Augustinian Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of Augustine of Hippo. Its primary focus is the study of Augustine himself, as viewed from various theological, philosophical, and historical perspectives. Articles concerned more broadly with the study of Augustine, such as studies of other persons, groups, or issues in Augustine's time, may also be included. The journal also publishes the annual Saint Augustine Lecture, given each Fall at Villanova University. A special double issue of Augustinian Studies, containing essays on Augustine's City of God, was published in 1999. The journal's editor-in-chief is Ian Clausen. The former editor was Jonathan P. Yates, who replaced Allan D. Fitzgerald in 2012. Augustinian Studies is published by the Philosophy Documentation Center, in cooperation with the Augustinian Institute at Villanova University.

Abstracting and indexing
Augustinian Studies is abstracted and indexed in Academic Search Premier, L'Année philologique, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Catholic Periodical and Literature Index, Expanded Academic ASAP, Index Philosophicus, InfoTrac OneFile, International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, International Bibliography of Book Reviews of Scholarly Literature, International Philosophical Bibliography, The Philosopher's Index, PhilPapers, Religious and Theological Abstracts, and Scopus.

See also
 Augustinus-Lexikon
 Early Christianity
 Patristics
 List of graduate programs in Augustinian Studies

External links

 Augustinian Institute at Villanova University
 The Saint Augustine Lecture Series
 History, Apocalypse, and the Secular Imagination

Academic journals established in 1970
Biannual journals
English-language journals
Philosophy Documentation Center academic journals
Patristic journals
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine studies


The Atlanta Centre is an office skyscraper in San Juan, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is also the highest building in the city with a total height of 179 metres from the ground to its architectural spire.

The building has 35 floors above ground, including a 10-level parking area. It has 6 Otis elevators, and is equipped with a centralized PABX/ LAN communication networks plus a Building Management System (BMS).

Location

The Atlanta Centre is located along Annapolis Street, well inside the Greenhills area and the city's only skyline area. It is also just a stone throw away from the well-known Greenhills Shopping Center.

Related Events

Atlanta Centre was known as the place where Nida Blanca, a well-known Filipino actress, was found dead on 7 November 2001. She was found inside a car in the building's parking area.

At about 6:00 AM on 16 December 2008, a fire broke out on the 7th floor of the building. No one was reported injured since office workers have not yet arrived in the area. The building's curtain walls on the said level were destroyed by fire fighters for the trapped smoke to come out.

See also

 San Juan

References

External links
 Atlanta Centre at Skyscraperpage.com
 Atlanta Centre at Emporis

Skyscrapers in Metro Manila
Office buildings in Metro Manila
Buildings and structures in San Juan, Metro Manila
Office buildings completed in 1998
20th-century architecture in the Philippines


Andy Roddick was the defending champion, and won in the final 7–5, 6–3, against Marcos Baghdatis.

Players

Draw

Main draw

Play-offs

External links
Official AAMI Classic website
2008 AAMI Classic results

Kooyong Classic
AAMI


Jomfru Ane Gade (English: Virgin Anne's Street), in Aalborg, is a well known street in the northern part of Jutland in Denmark. It has gained popularity for the restaurants and pubs lining both sides of the street. It represents one of the longest continuous stretches of restaurants and bars in Denmark, only surpassed by a few areas in Aarhus and Copenhagen. On warm summer evenings, the terraces and restaurants fill up and then, as night falls, crowds of young people walk the street until they finally end up in one of the many discothèques.

History
The street dates back at least until the end of the 16th century, apparently named after Ane Viffert who in 1568 lived in nearby Skavegade. She is said to have been a nun at Ø Kloster on Limfjorden. For the next 200 years, the street housed the homes of several merchants. Some of their half-timbered houses can still be seen.

The first restaurant, the Gaslight, was opened in May 1967. As a result of its success, the Fyrtøjet opened the following year. By the end of the 1970s, there were another 10 pubs and restaurants, and by 1992, there were 26.

References

Streets in Denmark
Tourist attractions in Aalborg
Restaurant districts and streets


R. Narayana Murthy also known as People's Star(born 31 December 1954) is an Indian actor, screenwriter, director, composer, singer, and producer. He works predominantly in Telugu Cinema. He received Nandi Special Jury Award for his film Dandora (1993).

Murthy produces most of his films under the banner Sneha Chitra Pictures. He is known for left-oriented films that deal with the exploitation of society's lower strata. His films adopt themes like the atrocities of the upper classes against the helpless.

His films address contemporary social problems such as unemployment, crony capitalism, problems in developing countries, environmental issues, dams and rehabilitation problems, land issues, political turmoil, etc. He starred in films such as Ardharatri Swaatantryam, Adavi Diviteelu, Laal Salaam, Dandora, Erra Sainyam, Cheemala Dandu, Dalam, Cheekati Suryudu, Ooru Manadiraa and Vegu Chukkalu.

Early life
Murthy was born on 31 December 1954 the village of Mallampeta of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. He was schooled at Sankhavaram and moved to Chennai after completing his intermediate to pursue a career in films. He joined as a junior artist in the Krishna-starrer Neramu Siksha (1973) but on the advice of director Dasari Narayana Rao, he returned to studies and completed his BA in Peddapuram.

Career
After completing his B.A. he went to Madras and met his guru and he played second lead in the film Needa. Murthy acted in Dasari's Sita Ramulu (1980),  Korikale Gurralaite, Vishwaroopam, K. Bapayya's Agni Poolu and Neramu Siksha. Dasari made him a full-fledged star with Sangeeta (1981) and Orey Rikshaw.

Murthy organized Ardharatri Swatantram as his first venture under his production house 'Sneha Chitra Pictures' in Rampachodavaram of East Godavari district on 10 June 1984. The film was released on 6 November 1986 on the eve of T. Krishna's death anniversary. T. Krishna played the role of a naxalite in that film. It was a hit and gave Murthy a reputation as a communist. From 1986 until 2018, he produced and directed 29 films on his Sneha Chitra Pictures banner. He had 15–20 years of success. Many of his films ran for silver jubilees (25 weeks) and golden jubilees (50 weeks).

Selected filmography
* Pranam Khareedu (1978)
 Anthuleni Vintha Katha (1979) as Nagabhushanam
 Pratigna (1982) as Ramudu
 Iddaru Kiladilu (1983)
 Sardar (1984) as Sivaprasad
 Ardharatriswathantram (1986)
 Alochinchandi (1988)
 Nyayaniki Siksha (1988) as Reporter
 Bhooporatam (1989)
 Adavi Diviteelu (1990)
 Swatantra Bharatam (1991)
 Laal Salaam (1992)
 Dandora (1993)
 Erra Sainyam (1994)
 Cheemala Dandu (1995)
 Orey Rikshaw (1995)
 Errodu (1995)
 Aranyam (1996)
 Raitu Rajyam (1996)
 Dalam  (1997)
 Singanna (1997)
 Cheekati Suryulu (1998)
 Telugodu (1998)
 Koolanna (1999)
 Chalo Assembly (2000)
 Ooru Manadiraa (2002)
 Bheemudu (2003)
 Vegu Chukkalu (2003)
 Gangamma Jaatara (2004)
 Amma Meeda Ottu (2005)
 Adavi Biddalu (2006)
 Yeh Dharti Hamaari (2007; Hindi)
 Andamaina Manasulo (2008)
 Erra Samudram (2008)
 Devarakonda Veeraiah (2008)
 Veera Telangana (2010)
 Poru Telangana (2011)
 People's War (2012)
 Nirbhaya Bharatham (2013)
 Rajyadhikaram (2014)
 Dandakaranyam (2016)
 Head Constable Venkataramaiah (2017)
 Annadaatha Sukheebhava (2018)
 Raitanna (2021)

References

External links

Telugu film directors
Nandi Award winners
Filmfare Awards South winners
Living people
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
People from East Godavari district
Indian male film actors
Film directors from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century Indian male actors
20th-century Indian film directors
Male actors in Telugu cinema
1954 births


Andy Roddick was the defending champion, and won in the final 6–2, 3–6, 6–3, against Roger Federer.

Players

Draw

Main draw

Play-offs

External links
Official AAMI Classic website
2007 AAMI Classic results

Kooyong Classic
AAMI


League Park refers to two former American football and baseball stadiums located in Akron, Ohio. The original League Park was located at the corner of Carroll St. and Beaver St.; the newer stadium was on Lakeshore Blvd. between W. Long St. and W. Crosier St.

Tenants

The stadiums were home to the Akron Pros of the National Football League from 1920 to 1922.  In 1933, the Akron Black Tyrites, a Negro league baseball team, played their home games here. It also hosted the Akron Yankees of the Middle Atlantic League, as well as various other minor league baseball team in Akron.

Capacity

The later stadium had a capacity of 5,000 spectators.

Characteristics

The second League Park was built on land that had a sharp drop-off directly behind the left field fence.  This led to the left field wall slanting backwards at such an angle that outfielders could easily run up the wall, using it as a ramp, and catch fly balls that would have otherwise left the park.  Since balls hit to left could literally roll up and over the fence, a rule was necessary declaring such hits a ground-rule double.

References

External links
 Stadium information

Akron Zips football
American football venues in Ohio
Baseball venues in Ohio
Defunct minor league baseball venues
Defunct college football venues
Defunct National Football League venues
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Demolished sports venues in Ohio
Akron Pros
Negro league baseball venues
Ohio League venues
Defunct sports venues in Ohio
Sports venues in Akron, Ohio
Sports venues completed in 1906
1906 establishments in Ohio


The 2009 South Sydney Rabbitohs season in Australian rugby league was the 100th in the club's history. They competed in the NRL's 2009 Telstra Premiership, and despite being in 1st position at some points during the year and scoring over 500 points in a season for the first time, they finished 10th out of 16 teams and so failed to reach the play-offs.

In Round 25, South Sydney defeated the minor premiers St. George Illawarra Dragons 41 to 6. This is the only loss greater than 20 points the Dragons have suffered since Wayne Bennett's inception as coach.

John Sutton was awarded the George Piggins Medal for Souths player of the year.

On the ensuing 'Mad Monday', coach Jason Taylor and forward David Fa'alogo were involved in a drunken altercation and both sacked from the club. This prompted the club's co-owner Russell Crowe to write an 800-word letter of apology to a Sydney newspaper.

Pre season
The Rabbitohs played three pre-season games in 2009.

Regular season

Statistics

Ladder

Kit and Sponsors

National Australia Bank
The National Australia Bank was the Rabbitohs major home sponsor for the 2009 Telstra Premiership.

DeLonghi
DeLonghi was the major away sponsor for the Rabbitohs in the 2009 Telstra Premiership.

V8 Supercars Australia
V8 Supercars was the Rabbitohs major sleeve sponsor for the 2009 Telstra Premiership.

Virgin Blue
Virgin Blue was the Rabbitohs major training sponsor for the 2009 Telstra Premiership.

2009 squad

Source:

Player statistics

Representative honours

References

South Sydney Rabbitohs seasons
South Sydney Rabbitohs season


Gidon Bromberg (born November 26, 1963) is the Israeli director of EcoPeace Middle East (formerly Friends of the Earth Middle East). EcoPeace is a regional organization that brings together Jordanian, Palestinian and Israeli environmentalists to promote sustainable development and advance peace efforts in the Middle East. It has offices in Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv, employs 40 paid staff and actively involves hundreds of volunteers.

Bromberg founded the organization under the name of EcoPeace in 1994 and has been the Israeli director ever since. In 1997, he led the entry of the organization into Friends of the Earth International, the largest grassroots environmental organization in the world. He has spearheaded the organization's advocacy campaigns both in Israel and internationally. He developed its particularly notable cross-border community peace-building project "Good Water Neighbors", which is now seen as a model for other programs in conflict areas.

Bromberg speaks regularly on water, peace and security issues in various forums. He has presented before the UN Commission for Sustainable Development, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, the European Parliament and the advisory meeting to the UN High Level Panel on Security. He is a member of the Israeli Inter-Ministerial Committee on the Future of the Dead Sea, of the Israel UNESCO World Heritage Committee and the Inter-Ministerial Committee for Sustainable Development in Israel. In 2007, Mr. Bromberg was invited to join the EastWest Institute's International Task Force for Preventive Diplomacy. Most recently, he was selected for the 2007 World Fellowship at Yale University on global leadership.

Bromberg is an attorney by profession and previously worked in public interest environmental law. He is a member of the Israel Bar Association. He holds a Bachelor of Economics and a law degree from Monash University in Australia. As a fellow of the New Israel Fund, he completed a master's degree in international environmental law at the American University in Washington, D.C. He has published over twenty academic and popular publications concerning Middle East environmental policy and water security issues.

Awards
EcoPeace's three co-directors at the time - Gidon Bromberg (Israel), Munqeth Mehyar (Jordan) and Nader Al-Khateeb (Palestine) - were honored by Time magazine as Heroes of the Environment (2008) and the organization was granted the prestigious Skoll Award in 2009. EcoPeace also received a 2008 SEED Finalist Award.

Published works

Op-eds: principal author
"Let common sense flow". Haaretz online. October 12, 2008.
"Will it save the Dead Sea?" bitterlemons-international.org: Middle East Roundtable. June 24, 2005.

EcoPeace Middle East Reports: co-author
Environmental Peacebuilding Theory and Practice
Identifying Common Environmental Problems and Shared Solutions
Good Water Neighbors
Municipal Cooperation across Conflict Divides - A Preliminary Study
Nature, Agriculture and the Price of Water in Israel
Economic Valuation of Resuscitating the Dead Sea
Advancing Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Dead Sea Basin - Broadening the Debate on Economic and Management Issues
Let the Dead Sea Live
Dead Sea Challenges
One Basin - One Strategy
Jordan River Peace Park Pre Feasibility Study
How Past Trans-boundary Security Arrangements Can Change the Future of Peace Parks in the Tri-partite Region
FoEME Report on the Proposed Red Dead Conduit
Red Sea-Dead Sea Conduit - Geo-Environmental Study Along the Arava Valley
A Seeping Time Bomb: Pollution of the Mountain Aquifer by Solid Waste

For more, see Publications tab on EcoPeace Middle East website

References

External links
 EcoPeace Middle East website
 Biographical article - Topsfield, J., 12 April 2008. "Eco-Warrior for peace". The Age.
 Treehugger interview with Gidon Bromberg - part one and part two

Video
 Gidon Bromberg on the Jordan River Peace Park
 Gidon Bromberg - Peace through environmental activism
 Gidon Bromberg on the Good Water Neighbors Project
 Good Water Neighbors and youth - "Green Mideast Peace"
 EcoPeace Middle East Eco-Park in the Zeiglab Basin, Jordan Valley

Israeli lawyers
Monash University alumni
American University alumni
1963 births
Living people
Israeli environmentalists


Political, socio-economic, military and cultural ties exist between India and Bahrain. India is a close ally of Bahrain. As per Indian officials, the Kingdom along with its GCC partners are amongst the world's most prominent supporters of India's candidacy for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, and Bahraini officials have urged India to play a greater role in international affairs. For instance, over concerns about Iran's nuclear programme, Bahrain's Crown Prince requested India to play an active role in resolving the crisis.

History
Relations between India and Bahrain go back generations, with many of Bahrain's most prominent figures having close ties: poet and constitutionalist Ebrahim Al-Arrayedh grew up in Bombay, while 17th century Bahraini theologians Sheikh Salih Al-Karzakani and Sheikh Ja`far bin Kamal al-Din were influential figures in the Kingdom of Golkonda and the development of Shia thought in the sub-continent. Mohammed Hasan Kamaluddin was Bahrain's first consul general to India in 1974, serving from the consulate in Mumbai.

Current Status
Bahraini politicians have sought to enhance these long standing ties, with Parliamentary Speaker Khalifa Al-Dhahrani in 2007 leading a delegation of parliamentarians and business leaders to meet Indian President Pratibha Patil, opposition leader L K Advani, and take part in training and media interviews. Politically, it is easier for Bahrain's politicians to seek training and advice from India than it is from the United States or other western alternative.

In December 2007, the Bahrain India Society was launched in Manama to promote ties between the two countries. Headed by the former Minister of Labour Abdulnabi Al-Shoala, the Society seeks to take advantage of the development in civil society to actively work to strengthen ties between the two countries, not only business links, but according to the body's opening statement in politics, social affairs, science and culture. India's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs E Ahmed and his Bahraini counterpart Dr Nazar Al-Baharna attended the launch.

According to a United States diplomatic cable dated 4 November 2009, revealed by WikiLeaks during the United States diplomatic cables leak, King Hamad holds a positive view of India and urged the US to use India's help in Afghanistan.

Bahrain's ruler Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa visited India in February 2014 during which the two countries signed a number of MOUs during which US$450 million of bilateral trade and investment were signed. The Prime minister, the President and various ministers from India met and discussed trade and the 350,000+ Indians staying and living on the island. India expressed its support for Bahrain's bid for a non-permanent seat in the Security council in 2026–27.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Bahrain on 24–25 August 2019, the first ever visit by an Indian Prime Minister to the country. India and Bahrain signed 3 MoUs on space, culture, the International Solar Alliance and the RuPay card. King of Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa awarded Modi with the Member 1st Class of the King Hamad Order of the Renaissance, the country's third highest civilian award, in recognition of his efforts to strengthen bilateral relations. Modi offered prayers at the Shreenathji temple in Manama on 25 August 2019, the oldest temple in the country, and also inaugurated a US$4.2 million project to redevelop the temple complex. On the same day, Bahrain announced that it had issued official pardons to 250 Indian citizens imprisoned in the country.

See also
Indians in Bahrain
Hinduism in Oman

References

External links

Bilateral relations of India
India


Metalinguistic awareness, also known as metalinguistic ability, refers to the ability to consciously reflect on the nature of language. The concept of metalinguistic awareness is helpful in explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code-switching as well as translation among bilinguals). Metalinguistics expresses itself in ways such as:

 an awareness that language has the potential to go beyond the literal meaning, to further include multiple or implied meanings, formal structures like phonemes, syntax, etc.
 an awareness, therefore, of the flexibility of language through irony, sarcasm and other forms of word play
 an awareness, therefore, too, that language has a structure that can be manipulated
 an awareness that a word is separable from its referent (meaning resides in the mind, not in the name, i.e. Sonia is Sonia, and I will be the same person even if somebody calls me another name)

Metalinguistic awareness is therefore distinct from the notion of engaging with normal language operations, but instead with the process of language use and the exercise of the relevant control.

Currently, the most commonly held conception of metalinguistic awareness suggests that its development is constituted by cognitive control (i.e. selecting and coordinating the relevant pieces of information needed to comprehend the language manipulation) and analysed knowledge (i.e. recognising the meaning and structure of the manipulated language).

Background

Origins

There are a number of explanations as to where metalinguistic abilities may come from.

One such explanation depends on the notion that metalinguistic ability is developed in tandem with language acquisition, specifically pertaining to spoken language. The development of mechanisms that allow for an individual to detect errors as they speak is, by this account, a manifestation of metalinguistic ability.

Another possible account suggests that metalinguistic awareness and metalinguistic ability are distinct from other sorts of linguistic developments, where these metalinguistic skills are entirely separate from the development and acquisition of basic speaking and listening skills. By this account, metalinguistic abilities necessarily differ from linguistic proficiency.

A third possible account suggests that metalinguistic awareness occurs as a result of language education in schools – this account holds that it is the process of learning to read that nurtures metalinguistic ability.

Later developments

Today, the most widely-accepted notion of the development of metalinguistic awareness is a framework that suggests it can be achieved through the development of two dimensions: analysed knowledge and cognitive control. As opposed to knowing that is intuitive, analysed knowledge refers to "knowing that is explicit and objective". Cognitive control involves "the selection and coordination of information, usually within time constraint".

In a given proposition, a sentence with wordplay, for instance, metalinguistic awareness plays out in several steps. One has to control selecting and coordinating the relevant information in that proposition, and then analyse the information as it is represented to decipher it.

 Bialystok and Ryan argue that achieving metalinguistic awareness is the ability to manipulate both dimensions at an arbitrarily "high" level. In the study of metalinguistic ability in children, the proportional growth of these two dimensions suggests that there may not be a fixed age of onset to trace or measure metalinguistic ability, but rather an emerging proficiency that follows increasingly difficult metalinguistic issues.

Types of metalinguistic awareness

There are four major categories to metalinguistic awareness, where this notion of metalinguistic ability may manifest. These categories are: phonological awareness, word awareness, syntactic awareness and pragmatic awareness.

Phonological awareness and word awareness

Phonological awareness and word awareness work in tandem in order to allow the language user to process, understand, and utilize the constituent parts of the language being used. These forms of metalinguistic awareness are of particular relevance in the process of learning how to read. Phonological awareness may be assessed through the use of phonemic segmentation tasks, though the use of tests utilizing nondigraph, nonword syllables appear to provide more accurate results.

Syntactic awareness

Syntactic awareness is engaged when an individual engages in mental operations to do with structural aspects of language. This involves the application of inferential and pragmatic rules. This may be measured through the use of correction tasks for sentences that contain word order violations.

Pragmatic awareness

Pragmatic awareness refers to the awareness of the relationships between sentences and their contextual/relational quality. This may include the epistemic context, knowledge of the situation, or any other details surrounding the utterance. This may be measured by assessing the ability to detect inconsistencies between sentences.

Correlations with other linguistic fields

Past research has attempted to find correlations between the attainment of metalinguistic ability with other language abilities like literacy and bilingualism. However, the paradigm shifted with the idea that metalinguistic ability had to instead be measured through essential underlying skills (i.e. analysed knowledge and cognitive control). This framework – analysing ability through comparing it with skills rather than comparing it with other abilities – came to be applied to other linguistic abilities that bore the need for similar skills.

Literacy

The process of learning to read depends heavily on analysed knowledge on the functions and features of reading, control over the knowledge required and control over the formal aspects of the language to extract its meaning. Various research has exhibited that weaknesses in any one of these aspects reflects poorer literacy. As such, there suggests a relationship between literacy and metalinguistic awareness.

Separate studies also suggest that the process of learning how to read is strongly influenced by aptitude with metalinguistic factors. In fact, older, literate children often prove to be more adept with metalinguistic skills. It is suggested, though, that the relation may be reversed in that it is improved metalinguistic skill that leads to an improved ability to read, rather than reading that precipitates an improvement in metalinguistic ability.

Bilingualism

Studies have generally supported the hypothesis that bilingual children possess greater cognitive control than their monolingual counterparts. These studies are conducted with the caveat that monolingual and bilingual children being assessed have, as a baseline, equal competency in the languages that they speak. This would suggest that the differences in performance are to do with a difference in metalinguistic ability rather than differences in linguistic proficiency.

When assessing ability, bilingual children were privileged in their advanced awareness of the arbitrary relationship between words and their meanings, as well as that of structures and meanings. This advanced awareness could be manifested in the transferability of the idea that language is malleable, across languages. Interestingly, studies seemed to show that bilingual children had higher proficiency in their metalinguistic skills than in the languages themselves.

References

Further reading

Language acquisition


Battle of Kachhi was fought between the Khanate of Kalat under Mir Abdullah Khan and Kalhora Sindh led by Mian Noor Mohammad Kalhoro due to the territorial dispute over the Kachhi region in Balochistan.

In the year 1142 AH (1729 AD) Murad Kaleri was appointed by Mian Noor Mohammad Kalhoro as an agent in charge of Siwí, and brought into subjection powerful chiefs. In 1144 AH (1731 AD) a Baloch force under Khan of Kalat Mir Abdullah Khan in open contravention of the terms of the peace, invaded the land of Káchi and plundered that part of the country. To counter the attack Mian Noor Mohammad Kalhoro himself marched out and encamped at Ládkanah. From there he dispatched some chiefs to fight with Khan of Kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Brauhvi. Mir Abdullah was eventually slain in a fight with the Kalhoras at Jandrihar near Sanni in Kachhi.

During the reign of Mir Abdullah's successor, Mir Muhabbat, Nadir Shah rose to power; and the Ahmadzai ruler obtained through him in 1740 the cession of Kachhi, in compensation for the blood of Mir Abdullah and the men who had fallen with him.

References

Military history of Pakistan
History of Sindh
Balochistan
Khanate of Kalat


Luis Salvadores Salvi (born in Lanco, Los Ríos Region, Chile on August 26, 1932 - died in Temuco, Chile on February 1, 2014) was a Chilean basketball player who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics. One of nine boys and two girls, he and his brothers established the Salvadores Salvi name as part of the basketball legend of Chile. One of his brothers, Alvaro Salvadores, was also well-known in professional basketball.

Biography
Luis Salvadores Salvi shot his first basket at the San José de Temuco school in 1944, shortly after arriving from his native Lanco to study Humanities. At age 16, he joined the Deportivo San José club, winning the championship. In the same year, 1949, he joined the Temuco league, participating in two major championships, the "Provincias del Sur", or "Southern Provinces", winning in Osorno, and the "Campeonato Nacional" or "National Championship", winning in Santiago, Chile. This is how his fifty-year-old basketball career started, which would also include his participation in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, the 1959 FIBA World Championship and two South American Championships. An earthquake caused him to miss the 1960 Olympic Games. He continued to play basketball until he was 78 in a senior league, playing alongside one of his sons. He resided in Temuco, Chile and was well-respected around the area.

Clubs
 Deportivo San José - (Chile) - 1948 to 1949 and 1962 to 1974
 Universidad de Chile - (Chile) - 1950-1954
 Club Deportivo Huachipato - (Chile) - 1955-1958
 Unión Deportiva Española - (Chile) - 1959-1961

Individual honors
 Best Basketball Player of Chile - 1966
 The "Mejor de los Mejores" Award for best athlete in Chile in all disciplines - 1968 and 1969

See also
Chile national basketball team

References

External links

Chilean men's basketball players
1959 FIBA World Championship players
Olympic basketball players for Chile
Basketball players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
People from Lanco
1932 births
2014 deaths


Alexander Fry (10 September 1821, Pencraig, Herefordshire −1905) was an English entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera.

In 1838 Alexander Fry entered his father's mercantile business house in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He became a partner in 1843. Except for once returning to England to marry he lived in Rio until 1854 when he moved to London. He still visited Rio after this year.
Fry and his young wife lived at Norwood. They had no children.
Alexander Fry bequeathed his collection of some 200,000 specimens to the Natural History Museum, London. The collection is worldwide but especially rich in South American insects, Longicornia and Curculionidae. He also donated his library of 611 volumes to the museum.

Alexander Fry became a Member of the Entomological Society of London in 1885.

Fry was an enthusiastic collector and in addition to his own beetles he added by purchase the collections of Frederic Parry (Longicornia), Alfred Russel Wallace, William Doherty, and the ‘'very fine'’ series collected by John Whitehead at Kinabalu, which included all the types described by Henry Walter Bates.
He did no descriptive work but many parts of his collection were named by other entomologists and it is therefore type rich.

References
Rowland-Brown, H. 1905. Societies. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, Second series. 16[41]: 98–99. Available at:   [Mention of death on p. 99]

Burr, M. 1905. Obituary. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, Second series. 16[41]: 119–120. Available at: . [Fry's obituary is on p. 119]

English entomologists
1905 deaths
1821 births


Cipria is an Italian monthly women's magazine published in Milan, Italy.

History and profile
Cipria was founded in 1994 and published in Milan by Sfera Editore, part of RCS MediaGroup’s RCS Periodici. It specializes in coverage of make-up and related fashion and beauty topics, carries large amounts of advertising and devotes much space to the horoscope.

The magazine has a cover price of one euro and can be purchased from news-stands; however it is also given away free to customers buying cosmetics and similar items from perfumeries and beauty centres.

See also
 List of magazines in Italy

Notes

External links
 Official website

1994 establishments in Italy
Italian-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Italy
Women's magazines published in Italy
Magazines established in 1994
Magazines published in Milan
RCS MediaGroup


Camden Sound is a relatively wide body of water in the Indian Ocean located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The Sound is bounded by the Bonaparte Archipelago to the north-east, the Buccaneer Archipelago to the south-west, and Montgomery Reef (the eastern extent of Collier Bay) to the south.

The Sound is an important area for a number of marine animals, in particular as a breeding ground for various species of whales, and is home to the world's largest population of humpback whales. The Lalang-garram / Camden Sound Marine Park is jointly managed by the Government of Western Australia's Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. The marine park lies about  north-east of Broome, and is the second largest marine park in Western Australia after Shark Bay. , there is a plan to include this and three other nearby marine parks into one large marine park called Lalang-gaddam Marine Park (formerly named Great Kimberley Marine Park).

History
Aboriginal peoples lived and fished in the area for a long time before the colonisation of Western Australia.

Camden Sound was "discovered" by Captain Phillip Parker King on HMS Bathurst on 15 August 1821. He named the sound Camden Bay after John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden.

Camden Harbour was a short-lived settlement within the sound.

Three native title claims have been registered in the area of the marine park by the Dambimangari, Uunguu and Mayala native title groups.  The Dambimangari claim lies over the majority of the park, with the Uunguu claim overlying a small portion of the St George Basin, and Mayala at the southwestern end of the park.

Description
Camden Sound is bounded by the Bonaparte Archipelago to the north-east (Augustus Island being the largest in this group), the Buccaneer Archipelago to the south-west (stretching to Sunday Island), and Montgomery Reef (the eastern extent of Collier Bay) to the south. Camden Sound includes Champagny, Byam Martin and the Heywood Islands to the west (all part of the Bonaparte Archipelago), and Bumpus Island, Rice Rocks, Sampson Inlet, Deception Bay and Prior Point to the south.

There is no road access and the nearest town is Kalumburu,  to the east.

The area is a drowned valley in the western end of the MacDonald Range, the islands that are found within the sound are remnant emergent features formed by basalt and sandstone formations.

As with the rest of the Kimberley coast, the area is marked by an extreme tidal variation of up to  on a spring tide.

Environmental importance
The area has received worldwide recognition as a crucial breeding and calving area for the Breeding Group D population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) – at approximately 22,000 individuals, the world's largest humpback whale population. The calves are suckled in the warm, tropical waters for several months until they gain the strength for the journey back to the Antarctic for summer feeding. Camden Sound is rich in other cetaceans including the Australian snubfin dolphin, blue whales, pygmy killer whales, pilot whales and bottlenose dolphins.  In addition, the area is surrounded by fringing reefs with hard and soft corals, turtles, molluscs, fish and marine invertebrates.

Marine park
The Kimberley Marine Park is a Commonwealth government area covered by the national EPBC Act, covering an expanse of ocean outside the limits of the Camden Sound and other state parks, stretching from south of King Sound to nearly the top of the North Kimberley Marine Park. This area consists mostly of Multiple Use Zone (IUCN VI), but also includes sections of national park (IUCN II) and Habitat Protection (IUCN IV) zones, the latter two mostly just outside the Camden Sound and King Sound areas.

Camden Sound
The Camden Sound Marine Park was the first of four new marine parks announced under the Kimberley Science and Conservation Strategy, and covers an area of . In October 2009, Donna Faragher, Western Australia's Environment Minister, announced that Camden Sound would become the Kimberley's first Marine Park, largely in recognition of the area's status as nursery and breeding area to the world's largest population of humpback whales. The park is the second largest in Western Australia after Shark Bay, and links to the Prince Regent National Park. The area includes Montgomery Reef, Champagny Island and St George Basin.

The Lalang-garram / Camden Sound Marine Park is jointly managed by the Government of Western Australia's Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (formerly the Department of Parks and Wildlife (DPaW)) via its agency, the Parks and Wildlife Service and the traditional owners, the Dambimangari group. It is the first jointly managed marine park in Australia, and has benefited from the involvement of the traditional owners of the land and waters. The Dambimangari people chose the name "Lalang-garram", being a Worrorra word meaning “the saltwater as a spiritual place as well as a place of natural abundance”, relating to the ocean in a general sense. The conservation objectives of the government and the traditional owners are aligned, with the latter wanting to ensure that their saltwater country stays in good health, and that no plants or animals become extinct in the area. Many species and ecosystems have cultural significance to the local peoples, including the humpback whale.

The park is divided into different zones, with differing levels of protection, which are subject to change as management plans evolve. The initial plan included several different zones, including a whale sanctuary zone of approximately , two sanctuary zones comprising about 20% of the marine park area around Champagny Islands and Montgomery Reef, a pearling industry zone, and general use zones. Another 48% of the park was closed to trawling and 23% of the park closed to commercial fishing. The 2013–2023 management plan maintained the zones specified by the Conservation and Land Management Act 1984 (the "CALM Act"): sanctuary, recreation, special purpose or general use zones.

The marine park recognises two broad themes:

 Habitat - comprising both geomorphic habitat (such as rocky shores and platforms) and biological habitat (such as seagrass)
 Species of special conservation interest - comprising those species which are listed as having special conservation status (such as humpback whales) as well as species which are extracted for human use (such as targeted finfish).

Access to the park is usually via one of the many cruise vessels that operate between Broome, Wyndham, Darwin and Cairns.

Marine parks established in 2020
An 2016 management plan saw this park, along with the Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls Marine Park and the North Kimberley Marine Park make up part of what was to be named the Great Kimberley Marine Park, covering about  of coastal waters from west of Ganbadba (Talbot Bay) to the Northern Territory border.

In 2020, a new management plan was released, titled Lalang-gaddam Marine Park: Amended joint management plan for the Lalang-garram / Camden Sound, Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls and North Lalang-garram marine parks and indicative joint management plan for the proposed Maiyalam Marine Park. It was published ahead of the gazettal of the proposed Maiyalam Marine Park under the CALM Act as a Class A reserve. Under the new arrangements, the zoning of the Camden Sound park would not change, but the plan is now to amalgamate the four marine parks (Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls Marine Park, North Lalang-garram Marine Park and the new Maiyalam Marine Park) to form the Lalang-gaddam Marine Park, all in the sea country of the Dambeemangarddee people. This plan will be amended by another 10-year final joint management plan.

The new Maiyalam Marine Park will create add  to the Kimberley marine reserves. The larger plan is to create a total of  of new national and marine reserves in Western Australia. The new spelling, "Lalang-gaddam", reflects the correct pronunciation of the word, and "Maiyalam" means "between islands", or "a gap through". The new Maiyalam Marine Park covers an area off the north-western coast of King Sound and around Macleay Island. The new Lalang-gaddam Marine Park borders the proposed Mayala Marine Park to the south-west (covering the Buccaneer Archipelago), and the North Kimberley Marine Park (Uunguu waters) to the north-east. The land and sea border to the south abut Bardi Jawi land and a proposed Bardi Jawi Marine Park. Maps show the extent of the various marine parks, native title determinations, zones within the areas, etc.

Details such as port areas are outlined in the plan. An Indigenous land use agreement (ILUA) already covers the Lalang-garram/ Camden Sound, Lalang-garram/ Horizontal Falls and North Lalang-garram marine parks, but an additional ILUA will be needed to allow the creation of the proposed Maiyalam Marine Park in accordance with the Native Title Act 1993. Much of Collier Bay will remain a general use zone, but the Walcott Inlet will be zoned as sanctuary.

References

Bays of Western Australia
Sounds of Western Australia
Marine parks of Australia
Kimberley coastline of Western Australia


Russell Lewis Miller (March 25, 1900 – April 30, 1962), was a professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) during 1927 and 1928 for the Philadelphia Phillies. Listed at  and , he threw and batted right-handed.

Baseball career
Miller's minor league baseball career spanned 1925 to 1932, as he compiled a 49–43 win–loss record pitching a total of 162 games for seven different teams. He spent time with farm teams of the St. Louis Cardinals in 1927 and Chicago Cubs in 1929.

Miller's major league career consisted of 35 appearances for the Philadelphia Phillies; two in 1927 (both starts) and 33 in 1928 (12 starts). His two appearances in 1927 came in late September; after losing his first start on September 24 to the Chicago Cubs, he won his second start on September 29 against the Boston Braves, pitching a complete game while allowing just one run. In 1928, Miller accrued an 0–12 record, taking losses both as a starting pitcher and as a reliever; he did earn two saves. Overall with the Phillies, Miller had a 1–13 record with 5.40 ERA and 23 strikeouts in  innings pitched.

Personal life
Miller was born in Ohio in 1900. He was a younger brother of fellow major league pitcher J. Walter Miller (1898–1975); both played college baseball at Ohio State University. Miller's senior entry in the Ohio State yearbook noted that he was a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity and that he had earned three varsity letters in baseball. In February 1942, he was working in agricultural extension for Ohio State, and he was later the agricultural agent for Crawford County, Ohio, a position he held for 28 years, until his death. Miller died in 1962 in Bucyrus, Ohio, and was interred in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. He was survived by his wife and two sons.

Notes

References

External links

1900 births
1962 deaths
People from Lawrence County, Ohio
Baseball players from Ohio
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Reading Keystones players
Columbus Senators players
Columbus Red Birds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Albany Senators players
Ohio State Buckeyes baseball players


Mariano Barreto (born 18 January 1957) is a Portuguese football manager.

Coaching career
In January 2009, he became an assistant coach in the Russian Premier League with FC Kuban Krasnodar. Barreto was officially registered as head coach of Kuban because Sergei Ovchinnikov, who really managed the team, did not own a UEFA Pro Licence.

In April 2014, Barreto was selected to take over the head coach of Ethiopia. He agreed to leave the position on 18 April 2015.

From 2016 manager in FC Stumbras. In 2017 won Lithuanian Football Cup.

Honours
FC Stumbras

 Lithuanian Football Cup: 2017

Individual
 A Lyga Coach of the Month: June & July 2018

References

Portuguese football managers
Portuguese expatriate football managers
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania
Ghana national football team managers
Ethiopia national football team managers
C.S. Marítimo managers
AEL Limassol managers
Associação Naval 1º de Maio managers
FC Stumbras managers
Expatriate football managers in Ghana
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate football managers in Cyprus
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Ethiopia
Expatriate football managers in Lithuania
Indian people of Portuguese descent
Portuguese people of Goan descent
1957 births
Living people
Ghana Premier League managers
Burgan SC managers
Expatriate football managers in Kuwait
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Ethiopia
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Ghana
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Al Nassr FC managers


Cuthbert Phillips (23 June 1910 – 15 October 1969), known as Charlie Phillips, was a professional footballer who won 13 full caps for Wales. At club level, he scored 73 goals in 237 appearances in the Football League playing for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Aston Villa and Birmingham.

Phillips was born in Victoria, Newport, which was then in Monmouthshire. He began his football career with Ebbw Vale before turning professional with Wolverhampton Wanderers of the Football League Second Division in 1929. He made his debut for the club on 15 March 1930 in a 1–1 home draw with Oldham Athletic, and went on to play 202 games in all competitions, scoring 65 goals. He contributed to the club's Second Division title in the 1931–32 season, and scored in the 4–2 victory over Everton in the last match of the following season, a game Wolves had to win to remain in the First Division.

In January 1936, Phillips moved on to Aston Villa for a fee of £9,000, where he experienced relegation followed by another Second Division title, and in 1938 he crossed the city to join Birmingham, where he was again relegated from the First Division. In the 1939 close season he dropped into non-league football with Chelmsford City. Phillips played in Chelmsford's opening four games of the season, scoring twice, before moving onto Bath City in October 1939. Phillips subsequently retired from football during the Second World War.

Phillips was capped twice at schoolboy level and went on to win 13 full international caps for Wales. He made his debut on 22 April 1931 against Ireland at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham, in the British Home Championship, scoring the opening goal in a 3–2 win.

He played as a forward, either at centre-forward or on the right. He was skilful with the ball but had a short temper which sometimes caused him disciplinary problems. After retirement from the game Phillips kept a pub, first in the Bushbury district of Wolverhampton and later in Lichfield, Staffordshire. He died in Lichfield in 1969 at the age of 59.

Honours
with Wolverhampton Wanderers
 Football League Second Division champions: 1931–32
with Aston Villa
 Football League Second Division champions: 1937–38

References

1910 births
1969 deaths
Footballers from Newport, Wales
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
English Football League players
Ebbw Vale F.C. players
Publicans


Karin Rehnqvist (born 21 August 1957) is a Swedish composer and conductor of classical music. She composes chamber music, orchestral works, music for the stage, and particularly vocal music, incorporating elements of folk music such as the vocal technique of Kulning. In 2009 she was appointed the first female professor of composition at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm.

Career
Rehnqvist was born in Stockholm and grew up in Nybro. She studied music pedagogy at the Royal College of Music in Stockholm from 1976 to 1980, and continued to study composition to 1984, with Gunnar Bucht, Pär Lindgren and Brian Ferneyhough, among others. Between 1976 and 1991 she was the artistic director and conductor of the choir Stans Kör. From 2000 to 2003 she was Composer in Residence with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra and the Svenska Kammarorkestern. For them she composed a series of works including a concerto for clarinettist Martin Fröst, and the symphonic work Arktis Arktis!, inspired by a polar expedition in the summer of 1999. These two works were recorded in May 2005. Her choral symphony Light of Light, which features children's choir and orchestra, was premiered in Paris in 2004.

In 2006, a retrospective of her work was presented by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Niklas Willén. In 2009, Rehnqvist was appointed the first female professor of composition at the Royal College of Music.

Composition

Several of Rehnqvist's works were composed for the voices and interpretation of Lena Willemark and Susanne Rosenberg, both having a past as folk singers, such as Davids nimm and Puksånger-lockrop (1989). Rehnqvist includes kulning (cattle calling) in her works, a high-pitched vocal technique used by Scandinavia shepherds to communicate over long distances, calling livestock down from high mountain and possibly scaring away predators. Puksånger & lockrop (Timpanum Songs – Herding Calls) was her second major vocal composition, set for two singers and percussion, in which kulning "begins the piece and sets the atmosphere for the entire work", followed by a section based on "condescending traditional Finnish proverbs" about women, described as "highly effective satiric attacks on misogyny. This section is followed immediately by a kulning section, which represents a rebellion against the previous ideas".

Rehnqvist composed Solsången (Sun Song) in 1994, scored for chamber orchestra with one female solo singer and two narrators. The text is partly based on the Icelandic Sólarljóð (The Song of the Sun), an Old Norse poem written c. 1200 in the traditional metric style of the Poetic Edda, but with content from Christian visionary poems.

Awards

In 1996 Rehnqvist received the Läkerol Arts Award “for her renewal of the relationship between folk music and art music” and the Spelmannen Prize by the newspaper Expressen. In 1997 she was awarded the Christ Johnson Prize for Solsången (Sun Song). In 2001 she received the Kurt Atterberg Prize and in 2005/06 the Rosenberg Award. In March 2006 Rehnqvist was awarded the honour of a major retrospective by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra. In 2007 Rehnqvist received the Hugo Alfvén Prize. In 2014 she was awarded a Grammis in the category Classic for the CD Live.

In 2022 the Nordic Council Music Prize was awarded to Rehnqvist for the ecological crisis oratorio Silent Earth,  (libretto by Kerstin Perski) which received its premiere on January 29, 2022 after postponements in the two previous years. It was performed in the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam by the Dutch Radio Choir and the Dutch Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Gijs Leenaars.

References

External links
 Karin Rehnqvist Official Website
 Karin Rehnqvist chor.com
 Music of Today: Karin Rehnqvist Philharmonia Orchestra 27 February 2014

 Karin Rehnqvist Föreningen svenska tonsättare
 Karin Rehnqvist / Swedish Composer Columbia University World Leaders Forum
 Karin Rehnqvist Furore-Verlag

Swedish composers
Litteris et Artibus recipients
1957 births
Living people
Swedish women composers


Micrelenchus is a genus of small sea snails that have shells with pearly interiors and an operculum. They are marine gastropod molluscs in the subfamily Cantharidinae  of the family Trochidae, the top snails or top shells.

This genus is only known to occur in New Zealand.

Species
Species and subspecies within the genus Micrelenchus include:
 Micrelenchus burchorum (B. A. Marshall, 1998)
 Micrelenchus huttonii (E. A. Smith, 1876)
 Micrelenchus purpureus (Gmelin, 1791)
 Micrelenchus sanguineus (Gray, 1843)
 Micrelenchus tenebrosus (A. Adams, 1853)
 Micrelenchus tesselatus (A. Adams, 1853)
Species brought into synonymy
 Micrelenchus artizona (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Roseaplagis artizona (A. Adams, 1853)
 Micrelenchus caelatus (Hutton, 1884): synonym of Cantharidus caelatus Hutton, 1884
 Micrelenchus caelatus archibenthicola Dell, 1956: synonym of Cantharidus caelatus mortenseni
 Micrelenchus caelatus bakeri Fleming, 1948: synonym of Cantharidus artizona A. Adams, 1853 (Odhner, N.H.J., 1924)
 Micrelenchus caelatus elongatus (Suter, 1897): synonym of Cantharidus caelatus elongatus (Suter, 1897)
 Micrelenchus caelatus morioria Powell, 1933: synonym of Cantharidus caelatus mortenseni
 Micrelenchus caelatus mortenseni (Odhner, 1924): synonym of Cantharidus mortenseni (Odhner, 1924)
 Micrelenchus capillaceus (Philippi, 1849): synonym of Cantharidus capillaceus (Philippi, 1849)
 Micrelenchus dilatatus (Sowerby, 1870): synonym of Cantharidus dilatatus (G.B. Sowerby II, 1870)
 Micrelenchus festivus Marshall, 1998: synonym of Cantharidus festivus (B. A. Marshall, 1998)
 Micrelenchus micans (Suter, 1897): synonym of Cantharidus artizona A. Adams, 1853
 Micrelenchus mortenseni (Odhner, 1924): synonym of Cantharidus mortenseni (Odhner, 1924) accepted as Roseaplagis mortenseni (Odhner, 1924)
  Micrelenchus oliveri (Iredale, 1915): synonym of Cantharidus sanguineus (Gray, 1843) synonym of Micrelenchus sanguineus (Gray, 1843)
 Micrelenchus parcipictus Powell, 1946: synonym of Cantharidus parcipictus (Powel, 1946)
 Micrelenchus rufozona (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of Cantharidus rufozona A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Roseaplagis rufozona (A. Adams, 1853)

References

External links
 Bruce A. Marshall  : The New Zealand Recent species of  Cantharidus  Montfort, 1810 and  Micrelenchus  Finlay, 1926 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trochidae); The Malacological Society of Australasia, Volume 19, Issue 1: 19 May 1998

Trochidae
Extant Miocene first appearances
Taxa named by Harold John Finlay


Roseaplagis caelatus is a species of small sea snail in the family Trochidae, the top shells.

Description
It is smaller than Cantharidus sanguineus (height: 5.5 mm, diameter 4.5 mm) but it is more deeply ribbed and its grooves are wider.
The imperforate shell is more deeply ribbed, and the ribs narrower. They number 5 to 7 on the penultimate whorl, 15 to 16 on the body whorl. Sometimes they are obsoletely granose through being crossed by growth lines. The columella shows a slight swelling in the middle.

Distribution
This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off the Foveaux Straits; Port Pegasus, Stewart Island; Snares and Bounty Islands

Subspecies
The former subspecies have been named:
 Micrelenchus caelatus archibenthicola Dell, 1956: synonym of Cantharidus caelatus mortenseni Powell, 1933; synonym of Roseaplagis mortenseni (Odhner, 1924)
 Micrelenchus caelatus bakeri Fleming, 1948: synonym of Roseaplagis artizona A. Adams, 1853 (Odhner, N.H.J., 1924)
 Micrelenchus caelatus elongatus (Suter, 1897): synonym of Cantharidus caelatus elongatus (Suter, 1897); synonym of Roseaplagis artizona A. Adams, 1853
 Micrelenchus caelatus morioria Powell, 1933: synonym of Cantharidus caelatus mortenseni Powell, 1933; synonym of Roseaplagis mortenseni (Odhner, 1924)
 Micrelenchus caelatus mortenseni (Odhner, 1924): synonym of Roseaplagis mortenseni (Odhner, 1924)

References

 F.W. Hutton, Revision of the recent rhipidoglossate and docoglossate Mollusca of New Zealand; Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, ser. 1 v. 9 (1884)
 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Marshall B.A. 1998. The New Zealand Recent species of Cantharidus Montfort, 1810 and Micrelenchus Finlay, 1926 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Trochidae). Molluscan Research 19(1): 107-156

caelatus
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1884


The Tekari Raj (sometimes spelled Tikari Raj) was a zamindari estate of the Bhumihar community in South Bihar. They controlled 2,046 villages on their estate, which covered a  area, near to the town of Gaya.

Rajas of Tekari like Raja Mitrajit Singh were renowned for their scholarship and for their works of poetry and history.

History

The Tekari family played an important role in the socio-economic and political history of Bihar from medieval times, during the Mughal period. Known as the Tekari Raj, their zamindari estate was situated about  to the west of the modern town of Gaya in the present-day state of Bihar and was surrounded by the rivers Morhar and Jamune. The Tekari Rajas were Bhumihars, chief of the Drontikar (or Dronticar) clan of the Bhardwaj gotra from the village of Tekar, which no longer exists. They held their estates in Pachrukhi.

Kumkum Chatterjee says that "The zamindari of Tekari owed its origin to an imperial grant made about the time when the Mughal empire first began to decay." Dhir Singh played an important role in defeating the rebellious potentates in his neighbourhood. In recognition of the support, in 1719–20, the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah honoured him with a khalat and the title of Raja.

Sundar Singh, who was Dhir's son, extended the family estates through both annexation and partnership agreements. This increased influence led to recognition by the Mughals in 1738, when they gave him authority to collect revenues in various parganas. According to a history published in 1878, proved his allegiance to the Mughal court in Delhi during various battles involving the Marathas, pleasing Nawab Alivardi Khan and other Bengali subadars. Khan recommended that Singh be awarded the khalat robe as recognition of his fealty. The relationship between the declining empire and zamindars such as Sundar Singh was, however, a complex one and not always harmonious. His family had come to prominence through opportunism and Sundar sometimes found himself facing Mughal forces when he defied the imperial authority that was nominally vested in provincial governors. These local rulers needed the zamindars to collect revenue, and the zamindars sought the legitimisation that association with the empire would bring, yet the zamindars also generally refused to hand over the money they collected and they operated in a fairly lawless environment. He died in battle in 1758 after completing the fort that now exists in the town of Tekari.

Although he had no children, Sundar Singh had adopted Boniad Singh, who had been born in 1732. Boniad allied himself to the East India Company (EIC) and remained faithful to it. It was because of this that he was among the zamindars whom Mir Qasim ordered to travel to Purnea, and then in 1762 had them drowned en route in the Ganges. His death occurred when his son, Mitrajit Singh, was a few months old.

Mitrajit Singh remained under his mother's care. His abilities won for him the approval of the Mughal court at Delhi, and he was accordingly honoured with the title of Maharajah. During the "Mutiny of Kulhan", "Zillah Kharakdieh", he assisted the EIC with his own forces. He was also among those who got into some financial difficulties around the 1780s-1790s as a result of the EIC policy of extracting revenue from zamindars, known as the Permanent Settlement, but survived the crisis and, says V. C. P. Chaudhary, he nearly doubled his revenue. A contemporary writer noted that he paid 300,000 rupees to the EIC but derived 6,000,000 annually. One source of income was derived from pilgrims to the holy town of Gaya: he was entitled to 10 per cent of the fees charged to them, although in common with other major landlords he was also expected to patronise religious festivals and provide financial support for things such as temple maintenance. His house in Patna was the location of "Patna High School" from 1835. He died in 1841 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Hit Narain Singh, who had been born in 1801.

The British allowed Hit Narain Singh to use the title of Maharajah, along with its symbols. He was inclined towards religion and became an ascetic, leaving his wife to administrate his extensive properties. His wife in turn transferred it to her daughter, Maharani Rajroop Kuar, under the terms of a will dated 29 October 1877.

The Maharani's public works included construction of a temple at Patna at a cost of more than a lakh of rupees, and construction of another and also a large building adjoining it at Vrindavan. She also spent a large sum of money feeding and assisting famine-stricken people.

Maharaja Ram Kishan Singh, the adopted son of Maharaja Hit Narain Singh, succeeded him after his death in 1861 and died in 1871.

With the abolition of the zamindari system in 1950, disputes arose regarding the estate, as also happened in other areas of Bihar. There were eruptions of violence involving the Bhumihar people on the one hand and members of the Dalit, Yadav and Gareri communities on the other, most notably the beheading of a Bhumihar in 1979 that was followed by reciprocal raids on villages a few months later.

The last Maharaja Captain Saran Narayan Singh of Bhalua Kothi. His Manager was Syed Muhammad Amin of Itwan, Mohanpur.

Contribution in social and cultural spheres
The Tekari Raj family made large contributions in the social and cultural spheres of the area. The present day Tekari Raj High School and Tekari College owe their existence to their benevolence, while the Gaya Public Library (the oldest District Library in Bihar) and the Gaya Club, which is the hub of social activity in Gaya town, stand on land donated by them.

Ram Kishan Singh spent money on various public works, including 60,000 rupees on a temple at Dharmasala(Gaya) and a further 100,000 for one at Ayodhya. He also gave Rs. 10,000 for road improvements in 1869 and a similar sum for famine relief in 1874. Rs. 2000 was given to Patna College and much land was given for roads and construction of buildings at Patna Hospital.

Ram Kishan Singh's widow, Rajroop Kuer, also contributed to public works.
A building for Tikari school - Rs. 5000;
Purchased government security for the maintenance of the school - Rs. 30,000;
Her relatives, and dependents annual contribution to the school - Rs. 1000;
Purchased books for that school through the Collector of Gaya - Rs. 1300;
Subscription to the industrial school at Bankipore in commemoration of the visit of the Prince of Wales - Rs. 10,000;
Has established at her cost a Pathshala in every large mauzah in her zamindari;
A new dispensary at Tikari in honour of Her Majesty's Queen Victoria Assumption of the title, Empress of India under the name "the Empress Dispensary Tikaree" - Rs. 30,000;
A building for the above dispensary - Rs. 6400;
Annual subscription to Calcutta Zoological Garden - Rs. 5000;
Annual subscription to Madras famine - Rs. 1050;
Annual subscription for repairs of road between Tekari and Fatehpur - Rs. 16000;
Construction and repair of ghat and tank at Masaudhi and designed with Government's sanction "Temple's Pond" - Rs. 13,000;
Gives alms, relief, cash, clothing to the poor at Tekari to nearly 200 persons every day.

References

Citations

Bibliography

History of Bihar
Indian maharajas
Gaya district
Zamindari estates


The Fiery Angel (, Ognenny Angel) is a novel by Russian writer Valery Bryusov. The novel is a meticulous account of sixteenth-century Germany, notably Cologne and the world of the occult. Characters such as Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Faust appear alongside a description of a Black Mass.

Plot
Set in sixteenth-century Germany, it depicts a love triangle between Renata, a passionate young woman, Ruprecht, a knight and Madiel, the fiery Angel. The novel tells the story of Ruprecht's attempts to win the love of Renata whose spiritual integrity is seriously undermined by her participation in occult practices. This love triangle is now recognised to be that which existed between the author, Bryusov, the symbolist novelist Andrei Bely and their shared lover, the nineteen-year-old Nina Petrovskaya.

Reception
The Fiery Angel is generally regarded as a work of painstaking research and heightened emotion in which the author's comprehensive knowledge of the esoteric is displayed. Its modernity is reflected in its tension between sexuality and spirituality.

The Fiery Angel has been compared to Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita for its general theme of the occult, to Joris-Karl Huysmans's Là-bas for its description of a black Mass, and to Aldous Huxley's The Devils of Loudun for its depiction of religious hysteria.

The composer Sergey Prokofiev based his opera of the same name upon Bryusov's novel.

Publication
The novel was first serialized in the Russian literary monthly Vesy in 1907–08, and then published in two volumes in 1908. The novel was translated by Ivor Montagu and Sergei Nalbandov with an afterword by Gary Lachman in 2005.

References

1908 fantasy novels
1908 Russian novels
Roman à clef novels
Historical novels
Symbolist novels
Novels set in Germany
Scorpion (publishing house) books
Novels adapted into operas
Novels first published in serial form
Russian Gothic novels


Mollie Sneden (January 13, 1709 – January 31, 1810) born as  Mary Dobbs was the operator of a ferry service at Palisades, New York, in the United States, before and after the American Revolution.  During the war she was prohibited from running the ferry because of her British sympathies.  Mollie Sneden is listed as a Woman of Distinction by the New York Senate.

Early life
Sneden was born Mary Dobbs in Westchester County, New York, in 1709. Her parents, John and Abigail Dobbs, baptized her in Tarrytown, New York.  Sneden grew up with two half-brothers by her father's first wife and four siblings by her mother, his second wife. The Dobbs Family operated a ferry across the Hudson River.  Ferry operation began with Mollie's half-brother, William, in 1730, departing from an Indian village called Wysquaqua, later Dobbs Ferry. (see "Dobbs Ferry: The Beginning" by Jean Fritz in The Ferryman newsletter published by Dobbs Ferry Historical Society, November 1993 The route of Dobbs Ferry across the Hudson River is recognized as one of the earliest of the Hudson ferry routes.  Mollie's husband, Robert Sneden Jr., though a carpenter and farmer by trade, assisted William in running the ferry.  It is not known if Mollie experienced ferry operations first-hand, but given her future vocation and both her family's and husband's connection to the trade, it is conceivable she did.  The date of Robert Sneden's wedding with Mollie Dobbs is uncertain, but the birth of their first child is recorded as 1733.  The couple continued living on the east side of the Hudson for several years, during which time they gave birth to four more children.

West of the Hudson

Mollie and Robert moved directly across the Hudson from Dobbs Ferry with their five children in about 1740, where it is believed they rented from a local land-owner named Robert Corbett.  Their new home was on land which was claimed by both New York and New Jersey.  The dispute was not legally settled for nearly 30 years, when a commission appointed by the King of England set the border officially in 1769.  The surveyor's description measures the state line as 79 chains and 27 links south of the Sneden house, placing their property in New York.  Although this was new property for the Snedens, both Mollie and Robert would have known it well as the landing site of the Dobbs's ferry.  While living on the west side of the Hudson, Mollie and Robert had four more children, the last born in 1750.  This brought the total number of their children to nine.

After their move in 1740 Robert worked at his farming profession, and Mollie relieved his burden of labor by operating the ferry landing.  She may have run a ferry as early as 1745.  A surveyor's map from that year illustrating the larger area known as the Lockhart Patent shows "Sneedings house the ."  The ferry received a boost when an improved road was built down the hilly terrain to the landing in 1745.   Whether or not she began as ferry mistress in 1745, Mollie Sneden was certainly acting in that capacity by 1753.

The original Dobbs ferry was said to be a periauger, a row-and-sail dugout, sometimes with two masts.  Mollie Sneden would have known this, and she probably began her ferry with periaugers.  They were popular colonial craft capable of negotiating shallow water while carrying heavy loads.   Vessels of this variety were typically used in early ferry operations on the Hudson, and several miles downriver by Fort Lee, Stephen Bourdette began his ferry service using one.  In addition to periaugers,  Mollie Sneden would have used larger craft; for she ferried wagons as well as people.  A larger type of ferry used on the Hudson during this period was powered by a paddle wheel, which in turn was rotated by horses or mules on a treadmill.  She definitely would have required a larger vessel for a crossing she is said to have made in 1775 carrying a coach.  It bore Martha Washington and her son, John, complete with his wife, liveried footmen and postillon, when Martha was en route to visit George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  The Hudson River is relatively wide between Sneden's Landing and Dobbs Ferry, and a crossing varied in duration.  The length of time was affected by variable winds and the tides, which are still strong only a few miles above New York Harbor.  Not only did the Sneden ferry cross the Hudson River, it also transported goods southward to New York City.

Robert and Mollie purchased  in 1752, which included the ferry site and Corbett house.  Robert died in 1756 at the age of 46, and the eldest son, Abraham, inherited all of his property, in accordance with English law.  In that same year, the widow Mollie Sneden was granted a license to operate a tavern.  The Ferry continued with other Dobbs Family members at the helm,  with the help of her seven sons in 1758 or 1759.  Although Dobb's Ferry had always used this landing as the western terminus of its ferry service, until now it had been called different names:  sometimes simply "the ferry," sometimes Paramus or Rockland, and occasionally Dobbs Ferry on both sides of the river.  From this period the landing took the name Sneden's Landing.  Thus, Dobbs Ferry took the Family name and Sneden's Landing took Mollies married name.  Through the 1800s Sneden's Landing remained the center for riparian activities for the local region, which is called Palisades today.

Mollie had been licensed to operate a tavern in 1756, and in 1763 she received a  license to operate a public house serving "strong Liquors" which she operated from "Stone House," her dwelling.   Two years later a marriage license was granted to Mollie Sneden and George Calhoun.  It is not clear if Mollie actually carried out the marriage license by marrying George Calhoun.  She is noted as living with her bachelor son, Dennis, but never with George Calhoun.  In 1765, her first son, Abraham, distributed his father's property in ten equal segments, one portion going to his mother.

A Tory during the Revolutionary War
With the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, communities were split by political factions.  Except for Mollie and Robert's son John, nicknamed "The Patriot," the Snedens were branded as Tories, or British sympathizers.  All but John were forbidden to operate the ferry during the war.  It has been suggested by the historian Howard Durie that they were, in fact, all Tories.  According to this suggestion, the Snedens avoided having their land confiscated by having one family member espouse patriotism.  Such an action would also have allowed the ferry to remain operational and in Sneden control.

A story credits Mollie Sneden with saving a British soldier during this period:  The story goes that a British soldier was pursued down the gully by some patriots; she hid him in her house in a large chest on which she set pans of cream to rise, and when the patriots arrived she misinformed them; they were tired and asked for refreshment, and she offered them all the milk she had, but told them not to disturb the pans of cream which she had just set out.  In the evening she is said to have ferried the soldier across the river.

Through proximity and possible communication with Dobbs Ferry, Mollie Sneden would have been aware of the tremendous activity of 6,000 men across the river, when General Cornwallis prepared to embark on a night crossing of the Hudson in late November 1776.  The British and Hessians, commanded by Cornwallis, were ferried in row galleys and landing craft from Dobbs Ferry, New York to Closter, New Jersey, closing in on George Washington and the badly outnumbered Continental Army.  After this experience, heady for British sympathizers, she would have known in 1781 through gossip and John's ferry connection that General George Washington had established headquarters in Dobbs Ferry.  Here he was to plan with Marshal Rochambeau the Yorktown campaign which would bring the Revolutionary War to an end.  After the British surrendered, at the nadir of Tory experience, she would have witnessed the first naval 17 gun salute to General Washington fired from the British Warship, H.M.S. Perseverance, which was anchored offshore in the Hudson River.

After the Revolutionary War

Mollie left Sneden's Landing after the war ended.  With her bachelor son, Dennis, she moved to New York City, leaving operation of the ferry to John, "The Patriot."  Other sons moved to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.  In about 1788, when she would have been 79, Mollie returned with Dennis to Sneden's Landing and took up residence in a house adjacent to the landing known as the "Mollie Sneden House," 14 Washington Spring Road.  She resumed involvement with the ferry and continued to work in this connection until shortly before her death.  Mollie Sneden died on January 31, 1810, at the age of 101 years and 18 days, surviving her husband by 66 years.

She is buried in the Palisades Cemetery, also known as the Sneden's Landing Cemetery, in Palisades, New York.  Her original grave marker was replaced in 1982 by the local historical society because it had crumbled and become illegible.

Notes

1709 births
1810 deaths
American centenarians
Colonial American women
Women in the American Revolution
New York (state) in the American Revolution
People of the Province of New York
Ferries of New York (state)
Ferries of New Jersey
People from Palisades, New York
Women centenarians


WeSeed.com was a free website aimed at teaching people about the stock market. It allows visitors to virtually invest in real stocks and also serves as a social network, allowing people to interact and discuss their opinions on different stocks and markets. The site uses a proprietary WeSearch engine, which allows users to search for the things that interest them. The search then returns stocks that might appeal to those interests.  WeSeed officially closed on August 31, 2013, but continues to offer the free education market lessons.  In an email sent to all WeSeed users, the company said that they are exploring ways to restart the website.

Philosophy
Founded on the Peter Lynch premise “invest in what you know,” the site encourages people to share their knowledge about the companies and products they use in their everyday lives. Users can read expert blogs, play games, watch videos, and leave comments about their favorite products and companies. Commentary includes news, customer experiences, and consumer trends that affect the company's viability.

Reviews
WeSeed was selected to be one of 24 presenters at the 2008 Finovate—a showcase of the best finance and banking startups. Shortly after Finovate, Mashable reviewed the site. PC Magazine gave WeSeed a 3.5 out of 5 rating. Thrillist.com also reviewed it, noting that the site breaks down the mystery of the stock market for the "market-unsavvy."

Awards
WeSeed's iPhone application received the “Staff Pick” award by Apple. Released on November 14, 2008, the application allows people to access WeSeed on their iPhone.

References

External links
 WeSeed Homepage

Defunct companies based in Chicago
Internet properties established in 2007
Defunct online companies of the United States
Defunct financial services companies of the United States
Stock market
American educational websites


Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai () is a submarine volcano in the South Pacific located about  south of the submarine volcano of Fonuafoou and  north of Tongatapu, Tonga's main island. It is part of the highly active Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone and its associated volcanic arc, which extends from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji, and is formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate. It lies about  above a very active seismic zone.

The volcano rises around 2,000 m from the seafloor and has a caldera which – on the eve of the 2022 eruption – was roughly 150 m below sea level and 4 km at its widest extent. The only major above-water part of the volcano are the twin uninhabited islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai, which are respectively part of the northern and western rim of the caldera. As a result of the volcano's eruptive history, the islands existed as single landmass from 2015 to 2022: they were merged by a volcanic cone in a VEI 2 volcanic eruption in 2014–2015, and were separated again by a more explosive eruption in 2022, which also reduced the islands in size.

Its most recent eruption in January 2022 generated a tsunami that reached as far as the coasts of Japan and of the Americas and a volcanic plume that reached  into the mesosphere. As of May 2022 the eruption is the largest volcanic eruption in the 21st century. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai likely had a previous major explosive eruption in the late 11th or early 12th century (possibly in 1108). Several known historical eruptions occurred in 1912, 1937, 1988, 2009, 2014–15 and 2021–22.

Volcano and caldera

Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai is a submarine volcano in the Kermadec-Tonga Ridge in South Pacific, a ridge formed by the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate is subducted by the Indo-Australian Plate, forming a long volcanic and island chain. Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcano lies almost completely underwater, with the exception of two small volcanic islands, Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haapai. They are, respectively, the remnants of the northern and western rim of the volcano's caldera. The volcano's base at the seafloor is approximately 20 km in diameter, rising roughly 2,000 m towards the sea surface. Before the 2022 eruption, the volcano's caldera was roughly 150 m below sea-level, and had a size of 4 × 2 km. Its northern and southern portions were filled by volcanic deposits from previous eruptions. Before the 2015 eruption, the two subaerial islands were about  apart, and were each about  long. They are both composed largely of andesite and layered tephra deposits, with steep rocky cliffs. This andesite tends to be of the basaltic type.

Samples from the islands suggest a long eruptive history. One pyroclastic flow was dated to 1040–1180 CE, correlating to ash deposits found on Tongatapu, and to an unknown tropical eruption in 1108 CE that had produced 1 °C of global cooling. The caldera is believed to have been formed by this eruption. Submarine eruptions at a rocky shoal – about  southeast of Hunga Haapai and  south of Hunga Tonga – were reported in 1912 and 1937; both eruptions had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 2. Another eruption in Hunga occurred from a fissure  south-southeast of Hunga Haapai island in 1988; this eruption had a VEI of 0. The
2009 eruption arose from two vents located to the south and northwest of Hunga Haʻapai. The tephra deposited around each vent became connected to the island and nearly tripled its size, but such deposits disappeared with erosion in the following months.

Geography

Islands
Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai are the only subaerial parts of the volcano. Hunga Tonga is the eastern island, while Hunga Haʻapai is the western one. They are part of Tonga's Haʻapai group of islands, an island arc formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate.

Before the 2014–15 eruption, which connected them into a single island, the islands were separated by about  of ocean water. Before the 2022 eruption, the highest point in the former Hunga Tonga reached an elevation of , while Hunga Haapai was only  above sea level. Neither island was large: before they were connected in 2015, each island was about  long, with Hunga Tonga being roughly  and Hunga Haapai  in size. They are much smaller after the 2022 eruption. Neither island was developed due to a lack of an acceptable anchorage, although there were large guano deposits on each island.

After the 2015 eruption, the smaller Hunga Tonga island, approximately  to the northeast of Hunga Haapai, became attached to the crater via a -wide tombolo, and further sandy deposits had built up at the southern end of the crater's connection with Hunga Haapai. The caldera itself has eroded rapidly in the southeast, originally allowing an opening that flooded the crater with seawater to form a bay. This bay has later become separated from the open ocean by a shallow sandbar, forming a lagoon. Initially it was believed that the entire island would be eroded rapidly, but by 2017, scientists believed that the process could take decades.

The islands figure in Tongan mythology as one of the few islands which were not overfished, and hence thrown down from heaven to land on earth. Tongans called them the islands which "jump back and forth" (i.e. suffer earthquakes). The first Europeans to see the islands were those with the Dutch explorers Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire in 1616. The British explorer Captain James Cook visited them several times in 1777 and learned their Tongan names.

History

2009 eruption

On 16 March 2009, a submarine eruption near Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai began spewing steam, smoke, pumice, and ash thousands of feet into the sky. By 21 March, Tonga's chief geologist, Kelepi Mafi, reported lava and ash issuing from two vents – one on the uninhabited island Hunga Haapai and another about  offshore. The eruption had filled the gap between the two vents, creating new land surface that measured hundreds of square metres. The eruption devastated Hunga Haapai, covering it in black ash and stripping it of vegetation and fauna.

The volcanic eruption drew worldwide attention. The volcano was featured in a segment of the television program Angry Planet in 2009.

2014–2015 eruption

In November–December 2014, volcanic plumes and a series of earthquakes at volcanoes occurred north of Tonga for several weeks, indicating resumed volcanic activity in the area.

A new eruption began at Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai on 19 December 2014. Local fishermen reported a tall white steam plume rising from the ocean over the undersea volcanic mount. Satellite images taken on December 29 showed the eruption continuing, with a smoke and ash plume rising from the site, and discolored seawater (possibly caused by smoke and ash released below the surface, or by disturbance of the seabed). The eruption continued into 2015, with a tall ash cloud rising  into the sky on 6 January 2015.

The eruption entered a new stage on 11 January 2015, when the volcano began sending ash plumes as high as  into the sky. An Air New Zealand flight on 12 January had to be diverted to Samoa, while a number of other flights between New Zealand and Tonga were cancelled. An ash plume reached  on January 13. Officials identified two vents, one on Hunga Haapai and another about  offshore and underwater. Large rocks and wet, dense ash were being ejected up to  into the air. By 16 January, a new island had been formed by the explosion. Tongan officials estimated the new island to be  wide,  long, and  high, although geologists said the new island would probably exist only a few months until ocean waves wore it down. Ash and acid rain were falling in an area about  from the new island, and Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haapai had both been denuded of vegetation.

Despite the volcano's eruption, which was spewing a steam cloud  into the air, international flights to Tonga resumed on 16 January, as volcano and aviation experts deemed the eruption no longer a threat to airliners.

Geologists from Tonga and New Zealand who visited the volcano on January 19 said the eruption had quieted in the last 24 hours. They noted that nearly all the eruption was now coming from the vent on the new island, with steam clouds rising to a height of , and ash and rock being thrown to a height of about . Emission of ash was limited, with magma rocks hitting the ocean causing some steam explosions. The team found no floating volcanic debris, such as pumice rafts, and the smell of volcanic gases was intermittent. Tongan officials established a zone  in diameter around the island to protect visitors from rock, ash, and acid rain.

Tongan officials declared the eruption at an end on 26 January, after observing no new gas, ash, or rock emerging from the island vent. By this time, the island was  wide,  long, and  high. The new island had joined with Hunga Haapai, and was about  away from joining with Hunga Tonga. Locals visiting the island said seabirds were nesting.

In June 2015, entrepreneur Ian Argus Stuart became the first person to overnight on this new island formation. Spending 11 nights on the island, Stuart survived eating nothing but seagull eggs and squid. Stuart went to Hunga Tonga with the help of the Spanish explorer Alvaro Cerezo, who provides castaway experiences to remote desert islands around the planet.

Post–2015 scientific study

In June 2017, French explorers Cécile Sabau and Damien Grouille landed the island from their sailing boat COLIBRI. Aside from taking some of the very few pictures of the island before it was decimated by the 2022 eruption, they collected a total of 16 rock samples, documented with GPS plotting and 3D pictures.

This material was studied by scientists at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, led by Dr James B. Garvin. They studied Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai, using it as a model for volcanic shapes on Mars. In an article published in late 2017, the scientists concluded that Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai eroded in ways that are remarkably similar to the erosion patterns seen on similar landforms on Mars. The scientists noted that this suggested Mars was once flooded briefly by water, but that the water receded fairly quickly. They said that further study of the similarities between Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai and Martian volcanic landforms was needed.

Another analysis of the samples showed that the volcanic ash that forms much of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai reacted with the warm oceanic water around it. This chemical reaction turned the ash into much harder rock, and volcanologists believed the island would last for several decades rather than be eroded. This made Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haapai only the third volcanic island in the last 150 years to survive more than a few months.

In October 2018, scientists visited the island and discovered that its surface was covered with gravel, sticky mud, and vegetation. The island was also populated by a variety of bird life. They also found that the island seemed to be eroding more quickly than previously thought, due to rainfall. The survey also found that coral reefs around the volcano quickly recovered from the eruption.

December 2021–January 2022 eruption

On 20 December 2021 the volcano erupted, causing a large plume that was visible from Nukuʻalofa. The Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre Wellington issued an advisory to airlines. Explosions could be heard up to  away. The initial eruption continued until 2 am on 21 December. Activity continued, and on 25 December, satellite imagery showed that the island had increased in size.

As activity on the volcano decreased, it was declared dormant on 11 January before restarting on 14 January after the volcano sent an ash cloud . The Tongan government subsequently issued a tsunami warning. On the next day, the volcano violently erupted again, about seven times more powerfully than the eruption on 20 December 2021. The initial volcanic plume rose to  into the mesosphere, the greatest height ever reported for a vapor plume. There were numerous reports of loud booms across Tonga and other countries, such as Fiji and as far away as New Zealand and Australia. A boom was heard in Alaska,  from the source seven hours after eruption. The Met Office in the UK has also detected shockwaves from the eruption. The eruption set off a massive atmospheric shock-wave travelling at about  per second. The energy released by the eruption has been calculated using various methods and thus have led to a range of values. While one study estimated a release equivalent to 61 Megatons of TNT, more powerful than the largest nuclear bomb ever detonated, another study proposed at least five blasts, two of relatively small size around 4:00 UTC (<0.1 Mt) and three increasingly larger ones at 4:06 (0.5 Mt), 4:18 (4 Mt), and 4:56 (15 Mt). Near the eruption, the explosion damaged property, including shattered windows. A tsunami warning was issued just after 5:30 p.m. by the Tonga Meteorological Services and the tsunami flooded coastal areas in Tonga.

Two people were killed in Peru and two fishermen were injured in San Gregorio, California. Four deaths were confirmed in Tonga, including a British woman whose body was found after she went missing when the tsunami struck.

According to a report in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, while comparable to other volcanic eruptions on some measures, the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption sent unprecedented amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere.

On 15 January a satellite radar survey showed that most of the island had been destroyed, and only small parts remained. These included remnants of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Haʻapai.

A survey of the caldera by a remote operated vehicle in August 2022 found continuing signs of volcanic activity.

In August 2022, a NASA report on the January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai stated, "The huge amount of water vapor hurled into the atmosphere, as detected by NASA’s Microwave Limb Sounder, The excess water vapor injected by the Tonga volcano... could remain in the stratosphere for several years... may have a small, temporary warming effect... would not be enough to noticeably exacerbate climate change effects."

See also

List of volcanoes in Tonga
List of islands and towns in Tonga
Surtsey, another recently formed volcanic island in Iceland
List of large volcanic eruptions

Footnotes

References

External links

The Rise and Fall of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai – Robert Waterman – Esri
"Underwater Volcano Erupts Off Tonga." BBC News. March 19, 2009. – Video showing the 18 March 2009, eruption
"Expedition To A New Island" – Explorer George Kourounis sets foot on a brand new volcanic island
"Hunga Tonga – The Volcano" – Local Tonga news of the 2022 eruption

Volcanoes of Tonga
Submarine calderas
Submarine volcanoes
Active volcanoes
Ephemeral islands
2014 in Tonga
Volcanic eruptions in Oceania
Volcanism of the Pacific Ocean
Islands of Tonga
Volcanic eruptions in 2021
Volcanic eruptions in 2022
VEI-6 volcanoes


Banglalion Communications Ltd was a privately held Bangladeshi 4G wireless broadband operator. It used WiMAX technology. It had a nationwide license from the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) to provide broadband wireless access services for data, voice and video. Banglalion covered 7 divisional headquarters and 30 major districts of Bangladesh. As of 2022, it does not provide any products.

History
Banglalion was founded by Major (Retd.) Abdul Mannan in 2008, as a subsidiary of Sunamn Group. The company won a Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) license to provide WiMAX technology countrywide in an auction held by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) in the September of this year. The company raised Tk450 crore for its setup, with BDT 171 crore loan from 7 banks of Bangladesh, mainly AB Bank and BDT 130 crore from bonds.

By 2011, the operator garnered an overwhelming response with its subscriber count reaching 350,000. At the end of 2012, Banglalion started to expand its business to the major districts of Bangladesh along with divisional headquarters. It was the highest bidder, at Tk 2.15 billion ($31.4M as of September 2008), and chose spectrum in the 2585-2620 MHz bandwidth. In November 2009, it became the second operator, after Augere, to launch a WiMAX network in Bangladesh.

As of 2022, it does not provide any products.

Services

Banglalion used to offer both postpaid and prepaid packages for its users. These packages came in different bandwidth and speed limits. Banglalion's competitors were Qubee and Ollo.

Coverage
Banglalion used to cover 7 divisional cities Dhaka, Gazipur, Chittagong, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Khulna, Rangpur and Barisal. Network had rolled out in other major cities such as Munshiganj, Naraynganj, Rajbari, Mymensingh, Comilla, Noakhali, Laxmipur, Satkhira, Bogra, and Cox's Bazar.

Banglalion officially shut down
In 2021, Banglalion's license was revoked and was officially shut down. In December 2020, Banglalion owed BTRC about BDT 205.94 crore. They cannot afford to repay this loan. As a result, despite the license being valid until 2023, Banglalion's license was revoked.

References

Further reading

Internet service providers of Bangladesh


Leslie Sheard (born ) is an English former rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1970s and 1980s, and coached rugby league in the 1980s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Wakefield RFC, and representative level rugby league (RL) for England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Castleford (Heritage No. 539), Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 777), York (captain), and Huddersfield, as a , or , i.e. number 1, or, 2 or 5, and coached club level rugby league for Huddersfield.

Background
Les Sheard worked as a school teacher, and as of 2009 he lives in Devon.

Playing career

International honours
Les Sheard won a cap for England (RL) while at Wakefield Trinity in 1975 against Wales.

County honours
Les Sheard won cap(s) for Yorkshire while at Wakefield Trinity.

Challenge Cup Final appearances
Les Sheard played  in Wakefield Trinity's 3–12 defeat by Widnes in the 1979 Challenge Cup Final during the 1978–79 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 5 May 1979, in front of a crowd of a crowd of 94,218.

County Cup Final appearances
Les Sheard played as an  interchange/substitute, i.e. number 14, (replacing  Geoffrey Wraith) in Wakefield Trinity's 2-7 defeat by Leeds in the 1973 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1973–74 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 20 October 1973, and played  in the 13-16 defeat by Hull Kingston Rovers in the 1974 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1974–75 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 26 October 1974.

Club career
Les Sheard made his début for Wakefield Trinity during March 1972, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored.

References

External links

1940s births
Living people
Castleford Tigers players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Huddersfield Giants coaches
Huddersfield Giants players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league centres
Rugby league fullbacks
Wakefield RFC players
Wakefield Trinity players
York Wasps captains
York Wasps players
Yorkshire rugby league team players


The main legal act establishing and regulating taxation in Kazakhstan is the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Taxes and Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget (the “Tax Code”).  The Tax Code was adopted on 10 December 2008 and came into effect as of 1 January 2009.

Historical Development
Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty as a member of the USSR in October 1990, and following the dissolution of the Soviet Union the country declared independence in December 1991. The first piece of Tax Legislation of the sovereign republic was the 1991 decree “On Taxes from Enterprises, Associations and Organizations”.

In 1995 the President issued a Decree “On Taxes and Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget" (the “Decree”), which regulated the tax system in Kazakhstan. The Decree only provided for general information on taxes and referred to several instructions which provided for specific information on each of the taxes.

In 2002 the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Taxes and Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget (the “2002 Tax Code”) came into force. The 2002 Tax Code was a more comprehensive legal act than the Decree.  In fact, the 2002 Tax Code regulated the relationships between the state and the taxpayer and provided for procedures on calculation and payment of taxes.

In 2008 the President announced that the Republic of Kazakhstan requires a new tax code, which should provide for lower tax rates and simplified tax administration procedures.  As a result, the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Taxes and Other Obligatory Payments to the Budget (the “Tax Code”) was adopted on 10 December 2008 and came into force as of 1 January 2009.

Types of Taxes

References

(Russian) Chamber of Kazakh Tax Advisers

Economy of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Law of Kazakhstan