Events in the year 1956 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Haakon VII
 Regent – Olav, due to debilitating injury to the King
 Prime Minister – Einar Gerhardsen (Labour Party)

Events

 7 March – Several avalanches kill 21 people and causing heavy damage in Nordland and Troms.
 9 April – The Norwegian Humanist Association is founded.
 12 October – The Norwegian motor vehicle manufacturer Troll Plastik & Bilindustri presents the first Troll car in Telemark.

Popular culture

Sports
Roald Aas, speed skater and Olympic gold medallist and cyclist, is awarded the Egebergs Ærespris for his achievements as both a speed skater and a cyclist.

Music

Film

Literature
The Song of the Red Ruby (original title Sangen om den røde rubin), novel by Agnar Mykle

Notable births

9 January – Thorhild Widvey, politician
13 January – Bjørn Stordrange, jurist and politician
13 January – Torun Lian, playwright, film director and novelist
13 January – Harald Stanghelle, newspaper editor
22 January – Tomm Kristiansen, journalist
24 January – Hanne Krogh, singer and actress
24 January – Helge Skaara, civil servant and diplomat
29 January – Odd Omland, politician
1 February – Bente Stein Mathisen politician
1 February – Kjell Otto Moe, fencer
3 February – Tom Christiansen, ski jumper
8 February – Kjersti Holmen, actress
8 February – Eldar Sætre, businessman
9 February – Solfrid Johansen, sport rower
16 February – Stein Kollshaugen, footballer
18 February – Frøystein Gjesdal, educator
18 February – Jan Haaland, educator
18 February – Ivar Kristiansen, politician
22 February – Harald Aabrekk, footballer
22 February – Ivar Hognestad, politician
28 February (in Denmark) – Jens Wendelboe, trombonist, composer, music arranger and orchestra leader
1 March – Lars Steinar Ansnes, newspaper editor
2 March – Jan Georg Iversen, cyclist
2 March – Torgrim Sørnes, physician, historian and writer
10 March – Sidsel Ekholdt, artistic gymnast
12 March – Ove Aunli, cross-country skier
13 March – Geir-Ketil Hansen, politician
20 March – Minken Fosheim, actress and children's author
21 March – Ingrid Kristiansen, long-distance runner
25 March – Bente Grønli, disability athlete (d. 1996)
25 March – Tom Holthe, politician
8 April – Jan Roger Skyttesæter, archer
10 April – Grethe Mathiesen swimmer
10 April – Torhild Bransdal, politician (died 2022).
11 April – Kristin Mile, jurist and civil servant
11 April – Reidar Sørensen, stage actor and film actor
12 April – Tor Olav Blostrupmoen, politician
13 April – Knut H. Kallerud, lawyer and judge
14 April – Rune Belsvik, novelist, playwright, short story writer and children's writer
14 April – Knut N. Kjær, economist
15 April – Jim Marthinsen, ice hockey player
18 April – Olemic Thommessen, politician
25 April – Gro Sandberg, artistic gymnast
27 April – Magne Rommetveit, politician
27 April – Elisabeth Walaas, civil servant, diplomat and politician
29 April – Sten Ture Jensen, magazine editor and investor
29 April – Morgan Lindstrøm, artist, composer, and synthesizer-performer
29 April – Ketil Stokkan, pop artist
4 May – Rune Resaland, diplomat
7 May – John Ole Aspli, politician
9 May – Anne Helene Gjelstad, photographer and fashion designer
13 May – Anne Kristin Sydnes, politician (d. 2017)
19 May – Geir Digerud, cyclist
20 May – Ingvar Ambjørnsen, writer
20 May – Pål Jacobsen, footballer
21 May – Gunnar Gundersen, politician
21 May – Kai G. Henriksen, businessman (d. 2016)
22 May – Eva Isaksen, film director
22 May – May Irene Olsen, sport shooter
1 June – Stephan Barratt-Due, violinist
9 June – Berit Aunli, cross-country skier
13 June – Olav Sigurd Kjesbu, fisheries biologist
15 June – Tron Erik Hovind, politician
18 June – Christen Sveaas, businessman
19 June – Jon Rangfred Hanssen, racing cyclist
19 June – Nils Johnson, actor and theatre director
24 June – Turid Leirvoll, politician
28 June – Per Bergerud, ski jumper
28 June – Inger Giskeødegård, illustrator
30 June – Olav Gjelsvik, philosopher
4 July – Rita H. Roaldsen, politician
6 July – Dag Olav Hessen, writer and biologist
7 July – Øystein Wiik, actor, singer and novelist
9 July – Anne Bøe, poet
10 July – Anders Heger, publisher and writer
16 July – Einar Rasmussen, sprint canoeist
19 July – Marit Sandvik, jazz singer
21 July – Sverre Quale, civil servant and businessman
22 July – Stein Erik Hagen, businessman
22 July – Morten Jentoft, journalist
29 July – Olav Øygard, Lutheran prelate
4 August – Nina Søby, cyclist
8 August – Michael Momyr, politician
10 August – Lars Martin Myhre, composer, guitarist, pianist, singer and producer
11 August – Norunn Tveiten Benestad, politician
11 August – Lars Ødegård, organizational leader and politician
12 August – Marit Westergaard, linguist
15 August – Inge Ryan, politician
17 August – Sissel Grottenberg, long-distance runner
20 August – Jan Henry T. Olsen, politician (d. 2018)
23 August – Valgerd Svarstad Haugland, politician and Minister
28 August – Cindy Haug, writer (d. 2018).
29 August – Bernt Rougthvedt, historian, biographer and thriller/crime writer (d. 2019)
1 September – Hilde Hefte, jazz singer
5 September – Eva Lian, politician
7 September – Eilif Nedberg, luger
8 September – Eivin One Pedersen, jazz musician (d. 2012)
12 September – Dag Otto Lauritzen, cyclist
15 September – Otto Gregussen, politician
17 September – Bjørn Rune Gjelsten, businessman and Offshore powerboat racing World Champion
18 September – Odd Lirhus, biathlete
19 September – Eivind Aadland, conductor and violinist
20 September – Svein Inge Valvik, discus thrower
22 September – Reidar Lorentzen, javelin thrower
22 September – Hans Henrik Scheel, social economist and civil servant
24 September – Anette S. Olsen, businesswoman
28 September – Helge Holden, mathematician
30 September – Sven-Roald Nystø, politician
1 October – Terje Krokstad, biathlete
2 October – Jan-Henrik Fredriksen, politician
5 October – Tor Erik Jenstad, linguist, dictionary editor, and traditional Norwegian folk musician
9 October – Geir Langslet, jazz pianist and band leader
10 October – Bjørn Erik Hollevik, politician
20 October – Arne O. Holm, journalist and newspaper editor
21 October – Arne Sandstø, footballer
22 October – Olav Gunnar Ballo, politician
23 October – Svein Dag Hauge, jazz musician
27 October – Finn Skårderud, psychiatrist
1 November – Anne Sender, lecturer and debater
4 November – Harald Magnus Andreassen, economist
5 November – Ketil Gudim, dancer and actor
7 November (in the Soviet Union) – Mikhail Alperin, Soviet-Norwegian jazz pianist (d. 2018)
8 November – Mari Boine, Sami musician
8 November – Jon Gunnes, politician
14 November – Bjørgulv Braanen, newspaper editor
15 November – Maj Britt Andersen, singer
24 November (in India) – Nita Kapoor, Indian-Norwegian cultural director
29 November – Jørgen Sørlie, footballer
1 December – Lars Ole Vaagen, civil servant and diplomat
3 December – Morten Søgård, curler
8 December – Liv Steen, actress
9 December – Kari Bremnes, singer and songwriter
10 December – Øystein Hauge, writer
12 December – Geir Holmsen, jazz musician
18 December – Bent Hamer, film director
21 December – Bjarne Berntsen, footballer
22 December – Arne Gilje, competition rower and twice World Champion
22 December – Signe Iversen, Sami language consultant and author of children's literature
25 December – Isak Arne Refvik, footballer
31 December – Torolf Nordbø, musician and comedian

Full date missing
Eivind Aadland, conductor and violinist
Iulie Aslaksen, economist
Kate Augestad, singer
Ivar Braut, theologian and priest
Laila Brenden, writer
Olav Rune Ekeland Bastrup, writer and historian
Leif-Arne Langøy, businessman
Per Roger Lauritzen, non-fiction writer
Arne Tovik, journalist (d. 2009)
Elsbeth Tronstad, businesswoman and politician

Notable deaths

5 January – Caroline Boman Hansen, Swedish–Norwegian hotelier (b. 1860).
15 January – Bertram Dybwad Brochmann, businessperson, writer and politician (b. 1881).
18 January – Frantz Rosenberg, sport shooter (b. 1883)
25 January – Schak Bull, architect (born 1858)
27 January – Harald Heide, violinist, conductor, and composer (b. 1876)
29 January – Ole Holm, rifle shooter (b. 1870)
31 January – Sigvald Svendsen, politician (born 1895)
1 February – Carl Platou, civil servant and politician (b. 1885)
19 February – Marit Aarum, economist, liberal politician, civil servant and feminist (b. 1903)
21 February – Paul Christian Frank, barrister, politician, organizer and non-fiction writer (b. 1879).
21 February – August Nielsen, architect (b. 1877)
24 February – Ivar Jørgensen, civil servant and politician (b. 1877)
6 March – Harald Hansen, gymnast (b. 1884)
6 March – Anders Todal, teacher, politician and farmer (b. 1883).
12 March – Reidar Tønsberg, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (born 1893)
18 March – Ivar Jacobsen Norevik, politician (born 1900)
20 March – Helga Ramstad, politician (b. 1875)
28 March – Erik Colban, diplomat (born 1876)
29 March – Endre Kristian Vestvik, politician (born 1894)
31 March – Robert Sæther, schoolteacher, newspaper editor and politician (b. 1875)
2 April – Ivar Alnæs, teacher and linguist (b. 1868)
23 April – Anna Bøe, journalist and magazine editor (b. 1864).
25 April – Mikal Grøvan, politician (born 1899)
28 April – Amund Rasmussen Skarholt, politician (born 1892)
2 May – Ingebjørg Øisang, politician (born 1892)
16 May – Christian Staib, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (born 1892)
18 May – Einar Meidell Hopp, broadcasting personality (b. 1899).
31 May – Svend Foyn Bruun Sr., naval officer, ship-owner and whaler, and politician (b. 1883)
1 June – Jens Bull, jurist and diplomat (born 1886)
5 June – Mathias Glomnes, sport shooter (b. 1869)
9 June – Hans Bergsland, fencer, sports official and businessman (b. 1878)
18 June – Niels Christian Ditleff, diplomat (born 1881)
20 June – Willy Gilbert, sailor and Olympic gold medalist (b. 1881)
28 June – Oliver Møystad, engineer, farmer and forest owner (b. 1892)
30 June – Thorleif Lund, stage and film actor (b. 1880)
30 June – Erling Sandberg, banker and politician (b. 1879)
7 July – Andreas Moe, merchant and politician (b. 1883)
9 July – Lul Krag, painter (b. 1878).
27 July – Arnold Holmboe, politician and Minister (born 1873)
28 August – Johan Nordhagen, artist (born 1856)
7 September – Gudmund Hoel, architect (b. 1877)
22 September – Ewald Bosse, sociologist and economist (b. 1880)
29 September – Herman Scheel, judge and politician (b. 1859)
13 October – Otto Tangen, Nordic skier (b. 1886)
28 October – Øyvind Alfred Stensrud, politician (born 1887)
12 November – Olaf Skramstad, politician (b. 1894)
14 November – Olaf Stang, engineer (b. 1871)
14 November – Johan Nicolai Støren, bishop (b. 1871)
17 November – Dina Aschehoug, painter (b. 1861)
18 November – Christian Arnesen, wrestler (b. 1890)
3 December – Halvor Floden, schoolteacher, children's writer, novelist, poet and playwright (b. 1884).
8 December – Finn Lambrechts, lieutenant general of the Royal Norwegian Air Force (b. 1900).
12 December – Jakob Friis, politician (born 1883)
16 December – Frithjof Olstad, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (born 1890)
17 December – Lauritz Sand, resistance fighter (born 1879)
18 December – Erik Vangberg, carpenter, trade unionist and politician (b. 1874).
20 December – Hildur Andersen, pianist and music pedagogue (b. 1864) .
21 December – Aksel Refstad, Nordic combined skier (b. 1873)
28 December – Oskar Olsen, speed skater and Olympic silver medallist (born 1897).

Full date missing
Anton Ludvig Alvestad, politician and Minister (born 1883)
Carl Severin Bentzen, tailor and politician (b. 1882)
Sigval Bergesen, ship-owner and politician (born 1863)
Sigurd Christian Brinch, manager and politician (b. 1874)
Eyvind Getz, barrister (b. 1888)
Helmer Hanssen, polar explorer (born 1870)
Halvor Hansson, military officer (b. 1886)
Nikolai Nissen Paus, surgeon (born 1877)
Harald Smedvik, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (born 1888)

See also

References

External links


The Midlands Merit League was a summer rugby league tournament in England. In its final two years, it was known as the RL Merit League.

It was superseded by the Midlands Rugby League, North West Merit League and Yorkshire & Humber Merit League.

History

Background

In 1895, several clubs in the North of England broke away from the Rugby Football Union (RFU), the governing body of rugby football in England, over the issue of player expenses.

This led to the great schism which resulted in rugby becoming two separate sports: rugby union administered by the RFU and rugby league administered by the Rugby Football League as the two games evolved different sets of rules.

Although rugby league spread overseas, sanctions by the RFU made it more difficult for the sport to expand beyond its "heartlands" in the traditional counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumberland.

Earlier non-heartland competitions and the Rugby League Conference

The Southern Conference League began as a 10-team pilot league in 1997 for team in the English Midlands and South of England following the collapse of various non-heartland leagues. A further major factor leading to the creation of the Conference was the fact that the professional clubs had switched to a summer season the previous year and thus interest in the sport in the winter was decreased. The abandonment of amateurism by the rival sport of rugby union in 1995 meant that it was now possible for rugby union players to play rugby league during their off-season without risking a ban from rugby union. This gave non-heartland clubs a larger player pool.

It was renamed the Rugby League Conference in 1998 and began to expand; by 2005 there were 90 teams from across England and Wales competing in the Conference.

Midlands Merit League and its successors
The Midlands Merit League was founded in late 2005 to support this growth in non-heartland areas. Originally intended as a stand-alone league, support from the Rugby Football League meant that it could be administered as part of the Rugby League Conference set-up. Interest quickly gathered with 13 teams showing an interest in participating in the inaugural season - 8 eventually participated. The first ever game took place on 8 April 2006 at All Saints Sports College, Sheffield, where the Sheffield Forgers beat the Chesterfield Spires by 58 points to 8.

The first cross-league fixture was played in June 2007 when Nottingham Outlaws Academy visited Northampton Casuals of the London League. They also played a return fixture in July.

The 2007 season saw the introduction of the Midlands Junior League as an informal under-15 league based on Merit League principles. In 2008 the junior competition featured under-14 and under-16 divisions.

The league was renamed Rugby League Merit League (RLML) for the 2008 season due to its increased geographical spread with teams from the North of England taking part. 2009 saw the largest ever entry, with over 30 teams split into two leagues; "Yorkshire and Humber" and "North West" with the Midlands Rugby League becoming its own competition using Merit League rules. A year later the Yorkshire & Humber Merit League and North West Merit League became competitions in their own right.

Season 2006

The 2006 competition operated on a merit table basis with teams organizing fixtures amongst themselves. The first fixtures were in April, with the final date for games to be included in the league table being Sunday 13 August.

The Grand Final for 2006 was held between the top two teams in the table on Sunday 13 August and took place a week later at Hillsborough Arena, home of the Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks. The final table (13 August) was as follows:

In the Grand Final South Humber Rabbitohs beat the Nottingham Outlaws by 42 points to 18 and became the inaugural champions.

Season 2007

The 2007 season followed the previous year's format, but 2007 also included play-offs and a Shield competition. The regular season closed at the end of July with the play-offs in August culminating in Finals day on 18 August.

The Grand Final for 2007 was held between St Helens Wild Boars and the German Exiles on Saturday 18 August at Dore Moor, home of the Sheffield Tigers Rugby Union Club and was won 46-22 by the Wild Boars. The inaugural Shield Final, on the same day, was between East Riding RLC and the Nottingham Outlaws Academy and was won by East Riding by 32–26. These teams came through the play-off system to reach the final.

The final table (29 July) was as follows:

Play-offs:

Championship semi-final

Sheffield Forgers 24-25 German Exiles

Shield

Chesterfield Spires 40-34 Barton Bulldogs

Nottingham Outlaws Academy 56-4 Shropshire Scorpions
East Riding RLC 64-6 Chesterfield Spires

FINALS:

St Helens Wild Boars 46-22 German Exiles

Shield: Nottingham Outlaws Academy 26-32 East Riding RLC

Season 2008

The Grand Final for 2008 was held on Sunday 17 August at The Sycamores, home of Leeds Akkies RLFC.

The final table (27 July) was as follows:

Play-offs:

Championship semi-finals

Moorends-Thorne Marauders 'A' 44 Sheffield Forgers 22

Nottingham Outlaws 'A' 4 Wigan Riversiders 48

Shield semi-finals

Nottingham 30 German Exiles 24

Sheffield 36 Birmingham Bulldogs 24

FINALS: Sunday 17 August 2008

GRAND FINAL: Moorends-Thorne Marauders 'A' 28 Wigan Riversiders 18

SHIELD: Nottingham Outlaws 34 Sheffield Forgers 32

Season 2009

2009 saw the largest ever entry, with over 30 teams split into two leagues; "Yorkshire and Humber" and "North West" with Midlands teams joining the newly created Midlands Rugby League.

The top four teams in the two pools played-off for the RL Merit League title.

(*) Parkside Hawks moved into the RLC North Midlands division after 1 game

North West final: Huyton Bulldogs 36-12 Wigan Riversiders Eels

Yorkshire and the Humber final: Upton RL 30-22 Victoria Rangers

Grand final: Upton RL 52-24 Huyton Bulldogs

External links
Midlands rugby league site

Rugby League Conference


USS Goliah (SP-1494), also listed as ID-1494, was an armed tug that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel and tug from 1918 to 1919.

SS Goliah was built as a commercial tug in 1907 by John H. Dialogue and Sons at Camden, New Jersey. The Navy purchased her from her owners, the Puget Sound Tug Company of Seattle, Washington, on 6 December 1917 for World War I service. She was commissioned as USS Goliah (SP-1494) on 31 January 1918 at Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California.

Following shakedown, Goliah towed coal barges between San Diego, California; Mare Island Navy Yard; and San Pedro, California, until 3 March 1918, when she departed San Diego for the United States East Coast. She arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, on 8 April 1918 and during the next month made four voyages between New London, Connecticut, and New York City with stores and ammunition. After a voyage to Bermuda and the Azores between 18 May 1918 and 24 June 1918 as an escort tug, she arrived at New York City for overhaul, where she stayed until 8 August 1918. She then briefly served at New London as a patrol craft.

Departing New London on 6 September 1918, Goliah operated as a towing ship between São Miguel Island in the Azores, Bermuda, and New London until arriving at Brest, France on 26 November 1918. There she took up new duties as a rescue and towing tug for convoys operating out of Brest to English ports and occasionally to Copenhagen, Denmark, and Lisbon, Portugal, until she arrived back at Brest on 24 April 1919.

Goliah performed harbor towing work at Brest until she was decommissioned on 29 November 1919.

The U.S. Navy loaned Goliah to the United States Shipping Board on 30 November 1919 and transferred her to the Shipping Boards permanent custody and control on 7 October 1921.

Notes

References

NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive Goliah (SP 1494)

Tugs of the United States Navy
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Ships built by Dialogue & Company
1907 ships
Steam tugs
Steamboats of Washington (state)
Propeller-driven steamboats of Washington (state)
Steam tugs of Washington (state)


iCAM, short for image color appearance model, is developed by Mark D. Fairchild and Garrett M. Johnson and initially published in 2002 at the IS&T/SID 10th Color Imaging Conference in Scottsdale, Arizona. , the latest version appears to be iCAM06, a 2006 revision that expanded tone mapping capacities for HDR.

Requirements
It has been recognized that there are significant aspects of color appearance phenomena that are not described well, if at all, by models such as CIECAM97s or CIECAM02. The requirements for such a model include:

 Simple implementation for images
 Spatially localized adaptation and tone mapping for high-dynamic-range images
 Other spatial phenomena
 Accurate color appearance
 Scales for gamut mapping and other image editing procedures
 Spatial filtering for visibility of artifacts
 Color difference metrics for image quality assessment

As of 2013, iCAM06 is capable of reaching all of the goals above. Temporal effects have been noted as a future direction of development according to Fairchild's lecture slides.

Characteristics of iCAM
iCAM can accurately predict the results of an observation under different conditions. It can describe the aspects of color appearance phenomena and metrics of color differences, and it is used to obtain color gamut mapping calculations based on the perception of the human eye. iCAM uses image's spatial aspects of vision and adapts stimulus to become a low-passing image.

References

External links
 iCAM: An Image Appearance Model at the Munsell Color Science Laboratoryn Website
 The iCAM framework for image appearance, image differences, and image quality Journal of Electronic Imaging (2004)
 Rendering HDR images G.M. Johnson and M.D. Fairchild, IS&T/SID 11th Color Imaging Conference (2003)
 Measuring images: Differences, Quality, and Appearance G.M. Johnson and M.D. Fairchild, SPIE/IS&T Electronic Imaging Conference (2003)
 TPG-288 Colored Contacts For Red Green Colorblind People Deuteranomaly, Deuteranopia, Protanomaly and Protanopia
 Image appearance modeling M.D. Fairchild and G.M. Johnson, SPIE/IS&T Electronic Imaging Conference (2003)
 Meet iCAM: A Next-Generation Color Appearance Model M.D. Fairchild and G.M. Johnson, IS&T/SID 10th Color Imaging Conference (2002)

Color appearance models
Vision


Charles Conway Hartigan (September 13, 1882 – February 25, 1944) was born in Norwich, New York and died in Edgewater, Maryland. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1906.

He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz. He is a veteran of World War I and commanded the ill-fated  from 1937 to 1939.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank: Lieutenant

Organization: U.S. Navy

Born:13 September 1882,  Middletown, NY

Accredited to: New York

Date of issue: 12/04/1915

Citation Arlington National Cemetery

For distinguished conduct in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914. During the second day's fighting the service performed by him was eminent and conspicuous. He was conspicuous for the skillful handling of his company under heavy rifle and machinegun fire, for which conduct he was commended by his battalion commander.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

References

External links

1882 births
1944 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Battle of Veracruz (1914) recipients of the Medal of Honor
People from Norwich, New York
United States Navy personnel of World War I


Bladenhorst Castle () is a moated castle in the suburbs of the city of Castrop-Rauxel.

History
The castle was first recorded in 1266 as the residence of the lords of Blarnhurst lived there. At the beginning of the 14th century it became the possession of the family of Düngelen.

In 1338, Rötger Düngelen made the castle available to the Duchy of Cleves to use in the event of war.

Through marriage, in 1496 the castle passed to Philip of Viermünden. From 1624 to 1881 it was inherited by the Westphalian noble family of von Romberg.

The structure originally consisted of four wings. The gatehouse is the oldest part of the building, the chapel dates from 1332. The castle as it stands is in the style of the Renaissance - coming from its rebuilding between 1530 and 1584.

In 1926 the castle became the possession of the Klöckner-Werke. Since the 16th of February 2006 the Bank "Sparkasse Vest" became the owner of the castle, having administered it for three years - at auction a sum of 800,000 Euros was paid, much less than the minimum bid of 1.4 million euros, nevertheless the sale was closed since the organisation had already made much investment in the building.

In April 2007, the castle was transferred into the private possession of a person from Dortmund.

The castle is still inhabited, and privately owned, consequently there are no public tours or visits, some parts of the castle are rented out to private individuals.

Location
Bladenhorst Castle lies in the fenlands between the rivers of the Emscher, the Deininghauser Bach, and the Salzbach (a tributary of the Nidda River) - natural conditions which allowed the building of a moat.

At the end of the 19th century a branch canal of the Dortmund-Ems Canal was built in the immediate vicinity of the castle between Heinrichenburg and Herne. Later the Rhine-Herne canal was built to replacing the original, this lies north of the castle.

The character of the land surrounding is mostly damp lowland forest and heath. Numerous ditches drain the area.

See also
List of castles in North Rhine-Westphalia

References and notes

Primary sources
Castle Bladenhorst website schlossbladenhorst.de

Literature

 Ferdinand Schmidt: Schloß Bladenhorst. Besitzfolge. In: Der Märker. Nr. 1, 1951.
 Wolfram Schmidt: Wo sich Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft begegnen. Wasserschloss Bladenhorst - ein kulturhistorisches Denkmal der Stadt Castrop-Rauxel. Castrop-Rauxel: Privatdr. 1999
 Niederhöfer, Kai (2010): Burgen AufRuhr. Unterwegs zu 100 Burgen, Schlössern und Herrensitzen in der Ruhrregion. Edited by Ministerium für Bauen und Verkehr des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen and Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe. Essen: Klartext Verlag, pp. 314–317

External links

Schloss Bladenhorst burgen-und-schloesser.net

Castles in North Rhine-Westphalia
Buildings and structures in Recklinghausen (district)


The Manobo languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Their speakers are primarily located around Northern Mindanao, Central Mindanao (presently called Soccsksargen) and Caraga regions where they are natively spoken. Some outlying groups make Manobo geographically discontiguous as other speakers can be located as far as the southern peninsula of Davao Oriental, most of Davao Occidental and coastal areas of Sultan Kudarat. The Kagayanen speakers are the most extremely remote and can be found in certain portions of Palawan.

Languages
Central
East: Dibabawon, Rajah Kabunsuwan, Agusan
South: Ata, Matigsalug (Tigwa); Obo
West: Western Bukidnon, Ilianen
North: Binukid, Kagayanen, Higaonon, Kinamigin
South: Tagabawa, Sarangani, Cotabato

Classification
Elkins (1974:637) classifies the Manobo languages as follows.
Manobo
Northern
Cagayano (of Cagayancillo Island)
Kinamigin (of Camiguin Island), Binukid (of central Mindanao)
(core branch)
Southern
Tagabawa
Sarangani Manobo
Tasaday, Cotabato Manobo
East-West-Central
Western
Obo
Ilianen Manobo
Western Bukidnon Manobo, Livunganen (a dialect spoken in Libungan, north of Midsayap, Cotabato)
East-Central
Eastern
Agusan Manobo
Dibabawon Manobo
Central
Ata of Davao
Matig Salug, Tigwa Manobo

Reconstruction

Elkins (1974) includes a reconstruction of Proto-Manobo, along with 197 reconstructed etyma.

The Proto-Manobo phonemes are (Elkins 1974:616):

Consonants

Vowels

See also
Lumad people

References

Greater Central Philippine languages


Greatest Hits is the fourth compilation album and eleventh album by Mexican-American cumbia group A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia Kings. It was released on April 3, 2007, by EMI Latin. Greatest Hits is the first album to be released after the breakup of Kumbia Kings. A DVD that included the music videos of all the songs was released on September 18, 2007.

Track listing

See also
 Greatest Hits DVD

References

2007 greatest hits albums
Kumbia Kings albums
A. B. Quintanilla albums
Albums produced by A.B. Quintanilla
Albums produced by Cruz Martínez
EMI Latin compilation albums
Spanish-language compilation albums
Cumbia albums
Albums recorded at Q-Productions


Bee Rock Tunnel is a former railroad tunnel that is located in Appalachia, Virginia. It was built in 1891 by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The tunnel is now part of the Bee Tunnel-Roaring Branch Trail.

Though known locally as the "world's shortest railroad tunnel", at  long, it is  longer than the Westmoreland Tunnel, in Gallatin, Tennessee.  Both tunnels, however, are longer than the Backbone Rock Tunnel near Shady Valley, Tennessee, which at around  long, is  the "world's shortest railroad tunnel."

References

External links
 2011 photo of Bee Rock Tunnel - the tunneldiaries.com
 Photo of a train approaching Bee Rock Tunnel - Virginia Tourism Corp.
 Old photo of Bee Rock Tunnel - Historical Society of Southwest Virginia (Rootsweb)

Railroad tunnels in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Wise County, Virginia
Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Rail trails in Virginia


Blexbolex (born 1966) is a French comics artist and illustrator.  Born Bernard Granger in Douai, he studied screen printing (sérigraphie) at the School of Fine Arts (L'école européenne supérieure de l'image) in Angoulême.  His first works were self-published, and later he contributed to Popo Color, Fusée, and Ferraille.  His highly stylized, ligne claire illustration, inspired by the films of Jacques Tati and whodunits of the 1950s and 1960s, gradually gained an audience.  In Germany, he directed an art studio at the Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weissensee (School of Art and Design Berlin-Weissensee) and he also worked regularly with a number of editors, including Thierry Magnier, Pipifax, United Dead Artists, Les Requins-Marteaux, and Cornélius.  Blexbolex has contributed to the American publication The Ganzfeld.

In 2009, he received a prize for "Best Book Design of the World" for his L'Imagier des gens (2008) at the Book Fair of Leipzig.

Works

Children's books
 Les Souvenirs d'Elmir Grömek et de son chien Pikü : Rogaton Man / written by Frau Mental. Éditions du Seuil jeunesse 2001
 L'Affaire Noël/  written by Gérard Moncomble. Nathan jeunesse, 2003.
 Bim de la jungle. Thierry Magnier, 2004. (Coll. "Tête de lard"; N° 43)
 Petites et Grandes Fables de Sophios/ Michel Piquemal. Albin Michel jeunesse, 2004.
 Les Petites Malices de Nasreddine /  written by Jihad Darwiche. Albin Michel jeunesse, 2005.
 La Longue-vue. Thierry Magnier, 2005. (Coll. "Petite poche BD").
 De vert de rage à rose bonbon : toutes les couleurs de notre langue / Annie Mollard-Desfour, Bénédicte Rivière; illustrations de Blexbolex. Albin Michel jeunesse, 2006. (Coll. "Humour en mots")
 L'Oncle américain d'Achille Pellison / Didier Lévy; illustrations by Blexbolex.  Oskar jeunesse, 2006. (Coll."Histoires à lire et à écouter"". Benjamin; 3)
 Peindre. Thierry Magnier, 2006. (Coll. "Petite poche BD")
 Mon ami triangle. Albin Michel jeunesse, 2007. (Livres de bain).
 Mon ami rond. Albin Michel jeunesse, 2007. (Livres de bain).
 L'Imagier des gens. Albin Michel Jeunesse, 2008.
 Saisons. Albin Michel Jeunesse, 2009.
 Seasons. Gecko Press, 2010
 People. Gecko Press, 2011
 Romance. Albin Michel Jeunesse, 2013.
 Nos vacances. Albin Michel Jeunesse, 2017. English translation: Vacation. Enchanted Lion Books, 2018.
 The Holidays. Gecko Press, 2018

Graphic novels
Bad boy boogie. Paris : Vermine, 2000.
 L'Enclos. Cornélius, 2001. (Coll. "Louise"; 3)
 Dats Fun. Éditions Le 9 Monde, 2006. (Livre en sérigraphie; 120 ex. numérotés & signés par l'artiste)
 L'Œil privé. Albi : les Requins-marteaux, 2006. (Coll. "Inox")
 Destination Abecederia. Les Requins Marteaux, 2008.
 Crime chien. Pipfax, 2008 (Livre en sérigraphie)
 La Fêlure. Ouvroir Humoir, 2009, 24 pl.  (screenprinting, 1000 ex.)
 "No Man's Land" Nobrow Press 2012

Other
"I Know How To Cook" by Ginette Mathiot, designed English language edition, Phaidon Press, 2009

References

French comics artists
1966 births
Living people
Gouden Penseel winners


Faye Leung (; born 18 March 1979) is the former senior principal dancer of the Hong Kong Ballet (HKB), from 1996 to 2008. She speaks fluent English, Cantonese and Mandarin. She appeared in many leading roles, in such classic works as Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, Cinderella, Romeo and Juliet and The Merry Widow.

Biography
Faye was born in Shanghai as the only child of a writer and a former businesswoman. She started dancing at the age of four years and was soon recruited by the Shanghai Junior Academy of Arts for further ballet training. At ten, she joined and trained at the Shanghai Ballet School. In 1995, Faye won a special award and First Prize in the Shanghai International Ballet Competition (Teenage Group) as well as a scholarship acknowledging her outstanding ballet technique, unique presentation style and musical talent. She represented China on tours to North Korea and the United States.

In 1999, she entered the "Marie Claire Best Model Competition", and won the "Best PN Look" and "Colour 18 Girls" awards. And in 2002 she was listed in Eve Magazine as one of "Eve's 10 Most Envied Women".

Career

Faye joined the Hong Kong Ballet in October 1996, after completing her scholarship in 1995–1996, and was promoted to principal dancer in the 2001 season and senior principal in 2005.

Faye has danced all the leads in the classics, including Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, Giselle, The Nutcracker and Romeo and Juliet. A variety of choreographers have also created roles specially for her, such as Princess Jade in Legend of the Great Archer, Valeria in Spartacus (Irek Mukhamadov), Lady White in The White Snake (Domy Reiter-Soffer) and roles in Tango Ballet Tango (Stephen Jefferies), Turandot (Natalie Weir), and Dreams of Tenderness and Solitude (David Allan).

In 2004, she was invited to perform at the Shanghai International Ballet Competition and the International Ballet Festival of Miami. In 2005, she was nominated for the Prix Benois de la Danse for her characterization of Princess Jade in Legend of the Great Archer and performed The Nutcracker pas de deux at the Gala performance at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. In August 2005, she danced at the Ballet Festival in Vail, Colorado.

2009 dismissal from Hong Kong Ballet
Leung was dismissed from the Hong Kong Ballet with immediate effect on the evening of Friday 23 January 2009. She was in rehearsal for the "All Bach" mixed bill programme which was to be held in three weeks at the Hong Kong Arts Festival, and which marked HKB's 30th anniversary. She was advised of the dismissal by board member Linda Fung, who said it was a board decision. When she asked why she was being dismissed, Leung says Fung told her that the board felt she and the company were "going in different directions". Leung, who has said she has "done nothing wrong" then retracted a termination agreement she feels was signed under duress, and is asking for a proper explanation of her dismissal. After the dismissal, Leung broke her usual silence and became more open to media attention. In its January 2010 issue, local cultural magazine Muse published an in-depth interview with Leung regarding this difficult period in her career.

Career after the Hong Kong Ballet
In August 2009, Leung appeared as guest artist in HKB's Cinderella as a "farewell performance". In September 2009, she appeared in a music video for the new single "1+1" of local singer Jonathan Wong Chee Hynn (王梓軒).

, she is the lead actress in The House of Dancing Water, a water-based show in City of Dreams, Macau, directed by Franco Dragone (Cirque du Soleil, Celine Dion: A New Day). The show includes high-caliber acrobats from all over the world. Leung plays a princess who is captured by an "Evil Queen" character.

References

External links
Faye Leung's Alive Not Dead homepage

Living people
Prima ballerinas
Chinese ballerinas
1979 births
People from Shanghai


USC&GS Eagre was a survey ship of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, originally the yacht Mohawk, which later served in the United States Navy as USS Eagre.

Ship history

The schooner-yacht Mohawk  was launched from J. B. Van Deusen's shipyard in Williamsburg, Brooklyn for the millionaire cotton merchant William T. Garner. She was called the "biggist yacht in the world." At  she was the largest racing yacht of her generation. Garner, his wife, and all but 2 passengers and 1 crewman were lost when the yacht capsized in a squall during her maiden voyage in New York Harbor on 20 July 1876 off Stapleton, Staten Island. Mohawk was later raised at a cost of $25,000, and bought for the Coast Survey and renamed Eagre,
taking its name from a term for a tidal bore, which is in turn derived from Ægir the Norse god of the sea.

In 1890 Eagre was part of a squadron of ships under the command of Lieutenant E.M. Hughes making the first systematic survey of the hazardous Nantucket Shoals along with the steamer  as flagship, the schooner Scoresby and the steam tender Daisy.

Eagre was eventually transferred from the Coast and Geodetic Service to the United States Navy on 31 July 1903, initially for use as tender to , the receiving ship at Naval Station Norfolk, and as training ship for apprentice seamen in the Chesapeake Bay area. These duties terminated in late 1906, and she remained at Norfolk until approved for use as a houseboat for enlisted men who were attached to the Norfolk Navy Yard. She was stricken on 10 September 1910 and sold.

References

External links
 NOAA History, Coast and Geodetic Survey Ships: EAGRE
 NOAA photo library : Coast and Geodetic Survey Schooner Eagre

1875 ships
Maritime incidents in July 1876
Ships built in Brooklyn
Ships of the United States Coast Survey
Ships of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Schooners of the United States Navy


Ellis Grove Precinct is located in Randolph County, Illinois, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 953.

Geography
Ellis Grove Precinct covers an area of .

References

Precincts in Randolph County, Illinois


James Alan Scott (born 16 November 1946) is an Australian former politician.

Early life
Born in Kellerberrin, Western Australia, he worked as a theatrical set builder.

Political career
In the 1993 Western Australian state election, he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council region of South Metropolitan, the first member of the Greens elected to the state parliament. He held the seat until 2005, when he resigned to contest the Legislative Assembly seat of Fremantle, unsuccessfully.

References

1946 births
Living people
Greens Western Australia politicians
Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
People from Kellerberrin, Western Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians


Kaynarca is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Pendik, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 47,493 (2022). The current headman of Kaynarca is Birol Okay. Kaynarca railway station is served by local trains on the Marmaray line.

References

External links
 Road map of Kaynarca neighbourhood

Neighbourhoods of Pendik


The South Mindanao or Bilic languages are a group of related languages spoken by the Bagobo, Blaan, Tboli, and Teduray peoples of the southern coast of Mindanao Island in the Philippines. They are not part of the Mindanao language family that covers much of the island. The languages are:
Blaan
Tboli
Teduray

Formerly classified as one of the South Mindanao languages, Giangan (Klata) is now considered to be a primary branch of the Philippine languages by .

Reconstructions
 reconstructs Proto-South-Mindanaon using Tboli, Koronadal Blaan, and Sarangani Blaan data. Teduray and Giangan were not used in Savage's (1986) reconstruction.

Numerals

Notes

References

Philippine languages
Mindanao


The Inter-American Driving Permit (IADP) is an identity document that licenses the holder to drive a private motor vehicle in another nation when accompanied by a valid license from their home country. The IADP is similar to the International Driving Permit (IDP), but is specific to drivers in North, Central, and South America. To be eligible for an IADP, one must first have a valid driver's license. The IADP might not be issued by all countries in the Americas, due to most of them being parties of the 1949 Geneva Convention or the 1968 Vienna Convention, thus most only issue the IDP.

IADP recognition
The following countries recognize the Inter-American Driving Permit:

It is a widespread misconception in the US, that can be seen on US federal government websites, state government websites, and AAA, that Brazil and Uruguay recognize the IADP but not the IDP. The correct information is that both signed the 1968 Vienna Convention, making them both parties that lawfully recognize IDP and do not issue the IADP since the signing of the 1968 Vienna Convention, due to it having terminated and replaced previous signed agreements. The confusion and misinformation probably arose from neither of those countries being party of the 1949 Geneva Convention, whereas US signed the 1949 Geneva Convention but not the 1968 Vienna Convention.
Both the 1949 Geneva Convention and the 1968 Vienna Convention terminated and replaced the Convention on the Regulation of Inter-American Automotive Traffic, which created the IADP.

External links

International Driving License

Driving licences


Isaac's Harbour is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Guysborough in Guysborough County.

In 1861 gold was discovered in quartz veins on the Isaac's Harbour anticline to the east of the community in Goldboro, Nova Scotia. In 1892, Howard Richardson was the first to note gold within shale and quartz veins which became generally known as the Boston Richardson Belt. Mining on the property began in 1892 when the Richardson Gold Mining Company started developing the belt and continued until 1912.

At present Orex Exploration is conducting an extensive exploration program for gold in the areas around Isaac's Harbour.

References
Isaac's Harbour on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


A total lunar eclipse will take place on October 19, 2051. The northern limb of the Moon will pass through the center of the Earth's shadow.

This will be the first central eclipse of Saros series 137 and the fourth and final lunar eclipse in the 2050–2051 tetrad.

Less than a day from perigee, the Moon's apparent diameter will be larger, and be considered a supermoon.

Visibility

It will be completely visible over Central Asia, and Africa, seen rising over Western Africa, and South America, and setting over Australia.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

It is part of Saros series 137.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

2051-10
2051-10
2051-10
2051 in science


Jordanville is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Municipality of the District of Saint Mary's in Guysborough County.

References
Jordanville on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Andrew Bowie Livingston (6 February 1893 – 30 March 1948) was a Scottish footballer who played one game as a forward for Port Vale in March 1921.

Career
Livingston played for Strathclyde, Kilmarnock, Queen's Park, Albion Rovers, Rangers, Stevenston United, Dumbarton Harp, Vale of Leven, and Bathgate. He then joined Port Vale in March 1921. His only Second Division appearance came in a 2–1 win over Cardiff City at Ninian Park on 26 March. He was released from The Old Recreation Ground at the end of the 1920–21 season. He later returned to Vale of Leven.

Personal life
Livinston was born in Dennistoun, Glasgow, the son of John Livingston and Roberta Bowie. He was married to Agnes Geddes. He died at Falkirk Royal Infirmary, aged 55.

Career statistics

References

1893 births
1948 deaths
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Strathclyde F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Dumbarton Harp F.C. players
Queen's Park F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
Vale of Leven F.C. players
Bathgate F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players


Events in the year 1949 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Haakon VII
 Prime Minister – Einar Gerhardsen (Labour Party)

Events
 October 10 – The 1949 Parliamentary election takes place.
 November 20 – Hurum air disaster: an Aero Holland Douglas DC-3 crashes near Hurum, Norway, killing 34 of the 35 on board, including 26 Jewish children from Tunisia on their way to Norway, as an intermediary stop before immigrating to Israel.

Popular culture

Sports

 Martin Stokken, cross country skier and athlete, is awarded the Egebergs Ærespris for excellence in more than one sport, and the Norwegian Sportsperson of the Year.

Music

Film

Literature
 The Knut Hamsund novel Paa gjengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths), was published.

Notable births

7 January – Bente Erichsen, culture director
7 February – Oddvar Einarson, film director
2 April – Per Husby, jazz musician and orchestra leader
10 April – Ingolf Håkon Teigene, journalist and editor (died 2007)
29 April – Hæge Follegg Pedersen, children's writer.
3 May – Esben Esther Pirelli Benestad, doctor and sexologist
14 May – Sverre Årnes, novelist
19 May – Inga Kvalbukt, politician
30 May
Bjørn T. Grydeland, civil servant and diplomat
Ove Thorsheim, Norwegian diplomat
20 June – Synnøve Korssjøen, goldsmith, jewellery designer.
8 July – Jan Elvheim, politician
30 September – Lars Klevstrand, singer, guitarist, and composer.
8 November – Clement Endresen, judge
10 November – Aud Gaundal, politician
18 November – Sverre Diesen, military officer and Chief of Defence of Norway
18 November – Knut Magne Flølo, politician
30 November – Petter Henriksen, musician and publisher.
6 December – Bjørn Hvinden, sociologist
9 December – Anne Enger, politician
14 December – Inger Lise Rypdal, singer and actress

Notable deaths

25 January – Leon Aurdal, painter (born 1890).
5 February – Rudolf Elias Peersen, politician and Minister (born 1868)
14 February – Lise Stauri, educator (born 1882).
21 February – Anders Beer Wilse, photographer (born 1865)
2 June – Gudbrand Bernhardsen Tandberg, politician (born 1903)
10 June – Sigrid Undset, novelist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1928 (born 1882)
12 July – Kirsten Utheim Toverud, pediatrician (born 1890).
13 July – Nils Tveit, politician (born 1876)
15 July – Erik Solem, judge (born 1877)
8 August – Eivind Kristoffer Eriksen, politician (born 1893)
8 October – Erik Ørvig, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (born 1895)
4 December – Ivar Lykke, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (born 1872)
22 December – Ole Reistad, military officer and pentathlete (born 1898).

See also

References

External links


Christine Sharp (18 November 1947 – 18 May 2021) was an Australian politician, who was a Greens member of the Western Australian Legislative Council representing South West Region from 1997 to 2005.

Early life

Born in London, Sharp completed a Bachelor of Arts with Honours at the University of Sheffield, and a Master of Arts (Political Science) at the University of Kent. She travelled widely before coming to Western Australia in 1973, later completing a PhD at Murdoch University on politics and ethics.

In 1974 and 1975, Sharp was a journalist for the ABC, and during that time was a prominent activist in Western Australia's burgeoning forest movement.  In 1977, Sharp moved with her partner from the city to a farm in Balingup, where she started a local business as a tree farmer.

Sharp was a member of the Environmental Protection Authority from her appointment in 1989 to 1995.

Political career

Sharp served on the Donnybrook-Balingup Shire Council.

In the 1989 state election, Sharp worked for the Greens candidate for the South West Region, Louise Duxbury, on policy development.

In 1997, Sharp was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council as a Greens member representing South West Region. She held the seat until her retirement in 2005.

She died in Bridgetown on 18 May 2021, aged 73.

References

1947 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from London
English emigrants to Australia
Greens Western Australia politicians
Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
21st-century Australian politicians
Women members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
21st-century Australian women politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian women politicians
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Kent


The Jazz Soul of Oscar Peterson is a 1959 album by the Oscar Peterson Trio, described by AllMusic as "a swinging, straight-ahead affair featuring superb playing throughout."

The 1996 Verve CD reissue of the album (and many subsequent digital releases) includes the 1962 Oscar Peterson Trio album Affinity in its entirety. Alternately, some reissues instead include the entirety of the 1961 album Very Tall.

Track listing
 "Liza (All the Clouds'll Roll Away)" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin, Gus Kahn) – 4:29
 "Con Alma" (Dizzy Gillespie) – 6:55
 "Close Your Eyes" (Bernice Petkere) – 5:42
 "The Maidens of Cadiz" (Léo Delibes) – 7:40
 "My Heart Stood Still" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 5:40
 "Woody'n You" (Gillespie) - 3:50

Personnel
Oscar Peterson – piano
Ray Brown – double bass
Ed Thigpen – drums

References

1959 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Verve Records albums


Events in the year 1971 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Olav V
 Prime Minister – Per Borten (Centre Party) until 17 October, Trygve Bratteli (Labour Party)

Events

 Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country.
 17 March – Bratteli's First Cabinet was appointed.
 22 May – The crew quarters of the Norwegian passenger ship MS Meteor catches on fire outside Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 32 people of the ship's crew are killed in the event.
 22 September – Princess Märtha Louise of Norway is born.

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Film

Literature
Per Arneberg, poet, prosaist and translator is awarded the Riksmål Society Literature Prize.
Gunvor Hofmo, writer and poet, is awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature for Gjest på jorden (Guest on Earth).
Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright, is awarded the Dobloug Prize literature award.
Arild Nyquist, novelist, poet, children's writer and musician, is awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaard's Endowment literary prize.

Notable births

1 February – Harald Brattbakk, footballer and pilot
18 February – May Britt Lagesen, politician.
18 March – Hilde Synnøve Lid, freestyle skier.
24 March – Bengt Rune Strifeldt, politician.
3 April – Ingvild Vaggen Malvik, politician
5 April – Åslaug Sem-Jacobsen, politician.
6 April – Mona Grudt, model and 1990 Miss Universe
13 May – Espen Lind, songwriter, producer, singer, and multi-instrumentalist
16 May – Pia Wedege, luger.
15 June – Vibeke Larsen, politician.
28 June – Dagrun Eriksen, politician
28 June – Steinar Opstad, poet.
20 July – Guro Angell Gimse, politician
9 September – Ann Cathrin Eriksen, handball player.
29 September – Frida Melvær, politician.
2 October – Anette Igland, footballer
5 October – Ole Robert Reitan, businessperson.
18 October – Line Henriette Holten Hjemdal, politician
17 November – Tonje Sagstuen, handball player.
22 November – Geir Hartly Andreassen, cinematographer
22 November – Gunnar Wærness, poet.
2 December – Linn T. Sunne, children's writer.
10 December – Arnfinn Kristiansen, bobsledder.

Notable deaths

16 January – Halfdan Gran Olsen, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (b.1910)
29 January – Bjarne Guldager, sprinter (b.1897)
31 January – Gunnar Jahn, jurist, economist and politician (b.1883)
21 February – Johs Haugerud, politician (b.1896)
24 February – Hartvig Svendsen, politician (b.1902)
1 March – Harald Damsleth, cartoonist, illustrator and ad-man (b.1906)
11 March – Julius Sundsvik, novelist and newspaper editor (b.1891)
1 April – Hans Svarstad, politician (b.1883)
2 May – Olaf Barda, chess player, first Norwegian International Master (b.1909)
24 May – Haakon Hansen, politician (b.1907)
1 June – Aksel Jacobsen Bogdanoff, communist (b. 1922)
2 June – Per Mathiesen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (b.1885)
26 June – Halvor Birkeland, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (b.1894)
29 June – Thorstein John Ohnstad Fretheim, politician (b.1886)
15 July – Nic. Stang, art historian and writer (b.1908)
16 July – Birger Brandtzæg, merchant and owner of a fishing station (born 1893).
19 July – Hans Kristian Bromstad, politician (b.1903)
20 July – Olaf Ingebretsen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (b.1892)
6 August – Finn Moe, politician (b.1902).
19 August – Arthur Sundt, politician (b.1899)
4 September – Bjarne Lyngstad, politician and Minister (b.1901)
29 September – Johannes Lid, botanist (b.1886).
5 October – Marit Hemstad, sprinter (b.1928)
5 October – Marit Øiseth, cross country skier (b.1928)
17 October – Leif Grøner, banker and politician (b.1884)
22 October – Håkon Ellingsen, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (b.1894)
18 November – Leif Bjorholt Burull, politician (b.1895)
24 November – Nils Hønsvald, politician and Minister (b.1899)
2 December – Erling Viksjø, architect (born 1910).
10 December – Arne Langset, politician (b.1893)
12 December – Kristian Johan Bodøgaard, politician (b.1885)

See also

References

External links


Wilburt Scott Brown (20 December 1900 – 17 December 1968) was a United States Marine Corps general who was a combat veteran of World War I, the Nicaraguan campaign, World War II, and the Korean War.  He served in the Marine Corps for thirty-five years, from 1918 to 1953.

Biography
Wilburt Scott Brown was born on 20 December 1900, in Beverly, Massachusetts, and attended Holliston High School and Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.

World War I
He enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps on 28 May 1918 and served with the 20th Company, 5th Marines, in France during World War I, for which he holds two battle clasps and the Purple Heart Medal.

On 8 July 1920, Brown was discharged from the Marine Corps to accept an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy. However, he left the academy in September 1922, and re-enlisted in the Marine Corps. He was commissioned a second lieutenant from the ranks on 19 February 1925.

In July 1925, after serving as a company officer at the Navy Yard, Norfolk, Virginia, he entered the Officers Basic School at the Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Philadelphia. On completing Basic School, he was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia, where he rejoined the 20th Company, 5th Marines, with which he had served in World War I. That company was among those chosen to represent the Marine Corps at the Philadelphia Exposition of 1926, until it was called out to guard the mails during an outbreak of robberies.

With the 5th Marines, Brown sailed for Nicaragua in February 1927. He fought in several engagements against rebel bandits in that country and was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for an action near Buena Vista on 19 January 1928.

He returned from Nicaragua in May 1929, and was assigned to the Sea School at the Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California. That October, he joined the Marine Detachment aboard the , serving on that ship until June 1931. He then served at the Marine Barracks, Mare Island Naval Shipyard, California, until May 1933, when he sailed for duty at the Marine Barracks, Guam.

Returning from Guam in July 1935, Brown served for two months as executive officer of the rifle range detachment at Quantico before entering the Base Defense Weapons Course in the Marine Corps Schools there. After graduating, he commanded an artillery battery of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico until the Fall of 1936, when he was ordered to the Marine Corps Base, San Diego.

At San Diego, Brown commanded a 155mm battery with the 2nd Marine Brigade until February 1938, when he was ordered to the Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Mare Island. There, he was Assistant Acting Quartermaster and member of the Naval Retiring Board until June 1939, when he took command of the Marine detachment aboard the .

World War II
In July 1941, he returned to San Diego to become the executive officer and later the commander of the 4th Battalion, 10th Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division.

He left San Diego in March 1942 to serve as executive officer of the 8th Defense Battalion in the Pacific theater. Returning to the United States in January 1943, he was assigned to San Diego until he entered an advanced artillery school at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

After completing the school, he helped organize the Troop Training Unit at the Amphibious Training Base, Coronado and Morro Bay, California, later serving as artillery and naval gunfire instructor with that unit. During this period, four army infantry regiments and two Marine Corps divisions were trained in amphibious warfare at the base, and Brown became one of the pioneers in the coordination of naval gunfire, artillery, and air support. He taught and practiced those tactics throughout his subsequent service.

In October 1944, Brown was again ordered to the Pacific theater, where he organized and briefly commanded the 15th Marine Regiment, 6th Marine Division. He then took command of the 11th Marine Artillery Regiment, 1st Marine Division, serving in that capacity during the Okinawa campaign and in China at the war's end. He was awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for outstanding service at Okinawa and an Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a second Legion of Merit for his service in China.

Returning from China in October 1946, General Brown was assigned to the Air University, Maxwell Field, Alabama, as an instructor in the Naval Division. While teaching amphibious warfare and the coordination of fire and air support there, he completed the Air Command and Staff School. He left Maxwell Field to take command of the 10th Marine Artillery Regiment, 2nd Marine Division, at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, in June 1949.

Korean War
Brown embarked for Korea in April 1951, commanding the 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division from May to July 1951. He was awarded the Silver Star Medal for his service with the 1st Marines. He returned to the United States in December 1951.

In May 1952, after serving briefly as assistant chief of staff, G-2 (Intelligence), of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Brown was assigned to the staff of the Field Artillery School at Fort Sill. He was promoted to brigadier general in August 1952, and in October 1952, returned to Camp Pendleton to serve as commanding general, Force Troops, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He was promoted to major general on retirement after thirty-five years of service, on 1 December 1953.

After his retirement, Brown entered the University of Alabama as a junior and graduated in 1963 with a PhD in history.

Major General Brown died on 17 December 1968 at the VA Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama.

Military awards
Brown's decorations and awards include:

Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Colonel Wilburt S. Brown (MCSN: 0-3960), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of the First Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea on 2 and 3 June 1951. When one of his assault battalions was subjected to an accurate enemy mortar and artillery barrage which inflicted heavy casualties, including four company commanders and ten other officers, Colonel Brown proceeded to the area in the face of the murderous fire and skillfully reorganized the battalion, enabling it to continue the attack. Moving to an exposed position in full view of the enemy and under continuous hostile mortar and artillery fire, he directed his men in seizing all assigned objectives and in inflicting a serious defeat upon a tenacious enemy. By his inspiring leadership, aggressive fighting spirit and courageous initiative, Colonel Brown upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

See also

Notes

References
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the United States Marine Corps.

Further reading

1900 births
1968 deaths
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Navy and Marine Corps Medal
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Naval Academy alumni
University of Alabama alumni


St Bernard's Hospital is the only civilian general hospital in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.

History

Juan Mateos

In 1567, during Gibraltar's Spanish period, a retired Spanish innkeeper by the name of Juan Mateos converted his house into a 20-bed hospital. He continued to nurse locals and sailors from this location for over 20 years before running into debt, as a result of which he transferred the hospital to the "Orden de San Juan de Dios" (). He joined the order himself until his death in 1594, when he was mourned by all the locals. By 1691, the hospital became known as the "Hospital de San Juan de Dios" (), an isolation hospital.

Military hospital
The existing Spanish hospital in Gibraltar was taken over by the British authorities as a military hospital after the Anglo-Dutch capture of Gibraltar in August 1704 and repaired and refurbished by the Lieutenant Governor Col. Richard Kane. It was initially a naval hospital, but was used during the 1727 siege by the Army, and was returned to the Navy in 1728. With the building of the Naval Hospital in 1746, it became the Garrison Hospital, but by 1756 it was being used as a Barracks, later known as the Blue Barracks, where the Company of Military Artificers (later the Royal Engineers) was formed in 1776.

The New Civil Hospital
Much of the building fell into ruins after it was severely damaged by Franco-Spanish bombardment during the Great Siege of Gibraltar, and it was not until 1815 that it was extensively rebuilt under the auspices of the then Governor of Gibraltar Sir George Don, as a civil hospital for the local population. It served as a war hospital for injured soldiers in the Mediterranean, and many received aid here in the 1830s.

The Colonial Hospital

It was rebuilt in 1882, and the elegant façade can still be seen, partly obscured by further extensions and additions over the years including the King George VI Wing in front of the hospital in the 1950s and the Mackintosh Wing in the 1970s. In 2005 St Bernard's Hospital moved to its new home in Europort, and over four centuries of history came to an end.

New St Bernard's

The new St Bernard's Hospital, constructed by converting an existing office block at Europort (three times the size of the old hospital), represented a £60,000,000 plus investment in health for current and future generations. Most of the other improvements in secondary care have been made possible by this modern medical facility which contains nearly £6 million of new medical equipment.

Work on the project commenced on 8 July 2002 involving radically altering the inner areas of the existing Buildings 1–4, to adapt them to the needs of a modern hospital.

The hospital is operated by the Gibraltar Health Authority, a department of the Government of Gibraltar with the purpose of providing health care to the residents of Gibraltar.

The hospital is designed for some 210 beds covering ortho trauma, maternity, surgical, medical and paediatric wards, two main operating theatres and an emergency back up theatre, a hydrotherapy pool with a full rehabilitation clinic, day surgery unit and cardiac rehabilitation, accident and emergency department with provision for major and minor incidents and ophthalmic clinics. There is a modern mortuary with much-improved waiting and viewing facilities adjacent to a new chapel. The present School of Health Studies has relocated from Bleak House at Europa Point to a dedicated area in Block 3 and the office of the Chief Executive and the administrative staff has moved from Johnstone's Passage to Block 1.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

 Pictures of the old hospital
 Gibraltar Health Authority

Hospitals in Gibraltar
Hospital buildings completed in 1815
Hospital buildings completed in 1882
1567 establishments in Spain
Hospitals established in the 16th century
1500s establishments in Gibraltar
2004 establishments in Gibraltar
2004 disestablishments in Gibraltar


USS Dart (YFB-308) was a United States Navy ferry launch in service from 1900 to 1930, when she was transferred to the United States Lighthouse Service, and renamed the Locust, she was later transferred to the United States Coast Guard, until she was decommissioned in 1954.

Construction
Dart was sponsored by Miss Margaret Fechteler, and cost 15,000 dollars to build. She was laid down on 6 April 1899, by the Mare Island Navy Yard, in Vallejo, California. She was launched, and christened, on 28 February 1900, and commissioned on 9 April 1900. She was  long, and  wide.

Service history
Dart was attached to the Mare Island Navy Yard on 9 April 1900, where she served until 1930. She was employed as a ferry between the Mare Island Navy Yard and Vallejo, California, and also as a stand-by fire boat. On 20 September 1930 she was transferred to the United States Lighthouse Service, where she was renamed to Locust, and served as a buoy boat for the 18th Lighthouse District at San Francisco from 1931 to 1939, when she was transferred to the US Coast Guard, as the US Lighthouse Service was merging into the USCG. She continued to serve in the 18th Lighthouse district until she was decommissioned in 1954.

References

Ferries of the United States Navy
1900 ships


The Sama–Bajaw languages are a well-established group of languages spoken by the Sama-Bajau peoples (sea gypsies) of the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.

Languages
Grimes (2003) identifies nine Sama–Bajaw languages.
Balangingi (Bangingi'; Northern Sama)
Central Sama (Siasa Sama)
Southern Sama (Sinama)
Pangutaran Sama
Mapun (Kagayan)
Yakan
Abaknon (Inabaknon)
Indonesian Bajau
West Coast Bajau

The first six are spoken in the Sulu region of the southern Philippines. Indonesian Bajau is spoken mainly in Sulawesi and West Coast Bajau in Sabah, Borneo. Several dialects of the languages can be identified.

Blust (2006) states that lexical evidence indicates that Sama–Bajaw originated in the Barito region of southeast Borneo, although not from any established group of Barito languages. Ethnologue has followed, calling the resulting group 'Greater Barito'.

Classification
Pallesen (1985:18) classifies the Sama-Bajaw languages as follows.

Sama-Bajaw
Abaknon
Yakan: Northern Yakan, Southern Yakan
Sibuguey (Sama Batuan)
Sulu-Borneo
Western Sulu: Sama Pangutaran, Sama Ubian
Inner Sulu
Northern Sulu: Tagtabun Balangingiq, Tongquil Balangingiq, Linungan, Panigayan Balangingiq, Landang-Guaq, Mati, Sama Daongdong, Kawit Balangingiq, Karundung, Pilas
Central Sulu: Sama Kaulungan, Sama Dilaut, Sama Kabingan, Sama Musuq, Sama Laminusa, Sama Balimbing, Sama Bannaran, Sama Bangaw-Bangaw, South Ubian
Southern Sulu: Sama Tanduq-baas, Sama Simunul, Sama Pahut, Sama Sibutuq, Sama Sampulnaq
Sama Lutangan, Sama Sibukuq
Borneo Coast
Jama Mapun
Sabah Land Bajaw: Kota Belud Bajaw, Kawang Bajaw, Papar Bajaw, Banggi Bajaw, Putatan Bajaw
Indonesian Bajaw: Sulamu, Kajoa, Roti, Jaya Bakti, Poso, Togian 1, Wallace, Togian 2, Minahasa

The Ethnologue divides Sinama into seven languages based on mutual intelligibility. The seven Sinama languages are Northern Sinama, Central Sinama, Southern Sinama, Sinama Pangutaran from the island of Pangutaran off of Jolo island, Mapun, Bajau West Coast of Sabah and Bajau Indonesia. Jama Mapun, a language from the island of Mapun, formerly known as Cagayan de Sulu, is a related language and sometimes also referred to as Sinama.  These classifications are rarely recognized by Sama themselves who instead classify their Sinama by the village or island it originates from.  The emic classification of a Sama person's language e.g. Silumpak, Laminusa, Tabawan generally form the different dialects of the seven Sinama or Bajau languages.

Together, West Coast Bajau, Indonesian Bajau, and Mapun comprise a Borneo Coast Bajaw branch in Ethnologue.

Dialects
The following is a list of Sama-Bajaw dialects. Locations and demographics are from Palleson (1985) and Ethnologue (individual languages with separately assigned ISO codes highlighted in bold).

West Coast Bajau
Kota Belud: Kota Belud, 60 km north of Kota Kinabalu
Putatan
Papar: Papar, 50 km south of Kota Kinabalu
Banggi: Banggi Island, north of Kudat in the north of Sabah
Sandakan
Pitas
Kawang: Kawang, 40 km south of Kota Kinabalu
Indonesian Bajau
Jampea
Same’
Matalaang
Sulamu: Sulamu, Kupang Bay, southern Timor. 400 speakers.
Kajoa: Kajoa Island, 80 km south of Ternate off the west coast of Halmahera
Roti: Roti Island, southwest of Timor. Fewer than 200 speakers.
Jaya Bakti: Jaya Bakti, Banggai Regency, central Sulawesi. 3,000 speakers.
Poso: Polande, Poso Regency, on the southeast coast of the Gulf of Poso, central Sulawesi
Togian 1: Pulaw Enaw, just off the south coast of Togian Island, Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi
Togian 2: Togian Islands, Gulf of Tomini, Sulawesi
Wallace: exact location unknown, probably central Moluccas. 117 words collected by Alfred Russel Wallace around 1860.

Inabaknon: Capul Island, off the coast of northwestern Samar, central Philippines
Yakan: eastern Basilan Island, southern Zamboanga Peninsula. 60,000 speakers.
Northern Yakan: northern part of eastern Basilan Island
Southern Yakan: southern part of eastern Basilan Island
Pangutaran Sama (Western Sulu Sama branch)
Sama Pangutaran: Pangutaran Island, 50 km northwest of Jolo City. 12,000 speakers. Some live in Palawan
Sama Ubihan: North Ubian Island, a few miles southwest of Pangutaran. 2,000 speakers. Also called a'a ubian, a'a sowang buna 'people of Buna' channel'.
Inner Sulu Sama branchNorthern Sama''' (Northern Sulu in Pallesen (1985))Lutangan (Lutango): mainland of Mindanao opposite Olutanga Island
Sibuco-Vitali (Sibuku’): inland area across the Zamboanga Peninsula, 50 km north of Zamboanga City. 11,000 speakers. Also called sama bitali', sama nawan.
Sibuguey (Batuan): Kulasihan River on the eastern side of Sibuguey Bay between Olutanga Island and the head of the bayBalangingiDaongdung (Sama Daongdong): Daongdong Island, off the southeast coast of Jolo IslandKabinga’anTagtabun Balangingi’: Tagtabun Island, just east of Zamboanga City. Regular population of 300 as of 1972. Also called bahasa bāngingi' (bāngingi', a'a tagtabun).Tongquil Balangingi’: Tongquil Island in the Samales group, east of Jolo Island. 8,000 speakers. Also called sama tongkil.Linungan: Linungan (Linongan) or Cocos Island, off the northeast coast of Basilan IslandPanigayan Balangingi’: Malamawi Island, just off the west coast of Basilan Island. Several hundred speakers. Also called bahasa balangingi' (sama bāngingi').Landang-Gua’: Sakol or Landang Island, just east of Zamboanga City, north of Tagtabun Island. Also called a'a landang-gua ('Landang-Gua’ people').
Mati: Mati, Davao Oriental, just east of the San Agustin Peninsula
Kawit Balangingi’: Kawit, 10 km west of Zamboanga City
Karundung: Karundung, on the southeast coast of Jolo Island
Pilas: Pilas Island|Pilas Group, 15 km west of Basilan IslandCentral SamaSama Deya
Sama Dilaut: throughout Sulu, but especially in Zamboanga City, in Siasi, and in Sitangkai, south of Tawi-Tawi Island. 80,000 speakers in the Philippines. Also called sama to'ongan 'genuine Sama'; sama pagūng 'floating Sama'; sama pala'u 'boat-dwelling Sama'.
Sama Siasi
Sama Laminusa: Laminusa Island, just off the north coast of Siasi Island. 5,000 speakers.
Sama Tabawan
Sama Kaulungan: Kaulungan Island, just off the eastern end of Basilan Island. At least 1,000 speakers.
Sama Musu’: south coast of Siasi Island. 3,000 speakers. Intermarriage with Sama Dilaut. Also called Sama Lipid (Littoral Sama) by the Sama Dilaut (Sea Sama).
Sama Balimbing: Balimbing, on the east coast of Tawi-Tawi Island (listed as part of Southern Sama in Ethnologue)
Sama Bannaran: Bannaran Island, Sapa-Sapa, Tawi-Tawi.
Sama Bangaw-Bangaw: near Sandakan on the northeast coast of Sabah
South Ubihan: South Ubian Island, east of the northeast end of Tawi-Tawi Island. Census figure of 27,000, including the population of Tandubas.Southern SamaSibutu’ (Sama Sibutu): Sibutu’ Island, southwest of Bongao Island. About 10,000 speakers.
Simunul: Simunul Island, south of Bongao Island. 10,000 speakers. Also called sama səddopan.
Tandubas (Tandu’-baas): Tandubas Island,  just of the northeastern point of Tawi-Tawi Island. Census figure of 27,000, including the population of Tandubas. Also called a'a tandu'-bās 'people of Tandu-Bas', a'a ungus matata 'people of Ungus Matata'. The Sama of central Sulu call them obian, ubian, sama s'ddopan 'Southern Sama'.
Obian
Bongao
Sitangkai
Languyan
Sapa-Sapa
Sama Pahut: Bongao Island. About 1,000 speakers.
Sama Sampulna’: Semporna, east Sabah
Berau, East Kalimantan about 46,000 speakers.Mapun: 43,000 in the Philippines; 15,000 Mapun people in Sabah, Malaysia (2011 SIL)
Mapun is spoken on Cagayan de Sulu (Mapun) island, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines.
20,000 in Mapun island
5,000 to 10,000 Mapun people in PalawanBajau West Coast SabahKota Belud
Tuaran
KudatBajau IndonesiaGorontalo Torosiaje, Popayato, Pohuwato

DistributionWest Coast Bajau (Borneo Coast Bajau) is distributed in the following locations of Sabah, Malaysia (Ethnologue).
scattered along the west coast from Papar district to Kudat district, mainly in Tuaran and Kota Belud towns
Telutu’ village, Banggi Island, Kudat district
Pitas district: along the west coast and Mengkubau Laut, Mengkapon, Dalima’, Mapan-Mapan, Pantai Laut, Layag-Layag, Mausar, Jambangan, Sibayan Laut, and Kanibungan villagesIndonesian Bajau is widely distributed throughout Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara. It is also located throughout Maluku Utara Province in the Bacan Islands, Obi Islands, Kayoa, and Sula Islands, which are located to the southwest of Halmahera Island (Ethnologue).Mapun is spoken on Cagayan de Sulu (Mapun) island, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines.

Ethnologue provides the following location information for various Sama languages.Northern Sama is located in western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago northeast of Jolo, Zamboanga coast peninsula and islands, and Basilan island.
Northern Sama dialect: White Beach near Subic Bay, Luzon
Lutangan dialect: Olutanga Island. Possibly also in Luzon and Palawan.Central Sama is located in:
Sulu and Tawi-Tawi provinces: Siasi, Tabawan, Bongao, Sitangkai, Cagayan de Sulu island
Basilan Island: Maluso, Malamawi, Bohe’ Lobbong
Zamboanga del Sur Province: Rio Hondo, Batuan Lumbayaw, Taluk Sangay, [Sanggali
Zamboanga del Norte Province: Olutanga
Davao City: Isla Verde and Sasa
Cagayan de Oro
Cebu and Tagbilaran
Puerto Princesa, Palawan
BatangasSouthern Sama is located in Tawi-Tawi Island Province (in Tawi-Tawi, Simunul, Sibutu, and other major islands) and East Kalimantan (Berau)Pangutaran Sama is spoken on Pangutaran Island, located to the west of Jolo; and in Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi, southern PalawanYakan is spoken in Basilan and small surrounding islands; Sakol island; and the eastern coast of Zamboanga. Yakan tends to be concentrated away from the coast.Inabaknon is spoken on Capul Island, Northern Samar Province. Capul Island is located in the San Bernardino Strait, which separates Samar from the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon.Bajau West Coast Sabah is spoken in Kota Belud, Kudat, and Tuaran which is on mutual intelligibility with Bajau East Coast of Sabah.Bajau Indonesia is spoken on some part of Indonesia, Torosiaje island.

Population
Ethnologue lists the following population statistics for Borneo Coast Bajau.West Coast Bajau: 55,000 in Sabah, Malaysia (2000 SIL)Indonesian Bajau: 150,000 in Indonesia (Mead et al. 2007)
5,000 or more in North Maluku (Grimes 1982)
8,000 to 10,000 in South Sulawesi (Grimes 1987)
7,000 in North Sulawesi and Gorontalo
36,000 in Central Sulawesi
40,000 in Southeast Sulawesi (Mead et al. 2007)
several thousand in Nusa Tenggara (Wurm and Hattori 1981, Verheijen 1986)Mapun: 43,000 in the Philippines; 15,000 Mapun people in Sabah, Malaysia (2011 SIL)
20,000 in Mapun island
5,000 to 10,000 Mapun people in Palawan

 Grammar

 Voice
Western Austronesian languages are characterised by symmetrical voice alternations. These differ from asymmetrical voice alternations, such as active and passive, since the voices can be considered equally transitive. Hence, the terms actor voice and undergoer voice are sometimes used.
 Actor voice (AV) refers to the construction in which the actor or agent-like argument is mapped to subject.
 Undergoer voice (UV) refers to the construction in which the undergoer or patient-like argument is mapped to subject.
The voice construction is signalled through morphological marking on the verb.

Western Austronesian languages are typically subdivided into Philippine-type and Indonesian-type languages on the basis of the voice system:

The voice alternations in Sama–Bajaw languages have some characteristics of Philippine-type languages and some characteristics of Indonesian-type languages.

Miller (2014) says that there are three main voice alternations in Sama-Bajaw:
 An AV construction marked with a nasal prefix.
 A transitive non-AV construction with the bare verb.
 Another non-AV construction with morphological marking on the verb and case marking on the agent.
In many Philippine languages, the UV construction is said to be basic. This has led people to analyse the languages as syntactically ergative. This analysis has been proposed for Sama Southern, Yakan, Sama Bangingi’, and Sama Pangutaran. These languages are said to have Philippine-type voice systems.

West Coast Bajau, however, is said to have an Indonesian-type voice system because there are two transitive voices; a true passive construction (-in-) and an applicative suffix (-an). This makes West Coast Bajau more similar to the languages of Sarawak and Kalimantan than the other languages of Sabah.

Indonesian Bajau also has an Indonesian-type voice system as illustrated below:

In some Sama–Bajau languages there are restrictions on how the non-AV actor is realised. For example, in Sama Bangingi’ the non-AV actor is typically a pronominal clitic in first or second person.

The voice alternations in Sama–Bajau languages can also be accompanied by a change in the case-marking of pronouns and a change in word-order.

 Case marking
Sama–Bajau languages do not have case-marking on nominal arguments.

Nonetheless, pronouns have different forms depending on their grammatical function. Like the languages of Sarawak, West Coast Bajau has two different pronoun sets:
 Set 1: non-subject actors
 Set 2: all other pronouns
In contrast, most of the languages of Sabah have three sets of pronouns:
 Set 1: non-subject actors
 Set 2: subjects
 Set 3: non-subject, non-actors
In West Coast Bajau, the non-subject undergoer can be optionally realised using both the Set 1 and the Set 2 pronouns.

Zero anaphora is possible for highly topical arguments, except the UV actor, which cannot be deleted. This is common across Western Austronesian languages.

 Word order
Like the languages of the Philippines, the Sama–Bajaw languages in the Sulu tend to be verb-initial. However, in most languages word order is flexible and depends on the voice construction. In the Sulu, SVO is only found in the context of preposed negatives and aspect markers. In West Coast Bajau, on the other hand, SVO word-order is also found in pragmatically neutral contexts. This, again, makes West Coast Bajau more similar to the languages of Sarawak than the other languages of the Sama-Bajaw group.

Verheijen (1986) suggests that the Bajau language spoken in the Lesser Sunda Islands has no fixed position of the subject but is fixed VO. The language has several properties that are said to correlate with VO word-order:
 Prepositions
 Noun‑Genitive
 Noun-Relative
 Noun-Adjective
 Noun-Demonstrative
 Preverbal negatives
 Initial subordinators
The preferred word-orders for five Sama–Bajau languages are shown below. The word order is represented in terms of the semantic roles: actor (A) and undergoer (U).

In all Sama–Bajau languages, the position of the actor is fixed, directly following the verb in the zero UV construction. Elsewhere, the order of actor and undergoer depends on the animacy of the arguments. This could be seen to follow the Philippine tendency to place actors first in the clause.

If we rephrase these orders in terms of grammatical function, a number of Sama–Bajau languages could be said to be VOS languages. S is equivalent to the actor in AV and the undergoer in UV. O is equivalent to the non-subject core argument.

 Word order and information structure
Variant word-orders are permitted in Sama–Bajau languages. The different word-orders have different information structure interpretations. This differs depending on the voice of the clause.

Miller (2007) suggests that verb-initial order in West Coast Bajau UV clauses strongly correlates with foregrounding. He argues that this is the basic word order given that the undergoer in final position does not have a specific pragmatic status. In contrast, fronted undergoers are highly active and accessible. Both SVO and VOS orders occur with equal frequency in narrative texts, though VOS is highly preferred in foregrounded clauses.

AV clauses are predominantly subject-initial regardless of grounding. In fact, SVO is the only word-order permitted in subordinate clauses. Where verb-initial clauses in AV do occur, however, they typically represent key sequences of action in the storyline.

There are also specificity effects in AV verb-initial word order. VOS is acceptable when the non-subject undergoer is non-specific, but sometimes considered unacceptable if the undergoer is specific. The same is true for definite undergoers. However, the effects are not found when the word-order is VSO and the undergoer is in final position. In this case, the structure is grammatical regardless of whether the undergoer is definite/specific or not.

 Topic and focus
In West Coast Bajau, it is possible for subjects, obliques and adjuncts to appear pre-verbally. Only non-subject arguments cannot appear in this position. Miller (2007: 193) suggests that there are two positions pre-verbally: topic and focus. Topic represents presupposed information whilst focus represents new information. In both AV and UV clauses, the preverbal subjects can be either topic or focus. Obliques, on the other hand, are always focus.

Consequently, Miller (2007: 211) analyses the clause structure of West Coast Bajau as follows:Pragmatic structure of West Coast Bajau'The preverbal focus position can be followed by focus particles such as no. Phonology
Sinama
thumb|This woman making a traditional mat is a Sama from Siasi who now lives in Semporna, Malaysia.Sinama languages have 21 to 24 phonemes. All Sinama languages have 17 consonants. Each language has from five to seven vowels.

Consonants

The consonants of the Sinama languages are represented by the letters b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, t, w, y and '.

Representation of the glottal stop in Sinama has not yet reached a consensus among Sinama speakers.  Linguists have suggested the use of an apostrophe-like character () for word final glottal stops. Central Sinama has adopted this for glottal stops in between vowels as well (i.e. , the Sinama word for 'human').  Other Sinama languages have chosen to follow Tagalog orthography and to leave this vowel medial glottal stop ambiguous.  Sinama speakers often spell the word final glottal stop with an h at the end.  Sinama speakers in Malaysia may also spell it with a  following the vowel softening patterns of Bahasa Melayu.

In certain dialects of Sinama  becomes  and  becomes  when found between two vowels. Allophones of  are heard as [, , ].

Vowels
The vowels a, e, i, o, and u are found in all Sinama languages and dialects. In addition to these five vowels ə, and ɤ are found in one or more Sinama language.

Allophones of  are heard as .

Many of the Sinama languages have contrastive vowel lengthening.  This is represented by a macron over the vowel ().

Stress
Sinama pronunciation is quite distinct from other nearby languages such as Tausug and Tagalog in that all of the Sinama languages primary stress occurs on the penultimate syllable of the word.  Stress will remain on the penultimate syllable even with the addition of suffixes including enclitic pronouns.  In Northern Sinama (Balanguingi') the stress will shift to the ultima when the penult is the mid central vowel .

Enclitic pronouns
The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd singular pronouns -ku, -nu and -na respectively, the 1st plural inclusive pronouns -ta and -tam, as well as the 2nd plural pronoun -bi are all enclitics. These enclitic pronouns change the pronunciation by shifting the stress of a word through the addition of a syllable; a verb or noun combined with a suffixed one syllable enclitic pronoun.  Some Sinama orthographies represent this by writing both noun/verb and pronoun as one word e.g.  for 'our house' in Central Sinama.  Other orthographies represent this with a hypen e.g.  for 'our house' in Southern Sinama.  Still others write this keeping the noun/verb separate from the prounoun e.g. luma' ta for 'our house' in Northern Sinama.

West Coast Bajau

 Consonants
The following are the sounds of West Coast Bajau:

 Stop sounds  when in word-final position are heard as unreleased , as is the case with the voiced stop sounds  as .
  can be heard as a retroflex lateral  in word-final position.
  can be heard as a flap  when in intervocalic position.

 Vowels

The vowel sounds  are heard as  within closed syllables.

Reconstruction
Proto-Sama-Bajaw is reconstructed in Pallesen (1985). Pallesen (1985) considers the homeland of Proto-Sama-Bajaw to be in the Basilan Strait area, around 800 AD.

Cultural references
The lyrics of the song called Kiriring Pakiriring (popularly known as Dayang Dayang) were written in the Simunul dialect of the Southern Sinama language.

Central Sinama and Southern Sinama are two of six languages used in the 2012 Filipino drama film Thy Womb.

Sinama is featured on the 1991 edition of the Philippine one thousand peso bill.  Langgal is written under a picture of a Sama place of worship.  Langgal is the Sinama for that place of worship.

References

Bibliography
Blench, Roger. 2016. The linguistic background to SE Asian sea nomadism. In Sea nomads of SE Asia past and present. Bérénice Bellina, Roger M. Blench & Jean-Christophe Galipaud eds. Singapore: NUS Press.
Pallesen, A. Kemp. 1985. Culture contact and language convergence. Philippine journal of linguistics: special monograph issue, 24. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.

 Pallesen, A. Kemp. 1985. Culture contact and language convergence''. Philippine journal of linguistics: special monograph issue, 24. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
  (word lists of 16 Indonesian Bajau varieties spoken in Sulawesi)

Further reading

Barito languages
Languages of Indonesia
Languages of the Philippines