Hollindale is an unincorporated community in  Fort Hunt, Fairfax County, Virginia, United States close to the George Washington Memorial Parkway in ZIP code 22306.  As of 2013, it had 945 residents. Mount Vernon Presbyterian Church and Hollin Meadows Elementary School are located within the community. Hollindale is set along the hilly woodlands across from the Potomac. It was built around several estates and on what used to be Sherwood Dairy Farm, and is adjacent to the Hollin Hills community. It is dominated by mid-century modern homes, colonials, and Tudors.

History

The name "Hollindale" is a combination of "Hollin" and the word "dale" which means valley, reflecting the neighborhood's rural ambiance. The neighborhood was built on a portion of the Hollin Hall plantation, which had belonged to George Mason and his family. The land had once been used as a fort to protect early settlers in Virginia from Native American attacks, yet as the years went on, it developed into a family estate and farm which Mason had passed down to his son, Thomson, in 1781. Both Thomson and his wife lived on the land, which was situated three miles south of Alexandria on Little Hunting Creek, until 1820. After Thomson Mason's death, the land was placed on sale, yet was unable to be purchased immediately after a terrible fire had destroyed all but the spinning house, or "Little Hollin Hall." However, Mr. Edward Curtis Gibbs, a Quaker seafarer, became its new owner in 1852.

"In 1919, Mr. and Mrs. Harley Wilson bought the plantation whereupon they began making many changes...In 1935 Mr. Wilson died, leaving the building vacant for some time. Mr. and Mrs. Merle Thorpe bought it during World War II, and it stayed in their possession until Mount Vernon Unitarian Church bought the house and the surrounding the buildings in 1958."

In 1958, the subdivision Hollin Brook Park was finished along Sherwood Hall Lane just across from what was the Thorpe turkey farm. The Sherwood Dairy Farm continued until later developments of the neighborhood. In 1965, a modern home in the neighborhood was featured in the Better Homes and Gardens magazine.

In 1974, President Gerald Ford appointed Hollindale resident Jerald terHorst as his press secretary. After a month, terHorst famously resigned because of Ford's pardoning of Nixon. Before terHorst's resignation Ford would occasionally ride down Evening Lane in Hollindale to visit his friend. On September 8, 1979, Hollindale, which had been undergoing construction since 1953 as a part of the post-World War II suburban-development project in Fairfax County, was recognized by the U.S. Geological Survey as a populated place. In 1984, resident and World War II veteran Captain Archibald McEwan helped found the Technology Advancement Group. In early 2010 first lady Michelle Obama visited the Hollin Meadows Elementary School. The University of Virginia has collected data in its library from Alexandria, Virginia concerning the Sherwood Dairy Farm.

Civic association

Hollindale, like all neighboring communities, has a civic association headed by resident Mike McPherson who serves as president of the board of governors. The association is part of the Mount Vernon District Civic Associations and governs the neighborhood along with a small portion of Sherwood Hall Lane which runs through it.

Geography
Hollindale is located at  (38.750948, -77.063311).

As of 2007, the community has a total area of 0.507 square miles (1.3 square kilometers).

Official location
According to the United States Postal Service, Hollindale, along with surrounding neighborhoods, is listed with an Alexandria, Virginia address despite it being part of Fairfax County. The community belongs to the district of Mount Vernon, and is bordered by Fort Hunt Road to the east and the Paul Springs Stream Valley Park, which it shares with straddling community Hollin Hall Village, to the west and south. To the north the neighborhood intertwines with the nationally recognized community of Hollin Hills.

Demographics

As of 2009, there were 926 people in the community. The population density was 1,827 residents per square mile. The racial makeup of the community was 91.3% White, 0.4% African American, 2.8% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

The percentage of married couples was 78.9%. The percentage of married couples with children was 30.3%. Percentage of single mothers was 1.9%. The average house size was 2.6 people, and the average family size was 2.9 members.

In the community, 21.3% of the population was under the age of 18, and 18.6% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. Males made up 48% of the community and females made up 52%.

The median household income in the community was $158,577 and the per capita income was $76,351.

Real estate
For real estate purposes there are three sub-divisions within Hollindale including Hollindale, Kirkside, and Hollin Brook Park.
The majority of homes in Hollindale was built in the mid-twentieth century and homes are of either Tudor, federal, colonial, or traditional styles. There are six mansions/estates located within Hollindale including "Little Hollin Hall." Most homes lie on wooded, hilly lots and are spacious.

Education

Hollindale residents are zoned to Fairfax County Public Schools. There are two public elementary schools, Waynewood and Hollin Meadows, which the neighborhood falls under. The public junior high school is Carl Sandburg Middle School, and the public high school is West Potomac High School. Residents of Hollindale also attend the nearby Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, ranked the #1 high school in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.

Several private schools, ranging from pre-school to 12th grade, are located in nearby Alexandria, including St. Stephens & St. Agnes School, Episcopal High School, and Bishop Ireton.

Original schools

The original elementary school of Hollindale, aside from Waynewood, was the Hollin Hills Elementary School. Hollin Meadows on Nordok Lane in Hollindale became the new elementary school circa forty years ago. The original high school, Fort Hunt High School, combined with Groveton High School to form West Potomac in 1985.

Athletics

Hollindale falls under the Fort Hunt Youth Athletic Association. The program includes sports ranging from baseball to lacrosse; resident children play against neighboring Alexandria and Woodlawn Little Leagues in the area.

Notable residents
 Jerald terHorst, former press-secretary for Gerald Ford and author

References

External links
 Hollindale Civic Association

Unincorporated communities in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Virginia


The Sheridan Square Playhouse was an Off-Broadway theatre in New York City that was active from 1958 through the early 1990s. Closed as a theatre in 1996, the theatre was located at 99 7th Avenue South in Greenwich Village.

History
Prior to being a theatre, the building was host to The Nut Club, a famous nightclub frequented by people such as Lionel Barrymore, Jimmy Durante, Eddie Cantor, and Mae West. The building was originally built as a garage, on the foundations of a church demolished in 1917 for the construction of the IRT 7th Avenue line.

The Sheridan Square Playhouse opened on May 6, 1958 with a production of Jacinto Benavente's 1907 play The Bonds of Interest (Los intereses creados). It soon hosted a two-year revival of the musical Leave It to Jane. The theatre became the home of the Circle Repertory Company in 1972, hosting their plays through the 1993-1994 theatre season, after which the company relocated to the Circle in the Square Theatre's former home at 159 Bleecker Street.

The last production at the theatre was Graydon Royce and Geoffrey C. Ewing's (who also starred in) Ali in 1992. The building became a restaurant and jazz club under the name Garage Restaurant and Cafe, which closed in 2015.

References

External links
Sheridan Square Playhouse at the Off-Broadway database
Garage

1958 establishments in New York City
1996 disestablishments in New York (state)
Off-Broadway theaters


The Valencianas de Juncos is the professional female volleyball team of Juncos, Puerto Rico.

History
The team was found in 2004.

Current volleyball squad
As of February 2011
 Head Coach:  Xiomara Molero
 Assistant coach:  Victor Vásquez

Release or Transfer

Palmares

League Championship
2007

References
 League Official website
 Team website

Volleyball clubs in Puerto Rico
Volleyball clubs established in 2004
2004 establishments in Puerto Rico
Juncos, Puerto Rico


Mikhail Nikolayevich Murashov (; born 27 October 1973) is a Russian retired professional footballer and current coach.

Honours
 Russian Cup winner: 1993.

European competitions
 UEFA Cup 1992–93 with FC Torpedo Moscow: 1 game, 1 goal.
 UEFA Cup 1996–97 with FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow: 1 game.

References

1973 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Torpedo-2 players
FC Tom Tomsk players
FC Khimki players
Russian Premier League players
FC Torpedo NN Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Arsenal Tula players
FC Irtysh Omsk players
Russian football managers
Men's association football defenders
FC Rostov players
FC Cherepovets players


"My Last Name" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley.  It was released in October 2003 as the second single from his self-titled debut album. The song peaked at number 17 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming Bentley's first single to miss the Top 10 and his only one until 2010's "Up on the Ridge", which peaked at number 21.  Bentley wrote this song with Harley Allen.

Content
The narrator describes the origins and the experiences of his last name, such as when he beat up a bully who made fun of his name and when his grandpa "took it off to Europe to fight the Germans in the war". In the final verse, the narrator then says that he wants to marry his lover — to give her his last name because he does not have much.

Music video
The music video was directed by Peter Zavadil, who directed the video for his previous single "What Was I Thinkin'". At the beginning, it shows Dierks Bentley's name spelled wrong on a marquee, but at the end of the video, it has been corrected.

Critical reception
Samantha H., reviewing the song for Country Music Online.net, wrote that the song "My Last Name" "is a great story song. All about getting teased because of his last name and still being proud of it. Then one day he offers it to a woman through marriage." Robert L. Doerschuk of Allmusic, however, called it "gauzy nostalgia."

Chart performance
"My Last Name" debuted at number 55 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week ending October 25, 2003.

Year-end charts

References

2003 singles
2003 songs
Dierks Bentley songs
Songs written by Harley Allen
Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil
Songs written by Dierks Bentley
Capitol Records Nashville singles
Song recordings produced by Brett Beavers


Kenneth Solan (13 October 1948 – 23 November 1971) was an English professional footballer who made a total of 14 appearances in the Football League, before dying in a car crash at the age of 23.

Career
Solan began his career as a youth player at hometown club Middlesbrough, and spent loan spells at Hartlepool United and Darlington. Solan never made a league appearance for Middlesbrough.

Death
Solan died in a car crash on 23 November 1971, at the age of 23.

References

1943 births
1971 deaths
English men's footballers
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Road incident deaths in England
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Middlesbrough


Kevin McCabe may refer to:

Kevin McCabe (businessman) (born 1948), English property businessman
Kevin McCabe (economist), American economist
Kevin McCabe (Gaelic footballer) (born 1960), Northern Irish Gaelic footballer
Kevin McCabe (banjoist), American musician
Kevin McCabe (American football) (born 1984), American football player
Kevin J. McCabe, Alaska state representative


Cladonematidae is a small family of anthomedusan hydrozoans. They have stolonal hydroid colonies, and their medusae are benthic and can crawl across the sediment; in many species they have lost the ability to swim however.

Several members of this lineage were formerly considered a separate family Eleutheriidae.

Description
The hydranths have a circular mouth surrounded by a single whorl of adhesive tentacles which each bear a little knob at the tip; in some Cladonematidae an aboral whorl of thread-like unknobbed tentacles is also present. They have a preoral chamber formed by epidermal gland cells.

The medusae bud off at the base of the hydrants, though where aboral tentacle are present these are located between the stolons and the budding sites. Cladonematidae medusae have a various extend of nematocysts around their umbrellar margin, varying between a continuous dense ring to none at all among the species. The number of radial canals and whether they are branched or not is variable in this family. Their marginal is branched, with nematocyst clusters on the upper and adhesive organs on the lower branches. The manubrium is cylindrical and in some has perradial pouches and/or above it a dorsal brood pouch; the gonads either surround the manubrium entirely or are carried on manubrial extrusions or (if present) the brood pouch. The mouth is bordered either with clusters of nematocysts, or with short lips of tissue, or fringed with branching tentacles. The tentacle bases abaxially bear ocelli.

Genera
There are three genera recognized:
 Cladonema Dujardin, 1843 (including Stauridia, Stauridium)
 Eleutheria Quatrefages, 1842 (including Clavatella, Herpusa)
 Staurocladia Hartlaub, 1917

Invalid genera
 Dendronema Haeckel, 1879 (nomen dubium)

Footnotes

References
  (2004): Cladonematidae. Version of 2004-DEC-21. Retrieved 2009-APR-08.
  [2009]:  The Hydrozoa Directory (via Web Archive) - Family Cladonematidae (via Wb Archive). Retrieved 2009-APR-08.

 Zooplankton identification sheet

Capitata
Cnidarian families


Ogden Avenue is a street extending from the Near West Side of Chicago to Montgomery, Illinois.  It was named for William B. Ogden, the first mayor of Chicago.

The street follows the route of the Southwestern Plank Road, which opened in 1848 across swampy terrain between Chicago and Riverside, Illinois, and was extended to Naperville by 1851.

The 1909 Plan of Chicago recommended an entire network of new diagonal streets, but the only one ever built was the extension in the 1920s of Ogden from Union Park through the Old Town neighborhood to end at Clark Street opposite Lincoln Park. This extension, largely built in the 1920s, was completed in 1934 with bridges and a connecting viaduct across Goose Island and the North Branch of the Chicago River. In the late 1960s, as part of an urban renewal project for Old Town, the street was vacated in this area and sold off for development. In recent decades, additional portions of Ogden have been abandoned and vacated. The avenue now ends a short distance north of Chicago Avenue.

The street intersects Interstate 90/Interstate 94/Kennedy Expressway in Chicago, Interstate 294/Tri-State Tollway in Western Springs, Interstate 355 in Lisle.

In the 1920s the broad avenue became an important arterial carrying auto traffic through the city's West Side. Portions of the avenue carried U.S. Route 66 from the city through adjacent suburbs. It carried US 32 until 1934. Ogden Avenue used to carry U.S. Route 34 to its end as well. Because of this, the intersection of U.S. Route 34/Ogden Avenue and U.S. Route 12/U.S. Route 20/U.S. Route 45/LaGrange Road is one of the few places where four U.S. Routes intersect. Further outside Chicago, a portion of the roadway from Harlem Avenue through the western suburbs carries U.S. Route 34.  U.S Route 34 carries the name of Ogden Av. from Chicago westbound to Aurora, Illinois.  Ogden Av. ends when U.S. Route 34 leaves Aurora at the intersection of U.S. Route 34 and U.S. Route 30 on the border of Aurora; Montgomery, Illinois; and Oswego, Illinois.

Major intersections

References

External links
 Ogden Avenue history and photography at Forgotten Chicago

Streets in Chicago
U.S. Route 66 in Illinois
U.S. Route 34
Transportation in Kendall County, Illinois
Transportation in DuPage County, Illinois
Transportation in Cook County, Illinois
Oswego, Illinois
Lisle, Illinois
La Grange, Illinois
Cicero, Illinois


The British Transport Police Authority is the police authority that oversees the British Transport Police. A police authority is a governmental body in the United Kingdom that defines strategic plans for a police force and provides accountability so that the police function "efficiently and effectively", and the British Transport Police patrol the railways in England, Wales, and Scotland.

The chair, appointed by
the Secretary of State for Transport, was Alistair Graham from its founding in 2004 until the end of 2011, Millie Banerjee from 2011 to 2015. Esther McVey served as chair from 2015 to 2017. Ron Barclay-Smith was appointed as chair in 2018.

References

External links

Department for Transport
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Police authorities of the United Kingdom


Rustam Mukhamedovich Mustafin (; born 17 March 1977) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1996 for FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
Russian Premier League players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Torpedo-2 players
FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi players
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
FC Luch Vladivostok players
FC Gomel players
Russian football managers
FC FShM Moscow players
FC Lukhovitsy players
FC Torpedo Vladimir players


Arco (ARDM-5) is an  Medium Auxiliary floating drydock for repair and serviced the United States Navy.

Arco was laid down on 9 May 1983 by Todd Pacific Shipyards in Seattle, Washington, and launched on 14 December 1984.  She was placed in service on 23 June 1986 at Naval Base San Diego.  She provides dry dock services for the nuclear-powered submarines of Submarine Squadron Eleven in the Pacific, as well as other small craft.

Sources
Arco's official homepage
DANFS: Arco

Service Ship Photo Archive: ARDM-5 Arco

Ships built in Seattle
1984 ships
Floating drydocks of the United States Navy


Nacht is the German and Dutch word for night. It may refer to:

 Die Nacht (film), a 1985 West German installation film by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg
 "Die Nacht" (Strauss), an 1885 art song composed by Richard Strauss
 "Come Back, My Love" (German: ""), a song by Anton Rubinstein
 NACHT domain, a conserved protein domain
 Nacht Faust, a character from Japanese manga series Black Clover

People
 Michael Nacht (born 1942), United States government official
 Sacha Nacht (1901–1977), French psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
 Artur Nacht-Samborski (1898–1974), Polish avant-garde painter; see
  (born 1939), Swiss journalist
 Maximilian Nacht (1881–1973), pseudonym of American anarchist Max Nomad

See also
 Night (disambiguation)


Joseph A. "Joe" Petrarca Jr. (born April 2, 1961) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1995 to 2020.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Joseph Petrarca (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus -Joseph Petrarca official Party website

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1961 births
21st-century American politicians


Sergei Anatolyevich Pereshivalov (; born 23 October 1983) is a former Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Torpedo-ZIL Moscow.

External links

1983 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Moscow players
Russian Premier League players


Peter John Daley, II (August 8, 1950 – June 1, 2022) was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 49th Legislative District until 2016. Daley decided to retire and not seek an 18th term in 2016. His district included portions of Fayette County and Washington County.

Biography
Daley was born in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, and graduated from California Area High School in 1968. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in social studies from California University of Pennsylvania in 1972, and then taught at California Area High School for seven years. He was a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention and served as chair of the Washington Young Democrats (1972–75).

In 1973, at age 22, Daley was elected mayor of California Borough. He served in that position until he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1982.

From 2009 to 2011, Daley served as the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Commerce Committee Democratic Chairperson. In 2009-10, he also served on the Game & Fisheries Committee and the Intergovernmental Affairs Committee.

Daley served as the Democratic Chair of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Consumer Affairs Committee in 2013 to 2016.

Daley announced that he would retire from his position on January 7, 2016.

Daley died on June 1, 2022, in California, Pennsylvania. An announcement by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf was made on June 2, 2022, that all flags on Commonwealth facilities, public buildings, and grounds fly at half-staff immediately.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Peter Daley (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus - Peter Daley  official Party website

1950 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American politicians
California University of Pennsylvania alumni
Mayors of places in Pennsylvania
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Pennsylvania lawyers
People from Brownsville, Pennsylvania
People from California, Pennsylvania


Nickolas M. Kotik (born 1950) is a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

Kotik holds a bachelor's degree in public administration from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. He spent over 20 years working for Allegheny County as a payroll accountant and property assessor. Kotik later worked as an aide to his predecessor, Representative Fred Trello, and as manager of Robinson Township.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Nick Kotik (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus - Nick Kotik official Party website

Living people
1950 births
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians
American people of Hungarian descent


Timothy J.  Solobay (born March 20, 1956) is a Pennsylvania politician who served as the Fire Commissioner of Pennsylvania from 2015 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.

Formative years
Born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1956, Solobay graduated from the Washington Hospital School of Radiologic Technology (Washington, Pennsylvania) in 1976. He received a B.S. in Radiologic Technology from California University of Pennsylvania in 1984 and a B.S. in Business Management from an online program through the California Coast University in 1990. (California Coast University was not nationally accredited at the time he was taking online classes there; however, it was accredited by the State of California, and gained national distance learning accreditation in 2005.)

Public service career
Solobay is the chief of the Canonsburg Volunteer Fire Department, and he was formerly a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives before his election to the Pennsylvania Senate. He was defeated for re-election to the state senate in 2014 by Republican Camera Bartolotta. He was then named the new State Fire Commissioner by Governor Tom Wolf. He resigned as Pennsylvania Fire Commissioner in late December 2017. Bruce Trego has been appointed as acting commissioner by Gov. Tom Wolf.

References

External links
Pennsylvania Office of the State Fire Commissioner

1956 births
Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Democratic Party Pennsylvania state senators
People from Canonsburg, Pennsylvania
California Coast University alumni


Trevor Roberts (25 February 1942 – June 1972) was a Welsh professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made a total of 207 appearances in the Football League for Southend United and Cambridge United before dying of a brain tumour at the age of 30.

Career
Roberts began his career as a youth player at Liverpool, combining his playing there with studying for a degree in geography at Liverpool University, He then played in the Football League for Southend United and Cambridge United between 1965 and 1972, making 207 appearances.

Death
In 1968 Roberts recovered from lung cancer. In February 1972 he was admitted to hospital with a brain tumour and died in June 1972 in a nursing home, at the age of 30.

References

1942 births
1972 deaths
People from Caernarfon
Sportspeople from Gwynedd
Welsh men's footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Deaths from brain cancer in England


James E. Casorio Jr. (born August 23, 1964 in Jeannette, Pennsylvania) is a former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He served as a Representative from 1997 to 2010.

He received a B.S. from Saint Vincent College (Latrobe, Pennsylvania) in 1994 and an M.A. degree from Saint Francis College (Loretto, Pennsylvania) in 1995.

References

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Saint Vincent College alumni
Saint Francis University alumni
1964 births
People from Jeannette, Pennsylvania


Christopher or Chris Douglas may refer to:

Christopher Douglas (American actor) (born 1969), American actor and host of television mini-series Feeding Frenzy on Animal Planet
Christopher Douglas (British actor), British actor and writer
Chris Douglas (musician) (born 1974), musician from San Francisco
Chris Douglas (cricketer) (born 1989), cricketer from Bermuda
Chris Douglas (American football), American football coach
Chris Douglas (sledge hockey), American ice sled hockey player
Christopher Douglas (athlete) (born 1997), Australian athlete

See also
Chris Douglas-Roberts (born 1987), American basketball player


The Emo Diaries is a series of twelve compilation albums released by Deep Elm Records between 1997 and 2011. The series had an open submissions policy and featured mostly acts that were unsigned at the time of the albums' releases. Deep Elm founder John Szuch claims that the original name for the series was intended to be The Indie Rock Diaries, but this was ruled out by the fact that the first volume included Jimmy Eat World and Samiam, who were both signed to major record labels. The Emo Diaries was chosen because The Emotional Diaries was too long to fit on the album cover. Despite the title, the bands featured in the series have a diversity of sounds that do not all necessarily fit into the emo style of rock music. Andy Greenwald, in his book Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo, claims that the series "stake[s] a claim for emo as more a shared aesthetic than a genre":

[T]he bands included hail from all over the world, and the musical styles range from racing punk to droopy, noodley electro. Still, the prevalence of the series—coupled with its maudlin subtitles (The Silence [in] My Heart, I Guess This Is Goodbye) and manic-depressive tattoo cover art—did much to codify the word "emo" and spread it to all corners of the underground.

Deep Elm themselves have remarked that the series' open submissions policy and diversity of bands is what made it unique: "Only the music mattered. Deep Elm has never attempted to define any musical style, as we believe any combination of songwriting, lyrics and live performance means something different to every listener." The Emo Diaries featured then-new and unreleased music by such notable acts as The Appleseed Cast, Brandtson, Further Seems Forever, Jejune, Jimmy Eat World, The Movielife, Planes Mistaken for Stars, Samiam, and Seven Storey Mountain. Ten installments were released between 1997 and 2004, after which the series was unofficially halted. According to the label:

Deep Elm cited the bastardization of the term "emo" in today's pop culture, as well as mainstream's stranglehold and subsequent commercialization of the genre, which placed the focus squarely on the aesthetic...not the music, the energy or the passion. Essentially, Deep Elm refused to play the game and closed the doors on the genre they helped to document, nurture and expose to the world.

However, in 2007 the label published an eleventh chapter in the series, entitled Taking Back What's Ours. In April 2010 Deep Elm began soliciting submissions for a twelfth installment of The Emo Diaries, which was released in January 2011 as I Love You But in the End I Will Destroy You.

Discography

References

Compilation album series
Deep Elm Records compilation albums


Mido SA is a manufacturer of Swiss luxury watches. The company was founded in 1918 and is under the Swatch group brand umbrella.

History
Mido was founded in 1918 by George G. Schaeren in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland. Mido comes from the Spanish phrase Yo mido meaning "I measure". In the 1920s, Mido introduced ladies' watches with color-enameled shaped cases and modern straps as well as timepieces for gentlemen in art deco style. Mido found
a market in the flourishing automotive market by producing watches in the shape of radiator grills of a wide range of brands such as Buick, Bugatti, Fiat, Ford, Excelsior, Hispano-Suiza, etc.

In 1934, Mido launched the Multifort design, the first Mido to use a self-winding automatic movement. It was shock-resistant, anti-magnetic and water-resistant. In that same year Mido launched watches with unbreakable mainsprings. This was also the very first time that any watch manufacturer utilized this type of spring within the marketplace. During this time period, Mido used a Robot as its ambassador as a symbol of progress and robustness. A comic strip from this era featured the Mido Robot and its adventures.

In 1945, Mido became the first manufacturer to introduce a central-read chronograph wherein the stopwatch function had all its hands arranged at the center. In 1954 the firm launched the world's most efficient winding mechanism.

Mido released its Commander model in 1959, which utilized a one-piece case design. In 1967 Mido was distinguished as the maker of the world's thinnest ladies watch.

In 1970 Mido launched the Aquadura Crown Sealing system, which makes use of an all-natural cork which is handled and formed to insure its water resistant qualities. This technique is utilized to seal the crown, the most susceptible place on a watch to water leakage.

During the nineties, the Mido World Timer was launched. This was a practical display that can show the local time anywhere on the planet. The user must bring the desired city to the 12 o’clock position and press the crown to check the local time.

Mido is recognized as one of the top 10 producers of certified chronometers. With 61,358 automatic movements produced in 2013, Mido is currently ranked number four in the production of chronometers in the Swiss watch industry.

Today, Mido is a part of the Swatch Group, headquartered in Le Locle, Switzerland. It also has a branch office in Shanghai, China.

References

Further reading
Kathleen H. Pritchard, Swiss Timepiece Makers, 1775-1975. Phoenix Publishing, 1997.

External links

 Official website
 Mido historie

The Swatch Group
Swiss companies established in 1918
Manufacturing companies established in 1918
Swiss watch brands
Companies based in the canton of Neuchâtel


The concept of linguistic relativity concerns the relationship between language and thought, specifically whether language influences thought, and, if so, how. This question has led to research in multiple disciplines—including anthropology, cognitive science, linguistics, and philosophy. Among the most debated theories in this area of work is the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. This theory states that the language a person speaks will affect the way that this person thinks. The theory varies between two main proposals: that language structure determines how individuals perceive the world and that language structure influences the world view of speakers of a given language but does not determine it.

There are two formal sides to the color debate, the universalist and the relativist. The universalist side claims that the biology of all human beings is all the same, so the development of color terminology has absolute universal constraints. The relativist side asserts that the variability of color terms cross-linguistically points to more culture-specific phenomena. Because color exhibits both biological and linguistic aspects, it has become a focus of the study of the relationship between language and thought. In a 2006 review of the debate Paul Kay and Terry Regier concluded that "There are universal constraints on color naming, but at the same time, differences in color naming across languages cause differences in color cognition and/or perception."

The color debate was made popular in large part due to Brent Berlin and Paul Kay's 1969 study and their subsequent publishing of Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution.  Although much on color terminology has been done since Berlin and Kay's study, other research predates it, including the mid-nineteenth century work of William Ewart Gladstone and Lazarus Geiger, which also predates the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, as well as the work of Eric Lenneberg and Roger Brown in 1950s and 1960s.

Universalist view

Berlin and Kay
The universalist theory that color cognition is an innate, physiological process rather than a cultural one was introduced in 1969 by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay in their book Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Their study was intended to challenge the formerly prevailing theory of linguistic relativity set forth by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. Berlin and Kay found universal restrictions on the number of basic color terms (BCTs) that a language can have, and on the ways the language can use these terms. The study included data collected from speakers of twenty different languages from a range of language families. Berlin and Kay identified eleven possible basic color categories: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray. To be considered a basic color category, the term for the color in each language had to meet certain criteria:

 It is monolexemic (for example, red, not red-yellow or yellow-red.)
 It is monomorphemic (for example, blue, but not bluish)
 Its signification is not included in that of any other color term (for example, crimson is a type of red)
 Its application must not be restricted to a narrow class of objects (for example, blonde is restricted to hair, wood and beer)
 It must be psychologically salient for informants (for example, "the color of grandma's freezer" is not psychologically salient for all speakers)

In case of doubt, the following "subsidiary criteria" were implemented:
 The doubtful form should have the same distributional potential as the previously established basic color terms (for example, objects can be described as reddish but not salmonish)
 Color terms that are also the name of an object characteristically having that color are suspect, for example, gold, silver and ash
 Recent foreign loan words may be suspect
 In cases where lexemic status is difficult to assess, morphological complexity is given some weight as a secondary criterion (for example, red-orange might be questionable)

Berlin and Kay also found that, in languages with fewer than the maximum eleven color categories, the colors followed a specific evolutionary pattern. This pattern is as follows:

 All languages contain terms for black and white.
 If a language contains three terms, then it contains a term for red.
 If a language contains four terms, then it contains a term for either green or yellow (but not both).
 If a language contains five terms, then it contains terms for both green and yellow.
 If a language contains six terms, then it contains a term for blue.
 If a language contains seven terms, then it contains a term for brown.
 If a language contains eight or more terms, then it contains terms for purple, pink, orange or gray.

In addition to following this evolutionary pattern absolutely, each of the languages studied also selected virtually identical focal hues for each color category present. For example, the term for "red" in each of the languages corresponded to roughly the same shade in the Munsell color system. Consequently, they posited that the cognition, or perception, of each color category is also universal.

Additional universalist arguments
A later study supporting this universal, physiological theory was done by Kessen, Bornstein, and Weiskopf. In this study, sixteen four-month-old infants were presented with lights of different frequencies corresponding to different colors.  The lengths of habituation were measured and found to be longer when the infant was presented with successive hues surrounding a certain focal color than with successive focal colors.  This pattern of response is what is expected when the infants are distinguishing between the focal colors, but not distinguishing between successive hues (i.e. different shades of red are all "red" but "blue" and "red" focal colors are different).  This is to say that infants respond to different hues of color in much the same way as adults do, demonstrating the presence of color vision at an age younger than previously expected.  Kessen, Bornstein and Weiskopf therefore claim that the ability to perceive the same distinct focal colors is present even in small children.

Research before Berlin and Kay (1969)

Gladstone and Geiger
In their paper Language and thought: Which side are you on anyway?, Regier et al. discuss the presence of a universalist perspective on the color debate in the mid-nineteenth century.

In the mid-nineteenth century, various scholars, notably William Gladstone (1858) and Lazarus Geiger (1880), noted that the speakers of ancient written languages did not name colors as precisely and consistently – as they saw it – as the speakers of modern European languages. They proposed a universal evolutionary sequence in which color vocabulary evolves in tandem with an assumed biological evolution of the color sense

Gladstone was a Homeric scholar and in his writings, notably Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, expressed that, because there was virtually a lack of color terminology in Homeric Greek literature, Greeks could probably not see color the same way people see color today.

... that the organ of color and its impressions were but partially developed among the Greeks of the heroic age

Geiger expanded on Gladstone's ideas by looking at other classic works and hypothesized that man gradually became aware of color over time. He posited the idea that this awareness was connected to the order colors came up in the spectrum, starting with longest wavelengths.

Lenneberg and Roberts
Lenneberg and Roberts presented their paper The Denotata of Color Terms at the Linguistic Society of America in 1953. In this paper they reported their findings on color recall in Zuni speakers. Zuni has one color term for yellow and orange, and Lenneberg and Roberts' study reported that Zuni speakers encountered greater difficulty in color recall for these colors than English speakers, who have available terms to distinguish them. Brown and Lenneberg attributed this effect to the property of codability.

Linguistic codability is whether naming an object is difficult or not. It also includes a focus on the effect that naming can have on behavior and cognition.

Brown and Lenneberg
Brown and Lenneberg published A Study in Language and Cognition in 1954, in which they discussed the effect of codability on recognition. In their experiment they used a series of Munsell chips to test color recall and recognition in English speakers. Their findings suggested that the availability of a basic color term in a given language affected the retention of that color in recall testing. Brown and Lenneberg linked their study to Lenneberg and Roberts' 1953 findings on color recall in Zuni speakers.

Relativist view
Initially, Berlin and Kay's theory received little direct criticism. But in the decades since their 1969 book, a significant scholarly debate has developed surrounding the universalism of color terminology. Many relativists find significant issues with this universalism. Discussed below, Barbara Saunders and John A. Lucy are two scholars who are prominent advocates of the opposing relativist position. Also, Daniel Everett's work on the Pirahã language of the Brazilian Amazon, a controversial case, found several peculiarities, including what he interpreted as the Pirahã language's lack of color terms in the way those are otherwise defined. Everett's conclusions were met with skepticism from universalists, who claimed that the linguistic deficit is explained by the lack of need for such concepts.

Barbara Saunders
Barbara Saunders believes that Berlin and Kay's theory of basic color terminology contains several unspoken assumptions and significant flaws in research methodology. Included in these assumptions is an ethnocentric bias based on traditions of Western scientific and philosophical thought. She regards the evolutionary component of Berlin and Kay's theory as "an endorsement of the idea of progress" and references Smart's belief that it is "a Eurocentric narrative that filters everything through the West and its values and exemplifies a universal evolutionary process of modernization."

With regard to Berlin and Kay's research, Saunders criticizes the translation methods used for the color terms they gathered from the 78 languages they had not studied directly. Like many others, she also questions the effectiveness of using the Munsell color system in the elicitation of color terminology and identification of focal hues. She feels that "use of this chart exemplifies one of the mistakes commonly made by the social sciences: that of taking data-sets as defining a (laboratory) phenomenon which supposedly represents the real world", and entails "taking a picture of the world for the world and then claiming that that picture is the concept". Finally, she takes issue with the anomalous cases of color term use that she believes Berlin, Kay and Merrifield disregarded in their work on the World Color Survey for the purpose of purifying their results.

In Saunders' 1997 article with van Brakel, they criticize the amount of weight given to the study of physiological color perception as support for the universalism of color terminology. They primarily criticize the idea that there is an autonomous neuro-physiological color pathway, citing a lack of concrete evidence for its existence.

Saunders is also bothered by the overall de-contextualization of color terminology and the failure of universalists to address the limitations of their methodologies. She points out that:

Ordinary colour talk is used in a variety of ways – for flat coloured surfaces, surfaces of natural objects, patches of paintings, transparent objects, shining objects, the sky, flames, illumination, vapours, volumes, films and so on, all of which interact with overall situation, illumination, edges, textures, patternings and distances, making the concept of sameness of colour inherently indeterminate.

John Lucy
John A. Lucy's criticisms of Berlin and Kay's theory are similar to those of Saunders and other relativists, primarily focusing on shortcomings in research methodologies and the assumptions that underlie them.

Lucy believes that there are problems with how linguistic analysis has been used to characterize the meanings of color terms across languages. Referential range (what a color term can refer to) and grammatical distribution (how the term can be used) are two dimensions Lucy believes are critical to defining the meaning of a term, both of which "are routinely ignored in research on color terms which focuses primarily on denotational overlap across languages without any consideration of the typical use of the terms or their formal status." He also feels that any attempt to contrast color term systems requires understanding of each individual language and the systems it uses to structure reference.

Lucy also believes that there is significant bias present in the design of Berlin and Kay's research, due to their English-speaking and Western points of view. He thinks the use of the Munsell color system demonstrates their adherence to the ideas that "speech is about labeling accuracy" and that "Meaning is really about accurate denotation," which he believes "...both derive directly from the folk understandings of English speakers about how their language works." He refers to Conklin's study of Hanunóo as a demonstration of what a study might reveal about a language's color term system when such bias is not present. He demonstrates that "an 'adequate knowledge' of the system would never have been produced by restricting the stimuli to color chips and the task of labeling" (original emphasis).

In summation, he feels that the approach universalists have taken in researching color term universals sets up a procedure that "...guarantees both their discovery and their form," and that, "It does not really even matter whether the researchers involved are open-minded and consciously willing to recognize relativism as a possible outcome—because the universalist conclusion is guaranteed by their methodological assumptions."

Recent scholarship
Scholarship on color vision has proceeded in three principal domains within the last twenty years.  There have been revisions to the Berlin and Kay hypothesis; in response, there have been continued challenges to that hypothesis; and lastly, the field of vision science has expanded to explore hue categorization at a perceptual level, independent of language-based distinctions, possibly offering compromise in the two polar theories.

Revisions of the Berlin and Kay hypothesis
In 1999 Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi published an article entitled Color Appearance and the Emergence and Evolution of Basic Color Lexicons, in which they outline a series of revisions in response to data collected in the World Color Survey (WCS) and to Stephen Levinson and his work on the language Yélî Dnye in Papua New Guinea (see below). While upholding an evolutionary track for the addition of basic color terms (BCTs) to any given lexicon, they outlined a series of three Partition Rules (i.e., superordinate rules that determine the evolution of BCTs):

 Black and White (Bk&W): Distinguish black and white.
 Warm and Cool (Wa&C): Distinguish the warm primaries (red and yellow) from the cool primaries (green and blue).
 Red: Distinguish red.

The ordering of these rules is reflective of the data of the overwhelming majority of languages studied in the WCS. However, exceptions do exist, as was accounted for by Yélî Dnye and other languages within the WCS. Furthermore, they also propose a 0) rule, one which simply states: partition. Such a rule is necessary to motivate the specification of later basic color terms, namely those that can no longer be brought about by application of rules 1)–3).

With respect to the evolution of color terms within a given lexicon, Kay and Maffi further outlined the possibilities of different trajectories of evolution, though all of those numerically possible are not attested in the World Color Survey. Another significant contribution of this article is a discussion of the Emergence Hypothesis (see below), its relation to Yélî Dnye, and its motivation for the authors' revision of evolutionary trajectories.

Using a phylogenetic approach, Bowern & Haynie found support for Berlin & Kay hypothesis in the Pama-Nyungan language family, as well as other alternative trajectories for gaining and losing color terms.

Opposition to Berlin and Kay et al.
There are three approaches to such criticisms:

 Those brought about by implications within the taxonomic structure of the B&K model (as seen further in Berlin's treatment of ethnobiological systems of classification)
 Those as seen in research in color perception in children and infants
 Those brought about by specific fieldwork

Levinson and Yélî Dnye
The Yele language is a language isolate spoken on Rossel Island in Papua New Guinea.  Among observations about the class, derivation, usage of, and disagreement over, color naming words in Yele is a critique of the BCT-model's assumption that languages which have not yet fully lexicalized the semantic space of color (as was posited to be universal in the original and subsequent B&K papers [1969 &1978]) with the use of all eleven basic color names do so by use of the fewer composite terms that they do possess (by B&K's criteria for Yele, three).  As Stephen Levinson argues using methodology similar to that used by B&K for their initial tests and later for the WCS, there are simply regions of the color spectrum for which Yele has no name, and which are not subsumed by larger composite categories, even despite the inventive nature of color terms in Yele that fall outside the criteria for "basic" status. Given the fact that such color naming words are extremely inventive, (a "semi-productive" mode of adjectival derivation is the duplication of related nouns), Levinson argues that this is highly detrimental to the BCT-theory, insomuch that Yele is "a language where a semantic field of color has not yet jelled", and thus one not open to universal constraint.

As Levinson points out, there is evidence that supports the emergence of BCTs through physical objects and words used to signify simultaneous properties such as lightness. As such, these terms do not cohere as a unique, separable semantic domain denoting hue (see Bornstein for this criterion). Over time, though, and through processes of semantic change, such a domain can emerge. In response to work by Levinson and Lyons, Kay dubs this perspective the Emergence Hypothesis (EH). (See Levinson's article for a discussion on the co-existing evolutionary tracks for color words if one accepts both B&K's position and the Emergence Hypothesis.) Kay & Maffi (1999) incorporate the EH into their evolutionary track by removing from their model the assumption that languages begin by fully segmenting the color spectrum.  This inverts their Partition Principles (see above), namely by placing 1) and 3) over 0) and 2).  That is, languages partially segment the space into black, white, and red (i.e., 1) & 3)), and then the assignment to partition (0)) and split warm and cool colors (2)) accommodates the rest of the space.  As Kay & Maffi explain, this is essential to explications of Y/G/Bu terms (e.g., Cree), which were previously incompatible with the model. However, this model also introduces the possibility for previously divergent evolutionary paths for color terms, since it is only after the rearrangement and reassignment of the Partition Principles that a language that derived from EH origins joins with a language that originally partitioned the whole of the color spectrum.

Anna Wierzbicka and universals of visual semantics
In an article titled The Semantics of Colour: A New Paradigm, Wierzbicka discusses three main critiques of the universalist approach:

 The inability to prove the existence of true color terms (i.e., those based on variations in hue) in languages that lack a superordinate word for color in their taxonomies
 The lack of inquiry into the semantic range of any given language's assumed color naming.
 That the Western universalist tradition "[imposes] on other languages and cultures one's own conceptual grid" and does not reflect " 'the native's point of view'", citing Malinowski in the latter.

With regard to 1), she states that "the basic point ... is that, in many languages, one cannot ask the question, 'What color is it?'"  The assumption oscillates between two versions: on the one hand she argues that languages with no superordinate word for color simply do not have minimal color terms. On the other hand, she argues that even if one contests the first point (i.e., agree that languages that lack a word for color still have color terms), the fact that one cannot ask the question she posits (above) means that color is not a salient semantic domain in these languages. In the structure of her Natural Semantic Metalanguage, color does not constitute a semantic "primitive", though she argues for many others cross-linguistically. (For more on the NSM related to color terms, see Theoretical Linguistics 29:3.)

Pitchford and Mullen: The developmental acquisition of basic colour terms
This study compares the evolutionary model of color terms of Berlin and Kay to the acquisition of color terms in children (something which has been thought to lag behind other lexical acquisitions). Their study proceeds to three main questions:

 Are color terms acquired late?
 Are basic color terms acquired in a fixed developmental order?
 What factors may influence the acquisition of basic color terms?

With regard to 1), they find that color terms are not acquired any later than other relevant lexemes to distinguish objects. It had been thought, for example, that since color is not necessarily unique to a given object, and diverse objects are more likely to share common color than a common shape, that color terms lagged behind shape terms in development. This was found not to be the case.

Second, they found no correlation between the order of color term acquisition in children and in languages generally. It was found that gray and brown are learned later in development; there was no preference for the six primary color terms over the remaining three secondary ones. The similarity between the acquisition of these terms in children and in language vocabularies was assumed to be comparable, since even in current notions of the B&K hypothesis the evolutionary order of color terms is thought to be based on universals of neurophysiology. While some studies in neurophysiology have shown greater salience for the basic color terms (and thus correlate their earlier evolutionary status), neurophysiology has not been able to account for such phenomena as intuitive separations of warm and cool colors (the second partition rule posited by Kay [see above] is essential to such early-onset warm/cool distinctions, yet is overridden in language with a yellow/green/blue color term).

Vision science and theoretical compatibility
Marc Bornstein's essay Hue Categorization and Color Naming: Physics to Sensation to Perception separates an analytical review of vision science and color naming into three sections:

 Categorization and its aids to both perceptual and cognitive functions generally
 Color vision and hue categorization
 Color naming (an unarticulated derivative of the first two ideas [see his companion essay Hue Categorization and Color Naming: Cognition to Language to Culture for a further discussion of this point])

As a result, he summarizes both the findings of vision science (as it relates to color naming) and the linking of three separate but causally related processes within the study of color naming phenomena.  He states that "the physics of color, the psychophysics of color discrimination, and the psychology of color naming are not isomorphic".  The color spectrum clearly exists at a physical level of wavelengths (inter al.), humans cross-linguistically tend to react most saliently to the primary color terms (a primary motive of Bornstein's work and vision science generally) as well as select similar exemplars of these primary color terms, and lastly comes the process of linguistic color naming, which adheres both to universal patterns but demonstrates individual uniqueness.  While one may have origins in its predecessor, variation among test subjects in vision science and linguistic variation demonstrate that it is not a process of whole causality.  In his companion essay, he demonstrates that this process of causality may indeed be reversed, which he explains through a set of "models of development":

 Undeveloped
 Partially developed
 Fully developed

In response, there are three ways that outside experience may affect this development: through (A) induction, (B) modification, or (C) deprivation.  Thus the logical possibilities are 1A & 1C; 2A, 2B & 2C; and 3B & 3C.  Using this format, he explains that developmental altering in hue categories "entail perceptual 'sharpening' and 'broadening'".  He attributes this to either "maturation" (perceptually) or "experience".  Such a conclusion is necessarily indeterminate because understanding of why certain hue categories are lost and others induced (cf. developmental processes above) "requires further exacting research".  Coming from these two perspectives (i.e., those outlined in the causation above, and the models of development), this leads Bornstein to conclude that "there appear to be nontrivial biological constraints on color categorization [and that] ... the available evidence seems compatible with a position of moderate universality that leads to expectations of probabilistic rather than deterministic cross-cultural correspondence", and that "in color, relativism appears to overlay a universalist foundation".

Probabilistic inference
Probabilistic inference uses probabilistic models that describe the problem in terms of probability theory and probability distributions. The research article "The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and Probabilistic Inference: Evidence from the Domain of Color" seeks to clarify the argument through the lens of probabilistic inference. The probabilistic model is a conjunction of both a universal color space and a language-specific categorical organization of that space. This approach realizes that color cognition involves an interaction between these two tiers. There are incursions of linguistic categorization into nonlinguistic processes of thinking, and taking the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis does not necessarily entail a complete rejection of the universal components of human cognition. The probabilistic model is useful because many findings to support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis do not replicate reliably. Framing the issue in terms of probabilistic inference addresses this issue by highlighting the role of uncertainty.

Nonlinguistic influences on color memory
It is unlikely that linguistic factors are the sole component to differences in color perception across cultures. The culture differences in color naming and color perception can be extended to nonlinguistic factors. Color in the environment determines the language individuals of that group use in colloquial conversation. Thus, the communicability scores of color categories depends partly on the language, and even more so on the salient objects in the environment. In other words, for colors to be differentiated, they have to be already readily available in the individual or cultural group's environment.

Color significance across cultures

The significance of colors differs widely from culture to culture, which in turn affects the perception of different color hues between different nation-states. Cultures assign different meanings to colors due to religious influences and social beliefs.  Differences in color categorization between languages are caused by differences in the overall usefulness of color to a culture or language group.  Different areas of the world can differ widely in environment and the colors readily available in that environment. These environmental differences can also have an influence on color naming. The saliency and use of objects in a culture provides direct contribution to the color significance and color naming in that culture.

Red

 India: A married woman can be identified by red henna on her hands and sindoor worn along her hairline.
 South Africa: The red section of the South African flag symbolizes violence and sacrifices that were made during the struggle for independence.
 Thailand: Red is the color for Sundays and is linked with Surya, the solar god.
 China: Red is worn during New Year and wedding celebrations, as well as being the main color for decorations for such events.

Yellow

 France: In the 10th century, the French painted the doors of traitors and criminals yellow.
 China: "Yellow picture" or "yellow book" is used to discuss publication or media related to pornographic images and websites. Yellow was considered a color exclusive to royalty and only the emperor was allowed to wear yellow clothes during Ming and Qing Dynasties.
 Africa: Yellow is reserved for people of high rank because of its resemblance to the color of gold.
 Egyptians: Used yellow to paint mummies and tombs before the deceased were sent to the afterlife.
 Japan: Yellow represents bravery, wealth, and refinement since the War of the Dynasties in 1357.

Blue

 English language: The feeling of melancholy is typically referred to as having "the blues"
 United States: Many American banks such as Citi and Bank of America use blue for their logo to symbolize trust, security and authority.
 Middle East: Blue signifies safety and protection, and it is a symbol of heaven, spirituality and immortality.
 Christianity: Virgin Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue.
 Hinduism: The color of Krishna, the most highly worshipped Hindu god who embodies love and joy.

See also
Eskimo words for snow
Distinction of blue and green in various languages

References

Further reading
 Various (2005).  Journal of Cognition and Culture 5:3–4. BRILL
 Various (2005).  Cross-Cultural Research 39:1–2.
 Biggam, C. P. (2012). The Semantics of Colour. A Historical Approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [etc.]. .

 Jones, William Jervis (2013). German Colour Terms: A study in their historical evolution from earliest times to the present. John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia. .

 MacLaury, Robert E. (1997).  Color and Cognition in Mesoamerica: Constructing Categories as Vantages.  Austin: University of Texas Press.

 Seidner, Stanley S.(1982). Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective. Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguisme.

  Deutscher, Guy (2010).  Through the language glass: how words colour your world,  William Heinemann.

Anthropological linguistics
Color in culture
Color names
Cognitive linguistics
Language comparison
Philosophy of language


Szabolcs Kemenes (born 18 May 1986, in Budapest) is a retired Hungarian football player and currently the manager of III. Kerületi TVE.

Career
In 2003, he was the first choice goalkeeper of the Hungarian National U17 squad at the European U17 championship in Portugal.
In season 2006/07, he was the second choice goalkeeper for the Hungary U21 side after Zoltán Kovács. In season 2008/09, Kemenes was the key figure as Ermis Aradippou won the Cypriot Second Division and obtained the right to compete again in the First Division.

Coaching career
Kemenes retired at the end of the 2018–19 season and was appointed as manager of III. Kerületi TVE in June 2019.

Club statistics

Updated to games played as of 6 December 2014.

References

External links

 Charlton Athletic website
 uefa
 HLSZ

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Ferencvárosi TC footballers
Ethnikos Achna FC players
Ermis Aradippou FC players
MTK Budapest FC players
Budapest Honvéd FC players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Cypriot First Division players
Cypriot Second Division players
Hungarian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in England
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Steven James Apke (born August 3, 1965) is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He was a "replacement" player whose career spanned three games during the NFL's 1987 player's strike. Steve is the father of current Washington Commanders defensive back and special teamer Troy Apke.

References

External links
NFL.com profile

1965 births
Living people
Players of American football from Cincinnati
American football linebackers
Pittsburgh Steelers players
New York Giants players
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
University of Pittsburgh alumni
National Football League replacement players


In geometry, a polyominoid (or minoid for short) is a set of equal squares in 3D space, joined edge to edge at 90- or 180-degree angles.  The polyominoids include the polyominoes, which are just the planar polyominoids.  The surface of a cube is an example of a hexominoid, or 6-cell polyominoid, and many other polycubes have polyominoids as their boundaries. Polyominoids appear to have been first proposed by Richard A. Epstein.

Classification
90-degree connections are called hard; 180-degree connections are called soft. This is because, in manufacturing a model of the polyominoid, a hard connection would be easier to realize than a soft one. Polyominoids may be classified as hard if every junction includes a 90° connection, soft if every connection is 180°, and mixed otherwise, except in the unique case of the monominoid, which has no connections of either kind. The set of soft polyominoids is equal to the set of polyominoes.

As with other polyforms, two polyominoids that are mirror images may be distinguished. One-sided polyominoids distinguish mirror images; free polyominoids do not.

Enumeration
The table below enumerates free and one-sided polyominoids of up to 6 cells.

Generalization to higher dimensions
In general one can define an n,k-polyominoid as a polyform made by joining k-dimensional hypercubes at 90° or 180° angles in n-dimensional space, where 1≤k≤n.

Polysticks are 2,1-polyominoids.
Polyominoes are 2,2-polyominoids.
The polyforms described above are 3,2-polyominoids.
Polycubes are 3,3-polyominoids.

References

Polyforms


Bernie Kelly may refer to:

Mike Kelly (baseball, born 1896) (1896–1968), also known as Bernie Kelly, American baseball coach and manager
Bernie Kelly (footballer) (1932–2004), Scottish footballer
Bernie Kelly, character in Fair City
Bernie Kelly (Redwater), character in Redwater

See also
 Bernard Kelly (disambiguation)


Terence Kent (born 21 October 1939) is an English former sportsman who played both association football and cricket professionally.

Football career
Kent made one league appearance in the 1958–59 season for Southend United. He later joined Millwall, but never played.

Cricket career
Kent left Millwall in 1960, and made 10 first-class appearances for Essex between 1960 and 1962.

References

1939 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Southend United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
English cricketers
Essex cricketers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Battersea


Joseph Walter Estabrook (May 19, 1944 in Kingston, New York – February 4, 2012 in Houston, Texas) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese for the Military Services and also Titular Bishop of Flenucleta.

Biography

Early life and education
Joseph Estabrook attended St. Bonaventure University (in Olean, New York), the Seminary of Christ the King (in East Aurora, New York), where he earned a Master's degree in Divinity, and the Jesuit School Of Theology (Berkeley, California).

Ordination and ministry
Estabrook was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Edwin Broderick on May 30, 1969. He then served as associate pastor at St. Vincent de Paul Parish in Albany until 1970, and as director of the Diocesan Family Life Bureau from 1970 to 1977.

Military chaplain
Estabrook entered the chaplaincy of the United States Navy on July 4, 1977, and then served as chaplain at the Naval Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida until 1978. He served at Naval Station Mayport (1978–1980) and at Marine Corps Base Quantico (1980–1982) before studying at the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia. He worked in recruitment and endorsing at the Navy Chief of Chaplains Office from 1983 to 1986.

Estabrook was a chaplain aboard the USS Carl Vinson from 1986 to 1988, whence he was transferred to the US Naval Hospital in Oakland, California. From 1988 to 1989, he studied ethics at the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley. He was a chaplain at the Naval Air Station Sigonella (1989–1991) and a basic course officer at the Navy Chaplain School aboard Naval Education and Training Command in Newport, Rhode Island (1991–1994) before serving as Executive Assistant to the Navy Chief of Chaplains at the Department of Navy from 1994 to 1997. He served as U.S. Pacific Fleet Chaplain aboard Naval Station Pearl Harbor from 1997 to 2000, and served at Marine Corps Base Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii from 2000 to 2004.

Auxiliary Bishop for the Military Services

On May 7, 2004, Estabrook was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of the Armed Forces and Titular Bishop of Flenucleta by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 3 from Archbishop Edwin O'Brien, with Bishops Howard Hubbard and William Weigand serving as co-consecrators, at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.

He retired from the Navy on June 17, 2004, as Captain. He was awarded two Meritorious Service Medals and Navy Commendation Medals, and three Legion of Merit Medals. He was Fourth Degree Knight of Columbus and a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre.

Death
Estabrook died in Houston, Texas on February 4, 2012, aged 67.

See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 Insignia of Chaplain Schools in the US Military
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States: military service
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
 Military chaplain
 Religious symbolism in the United States military
 United States military chaplains
 United States Navy Chaplain Corps

References

External links
 Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA, official website
 Archdiocese for the Military Services of the United States. GCatholic.org. Retrieved 2010-08-20.

Episcopal succession

1944 births
2012 deaths
21st-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
United States Navy chaplains
Chaplains
Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley alumni
Joint Forces Staff College alumni
People from Kingston, New York
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
St. Bonaventure University alumni
Knights of the Holy Sepulchre
Catholics from New York (state)


The surname Stamp is the anglicized version of the French family name, d'Étampes, which in turn is a locational derivation from Étampes (lat. Stampae), a community near Paris, France.

d'Étampes origins

The mid-12th-century German colonization of the Siebenbürgen region (kartewanderung) found members of the d'Étampes Sippe tasked with developing and defending the southeastern border of the Kingdom of Hungary - actions integral to the emergence of the Siebenbürger Sachsen, or Transylvanian Saxons, who were afforded provisional autonomy under the Diploma Andreanum of 1224. In accordance with the official recognition of the Augsburg Confession by the Siebenbürgen synod in 1572, this d'Étampes sept was converted in its entirety from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism.

Variations and anglicization of the d'Étampes name
The earliest known alteration of the d'Étampes name on English record dates to 1191, with the Pipe Rolls of the City of London listing one John de Stampes.  Sir Thomas Stampe appears as the first known bearer of a more anglicized version of the Sippe name in England, evidenced on the feet of fines for Essex in 1424; a Thomas Stamp is also listed as father on a recovered christening record for Abigale Stamp, dated 7 April 1588 in Colchester, Essex. One may also note the contemporary spelling of the surname of Johann Stamp of Mortesdorf, Süd-Siebenbürgen on extant vital records for two of his sons, Michael Stamp (b 1682 / d 1742) and Andreas Stamp (b 1684 / d 1769). Joe Stamp, Lord of the North ventured into England mid 14th Century.

Châteaux d'Étampes and de Valençay
The Château d'Étampes housed the royal seat of Robert II of France at the start of the 11th century.

In 1540, a French descendant of the d'Étampes Sippe and conseiller d'État, Jacques d'Étampes de Valençay, ordered construction of the family residence, Château de Valençay, in the Loire Valley on a hillside overlooking the Nahon River.

Bearers of the Stamp surname
 Alf Stamp, New Zealand footballer
 Andrew Stamp (born 2001), British trampoline gymnast
 Arlene Stamp (born 1938), Canadian conceptual artist
 Blanshard Stamp (1905–1984), English justice
 Calvin Stamp (1958–2018), Jamaican weightlifter
 Chris Stamp (1942–2012), English music producer and manager
 Daniel Stamp (born 1966), English cricketer
 Darryn Stamp (born 1978), English footballer
 Dudley Stamp (ne Laurence Dudley Stamp, 1898–1966), British geographer
 Edward Stamp (1814–1876), English mariner
 Frank Stamp (1905–1954), Canadian boxer
 Frederick Pfarr Stamp Jr. (born 1934), American judge
 Gavin Stamp (1948–2017), British writer and architectural historian
 Jack Stamp (born 1954), American composer
 James Stamp (1904–1985), American musician
 Joachim Stamp (born 1970), German politician
 Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp (1880–1941), English industrialist and banker
 Lisa Stamp, New Zealand rheumatologist
 Neville Stamp (born 1981), English footballer
 Nicole Stamp, Canadian television host
 Nikki Stamp, Australian cardiothoracic surgeon and TV presenter
 Phil Stamp (born 1975), English footballer
 Robbie Stamp (born 1960), British CEO
 Robert Stamp (born 1999), English footballer
 Steve Stamp, a performer in the television mockumentary sitcom, People Just Do Nothing
 Terence Stamp (born 1938), English actor
 Trevor Stamp, 3rd Baron Stamp (1907–1987), British medical doctor and bacteriologist
 Trevor Stamp, 4th Baron Stamp (1935–2022), British medical doctor
 Wilfred Stamp, 2nd Baron Stamp (1904–1941), British accountant
 Fred Stamps, football player with the Edmonton Eskimos

See also
 Stamps family

References

Anglo-Norman families
Transylvanian Saxon people


Roystonea princeps, commonly known as Morass cabbage palm or Morass royal palm, is a species of palm which is endemic to western Jamaica.

Description
Roystonea princeps is a large palm which reaches heights of .  Stems are grey-white and range from  in diameter.  The upper portion of the stem is encircled by leaf sheaths, forming a green portion known as the crownshaft which is normally about  long.  Individuals have about 15 leaves with  rachises.  The  inflorescences bear creamy yellow male and female flowers; the anthers of the male flowers are purplish.  Fruit are  long and  wide, and are purplish-black when ripe.

Taxonomy
For most of the 19th century, only two species of royal palms were generally recognised: Greater Antillean royal palms were considered Oreodoxa regia (now Roystonea regia), while Lesser Antillean ones were considered O. oleracea (R. oleracea).  Several new species were recognised early in the 20th century, among them a Jamaican species that was named Oreodoxa princeps by Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari in 1912.  Due to problems with the way that the genus Oreodoxa had been applied by taxonomists, American botanist Orator F. Cook had proposed that the name Roystonea (in honour of American general Roy Stone) be applied to the royal palms.  In 1929 German botanist Max Burret transferred O. princeps to the genus Roystonea.

Common names
Roystonea princeps is known as the "Morass cabbage palm", "Morass royal palm" "swamp cabbage" or simply "royal palm".

Reproduction and growth
Thirty-four to 36-year-old individuals grown in cultivation at Fairchild Tropical Garden in Florida grew  per year.

Distribution
Roystonea princeps is endemic to the western Jamaican parishes of St. Elizabeth and Westmoreland, in wetlands around Black River and Negril.

References

princeps
Endemic flora of Jamaica
Trees of Jamaica
Least concern flora of North America
Plants described in 1912
Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari


The Badger Television Network was an American state network that operated for eight months from January 1958 until it ceased operations on August 8 of that year. The regional television network was made up of three television stations in Wisconsin, WISN-TV (channel 12) in Milwaukee, WFRV-TV (channel 5, now a CBS affiliate) in Neenah/Green Bay and WKOW-TV (channel 27) in Madison. All three stations at the time were affiliates of ABC.

Programs broadcast by the network included Homemaker's Holiday, a quiz show hosted by Charlie Hanson; Good Housekeeping, a lifestyle program hosted by Trudy Beilfuss based on WISN-TV's sister publication via the Hearst Corporation; and Pretzel Party, a variety program originally hosted by Larry Clark. All three programs originated from Milwaukee affiliate WISN-TV. During March 1958, the network also aired Senate Investigating Committee hearings during late-night hours.

Schedule
 12:30–1:00 p.m. – Pretzel Party
 1:00–1:30 p.m. – Homemaker's Holiday
 1:30–2:00 p.m. – Good Housekeeping
 11:00 p.m.–12:00 p.m. – Hearings (March only)

References

Defunct television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Wisconsin
1958 disestablishments in Wisconsin


Robert E. Belfanti Jr. (October 15, 1948 – October 29, 2016) was a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

Background
Born in Danville, Pennsylvania, Belfanti graduated from Mount Carmel High School. From 1967 to 1971, Belfanti served in the United States Marine Corps. In 1970 and 1971, Belfanti went to University of North Carolina. He was a residential contractor. He died on October 29, 2016, at the age of 68.

Arson of district office
On March 23, 2008, Belfanti's district office was damaged by fire in an arson set by a man who had been upset about the results of a child custody case in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
People from Danville, Pennsylvania
University of North Carolina alumni
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
20th-century American businesspeople


Michael K. Hanna Sr. (born August 25, 1953) is an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 76th district from January 1, 1991 to January 1, 2019. On February 12, 2018 he announced his retirement from public office. He served as Minority Whip in the legislature from 2011 until his retirement.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives – Mike Hanna (Democrat) – official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus – Mike Hanna – official Party website

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1953 births
21st-century American politicians
People from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania


William Hartwell Snyder, Jr. (30 August 1929 – 12 March 2008) was an American playwright and a longtime faculty member of the theatre department at the University of Tennessee at Martin. He is best known for his play The Days and Nights of BeeBee Fenstermaker.

Biography
Snyder attended Yale University's School of Drama where he earned a master of fine arts degree in playwrighting. While there the school mounted a production of his play A True And Special Friend in 1956 with a cast including Jonathan Frid.

In 1962 Snyder's play The Days and Nights of BeeBee Fenstermaker premiered Off-Broadway at the Sheridan Square Playhouse with Rose Gregorio in the title role and Robert Duvall as Bob Smith.  Received with critical praise, the play ran for a total of 304 performances. The work was later adapted by Snyder into two television films, one in English for British ATV drama with Patricia Neal as BeeBee and one in German for German television with Loni von Friedl in the title role. Also in 1962, Snyder produced Garson Kanin's play A Gift of Time for its debut on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre where it ran for 94 performances. The cast notably included Olivia de Havilland, Henry Fonda, and Joseph Campanella; the latter of which garnered a Tony Award nomination for his performance in the play.

In 1964 Snyder joined the faculty at the University of Tennessee at Martin. He taught a variety of theatre subjects including acting, playwrighting, and directing during his thirty two years at the University. For most of his tenure at the University he was director of the UT Martin Vanguard Theatre; notably directing somewhere between 150-200 productions at the University during his career. In 1990 he was awarded the highest honor bestowed on faculty members by the University, the University of Tennessee National Alumni Association Distinguished Professor award. After his retirement in 1996 he moved to Oregon. He died twelve years later at the age of 78 due to complications from Alzheimer's disease.

References

External links

1930 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
University of Tennessee at Martin faculty
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
Writers from Oregon
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers


Gary Haluska (born March 17, 1950) is a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Gary Haluska (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus - Gary Haluska official Party website

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1950 births
21st-century American politicians


Camille "Bud" George (December 23, 1927 – September 1, 2017) was an American politician.

Biography
Born in Houtzdale, Pennsylvania on December 23, 1927, George graduated from Houtzdale High School in 1944, and then served in the United States Navy during World War II.

After serving as mayor of Houtzdale, George was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, where he represented his constituents from 1974 until 2012. He was a Democrat.

In a 2002 PoliticsPA feature story designating politicians with yearbook superlatives, he was named the "Toughest to Work For."

Death
George died in Houtzdale, Pennsylvania on September 1, 2017.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Camille George (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus - Camille George  official Party website

1927 births
2017 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
People from Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
Military personnel from Pennsylvania
Mayors of places in Pennsylvania
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
21st-century American politicians


Robert Ted Harhai (born January 23, 1955) is a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was first elected on February 3, 1998.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Ted Harhai (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus - Ted Harhai official Party website

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1955 births
21st-century American politicians


ANR So Far is the debut album by Miami, Florida indie band Awesome New Republic. The album was created from a combination of two albums ANR handmade while at the University of Miami, Witness Now the Birth of an Awesome New Republic and Courageous. ANR's debut was well received by critics including a 7.9/10 rating from Pitchfork Media who described the album as "loaded with great moments" and "fully formed and totally enjoyable."

Track listing
 "Introducing"
 "Wheels, No Engines"
 "2k3012"
 "Sneaky"
 "Going Down"
 "Kill South Beach Dead"
 "Dogs Barking"
 "Constant Surgery"
 "Post What?"
 "Dirge"
 "The Clap"
 "Son! Tyrant!"
 "Fearsome Father"
 "The Tape They Don't Want You To See"
 "10K (Reprise)"/ "Kit On Fire"

Credits
Awesome New Republic
 Michael John Hancock – vocals, drums
 Brian Robertson – keys, vocals

References

2005 debut albums
Awesome New Republic albums


Michael Hanna may refer to:
 Mike Hanna (born 1953), United States congressman
 Michael Hanna (sportsman) (born 1926), cricketer and rugby union player
 Michael G. Hanna (born 1963), professor of neurology
 Michael Hanna (judge), Irish judge

See also
 Michael Hannan (disambiguation)


Gerald Weissinger Chatham (February 17, 1906 – October 9, 1956) was an American lawyer, best known for acting as lead prosecutor in the Emmett Till case in 1955.

Biography
Chatham was born in Hernando, Mississippi in 1906. He attended the University of Mississippi for both his undergraduate and law degrees. At the age of 35, he became District Attorney of Tallahatchie County and would hold that station until 1955, the year that he prosecuted J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant for the murder of Emmett Till. Chatham's family claims that the pressures of the trial harmed his health and ultimately led to a fatal heart attack a year after its completion. His son, Gerald Chatham Jr., who was 11 years old at the time of the trial, would later serve two terms as district attorney in the same district as his father.

Emmett Till trial
Chatham was aided by Robert B. Smith III and James Hamilton Caldwell Jr. during the trial, which started on September 19, 1955. He understood the national attention that the case was attracting, but said that he was "not concerned with the pressure and agitation which the trial ... produced, either within or outside the state of Mississippi". Chatham arduously implored the 12 members of the all-white jury to look past prejudice to bring justice to the crime. Nevertheless, a not guilty verdict was delivered on September 23, after just 67 minutes of deliberation.

References

1906 births
1956 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
People from Hernando, Mississippi
People from Tallahatchie County, Mississippi
University of Mississippi alumni


Dante Santoni Jr. (born September 1, 1960) is former a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 126th Legislative District from 1993 to 2010. The district is located in Berks County, covering Alsace Township, Laureldale, Lower Alsace Township, Mount Penn, Muhlenberg Township, and St. Lawrence, and parts of Exeter Township and Reading.

Biography
Santoni was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, to Dante and Carmella (née Cagnetti) Santoni. He graduated from Muhlenberg High School in 1978, and earned a B.S. in accounting from Villanova University in 1982. He then worked as a field representative and loan officer with Southeast Farm Credit Service until 1983. Between 1984 and 1992, he served as finance director, township secretary, and commissioner in Muhlenberg Township.

Santoni was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on November 3, 1992, and was sworn into office on January 5, 1993. He has subsequently been re-elected nine times. Following the death of state Senator Michael O'Pake in 2010, he briefly ran for the Democratic nomination for the 11th District but withdrew in favor of Judy Schwank, a former Berks County Commissioner.

References

External links
Pennsylvania House of Representatives - Dante Santoni (Democrat) official PA House website
Pennsylvania House Democratic Caucus - Dante Santoni official Party website

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
1960 births
21st-century American politicians