Same-sex marriage has been legal in Utah since October 6, 2014. On December 20, 2013, the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples as a result of the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah's ruling in the case of Kitchen v. Herbert, which found that barring same-sex couples from marriage violates the U.S. Constitution. The issuance of those licenses was halted during the period of January 6, 2014 until October 6, 2014, following the resolution of a lawsuit challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. On that day, following the U.S. Supreme Court's refusal to hear an appeal in a case that found Utah's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the state to recognize same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage became temporarily legal in Utah on December 20, 2013, as a result of a ruling from the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah. The U.S. Supreme Court stayed the ruling on January 6, 2014, while the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver considered the case. On June 25, 2014, the Tenth Circuit upheld the lower court ruling, a decision that set a precedent for every state within the circuit. However, the Tenth Circuit stayed its ruling. On October 6, the Supreme Court refused to hear the state's appeal, requiring Utah to license and recognize same-sex marriages. Same-sex marriages that were performed in December 2013 and January 2014 in the state are recognized by the federal government, but a ruling requiring the state of Utah to recognize such marriages was stayed by the U.S. Supreme Court on July 18, 2014. The state later asked the Tenth Circuit to dismiss its appeal in this case.

A September 2022 poll found that an overwhelming majority of Utahans support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.

Legal history

Statute
In 1977, the Utah State Legislature passed a statute banning same-sex marriage in the state. In 1995, the Utah House of Representatives passed legislation (known as H.B. 366) banning recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages and unions in the state. On March 1, 1995, the Senate voted 24–1 in favor of the bill, and on the same day, Governor Mike Leavitt signed it into law.

In 2004, the State Legislature passed a bill (S.B. 24) banning state same-sex marriages and its "substantially equivalent" in the state. Governor Olene Walker signed the bill into law on March 23, 2004, and it went into effect that same day.

Constitution
On March 3, 2004, the Utah Senate voted 20–7 in favor of Amendment 3, a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and any "domestic union" that grants "the same or substantially equivalent legal effect". The House of Representatives voted 58–14 in favor of the amendment that same day. On November 2, 2004, Utah voters approved of the amendment by a margin of 65.8% to 33.2%. The amendment went into effect on January 1, 2005.

Lawsuits

Kitchen v. Herbert

District Court
On March 25, 2013, three same-sex couples, including one already married in Iowa, filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Utah seeking to declare Utah's prohibition on the recognition of same-sex marriages unconstitutional under the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the U.S. Constitution. The court heard oral arguments on December 4. The state argued that there was "nothing unusual" in enforcing policies that encourage "responsible procreation" and the "optimal mode of child-rearing". The plaintiffs' attorney contended that the policy was "based on prejudice and bias that is religiously grounded in this state". On December 20, 2013, District Judge Robert J. Shelby struck down the same-sex marriage ban as unconstitutional. He wrote:

It was the first federal court decision to address state recognition of same-sex marriage since the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Windsor that held Section 3 of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which denied federal recognition to same-sex marriages, unconstitutional.

Marriage licenses issued
During the first six days following the ruling, Utah county clerks issued marriage licenses to more than 900 same-sex couples. Historian J. Seth Anderson and neuroscientist Michael Ferguson were the first couple to legally marry in Utah. State Senator Jim Dabakis, chairman of the Utah Democratic Party, was one of the first to get married in Salt Lake City. Mayor Ralph Becker officiated at his ceremony and at dozens more. Two couples in Washington County became the first same-sex couples to marry in a county other than Salt Lake County, shortly before the county clerk's office closed on December 20.

Officials in Salt Lake County, the most populous county in the state, began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples immediately after the ruling. The Salt Lake County District Attorney, Sim Gill, said that the ruling prevented the state from enforcing the ban: "The current state of the law is that we cannot prohibit [the marriages]." Weber County announced plans to open Saturday, the day after the ruling, to process marriage licenses for same-sex couples, but canceled its plans citing "security requirements" and concerns that opening early could violate "equal protection provisions". Davis County began issuing licenses on Monday, December 23.

Some Utah County officials initially declined to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples, saying they were still reviewing the ruling and consulting with their county attorneys. Several continued to do so on December 23, the Monday following the ruling, including Box Elder, Carbon, Juab, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier and Utah counties. Officials in Sanpete and Sevier counties said they would begin offering licenses to same-sex couples on December 24. Cache County closed its clerk's office altogether "to sort out the legal issues and confusion created in the wake of Judge Shelby's decision", and began issuing licenses to same-sex couples the next day. The Piute County Clerk's Office was closed both days and the clerk was on vacation. All counties but Box Elder, Piute, San Juan and Utah counties were issuing or willing to issue same-sex marriage licenses on December 24. Following the Tenth Circuit's denial of the state's request for a stay of Shelby's order, Utah County Clerk Bryan Thompson announced that the county would issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples on December 26. The remaining counties of Box Elder, Piute and San Juan also announced they would issue licenses.

Reaction and appeal by the state
Utah Governor Gary Herbert responded to Shelby's ruling the same day saying: "I am very disappointed an activist federal judge is attempting to override the will of the people of Utah. I am working with my legal counsel and the acting Attorney General to determine the best course to defend traditional marriage within the borders of Utah." On December 24, he instructed members of his cabinet that "Where no conflicting laws exist you should conduct business in compliance with the federal judge's ruling until such time that the current district court decision is addressed by the 10th Circuit Court." Bishop John Wester of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salt Lake City called the decision "an affront to an institution that is at once sacred and natural". Some other religious leaders welcomed the decision, including representatives of the Unitarian Universalist Association and Bishop Scott Hayashi of the Episcopal Diocese of Utah, who also advised "compassion" for those who objected to the ruling: "The change that this represents will cause them heartache, frustration and a feeling that our country is going in the wrong direction."

The Attorney General's office appealed the ruling to the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals and sought an emergency stay to prevent additional licenses from being issued to same-sex couples. The Tenth Circuit rejected the requested motion for a stay on December 22 "[b]ecause the motion before us does not meet the requirements of the federal or local appellate rules governing a request for a stay". On December 23, Shelby denied a request for a stay, and the Tenth Circuit denied the state's second emergency motion for a temporary stay. On December 24, the Tenth Circuit again denied the state's request for a stay. On December 31, the state asked the U.S. Supreme Court to issue a stay, which it granted on January 6, pending a decision by the Tenth Circuit.

On January 9, Attorney General Sean Reyes advised county clerks to complete processing marriage licenses for same-sex couples whose marriages were solemnized "prior to the morning of January 6". The state announced that under the stay it would return to enforcing Utah's ban on licensing and recognizing same-sex marriages. On January 10, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the federal government would recognize the 1,360 same-sex marriages that had been performed in Utah prior to the stay. Several attorneys general of states that had already legalized same-sex marriage announced they would recognize the Utah marriages. According to rules issued on January 15 by the Utah Tax Commission, a same-sex couple who file a joint federal income tax return can file a joint return for their Utah income taxes as well. On January 16, the Utah Attorney General's office announced it had hired Gene C. Schaerr, a veteran litigator in state and federal appellate courts, to assist in its defense of Utah's ban on same-sex marriage. Oral arguments in the case were heard on April 10, 2014.

On June 25, the Tenth Circuit affirmed the district court's decision, but also stayed implementation of its decision, pending a further appeal or certiorari. "The Fourteenth Amendment protects the fundamental right to marry, establish a family, raise children, and enjoy the full protection of a state's marital laws," the court wrote in its 2–1 ruling. "A state may not deny the issuance of a marriage license to two persons, or refuse to recognize their marriage, based solely upon the sex of the persons in the marriage union." On August 5, the Utah Attorney General's office asked the U.S. Supreme Court to consider the case. On October 6, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected Utah's appeal without comment, allowing the Tenth Circuit to lift its stay. In response, Governor Herbert and Attorney General Reyes announced that Utah would comply with the decision of the Supreme Court and swiftly advised state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages.

Evans v. Herbert
Once a stay was granted in Kitchen, Utah returned to its practice of denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples and it no longer recognized the validity of those marriages established by same-sex couples in Utah while Judge Shelby's ruling was in effect in December 2013 and January 2014. On January 21, 2014, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) brought suit on behalf of four same-sex couples married in Utah during that period, raising concerns about the impact of Utah's action on their adoption, parenting, and health care rights. On May 19, U.S. District Court Judge Dale A. Kimball ruled in Evans v. Herbert that Utah must recognize the same-sex marriages performed in Utah the previous December and January. On June 4, the state appealed Judge Kimball's ruling before it took effect. The Tenth Circuit announced on July 11 it would not issue a permanent stay while the state appealed Kimball's decision. The state asked the U.S. Supreme Court to issue the stay, and on July 18 Justice Sonia Sotomayor, after referring the question to the other members of the court, granted the stay pending resolution of the case by the Tenth Circuit. In August, the Tenth Circuit granted the state's request for an additional month to file its appeal, setting October 22 as the deadline.

After the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear Kitchen, Utah officials asked the Tenth Circuit to dismiss its appeal in this case, ending its attempt to deny recognition to the December/January same-sex marriages. The order and permanent injunction was issued on November 24, 2014 by the United States District Court for Utah, Central Division.

Developments after legalization
On March 11, 2015, the Utah House of Representatives passed legislation known as Senate Bill 297 by a 66–9 vote. The bill provides an exemption for individuals, religious officials, religious organizations, and government officers and employees who object to participating or issuing marriage licenses based on their "deeply held beliefs about marriage, family, and sexuality". On March 12, 2015, the Utah State Senate passed the bill 25–3 with 1 abstention. Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law on March 20, and it went into effect on May 12, 2015.

A bill to amend Utah's marriage statutes was introduced by Representative Kraig Powell on February 5, 2016. The bill sought to make all mentions to marriage in Utah law gender-neutral, with the term "husband and wife" changed to "spouses" or "married couple". It would have also removed the statutory same-sex marriage ban enacted in 1977. The bill was assigned to the House Rules Committee on February 8; however, it was not heard in committee and died at the end of the 2016 general session on March 10. A bill to update Utah's adoption laws by replacing "mother and father" with "parents" was introduced to the Senate on February 18, 2016, but it also failed to pass before March 10.

On March 10, 2016, Senator Jim Dabakis successfully delayed a vote on an anti-gay bill that sought to change the definition of joint tenants from "any legally married couple" to "husband and wife". The bill would have prevented same-sex couples from being legitimate joint tenants under Utah law. The bill had been approved in the House earlier in March and its final reading in the Senate was scheduled for March 10, the last day of the 2016 general session. Dabakis delayed the final reading of the bill for several minutes before midnight by sneezing and coughing. As the bill failed to pass before midnight March 10, it died, and no similar bill was brought up in successive legislative sessions.

All four Utah representatives in the U.S. House, Republicans Blake Moore, Chris Stewart, John Curtis and Burgess Owens, voted in favor of the Respect for Marriage Act in July 2022. The Act would officially repeal DOMA and require the federal government to recognize same-sex and interracial marriages, codifying parts of both the Obergefell v. Hodges and Loving v. Virginia rulings. Curtis said, "I understand how important codifying these protections are to many Utahns. I do not believe the federal government should infringe upon an individual's decision about who they wish to marry." LGBT advocates praised the representatives for their votes. The Act was amended in the U.S. Senate and passed on November 29, with the support of Senator Mitt Romney. The House approved the amended version on December 8, 2022, and President Joe Biden signed it into law five days later.

Native American nations
Same-sex marriage is not recognized on the Navajo Nation, following the passage of the Diné Marriage Act in 2005. A bill to legalize same-sex marriage was introduced to the Navajo Nation Council by Delegate Eugene Tso of Chinle in July 2022. Navajo culture has traditionally recognized two-spirit individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere. They are known in the Navajo language as nádleehi (). While the  had access to both masculine and feminine spheres of work, aside from hunting and warfare, they typically pursued feminine activities such as pottery making, weaving and tanning of hides, but also chanting, which was primarily a men's activity. Associated with prosperity and believed to have originated in the third world of the Holy People, the nádleehi directed the planting and the fieldwork, and generally functioned as head of a household. They were known for their skills in matchmaking and mediated between the sexes in matters of conflict and love. Traditionally, "real" nádleehi did not marry and had sexual intercourse exclusively with men, while "those who pretend to be nádleehi" could marry either men or women but if they married they would generally take on the clothing and activities of a man. The nádleehi status thus created the possibility of a marriage between two biological males in Navajo culture.

The Law and Order Code of the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation does not expressly forbid same-sex marriages, but requires that the couple take each other as "husband and wife". The Ute people refer to two-spirit individuals who were born male but carried out women's work in the community as  (). Traditionally, some of them married men, others married women, while others remained unmarried.

Demographics and marriage statistics
Data from the 2000 U.S. census showed that 3,370 same-sex couples were living in Utah. By 2005, this had increased to 4,307 couples, likely attributed to same-sex couples' growing willingness to disclose their partnerships on government surveys. Same-sex couples lived in all counties of the state and constituted 0.7% of coupled households and 0.5% of all households in the state. Most couples lived in Salt Lake, Weber and Utah counties, but the counties with the highest percentage of same-sex couples were Piute (0.79% of all county households) and Duchesne (0.77%). Same-sex partners in Utah were on average younger than opposite-sex partners, and more likely to be employed. In addition, the average and median household incomes of same-sex couples were higher than different-sex couples, but same-sex couples were far less likely to own a home than opposite-sex partners. 19% of same-sex couples in Utah were raising children under the age of 18, with an estimated 1,226 children living in households headed by same-sex couples in 2005.

2020 estimates from the United States Census Bureau showed that there were 619,250 married opposite-sex couples in the state, 51,115 cohabiting opposite-sex couples, 5,878 married same-sex couples (2,460 male couples and 3,418 lesbian couples), and 2,573 cohabiting same-sex couples. Utah ranked third in the nation for the proportion of its same-sex couples who had chosen to marry, at 69.6% (behind North Dakota at 72.5% and Montana at 71.8%).

Domestic partnerships
In 2005, Utah Senator Greg Bell, a Republican from the 22nd Senate District in Davis County, sponsored legislation (S.B. 89; "Mutual Dependence Benefits Contract") to provide "for the creation of mutual dependence benefits contracts, which would have allowed two adults, not eligible for marriage, to share certain rights and responsibilities regarding property ownership or health-related matters". The bill was unsuccessful.

Utah State University administrators planned to create a domestic partnership registry in early 2005, but university legal counsel Craig Simper said it might violate the Utah Constitution. He said that the marriage amendment required that "no other domestic union may be recognized as a marriage or given the same or substantially equal legal effect." He said that the university "does not want to be the test case and does not intend to be the test case". University Professor Barry Franklin gathered enough petition signatures on November 20, 2005 to raise the issue of giving domestic partner benefits to university employees, including those in same-sex relationships, at the University Faculty Senate. Senate members voted on December 5, 2005 to continue researching the matter.

Jenny Wilson, a member of the Salt Lake County Council, unsuccessfully sponsored an ordinance in 2005 to provide domestic partner benefits to county government employees, including those who are in same-sex relationships. Wilson sponsored a similar ordinance in 2009, which was approved. In 2013, the Salt Lake County Council approved of a mutual commitment registry.

Mayor Rocky Anderson signed an executive order in 2005 that provides domestic partner benefits to government employees in Salt Lake City, including those who are in same-sex relationships. The Arizona-based religious legal action group Alliance Defense Fund sued the city, claiming that the order violated the Utah Constitution. The American Civil Liberties Union joined the city in defending the order, saying it protected "the right to be free from discrimination based on their relationships and the right to equal compensation for equal work." The Salt Lake City Council adopted an ordinance in 2008 that provides a mutual commitment registry to "unmarried domestic partners—gay or straight—and to other adults in financially dependent relationships, such as a person caring for an aging parent".

Members of the school district board of education in Park City adopted a policy in 2011 that provides domestic partner benefits to district employees, including those who are in same-sex relationships. The board of education of the Salt Lake City School District adopted a similar policy several months later.

Public opinion
According to the most recent opinion poll conducted on the issue in September 2022 by Dan Jones & Associates for the Deseret News/Hinckley Institute of Politics, 72% of Utah voters supported same-sex marriage. Support varied with sex, political affiliation, age, and degree of church attendance: 75% of women supported same-sex marriage and 70% of men were of the same opinion; 94% of Democrats were in support as were 61% of Republicans; 95% of "very liberal" and "somewhat liberal" voters were in support, but this decreased to 69% among "somewhat conservative" voters and 42% among "very conservative" voters; 89% of 18–24-year-olds were in favor with support decreasing with age, but no age group showed majority opposition; and 58% of "very active" members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints supported same-sex marriage, compared to 76% of "somewhat active" and "not active" members.

{| class="wikitable"
|+style="font-size:100%" | Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Utah
|-
! style="width:190px;"| Poll source
! style="width:200px;"| Date(s)administered
! class=small | Samplesize
! Margin oferror
! style="width:100px;"| % support
! style="width:100px;"| % opposition
! style="width:40px;"| % no opinion
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| March 11–December 14, 2022
| align=center| ?
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 65%
| align=center| 34%
| align=center| 1%
|-
| Dan Jones & Associates
| align=center| September 3–21, 2022
| align=center| 815 registered voters
| align=center| ± 3.43%
|  align=center| 72%
| align=center| 23%
| align=center| 5%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| March 8–November 9, 2021
| align=center| ?
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 56%
| align=center| 43%
| align=center| 1%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| January 7–December 20, 2020
| align=center| 554 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 57%
| align=center| 39%
| align=center| 4%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| April 5–December 23, 2017
| align=center| 732 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 54%
| align=center| 38%
| align=center| 8%
|-
| Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| May 18, 2016–January 10, 2017
| align=center| 1,056 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
|  align=center| 51%
| align=center| 41%
| align=center| 8%
|-
| Utah Policy
| align=center| June 8–17, 2016
| align=center| 614 registered voters
| align=center| ± 3.95%
| align=center| 42%
|  align=center| 52%
| align=center| 6%
|-
| American Values Atlas/Public Religion Research Institute
| align=center| April 29, 2015–January 7, 2016
| align=center| 813 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ?
| align=center| 46%
|  align=center| 47%
| align=center| 6%
|-
| Dan Jones
| align=center| October 14–16, 2014
| align=center| 405
| align=center| ± 4.9%
| align=center| 37%
|  align=center| 58%
| align=center| 5%
|-
|align| New York Times/CBS News/YouGov
| align=center| September 20–October 1, 2014
| align=center| 935
| align=center| ± 3.7%
| align=center| 34%
|  align=center| 56%
| align=center| 10%
|-
|align| Benenson Strategy Group
| align=center| September 21–23, 2014
| align=center| 500
| align=center| ± 4.4%
|  align=center| 49%
| align=center| 48%
| align=center| 3%
|-
| Dan Jones/Associates
| align=center| August 12–14, 2014
| align=center| 400 likely voters
| align=center| ± 4.9%
| align=center| 29%
|  align=center| 61%
| align=center| 10%
|-
| Dan Jones & Associates/Cicero Group
| align=center| January 14–16, 2014
| align=center| 746
| align=center| ± 3.6%
| align=center| 36%
|  align=center| 57%
| align=center| 6%
|-
| SurveyUSA
| align=center| January 10–13, 2014
| align=center| 600 random telephoneinterviewees
| align=center| ± 4.1%
| align=center| 48%
| align=center| 48%
| align=center| 4%
|-
| Public Policy Polling
| align=center| July 8–10, 2011
| align=center| 723
| align=center| ± 4.6%
| align=center| 27%
|  align=center| 66%
| align=center| 7%

See also
LGBT rights in Utah
Same-sex marriage in the United States

References

LGBT rights in Utah
Utah
2013 in Utah
2014 in Utah
2013 in LGBT history
2014 in LGBT history


Fernand Dumont  (24 June 1927 – 1 May 1997) was a Canadian sociologist, philosopher, theologian, and poet from Quebec. A longtime professor at Université Laval, he won the Governor General's Award for French-language non-fiction at the 1968 Governor General's Awards for Le lieu de l'homme.

See also
 Quebec literature

References

External links

1927 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Canadian male writers
20th-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian philosophers
20th-century Roman Catholic theologians
Canadian male poets
Canadian philosophers
Canadian poets in French
Canadian Roman Catholic theologians
Canadian sociologists
Governor General's Award-winning non-fiction writers
Prix Athanase-David winners
Catholic philosophers
Academic staff of Université Laval
Writers from Quebec City
Université Laval alumni
Recipients of the Prix Léon-Gérin


Bruno Heck (20 January 1917 in Aalen – 16 September 1989 in Blaubeuren) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

Heck was born into a poor Swabian catholic family. He studied philosophy and theology at the University of Tübingen. From 1957 to 1976 Heck was a member of the German Bundestag.

Heck was Minister of Family Affairs and Youth from 1962 to 1968. After the resignation of the FDP ministers in 1966, he additionally headed the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development for a short time.

Heck headed the Konrad Adenauer Foundation from 1968 to 1989. The Bruno Heck Science Prize, awarded biannually by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, was named in his honor.

References

1917 births
1989 deaths
People from Aalen
Members of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg
University of Tübingen alumni
Christian Democratic Union of Germany MEPs
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Members of the Bundestag 1972–1976
Members of the Bundestag 1969–1972
Members of the Bundestag 1965–1969
Members of the Bundestag 1961–1965
Members of the Bundestag 1957–1961


For the educator, please see Charles Norfleet  Hunter

Charles Newton Hunter (January 11, 1906, Oneida, New York - June 14, 1978, Cheyenne, Wyoming) was the author of the book Galahad (1963) a first person account of the Burma Campaign in World War II.  Galahad was the code-name for the U.S. Army's 5307th Composite Unit (provisional), better known as Merrill's Marauders.  "Colonel Charles N. Hunter had been with Galahad from the beginning as its ranking or second ranking officer, had commanded it during its times of greatest trial, and was more responsible than any other individual for its record of achievement."

West Point
Hunter began his Army career as a West Point graduate.  From page 169 of the West Point "Howitzer" Yearbook, Class of 1929, we learn that he was known to his classmates as "Newt" from his middle name, "Newton."  He is described as having a "ruddy countenance, slightly tilted nose, sandy hair, and twinkling blue eyes carry an appeal that can pass unnoticed by no mortal lass."

WWII and Training for Burma
Following the Quebec meeting between President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill a decision was made to create long range penetration groups to get behind the Japanese lines as a part of an overall Asian mainland offensive.

Lieutenant Colonel Hunter, with three years of experience in the Philippines, two years in the Canal Zone doing jungle warfare training, and most recently in charge of the combat training course in the infantry school, Fort Benning, Georgia, was put in charge of the shipment of the new unit to India and their subsequent training.

Merrill's Marauders and Burma
In February 1944, under command of Brigadier General Frank Merrill, 2,503 men and 360 mules began a 1,000 mile march - out of India, over the Patkai region of the Himalayas and deep into the Burmese jungle.

But on March 29, General Merrill suffered his first heart attack and command returned to then executive officer, Colonel Hunter.

Following months of forced marches through monsoon season, weakened by hunger and malnutrition, suffering from amoebic dysentery, malaria, various fevers, snake bite, scrub typhus, and fungal skin diseases they were reaching the end of their ability to continue.  Captain Fred O. Lyons said the last thing keeping him going had been not letting Colonel Hunter down:

August 3, 1944, following the last battle, Myitkyina was declared secure and on that day Col. Hunter was sent back to the United States.

After five major battles and seventeen minor engagements only two men survived without being hospitalized or killed. One was a Lieutenant Phil Weld, who later became famous for his single-handed ocean racing of small sailboats. The other was Colonel Charles N. Hunter.

After the war
After World War II, Colonel Hunter was Deputy Chief of Staff of the 4th Army and Commanding Officer of Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas.

He retired to Cheyenne, Wyoming, home of his wife, Don Mae, who died February 27, 1970, of heart failure. Of their three daughters, only his youngest, Sara is alive today.  Anne died in 1959 and Sue in 1977.

Quotation

Bibliography
Charles Newton Hunter, Galahad (San Antonio, TX: Naylor Co., 1963)
Charlton Ogburn, The Marauders (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956)
Charles N. Hunter, AGF Report of Overseas Observations with Units in C.B.I. February 17, 1945.

See also
Merrill's Marauders
China Burma India Theater of World War II
Frank Merrill
Joseph Stilwell
Long range penetration
United States Army Rangers
Former United States special operations units
Special forces
Roy Matsumoto
David Richardson
Charlton Ogburn

Footnotes

American non-fiction writers
1906 births
1978 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Rangers
People from Oneida, New York
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Historians from New York (state)
American male non-fiction writers


The Clasp to the Iron Cross (Spange zum Eisernen Kreuz) was a white metal medal clasp displayed on the uniforms of German Wehrmacht personnel who had been awarded the Iron Cross in World War I, and who again qualified for the decoration in World War II.

During the war, over 100,000 clasps were awarded.

Description
A holder of the 1914 Iron Cross could qualify for the same grade of the 1939 Iron Cross. To permit the two awards to be worn together, a "1939 Clasp" (Spange) was established to be worn with the original 1914 Iron Cross. It depicted a national eagle clutching an oak leaf wreath surrounding a swastika above a trapezoid bearing the year 1939.

For the Second Class, the clasp was attached to the ribbon of the 1914 Iron Cross, either on a ribbon bar, or when the ribbon was worn through a tunic button hole. For the First Class, a larger differently proportioned clasp was pinned directly on the upper breast pocket above the Iron Cross 1st class (1914) of the wearer. This pin-back clasp was usually awarded in a presentation case.

While Nazi era awards were initially banned by the Federal Republic of Germany, in 1957 many World War II military decorations, including the Iron Cross, were re-authorised for wear by qualifying veterans. With display of the swastika banned, the clasp to the Iron Cross was re-designed as a silver rectangular bar bearing the date '1939', with a miniature Iron Cross in the centre of the bar.

Notes

References

Military awards and decorations of Nazi Germany
Awards established in 1939
1939 establishments in Germany


Bahra (Syriac: ܒܗܪܐ) is a political weekly newspaper issued by the Assyrian Democratic Movement. The paper is printed in Baghdad and comes out in Arabic and Syriac. It was first published on 26 June 1982.

References

1982 establishments in Iraq
Arabic-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Iraq
Mass media in Baghdad
Newspapers established in 1982
Weekly newspapers


Along with a concerted effort to commission new works for brass quintet since 1967 the bulk of any brass quintet's repertoire consists of arrangements of pre-existing music. Victor Ewald's four brass quintets are the first serious attempts at establishing a repertoire for the ensemble, though they do not stand up to typical string quartet repertoire of the same and preceding eras. The Chicago and New York Brass Quintets made sustained efforts to commission new works, and much of the original repertoire for brass quintet from the mid-20th century derives from their groundbreaking work. In the 1960s the mantle of creating a repertoire for brass quintet was taken up by the American Brass Quintet and the New York Brass Quintet, with both groups essentially establishing the brass quintet as a part of the chamber music field. Notably, only two brass quintets have ever been awarded the Walter W. Naumburg Chamber Music Award, considered by many to be the highest achievement in brass chamber music: The Empire Brass Quintet in 1976 and The Saturday Brass Quintet in 1990. But it was Canadian Brass  that developed the pragmatic approach to repertoire allowed the ensemble to reach a wider audience.  They developed a two prong approach to performance, developing a masterpiece approach to repertoire that popularized the brass quintet as an ensemble into what was essentially a "pops" ensemble.  Meanwhile, the ensemble has been pursuing an aggressive 45-year commissioning schedule.  Though this ensemble is seldom recognized for its achievement in the contemporary sphere, they have created well over 100 newly composed works for brass quintet, though few of the Canadian Brass commissions of original compositions have taken hold in the repertoire of other brass quintets.

It is generally agreed amongst brass players that the tuba is the dominant choice for brass quintets, with the ability to play smaller instruments such as bass trombone or baritone for certain repertoire such as Renaissance.  The American Brass Quintet has always used bass trombone instead of tuba, and their extensive commissioning has validated use of this instrumentation. It is not uncommon for composers to write interchangeable parts for tuba and bass trombone to enable both types of quintets to perform their work.

Brass quintet repertoire

Bruce Adolphe, Triskelion
Albert Ahlstrom, Treelight
Efraín Amaya Brass Quintet
Gilbert Amy, Relais
Malcolm Arnold, Quintet for Brass, Op. 73
Alexander Arutiunian, Armenian Scenes
Daniel Asia, Brass Quintet
Milton Babbitt, Counterparts
Jan Bach, Laudes
Jan Bach, Rounds and Dances
Jan Bach, Triptych
Jason Bahr, Divergence
Jason Bahr, Eagle Fanfare
Drew Baker, Kiln for brass quintet & piano
Leonardo Balada, Mosaics
Stephen Barber, Multiples Points on View of a Fanfare
Stephen Barber, Gone Is the River
Spiros Mazis, Brass Quintet No 1
Edward Barnes, Variations for Brass Quintet
Samuel Baron, Impressions of a Parade
Robert Beaser, Brass Quintet
Irwin Bazelon, Brass Quintet
Luciano Berio, Call
Derek Bourgeois, Sonata for Brass Quintet
Henry Brant, The Fourth Millennium
Robert Russell Bennett, Arabesque
Lauren Bernofsky, "The Duxbury Fanfare"
Lauren Bernofsky, "Fanfare"
Lauren Bernofsky, "Musica Solaris"
Lauren Bernofsky, Passacaglia
Lauren Bernofsky, Suite for Brass Quintet
Leonard Bernstein, Dance Suite for Brass Quintet
Larry Bitensky, For Then and Now for brass quintet
William Bolcom, Quintet
Darijan Božič, Kriki (The Cries)
Eugène Bozza, Bis
Eugène Bozza, Sonatine for 2 C trumpets, 1 horn, 1 trombone, and 1 tuba.
Alvin Brehm, Quintet for Brass
Timothy Broege, Brass Quintet No. 2
Howard J. Buss, Concord, Chromatic Fantasy, Sonic Fables (brass quintet & one percussion), Sonata K.380/Scarlatti,D., Tribute to Stephen Foster
Morley Calvert, An Occasional Suite
Morley Calvert, Suite from the Monteregian Hills
Elliott Carter, Brass Quintet
Elliott Carter, A Fantasy about Purcell's "Fantasia upon One Note"
Robert Chastain, Quintet for Brass Instruments
John Cheetham, Brass Menagerie
John Cheetham, Scherzo
Christopher Coletti, Bach's Bells
Jack Cooper, Scenes for Brass
Louis Coyner, Eolith No. 4 for brass quintet
Georges Delerue, Vitrail
Carl Della Peruti, Sounding for Brass Quintet
Robert Dennis, Blackbird Variations
Anthony DiLorenzo, Fire Dance
Kathleen Ditmer, Tonqueues
Lucia Dlugoszewski, Angels of the Inmost Heaven
Jacob Druckman, Other Voices
Jack Curtis Dubowsky, Brass Quintet No. 1
Jack Curtis Dubowsky, Due North
Amy Dunker, Convocation Fanfare
Jack End, 3 Salutations
Donald Erb, Three Pieces for Brass Quintet
Donald Erb, The St. Valentine's Day Brass Quintet
Alvin Etler, Quintet
Alvin Etler, Sonic Sequence
Victor Ewald, Quintet no. 1 in B-flat minor (Op. 5)
Victor Ewald, Quintet no. 2 in E-flat major (Op. 6)'
Victor Ewald, Quintet no. 3 in D flat major (Op. 7)
Victor Ewald, Quintet no. 4 in A-flat major (Op. 8)
Eric Ewazen, Colchester Fantasy
Eric Ewazen, Frost Fire
Eric Ewazen, Western Fanfare
Brian Felder, Canzone XXXI
Brian Fennelly, Brass Quintet No. 3 (Velvet and Spice)
Brian Fennelly, Locking Horns-Brass Quintet No. 2
Brian Fennelly, Prelude And Elegy For Brass Quintet
Myron Fink, A Suite of Antiques
Jason Forsythe, Sanctity
Malcolm Forsyth, Golyardes' Grounde
Lukas Foss, Night Music for John Lennon In Memory of December 8, 1980, for brass quintet and orchestra
Sean Friar, Kindly Reply for brass quintet (2016)
Kenneth Fuchs, Fire, Ice, and Summer Bronze
Jack Gallagher, Toccata for Brass Quintet
Jack Gallagher, Celebration and Reflection
Elliot Goldenthal, Brass Quintet No. 2
Daniel Grabois, Zen Monkey
Edward Gregson, Quintet for Brass
Yalil Guerra, Carnaval for brass quintet
Edmund Haines, Toccata
John Halle, Softshoe
Piers Hellawell, Sound Carvings from the Bell Foundry
Howard Hersh, "Tag!"
Anders Hillborg, Brass Quintet
Edward Hirschman, Four Bridges
Alun Hoddinott, Ritornelli 2
 Vagn Holmboe, Quintet No 1, Op. 79
 Vagn Holmboe, Quintet No 2, Op. 136
Eres Holz, Vier Schatten
Joseph Horovitz, Music Hall Suite
Eric Hudes, Pentaptych
John Huggler, Quintet
Jason Huffman, Christmas Tree
Karel Husa, Divertimento for brass quintet
Karel Husa, Landscapes
Stephen Jablonsky, Streets of Laredo (2018)
Stephen Jablonsky, Danny Boy (2019)
Stephen Jablonsky, Memorial Day (2019)
Edward Jacobs, Passed Time
David A. Jaffe, Descent into Flatland
Phillip Johnston, Sleeping Beauty
Collier Jones, Four Movements for Five Brass
Michael Kamen, Quintet
Jan Koetsier, Brass Quintet, Opus 65
Sonny Kompanek, Killer Tango
Peter Korn, Prelude and Scherzo
Pablo Kunik, "Locura" Opus 11 for Brass Quintet (2022)
Kyle Lane, Sonata for Brass Quintet
Michel Leclerc, Par monts et par vaux
Tania León, Saoko
Edwin London, Brass Quintet
Raymond Luedeke, Brass Quintet – Complexities and Contradictions
Witold Lutoslawski, Fanfare for CUBE
Witold Lutoslawski, Mini Overture
Frederik Magle, Intermezzo for Brass Quintet
Frederik Magle, Lys på din vej (Light on your path) for brass quintet and organ
David Maslanka, Arise!
Grace-Evangeline Mason, As Bronze
Ludwig Maurer, Four Songs for Brass
Ludwig Maurer, Twelve Little Pieces for Brass Quintet
Francis McBeth, Four Frescos
Kevin McKee, Escape
Kevin McKee, Vuelta del Fuego
John Melby, 91 Plus 5 for brass quintet and computer
Jerome Moross, Sonatina for Brass Quintet
Robert Nagel, This Old Man March
Lior Navok, Gitz & Spitz Suite
Clint Needham, Abstract Mosaics
Per Nørgård, Vision
Leroy Osmon, "Introduction and Allegro"
Hermeto Pascoal, Timbrando
Robert Paterson, Dash
Robert Paterson, Shine
Vincent Persichetti, Parable for Brass Quintet
Tom Pierson, Brass Quintet
Anthony Plog, 4 Sketches for Brass Quintet (Quintet #1)
Anthony Plog, Mini-Suite for Brass Quintet
Anthony Plog, Mosaics for Brass Quintet (Quintet No. 2)
Anthony Plog, Animal Ditties VII for Brass Quintet
Andre Previn, Four Outings for Brass
Howard Quilling, Four Pieces for Five Brass
Belinda Reynolds, Weave
Verne Reynolds, Suite
Peter Robles, Transcendent Tones, Fractured Forms
Ned Rorem, Diversions
Steven Christopher Sacco, Quintet for Brass
David Sampson, Distant Voices
David Sampson, Entrance
David Sampson, Morning Music
David Sampson, Strata (originally Quintet 99)
Peter Schickele, Hornsmoke: a horse opera
Adam Schoenberg, Reflecting Light
William Schmidt, Variations on a Negro Folksong
William Schuman, American Hymn: variations on an original melody'
Elliott Schwartz, Three Movements
Ralph Shapey, Brass Quintet
Ralph Shapey, Fanfares
Alexander Shchetynsky, On the Eve
Faye-Ellen Silverman, Kalends
Faye-Ellen Silverman, Quantum Quintet
Reynold Simpson, Brass Quintet
David Snow, Dance Movements
Juan María Solare, Heroes of a Forgotten Kingdom
Juan María Solare, Handwritten Runes
Juan María Solare, Affirmation
Juan María Solare, Hymn to Commitment
Andrew Sorg, Mental Disorders
Andrew Sorg, Voices In Da Fan
Andrew Sorg, Prelude and Fugue in E minor
Andrew Sorg, Existential Crisis
Robert Starer, Evanescence
Raymond Stewart, OK Chorale
William Susman, The Heavens Above
Elias Tannenbaum, Patterns and Improvisations for BQ and Tape
Elias Tannenbaum, Structures
Michael Tilson Thomas, Street Song
Virgil Thomson, Family Portrait
Bramwell Tovey, Manhattan Music, for brass quintet and orchestra or wind ensemble
Bramwell Tovey, Santa Barbara Sonata
George Tsontakis, Brass Quintet
George Tsontakis, Hansel
Joseph Turrin, Fanfare for Five for brass quintet
Joseph Turrin, Soundscapes for brass quintet
Joseph Turrin, Solarium for brass quartet and piano
Joseph Turrin, Sketches for brass quintet
Vladimir Ussachevsky, Anniversary Variations
Vladimir Ussachevsky, Dialogues and Contrasts for Brass Quintet and Tape
Davide Verotta, 4 Movements for Brass
George Walker, Music for Brass (Sacred and Profane)
Dan Welcher, Brass Quintet
Charles Whittenberg, Triptych
Alec Wilder, Jazz Suite for brass quintet
Natalie Williams, Land of Ages: fanfare for brass quintet.
Charles Wuorinen, Brass Quintet
Norman Yamada, Mundane Dissatisfactions
Carolyn Yarnell, Slade
John Zorn, Pulcinella
Ramon Zupko, Masques for brass quintet and piano

References

Further reading
 O'Loughlin, Niall. "Modern Brass", The Musical Times, Vol. 123, No. 1678, 250 Years of Covent Garden (Dec., 1982), p. 851

External links
 American Brass Quintet Database
 Brass Quintet Discography

Lists of compositions by instrumentation
Classical music lists


Helon Blount (January 15, 1929 – March 7, 2005) was an actress and singer who appeared in the original Broadway productions of such musicals as The Most Happy Fella, Woman of the Year and Follies.

Biography
She was born in Big Spring, Texas and attended the fine arts and music school at the University of Texas. She sang in the chorus of the Dallas State Fair Musicals during two summers and, after earning her Master's Degree in Voice Pedagogy, she moved to New York City.

She appeared in the original production of Frank Loesser's The Most Happy Fella on Broadway in 1956. She originally understudied the role of "Cleo" and took over the role during the Broadway run. Forty years later, Blount played “Granny Briggs” in a revised version of Loesser's Greenwillow in 1997 at the Golden Apple Dinner Theatre in Sarasota, Florida. She received a "South Florida Sammie Award" as Best Supporting Actress in a Musical.

Other Broadway credits included playing “Dee Dee West” in the original production of Stephen Sondheim's
Follies (1971) (also understudying the roles of Hattie and Stella), Do I Hear a Waltz? (1965), Musical Chairs and The Fig Leaves Are Falling (1969). In Kander and Ebb's Woman of the Year (1981), which starred Lauren Bacall, Blount played several characters.
 Blount also appeared in Riverwind in 1962, an Off-Broadway musical.

Personal
Blount died on March 7, 2005. Blount's husband, Keith Kaldenberg, whom she met as a member of the cast of The Most Happy Fella, predeceased her. Their daughter Kim survives her parents.

References

External links
 Obituary

1929 births
2005 deaths
Actresses from Texas
American musical theatre actresses
People from Big Spring, Texas
People from Austin, Texas
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women


The Information Warfare Monitor (IWM) was an advanced research activity tracking the emergence of cyberspace as a strategic domain. Created in 2003, it closed in January 2012. It was a public-private venture between two Canadian institutions: The SecDev Group, an operational think tank based in Ottawa (Canada), and the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. The Principal Investigators and co-founders of the Information Warfare Monitor are Rafal Rohozinski (The Secdev Group) and Ronald Deibert (Citizen Lab). The Information Warfare Monitor is part of the Citizen Lab’s network of advanced research projects, which include the OpenNet Initiative, the Fusion Methodology Centre, and PsiLab.

It was an independent research effort and its stated mission was to build and broaden the evidence base available to scholars, policy makers, and others.

The research of the Information Warfare Monitor was supported by the Canada Centre for Global Security Studies (University of Toronto), a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, in-kind and staff contributions from the SecDev Group, and a donation of software from Palantir Technologies Inc.

History
The Information Warfare Monitor was founded in 2003 by Rafal Rohozinski (Advanced Network Research Group, Cambridge University) and Ronald Deibert (Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto), as a sister project to the Open Net Initiative of which Deibert and Rohozinski are principal investigators along with John Palfrey (Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University) and Jonathan Zittrain (Oxford Internet Institute).

Between 2003 and 2008, IWM carried out a number of studies, including monitoring the status of the Iraqi Internet during the 2003 invasion, the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war, the 2008 Russian Georgian war, and the January 2009 Israeli operations in Gaza.

The Information Warfare Monitor was also an organizing partner for two Russia-NATO workshops examining information warfare and cyber terrorism.

The Information Warfare Monitor (IWM) project closed in January 2012, having conducted advanced research activity tracking the emergence of cyberspace as a strategic domain.

Activities
The Information Warfare Monitor engages in three primary activities

Case studies - The Information Warfare Monitor designs and carries out active case study research. These are self-generated activities consistent with the IWM's mission. It employs a rigorous and multidisciplinary approach to all case studies blending qualitative, technical, and quantitative methods. As a general rule, its investigations consist of at least two components:

Field-based investigations - The IWM engages in qualitative research among affected target audiences and employ techniques that include interviews, long-term in situ interaction with partners, and extensive technical data collection involving system monitoring, network reconnaissance, and interrogation. Its field-based teams are supported by senior analysts and regional specialists, including social scientists, computer security professionals, policy experts, and linguists, who provide additional contextual support and substantive back-up.

Technical scouting and laboratory analysis - Data collected in the field is analyzed using a variety of advanced data fusion and visualization methods. Leads developed on the basis of infield activities are pursued through “technical scouting,” including computer network investigations, and the resulting data and analysis is shared with infield teams and partners for verification and for generating additional entry points for follow-on investigations.

Open source trend analysis - The IWM collects open source information from the press and other sources tracking global trends in cyberspace. These are published on its public website.

Analytical workshops and outreach - The IWM works closely with academia, human rights organizations, and the defense and intelligence community. It publishes reports, and occasionally conducts joint workshops. Its work is independent, and not subject to government classification, Its goal is to encourage vigorous debate around critical policy issues. This includes engaging in ethical and legal considerations of information operations, computer network attacks, and computer network exploitation, including the targeted use of Trojans and malware, denial of service attacks, and content filtering.

Publications

Breaching Trust: An analysis of surveillance and security practices on China’s TOM-Skype platform (2008)
In 2008, the Information Warfare Monitor discovered a surveillance network being operated by Skype and its Chinese Partner, TOM Online, which insecurely and routinely collected, logged, and captured millions of records (including personal information and contact details for any text chat and/or voice calls placed to TOM-Skype users, including those from the Skype platform).

Tracking GhostNet: Investigating a Cyber Espionage Network (2009)
In 2009, after a 10-month investigation, the Information Warfare Monitor discovered and named GhostNet, a suspected cyber-espionage operation, based mainly in the People's Republic of China, which has infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries. 30% of these computers were high-value targets, including ministries of foreign affairs, embassies, international organizations, news media, and NGOs.

Shadows in the Cloud: Investigating Cyber Espionage 2.0 (2010)
In their 2010 follow-up report, Shadows in the Cloud: Investigating Cyber Espionage 2.0, the Information Warfare Monitor documented a complex ecosystem of cyber espionage that systematically targeted and compromised computer systems in India, the Offices of the Dalai Lama, the United Nations, and several other countries. The investigation recovered a large quantity of stolen documents – including sensitive and classified materials – belonging to government, business, academic, and other computer network systems and other politically sensitive targets.

Koobface: Inside a Crimeware Network (2010)
Having discovered archived copies of the Koobface botnet's infrastructure on a well-known Koobface command and control server, Information Warfare Monitor researchers documented the inner workings of Koobface in their 2010 report, Koobface: Inside a Crimeware Network. Researchers discovered that in just one year, Koobface generated over US$2million in profits.

See also
Citizen Lab
Ronald Deibert
GhostNet
Open Net Initiative
Psiphon

References

External links

The Secdev Group

Electronic warfare


Klokke Stadion, from 1931 on known as Albert Dyserynck Stadion, was a multi-use stadium in Bruges, Belgium. It was the home ground of the Club Brugge K.V. until the "Olympia Park" (current Jan Breydel Stadium named in 2000) opened in 1975. The stadium held 25,000 spectators. It was named after Albert Dyserynck, who was president from 1919 to 1931 and had donated the property to the Club.

In the popular language, this stadion keeps the name of "Klokke" after a so-called pub in front of the main entrance. "Klokke" in Flemish dialect is "a clock".

External links
 Stadium information

Defunct football venues in Belgium
Sports venues completed in 1912
1912 establishments in Belgium


Bandelia is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae.

Taxonomy
The genus has previously been classified in the subfamily Phytometrinae within Erebidae or in the subfamily Acontiinae of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Bandelia angulata (Barnes & Lindsey, 1922)
 Bandelia dimera (Dyar, 1912)

References

 Bandelia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Boletobiinae
Noctuoidea genera


Baniana is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was previously classified in the subfamily Calpinae of the family Noctuidae.

Description
Palpi usually reaching vertex of head, where the third joint minute. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewings with slightly produced and falcate apex. Hindwings with vein 5 from above lower angle of cell.

Species
 Baniana arvorum (Guenée 1852)
 Baniana athamas Schaus 1914
 Baniana centrata Dognin 1912
 Baniana chelesema Hampson 1926
 Baniana cohaerens Draudt 1950
 Baniana craterosema Hampson 1926
 Baniana culminifera Hampson 1910
 Baniana disticta Hampson 1926
 Baniana firmalis (Guenée, 1854)
 Baniana fulvia Druce 1898
 Baniana gobar Druce, in Godman and Salvin, 1898
 Baniana gulussa Schaus 1914
 Baniana gyas Schaus 1914
 Baniana haga Schaus, 1912
 Baniana helicon Druce 1898
 Baniana helle Schaus 1914
 Baniana herceus Schaus 1914
 Baniana inaequalis Walker, 1862 (synonym: Baniana crucilla (Schaus, 1914))
 Baniana lodebar Dyar 1916
 Baniana mademalis (Viette, 1978)
 Baniana mexicana Walker 1865
 Baniana minor Lafontaine & Walsh, 2010
 Baniana nephele Schaus 1914
 Baniana ochracea Hampson 1926
 Baniana octomaculata (Holland 1894)
 Baniana omoptila Viette 1956
 Baniana ostia Druce 1898
 Baniana pastoria Schaus 1911
 Baniana phaleniforma Dognin 1912
 Baniana phruxus Schaus 1914
 Baniana pulverulenta Hampson 1926
 Baniana punctifera Dognin 1912
 Baniana quadrimaculata (Holland 1894)
 Baniana relapsa Walker, 1858
 Baniana retrorsa Hampson 1926
 Baniana semilugens (Walker 1858)
 Baniana serpens Schaus 1914
 Baniana sexmaculata (Holland 1894)
 Baniana significans Walker, 1858
 Baniana sminthochroa Hampson 1926
 Baniana strigata Schaus 1911
 Baniana suggesta (Walker 1858)
 Baniana tincticollis (Walker 1858)
 Baniana triangulifera Dognin 1912
 Baniana trigrammos (Mabille 1881)
 Baniana veluta Schaus, 1901
 Baniana veluticollis Hampson 1898
 Baniana ypita Schaus, 1901

References

Anobinae
Noctuoidea genera


Baniopis is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Baniopis pulverea, is found in Ghana. Both the genus and species were first described by George Hampson in 1926.

References

Endemic fauna of Ghana
Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Baorisa is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. It was long thought to be monotypic with the only species being Baorisa hieroglyphica.

Species
The genus currently contains four species:
Baorisa floresiana Behounek, Speidel and Thöny, 1996 (Flores)
Baorisa hieroglyphica Moore, 1882
Baorisa philippina Behounek, Speidel and Thöny, 1996 (Philippines)
Baorisa sulawesiana Behounek, Speidel and Thöny, 1996 (Sulawesi)

References

Calpinae


Baptarma is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Baptarma felicita Smith, 1904

References
 Baptarma at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Heliothinae


Baputa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Baputa dichroa Kirsch, 1877
Baputa dimidiata Walker, 1865

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae


Belunki is a small village near Khadakewada in Kagal tehsil, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra, India. The population is around 600. It is situated on banks of the river Chikotra.

History
The village was established by two brothers, Sakhoji and Sultanji Patil, who obtained 85 acres of land from the British Raj. Over time they attracted residents and formed a village. Most of the villagers are farmers.

Facilities
The Balu Mama temple is newly constructed on the same site where there used to be a Maruti temple. There is one primary school for the first two grades.

References

Villages in Kolhapur district


Barastrotia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae described by Warren in 1913. Its only species, Barastrotia metalophota, was first described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Khasis in north-eastern India and Bangladesh.

References

Acontiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Barcita is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Moschler in 1886.

Species
Barcita duomita (Schaus, 1901)
Barcita ilia (Druce, 1889)
Barcita subviridescens (Walker, 1858)

References

Calpinae


Bareia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Bareia incidens, is found in South Africa. Both the genus and the species were first described by Francis Walker in 1858.

References

Calpinae


Labanda is a genus of moths of the family Nolidae erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Description
Papi smoothly scaled, where the second joint reaching vertex of head and third joint long and naked. Antennae very long and slender, minutely ciliated in male. Thorax smoothly scaled. Abdomen slender, with dorsal tufts on the first two segments, and usually extending far beyond the hindwings. Tibia almost naked. Forewings with round apex. The outer margin evenly curved. Hindwings with vein 5 from lower angle of cell.

Species
Labanda achine (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874)
Labanda affinis Hulstaert, 1924
Labanda bryochlora Hampson, 1902 South Africa
Labanda carinata Holloway, 2003 Borneo
Labanda ceylusalis Walker, 1859 Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan, Sulawesi
Labanda chloromela (Walker, 1858)
Labanda concinna Holloway, 2003 Borneo
Labanda contrastriatula Holloway, 2003 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia
Labanda dentilinea (Walker, 1863) Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia
Labanda fasciata (Walker, 1865)
Labanda herbealis Walker, 1859 Sri Lanka, Borneo
Labanda huntei Warren, 1903 Queensland
Labanda keyalis Gaede, 1937
Labanda nebulosa Candèze, 1927
Labanda palliviridis Holloway, 2003 Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, north-east Himalayas
Labanda quadralis Holloway, 2003 Borneo
Labanda saturalis Walker, [1866] Indo-Australian tropics (India–Solomons)
Labanda semipars (Walker, 1858) Sri Lanka
Labanda striatula Holloway, 2003 Borneo
Labanda submuscosa (Walker, 1865) Java
Labanda umbrosa Hampson, 1912 Myanmar, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo
Labanda umonea Holloway, 2003 Borneo
Labanda viridalis Swinhoe, 1905
Labanda viridumbrosa Holloway, 2003 Borneo

References

Chloephorinae


Barybela is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Barybela chionostigma Turner, 1944

References
 Barybela at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Basilica is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References

External links

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Basilodes is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae. There are about six described species in Basilodes.

Species
These six species belong to the genus Basilodes:
 Basilodes aurata Schaus, 1911
 Basilodes chrysopis Grote, 1881
 Basilodes inquinatus Hogue, 1963
 Basilodes pepita Guenée, 1852 (gold moth)
 Basilodes philobia Druce, 1897
 Basilodes straminea Poole, 1995

References

 Basilodes at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Stiriinae


Bastilla is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Swinhoe in 1918.

Taxonomy
Most species in the genus were formerly placed in the genus Dysgonia.

Selected species

Bastilla absentimacula (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla acuta (Moore, 1883)
Bastilla amygdalis (Moore, 1885)
Bastilla analis (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla angularis (Boisduval, 1833)
Bastilla arcuata (Moore, 1877)
Bastilla arctotaenia (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla axiniphora (Hampson, 1913)
Bastilla binatang Holloway & Miller, 2003
Bastilla circumsignata (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla copidiphora (Hampson, 1913)
Bastilla crameri (Moore, 1885)
Bastilla cuneilineata (Warren, 1915)
Bastilla dentilinea (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
Bastilla derogans (Walker, 1858)
Bastilla dicoela (Turner, 1909)
Bastilla duplicata (Robinson, 1975)
Bastilla euryleuca (Prout, 1919)
Bastilla flavipurpurea (Holloway, 1976)
Bastilla flexilinea (Warren, 1915)
Bastilla fulvotaenia (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla insularum (Orhant, 2002)
Bastilla joviana (Stoll, 1782)
Bastilla hamatilis (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla koroensis (Robinson, 1969)
Bastilla lateritica (Holloway, 1979)
Bastilla marquesanus (Collenette, 1928)
Bastilla maturata (Walker, 1858)
Bastilla maturescens (Walker, 1858)
Bastilla missionarii (Hulstaert, 1924)
Bastilla myops (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla nielseni Holloway & Miller, 2003
Bastilla palpalis (Walker, 1865)
Bastilla proxima (Hampson, 1902)
Bastilla praetermissa (Warren, 1913)
Bastilla solomonensis (Hampson, 1913)
Bastilla simillima (Guenée, 1852)
Bastilla subacuta (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
Bastilla tahitiensis (Orhant, 2002)
Bastilla vitiensis (Butler, 1886)

References

Holloway, J. D. & Miller, Scott E. (2003). "The composition, generic placement and host-plant relationships of the joviana-group in the Parallelia generic complex" . Invertebrate Systematics. 17: 111–128.

Noctuoidea genera


Bathytricha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Bathytricha aethalion Turner, 1944
 Bathytricha leonina (Walker, 1865)
 Bathytricha monticola Turner, 1925
 Bathytricha phaeosticha Turner, 1931
 Bathytricha truncata (Walker, 1856)

References
 Bathytricha at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Batina marginalis is the only species in the monotypic moth genus Batina of the family Erebidae. It is found in the Dominican Republic. Both the genus and the species were first described by Francis Walker in 1865.

References

Calpinae


Batracharta is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1862.

Species
Batracharta albistrigosata Warren, 1915 north-eastern Himalayas, Thailand
Batracharta chariessa A. E. Prout, 1928 Sumatra
Batracharta chinensis Hampson, 1926 China (Jiujiang)
Batracharta cossoides Walker, [1863] Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi
Batracharta divisa Wileman, 1914 Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan, Borneo, Sulawesi
Batracharta irrorata Hampson, 1894 India (Manipur)
Batracharta lempkei Kobes, 1989 Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi
Batracharta nigritogata A. E. Prout, 1921 Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi
Batracharta obliqua Walker, 1862 southern India, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi
Batracharta proutae Holloway, 2005 Borneo, Sumatra
Batracharta walkeri Bethune-Baker, 1910 New Guinea

References

Calpinae
Noctuoidea genera


Batuana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Bavilia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Bavilia flavocostata Moschler, 1880

References
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae


Beckeugenia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Behounekia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae


Behrensia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Behrensia bicolor McDunnough, 1941
 Behrensia conchiformis Grote, 1875

References
 Behrensia  at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Beihania is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Beihania anartoides  (Warnecke, 1938)
Beihania cuculliela  Wiltshire, 1967
Beihania hyatti  Wiltshire, 1967
Beihania montaguei  Wiltshire, 1980
Beihania philbyi  Wiltshire, 1980

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae


Belciades is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Igor Vasilii Kozhanchikov in 1950. Its only species, Belciades niveola, was first described by Victor Motschulsky in 1866. It is found in Korea and Japan.

References

Catocalinae
Monotypic moth genera


Belciana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Belciana bicolor Wileman & West, 1929
 Belciana biformis (Walker, 1858)
 Belciana caerulea Hampson, 1926
 Belciana euchlora Hampson, 1926
 Belciana habroscia Prout, 1924
 Belciana kala Prout, 1924
 Belciana kenricki (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
 Belciana particolor Prout, 1924
 Belciana prasina (Swinhoe, 1903)
 Belciana pratti (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
 Belciana serrata (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
 Belciana sophronia Prout, 1924
 Belciana staudingeri (Leech, 1900)
 Belciana subserrata Prout, 1924

References
 Belciana at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae
Noctuoidea genera


Bellura is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Bellura anoa (Dyar, 1913)
 Bellura brehmei (Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
 Bellura densa (Walker, 1865)
 Bellura gortynoides Walker, 1865
 Bellura matanzasensis (Dyar, 1922)
 Bellura obliqua (Walker, 1865)
 Bellura pleostigma (Dyar, 1913)
 Bellura vulnifica (Grote, 1873) (syn: Arzama diffusa Grote, 1878, Arzama melanopyga Grote, 1881)

References
 Bellura at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Caradrinini


Belosticta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Beriohansa is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae described by Nye in 1975. Its only species, Beriohansa hansali, was first described by Felder in 1874. It is found in Ethiopia.

References

Catocalinae
Monotypic moth genera


Beriotisia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Selected species
Beriotisia copahuensis (Köhler, 1967)
Beriotisia cuculliformis (Köhler, 1945)
Beriotisia fueguensis (Hampson, 1907)
Beriotisia taniae Angulo & Olivares, 1999
Beriotisia typhlina (Mabille, 1885)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Berocynta is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Berocynta simplex, is found in Jamaica. Both the genus and the species were first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1886.

References

Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Berrhaea is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Bertula is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Species

References

Hypeninae


Bertulania is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Bertulania corticea, is found in Cameroon. Both the genus and species were first described by Strand in 1904.

References

Endemic fauna of Cameroon
Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Biagicola is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Biagicola signipennis, is found in New Guinea. Both the genus and the species were first described by Strand in 1914.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Biareolifera is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It contains only one species, Biareolifera geometriformis, which is found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (Orientale), Ghana and Nigeria.

References

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Bifrontipta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Bihymena is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Herbert Beck in 1996. Its only species, Bihymena hymenaea, was first described by Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775.

References

Catocalinae


The 2002 NCAA National Collegiate Women's Ice Hockey Tournament involved four schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of women's NCAA Division I college ice hockey. The tournament began on March 22, 2002, and ended with the championship game on March 24.

Qualifying teams
The at-large bids, along with the seeding for each team in the tournament, were announced on Sunday, March 17.

Brackets

Frozen Four – Durham, New Hampshire

Tournament awards

All-Tournament Team
G: Tania Pinelli, Niagara
D: Larissa Luther, Minnesota–Duluth
D: Meredith Ostrander, Brown
F: Kelly Stephens, Minnesota
F: Joanne Eustace, Minnesota–Duluth
F: Kristy Zamora*, Brown
* Most Outstanding Player

References

External links
NCAA Women's Ice Hockey - NCAA.com

NCAA women's ice hockey tournament
Ice hockey in New Hampshire
NCAA National Collegiate Women's Ice Hockey Tournament
NCAA National Collegiate Women's Ice Hockey Tournament


Bischoffia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Bistica is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1912. Its only species, Bistica noela, was first described by Herbert Druce in 1892. It is found from Arizona to Mexico and Guatemala.

References

Acronictinae
Monotypic moth genera


André Servier was an historian who lived in French Algeria at the beginning of the 20th century.

Career
He was chief editor of La Dépêche de Constantine, a newspaper from the city of Constantine in northeastern Algeria.
Servier studied well the customs and manners of the North African people, becoming one of the few French intellectuals who studied in depth Ibn Ishaq's Sira. His research included the Ottoman Empire and the Panislamic movement. The latter was developing at that time, along with the rise of nationalist ideals in the Magrebian areas and the Middle East.

Servier saw himself as continuing Louis Bertrand's work, but adapted to the Islamic background.

Thought
Analysing the budding nationalist movements, Servier wrote about the Egyptian Nationalist Party that it:

A defender of Modernity and European colonization, Servier favored reflective morality against customary morality or authority-enforced puritanism. He had strong opinions about Islam and about the intellectual superiority of European thought and its institutions. He fervently defended the philosophical thought and work of the Western world as a philosophy founded on the idea of freedom and enlightened reason for mankind. Today his works are circulated among critics of Islam.

Quotes

Main works
 Le Nationalisme Musulman en Egypte, en Tunisie, en Algérie : le péril de l'avenir, Constantine, M. Boet. 1913
 L’Islam et la Psychologie du Musulman, Paris, 1923
 Le problème tunisien et la question du peuplement français, 1925

See also
Louis Bertrand
Religious law
Secular ethics

References

External links
Numerous blogs reproduce chapter by chapter Servier's book L’Islam et la Psychologie du Musulman, translated into English under the title "Islam and the Psychology of the Musulman". (Note : The English version has only 16 chapters, while the French original version has 20)
Entre Europe et Méditerranée : le dialogue culturel en question
JSTOR: French Anthropology and the Durkheimians in Colonial Indochina

People from Constantine, Algeria
20th-century French historians
French critics of Islam
French political scientists
French sociologists
Pieds-Noirs
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
French male writers


Bithiga is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1865.

Species
Bithiga rubrisparsa Walker, 1865
Bithiga ardesiaca Schaus, 1912

References

Calpinae


Bityla is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Selected species
Bityla defigurata Butler, 1865
Bityla sericea Butler, 1877

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Blasticorhinus is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae.

Selected species
Blasticorhinus aurantiaca (Holland, 1894)
Blasticorhinus bifasciata (Wileman, 1914)
Blasticorhinus cymasius Hampson, 1926
Blasticorhinus decernens (Walker, 1863) (Malaysia, Sulawesi)
Blasticorhinus discipuncta (Holland, 1894) (Gabon, Sierra Leone)
Blasticorhinus enervis (Swinhoe, 1890)
Blasticorhinus epixandus Rothschild, 1920
Blasticorhinus hampsoni (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
Blasticorhinus hoenei Berio, 1956
Blasticorhinus kanshireiensis (Wileman, 1914)
Blasticorhinus otophora (Hampson, 1894)
Blasticorhinus oxydata (Swinhoe, 1895)
Blasticorhinus rivulosa (Walker, 1865) (Japan, India)
Blasticorhinus trichopoda Hampson, 1926 (Cameroon, Ghana, Sierra Leone)
Blasticorhinus ussuriensis (Bremer, 1861) (Siberia, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan)
Blasticorhinus waelbroecki (Strand, 1918)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Blasticorhinus at Afro Moths

Calpinae


Blepharita is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Blepharita amica (Treitschke, 1825)
 Blepharita dufayi Boursin, 1960
 Blepharita euplexina (Draudt, 1950)
 Blepharita flavistigma (Moore, 1867)
 Blepharita glenura (Swinhoe, 1895)
 Blepharita leucocyma (Hampson 1907)
 Blepharita niveiplaga (Walker, 1857)
 Blepharita timida (Staudinger, 1888)

References
 Blepharita at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae
Moth genera


Blepharoa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Selected species
Blepharoa mamestrina (Butler, 1882)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Blepharomima is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae


Blepharosis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Blepharosis anachoretoides (Alphéraky, 1892)
 Blepharosis bryocharis Boursin, 1964
 Blepharosis dianthoecina (Staudinger, 1895)
 Blepharosis griseirufa (Hampson, 1894)
 Blepharosis illecebrosa (Püngeler, 1906)
 Blepharosis lama (Püngeler, 1900)
 Blepharosis paspa (Püngeler, 1900)
 Blepharosis poecila (Draudt, 1950)
 Blepharosis retracta (Draudt, 1950)
 Blepharosis retrahens (Draudt, 1950)
 Blepharosis smaragdistis (Draudt, 1950)
 Blepharosis sublimbatus (Püngeler, 1899)
 Blepharosis sumbarginata (Bang-Haas 1927)

References
 Blepharosis at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Bleptina is a genus of litter moths of the family Erebidae. It was erected by Achille Guenée in 1854.

Description
Palpi with second joint reaching far above vertex of head. Third joint long with a tuft of hair on inner side. Antennae fasciculated (bundled) in male. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Forewings with somewhat acute apex. Veins 8 and 9 anastomosing (fusing) to form the areole, which is short and broad or long and narrow. Vein 10 sometimes given off beyond it. Hindwings with vein 5 from near lower angle of cell.

Species
Bleptina acastusalis Walker, [1859] Puerto Rico
Bleptina aeatusalis Walker, 1859 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Bleptina albidiscalis Warren, 1889 Brazil (Amazonas)
Bleptina antinoe Druce, 1891 Panama
Bleptina araealis (Hampson, 1901) Florida, Antilles
Bleptina athusalis Schaus, 1916 Cuba
Bleptina atymnusalis (Walker, [1859])
Bleptina baracoana Schaus, 1916 Cuba
Bleptina bogesalis Walker, 1859 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Bleptina caradrinalis Guenée, 1854 southern US - Brazil, Antilles, Venezuela, Puerto Rico – bent-winged owlet moth
Bleptina carlona Schaus, 1916 Cuba
Bleptina clara Schaus, 1906 Brazil (Paraná)
Bleptina confusalis Guenée, 1854 Brazil, Venezuela
Bleptina confusaloides Poole, 1989 Venezuela
Bleptina cryptoleuca Prout, 1921 eastern Zaire
Bleptina dejecta Schaus, 1916 French Guiana
Bleptina diopis (Hampson, 1904) Bahamas
Bleptina eminens Schaus, 1916 French Guiana
Bleptina fasciata Dognin, 1914 Colombia
Bleptina flaviguttalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1912 Arizona
Bleptina frontalis Walker, 1862 southern Africa
Bleptina hydrillalis Guenée, 1854 southern US, Central America, Antilles
Bleptina infausta Schaus, 1913 Costa Rica
Bleptina inferior Grote, 1872 Florida, Alabama, Texas
Bleptina intractalis Walker, 1862 southern Africa
Bleptina lasaea Druce, 1891 Panama, Costa Rica
Bleptina latona Schaus, 1916 French Guiana
Bleptina madopalis Guenée, 1854
Bleptina malia Druce, 1891 Panama
Bleptina menalcasalis Walker, [1859] Antilles - Venezuela
Bleptina minimalis Barnes & McDunnough, 1912 Arizona
Bleptina muricolor Schaus, 1916 Cuba
Bleptina nisosalis Walker, [1859]
Bleptina niveigutta Schaus, 1916 French Guiana
Bleptina obscura Schaus, 1913 Costa Rica
Bleptina olearos Dognin, 1914 Colombia
Bleptina ophelasalis Walker, 1859 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Bleptina pentheusalis Walker, [1859] Venezuela
Bleptina pithosalis Walker, [1859]
Bleptina pollesalis Walker, 1859 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Bleptina pudesta Schaus, 1916 Cuba
Bleptina sangamonia Barnes & McDunnough, 1912 Illinois
Bleptina styrusalis Walker, 1859 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Bleptina syrnialis Guenée, 1854 Brazil
Bleptina tenebrosa Mabille, 1900
Bleptina vultura Schaus, 1916 Venezuela

References

Herminiinae
Moth genera


Bleptiphora is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Bleptiphora laurentia, is known from French Guiana. Both the genus and the species were first described by Schaus in 1916.

References

External links
Original description: Proceedings of the United States National Museum: 272.

Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Boalda is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Boalda gyona, is known from the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina. Both the genus and the species were first described by Schaus in 1929.

References

Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Bocana is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Species
Bocana alpipalpalis (Pagenstecher, 1884)
Bocana linusalis Walker, [1859]
Bocana longicornis Holloway, 2008
Bocana manifestalis Walker, 1858
Bocana marginata (Leech, 1900)
Bocana silenusalis Walker, 1859
Bocana umbrina Tams, 1924

References

Herminiinae


Bocula is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Description
Its palpi are slender and reaching vertex of head, where the third joint is minute. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Tibia fringed with hair. Forewings with rounded apex. Hindwings with vein 5 from lower angle of cell.

Species

References

Rivulinae
Noctuoidea genera


Boethanthia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae


Bolica is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Bolica armata, is found in Brazil. Both the genus and the species were first described by Francis Walker in 1862.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Bombiciella is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae


Bompolia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Bonaberiana is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Bonaberiana crassisquama, is found in sub-Saharan Africa. Both the genus and species were first described by Strand in 1915.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Borbotana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1858.

Species
Borbotana dinawa Bethune-Baker, 1906 New Guinea
Borbotana distorimacula Warren, 1913 New Guinea
Borbotana ekeikei Bethune-Baker, 1906 New Guinea
Borbotana fragmentata Warren, 1913 New Guinea
Borbotana guttata Warren, 1913 New Guinea
Borbotana kebeae Bethune-Baker, 1906 New Guinea
Borbotana nivifascia Walker, 1858 Sumatra, Borneo
Borbotana petrae Behounek, 2000 Philippines
Borbotana piskatschekae Behounek, 2000 Flores

References

Hadeninae


Bornolis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Bornolis kamburonga (Holloway, 1976)

References
 Bornolis  at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Borsania is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Borsania mendozina, is found in Mendoza Province, Argentina. Both the genus and species were first described by Paul Köhler in 1952.

References

Cuculliinae
Monotypic moth genera


Boryza is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Boryza aeraria Schaus, 1912
Boryza commiscens Walker, 1858

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae


Boryzops is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

Species
 Boryzops purissima (Dyar, 1910)
 Boryzops similis (Druce, 1901)
 Boryzops torresi (Dognin, 1889)

References

External links

Melipotini
Moth genera


Bostrodes is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1910.

Species
Bostrodes proleuca Hampson, 1910 Java
Bostrodes rubrifusa (Hampson, 1907) Sri Lanka
Bostrodes rufisecta Warren, 1912 Khasi Hills of India
Bostrodes sagittaria Warren, 1912 Khasi Hills
Bostrodes tenuilinea Warren, 1913 Khasi Hills

References

Acontiinae


Bostrycharia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Bostrycharia cuprea, is known from the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Both the genus and the species were first described by William Schaus, the genus in 1916 and the species ten years earlier in 1906.

References

Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Bouda  is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Boursinania is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Boursinia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Wilhelm Brandt in 1938, and the genus name honours Charles Boursin, who worked extensively on the family Noctuidae.

Species
Boursinia candida (Boursin, 1964) Pakistan
Boursinia deceptrix (Staudinger, 1900) Syria, Jordan, Arabia, Egypt
Boursinia ferdovsi (Brandt, 1941) Iran, United Arab Emirates
Boursinia malitiosa (Alphéraky, 1892) Kazakhstan
Boursinia merideremica Hacker, 2004 Namibia
Boursinia oxygramma Brandt, 1938 Iran
Boursinia symmicta Brandt, 1938 Iran

References

Hadeninae


Boursinidia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus name honours Charles Boursin, who worked extensively on the family Noctuidae. The type species is Boursinidia petrowskyi . It is the type genus for the tribe, Boursinidiini.

Selected species
Boursinidia atrimedia (Hampson, 1907)
Boursinidia darwini (Staudinger, 1899)

References

Noctuinae


Bousinixis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Bracharthron was a genus of moths of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1891.

The Global Lepidoptera Names Index and Butterflies and Moths of the World describe it as a synonym of Lysimelia Walker, [1859] but Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms describes it as a synonym of Lithilaria Rosenstock, 1885.

References

Herminiinae


Brachionycha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jimmy the one in 1819.

Species
Brachionycha nubeculosa (Esper, 1785) – Rannoch sprawler – Europe, Siberia
Brachionycha sajana Draudt, 1934 Sajan, Altai, Komi
Brachionycha borealis (Smith, 1899) Michigan, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Quebec, Ontario, Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia
Brachionycha permixta Sugi, 1970 Japan

References

Psaphidinae


Brachycyttara is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Brachycyttara crypsipyrrha, the cryptiv crest, is found in the Australian states of New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. Both the genus and the species were first described by Turner in 1833.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Brachygalea is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Brachygalea albolineata (Blachier, 1905)
 Brachygalea kalchbergi (Staudinger, 1892)

References
 Brachygalea  at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Brachyherca is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Brachyherca saphobasis, is found in Cameroon and Gabon. Both the genus and the species were first described by George Hampson in 1926.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Brachylomia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Brachylomia algens (Grote, 1878) (synonym Brachylomia onychina (Guenée, 1852))
 Brachylomia cascadia J.T.Troubridge & Lafontaine, 2007
 Brachylomia chretieni (Rothschild, 1914)
 Brachylomia curvifascia (Smith, 1891)
 Brachylomia discinigra (Walker, 1856)
 Brachylomia discolor Smith, 1904
 Brachylomia elda (French, 1887)
 Brachylomia incerta Köhler, 1952
 Brachylomia obscurifascia J.T.Troubridge & Lafontaine, 2007
 Brachylomia pallida J.T.Troubridge & Lafontaine, 2007
 Brachylomia populi (Strecker, 1898)
 Brachylomia pygmaea (Draudt, 1950)
 Brachylomia rectifascia (Smith, 1891)
 Brachylomia sierra J.T.Troubridge & Lafontaine, 2007
 Brachylomia thula (Strecker, 1898)
 Brachylomia uralensis (Warren, 1910)
 Brachylomia viminalis – minor shoulder-knot (Fabricius, 1777)

References
 Brachylomia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
 Troubridge, J.T. & Lafontaine, J.D. (2007). "A revision of the North American species of Brachylomia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Xyleninae) with description of four new species." The Canadian Entomologist 139: 209-227.


Brachyona is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Brachyona xylodesma, is known from the Australian state of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Both the genus and the species were first described by George Hampson in 1926.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Brachypteragrotis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Brachytegma is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Brachyxanthia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Brachyxanthia zelotypa (Lederer, 1853)

References
 Brachyxanthia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Bradunia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Bradunia basistriga  Hampson, 1926
Bradunia costigutta  (Schaus, 1916)
Bradunia guanabana  (Schaus, 1916)
Bradunia improba  (Schaus, 1916)
Bradunia macella  Dognin, 1914

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae


Richard Goldner (23 June 1908 – 27 September 1991) was a Romanian-born, Viennese-trained Australian violist, pedagogue and inventor. He founded Musica Viva Australia in 1945, which became the world's largest entrepreneurial chamber music organisation. The Goldner String Quartet was named in his memory.

Biography

Richard Goldner was born in Craiova, Romania in 1908. His father, Avram Beer Goldner, was a delicatessen owner, and his mother was Bertha (née Sachter). He grew up with an older brother, Gerard. His family moved to Vienna when he was six months old. He took up the violin at the age of four or five. After leaving school, Goldner studied architecture at Vienna Technical University from 1925, but also enrolled at the New Vienna Conservatory (1927–30), where he studied under Simon Pullman. He later received another diploma from the Academy of Music. He received instruction at master classes from Bronisław Huberman and other violinists. He played the viola in the Simon Pullman Ensemble from 1931 to 1938, and became Pullman's assistant and closest friend. (Pullman was later to die in a Nazi extermination camp.)

Goldner and his wife, Marianne née Reiss, with his brother and sister-in-law, escaped the Nazi oppression of Jews in Austria and arrived in Australia on the Orama in March 1939, six months before the start of World War II. There, although designated an enemy alien he soon became involved in musical life in his new country. He founded the Monomeeth String Quartet, basing its name on an indigenous word for peace and harmony.

However, because the Australian Musicians Union's restrictions on employing foreigners meant Goldner could not take up an offer of a position with an Australian Broadcasting Commission orchestra, he had to find other ways of making a living. He worked as a jeweller with Gerard. They invented a new style of zipper that was resistant to sand and would not break under war-time conditions, and which was vitally needed for use in the manufacture of parachutes. For this, he was attached to the Army Inventions Directorate and the Royal Australian Air Force. This invention made him a lot of money, and was acknowledged in the official history of Australia's war effort. In 2011, the Oscar-winning former film maker Suzanne Baker published Beethoven and the Zipper: The Astonishing Story of Musica Viva.

During the war, the then Minister for Immigration, Harold Holt, was personally very helpful in arranging passage for Richard Goldner's parents to Australia.

Musica Viva

In 1945 he founded "Richard Goldner's Sydney Musica Viva", whose first concert was held at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music in Sydney on 8 December 1945, to an audience of over 1,000 people. The first item they played was Beethoven's Grosse Fuge, Op. 133, in honour of his teacher Simon Pullman. (Pullman's makeshift chamber ensemble had been playing the Grosse Fuge in the Warsaw Ghetto in August 1942 when they were rounded up and sent to Treblinka, only one of them surviving.) During Goldner's concert there was a power blackout, and car headlights, an Army generator and hurricane lamps were used for illumination. The success of the concert inspired Goldner to form an organisation for the promotion of chamber music in all its forms. In this he was supported by Hephzibah Menuhin (then married to an Australian and living in Victoria) and assisted by a fellow refugee named Walter Dullo, a German lawyer-turned-chocolate maker and musicologist. Together, Goldner and Dullo found 17 musicians (mostly also southern or central European refugees, and mostly Jewish) and formed them into four separate chamber groups under the name Musica Viva. The initial funding for the organisation came from Goldner himself, from the proceeds of the manufacture of his zipper. They developed a punishing playing schedule throughout Australia and New Zealand, giving 170 concerts and travelling 50,000 miles a year. Although they were always financially successful, this schedule became exhausting. This, plus the fact that Goldner had injured the first finger of his left hand while making another invention, led to Goldner retiring from playing in 1952, and the group was disbanded, but it reformed in 1954.

Later life
Goldner had always wanted to teach violin and viola, and to conduct young people's orchestras. In the early 1950s, Eugene Goossens, the Director of the NSW Conservatorium, approached him about teaching there, but he was far too busy with Musica Viva's playing schedule at that time. He was again approached in the early 1960s, this time by the new Director, Sir Bernard Heinze, and he was now in a position to accept a teaching position. He lectured in violin and viola.

In 1966 he moved to the United States with his former pupil Charmian Gadd. They taught at Pittsburgh and Washington (state). They married in 1970, when he was 62, and returned to Australia in 1981. Richard Goldner collected one of the most extensive chamber music libraries in Australia, which he donated to the NSW Conservatorium.

He died in Balmain, Sydney on 27 September 1991, aged 83.

Honours
In June 1992, less than nine months after his death, a street in the Canberra suburb of Melba was named Goldner Circuit.

The Richard Goldner Award was founded by the Balmain Sinfonia in 1993, and goes to the winner of a biennial concerto competition for the player of an orchestral string instrument. Charmian Gadd is the patron of the competition.

Goldner String Quartet

The Goldner String Quartet was formed in honour of Richard Goldner in 1995, and consists of Dene Olding and Dimity Hall (violins), Irina Morozova (viola; an ex-pupil of Goldner) and Julian Smiles (cello).

Bibliography
 Suzanne Baker, Beethoven and the Zipper: The Astonishing Story of Musica Viva, 2011

References

External links
 Article for Richard Goldner in the Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit

1908 births
1991 deaths
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to Australia
Australian classical violists
Academic staff of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music
20th-century Australian inventors
Romanian Jews
Romanian emigrants to Australia
Jewish Australian musicians
People from Craiova
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century violists


Brandticola is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Brephos is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Brephos ansorgei Jordan, 1904
 Brephos decora Linnaeus, 1764
 Brephos festiva Jordan, 1913
 Brephos moldaenkei (Dewitz, 1881)
 Brephos nyassana Bartel, 1903
 Brephos staeleniana Kiriakoff, 1954
 Brephos sublaeta Kiriakoff, 1975

References
 Brephos at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Agaristinae


Brevipecten is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Description
Palpi slight and reaching vertex of head. Antennae of male bipectinated to three-fourths length with long branches. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Tibia with slight tufts of hair on outer side. Forewings with rectangular apex. Inner margin nearly straight after the basal lobe. Veins 8 and 9 anastomosing to form areole. Hindwings with vein 5 from above angle of cell.

Species
 Brevipecten captata (Butler, 1889)
 Brevipecten clearchus Fawcett, 1916
 Brevipecten consanguis Leech, 1900
 Brevipecten cornuta Hampson, 1902
 Brevipecten costiplaga Draudt, 1950
 Brevipecten dufayi Viette, 1976
 Brevipecten malagasy Viette, 1965
 Brevipecten niloticus Wiltshire, 1977
 Brevipecten purpureotincta Hampson, 1895

References

Calpinae
Moth genera


Borolia  is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Britha is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1866.

Description
Palpi long and obliquely porrect (extending forward), where the second and third joints fringed with very long hair above. Antennae bipectinate (comb like on both sides) in male, with long spines from end of branches. Abdomen with dorsal tufts on the first two segments. Forewings of male with a large smooth patch occupying the inner area on underside, with a tuft of long hairs on vein 1. Hindwings with much arched costa and a large smooth patch on upperside. Veins 3, 4 and 6, 7 stalked. Vein 5 from near lower angle of cell.

Species
In alphabetical order:
Britha biguttata Walker, [1866]
Britha bilineata (Wileman, 1915)
Britha brithodes Fletcher, 1961
Britha inambitiosa (Leech, 1900)
Britha luzonica (Wileman & West, 1930)
Britha pactalis (Walker, [1859])
Britha robinsoni (Rothschild, 1920)

References

Hypeninae
Moth genera


Brithodes is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Brithodes quadrilineata, is known from New Guinea. Both the genus and the species were first described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1908.

References

Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Brithys is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It includes three species.

Species
Brithys crini – Lily Borer Fabricius, 1775

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Brithys at Funet

Glottulinae


Brithysana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Brithysana africana Laporte, 1973
 Brithysana maura (Saalmüller, 1891)
 Brithysana pauliani Viette, 1967
 Brithysana speyeri (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874)

References
 Brithysana at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Brontypena is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Brontypena exima (Pagenstecher, 1886)
Brontypena lutea (Bethune-Baker, 1908)
Brontypena pellocrossa Prout, 1932

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae
Moth genera


Brotis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Bryogramma is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Bryolymnia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by George Hampson in 1908.

Species
 Bryolymnia anthracitaria Ferris & McFarland, 2007
 Bryolymnia atriceps Hampson, 1910
 Bryolymnia bicon (Druce, 1889)
 Bryolymnia biformata Lafontaine & Walsh, 2010
 Bryolymnia castrena E. D. Jones, 1914
 Bryolymnia clarita (Köhler, 1979)
 Bryolymnia dido (Köhler, 1989)
 Bryolymnia ensina (Barnes, 1907)
 Bryolymnia floccifera (Möschler, 1886)
 Bryolymnia forreri (Druce, 1889)
 Bryolymnia haustea Schaus, 1940
 Bryolymnia marginata Schaus, 1911
 Bryolymnia marti Holland, 2010
 Bryolymnia mixta Lafontaine & Walsh, 2010
 Bryolymnia monodonta (Kaye, 1922)
 Bryolymnia nigrescens (Dyar, 1912)
 Bryolymnia picturata (Schaus, 1894)
 Bryolymnia poasia Schaus, 1911
 Bryolymnia roma (Druce, 1894)
 Bryolymnia semifascia (Smith, 1900)
 Bryolymnia strabonis Dognin, 1916
 Bryolymnia viridata (Harvey, 1876)
 Bryolymnia viridimedia (Smith, 1905)

References

 Ferris, C. D. & McFarland, N. (2007). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 61 (4): 196-198

Hadeninae


Bryomima is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Bryomima carducha Staudinger, 1900
 Bryomima hakkariensis de Freina & Hacker, 1985

References
 Bryomima at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Bryomixis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Bryomoia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Bryomoia melachlora, is found in south-eastern Siberia, Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Both the genus and species were first described by Staudinger in 1892.

References

Hadeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Bryonycta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Charles Boursin in 1955.

Species
Bryonycta pineti (Staudinger, 1859) Spain, southern France
Bryonycta opulenta Boursin, 1957 Canary Islands

References

Bryophilinae