A wat (,  ; ,  ; ,  ; ; , ) is a type of Buddhist temple and Hindu temple in Cambodia, Laos, East Shan State, Yunnan, the Southern Province of Sri Lanka and Thailand. The word wat was borrowed from Sanskrit vāṭa (Devanāgarī: वाट), meaning 'enclosure'. The term has varying meanings in each region, sometimes referring to a specific type of government-recognised or large temple, other times referring to any Buddhist or Hindu temple.

Overview

Strictly speaking, a wat is a Buddhist sacred precinct with vihara, a temple, an edifice housing a large image of Buddha and a facility for lessons. A site without a minimum of three resident bhikkhus cannot correctly be described as a wat although the term is frequently used more loosely, even for ruins of ancient temples. As a transitive or intransitive verb, wat means to measure, to take measurements; compare templum, from which temple derives, having the same root as template.

In Cambodia, a wat is any place of worship. "Wat" generally refers to a Buddhist place of worship, but the precise term is vôtt pŭtthsasnéa () meaning "Buddhist pagoda". "Angkor Wat" ( ) means 'city of temples'.

In everyday language in Thailand, a "wat" is any place of worship except a mosque (; ; or ; ) or a synagogue (; ). Thus, a wat chin () or san chao () is a Chinese temple (either Buddhist or Taoist), wat khaek () or thewasathan () is a Hindu temple and bot khrit () or wat farang () is a Christian church, though Thai  () may be used descriptively as with mosques.

Types

According to Thai law, there are two types of Thai Buddhist temples:
 Wats (วัด; wat) are temples which have been endorsed by the state and have been granted wisungkhammasima (วิสุงคามสีมา), or the land for establishing central hall, by the king. These temples are divided into:
 Royal temples (;  ): established or patronised by the king or his family members.
 Public temples (;  ): established by private citizens. Despite the term "private", private temples are open to the public and are sites of public religious activities.
 Samnak song (): are temples without state endorsement and wisungkhamasima.

Structure

A typical Buddhist wat consists of the following buildings:
Bell tower (,  ; ; )
 Bot () or ubosot (; ; from Pali uposatha) or sim (): the holiest prayer room, also called the "ordination hall" as it is where new monks take their vows. Architecturally it is similar to the vihara. The main difference is the eight cornerstones placed around the bot to ward off evil. The bot is usually more decorated than the wihan. In Cambodia nowadays, this type of building is considered to be Vihear. It was previously called Ubaosathakea or Rorng Ubaosoth ().
 Chedei () or Chedi (; ) from Sanskrit: chaitya, temple or that (): It is also known as a stupa. Usually conical or bell-shaped buildings, but many Cambodian stupas are constructed in the style of temple shrine. They often contain relics of Buddha. The urns containing the ashes of the cremated dead are kept here and serve as memorials for those ancestors.
 Chantakhara (): a room in which fire and water are kept.
Drum tower (; ; )
 Hong Song Nam (): toilet.
 Ho trai (; ; ): library where Buddhist texts are kept.
 Kappapiya Kudi () utility and storage room.
 Kod (), Kut, Kutti, Kuti or Kati (; ): the living quarters of monks (bhikkhus) separated from the sacred buildings.
 Mondop (; ; from Sanskrit: Mandapa): usually an open, square building with four arches and a pyramidal roof, used to worship religious texts or objects.
 Pond ( - Srah;  Sa Nam;  Sa Nam): is rectangular in shape and sometimes decorated with lotus flowers, the emblematic flower of Buddhism. In addition, some wats illustrate the figure of Buddha being sheltered by a seven headed naga, named Mucalinda (), in the middle of the pond. The pond itself is called Mucalinda Pond.
 Sala (; ; ; from the Sanskrit word  (IAST: śālā), cognate of Hindi शाल, meaning hall, large room or shed. A pavilion for relaxation and miscellaneous activities. In Cambodia, the sala also serves as the Buddhist educational center in a wat, but not every wat has one. It can be found outside the wat proper.
 Oupadthan Sala or Sala Bonn () or Sala Wat (): a hall for people gathering together to make a donation or for ceremonies.
 Sala Baley or Sala Putthikakseksa (): literally means 'Pali school' or 'Buddhist educational school', is the place to teach Buddhist Dharma and other subjects in both Pali and Khmer languages. Sala Baley is divided into three levels. They are: Buddhist elementary school ( Putthikakpathamaseksa); Buddhist high school ( - Putthikakvityealay); and Buddhist university ( Putthikaksakalvityealay). Beside Buddhist Dharma, Buddhist university includes subjects such as philosophy, science, information technology, Sanskrit, and other foreign languages. These schools may be constructed outside the wat and laypersons are also permitted to study there.
 Sala Chhann (), Sala Bat (), or Ho Chan (): cafeteria for monks.
 Sala Chhatean (), Sala Klang Yan () or Sala Rong Tham (; ): is usually smaller than other halls and can be built outside the wat, especially along the roads or even in the center of villages. It is used to celebrate Buddhist events as well as for dining and relaxation.
 Sala Kan Parian () or Ho Chaek (; ): study hall,
 Sala Song (): the room where monks receive holy water blessings.
 Sala Thormmasaphear or Thormmasala (), Sala Fang Tham (): Dharma assembly pavilion, however some assume this hall to be Sala Bonn.
 Sala Tha Nam (): pier pavilion.
 Vihear () or wihan (; ) from Sanskrit: vihara: a meeting and prayer room.
 Wachak Kod () or Watcha Kudi () or than (; ): toilet.

Almost all Buddhist temples in Cambodia were built in Khmer architectural style. Most temples were finely decorated with a spiked tower (bosbok) ()(some temples have three or five spiked towers; some have none) on the rooftop along with pediments, naga heads, and chovear () (a decorative ridge-piece that is placed at each topmost edge of the roof, just above the tip of each pediment). Below the edge of the roof and at the top of external columns, garuda or kinnari figures are depicted supporting the roof. There are a pair of guardian lions and one head or several (three, five, seven, or nine). naga sculptures are beside each entrance of the temple. Inside the main temple (vihara) and the multipurpose hall (lunch hall), mural paintings depict the life of Gautama Buddha and his previous life.

The roofs of Thai temples are often adorned with chofas.

Examples
Some well-known wats include:

Cambodia

At the end of 2017, there were 4,872 wats with 69,199 Buddhist monks supporting Buddhism in Cambodia. By 2019, it was illustrated that 97.1 percent of the Cambodian population was Buddhist, making Cambodia to be one of the most predominant Buddhist nations in the world.

 Angkor Wat, Siem Reap
 Wat Preah Keo, Phnom Penh
 Wat Botum Vattey, Phnom Penh
 Wat Moha Montrey, Phnom Penh
 Wat Ounalaom, Phnom Penh
 Wat Phnom, Phnom Penh
 Wat Bakan, Pursat

Laos
 Wat Si Saket, Vientiane
 Wat Xieng Thong, Luang Prabang
 Wat Mai Suwannaphumaham, Luang Prabang
 Wat Manorom, Luang Prabang

Malaysia

 Wat Buppharam, Penang
 Wat Chayamangkalaram, Penang
 Wat Chetawan, Selangor
 Wat Phothivihan, Kelantan

Despite having only 3.8 percent Buddhists in Kelantan, the northern Malaysian state of Kelantan has numerous Thai wats.

Singapore

 Wat Ananda
 Wat Palelai

Thailand

 Thailand had 39,883 wats. Three hundred-ten were royal wats, the remainder were private (public). There were 298,580 Thai Buddhist monks, 264,442 of the Maha Nikaya order and 34,138 of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order. There were 59,587 Buddhist novice monks.

 Wat Suthat, Bangkok
 Wat Benchamabophit (The Marble Temple)
 Wat Ratchanatdaram
 Wat Phra Kaew
 Wat Arun
 Wat Bowonniwet Vihara
 Wat Pho
 Wat Saket
 Wat Phra That Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai
 Wat Chiang Man, Chiang Mai
 Wat Chedi Luang, Chiang Mai
 Wat Phra Singh, Chiang Mai
 Wat Phra That Lampang Luang, Lampang
 Wat Phumin, Nan
 Phra Pathommachedi, Nakhon Pathom
 Wat Pah Nanachat (International Forest Monastery), Ubon Ratchathani

Gallery

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

Other countries

 Some Tai Khun monasteries in East Shan State, Myanmar are in wat-style but may be called kyaung, while some may be called wat but in kyaung style.

See also

 Three Refuges
 Five Precepts
 Eight Precepts
 Four Noble Truths
 Noble Eightfold Path
 Pāli Canon
 Samatha & Vipassanā
 Cetiya
 Vassa
 Kathina
 Uposatha
 Patimokkha
 Upasampadā
 Bai Sema
 Ordination hall
 Theravāda Buddhism
 Buddhism in Cambodia
 Buddhism in Laos
 Buddhism in Thailand
 Kyaung, Burmese Monasteries
 Pura, Balinese Hindu temples
 Candi, Hindu-Buddha temples of ancient Indonesia, especially Java

References

Hindu temples

Buddhist architecture


Binka: To Tell a Story About Silence (Bulgarian Бинка. Да разкажеш приказка за мълчанието) is a 2006 documentary film directed by Elka Nikolova. It is 48 minutes in length, and was released in Bulgaria in 2006 and in the United States in 2007.

The topic of the film is the life and struggles of Bulgaria's first female film director Binka Zhelyazkova during difficult times politically. The documentary premiered in New York, at the Museum of Modern Art, on April 4, 2007. Later it was shown at many venues such as the Russian Cultural Center In Houston, Texas, Brave Festival in Wrocław,  and was also shown at the 2007 South East European Film Festival in Los Angeles, California where it won the Audience Award for best documentary film; it won the award for Best Debut Film at the 2007 Golden Rython Festival for Nonfeature Films; and was also featured in Montreal, Quebec's International Festival of Films on Art.

The film is archived in the Bulgarian National Film Center.

References

External links
Official site

Documentary films about film directors and producers
2006 films
2006 documentary films
Bulgarian documentary films
Documentary films about women in film
2000s Bulgarian-language films


De ordine palatii (On the governance of the palace) is a treatise written by Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, in 882 for Carloman II on the occasion of his accession to the throne of West Francia.

It claims to be based on a treatise of the same name by Adalhard, who was an adviser to Emperor Charlemagne and abbot of the monastery of Corbie, although this document has not survived.

In the treatise, Hincmar outlined the duties of a king and a system for the organisation of his palace, in an apparent attempt to restore Carolingian government to the form it had under Louis the Pious.

Translations
Translations into English of the complete treatise are available in:
Paul Edward Dutton (ed.), Carolingian Civilization: A Reader (New York, 1993), pp. 485–500
David Herlihy, A History of Feudalism (New York, 1970), pp. 209–227

The Latin text and translation into French containing remarks is available in:
Hincmar de Reims, De Ordine Palatii, Maurice Prou (ed.), Bibliothèque de l’Ecole des Hautes Etudes 58, Paris, Vieweg, 1885.

The Latin text and translation into German containing remarks is available in:
Hincmarus Remensis, De Ordine Palatii, Thomas Gross und Rudolf Schieffer (ed.), Hannover:Hahn, 1980.

9th century in West Francia
French essays
Essays about politics
9th-century Latin books
882


Padawan is a sub-district of Kuching District, Sarawak, Malaysia. The name is also used to refer to the local government in Sarawak, the Padawan Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Padawan), and to Bidayuh Village, which is also known as Kampung Padawan. The Jalan Padawan is the name of a road near mile 23 of Kuching-Serian Highway.

Geography

Demographics

SJK(C) Chung Hua Batu 10
SK Pangkalan Ampat

Municipal Services

Transportation

Padawan is connected with Kuching-Serian Highway, while 10th mile junction has its own Borneo Heights Link, uptown towards Borneo Highland Resort. Air transportation can be reached by Kuching International Airport, about 4 miles from Kota Padawan (10th mile), hotspot area. Most land transportation are taxis, buses, mini van (known locally as 'Van Sapu') which still popular among the region.

Entertainment

Notable people

Images

See also
Kampung Mundai

References

Kuching District


Steve Wojciechowski (born 1976) is an American college basketball coach and former player.

Steve Wojciechowski is also the name of:
Steve Wojciechowski (baseball) (born 1970), American former professional baseball player
Steve Wojciechowski (ice hockey) (born 1922), Canadian former professional ice hockey player


The siege of Groenlo was a siege of Groenlo during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War by a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Nassau after it had followed an unsuccessful siege by Maurice in 1595.

History
The siege lasted from 11 to 28 September 1597 and ended in the town's capture from its Spanish garrison.

After the capture the troops moved to take Bredevoort and formed part of Maurice's successful offensives against the Spanish in 1597.

Groenlo was then held by the States until a siege in 1606 by Ambrosio Spinola.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Groenlo
1597 in the Dutch Republic
1597 in the Habsburg Netherlands
16th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
16th-century military history of Spain
Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
Groenlo (1597)
Groenlo (1597)
Groenlo (1597)
Groenlo (1597)
Groenlo
History of Oost Gelre


Churban may refer to:

The destruction of the First Temple during the Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC).
The destruction of the Second Temple during the Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)
Churban Europa, a term for the Holocaust which uses the word for the destruction of the Second Temple
 An early version of Rhythmic CHR, a radio format


WCOZ may refer to:

 WCOZ (FM), a radio station (91.7 FM) licensed to serve New Albany, Pennsylvania, United States
 WQOQ (FM), a radio station (90.5 FM) licensed to serve Laceyville, Pennsylvania, which held the call sign WCOZ from 2008 to 2017
 WGMF-FM, a radio station (103.9 FM) licensed to serve Dushore, Pennsylvania, which held the call sign WCOZ from 2003 to 2008
 WZLX, a radio station (100.7 FM) licensed to serve Boston, Massachusetts, which held the call sign WCOZ from 1984 to 1985
 WJMN (FM), a radio station (94.5 FM) licensed to serve Boston, Massachusetts, which held the call sign WCOZ from 1972 to 1984


Susanna Boylston Adams may refer to:

Susanna Boylston (1708–1797), mother of U.S. President John Adams
Susanna Adams (1768–1770), daughter of U.S. President John Adams


Autassassinophilia is a paraphilia in which a person is sexually aroused by the risk of being killed. The fetish may overlap with some other fetishes that risk one's life, such as those involving drowning or choking. This does not necessarily mean the person must actually be in a life-threatening situation, for many are aroused from dreams and fantasies of such.

Description

The term was introduced by John Money who also defined erotophonophilia as the "reciprocal condition" in which one is aroused by "stage-managing and carrying out the murder of an unsuspecting sexual partner". Money classified both these paraphilias as "of the sacrificial/expiatory type".

Criticism of the concept
These concepts, especially their imperfect reciprocity, were criticized by Lisa Downing, who wrote that:
The autassassinophiliac, for Money, is more interested in his orgasm than in his death, resulting in a compulsion to stage manage the possibility rather than the actuality of his end at the hands of another person. The erotophonophiliac, on the other hand, is driven by the actualization of the other's death and – crucially – this other must be unaware of the would-be killer's intentions. These definitions, then, effectively preclude reciprocity and are constructed here in such a way as to prevent the possibility of consent. The sexologist, it seems, is incapable of imagining mutuality in this context. ... The imagined pact is used here as an incentive to the would-be libertarian to support the suppression of paraphilia and the conversion of a death-related desire to a life-giving form.

See also
 Killing of Sharon Lopatka

References

Bibliography and external links

 Rudy Flora, "How to work with sex offenders: a handbook for criminal justice, human service, and mental health professionals", Routledge, 2001, , p. 90

Sexual fetishism
Paraphilias


An obscenity is any utterance or act that strongly offends the prevalent morality and social politics of the time. It is derived from the Latin , , "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology. Such loaded language can be used to indicate strong moral repugnance and outrage, vile, vigilance in conservation, or revenge. In expressions such as "obscene profits" and "the obscenity of war," ; misdirection.  As a legal term, it usually refers to graphic depictions of people engaged in sexual and excretory activity, and related utterances of profanity, or the exploited child, human being or situation on display. It may also relate to a fear quotient in the public area affecting trend.

United States obscenity law

In the United States, issues of obscenity raise issues of limitations on the freedom of speech and of the press, which are otherwise protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Federal obscenity law in the U.S. is unusual in that there is no uniform national standard. Former Justice Potter Stewart of the Supreme Court of the United States, in attempting to classify what material constituted exactly "what is obscene", famously wrote, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced ... [b]ut I know it when I see it...." In the U.S., the 1973 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in Miller v. California established a three-tiered test to determine what was obscene—and thus not protected, versus what was merely erotic and thus protected by the First Amendment. Delivering the opinion of the court, Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote:

The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

Non image-based obscenity cases in the U.S.

While most recent (2016) obscenity cases in the U.S. have revolved around images and films, the first obscenity cases dealt with textual works.

The classification of "obscene" and thus illegal for production and distribution has been judged on printed text-only stories starting with Dunlop v. U.S., 165 U.S. 486 (1897), which upheld a conviction for mailing and delivery of a newspaper called the Chicago Dispatch, containing "obscene, lewd, lascivious, and indecent materials", which was later upheld in several cases. One of these was "A Book Named John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Com. of Massachusetts, "383 U.S. 413 (1966)" wherein the book "Fanny Hill", written by John Cleland c. 1760, was judged to be obscene in a proceeding that put the book itself on trial rather than its publisher. Another was Kaplan v. California, 413 U.S. 115 (1973) whereby the court most famously determined that "Obscene material in book form is not entitled to any First Amendment protection merely because it has no pictorial content."

In 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice formed the Obscenity Prosecution Task Force in a push to prosecute obscenity cases. Red Rose Stories, a site dedicated to text-only fantasy stories, became one of many sites targeted by the FBI for shutdown. The government alleged that Red Rose Stories contained depictions of child rape. The publisher pleaded guilty. Extreme pornographer Max Hardcore served 30 months of a 46-month prison sentence for obscenity.
Many U.S. states have had bans on the sale of sex toys, regulating them as obscene devices. Some states have seen their sex toy bans ruled unconstitutional in the courts. That ruling leaves only Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia with current bans on the sale of obscene devices.

Literature (non-fiction) communicating contraceptive information was prohibited by several states. The last such prohibition, in Connecticut, was overturned judicially in 1965.

Key U.S. court cases on obscenity

In 1957, two associates of acclaimed poet Allen Ginsberg were arrested and jailed for selling his book "Howl and Other Poems" to undercover police officers at a beatnik bookstore in San Francisco. Eventually the California Supreme Court declared the literature to be of "redeeming social value" and therefore not classifiable as "obscene". Because the poem "Howl" contains pornographic slang and overt references to drugs and homosexuality, the poem was (and is) frequently censored and confiscated; however, it remains a landmark case.
FCC v. Pacifica (1978) (external link) better known as the landmark "seven dirty words" case. In that ruling, the Court found that only "repetitive and frequent" use of the words in a time or place when a minor could hear, can be punished.
In State v. Henry (1987), the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that the Oregon state law that criminalized obscenity was an unconstitutional restriction of free speech under the free speech provision of the Oregon Constitution, with the ruling making Oregon the "first state in the nation to abolish the offense of obscenity".

In Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the word "fuck", although almost universally considered obscene when used to describe sexual intercourse, is speech protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution when used to express a political belief. On 26 April 1968, Paul Robert Cohen, then 19 years old, donned a jacket bearing the words "Fuck the Draft" while visiting the Los Angeles Courthouse to testify as a defense witness in a court hearing. Although Cohen removed the jacket before entering the courtroom, he had been observed wearing it in the courthouse corridor by a court officer. When Cohen left the courtroom, the officer arrested him for disturbing the peace. Cohen defended his attire as being an expression of disapproval of the war in Vietnam. Nonetheless, he was convicted of "maliciously and willfully disturbing the peace" and sentenced to 30 days in jail. The conviction was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court of California but reversed by the Supreme Court. In a 5–4 decision, Justice Harlan wrote for the Court that Cohen's conviction was based solely on speech and was protected by the First Amendment. 403 U.S. at 26. In a dissenting opinion, Justice Blackmun countered that Cohen's wearing of the jacket in the courthouse was not speech but conduct amounting to an "absurd and immature antic". 403 U.S. at.
In Reno v. ACLU (1997), the Supreme Court struck down indecency laws applying to the Internet.
In Miller v. California (1973) - the currently-binding Supreme Court precedent on the issue - the Court ruled materials were obscene if they appealed, "to a prurient interest", showed "patently offensive sexual conduct" that was specifically defined by a state obscenity law, and "lacked serious artistic, literary, political, or scientific value." Decisions regarding whether material was obscene should be based on local, not national, standards.

Standards superseded by the Miller Test include:
 Wepplo (1947): If material has a substantial tendency to deprave or corrupt its readers by inciting lascivious thoughts or arousing lustful desires. (People v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App.2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853).
 Hicklin test (1868): the effect of isolated passages upon the most susceptible persons. (British common law, cited in Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 - overturned when Michigan tried to outlaw all printed matter that would 'corrupt the morals of youth' in Butler v. State of Michigan 352 U.S. 380 (1957))
 Roth Standard (1957): "Whether to the average person applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest". Roth v. United States 354 U.S. 476 (1957) - overturned by Miller
 Roth-Jacobellis (1964): "community standards" applicable to an obscenity are national, not local standards. Material is "utterly without redeeming social importance". Jacobellis v. Ohio 378 US 184 (1964) - famous quote: "I shall not today attempt further to define [hardcore pornography] ...But I know it when I see it."
 Roth-Jacobellis-Memoirs Test (1966): Adds that the material possesses "not a modicum of social value". (A Book Named John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966))

FCC rules and federal law govern obscenity in broadcast media. Many historically important works have been described as obscene or prosecuted under obscenity laws, including the works of Charles Baudelaire, Lenny Bruce, William S. Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, and the Marquis de Sade.

Criticism

Obscenity law has been criticized in the following areas:

 Federal law forbids obscenity in certain contexts (such as broadcast); however, the law does not define the term.
 The U.S. Supreme Court similarly has had difficulty defining the term. In Miller v. California, the court defers definition to two hypothetical entities, "contemporary community standards" and "hypothetical reasonable persons".
 The courts and the legislature have had similar problems defining this term because it is paradoxical, and thus impossible to define.
 Because the term "obscenity" is not defined by either the statutes or the case law, this law does not satisfy the vagueness doctrine, which states that people must clearly be informed as to the prohibited behavior.
 Because the determination of what is obscene (offensive) is ultimately a personal preference, alleged violations of obscenity law are not actionable (actions require a right).
 Because no actual injury occurs when a mere preference is violated, alleged violations of obscenity law are not actionable (actions require an injury).

Obscenity laws remain enforceable under Miller despite these criticisms.  Some states have passed laws mandating censorship in schools, universities, and libraries even if they are not receiving government aid that would require censorship in these institutions. These include Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Twenty more states were considering such legislation in 2001–2002.

Child pornography

Child pornography refers to images or films (also known as child abuse images); as such, visual child pornography is a record of child sexual abuse. Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts that are recorded in the production of child pornography, and several professors of psychology state that memories of the abuse are maintained as long as visual records exist, are accessed, and are "exploited perversely". Some countries also bans writings—that depict sexually explicit activities involving a child.

In New York v. Ferber, , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that child pornography need not be legally obscene in order to be outlawed. The Court ruled that in contrast to the types of images considered in Miller, images that depicted underlying harm to children need not appeal to "the prurient interest of the average person", portray sexual conduct in "a patently offensive manner", nor be considered holistically, in order to be proscribed. Another difference between U.S. constitutional law concerning obscenity and that governing child pornography is that the Supreme Court ruled in Stanley v. Georgia, , that possession of obscene material could not be criminalized, while in Osborne v. Ohio, , the high court ruled that possession of child pornography could be criminalized. The reason was that the motive for criminalizing child pornography possession was "to destroy a market for the exploitative use of children" rather than to prevent the material from poisoning the minds of its viewers. The three dissenting justices in that case argued, "While the sexual exploitation of children is undoubtedly a serious problem, Ohio may employ other weapons to combat it."

Censorship in film

This is most notably shown with the "X" rating under which some films are categorized. The most notable films given an "X" rating were Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973). These films show explicit, non-simulated, penetrative sex that was presented as part of a reasonable plot with respectable production values. Some state authorities issued injunctions against such films to protect "local community standards"; in New York, the print of Deep Throat was seized mid-run, and the film's exhibitors were found guilty of promoting obscenity. According to the documentary This Film Is Not Yet Rated, films that include gay sex (even if implied) or female pleasure have been more harshly censored than their heterosexual, male counterparts. The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) issues ratings for motion pictures exhibited and distributed commercially to the public in the United States; the ratings are issued through the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA). The intent of the rating system is to provide information about the content of motion pictures so parents can determine whether an individual motion picture is suitable for viewing by their children.

United Kingdom

Obscenity law in England and Wales is currently governed by the Obscene Publications Act, but obscenity law dates back much further into English common law. The conviction in 1727 of Edmund Curll for the publication of Venus in the Cloister or the Nun in her Smock under the common-law offence of disturbing the peace appears to be the first conviction for obscenity in the United Kingdom, and set a legal precedent for other convictions. These common-law ideas of obscenity formed the original basis of obscenity law in other common law countries, such as the United States. The classic definition of criminal obscenity is if it "tends to deprave and corrupt", stated in 1868 by Lord Justice Cockburn, in Regina v. Hicklin, now known as the Hicklin test.

Stanley Kauffmann's novel The Philanderer was published by Penguin Books in 1957 and was unsuccessfully prosecuted for obscenity.

The Obscene Publications Act is famously vague, defining obscenity with reference to material that is likely to "deprave and corrupt". The 1959 act was passed at the point when most Western countries were about to enter a new phase of sexual freedom. The trial of Penguin Books over their publication of Lady Chatterley's Lover in 1960 failed to secure a conviction and the conviction in the 1971 trial of Oz magazine was overturned on appeal. An attempt to prosecute the University of Central England in 1997 over a copy of a library book by Robert Mapplethorpe was abandoned amidst derision from academics and the media.

For visual works of art the main obscenity law in England and Wales was, until the 1960s, the Vagrancy Act 1838 which was successfully used in prosecutions against D.H. Lawrence for an exhibition of his paintings at the Warren Gallery, London, in 1929, and in 1966 against the British artist Stass Paraskos for an exhibition of his paintings held that year in the northern English city of Leeds. Parts of the Act were repealed shortly after the Paraskos trial and it has rarely been used since in relation to visual art.

Sex crime has generated particular concern. In 1976 the BBFC said that, in that year, it had viewed 58 films depicting "explicit rape", declaring scenes that glorified it as "obscene". As opposed to questions of "indecency", which have been applied to sexual explicitness, films charged with being obscene have been viewed as having "a tendency to deprave and corrupt" and been liable to prosecution. In 2008, the UK prosecuted a man for writing a fictional sex story (R v Walker). In 2009, the crown prosecution service (CPS) dropped the case.

During the 1960s and 1970s most Western countries legalised hardcore pornography. By the 1980s the UK was almost the only liberal democracy where the sale of hardcore pornography was still completely illegal, although ownership was not a criminal offence (except child pornography). Home videotape was a booming market and it was relatively simple for individuals to smuggle hardcore material in from Europe or the United States, where it could be purchased legally, either for personal use or to copy it for distribution. This resulted in a considerable black market of poor quality videotapes. Meanwhile, people attempting to buy pornography legally would often be sold heavily censored R18 certificate material.

While the authorities tried to prevent the illegal sale of pornography they found that juries, while not particularly liking the material, were reluctant to convict defendants where the material was intended for private use among consenting adults. During the 1990s the advent of the internet made it easier than ever before for British citizens to access hardcore material. Finally, in 2000, following the dismissal of a test case brought by the BBFC, hardcore pornography was effectively legalised, subject to certain conditions and licensing restrictions. It is still an offence to sell obscene material by mail order.

After 1984, videotape sellers were more likely to be prosecuted under the Video Recordings Act rather than the OPA. The VRA requires that all videos must have a certificate from the BBFC. If the BBFC refuses a certificate, a video is effectively banned for home viewing, but not necessarily in the cinema. Four films that were originally refused a certificate—The Exorcist, Straw Dogs, The Evil Dead, and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre—were granted a certificate in the late 1990s and have subsequently been screened on mainstream television.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, screening of Deep Throat (1972) was only cleared in 1986. However, the film has not been screened because the only cinema that has tried to organize a screening was thwarted by the city council that owned the building's lease.

China
Section 9 of the Criminal Law provide provisions against pornography, including creation, distribution and organizing public viewing.

In 2016, the Ministry of Culture in China censored 23 companies for hosting obscene content online. The take-down included over 20,000 live feeds from 26 different websites that were hosting a variety of content involving pornography and violence.

Canada

Section 163 of the Canadian Criminal Code provides the country's legal definition of "obscenity". Officially termed as "Offences Tending to Corrupt Morals", the Canadian prohibited class of articles that are to be legally included as "obscene things" is very broad, including text-only written material, pictures, models (including statues) records or "any other obscene thing". According to Section 163(8), if "a dominant characteristic of the publication is the undue exploitation of sex, or the combination of sex and at least one of crime, horror, cruelty or violence", that publication is deemed to be "obscene" under the current law.

The current law states

163. (1) Every person commits an offence who makes, prints, publishes, distributes, circulates or has in their possession for the purpose of publication, distribution or circulation any obscene written matter, picture, model, phonograph record or any other obscene thing.

The Canada Border Services Agency seizes items it labels obscene.

In 1993, Canadian police arrested the 19-year-old writer of a fictional sex story "The Forestwood Kids"; however, the case was dismissed in 1995.

In February 2009, citing its Policy On The Classification Of Obscene Material, the CBSA banned two Lucas Entertainment films because they show the "ingestion of someone else's urine... with a sexual purpose".

Brazil
Ever since 1940, in the Title VI of the Penal Code, naming crimes against sexual dignity (until 2009 crimes against social conventions), the fourth chapter is dedicated to a crime named "public outrage related to modesty" (, ).

It is composed of two articles, Art. 233 "Obscene Act", "to practice an obscene act in a public place, or open or exposed to the public", punished with arrest of 3 months to 1 year or a fine; and Art. 234 "Obscene Written Piece or Object", to do, import, export, purchase or have in one's property, to ends of trade, distribution or public display, any written, drew, painted, stamped or object piece of obscenity, punished with arrest of 6 months to 1 year or a fine.

Criticism to the legislation have included:
 They do not attack anyone's sexual dignity, instead causing outrage at best, but generally just slight discomfort or embarrassment, that can be easily avoided through not looking to such a scene.
 The Art. 234 is aside obsolete, unconstitutional, for the 1988 post-military dictatorship Constitution having in its Fifth Chapter: "[the people] are free to the expression of intellectual, artistic, scientific and communicative activity, independently of censorship and license", reason to which, instead of making it suffer penal restriction, gives any distribution of media the right to be fully exerted.
 The flourishing internet culture of Brazil, where such media is freely shared, as well as its pornographic industry and shops catered to the interests of enhancing apparatus to masturbatory and sexual activity.

It is often used against people who expose their nude bodies in public environments that were not warranted a license to cater to the demographic interested in such practice (the first such place was the Praia do Abricó in Rio de Janeiro, in 1994), even if no sexual action took place, and it may include, for example, a double standard for the chest area of women and men in which only women are penalized. Such a thing took place in the 2012 FEMEN protests in São Paulo.

South Korea
In 2017 the Supreme Court in South Korea ruled that an image of unclothed male genitalia is obscene if not contextualized in a cultural, artistic, medical or educational setting.

Other countries
Various countries have different standings on the types of materials that they as legal bodies permit their citizens to have access to and disseminate among their local populations. The set of these countries' permissible content vary widely accordingly with some having extreme punishment up to and including execution for members who violate their restrictions, as in the case of Iran where the current laws against pornography now include death sentences for those convicted of producing pornography.

India
In India the Obscenity law is the same as had been framed by the British Government. Charges of obscenity have been levelled against various writers and poets till date; the law has not yet been revised. The famous trials relate to the Hungryalists who were arrested and prosecuted in the 1960s.

See also

Notes

References
Henderson, Jeffrey The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy 1991 Oxford University Press
The Melon Farmers (UK)
O'Toole, L. (1998) Pornocopia: Porn, Sex, Technology and Desire. London: Serpent's Tail
Silver, Judith, of Coollawyer.com, "Movie Day at the Supreme Court or 'I Know It When I See It': A History of the Definition of Obscenity", on findlaw.com
Slater, W. J., review of "The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy" by Jeffrey Henderson. Phoenix, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 291–293.

Further reading
 FEPP
 Regina v. Hicklin, 3 Queens Bench 360, 362 (1868).
 United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, 5 F. Supp. 182, 183–185 (S.D.N.Y. 1933) affirmed, United States v. One Book Entitled Ulysses by James Joyce, 72 F.2d 705, 706–707 (2d Cir. 1934)
 American Civil Liberties Union report
 Cho, Christina, Commerato, Kim & Heins, Marjorie (2003) Free Expression in Arts and Funding: a public policy report. New York: FEPP; pp. 38–39
 Sex and violence in crime films
 Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 24 (1973)
 Bachman, Erik M. Literary Obscenities: U.S. Case Law and Naturalism after Modernism 2018 Pennsylvania State University Press

External links

 Chapter 71 of Part I of Title 18 of the United States Code, relating to obscenity. Hosted by the Legal Information Institute.
 "A resource for educating the public and reporting violations of internet obscenity laws"
 2005, Senate Commerce, Science & Transportation Cmte. Hearing on Decency in the Media archive at C-Span
 Ethical Spectacle article on problems with definition of obscenity
 "Under Color of Law: Obscenity vs. First Amendment" Nexus Journal (Chapman University Law School) article on problems with definition of obscenity.

Modesty
History of human sexuality
Sexuality and society
Censorship


Daniel Donald Joseph (March 26, 1929 – May 24, 2011) was an American mechanical engineer. He was the Regents Professor Emeritus and Russell J. Penrose Professor Emeritus of Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Minnesota. He was widely known for his research in fluid dynamics.

Academic career
Joseph received his Masters in Sociology from the University of Chicago in 1950. He received his B.S. (1959), M.S. (1960), and Ph.D. (1963) degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology. Joseph started his academic career as an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1962. In the following year he joined University of Minnesota as an Assistant Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics. He was named full Professor in 1968.

Joseph's interests included stability of fluid flow, irrotational motions of viscous and viscoelastic fluids, and direct numerical simulations of solid–liquid flows. He has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited Author in Engineering by the ISI Web of Knowledge, Thomson Scientific Company.

Honors and awards
G. I. Taylor Medal, Society of Engineering Science, 1990
Member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1990
Member of the National Academy of Sciences, 1991
Bingham Medal of the Society of Rheology, 1993
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1993
Timoshenko Medal, 1995
Fluid Dynamics Prize, American Physical Society, 1999

Books authored
 Joseph, D. D., Stability of Fluid Motions, I and II, Springer-Verlag, New York (1976).
 Joseph, D. D. and Y. Renardy, Fundamentals of Two-Fluid Dynamics. Part 1: Mathematical Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, New York (1993).
 Joseph, D. D. and Y. Renardy, Fundamentals of Two-Fluid Dynamics: Part 2: Lubricated Transport, Drops and Miscible Liquids, Springer-Verlag, New York (1993).
 Joseph, D. D., Elementary Stability and Bifurcation Theory, 2nd ed., Springer (1997).
 Joseph, D. D., Fluid Dynamics of Viscoelastic Liquids, Springer (2007).
 Joseph, D. D., Funada, T., and Wang, J., Potential Flows of Viscous and Viscoelastic Liquids, Cambridge University Press (2007).

References

1929 births
2011 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fluid dynamicists
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
University of Chicago alumni
University of Minnesota faculty


Swarm is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to study the Earth's magnetic field. High-precision and high-resolution measurements of the strength, direction and variations of the Earth's magnetic field, complemented by precise navigation, accelerometer and electric field measurements, will provide data for modelling the geomagnetic field and its interaction with other physical aspects of the Earth system. The results offer a view of the inside of the Earth from space, enabling the composition and processes of the interior to be studied in detail and increase our knowledge of atmospheric processes and ocean circulation patterns that affect climate and weather.

Overview
The overall objective of the Swarm mission is to build on the experience from the Ørsted and CHAMP missions and to provide the best ever survey of the geomagnetic field (multi-point measurements) and its temporal evolution, to gain new insights into the Earth system by improving our understanding of the Earth's interior and climate.

The Swarm constellation consists of three satellites (Alpha, Bravo and Charlie) placed in two different polar orbits, two flying side by side at an altitude of  and a third at an altitude of . The launch was delayed and rescheduled to 12:02:29 UTC on 22 November 2013, from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia. ESA contracted Astrium to develop and build the three orbiters, while Eurockot provided the launch services.

Through a Canadian-European partnership, the Canadian Space Agency's CASSIOPE satellite's e-POP instrument suite was formally integrated as the fourth satellite in the Swarm constellation in 2018, joining Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie as Echo.

Scientific objectives
Primary objectives:
 Earth core dynamics, geodynamo processes, and core-mantle interaction
 Lithospheric magnetization and its geological interpretation
 3D electrical conductivity of the mantle
 Currents flowing in the magnetosphere and ionosphere

Secondary objectives:
 Identification of the ocean circulation by its magnetic signature
 Quantification of the magnetic forcing of the upper atmosphere

Payload
The payload of the three spacecraft consists of the following instruments:
 Vector Field Magnetometer (VFM): Linear and low-noise measurements of the Earth's magnetic field vector components. The fluxgate vector magnetometer is similar to the ones in the satellites Ørsted, CHAMP and SAC-C.
 Absolute Scalar Magnetometer (ASM): its main goal is the calibration of the main instrument VFM. It consist in a scalar optically pumped magnetometer based on metastable helium-4 designed by CEA-Leti.
 Electric Field Instrument (EFI): Measurement of ion density, drift velocity and electric field.
 Accelerometer (ACC): Measurement of non-gravitational accelerations like air-drag, winds, Earth albedo and solar radiation pressure.
 Laser Range Reflector (LRR): Reflecting quartz prisms as part of the satellite laser ranging network.

Mission history

Pre-launch
The three Swarm satellites arrived at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in September 2013 to begin final testing before fuelling and incorporation with the Rokot launch vehicle.

Launch
The Swarm constellation was successfully launched aboard Rokot/Briz-KM on 22 November 2013.

Operations
The constellation is controlled by the European Space Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany. By the beginning of May 2014, Swarm had finished its in-orbit commissioning. Preliminary data indicates that the constellation is performing well as data received closely matches that from a previous German mission, CHAMP.

During the commissioning stage problems were discovered with the backup Magnetometer on the "Charlie" satellite, which led to "Bravo" satellite being placed in the lone high altitude orbit (510 km) and "Charlie" joining "Alpha" in the lower tandem orbit (462 km) to improve the resilience of the constellation. Commissioning data also indicated greater noise in data when a satellite was in view of the sun; the current theory is this is caused by differential heating in the satellite, but this has not been confirmed. Overall, the constellation is in good health and, due to accurate orbital insertion, has significant fuel reserves remaining.

Discoveries and applications
In September 2016, scientists published a study that revealed a direct link between GPS blackouts of low-Earth-orbiting satellites and "thunderstorms" in the ionosphere. During the first two years of Swarm's operation their GPS connection was broken 166 times. The high-resolution observations from the satellite helped to link these outages to ionospheric thunderstorms at altitudes of 300–600 km in the Earth's atmosphere.

In December 2016, scientists announced that, by using data from the Swarm satellites, they had discovered a new feature in the Earth's outer core, a jet-stream of rapidly moving liquid iron moving at around 50 km per year.

In April 2017, Swarm's data was used to confirm that Steve was a previously unrecognized atmospheric phenomenon.

In May 2020, Swarm revealed that Earth's magnetic field is gradually weakening in an area stretching from Africa to South America, which might cause technical disturbances in satellites orbiting Earth.

See also

 ESA's Living Planet Programme
 GOCE
 SMOS
 CryoSat and CryoSat-2
 ADM-Aeolus
 EarthCARE
 BIOMASS
 FLEX
 Magsat
 Ørsted (satellite)
 Cluster (mission)
 CHAMP (satellite)

References

External links
 ESA web page on the mission
 eoPortal page of Swarm

Earth observation satellites of the European Space Agency
Spacecraft launched in 2013
Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets
Geomagnetic satellites


Robin Matthews is the United Kingdom leader of the European party Libertas, which fought all 72 British seats in the June 2009 European Parliament election. He stood as a candidate for South West England.

Matthews, a former lieutenant colonel in the Light Dragoons regiment of the British Army, has served in Cyprus, Bosnia, Sierra Leone, Iraq and Afghanistan. He retired from the army in 2008 after 20 years of service. Latterly, he became a strategic communications advisor in Afghanistan where he also acted as spokesman for the British Forces.

Married with three children, he lives in Bath, Somerset in the south west of England.

References

Libertas.eu
Leaders of political parties in the United Kingdom
Light Dragoons officers
British Army personnel of the Iraq War
British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Chorizanthe robusta is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family. It is endemic to California, where it is a rare, federally listed endangered species.

Description
Chorizanthe robusta is variable in form, growing decumbent or erect and reaching a maximum length of half a meter. It is grayish in color and hairy. The inflorescence is made up of several flowers with each flower surrounded by white or pink bracts with hooked tips. The flower itself is just a few millimeters long and white to pink in color.

Varieties
It is composed of two varieties:
var. robusta, known generally as the robust spineflower, which is known only from southern Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties,
var. hartwegii, the Scotts Valley spineflower, which is known from a few locations in Scotts Valley in Santa Cruz County.

The plant is closely related to Chorizanthe pungens, another rare endemic from the area.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment: Chorizanthe robusta
The Nature Conservancy: C. robusta
Photo gallery: C.robusta var. hartwegii

robusta
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
Plants described in 1889


Nijmegen Lent is a railway station located in Lent, just north of Nijmegen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 June 2002 and is located on the Arnhem–Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

The station opened in 2002 was actually a temporary station for 11 years. On 25 July 2013 the new, permanent, station was opened which features lifts. This station is located 250m further south than the temporary station.

History
The first station of Lent opened in 1882 and was closed in 1934 because there were too few passengers. During World War II, the station was opened again twice, in 1940 and 1941 and when the bridge into Nijmegen was blown up, this was the terminating station for trains from Arnhem temporarily.

The station was reopened on 1 June 2002 as part of the Waalsprong development of Nijmegen.

Train services
, the following train services call at this station:
Local services:
Sprinter: 's-Hertogenbosch - Nijmegen - Arnhem
Sprinter: (Wijchen -) Nijmegen - Arnhem - Zutphen

Bus services

13: Lent - Nijmegen station - Heyendaal - University - Wilhelmina Hospital - Dukenburg - Bijsterhuizen - Wijchen
14: Arnhem - Elst - Nijmegen
15: Lent - Nijmegen station - Heyendaal - University - Wilhelmina Hospital - Dukenburg - Wijchen
33: Arnhem - Huissen - Angeren - Doornenburg - Gendt - Bemmel - Nijmegen
300: Arnhem - Huissen - Bemmel - Nijmegen
331: Arnhem - Elst - Nijmegen
N30: Arnhem - Huissen - Bemmel - Nijmegen (Night bus)
N31: Arnhem - Elst - Nijmegen (Night bus)

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Lent
Railway stations opened in 1882
Railway stations opened in 2002
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 2000s
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1880s


ParAccel, Inc. was a California-based software company.

It provided a database management system designed to provide advanced analytics for business intelligence. ParAccel was acquired by Actian in April 2013.

History
ParAccel was a venture-backed company focused on developing software for data analysis.
It acquired some intellectual property from the company XPrime, which ended operations in 2005.
It was officially incorporated in February 2006, founded by Barry Zane who became chief technology officer, Tom Clancey as interim-CEO, and was first funded by angel investors.

In August 2006 the first series of venture capital came from  Mohr Davidow Ventures, Bay Partners and Tao Venture Partners.

In 2007 the company was based in San Diego, California, with an office in Ann Arbor, Michigan. David J. Ehrlich was chief executive, and Bruce Scott, vice president of engineering.
In November 2007, a second round of $20 million included previous investors and was led by Walden Ventures.
In December the company opened an office in Cupertino, California (part of Silicon Valley).

A third round of $22 million in June 2009 was led by Menlo Ventures. In January 2010 Mark Lockareff replaced Ehrlich as interim chief executive.
In March 2010 the Wall Street Journal listed ParAccel in a list of 50 top venture backed companies.
A result from the TPC-H benchmark from the Transaction Processing Performance Council in April 2010 had record performance at 1 TB data size using VMware. Charles W. Berger was appointed chairman and CEO in September 2010.

By early 2011 many of its competitors had been acquired.
During its July 2011 funding round, existing investors were led by Amazon.com.
In December 2012, the Amazon Redshift database service was announced (and generally available in early 2013) using ParAccel technology.

ParAccel was based in California with offices in Campbell and San Diego.
Competitors included Greenplum (from Pivotal), EXASOL, Vertica (from Hewlett-Packard), Netezza (from IBM), Oracle Corporation, and Teradata (including its Aster Data Systems technology).
ParAccel was acquired by Actian in April 2013.
Berger left at that time to become CEO of Extreme Networks.

Products
In 2006  ParAccel offered two different products: Amigo and Maverick.  Amigo was designed to accelerate queries directed at an existing data warehouse while leaving the data warehouse as the database of record.  In contrast Maverick was designed as a stand-alone data store.
ParAccel discontinued Amigo in favor of the stand-alone offering which evolved into the ParAccel Analytic Database (PADB).

The ParAccel Analytic Database was a parallel relational database system using a shared-nothing architecture with a columnar orientation, adaptive compression, memory-centric design.
ParAccel's DBMS engine is built for analytics, initially based on PostgreSQL.  ParAccel began phasing in a new optimizer (Omne) in release 2.0 and made significant changes to Omne in subsequent releases (3.1 released in June 2011).
ParAccel implements compiled queries, and a proprietary interconnect protocol for inter-node communications.

ParAccel offered on-demand integration (ODI) modules for analytics and data outside of the ParAccel Analytic Platform.

References

External links

Business intelligence companies
Data warehousing products
Software companies based in California
Defunct software companies of the United States


Xylonic acid is a sugar acid that can be obtained by oxidation of the hemiacetal/aldehyde group of xylose. The C-2 epimer is known as lyxonic acid.

References

Sugar acids
Monosaccharides


This page shows the results of the Water Ski Competition at the 1999 Pan American Games, held from July 23 to August 8 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. There were six events, three for both men and women, with Canada and the United States dominating the competition.

Men's competition

Slalom

Tricks

Jump

Women's competition

Slalom

Tricks

Jump

Medal table

References
 Sports 123

1990s in water skiing
1999 in water sports
1999
Events at the 1999 Pan American Games


Berducedo is a parish (administrative division) in Allande, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain. It is situated at  above sea level, and is  in size.  The population is 166 (INE 2011). The postal code is 33887.

Villages and hamlets
 Baldedo
 Berducedo
 Las Cabañas
 Castello
 El Castro
 Corondeño
 La Figuerina ("A Figueiría")
 La Grandera ("A Grandeira")
 Teijedo ("Teixedo")
 Trapa
 Trellopico

References

External links
 Asturian society of economic and industrial studies, English language version of "Sociedad Asturiana de Estudios Económicos e Industriales" (SADEI)

Parishes in Allande


Tinner Hill is an historic area of Falls Church, Virginia, named after Charles and Mary Tinner, an African-American couple who bought land there in the late 19th century. Family members quarried stone used in many buildings nearby.  Between 1910 and 1918, their descendant  Joseph Tinner and Edwin Bancroft Henderson fought for civil rights and helped found the first rural branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

NAACP at Tinner Hill

The Colored Citizens Protective League (CCPL) was established at Tinner's house in 1915. In 1918, the NAACP granted the CCPL a charter that allowed it to form the Falls Church and Vicinity NAACP. The first rural branch had about 40 members and eight officers, including Tinner as the first president, and Henderson as secretary. In 1944, the NAACP issued the branch a new charter as the "Fairfax County Branch."

Memorials

Tinner Hill has two memorial sites.  A park with explanatory signage, a picnic area, and a memorial river sculpture adjoins the former Tinner residence.  There is also a stone arch at the intersection of Washington Avenue and Tinner Hill Road.  The arch was erected by the Tinner Hill Heritage Foundation in 1999, with additional signage honoring Joseph Tinner and E.B. Henderson. The fifteen-foot monument of pink granite (trondhjemite) also honors the men and women of Tinner Hill and the NAACP's first rural branch.  One of the plaques nearby is missing since the luxury apartments were built behind it.  The City Council of Falls Church has drawn criticism for allowing high-density apartment buildings for affluent residents to overshadow the Tinner Hill monument.

The stone used in the arch was retrieved from demolished buildings built with granite that Tinner quarried, cut, and shaped in Falls Church before 1922. The monument also pays homage to Joseph Tinner's greatest stonework, a large stand-alone arch that once stood about two miles away at Seven Corners. That arch was demolished decades ago during construction of a car dealership. Local high school art teacher John Ballou drew the concept design with the assistance of architect Mark Coupard and Structural Engineer Guy Razzi. The monument was designed so that it can not be disassembled without destruction; the rock is now irreplaceable, as all remaining local trondhjemite is too friable to use in a stand-alone arch. The masonry for the monument was crafted by Roy Morgan of Washington, D.C., and James Ware of Virginia.

Piedmont Blues guitarist/singer John Jackson headlined the original dedication ceremony.  A 30-minute film, "The Making of a Monument" by Dave Eckert, shows how the arch was made. Another short film, "Tinner Hill" by Bob Burnett, provides a more in-depth story about the history and people of Tinner Hill.

Tinner Blues Festival
Since 1993, the annual Tinner Blues Festival has taken place on the second Saturday of June several blocks away in Cherry Hill Park in what is now the City of Falls Church. Many national and area blues musicians play at the event, which also honors Jackson's memory.

References

External links
Tinner Hill Heritage Foundation
African American Heritage site; "The Making of a Monument" video by Dave Eckert

Falls Church, Virginia
History of African-American civil rights
African-American history of Virginia


Gopchang-jeongol () or beef tripe hot pot is a spicy Korean stew or casserole made by boiling beef tripe, vegetables, and seasonings in beef broth. Gopchang refers to beef small intestines, while jeongol refers to a category of stew or casserole in Korean cuisine. Although the dish is mainly based on beef gopchang, other parts of beef innards are also used to give the dish a richer flavor and chewy texture.

To remove any odor and excessive fat in the dish, any white fat adhering to the intestines should be meticulously cleaned out by rubbing them with wheat flour and salt and washing them several times. Since cooking the dish requires not only specialized cooking techniques and a great deal of labor to prepare, but also very fresh ingredients, gopchang jeongol is generally eaten at restaurants specializing in beef innards dishes. The dish, which is seasoned with a hot and spicy red chili-based sauce, is served as a main entrée, accompanied with a bowl of steamed rice. It is often shared between several diners on the center of the table, and is also a popular anju when drinking alcoholic beverages such as soju in South Korea.

Ingredients
Koreans classify beef innards into subcategories, which include yang (양), beoljibyang (벌집양), cheonyeop (처녑), makchang (막창), gopchang (곱창, also called sochang 소창), and daechang (대창).

 The first chamber of a beef stomach is called yang and is high in protein. It has been recommended for a person in weak health to drink the broth of yang since ancient times. The outer portion of the intestines is hard and lumpy, with a lot of black membranes and unclean materials attached between the projections, so those should be thoroughly cleaned out before cooking.
 Gopchang (small intestines of cattle) is commonly referred to as such because of its curvy shape rather than as sochang, which literally means "small intestines". Compared to other cuts of meat, gopchang is high in iron and vitamins. It is relatively inexpensive and has a characteristic flavor and a chewy yet palatable texture, so it is used in many Korean dishes such as gui (grilled dishes) or bokkeum (stir-fried dishes).
 Daechang means "large intestines".

Preparation
The broth for the dish can be either a mixture of two broths, made from beef gopchang and brisket, respectively, or gomtang, a thin soup with a rich flavor made by simmering beef bones for a long time. If choosing the first type, the beef gopchang and brisket have to be boiled separately because beef gopchang has strong flavor that can affect the brisket broth and the meat. To make the beef gopchang broth, cleaned beef gopchang, onions, scallions, garlic, and ginger are placed in a large pot with a large amount of water and boiled until thoroughly cooked. Likewise, the brisket broth is prepared using the same method, using the same secondary ingredients to remove any bad odors that might persist. After that, both broths are chilled, and any fat floating on the surface is skimmed off. The cooked brisket is cut into bite-sized pieces, while the yang and gopchang are cut into long, diagonal strips. The boiled beef gopchang and brisket are marinated with seasonings and kneaded for a long time.

Oyster mushrooms are parboiled in salted boiling water, slightly pressed to squeeze water, torn by their grain, and seasoned. Dried shiitake mushrooms are soaked in lukewarm water, and if a small amount of sugar is added to the water, that helps the mushrooms to rehydrate more quickly. The stipes of the mushroom are taken out, and the caps are shredded and seasoned. Green chili peppers are seeded and chopped and onions and carrots are chopped into pieces the same size as the peppers. Scallions are cut into long diagonal strips.

In a pan, the remaining vegetables are placed on the bottom, and the marinated beef gopchang and brisket are placed over them in a circular fashion. The shredded mushrooms and sliced vegetables are arranged between the gopchang and meat. The prepared broths are mixed together, seasoned with salt, and poured little by little into the pan. When the dish is cooked, any floating foam is skimmed off and the gopchang jeongol is served.

See also
 Tripe
 Haejangguk, soups eaten as a hangover remedy
 List of casserole dishes
 List of soups
 Korean cuisine
 List of Korean dishes

References

External links
 문화속음식; 만화 <사랑이 없어도 먹고 살 수 있습니다> 곱창전골 at Hankooki.com
 경남·울산의 맛거리 <48> 울산 무거동 곱창거리 at Kooje sinmun
 이현주 기자의 맛집 따라가기 금곡동 ‘제일 곱창’ at Suwon ilbo

Casserole dishes
Korean soups and stews
Offal
Table-cooked dishes


Parasimulium is a genus of black flies containing two subgenera and four species. They are found in western North America. Most species are rare, and some Canadian species are cave dwellers.

Species
 Subgenus Astoneomyia Peterson, 1977
 P. melanderi Stone, 1963
 Subgenus Parasimulium Malloch, 1914
 P. crosskeyi Peterson, 1977
 P. furcatum Malloch, 1914
 P. stonei Peterson, 1977

Literature cited

Simuliidae
Chironomoidea genera
Taxa named by John Russell Malloch


CCID may refer to:

 CCID (protocol), USB protocol
 CCID Consulting, company based in Beijing
 Charging circuit interrupting device
 Credit Card ID, a synonym for Card Security Code
 Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Central City Improvement District, a Cape Town-based urban management organisation


Events in the year 1771 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
8 February - Jacob Benzon is deposed as Steward of Norway, and the position was vacant until 1809.

Arts and literature
 December - The first theatre in Norway is founded by Martin Nürenbach in Oslo; it is dissolved in 1772.

Full date unknown
 The song «Norges Skaal» is written by Johan Nordahl Brun.

Births
22 February – Jørgen Aall, ship-owner and politician (died 1833)
3 April – Hans Nielsen Hauge, revivalist lay preacher and writer (died 1824)
30 May – Ole Olsen Amundrød, farmer, schoolteacher and politician (died 1835)
8 August - Andreas Aagaard Kiønig, judge and politician (died 1856)
20 August – Jonas Greger Walnum, politician (died 1838)

Deaths

See also


James Pepper may refer to:

 Jim Pepper (1941–1992), Kaw Nation and American jazz saxophonist, composer, and singer
 James Auburn Pepper (1915–1985), farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan
 James Pepper, cowboy involved in New Mexico's Lincoln County War as an ally of John Chisum
 James E. Pepper, American whiskey brand


The siege of Groenlo was a 10-day siege of the Dutch town of Groenlo from 1 to 10 June 1672 by the combined forces of France, the Elector of Cologne and the Prince-Bishop of Münster during the Franco-Dutch War. It ended in the town's surrender.

Course
After the secret Treaty of Dover between France, England, the Prince-Bishop of Münster and the Archbishop of Cologne against the Dutch Republic, French troops passed through the possessions of Münster and Cologne and a few other French allies then the Spanish Netherlands, enabling them to by-pass the Dutch defences in the south and invade the Dutch from the east in June. Bernhard von Galen, bishop of Münster, invaded the Netherlands the on 1 June 1672 in several places, taking several towns (including Enschede, Almelo and Borculo) and laying siege to Groenlo, where his forces were joined by those of France and Cologne.

Groenlo was well-supplied with food, garrisoned with 22 cannon on new gun-carriages and 600 troops (made up of 10 infantry companies and 1 cavalry company, led by the infantry lieutenant-colonel Gustaff Tungel) and defended by bulwarks and a moat (which had proved their effectiveness in a 1627 siege). However, vastly outnumbered by the French force of over 100,000, it was only able to hold out for 10 days, after which the besiegers moved on to Deventer and other cities, in what became the 'Rampjaar' for the Dutch Republic. The most important parts of Groenlo's fortifications were demolished by the Bishop of Münster and his occupying troops only left the town in 1674.

Sources
 J.W. van Sypesteyn, J.P. de Bordes (1850): De Verdediging van Nederland in 1672 en 1673; Bijdragen tot de Staats- en Krijgeschiedenis van Nederland, 's-Gravenhage: Van Langenhuysen

Groenlo
1672 in the Dutch Republic
17th-century military history of France
Groenlo (1672)
Groenlo (1672)
Groenlo
History of Oost Gelre
Franco-Dutch War


The 2007–08 Scottish Youth Cup was the 25th season of the competition. The holders Rangers defeated Celtic in the final.

Calendar

First round

Second round

Third round

Fourth round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

References
 SFA – Scottish Youth Cup archive

Youth cup
2007


Ghana competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The country's participation at the Games marked its Winter Olympics debut, although it had competed at the Summer Olympics since 1952. The delegation for the 2010 Winter Games consisted of a single alpine skier, Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong, also known as the "Snow leopard". He was also the nation's flag bearer in the Parade of Nations. Nkrumah-Acheampong did not win any medals, finishing behind his fellow African, Samir Azzimani of Morocco.

Background
Ghana first participated in a Summer Olympic Games as the Gold Coast at the 1952 Games in Helsinki, Finland. They participated on 12 occasions prior to 2010, winning four medals along the way; three in boxing and a bronze medal in 1992 for the football team. In 2010, the nation made their Winter Olympics debut in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They sent a single alpine skier Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong, who was also selected to be the flag bearer in the Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony.

Alpine skiing

The sole Ghanaian athlete at the Games, Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong, competed in the men's slalom. Known as the "Snow leopard", Nkrumah-Acheampong was born in Glasgow, Scotland and raised in Accra, Ghana. He moved to England in 2000, and learnt to ski at the ski slope in Milton Keynes after being hired as a receptionist there. He joined the international skiing circuit in 2005, becoming the first black African to do so.

In 2009, he qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics, scoring 137.5 International Ski Federation points, within the required range of 120–140 points. He previously attempted to qualify for the 2006 Winter Olympics. Nkrumah-Acheampong was one of three African skiers at the 2010 Winter Games, alongside Samir Azzimani of Morocco, and Leyti Seck of Senegal.

Nkrumah-Acheampong only received partial funding from the Ghana Olympic Committee, allowing him to travel to Vancouver, but not covering the travel costs of his support team. When bookmaker Paddy Power discovered the situation, they paid for his manager, coach and physiotherapist to travel to Canada to help his preparation for the Olympics. Nkrumah-Acheampong also sought individual sponsorship for the spots on his leopard spotted ski race suit.

He said "Some people were sceptical, others just did not believe that it was possible to train in such a short period of time and try and qualify, but I think now I can stand up and say it's possible." He was listed by Time as one of the 25 Winter Olympians to watch during the games, and he was placed as a 500–1 shot for the gold medal. In the slalom, Nkrumah-Acheampong registered times of 1:09:08 and 1:13:52 in his two runs, resulting in a final position of 47th overall. This was one place behind Azzimani of Morocco.

Notes

References

External links
 Vancouver 2010 Olympic Games official website
 Ghana Ski Team Official Website

Nations at the 2010 Winter Olympics
2010
2010 in Ghanaian sport


Uvulopalatoplasty is a surgical procedure performed with the aim of reducing or eliminating snoring. It is an out-patient procedure, in which a laser is used to remove parts or all of the uvula at the rear of the mouth.  The surgery usually requires three to five visits, with each lasting less than 30 minutes.  It is performed with the patient awake under local anesthesia, and normal functions can be resumed after the operation.  An LAUP (Laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty) procedure typically costs between two and three thousand American dollars. The principal side effect is a severe sore throat which can last from 7 – 10 days.  Speaking is not usually affected. Typically a  type laser is used.

Uvulopalatoplasty was developed in the 1980s by Dr. Yves-Victor Kamami, a surgeon of the Marie-Louise Clinic in Paris, France, who published his first articles on the subject in 1990.  Kamami claimed that it was not only a successful treatment for snoring, but also for obstructive sleep apnea.  Early results seemed favourable, and studies of flawed methodology were published. Long-term follow-up information was omitted entirely. The practice of using lasers to address snoring became widespread. Some surgeons have since stated that the procedure is not as effective as Kamami claimed, while others report a success rate of 85%.  The difference depends largely on the surgeon's experience and ability.
During the late 1990s and the 2000s, researchers (including Finkelstein, Schmidt, Larrosa and others) published data which questioned the efficiency of the treatment and demonstrated that in a considerable number of cases, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty may also cause mild obstructive sleep apnea in patients who has been nonapneic snorers, or lead to deterioration of existing apnea. These results are attributable to thermal damage inflicted by the laser beam. The laser may induce progressive palatal fibrosis, accompanied by medial traction of the posterior tonsillar pillars i.e., scar tissue reduces the airspace in the pharynx leading to velopharyngeal insufficiency. The scar tissue can also make the airway more prone to collapse during sleep. LAUP can be a medically induced cause of sleep apnea. Despite adverse results, LAUP continues to be administered by a minority of surgeons.

References
Norwegian NPE  and NPR

Surgical removal procedures
Palate surgery


KGMZ may refer to:

 KGMZ-FM, a radio station (95.7 FM) licensed to San Francisco, California, United States
 KKOL-FM, a radio station (107.9 FM) licensed to Aiea, Hawaii, United States, which used the call signs KGMZ and KGMZ-FM from 1993 to 2008
 KHRA, a radio station (1460 AM) licensed to Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, which used the call sign KGMZ from 1998 to 2000
 KZDG, a radio station (1550 AM) licensed to San Francisco, which used the call sign KGMZ from 2018 to 2022