Shia Islam in Iraq () has a history going back to the times of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first imam of Shia Islam and fourth caliph of Sunni Islam who moved the capital of the early caliphate from Medina to Kufa (or Najaf) two decades after the death of Muhammad. Today, Shia Muslims make up the majority of the Iraqi population.
Iraq is the location of the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, pilgrimage sites for millions of Shia Muslims. Najaf is the site of Ali's tomb, and Karbala is the site of the tomb of Muhammad's grandson, third Shia imam Husayn ibn Ali. Najaf is also a center of Shia learning and seminaries. Two other holy sites for Twelver Shia in Iraq are the Al-Kadhimiya Mosque in Baghdad, which contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams (Mūsā al-Kādhim and Muhammad al-Taqī) and the Al-Askari Mosque in Sāmarrā, which contains the tombs of the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-‘Askarī).

After the U.S.-led invasion in 2003, there has been widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis in Iraq, which became high-intensity in the wars in 2006–2008 and 2013–2017, which involved the Islamic State terror group.

History

7th to 10th centuries

After being named caliph in 657, Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib established his capital at Kufa in present-day Iraq. The Battle of Karbala took place in 680, where Husayn ibn Ali was martyred by Umayyad forces of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad and Umar ibn Sa'd at the orders of Yazid ibn Mu'awiya. Following the horrific event, many called for Husayn's vengeance. Sulayman ibn Surad led the Tawwabin uprising in January 685, but was defeated and killed in Battle of Ayn al-Warda. After the failed uprising, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi once again called for the establishment of an Alid caliphate and for retaliation for Husayn's killing, and took over Kufa in October 685. Aided by Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar, they successfully drove the Umayyads out of Kufa and defeated them in several battles, including the Battle of Khazir in 686, but were defeated shortly afterwards in 687, when Kufa was besieged by the governor of Basra Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr.

In the early Islamic period, Kufa effectively became the "second capital" of Shiism after Medina, the residence of the Twelve Imams, and acted as a source of many Shiite scholars and disciples of the Twelve Imams, including: Hisham ibn al-Hakam, Zurarah ibn A'yun, Burayd ibn Mu'awiya, Mu'min al-Taq, Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Basir al-Asadi and Muhammad bin Muslim, all disciples of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765 CE). It was in Kufa where Zayd ibn Ali, the principal figure of Zaydism, led an uprising against the Umayyad rule of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik which ended with Zayd's execution and burning, while Basra witnessed the Alid revolt of 762–763 by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya's brother Ibrahim, who was said to have amassed a force as large as 100,000. Moreover, the 7th Twelver Imam Musa al-Kazim was repeatedly imprisoned in Baghdad and Basra at the orders of Abbasid caliphs al-Mansur, al-Hadi, al-Mahdi and Harun al-Rashid. During Al-Ma'mun's reign, in a sudden departure of anti-Shia policy, Imam Ali al-Rida was designated heir apparent of al-Ma'mun, but was later poisoned by al-Ma'mun himself. Some Shia officials managed to gain influence in the Abbasid court, such as Ali ibn Yaqteen, a Kufan who became a minister of the Abbasid caliph with the approval of Imam Musa al-Kadhim to assist the Shia.

Aside from mainstream Shia Islam, Iraq was also the hotbed of many extinct Shia sects which temporarily flourished. Kufan followers of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi later formed the Kaysanite sect, who traced the line of Imamate to  Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. The Kaysanites had a significant role in the Abbasid Revolution after they managed to rally Shia support in Iraq for the uprising against the Umayyads. However, after the revolution, most Kaysanites soon joined Ja'far al-Sadiq or Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, and eventually Ja'far al-Sadiq after the demise of Muhammad. Another extinct sect are the Qarmatians, a sect of Isma'ili Shias founded by the Iraqi-born Hamdan Qarmat. Hamdan assumed the leadership of Isma'ili missionary activity in the rural environs () of Kufa and southern Iraq, and Qarmatian creed soon flourished in southern Iraq. Among the Iraqi s trained and sent to missions by Hamdan and Abu Muhammad were Ibn Hawshab (to the Yemen), and Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, a Kufan-born dā'ī who later helped convert the Kutama in Ifriqiya and opened the way to the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate.

10th to 15th centuries

The Hamdanid dynasty of Banu Taghlib was among the first Twelver Shia dynasties formed in northern Iraq. The Hamdanids first emerged as governors of Mardin in 890 and Mosul in 905, and by 950 had expanded into most of Syria and western Iraq, informally forming a parallel authority to the one in Baghdad. During the 930s and 940s, the Hamdanids and the Buyids were in contest with another Shia, Abu Abdallah al-Baridi, an Iraqi tax-official who used the enormous wealth gained from tax farming to vie for control of the rump Abbasid Caliphate, temporarily holding Baghdad with brother twice. The Hamdanids were succeeded in Mosul by another Shia dynasty, the Uqaylids who ruled roughly the same territory as the Hamdanids from 990 to 1096. In northern Syria, they incorporated the Shia Mirdasids into their service, who later rebelled against the Fatimids under Salih ibn Mirdas and established themselves as the emirs of most of present-day Syria, western Iraq and Lebanon, ruling from Aleppo.

In central Iraq, the Mazyadids ruled an autonomous emirate in the area around Kūfa and Hīt between 961 and 1160 from their capital city of Hillah.
They were originally in the service of the Buyid dynasty, another Twelver Shia dynasty which expanded into most of western Iran and Iraq, seizing Baghdad and making it as their capital. Later on, Hillah later became one of the central cities of Shia learning, where prominent Shia scholars and poets such as al-Allama al-Hilli, Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, Shahid Awwal and Safi al-Din al-Hilli lived and taught during the 12th–15th centuries.

15th to 19th centuries
When the Safavid dynasty declared Shia Islam the official religion of Iran in 1501, Shia scholars from southern Iraq contributed to the conversion movement. The Safavids also invited many Shi'i Arab tribes to Khuzestan to act as a bulwark against the Ottoman Empire, earning Khuzestan the name of Arabestan.

Between the 15th and 19th centuries, many of the tribes living on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris, which were originally Sunni, converted to Shia Islam. During the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of settling the semi-nomadic Sunni Arab tribes to create greater centralization in Iraq. The tribes adopted a sedentary agricultural life in the hinterlands of Najaf and Karbala, and frequently traded and interacted with the residents of the two cities. Some Sunni Arab tribes converted to protest their treatment by the Sunni Ottomans. Shia missionaries from Najaf and Karbala operated with relative freedom from the Ottoman Empire, and could proselytize with little official hindrance. The Bani Sallama, Tayy and al-Soudan in the Mesopotamian Marshes were converted by the Musha'sha'iyyah dynasty, a heretical Isma'ili Shia triba confederation fonded by Muhammad ibn Falah which ruled the town of Hoveyzeh in Khuzestan from 1435 to 1924. Another tribe, Banu Khaz'al, as well as the Banu Kaab converted during the mid-18th century. Moreover, after the fall of the Emirate of Muhammara, an autonomous emirate of the Shia Banu Kaab between 1812 and 1925 in modern-day Khuzestan province, many Iranian Arabs fled to southern Iraq, further inflating the Shia population in the south.

The conversions continued into the 20th century, as the British noted in 1917. Many Iraqi Shia are relatively-recent converts. The following tribes were converted during this period: some of the Zubaid, Banu Lam, Albu-Muhammad, many of the Rabiah (including al-Dafaf'a, Bani Amir and al-Jaghayfa), Banu Tamim (including the Bani Sa’d, their largest group in Iraq), the Shammar Toga, some of the Dulaim, the Zafir, the Dawwar, the Sawakin, the al-Muntafiq confederation, the Bani Hasan (of the Bani Malik), the Bani Hukayyim, the Shibil of the Khazal, the al Fatla, the tribes along the Al-Hindiya canal, and the five tribes of Al Diwaniyah (Aqra’, Budayyir, Afak, Jubur and Jilaiha) which relied on the Daghara canal for water.

British mandate and Kingdom of Iraq
During the start of the 20th century, the Shia opposed Mandatory Iraq and the Sunni monarchy. As a result of their neglect by Ottomans, and their poverty, the Shiites were increasingly dependent on their ulama, the religious clerics. In 1920, Iraqis, whether Sunni or Shia, had grown more discontent with British rule. Many Iraqis began to fear that Iraq would be incorporated into the British Empire. One of the eminent Shia mujtahideen, Ayatollah Mirza Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi, then issued a fatwa "declaring that service in the British administration was unlawful". The revolt materialized in June 1920 and rapidly spread from Baghdad to the South, notably the town of Al-Rumaitha, where the Zawalim sheikh Shaalan Abu al-Jun was arrested and subsequently freed by his tribesmen. More Shia ulama, including Mirza Mahdi al-Shirazi, Mehdi Al-Khalissi and Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin displayed their support for the revolt, and encouraged the local population to take arms. At the peak of the revolt, around 131,000 Iraqis were active against the British.

Under the Kingdom of Iraq, the Shia tribes of the mid-Euphrates region saw themselves increasingly under-represented in the Sunni-dominated Iraqi government, which further deteriorated with the exclusion of key Shia sheikhs from the Iraqi parliament in 1934 elections. In addition, King Ghazi of Iraq, a Hashemite ruler of Iraq from 1933 to 1939, was driven, amongst other things, by anti-Shia ambitions. This ultimately led to the 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts, mostly in the towns of Al-Rumaitha and al-Diwaniyah, led by Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita' and various Shia tribal sheikhs. For many, the 1935–1936 revolt uncovered a lack of community interest within the Iraqi Shia society and absence of strong Shia political leadership, to present their interests in Baghdad, a predicament shared by their correligonists in Lebanon.

Scholars such as Fanar Haddad have argued that the governments of the new Iraqi state tended to adopt the symbols of Sunni identity while suppressing Shia identity. For example, figures such as Saladin, Harun al-Rashid or Omar ibn al-Khattab who were venerated by Arab nationalists are viewed with suspicion in Shia folklore. This contributes to disaffection among Iraqi Shia, while at the same time Sunni Iraqi politicians have tended to cast Shia political mobilization as alien, in particular Iranian.

The creation of a Shia political movement

For many years, Arab nationalism and party politics superseded Shia unity in Iraqi politics, and Shia ayatollahs were politically quiescent. The Shia were generally less well-off economically and socially, and as a result, they supported leftist parties, such as Iraqi Communist Party which was founded by Husain al-Rahhal in 1934, and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Iraq, which was also founded by a Shia, Fuad al-Rikabi.

To counter the intellectual hold of the left, a group of clerics in Najaf created a movement that eventually evolved into the Dawa party. Its manifesto, written by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, probably in 1960, defined its ultimate goal as an Islamic polity.

Under the Baathist regime

In 1963, a coalition of military officers and others led by the Arab nationalist and socialist Ba'ath Party seized power in a coup. At that point, 53 percent of its membership was Shia. In the years following the Shia were shunted aside, however, and by 1968, only six percent of the Ba'ath party were Shia. Abdul Salam Arif, president from the 1963 coup until his death in 1966, used derogatory terms in leadership meetings to describe Iraqi Shia and opposed his predecessor Abd al-Karim Qasim's policy of bringing all citizens into the regime regardless of ethnicity or religion.

Due to discrimination by the Sunni government, the Shia became increasingly disaffected during the last 1960s and 1970s. By 1968, Dawa could claim a mass following, and the Baath began to consider it a threat. In 1974, amid rising discontent due to casualties in the Kurdish insurgency, the regime executed five leading Dawa members. Subsequently, the regime banned annual Marad al-ras processions during the Mourning of Muharram in the shrine cities, where mass discontent had been evident in 1974 and 1975. In 1977, tens of thousands of Dawa activists held the processions in defiance of the ban, leading to large-scale clashes known as the Safar Intifada that the regime quelled with the use of helicopter gunships. At least 16 were killed, eight executed and two died under torture.

The success of the Iranian Revolution intensified unrest and repression. In June 1979, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was arrested and placed under house arrest. Less than a year later, due to encouraging the 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq, Sadr and his sister Bint al-Huda were both executed in April 1980. In 1982, the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq was formed in Iran by Iraqi cleric Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim as an umbrella group to overthrow Iraq's Sunni-dominated regime. In Iran, Hakim attempted to unite and co-ordinate the activities of al-Dawa party and other major Shia groups: Peykar (a guerilla organization similar to the Iranian Mujahideen) and Jama'at al-'Ulama (groups of pro-Khomeini ulama).

The Ba'ath Party's leadership made a determined effort to gain the support of Iraqi Shia during the 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War, as 80% of the Iraqi army personnel had been Iraqi Shia, diverting resources to the Shia south and emphasizing Iraqi Arabness (in contrast to Iranian Persianness) and the historic struggle between the Muslim Arabs and the Zoroastrian Persians in propaganda. Iraqi propaganda used symbolic keywords such as Qādisiyya (the battle in which Muslim Arab armies defeated the Persian Empire), and Iranian propaganda used Shia keywords such as Karbala. The Baath government executed about 95 Shia ulama, many of them members of the al-Hakim family, in June 1984, and had executed 142–146 Shia rebels in the town of Dujail earlier in 1982.

Unrest renewed with the 1991 Iraqi uprisings throughout Iraq, which took place in the Shiite and Kurdish areas of the country. In the south, the rebels seized the shrine as Ba'ath Party officials fled the city or were killed. The uprising spread within days to all of the largest Shia cities in southern Iraq: Amarah, Diwaniya, Hilla, Karbala, Kut, Nasiriyah and Samawah. Smaller cities were swept up in the revolution as well. Many exiled Iraqi dissidents, including thousands of Iran-based Badr Brigades militants of SCIRI, crossed the borders and joined the rebellion. However, by April 1991, most of the rebellion was crushed by the then-incumbent Baathist government. Many of the people killed were buried in mass graves. Of the 200 mass graves the Iraqi Human Rights Ministry had registered between 2003 and 2006, the majority were in the South, including one believed to hold as many as 10,000 victims. A short period of rest once again occurred during the 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq after the killing of Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr in the Shia neighborhoods of Baghdad, as well as southern majority Shiite cities of Karbala, Nasiriyah, Kufa, Najaf, and Basra.

During the Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
After the US-led 2003 invasion of Iraq, sectarian violence between Shia and the Sunnis steadily escalated. By 2007, the United States' National Intelligence Estimate described the violence as a "civil war". During the 2006–2008 sectarian violence, tens to hundreds of thousands of people were killed (mainly Shia civilians) and at least 2.7 million were internally displaced. In ISIL-occupied Iraq (2014–2017) Shias faced some of the worst treatment, and thousands were killed for their faith.

Demographics
The data on the religious affiliation of Iraq's population are uncertain. 95–99% of the population are Muslims. The CIA World Factbook reports a 2015 estimate according to which 29–34% are Sunni Muslims and 64–69% Shia Muslims. According to a 2011 survey by Pew Research, 51% of the Muslims identify as Shia and 42% as Sunni.

Notable figures
 Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali (d. 689), Hejaz-born grammarian and companion of Ali, qadi of Basra
 Mukhtar al-Thaqafi (d. 687), a pro-Alid revolutionary in Kufa
 Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar (d. 691), son of Malik al-Ashtar and commander in Mukhtar's army
 Sulayman ibn Surad (d. 685), Kufan leader of Tawwabin uprising in 685
 al-Farazdaq (641–730), prominent Arab poet of ahlulbayt
 al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi (680–743), Arab poet of Banu Asad
 Al-Kindi (801–873), mathematician, polymath and peripatetic philosopher
 Hamdan Qarmat (fl. 874–899), eponymous founder of the Qarmatian Ismai'lism
 al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (948–1022), prominent Shia theologian and mutakallim
 Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i (fl. 902–909), Isma'ili missionary in Yemen and North Africa whose efforts lead to the establishment of Fatimids
 al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā (965–1044), prominent Shia scholar and teacher of Shaykh Tusi
 al-Sharīf al-Raḍī (970–1015), prominent Shia scholar and poet, compiler of Nahj al-Balagha
 Allamah Al-Hilli (1250–1325), prominent Shia theologian and mujtahid
 Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Twelver Marja' (d. 1992)
 Ahmed Al-Waeli, Twelver cleric (d. 2003)
 Ali al-Sistani, Twelver mujtahid and marja'
 Abdul-Wahab Mirjan, last Prime Minister of Kingdom of Iraq from 1957–8
 Fuad al-Rikabi, founder of Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
 Ali Al-Wardi, Iraqi Social scientist
 Jafar Dhia Jafar, Iraqi nuclear physicist and father of Iraq's nuclear program
 Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, prominent Shia scholar and marja'
 Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, prominent Shia scholar, philosopher and child prodigy
 Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr (1943–1999)
 Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri, famous Iraqi poet, considered by many the national poet of Iraq
 Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf, foreign minister and minister of information during Ba'athist Iraq
 Muhsin al-Hakim, prominent Shia scholar and former leader of Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
 Muqtada al-Sadr (born 1973)
 Muzaffar Al-Nawab, Iraqi poet and political critic
 Nazik Al-Malaika, Iraqi poet noted among the first Arab poets to use Free verse
 Nouri al-Maliki
 Hussain al-Shahristani
 Salih Jabr

See also

Arab tribes in Iraq

References

Bibliography


Andreas Moustoxydis (, January 6, 1785 – July 29, 1860), sometimes Latinized as Mustoxydes or in the Italian form Andrea Mustoxidi, was a Greek historian and philologist from Corfu.

He studied at Pavia, and in 1804 published a treatise on the history of Corfu titled . This publication led to employment as historiographer of the Ionian Islands, a position he maintained until 1819.

As a young man, he undertook an extended scientific journey to Italy, followed by travels to France and Germany. In Italy, he discovered manuscripts of the rhetorician Isocrates at the Ambrosian and Laurentian libraries. In the meantime, he published a two-volume work on the history of Corfu called  (1811–14).

In 1820, he was appointed secretary to the Russian envoy at Turin, and nine years later was named director of education by Greek president Ioannis Kapodistrias. He was further named, in October 1829, as 'director and ephor' of the first Greek national archaeological museum, then on the island of Aegina.

Following Kapodistrias' murder in 1831, he returned to Corfu, and was restored to his former position as historiographer. Here, he founded the philological and historical journal . At the time of his death, he was director of the department of education at Ionian Academy.

As a philologist, Mustoxydis edited seven of Isocrates' orations, the scholia of Olympiodorus on Plato, and in collaboration with Demetrios Schinas of Constantinople, he published a five volume edition of Ambrosian Anecdota. In addition, he was author of an Italian translation of Herodotus (1822), and also published a number of papers on the 2nd century author Polyaenus.

He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1843.

References

Further reading
  translated biography @ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
 A History of Classical Scholarship by John Edwin Sandys

1785 births
1860 deaths
19th-century Greek historians
Greek philologists
Writers from Corfu


Caronport (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Caron No. 162 and Census Division No. 7. The village is  west of the City of Moose Jaw on the Trans-Canada Highway.

History
Caronport incorporated as a village on January 1, 1988. It was named for the predecessor World War II British Commonwealth training base for pilots near the hamlet of Caron, i.e. Caron Airport. The airbase, RCAF Station Caron, operated from December 17, 1941 to January 14, 1944. Although the runways are now all defunct, the layout of the village was determined by the original runway placement.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Caronport had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Caronport recorded a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016. Caronport is the largest village in Saskatchewan by population.

Education
Briercrest College and Seminary
Briercrest College and Seminary is a private Christian post-secondary educational institution. It consists of a college and a seminary, both of which offer Christian education. Since 1963, every year in February, Briercrest has hosted a teen youth conference known as Youth Quake.

Briercrest Christian Academy
The Briercrest Christian Academy is a Christian high school. It offers small class sizes and athletics and arts opportunities. It is operated by Briercrest College and Seminary, and shares many facilities with the college such as cafeteria, gymnasium, and chapel.

Caronport Elementary School
Caronport Elementary is a Kindergarten to Grade 8 school, with an enrollment of about 115 students, and is part of the Prairie South School Division.

See also

 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 List of villages in Saskatchewan

References

Villages in Saskatchewan
Caron No. 162, Saskatchewan
Division No. 7, Saskatchewan


The II Fallschirmkorps (2nd Parachute Corps) was created in 1943 from Division Meindl, an experienced division on the Eastern Front. In the wake of this new Corps, the 3rd and 5th Fallschirmjägerdivision were raised and attached to the Corps. A year later the Corps was almost completely annihilated while fighting in the Falaise Pocket during the Battle for Normandy. The II Fallschirmkorps was later refitted with replacement troops provided by Fallschirm-Jäger-Ersatz-Battalion 2 and sent to aid the 1st Fallschirm-Armee until their surrender to the Allies in 1945. Under the command of the Werner E. Kranz.

Commanding officer
 Generalleutnant Eugen Meindl, 5 November 1943 – 5 May 1945

Organisation
September 1944
3rd Fallschirmjägerdivision
Fallschirmjäger Aufklarungs Abteilung 3
Fallschirmjäger Regiment 5
I Battalion
Fallschirmjäger Regiment 8
I Battalion
Fallschirmjäger Regiment 9
I Battalion
Abteilung Isphording
Fallschirmjäger Artillerie Regiment 3
 Battalions I-III
Fallschirmjäger Panzerjäger Battalion 3
Fallschirmjäger Pioneer Abteilung 3
Fallschirmjäger FlaK Abteilung 3
5th Fallschirmjägerdivision
Fallschirmjäger Regiment 13
Fallschirmjäger Regiment 14
Fallschirmjäger Regiment 15
Battalions I-III
Fallschirmjäger FlaK Abteilung 5
Fallschirmjäger Artillerie Regiment 5
Kampfgruppe Greshick
Battalions I-III
Fallschirmjäger FlaK

References

Airborne units and formations of Germany
Patachute,02
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


"Now Is the Time" is a pop song written in 1976 by Biddu. It was recorded that year by Jimmy James and the Vagabonds. The track appeared in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart.

History
The song's recording was made at Pye Studios in London, England, under the tutelage of the song's writer and record producer, Biddu, and was released on Pye Records. The track first appeared in the UK Singles Chart on 17 July 1976 and, in a nine-week chart run, it peaked at number 5. It was the third and final UK chart hit single for the ensemble.

The song's lyrics spoke of environmental issues, urging people to take immediate action. Robin Carmody of Freaky Trigger praised the song as a "heartbreakingly naive" example of "singalong mid-70s pop".

The single was released in many countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, and Portugal. In the Netherlands, the song peaked at number 4 in the Dutch Single Top 100.

In December 1976, the French vocalist Claude François issued his version of the track, translated by Eddy Marnay, titled "Laisse une chance à notre amour". The singers in the musical, Belles belles belles, covered the François' song. In 1977, the Finnish singer Danny, released a version, called "Sydämen puutarha".

The song later appeared on a James compilation album, Now Is the Time, issued by Secret Records in 2014. The song has also been included in numerous various artists compilation albums.

References

External links
Details @ Discogs.com
YouTube

1976 songs
1976 singles
Songs written by Biddu
Disco songs
Pye Records singles
British pop songs
Jamaican pop songs
Environmental songs


Magnolia Editions, also known as Magnolia Tapestry Project and Magnolia Press, was founded in 1981 and is a fine art studio and printshop, located in Oakland, California. Magnolia Editions publishes fine art projects, including unique and editions works on paper, artist books, and public art.

About
The studio includes facilities for etching and intaglio printing as well as digital printing onto substrates (such as gessoed panel, glass, leather, plexiglass, aluminum, or raw linen). Several artists have worked at Magnolia to realize major commissions for the San Francisco International Airport and the Oakland International Airport. Other recent projects have incorporated a mix of traditional and digital techniques, such as a digital photogravure method in which a 'resist' is digitally printed on an etching plate, developed by Magnolia Editions director Donald Farnsworth, and projects which merge painting and printmaking by printing acrylic color over hand-painted, three-dimensional textures.

History
Primarily operating a printmaking studio, since the 1990s Magnolia Editions has also gained a reputation for its tapestry editions. A set of proprietary color matching techniques developed by Farnsworth based on his years of printmaking experience are used to digitally direct electronic looms at a mill in Belgium, putting an industrial technology in the service of fine artists. Magnolia has published Jacquard tapestry editions by artists such as Chuck Close, Alex Katz, Masami Teraoka, Ed Moses, Leon Golub, Hung Liu, Enrique Chagoya, Bruce Conner, and Nancy Spero, among others. Each tapestry work typically contains 17,800 warp threads and 8 groups of repeating colors. Magnolia Editions tapestries have been exhibited in museums and galleries worldwide including the Whitney Museum of American Art and the White Cube Gallery in London.

Magnolia Editions has published twelve tapestry editions by Kiki Smith since the artist was invited by Donald Farnsworth in the early 2010s to try her hand at the medium. Smith notes that the tapestries provide an opportunity to work at a larger scale ("I never thought I could make a picture so big") and to work with color, which she does not frequently do otherwise.

Fundraising
In August 2011, Magnolia Editions published "Sacred Pine," an open edition print sold as a fundraiser for nonprofits helping to rebuild Japan after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and trying to eliminate nuclear power plants located on fault lines in California.

In September 2012 Magnolia Editions published two tapestry editions and three print editions by Chuck Close depicting President Barack Obama. The first tapestry was unveiled at the Mint Museum in North Carolina in honor of the Democratic National Convention. These tapestries and prints were sold as a fundraiser to support the Obama Victory Fund. A number of the works were signed by both Close and Obama.

Artists
The following is a partial list of artists whose work has been published by Magnolia Editions:

Faisal Abdu'Allah
 Squeak Carnwath
 Enrique Chagoya
 Chuck Close
 Bruce Conner
 Lewis deSoto
 Guy Diehl
 Andy Diaz Hope and Laurel Roth Hope
 Ralph Goings
 Leon Golub
 Gus Heinze
 Alex Katz
 Hung Liu
 Ed Moses
 Deborah Oropallo
 Mel Ramos
 Kiki Smith
 Nancy Spero
 Masami Teraoka
 Peter Voulkos
 William T. Wiley

References

External links
 Magnolia Editions website
 "Artists' complex visions become reality at printer Magnolia Editions," Oakland Tribune. August 18, 2006.

Culture of Oakland, California
Companies based in Oakland, California
Art in the San Francisco Bay Area
Printmaking groups and organizations


The Polish exclusive economic zone (Polish EEZ) has an area of  within the Baltic Sea.

It includes the following bathymetric basins: Bornholm Basin (part; max. depth  within Polish EEZ), Slupsk Furrow (entire; max. depth ), Gotland Basin (part; max. depth  within Polish EEZ ), and Gdansk Basin (part; max. depth  within Polish EEZ). There are a number of shoals between the basins and the Polish coast, including Odra Bank (min. depth ), Slupsk Bank (min. depth ), Stilo Bank (min. depth ) and Southern Middle Bank (min. depth ).

Of the mineral resources within the Polish EEZ, the best recognized are gravel and sand deposits.

History
Poland has a regulated economic zone with Sweden and Russia. In the case of Russia, the agreement was signed by the former Soviet Union, but is recognized as Russia is the legal successor.

Poland also had a regulated economic zone with East Germany since 1989. After the reunification of Germany, the new German state recognizes the previous arrangements only as regards the state border, but does not recognize the arrangements with East Germany as regards the exclusive economic zone.

Since the 1980s, the issue of the demarcation of economic zones between Poland and Denmark remained unresolved: the dispute concerned the body of water to the south-east of Bornholm. The Polish state should apply here the provision of the Act on maritime areas of the Republic of Poland, which states that the Council of Ministers may – in the absence of international agreements – define the boundary of the exclusive economic zone by regulation. Since no such act was issued, the regulation of the Council of Ministers (of May 26, 1978) was applied in practice, defining the external borders of the Polish sea fishing zone. However, this zone is not recognized by neighboring countries. The border between the Polish and Danish EEZ was established in November 2018.

See also
 Exclusive economic zone of Germany
 Exclusive economic zone of Russia

References

Economy of Poland
Poland
Baltic Sea
Fishing in Poland
Borders of Poland


A list of lighthouses in the Netherlands.

Active lighthouses

Deactivated lighthouses

Demolished

See also
 Lists of lighthouses and lightvessels
 List of lighthouses in Friesland

External links

Lighthouses


Real to Reel, Vol. 2 is the seventh studio album by hard rock band Tesla, and the second part of the band's covers album Real to Reel, released in retail outlets on September 25, 2007.
The album was initially only available to people attending the band's 2007 concert tour during August 2007, when the first volume was released, but then became available at retail outlets in September. It was also released free with August 2007 copies of the UK magazine Classic Rock.

Like the first Real to Reel album, the second volume also features covers of classic rock songs from the 1960s and 1970s that inspired and influenced the band, recorded by Tesla in their own style using analog tape and vintage equipment.

Track listing

Personnel
Jeff Keith - lead vocals
Frank Hannon - guitar, backing vocals
Brian Wheat - bass, piano, backing vocals
Troy Luccketta - drums, percussion
Dave Rude - guitars, backing vocals

External links
Tesla official web site

2007 albums
Covers albums
Tesla (band) albums


The anime series Guin Saga is based on the novel series of the same name by Kaoru Kurimoto.  The series is directed by Atsushi Wakabayashi, his first directing role, and produced by Satelight. The screenplay for all the episodes was written by Shōji Yonemura, and the entire series was storyboarded by Atsushi Wakabayashi. The episodes follow a mysterious warrior, Guin, who has the head of a leopard.  He meets an ousted young prince and princess and helps them, while trying to recover his memories.

Kurimoto had been approached several times to permit an adaptation of Guin Saga but refused, as she felt that the story needed to be live-action and produced with Caucasian actors. On April 12, 2005, Micott & Basara (Japanese investors) announced plans to create an anime based on Guin Saga. On April 3, 2009 an English-dubbed trailer was posted on the anime's official website.  The 26 episodes of the Guin Saga anime aired from April 5, 2009 - September 27, 2009 on NHK BS-2.  The episodes were later released as 9 DVDs from between July 22, 2009 and March 24, 2010.  On May 7, 2010, North American anime licensor Sentai Filmworks announced that they acquired the series.  It released the first DVD, comprising the first thirteen episodes, on March 29, 2011, and the second on May 31, 2011.

The anime is scored by Nobuo Uematsu, his first full soundtrack for an anime series.  It uses two pieces of theme music.  by Nobuo Uematsu is the series' opening theme, while "Saga~This is my road" by Kanon is the series' ending theme.

Episode list

Volume DVDs
The episodes were released as a nine DVD limited edition set from between July 22, 2009 and March 24, 2010.

Japanese releases

North American release
Sentai Filmworks released the English subtitled version of the series in two hybrid DVD compilations which contain thirteen episodes each.

References
General references

Specific references

Guin Saga


Thexder 95, also called Thexder for Windows 95, is a remake of the first game in the Thexder series, which was originally released for the NEC PC-8801.

It was built with Microsoft's Game SDK (precursor of DirectX).

Gameplay
Thexder can become a tank and jet, and has a large number of new weapons, from grenades to thermal bombs.

The game runs in multiple windows: the main view, and several smaller windows each having a different function, e.g., ammo count, map, and actual game, that the gamer can open and close at will during play.

Marketing
This was one of Sierra's showcase games at the launch of Windows 95.

Reception
Computer Games Magazine rated it 2.5/5.

Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "The graphics look great for Windows 98. If you run it on the minimum system requirement [...] however, Thexder looks like he's running with magnetic boots on, and the enemies come at you so slowly it's hardly a challenge to pick them off before they get too near. That's OK if you're not good at platform shooters, but your replay value is practically nil."

In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Thexder the 23rd-worst computer game ever released.

Quad-City Times said that "Even with better effects than those in many other two-dimensional, side-scrolling maze games, the overall concept presents few challenges that gamers haven't seen before. Thexder shows it's the action, not the operating system, that makes an arcade game click."

Reviews
PC Games - Dec, 1995
PC Player - Jan, 1996
Computer Games Magazine - Nov 27, 1995
Generation 4 (French) #85

References

External links

1995 video games
Platformers
Sierra Entertainment games
Single-player video games
Synergistic Software games
Video game remakes
Video games about robots
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games


The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe (CCJPZ) is a non-governmental organization whose aim is to highlight the plight of the Zimbabwean people and assist in cases of human rights abuse.

The CCJPZ was established in 1972 as the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia. The commission changed its name when Rhodesia became Zimbabwe after independence in 1980 and has offices in Harare, Bulawayo, Binga village, and Mutare, along with the presence of a "Justice and Peace committee in each diocese.  Its stated duties are ;to inform people's consciences; to make people aware of their rights and duties as         citizens; to encourage love, understanding and harmony through the promotion of the Church's         social teaching; to investigate allegations of injustice which it considers to merit attention, and to         take appropriate action; to keep in contact with other organisations with similar aims and objectives and;to advise the Bishop's Conference on the human rights situation pertaining from         time to time.

Outreach
In March 1997, the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe compiled the report on the situation in Matabeleland and the Midlands during the period of 1980-1988 titled Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace. The report was based on the human rights abuses orchestrated by Prime Minister Robert Mugabe's North Korean-trained Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade, which was known within the nation as the Gukurahundi.The publication of the report was possible because Zimbabwe had been enjoying a period of stability and national unity since the Unity Accord of 1987.

As one of the few human rights organisations in Zimbabwe, CCJPZ has made significant contributions to the documentation of the injustices and suffering of the Zimbabwean people during the Rhodesian Bush War and Gukurahundi. In the late nineties the Commission distributed impartial literature on the right to vote  which led to a high voter turnout for the 2000 parliamentary elections.

Recording History
The CCJPZ has recorded crucial chapters of Zimbabwe's history in reports and publications since before independence in 1980. These records encompass the Rhodesian Bush War, Gukurahundi, pre-election and post election violence since independence.

Past Directors
Mr C. Mhondoro    1981-1982
Ms Dorita Field   1983-1984
Mr C. Maveneka    1984-1986
Nicholas Ndebele  1986-1991
Mike Auret        1992-1999
A.M. Chaumba

Past Chair Persons
Mike Auret    1981-1990
Peter Peel    1990-1992
Charles Dube  1992-2000

Aliyeli Lungu       -2016

Yvonne Winfildah Takawira-Matwaya  2016–Present

Affiliations
CCJPZ is a Commission of the Zimbabwe Catholic Bishops' Conference with an affiliation to the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace in Rome and has active contact with Commissions in other countries.

Archival Information
Reaching for Justice, a history of the CCJP (Mambo Press, 1992)
Caught in The Crossfire (Video detailing the plight of the Zimbabwean people in the Liberation War of the 1970s)
Catholic Institute for International Relations, Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia. Rhodesia After the Internal Settlement, 1978

References

External links
Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace. A report on the disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands 1980–1988
Kubatana.net
.

History of Zimbabwe
Politics of Zimbabwe


is a hotel in Miyagino-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. The hotel is adjacent to the JR East underground Tsutsujigaoka Station. The twelve-story structure includes a large three-story circular hall with seating for up to 2710 people, which is used as a concert hall and sports venue. It also contains a conference hall, day-care center, wedding facilities and a hotel with 74 rooms. The building was completed in March 1993.

See also
Nakano Sun Plaza
Hiroshima Sun Plaza

External links

Hotels in Sendai
Music venues in Japan
Sports venues in Sendai
Hotel buildings completed in 1993
1993 establishments in Japan


Wayne M. Brasler (born October 28, 1940, in St. Louis, Missouri) was, for half a century, the journalism adviser for the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools' school paper, The Midway, and yearbook, U-Highlights.

Awards
Brasler is a celebrated journalism teacher who has won many awards including the National High School Journalism Teacher of the Year award, awarded by the Dow Jones Newspaper Fund, along with the Gold Key award, given by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association and the Pioneer Award, from the National Scholastic Press Association. He also recently won the prestigious Gold Medal from the University of Missouri School of Journalism for his defense of student journalists' press rights and the Charles O'Malley Award for outstanding teaching and advising from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association. In 2001 he began an alumni association newspaper for Normandy High in St. Louis, a large, full-color publication which so far has been one-of-a-kind.{Information verified by Wayne Brasler}

Early life
Brasler grew up in Normandy, Missouri and attended Normandy High School, outside of St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Harris Teachers College and Junior College for two years, becoming managing editor of the campus newspaper his sophomore year.  He proceeded to the University of Missouri School of Journalism, where he was copy editor of the student newspaper the Maneater, earning a BJ degree there before taking a job at the Jewish Post and Opinion in St. Louis.  He later earned a Masters in Language Arts at Northeastern Illinois University taking night and summer classes while still working six days and 80 hours a week.  As a child in St. Louis, Brasler hung out at T.V. and radio stations as soon as he could ride streetcars alone and appeared on a children's radio show on KXLW in suburban Clayton. His mentor was the host of the show, who also taught kindergarten at his grade school.  He originally planned a career in radio and television but at Normandy High decided he wanted to be a journalist and journalism teacher. He also had an extensive career as a singer, under the stage name Jim Andrews.

Recent years
In 1996 the National Scholastic Press Association named a new high school journalism award after Brasler, the Brasler Prize, given to the most outstanding piece of work published in a high school newspaper every year.  Recently the University of Missouri School of Journalism awarded him its prestigious Gold Medal for his highly vocal defense of student press rights and his history in scholastic journalism. Besides teaching journalism and advising publications for nearly half a century, Brasler has remained a working journalist.  He also has written program notes for dozens of C.D. releases, edited several best-selling music books and music biographies, and wrote a soon-to-be-published autobiography and a biography for the singer Joni James.  He formed a Joni James fan club in 1955 and still publishes the Joni James Newsletter, a full-color magazine.  He is regarded as an expert on American popular music of the 20th century and has been consulted on numerous recording projects.   He also is an expert on St. Louis County streetcar lines (his father was once a streetcar motorman) and has written numerous articles on them.  In January 2015 he retired after 51 years at the University of Chicago Lab Schools to devote full-time to the publications he does for the Normandy Alumni Association in Normandy, Missouri; a magazine he does for the singer Joni James, a publication he started while in high school; and a monthly newsletter he does for a friend's transmission business, all of these projects non profit.  The most recent issue of the Normandy Alumni Association newspaper, the Alumni Courier, had 56 11 x 17 pages and a print run of more than 1,500 copies.

References

Journalism teachers
Living people
1940 births
Educators from St. Louis
University of Missouri alumni
Northeastern Illinois University alumni


Bomb vessels served in the Royal Navy over a period of about 150 years. The concept entered the Navy in the 1680s, based on French designs and usage, and remained in service until the mid-19th century. Bomb vessels were designed to bombard enemy positions on land, such as towns and fortresses. For this they were fitted with one or two mortars that could fire high-trajectory shells over considerable distances. They were fleet support units, and as such were not intended to engage enemy ships directly except in self-defence, and so received only light conventional armament. They could also carry explosive shells in addition to regular shot, and were the only ships in the navy so equipped. The first designs tended to be ketch-rigged, to allow the mortars to fire forward. Though effective, this arrangement made for poor sailing qualities and by 1790 the ship rig had replaced the ketch.

While the Navy introduced several purpose-built classes and single ship designs, it augmented this during wartime by buying and converting merchant vessels, or converting some of its own warships. Bomb vessels tended to have a consistent naming policy, being names of volcanoes, or those in some way linked with the concept of hell and fire. Examples included Blast, Furnace, Explosion, Fury, Aetna and Vesuvius. The names were re-used several times for different bomb vessels over the decades. Bomb vessels played a significant role in several of the battles fought by the Royal Navy, being deployed to threaten the Danish capital at the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, actually firing on the city in 1807, playing a distinctive role in the 1814 Battle of Baltimore, and firing on enemy positions during the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816. Bomb vessels went on to serve in other fields as well. Their sturdy design to resist the recoil of their mortars made them desirable ships for polar exploration, as their hulls could resist the pressure of the ice for longer. , , , , ,  and , among others, all went on to serve as exploration vessels.

Eventually, the Royal Navy began to phase out the concept. The last bomb-ship to serve with the Royal Navy was , which had been converted to a survey ship in 1835 and then a receiving ship in 1843 before finally being broken up in 1857. The concept was revisited in a modified form during the Crimean War but on a considerably smaller scale.

1687–1729
Bomb vessels were first used by the Royal Navy during the Nine Years War, when French coastal towns such as Dunkirk and St Malo were bombarded by English fleets. The design of the bomb vessels improved considerably during this period. The first generations used fixed mortars, which were aimed by rotating the whole ship. By the end of the war larger mortars were being used and they were placed on traversable mountings.

Early designs
The concept of Royal Navy bomb vessels was first proposed by naval draughtsman Edward Dummer, who observed their French counterparts in action in the 1684 Bombardment of Genoa. Dummer was unable to go aboard any of the French bomb vessels, but took detailed sketches of their design and operation and was later granted an audience to present these to King Charles II of England later that year. Royal approval was granted in 1687 for two Royal Navy bomb vessels, to be built in accordance with Dummer's drawings and named Salamander and Firedrake.

Construction was completed over 1687 and 1688, with Salamander built at Deptford Dockyard and Firedrake at Woolwich. Both vessels were broadly similar to ketches but with two 12  inch mortars installed in fixed positions before the main mast. Firedrake was by far the larger of the two, measuring 279 tonnes burthen with a gundeck length of  and a keel of . Her initial complement was 50 men.

Purpose-built
 (1687)
 (1688)
 (1693)
 (1693)
 (1693)
 (1693)
 (1693)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1695)
 (1696)

Purchased vessels
To fill the gap in operational capability while the 1695 Serpent class vessels were under construction, a number of merchant ships were purchased and converted. Most of these vessels were re-sold after the 1695 Serpent class came into service.
Phoenix (1692)
Endeavour (1694)
Angel (1694)
Owners Advent (General's Adventure) (1694)
Greyhound (1694)
Star (1694)
Society (1694)
Mary Ann (1694)
Truelove (1694)

Prizes
Captured from Spain:
 (1718)

Converted vessels
Converted from naval yachts of the same name:
 (1688)
 (1692)

1730–1783

Purpose-built
 (1730)
 (1730)
 (1730)
 (1735)
 (1740)
 (1740)
 (1740)
 (1740)
 (1740)
 (1740)
 (1740)
 (1742)
 (1742)
 (1742)
 (1742)
 (1742)
 (1742)
 (1742)
 (1757)
 (1757)
 (1759)
 (1759)
 (1759)
 (1759)
 (1759)
 (1759)
 (1776)
 (1776)
 (1776)
 (1779)
 (1779)

Converted sloops
The existing fleet of bomb vessels was augmented in wartime with the temporary conversion of ship sloops. Five were taken up for conversion in the Seven Years' War, with one of them, the , being re-converted once more to serve as a bomb vessel in the American War of Independence under the name Thunder.

Seven Years' War
 (reclassified as bomb between 1758 and 1773)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1758 and 1760, and again between 1762 and 1763)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1758 and 1760, and again in 1762)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1758 and 1759)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1758 and 1760)

American War of Independence
Thunder (reclassified as bomb between 1775 and 1778)

1784–1840
There were no new bomb vessels built or purchased between the end of the American War of Independence and the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars. As with earlier wars, numbers of existing Royal Navy warships were converted into bomb vessels to serve during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812. These supplemented the existing fleet, which by 1793 consisted of only the Aetna-class vessels  and . Purchased and converted merchant vessels, and converted navy warships provided most of the bomb vessels that saw service in these wars, though limited construction on purpose-built vessels began in the early 19th century, and by 1812 work had begun on a larger class of vessels.

Purpose-built
 (1804)
 (1804)
 (1804)
 (1806)
 (1813)
 (1813)
 (1813)
 (1813)
Fury (cancelled in 1813)
 (1814)
 (1814)
 (1815)
 (1815)
 (1823)
 (1824)
 (1826)
 (1826)
 (1829)
Vesuvius (cancelled in 1831)
Devastation (cancelled in 1831)
Volcano (cancelled in 1833)
Belzebub (cancelled in 1833)

Purchased vessels
 (1797)
 (1797)
 (1797)
 (1797)
 (1797)
 (1797)
 (1797)
 (1803)
 (1803)
 (1803)
 (1803)
 (1803)
 (1803)
 (1803)

Ex-Dutch prize
 (1797)

Converted vessels
Ship sloops continued to be the most common type of vessel converted, though  had been a ship built for exploration, while  and  were former sixth rate frigates.

1798
 (reclassified as bomb between 1798 and 1808)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1798 and 1801)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1798 and 1811)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1798 and 1805)
 (reclassified as bomb between 1798 and 1812)

1807–1812
 (reclassified as bomb between 1807 and 1812)
 (reclassified as bomb in 1808)
Meteor (reclassified as bomb between 1812 and 1816)
Strombolo (reclassified as bomb between 1811 and 1815)
Volcano (reclassified as bomb between 1811 and 1816)

Mortar frigates, vessels and floats (1850s)
The outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854 led to a revival of the concept of the bomb vessel, but on a much smaller scale. Two types were eventually developed, the mortar vessels, divided into 60-, 65-, 70- and 75-foot types, and the mortar floats. The mortar vessels carried a basic rig on a signal mast, and were armed with a single 13in mortar. The mortar floats were generally smaller, un-powered craft. In addition to these vessels, several old sailing frigates that had recently been converted to screw propulsion were earmarked for fitting with mortars. Only one entered service however.

Mortar frigates
Four obsolete sailing frigates, previously converted to screw propulsion, were ordered fitted with mortars in 1855. Only one, , was completed, while work on the others was cancelled.
 (1855)
 (cancelled)
 (cancelled)
 (cancelled)

Mortar vessels
The first two vessels of this type were old dockyard lighters built in the 1830s. They were converted in late 1854 and were followed with the construction of two batches of 10 vessels each, and a third of 34. The original two, and the following 20 all received names, but these were replaced by numbers in late 1855, and were listed as MV1 to MV22. The last 34 were never named, and instead were listed as MV23 to MV50. They were gradually withdrawn following the end of the Crimean War, often either becoming dockyard craft or lighters, or being sold for breaking up.

Converted dockyard lighters
 (1854)
Sinbad (1854)

Purpose-built vessels
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1855)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)
 (1856)

Mortar floats
50 mortar floats were built for service during the Crimean War. They had no sails and had to be towed into position. Three were launched in 1855, the remaining 47 in 1856. They did not receive names (with the exception of MF103, which was named Cupid) and instead were numbered from MF101 to MF150. Most became dockyard craft, lighters and pontoons in the mid-1860s.

Notes

References

Bomb vessels


Pizzicato Pussycat is a 1955 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies animated short directed by Friz Freleng. The short was released on January 1, 1955.

The cartoon is about a talented piano-playing mouse becoming a slave to a house cat.

Plot
Mr. and Mrs. John and Vy Jones, a typical suburban couple, keep hearing piano music playing, but can't figure out where it's coming from ... even days after their daughter Mary Lou's toy piano (and sheet music) had gone missing.  One day, their cat catches a mouse, but the mouse pleads with the cat to spare him his life if he can prove to the cat that he's "...a very fine pianist".  The cat agrees, so the mouse asks the cat to retrieve the piano and gives the mouse some sheet music to play.

Once the cat hears the music, he is astounded.  When Mr. and Mrs. Jones hear the music from the other room and approach, the cat hides the mouse and the little piano inside the real piano, and pretends to play it as the Joneses look on. Surprised by what they see, Mrs. Jones immediately calls the United Press. The cat promises to spare the mouse if he can play the piano while the cat continues to pretend, hoping that his success might make him famous.

Suddenly there is a flurry of media activity around the house.  The cat is examined by scientists, but they are unable to find anything abnormal about the cat; for instance, an x-ray of his brain shows it to be the size of a peanut.

Soon, there are agents obtaining signed contracts for the cat to appear in public performances.  One night, the cat performs at Carnegie Hall, displacing "Leopold Stabowski".  The cat is dubbed "Miracle Cat" and while a disbelieving audience awaits the cat's debut, the cat drags the mouse on stage behind the curtain and puts him into the piano and tells him that when he gives the signal, to start playing.  The mouse agrees.

The curtain rises, the Joneses sit proudly in a theater box, the cat walks proudly out on stage and takes his seat at the piano.  The signal is given (a tap on the mouse's head by a piano key), and the mouse starts playing "Hungarian Rhapsody" by Franz Liszt.  The mouse pauses playing after the first few bars, and at the same time the cat falls from his piano stool after playing an arpeggio; the re-adjusts himself on the stool, and again taps the mouse on the head, but this time, the mouse's head is turned, and his glasses are broken by the piano key, and he can no longer read the sheet music in front of him.  He plays on, despite not being able to read the music, and it turns out to be a disaster.  The cat is truly embarrassed, and audience members walk out of the Hall while calling the performance "ridiculous", "insulting", and "preposterous," and the Joneses narrowly escape out the stage entrance. The cat is exposed as a fraud which causes an uproar in the music world.

Home again, the Joneses are relaxing, as the cat and mouse become typical enemies again, but this time, the cat ends up trying to hit the mouse with drumsticks on the drum set. (In the unedited version, the mouse tries to escape with a cymbal on his head to symbolize a coolie hat, accompanied by Asian-sounding music, a scene which was considered offensive to some and therefore was cut from the original cartoon)  The cat starts playing the drums and becomes intrigued by the beat.  The mouse becomes excited by this and pulls his piano out of his hole, and the pair begin playing jazz. As Mrs. Jones tries to call the United Press again until Mr. Jones says: "Oh, no.  No you don't!
," then reminding her that "We're not going to go through that again!", and hangs up the phone upon witnessing the events.

Mr. and Mrs. Jones continue to enjoy the music as we see them relaxing to it in their easy chairs. The narrator closes by saying the couple dare never to tell anyone of their unusual house pets.

Music
 "Waltz Op. 64 No. 1 in D flat major" (uncredited) aka "Minute Waltz" by Frédéric Chopin
 "Crazy Rhythm" (uncredited), by Joseph Meyer and Roger Wolfe Kahn
 "Me-ow" (uncredited), by Mel B. Kaufman
 "Home Sweet Home" (uncredited) aka "There's No Place Like Home", by H.R. Bishop
 "Liebestraum No. 3" (uncredited), by Franz Liszt
 "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 14" (uncredited), by Franz Liszt

References

See also
List of American films of 1955

1955 films
Merrie Melodies short films
Short films directed by Friz Freleng
Films scored by Milt Franklyn
1950s Warner Bros. animated short films
1950s English-language films
1950s American animated films
1955 animated films
1955 short films
Films about pianos and pianists
Animated films about cats
Animated films about mice


Kattowitz is the German name for the Polish city of Katowice.

Kattowitz may also refer to:

Places
 Katowice (parliamentary constituency)
 Kattowitz (region)
 Katowice Forest Park
 Katowice Voivodeship

Sports
1. FC Kattowitz, an ethnically German association football club playing in what was Kattowitz, Silesia Province in Germany (now Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland) and was active during the inter-war period and World War II when the two countries struggled over control of the region
Germania Kattowitz, an ethnically German association football club playing in what was Kattowitz, Upper Silesia in Germany (now Katowice, Poland) before the First World War and shortly afterwards
Diana Kattowitz, an ethnically German association football club playing in what was Kattowitz, Upper Silesia in Germany (now Katowice, Poland) during the inter-war period

Other
 Kattowitzer Volkswille, a newspaper in Weimar Germany

See also


SpeedTax is a sales tax automation SaaS product. As a software as a service product, it allows businesses to automate the core elements of sales tax compliance: research, calculation, collection, reporting, filing and remittance of sales tax.. SpeedTax also provides management tools to enable snapshot views of reporting, treasury management and audit responsiveness.
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The SpeedTax SaaS sales tax management service integrates with numerous accounting software applications including Sage MAS 90 ERP, Sage MAS 200 ERP, Sage Accpac ERP, Microsoft Dynamics GP, and Intuit's Quickbooks Pro, Premier and Enterprise Editions..

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Included with the SDK are detailed integration guidelines and documentation, and fully functioning sample code. For simplified access, wrappers are provided for common technologies.

Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP)

Organized in March 2000, the Streamlined Sales Tax Project (SSTP) objective is to simplify and modernize sales tax and use tax collection and administration in the United States.

SpeedTax was certified as both a CSP (certified service provider) and CAS (certified automated solution) by the SST Governing Board in 2008.

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History

SpeedTax was founded by Anton Donde and Morris Karolicki in 2007 in Laguna Hills, California. During the product design phase, Karolicki and Donde took aim at the negative effects of sales tax complexity on business operations and growth.

SpeedTax Core Team:
 Anton Donde – CEO
 Morris Karolicki – CIO
 David Lahey – EVP
 Brian Austin – Director of Public Relations
 Diana DiBello – Director of Product Development
 Cory Barwick – Director of Compliance
SpeedTax utilizes a VAR (value-added resellers) and CPA network to deliver its service to clients.

SpeedTax was acquired by CCH, a Wolters Kluwer business, on July 26, 2011.

References

 http://www.blytheco.com/mas90/speedtax.asp
 http://www.thetechgap.com/2008/09/speedtax-launch.html
 Reuters
 http://www.centredaily.com/business/technology/story/1077536.html
 http://www.kastechco.com/products/finance_operations.asp
 http://www.prweb.com/releases/sales_tax_management/software/prweb934024.htm
 http://www.cpatechnologyadvisor.com/web/online/Products/Streamlining-Sales-and-Use-Tax-Processes-Core-to-SpeedTax-System-/32$2064
 http://www.cpatechnologyadvisor.com/publication/article.jsp?pubId=1&id=2167&pageNum=5
 http://www.cpatechnologyadvisor.com/print/The-CPA-Technology-Advisor/Technology-is-for-Client-Service/1$2253
 http://www.cpatechnologyadvisor.com/print/The-CPA-Technology-Advisor/Good-Products-Make-Sales-Tax-Easier-/1$2024
 http://www.cpatechnologyadvisor.com/publication/article.jsp?pubId=1&id=2189&pageNum=3
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=30953&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://www.bmighty.com/ebusiness/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=214502171&pgno=3
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=30855&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://www.streamlinedsalestax.org/certified%20service%20provider.htm
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=30822&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=30575&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://www.strikeiron.com/ProductDetail.aspx?p=468
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=30071&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/node/872894
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=29763&searchTerm=speedtax&page=2
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=29666&searchTerm=speedtax
 Reuters
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=29720&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=29309&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://cpatrendlines.com/2009/01/24/speedtax-rolls-out-reseller-program/
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=29072&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=28802&searchTerm=speedtax
 http://msdynamicsworld.com/add-solution/e-commerce/speedtax-sales-tax-automation-and-management-software-developers-kit-e-comme
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=28770&searchTerm=speedtax
 Reuters
 http://www.webcpa.com/article.cfm?articleid=27995&searchTerm=speedtax

External links
 SpeedTax Website

Business software
Financial software
Defunct software companies of the United States


"Twistin' Postman" is a song recorded by Motown singing group The Marvelettes, who released it in 1961, and was the follow-up to their smash debut single, "Please Mr. Postman".

Background
Like their previous single, the vocals are led by original Marvelette Gladys Horton, and is partially based on the then-current Twist dance move. The song's subject is a sequel of the original "Postman" single and this time the narrator is finally happy that the postman has delivered a letter from the narrator's boyfriend.

Credits
Lead vocals by Gladys Horton
Background vocals by Wanda Young, Katherine Anderson, Georgeanna Tillman and Juanita Cowart
Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers

Chart performance
The song became a modest hit for the group reaching number thirteen on the R&B charts,  and number thirty-four on the pop singles chart in early 1962. A third single, "Playboy", returned the group to the top ten of the pop and R&B charts later that year.

References

Songs about occupations
Songs about letters (message)
Twist (dance)
1962 singles
The Marvelettes songs
Tamla Records singles
Songs written by Brian Holland
Songs written by William "Mickey" Stevenson
1961 songs
Songs written by Robert Bateman (songwriter)


The Norwegian Press Association (, NP) is a Norwegian association for press people with journalism as their main profession.

The current Secretary General since 2016 is Elin Floberghagen.

History
The Norwegian Press Association was established in 1910, for press people with journalism as their main profession. Among its members are the Norwegian Union of Journalists, the Association of Norwegian Editors, Norsk Lokalradioforbund and the Norwegian Media Businesses' Association.

Per Edgar Kokkvold was Secretary General from 1996 to 2013, and Kjersti Løken Stavrum was Secretary General for the period 2013-2016. Elin Floberghagen took over as Secretary General from 2016.

References

External links
Official site

Organisations based in Oslo
Organizations established in 1910
Journalism-related professional associations
1910 establishments in Norway