This is a list of Members of the Australian Parliament who have served in both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Section 43 of the Constitution of Australia says: "A member of either House of the Parliament shall be incapable of being chosen or of sitting as a member of the other House".

Consequently, a member of one house who wishes to transfer to the other house must resign from the first house before the election or appointment to the other house.  A person may simultaneously stand for election to both houses, and if successful in both bids, must choose which house he or she will be a member of.  No person has ever successfully stood for election to both houses at the same time.

The following list comprises 50 people (44 men and 6 women).  Of these:
 29 people were members of the House of Representatives before joining the Senate
 21 people were members of the Senate before joining the House of Representatives.

The first person to have been a member of both houses was James McColl (Victoria), on 1 January 1907.  All the other states and territories are represented in the list, the first person from each being:
 Queensland: William Higgs, 13 April 1910
 South Australia: William Story, 5 May 1917
 New South Wales: Josiah Thomas, 1 July 1917
 Tasmania: David O'Keefe, 16 December 1922
 Western Australia: Thomas Marwick, 21 December 1940
 Northern Territory: Grant Tambling, 11 July 1987
 Australian Capital Territory: Bob McMullan, 2 March 1996.

The first woman to have been a member of both houses was Kathy Sullivan (Qld), on 1 December 1984.

In the 46th Parliament:
 three senators (David Fawcett, Pauline Hanson and Deborah O'Neill) were previously members of the House of Representatives, and
 four members of the House of Representatives (David Feeney, Barnaby Joyce, David Smith and Matt Thistlethwaite) were previously senators.

Only two people have gone from one house to another and later returned to the first house:
 Jack Duncan-Hughes, House of Representatives 1922–28, Senate 1931–38, House of Representatives 1940–43
 Sir Philip McBride, House of Representatives 1931–37, Senate 1937–44, House of Representatives 1946–58

No member of this list has yet served the Parliament for an aggregate period of 30 years or more.  The longest-serving person who has been a member of both houses was Bronwyn Bishop, who was in the Senate for 6 years 229 days, and in the House of Representatives for 22 years 44 days, a total of 28 years 274 days.  The shortest-serving person was Thomas Marwick (1 year 65 days in the Senate; 2 years 244 days in the House of Representatives; a total of 3 years 309 days).

There are a number of members who represented different states or territories in the House of Representatives during their career. No person has ever represented more than one state or territory in the Senate. The only person who has ever represented one state or territory in one House and a different state or territory in the other House is Barnaby Joyce (Senate, Queensland, 2005–13; House of Representatives, Division of New England, New South Wales, 2013–17, 2017-).

List of people who have served in both houses
The list is in chronological order based on the date on which the person began their term in the second chamber (in bold).

References

Sources
 Parliamentary Handbook: Members who have served in both chambers
 Parliamentary Handbook: Members of the Senate since 1901
 Parliamentary Handbook: Members of the House of Representatives since 1901

Members of the Parliament of Australia
Lists of legislators in Australia


Prahúa is one of eleven parishes (administrative divisions)  in Candamo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 111 (INE 2011).

Villages
 La Mortera
 Prahúa

References

Parishes in Candamo


The 1982 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1982. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes four selectors as "official" for the 1982 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) based on the input of more than 2,000 voting members; (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) selected by the nation's football writers; and (4) the United Press International (UPI).  Other selectors included Football News (FN), the Gannett News Service (GNS), the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA), The Sporting News (TSN), and the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).

Thirteen players were unanimously selected as first-team All-Americans by all four official selectors. They were:

 Jim Arnold, punter for Vanderbilt
 Anthony Carter, wide receiver for Michigan, consensus first-team All-American in both 1981 and 1982 and the 1982 winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference
 Eric Dickerson, running back for SMU who rushed for 1,617	yards in 1982
 John Elway, quarterback for Stanford, the 1982 recipient of the Sammy Baugh Trophy
 Gordon Hudson, tight end for BYU
 Terry Kinard, defensive back for Clemson, a consensus All-American in both 1981 and 1982 and the CBS National Defensive Player of the Year in 1982
 Steve Korte, offensive lineman for Arkansas
 Don Mosebar, offensive lineman for USC
 Chuck Nelson, placekicker for Washington
 Dave Rimington, center for Nebraska, two-time winner of the Outland Trophy and the namesake of the Rimington Trophy, which is awarded annually to the nation's top collegiate center
 Herschel Walker, running back for Georgia, a three-time consensus first-team All-American who finished second in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1981 and won the award in 1982
 Billy Ray Smith Jr., defensive end for Arkansas and who was a consensus first-team All-American in both 1981 and 1982
 Darryl Talley, linebacker for West Virginia

Consensus All-Americans
The following charts identify the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans for the year 1982 and displays which first-team designations they received.

Offense

Defense

Special teams

Offense

Receivers

 Anthony Carter, Michigan (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Kenny Jackson, Penn State (AP-1, UPI-2)
 Trumaine Johnson, Grambling (TSN)
 Willie Gault, Tennessee (AP-3, GNS-2, NEA)
 Henry Ellard, Fresno State (AP-2, GNS-1)
 Chris Castor, Duke (AP-2)
 Stanley Washington, TCU (GNS-2)
 Mike Martin, Illinois (AP-3, GNS-3)
 Trumaine Johnson, Grambling (GNS-3)

Tight ends

 Gordon Hudson, BYU (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, TSN, WC)
 Tony Hunter, Notre Dame (GNS-2, NEA)
 David Lewis, California (GNS-1)
 Allama Matthews, Vanderbilt (AP-2, UPI-2, FN)
 Darren Long, Long Beach State (AP-3)
 Chris Dressel, Stanford (GNS-3)

Tackles

 Don Mosebar, Southern California (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-2, WC)
 Jimbo Covert, Pittsburgh (CFHOF) (AFCA, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, WC)
 Bill Fralic, Pittsburgh (CFHOF) (AP-1, NEA)
 Harvey Salem, California (AP-2, GNS-2, TSN)
 Chris Hinton, Northwestern (UPI-2, GNS-1, TSN)
 Karl Nelson, Iowa State (NEA)
 Randy Theiss, Nebraska (AP-2)
 Maceo Fifer, Houston (UPI-2)
 Sid Abramowitz, Tulsa (AP-3)
 Robert Oxendine, Duke (AP-3)
 Alfred Mohammad, Arkansas (GNS-3)
 Eric Moran, Washington (GNS-3)

Guards

 Steve Korte, Arkansas (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN)
 Bruce Matthews, USC (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, FN, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Dave Drechsler, North Carolina (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-2, WC [tackle])
 Joe Lukens, Ohio State (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Tom Thayer, Notre Dame (GNS-2)
 Jeff Kiewel, Arizona (GNS-2)
 Wayne Harris, Mississippi State (AP-3)
 Dave Schreck, Air Force (AP-3)
 Rob Fada, Pittsburgh (GNS-3)
 Steve Cox, Tulsa (GNS-3)

Centers

 Dave Rimington, Nebraska (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Bart Oates, Brigham Young (AP-2)
 Wayne Radloff, Georgia (UPI-2, GNS-3)
 Robin Ham, West Texas State (GNS-2)
 Tony Slaton, USC (AP-3)

Quarterbacks

 John Elway, Stanford  (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Tom Ramsey, UCLA (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Tony Eason, Illinois (AP-3, GNS-2)
 Doug Flutie, Boston College (CFHOF) (GNS-3)

Running backs

 Herschel Walker, Georgia (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Eric Dickerson, SMU (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, TSN, UPI-1, FN, GNS-1, NEA, WC)
 Mike Rozier, Nebraska CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, GNS-2)
 Ernest Anderson, Oklahoma State (AP-2, UPI-2, GNS-3, WC)
 Curt Warner, Penn State (UPI-2)
 Tim Spencer, Ohio State (UPI-2)
 James Jones, Florida (GNS-2)
 Marcus Dupree, Oklahoma (AP-3)
 Craig James, SMU (AP-3)
 Mike Gunter, Tulsa (GNS-3)

Defense

Defensive ends

 Billy Ray Smith, Jr., Arkansas (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA [LB], TSN, WC)
 Vernon Maxwell, Arizona State (AFCA, AP-2 [LB], FWAA [LB], UPI-1, GNS-1 [LB], NEA [LB], TSN, WC)
 William Fuller, North Carolina (AP-2 [DT], FWAA)
 Charles Benson, Baylor (AP-2, UPI-2, GNS-1)
 Jody Schulz, East Carolina (AP-3, GNS-2)
 Walker Lee Ashley, Penn State (UPI-2, GNS-3)
 Michael Walter, Oregon (GNS-2)
 Kiki DeAyala, Texas (AP-3)
 Mike Pitts, Alabama (GNS-3)

Defensive tackles

 Mike Pitts, Alabama (AFCA, FWAA, UPI-1, NEA [DE], TSN)
 Rick Bryan, Oklahoma  (AP-2, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-2)
 Gabriel Rivera, Texas Tech (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-2 [MG], GNS-1)
 Mike Charles, Syracuse (FWAA, UPI-2, AP-3)
 Bill Maas, Pittsburgh (TSN)
 Jimmy Payne, Georgia (WC)
 Gary Lewis, Oklahoma State (AP-1, GNS-1)
 Charles Benson, Baylor, (NEA [DE])
 Jim Jeffcoat, Arizona State (GNS-1)
 Mark Bortz, Iowa (UPI-2)
 Andrew Provence, South Carolina (AP-3, GNS-2)
 William Pery, Clemson (AP-3)

Middle guards

 George Achica, USC (AP-1, UPI-1, GNS-3, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Tim Krumrie, Wisconsin (WC)
 Karl Morgan, UCLA (AP-2)

Linebackers

 Darryl Talley, West Virginia (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN)
 Marcus Marek, Ohio State (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-1, WC)
 Ricky Hunley, Arizona (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, GNS-2)
 Wilber Marshall, Florida (CFHOF) (AP-1, FWAA, UPI-2, GNS-1)
 Mark Stewart, Washington (AP-1, TSN, WC)
 Tony Caldwell, Washington (NEA)
 Albert Richardson, LSU (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Scott Radecic, Penn State (UPI-2, GNS-1)
 Garin Veris, Stanford (GNS-2)
 Ray Cone, Colorado (GNS-2)
 Darrell Patterson, TCU (GNS-2)
 Johnny Jackson, New Mexico (AP-3)
 Andy Ponselgo, Navy (AP-3)
 Mark Zavagnin, Notre Dame (AP-3)

Defensive backs

 Terry Kinard, Clemson (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Terry Hoage, Georgia (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Mike Richardson, Arizona State (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, TSN, WC)
 Mark Robinson, Penn State (AP-3, FWAA, UPI-2, GNS-2, NEA, TSN)
 Tommy Wilcox, Alabama (WC)
 James Britt, LSU (NEA)
 Jeremiah Castille, Alabama (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-2, GNS-1)
 Dave Duerson, Notre Dame (FWAA)
 Leonard Smith, McNeese State (GNS-1)
 Keith Bostic, Michigan (AP-2, UPI-2)
 Russell Carter, SMU (AP-2)
 Gill Byrd, San Jose State (GNS-2)
 Vince Newsome, Washington (GNS-2)
 Joey Browner, USC (AP-3, GNS-2)
 Mike Williams, Army (AP-3)

Special teams

Kickers

 Chuck Nelson, Washington (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, GNS-1, NEA, TSN, WC)
 Fuad Reveiz, Tennessee (AP-2, GNS-2)
 Paul Woodside, West Virginia (AP-3, UPI-2)
 Mike Bass, Illinois (GNS-3)
 Kevin Butler, Georgia (GNS-3)

Punters

 Jim Arnold, Vanderbilt (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, FN, GNS-2, NEA, TSN)
 Reggie Roby, Iowa (AP-3, UPI-2, GNS-3, WC)
 Jim Colquitt, Tennessee (GNS-1)
 Bucky Scribner, Kansas (AP-2)

Returners

 Willie Gault, Tennessee (FWAA)

Key

 Bold – Consensus All-American
 -1 – First-team selection
 -2 – Second-team selection
 -3 – Third-team selection
 CFHOF = College Football Hall of Fame inductee

Official selectors

 AFCA – American Football Coaches Association
 AP – Associated Press
 FWAA – Football Writers Association of America
 UPI – United Press International

Other selectors

 FN – Football News
 GNS – Gannett News Service
 NEA – Newspaper Enterprise Association "picked from a consensus poll of coaches, writers and pro scouts by syndicated columnist Murray Olderman"
 TSN – The Sporting News
 WC – Walter Camp Football Foundation

See also
 1982 All-Big Eight Conference football team
 1982 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1982 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team
 1982 All-SEC football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


This is a list of operas by the German composer Johann Adam Hiller (1728–1804).

List

References
Sources
Bauman, Thomas (1992), 'Hiller, Johann Adam' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)

Lists of operas by composer
Lists of compositions by composer


San Román is one of eleven parishes (administrative divisions)  in Candamo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 325 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Ferreras
 Las Parrucas
 San Román

Demography

References

Parishes in Candamo


San Tirso is one of eleven parishes (administrative divisions)  in Candamo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 153 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Otero
 Villa
 San Tirso

References

Parishes in Candamo


El Valle is one of eleven parishes (administrative divisions)  in Candamo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 133 (INE 2011).

Villages
 Canales
 Candamin
 El Valle

References

Parishes in Candamo


Ventosa is one of eleven parishes (administrative divisions)  in Candamo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size with a population of 320 (INE 2011).

Villages

Parishes in Candamo


Bernardo Malvar Villegas is a Filipino economist and writer best known for being one of the framers of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, for authoring a number of widely used Philippine economics textbooks, and for his role in the founding of two influential Philippine business organizations, the Center for Research and Communication and the Makati Business Club.

He is also known for advising Philippine presidents since the Fifth Philippine Republic came into power in 1986, and as a professor and vice president at the University of Asia and the Pacific, as well as visiting professor at the  IESE Business School in Barcelona.

Education
Villegas is a Certified Public Accountant, having obtained his bachelor's degree in commerce and the humanities (both summa cum laude) from De La Salle University. He later earned his doctorate degree in economics at the Harvard University, becoming a teaching fellow at Harvard's College of Arts and Sciences at the age of 21.

While at Harvard, Villegas and Filipino fellow-student Jesus Estanislao attended activities organized by Opus Dei, and became members before returning to the Philippines in 1964.

Center for Research and Communication and Makati Business Club
On August 15, 1967, Villegas and Estanislao formally established the Center For Research and Communication, a non-profit private research center that served as a think tank for private sector businesses and a provider of economics training programs.

In 1981, Villegas became a member of the founding Executive Board of the Makati Business Club, a forum to address economic and social policy issues which affect the development of the Philippines, together with Enrique Zobel and former ambassador Jose V. Romero Jr. Villegas remains a member of the board of trustees.

Constitutional Commission of 1986

As a prominent Philippine economist towards the end of the Marcos dictatorship and a key member of both the Center for Research and Communication and the Makati Business Club, Villegas played an important role in Philippine history during the mid-1980s. The Philippine economy had been in decline since 1981 and went into a full nosedive in early 1983 after the US increased interest rates, sparking a series of events that led to the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986.  Villegas’ expertise as an economist led to him being appointed as a member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986, framed the Philippines’ new democratic constitution, which would be ratified by plebiscite in 1987.

At the closing session of the commission, its President Cecilia Muñoz-Palma recognized Villegas’ signature contributions to the constitution: “...principles of solidarity and subsidiarity and the social function of property in the Article on the National Economy, and the right to life of the unborn from conception.”

According to his own account, Villegas was part of the minority which objected to the protectionist stance taken by the constitution against foreign investors. However, the majority prevailed and provisions were added to limit the potential role of foreign investors in key sectors of the Philippine economy.

Villegas also played a part in the efforts to recover the unexplained wealth of the Marcos family. In the book “Philippine Political Economy: The Marcos Years,”  Philippine Ambassador to Italy Jose Romero Jr. recalls that Dr. Villegas was the source US Ambassador to the Philippines Stephen Bosworth had referred to when he testified to the United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs that about US$10 billion worth of capital had left the Philippines since the Philippine economy went into a nosedive in 1983. The PCGG later cited a similar amount as an estimate of the unexplained wealth of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos.

As one of the framers of the 1987 constitution, Villegas is considered an amicus curiae (friend of the court) by the Philippine Supreme court.

University of Asia and the Pacific and current roles

Villegas and Estanislao had attended a private meeting with Opus Dei founder Msgr. Josemaría Escrivá in 1970, which inspired them to transform CRC into a university.  This resulted in the CRC offering its first graduate program, the Masters in Industrial Economics.  This was followed by the establishment of the CRC's College of Arts and Sciences in 1989, and the government recognition of the new University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P) on June 26, 1995. Villegas became a professor at UA&P. But he also remained part of the CRC, which had retained its identity as a think tank, where he now serves as research director.

Villegas has written seven books, articles in Global Nation, several economics textbooks used in Philippine educational institutions, and books on management. He sits on the boards of a large number of Filipino and international corporations in several sectors and industries. He is also a consultant on management development and strategic planning.

Awards
Villegas received awards including the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) 1972, Fulbright, Johnson Foundation, Asia Foundation and the Instituto de Cultura Hispanica.

Written works
 State of the Philippine Economy
 Strategic Guidelines to Investments in the Philippines
 Challenge in Asia
 The Philippine Economy after the May Elections
 The Outlook of Asia Economic Region
 Book of Values, University of Asia and the Pacific, 1998,
 The Philippine Advantage, University of Asia and the Pacific, 2001,
A Filipino's vision for recovery: polevaulting to the third millennium, University of Asia and the Pacific Foundation, 1997,
The Philippines at the threshold of the third millennium, University of Asia and the Pacific in cooperation with Philip Morris Philippines Inc., 2000,
The Filipino phenomenon, University of Asia and the Pacific Foundation, 1998,
Economics and society: policy perspectives for the 1990s, Sinag-Tala Publishers, 1989,

References

External links
Asia Speaker's Agency on Bernardo Villegas
Author's website

Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Living people
Opus Dei members
20th-century Filipino economists
De La Salle University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986
21st-century Filipino economists


Marmor is a form of marble. It may refer to:

 Marmor, Queensland, a town in Queensland, Australia
 Marmorie, or Marmor, a warhorse in the French epic The Song of Roland

People
 Andrei Marmor (born 1959), Israeli philosopher
 Judd Marmor (1910–2003) American psychiatrist
 Kristian Marmor (born 1987), Estonian footballer

See also
 Marmora (disambiguation)


The Geistkreis ("Mind Circle") was an informal Viennese seminar of science and ideas founded by Friedrich Hayek and Herbert Furth in the early 1920s, whose members included sociologist Alfred Schutz, philosopher  Felix Kaufmann, economists Fritz Machlup, Gottfried Haberler and Oskar Morgenstern, political scientist Eric Voegelin, Friedrich Engel-Janosi, Franz Glück, mathematician Karl Menger, art historians Otto Benesch and Johannes Wilde, among others.

The members of the circle presented papers on mathematics, the natural science, sociology, history, philosophy, art, literature, neuroscience, economics, among other intellectual topics.  The members met once or twice a month to discuss technical and theoretical subjects from across the world of ideas. The circle was first formed in 1921 and continued to meet in one form or another until 1938.  Over the course of that period 25 individuals participated in the circle.

References

Organisations based in Vienna
1921 establishments in Austria
1920s in Vienna
1930s in Vienna
1938 disestablishments in Austria


Warsame (, ) is a traditional Somali name meaning bearer of good news. 'War' translates into news and 'same' (bearer of good) into positivity or good in Somali. The equivalent name for girls is Warsan which means 'good news" (as name it means "she who brings good news")

Given name
Warsame Abdi Shirwa, former Minister of Information of Puntland region of Somalia
Warsame Shire Awale (1951–2012), Somali poet and playwright
Warsama Hassan Houssein, Djiboutian professional footballer

Surname
Amina Warsame, Somali social scientist
Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame, Somali politician
Abdi Shire Warsame, Somali diplomat who was the former Somali Ambassador to Iran and Kenya
Abdi Warsame, Somali American member-elect of the Minneapolis City Council
Abdi Warsame Isaq, former chairman of the Southern Somali National Movement (SSNM)
Ahmed Warsame, the Head of the former Somali Military Academy and Somali National Front
Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame, Somali prisoner of the United States
Ali Shire Warsame, Somali politician, General Surgeon and  businessman
Ali Haji Warsame, Somali entrepreneur, accountant, and politician
Hanad Zakaria Warsame, doctor
K'naan (Keinan Abdi Warsame), Somali-Canadian rapper
Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi', Somali poet and songwriter
Mohamed Warsame Ali, Somali politician and diplomat
Mohammed Abdullah Warsame (born 1973), Somali born Canadian citizen and suspected terrorist arrested in 2003 by American police
Saado Ali Warsame, Somali-American singer-songwriter and politician
Yasmin Warsame (born 1976), Somali-Canadian model
Yusuf Warsame Saeed, Somali politician
Zaki Warsame, Qur’an professor in Abu Hurairah Centre, Canada

References

Somali-language surnames
Somali masculine given names
Somali given names


Malcolm Sathiyanathan Adiseshiah (18 April 1910 – 21 November 1994), was an Indian development economist and educator.  In 1976 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award. In 1998, UNESCO created the Malcolm Adiseshiah International Literacy Prize in recognition of his contribution to education and literacy. He was nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, in 1978.

Early years and education
Adiseshiah was born on 18 April 1910 in Vellore, southern India. He is the second of the five children of Paul Varanasi Adiseshiah and Grace Nesamma Adiseshiah. His father was a professor of philosophy and the first Indian principal of Voorhees College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu State, India. His mother was a musician who had studied up to the Senior Cambridge (High School) and was the first woman Councilor of the Vellore Municipality. She taught her five children until they were ten years of age. Malcolm Adiseshiah obtained a doctorate in economics at the London School of Economics, William, the eldest brother, in philosophy at Cambridge, Padmini in education, and Noble in medicine.

Adiseshiah studied in Voorhees High School, where he obtained two double promotions. He completed his secondary school education at the age of thirteen to join Voorhees College for his ‘intermediate’ course (equivalent to +2 course now.) Then he shifted to Loyola College, Chennai, for his BA (Honours), where Ramaswamy Venkataraman, the former President of India, was his classmate. After a six-year teaching interregnum at the St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College in Calcutta (now Kolkata), he proceeded to King's College, Cambridge, for his MA (Banking) and then to the London School of Economics (1937–40) for pursuing his doctoral research with specialization in currency. Late Dr. R. N. Poduval, who served in FAO and then was Chairman of Centre for Research in Economic and Social Development, Chennai, was two years his junior in LSE.

In later life, after his retirement from UNESCO, Adiseshiah recalled his training and research"

Teaching career
In 1930 Adiseshiah joined as a lecturer in St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College, an affiliate of the University of Calcutta, and continued until 1936. He worked on planning a rural service program in the college in cooperation with the Visva-Bharati University associates at Sriniketan and Santiniketan.

In 1940, after obtaining his doctorate at the age of thirty, he joined Madras Christian College, Chennai, as its first professor and head of the economics department. His role and support for the British government in the notorious and deadly Bengal famines of 1940s is controversial. He remained there until 1946. Prof. K. N. Raj, founder of Centre for Developmental Studies, Tiruvananthapuram, and G. Jagathpathy, former Chief Secretary of the government of Madhya Pradesh, were his students in the 1941-44 batch of BA Honours course. Raj recalled this experience:

His publications in the 1940s included books on banking, rural development, and agricultural transformation. He was engaged, with his fellow economists in the Madras University, in work on planning the future industrialization of India and Madras State.

Personal life
Adiseshiah married Helen Paranjothi, with whom he had a son and a daughter. The separation process with Helen Paranjothi started in 1946, and the annulment of the marriage came in 1956. Adiseshiah then married Elizabeth Pothen, a history professor he met at the Madras Women’s Christian College.

UNESCO and UN service
From 1946 to 1948,  Adiseshiah served as Associate General Secretary of the World University Service in Geneva. This association later helped him to support steps for the construction of the World University Service Centre in Chennai and women’s hostels in Delhi and Rajasthan. During that period, he was also connected with the World Student Christian Federation and Student Volunteer Service.

From 1 to 16 November 1945, a United Nations Conference was convened in London to establish of an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF). In the conference, a new organization was created to establish the “intellectual and moral solidarity of mankind” and thus prevent the outbreak of another world war. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was founded by thirty-seven countries. Its Constitution to promote collaboration between member states in the fields of education, science and culture was signed on 16 November 1945 and came into force on 4 November 1946. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, former President of India, was a former student of Adiseshiah’s father. He made a referral to Sir Julian Huxley, then Director-General of UNESCO, who invited Adiseshiah to the organization in 1948. He was posted as Deputy Director of the department of exchange of persons. In that capacity, Adiseshiah signed the UNESCO Fellowship letter in 1949 to M. S. Swaminathan, eminent scientist, and administrator, to pursue research at the Agricultural University in Wageningen, the Netherlands, which was the starting point illustrious career.

In March 1950, Adiseshiah was promoted to the Director of technical assistance department, and he was one of its six top executives. Adiseshiah was authorized to represent the Director-General at the technical assistance board set up by the UN.

Rene Ochs, a fellow member of staff, who later rose to be a Director at UNESCO, wrote about this period:

UNESCO's tentative proposals were submitted for Technical Assistance for Economic Development in 1950-51. Adiseshiah organized the new department, established area desks corresponding to UN geographical regions, instituted the procedures and methods of operation, and set up a ‘report and information unit’ which periodically produced a technical assistance bulletin.

In 1955, he was promoted as one among the three Assistant Directors General of UNESCO and put in charge of development.

The third stage of UNESCO's activities dates from the early sixties, when many African countries became independent and joined it. In 1962, he was promoted to the post of Deputy Director-General of UNESCO. Then he was the sole incumbent to that office. The UNESCO began organizing important regional conferences of ministers of education or ministers of sciences along with economic development ministries. The first Asian Ministers of Education Conference was held in Karachi in 1959 and the first conference for Africa in Addis Ababa in 1960.

In 1991, Sylvain Lourie, Assistant Director General of UNESCO, wrote:

Adiseshiah was responsible for developing the Karachi Plan for Universal Primary Education for Asia, the Addis Ababa and Santiago plans for the African and Latin American educational development, and the corresponding science plans for Asia, Africa, and Latin America. He worked with David Owen, Executive Chairman of the Technical Assistance Board, to convince donor countries since the financing of the expanded program rested on voluntary contributions made by them at pledging conferences. In the need of additional sources, he established relations with the International Development Association (IDA), Inter-American Development Bank, and other regional development banks. In 1962 UNESCO approached the World Bank, also known as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), for medium trade credit for funding a project in Tunisia. The IBRD, until then, was concentrating on investments in physical capital.  Adiseshiah contributed to the persuasion to shift IBRD’s focus exclusively from the expansion of physical capital towards the development of human capital, especially the extension of education.  In 1964 he participated in negotiating the memorandum of understanding between the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and UNESCO. He introduced flexibility in utilizing multilateral aid. Adiseshiah used a substantial part of USSR's contribution for technical assistance to establish IIT, Mumbai. The expanded technical assistance program was merged with the United Nations Special Fund to form the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), which was launched in 1966. He formulated a program of technical and financial assistance in each country, which he started with a global outlay of $3 million per annum in 1950. When he retired from the organization, the outlay had increased to $300 million.

Adiseshiah said:

Adiseshiah kindled efficiency by arousing team spirit. He had mastered the art of training a team to fulfill the aspirations of the mission. He made two rounds of round the world trips each year which took him to as many as twenty-five countries in succession. He organized more than 120 projects in various countries for their economic and social development through education, science, and culture.

Adiseshiah visited the hundred and twenty-seven member states of the UN several times. He visited each one of the Third World countries that were becoming a member of the UNESCO, studied its economic situation first hand, assessed its need for literacy and education, and made recommendations as to how those needs could be met in the ‘Mission Reports.’ Each of the ‘Mission Reports’ was reported to be pioneering contributions about the specific regions on which the reports focused on the emerging discipline of development economics.

In 1970 the then Director-General, Rene Maheu, was reluctant to let him retire. Adiseshiah insisted on leaving. Rene Maheu obtained the sanction of the Executive Board of UNESCO to replace Adiseshiah with two Deputy Director-Generals.

There are in the UNESCO archives 118 Adiseshiah files covering approximately 48,000 pages.

As a UNESCO official, he rendered assistance to Indian projects.  The publication of the UNESCO Art Album on Ajantha was mainly due to his yeomen efforts. It was due to his vision that the heritage sites of humankind must be preserved for all posterity.

UNESCO assisted in the setting up of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi: the establishment of first TV broadcasts in India; the reorganization of Films Division of India; the provision of twenty renowned Professors of engineering and science; the supply of $12 million worth of equipment to IITs of Bombay and Kharagpur; the expansion of aeronautical engineering in Madras Institute of Technology; and the provision of experts and equipment to Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology in Madras (now Chennai), Tamil Nadu.

He was instrumental in rendering such assistance to all member nations of UNESCO, emphasizing to Asian, African, and South American countries.

After his retirement from UNESCO until 1991, he had visited countries of Africa, Latin America, and Asia at their invitation three times a year to advise them on their development plans.

In January 1981, Adiseshiah was elected chairman of the governing board of the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) for a five-year period.  In 1986 he was re-elected for a second term for five years. In 1987, 1991, and 1992 he was the chairman of the jury for the selection of the international literacy prize winners. In 1989 he delivered the Presidential Address at the World Literacy Day function in Paris.

Adiseshiah was a member of the UN International Committee of Consultants on Environment.  He was the co-coordinator of the UNESCO Working Group on the New International Economic Order.  He reviewed India’s experience with the UN during the first forty years of its existence in an assessment of the role of the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the powerful interests working behind the scenes in shaping their policies in a book which he edited.

MIDS

In September 1970, Adiseshiah and his wife Elizabeth registered in Paris a trust fund for starting Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS hereafter). MIDS was conceived to undertake studies and research on developmental issues on the economy, polity, and society with particular reference to Tamil Nadu state. MIDS started functioning in January 1971 in one of their properties in Gandhinagar, Adyar, a Chennai suburb.  Adiseshiah was its first director.  Adiseshiah started publishing the publishing of ‘Bulletin – Madras Development Seminar Series’ in February 1971 and wrote its editorials every month from February 1971, covering international, national, and Tamil Nadu issues until his death. ‘This surely’ wrote Prof.S. Subramanian, in the prolegomena of the special issue of the Bulletin, bought out after his demise, ‘is the stuff of which archives are made’10

As Chairman, he evinced a keen interest in all activities of the institute. The way he conducted the meetings of the Governing Council, the meticulous care with which he handled the agenda items, the intense attention he paid to every detail, the insistence that the minutes of the meetings should be made available to the members within three days and the concern he had to attract highly qualified faculty to the institute from all regions of India were all reflections of his exceptional caliber as an institution builder. At the same time, he never interfered in the day-to-day activities of the institute, which were within the administrative province of the director. The faculty and staff had easy access to him. But they had to finish their business with him as quickly as possible since he would signal his craving to return to his unfinished work the very next moment after their business was heard or resolved!

As Dr. Barbara Harris-White of IDC, Oxford University writes,

In the early 1990s, he apprehended that the Central and State governments might not fulfill their financial commitments to the institute to the fullest extent necessary. It made him sad. With his wide contacts, he, who had succeeded in finding resources for UNESCO’s massive technical assistance program, could have easily raised additional resources for the institute had he solicited for it. But he was reluctant to ask. He, who insisted that all departments of Madras University should combine both teaching and research programs, failed to introduce a teaching program in his institute. Nor was he successful in the construction of accommodation for the doctoral scholars of his institute.

Educationalist
His early teaching career, his Vice Chancellorship of the Madras University, and his various activities in his entire life had their focal point in education. A major part of his UNESCO service was spent formulating educational programs for the developing world.

The General Conference of UNESCO, in its fifteenth session, authorized the publication of a work designed to clarify the basic concepts concerning the contribution of education, science, and culture to develop. In the course of the discussions about the resolution, reference was made to the many speeches of Adiseshiah on related themes delivered in Oxford, United Kingdom in 1961; Cambridge, UK, and Tananarive, Madagascar in 1962; Madras, India in 1963; Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1964; Washington, DC, USA in 1968 and many others. He was requested to write a book based on the facts and ideas presented in those speeches about that book, U Thant, then Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his ‘Foreword’ writes:

That was the respect he commanded in the UN as an educationalist of eminence.

He undertook a survey of the school education in Tamil Nadu in the late 1970s and published an influential report. His contributions to the growth dynamics of education are numerous. These include the devising of the curricula for primary and secondary education, vocationalization, preparation of teaching material, the introduction of science and technology at appropriate levels, preparation of syllabi for a collegiate education, examination reform, giving a new thrust to the quality, content, direction, and methodology of social science research, compilation, and analysis of educational data and financing of education.

He was instrumental in setting up the Asian Social Science Research Council, New Delhi, and was its first President. He was a member of the Central Advisory Board of Education, the Indian National Commission for Co-operation with UNESCO, the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), and the National Council of Teacher Education. The ICSSR requested him to undertake a review of its work and suggest the lines it should develop. His meticulously compiled two-volume report, one on a retrospect and the other on the prospect, had been an influential guide in the development of social science of research in India at that period.

He was the chairman of the panel which reviewed the functioning of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS). Andhra University entrusted to him the review of the working of the social science departments at Waltair. He chaired the committee set up to recommend the establishment of Mother Teresa Women's University in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu.

Non-formal education
Non-formal education to cover the vast multitudes that were denied a chance to join formal educational institutions was attempted in various forms in India. The Farmers Functional Literacy Project of 1967 was among the earliest attempts in India.  Adiseshiah founded the Tamil Nadu Board of Continuing Education in 1976 and took all steps to sustain and advance its activities. He was its President for four terms. He chaired the Non-Formal Education Curriculum Preparation Committee in 1976. When the National Adult Education Programme (NAEP) was launched on 2 October 1978, Adiseshiah, then Vice-Chancellor of Madras University was appointed President of the Indian Adult Education Association. Soon he became a member of the Rajya Sabha and used the opportunity to expand the adult education program to cover all parts of the country.

He was president of the Viswayuvak Kendra. He was a member of the UGC Standing Committee on Adult Education. When the country launched the National Literacy Mission on 5 November 1988, Adiseshiah was the natural choice for its leadership. The Mission searched for an alternative agency and a strategy to create a country-wide churning for literacy and created the Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samithi (BGVS) in August 1989 and invited Adiseshiah to be its President. BGVS facilitated the shift of adult education from a government-controlled, government-sponsored program to acquire a status of a mass movement. Adiseshiah had the satisfaction of witnessing the declaration of Ernakulam district in Kerala as having achieved the status of total literacy on 4 February 1990. The new premises of the State Resources Centre of the Tamil Nadu Board of Continuing Education was named after him and was declared open on his 83rd birthday on 18 April 1992.

Offer of Governorship
Late V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, who was a cabinet minister in the DMK and AIADMK ministries in Tamil Nadu, recalled the memorial meeting held in the Centenary Hall of the Madras University in December 1995 that Adiseshiah refused to accept the offer of a Governorship of a state in 1977. He said that a central cabinet minister asked Adiseshiah’s consent for appointment as Governor of Goa. Adiseshiah immediately refused the offer stating that he was not willing to accept any task which would cause his long separation from his beloved MIDS. After consulting with the then Prime Minister of India, the central Cabinet minister offered Adiseshiah the Governorship of Tamil Nadu, knowing full well that it was against the prevailing convention that no person born in any state would be appointed governor of that state.

Adiseshiah was in a tight corner. He requested a day to make up his mind. The next day, during the morning constitutional along the Marina beach, he asked Nedunchezhian, who was his walk companion for many years, for his opinion about the offer.  Nedunchezhian replied that Adiseshiah was always a man of action. The state governor was more a ceremonial post that would only put fetters around his multi-pronged activities.  Later in the day, Adiseshiah conveyed to the central cabinet minister that he was not accepting the offer of the Governorship of Tamil Nadu. Nedunchezhian also recalled that it was the only occasion when Adiseshiah consulted him about a ‘political’ decision in his more than two decades of friendship! Surprisingly, Adiseshiah had sought the opinion of his staff, including his car drivers, whether he should accept the governorship or not!

Parliamentarian
Adiseshiah was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in April 1978 for a six-year term as one of the twelve persons under the category of those having special knowledge and practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.  There were rapid changes in the composition of the central government during his term.  He eschewed party politics.  His erudition and experience were appreciated, and his speeches, mainly on economics and education, were listened to with respect. They were interspersed with homely proverbs and quotations.  He urged quick redistribution of land. He recommended the imposition of income tax on rich peasants.  He pleaded for a level playing field and opposed special concessions to non-resident Indians when they invested in India.  He longed for larger two-way traffic between the Central and State Planning Commissions.  He advocated a national energy policy.  He opposed the nationalization of sick mills in the private sector.  In education, he was opposed to haphazard expansion and steadfastly stood for consolidation.  He provided a strong voice for teachers.  As a humanist, he was deeply concerned with the reduction of poverty, especially in the rural areas.  He showed his courage to dissent when the occasion demanded.  He provided an outstanding example of a role model for what a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha should be.

Author
Adiseshiah wrote elegant prose, lucid and precise. He was a prolific writer. He edited MIDS Bulletin for twenty-four years.  Predictably a very major portion of his writings was on education in all its dimensions – literacy, school and higher education, adult education, women's education, non-formal education, continuing education, technical education, science education, university education, research methods, and the like. Social sciences commanded a great deal of his attention. But he had a much broader perspective. He had written extensively on the environment and edited a book on that theme. He was very concerned about nuclear energy. Globalization and the new international economic order drew a lot of his notice. Rural poverty and inequality were other of his core topics. Next to education, these occupied his prime attention. Price policy, foreign trade, economic planning, statistics, panchayat raj, and wasteland development are among the many areas on which he had written.  His writings were marked by analytical rigor.

He employed all printed media such as books, reports, journals, magazines, and newspapers to carry his message. The final issue of MIDS Bulletin (Vol. XXV No.1, Nov. 1995) contains an incomplete list of his written material, classified into editorials, books, edited books, presidential addresses, convocation addresses, keynote addresses, inaugural addresses, valedictory addresses, journals/magazines, newspaper articles, papers for souvenirs/commemoration volumes /essays /surveys /books and miscellaneous papers /lectures. They cover a total of23 pages! They do not include his many volumes in the UNESCO archives, the numerous reports of committees and commissions in which he was a member, his writings in the period 1930-48, and most of his writings as Vice-Chancellor of Madras University.

In the cause of Tamil and Tamil Nadu
Adiseshiah loved Tamil but was no chauvinist. He was instrumental in obtaining UNESCO assistance to the translation programs of Tamil classics. The Ayodhya canto of the Ramayana, as told by Kamban translated from Tamil by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji), was published in 1961 under UNESCO-sponsored programs and publications. The Interior Landscape: love poems from a classical Tamil anthology translated by A.K. Ramanujan was	published in 1967 under the same program.

He encouraged the publication of research articles in Tamil. MIDS brought out, and still brings out, Tamil translations and Tamil books.

He brought out the Hindi and Tamil versions of UNESCO’s journal ‘Courier’.

He lent a helping hand to launc of the World University Centre in Spur Tank Road in Chennai.

He desired the heritage sites to be well preserved. So he arranged for UNESCO funding for the renovation of Sri Rangam Ranganatha, Madurai Meenakshi, Thanjavur Brahadeeswara, and seven other temples. He initiated a pioneering research work by a French scholar tracing the history and traditions of the Sri Rangam temple in Tamil Nadu.

He lent a helping hand in obtaining assistance from UNESCO and the French government for organizing the Third World Tamil Conference in Paris in 1969. As Acting Director-General of UNESCO, he inaugurated it, delivering his address in three languages, Tamil, English, and French.

The speed with which he acted could be gauged from the fact that the General Conference of UNESCO at its session in November 1968 accepted the recommendation of the Second International Conference on Tamil Studies held at Madras on 3-10, January 1968 and authorized the Director-General of UNESCO to assist in the creation of an International Institute of Tamil Studies at Madras. In 1970, his last year at UNESCO, he was satisfied with witnessing the setting up of the Institute at Madras, Tamil Nadu.

Though it was personally inconvenient for him because he had lost touch with the language during his long vacation in Europe, he still would write articles in Tamil whenever requested to do so. At a function to commemorate his 83rd birthday on 18 April 1992, when the new office premises of the Tamil Nadu Board of Continuing Education was named after him, he gave a stirring speech in chaste Tamil, which was well appreciated.

He strove hard to reply in Tamil all letters addressed to him in Tamil.

Other activities
Adiseshiah was President of the Indian Economic Association in 1973-74 and presided over the Waltair session of its Annual Conference in 1974. Subsequently, as a past President, he evinced keen interest in putting the association’s finances in sound order. He took steps to advance its publishing record.

He was also a member of the Royal Economic Society.

He was a member of the Governing Body of Centre for Development Studies (CDS) since 1980 and was its chairman for six years, 1986-92. Under his chairmanship, the Centre entered into an agreement with the United Nations Fund for Population Activities and the Government of India for conducting an international training program in population and development.

Adisehsiah succeeded Prof. Lakdawala as Chairman of the Institute of Social Sciences (ISS) and last presided over the Governing Body meeting on 11 November 1994.  It was in the inaugural address to the seminar on Panchayati Raj in Karnataka in October 1985 at ISS that Adiseshiah made the following often-quoted comment:

Death
His life came to a quick end. He was hospitalized for less than a week with kidney and heart ailments. He was conscious till the last day. He died on 21 November 1994, aged 84 years.

Elizabeth Adiseshiah died in 1986, leaving all her property to her husband.  In Dr. Adiseshiah’s will, he had bequeathed his valuable residential property to MIDS, and his remaining wealth for setting up Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust (MEAT) for conducting programs in the broad area of economics – teaching and research, both fundamental and applied.

In 1993 and 1994, UNESCO PROSPECTS: Quarterly review of comparative education published a series of profiles of 100 famous educators from around the world. In the company of intellectuals like Aristotle, Confucius, Freud, Gramsci, Locke, Plato, and Rousseau, the list includes seven Indians. They are Malcolm Adiseshiah, Sri Aurobindo, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Jiddu Krishnamurti, J.P. Naik, Rabindranath Tagore, and Vivekananda. These articles have subsequently been collected and published under the title “Thinkers on Education” in three volumes, edited by Tedesco, Juan Carlos and Morsy, Zaghloul, [Paris, UNESCO; New Delhi, Oxford & IBH Publishing, 1997].

In his honour
Adiseshiah is remembered for significant awards, prizes, scholarships, and endowed chairs. The annual Malcolm Adiseshiah International Literacy Prize (value US $15,000) was awarded by UNESCO in 1998. The prize rewards organizations or individuals who displayed outstanding merit and achieved with particularly effective results in contributing to the fight for literacy among the member countries of UNESCO.

The National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER]), New Delhi, in partnership with the Indian International Centre, New Delhi, and support of the Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust, has organized the Malcolm Adiseshiah Mid-Year Review of the Indian Economy since 2011.NCAER prepares the annual review, and the proceedings are jointly published.

A Founder’s Day Lecture by a distinguished social scientist is arranged annually in MIDS, Chennai. To commemorate Professor Adiseshiah's cosmopolitanism, a Visiting Professorial Chair has been instituted there whereby a scholar of distinction is invited to that position. The Malcolm and Elizabeth Adiseshiah Ph.D. Merit Scholarship is created to provide training and facilities for talented researchers to pursue high-quality academic research dedicated to development issues in Tamil Nadu. An award for the best teacher in economics in Tamil Nadu and prizes to winners of an essay-writing competition held for PG students of Chennai colleges are given annually at MIDS.

The Malcolm Adiseshiah Award carries a cash grant of 200,000 rupees and a citation. It is given every year to a mid-career scholar who has made outstanding contributions to the field of Development Studies. It is instituted by MEAT and presented in a special ceremony in Chennai.

Malcolm S. Adiseshiah, Chair of Development Economics and Decentralised Planning, is instituted by MEAT in the Institute for Social Sciences, New Delhi.

The Emerald Jubilee Malcolm S. Adiseshiah Award, consisting of a gold medallion, a certificate and a shield, is given by the State Resource Centre, Chennai, every year to a district Collector who had made a significant contribution to the rehabilitation of child labor and for imparting vocational education to improve their lot. Adiseshiah was the first president of the center (an autonomous body under the Union Ministry of Human Resource) at its inception in 1973 and held the post for a decade. Dr. Malcolm Adiseshiah Award by the Tamil Nadu Board of Continuing Education and State Resource Centre for Non-Formal Education is given to a person recognizing his contribution to Adult Education at a function in commemoration of World Science Day. Dr. Malcolm Adiseshiah Award of Honour is also provided by them for outstanding community service.

Voorhees College, Vellore has instituted annual awards of Dr. Malcolm S. Adiseshiah Prize for Proficiency in History to the best III year student of the B.A.(History) Class; Dr. Malcolm S. Adiseshiah Prize for Proficiency in Chemistry to the best III Year Student of the B.Sc., (Chemistry) Class and The Adiseshiah Memorial Gold Medal for Proficiency in English to the best student of the III Year B.A./B.Sc., class.  It is unclear whether the last-mentioned prize is awarded in his honor or in honor of his father, who was principal of that college. IIT Delhi Academician Reetika Khera, Avijit Pathak from the Centre for the Study of Social Systems, JNU, Research Scholar V. Kalyan Shankar & Kannan Vishwanatth received  the Malcolm Adiseshiah award.

References

External links
Madras Institute of Development Studies
Malcolm & Elizabeth Adiseshiah Trust, Chennai, Tamil Nadu

1910 births
1994 deaths
UNESCO officials
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
Indian Tamil academics
Vice Chancellors of the University of Madras
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha
Members of the Planning Commission of India
Indian officials of the United Nations


Japan Air Lines Flight 446 was a Japan Air Lines flight from Sheremetyevo International Airport of Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union to Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan.

On November 28, 1972 the DC-8-62 on the route crashed during the initial climb phase upon takeoff from Sheremetyevo. While it is established by investigation that the direct reason for the crash was stalling shortly after takeoff, the Soviet Accident Investigation Committee noted the possibility of accidental deployment of the spoilers and reduced thrust due to engine problems as the cause for this accident.

Accident
On November 28, 1972, Japan Air Lines Flight 446, operated by JA8040 (a DC-8-62), departed from Copenhagen Airport in Denmark bound for Tokyo International Airport in Japan with an intermediate stop at Sheremetyevo International Airport. At 7:51 PM Moscow time (1:51 AM, Nov 29 for Tokyo time), the flight took off from Sheremetyevo, reached an altitude of , stalled, and crashed  beyond the runway end, 30 seconds after leaving the ground.

On board were 6 flight crew (3 of them backup crew), 7 cabin crew, 1 employee of Japan Air Lines, and 62 passengers (of whom 52 were Japanese). All except for 5 flight attendants and 9 passengers perished, which made 62 fatalities. All survivors were seated near first-class seats located in the front section of the fuselage, suffering severe injuries. Eight of the surviving passengers were Japanese; the other was E. Bruce Smith of New Zealand.

The aircraft involved, JA8040, was delivered on July 1969, and written off less than 3.5 years after its delivery, thus being the most short-lived among Japan Airlines' DC-8s. This aircraft was noted for previous involvement in several major incidents: with the nickname Hida, it was used to carry passengers involved in the hijack of Japan Air Lines Flight 351 back to Japan in April 1970; on November 6, 1972, 22 days before the crash, this plane was offered to the hijackers of the JA351 hijack in response to their demand to flee to Cuba, although they were ultimately arrested at Haneda Airport.

This was the second fatal accident within the same calendar year for Japan Air Lines, following Japan Air Lines Flight 471 in June.

Reason
The Soviet Accident Investigation Committee released (according to ICAO standard) the result of CVR and FDR data analysis.

CVR transcript:

00s (Takeoff roll begin)
10s "Time?" "Time is OK." "It's a bit slow..."
25s "Yes." "What?" "We are going."
30s "V1." at 129kt(IAS)
40s "Rotation." "Attention." at 145kt
45s "V2." at 154kt
50s (Mechanical sound)
55s "What's up?" "Spoiler!" at 350ft
60s "What's this?!" "Sorry..." "Left clear." at 300ft
65s "Engine! Engine! No.2! No.2 Engine!" at 100ft
70s (Sound of impact)

The survivors reported three abnormal situations indicating an engine failure, which matched the
description of eyewitnesses on the ground:
Abnormal vibration causing hand luggage to fall from overhead bins during the takeoff roll.
The feeling of slowing down and falling immediately after leaving the ground.
Engine bursting into flames.

The direct reason for the crash was an excessive nose-up attitude leading to a stall. The cause was determined to be one of the following by both sides (Japanese and Soviet investigating personnel):
The accidental deployment of the spoilers during takeoff by the copilot.
To deal with the asymmetric thrust of engines 1 and 2, the nose was inappropriately brought.
Furthermore, after inspecting the wreckage, it was found that despite winter conditions, the anti-ice device of the engines was not activated. Thus, it was possible that the engine thrust diminished due to ice buildup at the air intake.

Based on the above, the sequence of the entire accident could be presumed (but not determined) that:

During the takeoff roll, the copilot tampered with the ground spoiler lever, while saying "This is not fitting in smoothly", then forgot to reset it to the correct position. So, even though the ground spoiler is for use immediately after landing only, the plane had to take off with it extended, generating excessive drag and causing loss of lift .
After liftoff, the inappropriate nose-up input caused excessive pitch angle, which either further reduced the airflow into the ice-covered engine, which was already providing insufficient thrust, or caused the ice blocks built up on the front edge of the wing to be ingested by the engine.
As a result, the engine's compressor stalled, surged, and substantially lost thrust, leading the plane to stall.

There was a theory that the copilot mistook the ground spoiler lever as the landing gear lever, but it is only a theory.

Public reaction
The accident was attributed to pilot error, i.e. the co-pilot's lack of adequate attitude. The voice recorder recorded some of the captain's insensitive colloquial conversation, such as "Yeah(はいよ)" "Kay, Here we goin(やっこらさ)"note. After reports containing the information above was released to the public, Japan Airlines drew much criticism, such as "our floppy flag carrier" from public media, and the problem was even presented before the Diet of Japan.

Apart from this accident, Japan Air Lines suffered several other incidents attributed to human error in the same year: Haneda Airport overrun incident (on May 15), New Delhi crash (on June 14), Gimpo Airport overrun incident (on September 7), Bombay Airport overrun incident (on September 24). As a result, the airline suffered harsh criticism from the public.

In the popular comic strip Sazae-san, Machiko Hasegawa made a sarcastic scene, referring to these accidents:
<blockquote>
While preparing for a business trip, Namihei panicked when he heard Sazae and Wakame talking about "Nikkō 'falling' again", and rushed toward them.
But it turned out that the two was just watching the sunset. Relaxed, Namihei shouted "Please say Nikkō is descending' !"
</blockquote>
(Nikkō is an abbreviation for "Nihon Kōkū"(Japan Airlines in Japanese). Nikkō''''' is also the Japanese term for "sunlight". In Japanese, "the sunlight is falling" means "the sun is setting").

Aftermath
On DC-8s, spoilers are used after landing only (i.e. ground spoiler). Few methods can be used to reduce speed in flight (e.g. before landing), such as deploying the thrust reverser of inner engines on both port and starboard side. Other accidents attributed to accidental deployment of ground spoiler in flight have also occurred. As a result, modifications were done to make ground spoilers unable to deploy in flight altogether.

There are no emergency air brakes installed on DC-8s.

References

External links

446
1972 in the Soviet Union
1972 in Russia
Japan–Soviet Union relations
Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8
1972 in Japan
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972
November 1972 events in Europe


Lissauer is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Abraham Lissauer (1832–1908), Polish-German physician and archaeologist
Ernst Lissauer (1882–1937), German poet and dramatist
Heinrich Lissauer (1861–1891), Prussian-German neurologist
Jack J. Lissauer (born 1957), American research scientist
Robert Lissauer (1917–2004), American composer, author, and musicologist
Trevor Lissauer (born 1973), American actor and musician
Walter Lissauer (1882–1965), German-American member of the Early Birds of Aviation
Woody Lissauer (born 1959), musician and producer best known for his work with the band Cubic Feet

German-language surnames


Yayasan Kemanusiaan Ibu Pertiwi (YKIP), or "Humanitarian Foundation for Mother Earth", is an Indonesian non-profit organization dedicated to operating health and education programs in Bali. The charity was founded in the wake of the 2002 Bali bombings that left 255 people dead and 446 injured. It was cited by Coconuts Bali as one of ten charities doing "amazing work in Bali".

History
Yayasan Kemanusiaan Ibu Pertiwi (YKIP) was established on 12 October 2002, as a response to the 2002 Bali bombings. The initial organization was the Bali Recovery Group, which spent the first six months after the bombing providing support to the various NGOs who came in to help with the relief operations.

In 2003, YKIP began focusing exclusively on helping the victims of the 2002 incident. After the victims' basic necessities were fulfilled, YKIP started to focus on health and education issues, and conducted projects aimed at those living in poverty in Bali.

Office
Mitrais, an IT company with its head office in Bali, supported YKIP from its foundation, providing office space, accounting support, IT, internet, and other forms of assistance. The senior staff of Mitrais are the members of the board of YKIP. In July 2007, YKIP had its own fully furnished and equipped office in the back of Mitrais' office in Kuta.

References

 “SIAPA” in Bali Advertiser, 2007.
 Garuda Magazine, March 2006.

External links
 YKIP website

Foundations based in Indonesia


Wenchong station (), formerly Wenyuan station () during planning and construction, is a terminus of Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under the junction of Dashadi Donglu () and Shihua Lu (), in the Huangpu District. It opened in December 2009. In the future, Line 5 is planned to be extended from Wenchong to .

Station layout

Exits

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Huangpu District


Odani may refer to:

Misako Odani (born 1976), Japanese singer, songwriter, and pianist
Odani Castle, a castle in Kohoku in Shiga Prefecture, Japan

See also
Siege of Odani Castle, the last stand of the Azai clan in 1573


About

Talveda is a village in Nizamabad district of the Indian state Telangana. It is located in Nandipet mandal of the district. Talveda is a large village in Nadipet Mandal with the population of 7150 as per the 2008 census. The population proportion is 55% male and 45% female. Talveda has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the Mandel average of 58%.

Talveda is one among those villages in Nandipet Mandal that were affected by the construction of the Pochampad Dam (Sri Ram Sagar Project). The government of Andhra Pradesh wanted to relocate Talveda at the borders of Nizamabad and Adilabad districts after the village was submerged under water of Pochampad Dam. The people of Talveda didn't want to move that far away and constructed the same village only one kilometer away from the old Talveda Village.

It has one of the best cricket teams in the Mandal, which often falls in top 5 teams, most of the times it remains at first or second position. It was also champion of Volleyball tournaments in mandal.

Most of the People are taking up to devotional path following ISKCON and becoming devotees of Lord Krishna. There are good number of people who follow Shirdi Saibaba and it has a big Saibaba temple. Villagers usyally go to annual Vrindavan Dham. They also make yatras to holy places such as Jagannath Puri, Pandharpur, Tirupati and many more.

Every year the villagers celebrate Katharina on the day of Sri Ramanavami festival and also offer Anna prasadam by the village committee. Many things are governed by this Village Committee.

The village is rich in culture, producing crops and being an example to many villages nearby. Has a great youths who come forward to help in great things such as Blood donation camps and relief activities in natural distress.

History

History of Talveda dates back to the era of Lord Sri Ramachandra. Especially to the incident where Lord Ram kills Vaali, king of Kishkinda and brother of Sugriva.

Lord Ramachandra promises Sugriva to kill Vali and make him the king, but Sugriva does not fully trust Lord Rama Chandra's prowess and tells his hesitation with his closed assembly such as Jāmbavān and Hanumān ji.

Then Lord Ramachandra prepares to prove his powers and asks how he can do that to the assembly.

Then Jāmbavān says, prabhu Ramachandra, Vāli has chased (cut) 3 huge Tala trees with just 3 arrows. It will give us a great confidence if you can do the same.

Then lord Ramachandra asks them to show the place of Tala trees, when taken to the place the Lord chases 7 Tala trees with one arrow.

Tala = Tala tree
Veda = Cutting or clipping or braking

Hence, Talveda.

We had Ramabhadra's lotus feet there, hence from ancient time, bhajans and spiritual activities continues there even now.

You can see this piety even in non devotees and youths in general. Many people follow many malas such as Lord Ayyappa Mala, Hanuman Mala and Devi Mala. They are so enthusiastic in supporting adhyatmik programs.

HG Gaurachadra Das prabhu who hails from Dharpally, started preaching the Hare Krishna (ISKCON) Movement in the village for many years and influenced many devotees to turn to Krishna Consciousness. Ratha Yatra happens there in an ecstatic way led by HG Gaurachandra Prabhu.

The village also has a great influence from Sant Tukaram Maharaj, And Pandharpur temple in Maharashtra. The abhangs and almost daily bhajans in temples are inspired from there. There was a very inspiring group of small boys took up the legacy and learned musical instruments which led to inspire many people in a few districts. All glories to Talveda Bhajan Mandali.

The village has numerous temples throughout the village.

Gallery

References

External links

Villages in Nizamabad district


Obafemi is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Abiodun Obafemi (born 1973), Nigerian footballer
Afolabi Obafemi (born 1994), English footballer
Michael Obafemi (born 2000), Irish footballer
Obafemi Anibaba, Nigerian civil servant and businessman
Obafemi Awolowo (1909–1987), Nigerian politician and leader
Obafemi Ayanbadejo (born 1975), American football fullback
Obafemi Lasode (born 1955), Nigerian actor
Obafemi Martins (born 1984), Nigerian football player

See also
Obafemi Awolowo University, a government-owned and operated Nigerian university


Banda de Ipanema is one of the largest Carnival blocks of Rio de Janeiro's street Carnival festivities. The first parade happened in 1965, when Brazil was under a military dictatorship. In 2004 it was declared part of the city's cultural heritage. The first parade happens on Saturday two weeks before Carnival, and they march again on Carnival Saturday and Carnival Tuesday (Mardi-Gras).
The event attracts as many as 20 thousand people to the streets of Ipanema.

History of Banda de Ipanema

The format of the band was inspired by the Philarmonica Embocadura, a Carnival street band in the city of Uba, in the neighboring state of Minas Gerais. Designer Ferdy Carneiro rented a bus in 1959 to take some of his carioca friends to spend Carnival in his hometown. The event was headed by the presidents of the band, dressed in white suits and hats while pretending to play musical instruments. The actual band was in the back, and the whole town followed along.

The idea lingered on, and a few years later Ferdy, Albino and Claudio Pinheiro, Jaguar, Ziraldo and Zelio, Hugo Bidet, Roniquito Chevalier and other personalities organized the first parade. They hired the band of the Navy School, gathered to warm up at Bar Jangadeiros, around Praca General Osorio, and started marching on the streets with just a few dozen friends - the founders dressed up as "presidents". When they reached the next pit stop, Bar Velloso (later renamed Garota de Ipanema), there were already something like 500 people! Ipanema residents loved the idea, climbed down from their apartments and simply joined in.

Banda de Ipanema had many personalities invited to be the godmother, but the one that best represented the irreverent spirit of the Banda was actress Leila Diniz. This Ipanema local was loved by her carefree attitude - among other feats, she was the first pregnant woman ever to proudly display her belly in a bikini at Ipanema Beach. After Albino Pinheiro died, his brother, Claudio, took over the task of organizing the parades.

Modern Banda de Ipanema
These days one of the major attraction of Banda de Ipanema is the colorful parade of drag queens in impossible costumes and performances. They interact with locals and visitors, stop for photos, and make everyone feel welcome to the party. A funny fact is that they were not there in the beginning, they just started to show. Along the years they became a more than welcome addition with their revelry and flamboyance.

A very touching moment is when the Banda passes by the Church of Nossa Senhora da Paz. There is a tribute to composer Pixinguinha, who died in the church on a Carnival day - while attending to a baptism. The band stops and, after a moment of silence, they start playing Carinhoso, one of his most popular songs. Everybody sings along, in a sort of public catharsis.

Banda de Ipanema was declared part of the cultural heritage of Rio de Janeiro on January 23, 2004  by the Instituto Brasileiro de Patrimonio Cultural, in a recognition of the important role it played in the rebirth of Rio Carnival Street Festivities . To give you an idea of the proportions, in 2009 there were about 400 street bands registered officially. The largest one, Monobloco, reportedly gathered 400 thousand revelers on Sunday the week after Carnival along Av. Rio Branco, in the Downtown area.

Like all other street Carnival festivities in Rio, the event is free - you do not have to pay to join the fun. The gathering spot is at Praca General Osorio around 4 p.m., and the band starts marching around 5:30 p.m. The repertoire includes old-time marchinhas including some that date back to the days of Carmen Miranda. These are familiar songs that all Cariocas can sing along to. In the latest years there's also the Bandinha de Ipanema, that is specifically aimed at the children, and happens within the confines of Praca General Osorio.

References
Official touritic site of Rio de Janeiro city

External links
More details about Banda de Ipanema
Drags from Ipanema (photos)

Tourist attractions in Rio de Janeiro (city)
Rio Carnival


She raised parrots and loved them very much.

Elizabeth Butterworth (born 1949) is an English artist, especially known for her paintings of parrots.  She was born in Rochdale, Lancashire, and studied at the Rochdale School of Art 1966–1968, Maidstone College of Art 1968–1971, and at the Royal College of Art in London 1971–1974.  She has had numerous solo exhibitions of her work.  Publications containing her work include:
 1978 – Parrots and Cockatoos. (Text by Rosemary Low). Fischer Fine Art: London.
 1983 – Amazon Parrots. (With Rosemary Low). Rodolphe d'Erlanger: London.
 1989 – Parrots, Macaws. Cockatoos: The Art of Elizabeth Butterworth.  Abrams: New York.
 1993 – Macaws. Rodolphe d'Erlanger: London

References

1949 births
Living people
English illustrators
Artists from Rochdale
British bird artists


Rivarola is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alfonso Rivarola (1607–1640), Italian painter of the Renaissance period
Catalino Rivarola (born 1965), former football defender from Paraguay
Cirilo Antonio Rivarola (1836–1879), President of Paraguay March 1, 1870 – December 10, 1871
Diego Rivarola (born 1976), Argentinian player
Eduardo Airaldi Rivarola (1922–1992), Peruvian basketball player, coach, referee and administrator
Germán Rivarola (born 1979), Argentine football defender
José María Rivarola Matto, (born 1917), son of Octaviano Rivarola Bogarín and Victoriana Matto
Juan Bautista Rivarola Matto (1933–1999), Paraguayan journalist, narrator, essayist and playwright
Juan Manuel Rivarola (1899–1985), Argentine chess player


DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology (DAVIET) is a private engineering institute in Jalandhar city of Punjab, India. It is established by the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society offering undergraduate and graduate and doctoral courses. The DAV College Trust and Management Society is the largest non-government educational organization in India, managing a chain of about 700 institutions in India and abroad. The institute is located in the heart of city adjacent to DAV College, Jalandhar, on the left side of the Jalandhar-Amritsar National Highway.

The institute is approved by AICTE All India Council for Technical Education and affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. It received ISO 9001:2000 certification in 2005 under joint accreditation of SGS Group and UKAS (United Kingdom Accreditation Service) Quality Management. It has received A NAAC Accreditation.

Academics

The institute offers following graduate, post graduate programs.

Undergraduate departments
Electrical Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Information Technology
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Civil Engineering
Applied Sciences

Postgraduate departments
Electrical Engineering
Computer Science and Engineering
Civil Engineering
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Nano Technology
Master of Business Administration
Master of Computer Applications

The Institute offers DOEACC courses under Continuing Engineering Education Programmes
DOEACC - O level
DOEACC - A level
DOEACC - B level

Institute has a Research Foundation set up to promote research capabilities under various areas of Engineering and Technology viz. English Language & Literature, Nano Technology, Light Wave Technology System, Robotics, VLSI Design, SEED Programme, Wireless System Design, Software Engineering etc. CIE (The centre of Incubation and Entrepreneurship) was established in the institute to promote culture of entrepreneurship among students.

Infrastructure

Core Block
Research & Development Block
Under Graduate Block
Post Graduate Block
Material Science Block
Knowledge Centre
Lala Chanchaal Dass Auditorium
Convention Hall
Guest House

Hostels
UG Hostel
PG Hostel
Girls Hostel

National rankings

 Ranked 10th in the category of outstanding engineering colleges of excellence in India in Competition Success Review-GHRDC Engineering Colleges Survey 2016.
 Best Engineering College of Punjab Technical University 2013
 Ranked 2nd in Most Promising Engineering Institute as per Competition Success Review–GHRDC Rankings 2009
 A survey by Dataquest on top technical schools in India placed DAVIET at 60th All India Rank. The survey containing the national rankings was released on 22 December 2009.
 Best DAV Institute Award by D.A.V. College Managing Committee , New Delhi in 2005*
 DAVIET is the coveted winner of the IMC Ramkrishna Bajaj National Quality Commendation Certificate 2006

Conferences
 National Congress on Science-Technology and Management (DAV-NCSTM) 2014
 National Seminar on Communication and Soft Skills - The Emerging Paradigms - 2010
 National Conference on Modern Management Practices and Information Technology Trends (MMPITT) - 2009
 National Conference on Optical and Wireless Communication (NCOW) - 2008
 10th Punjab Science Congress - 2007

See also

 Arya Samaj

References

External links

Engineering colleges in Punjab, India
Education in Jalandhar
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj
2001 establishments in Punjab, India
Educational institutions established in 2001


Ælfhelm (died 1006) was the ealdorman of Northumbria, in practice southern Northumbria (the area around York), from about 994 until his death. An ealdorman (or earl) was a senior nobleman who governed a province—a shire or group of shires—on behalf of the king. Ælfhelm's powerful and wealthy family came from Mercia, a territory and former kingdom incorporating most of central England, and he achieved his position despite being an outsider. Ælfhelm first appears in charters as dux ("ealdorman") in about 994.

Most of Ælfhelm's subsequent historical appearances record him as a witness to charters, although one notable exception is the will of his brother, Wulfric Spot. According to a 12th-century tradition, Ælfhelm was murdered and his sons blinded in 1006, by Eadric Streona with the connivance of King (Æthelred II). Ælfhelm's daughter, Ælfgifu, married Cnut the Great, King of England between 1016 and 1035, as a result of which Ælfhelm became the grandfather of future English king Harold Harefoot.

Origins
Ælfhelm was a Mercian, son of Wulfrun, a rich noblewoman who founded Burton Abbey. His father is unknown, but it is thought that he was of lower rank than Wulfrun as Wulfric Spot, Ælfhelm's brother, is called "Wulfric son of Wulfrun", suggesting that his status derived mainly from his mother. Wulfric Spot founded Burton Abbey, but little is known about Ælfhelm's sister, Ælfthryth.

Wulfrun also founded the Minster of St Mary's at Wolverhampton, a settlement which took her name ("Wulfrun's chief settlement"). Her earliest association is with Tamworth, when she is mentioned as the only hostage taken when the place was seized by Olaf Guthfrithson in 940. It is thought that her lands were mostly in Staffordshire, while most of Wulfric Spot's lands were in Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and western Warwickshire.

Ealdorman of southern Northumbria
Ælfhelm begins witnessing charters as dux, i.e. ealdorman, in 994. He was thought by historian Simon Keynes to have been the same as Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE) "Ælfhelm 15", who witnesses charters as minister, i.e. thegn, from 982 to 990. Charter appearances earlier, during the reign of Edgar the Peaceable, are possible, but it is impossible to show definitively that earlier thegns with the name Ælfhelm are the same as the future ealdorman of southern Northumbria, the latter only being positively identifiable by his title, dux.

Ælfhelm's apparent promotion in 994 is thought by some historians, for instance Richard Fletcher, to have been due to the Scandinavian attack on Northumbria in 993. Under the year 993, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that Vikings had invaded Northumbria and sacked Bamburgh, whereupon the southern English raised an army:Bamburgh was sacked and much booty was captured there, and after that the army came to the mouth of the Humber and did great damage there, both in the Kingdom of Lindsey and in Northumbria. Then a very large English army was collected, and when they should have joined battle, the leaders Fræna, Godwine and Frythegyst, first started the flight. Fletcher speculated that Ælfhelm's predecessor Thored, who disappeared from the records at this time, was removed from office and replaced by Ælfhelm by King Æthelred II as a result of his failure against the Scandinavians. Another historian, William Kapelle, believed Thored was removed because of his Scandinavian descent, an argument based on the Worcester Chronicle'''s claim, added to the text borrowed from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, that Fræna, Godwine and Frythegyst fled because "they were Danish on their father's side".

Wulfric Spot's will
Ælfhelm's brother, Wulfric Spot, left a  will written in Old English, which provides many of the details we know about Ælfhelm. For instance, it gives the names of his two sons, Wulfheah and Ufegeat. It dates to between 1002 and 1004, and survives in a 12th-century manuscript.

Wulfric granted the lands "between the Ribble and the Mersey, and in the Wirral" to Ælfhelm and his son Wulfheah, on condition that they each pay Burton Abbey 3,000 shad at shad season. Wulfric left Ælfhelm Rolleston (Staffordshire), Harlaston (Staffordshire), and Conisbrough (Yorkshire), the last on condition that he gave Burton one third of the fish there. Wulfheah received Barlaston (Staffordshire), Marchington (Staffordshire), and Alvaston (Derbyshire), while Ælfhelm's other son Ufegeat was given Norton (Derbyshire) "in the hope that he may be a better friend and supporter of the monastery [of Burton]". Ælfhelm is asked to protect Burton Abbey and the possessions of Wulfric's daughter.

Death and legacy
Little else is recorded about Ealdorman Ælfhelm's career before his death. Notice of the latter, with the blinding of his two sons, comes in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which related under the year 1006:In this year Archbishop Ælfric died and Bishop Ælfheah succeeded him to the archiepiscopal see. In the same year Wulfgeat was deprived of all his property, and Wulfheah and Ufegeat were blinded and Ealdorman Ælfhelm killed. The Worcester Chronicle, which for this period consists of entries taken from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle supplemented with extra information, gives an expanded saga-like version of this account, attributing Ælfhelm's death to Eadric Streona:The crafty and treacherous Eadric Streona, plotting to deceive the noble ealdorman Ælfhelm, prepared a great feast for him at Shrewsbury at which, when he came as a guest, Eadric greeted him as if he were an intimate friend. But on the third or fourth day of the feast, when an ambush had been prepared, he took him into the wood to hunt. When all were busy with the hunt, one Godwine Porthund (which means the town dog) a Shrewsbury butcher, whom Eadric had dazzled long before with great gifts and many promises so that he might perpetrate the crime, suddenly leapt out from the ambush, and execrably slew the ealdorman Ælfhelm. After a short space of time his sons, Wulfheah and Ufegeat, were blinded, at King Æthelred’s command, at Cookham, where he himself was then staying. This material in the Worcester Chronicle seems to have been part of a lost saga about Eadric Streona, not extant but used by various surviving 11th- and 12th-century sources. Kapelle thought Ælfhelm's murder, conducted without King Æthelred's displeasure, was the result of suspect loyalty in the face of Scandinavian invasions.

The sources appear to indicate that Ælfhelm's successor was Uhtred of Bamburgh, the first magnate in decades to govern northern and southern Northumbria together. The text known as De obsessione Dunelmi'' ("On the siege of Durham"), relates that Uhtred took power after defeating a Scottish invasion.

As well as his two sons Ælfhelm left a daughter, Ælfgifu of Northampton, by a lady named Wulfrun; Ælfgifu's territorial appellation is taken as further evidence that Ælfhelm had territory in the eastern Danelaw. At some time between 1013 and 1016, she married Cnut, son of Sweyn Forkbeard, future King of the English. Her son was Harold Harefoot, King of the English.

Notes

References

External links

1006 deaths
Anglo-Saxon warriors
Earls and ealdormen of York
Year of birth unknown


Omar Alejandro Gonzalez (born October 11, 1988) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center-back for Major League Soccer club New England Revolution.

A college soccer player for the Maryland Terrapins, he joined the LA Galaxy in the 2009 MLS SuperDraft, and went on to play 180 regular-season games for them, winning the MLS Cup in 2011, 2012 and 2014. He was named the MLS Rookie of the Year in 2009 and the MLS Defender of the Year in 2011.

A full international since 2010, he represented the United States at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and four CONCACAF Gold Cups, winning the 2013 and 2017 edition.

Club career

Early life and college
Gonzalez played youth soccer for the Dallas Texans Soccer Club, and played college soccer at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he won the 2008 College Cup championship, was named to the NCAA/Adidas All-American First Team and First Team All-ACC and was named the ACC Defensive Player of the Year as a sophomore in 2007.

LA Galaxy
Gonzalez was drafted in the first round (3rd overall) of the 2009 MLS SuperDraft by the Los Angeles Galaxy. Gonzalez began a regular feature in the Galaxy lineup from the start, and scored his first professional goal on April 4, 2009, against Colorado Rapids. He was named MLS Rookie of the Year for helping lead the Galaxy from a last-place finish in 2008.

In the 2010 season, Gonzalez scored a total of three goals including in the second leg of the Conference Semifinals.

In January 2012, Gonzalez was loaned to 1. FC Nürnberg of the Bundesliga until mid-February. During his first training session with his new club, Gonzalez suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament to his left knee after a collision with national teammate Timothy Chandler. He immediately headed back to the U.S. to undergo surgery.

In August 2013, Gonzalez became Galaxy's third Designated Player after signing a new multi-year contract, rumored to be an annual average of more than $1.5 million. Gonzalez is the first pure center back to ever earn a Designated Player contract in Major League Soccer.

Pachuca
On December 22, 2015, Gonzalez was sold to Pachuca of Liga MX, ending his seven-season stay with the Galaxy. During their press conference with a Star Wars theme, Gonzalez was unveiled as Star Wars character Darth Vader in presentation.

Gonzalez made his league debut on January 8, 2016, in a 1–1 draw against Club Tijuana at Estadio Caliente. In his debut, Gonzalez registered an assist to Franco Jara to tie the match in the 43rd minute. On February 7, 2016, Gonzalez scored his first goal for Pachuca late against Pumas UNAM to salvage a 1–1 draw. Gonzalez won the Liga MX championship with Pachuca in his first season being a key player in the team's defense. At the start of the Apertura 2016 Gonzalez changed jersey numbers and was given the number 4 after the loan of Hugo Isaác Rodríguez ended.

Toronto FC

On June 3, 2019, it was announced that Gonzalez would join Toronto FC from Pachuca once the transfer market officially opened on July 9.  He was signed using Targeted Allocation Money (TAM). He made his debut for Toronto on 14 July, against rivals Montreal Impact. He scored his first goal for the club on 29 September against the Chicago Fire. In December 2021, Toronto FC confirmed that Gonzalez' contract option would not be picked up for the 2022 season.

New England Revolution
On December 22, 2021, Gonzalez signed with the New England Revolution through the 2023 season.

Gonzalez had a difficult start to the 2022 season for his new club. Through June 1st, Gonzalez, who was primarily signed as a backup but was forced into regular service due to injuries to Henry Kessler and Jon Bell, ranked in the bottom half of the MLS for defenders in successful pressures and blocks and in the bottom 25% for tackles, interceptions, and various other passing-out-of-the-back metrics. Gonzalez’s plus-minus was second-worst amongst center backs, and his plus-minus net was the worst amongst center backs at -1.08, according to stats from Football Reference.

On April 9 Miami's Bryce Duke beat Gonzalez to cross to striker Leonardo Campana, who beat Brad Knighton from close range to give Miami a 3–2 lead in the 88th minute.

On May 7, 2022, New England surrendered an 89th minute equalizer to Columbus Crew after Gonzalez lost his mark on Crew winger Erik Hurtado, who steered the ball into the net at point-blank range past Matt Turner.

On May 28, 2022, Gonzalez' poor clearance landed at the feet of Union forward Mikael Uhre who equalized in the 77th minute, nullifying Gustavo Bou's 75th minute goal. Ultimately the match ended 1–1.

Gonzalez experienced a "mini-resurgence" during the 2023 season. He would score his first goal for the Revolution on September 16, 2023 in the 92nd minute of the Revolution's 2-1 loss to Colorado Rapids.

International career
On August 10, 2010, Gonzalez made his debut for the United States' first team in a friendly against Brazil.

On March 26, 2013, Gonzalez was given the start in central defense in the United States' 0–0 draw in a World Cup qualifier against Mexico at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City. According to Jeff Carlisle of ESPN, Gonzalez "was the man of the match by a clear margin".

Gonzalez was included on Jurgen Klinsmann's 23-man roster for the 2014 World Cup. He started in the final group match against Germany, and the round of 16 match versus Belgium.

On October 10, 2017, Gonzalez scored an own goal in the final game of the 2018 World Cup qualifiers against Trinidad and Tobago which resulted in a 2–1 loss which prevented the United States from qualifying for the 2018 World Cup.

Personal life
Born in the United States to Mexican parents, Gonzalez holds a U.S. and Mexican citizenship.

Career statistics

Club

International
As of match played June 30, 2019. Scores and results list the United States's goal tally first.

|-
| 1. || July 18, 2015 || M&T Bank Stadium, Baltimore, United States ||  ||  ||  || 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup ||
|-
| 2. || July 12, 2017 || Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, United States ||  ||  ||  || rowspan="2"|2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup||
|-
| 3. || July 19, 2017 || Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia, United States ||  ||  || ||
|}

Honors
University of Maryland
NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship: 2008

LA Galaxy
MLS Cup: 2011, 2012, 2014
Supporters' Shield: 2010, 2011

Pachuca
Liga MX: Clausura 2016
CONCACAF Champions League: 2016–17

United States
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2013, 2017

Individual
MLS Rookie of the Year: 2009
MLS Defender of the Year: 2011
MLS Best XI: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014
CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2017

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Soccer players from Dallas
LA Galaxy players
1. FC Nürnberg players
C.F. Pachuca players
Atlas F.C. footballers
Toronto FC players
Maryland Terrapins men's soccer players
Footballers at the 2007 Pan American Games
LA Galaxy draft picks
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Designated Players (MLS)
Liga MX players
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
American expatriate soccer players in Germany
American expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
Men's association football defenders
All-American college men's soccer players
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Pan American Games competitors for the United States