The American Democrat: Or, Hints on the Social and Civic Relations of the United States of America, a political essay written by American republican author James Fenimore Cooper, was published initially in New York State in 1838. Originally intended as a textbook on the American republican democracy, the work analyzes the social forces that shape, and can ultimately corrupt such a system.

It served as an indictment of public opinion, which he argued had the potential to corrupt public morals and democracy. Because The American Democrat did not intrigue the public like a novel would have, it was neither purchased in the United States nor published in Europe. The essay, however, provided the intellectual framework and concepts for two later works of fiction: Homeward Bound: or The Chase: A Tale of the Sea and Home as Found: Sequel to Homeward Bound. Unlike his previous work where he set out to create American literature, this essay is credited with helping Cooper to establish a new identity as a writer as one who exposed the vices in society.

Inspiration and context

Personal
The American Democrat arose out of three major events in Cooper's life. The first was his experience abroad. Cooper had lived in Europe – mainly in Paris– between 1826 and 1833. This experience, according to Cooper, helped him become "a foreigner in his own country," allowing him to "present to the reader those opinions that are suited to the actual condition of the country, [rather] than to dwell on principles more general."

The American Democrat also arose out of the Three Mile Point dispute, which ended on July 22, 1837. This controversy began when the people of his hometown, Cooperstown, trespassed onto his property, using it as a picnic ground. After Cooper's publication of a notice about trespassing on his land, the citizens and the press of Cooperstown organized a protest against him. Attacks by the Whig newspapers continued even after Cooper had proved his ownership of that piece of property. This occurrence led Cooper to write about the role of property rights in America, "giv[ing] universal meaning" to the dispute.

The final event in Cooper's life that influenced his message in The American Democrat was his experience with libel lawsuits. His struggles with the Whig press, who had published libelous statements about him, escalated between 1837 and 1838.

Ideological and social context

In Cooper's mind, the divine, moral, natural, and civil laws were intertwined. Influenced by John Locke and Alexander Pope, he believed that natural law was "the will of God's providence operating in nature according to observable principles," such as property rights, deism, and biblical truth. These views were further influenced by the philosophies of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison. Their ideas led him to believe that is necessary to protect the entire country from man's inherently self-serving nature.

The political situation in the late 1830s made Cooper feel as though the true nature of civil law and government was being disregarded. Hence, by 1838, "the troubles created by legislative usurpation, demagoguery, rotation in office, and leveling to mediocrity had, in Cooper's view, reached such a point that he longed to curb the exercise of individual liberty that he equally longed to maintain."

Argument and themes of The American Democrat

Government and the Constitution
Cooper argues that the principles of natural justice should be the basis of all governments. Within a democracy, he also claims an increasing need to protect these principles because they are susceptible to the natural selfishness of those in power. In a representative, constitutional republic, like the United States, the United States Constitution acts as a social contract between the states and their leaders. This distinction raises the question of the role of the states, which Cooper believes are sovereign in their own way because they consent to their union under a federal government.

In that sense, political power in the U.S. is a trust granted by the constituent to the representative in deliberate institutions, checking and balancing each other. Therefore, it is imperative for representatives to work within the limits of their respective branches of government. In his view, the American government is at its best when those in power strictly adhere to the system put in place by the Constitution. Thus, in theory, the Constitution provides the necessary restraints on power so that men cannot pursue their own interests.

Along those lines, Cooper proposes that a representative must actually devote himself to the community, representing both the majority and the minority to ensure that the government is for and of the people.

One advantage of this representative democracy is the "general elevation in the character of the people" through equal opportunity. Additionally, with democracy's promotion of "juster [sic] notions of all moral truths ... society is ... a gainer in the greatest element of happiness." Democracy also leads to an increased political stability "because the people [have] legal means in their power to redress wrongs."

Equality, liberty, and individuality
Cooper claims that a democracy provides its citizens, who are naturally unequal physically and morally, with equal civil and political rights. These types of rights, however, are not absolute as women, children, and slaves are excluded. Without natural inequality resulting from property rights and inheritance, without which "civilization would become stationary, or, it would recede; the incentives of individuality and of the affections, being absolutely necessary to impel men to endure the labor and privations that alone can advance it." Thus, ultimately "individuality is the aim of political liberty."

To Cooper, liberty was defined as "such a state of the social compact as permits the members of a community to lay no more restraints on themselves, than are required by their real necessities, and obvious interests ... it is a requisite of liberty that the body of a nation should retain the power to modify its institutions, as circumstances shall require." This concept reflects the idea of negative liberty.

Duty of the American Democrat
It is the role of the citizen to responsibly exercise his God-given right to self-government. Every citizen must also obey the laws and guard the rights of his fellow man. To Cooper, such a human contract and moral obligation is a Divine Truth. Also, the American democrat must keep his representatives in check, constantly questioning their motives and objectively judging policy initiatives in comparison with the constitution, not their own values, prejudices, or opinions. In fact, "the elector who gives his vote, on any grounds, party or personal, to an unworthy candidate, violates a sacred publick duty, and is unfit to be a freeman."

Additionally, the democrat is "one who is willing to admit of a free competition, in all things ... he is the purest democrat who best maintains his right, and no rights can be dearer to a man of cultivation, than exemptions from unseasonable invasions on his time, by the coarse-minded and ignorant."

The dangers of democracy
In his view, the aim of a good government is "to add no unnecessary and artificial aid to the force of its own unavoidable consequences, and to abstain from fortifying and accumulating social inequality as a means of increasing political inequalities." Thus, a good democracy should ensure political and civil equality to all, keeping the members of higher classes from getting more than is constitutionally owed to them. At the time, Cooper argued that there were three factors endangering democracy – public opinion, demagoguery, and the press. He believed that the corruption of these things made political liberty, equality, rights, and justice more abstract notions rather than true pillars of society.

Public opinion

In democracies, "the tyranny of majorities is a greater evil than the oppression of minorities in narrow systems." In that vein, public opinion could become law, making the system liable to "popular impulses" and prejudice. The political party system increases the likelihood of this situation because "when a party rules, the people do not rule, but merely such a portion of the people as can manage to get control of the party".

Cooper claims that whenever the government of the United States shall break up, it will probably be in consequence of a false direction having been given to publick [sic] opinion. This is the weak point of our defenses, and the part to which the enemies of the system will direct all their attacks. Opinion can be so perverted as to cause the false to seem true; the enemy, a friend, and the friend, an enemy; the best interests of the nation to appear insignificant and trifle of moment; in a word, the right the wrong and the wrong the right.
Public opinion is the gateway to the other potential destroyers of democracy – the press and the demagogue– because it can be taken advantage of if the public is not critical.

In the end, he argues, the habit of seeing the publick [sic] rule, is gradually accustoming the American mind to an interference with private rights that is slowly undermining the individuality of the national character. There is getting to be so much publick [sic] right, that private right is overshadowed and lost. A danger exists that the ends of liberty [individuality] will be forgotten altogether in the means.

The demagogue

In the U.S., Cooper argues that the most dangerous abuse of the government is taking advantage of the citizens to gain or maintain authority. Consequently, Cooper disparages the demagogue and political manager who pursue their own interest "by affecting a deep devotion to the interests of the people" and by "put[ting] the people before the constitution and the laws in face of the obvious truth that people have paced the laws before themselves."

The press

While Cooper acknowledged that without a free press there could be no popular liberty in the nation, he also believed that the press was easily corruptible and able to spread inaccurate information at any time. In that sense, "licentiousness, neither publick [sic] honesty, justice, nor a proper regard for character" also infringed upon private liberty. Consequently, it was necessary to hold the press accountable for the information it disseminated.

The current state of the U.S. media was that the press had become an instrument for "the schemes of interested political adventurers." It had evolved from a tool for the free flow of constructive ideas to one of the free flow of false information. The following passage illustrates this perception: In America, while the contest was for great principles, the press aided in elevating the common character, in improving the common mind, and in maintaining the common interests; but, since the contest has ceased and the struggle has become one purely of selfishness and personal interests, it is employed as a whole, in fast undermining its own work, and in preparing the nation for some terrible reverses, if not in calling down upon it, a just judgment of God. As the press now exists, it would seem to be expressly devised by the great agent of mischief, to depress and destroy all that is good, and to elevate and advance all that is evil in the nation.

Cooper argued that the effects of this free but corrupted press render "men indifferent to character, and, indeed, render[s] character itself of little avail, besides setting up an irresponsible and unprincipled power that is stronger than the government itself."

Critique and reception of The American Democrat

Around the time of its publication, critics claimed that the book was not at all interesting. Though his arguments were clear and well defended, some thought his writing suffered from "a lofty patriotism" that ended up destroying the value of his argument with "the one-sidedness of view and tendency to over-statement into which his ardor of feeling ... habitually hurried him." Such individuals then argued that in writing The American Democrat, Cooper "was not aiming at popularity; it might not be much out of the way to say that he was aiming at unpopularity."

More contemporary critics, such as Robert E. Long and James Grossman, have argued that The American Democrat represents a complete change in how Cooper approached the American system. In earlier writings, he seemed to write optimistically of the nation's expansive energies. With the publication of The American Democrat and the following works it inspired, he seemed to muse upon the dangers of the system and its downfall. Starting with this work, Cooper's message on America became ominous as he continued to argue that although "political liberty is greater [in the U.S.] than in nearly every other civilized nation, [it is the country] in which men have the least individuality and personal liberty." However, some have argued that in The American Democrat, he never quite unites the dilemma concerning the rising class society, which "politically ... threatens majority rule, because a minority of wealth and talent can always subvert democratic institutions ... [but] socially ... assures 'the utmost practicable personal liberty' by recognizing the right of association of men of like interests and tastes."

Still, others have argued that The American Democrat could have been more influential had it not been overshadowed by Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America, whose first volume had been published internationally in 1835. Critics, such as Stephen Railton, argue that the two political essays approach the same types of subjects and reach very similar conclusions. In fact, both argue that "just because a republic is free from a monarchal ruler does not mean it is free from tyrannical rule," hinting at the notion of tyranny of the majority and the hegemony of public opinion. What kept The American Democrat from being considered part of the discussion in American political theory was that it was "the product of [Cooper's] spleen," coming out of a more biased observation because of the conflicts in which he had been involved. Other critics, such as Wayne Franklin, further this point in claiming that what compelled Cooper to write about the state of the nation was the fact that when he came back from Europe in 1833, he had become "widely discredited as the spokesman for America he had tried to be." In light of the events that personally clouded his view of the country, Cooper then took "a fugitive stance vis-à-vis the public – his public, as he might have asserted a short time earlier." Hence, his alienation, masked by his claim to have been looking at the U.S. with the eyes of a foreigner, colored his discussion of the country.

With these factors in mind, it has been argued that "the work cannot be viewed as it often has been, as Cooper's definitive statement of his political feelings." Ultimately, though, at least one critic has argued that his musings on the state of the nation, "show us ... the true democrat is he who wishes to conserve the republic. In this sense, and in this sense only, can we define Cooper's American as a conservative democrat." Another author writes that Cooper expressed sympathy with "liberal opinions" which he defined as the "generous, manly determination to let all enjoy equal political rights, and to bring those to whom authority is necessarily confided under the control of the community they serve" but rejected the "devices of demagogues" who teach that "the voice of the people is the voice of God."

Notes

References

American non-fiction books
1838 books
Works by James Fenimore Cooper


Paweł Jaroszewicz (born 20 September 1985 in Świdnik), is a Polish heavy metal drummer. Jaroszewicz has played with such bands as Interior, Rootwater, Sinful, Vader, Hazael, Thy Disease, Crionics, Deivos, Nerve, Obscure Sphinx, Christ Agony, No Emotions, Hell-Born, Lost Soul, FS Projekt, Decapitated, and Hate. He now plays in Bartłomiej Krysiuk's version of Batushka, Soul Snatcher, and Antigama and is also the current live drummer for Nargaroth and Belphegor.

He is endorsed by Czarcie Kopyto Pedals, Meinl Cymbals, Tama Drums, Lime Ears in Ear Systems, Balbex Drumsticks, Red Case Drum Cases and Hesu Cables. He used to be endorsed by Paiste, Vic Firth, and DrumCraft drums.

Discography
Soul Snatcher – Pylons of Dispersion (2007, Redrum666 Records)
Hell-Born – Darkness (2008, Witching Hour Productions)
Rootwater – Visionism (2009, Mystic Production)
Vader – Necropolis (2009, Nuclear Blast)
Sinful – XIII Апостол (2010, MSR Productions)
Crionics – N.O.I.R. (2010, MSR Productions)
Vader – Welcome to the Morbid Reich (2011, Nuclear Blast)
Antigama – Stop the Chaos (EP, 2012, SelfMadeGod Records)
Antigama – Meteor (2013, SelfMadeGod Records)
Hate – Crusade:Zero (2015, Napalm Records)
Hate – Tremendum (2017, Napalm Records)
Hate – Auric Gates of Veles (2019, Metal Blade Records)
Batushka – Hospodi (2019, Metal Blade Records)

References

Polish heavy metal drummers
Male drummers
Living people
1985 births
Death metal musicians
21st-century drummers
21st-century male musicians


Leces is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 1,164 (INE 2007).

Villages
Abeo (Abéu)
Barredo (Barréu)
Bones
Pando (Pandu)
San Esteban (Sanisteba)
San Pedro (San Pedru La Llama)
Tereñes
Torre
Vega

Parishes in Ribadesella


Hyde is a village and civil parish in the New Forest near Fordingbridge in Hampshire, England.

Overview
The parish of Hyde is mostly within the boundary of the New Forest National Park. It includes the hamlets of Blissford, Frogham, Furze Hill, Hungerford, North Gorley, Ogdens, and Stuckton, as well as tracts of New Forest heathland centred on the Latchmore Brook to the east.

The parish has 383 occupied houses, an infant/junior school, a village hall, and two pubs.

History
Historically Hyde was a hamlet belonging to the parish of Fordingbridge.  The ecclesiastical parish of Hyde was formed in 1855 from part of the parish of Fordingbridge.  The church of the Holy Ascension was built in 1855, and is of red brick with stone dressings and consists of chancel, nave, north vestry, south porch and western turret containing two bells. Hyde primary school was built in 1885.

The village of Hyde remained in the civil parish of Fordingbridge, although from 1868 lands to the east of the village were part of a parish called Ashley Walk, which lasted until 1932 when Ashley Walk was incorporated into an enlarged Fordingbridge parish. The civil parish of Hyde was created in 1979.

The former Admiral of the Fleet, Peter Hill-Norton, lived in Hyde in his retirement.

References

External links

Hyde Parish Council website

Villages in Hampshire
Civil parishes in Hampshire
New Forest District


Linares is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 150 (INE 2006).

Villages
Alea
Calabrez
Linares

Parishes in Ribadesella


59th Street is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in the Fairgrounds neighborhood of Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on September 5, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Gold Line. The station is located near the intersection of 59th Street and Highway 50.

Platforms and tracks

References

Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987


Little House on the Prairie is an autobiographical children's novel by Laura Ingalls Wilder, published in 1935. It was the third novel published in the Little House series, continuing the story of the first, Little House in the Big Woods (1932), but not related to the second. Thus, it is sometimes called the second one in the series, or the second volume of "the Laura Years".

Plot summary
The novel is about the months the Ingalls spent on the Kansas prairie around the town of Independence. Laura describes how her father built their one-room log house in Indian Territory, having heard that the government planned to open the territory to white settlers soon.

In contrast to Little House in the Big Woods, the Ingalls face difficulty and danger in this book. They all fall ill from malaria, which was ascribed to breathing the night air or eating watermelon. American Indians are a common sight for them, as their house was built in Osage territory, and Ma's open distrust of Indians contrasts with Laura's more childlike observations about those who live and ride nearby. They begin to congregate at the nearby river bottoms and their war cries unnerve the settlers, who worry they may be attacked, but an Osage chief who was friendly with Pa is able to avert the hostilities.

By the end of the novel, all the Ingalls' work is undone when word comes that U.S. soldiers are being sent to remove white settlers from Indian Territory. Pa decides to move his family away before they can be forced to leave.

Historical background
The Ingalls moved from Wisconsin to Kansas in 1868 (stopping for a while in Rothville, Missouri), and lived there between 1869 and 1870. Carrie was born there in August, and a few weeks after her birth, they were forced to leave the territory (however, in the novel, she is present during the move to Kansas). They moved back to Wisconsin, where they lived the next four years. In 1874 they started for Walnut Grove, Minnesota, stopping for a while in Lake City.

Although Wilder states that Charles had been told that the Kansas territory would soon be up for settlement, their homestead was on the Osage Indian reservation and Charles' information was incorrect. The Ingalls had no legal right to occupy their homestead, and once informed of their error, left the territory despite the fact that they had only just begun farming it. Several of their neighbors stayed and fought the decision.

As they were preparing to leave, the Ingalls received word from Wisconsin that the man who purchased their farm near Pepin had defaulted on the mortgage. Since they had to leave Kansas, they decided to go back to Wisconsin and moved back to the farm they had left two years earlier. So instead of heading to Minnesota as the series relates, they headed to Wisconsin and lived there again for a few years before heading west to Minnesota.

Reception
Virginia Kirkus had handled Wilder's debut novel Little House in the Big Woods for Harper & Brothers as its book editor from 1926 to 1932. In Kirkus Reviews, her semimonthly bulletin from 1933, she awarded this novel a starred review (as she did the next three sequels). "Good Americana – and a first rate tale. Personally, I liked it certainly as well, perhaps better than the other."

In 2012, the novel was ranked number 27 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal – the second of three Little House books in the Top 100.

Notes

References

External links

 Little House Books at HarperCollins Children's Books

Little House books
1935 American novels
Children's historical novels
Novels set in Kansas
Novels set in Minnesota
Novels set in the 1860s
Novels set in the 1870s
Harper & Brothers books
American novels adapted into television shows
1935 children's books
Children's books set in Kansas
Children's books set in the 1860s
Children's books set in the 1870s


Power Inn is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in the East Sacramento neighborhood of Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on September 5, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Gold Line. The station is located near the intersection of Power Inn Road/Howe Avenue and Folsom Boulevard, adjacent to the U.S. 50 freeway and a major residential area, the station serves a commuter facility, via its park and ride lot.

Platforms and tracks

References

Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987


Moro is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 288 (INE 2006).

Villages
El Carmen (El Carme)
Fresno (Fresnu)
La Granda
Sardedo (Sardéu)
Soto (Sotu)
Tezangos
Tresmonte
Nocedo (Nocéu)

Parishes in Ribadesella


James McCarthy may refer to:

 James McCarthy (bishop) (1853–1943), Bishop of Galloway
 James McCarthy (footballer) (born 1990), Ireland international footballer
 James McCarthy (Gaelic footballer) (born 1990), player for Dublin and Ballymun Kickhams
 James McCarthy (oceanographer) (1944–2019), Harvard professor of biological oceanography
 James McCarthy (rugby union), (born 1999), Welsh rugby union player
 James McCarthy (sociologist) (born 1949), president of Suffolk University in Boston, Massachusetts
 James McCarthy (surveyor) (1853–1919), Irish surveyor who mapped the boundaries of Siam in the 19th century
 James F. McCarthy (coach), college football coach
 James Francis McCarthy (born 1942), American Roman Catholic bishop
 James P. McCarthy (born 1935), U.S. Air Force general
 James William McCarthy (1872–1939), U.S. federal judge
 James Joseph McCarthy (1817–1882), Irish architect
 Babe McCarthy (James H. McCarthy, 1923–1975), American basketball coach
 Sir James McCarthy (died 1824), governor of Cape Coast Castle
 James McCarthy, villain of the Sherlock Holmes story The Boscombe Valley Mystery

See also
James MacCarthy (1945–2019), Irish artist
 Jim McCarthy (disambiguation)


College Greens is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in the College Greens neighborhood of Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on September 5, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Gold Line. The station is located near the intersection of Florin Perkins Road and Folsom Boulevard, in an area dominated by student housing.

Platforms and tracks

References

Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987


Ralph Robb (22 April 1800 – 5 July 1850) was a Scottish clergyman.

He was born in Manor Peebles, a farm within Logie Parish, Perthshire, the ninth of ten children of former maltman and farmer William Rob (1749–1818), son of farmer John Rob (1698–1764) and his second wife Agnes Wright (1709–1778), and Lilias Jaffray (1756–1820), daughter of Robert Jaffray and Lilias Hill of St. Ninian's parish.
William and Lilias had been married in the Stirling Secession or Burgher Church and St. Ninian's on 15 February 1784. Ralph's grandfather John, a man of 'great piety and unblemished integrity', had left the Church of Scotland after a forced settlement at Logie, joining the Secession in Stirling under the pastoral ministrations of Revd. Ebenezer Erskine (1680-1754).

Ralph was named after Revd. Ralph Erskine (1685-1752) the brother of Ebenezer.  From the age of 14 Robb was educated at Glasgow University, and thereafter pursued theological studies under Mr Taylor of Perth, Professor of Theology to the Original Burgher Synod.  In 1823 he was licensed to preach the Gospel in the Presbytery of Perth, and in the following four years preached in various parts of Scotland and Ireland.
He was ordained as pastor to the Original Secession Church in Strathkiness (St Andrews) on 24 July 1827 becoming the most popular minister in the County.  On 8 September 1830 he married Margaret Carmichael (1808-1868), eldest daughter of Charles Carmichael of Dundee, and they had seven children, six of whom later settled in Canada.

Robb was instrumental in uniting the Associate Burgher Synod, of which he was Moderator in 1835, with the Church of Scotland.  He joined the Church of Scotland in 1839 along with the remainder of the Burgher Synod, retaining his old congregation in Strathkiness.  However, only four years later he made a stand for 'Christ's Gown and Covenant' signing the Protest and joining the Free Church of Scotland Free Church of Scotland when it withdrew from the established church following the Disruption of 1843.  That same year he left Glasgow for America, arriving in Nova Scotia in July 1844.  He first served as Pastor to the St. John's Presbyterian Church in Halifax. In so doing he became the first Free Church Minister to cross over to the New World, where several of his brothers had already settled.  In January 1844 he wrote to Rev. Dr Welsh, first Chair of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, informing him of the flourishing Sabbath school, efficient Kirk Session and collections received to erect a church school.   He later wrote requesting Gaelic speaking ministers to attend to the many Highland congregations in Nova Scotia.  In 1845 Robb undertook a tour of southern Nova Scotia meeting Scottish settlers.
From May 1847 he served the Free Colonial Church/Knox Presbyterian Church, in Hamilton, Ontario, after their Minister Revd A Gale had left for Toronto Academy.  Hamilton was a welcome location for him as his elder brother Andrew Robb (1798-1870) had settled there and was a merchant in King Street.  Andrew had emigrated from Alloa and lived at Mountain Park, Ancaster.  Another brother, James, became a successful Rice Miller in Charleston, SC and another, Alexander, a merchant in New Orleans.  Only the eldest brother John had remained in Scotland farming in Logie and Stirlingshire.
Whilst at Hamilton he introduced several bible classes and lectures, including some specifically for women.  In 1850 he caught a severe cold and failed to attend to it properly, leading to Erysipelas.  He died on 5 July 1850, his funeral service being preached by Mr Burns of Toronto.

His obituary in the Free Church Magazine of 1851 includes the following;

Of his children, his third son James Robb KC (1837–1917) became Judge for Norfolk County, his fourth son George Carmichael Robb (1839-1918) was an engineer in Dundee and Toronto.  George and his wife Jane McNab had several children, including a son who became a Presbyterian minister, and two daughters who married Presbyterian ministers.  His youngest daughter Agnes married Alexander Bruce KC, partner in Bruce, Bruce & Counsel, a legal firm in Hamilton, and their son Ralph Robb Bruce (1863–1938) later became a partner.

References

1800 births
1850 deaths
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland


Telephone is a softphone for macOS developed by 64 Characters. It uses Session Initiation Protocol for communication. Telephone is distributed as free software under the GPL-3.0-or-later license.

Audio codecs
 Speex/8000 (narrowband), Speex/16000 (wideband), and Speex/32000 (ultra-wideband)
 Opus
 G.711 family codec (PCMA, PCMU)
 G.722
 iLBC
 GSM

References

External links
 Telephone website
 Telephone FAQ

Free software programmed in Objective-C
Free VoIP software
MacOS-only free software


Santianes is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 171 (INE 2006).

Villages
Llovio
Fríes
Omedina
Santianes

Parishes in Ribadesella


The Letters from the Segovia Woods denote two sets of letters Philip II of Spain sent to his Regent Margaret of Parma, rejecting requests to abolish the ordinances outlawing heresy in the Habsburg Netherlands on 17 and 20 October 1565, and  31 July 1566. His intransigence in this matter contributed to the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War.

Background
Philip had continued the policy of repression of heretics instituted by his father, Charles V with great vigor. However, this policy met with mounting opposition in the Netherlands. In 1565 the Council of State therefore sent its prominent member, Lamoral, Count of Egmont to the Spanish court to personally plead for a relaxation of these policies. He did not receive an immediate answer.

At the time Philip divided his time between several places in Spain (the construction of El Escorial had only recently been started). One of his favorite houses was La Casa del Bosque de Segovia, a mansion in the woods near Segovia. Of course, his voluminous correspondence used this place in the dateline when he sojourned there. There are therefore thousands of "letters from the Segovia woods" extant, but the two sets concerning the religious-policy question he sent subsequent to Egmont's visit from this place have become associated with their dateline in Dutch and English historiography.

Developments in 1565 and 1566
The two letters from October 1565, which arrived in Brussels at the beginning of November, were actually replies to Margaret's letters from July 1565, in which she made a number of requests concerning the relaxation of the Inquisition and the treatment of certain Anabaptists who had been convicted and sentenced, but for whom she requested mercy. In all cases he rejected her requests. There is a certain annoyed undertone in these letters as he refers to earlier letters, in which, he thought, he had made his orders already quite clear.

The letters did little to calm down the unrest in the Netherlands. In December 1565 a group of nobles started a political movement, the Compromise of Nobles, in direct reaction to the letters. Also, on 24 January 1566, one of the leading members of the Council of State, the Prince of Orange, expressed his discontent with Philip's religious policies and threatened to resign. Matters came to a head when 400 members of the Compromise presented a petition to Margaret on 5 April 1566, again asking for relaxation of the ordinances against heresy.

Margaret then sent two members of the Council of State, the Marquis of Bergen and the Baron de Montigny, brother of the Count of Hoorn, to Spain with the petition to plead for a positive response. However, after having listened to these gentlemen, Philip indicated in a second set of letters from the Segovia Woods, dated 31 July 1566, that he saw no reason to relent. He also explicitly prohibited the convocation of the States General of the Netherlands as Margaret had advised.

Aftermath

While awaiting Philip's reply to the petition, the government in Brussels had already suspended the enforcement of the ordinances. This had emboldened the Calvinists in the country (many of whom returned from exile because of the milder political climate) and they started to organize open-air religious meetings which attracted large crowds. Though initially peaceful, these eventually led to social unrest when Philip's reply had been received. In August and September, a wave of riotous attacks on churches, destroying religious art and fittings, the so-called Iconoclastic Fury or  went over much of the country and Calvinists seized power in a few cities, like Valenciennes. These insurrections motivated Philip to send over an army under the command of the Duke of Alba in 1567. His repressive measures ignited the Dutch Revolt.

Notes

Sources
  (1974) Texts concerning the revolt of the Netherlands. Cambridge University Press, ,

Eighty Years' War
Letters (message)


Watt/Manlove is a side platformed Sacramento RT Light Rail station in Rosemont, California, United States. The station was opened on September 5, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Gold Line. The station is located near the intersection of South Watt Avenue and Folsom Boulevard and serves the nearby Manlove subdivision.

Platforms and tracks

References

Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987


Ucio is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 367 (INE 2006).

Villages
Ardines
San Miguel de Ucio
Sardalla
Sebreño

Parishes in Ribadesella


Edward James Adamchik (born November 2, 1941) is a former professional American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL).

References

External links

1941 births
Living people
Players of American football from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
American football offensive guards
American football centers
Pittsburgh Steelers players
New York Giants players
Pittsburgh Panthers football players


Starfire is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in Rosemont, California, United States. The station was opened on September 5, 1987, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District.

It is served by the Gold Line. The station is located near the intersection of Starfire Drive on Folsom Boulevard, south of Highway 50.

Platforms and tracks

References

Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1987


Andrei Semyonovich Lukanchenkov (; born 7 February 1986) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2006 for FC Moscow.

Honours
 Russian Cup finalist: 2007.

References

1986 births
People from Velikiye Luki
Sportspeople from Pskov Oblast
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Moscow players
FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
PFC Spartak Nalchik players
FC Sodovik Sterlitamak players
FC Tosno players
FC Leon Saturn Ramenskoye players
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
FC Avangard Kursk players
FC Dynamo Bryansk players
FC Nosta Novotroitsk players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players


Avaya Unified Communications Management in computer networking is the name of a collection of GUI software programs from Avaya utilizing a service-oriented architecture (SOA) that serves as a foundation for unifying configuration and monitoring of Avaya Unified Communications Servers and data systems.

History

Origins
These management tools were originally named and created by Synoptics, carried on by Bay Networks, and later updated with the family name Unified Communications Management by Nortel. The products, in a similar fashion as the Optivity product predecessors are notable for their innovative use of web browser based user interface not only for access to network management data, but also for configuration of the network. This was something that heretofore was only possible with an installed binary application.

Version history
In June 1996, release 7.0 included the Optivity Network Management System, which included version 7.0 which provided SNMP based auto-discovery of the data network switches, analysis, planning tools, policy services, and telephony management. This management tool was rated very high by Info World with an analysis of the tools from Bay Networks, HP, 3Com, and Network General solutions, with HP open view receiving the highest marks.

Capabilities

The products in the Unified Communications Management (UCM) suite integrate into the same SOA based Web Services framework to provide a comprehensive set of management capabilities all available through a web browser single sign on. Web browser sessions of the Unified Communications Management Suite use HTTP Secure sessions to provide access to the UCM Home Page. From the UCM Home page, each user can access any of the UCM applications by clicking on the application link from the navigation bar on the left hand side of the page.

Visualization Performance and Fault Manager
Visualization of the Network Topology  VPFM is able to perform autodiscovery of the Wireless, WAN, LAN and VoIP network infrastructure as well as Servers, End Node Devices, and Printers. VPFM has a Path Trace Capability that provides functionality to see the physical network connectivity from the End Node Device to the server it may be trying to access. This provides more functionality than a traceroute in that the graphical path trace functionality is able to show Split Multilink Trunk physical connections and related statistics down the path being diagnosed. Diagnostic tools such as trending can be used to observe errors and traffic levels down each link in the Split Multilink Trunk.

Auto Trending  Capacity Planning and Reporting is an important feature of a network management system in order for the operator to respond to network utilization and growth. Upon auto-discovery of the physical slot/port connectivity of the entire network, VPFM is able to understand which connections link the network together. VPFM automatically enables the trending of Key Resource Indicators and Key Performance Indicators to provide historical views of things like errors, congestion, utilization in/out of the important trunk links of the switch by slot and port.  These interface trends allow the operator to determine if the conditions that are being encountered at the current time are atypical or not. VPFM also enables Key Performance Indicator trending at the overall switch level as well to provide a view into the routing stability, physical connection stability, bridging stability, and CPU utilization among other key statistics.

VoIP Monitoring and Quality Management – Visualization Performance and Fault Manager provides the capabilities to monitor the traffic levels to key Voice over IP equipment.

VPFM can also receive and display Syslog Messages from Network Devices. VPFM has the ability to forward events and send email notifications when critical issues occur. This function coupled with event de-duplication and correlation makes email notifications effective without flooding mobile devices with too many events. It provides a GUI software network management system to discover and manage network attached devices. It transforms complex networks into physical and logical views to allow the operators to identify application or network issues.

Configuration Orchestration Manager
Device Firmware or System Image Upgrades – Configuration and Orchestration Manager can be used to automate the task of device firmware upgrades, for operational or security enhancement purposes. Network Devices can be grouped together through multiple criteria such as core or network edge location. Upgrades can be done from edge to core to ensure successful communication to switches being upgraded thereby preventing communications failures due to switches being randomly upgraded. This prevents the situation where the edge switch behind the core switch is attempted to be upgraded.

Enterprise Policy Manager
Enterprise Policy Manager, formerly known as Optivity Policy Services supports the identification of network traffic based on several criteria such as IP Address, TCP or UDP port number, or VLAN Number

Centralized ACLs for Filtering and QoS – VPFM provides the ability to monitor the traffic levels on the many links that connect a network together for excessive utilization or error rates. This information can be used in conjunction with flows observed in IP Flow Manager to create Roles and Policies within Enterprise Policy Manager against these links on the switches referred to as a Policy Decision Point or PDP.

See also
 Service-oriented architecture

References

External links

 Avaya Data Solutions Management -Retrieved 28 July 2011

 Visualization Performance and Fault Manager -Retrieved 28 July 2011

Unified Comm
Network management
Internet Protocol based network software
Network operating systems


Substantial similarity, in US copyright law, is the standard used to determine whether a defendant has infringed the reproduction right of a copyright. The standard arises out of the recognition that the exclusive right to make copies of a work would be meaningless if copyright infringement were limited to making only exact and complete reproductions of a work. Many courts also use "substantial similarity" in place of "probative" or "striking similarity" to describe the level of similarity necessary to prove that copying has occurred. A number of tests have been devised by courts to determine substantial similarity. They may rely on expert or lay observation or both and may subjectively judge the feel of a work or critically analyze its elements.

Substantial similarity in copyright infringement

To win a claim of copyright infringement in civil or criminal court, a plaintiff must show he or she owns a valid copyright, the defendant actually copied the work, and the level of copying amounts to misappropriation.  Under the doctrine of substantial similarity, a work can be found to infringe copyright even if the wording of text has been changed or visual or audible elements are altered.

Confusion arises because some courts use "substantial similarity" in two different contexts during a copyright infringement case. In the first context, it refers to that level of similarity sufficient to prove that copying has occurred, once access has been demonstrated. In the second context, it is used after it has been shown that a defendant had copied to determine if what had been copied is legally actionable or amounts to misappropriation. Some courts use "striking" or "probative" instead of "substantial" to describe the level of similarity needed in the first context to avoid confusion. The second meaning, which Justice Jon O. Newman referred to in 1997 as the more proper use, defines "the threshold for determining that the degree of similarity suffices to demonstrate actionable infringement" exists, "after the fact of copying has been established."

Striking similarity

Direct evidence of actual copying by a defendant rarely exists, so plaintiffs must often resort to indirectly proving copying. Typically, this is done by first showing that the defendant had access to the plaintiff's work and that the degree of similarity between the two works is so striking or substantial that the similarity could only have been caused by copying, and not, for example, through "coincidence, independent creation, or a prior common source". Some courts also use "probative similarity" to describe this standard. This inquiry is a question of fact determined by a jury.

Courts have relied on several factors to aid in a striking similarity analysis. Among these are:
Uniqueness, intricacy, or complexity of the similar sections.
If the plaintiff's work contains an unexpected or idiosyncratic element that is repeated in the alleged infringing work.
The appearance of the same errors or mistakes in both works.
Fictitious entries placed by the plaintiff that appear in the defendant's work. For example, fake names or places are often inserted in factual works like maps or directories to serve as proof of copying in a later infringement case since their appearance in a defendant's work cannot be explained away by innocent causes.
Obvious or crude attempts to give the appearance of dissimilarity.

Generally, copying cannot be proven without some evidence of access; however, in the seminal case on striking similarity, Arnstein v. Porter, the Second Circuit stated that even absent a finding of access, copying can be established when the similarities between two works are "so striking as to preclude the possibility that the plaintiff and defendant independently arrived at the same result."

Misappropriation

Substantial similarity is the term used by all courts to describe, once copying has been established, the threshold where that copying wrongfully appropriates the plaintiff's protected expression. It is found when similarity between the copyrightable elements of two works rises above the de minimis exception, reaching a threshold that is "substantial" both qualitatively and quantitatively. While actionable infringement is more likely to be found where greater levels of similarity exist, substantial similarity has also been found where the portion copied was small but constituted the "heart" of the work. In determining whether use is substantial, courts look not only at the proportion of duplication in comparison to the relative size of the works, but also to such considerations as the creativity of the copied material, its use in both works and its centrality to either. Only when a work rises to a level of "substantial similarity" does it infringe to the point of being legally actionable. As there is no clear line on how much duplication is necessary to reach "substantial similarity", the question is determined on a case-by-case evaluation. A showing that features of the two works are not similar does not bar a finding of substantial similarity, if such similarity as does exist clears the de minimis threshold.

The substantial similarity standard is used for all kinds of copyrighted subject matter: books, photographs, plays, music, software, etc. It may also cross disciplines, as in Rogers v. Koons, where a sculptor was found to have infringed on a photograph.

Substantial similarity is a question of fact that is decided by a jury. In situations where "reasonable minds could not differ" in the opinion that substantial similarity of expression does not exist, a court may make summary judgment for the defendant, closing a case without finding infringement. Since "substantial similarity" can require careful evaluation, however, infringement cases usually lead to full inquiry with appropriate tests developed by the courts.

Tests

A number of tests have been devised to determine substantial similarity. These may rely one or both of expert or lay observation and may subjectively judge the feel of a work or critically analyze its elements.

Noted copyright authority Melville Nimmer describes two different tests for substantial similarity, "fragmented literal similarity" and "comprehensive non-literal similarity", which have been widely adopted and utilized by U.S. courts. Either test may result in a finding of infringement. Fragmented literal similarity occurs when fragmented copyrightable elements are copied from a protected work in a manner not allowed by fair use. It is more limited than comprehensive copying, involving briefer elements such as a stanza of a song or an image. Comprehensive non-literal similarity may occur even in the absence of verbatim duplication of copyrighted elements when, in the words of J. Thomas McCarthy's McCarthy's Desk Encyclopedia of Intellectual Property, one work appropriates "the fundamental structure or pattern" of another. Judge John M. Walker, Jr. of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit noted in Arica v. Palmer that a court may find copyright infringement under the doctrine of "comprehensive non-literal similarity" if "the pattern or sequence of the two works is similar".

The various other tests devised to determine substantial similarity can essentially be broken down into two categories: those that rely on the impressions of ordinary observers and those that rely on "dissection" by experts. Some tests combine elements of both. Ordinary observer tests rely on the subjective response that an ordinary person forms on comparing two works as to whether substantial similarity exists. These have been criticized as unreliable in that ordinary observers may not have enough familiarity with copyright concepts to recognize those elements not copyrightable, such as idea, and might also not recognize where superficial alterations fail to efface infringement. By contrast, dissection tests seek infringement only in those specific copyrightable elements within a work. The tester in these cases considers factors like the idea-expression divide and the scènes à faire doctrine.

Total concept and feel test
The total concept and feel test relies on the subjective evaluation of observers who consider the question of whether the total concept and feel of one work is substantially similar to another. The idea of "total concept and feel" was introduced in Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co (1970).
The test is subdivided into the "extrinsic test", wherein a complex analysis is conducted of the concepts underlying the work, and the "intrinsic test", wherein within the judgment of an ordinary person the expression of the works are compared. The differences between the two were defined in 1977 by United States federal judge James Marshall Carter in Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.:
[The extrinsic test] is extrinsic because it depends not on the responses of the trier of fact, but on specific criteria that can be listed and analyzed. Such criteria include the type of artwork involved, the materials used, the subject matter, and the setting for the subject. Since it is an extrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are appropriate. Moreover, this question may often be decided as a matter of law. The determination of when there is substantial similarity between the forms of expression is necessarily more subtle and complex. As Judge Hand candidly observed, "Obviously, no principle can be stated as to when an imitator has gone beyond copying the 'idea,' and has borrowed its 'expression.' Decisions must therefore inevitably be ad hoc." Peter Pan Fabrics, Inc. v. Martin Weiner Corp., 274 F.2d 487, 489 (2 Cir. 1960). If there is substantial similarity in ideas, then the trier of fact must decide whether there is substantial similarity in the expressions of the ideas so as to constitute infringement. The test to be applied in determining whether there is substantial similarity in expressions shall be labeled an intrinsic one depending on the response of the ordinary reasonable person. See International Luggage Registry v. Avery Products Corp., supra, 541 F.2d at 831; Harold Lloyd Corp. v. Witwer, 65 F.2d 1, 18–19 (9 Cir. 1933). See generally Nimmer § 143.5. It is intrinsic because it does not depend on the type of external criteria and analysis that marks the extrinsic test.... Because this is an intrinsic test, analytic dissection and expert testimony are not appropriate.
This test was utilized in BSS Studio, Inc. v. Kmart Corporation in 1999 in determining that a line of Halloween masks produced by Kmart infringed in "total concept and feel" on a line of masks produced by BSS. Particularly the intrinsic test has met criticism as extending copyright beyond the protection of expression into the protection of ideas.

In Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp, the Ninth Circuit expanded the extrinsic test to include the analysis expression as well as ideas. The Court found that analytical dissection of expression was necessary to identify expressions for comparison in the intrinsic test.

Pattern test
The pattern test created by Columbia University professor Zechariah Chafee is primarily utilized to test fiction, comparing elements of plot and character between two works to see if substantial similarity exists. The more similarities exist between the two, the more likely the court will determine infringement.

Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

The primary test utilized in comparing computer programs, the "abstraction-filtration-comparison test" is also called more simply the "filtration test". The test, which was devised by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit for Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., compares the elements of software at increasing levels of abstraction, from machine instructions to program function, excluding those elements not copyrightable, such as those approaches dictated by efficiency or the fundamental operation of computers, to evaluate similarity.

Inverse ratio rule
The inverse ratio rule test is an idea proposed in Nimmer on Copyright that has been accepted by a few of the Circuit Courts, notably within the Ninth Circuit which deals with many of the cases of the entertainment industry since it covers California. The inverse ratio rule holds that the more an alleged infringer had access to a work, the lower the threshold for establishing substantial similarity. The rule was enshrined by Ninth in Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp. (1977), in which McDonald's was found infringing on the characters created by the Kroffts as the Kroffts had shown that the firm that created the McDonald's characters had been in earlier discussions with the Kroffts, thus proving access and lowering the bar on similarity. Other Circuits have formally rejected the rule, and no case on the rule has been heard at the Supreme Court.

The inverse ratio rule has been frequently used in several entertainment-based lawsuits when it is difficult to prove substantial similarity, which had made it a point of concern since the burden of access is much easier to satisfy and can make nearly any similarity easy to show. Two recent cases signaled changes in the Ninth's attitude towards the inverse ratio rule: the suit of Marvin Gaye's estate over "Blurred Lines" by Robin Thicke, and the suit brought by a trust for the band Spirit over Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven". In the first case, a jury found for Gaye's estate on the similarity of "Got to Give It Up", both with substantial similarity and on the inverse ratio rule. While the three-panel Ninth Circuit agreed, on an en banc hearing, the full Ninth Circuit concurred with all but the inverse ratio rule. In the "Stairway to Heaven" case, the trust accused Led Zeppelin of copying Spirit's "Taurus". A jury found there was no substantial similarity, and the case was appealed to the Ninth Circuit, with specific instructions asking on ruling on the inverse ratio rule. On the en banc appeal in 2020, the Ninth Circuit specifically took the time to overturn its stance on the inverse ratio rule "Because the inverse ratio rule, which is not part of the copyright statute, defies logic, and creates uncertainty for the courts and the parties, we take this opportunity to abrogate the rule in the Ninth Circuit and overrule our prior cases to the contrary." The Supreme Court denied to hear the challenge to the case, leaving the Ninth Circuit's new stance to ignore the inverse ratio rule as case law in future copyright cases within the jurisdiction.

See also
Derivative work
Idea-expression divide

Footnotes

References

United States copyright law
Copyright law


Noise Free America is a national, non-profit organization aimed at reducing noise pollution in the community.  The organization's main target is noise from boom cars (vehicles with loud sound systems), leaf blowers, motorcycles, and car alarms. Noise Free America has a 501(c)(3) non-profit status and has chapters in 27 states across the U.S.  Its headquarters are located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

Beginning

Noise Free America was founded in 2001 at UCLA. A group of student interns identified 44 sources of noise pollution around campus, including jackhammers, leaf blowers, edge trimmers, and power washing machines. The group found these noise polluters to be disruptive to the academic environment at the university.

Features

Each month, Noise Free America issues a "Noisy Dozen" award to a major noise polluter. Past winners include the cities of Youngstown, Ohio; Stockton, California; and Sanger, Texas. The organization also gives a "Healthy Soundscape" award to cities that take steps to reduce noise. Past winners include West Chester, Pennsylvania.

Noise Free America also features an Ask an Expert section where people can ask technical questions about noise control. Noise control engineer Bob Andres is NFA's expert on noise pollution.

Office of Noise Abatement and Control

In March 2009, Noise Free America released a 76-page document titled "The American Noise Pollution Epidemic: The Pressing Need for Reestablishing the Office of Noise Abatement and Control". The position paper lobbies for the reestablishment of ONAC, a sector of the Environmental Protection Agency dissolved by President Ronald Reagan in 1981.

Federal legislative agenda

Noise Free America has called upon the federal government to declare noise a dangerous form of pollution, a serious threat to health and safety, and a public menace. To this end, Noise Free America recommends the following:

 Establish a noise agency: The dormant Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should be revived with full funding.
 Limitations on train horns: The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) should reexamine its regulations regarding the length and duration of train horns at intersections that are equipped with bells, lights, and safety gates.
 Limitations on back-up beepers: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) should reexamine its requirement for back-up beepers and trucks and vans. At the least, it should require back-up beepers of diminished volume.
 Federal agencies study noise pollution: The President's Council on Environmental Quality, the United States Surgeon General, and the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control should study and publicize the health and safety hazards of noise pollution.
 FTC warning labels: The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) should (a) require warning labels on products that are capable of causing hearing damage; (b) mandate a maximum decibel level for all electronically amplified products such as not to exceed "safe and reasonable" use; and (c) ban all toys whose noise levels pose a documented risk to the hearing of children.
 Quieting jet aircraft: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) should set stricter noise thresholds for existing private and commercial internal combustion engine airplanes and mandate significantly quieter engines for future aircraft of this type.
 Noise-silencing technologies: The FAA should give high priority to the goal of reducing by at least half the current "noise quotient" near existing airports within ten years using noise-sensitive routing protocols and noise cancellation and silencing technologies. Furthermore, substantial cash prizes should be awarded to designers and builders of prototypes of "the world's quietest airplanes" for selected categories of aircraft. The manufacturers of such aircraft should be granted significant tax benefits and other competitive advantages by Congress.
 Limitations on "piped-in" music: The FAA shall set a maximum decibel limit for music "piped in" to airport terminals under its jurisdiction.
 Limitations on car stereos: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration should impose standards on allowable decibel levels for car stereos.

References

http://valleypost.org/2015/08/22/groups-work-reduce-noise

External links
 NoiseFree.org

Environmental organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Madison, Wisconsin
Organizations established in 2001
Noise pollution
Sound in the United States
501(c)(3) organizations


Mather Field/Mills station is a side platformed Sacramento RT Light Rail station in Rancho Cordova, California, United States. The station was opened on September 6, 1998, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Gold Line. The station is located near the intersection of Mather Field Road and Folsom Boulevard, is served by various RT bus routes and serves the nearby Mather Field.

When the station opened in 1998, it replaced Butterfield as the eastern terminus of what was then the original RT light rail alignment (Watt/I-80–Downtown–Butterfield line) and was the first extension to the original network. It would remain the terminus through June 11, 2004, when the line was extended to Sunrise and eventually all the way to Folsom.

Platforms and tracks

Deaths

A teenage girl, 15-year-old Mariah Burgess, was struck and killed on November 13, 2014, just north of the tracks.  She was hit using the crossway located at the intersection of Folsom Boulevard and Coloma Road, just east of the station.

A bicyclist was killed at the Mather Field/Mills station on November 18, 2014.

References

Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations
Rancho Cordova, California
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1998


Tuscarora Creek is a  tributary of the Monocacy River in Frederick County, Maryland, in the United States.

The creek rises at the eastern base of Catoctin Mountain, about  north-northwest of the city of Frederick, and flows southeast about to its mouth at the Monocacy. The creek's watershed area is .

Environmental impacts on the creek
The Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) has identified water quality violations for Tuscarora Creek, specifically for bacteria, based on testing of water samples. MDE estimates that the principal sources of bacteria are farm animals (livestock), failing septic tanks from residences and/or businesses, pet waste and wildlife. The White Rock sewage treatment plant also discharges to the creek, but the MDE report does not cite the plant for excessive discharges. About one-third of the creek's bacteria wasteload is of unknown origin.

The Maryland Department of Natural Resources, in a separate report, identified highly eroded stream banks, barriers to fish passage, trash dumping sites and other problems in portions of Tuscarora Creek and its tributaries. These problems are associated with land development (urbanization) in the region.

See also
Tuscarora Creek (Potomac River)
List of rivers of Maryland

References

External links
Monocacy & Catoctin Watershed Alliance

Rivers of Frederick County, Maryland
Rivers of Maryland
Tributaries of the Monocacy River


Lynn McDonald is a Canadian professor, activist and politician.

Lynn McDonald may also refer to:

Lynn McDonald (academic), Canadian social work academic
Lynn McDonald (psychologist), American psychologist

See also
Lyn Macdonald (1929–2021),  British military historian


Marmorana platychela is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae.

Distribution
This species lives in north-western Sicily (Italy). It is confined to limestone rock faces.

Description

References

External links

Species summary for Marmorana platychela AnimalBase

Helicidae
Endemic fauna of Italy
Gastropods described in 1830


Aleksei Vladimirovich Semyonov (; born 12 April 1983) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 for FC Khimki.

References

1983 births
Footballers from Saint Petersburg
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Khimki players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Petrotrest players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Tambov players
FC Dynamo Vologda players
FC Nosta Novotroitsk players


Niclas may refer to:

Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz (1754–1821), Finnish born Swedish poet and inventor
Jacob Niclas Ahlström (1805–1857), Swedish Kapellmeister and composer
Johan Niclas Byström (1783–1848), Swedish sculptor
Niclas Alexandersson (born 1971), retired Swedish football midfielder
Niclas Andersén (born 1988), Swedish ice hockey player
Niclas Bendixen, Danish actor, dancer and choreographer
Niclas Edman (born 1991), Swedish ice hockey player
Niclas Fasth (born 1972), Swedish professional golfer
Niclas Frisk (born 1969), Swedish musician
Niclas Hävelid (born 1973), professional ice hockey defenceman
Niclas Huschenbeth (born 1992), chess grandmaster.
Niclas Jensen (born 1974), Danish professional football player
Niclas Jönsson (born 1967), former driver in the Indy Racing League
Niclas Kindvall (born 1967), retired Swedish football player
Niclas Levein (born 1988), retired Swedish ice hockey player
Niclas Lucenius (born 1989), Finnish professional ice hockey center
Niclas Olofsson (born 1975), former floorball goalkeeper
Niclas Rasck (born 1969), former Swedish football defender
Niclas Sahlgren (1701–1776), Swedish merchant and philanthropist
Niclas Wahlgren (born 1965), Swedish singer
Niclas Wallin (born 1975), professional ice hockey player
Niclas Weiland (born 1972), retired German football player
Niclas, Graf von Abensberg (1441–1485), knight and nobleman under the reign of Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut
Niclas Jonasson (born 1976), Swedish orienteering competitor and world champion
Thomas Evan Nicholas (Niclas y Glais) (1879–1971), Welsh language poet, preacher, radical and champion of the disadvantaged of society


beaTunes is a commercial software package for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, developed and distributed by tagtraum industries incorporated. It originally started as a tool for detecting the BPM in music managed by Apple's iTunes. Since version 3, beaTunes is not dependent on iTunes anymore and supports Harmonic mixing and Beatmixing through BPM and key detection. Keys are displayed in either their musical notation or in Open Key Notation.

See also
Harmonic mixing
Beatmixing
Music Theory
DJing

External links
 Official website

Audio mixing software
Proprietary cross-platform software


Playmobil Interactive is a brand name used by Geobra Brandstätter GmbH for releasing Video Games, Software, DVDs and Apps featuring Playmobil themes.

Titles
Alex Builds his Farm (1999; Windows)
Laura's Happy Adventures (1999; Windows, Game Boy Color)
Hype: The Time Quest (1999; Windows, Game Boy Color, PlayStation 2)
Rescue from Rock Castle (2004; Windows)
The Big Treasure Hunt (2005; Windows)
Playmobil Alarm (2007; Windows)
Playmobil Constructions (2007; Windows)
Playmobil Knights (2009; Windows, Nintendo DS)
Playmobil Pirates (2009; Windows, Nintendo DS)
Playmobil: The Secret of Pirate Island (2009; DVD)
Playmobil Circus (2009; Wii)
Playmobil Top Agents (2010; Nintendo DS)
Playmobil Pirates (2012; IOS)
Playmobil Princess (2014; IOS)
Playmobil Luxusvilla (2014; IOS)
Playmobil Knights (2014; IOS)

Lists of video games by franchise


In East Slavic languages, Fedorovich or Fyodorovich (transliteration from Ukrainian: Fedorovych) may be a patronymic part of a personal name or a patronymic surname, both derived from the given name Fedor, Theodor, literally meaning "son of Fedor". The Polish-language spelling is Fedorowicz.

Notable people with this surname include:

Aleksandr Fedorovich (born 1973), Belarusian footballer (goalkeeper)

Notable people addressed by this patronymic include:
 Ivan Fyodorov (printer), a 16th-century East Slavic printing pioneer, also signed as "Ivn Fedorovich", "Ivan Fedorov's son", etc.
Taras Fedorovych, a Cossack Hetman

East Slavic-language surnames
Patronymic surnames


Justice Mian Sakirullah Jan () is a former justice in Supreme Court of Pakistan and a former Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court and is currently serving as the Chairman of the National Industrial Relations Commission.

Early life

Justice Jan was born on 18 August 1947 in Peshawar, Pakistan .

Education and Training

Mian Shakirullah Jan graduated from Islamia College, Peshawar. He obtained a law degree from the Khyber Law College, Peshawar University in 1972.

Professional career

Mian Shakirullah Jan enrolled as advocate of Lower court in 1973 and of High Court in 1975. He enrolled as advocate of Supreme Court in 1980.

He was appointed Additional Advocate General, NWFP in July 1993.

Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan was elevated as Additional Judge of Peshawar High Court on 13 December 1993.

On 28 April 2000 he was appointed as Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court.

He was elevated to the bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan 29 July 2004.

He has been interim Chief Election Commissioner Of Pakistan in 2011.

Interim Chief Justice of Pakistan.

Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan has been:
 Elected unanimously Vice-president of Peshawar Bar Association (1977–1978)
 Elected Secretary Peshawar High Court Bar Association (1979–1980)
 Elected unanimously Secretary of Peshawar Bar Association (1984–1985)
 Elected Vice-President of Peshawar High Court Bar Association (1987–1988)
 Member of the Provincial Bar Council, NWFP Peshawar (1989–1993)
 Member of the Executive Committee Supreme Court Bar Association (1993–1994)

Controversies

Reappointment to Supreme Court
On 3 November 2007 Chief of Army Staff in Pakistan declared an emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order. A seven-member panel of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, headed by Chief Justice of Pakistan Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry and consisting of Justice Rana Bhagwandas, Justice Javed Iqbal, Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan, Justice Nasir-ul-Mulk, Justice Raja Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad, and Justice Ghulam Rabbani, issued an order that declared the declaration of emergency as illegal and prohibited all judges to take oath on any PCO.

Justice Jan refused to take oath on PCO. As the consequence of it, on 4 December 2007, he was declared to be no longer a justice of the court and declared to be considered as retired with effect from 3 November 2007 without any retirement benefits.

On 5 September 2008, Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan, Tassaduq Hussain Jillani and Syed Jamshed Ali, who were ousted as result of action of 4 November 2007 were reappointed to Supreme Court. They took a fresh oath of Office. The controversial aspect of this appointment was that they were given same seniority which they were enjoying on 2 November 2007.

Important Cases

On 28 September 2007, a nine-member bench of Supreme Court of Pakistan, in a 6–3 split verdict held that petition challenging General Pervez Musharraf candidature for the second term as the president as non-maintainable. Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan along with head of bench Justice Rana Bhagwandas and Justice Sardar Muhammad Raza Khan dissented with the majority opinion. Declaring the petition as non-maintainable were Javed Iqbal, Abdul Hameed Dogar, M. Javed Buttar, Muhammad Nawaz Abbasi, Faqir Muhammad Khokhar, and Falak Sher.

On 2 November 2007 Barrister Aitzaz Ahsan submitted an application to the Supreme Court asking that the Government be restrained from imposing martial law in Pakistan. To this application a seven panel Supreme Court bench issued a stay order on 3 November 2007 against the imposition of an emergency. The bench was headed by Chief Justice Iftikhar Mohammad Chaudhry. The other members of the bench were Justice Rana Bhagwandas, Justice Javed Iqbal, Justice Mian Shakirullah Jan, Justice Nasirul Mulk, Justice Raja Fayyaz, and Justice Ghulam Rabbani. This stay order was ignored by the Chief of Army Staff and the emergency was imposed across the country.

References

1947 births
Living people
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
Chief Justices of the Peshawar High Court


Jennifer N. Carpenter (born October 13, 1965) is an American finance academic best known for her pioneering research into executive stock options. Other interests include fund manager compensation, survivorship bias, corporate bonds, and option pricing.  She has been published in numerous journals including the Journal of Finance, the Journal of Financial Economics, the Review of Financial Studies, and the Journal of Business.

She is a professor at NYU's School of Business, where she teaches MBA courses in debt instruments and markets, and at the PhD level, continuous time asset pricing and portfolio choice. Before joining NYU, Carpenter worked at Goldman Sachs & Co in the fixed income division, and she was also a lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania.

Carpenter received her BS in economics, MA in finance, MA in mathematics, and PhD in finance from the University of Pennsylvania.

She has presented "The Real Value of China's Stock Market" at various venues including the People's Bank of China, National Bureau of Economic Research,  the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange.

Selected publications
, Cited 83 times, according to Scopus
 Cited 57 times, according to Scopus

References

New York University Stern School of Business faculty
1965 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American women academics
Academic staff of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
Financial economists
Goldman Sachs people
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
21st-century American women


Trim Aerodrome is located  north-east of Trim, a town in County Meath, Ireland. The airfield has one runway, 10/28 which is .

Trim Flying Club, a Registered Training Facility (RTF), is based at the aerodrome and operates two aircraft. The airfield is also home to other general aviation aircraft including microlights.

References

Airports in the Republic of Ireland
Transport in County Meath
Trim, County Meath


Ruslan Andreyevich Surodin (; born 26 October 1982) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk. He played 1 game in the UEFA Cup 2001–02 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk.

On 11 April 2009, during a game of Surodin's FC Nosta Novotroitsk against FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, a Chernomorets fan broke onto the field and ran towards the Nosta's goalkeeper. Surodin punched the fan.

References

1982 births
Sportspeople from Pskov
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Amkar Perm players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
Russian Premier League players
FC Tyumen players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Oryol players
PFC Dynamo Stavropol players
FC Nosta Novotroitsk players


Rudolf Schmidt  (12 May 1886 – 7 April 1957) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II who commanded the 2nd Panzer Army on the Eastern Front. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves.

Career
Schmidt  joined the Prussian Army in 1906 and served during World War I. He was retained in the Reichswehr where he served in staff roles. In October 1936 he was promoted to Generalmajor and appointed commander of the 1st Panzer Division. In 1939 Schmidt led the division in the invasion of Poland.

On 1 February 1940 he was appointed commanding general of the XXXIX Panzer Corps. He led the Corps in France and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his role in that campaign on 3 June 1940. He was promoted to General der Panzertruppe and appointed acting commander of the 2nd Army which took part in the Battle of Moscow. On 25 December 1941 he was appointed Commander of the 2nd Panzer Army (replacing the sacked General Guderian).

His brother Hans-Thilo Schmidt sold details of the Germans' Enigma machine and other sensitive military information to the French Deuxième Bureau from 1931 until the German invasion of France in 1940. In January 1942 Rudolf Schmidt was promoted to Generaloberst, but on 10 April 1943 he was relieved of his command after the Gestapo arrested his brother for spying for the French, and found letters that Schmidt had written in which he was highly critical of Hitler’s conduct of the war and the Nazi Party. He appeared before a court martial but was acquitted and transferred to the leadership reserve on 30 September 1943. He was never re-employed.

On 16 December 1947 Schmidt was arrested by Soviet forces on his way to his home in Weimar. Taken to Moscow, he was initially imprisoned at the Vladimir Central Prison and Butyrka prison. In 1952, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison for war crimes by a military tribunal. On 30 September 1955, Schmidt was among the last prisoners to be released. He died in 1957.

Awards

 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (22 September 1939) & 1st Class (2 October 1939)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 3 June 1940 as Generalleutnant and commanding general of the XXXIX. Armeekorps (mot.)
 19th Oak Leaves on 10 July 1941 as General der Panzertruppe and commanding general of the XXXIX. Armeekorps (mot.)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1886 births
1957 deaths
Military personnel from Berlin
German Army officers of World War II
Colonel generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
German Army personnel of World War I
German people convicted of war crimes
Prussian Army personnel
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Military personnel from the Province of Brandenburg
Reichswehr personnel
People who were court-martialed


Newton Mills   is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Colchester County .

References
Newton Mills on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Colchester County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Tuscarora Creek is a  tributary of the Potomac River in Frederick County, Maryland, in the United States.

The creek rises east of the community of Jefferson, about  southwest of the city of Frederick, and flows south to its mouth at the Potomac.

See also
Tuscarora Creek (Monocacy River)
List of rivers of Maryland

References

Rivers of Frederick County, Maryland
Rivers of Maryland
Tributaries of the Potomac River


Collado may refer to:

People
Adrià Collado (born 1972), Spanish actor
Álex Collado (born 1999), Spanish footballer
Alexei Collado (born 1988), Cuban professional boxer
Armando Collado (born 1985), Salvadoran-born Nicaraguan footballer
Beatriz Collado Lara (born 1959), Mexican politician
Berta Collado (born 1979), Spanish TV presenter and journalist
Carlos Collado (born 1938), Spanish politician
David Collado (born 1975), Dominican politician and businessman
Diego Collado (died 1638), Spanish Christian missionary
Diego Collado (born 2001), Spanish footballer
Norberto Collado Abreu (1921–2008), Cuban captain of the yacht that ferried Fidel Castro to Cuba from Mexico in 1956
Jesús Collado Alarcón (born 1979), Spanish paralympic swimmer
José Collado (born 1990), Spanish footballer
María Carmen Collado (born 1983), Spanish swimmer
María Collado Romero (1885–1968), Cuban journalist, poet, and feminist activist
Shirley Collado, American psychology professor and president of Ithaca College
Teresita Collado (born 1971), Guatemalan race walker
Victoria Collado, Cuban-American director
Yarisley Collado (born 1985), Cuban discus thrower

Places
Collado (Cáceres), municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
Collado de Contreras, municipality in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Collado del Mirón, municipality in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Collado Hermoso, municipality in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain
Collado Mediano, municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain
Collado Villalba, municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain
Hoyos del Collado, municipality in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Santiago del Collado, municipality in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain

Other uses
El Collado Formation, geological formation in Cuenca, Spain whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous
CB Collado Villalba, defunct basketball team based in Collado Villalba, Madrid
CH Collado Villalba, ice hockey team based in Collado Villalba, Madrid
CU Collado Villalba, football team based in Collado Villalba, Madrid


Witherspoon ( ) is a Scottish surname, deriving from the elements wether, an archaic name for 'sheep' and spang, which means 'a narrow strip of land'. The name is found in the county of Lanarkshire.

List
Notable people with the name include:

Athletics
Ahkello Witherspoon (born 1995), American football player
Brian Witherspoon (born 1985), American football player
Chazz Witherspoon (born 1981), heavyweight boxer
Derrick Witherspoon (born 1971), former American football and Canadian football player
Devon Witherspoon (born 2000), American football player
Jim Witherspoon (born 1951), retired Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman
Reggie Witherspoon (basketball), head coach of the University at Buffalo men's basketball team
Reggie Witherspoon (sprinter) (born 1985), American sprinter
Sophia Witherspoon (born 1969), former WNBA basketball player
Tim Witherspoon (born 1957), American boxer twice recognized as Heavyweight Champion of the World
Will Witherspoon (born 1980), American football player

Entertainers
Cora Witherspoon (1890–1957), American actress
Dane Witherspoon (1957–2014), American actor
Herbert Witherspoon (1873–1935), American bass singer and opera manager
Jimmy Witherspoon (1920–1997), American blues singer
John Witherspoon (actor) (1942–2019), American comedy actor
Lajon Witherspoon (born 1972), vocalist for the Atlanta-based alternative metal band Sevendust
Reese Witherspoon (born 1976), American actress and film producer

Politicians
Buddy Witherspoon, former National Executive Committeeman of the South Carolina Republican Party
James Hervey Witherspoon, Jr., (1810–1865), Confederate States of America politician
John Witherspoon (1723–1794) clergyman and signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence
Doctor John Witherspoon, a bronze sculpture in Washington D.C. by William Couper of John Witherspoon
Robert Witherspoon (1767–1837), U.S. Representative from South Carolina
Samuel Andrew Witherspoon (1855–1915), U.S. Representative from Mississippi

Others
Frances M. Witherspoon, (1886–1973), American writer and activist
Gary Witherspoon, Professor of American Indian studies at the University of Washington
Sarah Witherspoon, American mathematician
Sharon Witherspoon, British statistician

References

English-language surnames
Surnames of English origin
Surnames of Scottish origin


Paul McGowan is the name of:
Paul McGowan (footballer) (born 1987), Scottish footballer
Paul McGowan (artist) (born 1967), artist and fashion designer
Paul McGowan (American football) (born 1966), former American football linebacker
Paul D. McGowan (1947–2014), American politician


Michael Christopher Adams (born March 25, 1974) is a former gridiron football wide receiver and return specialist from Grand Prairie (Dalworth) Texas. Mike Adams played high school football for the Sam Houston Texans in Arlington, Texas. Mike was a 3x first-team all district selection (89-91). He was selected as the district 8-5A MVP his senior season that ultimately saw him gather all-state honors that same season. Mike attended the University of Texas at Austin (92-96). Mike became a 4 year starter for a Texas Longhorn team that won conference championships in 1994, 1995, and 1996. Upon leaving school, Adams held every receiving, kick and punt return, and all purpose yards records. Only Ricky Williams and Cedric Benson have accumulated more yards than Adams. Mike was inducted into the Longhorn Hall of Honor in October 2021. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL) in 1997 and played as a rookie until a knee injury midway through the season ended his season. He later played for the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League in 2000 and the XFL's San Francisco Demons in 2001. Since his subsequent retirement from football, Mike has been an educator and coach for 14 years in various school districts across the state of Texas. He currently serves as an assistant principal at Canyon High School in New Braunfels, Texas. Mike continues to coach as well, serving as the passing game coordinator and an assistant track coach for Canyon High Athletics.

College
At the University of Texas, Michael  Adams was a three-time All Conference wide receiver. Mike was a USA Today freshman All-American (1992), the 1993 University of Texas team MVP and first-team All-Southwest Conference player in 1993 and 1995. Mike was a third-team All-Big 12 Conference player in 1996. Mike graduated as UT's all-time leading receiver in yards and receptions, touchdown receptions, all purpose yards leader, and set several other school records including the record for consecutive games with a reception, career 100-yard receiving games, and career kickoff and punt return yards. Michael  Adams averaged 17.2 yards per touch during his time on campus. Only Ricky Williams and Cedric Benson have more all purpose yards than Michael Adams.

Professional
Michael Adams was drafted in the seventh round of the 1997 NFL Draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers with the 223rd overall pick. He played for one season, seeing action in his first six games as a rookie until he suffered a season ending and ultimately career ending knee injury against the Indianapolis Colts on TNT Sunday night football in which he recorded a season high 5 kickoff returns for 123 yards. He recorded one career reception for 39 yards against the Tennessee Titans.

The BC Lions signed Adams for the 2000 season, and he played in eight regular season games. He caught 23 passes for 355 yards and two touchdowns.

Later life
Adams went back to school and earned a Bachelor's degree in Applied Learning and Development from the University of Texas in 2009. He then earned a Master's degree in Curriculum and Instruction from Concordia University in 2011. He became a teacher, coach and school administrator in Central Texas.

References

External links
NFL.com profile

1974 births
Living people
Players of American football from Dallas
Players of Canadian football from Dallas
American football wide receivers
Canadian football wide receivers
Texas Longhorns football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
BC Lions players
Players of Canadian football from Texas


Oli Brown is a British blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. He has released three studio albums and one live album.

History

Brown was signed to the German blues label, Ruf Records, in January 2008. He released his debut album, Open Road, in July 2008 to good reviews.

Oli's second album, Heads I Win Tails You Lose, was released in 2010, and was produced by Mike Vernon. In the same year, Brown made his debut at the Glastonbury Festival. Classic Rock magazine voted Heads I Win Tails You Lose the number 3 blues album of 2010. Mojo voted it the number 4 blues album of 2010.

At the 2010 British Blues Awards, Brown was named 'Best Male Vocalist' and 'Best Young Artist'.

In the 2011 British Blues Awards, Brown won the 'Best Band' category and Heads I Win Tails You Lose was named 'Best Album'. He was also runner up in the 'Best Male Vocalist', 'Best Guitarist' and 'Best Young Artist' categories.

Following a 25 date tour of the UK as the opening act for John Mayall, Mayall asked Brown to step into the lead guitarist role of his band, when Rocky Athas was unable to attend the Indonesian Blues Festival in December 2011.

Brown's third album Here I Am was released on 23 April 2012, and featured Scott Barnes (bass), Wayne Proctor (drums and percussion) and Joel White (keyboards) with guest performances by Dani Wilde and Paul Jones. Here I Am was number one in the Amazon, HMV and iTunes blues charts and was released in the United States in June 2012. Brown was nominated for Best Guitarist and Best Young Artist in the 2012 British Blues Awards.

On 3 June 2013, at the Grand Rex in Paris, he opened for Joe Satriani and released a live album, entitled Songs From The Road on 14 June 2013.

In 2014 he formed rock trio RavenEye with bassist Aaron Spiers and drummer Kev Hickman.

In 2022, Brown announced new project 'Oli Brown & The Dead Collective'. He also contributed to the album Recipe For Change by UK rock band The Mentulls, adding backing vocals.

Equipment

Brown uses a Hamm-tone Rail-car electric guitar, built from an old C.P. Rail car floor board and a neck from black walnut that was struck down by lightning in 1978, it is equipped with Filtertron pickups and a proprietary secondary pickup which can double as a bass guitar.  He also uses frankenstein telecaster he fashioned together himself using choice parts, a Taylor acoustic guitar and a Hofner hollowbody electric.  One other guitar he uses is a personal signature edition of the "Legend" solid-body electric guitar by Vanquish Guitars. The guitar features two P90 Humbucker-sized pickups and a combination of Tune-o-matic bridge and Stop-Tailpiece. Brown usually uses a Blackstar Combo Amp and Shure Beta 58A Microphones. He also uses an Volt Overdrive Super OB100.

Discography
Open Road (2008) Ruf Records – RUF 1139
Heads I Win, Tails You Lose (2010) Ruf Records – RUF 1160
Here I Am (2012) Ruf Records – RUF 1178
Songs From The Road (2013) Ruf Records

References

External links

Official homepage

Living people
British male singer-songwriters
British blues singers
British blues guitarists
21st-century British singers
Ruf Records artists
21st-century British male singers
1989 births