Directing at the AFI Conservatory in Los Angeles, California.  Among his many recognitions, Hernández Pérez was honored with the AFI Franklin J. Schaffner Fellowship Award for Best Director of the Year, and the Directors Guild of America (DGA) announced him as Best Latino Director at The 2003 DGA Student Film Awards.

The Mexican Dream, written and directed by Hernández Pérez, won 13 International Film Festivals. Became National Finalist at The 2003 Student Academy Awards, and was purchased by HBO for a programming rotation of two years.

Filmography

1. Presumption of Death (POD), Feature Film - Crime / Thriller. In Post-Production (2024)

2. El Silbón (The Whistler), Feature Film - Horror / Mystery. In Pre-Production

3. The Mexican Dream, Short Film - Comedy (2003)

4. Juan goes to San Juan, Documentary (1998)

External links

Mass media people from Caracas
Venezuelan film directors
Venezuelan screenwriters
1974 births
Living people


Margareta-Yvonne Barbu also known as Marga Barbu born Margareta-Yvonne Butuc (24 February 1929  – 31 March 2009) was a Romanian actress.

She was born in 1929 in Ocna Șugatag, Maramureș County, and moved to Bucharest at age 14. In 1950 she graduated from the I.L. Caragiale Institute of Theatre and Film Arts. She was married to actor Constantin Codrescu, and then to writer Eugen Barbu. She died at the Floreasca Hospital in Bucharest in 2009 and was buried with military honors at Bellu Cemetery, next to her second husband, on Writer's Alley, close to Mihai Eminescu's resting place.

Filmography
 Lacrimi de iubire (2005)... Polixenia
 Lacrima cerului (1989)
 Martori dispăruți (1988)
 Totul se plătește (1986)
 Colierul de turcoaze (1985) .... Agatha Slătineanu... a.k.a. The Turquoise Necklace
 Domnișoara Aurica (1985) .... Aurica
 Masca de argint (1985)... a.k.a. The Silver Mask
 Misterele Bucureștilor (1983) ... a.k.a. Die Gelbe Rose und das Geheimnis von Bucharest or The Mysteries of Bucharest (International: English title: informal literal title)
 Wilhelm Cuceritorul (1982)... a.k.a.  (Romania) or Guillaume le conquérant (France) or William the Conqueror (USA)
 Trandafirul galben (1982) .... Agata Slatineanu... a.k.a. The Yellow Rose (International: English title: informal literal title)
 Drumul oaselor (1980) .... Agata Slatineanu
 Bietul Ioanide (1979)... a.k.a. Memories from an Old Chest of Drawers
 Omul care ne trebuie (1979)... a.k.a. The Man We Need
 Melodii, melodii... (1978)... a.k.a. Melodies, Melodies...
 Zile fierbinți (1976)... a.k.a. Hot Days
 Comoara din Carpați (1975) (TV)
 August în flăcări (1973) (TV)... a.k.a. August in Flames
  Tatăl risipitor (1973)... a.k.a. The Prodigal Father
 Ultimul cartuș (1973)... a.k.a. The Last Bullet
 La Révolte des Haîdouks (1972) TV series .... Anitza
 Dragostea începe vineri (1972)... a.k.a. Love Begins on Friday or Love Starts on Friday (International: English title: informal literal title)
 Facerea lumii (1971)... a.k.a. The Making of the World
 Saptamîna nebunilor (1971)... a.k.a. The Week of the Madmen
 Urmarirea (1971) TV series
 Haiducii lui Șaptecai (1970)... a.k.a. The Outlaws of Captain Anghel
  (1970)... a.k.a. The Dowry of Lady Ralu
  (1968) .... Anița... a.k.a. The Abduction of the Maidens
  (1968) .... Anița... a.k.a. The Revenge of the Outlaws
  (1967) .... Edith... a.k.a. Fingerprint
 Haiducii (1966)... a.k.a. The Outlaws
  (1966)... a.k.a. At the Gates of the Earth
  (1965)... a.k.a. White Trial
 Pădurea spânzuraților (1964)... a.k.a. Forest of the Hanged or The Lost Forest
  (1957) ... a.k.a. Eagle 101 (International: English title: informal literal title)
 Răsare soarele (1954)... a.k.a. The Sun Rises (USA)
 Nepoții gornistului (1953)... a.k.a. The Bugler's Grandsons

References

External links

1929 births
2009 deaths
People from Maramureș County
Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film alumni
Romanian film actresses
Burials at Bellu Cemetery


Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi () or Muthuramalinga Sethupathy (3 June 1889 – 1929) was the Raja of Ramnad from 1903 to 1929.

Early life and education
Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi was the son of Bhaskara Sethupathy and the father of politician Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi, former MP Kasinatha Durai R, Chidhambaranadha Durai & Vijayaraghunadha Durai. He was educated from Madura College and ascended the throne in 1903. While in school, he was a classmate of Mudaliyar Padikara Mudali Nanayakkara Rajawasala Appuhamilage Don Arthur de Silva Wijesinghe Siriwardena of Kalutara. His palace inspired the Mudaliyar to construct the Richmond Castle, Kalutara. Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi participated in the Delhi Durbar of 1911 and served as a member of the Madras Legislative Council representing Southern Landholders.

He was also a free mason and contributed to the Freemasons hall in Chennai.He was responsible for recovering the wealth which was nearly lost by his philanthropic father.he was also in the railway board.

1929 deaths
1889 births


Payment for order flow (PFOF) is the compensation that a stockbroker receives from a market maker in exchange for the broker routing its clients' trades to that market maker. It is a controversial practice that has been called a "kickback" by its critics. Policymakers supportive of PFOF and several people in finance who have a favorable view of the practice have defended it for helping develop new investment apps, low-cost trading, and more efficient execution.

In general, market makers like Citadel LLC, Virtu Financial, and Susquehanna International Group are willing to pay brokers for the right to fulfill small retail orders. The market maker profits from the bid-ask spread and rebates a portion of this profit to the routing broker as PFOF. Another fraction of a penny per share may be routed back to the consumer as price improvement. Brokers in the United States that accept payment for order flow include Robinhood, E-Trade, Ally Invest, Webull, TradeStation, Charles Schwab Corporation, and TD Ameritrade, while brokers that do not receive payment for order flow include Interactive Brokers (pro accounts that are charged commissions), Merrill Edge, Fidelity Investments, Vanguard, and Public.com.

In the United States, accepting PFOF is allowed only if no other exchange is quoting a better price on the National Market System. The broker must disclose to the client that it accepts PFOF. Transactions must be executed at the best execution, which could mean the best price available or the speediest execution available.

In Canada, PFOF is not allowed on Canadian listed securities, so Canadian brokers charge commissions, however, according to the current Canadian securities regulations, brokers can accept PFOF on non-Canadian listed securities. It is also banned in the United Kingdom. According to Euronext, European authorities have regulated payment for order flow, and the practice is allowed in a number of national jurisdictions across Europe.

History
PFOF dates back to at least 1984 as noted in the 1993 remarks of Richard Y. Roberts, Commissioner, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, entitled "Payment for Order Flow" in regards to a letter from Richard G. Ketchum, Director, Division of Market Regulation, SEC, to John E. Pinto, senior Vice President, NASD, dated October 5, 1984: "When the Commission first became aware of payment for order flow practices in the OTC market in late 1984, the Division of Market Regulation ('Division') wrote to the National Association of Securities Dealers ('NASD') to express its concerns and to request that the NASD 'consider possible measures to address any problems observed in this area.' In the ensuing years, the Commission has requested information from the NASD and the exchanges to determine the extent of payment for order flow practices.

PFOF was endorsed by Bernie Madoff, a market maker who pioneered computer-driven order fulfillment. In a 2000 interview, he described it as a way for market makers to outsource the task of finding orders to fulfill.

"No one tells a firm how they can advertise. If I want to hire salesmen to generate order flow, no one is going to object. I don’t have them. So if I want to use Fidelity's salesmen and pay part of my trading profits in the form of a rebate, why shouldn’t I be allowed to do it? It was characterized as this bribe and kickback and something sinister, which was very easy to do. But if your girlfriend goes to buy stockings at a supermarket, the racks that display those stockings are usually paid for by the company that manufactured the stockings. Order flow is an issue that attracted a lot of attention but is grossly overrated."    -Bernie Madoff

Although controversial in its own right, PFOF was not involved in Madoff's notorious Ponzi scheme, in which no stock trades were executed.

In 2014 broker-dealer Robinhood Markets introduced no-commission retail stock trades funded by payment for order flow. Other retail brokerages followed, and in 2020, PFOF received by TD Ameritrade, Charles Schwab Corporation, E-Trade, and Robinhood totaled $2.5 billion. A 2014 investigation by the United States Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, led by Carl Levin, conducted hearings focused on the conflicts of interest inherent in PFOF. At the hearings, an executive for TD Ameritrade said that it routes orders to wherever it can get the highest payment.

In January 2021, after the GameStop short squeeze, officials again questioned whether retail traders were getting the best possible prices on their orders. Rather than direct payment through shares, brokers sold their orders en masse to market makers that executed the trades, paving the way for short squeeze crashes and meme stock frenzies. Certain platforms, such as Public.com, announced that they would abandon (PFOF) and add Safety Labels to stocks rather than halt trading.

In January 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission proposed new rules intended to increase competition for orders, which could affect payments for order flow. A public comment period runs through March 31, 2023.

Analysis

Conflicts of interest
Payment for order flow has been described as a conflict of interest. PFOF can cause executable orders not to get executed as they are routed to market makers that pay the highest amount. Retail traders generally have less information than institutions (adverse selection).

Lower commissions and fees, price improvement
Since retail orders have a lower chance of adverse selection for the market maker, they are more profitable for the market maker. These savings are passed on in part to the broker as PFOF, but also to the retail customer as price improvement: market makers often fill retail orders at a better price than the best price available on public exchanges. The additional revenue for brokers allows them to charge minimal or no commissions. PFOF was a key factor in elimination of most brokerage commissions in the United States.

Increase in market liquidity and competition
Several favorable views about PFOF have claimed that PFOF increases market liquidity and thus reduces the bid–ask spread. Bernard Madoff, an automated stock trading pioneer and later convicted fraudster, was a staunch supporter of PFOF and claimed that by routing orders away from the New York Stock Exchange, PFOF increased competition.

Academic research
Research published in August 2022 by Christopher Schwarz of the University of California at Irvine, Brad Barber of the University of California, Davis and Terence Odean of the University of California, Berkeley argued that this practice does not appear to affect price execution in a detrimental way for the retail customer. According to the study, the market makers give better pricing on a particular stock than the figures quoted on stock exchanges and by doing so retail traders get slightly more per share when selling, and pay slightly less when buying.

References

External links

Financial markets
Agency law
Securities (finance)
Business models


Hugo Wolfgang Moser (1924–2007) was a Swiss-born American research scientist and director of the Neurogenetics Research Center at the Kennedy Krieger Institute. Moser was also University Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University. His research on peroxisomal disorders achieved international recognition.

Early life
Moser was born in Bern, Switzerland, the son of Maria and Hugo L. Moser. He grew up in Berlin. His father was of Jewish background and a prominent art dealer in Berlin. His mother was Austrian. Within a month of Hitler taking power in Germany the family left Berlin. Hugo spent his high school years in the Netherlands. Three months prior to the invasion of the Netherlands his mother arranged their timely escape from the Nazis. The family fled via Italy and Spain to Cuba.

In 1940, the family arrived in the US, first living in Baltimore, where the family owned paintings exhibited in the Baltimore Museum of Art, then moved to New York City. Survivor guilt plagued Moser for having escaped the Holocaust without harm. His aunt and uncle, who were not able to leave the Netherlands, died in a German concentration camp. He devoted his life to working for the less privileged and disenfranchised.

Education

Hugo Moser attended Harvard as a pre-med student until he was drafted into the army. After discharge he went to medical school at Columbia University. At Columbia Presbyterian he was influenced by the chairman of medicine, Robert F. Loeb. He taught Hugo "two laws of therapeutics: if something doesn't work, try something else, and if something does work, keep on doing it". This principle later influenced his work on  adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD).

After two years of residency at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital during the Korean War, he volunteered for the Army. When back in the states, Moser returned to Harvard to get an advanced degree in biochemistry. He took two years of course work and became the first fellow of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS).

Career

Moser worked on lipid chemistry with Manfred Karnofsky, until becoming a resident in neurology at  Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), where he established a neurochemistry program. Hugo set up the test for urinary sulfatides and compared the composition of urinary lipids with that of brain in metachromatic leukodystrophy.

Moser spent formative years in the research laboratories of the neurochemist Jordi Folch-Pi and Marjorie Lees at McLean Hospital. At McLean Hospital he interviewed Ann Boody for a position in his laboratory. This proved to be the beginning of a long and successful professional and marital partnership between the two.  In the early research years, Moser and Boody worked on lysosomal disorders. They were the first to describe the presence of cholesterol sulfate in the human brain. They further investigated the role of steroid sulfatases in metachromatic leukodystrophy and multiple sulfatase deficiency, and they identified acid ceramidase as the enzyme deficient in Farber's disease. In 1964, Moser returned to the Joseph P. Kennedy research laboratories at MGH, and with Mary Efron and her junior faculty staff, Harvey Levy and Vivian Shih, he started screening programs for amino acid disorders and lysosomal disorders.

When training with other neurologists under Ray Adams at the Fernald State School in Waltham, Massachusetts, Moser became interested in providing better services for persons with developmental and physical disabilities. He was appointed research director and later superintendent of the Fernald State School. He also founded and directed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center for research and training in mental retardation. During this time he became a Harvard University Professor of Neurology at MGH, and established a model of a close link between clinical practice, training and community services for the developmentally disabled and bench research.

ALD research
In 1976, Moser accepted the position of president of the Kennedy Krieger Institute and professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. Here he was able to merge areas of service, training and research. Yasuo Kishimoto, who had helped Kuni Suzuki make the discovery of elevated very long chain fatty acids in Adrenoleukodystrophy brains at Albert Einstein College of Medicine,  followed Moser from the Shriver Center to the Kennedy Institute. With Kishimoto's help, Hugo and Ann Moser developed the first assay for ALD in fibroblasts In 1981, they developed the plasma assay.

Moser worked with Jim Powers for many years defining the phenotypic variation in ALD. Jack Griffin, then a fellow at NIH in endocrinology, first described the adult form of ALD. Beyond establishing the diagnostic testing for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, Moser also contributed to the discovery of the gene for X-ALD. During an interview with the American Neurological Association, he recalled how a post-doc by the name of Patrick Aubourg had come from Paris to work in his lab. Aubourg began working on the gene abnormality at Kennedy Krieger. However, it was Aubourg's work with Jean-Louis Mandel in Strasbourg that finally led to identification and mapping of the gene.

As soon as diagnostic testing was established, Moser began to fight for treatment of patients with ALD. Together with the parents’ association United Leukodystrophy Foundation he provided support and guidance for families stricken by this devastating illness. Back in 1982, Johns Hopkins performed the first bone marrow transplantation in ALD. However, it wasn't until Aubourg transplanted a very mildly involved patient with his nonidentical twin as a donor, that bone marrow transplantation had a successful outcome. Moser went on to collaborate a great deal with the University of Minnesota, where Bill Krivit and Charlie Peters developed a unique method of transplantation of ALD boys.

Moser's clinical partners Sakkubai Naidu and Gerald Raymond worked together with him on these clinical trials in ALD patients.

Lorenzo's oil
One of Moser's longest endeavors was his work on Lorenzo's oil. It began with his relationship with Augusto and Michaela Odone, the parents of Lorenzo Odone, the namesake for Lorenzo's oil. Moser had diagnosed their son with the plasma assay. With the boy's subsequent decline, Moser had suggested dietary therapy and immunosuppression, which turned out not to be successful and contributed to frustration and tension between the Odones and Moser. Together, they organized a symposium at Kennedy Krieger where Bill Rizzo presented data that showed that adding oleic acid (C-18 monounsaturated) to fibroblast cultures of ALD patients would reduce their fatty acids. Odone made an independent intellectual computation – namely that the use of erucic acid, which is C-22:1 (C-22 monounsaturated), would increase the effectiveness – and Lorenzo's oil was developed. Controlled studies, however, indicate that Lorenzo's oil is not effective at treating symptomatic ALD, although it may delay the onset of symptoms if taken before they set in.

References

External links

American neurologists
1924 births
2007 deaths
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
Harvard University alumni
McLean Hospital people
Swiss emigrants to the United States
20th-century American physicians
Physician-scientists


is a percussion musical instrument from the Okinawa Islands. The name itself means "three slabs" or "three boards/planks," and it consists of three shards of ebony or other woods that are bound together by twine. It produces a variety of clicking sounds similar to that of castanets. It is played by placing the shards between the fingers of one hand, while using the other hand to flick the pieces of wood together. It can be played at slow or fast rhythms, depending on the musical genre. It is often heard in Okinawan folk music.

References

Okinawan music


John Kinder Gowran Shearman (pronounced "Sherman"; 24 June 1931 – 11 August 2003) was an English art historian who also taught in America. He was a specialist in Italian Renaissance painting, described by his colleague James S. Ackerman as "the leading scholar of Italian Renaissance painting", who published several influential works, but whose expected major book on Quattrocento painting, for the Penguin/Yale History of Art series (commissioned in 1984, and still a gap in the series in 2019), never appeared. However, what is widely acknowledged as his most influential book, on the concept of Mannerism, published in 1967, is still in print.

Early life and education
Born in 1931 to Charles E. G. Shearman, a British army brigadier, and Evelyn Shearman (née White) in Aldershot, Hampshire, John Shearman was educated in Surrey at St Edmund's School, Hindhead, and Felsted School in Essex. After completing his two year National Service in Germany, he took up a place at The Courtauld Institute of Art in 1951 at the invitation of Samuel Courtauld, who he had met while on a school trip to London; Shearman’s interest in art and architecture having been stimulated by his father, a keen amateur artist, and his grandfather, Ernest Charles Shearman, a respected British ecclesiastical architect. Shearman graduated from the Courtauld with a degree in art history in 1955 and completed his Ph.D in 1957. His doctoral thesis, Developments in the Use of Colour in Tuscan Paintings of the Early 16th Century, was supervised by the eminent art historian Johannes Wilde, to whom Shearman later dedicated his book on Andrea del Sarto in 1965.

Career
Shearman remained at the Courtauld after completing his studies firstly as a lecturer, becoming Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey from 1964, then Reader at the Courtauld from 1967, and Deputy Director 1974–1979. He had hoped for the Directorship of the Courtauld upon the retirement of Anthony Blunt in 1974 but his application was not successful; the position going to the medievalist Peter Lasko, who had administrative experience, although some believed it was Shearman’s close association with Blunt, already falling out of favour, that thwarted this aspiration. During his time at the Courtauld he contributed photographs to the Conway Library whose archive, of primarily architectural images, is being digitised under the wider Courtauld Connects project.  After his death, his library, containing substantial resources on Renaissance and Baroque art including about 200 books on Raphael, was bequeathed to the Courtauld.

Five years after his failure to become Director of the Courtauld Institute Shearman returned to Princeton, where he was chair of the art and archaeology department from 1979.  Shearman moved to Harvard University in 1987 as professor of fine arts and, in 1989, he received the William Dorr Boardman Professorship becoming chair of the Fine Arts Department from 1990 to 1993. In 1994, until his retirement in 2002, he was Charles Adams University Professor.

Often involved in identifying and conserving works of art, Shearman worked with the Italian and Vatican authorities on issues including the damage after the 1966 Flood of the River Arno in Florence and the Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, serving on the Pontifical Advisory Commission. He also served on the UNESCO international advisory committee for the restoration of Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper, that took more than twenty years from 1979 to 1999. As curator he even oversaw the restoration of the Faculty Room while at Harvard.

In 2001, he identified an Andrea del Sarto altarpiece that had been lost for 350 years. He also served on various editorial boards, including The Burlington Magazine (1968–2003), L’Arte (1969–73), Art Quarterly (1969–72), RILA/BHA (1971–99), Art 562 Benjamin Paul History (1977–78), and the Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte (1984–89).

His book Raphael in Early Modern Sources 1483 to 1600, which he announced he was working on at a conference in honour of Raphael’s five hundredth birthday at the Bibliotheca Hertziana in Rome in 1983, was completed shortly before his death and published posthumously in 2003. The dedication of the book to his teachers at the Courtauld, Anthony Blunt and Johannes Wilde, reflects, as Benjamin Paul said in his obituary for the British Academy, that Shearman “had come full circle and truly completed his life’s work”. A festschrift, aptly named Coming About…a Festschrift for John Shearman, making reference to Shearman’s love of sailing, was published in 2001 with contributions from no fewer than fifty-three of his students, honouring his status as “a consummate scholar-teacher”.

Honours
1976 Fellow of the British Academy

1979 The Serena Medal for Italian Studies, British Academy

1979 Fellow Accademia del Disegno, Florence

1983 Bronze Medal of the Collège de France

1993 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences

1994 The Charles Rufus Morey Award for his book Only Connect: Art and the Spectator in the Italian Renaissance

1995 Fellow Accademia si San Luca, Rome

2000/2001 Honorary Fellow of the Courtauld Institute of Art

He was also a Fellow of the Accademia Raffaello (Urbino)

Private life
Shearman was married three times; in 1957 to Jane Dalrymple Smith (d.1982) with whom he had four children (one son, Michael and three daughters, Juliet, Niccola and Sarah). Shortly after his first wife’s death, he married Sally Roskill, the first wife of the art historian Mark Roskill, although they divorced in 1997, and, in 1998, he married fellow art historian Kathryn Brush, Distinguished University Professor Emerita at the University of Western Ontario.

He was a keen sailor, interested in yacht and dinghy sailing, and a member of the Bembridge Sailing Club.

John Shearman died of a heart attack near Lethbridge, Alberta on a holiday with his wife in the Rocky Mountains in 2003.

Publications
His publications include:

Andrea del Sarto Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965
Mannerism, London, Penguin/Baltimore, MD, 1967
Raphael's Cartoons in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen, and the Tapestries for the Sistine Chapel. London: Phaidon, 1972; edited, and Hirst, Michael. Wilde, Johannes.
The Vatican Stanze: Functions and Decorations. British Academy Italian Lecture 1971. London: Oxford University Press, 1972
Michelangelo: Six Lectures. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978
The Early Italian Pictures in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983
Only Connect: Art and the Spectator in the Italian Renaissance, A. W. Mellon lectures in the Fine Arts 1988 Bollingen Series 35, 37. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992
Raphael in Early Modern Sources 1483–1602, 2003, Yale University Press,  (Updated edition)

Notes

References
Dictionary of Art Historians

Obituary New York Times by Douglas Martin, 29 August 2003.
Obituary Los Angeles Times by Claudia Luther, 30 August 2003
Obituary, The Harvard Gazette by Ken Gewertz, 18 September 2003
Obituary The Independent by Julian Gardner, 22 August 2003

1931 births
2003 deaths
English art historians
Academics of the Courtauld Institute of Art
Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art
Harvard University faculty
Princeton University faculty
Fellows of the British Academy
People educated at Felsted School
People educated at St Edmund's School, Hindhead
Writers from Aldershot
English male non-fiction writers
20th-century English male writers


Buraco is a Rummy-type card game in the Canasta family for four players in fixed partnerships in which the aim is to lay down combinations in groups of cards of equal rank and suit sequences, there being a bonus for combinations of seven cards or more. Buraco is a variation of Canasta which allows both standard melds (groups of cards of the same value) as well as sequences (cards in numerical order in the same suit). It originated from Uruguay and Argentina in the mid-1940s, with apparent characteristics of simplicity and implications that are often unforeseeable and absolutely involving. Its name derives from the Portuguese word "buraco" which means “hole”, applied to the minus score of any of the two partnerships. The game is also popular in the Arab world, specifically in the Persian Gulf; where it is known as 'Baraziliya' (Brazilian). Another popular variation of Buraco is Italian.

Game rules as played in the United States

The setup
Buraco is played with two 52-card decks of standard playing cards, and 2 jokers for each deck, for a total of 108 cards. Team members sit opposite each other, so that no team member is sitting next to their own teammate.

Before beginning the game, the players cut the deck to establish who deals first. The player from the team who has the lowest card must deal to the player of the other team who has cut the highest card. In the case of two identical cards being chosen, two new cards must be cut. The dealer shuffles and the player to their right cuts the deck.

The opponent sitting to the right of the dealer attempts to cut exactly twenty-two cards off the top of the deck. If exactly twenty-two cards are cut off the top of the deck, then that team immediately gains one hundred extra points. This person uses these cards to make two (2) hands of eleven cards each, and the first hand is crossed over the second and they are both stacked in a corner of the card table. These two hands are called the 'pots" (in Portuguese "the dead").

While the pots are being made, the dealer distributes eleven cards to each player one by one in a round-robin manner; these cards are called the players’ hand(s). If during the dealing any mistake is made then (e.g., one card too many, one card too few, cards upturned) the hands and the pots must be re-dealt. Responsibility for dealing the cards always proceeds clockwise from game to game. The remaining cards, placed face-down in the center of the table, make the stock. One card from the stock is placed face-up to its side, becoming the first card of the discard pile.

Runs

Each team has its own collection of runs (in Portuguese "table") that are shared by both players; that is, both players build on each other's runs in turn. A player from one team may not play on the other team's runs.

Runs can be made in one of two ways:
 Sequences: Three (3) or more cards of the same suit in sequentially increasing (or decreasing) order. Cards may not be melded into these runs out of order or by skipping any positions.  An example of the proper sequencing of the cards in this type of run is:
A – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 –10 – J – Q – K – A
 Groups: Three or more face-cards of the same value (all jacks, all queens, all kings, or all aces).

Runs of seven or more cards earn extra points for the team, and are classified in one of two ways:
 Clean run: Seven or more cards without a wildcard. A clean run is shown by the last two cards placed face up across the others in a horizontal position.
 Dirty run: Seven or more cards with a wildcard. Every group with a wildcard will always be dirty. A Dirty run is shown by the last card placed face up across the others in a horizontal position.

Wildcards
 All deuces can be wild; a deuce is considered to be a wildcard when used to substitute any card in a run.
 A Run may have at most one wildcard, either a deuce or a joker.
 A deuce in a sequence is not a wildcard if it represents the face value of 2 in the run and is of the same suit. For example, these are valid sequences of a clean run:
 A-2-3-4-5-6-7
2-3-4-5-6-7-8
 If a deuce is used to represent a face value of 2 in a sequence and is not used as a wildcard, then the run is still clean.
 If a wildcard is played on a clean run, then the run becomes dirty and reduces the value of the additional points earned.
 A Sequence may have two deuces only
 One deuce is used as a wildcard (not a face value of 2), and
 The other deuce is used to represent its face value of 2 in the run.
 For example, these are valid dirty runs:
 A-2-3-4-5-6-2
2-2-3-4-5-6-7
 A-2-2-4-5-6-7
 If a deuce is used as a wildcard, then a joker cannot be placed into the same run
 If a run contains a deuce used as a wildcard, a joker can be added to the run only after moving the deuce to its face value

Scoring

The first team to accumulate two thousand or more points wins the match. There are multiple games during a match.
Points are earned by making runs of three or more cards face-up on the table, and each card played in a run earns a point value for the team that played the card.

{| border="1"
|+ Point values for cards in Buraco
|-----
! Card
! align="right" | Value
|-----
| 3, 4, 5, 6, 7            || align="right" | 5
|-----
| 8, 9, 10, J, Q, K        || align="right" | 10
|-----
| A (Ace)                  || align="right" | 15
|-----
| 2                        || align="right" | 20
|-----
| Joker                    || align="right" | 30
|}

When the game is over, players with cards in their hand that were not melded count negatively against their team's total score for the match.

Every clean run is worth two hundred additional points.
Every dirty run is worth one hundred additional points.
If a run has 7 clean cards in a row plus a deuce, it is worth 150 points, but this rule is valid only for one of the eight Italian "Burraco Federations".

Additionally, if a team did not take a hand from the pot, then they must subtract one hundred points from their team's total score for the match.

If the game ends before any cards are played from a new hand picked up from the pot, then the player with that new hand will either:
Subtract the combined point value of all the cards against their team's total score for the match, or
Subtract one hundred points from their team's total score for the match.

If a team ends the game (If a player plays all the cards in their hand and the team has taken a hand from the pot and the team has at least one clean run), then that team adds one hundred points to their team's total score for the match.

First draw

The first draw of the game varies from subsequent draws in every game as there is no discard pile at the beginning of the game. The first play is made by the person sitting to the left of the dealer. The top card is drawn from the stock and if the player likes that card, then it is placed into the first player's hand. If the first player does not want the first card of the game, then that card is immediately turned face-up to the side of the stock to begin the discard pile, and the first player draws another card from the stock. If the first player accepts the first card of the game then another card may not be drawn by that player on that turn.

Note: As soon as the first card drawn is placed in the hand of the first player, then that player has accepted that card – if the player discards this same card after it is placed in the hand, then the player has exhausted their turn and play proceeds to the next player.

Initial melding

Melding is the act of displaying your cards face-up on the table to earn points. A team may only begin to place runs onto the table if they meld a minimum number of initial points. This minimum initial meld number varies based upon the total number of points already earned by that team in the match. A team with less than fifteen hundred points in the match must initially meld a minimum of fifty points. A team with fifteen hundred or more points in the match must initially meld a minimum of seventy-five points. If a team fails to meld the minimum initial number of points, then all the runs are placed back into the hand of the player and fifteen more points are added to the initial number to meld for that team during that game.

The sum of the values of the cards played in the player's turn must equal or exceed the minimum initial meld requirement according to the player/team's total score:

{| border="1"
|-----
! Team score
! align="right" | Minimum initial meld
|-----
| Less than 1500 || align="right" | 50
|-----
| 1500 - 2995 || align="right" | 75
|}

Course of play

Play always proceeds clockwise. Each player begins their turn by drawing.  Except for the first draw of the game, drawing can be either:

Take a single card from the top of the stock, or
Pick-up ALL of the cards in the discard pile.  Before drawing, players may examine and re-arrange the discard pile in any manner.

Note: A player may not advise, verbally or otherwise, their teammate on whether they prefer a draw from the stock or the discard pile.

After a player draws, the player can meld for more points by putting any new runs onto the table and adding cards onto their own team's runs already on the table.  A player may only meld during their turn.  Once a card is melded into a run, it may not be moved into a different run or picked up and placed into a player's hand.  However, wildcards may be moved within a run.

Note: A player may not advise, verbally or otherwise, their teammate on how they prefer them to meld any of their cards.

Aces may rank high or low, and more than one ace may be played in a run.

A player's turn ends when a card is discarded by that player from their hand.  A discard is complete when the discarded card is no longer touched by the discarding player.

After throwing away a card to the discard pile, no other move (e.g., putting down more cards, substituting cards, changing the discarded card) is permitted until the player's next turn.

If a player plays all the cards in their hand and their team has not yet taken a hand from the pot, then the player picks-up the next hand from the pot. The player who has melded all their cards takes a hand from the pot and if the player:

Has not discarded, continues to play ("in-flight") from the new hand.
Has discarded, play from the new hand commences at that player's next turn.  This new hand may only be played at the player's next turn and must not even be looked at until the player's partner has taken their turn.

If a team has picked up a hand from the pot, and they do not have a clean run, then that team may not play all the cards in either of their hands.

If a player plays all the cards in their hand and the team has taken a hand from the pot and the team has at least one clean run, then the game ends.

If the stock is empty and there are cards in the pot, then the next hand from the pot will be moved into the stock.  In this case, it is certain at least one team will need to subtract points from their total number earned for the match.

If the stock is empty and there are not any cards in the pot, then the game is over without either team earning additional points for ending that game.

Variations
Add the jokers as wildcards with a value of thirty points each.
Add one more deck of cards so there can be three teams of two players each, or two teams of three players each. The pot will consist of three hands and the person making the pot will cut for thirty-three cards.
 Aces are high only.
 Aces are low only.
 The game ends on either a clean run or dirty run.
 Play for a predefined duration rather than a point total.  The team with the most points wins.

See also
Biriba
Canasta
Rummy

References

External links
 Rules of Card Games: Burraco
 Rules of Card Games: Brazilian Buraco

20th-century card games
South American card games
Rummy
Italian card games
Year of introduction missing


Scale-a-Ton (pronounced Skeleton) is the second solo studio album by American rapper and record producer DJ Paul. It was released on May 5, 2009, via Scale-A-Ton Entertainment/Hypnotize Minds. Recording sessions took place at Scale-A-Ton Studios in Memphis and Los Angeles. Production was handled entirely by DJ Paul, who also served as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Lord Infamous. The album debuted at number 157 on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 4,000 copies in its first week of sales.

Background
On his official YouTube channel, (which was later reported on AllHipHop), Paul stated that his brother, original Three 6 Mafia member Lord Infamous, will be contributing to the upcoming album.

He helped build Three 6 Mafia, and create Three 6 Mafia… Lord was just going through some things, and he had to get that together. We got it together now. We’re going to be back in the lab working.

With partner Juicy J, DJ Paul played an important role in the South's rise within the rap industry. Three 6 Mafia has sold over 7 million records, plus another 5 million from their affiliated artists, and even won an Academy Award. This CD will be Paul's second official solo album, and features the singles "Jus Like Dat??" and "You Don't Want It", which are already receiving internet buzz.

Information
Lord Infamous appears on eight tracks, and is the sole guest artist on the album.  Most of the album consists of topics that fans are used to hearing Three 6 Mafia talking about already, such as shootouts, drugs, and the streets. One song, "Wanta Be Like You", however, is about how DJ Paul was inspired to get into music, stating that the accomplishments of singer Michael Jackson was his main influence.

Track listing

Personnel
Paul Duane "DJ Paul" Beauregard – vocals, producer, mixing, executive producer, management
Ricky T. "Lord Infamous" Dunigan – vocals (tracks: 2, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19)
Michael "Crazy Mike" Foster – recording, mixing
Kevin Nix – mastering

Chart history

References

2009 albums
DJ Paul albums
Albums produced by DJ Paul


Karl Albert von Schott  (13 May 1840 in Bad Wimpfen – 21 February 1911 in Stuttgart) was a 19th-century Württembergian officer and painter.

Karl Albert von Schott served in rank of lieutenant colonel in the Württemberg army.

After the end of his military service he was in Munich since 1888 a private student of Anton Braith. He was not entered in the register book of the Munich Art Academy.

As a painter he remained loyal to his original profession and painted mostly densely populated battlefield images. He is known primarily for his dramatic paintings of the Franco-Prussian War.

References

 Karl von Schott: Der Anteil der Württemberger am Feldzug 1870/71.
 Bibliographie der Württembergischen Geschichte. Bearb. von Wilhelm Heyd [u. a.] Bd 1-11. Stuttgart 1895-1974.
 Gert K. Nagel: Schwäbisches Künstlerlexikon.

19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
1840 births
1911 deaths


The 2009 1000 km of Catalunya was the opening round of the 2009 Le Mans Series season. It took place at the Circuit de Catalunya in Montmeló, Spain on 5 April 2009. Aston Martin Racing won overall on their debut of the Lola-Aston Martin B09/60, while Lola also secured the LMP2 win with Racing Box. The GT1 category was won by the IPB Spartak Racing Lamborghini, while Team Felbermayr-Proton's Porsche led GT2.

Report

Qualifying

Qualifying result

Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.

Race

Race results
Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).

References

External links

 Le Mans Series - Catalunya

Catalunya
1000