Parity is a United Kingdom-based equal rights organisation, which describes itself as campaigning to promote and protect the equality of men and women under the law. Its main focus has been in the area of state pensions and associated benefits, and most of its notable successes have occurred in this field. The organisation was previously called Campaign for Equal State Pension Ages.

History
Parity was formed in 1986 as the "Campaign for Equal State Pension Ages" (CESPA) and its principal aim was to obtain for men the same [state pension] age as enjoyed by women. The organisation changed its name to "Parity" in 1997 to reflect growing concern regarding increased unequal treatment of men and women in other areas by the state.

CESPA's inaugural meeting was held on 29 August 1986 in Committee Room 1 of Manchester Town Hall. The ten founder members were G.W. Alderton, D.Higgins, D.J.D Yarwood, J.H Bennett, E.L Anderson, J.Greenwood, M.D Davidson, J.Graham, D.G Lindsay, and J. Bradfield.
The original CESPA constitution was agreed. The meeting appointed David Lindsay as chairman, Geoff Alderton as vice-chairman, David Yarwood as Hon Secretary and John Bennett as Treasurer.

Parity was denied charitable status for a number of years because it was seeking changes in the law to redress statutory sex discrimination, and thus was deemed to be political. It finally gained charitable status in 2005 following a change to the Human Rights Act.

Organisation
The organisation is run entirely by volunteers and receives no public funding. It had an income of £1,016 in 2017.

In its constitution it states its objectives are "to promote and protect the equal rights of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil, political, economic social and cultural rights under the law" and "to institute proceedings in the UK or appropriate European Courts for the purpose of establishing or protecting any such equal rights."

Achievements
Parity has had some notable successes over the years, particularly in addressing statutory sex discrimination. Their campaigns have stopped government sex discrimination which, in the case of winter fuel payments, had denied an estimated £20 million per year to males between the ages of 60–65.

Parity claims successes in four main areas: prescription charges, winter fuel payments, bus travel concessions and, in association with others, widower's benefits:

Prescription charges
Parity's first major success began in 1993 under its original name, when CESPA member Cyril Richardson, an asthmatic, took the government to court over sex discrimination in entitlement for free prescriptions. Eventually, in 1995 the European Court of Justice ruled that it was unlawful to charge men aged 60–65 for prescriptions when they were free to women. As a result, men now receive benefits in the order of an estimated £30 million per annum. Additionally, £10 million in charges was refunded to those who had wrongly paid for prescriptions in the previous 3 months before the ruling.

Winter fuel payments
In 1998 Parity member John Taylor went to the High Court to contest the fact that the government was denying winter fuel payments to men aged 60–65 that women were able to receive. It was argued that this was a breach of European laws on equality in social security, and that such discrimination was blatant and unjustifiable. The case was referred to the European Court of Justice who ruled in Mr Taylor's favour in December 1999. The ruling meant up to £26 million per annum in benefits being given to men that otherwise would have been denied.

Bus travel concessions
In 2000 Parity took the Government to the European Court of Human Rights over the fact that it denied free bus travel to men aged 60–65. Despite Parity's previous successes, the government had refused to end discrimination in this area. However, in June 2001 it became clear that Parity would win the case if it went to court and the government relented, with John Prescott announcing men would receive free bus passes from age 60. Controversially, Prescott hailed the move as "another example of the Government providing extra help for pensioners" whereas it had effectively been forced into the move by the European Court of Human Rights. The Travel Concessions (Eligibility) Bill finally passed in 2003 resulting in males receiving the £50 million per annum in benefits that the state had denied them.

Widowers benefits
Parity campaigned to end sexism in the payment of widows benefits and bereavement tax allowances. These were previously only paid to women and not men. The campaign achieved success in 2001 as a result the benefits are now available to both genders.

Domestic violence statistics
In 2008 Parity campaigned to stop the Crown Prosecution Service making false statements that the "overwhelming" majority of domestic violence victims were women, whereas in fact about one in three victims is male. With the aid of the UK Statistics Authority the organisation succeeded and the incorrect claims were removed. The organisation also forced Gillian Morgan of the Welsh Assembly to stop making the same claims in the "Strategic Action Plan to Address Violence to Women".

Current campaigns
Parity's main current campaign is to equalise the state pension ages for men and women in the United Kingdom. Currently this is now due to take place in 2018.

Other objectives include:

Equal state funding for treatment and research of male and female specific diseases.
Equal treatment of male and female victims of domestic violence.
Better government policies to ensure a more equal gender balance in primary school teaching and to boost the academic achievements of working class white children.
Funding for research into life expectancy inequalities between men and women.
Equal status for separated parents and better enforcement of contact and maintenance orders.
Equal anonymity for defendants and complainants in sex offence cases until conviction.

Supporters
Parity's present patrons are Sir Peter Bottomley MP and Mr Mark Brooks.

See also
ManKind Initiative

References

External links
 Official Parity Website

1986 establishments in the United Kingdom
Domestic violence
Gender equality
Human rights organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1986
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom


Johannes Jacobus 'Hannes' Strydom (born 13 July 1965, in Welkom), is a former South African rugby union player who played for the South Africa national rugby union team between 1993 and 1997. He went to school at Pearson High School in Port Elizabeth and the A rugby field is named after him. He is now a pharmacist in Pretoria.

Playing career

Provincial
Strydom represented the  Schools team at the 1983 and 1984 Craven Week tournaments. In 1986 he made his senior provincial debut for Eastern Province. He also represented  and from 1993,  that later became the Golden Lions, where he formed a formidable combination with Kobus Wiese.

In Super Rugby he represented the  and with the establishment of the South African franchise system in 1998, the .

International
He played his first test match for the Springboks on 3 July 1993 against France at Ellis Park. He toured with the Springboks to Australia and Argentina in 1993, playing in all the test matches during the tours. In 1994 he played only one test match and in 1995 was a member of the World Cup squad and also played in the World Cup final. He continued to represent South Africa during the 1996 and 1997 seasons, including the test series against the 1997 British Lions. Strydom also played in nine tour matches.

Test history
 World Cup Final

World Cup
 1995 World Cup in South Africa : 4 games (Wallabies, Canada, France, All Blacks).

Accolades
In 2003 he was inducted into the University of Pretoria Sport Hall of fame.

See also

List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 586

References

External links
Springboks 1996
Statistics at scrum.com

South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
1965 births
Living people
University of Pretoria alumni
Lions (United Rugby Championship) players
Golden Lions players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from the Free State (province)
1995 Rugby World Cup players


Geshe Chekhawa (or Chekawa Yeshe Dorje) (1102–1176) was a prolific Kadampa Buddhist meditation master who was the author of the celebrated root text Training the Mind in Seven Points, which is an explanation of Buddha's instructions on training the mind or Lojong in Tibetan. These teachings reveal how sincere Buddhist practitioners can transform adverse conditions into the path to enlightenment, principally, by developing their own compassion. Before Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje's root text this special set of teachings given by Buddha were secret teachings only given to faithful disciples.

Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje was born into a family that practiced the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. However, as is common in all the traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, he also sought teachings from other traditions. He received teachings from Rechungpa (one of Milarepa's main disciples) and later from Kadampa Geshes. After reading the text Eight Verses of Training the Mind by Geshe Langri Tangpa he immediately set out to Lhasa in search of Langri Tangpa. When he arrived in Lhasa, he discovered that Geshe Langri Tangpa had died. So he searched for his disciples and found Geshe Sharawa who was one of his main disciples.

When Chekawa Yeshe Dorje met Sharawa, he asked him "How important is the practice of accepting defeat and offering the victory to others?" Sharawa replied, "If you want to attain enlightenment, this practice is essential." Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje then requested full instructions on this practice and Sharawa said "If you stay with me for several years I will teach you."  Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje stayed with Sharawa for 12 years until he mastered the practice of training the mind. He had to face many different kinds of ordeals: all sorts of difficulties, criticism, hardships, and abuse. And the teaching was so effective, and his perseverance in its practice so intense, that he completely eradicated any self-grasping and self-cherishing.

At this time in Tibet, leprosy was very common in Tibet, because doctors were unable to cure it. When Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje encountered lepers, he developed heartfelt compassion for them and wished to help them. He gave them teachings on training the mind, especially the teachings on Tonglen or taking and giving. Through these practices many lepers were able to cure themselves. After overhearing Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje's teaching to lepers on training the mind, his brother who strongly disliked Dharma teachings even began to put them into practice and receive great benefit from them.

As a result of these successes, Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje decided not to keep these teachings secret any longer and he composed Training the Mind in Seven Points. This is one of the essential root texts of the Kadampa tradition and was the basis for Je Tsongkhapa's text Sunrays of Training the Mind, which is regarded as one of the most authoritative commentaries on training the mind.

Chekhawa Yeshe Dorje's conclusion of Training the Mind in Seven Points is as follows:

Because of my many wishes,
Having endured suffering and a bad reputation,
I received the instructions for controlling self-grasping.
Now, if I die, I have no regrets.

Root Verses

Root Verses Of The Seven Point Mind Training
by Geshe Chekawa (1102–1176)

Homage to Great Compassion.

These instructions are the essence of the nectar.
They have been passed down from Serlingpa.
They are like a diamond, the sun, and a medicinal tree.
Understand the purpose and so forth of these texts.
When the five degenerations are flourishing, transform
them into the path to enlightenment.

One: Preliminary Supporting Dharma Practices
Initially, train in the preliminaries.

Two: Training The Mind In The Path To Enlightenment
Training in relative bodhicitta
Put all the blame on the one.
Meditate on everyone as kind.
Train alternately in the two, taking and giving.
Begin taking with yourself.
Mount the two upon the breath.
There are three objects, three poisons, and three roots of virtue.
These, in brief, are the instructions for the post-meditation period.
Be mindful in order to admonish yourself.
Train yourself with the verses during all activities.

Training in ultimate bodhicitta
Having attained stability, be shown the secret.
Consider phenomena to be like a dream.
Analyze the nature of ungenerated awareness.
Even the antidote itself is naturally free.
Focus on the nature of the basis of all, the entity of the path.
Between sessions be an illusionist.

Three: Bringing Unfavorable Conditions Into The Path To Enlightenment
When the vessel and its contents are filled with negativities,
Transform these unfavorable conditions into the path to enlightenment.
Immediately apply whatever you meet to meditation.
Possess the four preparations, the supreme method.

Four: Integrating The Practices In A Single Lifetime
In brief, the essence of the instructions is to apply the five forces.
The Great Vehicle instructions on transference
are those very five forces; cherish this behavior.

Five: The Measure Of A Trained Mind
Combine all the Dharma into one intention.
Of the two witnesses, rely on the primary one.
Always rely on mental happiness alone.
The measure of being trained is to no longer regress.
To be trained is to possess the five signs of greatness.
You are trained when able even if distracted.

Six: The Commitments Of Mind Training
1. Constantly train in the three general points.
2. Change your attitude, but remain natural.
3. Do not mention [others’] impaired limbs.
4. Do not think about others’ affairs.
5. Initially, purify whatever affliction is the strongest.
6. Give up all hope of reward.
7. Avoid poisoned food.
8. Do not hold a grudge.
9. Do not respond to malicious talk.
10. Do not lie in ambush.
11. Do not strike to the core.
12. Do not put the load of a dzo on an ox.
13. Do not aim to win the race.
14. Do not use perverse means.
15. Do not turn a god into a demon.
16. Do not seek [others’] suffering as a means to your own happiness.

Seven: Advice Regarding Mind Training
1. Perform all yogas with the one.
2. Apply the one to all perverse oppressors.
3. Do the two activities, one at the beginning and one at the end.
4. Be patient whichever of the two occurs.
5. Guard the two at the risk of your life.
6. Train in the three difficult ones.
7. Obtain the three principal causes.
8. Cultivate the three without deterioration.
9. Possess the three without separation.
10. Train in purity and impartiality with respect to objects.
11. Cherish all of the encompassing and profound trainings.
12. Meditate constantly on the special cases.
13. Do not look for other conditions.
14. Practice the most important right now.
15. Avoid the distorted understandings.
16. Do not be erratic.
17. Train continuously.
18. Attain liberation with the two, investigation and analysis.
19. Do not boast.
20. Refrain from retaliating.
21. Do not act impetuously.
22. Do not wish for gratitude.

References

External links
  Seven-talk series by Dhammadinna based on Geshe Chekhawa, Atisha and Langri Tangpa
 Samye Institute library page

1102 births
1176 deaths
Buddhist meditation


Jaakko Pentinpoika Ilkka (1550s, Ilmajoki – late January, 1597, Isokyrö) was a wealthy Ostrobothnian landowner and leader of the Cudgel War, a 16th-century Finnish peasant revolt against Swedish rule.

Life

Early years
Ilkka's father, Pentti, was the second largest landowner in Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia, Finland. After his father's death, Ilkka, an accomplished horseman among his many other talents, took over the family business in 1585. He moved around the country making land deals for some years. Ilkka was also the owner of a ship, and visited Tallinn and Stockholm upon it. He was twice married, and had three sons. He was a soldier in the Swedish army during the Russian war of 1591—94, but joined the peasant rebellion and Cudgel War soon thereafter.

The Cudgel War
In 1595, the whole of Ostrobothnia was in revolt, with peasants refusing to pay crippling taxes owed to the Swedish crown. Ilkka led the peasants' resistance movement. The name "The Cudgel War" came from the fact that the rebels armed themselves with various blunt weapons, such as cudgels, flails and maces, which were considered the most efficient weapons against their heavily armoured enemies. The wealthier rebels also had swords, some firearms and two cannons at their disposal. Their opponents, the troops of the Swedish nobleman Klaus Fleming, were professional, heavily armed and outnumbered the peasants.

Ilkka--who, like most educated Finns, was bilingual in Swedish (spoken by the nobility) and Finnish (spoken by the peasants)--rose to prominence after being elected to lead the peasant army. The Cudgel War began on Christmas Eve 1595 and was initially successful, with the rebels winning some infantry battles, forcing Fleming into peace negotiations. On December 31, 1596, Fleming's troops attacked Ilkka's land at his Nokia manor stronghold in Pirkkala. After the fortress had been set ablaze by the Swedes, Fleming called on the rebels to surrender Ilkka to him to avoid being killed en masse. However, Ilkka escaped with his wife and some of his men back to Ilmajoki. Fleming's cavalry killed a number of the fleeing rebels in the forests around Nokia.

Ilkka and his wife were eventually captured and imprisoned in Turku Castle. The couple managed an audacious escape, in the autumn of 1596, helped by peasant allies. According to some reports, Ilkka got out of the castle from a privy by crawling through the opening used for the removal of slops. Historian  describes this in his book Finnish heroes. Nevertheless, Ilkka was captured again and was executed with five other rebel leaders on January 27, 1597, by Swedish army officer . A letter written by Fleming on January 27, 1597, ordering his troops to capture Ilkka alive, did not reach Melkiorsson before he had already killed the rebel leader. Eventually, Ilkka's body was taken to the , where the current Ilmajoki Museum is situated. At least 1,500 rebels were killed during the war.

Historical criticism
The author and historian Heikki Ylikangas has pointed out that there is a bias towards depicting Jaakko Ilkka as "the great Finnish leader of the Cudgel War," although he took command of the biggest peasant horde during the end of the Cudgel War in the winter of 1596. He says that the heroic portrayal of Ilkka is an oversimplification of the actual history driven by nationalist ideology by early Finnish historians, who were targeting the Finnish-speaking population. Ilkka was not, for example, one of the original rebel leaders who sailed to Stockholm with the Finnish peasants’ letter of complaint to Duke Charles in Stockholm. He also points out that the conflict was between the poor peasant population who supported Duke Charles, and the educated upper class who benefited from King Sigismund's rule, not a conflict between Swedes and Finns. It is therefore likely that Jaakko Ilkka and his family would have been targeted by the peasant army if Ilkka had not joined the rebellion.

Commemoration
A statue of Ilkka was erected at Ilmajoki in 1924.

The main newspaper of South Ostrobothnia and Coastal Ostrobothnia, Ilkka-Pohjalainen, is also named after Jaakko Ilkka.

Ilkka is said to have inspired more Finnish composers and librettists than any other figure in Finnish history. As many as three operas have been dedicated to him. One of them, the eponymous Jaakko Ilkka by Jorma Panula, was composed between 1977 and 1978, and was well-known through its performance at the Ilmajoki Music Festival in 1978, directed by the major Finnish director Edvin Laine.

A school in Ilmajoki is named after Ilkka.

See also
Cudgel war

References

1545 births
1597 deaths
People from Ilmajoki
Finnish revolutionaries
16th-century Finnish people
People executed by Sweden by decapitation
Executed Finnish people
16th-century executions by Sweden
Finnish fairy tales
16th-century farmers
16th-century Swedish farmers
16th-century Swedish landowners


William Harold Hicks (12 November 1888 – 14 May 1974) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Lauder, Manitoba and became an agrologist by career.

He was first elected at the Fraser Valley riding in the 1958 general election, but defeated in the 1962 and 1963 general elections. He served only one term, the 24th Parliament.

References

External links

1888 births
1974 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Gerard Maxwell Bates (born 13 September 1950) is an Australian environmental lawyer and academic, and former politician.

Early life and education
Bates was born in Lancashire, England in 1950. He studied at the University of Birmingham where he qualified for a Bachelor of Laws (LLB)(Hons) and a PhD.

Bates went on to become a tutor at the University of Birmingham and a senior lecturer at Birmingham Polytechnic.

He later emigrated to Australia, and was a lecturer in environmental law at the University of Tasmania until Bob Brown convinced him to run for parliament as a Green Independent in 1986 Tasmanian state election.

Political career
In 1986, he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Franklin as an Independent Green. At the 1989 election, three other Greens were elected in addition to Brown and Bates (Lance Armstrong, Di Hollister and Christine Milne). The Greens held the balance of power, and agreed to give support to the Labor Party to form a minority government when they signed the Labor–Green Accord. In 1992, the five Independent Greens in the House formed the Tasmanian Greens.

Bates resigned from the House of Assembly on 4 May 1995 to contest Queenborough in the Legislative Council, but was unsuccessful.

Academic career
Bates is an adjunct professor at the Sydney Law School, the law faculty of the University of Sydney. He is also an adjunct professor at the Australian Centre for Environmental Law (ACEL), part of the Australian National University.

Bates has been a member of the Board of the Environment Protection Authority of NSW since 1996, a member of the State of the Environment Advisory Council since 2004, and a Director of Kimbriki Environmental Enterprises, a regional waste recovery centre and landfill on Sydney's Northern Beaches, since 2006.

Bates is author of Environmental Law in Australia, Corporate Liability for Pollution" and "Pollution Law in Australia. He is also Editor of the Environment and Planning Law Journal.

Bates received a special award from the National Environmental Law Association in 1994 for Outstanding Contribution to Environmental Law.

References

External links
Official website

1950 births
Living people
20th-century Australian lawyers
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Academic staff of the University of Tasmania
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
English emigrants to Australia
Academics of Birmingham City University


Thakilu Kottampuram is a 1981 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Balu Kiriyath based on the story Venalil Vidarunna Pookkal by S. Thankappan, who also produced the film. It stars Prem Nazir, Sheela, Mohanlal and Jagathy Sreekumar in substantial roles. The film features songs composed by Darsan Raman and P. Susheeladevi, while the background score was provided by Guna Singh.

Cast

Prem Nazir as Rajakrishna Kurup
Sheela as Mridula
Mohanlal as Paul
Jagathy Sreekumar as Shishupalan
Adoor Bhasi as Kunjunni Kurup
Sukumaran as Unnikrsihna Kurup
Anjali Naidu as Uma
Baby Manjusha as Sreemol
Jalaja as Padmaja
Mala Aravindan as Vasu
 Gusth Sreekumar
 Jayaprakash
Santhakumari as Mridula's mother
Sathyachithra
Praveena as Urmila
Sreekala (Rathidevi) as Theresiakutty
 Daisy

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Darsan Raman and P Susheeladevi and lyrics was written by Balu Kiriyath.

Release and reception

References

External links

1981 films
1980s Malayalam-language films


USS Santa Rosalia (ID-1503) was a cargo steamship that was built in Scotland in 1910 and served in the merchant fleets of the United Kingdom, United States and Greece. She served in the United States Navy in 1918–19. She was renamed Stefanos Costomenis in 1929 and sank in the North Atlantic in 1936.

Building and first owners
William Hamilton and Company built the ship in Port Glasgow on the River Clyde, launching her on 21 September 1911 and completing her that October. Her registered length was , her beam was  and her depth was . Her tonnages were  and .

She had a single screw, driven by three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engine that was rated at 476 NHP and gave her a speed of .

Hamilton's launched Santa Rosalia for Lang & Fulton of Greenock, and ownership was to be shared between the Hamilton's and Lang & Fulton. But before she was completed, they sold her to the Isthmian Steamship Company, which was a British company founded in 1910 by the United States Steel Products Corporation.

Santa Rosalia was registered at London. Her United Kingdom official number was 132618 and her code letters were HTPC. By 1912 she was equipped for wireless telegraphy.

US registry
When the First World War started in 1914, all of the Isthmian Steamship Co's ships were transferred to the direct ownership of its parent company in the then-neutral USA, and re-registered there. Santa Rosalia was re-registered in New York. Her US official number was 212569 and her code letters were LDPN. By 1918 her wireless telegraph call sign was KLO.

After the US entered World War I, the US Navy inspected Santa Rosalia in 1917 or 1918 for possible naval service. On 20 May 1918 the United States Shipping Board chartered her for the Navy. She was commissioned the same day at New Orleans as USS Santa Rosalia, with the Identification Number (ID) 1503. She was defensively armed with one 5-inch/51-caliber gun and one 3-inch/50-caliber gun.

She made four trips for the Naval Overseas Transportation Service: two to France before the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and two afterward to Uruguay, one of which included a visit to the United States Virgin Islands. After being commissioned, Santa Rosalia went from New Orleans to Hampton Roads, Virginia, where she loaded United States Army general supplies. She left in convoy on 19 June 1918, reached Brest, France on 9 July, and continued to Gironde to discharge her cargo. She left France on 3 August and reached Baltimore, Maryland on 20 August.

On 26 August 1918 Santa Rosalia left Baltimore for New York for repairs. Early in October 1918 she left Norfolk, Virginia in convoy. She reached Brest on 28 October, and continued to Saint-Nazaire. She was in St-Nazaire on 11 November when the Armistice was signed. She feft on 14 November, and reached Baltimore on 5 December.

After transferring from a US Army to a US Shipping Board account, she went to New York to load a cargo of general supplies. She left on 19 January 1919, and reached Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands on 25 January. She left on 27 January, and reached Montevideo, Uruguay on 18 February. She unloaded and loaded cargo, and then returned to New York.

From New York, Santa Rosalia made a second trip to Montevideo, returning on 6 June 1919. She was still in New York on 26 June when she was decommissioned, returned to her owners, and resumed civilian merchant trade.

Stefanos Costomenis
In 1929 two Greek shipowners, Elias G Culucundis & Stephen C Costomeni, bought the ship, renamed her Stefanos Costomenis and registered her in Syra. Her Greek code letters were JHGP. By 1934 her four-letter call sign was SVMP.

In February 1936 Stefanos Costomenis left Tampa for Rotterdam with a cargo of phosphate. She ran into a heavy sea, and on the evening of 17 February her wireless telegraph operator sent a distress signal stating that she was about  east of the Nantucket Light ship, leaking, and needing assistance. The Baltimore Mail Steamship Co's ship City of Newport News changed course to assist, but Stefanos Costomenis did not heave-to to await assistance. The Greek steamship was about  east of Cape Henry when City of Newport News caught up with her on 18 February. Stefanos Costomenis was abandoned at position  and all 33 of her crew were safely transferred to City of Newport News, which then set course for Norfolk, Virginia.

Stefanos Costomenis was left unmanned but afloat, which made her a shipping hazard. The United States Coast Guard sent  to the Greek ship's last known position, ready to sink her if necessary. But Champlain did not find her, and it is presumed Stefanos Costomenis had foundered.

References

Bibliography

External links

1911 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in 1936
Merchant ships of Greece
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United States
Ships built on the River Clyde
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Steamships of Greece
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of the United States
World War I cargo ships of the United States


Dianne Lesley Hollister (born 9 December 1947) is a former Australian politician.

Early life
Born in Devonport, Tasmania, she started her career as a teacher.

Political career
In 1989, she was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Braddon as an Independent Green. In 1992, the five Independent Greens formed the Tasmanian Greens. Hollister held her seat until she was defeated in 1998.

References

1947 births
Living people
Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
University of Tasmania alumni
Australian schoolteachers
Women members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly


Michael Bernard Foley (born 3 December 1946) is a former Australian politician and member of the Tasmanian Greens.

Foley was born in Boronia, Victoria.

In 1995, he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Franklin in a recount resulting from the resignation of Gerry Bates. He held the seat until his defeat in 1998.

After politics, Foley has been head of the Far South Wilderness Centre.

References

1946 births
Living people
Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Tasmania
Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
Politicians from Melbourne
People from Boronia, Victoria


The Rondo Brothers are a musical duo from San Francisco, United States, consisting of multi-instrumentalists and producers Diamond Jim (Jim Greer) and The Bastard Prince (Brandon Arnovick).

Origins

Greer (primarily keyboards, bass guitar, rhythm guitar, drum programming)  and Arnovick (primarily lead guitar, drum programming) worked together at a San Francisco nightclub called the Paradise Lounge. They began their careers as musicians on various projects by Dan the Automator. Greer also played keyboards for the original Dr. Octagon live band, and Arnovick played guitar with Deltron 3030 and Lovage, as well as accompanying the groups on US tours. While working for Dan the Automator, Greer also worked as a producer and founded a record label. His first major production was the debut album by art-rock group The Gun & Doll Show, recorded in Petaluma, California. Greer also wrote songs with RCA / Or Music (Matisyahu, Los Lonely Boys) artist, essence, and worked as a session player for producer Bill Bottrell.

The pair formed The Rondo Brothers in 2003 during the recording of New Orleans jam band Galactic's album, Ruckus, which they helped produce. They were asked to join Warner Brothers act Head Automatica, and subsequently toured the United States with acts including The Rapture, Interpol, Thursday and The Cure. They remained on tour with Head Automatica for nearly two years, during which period they were also working as producers and remixers, with work for film and television as well as remixes of songs like Patti Page's "Frosty The Snowman", Bob James' "Nautilus", and the song "We're Not Alone" by Mike Patton's project Peeping Tom. They also recorded their first full-length album, No Time Left On Earth, featuring guest appearances from Daryl Palumbo, Kelly Atkins of 20 Minute Loop & Kitka, Vinnie Caruana, Samantha Stollenwerck, Pedro Shanahan, and Tim Carter.

Career

Released on September 7, 2004, No Time Left On Earth contained the college hit "Hey Stewardess", featuring Daryl Palumbo and Samantha Stollenwerck. The Rondo Brothers also played on the album White People by Handsome Boy Modeling School, and joined the band on their month-long US tour and several shows at the Jazz Cafe in London, where they also performed with Jamie Cullum. Meanwhile, No Time Left On Earth was released in Japan on JetSet Records, along with two special edition 12" records.

During this time the Rondo Brothers helped produce The Matches and MC Lars track "Hot Topic is Not Punk Rock", and issued remixes of artists including Charlie Parker, Billie Holiday, Rosemary Clooney, and Dean Martin. In 2006, the Rondo Brothers worked with Bay Area beat boxer Kid Beyond, and made a remix for the band Vinyl featuring keyboardist Bernie Worrell. They also worked for commercial clients including John Frieda, Banana Republic, the NFL and Dodge. They began working with producer Jack Douglas and remixed a New York Dolls song from their Douglas-produced album One Day It Will Please Us to Remember Even This. They also worked with other Bay Area artists such as The Lovemakers, Scissors for Lefty, and Loquat.

In 2007 the Rondo Brothers released their second album Seven Minutes to Midnight, and went on a second US tour, performing with Chali2NA, André the Giant, and Casual from Hieroglyphics, while backing Dan the Automator on the score for an NBA video game. They also produced remixes for artists such as Common, Shwayze, and MC Lars. The same year they worked on the Cuba Gooding Jr. and Michael Jordan commercial spots for Hanes, and also appeared on the soundtrack for the hit documentary My Kid Could Paint That. Later that year they produced their first full-length film score, for Lonely Street.

In 2008 they co-produced (with Les Claypool) the album Fogshack Music Volume Two by Vinyl, produced tracks for MC Lars album This Gigantic Robot Kills, and contributed production to YT Cracker's album The Digital Gangster. Southern artist Eric Lindell included a song co-written by the Rondo Brothers on his 2008 album Gulf Coast Highway, and they released, with Sony Music, a library version of their album Seven Minutes To Midnight, distributed for producers and DJs.

In 2009 the Rondo Brothers won a remix contest organized by Yoko Ono, who selected their remix of her song "The Sun Is Down" to post on her website, and Greer produced Cyndi Harvell, an artist he discovered through Jack Douglas, also accompanying her on bass at the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass festival. Around this time the Rondo Brothers also contributed production to the album The Upside by The Kin, a band with whom they also began a side project called "Rondo Sessions". In 2009 and 2010 the Rondo Brothers recorded over 40 songs with The Kin.

In 2010 they released their third album The Foreign Globester, a concept album with MC Lars, Motion Man, K.Flay and Beefy. The album was released through Oglio Records and was featured on the cover of the East Bay Express, an Oakland weekly.

2010 saw the Rondo Brothers co-write the song "Heart of Steel" with the band Galactic, which was named by National Public Radio as a top single and included by the New York Times as one of the "Top ten best songs of 2010". The song was featured in the TV show True Blood. Around this time the Rondo Brothers' live drummer Tim Carter also worked on an album by British band Kasabian.
The Rondo-produced track by Foster the People, "Chin Music For The Unsuspecting Hero", was included on their smash hit single "Pumped Up Kicks".

In 2011, the Rondo Brothers worked with folk artists Sarah Lee Guthrie & Johnny Irion, and did several further remixes for Foster The People.

In 2012 they recorded the album Proper Cowboy for Bay Area band Diego's Umbrella, and collaborated with Angelo Moore of Los Angeles ska band Fishbone for the single "Brand New Step".

References

American hip hop groups


Murray Lincoln McFarlane (2 September 1908 – 10 October 1989) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Cranbrook, British Columbia, he was a timekeeper by career.

After an unsuccessful bid to win the Kootenay East riding in the 1957 federal election, McFarlane succeeded there in the following general election in 1958. He served only one term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, as he was defeated at Kootenay East in the 1962, 1963 and 1965 elections.

McFarlane also served as a school board trustee from 1944 to 1948, then as a school board chair from 1949 to 1957.

References

External links

1908 births
1989 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
People from Cranbrook, British Columbia
British Columbia school board members


The Revolution Mini-500 is a 1990s American single-seat light helicopter, designed and built by Revolution Helicopter Corporation as a kit for homebuilding.

Revolution Helicopter went out of business in November 1999 and kits are no longer available.

Development

The Mini-500 was designed as a light helicopter that resembles a scaled-down Hughes 500, powered by a Rotax 582  two-stroke engine.

The Mini-500 design was initially based upon Augusto Cicaré's control system design as incorporated in his CH-6 prototype helicopter, but company president Dennis Fetters and Cicaré were unable to agree on licensing terms. Fetters instead elected to design and patent a "newly improved control system".

The Mini-500 has a tubular steel fuselage with a foam and glass-fibre structure cabin. It has a two-bladed semi-rigid rotor and a conventional two-blade tail rotor. The first Mini-500 flew in 1992 and the company delivered the first production factory-assembled helicopter in July 1994. Production of kits ceased in 1999 and the company claimed that more than 500 had been sold.

The factory advertised the kits, saying: "no machining, welding or cutting is required and the package includes pre-drilled guide holes for easy alignment during construction ... pre-fabricated, lightweight superstructure with all complicated components pre-assembled at the factory, i.e., upper main transmission/reduction with rotor head, instrumentation panel, and tail rotor gear box assembly)." Also included in the kit were the composite cabin structure, doors, transmission cover and horizontal stabilizer.

The initial kit price was US$24,500 and included the Rotax 582 powerplant, fiberglass enclosure, basic instrumentation, electric starter, landing lights and navigation lights. The components came pre-painted in a variety of optional colors. The composite tail and main rotor blades were advertised as “lifetime on condition", indicating no fixed lifespan. Assembly time was advertised as 40 hours.

After Revolution Helicopter ceased operations, there was an attempt in 2003 led by Richard Stitt and Stitt Industries, Inc. to restart production of the Mini-500. The company started providing replacement engines to existing Mini-500 owners to replace the under-powered Rotax 582s and intended to produce new Mini-500s. Initial intentions were that it would be powered by a Mazda Wankel engine, but this was abandoned and plans shifted to the Solar T62 turbine engine. There is no indication that Stitt delivered any aircraft kits.

Operational use

It is unclear how many Mini-500s have been built, with the company claiming to have sold over 500 Mini-500s kits with more than 400 built and flown, it has also been claimed by critics that no  more than 100 have been actually built and flown. On 10 February 2010, 172 Mini-500s remained on the Federal Aviation Administration registry, with an additional 81 registrations cancelled. (Although registered, this does not indicate these aircraft have flown.)

Of those that did fly there were many component failures, dozens of accidents and incidents and nine fatalities. The aircraft quickly developed a poor safety reputation and this curtailed kit sales.

The Rotax 582 two stroke engine proved to be underpowered in this application and many failed in flight. The engine's vibration levels also proved to be a problem as they, combined with excessive rotor vibrations, lead to cracked frames and other component failures.

Owners complained that the aircraft was not well designed. The president of the International Experimental Helicopter Association, the Mini-500 aircraft type club,  Bill Phillips, who completed a kit, but did not fly it stated: "You can tell it is junk just by looking at it" and described Revolution Helicopter Corporation president Dennis Fetters as "one of the biggest cons that’s ever hit the kit industry".

Fetters strongly denied that the design had safety issues and issued statements indicating that all accidents were due to improper maintenance, failure of builders to carry out rotor tracking and balancing or lack of piloting skills. In response to customer complaints in 1998 Fetters did add a tuned exhaust system to increase engine output, stronger transmission gears and a mast support kit to reduce vibrations.

Rotax 582
Engine manufacturer Rotax warns owners of the 582 engine in the Owners Manual about its limitations:

Variants
Mini-500
Original version, empty weight
Mini-500B
Improved model with upgraded tail rotor tips, main transmission, rotorhead and airframe. Empty weight

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Photo of Mini-500 on Airliners.net

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
1990s United States helicopters
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1992
Single-engined piston helicopters


Jaakko Ilkka is a folk opera by Finnish composer Jorma Panula composed in 1977-1978 which deals with the eponymous peasant leader of the Cudgel War of 1596. The opera uses material from Finnish folk and fiddle music and premiered at the Ilmajoki Music Festival in 1978.

The libretto was written by Aarni Krohn. It tells the story of Jaako Ilkka, a wealthy landowner from Ilmajoki who becomes the leader of the peasant uprising against Klaus Fleming. The opera culminates with Ilkka’s defeat after having been turned on by his own troops.

Jaakko Ilkka was performed at the Ilmajoki Music Festival during the summers of 1978–1981 under the direction of Edvin Laine, featuring Tuomo Häkkilä as Jaako Ilkka. The role of Katariina was played by soprano Ritva Auvinen with baritone Jorma Falck as Klaus Flemings and bass baritone Eero Piirto Kylmä-Jyrää. Other performers included Jorma Hynninen, Jaakko Ryhänen and Jaakko Hietikko. The performances featured the Finnish National Opera Orchestra and the Ilmajoki Opera Choir under the direction of composer Jorma Panula. Costumes were designed by costumer and fashion artist Kirsti Maunula.

The opera was again performed at the Ilmajoki Music Festival in 1996–1997, featuring Jyrki Anttila as Jaakko Ilkka alongside performers Kaisa Hannula, Tommi Hakala, and Juha Uusitalo.

References

Finnish-language operas
Operas
1978 operas
Operas by Jorma Panula
Operas set in the 16th century
Operas set in Finland
Ilkka
Ilkka
Folk opera


Subcortical dementias includes those diseases which predominantly affects the basal ganglia along with features of cognitive decline.

Diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's chorea and Parkinson's disease are different in many features from the other cortical dementias like Alzheimer's disease. Yet these patients present clinically with mild forgetfulness and slowed thought process along with abnormal movements and problems with motility.

Clinical features
Clinically subcortical dementia usually is seen with features like slowness of mental processing, forgetfulness, impaired cognition, lack of initiative-apathy, depressive symptoms (such as anhedonia, negative thoughts, loss of self-esteem and dysphoria), loss of social skills along with extrapyramidal features like tremors and abnormal movements.

In most of the patients with Huntington's diseases the first clinical feature to appear is the change in personality. The dementia is more severe in patients with early onset of Huntington's disease.

Parkinson's disease is characterised by features of dementia in older age. The adult type "leukodystrophy" also causes subcortical dementia with prominent frontal lobe features.

As a general rule the earliest symptoms in "cortical" dementia include difficulty with high-level behaviors such as memory, language, problem-solving and reasoning, mathematics and abstract thoughts – functions associated with the cerebral cortex. Such patients have prominent apraxia and agnosia.

However, in "subcortical" dementia these high-level behaviours are less affected.

Pathophysiology
In most common types of dementias there is widespread degeneration in the cerebral cortex – such as the plaques and neuro fibrillary tangles which are the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. In subcortical dementia, there is targeted damage to regions lying under the cortex.

The pathological process that result in subcortical dementia shows neuronal changes that involve primarily the thalamus, basal ganglia, and rostral brain-stem nuclei and mostly, some projections in the white matter from these regions to the cortex, with relative sparing of the cerebral cortex.

It affects arousal, attention, mood, motivation, language, memory, abstraction, social skills (especially empathy), extrapyramidal functions, and visuospatial skills. Additionally, damage to the basal forebrain can cause amnesia and psychotic disorders.

Controversy
One of the problems with the concept of subcortical dementia is the fact that name implies that it is due to lesions confined to subcortical structures. Anatomically none of the neurodegenerative dementias are strictly cortical or subcortical. In fact, there is invariably an overlap of both cortical and subcortical neuronal changes in both types.

History
Charcot described dementia as a feature in Parkinson's disease. McHugh introduced the concept of subcortical dementia.

Mayeux and Stern and their colleagues and Tierney and coworkers have been critical of the concept of subcortical dementia.

Examples
 Progressive supranuclear palsy (chronic acetogenin poisoning)
 Atypical Parkinsonism
 Binswanger disease (and other forms of vascular dementia)
 Corticobasal degeneration
 Huntington disease
 Multiple system atrophy
 HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)
 HIV-associated dementia

References

Cognitive disorders
Mental disorders due to brain damage
Dementia
Learning disabilities
Aging-associated diseases


Howard Round (1878 – 1957) was an English footballer who played one game for Port Vale in September 1900.

Career
Round played for Tunstall Casuals before joining Second Division side Port Vale in July 1900. His sole appearance was in the 6–1 defeat to Grimsby Town at Blundell Park on 8 September. He left the Athletic Ground at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1878 births
1957 deaths
Footballers from Newcastle-under-Lyme
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players


National Cycle Route 21 (or NCR 21) is part of the United Kingdom's National Cycle Network. It runs from Greenwich in South-East London south to Crawley, then east to Groombridge and south to Eastbourne, with a short final loop northwards again to its end at Pevensey.

The route is approximately 150 km (93 miles) long. Several sections are not suitable for road bikes.

Links to:
National Cycle Route 4 at Greenwich which is the route's start.
National Cycle Route 1 at Greenwich is a few hundred metres from the route's start.
National Cycle Route 2 at Polegate and at Pevensey at the route's finish.
National Cycle Route 20 at Redhill and at Crawley.

The route forms much of the English section of the Avenue Verte, a planned long-distance cycle route linking London and Paris.

Route

Greenwich to Crawley

Greenwich | Lewisham | South Norwood  | New Addington | Redhill | Horley | Gatwick Airport | Crawley

This section starts by leaving NCR 4 beside the River Thames and following the Waterlink Way south through South-East London, generally on well-surfaced bridleways and residential roads and climbing gently. On leaving Greater London the route quickly becomes more rugged, following a number of paths and roads, including the long access road to Woldingham School. After passing under the M25 motorway the track quality improves again and the route heads west to Redhill, before again heading south, close by the London-Brighton railway. It passes directly underneath the South Terminal of Gatwick Airport, weaves through the runway approach lights and continues south to Crawley.

Between Redhill and Crawley the route duplicates Route 20.

Crawley to Groombridge

Crawley | Crawley Down | East Grinstead | Groombridge

This section is largely on well-made railway paths through attractive countryside and consists of the Worth Way immediately followed by the Forest Way. It finishes just south of Groombridge, with a short signposted spur to the village itself.

Groombridge to Eastbourne
Groombridge | Rotherfield | Mayfield | Heathfield | Hailsham | Polegate | Eastbourne

The first half of this section is on undulating country roads, passing by Eridge Station. About one mile before Eridge Station is a spur connecting Crowborough with the route. After Mayfield there is a steep off-road section. The route then follows the whole length of the Cuckoo Trail from Heathfield to Eastbourne, crossing NCR 2 at Polegate.

Eastbourne to Pevensey
Eastbourne | Pevensey

The route follows the coast up from the east side of Eastbourne, passing the harbour, to Pevensey, where it meets NCR 2.

See also
Avenue Verte

References
https://www.sustrans.org.uk/find-a-route-on-the-national-cycle-network/route-21

External links
East Sussex County Council: National Cycle Network: Route 21
NCR 21 overview map (881k)

Cycleways in London
Transport in Surrey
Transport in West Sussex
Transport in East Sussex
National Cycle Routes


"While You Loved Me" is a song written by Kim Williams, Danny Wells and Marty Dodson and recorded by American country music group Rascal Flatts. It was released in March 2001 as the third single from the band’s self-titled debut album. The song peaked at number 7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.

Background
Gary LeVox said of the song, "We got the song the night before we were going in to track the record.  Mark (Bright) had called us and  said, 'You've got to hear this!'  When we heard it, our jaws dropped.  It floored us. We were looking for a good power ballad. We had a lot that we had on hold. Because we all love ballads so much. It's got to be one that's real special."

Chart performance
"While You Loved Me" debuted at number 48 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of March 31, 2001.

Year-end charts

References

2001 singles
Rascal Flatts songs
Songs written by Kim Williams (songwriter)
Songs written by Danny Wells (songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Mark Bright (record producer)
Lyric Street Records singles
2000 songs
Songs written by Marty Dodson


Several ships have been named Fulton, at least some after the American pioneer of steam-powered water transport Robert Fulton.

Five ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Fulton:
 , later Fulton, a catamaran steam frigate, launched in 1815, delivered to the Navy in 1816 and used as a receiving ship until she exploded in 1829
 , a sidewheel steamer launched in 1837, captured by the Confederates in 1861 and destroyed in the evacuation of Pensacola in 1862
 , a submarine tender launched in 1914, reclassified as a gunboat (PG-49) in 1930, and decommissioned in 1934
 , a tugboat, converted into a patrol vessel and in commission from 1917 to 1919
 , a , launched in 1940 and struck in 1991

Other ships
 , launched in 1833 and served until 1867
 , a steamer chartered by the Union Army during the American Civil War
 Tugboat Fulton, built in 1909 for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co, and served as  in World War I
 , launched in 1911, built by A. C. Brown & Son, Tottenville, New York for NY & NJ SS Co.
 , launched in 1919 and served until 1935
 , originally named Fulton, launched in 1904 and the prototype for s

See also
 , a sternwheel steamer in service as a tender with the United States Army's Ram Fleet from 1862 to ca. 1864
 , a New York excursion vessel built in 1909 for Hudson River Day Line and finally scrapped in 1968
 Robert Fulton, a Liberty ship built in 1942

Ship names


The first series of The Green Green Grass originally aired between 9 September 2005 and 14 October 2005, beginning with the episode "Keep On Running". A Christmas special aired on 25 December 2005.

Outline
The series introduced the seven main characters that would appear in further series. These were:

Lisa Diveney's character, Beth, who was Tyler's girlfriend, became a regular from the episode "Pillow Talk".

Episode

Production
The series was produced by Shazam Production, a company that produces comedies by John Sullivan. The series was filmed at Teddington Studios, with a live audience. All episodes in the first series were directed by Tony Dow, director of Only Fools and Horses.

Reception

Viewers
The series began airing on Friday evenings, at 8:30pm. The series was an immediate hit with viewers, with the first episode, "Keep On Running" gaining 9.13 million viewers, which was in the top five of the highest rating for the week ending 11 September 2005. Ratings then fell for the next two episodes before steadily rising again. The second half of the series performed much better than most other sitcoms, with episode four going back up above 6 million viewers. The following two episodes remained at the six million mark. The ratings were high enough for a new series, of seven episodes, to be commissioned. A 2005 Christmas special was also commissioned.

Note: Viewership value taken from Barb.Note: Audience Percentage value taken from Digital Spy.

Critics
The comedy has been criticised due to its spin-off roots. As a spin-off of the nation's favourite sitcom, The Green Green Grass was always going to have a difficult start. The series received has always received negative reviews from critics and some fans of Only Fools and Horses alike. The series has continued to run due to the bigger than usual audiences it attracts and the general thoughts towards it. Many have said that The Green Green Grass without Only Fools and Horses behind it is fantastic but the minute you put Only Fools and Horses back in the picture, The Green Green Grass loses its good points.

References
Specific

General
The Green Green Grass at BBC Comedy
The Green Green Grass Official website
The Green Green Grass at British TV Comedy
British Sitcom Guide for The Green Green Grass
The Green Green Grass at Only Fools and Horses website

2005 British television seasons
The Green Green Grass


Ignatius IV (Youssef) Sarrouf (or Aganatios Sarruf, 1742–1812) was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in 1812. He is remembered for both his patriarchate (short and ended by his murder), and for having been, as metropolitan of Beirut, a leading figure in the early history of the Melkite Church.

Life

Early life
Youssef Sarrouf was born in 1742 in Damascus. In 1756 he entered in the Basilian Chouerite Order, being the only monk born in Damascus. On 15 August 1758 he made the solemn vows taking the name of Ignatius. In 1764 he was ordained deacon and in 1773 he was ordained priest. From 1773 for five years he was in Damascus where he became distinguished for his sermons and for raising funds for the patriarch. On 8 July 1778 Ignatius (Youssef) Sarrouf was consecrated metropolitan bishop of Beirut by Patriarch Theodosius V Dahan.

Bishop of Beirut
His years as metropolitan of Beirut were marked by his attempt to reform the two Melkite monastic orders: the Basilian Salvatorian Order and particularly the Basilian Chouerite Order where he came from and that had its headquarters in his diocese. The discipline of this order was actually relaxed, and the monks, who run many parishes, considered themselves almost outside the jurisdiction of their own bishop. Sarrouf made a first attempt of reform in 1782, imposing a rule of ten points on the monks, who rejected it. In his efforts of disciplining the monasteries, he antagonized many bishops, all monks, and particularly Germanos Adam bishop of Aleppo who took the part of the monks, even if outside his jurisdiction. A visit of an Apostolic Legate in 1784 settled the issue for some years. The dispute reappeared in 1790 with Patriarch Athanasius IV Jawhar on the side of Ignatius Sarrouf against Germanos Adam on the side of the monks. The death of Athanasius Jawhar in 1794 left the issue unresolved. In 1796, seeing the impossibility of obtaining a disciplinary reform of the monastic orders, Ignatius Sarrouf founded his an own monastic order, the Order of Saint Simeon Stylites near Baskinta. This foundation was strongly contested by the synod of Zouk Mikael in 1797 led by his opponents: the new Patriarch Agapius II Matar and Germanos Adam. Sarrouf in obedience accepted the resolution of the synod but appealed to Rome. Other clashes arose between Sarrouf and patriarch Agapios II Matar: for example in 1798 the patriarch created the new diocese of Gebail from a part of the diocese of Beirut and appointed a Chouerite monk, Clement Badra, to govern it. Sarrouf refused to leave the district. All these issues were taken to Rome that confirmed the dismissal of the Order of Saint Simeon, confirmed the creation of the diocese of Gebail (with the agreement that at the death of Clement Badra it returned under Beirut), but supported Sarrouf in enforcing his ten points of disciplinary reform for the monasteries (even if without success). For the above reasons, in 1810 Ignatius Sarrouf, with other three bishops, strongly opposed the appointment of Maximos Mazloum, the pupil of Germanos Adam, as bishop of Aleppo by Patriarch Agapios II Matar.

Patriarch
After the death of Agapios II Matar, two candidates competed for the election of the new Patriarch: the young Maximos Mazloum, leader of the party which harked back to Germanos Adam and to the previous patriarch Agapios II Matar, and Ignatius Sarrouf, already 70, supported by the missionaries and by Aloisio Gandolfi, the Apostolic Legate of Syria. A compromise was brokered: Maximus Mazloum remained superior of the seminary established in Ain Traz and on 12 February 1812 Ignatius Sarrouf was elected Patriarch, and confirmed immediately by Rome. He had not the time to take a formal position against Germanos Adam and Maximos Mazloum because he was murdered by a Melkite layperson on 16 November 1812 for unknown reasons. He was succeeded by Athanasius V Matar, brother of the previous patriarch Agapios II Matar and partisan of Mazloum's party.

Notes

Syrian Melkite Greek Catholics
Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch
1812 deaths
1742 births
Assassinated religious leaders
Eastern Catholic monks
Religious leaders from Damascus


Consequences is the second studio album released by American hardcore band Endwell. It will be the band's first studio album release after departing from Victory Records two years earlier. Consequences was released on April 21, 2009 through Mediaskare Records. This album features three tracks that were previously released on Endwell's Revenge is a Healthy Motive EP in 2008.

Track listing
 "Consequences"
 "Weed Out the Weak"
 "Such Great Depths" (Feat. Carl Schwartz of First Blood)
 "Promises Wept"
 "Mike Tyson"
 "The Bridge (Blues Man's Cross Roads)"
 "Avoidant (Ghost Will Haunt)"
 "John Doe"
 "Whatever Distance (Fear Prudence)"
 "Welcome Inferno (Wrathful and Sullen)"
 "Glaciers (10/21/03)"
 "Rise and Fail (The Lesser Key of Solomon)"
 "Living Through Losses (2/30/01)"
 "As Low as a Life Can Get (Jumping the Shark)"
 "Encounters at the End of the World (Stars)" (Feat. Jonathan Vigil of The Ghost Inside)

Track 14 opens with a line spoken by character Michael Scott (as portrayed by Steve Carell) from The Office, to his HR representative in the episode, "Casino Night".

Personnel
 Sean Murphy – vocals
 Danny Pupplo – guitar
 Matt Rogers – bass
 Dustin Newcombe – guitar
 Andy Zambito (credited as Lemonhead Zambito) – drums

References

2009 albums
Endwell (band) albums


Sony Ericsson T290 is a cellphone released by Sony Ericsson in 2004. It has a 700 mAh Li-Ion battery, a 101x80 pixels screen. It weighs 78 grams and has no Bluetooth or infrared. The T290 is very similar to Sony Ericsson T230, apart from speakerphone mode.

Variants

External links
https://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_t290-909.php

Sony Ericsson mobile phones


Australian Made was a festival concert series held during 1986–1987 in the six state capitals of Australia and featured local rock acts Mental as Anything, I'm Talking, The Triffids, The Saints, Divinyls, Models, INXS and even Jimmy Barnes. The series started in Hobart on 26 December 1986 and concluded in Sydney on 26 January 1987. Rock journalist Jeff Jenkins rated it as one of his 50 most significant events in Australian music history, "It wasn't a huge success, but it showed that an all-Australian festival could work." Australian Made was conceived to counter tours of international acts, like Dire Straits' 1985–1986 world tour, which were drying up funds for Australian groups. As from October 2010, the following artists have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame: INXS and The Saints (both in 2001), Barnes (as a member of Cold Chisel in 1995 and solo in 2005), Divinyls (2006), The Triffids (2008), Mental As Anything (2009), and Models (2010).

To promote the tour, INXS and Barnes recorded a cover of The Easybeats song "Good Times" which was released in December 1986 as a single and used as the theme song. "Good Times" peaked at No. 2 on the Australian charts. The single peaked at No. 47 in the United States Billboard Hot 100 on 1 August 1987.

At the Sydney concert, Peter Trotter, playing saxophone for Mental As Anything, collapsed on stage and died a week later. The tour had a budget of $3.25 million, and was announced with claims of Australian mateship and cooperation; however arguments ensued between various band managers over the proposed concert series film. The tour ended in acrimony with two managers, Chris Murphy (for INXS) and Jeremy Fabinyi (for Mental As Anything), arguing backstage in Sydney and coming to blows. A film of the tour, Australian Made: The Movie, directed by Richard Lowenstein, was released in July 1987, but contained no footage of Mental As Anything performing. Rock historian Glenn A. Baker and Bob King wrote Australian Made, Gonna Have a Good Time Tonight : The Authorised Documentary of the Event in 1987 with detailed notations by Baker and photographs by King. According to rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, "the tour drew record crowds across the country. It was the first travelling festival tour to feature exclusively Australian bands".

Background
Dire Straits, and other international acts, mounted Australia-wide tours in 1986 with promoters claiming that local acts couldn't fill large concert venues. Acts like INXS and Jimmy Barnes felt that a tour by internationally renowned Australians would fill these venues. In October 1986, Chris Murphy, of Mark Murphy Agency (MMA) and manager of INXS, Mark Pope, who managed Jimmy Barnes and Divinyls, and Mushroom Records boss Michael Gudinski, commenced negotiations to develop the Australian Made tour. Other promoters came on-board including Richard MacDonald and Gary Grant. Mushroom Records had released material by Models, managed by Murphy, while their touring partners I'm Talking were managed by Ken West and had released material on Regular Records. These band managers used their record labels and industry contacts to provide other local acts that had toured internationally, The Saints, The Triffids and Mental As Anything. The Triffids' guitarist Graham Lee stated that Hutchence had insisted on them being part of the bill, on the basis of their international success, even though they were not well renowned in Australia.

To promote the tour, INXS and Barnes (ex-Cold Chisel) recorded two songs, a cover of The Easybeats song "Good Times", and "Laying Down the Law" which Barnes co-wrote with INXS members Garry Gary Beers, Andrew Farriss, Jon Farriss, Michael Hutchence and Kirk Pengilly. Both songs were recorded, with "Laying Down the Law" also written, and "Good Times" film clip made, all on the same day. Tim Farriss, INXS lead guitarist, was unavailable for the recordings, as he was unable to be contacted due to fishing commitments. The single peaked at No. 2 on the Australian charts, and months later was featured in the Joel Schumacher 1987 film The Lost Boys and the associated The Lost Boys soundtrack. This allowed it to peak at No. 47 in the United States on 1 August 1987. The tour had a budget of $3.25 million, when the accounts were finally tabulated the promoters had lost $30,000 each. After the tour, there was a dispute over the royalty split on "Good Times". Four years later the single appeared on the British charts when The Lost Boys was released on video.

Barnes stated that the Subiaco concert had the best Rock 'N' Roll crowd he had ever seen. With the exception of keyboard player, Peter Kekel, Barnes employed an all Canadian backing band, that he had used for his own North American tours from 1985, for the Australian Made tour. All the acts travelled between capital cities on the same plane. Chrissy Amphlett of Divinyls wrote about the tour in her autobiography, Pleasure and Pain, she was impressed that various band members got along so well.

At the Sydney concert, Peter Trotter, playing trombone for Mental As Anything, collapsed on stage and died a week later. The tour was announced with claims of Australian mateship and cooperation, however arguments ensued between various band managers over the proposed concert series film. Some bands felt they had been coerced into unfavourable tour contracts. The tour ended in acrimony with two managers, Chris Murphy (for INXS) and Jeremy Fabinyi (for Mental As Anything), arguing backstage in Sydney and coming to blows. After the Sydney concert, Rick Grossman, bass guitarist of Divinyls, was fired from the group due to his heroin addiction, he attended the drug rehab centre, The Buttery, and eventually joined Hoodoo Gurus in 1988. The film of the tour, Australian Made: The Movie, directed by Richard Lowenstein, was released in July 1987, was shown in cinemas, and released on VHS home video, but contained no footage of Mental As Anything performing. An edited DVD version, Australian Made: Featuring INXS Live (aka INXS: Australian Made) was released in May 2008. In 1987 the book Australian Made was also published as a companion to the movie.

The 30th Anniversary Edition aired on the ABC in October 2021.

Over subsequent years almost all the artists from the Australian Made tour have become inductees into the ARIA Hall of Fame: INXS and The Saints were both inducted in 2001, Barnes was first inducted as a member of Cold Chisel in 1995 and then as a solo artist in 2005, Divinyls in 2006, The Triffids in 2008, Mental As Anything in 2009, and Models in 2010.

Venues and dates
King George V Oval, Hobart – 26 December 1986
Thebarton Oval, Adelaide – 1 January 1987
Olympic Park, Melbourne – scheduled for 3 January, delayed due to weather – 4 January
Subiaco Oval, Perth – 10 January
Chandler Velodrome, Brisbane – 17 January
Endeavour Field, Sydney – 26 January

The bands
Line-ups of the various bands in order of appearance:
Mental As Anything – Peter O'Doherty, Reg Mombassa, Martin Plaza, Greedy Smith, David Twohill, Peter Trotter.
I'm Talking – Zan Abeyratne, Kate Ceberano, Stephen Charlesworth, Ian Cox, Robert Goodge, Barbara Hogarth, Warren McLean, Kevin Wiltshire.
The Triffids – Jill Birt, Martyn Casey, Graham Lee, Alsy MacDonald, David McComb, Robert McComb.
The Saints – Chris Bailey, Richard Burgman, Ivor Hay, Arturo Larizza.
Divinyls – Chrissy Amphlett, Rick Grossman, Richard Harvey, Mark McEntee, Bjarne Ohlin, Frank Infante.
Models – James Freud, Sean Kelly, Roger Mason, Barton Price, James Valentine. Included Mary Azzapardi, Karen Bodington, Wendy Matthews on backing vocals.
Jimmy Barnes – Jimmy Barnes, Peter Kekel.
INXS – Garry Gary Beers, Andrew Farriss, Jon Farriss, Tim Farriss, Michael Hutchence, Kirk Pengilly.

Certifications

References

General

Specific

1986 concert tours
1987 concert tours
Rock festivals in Australia
1986 in Australia
1987 in Australia
Music festivals in Melbourne
Music festivals in Tasmania
Festivals in Hobart
Music festivals in South Australia
Festivals in Adelaide
Music festivals in Western Australia
Festivals in Perth, Western Australia
Music festivals in Queensland
Festivals in Brisbane
Music festivals in New South Wales
Festivals in Sydney


The second series of The Green Green Grass originally aired between 15 September 2006 and 27 October 2006, beginning with the episode "Testing Times". A Christmas special aired on 25 December 2006.

Outline
The series continued to feature the seven main characters that appeared in series one. These were:

Lisa Diveney's character, Beth, who was Tyler's girlfriend, was regular throughout the series, as was Llewellyn (Alan David) and Ray (Nigel Harrison).

Episodes

Production
The series was produced by Shazam Production, a company that produces comedies by John Sullivan. The series was filmed at Teddington Studios, with a live audience. All episodes in the first series were directed by Dewi Humphreys. This particular series was written by Jim Sullivan, John Sullivan, Derren Litten, James Windett and Paul Alexander.

Reception

Viewers
The series began airing on Friday evenings, at 8:30pm. The series continued to be hit with viewers, with the first episode, "Testing Times" gaining 5.04 million viewers, which was in the top thirty highest ratings for the week ending 17 September 2006. Ratings then fell for the next two episodes before rising for the fourth dropping again for the next two and ending on a series high. The ratings were high enough for a new series, of seven episodes, to be commissioned. A 2006 Christmas special was also commissioned to air later that year.

Critics
The comedy continued to be criticised due to its spin-off roots. As a spin-off of the nation's favourite sitcom, The Green Green Grass was always going to have a difficult start. The series continued receive negative reviews from critics and some fans of Only Fools and Horses as well.

References
Specific

General
The Green Green Grass at BBC Comedy
The Green Green Grass Official website
The Green Green Grass at British TV Comedy
British Sitcom Guide for The Green Green Grass
The Green Green Grass at Only Fools and Horses website

2006 British television seasons
The Green Green Grass


Tao may refer to:

Yami language (Taiwan)
Mubami language (New Guinea)