Samo (Sane, San, Sa), also known as Mande Samo, is a dialect cluster of Niger-Congo languages spoken in Burkina Faso and Mali.

Varieties
Intelligibility between Samo varieties is low. The following have been coded as separate languages:

Matya Samo, spoken in Kossi Province, Sourou Province (Nouna and Solenzo areas) and Mali
Maya Samo, spoken in Sourou Province, Yatenga Province, and Zondoma Province
Southern/Maka Samo, spoken in Nayala Province (Nouna and Solenzo areas); Sourou Province; Sanguie Province; Passore Province

Demographics
Samo dialect populations and locations:

List of Samo villages organised by department and dialect:

Sample vocabulary
Sample basic vocabulary of Samo dialects:

Writing System

Notes and references

Works cited

Mande languages
Languages of Burkina Faso


Silt'e is a zone in the Central Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. This zone is named for the Silt'e people, whose homeland lies in this zone. Like other nationalities in Ethiopia, the Silt'e people have their own language, Silt'e. Silt'e is bordered on the south by Alaba special woreda, on the southwest by Hadiya, on the north by Gurage, and on the east by the Oromia Region.

Following a referendum held between 18 and 26 April 2001, the Silt'e unanimously voted to form their own Zone, Silt'e. Later more woredas from Gurage and Hadya zones and Alaba special woreda were added.

Hayder

Demographics
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Siltʼe Zone has a total population of 750,398, of whom 364,108 are men and 386,290 women; 78,525 or 6.28% are urban inhabitants. The largest ethnic group reported in Silt'e was the Silt'e people (97.35%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.65% of the population. Silt'e is spoken as a first language by 96.95% of the population, and 1.54% speak Amharic; the remaining 1.51% speak all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim, with 97.6% of the population reporting that belief, while 2.03% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

Woredas
Woredas of Silt'e Zone are:

 Alicho Werero
 Dalocha
 Lanfro
 Mirab Azernet Berbere
 Misraq Azernet Berbere
 Sankurra
 Silte
 Hulbareg
•  Mito

•  Misraq Silti

•Worabe

•Tora

•Alam Gebaya

•Delocha

•Kibet

References

Central Ethiopia Regional State
Zones of Ethiopia
Zones in Central Ethiopia Regional State


Kim Joon (born Kim Hyung-joon on February 3, 1984 in Gwacheon, Gyeonggi, South Korea) is a South Korean rapper and actor who rose to stardom with his portrayal of one of the famous F4 members in the 2009 hit drama Boys Over Flowers.

Career
Kim Joon made his entertainment debut with the boyband T-Max in 2007, as a rapper and a songwriter for the group. In 2009, Kim became popular after playing the role of F4 member "Song Woo-bin" in the hit Korean drama Boys Over Flowers. Together with his band, their song entitled "Paradise" was featured in the first edition of the Boys Over Flowers soundtrack. Other songs of T-Max that were featured in the subsequent editions of the Boys Over Flowers soundtrack were "Say Yes," "Wish You're My Love", "Fight The Bad Feeling," and "Bang Bang Boom".

As a solo artist, Kim also had a single in the soundtrack titled "To Empty Out," which featured Kim Jo-han. He also released another song he had written himself, "Jun Be O.K.," and Kim Hyun-joong made a cameo appearance in the music video of the song.

From April 2009 to December 2010, Kim was a cast member of Invincible Baseball Team, a variety-reality show that aired during Saturday Challenges; he was chosen as MVP for several weeks. In June 2009, he took part in another reality show Mnet Scandal, where a celebrity dates a non-celebrity for a week. In July 2009, he made his stage debut in the musical Youthful March (젊음의 행진), along with his T-Max co-member Park Yun-hwa. Kim tested positive for H1N1 in November 2009 and had to cancel a fan meeting event in the Philippines.

In March 2010, Kim starred in mobile drama alongside Nao Minamisawa titled Pygmalion's Love, a Korea-Japanese co-production that aired on Japanese mobile TV station BeeTV. In May 2010, T-Max returned to performing with "Don't Be Rude", the first single for their studio album Born to the Max (new members Park Han-bi and Joo Chan-yang replaced Park Yun-hwa after the latter's departure for mandatory military service). The second single was "Words That I Can Say", and Kim appeared alongside actors Oh Ji-ho and Yoon So-yi in the music video.

In March 2011, he starred in the police procedural Detectives in Trouble where he played a detective who specialized in cyber-investigations, but has trouble dealing with real-life cases because of his fear of corpses. He also began studying for a master's degree in Global Culture Content at the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. A representative from his agency Planet05 commented, "Kim Joon has taken an interest in spreading Korean culture after he was able to meet with various international fans and after being named as an honorary ambassador of Global Tourism Etiquette. He wants to study the production of Hallyu culture content and its spread on a deeper level." On May 16, 2011, the T-Max members appeared on the game show 1 vs. 100 to raise funds for the establishment of an "invincible baseball" team; Kim advanced to the final 2, but did not win.

Personal life

Military enlistment
Kim enlisted for his mandatory military service on September 29, 2011 for four weeks of basic training, followed by duty as a conscripted policeman. He was discharged on June 28, 2013.

Marriage
In June 2018 it was reported Kim has been married for three years to a non-celebrity and was a father of a child. Kim had got married in 2015 to his then girlfriend whom he has been dating for nine years even before he debuted in the entertainment industry.

Filmography

Television

Film

Discography

Albums
2007 Tmax Blooming (Single)
2007 Tmax Lion Heart (Single)
2008 Tmax Run To You (Single)
2009 Tmax Motto Paradise (Single)
2009 Tmax Single Collection (EP)
2009 Tmax Love Parade (Single)
2010 Tmax Born to the Max (regular)

Soundtrack
2009 Boys Over Flowers OST 1&2
Paradise(Opening Theme)
Say Yes!
Wish Ur My Love
Fight the Bad Feeling
2009 F4 Special Edition
Bang Bang Boom
Empty Bet (Kim Joon feat. Jo-han)
Fight the Bad Feeling(Club Version)
Fight the Bad Feeling(Ballad Version)
Fight the Bad Feeling(Dance Version)
2009 Anycall HAPTIC MISSION
Talk in Love (Kim Joon feat. Son Dam-bi)
Mission No.4 (Son Dam-bi feat. Kim Joon & Kim Hyun-joong)
Rolling Callin Darling (Son Dam-bi feat. Kim Joon & Kim Hyun-joong)
2010 Master of Study OST
For Once
2011 Detectives in Trouble OST
Believe
Joy&Pain feat. DJ DOC
At the end of the world

Magazine
Lacoste
G-Star
W Magazine
Sure Magazine
Brokore Japan Magazine
Teen Girl Philippines Magazine
Ceci Magazine
Midnight Blues in Style Magazine
Play Magazine
Pygmalion's Love Magazine

Awards
2010 Presidential Award for Content Award
2010 Invincible Baseball Player Award
2010 Ambassador for Tourism Award
2009 Andre Kim Awards Male Star Award
2009 Hallyu Stars Award with T-max

Education

 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, College of Natural Science, Biochemistry Major
 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Cyber Program, Japanese Major
 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Global Culture Contents Major (starting March 2011)

References

External links

1985 births
K-pop singers
Living people
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male idols
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies alumni
21st-century South Korean  male singers


Ken Stewart is a politician from British Columbia, Canada. Stewart won the riding of Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows in the 2001 British Columbia general election.

Stewart ran unsuccessfully as the BC Liberal candidate for MLA in the constituency of Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows in 1996, but again contested and won the seat during the BC Liberal sweep of 2001.  In 2005 he was defeated by the NDP's Michael Sather, and in 2009 he faced Sather again in a bit to retake the district.

References

BC United MLAs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Canadian politicians


Hans F. Bauer (1932 in Hollywood, California – 6 February 2009 in Costa Mesa, California) was an American research chemist. He was married and had 4 children.

Career
Bauer received a B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1954 from the University of California, Los Angeles.  He served in the United States Navy for 2 years after receiving his undergraduate degree (1954–1956).  He was discharged with the rank of Lieutenant (j.g.), and then returned to UCLA to work on a Ph.D. degree in Chemistry, which he received in 1960.

Bauer worked for several large chemical and research companies in the USA, including Occidental Petroleum, and the United States Department of Energy.

Honors and awards
Bauer held several US patents, including:
4087514 ( 2 May 1978) - Process for desulfurizing char
4155715 (22 May 1979) - Process for reducing organic content of char
4301137 (17 Nov 1981) - Removal of chlorine from pyrolysis vapors
5164054 (17 Nov 1992) - Low-cost process for hydrogen production
5198084 (30 Mar 1993) - Low-cost process for hydrogen production

The latter 2 patents described methods for producing molecular hydrogen from a mixture of hydrocarbon vapor and a source of carbon, in which the mixture is agitated by electromagnetic radiation.

References

20th-century American chemists
People from Hollywood, Los Angeles
1932 births
2009 deaths
University of California, Los Angeles alumni


Tannum Sands State High School (TSSHS or often Tannum High) is a public high school located in Tannum Sands, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. Each grade has an average of about 213 students. It is the first and only secondary school established in the Tannum Sands area. The school receives approximately 95% of the students living in the Tannum Sands catchment area for Year 7 each year.

History
Tannum Sands State High School opened in 1998 with 287 Grade 8 and 9 students. Their first seniors graduated in 2001.

Principals and deputy principals

The following principals and deputy principals have led the school since it was opened:

Ray Johnston; 1998–2016
Kevin Giles; unspecified–2009
John Adie; unspecified–2011
Rohan Brooks; unspecified–2013
Heather Moller; 2009–current
Katrina Baylden; 2011–unspecified
Tarah Vardy; unspecified–current
Patrica Vicary; 2017–current

Academics

Curriculum
Five mandatory subjects (English, Mathematics, Studies of Society and the Environment, Science and Physical Education) make up the majority of the curriculum until the students choose senior subjects for the duration of their senior schooling (grade 11–12).

The junior students are required to complete five weeks of each elective subject in their first year before they are able to choose their own subjects, which are studied for a further four semesters.

The subjects available for junior students are as follows:

English (mandatory)
Maths (mandatory)
Studies of Society and the Environment (mandatory)
Science (mandatory)
Physical Education (mandatory)
Japanese
Drama (elective)
Drama Extension (elective)
Music (elective)
Music Extension (elective)
Art (elective)
Hospitality (elective)
Textiles (elective)
Business and Technology/ICT (elective)
Manual Arts: Woodwork/Metalwork (elective)

After the four semesters of a student's elective study, English and Maths become the only mandatory subjects, and are able to choose a further four subjects to count towards their Overall Positioning (OP) score and take them to the end of Grade 12.

The subjects available to senior students are as follows:

Senior English or English Communications
Maths A or Maths B or Maths C
Sport
Physics
Biology
Chemistry
Music
Art
Drama
Geography
History
Marine Biology
Hospitality
Textiles
Business and Technology/ICT
Graphics
Manual Arts: Woodwork
Manual Arts: Metalwork

Recent academic achievements
Tannum Sands State High School has a consistent percentage of students graduating in the OP1 to OP5 range each year, with the long-term average sitting at approximately 15%. In 2010, three students received an OP1, with a further five scoring an OP2.

In 2008, Tannum High had three National Sports Champions, and five students represented Queensland in their respective sports. 71 students also tried out for Capricornia at the Port Curtis District Selection, and 41 qualified to represent the Port Curtis region at the Capricornia Regional level. Two students competed in the Olympic Selection Trials that year.

Extracurricular and co-curricular activities

Indigenous education

Tannum Sands State High School is a member of the Australia-wide "Dare to Lead" project, aimed at improving educational outcomes for indigenous students. The school's Indigenous Support Team works on building relationships to engage indigenous community members, tertiary institutions and all school personnel, as well as partnering with Indigenous Role Models and mentors to support students in achieving their goals.

Sport

A range of sporting activities are offered by Tannum High, including skateboarding, dance, ultimate disk, yoga, fishing, soccer, touch football, cricket, basketball, netball, volleyball, bocce and seven-a-side league. Swimming, Athletics, Cross-Country and Beach carnivals are also conducted annually.

The school also competes in interschool team competitions after school against other schools in Gladstone, in sports such as rugby league, netball, volleyball, touch football, soccer and hockey. Students also have the opportunity to nominate for Port Curtis trials in a range of sports.

Extracurricular activities
A range of extracurricular activities is offered. There are varying numbers from year to year depending on staff and student interest.

Instrumental Music (Band and String Orchestra)
Interschool Sport e.g. rugby league, soccer and netball
Optiminds
Student Council Committees
Sport Carnivals
National Competitions e.g. Australian Mathematics Competition
Door knocks and other fundraisers for charity
Port Curtis and Capricornia Region sport trials
Chaplain's Bike-a-Thon ride to Rockhampton
Lunchtime tutoring
Camps and excursions
NAIDOC week
Debating and public speaking
Christian Support Group ("YCATS")
Tour de Chaplain 100 km charity bike ride
School Prayer Group
Human Powered Vehicle (HPV) race in Maryborough

References

Public high schools in Queensland
Schools in Central Queensland
Educational institutions established in 1998
1998 establishments in Australia


Fitness approximation aims to approximate the objective or fitness functions in evolutionary optimization by building up machine learning models based on data collected from numerical simulations or physical experiments. The machine learning models for fitness approximation are also known as meta-models or surrogates, and evolutionary optimization based on approximated fitness evaluations are also known as surrogate-assisted evolutionary approximation. Fitness approximation in evolutionary optimization can be seen as a sub-area of data-driven evolutionary optimization.

Approximate models in function optimization

Motivation
In many real-world optimization problems including engineering problems, the number of fitness function evaluations needed to obtain a good solution dominates the optimization cost. In order to obtain efficient optimization algorithms, it is crucial to use prior information gained during the optimization process. Conceptually, a natural approach to utilizing the known prior information is building a model of the fitness function to assist in the selection of candidate solutions for evaluation. A variety of techniques for constructing such a model, often also referred to as surrogates, metamodels or approximation models – for  computationally expensive optimization problems have been considered.

Approaches
Common approaches to constructing approximate models based on learning and interpolation from known fitness values of a small population include:
Low-degree polynomials and regression models
Fourier surrogate modeling
Artificial neural networks including
Multilayer perceptrons
Radial basis function networks
Support vector machines
Due to the limited number of training samples and high dimensionality encountered in engineering design optimization, constructing a globally valid approximate model remains difficult. As a result, evolutionary algorithms using such approximate fitness functions may converge to local optima. Therefore, it can be beneficial to selectively use the original fitness function together with the approximate model.

Adaptive fuzzy fitness granulation

Adaptive fuzzy fitness granulation (AFFG) is a proposed solution to constructing an approximate model of the fitness function in place of traditional computationally expensive large-scale problem analysis like (L-SPA) in the Finite element method or iterative fitting of a Bayesian network structure.

In adaptive fuzzy fitness granulation, an adaptive pool of solutions, represented by fuzzy granules, with an exactly computed fitness function result is maintained. If a new individual is sufficiently similar to an existing known fuzzy granule, then that granule's fitness is used instead as an estimate. Otherwise, that individual is added to the pool as a new fuzzy granule. The pool size as well as each granule's radius of influence is adaptive and will grow/shrink depending on the utility of each granule and the overall population fitness. To encourage fewer function evaluations, each granule's radius of influence is initially large and is gradually shrunk in latter stages of evolution. This encourages more exact fitness evaluations when competition is fierce among more similar and converging solutions. Furthermore, to prevent the pool from growing too large, granules that are not used are gradually eliminated.

Additionally, AFFG mirrors two features of human cognition: (a) granularity (b) similarity analysis. This granulation-based fitness approximation scheme is applied to solve various engineering optimization problems including detecting hidden information from a watermarked signal in addition to several structural optimization problems.

See also
A complete list of references on Fitness Approximation in Evolutionary Computation, by Yaochu Jin.
The cyber shack of Adaptive Fuzzy Fitness Granulation (AFFG)  That is designed to accelerate the convergence rate of EAs.

References

Evolutionary algorithms
Genetic algorithms

ca:Funció d'aptitud (algorisme genètic)
de:Fitnessfunktion
nl:Fitnessfunctie
ja:適応度関数


ʿAbdullāh Al-ʿAydarūs ( also spelled in romanized as Al-Aidrus, Al-Aidroos, Al-Aydarus, Al-Edrus or Al-Idrus) is the name of several people of Hadhrami heritage:

ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbd al-Rahman as-Saqqāf Al-Aydarus, scholar and father of Abu Bakr al-Aydarus, the founder of the al-ʿAydarūs branch of the Bā ʿAlawiyyah clan
ʿAbdullāh al-ʿAydarūs (died 1582), a Gujarati Sufi scholar
 Abdullah ibn Shaykh al-Aydarus (died 1609), Acehnese religious leader (naqib)


Fenercell is a virtual mobile network operator in Turkey. It is using the Avea network and is owned by the major multi-sport club Fenerbahçe.

"Avea" (A ve (and) A: Aria and Aycell) is one of three GSM operators in Turkey. It has been founded in 2004 with the merger of the two GSM operators Aycell (Türk Telekom) and Aria (joint venture of İş Bankası (51%) and TIM (49%)). TIM and Türk Telekom own 40% stake each and Is Bank Group holds 20%. In September 2006, Telecom Italia announces that, having received authorisation from the relevant Turkish authorities, the sale of 40.5% stake in Avea, held by subsidiary TIM International, to Türk Telekom, for a total of US$500 million, has been finalised. Therefore, the current shareholder structure is 81% owned by Türk Telekom and remaining 19% by İş Bankası. Its competitors, Turkcell and Vodafone Turkey, have both been founded in 1994 and use the GSM 900 frequency range while Avea uses the GSM 1800 range.

Coverage area
The merging of two GSM operators has resulted in the need of redesigning the network architecture to extend coverage and to solve the issues created by the network load. Avea has been able to complete most of that process about one year after its creation, and currently covers a vast majority of Turkey's land area with more than 7000 base stations (A map can be found on The GSM World Web Page). In contrast to Turkcell and Vodafone, Avea doesn't have an extension in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and customers therefore roam on the Turkcell and Vodafone Turkey networks.

Being a merger of two networks, Avea suffers from the heterogeneity of roaming partners and customers with numbers beginning with 50 and 55 don't have the same list of roaming partners (see the list of roaming partners for 505 customers and the list of roaming partners for 555 customers for the different partners' lists). Avea also offers GPRS / EDGE / 3G roaming in multiple countries (see the list of GPRS roaming partners for 505 customers and the list of GPRS roaming partners for 555 customers).

Competitiveness

As the latest participant in the Turkish GSM sector, Aria, Aycell and Avea have been obliged to offer lower prices to attract a maximum number of customers. Consequently, Turkcell (the leader of the Turkish GSM market) has lowered down its intra-network call rates by a third after the creation of Aria, and halved all call rates when Avea has been launched.

Currently, customers pay between 0 and 0.35 Turkish liras per minute for national calls and between 0.32 and 2.1 Turkish liras per minute for international calls (for details, see The Avea Tariffs Web site); which roughly corresponds to respectively 0, 0.20, 0.19 and 1.1 euros per minute. The very common SMS service costs between 0 and 0.06 Turkish liras per SMS for national SMS messages, and 0.21 Turkish liras for international ones (which corresponds to 0, 0.03 and 0.12 euros) (you can see the Avea Service Tariffs Web Site for details).

External links
 Fenercell's web site
 Avea's web site
 GSM World

Telecommunications companies established in 2009
Companies based in Istanbul
Turkish brands
Fenerbahçe S.K.
Mobile virtual network operators


Little Eva: The Flower of the South is an Anti-Tom children's book by American writer Philip J. Cozans. Although its publication date is unknown, scholars estimated the release was either in the 1850s or early 1860s. The book follows Little Eva, the daughter of a wealthy Alabama planter. She is characterized through her kindness toward slaves as she reads the Bible to them and teaches the alphabet to slave children. On her ninth birthday, Little Eva nearly drowns, but is rescued by a slave named Sam. Her parents free Sam who decides to remain with the family because he loves them.

Like other Anti-Tom literature, the book was published as a response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's criticism of slavery in the United States in her 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Scholars have identified its protagonist as a loose adaptation of the Uncle Tom's Cabin character Little Eva. Little Eva: The Flower of the South was one of the few Anti-Tom books intended for children.

A major theme of the book is education during the slave period in the United States, which is explored through Little Eva's portrayal as an educator. This version of the character was introduced in an Uncle Tom's Cabin illustration, and popularized by artists and children's literature writers, such as Cozans. The book has also been the subject of academic analysis for its proslavery message, although scholar Deborah C. De Rosa described it as an "embattled text" with an "abolitionist impetus".

Plot
Little Eva, the daughter of a wealthy Alabama planter, is known as the "Flower of the South" due to her kindness. She teaches slave children the alphabet, and both Little Eva and the children enjoy the lessons. Little Eva comforts her old nursemaid by giving her chicken broth and keeping her informed of the news. The nursemaid enjoys her company and shares memories of Little Eva's infancy.

Every Sabbath morning, Little Eva reads the Bible to the slaves; even though she has taught several slaves to read, they prefer to listen to her. Little Eva frequently wakes up early to take walks and pick flowers for her mother. On her ninth birthday, she tries to pick grass by a body of water but falls into it and nearly drowns. A slave named Sam rescues her. Little Eva gives Sam a Bible, and her parents free him. He chooses to remain with the family because he loves them.

Background and publication history

Historical background

Little Eva: The Flower of the South is an example of Anti-Tom literature, a literary movement created in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's criticism of slavery in the United States in her 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The Anti-Tom novel was preceded by the plantation novel, and while similar, they are separate types of literature. Slavery received a more "incidental treatment" in plantation literature, but was more prominently featured in Anti-Tom literature. Lisa Hinrichsen and Michael Pitts, writing for the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature, considered Little Eva: The Flower of the South one of the "key publications that serve to romanticize the South while condemning the abolitionist ideals of Stowe’s novel".

Little Eva: The Flower of the South is one of the few instances of Anti-Tom children's literature. Prior to the book's release, its writer and publisher Philip J. Cozans already had an established reputation in children's literature, and was likely motivated by John P. Jewett's success publishing Uncle Tom's Cabin to release Little Eva: The Flower of the South and Little Eva, the First Book.

In both of his Little Eva books, Cozans reimagined Little Eva, a minor Uncle Tom's Cabin character, as the protagonist. This character was invoked in both pro-slavery and anti-slavery works. Historian Robert D. Morritt remarked that the Little Eva from Stowe and Cozans were the same character "to a certain degree". Other children's books had also elevated the character to the lead role, including All about Little Eva, printed in 1853 by British publisher Partridge and Oakey. In his version, Cozans introduced the "Flower of the South" nickname for Little Eva, and made several revisions to her character. Unlike Uncle Tom's Cabin, Little Eva: The Flower of the South is set in Alabama rather than New Orleans, and Little Eva is rescued by Sam instead of Uncle Tom. Cozans aged up Little Eva from six-years-old to nine-years-old. Stowe and Cozans both characterized Little Eva through her kindness, but Cozans depicted her as not taking any issues with slavery.

Publication history
The exact publication date for Little Eva: The Flower of the South is unknown. Some scholars have placed it in either 1852 or 1853, while other estimate a larger range between 1855 and 1861 or more generally in the 1850s. Vincent Dill was the book's stereotyper, and its wood engravings were credited to J. Smith and Baldwin N.Y. The illustrations are "hand-coloured", and the back cover included advertisements for Cozans' other books. The wrapper design was signed J.H.H., possibly the initials of artist Justin H. Howard.

Cozans promoted Little Eva: The Flower of the South as an "Aunt Mary" book, a tactic he used for other books. This was a reference to Mary Low, who adopted Aunt Mary as a pen name to edit a children's version of Uncle Tom's Cabin entitled A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin. Despite the packaging, Cozans' book had no connection with Low. Due to a low demand, only three Uncle Tom's Cabin children's adaptationsLittle Eva: The Flower of the South, Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin, and A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin were published in the 1850s.

Themes

Education

A prominent theme in the book is education during the slave period in the United States. The portrayal of Little Eva as an educator was first popularized by an illustration in the first edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin. In the image, Little Eva engages in a "a pedagogical exchange with Tom", which displaced the novel's description that he was her "confidant rather than pupil". This idea was further expanded on by children's literature writers, like Cozans, and illustrators. Stowe connected Little Eva with education in a more limited way, by writing how she advised slaves to convert to Christianity and attend Bible readings whenever possible. Unlike Cozans' book, in Uncle Tom's Cabin, Little Eva does not organize classes for slaves.

The book presents education through personalism, with a focus on how a "charismatic teacher mediates between the slave and the printed word" and an argument in favor of a "necessity and moral authority of white intervention". Scholars noted that Little Eva is presented as the ideal Southern belle who uses teaching to fulfill the Noblesse oblige concept. The Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media posed questions on the book's representation of "southern white girlhood", asking if southern adolescent girls really challenged slavery, the patriarchy, and the "late 19th and 20th century social order".

Stance on slavery
Scholars have classified Little Eva: The Flower of the South as a proslavery work. Throughout the book, the slaves are shown as "gratefully content", and graphic content from Uncle Tom's Cabin, like the abuse of a young slave girl named Topsy, is absent. American literature professor Deborah C. De Rosa approached the book as an "embattled text" instead. According to De Rosa, Little Eva can be understood as a "young abolitionist heroine" based on her decision to teach slaves. De Rosa said this in turn imbues the book with an "abolitionist impetus".

De Rosa's reading was contested by children's literature professor Paula T. Connolly, who cited Sam's refusal to live as a freedman, as well as the descriptions of the slaves' happiness on the plantation, as contradictory evidence. Academic Marcus Wood wrote that, although Little Eva illegally teaches slaves, the book is still a "positive advertisement for the benign authoritarianism and Christianity of the slave system". Wood added that this proslavery message is clearly demonstrated through the descriptions of how the slaves idolize Little Eva.

Notes

References

Footnotes

Citations

External links
 Little Eva on the Internet Archive

1850s children's books
1860s children's books
19th-century American novels
American children's novels
Anti-Tom novels
Children's books set in the 19th century
Children's books set in Alabama
Children's books about slavery


The Rocketsmiths are an indie rock band from Brisbane, Australia and have released three EPs (extended play albums) to date. They released their debut EP "Act One. Scene One." in June, 2006 with Sevens Records, and have since released two other EPs, "Meet Horace and Clyde" and "Parts, Pieces".

History
The Rocketsmiths all met at secondary school, and later formed a band under the name "The John Citizens". They played at pubs and other venues to gain popularity, and an audience; it is said that their live shows are "energetic, quirky and mature". They changed their name a few weeks after the release of their first EP, "Act One. Scene One" to "The Rocketsmiths", and later just the "Rocketsmiths". According to Brett Collingwood of Rave Magazine, this is because "some blokes from Sydney asserted they had that band name first. Not to worry; it’s goodbye John Citizens, hello THE ROCKETSMITHS!". But as much as this annoyed the Rocketsmiths, it gave them a catchier name which people seemed to like better.

The Rocketsmiths then set off on a tour to further advertise the band, through Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
In an interview, this was written about the band's travel arrangements:But being enterprising young gentlemen, they are more than open to offers of vehicular transport from the public. "We will pay you!  It needs to make it down to Sydney and then to Melbourne and then to Adelaide in one day. And then we have to play two shows in Adelaide and then we have to go back to Melbourne and then we need to get back to Brisbane", says Dom in a single breath.

"And it needs to preferably have air-conditioning", interjects Dan.

"God we’re asking a lot aren’t we!”
 In October 2007, the Rocketsmiths released their second album, "Meet Horace and Clyde", which was a huge success around Australia. They launched it at "The Zoo", playing along with bands and singers, "Yves Klein Blue", "John Steel Singers" and "Inntown".

Before the release of "Parts, Pieces", triple j radio station released a "new music podcast", giving subscribers free songs of fairly new and hopeful bands. The Rocketsmiths' "The Boy Who Cried Misery", got featured as one of these podcasts and gained national, and international attention.

EPs

Act One. Scene One.
"Act One. Scene One." was the Rocketsmiths' first release, and released it when their name was still "The John Citizens". It featured six songs, thus making it an EP. All six were recorded and mixed over two days, in June, 2006. Lead vocals and guitar, Dom Miller said, "It’s a six-track EP that we recorded ourselves in rehearsal rooms, studios and bedrooms,".
After releasing the EP, the Rocketsmiths performed many live shows in and around Brisbane, playing these songs. "Act One. Scene One." was not widely released, as the Rocketsmiths were fairly new at the time, and it is now a rarity.

Meet Horace and Clyde
Released in July 2007, "Meet Horace and Clyde" was the Rocketsmiths' second critically acclaimed EP. This helped them gain popularity and publicity, and found them playing alongside "The Boat People", "We Are Scientists" and "The Presidents of the United States of America". They were also invited to play at the famous Brisbane music festival, The Valley Fiesta, in Brisbane. The name of the EP, refers to the Rocketsmiths' alter-egos, Horace and Clyde. These are based on people the Rocketsmiths had met "at late nights, in strange cities", and have "outrageous, ecstatic and dangerous personalities contained deep within the minds of The Rocketsmiths". The following refers to them:

In the dark of night, two strange men emerge from the depths of drunkenness to wreak havoc upon the world. These two men are wild, dangerous and extremely inappropriate. They do not discriminate against race, colour or creed; everyone is in their target. Whether you’re a dopey bouncer throwing them out of a fine drinking establishment or a young lady just looking for a nice night out on the town, these two men will harass you until you’re screaming for mercy or in fits of laughter. Who are these two strange men, you ask? For the answer look no further than Brisbane’s very own, The Rocketsmiths. In July 2007 these two men, Horace and Clyde, will be unleashed upon the world in a storm of music, beer and vulgarities and you can come along for the ride. The Rocketsmiths present the release and subsequent tour supporting their new EP, "Meet Horace and Clyde".
   - the Rocketsmiths

Track listing

Parts, Pieces
Released on 11 October, "Parts, Pieces", is the Rocketsmiths' newest and most successful EP so far. It follows the same format as the other EPs, having six songs. After "Parts, Pieces" was released, the Rocketsmiths' website biography changed to feature:
Picture yourself in an abandoned theme park. The rollercoaster is dilapidated, the merry go round a collection of twisted metal and cobwebs. The big top still stands, although shabby and dirty, in the middle of the park. Suddenly, the old tent lights up and strange music booms from the inside, cutting through the humid night air. A constant, throbbing beat grows faster as you run towards the thin streak of light shining from the entrance. The music seems to encompass everything around you; the decaying carnival, the deep night and the long grass brushing past your legs. There is no hint of danger as you burst through the tent flap and into the bright surrounds of the Big Top’s interior. Standing on a stage in front of you are five young men with powerful voices and a sound like no other; they are Rocketsmiths.
   -the Rocketsmiths

Track listing

Band members

The Rocketsmiths consist of:

Dom Miller - Vocals and Guitar
Ianboy Apuli - Vocals and Lead Guitar
Luke Hefferan - Vocals and Keyboards
Dan Michael - Vocals and Bass
Brenty Fitch - Drums

Former members

Brock Smith - Drums

Discography

Studio albums

References

External links
Rocketsmiths Official Website
Rocketsmiths' Facebook page
Rocketsmiths' Myspace page
The Boy Who Cried Misery - Music Video by the Rocketsmiths

Musical groups from Brisbane


German submarine U-198, was a Type IXD2 U-boat which fought in World War II. She was built by the Deschimag DeSchiMAG AG Weser in Bremen. She was laid down on 1 August 1941 as yard number 1044, launched on 15 June 1942 and commissioned on 3 November under Kapitän zur See Werner Hartmann.

The boat was sunk on 12 August 1944 near the Seychelles, by depth charges from a British frigate and an Indian sloop. The submarine is credited with sinking eleven ships, for a total of .

Design
German Type IXD2 submarines were considerably larger than the original Type IXs. U-198 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines plus two MWM RS34.5S six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines for cruising, producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-198 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 24 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 150 rounds, and a  SK C/30 with 2575 rounds as well as two  C/30 anti-aircraft guns with 8100 rounds. The boat had a complement of fifty-five.

Service history

First patrol
U-198 began her first active war patrol on 9 March 1943, departing Kiel under the command of Fregattenkapitän Werner Hartmann. The new submarine headed south around South Africa to hunt the waters between Madagascar and the African mainland.

Her first taste of combat arrived on 5 April 1943 northeast of the Cape Verde Islands. At 18.10 hours, the submarine was sighted and attacked by a British Short Sunderland flying boat with eight depth charges. One of them bounced off the stern without detonating. At 20.40 hours, the same aircraft attacked again with four more depth charges. U-198 escaped unharmed.

A little over two months after departing Kiel, U-198 scored her first success of the war, torpedoing and sinking the  British steam merchant ship Northmoor northeast of Durban on 17 May. Two anti-submarine trawlers and an escorting aircraft retaliated furiously, dropping about 55 depth charges but U-198 escaped without damage. Two days later, the submarine was spotted and attacked by a British PBY Catalina aircraft. The U-boat was not damaged, but effective anti-aircraft fire hit the flying boat, forcing it to return to base on one engine.

POWs
On the evening of 29 May 1943, U-198 torpedoed the unescorted British motor merchantman Hopetarn about  east of Durban. 37 souls survived this attack, although the second officer was taken prisoner by the submarine crew. At the end of the patrol he was sent to the POW camp at Milag Nord.

While tracking a small convoy on 31 May, U-198 was sighted by the escorts. Attacks from one of the corvettes drove the submarine deep but caused no serious damage. A little while later, the submarine drove off an approaching British Catalina with gunfire and then crash-dived to escape, losing the convoy in the process.

The morning of 5 June 1943 found U-198 stalking her next victim, the unescorted British motor merchant vessel Dumra. Two torpedoes at 07.50 hours destroyed the merchant ship's bow, but she remained afloat. A coup de grâce ten minutes later hit amidships, causing her to sink immediately. This final torpedo killed the ship's master (who was blown overboard by the blast) and 24 men in a lifeboat that had already abandoned the sinking freighter. The chief engineer, Henry Townsend Graham, was taken prisoner.

At 13.18 hours the U-boat hit the American Liberty Ship William King with one of two torpedoes as she traveled on a zig-zag course about  east of Durban. A coup de grâce about 45 minutes later caused her to sink by the stern in about ten minutes. After questioning the survivors, the ship's master (Owen Harvey Reed) was taken prisoner. He and the chief engineer of Dumra were transferred to the German supply ship Charlotte Schliemann and handed over to the Japanese at Batavia (in modern Indonesia) in August. Both men died in captivity on 18 September 1944 when the Japanese hell ship that was transporting them, Junyo Maru, was sunk by the British submarine .

A month passed before U-198 encountered her next victim, the  Greek steam merchantman Hydraios. A single torpedo followed by a coup de grâce fifteen minutes later sealed her fate. All 40 men aboard survived, although after questioning the survivors, the Germans confiscated the ship's papers and a cashbox containing 682 Egyptian pounds.

Early the next day, U-198 located the British steam merchantman Leana. The submarine shelled the vessel with 147 rounds from her deck gun before finishing the job with a coup de grâce torpedo a little over an hour after the shelling began. Two men were killed by the submarine's gunfire, the master, (Joseph Crosthwaite), was taken prisoner. When the patrol ended, he was sent to Milag Nord.

The final kill of this patrol occurred on 1 August 1943. U-198 fired two torpedoes at the Dutch steam merchant vessel Mangkalihat which was traveling with convy BC-2, transporting a cargo of copper, sisal and tobacco. The first two shots missed so the U-boat fired her last torpedo at 18.51 hours, scoring a hit that eventually sank the ship (she foundered on 4 August while under tow). U-198 turned for home and terminated this highly successful patrol at Bordeaux on 24 September 1943.

Second Patrol
Oberleutnant zur See Burkhard Heusinger von Waldegg took command on 21 January 1944 and the submarine was transferred from Bordeaux to La Pallice. U-198 began her second and final patrol on 20 April 1944, sailing again around South Africa and into the Indian Ocean. En route, she was attacked by two Ventura patrol aircraft. Effective anti-aircraft fire drove the attackers off; U-198 received only slight damage in return and continued south to her assigned patrol area.

16 June brought the U-boat crew their first success of the patrol. The unescorted South African steam merchant ship Columbine was hit on the port side by one torpedo. The crew began to abandon ship and were still in the process of doing so when a coup de grâce struck eight minutes after the first hit, causing the ship to sink very rapidly. 23 men died, including the ship's master.

About a month later, on 15 July, U-198 torpedoed the British steam merchant vessel Director in the Mozambique channel (between the African mainland and Madagascar). One man died, the remaining 56 were picked up by the Portuguese sloop Gonçalves Zarco. On 19 July, U-198 fired torpedoes at an unidentified freighter and was counter-attacked by an escorting corvette. The torpedoes missed and no damage was suffered from depth charges.

Ranging farther up the east coast of Africa, U-198 sighted convoy DKA-21 on 6 August 1944 and attacked, sinking the  British motor merchant vessel Empire City east of Mocímboa da Praia, Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique). Two crew (Engineers) were lost from a total complement of 70. The following day, U-198 scored her final kill, sinking the British motor merchantman Empire Day. All 43 crew and gunners managed to abandon the sinking ship, however the U-boat crew took the chief officer of the ship, Robert Courteney Selfe, prisoner. The remaining crew landed safely on the island of Zanzibar.

Loss
On 12 August 1944, U-198 was depth charged and sunk by the British frigate HMS Findhorn and the Indian  sloop  in position  (near the Seychelles). The entire crew of the submarine was killed, as well as the first officer of Empire Day, a total of 66 men.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

German Type IX submarines
Indian Ocean U-Boats
U-boats commissioned in 1942
World War II submarines of Germany
World War II shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Submarines lost with all hands
U-boats sunk in 1944
U-boats sunk by British warships
Maritime incidents in August 1944


Hiram Augustus Calvin (April 6, 1841 – January 13, 1932) was a businessman and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Frontenac as an Independent Conservative from 1892 to 1896 and as a Conservative from 1900 to 1904.

He was born on Garden Island, Canada West, the son of Delino Dexter Calvin and Marion Breck, and was educated there, at the Woodstock Literary Institute and at Queen's University. Calvin joined his father's business and later succeeded him as lumber merchant, ship builder and forwarder. He also helped establish the Kingston Foundry and Machinery Company. In 1879, he married Annie W. Marsh. He served as reeve for Garden Island from 1884 to 1892. Calvin was first elected to the House of Commons in an 1892 by-election held after George Airey Kirkpatrick was named Lieutenant-Governor. Calvin did not run for reelection in 1896. He served on the board of governors for Kingston Hospital, was a trustee for Queen's University and was vice-chairman of the School of Mining and Agriculture at Kingston.

References

The Canadian men and women of the time a handbook of Canadian biography, HJ Morgan (1898)

1841 births
1932 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs


Progressio may refer to:

Progressio (organization), international development charity working for justice and the eradication of poverty
Populorum progressio, encyclical written by Pope Paul VI on the topic of "the development of peoples" and that the economy of the world should serve mankind and not just the few
Communio et Progressio, pastoral instruction on the means of social communication published in 1971, written after the Second Vatican Council
In Harmonia Progressio, motto of Institut Teknologi Bandung, a public university in Bandung, Indonesia


Poppy Cat is a series of books created by British illustrator and writer Lara Jones. The books are published by Campbell Books (a division of Macmillan Publishers), and include Poppy Cat's Play House, Poppy Cat's Christmas, Poppy Cat Loves Rainbows, Poppy Cat's Dream, and Poppy Cat's Sparkly Night. The books have been published in many countries and have sold in excess of two million copies.

TV series

An animated TV series based on the Poppy Cat books and comprising 52 episodes running 11 minutes, was created by Mallory Lewis and produced by Coolabi Productions UK, Cake Entertainment, Ingenious Media and BAFTA award-winning King Rollo Films. Poppy Cat herself is voiced in the UK by Joanna Page from BBC's award-winning series Gavin & Stacey (later replaced by Jessica Ransom from Doc Martin) and in the US by Cake Charles. The series was scored by composer Oliver Davis.

References

External links

Characters in children's literature
Series of children's books
Children's books about cats
Children's books about friendship


Personal Stereo is the fifth album by Norwegian electronic band Flunk released in 2007 on Beatservice Records.

Track listing

TRACKS:
 Personal Stereo
 Heavenly
 If We Kiss
 Haldi
 Sit Down
 See You
 Two Icicles
 Change My Ways
 Keep On
 'Diet Of Water And Love' by The Valium Poets

2007 albums
Flunk albums


Callindra arginalis is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by George Hampson in 1894. It is found in eastern India and Guangxi and Yunnan in China.

References

Dubatolov, V. V. & Kishida, Y. (2006). "On the re-arrangement of the East Asian Callimorpha species (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae". Tinea. 19 (2): 111–125.

Callimorphina
Moths described in 1894


This is a list of the operas written by the Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725).

Scarlatti wrote 45 drammi per musica, also 7 melodrammi, 2 commedia per musica (or opere buffe), 2 opere drammatice, 2 favole boscherecce, 2 tragedie in musica, 1 commedia, 1 dramma pastorale, and 1 dramma sacro per musica.

List

References
Sources

 Boyd, Malcolm (1992), 'Scarlatti, Alessandro' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)

Lists of operas by composer
Lists of compositions by composer


The FX-501P and FX-502P were programmable calculators, manufactured by Casio from 1978/1979. They were the predecessors of the FX-601P and FX-602P.

It is likely that the FX-501P/502P were the first LCD programmable calculators to be produced as up until 1979 (and the introduction of the HP-41C) no manufacturer had introduced such a device.

Arithmetic
The FX-502P series use algebraic logic as was state-of-the-art at the time.

Display
The FX-501P and FX-502P featured a single line 7-segment liquid crystal display with 10 digits as main display. An additional 3 digits 7-segment display used to display exponents and program steps when entering or debugging programs and 10 status indicators.  The display was covered with a yellow filter,

They were the first Casio calculators to implement engineering notation, and the first calculators in general to implement an engineering notation with shift facility (following Hewlett Packard calculators implementing the first engineering notation in general, and some Commodore and Texas Instruments calculators implementing variable scientific notation with exponent shift facility).

Programming
The programming model employed was key stroke programming by which each key pressed was recorded and later played back. On record multiple key presses were merged into a single programming step. All operations fitted into one program step.

The FX-501P could store 128 steps, with 11 memory registers. The FX-502P had twice that capacity with 256 steps and 22 memory registers.

Conditional and unconditional jumps as well as subroutines were supported. The FX-502P series supported 10 labels for programs and subroutines called P0 .. P9. Each program or subroutine could have up to 10 local labels called LBL0 .. LBL9 for jumps and branches.

The FX-501P and FX-502P supported indirect addressing both for memory access and jumps and therefore the programming model could be considered Turing complete.

Since the FX-501P and FX-502P only employed a seven-segment display each program step was represented by a special 2-digit codes made up of the digits 0 .. 9 and the character C, E, F and P. The calculator came with a special overlay so the user did not need to memorize the mapping between code and actual command.

What differentiated the FX-501 / FX-502P from its competitors was that programming was retained in a battery-buffered memory when the calculator was turned off.

Programming example
Here is a sample program that computes the factorial of an integer number from 2 to 69. For 5!, the user would type 5 P0 and get the result 120. The whole program is only 9 bytes long.

Interface

The FX-501P and FX-502P used the FA-1 to store program and data to Compact Cassette using the Kansas City standard. The FA-1 also enabled the calculators to generate musical notes.

The FX-501P was used on the 1981 song Pocket Calculator by electronic music group Kraftwerk.

References

External links
 FX-501P and FX-502P on casio.ledudu.com maintained by ledudu.
 FX-502P Geek hosted by casio.ledudu.com
 FX-501P and FX-502P on RS-Key maintained by Viktor Toth.
 Casio FX-501P and Casio FX-502P on Voidware
 FX-502P Simulator

FX-502P
Products introduced in 1978


The Bristol Badger was designed to meet a British need for a two-seat fighter-reconnaissance aeroplane at the end of the First World War.  Three Badgers were delivered to the Air Board to develop air-cooled radial engines, particularly that which became the Bristol Jupiter; two other Badgers were also built.

Development
The Bristol Badger had its roots in the Type 22 F.2C, a proposed upgrade of the Bristol F.2B using a 200 hp (150 kW) Salmson radial (Type 22), a 300 hp (220 kW) ABC Dragonfly radial (Type 22A), or a 230 hp (170 kW) Bentley B.R.2 rotary (Type 22B).  The Type 23 Badger was a new design using the Dragonfly engine, drawn up at the end of 1917 to meet a two-seat fighter-reconnaissance role and owing a good deal to the Bristol Scout F. It was a single-bay biplane with strongly staggered, unswept and unequal-span wings. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, the pilot in front under the upper-wing trailing edge and the observer behind with a ring-mounted 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis Gun. At first, the Badger had almost no fixed fin. Construction was the usual for the era fabric covered wood-and-fabric. The undercarriage was a single axle plus tailskid arrangement.

During the design process, it became clear that the  Dragonfly engine was proving unreliable and Bristol looked to a new nine-cylinder, 400 hp (300 kW) radial produced by Brazil Straker and known then as the Cosmos Jupiter as a possible alternative. Later, this engine became the Bristol Jupiter.

Bristol was awarded a contract to build three Badgers, two powered by the Dragonfly and one (the second) by a Jupiter. The first Badger flew on 4 February 1919 but crashed on this first flight with fuel supply problems. It was rebuilt with a larger rudder and delivered to the Air Board eleven days later. The second, Jupiter-engined Badger, flew on 24 May but was re-engined with a Dragonfly and was purchased by the Air Board in September. It had full armament and a fixed, rounded fin, introduced to cope with the heavier Jupiter engine. The Badger proved to have a lateral stability problem, an adverse yaw effect caused by aileron drag, and because of this the third machine was not accepted by the Air Board. These first three examples were designated Badger I.

Despite the instability, and without having received a Jupiter-powered Badger, the Air Board were sufficiently encouraged by this engine's promise to order a fourth, fully armed Badger with this powerplant. After some testing the rudder was modified with a horn balance and larger ailerons were fitted. This aircraft was the sole Badger II and was loaned by the Air Board to Bristol for the development of the Jupiter and its cowling during 1920-1.

The lateral stability problems of the Badger worried its designer Frank Barnwell, because a 1/10 scale model had been carefully tested in the NPL wind tunnel without showing any problems. Scaling from model to full size was a problem because the Reynolds numbers reached in the atmospheric pressure wind tunnels of the time were much lower than those encountered in full-size flight. Flight tunnel tests also often involved the use of simplified aircraft models, with no attempt made to model the fuselage shape in detail. Using a spare set of Badger wings and empennage, Barnwell designed a new single-seat flat-sided and very simple fuselage made from plywood on a wooden frame for a fifth and final Badger, the Badger X. This first flew on 13 May 1919 and was Bristol's first civil registered aircraft, initially as K110, then G-EABU, but was never able to provide the intended comparative data with tunnel models, crashing on 22 May.

Specifications (Badger II)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1910s British fighter aircraft
Military aircraft of World War I
Badger
Aircraft first flown in 1919


Nikaea longipennis is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam and China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian). The species was described by Francis Walker in 1855.

References

Moths described in 1855
Callimorphina


William Henry Hutchins (1843 – May 19, 1898) was a grain merchant and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Middlesex North in the House of Commons of Canada from 1891 to 1896 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Stormont County, Canada West. He married a Miss Armitage. Hutchins was reeve for Lucan and served as the first mayor of Parkhill. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1896.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1891, AJ Gemmill

1843 births
1898 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Mayors of places in Ontario


Shearography or Speckle pattern shearing interferometry is a measuring and testing method similar to holographic interferometry. It uses coherent light or coherent soundwaves to provide information about the quality of different materials in nondestructive testing, strain measurement, and vibration analysis. Shearography is extensively used in production and development in aerospace, wind rotor blades, automotive, and materials research areas. Advantages of shearography are the large area testing capabilities (up to 1 m2 per minute), non-contact properties, its relative insensitivity to environmental disturbances, and its good performance on honeycomb materials, which is a big challenge for traditional nondestructive testing methods.

Shearing function

When a surface area is illuminated with a highly coherent laser light, a stochastical interference pattern is created. This interference pattern is called a speckle, and is projected on a rigid camera's CCD chip. Analogous with Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), to obtain results from the speckle we need to compare it with a known reference light. Shearography uses the test object itself as the known reference; it shears the image so a double image is created. The superposition of the two images, a shear image, represents the surface of the test object at this unloaded state. This makes the method much less sensitive to external vibrations and noise. By applying a small load, the material will deform. A nonuniform material quality will generate a nonuniform movement of the surface of the test object. A new shearing image is recorded at the loaded state and is compared with the sheared image before load. If a flaw is present, it will be seen.

Phase-shift technology

To increase the sensitivity of the measurement method, a real-time phase shift process is used in the sensor. This contains a stepping mirror that shifts the reference beam, which is then processed with a best fit-algorithm and presents the information in real time.

Applications

The main applications are in composite nondestructive testing, where typical flaws are:
Disbonds,
Delaminations,
Wrinkles,
Porosity,
Foreign objects, and
Impact damages.

Industries where Shearography is used are:
Aerospace,
Space,
Boats,
Wind power,
Automotive,
Tires, and
Art conservation.

Inspection standards

The methodology of shearography is standardized by ASTM International:
 ASTM E2581-07, "Standard Practice for Shearography on Polymer Matrix Composites, Sandwich Core Materials and Filament Wound Pressure Vessel’s in Aerospace Applications"

The following NDT personnel certification documents contain references to shearography:
 BS EN 4179:2009
 NAS 410, 2008 Rev 3
 ASNT SNT-TC-1A, 2006 edition
 ASNT CP-105, 2006 edition

References

Nondestructive testing


Arthur Stewart Eve  (22 November 1862 – 24 March 1948) was an English physicist who worked in Canada.

Biography

Eve was born at Silsoe, Bedfordshire, on 22 November 1862, son of John Richard Eve, surveyor and land agent, and Frederica (née Somers). He was educated at Berkhamsted School and entered Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1881. He was fifteenth wrangler and graduated in 1884.

Eve was Assistant Master at Marlborough College from 1886 to 1902, and Bursar from 1897 to 1902. He then resigned and sailed on the SS Ivernia in January 1903 to New York, from where he went to McGill University, as a lecturer in mathematics. He later joined the physics department, where he worked with Ernest Rutherford. His early papers, published in 1904, showed Eve as the author, but were communicated by Rutherford. After a series of successful researches with Rutherford, Eve was appointed Associate Professor of Physics in 1909 and, in the following year, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Work was interrupted by the First World War. Eve went overseas as second in command of the 148th Battalion with the rank of major. But by 1917 he was 55. He was persuaded by Sir William Bragg to forego active service, and succeed him as Director of the Admiralty Experimental Station at Harwich, where his team worked on detection of submarines. In that same year, Eve was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1918 was appointed CBE, and made a colonel in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.

In 1919 he went back to McGill as Director of Physics, a post he held until 1935. Aided by the Principal of McGill, Sir Arthur Currie, Eve began rebuilding the department. He appointed Étienne Biéler and Dr David Keys in charge of important sections of the research. Biéler died unexpectedly in 1929, and was replaced by William Heriot Watson, a Scottish-born physicist.

Eve was 67 by the time the department was as he wanted it, but he managed to pick up his research interests again. With Keys, he published Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, 1932; and, with Mendenhall and Keys, College Physics, Boston: D C Heath & Co., 1935. He retired in 1935 and was made Professor Emeritus of Physics; he had earlier been the Dean of the Graduate Faculty (1930-1935).

Eve retired to London. When Ernest Rutherford died in 1937 he was persuaded to document his colleague and friend’s life; the book appeared in 1939. Eve then undertook to write up the life of the Irish physicist John Tyndall. He produced the first draft, but a stroke prevented him from finishing the book, which was completed by C H Creasey and published in 1945.

Family
Eve married Elizabeth Agnes Brooks, a graduate of McGill, on 25 April 1905 at Dunham, Quebec. They had three children: Richard Stewart, Joan and Cicely Somers. Cicely was the second wife of British sculptor Antony Gibbons Grinling. They married in Hampstead on 28 May 1938 and had three daughters: Amanda, Julia and Tessa.

Arthur Stewart Eve died in Puttenham on 24 March 1948. He was buried in St James the Great Churchyard, in his home town of Silsoe.

Positions held

References

External links

1862 births
1948 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of McGill University
People from Central Bedfordshire District
Burials in Bedfordshire
Canadian Expeditionary Force officers
Military personnel from Bedfordshire
British emigrants to Canada


The St. Francis of Assisi Convent High School is a high school located in Navsari, Gujarat, India.

Started in 1963 this was the first English medium school in the district and offers GSEB courses up to grade 12 standard, the Higher Secondary (School) Certificate, in science and commerce streams
.

References

High schools and secondary schools in Gujarat
Christian schools in Gujarat
Catholic secondary schools in India
Education in Navsari district


Mii Parima (16 January 1954 – 6 December 2008) was a Cook Islands politician, a member of the Cook Islands Parliament and a member of the Cook Islands Party.

Parima was born in Mangaia in the Cook Islands.  He was first elected to Parliament in the 1994 general election, and represented the constituency of Tamarua for 15 years.  Despite his long political career, he never held a cabinet post.

Parima's life ended in Auckland on 6 December 2008.

External links
 Profile at Cook Islands Parliament
 Condolence notice at Cook Islands Parliament

Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands
1954 births
2008 deaths
People from Mangaia
Cook Islands Party politicians
20th-century New Zealand politicians


A.C. Temple were an alternative rock band from Sheffield, England, formed in 1985. They released four albums before splitting up in 1991.

History
The band were formed in 1985 by guitarist Noel Kilbride (guitar) and Neil Woodward (bass) with Jayne Waterfall (drums) and vocalist Dave Giles. Andy Hartley (bass) joined the following year with Jane Bromley taking over vocals. Mixing industrial noise with guitars and effects, they were compared in their early days to the likes of The Birthday Party and Sonic Youth. The band's first two albums, Songs of Praise and Blowtorch, were released on the Further label, subsequently signing to Blast First. They recorded a session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show in 1987. Guitarist Paul Dorrington joined in 1987 but departed the following year to form Tse Tse Fly. With bassist Chris Trout (formerly of Kilgore Trout), guitarist Tim Beckham and drummer Mat Silcox on board, the band released their third album, Sourpuss, in 1989. A final effort, Belinda Backwards, was released in 1991, before the band split up.

Trout later worked with former Pale Saints member Ian Masters in Spoonfed Hybrid.

Dorrington went on to join The Wedding Present, staying with the band between 1991 and 1995. He later also played on Cha Cha Cohen's debut single.

Band members

 Jane Bromley - vocals (1987-)
 Noel Kilbride - guitars
 Jayne Waterfall - drums (1985–1988)
 Neil Woodward - guitars  (1985–1988)
 Andy Hartley - bass  (1986–1988)
 Paul Dorrington - guitars (1987–1988)
 Tim Beckham - guitars (1989–1991)
 Chris Trout - bass (1989–1991)
 Matt Silcox - drums (1989–1991)
 Dave Giles - vocals (1985–1987)
 Ross Orton- drums (1990-1991)

Discography

Albums
Songs of Praise (1987) Further
"Ulterior" / "Make Mine Music" / "A Motel in Kansas" / "Fear No More the Heat of the Sun" / "All Hail Discordia" / "90 Seconds"

Blowtorch (1988) Further
"Mincemeat" / "Yield" / "I Dream of Fraud" / "American" / "Weekend" / "Sheikh" / "Chinese Burn" / "Shimmer Queen" / "Hank" / "Armache"

Sourpuss (1989) Blast First
"Sundown Pet Corner" / "Miss Sky" / "Stymied" / "Mother Tongue" / "Crayola" / "Devil You Know" / "Horsetrading" / "A Mouthful" / "Faith in a Windsock"

Belinda Backwards (1991) Blast First
"Glitterhall" / "Silver Swimmer" / "Half-Angel" / "Come Sunrise" / "Girlseye" / "Lifesize" / "Spacebore" / "Skyhooks" / "Baby Seals" / "P2"

Singles
"Miss Sky" (1989) (flexi-disc with The Catalogue magazine - split with Beme Seed)
"Miss Sky"/"Undercurrent" (1993) Ablaze! (flexi-disc with Ablaze! magazine - split with The Wedding Present)

References

Blast First artists
English alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups from Sheffield
1985 establishments in England
1991 disestablishments in England


The BC548 is a general-purpose NPN bipolar junction transistor commonly used in European and American electronic equipment. It is notably often the first type of bipolar transistor hobbyists encounter and is often featured in designs in hobby electronics magazines where a general-purpose transistor is required. The BC548 is low in cost and widely available.

History and usage
The BC548 is a part of a family of NPN and PNP epitaxial silicon transistors that originated with the metal-cased BC108 family of transistors. The BC548 is the modern plastic-packaged BC108; the BC548 article at the Radiomuseum website describes the BC548 as a successor to the BC238 and differing from the BC108 in only the shape of the package. Datasheets for the BC548 give specifications that are identical to, or exceed, those of the BC108, BC148 and BC238 predecessors. Thus the BC548 (or BC546 to 550) is a valid substitute in any circuit designed for the older BC108 (or BC148), which includes many Mullard and Philips published designs.

Pinout and specifications
The BC548 is supplied in a standard TO-92 3-pin package. The assignment of transistor elements (b,c,e) to leads, i.e. the "pinout", uses the same convention used by some - but not all - other TO-92 devices. As viewed in the top-right image, going from left to right, the pinout is as follows:
 lead 1 (left in diagram) is the collector,
 lead 2 is the base, and
 lead 3 is the emitter.
Sometimes the middle pin is supplied bent to form a triangle of leads (as found in TO-18 case transistors and, for example, the ZTX108-L) to match the pinout of the BC108 more exactly.

The BC548 part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. Devices registered to this Pro Electron number must have the following minimum performance characteristics:

Breakdown voltage, collector-to-emitter with base open-circuit VCEO = 30 V (see below)
Rated continuous collector current IC = 100 mA (Fairchild's BC548 at one time had a higher rating)
Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW (some manufacturers may specify 625 mW - see below)
Transition frequency (gain-bandwidth product) ft = 150 MHz minimum (300 MHz typical)

Variants
The BC548 was released with, and often is found together in datasheets with, the BC547 (higher voltage) and BC549 (lower noise) devices, that correspond to the original BC107 and BC109 variants of the BC108. This group of NPN transistors share many specifications and characteristic curves, but differ in voltage ratings - the BC546 and BC547 are essentially the same as the BC548 but selected with higher breakdown voltages, while the BC549 is a low noise version, and the BC550 is both high-voltage and low-noise.  The BC556 to BC560 are the PNP counterparts of the BC546 to BC550, respectively.  See the BC108 family for a table of these differences, and comparisons with predecessor types.

Some manufacturers specify their parts with higher ratings, for example the Fairchild 1997 datasheet (547ABC, Rev B) for the BC547, sourced from Process 10 gave 500mA as the maximum collector current, while their datasheets dated 2002 have dropped the current rating to the standard 100mA. The power rating (in free air at 25 °C) is also subject to variation, from 500 mW to 625 mW; the latter now being the most common. There is lot of variation in the ft-transition maximum frequency from manufacturer to manufacturer.

Gain groups
The type number of any of the devices in this "family" may be followed by a letter, "A" to "C", indicating devices that have been selected that fall within a narrow range of gain (hFE). The same letters are used for this purpose in several other European transistors, and is similar in principle to the "Yellow", "Blue" (and so on) gain groupings in Japanese transistors, but should not be confused with the "A" suffix used with some American (JEDEC) devices, such as the 2N2222A, to indicate a variety of differences or enhancements over the base type.

The BC548 is available in three different gain groups:.
 "A" indicates low gain (110 to 220, typically 180) at 2 mA collector current,
 "B" indicates medium gain (200 to 450)
 "C" indicates high gain (420 to 800)
So a BC548 might have a current gain anywhere between 110 and 800, but the gain of a BC548A would be within the range of 110 to 220.

Notes:
Some manufacturers place slightly different limits on the gain groups, for example the "B" group has been quoted as 220-475 in a Philips 1997 datasheet.
The BC547 variant rarely is available in the "C" gain group, and the BC549 rarely in the "A" gain group.

Complementary pairs
The PNP counterparts of the BC546 to BC550 are the BC556 to BC560 respectively, i.e. the type numbers are higher by ten.

BC558
The BC558 is the PNP version of the BC548, and has higher voltage versions: BC556 and BC557, and lower noise versions: BC559 and BC560.

SMD versions of the BC546 to BC560
The surface-mount package versions are the BC846 to BC850 (and PNP versions: BC856 to BC860).

See also
 2N2222, 2N2907
 2N3904, 2N3906
 2N3055
 BC108
 KT315

References

Further reading
Historical Databooks
 Small-Signal Transistor Data Book, 1386 pages, 1984, Motorola.
 Transistor and Diode Data Book, 1236 pages, 1973, Texas Instruments.
 Miniwatt Digest, Miniwatt Digest, vol 7, no 2, 1968, Miniwatt/PHILIPS Electrical

Commercial transistors
Bipolar transistors


Đại Nam thực lục (, lit. "Veritable Records of the Great South", "Annals of Đại Nam", "Chronicle of Greater Vietnam") was the official history of Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam. It contained the royal records of the Nguyễn lords, and the imperial annals of Nguyễn dynasty emperors up until Khải Định. Just like other official histories, Đại Nam thực lục was written in Classical Chinese. The annals comprised 584 volumes.

At first the records were called "Đại Nam thật lục" "". During Thiệu Trị's reign however, "" was changed to "", and its pronunciation changed to "thực", because "實" was against the naming taboo of Empress Tá Thiên, Thiệu Trị's mother.

Đại Nam thực lục was the most important primary source regarding the Nguyễn dynasty. It was an important reference of Cao Xuân Dục's Quốc triều chính biên toát yếu and Trần Trọng Kim's Việt Nam sử lược.

History of compilation
Gia Long began the project soon after he  was crowned emperor. However, many records had been scattered and lost during Tây Sơn Wars. In 1811, he gave an order to collect historical records.

The compilation process was carried out during Minh Mạng's reign. The Quốc sử quán was established in 1821 to write royal historical records. Nguyễn Văn Nhơn was appointed the chief editor, while Trịnh Hoài Đức served as his deputy. The draft was completed in 1824.

In 1830, an envoy was dispatched to Qing China. The envoy had a secret mission- to obtain manuscripts of Ming Shilu from China. It is estimated that the Vietnamese obtained the manuscript in 1833. Then, Minh Mạng ordered the draft to be rewritten following the writing style of Ming Shilu. The new version was completed and handed over to the emperor in 1835. Still, Minh Mạng was still unsatisfied with its quality; he would personally edit the text later.

As a form of political censorship, the emperors often became directly involved in the work's compilation.  This custom was abolished after Tự Đức's death.

Contents
Đại Nam thực lục was composed of two parts: Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên (大南寔錄, Prequel Records) Đại Nam thực lục chính biên (大南寔錄, Principal Records). The former were records of the Nguyễn lords while the latter were records of the Nguyễn emperors. Sometimes Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên (大南列傳前編, Prequel biographies) and Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện (大南正編, Principal biographies) were regarded as parts of Đại Nam thực lục.

Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên
Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên was published in 1844.

Đại Nam thực lục chính biên

Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên
Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên was published in 1852.

Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện
Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện contained two collections. The first collection (sơ tập, ) was published in 1889; the second collection (nhị tập, ) was published in 1895.

Transmission and modern publication
Đại Nam thực lục was kept secretly in the royal palace. Only few people could read the text. Besides the woodblock version, there were also several manuscript versions. During the French colonial period, Đại Nam thực lục was republished several times by order of the colonial government.

In 1933, a Japanese scholar, Matsumoto Nobuhiro (松本 信廣), invited George Cœdès to act as an intermediary, and successfully obtained the first six annals of Đại Nam thực lục and liệt truyện from Nguyễn royal palace. When he returned to Japan in 1935, he handed the texts over to the Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo), Kyoto Imperial University (now Kyoto University), Tōhō Bunka Gakuin, Tōyō Bunko and Keio University. The Keio University published the annals in 1961.

Annals No. 6 (supplement annals) and No. 7 were completed in 1935; however, they were not published. After WWII, the drafts were finished in Ngô Đình Nhu's official residence. It was not clear who held the drafts after the 1963 South Vietnamese coup. Supposedly, the Vietnamese government came into possession of the drafts and still holds them in the present day.

Đại Nam thực lục was published in the Vietnamese alphabet in the 1960s. The complete version was published in the Vietnamese alphabet in the early 21st century.

Digitization
Đại Nam thực lục tiền biên (vol. 1–2, vol. 3–6, vol. 7–9, vol. 10–12) and part of Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện sơ tập (vol. 1–3, vol. 4–7, vol. 8–11, vol. 12–15, vol. 16–20, vol. 21–23, vol. 24–29, vol. 30) were digitized by National Library of Vietnam.

Part of Đại Nam thực lục chính biên Annal No. 4 (vol. 25–29, vol. 66–70) and part of Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện sơ tập (vol. 32–33) were digitized by Temple University.

Đại Nam liệt truyện tiền biên (vol. 1–2, vol. 3–4, vol. 5–6) was digitized by Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Notes

References
 陳荊和. 1982：「『大南寔録』と阮朝硃本について」『稲・舟・祭：松本信広先生追悼論文集』六興出版。
 林正子. 2000：「『大南寔録』の成立過程：道光五旬節慶賀使節を中心として」『フォーラム』18。
 林正子. 2001：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(2)：フランス支配下における変質を中心として」『人文・自然・人間科学研究』5。
 林正子. 2003：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(3)：阮朝の編纂事業を中心に」『人文・自然・人間科学研究』9。
 林正子. 2008a： 「『大南寔録』の成立過程(4)：『正編第四紀』の黒旗軍記事にみる編纂意図」『跡見学園女子大学文学部紀要』41。
 林正子. 2008b：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(5)：謝貴安『中国実録体史学研究』をめぐって」『跡見学園女子大学文学部紀要』42(1)。
 林正子. 2010：「『大南寔録』の成立過程(6-A)：嘉定と仏山」『跡見学園女子大学文学部紀要』44。
 岩井大慧. 1935：「永田安吉氏蒐集安南本目録」『史学』14(2)、1935。
 松本信広. 1936：「安南史研究上の二資料：Bibliographie annamiteと大南寔録」『史学』15-1。
 Ngô Đức Thọ. 1997: Nghiên cứu chữ huy Việt Nam qua các triều đại / Les Caractères Interdits au Vietnam à Travers l’Histoire. traduit et annoté par Emmanuel Poisson, Hà Nội: Nxb Văn hoá.
 Nguyễn Q. Thắng & Nguyễn Bá Thế. 1992: Từ điển Nhân vật Lịch sử Việt Nam. In lần thứ hai có sửa chữa và bổ sung, Sài Gòn: Nxb KHXH.
 大澤一雄. 1982：「『大南寔録』と松本信廣先生」『稲・舟・祭：松本信広先生追悼論文集』六興出版。
 竹田龍児. 1961：「影印縮刷版「大南寔録」の刊行」『三田評論』597、1961。

External links

Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện sơ tập (q.01-03)

Vietnamese books
Nguyen dynasty texts
History books about Vietnam


Martin Alfsen (born 4 January 1959) is a musician, producer, songwriter and choir director.

Biography
After serving in the military as a trombonist in The Band of the King's Guard, Alfsen entered the Conservatory of Music in Oslo. During his student years he had directed the Reflex Choir in the church he and his family attended in Oslo. In 1985, the Reflex Choir made their national breakthrough with the album "REFLEX". In the late eighties and early nineties, Alfsen began composing and producing for Master Music, Norway's leading company in contemporary Christian music. His albums with Reflex would be important contributions to the repertoire of Christian choirs and music groups throughout Scandinavia.http://www.martinalfsen.no/om-martin-alfsen/

In 1993, Reflex recorded the Alfsen song "Like a Mighty River" on the Denne Dagen album. The song became a Christian music hit, and was covered by a great number of European choirs and the well-known American gospel group "The Kurt Carr Singers",for their album Serious About It.

In the mid nineties, Alfsen was the musical director for a popular Norwegian TV series presenting well-known traditional Christian songs and church hymns. The TV series resulted in a series of bestselling albums, produced by Alfsen for the Master Music label.

With more than 300 songs recorded, extensive touring with his Reflex Choir all over Europe, and many radio and TV performances, Alfsen has become of one of Scandinavia's most performed songwriters in Christian music. As a producer and arranger, he has been involved in more than fifty albums, including releases with international artists like Andrae Crouch, Richard Smallwood and Adrian Snell, as well as a wealth of domestically known artists. Among them are bestselling female vocalist Hanne Krogh, sax player Arild Stav, actress and singer Inger Lise Rypdal, singer Rita Eriksen, singer Trine Rein, singer Gaute Ormåsen and trumpet ace Finn Eriksen.
In 2019 Martin Alfsen celebrated his 60th anniversary with realising his autobiography "Dirigenten - musikalske og mindre musikalske minner" on Hermon Forlag. 2019 also brought a CD and DVD release "A Gospel Celebration" featuring Reflex, The YMCA Oslo Community Choir, Fredrikstad Gospelkor, Kor-90 and the American gospel singer Ingrid Arthur.

Works
Musical works
Praise and Worship mass "Liv" (1995)
Cantata on Biblical Psalms "Sela" (1997)
Passion "7 days in Jerusalem", for double choir, soloistis and band (2000)
Millennium Cantata "Logos" for choir, soloists and symphony orchestra (with Jens Wendelboe) (2000)
Mass based on Negro Spirituals "Shout All Over God's Heaven" for choir and jazz band (2004)
Gospel cantata "The River", for choir, soloists and band (2006)
"Song of Freedom", a choral work celebrating Nelson Mandela (with Arne Hiorth) (2014)
"Stjerneskinn", a mass for Advent (2015)
"Norsk Jul" Martin Alfsen & Reflex (2020)

Books
 Jesus i musikken (2002)
 Jazz-Gospel-Soul-Pop KOR (2007)
 Låtskriverhåndboka (2010)
 Dirigenten - musikalske og mindre musikalske minner (2019)

References

https://www.hermon.no/dirigenten
https://www.vl.no/kultur/jeg-ser-pa-livsoppgaven-min-som-et-kall-som-gjor-det-ekstra-meningsfullt-1.1285690?paywall=true

External links
Author's website
https://www.vl.no/kultur/jeg-ser-pa-livsoppgaven-min-som-et-kall-som-gjor-det-ekstra-meningsfullt-1.1285690?paywall=true
https://www.hermon.no/dirigenten

1959 births
Living people


Minuscule 421 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 259 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated to year ca. 1300. Formerly it was designated by 64a and 69p. Marginal equipment is not complete.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles on 279 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 22 lines per page.

It contains Prolegomena, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each book, lectionary equipment at the margin, subscriptions at the end of each book, Synaxarion, and Menologion.

Kurt Aland did not place the Greek text of this codex in any Category.

History

Gregory dated the manuscript to the 12th century.

The manuscript was carefully written by John Tarchaniota. Auger Ghislain de Busbecq brought it, together with codex 425, from Constantinople to Vienna. The manuscript was examined by Treschow, Alter, and Birch. Alter used it in his edition of NT, vol 2, pp. 789–853. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887. Formerly it was designated by 64a and 69p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 421 to it.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. gr. 303) in Vienna.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 Francis Karl Alter, Novum Testamentum Graecum, ad Codicem Vindobonensem Graece expressum: Varietam Lectionis addidit Franciscus Carolus Alter, 2 vols. 8vo, Vienna, 1787, vol. 2, pp. 789–853.

Greek New Testament minuscules
14th-century biblical manuscripts


The Stratford Residences is an unfinished high-rise residential and commercial building that will rise in Makati, Philippines. It is being developed by Picar Development Inc. The development arm and real estate subsidiary of the AMA Group of Companies owned by Ambassador Amable R. Aguiluz V.

The building was originally meant to have 74 storeys, which would have made it the tallest residential building in the Philippines.  Construction of the half-completed building ground to a halt around 2016.  In 2022, plans were announced to downsize the building  and complete it by 2026.

History
On 15 June 2011, Picar Development announced its construction of a 74-storey residential condominium that will rise along Kalayaan Avenue in Makati Poblacion. According to its website, the condominium will have 1,136 fully furnished residential studio, two-bedroom, three-bedroom and penthouse units. The Stratford Residences takes inspiration from skyscrapers such as the Hearst Tower and Bank of America Tower (Manhattan), both in New York City. It was later on announced that Tower 3 will house the Swiss-operated Movenpick Hotel.

The Stratford Residences will serve as the "anchor structure to the mixed-use complex," The Picar Place. It will have retail stores and other commercial structures, such as Buddha Bar which opened in 2012. The condominium is located near the Ateneo Professional Schools and Power Plant Mall.

Architecture and design
The Stratford Residences was designed by Filipino architect Jose Pedro C. Recio of Rchitects, Inc.

But according to Aguiluz, its "folded facade is not just for aesthetics, it helps in capturing and maximizing the presence of natural and artificial light." The model units have been designed by Ivy and Cynthia Almario, and "feature neutral hints of steel gray, slate and white, the pad’s premium fixtures, structured proportions and minimalistic design elements convey a functional yet contemporary space..."

In order to meet the cement requirement of such a tall building,  high-strength cement will be used, which is four times the standard  cement requirement. The building has also been designed to be able to withstand earthquakes.

The residents will have 24-hour concierge service, remote-controlled lighting system, Wi-Fi access on all floors, security control systems, as well as energy, ventilation and communication technology features.

The first three floors of the condominium will be allotted for commercial establishments. It will also have nine underground floors for its parking area, which will have the capacity of 700 cars.

In 2012, Picar Development broke ground for the Swiss hotel chain, Movenpick Hotels and Resorts. It will have 305 European-contemporary designed hotel rooms and 320 residential apartments.

As of September 2017, the building remains unfinished and there were no construction workers in the site.

Amenities
The Stratford Residences' amenities will include a fitness center, meditation garden, lanai, adult- and kiddie-sized swimming pools, a day care center for children and a play area.  The Stratford Residences will also have a music library, a private mini-theater, and a function room.

Reception
In 2009, BCI Asia awarded The Stratford Residences the Best Design award for its distinct curvilinear design.

See also
List of tallest buildings in the Philippines

References

External links
Official Website
Official Website of Picar Development Inc.

Skyscrapers in Makati
Residential skyscrapers in Metro Manila
Buildings and structures under construction in Metro Manila


Elven Legacy is a turn-based strategy video game developed by 1C:Ino-Co and published by Paradox Interactive. Released in Russia in 2007 and elsewhere in 2009 for Microsoft Windows, the game is a sequel to Fantasy Wars. On October 11, 2011, Virtual Programming released Elven Legacy Collection, which includes the original game and its three expansion packs, for Mac OS X.

Gameplay
The gameplay, like its predecessor, Fantasy Wars, is a turn-based strategy game. The player moves its units, each representing a single hero or a small soldier company, through hexagonal maps dictating where they go and when they attack. Once all units have exhausted both their move points and their (single) action for the turn the pc-controlled enemies (or the other human players, if online) start their movements and actions. As with Fantasy Wars, units are inspired by the typical fantasy races in a fantasy-medieval setting. Usually, a mission requires a certain list of objectives to fulfill (kill certain enemies, or reach a certain town on the map) with "prizes" awarded at the end of the mission based on how many turns the player needed to achieve them.

Plot
Elven Legacy was developed by 1C: Ino-Co. The game presents a time when five races existed: elves, orcs, humans, the undead, and dwarves. The races are in conflict for possession of one land where the orcs once have been driven away by the human race. A hundred years later, the orcs prepare for a war to recapture their motherland. At the same time, the other races declare war against the human race in an effort to capture the territory in which humans lived. The player can either choose to play as the elves or the orcs.

Development
The graphics of Elven Legacy were implemented due to multiple reasons. One of these reasons was that they were inspired by World of Warcraft, but the other was the reason was that their research showed that players did not resonate as well with its initially "grim and dark [world] with realistic looking textures and light." As part of this research, the game's lead artist experimented by coloring a screenshot by hand. They liked how this look, and felt it would be a good idea to make a serious game that was "fun to look at.

Reception

The game received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

Expansions
At E3 2009, Paradox Interactive announced the expansion pack Elven Legacy: Ranger. The Ranger expansion adds 16 new missions, three new heroes, five unique artifacts, and 12 new spells.

Elven Legacy: Siege was released on November 17, 2009. The expansion includes large-scale battles of large armies, and the capture of many-hexed cities. The expansion has the following new features: a campaign consisting of 19 missions with a nonlinear storyline; control of two armies; three new heroes; and bonus missions.

Elven Legacy: Magic was released on December 3, 2009. This expansion is the most recent in the series of games about the world of Illis. The expansion has the following new features: new heroes, unusual tactical possibilities, new spells and artifacts, and bonus missions.

On June 21, Virtual Programming announced the original Elven Legacy title was to be brought to the Mac OS X platform in late 2009. The publisher shipped the game, along with the three expansion packs, for Mac OS X on October 11, 2011.

References

External links
Official website

2007 video games
1C Company games
Fantasy video games
Games for Windows
MacOS games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Orcs in popular culture
Paradox Interactive games
Strategy video games
Video games developed in Russia
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games with expansion packs
Windows games
Virtual Programming (company) games


Robert Abigail (born 1980) is a Dutch DJ.

Biography
Robert Abigail was born and raised in Rotterdam (The Netherlands), where he started his successful DJ career at the age of 15 in a variety of different clubs.

In 2007–2008 he gained international fame by when one of his songs was used in a Bacardi rum commercial. His 2008 single, "Mojito Song", was well received from the commercial and was later released as an independent single which quickly went gold in Europe, reaching number 20 on the Dutch Top 40 and up to number 2 in Ultratop, the Belgian (Flemish) Singles Chart.

He has continued to cooperate with a number of acts, most notably Belgian DJ Rebel and M.O., on many hits in the Netherlands and Belgium with "Merengue" by Robert Abigail and DJ Rebel featuring M.O. as a great follow-up in 2009 to "Mojito Song". Abigail also cooperated with The Gibson Brothers on two hits, "Cuba" and "Non Stop Dance".

Discography

Singles

*Did not appear in the official Dutch Top 40 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Tipparade charts. For Tipparade peaks, added 40 positions to arrive at an equivalent Dutch Top 40 position in above tables
**Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts. For Ultratip peaks, added 50 positions to arrive at an equivalent Ultratop position

Featured in

References

External links
 Official website

1980 births
Living people
Dutch dance musicians
Dutch DJs
Dutch electronic musicians
Musicians from Rotterdam
Electronic dance music DJs


The Dilute budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigars.  It is one of the constituent mutations of several recognised varieties: the Light, Dark, Olive, Grey and Suffused Yellows and the Grey and Suffused Whites.

Appearance

The Dilute mutation changes the body colour of the wild-type Light Green to yellow, with a variable amount of light green suffusion.  The suffusion is deepest on the rump and around the vent.  The spots and markings on the wing, head and neck, which are black in the wild-type, are pale grey.  The cheek patches are pale lavender and the long tail feathers are pale bluey-grey.  The eyes remain normal, with white irises when adult.  There is considerable variation in the intensity of the green suffusion, but the best exhibition birds of the 1930s showed very little and also had very faint wing markings.  These are the Dilute Light Greens, usually known as Light Yellows.

The green suffusion becomes progressively darker when single and double factors of the Dark mutation are present.  These are the Dilute Dark Greens and Dilute Olives, usually known as Dark and Olive Yellows.  When the suffusion is particularly heavy the bird is known as a Suffused Yellow.

In the blue series the absence of the yellow pigment turns the body colour to white, although this is usually suffused with blue, often quite heavily.  When the suffusion is light, Dilute Skyblues are known as Whites; when it is heavy they are known as Suffused Whites.  Dilute Cobalts and Mauves are usually known as Suffused Whites.

Historical notes

Budgerigars were first introduced into Europe by the ornithologist and bird artist, John Gould, in 1840, when he imported to England a pair which had been bred by his brother-in-law, Charles Coxon.  They grew steadily in popularity.  For the first thirty years of their domestication only the wild-type Light Green budgerigar was known, but in 1872
birds with greenish-yellow bodies and very pale wing markings were reported from Belgium (in both Brussels and Antwerp) and Germany (in both Kassel and Berlin).  This, now known as the Dilute mutation, was the first mutation observed in the domesticated budgerigar.

Joseph Abrahams obtained some of these new yellow birds from Belgium and bred the first Yellow, as it was called, in Great Britain in 1884.  These strains, in both Britain and Europe, laid the foundations for the very popular exhibition Light Yellow of the 1920s and 30s, which were often known by the alternative names of Buttercups or Buttercup Yellows.  The popularity of the variety declined after the Lutino became available in the late 1930s.

In 1896, George Keartland of the Calvert Expedition to the Great Sandy Desert of Western Australia, observed a yellow budgerigar flying wild in a flock on three occasions.  This suggests the Dilute mutation is relatively common in heterozygous form among the wild populations, as two such heterozygous individuals would need to mate in order to produce a visible Dilute.

Although the Blue mutation was first seen soon after the first Dilutes, in 1878, and had become established by 1890 in Europe, the first combination of the Blue and Dilute mutations in double homozygous form did not appear until around 1920, some 30 to 40 years later.  This combination was the White (known as Silver in Australia), and it was first bred in England by H D Astley in September 1920 from a pair of Skyblues.  A White was also reported in Paris in the same year.  Whites were never as popular as the Yellows, as it was much harder to approach the exhibition ideal of a pure white bird.

Genetics

The Dilute mutation is recessive to its wild-type allele, so a bird possessing a single Dilute allele (the heterozygote) is identical in appearance to the wild-type Light Green.  That is, the presence of a single wild-type allele is sufficient to permit the production of the normal number of melanin granules.  Among the budgerigar fancy such a bird is said to be a Light Green split dilute, usually written Light Green/dilute, although Light Green/yellow has been used.

In a bird which has two Dilute alleles (the homozygote) the number of melanin granules is greatly reduced, to around 5% of the normal amount.  This results in a much reduced intensity of the black markings, and less absorption of light which passes through the cloudy layer in the medulla of barbs.  As this absorption of light is a necessary part of the process which generates the blue colouration the intensity of blue is also greatly reduced.

The Dilute mutation is one of a series of multiple alleles at the same locus, called dil+ in the wild-type.  The others are the Clearwing (dilcw) and Greywing (dilgw) mutations.  The Dilute allele (dild) is recessive to all other alleles at this locus, so for the Dilute character to be expressed in the phenotype the genotype must be homozygous for this allele.

Notes

References

External links
 World Budgerigar Organisation (WBO)
 WBO Colour Guide

Budgerigar colour mutations


Minuscule 422 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 186 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.
The marginal equipment is full.

Description

The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 256 parchment leaves (). It is written in two columns per page, in 28 lines per page. The manuscript was written by an ignorant scribe, who made many errors.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 240 Sections, the last in 16:19), with references to the Eusebian Canons (partially).

It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum, Prolegomena, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, Synaxarion, Menologion, subscriptions at the end of each Gospel, and numbers .
Lectionary markings at the margin were added by a later hand.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 10 and Luke 20. In Luke 1 it has a mixture of the Byzantine text-families.

History

The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852). It was examined by Dean Burgon in 1873. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Bavarian State Library (Gr. 210) in Munich.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts