The 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron (1 APC Sqn) was an armoured unit of the Australian Army raised for service during the Vietnam War. Raised in 1965, the unit was deployed to South Vietnam in May 1966 to join the 1st Australian Task Force. After that 1 APC Sqn was involved in numerous operations in support of the 5th and 6th Battalions, the Royal Australian Regiment, with the most notable action coming on 18 August 1966 when the squadron was involved in the Battle of Long Tan. In January 1967, 1 APC Sqn was redesignated as 'A' Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment.

History

Formation
1 APC Sqn has a convoluted history. Officially the unit was first raised at Puckapunyal, Victoria, on 1 July 1965; however, the squadron also draws lineage from 1 Troop, 'A' Squadron, 4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse (1 Tp A Sqn 4/19 PWLH). 1 Tp A Sqn 4/19 PWLH was a Regular sub unit of a primarily Citizens Military Force light cavalry regiment. In June 1965, this unit was converted from Saladin armoured cars and Saracen armoured personnel carriers (APCs) to M113s and sent to South Vietnam as part of Australia's initial commitment to the Vietnam War. Working primarily with 1 RAR, the troop was placed under the control of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade, operating in an area to the north of Nui Dat in Phuoc Tuy Province.

Under the command of Lieutenant (later Captain) Robert Hill, initially the troop was deployed with only eight carriers as at the start of the Australian commitment to the ground war in Vietnam, the Australian government intended to limit the size of Australia's forces to a single infantry battalion tasked with maintaining security around the American base at Bien Hoa. In September, however, as it became clearer that there was a wider role for Australian ground forces the size of the troop was increased to 13 personnel carriers and two mortar carriers and after that the troop was used in a variety of roles including infantry mobility, manoeuvre, direct and indirect fire support, casualty evacuation and providing a medium lift stores transportation capability.

In March 1966, 1 Tp A Sqn 4/19 PWLH was redesignated as the "1st Armoured Personnel Carrier Troop" (1 APC Troop) and it subsequently completed its tour of Vietnam in June 1966. At that time, 1 APC Sqn arrived and all of 1 Troop's vehicles and some of its personnel were subsumed into the squadron.

While 1 APC Troop had been conducting operations in Vietnam, 1 APC Sqn had been training in Australia in preparation to relieve the overworked troop. On 9 March 1966, the Australian government announced that it would increase the size of Australia's ground forces in Vietnam to a task force consisting of two infantry battalions, a squadron of armoured personnel carriers and a number of ancillary units. Additionally, it was also announced that the Australian Task Force, known as 1 ATF, would operate as an independent force from the Americans and would take primary responsibility for an area inside Phuoc Tuy province.

Deployment to Vietnam

In May 1966, an advanced party from the squadron arrived to take over 1 APC Troop's vehicles, while the rest of the squadron, travelling upon the troop carrier , arrived at the 1 ATF base at Nui Dat on 9 June 1966. Under the command of Major Robert Hagerty, who had previously served in Vietnam with the AATTV, the squadron consisted of seven officers and 109 other ranks. Some of these men were national servicemen, although most of the officers and NCOs were regulars drawn from the 1st Armoured Regiment and from 'A' Squadron, 4/19 PWLH.

Upon its arrival, 1 APC Sqn's first task was to help secure the task force base at Nui Dat by erecting defences and clearing the area; however, once this had been done, the squadron took on primary responsibility for ensuring that the road between Vung Tau and Saigon remained open. In order to achieve this, a number of cordon and search operations were undertaken focusing on the villages surrounding Nui Dat. On 21 June 1966, 3 Troop was deployed with 6 RAR on Operation Enoggera, a search and destroy mission that focused upon the village of Long Phuoc, which had long been a haven for the Viet Cong (VC).

As 1 ATF did not possess any tanks at that stage, the APCs of 1 APC Sqn were in high demand and were required to undertake many different roles in this time.  These included both cavalry and armoured personnel roles, such as fire support, reconnaissance and offensive manoeuvre, as well as serving as infantry command and control vehicles, troop transport, stores portage, and casualty evacuation. Whilst 1 APC Sqn was involved in many operations in the six months that it was in existence, probably its most notable action was on 18 August 1966 in what later became known as the Battle of Long Tan. 1 APC Sqn's involvement at Long Tan came at a very crucial moment in battle, but nevertheless their involvement in this battle has received little acknowledgement.

1 APC Sqn's first task during the battle was to transport 'A' Company, 6 RAR to the battlefield to relieve 'D' Company, which was holding out against desperate odds in a rubber plantation to the west of Long Tan. This task fell to ten APCs from 3 Troop under the command of Lieutenant Adrian Roberts. Having picked up 'A' Company from their lines at Nui Dat, the column received permission and set off across country in the pouring rain at 18:00 hours. Fording a flooded creek, they shook out into assault formation astride the plantation road. The move took just over an hour, as the column had to fight its way through pockets of enemy and brave the heavy defensive artillery barrage that was being put down around 'D' Company; however, by 19:00 hours they reached the beleaguered company.

Upon arriving at the plantation, 3 Troop advanced through 'D' Company's position, carrying out a quick sweep of the area through which the attacking Vietnamese were forming up for another attack, catching the enemy on their flanks and inflicting heavy casualties. Upon seeing the arrival of the APCs the enemy broke off its attack, the survivors melting away back into the jungle and leaving the Australians in possession of the battlefield. The Australians suffered 18 men killed and 24 wounded. Of these, one of the men that had been killed was from 3 Troop. The man was Corporal Peter Clements, who died on 27 August 1966 after succumbing to the serious gunshot wounds he received during the battle.

For their actions during the battle, two men from 3 Troop received gallantry awards. Corporal John Carter received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for his actions in neutralising an enemy anti-tank weapon, while Lieutenant Adrian Roberts received a Mention in Despatches for his leadership of the troop during the battle. Following the battle, 1 APC Sqn continued to operate in the area, supporting 5 and 6 RAR. As a part of the follow-up operations, during Operation Crows Nest, one troop operated in a cavalry role as part of a combined infantry/armour sweep either side of Route 2. They continued to operate in this role, providing fire support and transporting troops across the battlefield for the rest of the year.

Redesignation
In January 1967, after a re-organisation of units of the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, 1 APC Sqn was re-designated as 'A' Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment. This squadron subsequently rotated with the regiment's second squadron, 'B' Squadron, as the 3rd Cavalry Regiment maintain a squadron on operations in Vietnam up until November 1971. 1 Troop remained even longer, staying on until March 1972.

Structure
Sqn HQ
Admin Troop
 1 Troop (previously 1 APC Troop)
 2 Troop
 3 Troop
Support Troop (later redesignated as 4 Troop).

Commanding officers
 Major Robert Edmund Hagerty.

Decorations
 1 DCM
 1 MID.

See also
 Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References

External links
 3rd Cavalry Regiment | Australian War Memorial
 Armoured Personnel Carrier Squadron War Diary

Australian armoured units
Military units and formations established in 1965
Military units and formations disestablished in 1967
Military units and formations of Australia in the Vietnam War


Henry III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse, called "the Rich" (15 October 1440 – 13 January 1483) was the second son of Louis I of Hesse and his wife Anna of Saxony.

Upon the death of his father Louis I in 1458, Henry received Upper Hesse and his brother Louis II received Lower Hesse. He succeeded to the title of Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg in 1458. His nickname "the Rich" is indicative of his fortune in territory and tolls on the Rhine received by his marriage to Anna, daughter and heir of Philipp, the last Count of Katzenelnbogen and his wife Anne of Württemberg.

Life
Henry was the second son of Landgrave Ludwig I of Hesse and his wife Anna of Saxony. Ludwig I had stipulated in his will that Henry and his brother Ludwig (1438–1471) should share the landgraviate equally between them, but did not concretize this provision until his death. Ludwig II initially decided on Lower Hesse and left Marburg and the land on the Lahn to Heinrich, where he ruled as Heinrich III. He received his nickname "the Rich" due to his marriage to Anna of Katzenelnbogen (daughter of Philipp I) and the territorial gains associated with it, which also came with considerable financial gain, including the lucrative revenues from Rhine customs.

The dispute over the exact division of the landgraviate between the two brothers dragged on for more than ten years. Several appraisals and arbitration awards had no effect. After initial encroachments, the conflict finally escalated in 1468/69 into an open feud, the so-called Hessian Brother War. A peace brokered by the third brother, Hermann, later archbishop of Köln, initiated renewed partition negotiations. The result was another agreement at a Diet of the Hessian Landstände in Spieskappel Monastery, on the traditional border between Lower and Upper Hesse, in 1470. Again, some points remained unresolved. However, further discussion was unnecessary, since Ludwig II died already in 1471. Henry III took over the guardianship of Ludwig II's two sons and ruled over Lower and Upper Hesse until his death in 1483.

The Marburg line became extinct with Heinrich's son, Wilhelm III, in 1500, and its possessions fell by inheritance to the Kassel line.

Children
His daughter Elisabeth (1466–1523) would go on to marry John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen and they would become grandparents to William the Silent. His younger daughter, Mathilde (1473–1524), would go on to marry John II, Duke of Cleves and they would become grandparents to Queen Anne of Cleves. Henry's only son to reach adulthood succeeded as William III  (1471–1500). In 1498, William ΙΙΙ married Elisabeth, the daughter of Philip, Elector Palatine. William ΙΙΙ left no legitimate heir and the title passed to his cousin, William II, Landgrave of Hesse, son of Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse.

Henry also had an illegitimate daughter, Contzel (* before 1471; † before 1508), with a woman named Christina (Steyna), the wife of the painter Johannes Dietz († 1480) of Marburg. Contzel married Ludwig Orth (about 1460–1523), the several-times mayor of Marburg, and their descendants include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Ancestry

References

External links
Wikisource: "Heinrich III. (Landgraf von Hessen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
 Wikisource: "Wilhelm III. (Landgraf von Hessen)", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

|-

House of Hesse
Landgraves of Hesse
1483 deaths
1440 births


Steven Richard Wright (born August 30, 1984) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Wright has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, having made his MLB debut in 2013; he was an All-Star in 2016. He is known for his knuckleball pitch.

Wright received two World Series rings in 2013 and 2018 as a member of the Red Sox for being on the active roster, but did not play in the playoffs.

Amateur baseball career
Born in Torrance, California, Wright attended Valley View High School in Moreno Valley, California and the University of Hawaii. While at Hawaii, Wright was named a second-team All-American as a junior in 2006. He had an 11–2 record with a 2.30 ERA in 110 innings. In 2005, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League, where he was named a league all-star and helped Orleans to the 2005 league championship.

Professional career

Cleveland Indians
The Cleveland Indians selected Wright in the second round of the 2006 MLB draft. From 2007 to 2012, Wright played Minor League Baseball with the Lake County Captains, Kinston Indians, Akron Aeros, and Columbus Clippers, all affiliates of the Cleveland Indians. With the 2008 Akron Aeros, he pitched a career-high 75 innings.

Wright has a 90-mph fastball, but he turned to the knuckleball as his primary pitch in the 2011 season as a collective decision among Wright and the Indians.

Boston Red Sox
On July 31, 2012, the Indians traded Wright to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for Lars Anderson at the trade deadline.

After an injury to Boston relief pitcher Joel Hanrahan in April 2013, the Red Sox called Wright up to the major leagues. Wright's first major league experience was against the Indians, the team that traded him in 2012, but he saw no action in the three-game series.

2013
On April 23, 2013, Wright was called into a game versus the Oakland Athletics to relieve Alfredo Aceves. The first batter he faced, Brandon Moss, hit into a double play. Wright allowed five runs in  innings, and was optioned to Triple-A Pawtucket after the game.

On July 11, Wright earned his first major league win, against the Seattle Mariners. Wright pitched  shutout innings in relief of Ryan Dempster. Koji Uehara picked up the save, and presented Wright with the ball following the victory. On August 1, Wright picked up his second win, also against the Mariners and again in relief of Dempster; Boston trailed 7–2 entering the ninth inning, but staged a comeback to walk off with an 8–7 victory, making Wright the winner. On August 6, while pitching in his first major league start, Wright's knuckleball caused catcher Ryan Lavarnway to tie a major league record with four passed balls in one inning. The record was originally set by Ray Katt of the New York Giants in 1954, catching knuckleballer Hoyt Wilhelm, and tied by Gino Petralli of the Texas Rangers in 1987, catching knuckleballer Charlie Hough.

Wright made four MLB appearances with one start during the season, accumulating a 5.40 ERA and a 2–0 record. He was also the recipient of the Red Sox' Lou Gorman Award. Wright was not included on the team's postseason roster.

2014
Wright began the 2014 season with Triple-A Pawtucket, going 5–3 with a 2.76 ERA before being recalled to Boston on August 17. In six major league games with the Red Sox, Wright made one start, going 0–1 with a 2.57 ERA in 21 innings pitched.

2015

During a game started on April 10, 2015, against the Yankees, after a home run by Chase Headley in the bottom of the ninth pushed the game into extra innings, Wright, the intended starter for the next day, entered in the bottom of the 15th.  Although yielding a tying run in both the 16th and 18th innings, Wright became the winning pitcher after five innings of relief. It was the longest game then played at the new Yankee Stadium, ending after 19 innings at  with a 6–5 score, after six hours and 49 minutes (with an additional 16-minute delay due to a series of faulty stadium lights going out during the 12th inning).  Later that morning, Wright was optioned to Triple-A Pawtucket to make room for the returning Joe Kelly. Wright finished his MLB season with a 5–4 record, a 4.09 ERA, and  innings pitched.

2016
On May 8, 2016, Wright pitched a complete game for the first time in his MLB career as the Red Sox won 5–1 over the Yankees.  Wright gave up only three hits, struck out seven, and the lone run came on a solo home run by Brett Gardner with two outs in the ninth inning. Wright earned his first All-Star game nod, going 9–5 before the game, recording the lowest ERA of any AL starting pitcher before the break. On August 14, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list with bursitis in his right shoulder. He ended the 2016 season with a 13–6 record and 3.33 ERA after pitching  innings in 24 starts.

2017
On May 4, 2017, it was announced that Wright would undergo left knee surgery for a cartilage restoration, therefore ending his season. He had made five appearances (all starts) with a 1–3 record and 8.25 ERA in 24 innings pitched.

2018
On March 23, 2018, MLB announced that Wright would be suspended for 15 games for violating the league's personal conduct policy. The suspension took effect on April 28, when Wright completed a rehabilitation assignment with Triple-A Pawtucket.

On May 14, Wright was activated by Boston, his suspension having been completed. After 10 appearances (including four starts), he was placed on the disabled list with a left knee injury on June 26; he received a PRP injection in the knee on July 2. Wright was sent on a rehabilitation assignment with Triple-A Pawtucket on August 28, and returned from the disabled list on September 1.

Overall in 2018, Wright pitched  innings over 20 appearances (including four starts), compiling a 3–1 record and 2.68 ERA. He also picked up his only MLB save on September 16, 2018 against the Mets. Initially included on Boston's postseason roster, Wright was removed and replaced by Heath Hembree for the ALDS and beyond due to his previous knee injury. The Red Sox went on to win the World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers.

2019
On January 11, 2019, Wright and the Red Sox reached agreement on a one-year contract worth $1.375 million. On March 6, 2019, Wright received an 80-game suspension without pay after testing positive for Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide 2 (GHRP-2), a performance-enhancing substance, in violation of MLB’s Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program.

Wright made his first appearance of the season with Triple-A Pawtucket on a rehabilitation assignment in early June, and was added to Boston's active roster on June 25. Wright was placed on the injured list on July 14 with a right great toe contusion. On September 1, the Red Sox moved him to the 60-day injured list. For the season with Boston, Wright was 0–1 with an 8.53 ERA and five strikeouts in  innings. Wright was released by the Red Sox on October 18, and he announced shortly thereafter that he would undergo Tommy John surgery.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On March 21, 2021, Wright signed a minor league contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates that included an invitation to spring training. In 18 appearances for the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, Wright had a 6.68 ERA with 70 strikeouts. On August 19, 2021, Wright was released by the Pirates.

Personal life
Wright and his wife Shannon have two children, a daughter and son. In December 2017, Wright was arrested for domestic assault,
although the court case was "retired" and would be dismissed in December 2018 if no further incidents occur.

See also

List of Major League Baseball players suspended for performance-enhancing drugs

References

Further reading

External links

1984 births
Living people
Baseball players from Torrance, California
American sportspeople in doping cases
Major League Baseball players suspended for drug offenses
American League All-Stars
Boston Red Sox players
Akron Aeros players
Kinston Indians players
Lake County Captains players
Columbus Clippers players
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors baseball players
Orleans Firebirds players
Knuckleball pitchers
Portland Sea Dogs players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Indianapolis Indians players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela


Garland Junior College (1872–1976) was a liberal arts women's college in Boston, Massachusetts. Mary Garland established the Garland Kindergarten Training School in 1872 on Chestnut Street in Boston's Beacon Hill. By 1903, the school had expanded its curriculum to include home economics, and was renamed the Garland School of Homemaking. It was authorized as a junior college in 1948, and subsequently granted the AS degree as Garland Junior College. Studies in the visual arts became the AA program, and curriculum included illustration, fine art painting, graphic design, and jewelry design. Marc Brown, author of the "Arthur" children's book series, taught illustration at Garland during the 70s.

In March 1976, economic shifts resulted in a vote by the Board of Trustees to transfer the Garland Junior College name, physical facilities, and certain other assets to Simmons College. Garland Junior College graduated its last class of 98 students in May 1976.

Notable alumni
 Susan Farmer, Rhode Island politician and businesswoman
 Tipper Gore, Second Lady of the United States
 Anne Sexton, poet
 Bunny Williams, interior decorator.

External links
Simmons College Archives. History of the Garland School.

Educational institutions established in 1872
Defunct private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
Educational institutions disestablished in 1976
Universities and colleges in Boston
1872 establishments in Massachusetts


Adstock is a municipality in the Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. Its population in the Canada 2016 Census was 2,806.

Adstock was created on February 14, 2001, after the amalgamation of Saint-Méthode-de-Frontenac and Sacré-Coeur-de-Marie-Partie-Sud. On October 24, 2001, Sainte-Anne-du-Lac joined the new municipality.

Adstock was named after the township in which the former municipality of Saint-Méthode-de-Frontenac lies. The township was itself named after the village of Adstock in Buckinghamshire, England.

References

External links

Municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Chaudière-Appalaches


Deeside Stadium () is a multi-sport stadium located in Connah's Quay, Deeside. It was the home stadium to Welsh Premier League side Connah's Quay Nomads until the 23/24 season and is the home of the Deeside Athletics Club.

History

The stadium was opened in 1998 and became home to Connah's Quay who moved from their previous venue, the Halfway Ground.

In 2006, the Nomads spent time playing at Flint Town's Cae-Y-Castell ground as the pitch at Deeside underwent renovations. Shortly afterwards, they began planning to move into a new purpose built ground, although these plans never came to fruition.

Layout

The stadium features one raised stand containing 500 seats. Lying next to it is a small disabled shelter. Opposite the stand is a two-storey media centre and TV gantry.

Attendances

Connah's Quay's record attendance at the Deeside Stadium is 1,068 for the Scottish Challenge Cup Semi Final game against Edinburgh City F.C.

References

Football venues in Wales
Stadiums in Wales
Sports venues completed in 1998
Connah's Quay Nomads F.C.


Androstanediol may refer to:

 3α-Androstanediol (5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol) – an endogenous neurosteroid, weak androgen and estrogen, and intermediate to androsterone
 3β-Androstanediol (5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol) – an endogenous estrogen and intermediate to epiandrosterone
 3α-Etiocholanediol (5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol; etiocholane-3α,17β-diol) – an endogenous intermediate to etiocholanolone
 3β-Etiocholanediol (5β-androstane-3β,17β-diol; etiocholane-3β,17β-diol) – an endogenous intermediate to epietiocholanolone

See also
 Etiocholanediol
 Androstenediol
 Androstanedione
 Androstenedione
 Androstanolone
 Androstenolone

Androstanes


Barry Farrell (1935 – December 10, 1984) was an American journalist and editor who wrote for magazines. He worked for Time, Life and Harper's Magazines in the 1960s and 1970s. He also wrote a book about Roald Dahl and Patricia Neal entitled Pat and Roald.

Early life
Farrell was a native of Seattle, Washington.  He graduated from the University of Washington in 1956, served in the U.S. Army, and started his writing career at the Seattle Post-Intelligencer.

Magazine career
Farrell was hired by Time magazine in 1960, working first in San Francisco then in New York where he became the magazine's music writer.  He later served as Time'''s correspondent in Paris and became a staff writer for its sister publication Life in 1968, where he wrote a column every other week, alternating with Joan Didion.  He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1970s where he was West Coast Editor of Harper's. He also taught writing, including at the University of California, Santa Barbara.Time cover stories by Farrell included symphony conductor Bruno Walter (1963), jazz pianist Thelonious Monk (1964) and French actress Jeanne Moreau (1965).

In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge and refused to pay taxes in protest against the Vietnam War.

Farrell interviewed Buckminster Fuller for Playboy magazine in February 1972.  He wrote Pat and Roald, the biographical story of author Roald Dahl and his wife, actress Patricia Neal.   A collection of his essays, How I Got to Be This Hip, edited by Steve Hawk, was published in 1999.  He was a close friend of Joan Didion and her husband, John Gregory Dunne.

Death in Los Angeles

Farrell died at age 49 in the Veterans Administration Hospital, West Los Angeles in 1984, after suffering a heart attack. He was survived by his wife, Marcia; his daughters, Anne, Joan and Lily; his mother, Marietta Farrell of Seattle; a brother, Dr. Dennis Farrell of San Francisco, and a sister, Colleen Vescia, of Palo Alto, Calif.  .

Publications

Books
 Pat and Roald, publisher Kingsport Press, 1969
 How I Got to be This Hip'', Steve Hawk editor, publisher WSP, 1999, , LCCN: 00268647

Articles
"The candidate from Disneyland" (Ronald Reagan) -February 1976
"Celebrity market" (Deceptive advertising; Endorsements in advertising) -December 1975
"George in the afternoon" (George Segal) -August 1975
"A let-burn situation" (Fires; Los Angeles; Police; Political violence; Terrorists) -September 1974
"California inquest" (Manson Family killings, Sirhan Bishara Sirhan -May 1974
"The Ellsberg mask" (Daniel Ellsberg) -October 1973
"Desert manners" (Fiction) -August 1976

References

External links
Six articles and a fiction piece in Harper's Magazine (available by subscription):

American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
American tax resisters
1935 births
1984 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers


3α-Androstanediol also known as 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol and sometimes shortened in the literature to 3α-diol, is an endogenous steroid hormone and neurosteroid and a metabolite of androgens like dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Biological activity
3α-Androstanediol is an inhibitory androstane neurosteroid and weak androgen and estrogen.

As a neurosteroid, it acts as a potent positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor, and has been found to have rewarding, anxiolytic, pro-sexual, and anticonvulsant effects. As androgens such as testosterone and DHT are known to have many of the same effects as 3α-diol and are converted into it in vivo, it is thought that this compound may in part be responsible for said effects.

Relative to its isomer 3β-androstanediol, which is a potent estrogen, 3α-androstanediol has substantially lower, though still significant affinity for the estrogen receptors, with a several-fold preference for ERβ over ERα. It has approximately 0.07% and 0.3% of the affinity of estradiol at the ERα and ERβ, respectively.

Biochemistry

3α-Androstanediol shows high affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), similar to that of testosterone.

Chemistry

3α-Androstanediol, also known as 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, is a naturally occurring androstane steroid and a structural analogue of DHT (5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one). A notable positional isomer of 3α-androstanediol is 3β-androstanediol.

An orally active synthetic analogue of 3α-androstanediol, 17α-ethynyl-3α-androstanediol (HE-3235, Apoptone), was formerly under investigation for the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer.

References

5α-Reduced steroid metabolites
Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Estrogens
Human metabolites
Neurosteroids
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Selective ERβ agonists


Edgewater is an unincorporated hamlet located in the East Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. It is along Highway 95  south of Golden and on the perimeter of Kootenay National Park. It was originally founded as a farming community before World War I. Many of its residents were from England, and returned there after the war, causing the community to suffer a decline in population. Edgewater has since recovered, and the area's economy includes forestry, agriculture, and tourism.

Edgewater has couple of major attractions that draw travelers. The area around the community is Christmas tree farmland, and in the summer there is a Saturday Farmer's Market, where tourists can purchase arts and crafts, fresh produce and dairy products. Edgewater is also home to the Steamboat Mountain Music Festival in July.

The community gets its name from being at the edge of the waters of the Columbia River.

Designated places in British Columbia
Columbia Valley
Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Populated places in the Regional District of East Kootenay


The Alberta Senior Hockey League or ASHL was a senior level ice hockey league that operated between 1936 and 1941 in Alberta, Canada.  In 1941 the league ceased operations due to World War II.

After the ASHL folded, some teams went on to join the Western Canada Senior Hockey League (WCSHL) while other teams merged with the West Kootenay League to become the Alberta-British Columbia Senior League for the 1941-42 season.

Teams
Calgary Bronks (1936–1937)
Calgary Rangers (1936–1938)
Drumheller Miners (1936–1941)
Edmonton Dominions (1936–1938)
Edmonton Superiors (1936–1938)
Olds Elks (1936–1941)
Calgary Stampeders (1938–1941)
Coleman Canadians (1938–1941)
Edmonton Eskimos (1938–1939)
Lethbridge Maple Leafs (1938–1941)
Turner Valley Oilers (1938–1941)
Edmonton Flyers (1939–1941)

Notable players
The Drumheller Miners, the only ASHL team to play in all five years of the league's existence, featured the five Bentley brothers – Doug, Max, Reg, Roy and Wyatt. Doug, Max and Reg went on to play in the National Hockey League (NHL), while Doug and Max were both elected into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Alex Kaleta, who played for the Calgary Stampeders and Lethbridge Maple Leafs, would go on to compete in the NHL and is known for his part in originating hockey's hat trick tradition while with the Chicago Black Hawks.

References

External links
Alberta Senior Hockey League on Hockeydb.com

Defunct ice hockey leagues in Alberta


Line 18 is a north–south Shanghai Metro line running from  station in the city's Baoshan District to Hangtou station in Pudong, with a length of . The line was originally scheduled to open by the end of 2020. However, officials announced that only the initial segment of eight stations in Pudong started test runs in September 2020. The  southern section opened for passenger operations on December 26, 2020. The remainder of the line was opened on 30 December 2021. The line is  long with 26 stations. The line is one of Shanghai Metro's new batch of high capacity fully automated and driverless lines along with Lines 14 and 15. The line is colored earth yellow on system maps.

History
The line began construction on 12 May 2016. An eight-station segment in Pudong, running from  station in the north to  station in the south, underwent testing in September 2020 and opened on 26 December 2020. This initial segment connects to line 11 at Yuqiao station. The remaining section of the first phase opened a year later connecting it north to  on line 3.

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Controversy
During the planning of Line 18, large amounts of controversy was generated among local residents when the initial alignment of the southern section of Line 18 was shifted from Kangshen Road westwards  to follow the S122 Hunan Highway instead. The new alignment, instead of directly serving the densely populated Kangshen Road axis of Zhoupu town, now merely serves the western edge of Zhoupu. Planners received uncharacteristically large volume of feedback on the decision, with 300 calls and 3000 e-mails received pertaining to the change in alignment. Industry insiders have noted that the change in alignment was a compromise between local and regional transport demands. In addition, they noted the increased difficulty and cost of constructing a subway under the narrow Kangshen Road and that there is more land open to new development along the wider Hunan Highway.

Stations

Service routes

Future expansion

Phase 2

The second phase of line 18 has undergone a planning change, adding a station at West Changjiang Road, going into a large heavy industrial zone, intersecting Line 1 at Hulan Road station instead of Tonghe Xincun and ending at Dakang Road instead of Kangding Road. The second phase has been under construction since 28 June 2021 and will add six stations and . Proposals to extend the line further west to Line 7 are under consideration.

Headways
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Technology

Signalling

Rolling Stock
The trains will be the first Shanghai Metro trains to offer wireless and USB phone charging. Trains have a capacity of about 1,860 people.

References

Shanghai Metro lines
Railway lines opened in 2020

2020 establishments in China
1500 V DC railway electrification


Stained glass conservation refers to the protection and preservation of historic stained glass for present and future generations.  It involves any and all actions devoted to the prevention, mitigation, or reversal of the processes of deterioration that affect such glassworks and subsequently inhibit individuals' ability to access and appreciate them, as part of the world's collective cultural heritage. It functions as a part of the larger practices of cultural heritage conservation (conservation-restoration) and architectural conservation.

Stained glass is lauded as one of the most beautiful and compelling forms of architectural decoration; however, it is also one of the most vulnerable (Brown et al. 2002, xi).  The fabric of the glass itself, the paint or stain used to decorate it, and even the metal framework used to hold the design together are all at risk of deterioration, and will likely require conservation work to ensure their long-term survival. Historic glazing is subject to damage caused by continued exposure to pollution and the elements, on top of that resulting from inherent problems, such as the innate fragility of glass and any potential chemical instability of the materials involved (Brown et al. 2002, xi; Rauch 2004). Deterioration does not always occur gradually and may also occur suddenly and catastrophically, as the result of natural disasters (e.g. fire, extreme weather), accidents (e.g. improper handling, removal or treatment), or malicious damage (e.g. vandalism) (Brown et al. 2002, xi; Vogel et al. 2007).

Owing to the delicate nature of the materials, and the incalculable historic and aesthetic value of stained glass work, any and all treatments should be planned and performed by professional conservators and craftspeople, who have been specially trained in the peculiarities of the medium. While preservation is the shared responsibility of all involved, including visitors, caretakers, and other stakeholders, it is imperative that professionals are consulted to ensure the continued integrity of the physical materials and their associated significance. For this reason, all projects should begin with a conservation plan that incorporates research in such topics as the history of the windows or building, the materials involved, and past alterations, as a key element of all conservation decisions. The type of conservation treatment employed should reflect this research, as well as the needs of the building as a whole, and should always be documented for reference in the future (CVMA 2004).

For information on the creation, construction, and history of stained glass windows see Stained glass.

Deterioration of stained glass

The primary aim of conservation is to slow the rate of deterioration, caused by various factors, to the point where the loss of significance, such as historic information and/or aesthetic value can be kept to a minimum (Pye 2001, Ch. 5). However, in the case of stained glass, these efforts are complicated by the nature of the medium itself. This is because a stained-glass window is a 'complex object' in that it is made from more than one component material, each with its own inherent risks and conservation needs (Pye 2001, 80). In addition to the most obvious component, glass, all windows will typically involve some sort paint or stain as decoration, metal strips, or 'cames' used to join the pieces of glass together, waterproofing materials, and fixing systems or frameworks used for additional support (Brown et al. 2002; Vogel et al. 2007). The condition of each component is important for the overall preservation of the window, as deterioration within one material can affect the others with varying degrees of severity.

Causes

The vast majority of stained glass was originally created to function as part of the building envelope, separating the interior of the structure from exterior environmental conditions.  As a result, most historic glazing that has been left in situ is subjected to a constant onslaught of harmful conditions including (but not limited to): UV light from sunlight, extreme weather conditions, indoor and outdoor man-made pollution, and biological damage caused by pests such as pigeons, bats, and various micro-organisms (Rauch 2004, 3). As a result, panels often become encrusted with thick layers of dirt that eventually become quite firmly affixed, and can even begin to intermingle with the underlying, corroded layers of paint (Rauch 2004, 3). Environmental influences also play a role in the continuing deterioration of metal cames and frameworks, which can cause significant structural damage. In addition to these environmental stressors, further deterioration can also result from the myriad of other factors that influence the materials out of which the window is constructed, such as vibration from building use and the remains of previous treatments and repairs that have since deteriorated and increased the corrosion processes of other materials (Rauch 2004, 3).

Deterioration of the glass

Although glass as a material is known for its chemical stability resistance to natural deterioration, impurities, and variations in glass composition can cause considerable chemical instability that may further destructive processes (Vogel et al. 2007, 7).  Glass is also susceptible to atmospheric pollution, and high levels of humidity or moisture over long periods of time, both of which can speed up the corrosion rate of chemically unstable glass.  Over time, corrosion, marked by pitting or pocking of the glass, can deepen and spread until the surface layer itself breaks apart, uncovering the vulnerable, damaged core, until it becomes opaque (Rauch 2004, 3).  This opacification occurs as water seeps through the subsequent cracks, causing the formation of opaque syngenite and gypsum crystals that block light from filtering through the previously translucent glass (Rauch 2004, 3).  As these crystals continue to grow, they pose an even greater danger to the glass, eventually breaking through the surface and dislodging the delicate paint layer, or even causing cracks (Rauch 2004, 4). Glass plates can also darken or cloud as the result of the oxidisation of certain metals, such as manganese, which was a common addition to late medieval glass (Rauch 2004, 4).

Breakdown of paints, enamels, stains

As previously mentioned, the paint/stain layer may suffer as the result of deterioration within the fabric of the glass itself; however, this fragile layer is at risk for other types of damage as well. Painted surfaces that would have been applied to glass cold and fired on, are especially vulnerable to damage from condensation or weathering if they were fired improperly during the production process (Vogel 2007, 7). This is often the case with the fading or disappearance of fine detail, such as faces, in figural stained glass art (fig. 2). Over time, enamels can begin to flake off of glass panels, and certain types or colours of stains can discolour with continued UV exposure, all of which significantly alters the aesthetic impact of the work as a whole (Brown et al. 2002, 18–19; Vogel et al. 2007, 7).

Structural deformation and deterioration

The breakdown of the skeletal structure that holds the glass in place, such as damage to tracery and the corrosion of metal cames and fixing systems, often poses the greatest, imminent risk to stained glass work (Vogel et al. 2007, 7). Although stone elements are not prone to excessive change due to environmental conditions, this is not the case with metals, which are much more likely to deteriorate from prolonged exposure to the elements.  For example, the cames that make up the matrix of a stained-glass window, for which lead and zinc were most commonly used, undergo quite a bit of thermal expansion and contraction, eventually resulting in metal fatigue, which in turn weakens the joints between the plates, causing whole panels to deform or simply fall apart (Vogel et al. 2007, 8).  Additionally, metal matrixes and frames may weaken with stress, such as that which has occurred at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK, where years of wind buffeting the leaded clerestory windows has endangered the structural integrity of not only the glazing but also, the upper portion of building itself (fig. 3) (Friends of Shakespeare's Church 2009).

Creating a conservation plan

In many ways, proper conservation is as much about research and documentation as it is about 'hands-on' conservation treatments and restoration (Sloan 1993, 27). The conservator must be familiar with not only the general materials with which he or she is working but also the details specific to the project at hand, in order to understand and address the needs of a particular window or building. Using this knowledge, conservators can develop a conservation plan that can be used throughout the project, to ensure that all decisions are made with the aims of the project and the needs of the object in mind (CVMA 2004).

Basic conservation philosophy

In J. Sloan's discussion of stained glass conservation in the United States, the author gives the following list of ethical and philosophical criteria to be applied to the conservation of stained glass (Sloan 1993, 13):
 All materials and procedures should be reversible without affecting the piece.
 All intervention must be the least required to achieve the desired end.
 Original materials should be retained so far as is possible.
 All conditions, procedures, materials, and processes must be recorded.
 The hand or style of the conservator should not be visible to the casual observer on the object.  However, all restoration should be discernable to future conservators.
 The conservator is ethically bound to provide the highest quality restoration within his [or her] power without regard for his [or her] personal opinion of the value ... of the object.

While this list is not exhaustive, it does illustrate the basic foundations upon which responsible conservation decisions should be made.  Of utmost importance in this list are the fundamental ideas of minimal intervention and reversibility of treatment, both of which are necessary to ensure that the overall integrity of the windows, as historic and artistically valuable objects, is not compromised.

Research

Owing to the incredible amount of chemical and methodological variability to be found when dealing with stained glass, research into the general production habits of pertinent regions or eras may provide clues that can help conservators understand the overall significance of the piece, anticipate what to expect from the materials, and determine how to proceed (Sloan 1993, 28; Vogel 2007, 5).  For example, a conservator working on a set of windows in the United States, will want to ascertain whether the glass was produced before, during, or after the mid-19th century, as changes to general glass composition were made during this time that could influence the types of impurities—and subsequently, some of the deterioration—to be expected (Vogel et al. 2007, 7).  This research phase should also include a full condition report on the current condition of the stained glass that includes a record of any and all evidence of past intervention or repair (CVMA 2004).

Decision making and implementation

Decisions should be made using the information gathered during research, and implemented by experienced conservators. Caretakers and project managers should be responsible for screening conservators/studios effectively, while the conservators themselves are responsible for advocating on behalf of the stained glass during any negotiations.  As much as possible, the benefit to the historic glazing should come before all other considerations (Vogel et al. 2007, 1).  At all stages, steps should be taken to ensure that the actions taken are in keeping with the aims of the conservation plan.

Documentation

Proper documentation plays an extremely important role throughout this entire process and should be considered obligatory.  All aspects of this process including preliminary research, condition surveys, conservation plans, and all the methods and materials used throughout treatment should be duly recorded, and the documents are preserved and made accessible in the long-term for future reference (CVMA 2004).

Types of treatments

In general, it is best to keep interventive treatments at a minimum: minor signs of age are an integral part of the character of the structure and its history (Pye 2001, 96; Vogel et al. 2007, 9).  However, more serious damage that either detracts from the aesthetic or practical functions of the glass, or indicates active deterioration may require more extensive treatment.

Cleaning

Careful cleaning of stained glass can be a very effective means of improving its overall condition because its appearance and function are so heavily dependent on its ability to transmit light.  Unfortunately, owing to the fragility of corroded glass, nearly all cleaning treatments can cause changes in the surface of the glass that can expedite corrosion rates, or damage delicate paint layers (Romich et al. 2000).  Thus, cleaning efforts should not necessarily be concerned with the complete removal of all encrustations, but rather the careful thinning of these layers to a point where light can be transmitted through the glass at an acceptable level (Rauch 2004, 5).  The simplest cleaning can be performed using carefully applied deionised water, although other mechanical or chemical means are often necessary, and must always be done slowly, in a controlled and focused manner (Rauch 2004, 5–6; Vogel et al. 2007, 9–10).  Scalpels or a micro-jet process* can be used to gradually, mechanically thin out these encrustations layer by layer, in the lab.  Conversely, poultices or gel pads steeped in a non-ionic detergent or EDTA can be applied to the surface of the glass for long periods of time for "deep, focused cleaning" (Rauch 2004, 6).  With any of these methods, care must be taken to ensure the stability of painted layers, before treatment can take place.  If these layers appear particularly friable, then it is necessary to clean the glass delicately with cotton swabs, and in more extreme cases, manually affix the original paint lines to the surface, under a microscope, by applying small tiny drops of resin at specific points (Rauch 2004, 6; Vogel et al. 2007, 10).  Care should be taken not to remove any later over-painting without due consideration, as such layers may have historic value, in their own right (Rauch 2004, 7).

Repairs and replacements

Within conservation, repairs are meant to last, but should also be as reversible as possible, in keeping with the general ethical guidelines of modern conservation practice (Sloane 1993, 13).  In the context of stained glass, repairs can involve treatment of the glass itself, treatment of missing areas, or structural consolidation of the matrix or surrounding architectural fabric.

Broken glass is typically repaired in one of three ways: copper foiling (thin copper tape that is applied to both sides of the break and then soldered); epoxy edge-gluing; and silicone edge-gluing.  Each of these has its own inherent benefits and problems.  For instance, copper foiling produces a strong, reversible, attractive repair, but is unsuitable for use with unstable glass because of the heat involved in the application process.  Epoxy edge-gluing, on the other hand, is strong and nearly invisible, but deteriorates in direct sunlight, while silicone edge-gluing dries clear and is easily reversible, but unfortunately refracts light differently from glass, making such repairs more readily apparent (Vogel et al. 2007, 12).

Missing areas can be filled or replaced but should be done so with caution.  All additions must be marked as such, and documented. Ultimately, "it is nearly always better to use an imperfect original piece of glass than to replace it" (Vogel et al. 2007, 12).  A modern replacement of the glass with "exact" replicas is virtually impossible, and goes against conservation philosophy by potentially clouding viewers' perception of the original.  Instead, it is preferable to use similarly coloured, but clearly differentiated glass in order to preserve the aesthetic effect of the stained glass without sacrificing the integrity of the original (Rauch 2004, 7; Vogel et al. 2007, 11).

Structurally speaking it is most important to keep the frame intact and in good condition, to ensure the overall safety of the window (Vogel et al. 2007, 10). That being said, the original materials that make up this matrix are also integral aspects of the historic value and artistic design of the panel and should be preserved.  Steps should always be taken to ensure that panels retain their current matrix whenever possible, rather than opting for replacement (CVMA 2004).

Protective glazing

Protective glazing is one of the few ways conservators can attempt to preventively conserve stained glass in situ.  While this practice can offer many benefits, as with most other treatments, it is not without drawbacks.  Ideally, the installation of protective glazing can "relieve the stained glass of its function as a weather shield […], protect it against mechanical and atmospheric damage, and […] prevent condensation on the surface of the stained glass," thus minimising the need for interventive conservation (CVMA 2004). Unfortunately, in practice, this is not always the case, and it is well known that unsuitable, or improperly ventilated protective glazing can actually create an overly hot or humid microclimate around the historic glass that increases the rate of deterioration (Vogel et al. 2007, 13).  Alternatively, protective screens or grills can be installed on the exterior of windows to prevent mechanical damage like vandalism, however, this can have a significant, negative impact on the aesthetic value of the windows from both the exterior and interior (figs. 4–5).

Other options and considerations

In some cases, a project may be so extensive that it requires the complete removal of a panel, or set of panels from public view, which in turn raises other considerations concerning public access.  An excellent example of such a case is the current, on-going project to conserve York Minster funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), which raises the question: how do conservators accommodate the needs of the living, functioning Minster, without compromising conservation goals (fig. 6) (Rosewell 2008a)?   For instance, upon the removal of the Great East Window from public view (for up to ten years), a solution was needed to combat the sudden gloom of the Minster's interior.  Ultimately, a remarkable life-sized, digital replica was produced to brighten the "visual 'black hole' that remains" while conservation work is taking place, thus facilitating the aims of conservators by minimising the detrimental effects of losing the visual impact window on the interior (fig. 7) (Rosewell 2008b). This is not the first time that York Minster has employed a variety of methods to maintain and increase public access while also facilitating the conservation of its stained glass legacy.  Currently, conserved sections of panels that have been permanently removed from their original context due to conservation concerns can be viewed on display near the choir (fig. 8).  Although it is rare that a perfect solution to these concerns can be found, it is a necessary part of conservation planning to take public interest and access into consideration.

See also

Architectural conservation
Conservation-restoration
Forest glass
Stained glass

Notes

References

Brown, S. and Strobl, S., 2002.  A Fragile Inheritance. London: Church House Publishing.
CVMA (Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi), 2004.  Guidelines for the Conservation and Restoration of Stained Glass.  Retrieved on 20 February 2009 from World Wide Web: https://web.archive.org/web/20080619230558/http://www.cvma.ac.uk/conserv/tl/guidelines.html
Friends of Shakespeare's Church, 2009.  Contribute Towards a Window at Holy Trinity with Friends of Shakespeare's Church.  Retrieved on 3 April 2009 from World Wide Web: https://web.archive.org/web/20090406090403/http://www.shakespeareschurch.org/sponsor-a-window.htm
Rauch, I., 2004. The Conservation and Restoration of Stained and Painted Glass: An Introduction to the Problems.  Translated by J. Spooner.  Retrieved on 9 July 2008 from World Wide Web: https://web.archive.org/web/20091014164035/http://www.cvma.ac.uk/conserv/tl/rauch.html
Romich, H. et al., 2000. Cleaning:  a Balancing Act. Translated by J. Spooner et al. Retrieved on 9 July 2008 from World Wide Web: https://web.archive.org/web/20091015195058/http://www.cvma.ac.uk/conserv/tl/cleaning.html
Rosewell, R. (ed.), 2008a. York East Window Update. Vidimus 19. Retrieved on 23 March 2009 from World Wide Web: http://www.vidimus.org/archive/issue_19_2008/issue_19_2008-02.html#d0e173
Rosewell, R. (ed.), 2008b. 'New' Great East Window for York Minster. Vidimus 23.  Retrieved on  23 March 2009 from World Wide Web: http://www.vidimus.org/archive/issue_23_2008/issue_23_2008-02.html#d0e277
Sloan, J., 1993. Conservation of Stained Glass in America: A Manual for Studios and Caretakers. Wilmington: Art in Architecture Press.
Vogel, N. and Achilles, R., 2007. The Preservation and Repair of Stained and Leaded Glass.  In National Park Service, 33 Preservation Briefs.  Retrieved on 24 March 2009 from World Wide Web: http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/briefs/brief33.htm

Further reading
The following sources have not been referred to directly in this article, but offer further information on stained glass conservation, including past approaches, and technical information.

http://www.sgaaonline.com/pdf/071-LaFarge.pdf
 Anderson, D., 1996. 'Stained Glass and Its Decay', The Conservation and Repair of Ecclesiastical Buildings. Tisbury: Cathedral Communications Ltd
 Bacher, E., 1981. Medieval Stained Glass Restoration and Conservation. Conservation Paper 5. London: Crafts Advisory Committee
 Brommelle, N. et al. (eds.), 1984. Adhesives and Consolidants. London: IIC.
 Cowen, P., 2008. English Stained Glass. London: Thames and Hudson.
 Jägers, E., 2000. Conservation: Materials and Methods.  Translated by J. Spooner et al. Retrieved on 9 July 2008 from World Wide Web: https://web.archive.org/web/20080620065505/http://www.cvma.ac.uk/conserv/tl/conservation.html
 Newton, R. and Davison, S., 1997. Conservation of Glass. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
 Reyntiens, P., 1977. The Technique of Stained Glass. London: BT Batsford.
 Raguin, V., 2008. The History of Stained Glass. London: Quintet.

External links
 Two American Masterpieces, Stained Glass
Conservation of Lafarge and Tiffany Stained Glass, includes guidelines for the care and conservation of historic stained glass windows
Brooklyn Conservation Center
Caring for Your Church's Contents, includes information on the conservation of church buildings, including glazing
The Conservation Register
Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi (CVMA)
The Stained Glass Group of the Institute of Conservation (ICON) UK
Preservation and Repair of Historic Stained and Leaded Glass, a brief produced by the National Park Service of the United States
Vidimus, a free online magazine put out by the CVMA
York Minster Revealed, a 5-year project funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund of the UK that includes the conservation of much of the cathedral's glazing

Collections care
Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Museology
Cultural heritage
Murals
Stained glass
Architectural conservation


The Chongming line () is a rapid transit line on the Shanghai Metro that is part of the 2018–2023 Shanghai Metro plan. The Chongming line was previously treated as the last phase of Line 9, and was Line 19 until 2016, when it was renamed the Chongming line.

The Chongming line will start at  in Pudong and end at  in Chongming District, and will interchange with Lines 9 and 12. It will be  long, including a  underground section.

The phase I construction is expected to be opened at the end of 2025. The phase I start at  in Pudong and end at  in Chongming District, is 22.4 kilometers long, all of which are underground, with 5 stations and 1 vehicle base.

History

Planned stations
Station names according to an April 2019 planning document.

References

Shanghai Metro lines
Proposed buildings and structures in Shanghai
Shang


"Something That We Do" is a song recorded by American country music artist Clint Black and written by Black and Skip Ewing. It was released in August 1997 as the second single from Black's album Nothin' but the Taillights and peaked at number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and number 4 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. It was voted song of the year by the Nashville Songwriters Association International.

Content
The song explores the complexities of romantic relationships and offers the simple truth that "Love isn't something that we're in/It's something that we do." It is sung in the key of G major and a slow tempo of 66 beats per minute. The guitar in the song is set to Open D tuning, with a capo on the fifth fret.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that the song "has a powerful and poignant poetic tone that illuminates more about the nature of love and relationships in a few minutes than several books on the subject ever could." She goes on to call the song a "sweet, moving ballad."

Music video
The music video was directed by Black with the help of Timothy White.

Charts
"Something That We Do" debuted at number 62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of August 30, 1997.

Year-end charts

References

1997 singles
1997 songs
Clint Black songs
Songs written by Skip Ewing
Songs written by Clint Black
Song recordings produced by Clint Black
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
RCA Records Nashville singles


Jerad Lee Head (born November 15, 1982) is a retired Major League Baseball player and former minor league baseball manager.  During his playing career Head served primarily as an outfielder, appearing for the Cleveland Indians for ten games in 2011 as a left fielder and pinch hitter. He managed the Class A Short Season Auburn Doubledays of the New York–Penn League between 2016 and 2018.

Career
Head attended Hayden High School and Washburn University before being signed as a non-drafted free agent by the Cleveland Indians. Starting in 2006, Head played in minor league baseball, appearing with the Burlington Indians, Lake County Captains, Kinston Indians, Akron Aeros, Buffalo Bisons, and Columbus Clippers between 2006 and 2011.

Head was promoted to the majors on August 28, 2011 as a replacement in the outfield for Michael Brantley, who was out the rest of the season. After batting only 2 for 23 in eight games, Head was designated for assignment on September 7, 2011 to make room on the 40-man roster for Trevor Crowe. Head was placed back on the Indians' roster on September 25, 2011. Head was subsequently outrighted to Triple-A Columbus again on October 18. He declared free agency on November 2.

The Detroit Tigers signed Head to a minor league contract on November 29, 2011. He signed a minor league deal with the Washington Nationals before the 2013 season, and spent one season with them before being released.

Post playing career
Head was named as the Manager of the Auburn Doubledays of the Class A Short Season New York-Penn League for the 2016 season, and managed them to a 99-129 record between 2016 and 2018.  Before the 2019 season, he was replaced by Rocket Wheeler.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Cleveland Indians players
Washburn Ichabods baseball players
Burlington Indians players (1986–2006)
Lake County Captains players
Kinston Indians players
Akron Aeros players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Columbus Clippers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Harrisburg Senators players
Baseball players from Kansas
Minor league baseball managers
Gigantes de Carolina players
Tigres del Licey players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Estrellas Orientales players


The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE's) Building Energy Codes Program (BECP) was established in 1991 (originally called the Building Standards and Guidelines Program), with its activities defined by the Energy Conservation and Production Act (ECPA) (Pub. L. No 94-385), as amended, and the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) (Pub. L. No 110-140). These statutes direct  DOE to participate in industry processes to develop model building energy codes, issue determinations as to whether updated codes result in energy savings, and provide technical assistance to states to implement and comply with the codes. The BECP is part of DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technologies Office.

Program Areas
BECP focuses on three key building energy code areas: model code development, adoption, and compliance.

Model Code Development
DOE is directed by statute to review the technical and economic basis of building energy codes and participate in processes for their review and modification, including adoption of all technologically feasible and economically justified energy efficiency measures.

Adoption
DOE is directed by statute to provide technical assistance to states implementing building energy codes, including the adoption of all technologically feasible and economically justified efficiency measures, as well as encouraging states to adopt updated building energy codes.

Compliance
DOE is directed by statute to provide technical assistance to states implementing energy codes.

See also
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Building Codes Assistance Project
Energy Conservation and Production Act
International Code Council
International Energy Conservation Code
United States Energy Building Codes
United States Department of Energy

References

External links
http://www.tailoredenergyonline.net
 Mapjects provides a management framework for auditing both energy and environmental compliance based on building and LEED codes
Building Energy Codes Program - REScheck
Building Energy Codes Program - COMcheck

Building engineering
Construction industry of the United States
Real estate in the United States
Building codes
Legal codes
Energy conservation


Thomas J. Scheff (born 1929) is an American Professor, Emeritus, Department of Sociology at University of California, Santa Barbara. His fields of study are the emotional/relational world, mental illness, restorative justice, and collective violence. He holds a BS from the University of Arizona in Physics (1950), and a PhD in sociology from the  University of California (Berkeley) (1960).  He was at University of Wisconsin from   1959–63, when he joined the faculty at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

He was advisor to California State Legislature on the writing of the Lanterman, Petris, Short Bill, Later adopted in all of the other states, regulating involuntary commitment of persons deemed mentally ill.

He has honorary doctorates from the   University of Karlstad, Karlstad, Sweden (2003), and Copenhagen University, Denmark (2008), and he   has held visiting appointments at Carleton University, Canada, Oslo U., Norway, Lund and Karlstad Universities, Sweden.  He is a former Chair of the section on the Sociology of Emotions, American Sociological Association, and former President of the Pacific Sociological Association.

His fields of research are social psychology, emotions, mental illness, restorative justice and collective violence. His current studies concern solidarity-alienation and the emotional/relational world. One of his books, Emotions and the Social Bond,  concerns part/whole, a unified approach to theory and method in the human sciences.

Publications

Books
2011 What's Love Got to Do with It? The Emotional World of Pop Songs. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers
2006 Goffman Unbound: A New Paradigm for Social Science. Paradigm Publishers.
2002 Toward a sociological imagination: bridging specialized fields. Co-edited with Bernard Phillips and Harold Kincaid. University Press of  America
1997 Emotions, the Social Bond, and Human Reality: Part/Whole Analysis Cambridge University Press
1996 Strategy for Community Conferences: Shame and the Social Bond (with S. Retzinger), B. Galaway and J. Hudson, Eds.). International Perspectives on Restorative Justice. Crim. Justice Press
1996 Crime, Shame, and Community: Mediation against Violence. Wellness Foundation/ U. of California, Distinguished Lecture Series, Vol. VI.
1994 Bloody Revenge: Emotion, Nationalism and War. Westview Press (Reissued by iUniverse 2000).\
1991 Emotion and Violence: Shame and Rage in Destructive Conflicts. (with S. M. Retzinger) Lexington Books. (Reissued in 2001 by iUniverse)
1990 Microsociology: Emotion, Discourse, and Social Structure. Univ. of Chicago Press
1979 Catharsis in Healing, Ritual and Drama University of California Press (Reissued by iUniverse 2001)
1975 Labeling Madness. Spectrum Books
1967 Mental Illness and Social Processes. Harper and Row, (edited collection of articles)
1966 Being Mentally III: A Sociological Theory. Aldine Press. New Editions, 1984, and 1989

Selected Journal articles
2007 Hidden Emotions: Responses to a War Memorial Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 13(2), 1-9.
2001 Curtailment of emotions in pop songs and novels. Journal of Mundane Behavior 4.
2001 Social Components in Depression. Psychiatry. 64, # 3, 212-224.
1997 A Vision of Sociology: 1996 PSA Presidential Address. Sociological Perspectives  40: 529-538.
1996 Academic Gangs.  Crime, Law, and Social Change, 23, 157-162
1988 Shame and Conformity: The Deference/Emotion System. American Sociological Review,   June. 53, 395-406
1974 The Labeling Theory of Mental Illness American Sociological Review, 39, pp. 444–452
1967 Toward a Sociological Model of Consensus American Sociological Review, (February) pp. 32–46.

References

1929 births
Living people
American sociologists
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
University of Arizona alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni


Doctors Brook  (Canadian Gaelic: Allt an Doctair) is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Antigonish County. It is on Nova Scotia Route 245. It was named for Dr. Alexander MacDonald, the first medical doctor in Antigonish County.

References

Communities in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia


KBNO-FM (89.3 FM) was a radio station in White Salmon, Washington, United States. It was supported by donations.

The station's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on September 30, 2014, for failure to file a renewal application.

External links
KBNO Website

BNO-FM
BNO-FM
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in Washington (state)
BNO-FM


Line 17 of the Shanghai Metro (), formerly known as the Qingpu line (), is an east-west rapid transit line that runs between  in Minhang District and  in Qingpu District. All stations are fully accessible. It is  in length with 13 stations. The line entered passenger trial operations on 30 December 2017.

It is the first metro line to primarily service the suburban Qingpu District. Metro service arrived in Qingpu in 2010 with the opening of , the western terminus of line 2. However, this station only services an area adjacent to the district's eastern border with Minhang. Line 17 is known for its artistic elements embedded into its stations. Due to the proximity of the line to various cultural and scenic attractions, specifically the ancient water town of Zhujiajiao and Dianshan Lake, the line's theme is water towns and headstreams of Shanghai. The line is colored light brown on system maps.

The line is the second line in Shanghai to use Shanghainese to announce stations. It is operated by Shanghai No. 2 Metro Operation Co. Ltd. ().

History
During the line's planning stages, it was initially envisioned as a western extension of Line 2 and designated R2w. It also briefly took the designation of Line 20 before being officially renumbered to its current designation. Construction began in 2014 and track-laying was completed on 12 May 2017. The line debuted on 30 December 2017, when it opened for "soft" passenger trial operation.

Stations

Service routes

Important stations

Line 17 begins in Minhang District at , which lies adjacent to the border with Qingpu District. The line then crosses into Qingpu District and traverses the length of the suburban district from east to west. It runs underground beneath Songze Avenue from  to just west of , where it continues on an elevated section, running on the south side of the road. West of , the line leaves Songze Avenue and curves to the southwest, lining up again on an east-west route beside East Yinggang Road just before reaching . West of Zhaoxiang, the line again enters an underground section until just west of Dianshanhu Avenue. In this underground section, the tracks follow East Yinggang Road westward, before curving south under Caoying Road, and then southwest again beneath Dianshanhu Avenue. The remaining section of the line to the western terminus at  is elevated and parallels the Huqingping Highway. There are a total of 13 stations, 6 elevated and 7 underground; the length of the line is .

, the eastern terminus of the line, is the only station that provides an interchange to other lines in the network. At the station, passengers can interchange to lines 2 and 10 without leaving the fare-paid zone. A cross-platform interchange is provided for passengers between line 2 and line 17. Eastbound passengers on line 17 arriving at Hongqiao Railway Station can simply stay on the same platform, crossing the other side, to change to an eastbound line 2 train. Similarly, westbound passengers bound for  coming from line 2 can transfer to Line 17 by crossing to the other side of the platform. Transfers between line 10 and Line 17 require passengers to ascend to the station concourse and change platforms. The station is also directly connected to Hongqiao Railway Station, which provides inter-city high-speed travel to destinations throughout China.

Future Expansion

West extension to Xicen
An extension of one station to Xicen was drafted in December 2020. It will follow Qingping highway then G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway. Construction started on 28 June 2021.

The west extension project of Line 17 will run from Oriental Land station (excluding) to Xicen Station, with a total length of about 6.6 kilometers, which will promote the Cenke Innovation Center.

Extension beyond Xicen
The first phase of the western extension of the line will be further expanded 13 kilometers to Xicen and Jinze towns, both with an abundance of lakes, wetlands and typical sceneries of watertowns in the southern areas of the Yangtze River Delta.

In the long term, Shanghai metro line 17 will in the future connect with line 10 of  Suzhou Rail Transit.
line 10 is expected to extend to Shuixiangketing Station, passing through Lili, and planning Jiaxing North Station within Jiashan Track branch to Xitang Station. The extension line of  Suzhou Rail Transit line 10 starts from the planned Suzhou South Station, passes through Lili Station, and ends at Shuixiangketing Station.

The planning suggests that Shanghai Line 17 extend to Jiashan South Station, passing through important nodes such as Jiashan Station, Xitang Station, and Shuixiangketing station. According to the publicized rail network layout plan, the extension of Shanghai Metro Line 17 departs from Shanghai Metro Oriental Land station, along with Dianshan Lake Station, Shuixiangketing Station, Beixiang Fudang Station, Xitang Station, Yaozhuang Station, and Tan Gongbei Road Station, Jiashan Station, Jiashan Stadium Station, High-speed Railway Xincheng Station, Jiashan South Station have 10 stations, connecting Pinghu in the long term.

Future link with Jiaxing Metro Line 3 is also under consideration.

Extension beyond Hongqiao Railway Station
Changning District government has proposed plans to extend Line 17 to the Changning District.

Headways
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Technology

Signalling
CASCO TRANAVI GoA3

Rolling Stock
The line uses 28 6-carriages A-type trains built by Changchun Railway Vehicles or Shanghai Electric. Unlike most Shanghai Metro lines, this line is operated using third rail electrification. The trains have an operating speed of . Trains are stored at Xujing depot, located between  and , as well as Zhujiajiao yard, just west of . Trains have a capacity of about 1,860 people.

References

External links
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Shanghai Metro lines

Railway lines opened in 2017
2017 establishments in China


Rogério dos Santos Conceição (born 20 September 1984), known as Rogério Conceição or just Rogério, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a central defender.

References

External links

1984 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Living people
Santos FC players
Guarani FC players
Marília Atlético Clube players
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Gyeongnam FC players
Associação Naval 1º de Maio players
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
C.D. Feirense players
Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) players
Agremiação Sportiva Arapiraquense players
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
K League 1 players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Primeira Liga players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Libya
Libyan Premier League players
People from Camacan
Footballers from Bahia


Lower Barney's River (2012 population: 250) is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Pictou County. Lower Barney's River is named after being the lower part of the large river called "Barney's River".

Navigator

References
Lower Barney's River on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Pictou County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Lovers' Gang () is a 1972 Greek black-and-white film starring Dinos Iliopoulos, Maro Kontou, Nikos Rizos and Kaiti Panou.

Cast
Dinos Iliopoulos ..... Renos Kampanas
Maro Kontou ..... Elena Georgiadou-Vagianou
Nikos Rizos ..... Tzortzis Kotsiras
Kaiti Panou ..... Yvoni Saranti
Aliki Zografou ..... Magda Saltamouri
Vasos Adrianos ..... Alexis Romanos
Panos Velias ..... Giagos Marmarinos
Thanos Martinos ..... Iason Dendis
Andreas Tsakonas ..... Fanouris Tzouras
Vasos Andronidis ..... Sotiriou
Elsa Rizou .....
Gogo Antzoletaki ..... Georgiadou
Mary Farmaki ..... Skentzou

See also
List of Greek films

External links

Symmoria eraston at cine.gr

1972 films
1972 comedy films
Greek comedy films
1970s Greek-language films


Egerton  is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in Pictou County. A railway line operated by Cape Breton and Central Nova Scotia Railway and formerly by Canadian National Railway passes through Egerton.

References

Egerton on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Pictou County
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Thomas Alan Johnson (born August 24, 1983) is a former starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played briefly for the Colorado Rockies in the 2011 season.

Johnson  belongs to a group of ballplayers who at least secured a cup of coffee in the majors.

Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Johnson was signed as an undrafted agent by Colorado in 2005 out of Mississippi State University. He was immediately assigned to the rookie level Grand Junction Rockies, where he went 3-2 with a 3.97 earned run average and 78 strikeouts in  innings.

Johnson gained a promotion to Single-A Asheville Tourists for 2006, and had a 13-5 record with a 4.04 ERA while striking out 123 in  innings. He then opened 2007 with High-A Modesto Nuts, where he went 14-7 with a 2.99 ERA and 119 strikeouts in  innings. Late in the year, he finished 2-0 with a 0.00 ERA in two starts for Double-A Tulsa Drillers.

But Johnson declined in 2008 with Tulsa, where he went 4-14 with a 5.23 ERA in 28 starts, striking out 92 in  innings. Even though, he was promoted to Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox in 2009, where he went 10-6 with a 5.66 ERA in 26 games (24 starts), and strike out 76 in 143 innings.

Johnson came back with the Sky Sox in 2010, finishing 10-8 with a 5.91 ERA in 28 games (25 starts), and striking out 100 in  innings. He then made one start for the Sky Sox in 2011 before being promoted to the Rockies to replace Greg Reynolds.

Johnson made his major league pitching debut on April 17, 2011. He was slated to start a game against the Chicago Cubs, and he allowed five runs (four earned) on six hits and three walks in four innings, leaving the game with the score tied, 5–5.  The Rockies went on to win the game, 9–5, with Johnson not factoring in the decision. He then was designated for assignment on April 29, and was outrighted off the roster on May 3.

Johnson returned to the Sky Sox and finished the year there  in undistinguished fashion. He made 26 appearances (23 starts) and finished 5-11 with a 7.43 ERA and 85 strikeouts in 132 innings of work. As a result, he was released and became a minor league free agent.

In April 2012, Johnson signed with the Lancaster Barnstormers of the Atlantic League. In 27 games (26 starts) with the Barnstormers, he went 14-6 with a 4.57 ERA, striking out 79 in 138 innings. On March 11, 2013, Johnson re-signed with Lancaster.

His most recent appearance was in 2013, when he posted a 1-3 record with an 8.02 ERA in 10 games for Lancaster, including seven starts, striking out 20 while walking 21 in  innings of work.

In between, Johnson played winter ball with the Tiburones de La Guaira club of the Venezuelan League in the 2009 season.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Asheville Tourists players
Baseball players from Alabama
Casper Rockies players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Lancaster Barnstormers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players
Modesto Nuts players
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Tulsa Drillers players


Briarfield Academy is a non-sectarian, private school admitting pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade students. It is located on Riddle Lane in Lake Providence in East Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States. The school has more than 180 students.

History
The school was founded as a segregation academy in 1970 after a federal court ordered the racial integration of East Carroll Parish public schools. This was 16 years after the US Supreme Court had ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

When it first opened, the school enrolled 400 students in kindergarten through 8th grade. By the end of 1970, Briarfield Academy enrolled 565 students at two campuses. Many of the Briarfield Academy's teachers in the early years were former employees of the public schools system. They resigned and took pay cuts to avoid having to teach in racially integrated classrooms.

Athletics

Championships
Football championships
(3) LISA Football: 1979, 1989, 1991
(3) MAIS Football: 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021 Runner-Up
Basketball championships
(2) Girls Basketball: 2020, 2022

References

Private high schools in Louisiana
Private middle schools in Louisiana
Private elementary schools in Louisiana
Schools in East Carroll Parish, Louisiana
Segregation academies in Louisiana
Educational institutions established in 1970
1970 establishments in Louisiana


"Sad Lookin' Moon" is a song written by Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry and Greg Fowler, and recorded by American country music group Alabama.  It was released in February 1997 as the lead-off single from the album Dancin' on the Boulevard.  It peaked at number 2 in the United States, while it was a number-one hit in Canada.

Background and writing
Owen told Billboard that the song was written while they were in Pennsylvania. "We'd been playing guitars on the bus, and I looked out the window...and said it's a sad-lookin' moon tonight,' and Teddy said, 'Wow. Let's write that song.' So Teddy, Greg, and I just went to working on it, and things just kind of fell together, as good songs and good feelings often do."

Content
The narrator thought that his ex-lover would be always his and that she would never leave. However, she left him, and now a sad lookin' moon shines down on him as he is feeling sad.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that the song "demonstrates that there's still lots of creative juice flowing from country's most successful band." She says that the song includes a "strong melody, buoyed by Randy Owen's personality-packed vocal." She states that while the song contains all the familiar ingredients of Alabama, "there's a freshness and infectious excitement that's nice to hear from a band that's been churning out hits for more than 15 years."

Chart positions
"Sad Lookin' Moon" debuted at number 45 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of March 1, 1997.

Year-end charts

References

1997 songs
Alabama (American band) songs
1997 singles
Song recordings produced by Don Cook
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Randy Owen
Songs written by Teddy Gentry
Songs written by Greg Fowler


Remind Me Where the Light Is is the second album from the U.S. band Great Northern, released on April 28, 2009, on Eenie Meenie Records.

Information
Wishing to expand their sound, Bixler and Stolte began working with producer Michael Patterson (Beck, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Beck, Puff Daddy, She Wants Revenge, amongst others) and Nic Jodoin.

Track listing

References

2009 albums
Great Northern (indie band) albums


Jones Inlet is located at the westernmost end of the  long Jones Beach barrier island that runs along Long Island's south shore.  The inlet separates Jones Beach State Park's West End from the community of Point Lookout and connects South Oyster Bay with the Atlantic Ocean.  In 2006, the inlet handled approximately 10,000 tons of commercial tonnage.

Shifting sand bars and shallow waters have made the inlet treacherous for boaters to navigate, which prompted New York State to allocate $7.6 million of funding for the United States Army Corps of Engineers to dredge the inlet in 2008.  In addition to improving navigational safety for vessels, the sand dredged from the inlet was pumped onto the Point Lookout shoreline to help mitigate the effects of beach erosion. The inlet was previously dredged in 1995-1996. It was also dredged in 2014 and 2022.

The United States Coast Guard Station Jones Beach is located near the east side of the inlet on Jones Beach Island.

References

Inlets of New York (state)
Hempstead, New York
Bodies of water of Nassau County, New York


Line 16 is a rapid transit line serving the south-eastern suburban areas of Shanghai. The line was formerly known as the Lingang line (). It was originally designated as Line 21 and was planned as the south part of line 11. The line runs entirely in Pudong New Area, starting from , via Shanghai Wild Animal Park, Huinan Town, ending at  in Nanhui New City. The line is  long and has 13 stations of which three are underground and the rest elevated. Construction begun in early 2009, and the line opened on 29 December 2013. The second phase was completed at the end of 2014.

The design speed of Line 16 is , and the actual maximum operating speed in the above-ground section is about . Line 16 is susceptible to further speed limits due to heavy fog, due to the high operating speed of the line requiring longer sight distances. The line is colored aqua on system maps.

History
The new line was originally designated as Line 21. Shanghai Metro Authorities have since changed this to Line 16, and will integrate into the planned transport hub of Lingang city.

Stations

Service routes
Line 16 is the only line in the Shanghai Metro planned to feature different stopping services, with a rapid service stopping only at Longyang Road, Luoshan Road, Xinchang, Huinan, and Dishui Lake stations. Between 30 January 2014 and 21 March 2016, due to insufficient rolling stock and overcrowding of the line, all rapid services were suspended. To further increase capacity, the existing 3-car train sets were to be expanded to full 6-car sets and the rush hour headway was reduced to a minimum of 4 minutes and operated with a mixture of 3-car and 6-car trains. Since 1 October 2018, rapid service trains also stop at Lingang Avenue station at weekends and public holidays. Since 16 November 2018, rapid trains of weekdays stop at Lingang Avenue station. Express and Rapid train services started on 18 June 2020, With express services reducing end to end travel time to 34 minutes and Rapid services reducing end to end travel time to 46 minutes.

Important stations
The line has the unofficial nickname "excursion line" as it connects several scenic spots:  Xinchang Ancient Town, Shanghai Wildlife Park, Nanhui Taohua Village, Guzhong Garden, Shanghai Academy of Learning, Shanghai Flower Port, and Dishui Lake
 : Interchange station with Lines 2, 7 and 18, also interchange with Shanghai maglev train.
 : Haichang Ocean Park; buses to Shanghai Maritime University and Shanghai Ocean University.
 : Dishui Lake (largest artificial lake in China); China Maritime Museum and Shanghai Astronomy Museum.

Future expansion
The "China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone Lingang New Area Territorial and Spatial Master Plan (2019-2035) (Draft for Review)" proposed that in the future, Line 16 will pass through the Dishui Lake and arrive at the future Nanhui New Town hub.

Headways
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Technology

Rolling Stock
Contrary to other A type trains with 5 doors on each side of a carriage, the Type A (city express) trains on Line 16 only have 3 doors due to the line's more suburban nature. The 16A01 series initially operated in 3 car formations, leading to huge overcrowding issues upon opening. The 16A01 series primarily have transverse seating to suit its more suburban role.  With the introduction of the 16A02 series, 16A01 series trains now operate in 3+3 car formations. The 16A02 series trains have more standing room and use more longitudinal seating, which will be able to take 200 more passengers than the 3+3 formation of 16A01. A six carriage train has a capacity of 2,378 passengers, 120% more than trains with three carriages. The tapering of the carbody between cars 3 and 4 where the "blind" cabs of the 3+3 set would be to match the dynamic envelope of a 3+3 set. The 16A02 series offer USB charging.

References

External links

Shanghai Metro lines

Railway lines opened in 2013
2013 establishments in China
1500 V DC railway electrification


Sound City Studios is a recording studio in Los Angeles, California, known as one of the most successful in popular music. The complex opened in 1969 in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles. The facility had previously been a production factory of the English musical instrument manufacturer Vox. Throughout the late twentieth century, the studio became known for its signature sound, especially in recording drums and live performances of rock bands.

Hundreds of rock artists spanning five decades have recorded at Sound City, including Johnny Cash, Neil Young, Fleetwood Mac, Elton John, U2, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Bob Dylan, Guns N' Roses, Nirvana, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Metallica, Tool, Slayer, Rage Against the Machine, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fall Out Boy. Over one-hundred albums recorded at Sound City have achieved gold and platinum certifications.

The studio leased time for public use until 2011; in 2011 the owners closed the studio and much of the equipment was sold off.  From 2011 to 2016, the studio was leased by Fairfax Recordings, who used it as their own exclusive in-house studio.  In 2017 the studio was re-opened for public use and has continued to host artists in the years since. The complex was the focus of the documentary Sound City (2013), directed by musician Dave Grohl.  Grohl purchased some of the equipment sold in 2011, including the rare Neve Electronics 8028 mixing console that has been credited with creating the "Sound City sound"; it has since been re-installed at Grohl's Studio 606.

History
The studio was created by Joe Gottfried and Tom Skeeter, who wanted to start a record company and get into artist management. After a rough start, Skeeter and Gottfried purchased   a state-of-the-art recording console for $75,175 from the English electronics engineer Rupert Neve: "One of four in the world ... a 28-input, 16-bus, 24-monitor 8028 with 1084 EQs and no automation".

The first song recorded on the console was performed by Buckingham Nicks and led to an invitation to join Fleetwood Mac.

During 1969, Sound City hosted the David Briggs productions Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus by Spirit and After the Gold Rush by Neil Young. Cult leader Charles Manson recorded in Studio B months before the Manson Family crime spree.

In the 1970s, Neil Young, Dr. John, Spirit, Crazy Horse, and Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, along with other bands, recorded music at the studio. Shelter Records founders Leon Russell and Denny Cordell found a home at Sound City as well, recording Leon Russell, Delaney & Bonnie, and Joe Cocker. Thanks to the Shelter founders, Sound City hosted a young band from Florida named Mudcrutch in 1974, providing an introduction to Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers that resulted in a relationship spanning over two decades.

In 1976, Fleetwood Mac recorded one track at the studio, "Never Going Back Again", from what would become one of the highest selling and most critically acclaimed albums of all time, Rumours.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the studio was used to produce works from Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Rick Springfield, Ronnie James Dio, Foreigner, The Black Crowes, and Nirvana. Producer Rick Rubin chose Sound City Studios to record artists like Red Hot Chili Peppers and Johnny Cash (1996's Unchained). He also recorded Metallica's Death Magnetic, which entered the Billboard Top 200 chart at No. 1, at the studio.

Joe Gottfried died in 1992, at the age of 65. Tom Skeeter died on 12 September 2014, at the age of 82. The studio was  closed to the public in 2011 and much of the equipment sold off, including the Neve Electronics 8028 Console from Studio A which was purchased by Dave Grohl, former Nirvana drummer and current frontman of Foo Fighters, who installed it in his Studio 606 in Northridge, California.

In 2011, record label Fairfax Recording leased Studio A for exclusive use of its artists  While the studio was left untouched, the control room was refurbished and analog recording equipment even older than the Neve console was added including an ARP 2600 semi-modular analog synthesizer, a Wurlitzer 140B electric piano and EQ modules designed for the Columbia CBS Studios in New York. Artists such as the Cold War Kids, and The Lumineers recorded at the facility during the Fairfax years.

In early 2017 a partnership was formed between Sandy Skeeter, daughter of founder Tom Skeeter, and Olivier Chastan in order to reopen the studio. Sound City is now the home of two of just 11 surviving Helios Type 69 consoles and continues to use classic analog recording techniques in many of its productions. While the control rooms received some upgrades, including Pro Tools, the main studio remains exactly as it was built in 1969.

Sound
Sound City Studios prides itself on having a very particular sound when it comes to recording drums. Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro insisted that one only had to set up the drums in order to get a good drum sound. Producer Rick Rubin said that "guitars sound pretty much the same everywhere, but drums change from room to room, and the sound at Sound City was among the best". Producer Greg Fidelman recorded the sound of a bass drum from each of the big recording studios in the Los Angeles area, subsequently playing the sample for Metallica without divulging from which studio the sound had originated. Based upon this sample, the band chose Sound City Studios to record Death Magnetic. In addition, when asked by Nine Inch Nails to be a guest drummer on some songs, Dave Grohl agreed only if the songs were to be recorded at Sound City Studios. The interior of the main studio has allegedly never been painted over, nor its linoleum tiles changed, due to fear that any such change would directly affect the "legendary sound quality" of the room.

Discography

See also
 Comparison of analog and digital recording

References

External links
Official Sound City Studios website
Official Sound City Studios Facebook page
Sound City Studios discography at Discogs

1969 establishments in California
Buildings and structures in the San Fernando Valley
Companies based in Los Angeles
Entertainment companies based in California
Entertainment companies established in 1969
Mass media companies established in 1969
Recording studios in California
Van Nuys


Marcel Sauber (born 3 May 1939 in Echternach) is a Luxembourgian politician.  He is a deputy in the Chamber of Deputies, representing the Centre constituency for the Christian Social People's Party (CSV).  He had been President of the Council of State and mayor of Walferdange.

Sauber was appointed a member of the Council of State on 28 June 1985, replacing Joseph Foog.  He was elected to the communal council of Walferdange in the 1987 election, sitting until the present day.  In that time, he was mayor from 6 February 1995 until 31 December 1999.  Sauber ran for the Chamber of Deputies for Centre in the 1999 election, finishing twelfth of the CSV candidates, whilst six were elected.

Having not been elected to the Chamber, Sauber was appointed Vice-President on 6 December 1999, and President of the Council of State on 15 January 2001, succeeding Raymond Kirsch.  He served in this capacity until 11 March 2003, when he resigned to take up the vacancy in the Chamber of Deputies left by the death of Willy Bourg in February.  He ran for re-election in 2004, finishing twelfth once more.  However, on the back of a CSV landslide, Sauber was promoted to take up one of the places vacated by government ministers, and has sat in the Chamber since then.

Footnotes

External links
 Chamber of Deputies official website biography

Mayors of places in Luxembourg
Members of the Council of State of Luxembourg
Councillors in Walferdange
Christian Social People's Party politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg) from Centre
1939 births
Living people
People from Echternach