SS Batavier V was a steam packet for the Batavier Line that sailed between Rotterdam and London for most of her career. The ship was built in 1897 by the Gourlay Brothers of Dundee. The Dutch ship could carry a limited amount of freight and up to 428 passengers. She was rebuilt in 1909 which increased her length by over .

During World War I, the Batavier Line attempted to maintain service, but in March 1915, Batavier V was seized as a prize by German submarine  and sailed into Zeebrugge in German-occupied Belgium. The ship was released by a German prize court in September. In May 1916, Batavier V struck a mine laid by German submarine  off the British coast and sank with the loss of four lives.

Career
Batavier V and sister ship  were built for William Müller and Company by the Gourlay Brothers of Dundee, Scotland. The ship was launched on 28 November 1902. She was  long (between perpendiculars) and  abeam. Batavier V was powered by a single 3-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engine of  that moved her at a speed of up to . She could carry a maximum of 428 passengers: 75 in first class, 28 in second, and up to 325 in steerage. She was listed at .

Upon completion in February 1903, she joined Batavier I, , , and Batavier IV in packet service between Rotterdam and London. In Rotterdam, the ships docked at the Willemsplein; in London, the ships docked at the Customs House and Wool Quays near the Tower Bridge. The Batavier Line service between Rotterdam and London was offered daily except Sundays, with each ship making multiple round trips per week.

After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Batavier Line continued service on the Rotterdam–London route. Batavier V was frequently stopped by German warships, examined and allowed to proceed. On 17 March 1915, however, Batavier V left Rotterdam and proceeded to Hook of Holland, passing there in the early morning hours of 18 March. At about 05:00,  southwest of the Maas Lightship, German submarine  hailed Batavier V. Kapitänleutnant Georg-Günther von Forstner, U-28s commanding officer, made clear his intent to seize Batavier V and sail it to German-occupied Zeebrugge. While the captains of the two vessels argued the legalities of seizing a vessel flagged under a neutral country, lookouts on the submarine spotted another Dutch steamer, Zaanstroom. U-28 left an officer and a sailor on board Batavier V, and proceeded to stop and similarly seize Zaanstroom. U-28 and a pilot boat, W2, led both of the Dutch ships through minefields and into Zeebrugge.

According to Popular Mechanics, one of Batavier Vs passengers was a photographer who was able to snap pictures of the ship's encounter with the U-boat. In April, the International News Service copyrighted eight images from the photographer, and deposited them with the Library of Congress. According to Popular Mechanics, which published one of the photos in its July 1915 edition, the photographs give a sense of the "enormous size and power of the latest German submarines".

At Zeebrugge, Batavier Vs Dutch crew, and all the Dutch citizens, women, and children among the ship's passengers were released; fourteen Belgian men of fighting age and two priests were taken prisoner by the Germans. Batavier Vs cargo of fresh meat and Zaanstrooms  of fresh eggs were confiscated and unloaded by German personnel. The women and children were fed what one woman called "unpalatable black bread" before being sent to Ghent and on to Terneuzen in the Netherlands. The Dutch government requested explanation from Germany over the seizure of the neutral vessels and their cargoes. Batavier V was released by a German prize court in September.

Batavier V resumed Rotterdam–London passenger service after her release from German control at Zeebrugge. On 16 May 1916, while outbound from London for Rotterdam, Batavier V struck a mine near the north buoy at Inner Gabbard. The mine had been recently planted by the German coastal minelaying submarine . According to one witness, the ship's decks were awash within three minutes of the explosion, which blew the rear cargo hold hatch and sent a great deal of cargo flying through the air. Batavier V sank within twenty minutes, taking with her three members of the crew and one American passenger.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Ships built in Dundee
Passenger ships of the Netherlands
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
1902 ships
Maritime incidents in 1916
Ships sunk by mines


Rosie Lee Tompkins (1936–2006) is the art pseudonym of Effie Mae Martin Howard, a widely acclaimed African-American quiltmaker and fiber artist of Richmond, California. The New York Times called her "one of the great American artists," and her work "one of the century’s major artistic accomplishments." More than 500 works by Tompkins reside at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive.

Early life
Born Effie Mae Martin, she was born September 6, 1936, to a sharecropping family in southeastern Arkansas. She was the oldest of 15 half-siblings, growing up working picking cotton and piecing quilts with her mother.

Work
Tompkins, who had helped her mother make quilts as a child, began to quilt seriously about 1980, while making a living as a practical nurse in the Bay Area. She said she believed God directed her hand and her art. Her abstract, improvisational compositions often had a personal significance: one of her more well-known works, "Three Sixes," involves three relatives whose birthdays include the number 6.

Despite the fact that she was a deeply private person and rarely sold her quilts, her work was discovered in 1985 by Eli Leon, an Oakland-based collector specializing in African-American quilts. Leon featured her work on the cover of the catalog for an exhibition he organized, Who'd A Thought It: Improvisation in African-American Quiltmaking, which debuted at the San Francisco Craft and Folk Art Museum in 1987 and traveled for several years. Tompkins' quilts were featured in a solo exhibition at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) in 1997, at Peter Blum Gallery in New York City in 2003, and at the Shelburne Museum in Vermont in 2007. They were also included in the 2002 Biennial of the Whitney Museum of American Art and have been shown at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington, DC; one image is available on their web site. In 2016, her quilts were featured in an exhibition of five quilt artists at the Oakland Museum of California.

The curator of the Berkeley show, Lawrence Rinder, wrote:

In front of Tompkins's work I feel that certain Modernist ambitions may in fact be achievable. Here are feelings of awe, elation, and sublimity; here is an absolute mastery of color, texture and composition; here is inventiveness and originality so palpable and intense that each work seems like a new and total risk, a risk so extreme that only utter faith in the power of the creative spirit could have engendered it."

Critics were equal in their praise: "Tompkins' textile art [works] ... demolish the category"; "These quilts are works of such distinction and devotion that they supersede established art-historical categories, forcing reviewers to retreat to that dumbfounded admiration that attracted us to art in the first place".

Throughout her career, Tompkins focused much of her work on storytelling as well as religious themes. Tompkins was deeply religious and used this as the main motivator in creating her quilts.

Artwork
Works pieced by Tompkins include Tents of Armageddon Four Patch (1986), Three Sixes (1987), Half-Squares Put-Together (1988), Half-Squares Medallion (1986), Half-squares Four-patch (1986), and Put Together with Letter "F" (1985).

Style and materials
Tompkins's quilts were not made from old clothes or other scraps but from fabrics she purchased for their textures and light-reflecting qualities, including velvet, fake fur, wool, silk and Lurex. She worked with the convention of the quilt block but with enormous variation in size, free distortions of shape and vivid color contrasts that have been described as "geometric anarchy" and "riotous mosaics."

Tompkins' Retrospective at BAMPFA
In 2019, as a bequest, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) acquired the Eli Leon Collection of almost 3,000 works by African-American quilt makers, including more than 500 works by Tompkins, which will find a permanent home at the museum. Drawing from the Eli Leon Collection, BAMPFA presented Rosie Lee Tompkins: A Retrospective. The exhibition, which opened February 19, 2020, closed prematurely due to COVID-19 shut-down, but not before The New York Times called it "a triumphal retrospective" that "confirms her standing as one of the great American artists–transcending craft, challenging painting and reshaping the canon."

Personal life
She was married and divorced twice. "Howard" was a married name. She was reclusive and fiercely protective of her privacy and the right to privacy of family. Family included her mother; several children and stepchildren; and many siblings, grandchildren and great-grandchildren who survived her.

Death
Tompkins was found dead at her home in Richmond, California, on Friday December 1, 2006. She died aged 70.

References

Further reading
Fox, Margalit. "Rosie Lee Tompkins, African-American Quiltmaker, Dies at 70" (obituary), The New York Times, Dec. 6, 2006.
Leon, Eli (1987). Who'd A Thought It: Improvisation in African-American Quiltmaking. San Francisco Craft & Folk Art Museum.
Rinder, Lawrence (1997). Rosie Lee Tompkins. Berkeley Art Museum.
Leon, Eli (2006). Something Pertaining to God. Shelburne Art Museum.
Quilting#African-American quilts
The Quilts of Gee's Bend

1936 births
2006 deaths
African-American nurses
American nurses
American women nurses
American textile artists
Artists from Arkansas
American quilters
Women textile artists
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
African-American artists
Textile artists from California
Textile artists from Arkansas


The Council elections held in Wolverhampton on Thursday 3 May 1990 were one third, and 20 of the 60 seats were up for election.

During the 1990 election the Conservative Party gained Tettenhall Regis from a Liberal candidate.

1990 saw a huge decline in candidates from the rump SDP and Liberal Party, with only 1 from each standing. The Liberal Democrats contested most of the remaining wards. The Labour Party retained its majority and control of the council.

Prior to the election the constitution of the Council was:

Conservative 23
Labour 31
Lib Dem 5
Other 1

Following the election the constitution of the Council was:

Conservative 24
Labour 31
Lib Dem 5

Election result

1990
1990 English local elections
1990s in the West Midlands (county)


Mr Gay World is a registered and trademarked annual international competition for gay men.

The reigning Mr Gay World is José López Duvont from Puerto Rico. López is the first Latino winner, and the first winner from the Americas.

Beginnings
Before there was Mr Gay World, there was IMG Mr Gay International. Brian Merriman (owner of Mr Gay Ireland) and Tore Aasheim (co-owner of Mr Gay Europe) attended the competition with the European delegation. Merriman and Aasheim decided to create their own international competition.

Brian Merriman invited Tore Aasheim, Morten Ruda (owner of Mr Gay Norway and co-owner of Mr Gay Europe) and Dean Nelson (owner of Mr Gay Canada) to Dublin, Ireland to plan a brand new international competition. They invited Eric Butter (who is the current President and co-founder of Mr Gay World and Noemi Alberto (owner of Mr Gay Philippines) to what was to become Mr Gay World.

Merriman and Ruda bowed out due to other commitments, and the ownership was divided equally between Aasheim, Nelson and Butter. Both Merriman and Ruda stayed involved in the competition as Directors responsible for finding delegates in Europe and Africa to attend the competitions.

After a while Nelson left the competition and left his shares of Mr Gay World to Eric Butter, and later Eric Butter and Tore Aasheim exchanged their shares in Mr Gay Europe and Mr Gay World respectively, making Eric Butter the President and co-founder of Mr Gay World and Tore Aasheim the sole owner of Mr Gay Europe.

Media Coverage
The event explicitly seeks to highlight discrimination against LGBTI people and provide select positive role models. A number of contestants from a number of countries has faced sanctions for their selection or competition, including Nolan Lewis from India, Taurai Zhanje from Zimbabwe, Robel Hailu from Ethiopia, former Olympian Chavdar Arsov from Bulgaria, Wendelinus Hamutenya from Namibia and Xiao Dai from China.

Mr Gay World is defined as an annual contest for gay men, seeking to establish ambassadors for LGBTQIA+ and human rights, with winners of national contests competing as delegates in a variety of categories. Mr Gay World not a beauty contest and there is no age limit. In an all-inclusive move, Mr Gay World has amended its policy to encompass the male-identifying spectrum within the LGBTQ+ community,” said the organisation in a statement on Tuesday, June 15, 2021*.

Controversy
In 2014, Mr Gay New Zealand, Mr Gay Australia and a sponsoring skincare company all pulled out of the competition claiming 'bullying, poor living conditions, and inappropriate pressure to hook up with other contestants'. Mr Gay World replied claiming that the two contestants had been removed for alcohol abuse and rule breaking.

In 2015, the winner of the competition, Mr Gay Germany Klaus Burkart, stepped down seven months later citing “personal changes,” and was replaced by Mr Gay Hong Kong.

In 2018, Mr Gay World announced that the 2019 competition will move to South Africa from Hong Kong due to prohibition from local authorities.

In November 2021, Mr. Gay World South Africa 2021 Louw Breytenbach resigned; the title was given to South African Runner-up Bonginkosi Ndima, who then resigned in March 2022, and then Mr. Gay World Philippines 2021 Joel Rey Carcasona took over the title Mr. Gay World 2021.

Titleholders

Country/territory by number of wins

Runner-up

See also
 International Mr Gay Competition

References

External links
 Official event website

Recurring events established in 2009
LGBT beauty pageants
Gay events
Transgender beauty pageants
Annual events


Sainte-Barbe is a municipality of Quebec, located within Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality in the Montérégie administrative region. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 1,609.

History
Sainte-Barbe was created on January 1st 1883 by splitting away from Saint-Anicet. The name honors Saint Barbara and pays homage to Marie-Barbe de Boullongne (1618-1685), wife of Louis d'Ailleboust de Coulonge, governor of New France. On April 4, 2009, Sainte-Barbe changed its status from parish municipality to municipality.

Geography

Communities
The following locations reside within the municipality's boundaries:
Pointe-Biron () – a residential area on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River along Route 132.
Pointe-Lalonde () – a residential area on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River along Route 132.

Lakes & Rivers
The following waterways pass through or are situated within the municipality's boundaries:
Saint Lawrence River – situated at municipality's northern boundary.

Demographics

Population

Language

See also
 Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality
 La Guerre River
 Saint-Louis River (Beauharnois)
 List of municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Incorporated places in Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality
Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River
Municipalities in Quebec


Shrivardhan Fort is one of the two hill forts that constitute the Rajmachi fortification, the other being Manaranjan Fort. It is located in Rajmachi village which 8.5 km from Lonavala in the Sahyadris mountain range. At 900 m(3000 feet) above sea level it was the taller of the two peaks and was named after Shrivardhan Ganpatrao Patwardhan. Other than a rampart there is no visible construction. It was probably used at a watchtower for the Sahyadri region. There are two water tanks at the top of the hill but one of them has an iron pillar in it.

How to reach
There are two ways to reach the fort
1) Lonavla Tungarli way. It is an easy path which takes about 1 hour to reach the base village Udhewadi
2) Karjat-kondivade way. It requires a trekking up the hill for 2-hour. This route passes through dense forest area through the Ulhas river valley.

References

See also
 List of forts in Maharashtra
 List of forts in India
 Shivaji
 List of Maratha dynasties and states
 Maratha War of Independence
 Battles involving the Maratha Empire
 Maratha Army
 Maratha titles
 Military history of India
 List of people involved in the Maratha Empire
 Kondana Caves

Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire
Forts in Pune district
16th-century forts in India
Caves of Maharashtra
Tourist attractions in Pune district
Former populated places in India
Hiking trails in India


Charles Blair (July 23, 1928 – December 14, 2006) was a Scottish-born Canadian ice hockey player. He played one game in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs during the 1948–49 season, on December 4, 1948 against the Chicago Black Hawks. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1948 to 1961, was mainly spent in the American Hockey League.

Playing career
Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and while still an infant, he immigrated with his family to Canada. He played junior hockey with the Oshawa Generals before he was called up by the Toronto Maple Leafs to play his one and only National Hockey League game. After spending time with the Toronto Marlboros, Blair signed with the American Hockey League's Pittsburgh Hornets in 1950. In 1953, Blair was traded to the Cleveland Barons and a year later, he was traded again to the Buffalo Bisons. In 1957, Blair moved to the Western Hockey League and signed for the Calgary Stampeders. After two years, he returned to the AHL with the Quebec Aces. He played one more season in the Eastern Hockey League with the Clinton Comets before retiring in 1961. He was the brother of the former professional hockey player George Blair.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

See also
 List of National Hockey League players born in the United Kingdom
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL

References

External links

1928 births
2006 deaths
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Calgary Stampeders (WHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Clinton Comets players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Oshawa Generals players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Quebec Aces (AHL) players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Marlboros players


The Richard M. Borchard Regional Fairgrounds is a public works project in Nueces County, Texas. Work began on the Richard M. Borchards Fairgrounds in 2005 despite having been the subject of a failed bond proposal in 1999.

It is the home to the Nueces County Junior Livestock Show which is called "The greatest junior livestock show".  On December 19, 2019, Hurricane Alley Roller Derby (H.A.R.D.) announced that they were moving to the RMB Fairgrounds as their home rink for their 2019 season.  The fairgrounds annually hosts around 200 events each year ranging from weddings to boxing events and rodeos.  The Fairgrounds are owned by Nueces County, TX and managed by Spectra.

Facilities

Conference Center holds the main offices, two ballrooms, three meeting rooms, and a conference room.  the Grand Ballroom is one of the largest ballrooms in the coastal bend with the ability to hold a banquet with about 1,000 guests.

Marvin and Laura Berry Pavilion (Formal Central Pavilion Arena) is a 2,000 seat, 35,000 sq ft arena.  It hosts the judging and auction of the Nueces County Junior Livestock Show, concerts, boxing, wrestling, banquets, trade shows, and is the main meeting area for the Coastal Bend Hurricane conference.  Air Conditioned indoor pavilion; can accommodate equestrian shows, rodeos, livestock events, family shows, boxing, wrestling, concerts, indoor football other stage events.  On January 7, 2019, the arena changed names from the Central Pavilion Arena, to the Marvin and Laura Berry Pavilion in honor of Marvin and Laura Berry who own Berry LTD, and are one of the largest donors to the Nueces County Junior Livestock Show.

Exhibit Halls A & B are both 40,000 square foot, column free exhibit buildings used for various trade shows including car, boat, farm, and hunting & fishing shows and similar exhibition events, as well as animal exhibitions.

Equestrian Center has an arena with a 45,000 square foot dirt floor, seating for 1,000 with portable bleachers able to bring its size up to 2,000.  Two warm-up rings that are also 45,000 square feet in size each.  And a horse barn that has 105 stalls.

References

External links
Richard M. Borchard Regional Fairgrounds

Fairgrounds in the United States
Buildings and structures in Nueces County, Texas
Tourist attractions in Nueces County, Texas
Comcast subsidiaries


Castañeo'l Monte ("Castañedo del Monte" in Spanish)  is a parish in Santo Adriano, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size. The population is 36 (2007). The postal code is 33115.

The Asturian people of this parish live in several villages:
 Castañeo'l Monte
 El Cabezu
 Los Niseiros

Fiesta days include:
 San Romano, 9 August
 Arcángel San Gabriel, 29 September
 San Antonio, 13 June

References

External links
 Asturian society of economic and industrial studies, English language version of "Sociedad Asturiana de Estudios Económicos e Industriales" (SADEI)

Parishes in Santo Adriano


The 2007 IIHF European Champions Cup was the third edition of IIHF European Champions Cup. It was held in Saint Petersburg at the Ice Palace arena, from January 11 to January 14. The champions of 2006 of the six strongest hockey nations of Europe participate: Ak Bars Kazan (RUS), Färjestads BK (SWE), MsHK Žilina (SVK), HPK (FIN), HC Sparta Praha (CZE), HC Lugano (SUI).

Group A
Ivan Hlinka Division

Results
All times local (CET/UTC +1)

Standings

Group B
 Alexander Ragulin Division

Results
All times local (CET/UTC +1)

Standings

Gold medal game

External links
 Official site

1
1
IIHF European Champions Cup
2007


England Expects is a British television film produced by BBC Scotland in 2004. It stars Steven Mackintosh and was written by Frank Deasy. Nick Ryan, a journalist and the author of an exposé into far-right groups, worldwide (Homeland: Into a World of Hate), was the show's creative producer.

Synopsis
Former football hooligan Ray Knight (Steven Mackintosh) is a normal everyday family man, living and working as a security guard at a financial trading company in Canary Wharf. He is fiercely protective of his teenage daughter Nikki (Sadie Thompson), who currently lives with her mother, Ray's ex-wife Sadie (Camille Coduri), in a flat at a run-down estate, and he does his best to keep her out of trouble.

After a failed attempt to help Nikki and Sadie move into a new housing development, which is being competed for between Whites and Asians, and discovering that Nikki is involved in heroin addiction with her Asian neighbour and only friend Rashel (Sadiqul Islam), Ray's anger drives him to join the far-right political ring led by his old friend Larry Knowles (Keith Barron).

Production notes
The film's main objective is to explore the far-right and issues of racism.

References

External links
 Footage from England Expects

BBC television dramas
British television films
2004 in British television


The shop floor is the production area, such as in a factory or another working space and is the floor where workers produce goods. The term "shop floor" refers to the area of a factory where production takes place. The shop floor excludes the area used or designated for administrative activities.

Shop stewards and Shop Stewards Movement
A shop steward is an employee of a company or organization who, as a labor union member and official, represents and defends the interests of their coworkers. During the First World War, the Shop Stewards Movement brought together shop stewards from across the United Kingdom. It began with the Clyde Workers Committee, Britain's first shop stewards committee, which organized in response to the imprisonment of three of their members in 1915.

Shop floor control
Systems for managing the various components of the manufacturing process are known as shop floor control (SFC) systems.

Shop floor control is one of the functions of manufacturing control; it is the process of monitoring the production activities as they happen, such as when the product is being processed, assembled, inspected, etc. It is also concerned with the shop floor inventories—short and excessive inventories that may cause losses.

Integrated shop floor management
The manufacturing industry is significantly impacted by technological advances such as the Internet, the Web, and intelligent agents. Changing shop floor environments and customer needs are sufficed with new kinds of shop floor control systems that are web-based shop floor control systems, also called e-shop floor or i-shop floor.

See also

 Inventory control
 Operations management

References

External links

Manufacturing buildings and structures


Colonel Lawrence Westbrook (23 August 1889-January 24, 1964) was a Texan politician and official in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. A 1908 graduate of the University of Texas and later the University of Texas Law School.  Colonel Westbrook also served as a member of the Texas Legislature representing Waco, Texas. During World War I he attained the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Army Signal Corps. He was among the pallbearers of Felix Huston Robertson, a war-criminal known for the Saltville Massacre of black soldiers and as the  last surviving general of the Confederate States of America. He married Mrs. Martha Wootton Collings in Hot Springs, Arkansas in March 1937. During World War II Colonel Westbrook returned to active duty and was wartime president of the United States Purchasing Board in the South Pacific theater where he was awarded the Order of the British Empire from New Zealand.  While serving in the South Pacific he was responsible for a survey of all defense resources for this region.  Colonel Westbrook died  in San Angelo, Texas.

Early career

Lawrence Westbrook was born in Belton, Texas to a well-established Texas family.

Westbrook, eventually the developer of the little-known Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division – a program of cooperatively owned housing projects for middle-income residents funded by the US Government – began his career late in the 1920s with his own self-initiated program for organizing rural Texas farmers into a cooperative marketing body. Today, in 2009, while the US is experiencing the popping of a real estate bubble, the mutual ownership concept is especially interesting, as it was based on the idea that traditional home ownership was not the best economic choice for many middle income families. Since it ties these families to their home during times of economic recession or depression, it makes it difficult for them to move and follow available employment opportunities.  In the early 1930s, Westbrook and his program attracted favorable attention from regional New Deal officials, and in 1931 Westbrook was appointed to the position of Director of the Texas Relief Commission. While involved in the Texas relief programs Westbook was intensely interested in supporting the development of the Texas Parks system. He was a close friend of influential Congressman and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (1940-1947, 1949-1953 and 1955-1961) Sam Rayburn which the Westbrook family reports was a key in Colonel Westbrook's success while working within the US Government.  During Colonel Westbrook's experience as a Texas public official he became convinced of the benefits of cooperative enterprises. In quick succession, he was promoted to Assistant Federal Emergency Relief Administrator in the Rural Rehabilitation Division, and then to First Assistant Work Projects (WPA) Administrator Harry L. Hopkins. They became friends and Mr. Hopkins would serve as best man at Colonel Westbrook's marriage in 1937.

In 1934, Colonel Westbrook joined the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and by 1936 he was responsible within the WPA for managing a community in Pontiac, Michigan called West Acres.  This project was designed as a cooperative housing option for auto workers. As a federal government official, Westbrook would work in the area of public housing and President Roosevelt would also credit him with developing the administration's rural rehabilitation program. In the early 1930s while part of the Federal Relief Administration he was placed in charge of dealing with drought areas in the upper midwest and briefed President Roosevelt on his train while passing through this area.  While serving as First Assistant in the WPA he also was in charge of the Homestead Project which included one of Eleanor Roosevelt's pet projects, Arthurdale, West Virginia.  Colonel Westbrooks involvement with the WPA also included chairing the WPA Advisory Board starting in 1936 after resigning as first assistant to "devote more time to personal matters." In 1937, he supported the granting of a subsidy to cotton growers while he served as a special investigator in charge of a US Senate investigation of cotton cooperatives. His involvement and interest in the housing problems of the low and middle income groups grew out of this experience and research in public housing. His step daughter, Madge Westbrook Brown, also reported that as a west Texan living in Washington, DC, Colonel Westbrook was frustrated by the lack of green space and was committed to developing housing in a park setting.  He was also committed to providing the very best architectural environments for the low and middle-class residents of his housing develops.  He would go on to hire some of the very top architects of his time to design his projects including Richard Neutra.  The housing problems he identified included the inability of the middle class to accumulate the necessary capital to move out of the rental market, the unstable nature of their employment, and the lack of flexibility within the housing market that would permit easy adjustments to the ever-changing size and needs of each family.  Westbrook believed that eliminating the required downpayment for housing purchases would actually make the middle class a better risk for home ownership by simply allowing them to keep financial reserves that could carry them through difficult times. Inspired by the success of the government-sponsored Rural Electrification Cooperatives Program, Westbrook set about applying many of the cooperative principles to the middle income housing problem; what resulted was the Mutual Home Ownership concept.

Mutual Home Ownership Concept

By 1938, believing he could turn the Mutual Home concept into reality, Westbrook left the US government (where he could not find enough support for his ideas) to develop a privately financed, 1000-unit, "Park living housing development" in Duval County, Florida. The design, by David Williams and modernist architect Richard Neutra, echoed many of the innovative design elements of the planned community of Radburn, New Jersey including pedestrian focused designs with unit front doors facing away from streets and toward park areas and other units across a common yard.  However, financial support for this project was never fully found, and the development had to be scrapped. Returning to the government, Westbrook submitted the Mutual Home plan to the Government's Temporary National Economic Committee, where it was filed away until 1940.

In 1940, with the demand for defense housing growing steadily, Congressman Frederick Garland Lanham (D-Texas), chairman of the House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, coordinated a meeting between Howard Hunter, Commissioner of Works Projects Administration, and Westbrook, to discuss the mutual home ownership concept with John Carmody, Administrator of the Federal Works Agency. These influential individuals had come across the plan in the records of the Temporary National Economic Committee.  They were so impressed with the plan that they asked Westbrook to serve as Special Assistant to Mr. Carmody with the responsibility for a newly established Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division, which was charged with adapting the mutual housing plan to the demands of the Defense Housing initiatives. One of the projects completed was the Winfield Park  Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Project (Project Number 28071).

This was a time when public housing programs were being presented as model governmental projects that utilized internationally recognized architects and urban planners for their development and implementation. From their inception the eight projects of the mutual housing effort differed from traditional defense housing projects because they were meant to be sold to their residents under the mutual ownership plan. Soon the real estate industry and home builders placed enormous pressure on the Federal Government to end this public housing effort, that they feared could result in the wholesale economic socialization of the home building industry.

By 1942, the forces aligned against government sponsored middle income housing programs contributed to the final demise of the mutual housing experiment. Additionally, with the resource limitation of the war becoming increasingly more evident by 1942, the entire defense housing effort moved to the construction of temporary structures rather than high quality permanent housing. Even the eventual purchase of the projects by their residents was threatened during the late 1940s. But thanks to extensive lobbying by labor unions and the project residents themselves, the necessary legislation and approvals were completed for the purchases and as of 2009 seven of the original eight projects continue to operate within the mutual ownership plan.

The mutual ownership projects are an example of success in the early US public housing effort before conservative forces took control and promoted private solutions.  The highly touted Housing Act of 1949 promised the construction of 810,000 low-cost public housing units by 1955, yet by 1964 only 550 of these units had actually been built.

Later career

During the 1950s Colonel Westbrook became an official of the Democratic National Committee and was dismissed on October 30, 1952 following charges of involvement in a kickback scheme regarding a United States Government contract for tungsten with Atlantica Companhia of Portugal for $9 million.  He was accused of being a "five per center" as he and his associated received 5 percent fee for handling the contract.  Colonel Westbrook defended his conduct, claiming that his actions were an attempt to save the government money and that a rival sought to sell tungsten to the US at inflated prices; he was later cleared of all charges by the United States Court of Appeals and the US Government was ordered to pay Atlantica $508,200 for breach of contract.

Colonel Westbrook also completed a manuscript of his memoirs entitled The Boondogglers.  It was never published but the manuscript is part of his personal papers held in The Texas Collection at Baylor University.

Footnotes

References
 Hines, Thomas. Richard Neutra and the Search for Modern Architecture. Oxford University Press, 1982.
 Szylvian Bailey, Kristin. The Federal Government and the Cooperative Housing Movement, 1917-1955. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Carnegie-Mellon University, 1988.
 Szylvian, Kristin M. "Our Mutual Friend: A Progressive Housing Legacy from the 1940s." Designer Builder: A Journal of the Human Environment. Vol. 111 No. 9. January 1997.
 Szylvian, Kristin M., "The Federal Housing Program During World War II" in From Tenements to The Taylor Homes: In Search of An Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America edited by John F. Bauman, Roger Biles and Kristin Szylvian. Pennsylvania State Press, 2000.
 Conkin, Paul K. "The Federal Emergency Relief Administration Communities," in Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program. American Historical Association, Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. 1959.
 "Democrats Oust Key National Aide; Mitchell Says Col. Westbrook Took Part in Negotiation of a US Contract for Tungsten". The New York Times. October 30, 1952.
 Who's Who in America 1964-1965
 National Cyclopedia of American Biography. Volume 52. 1970

External links
The Texas Collection at Baylor University - Houses the papers of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook
"Fertilizing the Weeds: The New Deal’s Rural Poverty Program in West Virginia"  by Kevin Cahill - Discusses Colonel Westbrooks' involvement with the Division of Rural Rehabilitation and Stranded Populations under Harry Hopkins during the mid-1930s.
 Westbrook, Lawrence and Molly Steinberg. Questions and answers about the Matanuska Colonization Project in Alaska. WPA. Washington, DC. 1936.
"The 1935 Matanuska Colony Project: The Remarkable History of a New Deal Experiment in Alaska"  by Helen Wegener, Wassail, Alaska. 2014. .
"The Mutual Housing Experiment: New Deal Communities for the Urban Middle Class (Urban Life, Landscape, and Policy)"  by Kristin M. Szylvian, Temple University Press, 2015. .
 Steely, James Wright. Parks for Texas: Enduring Landscapes of the New Deal. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas. 1999.
 Architect David Williams (1915-1984) papers
 Architect Richard Neutra (1892-1970) papers

1889 births
1964 deaths
University of Texas School of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the Texas House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians


A Question of Genius is a game show hosted by Kirsty Wark and produced by BBC Scotland. The show was broadcast on BBC Two. It was recorded at BBC Pacific Quay in Glasgow. It ran from 16 March 2009 to 4 June 2010.

Round 1: (Series 1)
Each week there is a pool of an unspecified number of contestants. Each show was designed to begin with 10 contestants but during filming this round was determined to be unaired and used as a 'qualifier' to the 'main show'.
8 of these contestants play each day. The first round that is aired is actually the second round for the contestants.

Main Game

Round 1: A Question of Speed (Series 2)
Played the same as A Question of Knowledge in series 1 (see below).

Round 2: A Question of Knowledge (Series 1)
In this round, the six/eight players are given a starter question. The first person to get it right is given a follow-up question on the same subject and must choose a difficulty level between 1 and 3 (between 1 and 5 in the first series). If they get the follow-up right, they get the same number of points as their level of difficulty. However, other players can also buzz in on the follow-up and steal the points. The first five players (six in the first series) to get five points go through to the next round.  The remaining player is eliminated.  In the first series the other two contestants came back for the first round on the next show.

Round 2: A Question of Judgement
As with the first round, the five/six players are given a question. The player who answers the question correctly gets the chance to answer a question related to that question and have to choose which level they want for that question, then they choose which other player they wish to play against in a head-to-head on that question. The person who buzzes in with the correct answer gets the points. The first four to reach 6 points go through to the next round. The remaining player is eliminated.  In the first series the other two contestants came back for the first round on the next show.

Round 3: A Question of Knowledge (Series 2)
As with the last two rounds, they are given a starter question. Whoever gets it right gets three follow-up questions on the same topic. The first follow-up question is worth one point, the second one is worth two points, and the remainder question is worth three points. Itf they get the starter and the follow-up questions right, they get the right number of points and go through to the next round. If they get one of their follow-ups wrong, another starter question is given. However, the other players cannot interject during the follow-ups. The first three to get seven points go through to the next round.

Round 4: A Question of Pressure
The remaining 4 players are each given 60 seconds to answer as many questions as possible. They are given the category and have to choose which level they want answer. If they answer correctly, they get the points, but if they answer wrongly, the first of the other 3 players to buzz in can steal the points. The 2 players who get the most points go through to the next round. The other 2 have to wait until the next day until they can play again.

In the second series the remaining 3 players are each given 60 seconds to answer as many questions as possible. They are given the category and have to choose which level they want answer. If they answer correctly, they get the points, but if they answer wrongly, the first of the other 3 players to buzz in can steal the points. The person that gets the highest score goes through to answer their "Question of Genius".

Round 5: A Question of Strategy (Series 1)
The remaining 2 players go head-to-head to answer questions on a subject. When the subject is given, the players have to type in which level question (between 1 and 5) they would like. The player who chose the higher level gets to answer their question. If they get it right, they get the relevant number of points. If they get it wrong, the other player gets a question from that category at the level that they chose. If they get that right, they get the points. If both players go for the same level, the question is asked with both players on the buzzer. The first to reach 15 points goes to the final round (From 19 March 2009, this was dropped to 10 points). The other player has to wait until the next day until he/she can play again.

Final Round: A Question of Genius

Series 1
In the final round, the contestant has 90 seconds to answer 5 questions correctly. The question difficulty goes up one level each time a question is answered correctly. Each level has 2 categories, of which the player chooses which one he/she likes. If they answer correctly, they move to the next level. If they answer wrongly, they have to answer another question at the same level until they get one right. If all 5 are answered correctly, then they can win £5,000 on the "Genius Question". If only 4 are answered they go for £2,000, 3 for £1,500, 2 for £1,000 and 1 for £500.

Series 2
The question is worth 100 times the score they got in the last round, A Question of Pressure (e.g. 10 points scored is worth £1000).

In the final round, the contestant is given a question which they answer on their specialist subject.  If they get the answer right, they get all the money. If they are doubtful, they are asked if they want four choices. But if they take the four choices, the amount of money is then halved. If they get it wrong they do not win any money at all.

In the first series, the contestant's name was added to a leaderboard with the top 10 contestants returning for the final.

The winning contestant in the second series returned for the next episode. There were no limits on how many times a contestant could win or on how much money someone could win.

Final
The first series was won by Pam Thomas.  She got her question of genius wrong but won a trophy to mark her victory.

Transmissions

References

External links

2009 British television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
BBC Scotland television shows
BBC television game shows
2000s British game shows
2010s British game shows
English-language television shows


The Offshoring Research Network is an international network of researchers and practitioners studying organizations in their transition to globalizing their business functions, processes and administrative services. The ORN conducts annual surveys tracking global sourcing strategies, drivers, concrete implementations and plans across all business functions and processes.

The ORN is managed by Duke University, The Fuqua School of Business, Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER).

Offshoring, according to the ORN, refers to the process of sourcing business functions or processes supporting home-based or global operations from a foreign country, either through wholly owned organizational units (captive offshoring/shared services) or external service providers (offshore outsourcing).

History and current objectives

The ORN project was launched in 2004 by the Center for International Business Education and Research (CIBER) at Duke University, The Fuqua School of Business. Dr. Arie Y. Lewin, Professor of Strategy and International Business and Director of Duke CIBER, was the initiator and has been the Lead Principal Investigator of the ORN project.

The findings from the annual research surveys have shifted the focus of ORN research over time. After its initial orientation to offshoring white-collar work, the ORN project has put more emphasis on the global search for talent and offshoring of higher-skilled tasks, in particular product development. Most recently, the ORN project has positioned itself as a research project focusing on studying companies in their transition to globalizing their business functions, processes and administrative services. Offshoring is understood as an intermediary step towards evolving new global organizational capabilities rather than an end in itself.

Research partners

Sponsoring partners

1 Florida International University, Indiana University, Michigan State University, Temple University, University of Connecticut, University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of Kansas, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Memphis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Global search for talent

A key ORN finding is the increasing importance of access to qualified personnel as a driver of offshoring decisions. Most scholars have argued that offshoring is primarily driven by opportunities to reduce labor costs and by labor arbitrage effects.

While the ORN surveys confirm the importance of costs, they also reveal that companies use offshoring as a means to access talent pools outside their home countries, in particular for higher-skilled work. This trend has been explained by an increasing supply of science and engineering talent in emerging economies, e.g., India, and the increasing difficulty of finding talent in the U.S. and Western Europe.

It is further reinforced by restrictive visa policies in the U.S. and incentives for foreign graduates to return to their home countries, a recent phenomenon referred to as brain circulation.

Whether offshoring is primarily driven by costs, by the global search for talent or a combination of both has been widely debated. Some scholars argue that science and engineering degrees in India and other emerging economies are, on average, not yet compatible with degrees in the U.S. and Western Europe. Therefore, the supply of qualified talent in emerging economies is more limited than often argued in the business press.

Some Asian companies, for example, have recently hired a number of Western managers.

However, foreign client firms sometimes respond to that challenge by setting up complex collaborations with local universities to secure access to qualified personnel.

Also, recent studies suggest a trend towards modularization and standardization of higher-skilled work allowing for the use of less qualified personnel for lower costs. According to ORN studies, the search for talent and cost considerations therefore depend on changes in technology, education policies, firm capabilities and economic conditions.

Globalization of innovation

The ORN surveys reveal that more and more firms are offshoring knowledge work, including software development, engineering, product design, research and development. Previously, offshoring was mainly associated with Information Technology Outsourcing and standard business processes.

This trend is increasingly being discussed in the academic and practitioner-oriented literature. The economist Alan Blinder argues that technical processes, such as software testing and engineering support, are becoming easy to offshore because advanced information technology helps decompose and separate technical processes which can then be undertaken and coordinated remotely.

Other researchers argue that knowledge-intensive tasks remain difficult to decompose because of the complex and often tacit knowledge involved in carrying out these tasks.

Geographic knowledge services clusters

One major factor contributing to recent offshoring and outsourcing trends is the emergence of new geographic knowledge services clusters. In general, business clusters can be defined as geographic concentrations of firms and institutions related to particular industries or fields.

In the offshoring space, a new type of cluster is emerging, quite different from [Silicon Valley], which often serves as a prototype of an industry cluster.

These new types of clusters are highly dependent on foreign investment and are characterized by the supply of specialized talent and expertise that is demanded across industries. One key example of such a cluster is Bangalore for IT-related services and software programmers who have developed specialized service capabilities, which are in demand worldwide in several different industries, including manufacturing, financial and professional services.

Recent studies further indicate that these clusters increasingly show similar institutional features across the world, such as collaborative agreements between foreign firms and local universities, which are a result of local embedding and sourcing strategies of multinational enterprises across locations.

The ORN research team has started to conduct survey- and case study-based research to better understand the development of these clusters. A very recent project, for example, seeks to investigate the emergence of new IT and software development clusters in Latin America which attract foreign investors from Spain and the U.S. in particular.

A longer-term project involves the identification of knowledge service clusters around the world, using a longitudinal study of location choices and the delivery of offshore services from particular locations. Other scholars have also looked into the emergence of offshore destinations, in particular in India, and the factors contributing to the selection of locations by investors.

New global organizational capabilities

One key proposition raised by the ORN research team is that offshoring is an intermediary step to evolving new global organizational capabilities rather than an end in itself.

In general, organizational capabilities denote the ability of organizations – in this case firms – to deploy and use resources in a way that help them survive in a changing, competitive environment. As companies face various challenges related to offshoring, for example the challenge of attracting and retaining talent, or of losing managerial control and process knowledge, they are forced to develop new capabilities that help them manage offshore operations and that fundamentally transform their internal processes.

Academic research

Research papers based on ORN data have been presented at major academic conferences in the field of management and international business research, in particular at annual meetings of the Academy of Management, the Academy of International Business, and the European Group for Organizational Studies. ORN research papers have been or will be published in a number of major journals in this field, including Long Range Planning, Academy of Management Perspectives, Journal of International Business Studies, and Harvard Business Review.

See also

Business process outsourcing
Farmshoring
Global sourcing
Globalization
Information technology outsourcing
Knowledge process outsourcing
Legal process outsourcing
Offshore outsourcing
Offshoring
Outsourcing
Recruitment process outsourcing
Shared services
Supply chain management

References

External links
Offshoring Research Network (ORN) homepage
ORN Group on XING
International Association of Outsourcing Professionals
The Conference Board
ORN Group on LinkedIN
CIBERweb: Information about CIBERs

Duke University
Research and development organizations
Offshoring
Outsourcing
International business organizations


Events in the year 1871 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles IV

Events

Arts and literature

Notable births

27 January – Bodil Katharine Biørn, missionary known as Mother Katharine (died 1960)
1 February – Helmer Hermandsen, rifle shooter and Olympic silver medallist (died 1958)
26 March – Karl Haagensen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1918)
1 April – F. Melius Christiansen, violinist and choral conductor (died 1955)
24 May – Henry Larssen, judge.
26 June – Johan Anker, sailor, yacht designer and double Olympic gold medallist (died 1940)
22 July – Jon Skeie, jurist (died 1951).
20 September – Jonas Pedersen, politician (died 1953)
11 October – Johan Oscar Smith,  Christian leader, founder of the Brunstad Christian Church (died 1943)
22 November – Hans Clarin Hovind Mustad, businessperson (died 1948)
24 December – Vilhelm Krag, author (died 1933)

Full date unknown
Agnar Johannes Barth, forester (died 1948)
Haakon Hauan, politician and Minister (died 1961)
Gabriel Kielland, architect, painter and designer (died 1960)
Odd Sverressøn Klingenberg, politician and Minister (died 1944)
Magnus Nilssen, politician and Minister (died 1947)

Notable deaths

4 June – Frederik Holst, medical doctor (born 1791).
3 July – Carl Andreas Fougstad, politician (born 1806)
22 October – Claus Winter Hjelm, judge (born 1797)

See also

References


The Region of León, Leonese region or Leonese Country (Leonese: País Llionés,  and ) is a historic territory defined by the 1833 Spanish administrative organisation. The Leonese region encompassed the provinces of Salamanca, Zamora, and León, now part of the modern Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León. As is the case with other historical regions, and continuing with centuries of history, the inhabitants of the Leonese region are still called Leonese. Even today, according with official autonomous government, the historical territorial adjective is used in addition with the modern annexed territory, the rest of Old Castile, being "Castilians and Leonese".

In 1983 the provincial government of León supported autonomy for the province of León, as did municipalities such as León and Ponferrada, the biggest cities in León, but this proposal was rejected by the Tribunal Constitucional (Constitutional Court of Spain).
The idea of constituting the Leonese Region as an autonomous community within Spain has been promoted by a number of Spanish regional political parties such as Partido Regionalista del País Leonés, Grupo Autonómico Leonés, Unión del Pueblo Leonés and Unión del Pueblo Salmantino. This movement receives the name of Leonesism.

Leonese history
Until 1833, the formerly independent Kingdom of León, situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula, retained the status of a kingdom although dynastic union had brought it into the Crown of Castile. The Kingdom of León was founded in 910 A.D. when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their main seat from Oviedo to the city of León. The Atlantic provinces became the Kingdom of Portugal in 1139, and the eastern, inland part of the kingdom was joined dynastically to the Kingdom of Castile first in 1037–1065, again 1077–1109 and 1126–1157, 1230–1296 and from 1301 onward (see Castile and León § Historic union of the Kingdoms of Castile and León). León retained the status of a kingdom until 1833, being replaced by Adelantamientos Mayores, where the Leonese Adelantamiento consisted of the territories between the Picos de Europa and the Duero river.

Historical background

The Leonese lands have been inhabited since the Upper Paleolithic. There is evidence of human presence in the north of the province of Leon, mainly in Laciana and Valdeón. From the Lower Paleolithic, there is evidence of human presence near Salamanca.

The Epipaleolithic has yielded good archeological resources in the Leonese part of the Cantabrian Mountains.

Megalithic remains in the province of Zamora and in the Maragatería may be 5000 years old.

The Celts were the first major human group that came to the Leonese Region. They came from Central Europe through a series of invasions, beginning in 700 BC and ending by 500 BC.

Celts were characterized as warlike, nature-loving, individualistic, and attached to legends and story-telling. They mingled with the existing inhabitants of Leon, giving rise to a mixed culture. This Celtic origin is said to remain in certain cultural aspects today.

Their social leadership included military chiefs as well as druids or religious chiefs. The Celts' livelihood was based on fishing, farming, cattle-raising, and hunting. They lived in castros that were built in a circular form. Each family had a palloza and a little piece of land. They are thought to have worshipped their gods in the forests.

Celtic tribes that arrived in the Leonese Region were:

 Astures
 Cantabri
 Gallaeci
 Vaccaei
 Vettones

Wars with Rome
To complete its conquest of Iberian Peninsula, Rome had to conquer the territories in the north that were still free. Galba's forces campaigned in the area, carrying out a massacre in Ocellum (Zamora) in 150 BCE. They fought against Viriathus, who won several battles against the Roman army by uniting Vettones and Lusitanians.

Viriathus was assassinated by Celtiberians paid by Rome. In this way, divisions among the Celts helped Rome to conquer all the territory. The Cantabri were the next people to lost its independence. Arreno, their leader, was crucified. Then Rome went north, conquering Lancia (this brought an end to the 20-year battle of the Esla).

Germanic invasions
The first Germanic invasions took place in the 5th century by:

 Suebi: From Central Europe, probably from Poland. They were very individualistic and they had a strong attachment to the land. They stayed a century and a half in the Leonese Region.
 Alans didn't come to the Leonese Region.
 Vandals were forced by Goths to migrate from Southern Poland to the South of Iberia. After that, they invaded almost all Iberian Peninsula but they were eventually thrown out of the Iberian Peninsula.
 Visigoths: They had the Code of Euric, the legal base of Leonese medieval laws.

Muslim conquest
When Moors arrived to the Iberian Peninsula, they defeated Don Rodrigo in the Battle of Guadalete.

Muza conquered Salamanca in 712. His forces met with no resistance; only the towns of Benavente and Veldeiras did they clash with opposition.

Kingdom of León

The Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in 910 AD when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their main seat from Oviedo to the city of León. The Atlantic provinces became the Kingdom of Portugal in 1139, and the eastern, inland part of the kingdom was joined to the Kingdom of Castile by 1230.

In 1188 the Kingdom of León developed the Cortes of León, one of the earliest Parliaments in Europe, and in 1202 asserted its fiscal authority for the first time.

Spain (1833-present)

Leonese Region (1833-1983)
A decree in November 1833, his secretary of state for Works, Javier de Burgos, created a centralized state, divided into 49 provinces. The provinces were named after their capitals (except four of them, who kept their former names: Navarra, capital Pamplona, Vitoria Álava, Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya in San Sebastian and Bilbao). The project is almost the same as in 1822, but without the provinces of Calatayud, Xàtiva, Bierzo and in addition, other provinces have changed their name to the change of capital.

The provinces are nominally ascribed to historical regions, which lacked any competition or common bodies grouped provinces, having a qualifier character, without pretensions of administrative operation. In the region of Leon are ascribed the provinces of León, Salamanca and Zamora. This reform implemented in 1833 has remained virtually unchanged (at provincial level) to the present.

In some periods of the 19th and 20th centuries, the region is ascribed to the provinces of León Palencia and Valladolid (from the Royal Decree of 30 November 1855). Valladolid and Palencia be ascribed to the region of Leon Franco until the early 1960s that are considered again in Old Castile.

Castile and Leon (1983-present)
In June 1978, Castilla and   Leon won the autonomic system (the end of 1977 it had obtained Catalonia) by   Royal Decree Law 20/1978 of 13 June.

In the time of the First Republic (1873–1874), the federal republicans conceived the project of creating a single federal state of eleven provinces in the Spanish Douro   Valley, which also would have understood the provinces of Santander and Logroño.   A few years earlier, in 1869,   Republicans in the provinces that are part of the autonomous Federal Pact   signed the Castilian, which already envisaged the creation of the federal   state of Old Castile, but the provinces of Castile and the present community   and the Cantabria and La Rioja. The End of   the Republic, in early 1874, had blasted the initiative.

In 1921, marking the fourth centenary of the Battle of Villalar, the city of Santander advocated the creation of a pool of eleven provinces of Castile and León. This idea would be kept in later years.

In late 1931 and early   1932, from León, Eugenio Merino drafted a text which laid the foundations for a castellanoleonés regionalism. The text was published in the Diario de León.

During the Second   Republic, especially in 1936, there was a big regional enabling activity to a   region of eleven provinces, and even came to develop a basis for autonomous   status. El Diario de Leon called for the formalization of this   initiative and the establishment of an autonomous region with the words   "unite in a personality to Leon   and Old Castile around the great basin of the Duero,   without falling now in simple village rivalries. Eventually the civil war ended   with the aspirations of autonomy for the region.

After the death of   Franco, emerged regional organizations, regional and national   regionalism as castellanoleonés Regional Alliance of Castile and León (1975),   Regional Institute of Castilla y Leon (1976) or Pancal (1977). Later after the end of the   training began in 1993 regional unit of Castile   and León.

Parallel other character   emerged as the Autonomist Leonese Group (1978) or PREPAL (1980), who   advocated the creation of an Autonomous Community of León, comprising the   provinces of León, Salamanca and Zamora. The popular and political   support he held in León province in autonomy became very important in that   city. Following the entry into   operation of autonomic castellanoleonés body, whose creation was facilitated   by the Leon County Council of their agreement of 16 April 1980, the same   institution Leon   revoked on January 13, 1983, its original agreement, just as the draft Orgánca Law entered the   Spanish parliament. The existence of contradictory   agreements valid and what was resolved by the Constitutional Court in the   Case 89/1984 of 28 September on the merits of law 5, which reads as   follows:

In accordance with art. 143.2 of the Spanish   Constitution, the common rule in the art and application in this case, "the   initiative for the autonomy process corresponds to all the Provincial   Councils concerned or with the corresponding inter-body and two-thirds of the   municipalities whose population represents at least the majority of the electorate in   each province or island. " This means very clearly   attributed to the Provincial Government and the Municipalities, the latter in   the amount shown above, the power to promote the establishment of the   province or autonomous region to establish such a Community with other provinces also express a   desire consistent. This is precisely what they   did in April 1980 a   sufficient majority of municipalities of Leon and the same county council.

and continues

However, such momentum   that is necessary, unless exceptional scenario indicated "not mean to be   continued in future and that, as contended by the appellants, the revocation   of the agreement from the County, or sufficient number of municipalities, has   to assume that the province concerned have to be considered excluded from the   Autonomous Community in question. The Provincial Councils and   drive a process, but do not have it, for the double reason that the impulse   produced legitimately, are other subjects other processing assets and also   the object of the activity that unfolds in this: according to the Art. An assembly of 146 members of   the Provincial Councils of the affected provinces and by the Representatives   and Senators elected in them, prepare a draft statute that will be elevated   to Parliament for its enactment into law, the subject of process is not   integrated and, as swing phase in its   preliminary, the County Councils and Municipalities, but a new body that is   born because it has already expressed a desire to express driving and now the   whole territory, and this will already have a different object, the future legal regime of the   territory it has expressed its desire to become autonomous community through   acts of initiative that have already exhausted their effects. With the agreements adopted in   this regard is therefore produces an impulse of the formation of the   autonomous region, impulse without which it could not be constituted or might not cover missing in the province, unless the General Courts avail themselves of the power   granted by Art. 144 C)   of the Constitution.

To coincide with that ruling, Leon came in various forms, some numbers, in favor of Leon single option, which some sources brought together a number close to 90,000   attendees, this being the largest rally in the city Democracy until after March 11. In a resolution adopted on 31 July 1981, the   Diputación Provincial de Segovia decides to exercise the initiative that Segovia could form   autonomous province but in the municipalities of the province's status was   matched between the supporters of autonomy one province or the rest Castilla y Leon. The City Council initially   Cuellar joined this initiative autonomic resolution adopted by the   corporation on 5 October 1981. Yet another resolution adopted   by the same corporation, dated December 3, reversed the previous year and the   process was halted pending the processing of an appeal by the county council   against this agreement this change of City Council Cuellar tipped the balance in   the province towards independence with the rest of Castile and León, but was   an agreement reached late.

Finally Segovia province joins the region of Castile and León along with the other eight provinces and   is given legal cover by the Organic Law 5 / 1983 for "reasons of   national interest", as required by Article 144 c) Spanish Constitution for the   provinces who have not exercised their right time.

Geography
At present, León is composed of the provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca, is now part of the autonomous community of Castile and León within the modern Kingdom of Spain.

Political parties representing Leonesism, the Leonese regionalist and nationalist movements, support the creation of an autonomous community separate from Castile. Leonesist parties gained 13.6% of votes cast in the León autonomic elections in 2007. There have also been initiatives approved by some Leonese city councils to establish a NUTS-2 (European Statistical Region) for León.

Some nationalists have called for an independent country that would also encompass territories such as the Portuguese District of Braganza as well as others in Spain, like Valdeorras (Galicia) and other parts of the provinces of Cantabria and Castile.

Comarcas

Comarcas of the province of León

 Alfoz de León
 El Bierzo
 Comarca de La Cabrera
 Comarca de Luna
 Comarca de Sahagún
 Esla-Campos
 La Cepeda
 La Sobarriba
 La Tercia del Camino
 Laciana
 Maragatería
 Montaña Occidental
 Montaña Oriental
 Omaña
 Páramo Leonés
 Tierra de Astorga
 Tierra de Campos
 Tierra de León
 La Valdería

Comarcas of the province of Salamanca

 Campo de Salamanca
 Comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo
 Comarca de Guijuelo
 Comarca de Vitigudino
 La Armuña
 Las Villas
 Sierra de Béjar
 Sierra de Francia
 Tierra de Alba
 Tierra de Ledesma
 Tierra de Peñaranda

Comarcas of the province of Zamora

Alfoz de Toro
Aliste
Benavente y Los Valles
La Carballeda
La Guareña
Sanabria
Sayago
Tierra de Alba
Tierra de Campos
Tierra de Tábara
Tierra del Pan
Tierra del Vino

Language
The Leonese language is recognised by the Statute of Autonomy of the present-day autonomous community of Castile and León. The Provincial Government of León signed accords with language associations to promote Leonese. Leonese is taught in sixteen schools of León city and to adults in Mansilla de las Mulas, La Bañeza, Valencia de Don Juan, and Ponferrada. The City Council of León promotes the language by publishing some of their announcements in Leonese.

Spanish is the dominant language spoken throughout the territory, while Galician is spoken in the occidental part of El Bierzo.

Demographics
In January 2005 the population of the Leonese Region was distributed by provinces as follows: Leon, 497,387; Salamanca, 351,326; and Zamora, 197,237.

It is sparsely populated and demographically declining, especially in rural areas and even in small traditional towns. The demographic characteristics of the area show an aging population with a low birth rate and a mortality that approaches the national average.

Many of the people of the territory, who were devoted mainly to agriculture and livestock, were steadily abandoning the area, heading for urban areas, far better off. This situation was further aggravated by the end of civil war, with increasing rural migration. During the 1960s and 1980s, large urban centers and provincial capitals experienced a slight population increase due to an exhaustive process of urbanization, but despite this, the area continues to suffer severe Leon depopulation.

The phenomenon is also reflected in the number of municipalities with fewer than 100 inhabitants, which increased sevenfold between 1960 and 1986. Outside the provincial capital, notable for its population and cities such as San Andrés of Ponferrada in León, Rabanedo and Bejar in Salamanca.

There are two cities with over 100,000 inhabitants, namely Salamanca (pop. 159,754) and Leon (pop. 135,059).

Economy

Primary sector
Fields of the Leonese Region are arid and dry but very fertile, they dominate in dry farming. Even so, irrigation has become increasingly important in areas of the valleys of the Douro, the Pisuerga and Tormes. The most fertile area coincides with the Leon Valley Esla, Leon, and Tierra de Campos, a region lying between Zamora, Valladolid, Palencia and León.

The major wine areas in the region are DOs Toro, D.O. Bierzo, D.O. Arribes D.O. Tierras de León. In the province of Leon also plant maize, hops and legumes.

Leonese Region has about 42,100 agricultural assets.
By provinces, the agricultural working population in Leon working in about 18,300 people, about 9,200 in Salamanca and Zamora about 14,600 people.

Livestock accounts for a significant part of the final agricultural production.

Thus, small livestock farms tend to disappear, largely as a result of rural depopulation and loss of manpower. Nomadic pastoralism remains in some areas, large flocks, mainly of sheep, they travel hundreds of miles each year from the flat land to pasture land of mountains as in the Bierzo, Leon Cantabrian valleys. It is increasingly hard work with less manpower, having previously established a testimony of the first importance on the history and cultural roots of the town of Leon.

Secondary sector

The main industrial centers are: Leon (4521) and Ponferrada (4270).
Other industries include textiles in Béjar, the sugar factory in Leon, Toro and Benavente, Leon and the pharmaceutical and steel metallurgy in Ponferrada.

In the Leonese Region, mining became important in Roman times, when it drew a road, route de la Plata, to transport the mined gold deposits in the marrow, in the Bierzo region of Leon, the route Asturica assumed Augusta (Astorga) to Emerita Augusta (Mérida) and Hispalis (Sevilla).
Centuries later, after the Spanish civil war, mining was one of the factors contributing to economic development in the region. However, the production of iron, tin and tungsten declined dramatically since the 1970s, while the anthracite coal mines and were maintained by domestic demand of coal for power stations. The economic restructuring that affected mining areas Leon during the 1980s and 1990s led to the closure of numerous mines, social impoverishment, with a sharp increase in unemployment and the start of a new migration to other Spanish regions.

Tertiary sector

Throughout the 1990s increased the influx of tourists to the Leonese Region, driven mainly by the historical and cultural value of their cities and also by the natural beauty and landscape of its various regions. The World Heritage city of Salamanca and the road to Santiago which passes through the province of Leon are the great pillars of cultural tourism in the Leonese Region.

Domestic trade in the Leonese Region focuses on the food industry, automotive, fabric and footwear. For foreign trade, by region, are exported mainly manufactures steel bars and slate in Leon, Salamanca beef and meat goat and sheep, along with wine, Zamora.

See also
 Kingdom of León
 Leonese people
 Leonese language
 Autonomous communities of Spain
 Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
 Province of Salamanca
 Province of Zamora
 Province of León

References

External links
 The Official Tourism Website of the Province of Salamanca
 Salamanca Provincial Government
 City Council
 The Official Tourism Website of the Province of Zamora
 Zamora Provincial Government
 City Council
 The Official Tourism Website of the Province of Leon
 Leon Provincial Government
 Leon City Council

Historical regions in Spain
Castile and León
Region of León


Manaranjan fort is one of the two hill forts that constitute the Rajmachi fortification, the other being Shrivardhan Fort. It is located in Rajmachi village which 8.5 km from Lonavala in the Sahyadris mountain range. Manaranjan fort is 2700 feet high which makes it lower than the neighbouring Shreevardhan fort. It has three gates and large ramparts. From here Karnala fort can be seen. There are some water tanks at the summit.

References

Forts in Pune district


The Hannut Formation (; ; abbreviation: Hn) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of northern Belgium. The formation consists of marine clay and silt, alternating with more sandy layers. On top of this the lithology changes to limestone, siltstone and sandstone and the top of the formation is formed by a layer of glauconite bearing sand. The Hannut Formation was formed during the early to middle Thanetian age (Late Paleocene, about 57 million years ago).

The formation is named after the town of Hannut in the province of Liège.

Lithologies
The Hannut Formation can be about 100 meters thick in the Campine Basin and about 55 meters thick in the Mons Basin. In between these two basins the thickness varies between 40 and 20 meters. The formation is subdivided into five members:
The Chercq Member, tuffite, clay and glauconite bearing sand layers. This member is most distinctively recognizable in the province of Hainaut;
The Lincent Member, a locally lithified, predominantly clayey layer. It occurs in and around the Hesbaye region;
The Halen Member, clayey silt and silty sand;
The Waterschei Member, calcareous clay and silty clay. It occurs in the northeast of Belgium;
The Grandglise Member, the upper glauconiferous sand. It is almost always present.

Stratigraphic relations
In Belgian lithostratigraphy the Hannut Formation is one of the two formations of the Landen Group. The other formation is the younger Tienen Formation (continental and lagoonal sands and clays from the late Thanetian age), which is normally found on top of the Hannut Formation. In the northern and eastern parts of Flanders the Hannut Formation lies stratigraphically on top of the Heers Formation (middle Paleocene sands and marls).

The Hannut Formation correlates with parts of the Landen Formation in the Netherlands.

References
 (eds.); 2001: Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigraphic units (Belgium), Geologica Belgica 4(1-2), p. 135-152

Geologic formations of Belgium
Paleocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Belgium
Thanetian Stage
Hannut


The Sandvika Tunnel () is the name of a road tunnel that runs through the hill Sandviksåsen east of Sandvika in Norway. It forms a part of the Norwegian National Road 164, and near its northern entrance lies Sandvika Station. It was opened in 1991.

References

Tunnels in Bærum
Road tunnels in Viken
Tunnels completed in 1991
1991 establishments in Norway


Shaemas O'Sheel (September 19, 1886 – April 2, 1954) was an Irish American poet and critic. Born James Shields, he changed his name to an anglicized spelling of its Irish version soon after high school. He worked briefly for the United States Senate (1913-1916), held jobs with various newspapers, and did publicity and advertising work. Although third-generation Irish American and never visiting Ireland, he was active in the Irish independence movement. He was, in his own words, "a very ardent communist and a staunch supporter of the Soviet Union".  However, because he disagreed with Soviet foreign policy, many communist publications (such as New Masses) refused to publish his work.

As a member of the League of American Writers, O'Sheel served on its Keep America Out of War Committee in January 1940 during the period of the Hitler-Stalin pact.

Publications
O'Sheel's published poetry collections include The Blossomy Bough (1912) and The Light Feet of Goats (1915). Louis Untermeyer characterized O'Sheel's poetry as possessing "mysticism and a muffled heroism". O'Sheel's work also appeared in the New York Times, the New York Times Book Review, Harper's, and other national publications.

References

Works

  (Introductory Essay by O'Sheel: "On With the Dance.")

  (Additional chapters prepared from Mr. Hale's notes by Shaemas O'Sheel.)

American people of Irish descent
1886 births
1954 deaths
Poets from New York City
American communists
20th-century American poets
American male poets
20th-century American male writers


Libertas.cz is a eurosceptic party in the Czech Republic that was founded in 2009 by the former media entrepreneur and MEP Vladimír Železný. After some controversies it became an associate of Declan Ganley's pan-European alliance Libertas.eu.

History
After comprehensive negotiations with president Václav Klaus and other leading Czech eurosceptics, Ganley's attempts to bring about a Czech branch of Libertas.eu remained unsuccessful. The newly founded Party of Free Citizens, which was endorsed by Klaus, unexpectedly refused to cooperate with Ganley's pan-European alliance, leaving the name Libertas unclaimed in the Czech Republic.

This enabled the former media mogul Vladimír Železný, a eurosceptic Member of the European Parliament to register a party under exactly the designated name by January 21, 2009. It remained unclear whether the registration had been accomplished in some way on behalf of the European Libertas.eu or without any consent.

Supporters of Železný's Libertas.cz included Jana Bobošíková and Vlastimil Tlustý but not Declan Ganley and his followers, who promptly disavowed the party. However, after Václav Klaus intervened, two MPs, Vlastimil Tlustý and Jan Schwippel, changed sides, leaving ODS and joining Železný's Libertas.cz. This led the European Libertas.eu to a volte-face, now claiming Železný's Libertas.cz an affiliate.

2009 European Parliament elections

The list fielded by Libertas.cz in the 2009 European Parliament elections contained the following 29 candidates:

The list contained the nineteen candidates from Železný's other party (Nezávislí demokraté), six independents (including Jan Schwippel, now disavowed ODS), one ODS (Vlastimil Tlustý), and three other candidates.

The number of candidates elected was zero.

See also
 Treaty of Lisbon

External links
Official site
Vlastimil Tlustý - Libertas Ceska on YouTube.

References

Eurosceptic parties in the Czech Republic
Political parties established in 2009
Conservative parties in the Czech Republic
Libertas.eu
2009 establishments in the Czech Republic


Exercise-induced collapse (EIC) is a genetic disorder that causes dogs of certain breeds to collapse after a period of intense exercise. The breeds affected are primarily sporting dogs (retrievers, spaniels).

Description

Exercise-induced collapse (EIC) is a genetic disorder, mainly found in Labrador Retrievers, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers , Curly Coated Retrievers,  and Boykin Spaniels. The genetic mutation has also been seen in a few cases in Cocker spaniels, German wire-haired pointers, Old English Sheepdogs, Bouvier des Flandres, Pembroke Welsh Corgis and Clumber Spaniels. Signs are most likely to first become apparent in young dogs when they enter heavy training, which is usually between 5 months and 1 year of age. Dogs of either sex can be affected. Dogs with this condition are always normal at rest and are described as being extremely fit, prime athletic specimens of their breed.

Dogs affected with this have no problem with regular exercise. The collapse occurs only with very strenuous exercise such as retrieving or participating in trials. Added excitement coincidental with the heavy exercise is more likely to bring on the collapse.   Not all dogs with the disorder have an episode each time they exercise.  It appears that the condition is more likely to occur with warmer temperatures. The lives of dogs with EIC are normal if extreme exercise is avoided.

Symptoms and diagnosis
During collapse the dog’s hind legs become weak until they are no longer able to support the dog’s weight.  In the most extreme cases the dog’s front legs also go weak and the dog collapses, its leg muscles loose. [3]  The episode generally lasts no more than 15 minutes over which time the dog returns to normal. The dog does not appear to be in pain during the collapse.

Physiological systems (nervous system, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems)  all appear normal in these dogs, as is a blood analysis both apart from and during an episode of collapse. Although tests have revealed elevated body temperature during collapse (average 107.1F (41.7C), many up to 108F (42.2C)), these temperatures are no different to those in normal dogs who have undertaken the same level of exercise.

Research
Research into the condition has been done at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan, the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Minnesota, and the Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory at the School of Medicine of the University of California. The cause has been identified as a mutation is in the gene for dynamin-1 (DNM1). This gene is a protein that plays a key role in repackaging synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters. The action of DNM1 is only triggered with a high level of sustained exercise when it is needed for synaptic transmission in the brain and spinal cord.

The gene is recessive and for the dog to exhibit the exercise-induced collapse it must have two copies of the gene.[4] Nearly 40% of all Labrador retrievers that were tested for the gene between 2008 and 2017 were carriers, meaning they had one copy of the mutation.  Approximately 6% had two copies of the gene and therefore had the potential to exhibit the collapse during exercise. There has been widespread testing and selective breeding in the years since the test for EIC was developed which has led to a decline in EIC in Labrador retrievers.

Testing

Through grants from the AKC CHF a patented DNA test was developed by the University of MN. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals provides a public database for those dogs that are DNA tested.

Other collapse disorders

The UMN VBS Genetics Lab is also investigating cases of "atypical collapse" and also "Border Collie Collapse" where the dog is a carrier or clear of the disease on the DNA test, but continues to exhibit signs of the EIC disease.

References

Dog diseases
Exercise physiology


Huo Hsing Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis Major quadrangle of Mars at 30.5° north latitude and 293.4° west longitude.  It is about 318 km long and was named after the word for "Mars" in Chinese.

Dikes
Some crater floors in the Syrtis Major area show elongated ridges in a lattice-like pattern.  Such patterns are typical of faults and breccia dikes formed as a result of an impact.  The ridges are found where there has been enhanced erosion.   Pictures on this page show examples of these dikes.  Water may flow along faults.  The water often carries minerals that serve to cement rock materials thus making them harder.  Later when the whole area undergoes erosion the dikes will remain as ridges because they are more resistant to erosion.  This discovery may be of great importance for future colonization of Mars because these types of faults and breccia dikes on earth are associated with key mineral resources.  Perhaps, when people live on Mars these areas will be mined as they are on earth.
  These ridges may belong to a class of structures that have been called linear ridge networks.  There exact origin is unknown at present.

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Syrtis Major quadrangle


Llavares is a parish in Santo Adriano, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The elevation is  above sea level. It is  in size. The population is 39 (2006). The postal code is 33115.

The Asturian people of this parish live in two villages:
 Cuatumonteros
 Llavares

Fiesta days include:
 "Feast of Flowers", the last Sunday of May
 San Antonio, 13 June

References

External links
 Asturian society of economic and industrial studies, English language version of "Sociedad Asturiana de Estudios Económicos e Industriales" (SADEI)

Parishes in Santo Adriano


Campion College, Gisborne is a Catholic, State-integrated, co-educational college located in Gisborne,  New Zealand including students from Year 7 to Year 13. The college received its name from its patron saint, St Edmund Campion whose feast day is 1 December. Religious Education is provided for all classes.

History
The origins of the school lie in two former single-sex colleges which operated in Gisborne: Saint Edmund Campion College, founded by the Marist Brothers for boys, and St Mary's College, founded by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart for girls.  In 1960, the Marist Brothers transferred the boys' school to the site presently occupied by Campion College.

In 1974, the boys' and girls' schools were merged into one on the site of Edmund Campion College. In 1976, the administration as a co-educational College from Year 9-13 was set in place and the name changed to Campion College. In 1982, Campion College entered the State education system as an integrated school when an integration agreement under the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 was signed by the school's proprietor and the Minister of Education. In 2005, following the addition of the Hato Maria block to the grounds of Campion, year 7 and 8 students from St Mary's Primary School joined the college. Campion now caters to students from years 7 to 13.

Sports
Although the college focuses mainly on academic pursuits, sports are an important aspect of college life. Campion specialises in sports such as volleyball, basketball, cricket, hockey, and football (soccer).

Alumni

 James Broadhurst (born 1987) - former professional rugby union  player; member of the All Blacks.
 Michael Broadhurst (born 1986) - professional rugby player for the Ricoh Black Rams in the Top League and the Japan national rugby union team.
 Stephen Parke (born 1950), PhD (in Theoretical Particle Physics) (1980) (Harvard), physicist (Edmund Campion College).
 David Garrett (born 1957) - lawyer and former member of Parliament.
 Tayler Reid (born 1996) - triathlete; represented NZ at the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast.

Notes

References

Educational institutions established in 1974
Marist Brothers schools
Schools in Gisborne, New Zealand
Catholic secondary schools in New Zealand
1974 establishments in New Zealand


Ireland national hockey team may refer to:

 Ireland men's national field hockey team
 Ireland women's national field hockey team
 Ireland men's national ice hockey team
 Ireland women's national ice hockey team


Édith Lucie Bongo Ondimba (March 10, 1964 – March 14, 2009) was the First Lady of Gabon as the wife of President Omar Bongo from 1989 to 2009.

Biography
Édith Lucie Bongo Ondimba was born March 10, 1964. Her father was Denis Sassou Nguesso, who later served as the President of the Republic of the Congo (1979–1992 and 1997 to date). Her marriage to President Bongo on August 4, 1989, was viewed politically as an example of cooperation between the two countries, according to Reuters.

She was a medical doctor by education, a pediatrician, with HIV/AIDS as one of her main focuses. She helped create a forum for African first ladies to fight AIDS and founded associations for vulnerable children and people with disabilities.

Later life and death
In 2009, she was hospitalized in Rabat, Morocco. On March 14, 2009, she died at the hospital, four days after her 45th birthday. The statement announcing her death specified neither the cause of death nor the nature of her illness. She had not appeared in public for around three years preceding her death. After the state funeral in Libreville, Gabon, Édith Bongo's remains were taken to Edu, her father's home village in northern Congo for a traditional Mbochi tribal burial in the family cemetery there on March 20, 2009. The burial, nationally televised in Gabon and Congo, was attended by Presidents Bongo, Sassou Nguesso, and by the presidents of Benin, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Togo.

Following her death, it was announced on Gabonese television on 6 May 2009 that Omar Bongo was "temporarily suspending his activities" as President in order to "regain strength and rest". The announcement stressed that Bongo had been deeply affected by the illness and death of his wife. President Bongo died a month later on 8 June 2009, nearly three months after Edith's death, at a clinic in Barcelona, Spain.

References

1964 births
2009 deaths
Gabonese women physicians
First ladies and gentlemen of Gabon
Gabonese people of Republic of the Congo descent
Republic of the Congo women physicians
Children of presidents
Gabonese pediatricians
21st-century Gabonese people
Bongo family


The Løkkeås Tunnel () is a road tunnel that runs under Løkkeåsen in Sandvika, Norway. It is a part of a Norwegian National Road 164 spur running from Engervannet north to join the main road. It is approximately 190 metres long.

References

Proposed tunnels in Norway
Road tunnels in Viken
Tunnels in Bærum


Claremont was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1901 to 1968.

Located in the affluent western suburbs of Perth, it was a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessor parties. At its abolition it included Claremont, Mount Claremont, Swanbourne and the western part of Dalkeith.

It was abolished at the 1968 state election, with its area mostly transferring to Nedlands, and smaller parts to Electoral district of Cottesloe and the new district of Floreat.

Claremont's most notable member was Charles North, who served as Speaker from 1947 until 1953 during the McLarty–Watts Ministry.

Members for Claremont

Election results

Claremont
1901 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1901
1968 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1968


The Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse is a lighthouse located on the headland of Cape Leeuwin,  the most south-westerly point on the mainland of the Australian Continent, in the state of Western Australia.

Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse was constructed by a company led by M. C. Davies, with George Temple Poole supervising the construction of the light and designing the keepers' quarters. The light tower which is built of local stone was originally designed to show two lights – a higher white light and a lower red light. Although the foundations were completed, the lower light was never installed. It was opened with great ceremony in 1895 by John Forrest, the Premier of Western Australia. Until June 1982 the lens was rotated by a counter weight driving clockwork mechanism, and the beacon was a pressure kerosene mantle type. A radio navigation beacon was commissioned in 1955 and operated until 1992. The lighthouse was automated in 1982. The lighthouse, besides being a navigational aid, serves as an important automatic weather station.  The lighthouse's buildings and grounds are now vested in the local tourism body and the single (1960s) and double (1980s) communications towers that were north-west of the lighthouse, seen in older photographs of Cape Leeuwin, have been removed.

The nearest functioning lighthouse north of Cape Leeuwin is the much smaller Cape Hamelin lighthouse, just south of the Hamelin Bay camping area.

The young Felix von Luckner, later a German World War I war hero, noted for his long voyage on the Seeadler during which he captured 14 enemy ships, was briefly assistant lighthouse keeper. He abandoned the job when discovered with his hotel-keeper's daughter by her father.

International Lighthouse Day was celebrated at Cape Leeuwin lighthouse for the first time in 2004. The climb to the viewing deck consists of 176 steps.

Picture gallery

See also

 List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Australia
 Cape Leeuwin water wheel

References

External links

 Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse tour information
 - List of WA lighthouses - check link to Cape Leeuwin

Lighthouses completed in 1895
Lighthouses in Western Australia
Museums in Western Australia
Lighthouse museums in Australia
1895 establishments in Australia
Commonwealth Heritage List places in Western Australia
Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia
Heritage-listed lighthouses in Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River