Dhammikarama Burmese Temple () is a Burmese temple in Pulau Tikus suburb of George Town of Penang in Malaysia. Situated in Burmah Road, the temple located close to the Wat Chayamangkalaram. It is the sole and oldest Malaysian Burmese temple in the state. The temple also became a focal point for the annual Water, Thingyan and Mid-Autumn festivals as well for Buddhist Lent and Candle Lighting Days within the city suburb.

History
Since the early 19th century, there had been a Burmese settlement in Pulau Tikus. On 1 August 1803, a small temple named "Nandy Moloh Temple" was erected in the area by the Burmese community from a land donated by Nyonya Betong after she purchased a land for $390 (Spanish dollar) from George Layton. The first abbot for the temple was U. Nandamala. Since its early times, women devotees have been the mainstay of the temple with four female trustees; Nyonya Betong, Nyonya Meerut, Nyonya Koloh and Nyonya Bulan. As the Burmese community grows, they later appealed to Queen Victoria for additional lands to extend the temple size as well for the burial grounds of the elders. This was received positively by the government of the Straits Settlements and a grant was made to two Burmese female trustees named Nongmay and Boonkhan during the term of W. J. Butterworth as the Straits Settlements governor in 1845.

Features

Established as a kyaung (monastery), the temple serves as a retreat for Buddhist devotee, with a monks' quarters, a preceptees' lodge and a library within the temple grounds. Numerous statues of the Buddha and mythical creatures such as elephants, fishes and the garuda to symbolise the "three realms of land, air and sea" are scattered within the temple, including a pair of winged chimeras known as Panca Rupa (the Guardian Protectors of the World) and a huge mural depicting the Renunciation of the Buddha. As with other Burmese temples, the chinthe is another prominent creature within the temple with the temple compound also featuring a gardening landscape.

The oldest portion of the temple is its stupa, which was consecrated in 1805. The stupa was then enshrined within an outer stupa that was built in 1838, along with the temple's ordination hall - Sasana Vamsa Sima Shrine Hall - which is guarded by a pair of stone elephants. The shrine hall was last renovated in 1995 to cope with the increase in the number of devotees. The standing Buddha in the shrine hall has a gold-gilded backdrop of carvings with the hall ceiling also exhibits fine carvings which are lacquered brown. In addition, a well was also dug for use by the surrounding Burmese community but since the advent of piped water, the well has since been left unused.

The temple's Arahant Upagutta Shrine was originally constructed in a wooden structure in 1840 before a new shrine is built in 1976. Upagutta is said to possess the power to ward evil spirits, obstacles and dangers. The shrine is accompanied by two other statues; one of them are Arahant Khema. Subsequently, a new structure called as the "Golden Pagoda Bell Tower" were added to the temple where it is completed in 2011 with a cost of RM3 million. As with the rest of the temple, its pagoda is steeped in Burmese architectural styles, with artisans brought in from Myanmar specifically for the construction of the structure.

References

External links

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1803
1800s establishments in Penang
Buddhist temples in Malaysia
Religious buildings and structures in Penang
Tourist attractions in George Town, Penang
Overseas Burmese Buddhist temples
Burmese Theravada Buddhist temples and monasteries
19th-century Buddhist temples


The Sovereign Art Foundation (SAF) is a non-profit organisation established in 2003 by Howard Bilton, a tax lawyer and today's chairman of the Sovereign Group.

Originally a charity, the SAF works towards raising money to help disadvantaged children in Asia and using the arts as a form of rehabilitation, education and therapy. In 2013, the SAF set up the Make It Better project (MIB) that allows for weekly art therapy workshops to take place across Hong Kong and Asia, mostly focusing on under-privileged families' children.

In 2003, Howard Bilton transformed his art-collecting hobby into what is now Asia's largest art prize: The Sovereign Asian Art Prize. This prize, hosted annually in Hong Kong, is a visual arts competition among 30 finalists whose work is then auctioned to raise funds for the MIB project and other charities. The prize initially focused on artists working in the medium of painting only but have since expanded to include other 2D media, including photography, drawing, and print, as well as 3D sculptures.

The Sovereign Art Foundation invites a network of experts from either Europe, Asia or Africa to nominate artists to participate in the prizes. During the exhibition the final judging is performed live and the winner of the US$30,000 first prize is announced and an additional US$1,000 is given to the artist with the public vote for best work. At the culmination of the exhibition there is a charity gala auction where the finalists' works, excluding the first prize winner, are auctioned, with half the proceeds going to the foundation and the other half going back to the artist.

Since 2007, the SAF have expanded their work towards Europe with The Sovereign European Art Prize (held in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011), the Middle East with The Sovereign Middle East and North Africa Art Prize in 2016 and the rest of Africa with The 2011 African Art Prize.

In addition, Sovereign Art Foundation Students Art Prizes are awarded in a number of countries including Hong Kong, Bahrain, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Malta, Mauritius, Portugal and Singapore.

Charity and funding

The Sovereign Art Foundation has used the funds raised through the art prizes it runs to support various charities that help disadvantaged children using the arts as rehabilitation, education and therapy. Three specific examples are Make It Better (founded by SAF), M'Lop Tapang and the Kalki Welfare Society.

Make it Better
In 2013 The Sovereign Art Foundation (SAF) launched the Make It Better Project (MIB), an initiative designed for children from low-income families and those with special educational needs. In Hong Kong, many individuals struggle with extreme financial hardship. They and their families may consequently face social isolation and discrimination. Make It Better aims to support these children by offering them empowering learning activities reinforced by expressive arts. MIB runs weekly workshops in partnership with experienced organisations and schools that help identify those children most in need of support.

M'Lop Tapang
M'Lop Tapang works jointly with children and their families to access education, health care, counselling, income generation initiatives and other services needed to secure a better future. It also works in the community to increase awareness about issues affecting street children, in particular abuse, amongst local people, police, teachers and government officials, helping to make the community a safer place for children. The Sovereign Art Foundation is working with M'Lop Tapang to create a two-year arts programme to help them teach new skills to the disadvantaged children of the area.

Kalki Welfare Society
The Kalki Welfare Society is a non-profit organisation working for vulnerable children of Pondicherry, India and nearby areas. Since June 2008 Kalki has striven to provide a better opportunity to street and other vulnerable children living in very poor conditions, offering them the chance to become active players in their lives. The Sovereign Art Foundation is working with the Kalki Welfare Society to establish an arts project for the disadvantaged children it supports.

Other beneficiary charities
The Sovereign Art Foundation has also supported Kids Company, The Prince's Foundation for Children & the Arts, Room to Read, The Peace Art Cambodia Project and the Hong Kong Youths Art Foundation to name just a few. Over the years the Foundation has raised in excess of US$2 million for charitable activities.
The Sovereign Group is the main sponsor of the Sovereign Art Foundation. Sovereign pays all the administrative expenses, salaries, office costs and the prize money. Partners are sought for the sponsorship of the key events and previous exhibitions and auction dinners have been supported by Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Barclays Wealth, Jaeger Le Coultre, Cathay Pacific, Sotheby's, ADM Capital and many others.

Prizes

The Sovereign Asian Art Prize (SAAP)

The Sovereign Asian Art Prize was initiated in 2003 when the Sovereign Art Foundation was established as a charity in Hong Kong and is the Sovereign Art Foundation's most established prize having had over 2000 artists in the region submit entries in its history.

The prize follows the format explained earlier. Entry is by nomination only. All entries are then judged by a renowned judging panel that has a strong authority in contemporary Asian art. This is the first part of a two part judging process where the 30 strongest pieces will be the art prize finalists. The finalists are usually exhibited in a prominent public place in Hong Kong. In 2010, the finalist exhibition was for the first time toured in Singapore and in Hong Kong. In 2011, the finalist exhibition will be toured in Shanghai, Seoul, Singapore and then finally in Hong Kong. (see: The Sovereign Asian Art Prize).  The second part of the judging process will take place live, at the exhibition in Hong Kong where the art prize winner will be announced. The 29 remaining pieces will then be auctioned off by a chosen auction house (Christie's in 2019 and Sotheby's various other years) at a charity dinner where 50% of the proceeds of each sale will go to the artist and the other 50% will go to the foundation. All proceeds made on the evening by the foundation will go directly towards its charitable aims (see above).

Additionally, the award also includes the "Schoeni Prize" which is named in memory of Manfred Schoeni who died in 2004. This prize is decided solely by public votes cast at the exhibition and through the Sovereign Art Foundation website. The prize carries a nominal award of US$1,000.

As well as raising funds to assist art projects in Asia, The Sovereign Asian Art Prize strives to recognise the most innovative and influential artists of our time.

Winners

The Sovereign European Art Prize
The Sovereign European Art Prize was established in 2006 following the success of the Sovereign Asian Art Prize in London. The prize has since had over 1,500 artist entries from the European region.

The European art prize runs on the same format as the African and Asian prize. Entry is by nomination only. All entries are then judged by a renowned judging panel that has a strong authority in contemporary European art. This is the first part of a two part judging process where the 30 strongest pieces will be the art prize finalists. In the past the 30 finalists have been exhibited in London but in 2011 this will move to The 2010 European capital of culture, Istanbul. The second stage of the judging process will be carried out live at the exhibition where the art prize winner will be announced, who will receive US$25,000. The remaining 29 finalist art works will be auctioned off in the same format as the Asian Art Prize, where 50% of the proceeds will go to the artist and the other 50% to the foundation.

The beneficial charity of The 2011 Sovereign European Art Prize was be Acik Kapi, a local Turkish charity whose primary concern is providing shelter for homeless children, who will use the funding to establish an arts program at their centre.

As well as raising funds to assist art projects in Europe, The Sovereign European Art Prize strives to recognize the most innovative and influential artists of our time.

The Sovereign African Art Prize

In 2011, the Sovereign Art Foundation held the Sovereign African Art Prize for the Sovereign Art Foundation in Africa. Its aim was to (i) raise public awareness of African art; (ii) provide much needed exposure, recognition and opportunity to African artists; and (iii) raise significant funding for charities in Africa.

Contrary to the Asian Art Prize, the 2011 Sovereign African Art Prize only consisted of 20 finalists, chosen by expert nominators, that were exposed on 24–25 September at the Johannesburg Art Fair. The Winner for the prize was artists Hassan Hajjaj from Morocco.

The 2016 Sovereign Middle East & North Africa (MENA) Art Prize
The 2016 Sovereign Middle East & North Africa (MENA) Art Prize was held in 2016 in Dubai and strive towards encouraging and supporting North African and Middle-Easter artists. It follows, once again, the same criteria as the Asian Art Prize with a selection of specialized and expert judges and nominators. The winner of the 2016 Sovereign Middle East & North Africa Art Prize was Alfred Tarazi, an artist from Lebanon followed by the Public Vote Prize won by Mayasa Al Sowaidi.

The Sovereign Student Art Prize
In 2012 SAF established The Sovereign Art Foundation Students Prize in Hong Kong, with the purpose of celebrating the importance of art in the education system and recognizing the quality of art that can be produced by secondary and tertiary level students in Hong Kong. Teachers and department heads from secondary schools and universities are invited to nominate their best art students to enter the prize.

After two rounds of judging both online and in person, the final shortlisted works are exhibited in a prominent space, usually an art fair, where the public are invited to vote on their favourite piece.

The winning students and their schools are awarded with cash prizes.

The Sovereign Art Foundation has now established additional Students Prizes in Bahrain, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, Malta, Mauritius, Portugal and Singapore, with further Students Prizes planned worldwide.

References

External links
Sovereign Art Foundation
Sovereign Group

Contemporary art awards
Charities based in Hong Kong
Chinese contemporary art
British contemporary art
Arts foundations based in Asia
Foundations based in England
International art awards


Dolna Oryahovitsa ( ) is a town in northern Bulgaria, part of Gorna Oryahovitsa municipality, Veliko Tarnovo Province.

Geography
Dolna Oryahovitsa is situated on the coast of Yantra River, 10 kilometers South from Veliko Tarnovo, 3 kilometers north from Gorna Oryahovitsa, and 250 kilometers east from Bulgaria's capital Sofia. The climate in the area is warm during the summer, whereas the winters are cold.

History
The name of Dolna Oryahovitsa is mentioned in Turkish documents in the end of XVII and XVIII centuries. The town takes place in an old Slavic settlement, which was famous for its fertile agricultural lands. Dolna Oryahovitsa becomes a town in 1985. During the Balkan wars, two men voluntarily participated in the Macedonian uprisings.

Population

 According to Bulgaria's Population Census in 2011.

Numbers and percentage of ethnic groups according to the National 2011 Census.

References

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Veliko Tarnovo Province


Marko "Mare" Kon (; born 20 April 1972) is a Serbian recording artist.

He was the Serbian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 alongside Milan Nikolić, where they did not manage to qualify for the finals.

Early life
Kon was born to a Serbian-Jewish father and Serbian mother.

Career
As a vocalist, Kon has recorded three solo albums and contributed vocals to recordings of over thirty artists, including Dalibor Andonov Gru, Maja Nikolić, Mira Škorić, Goga Sekulić, Sky Wikluh, Jelena Tomašević, Aleksandra Radović, Boban Rajović, Reni and Aleksa Vukašinović. His work as an arranger includes collaborations with over fifty artists, notably with Dara Bubamara, Nikola Bulatović, Enes Ukić, Louis, Flamingosi, Lejla Hot, Djogani and Fantastic Band. Kon considers his collaboration with the rapper Gru on his 1995 album as his "big breakthrough" in the industry.

Eurovision Song Contest 2009
In 2009, Kon collaborated with Milan Nikolić to perform "Cipela" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. The song was chosen after a national final. It competed in the second semi-final, but failed to reach the final.

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
Serbian record producers
Serbian multi-instrumentalists
Serbian baritones
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Serbia
Serbian people of Jewish descent
Beovizija contestants
Beovizija winners


Milan Nikolić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Николић; born 2 July 1979 in Jagodina), also known professionally as Milaan, is a Serbian accordionist who was the Serbian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with Marko Kon. The song "Cipela" was chosen to represent Serbia in the 2009 national final of the Eurovision Song Contest.  It competed in the second semi final but failed to reach the final.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
People from Jagodina
Serbian accordionists
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Serbia
21st-century accordionists
Beovizija contestants
Beovizija winners


"Whatever Happened, Happened" is the 11th television episode of the fifth season of ABC's Lost. The 97th episode of the show overall, "Whatever Happened, Happened" aired April 1, 2009, on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by executive producers/show runners Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse and directed by "The Man Behind the Curtain" director Bobby Roth.

In 1977, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) goes to extreme measures to save young Benjamin Linus (Sterling Beaumon) when Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) refuses to help. In flashbacks, Kate takes care of Sawyer's (Josh Holloway) favor and begins to tell the truth to protect Aaron (William Blanchette).

Plot

Flashbacks
Shortly after the Oceanic six's rescue, Kate Austen and a baby Aaron visit Cassidy, who is an ex-girlfriend of James "Sawyer" Ford. Kate gives Cassidy and Sawyer's daughter Clementine (Olivia Vickery) money from the severance pay from Oceanic. Cassidy deduces that Aaron is not Kate's baby, prompting her to tell her the truth about everything that happened on the island. Cassidy eventually leads Kate to realize that the reason she took Aaron as her own, is because Kate needed him in order to get over her emotional attachment to Sawyer. After the survivors's confrontation with Ben, Kate momentarily loses Aaron in a supermarket. She recovers it from a woman who bears a strong resemblance of Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), Aaron's mother. After this, she decides to return to the island with the others who left. She leaves Aaron in the care of Carole Littleton (Susan Duerden), Aaron's biological grandmother. Kate also tells Carole that she is returning to the island to find Carole's daughter, Claire, and bring her home.

1977
After Sayid shoots a young Ben, Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) wakes up and notices the situation. He brings Ben to the barracks so that his injuries can be treated by Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell). Juliet is unable to perform the necessary surgery on Ben and sends James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) to retrieve Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), a spinal surgeon. Meanwhile, Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (Jorge Garcia) and Miles Straume (Ken Leung) debate the nature of time travel. Hurley is convinced that they have changed the past, as in Back to the Future, but Miles tells him that these events always happened in the past. Hurley, however, points that an older Ben didn't recognize Sayid when he was tortured in 2004, as the man who shot him as a kid. Jack, knowing what Ben does in the future, refuses to help, saying that "he already saved him once". This drives Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) to do everything she can to help Ben.

Kate goes to the sick bay where Ben is being treated and donates her blood because she is a universal donor. She strikes up a conversation with Ben's father, Roger (Jon Gries), who is upset that Ben stole his keys and freed Sayid from the jail. Once it becomes clear that Ben will succumb to his injuries without further intervention, Kate decides to take Ben to the Others, the island's native population. Sawyer comes to Kate's aid and they bring Ben to Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell), who warns them that if he treats Ben, he will not remember what has happened and will never be the same again. They agree anyway. Another Other urges Richard to inform "Ellie" of his intentions and implies that "Charles" will not be pleased if he finds out, but Richard says he doesn't answer to either of them. Richard then carries Ben into the temple.

2007
After being knocked out unconscious by Sun, Ben (Michael Emerson) wakes up in the infirmary, and is greeted by John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), who welcomes him back to "the land of the living".

Notes

References

External links
"Whatever Happened, Happened" at ABC

Lost (season 5) episodes
2009 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Bobby Roth
Television episodes written by Damon Lindelof


The Promise is the sixth studio album by singer/songwriter Bif Naked, released in 2009.

Track listing
Unless otherwise noted, all songs composed by Bif Naked and Jason Darr.
"Crash and Burn" – 3:33
"Sick" – 3:40
"Bluejay" – 3:54
"Fuck You 2" (Jason Darr) – 3:14
"Honeybee" – 2:53
"You'll Never Know" (Jason Darr/Brian Howes/Jacen Ekstrom/Mike Sweeney/Jamie Warren) – 2:53
"My Innocence" (Bif Naked/Curt Frasca/Sabelle Breer) – 3:28
"Red Flag" (Bif Naked/Peter Karroll/Doug Fury) – 3:26
"Ciao, Bella" – 4:05
"King of Karma" (Bif Naked/Peter Karroll/Doug Fury) – 3:14
"Amazon Motel" (Bif Naked/Peter Karroll/Doug Fury) – 3:43
"River of Fire" – 3:45
"Welcome to the End" (Bif Naked/Peter Karroll/Doug Fury) – 3:58
"Save Your Breath" 3:04 (digital download edition bonus track)

Personnel
Bif Naked - Vocals
Jason Darr - Guitars and programming
Hansel Funke - Bass
Locutis - Drums
John Webster - Additional Keys

References

External links

2009 albums
Bif Naked albums


Britglyph was a collaborative locative art and geoglyph project created by Alfie Dennen for ShoZu which took place in the United Kingdom between December 2008 and March 2009. Participants were instructed to travel to specific locations across the country with a rock or stone taken from near where they live. Once at the designated spot, the participants would capture a photograph or video of themselves and the rock and upload that to the main website, leaving the rock at the new location. As these media were added to the main site, the image of a watch and chain inspired by John Harrison's marine chronometer H5 was drawn on the main project website, with the rocks creating a geoglyph on the Earth's surface.

See also
 Locative art
 Mobile media
 Locative media

Awards

Britglyph won the Experimental and Innovation Award at the Webbys 2009.

References

 Bill Thompson BBCTechnology http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7783918.stm
 Bruce Sterling Wired http://blog.wired.com/sterling/2009/01/britglyph.html

External links
Britglyph
Britglyph Moblog (media and location data store)

Digital media


Andrea Šušnjara (born 26 February 1987) is a Croatian singer who was the Croatian entrant for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. She, alongside Igor Cukrov, were the winners of Dora 2009, performing the song "Lijepa Tena" (Beautiful Tena). At Eurovision they performed in the second semi-final as the opening act and qualified for the final as the jury's selected qualifier. In the final they finished in 18th place with 45 points.

She also competed to represent Croatia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, performing the song "Noah" at Dora 2004. She won the semi-final and qualified to the final, where she finished second, losing out to Ivan Mikulić.
In May 2010, she joined Magazin, a Croatian pop band from Split.

Discography
with Magazin
 Mislim pozitivno! (2014)

References

External links

1987 births
21st-century Croatian women singers
Croatian pop singers
Musicians from Split, Croatia
Croatian sopranos
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009


Events in the year 1879 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II

Events
The Kverneland Group was established by Ole Gabriel Kverneland.

Arts and literature
Henrik Ibsen (while living in Italy) publishes  A Doll's House

Births

January to June
26 January – Birger Braadland, politician (died 1966)
5 March – Rachel Grepp, journalist and politician (died 1961)
24 March – Leiv Heggstad, educator, linguist and translator (died 1954).
11 April – Øistein Schirmer, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1947)
29 April – Henrik Ameln, jurist and politician (died 1961)
23 May – Kjeld Stub Irgens, sea captain and collaborator minister (died 1963)
27 May – Per Reidarson, composer and music critic (died 1954)
28 May – Lilly Heber, literary critic and historian (died 1944)
30 May – Olaf Josef Johansen, politician.
27 June – Martin Tranmæl, socialist leader (died 1967)

July to September
9 July – Karen Platou, politician (died 1950)
5 August – Ole Hallesby, Lutheran neo-orthodox pietist (died 1961)
6 August – Kyrre Grepp, politician (died 1922)
6 September
 Knud Leonard Knudsen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1954)
 Johan Nygaardsvold, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (died 1952)
14 September – Andreas Brecke, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1952)
29 September – Nils Bertelsen, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1958)
30 September – Johan Falkberget, author (died 1967)

October to December
1 October – Lauritz Sand, resistance fighter (died 1956)
5 October – Halfdan Cleve, composer (died 1951)
21 October – Torkell Vinje, politician (died 1955)
20 November – Martin Stenersen, sport shooter (died 1968)
27 November – Gil Andersen, motor racing driver in America (died 1935)
29 November – Nils Trædal, cleric, politician and Minister (died 1948)
6 December – Rudolf Gundersen, speed skater (died 1946)

Full date unknown
Anders Fjelstad, politician (died 1955)

Deaths
5 February – Halvor Schou, industrialist (born 1823)
8 April – Christian Cornelius Paus, lawyer, civil servant and politician (born 1800)
2 September – Johan Collett Falsen, jurist and politician (born 1817)

Full date unknown
Jan Henrik Nitter Hansen, businessman and politician (born 1801)
Henrik Krohn, poet, magazine editor and proponent for Nynorsk language (born 1826)

See also

References


Below are the full rosters, including the coaching staffs, of all 30 Major League Baseball teams. All teams are allowed up to 40 players on their roster, which doesn't include players on the 60-day injured list.

American League

American League East

American League Central

American League West

National League

National League East

National League Central

National League West

See also

List of current KBO League team rosters
List of current Nippon Professional Baseball team rosters

Major League Baseball team rosters


Marian Savu (born 11 October 1972) is a retired Romanian football striker.

Career overview
Total matches played in Romanian First League: 223 matches – 77 goals.
European Cups: 12 matches – 1 goal.
Topscorer of the Romanian First League: 2000.

External links

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Teleorman County
Romanian men's footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
CSM Flacăra Moreni players
FC Dinamo București players
FC Rapid București players
FC Brașov (1936) players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
FC Shakhtar-2 Donetsk players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
FC Progresul București players
FC Sportul Studențesc București players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
Fehérvár FC players
AEL Limassol players
Liga I players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Cypriot First Division players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Men's association football forwards


Marc Jameson is an American software developer and former record producer, audio engineer, programmer, writer, and remixer. He began his career as an artist, in bands such as Kikiwest and The Distnce. Prior to his production work, he was the lead singer and keyboardist of the industrial rock band Diatribe. His credits include Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Kelly Osbourne, Matt & Kim, Static-X, Bon Jovi, and more.

Discography

Records
The Distnce – Dry Land
Christina Aguilera – Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits
Static-X – Cult of Static
Boh Runga – "Names in the Sand"
Christina Aguilera – Back to Basics
Christina Aguilera – "Da Da Da", Pepsi
Sierra Swan – LadyLand
Kelly Osbourne – "Secret Lover"
Madonna – "American Life" (Felix Da Housecat's Devin Dazzle Club Mix)
Bon Jovi – Bounce
Lizzie West – Holy Road: Freedom Songs
Lizzie West – Lizzie West EP
Felix da Housecat – "Rocket Ride"
Shannon Curfman – Fast Lane Addiction
Mighty Six Ninety – Cheers to the Bitter End
Mighty Six Ninety – Cheers to the Bitter End [Bonus Tracks]

Film
Le Reve de la Mere – Original score
Secretary – "Chariots Rise", Lizzie West.
Strange Days – "Therapy".
Saving Emily – "Twilight", Jayspex.

Television
Miss Match – "Feel Better", Kikiwest.
MTV Road Rules – "Creeper", Kikiwest
Battle of the Sexes – "Creeper", Kikiwest.

Video games
Bloody Roar 2

Band origins

Kikiwest
Marc Jameson and Jacqueline Gallier formed Kikiwest in the late 1990s. A trip hop duo influenced by bands like Portishead, Kikiwest found initial success by sending out four demos to four different record companies and receiving offers from every one of them. Jameson and Gallier chose to sign with London/FFRR, and although the future looked bright for Kikiwest, the relationship fell apart before an album was released. Kikiwest has only had one official major release: "Creeper" on She – A Female Trip-Hop Experience (2001) compilation. They continue to release independent recording of their official MySpace website.

Kikiwest discography
 Kikiwest – She: A Female Triphop Experience
 Kikiwest – Chilled Sirens
 Kikiwest – Definitive Chilled

References

External links
The Distnce Official
MarcJameson.com
Official MySpace
Official Kikiwest MySpace

Record producers from California
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Writers from Los Angeles


In engineering, the ultimate load is a statistical figure used in calculations, and should (hopefully) never actually occur.

Strength requirements are specified in terms of limit loads (the maximum loads to be expected in service) and ultimate loads (limit loads multiplied by prescribed factors of safety). With respect to aircraft structure and design, ultimate load is the amount of load applied to a component beyond which the component will fail.  The chance that it will occur is, however, not zero, and, if it were to occur, then the relevant structure in the aircraft would stand a large chance of fracture.

During the testing for determination of the loads, no fracture must occur at the ultimate load for a period of 3 seconds.

This is also commonly used in knowing the properties of metal beams. For example, it is used in experiments such as T.T.M(tensile testing machine) and U.T.M(universal testing machine)

The ultimate load Bu is related to the limit load Bn, using the concept of safety factor, j. The relation is as follows

Bu >= Bn × j

Aerospace engineering


Symmetry may refer to:

Generally:
Symmetry, the broad concept

In mathematics, science and technology:
Symmetry (geometry), of shapes in a metric space such as the plane
Symmetry in mathematics, of mathematical structures in general
Symmetry (physics), a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is "preserved" under some change
Symmetry in biology, the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes
Molecular symmetry in chemistry
Symmetry (Sequent Computer Systems), a line of SMP computers by Sequent Computer Systems
Symmetry Magazine, a Fermilab/SLAC publication covering advanced physics

In arts and entertainment:
Symmetry (band), American instrumental duo
Symmetry (film), a Polish film
"Symmetry" (Dead Zone), an episode of the television series Dead Zone
Symmetric scale, in music
Symmetry (Saga album), a studio album by Canadian rock band Saga
"Symmetry", a song by Little Boots on the album Hands

Other uses:
Facial symmetry, a component of attractiveness
"Symmetry", street name of salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether, a dissociative drug
 Symmetry (horse)
 Symmetry (journal)


Boris Prokopič  (born 29 March 1988) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brühl in the Swiss third-tier Promotion League. Born in what is now Slovakia, Prokopič was a youth international for Austria.

Career
Prokopić began his career in the youth from SV Horn. In 2006, at the age of sixteen, he joined to the academy from Rapid Wien and after one year was promoted to the reserve team. Here he played during summer 2008 then was called from Peter Pacult for the Kampfmannschaft. On 8 July 2008 the first game of the 2008–09 season he gave his debut against SK Sturm Graz.

In the 2009–10 season in winter he was loaned out to FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002).In first season they were playing Austrian Football First League. In the second season they were promoted to Austrian Football Bundesliga. He made 29 appearances and scored 5 goals for Innsbruck.

In winter 2011 he returned to Rapid Wien. He played there until January 2013. He made 29 appearances and scored 5 goals. In January 2013 he left Rapid Wien and joined SCR Altach. He played there until January 2019. He made 113 appearances and scored 13 goals.

In January 2019 he joined FC Vaduz. In August 2020 they were promoted to the Swiss Super League.

In June 2022, Prokopič moved to Brühl in Switzerland.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Austrian people of Slovak descent
Sportspeople from Poprad
Footballers from the Prešov Region
Austrian men's footballers
Slovak men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Austria men's youth international footballers
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
2. Liga (Austria) players
Swiss Challenge League players
Swiss Promotion League players
SK Rapid Wien players
FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002) players
SC Rheindorf Altach players
FC Vaduz players
SC Brühl players
Austrian expatriate men's footballers
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Liechtenstein
Expatriate men's footballers in Liechtenstein
Austrian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Czechoslovak emigrants to Austria


Aribert Ferdinand Heim (28 June 191410 August 1992), also known as Dr. Death and Butcher of Mauthausen, was an Austrian Schutzstaffel (SS) doctor. During World War II, he served at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Mauthausen, killing and torturing inmates using various methods, such as the direct injection of toxic compounds into the hearts of his victims.

After the war, Heim lived in Cairo, Egypt, under the alias of Tarek Farid Hussein after his conversion to Islam. In February 2009, after years of attempts to locate him, German television network ZDF had found Heim's passport and other documents in Cairo. It was then reported that Heim had died there on 10 August 1992 from complications of rectal cancer, according to testimony by his son Ruediger and lawyer. This information, though set forth by a German court, was questioned by Efraim Zuroff, a leading Nazi hunter of the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Zuroff stated that on a visit to Puerto Montt, Chile, in July 2008, Heim's daughter told him that Heim had died in 1993 in Argentina. In 2012, a court in Baden-Baden confirmed again that Heim had died in 1992 in Egypt, based on new evidence provided by his family and lawyer. The Wiesenthal Center continued to dispute these findings, and Heim remained on the list of most-wanted Nazi war criminals until 2013.

Life

Early life
Heim was born on June 28, 1914, in Bad Radkersburg, Austria-Hungary, the son of a policeman and a housewife. He studied in Graz, and received his diploma in medicine from the University of Vienna in 1940.

Heim volunteered for the Waffen-SS in April 1940, rising to the rank of Hauptsturmführer (Captain).

Mauthausen concentration camp
Aribert Heim worked in Mauthausen for six weeks as a doctor starting in October 1941 at the age of 27. Prisoners at Mauthausen called Heim "Dr. Death", or the "Butcher of Mauthausen" for his cruelty.

According to witnesses, Heim worked closely with SS pharmacist Erich Wasicky. The two performed gruesome experiments together, such as injecting various solutions into the hearts of Jewish prisoners to see which killed them the fastest.

Heim was known for performing operations without anesthesia. For about two months (October to December 1941), Heim was stationed at the Ebensee concentration camp near Linz, Austria, where he carried out experiments on Jews and others similar to those performed at Auschwitz by Josef Mengele. According to Holocaust survivors, Jewish prisoners were poisoned with various injections directly into the heart, including petrol, phenol, available poisons, or even water, to induce death.

Heim reportedly removed organs from living prisoners without anesthesia, killing hundreds. A prisoner by the name of Karl Lotter also worked in the Mauthausen hospital at the time Aribert Heim was there. Lotter testified that in 1941, he witnessed Aribert Heim butcher a prisoner who came to him with an inflamed foot. Lotter provided more gruesome details about how Aribert butchered the 18-year-old prisoner, stating that Aribert gave him anesthetic and then proceeded to cut him open, castrate him, and take out one of his kidneys. The prisoner died, and his head was cut off, boiled and stripped of its flesh.

Heim then allegedly used this young man's skull as a paperweight on his desk. In a sworn statement that was given eight years after the incident Lotter stated that Heim "needed the head because of its perfect teeth". Other survivors of the Holocaust referred to Aribert removing tattooed flesh from prisoners and using the skin to make seat coverings, which he gave to the commandant of the camp. Marcelino Bilbao Bilbao stated that Heim drew blood from him for six weeks and later injected him with a liquid that ended up paralyzing his body.

Later service
From February 1942, Heim served in the 6th SS Mountain Division Nord in northern Finland, especially in Oulu's hospitals as an SS doctor. His service continued until at least October 1942.

On 15 March 1945, Heim was captured by US soldiers and sent to a camp for prisoners of war. He would remain imprisoned for a two-and-a-half year period. But while Heim's former colleague, Erich Wasicky, and dozens of others were tried and executed in the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials, Heim was never prosecuted. In December 1947, he was released and worked as a gynecologist at Baden-Baden until his disappearance in 1962; he had telephoned his home and was told that the police were waiting for him. Having been questioned on previous occasions, he surmised the reason (an international warrant for his arrest had been in place since that date) and went into hiding. According to his son, Rüdiger Heim, he drove through France and Spain onward to Morocco, moving finally to Egypt via Libya.

Investigations and possible sightings
In the years following his disappearance, Heim was the target of a rapidly escalating manhunt and ever-increasing rewards for his capture. Following his escape there were reported sightings in Latin America, Spain and Africa, as well as formal investigations aimed at bringing him to justice, some of which took place even after he had apparently died in Egypt. The German government offered €150,000 for information leading to his arrest, while the Simon Wiesenthal Center launched Operation Last Chance, a project to assist governments in the location and arrest of suspected Nazi war criminals who are still alive. Tax records prove that, as late as 2001, Heim's lawyer asked the German authorities to refund capital gains taxes levied on him because he was living abroad.

Heim reportedly hid out in South America, Spain and the Balkans, but only his presence in Spain has ever been confirmed. Efraim Zuroff, of the Wiesenthal Center, initiated an active search for his whereabouts, and in late 2005, Spanish police incorrectly determined he was in Palafrugell, Spain. According to El Mundo, Heim had been helped by associates of Otto Skorzeny, who had organised one of the biggest ODESSA bases in Franco's Spain.

Press reports in mid-October 2005 suggested that Heim's arrest by Spanish police was "imminent". Within a few days, however, newer reports suggested that he had evaded capture and had moved either to another part of Spain or to Denmark.

Fredrik Jensen, a Norwegian and a former SS Obersturmführer, was put under police investigation in June 2007, and charged with assisting Heim in his escape. The accusation was denied by Jensen. In July 2007, the Austrian Ministry of Justice declared that it would pay €50,000 for information leading to his arrest and extradition to Austria.

On 6 July 2008, Efraim Zuroff, the Wiesenthal Center's chief Nazi-hunter, went to South America as part of a public campaign to capture the most wanted Nazi in the world and bring him to justice, claiming that Heim was alive and hiding in Patagonia, either in Chile or in Argentina. He elaborated on 15 July 2008 that he was sure Heim was alive and the groundwork had been laid to capture him within weeks.

In 2008, Heim was named as one of the ten most wanted Nazi war criminals by the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

Later years and death

Heim and his former wife, Friedl, had two sons. He also had a daughter, Waltraud, born out of wedlock in Chile.

In 2006, a German newspaper reported that he had a daughter, Waltraud, living on the outskirts of Puerto Montt, Chile, who said he had died in 1993. However, when she tried to recover a multimillion-euro inheritance from an account in his name, she was unable to provide a death certificate.

In August 2008, Heim's son Rüdiger asked that his father be declared legally dead, in order to take hold of his assets. He claimed he intended to make a donation to humanitarian projects working to document the atrocities committed in the camps.

After years of apparently false sightings, the circumstances surrounding Heim's escape, life in hiding and death were jointly reported by the German broadcaster ZDF and The New York Times in February 2009. It was reported that Heim died on August 10, 1992, in Cairo, Egypt with his cause of death being colorectal cancer. In the later years of his life, Heim had named himself Tarek Farid Hussein. People in Egypt who knew Heim said they did not know he was a wanted man.

In an interview at the family's villa in Baden-Baden, his son Rüdiger admitted publicly for the first time that he was with his father in Egypt at the time of Heim's death, saying that it was during the Olympics, and that he died the day after the games ended. According to Efraim Zuroff, Rüdiger Heim had constantly denied having any knowledge of the whereabouts of his father until the publishing of the ZDF research results.

On 18 March 2009, the Simon Wiesenthal Center filed a criminal complaint due to suspicion of false testimony. In 2012, a regional court in Baden-Baden confirmed that Heim died under the assumed identity of Tarek Hussein Farid in Egypt in 1992, based on papers from his lawyer and testimony from his son.

In its 2013 annual Nazi war criminal report, the Simon Wiesenthal Center disputed the 2012 ruling by the Baden-Baden court, claiming a lack of forensic confirmation of Heim's death. Ruediger Heim recounted how Egyptian authorities had forced him to have his father interred in an unmarked common grave in Cairo, rendering it impossible for investigators to find Heim's remains for DNA testing. Heim was not included in the 2014 report.

In popular culture
Israeli author Danny Baz published The Secret Executioners in 2007, in which he claimed that a clandestine organisation called 'The Owl', operating outside of international law, tracked Heim down and assassinated him in the U.S. on an island off the California coast in 1982. Baz claimed he was a member of 'The Owl' himself and claimed that his group carried out several assassinations of Nazis who had sought refuge in the US. The Simon Wiesenthal Centre has expressed doubts regarding Baz's claims.

In her novel The Scent of Lemon Leaves (Lo que esconde tu nombre, 2010) Clara Sánchez gives a fictional account of Heim's refuge in Spain. In the afterword to the novel the author states that she used a real name for a fictional character.

In the fictional Netflix series Jaguar (Global release 22 September 2021) a group of Nazi hunters attempt to catch Heim in Spain in 1962.

References

Further reading
 N.Y. Times (2009) From the Briefcase of Dr. Aribert Heim: The Personal Archives of the Most Wanted Nazi War Criminal, The New York Times, retrieved 4 February 2009 (dozens of Aribert Heim's personal documents have been scanned and are available for viewing on the N.Y. Times' multimedia website)

1914 births
1992 deaths
University of Vienna alumni
Austrian Muslims
Austrian Nazi physicians
Converts to Islam
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Fugitives
Fugitives wanted on crimes against humanity charges
Fugitives wanted on war crimes charges
Holocaust perpetrators in Austria
Immigrants to Egypt
Mauthausen concentration camp personnel
Nazi human subject research
People from Südoststeiermark District
People from the Duchy of Styria
SS-Hauptsturmführer
Waffen-SS personnel
World War II prisoners of war held by the United States


Thomas Embling (26 August 1814 – 17 January 1893) was a doctor from the United Kingdom who took an interest in the humane treatment of inmates in asylums before emigrating to Melbourne, Australia where he set about reforming the Yarra Bend Asylum.  Later on Thomas Embling took up the cause of the gold miners in Eureka and had a successful career in the early parliament of Victoria.

Early life

Thomas Embling was born 26 August 1814 in Oxford, United Kingdom. At 16 he was apprenticed to an apothecary.  He then studied medicine, becoming a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1837 and a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1838.

After his graduation in 1829 he went into partnership in practice with his brother.  It was  during this time he held a position as a Visiting Medical Officer at Hanwell Asylum, where he became familiar with the latest treatment methods in lunatic asylums.  Embling married Jane Webb Chinnock on 1 August 1839 and by 1841 they were living with their son, William on Brompton Row, South Kensington, London. Both Embling and his wife suffered from 'pulmonary affections' which influenced their decision to emigrate to Australia.  In 1850 Embling, his wife and seven children sailed from England to South Australia; they then travelled across to Melbourne.  The journey to Melbourne was not without incident and Embling was caught up in the bush fires of Black Thursday in February 1851.

Yarra Bend Asylum

Embling's first appointment in Australia was to be as an assistant to the Colonial Surgeon of Victoria.  However parliament members James Johnston and Charles Ebden put forward the proposition that Yarra Bend Lunatic Asylum required a Resident Medical Officer and Embling was highly suitable. Although not a psychiatrist, Embling had a pioneering interest in the 'moral treatment' of mental illness

Embling's early days at Yarra Bend were not easy.  Superintendent George Watson was not pleased with the appointment of a Resident Medical Officer.  With the assistance of displaced Visiting Medical Officer Dr Cussen, Watson attempted to thwart Embling's efforts to become involved in the care of inmates.  He was refused a pass key and denied access to many of the asylum buildings, including the accommodation that he was to have been provided on the asylum grounds.  Efforts to hinder Embling however, only served to strengthen his resolve to become actively involved in the clinical management of his patients.  What he saw at Yarra Bend shocked him, his first impressions "were those of great astonishment not unmixed with pain … I saw much that was incomprehensible, and much disreputable."

Despite the obstacles he encountered, Embling implemented significant reforms in a short space of time.  He ordered the removal of manacles, camisoles and restraining gloves and rejected the then popular psychiatric practice of punitive "treatment".  These reforms were not popular with the Superintendent, nor with the colonial surgeon.  He was subsequently charged and brought before a disciplinary hearing, on the grounds that he was "too heroic to be a medical officer".

Parliamentary enquiry
Aware that his accusers were highly regarded by the government, Embling briefed supportive parliamentarian James Johnston on the activities and corruption he had witnessed at Yarra Bend. The story was picked up by the press, and in April 1852, only four months after Embling's appointment, The Argus newspaper called for a reorganisation of the asylum.  Public support for an enquiry grew, and following a motion put by Johnston in July 1852, a Select Committee was appointed "To Enquire into the Yarra Bend Lunatic Asylum and to take Evidence".

The committee sat from August to December 1852, with the final report citing evidence of mismanagement and human rights abuses including
 Evidence of physical and sexual abuse;
 Corruption;
 Poor treatment of inmates, including forcing 28 people to share the same bath water,
 Illegal use of asylum resources, including using resources supposedly earmarked for patients being funnelled into a private poultry farm run by the Superintendent;
 Patients being frequently drunk.
The Committee found that patients had been severely maltreated and that the Superintendent was "grossly negligent as well as highly culpable".  Praise was heaped upon Embling by the Committee, declaring "it is with extreme regret we observe the efforts of this gentleman to promote the efficiency of a valuable institution, and to check the abuses that so seriously affected its usefulness…"

Lieutenant-Governor Charles La Trobe dismissed the entire staff of Yarra Bend, including Embling.  Superintendent Watson was given another post which led to The Argus launching a bitter attack on La Trobe, stating that Embling had been "turned adrift".  Embling wrote a comprehensive account of his experiences at Yarra Bend Asylum which The Argus published.  Despite the outcry against Embling's dismissal, Dr Robert Bowie was appointed as the first Medical Superintendent at Yarra Bend and Embling set up a private practice in Gore Street, Fitzroy, Melbourne.

Politician

Embling publicly supported the popular movement at the Eureka Stockade near Ballarat in December 1854 and took over the chair at a public meeting which passed resolutions in favour of the gold miner's cause.  In 1855, he supported the eight-hours labour movement and is credited with coining the slogan, 'Eight hours labour, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest'.

Embling was elected to the old unicameral Victorian Legislative Council for North Bourke in September 1855, holding this seat until the Council ceased in March 1856.  It was during this time that Embling was able to use his experience in the workings of lunatic asylums as he sat on an Asylum Board of Enquiry.  Embling later was elected as a member of the newly created Victorian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Collingwood in November 1856, becoming a founding member of the Assembly. He served in the seat until July 1861 and again from February 1866 to December 1867. Following disagreements with his fellow politicians and poor health Embling withdrew from politics in 1869 and resumed his general medical practice.

Zoological Society and the acclimatisation of animals
Embling was a strong advocate of the introduction of exotic animals into Victoria. In 1856 he lobbied parliament for the introduction of alpacas. In 1858 he proposed importing camels for use in desert exploration and he spoke at length in Parliament and in the Melbourne press on the subject. He supported the establishment of the Zoological Society and proposed that George James Landells be sent to India to purchase camels. The camels Landells returned with were used on the Burke and Wills expedition in 1860.

Death and commemoration

Thomas Embling died of "Senile Debility" on 17 January 1893 survived by his wife and four children.

In April 2000 'Thomas Embling Hospital' was opened.  Built adjacent to the site of the original Yarra Bend Asylum, Thomas Embling Hospital is operated by the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health and is a secure hospital for patients from the criminal justice system who are in need of psychiatric assessment, care and treatment.

Notes

References

Medical doctors from Melbourne
Politicians from Melbourne
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
English emigrants to colonial Australia
1814 births
1893 deaths
19th-century Australian politicians


For aircraft specification calculation in aeronautics, limit load (LL) is the maximum load factor authorized during flight, Mathematically, limit load is LL =  LLF x W, where LL = limit load, LLF = limit load factor, and W = weight of the aircraft.

Limit load is constant for all weights above design gross weight. The limit load factor is reduced if gross weight is increased. But the LLF cannot be increased if the gross weight is decreased below the design gross weight. Engine mounts and other structural members are designed for the nominal LLF. The nominal or limit load Bn is the load which should only occur once (or only a very few times) during the lifetime of an aircraft. Bn may therefore only occur once during (e.g.) 60,000 hours of flying. No plastic deformation is allowed at this level of a load.

The limit load can be found relatively easily by statistically analysing the data collected during the many hours of logged flights (which is continuously being gathered).

See also
Ultimate load

References

Aeronautics


The Battle Range is a subrange of the Selkirk Mountains of the Columbia Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located between Incomappleux River and Duncan River south of Battle Brook. It is named in association with Battle Brook which in turn was the site of a legendary battle between a grizzly bear and 1890s prospector George Ritchie.

Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, the Battle Range is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.

See also
 Geography of British Columbia
 Beaver Mountain
 Mount Butters
 Foremast Peak
 Mainmast Peak
 Moby Dick Mountain
 Mount Duncan
 Mount Proteus
 Nautilus Mountain
 Omoo Peak
 Pequod Mountain
 Scylla Mountain
 Wrong Peak

References

Battle Range in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia

Selkirk Mountains


Donald Froggett (1929 – 12 February 2011) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 572) (captain), as a , i.e. number 3 or 4.

Background
Don Froggett was born in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 81 in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England.

Playing career

International honours
Don Froggett won a cap for England while at Wakefield Trinity in the 7-5 victory over France at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 7 November 1953.

County Honours
Don Froggett was selected for Yorkshire County XIII while at Wakefield Trinity during the 1953/54, 1954/55, 1955/56 and 1956/57 seasons.

County Cup Final appearances
Don Froggett played left-, i.e. number 4, in Wakefield Trinity's 17-3 victory over Keighley in the 1951 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1951–52 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 27 October 1951.

Club career
Don Froggett appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.

Testimonial match
Don Froggett's Testimonial match at Wakefield Trinity took place against Huddersfield on Saturday 31 January 1959.

References

External links
Trinity’s former Yorkshire and England centre, Don Froggett, has died at the age of 81
Obituary - Wakefield Express

1929 births
2011 deaths
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Rugby league centres
Wakefield Trinity captains
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire rugby league team players


Hamad Amar (; ; born 5 November 1964) is an Israeli Druze politician who currently serves as a member of Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu since 2022, previously serving from 2009 to 2019 and again from 2019 to 2021. Amar also served as a Minister in the Finance Ministry from 2021 to 2022.

Biography
Hamed Amar was born in Shefa-'Amr. In 1982-1986, he served in the Israel Defense Forces. He earned a BA in sociology from Safed College, and a law degree from the Academic Center for Law and Science. Amar lives in Shfaram's al-Fuar neighbourhood. He is married, with three children. He has a fifth degree black belt in Karate, and chairs the Martial Arts Association in Israel.

Amar runs a Druze youth movement that, as of 2013, had 12,000 members; in addition to emphasizing Druze culture and heritage, the group distributes thousands of food packets a month to families in need.

Political career
He worked as an assistant to Avigdor Lieberman, while he was Minister of National Infrastructure. In 1998, he was elected to Shefa-'Amr's municipal council. He founded and chairs the Druze Youth Association.

Prior to the 2009 elections, he was placed twelfth on the Yisrael Beiteinu list, and entered the Knesset when the party won 15 seats. He stated that the party's slogan "No citizenship without loyalty" is natural for the Druze community. In 2013, he explained his position: "When you contribute to society, and the society benefits, then you will reap the benefits as well."

Amar was instrumental in plans for a subsidiary of General Electric to install wind turbines in northern Israel, citing the benefits from clean energy and new jobs.

In 2018, Amar opposed the Citizenship Law; with fellow Druze MKs Akram Hasson and Saleh Saad, Amar filed a petition against the legislation with the High Court of Justice in July 2018. In August 2018, Amar expressed support for proposed changes to the legislation that would grant special recognition to the Druze community.

Amar was placed sixth on the Yisrael Beiteinu list for the April 2019 elections, and lost his seat as the party won only five seats. However, five months later he returned to the Knesset as Yisrael Beiteinu won eight seats in the September 2019 elections. He was re-elected to the Knesset in the 2021 elections as Yisrael Beiteinu won seven seats.

In June 2021 Amar was appointed Minister in the Finance Ministry in the thirty-sixth government. Following his appointment, he resigned from the Knesset under the Norwegian Law and was replaced by Limor Magen Telem. In collaboration with other ministers, Amar led the Druze and Circassian Empowerment Program as Minister in the Finance Ministry. In November 2021, the coalition government passed a budget that included 3 billion NIS for the program, which will be used to invest in housing construction, the local education system, infrastructure, transportation and hi-tech employment opportunities for the Druze and Circassian communities.

See also
List of Arab members of the Knesset

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
20th-century Israeli lawyers
21st-century Israeli lawyers
Academic Center for Law and Science alumni
Druze members of the Knesset
Israeli Druze
Israeli sports executives and administrators
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)
Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019)
Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020)
Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021)
Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–2022)
Members of the 25th Knesset (2022–)
People from Shefa-'Amr
Yisrael Beiteinu politicians
Government ministers of Israel


Elysia maoria is a species of marine gastropod mollusk in the family Plankobranchidae. It is found off of New Zealand.

Description
As a type of sea slug, Elysia maoria does not have a shell. Sacoglossans are also known as “sap sucking slugs” with a single row of teeth on the radula used for sucking algae. They are small, green oval-like creatures using parapodia for movement. Parapodia are the muscular appendages used similarly to an undulating fin to swim, making wavy movements. It is believed that Elysia maoria live a long planktonic stage after hatching, but not much is known about these creatures. This species reaches sexual maturity once it has surpassed 20mm in length. They typically develop to be 25-26mm long once fully grown.

Elysia maoria is an herbivore that utilizes its radula with a single row of teeth to latch onto algae and suck fluids out of it. They are then digested. Some Elysia species such as E. chlorotica are known to keep the chloroplasts to photosynthesize. It is not known if E. maoria engages in this process known as kleptoplasty as well.

Distribution and habitat
E. maoria can be found in the New Zealand exclusive economic zone. It primarily lives in benthic, temperate zones along the shorelines of islands. It can be found making habitats and laying eggs on top of the pads of Codium, a common green alga.

Reproduction
Elysia maoria have gonad follicles inside of their parapodia. Males hypodermically impregnate females, meaning that their penis pierces the body wall of the females, releasing sperm into their body cavity, beneath their skin that then finds its way to the eggs. The fertilized ova then “pass to the exterior through the glandular oviduct where they receive an albumen coat and a membrane and are bound into a ribbon by two mucous coats.”

The larvae have been photographed living on Codium species in Sacoglossans flattened spirals, which are long egg ribbons that protect the eggs until the larvae are ready to hatch. The larva hatch approximately two weeks later.

Males have sperm-producing follicles with branched prostate glands above them and reticulate albumen glands below them. Their penis lacks a hollow spine, unlike other Elysia species, leading scientists to question how it is able to penetrate the female. The males begin sexual behavior before the females do, indicating that they reach the proper length for sexual maturity first. Females contain ova-producing follicles and two genital apertures, but no vagina.

References

External links
 Sea Slug Forum

Plakobranchidae
Gastropods described in 1937


Kim Thatcher (born 1964) is an American politician who served as a member of the Oregon State Senate for the 13th district from 2015 to 2023. She previously served as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives for the 25th district from 2005 to 2015. She is a resident of Keizer.

Early life and education
Thatcher was born in Pocatello, Idaho, in 1964 and attended Portland State University.

Career
Thatcher was first elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 2004, representing the Keizer area. Early in her career, as the owner of the highway construction firm KT Contracting, she became known for her criticisms of the Oregon Department of Transportation. In May 2005, Thatcher successfully sponsored a bill to limit public access to information about concealed handgun license. She was reelected in 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012. In 2014, Thatcher chose to run for a seat in the Oregon Senate, held by the retiring Larry George, rather than seek re-election to her house seat.

During Thatcher's 2014 campaign for state senator, she earned the endorsement of The Oregonian on October 9, 2014; she ultimately won the election. However, The Oregonian had revoked the endorsement the day after giving it due to newly released reports showing companies she owned had lied about expenses submitted to ODOT for repayment, and then was found destroying evidence when records were requested in court proceedings. The rulings ended with $60,000 in court costs, and an assessment stating that while the company had willfully destroyed evidence, the resources needed to successfully prosecute a criminal case would require more than could be justified as an appropriate use. Thatcher was a delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention, where she cast her vote for Donald Trump as the nominee. While she initially supported Ted Cruz, she ended the convention supporting Trump for president stating: "I can honestly say I feel less uncomfortable with Trump."

Legislation
During the 79th Oregon Legislative Assembly, Thatcher served on the Transparency Advisory Commission. She was also a member of the General Government and Accountability Committee. During the current 81st Oregon Legislative Assembly, she serves on the Judiciary Committee.

Thatcher was one of several cosponsors of legislation in 2009 to establish an Oregon's first transparency website; the measure passed the Senate unanimously and was signed into law by then-Governor Ted Kulongoski. Thatcher was a chief sponsor of legislation signed into law in 2011 that expanded Oregon's transparency web site to include economic development tax incentives, and in 2013 was a sponsor of legislation that required the state transparency website to post additional materials, such as minutes or summaries of public meetings, additional state contracts, and information on tax expenditures under Oregon Low Income Community Jobs Initiatives. Thatcher was the sponsor of subsequent successful legislation in 2015 and 2017 that expanded the material on the state transparency website.

In 2017, Thatcher introduced a bill that would have required public universities and community colleges in Oregon to expel students convicted of rioting. Thatcher introduced similar legislation in 2011.

Thatcher participated in the 2019 Oregon Senate Republican walkouts.

On December 11, 2020, Thatcher and 11 other state Republican officials signed a letter requesting Oregon Attorney General Ellen Rosenblum join Texas and other states contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election in Texas v. Pennsylvania. Rosenblum announced she had filed in behalf of the defense, and against Texas, the day prior.

Thatcher has cast doubt on the validity of the 2020 United States presidential election results. Thatcher has falsely claimed that the Arizona audit showed evidence of fraud and has declined to state whether Joe Biden won the 2020 election. In October 2021, Thatcher signed a letter along with other Republican politicians calling for an audit of the 2020 election in all states and the elimination of voter rolls in every state.

2020 secretary of state campaign

On February 10, 2020, Thatcher announced her campaign for the office of Oregon secretary of state in the 2020 general election. She defeated Dave Stauffer to become the Republican Party nominee on May 19, 2020, but lost (43.2%) to Democrat Shemia Fagan (50.3%).

References

External links
 Oregon House website
 Campaign website

1964 births
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Living people
Republican Party members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Republican Party Oregon state senators
People from Keizer, Oregon
Women state legislators in Oregon


Tara is a small village, about 25 km south west of Choma, in the Southern Province of Zambia. It is situated along the main road from Livingstone to Lusaka. The main economic activity is farming with tobacco being the main cash crop.

Populated places in Southern Province, Zambia


Encuentro () is an Argentine television channel owned and operated by the Argentine Ministry of Education. It began broadcasting in 2007 through cable television operators in the country. It airs as an independent channel and also as a programming block on Canal 7 from Argentina.

See also
List of documentary television channels
Darío Sztajnszrajber

External links

 Official website

Television stations in Argentina
Television channels and stations established in 2007


"1961" is the twenty-third episode of the third season of the NBC superhero drama series Heroes and fifty-seventh episode overall. The episode aired on April 13, 2009.

Plot
Angela Petrelli has gathered the family--- sons Nathan and Peter, granddaughter Claire Bennet, and Claire's adoptive father Noah--- at the abandoned settlement of Coyote Sands, and prepares to explain what had happened there.

It is revealed that back in 1961, the site had been a relocation center, sponsored by the government, to study people with abilities. Angela and her sister, Alice Shaw, were two of many individuals sent there. Angela soon met the younger Bob Bishop, Daniel Linderman, and Charles Deveaux. Alice, who is revealed to have the ability to control the weather, remains suspicious of the project's intentions, headed by Chandra Suresh, with Dr. Zimmerman also working there. Angela insists they are here to be treated, but Charles and the others convince Angela they have essentially become prisoners. The four soon hatch a plan to escape, though the boys convince Angela that Alice must remain behind, as it would slow them down. Angela lies to Alice, saying to have had a dream that showed Alice must remain there. That night, Chandra Suresh calls Alice in for treatment, but she refuses and ends up causing a storm. The ensuing chaos escalates in a riot, resulting in the deaths of most of those in the camp. Later, Angela meets with the three boys at Coyote Sands Cafe (where she had shared a dance with Charles), explaining she has dreamt of their future and that they must form a company, and do terrible things ("It's a necessary evil"), to keep people like them safe from others.

In the present, Angela begins to think that Alice may still be alive after a vicious sandstorm quickly whips up. The group also finds Mohinder Suresh there, investigating what his father had been doing. At first, Peter thinks what they are doing is wrong and flies off. Nathan tracks him down, and the two reconcile. They return to find only Claire, as Angela has disappeared after venturing into the storm. Peter and Mohinder search one side of the settlement, while Noah, Nathan, and Claire search the other. Claire discovers the cover for the "Alice In Wonderland" book that Alice had with her and laments that everything she's been through has caused her to grow up too fast; Mohinder laments that his generation is doomed to repeat their parents' mistakes, as Peter tries to help him cope.

Angela, who was knocked out during the storm, awakens in an old bunker. She finds her sister Alice, who had been living there since Angela had left. Angela apologizes for what she had to go through, and reveals her lies to her. Enraged, Alice begins whipping up another storm, though Peter and Mohinder come to save Angela. Angela tries to convince Alice to come back with them, to her new family, but Alice refuses and disappears outside. The group decide to leave, though Mohinder declines Peter's offer to go with them. Later at the Coyote Sands Cafe, Angela implies she intends to start another company with the group. Nathan gives Angela the "Alice In Wonderland" book, reunited with its cover, and helps Angela overcome her guilt over losing Alice again. Peter states the importance of forgiveness and the strength of family, and Claire asks about their next move. Nathan tells Claire that he will own up to his mistakes and speak with the President in Washington. Claire draws the group's attention to what appears to be Nathan himself giving a press conference on TV; Noah recognizes him as Sylar.

Critical reception
Josh Modell of The A.V. Club rated this episode a D−.

Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode 8.3 out of 10.

References

External links

Beaming Beeman - Season 3, Episode 23 - Director's blog on the filming of this episode

Heroes (season 3) episodes
2009 American television episodes
Fiction set in 1961


Ovidiu Hanganu (born 12 May 1970) is a retired Romanian football striker, who played for Corvinul Hunedoara, Victoria București, Dinamo București, Naţional București, abroad Cercle Brugge and Samsunspor. He earned 12 caps for Romania, scoring two goals.

Career statistics
Total matches played in Romanian First League: 199 matches – 67 goals.
European Cups: 5 matches – 0 goal.
Topscorer of Romanian First League: 1990–91.
Olympic team: 3 matches – 1 goal
Under 21 team: 17 goals – 1 goal

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
CS Corvinul Hunedoara players
FC Dinamo București players
FC Progresul București players
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Samsunspor footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Belgian Pro League players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Süper Lig players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Hunedoara County


Orit Zuaretz (, born 21 February 1967) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima and Hatnuah between 2009 and 2013.

Biography
Born Svetlana Moiseyevna Chernyak () in the Soviet Union, Zuaretz emigrated to Israel in 1971. She gained a BA in Social Science studied towards an MA in the New Age Middle East.

She was elected onto the Tzoran-Kadima local council in 2003, serving as the town's deputy mayor until 2006. She also served as a member of the Jewish Agency Directors Forum for Russian-speaking elected representatives.

Prior to the 2009 elections she was placed twenty-eighth on the Kadima list, and entered the Knesset when the party won 28 seats.

In 2012 she left Kadima to join the new Hatnuah party.  Placed tenth on its list for the 2013 elections, she lost her seat when the party won only six seats.

Zuaretz lives in Tzoran-Kadima and is married with three children.

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Women members of the Knesset
Kadima politicians
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Soviet Jews
Hatnua politicians
Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent
21st-century Israeli women politicians


Emarginula striatula is a species of slit limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets and slit limpets.

Distribution
This marine species is found only in the vicinity of New Zealand and surrounding islands.

References

 Finlay, H. J. (1928). The Recent Mollusca of the Chatham Islands. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. 59: 232-286.
 Beu, A.G. (1967) Deep-water Pliocene Mollusca from Palliser Bay, New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology, 5, 89–122.
 Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. Pp 196-219. in: Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
 Maxwell, P.A. (2009). Cenozoic Mollusca. Pp 232-254 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch

External links
 Quoy J.R.C. & Gaimard J.P. (1832-1835). Voyage de découvertes de l'"Astrolabe" exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Zoologie. 1: i-l, 1-264; 2(1): 1-321 [1832; 2(2): 321-686 [1833]; 3(1): 1-366 [1834]; 3(2): 367-954 [1835]; Atlas (Mollusques): pls 1-93]

Fissurellidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1834


Events in the year 1974 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Olav V
 Prime Minister – Trygve Bratteli (Labour Party)

Events

 2 January – The drilling rig "Transocean 3" sinks in the North Sea.
 1 February – Lillehammer affair: Five Israeli Mossad agents are sentenced to prison terms for the assassination of Ahmed Bouchiki. The prison terms ranged from two and a half to five years, although all the agents were eventually released within 22 months and deported back to Israel.
 15 September – The wreck of the Danish slave ship Fredensborg, which sank during a storm in 1768, is discovered off the coast of Tromøya.
 31 October – Parliament rejects a bill on abortion.
 20 December – Kirsten Ohm is named by the King-in-Council as Norway's first female ambassador, assuming office in 1975.

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Inger Lise Rypdal and Benny Borg win the 1973 Spellemannprisen in the female and male vocalist categories respectively. Christiania Jazzband, Saft, Torkil Bye/Brynjar Hoff, Lillebjørn Nilsen, Bjørn Sand/Totto Osvold and Oddvar Nygaards Kvartett also receive the award. Dizzie Tunes win in the category "Music for children" and Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa win the Special Award.

Film

Literature
Haiene, novel by Jens Bjørneboe

Notable births

4 January – Sjur Miljeteig, trumpet player and composer
31 January – Kristine Duvholt Havnås, handball player.
17 March – Bjarte Breiteig, short story writer
18 March – Anne Tønnessen, footballer.
28 March – Marianne Sivertsen Næss, politician.
30 March – Sigbjørn Gjelsvik, politician.
31 March – Linda Konttorp, sailor.
22 May – Anne Beathe Tvinnereim, diplomat and politician.
29 May – Henning H. Bergsvåg, poet
13 June – Noman Mubashir, journalist
19 June – Mari Rege, economist and university economics professor
7 July – Ingeborg Arvola, writer.
13 July – Sheila Barth Stanford, chess player.
2 August – Karianne Bråthen, politician.
9 August – Cecilie Skog, adventurer.
1 September – Hilde Østbø, handball player.
14 September – Mette Solli, kickboxer.
25 September – Bente Elin Lilleøkseth, politician
2 December – Trude Gimle, alpine skier.

Notable deaths

16 January – Johannes Olai Olsen, politician (b.1895)
7 February – Sigge Johannessen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (b.1884)
14 February – Halfdan Schjøtt, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (b.1893)
May – Leif Høegh, shipowner (b.1896)
19 June – Aasmund Brynildsen, essayist, biographer, magazine editor and publishing house consultant (b.1917)
4 July – Francis Bull, literary historian, professor, essayist and magazine editor (b.1887).
20 August – Haldor Bjerkeseth, politician (b.1883)
22 August – Sverre Hansen, international soccer player and Olympic bronze medallist (b.1913)
25 September – Hartmann Bjørnsen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (b.1889)
18 October – Anders Lange, politician (b.1904)
13 November – Jens Lunde, politician (b.1884)
17 December – Jørgen Bru, sport shooter (b.1881)

Full date unknown
Ørnulf Bast, sculptor (b.1907)
Halfdan Haneborg Hansen, military officer, Milorg pioneer and businessman (born 1890).
Kirsten Hansteen, politician and Minister, first female member of cabinet in Norway (b.1903)
Sonja Aase Ludvigsen, politician and Minister (b.1928)
 Tormod Normann, lawyer, competitive swimmer and sports administrator (born 1905).
Sverre Petterssen, meteorologist (b.1898)
Arne Skaug, politician and Minister (b.1906)
Axel Heiberg Stang, politician and Minister (b.1904)
Gabriel Thorstensen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (b.1888)
Nils Voss, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (b.1886)

See also

References

External links


Amza Peak (; ), in Harghita County, Romania, is the highest peak in the Southern Gurghiu Mountains. Its elevation is . It is part of the rim of an extinct volcanic crater.

The river Șumuleul Mare has its source at the base of Amza Peak, at an altitude of .

References

Mountains of Romania


Bourke v. Nissan Motor Corp., No. B068705 (Cal. Ct. App., July 26, 1993), was a California court case in which the Second Appellate District Court of the California Courts of Appeal upheld the original decision of the trial court in favor of the defendant, Nissan Motor Corporation, against the charges of the plaintiffs, who alleged wrongful termination, invasion of privacy, and violation of their constitutional right to privacy, under the California constitution, in connection with Nissan's retrieval, printing, and reading of E-mail messages authored by plaintiffs.

The court ruled that the employer had a right to monitor an employee's E-mail and to terminate employees for sending E-mail of a personal, sexual nature. California's Wiretap and privacy laws did not protect employees from employer monitoring.  The Court of Appeal designated this opinion "Not to be published" and it was not reported in the typical opinion reporters.

Case Background
Bonita Bourke and Rhonda Hall were hired by Nissan in June 1989, as Information Systems Specialists at an Infiniti car dealership, serving as customer service representatives for users of the internal computer system.

In June 1990, a co-worker of plaintiffs, Lori Eaton, during a demonstration of the use of E-mail at a training session, randomly selected a message sent by Bourke to an employee of the dealership. Unfortunately, the E-mail contained non-business-related content of a highly personal, sexual nature.

This incident was reported to management and many other messages containing personal content involving Bourke and her colleague Hall were later discovered. Following this, written warnings were issued to plaintiffs for violating the company policy prohibiting the use of the company computer system for personal purposes.

During the annual performance review in October 1990, both plaintiffs had received rather low performance ratings (Bourke was rated “needs improvement,” and Hall was rated “unsatisfactory,” second lowest and lowest of six performance level, respectively).

On December 28, 1990, plaintiffs filed grievances with Nissan's human resources department, complaining that the company had invaded their privacy by retrieving and reading their E-mail messages. A few days later, on January 2, 1991, Bourke was given a final warning notice requiring her to improve her performance, while Hall's employment was terminated.

Based upon Nissan's actions in reviewing their E-mail messages as described above, plaintiffs sued Nissan for common law invasion of privacy, violation of their constitutional right to privacy, and violation of California's criminal wiretapping and eavesdropping statutes. They also brought a cause of action for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy (termination in retaliation for the filing of complaints objecting to Nissan's invasion of their privacy).

Opinion of the Court

I. Common Law Invasion of Privacy and Violation of Constitutional Right to Privacy
Regarding the application of common law vs. constitutional right, the court found that the constitutional right to privacy (stated in California Constitution, Article 1, section 1, "All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights. Among these are enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety, happiness, and privacy")  is broader than, and encompasses, the  common law tort of invasion of privacy (see Porten v. University of San Francisco, 64 Cal. App. 3d 825, 829 (Cal. Ct. App. 1976)), thus analysis and discussion was restricted to the constitutional claim.

The critical issues in judging of the violation of an individual's constitutional right to privacy depends first on a determination whether that individual had a personal objectively reasonable expectation of privacy which was infringed (see Alarcon v. Murphy, 201 Cal.App.3d 1, 5 (Cal. Ct. App. 1988) and People ex rel. Franchise Tax Bd. v. Superior Court, 164 Cal.App.3d 526 (Cal. Ct. App. 1985)). The court found that the employees had no reasonable expectation of privacy, citing the following undisputed facts: (1) Plaintiffs each signed a Computer User Registration Form, which states that "[I]t is company policy that employees and contractors restrict their use of company-owned computer hardware and software to company business." (2) The two had been aware for months that E-mail messages were, from time to time, read by individuals other than the intended recipient. (3) In June 1990, a full six months before Bourke's termination, fellow employee, Lori Eaton, had contacted Bourke to complain about the personal, sexual nature of Bourke's E-mail message which Eaton had retrieved for demonstration purposes during a training session at an Infiniti dealership.

Moreover, the fact that plaintiffs were given passwords to access the system and told to safeguard them did not move the court to find their privacy expectations reasonable (see Smyth v. Pillsbury Co., 914 F. Supp. 97 (E.D. Penn. 1996) [the employer's interest in preventing inappropriate communications over its E-Mail system outweighed any privacy interest by those employees who transmitted such communications]).

In the absence of a reasonable expectation of privacy, there can be no violation of the right to privacy (see Alarcon v. Murphy, 201 Cal.App.3d 1, 5 (Cal. Ct. App. 1998)) Therefore, the Court of Appeal held that plaintiffs' causes of actions for common law invasion of privacy and violation of the California constitutional right to privacy were properly dismissed on summary judgment.

II. Violation of Penal Code Section 631
Penal Code section 631 prohibits a person from “intentionally tap[ping], or mak[ing] any unauthorized connection . . . with any telegraph or telephone wire, line, cable, or instrument, .. . or . . . read[ing], or attempt[ing] to read, or to learn the contents of any message, report, or communication while the same is in transit or passing over any wire, line or cable . . . .”

The court found that the statute does not apply to the facts of this case, since plaintiffs cited no authority to support their contention that section 631 covers the retrieval, printing and reading of E-mail messages which is not authorized by the author of the message. This decision is based on the fact that (1) There is no allegation that Nissan "tapped" into its own telephone lines, and indeed there would be no need to do so since, being the system operator, Nissan had access to the network without resort to a telephone line tap. (2) Likewise, as the owner and operator of the system, Nissan's connection to the telephone lines or cable which connected the system would necessarily be authorized. And (3) Nissan did not access the messages during transmission. Rather, the messages were retrieved from an electronic storage device and printed so that they could be read. Thus the Court found that Nissan's actions in retrieving, printing and reading plaintiffs' E-mail messages simply were not included within the actions proscribed by California Penal Code section 631.

III. Violation of Penal Code Section 632
The court found that section 632 (which prohibits the eavesdropping or recording of a "confidential communication by means of any electronic amplifying or recording device"), does not apply in this case. The reason behind this decision is that: (1) the plain words of the statute simply do not permit a finding that Nissan's conduct violated the law, as no amplifying or recording device was used to retrieve and read plaintiffs' E-mail messages. (2) section 632 proscribes only “the interception of communications by the use of equipment which is not connected to any transmission line” (People v. Ratekin, 212 Cal.App.3d 1165, 1168 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989) ), a circumstance not present in this case.

IV. Wrongful Discharge in Violation of Public Policy
In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, an employee may be terminated at-will, that is, for any reason or for no reason at all (see Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 47 Cal.3d 654,665 (Cal. 1988) ). An employer may not, however, fire an employee for a reason which violates public policy (Ibid,; see also Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield, 27 Cal.3d 167, 178 (Cal. 1980); Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 174 Cal.App.2d 184, 188 (Cal. Ct. App. 1959) ).

The court argued that a claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy necessarily requires a violation of public policy; however, as concluded in section I., Nissan's actions in reviewing plaintiffs' E-mail messages did not violate their constitutional right to privacy. Therefore, the Court held that plaintiffs had failed to state a claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy.

Summary of Cited Court Cases
Alarcon v. Murphy, 201 Cal.App.3d 1 (Cal. Ct. App. 1988): the court held that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to an individual's criminal record because a criminal record is public information.Smyth v. Pillsbury, 914 F. Supp. 97 (E.D. Pa., 1996): the court held that there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to e-mails although the employer assured its employees that e-mails will be treated as confidential and would not be used as grounds for termination.

Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 47 Cal.3d 654, 665 (Cal. 1988): in the absence of an agreement to the contrary, an employee maybe terminated at-will, that is, for any reason or for no reason at all.

''Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield, 27 Cal.3d 167, 178 (Cal. 1980) [employee terminated for refusing to engage in price-fixing] and Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters'' 174 Cal.App.2d 184, 188 (1959)[employee terminated for refusing to commit perjury]: an employer's general right to terminate an "at-will" employee is 'subject to limits imposed by public policy, since otherwise the threat of discharge could be used to coerce employees into committing crimes, concealing wrongdoing, or taking other action harmful to the public weal.' However, an exception to the general at-will employment presumption is made and a tortious wrongful discharge claim will lie where an employer's termination of an employee violates a fundamental public policy, or in other words, where "he or she is discharged for performing an act that public policy would encourage, or for refusing to do something that public policy would condemn.

See also
 E-mail privacy
 Internet privacy
 Federal Communications Commission
 Workplace Fairness
 Online Privacy Protection Act
 FTC Fair Information Practices

References

External links
 Inter Law - Email Privacy
 Legal Issues Involved in Monitoring Employees' Internet and E-mail Usage
 Building a Community Through Workplace E-mail: The New Privacy Frontier
 An E-Mail Espionage FAQ
 Workplace e-mail privacy from the Office of the Privacy Commissioner (Australia)
 Privacy Commission
 Privacy Google 'EMail Privacy'
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciHfCakYAj0

Internet privacy case law
United States privacy case law
Nissan


Janet Hale is an American educational consultant / trainer and national staff development specialist in Curriculum Mapping, Standards Literacy, and Documenting Learning who provides consulting, coaching, and professional learning opportunities.

Biography

She specializes in curriculum mapping; curriculum design using various models and frameworks; standards literacy and alignment; and documenting learning. Janet assists schools, districts, dioceses, higher-ed programs, and educational organizations and businesses with their curriculum, instruction, and assessment needs and improvement plans.

Hale attended Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona, US, gaining a Bachelor's Degree in education, majoring in elementary education and special education. Her Masters of Arts degree, also from Northern Arizona University, in educational leadership and curriculum development; plus teaching in elementary, secondary, and special education classrooms, enable Janet to provide insights and information conducive to making decisions that improve curriculum, instruction, and assessment practices for all learners—including teachers and administrators.

Janet has written two professional curriculum mapping books: A Guide to Curriculum Mapping: Planning, Implementing, and Sustaining the Process, dedicated to understanding the complexities of curriculum mapping, and An Educational Leader's Guide to Curriculum Mapping: Creating and Sustaining Collaborative Cultures. Both books are published by Corwin Press.

Her third professional book, Upgrade Your Curriculum: Practical Ways to Transform Learning and Engage Students, is published by ASCD.

And her latest professional book, A Guide to Documenting Learning: Making Thinking Visible, Meaningful, Sharable, and Amplified, also published by Corwin Press, is focused on a contemporary approach to students' "owning their own learning" through documenting for learning (while learning), rather than of learning (after learning has been completed).

References

Sources
 Janet Hale's Website Curriculum Decisions website

American educational theorists
Schoolteachers from Arizona
American women educators
Living people
Northern Arizona University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women


Zaca Creek was an American country music group formed in 1989. The band consisted of brothers Gates, Scot, Jeff and James Foss. Their debut single, "Sometimes Love's Not a Pretty Thing," was their only song to reach the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, peaking at No. 38. It was included on their eponymous debut album, issued in 1989 on Columbia Records. The group was signed by Giant Records in 1992, who released their second album, Broken Heartland. The band broke up in 1994.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Music videos

References

External links
[ allmusic ((( Zaca Creek > Overview )))]

Country music groups from California
Columbia Records artists
Giant Records (Warner) artists


Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, common name mealybug ladybird or mealybug destroyer, is a species of ladybird beetle native to eastern Australia. The beetle feeds on mealybugs and other scale insects, and is used to control those pests on citrus orchards worldwide.

Etymology
Étienne Mulsant described C. montrouzieri, naming the new species after a Marist brother and missionary, Abbe Montrouzier, who wrote an "Insect Fauna of Woodlark Island".

Distribution
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri  is endemic to Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. It is now also present in Europe (France, Italy, Spain, Greece and as far as Northern Germany), in North Africa, in the Afrotropical realm, in the Nearctic realm, and in the Neotropical realm.

Description

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri can reach a length of about . Adults of this species have the typical ladybird shape but, unlike many of the often brightly coloured Coccinellidae, the elytra of these small ladybirds are predominantly dark brown and have no spots. Head, antennae, pronotum, the end of the elytra and the legs are orange-brown. Larvae can reach a length of . They show a waxy covering that makes them apparently look like the mealybugs they prey on, a case of aggressive mimicry.

Biology
The adults and larvae of these insects eat scale insects, especially mealybugs. Females lay their eggs among the egg sac of mealybugs. Larvae feed on mealybug eggs, young crawlers and their honeydew.  They become adults in 24 days, after three larval stages and a pupal stage. The life span is two months.

Biological control agent
This species has been used as a biological control agent against mealybugs and other scale insects. It was introduced to Western Australia. In California it was introduced in 1891 by Albert Koebele to control the citrus mealybug. It has also been introduced to New Zealand for biocontrol. As biological control agent outside Australia, C. montrouzieri has the common name Mealy bug destroyer. C. montrouzieri predates on mealybug and soft scale insect parasites of Araucaria cunninghamii, and can be easily handled without dying or becoming inactive, making it a good biocontrol for use in plantations. Although they are less interested in other trees – by many multiples – they do hunt the same pests in custard apple and citrus plantations.

See also
 Hoangus venustus (a native New Zealand species which also feeds on mealybugs)

General and cited references
 Chako, M.K., P. Bhatt, L.V. Rao, A. Deepak Singh, M.B.E.P. Ramnarayana and K. Sreedharan, 1978. "The use of the lady bird beetle (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant) for the control of coffee mealybug". 'Journal of Coffee Research 8: 14–19
 Crowe, A. Which New Zealand Insect?.  Auckland, N.Z.: Penguin Books, 2002. p. 47
 Gordon, Robert D. (1985). "The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America North of Mexico", Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. 93, no. 1
 Korschefsky, R. / Schenkling, S., ed. (1931) Coccinellidae I, Coleopterorum Catalogus, Pars 118
 Mineo, G., 1967. "Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Observations on morphology and bionomics". Bulletin of the Institute of Entomology and Agriculture 6: 99–143.
 Murthy, M.S., 1982. Studies on the biology and habits of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). MSc (Agriculture) Thesis, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India.
 Ramesh, T., BabuK. M. Azam. "Biology of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Coccinellidae: Coleoptera] in relation with temperature". Entomophaga (1987) 32: 381.
 Ślipiński, A. "Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Their biology and classification". Australian Biological Resources, 2007, p. 94.

 Citations

External links

 Picture gallery at www.brisbaneinsects.com—includes images of C. montrouzieri'' larva preying on sap-sucking bugs
 Bug Guide
 Insects and Invertebrates

Beetles described in 1850
Beetles of Australia
Beetles of New Zealand
Coccinellidae


The Norns Range is a subrange of the Valkyr Range of the Selkirk Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located southwest of junction of Little Slocan River and Slocan River north of Castlegar.  The Norns were the Fate in Scandinavian mythology.

References

Norns Range in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia

Selkirk Mountains


Epitonium bucknilli is a species of small predatory or ectoparasitic sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.

Distribution
This species is known only from shallow water in northeastern New Zealand.

References

 Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Epitoniidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1924