Pietro Kuciukian (born 18 January 1940) is an Italian writer and surgeon of Armenian descent. He is also the president of International Committee for the Righteous of Armenians and Co-Founder of The Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide Committee. He collaborates with the Armenian Genocide Museum in Yerevan and is the founder of the “Memory is the Future” Committee, a project to sponsor Armenian cultural projects.

Life
Of Armenian descent, Pietro Kuciukian was born in Arco, Trento, Italy. The Kuciukian family were originally from the Sivas region of the Ottoman Empire.

His father Ignatio, was sent to Italy by his father Andon at the age of twelve in order to be saved from the Armenian genocide. Ignatio eventually went to the San Lazzaro degli Armeni, near Venice to get an education. He continued his education in Turin where he graduated with a Medical Degree. He then continued his studies in Paris as well. Ignatio got his first job as a doctor and radiologist in Trento, where he would spend the rest of his life. Like his father, Kuciukian studied at the Mekhitarist School at the San Lazzaro degli Armeni Island off the coast of Venice. He continued his education at the University of Padua and graduated with a degree in Medicine and Surgery in 1964.

After the earthquake in Armenia in 1988, he went to the disaster zone to help those in need. Kuciukian worked to install an outpatient clinic in Spitak and two schools in Stepanavan. On March 16, 2007, Kuciukian was appointed Honorary Council of Armenia to Italy. He currently manages Italy-Armenia relations on behalf of the Embassy of Armenia.

Books
Le terre di Nairi, viaggio in Armenia, Guerini, Milan 1994,
Viaggio tra i cristiani d’oriente, Guerini, Milan 1997,
Dispersi, viaggio fra le comunità armene nel mondo, Guerini, Milan 1998,
Voci nel deserto. Giusti e testimoni per gli armeni, Guerini, Milan 2000,
Il Giardino di tenebra. Viaggio nel Nagorno Karabgh, Guerini, Milan 2003,
La terza Armenia. Viaggio nel Caucaso post-sovietico, Guerini, Milan 2007,

Recognition
In January 2003 he was awarded by the City of Milan 's "Ambrogino d'Oro", the city's highest official recognition, for his activities in the research of the "Righteous for the Armenians."

In 2006 he received from the Governor of the Province of Milan the "Gold Medal of Gratitude" for his work in the Genocide Museum and memorial in Armenia.

References

External links
Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide Committee - Gariwo

Italian people of Armenian descent
Italian activists
Italian non-fiction writers
20th-century Italian non-fiction writers
21st-century Italian writers
20th-century Armenian writers
21st-century Armenian writers
Italian surgeons
Living people
1940 births
People from Trento
University of Padua alumni
San Lazzaro degli Armeni alumni


Yuanzhou may refer to:

Modern locations
Yuanzhou District, Yichun () Jiangxi, named after the historical prefecture
Yuanzhou District, Guyuan () Ningxia, named after the historical prefecture
Yuanzhou, Guangdong (), a town in Boluo County, Guangdong

Historical locations
Yuanzhou (modern Jiangxi) (), a prefecture between the 6th and 20th centuries
Yuanzhou (modern Ningxia) (), a prefecture between the 6th and 13th centuries in modern Ningxia and Gansu
Yuanzhou (modern Liaoning) (), a prefecture between the 11th and 12th centuries

See also
Yuan (disambiguation)
Wonju (Hanja: ), a city in Gangwon, South Korea


The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Poland was the fifth race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 30 August in the Olympic Stadium in Wrocław, Poland It was the third Polish SGP and was won by American rider Greg Hancock. It was the third win of his career.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Rafał Dobrucki from Poland as Wild Card.

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Poland
P
1997
Sports competitions in Wrocław


Thomas Wainwright (1876 – 13 May 1949) was an English footballer who played as a half-back for Burslem Port Vale, Crewe Alexandra, Wellington Town, and Notts County between 1900 and 1906.

Early and personal life
Thomas Wainwright was born in 1876 in the Johnstons Buildings on Beam Street in Nantwich. His father was James Wainwright (1851–1926) who married his mother Mary Ann Simmons (1852–1937) on 3 March 1872 in Nantwich. He was one of nine children, having six brothers and two sisters. Around 1891 he moved from Beam Street to 24 Mill Street, Nantwich, and according to the 1891 census his occupation was a boot clicker. He started his footballing career with Crewe Carriage Works before appearing for Nantwich in The Combination in 1893–94, going on to serve his home town club to the turn of the century. In 1901 the census reports him as a general labourer just before he went on to play football.

At the end of his professional playing career he married Emily Pitt in Nottingham. They then moved back to Nantwich, living at 22 Mill Street, Nantwich, where he became an engineering labourer, moving on to be a furnace-man at the local railway works. They had five children between 1907 and 1922: Eric, Doris, Leonard, James and Olive.

Thomas Wainwright died in Nantwich on 13 May 1949 from prostate cancer. He is buried in Nantwich cemetery with his wife Emily and daughter Doris.

Career
Wainwright joined Burslem Port Vale in November 1900 and made his debut at the Athletic Ground in a 3–2 win over Barnsley on 1 December. He enjoyed a spell in the first team, and ended the 1900–01 campaign with 14 Second Division appearances to his name. However he then fell out of the first team picture, and was released at the end of the 1901–02 season. He then moved on to Crewe Alexandra, Wellington and Notts County. He finished his playing career back at Nantwich before becoming the club's trainer in 1913.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1876 births
1949 deaths
People from Nantwich
Footballers from Cheshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Nantwich Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
English Football League players
Association football coaches
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in England


The Parasol (also known as El Quitasol) is one of a cartoon series of oil on linen paintings made by the painter Francisco Goya. This series of paintings was specifically made in order to be transformed into tapestries that would be hung on the walls of the Royal Palace of El Pardo in Madrid, Spain. The tapestries showed serene events in everyday life, which made them a nice addition to the dining room of Prince and Princess of Asturias—the future King Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma. The queen called on Goya because she wanted to decorate the dining room with cheerful scenes; The Parasol and the other tapestry paintings were Goya's response to this request. The painting is currently located in the Museo del Prado in Madrid as is another in the series, Blind man's bluff.

Description of the painting
In his paintings, Goya often joins French fashion to the Spanish one. The woman in this particular painting is sitting on the ground, possibly resting from a long walk. She is dressed in French style, according to the time period. She is holding a fan in her right hand, while a little dog is cuddled in her lap. The young man is holding the parasol in order to shade the woman's face. He is dressed in the so-called majo style, meaning he is dressed like a poor person for the time period. His hair gathered in a net, and his belt is made of colorful silk. In the background we can see dark clouds in the sky and the trees swaying in the wind, possibly signaling a storm coming. The painting emits a very calm warmth, which is then offset by the tree that seems to be blowing in pretty strong wind. The way the boy is standing, with one foot on the rock and one not, he seems to be triumphantly shading the woman from the harmful rays of the sun, and the possible storm.

Influences
From 1775 to 1792 Goya painted his cartoons (designs) for the tapestries. This was his first genre of paintings and possibly the most important period in his artistic development. Painting the tapestries helped Goya become a keen observer of human behavior, which helped him paint his future paintings. Goya was influenced by neoclassicism, which was gaining favor over the rococo style at the time. This particular painting is considered classicism for its relation to everyday life. Around this same time, Goya began painting portraits for many of the Spanish Monarchs. This was his first popular success that ultimately changed his career. He was then elected to the Royal Academy of San Fernando in 1780, named painter to the king in 1786, and made a court painter in 1789.

See also
 The Boar Hunt, an early Goya tapestry cartoon
 List of Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons
List of works by Francisco Goya

References

External links
 spanisharts.com
 fineart-china.com
 signandsight.com
 slideshare.net
 womansartjournal.org
 books.google.com
 eeweems.com
 artefamoso.com
 ibiblio.org
 Museo del Prado website

Paintings by Francisco Goya in the Museo del Prado
1777 paintings
Dogs in art
Tapestry cartoons


Opole Główne (Polish for Opole main station) is a major railway station in the southern Polish city of Opole. It also is the biggest station in Opole Voivodeship, with connections to all major Polish cities, several local towns of the area, as well as international locations, such as Berlin and Hamburg.

The first station building for Opole Główne was completed in 1853, and back then it was called Oppeln Hauptbahnhof, as the city belonged to the German Empire. However, the original building was destroyed and another one was built in around 1899. It is still in use, and in 1926  underground access to platforms was constructed, together with the second building housing the entrance hall. The station building is in the eclectic style with neo-Gothic, neo-Renaissance, secession and neo-classical elements.

The station is a crucial rail junction, as it serves several connections, including the major lines to Wrocław, Częstochowa, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, and Strzelce Opolskie. Furthermore, it serves local lines to Nysa, and Kluczbork.

Connections
Opole Główne is directly connected with all major Polish cities, such as:
 Białystok,
 Bielsko-Biała,
 Częstochowa,
 Gliwice,
 Gorzów Wielkopolski,
 Jelenia Góra,
 Katowice,
 Kielce,
 Koszalin,
 Kraków,
 Legnica,
 Lublin,
 Poznań,
 Przemyśl,
 Rzeszów,
 Słupsk,
 Świnoujście,
 Szczecin,
 Tarnów,
 Tarnów Mościce,
 Wałbrzych,
 Warszawa,
 Wrocław,
 Zamość.

Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):

EuroCity services (EC) (EC 95 by DB) (IC by PKP) Berlin - Frankfurt (Oder) - Rzepin - Wrocław – Katowice – Kraków – Rzeszów – Przemyśl
Express Intercity Premium services (EIP) Warsaw - Wrocław
Express Intercity services (EIC) Warsaw - Wrocław
Intercity services (IC) Warszawa  - Częstochowa - Opole - Wrocław
Intercity services (IC) Zielona Góra - Wrocław - Opele - Częstochowa - Kraków - Rzeszów - Przemyśl
Intercity services (IC) Kraków Główny — Świnoujście
Intercity services (IC) Ustka - Koszalin - Poznań - Wrocław - Opole - Bielsko-Biała
Intercity services (IC) Bydgoszcz - Poznań - Leszno - Wrocław - Opole - Rybnik - Bielsko-Biała - Zakopane
Intercity services (TLK) Warszawa - Częstochowa - Lubliniec - Opole - Wrocław - Szklarska Poręba Górna
Regional services (PR) Opole Główne - Gliwice
Regional services (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Gliwice
Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne
Regional services (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Regional services (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Racibórz
Regional services (PR) Brzeg - Opole
Regional services (PR) Brzeg - Opole - Kędzierzyn-Koźle
Regional services (PR) Kluczbork - Opole
Regional services (PR) Opole - Nysa
Regional services (PR) Kluczbork - Opole - Nysa

References

External links

 Historic photos of the Opole Main Station
 A photo gallery of the station
 Departures from the Opole Main Station

Railway stations in Poland opened in 1899
Eclectic architecture
Glowne
Railway stations in Opole Voivodeship
Buildings and structures in Opole
Railway stations served by Przewozy Regionalne InterRegio


"The Whole World Lost Its Head" is a song by American rock band the Go-Go's, one of three new songs included on their two-disc retrospective, Return to the Valley of The Go-Go's (1994). The single stalled at number eight on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 but became the band's first and only top-40 hit in the UK, peaking at number 29.

The accompanying music video, directed by Roger Avary, cinematographed by Tom Richmond and edited by Sloane Klevin, was shot in the fall of 1994.

Charts

Release history

References

1994 singles
1994 songs
The Go-Go's songs
I.R.S. Records singles
Song recordings produced by Richard Gottehrer
Songs written by Kathy Valentine
Songs written by Jane Wiedlin


Sir George Barrington Cartland, CMG (22 September 1912 – 31 July 2008) was the only deputy-governor of Uganda, in office from 1961 to 1962. After retiring, he became the vice-chancellor of the University of Tasmania.

Early life
Cartland was born on 22 September 1912 to William Arthur and Margaret Cartland. His education took him to Manchester High School and Manchester University, where he studied for an honours degree in history.

Colonial Service
After university he joined the Colonial Service and was sent to train at Hertford College, Oxford.

In 1935, Cartland was sent to his first posting on the Gold Coast, now called Ghana. As a cadet administrative officer he worked in the central secretariat until 1944. From there he was seconded back to London and home service at the Colonial Office.

At the Colonial Office Cartland worked in the African Studies Branch. In 1948, he was secretary of the London African Conference. Governors and other political leaders from Africa convened to discuss colonial policy and future independence as members of the Commonwealth.

In 1949, he was sent to Uganda to be an administrative secretary and stayed for the rest of his career. He became secretary for social services and local government as well as a member of the Executive Council in 1952. In 1955, he was appointed minister for social services. In 1958, he became minister of education and labour and chief secretary to the government in 1960. In this capacity, he made contributions towards the creation of the University of East Africa. Further to this he took interest in the growth of the University College of Makerere.

With the introduction of internal self-government in 1961, he became Uganda's first and last deputy-governor. In this capacity he was credited with helping to lay the groundwork for Ugandan independence.

Retirement
In retirement, Cartland became registrar of Birmingham University. His work in this area also took on the executive committee of the Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas between 1963 and 1967. He was a member of the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission between 1964 and 1967.

In 1968, he moved to Tasmania to take up an appointment as vice-chancellor of the University of Tasmania. He worked in this position for the next decade and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws in recognition of his service. He was also deputy chair of the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee between 1975 and 1977.

The Tasmanian government appointed him chair of the South-West National Park Advisory Committee (1976–77). He reviewed archives and library legislation (1977) and Tasmanian governmental administration (1979–81). In 1983, he was on the committee which examined the size of the Tasmanian parliament. His last role was as chair of the Tasmanian Council of Trade Unions Training Authority (1979–91).

Personal life
He was married to Dorothy Rayton with whom he had two children, one of whom predeceased him. Cartland enjoyed fly fishing, sailing and mountaineering. He was a member of the Athenaeum Club in London as well as the Royal Commonwealth Society and joined the Tasmanian Club and the Royal Yacht Club of Tasmania. Cartland died on 31 July 2008 at the age of 95.

References

1912 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of Hertford College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People educated at the Central Grammar School for Boys
Ugandan civil servants
1961 in Uganda
Uganda Protectorate people


Shooting Gazette is a monthly field sports magazine published by Future plc.

Shooting Gazette covers all aspects of driven shooting, both in the UK and abroad. It includes advice on gamekeeping, regular interviews with leading figures in the shooting industry, and reviews of new shotguns, shooting clothing and equipment. A gundog section offers advice on training and breeding, as well as reporting on gundog trials around the country.

Shooting Gazette is currently the official magazine of the Countryside Alliance Shooting Campaign.

Will Hetherington has been the editor since July 2004.

History
Founded in Lincolnshire in 1989, originally as a quarterly publication, the magazine, then called The Shooting Gazette, became a bi-monthly in October/November of that year. EMAP traded the title to IPC Media in 1996 in exchange for Classic Cars.

References

External links
Shooting Gazette

1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Sports magazines published in the United Kingdom
Firearms magazines
Hunting and fishing magazines
Magazines established in 1989
Mass media in Lincolnshire


The British Academy Children's Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). They have been awarded annually since 1996, before which time they were a part of the main British Academy Television Awards. It currently includes categories for television productions, feature films and video games.

The most recent ceremony, the 25th British Academy Children's Awards, was held on 27 November 2022 at Old Billingsgate in London, and was hosted by television presenter Lindsey Russell. The ceremony marked the return of the awards after a three-year absence due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History
The awards were held for the first time in 1996, since then, the awards have been presented annually, with the exception 2020 and 2021, where the awards were not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to 1996, productions targeted to children or young audiences were included in the British Academy Television Awards, from 1983 to 1996, two children-oriented categories, Children's Programme – Factual and Children's Programme – Fiction or Entertainment were presented. The last winners for those categories were CBBC's programme Short Change for the former and television movie Coping with Christmas for the latter.

The first edition featured seven competitive categories (Animation, Drama, Entertainment, Factual, Pre-School, Schools - Documentary, Schools - Drama), plus two special awards, one for film producer John Coates and the other for Lewis Rudd, who was head to the children's programming for ITV. The number of categories has varied through the editions with the creation of several categories such as International and Feature Film, both in 1999, Pre-School Animation and Presenter, both in 2000, and Game in 2007, among others. Until 2016, the awards also presented categories voted by the public through online voting, these included categories for feature film, television, video game and website.

Categories
As of 2022, the following fourteen competitive categories are presented:

 Animation
 Feature Film
 Pre-School – Animation
 Pre-School – Live Action
 Non-Scripted
 International
 Content for Change
 Game
 Scripted
 Game
 Performer
 Young Performer
 Director
 Writer

Current awards winners

Animation

Performer

Young Performer

Pre-School

Animation

Live Action

Presenter

Writer

Director

International

Feature Film

Game

Scripted

Non-Scripted

Content for Change

Special Award

Retired awards winners

Channel of the Year

Comedy

Drama

Entertainment

Factual

Factual Entertainment

Short Form

Independent Production Company

Interactive

Original
 2014: Dixi
 2015: Virry
 2016: Secret Life of Boys

Adapted
 2014: Disney Animated
 2015: The Dumping Ground: You're the Boss
 2016: Get Well Soon Hospital with Dr Ranj
 2017: Hey Duggee: We Love Animals

Learning

Primary

Secondary

Pre-School
Discontinued in 2000, for separate categories for live-action and animation.

 1996: Tots TV
 1997: Tots TV (Lapland Out)
 1998: Teletubbies
 1999: Tecwyn Y Tractor

Schools: Drama

Schools Factual

Primary
Discontinued in 2006 for Learning: Primary.

Secondary
Discontinued in 2006 for Learning: Secondary.

Interactive
Discontinued in 2014 for separate Interactive categories: Original and Adapted.

BAFTA Kids' Vote
Discontinued in 2009, for separate voting categories for feature film, television, video game and website.

Website
 2009: Club Penguin
 2010: Club Penguin
 2011: Bin Weevils
 2012: Bin Weevils
 2013: Bin Weevils
 2014: Bin Weevils

Feature Film

Television

Video Game

Writer

Adapted
Discontinued in 2006 for one sole Writer category.
 2004: Debbie Isitt (The Illustrated Mum)
 2005: Barbara Cox (Wipe Out)

Original
Discontinued in 2006 for one sole Writer category.
 2004: Tony Collingwood (Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!)
 2005: John Godber and Jane Thornton (Scene - Oddsquad)

Breakthrough Talent
 2007: Charles Martin
 2008: Eliot Otis Brown Walters
 2009: Adam Shaw

CBBC Me and My Movie
 2008: The Prank
 2009: Vern's Vacation

BAFTA Young Game Designers
 2010: HAMSTER: Accidental World Domination
 2011: Rollin' Scotch

Game Concept
 2012: Vacuum Panic AKA Suck It Up

Game Making
 2012: Smiley Dodgems

Multiplatform
 2013: Kinect Sesame Street TV

Ceremonies

References

External links

Children's
Awards established in 1996
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Children's television awards
British children's entertainment
Annual events in the United Kingdom


Cal R. Ludeman ( ; born April 1951) is an American politician who most recently served as Secretary of the Minnesota Senate. He is a former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from southwestern Minnesota.  First elected in 1978, he was re-elected in 1980 and 1982. He represented the old District 20B and, after redistricting in 1980, District 27A, which included all or portions of Lincoln and Lyon counties.

State representative
From the town of Tracy, Ludeman, a farmer, was active on issues relevant to agriculture, the environment and labor-management relations while in the legislature.   He served on the House Agriculture, Environment & Natural Resources, Government Operation, Labor-Management Relations, and Transportation committees, and on various sub-committees relevant to each area.  He was minority whip during the 1983-84 legislative session.

Gubernatorial and congressional runs
After opting not to run again for his legislative seat in 1984, Ludeman turned his eyes toward the governor’s chair, running as the Republican-endorsed candidate for Governor of Minnesota in 1986, but he failed to unseat popular incumbent Governor Rudy Perpich.  In 1992, he ran for the congressional seat being vacated by Vin Weber.  After a close, hard-fought race, he lost to David Minge.

Service as state commissioner
Governor Arne Carlson appointed Ludeman to serve on his Commission on Reform and Efficiency (CORE) in 1991, a position he held until 1994.  In 2003, newly elected Governor Tim Pawlenty tapped Ludeman to be his commissioner for the Minnesota Department of Employee Relations.  He remained in that position until July 2006, when Pawlenty appointed him acting commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Human Services—a position later made permanent in December of that year.

As Minnesota’s Commissioner of Human Services, Ludeman also served as chair of the governor's Health Cabinet, which is charged with using the state’s health care purchasing influence to buy better health care, to streamline and improve health care regulation, and to drive the market to obtain better health care-related results for Minnesotans. He co-chaired the governor’s Health Transformation Task Force, which resulted in significant health care reform in 2008.

Service as Secretary of the Senate
After Governor Pawlenty left office in January 2011, Ludemann was selected to serve as Secretary of the Minnesota Senate by the incoming Republican majority.

Ludeman's involvement in the termination of a former employee of the Minnesota Senate, Michael Brodkorb, came under scrutiny due to a lawsuit by Brodkorb.  Ludeman was listed in initial paperwork regarding Brodkorb's lawsuit over his termination from the Minnesota Senate. Lawyers representing Brodkorb announced additional claims against the State of Minnesota, the Minnesota Senate and Ludeman over allegations that Ludeman disclosed private unemployment data about Brodkorb in an interview with Minnesota Public Radio. Brodkorb's attorneys also sued for defamation per se over statements Ludeman made in a press release where he accused Brodkorb of attempting to "extort payment from the Senate."

On May 25, 2012, the Minnesota Senate released legal bills showing they had spent $46,150 in the first 3 months of 2012 to prepare a defense to Brodkorb's suit. An analysis of the bill by the Associated Press showed the bulk of the $46,150 owed was due to attorneys retained by the Minnesota Senate repeatedly meeting with Ludeman.

On June 19, 2012, the Minnesota Senate announced additional legal bills in the amount of $38,533, bringing the total legal costs incurred by the Minnesota Senate due to the termination of Brodkorb to almost $85,000 since the end of the May 2012.  In 2013, the Senate settled the lawsuit, paying Brodkorb $30,000, which was far less than the $500,000 Brodkorb had sought.

Ludeman was again selected to be secretary of the Senate following the Republicans regaining a majority in the 2016 election.

References

External links

The Brain Trust: Cal Ludeman, Department of Human Services (St. Paul Legal Ledger Capitol Report 1/5/2009)
Ludeman Recalls 1986 Gubernatorial Campaign 11/8/06

1951 births
Living people
People from Tracy, Minnesota
Republican Party members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
State cabinet secretaries of Minnesota


Einstein Telescope (ET) or Einstein Observatory, is a proposed third-generation ground-based gravitational wave detector, currently under study by some institutions in the European Union. It will be able to test Einstein's general theory of relativity in strong field conditions and realize precision gravitational wave astronomy.

The ET is a design study project supported by the European Commission under the Framework Programme 7 (FP7). It concerns the study and the conceptual design for a new research infrastructure in the emergent field of gravitational-wave astronomy.

Motivation
The evolution of the current gravitational wave detectors  Advanced Virgo and Advanced LIGO, as second generation detectors, is well defined. Currently they have been upgraded to their so-called enhanced level and they are expected to reach their design sensitivity in the next few years. LIGO detected gravitational waves in 2015 and Virgo joined this experimental success with the first gravitational wave observed by three detectors GW170814 and shortly after with the first detection of a binary neutron star merger GW170817. Nevertheless, the sensitivity needed to test Einstein's theory of gravity in strong field conditions or to realize a precision gravitational wave astronomy, mainly of massive stellar bodies or of highly asymmetric (in mass) binary stellar systems, goes beyond the expected performances of the advanced detectors and of their subsequent upgrades. For example, the fundamental limitations at low frequency of the sensitivity of the second generation detectors are given by the seismic noise, the related gravitational gradient noise (so-called Newtonian noise) and the thermal noise of the suspension last stage and of the test masses.

To circumvent these limitations new infrastructures are necessary: an underground site for the detector, to limit the effect of the seismic noise, and cryogenic facilities to cool down the mirrors to directly reduce the thermal vibration of the test masses.

Technical groups
Through its four technical working groups, the ET-FP7 project is addressing the basic questions in the realization of this proposed observatory: site location and characteristics (WP1), suspension design and technologies (WP2), detector topology and geometry (WP3), detection capabilities requirements and astrophysics potentialities (WP4).

Participants
ET is a design study project in the European Framework Programme (FP7). It has been proposed by 8 European leading gravitational wave experimental research institutes, coordinated by the European Gravitational Observatory:

  European Gravitational Observatory
  Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
  Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V., acting through Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik
  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
  University of Birmingham
  University of Glasgow
  Nikhef
  Cardiff University

Current design
Although still in the early design study phase, the basic parameters are established.

Like KAGRA, it will be located underground to reduce seismic noise and "gravity gradient noise" caused by nearby moving objects.

The arms will be 10 km long (compared to 4 km for LIGO, and 3 km for Virgo and KAGRA), and like LISA, there will be three arms in an equilateral triangle, with two detectors in each corner.

In order to measure the polarization of incoming gravitational waves and avoid having an orientation to which the telescope is insensitive, a minimum of two detectors are required.  While this could be done with two 90° interferometers at 45° to each other, the triangular form allows the arms to be shared.  The 60° arm angle reduces each interferometer's sensitivity, but that is made up for by the third detector, and the additional redundancy provides a useful cross-check.

Each of the three detectors would be composed of two interferometers, one optimized for operation below 30 Hz and one optimized for operation at higher frequencies.

The low-frequency interferometers (1 to 250 Hz) will use optics cooled to , with a beam power of about 18 kW in each arm cavity.  The high-frequency ones (10 Hz to 10 kHz) will use room-temperature optics and a much higher recirculating beam power of 3 MW.

ETpathfinder
A prototype, or testing facility, called the ETpathfinder was built at Maastricht University's Randwyck Campus in the Netherlands. The facility was opened in November 2021 by Dutch Minister of Education, Culture and Science, Ingrid van Engelshoven. Project leader is Professor Stefan Hild. ETpathfinder will be a useful research centre in its own right after the ET has been built. The candidate sites for the ET are the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion, Sardinia, and Saxony.

The Meuse-Rhine Euregion proposal
In 2015, the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, specifically the rural area between Maastricht, Liège and Aachen, was mentioned as one of the ET's possible sites. The Meuse-Rhine Euroregion has stable ground with little disturbance to the environment. But it also has a network of knowledge partners to cooperate with, companies that can supply the high-tech, and pleasant, accessible living and working environments.

The Einstein Telescope in the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion involves a triangular-shaped tunnel with arms of 10 kilometres long. The telescope will be located 250 to 300 metres underground. At the three vertices there will be large underground chambers. Laser beams run through the 10-kilometre arms, the tunnel tubes. A laser beam is split into two beams and these are reflected by mirrors at the ends of the arms in the underground chambers. From the three vertices, a lift will reach ground level. Maintenance will be carried out inside the tunnel via these shafts.

From 2021, Nikhef will carry out exploratory drilling in Terziet, Banholt, Cottessen and various locations in the German-Belgian border area. In April 2022, the Dutch gouvernment made €42 million available from the National Growth Fund for preparatory work of the ET and also reserved €870 million for construction. As the Einstein Telescope is an international project, the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany are cooperating in feasibility studies for the telescope in the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion. For example, studies are under way into the differences in planning laws and regulations and their significance for the project. Ultimately, these feasibility studies should lead to a bid book, which will be ready in 2025 at the earliest.

The Italian proposal
The Italian government is ready to support the candidacy of Sos Enattos (Sardinia) as a place for the construction of the telescope together with the Nobel prizewinner Giorgio Parisi.

Sos Enattos was chosen for the functional characteristics of the project of the site on the island:

 It has been classified as one of the quietest places on earth: the seismic activity that interferes with the detection of gravitational waves is essentially nil.
 The presence of an underground mine that would be used for the allocation of the telescope: the solidity and stability of the rock make it possible to build large underground quarries with confidence.
 The presence of groundwater in the area reduces the possibility of having problems with infiltration or seismic and Newtonian noise.
 The impact on employment would be impressive: in the 9 years of construction, considering direct and induced effects, employment is estimated at 36,000 units, with a local induced (65-75% of the total amount) equal to a turnover of 4.329 billion euros.

In January 2021 seismological surveys were carried out to validate the site, installing 15 seismometric stations near the Sos Enattos mine.

In September 2022, the Draghi government mandated the president of INFN Antonio Zoccoli to proceed with the creation of Italy's candidacy dossier, confirming the 350 million euro of economic commitment already allocated by the Sardinia Region.

See also

Tests of general relativity
EGO, the European Gravitational Observatory
LIGO, two gravitational wave detectors located in the United States
Virgo, a gravitational wave detector located in Italy
GEO 600, a gravitational wave detector located in Hannover, Germany
Cosmic Explorer, a proposed third generation ground-based gravitational wave observatory
Einstein@Home, a volunteer distributed computing program to help the LIGO/GEO teams analyze their data

References

Further reading
 Fundamentals of Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors by Peter R. Saulson, .
 Einstein's Unfinished Symphony by Marcia Bartusiak, .
 Gravity's Shadow: The Search for Gravitational Waves by Harry Collins, .
 Traveling at the Speed of Thought by Daniel Kennefick, .
 Einstein gravitational wave Telescope conceptual design study ET-0106C-10.
 Website Einstein Telescope EMR.

Interferometric gravitational-wave instruments
FP7 projects
Astronomical interferometers
Proposed infrastructure in Europe


The Scotland Route Utilisation Strategy is a Route Utilisation Strategy, published by Network Rail in March 2007, the third RUS to be published. The railways in Scotland are divided into three strategic routes, namely Route 24 (East of Scotland), Route 25 (Highlands) and Route 26 (Strathclyde and South West Scotland) together with parts of Route 8 (East Coast Main Line, ECML) and Route 18 (West Coast Main Line, WCML). The three strategic routes form the scope of Network Rail's  Scotland Route Utilisation Strategy. Separate RUSs for the ECML (published February 2008) and WCML (scheduled for publication late in 2009) encompass the relevant parts of routes 8 and 18. The Edinburgh Crossrail service, which provides a direct route between Stirling, Dunblane and Bathgate in the west to Newcraighall in the east, operates over part of the ECML east of Edinburgh Waverley to Portobello Junction.

The recommendations are grouped into each strategic route, and, as has become customary with RUSs, provide short-term (to end of CP3, March 2009), medium-term (CP4, 2014) and some long-term (thereafter) solutions. Essentially there are few major recommendations for the lightly used Route 25, but there are various and diverse recommendation for the other two, heavily used, routes. There are urgent issues to do with overcrowding in the peaks and with the capacity of individual lines and station, especially in the light of significant predicted growth in traffic (passenger and also freight).

Scotland, with its devolved government and Parliament responsible for transport in the nation, has been very active in pursuing the possible development of the rail infrastructure. At the time of the study and its publication there were a number of contingent projects at various stages, but mostly with capital funding already identified. These include:
 remodelling the western approach to Edinburgh Waverley station, and new platforms (subsequently completed February 2008 )
 reopening the Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine line (subsequently completed May 2008 )
 Stirling remodelling
 reopening the Airdrie–Bathgate rail link through route, including reinstating the Drumgelloch to Bathgate section
 a new Glasgow Airport Rail Link (GARL) branching off an enhanced line through Paisley
 the Borders Railway, a plan to reopen extensive sections of track south-east of Edinburgh
 the Edinburgh Airport link, a short new section of track branching off the Edinburgh to Glasgow line, with other connections

Specific measures recommended

Route 24 - East of Scotland

Short term
 lengthening of some trains in the Stirling-Glasgow corridor to 6-car, with appropriate platform extensions
 partial remodelling and resignalling in the Stirling-Larbert corridor, partially consequent on the reopening to Alloa/Kincardine
 timetabling recast between Edinburgh and Aberdeen via Fife to deliver faster trains and services more responsive to demand
 a new fuelling and cleaning depot, probably at Perth
 initiatives compatible with future tram/train interchange at Edinburgh Haymarket station
 changes to the Edinburgh Crossrail service pattern (subsequently implemented)
 improvement of car parking provision in Central Scotland stations.

Medium term
 significant further redevelopment at Haymarket station
 further work on revamping of services on the Cowlairs junction-Glasgow Queen Street route, possibly including light rail technology
 signalling revamping to produce greater capacity between Haymarket and Inverkeithing, and over the Tay bridge
 between Aberdeen and Dundee an additional southbound freight loop at Laurencekirk
 remodelling of Portobello junction, east of Waverley station, between the ECML and the future Waverley Rail Link
 introduction of improved sustainable intermodal interchange at various places, but including provision for car parking.

Long term
 there are aspirations for increased capacity and speed of service between Glasgow and Edinburgh; various possibilities need to be researched, including wholesale redevelopment of Glasgow Queen Street station

Route 25 - Highlands

Short term
 some timetabling options.

Medium term
 additional infrastructure to speed up and improve services Inverness-Perth and Inverness-Aberdeen
 lengthening of some trains to 6-car between Inverness and Aberdeen, with appropriate platform extensions.

Long term
 further acceleration and increased capacity using enhanced rolling stock and (radio) signalling

Route 26 - Glasgow and South West Scotland

Short term
 lengthening of peak trains to 6-car and service frequency improvement on the route between Glasgow and Kilmarnock, with appropriate platform extensions and other infrastructure.
 on the basis of the assumed closure of Stranraer as a ferry port, a better local service in the Stranraer area (the ferry service still operates as of March, 2009)
 timetabling for a more even service with less overcrowding
 redoubling between Annan and Gretna and enhanced signalling to meet potential freight growth
 independent electrical feeder supply to Polmadie depot.

Medium term
 work on revamping of services into Glasgow Central High Level, possibly including electrification of the Whifflet line and diversion of these services via Central Low Level
 once the reopened Aidrie-Bathgate route is in place, there will be three routes available between Edinburgh and Glasgow
 the enhancements and additional track that is part and parcel of GARL will provide extra capacity between Glasgow Central and Paisley Gilmour Street
 possible platform extensions on the Ayrshire and Inverclyde corridors would support trains longer than 6 cars
 increased capacity on the freight route between Mauchline and Ayr (Falkland) when signalling is replaced
 remodelling of Hyndland junction west of Partick to increase throughput at a pinch point
 improved engineering access from 2009 Law junction to Carstairs, south-east of Glasgow

Long term
 developments at Glasgow Central in the long term to provide additional capacity
 possible implementation of a semi-fast and stopping service on the East Kilbride line
 given growth in freight and passenger traffic, provision of further additional capacity between Glasgow and Ayrshire
 a third (bi-directional) track between Eglinton Street Jn and Muirhouse Jn to provide required capacity by the end of the RUS period

Subsequent developments
The line between Stirling and Kincardine has reopened; an hourly passenger service operates between Stirling and Alloa only, and freight runs over the whole route.

The current remodelling of Edinburgh Waverley station is complete; further improvement in pedestrian access is planned.

Revamped, electrified line, double-tracked throughout, between Airdrie and Bathgate, including reopening the Drumgelloch to Bathgate route, is to be completed by late 2010.

The Edinburgh Airport Rail Link has been suspended and mothballed, in favour of a tramlink interchange and extension.

National Express East Coast have taken over the ECML franchise.

References

Network Rail


William Leech (15 July 1875 – 24 November 1934) was an English footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale, Leicester Fosse, Plymouth Argyle, Stoke and Tottenham Hotspur. He made over 300 competitive appearances in a career lasting over 11 years. A left-half, his greatest achievement was to help Leicester to win promotion out of the Second Division in 1906–07.

Career
Leech played for local sides Newcastle White Star and Newcastle Swifts before joining London side Tottenham Hotspur. He left "Spurs" in June 1899 to join Burslem Port Vale back in his native Staffordshire. He made his Vale debut in a 2–0 loss to Leicester Fosse at Filbert Street on 30 September, and became a regular first team player from the following month. He made 26 Second Division and four FA Cup appearances in the 1899–1900 campaign, scoring once in a 4–0 win over Chesterfield at Saltergate (Howard Harvey claimed the other three).

After one season at Burslem Port Vale, Leech joined local rivals Stoke in the First Division, and he took over the centre half position from the injured Edward Parsons. He played in 36 matches for the "Potters" in 1900–01, scoring twice against Derby County and West Bromwich Albion. His run in the first team was ended in February 1902 after breaking his leg against Nottingham Forest in the FA Cup, and he was allowed to leave the club.

It took him more than a year to recover from his injury, and in July 1903 he signed for Southern League side Plymouth Argyle. He spent three seasons with the "Pilgrims", making between 49 and 52 appearances in each season. In total, he scored seven goals in 151 league and cup games at Home Park. The club's handbook at the time described him as "No comment needed! The one and only Leech. A pocket champion, admired on the stand side and elsewhere in the Three Towns. 'Nuf sed'." He then returned to the Football League with Leicester Fosse, becoming a first team regular in the 1906–07 and 1907–08 campaigns, as the "Foxes" won promotion out of the Second Division in 1908. He then became an assistant trainer at the club, until his retirement in 1911.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Leicester City
 Football League Second Division second-place promotion: 1907–08

References

Footballers from Newcastle-under-Lyme
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Western Football League players
Association football coaches
Leicester City F.C. non-playing staff
1875 births
1934 deaths


William Leech may refer to:

 Billy Leech (William Leech, 1875–1934), English footballer
 William John Leech (1881–1968), Irish painter
 William Leech PLC, a Tyneside housebuilder

Leech, William


The Bridge River Rapids, also known as the Six Mile Rapids, the Lower Fountain, the Bridge River Fishing Grounds, and in the St'at'imcets language as Sat' or Setl, is a set of rapids on the Fraser River, located in the central Fraser Canyon at the mouth of the Bridge River six miles north of the confluence of Cayoosh Creek with the Fraser and on the northern outskirts of the District of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada.

Physical
The rapids are among the fiercest on the Fraser and are generally considered impassable to canoes and river-rafting expeditions and are formed by the narrowing of the Fraser's banks by rock ledges at this point. However the diversion of the Bridge River in 1958 with the Bridge River Power Project severely curtailed the flow of the Bridge River, and the combined flows of the river no longer produce the "fountain" of combined waters during spring freshet which led to the location's frontier-era name of the Lower Fountain.

(The Upper Fountain was a longer but equally difficult but not as narrow gauntlet of whitewater a few more miles upstream, below the community of Fountain, which was formerly known as the Upper Fountain; those rapids today are the Upper Fountain Rapids).

History
The narrows in aboriginal legend were formed by Coyote leaping back and forth from bank to bank so as to make a barrier for salmon and places for people to fish.

The location is the most important aboriginal fishing site in the British Columbia Interior and historically it and neighbouring sites along the stretch of river between Fountain and Lillooet attracted over 15,000 people at a time to fish at the site during key salmon runs from the many different peoples of the Interior.  It was here early in the 19th century, that an insult by the chief of the Lakes Lillooet to the chief of the Okanagan people, Pelkamulox, led to the death of the latter and an eventual war of revenge against the St'at'imc by his son, the famous Nicola in the late 1830s.

During the Fraser Gold Rush the site was the location of a boomtown known as Bridge River. That name came from the toll-bridge built over the river at this point in 1859 to replace a native-built pole bridge. The town only lasted a few years, as an easier crossing to the Old Cariboo Road was Miller's Ferry, closer to today's Lillooet, at the site of a 1913-built suspension bridge.

A 1950s era proposal to build a dam at Lillooet Canyon, just above the site of today's suspension bridge, which would have inundated the fishing spot and ended the Fraser salmon runs, was abandoned, along with another at Glen Fraser and an even larger dam at Moran Canyon, which would have backed the Fraser up to Williams Lake and beyond.

Current ownership
Today located on an Indian reserve under the administration of the Bridge River Indian Band (Xwisten First Nation, Xwisten being the name of the Bridge River in St'at'imcets), the site is shared by the area's various Indian bands, with certain families having long-standing rights to certain rock platforms and campsites, though few come from other First Nations people in the rest of the Interior anymore.  Pole-built fishing platforms jut out over the narrows of the rapids, which form a small waterfall, especially during spring run-off, and fish-drying racks are scattered around the surrounding area (wind-dried salmon is a local specialty, the area being so subject to dry winds pouring down the canyon no smoking is required).  A modern pictograph created by Saul Terry, showing a sun-face with a salmon-shaped mouth, overlooks the main part of the site, which is a series of rock formations in the angle of the Bridge and Fraser Rivers.  Fishing by non-natives is not permitted unless permission is granted by the Bridge River Indian Band.  Historically natives used spears and dip nets to catch salmon, which are readily visible in their attempts to leap the rough waters of the gorge.

See also
Kettle Falls
Celilo Falls

References

External links
 The Six Mile Rapids - The Bridge River Fishing Grounds
 Bridge River Indian Band website

First Nations culture
First Nations history
Fraser Canyon
Lillooet Country
St'at'imc
Rapids of Canada
Rivers of British Columbia


"Surprise!" is Bonnie Pink's second single. The single was released under the Pony Canyon label on April 16, 1996.

Track listing

1996 singles
Bonnie Pink songs
Pony Canyon singles
1996 songs
Songs written by Bonnie Pink


There are several school districts in the United States called Unity School District, including:

Unity School District — Claremont, New Hampshire
Unity School District — Balsam Lake, Wisconsin


"A Fratricide" (German: Ein Brudermord) is a short story by Franz Kafka written between December 1916 and January 1917. It is one of Kafka's most realistically descriptive and graphically violent stories, and tells the story of a murderer, Schmar, and his victim, Wese. Although no clear motive for the murder is given anywhere in the story, it can be ascertained that the crime is a matter of jealous passion. Apart from the title, there is no obvious indication that the two characters are brothers, and the title may be an allusion to the biblical story of Cain and Abel .

An important element of the story is the character of Pallas, a passive observer who witnesses the entire drama and whose intervention might have saved Wese's life. Wese's wife, Julia, is also mentioned in the story: she is said to be waiting for him because he had been unusually late the night of the murder.

References
 Richard T. Gray, Ruth V. Gross, Rolf J. Goebel. A Franz Kafka encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.

Short stories by Franz Kafka


Thyroid dysgenesis is a cause of congenital hypothyroidism where the thyroid is missing, ectopic, or severely underdeveloped. It should not be confused with iodine deficiency, or with other forms of congenital hypothyroidism, such as thyroid dyshormonogenesis, where the thyroid is present but not functioning correctly.

Congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis can be associated with PAX8.

Ectopic thyroid
An ectopic thyroid, also called accessory thyroid gland, is a form of thyroid dysgenesis in which an entire or parts of the thyroid located in another part of the body than what is the usual case. A completely ectopic thyroid gland may be located anywhere along the path of the descent of the thyroid during its embryological development, although it is most commonly located at the base of the tongue, just posterior to the foramen cecum of the tongue. In this location, an aberrant or ectopic thyroid gland is known as a lingual thyroid.  If the thyroid fails to descend to even higher degree, then the resulting final resting point of the thyroid gland may be high in the neck, such as just below the hyoid bone. Parts of ectopic thyroid tissue ("accessory thyroid tissue") can also occur, and arises from remnants of the thyroglossal duct, and may appear anywhere along its original length. Accessory thyroid tissue may be functional, but is generally insufficient for normal function if the main thyroid gland is entirely removed.

Lingual thyroid is 4-7 times more common in females, with symptoms developing during puberty, pregnancy or menopause. Lingual thyroid may be asymptomatic, or give symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), dysphonia (difficulty talking) and dyspnea (difficulty breathing).

References

External links

Congenital disorders of endocrine system
Thyroid


Modes of Transportation Vol. 2: What's a Boy to Do? is an album released by Spookey Ruben in 1998, and was only ever released in Japan, but is now available as an import through Amazon.com and by digital release. The album had three singles reach the top 20 following its Japanese release.

Tracks from this album later appeared on his double album Bed and Breakfast more than three years later. In an interview, Spookey explained, "I got permission to use them (to re-use for the double album). They’re [TVT Records] going to get a cut off this record."

Reception

As this album was never commercially released in the United States, there are very few reviews published for it. One review by the website FrankDoris.com exclaims, "What's A Boy to Do? is a wild, exhilarating melange of styles and sounds, colliding, blending together, copulating and producing bizarre, mutated offspring. Take the first track, "Sex Traffic," (gotta be an homage to Kraftwerk's Sex Object")—a dizzying mix of French female vocal samples, snapping synthesizers, rubber-band ostinato bass, gritty electronic drums, sampled squealing tires and robotic monotonous vocals intoning "Sex Traffic" over it all—but it's freakin' fantastic! Then before you've recovered, Ruben jump-cuts into "My Female Friends," its gorgeous piano chords, buoyant vocal and synth melodies and galloping rhythm three minutes and forty-four seconds of pure pop adrenaline. The record is a roller coaster thrill-ride of moods and kaleidoscopic instrumental sounds, from unbelievably pure and well-recorded acoustic guitars, glockenspiels and percussion to unbelievably processed squealing synths and sampled vocals. Actually, some of the sounds are completely unrecognizable."

Track listing
 Sex Traffic
 My Female Friends
 My Favorite Movie
 Why Did I Do What I Did
 Someone Else
 Who Pulls You Through
 N Kinski
 Don't Take Your Dog To The Park
 Dizzy Playground
 Roncesvalles
 Memory
 Lazy
 Overhill (Bonus)
 Mennonite Lady (Bonus)

References

External links
 Order the album at Amazon
 Hi-Hat's Website

1998 albums
Spookey Ruben albums

de:Spookey Ruben


The Union League Club of Chicago is a prominent civic and social club in Chicago that was founded in 1879. Its second and current clubhouse is located at 65 W Jackson Boulevard on the corner of Federal Street, in the Loop neighborhood of Chicago. The club is considered one of the most prestigious in Chicago, ranking fourth in the United States and first in the Midwest on the Five Star Platinum Club list.

Union League clubs, which are legally separate but share similar histories and maintain reciprocal links with one another, are also located in New York City and Philadelphia. Additional Union League clubs were formerly located in Brooklyn, New York and New Haven.

History
Founded in 1879, the Union League Club of Chicago (the Club) traces its roots to the earlier Union League of America.

The Union League of America was founded during the American Civil War to support Abraham Lincoln and preserve the Union. Its first council was founded on June 25, 1862, in Pekin, Illinois and spread rapidly across the North with the first Chicago council formed on August 19, 1862.

After the last Chicago council of the Union League of America disbanded in 1877, Orrin H. Salisbury, a local politician and former member, conceived an idea of a new club in the same tradition that would influence local, state and national politics. He approached John Wentworth ("Long John") who saw in the idea a "marching club" to specifically support Ulysses S. Grant's bid for a third term as President. Even after Grant lost his bid for a third term, Wentworth recruited heavily for the Club.

The Club was incorporated as the Chicago Club of the Union League of America on December 19, 1879. It was later renamed The Union League Club of Chicago.   The first directors included, among others, James B. Bradwell, John Wentworth, William Penn Nixon, and John H. Kedzie. The Club had two sets of officers its first year: James B Bradwell and Lewis Larned Coburn, both elected as President of the Club.

In the Articles of Association, the Club's primary objectives are to (paraphrased): encourage loyalty to the Federal Government, defend the Union, inculcate good citizenship, maintain equality of all citizens, assure the purity of the ballot, oppose corruption, and secure honesty in the administration of National, State, and Municipal affairs. At the same time, some members, led by R. S. Critchell, wanted the Club to have the amenities of a social club including fine dining. Today, according to the Club's website, it is both "a catalyst for action in nonpartisan political, economic and social arenas" and a social club with "an array of unique opportunities for entertainment and personal growth" and fine dining.

The Club's website states: "the Public Affairs Committee and its various subcommittees address a wide range of public policy issues and serve as the conduit for the Club’s involvement in civic affairs". Some of these issues have included:
 Enacting election reform
 Enabling the Chicago Crime Commission
 1970 Constitutional Convention
 Siting and opening of the Harold Washington Library Center
 Informing the establishment of a moratorium on the death penalty in Illinois

The Club is one of The Top 100 Platinum City Clubs of the World for 2020/2021.

Building

Clubhouse
The Club's first clubhouse was designed by William Le Baron Jenney. The current clubhouse, built on the same site as the first, was designed by Mundie & Jensen. The building houses meeting rooms, overnight guest rooms, 5 dining areas, a swimming pool and workout facilities.

Art Collection
The Club’s art collection is extensive prompting the Chicago Tribune to call the Club “The other art institute in Chicago”  The same article cites Monet’s “Pommiers en fleurs” as the Club’s most significant painting and discusses the depth of the collection in historic and contemporary Chicago artists.

The George N Leighton Library
According to the Club's website, the Library and Archives are one of the oldest amenities of the Club. The Library was renamed in 2019 to honor long-time member and jurist, George N. Leighton. The Club is a Partner Organization with the Chicago Collections in order to share its archives more broadly.

Notable members
Dankmar Adler. architect, designed Auditorium Theater
Robert W. Bergstrom. led 1970 Illinois Constitutional Convention
James B. Bradwell. Illinois lawyer, judge, politician, represented Mary Todd Lincoln
Daniel Burnham. architect, Director of Works, World’s Columbian Exposition
Charles G. Dawes. 30th Vice President of the United States
Marshall Field. founder of Marshall Field and Company
Charles L. Hutchinson. business leader, 1st president of the Art Institute of Chicago
William Le Baron Jenney. architect, designed Home Insurance Building
John H. Kedzie. lawyer, real estate developer, member Illinois House of Representatives
George N. Leighton. United States District Judge
William Penn Nixon. President of Chicago Inter Ocean
Julius Rosenwald. leader and part-owner of Sears, Roebuck and Company
Louis Sullivan. architect, including Auditorium Theater and Carson Pirie Scott Store
John Wentworth ("Long John"). Mayor of Chicago, member of US House of Representatives, editor of the Chicago Democrat
William J. Bauer. United States Seventh Circuit Court Judge

Foundations and military support

Foundations
The Club sponsors and houses the administrative staff of 3 non-profit foundations, according to the Foundations' websites,
 Union League Boys & Girls Clubs provides after school programs at 11 locations in Chicago and a summer camp in Wisconsin. Club One was founded in Chicago’s Pilsen neighborhood as the Union League Boys Club in 1919.
Luminarts Cultural Foundation was founded in 1949 as the Union League Civic & Arts Foundation. It supports young Chicago artists, writers, and musicians through the annual selection of Luminarts Fellows.
The Chicago Engineers’ Foundation evolved from the Chicago Engineers’ Club, an organization established in 1903 as a professional and networking group for Chicago engineers.

Military support
According to the Club's website, it supports the men and women of the armed services through the following groups:
The Club’s American Legion Post #758 was established in 1934.
The Chicago 502, organized by the Club in 2001, supports the soldiers and families of the 502nd Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division.
The 721 Club supported the commissioning and now supports the crew and families of the USS Chicago (SSN-721) submarine.
The 786 Club supported the commissioning and now supports the crew and families of the USS Illinois (SSN-786) submarine.
The Club sponsored the Commissioning Committee for the USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709) submarine.

See also

Union League
Union League of Philadelphia
Union League Club of New York
Union League Golf and Country Club
List of gentlemen's clubs in the United States

References

Further reading
Nowlan, James D. (2004). Glory, Darkness, Light: A History of the Union League Club. Northwestern University Press.
Union League Club of Chicago Art Collection.
Kellman, Jerold (1984). The First One Hundred Years.
Grant, Bruce (1955). Fight for a City: The story of the Union League Club of Chicago and its times, 1880-1955. John S. Swift Co.
The Union League Club of Chicago (1926). The spirit of the Union League Club, 1879-1926: presented by the Club to its members on the occasion of the dedication of the new clubhouse. The Club.

External links

Union League Boys & Girls Clubs website
Luminarts website
Chicago Engineers' Foundation website
Chicago 721 Club website
Chicago 786 Club website
USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN 796) Commissioning Committee
Chicago Collections website

Non-profit organizations based in Chicago
1879 establishments in Illinois
Clubs and societies in the United States
Illinois in the American Civil War
Gentlemen's clubs in the United States
Skyscrapers in Chicago
Skyscrapers in Illinois


Theodore James "Ted" Courant is an American mathematician who has conducted research in the fields of differential geometry and classical mechanics.  In particular, he made seminal contributions to the study of Dirac manifolds, which generalize both symplectic manifolds and Poisson manifolds, and are related to the Dirac theory of constraints in physics.  Some mathematical objects in this field have since been named after him, including the Courant bracket and Courant algebroid.

Education and career
Courant received his B.A. degree from Reed College, and his Ph.D. from The University of California, Berkeley, where he was a student of Alan Weinstein.

After teaching at the University of California, Santa Cruz and the University of Minnesota, Courant moved to secondary education at private schools in California including The Branson School and Wildwood School.

Personal life
Ted Courant is the grandson of Richard Courant.

References

Reed College alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
20th-century American mathematicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American mathematicians


James Read Chadwick (November 2, 1844 – September 23, 1905) was an American gynecologist and medical librarian remembered for describing the Chadwick sign of early pregnancy in 1887.

Early life and education
Chadwick was born in Boston on November 2, 1844. He was a son of Christopher Chamberlain Chadwick (1821–1871), a Boston merchant, and Louisa (née Read) Chadwick (1821–1913). His sister, Elizabeth (née Chadwick) Whittier, was married to Brig. Gen. Charles A. Whittier.

He received a B.A. at Harvard in 1865, an M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1871, studied obstetrics in Europe from 1871 to 1873, and then worked as a gynecologist in Boston.

Career
From 1874 he worked at the Boston City Hospital, helping to found the gynecological department, and taught at Harvard Medical School. He helped to found, and became secretary and president of the American Gynaecological Society. He was a founder of the Boston Medical Library Association in 1875, and worked as the librarian until his death. He was voted president of the Association of Medical Librarians in 1904. He was the first president of the Harvard Medical Alumni Association in 1891. He was a supporter of women in the practice of medicine, writing a report which cited the contributions of women in medicine.

A strong advocate of cremation, he was president of the Massachusetts Cremation Society from 1894 until his sudden death in 1905.

He contributed many articles on his specialty to the Transactions of the American Gynecological Association, the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, the American Journal of Obstetrics, among others.

Personal life
On May 11, 1871, Chadwick was married to Katherine Maria Lyman (1848–1889) in Boston.  Maria was the daughter of Dr. George Hinckley Lyman and his wife, Maria Cornelia Ritchie Austin. Her younger brother was George H. Lyman, chairman of the Massachusetts Republican state committee and Collector of Customs for the Port of Boston, and her great-grandfather was Elbridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and Vice President of the United States (under President James Madison). Together, they were the parents of three daughters and two sons, including:

 Nora Chadwick (1873–1961), who married Julian Codman, a grandson of merchant Russell Sturgis and nephew of architect John Hubbard Sturgis.
 Margaret Chadwick
 Elizabeth Lyman "Bessie" Chadwick (1875–1912), who married Douglas H. Thomas (1872–1915) in 1901.
 James Read Chadwick Jr. (1877–1879), who died young.
 Elbridge Gerry Chadwick (1881–1945), who married Dorothy Curtis Jordan, a granddaughter of Eben Dyer Jordan (co-founder of the department store chain Jordan Marsh).

His wife died on July 13, 1889, in Birmingham, England.  Chadwick died from a fall from a piazza roof at his summer home in Chocorua, New Hampshire, on September 23, 1905. He was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge.

References

External links

1844 births
1905 deaths
American gynecologists
American librarians
Harvard Medical School alumni


Albert James Skinner (born 1868; date of death unknown) was an English footballer who played as a full-back for Burslem Port Vale between 1886 and 1893.

Career
Skinner most likely joined Burslem Port Vale in the summer of 1886. He enjoyed regular football from October 1888 to February 1889, but was used mostly as a reserve player after this period. In total he played 30 games for his local team: 16 league games (12 in the Football Combination and one each in the English Football League and Midland Football League), 13 friendlies, and 3 cup matches. He was allowed to leave the Athletic Ground at the end of the 1892–93 season, the first ever season of the Football League Second Division.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1868 births
Year of death missing
Footballers from Burslem
English men's footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players


Sunifred II (c. 898–948) was Count of Urgell. He was the son of Wilfred the Hairy of Urgell and succeeded his father on the latter's death in 897.  He was still ruling as late as 940, when he appears with his wife Adelaide.

References

Counts of Urgell
890s births
Year of birth uncertain
948 deaths
10th-century Catalan people
10th-century Visigothic people


Oldenzaal is a railway station located in the centre of Oldenzaal, Overijssel, Netherlands. The station was opened on 18 October 1865 and is located on the Almelo–Salzbergen railway. Train services are operated by Syntus. From December 2010-December 2013, Syntus operated a cross-border local train between Hengelo, Oldenzaal and Bad Bentheim with the name "Grensland Express". Service was suspended due to a lack of passengers. On 14 January 2018, this route was reinstated when Eurobahn extended its service from Bad Bentheim to Hengelo.

There was another station, close to the main Oldenzaal station, called Oldenzaal EO for train services to Boekelo (1890-1934). There was also a tram line to Denekamp (1903-1936).

Train services

Bus services

References

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in Overijssel
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1860s
Oldenzaal
Railway stations on the Almelo - Salzbergen railway line
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 19th century


This list contains purported Lusitanian deities, that is the gods and goddesses of Lusitanian mythology.

A

Abna
Aernus
Aetio
Albucelainco
Ambieicris
Arabo
Aracus
Arentia
Arentio
Ares Lusitani
Ataegina

B

Bandua
Bormanicus (Borvo)

C

Cabuniaegenis
Candeberonio
Cariocecus
Cauleces
Collouesei
Coronus
Coruae
Coso

D

Debaroni Muceaigaego
Dercetius
Duberdicus
Durius

E

Endovelicus
Edovio
Eniragillo
Epona
Erbina

F

Frovida

I

Igaedo

L

Laepo
Laho
Laneana
Laraucus
Lucubo
Lurunis

M

Miraro Samaco
Moelio
Moricilo
Munidis

N

Nabia
Netaci
Neto

O

Ocaere

Q

Quangeio

R

Reo
Reue
Runesocesius

S

Sulae Nantugaicae

T

Tameobrigus
Tomios

Toga
Tongoe
Tongoenabiagus
Torolo Gombiciego
Trebaruna
Turiacus
Trebopala

V

Verore
Vestio Alonieco

Name unknown

 A sun goddess later assimilated by Virgin Mary as Nossa Senhora d'Antime.

References and bibliography

Bibliography
 Coutinhas, José Manuel - Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaici Bracari. Porto. 2006.
 García Fernández-Albalat, Blanca - Guerra y Religión en la Gallaecia y la Lusitania Antiguas. A Coruña. 1990.
 McKenna, Stephen. Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom.
 Martínez, Sonia María García. "La epigrafía romana del concelho de Guimarães. Un estado de la cuestión". In: Revista de Guimarães, n.º 105, 1995, pp. 139-171.
 Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares. "Teonimos indigenas masculinos del ambito Lusitano-Galaico: un intento de síntesis". In: Revista de Guimarães, Volume Especial, I, Guimarães, 1999, pp. 277-296.
 Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares - Los Dioses de la Hispania Céltica. Madrid. 2002.
 Robalo, Mário. Deuses de pedra.

References

Further reading
 Prósper, Blanca. "The Lusitanian language in the name of the divinities Moelio Mordonieco and Torolo Combiciego, the Hispanic placename Mαιvάκη and related matters", Indogermanische Forschungen 103, 1998 (1998): 261-280, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110243444.261
 Prósper, Blanca Maria. "The Hispano-Celtic Divinity ILVRBEDA, Gold Mining in Western Hispania and the Syntactic Context of Celtiberian arkatobezom 'Silver Mine'". In: Die Sprache 49, 1 (2010-2011): 53–83.


FC Dagdizel Kaspiysk () was a Russian football club from Kaspiysk, founded in 1949. It played in the Russian Second Division, zone South, since 2008 (also played there in 2006). It was previously known as Sudostroitel Kaspiysk (1949–1967), Trud Kaspiysk (1968–1986), Torpedo Kaspiysk (1987–1989), Kaspiy Kaspiysk (1990–1993) and Argo Kaspiysk (1994). It played in Soviet Second Group in 1949, in the Soviet Class B in 1968 and 1969, and in Soviet Second League B in 1991. It played in Russian amateur championship (zone South) in 2003–2005 and 2007. Before the 2014–15 season, the team was dissolved and replaced in the PFL by FC Anzhi-2 Makhachkala.

External links
Club page at 2liga.ru
Unofficial site

Association football clubs established in 1949
Association football clubs disestablished in 2014
Defunct football clubs in Russia
Sport in Dagestan
1949 establishments in Russia


István Priboj Slovak, Štefan Priboj, (2 May 1894 – 27 October 1957, in Žilina) was a former Hungarian and Slovak football player and coach. He played for Újpesti TE, 1. ČsŠK Bratislava and Dynamo Žilina, and he was the top scorer in the Hungarian championship in 1922–23. He played 6 matches for the Hungarian team, scoring 3 goals between 1919 and 1925. From 1940 to 1941, he coached the Slovak national team.

References

1894 births
1957 deaths
Hungarian men's footballers
Slovak men's footballers
Czechoslovak men's footballers
Slovak football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
Újpest FC players
ŠK Slovan Bratislava players
Men's association football forwards
Hungary men's international footballers


The 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark was the sixth and last race of the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 23 September in the Speedway Center in Vojens, Denmark It was the third Danish SGP and was won by British rider Mark Loram. It was the first win of his career.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Jesper B. Jensen from Denmark as Wild Card.

Heat details

The final classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark
D
1997


Cochrane High School was an alternative secondary school in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The building is located in the Crescent Park neighborhood in the East-central area of the city. The focus of Cochrane's specialized education curriculum was to prepare students to enter the employment field upon graduation. It was a part of Regina Public Schools.

Fifty percent of Cochrane's student body are of self-declared Aboriginal ancestry.

Maclean's magazine named Cochrane as one of Canada's ten best high schools in 2004.

The Cochrane High School is no longer running as its former self. It was repurposed into a program called Campus Regina Public and is available to all grade 11 and 12 students registered with Regina Public Schools.

References

High schools in Regina, Saskatchewan
Educational institutions established in 1972
1972 establishments in Saskatchewan


Sud-Vest Oltenia (English South-West Oltenia) is a development region in Romania. As the other development regions, it does not have any administrative powers, its main function being to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the European Union.

Sud-Vest Development Region is roughly coterminous with the historic region of Oltenia (82,4%), and for that reason it is sometimes called Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud-Vest Oltenia. The Danube forms the natural boundary  between Romania and Serbia to the southwest, and Bulgaria to the south.

Counties
The Sud-Vest region is made up of the following counties:
Dolj
Gorj
Mehedinți
Olt
Vâlcea

See also
Development regions of Romania
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

References

Development regions of Romania


dom4j is an open-source Java library for working with XML, XPath and XSLT. It is compatible with DOM, SAX and JAXP standards.

The library is distributed under an BSD-style license.

Versions
The stable version of dom4j for Java 1.4, 1.6.1, was released on May 16, 2005.
The stable version of dom4j for Java 1.5, 2.0.3, was released on April 11, 2020.
The stable version of dom4j, 2.1.3, was released on April 12, 2020.
The latest stable version of dom4j, 2.1.4, was released on January 22, 2023.

References

External links
Official website
Source and Binary files

Java (programming language) libraries
Software using the BSD license


Richard Danks (March 1865 – November 1929) was an English footballer who played as a forward for Wolverhampton Wanderers and Burslem Port Vale.

Career
Danks played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, and made three guest appearances for Burslem Port Vale whilst still at Wolves, including his debut on a 14 January 1888 friendly with South Shore where he bagged two goals in a 2–2 home draw. He switched to the Vale permanently in the summer of 1888. He played regular football in the 1888–89 season, but after being appointed club secretary in October 1889 played only in emergency circumstances. He served as secretary until November 1893 and was released as a player at the end of the 1893–94 season. He had played 42 games (including one in the Football League Second Division, 19 friendlies , 15 in the Football Combination and four in the Midland League) and scored eight goals (five in friendlies, two in the Combination and one cup goals) for the club.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1865 births
1929 deaths
Sportspeople from Bilston
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players
Port Vale F.C. non-playing staff
Footballers from Wolverhampton


Solo Razafindrakoto known as Solorazaf is a Malagasy guitarist born in France. His roots are both situated in Madagascar. His musical style is very much influenced by these two different cultures and he then created a very personal musical style based on Malagasy traditional music.

Biography
Solorazaf was born in Montpellier of Malagasy parents, but left for the Big Island when he was six months old. Although he visited France regularly, he grew up in Madagascar, in the village of his grandparents, in contact with the traditional music of the Highlands. He began playing the guitar at 12, and turned professional at 17, playing with rock groups which were already including local instruments.

At the age of seventeen, he was one of the first studio musicians in the capital city of Antananarivo. At Discomad Studio, the only recording studio on the main Island.¹

In a country where the music is as rich and vital as its flora and fauna,Solorazaf plays guitar, bass and drums on countless recordings for different artists from the various regions across Madagascar. Self-taught, his studio experience and exposure to so many musicians and so much indigenous music not only gives him the tools to become one of the most important practitioners of this music, it allows him to create a wholly personal style steeped in the Malgache tradition.

Solo (pronounced 'Sool') was 22 when, in 1978, he chose to settle in France where he has since had a double career as a musician and producer. He first accompanied Graeme Allwright until 1983, then Dizzy Gillespie and Miriam Makeba, created the group Namana (short-lived, but which produced an album), and handled the arrangements and artistic direction of the most recent albums of the author of "Jour de clarté." All this while travelling the world with his own compositions (in Boston, in the US, he was called the "revelation" of the L'Air du temps festival in 1995 and 1996).

In 1979, he moved to Paris and quickly established himself as an in-demand accompanist and session player contributing to the music of many great French recording artists in various styles of pop and world music. ¹

From 1998, Solorazaf plays with the quartet “Worlds of Guitar”. The group includes guitar masters Fareed Haque, Romero Lubambo and Aquiles Baez. During this busy period, however, Solorazaf was also the lead guitarist for the legendary Miriam Makeba. Solorazaf travels the globe touring for 15 years with Makeba. The world tours include among others “Live the future” with Makeba and Dizzy Gillespie, “The Three Divas Tour” with Miriam Makeba, Nina Simone and Odetta as well as “The USA Tour:Tour of Hope” with Hugh Masekela and Miriam Makeba.

In 2001, Solorazaf begins touring his “Solo Guitar Performance”. He plays Europe, the US and Canada. His solo concerts are widely acclaimed in the US and Europe and according to a lot of world guitar press magazines, he establishes himself as one of the most innovative solo guitar player's on the World scene.

He appears every year at the concert Autour de la Guitare created by Jean-Félix Lalanne in 2001.

His solo concerts are widely acclaimed in the US and Europe and he establishes himself as one of the most innovative solo guitar player's on the world scene.

Solorazaf's songs are sung in his native tongue Malagasy, or French, sometimes a combination of the two, at times with a bit of English thrown in.²

Solorazaf also found time to create a music school called “Guitares Alliées”, (“Allied Guitars”). The school is created in partnership with The Alliance Francaise in the city of Antsirabe (south of Tananarive). The school is a place of theory and practice where the students improve their skills through a variety of instruction and documentation as well as through the help of audio-visual tools that Solorazaf has collected from guitarists-friends throughout the world.

His guitars
"My favourite instruments are a walnut guitar with seven strings, composed of six strings on which is added a seventh one, a bass E string, in order to play the bass lines, because as I former bass player this is essential to me. And I also like my 'little' guitar, tuned in C, a very inspiring open tuning which allows me to play Malgasy music.

These instruments have been built two luthiers called A. and D. Hamel. I met them in Montreal for I used to go there very often. One day, I found a Semi-acoustic guitar. They make improved travel guitar or Silent guitar, a little bit like the gibsons. They are adapted to my way of playing. Thanks to these guitars I was able to get back the sound of Malagasy instruments like for example a short lute.

And I play another guitar called 'bigbee', which I made myself, tuned with one half in C, and another half in G and which sounds nicely with my open tuning.

I also use the footoy which is a kind of drums played with the feet. I invented it in order to get a good stability.

When I came back to Paris, I called on my friend Christophe, a guitarist, and I turned them into Electric acoustic guitar because at first they already had a nice sound. These instruments really shows my soul.

But I have had common guitars like Stratocasters or Gibsons."³

Critics
One-man band, Solorazaf illuminates the stage by his presence and by the sounds he produces with his mouth, his feet and even his nostrils. And of course with his guitar with which he is a virtuoso. His presence is a delight.⁵

The Paris Magazine Sortie describes Solorazaf's voice as “sweet as a dream”.

“Solo guitar illuminated by cascading traditional Malgache rhythms”. -- Télérama (Paris, France)

“Highly recommended”—New York Times (USA)

“An musical inventor with the Malgache traditions at its foundation.”—International guitar Festival of Rueil Malmaison - France

“One of the greatest performers I’ve ever seen on any string instrument anywhere… Phenomenal! -- Elombe Brath (Producer/Mediahost/African affairs consultant)
“Solorazaf is simply superbe and magnificent” -Afropop – New York City (USA)

“A master of the 12/8 Salegy rhythm”—Acoustic Guitar Magazine.

Awarded a "CHOC" and three stars by Le Monde de la musique.

Discography
Parallel to his own personal performance projects, Solorazaf also produced several albums considered by the specialized press as essential to Malagasy music.

Fruits du Voyages
Souffles de Vie Rakoto Frah.
Razilinah by Erick Manana.
Toamasina sérénades Daniel Tombo

He also creates and co-produces: “Bilo” Malagasy connection with E.Manana, Nawal, Justin Vali.

1993 Guitare à balanciers. (a concept which pulls together the musics of Madagascar, folk blues and French chanson).
1999 9 pieces of bizarre.
( It is a solo voyage of lyrical guitar and voice: melodies and modulations tangled with propulsive, throbbing rhythms accompanied by a simple shaker or foot percussion.)
1999 3 rays of Rain.( This music shows off his ever-evolving style and originality).
1992 Malgache Connexion.(auvidis)
1996 Fruits du voyage.(mélodie)
1997 The moon and the banana tree.
2006 DVD Live "Rendez Vous A Melting Point"

References

External links
Solorazaf's myspace page

1956 births
Living people
Musicians from Montpellier
Malagasy guitarists
French male guitarists


The Dresden tramway network () is a network of tramways forming the backbone of the public transport system in Dresden, a city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany.  Opened in 1872, it has been operated since 1993 by Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe (DVB), and is integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Oberelbe (VVO).

, the network comprised 12 tram lines,  with a total line length of approximately  and a total route length of .  There was  of track, which translated into  of actual tram line, serving 154 tram stops.

History
The origins of the Dresden tramway network can be traced back to the year 1872, when the first horse-drawn line opened between the city centre and the former village of Blasewitz, now a borough of Dresden.

Lines

The Dresden tramway network is a mixed system of traditional street running, especially in the inner city boroughs close to the city centre, and modern light rail. The network uses the unique gauge of , which is just  wider than . This gauge is sometimes called the Dresden Gauge.

In recent years, street running has been replaced by independent right-of-way arrangements wherever possible, and new extensions created in the same form. In November 2008, a  extension of line 7 was opened from Gorbitz to Pennrich, in Dresden's south eastern suburbs. In May 2011, a  extension of line 10 opened from Friedrichstrasse to the city's Messe or exhibition centre, involving construction of a  long,  wide and  high bridge across the floodplain of the River Elbe. In July 2019, routes 9 and 13 were realigned along a  section to provide better connections with regional trains at Dresden-Strehlen station.

Unlike various other German cities of comparable size, no stadtbahn style tunnel sections or high platform stops have been created. Many tram stops have been rebuilt so as to be fully accessible to physically disabled persons, and to allow level boarding to the newer low floor trams that now operate most services.

Different lines can be identified by a line number and a colour code.  the lines are:

Future plans, as part of the Stadtbahnprogramm 2020, include  of new tram line, with work starting in 2014. Some  would be on reserved track, and the new lines would replace bus lines 61 and 62, some of the city's busiest, with an estimated cost of 223 million euros. The new lines comprise:

 Prager Str to Plauen Bhf via Budapester Str and Chemnitzer Str
 Großer Garten to Löbtau via Technische Universität
 City Center to Fetscherplatz via Pillnitzer Str and Striesener Str
 Sachsenallee to Max-Planck-Institute via Johannstadt
 Bühlau to Weißig

On all tram lines except lines 4 and 11, a general 10-minute headway is offered on weekdays, extending to 15 minutes on Saturday, Sunday and in the evening. On the main routes through the inner city, where different lines intertwine, vehicles run up to every two minutes. Line 4, which extends a considerable distance beyond the city boundary to the towns of Radebeul, Coswig and Weinböhla, operates the standard 10 or 15 minute interval service as far as Radebeul West, and a 30-minute service beyond that to Coswig and Weinböhla. Line 11 is running every 7 to 8 minutes during peak hours.

Rolling stock

, Dresden's tram fleet was made up of 166 modern tramsets (with 31 older trams).  Most of the trams operating in Dresden are articulated low floor cars, of two different basic designs, each of which has several variants.

The first generation of low floor cars was built by Deutsche Waggonbau in Bautzen between 1995 and 2002; both 6 and 8 axle variants exist. The second generation of low floor cars have been built since 2003 are Bombardier Flexity Classics, both 8 and 12 axle variants exist. The articulated cars vary in length from  long; all run as single car sets.

The fleet used to be composed of ČKD Tatra trams that provided service towards the end of the GDR era. At present some Tatra T4 cars built between 1968 and 1984 are still in service, but it is intended that they will all be replaced by 2010. The Tatra cars are all high floor, precluding level boarding from tram stops, and run in two car sets with a set length of some .

The DVB tram fleet operates out of three depots; at Gorbitz on routes 2,6 and 7 in south west Dresden, at Trachenberge on route 3 in the north-west, and Reick on routes 1, 9 and 13 in the south-east. Gorbitz is new facility opened in 1996 and includes a new central workshops. Trachenberge and Reick are older facilities that have both been heavily rebuilt to similar standards, whilst several other older depots have been closed. The former central workshops at Trachenberge, adjacent to the current depot, now house the Dresden Tram Museum, which has a collection including examples of many former Dresden trams.

CarGoTram

The CarGoTram was a freight carrying tram that supplied Volkswagen's Transparent Factory, crossing the city. The two trams, up to  long, was the longest vehicles allowed to use roads in Dresden. The connection by tram was established to reduce the number of trucks used. The factory is located to the east of the city centre, next to the Großer Garten, whilst the distribution depot that loads the parts is to the west of the city centre.

See also

List of town tramway systems in Germany
Trams in Germany

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe – official site

Dresden
Transport in Dresden
600 V DC railway electrification
Dresden


Sir Barrie Heath,  (11 September 1916 – 22 February 1988) was a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot who fought in the Battle of Britain, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Heath shot down four enemy aircraft (including two "probables") and damaged two others. After the Second World War he had a successful career in industry, rising to become chairman of the industrial conglomerate GKN. In 1978 he received a knighthood for services to export.

Early life

Heath was born in Kings Norton, Warwickshire, on 11 September 1916. His older brother Grahame was a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps and was killed in action in the First World War.

Second World War

Heath saw active service in 1940 with No. 611 Squadron RAF, flying in Spitfire IIa P7883 "Grahame Heath", which had been donated by his father G.F. Heath in memory of his son Grahame.

Such donations were not uncommon at the time; many patriotic individuals as well as towns and other organisations were encouraged to donate the cost of an airframe. The cost of a Spitfire was set by the government at £5,000, a very large sum at the time, although the real cost of manufacturing the aircraft was more than £10,000. By way of honouring the donation, the aircraft was permitted to bear the name of the donor himself, or any other name they chose. Approximately 1500 "presentation" Spitfires were donated during the course of the war, representing about 17% of total production.

Criticised by squadron commanding officer, Squadron Leader James Ellis McComb, for damaging his Spitfire on landing, Heath is said to have replied: "this is my Spit and I'll fly it any bloody way I like".

According to the official No. 611 Squadron RAF website, between June 1940 and February 1941, Heath shot down 4 enemy aircraft (including two "probables") and damaged two others. On 2nd June 1940 he took off 07.05 hrs. for sortie over Dunkirk and his Spitfire Mk.Ia N3061 was hit by bullet in the mast.

He was made 'B' Flight Commander in November 1940.
Early in 1941 he was posted to No. 64 Squadron, becoming CO in March 1941. He was rested in September 1941, transferring to Fighter Command HQ, and in late 1942 was Wing Commander, Tactics. In 1944, he became Wing Leader, 244 Wing in Italy, later commanding 324 Wing.

In 1944, as the tide of war turned in favour of the Allies, Heath (by now Wing Commander Heath) served with No. 43 Squadron RAF in France, known by its squadron insignia as the "fighting cocks", or "les coqs Anglais" as the local French population dubbed it. By now the squadron's main role was ground attack, strafing and occasionally dive bombing enemy targets.

On 9 September 1944, Heath, now commander of No. 324 Wing RAF and flying Spitfire IX MJ628, led a formation on the squadron's first sortie into German territory, strafing motor transport and railway communications.

Postwar career

After the war, Heath pursued a successful career in manufacturing industry. In 1946 he left the RAF and was appointed to the board of Hobourn aero components, Coventry. In 1960 he joined Triplex Safety Glass Ltd as their managing director and, in 1967, joined the board of the parent company Pilkington Brothers. In 1975 he took over from Sir Raymond Brookes to become chairman of the industrial conglomerate GKN, and in 1978 he received a knighthood. Among the problems Heath had to contend with as chairman were hyperinflation, the oil crisis, and declining demand for steel and automotive parts.

In an article in Time magazine in May 1979 he was described as "one of Britain's most respected business leaders", and as having "advised the new Conservative government 'not to rush in and try to bring in laws to restrict the unions. Such a course of action would be the death knell for British industry'."

Tony Jeeves, a former colleague at GKN, described him as "a great boss, incredibly kind and generous but certainly did not suffer fools gladly ... people either loved or hated him". He retired from GKN in 1980.

Barrie Heath and his wife, Joan, lived at Penn, Buckinghamshire, where, after his death, Lady Heath moved to a smaller property, swapping homes with her friend and neighbour, cookery writer Dame Mary Berry.

Their son, Duncan, is a talent agent. Son Ian Heath (died 1996) was married to actress Vicki Hodge (daughter of Sir John Rowland Hodge, 2nd Baronet) from 1969 to 1980.

Honours and awards
29 April 1941 – Acting Squadron Leader Barrie Heath (90818), Auxiliary Air Force, No. 611 Squadron is awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for gallantry and devotion to duty in the execution of air operations.
3 June 1978 – Barrie Heath, DFC, AE, group chairman of Guest Keen and Nettlefolds Limited is awarded the Honour of Knighthood for services to export which was presented on 12 July 1978.

References

Bibliography
Saunders, Andy. (2003). No 43 Squadron (Aviation Elite Units) Osprey Publishing.

External links
History of no43 Squadron, the "Fighting Cocks". Retrieved: 16 February 2010.
Spitfire society webpage. Retrieved: 16 February 2010.
article at www.fightglobal.com. Retrieved: 16 February 2010.
Official 611 Squadron website. Retrieved: 16 February 2010.
Stories of Barrie Heath at Official 611 Squadron website. Retrieved: 16 February 2010.

1916 births
1988 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
Royal Air Force officers
English aviators
The Few


Mikey Boyle is a hurler who plays with Ballyduff and Kerry.

Causeway Comprehensive School

Boyle played with Causeway Comprehensive School during his school days. He helped the school to win the 2003 All-Ireland Vocational Schools Football Championship after a win over Holy Trinity College, Cookstown.

Club

Boyle plays both football and hurling with Ballyduff and has enjoyed success in both codes.

His first major success with the club was when he won a Kerry Minor Hurling Championship with the club in 2003.

His next success would come in football as the club won a surprise back to back North Kerry Senior Football Championship when they beat Listowel Emmets in 2005 and 2006.

References

Teams

Living people
Ballyduff (Kerry) Gaelic footballers
Ballyduff (Kerry) hurlers
Kerry inter-county hurlers
Year of birth missing (living people)