The Shepparton Football Netball Club, nicknamed the Bears, is an Australian rules football and netball club in the Goulburn Valley Football League. The Shepparton Bears, a local football team, play their home games at Deakin Reserve, Shepparton's premier football ground. The Bears, once known as the Maroons, are based in Shepparton. They share the ground with the Shepparton United Football Club.

History

Competitive football began in the Shepparton region in the 1880s, but it wasn't until the formation of the Goulburn Valley District Football Association in 1894 that a formal structure for the sport was established. The Association provided a framework for teams to compete in a league, with a coherent set of rules and regulations.

Shepparton was one of six founder members of the Goulburn Valley District Football Association (GVDFA). The Shepparton Bears were incredibly successful in the early years of the GVDFA, winning their first flag (championship) in 1899. This was followed by another flag in 1903, and a run of six premierships from 1906 to 1914, interrupted only by the First World War. The Shepparton Bears were undoubtedly the dominant team in the region during this period. From 1911 until early in the 1913 season in particular, Shepparton was widely regarded, and indeed often described in the local press, as ‘invincible’. At the end of the 1913 season, this evaluation was further enhanced when Shepparton beat South Bendigo by 3 points in a special challenge match for ‘the championship of the north’.

After World War I, Shepparton continued to enjoy regular success, but they left the GVFL in 1939 because the league decided to change from a Wednesday competition to a Saturday.  They joined the Central Goulburn Valley Football League and only returned to the GVFL in 1951.

In 1961, the club appointed Tom Hafey, a former back pocket player with , who preached a fast-paced, aggressive, highly team-orientated football. Hafey coached the club to a hattrick of flags before Richmond offered him the main coaching position in the VFL. Hafey made sure to sign the best young talent in the GVFL and in his second year got the Tigers a flag.

The introduction of zoning in 1968 meant that Shepparton was assigned to the Melbourne recruiting region.

Further premierships followed in 1968-9 under Ken Rowe, and in 1972-3 under Bill Sykes. Since then, the club has enjoyed only sporadic success, at least by its own lofty standards, but there is little doubt that dynastic potential still simmers not far beneath the surface.

Football Premierships
Seniors

VFL/AFL players

 Steven King – ,
 Shannon Byrnes –
 David Code –
 Lachlan Ash -
 Will Brodie -
 Jordon Butts -

References

External links
 australianfootball: Shepparton
 Official Club Website

Australian rules football clubs in Victoria (state)
Goulburn Valley Football League clubs


List of speakers of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia.

On 3 April 2002, Nugzar Ashuba was elected Speaker with 23 votes in favour, 10 against and 1 abstention.

On 3 April 2012, Valeri Bganba was elected Speaker, defeating Raul Khajimba by 21 votes to 11 (with one invalid vote).

List of speakers

See also
Heads of State of Abkhazia

External links
 Сайт Наро́дного Собра́ния Республики Абхазии
 Конституция Абхазии
 Соглашения между парламентами Абхазии, Приднестровья и Южной Осетии

References

Apsnypress

Caucasian Knot

Politics of Abkhazia
Abkhazia, People's Assembly
Abkhazia-related lists


"4, 3, 2, 1" is the first single by k-os from the album Yes!. The music video premièred in February 2009. The song samples "Soul Flower (Remix)" by The Pharcyde.

Song meaning
The lyrics of "4, 3, 2, 1" question the presence of conflict in the world ("What we fighting for/I don't know what for"). In the first verse, k-os states that he thought [the world] would stay real, but that people "sold their souls for the golden goose" and changed in order to become successful. However, he states that "the truth is as long as [he] keeps rhyming". He remembers that people used to be peaceful and now conflict is starting to appear; but he shrugs it off ("doesn't really matter, I've got to go") and proceeds into the chorus. In the second verse, k-os says that although some people may have wronged him, he lets it go and "acts uncouth". But he adds that it's "just an act"; otherwise he may react negatively and cause more conflict. He states that it is part of his nature to act this way, and that despite he may feel upset, he still maintains a positive image.

Music video
The stop-motion-style video for "4, 3, 2, 1" features k-os and his crew in a closed mall at night, break dancing and playing hockey, among other activities.

The video starts with a shot of two aisles running side by side, then goes to k-os and his crew dancing as they head into the mall. k-os walks around an aisle dressed as a janitor and mops the floor beside a tall mannequin in a suit, who slowly begins to dance. He then slides along the floor with the mop as his two crew members dance. A man is shown sliding down rows of tables in the food court.

Then k-os, still mopping the floor, opens an electronics store and takes a music player out of its package. He puts some headphones on a female mannequin and she begins to dance. Back in another store, k-os is shown speaking into a walkie-talkie as a member of his crew rides a scooter and the other break dances.

In a different store, k-os and a mannequin who are dressed like ninjas begin to fight as k-os sings into a microphone. k-os and his crew also play a game of hockey in the first store along with Matte Babel.

Clips are then shown featuring k-os, his crew, and the mannequins break dancing. The video ends with k-os struggling to reach his microphone while being pulled back away from it, and it fades into white as k-os disappears.

This video was shot at the Gerrard Square shopping center in downtown Toronto, Canada.

Remix
The official remix was produced by TheSoundCrate.

Peak chart positions

References

External links

2008 singles
K-os songs
2008 songs
EMI Records singles


Kevin Thomas Boyd (born 23 June 1966) is an English former competitive swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympics and World University Games, and England in the Commonwealth Games, during the 1980s.  He competed internationally in freestyle swimming events.

Swimming career
Boyd attended Hymers College in Hull and, along with elder brother Steven, joined the local swimming club Hull Olympic in 1972.  He soon became a proficient swimmer at local and county level in backstroke events, before switching to freestyle in his teens. He joined the Borough of South Tyneside swimming club in 1984 after beginning his degree in medicine at Newcastle University.

He competed in the 400-metre freestyle and the 1500-metre freestyle at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, finishing 7th in both finals.  He was a member of the British men's squad that competed in the qualifying heats of the 4×200-metre freestyle relay. In the 1988 Guinness Book of Records he appeared as holding the world record for the 400, 800 and 1500 metres freestyle.

He represented England and won a silver medal in the 400 metres freestyle and a bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres freestyle relay, at the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland. Four years later he represented England in the freestyle events, at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand. He also won the 1986 and 1987 ASA National Championship title in the 400 metres freestyle and the 1987 and 1989 ASA British National 1500 metres freestyle titles.

Personal life
Boyd gave up swimming in 1991 and now works as an orthopaedics specialist and a clinical teacher at University Hospitals Leicester. He is married, and has a daughter and a son.

See also
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kingston upon Hull
English male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
Swimmers at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1990 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Universiade bronze medalists for Great Britain
Medalists at the 1987 Summer Universiade
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games


Sehnsucht is the tenth album by the German gothic rock duo Lacrimosa, released on 8 May 2009. Singer and producer Tilo Wolff wanted to create an album that was less conceptual and more spontaneous than the previous releases by Lacrimosa. Therefore, Sehnsucht features a great variability of musical expressions like a sarcastic track "Feuer" and the tender song "Call Me With The Voice Of Love".  The planned release of a vinyl format album was cancelled shortly before the final release of Sehnsucht.

Reception

In a positive review the German Sonic Seducer magazine lauded the freshness of the songs as well as singer Anne Nurmi's facetted and self-confident vocals, while the Side-Line magazine did not discover much new material in the album and compared the sound of "I Lost My Star in Krasnodar" to Rammstein. However, the author awarded five out of six points. The laut.de online magazine complained about the lack of quality in Wolff's singing and about weak lyrics but at the same time made very positive statements about his skills in arranging classical elements, Hard rock and Metal.

Track listing

Special edition
There is also a "Special edition", released at the same time, with the same tracks but re-recorded with slight variations.
The special version is also the first Lacrimosa album with a full color cover (The Echoes digipak had a sepia cover).

Charts

References

2009 albums
Lacrimosa (band) albums


Ernest Tubb Sings Hank Williams is an album by American country singer Ernest Tubb, released in 1968 (see 1968 in music). It is a tribute to the songs of country singer-songwriter Hank Williams.

Track listing
All songs by Hank Williams unless otherwise noted.
"Hey, Good Lookin'"
"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"
"Take These Chains from My Heart" (Fred Rose, Hy Heath)
"I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)"
"A Mansion on the Hill" (Hank Williams, Fred Rose)
"Mind Your Own Business"
"Your Cheatin' Heart"
"Cold, Cold Heart"
"Window Shopping" (Marcel Joseph)
"Someday You'll Call My Name" (Jean Branch, Eddie Hill)
"I Could Never Be Ashamed of You"

Personnel
Ernest Tubb – vocals, guitar
Jerry Shook – guitar, bass
Grady Martin – guitar
Steve Chapman – guitar
Buddy Charleton – pedal steel guitar
Jack Drake – bass
Billy Pfender – drums
Hargus "Pig" Robbins – piano

Chart positions

References

Ernest Tubb albums
1968 albums
Albums produced by Owen Bradley
Decca Records albums


National Poison Prevention Week is observed in the United States the third week of March.  The goal of the week is to raise awareness of the risk of being poisoned by household products, medicines, pesticides, plants, bites and stings, food poisoning, and fumes.  Awareness being duly raised, it is hoped that this will prevent poisoning.

Origin

On September 26, 1961, the 87th United States Congress passed a joint resolution () requesting that the President of the United States proclaim the third week of March National Poison Prevention Week.  On February 7, 1962, President John F. Kennedy responded to this request and proclaimed the third week of March as National Poison Prevention Week.  The first National Poison Prevention Week was therefore observed in March 1962.

Poisoning: A National Scourge

More than two million potential poison exposures are reported every year to American poison control centers.  More than 90% of these poisoning occur in the home, and a majority of these occur with children five years of age and younger.

Though calls regarding children still make up more than half of all calls to poison control centers, they only account for a small percent of the deaths due to poisoning.  Poisoning of adults is on the rise in our nation and only stands behind motor vehicle accidents as the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths.

Over 1000 Americans die from poisoning every year.

Poisoning: Prevent It

The American Association of Poison Control Centers, representing the poison control center network of the United States, offers the following poison prevention tips:

 If you think someone has been poisoned, call 1-800-222-1222 right away.  Serious poisonings don't always have early signs.
 Put the number for your poison control center (1-800-222-1222) in your cell phone and near home phones.
 Keep medicines and household products in their original containers in a different place than food.
 Always read product labels and follow any directions.
 Keep household products and medicines locked up.  Put them where kids can't see them or reach them.
 Buy products with child-resistant packaging.  But remember, nothing is child-proof.
 Never call medicine "candy."  Poisons may look like food or drink.  Teach children to ask an adult before tasting anything.
 Learn about products and drugs that young people use to get "high."  Talk to your teen or pre-teen about these dangers.
 Have a working carbon monoxide alarm in your home.

Call 1-800-222-1222 to reach your local poison control center, anywhere in the United States.  The call is free, private, 24/7/365, and expert help is available in more than 150 languages.

The National Poison Prevention Week Council

The National Poison Week Prevention Week Council was established in early 1962 to oversee the national observation of National Poison Prevention Week.

As of August 2011, the National Poison Prevention Week Council included representatives of the following organizations:

 American Academy of Clinical Toxicology
 American Academy of Pediatrics
 American Association of Poison Control Centers
 American Cleaning Institute
 American College of Emergency Physicians
 American Pharmacists Association
 American Red Cross National Headquarters
 American Society for Testing and Materials
 Art & Creative Materials Institute
 Closure & Container Manufacturers Association
 Consumer Healthcare Products Association
 Consumer Specialty Products Association
 Healthcare Compliance Packaging Council
 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners
 National Community Pharmacists Association
 National Safety Council
 SAFE KIDS Worldwide
 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 Health Resources and Services Administration, HHS
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

References

External links

 Presidential Proclamation Creating National Poison Prevention Week
 The Official National Poison Prevention Week website
 President Obama's Press Release on Poison Prevention Week 2009

March observances
Awareness weeks in the United States
Presidency of John F. Kennedy
Observances in the United States
Health observances


The 1995 Ukrainian Cup Final is a football match that took place at the Republican Stadium on May 28, 1995. The match was the 4th Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by FC Shakhtar Donetsk and FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. The 1995 Ukrainian Cup Final was the fourth to be held in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. Shakhtar won on penalty kicks 7:6 after the score was tied 1:1.

There were four yellow cards issued at this game: three to Shakhtar players and one to Dnipro.

Road to Kyiv

Both teams started from the first round of the competition (1/16). Shakhtar stormed through the first three rounds beating Vorskla in Donetsk 8:0. In the semi-final it defeated the Cup holder Chornomorets. Dnipro had a little bit of trouble in the first round of competition facing the second team of Dynamo Kyiv. Later the team gained a great momentum defeating Tavria in the semi-final.

Match details

Match statistics

See also
 Ukrainian Cup 1994-95

References

External links
 Calendar of Matches - Schedule of the 1994 Ukrainian Cup on the Ukrainian Soccer History web-site (ukrsoccerhistory.com).

Cup Final
Ukrainian Cup finals
Ukrainian Cup Final 1995
Ukrainian Cup Final 1995
Sports competitions in Kyiv
Ukrainian Cup Final 1995


The ambassador of Canada to Syria is Canada's foremost diplomatic representative in Syria, and in charge of Canada's diplomatic mission in the Syria Arab Republic.

List of heads of mission
1965–1967: John Ryerson Maybee
1967–1969: Christian Hardy
1970–1974: Jacques Gilles Bruno Gignac
1974–1976: Léopold Henri Amyot
1976: Alan William Sullivan
1977–1978: Joseph Gilles André Couvrette
1978–1982: Théodore Jean Arcand
1982–1984: Robert David Jackson
1984–1985: Keith William MacLellan
1987–1990: Gary Richard Harman
1990–1993: David Martin Collacott
1993–1997: John McNee
1997–2000: Alexandra Bugailiskis
2000–2003: Franco Pillarella
2003–2006: Brian Davis
2006–2008: Mark Bailey
2008–2011: Glenn Davidson
2011–present: vacant
 http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2011/229.aspx

References

Syria
Canadian ambassadors


Samantha Fonti (born 12 February 1973) is an Australian film composer and classically trained violinist.

Fonti was raised and born in Sydney, Australia.

She started her classical music training at the age of 3 and completed her Bachelor of Music degree as a violin major at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music in 2000.  She also attended the Australian Film, Television and Radio School (AFTRS) graduate screen composition course in Sydney.

She is best known for her emotive orchestral film scoring and, as a former session musician and multi-instrumentalist, performs on most of her scores.

She was nominated for Best Original Score for the short film Moving Day at the St Kilda International Film Festival 2011 and was a finalist for APRA's Professional Development Awards in 2009.

Her feature films credits include composing the score for Brush, The 7th Hunt, which screened at the New York City Horror Film Festival in 2008, and You Can't Stop the Murders as additional score composer.

Currently signed to Perfect Pitch Publishing as a commissioned composer, she has worked on television series for Endemol Southern Star and Cordell Jigsaw including Big Brother Australia (2008), Download (2008), Friday Night Live (2008), Gladiators, Battlefronts, Bondi Rescue Bali, Bondi Rescue, Kenny's World, ABC's Message Stick, Black Olive and Burke's Backyard.

She has worked on several ABC documentaries including Boxing for Palm Island, Desperate Times, Desperate Measures and Sisters in the Black Movement and Channel 7's Hardliners.  She has scored many television commercials including Mercedes Venger, Sony, Nurofen, St Vinnies Christmas Appeal, Volvo, Asthma Foundation, Friends of the Earth and Soothers.

She has scored over 20 short films including Dark Horse (winner for Best Short at Byron Bay International Film Festival), Spoonman (winner of Flickerfest 2003), ABC's The Farm, and Death's Requiem (winning awards at 2007 Method Fest in Los Angeles, St Kilda Film Festival, 2007 Shriekfest Los Angeles International Horror and Sci-Fi Film Festival, Big Island Film Festival (Hawaii), Swansea Bay Film Festival (Wales) & Staten Island Film Festival).  Other shorts include Wrong Answer, winner of the 2005 Frankly Film Festival and 2007 Red Rock Film Festival.

As a performer she is most known as the violinist from Vicious Hairy Mary and as a session player and string arranger including Silverchair, Wendy Matthews, The Whitlams, Caligula, Def FX, Vicious Hairy Mary, Primary and Circus Monoxide.

She has toured nationally and internationally throughout Europe and Asia and at various festivals and events including the Commonwealth Games (2006), Big Day Out, Falls Festival, Byron Bay Arts and Music Festival, Peats Ridge Festival and Tamworth Country Music Festival.

Screen credits

Feature films
Brush (2011), The 7th Hunt (2008), (Miramax) You Cant Stop the Murders (2002)

Advertising
Venger (2011) Nurofen Zavance (2009), Australian Geographic (2009), St Vinnies Christmas Appeal - Clemengers BBDO (2007), Volvo Cars - Chase (2007), Asthma Foundation - Escape (2007), The Heat is On - Friends of the Earth (2006)& Soothers theme song (2004)

Series
City Chic (2011), Big Brother 2008 (commissioned composer), Battlefronts (2008 - commissioned composer), Gladiators (2008 - commissioned composer), Download (2008 - commissioned composer), Bondi Rescue Bali (2008 - commissioned composer), Black Olive (2003 - commissioned composer),
Burke's Backyard -'Tropical Tree Make Over' (2002 - commissioned composer)

Documentaries
(ABC) Boxing for Palm Island (2010), (ABC) Sisters in the Black Movement(2002) & (ABC) Desperate Times, Desperate Measures (2002)

Short films
Dark Horse (2009), Daysleeper (2009), The Farm (2009), Best Enemies (2009), Deaths Requiem (2007), Wrong Answer (2005), Control (2005), Pookie (2004), Language of Love (2004), Rendezvous (2003), Spoonman (2002), Echoes in the Mountains (2002)

Other media
ABC Message Stick compilation album(2002), Book - Post Me to the Prime Minister (2004), Mokal Music Sound Libraries (2001), Soundtrax Sound Libraries (2000/1)

Arranging and recording
Commonwealth Games 2006- Fly By Night, Circus Monoxide - Crash and Burn (2005), Tracy Redhead (2004 & 2008), Darren Hanlon (2002 - Hello Stranger album), Silverchair (2000 -Neon Ballroom), The Whitlams (1999 -'Melbourne), Wendy Matthews (1999 & 2000), Vicious Hairy Mary (1999 - Orchestra Phantasma), Primary (1998 & 2000), Robyn Loau (1998 - Love Addiction), Eva Trout (1997 - album), Def FX (1997 - Majick), Caligula (1996 - Rubanesque), Karma Zoo (1995 - Karma Zoo), Godstar (1994 - Godstar), Beathaven (1991, 1992 & 1993 - album & singles)

External links
 Official Website

Australian violinists
Australian women violinists
Australian film score composers
Australian women film score composers
Australian women composers
Australian composers
1973 births
Living people
Sydney Conservatorium of Music alumni
21st-century women musicians
21st-century violinists


Brykill Farm, originally just Brykill, is  a family-owned organic grass-fed beef ranch located on Bruynswick Road (Ulster County Route 7) in Gardiner, New York, United States. Formerly a country estate, its  have a panoramic view of the Shawangunks to the west.

First built as a small settler's home in 1724 and used as a court during the mid-19th century, it was expanded considerably in 1927 in a sympathetic style and material. In 1983 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It has been a ranch, with cottages for weekend visitors, since 2000.

History

The land where Brykill now stands was first granted to Gertrude Bruyn in 1694 by William III and Mary II, hence the name Bruynswick for the area. Later grants followed, and in 1720 an Isaac Smedes bought the land. Four years later he built a small stone house, the first of several structures that would be merged into today's main house. In 1736 he expanded it to the size of the main block.

From Smedes the house would pass into the hands of various members of the locally prominent Jansen and Hasbrouck families, remaining mostly unchanged. During the latter's ownership, around 1850, the large dining room may have been used as a local courtroom. The waterside gazebo was added in 1890.

In 1926, William Bruyn, a descendant of the original landowners, purchased the property for use as a country estate. He retained Kingston architectural firm Halvorsen and Teller to expand the property in a manner that preserved and reinforced its original aesthetics. This entailed adding onto the main block and connecting its components, and building the service complex.

References

External links
Brykill Farm website

Ranches in the United States
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Houses in Ulster County, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York
Houses completed in 1724
Houses completed in 1927
Gardiner, New York
Stone houses in New York (state)
1724 establishments in the Province of New York


is a 1959 samurai film directed by Hiroshi Inagaki and starring Toshiro Mifune. Its story is an adaptation of the 1897 Edmond Rostand play Cyrano de Bergerac, and its basic plot faithfully follows that of the play. The film was released in the English-speaking world with the title Samurai Saga.

In the film, Mifune plays a samurai named Heihachiro Komaki, who is analogous to the Cyrano character. Yoko Tsukasa plays Komaki's love interest, Princess Chiyo, who is analogous to Cyrano's love interest, Roxane.

At the end of the film, when the mortally wounded Komaki visits Princess Chiyo at her convent to bring her the latest news of the outside world, he mentions the defeat of Kojirō Sasaki in a duel by the famed samurai Musashi Miyamoto. Prior to filming Life of an Expert Swordsman, Mifune had played Miyamoto in Samurai Trilogy, also directed by Inagaki, which chronicled Miyamoto's life, culminating in his legendary duel with Sasaki.

Cast
 Toshiro Mifune : Komaki Heihachiro
 Yoko Tsukasa : Lady Chiyo
 Akira Takarada : Karibe Jurota
 Keiko Awaji : Nanae
 Kamatari Fujiwara : Rakuzo
 Sachio Sakai : Hayashida
 Akihiko Hirata : Akahishi Sakon
 Yoshio Inaba : Shiraishi Genpachi

References

External links

1959 films
Films based on Cyrano de Bergerac (play)
Samurai films
Jidaigeki films
Films directed by Hiroshi Inagaki
Films produced by Tomoyuki Tanaka
Japanese films based on plays
1950s Japanese films


Thomas Drennan (1696–1768) was an Irish Presbyterian minister active in advocating political and religious reforms.

Drennan graduated from the University of Glasgow, and served as Presbyterian minister in Holywood and in First Presbyterian Church, Belfast, where he was installed in 1736 as a colleague of Samuel Haliday. He became sole minister of the congregation following Hailday's death in 1739. He was one of several Irish reformers who influenced Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Francis Hutcheson, during the latter's time as master of an academy in Dublin. Drennan's son, William Drennan, would become a famous physician, poet, and political radical. His daughter, Martha, married the United Irishman Samuel McTier. James Crombie became one of the ministers of First Presbyterian Church, Belfast following Drennan's death

References

1696 births
1768 deaths
18th-century Presbyterian ministers
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Irish non-subscribing Presbyterian ministers


The Faculty of Arts is one of the largest faculties at The University of Melbourne. It is the university's home of teaching and research in the humanities, social sciences and languages. Teaching of the arts and humanities at The University of Melbourne began when the university was first opened to students in 1855, and the Faculty of Arts officially opened in 1903.

The current Dean of the Faculty of Arts at The University of Melbourne is Professor Denise Varney. She was Deputy Dean from 2016 to 2017, and has been co-director of the Australian Centre. Her research areas include modern Australian theatre, modern and contemporary drama and feminist criticism and performance.

Research
The Faculty of Arts is home to many researchers who are working on publicly and privately funded research projects. These projects range from archaeology to contemporary art.

Research output contributes to the world rankings of The University of Melbourne, which in 2019 ranked 41 for Arts and Humanities and 52 for Social Sciences.

Notable academics who have conducted research at the Faculty of Arts include:
Gareth Evans (politician) (International Relations)
Margaret Simons (Journalism)
Tim McNamara(Language Testing)
Abdullah Saeed (Islamic Studies)
Peter Singer (Philosophy, Ethics)

Courses and programs

Undergraduate
The faculty is home to the university's Bachelor of Arts, which was the first degree offered at the university in 1855.

The university was the first in Australia to align its education more with that offered in Europe and North America and to offer a broad education at the undergraduate level with specialised options at the graduate level. Since the launch of this revised structure the degree has become the most popular in the state of Victoria based on how many high school students select it as their first preference. In 2013 over 1700 offers were made for this program, making it one of the largest in Australia.

In 2018 students could take the following majors or minors in the humanities, social sciences and languages.

Structure
The Faculty comprises five discipline schools and a graduate school, which support a range of institutes and research centres.

Discipline schools
The Faculty has five discipline schools. These schools are home to researchers and teachers of various disciplines who contribute to the teaching and learning of the university.
Asia Institute
School of Culture & Communication
School of Historical and Philosophical Studies
School of Languages and Linguistics
School of Social and Political Sciences.

Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences
The Faculty of Arts and Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences (GSHSS) cooperates with industry organisations such as the Australia Council for the Arts, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Humanitarian Advisory Group, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne Writers Festival and the National Gallery of Victoria.

Centre for Advancing Journalism
The Centre was founded in 2009 as the Centre for Advanced Journalism. Michael Gawenda was appointed as inaugural director.

In 2011, academic and author Margaret Simons took over as director and gave the Centre its current name. She remained in this role until July 2017. The current director is Andrew Dodd.

The Centre coordinates the teaching of the Master of Journalism, a coursework degree with focus on professional practice, law and ethics, media entrepreneurship and placement for internships. A graduate diploma and certificate in journalism are also offered.

References

External links
Faculty of Arts, The University of Melbourne
Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences
Bachelor of Arts at The University of Melbourne

Faculties of the University of Melbourne
1903 establishments in Australia


General Pharmaceuticals Limited is a pharmaceutical company based in Dhaka, Bangladesh since 1987.

History
General Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (GPL) was incorporated as a private limited company on 5 April 1984. Dr. Momenul Haq was the Managing Director, and Dr. Gazi Nurun Nabi was Director. The company began manufacturing drugs in 1987, initially with seven products. There are currently nearly 3000 employees, including around 2000 sales and marketing staff. The national distribution network has around 600 distribution workers.

Production facilities

The company's manufacturing facility is located  from Dhaka in Gazipur, where they produce dosage forms including tablets in film-coated, enteric-coated , dispersible, immediate release, modified release, sustained release and chewable, as well as immediate release capsules, modified-release capsules, enteric-coated capsules, liquid in hard gelatin capsules, lotions, ORS, syrups, suspensions, oral gels, antiseptic mouthwash, antiseptic solutions, powder for suspensions, creams, and ointments (water based and oil based).

In 2011 the company extended their manufacturing facility,  from Dhaka in Gazipur.

The site has a total area of 29,792 square metres, and a building footprint of 14,444 square metres.

Exports
The company sells its products in Bangladesh and exporting to both developed and developing countries. They export with products registered in the following countries:
Asia: Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, Maldives, Philippines
Africa: Kenya, Somalia, Mauritius, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Libya
Central and South America: Belize, Guatemala

GPL is also aiming to export to other countries of South East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

References

Manufacturing companies based in Dhaka
Pharmaceutical companies of Bangladesh
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1984
Bangladeshi brands


Nicholas Shackell (also Nick) (born 31 October 1974) is a former freestyle swimmer from Great Britain.

Swimming career
Nicholas competed in the 100 metre freestyle at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, finishing 28th fastest overall. He finished 8th as a member of the relay squad in the final of the 4×100 metre freestyle relay, but the 4×100 metre medley relay team was disqualified in the preliminaries.

He represented England winning three bronze medals in the relay events, at the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Four years later he represented England again and won a silver and bronze in the relay events, at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.

He won the 1994 British Championship in 100 metres freestyle.

See also
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)

References

1974 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers for Great Britain
British male swimmers
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Swimmers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
British male freestyle swimmers
People educated at Millfield
Medallists at the 1994 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games


Pressure Point is the second album by the English electronic group Freestylers, released in 2001. The album contains singles such as "Get Down Massive", "Told You So" and "Weekend Song".

Track listing

In the 2002 US release, some tracks have altered durations (especially 3 & 10) and tracks 2-4 & 11-12 have changed their order of appearance.

References

Freestylers albums
2001 albums


Halo Wars is a real-time strategy (RTS) video game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 video game console. It was released in Australia on February 26, 2009; in Europe on February 27; and in North America on March 3. The game is set in the science fiction universe of the Halo series in the year 2531, 21 years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. The player leads human soldiers aboard the warship Spirit of Fire in an effort to stop an ancient fleet of ships from falling into the hands of the genocidal alien Covenant.

Halo Wars was unveiled at the X06 Xbox show in 2006. Ensemble designed the game specifically for the Xbox 360 controller, in an attempt to circumvent issues present in previous console RTS titles. Ensemble was closed by Microsoft before the game's release, but soon after Robot Entertainment was founded by many of Ensemble's former employees; this new company continued to support Halo Wars with updates and downloadable content.

Halo Wars received generally positive reviews. Reviewers lauded the game's pre-rendered cinematics, attention to detail in replicating the Halo universe, and intuitive control scheme. Complaints against the game included the lack of an option to play as the Covenant faction in campaign mode as well as the lack of strategic options during play. Critics from GameSpot and USA Today wrote that experienced RTS players would find the strategic elements of the title shallow. The game sold one million units worldwide through March 2009, making it the best-selling console real-time strategy game to date. An enhanced version of the game—Halo Wars: Definitive Edition—was released for Windows and Xbox One in December 2016. Halo Wars 2, a sequel developed by 343 Industries and Creative Assembly was released in February 2017.

Gameplay

Halo Wars is a real-time strategy (RTS) video game developed exclusively for the Xbox 360 console, in which players command armies from a bird's-eye view of the battlefield. The game focuses on military combat, but contains streamlined resource management and base construction elements. It was designed with the Xbox 360 controller in mind; for example, the A button is used for selecting units. A single tap of the button selects one unit, while a double tap selects all units of the same type. The d-pad navigates to current battles and cycles through bases, while the right analog stick adjusts the camera angle. A radial menu is used for base construction.

Halo Wars features a story-based, military campaign game mode that can be played alone or cooperatively over the Xbox Live service. A plotless multiplayer option, called "skirmish mode", lets players compete against human or computer-controlled opponents. The game features two factions the players can control: the human United Nations Space Command (UNSC) as Captain Cutter, Sergeant Forge, or Professor Anders, and the alien Covenant as the Prophet Of Regret, the Arbiter, or Brute Chieftain. Each faction has different units, strengths, and special abilities. There are three selectable "Leaders" for each side; the chosen leader allows the use of specific units and upgrades during play. While Covenant Leaders appear on the battlefield as units, human leaders do not.

Combat in Halo Wars is balanced by a "rock-paper-scissors" system. In general, ground vehicles are effective in combat against infantry, infantry are effective against aircraft, and aircraft are effective against vehicles. Most units have a unique special ability; for example, human Marines throw grenades, while the "Warthog" vehicle can run over enemies. Humans have access to their ship, the Spirit of Fire, and its special abilities, such as a powerful coilgun called a M.A.C. (Magnetic Accelerator Cannon). Covenant units are generally weaker than their UNSC counterparts, but can use inexpensive and powerful defensive shield generators to add protection to their bases. Players establish their armies by building and expanding bases; these are used to train units and to allocate resources to the research of upgrades and technologies. There are a limited number of potential locations for bases on each scenario or map, making base fortification and defense a priority. A player is defeated if all his or her bases are destroyed, unless a new base is quickly established. The army of a player must also be destroyed to be defeated.

Units are trained, buildings upgraded, and special abilities activated using resources known as "supplies". Players can find supplies on the battlefield, or generate them by building supply structures at bases. Greater numbers of these buildings produce more supplies. Some structures and upgrades become available only after the player achieves a certain "tech level". The UNSC can achieve multiple tech levels through the construction of reactors, with some actions requiring up to level four; the Covenant builds a single temple that allows three upgrades of tech level. The Covenant has one fewer tech level, and each upgrade is more expensive. Destruction of a temple results in the loss of all tech until the temple is rebuilt. Each base has a limited amount of space, so players must balance their resource buildings with other facilities, such as those used to create military units. The number of units a player can deploy is limited, but certain upgrades ease this limit.

Synopsis

Setting and characters
Halo Wars takes place in the science fictional universe of the Halo series, during the 26th century. In 2525, a collective of alien races known as the Covenant attacked humanity, declaring humans an affront to their gods, the Forerunners. The game takes place in 2531, roughly 20 years before the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. Years after the Covenant invaded the colony of Harvest, human UNSC forces are still locked in battle on the planet.

The commander of the UNSC warship Spirit of Fire is Captain James Cutter (Gregg Berger), a strong leader who has earned the admiration of his subordinates. Cutter's lack of political ambition prevents him from climbing the ranks further. Serving under Cutter is Sergeant John Forge (Nolan North), a gruff Marine whose devotion to his men has caused him to be jailed twice for disobeying orders and engaging in disorderly conduct. Joining the Spirit of Fires military expedition is Professor Ellen Anders (Kim Mai Guest), a scientist interested in ancient ruins of the mysterious Forerunners. The Spirit of Fire is operated with help from Serina (Courtenay Taylor), a super-intelligent artificial intelligence (AI) with a sardonic sense of humor. Leading the Covenant search for Forerunner technology is a holy warrior known as the Arbiter (David Sobolov), who the Covenant leaders, the Prophet Hierarchs, have tasked with the oversight of humanity's destruction.

Plot
The Spirit of Fire is sent to the ruined planet Harvest to investigate Covenant activity, where Cutter learns that the Covenant has excavated something at the planet's northern pole. When the UNSC's main outpost on Harvest is captured, Cutter orders Forge to retake it. Soon after, Forge scouts the Covenant excavation and discovers that they, under the direction of the Arbiter, have discovered a Forerunner facility. Forge's troops defeat the Covenant forces before they can destroy the installation, and Anders arrives. She determines that the facility is an interstellar map, and recognizes a set of coordinates that points to the human colony of Arcadia.

After escaping the facility, the Spirit of Fire travels to Arcadia, where the Covenant has begun raiding local cities and slaughtering civilians. Forge contacts the local Spartan special forces and helps with the evacuation process. UNSC forces discovered that the Covenant has built a giant energy shield to hide the construction of a gigantic Scarab super-weapon, and their search of Forerunner ruins in the area. The UNSC forces use experimental equipment to break through and destroy the Scarab. The Arbiter kidnaps Anders during a salvage operation and escapes the planet, with Spirit of Fire in pursuit.

Spirit of Fire follows Anders' signal to an uncharted planet in another star system. The planet's surface is infested by the parasitic Flood, who attack and assimilate any sentient life they encounter. The Spirit of Fire inadvertently activates a Forerunner docking station and enters the planet's interior, revealing the planet is actually a Forerunner installation with a hollow, habitable interior, and a miniature sun at its core. The Covenant's plan is to activate a dormant fleet of highly advanced Forerunner starships inside the installation, and use them to obliterate humanity.

While the Forerunner ships are being activated, Anders escapes through a teleportation device and is rescued. Cutter decides to destroy the Forerunner fleet rather than allow the Covenant to use it. Anders formulates a plan to detonate the ship's faster-than-light drive in the planet's sun, as the explosion would cause a supernova. Before they can prepare the reactor, Forge and the Spartans are ambushed by the Arbiter and his Elites. The Spartans dispatch the aliens and Forge kills the Arbiter. The reactor is damaged during the fight, necessitating a manual detonation. Forge volunteers for the suicidal task, telling the Spartans that they will be needed in the coming fight. The Spirit of Fire escapes just as Forge overloads the reactor, destroying the fleet and the Forerunner world. Without its faster-than-light drive, the Spirit of Fire is left drifting in space. The crew enters cryonic sleep for long-term storage as Cutter takes a last look at Forge's empty cryonic tube. If the game is completed on the "Legendary" difficulty mode, Serina wakes Cutter and tells him that "something has happened".

Development

Design

Computer game developer Bungie conceived Halo: Combat Evolved as a real-time strategy game in which players would tactically control units and vehicles in a three-dimensional environment. Microsoft acquired Bungie in 2000, and the game became a first-person shooter and "killer app" for the Xbox console. Bungie produced two best-selling sequels, Halo 2 in 2004 and Halo 3 in 2007, before separating from Microsoft and becoming an independent company once more. Although Bungie is free to produce new intellectual property, the rights to Halo remain with Microsoft. Shane Kim, the head of Microsoft Game Studios, said during the split announcement that "our intent is to continue investing in [Halo] and growing it."

In 2004, the Microsoft-owned Ensemble Studios—developers of the Age of Empires strategy series—began work on the game that would become Halo Wars. The studio confirmed in April 2006 that it was working on a console-based RTS. CEO Tony Goodman said, "We're giving RTS games on the console a shot. We actually spent a whole year just trying to reconstruct how the controls would work on an RTS game." Without revealing the title, Goodman described the game as being shorter and more visceral than their previous projects.

Halo Wars was originally not a Halo series title. Ensemble spent 12 to 18 months working on the control scheme, using the Age of Mythology engine. The development team hacked an Age of Mythology expansion, The Titans, and used it as a prototype for control experiments. Ensemble found that managing Age of Mythologys resources, units, and buildings was too difficult with the console's controller. "The answer [to making a PC-style strategy game for a console] is actually hidden in the question," Jason Pace, Microsoft Game Studio's lead producer, told The New Zealand Herald. "It's something we believe has held strategy games back from succeeding on the console: you can't effectively bring a PC-style strategy game to the console because the fundamental game mechanic is tied to the mouse and keyboard input devices. It's not a question of just changing the control scheme to be gamepad friendly—you need to adapt the underlying strategy mechanic to make sense with the new input device." Senior designer Justin Rouse said that the team kept the controls from the research they had conducted, but scrapped the rest in favor of "build[ing] from the floor up what we need[ed]: the basics, the core of a strategy game." With the goal of making "the first great strategy game on the console", Ensemble streamlined gameplay mechanics; the game's single resource is produced at each base site, which allows players to quickly cycle through their bases instead of micromanaging multiple resources at many locations.

Once the developers were satisfied with the controls, they presented their project to Microsoft, who suggested that it be turned into a Halo game. Bungie was reportedly not happy about this development. Ensemble's Founder, Tony Goodman, stated in a 2012 interview that Bungie saw the move as "the whoring out of our franchise"

Although Ensemble had to re-create all of Bungie's assets from scratch, Bungie had produced a large amount of reference material for the Halo film adaptation that the Halo Wars team used for inspiration. Another reference point was art from the Halo first-person shooters; however, as the art was from a forward perspective and Halo Wars takes place from a bird's-eye view, the team exaggerated shapes to make the units recognizable. Lead designer Graeme Devine noted that the Warthog Jeep is "actually jumping three times as high as it does in Halo, and it goes four times faster than it does in Halo, and all these things—but it looks the same. Very different, between look and accuracy." To ensure artistic continuity between Halo Wars and previous games in the series, Ensemble created a set of guidelines for their artists to follow; for example, the Covenant were to retain their curvy, organic look, while the Forerunner and UNSC were to keep the same geometry angles. UNSC structures and units were given a green tint, with gold specular highlights. The Covenant were textured with a repeating honeycomb pattern, with small blue lights against a purple base color.

Devine described the challenge of developing Halo Wars as "getting Halo fans to play a realtime strategy game, and getting realtime strategy fans to play a Halo game." "Fans of the [first-person shooter] series have very strong expectations for how a Halo games looks, feels and plays. Halo is all about heroic action to save humanity, mega-battles across the galaxy, visceral, highly-tuned combat and heart-pounding tension," Pace said. These themes were considered fundamental to the Halo experience, and so Ensemble tried to replicate them for Halo Wars. Early in play tests, the developers watched devoted Halo fans play the game; their feedback led to the development of special abilities, which, according to Devine, enhanced the Halo feel. Ensemble initially considered making the Flood a playable race, but this idea did not progress beyond the concept stage. According to Devine, this was largely because the Flood would have needed to be similar to StarCrafts Zerg, in order to maintain balance with the UNSC and Covenant. This did not match the Flood's role as "the single scariest thing in the galaxy".

Because of the Master Chief's large role in previous games, significant effort was expended on the Spartan units. Lead designer Dave Pottinger said the design team "started out just accepting and embracing the fact that the Spartans have to be the coolest unit in the game. If they're not, it's not going to meet the Halo fans' expectations." To position the Spartans as "kingmakers" in gameplay, the team gave them what it considered to be the "coolest" unit ability: hijacking enemy vehicles. The developers hoped players would become attached to individual Spartans in the campaign and gave each one an individual name; skirmish units were left nameless. The character design of the Spartans was meant to emphasize their relative inexperience and the setting of the game, which takes place decades before the events of the main trilogy. Devine commented on the Spartans' look:

... We felt because it was 20 years earlier, these are much younger Spartans. They aren't quite as experienced as Master Chief, and we looked a lot at combat infantry going into actual wars, and typically at the beginning of a war, especially the Vietnam War, if you look at the infantry, they're all loaded up. They have all the backpacks on, they have all the belts on, every single bit of armor is there, and they're carrying around lots of armor. At the end of the war, they've lost it all and just carry what they need. This is all they have. So if you look at our Spartans, they have more pieces of armor on going into the war. They have more markings on there, more pieces of armor. They've still got the belts on, they're still carrying around everything.

Ensemble expanded the Halo universe during the game's development, in order to create enough units to give players strategic options. Among the new units was the Gorgon, a biped mech that used weapons called Needlers to destroy light aircraft. However, Ensemble later realized that the Gorgon invalidated a rule they had established: "anything with two legs that walks" was an infantry unit. Instead, the team added a new aircraft called the Vampire. The UNSC, meanwhile, lacked a melee unit to match the Covenant's hand-to-hand power. Ensemble considered using the original, less advanced Spartan Mark I suits of armor, in keeping with Halo lore, but once added these units were indistinguishable from Spartans in appearance. Instead, they created a lumbering, mechanized unit called the Cyclops, a nod to Age of Mythology.

Time constraints prevented many elements from appearing in the final game. One such missing feature was a fatality system by which Spartans or Covenant leaders could inflict massive damage on large groups of units. Pottinger said that the animations, while interesting, did not mesh with the fast-paced combat of Halo Wars and raised balance concerns. Other elements based on Halo fiction did not work in a strategy game. Although more than 100 people worked on the project, which cost tens of millions of dollars, a Covenant campaign was never realized because of a lack of manpower and money.

Announcements

Halo Wars was officially announced at Microsoft's X06 media briefing on September 27, 2006, with a pre-rendered trailer created by Blur Studio. The trailer depicts a group of Warthog vehicles searching for missing soldiers. Covenant Elites ambush the patrol and a battle ensues involving human and Covenant vehicles and infantry. The trailer ends with the arrival of Spartan reinforcements. GameSpy listed the trailer in its top 25 video game cinematic moments, because it showed "the world of Halo on a much grander scale".

Halo Wars was exhibited at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in 2007 and 2008. Devine narrated the soundtrack for a video shown at E3 2007, which was later made available on the Xbox Live Marketplace. This video described the game's controls, user interface, vehicles, special weapons, and new units. It also showed a UNSC base consisting of an airbase, vehicle depot, missile silo, and other buildings. IGN, Next Generation, and PC World ranked Halo Wars as one of the most anticipated showings at E3.

On September 10, 2008, Ensemble Studios announced that it would close after Halo Wars completion. Ensemble founder Tony Goodman and other employees announced the formation of a new studio, Robot Entertainment, shortly before the game's release; another group of ex-staff created Bonfire Studios. Robot announced that, while developing new intellectual property, it would support Halo Wars and Age of Empires through a partnership with Microsoft Game Studios.

Audio

Halo Wars music was composed by Stephen Rippy, the composer for all of the Age of Empires games. Rippy wanted to write new material while maintaining continuity by reusing iconic elements of the Halo trilogy's music, written by Martin O'Donnell and partner Michael Salvatori. Consultation with O'Donnell and Salvatori finished before Rippy became involved in the project, but the composer sent a compact disc of his work to O'Donnell halfway through the writing process. Before starting work on Halo Wars, Rippy listened to previous Halo soundtracks and searched for useful material in discarded Ensemble projects; "I'm a big fan of both cataloging that stuff and stealing from it without remorse," Rippy said. "Sometimes you don't know what you've got until you really, really need it." Rippy and audio lead Kevin McMullan examined O'Donnell's tracks to identify elements to reuse in Halo Wars. Foregoing his usual method of writing melodies before determining the method of sound production, Rippy built melodies around synthesizer patches or drum loops. He felt that scoring for science fiction was a change of pace from his previous work, which was written for historical settings.

Rippy began writing music for the game in April 2007. "Some of the plot points of Halo Wars revolve around discovery, and I think that was my favorite idea to write to—that sense of, 'no one's seen this before,'" he said. The first two tracks combined repurposed elements from past projects with his efforts to convey the Halo sound. "Flollo" contained musical ideas Rippy had experimented with since his last project, Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs. "Bad Here Day" was the first piece in which he tried to incorporate the "Halo sound". Rippy felt it important to avoid repeating too many old themes because he wanted the game to have its own identity; however, he wanted to continue to incorporate choir and piano, elements he believed to be integral to the sound of previous Halo games. In adherence to an Ensemble Studios tradition, the tracks are often named after coined phrases and inside jokes, rather than in-game events.

By the end of 2007, Rippy had completed all of the gameplay music, including end credits, battle themes, and ambient world tracks. In the game's skirmish mode, the music reflects the environment rather than the warring factions. To ensure that the character of the music changed depending on the environment, he followed self-imposed rules; one environment could feature guitars, but not piano, for instance. To musically unify each world, he added a short introductory piece containing common elements. In contrast with the skirmish mode, the campaign mode contains different recurring melodies for each major character and the human ship Spirit of Fire. Rippy's most intensive work period was January 2008, when he began writing music for the game's cinematics; by this point, he had been working on the score for nine months. Rippy finished the score by February 2008, and, after three months, all tracks were ready to be recorded.

Although the previous live orchestrations for Halo games were performed by the Northwest Sinfonia in Seattle, Washington, Rippy chose the FILMharmonic Orchestra of Prague to record Halo Wars music. Rippy had been in Prague attending recording sessions for Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties and loved both the city and the sound the orchestra produced. The lower cost of recording in Eastern Europe was an additional benefit. The March 10–15 recording sessions involved 24 vocalists and 45 instrumentalists; choir and string sections were later overdubbed to enlarge the sound. In all, roughly 65 minutes of Halo Wars 75-minute score were recorded in Prague. The final touches and production took place in Seattle; O'Donnell attended one of the mixing sessions.

Rippy used the Audiokinetic Wwise pipeline to create dynamic music that changes with the action in the game. Although Rippy used Wwise's tools only for dynamic music, they made audio system setup much easier than in previous Ensemble games. For each battle sequence, the musical cue was divided into sections and mixed differently for each section. "When a cue is triggered, an intro plays and then the game randomly picks between all of those elements for as long as the battle continues," Rippy explained. "Once it's over, an outro plays and then it's back to the regular "world" music. It was an interesting way to work, and I'd like to push it further if there's an opportunity in the future."

Four tracks from Halo Wars were included as a preview on a bonus DVD bundled with Halo Trilogy—The Complete Original Soundtracks, a December 2008 compilation of previous Halo music. The tracks were mixed in Dolby Digital 5.1-channel Surround Sound and packaged with video of recording sessions and the "Five Long Years" trailer. The soundtrack was released on February 17 as a standalone compact disc and as a digital download. AOL Radio secured the exclusive rights to premiere the soundtrack early, playing a new track at the beginning of every hour.

Release
The pre-release playable demo for Halo Wars was first mentioned in the October 2007 issue of Official Xbox Magazine, and it became available for download on February 5, 2009; redemption codes for early access were given starting January 29. According to Microsoft, the game demo was downloaded by more than 2 million Xbox Live Gold members in the first five days, and set a record for most demo downloads on the service.

In addition to the standard retail version, a Limited Collector's Edition of Halo Wars was made available. To attract Halo 3s player base, Microsoft bundled early access to the Mythic Map Pack, a collection of three Halo 3 multiplayer maps, with the collector's edition. A 48-page, half-size hardcover graphic novel was also included; titled Halo Wars: Genesis, it was created by Phil Noto, Graeme Devine, and Eric Nylund. It explores the background stories of Anders, the Arbiter, Forge and Cutter. Other bonuses included a unique in-game vehicle, trading cards, and a Spirit of Fire patch. Players who pre-ordered the game from certain retailers received a special in-game Warthog vehicle with flame decals. GameStop announced that on February 28, 2009, one thousand stores in the United States would hold Halo Wars tournaments, and two thousand GameStop stores held midnight releases for the game. European markets sold a "Best of Halo" bundle of Halo Wars, Halo 3 and an Xbox 360.

On release, Halo Wars reached second place on the United Kingdom weekly sales charts behind Killzone 2. Halo Wars reached only 16.7% of Halo 3s first-week sales, but it outsold Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars threefold, making it the fastest-selling console strategy game. The following week, Halo Warss sales were ranked fifth. In Australia, Halo Wars weekly sales ranked highest, ahead of Killzone 2. By March 12, the limited edition and standard version were ranked second and third, respectively, on the United States Xbox 360 sales charts, behind Call of Duty: World at War. Gamasutra attributed the surge in Halo 3 sales to the release of Halo Wars; the former was fourth in the United States and second in Australia in sales of Xbox 360 games, and reappeared on the list of top 20 United States console games for February.

Before the game's release, industry analyst Michael Pachter estimated that Halo Wars would sell 2 million units. On March 19, 2009, Microsoft announced that the game had sold 1 million units and that players had spent 118 total years of time in online skirmish matches. According to NPD Group's March sales figures, Halo Wars sold 639,000 copies in the U.S. through March, making it the third best-selling game in the market.

In June 2016, Microsoft announced Halo Wars: Definitive Edition—an enhanced version of the game—for Windows and Xbox One. Development of the Definitive Edition was handled by Behaviour Interactive. It was made available on December 20, 2016 as part of the Ultimate Edition version of Halo Wars 2.

Downloadable content
After Ensemble's closing, Robot Entertainment announced that it was developing downloadable content (DLC) for Halo Wars. Pottinger described support as ongoing rather than a one-time effort and compared it to Bungie's post-launch additions to Halo 3. He stated that Robot would also work on balance issues, bug fixes, and other patches.

The first DLC package, Strategic Options, added three new multiplayer modes. "Keepaway" is similar to capture the flag; in it, players try to capture and hold Forerunner units. In "Tug-of-war", players earn points by fielding large armies and destroying enemy units. In "Reinforcement", players receive units as reinforcements, rather than training them at bases. The amount of available resources and reactors determines which types of units are deployed and the upgrades they can earn. Strategic Options was released on May 19, 2009, after a patch that addressed software bugs and game balance issues. The update garnered criticism for its small size (2 megabytes) and high price (800 Microsoft Points). Pottinger responded on the Halo Wars forums that the game modes were small downloads "because they are rules. There is some new content, but it's obviously a different type of content compared to a map." Robot released a second DLC package on July 21, 2009. The DLC, dubbed "Historic Battles", contains four additional maps and four new Xbox Live achievements.

Reception

Halo Wars garnered generally positive reviews. The game has an average of 82/100 on aggregate web site Metacritic. Critics were split on whether Halo Wars was a successful console translation of the RTS genre. GameSpy's Allen Rausch argued that, as Halo: Combat Evolved showed that first-person shooters could work on consoles, Halo Wars "is an RTS ... on a console ... and it works". Tom Price of TeamXbox said that gamers have been waiting a long time for a console RTS "to get it right", and Halo Wars did so; reviewers for Official Xbox Magazine credited Ensemble with creating a strategy game that felt "absolutely at home on the console", rather than a "poorly shoehorned ... port" of a PC game with clumsy controls. 1UP's Thierry Nguyen was neutral about whether it was a good RTS game or Halo title, but called it a "solid beginning towards what could be a really good console RTS". Digital Trends' Scott Steinberg said that, while not perfect, Halo Wars made a strong case for the viability of RTS on consoles; "There's certainly the potential to have PC holdouts seriously reconsidering hoisting the controller." Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle offered a dismissive summation of the game as "a remedial game—real-time strategy for dummies", and stated that the game offered relatively little innovation when compared to other Halo titles.

Reviewers generally praised Halo Warss controls. Critics who were less experienced RTS players, such as Darren Zenko of the Toronto Star, appreciated the streamlined RTS experience. In contrast, critics such as Luke Anderson of GameSpot said that the game lacked the depth necessary to attract more seasoned RTS players. Some critics were frustrated by the lack of control features—specifically, the ability to create and manage groups of units, the lack of hotkeys, the inability to set rally points for different units, and the need to return to the base to adjust production. Nguyen wrote that "finesse maneuvers ... are more difficult to pull off than they should be". Brett Molina of USA Today said that experts would find the action oversimplified, but that the game "is an excellent choice for fans of the Halo universe and players new to real-time strategy". Reviewers for GameSpy, G4tv, and Eurogamer stated that the controls worked well mainly because the developers omitted features to make most options quickly available; for example, limiting base construction to select areas made sure players could easily find their buildings.

Reviewers considered the factions balanced. Eurogamer's Kieron Gillen commented that the Covenant was harder to master, especially because the campaign served as a tutorial for the UNSC, but no similar introduction was available for the Covenant. However, he said the two sides were "authentically different", and each offered its own challenges to players. Some critics, such as Nick Cowen of The Daily Telegraph, wished that the Flood was a playable faction; in contrast, Ryan Geddes of IGN disliked the Flood and appreciated their exclusion. Will Porter of IGN UK enjoyed the rock-paper-scissors RTS mechanics, but said that "since the game is singularly crap at indicating which units are rocks and which scissors," players had to learn which units were best via trial and error, an issue that was more prevalent with the Covenant.

The game's plot was well received. Reviewers praised the game's cinematics and voice acting. Geddes said the story was good, but not on par with those of Bungie's Halo games, and that most of the characters were stereotypical and somewhat unlikable. Critics noted that for a strategy game, the campaign was rather short, with only 15 missions; Nate Ralph of Wired completed each in fewer than 40 minutes. Jon Wilcox of Total Video Games wrote "there's an ebb and flow" to the gameplay, with "lengthy chapters cut with shorter punchy ones or time-based missions, all together creating a surprisingly compelling experience". Wilcox said the additions of performance-based medals added replay value to the campaign. Price said that, although the story and mission structure of the game was fairly standard, levels that were "rote" in other RTS games seemed more substantial in Halo Wars. Reviewers such as Geddes, Wilcox, and Patrick Kolan of IGN UK said that the lack of a Covenant campaign was an unfortunate omission.

Publications judged the multiplayer aspect of the game well. Wilcox noted that, although the multiplayer mode "added [nothing] new [to RTS games], at the very least it's a solid experience that expands the longevity of Halo Wars." Adam Biessener of Game Informer wrote that Halo Wars gameplay was better against human players, as campaign "gimmicks" and poor artificial intelligence were not an issue. The Mirrors Kevin Lynch found fault with the "limited" variety of game modes.

Critics generally agreed that Ensemble re-created the Halo universe's aesthetic well. Gillen said knowledge of the game universe could alleviate some issues of player ignorance regarding units' actions: "It's not just the geek thrill of seeing a Scarab in action—it's that you understand what the Scarab means on the battlefield (trouble)," he wrote. "We know which characters are best against tanks, and which are probably best in special vehicles." Nguyen said that, although the core units meshed well, the inclusion of Ensemble-developed units gave Halo Wars the feeling of a generic science-fiction title. While giving the game a mixed review, Anderson said that the authentic-looking units and environments went a long way to integrating the game with the rest of the series. Wilcox commented that with the Halo-inspired menu system and Rippy's score, "before the campaign even begins, the message is clear: this is still very much a Halo game." Overall, Halo Wars was judged a fitting final game for Ensemble.

Sequel
On August 4, 2015, Microsoft announced Halo Wars 2, developed by Creative Assembly with assistance from 343 Industries. The game was released February 21, 2017 for the Xbox One and Windows 10.

References

External links

2009 video games
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Ensemble Studios games
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Real-time strategy video games
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Rickreall Creek is a stream in Polk County, Oregon, United States rising on Laurel Mountain in the Central Oregon Coast Range and draining into the Willamette River west of Salem at Eola. The creek passes through the city of Dallas and the unincorporated community of Rickreall. The origin of the name is under some dispute, but one theory says that "Rickreall" is a corruption of "La Creole", La Creole River being another name for the stream.

See also
Ellendale, Oregon
Multnomah (sidewheeler 1851)
Pomona (sternwheeler)
Pumping Station Bridge
Washington (steamboat 1851)

References

External links

Rickreall Watershed Assessment, 2001
Coordinates:
 Source
 Mouth

Tributaries of the Willamette River
Rivers of Oregon
Rivers of Polk County, Oregon
Dallas, Oregon


In Buddhism, an arhat (Sanskrit: अर्हत्) or arahant (Pali: अरहन्त्, 𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀦𑁆𑀢𑁆) is one who has gained insight into the true nature of existence and has achieved Nirvana and liberated from the  endless cycle of rebirth (One who has no spirit or anattā and ended all of their own suffering).

The understanding of the concept has changed over the centuries, and varies between different schools of Buddhism and different regions. A range of views on the attainment of arhats existed in the early Buddhist schools. The Sarvāstivāda, Kāśyapīya, Mahāsāṃghika, Ekavyāvahārika, Lokottaravāda, Bahuśrutīya, Prajñaptivāda, and Caitika schools all regarded arhats as imperfect in their attainments compared to buddhas.

Mahayana Buddhist teachings urge followers to take up the path of a bodhisattva, and to not fall back to the level of arhats and śrāvakas. The arhats, or at least the senior arhats, came to be widely regarded by Theravada buddhists as "moving beyond the state of personal freedom to join the Bodhisattva enterprise in their own way".

Mahayana Buddhism regarded a group of Eighteen Arhats (with names and personalities) as awaiting the return of the Buddha as Maitreya, while other groupings of 6, 8, 16, 100, and 500 also appear in tradition and Buddhist art, especially in East Asia called luohan or lohan. They may be seen as the Buddhist equivalents of the Christian saint, apostles or early disciples and leaders of the faith.

Etymology

The Sanskrit word arhat (Pāḷi arahant) is a present participle coming from the verbal root √arh "to deserve", cf. arha "meriting, deserving"; arhaṇa "having a claim, being entitled"; arhita (past participle) "honoured, worshipped". The word is used in the Ṛgveda with this sense of "deserving".

Meaning

In early Buddhist schools
In pre-Buddhist India, the term arhat (denoting a saintly person in general) was closely associated with miraculous power and asceticism. Buddhists made a sharp distinction between their arhats and Indian holy men, and miraculous powers were no longer central to arhat identity or mission.

A range of views on the relative perfection of arhats existed in the early Buddhist schools. Mahāsāṃghikas, such as the Ekavyāvahārika, Lokottaravāda, Bahuśrutīya, Prajñaptivāda and Caitika schools, advocated the transcendental nature of the buddhas and bodhisattvas and the fallibility of arhats; the Caitikas advocated the ideal of the bodhisattva (bodhisattvayāna) over that of the arhat (śrāvakayāna), and viewed arhats as fallible and still subject to ignorance.

According to A. K. Warder, the Sarvāstivādins held the same position as the Mahāsāṃghika branch about arhats, considering them imperfect and fallible. In the Sarvāstivādin Nāgadatta Sūtra, the demon Māra takes the form of Nāgadatta's father and tries to convince Nāgadatta (who was a bhikṣuṇī) to work toward the lower stage of arhatship rather than strive to become a fully enlightened buddha (samyaksaṃbuddha):

In her reply, Nāgadatta rejects arhatship as a lower path: "A Buddha's wisdom is like empty space of the ten-quarters, which can enlighten innumerable people. But an Arhat's wisdom is inferior." The Kāśyapīya school also believed that arhats were fallible and imperfect, similar to the view of the Sarvāstivādins and the  Mahāsāṃghika sects. The Kāśyapīyins believed that arhats have not fully eliminated desire, their "perfection" is incomplete, and it is possible for them to relapse.

In Theravāda Buddhism
In Theravada Buddhism, an arahant is a person who has eliminated all the unwholesome roots which underlie the fetters – who upon their death will not be reborn in any world, since the bonds (fetters) that bind a person to samsara have been finally dissolved. In the Pali Canon, the word tathagata is sometimes used as a synonym for arhat, though the former usually refers to the Buddha alone.

After attainment of nirvana, the five aggregates (physical forms, feelings/sensations, perception, mental formations and consciousness) will continue to function, sustained by physical bodily vitality. This attainment is termed the nirvana element with a residue remaining. But once the arhat passes away and with the disintegration of the physical body, the five aggregates will cease to function, hence ending all traces of existence in the phenomenal world and thus total release from the misery of samsara. It would then be termed the nirvana element without residue remaining. Parinirvana occurs at the death of an arhat.

In Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha himself is first identified as an arhat, as are his enlightened followers, because they are free from all defilements, existing without greed, hatred, delusion, ignorance and craving. Lacking "assets" which will lead to future birth, the arhat knows and sees the real here and now. This virtue shows stainless purity, true worth, and the accomplishment of the end, nirvana.

In the Pali canon, Ānanda states that he knows monastics to achieve nirvana in one of four ways:

 one develops insight preceded by serenity (Pali: ),
 one develops serenity preceded by insight (),
 one develops serenity and insight in a stepwise fashion (),
 one's mind becomes seized by excitation about the dhamma and, as a consequence, develops serenity and abandons the fetters ().

For those that have destroyed greed and hatred (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, are called anagami (non-returner). Anagamis will not be reborn into the human world after death, but into the heaven of the Pure Abodes, where only anagamis live. There, they will attain full enlightenment.

The Theravadin commentator Buddhaghosa placed the arhat at the completion of the path to liberation.

In Mahāyāna Buddhism

Mahayana Buddhists see Gautama Buddha himself as the ideal towards which one should aim in one's spiritual aspirations. A hierarchy of general attainments is envisioned with the attainments of arhats and pratyekabuddhas being clearly separate from and below those of samyaksambuddha or tathāgatas such as Gautama Buddha.

In contrast to the goal of becoming a fully enlightened buddha, the path of a śrāvaka in being motivated by seeking personal liberation from saṃsāra is often portrayed as selfish and undesirable. There are even some Mahāyāna texts that regard the aspiration to arhatship and personal liberation as an outside path. Instead of aspiring for arhatship, Mahayanins are urged to instead take up the path of the bodhisattva and to not fall back to the level of arhats and śrāvakas. Therefore, it is taught that an arhat must go on to become a bodhisattva eventually. If they fail to do so in the lifetime in which they reach the attainment, they will fall into a deep samādhi of emptiness, thence to be roused and taught the bodhisattva path, presumably when ready. According to the Lotus Sutra, any true arhat will eventually accept the Mahāyāna path.

Mahāyāna teachings often consider the śrāvaka path to be motivated by fear of saṃsāra, which renders them incapable of aspiring to buddhahood, and that they therefore lack the courage and wisdom of a bodhisattva. Novice bodhisattvas are compared to śrāvakas and arhats at times. In the , there is an account of sixty novice bodhisattvas who attain arhatship despite themselves and their efforts at the bodhisattva path because they lacked the abilities of prajnaparamita and skillful means to progress as bodhisattvas toward complete enlightenment (Skt. ). This is because they are still viewed as having innate attachment and fear of saṃsāra. The  compares these people to a giant bird without wings that cannot help but plummet to the earth from the top of Sumeru.

Mahayan Buddhism has viewed the śrāvaka path culminating in arhatship as a lesser accomplishment than complete enlightenment, but still accords due respect to arhats for their respective achievements. Therefore, buddha-realms are depicted as populated by both śrāvakas and bodhisattvas. Far from being completely disregarded, the accomplishments of arhats are viewed as impressive, essentially because they have transcended the mundane world. Chinese Buddhism and other East Asian traditions have historically accepted this perspective, and specific groups of arhats are venerated as well, such as the Sixteen Arhats, the Eighteen Arhats, and the Five Hundred Arhats. The first famous portraits of these arhats were painted by the Chinese monk Guanxiu () in 891 CE. He donated these portraits to Shengyin Temple in Qiantang (modern Hangzhou), where they are preserved with great care and ceremonious respect.

In some respects, the path to arhatship and the path to complete enlightenment are seen as having common grounds. However, a distinctive difference is seen in the Mahāyāna doctrine pushing emotional and cognitive non-attachment to their logical consequences. Of this, Paul Williams writes that in Mahāyāna Buddhism, "Nirvāṇa must be sought without being sought (for oneself), and practice must be done without being practiced. The discursive mode of thinking cannot serve the basic purpose of attainment without attainment."

Attainments
A range of views on the attainment of arhats existed in the early Buddhist schools. The Sarvāstivāda, Kāśyapīya, Mahāsāṃghika, Ekavyāvahārika, Lokottaravāda, Bahuśrutīya, Prajñaptivāda and Caitika schools all regarded arhats as being imperfect in their attainments compared to buddhas.

The Dharmaguptaka sect believed that "the Buddha and those of the Two Vehicles, although they have one and the same liberation, have followed different noble paths."

The Mahīśāsaka and the Theravada regarded arhats and buddhas as being similar to one another. The 5th century Theravadin commentator Buddhaghosa regarded arhats as having completed the path to enlightenment. According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, the Pāli Canon portrays the Buddha declaring himself to be an arahant. According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, nirvāṇa is "the ultimate goal", and one who has attained nirvana has attained arhatship: Bhikkhu Bodhi writes, "The defining mark of an arahant is the attainment of nirvāṇa in this present life."

The Mahayana discerned a hierarchy of attainments, with samyaksambuddhas at the top, mahāsattvas below that, pratyekabuddhas below that and arhats further below. "But what was it that distinguished the bodhisattva from the sravaka, and ultimately the buddha from the arhat? The difference lay, more than anywhere else, in the altruistic orientation of the bodhisattva."

Translations

The term arhat is often rendered in English as arahat. The term arhat was transliterated into some East Asian languages phonetically, for example, the Chinese āluóhàn (Ch. 阿羅漢), often shortened to simply luóhàn (Ch. 羅漢). This may appear in English as luohan or lohan. In Japanese the pronunciation of the same Chinese characters is rakan (Ja. 羅漢) or arakan (Ja. 阿羅漢).

The Tibetan term for arhat was translated by meaning from Sanskrit. This translation, dgra bcom pa, means "one who has destroyed the foes of afflictions". Thus the Tibetan translators also understood the meaning of arhat to be ari-hanta.

See also
 Arihant (Jainism)
 Buddhist paths to liberation
 Four stages of enlightenment
 Pratyekabuddha
Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon
 Yixian glazed pottery luohans
 Killing an arhat is a anantarika-karma crime.

Explanatory notes

Citations

General sources

Further reading
 Addiss, Stephen. The Art of Zen: Paintings and Calligraphy by Japanese Monks, 1600–1925. New York: H.N. Abrams. 1989.
 Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2005). In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pāli Canon. Boston: Wisdom Pubs. .
 Bush, Susan, and Hsio-yen Shih. Early Chinese Texts on Painting. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published for the Harvard-Yenching Institute by Harvard University Press. 1985.
 Joo, Bong Seok, "The Arhat Cult in China from the Seventh through Thirteenth Centuries:Narrative, Art, Space and Ritual" (PhD diss., Princeton University, 2007).
 Kai-man. 1986. The Illustrated 500 Lo Han. Hong Kong: Precious Art Publications.
 Katz, Nathan. Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka Compared with the Bodhisattva and the Mahāsiddha. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1982.
 Kent, Richard K. "Depictions of the Guardians of the Law: Lohan Painting in China". In Latter Days of the Law: Images of Chinese Buddhism, Marsha Weidner, 183–213. N.p.:University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
 Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1979). Banner of the ArahantKandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. .
 Khantipalo, Bhikkhu (1989). Buddha, My Refuge: Contemplation of the Buddha based on the Pali Suttas. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. .  An excerpt from the "Introduction" is available on-line at https://groups.yahoo.com/group/Buddhawaslike/message/17.
 Laufer, Berthold. "Inspirational Dreams in Eastern Asia". The Journal of American Folklore 44, no. 172 (1931): 208–216.
 Levine, Gregory P. A., and Yukio Lippit. Awakenings: Zen Figure Painting in Medieval Japan. New York: Japan Society. 2007.
 Little, Stephen. "The Arhats in China and Tibet". Artibus Asiae 52 (1992): 255–281.
 Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921–5). The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society.  A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
 Seckel, Dietrich. "The Rise of Portraiture in Chinese Art". Artibus Asiae 53, no. 1/2 (1993): 7–26.
 Tanaka, Ichimatsu. Japanese Ink Painting: Shubun to Sesshu. New York: Weatherhill. 1972.
 Tredwell, Winifred Reed. Chinese Art Motives Interpreted. New York [etc.]: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1915.
 Visser, Marinus Willem de. The Arhats in China and Japan. Berlin: Oesterheld & Co. 1923.
 Watanabe, Masako. "Guanxiu and Exotic Imagery in Raken Paintings". Orientations 31, no. 4 (2000): 34–42.
 Watters, Thomas. The Eighteen Lohan of Chinese Buddhist Temples. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh. 1925.

External links

 Arahants, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhas, an article by Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). Yuganaddha Sutta: In Tandem.

Buddhist stages of enlightenment
Buddhist titles
Epithets of Gautama Buddha


The 1997 College Football All-America Team is composed of the following All-American Teams: Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America, American Football Coaches Association, Walter Camp Foundation, The Sporting News and Football News.

The College Football All-America Team is an honor given annually to the best American college football players at their respective positions. The original usage of the term All-America seems to have been to such a list selected by football pioneer Walter Camp in the 1890s. The NCAA officially recognizes All-Americans selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, TSN, and the WCFF to determine Consensus All-Americans.

Offense

Quarterback
Peyton Manning, Tennessee (AP-1, AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, FN)
Ryan Leaf, Washington State (AP-2, TSN)
Cade McNown, UCLA (AP-3)

Running backs
Ricky Williams, Texas (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, WCFF, TSN, FN)
Curtis Enis, Penn State (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, WCFF)
Skip Hicks, UCLA (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches, TSN)
Ron Dayne, Wisconsin (FN)
Ahman Green, Nebraska (AP-2)
Tavian Banks, Iowa (AP-3)
Fred Taylor, Florida (AP-3)

Wide receivers
Randy Moss, Marshall (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, TSN, WCFF, FN)
Jacquez Green, Florida (AP-1, FWAA, WCFF)
Jerome Pathon, Washington (AFCA)
Brian Alford, Purdue (AP-2, FN)
E. G. Green, Florida State (AP-2)
Troy Edwards, Louisiana Tech (AP-3)
Bobby Shaw, California (AP-3)

Tight end
Alonzo Mayes, Oklahoma State (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, WCFF, TSN)
Jerame Tuman, Michigan (AP-2, FN)
Rufus French, Ole Miss (AP-3)

Guards/tackles
Aaron Taylor, Nebraska  (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, TSN, FN)
Alan Faneca, LSU (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, FN)
Kyle Turley, San Diego State (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, TSN, FN)
Chad Overhauser, UCLA (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, TSN)
Benji Olson, Washington (AP-1, Walter Camp)
Victor Riley, Auburn (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches)
Matt Stinchcomb, Georgia (AP-3, AFCA-Coaches)
Flozell Adams, Michigan State  (AP-2, Walter Camp)
Rob Murphy, Ohio State (FN)
Tra Thomas, Florida State (AP-2)
Eric Anderson, Nebraska (AP-3)
Jim Bundren, Clemson (AP-3)
Kyle Murphy, Arizona State (AP-3)

Center
Olin Kreutz, Washington (AP-1, WCFF, TSN, FN)
Kevin Long, Florida State  (AP-3, AFCA-Coaches)
Ben Fricke, Houston (AP-2, FWAA-Writers)

Defense

Linemen
Andre Wadsworth, Florida State (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, TSN, FN)
Grant Wistrom, Nebraska (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, TSN)
Greg Ellis, North Carolina (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, FN)
Jason Peter, Nebraska (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, TSN)
Glen Steele, Michigan (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches)
Jeremy Staat, Arizona State (AP-2, FWAA-Writers)
Lamanzer Williams, Minnesota (AP-3, FWAA-Writers)
Kailee Wong, Stanford (FN)
Jared DeVries, Iowa (AP-2)
Leonard Little, Tennessee (AP-2)
Leon Bender, Washington State (AP-3)
Ed Chester, Florida (AP-3)
Henry Slay, West Virginia (AP-3)

Linebackers
Andy Katzenmoyer, Ohio State (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, FN)
Sam Cowart, Florida State  (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, TSN, FN)
Anthony Simmons, Clemson (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, TSN, FN)
Brian Simmons, North Carolina (AP-1, Walter Camp)
Jamie Duncan, Vanderbilt (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers)
Leonard Little, Tennessee (Walter Camp)
Takeo Spikes, Auburn (AP-2, TSN)
Pat Tillman, Arizona State (AP-2, TSN)
Ron Warner, Kansas  (FN)
Sam Sword, Michigan (AP-2)
Daryl Bush, Florida State (AP-3)
Kivuusama Mays, North Carolina (AP-3)
Ike Reese, Michigan State (AP-3)
Chris Gizzi, Air Force (AP-3)

Backs
Charles Woodson, Michigan (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, TSN, FN)
Dré Bly, North Carolina (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, FN)
Donovin Darius, Syracuse  (AP-1, AFCA-Coaches, TSN)
Brian Lee, Wyoming (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, FN)
Fred Weary, Florida (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, TSN, FN)
Antoine Winfield, Ohio State (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers)
Anthony Poindexter, Virginia (TSN, AP-3)
Marcus Ray, Michigan (AP-2)
Shaun Williams, UCLA (AP-2)
Larry Atkins, UCLA (AP-3)
Kevin Williams, Oklahoma State (AP-3)
Patrick Surtain, Southern Mississippi (AP-3)

Specialists

Placekicker
Martín Gramática, Kansas State (AP-1, FWAA-Writers, TSN, FN)
Chris Sailer, UCLA (AP-2, AFCA-Coaches, WCFF)
Brad Palazzo, Tulane (AP-3)

Punter
Chad Kessler, LSU (AP-1, WCFF, TSN, FN)
Chris Sailer, UCLA (FWAA-Writers)
Shane Lechler, Texas A&M (AP-2)
John Baker, North Texas (AP-3)

All-purpose / kick returners
Tim Dwight, Iowa (AP-All-Purpose-1, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA-Writers, TSN)
Quinton Spotwood, Syracuse (AP-All-Purpose-2)
Kevin Faulk, LSU (AP-All-Purpose-3)

See also
 1997 All-ACC football team
 1997 All-Big 12 Conference football team
 1997 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1997 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team
 1997 All-SEC football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


"The Wall" is the fifty-eighth episode and the twenty-third episode of the third season (1988–89) of the television series The Twilight Zone. In this episode, an army major is sent to investigate a portal to another world.

Plot
Major Alex McAndrews is escorted to a research laboratory where he meets with General Greg Slater. Slater explains that two months prior, researchers accidentally blasted a hole through a wall, from which a bright light emerges. Scientists believe it is a gate. Due to the accidental nature of its creation, they cannot replicate it. Slater warns McAndrews that four volunteers have already entered and never returned. McAndrews agrees to investigate.

McAndrews enters the hole and arrives in what looks like a meadow. There is atmosphere to support life, but no sign of the "gate", and radio communication with headquarters is disabled. He meets one of the earlier volunteers, Kincaid, who is accompanied by a woman named Baret. The other volunteers arrive. They have determined from the stars that they are not on Earth, and there is no way to return from this side. The indigenous people welcome them to their peaceful idyllic community. McAndrews thoroughly explores to assure himself that there is no point of return, but gradually finds he is happier remaining in this world.

McAndrews discovers that the volunteers lied about the gate. It is still there but can only be seen at night. Kincaid claims that if they went back the government would send in more people, ruining the paradise they have found. McAndrews considers this insufficient grounds for betraying their honor. Kincaid proposes to keep McAndrews there by force, so he strikes Kincaid and escapes through the gate. McAndrews reports everything to his superiors. Immediately afterwards McAndrews changes his mind. He discards his military badge, destroys the computer which created the gate, and runs through the gate. Back in the community, McAndrews tells Baret that without the computer, the gate can never be recreated.

External links

1989 American television episodes
The Twilight Zone (1985 TV series season 3) episodes

fr:Le Passage (La Cinquième Dimension)


Scott Wright may refer to:

 Scott Wright (actor) (born 1974), British actor
 Mr. Scott Wright, American professional wrestler
 Scott Wright (footballer) (born 1997), Scottish football player
 Scott Olin Wright (1923–2016), United States federal judge
 Scott Wright, better known as Micromax, fictional mutant superhero of the Marvel universe


I'm Through with White Girls (The Inevitable Undoing of Jay Brooks) is a 2007 independent romantic comedy film starring Anthony Montgomery and directed by Jennifer Sharp. The film was shot in Los Angeles over the course of twenty-four days.

Plot
Jay Brooks (Montgomery), a black man, vows to give up dating white women in favor of dating black women, only to fall in love with a biracial woman.

Cast

 Anthony Montgomery as Jay Brooks
 Ryan Alosio as Matt McKenzie
 Lia Johnson as Catherine Williamson
 Lisa Brenner as Molly
 Johnny Brown as Sam Moore
 Jeff Wadlow as Billy
 Alaina Reed Hall as Jerri Hall
 Lamman Rucker as Drake Moore
 Kellee Stewart as J.C. Evans
 Lynn Chen as Candace

Awards

References

External links

2007 romantic comedy films
2007 films
African-American films
African-American gender relations in popular culture
American romantic comedy films
Films shot in Los Angeles
2000s English-language films
American independent films
Films about interracial romance
2007 independent films
2000s American films


In Other Words Feminist Community Center was an independent non-profit feminist bookstore, community center and events space in Portland, Oregon. Its mission statement read: "In Other Words inspires and cultivates feminist community, nurturing social justice." Founded in 1993, it closed in 2018.

Early years

The center was founded as In Other Words Women's Books and Resources in 1993 by Johanna Brenner, the Women's Studies program coordinator at Portland State University at that time, along with Kathryn Tetrick, and Catherine Sameh. The trio opened the store in response to the closure of Portland's only other feminist bookstore, A Woman's Space.  The original storefront was located in the heart of the Hawthorne District, and advertised itself as a "gathering place for all women and their friends, a community space where anyone can discover the rich world of women's literature, culture and community."

According to the Wall Street Journal, the bookstore was financially supported by an exclusive contract to sell textbooks for PSU’s women’s studies courses. In 2010, following the passage of legislation which required schools to disclose textbook information during class registration, PSU terminated the contract. Within a year, the store was more than $18,000 in debt.

NE Killingsworth

In February 2006 the store relocated to Northeast Portland near Alberta Street. Unable to afford the rising rent on Hawthorne, the organization worked out an agreement to use a space on NE Killingsworth Street owned by the Albina Women's League. The location had previously been home to the Albina Art Center, an organization aimed at "discovering and developing the intellectual and cultural resources of the area," and had historically been a black neighborhood. This move raised many concerns about gentrification and white feminism.

Current operation

As of 2011, In Other Words was one of nine feminist bookstores left in the United States. Due to declining revenues, the organization shifted its focus from book-selling to fostering grassroots activism as a feminist community center. The center hosted weekly, monthly, quarterly, and one-time events featuring art, literature, feminist philosophy, and queer activism, among other topics. It also retains a retail component, selling books on topics such as feminism, queer studies, and transgender studies, along with consignment goods from local artists.  In 2011, In Other Words also launched a lending library with a wide variety of titles available to the public at no charge.

As part of its restructuring, In Other Words became nearly completely volunteer run, except for one paid accountant. The organization was made up of a board of directors and a system of volunteer work teams.

In Other Words was part of the inspiration for the fictional feminist bookstore in the sketch comedy show Portlandia as well as a setting for some of the show's scenes.  However, the store's owners later became critical of the show's portrayal of issues they considered to be important, and in 2016 they cut ties with the show and expressed their criticism publicly, describing it as "diametrically opposed to our politics and the vision of society we're organizing to realize".

In fall 2014, it was announced that the store would soon be forced to close because of a shortage of funds. A fundraising campaign kept the store open for a time, but it closed permanently in June 2018. Critical Resistance Portland planned to keep the building open as a community center.

See also
 List of companies based in Oregon
 Women Making History in Portland (2007), a mural organized by In Other Words

References

1993 establishments in Oregon
Companies based in Portland, Oregon
American companies established in 1993
Feminism in Oregon
Feminist bookstores
Independent bookstores of the United States
Feminist organizations in the United States
2018 disestablishments in Oregon
American companies disestablished in 2018


The  was an electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type operated by the private railway operator Sagami Railway (Sotetsu) in Japan.

History
First introduced in December 1955, the trains were rebuilt from 1972 with new lightweight aluminium bodies and air-conditioning.
The last train in operation was withdrawn on 11 February 2009.

References

Electric multiple units of Japan
5000 series
Train-related introductions in 1955
1955 in rail transport


All Saints Catholic Secondary School is a secondary school located in Whitby, Ontario, Canada open for students in grades 7–12. It offers a broad range of academic programs including Ontario Youth Apprenticeship Program (OYAP), Cooperative Education  (Co-Op), Specialist High Skills Major (SHSM), Advanced Placement (AP), Head Start, Centre for Success/Reconnect, and Electronic learning. It is adjacent to Donald A Wilson Secondary School.

Notable alumni
Zack Greer, lacrosse player
James Neal, NHL hockey player
Cole Perfetti, NHL hockey player

See also
List of high schools in Ontario

References

External links
Official web site
Profile at the Ontario Ministry of Education web site
Profile at the Education Quality and Accountability Office web site

Educational institutions established in 2001
High schools in the Regional Municipality of Durham
Education in Whitby, Ontario
2001 establishments in Ontario
Art schools in Canada
Catholic secondary schools in Ontario


The  is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type for local services on the Chichibu Main Line operated by the private railway operator Chichibu Railway in Japan since March 2009.

Details
Two 3-car trains were converted from former Tokyu 8500 series cars, and entered service from 26 March 2009. The end cars of the second set, 7002, were modified from former intermediate cars with the addition of new driving cabs.

Formation

The DeHa 7000 and 7200 cars are each fitted with one lozenge-type pantograph.

References

External links

 Chichibu Railway information about 7000 series trains
 Chichibu Railway 7000 series (Japan Railfan Magazine Online)

Electric multiple units of Japan
Train-related introductions in 2009
Chichibu Railway
Tokyu Car multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan