The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) is a set of model rules drawn up by leading contract law academics in Europe. It attempts to elucidate basic rules of contract law and more generally the law of obligations which most legal systems of the member states of the European Union hold in common. The Principles of European Contract Law are based on the concept of a uniform European contract law system and were created by the self-styled Commission on European Contract Law set up by the late Ole Lando ("Lando Commission"). The PECL take into account the requirements of the European domestic trade.

History
In the broader sense the PECL proposals are a "set of general rules which are designed to provide maximum flexibility and thus accommodate future development in legal thinking in the field of contract law."

The impetus for the work on the PECL were resolutions of the European Parliament of 1989 and 1994 which expressed the desire to establish a common European civil law. As an initial foundation, a common contract law was to be first created.

Probably the first response was Harvey McGregor's 1993 "Contract Code" which was produced in response to a request from the English and Scots Law Commission  for proposals for the possible codification of a combined law of contract for England and Scotland. McGregor made this work available to the EU, who seemingly ignored it.

Instead, the Commission on European Contract Law (an organisation independent of any national obligations) started work in 1982 under the chairmanship of the late Ole Lando, a lawyer and professor from Denmark who died in April 2019. The Commission consisted of 22 members from all member states of the European Union and was partly financed by the EU. In the year 1995 the first part of the PECL was published; since 1999 the second part has been available and the third part was completed in 2002.

Today, the work of the Commission on European Contract Law is continued by the Study Group on a European Civil Code. The Group is managed by Christian von Bar, a German law professor. The Group was founded in 2005.

The PECL were inspired by the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) from 1980; however, they are a so-called Soft Law, such as the American Restatement of the Law of Contract, which is supposed to restate the Common Law of the United States. Therefore, the PECL do not represent a legally enforceable regulation: "The term 'soft law' is a blanket term for all sorts of rules, which are not enforced on behalf of the state, but are seen, for example, as goals to be achieved."

Thus, the PECL are very similar to the Principles of International Commercial Contracts of UNIDROIT – International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit Principles) which were already published in 1994. As is the case with the PECL, the Unidroit-Principles are a "private codification" prepared by top-class jurists without any national or supranational order or authorisation. Their main goal of both the PECL and the Unidroit Principles was the compilation of uniform legal principles for reference, and, if necessary, the development of national legal systems.

In the compilation of the PECL, the Law of the EU member states, and thus common and civil law, as well as Non-European Law were taken into consideration. In the PECL regulations are available which in this form have not been included so far in any legal system. The authors of the PECL also pursued the long-term goal of influencing the development of laws in Europe.

Meaning of the Principles of European Contract Law

The PECL as "Common Core of the European Systems"

In the formulation of the PECL the Lando Commission also used various European legal systems. In comparing these legal systems, there are often considerable differences with regard to certain regulations.

To make available to the concerned parties a fair legal construct for their business dealings that do not prefer a party from a particular jurisdiction, the differing national law in question was, more or less,  merged to form a common core.

This approach is intended to eliminate insecurity in international transactions. Each party can be assured not to have disadvantages due to unfavorable aspects of particular national law after the parties have agreed to the application of the Principles: "... the only way to a really unified market was and is that of having a common set of rules in order to overcome the traditional barriers of each national legal order having a distinct and disparate regulation on the subject."

The disadvantageous effects of differing national laws on the behaviour of the market participants will thus be avoided, Trade will be promoted, as will a legally uniform European market.

In this manner, the PECL succeed in bridging the gap between the civil law of the European continent and the common law of the Anglo-American system by offering regulations which were created to reconcile the divergent views of two systems.

At the same time, the PECL provide assistance to judges in national courts and arbitrators in arbitration proceedings deciding cross-border issues. Should there not result any satisfactory solution from the national laws, "the Court [...] may adopt the solution provided by the Principles knowing that it represents the common core of the European systems."

Written in a language known to all parties and using a uniform terminology, the PECL also serve as a "... basis for any future European Code of Contracts", consistent with the above-mentioned EU resolutions, which may eventually replace separate national laws.

The PECL as part of a European Lex Mercatoria

Often, parties to international sales contracts do not agree on a national law governing their contractual agreement. Instead, they sometimes agree on the validity of internationally approved legal principles, the so-called "general principles of law."

These law principles, the Lex mercatoria, on which a court can then make its decision to settle the disputes of the parties, are composed of the "laws of several systems, the work of the legal writers and the published arbitral awards," and thus the entirety of the international legal practices in a special field of law. Thus, the PECL are, like the Unidroit Principles or the CISG, also part of the Lex Mercatoria.

Whether Lex Mercatoria is subject to choice of law by the parties, is, however, actively disputed in international private law. This is also true for its legal nature per se. The PECL do not play a significant role in drafting of international sales contracts, or as a law governing such contracts. The possibility of including the PECL in such contracts – either expressly or by reference to "general trade principles" or similar – is indeed expressly mentioned in the PECL.

In practice, however, the PECL are rarely agreed upon as applicable law. Within the trade between the member states of the European Union, the PECL nevertheless have a certain influence, since they were precisely created for such trade.  The PECL enable the court, should it make use of them, to find a balanced decision. Further, it is possible that national legislative bodies will consult the PECL in connection with possible reforms to obtain a view of the current European consensus on contract law, without having to analyse the law of the individual states in detail.

Influence on development of law and national legal systems

The PECL were created, as was the case with the CISG and the Unidroit Principles, with the intention to be an example for existing and future national legal systems.

Regulations under these soft laws were integrated in the new laws of various Central European and East European states. For example, parts of regulations of the PECL became part of the German Civil Code (BGB) in the course of the reform of the law of obligations in 2002.

Influence on a European Civil Code

There is an ongoing legal dispute as to whether an independent European civil code beyond the existing substantial EU regulatory framework is needed. If it is determined that a European Civil Code is needed, the PECL provides important steps toward the establishment of such a Code.

The Study Group on a European Civil Code (SGECC), based on the PECL and, respectively, the Lando-Commission, presented in 2009 a draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) in co-operation with other institutions. It is a draft for the codification of the whole European contract law and related fields of law.

Within its efforts regarding a coherent European legal framework, the European Commission published a green paper for a European contract law in July 2010 where it puts seven options for the further handling with the prepared Draft Common Frame of Reference up for discussion.

These options range from the fully non-binding presentation of the results as a "Toolbox" and a "facultative European contract law instrument" up to an EU-Regulation for the introduction of a binding European Civil Code. Although the European Commission affirms that the options would be put up for an open-ended discussion, it is already preparing concrete regulations for an optional instrument by an "Expert Group" and a "Stakeholder Sounding Board."

Actually, the solution of a facultative European contract law seems to be favoured (so-called 28th regulation – besides the 27 contract law systems of the member states) for which the users and companies within the European Union could use at their will (opt-in rule). This facultative regulation would be offered as an alternative to the existing individual-state contract law systems of the member states in all official languages. It could optionally be used for transnational contracts only or also for domestic contractual relationships.

However, the concept of the prepared Draft Common Frame of Reference has met with strong criticism in the European member states. There are fears that a reliable application of law is not possible without a thorough revision of the draft. Further developments remain to be seen.

See also
Principles of European Tort Law
Rome I Regulation
Rome II Regulation

References

External links
Full text of the Principles of European Contract Law

Contract law
European Union law


Eurycnemus is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

References

External links

Chironomidae
Nematocera genera


Euryhapsis is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

References

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


Nicholas Christopher (born 1951) is an American novelist and poet. He is the author of seven novels, eight volumes of poetry, and a critical study of film noir.

Background
Christopher graduated from Harvard College with an A.B. in English Literature. After traveling extensively abroad, he returned to New York. He began publishing his poetry in The New Yorker while still in his twenties.

From the 1970s, his work also appeared in Esquire, The New Republic, The Paris Review, The Nation, and The New York Review of Books.

Christopher has published seven novels, eight books of poetry, a study of film noir and the American city, and has edited two poetry anthologies.

His novels have been translated into 14 languages. In the United States, his first novel was published by Viking Penguin and all his subsequent novels by the Dial Press. His major characters have included a young concert pianist, a magician's daughter, a nurse on a hospital ship off Vietnam, an orphan raised in a hotel filled with miraculous characters in Las Vegas, an inventor during the Great Depression and a compiler of bestiaries.

In 2013, Christopher published his sixth novel, Tiger Rag, based on the life of early Jazz coronetist Buddy Bolden.

In 2014, he published his first novel for young adults, The True Adventures of Nicolo Zen (Alfred A. Knopf).

Christopher's eight poetry collections include many verse forms from haiku to a novella in verse. His poetry publishers have been Alfred A. Knopf, Viking Penguin, and Harcourt.

His scholarly critique of film noir, Somewhere in the Night, was published in 1997 by Free Press.

Among Christopher's honors are fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Academy of American Poets, and the Poetry Society of America.Christopher has taught at New York University and Yale, and is currently a professor in the Creative writing program at Columbia University School of the Arts.

WorksThe Soloist (1986) On Tour with Rita (1982)A Short History of the Island of Butterflies (1986)Desperate Characters: A Novella in Verse & Other Poems (1988)In the Year of the Comet (1992)5˚ and Other Poems (1995)Veronica (1996) Dial Press Somewhere in the Night: Film Noir & the American City (1997)The Creation of the Night Sky (1998)A Trip to the Stars (2000) Atomic Field (2000)Franklin Flyer (2002) Crossing the Equator: New & Selected Poems, 1972-2004 (2004)The Bestiary (2007)Tiger Rag (2013)The True Adventures of Nicolo Zen (2014)On Jupiter Place: New Poems (2016)

As editor
 Walk on the wild side: urban American poetry since 1975 (1994)

References

External links
author's web page
First chapter of The Bestiary at the NYT's First Chapters
"an interview with Nicholas Christopher", Bold Type
"Nicholas Christopher", Curled up with a good book''

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
Harvard College alumni
Columbia University faculty
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
American male novelists
American male poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)


Rainbow College was founded in 1996 in Nigeria.  It is located at km 39 Lagos/Ibadan expressway, Ogun State.  It serves to prepare boys and girls for additional education either at a university in Nigeria or elsewhere in the world. It is a college that offers educational programmes for students of all nationalities.

Academic education in the college takes six years and is made up of three years in Junior Secondary School followed by three years in Senior Secondary School. Some of the languages offered at Rainbow college include English language, French language, Yoruba language, and Igbo language

Senior Secondary School focuses preparation on three main examinations: the West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE), the National Examination Council (Nigeria) (NECO) Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE), and the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE).  Additionally students are prepared for the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), the SAT Reasoning Test (SAT), the University Matriculation Examination (UME) Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) and the Cambridge Examinations..

References

External links
 Rainbow College Official Site

Secondary schools in Ogun State
Cambridge schools in Nigeria
Educational institutions established in 1983
1983 establishments in Nigeria


Georthocladius is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


Gymnometriocnemus is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae). The genus is divided into two subgenera, Raphidocladius Sæther 1983 (four species - brumalis, kamimegavirgus, tairaprimus and volitans) and Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebuer, 1932 (eleven species - ancudensis, benoiti, brevitarsis, johanasecundus, lobifer, longicostalis, subnudus, terrestris, mahensis, nitidulus and wilsoni) (Ashe and O’Connor 2012). Males of the former subgenus are characterized by possessing an extremely long virga with needle-like sclerotization, species of the later characterized by a short virga and a weakly developed crista dorsalis in the adult male hypopygium (Stur and Ekrem 2015).

References
Ashe P, O’Connor J.P. 2012. A world catalogue of Chironomidae (Diptera). Part 2. Orthocladiinae. Irish Biogeographical Society & National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, 968 pp.

Goetghebuer M. 1932. Diptères. Chironomidae IV. (Orthocladiinae, Corynoneurinae, Clunioninae, Diamesinae). Faune de France 23: 1–204.

Sæther O.A. 1983. A review of Holarctic Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebuer, 1932, with the description of Raphidocladius subgen. n. and Sublettiella gen. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects 5: 209–226. doi: 10.1080/01650428309361148.

Stur E, Ekrem T. 2015. A review of Norwegian Gymnometriocnemus (Diptera, Chironomidae) including the description of two new species and a new name for Gymnometriocnemus volitans (Goetghebuer) sensu Brundin. ZooKeys 508: 127–142.

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


Marco Antonio Servillo (), known as Toni Servillo, is an Italian actor and theatrical director.

He has won the European Film Award for Best Actor twice, in 2008 for both Gomorrah and Il Divo and in 2013 for The Great Beauty, as well as winning the David di Donatello for Best Actor four times from 2002 to 2013. In 2020, The New York Times ranked him #7 on its list of the 25 Greatest Actors of the 21st Century.

Early life
Servillo was born on 25 January 1959 in Afragola, Campania. He is the brother of musician Peppe Servillo.

Career

His international breakthrough roles came in 2008 as Giulio Andreotti in Il Divo and Roberto's boss Franco in Gomorrah. Both films were nominated in the Golden Palm awards.

Between 2000 and 2007, he also directed several opera productions, including Cimarosa's Il marito disperato and Beethoven's Fidelio for the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, and Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon, where in 2003 he also staged Richard Strauss's Ariadne auf Naxos.

In 2013, Servillo was selected as best actor at the 26th European Film Awards for his appearance in Paolo Sorrentino's film The Great Beauty.

In 2018 he portrayed Silvio Berlusconi and Ennio Doris in Sorrentino's Loro.

Personal life
Since the 1960s he has lived in Caserta, with his wife and his children.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

20th-century Italian male actors
21st-century Italian male actors
David di Donatello winners
European Film Award for Best Actor winners
Italian male film actors
Italian theatre directors
Italian opera directors
Living people
Nastro d'Argento winners
People from Afragola
1959 births


The 2007 New Zealand Grand Prix was an open wheel racing car race held at Teretonga Park, near Invercargill on 11 March 2007.

It was the fifty second New Zealand Grand Prix and was open to Toyota Racing Series cars (based on international Formula 3 regulations). The event was also the third race of the seventh round of the 2006–07 Toyota Racing Series.

Classification

Qualifying

Grand Prix

References

External links
 Toyota Racing Series

New Zealand Grand Prix
Gra
Toyota Racing Series


Halocladius is a genus of halophilic, non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae). They inhabit seashores and saline inland waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Wing length is . Two subgenera have been described: Halocladius and Psammocladius.

Species
There are five or six species:
 Halocladius braunsi (Goetghebuer, 1942)
 Halocladius fucicola (Edwards, 1926)
 Halocladius mediterraneus Hirvenoja, 1973
 Halocladius millenarius (Santos Abreu, 1918)
 Halocladius variabilis (Stæger, 1839)
 Halocladius varians (Stæger, 1839)

Halocladius variabilis
The most widespread species is Halocladius variabilis, known from Canada, northern Europe, and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The larvae can grow to  in length. In Nova Scotia, life cycle is univoltine, possibly bivoltine. It is a commensal, potentially symbiotic with marine algae: the larvae feed on diatoms fouling its host, possibly delivering nutrients via faecal material. Typical host is brown alga Elachista fucicola, growing itself on Ascophyllum nodosum, although other primary and secondary hosts occur too. Typically, a single larva occupies one Elachista fucicola thallus.

In the Baltic, adults emerge between mid-May and late June. Densities of emerging adults as high as 328 individuals/m2 have been observed, although 10 individuals/m2 is more typical. Much higher larval densities, more than 50,000 individuals/m2, have been reported from rocky intertidal zone of Nova Scotia.

References

Nematocera genera
Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe
Diptera of North America
Marine animals


Heleniella is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


Heterotanytarsus is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


Heterotrissocladius is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


Krenosmittia is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the bloodworm family (Chironomidae).

Chironomidae
Diptera of Europe


St. Joseph Catholic High School is a secondary school located in North-Central Edmonton. In a guided customized learning program, students develop the essential skills required to build effective working relationships with their peers and faculty. The faculties objective is to help all students gain the essential skills required to be a self-directed learner upon graduating from this high school. St. Joseph is a member of the Canadian Coalition of Self-Directed Learners.

St. Joseph offers programming that is unique in Alberta and in Canada.  Many aspects of the building and its programs will remind some of a college environment.  A large percentage of our continuing education students in their 4th and 5th year, are part of post-secondary programs, and some are concurrently taking courses at St. Joseph, along with local post-secondaries like MacEwan University.

The building itself is the largest high school in Alberta, and the college feel of the school is unique in all of Canada.

History
St. Joseph High School first opened in 1930 as the first high school for the Catholic boys in the Edmonton region. In the 1950s with the closing of St. Mary's High School, St. Joseph opened its doors to girls. Since 1998, St. Joseph's High School has offered self-directed learning programs.

Programs of Study
 Guided Customized Learning (GCL)
 Traditional Classroom-Based Learning (TCL), based on semesters
 Guided Digital Learning (GDL)
 Modular Delivery Learning (MDL)
 Quarterly Classroom Learning (QTR)
 Knowledge and Employability
 WIN Program (formerly Educational Experiences)
 English Language Learning
 Dual Credit Program
 Nehiyaw Pimatisiwin Cree Language and Culture Program & Braided Journey FMNI
 Diploma Self Regulated Learning (DSRL)
 ECSD Online Schooling 10-12
 * 4th and 5th year programming
Within these programs exists a Career Skills Centre that is Edmonton Catholic School District's new centralized technical and trade career education site. The Skills Centre allows students from around the district to take part in CTS programs not necessarily available at their home school.

The Guided Customized Learning Program, Nehiyaw Pimatisiwin Cree Language and Culture program, is open to all student residing within the city limit.

There is an exceptional Career and Technology Program, that features an award-winning Culinary Arts Program with a Red Seal Chef, a Baking Program, Automotives, Autobody, Fabrication, Computer Technology, Cosmetology, and Esthetics.

The Braided Journeys Program for Indigenous Learners is large, inclusive and works to meet the learning and development of all Indigenous student and those who wish to participate and learn.

The Fine Arts Program is exceptional, with an amazing Musical Theatre and Performing Arts component, coupled with the talented musical ability of our students within the Music Program.

The academics are outstanding and there are many different programs for students to participate in, working on areas of interest and to try for the first time.

Knowledge and Employability
The Knowledge and Employability (K&E) program is offered at St. Joseph for students who learn best through experiences that integrate essential and employability skills in occupational contexts.  Traditionally, students enrolled in the K&E program in Alberta will earn only their Certificate of Achievement and not a Diploma. At St. Joseph, The K&E program is referred to as the Dash 4 Pathway as students are presented with an opportunity to still achieve their Alberta High School Diploma as well as their Certificate of Achievement. Through the Guided Customized Learning program, students in Dash-4 can choose to take on six additional classes to bridge from dash-4 courses to dash-2, thus satisfying Alberta Diploma requirements.

WIN Program
The WIN Program is a program of choice for high school student that have a mild to severe learning need. Student enrolled in this program obtain a Certificate of Completion and have the option to partake in Dash-4 Pathway depending on student academic success. This program also have scheduled lecture within the WIN Program as well. The main goal for the WIN Program is developing students strength, communication, social and learning skills, as well as living, vocational, leisure and recreational skills to become successful in the real-world.

The WIN Program are facilitated by staff employed and/or contracted by the Edmonton Catholic School District and/or Alberta Health Services staff include but are not limited to:

Occupational Therapist
Speech Therapist
Emotional Behavior Specialist
Family School Liaison Worker
Mental Health Therapist
Adapted Physical Education Specialist
Physical Therapist
Vision and Hearing Consultant

Each student in the WIN Program receive an Individualized Program Plan (IPP) for teachers and parents to monitor their child’s academic success and focus on area and aspect that need improvement. Most WIN students don't receive a report card.

Work Study
Students in the WIN Program will also have the option to partake in Work Study Placement each placement are individualized to each student depending on student interest. The WIN Program also have an on-site Work Study Coordinator helping student and staff look and determine placement for each students. There is no boundary for the Work Study Placement as long if it within the City Of Edmonton limit.

Athletics
The Saints compete in the Metro Edmonton High School Athletic Association in various sports such as basketball, football, soccer, volleyball, track and field, badminton, cross country, curling, golf, and swimming. In the 1981/82 school year, St. Joes became the first and only catholic high school in Edmonton to ever win a triple crown in which they won a Senior City Championship in Football, Basketball, and Soccer all in a single school year.

Father Michael Troy Tournament

Every year since 1984, St. Joseph has hosted the Father Michael Troy Basketball tournament. Teams from around Canada have participated in the tournament since its inception. Recently, teams from Marburg, Germany have competed. The namesake of the tournament, the late Father Michael Troy, considered the association of his name with this tournament one of the greatest honors in his lifetime.

Notable alumni
Don Barry (Canadian football) - Former Center & 3-time Grey Cup Winner for the Edmonton Eskimos
Eddie Carroll - Voice Actor known as the voice of Jiminey Cricket for 37 years
Peter Cunningham - Retired 7-time World Champion Kickboxer
Jim Donlevy - Former University of Alberta Golden Bears football Coach (1971–80, 1984–90) and Western Hockey League educational consultant. Led the Golden Bears to Vanier Cup victories in 1972 and 1980.
Hank Ilesic - Former Punter for Edmonton Eskimos and 7-time Grey Cup Winner. Inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2018
Gene Kiniski - Former football player for the Edmonton Eskimos and professional wrestler
Honourable Marcel Lambert - Former Canadian Politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (1962–63)
Honourable Thomas Lukaszuk - Former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
Gene Principe - Current Sports Reporter for Sportsnet
Bill Smith (Alberta politician) - Mayor of Edmonton 1995-2004 and former defensive back for the Edmonton Eskimos 1956-63
Honourable Allan Wachowich - Former Chief Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta 2001-2009

See also
Edmonton Catholic School District
Schools in Alberta

References

High schools in Edmonton
Catholic secondary schools in Alberta
Educational institutions established in 1931
1931 establishments in Alberta


The North and the South; or, Slavery and Its Contrasts is an 1852 plantation fiction novel by Caroline Rush, and among the first examples of the genre, alongside others such as Aunt Phillis's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman and Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is by W.L.G. Smith, both of which were also released in 1852.

Overview

The North and the South was one of several examples of the pro-slavery plantation literature genre that emerged from the Southern United States in response to Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which was criticised in the South as inaccurately depicting the workings of slavery and the attitudes of plantation owners towards their slaves.

Rush's novel departs from this aspect, instead claiming that the sympathies expressed for slaves in the South is better directed at the "white slaves of poverty" (i.e. the working classes) of the North. A similar angle had been taken (albeit with less fervour) in the earlier anti-Tom novel The Cabin and Parlor; or, Slaves and Masters by Charles Jacobs Peterson.

This change in attitude would put The North and the South on a similar line to the works of Charles Dickens in England, particularly his 1838 work Nicholas Nickleby (which featured a similar storyline), and the 1844 novel Martin Chuzzlewit, which also featured criticisms of class society in the United States.

Plot

The story centres on the wealthy and prosperous Harley family, consisting of: Frank (the father), Gazella (the mother), and their nine children. After a series of bad investments results in bankruptcy, the Harleys are forced into destitution, which in turn leads to Frank's untimely death from excessive drinking.

Gazella continues life as a seamstress in order to provide for her children, two of which have since left home to live on a plantation in Mississippi and are now regaining their wealth. As a working-class woman, Gazella suffers all forms of abuse from those who had once been her equals. The North wanted the slaves to be free and equal. The South wanted slavery for the need in money for crops.

Publication history

The North and South was first published in its entirety in hardback by Crissy & Markley in 1852.

References

External links
The North and the South at the University of Virginia

1852 American novels
Anti-Tom novels


Mithaq or Misaq () is an Arabic, Persian and Urdu word meaning covenant.

Misaq in Fatimid tradition
The Misaq or Mithaq, in Fatimid tradition, is considered a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood. Similar to a bar mitzvah, followers must be a certain age before taking the oath.

Dawoodi Bohras


Morten Ivarsen (born 19 November 1966) is a Norwegian sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s. He won three medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a gold (K-4 10000 m: 1987) and two bronze (K-1 1000 m: 1987, K-1 10000 m: 1991).

Ivarsen also competed in two Summer Olympics, earning his best finish of eighth in the K-1 1000 m event at Seoul in 1988.

References

1966 births
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Living people
Norwegian male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Norway
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak


Hobe Sound Christian Academy (HSCA) is a private, PreK-12 Christian school which shares the campus of Hobe Sound Bible College, about 25 miles north of West Palm Beach, Florida.

Hobe Sound Christian Academy began in 1960 as a service to the children of faculty to Hobe Sound Bible College, a seminary in the Wesleyan-Arminian (Methodist) tradition. It is operated under the auspices of Hobe Sound Bible College and is open to all students. HSCA is committed to offering a Christ-centered education.

References

External links

Christian schools in Florida
Hobe Sound, Florida
Schools in Martin County, Florida
High schools in Martin County, Florida
Private high schools in Florida
Private middle schools in Florida
Private elementary schools in Florida
Methodist schools in the United States


Internal hernias occur when there is protrusion of an internal organ into a retroperitoneal fossa or a foramen (congenital or acquired) in the abdominal cavity. If a loop of bowel passes through the mesenteric defect, that loop is at risk for incarceration, strangulation, or for becoming the lead point of a small bowel obstruction.  Internal hernias can also trap adipose tissue (fat) and nerves.  Unlike more common forms of hernias, the trapped tissue protrudes inward, rather than outward.

Mesenteric defects commonly occur in trauma, such as gunshot wounds to the abdomen. In trauma victims, the defect is usually closed, sometimes with resection of the associated bowel, which may have lost its blood supply. Also mesenteric defects are intentionally created in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure, being classically known as a Petersen's hernia. The mesenteric defect in such cases, called Petersen's defect, is located between the transverse colon and the mesentery of the alimentary limb (the segment of the jejunum from the jejunojejunostomy until the connection with the proximal segment of the stomach) at the level of the jejunojejunostomy.

Internal hernias are difficult to identify in women, and misdiagnosis with endometriosis or idiopathic chronic pelvic pain is very common.  One cause of misdiagnosis that when the woman lies down flat on an examination table, all of the medical signs of the hernia disappear.  The hernia can typically only be detected when symptoms are present, so diagnosis requires positioning the woman's body in a way that provokes symptoms.

Both internal hernias and umbilical hernias are more common in women than men.

References

Hernias


The Women's Team Pursuit was one of the 9 women's events at the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Pruszków, Poland on 26 March.

42 cyclists from 14 countries participated in the contest. After the qualification, the fastest two teams advanced to the final and the 3rd and 4th fastest raced for the bronze medal.

The qualification took place on 26 March and the finals were held later the same day.

World record

Qualifying

Finals

References

Women's team pursuit
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's team pursuit


Pathema was one of the eight bioinformatics resource centers funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a component of the National Institute of Health (NIH), which is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.

Pathema was funded for five years from 2004 through a contract to The J. Craig Venter Institute, and is currently led by PI Granger Sutton.

Pathema is the web resource for JCVI's NIAID-funded Bioinformatics Resource Center, and was one of eight such centers designed to support bio-defense and infectious disease research. The overarching goal of Pathema is to provide a core resource that will accelerated scientific progress towards understanding, detection, diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by six clades of Category A-C pathogens (Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Clostridium perfringens, and Entamoeba histolytica) involved in new and re-emerging infectious diseases. Pathema provides comprehensive curated datasets for the targeted pathogen clades, along with advanced bioinformatics capabilities geared specifically towards biodefense requirements, and the identification of potential targets for vaccine development, therapeutics and diagnostics.

Supported Pathema organisms

Pathema analysis tools
Pathema supports a suite of over 50 web-based single gene, whole-genome and multi-genome comparative tools to facilitate analyses of genomic sequence and annotation data of over 80 NIAID Category A-C prokaryotic pathogens. Tools available on the BRC resource are developed and customized to best meet the scientific needs of the pathogen research community based on feedback solicited through community outreach. Additionally, they are designed to facilitate scientific exploration in the areas of functional curation, pathogenicity, therapeutics, comparative analysis and functional genomics. While every tool has several applications, taken together they provides numerous opportunities for discovery and hypothesis generation.

The suite of Pathema analysis tools include:

Over 25 different search capabilities allow users to mine and retrieve data stored in the BRC comparative database. Search tools query genes, genomes, sequences or text, matching user-defined strings across gene loci, gene symbols and protein product names. Other queries include EC#, GenBank, SwissProt, and GO id searches. Common sequence search methods such as BLAST, HMM and protein motif searches are also available.
Over 20 different displays and analyses of whole-genome data. Whole-genome data can be displayed graphically as a linear representation of genes on regions of a chromosome or as a complete circle for an entire chromosome. Users can investigate biochemical pathways, codon usage tables, percent GC plots, computer generated 2D and restriction digest gels, and retrieve summary information such as average gene size or numbers of coding regions as viewable and downloadable tables and lists.
Over 15 different comparative analysis tools. The basis for Pathema's comparative tools is either pre-generated protein clusters or All vs. All searches. Incorporated, are the most popular tools of the publicly available Sybil comparative analysis suite. Sybil uses pre-generated protein clusters as the underlying data for its synteny gradient and comparative genomic displays, with protein cluster ortholog, paralog and singleton data available to the user.
Individual gene pages highlighting annotation data and associated evidence as well as single gene analysis tools. Annotation data displayed and downloadable includes product name, gene symbol, EC number, GO ids, functional role category assignment, DNA sequence and protein sequence. Calculating the TmHMM profile, secondary structure and third position GC-Skew are just a few types of analyses users can perform. Links to other relevant resources such as Swiss-Prot, GenBank, Prosite, Pfam, etc., are also available.

References

External links
Pathema Publications
Pathema Presentations
NIAID home page
Bioinformatics Resource Centers The NIAID page describing the goals and activities of the BRCs
PathogenPortal - A hub site for the BRCs; provides Summary information

Biology organizations
Biological databases


George R. Poulos (December 11, 1926 – September 28, 2014) was a Michigan politician.

Biography
Poulos was born in 1926 and lived in Flint until the day he died. He worked for Mobil Fuel Oil Home Delivery and later at the Bell/Ameritech Yellow Pages. He had one daughter and one son.

He was elected to The Flint City Commission in 1960 and later selected as mayor for the years 1962–1964. he also served on the Genesee County Board of Supervisors from 1964 to 1968.

Since 1989, he volunteered at Bay Cliff Health Camp, a year-round, nonprofit therapy and wellness center for persons with physical disabilities located in Big Bay Michigan. He died September 28, 2014.

References

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
20th-century American politicians
1926 births
2014 deaths


The Fox family is a family with several members in the acting and related professions over a number of generations. Robin Fox (1913–1971), an actor and theatrical agent, and his wife Angela Worthington, an actress, had three sons: the actors Edward and James Fox, and Robert, who became a theatrical agent. Their grandchildren include the actors Emilia, Laurence, Lydia, Jack, and Freddie Fox.

Dynastic roots

Robin Fox was born in the parish of St George Hanover Square, Westminster, the son of Hilda Louise (Alcock), an actress, and Arthur William Fox. Robin Fox was the grandson of industrialist, engineer, and philanthropist Samson Fox.

Fox was related to the Hanbury and Neilson acting dynasty through his mother, whose sister was the stage actress Lily Hanbury. Their first cousin Julia Neilson was married to the actor Fred Terry, brother of the late nineteenth-century star Ellen Terry. Altogether, five of Hilda and Lily Hanbury's first cousins were actors in Victorian and Edwardian theatre.

Angela Worthington was an actress. Her father was English playwright Frederick Lonsdale and her sister was Felicity Shaw, who wrote mystery novels under the pseudonym Anne Morice.

References

External links

English families
Show business families of the United Kingdom
Acting families


The Speaker of the Shura Council of Egypt was the presiding officer of that body. From the creation of the Shura Council in 1980 until its abolition in 2014, it was the upper house of the Parliament of Egypt.

List

Sources
  Official website of the Shura Council

Politics of Egypt
Egypt, Shura
Speakers
Presidents


Richard Ewart (15 September 1904 – 8 March 1953) was a Labour Party politician in England.  He was elected at the 1945 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for  Sunderland. When that 2-seat constituency was divided for the 1950 general election, he was returned for the new Sunderland South constituency, which re-elected him in  1951.  He died in office in 1953, aged 48.

References

External links

1904 births
1953 deaths
GMB (trade union)-sponsored MPs
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955


Leo Morgan may refer to:

Leo S. Morgan (born 1879), Australian rules footballer
Léo Morgan, French officer and composer of the Moroccan national anthem
Leo W. Morgan (born 1913), Australian rules footballer


Zeljko Babic, also known as Sean Babic (born 3 April 1976) is a former association football player in the now defunct National Soccer League in Australia. He represented Australia in two senior games.

References

1976 births
Living people

Australian men's soccer players
Australian expatriate men's soccer players
Australia men's international soccer players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Sydney United 58 FC players
Bankstown City FC players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Marconi Stallions FC players
Wollongong Wolves FC players
FK Borac Banja Luka players
Men's association football forwards


The Real Cool Killers is a hardboiled crime fiction novel written by Chester Himes. Published in 1959, it is the second book in the Grave Digger Jones & Coffin Ed Johnson Mysteries. The protagonists of the novel, Grave Digger Jones and Coffin Ed, are a pair of black detectives who patrol the dangerous slums of Harlem. The book was originally published in French under the title Il pleut des coups durs (English: It's Raining Hard).

Plot
Ulysses Galen, a white man slumming in Harlem, is attacked in a bar by a black man with a knife; fleeing outside, he attracts the attention of a man named Pickens, who is high on marijuana. Pickens proceeds to run after Galen while shooting. Detectives Grave Digger Jones and Coffin Ed Johnson arrive to find Galen shot to death in the street, and they arrest Pickens. However, a Harlem street gang calling themselves the Real Cool Moslems (really teenagers in fake beards) cause a distraction and spirit Pickens away. The detectives realize that the gun they confiscated from Pickens is a movie prop that only shoots blanks; they must now recover Pickens and also find out who really shot Galen, and why.

Reception
In a brief review of The Real Cool Killers, The New York Times described crime novels as "guilty pleasures for the guilty minded". In another brief review, Berkeley scientist John McDonald commented on the book's racial tension, praising the book's "dark wit".

Literary criticism
The Real Cool Killers has been subject of literary criticism, most notably for its depiction of African-American characters Grave Digger Jones and Coffin Ed Johnson. Digger especially is seen vocalizing his feelings over the murders and the indifference from the authorities. In her book At Home in Diaspora: Black International Writing, Wendy Walters describes the book's two detectives as "viable folk heroes for the urban community". Megan Abbott analyzed the book in The Street Was Mine, noting the depiction of Galen and how it differed from other depictions of white men in books such as Farewell, My Lovely, and how Himes "moves black male characters from representations peripheral and stereotypical (as icons of degeneration or service industry employees) to the center". In "Born in a Mighty Bad Land" Jerry H Bryant wrote "There is ... a kind of clinical as well as cultural element in Himes's treatment of the violent man in the Harlem of the fifties and sixties".

References

1959 American novels
African-American novels
American detective novels
Avon (publisher) books
Harlem in fiction
Novels by Chester Himes
Novels set in Manhattan


Chironomus is a genus of nonbiting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family, Chironomidae, containing several cryptic species that can only be distinguished by experts based on the characteristics of their giant chromosomes.

Description
Adult Chironomus are midges with the pronotum widest in the middle and bearing a notch, the head usually bearing a pair of small tubercles above the antennal bases, the antennal flagellum of males having 11 segments, and the male genitalia has inferior volsella large and larger than superior volsella. They range from 5 to 13 mm in length. Larvae are red and usually have tubes on the side or bottom of the eighth abdominal segment. These features are not unique to Chironomus, also being found in some related genera.

Adult males can be distinguished from females by their feather-like antennae.

Behaviour
When at rest, adults often raise their front legs and vibrate them. This is the source of the genus name, which is derived from "cheironomos" (Greek for "one who moves the hands").

Habitat
Larvae of Chironomus usually live in aquatic sediment. Those of the C. decorus group, C. riparius group and C. stigmaterus generally live in conditions of high nutrients and low oxygen. There are also Chironomus that live in relatively clean water.

The larvae of several species inhabit the profundal zone where they can reach relatively high densities. They use a combination of hemoglobin-like proteins and undulatory movements in their burrows to obtain oxygen in poorly oxygenated habitats.

See also
 List of Chironomus species

Gallery

References

Chironomidae
Nematocera genera


Kindrogan House is located near Enochdhu, Blairgowrie, Perth and Kinross in Moulin parish, at the head of Strath Ardle,  ENE of Pitlochry and  northwest of Kirkmichael. It is run by Somerville Enterprises CIC a not-for-profit community interest company.

Kindrogan House and Somerville Enterprises CIC

Kindrogan House is an early 19th-century building, incorporating earlier fabric (possibly mid 18th century), with later additions and alterations. It is a substantial 2-storey structure, with crowstepped gables and a three sided courtyard to the rear. It has an ornate doorpiece, is harled with painted stone margins, and has walls of random rubble with large squared rubble granite quoins.

The centre lies below Kindrogan Hill (485 m) off the A294 Pitlochry to Braemar road and the nearest railway station is at Pitlochry. The Field studies centre was mothballed in 2019 but has reopened as The Chiron Hub, a therapeutic outreach service for children and young people and support for families.

It is also home to the Kindrogan Somerville School, an alternative, democratic, independent School for all children aged 4 – 18 years of age. It offers a Steiner inspired curriculum with nature based learning, and therapeutic care for all students.

The extensive Kindrogan Woods, mostly coniferous, cover the lower slopes of the hill and the River Ardle forms a boundary to the east of the house. An old curling pond lies beside the driveway to the West Lodge.

Dirnanean House, another Highland estate, is nearby.

The Kindrogan Somerville School and surroundings

The Kindrogan Somerville School and Chiron Hub
The Kindrogan School is open to all children aged 4 – 6 years in the Kindergarten, 7 – 14 years in the lower school and 14 – 18 years in the upper school.

History of the Kindrogan estate

Kindrogan Estate was anciently the property of the Robertson and Reid families. Later it was owned by the Small Keir family, passing by marriage from the Small's of Dirnanean and then through the marriage of Jane Amelia Keir to Captain Francis Balfour of Fernie Castle in Fife to the Balfour family. The Balfours purchased Dirnanean in 1926, and upon the marriage of Francis to Katherine Dolby in 1930 they moved residence to that estate, letting Kindrogan to Sir George and Lady Dolby for their summer home. The Balfours returned to Kindrogan after WWII and remained until 1960 when the estate was purchased by the Forestry Commission, and sold on to the current owners, the Scottish Field Studies Association in 1963 after a short spell as a country house hotel. The family or laird's graveyard lies on the slopes of Kindrogan Hill.

A plaque beside the path running from the house to the Enochdhu Lodge beside the River Ardle records that Queen Victoria once stopped here for tea on an excursion from Dunkeld to Spittal of Glenshee.

Another eminent visitor to Kindrogan House was Lord Cockburn, a circuit judge, and frequent guest of the Keirs.

The 1850s  Ordnance Survey map shows a bowling green to have been situated near the walled garden in the sunken area running down to the River Ardle and a summer houses lay on a path down from the family burial ground.

In the 1880s Patrick Small Keir, Esq. (b. 1810), held the  estate, valued at £2445 per annum.

A number of fine trees and avenues survive from in the old estate policies, including several fine Wellintonias, oaks, limes lining the main drives, yews and specimen sycamores beside the River Ardle. Red squirrels are still common (2009) and the river has many hazels, birches and alders on its banks.

Features of the old Kindrogan estate

The family or laird's cemetery

walled garden and associated features
The walled garden is a B-listed garden and is now being brought back into productive use as a market garden for the school and for the local community. Significant repairs are underway to restore this walled garden back to its former condition and use by Somerville Enterprises CIC.

Myths and legends

The Barons Ruadh, later Reid, were the local lairds and chiefs of the Robertson Clan. The Balvarran stone in the area has four deep cupmarks in it, anciently used for holding water to baptise the laird's son. The last chief was not baptised at the stone and this was said to be the reason for his having no son and heir.

The Giant's Grave and standing stone is at Enochdhu, supposedly the burial place of Prince Ard-fhuil (meaning of high or noble blood) who was killed hereabouts, with two of his men, whilst fighting the Danes in AD 903. They were supposedly buried head to foot, 'explaining' the size of the grave. The Danes are buried at the Grey Hollow nearby.

Donal Mor and his eight daughters are said to have once lived in a house situated on what is now the lawn in front of the present day Kindrogan House. The family had built an underground kitchen in the area where they slaughtered and cooked stolen cattle, however the locals became suspicious and they were caught redhanded, banished and their home burnt down. Donal himself hid in a cave at Kindrogan Rock, however he was discovered and in desperation hanged himself at Cnoc Dhimhnuill Mhor, (Donal Mor's Knowe).

Several other standing stones and cup marked stones are located in the vicinity of Kindrogan House.

References

External links
 History and Photographs of Kindrogan by Martyn Jamieson
 www.kindrogan.school
 A Boost for Kindrogan
 Environmental Sculptures at Kindrogan
 Algae from Kindrogan pond
 The East Lodge at Kindrogan

Education in Scotland
Houses in Perth and Kinross
Category B listed buildings in Perth and Kinross


Menachem Brenner is a professor of finance and a Bank and Financial Analysts Faculty Fellow at New York University Stern School of Business.

Biography
Brenner's primary areas of research include derivative markets, hedging, option pricing, and the stock market.  He developed (with Dan Galai) the VIX volatility index based on the prices of traded index options.

He has also served as an associate editor and referee to several finance journals, and was an editor (with Marti Subrahmanyam) of the Review of Derivatives Research, an academic journal specializing in derivatives markets.

He is a recipient of the Lady Davis Fellowship and of grants from Ford Foundation and the Italian National Research Council. Before joining NYU Stern, he served as an associate Professor of Finance at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He was also a visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Bergamo, and Tel Aviv University.

He was an organizer and speaker at the annual and International American Stock Exchange Options Colloquium.

Professional activities
Member of the board of directors of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE), chairman of the new products committee and chairman of the stock indices committee
Consultant on the design and implementation of stock indices and stock index options for the TASE
Consultant/lecturer on derivatives to major exchanges:  TASE, AMSE, NYSE, Bombay Stock Exchange, Athens Derivatives Exchange
Consultant to the Israeli Securities Authority on various aspects of the capital markets and derivative products
Consultant to the central bank in Israel (Bank of Israel)
Designer of a volatility index used by the French commodities exchange (MONEP)
Designer of volatility indices for the leading vendor of financial data services in Japan (Quick Corp)
Designer of investable indices of emerging markets for the International Finance Corporation (World Bank)
Consultant to a large Israeli bank in the area of new financial products
Designer of volatility derivative products for The American Stock Exchange
Consultant in arbitration cases involving derivatives
Consultant to an Israeli securities firm on the design and management of a derivatives department
Consultant for various projects in the area of derivatives, including valuation of Executive Options
Consultant on a risk management system for a major bank in Israel
Executive teacher of futures and options to major American and European banks, to a Japanese securities firm, and to a Brazilian investment bank (e.g., Deutsche Bank, Yamaichi Securities, Smith Barney, Garantia, JP Morgan, Credit Suisse, ICICI)

Publications
Brenner's articles have appeared in the Journal of Finance, the Journal of Financial Economics, the Journal of Business, and the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.   He has also edited a book on option pricing.

Education
Brenner received the BS degree in economics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the MA and PhD degrees from Cornell.

References

External links
NYU Stern Profile
Menachem Brenner’s Biography
Master of Science in Global Finance

New York University Stern School of Business faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Cornell University alumni