Microsynodontis nasutus is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River.  It was first described in 2004 by Ng Heok Hee.

The genus Microsynodontis is restricted to the rivers of western Africa (from the Saint Paul River drainage south and east to the Congo River drainage), and comprises small mochokid catfishes diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: a narrow mesethmoid, lack of free orbital margin, transverse ventral fold of branchiostegal membranes, slender cleithral process, and a rounded or truncate caudal fin (Howes, 1980).

Taxonomy
Before 2004, the genus Microsynodontis was believed to contain only four species, Microsynodontis batesii, M. christyi, M. lamberti, and M. polli.   However, when examining previously collected specimens from the lower Guinea region that had been identified as M. batesii, Dr. Ng discovered that the specimens actually consisted of nine distinct species, eight of them previously undescribed.  He published the descriptions of the new species in 2004.  M. nasutus is one of the new species that he described.  Although the eight new species have been accepted by the scientific community, there is still some dispute among scientists as to whether the newly described species are actually separate species as the species are extremely difficult to tell apart.

Description
M. nasutus is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of .   The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines that can be locked into place. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length.

M. nasutus can be distinguished from other members of the genus Microsynodontis by examining the length of the snout.   In M. nasutus, the snout is longer, with a length of about 50% to 53% of the standard length of the fish, whereas other species in the genus have shorter snouts, raning from about 36% to 50% of the standard length.

 personal profile gently convex; postdorsal body sloping gently ventrally. Preanal profile horizontal.
Anus and urogenital openings located at vertical through middle of pelvic fin. Skin
smooth. Lateral line complete and midlateral.
Mouth inferior and crescent-shaped lips plicate. Oral teeth in rows on all tooth-bearing surfaces. Premaxillae narrow, with narrow ventral shelf and partially exposed when
mouth closed. Primary teeth 13–14, conical and separated from secondary teeth by distinct gap

References

Boulenger, G.A. (1905) A list of freshwater fishes of Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7),16, 36–6

Roberts, T. R. (1989) Systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes
(Chiloglanis, Mochokidae) from Cameroun. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4), 46, 151–178.

Endemic fauna of Gabon
Mochokidae
Fish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Fish described in 2004


Ianius is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae described by Richards in 1939. Its only species, Ianius mosca, was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1910. It is found in Mexico and the southern United States, where it has been recorded from Texas.

The wingspan is about 30 mm. Adults are on wing from March to May and in September.

References

Melipotini
Moths described in 1910
Monotypic moth genera


Ichneutica is a genus of cutworm or dart moths in the family Noctuidae. The genus is found in New Zealand and surrounding islands. There are more than 80 described species in Ichneutica, the largest known genus of Lepidoptera in New Zealand. In 2019 this genus was revised and greatly expanded with the genera Graphania Hampson, 1905, Tmetolophota Hampson, 1905 and Dipaustica Meyrick, 1912 all subsumed within it.

Species
These species belong to the genus Ichneutica:

 Ichneutica acontistis (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica agorastis (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica alopa (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica arotis (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica atristriga (Walker, 1865)
 Ichneutica averilla (Hudson, 1921)
 Ichneutica barbara  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica blenheimensis (Fereday, 1883)
 Ichneutica bromias (Meyrick, 1902)
 Ichneutica brunneosa (Fox, 1970)
 Ichneutica cana Howes, 1914
 Ichneutica ceraunias Meyrick, 1887
 Ichneutica chlorodonta (Hampson, 1911)
 Ichneutica chryserythra (Hampson, 1905)
 Ichneutica cornuta  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica cuneata (Philpott, 1916)
 Ichneutica dione Hudson, 1898
 Ichneutica disjungens (Walker, 1858)
 Ichneutica dundastica  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica emmersonorum  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica epiastra (Meyrick, 1911)
 Ichneutica erebia (Hudson, 1909)
 Ichneutica eris  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica falsidica (Meyrick, 1911)
 Ichneutica fenwicki (Philpott, 1921)
 Ichneutica fibriata (Meyrick, 1913)
 Ichneutica haedifrontella  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica hartii (Howes, 1914)
 Ichneutica infensa (Walker, 1857)
 Ichneutica inscripta  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica insignis (Walker, 1865)
 Ichneutica lignana (Walker, 1857)
 Ichneutica lindsayorum (Dugdale, 1988)
 Ichneutica lissoxyla (Meyrick, 1911)
 Ichneutica lithias (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica lyfordi  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica marmorata (Hudson, 1924)
 Ichneutica maya (Hudson, 1898)
 Ichneutica micrastra (Meyrick, 1897)
 Ichneutica moderata (Walker, 1865)
 Ichneutica mollis (Howes, 1908)
 Ichneutica morosa (Butler, 1880)
 Ichneutica mustulenta  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica mutans (Walker, 1857)
 Ichneutica naufraga  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica nobilia (Howes, 1946)
 Ichneutica notata Salmon, 1946
 Ichneutica nullifera (Walker, 1857)
 Ichneutica olivea (Watt, 1916)
 Ichneutica oliveri (Hampson, 1911)
 Ichneutica omicron (Hudson, 1898)
 Ichneutica omoplaca (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica pagaia (Hudson, 1909)
 Ichneutica panda (Philpott, 1920)
 Ichneutica paracausta (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica paraxysta (Meyrick, 1929)
 Ichneutica pelanodes (Meyrick, 1931)
 Ichneutica peridotea  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica petrograpta (Meyrick, 1929)
 Ichneutica phaula (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica plena (Walker, 1865)
 Ichneutica prismatica  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica propria (Walker, 1856)
 Ichneutica purdii (Fereday, 1883)
 Ichneutica rubescens (Butler, 1879)
 Ichneutica rufistriga  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica sapiens (Meyrick, 1929)
 Ichneutica schistella  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica scutata (Meyrick, 1929)
 Ichneutica seducta  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica semivittata (Walker, 1865)
 Ichneutica sericata (Howes, 1945)
 Ichneutica similis (Philpott, 1924)
 Ichneutica sistens (Guenée, 1868)
 Ichneutica skelloni (Butler, 1880)
 Ichneutica sollennis (Meyrick, 1914)
 Ichneutica steropastis (Meyrick, 1887)
 Ichneutica stulta (Philpott, 1905)
 Ichneutica subcyprea  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica sulcana (Fereday, 1880)
 Ichneutica supersulcana  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica thalassarche  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica theobroma  Hoare, 2019
 Ichneutica toroneura (Meyrick, 1901)
 Ichneutica unica (Walker, 1856)
 Ichneutica ustistriga (Walker, 1857)
 Ichneutica virescens (Butler, 1879)

References

Noctuinae
Noctuoidea genera


Idalima is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Turner in 1903.

Species
 Idalima aethrias Turner, 1908
 Idalima affinis Boisduval, 1832
 Idalima leonora Doubleday, 1846
 Idalima metasticta Hampson, 1910
 Idalima tasso Jordan, 1912

References

Agaristinae


Microsynodontis notata is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River.  It was first described in 2004 by Ng Heok Hee.

Taxonomy
Before 2004, the genus Microsynodontis was believed to contain only four species, Microsynodontis batesii, M. christyi, M. lamberti, and M. polli.   However, when examining previously collected specimens from the lower Guinea region that had been identified as M. batesii, Dr. Ng discovered that the specimens actually consisted of nine distinct species, eight of them previously undescribed.  He published the descriptions of the new species in 2004.  M. notata is one of the new species that he described.  Although the eight new species have been accepted by the scientific community, there is still some dispute among scientists as to whether the newly described species are actually separate species as the species are extremely difficult to tell apart.

Description
M. notata is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of .   The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines that can be locked into place. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length.

M. notata can be distinguished from other members of the genus Microsynodontis by examining the pectoral spine, the length of the caudal peduncle, the size of the eye, the shape of the caudal fin, and the colors on the body.   The caudal peduncle is long, making up about 10% to 12% of the standard length of the fish, whereas all other members of the genus, with the exception of M. christyi and M. laevigatus, have a shorter caudal peduncle, making up about 6% to 10% of the standard length.  M. notata can be distinguished M. christyi by measuring the size of the eye; M. notata has an eye that is about 17% to 26% of the standard length, whereas M. christyi has an eye that is about 14% to 18% of the standard length.  M. notata can be distinguished from M. laevigatus by the serrated, rather than smooth, leading edge of the pectoral fin spines.  It also has a rounded, instead of straight, trailing edge of the caudal fin.   M. notata has numerous faint, dark brown spots present on the body, where other members of the genus do not show spots.

References

Endemic fauna of Gabon
Mochokidae
Fish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Fish described in 2004


Ikondiana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Ilarus is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Microsynodontis polli is a species of upside-down catfish native to Guinea from the Gbin River and Liberia from Saint John.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

Etymology
The catfish is named in honor of ichthyologist Max Poll, the Curator, of the Musée de Congo Belge in  Tervuren.

References

External links
 Photograph of Microsynodontis polli in FishBase

Mochokidae
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Taxa named by Jacques G. Lambert
Fish described in 1958


Ilsea is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Schaus in 1906.

Species
Ilsea bormia Schaus, 1906
Ilsea dilucida Schaus, 1914
Ilsea minuta H. Druce, 1898
Ilsea subgeminata Schaus, 1914

References

Calpinae


Ilyrgis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1859.

Description
The male has the second joint of palpi reaching vertex of head. Third joint moderate length and naked. Antennae bipectinate (comb like on both sides), with long branches. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewings with arched costa near base and at apex, which is slightly produced. The outer margin excurved at middle. Veins 7 to 10 stalked. A tuft of long scales from base of costa on underside. The retinacular tuft large. Hindwings with veins 3 and 4 stalked and vein 5 from lower angle of cell.

Species
Based on the Global Lepidoptera Names Index:
Ilyrgis capnosia Hampson, 1926
Ilyrgis costinotata Hampson, 1926
Ilyrgis echephurealis Walker, 1859
Ilyrgis ethiopica Hampson, 1926
Ilyrgis olivacea Rothschild, 1916
Ilyrgis perdiceas Schaus, 1916
Ilyrgis subsignata Mabille, 1900

References
Notes

Sources

Calpinae


Microsynodontis vigilis is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River.  It was first described in 2004 by Ng Heok Hee.

Taxonomy
Before 2004, the genus Microsynodontis was believed to contain only four species, Microsynodontis batesii, M. christyi, M. lamberti, and M. polli.   However, when examining previously collected specimens from the lower Guinea region that had been identified as M. batesii, Dr. Ng discovered that the specimens actually consisted of nine distinct species, eight of them previously undescribed.  He published the descriptions of the new species in 2004.  M. vigilis is one of the new species that he described.  Although the eight new species have been accepted by the scientific community, there is still some dispute among scientists as to whether the newly described species are actually separate species as the species are extremely difficult to tell apart.

Description
M. vigilis is a small fish, reaching a maximum standard length of .   The mouth of the fish faces downward, with broad lips containing papilla.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines that can be locked into place. The body shape is cylindrical along its entire length.

M. vigilis can be distinguished from other members of the genus Microsynodontis by examining the length of the adipose fin, the size of the eye, the shape of the pectoral spine, and the shape of the caudal fin.   The length of the adipose fin is shorter than most species, and has a larger eye than most species.  In addition, the leading edge of the pectoral spine is smooth, instead of serrated, and the trailing edge of the caudal fin is rounded.

References

Endemic fauna of Gabon
Mochokidae
Fish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Fish described in 2004


Immetalia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Karl Jordan in 1896.

Species
Immetalia bernsteinii (Vollenhoven, 1863) Gilolo, Morotai, Batchian, Buru
Immetalia celebensis Rothschild, 1896 southern Sulawesi
Immetalia cyanea Rothschild, 1896 New Guinea
Immetalia eichhorni Rothschild & Jordan, 1901 Solomon Islands
Immetalia longipalpis (Kirsch, 1877) New Guinea, New Ireland
Immetalia meeki Rothschild, 1896 Louisidade, Goodenough Island, D'Entrecasteaui Islands, Fergusson Island
Immetalia mokndoma de Vos, 2013 New Guinea
Immetalia saturata (Walker, [1865]) Buru, New Guinea

References

Agaristinae


Imosca is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Imosca coreana (Matsumura, 1926)
 Imosca hoenei (Bang-Haas, 1927)
 Imosca sugii (Kobes, 1984)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Imosca at funet

Hadeninae


Indocala is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Indocala punjabensis, is found in India. Both the genus and the species were first described by H. S. Rose and A. Srivastava in 1990. The specific name comes from the state of Punjab.

References

Catocalinae


Inguridia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Plusiinae


Insolentipalpus is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1908.

Species
Insolentipalpus acypera (Hampson, 1896)
Insolentipalpus biagi (Bethune-Baker, 1908)
Insolentipalpus mesogramma (Hampson, 1912)
Insolentipalpus ochreopunctata Bethune-Baker, 1908

References

Herminiinae


Interdelta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Internoctua is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Iodopepla is a genus of moths native to the US commonwealth of Massachusetts. It belongs to the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Iodopepla alayoi Todd, 1964
 Iodopepla u-album (Guenée, 1852)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Iodopepla at funet

Hadeninae


Iontha is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Edward Doubleday in 1842.

Species
Iontha acerces L. B. Prout, 1928 Sumatra
Iontha ida Banks, 1919 Philippines (Luzon)
Iontha umbrina E. Doubleday, 1842 Bengal, Singapore, Borneo

References

Calpinae


Ipanephis is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae described by Nye in 1975. Its only species, Ipanephis esperanzalis, was first described by Schaus in 1913. It is found in Costa Rica.

References

Herminiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Ipanica is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by George Hampson in 1908. Its only species, Ipanica cornigera, the laced day-moth, was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1886. It is found along the Australian east coast from Queensland to Tasmania.

References

Agaristinae
Monotypic moth genera


Ipermarca is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Ipermarca monovittata, is found on Madagascar. Both the genus and the species were first described by Emilio Berio in 1966.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Ipimorpha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Ipimorpha contusa (Freyer, 1849)
 Ipimorpha guanyuana Chang, 1991
 Ipimorpha intexta Harvey, 1875
 Ipimorpha nanaimo Barnes, 1905
 Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote, 1873 (syn: Ipimorpha subvexa Grote, 1876)
 Ipimorpha retusa (Linnaeus, 1761)
 Ipimorpha subtusa - The Olive (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 Ipimorpha viridipallida Barnes & McDunnough, 1916

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Ipimorpha at funet

Caradrinini


Ipiristis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Ipnista is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Schaus in 1916.

Species
Ipnista marina H. Druce, 1891
Ipnista tucumana Schaus, 1933

References

Calpinae


Iranada is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Wiltshire in 1977.

Iranada tarachoides (Bytinski-Salz & Brandt, 1937)
Iranada ornata (Brandt, 1939)
Iranada venusta (Brandt, 1939)
Iranada secunda (Ershov, 1874)
Iranada turcorum (Zerny, 1915)
Iranada versicolor (Brandt, 1939)

References

Acontiinae


Isadelphina is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

Species
Some species of this genus are:
Isadelphina albistellataHampson, 1926
Isadelphina cheilosema Hampson, 1926
Isadelphina griseifascia Gaede, 1940
Isadelphina lacteifascia Hampson, 1926
Isadelphina mariaeclarae Kiriakoff, 1954
Isadelphina retracta (Hampson, 1910)
Isadelphina rufaria Hampson, 1926
Isadelphina vinacea (Hampson, 1902)
Isadelphina xylochroa Hampson, 1926

References

Hampson, G. F. (1926). Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Lepidoptera Phalaenae of the Subfamily Noctuinae (Noctuidae) in the British Museum (Natural History).

Calpinae


Isana is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Species
Isana albifascia (Hampson, 1929) Meghalaya
Isana albiscripta Holloway, 2008 Borneo
Isana apicimacula (Wileman, 1915) Formosa
Isana bilineata (Wileman & South, 1919) Formosa
Isana duplicifasciata (Hampson, 1895) Sikkim
Isana eugenes (Prout, 1928) Borneo
Isana indentifascia (Swinhoe, 1906) Meghalaya
Isana irregularusalis Holloway, 2008 Borneo
Isana kinabaluensis Holloway, 2008 Borneo
Isana larusalis Walker, [1859] Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia
Isana muluensis Holloway, 2008 Borneo
Isana nigrisigna (Wileman, 1915) Formosa
Isana perdentalis (Hampson, 1898) Meghalaya
Isana quadrilateralis Holloway, 2008 Borneo
Isana satyrata (Strand, 1920) Formosa, Japan
Isana stigmatalis (Moore, 1867) Bengal
Isana vialis (Moore, 1882) Darjeeling

References

Herminiinae


Ischyja is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823.

Description
Palpi with second joint broad and rectangularly scaled, reaching vertex of head. Third joint long, naked and oblique. Antennae thickened and fasciculate in male. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Tibia spineless. Fore tibia with a triangular tuft of hair. Mid-tibia slightly fringed. Hind tibia clothed with long hair. Forewings with highly arched costa towards the apex, which is produced and acute. Outer margin obliquely curved. Hindwings with very short cell. Male with veins 2 to 4 running close together to near outer margin. Larva with four pairs of abdominal prolegs.

Species
 Ischyja albata Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874
 Ischyja anna Swinhoe, 1902
 Ischyja ebusa Swinhoe, 1902
 Ischyja ferrifracta Snellen, 1863
 Ischyja gynnis Prout, 1928
 Ischyja hagenii Snellen, 1885
 Ischyja hemiphaea Hampson, 1926
 Ischyja inferna Swinhoe, 1902
 Ischyja manlia Cramer, 1776
 Ischyja manlioides Prout, 1928
 Ischyja marapok
 Ischyja neocherina Butler, 1877
 Ischyja paraplesius Rothschild, 1920
 Ischyja subreducta

References

Catocalinae


Isochlora is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species

Subgenus Chamyla Staudinger, 1899
Isochlora affinis Draudt, 1935
Isochlora arctomys Alphéraky, 1892
Isochlora atra Hreblay & Gyulai, 1998
Isochlora glaciale Boursin, 1940
Isochlora intricans Alphéraky, 1892
Isochlora metaleuca Ronkay & Gyulai, 1998
Isochlora mirabilis Gyulai & Ronkay, 2006
Isochlora paulusi Gyulai, Ronkay & Huber, 2001
Isochlora salki Gyulai & Ronkay, 1998
Isochlora sericea Lafontaine & Kononenko, 1996
Isochlora vecors Püngeler, 1904
Isochlora zoeldice Gyulai & Ronkay, 2001
Subgenus Grumia Alphéraky, 1899
Isochlora cardinalis Gyulai & Ronkay, 2001
Isochlora carriei Boursin, 1963
Isochlora flora Alphéraky, 1892
Isochlora krausei Boursin, 1963
Isochlora microviridis Gyulai & Ronkay, 2001
Subgenus Isochlora Staudinger, 1882
Isochlora chloroptera Hampson, 1894
Isochlora dagestana Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998
Isochlora eti Gyulai & Ronkay, 2001
Isochlora goliath Hreblay & Plante, 1998
Isochlora grumi Alphéraky, 1892
Isochlora herbacea Alphéraky, 1895
Isochlora leuconeura Püngeler, 1904
Isochlora metaphaea Hampson, 1906
Isochlora minima Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998
Isochlora obscura Chen, 1995
Isochlora ochrea Gyulai & Ronkay, 2001
Isochlora ochreicosta Gyulai & Ronkay, 2006
Isochlora ossicolor Hreblay & Plante, 1998
Isochlora pseudossicolor Gyulai & Ronkay, 2001
Isochlora rubicosta Chen, 1982
Isochlora straminea Leech, 1900
Isochlora viridis Staudinger, 1882
Isochlora viridissima Staudinger, 1882
Isochlora xanthiana Staudinger, 1895
Isochlora xanthisma Chen, 1993
Isochlora yushuensis Chen, 1993

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Isogona is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Taxonomy
The genus has previously been classified in the subfamily Phytometrinae within Erebidae or in the subfamily Calpinae of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Isogona natatrix Guenée, 1852
 Isogona punctipennis Grote, 1883
 Isogona scindens Walker, 1858
 Isogona segura Barnes, 1907
 Isogona snowi J. B. Smith, 1908 – Snow's owlet moth
 Isogona tenuis Grote, 1872 – thin-lined owlet moth
 Isogona texana J. B. Smith, 1900

References

Boletobiinae
Noctuoidea genera


Isolasia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Isolasia biramata Warren, 1912

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Isolasia at funet

Cuculliinae


Harold Kennedy "Joe" Littler (17 July 1879 – 10 December 1956) was an Australian rules footballer who played for South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He also had a long career in Tasmania playing in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association, North West Football Union (NWFU), and the North West Football Association (NWFA).

Littler was a premiership player in his debut season at Launceston, as an 18-year-old in 1897. He spent the following NTFA season at Launceston but then crossed to NWFA club Mersey and captained their 1899 premiership team and participated in two further premierships before attempting a VFL career.

Signed up South Melbourne, Littler kicked a couple of goals on his debut, a win over Essendon, but didn't experience another victory in the rest of the nine matches that he played in the 1903 VFL season. One of those, a loss to Melbourne at the MCG, is noted for South Melbourne's inaccurate score line of 3.17 and the fact that Littler kicked all three of those goals.

He resumed as Mersey captain in 1904 and the following year experienced another premiership in the NWFA. Launceston lured him back to their club in 1908, the same year that he returned to the mainly briefly to represent Tasmania at the Melbourne Carnival.

Littler spent 1909 as an umpire in the Zeehan District Football Association. In 1910 he returned to Launceston and played with City in another NTFA premiership team. At an age where many players would retire, Littler began a 20-year stint at Wynyard which included a further three premierships. He spent the 1924 season as captain of Yeoman.

In 1932 Wynyard were short of players for an NWFU roster match. Littler, secretary of the club at the time, came out of retirement for the day to help make up the numbers, thus playing a senior first-class match at the age of 52.

He was, in 2006, inducted into the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame.

See also
 1908 Melbourne Carnival

Footnotes

References
 Holmesby, Russell and Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 7th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.
 Wynyard Council Clerk: Suspension Confirmed, The (Launceston) Examiner, (Wednesday, 20 October 1920), p. 2.
 Alleged Misappropriation,The (Burnie) Advocate, (Thursday, 11 November 1920), p. 2.
 Misappropriation, The (Launceston) Examiner, (Wednesday, 1 December 1920), p. 7.
 Case of H. K. Littler, The (Burnie) Advocate, (Wednesday, 1 December 1920), p. 2.

External links

1879 births
1956 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Sydney Swans players
Launceston Football Club players
Wynyard Football Club players
City-South Football Club players
Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame inductees


Isopolia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Isoura is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1894.

Species
Isoura fuscicollis Butler, 1889
Isoura pratti Bethune-Baker, 1906

References

Calpinae


Itmaharela is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

This is a replacement name by Nye (1975) for the preoccupied genus Harmatelia (Moore). Lödl & Paumkirchner transferred this genus to Hypeninae in 2001.

At present, there is only one species in this genus: Itmaharela basalis Moore, 1882 that is known from India and Taiwan.

References

Moths of Asia
Moths of Taiwan
Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Itomia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823.

Selected species
Itomia intrahens (Walker, 1858)
Itomia lentisunua (Hampson, 1926) Peru
Itomia lignaris Hübner, 1823 Suriname
Itomia multilinea (Walker, 1858) Honduras
Itomia opistographa (Guenée, 1852) Honduras
Itomia percutiens (Walker, 1858) Amazonas in Brazil
Itomia xylina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Cuba

References

Omopterini
Moth genera


Greenbird is a wind-powered vehicle that broke the land speed record for sail-powered vehicles at the dry Ivanpah Lake on March 26, 2009. It was built by the British engineer Richard Jenkins. Greenbird reached a peak speed of 126.1 mph (202.9 km/h).

Construction
Greenbird, sponsored by Ecotricity, was described as being "a very high performance sailboat". It uses a rigid vertical wing, instead of the conventional sail, to generate thrust, in the same manner that the wing of an aeroplane generates lift. The only metal in the vehicle is in the wheels and the wing bearings; the remainder is made of carbon composite materials. The vehicle weighs about six hundred kilograms. According to Jenkins, the light weight and aerodynamic shape of the vehicle allows it to attain speeds three to five times faster than the speed of the wind. Greenbird is the fifth in a series of wind-powered land vehicles that Jenkins had constructed in his efforts to break the speed record. Jenkins said he had been trying to break the record for the past ten years in different locations, such as Australia, Britain, and the United States, but weather conditions were not suitable for him to reach maximum speeds.

References

External links
Greenbird Blog Announcement
About the Greenbird (official site)
 North American Land Sailing Association
 "Iron Duck". YouTube. Iron Duck Project featuring Richard Jenkins and Greenbird. Nov 3, 2022

Wind-powered vehicles


Walterella is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1921. Its only species, Walterella ocellata, was first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1910. It is found in the US state of Arizona.

References

Hadeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Weymeria is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Ferdinand Karsch in 1895. Its only species, Weymeria athene, was first described by Weymer in 1892. It is found in Tanzania.

References

Agaristinae
Monotypic moth genera


Mochokus brevis is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Nile and Chad Basins. This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

Mochokidae
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of Chad
Fish of Egypt
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish of Sudan
Fish described in 1906


Mochokus niloticus is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Nile and Niger River basins.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

Mochokidae
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of Egypt
Fish of Ethiopia
Freshwater fish of Kenya
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish of Sudan
Fish described in 1835


Ram Vilas Sharma (10 October 1912 – 30 May 2000) was a progressive literary critic, linguist, poet and thinker. He was born in Unchgaon Sani, Unnao District, Uttar Pradesh. In a career spanning nearly five decades, Sharma authored over 50 books. He was the recipient of many awards including the Sahitya Academy award, Bharat Bharati, Shalaka Samman, Vyas Samman, and the Shatabdi Samman just last week.

In 1939 he wrote a scholarly paper on Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', presented at a session of Hindi Sahitya Sammelan.

Early life
Sharma was born on 10 October 1912 at Unchagaon Sani of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh. He received his early education in his native village and at Jhansi. He went to Lucknow and gained his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in English Literature.

Career
He started his career as a lecturer at Lucknow University, and then moved to Balwant Rajput College, Agra, as head of the English department. He retired finally as Director of KM Hindi Institute, Agra. Basically a critic, he gave new dimension to biographical-historical criticism, and analysed linguistic and literary issues from a Marxist viewpoint.

Sharma died on 30 May 2000.

Works
His study of Nirala's Ram ki shakti puja, Tulsidas, Saroj-smriti and parimal is a model of creative criticism. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1970 for his Nirala ki Sahitya Sadhana (in 3 parts). His massive work Bharat ke Pracheen bhasha parivar aur Hindi won him the first Vyas Samman (1991) instituted by the K. K. Birla Foundation. He was Socialist both in thought and deed.

Among the Hindi writers those who impressed him most, besides Nirala the poet, are Acharya Shukla the critic, Bhartendu the pioneer and Premchand the novelist. He took them up for detailed study and wrote authentic literary criticism on them, though from the progressive angle. He analysed their personality and brought out their contribution to Hindi literature. According to him Bhartendu Harishchandra, Premchand and Nirala are outstanding not only as litterateurs but also as men endowed with magnanimity of soul.

Assessment of Acharya Shukla
In his assessment of Acharya Shukla (Acharya Ramchandra Shukla aur Hindi Alochana) critic Sharma emphasises the fact that the writer opposed feudal and courtly literature as it did not give a true picture of the life of the common people and contemporary society.

List of works

 Bharatiya Sahitya ki Bhumika
 Nirala ki Sahitya Sadhana (3 volumes)
 Premchand aur unka yug
 Acharya Ramchandra Shukla aur Hindi alochna
 Bhartendu Harishchandra aur Hindi navjagaran ki samasyayen
 Bhartendu Yug aur Hindi bhasha ki vikas parampara
 Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi aur Hindi navjagaran
 Nai kavita aur astitvavad
 Bharat ki bhasha samasya
 Astha aur saundarya
 Bhasha aur samaj
 Parampara ka mulyankan
 Bharat mein angrazi raj aur marxvad (2 volumes)
 Marx aur pichde huye samaj
 Ghar ki baat
 Bharat ke Pracheen bhasha parivar aur Hindi (3 volumes)
 Dhool
 aitihasik bhashavigyan aur hindi
 Pragati aur Parampara

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

External links
R V Sharma at Kavita Kosh (Hindi)

Hindi-language poets
Indian male poets
Indian literary critics
Indian male essayists
Indian male journalists
20th-century Indian journalists
Indian Marxists
Indian Marxist writers
Hindi-language writers
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
University of Lucknow alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lucknow
People from Unnao district
1912 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian essayists
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Journalists from Uttar Pradesh


Acute infectious thyroiditis (AIT) also known as suppurative thyroiditis, microbial inflammatory thyroiditis, pyrogenic thyroiditis and bacterial thyroiditis.

The thyroid is normally very resistant to infection. Due to a relatively high amount of iodine in the tissue, as well as high vascularity and lymphatic drainage to the region, it is difficult for pathogens to infect the thyroid tissue. Despite all this, a persistent fistula from the piriform sinus may make the left lobe of the thyroid susceptible to infection and abscess formation.  AIT is most often caused by a bacterial infection but can also be caused by a fungal or parasitic infection, most commonly in an immunocompromised host.

Signs and symptoms
In most cases AIT is characterized by onset of pain, firmness, tenderness, redness or swelling in the anterior aspect of the neck.  Patients will also present with a sudden fever, difficulty swallowing and difficulty controlling the voice. Symptoms may be present from 1 to 180 days, with most symptoms lasting an average of about 18 days. The main issue associated with the diagnosis of AIT is differentiating it from other more commonly seen forms of thyroid conditions. Pain, fever and swelling are often much more severe and continue to get worse in people who have AIT compared to those with other thyroid conditions.

Causes
Despite the thyroid gland being extremely resistant to infection, it is still susceptible to infection by various bacteria.  The cause can be almost any bacterium.  Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in descending order are the organisms most commonly isolated from acute thyroiditis cases in children. Other aerobic organisms are Klebsiella sp, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus viridans, Eikenella corrodens, Enterobacteriaceae, and salmonella sp.
Occurrences of AIT are most common in patients with prior thyroid disease such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis or thyroid cancer.  The most common cause of infection in children is a congenital abnormality such as pyriform sinus fistula.  In most cases, the infection originates in the piriform sinus and spreads to the thyroid via the fistula. In many reported cases of AIT the infection occurs following an upper respiratory tract infection. One study found that of the reported cases of AIT, 66% occurred after an acute illness involving the upper respiratory tract. Although the rates of infection are still very low, cases of AIT have been on the rise in recent years due to the higher occurrence of immune-compromised patients.
Other causes of AIT are commonly due to contamination from an outside source and are included below.
 Repeated fine needle aspirates
 Perforation of esophagus
 Regional infection

Diagnosis
Patients who are suspected of having AIT often undergo tests to detect for elevated levels of white blood cells as well as an ultrasound to reveal unilobular swelling.  Depending on the age and immune status of the patient more invasive procedures may be performed such as fine needle aspiration of the neck mass to facilitate a diagnosis.
In cases where the infection is thought to be associated with a sinus fistula it is often necessary to confirm the presence of the fistula through surgery or laryngoscopic examination.  While invasive procedures can often tell definitively whether or not a fistula is present, new studies are working on the use of computed tomography as a useful method to visualize and detect the presence of a sinus fistula.

Diagnostic tests
 Fever, redness, swelling
 Pain
 Blood tests of thyroid functions including TSH, T4 and T3 are usually normal
 Ultrasonographic examination often shows the abscess or swelling in thyroid
 Gallium scan will be positive
 Barium swallow will show fistula connection to the piriform sinus and left lobe
 Elevated white blood cell count
 Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
 Fine-needle aspiration

Subtypes of thyroiditis

Treatment
Treatment of AIT involves antibiotic treatment. Based on the offending organism found on microscopic examination of the stained fine needle aspirate, the appropriate antibiotic treatment is determined. In the case of a severe infection, systemic antibiotics are necessary.  Empirical broad spectrum antimicrobial treatment provides preliminary coverage for a variety of bacteria, including S. aureus and S. pyogenes.  Antimicrobial options include penicillinase-resistant penicillins (ex: cloxacillin, dicloxacillin) or a combination of a penicillin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor.  However, in patients with a penicillin allergy, clindamycin or a macrolide can be prescribed. The majority of anaerobic organisms involved with AIT are susceptible to penicillin. Certain Gram-negative bacilli (ex: Prevotella, Fusobacteriota, and Porphyromonas) are exhibiting an increased resistance based on the production of beta-lactamase. Patients who have undergone recent penicillin therapy have demonstrated an increase in beta-lactamase-producing (anaerobic and aerobic) bacteria.  Clindamycin, or a combination of metronidazole and a macrolide, or a penicillin combined with a beta-lactamase inhibitor is recommended in these cases. Fungal thyroiditis can be treated with amphotericin B and fluconazole. Early treatment of AIT prevents further complications.  However, if antibiotic treatment does not manage the infection, surgical drainage is required. Symptoms or indications requiring drainage include continued fever, high white blood cell count, and continuing signs of localized inflammation. The draining procedure is also based on clinical examination or ultrasound/CT scan results that indicate an abscess or gas formation.  Another treatment of AIT involves surgically removing the fistula. This treatment is often the option recommended for children. However, in cases of an antibiotic resistant infection or necrotic tissue, a lobectomy is recommended.  If diagnosis and/or treatment is delayed, the disease could prove fatal.

Epidemiology
Acute infectious thyroiditis is very rare, with it only accounting for about 0.1–0.7% of all thyroiditis. Large hospitals tend to only see two cases of AIT annually. For the few cases of AIT that are seen the statistics seem to show a pattern.  AIT is found in children and young adults between the ages of 20 and 40. The occurrence of the disease in people between 20 and 40 is only about 8% with the other 92% being in children. Men and women are each just as likely to get the disease. If left untreated, there is a 12% mortality rate.

References

External links

Thyroid disease


Gordon Rattray Taylor (11 January 1911 – 7 December 1981) was a popular British author and journalist.  He is most famous for his 1968 book The Biological Time Bomb, which heralded the rise of biotechnology and for his 1983 book The Great Evolution Mystery.

Biography
Gordon Rattray Taylor was born in Eastbourne on 11 January 1911, and educated at Radley College public school, before studying natural sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge.  In 1933 he entered journalism. During the war he worked in the Psychological Warfare division of SHAEF.  In 1958 he joined the BBC where he wrote and devised science television programs such as Eye on Research.  In 1966 he became a full-time author.  He served as a member of the Society for Psychical Research, London (1976–81).

Writing
In The Biological Time Bomb Taylor heralded the advent of artificial insemination, organ transplants, as well as research into memory and controlling moods.

Evolution
Taylor wrote a book on evolution called The Great Evolution Mystery first released in 1983 with a second edition in 1984. Taylor criticized neo-Darwinism, and said that the origin of species and the mechanisms for evolution are still deep mysteries that have not been solved. Taylor supported Lamarck over Darwin.

Taylor discussed the possibility of an inherent self-stabilization of the genome as an important selective factor in evolution. He was supportive of the idea of Lancelot Law Whyte, the evolutionary ideas highlighted in Whyte's book Internal factors of evolution in which no mutation is due entirely to chance: only those that meet the internal demands of the genome can be utilized in evolutionary processes.

Taylor discussed his own evolutionary mechanism called "masking theory" which is the notion that blueprints for building phenotypes can be hidden for millions of years before suddenly being expressed by the species.

The zoologist Mark Ridley states that Taylor appears to have failed to have familiarised himself with Darwinian thinking before criticising it and particularly that Taylor has made the "familiar and elementary" mistake of conflating natural selection with chance. Ridley states that Taylor's alternative to Darwinian evolution is described "only in general outline", involving "Lamarckism and other inarticulated internal factors".

The anthropologist H. James Birx in BioScience wrote that The Great Evolution Mystery is a "stimulating book and raises important questions and encourages future scientific inquiry."

The philosopher Michael Ruse stated that although he did not find Taylor's arguments convincing, he had collected a lot of information and used very good illustrations.

The American novelist Cormac McCarthy read The Great Evolution Mystery and "seems to have taken an interest in the book and to have taken its premises seriously," having included some pointed critiques of Darwinist reasoning in the dialogue of his play The Stonemason.

Books
 Economics for the Exasperated (1948)
 Sex in History: The Past in the Present (1953)
 Conditions of Happiness
 Are Workers Human?
 The Angel Makers
 The Science of Life: A Pictorial History of Biology (1967)
 The Biological Time Bomb (1968)
 Rethink: A Paraprimitive Solution (1972)
 Rethink: Radical Proposals to Save a Disintegrating World (1974)
 The Doomsday Book:  Can the World Survive? (1st ed. : 1970 / ed.1972) ,
 How to Avoid the Future (1975)
 Salute to British Genius (1978)
 The Natural History of the Mind (1981)
 The Great Evolution Mystery (1983)

See also
 History of biotechnology
 Richard Milton

References

External links
Biography from The Doomsday Book

1911 births
1981 deaths
People educated at Radley College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British Army personnel of World War II
British science writers
British male journalists
BBC newsreaders and journalists
British parapsychologists


Alberta Views (also AlbertaViews) is a Calgary, Alberta regional magazine, established in 1997, that covers political, social and cultural issues in the province of Alberta. It is published 10 times annually  and its monthly print run was 15,000 copies by 2016. Its monthly readership in 2016 was 76,000. Alberta Views was named Canadian Magazine of the Year at the 2009 National Magazine Awards. John Ralston Saul has called Alberta Views "the new model for what a magazine can be in Canada."

History
Alberta Views was first published in January 1998 as a quarterly. Since 2006, the magazine has published 10 issues a year. The founding publisher is Jackie Flanagan, a Calgary college educator, novelist and philanthropist. In a speech at the 2009 NMAs, Flanagan said she founded Alberta Views to counter provincial stereotypes. "Many eastern media turned to Ted Byfield when they wanted to hear the views of Albertans. And as a third-generation Albertan, I was concerned because he did not reflect the opinions of any Albertan I knew. And if Alberta Views has done anything to correct the false image that my province has in the rest of the country, I am very grateful."

Tagline and orientation
Alberta Views originally used the tagline "The Magazine about Alberta for Albertans," and, later, "Leading the Political, Cultural and Social Debate" and "A Forum for Dialogue." The magazine's tagline in 2016 is "New Perspectives for Engaged Citizens." Alberta Views does not endorse a political party.

Alberta Views is not to be confused with Alberta Report, a defunct right-of-centre magazine based in Edmonton, Alberta, founded by Ted Byfield.

Departments

The magazine publishes three long-form (3,000+ word) stories every issue as well as original short fiction and essays. Alberta Views departments include columns by Governor General's Award and Giller Prize-nominated author Fred Stenson ("Wit") and former Banff National Park superintendent Kevin Van Tighem ("This Land"), book reviews, arts listings, a ministerial profile ("Meet the Minister"), community profiles and "Eye on Alberta," a mix of news stories, blog posts, speeches and poems from across the province and country.

Notable contributors
Past contributors to Alberta Views have included notable journalists, magazine writers, essayists, artists, academics and politicians including Katherine Ashenburg, Todd Babiak, Karen Connelly, Marcello Di Cintio, Will Ferguson, Curtis Gillespie —co-founder of Eighteen Bridges magazine, Katherine Govier, Alex Himelfarb, Greg Hollingshead, Jay Ingram, Robert Kroetsch, Sid Marty, Linda McQuaig, Omar Mouallem, Andrew Nikiforuk, John Ralston Saul, Paula Simons—a long-time writer for the Edmonton Journal, Kevin Taft, Chris Turner, Andrew Unger, Aritha van Herk, Thomas Wharton, and Rudy Wiebe.

Awards
In addition to being named Canadian Magazine of the Year (2008) at the National Magazine Awards, Alberta Views has won numerous individual NMAs, Alberta Magazine Awards and Western Magazine Awards including Best Magazine (2005), an Utne magazine Independent Press award for local/regional coverage (2007) and the 2004 Alberta Mental Health Board award.

Reviews
Ezra Levant described the magazine as "an artsy liberal magazine" in 2010.

References

External links

1997 establishments in Alberta
Alternative magazines
Cultural magazines published in Canada
Magazines established in 1997
Magazines published in Alberta
Mass media in Calgary
Political magazines published in Canada
Ten times annually magazines


CarsDirect is an American online automotive research portal and car buying service based in El Segundo, California that allows consumers to research, price, purchase, insure and finance a vehicle online. The company also provides lead generation and referral services to auto dealers.

History
CarsDirect was founded in 1998 by Scott Painter, launched from the business incubator Idealab.  It was the first company to sell vehicles online directly to consumers, rather than referring consumers to brick-and-mortar dealers.

CarsDirect first registered for an initial public offering in a May 2000 filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission; however, it withdrew its registration in December of that year citing "unfavorable conditions in the public equity market."

In 2004, the firm began to expand into other markets, and subsequently changed its name to Internet Brands in 2005.

In June 2014, the company announced that it had been acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) for $1.1 Billion.

Recognitions and awards

 PC World named CarsDirect a top 7 site for "buying or selling anything" in 2008.
 PC Magazine selected CarsDirect as a "Top 100 Classic Website" in 2002, 2003, and 2004.

References

Internet properties established in 1998
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Automotive websites


Synodontis acanthomias is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Congo Basin of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.    It was originally discovered by George Albert Boulenger in 1899 in Boma, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The original specimen resides in the Natural History Museum in London.  The species Synodontis pfefferi, described by Franz Steindachner in 1912 was found to be the same species. The specific name "acanthomias" means "very spiny", a reference to spines found on the side of the fish's body.

The fish has a greyish-brown body with black spots.  One identifying characteristic of the species is its humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  On adults, this contains spines which gives it a ragged appearance.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins are hardened and serrated.  It has three pairs of barbels, the two mandibular pairs are branched.  The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.  It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw.  In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  In the wild, the species grows to a length of  TL.  They inhabit waters with temperature ranges between  and a pH range of 6.5 to 8.0.

The fish has some commercial importance and is harvested for human consumption.

References

External links

acanthomias
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Central African Republic
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1899
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis acanthoperca, known as the scissortail synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Gabon where it occurs in the Ogowe River.  It was first described by  John Patrick Friel & Thomas R. Vigliotta in 2006, based upon a holotype discovered in the Ogooué River in Gabon, at and below the Rapids of Massoukou.  The specific name "acanthoperca" comes from the Latinized combination of the Greek word acantha, meaning "thorn", and the Latin opercul, meaning cover or lid, which refers to the pronounced spines that develop on the operculum of mature males.

Description
The body of the fish is light colored with six dark patches giving a banded appearance.  The ventral side is cream colored in the back with a series of dark bands toward the front, separated by cream colored or light brown bands.  The maxillary barbels are dark brown to black, mandibular barbels are cream colored.   The tail is milky-colored with a prominent black spot in each of the two lobes just behind the fork of the fin.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is deeply forked.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of long, slender maxillary barbels, extending just beyond the base of the last pectoral fin ray, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.  The small adipose fin is well developed.  Each opercle has a single spine pointing toward the tail that develops based on age and gender of the fish.

This species grows to a length of up to  SL

Habitat
In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , and a pH of 6.5 – 7.0. It has been found in two locations, in the Ogowe River and in the Louetsié River in Gabon.

References

External links

acanthoperca
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Endemic fauna of Gabon
Fish described in 2006


Synodontis alberti, the bigeye squeaker, Albert's syno, bigspotted squeaker, or high-fin synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Congo Basin of Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.   It was originally described in 1891 by Belgian ichthyologist Louise Schilthuis after its discovery in the Malebo Pool of the Congo River.

Description
The fish is grey to brown in color and is covered in small dark spots.  In females, the spots fade and the body color fades to greyish-brown, but adult males retain their spotted pattern.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.   The dorsal and caudal fins are elongated, and grow longer with age.  It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of extremely long maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in nature.

In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , a pH of 6.0 – 8.0, and dH range of 4-25.   Its natural diet includes benthic algae and weeds, insects, and worms.

In the Aquarium
The species is commercially sold as an aquarium fish.

References

External links

alberti
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1891


Synodontis albolineatus, known as the mustard catfish, or the mustard squeaker, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Gabon and Cameroon, where it occurs in the Ntem and Ivindo rivers.  It was first described by French zoologist Jacques Pellegrin in 1924, based upon a holotype discovered in the Djoua River at Madjingo, Gabon.  The holotype specimen resides in the Musee National d' Histoire Naturelle de Paris. The specific name "albolineatus" is a composite from the Latin word albus for "white" and the Latin word linea for "line", which refers to the white midlateral stripe of the species.

Description
The body of the fish is a dark brown to black with turquoise-brown marbled or spotted markings; spots are smaller on the head. A thick, white lateral line appears in adults that horizontally along the length of the fish.  The fins are clear with brown spots.  The dorsal fin is composed of one prominent hard spine and seven soft rays.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is forked with two equal lobes.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in the wild.

Habitat
In the wild, the species has been found in only four locations on the Ntem and Ivindo rivers.

References

External links

albolineatus
Fish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Fish of Cameroon
Endemic fauna of Gabon
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin
Fish described in 1924


Synodontis ansorgii is a species of upside-down catfish native to rivers of Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links

ansorgii
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1911
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis arnoulti is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Volta River basin of Burkina Faso and Ghana.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links

arnoulti
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1966


Synodontis aterrimus, known as the network synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the middle Congo Basin.  It was first described by  Max Poll and Tyson R. Roberts in 1968.  The original specimens were obtained in Bokuma, on the Congo River in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name aterrimus means "very black", referring to the dark coloration on the underside of the body.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. aterrimus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum standard length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the Congo River basin.  It is harvested for human consumption.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

aterrimus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1968
Taxa named by Max Poll
Taxa named by Tyson R. Roberts


Synodontis bastiani is a species of upside-down catfish native to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana where it occurs in the Sassandra, Bandama and Bia basins and the Comoe and Agnébi Rivers.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

External links

bastiani
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1948
Taxa named by Jacques Daget


Synodontis batesii is a species of upside-down catfish native to rivers of Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.  It was first collected by G. L. Bates and described by Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1907, based upon holotypes discovered in the Dja River, near Bitye in Cameroon.  The specific name "batesii" refers to the name of the collector of the first specimen.

Description
The body of the fish is brown, blotched and marbled with darker browns.  It has three broad, dark vertical bands on the sides,  The fins are pale brown or whitish, with black spots.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is deeply forked.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of long maxillary barbels, extending to about the middle of the pectoral spine, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.  The small adipose fin is small.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in the wild.

Habitat
In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , and a pH of 6.5 – 7.0. It is found in the Dja River basin and the central Congo River basin.  It has been seen in the Nyong River and the Ntem River of Cameroon, the Ivindo River, and the Ogooué River of Gabon, and the Río Muni of Equatorial Guinea.

References

External links

batesii
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of Equatorial Guinea
Fish of Gabon
Fish described in 1907
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis brichardi, known as Brichard's synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the rapids of the lower Congo River.  It was first described by  Max Poll in 1959.  The original specimens were obtained from the rapids at Kinsuka, Kinshaa, Zaire.  The species name brichardi is named in honor of Pierre Brichard, an aquarium fish exporter who first discovered the fish.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. brichardi has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum standard length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the lower Congo River rapids.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

brichardi
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1959
Taxa named by Max Poll


Synodontis budgetti, known as Budgett's synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria where it occurs in Lake Nokoue and the Niger.  It was first described by Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1911, from specimens collected in Lokoja, Nigeria.  The species name budgetti comes from name of the collector of the original specimen, J.S. Budgett.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. budgetti has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. budgetti, the humeral process is  times as long as it is broad, with three spines directed backwards.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is straight without any branches, with a wide membrane at the base. It extends  the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about twice as long as the inner pair.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. budgetti, the spine of the dorsal fin is long and slightly curved, about as long as the head, bearing a long filament, smooth in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin about as long as the dorsal fin spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 3 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains five unbranched and seven branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked, with both lobes ending in a long filament.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. budgetti, the toothpad forms a short and broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. budgetti, there are 55 teeth on the mandible.

The body color is a uniform brownish.

The maximum total length of the species is , and a standard length of .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species has been found in the Niger River basin.   The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

brichardi
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1911
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis camelopardalis, known as the giraffe synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is only known to occur in the Tshuapa River.  It was first described by  Max Poll in 1971.  The original specimens were obtained in Eala, on the Ruki River in the central Congo River Basin.  The species name camelopardalis refers to the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis, in reference to the coloration of the fish.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. camelopardalis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the Congo River basin.  It is harvested for human consumption.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

camelopardalis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1971
Taxa named by Max Poll


Synodontis caudalis, known as the filament tailed synodontis, or the whiptail synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  It was first described by Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1899, from specimens collected in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name caudalis comes from the Latin word cauda, meaning tail, and refers to the elongated filaments in the caudal fin of the species.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. caudalis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. caudalis, the humeral process is narrow and sharply pointed.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is straight without any branches. It extends  to  the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is longer than the inner pair, and is about  the length of the head.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. caudalis, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about  the length of the head, smooth in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin about as long as the dorsal fin spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 4 to 5 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains three unbranched and eight to nine branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is forked, with both lobes ending in a long filament.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. caudalis, the toothpad forms a long and moderately broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. caudalis, there are 70 to 80 teeth on the mandible.

The body color is a uniform brownish.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species has been found in the rapids of the lower Congo River system and Pool Malebo.   It has also been found in the Fimi River and from portions of the Kasai River system.   The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

caudalis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1899
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis caudovittatus, known as the white-finned synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the Nile basin of Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan.  It was first described by British-Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1901, from specimens collected in the White Nile, at the mouth of Lake No in South Sudan.  The species name caudovittatus comes from the Latin word cauda, meaning "tail", and the Latin word vitta, meaning "stripe" and refers to the coloration of the tailfin.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. caudovittatus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. caudovittatus, the humeral process is flat, routh, a little longer than it is broad, and ends in a sharp point.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is long and straight without any branches, with or without a thin membrane at the base. It extends  to  the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about twice the length of the inner pair, and both pairs have long branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. caudovittatus, the spine of the dorsal fin is slightly curved, long, about as long or a little shorter than the head, smooth or finely serrated in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin about as long as the dorsal fin spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 3 to 4 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains four unbranched and eight branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked, with the upper lobe being longer.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. caudovittatus, the toothpad forms a short and broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. caudovittatus, there are 33 to 38 teeth on the mandible.

The body color is grey, tinged with olive on the head and back.  The fins are dark, except the spines and their filaments which are whitish.  The caudal fin is greyish white, with a deep black band along each lobe.  The barbels are white.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species has been found in the White Nile river from Khartoum into the Baḥr al-Jabal River and Bahr el Ghazal River systems, and the Baro River in Ethiopia.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The fish feeds on algae, macrophytes, detritus, crustaceans, insects and mollusks.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

caudovittatus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of South Sudan
Fish of Ethiopia
Fish of Sudan
Fish described in 1901
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis centralis is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the middle Congo Basin.  It was first described by  Max Poll in 1971.  The original specimens were obtained in Ndwa village, Kunungu, Zaire.  The species name centralis refers to its habitat in the central Congo Basin.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. centralis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the central Congo River basin.  It is harvested for human consumption.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

centralis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1971
Taxa named by Max Poll


Synodontis clarias, known as the red tailed synodontis, or the mandi, is a species of upside-down catfish that occurs widely in the waters of northern Africa.  It was first described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 as Silurus clarias.  The original specimens were obtained in Egypt, near Cairo.  The meaning of the species name clarias is not certain, but may possibly have been used to mean "bright" or "clear".

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. clarias has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. clarias, the humeral process is subtriangular, flat, and rough.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is straight with long, slender branches, with a broad membrane at the base. It extends about  to 1 times the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about  times as long as the inner pair, have long, slender branches with secondary branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. clarias, the spine is as long or slightly longer than the head, curved, and serrated on both sides. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays, terminating in a short filament. The spine of the pectoral fin is shorter than the dorsal spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 3 to  times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains five unbranched and seven to nine branched rays, and is acutely pointed in the front. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply notched, with the upper lobe longer.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. clarias, there are relatively few premaxillary teeth arranged in one, two, or three distinct series.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. clarias, there are about 6 to 9 teeth on the mandible.

The color of the fish is grey to green on the back, white on the underside.  The fins are greyish white and the tail is often tipped with red.  Juveniles may have small dark marbling patterns on the body and round dark spots on the ventral, anal, and caudal fins.

The maximum standard length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is occurs from Senegal to Ethiopia, and along the entire length of the Nile River.  The species is harvested for human consumption. Its habitat is threatened by dams, water depletion, and water pollution.  In its natural environment, it is a bottom feeder, feeding on insect larvae, plants, and detritus.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

centralis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Ethiopia
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of Chad
Fish of Egypt
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish of Sudan
Fish described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Synodontis comoensis is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Côte d'Ivoire.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links

comoensis
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Endemic fauna of Ivory Coast
Fish described in 1981
Taxa named by Jacques Daget


Synodontis congicus is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the upper and middle Congo Basin.  It was first described by Belgian ichthyologist Max Poll in 1971.  The first specimen was found near the town of Gangala-na-Bodio, Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the Dungu River.  The meaning of the specific name "congicus" is "From the Congo".

Description
The fish is light grey to silver in color, with one to four spots along the midlateral line of the body.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of short maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in nature.

In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , a pH of 6.2 – 7.2, and dH range of 5-15.   It is found in the Kinsuka rapids in the Lower Congo basin, upstream to the upper Congo basin, excluding the Luapula River and Lake Mweru.

References

External links

congicus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1971
Taxa named by Max Poll


Synodontis contractus, the bugeye squeaker, is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Congo Basin of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.    This species can be found in the aquarium trade.

Appearance
Synodontis contractus grows to a length of  TL.
Its body is rounded, modified torpedo-shaped and appears contracted relative to its height. Head is stocky, but streamlined and features a hardened head cap that attaches at the humeral process just behind the gills. Fins are moderately long relative to body length. The first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins is a stiffened and serrated spine capable of inflicting wounds. Caudal fin is forked. Its ventrally located mouth is wide and has a plate of fused, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw used for rasping. The teeth in the lower jaw are moveable. Two pair of long, stiff barbles extend from either side of the mouth and may have additional branches or nodes. The colour pattern is very similar to the Synodontis nigriventris. The main differences being that this species has a bigger head, broader mouth and far larger eyes.

Synodontis contractus is one of those catfish which can produce squeaking sounds by brushing the base of their pectoral spine against their pectoral girdle.

In aquarium
Suitable water conditions are near-neutral pH  (6.2 - 7.6) and temperature in range of .  Bugeye squeakers can be fed with live and frozen food, including some vegetable matter.

This species is best kept in a dimly lit aquarium with a soft bottom substrate and rocks, pieces of driftwood and twisted roots arranged to form hiding places. Broad-leaved plants, such as Anubias or Echinodorus and floating vegetation are also recommended, as the fish like to roost under these.

References

External links

contractus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1928
Taxa named by Decio Vinciguerra


Andrew L. Browne (born 7 July 1990) is an Australian rules football player in the Australian Football League, who played for the Richmond Football Club.

Browne was drafted from the Murray Bushrangers in the TAC Cup by Richmond in the 2009 Rookie draft using pick 39.  Originally from Mansfield, Victoria, he was a surprise selection in the opening round of the 2009 AFL season after playing only two games during the preseason. He represented Victoria Country in the 2008 AFL Under 18 Championships and played in the Bushrangers' 2008 TAC Cup premiership winning side.

After the completion of the 2012 season Richmond officially announced Browne's delisting from its senior list.

Notes

External links

SuperStats profile

1990 births
Living people
Richmond Football Club players
Coburg Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Murray Bushrangers players
Mansfield Football Club players


Synodontis courteti is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the countries of the Niger and Chad Basins.  It has been recorded in Cameroon, Chad, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria.  It was first described by French zoologist Jacques Pellegrin in 1906, from specimens collected in the Chari River, Chad.  The species name courteti is named after M. Courtet, member of the "Mission Chari-Lac Chad".

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. courteti has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. courteti, the humeral process is much longer than it is broad, without a ridge on the bottom edge, and sharply pointed.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is long and straight without any branches, without a membrane at the base. It extends to the base of the pectoral spine. The outer pair of mandibular barbels has three simple branches, and the inner pair has five or six simple branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. courteti, the spine of the dorsal fin is about half the length of the head, smooth in the front. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is a little stronger and longer than the dorsal spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is three times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains four unbranched and nine branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is moderately forked.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. courteti, the toothpad forms a short and broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. courteti, there are 13 to 17 teeth on the mandible.

The body color is greyish, with many black dots on the head, and larger round black spots on the body and fins.  The spots on the sides of the body are the largest, as large as the eye.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is found in the Chad River and the Niger River basins.  It is harvested for human consumption, and is locally impacted by loss of habitat caused by deforestation and agricultural expansion.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

courteti
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of Chad
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1906
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin


Synodontis cuangoanus is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the Kwango River drainage.  It was first described by  Max Poll in 1971.  The original specimens were obtained in Cuango, Cafunfo, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name cuangoanus is derived from "Cuango", the location where the species was first discovered, and the suffix -anus, meaning "belonging to".

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. cuangoanus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species in a very restricted area in the Kwango River basin.  It is harvested for human consumption.  Its habitat is threatened by intensive diamond mining. As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

cuangoanus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Angola
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1971
Taxa named by Max Poll


Synodontis dekimpei is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Guinea. It is only known from the Konkouré River where mining is causing the degradation of its habitat. This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

dekimpei
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Endemic fauna of Guinea
Fish described in 1987


Terry Lee Bradds (born February 21, 1946) is an American guitarist who was born in Jamestown, Ohio and attended Greeneview High School.

Career
Bradds has been playing guitar since the age of five. He has performed with a wide variety of musicians and entertainers worldwide, including Martha Raye, John Davidson, Peter Allen. He was a member of the Hi-Landers and The ThreeO, the latter of which was originally signed to Sun Records. He has played at clubs and venues such as the Copacabana, The Martinique, Playboy Club, and as well as many churches and colleges across the country. While with the Hi-Landers, the group was scheduled to be on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.

Bradds has been on staff of several T.V. shows, written several commercials, and written original music. His song "Jesus is the Rock" was the theme for the Ohio Teens for Christ.

Bradds now resides in Florida, where he teaches advanced guitar studies at Florida Christian College and is a Minister of worship and Music. He also frequently plays shows, recently playing an extended performance at SeaWorld in Kissimmee, Florida.

Personal
Terry married Nancy Liming on January 30, 1965, who passed away in November 2014. He has two children, Craig and Chris, and five grandchildren. He is a cousin of former American Basketball star Gary Bradds. Bradds plays a Gibson ES-175.

Partial discography
Need You:  The Hi-Landers - (1964)
My Lifes Dreams:  The ThreeO - (1968),  - Clearhill Records
HymnProv: Solo
Smart Set: Stan Smart, Julie Smart
Day by Day: Solo
Sumner Sessions:  Robert Popwell
Master Hands:  Robert Popwell

See also
Robert Popwell
Copacabana (nightclub)
Gary Bradds

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110719124605/http://www.fcc.edu/academics/documents/CollegeCatalog2005-2006_000.pdf

1946 births
Living people
People from Jamestown, Ohio
Cincinnati Christian University alumni
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Ohio


The Longueuil Ducs () are a junior baseball team that play in the Ligue de Baseball Élite du Québec. The Ducs play their home games at Parc Paul-Pratt in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada. Established in 1957 by former Montreal Canadiens star Émile Bouchard as the Longueuil Junior, the team was later renamed the Longueuil Marquis, before settling on its current name, the Longueuil Ducs. The Ducs are one of the oldest baseball clubs in the province of Quebec.

Former players
The following is a list of notable players who have played for the Ducs de Longueuil in the past:
Claude Gladu, former mayor of Longueuil
 Steve Green, Canada national baseball team and formerly for the Anaheim Angels, Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Red Sox
 Guillaume Leduc, Savannah Sand Gnats
 Leonardo Ochoa, Salem-Keizer Volcanoes
 Karl Gélinas, Capitales de Québec
 Ivan Naccarata, Capitales de Québec

References

External links
http://www.ducsdelongueuil.com

Baseball teams in Quebec
Sport in Longueuil
1957 establishments in Quebec
Baseball teams established in 1957