iBoxx is a financial services division of IHS Markit that designs, calculates and distributes fixed income indices. iBoxx is overseen by IHS Markit Benchmark Administration Limited (IMBA UK), which is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and is an authorized benchmark administrator under the UK Benchmarks Regulation (UK BMR). IMBA UK's benchmark administration activities have been conducted in compliance with the IOSCO Principles for Benchmarks (IOSCO Principles) since 2014.
The iBoxx bond market indices are transparent, rules-based fixed income indices that are primarily used by passive and active professional investors as well as investment banks. iBoxx offers broad benchmarks used to evaluate investment performance and to conduct research, as well as liquid indices used as an underlying for tradable products, such as ETFs and Total Return Swaps (TRS).

The iBoxx product portfolio is global and is supported by multi-source pricing and IHS Markit’s proprietary Evaluated Bond Pricing Service (‘EVB’) to improve pricing accuracy, minimise tracking error and safeguard the independence of the indices. iBoxx coverage spans over 20,000 bonds to date and includes corporate, sub-sovereign and sovereign bonds, as well as loans and securitised products.

There is over $150bn in estimated assets under management (AUM) tracking ETFs on iBoxx indices. Notable ETFs, amongst over 150 tracking iBoxx indices, include the iShares iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF ‘LQD’ and the iShares iBoxx $ High Yield Corporate Bond ETF ‘HYG’.

Products
iBoxx offers both standard and customised index solutions, with over 25,000 live indices running on their platform. The product portfolio is global in nature, covering the major currencies and market segments within the fixed income universe.

iBoxx’s standard indices consist of 35 core index families:

iBoxx’s research and design capabilities are bolstered by a breadth of IHS Markit and partner data, which provide unique index construction opportunities within the transparent, rules-based index framework.

History
The iBoxx bond index family, which launched in 2001, was the first comprehensive suite of independent, transparent and multiple-contributor priced bond indices. iBoxx was ) created by the International Index Company Limited (IIC), which was acquired by Markit Group Limited in 2007. Markit Group Limited merged with  IHS Inc. in 2016 to form IHS Markit Ltd. The IIC was established in 2001 and headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. The company began as a joint venture between ABN AMRO, Barclays Capital, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Boerse, Dresdner Kleinwort, Goldman Sachs, HSBC, JPMorgan, Morgan Stanley and UBS, prior to being acquired by Markit in 2007.

iBoxx indices were a market innovation, allowing the 10 co-operating banks and Deutsche Boerse to reference a singular, standard benchmark. This model was an improvement over the single-institution index model, introducing a ‘give-get’ model which incentivised data contributions, and by virtue, improved the reliability and accuracy of the index and underlying constituents’ pricing data, through the multi-source pricing inputs. The iBoxx franchise continues to operate under a ‘give-get’ model, referencing multiple sources for its data inputs.

In 2003, iBoxx launched the iBoxx CDS indices, which would later be merged with the Trac-x indices created by J.P. Morgan & Co. and Morgan Stanley to form the iTraxx product suite.

Governance and External Committees
In compliance with BMR and the IOSCO Principles, IMBA UK is responsible for the administration and calculation of benchmark families and therefore is the Administrator of each Index and, where applicable, associated Benchmarks within these families.

To ensure ongoing dialogue with and feedback from Index users, the Administrator has established External Advisory Committees (EAC). For some index families, such EACs consist of a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) and a General Advisory Committee (GAC), with representation from sellside institutions and the buyside respectively.

EACs operate to aid the development and operation of the relevant Indices by providing insight and feedback for the development of new Indices, improvements for existing Indices, or the cessation of Indices. They review and provide input on potential and proposed changes to the Index methodologies and constituents as well as on regulatory, legal and compliance issues and general risks. They also advise on technical matters in respect of the operation of the Indices and address any relevant request from the Administrator in a timely manner.

These committees also provide input into the Annual Index Review (AIR) organised by the Administrator. The Administrator considers feedback from these as part of the formal consultation process with all market participants.

Committee members represent senior practitioners in their field who are appointed by the Administrator based on market expertise and ability to contribute to discussions from experience and use of the relevant indices.

Notable Launches in Recent Years

See also
 iTraxx

Sources

External links
 Homepage
 Documentation
 News and Information
 Governance and Regulatory Compliance Overview

Bond market indices


The 2009 Italian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Gran Premio Santander d'Italia 2009) was a Formula One motor race held on 13 September 2009 at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, Monza, Italy. It was the 13th race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship. It was contested over 53 laps.

It was the last win for Brawn GP and for team driver Rubens Barrichello. Teammate and Championship Leader Jenson Button came in second, completing Brawn's fourth (and last) one-two finish of the season, while the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen came third after reigning World Champion Lewis Hamilton crashed on the final lap. Hamilton's crash meant the race officially finished behind the safety car, despite the safety car not picking up the leader. Adrian Sutil, who finished in fourth place, recorded the first fastest lap of his career, and the first for the Force India team.

, this is the last race win for a Brazilian Formula One driver.

Report

Background
Jenson Button led the Drivers Championship by 16 points from Brawn GP teammate Rubens Barrichello, who led Red Bull's third placed man Sebastian Vettel by 3 points. Brawn led the Constructors Championship by 23½ points from Red Bull who were a further 48½ points ahead of winners of the previous race, Ferrari.

Vettel won his maiden Formula One race in the 2008 race for the Toro Rosso team, that made him the youngest driver to win a Formula One race, in the first race won by both the Toro Rosso team since they were formed as Minardi and by a customer Ferrari engine. The only other Italian Grand Prix winners in the field are Fernando Alonso and Barrichello. No Italian has won his home Grand Prix since Ferrari's Ludovico Scarfiotti won his only race at the 1966 race. Jarno Trulli, Vitantonio Liuzzi and Giancarlo Fisichella were the only current Italians in the field this year, with Luca Badoer replaced as Ferrari's stand-in by Fisichella. Fisichella became the first Italian since Ivan Capelli in 1992 to race for Ferrari at Monza, after terminating his Force India contract. Fisichella was replaced by Force India test driver Liuzzi.

Renault decided to use KERS for the first time since Spanish Grand Prix weekend.

Practice
The first session of the Italian GP finished with the McLarens on top with Lewis Hamilton and Heikki Kovalainen first and second fastest, respectively. Force India's Adrian Sutil finished the session in third. Renault's Fernando Alonso finished fourth while teammate Romain Grosjean finished fifteenth. Fischella, driving for Ferrari for the first time in his career, finished eighth ahead of teammate Kimi Räikkönen who ended the session in tenth. Toyota's Trulli and Timo Glock were at the back of the pack. Championship leader Jenson Button ended seventh while his Brawn teammate Rubens Barrichello finished twelfth.

In the second session Force India's Adrian Sutil was fastest, ahead of the two Renaults of Grosjean and Alonso. Hamilton was eleventh with Kovalainen coming in fourth. Button in a Brawn finished 19th, with only Fisichella separating him from last place. Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel came eighteenth, and Mark Webber in fourteenth.

The final practice session ahead of Qualifying again saw Sutil fastest, ahead of the Brawn of Jenson Button with teammate Barrichello in fourth. The two McLarens ended fifth and sixth, with Fisichella's replacement at Force India, Vitantonio Liuzzi, in seventh. The two Red Bulls ended the session 17th and 18th. Fisichella ended the session last, with Räikkönen's other Ferrari in twelfth.

Qualifying

The first session, lasting 20 minutes, decided the final five places on the grid. Five minutes into the session Liuzzi ran off the track but did not damage his car and managed to proceed through to the next part of qualifying. Räikkönen topped the session ahead of Hamilton and Kovalainen. Both Toro Rossos and both Williams cars were knocked out along with the Toyota of Timo Glock. Fisichella made it through to the next session, making it the first time since the Hungarian Grand Prix that both Ferraris had made it through to Q2. Grosjean also progressed to Q2.

The second session, lasting 15 minutes, decided positions 11 to 15. Five minutes into the session Nick Heidfeld's BMW engine gave way to leave him in 15th for the race. Seven minutes later, the other BMW of Robert Kubica appeared to have the same problem and pulled off with engine problems just before the first corner. This left Kubica qualifying in 13th. Fisichella was unable to make it through to the final session of qualifying. Button topped the session, with Hamilton in second and Force India's Adrian Sutil in third. After the chequered flag had fallen Liuzzi was the final driver to post a time moving from 13th into the top 10. The other drivers not to make it were Grosjean and Trulli.

The final session, lasting ten minutes, decided the top ten positions. Early on, Alonso set the fastest time in the first sector, but it was Räikkönen who had the best time overall. Very soon afterwards Hamilton set the fastest lap, while Webber, Alonso, Sutil and Räikkönen traded second place. The chequered flag fell and very few cars were still out, but it was Hamilton who came out on top to snatch pole from Sutil. Although Button qualified sixth and his teammate Barrichello in fifth, they looked well-placed after the fuel loads were released and both were on a one stop strategy, while Hamilton, Sutil and Räikkönen were all on a two stop strategy.

Race
At the start, Lewis Hamilton held onto his lead with Kimi Räikkönen in second, ahead of Adrian Sutil. Heikki Kovalainen, on a one-stop fuel strategy was overtaken by the similarly fuelled Brawns of Rubens Barrichello, off the start line, and Jenson Button, through the second Lesmo. Championship contender Mark Webber was spun by Robert Kubica at Della Roggia on the opening lap and was forced to retire. By Lap 15, Kubica had also retired with an oil leak. Before this, on lap 9, Kubica was shown the black flag with orange circle because he damaged his front wing during his contact with Webber, meaning he was summoned to the pits to repair it.

The battle for the lead was tactical, with the Brawn cars stopping only once while Hamilton was on a two-stop strategy. Barrichello and Button were able to lap consistently faster than Hamilton despite their heavier fuel load, meaning when Hamilton emerged from his second pit stop he found himself behind both Brawns in third position. Reigning World Champion Hamilton tried in vain to overtake Championship leader Button over the final few laps before crashing into the barriers at the second Lesmo as he attempted to catch Button. Hamilton's crash left debris across the race track, meaning the safety car was deployed despite it being the final lap of the race. The safety car was therefore unable to pick up the leader, Barrichello, before he took the chequered flag as he would take Brawn's eighth win of the season and his third win at Monza.
This race had also proven to be the 11th and last victory, as well as the last podium for Rubens Barrichello's very long, very distinguished and very up-and-down career.

The safety car ended a race long battle between the similarly fuelled Räikkönen and Sutil. Sutil was able to keep up with the Ferrari driver throughout the race. Both made their second and final pit stop at the same time, Räikkönen coming out of the pits first despite a delay leaving his garage after Sutil drove too fast into his box, knocking over a mechanic, who was unhurt. Despite Sutil's pressure over the closing stages, Räikkönen held to inherit third place. Sutil did have the consolation of claiming the fastest lap of the race, Force India's first in Formula One.

Fernando Alonso finished fifth, ahead of Kovalainen despite the Finn being on the race-winning one-stop strategy. Nick Heidfeld finished seventh after working his way through the field from fifteenth on the grid. Sebastian Vettel took the final point, ahead of Ferrari debutant Giancarlo Fisichella. Fisichella's replacement at Force India, Vitantonio Liuzzi, retired with a mechanical problem while challenging for the points.

Post–race

The poor performance from the Red Bull cars, combined with Brawn's 1–2 finish, meant the Drivers Championship became effectively a two-horse race between Button, who led Barrichello by 14 points with four races to go. Vettel was 26 points behind Button with Webber a further 2.5 points adrift. Brawn team boss Ross Brawn said after the race he would allow his drivers to compete amongst themselves for the Drivers Championship, as his team was virtually assured of the Constructors Championship. Barrichello admitted he was relishing the prospect of a straight title fight after playing second fiddle to Michael Schumacher whilst the German won five world championships at Ferrari. A visibly more relaxed Button was magnanimous in defeat and happy to face a battle from within.

Webber admitted frustration at his first non-finish of the year following such a "small" accident, while Vettel insisted his Championship chances were not over. McLaren team principal Martin Whitmarsh did not criticise Hamilton for his last lap crash, stating the accident was a result of the Briton's "never-give-up attitude, his unquenchable desire to fight until the very last metre of the very last lap." The focus of the F1 paddock after the race, however, was on the looming Crashgate hearing at the FIA World Motor Sport Council in Paris the following week. This was to determine whether Renault had asked former driver Nelson Piquet Jr. to crash at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix, to aid teammate Fernando Alonso ultimately win the race.

Lewis Hamilton  mathematically conceded the defence of his   World Championship following the result of this race as only Jenson  Button, Rubens Barrichello, Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber were  mathematically able to win the Championship.   World Champion Kimi Räikkönen  also mathematically conceded the World Championship as a result of this  race, while  and   World Champion Fernando Alonso  was already out of contention before this race. As a result, it meant  following this race a brand new World Champion was guaranteed to be  crowned for 2009.

Classification

Qualifying
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"

 - Jaime Alguersuari was given a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change prior to qualifying, but ultimately this did not affect his position, as he qualified in 20th place.

Race
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"

 - Although Lewis Hamilton retired on the final lap, he was still classified as a finisher as he had completed 90% of the winner's race distance.
 - Sébastien Buemi followed the safety car to the pit lane on the final lap and therefore he was not considered to have finished the race. He was classified as he had driven 90% of the winner's race distance.
 - Jaime Alguersuari started the race from the pitlane after changing parts on his car after qualifying.

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
 Bold text and an asterisk indicates competitors who still had a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion.

See also
 2009 Monza GP2 Series round

References

Italian
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
September 2009 sports events in Europe


Nikolaus Hofreiter (8 May 1904 – 23 January 1990) was an Austrian mathematician who worked mainly in number theory.

Biography
Hofreiter went to school in Linz and studied from 1923 in Vienna with Hans Hahn, Wilhelm Wirtinger, Emil Müller at the Technische Universität Wien on descriptive geometry, and Philipp Furtwängler, with whom he obtained his doctorate in 1927 on the reduction theory of quadratic forms (Eine neue Reduktionstheorie für definite quadratische Formen). In 1928 he passed the Lehramtsprüfung examination and completed the probationary year as a teacher in Vienna, but then returned to the university (first as a scientific assistant at the TU Vienna) where in 1929 he was assistant to Furtwängler and then habilitated in 1933. He was even then an excellent teacher, and gave lectures not only in Vienna but also in Graz.

His dissertation and habilitation thesis dealt with the reduction theory of quadratic forms, which Gauss, Charles Hermite and Hermann Minkowski had worked on previously. Hofreiter treated the case of four variables of a problem of Minkowski (Minkowski had solved the problem for two variables, while Robert Remak had solved it for three variables) on the product of inhomogeneous linear forms and achieved significant progress. The complete solution was only found 15 years later (and the general case is still unresolved). In 1934, he proved the existence of infinitely many real quadratic number fields without a Euclidean algorithm. In addition, he dealt with the geometry of numbers and Diophantine approximation.

In 1939, he was an associate professor and married the mathematician Margarete Dostalík (1912-2013). She was also a student of Furtwängler and did important work on algebraic equations and was working as a meteorologist in Berlin at the time. During the Second World War, he moved from Vienna and was a little later at the Hermann Goering Aviation Research Institute in Braunschweig, where his colleagues Wolfgang Gröbner from Vienna, Bernhard Baule from Graz, Ernst Peschl and Josef Laub were already working. Through his work there, together with Gröbner, he started a table of integrals. The first volume, on indefinite integrals, was published by Notdruck (Braunschweig) in 1944 and by Springer in 1949. In 1950, the second volume containing definite integrals appeared. Both parts were widely available through to the 5th 1973/75 edition. His wife, Margaret, assisted with the calculations, as well as the preparation and review of both volumes.

In addition to their work at the Aviation Research Institute, Gröbner and Hofreiter continued to give lectures and seminars at the Technical University of Braunschweig. After the war he returned to Vienna in 1946 and continued to expand on his number theory work. He also worked on linear optimization and numerical mathematics. In 1954, he became a professor, and in 1963/4 became Dean of the Faculty, and in 1965/6, he was Rector of the University of Vienna. In 1974, he retired.

In 1970, Hofreiter became a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. He received the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class in 1965, the Gold Medal of Honour of the City of Vienna, the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1977, the Commander's Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, the Ring of Honour of the Austrian Mathematical Society. He was an honorary senator of the University of Linz.

His doctoral students included Edmund Hlawka, Peter Gruber and Leopold Schmetterer. He has over 1500 academic descendants, primarily through Hlawka.

Notes

References
 Edmund Hlawka: Nachruf. In: Almanach der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Band 140, 1989/90
 Edmund Hlawka: Nachruf auf Nikolaus Hofreiter. In: Monatshefte für Mathematik. Band 116, 1993, Nr.3–4, S.263–273

External links
 Biography
Biography

Scientists from Linz
1904 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Austrian mathematicians
Number theorists
TU Wien alumni
Academic staff of TU Wien
Academic staff of the Technical University of Braunschweig
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
Members of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Rectors of universities in Austria
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Knights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great


Palelai Buddhist Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Bedok, Singapore. It was founded in 1963 by Phrakhru Prakassa Dhammakhun (known mostly as Luang Phor).

History
Palelai Buddhist temple was originally located at 9 Jalan Nipah and subsequently moved to 49 Bedok Walk to accommodate the growing number of members and devotees. When the temple building was first built at Jalan Nipah, it occupied a land area of only 6 metres by 12 metres. This was sufficient to house three Thai bhikkhus and samaneras. The building was
compartmentalised into three sections: one section for the main shrine hall, another section as a multipurpose hall, and the rear section as living quarters. A Thai-style pavilion was added to the building in 1967 with the intention of using it as a proper shrine hall.

This building served to facilitate the study and learning of the Dhamma in the Thai tradition. Sunday school as well as Dhamma talks on the life of the Buddha and on Buddhism were conducted regularly at the temple. These served to propagate the Buddhist teachings to the community. To cope with the need of the growing number of Buddhists, Luang Phor had contemplated buying the neighbouring land to increase the land area. However, because the seller asked a high price for the land and the government had zoned the area for road enlargement, the plan was put on hold.

Moving Palelai Buddhist Temple to Bedok Walk was mooted in 1968. That year Luang Phor met a wealthy Singaporean, Wee Thiam Siew, who was a Buddhist and owned the plot of land at Bedok Walk that the temple currently occupies. Through his charitable generosity, he sold the plot of land at half the original price. The purchase of the land was funded by voluntary contributions from Thai, Malaysian, and Singaporean Buddhists.

Construction of the temple was made possible through financial support from the Buddhist communities in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand, with some assistance from the Department of Religious Affairs of Thailand. Construction took place in 1970 with the foundation stone laid by the Supreme Patriarch Punnasiri Mahathera of Wat Phra Jetuphon in Bangkok. The building was completed in phases and finally consecrated in May 1973. This new location allowed more devotees to participate in the regular Buddhist activities organized at the temple.

In 2004, the Executive Committee decided to build an additional building to support the growing number of activities and interests of members and devotees in the areas of meditation and Buddhist education.

See also
 Wat Ananda Metyarama Thai Buddhist Temple
 Burmese Buddhist Temple
 Sri Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple
 Ti-Sarana Buddhist Association
 Vipassana Meditation Centre
 Buddhism in Singapore

References

External references

Buddhist temples in Singapore


The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. It is a standard means of measuring well-being. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, developing, or underdeveloped country, and also to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. Countries fall into four broad categories based on their HDI: very high, high, medium, and low human development. Currently, all European countries fall into the very high or high human development category.

List
The table below presents the latest Human Development Index (HDI) for countries in Europe as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released in 2020). Previous HDI values and rankings are retroactively recalculated using the same updated data sets and current methodologies, as presented in Table 2 of the Statistical Annex of the Human Development Report.

Countries that are not entirely located in Europe are shown here in italics, but HDI figures are given for the whole country. Monaco and Vatican City are not ranked as they are not included in the latest report by the United Nations Development Programme. Kosovo is also not included.

Map
This is the map of the list of European countries by the Human Development Index for the year 2021. The colour indicators are as follows:  High Human Development and  Very High Human Development.

See also
International organisations in Europe
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
List of countries by Human Development Index
List of countries by Human Development Index by region
List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
List of European countries by budget revenues
List of European countries by budget revenues per capita
List of European countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
List of European countries by GNI (nominal) per capita
List of European countries by GNI (PPP) per capita

Notes

References

Human Development
Europe
Economy of Europe-related lists


Let the Dominoes Fall is the seventh studio album by the American punk rock band Rancid. It is their first album of new material in nearly six years, following 2003's Indestructible, and their first with drummer Branden Steineckert, who joined the band in 2006 after the departure of founding drummer Brett Reed.

The band had begun working on new material after their temporary hiatus in 2004, but showed no signs of a new album until January 2008, when they announced that they had begun recording with producer and Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. The writing and recording process was finally finished in February 2009.

Background and composition
Following the release of Indestructible in 2003, the group became dormant with each of the members either touring or releasing albums with other bands. After a break in 2004, Rancid began writing their follow-up to Indestructible a year later. In November 2005, it was announced that the band had begun working on a "large amount of new material" for the album and guitarist Lars Frederiksen mentioned that it would surface sometime in 2006. On April 13, 2006, Rancid posted a long update to their MySpace page and mentioned that the album would be released in the spring of 2007.

For sometime later, it was announced that the release date had been changed to summer/fall 2007, despite frontman Tim Armstrong's solo tour schedule, supporting his first album A Poet's Life. On November 3, it was announced that drummer Brett Reed left the band. His position was filled in by Branden Steineckert, formerly of The Used. Alternative Press mentioned that the group was going to record a new album in early 2007, with a projected mid-2007 release date. On June 12, 2007, Steineckert posted on his MySpace blog stating that members of Rancid were expected to get back together in the fall to begin writing the album, then resume recording it in January 2008. In December of that year, it was reported that Rancid had finished writing the album.

Recording
Recording of the album at Skywalker Sound began in January 2008. The album was completed in early February 2009.  The album is the band's fourth with producer Gurewitz, who previously worked with the band on Let's Go, their self-titled 2000 album, and the previous album, Indestructible.

Some known tracks left off the album include "Darlene'", which was reworked on the self-titled album by Devils Brigade, "Just For Tonight", which was reworked for Tim's Sings RocknRoll Theater album, and the electric version of "The Highway".

Release
On March 30, 2009, Let the Dominoes Fall was announced for release in three months' time; the following day, the track listing and artwork were posted online. "Last One to Die" was made available for streaming on April 7, 2009, via the band's Myspace page. From late April 2009, until the album's release, the band posted several making-of videos online. On May 12, 2009, a music video was released for "Last One to Die". A week later, "East Bay Night" was posted on Myspace. Shortly after this, the band performed at the KROQ Weenie Roast. Let the Dominoes Fall was made available for streaming on May 26 on their Myspace, before being released on June 2 through Hellcat Records. "Up to No Good" was released as the album's second single. A deluxe edition of the album was released which included a bonus CD of the entire album in acoustic form, and a DVD featuring a documentary about the making of the album. On June 10, 2009, the band appeared on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien, performing "Last One to Die". In June and July, the band supported Rise Against on their headlining tour of the US. On October 12, 2009, a music video was released for "Up to No Good".

Reception

It debuted at number 11 on the Billboard 200, making it Rancid's highest-charting album to date.

Track listing

Bonus tracks

Let the Dominoes Fall acoustic
A version of the album was released on CD with a bonus disc of acoustic versions of songs from the album. These songs are also included in expanded editions of the album at digital download stores such as the iTunes Store and Amazon MP3. Note that all the songs here are acoustic. Not all songs were made into acoustic versions.

Personnel
 Tim Armstrong – guitar, vocals
 Lars Frederiksen – guitar, vocals
 Matt Freeman – bass, vocals
 Branden Steineckert – drums

Additional musicians
 Michael Bolger – horns on "Up to No Good"
 Ryan Foltz – mandolin on "Civilian Ways"
 Greg Graffin – gang vocals on "Disconnected"
 Brett Gurewitz – producer, background vocals, percussion
 Booker T. Jones – keyboards on "Up to No Good"
 Tom Lea – viola on "Up to No Good"
 Joel Pargman – violin on "Up to No Good"
 Vic Ruggiero – keyboards
 Jay Terrien – string arrangement on "Up to No Good"
 Ina Veli – violin on "Up to No Good"
 Pat Wilson – gang vocals on "Damnation"
 Adrienne Woods – cello on "Up to No Good"

Charts

References

External links

Rancid (band) albums
2009 albums
Hellcat Records albums


The Alberta Forest Products Association, or AFPA, is a non-profit industry association operating out of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The AFPA represents a majority of forest products companies operating in the province of Alberta that manufacture dimensional lumber, plywood, oriented strand board, pulp and newsprint, and other secondary, value-added products.

The AFPA is governed by a board of directors, made up of representatives from member companies, and supported by staff based in Edmonton, Alberta.

The AFPA is the primary lumber certification agency in Alberta, responsible for ensuring the quality control of each piece of stamped lumber originating from its members.

History
The AFPA was established in 1942 by a group of lumber brokers to coordinate efforts in dealing with the problems in the Alberta forest industry - which in those days was essentially lumber producers. In 1950, the AFPA prepared the first marketing booklet for "Western White Spruce" lumber as "Spruce-Pine-Fir" (SPF), for distribution to buyers in the United States and Canada. At the same time the association urged the Alberta provincial government to increase forest fire protection and help reduce Alberta's high timber loss by fire. The AFPA also established its own lumber grading mark using the western white pine association (WWPA) grade rules.

In 1959, the AFPA joined the then Canadian Wood Development Council, now the Canadian Wood Council, (http://www.cwc.ca/) as a charter member. This affiliation was timely as the United States Federal Housing Authority had announced that all lumber imported into the United States must be grade marked, and the Canadian federal government followed suit with the same requirements by CMHC.

The AFPA became a registered entity under the Society Act of Alberta in 1959, a registered trademark in the United States in that same year, and a registered trademark in Canada in 1962.

Work Wild
In January 2011, the AFPA launched the Work Wild program, a campaign that aims to educate youth and job-seekers about the diversity of employment opportunities in Alberta's forest industry.

Organizations based in Edmonton
1942 establishments in Alberta


Hubert Moses Medland (1 July 1881 – 11 December 1964) was a British Labour Party politician.

Born in Okehampton, Medland was educated at Tavistock Grammar School before becoming a civil servant.  He also joined the Labour Party, and served on Plymouth City Council from 1923, including a term as Lord Mayor of Plymouth in 1935.  He stood unsuccessfully in Torquay at both the 1929 and 1931 United Kingdom general elections.  In 1938, he became the president of the British Waterworks Association, and during World War II he was the civil defence regional commissioner for the south west.

Medland was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Plymouth Drake constituency at the 1945 general election and held the seat until the constituency was abolished for the 1950 general election.  He then served on the South West Electricity Board and the South West Regional Hospital Board.

Medland was known locally as "Stormy Medland" for his direct manner.  Medland Crescent in Southway Ward in Plymouth is named after Hubert Medland. This is close to Moses Court named after Jimmy Moses, the first Labour Party Member of Parliament for Plymouth.

References

External links

1881 births
1964 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1945–1950


The 2008–09 Big 12 Conference men's basketball season marks the 13th season of Big 12 Conference basketball.

Preseason

Big 12 coaches poll

All-Big 12 players
Curtis Jerrells, Baylor
Sherron Collins, Kansas
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma
A. J. Abrams, Texas
Damion James, Texas

Player of the Year
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma

Newcomer of the Year
Mario Little, Kansas

Freshman of the Year
Willie Warren, Oklahoma

Regular season

Rankings

In-season honors
Players of the week
Throughout the conference regular season, the Big 12 offices name a player of the week each Monday.

Conference honors

** – Unanimous Selection

National awards & honors

Player of the year
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma
Oscar Robertson Trophy
CBSSports.com Player of the Year
Sporting News Player of the Year
Sports Illustrated Player of the Year
Fox Sports Player of the Year
Adolph Rupp Trophy

Coach of the year
Bill Self, Kansas
AP Coach of the Year
USBWA Henry Iba Award
CBSSports.com Coach of the Year
Sporting News Coach of the Year
Fox Sports Coach of the Year
CBS/Chevrolet Coach of the Year

Mike Anderson, Missouri
NABC Co-Coach of the Year

All-District teams

USBWA
USBWA All-District 6
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma
Craig Brackins, Iowa State
Cole Aldrich, Kansas
Sherron Collins, Kansas
Denis Clemente, Kansas State
DeMarre Carroll, Missouri
Leo Lyons, Missouri
Willie Warren, Oklahoma
James Anderson, Oklahoma State

USBWA All-District 7
Curtis Jerrells, Baylor
A.J. Abrams, Texas
Damion James, Texas
Josh Carter, Texas A&M
John Roberson, Texas Tech

NABC
NABC All-District 8
First Team
Craig Brackins, Iowa State
Cole Aldrich, Kansas
Sherron Collins, Kansas
DeMarre Carroll, Missouri
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma

Second Team
Curtis Jerrells, Baylor
Willie Warren, Oklahoma
James Anderson, Oklahoma State
A.J. Abrams, Texas
Damion James, Texas

All-Americans
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma
USBWA, First Team
CBSSports.com, First Team
Sporting News, First Team
Sports Illustrated, First Team
Fox Sports, First Team
Adolph Rupp Award, First Team
Associated Press, First Team

Sherron Collins, Kansas
USBWA, Second Team
CBSSports.com, Second Team
Fox Sports, Second Team
Sporting News, Third Team
Associated Press, Third Team

Craig Brackins, Iowa State
Associated Press, Honorable Mention

Cole Aldrich, Kansas
Associated Press, Honorable Mention

DeMarre Carroll, Missouri
Associated Press, Honorable Mention

Freshman teams
Tyshawn Taylor, Kansas
CBSSports.com, First Team

Willie Warren, Oklahoma
CBSSports.com, First Team
Fox Sports, First Team

NCAA All-Regional teams
South Regional
Blake Griffin, Oklahoma

West Regional
DeMarre Carroll, Missouri
J.T. Tiller, Missouri

Midwest Regional
Cole Aldrich, Kansas

Statistical leaders
Statistics shown cover the entire 2008–09 season.

Individual

Min. 5 FGM/Gm

Min 1.5 3Pt FGM/Gm.

Min 2.5 Per Gm

Team

Postseason

Big Twelve tournament

NCAA tournament

National Invitation Tournament

References


The Compulsory Education Act or Oregon School Law was a 1922 law in the U.S. state of Oregon that required school age children to attend only public schools. The United States Supreme Court later struck down the law as unconstitutional.

Background

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe poured into the United States for economic and social opportunities, many of whom were poor peasants of Catholic and Jewish faith. Since the U.S. was predominantly a Protestant society at the time, many saw these new immigrants as a threat, seeing them as criminals, competitors for jobs and housing, and their faith being supposedly incompatible with American values.  The Oregon State Immigration Commission stated its preferences even more clearly in its 1912 annual report:

In 1920, 13% of the population in Oregon were immigrants, 8% were Catholic, and less than 0.4% were black (caused by Oregon black exclusion laws). Racial and religious prejudices were hard to break, however. A scant percent of Oregon’s students attended private school as well, about 7%, but more than three quarters of those private schools were run by the Catholic Church. In 1920, sociologist John Daniels said, “[Children] go into the kindergarten as little Poles or Italians or Finns, babbling in the tongues of their parents, and at the end of half a dozen years or more… [They] emerge, looking, talking, thinking, and behaving generally like full-fledged Americans.” For Protestants, public schools seemed like they could be used as the great American melting pot, to teach “Pure Americanism” to the new immigrants and assimilate them into Protestant culture.

Enacting the Oregon Compulsory Education Act

In 1922, the Masonic Grand Lodge of Oregon sponsored an initiative to require all school-age children to attend public schools. With support also of the state Ku Klux Klan and 1922 Democratic gubernatorial candidate Walter M. Pierce, the Compulsory Education Law was passed by a vote of 115,506 to 103,685.  Its primary purpose was to shut down Catholic schools in Oregon, but it also affected other private and military schools. It was challenged in court and struck down by the United States Supreme Court Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) before it went into effect. The law, which was officially called the Compulsory Education Act and unofficially became known as the Oregon School Law, did not just require that children between the ages of eight and sixteen had to attend school; it required that they attend only public schools.  By prohibiting children from attending private or parochial schools, the state thus forced such schools to close.

Outraged Catholics organized locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools. In a 1925 decision, the United States Supreme Court declared the Oregon School Law unconstitutional in a ruling that has been called "the Magna Carta of the parochial school system."  In the ruling, the Court asserted that "the child is not the mere creature of the state" and settled the question of whether or not private schools had a right to exist in The United States.

In 1929, Pope Pius XI explicitly referenced this Supreme Court case in his encyclical Divini illius magistri on Catholic education. He quoted this part of the case, which says:The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right coupled with the high duty, to recognize, and prepare him for additional duties.

See also
 Bennett Law
Meyer v. Nebraska
 Pierce v. Society of Sisters

Further reading
 Lloyd P. Jorgenson. "The Oregon School Law of 1922: Passage and Sequel," The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Oct., 1968), pp. 455–466  in JSTOR
 David B. Tyack. "The Perils of Pluralism: The Background of the Pierce Case,"American Historical Review, Vol. 74, No. 1 (Oct., 1968), pp. 74–98  in JSTOR

References

Oregon law
1922 in American law
Anti-Catholicism in the United States
Ku Klux Klan in Oregon
1922 in Oregon
United States education law
Public education in Oregon


Dodsworth may refer to:
 Dodsworth (novel), a 1929 novel by Sinclair Lewis
 Dodsworth (play), a 1934 play adapted from the novel
 Dodsworth (film), a 1936 film adapted from the novel
 Dodsworth, a Producer's Showcase 1956 teleplay based on the novel
 Anna Dodsworth (c. 1740–1801), British romantic poet
 Roger Dodsworth (1585–1654), English antiquary
 Matthew Dodsworth (c.1544–1631), English judge
 Geoffrey Dodsworth (born 1928), British politician
 Any of the Smith-Dodsworth Baronets


FC Serp i Molot Moscow (, meaning "Sickle and Hammer") was a Soviet and now Russian football team of the city of Moscow.

Football

History
Serp i Molot won the Soviet First League in Summer 1936, and won promotion to the Soviet Top League. During the 1938 season, they finished third.

Name changes:
1923—1924 — AKS
1925—1930 — RkimA
1936 — Serp i Molot
1937—1962 — Metallurg
1963-19?? — Serp i Molot
2000 — Serp i Molot-SNS
2001 — Serp i Molot Tusom
2005 — FC Maccabi Moscow was formed on the basis of ex-Serp i Molot
2009 — FC Serp i Molot (reborn)

Current
Currently, they play in the Moscow Amateur League (LFL MRO-Centre).

Bandy
The women's bandy team of the club won the Russian championship in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992.

External links
 Metallurg stadium site

Defunct football clubs in Moscow
Soviet Top League clubs


Spessart (A1442) is the second ship of the s of the German Navy. She was commissioned at Kiel, Germany on 5 September 1977.

Construction and career
Spessart was originally built for civilian service by Kröger of Rendsburg in 1974. On 5 September 1977 she was commissioned into the German Navy, based at Kiel, Germany.

On 29 March 2009, as she was taking part in Operation Atalanta, Spessart was attacked by a 7-man pirate boat. In addition to the regular 40-man civilian crew, Spessart carried a 12-man security detail which exchanged small arm fire with the pirates, and repelled the assault. The  intervened, along with vessels from several other navies: , , , and . The pirates were captured after a chase lasting a few hours.

Gallery

References

1975 ships
Rhön-class tankers
Piracy in Somalia
Ships built in Rendsburg
Tankers of Germany


Tawuia is a millimetric disc-shaped, most likely multicellular macrofossil from the Neoproterozoic.  It is considered to be synonymous with Chuaria and Longfengshania, which, in turn, are thought to represent different life stages of the same organism.

Tawuia describes a more sausage- or crescent-shaped fossil; Chuaria refers to more discoial instances.

The fossils are often preserved as organic compressions.  They are considered to represent microbial structures; some authors consider them to be affiliated with slime molds
Stratigraphically, they range from  to the late Ediacaran.

Chuaria is multicellular.

References

Prehistoric biotas
Incertae sedis


"Method of Modern Love" is a song by English band Saint Etienne. from their greatest hits album London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne (2009). It was released by Heavenly Records on 9 February 2009 on limited edition 7" and two limited edition CDs. Strictly speaking, the release is a double A-side with "This Is Tomorrow", though it does not appear on the second CD.

"Method of Modern Love" was the only new composition (of three new tracks) included on London Conversations: The Best of Saint Etienne; the other two ("This Is Tomorrow" and "Burnt Out Car") were reworkings of previous songs. The track was written by Hannah Robinson, Matt Prime and  Richard X. It was produced by Richard X, while Hannah Robinson featured on background vocals.

When asked about how he got involved with the song in an interview with HitQuarters, producer and co-writer Richard X said,

"I've been a long time fan of the band and I think it was a few years ago that they asked me to work on a track but I was tied up. Originally I was asked to remix the ‘This Is Tomorrow’ track ... That was in line to be a single but I think they decided they'd go for ‘Method’ after I played them a rough demo. It was originally done by myself, Hannah Robinson and Matt Prime, but was found to be a good fit for Saint Etienne."

The double A-side, "This Is Tomorrow", originally featured in Saint Etienne's film of the same name about the Royal Festival Hall, on London's Southbank. The 7" single features a Richard X reworking of the track, while the CD single features the original soundtrack version.

Track listing
All tracks written and composed by Robinson, X and Prime; except where indicated.

 The Heartbreaks Remix was sold as a bundle, together with the 7"/CD1/CD2 set at Recordstore.co.uk.

Charts

References

2009 singles
2009 songs
Heavenly Recordings singles
Saint Etienne (band) songs
Songs written by Hannah Robinson
Songs written by Matt Prime
Songs written by Richard X


Albert H. McGeehan (born October 1944), was mayor of Holland, Michigan from 1993–2009. He is an Eagle Scout and was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 2009. He was born on Staten Island and grew up in Edison and Metuchen, NJ,  and then moved to Holland to attend Hope College and graduated in 1966. He was known as "Mayor Al". McGeehan was succeeded by Kurt Dykstra, another Republican, as mayor of Holland.

References

1944 births
Living people
Hope College alumni
People from Holland, Michigan


Rosebud Battlefield State Park in Big Horn County, Montana preserves a large portion of the battlefield of the Battle of the Rosebud, fought on June 17, 1876.  The battle is known by various other names such as The Battle Where the Girl Saved Her Brother by the Northern Cheyenne, and Crook's Fight on the Rosebud.  A National Historic Landmark, the park is a day use facility offering hiking, hunting, picnicking and wildlife viewing.  It is located  south of Kirby, Montana on Montana Highway 314.

Setting

Rosebud Battlefield State Park is located in a rural setting of Big Horn County, Montana, southeast of Billings and just east of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation. It is located west of Montana Highway 314, in an area of rolling prairie characterized by numerous ridges.  Immediately to the south of the battlefield is a mesa, below which Rosebud Creek meanders in a generally easterly direction.

The park has an information kiosk and vault toilet at its entrance, and a rough gravel road traverses around the main battlefield area, but is otherwise undeveloped.

History

The Battle of the Rosebud, fought on June 17, 1876, marked a turning point in the Great Sioux War of 1876, in which the United States sought to force Native American tribes in the region onto reservations.  United States Army forces under the command of General George Crook were attacked here by a mixed force of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne commanded by Crazy Horse, stopping an advance that was part of an intended three-pronged movement against Native villages in Bighorn area.  Over a six-hour period, the battle extended across a nearly  area along Rosebud Creek.  It was tactically a stalemate, but Crook failed to make the planned rendezvous and withdrew from the theater of war, ultimately leaving General George Armstrong Custer exposed to defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn a week later.

The Cheyenne name for the battlefield, "Where The Girl Saved Her Brother", is derived from an incident during the battle, in which Buffalo Calf Road Woman, a Cheyenne woman, came to the rescue of her brother, Chief Comes in Sight, who was lying wounded on the battlefield. Her act of valor is said to have rallied the Native American forces.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Montana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Big Horn County, Montana

References

External links

Rosebud Battlefield State Park Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks
Rosebud Battlefield State Park Map Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks

National Historic Landmarks in Montana
Protected areas of Big Horn County, Montana
State parks of Montana
Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Big Horn County, Montana
Great Sioux War of 1876
1876 in Montana Territory


In The Cold Wind We Smile is the debut album from Scottish band The Xcerts which was released 30 March 2009.

Overview
In The Cold Wind We Smile is the product of years of touring and hard work by The Xcerts. The album was produced by Dave Eringa who had worked with the band on the single "Do You Feel Safe'", and has been described by the band as being created through "personal tragedy".

Track listing
All songs written by The Xcerts

 "In The Cold Wind We Smile" - 0:58
 "Home Versus Home" - 4:08
 "Nightschool" - 2:51
 "Cool Ethan" - 5:16
 "Lost But Not Alone" - 3:31
 "Listen. Don't Panic" - 2:49
 "Crisis In the Slow Lane" - 4:21
 "Do You Feel Safe?" - 3:30
 "Just Go Home" - 3:28
 "Aberdeen 1987" - 4:09
 "I See Things Differently" - 4:21
 "Untitled" - 2:01
 "Growing Old" (iTunes Exclusive) - 3:02

Personnel
 Murray Macleod – guitar, vocals
 Jordan Smith – bass guitar, vocals, piano
 Tom Heron – drums, percussion, vocals
 Dave Eringa – producer, mixing, piano, organ, theremin
 Duncan Ladkin - phonecall on 'Aberdeen 1987'
 Adam Whittaker - producer and mixing on 'Just Go Home'
 Sandy Buglass - producer 'Aberdeen 1987'
 Ed Woods - mastering

References

2009 debut albums
The Xcerts albums
Xtra Mile Recordings albums
Albums produced by Dave Eringa


Rabbi John Desmond Rayner  (30 May 1924 – 19 September 2005) was a British Liberal Jewish rabbi. He was born in Berlin as Hans Sigismund Rahmer. He left Berlin in 1939 on one of the last Kindertransports. The Kindertransport programme brought around 10,000 children to the UK. Both his parents, Ferdinand Rahmer and Charlotte Landshut, were murdered in the Holocaust.

Between 1943 and 1947 Rayner served in the British Army. In October 1947 he took up an open scholarship in modern languages that he had previously won at Emmanuel College, Cambridge five years earlier. In his second year he switched to Moral Science which comprised philosophy, logic, ethics and psychology and graduated in 1950 with First Class Honours. In his third year Rayner specialised in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac and Semitic Epigraphy.  In his sixth year Rayner began working as a research student on a thesis about Maimonides' conception of Revelation.

Rayner was ordained in the Liberal Jewish ministry on 21 June 1953 and served the South London Liberal Synagogue, in Streatham until 1957. He then worked at St John's Wood Liberal Synagogue until in 1963 he left for Cincinnati, Ohio, in the United States. Rayner had been invited to the Hebrew Union College to take up a graduate fellowship. He returned to the UK to serve as Minister at the Liberal Jewish Synagogue in June 1965.

He wrote books on diverse topics including halakha, marriage, ethics, Zionism, theology and Jewish-Christian relations. He also gave a large number of sermons. He was voted one of the best preachers in Britain by Harpers and Queen magazine in 1976. During the late 1960s and 1970s Rayner made several appearances on national television and radio.

Working with American Rabbi Chaim Stern, Rayner was the main liturgist of British Liberal Judaism.   They compiled the Sabbath and Festivals and High Holidays liturgy used by all Liberal Synagogues, Service of the Heart and Gates of Repentance, continuing their editorial partnership to co-edit Siddur Lev Chadash.     He was the teacher of liturgy at Leo Baeck College in London.

He was an active participant in inter-faith work as co-chairman of the London Society of Christians and Jews. As a result of this work in 1993 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

His thought emphasises the importance of ethics and the need for a more halakhic approach to Progressive Judaism.

On 19 September 2005 he died, at home, after a long illness. A carer was by his side on his last night. Her name was "Comfort".

John Rayner was married and had three children and two grandchildren.

Works
 The Practices of Liberal Judaism (1958).
 Service of the Heart (1967)
 Gates of Repentance (1973)
 Guide to Jewish Marriage (1975).
 Judaism for Today (1978).
 Siddur Lev Chadash (1995).
 An Understanding of Judaism (Berghahn Books, December 1997).
 A Jewish Understanding of the World (Berghahn Books, March 1998).
 Jewish Religious Law. A Progressive Perspective (Berghahn Books, May 1998).
 Principles of Jewish Ethics: From a Progressive Point of View (New Jewish initiative for social justice, 1998)
 Aspects of Liberal Jewish Thought (1999)
 Signposts to the Messianic Age: Sermons and Lectures, Vallentine Mitchell (2006).

References

 Obituary, The Independent, 22 September 2005
 Obituary. The Guardian, 26 September 2005, and follow-up letter
 Obituary. The Times, 29 September 2005
 Tributes to John Rayner, European Judaism, 39(1), Spring 2006
 Brownfeld, Allan C. Rabbi John D. Rayner 1924–2005, Issues, American Council for Judaism, Winter 2006
 Middleburgh, C. H. "A Final Interview with John D. Rayner", European Judaism, 40(1), Spring 2007, pp. 93–99
 Friedlander, A. H. 'The German Influence on Progressive Judaism in Great Britain", Second Chance:Two Centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom, (1991), pp. 425–436
 Goldstein, A. "German, English, American Liturgist", European Judaism, 40(1), Spring 2007

1924 births
2005 deaths
20th-century English theologians
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English rabbis
21st-century English male writers
21st-century English theologians
21st-century English rabbis
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of World War II
British Jewish theologians
British Liberal rabbis
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English male non-fiction writers
English sermon writers
British Jewish writers
Kindertransport refugees
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People educated at Durham School
Rabbis from Berlin
Rabbis from London
Writers from London
German emigrants to the United Kingdom


Freddy Eladio Herrera Cheng (born December 17, 1973) is a baseball outfielder. He played on the Panama national baseball team and appeared in the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

In the 1999 Pan American Games, he hit a two-run home run, but that wasn't enough to overcome Team USA. He hit .387 with seven doubles in the 2001 Baseball World Cup, and in the 2002 Intercontinental Cup he hit .324. In the 2005 Baseball World Cup, Herrera hit .389 with 10 runs and 10 RBI in 11 games.

Herrera had only one hit in seven at-bats in the 2006 World Baseball Classic. He had three hits in 17 at-bats in the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games and in the 2006 Pan American Baseball Confederation qualifier for the 2008 Olympics he hit only .219.

In the 2007 Pan American Games, Herrera had three hits in 11 at-bats, and he had three hits in nine at-bats in the 2007 Baseball World Cup. In the 2008 Americas Baseball Cup, he hit .160.

References

Living people
1973 births
Panamanian baseball players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
Baseball players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Panama
Panamanian people of Chinese descent


Bogusz ( ) is a Polish surname and place name. It is derived from Bogusław. The surname is found across Poland. It is related to the place name Bogusze and the surname Bohusz (featuring a 'g' → 'h' mutation which is more frequent south and east of Poland). Bogusz may refer to:
 Bogusz coat of arms
 Daniel Bogusz (born 1974), Polish footballer
 Ryszard Bogusz (born 1951), Polish theologian
 Mateusz Bogusz (born 2001), Polish footballer
 Matthew Bogusz (born 1986), mayor of Des Plaines, Illinois
 Place names
 Siedliska-Bogusz, in Poland

References

See also

Polish-language surnames


The Maltese Falcon Society is an organization for admirers of Dashiell Hammett, his 1930 novel The Maltese Falcon, and hardboiled mystery books and writers in general. Founded in San Francisco in 1981, the organization is no longer active in the United States; however, a chapter in Japan has been active continuously since 1982. The Japanese branch of the society presents the Falcon Award, Japan's highest honor in the mystery field, to honor the best hardboiled mystery novel published in Japan.

Beginnings
The Maltese Falcon Society was founded in San Francisco on May 20, 1981 by literary historian and biographer Don Herron and private investigator Jayson Wechter. The society's first meeting was held at John's Grill, a restaurant where Dashiell Hammett ate and which he featured in The Maltese Falcon. The speakers at that first meeting were David Fechheimer, a Hammett researcher and private investigator, and E. Hoffmann Price, a pulp fiction author.

The society opened chapters in New York and Japan. By 1982, the society had 110 members in San Francisco, 55 in Japan, and 50 in New York. As its official toast, the society adopted the one used by Sam Spade in Chapter 2 of The Maltese Falcon: "Success to crime."

Activities
William Nadel of the New York chapter conducted a Dashiell Hammett/Thin Man walking tour of Manhattan. Founded by mystery writer Jiro Kimura, the Japanese chapter produced a newsletter called The Maltese Falcon Flyer ten times a year, and in 1983 began to present the annual Falcon Award. Co-founder Herron began to conduct the Dashiell Hammett Tour in San Francisco, the longest running literary tour in the United States.

The San Francisco chapter meetings heard presentations by mystery novelists Julie Smith, Charles Willeford, Stephen Greenleaf, and Joe Gores. Other speakers included Hammett biographers Diane Johnson and William F. Nolan, bounty hunter Tiny Boyles, people who knew Hammett including Jerome Weidman, and coroners, crime reporters, FBI agents, and bail bondsmen. The San Francisco chapter also staged special events, such as a "shootout" conducted at the 1981 Marin Designers Showcase in Mill Valley, California, which resulted in the police being called.

The New York chapter became inactive in the late 1980s. The fifth anniversary meeting of the San Francisco chapter was held May 27, 1986, on the 92nd anniversary of Hammett's birth, and it was the chapter's last. The author's daughter Jo Hammett was the final speaker.

By 1990, only the Japanese chapter of The Maltese Falcon Society was still active. In 2006, the Japanese chapter produced a large-format softcover book in Japanese, The Complete Maltese Falcon Flyer 1982-2006, which includes the first 250 issues of the newsletter with new introductions by Don Herron and other writers. In 2009, with about 90 members, the Japanese chapter continues to hold meetings in Tokyo and Osaka, to produce The Maltese Falcon Flyer, and to present the Falcon Award.

Falcon Awards
The Falcon Award is awarded by the members of the Maltese Falcon Society of Japan for the best hardboiled novel published in Japan. The winning author receives a certificate of merit and a falcon sculpture crafted in wood.

 1983 Early Autumn by Robert B. Parker
 1984 The Old Dick by L.A. Morse
 1985 The Wrong Case by James Crumley
 1986 Hammett by Joe Gores
 1987 When the Sacred Ginmill Closes by Lawrence Block
 1988 Hard Line by Michael Z. Lewin
 1989 Strega by Andrew Vachss
 1990 Watashi ga Koroshita Shojo (lit. A Girl Who I Killed) by Ryo Hara (French title: La petite fille que j'ai tuée)
 1991 "F" Is for Fugitive by Sue Grafton
 1992 A Ticket to the Boneyard by Lawrence Block
 1993 Book Case by Stephen Greenleaf
 1994 A Cool Breeze on the Underground by Don Winslow
 1995 The Black Ice by Michael Connelly
 1996 no winner
 1997 White Jazz by James Ellroy
 1998 no winner
 1999 The Big Blowdown by George Pelecanos
 2000-2004 no winner
 2005 The Wrong Goodbye by Toshihiko Yahagi (trans. Alfred Birnbaum, MacLehose Press, 2021)
 2006 Lost Light by Michael Connelly
 2007 Under the Skin by James Carlos Blake
 2008 No Country for Old Men by Cormac McCarthy
 2009 Winter and Night by S.J. Rozan
 2010 The Power of the Dog by Don Winslow
 2011 The Winter of Frankie Machine by Don Winslow
 2012 no winner
 2013 no winner
 2014 Live by Night by Dennis Lehane
 2015 Ghostman by Roger Hobbs
 2016 Missing: New York by Don Winslow
 2017 Kurai Etsuryu (lit. Dark Overflow) by Nanami Wakatake
 2018 The Promise by Robert Crais
 2019 The Force by Don Winslow
 2020 Down the River Unto the Sea by Walter Mosley
 2021 Breaking Point by C. J. Box
 2022 Private Eyes by Chi Wei-Jan
 2023 Paper Son by S.J. Rozan

References

External links
 Online versions of some issues of The Maltese Falcon Flyer
 The Maltese Falcon Society of Japan

Mystery fiction
Literary societies
Organizations based in San Francisco
1981 establishments in California
Clubs and societies in Japan


Alfred Victor Verville (November 16, 1890 – March 10, 1970) was an American aviation pioneer and aircraft designer who contributed to civilian and military aviation. During his forty-seven years in the aviation industry, he was responsible for the design and development of nearly twenty commercial and military airplanes. Verville is known for designing flying boats, military racing airplanes (such as the record breaking Verville-Sperry R-3), and a series of commercial cabin airplanes. His planes were awarded with the Pulitzer Speed Classic Trophy in 1920 and 1924.

Verville was a founder of three aeronautical companies, the General Aeroplane Company, Verville Aircraft Company, and the Buhl Aircraft Company. He worked for General Billy Mitchell during his service at the United States Army Air Service from 1918 to 1925. From 1937 to 1945, he worked as a consultant for companies such as Douglas Aircraft, Curtiss-Wright, Snead Aircraft, and Drexel Aviation. Verville spent the next sixteen years in the U.S. federal government, primarily in the Bureau of Aeronautics, before retiring in 1961.

Verville received many honors and awards, including a selection as a fellow of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum in 1962. An airmail stamp was issued in 1985 by the US Postal Service in Verville's honor. In 1991, he was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame.

Early life and career
Verville was born in Atlantic Mine, a small town in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, on November 16, 1890, as the son of Victor Verville and Fabianna Miron. As a child, his mother bought him a Conyne-style box kite from Sears Roebuck, which captured his imagination and started his interest in flight and aviation. Verville also began reading stories about the Wright brothers in newspapers and magazines with great interest. Later he even wrote to the Wrights and Glenn Curtiss and received responses.

After graduating from Adams Township High School, Verville took a correspondence course in electrical engineering. He moved to Detroit, Michigan, at the age of twenty, and from 1910 to 1913 he worked in the electrical departments of the Detroit Edison Company, Ford Motor Company, and Hudson Motor Car Company. By 1913, Verville had made his mind up that he wanted to learn to fly. William Edmund Scripps, the editor and owner of The Detroit News, introduced Verville to Glenn Curtiss in July 1913. Curtiss encouraged Verville to apply for his spring 1914 flight school. Instead, Verville went to Hammondsport, New York, in February 1914, where Curtiss Aeroplane Company was located, and told Curtiss he wanted to work as an apprentice in his drafting and engineering shop. Curtiss agreed and this began Verville's aviation career.

Verville excelled as a draftsman and designer, but still wanted to attend flight school and to become an exhibition pilot. After applying and being passed over three times for the Curtiss Flying School, Verville went to Curtiss, who responded: "No, Mr. Verville you don't want to be a pilot. We can get all the pilots we want. What we want are designers. You're [really] a designer and you don't know it." While at Curtiss Aeroplane, Verville took an active part in the development of the transatlantic flying boat America (which was a Curtiss H-2) and the Curtiss Jenny of World War I fame. In the fall of 1914, Verville left the company and joined the Aeromarine Plane and Motor Company in New Jersey; shortly thereafter, he joined the Thomas-Morse Airplane Company. In March 1915, he returned to Detroit and joined the General Aeroplane Company, where he led his first full design and build to his specifications, the Verville Flying Boat.

On July 9, 1917, Verville married Bertha M. Kamrath in Escanaba, Michigan. He had three children with her, daughters Betty and Janet, and son Myron. Also in 1917, Verville left the General Aeroplane Company to become executive engineer of Fisher Body Corporation, where he supervised the construction of de Havilland DH-4 airplanes.

U.S. Army service

In June 1918, Verville joined the Engineering Division of the U.S. Army Air Service (USAAS) as a civilian, and was based out of the USAAS Engineering Division at McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio. In 1920, the young engineer gained national prominence when his Verville-Packard R-1 won the Pulitzer Speed Classic Trophy at the first held National Air Races (at Roosevelt Field, New York) by finishing first out of twenty four other planes, achieving a top speed of 156.54 mph.

In 1919 Brigadier General Billy Mitchell requested the Engineering Division to design a light-weight "motorcycle of the air" that could operate as a liaison between Army field units. Verville completed the Messenger design in early 1920. The Lawrence Sperry Aircraft Company of Farmingdale was contracted to build five Messengers in April 1920. The first Messenger flight was on November 1. Later designated the Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger, the plane is notable for its small size, simple construction, and inexpensive cost, which made it ideal for testing and experimentation. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics used one in its pioneering aerodynamic research programs from 1923 to 1929. Sperry modified twelve into the radio-controlled Messenger Aerial Torpedo and developed the apparatus for a Messenger to make the first successful airship hook on and release in December 1924.

Following World War I, in the capacity as an engineering advisor, Verville joined General Billy Mitchell and his aide, Lieutenant Clayton Bissell, on their sailing trip to Europe in December 1921. The three men toured France, Italy, Germany, Holland, and England in order to check on the European progress of aviation. From their research they produced a 206-page report, which was published as a U.S. Army Air Service Information Circular. General Mitchell asked Verville to incorporate some of the European developments they had observed and to produce a plane for the U.S. Army Air Service's participation in the upcoming 1922 National Air Races.

The resulting plane, the Verville-Sperry R-3, was the second plane to utilize retractable landing gear and incorporated many features advanced for its time. The completion of the R-3 encountered challenges because the planned Curtiss D-12 engine was not available. So, instead Verville had to use the problematic Wright H-3 (Hispano) engine, which had major vibration issues. Three R-3s competed in the 1922 National Air Races, but only one finished in 5th place with a top speed of 181 mph. After the 1922 race, Verville was able to finally obtain a Curtiss D-12 engine. It was installed on an R-3 and based on trials, it was determined that it could break a world record. On March 31, 1923, with Orville Wright officially observing from the ground, pilot Lieutenant Alexander Pearson Jr. set a 500 km world speed record of  over a 10-lap course at Wilbur Wright Field. For the 1924 National Air Races, his R-3 won the 1924 Pulitzer Speed Trophy at 216 mph.

While at the Air Service, Verville was awarded eight aeronautical patents for technologies such as airplane truss design, radiator mounting, and an automatic gun mechanism.

Buhl and Verville Aircraft Companies

In 1925, Verville left the government service to co-found the Buhl-Verville Aircraft Company with the Buhl family in Detroit. On March 29, 1927, Buhl was awarded the first Approved Type Certificate for its Buhl-Verville CA-3 Airster (i.e. A.T.C. No. 1) issued by the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce on March 29, 1927. There were a total of 20 of this aircraft manufactured and it broke a number of speed and endurance records, placing at the top of the Ford National Reliability Air Tour and the National Air Races. Verville was the chief designer from the company's founding in 1925 until 1927.

In 1928, Verville left Buhl-Verville to establish the Verville Aircraft Company, also in Detroit. The company sought to market planes to the wealthy private owner. Verville Aircraft produced the Verville Air Coach, a four-passenger, high-wing monoplane, which made its debut at the 1929 Detroit Air Show and the Verville Sport Trainer, a two-seat tandem biplane. The United States Army Air Corps purchased four Sport Trainers under the designation YPT-10. The USAAC tested with five different engine versions resulting in YPT-10 thru YPT-10D designations.

Bureau of Air Commerce and consulting

Verville joined the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce in 1933. The Aeronautics Branch became the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934. During his time there, Verville served in the following roles: aeronautical engineer; chief of the Manufacturing, Engineering, and Inspections Service; and finally assistant chief of the Aeronautic Development Section. In his role as chief of the Manufacturing, Engineering, and Inspections Service, he was in charge of the reviews for issuing type certificates for all manufactured airplanes.

Verville left government service to be a consultant for companies including Douglas Aircraft (1937–38), Curtiss-Wright (1941–42), Snead Aircraft (1942), and the Drexel Aviation Company (1942–45). Verville briefly returned to the Bureau of Air Commerce from 1939 to 1941.

U.S. Navy service and retirement
In 1945, once again returning to government service, he joined as a member of the Naval Technical Mission to Europe, and later, the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (1946–1961). At the Bureau of Aeronautics, from 1950 until his retirement in 1961, Verville was a technical advisor and consultant to the director of the Technical Data Division. Verville retired in 1961 and moved to La Jolla, California.

Death
He died on March 10, 1970, from a heart attack at age 79.

Honors
In 1962, Verville was selected as a fellow of the Smithsonian's National Air Museum. He was honored with ten Certificates or Letters of Commendation from the U.S. Armed Forces. He was an honorary fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and was named an Elder Statesman of Aviation by the National Aeronautic Association in 1956. In 1961, he was elected as a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 1991, he was posthumously inducted into the Michigan Aviation Hall of Fame.

The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum established the Verville Fellowship in his name, which is a competitive nine-to-twelve month in-residence fellowship for researching the history of aviation. Over 20 boxes of material from Verville's estate are housed at the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum's Garber Facility. A 33 cent United States Postal Service airmail stamp was issued on February 13, 1985, bearing Verville's name, picture, the text "Aviation Pioneer", and an image of his Verville-Sperry R-3 low-wing monoplane.

Planes designed by Verville

Over the course of his forty-seven years in designing and building planes, Verville contributed to the design and development of nearly twenty different aircraft. A plane he designed, the Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger is on permanent exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. Another plane he designed, the Verville-Sperry R-3 won first place at the 1924 Pulitzer Trophy Races. In June 1961, it was honored as one of the twelve most significant aircraft of all time by Popular Mechanics and it was featured on a USPS airmail stamp issued in 1985.

Curtiss Aircraft Company
Curtiss Jenny (1914)
 famous World War I plane
 Verville contributed to design

America (1914)
 first plane of Curtiss H-2 line
 planned to be first transatlantic flight, but interrupted by WWI
 transatlantic flying boat

General Aeroplane Company

Verville Flying Boat (1916)
 2 passenger, open cockpit, biplane, flying boat
 100 hp Curtiss OX-5 or Maximotor pusher
 Mahogany hull and wing floats constructed by Mayea Boat Company (Detroit)

Gamma S (1917)
 A two-seater, open cockpit, floatplane, biplane with an 80 hp Le Rhône pusher engine.

Gamma L (1917)
 Similar to Gamma S, with wheels.
 Twin floats were replaced with wheels for winter operations off the ice of Lake St. Clair.

U.S. Military
Verville-Clark-Pursuit 1 & 2 (1920)
 Function: fighter (also known as VCP-1/2)
 Two VCP-1 and two VCP-2 built
 VCP-1 re-designated VCP-1A & R-1, VCP-2 redesignated PW-1 & PW-1A
 While at the Engineering Division and Aeronautical Systems Center of the Signal Corps – post-World War I: November 11, 1918-September 1919

Verville-Packard R-1 (1920)
 Function: racing; crew: 1; engines: 1x 638 hp Packard 1A-2025 V-12
 On November 27, 1920, Captain C. C. Moseley, flying a Verville-Packard VCP-R, won the Pulitzer Trophy Race at Mitchel Air Force Base. with a maximum speed of .
 While in the Air Service
Verville-Sperry M-1 Messenger (1921)
 Function: messenger, manufactured by Sperry Aircraft Company
 This plane is exhibited in the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
Verville-Sperry R-3 (1922)
 Participated in the 1922 and 1924 Pulitzer Trophy Races; won first place in 1924. In June 1961, it was honored as one of the twelve most significant aircraft of all time by Popular Mechanics.

Engineering Division TP-1 (1923)
 Was a two-seat biplane fighter designed by Alfred V. Verville and Virginius E. Clark at the United States Army Air Corps Engineering Division.
 Prototype TP-1 was built as the XTP-1 and tested at McCook Field in 1923.

YPT-10 (1925), Primary Trainer
 Similar design to Verville Sport Trainer AT
 While at the Air Corps

Buhl-Verville
Buhl-Verville CA-3/CW-3 Airster (1925–1926)
 CA-3 Airster, 200 hp Wright J-4 engine
 CA-3A Airster, 225 hp Wright J-5 engine
 CW-3 OX5 Airster, 90 hp Curtiss OX-5 engine
 CW-3 Wright Trainer, 220 hp Wright J-5 engine (short military trial)
 Also known as: J4/J5 Airster or B-V Airster

Verville Aircraft Company

Verville Air Coach (1929)
 four passenger, high-wing cabin monoplane designed in 1927 by Verville
 Model 102 (104-W, Warner Engine)
 Model 104-C
 Model 104-P (Packard Diesel Coach)
Verville Sport Trainer (1930)
 This plane is in storage in the Smithsonian Institution system; its engine was a Packard DR-980.

See also

 List of people on stamps of the United States
 List of United States airmail stamps
 Sperry Corporation

References

Further reading

 , Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection

External links
 A. Verville Fellowship at NASM
 Early Aviators page of A Verville
 Image of Alfred Verville Airmail stamp (Smithsonian Institution website)
 AirZoo Museum Page Commemorating Alfred Verville, Kalamazoo, Michigan

Aviation pioneers
American aerospace designers
American aerospace engineers
1890 births
1970 deaths
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
People from Houghton County, Michigan
Scientists from Michigan
United States Army Air Service
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from Michigan
Aviators from Michigan


Andrzej Stanisław Zoll (born 27 May 1942) is a Polish lawyer, former judge and president of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, former Polish Ombudsman, former president of the State Electoral Commission, former president of the Legislative Council, co-author of the Polish Penal Code of 1997. Professor of criminal law at the Jagiellonian University.

Biography
Andrzej Zoll was born in Sieniawa, Poland. He graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University in 1964. He earned his Ph.D. in 1968, and a habilitated doctor's title in 1973. In 1988 he became professor of legal sciences. Since 1994 he heads the Chair of Criminal Law of the Jagiellonian University.

In 1989 he took part in the Round Table Negotiations as Solidarity’s legal expert.

Zoll is a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the European Art and Science Academy in Salzburg. Between 1989 and 1993, he served as a judge of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and between 1990 and 1993 he was chairman of the State Electoral Committee. In 2002, he was appointed deputy director at the European Ombudsman Institute. Since 2000 until 2006, he served as Polish Ombudsman for Citizens' Rights.

He is also the author of 3 monographs and above 150 other publications in the area of criminal and constitutional law and philosophy of law, and a member of the Committee on Ethics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, as well as the Department of History and Philosophy of the Polish Academy of Learning, and Curator of the Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University.

Distinctions
 Commander's Cross of the Polonia Restituta
 Great Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1997)
 Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania)
 Doctor honoris causa of the universities of Vilnius and Mainz

See also
Politics of Poland

References

External links
 Biography at the website of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal
 List of publications at the website of the Chair of Criminal Law of the Jagiellonian University

1942 births
Constitutional court judges
Lawyers from Kraków
Jagiellonian University alumni
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Ombudsmen in Poland
Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas
20th-century Polish judges
Living people
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts


Paolo Falconieri (1638–1704) was an Italian architect, painter and mathematician, from a noble family of Florence, whose intellectual interests were wide-ranging, one of the virtuosi of the first scientific century.

He was a member of the court of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and a prominent member of the Florentine Accademia del Cimento, selected in 1668 to accompany the secretary Lorenzo Magalotti in presenting to the Royal Society in London and to Charles II, copies of the newly printed reports of experimental science in Florence, Saggi di naturali esperienze. He produced a plan for enlarging Palazzo Pitti in 1681.

Notes

Architects from Florence
Italian Baroque architects
17th-century Italian architects
18th-century Italian architects
1638 births
1704 deaths


Bohusz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz (1883–1948), Polish architect
 Ignacy Bohusz (1720–1778), Polish-Lithuanian noble
 Zygmunt Bohusz-Szyszko (1893–1982), Polish general

See also
 Bogusz
 Bogusze (disambiguation)

Polish-language surnames