Dutch Bros Inc. is a publicly held drive-through coffee chain in the United States. Founded by Dane and Travis Boersma, it is headquartered in Grants Pass, Oregon, with company-owned and franchise locations primarily located in the western United States although the company has expanded as far east as Morristown, Tennessee.

History

Early history

Dutch Bros was founded on February 12, 1992, by Dane and Travis Boersma, brothers of Dutch descent, in Grants Pass, Oregon. Their family's third-generation dairy farm had been struggling due to changes in environmental regulations, and the brothers were looking to start a new business. Travis Boersma suggested a coffee cart where they could sell espresso. Dane Boersma was able to help finance the idea with money he had set aside while running a Dairy Queen franchise. They spent an initial $12,000 on an espresso machine and a single pushcart, which they set up in downtown Grants Pass. The name Dutch Bros was chosen in honor of their immigrant grandparents.

They soon added four more carts, and by 1994 had established their first drive-through location. In 1996, the company began roasting its own coffee, sourcing beans from El Salvador, Colombia, and Brazil.

Expansion

In 1994,  Dane and Travis Boersma struck a deal with a customer, Marty McKenna, which allowed him to open his own Dutch Bros in Medford, about 30 miles away from Grants Pass. McKenna's first stand performed so well that he soon opened up a second one across town. In 1997, the Boersmas brought McKenna on as partner, hoping he would continue to expand the Medford operations. Two years later, they bought out McKenna's stake in the company.

In 1999, Dutch Bros started formally franchising. The company opened its 50th franchised drive-thru location in 2004. That same year, shortly after moving into a new headquarters in Grants Pass, a nearby dumpster fire spread to the building, destroying Dutch Bros roasting equipment, five vehicles, and thousands of pounds of coffee beans. Following this incident, the company continued to expand, and by the end of 2004, operated 61 coffee shops spanning from Northern California to Oregon's Willamette Valley.

By 2009, Dutch Bros was running approximately 135 coffee stands in seven states and generating $50 million in gross annual revenue. Dane Boersma died in 2009 from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In 2013, Travis Boersma was featured on the American version of the television show Undercover Boss. Revenues continued to grow into the mid-2010s. The company earned $238 million in systemwide sales in 2015, $350 million in 2016, and $415.3 million in 2017, by which point there were over 283 Dutch Bros locations.

In January 2017, Dutch Bros purchased a vacant shopping center in downtown Grants Pass where their original push cart was located. The company converted 20,000 square feet of the shopping center's interior into futsal courts for local youth soccer teams and workout space for its employees. In March of that same year, the company bought the Washington Federal bank building across the street from the shopping center, with the intention to move its headquarters and 150 employees into the bank building the following fall.

Capital increase and IPO

In October 2018, Dutch Bros received an undisclosed amount from private equity firm TSG Consumer Partners for a minority stake in the company and announced plans to expand to 800 stores over the next five years.

Dutch Bros reported revenues of $238 million in 2019, $327.4 million in 2020, and $228 million over the first six months of 2021, heading into the company formally filing for its IPO in August 2021. The company stated in its filing that it hoped to raise $100 million, which it would use toward paying down $192 million in long-term debt. Dutch Bros held its IPO and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol "BROS" on September 15, 2021. The IPO raised $484 million, selling about 21 million shares for $23 each. Travis Boersma retained about 74 percent of shareholder voting power after the listing, due to his ownership of Class B stock.

Business model

Dutch Bros operates as a chain. The vast majority of its stores are drive-thru stands. Each store sells hot and cold drinks, including non-coffee options, and a selection of baked goods.

The company started franchising in 1999. In 2008, Dutch Bros transitioned to an internal franchising model that required potential franchisees to have worked for the company for a minimum of three years. This resulted in a 97 percent continuity rate among franchises; between 2010 and 2015, only three percent of all Dutch Bros franchise locations closed. In 2017, Dutch Bros stopped franchising and started opening only company-owned stores. As of June 2021, 264 Dutch Bros stores were being run by franchisees and another 207 were fully company-owned. The company has a history of buying out franchisees who fall short of the company's customer service standards.

Operations

Dutch Bros is headquartered in Grants Pass, Oregon. It is majority-owned by Travis Boersma, who holds the title of executive chairman, and Joth Ricci is its president and CEO. The company operates approximately 500 stores across 12 states and employs about 16,500 people. In September 2021, Dutch Bros became a publicly traded company, selling 21 million shares for a total of $484 million.

Charity

Through "Drink One for Dane", Dutch Bros. Coffee donates to the Muscular Dystrophy Association.

See also

References

External links

Coffeehouses and cafés in the United States
Food and drink companies based in Oregon
Companies based in Grants Pass, Oregon
American companies established in 1992
Restaurants established in 1992
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
1992 establishments in Oregon
2021 initial public offerings


Gerald Michael Cushing Fitzgerald, s.P. (October 29, 1894 in Framingham, Massachusetts – June 28, 1969) was an American Catholic priest known for founding the Congregation of the Servants of the Paraclete, which operates centers for priests dealing with challenges such as alcoholism, substance abuse and sexual misconduct.

He began his ministry as a priest in the Archdiocese of Boston and later became a member of the Congregation of Holy Cross. In 2009 his papers were unsealed. He had asked American bishops and the Vatican in the 1950s and 1960s to not reassign priests who sexually assaulted parishioners. He said that they were effectively untreatable and at risk of committing additional sex crimes and tarnishing the church's reputation. Fitzgerald argued so forcefully for the defrocking (i.e. forced dismissal from the priesthood) of sexually abusive priests that it has been argued that the Catholic hierarchy would have been made aware of the dangers of allowing such priests to return to parish work where they would have contact with minors.

Early life and career

Fitzgerald was born in Framingham, Massachusetts to Michael Edward and Mary Elizabeth Brassil Fitzgerald; he was the second of eight sons. Upon graduation from Weymouth High School, he matriculated to Boston College. In 1916, Fitzgerald entered St. John's Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts and on May 21, 1921 was ordained for the Archdiocese of Boston in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross. He began his ministry as a parish priest in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston where he served for 12 years.

In November 1933, Fitzgerald entered the Congregation of Holy Cross. After one year at St. Joseph's novitiate, St. Genevieve, in the Province of Quebec, Canada, he made his first profession of vows on December 8, 1934. In 1936, Fitzgerald was appointed the superior of the seminary for the college-age members of the Congregation. While with the Holy Cross Congregation, Fr. Gerald wrote "Juxta Crucem" the life of Father Basil Moreau, C.S.C., the founder of Holy Cross Congregation.

Retreat center for troubled priests
While a member of the Congregation of Holy Cross, Father Gerald Fitzgerald developed a vision of a religious community whose mission would be to serve the needs of priests and members of other religious orders who were struggling with issues such as celibacy, alcohol and substance abuse problems. Fitzgerald recounted that he was inspired by an experience in which a destitute transient came to his door seeking assistance. Fitzgerald gave him assistance and was deeply moved when the transient said, as he was leaving, "I used to be a priest." Fitzgerald reported that he was stricken by the fact that the man had given up his vocation and that nothing had been done to rehabilitate him.

When Fitzgerald put out a request for a sponsor who would provide a location for him to situate his new religious order,
Archbishop Edwin V. Byrne of Santa Fe was the only person who responded. Fitzgerald accepted and moved quickly, buying  in the Jemez. He founded The Congregation of the Servants of the Paraclete in Jemez Springs, New Mexico in 1947.

This new congregation opened a retreat center for troubled priests at Jemez Springs and eventually grew to operate as many as 23 such centers around the world. Later, a halfway house was set up in Albuquerque's South Valley, and other centers were established in St. Louis and in Gloucestershire, England.

Fitzgerald's therapeutic approach was focused on spiritual healing based on his conviction that intense prayer could bring about the changes needed in the priest's behavior. In dealing with alcoholism, for example, he opposed Alcoholics Anonymous.

Treatment of sexually abusive priests
Although Fitzgerald started the Servants of the Paraclete to assist priests who were struggling with alcohol and substance abuse problems, he soon began receiving priests who had sexually abused minors. Initially, Fitzgerald attempted to treat such priests using the same spiritual methods that he used with his other "guests". By 1948, Fitzgerald had set a policy whereby he refused to take priests who were sexually attracted to young people. In a letter sent to a priest in 1948 Fitzgerald said "It is now a fixed policy of our house to refuse problem cases that involve abnormalities of sex." The policy was changed, probably at the insistence of bishops, because Fr. Gerald's letters reveal that he had indeed offered help to several priests with such sexual problems in the years between 1948 and his death in 1969. In 1957, Fitzgerald wrote of the Paracletes' intent to stop taking sexual abusers: "Experience has taught us these men are too dangerous to the children of the parish and neighborhood for us to be justified in receiving them here."

Despite his reluctant acceptance of at least some sexually abusive priests to his treatment program, Fitzgerald became increasingly convinced that such priests could not be cured, could not be trusted to maintain celibacy, and should be laicized even against their will. Therefore, he was vehemently opposed to the return of sexual abusers to their former duties as parish priests. Although some bishops followed Fitzgerald's recommendations by not assigning sexually abusive priests to parish duties, other bishops ignored Fitzgerald's advice. In general, it appears that bishops relied upon the advice of medical and psychological experts who asserted that treatment and return to ministry were feasible for sexually abusive priests.

Warnings to the Church hierarchy
Over the next two decades, Fitzgerald wrote to bishops in the United States and Vatican officials, including the pope, stating that most of the priesthood's sexual abusers could not be cured and should be laicized immediately.

In a 1952 letter to Bishop Robert Dwyer of Reno, Fitzgerald wrote:

I myself would be inclined to favor laicization for any priest, upon objective evidence, for tampering with the virtue of the young, my argument being, from this point onward the charity to the Mystical Body should take precedence over charity to the individual, [...] Moreover, in practice, real conversions will be found to be extremely rare [...] Hence, leaving them on duty or wandering from diocese to diocese is contributing to scandal or at least to the approximate danger of scandal.

In a letter written in 1957 to Archbishop Byrne, his ecclesiastical sponsor and co-founder of the Paracletes, Fitzgerald suggested that child abusers be assigned to a life of prayer on an island away from society.

In April 1962, Fitzgerald prepared a report at the request of the Congregation of the Holy Office discussing sexual abuse of minors, among other issues. His five-page document responded to the query concerning "the tremendous problem presented by the priest who through lack of priestly self-discipline has become a problem to Mother Church." One of his recommendations was for "a more distinct teaching in the last years of the seminary of the heavy penalty involved in tampering with the innocence (or even non-innocence) of little ones." Regarding priests who have "fallen into repeated sins ... and most especially the abuse of children, we feel strongly that such unfortunate priests should be given the alternative of a retired life within the protection of monastery walls or complete laicization."

In August 1963, he met with newly elected Pope Paul VI about his work and problems he perceived in the priesthood. His follow-up letter read: "Personally I am not sanguine of the return of priests to active duty who have been addicted to abnormal practices, especially sins with the young. However, the needs of the church must be taken into consideration and an activation of priests who have seemingly recovered in this field may be considered but is only recommended where careful guidance and supervision is possible. Where there is indication of incorrigibility, because of the tremendous scandal given, I would most earnestly recommend total laicization."

Fitzgerald's papers were unsealed by a judge in New Mexico in 2007 and were authenticated in depositions with Fitzgerald's successors, said Helen Zukin, a lawyer with Kiesel, Boucher & Larson, a firm in Los Angeles.

Assessment

Msgr. Stephen J. Rossetti, president and CEO of St. Luke Institute, a facility that treats problem priests, believes Fitzgerald was ignored because he was, "A lone voice speaking out of an emotional reaction to the abuse, not from scientifically sound information." Dominican Father Thomas Doyle, on the other hand, long a critic of the church's handling of the crisis, said Fitzgerald was ignored because the bishops preferred not to confront the problem.

According to Rossetti, from 1985 through 2008 a total of 365 priests went through treatment for child sex abuse at the facility, and 22 of them, or 6 percent, relapsed.

Father Doyle said the documents show the bishops were put on notice "five decades ago that this is a very serious problem." He said the only reason they acted in 2002 "is because they were forced to take action because of public outrage — of the media and the courts. If those things had not come into play, nothing would have happened."

Plan for an island retreat

Fitzgerald developed a vision for a retreat on a remote island in the Caribbean in which sexually predatory priests would be sequestered for the remainder of their lives. His motives were a desire to save the church from scandal and to save laypeople from being victimized. In 1957, Fitzgerald mentioned this idea in a letter to Archbishop Byrne, his ecclesiastical sponsor and co-founder of the Paracletes. In 1965 Fitzgerald put a $5,000 deposit on an island in Barbados that had a total purchase price of $50,000. However, Byrne having died in 1963, Fitzgerald found that Byrne's successor, James Peter Davis was opposed to the project. Fitzgerald was forced to sell the island and abandon his vision for isolating priest sex offenders.

Death and burial
Fitzgerald died of congestive heart failure on June 28, 1969 while serving as a traveling retreat master. He is buried in Resurrection Cemetery of the Servants of the Paraclete in Jemez Springs, New Mexico.

See also
 Catholic sex abuse cases
 Cardinal Bernard Francis Law
 De delictis gravioribus
 Congregation of Holy Cross#Notable members
 Pederasty
 Pontifical secret
 Cardinal Roger Mahony
 Sex Crimes and the Vatican (Panorama documentary)
 Roman Catholic sex abuse cases by country
 Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests
 Virtus (program)

References

Sources
Early Alarm for Church on Abusers in the Clergy
Letters to the Roman Catholic Hierarchy from Fr. Fitzgerald
a letter sent from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith by its prefect, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, to Bishops of the entire Catholic Church

1894 births
1969 deaths
People from Framingham, Massachusetts
People from Jemez Springs, New Mexico
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in the United States
Religious leaders from Massachusetts
Religious leaders from New Mexico
Catholics from Massachusetts
Catholics from New Mexico
Congregation of Holy Cross
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests


Mudaliar, also spelled as Mudaliyar, Muthaliyar, Mudali, and Moodley, is a surname used by the Tamil people. It is derived from the honorary title Mudali meaning a person of first rank in the Tamil language, which was bestowed upon top-ranking bureaucratic officials, philanthropists, educationists, physicians, politicians and army officers in medieval south India.

The following is a list of people that have used Mudaliar surname.

Historical personalities

Poets
Andaka Kaviviraraghava Mudaliar: A poet of the 16th century

Chieftains and ministers
Vallal Sadaiyappa Mudaliar: 12th Century velir: Lived Puducherry: and Thiruvenainallur: in Tamil Nadu. Patron of Tamil Poet Kambar: who created Kamba Ramayanam.
Ottakoothar: 12th century court poet and minister of Cholas under Vikrama Chola, Kulothunga Chola II, Raja Raja Chola II reign. He is known as Kavichakravarthy.
Ariyanatha Mudaliar: Vellala Dalavoy of the Vijayanagar viceroy Viswanatha Nayaka.
Veerabaahu: commander-in-chief of Lord Kartikeya's army.
Chandramathi Mudaliar: was a 17th-century Tamil chieftain and ruler of south Kongu Nadu (Erode region) who fought many battles against the Telugu Madurai Nayak. Erode Fort was built by him.

Modern personalities

Social leaders, activists
S. P. Ayyaswamy Mudaliar,  His house Gandhi Peak in Royapettah, Chennai hosted many INC meetings and Netaji.
C. Jambulingam Mudaliar, Indian politician and freedom-fighter who served as a civil court judge and member of the Madras Legislative Council
Muthuranga Mudaliar, Freedom-fighter from Nasarath pettai near Poonamallee in Thiruvallur District. He participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942
Sarojini Varadappan, Social worker in women welfare and empowerment, awarded Padma Shri 1971 and Padma Bhushan in 2009.
M.B. Nirmal, Social worker in consumer advocacy, afforestation programmes, and rehabilitation of convicts among others.

Tamil literature
Irattaipulavar (Mudhusooriyar, Ilam sooriyar) 14th century poetical-duo (one blind and one lame) who authored Ekambaranathar ula.
Kangeyar, a 14th-century poet who wrote "Urichol Nigandu".

Padikasu Pulavar Tamil poet of 17th century known for his work 'Thondaimandala Sadhakam'.Vethagiri Mudaliar: Tamil scholar, published Tirukkural with commentaries for the first time.
Bharathidhasan (1891-1964) (born as Kanaga. SubbuRathinam Mudaliar) known as Paavendhar, Puratchi Kavignar ,  Tamil poet, politician, social activist and teacher.
A. Singaravelu Mudaliar:Compiled a Tamil encyclopedia entitled Apitana Cintamani.
Makaral Karthikeya Mudaliar: Tamil scholar
Pa. Subramania Mudaliar: Tamil scholar
Mahavidwan Vasudeva Mudaliar: Tamil scholar
Thandavarayar Mudaliyar, Tamil enthusiast, translated panchatantra from maratha language
T. K. Chidambaranatha Mudaliar: A scholar and author of .
Tamilanban (b.1933): Tamil Poet and writer.

Philanthropists
Rao Bahadur M. Jambulingam Mudaliar, Philanthropist from Cuddalore who was donator of 620 acres land to Neyveli lignite corporation.
Nachimuthu Mudaliar, a philanthropist from Chennimalai. He was the founder of Chentex weavers co-operative society in which thousands of weavers benefited and he was a Padma Shree awardee. He was former president of Senguntha Mahajana Sangam.
K. A. Shanmuga Mudaliar: ex MLA and Chairman of Tirupattur. Founder of Government Thirumagal Mill's College
Pachaiyappa Mudaliar, Philanthropist after whom the Pachaiyappa's College, Pachiyappa's Trust Board, Chennai was named.
V. L. Ethiraj, Renowned Barrister and Philanthropist who donated his life savings and founded the Ethiraj College for Women.
Raja Sir Ramaswamy Mudaliar: Philanthropist who endowed a hospital and dispensary in the Native infirmary and was a leader of Indian National Congress
Arcot Narrainsawmy Mudaliar, Philanthropist who founded the R.B.A.N.M.'s Educational Charities and R.B.A.N.M.'s Chattram and other Charities.

Politics

C. Natesa Mudaliar: One of the founders of Justice Party
P. T. Rajan, Former Chief Minister of Madras Presidency and Former President of Justice Party
C. N. Annadurai, Fourth and last Chief Minister of Madras State and the First Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Founder of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
M. Bhaktavatsalam, 4th Chief Minister of Madras State
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, Former Acting Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Former General Secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam & the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Indian lawyer, politician and statesman
K. Anbazhagan, Former Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu, Former General Secretary of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar, Indian politician, ex  opposition leader Legislative Assembly.
C. Gopal Mudaliyar former MLA and MP.
M. R. Kandasamy Mudaliar first MLA of Veerapandi
A. Mariappan Mudaliar: freedom Fighter and former MLA
C. S. Ratnasabhapathy Mudaliar, Father of Modern Coimbatore
S. Muthiah Mudaliar, Minister of Education (1928–1830).
C. Muttukumarasami Mudaliyar, Indian politician and hereditary zamindar of Chunampet. Member of the Madras Legislative Council 1904-7
R. N. Arogyasamy Mudaliar: an Indian civil engineer and politician who served as the Minister of Development in the Madras Presidency from 1926 to 1928
A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar: Former MLA of Sholinghur constituency, INC
 C. Ramaswamy Mudaliar (1905–1997), Indian politician from Indian National Congress. Member of Lok Sabha for Kumbakonam from 1951 to 1957.
S. J. Ramaswamy Mudali: textile merchant and Former MLA of Arakkonam and Sholinghur constituency.
A. Ranganatha Mudaliar: Indian politician and theosophist from Bellary, first Commissioner of the Thirumala-Tirupathi devasthanam board from 1935 to 1939.
S. C. Sadayappa Mudaliar: textile merchant, freedom fighter and Former Arakkonam MLA.
S. V. Natesa Mudaliar: Former INC MLA from Kanchipuram, Famous for defeating former chief minister C.N Annadurai.
P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan, 9th Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and Former Minister for Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments, Government of Tamil Nadu
A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar: Tamil Nadu politician
C. P. Subbiah Mudaliar: freedom fighter and former MLA of Coimbatore.
Muniswamy Mudaliar: Fiji Indian politician
O. V. Alagesa Mudaliar: freedom fighter and Tamil Nadu politician, India's Ambassador to Ethiopia from 1968 to 1971.
Palanivel Thiagarajan, Minister for Finance and Human Resources Management, Government of Tamil Nadu

Civil service and judiciary
T. V. Rajeswar IPS: former Intelligence Bureau chief and a Governor of 4 states.

S. Muthiah Mudaliar, High Court lawyer and politician, Justice party
 Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Mayor of Madras (1928–30), Vice Chancellor of University of Kerala (1951–61), leader of the Justice Party politician, member of Winston Churchill's war cabinet, first President of ECOSOC and Founder of WHO, founding Chairman of ICICI Bank, Diwan of Mysore; awarded Padma Vibushan
Kanakaraya Mudali, Chief dubash and a broker for the French East India Company
Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar, Indian lawyer, politician and Indian independence activist.
Sivasankar Natarajan, Former Judge of the Supreme Court of India.
Shanmughasundaram Mohan, Former Judge of the Supreme Court of India and Former Chief Justice of the Madras High Court & Karnataka High Court, Former Acting Governor of Karnataka.
R Sudhakar, Former Chief Justice of the Manipur High Court and President of the National Company Law Tribunal.
T. S. Sivagnanam, Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court.

Sports
Mangalam Chinnaswamy Mudaliar, Founder Karnataka Cricket Association, President BCCI, M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore is named after him.
C. D. Gopinath, Former Indian Test cricketer.

Arts and cinema
T. R. Sundaram Mudaliyar Yesteryears Film producer and Founder of Modern Theatres Ltd. Hailed from Pullikkarar Gothram.
A. Jagannathan, Yesteryears Tamil film director
P. S. Veerappa, Yesteryears Tamil film producer and actor.
Papanasa Mudaliar, Carnatic music composer
Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar, playwright and director of Tamil drama
R. Nataraja Mudaliar, pioneer in the production of silent films
Alarmel Valli, Classical dancer, teacher and choreographer, exponent of the Pandanallur style, of the classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, awarded Padma Shri in 1991 and Padma Bhushan in 2004.
Meenakshi Chitharanjan, Classical dancer, teacher and choreographer, exponent of the Pandanallur style of the classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, awarded Padma Shri in 2008.
K.S.Ravi Kumar, Tamil film director
R.K.Selvamani, Tamil film director
Anandaraj, Tamil actor
Lokesh Kanagaraj, Tamil film director

Educationists, Doctors, scientists and academicians
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar, first Indian Principal of the Madras Medical College and longest-serving Vice Chancellor of the University of Madras; Chairman of UNESCO;First chairman IIT MADRAS, awarded Padma Vibhushan for Medicine, 1963.
 Guruswami Mudaliar, first Indian to be appointed Professor of Therapeutics at the Madras Medical College, first Dean of Madras Medical college
 A.Shanmukha Mudaliar Professor of Samskrit, Head of Department of Samskrit - Pachiyappa’s College, Chennai. Co-Founder - Kuppuswamy Sastri Research Institute. Mylapore.
N. D. Sundaravadivelu, Former Vice Chancellor, University of Madras
C. Tadulinga Mudaliar, Indian botanist, Former Mayor of Madras
Munirathna Anandakrishnan, Former Vice-Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai and Former Chairman, IIT Kanpur, awarded Padma Shri in 2002.
Mylswamy Annadurai, Scientist, known as Moon Man of India, awarded Padma Shri in 2016.
V. M. Muralidharan, Chairman of the Ethiraj College for Women
Aswath Damodaran, Professor of Finance at the Stern School of Business, New York University
S. Kameswaran, ENT surgeon, awarded Padma Shri in 1990.
Thanikachalam Sadagopan, Cardiologist, awarded Padma Shri in 2009.
Sivapatham Vittal, Surgical endocrinologist, considered by many as the Father of Surgical Endocrinology in India, awarded Padma Shri in 2011.
Mohan Kameswaran, Otorhinolaryngologist, awarded Padma Shri in 2006.

Miscellaneous
 Varadarajan Mudaliar, Bombay based don known as Vardha Bhai; the Tamil movie Nayakan was based on his life story
 Raja Mudaliar, richest trader in Malacca during the early 16th century

References

Tamil society
Lists of people by surname


Little Stretton (otherwise Stretton Parva) is a small village and civil parish in the Harborough district of Leicestershire, England. The population is included in the civil parish of Burton Overy.

Within the parish, to the west of Little Stretton village, lies a deserted medieval village called Stretton Magna (or Great Stretton).

Gartree Road, a Roman Road, runs through the parish, adjacent to both Little and Great Stretton, and is the reason for those settlements' names (see: Stretton).

In 1919, the village gained a certain notoriety as the location of the Green Bicycle Case, the killing of Bella Wright.

Parish Church

The church of Little Stretton is the Chapel of Ease, St Clement, Stretton Parva (in the parish of St John the Baptist, King's Norton, Leicestershire)

Rectors, Vicars and Patrons
1220 William de Kibworth
1234 Robert de Diwurne
1238 William Ordiz
1261 Simon de Slybur
1287 Roger de Barneburg
1391 Richard Dollesdon
1534 Thomas Burg
1560 Thomas Tookie
1671 James Rosse
1714 William Wallis
1726 Francis Miles
1733 Thomas Milward
1737 John Vann
1749 William Ludlam
1783 Thomas Rogers
1788 Richard Walker
1826 Thomas Charles Ord
1844 Hugh Palliser de Costobadie
1887 Caleb Eacott
1911 Hubert Woodall Brown
1938 Walter Ricon Davis
1948 John Sydney Lewis David
1951 Frank Allen Cox
1956 Edward Hudspith
1963 Derek Henry Kingham
1973 Albert Edward Kemp
1983 Roger Wakeley
1988 Ashley Frederick Bruce Cheeseman
2010 John Morley
2012 Vacant

See also
Stretton Hall, Leicestershire

References

External links

 Village history
 Census 2001 Parish Profile from Leicestershire County Council
 Detailed history of Little Stretton (originally part of Kings Norton parish)
 Ordnance Survey mapping of Little Stretton
 Photographs of the OS grid square for Little Stretton from Geograph
 Search for designated historic sites and buildings in Little Stretton
 Account of the Green Bicycle murder at Little Stretton 5 July 1919

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Harborough District


Barton River may mean the following rivers:

 Barton River, in Vermont, United States
Barton River, in Western Australia, Australia


Fali comprises two languages spoken in northern Cameroon. Included in Greenberg's Adamawa languages (as group G11), it was excluded from that family by Boyd (1989). Roger Blench suspects it may represent one of the earlier lineages to have branched off the Atlantic–Congo stock.

Varieties
According to Ethnologue 16, the two branches of Fali are "different," but it is not clear how distinct they are. Blench apparently treats them as half a dozen languages in two branches. South Fali has 20,000 speakers, with several dialects. North Fali, with 16,000 speakers, also has several dialects; North Fali speakers were "rapidly" shifting to Adamawa Fulfulde by 1982.

North Fali
 Dourbeye (Fali-Dourbeye)
 Bossum (Fali-Bossum)
 Bvəri (Fali du Peske-Bori)
South Fali
 Kaang (Fali Kangou)
 Bele (Fali-Bele)
 Fali-Tinguélin

The Nimbari language used to be spoken in the southern Fali area, but Nimbari people now speak Fali Kangou.

See also
List of Proto-Fali reconstructions (Wiktionary)

References

Further reading
Roger Blench, 2004. List of Adamawa languages (ms)
Sweetman, Gary. 1981. A comparative study of Fali dialects. Yaoundé: SIL.

Atlantic–Congo languages
Languages of Cameroon


Cedric Scott Hunter (born March 10, 1988) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and Philadelphia Phillies.

Career

San Diego Padres
Hunter was selected by the San Diego Padres in the third round (93rd overall) of the 2006 Major League Baseball Draft. As of 2009, scout.com ranked Hunter as the top prospect for the San Diego Padres.  Following the 2010 season, he was added to the Padres' 40-man roster to protect him from the Rule 5 draft. On March 28, 2011, he made the 25-man opening day roster for the Padres.

During Opening Day on March 31, 2011, Hunter scored his first run as a Padre when playing against the St. Louis Cardinals, scoring from second base off a Nick Hundley single in the top of the 11th inning.

St. Louis Cardinals
On October 25, 2011, he was claimed off waivers by the Oakland Athletics. On April 4, 2012, the St. Louis Cardinals acquired Hunter from the Athletics for future considerations and assigned him to their AAA team.

Cleveland Indians
On November 20, 2012, Hunter signed a minor league deal with the Cleveland Indians that included an invitation to spring training.

Atlanta Braves
Hunter signed a minor league deal with the Atlanta Braves in February 2014. He elected free agency on November 7, 2015.

Philadelphia Phillies
Hunter signed a minor league deal and was invited to spring training with the Philadelphia Phillies on January 4, 2016. Following injuries to multiple outfielders and an impressive spring training, Hunter made the Opening Day roster, projected to earn regular playing time in the outfield.

On April 25, 2016, Hunter was outrighted off the 40-man roster. After the 2016 season concluded, Hunter was a free agent. However, on November 23, Hunter was suspended for 50 games after testing positive for amphetamine.

Cincinnati Reds
On April 5, 2017, Hunter signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds. He was released on June 26, 2017.

Kansas City T-Bones
On July 21, 2017, Hunter signed with the Kansas City T-Bones of the American Association.

Bravos de León
On March 11, 2018, Hunter signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He was released on December 24, 2019.

Awards
 2008 Baseball America High Class-A All-Star
 2008 California League postseason All-Star
 2008 California League midseason All-Star
 2006 Baseball America Rookie All-Star
 2006 Arizona League postseason All-Star
 2006 Arizona League Most Valuable Player

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Akron Aeros players
Arizona League Padres players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Bravos de León players
Columbus Clippers players
Eugene Emeralds players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Gwinnett Braves players
Kansas City T-Bones players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball outfielders
Mississippi Braves players
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
Peoria Saguaros players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Portland Beavers players
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres players
Tucson Padres players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


Fredericus Jacobus Rutten (; born 5 December 1962) is a Dutch football coach and former player. As a player, he spent his entire career with Twente during the years 1979 to 1992. Following his playing career, Rutten also managed Twente, before moving on to clubs like Schalke 04, PSV Eindhoven, SBV Vitesse, Feyenoord, Al Shabab, Maccabi Haifa and more recently Anderlecht.

Coaching career
Rutten has managed Twente (assistant manager, manager and technical director) and PSV Eindhoven (youth coach and assistant manager). In the summer of 2008, he took over as head coach of Bundesliga club Schalke 04. On 26 March 2009, Rutten was sacked as Schalke manager.

On 17 April 2009, Rutten signed a contract as the new manager of PSV Eindhoven, for the season 2009–10. During the 2009–10 competition Rutten's side remained undefeated for 39 consecutive games. On 12 March 2012 Rutten was sacked as PSV manager following losses to Twente (2–6) and NAC (3–1) in the Eredivisie and to Valencia (4–2) in the Europa League.

The following season Rutten served as head coach of SBV Vitesse where John van den Brom had been head coach before moving to Belgian side R.S.C. Anderlecht. Rutten left Vitesse after the 2012-13 Eredivisie season, finishing in 4th place. On 3 March 2014, Feyenoord released a statement confirming they had hired Rutten as their new head coach for the 2014-15 Eredivisie season. On 2 March 2015, Feyenoord announced that Rutten had decided not to extend his one-year contract, meaning he would leave the club at the end of the season.

Feyenoord reached the knockout stage of the Europa League for the first time since 2004 with Rutten as head coach. On 17 May 2015, Feyenoord fired Rutten as head coach effective immediately after a 3-0 loss against PEC Zwolle, causing Feyenoord to finish 4th in the Eredivisie and missing out on directly qualifying for the Europa League.

Rutten then had brief spells in the Middle East at Al Shabab and Maccabi Haifa. On 6 January 2019 he became head coach of R.S.C. Anderlecht. However, on 16 April he was already fired after only 13 matches.

On May 20, 2022, PSV confirmed that Rutten would return for the 2022-23 season as an assistant under head coach Ruud van Nistelrooy.

Honours

Manager
Club
 KNVB Cup: 2001

Individual
 Rinus Michels Award: 2008

Managerial statistics

References

External links

Fred Rutten at Goal.com

1962 births
Living people
People from Wijchen
Footballers from Gelderland
Dutch football managers
Men's association football defenders
Dutch men's footballers
Netherlands men's international footballers
Eredivisie players
FC Twente players
Eredivisie managers
FC Twente managers
FC Schalke 04 managers
PSV Eindhoven managers
Bundesliga managers
SBV Vitesse managers
Feyenoord managers
Dutch expatriate football managers
Rinus Michels Award winners
FC Twente non-playing staff
UAE Pro League managers
Israeli Premier League managers
Expatriate football managers in Germany
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in Israel
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates


The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is a United States federal agency responsible for safeguarding national security through the military application of nuclear science. NNSA maintains and enhances the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile; works to reduce the global danger from weapons of mass destruction; provides the United States Navy with safe and effective nuclear propulsion; and responds to nuclear and radiological emergencies in the United States and abroad.

Established by the United States Congress in 2000, NNSA is a semiautonomous agency within the United States Department of Energy. The current Administrator is Jill Hruby.

History
The National Nuclear Security Administration was created by Congressional action in 1999, in the wake of the Wen Ho Lee spy scandal and other allegations that lax administration by the Department of Energy had resulted in the loss of U.S. nuclear secrets to China. Originally proposed to be an independent agency, it was instead chartered as a semiautonomous agency within the Department of Energy to be headed by an administrator reporting to the Secretary of Energy. The first Under Secretary for Nuclear Security and NNSA administrator appointed was Air Force General (and CIA Deputy Director) John A. Gordon.

The agency created the Global Threat Reduction Initiative in 2004 to expand efforts similar to the Cooperative Threat Reduction program beyond the former Soviet Union.

2005 cyberattack and response
In 2006, Energy Department officials testified that a hacker stole information on more than 1,000 NNSA employees. An inspector general's report criticized the Department's response as dysfunctional. The NNSA Administrator took responsibility.

Mission and operations

NNSA has the following missions with regard to national security:

 To manage the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile.
 To reduce global danger from weapons of mass destruction and to promote international nuclear safety and nonproliferation.
 To provide the United States Navy with safe, militarily effective nuclear propulsion plants and to ensure the safe and reliable operation of those plants.

Defense programs
One of NNSA's primary missions is to maintain the safety, security and effectiveness of the United States' nuclear weapons stockpile. After the Cold War, the U.S. stopped production of new nuclear warheads and voluntarily ended underground nuclear testing. NNSA maintains the existing nuclear deterrent through the use of science experiments, engineering audits and high-tech simulations at its three national laboratories: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratories. NNSA assets used to maintain and ensure the effectiveness of the American nuclear weapons stockpile include the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility and the Z Machine. NNSA also uses powerful supercomputers to run simulations and validate experimental data; these computers often appear on the Top500 list.

National Ignition Facility
Another important asset used to test the stockpile is the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at LLNL, a laser-based inertial confinement fusion research device. NIF achieved the first scientific breakeven controlled fusion experiment on December 5, 2022, with an energy gain factor of 1.5.

Office of Secure Transportation
The Office of Secure Transportation, operated by the Office of Defense Programs, provides safe and secure transportation of nuclear weapons and components and special nuclear materials, and conducts other missions supporting national security. OST shipments are moved in specially designed equipment and escorted by armed and specially trained federal agents.

Nonproliferation
NNSA's Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation in conjunction with international partners, federal agencies, U.S. national laboratories, and the private sector works around the clock to discover, protect, and or dispose of radiological and nuclear materials.

The office strives to:
 Extract, dispose, and reduce the materials used in the proliferation of nuclear arms
 Protect technology, materials, and the facilities used to store such materials and technology
 Track the spread of nuclear materials, expertise, and the technological knowledge associated with the creation of nuclear weapons
 Conduct research and development for solutions to mitigate the spread of nuclear materials, and the application of protective measures
 Develop policy solutions and develop programs to reduce nuclear and radiological dangers.

Removals

NNSA has successfully led the recovery efforts of nuclear materials from dozens of countries. The Department of Energy/NNSA has removed or confirmed the disposition of 507 MT of highly enriched uranium and plutonium from 48 countries.

For example, in 2017, it removed all the highly enriched uranium from Ghana and repatriated it to China. The Ghanaian reactor now uses low-enriched uranium.

Counterterrorism and counterproliferation
NNSA's Office of Counterterrorism and Counterproliferation focuses on:
 Radiological search – searching for radiological materials as well as identifying them.
 Rendering safe – comprehensive evaluation of radioactive materials and or nuclear device if such a device is found, to ensure safety.
 Consequence management – analysis of the spread of radioactive materials if such an incident were to occur.

The office oversees the capabilities of the Nuclear Emergency Support Team.

NNSA deploys response teams around 100 times each year, primarily to check for radioactive materials. The missions are driven by safety concerns with regard to reports, support to other agencies, and large public events such as presidential inaugurations and the Super Bowl.

NNSA provides expertise, tools and technically informed policy recommendations to advance U.S. nuclear counterterrorism and counterproliferation objectives. It is responsible for understanding nuclear threat devices and foreign activities that cause proliferation concerns. To accomplish these goals, members of the counterproliferation office confer with their international counterparts on nuclear security and counterterrorism; conduct scientific research to characterize, detect and defeat nuclear threat devices; develop and conduct WMD counterterrorism exercises; and promote nuclear information security policy and practices.

Naval Reactors
NNSA's Nuclear Propulsion Program – working with Naval Nuclear Laboratories – is responsible for providing efficient nuclear propulsion plants to the United States Navy. It is also known as Naval Reactors. It conducts the design, development and operational support required to power all the U.S. Navy's aircraft carriers and nuclear submarines. The program consists of both civilian and military personnel who maintain, design, build, and manage the reactors.

The following are the elements of the program:
 Research and development to support currently operational laboratories
 Skilled contractors who design and build propulsion plant equipment
 Shipyards that service, repair and build nuclear powered ships
 Facilities to support the U.S. Navy
 Training facilities for Naval Reactors and Nuclear Power schools
 Various field offices and the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program Headquarters

Mission support offices

NNSA has several offices that support its primary missions. Among them are:

Emergency operations
NNSA's Office of Emergency Operations has the obligation of responding to emergencies on behalf of the entire Department of Energy. Its high level of alertness allows the United States to respond to incidents in a rapid manner.

Defense Nuclear Security
NNSA's Office of Defense Nuclear Security is responsible for the overall security of facilities housing nuclear weapons as well as the components and materials required to develop them—this includes Federal Protective Forces at NNSA's labs, plants, and sites. The office also safeguards personnel and produces threat assessments.

NNSA-owned facilities
 Kansas City National Security Campus
 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
 Los Alamos National Laboratory
 Nevada National Security Site
 Pantex Plant
 Sandia National Laboratories
 Y-12 National Security Complex

Facilities not directly operated by the NNSA
 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
 Savannah River Site

References

Further reading

 "U.S.-China mission rushes bomb-grade nuclear fuel out of Africa" by Richard Stone, Science, August 31, 2017
 "Exclusive: Inside U.S. Mission to Secure Weapons-Grade Nuclear Material: Chile is 18th Country to be Cleared of Highly Enriched Uranium" by Cynthia McFadden, Melia Patria and Teri Whitcraft, ABC News Nightline, April 8, 2010 "Video: Nightline Cameras Watch Teams Safeguard Nuclear Materials in Chile"

External links

 National Nuclear Security Administration in the Federal Register

Government agencies established in 2000
Nuclear safety and security
Nuclear weapons infrastructure of the United States
United States Department of Energy agencies


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Dawson County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Dawson County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

Listings county-wide

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See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Dawson


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Custer County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Custer County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Custer


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Mineral County, Montana.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Mineral County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 18 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Mineral


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Granite County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Granite County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 12 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Granite


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Powell County, Montana.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Powell County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 20 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Powell


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Valley County, Montana. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Valley County, Montana, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 13 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Listings county-wide

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

References

Valley


The Offspring is an American punk rock band formed in 1984 and currently consisting of Dexter Holland (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Noodles (lead guitar, backing vocals), Todd Morse (bass, backing vocals) and Brandon Pertzborn (drums).

The band has released ten studio albums: The Offspring (1989), Ignition (1992), Smash (1994), Ixnay on the Hombre (1997), Americana (1998), Conspiracy of One (2000), Splinter (2003), Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace (2008), Days Go By (2012), and Let the Bad Times Roll (2021). The last six albums were released by Columbia Records in the US, while the first three were released by Nemesis Records and Epitaph Records respectively. One of the most commercially successful punk rock bands, The Offspring has sold over 40 million albums worldwide.

3D Awards
The International 3D Awards is the largest and most respected set of awards for the 3D, computer graphics industry worldwide. The annual 3D Awards ceremony is held during the 3D Festival events in Copenhagen, Denmark. The Offspring has won one award.

|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2004 || "Hit That" || Music Video Visual Effects ||
|-
|}

California Music Awards
The California Music Awards or CAMA is an annual awards ceremony held in California. The Offspring has won two awards.

|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2004 || Splinter || Outstanding Alternative Album ||
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2009 || Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace || Outstanding Alternative Album ||
|-
|}

Juno Awards
The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. The Offspring has received one nomination.

|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2000 || Americana || Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic) ||
|-
|}

Kerrang! Awards
The Kerrang! Awards is an annual awards ceremony held by Kerrang!, a British rock magazine. The Offspring has won two awards from three nominations.

|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 1999 || Pretty Fly (For a White Guy) || Best Video||
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2002 || The Offspring || Classic Songwriter ||
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2004 || | "Hit That" || Best Video ||
|-
|}

MTV Europe Music Awards
The MTV Europe Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1994 by MTV Europe. The Offspring has won one award from three nominations.

|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| 1999 || The Offspring || Best Group ||
|-
| The Offspring || Best Rock Artist ||
|-
| Americana || Best Album ||
|-
|}

MTV Video Music Awards
The MTV Video Music Awards were established in 1984 by MTV to celebrate the top music videos of the year. The Offspring has received two nominations.

|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 1999 ||rowspan="2" align="center"| "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)" || Best Rock Video ||
|-
| International Viewer's Choice — MTV Russia ||
|-
|}

Loudwire Music Awards
Loudwire is an online magazine that covers hard rock and heavy metal music, Offspring has received 1 nomination

|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2014 || "Dividing By Zero / Slim Pickens Does The Right Thing And Rides The Bomb To Hell" || Best Rock Video ||
|-
|}

OC Music Awards
The OC Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 2000 and held in Orange County (California). The Offspring has won 9 awards from 14 nominations.

|-
|rowspan="6" align="center"| 2001 || Conspiracy of One || Best Album ||
|-
| "Original Prankster" || Best Song ||
|-
| The Offspring || Best Alternative ||
|-
| The Offspring || Best Punk ||
|-
| The Offspring || Best World ||
|-
| The Offspring || Best Live Band ||
|-
|rowspan="3" align="center"| 2004 || Splinter || Best Album ||
|-
| "Hit That" || Best Song ||
|-
| The Offspring || Best Alternative ||
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 2009 || Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace || Best Album ||
|-
| "Hammerhead" || Best Song ||
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 2013 || The Offspring || Best Punk ||
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| 2014 || The Offspring || Impact Award ||
|-
|rowspan="2" align="center"| || Best Alternative ||
|-
|}

The Billboard Music Awards

The Billboard Music Award is an honor given by Billboard, a publication and music popularity chartcovering the music business. The Billboard Music Awards show had been held annually since 1989 in December until it went dormant in 2006. The awards returned in 2011 and is held annually in May.

|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 1999 || "The Offspring" || Modern Rock Artist of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"| 1997 || "Gone Away" || Modern Rock Tracks ||
|-
|}

References

Awards
Lists of awards received by American musician
Lists of awards received by musical group


In mathematics, the Fibonomial coefficients or Fibonacci-binomial coefficients are defined as

where n and k are non-negative integers, 0 ≤ k ≤ n, Fj is the j-th Fibonacci number and n!F is the nth Fibonorial, i.e.

where 0!F, being the empty product, evaluates to 1.

Special values
The Fibonomial coefficients are all integers. Some special values are:

Fibonomial triangle
The Fibonomial coefficients  are similar to binomial coefficients and can be displayed in a triangle similar to Pascal's triangle. The first eight rows are shown below.

The recurrence relation

implies that the Fibonomial coefficients are always integers.

The fibonomial coefficients can be expressed in terms of the Gaussian binomial coefficients and the golden ratio :

Applications

Dov Jarden proved that the Fibonomials appear as coefficients of an equation involving powers of consecutive Fibonacci numbers, namely Jarden proved that given any generalized Fibonacci sequence , that is, a sequence that satisfies  for every  then

for every integer , and every nonnegative integer .

References

 Ewa Krot, An introduction to finite fibonomial calculus, Institute of Computer Science, Bia lystok University, Poland.

 Dov Jarden, Recurring Sequences (second edition 1966), pages 30–33.

Fibonacci numbers
Factorial and binomial topics
Triangles of numbers


Lancisi's sign is a clinical sign in which a large venous wave, or Giant V wave, is visible in the jugular vein in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. It is caused by blood flowing backwards into the jugular vein through the incompetent tricuspid valve during ventricular systole.

The sign is named after Giovanni Maria Lancisi.

See also
 Jugular venous pressure

References

Medical signs
Cardiology


Siempre Contigo (English: Always with You) is 22nd studio album recorded by Mexican performer José José, It was released by RCA Ariola in late 1986 (see 1986 in music). It was produced by Spanish producer and guitarist Paco Cepero. This album became the third number-one set on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums by the artist and at the Grammy Awards of 1988 was nominated for Best Latin Pop Performance, losing to Un hombre solo by Julio Iglesias.

Track listing

Credits and personnel
Paco Cepero – Producer
Miguel Ángel Varona – Arranger

Chart performance

References

1986 albums
José José albums
RCA Records albums
Ariola Records albums
Spanish-language albums


The Bak languages are a group of typologically Atlantic languages of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau linked in 2010 to the erstwhile Atlantic isolate Bijago. Bak languages are non-tonal.

Name
David Dalby coined the term Bak from the bVk- prefix found in the personal plural forms of demonstratives in the Bak languages. The -k- is not found in other Atlantic languages.

Languages

Classification of Bijago
Bijago is highly divergent. Sapir (1971) classified it as an isolate within West Atlantic. However, Segerer (2010) showed that this is primarily due to unrecognized sound changes, and that Bijago is in fact close to the Bak languages. For example, the following cognates in Bijago and Joola Kasa (one of the Jola languages) are completely regular, but had not previously been identified:

Segerer reconstructs the ancestral forms as *bu-gof and *di-gɛs, respectively, with the following developments:

 *bu-gof
 > *bu-kof > *bu-kow > fu-kow
 > *bu-ŋof > *bu-ŋo > (u-)bu
 *di-gɛs
 > *di-kis > *di-kil > ji-cil
 > *ne-ŋɛs > *ne-ŋɛ > nɛ

Comparative vocabulary
Comparison of basic vocabulary words of the Bak languages:

References

Atlantic languages


Tudor is a subdivision of Mombasa, Kenya.

Geography
The area is located to the north of Mombasa Island, bordered by Jomo Kenyatta Avenue to the south-west and Tudor Creek to the north-east.

Technical University of Mombasa.[Formerly known as Mombasa Polytechnic]
Tudor is the location of Technical University of Mombasa, a higher education facility offering subjects in engineering, business and sciences.
The institution is offering certificate,  diploma,  degree and PhD levels although mostly in the School of Business

References

Populated places in Coast Province
Mombasa