Sir Edward Ebenezer Parkes (1848 – 29 June 1919) was an English Liberal Unionist politician who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Central.

Born in Tipton, Parkes was the son of an ironmaster. Joining his father's business, he became a prominent local businessman. He was appointed JP for Birmingham in 1892 and served on the city council for a number of years.

When the Liberal Unionist John Albert Bright stood down at the 1895 general election, Parkes was elected in his place to the House of Commons. He held the seat until the constituency was abolished for the 1918 general election, sitting as a Conservative after the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists merged in 1912.

He was knighted in 1917.

After Birmingham Central's abolition, he did not seek re-election again.

References

External links

1848 births
1919 deaths
Knights Bachelor
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
British ironmasters


Peake was an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia from 1970 to 2002. The district was based in the western suburbs of Adelaide.

Typically a Labor seat, it was lost to the Liberal Party at the landslide 1993 state election. Peake was superseded by West Torrens at the 2002 state election.

Members for Peake

Election results

External links
1985 & 1989 election boundaries, page 18 & 19

Former electoral districts of South Australia
1970 establishments in Australia
2002 disestablishments in Australia


The Communauté de communes de la Vôge vers les Rives de la Moselle (before 2008: Communauté de communes Les Deux Rives de la Moselle) is a former administrative association of rural communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was created in January 2000 and had its administrative offices at Arches. It was merged into the Communauté d'agglomération d'Épinal in January 2017.

The association took its name from the Vôge Plateau and the river Moselle.

Composition
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

Arches
Archettes
La Baffe
Bellefontaine
Dinozé
Hadol
Jarménil
Pouxeux
Raon-aux-Bois
Uriménil
Xertigny

References

Voge


The Wirtz Labor Library is the library of the U.S. Department of Labor. It provides Department of Labor employees and members of the general public with access to both historically significant and current resources pertaining to labor. It is located in the Frances Perkins Building in Washington, D.C.

Established in 1917, the U.S. Department of Labor Library was created with the consolidation of the libraries of the former Children's Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Library's collection documents the history of labor, labor unions and the growth and development of the labor movement in a national and international perspective. The Wirtz Library won the John Sessions Memorial Award for library service to labor from the American Library Association in 2009.

Background
The library's online catalog provides access to all materials acquired since 1975 and to selected pre-1975 items. The library is the recipient of the 2009 John Sessions Memorial Award.

The Library was dedicated in honor of former U.S. Secretary of Labor Willard Wirtz and his wife Jane Quisenberry Wirtz on March 28, 2000. It is a federal depository library, and in 2000 was designated a Millennium Library by the White House Millennium Council in recognition of its unique historical holdings.

Collections

The library contains 181,000 items, including the James Taylor collection (labor history), the Folio collection (trade union serials), the department's Portrait Collection and a 30,000 volume labor law collection.

References

External links

Public libraries in Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Labor
Federal depository libraries


Stephen Tin-hoi Ng (Chinese:吳天海) (born 1953 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong entrepreneur, who is the chairman and the managing director of the Wharf (Holdings) Limited. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of i-Cable Communications. He is also the deputy chairman of Wheelock & Co, the chairman and chief executive officer of Wharf T&T, the chairman of Joyce Boutique, Modern Terminals and Harbour Centre Development.

Mr. Ng graduated from the Wah Yan College, Kowloon of Hong Kong, the Ripon College of the United States and the University of Bonn of Germany. He joined the Wharf in 1981 and became the Managing Director in 1989. He is the Chairman of the General Committee of Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce for 2016–2018.

References

1953 births
Living people
Hong Kong chief executives
The Wharf (Holdings)
Wheelock and Company
Alumni of Wah Yan
University of Bonn alumni
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2007–2012
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2012–2017
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2017–2021
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2021–2026


The National Library of Wales Journal (Cylchgrawn Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru) is an annual academic journal containing scholarly articles on historical topics relating to the Library's collections, covering Welsh medieval and local history, literature, and the Welsh diaspora. It was first published in 1939. Its last printed issue was published in 2006, and it is now an electronic publication.

It is being digitised by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

References

External links

Magazines published in Wales
Welsh history journals
Annual journals
Academic journals established in 1939
Multilingual journals


Selim Sadak, (born 1954 in İdil, Şırnak) is a Turkish politician of Kurdish origin.

Background
Selim Sadak graduated from the Mathematics department of Diyarbakır Eğitim Enstitüsü. He then worked as a freelancer in Kurdish, English and Arabic.

He is married and has 10 children.

Political career
In the 1991 Turkey Parliamentary general election, he joined Leyla Zana, Mahmut Alınak, Hatip Dicle, Orhan Doğan, Ahmet Türk, Sırrı Sakık and Sedat Yurtdaş in the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) and was elected as the member of parliament for Şırnak in the 19th Parliament of Turkey.  In March 1994, the parliamentary immunity was lifted from Selim Sadak, Orhan Dogan, Hatip Dicle and Leyla Zana. On 16 June 1994 the Democracy Party (DEP) was closed down by the Turkish Constitutional Court, and Selim Sadak, along with other members of the party, were put in prison. Based on a decision by the State Security Court he was sentenced to 15 years in prison in 1994. In April 2004 the European parliament condemned the imprisonment of Sadak and hoped for the quashing of the sentence in a resolution. He was released in June 2004 following a decision of Turkey's Appeal Court.

Later career and prosecution
Following his release from prison, Sadak toured the countryside testing the possibilities of founding a new party. At the time he saw it difficult a Kurdish party could be formed without referencing Öcalan. Sadak along with Leyla Zana and Hatip Dicle set up the Democratic Society Party (DTP) and was elected mayor of Siirt under the DTP, receiving 49,4% of the votes in the local elections in March 2009.

In December 2009, however, Turkey banned the DTP due to alleged links with the PKK and Selim Sadak as well as Ahmet Türk, Aysel Tuğluk, Leyla Zana and Nurettin Demirtaş, were banned from politics for 5 years. In 2010 he was dismissed by the Interior Ministry as Mayor of Siirt after a sentence of 10 months imprisonment from 2008 got confirmed, a decision he objected. Then the Council of State Administrative Trials Board General Council overruled the decision of the Interior Ministry to dismiss Sadak and ruled he can stay Mayor of Siirt until the end of his term.

On 26 April 2010 he was sentenced of 1 year imprisonment because he used the word Kurdistan and on the 13 April to 10 months imprisonment for a photo depicted in a calendar of 2010.

In August 2011 he was sentenced in Siirt Criminal Court to five months in prison, a sentence which was later converted to a fine.

On 7 October 2011 he was sentenced in Diyarbakir court to one year and eight months prison for terrorist propaganda in relation to a speech that he made in 2007.

References

External links
 Selim Sadak web site

Living people
1954 births
Democracy Party (Turkey) politicians
Democratic Society Party politicians
Deputies of Şırnak
Turkish prisoners and detainees
Turkish Kurdish politicians
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Turkey
People expelled from public office
People's Labor Party politicians
Politicians arrested in Turkey
Mayors of places in Turkey


Thirwat Salah Shehata (ثروت صالح شحاته) (also Tarwat Salah Abdallah) (born June 29, 1960) is a core member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Married to the sister of Mahmoud Jaballah, Shehata served as Jaballah's lawyer in Egypt.

al-Jihad involvement, involvement with Mahmoud Jaballah
Shehata was alternately reported to have been sentenced to death, or a light prison sentence, in absentia in 1991 following the al-Jihad assassination of Anwar Sadat.

He maintained telephone contact with Jaballah through 1996 when the latter moved to Canada. In October, al-Jihad's London leader Adel Abdel Bary contacted Jaballah to mention he was shipping him several books and periodicals, including al-Mujahideen and al-Faqr for distribution in Canada, and copies of the Shifaa and some audiocassettes he asked him to forward on to Shehata.

In November 1996, Jaballah mentioned that he hadn't heard from "his father" recently, and Shehata assured him that he was alright and just having difficulty communicating lately. Canadian authorities have alleged this conversation was in reference to EIJ leader Ayman al-Zawahiri. Also in December, Shehata, now Jaballah's brother-in-law to whom he had offered financial support, told Jaballah that he was in Syria and preparing to go stay with "Daoud", believed to be a reference to Ibrahim Eidarous who was staying in Azerbaijan.

On December 13, Jaballah was informed that his friend "Najib" had been "hospitalised", which authorities suggest was a reference to Ahmad Salama Mabruk being imprisoned along with al-Zawahiri and Mahmud Hisham al-Hennawi by Russian authorities as they tried to cross into Chechnya. He promised to raise funds in Canada to help offset Nijab's troubles while Shehata did the same in Azerbaijan. Hani Yusef al-Sebai contacted Jaballah at this time, explaining that he was staying near Shehata and helping with the fundraising for the release.

Jabbalah contacted Ibrahim Eidarous on January 1 to ask how he would arrange a cash transfer from the British Bank of the Middle East to Azerbaijan under the name Khalil Yaseen Mohammed Mahmoud, and a few days later phoned Shehata to say he was unable to transfer the funds to him. Shehata told him to just send the funds for the release to Daoud's postal box in London instead. Eidarous and Shehata traveled to Dagestan to plead for the release of the "merchants" who they argued had been unfairly arrested. Shehata received permission to visit the prisoners, and is believed to have smuggled them $3000 which was later confiscated from their cell, and to have given them a letter which the Russians did not bother to translate. Shehata was sent on to Chechnya, where he met with Ibn Khattab.

In July 1998, Jaballah phoned Ibrahim Ismail Allam and passed on a message Shehata had asked him to deliver. Two days prior to the 1998 United States embassy bombings, Shehata was again contacted by Jaballah, and hours before the bombing happened Mabruk phoned Jaballah and asked him to get Eidarous to call him on Shehata's cell phone, and Jaballah passed on the message. The day after the bombings, Mabruk told Jaballah that he and Shehata were leaving Azerbaijan and that they should break off all contact now; but Shehata phoned Jaballah a short time later and informed him that he'd moved to Lebanon, but didn't have a phone in his new location. He never again contacted Jaballah, The Associated Press later stated that he had been again sentenced to death in absentia in 1998.

Alleged involvement in al-Qaeda, arrest
Following the September 11th attacks in 2001, Shehata was put on a list of "12 most wanted terrorist suspects" by the United States, and accused of financing al-Qaeda.

In the lead-up to the 2003 American invasion of Iraq, CIA director George Tenet believed that Shehata and Yussef Dardiri were both being allowed to operate in Baghdad by Saddam Hussein since May 2002, and used this "intelligence" as part of the bid to tie the dictator to terrorism, suggesting that "Shehata was willing to strike US, Israeli, and Egyptian targets sometime in the future" and stating that he had trained "North Africans" in the use of truck bombs in Afghanistan.

In 2005, he was believed to be under a form of house arrest in Iran. In 2014, Shehata left Iran and was believed to have traveled to Libya.  On April 7, 2014, Egyptian officials announced that local authorities captured Shehata in an apartment located in 10th of Ramadan City in Al Sharqia Governorate.  At the time of his arrest, Shehata was believed to have been training al-Qaeda militants in eastern Libya.

References

Living people
1960 births
Egyptian Islamic Jihad
Individuals designated as terrorists by the United States government


Doug Shapiro (born September 15, 1959) is a former American professional cyclist who became a bicycle accident consultant. He was a member of two American Olympic teams and was only the third ever American to compete in and finish the Tour de France.  For over the last twenty years, he has served as a consultant and expert witness to attorneys who represent parties involved in bicycle accident litigation.

Shapiro began his competitive cycling career at the age of thirteen.  During his career as both a top amateur and professional racer, Shapiro competed in many countries throughout the world.  Shapiro was a member of the American Olympic Team in 1980, but was not able to participate due to United States participation in the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott.  He was a member of the 1984 American Olympic team. In 1980, he received a Congressional Gold Medal at the White House due to the 1980 Olympic Boycott.

The Congressional Gold Medal is the highest civilian honor bestowed by Congress, and its first recipient was George Washington, who was so honored on March 25, 1776.

In 1984 Shapiro won American's top cycling stage race, the Coors Classic - riding for the 7-Eleven racing team.  The following year, in 1985, Doug Shapiro became just the third American to compete in and finish the Tour de France (achieving 74th place), in addition to finishing third in the 1985 Coors Classic. In 1997, Shapiro was inducted into the Cycling Hall of Fame as part of the 7-Eleven Cycling Team that competed in the 1986 Tour de France. In 1999 he was inducted into the Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

From 1985 to 1989, Shapiro competed on professional cycling teams.  In 1985, Shapiro rode with Jan Raas and Joop Zoetemelk on the Kwantum Hallen Team.

Shapiro built his reputation as a hill climber and sprinter and earned the nickname "Bullet.” After breaking his hip and being advised to retire, Shapiro had an additional successful season before retiring in 1989.

In 1990, Shapiro acted as the technical advisor and technical writer for the video "Cycling for Success,” produced by the 7-Eleven Bike team.  The video was the first of its kind to offer cycling safety tips and techniques.  It was created for all levels of cyclists, from the serious racer to amateur enthusiast.

Today, Shapiro owns and operates Shapiro & Associates. The Company provides bicycle expert witness services to personal injury attorneys, municipalities, government agencies, manufacturers, and insurance companies that are involved in bicycle accident litigation.

Major results

1980
New York State Champion
1984
1st Coors Classic
1st stage 1 Settimana Bergamasca Italy
1st stage 1 Tour De Ardennes France
1985
1st stage 12 Coors Classic
1989
1st stage 6 Tour of Texas
1988
1st National Capital Open
1st Las Vegas Sports Festival

References

External links

See also
List of Congressional Gold Medal recipients

Living people
American male cyclists
Jewish American sportspeople
1959 births
21st-century American Jews


Fappiano (May 19, 1977 – September 3, 1990) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse whose most important win was the 1981 Metropolitan Handicap. When retired to stud, he became a major sire whose offspring included Kentucky Derby winner Unbridled. He was named for Joseph C. Nichols (1905–1984), a long-time sportswriter for The New York Times, who was born Giuseppe Carmine Fappiano.

Background
Fappiano was bred and raced by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer John Nerud and trained by his son, Jan. Bred in Florida, he was from one of the first crops of Mr. Prospector, then based in Florida, and helped establish Mr. Prospector's reputation as one of North America's leading sires. Fappiano was out Killaloe, an allowance race-winning daughter of Hall of Fame inductee Dr. Fager. Killaloe also produced stakes winners Torrential (FR-G1), Portroe (US-G3), Jedina and Royal Troon. Nerud had also bred Dr. Fager and Fappiano's second dam, Grand Splendor, while managing Tartan Farms. The family traces to the highly influential broodmare, Plucky Liege.

Racing career
At age two in 1979, Fappiano went undefeated in four starts. Among those wins was the Morven Stakes with future Hall of Fame jockey Angel Cordero Jr. aboard. Run on December 20, cold weather had frozen the track but in spite of the conditions Fappiano broke the Meadowlands track record for six furlongs with a time of 1:08 3/5. t. He went on to win several important races through 1980 and 1981, including the Grade I Metropolitan Handicap.

At stud
While successful in racing, Fappiano is best known as a sire and a sire of sires. At the end of 1981, he was retired and syndicated for a reported $300,000 per share. He stood at stud at Tartan Farms near Ocala, Florida, where he remained until the summer of 1987. He was then moved to Lane's End Farm in Versailles, Kentucky. Though himself a sprinter, he became known as a source of class (the ability to carry speed over distance). He was designated an Intermediate/Classic chef-de-race.

Fappiano was the grandsire of two different horses that combined to win all three U.S. Triple Crown races in the same year when Real Quiet won the 1998 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes, and Victory Gallop won the 1998 Belmont Stakes. Through Unbridled, Fappiano is the great-great-grandsire of 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah.

In early September 1990, Fappiano was humanely euthanized when laminitis set in while he was recovering from a fractured leg.

Fappiano notably sired:
 Tasso (b. 1983) – won 1985 Breeders' Cup Juvenile, voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt;
 Cryptoclearance (b. 1984) – multiple stakes winner with career earnings of US$3,376,327, sired Victory Gallop, Volponi;
 Tappiano (b. 1984) – won Spinaway Stakes, Demoiselle Stakes, Matron Stakes, career earnings of US$1,305,522;
 Quiet American (b. 1986) – won NYRA Mile Handicap, sire of Real Quiet;
 Some Romance (b. 1986) – won Frizette Stakes, Matron Stakes;
 Defensive Play (b. 1987) – won Sandown Classic Trial and Rose of Lancaster Stakes in U.K. and Man o' War Stakes, Strub Stakes in U.S., career earnings of US$1,695,557;
 Grand Canyon (b. 1987) – won Hollywood Futurity, Norfolk Stakes, career earnings of $1,019,540;
 Rubiano (b. 1987) – multiple stakes winner with career earnings US$1,203,457, voted American Champion Sprint Horse in 1992;
 Unbridled (b. 1987) – won 1990 Kentucky Derby and Breeders' Cup Classic, voted American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse, career earnings of US$4,489,475. sire of Empire Maker, Grindstone, Halfbridled, and Unbridled's Song;
 Cahill Road (b. 1988) – won Wood Memorial Stakes.

Pedigree

References

External links
 Fappiano's pedigree and partial racing stats
 The Australian Blood Horse Review – October, 1998 article by pedigree specialist Rommy Faversham

1977 racehorse births
1990 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Florida
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horse racing track record setters
Thoroughbred family 16-a
Chefs-de-Race


Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur-de-Wolfestown is a parish municipality in Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada. Its population is 189 as of the Canada 2011 Census.

It was named after one of Jesus' first disciples, James, son of Zebedee. Wolfestown was the name of the historic township in which it is located, which was named after General James Wolfe.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur-de-Wolfestown had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

External links

Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Chaudière-Appalaches


This is a list of notable Twitter services and applications. Twitter's ecosystem of applications and clients crossed one million registered applications in 2011, up from 150,000 apps in 2010. These Twitter apps were built by more than 750,000 developers around the world. A new app is registered every 1.5 seconds, according to Twitter. These various services and applications are designed to work with or enhance the microblogging service Twitter. They are designed with various goals – many aim to improve Twitter's functionality while others set out to make the service more accessible, particularly from other devices. Some applications allow users to send messages (called tweets) directly while others give users the ability to create more complex tweets which they then have to manually post through Twitter itself.

Table

References

Lists of software add-ons

Services and applications


Montgomeryshire Collections (Welsh: Casgliadau Maldwyn) is the annual journal of the Powysland Club, containing scholarly articles on archaeological and historical topics relating to Powys, book reviews, and society notes. It was first published under the title Collections Historical & Archaeological relating to Montgomeryshire, 1868 (vol. 1) – 1942 (vol. 47); it then changed its name to Montgomeryshire Collections: relating to Montgomeryshire and its borders, 1943 (vol. 48) – present.

The journal has been digitised by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

External links
 Montgomeryshire Collections at Welsh Journals Online
 Collections Historical & Archaeological relating to Montgomeryshire at Welsh Journals Online
 Powysland Club website

1868 establishments in Wales
Annual magazines published in the United Kingdom
History magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1868
Magazines published in Wales


Gieldon may refer to:
Giełdon, Chojnice County, Poland
Giełdoń, Słupsk County, Poland


"Long Live Love" is a song by Australian singer, songwriter and actress Olivia Newton-John, released in 1974. It was the  entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 in Brighton, United Kingdom.

Background
The song's composers, Valerie Avon and Harold Spiro, had worked together as staff writers for Belwin Mills Publishing since 1970 and had placed songs with several artists: Newton-John had recorded the Avon/Spiro composition "Don't Move Away" as a duet with Cliff Richard, the track serving as B-side to Richard's 1971 hit "Sunny Honey Girl".

A Song For Europe
"Long Live Love" was the third time Avon and Spiro had submitted a co-composition of theirs for consideration as the UK Eurovision entrant, having finished 4th in a field of six at  with "Can I Believe" while at  the Avon/Spiro composition "In My World of Beautiful Things" had finished 6th in a field of six.

Newton-John introduced one of each of the six nominated songs on a broadcast of Jimmy Savile's Clunk Click TV show; on 23 February 1974 a TV broadcast entitled A Song For Europe 1974 announced the tally of viewers' mailed-in ballots, with "Long Live Love" the clear victor at 27,387 votes. The runner-up, "Angel Eyes" - which was Newton-John's favourite - gained 18,018 votes.

Newton-John made recorded versions of all the songs she had performed for UK Eurovision 1974 consideration, these tracks making up half of Long Live Love, a December 1974 Olivia Newton-John album release, with "Angel Eyes" being utilized as the B-side of the single release of "Long Live Love."

At Eurovision
Considered a strong contender for Eurovision 1974, "Long Live Love" was performed second on the night of the final (following 's Carita Holmström singing "Keep Me Warm" and preceding 's Peret with "Canta y sé feliz"). The conductor for the number was Nick Ingman and Newton-John was backed by a five-woman chorale which included the Ladybirds, the trio who had sung backup for Sandie Shaw on her victorious performance of "Puppet on a String" at Eurovision 1967.

At the close of voting "Long Live Love" had received 14 points to place in a three-way tie for 4th in a field of 17, "Bye Bye I Love You" by Ireen Sheer singing for  and "Celui qui reste et celui qui s'en va" by Romuald singing for  also having accrued 14 points. Newton-John admitted post-contest: "I was never really happy with the song I had to sing."

"Long Live Love" was succeeded as British representative at the 1975 contest by The Shadows with "Let Me Be the One". Olivia Newton-John would be the last solo act to represent the UK at Eurovision until Eurovision 1985.

On 10 August 2022, Eurovision’s official YouTube channel uploaded the song’s performance from the 1974 contest in Brighton in tribute to Olivia after her death.

Chart performance
In the British Isles "Long Live Love" charted in the UK with a #11 peak and reached #9 in Ireland: the track also afforded Newton-John a #11 hit in her adopted homeland of Australia. In anticipation of a boost from its expected strong Eurovision showing, "Long Live Love" was widely released throughout mainland Europe with the track having its highest global impact in Norway with a three-week chart peak tenure at #3, being kept from #1 by the chart-topping 1974 Eurovision victor "Waterloo" (ABBA) with first "Devil Gate Drive" (Suzi Quatro) and then "Seasons in the Sun" (Terry Jacks) at #2. However "Long Live Love" did not afford Newton-John widespread European success, otherwise charting only on Belgium's Dutch chart (#7) and in Finland (#9).

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Cover versions
Newton-John herself recorded a German-language version of "Long Live Love", while renderings in Norwegian and Finnish were recorded by respectively  ("Det er et sted") and Päivi Paunu ("Kun rakastaa").. Anthony Newley covered the song and it was issued as a single (MGM M12744) in the U.S. in 1974

References

External links

1974 singles
Eurovision songs of 1974
Eurovision songs of the United Kingdom
Olivia Newton-John songs
Songs written by Harold Spiro
Songs written by Valerie Murtagh
Pye Records singles
1974 songs


Gizalki may refer to the following places in Poland:

Gizałki, Greater Poland Voivodeship
Giżałki, West Pomeranian Voivodeship


The Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing or LC4MP is an explanatory theory that assumes humans have a limited capacity for cognitive processing of information, as it associates with mediated message variables; moreover, they (viewers) are actively engaged in processing mediated information Like many mass communication theories, LC4MP is an amalgam that finds its origins in psychology. Specifically, this theory has its origins in the Limited Capacity Model for understanding cognitive information processing. The most fundamental assumptions of information processing are the three dimensions of cognitive processing. The three dimensions: 1) encoding, 2) storage, and 3) retrieval. This is how viewers get presented information into their heads. Messages can be processed under controlled conditions or they can be automatically elicited.

Limited capacity theory

When a message processor decides to pay attention to a message because it appeals to their interests, and they allocate resources to information processing, the controlled message engagement subprocess begins; conversely, when a message processor is cued automatically, and they are paying attention, the same process of allocating cognitive resources begins to elicit message processing. First, message engagement, which is a stimulus approach/avoidance interaction engages the appetitive and aversive cognitive subprocesses. In the most lay terms, these are basic fight or flight responses that happen in mere nanoseconds. This information then can report to sensor stores in the brain; and if it is useful, it will move to short term memory and long term memory.

Cognitive resources

There are several key concepts in the LC4MP: total resources, resources allocated, resources required, resources remaining, and resources available. Total resources refer to the total resources in the resource pool. Resources allocated refer to the resources that are actually available for a processing task. The resource allocated to a task may be equivalent to the total resources, but probably is not. Resources required are the amount of resources necessary to complete a task (See Total-Allocated-Required Resources.).  Resources remaining refer to the difference between total resources and resources required. Resources available are the difference between the resources allocated and the resources required. Resources remaining and resources available may be the same if total resources are equivalent to resources allocated, but this is unlikely the case. See the overall picture of mental resources in information processing.

The reasons for these fine-tuned distinctions are several. First, people may not allocate all of the available resources to a task at hand because they are cognitive misers. Unless highly motivated, people tend to use as few resources as necessary. Thus, a distinction is made between total resources and allocated resources. Second, people will allocate resources only as required by the task. If people are watching a program they have seen before, fewer resources may be required because of the familiarity of the program. Conversely, if the production is such that the visual elements of the programming are important, then more resources may be required. In both cases, the same amount of resources may have been allocated to the TV program, but different amounts were actually used, leaving some allocated resources available in one case but not in another. Third, some elements in the environment will automatically draw resources. For example, formal features automatically attract attention (e.g., unrelated cuts), drawing required resources from the total pool of resources without conscious allocation of resources. In this case, the difference between the automatic attraction (i.e., required) of resources and the total resources leaves some remaining resources for allocation to other tasks.

Within this model, media messages may receive insufficient or limited processing for two basic reasons (i.e., cognitive overload). First, there may not be enough resources available to process the message fully (i.e., the required resources exceed the total resources). For example, a message on a topic that a person does not understand may require so many resources – perhaps trying to retrieve information from long-term memory – that, even though all resources may have been allocated to the task, the required resources for retrieval leave neither remaining nor available resources for attending to and encoding the message. Second, there may be enough resources available to process the message but those resources are not allocated to the task for reasons such as insufficient motivation or because the person is multitasking (e.g., resources required exceeds resources allocated). For example, when a person is cooking and watching TV at the same time, there may not be enough resources available to process the TV program entirely.

Watching TV involves a number of simultaneous cognitive processes. TV viewing often requires people to engage in processing auditory and visual information, and integrating these two channels of information. At the same time, both the auditory and visual information include the content of the program as well as the formal features of TV which can act as syntax for the programming. The viewer must integrate all of this information to understand the program. In addition, viewers are storing new information in memory and activating existing knowledge to aid in comprehending the program. Research under the rubric of the LC4MP focuses on how resources are allocated to the various processes that are occurring and the effects of differential resource allocation on attention, encoding, and retrieval.

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Encoding of information is a subprocess where a stimulus orients a person to a message, vel non. In terms of message processing, its effectiveness is determined by the number of cognitive resources allocated to the encoding process. If the person is exposed to a stimulus, and they choose to pay attention, the brain will treat that mediated message like it was reality. That is, the brain creates an "orienting response (OR), which is an automatic cognitive response to novel information". This response is a cognitive reaction to a change in the environment, and can be measured via implicit measures of recognition and explicit measures such as electrochemical reactions in the body. These cognitive processes can be both automatic, as in the case of OR’s, or controlled. In either event, the next step in the message engagement process is to move the information into storage.

Storage is conceptually modeled as a cognitive sub-processing of information into and through the general associative network. Associative networks are conceptual “nodes” that map brain uses as sensor stores—for short-term and long term memory. They are conceptualized as the site where information is stored and ultimately retrieved. Under normal conditions, if there are many associative links available for information processing, “the more readily retrievable that information will become”; hence, then “retrieval” time of information is faster and more accessible. Storage of information is measured via cued recall.

Information retrieval is conceptualized as the third fundamental conceptual sub process of information processing, and it is a function of memory, which is measured via free recall. Measuring free recall is based on an individual’s levels of sensitivity to stimuli, without being cued to the information.

Cognitive memory

Automatic cognitive responses are elicited via a cognitive response to novel information, the primary method in which automatic responses are elicited is through structural cues of the communication situation. Lang, et al. (2000) elaborates on this by controlling the structural features. They discovered that the relatedness of the media messages mattered. They dissected the pacing of mediated content into two categories: one that used related editing in camera angle and content; and, another with unrelated cuts to unrelated information to the previous information that was being encoded and stored. These pacing cues are important to media producers because they can either help reinforce attention into memory; or they can created a low memory retention condition in the minds of the message processor.

By inserting edits, which are operationalized by the process of switching cameras or transitions in visual or audio media, media producers can elicit orienting responses in attentive viewers. This is accomplished because the mechanism of allocating resources to memory message processing is effective in low, medium, and high edit conditions. Therefore, retrieval is also possible and is measured via recognition testing. However, unlike related editing cues, unrelated cuts do not make it into memory, especially when the cuts are coming at the message processor rapidly. This is important, secondarily, because the entire illusion of a commercially driven media system is premised on the concept that advertising sells products. More importantly, this article's primary concern is to instruct media producers—who are concerned with generating public information, the importance of editing cues, and the deleterious uses of disparate advertising and its ineffectiveness.

Methods

Methodologically, the LC4MP uses three primary sets of measures to study how people allocate resources and process information. Secondary task reaction time (STRT) is a measure of the amount of resources allocated to attention. STRT involves people engaging in a primary task such as watching TV while also monitoring a second task such as pressing a button whenever a cue such as a tone sounds or a light comes on. The amount of resources that are available (i.e., resources allocated minus resources required) has been demonstrated to influence how long it takes people to respond in the STRT. When there are a lot of resources available, people quickly notice the light or tone and are quick to press a button. But when resources are low or taxed, people take longer to notice the light or tone and are slower to respond. For example, a cut to an unrelated scene tends to tax resources because of the new information that needs to be processed, and STRT is slower. Critically, STRT is a function of both the resources allocated to the task and the resources required by the task.

A second set of methodological tools involves physiological measures such as heart rate, galvanic skin responses (sweating) or muscle activity. Heart rate is used as a measure of whether an orienting response has occurred. When people show an aroused response, their heart rate decelerates for a few seconds before returning toward their baseline. Likewise, an increase in skin conductance is evidence of an aroused response. Thus, the combined evidence of heart rate deceleration and an increase in skin conductance provides convergent evidence that an orienting response (OR) has occurred.

A final set of methodological tools involves measures of memory including recall and recognition measures. The measures of memory are used to make inferences about encoding and retrieval processes. For example, if messages are simple, increasing people’s attention to a message through the inclusion of formal features that orient attention, such as edits, results in improvements in memory for the message. This finding suggests that there were available resources (i.e., more resources allocated than required) that could be diverted to encoding processes. Conversely, with a complex message, the addition of features that increase ORs tends to lead to decrements in memory, which suggests that ORs automatically drew resources away from encoding processes and resulted in worse memory. The decreased performance on memory tests is one indication that the resources required has exceeded the resources allocated to the task.

Limits of LC4MP

The ability of information processing of mediated messages has limits. Interference with the encoding, storage, and retrieval of messages, especially when the receiver is not interested in the message, creates a situation where the required resources needed to process information are not dedicated; and, “fewer associative links will be made available to the message... therefore, it limits their ability to process media” (). This is a concern for researchers interested in studying how people encode and store information because if information processors do not devote the appropriate number of resources required to process information, then information overload will inhibit the abilities of individuals to encode, store, and retrieve information. Additionally, the ability of information processors to process messages is also limited by their unique retrieval subprocessing abilities, which are related to perceptions compiled over time. Thus, the subprocess of retrieval is affected by two dimensions: “later retrieval – done after the fact – and concurrent retrieval - in real time – affect information processing of messages”.

As a conceptual level of LC4MP, constructivism argues the limitation of information processing theoretical view, although the argues are not in the mediated media world but in more foundational psychology world. Before to point out specific limits of the view, it is useful to summarize the characteristics of information processing views for contrast. First, this view has it that information gains (e.g., learning) can be conceived as internal structures (e.g., long term memory) changing to reflect changes in the external world, which represents "reality". Within the traditional information processing view this real world is "knowable" and, as a consequence a student's knowledge can be ultimately judged as right or wrong. A second important characteristic of the information processing view is that there are general principles of learning, knowledge, etc. that hold true across situations and across learners, and it is the job of the researcher and theorist to ascertain these general principles.

On the other hand, a fundamental characteristic of the prototypical constructivist view is that no knowledge is absolute, rather knowledge is constructed. For example, the constructivists point to all the times in history when something was thought be a "fact", but was later discounted. This view is in contrast with the "absolute reality" basis of the information processing view. Another fundamental characteristics of the structuralist perspective is that learning only occurs within some context. So, for example, to consider learning independent of the environment in which it occurs (e.g., school, work, or play), is unrealistic and incomplete. This, again, is inconsistent with both the behaviorist and information processing views (and much of science in general, for that matter) in that these latter theories are based on the assumption that fundamental principles can be ascertained that will apply broadly across contexts and across learners.

These distinctions may sound quite abstract and removed from "real life" classroom instruction to you. In fact, in a practical/applied sense there are some important implications and practices that have emerged from this constructivist view since it has come into favor in the last decade. The general view that knowledge is not so absolute, that it is "constructed" puts more of an emphasis on the knowledge and conceptions that students brings to the classroom. This leads to a more "learner centered approach", with the teacher as more of a "guide on the side", as opposed to a "sage on the stage". Further, in a "constructivist classroom" students are more free to participate in the planning (i.e., "negotiate") and, even, the assessment process. Another implication of the "relative" nature of knowledge contention is that it is important to present the learner with multiple perspectives on a single topic or concept.

See also
 Media psychology

References

Further reading
Bolls, Paul D. & Lang, Annie. (2003). I saw it on the radio: The allocation of attention to high imagery radio advertisements. Media Psychology, 5 (1), pp. 33–56.
Bolls, P., Lang, A., & Potter, R. (2001). The use of facial EMG to measure emotional responses to radio. Communication Research, 28(5), 627-651.
Fox, Julia R., Lang, Annie, Chung, Yongkuk, Lee, Seungwhan, & Potter, Deborah (2004). Picture this: Effects of graphics on the processing of television news. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48(4), pp. 646–674.
Grabe, M. E., Lang, A., and Zhao, X. (2003). News Content and Form: Implications for Memory. Communication Research, 30(4), 387-413.
Grabe, M. E., Zhou, S., Lang, A., & Bolls, P. D. (2000). Packaging Television News: The effects of tabloid and standard television news on viewer evaluations, memory and arousal. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44, 581-598
Grabe, M. E., Lang, A., Zhou, S. & Bolls, P. (2000). Cognitive access to negatively arousing news: An experimental investigation of the knowledge gap. Communication Research, 27, 3-26.
Lang, A. (2000). The information processing of mediated messages: A framework for communication research. Journal of Communication, 50, 46-70.
Lang, A., Schwartz, Chung, Y., & Lee, S. (2004). Processing Substance Abuse Messages: Production Pacing, Arousing Content, and Age. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 48, 61-88.
Lang, Annie, Bradley, Samuel D., Chung, Yongkuk, and Lee, Seungwhan (2003). Where the mind meets the message: Reflections on ten years of measuring psychological responses to media. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 47,4, pp. 650–655.
Lang, Annie, Chung, Yongkuk, Lee, Seungwhan, & Zhao, Xiaoquan. (2005). It's the product: Do risky products compel attention and elicit arousal in media users? Health Communication, 17(3), 283-300.
Lang, Annie, Shin, Mija, Bradley, Samuel D., Wang, Zheng, Lee, Seungjo, & Potter, Deborah. (2005). Wait! Don’t turn that dial! More excitement to come! The effects of story length and production pacing in local television news on channel changing behavior and information processing in a free-choice environment. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 49, 3-22.
Lang, Annie, Shin, Mija, & Lee, Seungwhan. (2005). Sensation seeking, motivation, and substance use: A dual system approach. Media Psychology, 7, 1-29.
Potter, D. & Lang, A. (2001). Bridging the gap: Applying the lessons of research in TV newsrooms. Electronic News: A Journal of Applied Research & Ideas, 1 (1), 1-5.
Shapiro, M. A., Lang, A., Hamilton, M. & Contractor, N. (2000). Information systems Division:  Intrapersonal, Meaning, Attitude, and Social Systems. Researching communication processes. Communication Yearbook, 24, 17-49.
Schneider, Edward F., Lang, Annie, Shin, Mija, Bradley, Samuel D. (2004). Death with a story: How story impacts emotional, motivational, and physiological responses to first person shooter video games. Human Communication Research, 30, 361-375.
Sparks, J. V. & Lang, A. (2007, October). A validation of the post-auricular response as a physiological indicator of appetitive activation during television viewing. Paper accepted for presentation to the Mass Communication Division of the National Communication Association at its annual conference, Chicago, IL.
Sparks, J. V. (2007, May). Motivated processing of mediated messages and the post-auricular response. Paper presented to the Information Systems Division of the International Communication Association at its annual conference, San Francisco, CA.

Communication theory
Cognition


One Step Ahead may refer to:
 "One Step Ahead" (Aretha Franklin song), 1965
 "One Step Ahead" (Split Enz song), 1980
 "One Step Ahead" (Nik Kershaw song), 1989
 "One Step Ahead" (Debbie Gibson song), 1990
 "One Step Ahead" (Jack Johnson song), 2022


Ehcache ( ) is an open source Java distributed cache for general-purpose caching, Java EE and . Ehcache is available under an Apache open source license.

Ehcache was developed by Greg Luck starting in 2003. In 2009, the project was purchased by Terracotta, which provides paid support. The software is still open-source, but some new major functionalities (Fast Restartability Consistency) are available only in commercial products, like Enterprise Ehcache and BigMemory, which are not open source. In March 2011, the Wikimedia Foundation announced it would use Ehcache to improve the performance of its wiki projects. However this was quickly abandoned after testing revealed problems with the approach.

The name Ehcache is a palindrome.

See also

Terracotta, Inc.
 Hazelcast
 Memcached
 Couchbase Server
 Infinispan

References

External links

Cache (computing)
Free memory management software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Cross-platform free software
Java enterprise platform


The Samaritan High Priest is the high priest (kohen gadol) of the Samaritan community in the Levant. According to Samaritan tradition, the office has existed continuously since the time of Aaron, the brother of Moses, and has been held by 133 priests over the last 3400 years. However, the historicity of this claim is disputed. One account by Josephus suggests that its office holders are an offshoot of the Zadokite high priests of Jerusalem from around the time of Alexander the Great. , the incumbent high priest is Abdel V.

Office of the High Priest

Duties and responsibilities
The Samaritan High Priest has the following duties in the present:

 He decides all religious law issues.
 He presides over the religious ceremonies on Mount Garizim.
 He validates all marriages and divorces within the Samaritan community.
 He annually publishes the liturgical calendar of the Samaritans.
 He confirms a joining of the Samaritan community.
 He appoints the Cantors and the Shechita of the community.
 He represents the Samaritan community to the outside world.

Lineage
Since 1623/24, the office of high priest has been passed down in a family traced back to Aaron's grandson Itamar. After the death of a high priest, the office passes to the oldest male in that family, unless he has entered into a marriage that disqualifies him from the high priesthood.

It appears, based upon the larger gaps in time between high priests, that several names might be missing, or that there were long periods of vacancy between priests.

The continuous lineage of Samaritan High Priests, descending directly from Aaron, through his son Eleazar, and his son Phinehas, was however disrupted in the early 17th century. In 1624, Shalma I ben Phinehas, the last Samaritan High Priest of the line of Eleazar son of Aaron died without male succession, but descendants of Aaron's other son, Ithamar, remained and took over the office.

There are four families within the house of Ithamar. The Åbtå order, descended from the 113th High Priest Tsedaka ben Tabia, which has held the office of the High Priesthood since 1624; the House of Phineas a.k.a. Dār 'Åder, descended from Fīn'ās ban Yīṣ'å̄q (Phineas ben Isaac); Dār Yīṣ'å̄q, descended from Yīṣ'å̄q ban Åmrām (Isaac ben Amram); and Dār Yāqob, descended from Yāqob ban Årron (Jacob ben Aaron).

List of Samaritan High Priests

Pummer's list
The following list gives the names and terms of office according to Reinhard Pummer. Pummer uses a spelling for the name of the high priest that is based on the English Bible for the bearers of biblical names, while he chooses a more scientific transcription for the full name (last column). The traditional counting begins with the first post-biblical high priest Sheshai. It differs in order in some cases from the list prepared by Moses Gaster and Reinhard Pummer on the basis of the ancient Samaritan sources, and includes additional names (italics here).

Moses Gaster's list
Moses Gaster, in his 1909 article The Chain of Samaritan High Priests: A Synchronistic Synopsis: Published for the First Time, published a slightly different order which he translated from two codices written by the High Priests:
 Sashai I
 Bakhi I
 Uzzi
 Sashai II
 Bakhi II
 Shembet
 Shalom I
 Hezekiah I
 Jonathan I
 Daliah I
 Jair II
 Jonathan II
 Ishmael
 Tabia I
 Zadok, #16—19 in the above list are evidently omitted
 Amram I
 Hilkiah, Hezekiah in the above list
 Amram II
 Akkub
 Akkubiah
 Hillel I
 Seriah
 Levi I
 Netaniel I
 Azariah
 Aabed-El I
 Hezekiah II(I)
 Hananiah
 Amram III
 Hana, Hillel II in the above list
 Hezekiah III(IV)
 Daliah II
 Akkub II
 Akkubiah II
 Levi II
 Eleazar II
 Manasseh
 Jair IV
 Netaniel II
 Joachim
 Jonathan III
 Elishama
 Shemaiah
 Tabia II
 Amram IV
 Akabon I
 Phinehas II
 Levi III
 Eleazar III
 Baba I
 Eleazar IV
 Akabon II
 Netaniel III
Akabon III, see #60 in the above list
Netaniel IV
Akabon IV
Eleazar V
Akabon V
Eleazar VI
Akabon VI
Eleazar VII
Netaniel V
Eleazar VIII
Netaniel VI
Eleazar IX
Akabon VII
Eleazar X
Akabon VIII
Eleazar XI
Akabon IX
Eleazar XII
Simeon
Levi IV
Phinehas III
Netaniel VII
Baba II(I)
Eleazar XIII
Netaniel VIII
Eleazar XIV
Phinehas IV
Netaniel IX
Aabed-El II
Eleazar XV
Aabed-El III
Eleazar XVI
Aaharon II, see #93 on the above list
Tsedaka I, see #94 on the above list
Amram V
Aaharon III
Amram VI
Aaharon IV
Netaniel X
Itamar I
Amram VI(I), see #98 on the above list
Uzzi II, see #99 on the above list
Yoseph I, see #100 on the above list
Phinehas V, see #101 on the above list
Eleazar XVII
Phinehas VI
Abisha II
Eleazar XVIII
Phinehas VII
Eleazar XIX, see #110 on the above list
Phinehas IX
 (1613–1624) Shalma I
 (1624–1650) Tsedaka II
 (1650–1694) Yitzhaq I
 (1694–1732) Abram
 (1732–1752) Levi V
 (1752–1787) Tabia III
 (1787–1855) Shalma II
 (1855–1874) Amram VIII
 (1874–1916) Yaacob I

See also
 Kohanim
 Chief Rabbi
 Rishamma

References

Samaritan high priests
Religious leadership roles


Jeff Lawson may refer to:

 Jeff Lawson, co-founder of distributed.net
 Jeff Lawson, co-founder and CEO of Twilio
 Jeff Lawson (footballer) (born 1944), Australian rules footballer for Richmond

See also
Geoff Lawson (disambiguation)


This is a list and map of European countries by the Press Freedom Index for the year 2021.

Map

Legend

Table

See also
International organisations in Europe
List of European countries by budget revenues
List of European countries by budget revenues per capita
List of European countries by GNI (nominal) per capita

References

Press Freedom
EU


South Wales Institute of Engineers was founded in 1857 as a learned society for engineers and scientists in the area, arranging lectures and publishing the Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers. William Menelaus founded the organisation at a meeting at the Castle Hotel, Merthyr, and became its first president. In 2007, the body was re-constituted as South Wales Institute of Engineers Educational Trust 2007 (SWIEET2007).

Amongst eminent presidents was Edmund Mills Hann who was also only the second recipient of the institute's Gold Medal which was established in 1904.

References

S
1857 establishments in Wales
Organisations based in Cardiff
Organizations established in 1857
Professional associations based in Wales


Orel () or Oryol, formerly Federation (), and PPPTS (), is a project by Roscosmos to develop a new-generation, partially reusable crewed spacecraft.

Until 2016, the official name was () or PTK NP. The goal of the project is to develop a next-generation spacecraft to replace the Soyuz spacecraft developed by the former Soviet Union to support low Earth orbit and lunar operations. It is similar in function to the US Orion or Commercial Crew Development spacecraft.

The PPPTS project was started following a failed attempt by Russia and the European Space Agency (ESA) to co-develop the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS). Following ESA member states declining to finance Kliper in 2006 over concerns about workshare then again declining to finance development of CSTS in 2009 over technology transfer to Russia that could be used for military purposes, the Russian Federal Space Agency ordered a new crewed spacecraft from Russian companies. A development contract was awarded to RKK Energia on 19 December 2013.

Orel is intended to be capable of carrying crews of four into Earth orbit and beyond, with different mass versions suitable for 5, 14, or 30 day missions. If docked with a space station, it could stay in space up to a year, which is double the duration of the Soyuz spacecraft. The spacecraft will send cosmonauts to lunar orbit, with a plan to place a space station there, called Lunar Orbital Station.

History

Previously, ESA officials had inquired whether they could be part of the Constellation Program of the United States, with NASA focused on its Orion spacecraft, but they had received a negative response. Consequently, Europe decided to join the Russians to co-develop a new-generation crewed spacecraft. ESA insisted on a joint design rather than the Russian-designed Kliper, and as a result the joint Russian/European CSTS project came into being. CSTS had completed an initial study phase, which lasted for 18 months from September 2006 to spring 2008, before the project was shut down before an ESA member state conference in November 2008. ESA decided to use some technology of the CSTS project from its Automated Transfer Vehicle.

The Russian space agency, Roskosmos, had repeatedly received proposals from Moscow-based Khrunichev enterprise to develop a new-generation crewed spacecraft based on the TKS spacecraft that would be launched on the new Angara launch Vehicle. Citing the requirement to start work on a new crewed spacecraft, Russia decided to go forward with the project by itself.

By the first quarter of 2009, Roskosmos had finalized its requirements for the next-generation crewed spacecraft and had received proposals from both RKK Energia and Khrunichev enterprise. This was the actual beginning of the PPTS project. The agency was finally ready to name the prime developer of the vehicle. Formally, only two organizations which were practically capable of developing crewed space vehicles competed in the government tender to build the new spacecraft—RKK Energia in Korolev and Moscow-based Khrunichev enterprise.

Although Roskosmos has remained tight-lipped about the project, a number of Russian officials made statements hinting about various stages of the project. On 21 January 2009, the head of Roskosmos, Anatoly Perminov, told Rossiyskaya Gazeta, a Russian newspaper, that Russia would likely proceed with independent development of the next-generation crewed spacecraft. According to Perminov, the agency and its main research and certification center—TsNIIMash—had already conducted an expanded meeting of the Scientific and Technical Council, NTS, examining follow-on transport systems, including the next-generation crewed ship. It would be followed by a government tender to select a developer for the new vehicle. Perminov further indicated that the new spacecraft would be expected to enter service within a time frame of the Orion spacecraft, but a more detailed development plan would be ready with the preliminary design of the vehicle in the middle of 2010.

In the first quarter of 2009, Roskosmos released requirements which were used in the development of the Technical Assignment to the industry working on the PPTS project. The preliminary development of the project was expected to take place from March 2009 until June 2010 at an estimated cost of around 800,000,000 rubles ($24 million). The work apparently covered only an Earth-orbiting version of the spacecraft, while laying the foundation for later lunar-orbiting spacecraft, or even a Mars-bound crew vehicle.

The agency's general requirements asked the industry to develop a vehicle of "foreign" standards in its technical capabilities and cost, while at the same time using existing technologies as much as possible.

In November 2019, it was announced that the first test flight was scheduled for 2023, and the first crewed flight for 2025.
A reusable cargo version is planned, to replace Progress.

As of August 2023, the first uncrewed and crewed test flights are expected to occur in 2028.

Preliminary design

Roskosmos has envisioned several versions of the spacecraft, configurable for low Earth orbit, lunar, and uncrewed missions.

Information on the proposed spacecraft released in 2009 indicated that the Earth-orbiting version of the ship would have a mass of 12 tonnes and carry a crew of six, along with no less than 500 kg of cargo. It would be able to fly 30-day-long autonomous missions, or a year-long mission, while docked to the ISS in the orbit, with the inclination 51.6 degrees, and to the future Russian space station launched from Vostochny into a 51.8-degree orbit.

The lunar version would weigh 16.5 tonnes, have four seats, and be capable of delivering and bringing back 100 kg of cargo. It would be able to fly 14-day missions to orbit around the Moon, or stay docked to the proposed Russian Lunar Orbital Station for up to 200 days.

The uncrewed cargo version of the vehicle would be required to carry no less than 2,000 kg to Earth orbit, and return at least 500 kg back to the planet's surface.

As of March 2009, Roskosmos made the requirement for crew capsule landing accuracy to 10 kilometers, while directing the developers to continue work on various modes of high-precision landing. Emergency escape and landing capabilities were mandated for every phase of the mission and were to provide for the survivability of the crew until the arrival of the rescue and recovery teams.

The vehicle, like Soyuz, would be wingless and be able to conduct fully automated and manual docking, and have sufficient  propulsion capabilities during transport missions to dock and re-dock with orbital assets and then provide for the reentry and safe return of the vehicle to Earth. The reentry capsule design requirement specified that only environmentally safe propellants could be used during the atmospheric phase of the flight. Roskosmos reserved the option of making the crew module of the spacecraft reusable, reckoning that a cone-shaped capsule could possibly fly up to 10 missions during a 15-year lifespan.

It has been suggested that the vehicle may use only rocket thrusters to slow itself down during its landing, unlike the Soyuz reentry module which relies on a parachute to slow its descent, and uses solid propellant motors only to soften its touchdown.

Launch vehicle

Rus-M

A formal industry-wide tender for the development of the crewed launch vehicle to launch PPTS was initiated at the beginning of 2009. Although the agency delayed the announcement of the winner, many unofficial sources in Russia maintained that TsSKB Progress, based in Samara and KB Mashinostroenia, would lead the development of the new rocket. It was believed that the launch vehicle, named Rus-M, would feature a common core stage and a variable number of boosters, each equipped with powerful RD-180 engines, burning a mix of liquid oxygen and kerosene. The engine was originally developed by Moscow-based NPO Energomash for the US Atlas V rocket and its performance to date has been impressive. The second stage was expected to sport a pair of RD-0124 engines, currently in use on the Soyuz-2 rocket. Thus, both stages would have been equipped with existing engines, greatly reducing the cost and the risk to the overall project. In October 2011, it was announced that the Rus-M program was being canceled.

Angara

In July 2012, it was reported that the Angara A5 will be used as the new launch vehicle for Orel. As of August 2023, the first uncrewed launch of Orel is expected in 2028. The spacecraft will be carried by an Angara A5 from Vostochny Cosmodrome.

See also
 Angara (rocket)
 Colonization of the Moon
 Crew Space Transportation System
 Kliper
 Rus-M

References

External links

A prospective look at PPTS
Interior of new Russian spacecraft

Supply vehicles for the International Space Station
Crewed spacecraft
Crewed space program of Russia
Roscosmos
Cargo spacecraft
Reusable spacecraft
2020s in spaceflight


Spence was an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia from 1970 to 2002. The district was based in the inner north-west suburbs of Adelaide.

The district was a safe seat for the Labor Party. Spence was renamed Croydon with effect at the 2002 state election.

Members for Spence

Election results

External links
1985 & 1989 election boundaries, page 18 & 19

Former electoral districts of South Australia
1970 establishments in Australia
2002 disestablishments in Australia


Food, Inc. is a 2008 American documentary film directed by Robert Kenner and narrated by Michael Pollan and Eric Schlosser. It examines corporate farming in the United States, concluding that agribusiness produces food that is unhealthy in a way that is environmentally harmful and abusive of both animals and employees. The film received positive reviews and was nominated for several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature.  A sequel is in the works and is scheduled to be released in late 2023.

Summary
The film examines the modern food industry, and raises alarms about both the industrial production of meat (chicken, beef, and pork) and the modern methods used to grow grains and vegetables (primarily corn and soybeans). It discusses the dominance of the American food market by a handful of huge corporations, which work to keep consumers from being aware of how their food is produced and are largely successful in their efforts to avoid such things as stronger food safety laws, the unionization of their workers, and additional food labeling regulations. These companies promote unhealthy food consumption habits among the American public and then supply cheap, inadequately safety-tested, increasingly genetically-modified food that is produced and transported using methods that exploit livestock, employees, farmers, and the environment and use large amounts of petroleum products. Eating organic, locally-grown food that is in season and reading product labels are offered as solutions, and the rapid growth of the organic food industry seen as providing hope for the future.

Interviewees

Eric Schlosser – Author, Fast Food Nation
Richard Lobb – National Chicken Council
Vince Edwards – Tyson Grower
Carole Morison – Former Perdue Grower
Michael Pollan – Author, The Omnivore's Dilemma
Troy Rousch – Vice President, American Corn Growers Association
Larry Johnson – Center for Crops Utilization Research, Iowa State University
Allen Trenkle – Ruminant Nutrition Expert, Iowa State University
Barbara Kowalcyk – Food Safety Advocate
Patricia Buck – Food Safety Advocate, Barbara's Mom
Representative Diana DeGette (D - Colorado)
Representative Phil English (R - Pennsylvania) – Co-Sponsor of Kevin's Law
Eldon Roth – Founder, Beef Products, Inc. (BPI)
The Gonzalez/Orozco Family
Rosa Soto – California Center for Public Health Advocacy
Joel Salatin – Owner, Polyface Farms
Eduardo Peña – Union Organizer
Gary Hirshberg – CEO, Stonyfield Farm
Amanda Ellis-Thurber – Organic Farmer, Lilac Ridge Farm
Tony Airoso – Wal-Mart's Chief Dairy Purchaser
David Runyon – Soybean Farmer
Moe Parr – Seed Cleaner
Stephen R. Pennell – Moe's Lawyer

Production
Director Kenner spent three years producing the film. He claims he spent a large amount of his budget on legal fees to try to protect himself against lawsuits from industrial food producers, pesticide and fertilizer manufacturers, and other companies of which the film is critical. Eric Schlosser and Michael Pollan, who both appear in the film as interview subjects, are credited as "Co-Producer" and "Special Consultant", respectively.

An extensive marketing campaign was undertaken to promote the film. Stonyfield Farm, an organic yogurt maker located in New Hampshire whose CEO is featured in the film, promoted the film by printing information about it on the foil lids of 10 million cups of yogurt in June 2009.

A companion book of the same name was released in May 2009.

Release
After premiering at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival, the film was shown as a preview at the True/False Film Festival in Columbia, Missouri, in February 2009. It also screened at several film festivals in the spring before opening commercially in the United States on June 12, 2009. The film earned $61,400 from three theaters (in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco) its opening weekend. On June 19, it expanded to an additional 51 theaters in large cities in the U.S. and Canada, and it made an additional $280,000 its second weekend.

The film was initially set to be released in the United Kingdom in the summer of 2009, but its release in the country was postponed until 12 February 2010.

Response
The filmmakers' requests to interview representatives from such food giants as Monsanto Company, Tyson Foods, Smithfield Foods, and Perdue Farms were declined. Monsanto said it invited the filmmakers to a producers' trade show, but the filmmakers claimed they were denied press credentials at the event and were not permitted to attend. The company established a website to respond to the film's claims about their products and actions. An alliance of food production companies (led by the American Meat Institute) also created a website (SafeFoodInc.org) to respond to the claims made in the film. Cargill told the Minneapolis Star Tribune that the company welcomed "differing viewpoints on how global agriculture can affordably nourish the world while minimizing environmental impact, ensuring food safety, guaranteeing food accessibility and providing meaningful work in agricultural communities", but criticized the film's "'one-size-fits-all' answers to a task as complex as nourishing 6 billion people who are so disparately situated across the world."

Fast-food chain Chipotle offered free screenings of the film in July 2009 at various locations nationwide and stated it did things differently, which it hoped customers would appreciate after seeing the documentary.

The film's director, Robert Kenner, denied attacking the current system of producing food, saying an interview with the SF Weekly that "All we want is transparency and a good conversation about these things", though he went on to say that "the whole system is made possible by government subsidies to a few huge crops like corn. It's a form of socialism that's making us sick."

Critical reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 95% based on 114 reviews, with an average score of 7.77/10; the website's critical consensus reads: "An eye-opening expose of the modern food industry, Food, Inc. is both fascinating and terrifying, and essential viewing for any health-conscious citizen."  On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100 based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Staten Island Advance called the film "excellent" and "sobering", concluding: "Documentaries work when they illuminate, when they alter how we think, which renders Food, Inc. a solid success, and a must-see." The Toronto Sun called it "terrifying" and "frankly riveting". The San Francisco Examiner was equally positive, calling the film "visually stylish" and "One of the year’s most important films". The paper called the film's approach to its controversial subject matter "a dispassionate appeal to common sense" and applauded its "painstaking research and thoughtful, evenhanded commentary". The Environmental Blog sympathized with the film's message and urged viewers to "vote to change this system".

The Los Angeles Times praised 'the film's cinematography, and called it "eloquent" and "essential viewing."  The Montreal Gazette noted that, despite the film's focus on American food manufacture, it is worth viewing by anyone living in a country in which large-scale food production occurs. The paper's reviewer declared the film a "must-see", but also cautioned that some of the scenes are "not for the faint of heart".

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch noted that earlier documentaries and books had examined similar issues, but still deemed the film to be worth seeing: "The food-conglomerate angle was covered in a less-ambitious documentary called King Corn, and a more-ambitious documentary called The Corporation touched on the menace of the multinationals; but this one hits the sweet spot, and it does it with style." The review concluded that the most powerful portion of the film focused on Monsanto's pursuit of legal action against farmers accused of saving and reselling or replanting Monsanto’s patented seed in violation of a signed stewardship agreement and contract not to save and resell or replant seeds produced from crops grown from Monsanto seed.

Some reviews were less positive. A commentator at Forbes magazine found the film compelling, but incomplete, writing that it "fails to address how we might feed the country—or world" using the sustainable agriculture model advocated by the filmmakers, nor does it address the critical issues of cost and access. A reviewer for The Washington Times said the film was "hamstrung" because few corporate executives wished to be interviewed, although the reviewer agreed that the filmmakers were aiming for balance.

Awards
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 82nd Academy Awards, where it lost to The Cove, and for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 25th Independent Spirit Awards, where it lost to Anvil! The Story of Anvil. It tied for fourth place in the Best Documentary category at the 35th Seattle International Film Festival.

Sequel
In January 2023, Participant announced a sequel, Food Inc. 2, to be released in late 2023. The documentary is a continuation of the original story. The film is being directed by Kenner and Melissa Robledo, who are being joined as producers by Schlosser and Pollan, the original film's narrators.

See also

Books
The Jungle (1906) – a novel exploring the American meat packing industry written by Upton Sinclair
Fast Food Nation (2001) – a nonfiction book about the American fast food industry written by Eric Schlosser
The Omnivore's Dilemma (2006) – a nonfiction book about modern food production written by Michael Pollan
Animal, Vegetable, Miracle (2007) – a nonfiction book about local food written by Barbara Kingsolver
Films
The Future of Food (2004) – a documentary film about genetically engineered foods
Food Matters (2008) – a documentary film about nutritional science
Taste the Waste (2010) – a documentary film about food waste written and directed by Valentin Thurn
A Place at the Table (2012) – a documentary film about hunger in the United States
What the Health (2017) – a documentary film that advocates a plant-based diet

References

External links

Excerpts from the movie and an interview with director Robert Kenner on the PBS show NOW
Interview with director Robert Kenner on the CBSNews.com political Web show, "Washington Unplugged"
Food, Inc. website on POV

2008 films
2008 documentary films
American documentary films
Films based on non-fiction books
Documentary films about agriculture in the United States
Documentary films about animal rights
Documentary films about food and drink
Intensive farming
Participant (company) films
Food security
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films
News & Documentary Emmy Award winning programs


The 118th Jäger Division () was a light infantry division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in April 1943, by the redesignation of the 718th Infantry Division which had itself been formed in April 1941. It was transferred to Yugoslavia in May 1941, to conduct anti partisan and Internal security operations. It took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska in June 1943, and fought partisans in Bosnia before being sent to the Dalmatian coast to guard against Allied landings in the summer of 1944.

It then fought on the Eastern Front in the Vienna offensive during the final months of the war before surrendering to the British in Carinthia in May 1945.

Formation
The 118th Jäger Division was formed under the name 718th Infantry Division following an order dated 16 April 1941, under which each of Germany's fifteen military districts (Wehrkreis) was required to raise two additional infantry regiments for the war effort. Each of these pairs would become its own infantry division, for a total of fifteen divisions that would go on to form the divisions of the fifteenth Aufstellungswelle. The 718th Division consisted of the two regiments raised in Wehrkreis XVIII (Salzburg), the Infantry Regiments 738 and 750. Like the other divisions of the fifteenth wave, the 718th Division consisted of only two rather than the standard three infantry regiments.

Background

The main purpose of the German jäger divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The jäger divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain division, but not as well armed as a larger infantry formation. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains. The jägers (it means hunters in German), relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the Jäger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.

Area of operations
Austria (May 1941 – May 1941)
Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia and the Independent State of Croatia (May 1941 – April 1943)
Balkans (April 1943 – July 1944)
Dalmatia (July 1944 – September 1944)
Yugoslavia (September 1944 – January 1945)
Balkans, Hungary and Yugoslavia (January 1945 – May 1945)

Commanders
Generalleutnant Johann Fortner (3 May 1941 – 14 March 1943)
Generalleutnant Josef Kübler (14 March 1943 – 10 July 1944)
Generalmajor Hubertus Lamey (10 July 1944 – 8 May 1945)

Order of battle

Jäger Regiment 738
Jäger Regiment 750
Artillerie Regiment 668
Aufklärungs (Reconnaissance) Bataillon 118
Panzerjäger (Tank destroyer) Bataillon 118
Pionier (Engineer) Bataillon 118
Funk (Signals) Bataillon 118

References

Notes

Bibliography

Jäger Divisions
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
Military units and formations of Germany in Yugoslavia in World War II


Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers is the annual journal of the South Wales Institute of Engineers.  It contains scholarly and popular articles on engineering, scientific and economic topics. It was initially published as Transactions of the South Wales Institute of Engineers (Vol. 1, 1859 to Vol. 62 (1946), then renamed Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers, Vol. 63 (1947)- Vol. 99 (1991).  In 1992 it was renamed Engineering South Wales.

The journal is being digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales and is considered by the Library as one of "the most significant journal and periodical titles" in Wales.

References

Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in Wales
Publications established in 1859
1859 establishments in Wales


Ahmed Naguib el-Hilaly ()(1 October 1891 – December 1958) was an Egyptian lawyer and educator who served as Prime Minister of Egypt twice in 1952.

Life and career
Born in Asyut, el-Hilaly graduated from Khedival Law School and began his career in the Niyaba. He was appointed as a professor in 1923, rising to secretary-general of the Ministry of Public Instruction. He became a royal advisor on education and served as education minister under Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha from 1934 to 1936. He joined the Wafd Party in 1938 and served in the cabinet of Mustafa al-Nahhas in 1937 to 1938 and in his second cabinet from 1942 to 1944. His publications on education reform paved the way for reforms, including free universal public education in Egypt, day care, earlier entrance to school and longer compulsory education. The University of Alexandria opened while he was in office. El-Hilaly became chancellor of the Niyaba in 1931.

El-Hilaly broke from the Wafd Party in 1951. He served as prime minister for 4 months in 1952 immediately following the 1952 Cairo Fire. He also served as prime minister for one day before the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. His cabinet was announced on 22 July 1952. He was briefly imprisoned and was thereafter banned from politics. He died one month after his wife in Maadi.

References

External links

1891 births
1958 deaths
20th-century prime ministers of Egypt
People from Asyut
20th-century Egyptian lawyers
Wafd Party politicians
Education Ministers of Egypt


Elaine Cancilla Orbach (January 19, 1940 – April 1, 2009) was an American stage and musical theatre actress and dancer.

Career
Orbach, known professionally as Elaine Cancilla, appeared on Broadway and Off Broadway in productions including: Fiorello!, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, Here's Love, Flora the Red Menace, Sweet Charity and Cry for Us All.

Private life
In 1979 she married actor Jerry Orbach, a star on stage and later of film and television (Law & Order). They met several years earlier while appearing together in the original Broadway theatre production of the Kander & Ebb musical, Chicago. They also co-starred in a touring production of Neil Simon's play, Chapter Two.

Following his death in 2004, she petitioned to have a portion of 53rd Street at Eighth Avenue, in New York City's Theater District (and near his long-time home), renamed "Jerry Orbach Way"; it was rechristened in 2007.

Death
She died on April 1, 2009, at age 69, from pneumonia in a hospital in New York City.

References

External links

American female dancers
American musical theatre actresses
American stage actresses
People from Manhattan
Deaths from pneumonia in New York City
1940 births
2009 deaths
Dancers from New York (state)
Dancers from Massachusetts
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American dancers
21st-century American women


South-eastern English football clubs Luton Town and Watford have been rivals since their respective formations in the late 19th century. The clubs are respectively from Luton, Bedfordshire, and Watford, Hertfordshire, and for this reason a match between the two teams is sometimes called a " Derby". Another name occasionally used in the press is "M1 Derby", which comes from the M1 motorway, which passes both towns.

The clubs were both founded during the 1880s, with Watford having been founded in 1881, and Luton Town in 1885. The first recorded game between both teams took place on 5 December 1885, when Watford Rovers beat Luton Town 1–0 in a friendly match at Vicarage Meadow. The two clubs met competitively for the first time in the third round qualifying of the 1898–99 FA Cup on 29 October 1898 at Dunstable Road. This resulted in a 2–2 draw, with Luton Town winning the replay at Cassio Road on 2 November 1898, 1–0.

Since then, there have been 122 meetings between both teams. Luton Town hold the superior record in these matches, with 55 victories to Watford's 38. There have additionally been 29 draws. The most decisive result in a Luton Town–Watford game was Luton Town's 5–0 victory at Kenilworth Road in January 1926. There have been three instances of a 4–0 score, two won by Watford; in September 1929, Luton Town beat Watford 4–0 at Vicarage Road, in October 1997, Watford beat Luton Town 4–0 at Kenilworth Road, and 25 years later, Watford won 4-0 in October 2022 at Vicarage Road.

Watford and Luton Town played each other regularly in the Southern League and, following the formation of Third Division South in season 1920–21, played every season until 1936–37, when Luton Town won promotion to Division Two. This and the Second World War separated the teams from league competition until 1963–64 when they met again, this time in Division Three. The animosity between the clubs, both players and fans, intensified during the late 1960s and the 1970s, and reached a peak during the 1980s, when both teams played in the top-flight First Division. Watford were relegated at the end of the 1987–88 season, while Luton Town followed four years later. The clubs played against each other regularly in the league for six seasons during the 1990s, in the second and third tiers of English football. Since the 1997–98 season, at the end of which Watford won promotion, both teams did not meet regularly, as Watford played in higher divisions than Luton Town during this time. In the last sixteen seasons there have been only six league meetings between the two teams, played during the 2005–06, the 2020–21 and the 2022-23 season. From the 2023–24 season, Luton Town will play in the Premier League for the first time in their history, and Watford will play in the Championship.

History

Origins

The first match between the two clubs can be dated as 5 December 1885, as Watford Rovers hosted Luton Town in a friendly. Watford beat Luton 1–0 at Vicarage Meadow in the inaugural match. The first match at Luton's Dallow Lane came on 20 March 1886 – Watford won 3–0. Luton's first success in the fixture came at Vicarage Meadow on 16 October of the same year, where they emerged as 4–1 winners. Two friendlies between Luton Town and West Herts, as Watford Rovers were now more commonly known, took place during the 1891–92 season; West Herts won 4–3 at Luton and the match at West Herts was a draw. Five more friendly matches were played over the next three seasons, all Luton victories.

In the 1930s a Vauxhall plant was speculated to be built in Watford, however due to the popularity of the Luton Body van at the time it was subsequently decided to have the plant built in Luton.

The Southern League

Luton Town did not join a league until 1894–95, when they joined the Southern League. West Herts also joined the Southern League two years later. However, as Luton Town had left the league the same year, a league meeting did not occur. The first competitive meeting of the two clubs came on 29 October 1898, as Luton drew Watford in the 1898–99 FA Cup third qualifying round. The second meeting came soon after, as the 2–2 draw at Luton meant that a replay was needed – Luton ran out 1–0 victors at Watford. The next season saw Luton drawn against Watford again, and this time Luton needed only one attempt to beat Watford 3–2.

Luton rejoined the Southern League in 1900, and the fixture then became a regular one in the Southern League calendar. Save for the 1903–04, 1912–13 and 1913–14 seasons that the clubs spent in different divisions, two matches were played each year. Luton's was the superior record, as they won 13 Southern League meetings to Watford's eight. 1920–21 saw both clubs made members of the Football League when the Southern League First Division was incorporated as the Football League Third Division.

The Football League
Matches occurred regularly in this division until 1937, when Luton were promoted. A Southern Professional Floodlit Cup meeting in 1956–57 was won 4–3 by Luton at Kenilworth Road, and was the only meeting until Luton dropped back to the Third Division for 1963–64. Luton were nearly relegated again, but in the last home game of the season, against Watford, Luton won 2–1 to both ensure survival and deny Watford promotion. Luton were relegated to the Fourth Division a year later, with Watford winning both matches held over a two-day period at Christmas. The game at Kenilworth Road finished 4–2 to Watford, and two days later Watford won 2–0 at Vicarage Road. Luton were not promoted again until 1967–68, so there were no matches until then.

Growth in prominence
The 1968–69 season saw Watford promoted as champions of the Third Division, having led the division for almost the entire season. This led to the crowd violence associated with the fixture growing in prominence, and Watford won the first league clash with Luton that season 1–0 at Vicarage Road. The return match at Kenilworth Road was originally intended to take place on Boxing Day, but was abandoned due to fog with the game tied at 1–1. The game was eventually played after several postponements on 30 April 1969, by which time Watford had already been promoted as champions. The match was a bloodbath, and three players were sent off – two from Luton, one from Watford – as Luton won 2–1. After the game came incidents between the fans in St Albans, a town between Luton and Watford home to fans of both sides. Luton were promoted to the Second Division a year later to keep the fixture going. However, Watford's relegation in 1971–72 ended it once more.

The sides didn't meet again until 1979–80, when Watford were promoted back to the second tier. In 1981–82 Luton won the Second Division, with Watford coming second – both teams were promoted to the top flight. In their first season in Division One Watford fared significantly better than Luton, and finished Runners-Up to Champions Liverpool (and so qualified for European football in the UEFA Cup for the following season), beating Luton 5–2 at Vicarage Road along the way. Luton, on the other hand, only avoided relegation in the last minute of the last match of the season. The match at Kenilworth Road on 28 April 1984 intensified the rivalry even further, as despite Watford's 2–1 victory, captain Wilf Rostron was sent off after a series of goading tackles from Luton players; meaning that he would miss the 1984 FA Cup Final. Despite being favourites on the day, Watford lost 2–0 to Everton, and even to this day most Watford supporters blame their loss on the absence of Rostron, and therefore on Luton.

The fixture continued until 1987–88, when Watford were relegated. Luton were relegated to the second tier in 1991–92, and the fixture continued – the two teams were even relegated together in 1995–96. In 1997–98, Watford finished as Champions of the third-tier Second Division and won 4–0 at Kenilworth Road along the way – all four goals came within the first 32 minutes. The match was marred by yet more crowd trouble as Luton fans tried to prevent Watford fans leaving the ground and small pockets of running battles occurred towards the railway station. As a result, the police took no chances for the return fixture at Vicarage Road: a large police presence ensured no return of the October violence. The game ended in a 1–1 draw. With Watford's promotion at the end of that season, the fixture was over once more.

The 21st century

A League Cup meeting at Vicarage Road on 10 September 2002 was marred by hooliganism (much of which was blamed on totally inept preparation by the police, who were warned in advance of the match that there would be trouble), with fighting in Watford town centre, railway station and approaches to the football ground before the match. Once in the ground but before the game, Luton fans invaded the pitch several times and this led to the kick-off being delayed by a quarter of an hour. A minute's silence, intended to mark the first anniversary of the 11 September attacks, was also abandoned. When the match finally got under way, Luton went on to win 2–1. After the game prosecutions were brought against 29 supporters; 25 from Luton – some of whom were banned from all football grounds for life – and four from Watford.

The two clubs were briefly back in the same division when Luton won League One and promotion into the Championship for a renewal of the rivalry during the 2005–06 season. This time the Police in Luton and in Watford took no chances of a repeat of the 2002 trouble. Watford won 2–1 at Kenilworth Road on 2 January 2006, and the return fixture was a 1–1 draw at Vicarage Road on 9 April. Watford ended the season with promotion to the Premier League, while Luton finished 10th. Although Watford were relegated back to the second-tier Football League Championship at the end of the 2006–07 season, Luton were concurrently relegated straight back to the third tier. A Further relegation followed for Luton in the 2007–08 season to the fourth tier; and yet another relegation in 2008–09 season (this time outside of the Football League altogether) to the Conference Premier. This was largely due to docked points and financial mismanagement.

Following Watford's promotion to the Premier League at the end of the 2014–15 season, the two clubs financial differences were amplified. At the end of the 2021–22 season, Watford's turnover was in the region of £290m, with the club ranked the 29th richest football club in the world. The contrast can also be seen in the two club's respective stadia: Vicarage Road has a current capacity of 22,200, while Kenilworth Road has a capacity of 10,356.

The league rivalry between the two clubs reignited during the 2020–21 season for the first time in 16 seasons as Luton battled to remain in the Championship, and Watford had been relegated from the Premier League. However, fans were not able to attend the matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Watford won the first fixture 1–0 at Vicarage Road on 26 September 2020 with a goal from João Pedro (35'). In the reverse fixture at Kenilworth Road on 17 April 2021, Luton won the game 1–0 with a penalty from James Collins (78'). Watford were promoted back to the Premier League at the end of the season, temporarily placing the rivalry on hold.

Watford were relegated from the Premier League the following 2021–22 season, thus resuming the rivalry for the 2022–23 Championship season. The first fixture was played at Vicarage Road on 23 October 2022. It was the first time supporters of either club had been able to attend a match in 16 years, with the crowd totaling 19,282. Watford won the fixture 4–0 which saw goals from Keinan Davis (3'), William Troost-Ekong (45'), João Pedro (57') and Ismaïla Sarr (79'). Luton's Gabriel Osho performed a late challenge on Ken Sema which saw him get a straight red card (83'). A huge policing presence kept the rival supporters apart, and not one arrest was made. The reverse fixture took place at Kenilworth Road on the 1st April 2023 and saw a 2–0 Luton win, with goals from Gabe Osho (28') and Allan Campbell (90+1'). At the end of the 2022–23 season, Luton were promoted to the Premier League through the Play-Offs, placing the rivalry on hold.

Statistics

Up to and including 1st April 2023, when Luton won 2–0 in a league match, there have been 122 competitive first-class meetings between the two teams since the first meeting in 1898.

Head-to-head record by competition

Honours and achievements compared

All-time results

Competitive matches only.

Luton Town at home
Luton Town result given first.

A  Southern Professional Floodlit Cup

Watford at home
Watford result given first.

The Rigby-Taylor Cup
The Rigby-Taylor Cup was a competition played between 1953 and 1962 in order to give "the friendly rivalry between Luton Town and Watford an organised and competitive basis". The annual contest came about when floodlights were installed at Watford's Vicarage Road ground in 1953; to mark the occasion, the decision was made to play a match under the new lights against Luton Town, against whom the club had not contested a competitive match since 1937. A home-and-away system was agreed upon, and the first match, billed as the first leg of the "Watford F.C. Invitation Cup", took place on 13 October 1953: a 1–1 draw at Vicarage Road. The competition had been renamed "The Rigby-Taylor Cup" after Watford's chairman, T. Rigby-Taylor, by the time of the second leg on 24 March 1954, at Kenilworth Road; Luton beat Watford 4–1 to win 5–2 on aggregate and thus claim the inaugural title.

After the first season, the two-legged basis was abandoned in favour of a single match at Vicarage Road. The competition was then suspended from 1958 to 1961 due to FA Cup and League engagements. After returning for two seasons, the 1962–63 fixture was abandoned due to harsh weather – the annual match never returned.

Results

There were seven matches played over the course of six editions of the competition: the first (1953–54) was a two-legged competition, while the remaining five consisted of a single match. Of the seven matches, four were Luton victories, two were wins for Watford and one was a draw. Luton Town won the competition four times to Watford's two; the trophy, a silver,  tall, two-handled cup, was last won by Watford, who have since retained it.

Goalscorers

The competition saw 23 goals scored, 14 for Luton and 9 for Watford; the individual player who scored the most goals was Luton Town's Gordon Turner, who appeared in all seven matches and scored five goals.

Luton Town

Watford

See also
Luton Town F.C.
Watford F.C.

Footnotes

References
Bibliography

Source notes

Watford
Watford F.C.
Football derbies in England


The Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge is located on the Illinois River and the Mississippi River in parts of Calhoun, Jersey, and Greene counties in Illinois, and St. Charles County, Missouri.  It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Mark Twain National Wildlife Refuge Complex.

As of 2009, the Two Rivers National Wildlife Refuge consists of five separate parcels of riverine bottomland wetlands grouped in and around the confluence of the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers (hence the name, Two Rivers).  The region is noted for its population of bald eagles.

The refuge is 8,501 acres (34 square km) in size.  Its headquarters is located in the Calhoun County municipality of Brussels, Illinois.

References

External links
Official site

Protected areas of Calhoun County, Illinois
Protected areas of Greene County, Illinois
Protected areas of Jersey County, Illinois
National Wildlife Refuges in Illinois
National Wildlife Refuges in Missouri
Protected areas on the Mississippi River
Protected areas of St. Charles County, Missouri
Illinois River
Wetlands of Illinois
Wetlands of Missouri
Landforms of Calhoun County, Illinois
Landforms of Greene County, Illinois
Landforms of Jersey County, Illinois
Landforms of St. Charles County, Missouri
1958 establishments in Illinois
1958 establishments in Missouri
Protected areas established in 1958


Tuotuo may refer to:

 the Ulan Moron, the headwater of the Yangtze known as the Tuotuo He () in Chinese
 Todok township in Xinjiang, known as Tuotuoxiang () in Chinese
 Toqto'a, the Yuan minister known as Tuotuo () in Chinese