The National Conference League is the top league in the pyramid of amateur rugby leagues. It was formerly run by the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA) in winter but now forms tier 3 of the RFL's pyramid in summer .

Background
While in the early days rugby league had an established structure outside of the professional leagues with county-wide competitions and the like, this soon decayed into local district leagues usually only featuring teams from one or two towns with no input from the professional game. This eventually saw the number of amateur rugby league clubs reduce to a mere 150 in the early 1970s.

Against this background British Amateur Rugby League Association were formed in 1973. One of their first acts was to merge the vast majority of the district leagues into three regional leagues: the Yorkshire League, the Pennine League and the North Western Counties League. For geographical reasons the Hull League, the Cumberland League, the Barrow League and the London League were left as they were.

This allowed clubs to play at more appropriate standards as there were more divisions, and this factor along with the improved governance of BARLA saw the standard and numbers of clubs rise quickly. However, while there was a National Cup, the best amateur clubs were still divided between six leagues and thus the desire for an amateur National League arose.

One division era
Against this background the BARLA National League was formed. The inaugural season was held in  1986–1987. The league received twenty-seven applications including five from the Barrow area alone, and more unusually, one from a London club- South London Warriors.

In the end the league settled on ten members, all from the northern strongholds of the game. These were four clubs from Yorkshire: Dudley Hill, Milford Marlins, Heworth and West Hull; four clubs from Lancashire: Pilkington Recs, Wigan St Patrick's, Woolston Rovers and Leigh Miners' Welfare; and two clubs from Cumbria: Egremont Rangers and Millom. These ten clubs were to be the members for each of the first three seasons.

1986/87
Champions: Heworth

1987/88
Champions: Milford Marlins

1988/89
Champions: West Hull

Two division era
The National League soon proved popular and for the 1989/90 season extended the top flight to twelve teams to include Lock Lane and Mayfield. However, this modest expansion wasn't enough and the 1989/90 season also saw the addition of a 10-team second division (to expand to 12 teams after one season).

The ten inaugural members of the second division were as follows: Saddleworth Rangers, Leigh East, British Aerospace, Barrow Island, Askam, Knottingley, Redhill, Dewsbury Celtic, Shaw Cross Sharks and East Leeds. This expansion was to prove successful with Leigh East becoming the first non-founder members to win the league in the 1990/91 season.

1989/90
Division 1
Champions: Dudley Hill
Relegated: Milford Marlins and Lock Lane
Division 2
Champions:Saddleworth Rangers
Also promoted: Leigh East
Elected to league for next season: Greetland Allrounders and Beverley

1990/91
Division 1
Champions: Leigh East
Relegated: West Hull
Resign from league: Pilkington Recs
Division 2
Champions: Barrow Island
Also promoted: Askam
Resign from league: Knottingley and British Aerospace
Elected to league for next season: Moldgreen, Walney Central and Oulton Raiders

1991/92
Division 1
Champions: Wigan St Patrick's
Relegated: Barrow Island and Mayfield
Division 2
Champions: West Hull
Also promoted: Dewsbury Celtic

1992/93
Division 1
Champions: Saddleworth Rangers
Division 2
Champions: Mayfield

Three division era
In 1993 the RFL wanted to contract the professional ranks from 35 to 32 teams. However, their initial plan to place the excluded teams in the Alliance (reserve grade) faced a legal challenge so they needed an alternative competition to place them in. The RFL thus proposed a league to bridge the gap between the professional and amateur leagues to feature the three demoted semi-pro clubs plus Hemel Hempstead (who already played in the Alliance as a semi-pro club) and eight BARLA clubs.

However, BARLA wanted all National League clubs to be in any such league and since the RFL were in a tough legal position they were prepared to compromise with BARLA and thus the three division National Conference League was born. Other concessions made were an increase in the BARLA representation in the Challenge Cup from a mere 2 clubs to 64 and allowing the National Conference League champions to apply to replace the bottom team in the pro leagues.

However, the latter concession soon disappeared as the pro leagues moved to summer and the National Conference League did not want to move, furthermore Woolston Rovers' application to replace Highfield was voted out (the one club elected to the league from the National Conference League being Chorley Borough who were themselves a former semi-pro league club). The National Conference League soon expanded all divisions to 14 teams, though on occasions it has struggled to reach full complement of members, and lost all the remaining semi-pro clubs within three seasons.

Due to the switch of the pro game to summer the National Conference League gradually came to be seen as solely a BARLA league, despite being temporarily expelled from BARLA in 2002 , with only three National Conference League teams joining National League Three which was intended as a league to bridge the gap between the pro and amateur games. However, this was to change in 2008 when the National Conference League decided they did not like the path BARLA was taking and downgraded the league's BARLA membership from full to associate . In 2009 the National Conference League introduced a summer competition for clubs wanting to play year round as a test for a more permanent switch to summer which was to come in 2012.

Founder members of the National Conference League

Premier Division
From pro leagues: Chorley Borough, Blackpool Gladiators and Nottingham City
From Rugby League Alliance: Hemel Hempstead Stags
From National League Division 1: Dudley Hill, West Hull, Leigh Miners Welfare, Wigan St Patrick's, Woolston Rovers, Egremont Rangers, Saddleworth Rangers and Askam
Division 1
From National League Division 1: Dewsbury Celtic, Heworth, Millom and Leigh East
From National League Division 2: Lock Lane, Mayfield, Beverley, East Leeds, Walney Central and Oulton Raiders
Division 2
From National League Division 2: Barrow Island, Shaw Cross Sharks, Greetland Allrounders, Redhill, Moldgreen and Milford Marlins
Elected from Regional leagues: Oldham St Anne's, Blackbrook Royals, Eastmoor Dragons and York Acorn

1993/94

Premier Division
Champions: Woolston Rovers
Relegated: Blackpool Gladiators and Nottingham City
Division 1
Champions: Heworth
Also promoted: Mayfield
Relegated: none
Division 2
Champions: Oldham St Anne's
Also promoted: Moldgreen
Elected to league for next season: New Earswick All Blacks, Thornhill Trojans, Eccles & Salford Juniors and Northampton Knights

1994/95
Premier Division
Champions: Woolston Rovers
Elected to pro leagues: Chorley Borough
Relegated: Askam
Division 1
Champions: Millom
Also promoted: Lock Lane
Leave to join RL Alliance: Blackpool Gladiators
Folded: Nottingham City
Relegated: None
Division 2
Champions: Eastmoor Dragons
Also promoted: Thornhill Trojans and Blackbrook Royals
Expelled mid-season: Greetland Allrounders
Elected to league for next season: Hull Dockers, Wigan St Jude's, Ovenden and Normanton Knights

1995/96
Premier Division
Champions: Woolston Rovers
Leave to join RL Alliance: Hemel Hempstead Stags
Relegated: Millom
Division 1
Champions: Beverley
Also promoted: Oldham St Anne's
Resign from league: Dewsbury Celtic
Relegated: none
Division 2:
Champions: Wigan St Jude's
Also promoted: Barrow Island
Expelled and folded mid-season: Northampton Knights
Elected to league for next season: Dewsbury Moor, Skirlaugh and Featherstone Amateurs

1996/97
Premier Division
Champions:West Hull
Relegated: none
Division 1
Champions: Askam
Also promoted: Walney Central
Relegated: Millom
Division 2
Champions: Redhill
Also promoted: Milford Marlins, Skirlaugh and Shaw Cross Sharks
Elected to league for next season: Crosfields, Dodworth, London Skolars and Siddal

1997/98
Premier Division
Champions: Egremont Rangers
Relegated: Mayfield and Castleford Lock Lane
Division 1
Champions: Skirlaugh
Also promoted: Thornhill Trojans
Resign from league: Moldgreen
Relegated: Blackbrook Royals
Division 2
Champions: Featherstone Lions
Also promoted: Siddal and Millom
Elected to league for next season: Ideal Isberg and Keighley Albion

1998/99
Premier Division
Champions: West Hull
Resign from league: Egremont Rangers and Beverley
Relegated: Heworth
Division 1
Champions: Redhill
Also promoted: Castleford Lock Lane
Relegated: Milford and Eastmoor Dragons
Division 2
Champions: Ideal Isberg
Also promoted: Eccles & Salford Juniors and Blackbrook Royals
Expelled from league: Ovenden (mid-season) and Dodworth
Elected to league for next season: Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks, Castleford Panthers, Waterhead and West Bowling

1999/2000
Premier Division
Champions: West Hull
Relegated: Askam
Division 1
Champions: Oulton Raiders
Also promoted: Ideal Isberg
Resigned from league: Barrow Island
Relegated: Blackbrook Royals
Division 2
Champions: Eastmoor Dragons
Also promoted: Waterhead and West Bowling
Elected to league for next season: Thatto Heath Crusaders and Cottingham Tigers

2000/01
Premier Division
Champions: West Hull
Relegated: Dudley Hill and Redhill
Division 1
Champions: Leigh East
Also promoted: Siddal
Relegated: Heworth and Millom
Division 2
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Also promoted: Hull Dockers
Expelled from league: Blackbrook Royals
Resigned from league: London Skolars
Not re-elected: New Earswick All Blacks
Elected to league for next season: Hunslet Warriors

2001/02
Premier Division
Champions: West Hull
Relegated: Walney Central and Saddleworth Rangers
Division 1
Champions: West Bowling
Also promoted: East Leeds
Relegated: Rochdale Mayfield and Eastmoor Dragons
Division 2
Champions: Crosfield
Also promoted: Hunslet Warriors
Resigned from league: Keighley Albion and Dewsbury Moor
Elected to league for next season: Wath Brow Hornets, Huddersfield Sharks and Widnes St Mary's

2002/03
Premier Division
Champions: Siddal
Resigned to join National League 3: Woolston Rovers
Relegated: East Leeds
Division 1
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Also promoted: Featherstone Lions
Expelled mid-season: Redhill
Relegated: Waterhead
Division 2
Champions: Wath Brow Hornets
Also promoted: Milford Marlins
Resigned to join National League 3: Sheffield Hillsborough Hawks
Elected to league for next season: East Hull and Ince Rose Bridge

2003/04
Premier Division
Champions: Siddal
Relegated: Castleford Lock Lane, Ideal Isberg and Featherstone Lions
Division 1
Champions: Wath Brow Hornets
Also promoted: Wigan St Jude's and Hull Dockers
Resigned from league to focus on National League 3: Dudley Hill
Relegated: Saddleworth Rangers and Crosfields
Division 2
Champions: East Hull
Also promoted: Castleford Panthers and Rochdale Mayfield
Elected to league for next season: Ovenden and Stanningley

2004/05
Premier Division
Champions: Leigh Miners Rangers
Relegated: West Hull, West Bowling and Thatto Heath Crusaders
Division 1
Champions: Shaw Cross Sharks
Also promoted: East Hull and Eccles & Salford Juniors
Relegated: Castleford Panthers and Featherstone Lions
Division 2
Champions: Ince Rose Bridge
Also promoted: Eastmoor Dragons and York Acorn
Resigned from league: Cottingham Tigers
Elected to league for next season: Egremont Rangers

2005/06
Premier Division
Champions: Oulton Raiders
Relegated: Eccles & Salford Juniors, Leigh East and Wigan St Jude's
Division 1
Champions: West Hull
Also promoted: West Bowling and Eastmoor Dragons
Expelled from league: Hunslet Warriors
Resigned from league: Walney Central
Relegated: Askam and Ideal Isberg
Division 2
Champions: Castleford Panthers
Also promoted: Ovenden and Widnes St Mary's
Resigned from league: Featherstone Lions (mid-season) and Huddersfield Sharks
Elected to league: Bradford Dudley Hill and Brighouse Rangers

2006/07
Premier Division
Champions: Skirlaugh
Relegated: Oldham St Annes, Wath Brow Hornets and Shaw Cross Sharks
Division 1
Champions: Rochdale Mayfield
Also promoted:  Leigh East and Castleford Panthers
Relegated: Castleford Lock Lane, Milford Marlins and Ovenden
Division 2
Champions: Waterhead
Also promoted: Bradford Dudley Hill and Saddleworth Rangers
Elected to league for next season: Stanley Rangers

2007/08
Premier Division
Champions: East Hull
Relegated: Castleford Panthers, West Bowling and Eastmoor Dragons
Division 1
Champions: Wigan St Jude's
Also promoted: York Acorn and Thatto Heath Crusaders
Relegated: Eccles & Salford Juniors, Waterhead and East Leeds
Division 2
Champions: Millom
Also promoted: Stanningley and Normanton Knights
Expelled from league mid-season: Brighouse Rangers
Resigned from league: Askam
Elected to league for next season: Myton Warriors

2008/09
Premier Division
Champions: Siddal
Relegated: Thatto Heath Crusaders, Rochdale Mayfield and Thornhill Trojans
Division 1
Champions: Wath Brow Hornets
Also promoted: Ince Rose Bridge and Widnes St Mary's
Relegated: Eastmoor Dragons, Shaw Cross Sharks and Oldham St Anne's
Division 2
Champions: Myton Warriors
Also promoted: Milford Marlins and Heworth
Resigned from league: Hull Isberg

2009/10
Premier Division
Champions: Leigh East
Relegated: Oulton Raiders, Ince Rose Bridge and Widnes St Mary's
Division 1
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Also promoted: Bradford Dudley Hill and Saddleworth Rangers
Relegated: West Bowling and Heworth
Resigned from league: Thornhill Trojans
Division 2
Champions: Eccles & Salford Juniors
Also promoted: Oldham St Anne's and Stanley Rangers
Elected to league: Hunslet Warriors and Elland

2010/2011
Premier Division
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Relegated: Bradford Dudley Hill, Wigan St Jude's and York Acorn
Division 1
Champions: Oulton Raiders
Also promoted: Myton Warriors and Ince Rose Bridge
Relegated: Normanton Knights
Resigned midseason: Widnes St Maries
Division 2
Champions: Hunslet Warriors
Also promoted: Egremont Rangers and Castleford Lock Lane
Resigned from league: West Bowling
Elected to league for transitional season: Askam and Widnes West Bank
Elected to league for summer 2012 season: Featherstone Lions and Dewsbury Celtic

2011 Transitional Season
To allow clubs to switch to the summer season more easily a short season was carried out from August to November 2011 with the following group format:

Group A: Egremont Rangers, Leigh East, Leigh Miners Rangers, Thatto Heath Crusaders, Wath Brow Hornets
Group B: Askam, Ince Rose Bridge, Millom, Wigan St Jude's, Wigan St Patrick's
Group C: Elland, Ovenden, Rochdale Mayfield, Saddleworth Rangers, Siddal
Group D: East Leeds, Hunslet Warriors, Milford Marlins, Oulton Raiders, Stanningley
Group E: Crosfield, Eccles & Salford, Oldham St Anne's, Waterhead, Widnes West Bank
Group F: Castleford Lock Lane, Catleford Panthers, Eastmoor Dragons, Normanton Knights, Stanley Rangers
Group G: Bradford Dudley Hill, Heworth, Shaw Cross Sharks, York Acorn (West Bowling withdrew)
Group H: East Hull, Hull Dockers, Myton Warriors, Skirlaugh, West Hull

Clubs played 12 league games (home and away in their pool and two other clubs home and away), then there were playoffs. There was also a reserve team league.

Four division era
From 2012 the Conference played in summer, as tier 3 of the new pyramid, and the initial season saw two former Rugby League Conference National Division clubs admitted (Dewsbury Celtic and Featherstone Lions) with others expected to join from 2013. For one season only the Rugby League Conference National Division ran as Conference division three with no automatic promotion to division two, but after this, all northern clubs were  required to meet full Conference criteria to play in tier 3. The RFL also had ambitions of a Conference South  which would leave the former National Conference League as Conference North. From 2013, the limit on member clubs was raised from 42 to 56 and saw an increase to four divisions.

Admitted to division 3 for 2012
Bramley Buffaloes, Bristol Sonics, Coventry Bears, Hemel Stags, Huddersfield Underbank Rangers, Kippax Knights, Nottingham Outlaws, St Albans Centurions and Valley Cougars. Valley Cougars withdrew and were replaced by South Wales Hornets

2012

Premier Division
Champions: Wath Brow Hornets
Relegated: Oulton Raiders and Saddleworth Rangers
Demoted to division 2 (for non-fulfilment of fixture): Leigh East
Division 1
Champions: Egremont Rangers
Also promoted: Castleford Lock Lane and York Acorn
Relegated: Stanningley, Oldham St Anne's and Castleford Panthers
Division 2
Champions: East Leeds
Also promoted: Waterhead and Dewsbury Celtic
Demoted to division 3 (for non-fulfilment of fixture): Crosfields, Featherstone Lions and Heworth
Division 3
Champions (elected to Championship 1): Hemel Stags
Remain in division 3 for 2013: Huddersfield Underbank Rangers and Coventry Bears
Demoted to Conference League South: Nottingham Outlaws, Bristol Sonics and St Albans Centurions
Demoted to Yorkshire Men's League: Bramley Buffaloes and Kippax Knights
Folded: Warrington Wizards (joined Woolston Rovers) and South Wales Hornets
Accepted into division 3 for 2013: Kells, Pilkington Recs, Hindley, Wigan St Cuthbert's, Peterlee Pumas, Blackbrook and Woolston Rovers.

2013

Premier Division
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Relegated: Ince Rose Bridge, Myton Warriors and York Acorn
Division 1
Champions: East Leeds
Also promoted: Hunslet Warriors and Wigan St Judes
Demoted to Division 2: Bradford Dudley Hill
Relegated: Stanley Rangers and Waterhead
Division 2
Champions: Normanton Knights
Also promoted: Shaw Cross Sharks
Relegated: Eastmoor Dragons
Pulled out mid-season: Widnes West Bank
Division 3
Champions: Kells
Also promoted: Pilkington Recs

2014

Premier Division
Champions: West Hull
Relegated: Skirlaugh, Hunslet Warriors and Wigan St Judes
Resigned midseason: East Hull
Division 1
Champions: Oulton Raiders
Also promoted: Rochdale Mayfield
Relegated: Dewsbury Celtic and Millom
NB: Eccles merged with non-league Irlam Hornets to form Salford City Roosters for the 2015 season
Division 2
Champions: Kells
Also promoted: Elland and Pilkington Recs
Relegated: Waterhead and Stanningley
Resigned after season: Ovenden
Division 3
Champions: Featherstone Lions
Also promoted: Blackbrook and Underbank Rangers
Elected to League 1: Coventry Bears
Resigned midseason: Wigan St Cuthberts
Resigned after season: Hindley; Peterlee Pumas
Elected to league for next season: Dewsbury Moor, Drighlington, Gateshead Storm, Hunslet Club Parkside, Thornhill Trojans and Wibsey Warriors

2015

Premier Division
Champions: Leigh Miners Rangers
Relegated: East Leeds, Oulton Raiders and Thatto Heath Crusaders
Division 1
Champions: Kells
Also promoted: Pilkington Recs and York Acorn
Relegated: Saddleworth Rangers, Salford City Roosters and Wigan St Judes
Division 2
Champions: Millom
Also promoted: Featherstone Lions and Underbank Rangers
Relegated: Oldham St Annes
Resigned midseason: Castleford Panthers
Division 3
Champions: Hunslet Club Parkside
Also promoted: Stanningley and Thornhill Trojans
Resigned midseason: Heworth
Resigned after season: Wibsey Warriors
Elected to league for next season: Castleford Panthers and Rylands Sharks

2016

Premier Division
Champions: Siddal
Relegated: Hull Dockers, Lock Lane and York Acorn
Division 1
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Also promoted: Myton Warriors and Skirlaugh
Relegated: East Leeds, Millom and Oulton Raiders
Demoted to division 3: Elland
Division 2
Champions: Hunslet Club Parkside
Also promoted: Blackbrook
Relegated: Dewsbury Celtic, Stanley Rangers and Stanningley
Division 3
Champions: Crosfields
Also promoted: Drighlington
Resigned midseason: Castleford Panthers
Elected to league for next season: Barrow Island, Clock Face Miners and West Bowling

2017

Premier Division
Champions: Thatto Heath Crusaders
Relegated: Leigh Miners Rangers, Pilkington Recs and Skirlaugh
Division 1
Champions: Hunslet Club Parkside
Also promoted: Normanton Knights and Underbank Rangers
Relegated: Hull Dockers and Hunslet Warriors
Failed to complete the season and demoted to division 3: Blackbrook
Division 2
Champions: Oulton Raiders
Also promoted: Bradford Dudley Hill and Thornhill Trojans
Relegated: Leigh East, Millom and Salford City Roosters
Division 3
Champions: West Bowling
Also promoted: Dewsbury Moor Maroons and Stanningley
Resigned midseason: Elland and Rylands Sharks
Elected to league for next season: Beverley

2018

Premier Division
Champions: Hunslet Club Parkside
Relegated: Normanton Knights, Wigan St Patricks and Myton Warriors
Division 1
Champions: Thornhill Trojans
Also promoted: Lock Lane and Leigh Miners Rangers
Relegated: Ince Rose Bridge, Shaw Cross Sharks and Bradford Dudley Hill
Division 2
Champions: Stanningley
Also promoted: Dewsbury Moor Maroons
Relegated: Drighlington, Hunslet Warriors and Leigh East
Division 3
Champions: Beverley
Also promoted: Barrow Island and Clock Face Miners
Resigned after season: Stanley Rangers
Elected to league for next season: Batley Boys, Heworth, Hensingham

2019

2020

2021

2022

Sources
https://www.nationalconferenceleague.co.uk - former National Conference League official website
https://www.rugby-league.com/leagues__competitions/national_conference_league - National Conference League official website
The Times newspaper archives (results section 1986 onwards plus several articles from 1986 and 1993 about the formation of the National League and National Conference League respectively)

External links
 Official site
 BARLA Official Website

National Conference League
Rugby league competitions in the United Kingdom
Amateur rugby league


Enevold de Falsen (17 October 1755 – 16 November 1808) was a Danish-Norwegian lawyer, poet, actor and statesman.

Falsen instilled his passion for the United States in his son, Christian Magnus Falsen, who later became recognized as the father of the Norwegian Constitution. In Envold De Falsen's paper entitled “What is freedom, and where should we search for it?”, Falsen argued that freedom in Great Britain had been corrupted and France had frittered away the fruits of the revolution. America was described as the nation where freedom had produced the greatest gains. It was described by Falsen as “a long-smoldering fire, which was ignited by Thomas Paine’s boldness, but governed by Benjamin Franklin’s wisdom.” He described George Washington as “the most honest advocate of freedom and the friend of all good men.”

Family

The family 'de Falsen' has been extensively documented. A family book was published in 1915 by Conrad Falsen, living descendants carrying the name Falsen are listed in Danmarks Adels Aarbog and
most of the 2500 descendants of Enevold de Falsen have been traced and computed in database by a living member of the family. To understand why the family played a significant role over more than a century, it is useful to also follow the female lineages. Good documentation on Enevold de Falsen may be found in Store Norske Leksikon. or in Bricka's Dansk Biografisk Lexikon.

Enevold's great-grandfather, Falle Pedersen (1625–1702) was born at Vejböl, Haderslev, Jylland, Denmark. He acquired the property Östrup gaard, Sjælland not too far from Copenhagen.

A son of Falle Pedersen, Enevold de Falsen (1695–1761) became mayor of Copenhagen and Enevold and one of his brothers, Johan Eschild, were ennobled in 1758. In the following generation, Christian Magnus Falsen (1719–1799), also a lawyer, as his father, was appointed in 1765 as a high official in Norway and he died in Oslo, Norway in 1799.

Life
Enevold de Falsen became bachelor at the age of 10 and a judge at the Norwegian court at Christiania in 1777 at the age of 22.

In 1781 Enevold de Falsen married Anna Henrikka Petronelle Mathiesen (1762–1825), who was active at the theatre in Kristiania (modern Oslo). They became parents of seven children, the famous statesman Christian Magnus Falsen (1782–1830), the navy officer (later admiral) Jørgen Conrad de Falsen, the county governor Carl Valentin de Falsen (1787–1852), Hagbarth de Falsen (1791–1836) and 3 daughters. As a consequence of a scandal, Enevold de Falsen was 'offered' a high official post in Northern Norway, but he could not stand the isolation, and after less than 3 years in Lofoten, he returned to Copenhagen in 1791, where he immediately found an employment as judge. In 1802 he returned to Kristiania and became in 1803 one of the highest officials.

In Norway he became a much loved cultural personality for his interest for theatre. He wrote many plays, translated Molière from French and was an appreciated actor himself. Falsen was against the death penalty except for majesty insult and perduelles. This opinion he advertised in the case against Marit Sivertsdatter from Strinda.

In 1807 he became a member of the temporary body (Regjeringskommisjonen) that acted as a cabinet for Norway. With him were Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden (Prince Charles August) and Gebhart Moldtke. England threatened Denmark–Norway and in August 1807 attacked Copenhagen and forced a capitulation upon Denmark in September. The commission, responsible for supplies from abroad, had a hard job to avoid starvation in Norway.

Death
On 16 November 1808, on his wife's birthday, he left the theater in the evening by a day of stormy weather, and was found dead in Björvika (Oslofjorden) the next day.

References

1755 births
1808 deaths
Norwegian jurists
Norwegian male stage actors
Norwegian male poets
Burials at Old Aker Cemetery
18th-century Norwegian male actors
1800s suicides


Events in the year 1876 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II

Events
22 February - Sofie Johannesdotter was beheaded by axe for trifold murder, she was the last woman to be executed in Norway.
25 February - Kristoffer Nilsen Svartbækken Grindalen  was beheaded by axe for murder, it was witnessed by estimated 2,500 spectators, it was the last public execution in Norway.

Arts and literature

Births

January to June
8 January – Nils Tveit, politician (died 1949)
23 March – Nils Erik Flakstad, businessperson and politician (died 1939)
22 April – Ole Edvart Rølvaag, novelist and professor in America (died 1931)
9 May – Johan Arndt, politician (died 1933)
18 May – Thorvald Astrup, architect (died 1940)
11 June – Christen Gran Bøgh, jurist, tourism promoter and theatre critic (died 1955)

July to December
22 August – Christen Wiese, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1968)
16 September – Albert Helgerud, rifle shooter and Olympic gold medallist (died 1954)
24 September – Jacob Thorkelson, elected official, naval officer and medical doctor in America (died 1945)
18 October – Erik Colban, diplomat (died 1956)
19 October – Oluf Christian Müller, politician (died 1938)
21 November – Olav Duun, novelist (died 1939)
8 December – Jan Østervold, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1945)

Full date unknown
Edvin Alten, judge (died 1967)
Olaf Amundsen, politician and Minister (died 1939)
Sverre Hassel, polar explorer (died 1928)
Lars Olai Meling, politician and Minister (died 1951)
Embrik Strand, arachnologist (died 1947)
Ole Nikolai Ingebrigtsen Strømme, politician and Minister (died 1936)

Deaths
18 January – Asbjorn Kloster, social reformer and leader of the Norwegian temperance movement (born 1823)
22 February - Sofie Johannesdotter, serial killer (born 1839)
25 February - Kristoffer Nilsen Svartbækken Grindalen, criminal, killer and thief (born 1804)
8 May – Christian Lassen, orientalist (born 1800)
20 July - Hans Riddervold, bishop and politician (born 1795)

Full date unknown
Karelius August Arntzen, politician (born 1802)
Eilev Jonsson Steintjønndalen, Hardanger fiddle maker (born 1821)

See also


Emil Stumpp (17 March 1886 – 5 April 1941) was a German painter, teacher, and artist known for his cartoons and drawings of well-known people in the 1930s during the Weimar Republic. He died in 1941 in jail after returning to Germany. He had left after drawing an unflattering portrait of Adolf Hitler.

Biography

Stumpp was born in Neckarzimmern in southwestern Germany, but he moved with his family at the age of three to  Worms. When he was eight the family moved to Karlsruhe. Stumpp served in the first world war reaching the rank of lieutenant. His early education had been in Karlsruhe, Uppsala and in Berlin. He studied art as well as philosophy, history and German. In 1924 he left his teaching post to become a full-time artist, despite having a wife and five children to support.

He was successful and created portraits of many well known people including Bertold Brecht, Käthe Kollwitz, Erich Mendelsohn, Chancellor Friedrich Ebert, Alfons Paquet, Thomas Mann, Otto Braun and Else Lasker-Schüler, Le Corbusier.

He was eventually commissioned to create a portrait of Adolf Hitler for his birthday in 1933. The work was not well received and the portrait, Stumpp, his paper (the General Anzeiger), and its editor were all prohibited.

Stumpp left the country but returned in 1940 to tend to his terminally ill daughter. He rented an estate in Perwelke, East Prussia, and continued to be critical of the Nazi government. Denounced by his landlords, he was arrested and sentenced to one year in jail. Weakened by malnutrition and mistreatment, he died of pneumonia in Stuhm prison in West Prussia in 1941.

Legacy
Stumpp was given an exhibition in Dortmund in 1996 at the Institut für Zeitungsforschung der Stadt. He left about 6,000 drawings which were all drawn from life.

References

1886 births
1941 deaths
People from Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
People from Sztum
German artists
German people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in German detention
Deaths from pneumonia in Nazi Germany


Jason O'Toole (born 10 December 1973) is an Irish author, filmmaker, and playwright. He is a former print and magazine editor, journalist and Sunday newspaper columnist.

Education
Jason O'Toole earned a BA in humanities and an MA in political communication from Dublin City University (DCU).

Theatre work
O'Toole's first play The Intruder had a rehearsed reading streamed by Hot Press magazine in June 2021. It was filmed at Dublin's The Civic theatre and had a new score written for it by David Bowie's Next Day album collaborator Gerry Leonard and was read by Titanic star Jason Barry and Rex Ryan. The play's poster was designed by the legendary designer Stephen Averill who created many of U2's most iconic album covers.

Books
O'Toole wrote The Gilligan Tapes, a series of in-depth interviews with notorious crime boss John Gilligan, published by Merrion Press in September 2023, which he also turned into a three-part documentary. It aired on Virgin Media Ireland over three nights in September 2023; causing huge controversy, with three senior government ministers criticising it before it had even been screened.

He wrote the biography of the former Taoiseach, Brian Cowen: The Path to Power (published by Transworld, a division of Random House, in October 2008).
An excerpt from the book appears in the Lord of the Files anthology published in November 2011 by the Institute of Public Administration (IPA).

O'Toole edited an anthology on new Irish fiction, entitled Off The Edge (2006), with an introduction by author Lee Dunne.

His book Crime Ink, a collection of his Hot Press journalism, was released in July 2009. It went straight into the top 10 best-sellers list in Ireland on its release; it includes the first ever interviews with some of Ireland's and UK's most notorious criminals and IRA figures, such as: John Gilligan, Paddy "Dutchy" Holland, Alan Bradley (aka Fat Puss), Paddy McCann (Ireland's longest serving prisoner for double murder), Ian Strachan (the Royal Blackmailer) and IRA bosses John Noonan and Gerry Kelly. The book was selected as part of the Be Inspired: Great Irish Book Week, and a chapter from it was included in the anthology Gems from Irish Publishing.

O'Toole also wrote The Last Days of Katy French (2009, Merlin), which the Irish Independent wrote was "well written and non-judgmental", adding that "maybe the book should be required reading on the Leaving Certificate curriculum". Over 18 months after its release, the book surprisingly reentered the best-sellers charts at number 5 in non-fiction category in January 2011, according to the Nielsen figures published by the Sunday Independent on 22 January 2011.

O'Toole co-wrote The End of The Party with Bruce Arnold, published in November 2011 by Gill and Macmillan. The book was selected as one of the top ten Irish books of the year by Joe Duffy's RTÉ show Liveline The show described the book as "gripping"; while the Irish Independent described the book as the "angriest yet" on the meltdown of the Irish economy. Writing in the Sunday Independent, political writer John Drennan stated: "...this reads like a fast-paced thriller crossed with scenes of farce that would be more appropriate to Halls Pictorial Weekly. End of the Party lifts the lid off the crypt of internal politicking and political ambition that buried Fianna Fail and the country. In particular, for the first time, it fully unveils the alcohol-induced inertia that hollowed out a once uniquely successful party."

O'Toole has a co-author credit on Jimmy Magee's memoir, "The Memory Man", published in Sept 2012 by Gill & Macmillan.  The book entered the best-sellers charts at no 2 in the hardback non-fiction category. It was short-listed for the Irish Sports Book of The Year Award, organised by Bord Gais.

He wrote "Katie Taylor: Journey to Olympic Gold", published in October 2012 by Gill & MacMillan.

O'Toole co-wrote Different Class with Jimmy Magee, published in October 2013.

O'Toole's book Hollywood Irish was published in September 2019.

O'Toole's book The Writing Irish was published in December 2021.

Film
O'Toole directed the controversial three-part docuseries Confessions of a Crime Boss which aired on Virgin Media Ireland in September 2023. Two Irish government ministers, the Minister for Justice and Minister for Drugs, had bizarrely called for the banning of the documentary before they had even watched the first episode.

Journalism
O'Toole's journalism has appeared in dozens of publications, including The Sunday Times, Empire magazine, The Mail on Sunday, Film Ireland, the Evening Herald, Irish Independent, La Republica, In Dublin, The People, The Daily Mail, "The Mirror", "Panorama",  Enterprise, The Star on Sunday, The Dublin Quarterly, Playboy magazine and the Australian-based Irish Echo.

He has been described by several prominent Irish publications as the best interviewer of his generation.. He wrote a weekly interview called, "The Jason O'Toole Interview", for the Irish Mail on Sunday and the Irish Daily Mail from 2009 to 2014. He is the former Senior Editor of the popular Irish publication, Hot Press magazine. He returned to his post of senior editor at Hot Press magazine in September 2016 and stepped down in December 2018. Between 2018 and 2022 he wrote a weekly column for the  Irish Sunday Mirror. He also wrote a major weekly 2,000-words music interview with countless iconic figures, such as The Doors, Sex Pistols, Tom Jones, Elvis Costello, Tito Jackson, Jehtro Tull, Simple Minds, and Iron Maiden for the Irish Daily Mirror. between 2018 and March 2023.

Awards
O'Toole was one of six short-listed for the National Journalist of the Year Award for the inaugural NNI Journalism Awards in October 2011.

The book he co-wrote with Jimmy Magee was short-listed for the Irish Sports Book of The Year Award, organised by Bord Gais.

O'Toole was short-listed for Features Journalist of the Year at the 2022 Irish Journalism Awards.

Controversies
He has conducted many high-profile controversial interviews with well-known and sometimes controversial Irish figures, including:

 John Gilligan – Ireland's most infamous criminal spoke at length to O'Toole about his life of crime and the murder of crime journalist Veronica Guerin. After the publication of the interview, Hot Press was banned from Irish prisons. The Minister for Justice, Dermot Ahern, described the publication of the Hot Press magazine interview with the convicted criminal as "regrettable". Ahern added he had been in contact with the head of the prison service and it was his understanding that O'Toole had signed into the Midlands Prison as a visitor and did not reveal that he was going to carry out an interview. He was responding to criticism by Fine Gael's justice spokesman Charlie Flanagan who urged the minister to enforce rules to prevent further interviews being carried out: "It is an insult to victims of crime to allow convicted criminals to enjoy such privileges while serving time."
 Brian Cowen – In his May 2007 interview with Jason O'Toole, former Minister for Health Brian Cowen admitted to smoking marijuana: "Anyone who went to the UCD bar in the '70s that didn't get a whiff of marijuana would be telling you a lie. I would say there were a couple of occasions when it was passed around – and, unlike President Clinton, I did inhale! There wasn't a whole lot in it really – (it was like) a Sweet Afton, as a 10-year-old, under a railway bridge on a rainy day, in small town Ireland in the late '60s. I certainly got more enjoyment out of a few pints." This provoked much criticism from opposition parties in the Dáil. Cowen later became Taoiseach following the resignation of Bertie Ahern. Cowen gave O'Toole his first major interview as Taoiseach, which appeared over two editions in Hot Press.
 Ian Paisley, Jr. – In May 2007, DUP's Ian Paisley, Jr., MLA, caused uproar in an interview O'Toole in Hot Press by publicly denouncing acts associated with homosexuality. This was the year before Iris Robinson, wife of then-First Minister Peter Robinson, made her thoughts on the issue. In an interview with Jason O'Toole, he said "I am pretty repulsed by gay and lesbianism. I think it is wrong. I think that those people harm themselves and – without caring about it – harm society. That doesn't mean to say that I hate them – I mean, I hate what they do". Dolores Kelly, the SDLP equality spokesman called on the Northern Ireland Assembly to censure Mr Paisley, saying "Ian Paisley is a junior minister in the Office of the First and Deputy First Minister, the department which is charged with promoting equality and bringing forward the Single Equality Bill. Vulnerable groups who are potential victims of discrimination should be able to look to him for help, not attack". However, the DUP denied that Paisley Jr.'s comments were discriminatory.
 Robert Sheehan – In October 2018, in his most personal interview ever, the Love/Hate star opened up about his sex life, in a way that it's safe to say no other Irish star has ever dared to do before now. In an interview that made front-page news in the tabloids, he candidly discussed everything from losing his virginity, to drunken encounters with men, explained why he longer enjoys no-strings attached sex with FWB, candidly confessed to sleeping with fans – and admitted to getting erections while doing steamy sex scenes with co-star Ruth Negga, while making Love/Hate.
 Charlie McCreevy – A December 2008 interview with Irish European Commissioner Charlie McCreevy was the subject of news stories and other commentary in The Irish Independent, The Irish Star, The Irish Mail, The Irish Mirror, The Irish Times and the Mail on Sunday, among other papers. It was covered extensively on radio, on RTÉ News and in other television including TV3's The Political Party. Internationally the interview was covered by the Wall Street Journal and the Morning Star, and the main news in Denmark featured it, as well as Das Journal in Austria, Diário Digital in Portugal and France's leading daily paper, Le Monde. The interview, conducted once again by O'Toole (this time in Brussels), had McCreevy say that Ireland's decision to reject the Lisbon Treaty had to be respected by the rest of Europe. McCreevy also revealed that he was pro-choice when it came to matters of abortion.
 Katy French – In her last major interview before her tragic death in December 2007, French spoke to O'Toole about her life, her thoughts on drugs and death.  The interview became a regular source of information for newspaper reports in the aftermath, and was revisited by O'Toole in the Hot Press Annual 2008 which went to press just as she died.
 The Royal Blackmail case – in April 2009, O'Toole conducted the first ever in-depth interview with Ian Strachan, who received five years for his involvement in the Royal Blackmail scandal of 2007.
 Patricia McKenna – In an interview with O'Toole in May 2009, former Green Party MEP announced her decision to quit the party and run as an independent candidate in the Euo elections. McKenna gave a hugely controversial and provocative critique of the Green Party's performance since entering coalition with Fianna Fáil. McKenna was particularly scathing about the Green representatives in Government, dismissing the Greens in the Dáil as "nothing but hypocrites".  She continued: "I feel embarrassed about being a member of the Green Party ... because of what we said in the past and the promises we made, which we failed to deliver on. I just knew that I couldn't run under a Green Party ticket and pretend that everything was alright because I'd be lying."

Other controversial interviews O'Toole conducted for Hot Press include:
 Paul Gogarty TD. In an expletive-laden interview with O'Toole, the Dublin Mid West Green TD made comments on the price of power and his own doubts about the Coalition arrangement. He describes it in terms of the Greens lying "bollix naked" and being "screwed" by Fianna Fáil.
 Tony Gregory, the TD's last ever in-depth controversial interview was published days after his death in January 2009. In the final months of his battle with cancer, Gregory sat down with the author to discuss his life and career. Knowing it would be his final interview he was in a reflective frame of mind.
 Dutchy Holland, gangster, last ever interview.
 Alan 'Fat Puss' Bradley. The alleged bank robber insisted he is not a 'big player' in crime in his only ever print interview with O'Toole. But the man dubbed "Fat Puss" was due in court in 2009 on charges of conspiracy to commit armed robbery, with figures between €950,000 and €2 million being bandied about in the media.
 Paddy McCann, Ireland's longest serving political prisoner. McCann was jailed for the killing of two Gardaí during a bank raid in Roscommon in 1980. In this extraordinary interview, McCann confesses to ordering executions from behind bars.
 Richard Bruton – in an August 2009 interview for Hot Press, which was one of O'Toole last interviews for the magazine, Richard Bruton admitted that his party leader was "wooden" when it came to sound bites. It prompted the media to speculate a leadership challenge – and prompted the bookies to slash odds on Bruton becoming FG party leader.
 John Noonan, former IRA boss. Noonan, who played a pivotal role in the IRA's military campaign in Northern Ireland, gave his only ever interview to the author. The article prompted over 100 Garda, according to the Sunday Times, to raid Noonan's home and launch a CAB investigation into his activities. In the interview, Noonan said rumours of a CAB investigation into his finances were unfounded and claimed to run a licensed security company.
 Kieron "Wolfie" Ducie, gave his first major interview to O'Toole
 Giovanni Di Stefano, Italian fraudster and fake lawyer.  O'Toole also included interviews with Di Stefano in his 2009 book "Crime Ink".
 Rosanna Davison, former Miss World. In a confessional interview, Davison discussed her sex life and her famous father's affair with the nanny. She also talked in the interview about being married to her father in a previous life.
 Mick Pyro, lead singer of Republic of Loose
 Declan Ganley, Chairperson of Libertas
 Bobby Storey – O'Toole conducted the first in-depth interview with Bobby Storey, alleged to be the IRA's Director of Intelligence, in June 2009.
 Jonathan Rhys Meyers – the interview, which directly preceded the death of his mother, had Rhys Meyers reflecting on his problems with drinking, his spells in rehab and discussing life as a movie star; the actor was arrested in Dublin Airport only hours after this interview was conducted.
 Mary O'Rourke, former Fianna Fáil deputy leader, told O'Toole how orgasms are no longer a part of her life since her husband died.
 Gerry Kelly, ex-IRA. In his first ever in-depth interview, Kelly gave O'Toole an extraordinary frank account of his time with the IRA.

"The Jason O'Toole Interview"
O'Toole's weekly interview in the Irish Daily Mail and the Irish Mail on Sunday has included several exclusive and controversial interviews, including:
 Phil Lynott's mother revealed for the first time ever in an interview with O'Toole that she had lied in her autobiography about having 'only' one son. In a 10-page article she explained that she had two other children that she gave up for adoption.
 Luke 'Ming' Flanagan caused uproar when he confessed to taking cocaine, making him the first elected TD to do so, in an interview with O'Toole back in 2013.
 Senator and gay activist David Norris, a presidential hopeful in the 2011 election, revealed to O'Toole that he had slept with women but it wasn't his "brand of coca cola".
 Senator David Norris initially stepped down from the presidential election following an interview with O'Toole in which he confessed that he didn't believe in an age of consent.
 O'Toole published the first post-prison interview with Irish crime boss John Gilligan.
 O'Toole published a controversial interview with Anglo Banker David Drumm.
 O'Toole was granted the first interview with Archbishop of Ireland, Eamon Martin.
 Libertas's Declan Ganley revealed in a Dec 2010 interview with O'Toole that he "wasn't ruling out" re-entering the political fray
 Rock musician Leanne Harte came out as a lesbian in an interview with O'Toole published in June 2010
 In December 2015, Jim Corr of The Corrs revealed to O'Toole that he was in AA and that he had sold his Ferrari and helicopter to clear some of his debts

Political interviews
Other political interviews O'Toole has conducted for Hot Press include:
 Fine Gael leader Enda Kenny
 Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness
 Former PD leader Ciaran Cannon
 Fianna Fáil's Seanad leader Donnie Cassidy
 Green Party leaders John Gormley and Trevor Sargent
 Labour party leader Eamon Gilmore and its former leader, Pat Rabbitte
 Ex-Workers' Party president Tomas Mac Giolla
 SDLP leader Mark Durkan
 Minister for European Affairs Dick Roche; Senator Eoghan Harris; Minister Eamon O'Cuiv

Publishing
O'Toole is senior editor/publisher of Killynon House Books. The imprint has published a dozen books as well as books by Jackie Hayden, Bruce Arnold, Neville Thompson, TS O'Rourke and comedian Karl McDermott.

References

1973 births
20th-century Irish journalists
21st-century Irish journalists
Living people
Alumni of Dublin City University
Daily Mail journalists
The Herald (Ireland) people
Hot Press people
Irish Independent people
Irish publishers (people)
Irish political writers
Journalists from Dublin (city)


Abbediengen is a light rail station on the Oslo Tramway.

Located in Ullern borough, it was opened by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei together with the rest of the Lilleaker Line, as an extension of the Skøyen Line in 1919. It is served by line 13.

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1919
1919 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1910s


Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico was a failed luxury condominium-hotel resort to be located at Punta Bandera in the Playas de Tijuana borough of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, approximately  from the San Ysidro border crossing.

It was initially announced in 2006 as a joint venture between the Trump Organization and Los Angeles-based real estate development company Irongate. Investors were led to believe that Trump CEO Donald Trump was supervising the project, however he was just licensing his name for the development, and so the investors sued the company.

This was the second Trump-Irongate joint venture, and followed the more successful Trump International Hotel and Tower (Honolulu) venture.

The project was to be a 3-tower, 25-story, 526-unit condo-hotel.

In late 2008, with the project experiencing delays and cost overruns, Trump removed his name from the development.

In early 2009, The Associated Press reported that the project had collapsed financially; investors who had put down deposits on the project condos faced a total loss of their down payments (typically $200,000 – $300,000 per person). After its collapse, Trump (whose videos promoting the development had been shown to potential investors)  claimed that he had been little more than a spokesperson for the entire venture, and disavowed any financial responsibility for the debacle.

In the litigation that ensued in a California court, Donald Trump, his son Donald Trump Jr., his daughter Ivanka Trump and the Trump Organization were named as defendants citing violation of Federal and State law. Trump's attorneys sought to question a San Diego Union-Tribune reporter about a 2006 story with the headline "Trump puts 'brand' on Baja with condo-hotel," which quoted Trump as being a "significant," equity investor in the development. Citing California's Shield Law, a California court rejected Trump's effort, siding with attorneys for the newspaper reporter.

After  years of litigation, Trump settled the lawsuit against him in November 2013, for an undisclosed amount.  Trump's developer partners, Jason Grosfeld, Adam Fisher and Irongate Developers had earlier settled with the buyers for $7.25 million. The attorneys representing almost 200 buyers in the litigation venued in Los Angeles County were Bart I. Ring and Daniel J. King.

On October 29, 2016, Jaime Martínez Veloz filed a criminal complaint against Trump for fraud involved in this development as well as tax evasion on Trump's mercantile business in Mexico.

See also
List of things named after Donald Trump

References

External links
 June 2009 Google Street View of abandoned development.

History of Tijuana


The Canegrate culture was a civilization of prehistoric Italy that developed from the late Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age, in the areas that are now western Lombardy, eastern Piedmont, and Ticino. Canegrate had a cultural dynamic, as expressed in its pottery and bronzework, that was completely new to the area and was a typical example of the western Hallstatt culture.

The name comes from the locality of Canegrate in Lombardy, south of Legnano and 25 km north of Milan, where Guido Sutermeister discovered important archaeological finds (approximately 50 tombs with ceramics and metallic objects). The site was first excavated in 1926 in the area of Rione Santa Colomba, and systematic excavation occurred between March 1953 and autumn 1956, which led to the discovery of a necropolis of 165 tomb. It is one of the richer archeological sites of Northern Italy.

History

The necropolis found in Canegrate is very similar to those realized in the same period in the north of Alps. It represents the first migratory wave of the Urnfield culture population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes, had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como (Scamozzina culture). They brought a new funerary practice—cremation—which supplanted inhumation.

The facies of Canegrate introduces a new decorative style in ceramics that marks an almost total break with the previous Scamozzina culture; this style is linked to that of the north-western alpine area in the oldest phase of the Urnfield culture. The uniform and isolated Canegrate finds do not show any trace of the preceding Polada culture and provide no evidence for a gradual Canegrate insertion into the area.

The bearers of the Canegrate culture maintained its homogeneity for only a century, and it then joined the Ligurian aboriginal populations; the union gave rise to the new Golasecca culture.

The origins of the Orobii, a population localized by classical writers in these areas that founded the town of Como, have been linked to the Canegrate culture.

The necropolis

Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Olona Valley lived mainly away from the river, on higher ground that certainly would not have been affected by seasonal floods. The most significant archaeological finds, from prehistory until Roman rule, have been discovered along the edges of the Olona Valley, and the necropolis connected to the culture of Canegrate was not an exception.

The necropolis of Canegrate was brought to light in 1926 near the church of Santa Colomba. The fact that the finds did not belong to any other proto-historic culture was identified later. In 1953, other finds were found on the same land during the construction of a house; in 1956 the findings took place within the perimeter of the "Giuseppe Gajo" kindergarten, which is seven hundred meters south of the church of Santa Colomba. The first archaeological activities were directed by Guido Sutermeister, while those carried out in the 1950s were supervised by Ferrante Rittatore Vonwiller. The excavations were systematic between the spring of 1953 and the autumn of 1956.

The tombs found are of the simple pit type or covered with stone or stone slabs. Most of the urns do not have a lid. Some are closed by a small stone slab, while others are turned upside down in the ground. The urns often also contain the ashes of several people. The bronze furnishings deposited with the ashes (collars, pins and rings) are not gifts to the deceased, but objects belonging to the same. The finds, in fact, have been transformed by the heat of the fire during the cremation. Not many weapons have been found. In the entire necropolis of Canegrate, only four swords have been discovered. The study of the findings revealed that about 30% of the graves received ashes from adolescents or children.

It is estimated that the necropolis should originally contain about 200 tombs, 165 of which were brought to light. The burials that were not brought to light were destroyed during the aforementioned building works. These works were stopped after verifying the importance of the finds, and this allowed the patrol of the entire area.

Given the abundance of findings, it was possible to identify the general cultural and social aspects of the populations that belonged to this prehistoric civilization. From the findings discovered in Canegrate, it can be inferred that the populations that lived there led a rather harsh existence and had a decidedly short average life. Furthermore, the rate of infant deaths was decidedly high. A certain respect for the dead can also be deduced from the rich funerary outfit. Most likely the village where the community that built the two necropolises lived was not far from the find. The presence of two rather close necropolises and the discovery of similar discoveries in the area, could suggest the presence of several villages at a relatively short distance. Remains of dwellings of populations belonging to the culture the Canegrates were discovered in Gabinella in Legnano. During the excavations, which took place in the mid-eighties of the twentieth century, furnishings from the late Bronze Age (mostly vessel fragments) were also brought to light.

Small necropolises belonging to the Canegrate culture have also been discovered in Appiano Gentile, Ligurno, Canton Ticino (Gudo, Rovio, Locarno, Giubiasco and Bellinzona), in the Novarese (Novara, Vicolungo and Castelletto sopra Ticino) and in Verbano (Premeno).

The most novelty element is precisely the ceramics which, although it has some point of contact with the previous Scamozzina culture, on the whole is clearly differentiated by connecting directly with the Urnfield culture and, in particular, to the groups of the Rhine-Switzerland-Eastern France area. The contribution of the culture of the urn fields is particularly emphasized by the shape and decorations of the urns, as well as by the composition of the alloy in the bronzes of the funeral objects.

See also

 Canegrate
 Scamozzina culture
 Polada culture
 Villanovan culture
 Golasecca culture
 Este culture
 Ancient peoples of Italy

Notes

Sources
Corbella, Roberto: Celti: itinerari storici e turistici tra Lombardia, Piemonte, Svizzera, Macchione, Varese 2000;
Corbella, Roberto: Magia e mistero nella terra dei Celti: Como, Varesotto, Ossola; Macchione, Varese 2004;
D'Aversa, Arnaldo: La Valle Padana tra Etruschi, Celti e Romani, Paideia, Brescia 1986ISBN 88-394-0381-7
De Marinis, Raffaele (1991). "I Celti Golasecchiani". In Multiple Authors, I Celti, Bompiani.
De Marinis, Raffaele (1990).  Liguri e Celto-Liguri, Officine grafiche Garzanti Milano, Garzanti-Scheiwiller
Giorgio D'Ilario, Egidio Gianazza, Augusto Marinoni, Marco Turri, Profilo storico della città di Legnano, Edizioni Landoni, 1984
Grassi, Maria Teresa: I Celti in Italia, Longanesi, Milan 1991
Kruta, Venceslas: I celti e il Mediterraneo, Jaca Book, 2004, ,
Kruta, Venceslas: La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza, Newton & Compton, 2003, ,
Kruta, Venceslas and Valerio Massimo Manfredi: I celti d'Italia, Mondadori, 2000, ,
Violante, Antonio: I Celti a sud delle Alpi, Silvana, Milan, 1993

Archaeological cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Italy
Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Iron Age cultures of Europe
Celtic archaeological cultures


Events in the year 1863 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles IV

Events
 10 August – The murder of Knut Grøte in Christiania.

Births

January to June
19 February – Axel Thue, mathematician (died 1922)
28 February – Lars Jonson Haukaness, Norwegian American impressionist artist (died 1929)
21 May – Gunnar Berg, painter (died 1893)
23 June – Christian Fredrik Michelet, politician and Minister (died 1927)
26 June – Martin Løken, politician

July to December
15 August – Even Ulving, painter (died 1952).
3 September – Hans Aanrud, author, poet and playwright (died 1953)
30 October – Torger Holtsmark, farmer and politician (died 1926)
18 November – Frederik Macody Lund, historian (died 1943)
20 November – Jonas Schanche Kielland, jurist and politician (died 1925)
24 November – Alfred Larsen, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1950)
28 November – Johan Henrik Rye Holmboe, businessperson, politician and Minister (died 1933)
12 December – Edvard Munch, painter and printmaker (died 1944)
31 December – Christian Albrecht Jakhelln, businessperson and politician (died 1945)

Full date unknown
Adolf Agthe, architect (died 1941)
Sigval Bergesen, ship-owner and politician (died 1956)
Christian Theodor Holtfodt, politician (died 1930)
Nils Riddervold Jensen, politician and Minister (died 1935)
Elias C. Kiær, businessperson (died 1939)
Paul Benjamin Vogt, politician and Minister (died 1947)

Deaths

17 February – Peter Severin Steenstrup, naval officer and businessperson (born 1807)
19 March – Christian Garup Meidell, military officer and politician (born 1780)
25 April – Paul Hansen Birch, military officer (born 1788)
25 May – Peter Andreas Munch,  historian
6 July – Jens Matthias Pram Kaurin, professor of theology, biblical translator, and Lutheran priest (b. 1804).
5 August – Peter Feilberg, newspaper editor and politician (born 1800)
6 August – Jacob Kielland, businessperson, consul and politician (born 1788)
19 September – Hans Christian Heg, colonel and brigade commander in the Union Army during the American Civil War (born 1829)
18 December - Ulrik Frederik Anton de Schouboe, civil servant and politician (born 1782)

Full date unknown
Gunleik Jonsson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (born 1828)
Poul Christian Holst, politician and Minister (born 1776)
Jacob Worm Skjelderup, politician and Minister (born 1804)

See also

References


Relativity is the third and final studio album by Australian pop rock band Indecent Obsession, released by in 1993 by Mushroom Records in Australia and MCA Records internationally. It features the single "Fixing a Broken Heart", which the band recorded a second version as a duet with Japanese singer-songwriter Mari Hamada. The album is the first and only release to feature lead vocalist Richard Hennassey and guitarist Graham Kearns, who replaced David Dixon and Andrew Coyne, respectively, after the band relocated to London in 1993.

Track listing
International release

Asian release

Personnel
 Richard Hennassey – lead vocals
 Graham Kearns – guitar, vocals
 Michael Szumowski – keyboards, vocals
 Darryl Sims – drums, percussion, vocals

with

 Phil Smith – saxophone
 Mark Feltham – harmonica
 R. Harris – didgeridoo
 Miles Bould – percussion
 Mick Wilson – backing vocals
 Nick Coler – backing vocals
 Hazel Fernandez – backing vocals
 Ian Richardson – backing vocals

References

External links

1993 albums
Indecent Obsession albums
MCA Records albums
Mushroom Records albums


East Kimberley was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1904.

Based in the eastern part of the Kimberley region, the district was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. In 1898, its major settlements were Wyndham and Halls Creek; it included the Kimberley Goldfield which had seen a gold rush a few years earlier. It ceased to exist at the 1904 election, at which point it was amalgamated with the district of West Kimberley to form the new district of Kimberley.

Members

Election results

References

East Kimberley
1890 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1890
1901 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1901
Electoral district


Events in the year 1873 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II

Events
 The office of Governor-general of Norway is abolished.

Arts and literature

Births
5 March – Olav Bjaaland, ski champion and polar explorer (died 1961)
9 March – Yngvar Sonnichsen,  Norwegian-American artist and painter (died 1938)
11 March – Arnold Holmboe, politician and Minister (died 1956)
3 May – Nini Roll Anker, novelist and playwright (died 1942)
23 May – Ragnhild Kåta, first deafblind person in Norway to receive proper schooling (died 1947)
26 May – Olaf Gulbransson, artist, painter and designer (died 1958)
7 July – Halvdan Koht, historian, biographer, politician and Minister (died 1965)
22 July – Martinus Lørdahl, businessperson, multi sports competitor and sports administrator (died 1933).
11 September – Hanna Resvoll-Holmsen, botanist (died 1943)
10 October – Johan Martin Jakobsen Strand, farmer and politician (died 1935)
16 October – Einar Liberg, rifle shooter and Olympic gold medallist (died 1955)

Full date unknown
Axel Aubert, businessperson (died 1943)
Paal Olav Berg, politician and Minister (died 1968)
Gerdt Henrik Meyer Bruun, politician and Minister (died 1945)
Rasmus Olsen Langeland, politician and Minister (died 1954)
Haagen Krog Steffens, historian, archivist and genealogist (died 1917)

Deaths
11 April – Christopher Hansteen, astronomer and physicist (born 1784)
5 June – Peder Carl Lasson, jurist and politician (born 1798)
16 October – Frederik Due, politician (born 1796)
21 October – Johan Sebastian Welhaven, poet and critic (born 1807)

Full date unknown
Christian Ludvig Diriks, politician and Minister (born 1802)
Ole Larsen Hammerstad, politician (born 1817)

See also

References


West Kimberley was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1904.

Based in the western part of the Kimberley region, the district was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. In 1898, its major settlements were Broome and Derby. It ceased to exist at the 1904 election, at which point it was amalgamated with the district of East Kimberley to form the new district of Kimberley.

Members

Election results

References

West Kimberley
1890 establishments in Australia
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1890
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
Electoral district


Frank Sharp (born 28 May 1947) is a Scottish former footballer who scored 13 goals in 231 league games in a ten-year career in the Football League and Scottish Football League. A winger, he played for Heart of Midlothian, Carlisle United, Cardiff City, Barnsley, Grimsby Town, Port Vale, and Northwich Victoria.

Career
Sharp began his career at junior side Tynecastle Athletic before turning professional with Tommy Walker's Heart of Midlothian. Hearts finished seventh and 11th in the First Division in 1965–66 and 1966–67. He appeared in just six league games at Tynecastle, scoring one goal. In 1967, Sharp joined Carlisle United for a fee of £500, but struggled to hold down a regular first team place at Brunton Park. The "Cumbrians" finished mid-table in the Second Division in 1967–68 and 1968–69 under the stewardship of first Tim Ward and then Bob Stokoe. He then moved on to Jimmy Scoular's Second Division side Cardiff City. Plagued by injury, Sharp spent just over one season at Ninian Park, his only goal coming in a 1–1 draw with Hull City in March 1970, before he joined Barnsley along with Leslie Lea. Johnny Steele's "Tykes" finished 12th in the Third Division in 1970–71, before suffering relegation in 1971–72 under the stewardship of rookie manager John McSeveney. Johnny Steele then returned to Barnsley, and led the club to a 14th-place finish in the Fourth Division in 1972–73. Sharp scored seven goals in 125 league appearances at Oakwell. He then scored two goals in 29 Third Division games at Ron Ashman's Grimsby Town in the 1973–74 season. He left Blundell Park and joined Third Division side Port Vale in May 1974. He opened the 1974–75 season with a goal in each of his first two games at Vale Park, but lost his first team place in November and went to finish the season with 27 league and cup appearances. He was given a free transfer in May 1975 by "Valiants" manager Roy Sproson, and moved on to Northern Premier League side Northwich Victoria.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
1947 births
Living people


First performance of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House

Events in the year 1877 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II

Events
 25 April - The local newspaper Agder Flekkefjords Tidende was first published.
 The Røros Line was opened.

Arts and literature

Births

January to June

25 February – Bernt Tunold, painter (died 1946)
5 March – Klaus Sletten, organizational worker, editor and politician (died 1946)
23 March – Marta Steinsvik, author and translator (died 1950)
29 March – Nils Waltersen Aasen, arms inventor (died 1925)
12 April – Ragnvald A. Nestos, governor of the U.S. state of North Dakota (died 1942)
19 April – Ole Evinrude, inventor, known for the invention of the first outboard motor with practical commercial application (died 1934)
26 April – Alfred Næss, speed skater (died 1955)
5 May  – Halfdan Egedius, painter and illustrator (died 1899)
6 May – Bjarne Solberg, physician and politician (died 1928)

July to December

18 July – Arne Sejersted, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1960)
17 August – Bernhoff Hansen, wrestler and Olympic gold medallist (died 1950)
28 August – Anna Schønheyder, painter and textile artist (died 1927).
8 September – Rasmus Pettersen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1957)
8 September – Gunnar Ousland, writer, editor and politician for the Labour Party (died 1967)
13 September – Harald Halvorsen, politician (died 1943).
16 September – Carsten Tank-Nielsen, admiral (died 1957)
9 October – Isak Halvorsen, politician
12 October – Alf Hjort, electrical engineer in America (died 1944)
16 October – Bjørn Helland-Hansen, oceanographer (died 1957)
4 November – Benjamin Blessum, Norwegian-American painter, graphic artist, illustrator (died 1954)

Full date unknown
Ole Ludvig Bærøe, politician (died 1943)
Halfdan Egedius, painter and illustrator (died 1899)
Per Klingenberg Hestetun, politician (died 1928)
Karl Hovelsen, Nordic skier (died 1955)
Ivar Larsen Kirkeby-Garstad, politician and Minister (died 1951)
Lars Oftedal, politician and Minister (died 1932)
Nikolai Nissen Paus, surgeon (died 1956)
Haakon Shetelig, archaeologist (died 1955)
Gunnar Ousland, writer, editor and politician (died 1967)
Erik Solem, judge (died 1949)

Deaths

9 October – Eskild Bruun, barrister, judge and businessman (b. 1804).
25 December – Hans Gerhard Colbjørnsen Meldahl, jurist and politician (born 1815)

Full date unknown
Christian Peder Bianco Boeck, doctor, zoologist and mountaineer (born 1798)
Hans Wille, priest and politician (born 1807)

See also

References


Miss Annie Rooney  is a 1942 American drama film directed by Edwin L. Marin. The screenplay by George Bruce has some similarities to the silent film, Little Annie Rooney starring Mary Pickford, but otherwise, the films are unrelated. Miss Annie Rooney is about a teenager (Shirley Temple) from a humble background who falls in love with a rich high school boy (Dickie Moore). She is snubbed by his social set, but, when her father (William Gargan) invents a better rubber synthetic substitute, her prestige rises. Notable as the film in which Shirley Temple received her first on-screen kiss, and Moore said it was his first kiss ever. The film was panned.

Plot
Annie Rooney, the 14-year-old daughter of a struggling salesman, falls in love with rich, 16-year-old Marty White. While at first, Marty's snobbish friends give Annie the cold shoulder, her jitterbug dancing skills impress, and soon, she is a welcome addition to their circle. Marty's wealthy mother and father, who own a rubber-making business, are not as easily persuaded of Annie's worth. But when her father manages to invent a new form of synthetic rubber, her triumph is complete.

Cast
 Shirley Temple as Annie Rooney, a teenager
 William Gargan as Tim Rooney, her inventor father
 Guy Kibbee as Grandpop, her grandfather
 Dickie Moore as Marty White, a rich teenager
 Gloria Holden as Mrs. White, Marty's mother
 Jonathan Hale as Mr. White, Marty's father
 Peggy Ryan as Myrtle
 Charles Coleman as Sidney, the White's butler
 Roland Dupree as Joey
 Mary Field as Mrs Metz
 George Lloyd as Burns
 Jan Buckingham as Madam Sylvia
 Selmer Jackson as Mr Thomas
 June Lockhart as Stella Bainbridge
 Edgar Dearing as Policeman
 Shirley Mills as Audrey Hollis
 Byron Foulger as Mr. Randall (uncredited)

Production
Temple signed to make one film for United Artists, and it was to be either Little Annie Rooney or Lucky Sixpence. It was eventually decided to film the former. The title was changed to Miss Annie Rooney to reflect Temple's maturity; she was paid $50,000 for her performance.

Temple was 14 when the film was made and received a much-ballyhooed on-screen kiss (from Moore, on the left cheek).

Reception
The film was her second attempt at a comeback, but its teen culture theme was dated, and the film flopped. Temple retired again for another two years. Later, she told Moore the film was a "terrible picture".

Reviews were poor.

Release

Critical reception
The New York Times thought, "'Miss Annie Rooney' is a very little picture. It is a very grim little picture [...] Gingerly, very gingerly, producer Edward Small is breaking the news to the public— baby Shirley doesn't live here anymore. Gone are the days of the toddling tot, the days of milk teeth and tonsils. Instead, we now see a Miss Temple in the awkward age between the paper-doll and sweater-girl period, an adolescent phenomenon who talks like a dictionary of jive, and combines this somehow with quotations from Shakespeare and Shaw."

Home media
In 2009, the film was available on videocassette. As of 2013, the film is available on Netflix Instant Streaming. In 2017, ClassicFlix restored the movie in releases on DVD and Blu-ray.

See also
 Little Annie Rooney
 Shirley Temple filmography

References
 Works cited

 Web citations

External links

1942 films
1940s teen drama films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edwin L. Marin
United Artists films
Films produced by Edward Small
American teen drama films
1942 drama films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films


Northern High School was a high school in the Baltimore City Public Schools system.

The school mascot was the Viking.  The school yearbook was the Valhalla.  The address was 2201 Pinewood Ave; Baltimore, MD  21214.  The school colors were green and white, but some graduating year's also had their own mascot and colors. The school initially was to have 7 - 12th grades with a combined Junior and Senior High in the same building. It opened in September of 1965 with 7th and 10th grades. Due to foreseen overcrowding September 1966 classes were 8th, 10th and 11th grades. September 1967 classes were for 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th grades. The first graduating class was June 1968. In September 1968 classes started with 10th 11th and 12th grades.  In the 1960s the school was mostly college prep with a high percentage of students going on to college. There were also work study programs associated with the school.

To promote further integration among Black and White students, some Black and White students were bussed from other neighborhoods, helping to make it a more racially diverse school.  The city of Baltimore had a policy of letting students pick their high school and many Blacks choose Northern High School.  White students were given a limited choice. Students rode public buses for free, which helped if the chosen school was distant.

There were a number of sports teams:  Football, basketball, baseball, soccer, swimming in a 4-lane pool (Division II undefeated in 1969), cross country running, track and field, volleyball, tennis, wrestling, gymnastics, softball and lacrosse.  There were cheerleaders, a modern dance group, a jazz ensemble, chess club, and yearbook.

"Incognito" included student creative writing and students contributed to You're the Critic which featured critical reviews by Baltimore City High School students.   There was also a student government.

A number of classes were available to students, such as:  English, Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Social Studies, Biology, Art, Drama, Photography, Reading, French, Spanish, German, Typing, Sociology, Psychology, Drafting, and others.  Some community college classes were offered after regular school hours on the Northern High School campus.

The class of 1969 had over 1,000 graduating students and was the largest graduating class on record at that time. For the class of 1977, the city comptroller, Hyman Pressman, read a poem for graduation.

Due to overcrowding in the 1970s in many Baltimore City Schools. There were at least 4 or more years starting in the late 60's at Northern High School when students attended on shifts all year, with juniors and seniors attending 8 A.M. to 2 P.M. with sophomores and lower grades initially attending 10 A.M. to 4 P.M.  Lunch times were staggered from 10 A.M. to 2 P.M allowing the school to have sufficient class rooms for teaching. Starting in September 1968 Northern High School was a 3 year school. Many students transferred to Northern High School after Junior High School of grades 7, 8, and 9. During these times freshman who wanted to attend Northern could not and had to wait until their sophomore year due to the over crowding. Once enrollment went down below 2600 students, some extra classrooms were added in pods or trailers, during the summer of 1977, and the school was again full-time.  Many students from the morning session went on directly into the workforce and many in the afternoon session went directly to college.

In 1997 the administration issued a wave of mass suspensions to members of the student body to try to curb discipline issues.

In 2002 the school system discontinued Northern High School and put Reginald F. Lewis High School and W.E.B. DuBois High School in the former Northern building.

References

Defunct schools in Maryland


Hoff is a light rail station on the Oslo Tramway.

Located at Hoff in Ullern borough, it was opened by Kristiania Elektriske Sporvei together with the rest of the Lilleaker Line, as an extension of the Skøyen Line in 1919. It is served by line 13.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1919
1919 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1910s


Jason and the Heroes of Mount Olympus(, lit. Jason and the Heroes of Olympia) is an animated TV series produced by Saban International Paris in co-production with Fox Kids Europe and TF1. The series stars the voices of Miles Marsico, Pat Fraley, John Morris, Tifanie Christun, Scott Bullock, Frank Welker and Tom Bosley.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide, which also includes Saban Entertainment.

Series overview
Jason is a twelve-year-old with fantasies of becoming a hero just like those in the mythological battles of the Ancient World. He is in for a surprise as his dreams become a reality when he climbs to the top of Mount Olympus and fulfills an ancient prophecy, turning Jason into the “chosen one”. Jupiter, King of the Immortals, gives him the Belt of Orion which allows him to exist on Mount Olympus and gives him control of the universe. The evil Dracchus seeks the all-powerful amulet and it is up to Jason to keep the belt and save Mount Olympus!

Characters
Jason (voiced by Miles Marsico)
Mercury (voiced by S. Scott Bullock)
Venus (voiced by Tifanie Christun)
Jupiter (voiced by Tom Bosley)
Mars
Hercules (voiced by Pat Fraley)

Villains
Dracchus (voiced by Daran Norris)

Episode Guide

Orion's Belt: Jason, to prove that he is the Chosen One, must work with Mercury to pick one of the golden apples that are guarded by Ladon in the Garden of Hesperides.
Meeting With Medusa: Dracchus hires Medusa to help him instigate a war between the Greeks and the Trojans.
Jason and the Harpies: A spurned warlock turns all of the women in his village into harpies using a spell provided by Bracchus.
Sea No Evil: A kraken is terrorizing merfolk, who help Jason and Mercury deliver vital medicine to Hippocrates.
Jason and the Sirens: The aging queen of the sirens attempts to restore her youth by stealing the Emerald of Eternity.
No Man's Land: A storm strands Jason and Mercury in an Amazon village, where their presence invokes a curse that brings forth a monster called Zarkoz.
Forge of Vulcan: Venus is captured and put to work beautifying a forge operated by Talos and Vulcan. When Jason and Mercury come to rescue her, Vulcan orders that Orion's belt be smelted into a crown for Venus.
Treasure of Trouble: Mercury's good side is magically sucked out by Princess Anathema.
The Last of the Atlanteans: Pirates steal Orion's belt to fund a search for the treasure of Atlantis.
Unity is Strength: Dracchus has the Lernaean Hydra force an oracle to lure Jason, Mercury, and Venus into a trap in Delphi.
Changer in Our Midst: A captive woman who Jason and Mercury free turns out to be a gold-crazed shapeshifter who steals Orion's belt before usurping King Midas.
Sting of the Scorpion: Jason and Mercury end up in Babylon, where Jupiter's steed, Pegasus, is taken by one of the sons of Nebuchadnezzar II.
Lost in the Labyrinth: A misunderstanding prompts King Minos to condemn Hercules and Venus to the labyrinth, where the two are hunted by the Minotaur.
Indiscipline: Dracchus uncovers and unleashes the Titans, who he sics on Sparta.
Horseplay on Mt. Olympus: Jupiter, in a fit of anger, snaps at Mercury, which leads to Mercury being falsely befriended by a centaur minion of Bracchus. The centaur tricks Mercury into giving Jupiter a cursed tunic which causes Jupiter to lose his mind and weaken the defenses of Mt. Olympus.
Danger in a Strange Land: Jason, Mercury, and Venus lose Orion's belt in Hades, where they run afoul of Argus, Cerberus, Charon, and Echidna, and Mercury loses his memory in the river Lethe.
Sleepless on Mt. Olympus: Dracchus steals a staff that allows him to control the dreams of the Olympians.
The Cyclops: A roc forcibly adopts Jason and Mercury after the two save one of her eggs from the Cyclopes.
Fast Feud: Jason, Mercury, and Venus get caught up in a war between two tribes of sorcerers after being ambushed by Dracchus.
Laughter of the Sphinx: A riddling sphinx, depressed over her missing dragon husband, decides to keep Mercury after he makes her laugh, while Jason is hunted by dragons (including the sphinx's husband) who have been brainwashed by Dracchus.
Close Companion: Jason, Mercury, and Venus need the help of an obnoxious, rhyming guide to recharge Jupiter's Fountain of Fate.
The Pipes of Pan: Jason and Mercury are stuck babysitting Pan's young nieces when Dracchus's harpies attack Mt. Olympus.
Calypso's Challenge: Calypso, enraged over Jason beating her champion swimmer, traps him, Mercury, and Venus on her island after Jason refuses to represent her at the Panathenaic Games.
The Golden Fleece: King Aeëtes tricks Jason, Mars, Mercury, and Venus into stealing the Golden Fleece.
Gaze of Gorgons: Medusa returns, and takes over Thessaly with the help of her sisters, Euryale and Stheno.
Day of Destiny: A year after Jason first received Orion's belt, he begins training with Orion as Dracchus assembles a massive army of monsters to conquer Mt. Olympus. Jason and Mercury's threads of destiny are accidentally mixed-up by the Fates, causing Jason and Mercury to switch personalities and placing all of Greece in jeopardy as Dracchus lays siege to Mt. Olympus.

Airing
In Canada, the series aired on Family Channel.

See also
Saint Seiya
Hercules (1997 film)
MÄR

References

External links
 Jason and the Heroes of Mount Olympus at Internet Movie Database

2000s French animated television series
2001 French television series debuts
2001 French television series endings
Animated television series about children
Television series based on classical mythology
English-language television shows
French children's animated fantasy television series
Television series by Saban Entertainment
Television series by Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Television series set in ancient Greece


Wydawnictwo Literackie (abbreviated WL, lit. "Literary Press") is a Kraków-based Polish publishing house, which has been referred to as one of Poland's "most respected".

Company history
Since its foundation in 1953, Wydawnictwo Literackie has been focused on publishing modern prose and poetry by both renown and emerging authors, both Polish and foreign. In recent years it is primarily associated with editions of Polish language classics of the 20th century and of modern  science-fiction novels. In recent years, the publishing house also expanded into the market of textbooks for humanities, lexicons and dictionaries.

In 2019, the company was reported to have 44 employees and an annual turnover of "$13.78 million in sales".

The company headquarters is located in the Dom Pod Globusem building at 1 Długa Street, Krakow. A globe with the symbol of the company sits on the top of that building.

Polish authors
Among the writers and poets associated with the publishing house are Nobel Prize winners Orhan Pamuk, Wisława Szymborska, Czesław Miłosz, Nadine Gordimer and Olga Tokarczuk. Other Polish authors whose works have been published by the Wydawnictwo Literackie (some of them for the first time, or for the first time in official print) include Janusz Anderman, Jacek Dukaj, Aleksander Fiut, Witold Gombrowicz, Stefan Grabiński, Zbigniew Herbert, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Marek S.Huberath, Maria Janion, Ryszard Kapuściński, Jan Kott, Stanisław Lem, Ewa Lipska, Jerzy Pilch, Tadeusz Różewicz, Jan Józef Szczepański, Szczepan Twardoch (including the Chołod), Jan Twardowski, Karol Wojtyła and Adam Zagajewski.

Foreign authors
The printing house also publishes the Polish language editions of literary classics of English, German, Spanish and Russian-language literary worlds, including the works by Lisa Appignanesi, John Banville, Walter Benjamin, Thomas Bernhard, Jorge Luis Borges, Didier van Cauwelaert, Susanna Clarke, Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, T.S.Eliot, Carlos Fuentes, Jason Goodwin, Nick Hornby, Ivan Klima, David Mitchell, Garth Nix, Ian Ogilvy, Bulat Okudzhava, Sylvia Plath, Octavio Paz, Matthew Pearl, Graham Swift, John Updike and Virginia Woolf.

Book series
Title of the series in Polish / English translation of series title
 Biblioteka Klasyki Polskiej i Obcej (Library of Polish and Foreign Classics)
 Biblioteka Krakowska (Cracow Library)
 Biblioteka Poezji Młodej Polski (Young Poland Poetry Library)
 Biblioteka Romantyczna (Romantic Library)
 Biblioteka Studiów Literackich (Library of Literary Studies)
 Cykl Historii Polski (Polish History Series)
 Cracoviana (Cracoviana)
 Cykl wspomnień Żydów krakowskich (Memories of Krakow Jews series)
 Dziela stara seria (An Old Series Shared)
 Dziela: Witold Gombrowicz (Works of Witold Gombrowicz)
 Fantastyka i Groza (Fantasy and Horror)
 Historia i Zagadnienia Sztuki (History and Issues of Art)
 Lekcja Literatury (Literature Lesson)
 Leksykon Historii i Kultury Polskiej (Lexicon of Polish History and Culture)
 Listy Stanislawa Witkiewicza i jego korespondentow (Letters of Stanislaw Witkiewicz and his Correspondents)
 Literatura Iberyjska (Iberian Literature)
 Ludzie i Wydarzenia (People and Events)
 Monografie (Monographs)
 Monografie Historycznoliterackie (History and Literary Monographs)
 Obrazy Współczesności (Contemporary Pictures)
 Pamietniki i Wspomnienia (Diaries and Memories)
 Pisarze Języka Niemieckiego (German Language Writers)
 Polskie Opowiadania Wspolczesne (Polish Contemporary Stories)
 Portrety Wielokrotne (Multiple Portraits)
 Proza Iberoamerykańska (Ibero-American Prose)
 Seria Dawnej Literatury Angielskiej (Early English Literature Series)
 Seria Dwujęzyczna (Bilingual Series)
 Seria Eseju Klasycznego (Classical Essay Series)
 Seria Klasyków Nowoczesnej Literatury (Series of Classics of Modern Literature)
 Seria Pary (Couples Series)
 Seria Tatrzańska (Tatrzańska Series)
 Skarbiec Polski (Treasury of Poland)
 Stanisław Lem poleca (Stanislaw Lem Recommends)
 Studia z Historii Doktryn (Studies in the History of Doctrines)
 Tadeusz Peiper: Pisma
 Wspomnienia oświęcimskie (Auschwitz Memories)
 Wspomnienia Pilota (Pilot's Memories)
 Wydawnictwa Muzeum Tatrzanskiego (Tatra Museum Publishing House)
 Z Dziel Juliusza Kaden-Bandrowskigo (From Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski's Quarter)
 Z Klepsydrą (With an Hourglass)
 Z Materialow Pracowni Badania Sztuki Ludowej Instytutu Sztuki PAN (From the Material Studio of Folk Art Research of the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences)
 Z Prac Muzeum Azji i Pacyfiku (From the Works of the Asia and Pacific Museum)
 Z Prac Zakladu Teatru Instyt (From the Works of the Theater Institute)

References

External links
 Wydawnictwo Literackie at Culture.pl
 WL Wydawnictwo Literackie

Publishing companies of Poland
Publishing companies established in the 1950s
Mass media in Kraków
Book publishing companies of Poland


Events in the year 1889 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Oscar II
Prime Minister: Johan Sverdrup, then Emil Stang

Events
 The metric system was introduced in Norway (the actual law having been passed in 1875).
 The Scandinavian mile was introduced in Norway.

Arts and literature
 The local newspaper Farsunds avis was established.
 The local newspaper Lindesnes was established.

Notable births

20 January – Tryggve Gran, aviator, explorer and author (died 1980)
2 February – Hartmann Bjørnsen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1974)
3 February – Andreas Strand, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1958)
28 February – Hermann Helgesen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1963)
16 February – Kristian Mathias Fimland, politician
22 April – Jacob Pedersen, track and field athlete (died 1961)
27 April – Arnulf Øverland, author (died 1968)
2 May – Margit Schiøtt, politician (died 1946)
16 May – Johan Faye, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (died 1975)
20 May – Rolf Lie, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist
4 June – Thor Jensen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1950)
18 June – Per Krohg, artist (died 1965)
9 July – Nils Thomas, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (died 1979)
25 August – Aslaug Vaa, poet and playwright (died 1965)
2 October – Ingolf Rød, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1963)
24 October  – Anders Kristian Orvin, geologist and explorer (died 1980)
5 November – Einar Staff, wholesaler (died 1972).
20 November – Nils Fixdal, athlete (died 1972)
26 November – Olaf Ørvig, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1939)
2 December – Harald Færstad, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1979)
3 December – Edvin Paulsen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1963)

Full date unknown
Kornelius Bergsvik, politician (died 1975)
Thor Bjørklund, carpenter and inventor of the cheese slicer (died 1975)
Johan Cappelen, jurist and politician (died 1947)
Gunnar Gunnarsson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (died 1976)
Asbjørn Lindboe, politician and Minister (died 1967)
Henry Rudi, huntsman and polar bear hunter (died 1970)
G. Unger Vetlesen, shipbuilder and philanthropist (died 1959)

Notable deaths

10 January – Martin Andreas Udbye, composer and organist (born 1820)
25 January –
Johan Jeremiassen, ship-owner, consul and politician (born 1843)
Johan Lauritz Sundt, industrialist (born 1828).
28 February – Gustava Kielland, author and missionary (born 1800)
10 April – Christian Collett Kjerschow, politician (born 1821)
24 June – August Thomle, jurist and politician (born 1816)
29 June – Gustav Christian Gjøs, politician (born 1810)
16 September – Iver Steen Thomle, jurist (born 1812)
19 October – Jacob Kielland, naval officer and politician (born 1825)
23 December – Johan Jørgen Lange Hanssen, politician (born 1821)
Job Dischington Bødtker, jurist and politician (born 1818)
Ole Jacob Broch, politician and Minister (born 1818)
Halvor Olsen Folkestad, councillor of state (born 1807)
Ketil Motzfeldt, politician and Minister (born 1814)

References


(1935 – 3 April 2020) was a Japanese engraver artist, photographer, and occasional politician.

Born (as Sukenori Akiyama, ) in 1935 in Tokyo, Akiyama studied engraving at Musashino Art School, the predecessor of Musashino Art University, and then worked as an industrial designer for an electrical company. He started exhibiting his own tin engravings and other work from 1965, and in both 1975 and 1979 stood in elections for Governor of Tokyo, bringing pop art into the process.

Exhibitions of his work have included "Akiyama Yūtokutaishi no sekai-ten" () in Ikeda 20-Seiki Bijutsukan (, Itō, Shizuoka) in 1994.

From 1999 until 2003, Akiyama was an adjunct professor at Sapporo University.

From 1992 until around 2009, Akiyama joined Genpei Akasegawa and Yutaka Takanashi in the informal group Raika Dōmei.

Akiyama appears in the film Yūheisha/Terorisuto (dir. Masao Adachi, 2007).

Work by Akiyama is in the permanent collection of the Tokushima Modern Art Museum.

Akiyama died on 3 April 2020.

Books by Akiyama

Tsūzokuteki geijutsuron: Poppu-āto no tatakai (). Tokyo: Doyō Bijutsusha, 1985.
Hōmatsu ketsujin retsuden: Shirazaru chō-zen'ei (). Tokyo: Nigensha, 2002. .
Buriki otoko (). Tokyo: Shōbunsha, 2007. .
Tennen rōjin: Konna ni tanoshii dokkyo-seikatsu (). ASCII Shinsho. Tokyo: ASCII Media Works, 2008. .

Notes

External links
Akiyama's blog
Akiyama's 1975 election poster (as linked from this page  within the MOMAT website)
Akiyama's 1979 election poster
Review by Seigow Matsuoka of Akiyama's book Hōmatsu ketsujin retsuden.

1935 births
2020 deaths
Artists from Tokyo
Japanese photographers
Street photographers
Japanese engravers
20th-century photographers
20th-century engravers
21st-century photographers
21st-century engravers
20th-century Japanese male artists
21st-century Japanese male artists


The 1924 French Grand Prix, officially named the XVIII Grand Prix de l'A.C.F., was a Grand Prix motor race held at Lyon on 3 August 1924  and the designated European Grand Prix of the 1924 season. The race took place over 35 laps of a shortened (now 23.15 km) version of the circuit used in 1914 for a total distance of 810.09 km.

Entries
The 1924 race attracted one of the largest entries of all the French Grands Prix of the 1920s with 22 entries. Sunbeam entered three cars to defend their 1923 win, these being improved versions of the 1923 cars now with superchargers as well as modified bodywork and new four-speed gearboxes. They were to be driven by an all British team consisting of 1923 winner Henry Segrave, Kenelm Lee Guinness and newcomer to the team Dario Resta. Fiat also returned with similar cars to 1923, however with revised superchargers, the team with four cars being led by Felice Nazzaro.

Alfa Romeo made their French Grand Prix debut with their new Alfa Romeo P2s, with four entries to be driven by Antonio Ascari, Giuseppe Campari and Louis Wagner, while Enzo Ferrari did not start as he fell ill. The Alfa Romeos, like the Sunbeams and Fiats, were fitted with Roots-type superchargers.

Three Delages were entered, development from the 1923 cars having continued. Although they were tested with superchargers these were not used due to reliability concerns. Bugatti entered six cars in what was the debut of the highly successful Bugatti T35, however they were uncompetitive in 1924 due to their underpowered, naturally aspirated engines. Two cars based on the 1923 Rolland-Pilains were entered, now rebuilt as Schmids. Giulio Foresti crashed in practice leaving Jules Goux as the only starter for the team. Finally an American Miller was entered by Louis Zborowski, the first private entry ever to be accepted for the French Grand Prix.

Race
At the rolling start Segrave took the lead from the front row which he shared with Albert Divo's Delage, while Ascari immediately came through from the second row into second place. At the end of the first lap Segrave had a small lead over Ascari, Guinness, Campari and Pietro Bordino (in a Fiat). They were then followed by Divo, Resta, Cesare Pastore (Fiat), Robert Benoist (Delage) and René Thomas (Delage).

On the second lap, Bordino was able to overtake Campari, Guinness and Ascari to move into second place, and near the end of his third lap was able to take first place with Segrave making a pitstop for new plugs dropping him from second to 17th place. For the next few laps Ascari was able to keep up with Bordino, while Guinness had to defend his third place from Campari. Wagner had moved up to fifth place with the rest of the field struggling behind. On lap nine Bordino overshot a corner due to fading brakes, giving the lead to Ascari. Although Bordino retook the lead on the next lap he was forced to pit a few laps later to repair his brakes, putting him out of the race, eventually retiring after 17 laps.

Ascari made a scheduled pitstop for fuel and tyres on lap 16, allowing Guinness into a small lead over Campari. On the next lap, however, Guinness blew a tyre forcing a wheel change dropping him to second. Segrave, who was a lap down, had to stop for a new riding mechanic as his had been hit by the tread of Guinness' blown tyre. The order after 17 laps was Campari with nearly a minute over Guinness and Divo, Ascari another two minutes behind in fourth, followed by Benoist, Wagner and Segrave in seventh and just over a lap behind Campari, the rest of the field now some way behind. Ascari quickly moved back up through the field and into first place on lap 20. On the following lap Guinness retired with engine failure giving Alfa Romeo first, second and fifth places, with the Delages in third, fourth and sixth. Over the next few laps the two leading Alfa Romeos stayed close together with Campari taking the lead during lap 27 only for Ascari to retake before the lap was over. Divo in the best placed Delage, was pushing, making up some time but not enough to worry the Italians. Segrave was the fastest driver on the track, moving up to sixth place and on the 29th lap setting the fastest lap of the race, 11 minutes 19 seconds.

On the 32nd lap Ascari began to slow, being passed first by Campari, then a lap later by Divo. Finally with just one lap to go Ascari pulled into the pits. Ascari and his mechanic tried desperately to make the engine restart but the damage was terminal. Mechanic Ramponi attempted to push the car over the line but collapsed, so the Alfa Romeo was a non-finisher. Campari won the race by just over a minute from Divo with Benoist another ten minutes behind in third.

Classification

References

French Grand Prix
French Grand Prix
European Grand Prix
1924 in French motorsport


Events in the year 1819 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles III John

Events
 Morgenbladet, the first Norwegian daily newspaper, was released for the first time.

Arts and literature
 Det Dramatiske Selskab in Fredrikshald is founded.

Births
5 August – Valdemar Knudsen, sugar cane plantation pioneer in Hawaii (d.1898)
13 March – Henriette Wienecke, composer (d. 1907)

Full date unknown
Ivar Christian Sommerschild Geelmuyden, politician (d.1875)
Sivert Christensen Strøm, jurist and politician (d.1902)

Deaths
3 March – Jens Stub, politician (born 1764)
30 October - Anders Hansen Grønneberg, farmer and politician (born 1779).

See also

References