Nicholas Comper (29 April 1897 – 17 June 1939) was an English aviator and aircraft designer, whose most notable success was the 1930s Comper Swift monoplane racer.

Early life
Nicholas Comper was born in Lambeth, London, England, the son of church architect Sir John Ninian Comper. After leaving Dulwich College, he joined the Aircraft Manufacturing Company (Airco) as an apprentice. He left the company in 1915 to join the Royal Flying Corps, and was trained to fly at Castle Bromwich Aerodrome. He joined No. 9 Squadron RFC, and was posted to Morlancourt in France, flying B.E.2c aircraft on reconnaissance missions.

After World War I, Comper stayed in what was then the Royal Air Force, and in 1920 he studied aerodynamics at Jesus College, Cambridge. He spent time with RAE Farnborough, and in October 1922 he was posted to RAF Cranwell to train engineering officers. One of his pupils was Frank Whittle, the jet engine pioneer.

In 1923, Comper and some of his pupils and other members of staff formed the Cranwell Light Aeroplane Club. The Club went on to build four aircraft designed by Comper, named Cranwell C.L.A.2, C.L.A.3, and two examples of the C.L.A.4A. In late 1926 he was posted to the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) Felixstowe to work on flying boats and seaplanes. In March 1929, having reached the rank of Flight Lieutenant, he resigned his commission to pursue aircraft design ambitions.

Civilian life
In April 1929, he formed the Comper Aircraft Company Ltd, based at Hooton Park Aerodrome near Ellesmere Port in Cheshire. His first design to be built at Hooton was his most successful, the Comper Swift, a single-seat sporting monoplane. In March 1933, the company moved to Heston Aerodrome near London. The company ceased trading in August 1934.

In August 1934, Comper joined with Francis R Walker to form a design consultancy named Comper and Walker Ltd, based in central London. He worked on airliner projects he called Dominion and Commerce. In December 1936, he renamed the company Comper Aeroplanes Limited, to develop those concepts. In 1938, working from his home in Walton-on-Thames, Comper designed a new training aircraft named the Comper Scamp. The single-seat trial version named the CF.1 Fly was built by students at the Chelsea College of Aeronautical Engineering at Brooklands Aerodrome.

On 17 June 1939, in Hythe, Kent, Comper was fatally injured in unusual circumstances. He had been a practical joker, and after he was stopped lighting fireworks in a public house, he went outside. As he bent down to light the firework, a passer-by enquired what he was doing, his reply was that he was an IRA man and was going to blow up the town hall, prompting the passer-by to knock him down. Comper hit his head on the kerb, suffered a cerebral haemorrhage and died later in hospital, aged 42.

After Comper's death, the Comper CF.1 Fly was completed with RAF serial T1788 by Heston Aircraft Company, who failed to make it fly with the available engine power. Comper's collaborator on the CF.1 project, Gerard Fane, later developed the concept into a newly designed air observation post (AOP) aircraft, the Fane F.1/40.

Aircraft designed and flown
 1924 – Cranwell CLA.2
 1925 – Cranwell CLA.3
 1926 – Cranwell CLA.4
 1930 – Comper Swift
 1932 – Cierva C.25
 1933 – Comper Mouse
 1934 – Comper Streak
 1934 – Comper Kite

Notes

References
Aitken, Kenneth. February 1994. Fathers of British Aviation No.12: Nicholas Comper. Aeroplane Monthly. IPC Media
Boughton, Terence. 1963. The Story of The British Light Aeroplane. John Murray

Meaden, Jack & Fillmore, Malcolm. (Winter 2003). The Comper Lightplanes. Air-Britain Archive (quarterly). Air-Britain.
Riding, Richard T. August&September 1978. British Pre-war Ultra-lights No.28: Comper Swift. Aeroplane Monthly. IPC Media
Riding, Richard T. 1987. Ultralights: The Early British Classics. Patrick Stephens
Riding, Richard T. March 2003. Database: Comper Swift. Aeroplane Monthly. IPC Media

External links
Nick Comper official website

English aviators
English aerospace engineers
Royal Air Force officers
1897 births
1939 deaths
Accidental deaths in England
People from Lambeth
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Royal Flying Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War I


Eric Sykes (1923–2012) was an English comedian, writer, actor and director.

Eric Sykes may also refer to:
Eric A. Sykes (1883–1945), inventor of the Fairbairn-Sykes fighting knife
Eric Sykes (cricketer) (1906–1989), English cricketer


Vilmos Kertész (21 March 1890 – 15 September 1962) was a Hungarian international Olympian footballer. He played alongside his two brothers, Gyula and Adolf.

Early life
Kertész was born in Budapest, Hungary, and was Jewish.

Career
Kertész played club football at the inside right and midfield positions for MTK Budapest from 1908 to 1924. He played alongside his two brothers, Gyula and Adolf. He was a midfielder for NSC Budapest from 1924 to 1926.

He played international football for the Hungary national football team, where he earned a total of 47 caps, scoring 11 goals. Kertész also participated at the 1912 Summer Olympics and the 1924 Summer Olympics.

Kertész coached Ékszerész SC, Budapesti Vasas SC (1926–30), and Ripensia Timişoara (1931-32).

See also
List of Jewish footballers

References

External links

Vilmos Kertesz at JewsInSports.org

1890 births
1962 deaths
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Hungary
Footballers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
MTK Budapest FC players
Jewish men's footballers
Hungarian Jews
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football inside forwards
Vasas SC managers
FC Ripensia Timișoara
Hungarian football managers


The Katy series is a set of novels by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey, writing under the pen-name of Susan Coolidge. The first in the series, What Katy Did, was published in 1872 and followed the next year by What Katy Did at School. What Katy Did Next was released in 1886. Two further novels, Clover (1888) and In the High Valley (1890), focused upon other members of the eponymous character's family. The series was popular with readers in the late 19th century.

The series was later adapted into a TV series entitled Katy in 1962, and two films, one also called Katy in 1972 and What Katy Did in 1999.

Novels
 What Katy Did (1872)
 What Katy Did at School (1873)
 What Katy Did Next (1886)
 Clover (1888)
 In the High Valley (1890)

Adaptations
 Katy (TV series, 1962)
 Katy (film, 1972)
 What Katy Did (film, 1999)
 Katy (retelling by Jacqueline Wilson, 2015)
 Katy (TV series based on Wilson's retelling, 2018)

Literary criticism
Critics are divided about how much the series played into period gender norms and often compare the series to Little Women. Foster and Simmons argue for its subversion of gender in their book What Katy Read: Feminist Re-Readings of ‘Classic’ Stories for Girls by suggesting the series “deconstructs family hierarchies”.

Influence
The series is unusual for its time by having an entry which focuses not on the family life at home but at school in What Katy Did at School.

In a 1995 survey, What Katy Did was voted as one of the top 10 books for 12-year-old girls.

See also

Sarah Chauncey Woolsey

References

External links
Series details at Fantastic Fiction
 Katy series at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Katy series
1870s novels
Novel series
Series of children's books
Novels by Susan Coolidge
1880s novels
1890s novels
1962 American television series debuts
1972 films
1999 films


Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625 (1986), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court regarding the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel in a police interrogation. In a decision written by Justice Stevens, the Court held that once an accused individual has claimed a right to counsel at a plea hearing or other court proceeding, a waiver of that right during later police questioning would be invalid unless the accused individual initiated the communication.

This decision was overruled by the Supreme Court in Montejo v. Louisiana, by a 5–4 vote.

Facts

Respondent Bladel
Respondent Rudy Bladel had been convicted of murdering three railroad employees at the Amtrak station in Jackson, Michigan, on December 31, 1978.

Bladel, a disgruntled former employee, had been arrested three months later in Indiana and extradited to Michigan. He had agreed to talk to the police without counsel. At his arraignment he requested that counsel be appointed for him because he was indigent. The detective in charge of the investigation was present at the arraignment. A notice of appointment was then mailed to a law firm, but before the law firm received the notice, two police officers interviewed Bladel in the county jail and obtained a confession from him. Prior to that questioning, the officers had advised Bladel of his Miranda rights. Although Bladel had inquired about his representation several times since the arraignment, he was not told that a law firm had been appointed to represent him.

Bladel then objected to the admissibility of the confession but the trial court overruled his objection. He was convicted and sentenced to three life sentences to run consecutively. On appeal from his conviction and sentence, Bladel challenged the confession. The Michigan Court of Appeals first rejected that challenge and affirmed the conviction, but, after reconsideration in the light of a recent decision by the State Supreme Court, it reversed and remanded for a new trial. The Michigan Supreme Court then granted the prosecutor's application for leave to appeal, and considered the case with respondent Jackson's appeal of his conviction.

Respondent Jackson
Respondent Robert Bernard Jackson had been convicted of second-degree murder and conspiracy to commit second-degree murder after allegedly taking part in a wife's plan to have her husband killed on July 12, 1979. He made a number of statements to police after his arrest but before his arraignment. During his arraignment, Jackson requested that counsel be appointed for him.

On the following morning, before he had an opportunity to consult with counsel, two police officers obtained another statement from Jackson to "confirm" that he was the person who had shot the victim. As was true of the prearraignment statements, the questioning was preceded by advice of his Miranda rights and Jackson's agreement to proceed without counsel being present.

The Michigan Court of Appeals held that Jackson's later statement was properly received in evidence. Accordingly, it affirmed Jackson's conviction of murder, although it set aside the conspiracy conviction on unrelated grounds.

Michigan Supreme Court
The Michigan Supreme Court held that the postarraignment statements in both cases should have been suppressed.

The U.S. Supreme Court had held previously in Edwards v. Arizona, , that an accused person in custody who has, expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.

The Court of Appeals had distinguished the Edwards rule on the ground that Jackson's request for an attorney had been made at his arraignment, whereas Edwards' request had been made during a custodial interrogation by the police. Noting that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attached at the time of the arraignments, the Michigan Supreme Court concluded that the Edwards rule,

applies by analogy to those situations where an accused requests counsel before the arraigning magistrate. Once this request occurs, the police may not conduct further interrogations until counsel has been made available to the accused, unless the accused initiates further communications, exchanges, or conversations with the police. . . . The police cannot simply ignore a defendant's unequivocal request for counsel.

United States Supreme Court decision
The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari and affirmed the Michigan Supreme Court's decision in a 6 to 3 decision.

Majority and concurrence
Justice Stevens wrote for the majority and was joined by Justices Brennan, White, Marshall and Blackmun.

The Court had held previously that the "Sixth Amendment guarantees the accused, at least after the initiation of formal charges, the right to rely on counsel as a 'medium' between him and the State." Maine v. Moulton,  at 176. The Court found that therefore, the Sixth Amendment right to counsel at a postarraignment interrogation required at least as much protection as the Fifth Amendment right to counsel at any custodial interrogation.

Justice Stevens wrote,
Edwards is grounded in the understanding that "the assertion of the right to counsel [is] a significant event," 451 U.S. at 451 U.S. 485, and that "additional safeguards are necessary when the accused asks for counsel." Id. at 451 U.S. 484. We conclude that the assertion is no less significant, and the need for additional safeguards no less clear, when the request for counsel is made at an arraignment and when the basis for the claim is the Sixth Amendment. We thus hold that, if police initiate interrogation after a defendant's assertion, at an arraignment or similar proceeding, of his right to counsel, any waiver of the defendant's right to counsel for that police-initiated interrogation is invalid. Although the Edwards decision itself rested on the Fifth Amendment and concerned a request for counsel made during custodial interrogation, the Michigan Supreme Court correctly perceived that the reasoning of that case applies with even greater force to these cases.

Chief Justice Burger, concurred in the judgment saying that stare decisis called for "following the rule of Edwards in this context, but plainly the subject calls for reexamination."

Dissent
Justice Rehnquist wrote a dissenting opinion joined by Justice Powell and Justice O'Connor. The dissent explained, Edwards did not confer a substantive constitutional right that had not existed before; it 'created a protective umbrella serving to enhance a constitutional guarantee.'

The prophylactic rule of Edwards, designed from its inception to protect a defendant's right under the Fifth Amendment not to be compelled to incriminate himself, simply does not meaningfully apply to the Sixth Amendment.

Aftermath
The holding in Michigan v. Jackson was narrowed later by the Court in McNeil v. Wisconsin, which held that an accused's invocation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel during a judicial proceeding does not constitute an invocation of the right to counsel derived by Miranda v. Arizona, from the Fifth Amendment's guarantee against compelled self-incrimination. "Therefore, while a defendant who has invoked his Sixth Amendment right to counsel with respect to the offense for which he is being prosecuted may not waive that right, he may waive his Miranda–based right not to be interrogated about unrelated and uncharged offenses." Also the Court held in Michigan v. Harvey that evidence acquired in violation of Michigan v. Jackson could be used for impeachment purposes.

Rudy Bladel was retried, found guilty and sentenced to three concurrent life sentences with no possibility of parole added to the sentence. He died in Jackson, Michigan on November 15, 2006 of thyroid cancer.

On March 27, 2009, the Supreme Court ordered lawyers in a pending case, Montejo v. Louisiana, (Docket No.07-1529), to file new briefs on whether the Court should overrule its decision in Michigan v. Jackson. On May 26, 2009 the Supreme Court overruled Michigan v. Jackson through the Court's decision in Montejo v. Louisiana.

Notes

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions
Massiah doctrine case law
1986 in United States case law
Legal history of Michigan
Jackson, Michigan


Los Campos is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in the Corvera de Asturias municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 3,102 (INE 2011).

Villages
Ablaneda
Entrevías
La Rozona
Los Campos
Santa Cruz

Parishes in Corvera de Asturias


Captain James Sulivane (sometimes spelled Sullivane) was a 2nd lieutenant in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After the war's end, in 1785, he was the primary catalyst in the growth and development of present-day East New Market, Maryland.

Early life and education
Sulivane was born March 30, 1737, possibly at East New Market's Friendship Hall in what was then pre-Revolution British America. Sulivane married Mary Ennalls in the early 1760s and had at least four children.

Career

American War of Independence
Sulivane was also a prominent local figure in the American Revolutionary War.  He served as a 2nd Lieutenant and Captain for a local militia group that he organized.  The group was called "The New Market Blues".  Sulivane later served as the Deputy Assistant Commissary for the Continental Army.  As commissary, he would obtain arms, food, clothing, and other provisions for the army.

East New Market, Maryland
In 1776, Sulivane combined several tracts of land and resurveyed the  tract as "Newmarket" in present-day East New Market, Maryland. In 1785, he carved out the town's first 20 lots on the northwest part of his property. Sulivane likely chose the name "New Market" because he had horse racing in mind and Newmarket, Suffolk was then among the most notable horse racing towns in England.  Horse racing had a short but prominent history in Newmarket, as it was then known. Horse racing was first mentioned as early as 1777 in a report by Thomas Sparrow to the Maryland Council of Safety, which read,  "...I intended next to go to New Market, Dorchester County as I understood there was to be two days races, but my friends advised me not,..."

Over 12 horse racing notices from Maryland Herald and Eastern Shore Intelligencer and the Easton Republican Star dating from the 1790s to 1821 mention the races at Newmarket.

In 2006, Brian Tolley, a manager for a company engaged in aerial photography and satellite image processing, located the site of the race track using aerial photos from 1938 and 1957.

1737 births
Continental Army officers from Maryland
Date of death missing
People from Dorchester County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
Year of death unknown


Payasos Sin Fronteras, or Clowns without Borders, is a Spanish humanitarian organization of clowns that performs for free for children affected by war. It was founded in Barcelona in July 1993 and has performed in many war-torn regions such as the former Yugoslavia, Palestine and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Origins

In 1992, a professional clown from Barcelona received a request from a group of students at the Projecte School in Barcelona to put on shows in refugee camps in the former Yugoslavia. The students offered to accompany the clowns and pay for the costs.
On 26 February 1993, the artists performed in the Veli Joze refugee camp on the Istrian peninsula. The reaction from the children validated their impact and the clowns decided to put on a second show two months later with a group of jugglers. This second trip cemented the idea of setting up an organization.
In 1992, different artist groups from Spain (clowns, dancers, magicians, etc.) launched eight trips to the former Yugoslavia and invited other international artists to participate. In 1994 there were 19 trips and in the following years, similar organizations were founded in Belgium, Canada, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, Sweden, USA, Finland and Australia. In 2012, these eleven organizations created an International Federation to improve communication and coordination among entities.

References

External links
 Official site of Payasos Sin Fronteras

Charities based in Spain
International charities
Organizations established in 1993
Spanish clowns


Marijo Moćić (born 4 May 1989) is a Slovenian football midfielder.

External links
Player profile at PrvaLiga
Player profile at Nogomania

Living people
1989 births
Footballers from Celje
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
NK Celje players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenia men's under-21 international footballers


This is a list of episodes for Nickelodeon's animated television series, The Penguins of Madagascar. As of December 19, 2015, 149 original episodes have aired, with most of the episodes to date being aired in pairs. Aside from eight double-length specials and one quadruple-length special, the running time for each episode is 11 minutes.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2008–10)

Season 2 (2010–12)

Season 3 (2012–15)

Home media

 Note: The first two volumes Operation: DVD Premiere and Happy King Julien Day! were released in both regions one and four.

References

 General references that apply to most episodes

Penguins
Penguins


Gyula Kertész (also known as Julius Kertész; 29 February 1888 – 1 May 1982) was a Hungarian international footballer who played as a winger alongside his two brothers, Vilmos and Adolf. Kertész was born in Kálnica in what was then Hungary, and was Jewish.

Playing career
Kertész played club football for MTK Budapest in 1906–07 to 1911–12. He also played international football for Hungary, where he earned one cap against Austria in 1912.

In 1911, to supplement his income, along with fellow MTK player Izidor Kürschner he set up a photographic studio.

Coaching career
Kertész coached several clubs in Germany, such as Union Altona (1921–1924) and Victoria Hamburg (1924–1928), and in other countries including France and Scandinavia during the 1920s. He managed Swiss side FC Basel between 1928 and 1930. In January 1931 he took over at Hamburger SV, where he successfully revamped the team, adding Rudolf Noack and other promising new players until he was appointed by VfB Leipzig in the summer of 1932. After his contract had been dissolved by mutual agreement in May 1933, Kertész left Germany and emigrated to the United States.

In the US, he worked in the record industry. His son, who called himself George Curtiss, was a leading manager at Remington Records.

See also
List of Jewish footballers

References

1888 births
1982 deaths
Hungarian Jews
People from Nové Mesto nad Váhom District
Footballers from the Trenčín Region
Hungarian men's footballers
Jewish men's footballers
Footballers from Budapest
Men's association football wingers
Hungary men's international footballers
SC Victoria Hamburg managers
MTK Budapest FC players
FC Basel managers
Hungarian football managers
Hamburger SV managers
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig managers
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Hungarian emigrants to the United States


Igor Kuljanac (born 9 August 1989) is a Slovenian football midfielder.

External links
Player profile at PrvaLiga

1989 births
Living people
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
NK Celje players


Adolf Kertész (15 March 1892 – November 1920; nicknamed "Kertész III") was a Hungarian footballer who played as a half back at both the professional level for MTK Budapest (winning the Hungarian League championship four times and the Hungarian Cup once) and the international level for the Hungary national football team. He was Jewish.

Career
Kertész played left midfielder in club football for MTK Budapest between 1909 and 1920. He scored 19 goals in 148 league matches. He won the Hungarian League championship with MTK four times (1913–14, 1916–17, 1917–18, and 1919–20). He was a member of the side that won the 1909–10 Hungarian Cup.

Kertész also represented Hungary at international level, earning 11 caps between 1911 and 1920.

Personal life
Kertész, who was Jewish, was born in Kisfalud, Austria-Hungary. He had two older brothers who were also footballers - Vilmos and Gyula.

Kertész died in a car accident in Saarbrücken, Germany, where he had settled, in November 1920, aged 28.

See also
List of Jewish footballers

References

External links
 Jews In Sports
 Inscription and photo of his tombstone in the Saarbrücken Jewish Cemetery

1892 births
1920 deaths
People from Fejér County
Footballers from Saarbrücken
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's international footballers
MTK Budapest FC players
Jewish men's footballers
Hungarian Jews
Road incident deaths in Hungary
Men's association football defenders
Road incident deaths in the Weimar Republic


Freshwater environmental quality parameters are those chemical, physical or biological parameters that can be used to characterise a freshwater body. Because almost all water bodies are dynamic in their composition, the relevant quality parameters are typically expressed as a range of expected concentrations.

They include the natural and man-made chemical, biological and microbiological characteristics of rivers, lakes and ground-waters, the ways they are measured and the ways that they change. The values or concentrations attributed to such parameters can be used to describe the pollution status of an environment, its biotic status or to predict the likelihood or otherwise of a particular organisms being present. Monitoring of environmental quality parameters is a key activity in managing the environment, restoring polluted environments and anticipating the effects of man-made changes on the environment.

Characterisation

The first step in understanding the chemistry of freshwater is to establish the relevant concentrations of the parameters of interest. Conventionally this is done by taking representative samples of the water for subsequent analysis in a laboratory. However, in-situ monitoring using hand-held analytical equipment or using bank-side monitoring stations are also used.

Sampling
Freshwaters are surprisingly difficult to sample because they are rarely homogeneous and their quality varies during the day and during the year. In addition the most representative sampling locations are often at a distance from the shore or bank increasing the logistic complexity.

Rivers
Filling a clean bottle with river water is a very simple task, but a single sample is only representative of that point along the river the sample was taken from and at that point in time. Understanding the chemistry of a whole river, or even a significant tributary, requires prior investigation to understand how homogeneous or mixed the flow is and to determine if the quality changes during the course of a day and during the course of a year. Almost all natural rivers will have very significant patterns of change through the day and through the seasons. Water remote sensing offers a spatially continuous tool to improve understanding of spatial and temporal river water quality. Many rivers also have a very large flow that is unseen. This flows through underlying gravel and sand layers and is called hyporheic flow. How much mixing there is between the hyporheic zone and the water in the open channel will depend on a variety of factors, some of which relate to flows leaving aquifers which may have been storing water for many years.

Ground-waters
Ground waters by their very nature are often very difficult to access to take a sample. As a consequence the majority of ground-water data comes from samples taken from springs, wells, water supply bore-holes and in natural caves. In recent decades as the need to understand ground water dynamics has increased, an increasing number or monitoring bore-holes have been drilled into aquifers.

Lakes

Lakes and ponds can be very large and support a complex eco-system in which environmental parameters vary widely in all three physical dimensions and with time. Large lakes in the temperate zone often stratify in the warmer months into a warmer upper layers rich in oxygen and a colder lower layer with low oxygen levels. In the autumn, falling temperatures and occasional high winds result in the mixing of the two layers into a more homogeneous whole. When stratification occurs it not only affects oxygen levels but also many related parameters such as iron, phosphate and manganese which are all changed in their chemical form by change in the redox potential of the environment.

Lakes also receive waters, often from many different sources with varying qualities. Solids from stream inputs will typically settle near the mouth of the stream and depending on a variety of factors the incoming water may float over the surface of the lake, sink beneath the surface or rapidly mix with the lake water. All of these phenomena can skew the results of any environmental monitoring unless the process are well understood.

Mixing zones
Where two rivers meet at a confluence there exists a mixing zone. A mixing zone may be very large and extend for many miles as in the case of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in the United States and the River Clwyd and River Elwy in North Wales. In a mixing zone water chemistry may be very variable and can be difficult to predict. The chemical interactions are not just simple mixing but may be complicated by biological processes from submerged macrophytes and by water joining the channel from the hyporheic zone or from springs draining an aquifer.

Geological inputs
The geology that underlies a river or lake has a major impact on its chemistry. A river flowing across very ancient precambrian schists is likely to have dissolved very little from the rocks and maybe similar to de-ionised water at least in the headwaters. Conversely a river flowing through chalk hills, and especially if its source is in the chalk, will have a high concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates of Calcium and possibly Magnesium.

As a river progresses along its course it may pass through a variety of geological types and it may have inputs from aquifers that do not appear on the surface anywhere in the locality.

Atmospheric inputs
Oxygen is probably the most important chemical constituent of surface water chemistry, as all aerobic organisms require it for survival. It enters the water mostly via diffusion at the water-air interface. Oxygen's solubility in water decreases as water temperature increases. Fast, turbulent streams expose more of the water's surface area to the air and tend to have low temperatures and thus more oxygen than slow, backwaters. Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis, so systems with a high abundance of aquatic algae and plants may also have high concentrations of oxygen during the day. These levels can decrease significantly during the night when primary producers switch to respiration. Oxygen can be limiting if circulation between the surface and deeper layers is poor, if the activity of animals is very high, or if there is a large amount of organic decay occurring such as following Autumn leaf-fall.

Most other atmospheric inputs come from man-made or anthropogenic sources the most significant of which are the oxides of sulphur produced by burning sulphur rich fuels such as coal and oil which give rise to acid rain. The chemistry of sulphur oxides is complex both in the atmosphere and in river systems. However the effect on the overall chemistry is simple in that it reduces the pH of the water making it more acidic. The pH change is most marked in rivers with very low concentrations of dissolved salts as these cannot buffer the effects of the acid input. Rivers downstream of major industrial conurbations are also at greatest risk. In parts of Scandinavia and West Wales and Scotland many rivers became so acidic from oxides of sulphur that most fish life was destroyed and pHs as low as pH4 were recorded during critical weather conditions.

Anthropogenic inputs
The majority of rivers on the planet and many lakes have received or are receiving inputs from human-kind's activities. In the industrialised world, many rivers have been very seriously polluted, at least during the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Although in general there has been much improvement in the developed world, there is still a great deal of river pollution apparent on the planet.

Toxicity
In most environmental situations the presence or absence of an organism is determined by a complex web of interactions only some of which will be related to measurable chemical or biological parameters. Flow rate, turbulence, inter and intra specific competition, feeding behaviour, disease, parasitism, commensalism and symbiosis are just a few of the pressures and opportunities facing any organism or population. Most chemical constituents favour some organisms and are less favourable to others. However, there are some cases where a chemical constituent exerts a toxic effect. i.e. where the concentration can kill or severely inhibit the normal functioning of the organism. Where a toxic effect has been demonstrated this may be noted in the sections below dealing with the individual parameters.

Chemical constituents

Colour and turbidity
Often it is the colour of freshwater or how clear or hazy the water is that is the most obvious visual characteristic. Unfortunately neither colour nor turbidity are strong indicators of the overall chemical composition of water. However both colour and turbidity reduce the amount of light penetrating the water and can have significant impact on algae and macrophytes. Some algae in particular are highly dependent on water with low colour and turbidity.

Many rivers draining high moor-lands overlain by peat have a very deep yellow brown colour caused by dissolved humic acids.

Organic constituents

One of the principal sources of elevated concentrations of organic chemical constituents is from treated sewage.

Dissolved organic material is most commonly measured using either the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test or the Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test. Organic constituents are significant in river chemistry for the effect that they have on dissolved oxygen concentration and for the impact that individual organic species may have directly on aquatic biota.

Any organic and degradable material consumes oxygen as it decomposes. Where organic concentrations are significantly elevated the effects on oxygen concentrations can be significant and as conditions get extreme the river bed may become anoxic.

Some organic constituents such as synthetic hormones, pesticides, phthalates have direct metabolic effects on aquatic biota and even on humans drinking water taken from the river. Understanding such constituents and how they can be identified and quantified is becoming of increasing importance in the understanding of freshwater chemistry.

Metals
A wide range of metals may be found in rivers from natural sources where metal ores are present in the rocks over which the river flows or in the aquifers feeding water into the river. However many rivers have an increased load of metals because of industrial activities which include mining and quarrying and the processing and use of metals.

Iron
Iron, usually as Fe+++ is a common constituent of river waters at very low levels. Higher iron concentrations in acidic springs or an anoxic hyporheic zone may cause visible orange/brown staining or semi-gelatinous precipitates of dense orange iron bacterial floc carpeting the river bed. Such conditions are very deleterious to most organisms and can cause serious damage in a river system.

Coal mining is also a very significant source of Iron both in mine-waters and from stocking yards of coal and from coal processing. Long abandoned mines can be a highly intractable source of high concentrations of Iron. Low levels of iron are common in spring waters emanating from deep-seated aquifers and maybe regarding as health giving springs. Such springs are commonly called Chalybeate springs and have given rise to a number of Spa towns in Europe and the United States.

Zinc
Zinc is normally associated with metal mining, especially Lead and Silver mining but is also a component pollutant associated with a variety of other metal mining activities and with Coal mining. Zinc is toxic at relatively low concentrations to many aquatic organisms. Microregma starts to show a toxic reaction at concentrations as low as 0.33 mg/L.

Heavy metals
Lead and silver in river waters are commonly found together and associated with lead mining. Impacts from very old mines can be very long-lived. In the River Ystwyth in Wales for example, the effects of silver and lead mining in the 17th and 18th centuries in the headwaters still causes unacceptably high levels of Zinc and Lead in the river water right down to its confluence with the sea.
Silver is very toxic even at very low concentrations but leaves no visible evidence of its contamination.

Lead is also highly toxic to freshwater organisms and to humans if the water is used as drinking water. As with Silver, Lead pollution is not visible to the naked eye. The River Rheidol in west Wales had a major series of lead mines in its headwaters until the end of the 19th century and its mine discharges and waste tips remain to this day. In 1919 - 1921 only 14 species of invertebrates were found in the lower Rheidol when Lead concentrations were between 0.2ppm and 0.5ppm. By 1932 the lead concentration had reduced to 0.02ppm to 0.1ppm because of the abandonment of mining and, at those concentrations, the bottom fauna had stabilized to 103 species including three leeches.

Coal mining is also a very significant source of metals, especially Iron, Zinc and Nickel particularly where the coal is rich if pyrites which oxidises on contact with the air producing a very acidic leachate which is able to dissolve metals from the coal.

Significant levels of copper are unusual in rivers and where it does it occur the source is most likely to be mining activities, coal stocking, or pig farming. Rarely elevated levels may be of geological origin. Copper is acutely toxic to many freshwater organisms, especially algae, at very low concentrations and significant concentration in river water may have serious adverse effects on the local ecology.

Nitrogen
Nitrogenous compounds have a variety of sources including washout of oxides of nitrogen from the atmosphere, some geological inputs and some from macrophyte and algal nitrogen fixation. However, for many rivers in the proximity of humans, the largest input is from sewage whether treated or untreated. The nitrogen derives from breakdown products of proteins found in urine and faeces. These products, being very soluble, often pass through sewage treatment process and are discharged into rivers as a component of sewage treatment effluent. Nitrogen may be in the form of nitrate, nitrite, ammonia or ammonium salts or what is termed albuminoid nitrogen or nitrogen still within an organic proteinoid molecule.

The differing forms of nitrogen are relatively stable in most river systems with nitrite slowly transforming into nitrate in well oxygenated rivers and ammonia transforming into nitrite/ nitrate. However, the process are slow in cool rivers and reduction in concentration may more often be attributed to simple dilution. All forms of nitrogen are taken up by macrophytes and algae and elevated levels of nitrogen are often associated with overgrowths of plants or eutrophication. These can have the effect of blocking channels and inhibiting navigation. However, ecologically, the more significant effect is on dissolved oxygen concentrations which may become super-saturated during daylight due to plant photosynthesis but then drop to very low levels during darkness as plant respiration uses up the dissolved oxygen. Coupled with the release of oxygen in photosynthesis is the creation of bi-carbonate ions which cause a steep rise in pH and this is matched in darkness as carbon dioxide is released through respiration which substantially lowers the pH. Thus high levels of nitrogenous compounds tends to lead to eutrophication with extreme variations in parameters which in turn can substantially degrade the ecological worth of the watercourse.

Ammonium ions also have a toxic effect, especially on fish. The toxicity of ammonia is dependent on both pH and temperature and an added complexity is the buffering effect of the blood/water interface across the gill membrane which masks any additional toxicity over about pH 8.0. The management of river chemistry to avoid ecological damage is particularly difficult in the case of ammonia as a wide range of potential scenarios of concentration, pH and temperature have to be considered and the diurnal pH fluctuation caused by photosynthesis considered. On warm summer days with high-bi-carbonate concentrations unexpectedly toxic conditions can be created.

Phosphorus
Phosphorus compounds are usually found as relatively insoluble phosphates in river water and, except in some exceptional circumstances, their origin is agriculture or human sewage. Phosphorus can encourage excessive growths of plants and algae and contribute to eutrophication. If a river discharges into a lake or reservoir phosphate can be mobilised year after year by natural processes. In the summer time, lakes stratify so that warm oxygen rich water floats on top of cold oxygen poor water. In the warm upper layers - the epilimnion- plants consume the available phosphate. As the plants die in the late summer they fall into the cool water layers underneath - the hypolimnion - and decompose. During winter turn-over, when a lake becomes fully mixed through the action of winds on a cooling body of water - the phosphates are spread throughout the lake again to feed a new generation of plants. This process is one of the principal causes of persistent algal blooms at some lakes.

Arsenic
Geological deposits of arsenic may be released into rivers where deep ground-waters are exploited as in parts of Pakistan. Many metalloid ores such as lead, gold and copper contain traces of arsenic and poorly stored tailings may result in arsenic entering the hydrological cycle.

Solids
Inert solids are produced in all montane rivers as the energy of the water helps grind away rocks into gravel, sand and finer material. Much of this settles very quickly and provides an important substrate for many aquatic organisms. Many salmonid fish require beds of gravel and sand in which to lay their eggs. Many other types of solids from agriculture, mining, quarrying, urban run-off and sewage may block-out sunlight from the river and may block interstices in gravel beds making them useless for spawning and supporting insect life.

Bacterial, viral and parasite inputs
Both agriculture and sewage treatment produce inputs into rivers with very high concentrations of bacteria and viruses including a wide range of pathogenic organisms. Even in areas with little human activity significant levels of bacteria and viruses can be detected originating from fish and aquatic mammals and from animals grazing near rivers such as deer. Upland waters draining areas frequented by sheep, goats or deer may also harbour a variety of opportunistic human parasites such as liver fluke. Consequently, there are very few rivers from which the water is safe to drink without some form of sterilisation or disinfection. In rivers used for contact recreation such as swimming, safe levels of bacteria and viruses can be established based on risk assessment.

Under certain conditions bacteria can colonise freshwaters occasionally making large rafts of filamentous mats known as sewage fungus – usually Sphaerotilus natans. The presence of such organisms is almost always an indicator of extreme organic pollution and would be expected to be matched with low dissolved oxygen concentrations and high BOD values.

E. coli bacteria have been commonly found in recreational waters and their presence is used to indicate the presence of recent fecal contamination, but E. coli presence may not be indicative of human waste. E. coli are found in all warm-blooded animals. E. coli have also been found in fish and turtles. Enterobacteria may also persist in the environment in mud, sediments, sand and soil for considerable lengths of time.

pH
pH in rivers is affected by the geology of the water source, atmospheric inputs and a range of other chemical contaminants. pH is only likely to become an issue on very poorly buffered upland rivers where atmospheric sulphur and nitrogen oxides may very significantly depress the pH as low as pH4 or in eutrophic alkaline rivers where photosynthetic bi-carbonate ion production in photosynthesis may drive the pH up above pH10.

See also
 Drinking water quality standards
 Harmonised monitoring scheme

References

Environmental chemistry
Hydrology


Villa  is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in the Corvera de Asturias municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 386 (INE 2011).

Villages
Barriero
Capiello
El Pontón
El Suco
El Truébano
El Vallín
Fabar
La Laguna
Llamera
La Tabla
Las Huertas
Lloreda
Tras la Iglesia
Villa

Parishes in Corvera de Asturias


The Congressional Baseball Game for Charity is an annual baseball game played each summer by members of the United States Congress. The game began as a casual event among colleagues in 1909 and eventually evolved into one of Washington, D.C.'s most anticipated annual pastimes, according to the House of Representatives Office of the Historian. In the game, Republicans and Democrats form separate teams and play against each other.

Today, the game raises money for four charities: the Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Washington, the Washington Nationals Dream Foundation, the Washington Literacy Center, and—following a pre-game practice shooting in 2017—the US Capitol Police Memorial Fund. The game is usually attended by crowds of congressional staffers, congressional families and, occasionally, even dignitaries and US presidents.

History

The 1909 game was organized by Representative John Tener of Pennsylvania, a former professional baseball player. The Boston Daily Globe observed, "The game was brewing for weeks and the members of the house were keyed up a high pitch of enthusiasm. Deep, dark rumors were in circulation that 'ringers' would be introduced, but when they lined up at 4 o'clock the nine Republicans were stalwart, grand old party men, while the Democrats were of the pure Jeffersonian strain."

The Democrats beat their Republican opponents, 26–16 in the first game, and continued their winning streak for the first six games. Republicans won their first game in 1916. Due to its growing popularity, the Congressional Baseball Game was first covered via radio in 1928. The radio broadcast continued in succeeding years.

The event has, at times, interrupted the workflow of Congress. In 1914, Speaker James Beauchamp "Champ" Clark of Missouri became frustrated with the Congressional Baseball Game interfering with legislative business. Once, the House was to debate an appropriations bill on Civil War cotton damage, but a quorum was not present because of the game.

Despite its appeal, the annual game occurred intermittently because of interruptions due to the Great Depression, the Second World War, and intervention by the House leadership. The game was held biennially until the Washington Evening Star newspaper sponsored it annually from 1946 to 1958. Despite the sponsorship, Speaker Sam Rayburn of Texas ended the game in 1958, saying it had become too physically straining on the members and was causing injuries. With the new sponsor, the Roll Call Trophy was created, for the team that wins each best-of-five series. It was first awarded in 1965—to the Republican team, the first team to win three games since Roll Call had begun its sponsorship. Since 1965, a new trophy is awarded to the next team to win three games (over the next three, four, or five years), following the year in which the most recent trophy was awarded. As of the 2017 game, 14 trophies have been awarded—ten to the Republicans' team and four to the Democrats' team.

On June 14, 2017, one day before the annual event, a gunman opened fire on Republican members of Congress who were practicing for the next day's game. Four people were shot including House Majority Whip Steve Scalise. The gunman was killed by Capitol Police. The FBI classified the shooting as an act of domestic terrorism. Despite discussions about postponing the game, it was held as scheduled.  The shooting resulted in a dramatic increase in interest for the game; it was reported that revenue from ticket sales and online donations had exceeded $1 million, and organizers stated that 24,959 people were in attendance. C-SPAN announced that it would televise the game, and the 2021 game was televised by FS1 as well.

Locations

The game was initially played at American League Park II. However, after the park's destruction in a fire in March 1911, it was played at the Griffith Stadium built on the same site in Northwest Washington, D.C. In 1962, it was moved to the new District Stadium (later renamed Robert F. Kennedy Stadium). It remained there until 1972 when the Washington Senators moved to Texas, becoming the Texas Rangers as RFK did not need a long-term baseball seating layout or field. It moved for the next two decades to the Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland, then to Langley High School in McLean, Virginia for 1977; and Four Mile Run Park in Alexandria, Virginia. From 1995 to 2004, the game was played in Prince George's Stadium in Bowie, Maryland. From 2005 to 2007, the event returned to RFK Stadium when the Montreal Expos moved to Washington to become the Washington Nationals. In 2008, Nationals Park was completed, and the Nationals moved there along with the Congressional Baseball Game.

In the late 1960s, a post-game reception for members of Congress and their staff was organized and sponsored by Sears, Roebuck and Company. However, attendance was meager until 1972 when Sears' Washington office Public Information Officer Larry Horist took over the management of the event and established the Most Valuable Player awards to be voted by each team and presented by the Speaker of the House and the Majority Leader of the Senate. He also obtained photos of the players in their hometown uniforms, producing baseball cards packaged in gum wrappers. A limited number of autographed master sheets of the cards occasionally appear for sale on Internet auction sites. The cards included such personalities as Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-MN), Barry Goldwater, Jr. (R-AZ), and professional player "Vinegar Bend" Mizell (R-NC). The cards were publicized in The Washington Post and became part of the permanent collection of the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Rosters

The 2023 roster is available at the link in this citation, available from the game's official website.

While the modern Congressional Baseball Game comprises both House and Senate Members, this was not always the case. From 1909 to 1949, House Members exclusively filled the rosters—although there appears to have been no prohibition against Senators. Bicameral baseball was inaugurated in 1950, when Senator Harry P. Cain of Washington joined the Republican team and Senator-elect George Smathers of Florida, a former Representative, joined the Democratic team.

In a few cases, former professional baseball players were elected to Congress and impacted the game. In the case of Wilmer "Vinegar Bend" Mizell of North Carolina, a former professional pitcher, the Republican team was victorious for each year that he played. Fielding a once-a-year team presented some problems for members, who often grew rusty when it came to batting. Strong pitching proved decisive in most games but, in 1963, neither team could field a pitcher. As a result, relief pitcher George Susce of the Washington Senators pitched for both teams.

In 1917, Representative Jeannette Rankin of Montana tossed out the first pitch and kept score, becoming the first woman to participate in the annual event. More than 70 years later, in 1993, Representatives Ileana Ros-Lehtinen of Florida, Maria Cantwell of Washington, and Blanche Lincoln of Arkansas became the first women to break into the starting lineup.

In 1971, the first African Americans joined the game. Delegate Walter E. Fauntroy of the District of Columbia and Rep. Ron Dellums of California joined the Democratic roster. Despite Fauntroy's hitting prowess, the Democrats lost their eighth straight annual game, 7–3.

In 1909, Rep. Joseph F. O'Connell of Massachusetts hit the first home run, gaining three runs for the Democrats. In the same year, Republican Rep. Edward B. Vreeland of New York was the first player to be withdrawn due to an injury. In 1957, Rep. Gerald Ford of Michigan hit the first known grand slam, while playing for the Republicans. In 1979, Republican Rep. Ron Paul of Texas hit what is believed to be the first home run hit over the fence. Reps. John Shimkus of Illinois and Greg Steube of Florida are the only other players to hit out-of-the-park home runs, doing so in 1997 and 2021, respectively. Paul was inducted into the Congressional Baseball Hall of Fame before the 2012 game.

Hall of Fame
The Roll Call Congressional Baseball Hall of Fame was founded in 1993 and a brief description of each of the inductees through 2011 is available via the sponsor's website.

In the early years of the game, each team wore a uniform that was either plain or had the words "Republicans" or "Democrats" embroidered on it. In modern games, members typically wear uniforms of the professional baseball teams or college baseball teams in their congressional district or home state. In the 1920s, pomp and fanfare preceded each game. The United States Navy Band and United States Marine Corps Band traditionally kicked off the festivities with patriotic tunes. In 1926, the Republicans paraded into American League Field on a live elephant, while in 1932, both teams had costumed mascots entertain the crowds. During the 1960s, the teams had cheerleaders dressed in uniforms.

Game results
As of the 2023 game, Republicans lead the series, 45–42–1. The official website of the Congressional Baseball Game for Charity seemingly does not count three of those Republican wins because its History page listed (in 2017, but before the 2017 game) the series record as 39–39–1 (in a blue, red, white, and black bar near the bottom of the page). However, the same page states—in reference to the Roll Call Trophy—that "[t]o date, 10 of these coveted trophies have been awarded, eight to the Republicans and two to the Democrats." That statement indicates that the paragraphs of the History page were probably written after the 2002 game and before the 2005 game because the tenth trophy was awarded in 2002 and the eleventh trophy was awarded in 2005.

The Republicans won their 35th game in 2002 and then won seven more games after that (in 2003 to 2008, plus 2016). As of 2002, the Democrats had won 32 games; from 2003 to 2016, the Democrats won seven more games, for 39 wins (as of the 2016 game). Although the series record outlined in the bar near the bottom of the page includes the Democrats' seven wins between 2003 and 2016, the bar includes only four of the Republicans' seven wins during that same period. Scores, locations, and other details of past games are available here to the extent they are known.

See also
 Congressional Soccer Match

References

External links

Baseball competitions in the United States
Sports competitions in Washington, D.C.
Recurring sporting events established in 1909
Legislative branch of the United States government
1909 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Politics and sports


Unhappy China: The Great Time, Grand Vision and Our Challenges () is a book written by Song Qiang, Huang Jisu, Song Xiaojun, Wang Xiaodong and Liu Yang and published in March 2009. The book, a follow-up to China Can Say No, encourages China to become a hegemon rather than getting cast aside.

The book was a bestseller, selling over 100,000 copies in the month after publication. In contrast, the Chinese newspaper Shanghai Daily reported that the book "caused a stir among some experts and scholars" but "failed to strike a chord among average Chinese",  and some readers reject the book as "bitter rant of ultra left-wing intellectuals who feel sidelined under Beijing’s policies of reform and opening."

See also
 Currency Wars

References

Chinese-language books


Lomakin () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Lomakina. It may refer to

Aleksandr Lomakin (born 1995), Russian football player
Andrei Lomakin (1964–2006), Russian ice hockey player
Elena Lomakin, Russian-American artist
Nikolai Pavlovich Lomakin, General during the conquest of Khiva, defeated at the Battle of Geok Tepe (1879)
Oleg Lomakin (1924–2010), Russian realist painter
Trofim Lomakin (1924–1973), Russian weightlifter
Vasily Lomakin (1899–1943), Soviet Army colonel and Hero of the Soviet Union

Russian-language surnames


Donald J. Hughes (April 2, 1915 – April 12, 1960) was an American nuclear physicist, chiefly notable as one of the signers off the Franck Report in June, 1945, recommending that the United States not use the atomic bomb as a weapon to prompt the surrender of Japan in World War II.

Before the war Hughes worked at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. By June 1945, the U.S. was deciding whether to use an atomic bomb against Japan, and a very few nuclear scientists knew about the weapon's potential. Some, including Hughes, were wary, and wanted to urge the President of the United States to choose a different option. Arthur Compton appointed a committee to meet in secret, in all-night sessions in a highly secure environment. This committee included Hughes, and was chaired by James Franck. The final report, largely written by committee-member Eugene Rabinowitch, recommended that the nuclear bomb not be used, and proposed that either a demonstration of the "new weapon" be made before the eyes of representatives of all of the United Nations, on a barren island or desert, or to try to keep the existence of the nuclear bomb secret for as long as possible. The advice of the "Franck Report" was not followed, however, and the U.S. dropped nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

After the war Hughes went to Brookhaven National Laboratory and formed a group of physicists working on contemporary problems in nuclear science. His work centered on the neutron.  Many of his publications were translated into Russian; more copies of his work were printed in the USSR than in the USA. He also spent one year at Oxford teaching.

He wrote a popular science book, The Neutron Story, published 1959.

Other works:
Pile Neutron Research (1953)
Neutron Optics (1954)
Neutron Cross Sections (1957)
On Nuclear Energy (1957)
Neutron Cross Sections (A compilation which the Government Printing Office published for the second Geneva conference.)

Hughes died suddenly of a heart attack in 1960.

References

1915 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American physicists
American nuclear physicists
Experimental physicists
Manhattan Project people
Fellows of the American Physical Society


François-Louis or François Louis may refer to:
François Louis, Prince of Conti (1664–1709), French nobleman
François Louis, Count of Harcourt (1623–1694) French nobleman
François Louis, inventor of the aulochrome, a musical instrument

People with the given name
François Louis Bourdon (1758–1797), French politician
François-Louis Cailler (1796–1852), first Swiss producer of chocolate
François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière (1711–1740), fifth bishop of the diocese of Quebec
François Louis de Rousselet, Marquis de Châteaurenault (1637–1716), French vice-admiral, maréchal, and governor of Brittany
François-Louis Français (1814–1897), French painter
François-Louis Ganshof (1895–1980), Belgian medievalist
François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau (1810–1880), French naturalist
François-Louis Lessard (1860–1927), Canadian general
François-Louis Perne (1772–1832), French composer and musicographer
François-Louis Tremblay (born 1980), Canadian Olympic gold medalist in speed skating

See also
Louis-François (disambiguation)


Michelle Giroux (born 1976) is a Canadian stage, television and film actress whose credits include numerous productions at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival over fourteen seasons.

Stage roles
Upon graduating from high school in Toronto, Giroux was accepted as an acting student at The National Theatre School of Canada.  In her third year she was featured among other artists as one of the "ones to watch" in the Montreal Gazette by theatre critic, Pat Donnelly.  Shortly after graduating she joined the Stratford Festival acting Company in 1997.   Later she would be called "one of the best young talents at Stratford," in Martin Hunter's book about the Festival.

In Romancing the Bard: Stratford at Fifty, Martin Hunter writes:

Her featured roles include the 1998 production of The Miser opposite William Hutt which also played at the New York City Center, Lady Teazle in a 2001 production of The School for Scandal opposite Brian Bedford which went on to play at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater, a 2003 production of Noël Coward's Present Laughter, a 2005 production of The Brothers Karamazov, as well as Julia in a 2007 production of Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance. Other Stratford credits include Nina in The Seagull, Portia in The Merchant of Venice, Elvira in Blithe Spirit, Jean-Louise in To Kill a Mockingbird, Isabella in Edward II, Mary Robinson in The Swanne III, Helena in Midsummer Night's Dream, Rosaline in Love's Labours Lost, Joan La Pucelle in Henry VI, Lydia in Pride and Prejudice and Althia McLaren in Front Page.

Her non-Stratford stage credits include starring in Claudia Dey's Trout Stanley at the Factory Theatre, Karoline Leach's Tryst and Same Time Next Year opposite R.H Thomson at the Segal Centre for Performing Arts in Montreal, an adaptation of The Misanthrope and The Oxford Room Climbers' Rebellion at the Tarragon Theatre and The Winter's Tale, Measure for Measure and Portia (Dora nomination) in Julius Caesar with Groundling Theatre Company.

Screen roles
In 2009, Giroux studied in the inaugural acting class at the Canadian Film Center. Among her teachers were Norman Jewison, Sarah Polley, Kiefer Sutherland and Patricia Rozema. In 2013, Giroux starred in her first feature film, Blood Pressure, directed by Sean Garrity. She was nominated in 2014 for best actress by the Vancouver Film Critics for her performance.

Filmography

Personal life
A resident of Toronto, she married Stratford colleague Graham Abbey in August 2008.

References

External links

Stratford Theatre Festival biography

Living people
National Theatre School of Canada alumni
Actresses from Toronto
1976 births


Vanguard Visionaries is the title of a compilation recording by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released in 2007.

History
Vanguard Records had a high-profile during the 1960s folk revival and released music by many folk artists such as Doc Watson, Odetta and many others. To celebrate their 60th anniversary, Vanguard had released a series of artist samplers called Vanguard Visionaries from the 1960s and early-'70s era. Each contained a small track listing and all the tracks are available on other compilation packages.

Fahey recorded two albums for Vanguard: The Yellow Princess and Requia.

Reception

Allmusic critic Thom Jurek favorably reviewed the album, writing  "[Fahey] is forever unpredictable, no matter how often one hears these songs. His playing is simply the element of imagination and surprise itself. While it's true that "Requiem for ," may be off-putting for those looking for a real introduction to Fahey, this is his earliest experimentation with the electronic sounds he explored a great deal more in his later career, and stands as a singular moment in his catalog."

Track listing
All songs by John Fahey.
 "Lion" – 5:10
 "March! For Martin Luther King" – 3:43
 "Requiem for John Hurt" – 5:09
 "Dance of the Inhabitants of the Invisible City of Bladensburg" – 4:10
 "The Yellow Princess" – 4:51
 "Irish Setter" – 7:16
 "Requiem for Molly, Pt. 1" – 7:40
 "Requiem for Molly, Pt. 2" – 7:45
 "Requiem for Molly, Pt. 3" – 2:33
 "Requiem for Molly, Pt. 4" – 2:56

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar
Production notes:
John Fahey – producer
Samuel Charters – producer
Barrett Hansen – producer
Vince Hans – compilation producer
Georgette Cartwright – creative services director
Amy L. Von Holzhausen – package design

References

John Fahey (musician) compilation albums
2007 compilation albums
Vanguard Records compilation albums
Albums produced by John Fahey (musician)
albums produced by Samuel Charters


The Paz Palace is a former mansion in Buenos Aires, Argentina, housing the Military Officers' Association, a social club maintained by the Argentine military.

Overview

One of Buenos Aires' most traditional social clubs, the Military Officers' Association was founded in 1881 by Nicolás Levalle, a decorated officer in the Argentine Army who believed such a facility could help mitigate tensions among the officer corps from Argentina's then-fractious provinces. The club relocated to a palace facing San Martín Plaza in 1938. The building was designed by French architect Louis Sortais and built between 1902 and 1914 at the behest of José C. Paz, the proprietor of the city's then-second most-circulated newspaper, La Prensa. Built entirely with material imported for the purpose from France, the palace stands near the eastern end of Santa Fe Avenue, in the Retiro section of Buenos Aires.

The association established a number of cultural entities. The Officers' Cultural Foundation, which administers the palace as a museum and hosts lectures, expositions and concerts, is maintained in conjunction with the Catholic University of Argentina. The palace also houses the Officers' Library, a small publishing house devoted to the translation of military texts from overseas, as well as its own library, a collection of over 120,000 texts which serves as the primary resource for military history research in Argentina.

Museum of Arms of the Nation

The National Museum of Armaments (Spanish:Museo de Armas de la Nación) is also housed in the Paz Palace.  Argentina's most important military museum, it was inaugurated in 1941 and includes 15 rooms where its collection is divided chronologically and by country of origin. Its oldest pieces include a chain mail armor belonging to the Byzantine Emperor Comnenus (c. 1100), crossbows, maces, two-handed swords, flails and other weapons dating from the Crusades, and an arquebuse used during the Battle of Aguere in Spain. The museum also houses a large collection of banners and weapons dating from the Argentine War of Independence, including a locally modified Mauser rifle prized at the time for its durability, as well as a modern artillery section tracing the development of the early machine gun during the 19th century.

The library is reserved for the association's members and for researchers, though the military museum is open to the public and the Paz Palace itself can be visited through guided tours.

External links and references

Círculo Militar

Military of Argentina
Military and war museums in Argentina
Palaces in Buenos Aires
Houses completed in 1914
Museums in Buenos Aires
Museums established in 1941


Molleda is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in the Corvera de Asturias municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 717 (INE 2006).

Villages
Barrio Molleda
Candamo
Carruébano (Carruébanu)
Castiello (Castiellu)
El Barrial
El Molino (El Molín)
Moncó
El Pidre
El Pino (El Pinu)
El Sabledal
Entrialgo
Esquilera
La Estebanina (Estebanina)
García
Grandellana
Juncedo Campo (Xuncéu)
La Cogulla
La Escuela (La Llaguna)
La Peluca
La Reguera
La Sierra
La Trapa
Lavandera (Llavandera)
Llandones
Los Espinos
Peruyal (La Peruyal)
Ralla
Villanueva

References

Parishes in Corvera de Asturias


AWY or awy may refer to:

  Edera Awyu language, ISO 639-3 code, awy
 Aluva railway station, Kerala, India, station code


Cancienes is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in the Corvera de Asturias municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 1,651 (INE 2007).

Villages
Aguilero (Guilero)
Bango
Barredo (Barreo)
Camina
Campo la Vega (El Campu la Vega)
Cancienes
El Acebo (L'Acebo)
El Cabañón
El Monte
El Portazgo (El Portalgo)
Fuentecaliente (Fontecaliente)
La Cabaña (La Cabaña)
La Pedrera
La Pescal
La Picosa
La Rebollada (La Rebollada)
Menudera (La Menudera)
Mora
Moriana
Núñez (Nuña)

References

Parishes in Corvera de Asturias


Lauritz Lauritzen (20 January 1910 – 5 June 1980) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was born in Kiel and died in Bad Honnef.

Life and career
Lauritzen studied Law at the universities of Freiburg and Kiel and earned a doctorate (Dr. iur, equivalent to S.J.D.). After working as a high ranking civil servant at the Ministry of the Interior of the German Federal State of Lower Saxony, Lauritzen became mayor of Kassel. In 1963 he joined the Hessian government as Minister of Justice and Federal Affairs. A possible candidacy as Minister President of Hesse, was obstructed by an affair concerning donations to a football club.

After the election to the Bundestag in 1966, Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger appointed Lauritzen as Federal Minister of Housing and Urban Development. After the election of 1969, the name of the ministry was changed to Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. On 7 July 1972, Lauritzen additionally became head of the Ministries of Transport and of Post and Communication. From 15 December 1972 on, he headed only the Ministry of Transport. His predecessor at the Transport Ministry, Georg Leber, triggered press and public opposition by implementing a blanket 100 km/h speed limit on major roads, but not on Autobahnen.  In support of his predecessor's action, Lauritzen in August 1972 repeated his conviction that speed limits served the cause of traffic safety.   During the 1973 oil crisis Lauritzen took the opportunity to implement a general speed limit of 100 km/h (subsequently withdrawn) on German autobahns. He left the cabinet on 7 May 1974 upon the resignation of Chancellor Willy Brandt.

References

External links

1910 births
1980 deaths
Politicians from Kiel
Transport ministers of Germany
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Lê Thanh Đạo (born 1944) was a MiG-21 pilot of the Vietnamese People's Air Force, he flew with the 921st and 927th fighter regiment and tied for fourth place amongst Vietnam War fighter aces with six kills.

The following victories include the kills that are known to be credited to him by the VPAF:
 18 December 1971, a USAF F-4D (serial number 06-241, 555th Tactical Fighter Wing, pilot Johnson, WSO Vaughan, POWs);
 10 May 1972, a USN F-4J (pilot Blackburn (MIA-KIA), RIO Rudloff (POW), US claims AAA);
 12 June 1972, an F-4 Phantom (US does not confirm);
 24 July 1972, an F-4 Phantom (US does not confirm);
 24 July 1972, Firebee (shared);
 09 September 1972, an F-4 Phantom (US does not confirm);
 11 September 1972, a USAF F-4E (pilot Ratzlaff, WSO Heeren, POWs);
 01 October 1972, an F-4 Phantom (US does not confirm).

See also
List of Vietnam War flying aces
Weapons of the Vietnam War

References

Bibliography

North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
Living people
North Vietnamese Vietnam War flying aces
1944 births
Members of the 7th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam


is a  tall mountain of the Daikō Mountains. It is located on the border of Higashiyoshino, Nara, and Matsusaka, Mie, Japan

Kunimi
Kunimi


Afara Websystems Inc. was a Sunnyvale, California, USA server company whose goal was to build servers surrounding a custom high-throughput CPU architecture, "developing IP traffic management systems that will bring quality-of-service to the next generation of IP access infrastructure." The word "Afara" means "bridge" in the West African Yoruba language.

History
The company was founded by Kunle Olukotun, a Stanford University professor.  First employee to be hired was by Raza Foundries Board Member - Atul Kapadia.  It was Neil Sadaranganey who was the sole business person at Afara Web Systems.  He was hired out of Real Networks.  Subsequently, Les Kohn (employee #2) a microprocessor designer for: Sun Microsystems UltraSPARC; Intel i860 and i960; National Semiconductor Swordfish took the basic idea and developed a product plan.

Olukotun was talking with people running data centers in 2000 and understood the problem of those centers running out of power and space. Olukotun believed that multiple processors on a chip in conjunction with multi-threading could resolve those problems. Olukotun searched for venture capital support, on the basis that a new architecture could lead to a 10x performance increase in server processing capabilities. Pierre Lamond, a partner at Sequoia Capital, introduced Olukotun to microprocessor architect Les Kohn, who designed microprocessors for Sun, Intel and National Semiconductor (where Les worked for Pierre).  Les introduced Fermi Wang (a journeyman) one of his colleagues at C-Cube Microsystems, to be the acting CEO and to lead the company. It was a classic Silicon Valley startup - the headcount grew to 100 with 95 engineers to focus on engineering development and one marketing director.

Two meetings with venture capitalists were scheduled on September 11, 2001. The meetings in New York City were interrupted by the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, but one of them resumed 2 days later. Available capital for funding the server company had vanished, as the economy started to dip into a new recession in 2001.

Rick Hetherington left Sun to create a start-up company. Venture capitalists Sequoia Capital introduced Hetherington to Olukotun. When Hetherington's startup failed, he returned to Sun. Hetherington wrote memos to Mike Splain, CTO of the Processor group at Sun, encouraging technology acquisition of Afara Websystems. Hetherington became Chief Architect for Horizontal Systems at Sun, which develops and sells servers for data centers and Web systems.

Although SPARC-based computers systems are almost exclusively deployed with Solaris, Afara instead planned to use Linux on the SPARC-based processor they developed.

The search for venture capital continued, since creating a server company requires substantial resources, but there was little available during the recession following 9/11. Afara began negotiations with Sun Microsystems, and the acquisition was consummated in July 2002. This new acquisition fell under the umbrella of Fred DeSantis, the vice president of engineering for horizontal systems at Sun.  During the due-diligence process, Brian Sutphin sensed (as in Fermi Wang, the "CEO" mentioned that there were no term sheets on the table) from executives he was interacting with that Afara did not have any alternate sources of funding and reduced the offer from high triple digit millions of dollars to < $500M.

Contributions and impact

The project included many technology contributions among Linux, Solaris and SPARC. The Afara CPU used a SPARC port of Debian GNU/Linux initially. Debian GNU/Linux contributions to Afara Websystem's former CPU architecture continued to grow, including commercial support for Ubuntu, a Debian GNU/Linux-based operating system. Afara Websystems' former platform direction seemed further validated when Sun hired Ian Murdock, founder of the Debian distribution, to head operating system platform strategy, and cross-pollinate Solaris with a new OS packaging technology similar to that of Debian GNU/Linux.

The new CPU architecture of Afara Websystems, which became known as "Niagara", had enough merit to cause a competing internal Sun project under DeSantis' organization, called "Honeybee", to be canceled.

Pressure was placed on the computing industry to add cores and threads. While competing microprocessor vendors were designing dual-core chips with two dual-threads per core, the original "Niagara" architecture was a more radical design: an eight core processor with four threads per core.

The new family of SPARC microprocessors, trademarked by Sun as "CoolThreads", was released with model names of UltraSPARC T1 (2005), UltraSPARC T2 (2007), UltraSPARC T2 Plus (2008) and the further derivative UltraSPARC T3 (2010).  While SPARC is an open instruction set architecture, where vendors build their own processors to an open specification defined by SPARC International, this new family of microprocessors was not only created to the open specification, but its implementation was now free, where people could download the source code, and manufacture them independently.

For web serving loads, Sun had catapulted to become the uncontested fastest single processor on the planet in December 2005, performing 7x faster than the closest Intel server, and has been consistently the highest throughput web server, with the closest competition being 2x-3x slower (socket to socket comparison) as of mid-2009.

Oracle Corporation announced its intention to acquire Sun in April 2009, a deal which closed in January 2010. By the end of 2010, market competitors started to release similar products with multiple cores, a less radical approach to threading, but with similar performance characteristics. Oracle continued the radical approach of the original Afara SPARC architecture (large numbers of threads per large number of simple cores) with the release of the SPARC T3 processor in September 2010 - the first 16 core commodity central processing unit, yielding another top performance benchmark, but only by a slim margin.

Olokotun returned to Stanford University to head its "Pervasive Parallelism Lab" in 2008, to help shape the future of software, as he did with hardware.

Fermi Wang and Les Kohn founded Ambarella with a focus on high definition video capture and delivery markets.

References

2000 establishments in California
2002 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 2000
American companies disestablished in 2002
Companies based in Sunnyvale, California
Computer companies established in 2000
Computer companies disestablished in 2002
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Sun Microsystems acquisitions
Sun Microsystems hardware


Solís  is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in the Corvera de Asturias municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 442 (INE 2006).

Villages
Agüera (El barrio de Lupe)
Alvares
Calabaza
Campañones
El Casal (Casal)
El Llano (El Llanu)
El Martinete
El Pontón
La Cruzada (La Cruciada)
La Sota
Rodiles (la Capital)
Sama de Abajo (Sama Baxo)
Sama de Arriba (Sama Riba)
Santa Marina (Santa Mariña)
Táraño

References

Parishes in Corvera de Asturias


Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Crocodile, after the large aquatic reptile, the crocodile:

  was a 24-gun sixth rate launched in 1781 and lost in 1784.
  was a 22-gun sixth rate launched in 1806 and broken up in 1816.
  was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1825. She was on harbour service from 1850 and was sold in 1861.
  was an iron screw troopship launched in 1867 and sold for breaking up in 1894.

Royal Navy ship names


Martin's Church (, ) in Turku, Finland is the main church of Martin's parish, founded in 1921. The church was consecrated on the 450th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther, on November 12, 1933. The designers of the church were the architects Totti Sora and Gunnar Wahlroos. The church represents architectural functionalism. Martin's church is a long church with three aisles with very narrow side aisles. The church has a functional and singular practicality of its own. The barrel-vaulting of the roof is one of the most outstanding features of the church. The altar, the pulpit, and the roof are notable features of architect Sora's work. On the top of the pulpit, the architect has placed a crown. The same theme is featured as a decoration to the hymn list table. The architects have clearly thought of the church as a royal court chamber and for this reason the basic construction is reminiscent of a basilica. The artist Aarre Aaltonen has made five decorative sculptures for the pulpit.

Art works
Einari Wehmas and Karl Ingenius, artists from Turku, won the competition that was arranged for a work of art to decorate the altar wall. Their work is the most notable detail of the church. The whole altar wall is covered with an "al secco" painting of Jesus Christ nailed to the cross with friends and officials at Golgatha. This massive work is  high and  in breadth. At the time of painting this was the largest painting of its type in Scandinavia. Vehmas and Holvi painted the pictures on the arches in the nave. The upper one depicts the eye of God. On the arches there are symbolic pictures of the apostles and of a green clothed angel with a chalice in his hand. On the balcony of the organ gallery, the artists painted an advent scene. Several years later, Einari Vehmas painted the sacristy window paintings showing scenes of the Saviour with a child on his arm, Bishop Henry, and Martin Luther.

The altar cloth was designed by the textile artist Greta Skogster, and was presented to the church as a gift at the consecration ceremony by the parish sewing circle. The dominant feature of the altar cloth is pelicans: pelicans feeding their young with their own blood. This motif has been regarded as symbolic of the love of Christ. The church has received a number of gifts from both private people and societies. The seven branch silver candelabrum on the altar is a gift from Martin's church choir and was made by a member of the choir, silversmith Emil Sivonen.

Organ
The church was in operation for a number of years unfinished, without an organ, church bells, or a clock in the spire. This was due to insufficient funds. Finally the harmonium that was installed in 1936 gave place to an organ. The 50-pipe organ is of the so-called romantic Orchestra organ type. The installation was designed by Sulo Muurikoski, parish organist for a long time. The electrification of the organ was done in 1981 by the organ builder Veikko Virtanen company. The spire got its clock in 1952, and chimes in 1955. The casting of the bells was done by the Friis Brothers bell foundry.

Renovation
Repairs and improvements to the church have been undertaken in several phases. Most recently, in 1980–81, the exterior and interior surfaces were repaired and repainted, some of the pews at the back of the church were removed, the tower chapel was furnished, and entrances for the disabled were built. In 1987, the Independence celebration year of Finland, the members of the parish council presented the church with a remembrance plaque in honour of the members of the congregation who were killed in the 1939–44 war. The memorial tablet honours 181 names.

Gallery

See also
 Turku
 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
 Turku Cathedral
 IV District, Turku

External links

 Virtual Turku – images from the church

Lutheran churches in Turku
Turku MartinsChurch
Turku MartinsChurch


Exponent, Inc. is an American engineering and scientific consulting firm. Exponent has a multidisciplinary team of scientists, physicians, engineers, and business consultants which performs research and analysis in more than 90 technical disciplines. The company operates 20 offices in the United States and five offices overseas.

History

Founding and leadership
Failure Analysis Associates (FaAA) was founded in April 1967 by then Stanford University professor Alan Stephen Tetelman along with his colleagues Bernard Ross, Marsh Pound, John Shyne and Sathya V. Hanagud with $500 in capital.

At the time of FaAA's founding, Ross was also an engineering program manager at SRI International (then the Stanford Research Institute) (1965–1970). While en route to the site of a Navy jet crash investigation, Tetelman was killed on September 25, 1978, in the PSA Flight 182 air crash over San Diego between a PSA jet liner and a private Cessna airplane that claimed the lives of 144 people. He was forty-two years old.

Ross assumed the presidency of Failure Analysis Associates after the accident. Ross and the late Tetelman were featured in a documentary film about the company titled "What Went Wrong" made by the United States Information Service and distributed worldwide.  Tetelman was a world-renowned expert in fracture mechanics and co-authored a textbook titled "The Principles of Engineering Materials" with  Craig R. Barrett (former CEO of Intel) and Stanford professor, William D. Nix, published by Prentice-Hall in 1973.

In 1982, Roger McCarthy assumed the leadership of FaAA, becoming chief executive officer in 1982 until 1996, and chairman of the board in 1986 until 2005. McCarthy joined FaAA in 1978 and became a director and vice-president in 1980.

In 2004, McCarthy was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.

Michael R. Gaulke served as the chief executive officer of Exponent Inc. from June 1996 to May 28, 2009. He is currently chairman of the board of directors.  Mr. Gaulke served as president of Exponent Inc. from March 1993 to May 22, 2007. Mr. Gaulke first joined Exponent Inc. in September 1992 and served as its executive vice president and chief financial officer.

In 2008, Oregon State University inducted Mr. Gaulke into its Engineering Hall of Fame.

Paul R. Johnston was the chief executive officer at Exponent Inc. from May 28, 2009 – May 31, 2018. Johnston was president of Exponent Inc. from May 2007 until July 2016. Johnston joined Exponent in 1981 and served as its Principal Engineer since 1987 and vice president since 1996. Johnston has co-authored a book titled "Structural Dynamics by Finite Elements" published by Prentice-Hall in 1987. On May 31, 2018, Johnston stepped down from the position of chief executive officer to be an executive chairman.

Catherine F. Corrigan was named president of Exponent, Inc. on July 29, 2016. Corrigan joined Exponent's Philadelphia office in 1996, was promoted to principal in 2002 and to corporate vice president in 2005. Corrigan was promoted to group vice president to lead the Transportation Group and joined the company's operating committee in 2012.

On May 31, 2018, Corrigan was appointed to chief executive officer.

Incorporation
Failure Analysis Associates was founded as a partnership, incorporated in 1968 in California and reincorporated in Delaware as Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. in 1988.

In 1989, McCarthy reincorporated Failure Analysis Associates, Inc. in Delaware under a holding company, The Failure Group, Inc. and took The Failure Group, Inc. public in 1990. The company changed its name to Exponent, Inc. in 1998.

Company activities
Exponent has been involved in the investigations of many well known incidents including the now debunked report aired on Dateline in 1993 about fires and explosions involving sidesaddle fuel tanks on Chevrolet C/K trucks, the disputed Consumer Reports finding on Suzuki roll-over safety, the 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls, the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 among many other aviation accidents, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Federal Emergency Management Agency also hired Exponent to examine the Oklahoma City bombing damage aftermath, specifically the damage to the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. NASA hired Exponent in 1986 to determine the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

In 2003, Exponent was hired by the U.S. government to investigate the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. In 2017, Samsung hired Exponent to determine cause of thermal runaway of the Note 7 Phone batteries.

Exponent has ISO 9001 accreditation, indicating independently audited and certified quality management practices. The company also is certified for battery, energy storage and compliance testing.

Neutrality
The quality and neutrality of reports produced by the company have been called into question on various controversial topics. Common points of critique include corporate denialism and that, for industrial clients, only favorable reports are seemingly produced. Examples include Exponent arguing in 2001 that dioxins do not cause cancer.  These questions of conflict of interest have been disputed. The type of work that Exponent performs is contractually highly confidential—until their clients decide otherwise. Thus, while Exponent may issue reports that are both favorable and unfavorable to its clients, Exponent's clients have the option of releasing only the favorable reports, creating the appearance of bias.

According to the Los Angeles Times, "Exponent's research has come under fire from critics, including engineers, attorneys and academics who say the company tends to deliver to clients the reports they need to mount a public defense." Exponent's executive chairman responded that such criticism is a "cheap shot", responding "Do we tell our clients a lot of what they don't want to hear? Absolutely." but that they also often come up with results not favoring their clients. No concrete examples were however provided for the paper. In 2009, the Amazon Defense Coalition criticized an Exponent study commissioned by the energy company Chevron that dumping oil waste didn't cause cancer because Chevron's largest shareholder was a director on Exponent's board. The firm was also criticized for assisting industry efforts to reduce chromium regulation.

Notable projects
Partial listing of notable projects:

 Chevrolet C/K
 Suzuki v. Consumers Union
 American Airlines Flight 587
 Turkish Airlines Flight 981
 Exxon Valdez
 Oklahoma City bombing
 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
 2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls

 Drillship Seacrest
 Alexander L. Kielland (platform)
 Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkway collapse
 Kobe earthquake
 TWA Flight 800
 Assassination of John F. Kennedy
 James Dean motor vehicle accident
 Collapse of the World Trade Center
 Deflategate
 MARCbot
 Samsung Note 7

Research areas
Exponent's services are concentrated on multiple practices and centers, including:

 Biomechanics
 Biomedical Engineering
 Buildings & Structures
 Civil Engineering
 Construction Consulting
 Ecological & Biological Sciences
 Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
 Engineering Management Consulting
 Environmental & Earth Sciences
 Health Sciences

 Human Factors
 Industrial Structures
 Materials Science & Corrosion Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
 Polymers Science & Materials Chemistry
 Statistical & Data Sciences
 Technology Development
 Thermal Sciences
 Vehicle Engineering
 Visual Communication

References

External links

University spin-offs
Consulting firms established in 1967
Engineering consulting firms of the United States
International engineering consulting firms
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Companies based in Menlo Park, California
Multinational companies headquartered in the United States
1967 establishments in California


Li Shouheng (; 1898–1995), also known as S. H. Li, was a Chinese educator, chemist and chemical engineer. Li founded the first chemical engineering department in China, thus is regarded as the Father of Modern Chinese Chemical Engineering. Li is also regarded as the first President of current Zhejiang University of Technology.

Biography

Li was born on 21 Feb 1898 in Yixing, Jiangsu, Qing Dynasty China. Li's courtesy name was Qiaonian ().

Aug 1920, Li went to study in United States. At beginning, Li studied at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Later he transferred to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In 1923, Li obtained his MS, and PhD in May 1925 under S. W. Parr.

In July 1925, Li went back to China. In early April 1927, Li became a lecturer at Zhejiang Industrial School (one of early roots and technical schools of current comprehensive Zhejiang University). Li founded and led the Department of Chemical Engineering at Zhejiang University, which is the first chemical engineering department in China. The first BEng of Chemical Engineering students graduated from his department in 1928.

In May 1938, Li was designated the acting dean of the engineering faculty of Zhejiang University, by then university president Coching Chu. In Aug 1947, Li became the Provost of Zhejiang University. In 1950, Li became the head of Zhejiang University School of Engineering. In 1952, Li was repointed as the Provost of Zhejiang University, by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China Centerial Government. From 1956 to 1958, Li was the Vice-president of Zhejiang University.

Later, the new Zhejiang Chemical Engineering School (the pre-existence of current Zhejiang University of Technology) was established, mainly based on the technical resources of Zhejiang University. Li was pointed as the president of the school, thus nowadays Li is also regarded as the first President of the Zhejiang University of Technology.

Li died on 18 Feb 1995 in Hangzhou.

References

External links
 Brief biography of Li Shouheng (In Chinese, including photo)
 Introduction of Li Shouheng at Zhejiang University  (In Chinese, including photo)
 李寿恒(1898–1995)：国立东南大学教授(1925–1927) Professor Li Shouheng at Southeast University
 Prof. Li Shouheng, from Comprehensive Museum of Network

1898 births
1995 deaths
Chemists from Jiangsu
Engineers from Jiangsu
Educators from Wuxi
Academic staff of Zhejiang University
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Academic staff of Zhejiang University of Technology
Presidents of Zhejiang University of Technology
Scientists from Wuxi
Chinese chemical engineers