Chest rub, cold rub, or vapor/vapour rub is a topical medication applied to the chest, which is intended to assist with minor medical conditions that temporarily impair breathing, such as coughs and colds. Such medications are available over-the-counter in many countries. Vicks VapoRub is perhaps the most well known example.

Application
In addition to the chest it may also be applied to the neck or back, usually immediately before sleeping. Alternatively, it may be added to hot water and the vapours inhaled. There have been reports of children being badly burned by these steam-vapour treatments, when containers of boiling water have been accidentally spilled, and most producers therefore advise against it.

Ingredients
Chest rubs typically consist of a petroleum jelly-based ointment. Menthol is the most common active ingredient, but camphor and eucalyptus oil may also be present. Various fragrance compounds may be added, which are usually complementary with the strong mint-licorice odour of the menthol. Examples include: coumarin, thymol (thyme oil), limonene, cedarleaf oil, nutmeg oil and Lavender oil.

Effectiveness
A single study of vapor rub found that it improved cough and cold symptoms more than a control in children with the common cold. Side effects included mild irritation of the skin where it was applied. The study was funded by Procter & Gamble, the owner of Vicks.

See also
 Tiger Balm

References

Ointments


John Schmitt may refer to:

 John Schmitt (economist) (born 1962), American economist
 John Schmitt (American football) (born 1942), American football player
 John Schmitt (rower) (1901–1991), American rower

See also
 John Schmidt, U.S. Associate Attorney General
 Jon Schmidt (born 1966), American pianist from Utah


Trey Palmer is an American football player. It may also refer to:
Trey Palmer, character in Home and Away


The 2009 Skate Canada International was the final event of six in the 2009–10 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating, a senior-level international invitational competition series. It was held at the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium Complex in Kitchener, Ontario on November 19–22. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. Skaters earned points toward qualifying for the 2009–10 Grand Prix Final. The compulsory dance was the Tango Romantica.

Schedule
All times are Eastern Standard Time (UTC-5).

 Friday, November 20
 11:50 - Pairs: Short program
 13:20 - Ladies: Short program
 18:30 - Ice dancing: Compulsory dance
 19:55 - Men: Short program
 Saturday, November 21
 12:00 - Ice dancing: Original dance
 13:30 - Pairs: Free skating
 16:00 - Men: Free skating
 19:00 - Ladies: Free skating
 Sunday, November 22
 12:15 - Ice dancing: Free dance

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs
Aliona Savchenko / Robin Szolkowy set a new world record of 206.71 points under the ISU Judging System for pairs combined total score.

Ice dancing

References

External links
 2009 Skate Canada International

Skate Canada International, 2009
Skate Canada International
Skate Canada International
2009 in Canadian sports
2009 in Ontario


Dr. Manuel Fernando Alsina Capó was a prominent Spanish-Puerto Rican urologist/surgeon who was one of the founders of the Partido Nuevo Progresista (New Progressive Party) in 1967 and performed the first kidney transplant in Puerto Rico in the 1968.

Early years
Born on February 11, 1909, in Barcelona, Spain (other sources claim 1914 in Venezuela and 1919 in Puerto Rico), young Manuel Fernando traveled extensively with his progenitors Manuel Alsina Montes and Rafaela Capó, accompanied by his aunt Mercedes Alsina and uncle José "Pepe" Girones, all of whom came from Barcelona to the New World at some point in the early 1900s, subsequently settling in Maracaibo, Venezuela where Manuel Fernando, if not born there, did attend a German military academy from kindergarten until his graduation with high honors at age 17. His father also had established a shoe factory and related leather goods manufacturing and export venues in this city.

Upon realising that his son was fit to study medicine, and being that he was the only offspring he had, Manuel Fernando Alsina, Sr. and the family decided to sell their booming businesses in Venezuela and once again migrated, this time to the United States where, as hoped, Manuel Fernando was promptly welcomed and admitted to the Villanova School of Medicine.

Personal life
After graduation with Magna Cum Laude honors, Dr. Manuel Fernando Alsina Capó married Rosa Látimer, a woman of Corsican descent. The couple settled in Puerto Rico immediately following World War II. The entire family, along with parents and uncles and other relatives, quickly established themselves there and it was not long before they once again became well known in business, social, and political circles. The marriage of young Manuel and Rosa did not last, however, and not long after their fourth child, Maria Celeste Alsina Látimer, was born the couple divorced following a bitter separation. The other older children were Manuel Fernando, José Antonio, and Rosa Gemma.

Manolín, as Dr. Manuel Fernando Alsina Capó was affectionately known to his family and friends, served shortly after in the US Navy Medical Branch as surgeon and for a time was stationed in the Pacific during the Korean War.

Upon his return to civilian life, Dr. Alsina Capó met and married Norma Mercedes González Sapia, daughter of Spanish and Italian immigrants Antonio González and Francesca Sapia Bosch. Antonio González, head of the accounting department of one of Puerto Rico's main sugar mills at the time, was brother of Avelino González, a well-known and beloved local inventor and founder of the highly successful Puerto Rican socialite retreat, the Ponce Yacht and Fishing Club.

Norma's mother, Francesca, was a well-known, cherished, and highly-spirited lady who widowed at an early age but with financial support from her brothers (Washington D.C.-resident U.S. Army General Timothy Sapia Bosch, Banco de Ponce Vice-President Salvatore (a.k.a. Salvador) Sapia Bosch) and a younger sister (Esther Armstrong Sapia) plus her lifelong friends Rosa Serrallés, Ada Valdivieso, and Joaquín Villafañe, as well as the Cortada, Covas, and Vendrell families among others, Francesca, who had become locally known as Francisca and then as Paquita, was able to raise her children (William, Edmée, Norma Mercedes and Jorge Antonio) comfortably amid the difficult and perilous World War II years.

Indeed, Paquita was very glad to have her youngest daughter Norma Mercedes marry Manuel Fernando, despite his being divorced. Elder daughter Edmée had previously married Jaime Vicens, a very successful businessman and brother of the well-known sports figure and idol Pachín Vicens, and of Enrique "Coco" Vicens, well-known doctor and ex-Senator of Puerto Rico. William González Sapia, to his credit, was well respected locally for having been Puerto Rico's top swimmer at one point, having been able in his twenties to swim from one island to another without tiring. He married the beautiful Mercedes Frau, a charming lady from one of Puerto Rico's most prestigious families at the time. Finally, Jorge Antonio, the youngest of the four, graduated from college after serving in the US Army in Washington, D.C., subsequently marrying sweetheart Mercedes Clavell Arias and eventually being named Upjohn Pharmaceutical's European General Manager.

From Dr. Alsina Capó's marriage to Norma Mercedes were born, in this order, Manuel Antonio (a.k.a. Monty, deceased 1986), Fernando Rafael, Elizabeth-Ann and Lee-Ann (twins, the latter of whom died as an infant while still in the hospital), Lila Mercedes and Ángel Eduardo.

Medical profession
Manuel Fernando Alsina Capó co-founded and was President of the Asociación de Urólogos de Puerto Rico in 1957.

Dr. Alsina Capó loved his involvement with social, political and sports causes/ventures and throughout his life dedicated himself to serving and promoting everything from boxing, track and field, swimming, baseball, basketball, sports clubs and national and international sports competitions. Also, as an avid Republican and personal friend of Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo, Alsina Capó, along with Nelson Escalona and Ferré Aguayo, founded the Partido Nuevo Progresista in 1967, a statehood-oriented political party which in less than a year won the general elections and put its president, Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo, in the governor's seat for the next four years.

Civil service
Manuel Fernando Alsina Capó also served as President of the Ponce, Puerto Rico, Municipal Assembly for four years while maintaining his medical practice. Some of his house guests included George H. W. Bush.

Final years
Dr. Manuel Fernando Alsina Capó's final years were spent in a nursing home where few people could visit him, eventually dying on February 9, 2008, two days before his next birthday.

References

20th-century births
2008 deaths
Physicians from Barcelona
Puerto Rican people of Catalan descent
New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) politicians


Testudo, a diamondback terrapin, is the mascot of the University of Maryland, College Park and represents the university both at sporting events and as a more general symbol. Testudo has served as the school's mascot since the 1930s, and several statues of the terrapin exist on the school's campus.

History

Statues
In 1932, Curley Byrd—who served as the university's football and baseball coach, athletic director, and president—proposed adopting the diamondback terrapin as a mascot. The first statue of Testudo cast in bronze was donated by the Class of 1933 and displayed on Baltimore Avenue in front of Ritchie Coliseum. However, the 300-pound sculpture was subjected to vandalism by visiting college athletic teams. One such incident occurred in 1947 when students from Johns Hopkins University stole the bronze statue and moved it to their campus. Maryland students traveled to Baltimore to retrieve it, laying siege to the house where it was hidden. Over 200 city police responded to quell the riot. In 1949, University President Byrd was awakened by a phone call from a University of Virginia fraternity requesting Testudo be removed from their lawn. Testudo was later filled with 700 pounds of cement and fastened to his pedestal to prevent future removals, but students at rival schools continued to vandalize it. It was moved to Maryland Stadium in 1951. In the 1960s, Testudo was moved back to a central spot in front of McKeldin Library.

In 1992 a duplicate statue was placed at Maryland Stadium, where the football team touches it for good luck as they pass by before games. Additional Testudo statues now sit outside of the Gossett Team House near the stadium; XFINITY Center, the school's basketball arena; the Riggs Alumni Center; in the lobby of the Adele H. Stamp Student Union; and on the courtyard of Van Munching Hall. In 1994, the Maryland General Assembly approved legislation to name the diamondback terrapin (malaclemys terrapin terrapin) as the official state reptile and the legally codified mascot of the University of Maryland. Beginning in the 2000s, the university promoted the slogan "Fear the Turtle" as a rallying cry for school pride.

The nose of the statue outside McKeldin Library is polished by passers-by that have rubbed it for good luck. Around finals week, students start giving offerings to Testudo in the hope of good grades. Offerings began as small items such as alcohol, books, clothing, coins, food, and even letters to Testudo himself. However, in recent years, offerings have become much larger, with students offering furniture items and even stolen campus property such as traffic cones, road signs, trash cans, electric scooters, and streetlamps ripped from the ground. In 2013, the Testudo statue caught fire because of an ill-advised mixture of flammable offerings and a lit candle. Local news channels reported about this event and it trended on Twitter. During the COVID-19 pandemic, campus guidelines included instructions to not rub the statue's nose unless using disinfectant wipes before and after to clean it.

Costumed mascot
A costumed version of Testudo represents the school at some sporting events both at home and away, including football and men's basketball. Students are put through a try-out process to "become" the mascot, the costume for which features an "M"-stamped turtle shell.

References

Big Ten Conference mascots
Maryland Terrapins
University of Maryland, College Park
Animal mascots


In discrete calculus the indefinite sum operator (also known as the antidifference operator), denoted by  or , is the linear operator, inverse of the forward difference operator . It relates to the forward difference operator as the indefinite integral relates to the derivative. Thus

More explicitly, if , then

If F(x) is a solution of this functional equation for a given f(x), then so is F(x)+C(x) for any periodic function C(x) with period 1. Therefore, each indefinite sum actually represents a family of functions. However, due to the Carlson's theorem, the solution equal to its Newton series expansion is unique up to an additive constant C. This unique solution can be represented by formal power series form of the antidifference operator: .

Fundamental theorem of discrete calculus

Indefinite sums can be used to calculate definite sums with the formula:

Definitions

Laplace summation formula

where  are the Cauchy numbers of the first kind, also known as the Bernoulli Numbers of the Second Kind.

Newton's formula

where  is the falling factorial.

Faulhaber's formula

provided that the right-hand side of the equation converges.

Mueller's formula
If  then

Euler–Maclaurin formula

Choice of the constant term
Often the constant C in indefinite sum is fixed from the following condition.

Let

Then the constant C is fixed from the condition

or

Alternatively, Ramanujan's sum can be used:

or at 1

respectively

Summation by parts

Indefinite summation by parts:

Definite summation by parts:

Period rules

If  is a period of function  then

If  is an antiperiod of function , that is  then

Alternative usage

Some authors use the phrase "indefinite sum" to describe a sum in which the numerical value of the upper limit is not given:

In this case a closed form expression F(k) for the sum is a solution of

which is called the telescoping equation. It is the inverse of the backward difference  operator.
It is related to the forward antidifference operator using the fundamental theorem of discrete calculus described earlier.

List of indefinite sums

This is a list of indefinite sums of various functions. Not every function has an indefinite sum that can be expressed in terms of elementary functions.

Antidifferences of rational functions

where , the generalized to real order Bernoulli polynomials.

where  is the polygamma function.

where  is the digamma function.

Antidifferences of exponential functions

Particularly,

Antidifferences of logarithmic functions

Antidifferences of hyperbolic functions

where  is the q-digamma function.

Antidifferences of trigonometric functions

where  is the q-digamma function.

where  is the normalized sinc function.

Antidifferences of inverse hyperbolic functions

Antidifferences of inverse trigonometric functions

Antidifferences of special functions

where  is the incomplete gamma function.

where  is the falling factorial.

(see super-exponential function)

See also
Indefinite product
Time scale calculus
List of derivatives and integrals in alternative calculi

References

Further reading
 "Difference Equations: An Introduction with Applications", Walter G. Kelley, Allan C. Peterson, Academic Press, 2001,
 Markus Müller. How to Add a Non-Integer Number of Terms, and How to Produce Unusual Infinite Summations
 Markus Mueller, Dierk Schleicher. Fractional Sums and Euler-like Identities
 S. P. Polyakov. Indefinite summation of rational functions with additional minimization of the summable part. Programmirovanie, 2008, Vol. 34, No. 2.
 "Finite-Difference Equations And Simulations", Francis B. Hildebrand, Prenctice-Hall, 1968

Mathematical analysis
Indefinite sums
Finite differences
Linear operators in calculus
Non-Newtonian calculus


The Forrest Theatre is a live theatre venue at 1114 Walnut Street Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It has a seating capacity of 1,851 and is managed by The Shubert Organization.

The original Forrest Theatre was on Broad and Sansom Street but Fidelity Trust Company demolished it and replaced it in 1928 with the Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Company Building (now the Wells Fargo Building).

The new theatre was built in 1927 at the cost of $2 million, and was designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp; it was named after the 19th century actor Edwin Forrest, who was born in Philadelphia, and owned and lived in the Edwin Forrest House. The opening performance was The Red Robe in 1928. A renovation of the theatre was undertaken in 1997, including redecoration and the addition of handicapped-accessible restrooms.

Over the years, the Forrest Theatre has been a proving ground for various Broadway plays and musicals, serving as the location for previews and try-outs of these productions. Some of the shows that played at the Forrest prior to moving to Broadway include The Women (1936), Make Mine Manhattan (1948), Along Fifth Avenue (1948), The Liar (1950), Wonderful Town (1953), The Music Man (1957), Funny Girl (1963), The Star-Spangled Girl (1966), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), Golden Rainbow (1967), The Wiz (1974), and Chicago (1975).

Since the 2007–08 season, the Forrest Theatre has joined with the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts to offer a season of Broadway touring productions.

References
Notes

External links

Official website

1927 establishments in Pennsylvania
Center City, Philadelphia
Shubert Organization
Theatres completed in 1927
Theatres in Philadelphia


Baldwin House may refer to the following buildings in the United States:

California
Baldwin Estate, South Lake Tahoe; listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in El Dorado County

Connecticut
Timothy Baldwin House, Branford
Zaccheus Baldwin House, Branford
Ives-Baldwin House, Meriden
Gen. Daniel Baldwin House, a property in the Newtown Borough Historic District
Amos Baldwin House, Norfolk
George Baldwin House, North Branford

Hawaii
Dwight Baldwin (missionary) House, Lahaina

Illinois
Hiram Baldwin House, Kenilworth

Indiana
Kendrick-Baldwin House, Logansport

Louisiana
Dufour-Baldwin House, on Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans

Maryland
Baldwin House Hotel, in Hagerstown, Maryland

Massachusetts
Maria Baldwin House, Cambridge
Baldwin House, Smith College, Northampton
Locke-Baldwin-Kinsley House, Stoneham
Baldwin House (Woburn, Massachusetts)

Montana
Baldwin House (Lodge Grass, Montana)

New Jersey
David Baldwin House, Midland Park

New York
James Baldwin House, on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
Benjamin Gordon Baldwin House, Norwood
Daniel and Clarissa Baldwin House, Spencertown

North Carolina
Baldwin-Coker Cottage, Highlands

Ohio
Joseph W. Baldwin House, Wyoming

Oregon
Thomas M. Baldwin House, Prineville

Pennsylvania
Baldwin House hotel, part of the Coopersburg Historic District
Baldwin-Reynolds House, Meadville; listed on the NRHP in Lamar County

Rhode Island
Charles H. Baldwin House, Newport

Texas
Benjamin and Adelaide Baldwin House, Paris; listed on the NRHP in Crawford County

Utah
Caleb Baldwin House, Beaver
Charles Baldwin House, Salt Lake City
Nathaniel Baldwin House, Salt Lake City; listed on the NRHP in Salt Lake County

West Virginia
Baldwin-Grantham House, Shanghai

See also
Queen Anne Cottage and Coach Barn, Arcadia, California, constructed by Lucky Baldwin


David Schwartz is an American composer.

David Schwartz may also refer to:
Dave Schwartz (1953–2016), meteorologist
David Schwartz (comics), comic book writer
David Schwartz (judge) (1916–1989), judge of the United States Court of Claims
David Schwartz (lawyer) (born 1967), American attorney
David C. Schwartz (1939–2022), American politician in the New Jersey General Assembly
David J. Schwartz (motivational writer) (1927–1987), American motivational writer and coach
David J. Schwartz (science fiction writer) (born 1970), American science fiction and fantasy writer

See also
David Schwarz (disambiguation)


Peter F. Donnelly (October 6, 1938 – March 28, 2009) was an American patron of the arts. He was a former Vice-Chairman of Americans for the Arts, a co-founder of the Seattle Arts Commission and a pivotal figure in the Seattle artistic community for more than 45 years.

Born in Lynn, Massachusetts, Donnelly graduated from Boston University and moved to Seattle in 1964 as a Ford Foundation management fellow to work with the fledgling Seattle Repertory Theatre as the first managing director and later as producing director, during his 21-year tenure.

In 1986, Donnelly left Seattle to take the position of the producing director of the Dallas Theater Center, returning to Seattle in 1989 to at the request of local business leaders to head the Seattle Corporate Council for the Arts, which later became ArtsFund, where he served as President and CEO until  retiring in 2005. In honor of his retirement, the ArtsFund created the Peter F. Donnelly Merit Fund for Arts Endowments.

Donnelly is credited with being instrumental in the building of the  Seattle Repertory Theatre's Bagley Wright Theater and the development of the Building for the Arts program, a primary funding source for Seattle's Benaroya Hall, Intiman Theater, Seattle Children's Theatre, as well as 150 other arts facilities. In 2001 the Seattle Public Library honored Donnelly by naming one of their five major collections as The Peter F. Donnelly Art and Literature Collection. Donnelly also served on the Board of Directors for the Frye Art Museum, the 5th Avenue Theatre, the University of Washington School of Drama Advisory Committee and Classic KING-FM Radio Station.

Death
Donnelly died on March 28, 2009, a week after being diagnosed with advanced pancreatic cancer and is survived by his partner, David Farrar, of Seattle as well as two sisters.

Awards
National Coalition of United Arts Fund's Michael Newton Award – 1995

2005 Mayor’s Arts Award: Tour de Force

References

1938 births
2009 deaths
American theatre managers and producers
American theatre directors
Boston University alumni
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
LGBT people from Massachusetts
People from Lynn, Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Seattle
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people


Laramie is a former station on the Chicago Transit Authority's "L" system on the Douglas Branch while it was a branch of the Blue Line. The station closed on February 9, 1992, because of service cuts that resulted from budget problems. It was temporarily put back into service on February 25, 2002, for the Douglas Rehabilitation Project while the terminal at 54th/Cermak was being rebuilt. It was again closed before the new station at 54th/Cermak opened on August 16, 2003. However, the station was never demolished because it was considered historic.

References

External links
Abandoned Laramie Avenue Station from Google Maps Street View

CTA Blue Line stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1910
Railway stations closed in 1992
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2002
Railway stations closed in 2003
Defunct Chicago "L" stations
Cicero, Illinois
1910 establishments in Illinois
2003 disestablishments in Illinois
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 1990s
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 2000s


Mahuli is an area of the Indian state of Maharashtra, covering about 6km. It is approximately 75km north-east of Mumbai in the 421601 postcode.

Features

Mahuli Fort, located 2815 ft above sea level, is a popular trekking and rock climbing destination. The nearby pinnacles, including Vazir and Vishnu, contribute to the enduring popularity of the location. The mountain complex consists of a group of two or more hills with common cols and pinnacles.

It is the highest point in Thane District. The forest surrounding Mahuli has been declared a sanctuary. Shahaji Maharaj, the father of Shivaji, occupied this fortress. The fort has been declared as a protected monument.

Besides an open Shiva temple, there is a small perennial drinking water cistern on top. The location also contains three caves, of which the larger one is sometimes used as overnight shelter, like on similar natural hill forts in the Maharashtrian Western Ghats (Sahyadri Range). There is a stone arch historically known as the 'Kalyan Darwaja', but the dome of the arch is now broken.

The nearest railway station to Mahuli is Asangaon.

History

In 1635-36, Shahaji, an Indian military leader of the time, moved with Jijabai and Shivaji to Mahuli. When Khan Jaman attacked on the fort, Shahaji asked the Portuguese for help, who refused and Shahaji surrendered.

Shivaji took this fort from the Mughals on 8 January 1658, but lost it in 1661, and later won it back. By the treaty of Purandar of 1665, the Marathas lost these forts again. In February 1670, Shivaji tried to conquer Mahuli, but failed, and Manohardas Gaud was then in charge of the fort. A thousand Marathas were killed, most being from nearby villages. Shivaji said to his dead kadam sardar that he was our gold. So he gave the Sonare surname to this family. Manohardas Gaud soon gave up his position and Alveerdi Beg took over. On 16 June 1670, after two months, Moropant Trimbak Pingle conquered the forts and Mahuli, Bhandargad and Palasgad became part of Swarajya. Until 1817, Shivaji MahaMaharaj's dynasty owned the fort but later on it was controlled by the British Raj.

Facilities and Eco Development
The fort comes under jurisdiction of the Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary. To enhance responsible ecotourism, recently the 'Mahuli Gad Eco Development Committee' was formed under joint forest management regimes. This shall ensure the development and protection of the ecosystem as well as livelihood issues of local people. The fort is also proposed to be restored through consulting ASI. The ecotourism and fort restoration plan were prepared in 2015 by SDFO Saipun Shaikh , and approved by Nagpur Forest HQ. The further follow-up required to improve ecotourism and fort restoration. In addition to the Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary, a women's self-help group, Mahila Bachat Gath, is also available.

References

External links

 More about Mahuli Fort
 Mahuli Fort Trek (via Asangaon)

Forts in Maharashtra
Villages in Thane district

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saipun_Shaikh


The Belostok (Białystok) pogrom occurred between 14–16 June 1906 (1–3 June Old Style) in Białystok, Poland (then part of the Russian Empire). During the pogrom between 81 and 88 Jews were killed by soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army, the Black Hundreds and the Chernoe Znamia, and about 80 people were wounded.

The Białystok pogrom was one of a series of violent outbreaks against Jews between 1903 and 1908, including the Kishinev pogrom, the Odessa pogrom, and the Kiev pogrom.

Background
At the beginning of the 20th century, Białystok was a city with a predominantly Jewish population. In 1895, the Jewish population numbered 47,783 (out of 62,993, or about 76%). Białystok was primarily a city known for its textile manufacturing, commerce and industry. During the 1905 Russian Revolution the city was a center of the radical labour movement, with strong organisations of the Bund and the Polish Socialist Party as well as the more radical anarchists of the Black Banner association.

In the summer of 1904, an eighteen-year-old anarchist, Nisan Farber, stabbed and seriously wounded Avraam Kogan, the owner of a spinning mill, as he walked to the synagogue on Yom Kippur. On October 6, Farber threw a bomb into a police station, injuring several policemen inside. Farber himself was killed by the explosion.

On February 21, 1905, the district's Chief of Police, Yelchin, was killed, and on June 8 the city's new Police Chief, Pelenkin, was wounded by another bomb blast. In July 1905, two police officers were wounded by a bomb thrown by Jewish anarchist Aron Elin (Gelinker). In the same year, police officers Mozger, Moneshko and Barancevich were killed and eight other policemen were wounded.

As a consequence of the violence, martial law was declared in Białystok in September 1905, which lasted until March 1906. After martial law was lifted, the series of assassinations and acts of terror began anew. On March 4, the police officer Kulchitsky was killed, followed by the killings of gendarme officer Rubansky, and NCO Syrolevich, who were killed on March 18. In May 1906, police officer Sheyman was killed by anarchists.
Later, the policemen Zenevich and Alekseychuk were wounded, three privates of the Vladimir infantry regiment were wounded and the Cossack Lopatin was killed.

These events led to a demoralization and disorganization of the police in the city. Between the years 1905 and 1906 there were seven police chiefs. The police did not enter Surazh Street, which was considered a stronghold of anarchists.

On 11 June 1906 the Police Chief of Białystok, Dierkacz, was murdered, most likely on the orders of the Russian commissar and fervent anti-semite Szeremietiev. Dierkacz was known for his liberal sympathies and opposition to anti-semitism; for this he was respected by both the Jewish Bund and the Polish Socialist Party. On a previous occasion, when Russian soldiers attacked Jews in the marketplace, Dierkacz had sent in his policemen to put down the violence and had declared that a pogrom against the Jews would occur “only over his dead body”. His murder was a foreboding of the violence to come, as people in the city noted that after Dierkacz's death Russian soldiers began preparing for a pogrom.

On 14 June, two Christian processions took place; a Catholic one through the market square celebrating Corpus Christi and an Orthodox one through Białystok's New Town celebrating the founding of a cathedral. The Orthodox procession was followed by a unit of soldiers. A bomb was thrown at the Catholic procession and shots were fired at the Orthodox procession. A watchman of a local school, Stanislaw Milyusski, and three women, Anna Demidyuk, Aleksandra Minkovskaya and Maria Kommisaryuk, were wounded. These incidents constituted signals for the beginning of the pogrom. Witnesses reported that simultaneously with the shots someone shouted “Beat the Jews!” After the pogrom, a peasant who was arrested for unrelated charges in the nearby town of Zabłudów confessed that he had been paid a substantial amount of money to fire on the Orthodox procession in order to provoke the pogrom. Russian authorities announced that Jews had fired on the Orthodox procession.

The violence
Once the shots were fired, the violence began immediately. Mobs of thugs, including members of the Black Hundreds, began looting Jewish owned stores and apartments on Nova-Linsk Street. Policemen and soldiers who had earlier followed the Orthodox procession either allowed the violence to happen or participated in it themselves. The first day of the pogrom was chaotic. While units of the Czarist army, brought to Białystok by Russian authorities, exchanged fire with Jewish paramilitary groups, thugs armed with knives and crowbars dispersed throughout the main areas of the city to continue the pogrom. Some Jewish sections of the city were protected by self-defense units, usually organized by the labor parties, which moved against the thugs and looters. They were in turn fired upon by Czarist dragoons. Thanks to the Jewish self-defense units several working class sections of the city were spared the violence and thousands of lives were saved.

In the following two days the attacks on people and property became more systematic and directed, resembling a coordinated military action more than a spontaneous outbreak of violence. Marauding mobs and tsarist soldiers broke into many Jewish homes and either killed people on the spot or dragged them outside to murder them. It was only at the end of the third day that Stolypin, the Minister of Internal Affairs, instructed regional governors and mayors to suppress the pogrom. The violence ended abruptly upon the withdrawal of Russian troops from the city.

Causes and effects
During the course of the pogrom 88 people were killed, including 82 Jews, although some sources list a higher number of 200. A total of 169 shops and houses had been plundered, among them the largest stores in the city. The pogrom was the subject matter of many news reports and articles, including a special manifesto issued by the Polish Socialist Party condemning the occurrence.

Russian authorities tried to blame the pogrom on the local Polish population in order to stir up the hatred between two ethnic groups (both of which generally opposed the Tsar). However Jewish survivors of the violence reported that the local Polish population had in fact sheltered many Jews during the pogrom and did not participate in it. Apolinary Hartglas, a Polish Jewish leader and later a member of the Polish Sejm, together with Ze'ev Jabotinsky, managed to obtain secret documents issued by Szeremietiev which showed that the pogrom had been organized well in advance by Russian authorities who had actually transported railroad workers from deep within the Russian Empire to participate. A commission set up by the Russian Duma charged with investigating the pogrom held both the local police and the central authorities to blame for the tragedy.
In 1908, on the initiative of Constitutional Democratic deputies in the Duma, some of the perpetrators of the violence were tried but the trial was widely criticized for handing out light sentences to those convicted and for failing to bring the real organizers of the pogrom to justice.

Monument to the victims
The victims of the pogrom were buried in a mass grave in the Bagnowka cemetery  and a memorial obelisk was erected with a poem in Hebrew by Zalman Sznejur inscribed upon it. The poem begins with the words "Stand strong and be proud, you pillar of sorrow" and the monument came to be known as the Pillar of Sorrow. The monument survived through World War II and the Holocaust, and it still remains there, though one source falsely claims that it was destroyed after the war by unknown vandals.

References in literature

The pogrom is mentioned in Yevgeni Yevtushenko's famous poem Babiyy Yar, about the murders of Jews in Babi Yar in Ukraine by Nazi Germany.

Veronia Schanoes' novella Burning Girls includes a fictionalized account of the pogrom.

See also
Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
Melech Epstein who fought in the pogrom as a member of the Jewish self-defense force
 Siedlce pogrom
Symphony No. 13 "Babi Yar" by Dmitri Shostakovich (referred to in 1st movement)

References

External links

Białystok Jewish cemetery

Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
History of Białystok
Mass murder in 1906
Conflicts in 1906
Jewish Polish history
1906 in the Russian Empire
Grodno Governorate
June 1906 events
1906 murders in Europe
1906 in Judaism
Jews and Judaism in Białystok
1906 murders in the Russian Empire


Gary or Garry Scott may refer to:
Gary Scott (footballer) (born 1978), English footballer
Gary Scott (baseball) (born 1968), baseball player
Gary Scott (cricketer) (born 1984), English cricketer
Gary Scott (racing driver), Australian touring car racing driver, 3rd place in the 1986 James Hardie 1000
Gary S. Scott, American film composer
Garry Scott (born 1954), Australian rules footballer

See also
 Gary Scott Thompson, screenwriter and producer
 Gary Scott AA Provincial Championships, Canadian Football high school football championships


In Riemannian geometry, Schur's lemma is a result that says, heuristically, whenever certain curvatures are pointwise constant then they are forced to be globally constant. The proof is essentially a one-step calculation, which has only one input: the second Bianchi identity.

The Schur lemma for the Ricci tensor
Suppose  is a smooth Riemannian manifold with dimension  Recall that this defines for each element  of :
 the sectional curvature, which assigns to every 2-dimensional linear subspace  of  a real number
 the Riemann curvature tensor, which is a multilinear map
 the Ricci curvature, which is a symmetric bilinear map
 the scalar curvature, which is a real number
The Schur lemma states the following:

The Schur lemma is a simple consequence of the "twice-contracted second Bianchi identity," which states that

understood as an equality of smooth 1-forms on  Substituting in the given condition  one finds that

Alternative formulations of the assumptions
Let  be a symmetric bilinear form on an -dimensional inner product space  Then

Additionally, note that if  for some number  then one automatically has { With these observations in mind, one can restate the Schur lemma in the following form:

Note that the dimensional restriction is important, since every two-dimensional Riemannian manifold which does not have constant curvature would be a counterexample.

The Schur lemma for the Riemann tensor
The following is an immediate corollary of the Schur lemma for the Ricci tensor.

The Schur lemma for Codazzi tensors
Let  be a smooth Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold of dimension  Let  he a smooth symmetric (0,2)-tensor field whose covariant derivative, with respect to the Levi-Civita connection, is completely symmetric. The symmetry condition is an analogue of the Bianchi identity; continuing the analogy, one takes a trace to find that

If there is a function  on  such that  for all  in  then upon substitution one finds

Hence  implies that  is constant on each connected component of  As above, one can then state the Schur lemma in this context:

Applications
The Schur lemmas are frequently employed to prove roundness of geometric objects. A noteworthy example is to characterize the limits of convergent geometric flows.

For example, a key part of Richard Hamilton's 1982 breakthrough on the Ricci flow was his "pinching estimate" which, informally stated, says that for a Riemannian metric which appears in a 3-manifold Ricci flow with positive Ricci curvature, the eigenvalues of the Ricci tensor are close to one another relative to the size of their sum. If one normalizes the sum, then, the eigenvalues are close to one another in an absolute sense. In this sense, each of the metrics appearing in a 3-manifold Ricci flow of positive Ricci curvature "approximately" satisfies the conditions of the Schur lemma. The Schur lemma itself is not explicitly applied, but its proof is effectively carried out through Hamilton's calculations.

In the same way, the Schur lemma for the Riemann tensor is employed to study convergence of Ricci flow in higher dimensions. This goes back to Gerhard Huisken's extension of Hamilton's work to higher dimensions, where the main part of the work is that the Weyl tensor and the semi-traceless Riemann tensor become zero in the long-time limit. This extends to the more general Ricci flow convergence theorems, some expositions of which directly use the Schur lemma. This includes the proof of the differentiable sphere theorem.

The Schur lemma for Codazzi tensors is employed directly in Huisken's foundational paper on convergence of mean curvature flow, which was modeled on Hamilton's work. In the final two sentences of Huisken's paper, it is concluded that one has a smooth embedding  with

where  is the second fundamental form and  is the mean curvature. The Schur lemma implies that the mean curvature is constant, and the image of this embedding then must be a standard round sphere.

Another application relates full isotropy and curvature. Suppose that  is a connected thrice-differentiable Riemannian manifold, and that for each  the group of isometries  acts transitively on  This means that for all  and all  there is an isometry  such that  and  This implies that  also acts transitively on  that is, for every  there is an isometry  such that  and  Since isometries preserve sectional curvature, this implies that  is constant for each  The Schur lemma implies that  has constant curvature. A particularly notable application of this is that any spacetime which models the cosmological principle must be the warped product of an interval and a constant-curvature Riemannian manifold. See O'Neill (1983, page 341).

Stability
Recent research has investigated the case that the conditions of the Schur lemma are only approximately satisfied.

Consider the Schur lemma in the form "If the traceless Ricci tensor is zero then the scalar curvature is constant." Camillo De Lellis and Peter Topping have shown that if the traceless Ricci tensor is approximately zero then the scalar curvature is approximately constant. Precisely:
 Suppose  is a closed Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature and dimension  Then, where  denotes the average value of the scalar curvature, one has

Next, consider the Schur lemma in the special form "If  is a connected embedded surface in  whose traceless second fundamental form is zero, then its mean curvature is constant." Camillo De Lellis and Stefan Müller have shown that if the traceless second fundamental form of a compact surface is approximately zero then the mean curvature is approximately constant. Precisely
 there is a number  such that, for any smooth compact connected embedded surface  one has  where  is the second fundamental form,  is the induced metric, and  is the mean curvature
As an application, one can conclude that  itself is 'close' to a round sphere.

References

 Shoshichi Kobayashi and Katsumi Nomizu. Foundations of differential geometry. Vol. I. Interscience Publishers, a division of John Wiley & Sons, New York-London 1963 xi+329 pp.
 Barrett O'Neill. Semi-Riemannian geometry. With applications to relativity. Pure and Applied Mathematics, 103. Academic Press, Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers], New York, 1983. xiii+468 pp.

Riemannian geometry
Riemannian manifolds
Theorems in Riemannian geometry
Lemmas


The Pugh House is a historic house on US Route 65 in Portland, Arkansas.  The house was built c. 1905 to a design by architect Charles L. Thompson.  It is a basic Foursquare house that has been elaborated by a hip roof with flared eaves, and a wraparound porch supported by Ionic columns and decorated with a neo-classical balustrade.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

See also
Dean House (Portland, Arkansas), next door
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ashley County, Arkansas

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Neoclassical architecture in Arkansas
Houses completed in 1907
Houses in Ashley County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Ashley County, Arkansas
1907 establishments in Arkansas


Aaron Fruchtman is an American composer, conductor, and musicologist.

Biography and works

Fruchtman was born in Los Angeles, California and began piano lessons at the age of three. After graduating from Crossroads School for Arts and Sciences in Santa Monica, California, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Berklee College of Music and was awarded the Symphony Hall Composer Award. He received an Advanced Studies Certificate in Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television from the USC Thornton School of Music, where he studied with renowned composers David Raksin, Christopher Young, Joe Harnell, Jack Smalley and David Spear. Fruchtman earned a Master of Music degree in composition from University of California, Riverside. Fruchtman earned his Ph.D. studying musicology at the University of California, Riverside with Byron Adams and Walter Clark. His musicological research examines underscores of Jewish-themed films and their composers’ social and cultural world in the Golden Age of Hollywood. He has presented his research at numerous conferences including NYU’s Music and the Moving Image, Youngstown State University’s Jewish Music and Identity, UCLA’s Thinking Beyond the Canon, and at national meetings of the American Musicological Society and the Society for American Music. Fruchtman’s essay titled, “Sounding the Shofar in Hollywood Film Scores” was included in the book Qol Tamid: The Shofar in Ritual, History, and Culture published by Claremont School of Theology Press in 2017. Fruchtman holds music history appointments at California State University, Long Beach and California Lutheran University.

Fruchtman composed scores for the first two feature films directed by Amber Benson, (best known from her role as Tara Maclay on Buffy the Vampire Slayer). Chance was the winner of the Audience Choice Award at the Sidewalk Film Festival and was followed by Lovers, Liars & Lunatics. Following their film collaborations, Fruchtman produced and arranged Benson’s vocal debut on the album You Are Light.

Fruchtman was commissioned to write The Journey, a four-movement piece for narrator, chorus, and orchestra. This epic piece, written expressly for the New York City Master Chorale, tells the historic tale of settlers migrating across the Oregon Trail to the Pacific Ocean. Under the direction of Artistic Director Thea Kano, the New York City Master Chorale premiered The Journey on May 31, 2009, at Alice Tully Hall at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. Academy Award-nominated actor Bruce Dern performed the narrator role.

External links
Official Website

Living people
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Berklee College of Music alumni
USC Thornton School of Music alumni
University of California, Riverside alumni
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


The John Davis House is a historic home located at Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina. It was built about 1870, and is a two-story, three bay, frame dwelling Late Victorian style ornament. It rests on a brick pier foundation and has a gable roof with flared eaves. The front facade features a one-story shed roof porch, supported by four chamfered posts with lacy sawn brackets.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Victorian architecture in North Carolina
Houses completed in 1870
Houses in Fayetteville, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Cumberland County, North Carolina


The fourth legislative assembly election of Madras State (later renamed as Tamil Nadu) was held in February 1967. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led coalition under the leadership of C.N. Annadurai won the election defeating the Indian National Congress (Congress). Anti-Hindi agitations, the rising prices of essential commodities, and a shortage of rice were the dominant issues. K. Kamaraj's resignation as the Chief Minister in 1963, to concentrate on party affairs, along with persistent rumors of corruption had weakened the incumbent Congress Government. This was the second time after Communist Party of India winning Kerala assembly elections in 1957, for a non-Congress party to gain the majority in a state in India, and the last time that Congress held power in Tamil Nadu. It was the first time a party or pre-election alliance formed a non-Congress government with an absolute majority.  It marked the beginning of Dravidian dominance in the politics of Tamil Nadu. Annadurai, who became the first non-Congress chief minister of post-independence Tamil Nadu, died in office in 1969 and V.R. Nedunchezhiyan took over as acting chief minister.

Background
The Congress party began to show weakness in the years after the 1962 election. In the summer of 1962, DMK conducted demonstrations against rising prices. These demonstrations turned violent throughout the state leading to the arrest of 6500 DMK volunteers, 14 members of the assembly and four members of the Lok Sabha, including Annadurai.

Kamaraj resigned the Chief Ministership in 1963 to assume the presidency of the All India Congress Committee and was replaced by M. Bakthavatsalam. Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. (Temple Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies from the University of Texas) wrote in an article published in the journal Pacific Affairs, that M. Bhaktavatsalam did not have the personal charisma or political acumen of Kamaraj. Persistent rumours of corruption tarnished the image of the Government. In October 1964, the food crisis brought the popularity of the Congress Government to an all-time low.

Issues

The major issues at play in the election were the official language issue, the rise in essential commodity prices and the shortage of rice. The central Government led by the Indian National Congress had implemented an act replacing English with Hindi as an official language of India while retaining a possible "associate" status to English. The switchover came into effect on 26 January 1965. In protest to the vague wording of the act, fearing a possible elimination of English and imposition of Hindi, DMK had launched an agitation opposing the switchover and that agitation turned violent. The 1967 election was held in the aftermath of this violence.

The acute rice shortage prevailing in the state became an election issue with the DMK promising to supply three padis (approx. 4.5 kg) of rice for 1 Rupee in its election manifesto. The DMK capitalised on the rice shortage as well as widespread discontent with the Bhaktavatsalam administration. Slogans like Kamarajar Annachi kadalaiparuppu vilai ennachu (Elder Brother (Annachi is a title historically been used to refer to a person of Kamaraj's caste) Kamaraj, what happened to the price of chana dal?), Bhaktavatsalam annachi arisi vilai ennachu (lit. Brother Bhatavatsalam, what happened to the price of rice?) were used effectively by the DMK to stir public anger against the Congress.

This election was noted for popular actor, DMK candidate and future Chief Minister M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) being shot in the throat by actor M.R. Radha. He survived the shooting, but the incident created a huge popularity wave for MGR. This eventually helped to increase the popularity of not only MGR, but also the DMK in the election, and is attributed as one of the reasons for the victory of the DMK.

Coalitions
There were two major political coalitions running in the elections. The Indian National Congress contested alone, while the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported and campaigned for the incumbent Congress against his protege Annadurai. The DMK-led front comprised the Swatantra Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Republican Party of India and the Indian Union Muslim League. The Tamil Arasu Kazhagam and the We Tamils party campaigned using the DMK election symbol. This opposition coalition was forged by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) with the sole purpose of defeating the Kamaraj led Congress. Rajaji's personal hostility to Kamaraj and his opposition to the Congress party were the main reasons behind Swatantra's alliance with DMK. The Communist Party of India campaigned alone without joining either of the two coalitions.

The electoral alliance between DMK, Swatantra Party and Muslim League had emerged in the years before the 1964 civic elections throughout Madras state. During the 1964 election campaign Rajagopalachari had said, "The DMK and Muslim League are my children and I am duty bound to nurse them to strength and stature."

Campaigning

Both Congress and DMK used films and actors for campaigning. Gemini Studios produced a political film for the Congress – Vazhga Nam Thayagam starring Shivaji Ganesan and Nagesh. Sivaji and Padmini worked for the Congress party. Despite its efforts, Congress could not counter the DMK's propaganda, which had a long history of using films for political campaigns since its founding.

DMK's long-term association with the Tamil Film industry was put to good use in the campaign. MGR's films were used to attack Congress policies and to popularise DMK's positions. Similar to the tactics employed in the elections of 1957 and 1962, film songs and dialogues from Kaanji Thalaivan (1963), "Deivathai (1964),  "Padakotti (1964)", Aayirathil Oruvan", Enga Veettu Pillai (1965), Anbe Vaa (1966),  Naan Aanaiyittal (1966), "Mugarasi (1966)", "Petralthan Pillaya (1966)",Vivasayee (1967) and Arasakattalai (1967) were used for political messaging. Lesser known film stars like Ravichandran and Jaishankar used their films for praising DMK and Annadurai. The DMK put up posters of MGR recuperating in a hospital bed with a neck cast (from his gunshot wounds) all over Tamil Nadu to garner public sympathy and support.

Election
The election was held for a total of 234 constituencies, including 43 Scheduled Caste and 2 Scheduled Tribe reserved constituencies. 778 candidates, including 11 women were in the fray, of whom 231 men and 3 women were elected to the assembly. The election saw a turnout of 76.57 percent of all eligible voters, with 79.19% men and 73.99% women casting their votes. The polling for the assembly election took place along with the polling for the 1967 parliamentary elections. It took place in three phases between 5 and 21 February (5, 18 and 21 February).

Results
DMK and its coalition allies won 179 seats (76.5%). The Indian National Congress won 51 seats (21.8%). Four candidates of the Naam Thamizhar Party led by S. P. Adithanar and two candidates of Tamil Arasu Kazhagam led by M. P. Sivagnanam contested under DMK's "Rising Sun" Symbol. The Indian Union Muslim League candidates contested as independents.

By constituency

Analysis
The effective grass roots campaigning by the DMK and the political acumen of Annadurai, defeated the Congress and its leader M. Bhaktavatsalam. The popularity of the United Front was so large that they were able to win an absolute majority in ten out of the 14 districts in the state, while Congress could not accomplish that in a single district. This was largely due to the fact that the United Front was able to capitalize on its growing support in large towns and cities, combined with the decline in Congress support in its traditional Schedule Caste constituencies.

Margin of Victory
The following table shows the number of seats won by corresponding parties, by the margin of votes.

Notable losses
The former chief minister and popular leader of the Indian National Congress, K. Kamaraj lost his seat in Virudunagar by 1285 votes to the student leader P. Seenivasan from the DMK. A few days before the election, Kamaraj had an accident and could not campaign. This led to his famous declaration that he would win lying down (). He lost the election along with the incumbent Chief Minister M. Bakthavatsalam, who lost his seat in Sriperumbudur to D. Rajarathinam from the DMK by 8926 votes. Except for G. Bhuvaraghan (the minister for Information and Publicity), all ministers of the outgoing Bakthavatsalam cabinet were defeated in this election.

There was a post-result wall-painting in Virudhunagar by DMK which said "படிக்காத காமராஜரை படித்த இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன் தோற்கடித்தார்!" ( The illiterate Kamaraj was defeated by Graduate Youth Sreenivasan!). The Congress replied with "படிக்காத முதல்வர் காமராஜர் அன்று கட்டிய அரசு கல்விக்கூடங்களில் படித்து பட்டம் வாங்கிய இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன், இப்போது அதே காமராஜரை தோற்கடித்தான்"  ( The Seenivasan who studied and graduated in Education Institutes built under orders of then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu illiterate Kamaraj, has now defeated the same Kamaraj)

Government formation
The election results were announced on 23 February 1967 and the DMK won an absolute majority on its own. It had increased its vote share to 40.6% from 27.1% in 1962 election. Annadurai resigned as the Member of Parliament from the Rajya sabha. Annadurai was nominated as Chief Minister of Madras State and staked a claim to form a Government on 2 March 1967. He was sworn in by Governor Ujjal Singh on 6 March 1967 in Rajaji Hall. He was later elected to the Madras Legislative Council on 22 April 1967.

Annadurai's Cabinet
The council of ministers in C. N. Annadurai's cabinet (6 March 1967 – 10 February 1969) were all from the DMK and they are listed in the following table.

See also
 Indian general election in Madras, 1967
 Elections in Tamil Nadu
 Legislature of Tamil Nadu
 Government of Tamil Nadu

References

External links

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
Madras


Pius Schuwey (1970–2020) was a Swiss ski mountaineer from Jaun.

Selected results
 1999:
 5th, Pierra Menta (together with Heinz Blatter)
 2002:
 1st, Swiss Cup
 3rd, European Cup race, Gros Roig
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen (together with Laurent Gremaud)
 7th, World Championshipg team race (together with Alexander Hug)
 2003:
 2nd, Trophée des Gastlosen (together with Pierre-Marie Taramarcaz)
 2004:
 1st, Zermatt-Rothorn run
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Sébastien Epiney
 2006:
 1st, Zermatt-Rothorn run
 4th, Swiss Championship vertical race
 2008:
 1st and course record, Zermatt-Rothorn run
 2009:
 1st, Montée nocturne de la Berra
 2nd, L'Américaine de Chia race (together with Eric Charriere)

Patrouille des Glaciers

 1998: 4th "seniors II" ranking, together with François Bussard and Daniel Thurler
 2000: 4th (and 1st "seniors II" ranking), together with Jean-François Cuennet and Eric Seydoux
 2004: 5th, together with Emmanuel Vaudan and Didier Moret
 2006: 4th (and 2nd international military teams ranking), together with Cpl Ernest Farquet and Cpl Stéphane Gay

References

1970 births
2020 deaths
Swiss male ski mountaineers
Sportspeople from the canton of Fribourg


Now most commonly referred to as "Cortex Classic," the Cortex System is a generic RPG system based on the Sovereign Stone role-playing game system,, and was developed by Margaret Weis Productions, Ltd for the Serenity Role Playing Game.  It was subsequently used for their licensed Battlestar Galactica and Supernatural RPGs, and brought out as a stand-alone system in the Cortex System Role Playing Game book (also called the Cortex Classic System Role Playing Game).  Serenity, using the Cortex System, was the 2005 Origins Award Gamer's Choice Role Playing Game of the Year.

In 2010, the Cortex Plus system, which evolved from the Cortex System, was released. Despite the similar name, the Cortex System is different from the Cortex Plus system, also produced by Margaret Weis Productions.

The basic system

The system uses dice with 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 sides, described with the standard role-playing game notation of d2, d4, d6, d8, and so on, and the basic resolution system involves adding up the total on all your relevant dice and comparing it to a static target number.  The three parts of your dice pool are your relevant Attributes (Agility, Strength, Vitality, Alertness, Intelligence, and Willpower) which range from d4 to d12+d4, your relevant Skill (from a list of 22) which range from 0 to d12, and any relevant Assets (positive character traits) or Complications (negative traits).  Situational advantages can be represented either by changing the target difficulty number or increasing or reducing the number of faces on the dice rolled.

The Cortex System also uses Plot Points, which increase characters' survivability and give players greater control over events in the game. Players can spend Plot Points to gain extra dice when making a die roll, reduce the damage from an attack, or even make changes to the storyline. Some Assets also require the expenditure of Plot Points. At the end of a game session, excess Plot Points are converted to Advancement Points, which a player spends to improve his or her character's abilities.

Character creation

The game uses a point-buy system with a default initial spread between attributes, skills, and traits (the collective name for advantages and complications) based on the intended power level of the game. This is similar to the siloed point buy and special abilities and character flaws used in a variety of other role-playing games, such as Merits and Flaws in White Wolf Publishing's original World of Darkness, Qualities and Drawbacks in Eden Unisystem, and Edges and Hindrances in Pinnacle Entertainment's Deadlands and Savage Worlds games (to which the Serenity system bears a strong resemblance).

Published games using the Cortex System

 Serenity Role Playing Game (2005)
 Battlestar Galactica Role Playing Game (2007)
 Demon Hunters Role Playing Game (2008)
 Cortex System Role Playing Game
 Supernatural Role Playing Game (2009)

Reception

The initial reception to the Cortex System was good, with the Serenity Role Playing Game winning the 2005 Origins Award for Gamer's Choice: Best Roleplaying Game of the Year.  The Battlestar Galactica Role Playing Game gained praise from SF Weekly for the Plot Point mechanisms and the way they reproduced the all-or-nothing moments of the Battlestar Galactica series.  The Journal of Transformative Works said that the system itself could be considered transformative given that the rules were meant to evolve through play sessions.

By the time of the Smallville Roleplaying Game (2010), RPGamer commented that "Smallville does something rare in a licensed game: not only does it deliver an experience that captures the feel of the original, but also comes up with a set of mechanics that create an entirely new dynamic for roleplaying."

References

Margaret Weis Productions games
Role-playing game systems
Universal role-playing games


MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) is a drug developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic and highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) in vitro and produces entactogen effects in humans.

Chemistry

The chemical structure of MDAI is indirectly derived from that of the illicit drug MDA, but the alpha-methyl group of the alkyl amino amphetamine side chain has been bound back to the benzene nucleus to form an indane ring system, which changes its pharmacological properties substantially.

MDAI can be produced from 3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propionic acid which is converted to the acid chloride and then heated to produce 5,6-Methylenedioxy-1-indanone.  Treatment of the indanone with amyl nitrite in methanol with HCl afforded the hydroxyimino ketone. This is reduced to the 2-aminoindan following a modification of Nichols' earlier method from a paper discussing DOM analogues, using a Pd/C catalyst in glacial acetic acid with catalytic H2SO4.

Pharmacology

MDAI has been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine with IC50 values of 512 nM, 5,920 nM, and 1,426 nM, respectively. This demonstrates that MDAI has selective affinity for the serotonin transporter (SERT). In animals treated with reserpine and MDAI, greater extracellular concentrations of monoamine neural transmitters resulted, most significantly serotonin. This result indicates that MDAI is a potent releaser of serotonin, while effectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin.  For comparison, MDAI is similar in potency with releasing serotonin to MDA but significantly less potent than MDMA.

Effects

The family of drugs typified by MDMA produce their effects through multiple mechanisms of action in the body, and consequently produce three distinct cues which animals can be trained to respond to: a stimulant cue typified by drugs such as methamphetamine, a psychedelic cue typified by drugs such as LSD and DOM, and an "entactogen-like" cue which is produced by drugs such as MDAI and MBDB. These drugs cause drug-appropriate responses in animals trained to recognize the effects of MDMA, but do not produce responses in animals trained selectively to respond to stimulants or hallucinogens. Because these compounds selectively release serotonin in the brain but have little effect on dopamine or noradrenaline levels, they can produce empathogenic effects but without any stimulant action, instead being somewhat sedating.

Very high doses can be fatal in rats with a 50% fatality rate for those subcutaneously injected with 28 mg/kg of MDAI. This is a result of the way serotonin release interferes with thermoregulation.

Use in scientific research

MDAI and other similar drugs have been widely used in scientific research, as they are able to replicate many of the effects of MDMA, but without causing the neurotoxicity which may be associated with MDMA and some related drugs. No tests have been performed on cardiovascular toxicity.

Use as a recreational drug
MDAI has been advertised as a designer drug. It started to be sold online from around 2007, but reached peak popularity between about 2010–2012, after bans on mephedrone came into effect in various countries. Internet-sourced products claimed to be MDAI have been shown variously to contain mephedrone or other substituted cathinone derivatives, and mixed compositions of inorganic substances, while generally containing no MDAI. The number of internet searches for MDAI has been considerably higher in the UK compared to Germany and the USA.  MDAI is only non-neurotoxic in isolation but may become neurotoxic when mixed with other drugs.  Three deaths were linked to MDAI use in the UK during 2011–2012, all involving symptoms consistent with serotonin syndrome. Two of these also involved other drugs while one death appeared to be from MDAI alone.

Legal Status

As of October 2015 MDAI is a controlled substance in China.

MDAI is illegal in Denmark as of September 2015.

As of December 2011 MDAI is a controlled substance in Switzerland

See also
 MEAI
 C10H11NO2

References

Entactogens and empathogens
Designer drugs
Serotonin releasing agents
Benzodioxoles


The Audi Tunnel is a twin-tracked railway tunnel on the Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway just north of Ingolstadt in Bavaria, Germany. It lies just outside Ingolstadt Nord station and passes under part of the Audi car factory site (hence the name) as well as other industrial and residential areas. With a length of 1258 metres (from kilometre post 84.995 to 86.253) it is the second shortest of the new tunnels on this newly built line. The tunnel was originally planned to be 1138 metres long, but was extended north by 120 metres.

The northern portal is at , the southern portal at .

External links

 ICE new Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed line, Audi-Tunnel Nord (PDF, 773 kB)

Railway tunnels in Germany
Audi
Ingolstadt
Tunnels completed in 2006


Lush House is an Australian lifestyle television series that first aired on The LifeStyle Channel on Monday, 27 April 2009 at 7:30pm.

The show is presented by Shannon Lush, who visits households in need of a major clean-up and helps the families discover what is the best cleaning solutions for them and their lifestyles. It also offers tips on cleaning their homes in an eco-friendly way. The series has an original first series order of 10 episodes.

References

External links
 Official website

2009 Australian television series debuts


David Shaw Nicholls (born 1959) is a Scottish architect and designer based in New York City, Italy and Glasgow. He became internationally known by his minimalist ASFLEXI settee, conceived while in school.

Life
Nicholls was born in 1959 in Bellshill, Scotland. Initially he went to Glasgow School of Art to study Fine Art, then attended Edinburgh College of Art, the University of Edinburgh and completed his master at Domus Academy in Milan, under the Course direction of Ettore Sottsass Jr.

Nicholls has exhibited at the inaugural City Art Centre (Edinburgh), British Design Craftsmen, the Edinburgh International Festival (1980), Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Modern Movement, Fine Arts Society, curated by Roger Billcliffe (1981), the 3rd Venice Biennale of Architecture (1985), collaborating with Ettore Sottsass and Marco Zanini. He launched both his BEAST Furniture and Modern Rug Company at the International Contemporary Furniture Fair, ICFF New York, (from 1990).

Furniture, interiors and architecture

While in school in Scotland, Nicholls gained recognition for his two-seater welded tubular steel and stainless steel wire chair at Edinburgh College of Art. In 1980, Design reg. No.995257, his first prototypal piece, was acknowledged as “uncluttered and straightforward”, “a clean starting point and an attempt to reduce the object to its original state”. Alongside British Designer Craftsmen, John Makepeace and Martin Grierson, the collection was shown at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1980, in The Fine Arts Society in Glasgow, showing “Charles Rennie Mackintosh and The Modern Movement” in 1980, at the “Light” exhibition in “High-Tech”, Milan in 1983, alongside Gaetano Pesce, James Irvine, Philippe Starck, Jasper Morrison, Massimo Iosa Ghini, Ron Arad, “Shiro” and “other young guns”. The Asflexi prototypes were also editorialized extensively throughout the world during this period. (Domus, Modo, Abitare, Interni, Mobilla)

In the early 1980s he worked briefly for Sottsass Associati after completing his master's thesis with Sottsass at the Domus Academy from 1984 to 1985. Whilst in Milan, Nicholls also collaborated with Prospero Rasulo of Studio Alchimia and Nanda Vigo to design and re-define the interior of Bar Montmartre, Brera Milan in 1985.

In 1985 he moved to New York and launched his “BEAST” furniture line. Over 25 prototypes were produced to exact craftsmanship, comprising: Angus, Arianne, Arno and the Aston credenza. At its source, in the workshop this period also inspired a portfolio of freehand sketches in charcoal and silver wash. The studio also was active in product design and the “Hi-Tech” re-design of Tribeca lofts, where Nicholls resided (1986 – 2001).

Nicholls Modern Carpets

After setting up his own design firm in New York City, Nicholls created textile designs. The company has over 200 registered designs. Nicholls’ rugs and floor textiles have been published in Architectural Digest, The New York Times Magazine, Elle Decor, Interior Design and Vogue.

Earth Years
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Nicholls developed Tsunami Mitigation architecture for the dispersion of wave energy and advantaged positioning of low-lying structures, for survival.

In April 2015, an earthquake struck in Nepal and killed over 8,000 people. Nicholls, from a family of Scottish engineers, executed an anti-seismic re-build of the Carpet factory in Kathmandu.

In 2017, Nicholls noted the “break-down” of “North Sea Oil and Gas” assets and set up Arkhabitat Limited as a company to re-work structures that anchor and float with the global tidal rise. The Geodesic Dome (Buckminster Fuller) provided fodder for research in the design of a protective, transparent shell with the ramp architecture housed safely within.

Printmaking

In Glasgow, Nicholls started a printmaking project, which focused upon the process of metal plate etching. The subject matter initiated with his portfolio of original drawings produced throughout his life, particularly “The intense Drawing Years 2011- 2017 his travels across the world, the USA, Europe and Asia. The first edition is a depiction of Camelback Mountain, Phoenix, Arizona. At the Glasgow Print Studio, Museum standards are adhered to from start to finish, the first edition with an image size of 13.85” H x 59.5” L (35.2 x 152 cms.), marks it as one of the largest copper plate etchings ever produced by hand process.

Other works
Nicholls has designed and proposed an Environmental Research Center and Tourist complex anchored by a tall tower on the banks of the Tay Firth near Dundee, Scotland and anchored by the V&A Museum. “The Spire” incorporates semi enclosed viewing platforms and global communications antenna.

References

External links
David Shaw Nicholls Design Current Design Firm Official Website
Designer Profile at The Design Guide
https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-05-27-9002130107-story.html

1959 births
Scottish designers
Architects from Glasgow
Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Living people


Ganesh Shah ( born 12 December 1949) is a Nepalese politician and ex-Minister for Environment, Science and Technology.
He is also one of the senior most leader of the Communist Party of Nepal (United) and until recently was the General Secretary of the party Communist Party of Nepal (United).

Shah is a mechanical engineer by profession and received his M-Tech (Technical Engineering) from Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University in 1973.

Shah was appointed the Minister for Environment, Science and Technology when Prachanda extended his cabinet.
Mr. Shah is a big advocate of the climate change issues in Nepal and has been quoted in various media outlet during his time as a minister.
Mr. Shah is known for being one of the technology savvy politician in Nepal maintains his own blog at  and is an active Facebook user.

Family life
Shah was born in Lohana Dhanusha. He belongs to Nepali people of Madhesi (business caste)ethnicity.

He is married to Kalyanee Sapkota, and has two sons.

References

1949 births
Living people
Government ministers of Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal (United) politicians
Nepalese engineers
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia alumni
Madhesi people
People from Dhanusha District


William Benjamin Schwartz (May 16, 1922 – March 15, 2009) was a pioneering nephrologist who identified rising costs of health care as an incipient problem as early as the 1980s.

Schwartz attended Duke University after serving in the Army in World War II, earning undergraduate and medical degrees. His pioneering observation that the antibiotic sulfanilamide increased excretion of sodium in patients with heart failure led to the discovery and development of modern diuretic drugs. The Lancet.

Early in his career, he joined what is now Tufts Medical Center, and founded its Division of Nephrology in 1950. He served as its head until 1971, following which he became the Chairman of Medicine and chief physician at Tufts, positions he held until 1976. Then, he left his administrative position at the medical center, becoming the Vannevar Bush University Professor at Tufts University School of Medicine and Professor of Medicine until joining the faculty of the University of Southern California Medical School in 1992.

Beginning in the 1970s, Schwartz developed an interest in medical decision-making, and was an early researcher into artificial intelligence applications to medicine. Later in his career, he focused on the US medical system more broadly, and investigated issues such as costs, possible rationing of health care, availability of specialist care, and malpractice insurance. With economist Henry Aaron, he co-authored The Painful Prescription: Rationing Hospital Care in 1984. Further advancements in medicine—such as widespread availability of transplant surgery, Cardiac surgery, and MRIs strengthened his views of the need to contain spiraling costs through some form of rationing.

The syndrome Schwartz-Bartter's syndrome is named after him, along with Frederic Bartter.

References

1922 births
2009 deaths
Duke University alumni
Duke University School of Medicine alumni
American nephrologists
American hospital administrators
United States Army personnel of World War II
Members of the National Academy of Medicine


The Easterhegg (also Easter(H)egg  or EH) is an annual hacker event, created by the German Chaos Computer Club. Since 2001 the Easterhegg takes place during the Easter celebrations.

Most participants are from German-speaking countries, with others from the rest of Europe or further afield. The Easterhegg consists mostly of workshops with some lectures, with topics covering the whole spectrum from tech to culture and hackerspaces. Furthermore, Easterhegg is non-commercial and all the workers are volunteers.

External links
 Official Easterhegg Portal
 Official Easterhegg Portal (old portal, not maintained anymore – now redirects to easterhegg.eu)
 Easterhegg Basel 2012
 Easterhegg Hamburg 2011
 Easterhegg München 2010
 Easterhegg Hamburg 2009
 Easterhegg Köln 2008
 Easterhegg Hamburg 2007
 Easterhegg Hamburg 2005
 Easterhegg München 2004
 Easterhegg Hamburg 2003
 Easterhegg Düsseldorf 2002
 Easterhegg Hamburg 2001
 Chaos Computer Club Events

Hacker conventions


Yubeshi () is a type of wagashi (Japanese confection). It has several flavor and shape variations, most commonly walnuts or Japanese citrus (usually yuzu), and can be round or square, but all yubeshi has a base of sticky rice or rice flour, sugar and soy sauce. The process of production is very labor-intensive. A circle is cut out of the top of the yuzu and set aside. A wooden spatula removes the fruit and scrapes away the white pith of the yuzu, leaving only the zest. The fruit is then stuffed with a filling which can range from plain mochiko flour to a traditional blend of mochiko, shōyu, and other spices. The reserved top of the fruit is placed back in as a cap, and the whole thing is steamed repeatedly until the fruit is shiny and brown and the mochi has fully gelatinized. The longer the product is stored, the harder the texture will become. Both the rind and filling are edible. Yubeshi can be served in many ways, whether sliced thin on top of rice dishes and salad, or softened in a warm soup dish.

References

External links
http://city.sendai.jp/kankou/product/yubeshi-e.html

Wagashi


Random Magazine is a humor magazine founded in June 2008. Founder Jatin Varma serves as the magazine's editor.

Random features articles on current events and leading public figures using a satirical approach. The magazine targets men, women and children between the ages of 18 and 36 years in India's urban centers. Random expanded to local-language editions in 2009.

Random and Channel V
Channel [V] has licensed the characters Simpoo Singh and Lola Kutty to Random Magazine for publication every month. SS Sodhi (aka Simpoo Singh) and Lola Kutty were featured in print for the first time in Random Magazine. They have been a part of Random issues since January 2009.

Random and the Golden Kela Awards
The Golden Kela Awards is a satirical take on Bollywood, where awards are given for the worst performances. The Golden Kela Awards was created by Random Magazine and the Sundaas Film Institute in the year 2009. The first annual Golden Kela award ceremony took place on 7 March 2009 at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi.  Jaspal Bhatti made a special appearance at the event, dishonoring the Indian film talent of the year 2008.

See also
Mad (magazine)
Golden Raspberry Award
Pigasus Award
Darwin Award

References

External links
Golden Kela Official Website
Random Magazine Official Website

2008 establishments in India
English-language magazines published in India
Humor magazines
Magazines published in India
Magazines established in 2008
Satirical magazines


William Schwartz may refer to:

 William Schwartz (law professor) (born 1933), American law professor and corporate director
 William Schwartz (physician) (1922–2009), nephrologist
 William Bernstein Schwartz Jr. (1922–2010), American businessman and United States Ambassador to the Bahamas
 William C. Schwartz (1927–2000), civic leader in Central Florida and laser industry pioneer
 William J. Schwartz (born 1950), American neurologist and professor
 William S. Schwartz (1896–1977), American artist


Ministry of Information and Broadcasting may refer to:

Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Ghana)
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), a branch of the Government of India
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, merged into the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Namibia) in 2008
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting (Pakistan)
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (South Sudan), a branch of the Government of South Sudan

See also
Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and National Heritage (Pakistan), a branch of the Government of Pakistan
Ministry of Information (disambiguation)


The Honourable Granville Dudley Ryder JP (26 November 1799 – 24 November 1879), was a British Tory politician.

Ryder was the second son of Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby, and his wife, the former Lady Susanna Leveson-Gower, daughter of Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford. A graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, he served in the Royal Navy and achieved the rank of Lieutenant. He later sat as Member of Parliament for Tiverton from 1830 to 1832 and for Hertfordshire from 1841 to 1847. He also served as a Justice of the Peace for Hertfordshire.

Ryder married his first cousin, Lady Georgiana Augusta, daughter of Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort, in 1825. They had seven daughters and six sons. Their eldest son, Dudley Henry Ryder, was an ancestor of the 20th-century soldier and politician Robert Ryder. Their second son, Granville Ryder, was a politician. A younger son, Henry Stuart Ryder, was a junior officer in the Rifle Brigade and was killed at the Battle of the Great Redan in 1855.

Lady Georgiana Ryder died in March 1865. Ryder survived her by fourteen years and died in November 1879, two days before his eightieth birthday.

Family
The Hon. Granville Dudley Ryder married Lady Georgiana Augusta Somerset, daughter of Henry Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort, on 30 May 1825 and had 13 children.

Georgiana Susan Ryder, b. 10 June 1826, d. 27 June 1826
Susan Georgiana Ryder, b. 7 July 1827, d. 31 January 1901, married Colonel Sir Philip Charles William FitzRoy James of Tarrant, Dorset, son of Lt Col Sir William James and Caroline Gordon (granddaughter of John Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aboyne) on 3 August 1844, they had three children
Canon Mark James, b. October 1845, d. 16 May 1898, married Caroline Ethel Gertrude Stewart, daughter of Admiral Hon. Keith Stewart (son of George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway) and Mary Caroline Fitzroy (daughter of Sir Charles FitzRoy), had issue.
Major William Charles James, b. 1851, married Hon. Mary-Theresa Digby, daughter of Edward Digby, 9th Baron Digby
Martha Ellen James, b. 1856, d. 14 January 1936, married Andrew Spens of Craigsanquhar, son of Major-General Andrew Spens
Dudley Henry Ryder, b. 7 February 1830, d. 8 September 1911, married Georgiana Emily Calcroft, daughter of John Hales Calcraft on 1 December 1857, they had nine children
Katherine Susan Ryder, d. 24 March 1922
Evelyn Georgiana Ryder, d. 1940
Caroline Katharine Ryder, d. 14 February 1933, married Robert Armitage
Lt.-Col. Dudley Granville Richard Ryder, b. 30 September 1858, d. 27 June 1926, married Ada Carr Glyn, daughter of Lt.-Gen. Sir John Plumptre Carr Glyn
Cyril John Ryder, b. 8 July 1863, d. 28 December 1907, married Lady Isobel Hamilton, daughter of Captain Charles Hamilton, sister of Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton, had issue
William Henry Dudley Ryder,  b. 7 January 1865, d. 24 February 1933, married, firstly, Catherine Sutton, daughter of Reverend Augustus Sutton, married, secondly, Florence Campbell, daughter of Captain Frederick Campbell, son of Maj.-Gen. Sir Guy Campbell, 1st Bt., had issue by both wives
Charles Edward Henry Ryder, b. 17 September 1868, d. 6 October 1900
Cosmo Alan Cuthbert Ryder, b. 29 August 1870, d. 20 May 1917
Rev. John Claud Dudley Ryder, b. 24 September 1873, d. 1 June 1900
Granville Ryder, b. 22 September 1833, d. 3 August 1901, married Sybilla Sophia Grant, daughter of Sir Robert Grant on 19 March 1864, died without issue.
Charlotte Mary Ryder, b. 8 October 1831
Granville Richard Ryder, b. 22 September 1833
Henry Stuart Ryder, b. 10 February 1835, d. 8 September 1855, died in action and unmarried.
Francis Edward Ryder, b. 24 October 1836
Georgiana Henrietta Frederica Ryder, b. 24 August 1841 (twin)
Augusta Louisa Ryder, b. 24 August 1841 (twin)
Isabella Sophia Ann Ryder, b. 19 June 1841,  married  1868 William Moore, son of Mr. Justice Richard Moore, d.1884
A daughter, b. 3 September 1843, d. 1 November 1843
A son, b. 13 September 1844

Ancestry

See also

References

External links

1799 births
1879 deaths
Younger sons of earls
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Hertfordshire
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1841–1847
Granville


The 2008–09 Big East Conference men's basketball season was the 30th in conference history, and involved its 16 full-time member schools. Leading up to, during, and following the season, it has been widely regarded as one of the most successful seasons in Big East Conference history, fielding multiple teams that received national recognition and achieved high levels of success.

Louisville won the outright championship with a 16-2 record (1st).  They were also champions of the Big East tournament (1st).

Regular season

Season summary & highlights
 Louisville won both the regular season outright and the tournament championship.
 Louisville finished the season ranked first in both AP and Coach's polls.
 Louisville received the overall #1 seed in the NCAA tournament.
 Connecticut won the 2008 Paradise Jam Tournament in the Virgin Islands.
 Pittsburgh won the 2008 Legends Classic Tournament.
 Syracuse won the 2008 College Basketball Experience (CBE) Classic tournament.
 Connecticut led the nation in blocked shots for the 8th consecutive year.
 Connecticut Head Coach, Jim Calhoun, won his 800th career game in Division I basketball, against Marquette.
 Syracuse Head Coach, Jim Boeheim, finished the season with 799 career wins (2009 tournament games included).
 Pittsburgh defeated #1 UConn twice, marking the first and second times the Panthers defeated a #1 ranked team.
 Connecticut center, Hasheem Thabeet, recorded a triple-double against Providence on January 31, 2009, with 15 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 blocked shots.
 Villanova tied a school record for regular season wins (25).
 Pittsburgh tied a school record for wins in a season (31), and set a school record for regular season conference wins (15).
 Connecticut tied a school record for best start to a season, at 24–1.
 Pittsburgh went undefeated at home.
 Connecticut, Pittsburgh, and Louisville all reached #1 in the AP poll.

Rankings
The Big East set a record when it placed seven teams in the preseason Associated Press poll.  It set another record by placing eight teams in the December 1st ranking, and broke that record when the ninth team entered the AP Top 25 on January 5. Connecticut and North Carolina were the only two teams that did not vacate the top 5 in the AP poll all season.

Statistical leaders

Postseason

Big East tournament

For the first time ever, all 16 teams in the conference would have the chance to participate in the Big East tournament. Under this new format, the teams finishing 9 through 16 in the regular season standings played first round games, while teams 5 through 8 received a bye to the second round. The top 4 teams during the regular season received a bye to the quarterfinals. The five-round tournament spanned five consecutive days, from Tuesday, March 10, 2009, through Saturday, March 14, 2009. A low-seeded team could have theoretically played all five days if it won its games in the first four rounds, but this did not turn out to be the case.

1–4 Seeding:
(1) Louisville, (2) Pittsburgh, (3) Connecticut, (4) Villanova
5–8 Seeding:
(5) Marquette, (6) Syracuse, (7) West Virginia, (8) Providence
9–16 Seeding and First Round Matchups:
(16) DePaul def. (9) Cincinnati
(10) Notre Dame def. (15) Rutgers
(11) Seton Hall def. (14) South Florida
(13) St. John's def. (12) Georgetown

Second Round Matchups:
(5) Marquette def. (13) St. John's
(6) Syracuse def. (11) Seton Hall
(7) West Virginia def. (10) Notre Dame
(8) Providence def. (16) DePaul

Quarterfinals Matchups:
(1) Louisville def. (8) Providence
(7) West Virginia def. (2) Pittsburgh
(6) Syracuse def. (3) Connecticut (6 OT)
(4) Villanova def. (5) Marquette

Semifinals Matchups:
(1) Louisville def. (4) Villanova
(6) Syracuse def. (7) West Virginia (OT)

Championship Game:
(1) Louisville def. (6) Syracuse, 76–66

The most notable game of the tournament was the third round matchup between Connecticut and Syracuse. A back-and-forth thriller between two rivals, this game lasted nearly four hours and finally ended after six overtimes, at 1:22 a.m. the following day. The game was tied at 71–71 with a second left in regulation, when Syracuse inbounded a pass the full length of the court. Guard, Eric Devendorf, sunk a 3-point shot as the clock appeared to run out, seemingly giving Syracuse the game. After a thorough review by officials using frame-by-frame slow motion, it became apparent that the ball was not completely off of Devendorf's fingertips as the clock changed from 0.1 to 0.0 seconds. The game headed to overtime. During overtime, UConn took a lead and maintained it, until Syracuse finally tied the score to force another overtime. This pattern continued for five overtimes, where in each one, UConn took and maintained a lead, only to have Syracuse tie the score before time ran out. In the sixth and final overtime, Syracuse came out and took a large lead (their first since regulation) that eventually proved insurmountable for UConn, and won the game, 127–117. The game produced a few records when it came to duration, including longest Big East game in history. A.J. Price of Connecticut, and Jonny Flynn and Eric Devendorf of Syracuse, each played over 60 minutes, with another three Connecticut players and one Syracuse player playing over 50 minutes. Between the two teams, nine players had double-figure point totals, and five UConn players had double-figure rebound totals. With over 100 points scored in the overtime periods alone, this game was dubbed an "Instant Classic" and was given the title "The Game That Wouldn't End."

In the following round, Syracuse again found itself in overtime, this time against West Virginia. Syracuse came out the winner, but would lose the following night to Louisville. This was Louisville's first Big East tournament championship. Jonny Flynn was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, becoming only the 4th player in the 30 year history of the tournament to win the award while playing on the losing team.

NCAA tournament

The Big East posted a very strong showing in the NCAA tournament. Though Notre Dame, Georgetown, and Providence were unable to secure at-large bids, seven conference teams were undisputedly deserving and were selected. The Big Ten and the Atlantic Coast Conference also sent seven teams each, which was one short of the record of eight that the Big East sent in 2006 and 2008. The conference set a record by earning three #1 seeds among the four available. Connecticut, Louisville, and Pittsburgh were all the top seeds in their regions, with North Carolina being the fourth. The conference set another record by having five teams make it to the Sweet-16, and then an additional record by having four teams make it to the Elite Eight. Connecticut and Villanova each advanced to the Final Four. This was Villanova's fourth Final Four appearance (though one was vacated for violations) and first since 1985. This was UConn's third Final Four appearance, with all coming since 1999, and all happening to come from the West region. The conference finished with a combined record of 17–7.

National Invitation Tournament

In the 72nd annual National Invitation Tournament, there were three Big East teams among the field of 32: Georgetown, Notre Dame, and Providence.
 Notre Dame received a 2-seed in its region. They won their first round game against 7-seed UAB, 70–64. They beat 3-seed New Mexico in the second round, 70–68. They beat Kentucky in the quarterfinals, 77–67, and lost to 2-seed Penn State in the semifinals, 67–59.
 Providence received a 5-seed in a different region. They lost their first round game to 4-seed Miami (FL), 78–66.
 Georgetown received a 6-seed in a third region. They lost their first round game to 3-seed Baylor, 74–72.

College Basketball Invitational

In the 16-team College Basketball Invitational, the lone Big East representative was St. John's. The team earned a 4-seed in the East region, and lost their opening round game to top-seeded Richmond 75–69.

Awards and honors
The following players were honored with postseason awards after having been voted for by Big East Conference coaches.

Co-Players of the Year:
 Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr.
 DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, C, So.
Defensive Player of the Year:
 Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr.
Rookie of the Year:
 Greg Monroe, Georgetown, C, Fr.
Most Improved Player:
 Dante Cunningham, Villanova, F, Sr.
Sixth Man Award:
 Corey Fisher, Villanova, G, So.
Sportsmanship Award:
 Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr.
Scholar-Athlete of the Year:
 Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr.
Coach of the Year:
 Jay Wright, Villanova (8th season)

All-Big East First Team:
 Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, C, Jr., 7–3, 263, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
 Terrence Williams, Louisville, F, Sr., 6–6, 210, Seattle, Wash.
 Jerel McNeal, Marquette, G, Sr., 6–3, 200 Chicago, Ill.
 Luke Harangody, Notre Dame, F, Jr., 6–8, 251, Schererville, Ind.
 DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, C, So., 6–7, 265, Pittsburgh, Pa.
 Sam Young, Pittsburgh, F, Sr., 6–6, 215, Clinton, Md.

All-Big East Second Team:
 A.J. Price, Connecticut, G, Sr., 6–2, 181, Amityville, N.Y.
 Wesley Matthews, Marquette, G, Sr., 6–5, 215, Madison, Wis.
 Jonny Flynn, Syracuse, G, So., 6–0, 185, Niagara Falls, N.Y.
 Dante Cunningham, Villanova, F, Sr., 6–8, 230, Silver Spring, Md.
 Da’Sean Butler, West Virginia, F, Jr., 6–7, 225, Newark, N.J.

All-Big East Third Team:
 Deonta Vaughn, Cincinnati, G, Jr., 6–1, 195, Indianapolis, Ind.
 Jeff Adrien, Connecticut, F, Sr., 6–7, 243, Brookline, Mass.
 Earl Clark, Louisville, G/F, Jr., 6–8, 220, Rahway, N.J.
 Levance Fields, Pittsburgh, G, Sr., 5–10, 190, Brooklyn, N.Y.
 Jeremy Hazell, Seton Hall, G, So., 6–5, 185, Bronx, N.Y.

Big East Honorable Mention:
 Weyinmi Efejuku, Providence, G, Sr., 6–5, 210, Fresh Meadows, N.Y.
 Dominique Jones, USF, G, So., 6–4, 205, Lake Wales, Fla.
 Scottie Reynolds, Villanova, G, Jr., 6–2, 195, Herndon, Va.
 Alex Ruoff, West Virginia, G, Sr., 6–6, 220, Spring Hill, Fla.

Big East All-Rookie Team:
 Yancy Gates, Cincinnati, F, Fr., 6–9, 255, Cincinnati, Ohio
 Kemba Walker, Connecticut, G, Fr., 6–0, 175, Bronx, N.Y.
 Greg Monroe, Georgetown, C, Fr., 6–10, 240, Gretna, La.
 Samardo Samuels, Louisville, F, Fr., 6–8, 240, Trelawny Parish, Jamaica
 Mike Rosario, Rutgers, G, Fr., 6–3, 180, Jersey City, N.J.
 Devin Ebanks, West Virginia, F, Fr., 6–9, 205, Long Island City, N.Y.

The following players were selected to the 2009 Associated Press All-America teams.

First Team All-America:
 DeJuan Blair, Pittsburgh, Key Stats: 15.6 ppg, 12.2 rpg, 59.9 FG%, 1.5 steals (49 1st place votes, 294 points)
Second Team All-America:
 Hasheem Thabeet, Connecticut, Key Stats: 13.7 ppg, 10.9 rpg, 4.6 blocks, 64.3 FG% (19, 238)
 Luke Harangody, Notre Dame, Key Stats: 23.2 ppg, 12.0 rpg, 2.1 apg (6, 135)
 Jerel McNeal, Marquette, Key Stats: 19.3 ppg, 4.5 rpg, 3.8 apg, 40.6 3-pt FG% (7, 114)
Third Team All-America:
 Terrence Williams, Louisville, Key Stats: 12.3 ppg, 8.5 rpg, 5.1 apg, 2.5 steals (4, 103)
 Sam Young, Pittsburgh, Key Stats: 18.7 ppg, 6.1 rpg (1, 79)

See also
 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season
 2008–09 Connecticut Huskies men's basketball team
 2008–09 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball team
 2008–09 Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team
 2008–09 Marquette Golden Eagles men's basketball team
 2008–09 Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball team
 2008–09 Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball team
 2008–09 Providence Friars men's basketball team
 2008–09 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team
 2008–09 Villanova Wildcats men's basketball team
 2008–09 West Virginia Mountaineers men's basketball team

References


Mostarska Bijela or simply Bijela is a mountain creek and gorge in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite its low discharge and relatively short flow, this river takes a significant place in Bosnia and Herzegovina's Dinaric karst's geology and hydrology.

Geography

The Mostarska Bijela is left tributary of the Neretva river. It begins at the south-western slopes of Prenj mountain, where it's called Gornja Bijela ("Gornja" in English: "Upper"), and flows in direction of north to south-southwest and into the Neretva at Bijela village in the region of Drežnica Donja and Salakovac.

Rare geology
The Mostarska Bijela river shapes a rare and unique karstic geological feature, which resembles an underground river with canyon-like semi-underground flow. What is unique here, in case of the Mostarska Bijela, is that cave roof of its underground section is opened to surface in form of very narrow gap in many places, enough only for small amount of light to enter the cavernous river course. Although very difficult underground course is still traversable, and thus attractive for tourists, mountaineers, especially for canyoning and speleologist.

Highway A1 Corridor Vc environmental controversy
According to the first variant of the proposed route of a new highway through Prenj, valleys of the Konjička Bijela and the Mostarska Bijela should be heavily affected, where not much of its natural environment would remained. Beautiful karst phenomenons of deep canyons, underground waterfalls and caves in Mostarska Bijela valley will be destroyed, or at least covered by the asphalt, concrete or stone fill from the tunnels.

See also

 List of rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Neretva
Prenj
Dinaric Alps
Subterranean river

References

External links
Mostarska Bijela at SummitPost.org

Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Karst formations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Subterranean waterfalls
Subterranean rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canyons and gorges of Bosnia and Herzegovina