Al Wahadinah (الوهادنه), Khirbet Mar Elias or Khirbet al Wahadneh is a village in the Ajloun Governorate, Jordan. Along with Al Hashimiyya and Halawah, it makes up the Ash Shefa Municipality. It has a large Christian population and contains both a Catholic and an Eastern Orthodox church.

The village is on a slight hill overlooking the windswept olive groves of Ajloun, in the valley of the Yarmuk River and is an important site in early Christianity. It is also the home town of Elijah. The village also boasts Tel Mar Elias, one of the largest Byzantine churches in Jordan and an ancient site of pilgrimage, worship and interfaith coexistence.

History

Ottoman era
In 1596, during the Ottoman Empire, it was noted in the  census under the name of  Harba, located  in the nahiya of Ajloun in the liwa of  Ajloun. It had a population of 32  households and 3 bachelors; all Muslim.  They paid a fixed tax-rate of 25%  on various  agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees/vineyards/fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to  occasional revenues; a total of  20,000 akçe.

Modern era
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,096 inhabitants in Kh. Wahadina, of whom 350 were Christians.

See also
Christianity in the 1st century
Jewish Christian
Jerusalem in Christianity, Apostolic Age
Christianity in Turkey
Jerusalem
Early Christians

References

Bibliography

External links
 Satellite Images of Al Wahadinah

Populated places in Ajloun Governorate


Stool osmotic gap is a measurement of the difference in solute types between serum and feces, used to distinguish among different causes of diarrhea.

Feces is normally in osmotic equilibrium with blood serum, which the human body maintains between 290–300 mOsm/kg. However, the solutes contributing to this total differ.  Serum is mostly sodium and potassium salts (as reflected in the formulas for serum osmol gap and anion gap), while the digestive tract contains significant amounts of other compounds.  Stool osmotic gap is a measure of the concentration of those other compounds.

Stool osmotic gap is calculated as 290 mOsm/kg − 2 × (stool Na + stool K).  290 mOsm/kg is the presumed stool osmolality, and the measured concentration of sodium and potassium cations is doubled to account for the corresponding anions which must be present.

A normal gap is between 50 and 100 mOsm/kg, corresponding to the concentration of other solutes such as magnesium salts and sugars.

A low stool osmotic gap suggests secretory diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is hyperpermeable and losing electrolytes, while a high gap suggests osmotic diarrhea, wherein the digestive tract is unable to absorb solutes from the chyme, either because the digestive tract is hypopermeable (e.g. due to inflammation), or non-absorbable compounds (e.g. Epsom salt) are present. The reason for this is that secreted sodium and potassium ions make up a greater percentage of the stool osmolality in secretory diarrhea, whereas in osmotic diarrhea, other molecules such as unabsorbed carbohydrates are more significant contributors to stool osmolality.

High osmotic gap (>100 mOsm/kg) causes of osmotic diarrhea include celiac sprue, chronic pancreatitis, lactase deficiency, lactulose, osmotic laxative use/abuse, and Whipple's disease.

Low osmotic gap (<50 mOsm/kg) causes of secretory diarrhea include toxin-mediated causes (cholera, enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli) and secretagogues such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (from a VIPoma, for example). Uncommon causes include gastrinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma (which produces excess calcitonin), factitious diarrhea from non-osmotic laxative abuse and villous adenoma.

References

Further reading

Diseases of intestines


Michael J. Meaney, CM, CQ, FRSC, (born 1951) is a professor at McGill University specializing in biological psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery, who is primarily known for his research on stress, maternal care, and gene expression. His research team has "discovered the importance of maternal care in modifying the expression of genes that regulate behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress, as well as hippocampal synaptic development" in animal studies. The research has implications for domestic and public policy for maternal support and its role in human disease prevention and economic health.

Meaney is associate director of the Research Centre at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, director of the Program for the Study of Behaviour, Genes and Environment, and James McGill Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University. He was named a "Most Highly Cited Scientist" in the area of neuroscience by the Institute for Scientific Information in 2007 and was also elected to the Royal Society of Canada and named a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. For research on stress he has received a Senior Scientist Career Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research in 1997. He also, along with fellow researcher from the Douglas Institute Dr. Gustavo Turecki, was awarded the Scientist of the Year Award by Radio-Canada.  In 2011, he was made a member of the Order of Canada.

Animal studies

Meaney is an expert in stress and epigenetics, with hundreds of papers and thousands of citations culminating in a h-index of 135 as of 2019. Meaney has studied the epigenetic effects of stressors ranging from aversive early life experience to obesity. His early research focused on the relationship between maternal care and stress response in rat pups. This work demonstrated that pups removed from their maternal environment and handled for 15 minutes per day had lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses than pups separated from their mothers for 3 hours per day and pups with no handling whatsoever. Meaney hypothesized that these changes were related to glucocorticoid receptor density and its role in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback.  Meaney and colleagues tested his hypothesis by examining the effect of maternal care on GR expression. They separated mother rats into two groups: high licking and grooming mothers and low licking and grooming mothers. Pups of high licking and grooming mothers had a significantly greater density of glucocorticoid receptors in their hippocampi than pups of low licking and grooming mothers. This research was the first to establish a causational relationship between maternal care and behavioral epigenetic programming by cross fostering pups. Meaney also studied this causal relationship between maternal care and epigenetic programming in estrogen receptor expression in the medial pre-optic area of the brain. The behavioral results showed that high licking and grooming mothers birth pups that grow to be high licking and grooming mothers, even with cross fostering.   Meaney's animal research and hypotheses are broadly applicable, showing similar results when applied to humans.

Human studies

Meaney’s early research provided impetus for applied behavioral epigenetic research in humans. His first study compared suicidal subjects with a history of child abuse to suicidal subjects without a history of child abuse. Meaney found further evidence to support his hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor hypothesis when he discovered that abuse victims had less expression of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors than both non-abused suicide victims and non-suicidal subjects. This suggests that childhood abuse alters the hippocampus in a way that is related to suicidal behavior.

Publications

Books

See also
Epigenetics
Douglas Hospital

References

External links
 Researcher Profile - Michael Meaney, Douglas Mental Health University Institute affiliated with McGill University
 Lab website

1951 births
Living people
Canadian neuroscientists
Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Academic staff of McGill University
Members of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada


Hugh Spear Pemberton (June 1890 – 15 January 1956) was an English physician remembered for describing Pemberton's sign.

Biography
Hugh Pemberton qualified MB ChB from the University of Liverpool in 1913 and started working at the David Lewis Northern Hospital in Liverpool. During World War I he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps, returning to the Northern Hospital after the war. He became a Member of the Royal College of Physicians in 1921 and was appointed consultant in 1924. He was also a lecturer in clinical medicine at the University of Liverpool. He became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1941. He founded the diabetic clinic at the Northern Hospital in 1922, and published articles on diabetes, thyrotoxicosis and peripheral vascular disease, including the description of his eponymous sign in 1946. He retired in 1955, and died suddenly at home in Cheshire in 1956.

References

External links

20th-century English medical doctors
1890 births
1956 deaths


Constant Tonegaru (common rendition of Constantin Tonegaru; February 26, 1919 – February 10, 1952) was a Romanian avant-garde and Decadent poet, who ended his career as a political prisoner and victim of the communist regime. Known for his bohemianism, he was the author of celebrated escapist and individualist poems, characteristic for the World War II generation in Romanian literature, and closely related to the works of his friends Geo Dumitrescu, Dimitrie Stelaru, and Ion Caraion. Together with them, Tonegaru stands for one of the last waves to pass through Sburătorul, a modernist literary society formed around literary critic Eugen Lovinescu.

At the same time an anti-fascist and anti-communist, Tonegaru participated in culturally subversive activities against the authoritarian Ion Antonescu regime, and contributed to Dumitrescu's  magazine until it was closed down by Antonescu's censorship apparatus. Before 1945, he was also affiliated with Vladimir Streinu's Kalende magazine, and completed work on his volume Plantații ("Plantations"), a large portion of which is dedicated to shocking images of war on the Eastern Front. After the Soviet Union began its occupation of Romania, Tonegaru was also an outspoken critic of cultural persecution, and, with fellow writers Streinu, Pavel Chihaia, and Iordan Chimet, created the Mihai Eminescu Association, a charitable organization and cultural forum whose goal was providing help to marginalized authors.

Implicated in a trial of anti-communist resistance fighters, Constant Tonegaru was sentenced to a two-year term, and sent to Aiud Prison, where the dire living conditions resulted in a severe lung disease. He died soon after his release, and was fully recovered as a poet only after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, largely owing to the care of his friends and confidants Chimet, Chihaia, and . Tonegaru's biography is often described as symbolic of the fate of his entire generation, which was decimated by communist persecution and prevented from affirming itself culturally.

Biography

Early life
Born into a middle-class family from the Danube port of Galați, Tonegaru was the son of a lawyer, ship captain and amateur poet, who cultivated his taste for literature and whom he accompanied on sailing trips to Greece, Turkey, and Egypt. Although he was an exceptionally tall man, the young Tonegaru was also plagued with health problems, and was born with mitral stenosis.

He began his education in his native city, graduating primary school in neighboring Brăila, and completed his secondary education in Bucharest, at the Evangelical Lutheran Church High School (1931–1931), at the Saint Sava High School (1932–1935) and ultimately at the Libros School (1935–1936). He debuted as a journalist at the age of 17, when he had several articles published in Nicolae Iorga's  magazine. His life changed dramatically after his father was convicted for a crime of passion, an event which also left the young Tonegaru in charge of supporting his mother, forcing him into menial employment by the Railway Company. Between 1939 and 1943, he was employed by the Romanian Post, 1st Bucharest Office.

Attracted into the bohemian environment, and having published his debut poem, Nocturnă fluvială ("Riverside Nocturne"), in a 1942 issue of the regional journal Expresul de Brăila, Tonegaru met and befriended poets Stelaru and Cioculescu, while frequenting the modernists at Sburătorul. His work became more experimental, and he came to concentrate on writing poems. Tonegaru also became better known to the public, largely thanks to the appreciation of his work by literary critic Vladimir Streinu, who also helped the poet find employment as a copyist with the Ministry of Education (a job he held between 1943 and 1944). He was by then a popular figure on the literary scene, and, according to literary historian , loved for "his candor and humor, his awkwardness which always underlined his fundamental honesty". Among the young authors who viewed him with noted sympathy were Pavel Chihaia, Iordan Chimet, Mihail Crama, and Ben Corlaciu. He was also close to actor Tudorel Popa.

World War II activism
Like Stelaru, Ion Caraion, Geo Dumitrescu and several other young writers, Tonegaru was structurally opposed to nationalism, fascism and militarism, and questioned the wartime dictatorship of Ion Antonescu, as well as its Axis commitment. They worked together on Dumitrescu's rebellious magazine , which the Antonescu regime banned after a number of issues. Tonegaru also collaborated on Streinu's Kalende, a more conventional magazine published during the war years.

In late 1944, after the pro-Allies August 23 Coup overthrew Antonescu, Tonegaru and Stelaru became dominant figures of a bohemian society centered on restaurants in Gara de Nord area, creating links between them and students of the Bucharest Art Academy. Sculptor Ovidiu Maitec, who was distantly acquainted with members of this circle, recalled: "One of [the poets] was in love with a female colleague of ours. Stories of suicide attempts. We amused ourselves. They would be around for a while, then they would disappear. [...] Back then, bohemianism [...] was the pursuit of liberation, of a splash of sincerity, and not total hypocrisy. Such was the need for bohemianism. Not necessarily that of a marginalized or impoverished type. They thought they were much freer, much more sincere, much more authentic toward their condition, toward their creation. There were charming guys, like Tonegaru or Stelaru, charming by means of their intelligence and spiritual games during nights of drunkenness, during which they would lose themselves, but would communicate."

Following the Soviet Union's occupation of Romania, Constant Tonegaru remained an advocate of freedom, alarmed by communization and the start of political persecution. In 1945, having witnessed the onset of political persecution, he, Chimet and Chihaia set up the Mihai Eminescu Association, which functioned as a charitable organization providing funds for the marginalized anti-communist intellectuals and establishing contacts with the Western Allies. The project also involved Streinu and the French Roman Catholic cleric and Nunciature Secretary Marie-Alype Barral, as well as Todorel Popa's father, scientist Grigore T. Popa. During the same year, Tonegaru received the Young Writers Award presented by Editura Fundațiilor Regale, a prestigious publishing house, and, as a consequence, published his first and only anthumous collection of poetry, Plantații. It carried a dedication to his mentor Streinu.

Tonegaru's activities brought him to the officials' attention. In late 1946, after Grigore T. Popa was forced into hiding, Tonegaru himself became involved in more clandestine activities, by organizing anti-communist gatherings attended or hosted by dissident intellectuals, such as , Petru Comarnescu, Vladimir Ghika and Dinu Pillat. Suspecting that Tonegaru's home had been placed under surveillance, the Eminescu Association eventually decided to split up and keep activity to a minimum, while providing assistance to the more desperate cases. Soon after the communist regime was established in late 1947-early 1948, the wave of arrests touched members of the group, while Tonegaru continued to expose himself.

Imprisonment and death
In March 1949, he was arrested by the regime's secret police, the Securitate. The latter discovered his name while investigating the Bucharest connections of the armed resistance movement. Late in 1948, Tonegaru had obtained a Belgian Red Cross parcel for , a poet and former member of the fascist Iron Guard, who, unbeknown to his benefactor, had passed it on to an anti-communist fighter in his native Bistrița. Caught up in the subsequent Securitate clampdown, Mihadaș was tortured until he implicated his connections. According to one account, the Securitate officers storming into Tonegaru's house treated him like a ringleader, and, having misinterpreted a piece of paper on which the poet had sketched out a piece titled Pistolul lui Werther ("Werther's Gun"), pressed him to hand in his weapons, and repeatedly beat him with a crop.

Once taken to prison in Bistrița, Constant Tonegaru was assigned to Securitate officer Viorel Gligor, who included him in the same lot as some 75 people, all of whom were already subject to beatings and forced to confess their belonging to an anti-communist "White Guard" that aimed to bring back the deposed King Michael I. Accused of "feeding the bandits", Tonegaru had already been implicated by Mihadaș, and was therefore largely spared violence, but was forced to spend his detention term in a cold cell, where he could only sleep on a cement bed. He was held without trial for the following eight months, which was in violation of even the restrictive legislation passed by the communist lawmakers. The Eminescu Association in its entirety was condemned by the Securitate, who deemed it "a group of saboteurs and spies serving the Vatican and other foreign powers", while Tonegaru himself was officially charged with "conspiracy against state security". Once their implication in the Association's activities was suspected by the secret policemen, both Chihaia and Chimet were forced out of professional life, and spent the following decade on the margin of society. According to literary critic Paul Cernat, Tonegaru's resistance to violent interrogation saved their lives.

Late in 1949, he was tried in Cluj and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, which was reportedly a lighter sentence than expected. During the procedures, Tonegaru ridiculed the charges brought against him, addressing to his judge Zeno Barbu a promise that "in the future [Tonegaru] will strive to avoid the country's mountainous areas and will do most of his traveling in the fields." Tonegaru and his co-defendants were chained and taken to Aiud Prison, a facility housing much of Romania's former political and social elite. Using an adapted version of the Morse code which he would bang on the walls, Tonegaru soon found out that he shared confinement with writers and former dignitaries of the wartime dictatorships (, Nichifor Crainic, Radu Gyr, and Mircea Vulcănescu), with sociologist and Iron Guard activist , and with the National Peasant Party's .

Ill-fed and exposed to the cold climate, Tonegaru found adjusting to the regimen impossible, and eventually fell ill with a lung disease marked by severe bouts of hemoptysis. His mother made repeated attempts to have her son pardoned, but did not receive a favorable reply. Confronted with his disease, and unwilling to be seen as responsible for his death, the prison officials reconsidered their plans to extend the term of his sentence as an "administrative penalty", and allowed Tonegaru to go free. The poet died soon after, as a result of complications, and was buried in Bucharest's Sfânta Vineri Cemetery. Modern Romanian critic   mentions a "final humiliation" to which the regime exposed Tonegaru, one originally recounted by Chihaia, who was present at the funeral: the poet's body decomposed in his house during the four or five days it took Bucharest City Hall to allocate a casket, and the one it eventually sent was significantly shorter than required.

Work

Context and generic traits
Constant Tonegaru, his friend Stelaru, Geo Dumitrescu, and Ion Caraion are seen as the main representatives of the World War II generation in Romanian literature. According to literary critic , these writers "first look on wide-eyed as the old world is being dissolved by the Second World War [...]; after which they similarly notice, at their own expense, the birth of a new communized world, with other prisons, forms of censorship and ideological command." Historian Keith Hitchins notes the writers' connection to the "inter-war effervescence [through] individualism and aesthetics". This he contrasts with communist-endorsed "conformity", but also with the verse of ideological rival Mihai Beniuc, whom he sees as the one "authentic and refined poetic temperament" among the Socialist Realists of the late 1940s. The young bohemian poets were all influenced by Symbolism, from its French forerunners Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine to the George Bacovia, the last doyen of Romania's Symbolist movement. Their approach to literature was one of several distinctly new but short-lived trends, standing alongside the new generation Surrealists (Gherasim Luca, Gellu Naum, Paul Păun, , Dolfi Trost) and the Sibiu Literary Circle, as well as the left-wing writers at Orizont review (Vladimir Colin and Nina Cassian among them).

A main characteristic of Constant Tonegaru's style is its imaginative escapism, which has led essayist  to describe him as a "Peer Gynt of poetry". Hitchins sees the poet as being "absorbed by his own feelings and perceptions of the world". Defining Tonegaru's tendencies as "romantic and anarchic", and the poet himself as "a celebrator of Bohemia who advocated the absolute freedom of the artist", he noted that the poems Tonegaru produced were designed "to be deciphered, to be read over and over in order to grasp [their] meaning."

As part of an effort to discern Tonegaru's poetic themes, critic  suggests that, at the core, there is a struggle between the banality of existence, depicted in Surrealist touches, and a poetic elation in the classical sense. Vighi detects in this the influence of Romania's avant-garde herald Urmuz. Cristea-Enache also writes: "[Tonegaru's] poetry, with a strong imaginative tone, with its decompression and the spread of creative fantasy, acts [...] as a compensation factor. The author erases the borders and contours of reality, becomes a character of his own discourse and tirelessly balances between various areas, eras and identities." In this context, Cristea-Enache argues, Tonegaru invents himself as "at once virile and sentimental". Casting himself in historic roles or as a preexisting fictional character, the poet wrote about imagining himself as a troubadour, a French Revolution figure, a Don Quixote, or a Cossack warrior. The Plantații poems included specific self-definitions, such as:

Another such reference was present in the poem Grădina publică ("The Public Garden"), where Tonegaru, reflecting back on his early life and education in the province, sees his adolescent self from the outside. The perspective is, according to literary critic , one of "juvenile cynicism" borrowed from Dumitrescu, with a personal note of "provincial melancholy":

Escapism and political symbols
The political themes explored by Tonegaru and his bohemian group were underlined by Italian academic Roberto Merlo, who placed their presence in wartime poems in connection with their radical call for aesthetic innovation: "[theirs was] the poetry of revolt, against both the horrors of war and earlier forms of poetry". Similar points were made by local critics such as  and . Discussing the traits common to Tonegaru and his fellow "insurgents", Ciopraga mentions "juvenile revelations, banalities, the pursuits of a generation, in other words the signs of recent traumas".  believes that Tonegaru was an "escapist insurgent", and explains his refusal to comply with the Antonescu regime as the source for his revolt against communism, seeing both as a consequence of his moral viewpoints: "the wartime rebelliousness anticipated a radicalization placed under the sign of ethics." According to Hitchins, while Tonegaru "protested against the social and political conditioning to which he had been subjected", his protest too was individualistic, and the poet was "simply not interested in politics and the great social issues of the day."

Much of Plantații comprises early lyric poems in which the setting is Tonegaru's own image of the Eastern Front. Among the best-known is Plantația de cuie ("The Plantation of Nails"), which centers on grotesque imagery which is probably meant to suggest delirium. This is foremost illustrated by concise metaphors such as Luna ca un ficat însângerat ("The Moon like a bloody liver") and obsesia mea din clasa a patra primară: rețeaua de sârmă ghimpată ("my obsession during the fourth grade primary cycle: the barbed wire network"), but also developed in more complex sequences:

In other pieces, the horrific setting is replaced with other instances of the poet's constant transfer of identities. However, according to Cazimir, the escape "from a mean and hostile ambiance" has "a precarious and provisional character". He illustrates this with a sequence from Ploaia ("The Rain"), where Tonegaru depicts his tramcar reverie, interrupted shortly after by the violent sounds of a road accident. Part of it reads:

In one of his final poems, composed in prison and preserved by his cellmates, Tonegaru described suffering, death and redemption as lutherie. The poem was titled Stradivarius, and read in part:

Legacy
Censorship and persecution have decisively marked the impact and perception of Constant Tonegaru's generation. The group has been defined as an "unfortunate generation" or a "lost generation". Critics have also drawn a direct comparison between them and Poland's "Generation of Columbuses". According to Hitchins, the rise of a Romanian Socialist Realist school signified that "the creativity represented by a Constant Tonegaru was overwhelmed by a literature often bereft of aesthetic value and intended to promote the social and political goals of the moment." Political developments influenced differently the lives of all three generational heroes. This process was discussed by literary historian , who emphasized that, while Tonegaru's early choice for "freedom and democracy" made him a victim of "horrible sufferings", both Caraion and Dumitrescu adapted themselves to communism. The former, George writes, became an official poet who displayed "extreme ability in traversing the harsh years that followed", while Caraion rejected the communists' "cultural policies", was himself twice subjected to the "terrible rigors of prison", and eventually became "probably the most loathsome Securitate collaborator to have ever been known by the writers' caste."

Nevertheless, Cristea-Enache notes, the general public has since come to see the "mythological" Tonegaru as "a fantasizing poet" and "a tragic character". He was an immediate influence on his slightly younger generation colleague and Sburătorul poet, Mihail Crama and on Chimet's ExiL cycle of poems. Tonegaru is also seen as the mentor of Stelaru, Cioculescu, and Radu Teculescu. With ideological changes within Romanian communism also came more tolerance of Constant Tonegaru's work by the cultural officials. A second volume of works by Tonegaru, titled Steaua Venerii ("The Star of Venus"), was kept in manuscript form by his friend Cioculescu. During a spell of liberalization under the new communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu, Cioculescu published it, together with all of Tonegaru's known works, in an eponymous 1969 volume (accompanied by Cioculescu's introductory study). Nevertheless, his personality and writings were completely absent from the major dictionaries and anthologies of the 1960s and 1970s, including those edited by Mircea Zaciu and . Beginning in the 1980s, with the advent of the Optzeciști generation, Tonegaru was recovered as a cultural model, primarily recognized as such by authors who considered themselves Postmodernists. The Romanian poet's work has had its echoes outside Romania: Tonegaru is the subject of a concretist poem by Brazilian author Manuel Bandeira, titled Homanagem a Tonegaru ("Homage to Tonegaru").

After the Romanian Revolution overthrew communism, Tonegaru's work became the focus of more public attention, and several accounts of his biography were published, including ones by his friends Chihaia and Chimet. In 2003, Cioculescu edited another volume of his friend's selected works, titled after Plantația de cuie. While periodic exhumations in Sfânta Vineri have made tracking down Tonegaru's remains an impossible task, he is honored by the Museum of Romanian Literature with a bust in his likeness, and, on the occasion of his 90th birthday in 2009, was the subject of a special exhibit in his native Galați.

Notes

References

1919 births
1952 deaths
People from Galați
20th-century Romanian poets
Romanian male poets
Romanian opinion journalists
Decadent literature
Romanian surrealist writers
Romanian people of World War II
Romanian civil servants
Romanian dissidents
Romanian philanthropists
20th-century Romanian male writers
20th-century philanthropists
People detained by the Securitate
Inmates of Aiud prison
Deaths from lung disease
Burials at Sfânta Vineri Cemetery


This article contains a list of Illinois Institute of Technology student groups. Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) currently has over a hundred student groups on campus including musical groups, cultural clubs, and academic societies.

Academic societies

STEM organizations

Service organizations

Religious organizations

Arts and media groups

Other clubs

Greek organizations

Notes

External links
 IIT Organizations, official list of current student organizations

Illinois Institute of Technology


Kent Trails is a fifteen-mile rail trail in Kent County, Michigan that runs through the cities of Grand Rapids, Grandville, Walker, Wyoming and Byron Township

and is part of a network of trails in and around Grand Rapids.  It runs north and south from John Ball Park in Grand Rapids to 84th Street in Byron Township, with an extension that runs east/west along 76th Street and north/south from 76th Street to Douglas Walker Park on 84th Street.

History

In June 2008, the Frederick Meijer Trail (Then called The M-6 Trail) was built along the M-6 freeway that connects the Paul Henry-Thornapple Rail Trail with Kent Trails.

In 2009, a six-mile stretch of the trail from Grand Rapids to Byron Township was repaved and widened from 8 feet to 10 feet. Three bridges along the trail were also replaced with new, wider bridges.

References

Protected areas of Kent County, Michigan
Rail trails in Michigan
Transportation in Kent County, Michigan

Bike paths in Michigan
Hiking trails in Michigan
West Michigan


FC Pskov-747 () was an association football club from Pskov, Russia, founded in 2006. It played in the Russian Professional Football League. Before that Pskov was represented in the Russian professional leagues by FC Mashinostroitel Pskov — which was also named FC Elektron Pskov (1970), FC Pskov (1998–2000) and FC Pskov-2000 (2001–2005). FC Pskov-747 was known as SC 747 Pskov in 2006 and 2007.

The club was owned by the Sevastyanov family. Alexey Sevastyanov, the club founder is owner of the Avto-Alians-747 group of companies. 747 being a favourite number of his.

It dropped out of the PFL before the 2020–21 season.

External links
Fan website

Association football clubs established in 2006
Football clubs in Russia
Sport in Pskov
2006 establishments in Russia


Bilge Pump are an English rock band that formed in Leeds in the mid-1990s, featuring Joe O'Sullivan, Emlyn Jones and Neil Turpin.

Bilge Pump's style is post-punk with avant garde and free-jazz influences. Early on, the NME described Bilge Pump's sound as "unlistenable guff". They have since had various releases on Gringo Records, Troubleman Unlimited and Unlabel, and members have been involved with artists such as Enablers, Yann Tiersen, Polaris, Felix, Chris Corsano, HiM.

Bilge Pump recorded several John Peel Sessions, and received enough votes to be 95th on the list for ATP vs The Fans 2009. Since their inception, they have played with (among many others) Lightning Bolt, The Mars Volta, Hella, Foals and Les Savy Fav.

Indefinite break and Objections
Bilge Pump went on an indefinite break in 2021. Shortly after this Neil Turpin and Joe O'Sullivan teamed up with bassist/vocalist Claire Adams to form Objections, who have since released a 7" on Wrong Speed Records with an album to follow and have recorded two live sessions on BBC 6 Music for Marc Riley.

Discography

Albums
Let Me Breathe (2002, Gringo Records) – CD
’’Rupert The Sky’’ (2008, Gringo) - vinyl/CD
We Love You (2019, Gringo) – vinyl/CD

Singles and EPs

The Fucking Cunts Still Treat Us Like Pricks (2010, Gringo) – 10" vinyl EP

References

External links

Gringo Records page

Musical groups established in 1994
Post-punk groups from Leeds
1994 establishments in England


The Moment of Truth is the third installment in The Emo Diaries series of compilation albums, released February 23, 1999 by Deep Elm Records. As with all installments in the series, the label had an open submissions policy for bands to submit material for the compilation, and as a result the music does not all fit within the emo style. As with the rest of the series, The Moment of Truth features mostly unsigned bands contributing songs that were previously unreleased.

Reviewer Kurt Morris of Allmusic remarks that "this third installment of the Emo Diaries saga is strong from start to finish" and that "Penfold's track should be required listening for all people proclaiming to have a knowledge of what the term emo means." While criticizing some of the songs towards the middle of the compilation as "a bit weak", he notes that "Chase Theory, Epstein, and Last Days of April all contribute dynamic and passionate tracks to help close the album out persuasively. A very convincing and solid release, this very well might be the peak of these celebrated compilations."

Track listing

References

External links
 The Moment of Truth at Deep Elm Records.

1999 compilation albums
Deep Elm Records compilation albums
Emo compilation albums
Indie rock compilation albums


Amandititita (Amanda Lalena Escalante Pimentel) is a Mexican cumbia singer and songwriter. She is the daughter of Rodrigo Gonzalez.

She came to public attention in 2007 as a performer of what she called 'AnarCumbia', a style said to be entirely urban and a blend of rock, reggae, rap, and traditional Mexican cumbia. She was signed by Sony-BMG and released her first album, [ La Reina de Anarcumbia], early in 2008. The single, [ La Muy Muy], from this album, charted on Billboard.

The release of her second album has been announced for 27 October 2009; "La Descarada" with songs of a similar style. In late 2013, she released "Mala Fama" where cumbia is now with modern pop. She has released her first book "13 Latas de Atun" (13 Tuna Cans). In 2015, Amandititita featured as a musical guest on the El Rey network's wrestling show Lucha Underground

Discography
La Reina de la Anarcumbia (2008)
La Descarada (2009)
Mala Fama (2013)
Pinche Amor (2019)

External links
 Interview in La Jornada
 Article by Natalia Cano in El Universal

Mexican women singer-songwriters
Mexican singer-songwriters
Singers from Tamaulipas
People from Tampico, Tamaulipas
Living people
1979 births
21st-century Mexican singers
21st-century Mexican women singers


Mount (also known as Mount Halt) was a station located near the town of Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland. At one time it formed part of a tight cluster of stations, each located one minute from the other.

The station itself was a semi-private halt serving the local Courtaulds nylon factory. It closed in 1977 when Northern Ireland Railways services were cut back, though the factory remained open until the 1990s. Due to track re-laying and maintenance work, most traces of the platforms are gone. However, the site of the station is still visible, as the now-abandoned path from the factory premises to the station site still exists, and is easily noticed by virtue of a tarmac area with metal fencing and the old station lamp posts.

References

Disused railway stations in County Antrim
Railway stations opened in 1925
Railway stations closed in 1977
1925 establishments in Northern Ireland
1977 disestablishments in Northern Ireland
Railway stations in Northern Ireland opened in the 1920s
Railway stations in Northern Ireland closed in 1977


João Luís Carrilho da Graça (born 1952, in Portalegre, Portugal) is a Portuguese architect and lecturer. He received the Pessoa Prize in 2008, and was Distinguished with the order for merit of the Portuguese Republic in 1999.

Career
Graca graduated from the Lisbon School of Fine Arts () in 1977 and lectured at the Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University of Lisbon between 1977 and 1992. Since 2001, he has been a guest lecturer at the architecture department of the Autonomous University of Lisbon and also, from 2005, at the University of Évora. He has been invited to several universities, seminars and conferences all over the world.

Carrilho da Graça received the International Art Critics Association Award in 1992 for the ensemble of his work; the "Relação com o sítio - honourable mention" award (national architecture awards - Portuguese architects’ association) in 1993 for the Campo Maior municipal swimming pool; the Secil Prize 1994 for the Polytechnic School of Journalism, the Valmor prize 1998 and the Fad Prize 1999 for the Knowledge of the Seas pavilion; Luzboa 2004, the prize of the first Lisbon international art biennial; as well as nominations for the Mies van der Rohe European architecture award and the Ordem dos Arquitectos for the Auguste Perret Prize, UIA Awards 2005.

His work has been published in several books and architecture magazines.

References

External links
 Homepage Carrilho da Graça Arquitectos
 Facebook Carrilho da Graça Arquitectos
 Poitiers Theatre and Auditorium Photos
 Knowledge of the Seas Pavilion Photos
 Maison de la Paix Photos

20th-century Portuguese architects
21st-century Portuguese architects
1952 births
Living people
Technical University of Lisbon alumni
Academic staff of the University of Évora
Pessoa Prize winners
People from Portalegre, Portugal


John Easton (c. 1624–1705) was a politician in colonial Rhode Island

John Easton may also refer to:

 John Easton (philatelist) (1895–1967), British philatelist
 John Easton (baseball) (1933–2001), American baseball player
 John J. Easton Jr. (born 1943), American attorney and Vermont Attorney General
 John Murray Easton (1889–1975), Scottish architect

See also
 John Easton Mills (1796–1847), mayor


Graeme Montgomery (born 3 March 1988) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for St Albans.

He played for National League South side St Albans City on loan from Boreham Wood, following his release from Eastleigh on 24 February 2012. He then joined the Saints rivals, Hemel Hempstead Town FC, after being transferred from Boreham Wood. Graeme then signed the Saints for an undisclosed fee at the beginning of December 2016.

Career
He made his debut for Dagenham & Redbridge in a League Two match, in the 1–1 draw away at Barnet on 17 January 2009, coming on as a substitute in the 89th minute for Jon Nurse.

In the 2009–10 season, Montgomery broke into the Daggers team. He started a league game for them and on 17 April 2010, he scored his first ever Football League goal. This came in the 95th minute, after he came on as a substitute for Josh Scott in the 2–1 home victory against Burton Albion.

On 18 November 2010, he was loaned out to Hayes & Yeading United for one month. After the deal ran out, on 30 December, Montgomery was signed by Newport County on another loan until the end of the season. In May 2011, Dagenham announced the release of Montgomery at the end of his contract.

Montgomery initially joined Conference South side Eastleigh from Aldershot Town on loan on 16 September 2011. The loan was initially for 1 month, but following impressive performances, the loan was extended by an extra month twice, until Montgomery was released by Aldershot and joined Eastleigh on a contract until the end of the 2011/12 season on 16 December 2011. This was short-lived, as due to new arrivals at the club, he lost his place in the starting line up, and was eventually released from Eastleigh on 24 February 2012.

Montgomery signed for Boreham Wood on 5 March 2012.

References

External links
Graeme Montgomery profile at daggers.co.uk

Living people
1988 births
English men's footballers
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C. players
Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
St Albans City F.C. players
English Football League players
Isthmian League players
National League (English football) players
Footballers from the London Borough of Enfield
Men's association football midfielders


There are at least seven nature reserves in Jordan. In 1966, the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, was founded. RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species. In 1973, RSCN, was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction. The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve, Shaumari Wildlife Reserve, in 1975. The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the Arabian oryx, gazelles, ostriches and Persian onagers in their natural environment.

In 1994, shortly after Dana Biosphere Reserve was established, RSCN began its Research and Survey section, made up of experienced researchers with the primary goal of collecting information at the reserves needed to create a sustainable living environment for wild animals through scientific research. Shortly thereafter, Wild Jordan was created as a business branch of RSCN dealing with socio-economic projects. In 1999, RSCN started a training program to build local and regional skill in conserving nature. RSCN raised more awareness in 2005 with a "Save Jordan's Trees" campaign. Jordan's sixth and latest nature reserve, Dibeen Forest Reserve, was created in 2004, cementing  of protected natural landscape throughout Jordan.

Fifa Nature Reserve was designated in 2011. In 2018 Burqu, Dahek, and Dmeitha nature reserves were designated.

Additional nature reserves and sites for preservation have been proposed.

Reserves

Ajloun Reserve

Ajloun Forest Reserve is in north Jordan, near Jerash and Ajloun, and close to the Ajloun Castle. The reserve consists of rolling hills in a Mediterranean-like environment, covered in evergreen oaks, as well as strawberry and pistachio trees, among others. Stone martens, jackals, red foxes, striped hyenas, Persian squirrels, porcupines, and wolves inhabit this area. Privately owned lands surrounding the reserve pose threats, including illegitimate access to the reserve, resulting in illegal hunting, woodcutting, and grazing. Cooperation with local inhabitants has resulted in increased awareness in the community regarding the preservation of the forest.

Azraq Wetland Reserve

The Azraq Wetlands, located in Jordan's eastern desert near the town of Azraq, is RSCN's only wetlands reserve. The reserve, once a popular stopover for millions of migratory birds going from Africa to Eurasia, is now severely depleted due to over-pumping to support Jordan's growing population. In 1978, the reserve was established as an effort to conserve the oasis. Between 1981 and 1993, water levels decreased sharply, concluding with the drying up of the springs in 1992. Azraq today only makes up 0.04% of its former size. Water levels are maintained by RSCN in order to save indigenous fish species such as the Azraq Killfish and to keep the site a tourist destination. Efforts have been partially successful; some birds have returned and killfish have increased in numbers, but attempts to increase the water mass by 10% of the original size have been unsuccessful. Water pumping and lack of manpower and wetland experience keep water levels at a low.

Burqu Nature Reserve
Burqu Nature Reserve was designated in 2018. It covers an area of 906.44 km2 in the northeastern portion of the country, centred on Qasr Burqu'.

Dana Biosphere Reserve

Dana Biosphere Reserve, often simply called Dana Nature Reserve, is located in and around the town of Dana in the mountains east of Wadi Araba. The geography of the reserve is characterized by steep cliffs in rocky wadis covered by small trees and shrubs. The varied geology switches from limestone to sandstone to granite. Some illegal activities such as grazing and woodcutting continue. Illegal hunting threatens ibex and chukar populations.

Dibeen Forest Reserve

Dibeen Forest, close to the ancient Roman city of Jerash, was established in 2004. The forest is a pine-oak habitat, housing the Aleppo pine and marking the geographical limit of this type of forest. Animal inhabitants such as the Persian squirrel were main reasons for the establishment of the reserve and were considered top priority. Strawberry, pistachio, and wild olive trees also grow in the reserve. Trash, notably plastic, presents a major problem in the reserve, often the result of careless visitors.

Fifa Nature Reserve
On July 13, 2011, the Fifa Nature Reserve was officially declared. It is located in the south-western part of Jordan. The reserve has an area of 23.2 km2. In part lying well below sea level, the reserve contains the salt plant pattern and the tropical plant pattern.

Wadi Mujib

Mujib Nature Reserve, commonly known as Wadi Mujib, is a long canyon feeding the Dead Sea running through the ancient region of Moab and the lowest nature reserve in the world. Directly east of the Dead Sea, Wadi Mujib is made up by a network of freshwater streams, making an otherwise arid area more fertile. The lush riverbeds provide support for aquatic plants. As well as containing 300 species of plants, Wadi Mujib contains at least 10 species of carnivores and other animals, including the hyrax, badger, and the Nubian ibex which was reintroduced into the wild by RSCN. Illegal hunting continues to impede efforts to reach a sustainable number of wild ibexes.

Shaumari Reserve

Shaumari Wildlife Reserve is located in the eastern Jordanian desert, close to Azraq Wetland Reserve. The geology comprises desert wadis making up 65% of the area and Hammada areas covered in black flint forming 35% of the reserve. Founded in 1975, Shaumari was founded for the wildlife in the desert area. One of the main goals of the reserve has been to bring back locally extinct species, notably the Arabian oryx, into the wild. In 1978, 4 Arabian oryxs were brought to the reserve for a breeding program. Starting in 1983, 31 oryxs were released into the wild, successfully returning the oryx into its native environment. Other species, such as Somali ostriches, Persian onagers and gazelles reside in the reserve. Before the establishment of the reserve, hunting nearly annihilated local animal populations, a problem which RSCN has been successful in dealing with.

Future
The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature has expressed interest in creating up to five additional nature reserves in Jordan.
Abu Rukbeh
Aqaba Mountains
Bayer
Rajel
Shoubak

Other sites were mentioned in two reports issued in 1979 and 1998 on the feasibility of new reserve sites around the country.
Al Khayouf
Al Ma'wa
Birket Al Arayes
Jabal Mas'uda
Jarba
Jordan River
Rahmma
Swaimeh and Homret Maeen
Yarmouk River
Ziglab Dam

References

External links

 Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature website

Protected areas of Jordan


Eden (also known as Eden Halt) was a station located in the townland of Eden, in and around the town of Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland. At one time it formed part of a tight cluster of stations, each located almost one minute from the other, from Mount through to Kilroot.

The station closed in 1977 when Northern Ireland Railways rationalised their services. It has now been dismantled.

Eden Halt is the title of a book by Ross Skelton.

References

Disused railway stations in County Antrim
Railway stations opened in 1925
Railway stations closed in 1977
1925 establishments in Northern Ireland
1977 disestablishments in Northern Ireland
Railway stations in Northern Ireland opened in the 1920s
Railway stations in Northern Ireland closed in 1977


Ordered to Die: a history of the Ottoman army in the First World War is an account of the Ottoman Empire's military engagements in World War I (specifically the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I), fought between the Allies (led by Britain and Russia) and the Central Powers.  It was written by Edward J. Erickson. It was divided into seven sections beginning prewar military issues.

Synopsis

Erickson relies heavily on non-published official histories that were not open to non-Turkish historian in the Ottoman Archives until the late 1980s and Turkish general staff archives, which have very limited access as of 2008. He also uses a limited number of Ottoman Turkish documents. Erickson's book is mostly on the strategic and operational level of the Ottoman Army. The book describes the tactics, social issues and the humanitarian dimensions of the Ottoman Army's engagements.

Ordered to die presents sets of data on subjects such as the Ottoman army organisation, the structure of the General Staff and headquarters, German military assistance and Ottoman casualty figures.

The overall conclusion is that the Ottoman army’s record in World War I was an astounding achievement. The book says it was a "saga of fortitude and resilience".

Critical reviews

Erik-Jan Zürcher
Erik-Jan Zürcher argues that Ordered to die is nicely presented, with useful tables and a number of photographs, but he concludes that Ordered to die is a book with a clear but limited purpose. He states that the book presents a purely military history of the Ottoman war effort in the English language, where histories of this type have so far only been available in French or Turkish.

References

—

2001 non-fiction books
21st-century history books
History books about World War I
History books about the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire in World War I


Orangeburg Municipal Airport  is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) south of the central business district of Orangeburg, a city in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. The airport does not have scheduled commercial airline service.

During World War II, the 58th Flying Training Detachment, operated by the Hawthorne School of Aeronautics, trained both U.S. and French airmen at what was Hawthorne Field. The detachment was supervised by the 29th Flying Training Wing.

Facilities and aircraft
Orangeburg Municipal Airport covers an area of 300 acres (121 ha) at an elevation of 195 feet (59 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 17/35 is 5,399 by 100 feet (1,646 x 30 m) and 5/23 is 4,508 by 100 feet (1,374 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending August 12, 2011, the airport had 22,420 aircraft operations, an average of 61 per day: 99% general aviation, 1% air taxi, and <1% military. At that time there were 22 aircraft based at this airport: 73% single-engine and 27% multi-engine.

See also
 List of airports in South Carolina
 South Carolina World War II Army Airfields

References

External links
 Aerial image as of January 1994 from USGS The National Map

Airports in South Carolina
Transportation in Orangeburg County, South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Orangeburg County, South Carolina


Milano 2 (also known as Milano Due) is a residential centre in the Italian town of Segrate (Province of Milan). It was built as a new town by Edilnord, a company associated with Silvio Berlusconi in the 1970s.

The main peculiarity of Milano 2 is its walkability: A system of walkways, cycle paths and bridges connects the whole neighbourhood so that it is possible to walk around without ever intersecting with vehicular traffic. It was marketed as a residential neighbourhood for families of the upper middle class with children.

Work started on the project in 1971 and was completed in 1979. Distinctive landmarks of the complex include the sporting facilities, a small artificial lake (il laghetto), children's and adult's playgrounds, and lots of green areas so you can also think to live inside a park.

Media
Milano 2 also hosted the headquarters of the first Italian private television channel, TeleMilanocavo, a small cable network that started broadcasting in the area in 1974. A few years later it changed its name to Telemilano and when Silvio Berlusconi bought it changed the name again into Canale 5, the first national private TV station.

External links
—

Frazioni of the Province of Milan
Planned communities in Italy
New towns started in the 1970s
Populated places established in 1970
1970 establishments in Italy
Fininvest
Mass media in Milan
Segrate


Rallia Christidou (Greek: Ραλλία Χρηστίδου, ) is a Greek politician and a popular singer originating from Neo Irakleio, Athens. She started her studies in classic guitar and received a diploma from the National music school of Greece. Her name rose to fame when she took part in the second season of the television singing competition Fame Story in which she won the second place, just behind Kalomira, and a record deal with Heaven Music. Since then Rallia enjoyed some success in Greece and Cyprus becoming one of the best young artists. She made 7 albums, two of them platinum in Cyprus. In 2011 after a fight with Heaven Music, about her last album 'Stin apenanti plevra' and how it will be published, Rallia left the company not wanting to publish her new album along with a newspaper and published it with other label. 'Stin apenanti plevra' is her first album as a composer of all the songs, and as many say, the best album of her career till now, and one of the best in 2011. Rallia cooperated with the biggest names in Greek music such as Giannis Kotsiras and many others, becoming one of the most quality young voices in the Greek music industry.

She was elected to the Hellenic Parliament from Syriza in the 2019 Greek legislative election from Athens B2.

Biography
Rallia Christidou was born and raised in Neo Herakleio of Attica, Greece. Her father`s origin is from Xanthi and her mother`s origin is from Kokkinia of Peireaus. Both her parents are from Asia Minor.

Rallia began classic guitar lessons at the age of 8 at the National Conservatory from which she graduated at the age of 22 with perfect grades, after which she continued her studies of higher musical theory.

Furthermore, during her school years at the Arsakeio Tositseio School of Ekali, from which she graduated in 1997, she became involved in the arts, by taking part in musical shows at the Herodeum of Attica and the Concert Hall of Athens.

In addition to her musical education, she has taken two and a half years of acting, performing and vocal lessons.

For six years, Rallia was a member of the semi-professional group called "Nastra", and she was a member of the Classical Choir "Marsippos" for two years.

Seven years ago, she was accepted into the television musical academy of ANT1, called Fame Story from which she gained accolades for her vocal ability.

At the conclusion of Fame Story, Rallia and some of the other performers began a series of live shows across Greece as the group" Fame Story Live".

In the winter of 2004-2005, she began her live professional music career next to Yiannis Kotsiras, Manolis Famellos and Melina Aslanidou. The shows began in Thessaloniki and continued in Athens.

In the summer of 2005, she gave concert performances next to Yiannis Kotsiras and Manolis Famellos throughout Greece. That summer Rallia also released her first album "Me to vlemma tis kardias" under the Heaven label which was produced by Kostas Kalimeris and Yiannis Kotsiras.

In the winter of 2005-2006 she performed in the newly opened music club "Anodos Peireaus" along with Yiannis Kotsiras, Eleni Tsaligopoulou and Manos Pyrovolakis.

Next, she gave a series of concerts with Eleni Tsaligopoulou and Andriana Babali. In the summer she accompanied Manolis Lidakis on a tour throughout Greece. In May of the same year, she released her second album called "Ena hadi zesto".

In November 15, 2007, Rallia began a series of performances called "kati allo" which means "something else" on the music stage of Stavros tou Notou Apenanti. These shows with the musicians Alexis Apostolakis, Fotis Siotas, Odysseas Galanakis, Kostas Giannaris and Christos Alexakis were very successful.

In February 2008 Rallia begins a number of shows at the same music club with Melina Aslanidou that continued until the beginning of the summer . Later that summer Rallia and Melina toured together throughout Greece.

In September of that year, Rallia released her first live album from her show at Stavros tou Notou Apenanti called "Mono mia nyhta live". In October the very successful duo Rallia-Melina began a new series of very successful live performances at the club of Stavros tou Notou Apenanti that ended in May 2009.

In the summer of 2009, Rallia began a tour with Yiannis Kotsiras and Myronas Stratis during which she released her fourth album under the Heaven label titled "Etimi" from which the singles "Pane tora meres" (duet with George Sambanis), "Exo vges", "Oti pligoni" and "mia zoi" had consistent airplay on the radio and later were made into videos.

In October 2009, she began live shows at the music club "Akti Peireaus" with Vasilis Papakonstantinou, Sakis Boulas, Lakis Papadopoulos and Giannis Zouganelis. In November, she gave a number of shows with Melina Aslanidou at the club "Milos" in Thessaloniki.

In the summer of 2010 she went on tour with Giannis Zouganelis and Lakis Papadopoulos.

In the winter of 2010-2011, she gave a number of live concerts in Greece and Cyprus. She also participated in the musical television show "Just the Two of Us" for charity.

In the summer of 2011, she performed several live shows with Christos Dantis.

In October 2011, Rallia returned to the club Stavros tou Notou Apenanti now called Stavros tou Notou Plus. She also released her fifth album under her own independent label called "Stin apenanti plevra". This album is exclusively available from the beam store www.heedia.com as a high quality audio download.

In December, she signed an exclusive contract with Sony Music that released her fifth album “Stin Apenanti plevra” in compact disk. Furthermore, she travelled to many different places all over Greece and Cyprus giving concerts with her three musicians playing piano, acoustic guitar, bouzouki, electric guitar and lute, this whole range of musical instruments, punctuated by drums and other percussions.

In May, Rallia Christidou hosted in Algeria under the 13th European cultural festival, a concert full of musical sounds representing Greece.

Discography
Mi Mou Les Andio [OST] (2004)
Me To Vlemma Tis Kardias (2005)
Gia Tin Anna [OST] (2006)
Ena Hadi Zesto (2007)
Live: Mono Mia Nihta (2008)
Etoimi (2009)
Stin Apenanti Plevra (2012)
Me oplo tin agapi (2013)

References

External links
Official website
MAD TV biography

1979 births
Living people
Arion Music Awards winners
Greek entehno singers
21st-century Greek women singers
MAD Video Music Awards winners
Singers from Athens
Syriza politicians
Greek MPs 2019–2023
Greek MPs 2023–
21st-century Greek women politicians


Kilroot was a station located in the village of Kilroot, close to the town of Carrickfergus, in Northern Ireland.

At one time it was the last in a tight cluster of stations, each located almost one minute from the other, from Mount railway station through to the halt at Kilroot.

The station closed in 1977 when Northern Ireland Railways services were cut back. It has now been dismantled, and all traces were lost whenever Kilroot power station was constructed in the late 1970s.

References

Disused railway stations in County Antrim
Railway stations closed in 1977
1862 establishments in Ireland
Railway stations in Northern Ireland opened in 1862
Railway stations in Northern Ireland closed in 1977


Annales d'histochimie was a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1956. The journal covered the field of histochemistry.

External links
 Record at United States National Library of Medicine

Academic journals established in 1956
Biology journals
Chemistry journals
Publications disestablished in 1976
Quarterly journals


James Skehill (born 22 February 1988) is an Irish hurler who plays as a goalkeeper for club side Cappataggle and previously at inter-county level with the Galway senior hurling team.

Playing career

University

During his studies at the Limerick Institute of Technology, Skehill was selected for the college's senior hurling team. On 10 March 2007, he won a Fitzgibbon Cup medal as LIT won the title after a 2-16 to 0-13 defeat of the NUI Galway in the final.

Club

Skehill joined the Cappataggle club at a young age and played in all grades at juvenile and underage levels before joining the club's top adult team.

On 9 November 2008, Skehill was on the panel when Cappataggle defeated Killimordaly by 1-10 to 0-11 in the final of the Galway Intermediate Championship. He later won a Connacht Championship medal following a 0-14 to 2-07 defeat of Four Roads. On 5 February 2009, Skehill was an unused substitute when Cappataggle were defeated by 2-14 to 1-12 by Blarney in the All-Ireland final at Croke Park.

On 8 November 2014, Skehill won a second Galway Intermediate Championship medal after a 0-19 to 1-08 defeat of Ahascragh-Fohenagh in a replay of the final. A day later he won the East Galway U10 League after a 0-15 to 1-10 defeat of Ballyhaunis in the final.

Inter-county

Minor and under-21

Skehill first played for Galway as goalkeeper on the minor hurling team on 23 July 2005. He made his first appearance in a 3-13 to 1-11 All-Ireland quarter-final defeat of Wexford. In the subsequent All-Ireland final on 11 September 2005, Skehill kept a clean sheet and claimed a winners' medal after Galway's 3-12 to 0-17 defeat of Limerick.

Skehill was eligible for the minor grade again the following year. On 3 September 2006, he was in goal when Galway were defeated by eleven points by Tipperary in the All-Ireland final.

By 2007 Skehill had progressed onto the Galway under-21 hurling team. On 8 September 2007, he won an All-Ireland medal after keeping a clean sheet in Galway's 5-11 to 0-12 defeat of dublin in the final.

Skehill's final two seasons ended with All-Ireland semi-final defeats by eventual champions Kilkenny and Clare.

Intermediate

On 1 July 2015, Skehill made his first appearance for the Galway intermediate hurling team. He later won a Leinster Championship medal following Galway's 1-20 to 0-11 defeat of Wexford in the final. On 8 August 2015, Skehill won an All-Ireland medal after Galway's 0-23 to 0-14 defeat of Cork in the final.

Senior

Skehill made his first appearance for the Galway senior hurling team  in 2007 against Tipperary in the NHL. His second was in a 2-24 to 3-17 National Hurling League defeat of Clare on 10 February 2008. He later made his championship debut on 28 June 2008 in a 6-21 to 1-10 defeat of Antrim at Casement Park.

Over the next few seasons Skehill made several National League appearances, however, Colm Callanan was Galway's first-choice goalkeeper for the championship. On 2 May 2010, Skehill won a National League medal as a non-playing substitute following Galway's 2-22 to 1-17 defeat of Cork in the final.

On 8 July 2012, Skehill was in goal for Galway's first ever Leinster Championship title following a 2-21 to 2-11 defeat of Kilkenny in the final. He later lined out in goal for Galway's All-Ireland final meeting with Kilkenny on 9 September 2012. Galway led by 1-09 to 0-07 at half-time, however, it took a 73rd-minute free from Joe Canning to level the scores a 2-13 to 0-19. In Galway's final training session, Skehill dislocated his shoulder and was a doubt for the replay. Medics gave him a "20-80" chance of playing, however, Skehill was named on the starting team and lined out in goal on 30 September 2012. The injury affected his puck-outs, which were much shorter, while he also kicked a ball away from his own goalmouth instead of stooping to lift it. Skehill later admitted that even with a heavy dose of painkillers every puck-out "was like getting stabbed". He left the field in a distressed state at half-time, with Galway trailing by 1-11 to 2-04, and was replaced in goal by Fearghal Flannery.  Galway eventually lost the game by 3-22 to 3-11. Skehill ended the season by being nominated for an All-Star award.

After a winter of recuperation, Skehill returned to the Galway panel in May 2013. He returned as first-choice goalkeeper for the Leinster Championship but was replaced by Colm Callanan for the All-Ireland Championship.

On 11 March 2014, news broke of Skehill's shock departure from the Galway senior panel. Selector Damien Curley stated: "There is no real spin to put on it at all, James just told us after training on Friday night that he wanted to leave the panel. We spoke with him and tried to talk him round, but he was adamant he wanted to leave. He works in Cong and I think the long drive over and back to training might have something to do with it. Apart from that I don’t know why he might have decided to leave." Skehill later admitted that he had lost his "bite" for the game.

After a period of time in the United States, Skehill returned to the Galway senior panel for the 2015 season. On 6 September 2015, he was an unused substitute in Galway's 1-22 to 1-18 defeat by Kilkenny in the All-Ireland final.

On 23 April 2017, Skehill was sub-goalkeeper when Galway defeated Tipperary by 3-21 to 0-14 to win the National League. Later that season he won his second Leinster Championship medal as an unused substitute after Galway's 0-29 to 1-17 defeat of Wexford in the final. On 3 September 2017, Skehill was sub-goalkeeper for Galway when they won their first All-Ireland in 29 years after a 0-26 to 2-17 defeat of Waterford in the final.

On 8 July 2018, Skehill won a third Leinster Championship medal, his second on the field of play, following Galway's 1-28 to 3-15 defeat of Kilkenny in the final. On 19 August 2018, Skehill lined out in goal for Galway's 3-16 to 2-18 All-Ireland final defeat by Limerick. In the 58th minute he was replaced by Fearghal Flannery after injuring himself when he went to block a Cian Lynch shot at goal.

Skehill announced his retirement form inter-county hurling in January 2021.

Inter-provincial

Skehill has also been selected as goalkeeper for Connacht in the Inter-provincial Championship.

International

In 2007, Skehill was selected for the Ireland national hurling team. He was in goal for the 4-10 to 0-11 defeat by Scotland in the Shinty/Hurling International Series.

Career statistics

Honours

Limerick Institute of Technology
Fitzgibbon Cup (1): 2007

Cappataggle
Connacht Intermediate Club Hurling Championship (2): 2008, 2014
Galway Intermediate Hurling Championship (2): 2008, 2014

Galway
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 2017
Leinster Senior Hurling Championship (3): 2012, 2017, 2018
National Hurling League (2): 2010, 2017
All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship (1): 2015 (c)
All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 2007
All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2005

References

1988 births
Living people
Cappataggle hurlers
Galway inter-county hurlers
Connacht inter-provincial hurlers
Hurling goalkeepers
Ireland international hurlers


Sergei Valentinovich Stepanov (; born 3 February 1976) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Russian Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
FC Zvezda Irkutsk players
FC Moscow players
FC Naftan Novopolotsk players
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
FC Spartak Nizhny Novgorod players


The Baloch Republican Party (Urdu: بلوچ ریپبلکن پارٹی) is an organization  in Balochistan headed by Brahumdagh Khan Bugti. Balochistan is the largest Province of Pakistan by land area.

Creation of BRP
BRP is an organisation that was formed in 2008 by Mr Bugti in Quetta Balochistan. After the creation of BRP Pakistani Government Announced a list of Banned organizations on 24 October 2012 BRP was one of them. No 41 on the list.

References

External links
Exclusive Interview of Brahmdagh Bugti by Qurat ul ain Siddiqui

Organisations designated as terrorist by Pakistan
2008 establishments in Pakistan
Baloch nationalist organizations
Balochistan
Banned socialist parties
Banned secessionist parties
Nationalist parties in Pakistan
Political parties established in 2008
Political parties in Pakistan
Republicanism in Pakistan
Socialist parties in Pakistan


National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka (also called Dehiwala Zoo or Colombo Zoo) is a zoological garden in Dehiwala, Sri Lanka, founded in 1936. It is home to various birds, mammals, reptiles, fish and amphibians. The zoo not only exhibits animals from Sri Lanka, but also exhibits species from across Asian and other parts of the globe.

As of 2005, the zoo has 3,000 animals and 350 species. The annual revenue is LKR 40 million.

The Dehiwala Zoo exchanges its residents with other zoological gardens for breeding purposes. In June 2021, a lion named Thor which had been living in the zoo since 2012 reportedly tested positive for COVID-19.

History of dehiwala zoo
Sri Lanka has a history of collecting and keeping wild animals as pets by both Sri Lankan kings as well as by European colonisers. What is known today as the National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka was founded by John Hagenbeck in the late 1920s. During John Hagenbeck's ownership of the zoos the facility was used as a collection centre by his colleague Heinz Randow who collected numerous native and exotic species from across Asia, for Hagenbeck's zoo; Tierpark Hagenbeck. Randow collected numerous native species like; Tufted grey langur, Purple-faced langur, Toque macaque, Sloth bear,  Sri Lankan leopard, Asian water monitor, Axis deer and Sambar deer and other Asian species like; Asiatic black bear, Bengal tiger, Malayan tiger, Malayan Tapir, rhesus macaque, Bonnet macaque, a variety of pythons, fish and invertebrates.

Before World War I, the Dehiwala Zoo was also involved in Ethnographic Expositions (human zoo exhibits) and functioned as holding quarters for live human exhibits collected from around the region.

The zoo was closed at the beginning of World War II in 1939 because the company's owner was German. After the liquidation of Zoological Garden Company in 1936, the government acquired much of the collection and added it to the Dehiwala Zoo (Zoological Garden of Ceylon) collection. Although Dehiwala Zoo officially began operating in 1939, an impressive animal collection already existed as part of the Hagenback company's holding area where the public could visit.

Major Aubrey Neil Weinman, OBE was the first Director of the Dehiwala Zoo. During his tenure, various programs were developed, such as introducing more native and foreign species, launching educational and conservation programs, and improving the facilities and infrastructure. Aubrey Neil Weinman went on to help design the National Zoo of Malaysia.

After Major Aubrey Neil Weinman's retirement Lyn de Alwis, took over as the zoo Director. Lyn de Alwis played a key role in the development of the zoo. During his tenure the zoo was considered one of the best zoos in the world. This fame led him to be contracted to help design both the Singapore Zoo and Night Safari, Singapore. Lyn de Alwis was able to acquire several rare species for the zoo like; Western gorilla, clouded leopard, red panda, Kodiak bear, North China leopard, Chinese mountain cat, Oriental stork and Chinese giant salamander.

By 1969, half of the collection consisted of native species including virtually all of the mammals represented. In 1973, the zoo had 158 mammal species, 259 bird species, 56 reptile species and seven fish species. However, not much was reported on the size of zoo collection until the 1980s.

Zoo

Dehiwala Zoological Garden is one of the oldest zoological gardens in Asia. It has a substantial collection of worldwide animals, being open year-round and accessible via public transportation. The diversity of the zoo is shown its in aquarium, two walk-through aviaries, reptile house, butterfly garden and many enclosures of varying sizes.

The zoological garden has a small but picturesque butterfly garden which is decorated with small shrubs, trees, creepers and small streams. The internal temperature and humidity of the house is controlled by artificially created mist. The butterfly garden exhibits 30 species of butterflies in all stages of their life cycles for educational purposes.

Landscape

The zoo has dense tree coverage and well-landscaped gardens. To provide more natural habitats some lawns of the Zoo have been converted into small forest patches which are rich in rare plants. Valuable medicinal plants are prominent among the trees in these patches.

The zoo consists of shaded pathways with arched cemented bridges for crossing animal enclosures although other equally attractive alternatives exist.

Museum
The museum section displays animal remains such as skeletons, footprints, eggs, excrements and specimen as well as preserved mammals and birds.

Animal shows

Elephant performances

The elephant performances are held at the elephant arena. Pachyderms perform antics such as standing on their heads, wiggling their backs to music, hopping on one foot and standing up on their hind legs.

Educational programme on chimps

One of the main attractions of the Dehiwala Zoo is the baby chimpanzee Sanju. He was hand raised and now his show is conducted as an educational programme about the chimpanzee's behaviours.

Sea lion performances

The sea lions' performances are displayed daily at the sea lions' pool. Two California sea lions are fed by their keepers. Unfortunately, this sea lion was housed in a measly enclosure with a makeshift bathtub in which to swim when not performing.

Animals

The zoo consists of diverse indigenous species as well as foreign wildlife including mammals, reptiles, birds and fish, destined for a horrible and torturous time spent. Every year the zoo exchanges some of its animals with other zoos around the world to enlarge the diversity of its animals and introduce new species of animals as well.

Dehiwala Zoo always trying to expand its animal collection by introducing new species. In 2008, a three-month-old seal was brought to Sri Lanka from the Krefeld Zoo in Germany.

A green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) which was brought to Sri Lanka along with a male of her species, gave birth to 23 baby anacondas in the Dehiwala Zoo in 2008, and 20 of them survived. This was a very rare occasion of giving birth while in captivity, especially in a relatively unfamiliar territory.

The ongoing animal breeding program is helpful for increasing the population of some animal species in the zoo, and it also important for conservation of endangered species.

The zoo currently houses many different species of mammals including; Sri Lankan elephant,  lion, jaguar, tiger, Sloth bear, Brown bear, Rusty-spotted Cat, Sumatran orangutan, Common chimpanzee, Lar Gibbon, Hamadryas baboon, Ring-tailed lemur, Silvery lutung, Purple-faced Leaf Monkey, Chapman's Zebra, Przewalski's Horse, Eastern Black Rhinoceros, Reticulated Giraffe, Hippopotamus, Pygmy hippopotamus, Arabian Oryx, Scimitar-horned Oryx and Nilgai.

The zoo exhibits their birds in a variety of exhibits including 2 large walk-though aviaries small cages and open air unenclosed ponds. These exhibits house a large array of birds including; Spot-billed Pelican, White-bellied Sea Eagle, Emu, Ostrich, Southern Cassowary, Macaws, Owls, Great Argus, Scarlet Ibis, Victoria Crowned Pigeon, Mute Swan, Malabar Pied Hornbill, Sri Lankan Grey Hornbill, Violet turaco, Green turaco, Red-crested turaco and Southern hill myna.

Many of the zoo's reptiles are housed at the reptile house. the zoo has a large collection of crocodilians often not seen in Asian zoos. Some of the notable reptiles housed at the zoo are as follows; Green Anaconda, Indian Cobra, Russell's viper, Carpet Python, Cat snake,Krait, Dwarf crocodile, Saltwater crocodile, mugger crocodile, Cuban Crocodile, Gharial, False Gharial, Komodo Dragon, Malagasy ground boa, Galapagos Giant Tortoise, African Spurred Tortoise, Indian Star Tortoise (Sri Lankan) and Green Sea Turtle.

New additions to the zoo

The table contains the introduction of new animal species which have been imported by the zoo administration. Many of these species were obtained through exchange programmes with foreign zoos from across the globe, while others were outright purchases, made by the zoo.

Conservation success
The zoo breeds numerous endangered species from across the globe. They have been able to breed; Pygmy Hippos, Common Hippopotamus, Eastern Black Rhinoceros, Chapman's Zebra, Przewalski's Horses, Reticulated Giraffes, Arabian Oryx, Scimitar-horned Oryx, Lar gibbons, Sumatran Orangutans, Silvery lutung and Bengal tigers.

Facilities for visitors

Elephant rides, pony rides, restaurants, ice cream shop, and a souvenir shop are available facilities for the visitors.

Gallery

See also
 Pinnawala Elephant Orphanage
 Pinnawala Open Zoo
 Ridiyagama Safari Park

References

External links

 Sightseeing in Colombo

Zoos in Sri Lanka
Tourist attractions in Western Province, Sri Lanka
Zoos established in 1936
British colonial architecture in Sri Lanka
Buildings and structures in Colombo District


John T. Broderick Jr. (born 1947) is a former Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court. He served as Associate Justice of the court from 1995 to 2004 and as its Chief Justice from 2004 to 2010. Broderick holds a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law and a B.A. from the College of the Holy Cross. Broderick also served as Dean and President of the University of New Hampshire School of Law until May 2015. Since 2015, Broderick has been on a journey to end the stigma surrounding mental health in New Hampshire.

Organizations
Board of Directors, National Legal Services Corporation, 1993–present
President, New Hampshire Bar Association, 1990–1991
American College of Trial Lawyers Association

Professional History
Dean, University of New Hampshire School of Law, 2011 – 2014
Chief Justice, New Hampshire Supreme Court, 2004 – 2010
Associate Justice, New Hampshire Supreme Court, 1995 – 2004
Adjunct Professor, Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, 2000 - 2010
Broderick & Dean, Professional Association, 1989 – 1995 (Formerly Merrill & Broderick, Professional Association)
Devine, Millimet, Stahl & Branch, 1972 – 1989 (Chair Litigation Department)

Honors and Professional Recognition
Fellow, American College of Trial Lawyers, 1989 – present
Best Lawyers in America, 1987 – 1995
2014 Perkins Bass Fellow, Rockefeller Center, Dartmouth College
Fellow, American Bar Foundation
Lifetime Achievement Award, NH Business & Industry Association, 2010
Fellow, New Hampshire Bar Foundation (Board of Directors, 1985 – 1991)
Honorary Fellow, New Hampshire Bar Foundation, 2003
Recipient, 2002 Justice William A. Grimes Award for Judicial Professionalism, NH Bar Association, (June 2002 and 2010)
Recipient, L. Jonathan Ross Award for Outstanding Commitment to Legal Services for the Poor, NH Bar Association, February 2007
Member, American Law Institute, 2007 – present
Recipient, Institute for the Advancement of the American Legal System's Third Annual Transparent
Courthouse® Award (prior recipients were Justice Sandra Day O’Connor and Chief Justice Christine Durham, Supreme Court of Utah)
Distinguished Citizen of the Year, Daniel Webster Council, Boy Scouts of New Hampshire
2011 President's Award for Distinguished Public Service, presented by the N.H. Bar Association
2015 The Inaugural John Tobin Access to Justice Award, 2016
Governor's Commission on Disability Lifetime Achievement Award, 2016

References

External links
State of Judiciary Speech, March 25, 2009

1947 births
Chief Justices of the New Hampshire Supreme Court
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Living people
University of Virginia School of Law alumni


SS Lapland was a steam ocean liner built in Ireland for the Belgian Red Star Line, as Red Star's flagship, similar in appearance to the fellow liners SS Samland, SS Gothland and SS Poland, but far larger. She was a half sister to White Star Line's "Big Four." They were similar in many ways, such as the island bridge, 4 masts, 2 funnels. But Lapland had a less luxurious interior.

Her ownership passed to the International Navigation Company in 1914 and the UK Leyland Line in 1927. In the First World War she was converted into a troop ship. In 1933 she was sold to Japanese buyers who scrapped her in 1934.

Building
Harland and Wolff built Lapland in Belfast, launching her on 27 June 1908 and completing her on 27 March 1909. She was  long and had a beam of . She had twin screw propellers, each driven by a four-cylinder quadruple-expansion engine, and her service speed was .

Red Star years
On 10 April 1909 Lapland began her maiden voyage from Antwerp via Dover to New York City under the Belgian flag. Lapland was one of a fleet of Red Star liners that between them provided weekly sailings on the route.

In April 1912 White Star Line chartered Lapland to repatriate 172 surviving members of Titanics crew to the UK after they had been detained in the USA for investigations. She also carried 1,927 bags of mail that Titanic had been scheduled to carry. Lapland arrived in England on 28 April, 13 days after Titanic sank.

In 1914 she made her last voyage between Antwerp and New York, was transferred to the US-owned International Navigation Company and began sailing between Liverpool and New York.

First World War
On 29 October 1914 Lapland began the Liverpool – New York City crossings under the UK flag while under charter to Cunard Line. In April 1917 she struck a naval mine off the Mersey Bar Lightship, but managed to reach Liverpool. She sailed from Halifax to Liverpool on 29 September 1916 with Canadian troops of the 150th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. In June 1917 she was requisitioned and converted into a troop ship. Among her passengers in August 1917 were aviators of the 1st Aero Squadron, the first unit of the United States Army Air Service to reach France.

Post-war

On 24 November 1918 she began her first voyage after the Armistice when she sailed from Liverpool for New York for the White Star Line and on 1 August 1919 started her sixth and last round voyage on this service. On 16 September 1919 she was transferred to the Southampton – New York route under charter to White Star Line. She made three round voyages on this route, the last starting on 27 November 1919.

Lapland was refitted with passenger accommodation for 389 first, 448 second and 1,200 third class passengers and her tonnage was revised to . On 3 January 1920 she resumed service for Red Star Line but under the UK flag when she sailed from Antwerp via Southampton to New York. In 1927 she was transferred to Leyland Line and that April she was refitted to carry cabin, tourist and third class passengers. On 29 April 1932 she started her last voyage between Antwerp, Southampton, Le Havre and New York.

In 1932 and 1933 she was used on short cruises from London to the Mediterranean. Between June and September 1933 she carried 5,000 cruise passengers.

In October 1933 was sold to Japanese buyers for scrap. She was broken up in Osaka, starting on 29 January 1934.

References

Bibliography

External links

1908 ships
Maritime incidents in 1917
Ocean liners of the United Kingdom
Passenger ships of Belgium
Ships built in Belfast
Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Steamships of Belgium
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Troop ships of the United Kingdom
World War I passenger ships of the United Kingdom


The {{nihongo|Type L submarine'''|L型潜水艦|L-gata Sensuikan}} submarines were medium-sized submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), serving during the 1920s and World War II. The Type L submarines were built with Vickers naval technical guidance. All boats were built in the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries-Kobe Shipyard by the contract with Vickers.

Class variants
The Type L  submarines were divided into four classes:

Type L1 (Ro-51-class)

In 1916, the Mitsubishi Shipbuilding Corporation got the Vickers L class submarine informations. Mitsubishi which lost competition to the Kawasaki's Type F submarines (Fiat-Laurenti design, Ro-1 class and Ro-3 class), bought the license for the L class submarine from Vickers. The IJN hoped an improvement of submarine technologies will be achieved and ordered this submarine from Mitsubishi. Mitsubishi bought six submarine kits, and built two boats by semi-knock down. The submarine crews were satisfied with the Vickers diesels because they proved to be reliable. The IJN studied the diesel engines and made many variants of similar design, for example: Kampon Mk.24 diesel for the Ro-100 class.

Boats in class

Type L2 (Ro-53-class)

The Type L2 had minor changes from the Type L1. The changes were:
The ship's side torpedo tubes were removed.
Changed the batteries. (The L1 was equipped 3 groups, 336 small-sized batteries. The L2 was equipped 2 groups, 224 medium-sized batteries.)
Boats in class

Type L3 (Ro-57-class)

The Type L3 is a license production model of the British L class submarine Group 2.
Boats in class

Type L4 (Ro-60-class)

The Type L4 is a license production model of the British L class submarine Group 3. Their performance was good. The IJN was satisfied with them and stopped the development of Kaichū type submarines for a long time. Later the IJN was not able to regain the technical delay in development of the medium-sized submarines until the end of the Pacific War.
Boats in class
{| class="wikitable"
| width="7%" | Boat| width="5%" | Laid down| width="5%" | Launched| width="5%" | Completed| width="12%" | Results| width="15%" | Note, fate'''
|-
| ex-Submarine No. 59| 05-12-1921
| 20-12-1922
| 17-09-1923
|
| Renamed Ro-60 01-11-1924. Lost in an accident at Kwajalein 29-12-1941.
|-
| ex-Submarine No. 72
| 05-06-1922
| 19-05-1923
| 09-02-1924
| Damaged  30-08-1942
| Renamed Ro-61 01-11-1924. Sunk by  31-08-1942.
|-
| ex-Submarine No. 73
| 08-09-1922
| 29-09-1923
| 24-07-1924
|
| Renamed Ro-62 01-11-1924. Decommissioned 20-11-1945. Scuttled at Iyo-nada, May 1946.
|-
| ex-Submarine No. 84
| 02-04-1923
| 24-01-1924
| 20-12-1924
|
| Renamed Ro-63 01-11-1924. Decommissioned 20-11-1945. Scuttled at Iyo-nada, May 1946.
|-
| ex-Submarine No. 79
| 15-10-1923
| 19-08-1924
| 30-04-1925
|
| Renamed Ro-64 01-11-1924. Sunk by naval mine at Hiroshima Bay 12-04-1945.
|-
|
| 15-11-1924
| 19-09-1925
| 30-06-1926
|
| Lost in an accident at Kiska 04-11-1942.
|-
|
| 01-12-1925
| 25-10-1926
| 28-07-1927
|
| Collided with Ro-62 and sunk southwest of Wake Island 17-12-1941.
|-
|
| 05-03-1925
| 18-03-1926
| 15-12-1926
|
| Decommissioned 20-07-1945. Scuttled off Sasebo, July 1948.
|-
|
| 06-02-1924
| 23-02-1925
| 29-10-1925
|
| Decommissioned 30-11-1945. Scuttled off Maizuru, 30-04-1946.
|-
|}

Characteristics

Bibliography
, History of Pacific War Extra, "Perfect guide, The submarines of the Imperial Japanese Forces", Gakken (Japan), March 2005,
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.43 Japanese Submarines III, Ushio Shobō (Japan), September 1980, Book code 68343-44
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.132 Japanese Submarines I "Revised edition", Ushio Shobō (Japan), February 1988, Book code 68344-36
The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.133 Japanese Submarines II "Revised edition", Ushio Shobō (Japan), March 1988, Book code 68344-37

References

L type submarine, Japan

Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy


Luskin is a Jewish surname of Russian origin.  It is a
habitational name for a person from Luski, a village now in Belarus.
Notable people with the surname include:

 Casey Luskin, American attorney and author who promotes intelligent design
 Donald Luskin (born 1954), Chief Investment Officer for Trend Macrolytics, LLC
 Eugene Luskin, CEO and founder of Lagotek
 Harvey Molotch (born Harvey Luskin), American sociologist
 Robert Luskin (born 1950), attorney and partner in the law firm of Paul Hastings LLP

Luskin's was a home appliance store in the Baltimore area founded by Jack Luskin.


Kipushi Mine (formerly Prince Léopold Mine) is an underground mine in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, near the town of Kipushi in Haut-Katanga Province.

Copper mining has occurred at Kipushi since prehistory. Based on radiocarbon dating, one study concluded there was mining activity at Kipushi in the 9th century. Production increased significantly in the 14th century, but it is unclear who was exploiting the mine at this time. Due to the unique geology of Kipushi, copper produced at the mine is chemically distinct from copper sourced from the surrounding areas of the copperbelt.

This was an active producing mine between 1925 and 1993, as of 2006 there was an estimated 16.9 million tons of ore in the measured and indicated categories, with a grade averaging of 16.7% zinc and 2.2% copper.

Since 2011, the Kipushi Mine is now majority owned by Ivanplats. A feasibility study was conducted in 2022, which found 11.78 million tonnes of Zinc at an ore grade of 35.34%. In September 2022, construction started to re-open the mine, with production planned to start in late 2024.

References

Copper mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lead mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Zinc mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mining in Haut-Katanga Province
Underground mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1925 establishments in the Belgian Congo
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1925


Bleach Green (also known as Bleach Green Halt) is a former station operated by Northern Ireland Railways in the village of Whiteabbey, County Antrim, Northern Ireland.

The station sat near the viaducts at the junction of the Belfast-Larne railway line and Belfast-Derry railway line, but only had platforms on the Larne Line tracks. It closed to passengers in 1977 when NIR services were cut back. Today, owing to later development work and track relaying, little trace of the station remains aside from space in the trackside vegetation where the platforms once were.

References

Disused railway stations in County Antrim
Railway stations opened in 1925
Railway stations closed in 1977
Railway stations in Northern Ireland opened in the 1920s
Railway stations in Northern Ireland closed in 1977


Scotland rugby team can refer to the following -

 Scotland national rugby union team
 Scotland national women's rugby union team
 Scotland national rugby sevens team
 Scotland A national rugby union team
 Scotland national rugby league team
 Scotland A national rugby league team


Igor Anatolyevich Surin (; born 19 November 1974) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League during 1996 for FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod.

External links

1974 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod players
Russian Premier League players
Men's association football defenders
FC Cherepovets players
FC Tver players