Ariostea () was an Italian professional cycling team from 1984 to 1993. Its first team manager was Giorgio Vannucci; he was replaced in 1986 by Giancarlo Ferretti, who remained manager until the team was disbanded in 1993.

History
The first major victories were the two stage wins at the 1986 Giro d'Italia by Sergio Santimaria (1st stage, maglia rosa for one day) and Norwegian rider Dag Erik Pedersen (15th stage). The highest placed Ariostea rider in the general classification was Alfio Vandi, who finished 11th, 12 minutes and 40 seconds behind the winner.

In the late 1980s the team became a more prominent presence in the peloton. One of its successful riders was Rolf Sørensen who won Paris–Tours in 1990 and the Tirreno–Adriatico of 1992. Moreno Argentin won the team its first "monument", the 1990 Tour of Flanders, followed by a victory at the La Flèche Wallonne. 1990 also saw the team's first Tour de France stage win (Argentin) and two more Girostages (Adriano Baffi).

In 1991, Argentin scored another double in Belgium, with wins in La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Davide Cassani won three major classics in Italy (Milano–Torino, Giro dell'Emilia and Coppa Agostoni), while Massimiliano Lelli won two Giro stages - finishing third overall. More success followed at the Tour de France as stage wins for Bruno Cenghialta, Argentin and Marco Lietti registered a Tour triple triumph on consecutive days. That followed a team time trial win on Stage 2 into Chassieu that put Rolf Sørensen in the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification for four days.

Ariostea dominated the 1992 Tirreno–Adriatico with five stage wins and the general classification (Sørensen). Giorgio Furlan won the Tour de Suisse, Rolf Gölz the Tour Méditerranéen. There was another stage win in the Giro, this time for Marco Saligari. Roberto Conti finished 9th in the general classification.

In 1993, its final year, Ariostea was victorious in the Amstel Gold Race (Rolf Järmann). Bjarne Riis won a Giro stage and placed 5th in the general classification in the Tour de France. Saligari also won a stage in the Giro, and was the winner that year's Tour de Suisse. By far the most successful rider of the team this year was Pascal Richard of Switzerland. He won the Giro del Lazio, Giro di Lombardia, the Tour de Romandie and a handful of stages and one day races throughout the year. In the team's final race, the 1993 Giro di Lombardia, Ariostea riders Pascal Richard and Giorgio Furlan finished first and second, breaking away for the final 6 miles of the race.

Team manager Ferretti and a number of riders went to  the next year.

Major results

1985
 Overall Giro di Puglia, Silvano Contini
 Overall GP du Midi-Libre, Silvano Contini
Stage 1, Silvano Contini
Coppa Placci, Silvano Contini

1986
Stage 1 Giro d'Italia, Sergio Santimaria
Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Dag Erik Pedersen

1987
Stage 8 Tour de Suisse, Alessandro Paganessi

1988
Stage 6 Settimana Siciliana, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 3 Giro d'Italia, Stephan Joho
Stages 1 & 9 Tour de Suisse, Stephan Joho
Stage 7 Tour de Suisse, Francesco Cesarini
Stage 1b Zürich, Stephan Joho
Stage 4 Tour of Denmark, Rolf Sørensen
Overall Schwanenbrau Cup, Bruno Cenghialta
Stage 2, Rolf Sørensen

1989
Giro di Campania, Luciano Rabottini
Stage 7a Paris–Nice, Adriano Baffi
Stages 2 & 3 Driedaagse van De Panne, Adriano Baffi
GP Pino Cerami, Stephan Joho
Stage 6 Giro d'Italia, Stephan Joho
Winterthur Criterium, Stephan Joho
Coppa Bernocchi, Rolf Sørensen
Omloop van de Vlasstreek, Rolf Sørensen
Six Days of Zürich, Adriano Baffi

1990
Overall Settimana Siciliana, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 1, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 5, Adriano Baffi
Trofeo Laigueglia, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 5 Paris–Nice, Adriano Baffi
Giro dei Sei Comuni, Stephan Joho
Tour of Flanders, Moreno Argentin
La Flèche Wallonne, Moreno Argentin
Stage 2 Giro del Trentino, Adriano Baffi
Stages 11 & 18 Giro d'Italia, Adriano Baffi
Stage 9 Tour de Suisse, Moreno Argentin
Stage 3 Tour de France, Moreno Argentin
Stage 2 Tour of Belgium, Adriano Baffi
Stage 5b Tour of Belgium, Stephan Joho
Coppa Bernocchi, Davide Cassani
Stage 6 Volta a Catalunya, Marco Lietti
Overall Schwanenbrau Cup, Stephan Joho
Stage 3, Stephan Joho
Giro dell'Emilia, Davide Cassani
Coppa Sabatini, Moreno Argentin
Paris–Tours, Rolf Sørensen

1991
La Flèche Wallonne, Moreno Argentin
Liège–Bastogne–Liège, Moreno Argentin
 Young rider classification Giro d'Italia, Massimiliano Lelli
Stage 8, Davide Cassani
Stages 12 & 16, Massimiliano Lelli
Stage 9 Tour de Suisse, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 2 (TTT) Tour de France
Stage 14 Tour de France, Bruno Cenghialta
Stage 15 Tour de France, Moreno Argentin
Stage 16 Tour de France, Marco Lietti
Coppa Bernocchi, Giorgio Furlan
Coppa Agostoni, Davide Cassani
Giro dell'Emilia, Davide Cassani
Milano–Torino, Davide Cassani

1992
 Overall Tour Méditerranéen, Rolf Gölz
Stages 1 & 5, Rolf Gölz
Giro di Campania, Davide Cassani
Stage 8 Paris–Nice, Adriano Baffi
Stage 2 Critérium International, Giorgio Furlan
La Flèche Wallonne, Giorgio Furlan
Overall Giro di Calabria, Marco Saligari
Overall Hofbrau Cup, Alberto Elli
Stage 2, Alberto Elli
Stage 3a, Rolf Sørensen
Stage 13 Giro d'Italia, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Marco Saligari
Stage 4 Tour de Luxembourg, Alberto Elli
 Overall Tour de Suisse, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 2, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 12 Tour de France, Rolf Järmann
Paris–Brussel, Rolf Sørensen
Linz Criterium, Adriano Baffi

1993
Stage 1 Critérium International, Pascal Richard
Stage 9 Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda, Fabio Casartelli
Amstel Gold Race, Rolf Järmann
GP Industria & Artigianato, Marco Saligari
 Overall Tour de Romandie, Pascal Richard
Stage 3, Pascal Richard
Stage 7 Giro d'Italia, Bjarne Riis
Stage 9 Giro d'Italia, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 15 Giro d'Italia, Davide Cassani
Stage 17 Giro d'Italia, Marco Saligari
 Overall Tour de Suisse, Marco Saligari
Stage 2, Giorgio Furlan
Stage 7 , Rolf Järmann
Stage 8, Pascal Richard
Stage 7 Tour de France, Bjarne Riis
Coppa Agostoni, Davide Cassani
Giro di Lombardia, Pascal Richard

References

External links

Defunct cycling teams based in Italy
Cycling teams based in Italy
Cycling teams established in 1984
Cycling teams disestablished in 1993


Prince Ahmad Mirza Azd es-Saltaneh (1891-1939), was the last son of Nasser al-Din Shah and princess Turan es-Saltaneh and full brother of Zahra Khanom Tadj es-Saltaneh. He studied Military at Theresianum in Austria, with his brother Yamin ed-Dowleh. During Azd es-Saltaneh and Yamin ed-Dowleh stay in Austria, Franz Joseph I generously received the brothers of Shah and several times invited them to his palace.
In 1913, when Mohammad Hassan Mirza lived in Tabriz, Prince Azd es-Saltaneh was the Military commander of Azerbaijan. Ahmad Mirza did not have any children. He died in 1939 and buried in Qom.

References

 Moayer-ol-Mamalek, Dustali (1982). Rejale Asre Nassery.

1891 births
1939 deaths
Qajar princes


Site 16, also known as SK-2, is a launch complex at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. It consists of a single pad, Site 16/2, and has been used by R-7 derived rockets since 1960.

Site 16 was originally built for use by R-7A Semyorka missiles, however no launches were conducted from the complex whilst it was operational. After its retirement from service in 1966, it was cannibalised for parts which were needed to repair Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome following the explosion of a Soyuz-U rocket.

Work to rebuild the complex began in 1979, and was completed in 1981. The first launch from Site 16 was conducted by a Molniya-M with an Oko satellite on 19 February 1981.

Site 16 has been used for Soyuz-U and Molniya-M launches, and is still in service as of 2012.

References

Plesetsk Cosmodrome


Wolfgang Heinz may refer to:
Wolfgang Heinz (actor) (1900–1984), Austrian and East German actor and theater director
Wolfgang Heinz (criminologist) (born 1942), German criminologist and writer on jurisprudence
Wolfgang Heinz (politician) (born 1938), German politician of the Free Democratic Party


Michael Johnson (4 October 1933 – 19 July 2004) was an English professional association football player and manager.

Over the course of his playing career, Johnson turned out for Newcastle United, Blyth Spartans, Brighton and Hove Albion, Gloucester City, Fulham FC, Doncaster Rovers and Barrow all in England before moving to Australia and playing with South Coast United, Metropolitan Adriatic and Sutherland Sharks.

Johnson then turned his hand to management moving to the front office of the Sutherland Sharks before going on to manage St George Saints, Blacktown City Demons, Fairy Meadow before finishing his managerial career by claiming the treble of NSW Premier League Premiership, Championship and the NSW Waratah Cup in 1992 with the Bonnyrigg White Eagles.

Johnson died on 19 July 2004 in Wollongong after a long battle with illness.

External links
 Oz Football profile

References

1933 births
Footballers from York
2004 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC managers
South Coast United SC players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
English expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
English football managers
English expatriate football managers
Expatriate soccer managers in Australia


Adolf Bogstad (22 April 1920 – 13 February 1945) was a Norwegian resistance member who was killed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

He was born and lived in Østre Aker. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he became involved in Hjemmefronten in 1940 and Milorg in 1941. He was involved in weapons transport and the illegal press, and became the leader of District 13. His last action was Aksjon smør, in which Milorg men stole foodstuffs from two warehouses, one in the street Tollbugata belonging to German forces, and one in the street Skippergata belonging to Arbeidstjenesten. The foodstuffs were distributed to Milorg men who hid in the forests surrounding Oslo.

On the next day, Bogstad was going to plan the next action, together with Frank Olsen and Storm Weinholdt, in the latter's home at Kampen. Before either of these arrived, two Gestapo officers, one German and one Norwegian, arrived in the Weinholdt family's home to check on Storm Weinholdt's brother Kjell. As Kjell was not home either, the Gestapo officers waited in the living room. Bogstad and Storm Weinholdt soon arrived, and while the Gestapo officers became suspicious of the rendez-vous, the men stated that they were planning an outdoors trip. They were searched, and knew that they had to leave before Frank Olsen showed up, as Olsen carried important documents which would compromise them. When Olsen did arrive, the Gestapo officers understood the situation, and held the three resistance members, guns pointed. Adolf Bogstad tried to escape through the front door, but were shot twice in the back; one shot from each of the officers. Since he did not die, he was shot twice in the back of the head by the German officer.

Together with eight other resistance members—Erik Bruun, Henry Gundersen, Arvid Hansen, Ingolf Nordstrøm, Kåre Olafsen, Frank Olsen, Kjell Ramberg and Storm Weinholdt—he is commemorated with a memorial stone at Sarabråten in Østmarka.

References

1920 births
1945 deaths
Norwegian resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
Norwegian people executed by Nazi Germany
People executed by Nazi Germany by firearm


40th Brigade may refer to:

 40th Naval Infantry Brigade, a unit of the Russian Navy
 40th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States), a unit of the United States Army
 40th Tactical Aviation Brigade, an aviation unit of the Ukrainian Air Force
 United Kingdom
 40th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)
 40th Brigade (United Kingdom)
 Artillery Brigades
 40th Brigade Royal Field Artillery

See also
 40th Division (disambiguation)
 40th Regiment (disambiguation)
 40th Battalion (disambiguation)
 40th Squadron (disambiguation)


Judaization of Jerusalem (; ) is the view that Israel has sought to transform the physical and demographic landscape of Jerusalem to enhance its Jewish character at the expense of its Muslim and Christian ones. This also often involves the increasing Jewish presence in Jerusalem in the modern era, referring to the Jewish Old Yishuv becoming increasingly dominant since the Ottoman era; this process continued until it became the largest ethno-religious group in Jerusalem since the mid-19th century and until the 1948 War, when Jordan cleansed Eastern Jerusalem from its Jewish presence.

Background

The demography of Jerusalem has undergone successive waves of Judaization, Hellenization, Romanization, Christianization, Arabization and Islamization over the course of its history. The city's Jewish character first emerged as the capital of the Kingdom of Judah during the Iron Age, which saw the construction of the First Temple as a symbolic center of Jewish worship. Jerusalem was destroyed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE, and many of its elites exiled, only to return decades later following the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire, who allowed the building of the Second Temple.

Jerusalem was once again placed at the center of Jewish religious and national life during the Second Temple period, which lasted between 516 BCE and 70 CE. During this period the city was also influenced by Hellenistic elements under the Ptolemies and the Seleucids as well as Roman culture under first the Roman Republic and then Roman Empire; nevertheless, it retained its Jewish character and identity. During the second and first centuries BCE, Jerusalem briefly served as the capital of a Jewish kingdom under the Hasmonean dynasty. The city's size and population peaked during this period at an estimated 200,000 people.

In 70 CE, the city was besieged and destroyed by the Romans at the height of the First Jewish-Roman War. The destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple marked a major turning point in Jewish history. In 130 CE, following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Hadrian re-founded the city as a Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina and Jews were banned from entering the city. During early Middle Ages, the demography of Jerusalem underwent successive waves of Christianization under the Byzantine Empire and Arabization and Islamization following the Muslim conquest of the Levant, before Christianization again under the rule of Crusader states following the First Crusade, followed by further Islamization process under the Ayyubid dynasty and Mamluk Sultanate. By early 16th century, Jerusalem was largely Muslim, but gradually gained Jewish and Christian populations—giving rise to the still existing division of the Old City of Jerusalem to Christian, Armenian, Jewish and Muslim Quarters. Since mid-19th century Jews had become the largest group in Jerusalem, which continued into British Mandate period and until the 1948 war.

At the conclusion of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Jordan controlled the Eastern part of Jerusalem while Israel controlled the Western part, resulting in a division of the city. On 2 August 1948, by declaration of the Minister of Defence, Israel applied its laws to the areas of Jerusalem under its control. Displaced peoples, both Arabs and Jews, were not allowed to cross the armistice lines to return to vacated homes. Jewish Israelis took possession of many of the vacant homes in Western Jerusalem and Palestinian refugees populated the Jewish quarter until they were evicted in the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1967, during the Six-Day War Israel captured East Jerusalem, which had been under Jordanian administration since 1948-49. Via the Jerusalem Law, Israel united the city and expanded the city limits to include adjacent parts of the West Bank. Israeli law was applied to the areas and the inhabitants of the lands annexed by Israel. This action was immediately condemned in a Security Council Resolution. Palestinian refugees were disallowed return by both Jordan and Israel, and Jewish Israelis occupied many of the homes left by the refugees. Palestinians who had remained in East Jerusalem until then were offered full Israeli citizenship. Those who declined citizenship were given permanent residency status.

Defining Judaization

Judaization can be defined as either the conversion of persons to the Jewish religion and the acquisition of Jewish cultural and religious beliefs and values, or the process of transforming an area to give it a predominant Jewish character, primarily by creating the largest possible Jewish majority. The creation of a Jewish majority in Jerusalem has always been a high priority of the Israeli government, after 1947 in West Jerusalem and after 1967 in East Jerusalem. The rejection of the Palestinian right of return is motivated in part by the intention to maintain a  Jewish majority, in Israel as well as in Jerusalem.

Judaization in territorial terms is characterized by Oren Yiftachel as a form of "ethnicization", which he argues is "the main force in shaping ethnocratic regimes". Yiftachel identifies Judaization as a state strategy and project in Israel, not confined to Jerusalem alone. He also characterizes the goals of those pursuing a "Greater Israel" or "Greater Palestine" as being driven by "ethnicization", in this case by "Judaization" and "Arabization" respectively.

Speaking before the United Nations General Assembly in 2011, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said, "I often hear them accuse Israel of Judaizing Jerusalem. That's like accusing America of Americanizing Washington, or the British of Anglicizing London. You know why we're called "Jews"? Because we come from Judea."

Judaization versus Israelization
While the term Judaization is used to denote the conversion from non-Jewish to Jewish, the term Israelization is sometimes used to refer to the adaption of non-Israelis to Israeli law and culture, for example by the application for an Israeli ID card/Israeli citizenship to acquire more rights, or the use of Israeli education.

Alleged Judaization under Israeli occupation and annexation

Changing the demographics

The Israeli government is attempting to Judaise East Jerusalem, and maintain a Jewish majority against the demographic threat of a higher Palestinian birth rate.

Despite the rapid growth of the Jewish population since 1967, its relative size has decreased due to a higher growth rate among the Arab population. The Jewish percentage of the population dropped from 74% in 1967 to 66% in 2005. Researchers at the Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies called this "a contradiction between the reality in Jerusalem and the declared government policy of maintaining the Jewish majority in Jerusalem since the city's re-unification". To reverse this trend, they suggested expanding Jerusalem's border to the west (meaning the addition of Jewish population centres), or removing Arab neighborhoods from the city's municipal area.

Revocation or denying of residency rights
Some of the means by which the Israeli government is "Judaizing Jerusalem", according to Leilani Farha, are via the revocation of residency rights, absentee property laws, and tax policies. Palestinians residing outside of Jerusalem for seven or more years can lose their Jerusalem residency status. According to UN figures, in 2006 at least 1,360 Palestinians had their ID cards revoked.

Since 1982 the Israeli Interior Ministry has not permitted the registration of Palestinian children as Jerusalem residents if the child's father does not hold a Jerusalem ID card, even if the mother is a Jerusalem ID cardholder. In 2003, the Citizenship and Entry into Israel law was enacted, which denies spouses from the occupied Palestinian territories, who are married to Israeli citizens or permanent residents (Jerusalem ID card holders), the right to acquire citizenship or residency status, and thus the opportunity to live with their partners in Israel and Jerusalem. In Israel, foreign spouses who are Jewish are automatically granted citizenship under Israel's Law of Return.

Changing Arab into Jewish zones
Urban planning has been an instrument to change the demographics of Jerusalem. By allotting zones for Jewish purposes and subsidize Jewish projects, increase of the Jewish population is promoted, while withholding building permits for Palestinians curtails the development of Palestinian areas. Three days after the end of the Six-Day War, the Moroccan Quarter in the Old City was demolished by the Israeli army to improve access to the Western wall.

Building Jewish settlements
The Israeli Government has sought to increase the Jewish population by establishing Jewish neighborhoods, viewed by International Community, and Left-Wing Parties and NGOs within Israel as illegal Israeli settlements, in and around Jerusalem. Redrawing Jerusalem's municipal boundaries has incorporated such neighborhoods. In peace negotiations, Israel has consistently demanded their legalisation and proposed Israeli annexation of settlements outside Jerusalem to include them in the municipality. In a speech on 8 November 2000, Prime Minister Ehud Barak said:
"Maintaining our sovereignty over Jerusalem and boosting its Jewish majority have been our chief aims, and toward this end Israel constructed large Jewish neighborhoods in the eastern part of the city, which house 180,000 residents, and large settlements on the periphery of Jerusalem, like the city of Ma'ale Adumim and Giv'at Ze'ev. The principle that guided me in the negotiations at Camp David was to preserve the unity of Jerusalem and to strengthen its Jewish majority for generations to come."

Over roughly three decades, from 1967 to 1995, of 76,151 housing units built in Jerusalem, 64,867 (88%) were allocated for Jewish residents with 59% of these units built in East Jerusalem as new Jewish settlements.

Yiftachel writes that by 2001, Judaization in Jerusalem had entailed the incorporation of  of surrounding land into the city's boundaries and the construction of 8 settlements in East Jerusalem housing a total of 206,000 Jewish settlers. In an essay he co-authored with Haim Yaacobi, they write that "Israel would like the Palestinian residents of Jerusalem to see Judaization as 'inevitable', a fact to be accepted passively as part of the modern development of the metropolis."

Plans are underway to construct a new Israeli settlement in the last piece of open land linking East Jerusalem to the West Bank that will house about 45,000 residents on a land area larger than Tel Aviv, the second-largest Israeli city. According to Al Ghad, a Jordanian newspaper, the Israeli government elected in 2009 is soliciting tenders for the biggest settlement plans in West Bank. These plans have been described by the Palestinian Information Minister Mustafa Barghouti as "an announcement against peace and against the Palestinian state and it means the Israeli government is not a partner for peace." This settlement is considered to by Palestinians as one method by which to Judaize the city.

Rubenberg also cites settlement construction as an example of the Judaization of Jerusalem, citing in particular the construction of bypass roads that connect Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem with those in the West Bank so as to create a newly expanded Jerusalem metropolis integrally linked with Israel proper.

West Bank barrier

Surrounding Arab villages, who traditionally have close cultural and economic connections with Jerusalem, are cut off from the city by the Israeli West Bank barrier. At the same time, the wall tightens major Jewish population centres to Jerusalem, like Giv'at Ze'ev, Ma'ale Adumim and Gush Etzion, who are currently not included in the Jerusalem municipality but located on the Jerusalem side of the Wall.

Purchase of Arab homes by Jews
In 1981, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that non-Jews could not buy property in the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem so as to "preserve the homogeneity" of the Jewish Quarter. On the other hand, no law prohibits Jews from buying property or living in East Jerusalem.<ref>Robert I. Friedman: Zealots for Zion. Inside Israel's West Bank Settlement Movement." Random House, New York, 1992. . P. 99.</ref>  The efforts of fundamentalist Jewish groups who enjoyed government backing in attempts to take over Palestinian homes in the Muslim and Christian Quarters of the Old City between 1993 and 2000 are cited by Rubenberg as one example of the Judaization of Jerusalem. Meron Benvenisti writes that these groups succeeding in taking over several buildings, "but only after receiving massive assistance from the government to, among other things, finance an extensive system of armed guards to protect them day and night, and hire armed guards for their children anytime they go out into the streets."

Not only homes of Palestinian residents are targeted, but also those of absent refugees. Alterations of the Absentee Property Law to enable the confiscation of 'enemy' property, while hindering Palestinian reclamation of property in West Jerusalem and reserving as much territory as possible for Jewish use while obstructing Palestinian construction, in addition to punitive demolition of residences, have all played a role in the judaization of Jerusalem. It is calculated that about 35% of East Jerusalem is used by Israelis, while 80% of the land is denied use by Palestinian as a result of restrictive zoning measures.

Demolition of Palestinian homes
Jeff Halper, an anthropologist and director of the Israeli Committee Against House Demolitions (ICAHD), describes the Judaization of the city as one of the effects of settlement growth and house demolitions in East Jerusalem, describing it as being aimed at "eliminat[ing] the idea that there is an East Jerusalem, to create one unified, Jewish Jerusalem." In March 2009, defending its planned demolitions against Palestinian houses in the Bustan area of Silwan that would leave 1,500 people homeless, Jerusalem authorities said the houses were built illegally, without zoning and construction permits. Palestinians and human rights organisations countered that "Israel makes it almost impossible for Palestinians to get the requisite permits, as a part of the policy to Judaise the eastern part of the city."

Replacing Arabic place names with Hebrew names

Another major aspect of Israel's effort to Judaize Jerusalem was to replace the Arabic names of streets, quarters and historical sites with Hebrew names. The Jordanian newspaper, al-Ra'i, published a list of such names and accused the Israeli government of changing the Arab names systematically to erase Arab heritage in Jerusalem and prevent the reassertion of Arab sovereignty over the city. The newspaper also claimed the new names had nothing to do with the old names and sometimes attributed a Jewish patrimony when in fact there was no such relation. One example it cited was the site named Solomon's Stables by the Israeli government, which the newspaper claimed was not built in Solomon's time, but at the time of the Roman emperor Hadrian. Solomon's Stables were actually named as such by crusaders, who built the stables, because they were adjacent to the location of Solomon's temple. This name was used by the Israeli government.

In 2005, the Jerusalem Municipality approved a law that all store owners in Jerusalem, including Arabs, must include at least 50% of their signs in Hebrew.

Discussing Israeli government policy
The allegation of following a policy for the Judaization of Jerusalem by the Government of Israel is subject of debate. According to Valerie Zink, Israel has sought to transform the physical and demographic landscape of Jerusalem to correspond with the Zionist vision of a united and fundamentally Jewish Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty since 1948. Zink writes that much was accomplished towards the Judaization of Jerusalem with the expulsion of Arab residents in 1948 and 1967, noting that the process has also relied in "peacetime" on "the strategic extension of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, bureaucratic and legal restrictions on Palestinian land use, disenfranchisement of Jerusalem residents, the expansion of settlements in 'Greater Jerusalem', and the construction of the separation wall." The attempts to Judaize Jerusalem, in the words of Jeremy Salt, "to obliterate its Palestinian identity" and thicken 'Greater Jerusalem' to encompass much of the West Bank, have continued under successive Israeli governments.Manuel Hassassian in Ginat et al., 2002, p. 294.

Some scholars like Oren Yiftachel, Moshe Ma'oz and Jeremy Salt write that it has been the policy of successive Israeli governments since 1967. Others, like Justus Weiner and Dan Diker, have objected to the entire notion, writing that the lack of any significant change to the demographic balance of the city undermines suggestions that it is government policy and renders any such discussions moot. Marc H. Ellis argues that while politicians from Simon Peres and Yitzhack Rabin to Binjamin Netanyahu stress a unified Jerusalem under Israel's sovereignty is open to all, the 'judaization of Jerusalem' and its corollary, the loss of Palestinian population and culture which he argues is being politically implemented, is never touched on.

Cheryl Rubenberg writes that since 1967, Israel has employed processes of "Judaization and Israelization so as to transform Jerusalem into a Jewish metropolis," while simultaneously pursuing "a program of de-Arabization" so as to facilitate "its objective of permanent, unified, sovereign control over the city." These policies, which aim to change Jerusalem demographically, socially, culturally and politically, are said by Rubenberg to have intensified after the initiation of the Oslo peace process in 1993.

Moshe Ma'oz describes the policy of Israeli governments since 1967 as aimed at "maintain[ing] a unified Jerusalem; to Judaize or Israelize it, demographically and politically."

Drawing on the scholarship of Ian Lustick, Cecilia Alban writes of how the Israeli government has succeeded in establishing "new powerful, concepts, images, and icons" to explain and legitimise its policies in Jerusalem. The government's use of the term "reunification" to describe its occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967 is cited as one such example, which in Alban's view, falsely implies that this area belonged to Israel in the past. Noting the reality of the fear among Israelis that Jerusalem would become redivided under dual sovereignty or internationalization proposals, Alban's writes that such fears were "exploited politically to justify the forced retention and Judaization of East Jerusalem." Steve Niva writes that Israeli policies calling for the Judaization of Jerusalem and the rest of historic Palestine in the 1970s, augmented Muslim fears that Israel was an extension of Western imperialism in the region.

Scott Bollens, a University of California professor of urban planning, has compared Israel's policies in Jerusalem to apartheid-era South Africa's racial policies in Johannesburg. According to Bollens, in both cases long-term planning was employed to pursue political objectives. Bollens says that although on the rhetorical level South Africa employed racial rhetoric more blatantly than Israel does, the outcomes are "very, very similar" in that Israeli-controlled Jerusalem is just as unequal as apartheid-era Johannesburg.

Demographic debate
Benvenisti writes that complete data on the demographics of Jerusalem are not collected by any one official source and that as a result, data are interpreted and used selectively and inconsistently by both Palestinian and Israeli sources. Figures pointed to by Palestinians as evidence of their success in preserving the Arab character of Jerusalem, are also sometimes used as "proof of the Judaization of Jerusalem". Benvenisti writes that despite immense Israeli effort, "the demographic balance in the city has hardly changed at all."

Critiquing international news reporting on Jerusalem for centering on Arab and Palestinian claims regarding the Judaization of Jerusalem, Dan Diker writes that the underlying assumption of such reporting is that "eastern Jerusalem" has always been an Arab city, ignoring "the fact that Jerusalem has had an overwhelmingly Jewish majority as far back as the mid-nineteenth century, well before the arrival of the British." Drawing on a study of urban planning and demographic growth in Jerusalem conducted by Justus Reid Weiner, Diker writes that between 1967 and 2000, "Jerusalem's Arab population increased from 26.6 percent to 31.7 percent of the city's total populace, while the city's Jewish population decreased accordingly." He also writes that Arab housing construction heavily outpaced Jewish building during the same period, attributing this in part to "the direct sponsorship of illegal construction by the Palestinian Authority."

In "Is Jerusalem being "Judaized"?, Weiner reviews demographic figures from the mid-19th century through to the present and concludes that the "demographic evidence does not support the allegations that Israel is 'Judaizing' the city." His view is that speculation as to whether or not a policy of Judaization exists is rather pointless when there is no "effective implementation of tangible measures to implement such a program."

Support for alleged Judaization efforts
Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek led efforts to settle East Jerusalem with Jewish families. In 1970 he coauthored a plan which contains the principles Israel's East Jerusalem housing plans are based on. The principles include expropriation of Arab-owned land, development of Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem and limitations on development of Arab neighbourhoods.

According to Nur Masalha, the International Christian Embassy in Jerusalem (ICEJ), established in 1980 in the former home of Edward Said, supports "exclusive Israeli sovereignty over the city and the Judaisation of Arab East Jerusalem." The ICEJ website notes that its embassy was founded "as an act of comfort and solidarity with Israel and the Jewish people in their claim to Jerusalem" It also notes that the ICEJ administers several aid projects, engages in advocacy for Israel, and assists "aliyah to the Jewish homeland."

The Ir David Foundation, also known as Elad Association, promotes the Judaization of East Jerusalem. Operating in the city for some 20 years to acquire properties belonging to Palestinians in Kfar Silwan, Palestinians say it has "taken over" substantial sections of the village. Elad also funds the digs being conducted near the Temple Mount. In 2008, Haaretz reported that at least 100 skeletons dating to the Islamic era (c. 8th–9th centuries AD) found a few hundred meters from Al-Aqsa mosque were removed and packed into crates before they could be examined by archaeological experts. The excavations at Al-Aqsa are described in Arab media in the context of Israeli efforts to Judaise Jerusalem.

According to Ian Lustick, Dore Gold, as advisor to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 1996, opposed any compromise with Palestinians on their claim to a capital in Jerusalem, and advised a unilateral Judaization of the whole area. An explicit call for the 'Judaization of Jerusalem' forms one of the slogans employed by Aryeh King in his 2013 election campaign to become mayor of the city.

Criticism of alleged Judaization efforts
According to those who hold this view, while much of this has been accomplished through the violent expulsion of Arab residents during the wars of 1948 and 1967, the Judaization of Jerusalem has relied equally on measures taken during times of peace. These include the strategic extension of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, bureaucratic and legal restrictions on Palestinian land use, disenfranchisement of Jerusalem residents, the expansion of settlements in ‘Greater Jerusalem’, and the construction of the separation wall.

The United Nations has criticised Israel's efforts to change the demographic makeup of Jerusalem in several resolutions. All legislative and administrative measures taken by Israel, which have altered or aimed to alter the character, legal status and demographic composition of Jerusalem, are described by the UN as "null and void" and having "no validity whatsoever".

According to David G. Singer, the magazine America'' published four articles between 1969 and 1972 that "censured Israel for its policy of Judaizing Jerusalem: moving Jews into the former Jewish section of the Old City, building new housing projects around the Holy City, and permitting—even encouraging—Christian Arabs to migrate from Israel."

In a six-point document drafted as a result of discussion between the leaders of Fatah, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad, among other Palestinian groups in March 2005, three issues were listed as "liable to explode the calm" between Israeli and Palestinians, one of these being "the Judaization of East Jerusalem."

In a 2008 report, John Dugard, independent investigator for the United Nations Human Rights Council, cites the Judaization of Jerusalem among many examples of Israeli policies "of colonialism, apartheid or occupation", that create a context in which Palestinian terrorism is "an inevitable consequence".

In a joint communiqué issued by King Abdullah of Jordan and King Mohammed VI of Morocco in March 2009, both leaders stressed their determination "to continue defending Jerusalem and to protect it from attempts to Judaise the city and erase its Arab and Islamic identity." And in February 2010, Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem was quoted in Israeli Media as saying "halting the ongoing Judaization of Jerusalem" would be a significant topic at an upcoming Arab League Summit.

Richard Falk, Special Rapporteur for the UN on the occupied Palestinian territories, said in 2011 that "the continued pattern of settlement expansion in East Jerusalem combined with forcible eviction of long residing Palestinians are creating an intolerable situation that can only be described, in its cumulative impact, as a form of ethnic cleansing". Falk said that Israel's actions reveal systematic discrimination against Palestinian residents of the city, and recommended that the International Court of Justice assess allegations that Israel's occupation of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, possesses elements of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

The Higher Arab Monitoring Committee, an umbrella organization for Israeli Arab groups, characterized Israel's policy in East Jerusalem as ethnic cleansing in 2009. Also Mahmoud Abbas, the Palestinian president, has accused Israel of ethnically cleansing East Jerusalem.

The European Union considers that Israel is "actively pursuing the illegal annexation" of East Jerusalem. According to the EU, Israeli actions increase Jewish Israeli presence in East Jerusalem and weaken the Palestinian community in the city. The EU has raised its concerns over Israeli house demolitions in East Jerusalem using diplomatic channels. According to the EU, demolitions are "illegal under international law, serve no obvious purpose, have severe humanitarian effects, and fuel bitterness and extremism". The EU says that the fourth Geneva convention prevents an occupying power extending its jurisdiction to occupied territory, such as East Jerusalem, which the Palestinians claim as the capital of their future state. In 2011, EU envoys in the Middle East reported to Brussels that various Israeli policies amounted to "systematically undermining the Palestinian presence" in Jerusalem. According to the United Kingdom, "attempts by Israel to alter the character or demography of East Jerusalem are unacceptable and extremely provocative."

See also

References

Bibliography

External links
The Judaization of East Jerusalem, by Alice Rothchild
'Judaizing Jerusalem', by A.M. Rosenthal
Is the Campaign Against “Judaization” Anti-Semitic?
Mapping Out the Rapid Judaization of East Jerusalem

Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Jerusalem
Jews and Judaism in Jerusalem
Islam in Jerusalem
Christianity in Jerusalem
Zionism


MFS (Masterminded For Success) is an independent electronic dance music label from Berlin, Germany. Founded by Mark Reeder in 1990, it initially ran until 2008, when Reeder put the label on ice to concentrate on his own music production and remixer career. Reeder reactivated the label in 2018, specifically to release the album Fragment by Chinese band STOLEN.

The label was originally founded by "Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin" the former GDR record company, which made it the very first independent dance music label of East Germany, until the DSB closed down in 1993. After which, Mark Reeder and his partner Torsten Jurk took MFS and carried on as a fully independent label, to launch the careers and release music by some of electronic dance music's seminal artists.

MFS is considered to be one of, if not the first trance label, as it was to be the first to coin the term "trance music", and today, is seen by few as a traditional underground label due to its commercial success. Its main focus from the beginning was trance music, but soon started to release a wide variety of different music within the electronic genres. MFS helped to start many now famous artists at the early stages of their careers such as, Paul van Dyk, Harald Blüchel (Cosmic Baby), Johnny Klimek, Ellen Allien, Dr. Motte, Mijk van Dijk, Humate (Gerret Frerichs, Oliver Huntemann), as well as many others.

History

1990s, MFS - Masterminded For Success

In December 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the communist state-owned ex-Amiga record label aka Deutschen Schallplatten Berlin (DSB) followed Mark Reeder's suggestion in founding an electronic music record label "Masterminded For Success". Reeder had already built up a working relationship with the AMIGA/DSB, during the recording of the album "Torture" for East German indie band, Die Vision in East Berlin while the Berlin Wall was still up.
The name "MFS" was actually taken from the initials of Ministry for State Security(German: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS), commonly known as the Stasi in East Germany.
The label was originally started by Reeder and the distribution was run by Mirko Withfield.  Reeder brought in Torsten Jurk and Matt Graver, who shortly after left the label to become the manager of Atari Teenage Riot.
After the collapse of DSB and the sale to BMG in the late 1993, Reeder and Jurk secured all the rights on the label name and catalogue, which had originally been funded by the DSB.

The first artist to be signed on the label was Rocky, followed by VOOV, Paul Browse, and Johnny Klimek known as "Effective Force" and Gaby Delgado from DAF and Saba Komossa's "2 German Latinos", and "Neutron 9000". MFS soon started to gain a "trance" profile and in early 1991 soon signed Mijk van Dijk, Cosmic Baby, Humate and Paul van Dyk. Reeder's vision to create a melodic, uplifting and positive sounding version of Techno was eventually to be realised by Cosmic Baby. One of the most known projects under MFS was, "The Visions of Shiva", a collaboration by Cosmic Baby (Harald Blüchel) & Paul van Dyk. Together they released, "Perfect Day" & "How Much Can You Take?" before going their separate ways in 1993. Another one of MFS more well-known releases was "Love Stimulation" by Humate in 1993, along with a remix by Paul van Dyk.

Taken from the previous years releases, MFS released the first ever Trance compilation in 1992 called, Tranceformed From Beyond which became a milestone and set the standard for others to come. The album was sequenced and mixed by Cosmic Baby & Mijk van Dijk. A year later, MFS asked Paul van Dyk to make a mix for their second compilation album, a soundtrack for an early computer graphic video which they called "X-Mix 1 - The MFS Trip" this was a collaboration with the video label K7!.

Some of the more well-known albums from MFS were, "Stellar Supreme"(1992), "Ki"(1993) by 030/Dr Motte, "Afreuropamericasiaustralica"(1994) by Mijk van Dijk and Paul van Dyk's "45 RPM"(1994) and "Seven Ways"(1996) albums. Both PVD & Cosmic Baby became MFS main artists, but in 1994 Cosmic Baby left the label, allured by promises of stardom from the major record company BMG.

Reeder started signing more underground artists and tracks, while Jurk focused on Paul van Dyk artist development and implementing a booking agency and publishing into the label work.
During the mid-late 1990s, Paul van Dyk would later become a huge commercial success for MFS. He released his first two albums and stayed with MFS up until 1997, when Reeder and Jurk parted away.

Reeder who continued the label later faced a lawsuit with Paul van Dyk over his third studio album, which turned out to be "Out There and Back" which was eventually released on Rob Deacon's Deviant Records UK.

2000s, Discontinuation
After 1999, the dance scene was starting shift into a new direction, most importantly trance was as well.

MFS later had trouble releasing other kinds of records other than trance and because of the change and rise of many trance labels at the end of the 20th century. Reeder decided he wanted to distance himself from trance and focus more on other genres, mainly techno and a new deeper, sexier sound he had devised and created with Corvin Dalek, which he called Wet & Hard. In 1999, MFS created two sub-labels called, "Flesh" and "Telemetric". The focus on the "Flesh" label was Wet & Hard and "Telemetric" was mainly techno, including some deeper trance releases.

The "Telemetric" label was very short lived (after the suspicious murder of the labels A&R Carlos Heinz in late 2001) and therefore never reached commercial success.

Label "Flesh" however, went on to release some great and highly controversial tracks by artists like Corvin Dalek (who Reeder worked together on many remixes with for artists such as New Order, Destiny's Child, Da Hool, or Faithless), "Mr Sam", "Eiven Major", "Klang" and "Jan Kessler". "Flesh" records are rare and most sought after these days and are easily recognised through their distinctive "HotKunst" (hot art) artwork style which Reeder and Dalek created and which frequently caused controversy, one CD "Assorted Lovetoys was even banned in Switzerland.

The "Flesh" label released some classic club tracks, such as "Young People", "Pounds & Penz", "Pornoground", "Crystal" or "I Like It 69", culminating in a series of "Flesh" Wet&Hard compilations ("Wet&Hard", "Flesh For Fantasy" or "Feel") and Corvin Dalek's album "I Am A Dalek". With this album, Mark travelled the world together with Corvin Dalek, from Colombia to China, USA, Mexico and UK and almost everywhere in between.

Sadly, due to the demise of many of the main European vinyl distributors in 2000, label owner Reeder decided to put MFS and his sub-labels on ice and ceased all label activity in 2008. He wanted to return to making and producing electronic-rock music again.

2018, Reactivated

After releasing two albums FivePointOne (2011) and Mauerstadt (2017), Reeder's reworks with Blank & Jones for Reordered (2008) as well as numerous remixes for bands like New Order, Depeche Mode and the Pet Shop Boys. In the Spring of 2017, Reeder undertook a two-month tour of China with his documentary film "B-Movie: Lust & Sound in West-Berlin", a movie made up of original 80's footage, about his early life in the walled-in city. During this tour, he was introduced to STOLEN, a young Psychedelic-Techno-Rock band from Chengdu. Impressed, they recorded a demo together and the band decided they would like Reeder to produce their second album. STOLEN then embarked on a 32-week tour of China to acquire enough funds for their stay in Berlin.

Together with Reeder and his studio partner Micha Adam, STOLEN recorded the album FRAGMENT in 2018. It was after this recording session, Reeder decided to reactivate MFS, especially for the release of this album.

Reeder originally starting MFS as a label platform for new and enthusiastic Eastern European artists, he had now moved his search for interesting artists in the Far East.

Discography
catalogue #  format  artist                                          medium title

7001-0       12"     Rocky One                                       Take You Back
7001-3       CD-M    Rocky One                                       Take You Back
7002-0       12"     VOOV                                            User
7002-3       CD-M    VOOV                                            User
7003-0       12"     Effective Force                                 Diamond Bullet
7003-3       CD-M    Effective Force                                 Diamond Bullet
7004-0       12"     Gundi B                                         Yeah!
7004-3       CD-M    Gundi B                                         Yeah!
7005-0       12"     General Motor                                   I'm gonna give you my Love
7005-3       CD-M    General Motor                                   I'm gonna give you my Love
7006-0       12"     2 German Latinos                                Viva la Droga Electronica
7006-3       CD-M    2 German Latinos                                Viva la Droga Electronica
7007-0       12"     Alien Nation                                    Lovers of the World
7007-0R      12"     Alien Nation                                    Lovers of the World Remix
7007-3       CD-M    Alien Nation                                    Lovers of the World
7008-0       12"     True Love                                       Breath of Stars
7008-3       CD-M    True Love                                       Breath of Stars
7009-0       12"     Frisco Sisco                                    Fast Forward
7009-3       CD-M    Frisco Sisco                                    Fast Forward
7010-0       12"     Neutron 9000                                    Ki Oha Girl
7010-3       CD-M    Neutron 9000                                    Ki Oha Girl
7011-0       12"     Effective Force                                 Complete Mental Breakdown
7011-3       CD-M    Effective Force                                 Complete Mental Breakdown
7012-0       12"     Sungods                                         Ascension
7012-3       CD-M    Sungods                                         Ascension
7013-3       CD-M    Delkom                                          All from Anti-time
7014-0       12"     Cosmic Baby                                     Transcendental Overdrive EP
7014-3       CD-M    Cosmic Baby                                     Transcendental Overdrive EP
7015-0       12"     Neutron 9000 vs The Mysteries of Science        Tranceplant
7015-3       CD-M    Neutron 9000 vs The Mysteries of Science        Tranceplant
7016-0       12"     VOOV                                            GAS
7016-3       CD-M    VOOV                                            GAS
7017-0       12"     Futurhythm                                      Sonic Mind Explosion
7018-0       12"     Mindgear                                        Don't Panic
7018-3       CD-M    Mindgear                                        Don't Panic
7019-0       12"     Microglobe                                      High on Hope
7019-3       CD-M    Microglobe                                      High on Hope
7020-0       12"     Cosmic Baby GTO Remixes                         Cosmic Babies
7021-1       LP      MFS Compilation                                 Tranceformed From Beyond
7021-2       CD      MFS Compilation                                 Tranceformed From Beyond
7022-0       12"     The Visions of Shiva                            Perfect Day
7022-3       CD-M    The Visions of Shiva                            Perfect Day
7023-1       12"EP   Cosmic Baby                                     23
7023-2       CD-EP   Cosmic Baby                                     23
7024-0       12"     God's Brain                                     Virtual Love
7024-3       CD-M    God's Brain                                     Virtual Love
7025-1       12"EP   Microglobe                                      High on Hope (The Summer Remixes)
7025-2       CD-EP   Microglobe                                      High on Hope (The Summer Remixes)
7026-1       12"EP   United Frequencies of Trance                    Vol. 1
7026-2       CD-EP   United Frequencies of Trance                    Vol. 1
7027-1       12"EP   United Frequencies of Trance                    Vol. 2
7027-2       CD-EP   United Frequencies of Trance                    Vol. 2
7028-0       12"     Volumina                                        Alright
7028-3       CD-M    Volumina                                        Alright
7029-0       12"     Humate                                          Chrome (So what!)
7029-3       CD-M    Humate                                          Chrome (So what!)
7030-1       LP      The Nights of Pan                               Into The Great White Light
7030-2       CD      The Nights of Pan                               Into The Great White Light
7031-1       12"EP   United Frequencies of                           Vol. 3
7031-2       CD-EP   United Frequencies of                           Vol. 3
7032-1       12"EP   United Frequencies of                           Vol. 4
7032-2       CD-EP   United Frequencies of                           Vol. 4
7033-1       LP      Cosmic Baby                                     Stellar Supreme
7033-2       CD      Cosmic Baby                                     Stellar Supreme
7034-0       12"     Humate                                          Love Stimulation
7034-3       CD-M    Humate                                          Love Stimulation
7035-2       CD      VOOV                                            Deutschfieber
7036-0       12"     Boom Operators                                  LSA
7036-3       CD-M    Boom Operators                                  LSA
7037-0       12"     Loopzone                                        Home Is Where The ...
7037-3       CD-M    Loopzone                                        Home Is Where The ...
7038-1       LP      Effective Force                                 Illuminate The Planet
7038-2       CD      Effective Force                                 Illuminate The Planet
7040-1       12"EP   Malaria                                         Delirium
7040-2       CD      Malaria                                         Delirium
7041-0       12"     Cosmic Baby                                     Heavens Tears
7041-3       CD-M    Cosmic Baby                                     Heavens Tears
7042-0       12"     The Visions Of Shiva                            How Much Can You Take
7042-3       CD-M    The Visions Of Shiva                            How Much Can You Take
7043-0       12"     Loopzone                                        404
7043-3       CD-M    Loopzone                                        404
7044-0       12"     Effective Force                                 Illuminate The Planet
7044-3       CD-M    Effective Force                                 Illuminate The Planet
7045-1       LP      Various MFS Artists                             X-Mix 1 The MFS-Trip
7045-2       CD      Various MFS Artists                             X-Mix 1 The MFS-Trip
7045-4       Cass    Various MFS Artists                             X-Mix 1 The MFS-Trip
7046-1       LP      030 feat. Dr. Motte                             Ki
7046-2       CD      030 feat. Dr. Motte                             Ki
7047-0       12"     Secret Knowledge                                Sugar Daddy
7048-0       12"     Secret Knowledge                                Sugar Daddy Remix
7048-3       CD-M    Secret Knowledge                                Sugar Daddy Remix
7049-0       12"     Sarin International                             Kontrol
7050-0       12"     Microglobe                                      Think & Dance EP-Vol.1
7050-3       CD-M    Microglobe                                      Think & Dance EP-Vol. 1
7051-0       12"     Cal-Q-Lator                                     Dr. Bradford
7051-3       CD-M    Cal-Q-Lator                                     Dr. Bradford
7052-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    The Green Valley E.P.
7052-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    The Green Valley E.P.
7053-0       12"     Mystic Force vs. Effective Force                Everglade
7053-3       CD-M    Mystic Force vs. Effective Force                Everglade
7054-0       12"     Positive Thinking                               Infinite
7054-3       CD-M    Positive Thinking                               Infinite
7055-1       Do-LP   Microglobe                                      Afreuropamericasiaustralica
7055-2       CD      Microglobe                                      Afreuropamericasiaustralica
7056-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    Pumpin'
7056-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Pumpin'
7057-0       12"     Microglobe                                      Think & Dance EP-Vol. 2
7057-3       CD-M    Microglobe                                      Think & Dance EP-Vol. 2
7058-0       12"     Project Earth                                   Tak Ze
7058-3       CD-M    Project Earth                                   Tak Ze
7059-0       12"     VOOV                                            Extra Power & Enjoyment
7059-3       CD-M    VOOV                                            Extra Power & Enjoyment
7060-0       12"     Mystic Force                                    Psychic Harmony
7060-3       CD-M    Mystic Force                                    Psychic Harmony
7062-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    Emergency
7062-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Emergency
7063-0       12"     Commander Krilly                                Deep
7063-3       CD-M    Commander Krilly                                Deep
7064-0       12"     Joe T. Vanelli feat. Csilla                     Voices In Harmony
7064-3       CD-M    Joe T. Vanelli feat. Csilla                     Voices In Harmony
7065-0       12"     Effective Force                                 My Time Is Yours
7065-3       CD-M    Effective Force                                 My Time Is Yours
7066-1       Do-LP   Paul van Dyk                                    45 RPM
7066-2       CD      Paul van Dyk                                    45 RPM
7067-0       12"     Positive Thinking                               Hots For You
7067-3       CD-M    Positive Thinking                               Hots For You
7068-0       12"     VOOV                                            Grau 1
7068-3       CD-M    VOOV                                            Grau 1
7069-1       Do-LP   Mystic Force                                    Frontier
7069-2       CD      Mystic Force                                    Frontier
7071-0       12"     Cal-Q-Lator                                     Wash Malfunction
7071-3       CD-M    Cal-Q-Lator                                     Wash Malfunction
7072-0       12"     Microglobe                                      The Afreuroparemixes Vol. 1-A Different View
7073-0       12"     Jay Ray                                         Activated
7073-3       CD-M    Jay Ray                                         Activated
7074-0       12"     Ellen Allien                                    Yellow Sky
7074-3       CD-M    Ellen Allien                                    Yellow Sky
7075-0       12"     DFM                                             You Like That?
7075-3       CD-M    DFM                                             You Like That?
7076-0       12"     Positive Thinking                               The Temple And The Lodge
7076-3       CD-M    Positive Thinking                               The Temple And The Lodge
7077-0       12"     Effective Force                                 Left Hand, Right Hand
7077-3       CD-M    Effective Force                                 Left Hand, Right Hand
7078-0       12"     Microglobe                                      Afreuroparemixes Vol. 2
7079-2       CD      Microglobe                                      Afreuroparemixes
7080-2       CD      Various MFS Artists                             Club European (Compilation)
7080-4       Cass    Various MFS Artists                             Club European
7081-0       12"     Marco Zaffarano                                 Pandora's Box
7081-3       CD-M    Marco Zaffarano                                 Pandora's Box
7082-1       Do-LP   Effective Force                                 Back and to the Left
7082-2       CD      Effective Force                                 Back and to the Left
7083-0       12"     Commander Krilly                                Raptures Of The Deep
7083-3       CD-M    Commander Krilly                                Raptures Of The Deep
7084-0       12"     Denki Groove (Takkyu Ishino)                    Niji - The MFS Remixes
7084-3       CD-M    Denki Groove (Takkyu Ishino)                    Niji - The MFS Remixes
7085-0       12"     Jay Ray                                         Nightvisions
7085-3       CD-M    Jay Ray                                         Nightvisions
7086-0       12"     Cybersecrecy                                    The First Experience
7086-3       CD-M    Cybersecrecy                                    The First Experience
7087-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    Beautiful Place
7087-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Beautiful Place
7088-1       Do-LP   Paul van Dyk                                    Seven Ways
7088-2       CD      Paul van Dyk                                    Seven Ways
7089-0       12"     Cybersecrecy                                    Infinite Senses
7089-3       CD-M    Cybersecrecy                                    Infinite Senses
7090-0       12"     Tenth Chapter                                   Wired
7090-3       CD-M    Tenth Chapter                                   Wired
7091-1       Do-LP   Cal-Q-Lator                                     Cal-Pillin
7091-2       CD      Cal-Q-Lator                                     Cal-Pillin
7092-0       12"     Current                                         Tide / Plankton
7092-3       CD-M    Current                                         Tide / Plankton
7093-0       12"     Cle presents Klubland???                        Klub Berlin
7093-3       CD-M    Cle presents Klubland                           Klub Berlin
7094-0       12"     JonZon                                          TBA
7094-3       CD-M    JonZon                                          TBA
7095-0       12"     DFM                                             Gonna Be Mine
7095-3       CD-M    DFM                                             Gonna Be Mine
7096-0       12"     Marco Zaffarano                                 Clown Confusion
7096-3       CD-M    Marco Zaffarano                                 Clown Confusion
7097-2       CD      Marco Zaffarano                                 He was once a beautiful woman
7098-0       12"     Denki Groove                                    Niji - Twilight Remixes
7098-3       CD-M    Denki Groove                                    Niji - Twilight Remixes
7099-0       12"     Ten Forward                                     Patterns Of Force
7099-3       CD-M    Ten Forward                                     Patterns Of Force
7100-1       Do-LP   Various MFS Artists                             The 100 Compilation
7100-2       CD      Various MFS Artists                             The 100 Compilation
7101-0       12"     Cal-Q-Lator                                     Can We Go Now ?
7102-0       12"     Drop Out                                        Image
7103-1       Do-LP   Jay Ray                                         November
7103-2       CD      Jay Ray                                         November
7104-2       CD      Sub-D                                           Exaspirin
7105-0       12"     Jay Ray                                         Daylight
7105-3       CD-M    Jay Ray                                         Daylight
7106-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    Forbidden Fruit
7106-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Forbidden Fruit - Part 1
7109-0       12"     Angelo                                          Funkdamental
7110-0       12"     Sunday Club                                     Healing Dream
7111-0       12"     Lucky Monkeys                                   Bjango
7112-2       CD      Various Artists                                 Assorted
7113-0       12"     Joshua                                          Soul Fly
7114-0       12"     Marco Zaffarano                                 The Band
7114-3       CD-M    Marco Zaffarano                                 The Band
7115-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    Words Part I
7115-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Words Part I
7116-2       Do-CD   Paul van Dyk                                    Perspective
7117-0       12"     Jay Ray                                         Arctic Survival Remixes
7117-3       CD-M    Jay Ray                                         Arctic Survival Remixes
7118-2       CD      Assorted 2                                      E for Europe
7118-7       MD      Assorted 2                                      E for Europe
7119-0       12"     Cybersecrecy                                    Polygraph
7120-1       Do-LP   Cybersecrecy                                    Cyberwelt
7120-2       CD      Cybersecrecy                                    Cyberwelt
7122-6       12"     Chris Zippel                                    Riders of the Storm
7125-6       12"     Cybersecrecy                                    E for Europe
7126-1       Do-LP   Marco Zaffarano                                 Minimalism
7126-2       Do-CD   Marco Zaffarano                                 Minimalism
7127-0       12"     Marco Zaffarano                                 Screamer
7128-0       12"     Ashtrax                                         Kafka
7129-0       12"     Curve                                           Chinese Burn
7130-6       12"     Marco Zaffarano                                 Burnt
7132-6       12"     Arrakis                                         Aira Force
7133-6       12"     Corvin Dalek                                    Pounds&Penz
7134-6       12"     Namito                                          Lotus
7135-6       12"     Marmion                                         Best Regards
7137-0       12"     Jay Ray                                         Sure Shot
7138-6       12"     Blue Amazon                                     No other Love
7140-6       12"     Cabala                                          Dark Blue
7141-1       Do-LP   Ohm Square                                      Ohmophonica
7141-2       CD      Ohm Square                                      Ohmophonica
7142-0       12"     Ohm Square                                      Pillow
7142-3       CD-M    Ohm Square                                      Pillow
7144-6       12"     Jonny Riko                                      Starship Trooper
7146-6       12"     Denki Groove                                    Niji Rainbow Rmx
7147-6       12"     Dillinger & Capone                              Stendahl Syndrome
7150-2       CD      Assorted 3                                      Stadtansichten
9050-0       12"     Microglobe                                      Think & Dance EP-Vol.1
9052-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    The Green Valley E.P.
9066-1       10"     Paul van Dyk                                    45 Remixes Per Miunute
9066-2       Do-CD   Paul van Dyk                                    45 RPM
9069-2       Do-CD   Mystic Force                                    Frontier
9082-2       Do-CD   Effective Force                                 Back and to the Left
9088-2       Do-CD   Paul van Dyk                                    Seven Ways
9103-2       Do-CD   Jay Ray                                         November
9106-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Forbidden Fruit - Part 2
9114-0       12"     Marco Zaffarano                                 The Band UK Import
9115-0       12"     Paul van Dyk                                    Words Part II
9115-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    Words Part II
9180-0       10"     Mijk van Dijk / Positive Thinking               European Compilation
9280-0       10"     Paul van Dyk / Cal-Q-Lator                      European Compilation
9380-0       10"     Mystic Force / Effective Force / Project Earth  European Compilation
9480-0       10"     Marco Zaffarano / Jay Ray                       European Compilation
9580-0       10"     Ellen Allien / Cybersecrecy                     European Compilation
9680-0       10"     Commander Krilly / VOOV                         European Compilation
1001-9       Poster  MFS                                             Wir sind zurück
1002-9       Poster  Cosmic Baby                                     Stellar Supreme
1003-9       Poster  Microglobe                                      Afreuropamericasia
1004-9       Poster  Paul van Dyk                                    Seven Ways
1005-9       Poster  Jay Ray                                         November
1006-9       Poster  Marco Zaffarano                                 He was once a beautiful woman
1007-9       Poster  MFS                                             European Tour
2094-3       CD-M    Paul van Dyk                                    For an Angel
2400-0       12"     Humate                                          Love Stimulation
2400-3       CD-M    Humate                                          Love Stimulation
33DJ         4x12"   Paul van Dyk                                    Vorsprung Dyk Technik
33TCD        3CD     Paul van Dyk                                    Vorsprung Dyk Technik

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 – official site

Electronic music record labels
German independent record labels
Record labels established in 1990
Techno record labels
Trance record labels


Wolfgang Heinz is a German politician of the Free Democratic Party. He was born on 31 July 1938 in Grünstadt.

References

1938 births
Living people
Free Democratic Party (Germany) politicians
People from Bad Dürkheim (district)
Members of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia


40th Battalion may refer to:

 40th Battalion (Australia), an infantry battalion 1916–1987
 40th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF, a Canadian infantry battalion during World War I
 Sparrow Force (2/40th Australian Infantry Battalion), a unit of the Australian Army
 40 Commando, a unit of the United Kingdom Royal Marine Corps

See also
 40th Division (disambiguation)
 40th Brigade (disambiguation)
 40th Regiment (disambiguation)
 40th Squadron (disambiguation)


Henry Gundersen (3 March 1920 – 17 March 1945) was a Norwegian resistance member who was executed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

He was born in Glemmen, and lived in Oslo. He was educated at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry, and worked at the Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority, then known as Norges Geografiske Oppmåling. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he became involved in Milorg, and was involved in several sabotage missions. His last mission was Aksjon smør, in which Milorg men stole foodstuffs from two warehouses, one in the street Tollbugata belonging to German forces, and one in the street Skippergata belonging to Arbeidstjenesten. The foodstuffs were distributed to Milorg men who hid in the forests surrounding Oslo.

He was arrested by Gestapo on 13 February 1945, during a crackdown which began when two Gestapo officers intercepted a resistance meeting in Storm Weinholdt's home. Storm Weinholdt and Frank Olsen were arrested, and Adolf Bogstad was killed. Gundersen was sentenced to death on 15 March in an SS court-martial; prosecutor was Siegfried Fehmer. He and several others were executed by gunshot at Akershus Fortress on 17 March. This was the second to last execution of Norwegians by Germans during the war; the last person was an SS-Jäger executed for desertion () on 19 April.

Together with eight other resistance members—Adolf Bogstad, Erik Bruun, Arvid Hansen, Ingolf Nordstrøm, Kåre Olafsen, Frank Olsen, Kjell Ramberg and Storm Weinholdt—he is commemorated with a memorial stone at Sarabråten in Østmarka.

References

1920 births
1945 deaths
Norwegian cartographers
Oslo National Academy of the Arts alumni
Norwegian resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
Norwegian civilians killed in World War II
People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
Military personnel from Oslo
Norwegian people executed by Nazi Germany
20th-century cartographers

People executed by Nazi Germany occupation forces


Wolfgang Heinz (born 23 April 1942 in Pforzheim) is a German criminologist and writer on jurisprudence.

References

External links
Publications

1942 births
German criminologists
Jurists from Baden-Württemberg
People from Pforzheim
Living people
German male writers


Henry Ó Mealláin, O.F.M. (c. 1579 – after 1642) was an Irish Franciscan friar, and sometime Guardian of the Franciscan Friars of Armagh.

Ó Mealláin was born in Dromiskin, County Louth, and educated at the Irish College of Salamanca. He returned to Ireland in 1605 as a priest. In 1625 he was nominated for the see of Armagh, but Aodh Mac Aingil was chosen instead.

He has been mistaken as the author of Cín Lae Uí Mhealláin, which was written by his kinsman, Tarlach Ó Mealláin. Tarlach attended a sermon preached by Henry at Carnteel on the first Sunday of Lent in 1642, and mentioned it in his Cín Lae, demonstrating that he and Henry were two different people.

Sources
 Charles Dillon: Cín Lae Uí Mhealláin, pp. 337–95 Tyrone:History and Society.
 Diarmaid Ó Doibhlin (2000): Tyrone's Gaelic Literary Legacy, pp. 414–17, op.cit.

17th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
17th-century deaths
Christian clergy from County Louth
People of the Irish Confederate Wars
Irish Friars Minor
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown


The BELvue Museum (, ) is a museum in central Brussels, Belgium, that focuses on the history of Belgium. It is managed by the King Baudouin Foundation (KBF).

The museum is housed in the Hôtel Belle-Vue, an 18th-century neoclassical hôtel particulier (townhouse) between the / and the Place Royale/Koningsplein, next to the Royal Palace of Brussels. This site is served by Brussels Central Station, as well as by the metro stations Parc/Park (on lines 1 and 5) and Trône/Troon (on lines 2 and 6).

History
The BELvue Museum is housed in a five-level neoclassical building dating from the late 18th century, the Hôtel Belle-Vue, part of an architectural complex built after the Palace of Coudenberg burned down in 1731. It was originally built by Philippe de Proft to install a luxury hotel for travellers.

The Place Royale/Koningsplein and its surrounding buildings bear witness to Belgium's independence under the Ancien Régime. It was there that the enthronement ceremony of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, King of the Belgians, took place on 21 July 1831, fifty years after its construction. The building then served as a residence for members of the Belgian royal family, including the future King Leopold III and Princess Astrid.

In 1977, the Hôtel Belle-Vue was converted into a museum building, housing a collection from the nearby Royal Museums of Art and History. After 1992, two small museums opened in the building relating to the history of the Belgian monarchy: the Dynasty Museum (, ) and the King Baudouin Memorial (, ).

In 2005, the Hôtel Belle-Vue reopened as a museum devoted to the history of Belgium, presenting a chronological display about the nation's history since 1830.

Museum
Since its opening, the BELvue Museum, managed by the King Baudouin Foundation (KBF), has completely renewed its permanent exhibition. Employing a theme-based approach and with a modern, interactive exhibition layout, the museum offers visitors the keys to understanding Belgium and Belgian society.

Seven social themes are addressed in the rooms: democracy, prosperity, solidarity, pluralism, migration, language and Europe. Each theme is firstly presented from the perspective of the present day, then subsequently developed and explained through the history of Belgium. In the BELvue’s new exhibition, history is not an end in itself, but rather a means to explain and provide the keys to understanding and interpreting our society.

This overview of Belgium's past and present is complemented by a gallery of more than 200 objects. Presented chronologically from the 19th century to today, the pieces embody Belgium’s "physical memory". Visitors will find everyday objects, works of art and design, well-known brands, scientific discoveries, references to great sporting achievements as well as objects that recall the richness of our popular culture.

See also

 Magritte Museum
 List of museums in Brussels
 History of Brussels
 Culture of Belgium
 Belgium in "the long nineteenth century"

References

Notes

External links

 Official English-language site of the BELvue Museum
 Official English-language site of the King Baudouin Foundation

Museums in Brussels
City of Brussels
History museums in Belgium
2005 establishments in Belgium
Museums established in 2005
Historiography of Belgium
King Baudouin Foundation


The Freight Route Utilisation Strategy is a Route Utilisation Strategy in the United Kingdom, published by Network Rail in March 2007. It is one of only two (the Network RUS is the other) which have the perspective of the network as whole. It was included in a map published by the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) as established in May 2007. As with other RUSs, the Freight RUS took into account a number of responses to a Draft for Consultation, including those from the ORR.

To quote the foreword:

The study recommended a number of approaches and enhancements to the network. Like other strategies in this series, recommendations are divided into short-term (Control Period 3, CP3, to March 2009), medium-term (CP4, to March 2014), and long-term (CP5, thereafter).

A notable recommendation is the enhancement of the loading gauge from Southampton and the East Anglia coast ports to the West Coast Main Line (WCML), as most growth was expected in the carriage of deep-sea containers and coal for the electricity-generating industry, mainly for the Trent valley and Aire valley power stations. Much coal is imported via the east coast ports.

A key issue is the loading gauge of routes for freight in sea-going (9' 6" in height, 2500 mm in width) containers. Such loads are accommodated on routes cleared to W10 on standard wagons. W12 is only slightly wider than W10, and the Freight RUS recommended that where structures are renewed the starting assumption should be that they are cleared to W12.

Unlike passenger services, which over the course of a day tend to have comparable flows in both directions, freight movements are unidirectional. Even though rolling stock usually needs to return to the original departure point, this may be via a different route, and constraints arising from fully loaded trains and steep gradients may disappear for returning empty trains.

Recommendations by route

West Coast Main Line (WCML)
Short term: Freight operators' requirements to be included in the December 2008 recasting of the WCML timetable; some services to be rerouted away from Stafford, via Macclesfield; new loop at Hartford, Cheshire.

Medium term: Electric haulage of some new freight traffic between Crewe/Warrington and Carlisle/Glasgow; diversion of some services via the Settle and Carlisle route; W10 and extra capacity between Peterborough and Nuneaton to provide five additional paths from Felixstowe to Nuneaton, avoiding the southern part of the WCML.

Long term: Infrastructure to allow the lengthening of container trains serving the Haven ports (see below) from 24 to 30 waggons; major enhancements in the Stafford area and to the Felixstowe to Nuneaton route (the latter to allow more capacity, to avoid the southern WCML).

Anglo-Scottish coal route
This route is from the Ayrshire coast and open-cast mines to the Aire and Trent valley power stations. Recommendations are mainly short term, involving redoubling of the Annan-Gretna route and speeding up the junction with the WCML, and signalling enhancements to the Settle and Carlisle route.

Haven ports to the WCML
The Haven ports are Felistowe, Ipswich (F2N), and Harwich.

Short term: Capacity upgrades paid for by Hutchison Ports UK in return for planning permission for port expansion, including W10 clearance between Ipswich and Doncaster via Peterborough; growth in demand to be accommodated via the North London Line (NLL).

Medium term: W10 clearance west of the East Coast Main Line (ECML) to Leicester and Nuneaton, together with other capacity enhancements to avoid the southern part of the WCML; also W10 clearance of the Barking to Gospel Oak line to allow trains from North Thameside to avoid the NLL, leaving more paths for Haven ports trains.

Long term: Infrastructure to allow the lengthening of container trains from 24 to 30 waggons.

East Coast ports to the Aire and Trent Valley power stations
For this purpose the East Coast ports are Blyth, Tyneside, Teesport (Redcar), Hull and Immingham.

Short term: Timetable changes and train lengthening to/from Immingham (already implemented by the time of the RUS publication); Brigg line and Wrawby junction enhancements; Hull Docks branch partial doubling; restoring of Boldon East curve to provide access to Durham Coast line avoiding congested parts of ECML.

Medium term: A loop on the Killingholme branch line (former Barton and Immingham Light Railway track) near Immingham; a chord from the Brigg line to Cottam power station, providing direct access from Immingham; signalling enhancement at Selby and a loop at nearby Barlby, allowing lengthening of trains to/from Hull.

Long term: Protection of the route of the mothballed Leamside line near Tyneside.

Southampton to WCML
Short term: Signalling enhancements on the route from Leamington to the WCML via Birmingham (this route provides an alternative to the most direct route via Coventry and Nuneaton).

Medium term: W10 clearance of
 the core route via Eastleigh, Reading West Jct, Leamington and Nuneaton
 the alternative Leamington-WCML route via Birmingham (Sutton Park line)
 possibly southern diversionary routes via Melksham and/or Laverstock/Andover.

Long term: Possible grade separation at Reading West Jct.

Subsequent developments

Projects at various stages

Completed: Annan-Gretna redoubling, Brigg line and Wrawby junction enhancements, partial doubling of the Hull Docks branch.

Funded and authorised to completion: W10 clearance through Ipswich and Peterborough to Doncaster and Yorkshire terminals (Doncaster International Railport, Selby Potter Group, Wakefield Europort and Leeds Stourton); Settle and Carlisle enhancements, including extra intermediate block signalling; Gospel Oak to Barking W9 and W10 clearance; Hampstead Tunnel W10 clearance.

Authorised to GRIP stage 3, 4 or 5, for implementation in CP4: Peterborough to Nuneaton gauge improvements; Southampton – West Coast Main Line gauge enhancements. Enhancements to North London Line (east of Camden Road), including signalling enhancements, four-tracking and additional freight loops, are scheduled for implementation also in CP4, probably funded by Transport for London.

Boldon East curve being pursued for CP4.

DfT's 2007 HLOS
The UK Government's Department for Transport (DfT) published in July 2007 a White Paper 'Delivering a Sustainable Railway', intended to provide strategic direction for the rail industry. This contained the High Level Output Specification (HLOS) of funds available, covering the period 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2014, in accordance with a statutory duty set by the Railways Act 2005 to state quinquennially the quantum of public expenditure to be devoted to rail.  It specifies what the Government requires the railway to deliver, especially in relation to safety, reliability and capacity.

The White Paper also takes a 30-year view on strategy for the national railway network, emphasising partnership between the Government and the rail industry, and identifying three long-term themes: increasing the capacity of the network, providing a quality and reliable service for passengers, and enhancing rail's environmental potential. It also endorses the Freight RUS, and in Chapter 9, which deals explicitly with freight, moots the development of a Strategic Freight Network going beyond the RUS, but without specific detail.

References

Network Rail


Maoricrater is a genus of true limpets, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Lepetidae, the true limpets. This genus is endemic to New Zealand. It can grow up to 4 mm in length.

Species
Species within the genus Maoricrater include:
 Maoricrater concentrica (von Middendorff, 1847 North Pacific)
 Maoricrater concentrica cryptobranchia (von Middendorff, 1851 America)
 Maoricrater explorata (Dell, 1953 New Zealand)
 Maoricrater lima (Dall, 1918 Indo-Pacific)

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Lepetidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Taxa named by Harold John Finlay


Alfred Jack Cole (1925 – May 30, 1997) was a professor at the School of Computer Science, University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He is credited with building on the establishing of Computer Science at St Andrews.

Career

Cole studied mathematics at University College London, completing his PhD on the theory of numbers in 1952. He then worked as a lecturer at Heriot-Watt College in Edinburgh until 1956, when he moved to Queen’s College, Dundee. His interest in the potential of computer technology resulted in a move to University of Leicester in 1962, as Director of the Computing Laboratory. In 1965 he returned to Scotland and St Andrews, as Director of the Computing Laboratory and Reader in Computational Science.

From 1965 Cole devoted his next twenty years to establishing computer science at St Andrews. His innovative approach included pioneering the teaching of Information Technology to Arts students. He developed techniques for space-filling curves to be used in video compression, leading to his invention of murray polygons. One applied use of murray polygons is the halftoning of rectangular images without using dithering or edge enhancement methods.

He initiated the Distinguished Lecture Series in 1969. This series kept costs lower than similar conferences, with the intention of exposing students and others to leading edge topics. Costs were reduced through industry sponsorship and support from the university's School of Computer Science.

Jack Cole Building

To recognize his service, the school moved to the new Jack Cole Building in 2004. This was formally opened on .

Personal life

Cole's interests included cats, hill walking, home brewing, folk music (and concertina playing), golf, gardening and football. He was a supporter of East Fife F.C.

Published works

"The preparation of examination time-tables using a small-store computer", 1964
"Plane and Stereographic Projections of Convex Polyhedra from Minimal Information", 1966
"A note on peano polygons and gray codes", 1985
"Direct transformations between sets of integers and hilbert polygons", 1986
"Compaction Techniques for Raster Scan Graphics using Space-filling Curves", 1987

References

Alumni of University College London
Academics of the University of St Andrews
1997 deaths
1925 births


The Building Revival Campaign was run by Western Australia's Royal Australian Institute of Architects during the Great Depression, with the aim of stimulating the home building industry.

The most significant activity of the campaign was that of the Model Homes Committee, which ran a competition for the design of two model homes, then oversaw their construction from donated material and labour. These became two of the first houses built in the new suburb of Floreat Park (now Floreat).
They still stand today, and are heritage listed by the Heritage Council of Western Australia under the names Model Brick Home and Model Timber Home.

References

1930s in Western Australia
Great Depression
History of Australia (1901–1945)
Housing in Australia
Public awareness campaigns


Prosimuliini is a tribe of black flies. It contains over 140
living species, with more than a half of them in the genus Prosimulium. There are 6 living genera, and 2 genera that are only known from Cretaceous fossils.

Living genera

Gymnopais Stone, 1949
Helodon Enderlein, 1921
Subgenus Distosimulium Peterson, 1970
Subgenus Helodon Enderlein, 1921
Subgenus Parahelodon Peterson, 1970
Levitinia Chubareva & Petrova, 1981
Prosimulium Roubaud, 1906
Twinnia Stone & Jamnback, 1955
Urosimulium Contini, 1963

Fossil genera
Kovalevimyia Kalugina, 1991
Simulimima Kalugina, 1985

References

Simuliidae
Nematocera tribes


An Díbirt go Connachta is a lament attributed to Feardorcha Ó Mealláin who is claimed as staraí Éirí amach 1641/the historian of the 1641 Rising, Tarlach Ó Mealláin.

It is a lament in Irish inspired by the proposed scheme of the early 1650s to transplant the 'delinquent' Irish to Connacht.

References
 Séan de Fréine (ed.) 'Croí Cine' (Baile Átha Cliath, 1999), p. 331.
 Enri Ó Muirgheasa (ed.), 'Dánta Diagra Uladh' (Baile Átha Cliath, 1926).
 Breandan Ó Buachalla et al., (eds.) 'Nua-Dhuanaire, i' (Dublin, 1971).

17th century in Ireland
Irish-language literature
Irish poems


Feardorcha Ó Mealláin was an Irish poet the reputed author of An Díbirt go Connachta. He is said to have been a Franciscan, possibly from County Down, but both of these claims are in doubt. It is suggested that his name may be a 'pet-name' for two of his kinsmen, Henry Ó Mealláin or Tarlach Ó Mealláin, who may also be its author.

See also

 Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird
 Michael Shiell
 Luke Wadding
 Henry Ó Mealláin

References

 Charles Dillon, Cín Lae Uí Mhealláin, pp. 337–95 Tyrone:History and Society.
 Diarmaid Ó Doibhlin (2000) Tyrone's Gaelic Literary Legacy, pp. 414–17, op.cit.

17th-century Irish-language poets
People of the Irish Confederate Wars
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Irish Franciscans
Writers from County Down


Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is a method for producing both inorganic and organic compounds by exothermic combustion reactions in solids of different nature. Reactions can occur between a solid reactant coupled with either a gas, liquid, or other solid. If the reactants, intermediates, and products are all solids, it is known as a solid flame. If the reaction occurs between a solid reactant and a gas phase reactant, it is called infiltration combustion. Since the process occurs at high temperatures, the method is ideally suited for the production of refractory materials including powders, metallic alloys, or ceramics.

The modern SHS process was reported and patented in 1971, although some SHS-like processes were known previously.

Advantages and Disadvantages
Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is a green synthesis technique that is highly energy efficient, using little if any toxic solvents. There have been environmental analysis conducted to show that SHS has a lesser environmental impact than traditional solution-phase processing techniques. The technique uses less energy for production of materials, and the energy cost savings increase as synthesis batch sizes increase.

SHS is not a suitable technique for production of nanoparticles. Typically, the high-temperature nature of the process leads to particle sintering during and after the reaction. The high-temperatures generated during synthesis also lead to problems with energy dissipation and suitable reaction vessels, however, some systems use this excess heat to drive other plant-processes.

Methodology
In its usual format, SHS is conducted starting from finely powdered reactants that are intimately mixed.  In some cases, the reagents are finely powdered whereas in other cases, they are sintered to minimize their surface area and prevent uninitiated exothermic reactions, which can be dangerous. In other cases, the particles are mechanically activated through techniques such as high energy ball milling (e.g. in a planetary mill), which results in nanocomposite particles that contain both reactants within individual chemical cells. After reactant preparation, synthesis is initiated by point-heating of a small part (usually the top) of the sample. Once started, a wave of exothermic reaction sweeps through the remaining material. SHS has also been conducted with thin films, liquids, gases, powder–liquid systems, gas suspensions, layered systems, gas-gas systems, and others.  Reactions have been conducted in a vacuum and under both inert or reactive gases.  The temperature of the reaction can be moderated by the addition of inert salt that absorbs heat in the process of melting or evaporation, such as sodium chloride, or by adding "chemical oven"—a highly exothermic mixture—to decrease the ratio of cooling.

Examples
The reaction of alkali metal chalcogenides (S, Se, Te) and pnictides (N, P, As) with other metal halides produce the corresponding metal chalcogenides and pnictides.  The synthesis of gallium nitride from gallium triiodide and lithium nitride is illustrative:
GaI3  +  Li3N   →  GaN  +  3 LiI
The process is so exothermic (ΔH = -515 kJ/mol) that the LiI evaporates, leaving a residue of GaN.  With GaCl3 in place of GaI3, the reaction is so exothermic that the product GaN decomposes.  Thus, the selection of the metal halide affects the success of the method.

Other compounds prepared by this method include metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2.  The reaction is conducted in a stainless steel reactor with excess Na2S.

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis can also be conducted in an artificial high gravity environment to control the phase composition of products.

SHS has been used to vitrify various nuclear waste streams including ashes from incineration, spent inorganic  ion exchangers such as clinoptilolite and contaminated soils.

Reaction Kinetics
Due to the solid-state nature of SHS processes, it is possible to measure reaction kinetics in-situ using a variety of experimental techniques, including electrothermal explosion, differential thermal analysis, combustion velocity approaches, among others. There have been a variety of systems studied, including intermetallic, thermite, carbides, and others. Using SHS, it was shown that the particle size has a significant effect on the reaction kinetics. It was further shown that these effects are related to the relationship between the surface area/volume ratio of the particles, and that the kinetics can be controlled via high-energy ball-milling. Depending on the morphology of the reactants, it is possible to initiate a SHS reaction where a liquid phase occurs prior to phase formation or to directly result in solid-phase products without any melt.

References

External links
ISMAN About SHS
Combustion Synthesis Info by ESA
Combustion Synthesis Bentham Ebook by Maximilian Lackner
 Materials formed by SHS for needs of moon colonies.

Solid-state chemistry


Alfred George Eckhold (28 December 1885 – 24 October 1931) was an Australian-New Zealand sportsman who played first-class cricket for Otago and represented the All-Blacks at rugby union.

Career

Rugby career
Eckhold, a 66 kg five-eighth, was originally from Australia and came to New Zealand when he was a teenager. He returned to his country of birth in 1907, with the New Zealand national rugby union team. Eckhold made three appearances on the tour, against NSW in Sydney and twice against Queensland in Brisbane. When back home in New Zealand, Eckhold played with the Southern Rugby Club in Dunedin and for Otago. In the 1920s he was a prominent rugby referee around the country and officiated in some Ranfurly Shield matches. His son in law, Harry Simon, was also an All Black.

Cricket career
He had made his first-class cricket debut in 1907, when he lined up against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club which was filled with experienced international cricketers. He accounted for himself well though, making 41 in his maiden innings, the second top score for Otago. He seemed to perform well against good opponents as he was again one of his team's best batsmen when they took on the Australian cricket team at Carisbrook in 1910, with innings of 27 and 26.

Four of his first-class matches were in the Plunket Shield

Eckhold made his highest score of 60 not out, against Wellington at Basin Reserve in 1915, after making a duck in the first innings. His effort, coupled with an unbeaten century from captain and England Test cricketer Jack Crawford, allowed Otago to hold on for a draw and it also set an eight wicket record for the team.

Personal life
Eckhold was born at Adelaide in South Australia in 1885. He worked as a maltster. He died, aged 45, at Dunedin in 1931.

References

External links

1885 births
1931 deaths
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union referees
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand cricketers
Otago cricketers


Maoricrater explorata is a southern, cold-water species of limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Lepetidae, the true limpets. It is found in New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979

Lepetidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1956


This is a list of fictional fish from literature, animation and movies. This includes sharks and eels, both of which are fish. Cetaceans and seacows are aquatic mammals, not fish, and shellfish are mollusks, not fish, so they are therefore excluded.

Animation

Comics

Film

Television series

Literature

Myth

Video games

See also
 List of famous whales

References

Fish