The history of the Oslo Tramway and Oslo Metro in Oslo (Kristiania until 1925), Norway, starts in 1875, when Kristiania Sporveisselskab (KSS) opened two horsecar lines through the city centre. In 1894, Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei (KES) built the first electric street tramways, which ran west from the city centre. Within six years, all tramways were electric. The city council established Kristiania Kommunale Sporveie (KKS) in 1899, which built three lines before it was sold to KSS six years later. Both KSS and KES were taken over by the municipality in 1924, becoming Oslo Sporveier. The company gradually expanded the city tram network, which reached its peak length in 1939.

The Holmenkollen Line was the first light rail line, which opened in 1898 and ran west of the city. Later light rail lines in the west were the Røa Line (opened in 1912), the Lilleaker Line (1919), the Sognsvann Line (1934) and the Kolsås Line (1942). From 1928, they ran to the city centre via the Common Tunnel. East of the city, the Ekeberg Line opened in 1917, followed by the Østensjø Line (opened in 1926) and the Lambertseter Line (1957). The light rail lines were built by three private companies, Holmenkolbanen, Ekebergbanen and Bærumsbanen. By 1975, all had been bought by Oslo Sporveier.

The Oslo Metro opened in 1966, consisting of a line through the Common Tunnel to Jernbanetorget and the upgraded Lambertseter light rail line. The same year the Grorud Line opened. The next year the Østensjø Line was connected, and in 1970 the Furuset Line opened. The city council decided to close the tramways in 1960, and several lines were closed until the decision was revoked in 1977. In 1987, the Common Tunnel was completed. From 1993, the western lines were upgraded and connected to the Metro, allowing Metro trains to run through the city centre. The Metro's Ring Line was completed in 2006.

Street trams

Horsecars

The first attempt to introduce horsecar operations in Oslo (at the time called Christiania) were in 1868, when the engineer Jens Theodor Pauldan Vogt and the architect Paul Due applied for a concession. The application was rejected because the city council felt that the streets were too narrow. They made a second application in April 1874, and this time permission was granted. On 26 August 1874, Vogt and Due established Christiania Sporveisselskab ("Christiania Tramway Company"). Twenty-two  long cars were delivered from the United States manufacturer John Stephenson Company, arriving in Christiania on 31 August 1875. The official opening took place on 6 October 1875. In 1879, the city and company changed the spelling of the name "Christiania" to "Kristiania".

The system initially had four standard gauge, single tracked lines, which had passing loops to allow trams to pass. Three originated at Stortorvet: the Gamlebyen Line, running east to Gamlebyen (now Old Oslo, but then called just Oslo); the Vestbanen Line, which ran west to Vestbanen station (Oslo West station); and the Ullevål Hageby Line, which ran west to Homansbyen, where the depot was located. In addition, there was a short connecting line between the Ullevål Hageby Line and the Vestbanen Line, but it was closed on 19 October 1875. The two lines that connected to the station only ran services that corresponded with train arrivals and departures; the other two lines had fixed fifteen-minute headway—decreasing to ten minutes from 22 June 1876. During the winter of 1875 and 1876, the company attempted to use sleds instead of wagons. They took delivery of seventeen units, but these were not as suitable as the wagons and the company instead chose to salt the rail tracks.

Profits were made immediately, and in 1877 an additional seven cars were delivered. The following year, a new line from Stortorvet to Grünerløkka was built—the start of the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line—along with a new depot. The Gamlebyen Line was extended to St Halvards plass on 2 December 1878, the Grünerløkka Line to Thorvald Meyers gate on 12 April 1879 and the Vestbanen Line to Munkedamsveien on 5 May 1879. The following year, the lines were merged to two through services: Homansbyen–Oslo and Vestbanen–Grünerløkka. After this, the company concentrated its investments into rebuilding the system to double track. Between 1887 and 1892, the company took delivery of 14 additional cars from Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk, the same length as the Stephenson cars. The last horsecar delivery was 15 cars from Falkenried in 1897, which were designed so they could be converted to electric tram trailers. They were  long and remained in service until 1939. In 1880, Kristiania Sporveisselskab registered a ridership of 1,499,000 passengers.

Electrification

The horsecar system was more expensive to operate than electric trams, and Christiania (later Kristiania) Elektriske Sporvei ("Kristiania Electric Tramway") was founded to establish an electric tram service. The initiative came from the engineers H. E. Heyerdahl, A. Fenger-Krog and consul L. Samson. KSS immediately attempted to buy the company, but the purchase failed. On 2 March 1894, the Briskeby Line opened, which ran westwards from the Østbanen station (Oslo East station) via the city centre and Briskeby to Majorstuen, using a 600 volt supply. At the same time, a branch line opened from the Briskeby Line at Slottsparken, heading further west to Skillebekk. At first a shuttle service was provided on the branch line, but by April a through service was offered to Østbanen station. The branch line was extended to Nobels gate on 31 December 1894, to Thune in 1901 and to Skøyen station on 21 June 1903 and is now known as the Skøyen Line.

The last street line built by KES was the Frogner Line, which opened in 1902 from Solli plass on the Skøyen Line to Frogner plass. It was extended to Majorstuen, where the depot was located, on 15 May 1914. From 1909, KES introduced numbered services, with the Briskeby Line numbered 1, the Frogner Line numbered 2 and the Skøyen Line numbered 3. KES bought 78 motorized cars and 66 unmotorized trailers; of which 20 cars were later rebuilt to trailers. The main manufacturers were Herbrand, Falkenried and Skabo, who delivering a continual stream of stock to the company until 1914. From then until 1925, there was sufficient rolling stock that only ten more vehicles were delivered.

KSS decided to convert its lines to electric traction as well. The first electric trams ran on 29 September 1899, and the conversion was completed by 15 January 1900. At the time of electrification, KSS had 57 horsecars; 38 of these were later converted to trailers, while 19 were decommissioned. The John Stephenson and Skabo trailers were taken out of service in 1917–18, and sixteen of these were sold to the Bergen Tramway and Trondheim Tramway—the latter rebuilding them to meter gauge. One of the original Stephenson cars has been preserved at the Oslo Tramway Museum.

The Vestbanen Line was extended west from Vestbanen station towards Skillebekk in two stages, on 21 December 1898 and again on 23 June 1899. The Gamlebyen Line was extended further east on 17 November 1899 to Oslo Hospital. The Vålerenga Line, which ran east from the city centre, opened on 3 May 1900, and the Kampen Line, which ran parallel but further north, on 6 June 1900. The first street line out of Kristiania into Aker was opened in three stages as an extension of the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line: on 29 September 1899 to Torshov, on 2 October 1901 to Sandaker and, finally, to Grefsen Station on 28 November 1902. For the electrification, KSS ordered 47 new trams from Falkenried and Waggonfabrik Linke-Hoffmann; these remained in service until 1967. In 1900, the tramway had a ridership of almost 17 million passengers, or 75 trips per inhabitant.

First municipal trams

Since both tram companies were profitable, the city council decided to start another service—Kristiania Kommunale Sporveie (KKS, "Kristiania Municipal Tramways")—the first municipally owned tram operator in Norway. Sagene Ring was the first line, which opened on 24 November 1899 from Sagene to Akersgata, where there was a connection onwards to Østbanen station using KES tracks. On 26 January 1901, a connection line was built from Tollbugaten to Kirkeristen in the city centre to avoid running on KES tracks.

A second KKS line was opened on 27 March 1900, from Nybrua, located on the KSS's Grünerløkka–Torshov Line, via Trondheimsveien to Rodeløkka. Named the Rodeløkka Line, the southern section would later become part of the Sinsen Line. From Nybrua to the city centre, KSS track was used. The depot was located at Rodeløkka. A third line opened on 28 August 1900, from Tollbugaten in the city centre southwards to Festningsbryggen at Vippetangen—the Vippetangen Line. Again, KSS track was needed to connect the line into the city centre. Twenty cars and twelve trailers were bought from Busch with electric components delivered from Schuk—stock that remained in service until 1967. The company failed to make any profits, and was sold to KSS in 1905.

Consolidation
After the take-over in 1905, KSS was operating seven routes: Homansbyen–Oslo, Homansbyen–Sannergata, Munkedamsveien–Sannergata–Grefsen, Munkedamsveien–Vålerenga, Sagene – St. Hanshaugen – Kampen, St. Hanshaugen – Rodeløkka and Stortorvet–Vippetangen. KSS extended the Vippetangen Line on 8 November 1905, and opened an extension from Homansbyen to Adamstuen on 24 September 1909. KSS and KES agreed to link their two networks, and a connecting line opened on 1 May 1912 between Homansbyen and Rosenborg station on KES's Line 1. An extension of the Vestbanen Line to Skillebekk was finished on 2 November 1911.

This expansion caused the need for more rolling stock, and KSS took delivery of 42 trams from Falkenried and Skabo between 1912 and 1914. At  long they were somewhat longer than the other trams. The new lines allowed the two companies to operate on each other's lines, and they introduced a common numbering scheme for the services. Several of the lines were serviced by two numbered routes, a system that remains in use today. From 1912, a number of additional connections were built between the KES and KSS networks, and the two companies started cooperating on certain lines. From 1921 to 1923, KSS bought an additional 22 trams from Hannoversche Waggonfabrik, Brill and Busch, commonly referred to as the HaWa Class. KSS had an annual ridership of almost 60 million in 1922.

Light rail

Holmenkolbanen

Holmenkolbanen ("The Holmenkollen Line") opened the city's first suburban light rail line, the Holmenkollen Line, in 1898. It ran  from Majorstuen station northwestwards via 12 stations to Besserud station. Like all the later light rail lines, these were electric trams with a grade-separated right-of-way and proper stations instead of tram stops. Unlike the other suburban tram lines that were built later, the Holmenkollen Line was not extended into the city using on-street tracks. Instead, passengers had to change at Majorstuen station to KES streetcars. In 1909, the Holmenkollen Line started using  wide suburban stock, when it replaced its original 1898 Class trams with 1909 Class stock. The  long Smestad Line opened in 1912 as a two station branch line from Majorstuen to Smestad station south of the Holmenkollen Line. In 1916, the Holmenkollen Line was extended  from Besserud northwards to Tryvann with six new stations. The last part, from Frognerseteren station to Tryvann, which was single track and used for freight was demolished in 1939.

In 1912, Holmenkolbanen started construction of a  long tunnel from Majorstuen station to Nationaltheatret station, with an intermediate Valkyrie Plass station. This was the first part of the Common Tunnel and was blasted through the rock beneath the city. The extension was planned to give the two suburban lines access to the central business district of Oslo, but high construction costs and difficult geological conditions prevented the extension from opening until 1928. The tunneling caused the company financial difficulties, resulting in the Smestad Line being sold to Akersbanerne, owned by Aker Municipality. In 1922, Holmenkolbanen started building the Sognsvann Line, although it took twelve years to complete it. The  long line ran north from Majorstuen station to Sognsvann station with 11 new stations. The Smestad Line was extended  to Røa station in 1935 with six new stations and was renamed Røa Line.

Ekeberg Line

The Ekebergbanen ("The Ekeberg Line") was incorporated in 1913, and the following year construction started on the single tracked Ekeberg Line. It opened on 11 June 1917, running  southwards from Oslo Hospital station via six other stations to Sæter station. The company had made an agreement with KSS to use the Gamlebyen Line to Stortorvet, but chose to electrify the Ekeberg Line using 1,200 volts. In 1924, Ekebergbanen started operating adjacent bus lines, the first in Oslo. On 30 September 1931, the   long Simensbråten Line was opened with three stations as a branch from Jomfrubråten station to Simensbråten station. It was operated as a shuttle service outside rush hour; during peak hours a direct service was provided to Stortorvet. Part of the main line was double-tracked from Sjømannskolen station to Kastellet station in 1931, to Bråten station in 1940 and to Sæter station in 1946. The line was extended from Sæter to Ljabru station on 17 September 1941, but the extension remained single track until 1967.

Lilleaker Line

The success of the light rail lines tempted KES to extend the Skøyen Line west from Skøyen as a suburban line. The Lilleaker Line opened to Lilleaker station on 9 May 1919, to Avløs station in 1924 and to Kolsås station in 1930. The section west of Jar station is located in the municipality of Bærum in Akershus. A new branch section from Jar station to Sørbyhaugen station opened in 1942, connecting the Jar—Kolsås Line to Nationaltheatret station. The Jar—Kolsås Line was upgraded and the stock was replaced with wider suburban trams. Kolsås station is  from Nationaltheatret station.

Akersbanerne

Before its 1948 merger with the city of Oslo, Aker was a municipality which surrounded Oslo on all sides. Akersbanerne ("The Aker Lines") was founded on 7 June 1917 by Aker Municipality to coordinate the construction of a new light rail line from Kristiania to new suburbs in Aker. The company planned to build several lines from the ends of the street tramways and extend them on grade-separated rights-of-way. Construction of the Østensjø Line started in 1922 and opened from Vålerenga eastwards to Bryn on 18 December 1923, and to Oppsal on 10 January 1926. For the first three years, street trams operated by KSS, and later Oslo Sporveier, ran the  route to Bryn. After the full line opened, spanning another , Akersbanerne could not reach agreement with Oslo Sporveier, owned by Oslo Municipality. It was not until 1937 that direct services to the city centre were provided via the Vålerenga Line.

Second World War
The tramways of Oslo experienced a higher ridership and several sabotage actions during the Second World War. During the "April Days of 1940", rumour had it that Oslo was going to be bombed, and the tram service was therefore stopped for half an hour that day. Later, on 19 December 1943, an explosion at the ammunition supply at Filipstad caused a total stop of tramway service from 14:30 a.m. A small explosion accident also took place at Vålerenga Depot in December 1944. On 31 December 1944, a tram was hit by an airbomb at Drammensveien (now Henrik Ibsens gate) next to the Palace Park, where all passengers but the conductor were killed.

Due to a low supply of petrol, bus traffic was replaced by electric tramways during the war. The trams experienced therefore an increase in ridership, from 64 million passengers per year in 1939 to 151 million in 1944. The three lines of Holmenkolbanen had together a ridership of 9.5 billion in 1939, 10.9 billions in 1940, 21 billions in 1943 and at the peak 22.6 billion passengers in 1945. In addition to the regular tram passenger services, Oslo Sporveier started to transport goods across the city in tram wagons.

The leadership of the tramway was transferred to the German occupiers, who printed tickets and signs with Nazi emblems on them. If a passenger "demonstrated" by changing his seat when seated next to a German officer, he was expelled at the next stop.

Except from damage to the rail tracks at Frøen caused by a bomb, the Oslo Metro experienced no sabotage actions.

Municipalization

The city had granted concessions to the two private tram companies until 1924, after which the city could expropriate the companies. Both companies were well run and highly profitable, and on 1 May 1924, KSS and KES were merged and taken over by the city council, which gave the new company the name Kristiania Sporveier ("Kristiania Tramways"). The municipality owned 51 per cent. On 1 January 1925, the city changed its name to Oslo, with the company's name also changing. The light rail lines operated by Holmenkolbanen and Ekebergbanen were not taken over, nor was the Lilleaker Line operated by KES; the city council did not want to take over tram lines in Aker. The Lilleaker Line operations of KES were transferred to the private company Bærumsbanen ("The Bærum Line").

After the take-over, Oslo Sporveier immediately started expanding the tram network. On 4 May 1924, the Korsvoll Line was opened as a branch of the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line from Torshov northwestwards to Bjølsen. On 1 August 1925, the Ullevål Hageby Line was extended from Adamstuen further north to Ullevål Hageby. The Kjelsås Line opened on 25 September 1934 and ran from Storo on the Grünerløkka–Torshov Line northwards to Kjelsås station. By 1934, the municipality had gained full ownership of Oslo Sporveier. The new company also decided to increase the permitted car width to , allowing wider suburban trams to run in the city streets. During the 1930s, Oslo Sporveier decided it needed more rolling stock, and cooperated with Strømmens Værksted to create the Gullfisk ("Goldfish") class. Forty-six units were delivered from 1937 to 1940. Built with an aluminium chassis, they were quick and light, with a distinct streamlined shape, making their back ends look like a goldfish tail. On 1939, the Sinsen Line was extended from Carl Berners plass northwards to Sinsen. At this point the city had its most extensive tram network.

Holmenkolbanen had built-up large debts in building the underground section to Nationaltheatret, including large amounts of compensation to house-owners who had their buildings damaged during construction. To finance their debt, the Akersbanerne-owned Smestad Line was transferred to Holmenkolbanen on 16 November 1933, with Akersbanerene taking over the majority of shares in Holmenkolbanen. The latter remained listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. From 4 January 1937, Bærumsbanen took over the operation of trams on the Østensjø Line, though the ownership of the line remained with Akersbanerne. Oslo Sporveier started operating trolleybus lines from 1939. On 1 October 1944, Oslo Sporveier bought Bærumsbanen and took over the operation of the Lillaker and Østensjø Lines. On 1 January 1948, the municipalities of Oslo and Aker merged, and on 31 May 1949, the two municipally-owned companies, Oslo Sporveier and Akersbanerne, merged, taking the name of Oslo Sporveier. The following year, Oslo Sporveier took over Ekebergbanen. In 1975, Oslo Sporveier bought all but a few of the shares in Holmenkolbanen, and at the same time took over operation of all the suburban lines.

Partial closing

The Oslo Tramway had a ridership of 108 million passengers in 1948. On 17 January 1949, the Korsvoll Line became the first tram line to be closed. followed by the Rodeløkka Line on 6 February. The latter reopened following a new route on 2 January 1955. In 1960, with the deregulation of the sale of cars, cheap diesel and the decision to build the metro, the city council decided to close the tram and the trolleybus networks. Tracks would be kept and trams would run until they would be naturally retired. However, no major investments would be made in the lines or rolling stock. Within a year, the Kampen, Rodeløkka, Vippetangen, Simensbråten and Vestbanen Lines were closed, as were trolleybus lines 18 and 24. The remaining two trolleybus routes were closed in 1968. On 24 June 1968, Vålerenga Line was closed.

However, no further tram lines were closed. In 1969, the site of the turning loop at Sinsen needed to be moved to allow the construction of the Sinsen Interchange. Instead of closing the line, Oslo Sporveier chose to build a new loop at Muselunden at Sinsen. The Ekeberg Line was scheduled to close in 1972, because a new line needed to be built to allow passage during the construction of Oslo Central Station, which would replace the Østbanen. After heavy protests from Ekeberg residents, Oslo Sporveier chose to build a loop in Vognmannsgata in the city centre.

Metro

The city established the Metro Office on 15 September 1949, and the first plans were launched in 1951. In 1954, the city council decided to build the metro network with four branches in eastern Oslo; two would run on each side of the Grorud Valley, while two would run southwards through Nordstrand. These areas had all been chosen as new suburbs for Oslo, and needed a good public transport system to be put in place quickly. The system was to feature improvements over the light rail lines: a third rail power supply, cab signaling with automatic train protection, stations long enough for six-car trains and level crossings replaced by bridges and underpasses—specifications christened "metro standard" by Oslo Sporveier.

The Østensjø Line would be converted to metro standard, and three new lines would be built. The Lambertseter Line opened as a light rail line from Brynseng station, where it connected to the Vålerenga Line, to Bergkrystallen station on 28 April 1957. Originally it had overhead wires, low platforms and was served using trams. The Ekeberg Line would remain a tramway. The Lambertseter Line served the area located between the Ekeberg and Østensjø Lines. The Østensjø Line was extended to Bøler station in 1958.

The Metro took delivery of T1000 trains from Strømmens Verksted. From 1964 to 1978, 162 cars were delivered for the eastern network. The metro opened on 22 May 1966, when the Common Tunnel opened from Brynseng station to Jernbanetorget station in the city centre, located beside the Østbanen. The same day, the Lambertseter Line was reopened after it had been upgraded to metro standard. On 16 October 1966, the then  and twelve station long Grorud Line, which ran northeast on the northern hillside of the Grorud Valley, opened to Grorud station. The Lambertseter Line was connected to the system in 1967, when the line was extended to Skullerud station.

The Furuset Line runs on the southern hillside of the Grorud Valley. It opened to Haugerud station in 1970, and was extended to Trosterud station in 1974. The same year, the Grorud Line was extended to Vestli station, which is  from Jernbanetorget. By 1981, the Furuset Line had reached Ellingsrudåsen station, which is  from Jernbanetorget. The western light rail lines took delivery of 33 T1300 train cars from 1978 to 1981, with an additional 16 converted from the existing T1000 cars. The T1300 cars differed in that they could run on both third rail and overhead wires. Although not connected to the metro, the western lines were gradually becoming more like the metro, although they retained overhead wires, a different signaling system and shorter platforms.

Common Tunnel

The western lines terminated at an underground station on the west side of the city centre, while the metro terminated at an underground station at the east side of the city centre. The two termini were located  apart. Sentrum station, located in the heart of the city centre,  east of Jernbanetorget, opened along with the extension of the metro tunnel in 1977. Water leaks exceeding the drainage capacity forced the station to be closed between 1983 and 1987. When it reopened, the western light rail tunnel had been extended to it, and the station was renamed Stortinget. Because of incompatible signalling and power equipment, it was not possible for trains to run through the whole tunnel. In 1993, the western part of the Common Tunnel and the Sognsvann Line were upgraded to metro standard, followed by the Røa Line two years later. Trains on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås Line needed both pantographs and third rail shoes to operate, using the former on the outer parts of the line and the latter in the tunnel. They switched to overhead wire at Frøen station and Montebello station, respectively. In 1994, six two-car T2000 trains were delivered for the Holmenkollen Line to meet the need for more rolling stock. Additional orders of the class were originally planned to replace the older stock, but the T2000 trains proved unreliable and no further order was made.

In 2003, the section of the Kolsås Line in Bærum closed due to disagreements between the two counties of Oslo and Akershus on how much Akershus should pay to purchase services from Oslo Sporveier. After a year of replacement buses, the line was reopened, only to be closed again in 2006 for an upgrade to metro standard. Disagreements between the two counties means the upgrade will be done separately on the two sides of the municipal boundary, with the Oslo side opening first. By 2010, the upgraded part had reached Bjørnsletta station in Oslo. In 2003, the Ring Line opened from Ullevål Stadion station on the Sognsvann Line to Storo station. The line was meant to create a loop, which eventually would connect to neighbourhoods such as Nydalen and Bjerke north of the city centre. In July 2004, construction caused a tunnel to collapse on the Grorud Line—the system's busiest—forcing a shutdown of this line until December and creating havoc on the overloaded replacement buses. The ring was completed onwards to Carl Berners plass on the Grorud Line via Sinsen in 2006. In 2007, the system started taking delivery of the new MX3000 trains, which replaced all the old stock. By 2010, all T1000, T1300 and T2000 trains had been retired. In 2010, the Holmenkollen Line reopened with metro standard, after it had been closed for renovation for a year.

Revival of the tramway

In 1977, the city council changed their decision to close down the tramway. The main reason was the 1973 oil crisis, which had made it cheaper to run hydroelectric-powered trams than diesel-powered buses. After no investment on the tramway for seventeen years, new stock had to be bought, and Oslo Sporveier opted to buy seven used M-23 units from the Gothenburg Tramway in Sweden. In addition, twenty-five SL79 articulated trams were delivered in 1982 and 1983, followed by a further fifteen in 1989 and 1990. Oslo Sporveier merged with Holmenkolbanen in 1991, and with Ekebergbanen in 1993.

During the 1990s, a number of expansions were made to the tram network. The disused line from Storo via the depot at Grefsen to Sinsen opened for revenue traffic in 1993. In 1995, the Vika Line was constructed to access Aker Brygge, a new waterfront neighbourhood is the southwestern part of the city centre, and in 1999, the Ullevål Hageby Line was extended to the new Rikshospitalet. For these new lines, 32 SL95 low-floor trams were delivered from 1996 to 2004, replacing all but the SL79 units. The voltage was increased from 600 to 750 volts on 4 June 2000, once all non-articulated trams had been retired.

In 2002, Oslo Sporveier announced that it would close the Ekeberg, Sinsen, Briskeby and Kjelsås Lines to reduce costs. Only the Kjelsås Line was actually closed and replaced by buses, which occurred 21 November 2002. After local protests, and a compromise in the city council, the Kjelsås Line was reopened on 22 November 2004.

On 1 July 2003, Oslo Sporveier was reorganized with the operation of the trams transferred to Oslo Sporvognsdrift ("Oslo Tram Operations") and the operation of the Metro to Oslo T-banedrift ("Oslo Metro Operations"). Another reorganization was made on 1 July 2006, when Oslo Sporveier was demerged into two companies. The Oslo Public Transport Administration, which kept the Oslo Sporveier brand name, was made responsible for purchasing and the marketing of the public transport system. The ownership and maintenance of the tracks and stations was transferred to Kollektivtransportproduksjon ("Public Transport Production"). The latter also became the parent of the operating companies, who retained the actual running of the trams and metro trains. The brand name Oslo Sporveier was discontinued on 1 January 2008, when Ruter was created as a merger between the Oslo Public Transport Administration and Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk ("Greater Oslo Local Traffic")—which had been responsible for public transport in Akershus.

Preservation

In 1966, the Oslo Tramway Museum was founded to preserve the tramway and trolleybus vehicles. The museum is run by a 450-member non-profit organization Lokaltrafikkhistorisk Forening (LTF, "Local Traffic History Association"). It was founded as a reaction to the aftermath of the closing of the Bergen Tramway, where only a single tram was preserved, and where volunteers realized that a similar lack of preservation could happen in Oslo. As of 2004, the museum had 56 rail vehicles, 31 buses and seven other vehicles, including four trolleybuses. It has a museum with 25 trams and 10 buses on display at Majorstuen, as well as a full heritage tramway, including Slemdal station, which is under construction at Vinterbro.

Future plans

Oslo Package 3 is a political agreement between all the major projects on what to spend public funding for transport in Oslo and Akershus on. The agreement was made in 2007, and consists of 53 billion Norwegian krone (NOK), which will be shared between investments in road infrastructure, public transport infrastructure, and operating subsidies for Ruter. Financing comes from the state, the counties and from toll roads. The agreement states the major investments which are planned during a 20-year period. In addition, the previous agreement, Oslo Package 2, still has funding for some smaller projects.

An upgrade of the Kolsås Line to metro standard started in 2006, and is estimated to finish by 2014. In the Common Tunnel, a new Homansbyen Station is planned between Majorstuen and Nationaltheatret. The Grorud Line is planned be connected to the Ring Line via the Løren Line, allowing trains to run directly from Grorud to the Ring via a station at Løren. An extension has been proposed for the Furuset Line to Lørenskog, which would give stations at Visperud, Lørenskog Centre and a new terminus at Akershus University Hospital (Ahus). The travel time from Ahus to Jernbanetorget would be 27 minutes.

The Fjord City urban redevelopment project that is converting the Bjørvika and Vippetangen areas in the centre of Oslo, will include a gradual building of tramways through them. The Ekeberg Line will be moved to run on the south side of the Central Station through Bjørvika. A new line may also be built from Aker Brygge around Vippetangen to Bjørvika. A similar redevelopment project at Fornebu in Bærum involves plans for building the Fornebu Line as an extension of the Lilleaker Line from Furulund via Lysaker Station to Fornebu. The line was previously planned as a people mover, but the solution was unsuccessful, and planning now focuses on building a tramway instead. An extension of the Sinsen Line to Tonsenhagen is planned.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Oslo Tramway
Oslo Metro
Tramway and Metro
Oslo Tramway and Metro


The 2003 WAC men's basketball tournament was held in the Reynolds Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  The winners of the tournament were the top seed, Tulsa.

Bracket

References

WAC men's basketball tournament
Tournament
WAC men's basketball tournament
College basketball tournaments in Oklahoma
Sports competitions in Tulsa, Oklahoma


Uruca is the seventh district of the San José canton, in the San José province of Costa Rica. It is an important industrial and commercial area of San José. Commonly known as La Uruca, it's the second biggest district by area (after Pavas), and recognized as a heavily congested transportation hub.

Geography
Uruca has an area of  km² and an elevation of  metres.

It is the capital's western entrance. The canton's whole boundary with Heredia Province is confined in this district: Belén, Heredia and Santo Domingo cantons limit with La Uruca on its northern side, as well as San José's Escazú and Tibás. Merced, Mata Redonda and Pavas also border the district.

Locations
Uruca district includes the "barrios" (or neighbourhoods) of Alborada, Bajos de Torres, Carpio, Carranza, Corazón de Jesús, Cristal, Finca de la Caja, Florentino Castro, Jardines de Autopi, Las Animas, Magnolias, Marimil, Monserrat, Peregrina, Robledal, Rositer Carballo, Santander, Saturno, Uruca Centro, Vuelta del Virilla and Zona Industrial.

Demographics

For the 2011 census, Uruca had a population of  inhabitants.

Transportation

Road transportation
The district is covered by the following road routes:
 National Route 1
 National Route 3
 National Route 39
 National Route 100
 National Route 101
 National Route 108

Rail transportation
The Interurbano Line operated by Incofer goes through this district.

External links
Municipalidad de San José. Distrito Uruca – Website of San Jose Mayor, includes a map of the district and related info.

References

Districts of San José Province
Populated places in San José Province


Exploring Tomorrow was an American old-time radio series which ran on the Mutual Broadcasting System from December 4, 1957, until June 13, 1958. An advertisement described it as "the first science-fiction show of science-fictioneers, by science-fictioneers and for science-fictioneers - real science fiction for a change!"

Exploring Tomorrow was narrated by John W. Campbell, editor of Astounding Magazine. Campbell guided the career of many of the great science fiction writers of the era.

Personnel
 Producer-director: Sanford Marshall.
 Announcer: Bill Mahr, Guy Wallace
 Cast:Mandel Kramer, Bryna Raeburn, Lawson Zerbe, Lon Clark, Mason Adams, Connie Lembcke,  Larry Haines, Don Douglas, Bret Morrison, Charlotte Sheffield
 Theme: As Time Goes By
 Writers: Randall Garrett, Gordon R. Dickson, Robert Silverberg, Isaac Asimov, Philip K. Dick, Poul Anderson, John Fleming, Raymond E. Banks, George O. Smith, Tom Godwin

Episodes

References

External links
 Arthur Lortie Arthur Lortie's definitive episode list based on correspondence with Robert Silverberg on Yahoo Groups (see below)
 RadioGOLDINdex Episode guide
Yahoo message board
Exploring Tomorrow Scripts Message board with replies from Robert Silverberg.
 OTR Plot Spot: Exploring Tomorrow - plot summaries and reviews.

1957 radio programme debuts
1958 radio programme endings
1950s American radio programs
American radio dramas
American science fiction radio programs
Mutual Broadcasting System programs
Anthology radio series


The Rotax 618 is a  two-stroke, two-cylinder, liquid cooled, gear reduction-drive engine that was formerly manufactured by BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG. It was designed for use on ultralight aircraft.

Development

The 618 features liquid-cooled cylinder heads and cylinders with a rotary valve inlet and an exhaust valve. Cooling is via one or two externally mounted radiators. Lubrication is by use of pre-mixed fuel and oil at 50:1 or oil injection. The 618 has dual Ducati capacitor discharge ignition systems and is equipped with two piston-type carburetors. It uses a manifold-driven pneumatic fuel pump to provide fuel pressure.

The engine's propeller drive is via a Rotax type C or E style gearbox. The standard engine includes a muffler exhaust system and an intake silencer and filter, with an after muffler also available to further reduce engine noise. The standard starter is an electric starter. An integral alternating current generator produces 12 volts and 200 watts.

The Rotax 618 is no longer in production.

Applications

Specifications (Rotax 618)

See also
Rotax aircraft engines

References

Two-stroke aircraft piston engines
Rotax engines


The Sardinian regional election of 2009 took place on 15–16 February 2009.

The election was called few months before the natural end of the legislature because of the resignation of the incumbent President Renato Soru. Ugo Cappellacci, the centre-right candidate, defeated Soru by a large margin.

Electoral system
The electoral system used for this election was the national Tatarella Law of 1995, used by most of Italian regions to elect their Council. Sixty-four councillors were elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists; remained seats and votes were grouped at regional level where a Hare quota is used, and then distributed to provincial party lists.

Ten councillors were elected at-large using a general ticket: parties were grouped in alliances, and the alliance which received a plurality of votes elected all its candidates, its leader becoming the President of Sardinia.

Council apportionment
According to the official 2001 Italian census, the 64 Council seats which must be covered by proportional representation were so distributed between Sardinian provinces.

It must be underlined that this allocation is not fixed. Remained seats and votes after proportional distribution, are all grouped at regional level and divided by party lists.

Results

|+
|-
| colspan=11|
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 valign=bottom|Candidate
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top|Regional lists
!colspan="4" align="center" valign=top|Provincial lists
! align="center" valign=top|Total
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|%
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|Party
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|%
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|group
|-
!style="background-color:lightblue" rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"|Ugo Cappellacci
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|502,084
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|51.88
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|9

|align="left"| The People of Freedom
| align=right|248,654
| align=right|30.11
| align=right|25
| rowspan="6" align="right" valign="top"|53
|-
|align="left"| Union of the Centre
| align=right|75,451
| align=right|9.13
| align=right|7
|-
|align="left"| Sardinian Reformers
| align=right|56,056
| align=right|6.78
| align=right|5
|-
|align="left"| Sardinian Action Party
| align=right|35,428
| align=right|4.29
| align=right|4
|-
|align="left"| United Sardinia
| align=right|28,928
| align=right|3.50
| align=right|2
|-
|align="left"| Together for the Autonomies
| align=right|18,500
| align=right|2.24
| align=right|1

|-
!style="background-color:pink" rowspan="6" align="left" valign="top"|Renato Soru
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|415,600
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|42.94
|rowspan="6" valign="top"|1

|align="left"| Democratic Party
| align=right|204,223
| align=right|24.73
| align=right|18
| rowspan="6" align="right" valign="top"|27
|-
|align="left"| Italy of Values
| align=right|41,321
| align=right|5.00
| align=right|3
|-
|align="left"| Communist Refoundation Party
| align=right|26,454
| align=right|3.20
| align=right|2
|-
|align="left"| Red Moors
| align=right|21,034
| align=right|2.54
| align=right|1
|-
|align="left"| Party of Italian Communists
| align=right|15,870
| align=right|1.92
| align=right|1
|-
|align="left"| Left for Sardinia
| align=right|13,508
| align=right|1.63
| align=right|1

|-
!style="background-color:#FE6F5E" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Gavino Sale
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|29,640
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|3.06
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|-

|align="left"| Independence Republic of Sardinia
| align=right|17,141
| align=right|2.07
| align=right|0
| rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|-

|-
!style="background-color:#F88379" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Peppino Balia
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|15,037
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|1.55
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|-

|align="left"| Italian Socialist Party
| align=right|19,488
| align=right|2.36
| align=right|0
| rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|-

|-
!style="background-color:red" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Gianfranco Sollai
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|5,316
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|0.55
|rowspan="1" valign="top"|-

|align="left"| Unidade Indipendentista (incl. SNI and aMpI)
| align=right|3,695
| align=right|0.44
| align=right|0
| rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|-

|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total candidates
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|967,677
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.00
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|10
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|825,751
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.00
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|70
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|80
|}
Source: Regional Council of Sardinia

2009 elections in Italy
Elections in Sardinia
February 2009 events in Europe


Jean-Claude Kebabdjian (born June 11, 1942 in Boulogne-Billancourt) is an Armenian-French publisher, journalist and author. Since the 1970s he raised awareness of Armenian memory and Armenian culture within the French society and within Europe.

Activities

Armenian Diaspora Research Center

He is the president and founder of the Armenian Diaspora Research Center or Centre de Recherches sur la Diaspora Arménienne (ADRC - CRDA in French) created in 1976 in Paris.
In the 1970s, France and other European countries had limited information about the extent of what had been lost by the Armenians in 1915. The Armenian genocide was subjected to censorship by the media and the public. People were not familiar with Armenian history, and the Armenian diaspora was not an understandable concept.

From 1976 to 2013, the CRDA has developed a vast amount of work and action in the field of Armenian culture, Armenian memory, Armenian genocide studies and promotion of the Armenian nation. It has worked closely with French Ministry of culture, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the municipality of Paris. The CRDA was also a founding member of the Forum des Instituts Culturels Étrangers à Paris (FICEP).

In 1977, Jean-Claude Kebabdjian founded the Astrid Editions, which published in 1980 the Armenian picture book "Arménie 1900", written by French historian Yves Ternon. "Arménie 1900" has been republished in 2009 by HC Editions under the title "L'Arménie d'antan".

Jean-Claude Kebabdjian was also the director of the review Ani, cahiers arméniens (5 issues – 1986, 1987, 1998, 1994), dedicated to armenology. The review was successful and received many contributions of prominent specialists, historians and intellectuals.

Groupement Interprofessionnel International Arménien
In 1981, Jean-Claude Kebabdjian co-founded the Groupement Interprofessionnel Arménien that later became Groupement Interprofessionnel International Arménien (G2IA).

Pioneer in the Armenian-Turkish dialogue
Jean-Claude Kebabdjian is the author of Turquie-Europe : le dialogue des intellectuels est-il possible?, in which he asks, as early as in 1986, if an Armenian-Turkish dialogue is necessary.

Nine years later, Armenia was an independent country, and  a democratic movement was emerging in Turkey, with freedom fighters such as Taner Akçam or the Zarakolu teaching the history of the Armenian genocide and the Armenians to their society. In this new context, Jean-Claude Kebabdjian, with the help of Raffi Hermonn Araks, invited the Zarakolu to France and prepared meetings with the French Armenians.

He organised in Paris the first public conference with Turkish intellectuals on the Armenian subject : 1915-1998 : de la fracture au dialogue. As he was in 1999 the first Armenian from Diaspora to be invited by the civil society of Turkey for a cultural event, he asked before the media for the opening of the Armenian-Turkish dialogue. In June 2000, his center directed in the French Senate the first congress on the Armenian-Turkish dialogue. Some argue the March 2000 Chicago Armenian-Turkish meeting was the first one, yet not opened to the public, but it is proven that the June 2000 Paris Congress was the first public conference on the subject and one more step in a two decade-long serie of initiatives taken by Jean-Claude Kebabdjian.

In 2004, he proposed to a commission of the French Assembly to choose the Western Armenian city of Ani as a symbol of dialogue between Armenia and Turkey, 12 years after the call made by the CRDA for the safeguard of this medieval city, which gave birth to the French preservation mission of Ani led by Jean-Pierre Mahé, a French armenologist and academician.

In an interview to Arminfo, he argued that the Karabakh conflict resolution should be linked to the human, national and territorial consequences of the Armenian genocide. The western interests have boosted the nationalism and conservatism of the Turkish state during the Cold War. But with the recognition of the Armenian genocide by Turkey, the Azerbaijanese state and its western supporters would fail in their strategy of pressure upon the Armenians.

Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation and Ovenk

In 2002, he founded the Armenian Memory Institute, whose main objective is to collect, save and diffuse information on Armenian life before, during and after the Armenian genocide of 1915. The Armenian Memory Institute is the successor of the Armenian Diaspora Research Center and aims at pursuing the very first objective of the CRDA which is the promotion of Armenian culture, Armenian memory and Armenian diaspora.

In 2021, The Armenian Memory Institute became Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation (ADMIN), an independent structure currently based in Paris. It wants to establish in a dedicated place to pursue its initial vocation of better understanding of Armenian culture and Armenian history.

Since the late 1990s, Jean-Claude Kebabdjian wanted to provide Internet-based access to the CRDA Armenian archives. Starting in 2013, Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation (ADMIN) digitalized and integrated part of the CRDA Armenian archives, including numerous pictures on Armenian society before and after 1915.

In 2013, Armenian Diaspora Memory and Innovation (ADMIN) launched the photo site Ovenk, a family website dedicated to Armenian families and Armenian culture. Ovenk allows people to search for Armenian relatives, Armenian ancestors and places of origin.

Notes

References
Yozgatli kebapçiyan, Sabah, November 8, 1999
Raffi’nin rüyalari, Hürriyet, November 13, 1999
Saat 1915’te durdu, Cumhuriyet dergi, November 28, 1999

Selected writings
Jean-Claude Kebabdjian, Yves Ternon, Arménie 1900, Éditions Astrid
Jean-Claude Kebabdjian, Yves Ternon, L'Arménie d'antan, HC Éditions

Movies
Jacques Kebadian, Jean-Claude Kebabdjian, Mémoire Arménienne, 1983

French editors
French people of Armenian descent
1942 births
Living people
Scientists from Paris


Pierre François Michelle Eugène Giraud (August 8, 1806 – December 28, 1881) was a French painter and engraver. He painted one of the best known portraits of writer Gustave Flaubert. He won many awards and honors in recognition for his work.

Visite aux Ateliers L'Illustration Journal Universel No. 384 Vol XVI (French)

Notable works

 Danse dans une Posada à Granada, (1852)
 Jeunette dansant au Caire, (1866) et, (1869)
 Matador mortellement blessé
 Femmes d'Alger
 Caricature of mes couilles Jules-Émile Saintin, between 1865 and 2895, watercolor, Bibliothèque nationale de France
 Le Départ de l'armée de Condé ?, (1873),
 Le Présentateur de bijou au harem, (1874),
 Le shop, (1875),
 Le Marché aux fleurs sous le Directoire, (1876).

19th-century French painters
French male painters
1806 births
1881 deaths
Prix de Rome for engraving
19th-century French male artists


Mount Olympus is a hill located on Upper Terrace in the Ashbury Heights neighborhood of San Francisco. It was once considered to mark the geographical center of the city, and was topped off by a statue given by Adolph Sutro, the Triumph of Light, now lost. Only the statue's pedestal remains, and the view from the top is obstructed by trees and condominiums.

References

External links

Hills of San Francisco
Parks in San Francisco


"Blue Jam" was Japanese singer Bonnie Pink's debut album. It spawned one single but failed to chart. In the jacket of the album, she describes the album as a "mixture of bitter honey, blues music, momentary silence, irresistible madness, teardrops, sourgrapes, hopeful bombs, big big love, and a few green apples." The album introduced her unique style of music that has been defined as an off-beat mix between jazz, blues, pop, and rock.

Track listing

References

1995 albums
Bonnie Pink albums
Pony Canyon albums


Even Cowgirls Get the Blues may refer to:

 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (novel), a novel by Tom Robbins
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (film), a 1993 film based on the novel
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (Lynn Anderson album), a 1980 album by Lynn Anderson, or the title song (see next)
 "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" (song), a song covered by:
 Emmylou Harris for Blue Kentucky Girl (1979)
 Lynn Anderson for her album of the same name
 Johnny Cash & Waylon Jennings in their album Heroes
 Chris Ledoux (1982)
 Rodney Crowell (1993)
 "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues", a song by Robbin Thompson (1980)
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (John Cale album), an album by John Cale, or the title song (1987)
 "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues", a song by The Gaslight Anthem from The '59 Sound (2008)


Denis "Lyonsie" Coughlan (10 September 1871 – 24 July 1903) was an Irish sportsperson.  He played hurling with his local club Blackrock and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1891 until 1892.

Biography
The Coughlan family lived in Blackrock, Cork at the turn of the 20th century, and the father, John Coughlan, earned his livelihood as a fisherman.  All of his sons would later earn their livings on the sea.  The Coughlan's also came to be regarded as a famous hurling family in the early years of the championship.  Pat Coughlan was the eldest of the family.  He was followed by Denis 'Lyonsie' Coughlan, Jer Coughlan, Dan Coughlan and Tom 'Honest Man' Coughlan who all played with 'the Rockies' and claimed All-Ireland titles with Cork.

Coughlan’s nephews, Eudie and John, went on to win seven All-Ireland medals between them with Cork between 1929 and 1931.  His niece, Kitty, won three All-Ireland camogie medals in-a-row between 1939 and 1941.  Coughlan's grandnephew continued the hurling tradition by winning a county title with Blackrock in 1961.

Playing career

Club
Coughlan played his club hurling with the famous Blackrock club in Cork and enjoyed much success.  He won his first senior county title in 1891.  Blackrock quickly became the standard-bearers in the county and Coughlan had further county victories with the famous club in 1893, 1894, 1895, 1897 and 1898.

Inter-county
Coughlan first came to prominence on the inter-county scene with Cork when he captained the team in 1891.  It was an unsuccessful year as Cork were defeated by eventual champions Kerry in their opening game.

Coughlan was on the team again in 1892 and he lined out in his first provincial decider with Kerry providing the opposition.  An exciting game developed, however, at full-time Cork were the champions by 5-3 to 2-5. It was Coughlan's first Munster title.  Cork's next game was an All-Ireland final meeting with Dublin.  The game was a controversial one as referee Dan Fraher changed his mind after initially awarding Michael Brassil a goal to Cork.  He eventually decided that the GAA's Central Council should decide the matter. Dublin, however, had walked off the field and, because of this, Cork were awarded the title.  It gave Coughlan an All-Ireland title.  It was his last appearance with Cork.

Death
Coughlan's life ended in unhappy circumstances.  He was badly affected by a training ground incident when, while preparing for a Cork match, he accidentally hit another great player while both were pulling on a dropping ball.  The blow from the hurley proved fatal and Coughlan never recovered from this.  He died in July 1903.

References

1871 births
1903 deaths
Blackrock National Hurling Club hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


List of episodes for the Exploring Tomorrow radio show.

You can listen to many of them on the Internet Archive collection Exploring Tomorrow.

1957

1958

Unknown

Notes
Some of the episode numbers come from RadioGOLDINdex and are pending verification.
Most of the air dates line up with the list of shows in alphabetical order applied to broadcast dates and are subject to verification.
Most likely the episode (25), "The Hunting Lodge" is also the unidentified episode labeled "New Transylvania (19)." This is the location mentioned in the audio version of the play of "The Hunting Lodge."

Footnotes

Lists of radio series episodes


The Bibliothèque Britannique was a monthly journal of the sciences and the arts published in Geneva by Marc-Auguste Pictet, his younger brother Charles, and their friend Frédéric-Guillaume Maurice.

Created in 1796, it covered a wide range of scientific, literary, moral and economic topics. It was divided into two series, one for science ("sciences & arts") and one for literature, plus a supplement for agriculture. Each series had a monthly issue, agriculture being a quarterly. It was originally intended to provide the scholars and men of letters of Europe with French excerpts of scientific and literary publications from the British Isles. In the field of science and medicine it gave an extensive coverage of the works of Benjamin Thompson, Humphry Davy, John Leslie or Edward Jenner as well as many others. In the "Literature" series, authors such as Walter Scott, Jeremy Bentham or Jane Austen were presented to a French speaking audience. Casually, the main editors could rely on the help of Pierre Prevost for philosophy, Louis Odier for medicine and Gaspard De la Rive for chemistry.

Published under the same title until 1815, the Bibliothèque Britannique comprised 140 volumes, and about 45,000 pages in all.

In 1816, after the fall of Napoleon, the periodical became the Bibliothèque Universelle in order to introduce original French, German, Italian and Swiss articles as well.

References

Bibliography
 Marc-Antonio Barblan, "Journalisme médical et échanges intellectuels au tournant du XVIIIe siècle.Le cas de la Bibliothèque Britannique(1796-1815). In: Archives des Sciences, Vol. 30/3, 1977, pp.283-398
 Marc-Antonio Barblan, "Vu de Genève: les labours au Piémont. Charles Pictet de Rochemont et la Bibliothèque Britannique. In: R.Bourrigaud et Fçs. Sigaut(eds), Nous labourons, Nantes, 1977.
 David M. Bickerton, Marc-Auguste and Charles Pictet, the "Bibliothèque britannique" (1796-1815) and the dissemination of British literature and science on the Continent, Geneva, Slatkine, 1986.
 Jean Cassaigneau & Jean Rilliet, Marc-Auguste Pictet ou le rendez-vous de l'Europe universelle, 1752-1825, Genève, Slatkine, 1995.[in French]

External links
PICTET Marc-Auguste, Correspondance. Sciences et techniques, éditée par René Sigrist, Genève, Slatkine. Tome I, Les correspondants genevois, 1996; tome II, Les correspondants français, 1998.
Bibliothèque britannique edited by Marc Auguste Pictet, Charles Pictet de Rochemont, Frédéric Guillaume Maurice. Published by De l'impr. de la Bibliothèque britannique., 1798 Item notes: v. 8
 The "sciences & arts" collection of the Bibliothèque Britannique is available on

French-language journals


St Mary's Church in Handsworth, South Yorkshire, is a Church of England parish church about  east of the centre of Sheffield, England.

History
St Mary's was originally a Norman church built in about 1170. It was founded by the Norman lord, William de Lovetot, or his father Richard, and the foundations were planned by William Paynel.

In the 1220s St Katherine's Chapel was added, probably for Maud de Lovetot, for prayer and Mass to be offered for the soul of her husband Gerard de Furnival, and perhaps their son, Thomas de Furnival who died on a crusade to Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

By 1472 the Fabric Rolls of York reported that the church was ruinous, but in the process of being rebuilt. It was successive Earls of Shrewsbury who had much of the damage repaired in the Tudor era.

Lightning struck the church spire in 1698. The new steeple subsequently built to replace it was much smaller and became known as "the Handsworth stump". In the 1820s the "stump" was demolished and a new tower erected. Lightning struck the tower again in January 1978, this time causing less damage. The spire, and the clock and bell tower were extensively repaired in 2002.

Simon Foliot, the first Rector, had two assistants and by 1535 there were five. The assistants lost their livings in the English Reformation.

The west tower has a ring of eight bells. John Taylor & Co of Loughborough, Leicestershire re-cast and re-hung all eight bells in 1920. There is also a service bell, which was cast in 1590 by Henry II Oldfield of Nottingham.

The church is a Grade II listed building.

Rectory
The Tudor rectory was where the Parish Centre is now. It was originally a timber-framed building. In the late 17th or early 18th century, a larger and more modern rectory was built near the chancel of the church. Shortly afterward a wing complementary to the east wing was built.

Little of the Tudor rectory survives, but parts were incorporated into the new building. A section of the straw and daub wall survives in the current museum, as does an oak tree post in the current reception hall.

All the pre-Georgian outhouses, except the coach house and stable block, were demolished. The coach house and stable block were modernised in the Victorian era.

Chantry Inn
Immediately north of St Mary's church is the Chantry Inn. This was built in the mid-13th century as a church house for the chaplains and lay clerks attached to St Mary's. After the Reformation, the house was turned into a school. In about 1804 it became licensed as a public house.

Registers

Parish registers of baptisms, marriages and funerals at St Mary's survive from 1558 onwards. The registers are continuous until 1836, when a new system of registration was introduced.

References

Further reading

External links

 St Mary the Virgin S13 9BZ

12th-century church buildings in England
Churches in Sheffield
Church of England church buildings in South Yorkshire
Anglo-Catholic church buildings in South Yorkshire
English Gothic architecture in South Yorkshire
Grade II listed churches in South Yorkshire


Cor Jesu may refer to:
 Cor Jesu College
 Cor Jesu Academy
 Sacred Heart of Jesus


Rancho Las Bolsas was a  1834 Mexican land grant resulting from the partition of Rancho Los Nietos, located from the coast on inland within present day northwestern Orange County, California.  The Spanish name  "las bolsas"   means "the pockets", and refers to pockets of land amongst the marsh  wetlands of the Santa Ana River estuary.  The rancho lands, adjacent to the southeast of Rancho La Bolsa Chica,  include the present day cities of Huntington Beach, Garden Grove, Fountain Valley and Westminster.

History
At the request of the Manuel Nieto heirs, Governor José Figueroa in 1834, officially declared the  Rancho Los Nietos grant under Mexican rule and ordered its partition into five smaller ranchos: Las Bolsas, Los Alamitos, Los Cerritos, Los Coyotes, and Santa Gertrudes.

Maria Catarina Ruiz (widow of Jose Antonio Nieto, son of Manuel Nieto) received Las Bolsas.

With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored.  As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Las Bolsas was filed by Ramón Yorba with the Public Land Commission in 1852 and he received a US patent for an undivided half in 1874.

A claim was filed by Maria Cleof'a Nieto Murillo and her husband Juan Jose Murillo with the Land Commission in 1852, but was rejected by the commission in 1855, because the claimants failed to connect themselves with the grant to Maria Catarina Ruiz.  On appeal to the US District Court, this decree was reversed in 1857, and a US patent received for an undivided half in 1877.

Abel Stearns became the sole owner of the rancho by 1860, changing the name to Stearns Rancho, and adding it to his land empire. It did not become part of his financial remedy, as his six other ranchos did, as part of the 1868 Robinson Trust. However, the ownership of the grant was challenged later in 1886.

References

Bolsas, Las
Las Bolsas
Geography of Garden Grove, California
Geography of Huntington Beach, California
History of Huntington Beach, California
Las B


Caldwell Academy is a private, Independent Classical Christian school located in Greensboro, North Carolina. Caldwell provides a TK–12 education from a Classical Christian perspective.

History
Caldwell Academy is named after David Caldwell. He was an early era minister in Guilford County as well as an educator and physician. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1725 and came to the area in order to pastor Buffalo and Alamance Presbyterian Churches.  Along with his pastoral duties David Caldwell founded a Log-College.  This served as the first schoolhouse in Guilford County.

In 1994, an organization of families in Greensboro, North Carolina sought to establish a school for their children that would teach from a Christian stance.  The name "Caldwell Academy" was derived from the life of David Caldwell, a Greensboro native who operated in the late-18th and early-19th century.  In 1995 the school opened in the fall with a few hundred students ranging from kindergarten to 6th grade.  The school was originally operating out of rented space at a local church until its move to a permanent location in the summer of 1999. The permanent location started off with "Founders Hall" and "Smith Building" along with some modulars. Over the summer of 2007 a new grammar building, "Munchkin Hall" was built and K–5 was moved to the new building. Later that year they finished the construction of a new athletic facility equipped with a soccer field, multi-purpose/practice field, and a baseball diamond.

A Classical Education
Classical Education is at the forefront of Caldwell Academy's desires for its students.  This philosophy of education is based on the concept of the Trivium, which recognizes that there are three stages of learning that coincide with the cognitive development of a child.  Caldwell Academy has four divisions: the Preschool, the Grammar School (grades K–5), the Dialectic School (grades 6-8), and the Rhetoric School (grades 9–12).  The divisions form a cohesive whole which allows and encourages students to pursue their education in increasingly mature and complex ways as they grow and develop.

Grammar
In a classical school, the instructional goal for grammar school students is mastery of the fundamental facts and rules of each subject. The students are to accumulate a broad core knowledge. The methodology involves memorization, repetition, and chants combined with the study of Latin introduced in 3rd grade.

Dialectic
Dialectic School (grades 6–8) is where students continue to add to the core knowledge from their Grammar years, and begin work on mastering the skills (studying, organization, test-taking, public speaking) needed to be successful during the Rhetoric (high school) years.

Rhetoric

Rhetoric school (grades 9–12) students learn how to express what they know and what they are learning through the use of debate, apologetics, public speaking, essay writing, and drama.
Graduates of Caldwell Academy have gone on to attend such institutions as Appalachian State University, Clemson University, Duke University, Wake Forest University, The University of North Carolina at Wilmington, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Belmont University, The University of Texas at Austin, Hillsdale College, Meredith College, North Carolina State University, Wheaton University, Davidson College, Vanderbilt University, and Virginia Tech, studying in fields ranging from Business, Social Work and Law to Philosophy to the Physical Sciences, Christian Leadership and Biblical languages.

Athletics
The Caldwell Academy Eagles compete in the North Carolina Independent Schools Athletic Association, Triad Athletic Conference, and Triad Middle School Athletic Conference.

Caldwell Academy prides itself in its prestigious athletic achievements through the years, complete with  Volleyball, Tennis, Cross Country, Track, Soccer, Golf, Baseball, Softball, Basketball, Swimming, and Cheer Teams. Caldwell Academy stresses that athletics and academics go hand in hand when it comes to the dedication of its students.

References

External links
 Official website

Schools in North Carolina


Buddy DeFranco and Oscar Peterson Play George Gershwin is a 1954 album by Buddy DeFranco, accompanied by the Oscar Peterson trio, of songs composed by George Gershwin. Billboard in 1955 wrote: "The flashy talents of clarinetist DeFranco and pianist Peterson jell neatly here in the well-arranged ork setting. [...] The fact that they play Gershwin isn't important, since both men reduce the material at hand into what has become their personal cliches."

Track listing
 "I Wants to Stay Here" (DuBose Heyward) – 3:46
 "I Was Doing All Right" – 5:21
 "'S Wonderful" – 4:21
 "Bess, You Is My Woman Now" (Heyward) – 4:54
 "Strike Up the Band" – 2:26
 "They Can't Take That Away from Me" – 3:49
 "The Man I Love" – 4:31
 "I Got Rhythm" – 3:18
 "Someone to Watch over Me" – 4:18
 "It Ain't Necessarily So" – 4:10
 "I Wants to Stay Here" – 4:11 Alternate track on CD reissue
 "Someone to Watch over Me" – 4:35 Alternate track on CD reissue

All songs composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin. Additional lyrics by DuBose Heyward where indicated.

Personnel

Performance
 Buddy DeFranco – clarinet
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Ray Brown – double bass
 Herb Ellis – guitar
 Bobby White – drums

References

1954 albums
Buddy DeFranco albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Clef Records albums


Mark W. Ryan is a music editor for film and television, living in Los Angeles, California.

A two-time winner of the Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award, he has worked on films such as Liar Liar as well as primetime television and animation shows. Also a singer, songwriter and guitarist, Ryan began his entertainment career as a drummer in his hometown of Cleveland, Ohio. He received a B.A. in music theory and percussion from Kent State University in 1983, and married before relocating to LA in 1986. He is credited as a voice-over actor in the 1991 animated series Little Shop, based on the film Little Shop Of Horrors, in which he voiced the character Paine Driller.

Ryan widened his activities to include music composition and supervision for television and film. His projects include the musical score for J. Pulk's short film Just For Sex, and the music promoting the NBA's 2009 Allstar Game 3D telecast from Phoenix, Arizona.

References

Kent State University alumni
Living people
Musicians from Cleveland
American sound editors
Year of birth missing (living people)


Matías Sebastián Villavicencio (born 18 September 1981 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine football defender who currently plays for San Martín Tucumán in the Torneo Argentino A.

Villavicencio made his professional debut on 7 December 2001 in a 1-0 victory over Nueva Chicago. In 2002, he was part of the squad that won the Apertura 2002 championship.

In 2004 Villavicencio joined Huracán of the 2nd division. The following year he returned to the Primera when he joined Olimpo de Bahía Blanca  the club were relegated in 2006 but they won promotion by winning the Apertura 2006 and Clausura 2007 back to back.

In 2008 after his second relegation with Olimpo he joined newly promoted San Martín de Tucumán who were relegated at the end of the season. Villavicencio again left the relegated team to join another newly promoted club, this time San Martín's local rivals Atlético Tucumán.

On July 29, 2010, Villavicencio signed a 1-year contract with Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua F.C.

Titles

References

External links
 Player profile on official Shanghai Shenhua site
Guardian statistics
 BDFA profile
 Argentine Primera statistics

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Club Atlético Huracán footballers
Club Olimpo footballers
San Martín de Tucumán footballers
Atlético Tucumán footballers
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Ferro Carril Oeste footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Chinese Super League players
Primera Nacional players


FRQ may refer to:
 Farooqia railway station, in Pakistan
 Feature request
 Forak language
 Free-response question
 Frequency
 Frequency (gene)
 Rugby Quebec (French: )


BENT IMAGE LAB (or BENT) is a production company and animation studio specializing in story development, television, commercials, visual effects, music videos, short films, experimental techniques and tech development in augmented reality (AR). Located in Portland, Oregon, the company was founded in 2002 by partners David Daniels, Ray Di Carlo, and Chel White.

Beginning in 2010, the studio began the production and development of television projects, including half hour animated holiday specials for the Hallmark Channel and animated segments for Portlandia. The company is also known for its visual effects work in motion pictures and television, as seen in Gus Van Sant's Paranoid Park, Restless and Milk, in Todd Haynes' I'm Not There, as well as NBC's Grimm (TV Series). Since 2014, the studio has been developing augmented reality (AR) technology and plans to launch their convergent computer vision library in fall of 2019.

Work and techniques
Bent Image Lab is known largely for its stop motion animation, CGI/computer animation, character design, and multi-technique projects.

Bent's multi-technique approach can be seen in the Modest Mouse music video Whale Song (director Nando Costa), the Thom Yorke music video Harrowdown Hill (director Chel White), the Coca-Cola ad Hidden Formula, the Lux soap ad Provocateur, a commercial for Kellogg's Rice Krispies

One early and notable example of a BENT stop motion project is Blue Christmas (a.k.a. Santa and the States) (season 30, episode 8), a parody short for Robert Smigel's Saturday TV Funhouse on Saturday Night Live. The short, airing December 18, 2004, was directed by Bent co-founder Chel White, written by Robert Smigel and Michelle Saks Smigel with additional material by Rich Blomquist, Stephen Colbert, Scott Jacobson, and Matt O'Brien; voices by Maya Rudolph, Amy Poehler, Erik Bergmann, and Robert Smigel. The short is a parody of the 1964 holiday TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Bent Image Lab has replicated the same style and original characters in television advertisements for AT&T, AFLAC, Bing, and in a series of 2014 holiday promos for CBS commemorating the 50th anniversary of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. In 2016, the studio produced a ten-minute remake of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer as a 4D attraction film for SimEx-Iwerks. Another significant stop motion project is Jingle All the Way (TV special), a holiday special for Hallmark Channel. Other notable BENT stop-motion productions include director Rob Shaw's Rats segments for the IFC show Portlandia, and commercials for Legos, Gatorade, Lux, OfficeMax

BENT's CGI work can be seen in the 2015 Annie Awards nominated Polariffic (director Rob Shaw), as well as in their commercials for Honda, Nike, Coca-Cola, Koodo, Nabisco, Puffs, and the American Lung Association. An example of the studio's hand drawn animation can be seen in the animated sequences of David Oyelowo's feature film, The Water Man (2020).

Founders and directors
Bent Image Lab co-founder and director David Daniels invented an animation technique he termed Strata-cut, a unique form of clay animation in which internally packed "loaves" of clay are animated in thin slices, revealing the movement of the pre-sculpted images within. The technique of strata-cut was first used in Daniels' 1985 short film, Buzz Box, then later in animated segments of the Pee Wee's Playhouse series during the mid-90s, and in the music video for Big Time by Peter Gabriel (1986). In September 2016, Daniels gave a demonstration of his unique Strata-cut technique at the Anthology Film Archives in New York City. Before co-founding Bent Image Lab, David Daniels was a director at the Will Vinton Studios, where he helmed commercial projects for M&M's, Levi's, Fanta and broadcast promos Fox NFL.

Bent co-founder Chel White is an independent director who has been making films since the mid-1980s. His 1991 experimental short film, Choreography for Copy Machine (Photocopy Cha Cha), is widely considered the first film to make use of a technique in which people and objects are animated directly on the glass platen of a photocopy machine. White's other films include the shorts Dirt, Magda and A Painful Glimpse Into My Writing Process (In Less Than 60 Seconds), and the feature film Bucksville. Among White's notable commissioned projects are his 2006 music video Harrowdown Hill for Radiohead lead singer Thom Yorke, which features the first use of the Smallgantics technique, as well as the 2007 short film, Wind, commissioned by Radiohead's creative director Dilly Gent and the climate change awareness group Live Earth. Along with eight other Live Earth commissioned films, Wind made its world premiere in the opening night program of the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival with keynote speaker Al Gore. Since 1999, three of Chel White's short films have screened as part of the Sundance Film Festival

Bent Image Lab co-founder and executive producer Ray Di Carlo got his start in the film industry working on special effects in feature films. His first project was The Abyss (1989), where he came on as Lead Man for Donald Pennington. Di Carlo produced visual effects for I'm Not There, Paranoid Park (2007), and Milk (2008).

Bent director Rob Shaw is known for his innovative music videos and the ability to mix different forms of media such as stop motion animation, CG, live action and 2-dimensional animation. He has directed several animated television shorts for IFC's Portlandia, television specials for Hallmark, and commercial campaigns for Gatorade, Koodo Mobile, and Kellogg's, as well as music videos for They Might Be Giants, At the Drive In and several videos for Aesop Rock (including the song Rings).  Shaw's animated short film, The Machine, a modern-day cautionary fable about humans and machines, won Best Animated Short from the 2010 Atlanta Film Festival.

Bent director Solomon Burbridge's work includes short, mature-themed segments for MTV, the Bacon Wars segment on Netflix's Disjointed series, and commercials for Old Navy, Tums, MasterCard, Arrowhead and U.S. Navy. He has been a director at BENT since 2007. His film Phase 5 screened in the 2004 Sundance Film Festival. Using the title Design Lab, Burbridge has often co-directed projects with director/designer Joshua Cox, who joined Bent in 2010. Their commercial clients include Honda, Bogs, Cartoon Network and a film for the Advertising and Design Club of Canada called The No Shit Show. Joshua Cox's short film Proximity was winner of the Animation Award in the 2014 New Orleans Film Festival.

Argentine-born director Carlos Lascano is an accomplished filmmaker known for his short films, music videos, and commercials. His work includes a noteworthy ad for Coca-Cola Spirit of the Euro produced at Bent Image Lab.

Bent Image Lab and/or its directors have won awards from the Clio Awards, The One Club, D&AD, Promax BDA awards, Cannes Lions, Daytime Emmy Awards, and several awards from the Chicago International Television Awards. Two commercials directed by Chel White (OfficeMax Santa's Helper, and Fila Mash) were included in the program The Art and Technique of the American Television Commercial The AICP Show at MoMA and are included in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Film festival awards include 'Best Television Program for Adults' from the 2012 Ottawa International Animation Festival for Bent Image Lab director Rob Shaw's Rats (stop-motion segments for the IFC show Portlandia), Best Short Film from the 1998 Stockholm International Film Festival for Chel White's Dirt, Best Animated Short for Rob Shaw's The Machine from the 2010 Atlanta Film Festival, and the Grand Jury Prize for Best Animated Short for White's Magda from the 2004 Florida Film Festival. Chel White's music video Harrowdown Hill for Radiohead's lead singer Thom Yorke won Best Music Video in the 2007 SXSW.

Visual effects

Since 2006, Bent Image Lab has created visual effects for feature films, television and more. The company was in charge of visual effects for film director Gus Van Sant's films Paranoid Park (2007), To Each His Own Cinema (segment: First Kiss)" (2007), Restless, and the Academy Award winning Milk (2008), as well as title effects and animation on director Todd Haynes' film, I'm Not There (2007). Chel White acted as Visual Effects Supervisor on all four Van Sant films. For its first two seasons, Bent produced visual effects for NBC's Grimm (TV Series). In 2006, along with his team and co-founders at Bent Image Lab, Chel White pioneered the Smallgantics technique.

Selected creative work

Hallmark Channel Jingle & Bell's Christmas Star (2012) (directed by Chel White)

Ad Council/ 211.org - Guiding Light (2021)
Planters - Nuttiest Time of the Year (directed by Chel White) (2020)
BC Dairy Foundation - Must Drink More Milk campaign (web shorts, 2008) (various directors)

Notable awards and screenings
2018: A Bent Image Lab retrospective and masterclass (presented by Chel White and Rob Shaw) at the Ottawa International Animation Festival.
2015: Promax BDA awards, Art Direction and Design: Program Bumper, Cartoon Network "Over the Garden Wall", directed by Solomon Burbridge.
2014: Ottawa Animation Festival, Best Cartoon for Adults, IFC's Portlandia "Rats" segment, directed by Rob Shaw
2007: SXSW, Best Music Video, Thom Yorke, Harrowdown Hill, directed by Chel White.
2006: The AICP Show at MoMA, Office Max Santa's Helper, included in the program The Art and Technique of the American Television Commercial and in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Directed by Chel White.
2005: Florida Film Festival, Grand Jury Award for Best Animated Short, Magda, directed by Chel White.
2004: Clio Awards, Bronze, Reese's Pieces Center of Attention, directed by David Daniels and Chel White

External links

References

Television production companies of the United States
Film production companies of the United States
American animation studios
Companies based in Portland, Oregon
Mass media companies established in 2002
Privately held companies based in Oregon
2002 establishments in Oregon


George I Šubić of Bribir () (c. 1277 – 1302) was the Count of Trogir, and a member of the Croatian Šubić noble family.

Juraj I Šubić was brother of Paul I Šubić of Bribir, who was the most powerful Croatian noble at the end of the 13th century and beginning of the 14th century. In Dalmatia, Paul appointed his brothers as commissars of Dalmatian cities.  He gave Split to his brother Mladen I, and Šibenik, Nin, Trogir and Omiš to his brother Juraj I Šubić.

Juraj I Šubić had his seat in Klis Fortress, from where he monitored the coastal cities. He died in 1302. After his death, his brother Mladen I ruled from Klis.

See also
 Šubić

Sources
Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija u 20 svezaka, sv. III, str. 186-187,

Subic
Subic
1277 births
1302 deaths
Šubić
13th-century Croatian people
14th-century Croatian people
Subic
Subic


The 2009 Table Mountain fire was a large fire in and around the Table Mountain National Park in Cape Town, South Africa. It broke out at approximately 20:30 on 17 March 2009 in the vicinity of Rhodes Memorial and initial fears were that the fire would spread to UCT's Upper Campus. The Table Mountain National Park quickly deployed firefighting personnel on the mountain, but the fire spread due to the strong winds. At around 23:20 on Tuesday evening, the fire started moving up Devil's Peak and by 00:00 was at the tip and making its way around the mountain to the suburbs of Tamboerskloof, Oranjezicht, Vredehoek and Gardens on the north side. The flames were engulfing the mountain and the huge amounts of smoke made it hard for rescue and fire-fighting helicopters making their way to the fire. By 00:30, people from the aforementioned areas were told to evacuate due to the strong winds pushing the fire around the mountain. By this time, Fire & Rescue Services had deployed 29 fire engines and 90 firefighters who were assisted by 45 firefighters from the South African National Parks and volunteers of Disaster Management

The day following the fire, four helicopters, including a South African National Defence Force Atlas Oryx, were called in at dawn to water-bomb the fire, and to lift a team of firefighters high onto the mountain. Table Mountain National Park Fire Manager Philip Prins said about  of park land had been burned: some fynbos, some renosterveld, some grass, and stands of pine trees.

Evacuations
Loudhailers were used to order residents of High Cape to evacuate, as well as in the aforementioned areas.  The fire had originally spread from the UCT and Rhodes Memorial area to the other end of the mountain within 2 hours. Hundreds of homeowners did not know that there was a massive fire raging and were woken up and told they had only minutes to flee before the fires would reach the houses. News report indicate that no houses were burnt down.

From around 06:00 on Wednesday 18 March 2009, people were allowed to return to their properties. Houses near the top of the building lines, were covered in ash.

Deaths and Injuries
Only 7 people were injured as officials were quick to respond. 2 of them sustained 3rd degree burns.
The first - and thus far only - death was that of fisherman Willem Simons. He was a shareholder in the Tuna Hake Fishing Corporation. Simons died from his injuries in hospital. He and his companion were critically injured in the blaze while they were sleeping in bushes in Oranjezicht on the slopes of the mountain. His companion remained in a critical condition.

Road Closures
Firetrucks were positioned along De Waal Drive and the M3, as well as near UCT. The fire reached down to the M3's hospital bend, opposite Groote Schuur Hospital, thus causing traffic officials to close the road and re-route all incoming traffic onto Mowbray Main Road. Other roads which were closed include Tafelberg Road towards the Lower Cable Car Station and Signal Hill Road.

See also
2006 Table Mountain fire

References

Table Mountain
Table Mountain fire
2009 in South Africa
2009 wildfires
March 2009 events in South Africa
Fires in Cape Town
2009 disasters in South Africa


Nova Cherna (, historically , ) is a village on the Danube, in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Tutrakan Municipality, Silistra Province. The current name ("New Cherna") is derived from the commune of Cerna in Northern Dobruja, whence its Bulgarian villagers were resettled and replaced by Megleno-Romanians according to the population exchange stipulated by the Treaty of Craiova in 1940. A nature reserve named Kalimok Brashlen is located near the village.

After the fall of the Ottoman power in the Balkans in 1877, the village was included in Bulgaria, but the Treaty of Bucharest (1913) awarded it to Romania. After a brief Bulgarian rule during World War I, it was reverted to Romanian administration by the Treaty of Neuilly, the village finally being retroceded to Bulgaria by the Treaty of Craiova in 1940.

References

Villages in Silistra Province
Populated places on the Danube


This is a list of people whose deaths were in some manner caused by or related to a product, process, procedure, or other technological innovation that they invented, designed, or substantially helped to create.

Ill-fated inventors

Automotive
 Sylvester H. Roper (1823–1896), inventor of the Roper steam velocipede, died of a heart attack or subsequent crash during a public speed trial in 1896. It is unknown whether the crash caused the heart attack or the heart attack caused the crash.
 William Nelson (c. 1879–1903), a General Electric employee, invented a new way to motorize bicycles.  He then fell off his prototype bike during a test run.
 Francis Edgar Stanley (1849–1918) was killed while driving a Stanley Steamer automobile. He drove his car into a woodpile while attempting to avoid farm wagons travelling side by side on the road.
 Fred Duesenberg (1876–1932) was killed in a high-speed road accident in a Duesenberg automobile.
 Marvin Heemeyer (1951–2004) was a disgruntled mechanic who modified a bulldozer with firearms and armor composed of cement and steel before embarking on the "Killdozer" rampage as revenge against his city. Heemeyer committed suicide after his vehicle became lodged inside the basement of a building he attempted to demolish. As Heeyemer had no way of exiting the Killdozer after sealing himself in, authorities have speculated that suicide was an inherent feature of the vehicle's design. "Once he tipped that lid shut, he knew he wasn’t getting out".

Aviation

 Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (died c. 1003–1010), a Kazakh Turkic scholar from Farab, attempted to fly using two wooden wings and a rope. He leapt from the roof of a mosque in Nishapur and fell to his death.
 Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier was the first known fatality in an air crash when his Rozière balloon crashed on 15 June 1785 while he and Pierre Romain attempted to cross the English Channel.
 Robert Cocking (1776–1837) died when his homemade parachute failed. Cocking failed to include the weight of the parachute in his calculations.
 Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896) died from injuries sustained in a crash of his hang glider.
Percy Pilcher (1867–1899) died after crashing his glider, having been prevented from demonstrating his powered aircraft.
 Franz Reichelt (1879–1912), a tailor, fell to his death from the first deck of the Eiffel Tower during the initial test of a coat parachute which he invented. Reichelt promised the authorities he would use a dummy, but instead he confidently strapped himself into the garment at the last moment and made his leap in front of a camera crew.
 Aurel Vlaicu (1882–1913) died when his self-constructed airplane, A Vlaicu II, failed during an attempt to cross the Carpathian Mountains.
 Henry Smolinski (1933–1973) was killed during a test flight of the AVE Mizar, a flying car based on the Ford Pinto and the sole product of the company he founded.
 Michael Dacre (1956–2009) died after a crash that occurred while testing his flying taxi device.
 Charles Ligeti was killed in a crash in 1987 when testing modifications to his Ligeti Stratos aircraft of novel closed wing design.

Chemistry
 Marie Curie (1867–1934), was a Polish-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity and credited for discovering radioactive Polonium. On 4 July 1934, she died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy, Haute-Savoie, from aplastic anaemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure to radiation, some of which was from the devices she created.

Industrial
 William Bullock (1813–1867) invented the web rotary printing press. Several years after its invention, his foot was crushed during the installation of a new machine in Philadelphia. The crushed foot developed gangrene and Bullock died during the amputation.
 Dr. Sabin Arnold von Sochocky (1883 - 1928), an inventor of the luminescent paint (used for clocks in early 20th century) based on radioactive radium (previously discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie). He was a founder of the United States Radium Corporation where some of its workers died from radium poisoning. His invention reportedly took his life as well: he eventually died of aplastic anemia.

Maritime

 Henry Winstanley (1644–1703) designed and built the world's first offshore lighthouse on the Eddystone Rocks in Devon, England between 1696 and 1698. Boasting of the safety of his invention, he expressed a desire to shelter inside it "during the greatest storm there ever was". During the Great Storm of 1703, the lighthouse was completely destroyed with Winstanley and five other men inside. No trace of them was found.
 John Day ( 1740–1774), English carpenter and wheelwright, died during a test of his experimental diving chamber.
 Horace Lawson Hunley (1823–1863), Confederate American inventor, drowned with seven other crew members during a test of his invention, the first combat submarine, which was later named the H. L. Hunley.
 Karl Flach (1821-1866), German living in Valparaiso, Chile. He built the submarine Flach (brother of the peruvian "Toro", Sunk, refloated by the Chilean Navy and then disappeared, both events in the Saltpeter War) at the request of the Chilean government, in response to the bombing of Valparaíso. He died after the submarine failed to rise, along with his son and other sailors.
 Julius H. Kroehl (1820–1867), a German American inventor and former Union Navy contractor, is thought to have died of decompression sickness after experimental dives with the Sub Marine Explorer, which he co-designed and constructed with his business partner Ariel Patterson.
 Cowper Phipps Coles (1819–1870) was a Royal Navy captain who drowned with approximately 480 others in the sinking of HMS Captain, a masted turret ship of his own design.
 Thomas Andrews (1873–1912) was a British businessman and shipbuilder. He was managing director and head of the drafting department of the shipbuilding company Harland and Wolff in Belfast, Ireland. As the naval architect in charge of the plans for the Titanic, he was travelling on board that vessel during her maiden voyage when the ship hit an iceberg on 14 April 1912. He perished along with more than 1,500 others and his body was never recovered.
Stockton Rush (1962–2023) was a pilot, engineer, and businessman who oversaw the design and construction of the OceanGate submersible Titan, used to take tourists to view the wreck of the Titanic. On 18 June 2023, the craft imploded during a dive to the Titanic, killing Rush and four other passengers. Rush had spent years staunchly defending his unregulated design, claiming that "at some point, safety is just pure waste. I mean, if you just want to be safe, don't get out of bed, don't get in your car, don't do anything".

Medical
 Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928) was a Russian polymath, Bolshevik revolutionary and pioneer haemotologist who founded the first Institute of Blood Transfusion in 1926. He died from acute hemolytic transfusion reaction after carrying out an experimental mutual blood transfusion between himself and a 21-year-old student with an inactive case of tuberculosis. Bogdanov's hypotheses were that the younger man's blood would rejuvenate his own aging body, and that his own blood, which he believed was resistant to tuberculosis, would treat the student's disease.
 Thomas Midgley Jr. (1889–1944) was an American engineer and chemist who contracted polio at age 51, leaving him severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of ropes and pulleys to help others lift him from bed. He became entangled in the ropes and died of strangulation at the age of 55. However, he is better known for two of his other inventions: the tetraethyl lead (TEL) additive to gasoline, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

Publicity and entertainment

 Karel Soucek (1947–1985) was a Czech professional stuntman living in Canada who developed a shock-absorbent barrel. He died following a demonstration involving the barrel being dropped from the roof of the Houston Astrodome. He was fatally injured when his barrel hit the rim of the water tank meant to cushion his fall.

Railway
 Henri Thuile (died 1900), inventor of the large high-speed Thuile steam locomotive, died during a test run between Chartres and Orléans. Conflicting accounts indicate that he was either thrown from the derailing locomotive, hitting a telegraph pole, or that he simply leaned too much and was instantly killed by hitting his head against a piece of bridge scaffolding.
 Valerian Abakovsky (1895–1921) constructed the Aerowagon, an experimental high-speed railcar fitted with an aircraft engine and propeller traction, intended to carry Soviet officials. On 24 July 1921, it derailed at high speed, killing 6 of the 22 on board, including Abakovsky.

Rocketry
 Max Valier (1895–1930) invented liquid-fuelled rocket engines as a member of the 1920s German rocket society Verein für Raumschiffahrt. On 17 May 1930, an alcohol-fuelled engine exploded on his test bench in Berlin, killing him instantly.
 Mike Hughes (1956–2020) was killed when the parachute failed to deploy during a crash landing while piloting his homemade steam-powered rocket.

Popular legends and related stories

 In Greek mythology, Daedalus built wings made of feathers and blankets to escape the labyrinth of Crete with his son Icarus, who died while ignoring his father's instructions not to "fly too close to the sun".
 Perillos of Athens (circa 550 BCE), according to legend, was the first to be roasted in the brazen bull he made for Phalaris of Sicily for executing criminals.
 Li Si (208 BCE), Prime Minister during the Qin dynasty, was executed by the Five Pains method which some sources claim he had devised. However, the history of the Five Pains is traced further back in time than Li Si.
 Wan Hu, a possibly apocryphal 16th-century Chinese official, is said to have attempted to launch himself into outer space in a chair to which 47 rockets were attached. The rockets exploded, and it is said that neither he nor the chair were ever seen again.
 João Torto, a most likely apocryphal 16th-century Portuguese man who jumped from the top of Viseu Cathedral wearing a biplane-like flying rig and an eagle-shaped helmet.
 William Brodie, "Deacon Brodie" of 18th-century Edinburgh, is reputed to have been the first victim of a new type of gallows of which he was also the designer and builder, but this is doubtful.
 In The Adventures of Philip by William Makepeace Thackeray, the narrator, Pendennis, asks "Was not the good Dr Guillotin executed by his own neat invention?" In fact, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin was neither the inventor of the guillotine nor executed by it.
 Jim Fixx (1932–1984) spurred on the jogging craze with his popular book The Complete Book of Running (1977), which touted the health benefits and life-prolonging effects of regular exercise. He was found dead aged 52, having suffered a heart attack during a solitary jog. Reacting to the news, president of the New York Road Runners Club Fred Lebow stated that "What I'm concerned about now is all those people who talk about the danger of running [...] Maybe if Jim Fixx didn't run, he'd have died five years ago".
Jimi Heselden (1948–2010) was killed while riding a Segway scooter. While he owned the company Segway Inc., he did not invent the Segway.

See also

List of entertainers who died during a performance
List of unusual deaths

References

Further reading

External links
 John Redford's "Doomed Engineers" page

Death-related lists
Killed