Miley Jab Hum Tum (When you and I met) is an Indian teen drama television series that aired on STAR One from 22 September 2008 to 19 November 2010. The show is about falling in love during college and developing relations for a lifetime. The show stars Mohit Sehgal, Sanaya Irani, Rati Pandey and Arjun Bijlani. The series is available digitally on Disney+ Hotstar.

Plot
The story begins at Excel College with the introduction of the basketball champion and college stud, Samrat Shergill (Mohit Sehgal) and the college diva Dia (Navina Bole) and their buddies Benji and Uday. Also studying at Excel are sisters Nupur Bhushan (Rati Pandey) and Gunjan Bhushan (Sanaya Irani), who left rural Morena for Mumbai. While Nupur loves fashion and is carefree, and believes that one day she will find the man of her dreams, Gunjan is an introvert and though being the younger one, is more responsible and spends most of her time studying. They are cousins of the "Queen Bee" Dia and "Dodo" Uday. Dia is horrified by the news of their arrival at Excel and does everything she can to make their lives miserable, but in vain. Lead athlete, college star Samrat and his close friend Benji (Abhishek Sharma) are Dia's friends. At the same time, Mayank Sharma (Arjun Bijlani) is introduced as the geeky Greek god of Excel, a close rival and later a close friend of Samrat.

While Gunjan is reluctant to make friends so early, Nupur tries different outfits to look modern but ends up as a fashion disaster. Dia and the gang rag both sisters. While Mayank rescues Nupur from being locked in the men's washroom, Samrat disguises himself as a shy, studious guy to make fun of Gunjan and later saves her from drowning in a pool. Nupur receives Mayank as a project partner, dance partner, and travelling partner, while Gunjan gets pushed into a talent parade by Samrat and returns the support by tutoring him. Some misunderstandings between Nupur and Mayank lead him to refuse to represent the college with Nupur in a competition. Dia dislikes the closeness of Gunjan with her crush and tries to bring down Gunjan in several ways but fails. Nupur and Mayank fight most of the time, but eventually, Mayank falls for Nupur when they go for the intercollegiate meet. He even saves her from goons which leads to injury in his shoulder. Gunjan becomes friends with Samrat when she realizes he is helping her build her confidence throughout the RJ hunt, wanting nothing in return. Samrat and Dia begin losing the spark in their friendship as he starts spending more time with Gunjan.

Meanwhile, Uday starts liking CJ. After the Holi party, Mayank drinks bhang and, under its effect, apologizes to Nupur for the misunderstanding that happened earlier. At the same time, Samrat drops Gunjan home and meets Dia outside her house, thus trying to balance both friendships. As time passes, Gunjan misinterprets subtleties from Samrat and begins to harbour an unstated love for him, just as he clarifies that Gunjan is his closest friend, unaware of his feelings for her while oblivious to her one-sided love. Mayank, disregarding his love, feuds with Nupur, though later they become best friends.

Sheena (Preeti Keswani), a talented and attractive actress, enters Excel with Ranvijay (Khushank Arora), a daredevil, rich and spoilt playboy. Sheena and Samrat strike up a relationship. Ranvijay almost hits Gunjan and Samrat with his bike, troubles Benji while he is with Samrat and flirts with Dia, which angers Samrat. Samrat dislikes Ranjivay and warns him to stay away from his friends. Seeing Samrat and her friendship weakening day by day, initially reluctant, Dia accepts Ranjivay's friendship as she feels that this would make Samrat jealous. Gunjan tells Samrat that Sheena will not allow their unique friendship to continue and asks him to stay away from Ranvijay. Samrat reluctantly agrees. Ranvijay gives Dia a ride to college on his bike while Samrat offers a ride to Sheena. They both have a bike race till college in which Samrat wins. He later rebukes Candy (the name given to Dia by Samrat) for taking a lift from Ranvijay despite having her car. She replies that he's not the only cool guy in college, and others can be happening too, indicating Ranvijay. One day, Samrat and Mayank fight with Ranjivay and his goons, in which Samrat gets hurt. Angered by the event, Dia slaps Ranjivay in front of the entire college and breaks their friendship. Ranvijay decides to take revenge on Samrat and Dia. He uses his charm to win Dia's trust and makes her fall in love with him. After rejection from CJ, Uday falls for the newly appointed Dramatics teacher, Tamanna. The entire gang bags a role in the college play organized by Uday. Mayank-Nupur, Samrat-Sheena, and Dia-Ranvijay are paired together. Dia and Gunjan do not like Sheena's closeness with Samrat but don't say anything. During rehearsals, Mayank realizes that his love for Nupur is inevitable and makes Nupur realize that she also loves him. During the college play, Mayank dramatically confesses his love for Nupur on stage, and they begin a relationship secretly with each other. Later, Dia plans a surprise birthday party for Uday and invites Ranjivay but doesn't invite Sheena. Samrat is upset with this and confronts Dia. Dia tells him that Sheena's wavelength doesn't match their group and that they talk to her only because of him. Dia also tells him that Ranvijay has proposed to her and that she's not said yes to him and wanted to ask her best friend before making any decision. Samrat explains that two people should have a strong friendship before getting into a relationship. Dia questions the reference to his friendship; should it be like Samrat and hers or Samrat and Gunjan's? This leaves Samrat baffled. Dia changes the topic by saying that he takes a lot of time in friendship but not in case of love indicating that Samrat and Sheena's relationship is going at lightning speed and there was no time for them to be friends first. Samrat and Dia try to be friends with Ranvijay and Sheena, respectively, for their best friend's sake and even agree to go on a double date. At a subsequent party, Sheena frames Gunjan for trying to drown her, but Samrat doesn't believe her and supports Gunjan and breaks up with her. After leaving the party, Ranvijay frames Samrat for a drunk driving crash. He also insults Dia by revealing that she spent a night at his house when she got drenched in the rain, thus fulfilling his revenge. The gang proves his innocence in court, and Sheena and Ranvijay leave. Dia has a change of heart. She now respects her siblings and friends more after seeing their support during her low phase. Mayank tries to cheer her up, saying that this incident has brought three positive things in her life- she got closer to her best friend Samrat, she got close to her family, and she also had a chance to make new friends like him. While Dia is surprised to see the newly changed Mayank, Nupur is thrilled that Mayank cares for her and her entire family.

During the brief time spent in jail, Samrat realizes his intense love for Gunjan because of others' remarks since that day. When he mistakenly calls Dia by Gunjan's name (Chashmish, as he often calls her) while saving her from falling off the ladder, he realizes that Gunjan is all over his head. Later, Gunjan believes that he has heard her extensive confession. Through a series of unfortunate circumstances, neither communicates their feelings leading to an extension of their friendship and a misunderstanding. Both sisters are hurt by their relationship difficulties and decide to immediately take a leave from Excel for an upcoming family wedding in Morena.

After the sisters leave, the gang feels lonely, knowing Dia and Uday will also go soon for the function. Mayank, wanting to apologize to Nupur for not hiding their relationship and scolding her, follows her to Morena and enters the Bhushan household posing as Nupur's childhood friend 'Bablu' who has come to consider marrying her. Samrat and Benji reach Morena as Dia and Uday's friends. Samrat finally expresses his love to Gunjan on the night of Dusshera. Mayank promises to commit to Nupur.

Mayank suddenly discovers that his mother has lost her job and leaves immediately without telling anyone. Nupur assumes their relationship is over and is furious. Her parents, Shashi and Ratna, form a negative opinion of Mayank. Ratna also faults Samrat for his disruption during a religious ritual and asks him to leave immediately. Touched by Samrat's apology, Shashi hands him the responsibility for his daughters. The gang leaves for Mumbai.

Back at Excel, with Samrat's plan, Nupur tries to convince Mayank but in vain. She faints while running to stop Mayank. Nupur and Mayank sort out their differences, and Mayank confesses his love to her in public. Samrat and Gunjan are delighted to hear this conversation via Benji while locked in a room initially set up for Mayank and Nupur. Samrat and Gunjan go on their first date. Mayank's mother finds a new job in Bangalore. While Mayank is gone, Ratna and the Bhushan family decide to marry Nupur and send the match, Bablu, to college. This new character is Adhiraj (Nishant Singh Malkani), Nupur's childhood friend and expected suitor. Adhiraj mistakes another Nupur to be the Nupur he is looking for. The gang takes advantage of this, and Adhiraj and the new Nupur begin to like each other.

The new Nupur gains everyone's trust and befriends them. However, she feels a strong affinity for Samrat. Her extreme concern for him creates doubt in Gunjan's mind. The new Nupur insists Samrat teach her basketball - an excuse to stay close to him. Meanwhile, Gunjan finds her passport, and it is revealed to her that the new Nupur is Suhani Shergil. Mayank returns to surprise his friends learns what the gang has been up to, and convinces them to tell Adhiraj the truth about Nupur. On questioning, Suhaani tells Gunjan that she is Samrat's long-lost sister and how Samrat lived alone from a young age and begrudged the entire family because of his parents' bitter divorce. In the custody battle, he was separated from his sister and has since believed that his mother chose his sister over him. Suhaani had been living in London with their mother before coming to Excel to reunite with Samrat. Gunjan agrees to help her reunite with Samrat. Samrat is irked by the habit of Suhani reminding him of his past. He often ends up losing his temper and shouts at her. While he's confused about his extreme behaviour towards Suhani, he gets concerned when he mistakenly hits Suhani with his basketball. But again ends up scolding her publicly when she asks him if his guilt of hitting someone the same way in his childhood. However, Gunjan always plays the peacemaker. Suhani cooks Samrat's favourite dessert, which nobody knows, making him suspicious. Suhani ties a good luck charm on Samrat's hand, wishing him all the best for the upcoming match in which Adiraj and Samrat both participated. Later, Mayank and Nupur learn about Suhani's identity. At a party, Samrat compliments Suhani when she is dancing, which makes her happy.

When Samrat hugs her while dancing, she is overwhelmed and can't control her tears and runs away for the party. Samrat goes behind her and gets severely injured while saving her from getting hit by a bike. Suhani panics and takes him to the hospital with the gang's help. Adiraj questions Suhani about her feelings for Samrat when he sees her in a miserable condition in the hospital. Samrat also confronts her about her concern and that she knows everything about his likes and dislikes. He rebukes her and suspects that she is hiding something. He refuses to take any rest unless Suhani answers all his questions. On further questioning by Adiraj and Samrat about Samrat and her relationship, she breaks down and kneels in front of Samrat. She reveals them being siblings. While Samrat refuses to accept her, Adiraj feels cheated, knowing she is not Nupur Bhushan. Samrat rushes to college and breaks open Suhani's locker to find evidence of her being his sister. He gets infuriated to know that Gunjan and his friends knew about Suhani's identity, and they, too, hid the truth from him. He refuses to talk to anybody, including Dia, who tries to sympathize with him.

Adiraj also misunderstands Suhani's intentions. When Suhani tries to stop him and trips on the stairs, he turns around to find Samrat saving her from the fall. Samrat schools Adiraj for hurting Suhani. While Samrat and Suhani reconcile and he takes her home, Adiraj decides to part ways with her. Adhiraj discloses this deception to Shashi, who then forces Nupur into marrying Adhiraj. Gunjan and Samrat also reconcile when he hears her crying on the phone about Nupur and Adiraj getting married, as Adhiraj consents to the marriage in anger at Suhaani's betrayal. Mayank, however, cheers up and upsets Nupur by attending all the wedding functions in disguise, promising her he will not let the wedding happen.

On the wedding day, Adiraj is finally told that the gang played this prank because Nupur loves Mayank, and he must believe that Suhaani is genuinely in love with him. Adhiraj soon decides to call off the wedding. Still, before he can tell his father, Uday accidentally knocks him out, so Mayank reluctantly replaces Adhiraj at the wedding ceremony. Mayank and Nupur marry, but Shashi disowns her, feeling betrayed and humiliated by their rash actions. With nowhere to go, the couple turns to the gang for help. The gang temporarily arranges for them to stay in a beautifully decorated college classroom for the night. Dia finally calls Mayank as brother-in-law, which makes him realize that he is family now.

Soon, the couple shifts to Samrat's guest house. Gunjan and Nupur disagree, with Gunjan understanding their father's anger and Nupur objecting to Gunjan and Samrat's supposed indecent proximity on their second date. The sisters soon restore their relationship when Nupur protects Gunjan from being eve-teased by thugs. On Valentines Day, Adhiraj proposes to Suhaani, upsetting Gunjan, who had expected a proposal from Samrat. Gunjan tells Samrat about the importance of marriage before leaving the party alone. The same armed thug corner Gunjan and harass her when Adiraj comes and saves her by fighting with the goons. During the fight, Gunjan gets shot and is rushed to the hospital. Adiraj is sent to jail, accused of trying to kill Gunjan by shooting her. After Samrat's heartfelt proposal, Gunjan recovers to find herself  paralyzed from the waist down. At the hospital, Shashi forgives Nupur and, once home, tells Gunjan that he approves of Samrat. Gunjan, however, remembers Samrat not being ready for the marriage commitment before the accident and, thinking of herself as a burden, assures her father that she is not in love with him.

The thugs try to throw acid on Nupur and Gunjan, who Mayank and Samrat save. Next, Nupur battles the culprits - a well-known corrupt politician and his brother- by putting her life in danger, getting them arrested, and becoming Excel's role model. Because of the accident, Gunjan is not confident about walking on her feet. Despite Samrat's several attempts, she fails to stand. The gang finally decides to go on a vacation to make Gunjan walk again. The gang makes a story about a king's ghost at the resort who kills everybody in his path. The gang implies Samrat's impending death by the king's spirit for Gunjan when Samrat truly gets unconscious and falls in danger's path. However, Gunjan cannot move and asks for help, and the gang runs to help Samrat see a road roller coming towards him. But eventually, Gunjan bolts up and runs to save his life, thus recovering fully. They celebrate Gunjan's recovery by dancing. While Samrat dances with Dia, Benji gets jealous and asks Samrat to allow him to dance with Dia. Benji starts developing feelings for Dia.

The gang returns home with their relationships strengthened. Still, their happiness is short-lived when a baby girl, as a prank, enters the life of Samrat, Mayank, Benji, Adhiraj, and Uday with a letter falsely claiming that one of them is the father. Boys and Girls hire detectives to find out about the baby's birth father and mother, suspecting that it is someone from the group. Doubts rise on Samrat and Mayank when Riya- the Principal's daughter, visits Excel College, who is doubted to be the baby's mother. Samrat and Mayank indulge in an argument when Samrat finds out that in the first year, Mayank kissed Riya while she was still Samrat's girlfriend. Later, Riya rebukes all rumours and leaves. The girls band together against the boys to participate in several tasks to prove themselves more responsible. Mayank saves Gunjan from a severe accident in one of these tasks, which makes Nupur guilty as she only thought of winning and did not stop to help her sister, whereas Mayank didn't mind losing to save his family. After a series of mishaps, it is finally revealed that the entire gang is on a reality show. Suhaani breaks the news that she has to return to London. Adhiraj decides to go with her and get married.

A famous director, Neil Oberoi, comes to Excel for an open casting call. He is an old friend of the Bhushan sisters and has a soft spot for Gunjan. After purposefully casting Gunjan, Neil's growing closeness with Gunjan makes Samrat overprotective. Through this, Gunjan learns that Neil is in love with her, so she leaves the film and reconciles with Samrat. Meanwhile, Mayank and Nupur enrol for the same job scholarship, and Nupur wins it. Mayank and Nupur split after a row, and Nupur goes to Delhi. Later, Mayank and Nupur determine their differences and retake their wedding vows, and Samrat confesses his love to Gunjan. Samrat proposes to Gunjan, and she happily accepts, and later, they consummate their love. Benji also reveals his love for Dia. Mayank and Nupur decide to go to the United States, leaving nothing behind. As Nupur, Gunjan, Mayank and Samrat speed to the airport, the brakes suddenly fail, so Samrat careens the car off the road, and the principal characters are involved in a life-changing accident.

3-years Leap

The story then takes a three-year leap where the group believes Nupur died because of Samrat's reckless driving. Now a trustee of Excel College, Samrat has been living a lonely life as punishment, continually recalling Gunjan and their death between drinks. Mayank works in a private company and lives with the illusion of still having Nupur in her void. Now a grievance counsellor, Gunjan is emotionally shattered. She doesn't speak with Samrat anymore as she blames him for her sister's death.

Ashwini, or Ash, is an orphan closely counselled by Gunjan. He collides with Samrat and, out of empathy, helps him past his guilt. Mayank accepts a post as a professor at Excel at Mrs Shergill's insistence. At a point, Mayank and Ash take Samrat's advice to move forward. Rohan or Ro, another student, clashes and falls in love with Ash. Ash and Rohan both look up to Samrat.

Mayank carries out all rituals on Nupur's death anniversary, while Gunjan doesn't offer prayers. When Mayank meets Gunjan, she addresses him by name, not as brother-in-law, which she used to call him before. Mayank realizes that she avoids talking about Nupur to hide her grief. Mayank suggests Gunjan become a counsellor at Excel. She eventually accepts, curious to know about Ash's mystery man, who is Samrat. Mayank sees Samrat in a vulnerable state without his friends. Mayank even saves Samrat from falling off the cliff when he is hallucinating about Gunjan being present there. Later, Mayank forgives Samrat as he realizes he was also responsible for the accident. Samrat, now a colleague of Gunjan, continually attempts to woo her and make her smile again.

After a few days, Dia makes a return. She is a prominent fashion designer now and keeps travelling around the world. When she returns, the first person she meets is Mayank. Mayank is delighted to see her. When she addresses him as brother-in-law, he gets delighted. She tells him that while in China, she met her spiritual side and dreams about Nupur calling her. Mayank tells her that she imagines it because she is her sister and is very close to her. However, Dia is unconvinced and asks Mayank about the accident and Nupur's death because she was not in the city when the incident happened. Initially reluctant, Mayank gives in to Dia's insistence and tells her they received her body. He further says her face was damaged and unrecognizable because she suffered many burns. Dia is shocked to hear this and tells him it's impossible because she knows no fire was involved in the accident. Gunjan got severely injured, and Dia was there to take care of her in the hospital. Nupur was in another hospital. Mayank checks Nupur's death certificate, where he finds that the cause of death is burning, which, according to Dia, was impossible. He curses himself for missing out on this detail for so many years. DIA and Mayank visit the doctor who treated Nupur 3 years back, and the doctor tells them that he was treating two patients named Nupur on the same day. After investigation, the doctor informs them that they handed over the wrong body to them, and Nupur Bhushan is alive. He further tells Mayank and Dia that Nupur Bhushan has lived in a mental hospital for three years. The next day, when they visit the mental hospital, they are informed that Nupur was discharged three days back and are given an address. Dia and Mayank visit that address and are disheartened to know that Nupur only emptied the house yesterday. Mayank, however, doesn't give up and breaks into the house through a window along with Dia. Dia is shocked to see this side of Mayank. On searching the house, they find a number, and when they call on it, they hear Nupur's voice.
Dia leaves the city for work while Mayank informs Gunjan and Samrat about his findings. Gunjan doesn't believe Mayank and shuns herself from comfort and hope. Samrat, on the other hand, decides to help Mayank find Nupur. While on a trail with Samrat and Gunjan, an emotionally incapacitated Mayank drives away alone and crashes into a tree. By fate, Nupur finds Mayank and takes him to the hospital. Eventually, the three find her, but Nupur consistently and rudely refuses to recognize them. They convince her to stay with them for seven days, and each realizes that Nupur is hiding something. During these seven days, it was discovered that a guy named Dhruv was behind the accident three years ago. Dhruv has been obsessed with Nupur since childhood, so he was also sent for rehabilitation. Due to his release from rehab, Sharma sisters have to leave Morena. After the accident, Dhruv blackmailed Nupur to be with him; otherwise, he would hurt her beloved. Finding the truth, Mayank, Samrat, Gunjan Ash and Rohan plot to make Dhruv confess his crime and record it. This makes Nupur free of Dhruv's claws and reconciles with Mayank.

Cast

Main
Arjun Bijlani as Mayank Sharma, cool dude and topper of college-elder brother of Samrat. Nupur's husband, best friend and brother-in-law of gunjan,dia,benji,and uday.
Rati Pandey as Nupur Sharma (née Bhushan), Gunjan's sister, Mayank's wife, Dia and Uday's cousin and Samrat's best friend,saali sahiba & sister-in-law
Mohit Sehgal as Samrat Shergill, the heartthrob of Excel College, basketball team captain and champion younger brother of Mayank. Gunjan's husband, Nupur, Dia,uday and Benji's best friend & brother-in-law
Sanaya Irani as Gunjan Shergill (née Bhushan), Nupur's  sister, Samrat's wife, Dia and Uday's cousin and Mayank's best friend,saali sahiba and sistr-in-law.

Recurring
Navina Bole as Dia Bhushan, college diva, Uday's sister, Nupur and Gunjan's cousin, Benji's love interest
Jaskaran Gandhi as Uday Bhushan, Dia's brother, Nupur and Gunjan's cousin.Samrat & mayank brother in law.
Abhishek Sharma as Benjamin Swami (Dia's love interest), Samrat's best friend
Nishant Singh Malkani as Adhiraj, Suhaani love interest
Anupriya Kapoor as Suhaani Shergill (Samrat's sister & Adhiraj's love interest)
Shraddha Musale as CJ
Kishwer Merchant as Tamanna Mam (Drama Teacher)
Rohit Khurana as Dhruv Verma (Nupur's obsessive lover & fake fiancé)
Khushank Arora as Ranvijay Rathore (Dia's former love interest & samrat's rival); framed Samrat in fake accident case
Preeti Keswani as Sheena Malhotra (Samrat's former love interest)
Sumeet Soni as Purab Verma (Samrat's friend)
Vaishnavi Mahant as Shilpa Sharma (Mayank's mother and Nupur's mother in law)
Jaanvi Sangwan as Ratna Bhushan(bui) (Nupur, Gunjan, Dia and Uday's aunt)
 Shishir Sharma / Anang Desai as Shashi Bhushan (Nupur & Gunjan's father)
Gireesh Sahdev as Ravi Bhushan (Dia & Uday's father)
Akruti Singh as Chinky (Nupur, Gunjan, Dia and Uday's cousin)
Sreejita De as Ashwini/Ash (Rohan's love interest)
Nikhil Chaddha as Rohan Singhal (Ash's love interest)
Meer Ali as Nirbhay Awasthi
Kriti Sharma as Ria Singhal (Rohan's sister)
Mahru Sheikh as Indrani Shergill (Samrat & Suhani's mother)
Deepak Pareek as Professor Shukla
Jaineeraj Rajpurohit as Mr. Saxena (Principal of Excel College)
Amit Jain as Neileswar "Neil" Oberoi (Gunjan's childhood friend)
Melissa Pais as Aha Chand
Abhinav Kapoor as Yash Devraj
Imran Khan as JD
Latesh Sharma as Luv
Manasvi Vyas as Aparajita Mehta
Tanvi Thakkar as Ishika
Neelam Bhagchandani as Vidushi
Perneet Chauhan as Riya Saxena
Sudhir Sharma as Lucky/Chunky Mishra
Gautam Hegde as Chironji Jajotia
Sachin Nayak as Chinu
Bakhtiyaar Irani as D4
Tannaz Irani as Tanya
 Dinesh Mehta as Guru

Guest appearance
Karan Singh Grover as Dr.Armaan Malik
Shilpa Anand as Dr.Shilpa Malhotra
Karan Wahi as Dr.Siddhant Modi
Drashti Dhami as Geet
Sidharth Shukla as Veer

References

External links
 Miley Jab Hum Tum on Hotstar

Indian drama television series
Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming
2008 Indian television series debuts
2010 Indian television series endings
Indian teen drama television series


Bombus nevadensis, the Nevada bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee. It is native to North America, where it occurs from Alaska to California in the west, and east to Wisconsin, and in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico.

Description
A bumblebee with a long proboscis (tongue) and a short, dense fur, the females (queens and workers) have an entirely black head, while the face and top of the head of the male are yellow. The thorax is yellow, sometimes with a hairless, black spot in the middle. The three first terga (abdominal segments) are yellow, while the rest of the abdomen is black. However, the tip of the tail is more or less red in the male. The average body length is  for the queen,  (worker) and  (male).

The black and gold bumblebee (Bombus auricomus) is sometimes considered a subspecies of this species, B. nevadensis auricomus. Genetic and morphological evidence supports them as separate species.

Ecology
This species inhabits open areas such as prairies and meadows. It usually nests underground. Food plants include milkvetches, thistles, melilots, bergamot, penstemons, phacelias, salvias, betony, and clovers.

References

Bumblebees
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects of Canada
Insects of Mexico
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Insects described in 1874
Taxa named by Ezra Townsend Cresson

sv:Skogsjordhumla


Songs in the Key of Kids is the 12th album by popular children's entertainers Sharon, Lois & Bram, originally released in 1993. This album is a compilation album containing songs from their original records. It was also the first "new" release under Drive Entertainment. It is available only on cassette (Elephant Records/Drive Entertainment).

Track listing
"Take Me Out to the Ballgame"
"Hokey Pokey"
"Oh Dear, What Can the Matter Be?"
"Pop! Goes the Weasel"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
"The Wheels on the Bus"
"Ha-Ha, This-a-Way"
"Eensy Weensy Spider"
"We're Gonna Shine"
"Turkey in the Straw"
"On A Picnic We Will Go"
"She'll Be Coming Round the Mountain"
"Pufferbellies"
"Ten in the Bed"
"Five Green Apples"
"The Muffin Man"
"Jelly, Jelly in My Belly"
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Grandpa's Farm"
"Jump Josie / Skip to My Loo"
"It's a Small World"

Songs 1,6,11,14,17 from Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show Record
Songs 2,9 from Stay Tuned,
Songs 3,4,7,8,15,20 from Mainly Mother Goose,
Song 5 from Happy Birthday,
Songs 10,12,18 from One Elephant, Deux Éléphants,
Songs 13,21 from In the Schoolyard,
Song 16 from Singing 'n' Swinging,
Song 19 from Sing A to Z.

Sharon, Lois & Bram albums
1993 compilation albums


Dinosaurs

Newly named dinosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

References

1860s in paleontology
Paleontology
Paleontology 6
Paleontology, 1866 In


The Association of Saône Vosgienne country communes (French: Communauté de communes du Pays de la Saône Vosgienne) is a former administrative association of rural communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes les Vosges côté Sud-Ouest in January 2017.

Created in 2004, the association had its administrative offices at Monthureux-sur-Saône.

Composition
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

Ameuvelle
Bleurville
Châtillon-sur-Saône
Claudon
Dombrot-le-Sec
Fignévelle
Gignéville
Godoncourt
Grignoncourt
Lignéville
Lironcourt
Martinvelle
Monthureux-sur-Saône
Nonville
Regnévelle
Saint-Julien
Les Thons
Tignécourt
Viviers-le-Gras

References

Saone Vosgienne country


John Baptist Franz (October 29, 1896 – July 3, 1992) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Dodge City in Kansas (1951–1959) and bishop of the Diocese of Peoria in Illinois (1959–1971).

Biography

Early life
John Franz was born on October 29, 1896, in Springfield, Illinois, to Fridolin and Louisa (née Reisch) Franz. His father worked in the meat packing business. He recalled that his parents "provided us an atmosphere that made us conscious we were Catholic and that we belonged to the Church. I never wanted to be anything but a priest."

Franz received his early education at the parochial school of SS. Peter and Paul Parish in Springfield. Between 1910 and 1917, he attended St. Francis Solanus High School and the Franciscan College, both in Quincy, Illinois. Franz then studied at Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri.

Priesthood
Franz was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Alton by Archbishop John J. Glennon on June 13, 1920. From 1920 to 1927, as a member of the Granite City-based Diocesan Mission Band, he traveled around Central Illinois and Eastern Missouri to give missions and retreats. In 1926, he was assigned to establish a campaign fund for a cathedral complex in Springfield.

Franz became administrator of St. Mary's Parish and superintendent of St. Isidore High School, both in Farmersville, Illinois, in 1927. From 1935 to 1951, he served as rector of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Springfield He was named a papal chamberlain in December 1941, and raised to the rank of domestic prelate in April 1945.

Bishop of Dodge City
On May 27, 1951, Franz was appointed the first bishop of the newly erected Diocese of Dodge City by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on August 29, 1951, from Cardinal Samuel Stritch, with Bishops Mark Carroll and William O'Connor serving as co-consecrators.

Bishop of Peoria
On August 8, 1959, Pope John XXIII appointed Franz as bishop of the Diocese of Peoria. From 1962 to 1965, Franz attended the Second Vatican Council in Rome. In response to his implementation of the Council's reforms, some people expressed enthusiasm, while others caution to such rapid changes. The political turmoil of the 1960s also added to his challenges, but he still managed to create 17 new grade schools, two new high schools, one Newman Centre, four new parishes, four missions, and elevate eight missions to parish status.

On May 24, 1971, Pope Paul VI accepted Franz's resignation as bishop of Peoria. John Franz died in Peoria on July 3, 1992, at age 95. He is buried at St. Mary's Cemetery in Peoria.

References

1896 births
1992 deaths
People from Springfield, Illinois
Roman Catholic bishops of Dodge City
Kenrick–Glennon Seminary alumni
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Quincy University alumni
Roman Catholic bishops of Peoria
Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States


Toy Willie Ledbetter (October 30, 1927 – July 25, 1995) was a professional American football player who played running back for four seasons for the Philadelphia Eagles.

References

1927 births
1995 deaths
People from Morris, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
American football running backs
Philadelphia Eagles players
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players


Arthropoda

Newly named insects

Archosauromorphs

Newly named dinosaurs

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

References

1860s in paleontology
Paleontology
Paleontology 8
Paleontology, 1868 In


Charles Lynwood Harper (born August 14, 1944) is a former professional American football guard who played seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants.

1944 births
Living people
People from Haskell, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
American football offensive guards
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
New York Giants players


Dave Koz is the 1990 debut album by Dave Koz. It was released on Capitol Records on September 25, 1990. Koz himself co-wrote eight of the 11 tracks, as well as having a reworking of the Richard Marx hit "Endless Summer Nights".
He is supported by various people depending on the song.

Track listing
 "So Far From Home" (Koz, Lorber) - 6:10
 "Emily" (Bobby Caldwell, Koz, Lorber) - 5:30
 "Give It Up" (Koz, Lorber, Marx) - 5:53
 "Nothing But The Radio On" (featuring Joey Diggs) (Klaven, S. Rose, G. Rose) - 4:31
 "Castle of Dreams" (Koz, Jeff Koz) - 5:00
 "Endless Summer Nights" (Richard Marx) - 5:01
 "Love of My Life" (featuring Cole Basquē) Koz, Elliott Wolff) - 4:24
 "Art of Key Noise" (Koz, Claude Gaudette) - 0:27
 "Perfect Stranger" (Koz, Rogers, Sturken) - 4:34
 "If Love Is All We Have" (featuring Cole Basquē) (Davidovicci, Derry, Homms) - 4:27
 "Yesterday's Rain" (Koz, Rogers, Sturken) - 5:51

Production
 Allen Kovac – executive producer
 Bruce Lundvall – executive producer
 Dave Koz – producer (1, 2, 3, 5), co-producer (6, 10), associate producer (9, 11)
 Jeff Lorber – producer (1, 2, 3), recording (1, 2, 3), additional producer (4)
 Steve Barri – producer (4)
 Tony Peluso – producer (4), recording (4), mixing (4)
 Jeff Koz – producer (5)
 Claude Gaudette – producer (6)
 Randy Nicklaus – producer (6)
 Elliot Wolff – producer (7), recording (7)
 Evan Rogers – producer (9, 11)
 Carl Sturken – producer (9, 11)
 Bruce Sugar – recording (5)
 Howard Lee Wolen – recording (6)
 Francis Buckley – recording (9, 11)
 Matt Noble – recording (9, 11)
 Eddie King – recording (10)
 Gabriel Moffat – second engineer (1, 2, 5)
 Fawn Rogers – second engineer (1, 2, 3)
 Nick Els – second engineer (5)
 Jeff DeMorris – second engineer (9, 11)
 Sally Browder – second engineer (10)
 Rob Ruscoe – second engineer (10)
 Alan Meyerson – mixing (1, 2)
 Keith Cohen – mixing (3)
 Steve Peck – mixing (5, 6, 7)
 Darrell Gustamacho – mixing (9, 11)
 Neal Pogue – mix assistant (1, 2, 3)
 Joel Stoner – mix assistant (4)
 John Schmit – mix assistant (5, 6, 7)
 Mike Harlow – mix assistant (9, 11)
 Steve Hall – mastering at Future Disc (Hollywood, CA)
 Mark Sullivan – production coordinator
 Julie Barri – production coordinator (4)
 Dean Freeman – photography
 Jeffrey Fey – art direction
 Tommy Steele – art direction
 Left Bank Management – management

Personnel
 Dave Koz – alto saxophone (1, 3-7, 9), soprano saxophone (2, 6, 9, 10, 11), EWI (2, 6), arrangements (5), baritone saxophone (7, 9), tenor saxophone (7, 9, 10), saxophone key (8), breath noise (8), backing vocals (9)
 Jeff Lorber – keyboards (1, 2, 3), guitars (1, 3), drum programming (1, 2, 3), additional keyboards (4)
 Jim Lang – keyboards (4), drum programming (4), arrangements (4)
 Jeff Koz – keyboards (5), guitars (5), drum programming (5), arrangements (5), backing vocals (9)
 Claude Gaudette – additional keyboards (4, 5), keyboards (6, 10), drum programming (6, 10), arrangements (6, 10)
 Elliot Wolff – keyboards (7), drum programming (7)
 Carl Sturken – keyboards (9, 11), drum programming (9, 11)
 Buzz Feiten – guitars (1, 2, 3)
 Charles Fearing – guitars (4)
 Carlos Rios – air guitar (5)
 Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitars (7, 10)
 Alec Milstein – electric bass (1, 4)
 Randy Jackson – fretless bass (2)
 Matt Bissonette – fretless bass (5)
 Sylvain Bolduc – bass sound design (6, 10)
 Paulinho da Costa – percussion (1, 2, 3)
 Billy Lewis – cymbal rolls (2)
 Lenny Castro – percussion (5, 6)
 Steve Reid – percussion (9, 11)
 Kevin Cloud – snare drum (11)
 Judd Miller – EWI programming (2, 6), Yamaha WX7 programming (5)
 Tom Scott – Yamaha WX7 (5)
 Tony Peluso – arrangements (4)
 Randy Nicklaus – arrangements (6)
 Phillip Ingram – backing vocals (3, 6)
 Joey Diggs – lead vocals (4), backing vocals (4)
 Marva Barnes – backing vocals (4)
 Portia Griffin – backing vocals (4)
 Bunny Hull – backing vocals (6)
 Gigi Shuttleworth – backing vocals (6)
 Cole Basqué – lead vocals (7, 10)
 Elisa Fiorillo – backing vocals (9)
 Michelle Gilgan – backing vocals (9)
 Audrey Koz – backing vocals (9)
 Evan Rogers – backing vocals (9), lead vocals (11)
 Mark Schulman – backing vocals (9)

References

1990 debut albums
Capitol Records albums
Dave Koz albums


James Orville Tuttle (September 18, 1912 – April 20, 1978) was an American football player and coach. He played professionally as   guard for six seasons with the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL). Tuttle played college football at Oklahoma City University. He returned to his alma mater, Oklahoma City, to serve as head football coach during the program's final two years, 1948 and 1949.

Head coaching record

References

External links

1912 births
1978 deaths
American football guards
New York Giants players
Oklahoma City Chiefs football coaches
Oklahoma City Chiefs football players
People from Bartlesville, Oklahoma
People from Texas County, Missouri
Players of American football from Oklahoma


Cardiff Central Library (now Cardiff Central Library Hub) () is the main library in the city centre of Cardiff, Wales. It  offers a public library service and is open six days a week. Four buildings have been named as such, with the newest building opening on 14 March 2009 and officially being opened a few months later on 18 June 2009 by the Manic Street Preachers. The first Cardiff library was opened in 1861 as the Cardiff Free Library, later expanded and known as the Cardiff Free Library, Museum and Schools for Science and Art.

History

Cardiff Free Library (1861 to 1882)

In 1861, a free library was set up by voluntary subscription above the St Mary Street entrance to the Royal Arcade in Cardiff. By 1862, the Public Libraries Act of 1855 allowed local councils with 5,000 inhabitants or more to raise a rate of one penny in the pound to provide a public library. Cardiff was the first town in Wales to establish a public library.

Two years later in 1864, the library had moved to bigger premises in the now demolished YMCA building in St Mary Street. A School of Science and Art and a small museum was also added, and so it became known as the Cardiff Free Library, Museum and Schools for Science and Art.

Old Library (1882 to 1988)

The Old Library is located at the northern end of The Hayes. A public holiday was declared when it was opened on 31 May 1882 by the Lord Mayor of Cardiff, Alfred Thomas as the Cardiff Free Library, Museum and Schools for Science and Art, which included an art gallery. A competition was held to choose a design for the Cardiff Free Library, Museum and Schools for Science and Art. The winning design was by architects James, Seward and Thomas, erected for just over £9,000. The Schools of Science and Art were housed in the building until 1890 when it moved to buildings that were part of the University College.

The building was further extended to the south fourteen years later, with a new south frontage designed by James, Seward & Thomas, and was officially re-opened as the Central Library by the Prince of Wales on 27 July 1896.

The entrance to the building featured a corridor lined with ornamental wall tiles, designed to depict the four seasons and night and morning. These tiles were impressed with coloured clay to give the impression of a mosaic. This together with the stained glass installed throughout the building saw it become a Grade II* listed building. The Old Library (as it is now known) still exists and is in used by the Cardiff Story and a tourist information centre.

St David's Link (1988 to 2006)

The Central Library was moved to a new building located on St David's Link (Frederick Street), opposite what was then the multi-storey car park. The building was officially opened on 3 December 1988, and occupied the upper storeys of the commercial complex, which were accessed via a polygonal vestibule at street level.

The first floor contained the fiction and children's sections and reading library. The second floor contained the non-fiction section and the third floor housed the local history section.

The building was demolished in late 2006 together with the surrounding retail units to make way for the extension to St. David's Centre.

Temporary building (2006 to 2009)

During the construction of the new building, library services were moved to temporary facilities on John Street which were officially opened on 1 September 2006. Consisting of two separate buildings adjoining the Welsh National Opera, the front overlooking Bute Street, featured  tall hoardings illustrating the spines of a number of books identified as those most commonly borrowed from the library.

Cardiff Central Library (2009– )

The present day Central Library building is located on The Hayes, cornered in between Mill Lane and Canal Street, opposite the St. David's 2 development. It occupies part of the car park previously used by the adjacent Marriott Hotel, and it was this site which gave rise to the building's triangular footprint.

Cardiff Council commissioned architects BDP to create a landmark buildings which symbolised the values of knowledge, learning and culture. Construction started in 2007. The building cost £13.5 million to build and construction took 98 weeks involving nearly 1,200 workers. 2000m² of glass form part of the exterior walls. The length of shelving for the books totals 3 kilometres. The project included 16000m² of restaurant units on the ground floor facing onto Mill Lane.

It was opened on 14 March 2009 and on 18 June the Manic Street Preachers unveiled a plaque with the words "libraries gave us power", from their 1996 single A Design for Life.

At the time of opening, the library contained  of space, 90,000 books, 10,000 of which are written in Welsh, and an additional 10,000 CDs and DVDs.

Since 2011 Cardiff Council have co-located services in library buildings, renaming them Hubs. At Central Library this has included money advice, housing and citizens advice services being installed in the building and book stock allegedly reduced. In 2015 over 200 library users, community groups and authors joined unionised library staff to stage a rally outside the library on National Libraries Day against proposed cuts to the service.

Building features

The building was specifically designed to be energy-efficient, and includes a sedum grass roof to improve insulation and reduce rainwater run-off, coloured glass panels and solar shading to prevent excessive heat gains, and a full Building Management System to provide climate control to individual floors. As a result of these measures the building was awarded a BREEAM rating of 'excellent'. Panels of brass cladding covered the side and rear façade of the library, intended to give the impression of leather-bound bookends.

There are a total of six floors with part of the ground floor housing three retail outlets, initially occupied by branches of Wagamama, Gourmet Burger Kitchen, and Carluccio's.

Additionally, all floors except the ground floor have toilets and Wi-Fi. Lifts link all floors. Stairs also connect each floor, with an escalator running straight from the ground floor entrance foyer to the second floor.

Notable librarians
Notable staff have included Harry Farr who served 1891 until 1940, Sir John Ballinger, Wales' first national librarian, James Ifano Jones who worked as a Welsh language cataloguer, Arthur Ap gwynn and more recently, puppeteer Toby Philpott.

Rare books sale controversy
To help fund the new library, Cardiff Council planned to sell off the library's heritage book collection, dating from the 15th century. The collection included a rare Tyndale's Bible in addition to private collections donated by the Bute and Cory families. This provoked outrage amongst academics worldwide. On 10 March 2010, a joint initiative of the council, Cardiff University, the Welsh Assembly Government and the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales worked to transfer the books to the library collections at Cardiff University.

References

External links
 Central Library listing on the Cardiff Hubs website
 Central Library on the BDP website
 Cardiff Central Library instagram page

Library buildings completed in 2009
Landmarks in Cardiff
Education in Cardiff
Culture in Cardiff
Central library
Tourist attractions in Cardiff
Redevelopment projects in Cardiff
2009 establishments in Wales
Castle, Cardiff


A funeral procession is a procession, usually in motor vehicles or by foot, from a funeral home or place of worship to the cemetery or crematorium. In earlier times the deceased was typically carried by male family members on a bier or in a coffin to the final resting place. This practice has shifted over time toward transporting the deceased in a hearse, while family and friends follow in their vehicles. The transition from the procession by foot to procession by car can be attributed to two main factors; the switch to burying or cremating the body at locations far from the funeral site and the introduction of motorized vehicles and public transportation making processions by foot through the street no longer practical.

Hinduism

The Indian city of Banāras is knowns as the Great Cremation Ground because it contains Manikarnikā, the location where Hindu's bring the deceased for cremation. Manikarnikā is located in the center of the city along the Ganges River. The funeral procession normally takes place from the house of the deceased to the cremation ground and is normally an all-male affair. The eldest son leads the procession followed by others.  Contrary to western traditions, the procession leaves as soon as possible after death and mourners chant the name of god en route to the crematorium. The body itself is bathed and wrapped in a white sheet, carried to the cremation ground on a bamboo litter. The son leading the procession carries a fire pot when he leaves the house, which is used to light the funeral pyre. The procession ends at Manikarnikā, where the body is dipped in the Ganges River, then sprinkled with sandalwood oil and covered with garlands of flowers before being cremated.

In more modern times and places outside of India, the domestic traditions of decorating the body, circumambulating, and offering rice balls occurs at the family home or funeral home instead of at the cremation site. No large procession takes place, but rather the male family members carry the coffin from the home to the hearse and then follow in cars to the crematorium. The coffin is again carried by the men from the hearse into the chapel at the crematorium. The chief mourner and male family members will flip the switch to light the cremator after the funeral ceremony takes place. In some cases, the family will travel farther to spread the ashes of the deceased in a holy river. However, if they choose not to do so, the ashes will be spread in the sea or a river nearby.

Islam
In the Islam religion, the funeral procession is a virtuous act that typically involves a large amount of participation from other Muslims. Traditions that were begun by the Prophet are what urged Muslims to partake in the procession. Muslims believe that by following the funeral procession, praying over the body, and attending the burial one may receive quīrāts (rewards) to put them in good favor with Allah. Funeral processions of prominent figures in the Islamic society would attract large crowds because many people would want to honor the deceased. The number of people attending one's funeral can be considered a mark of social standing being that the more well-known and influential one was, the more likely people were to attend. In some cases, the governor may insist on leading the funeral procession for men of high prominence even if this is against the wishes of the family of the deceased. Muslim funeral processions may also attract people of other religions at times if the deceased is well known in society. However, Muslims will always be the ones carrying the body on a bedstead, while other religions may follow alongside, typically staying in their own groups. Islamic funeral processions have been viewed as similar to those in late antiquity Alexandria, being that the whole city would partake in the procession and lights and incense would be used as well.

Christianity

In the Christian religion, the funeral procession was originally from the home of the deceased to the church because this was the only procession associated with burial. This is because the burial took place on the church property so there was no procession that occurred after the funeral service. Later on, as the deceased began to be buried in cemeteries that were not at the church, the main funeral procession was considered to be from the church to the place of burial. This switch was mainly due to the monastic influence over time. When the place of burial was at the church or nearby, the body was carried to the grave/tomb. Those carrying the coffin were led by others carrying wax candles and incense. The incense signify a sign of honor for the deceased. Psalms and antiphons were also sung along the way. One antiphon that has been used in funeral processions for a very long time is called In Paradisum:
May the angels lead you into paradise

may the martyrs come to welcome you

and take you to the holy city,

the new and eternal Jerusalem.

In the modern day, the funeral procession is no longer common or practiced in the same way. Now a hearse is used to transport the body to the gravesite. The procession consists of carrying the casket from the church to the hearse and then from the hearse to the gravesite once at the cemetery. The male family members and friends are typically the ones who carry the coffin.

Buddhism/Shinto (Japan)

After a person has died the first thing to be done is to choose two people to be in charge of making all of the arrangements for the funeral events to come. The main relatives are in charge of encoffining the body and the female relatives make the death clothes that the deceased will wear. Once the body is prepared the wake occurs. This takes place the night before the procession and lasts through the night. Typically relatives and neighbors attend and food and alcoholic beverages are served. The next morning at 10 A.M. the funeral procession begins. Coolies (laborers) are hired and divided into two groups; the rokushaku group carries the palanquin and coffin and the hirabito group carries the paper and fresh flowers and lanterns. Before departing for the temple the priest will chant sutras. The order in which the procession proceeds is first those carrying the lanterns, then the flowers, then birds which are released to bring merit to the deceased, the incense burners, the memorial tablet, and then the coffin. Male relatives are the only people who carry items in the procession while the women ride in rickshaws following the coffin. The male heir of the deceased carries the memorial tablet, which is covered in thin silk. The men in the procession wear formal clothing with the family crest. Initially, the family and neighbors would walk with the procession all the way to the temple, however during the Taishō era people would drop off from the procession along the way and take a train to the temple to wait for the procession to arrive. The family and close friends of the deceased would stay with the procession the entire way. The procession ends when it reaches the temple where the funeral will be held.

During the Taishō era, funerals began to undergo many changes with one of the biggest ones being the elimination of the funeral procession. Funeral processions were extremely prominent during the Meiji era and part of the reason for ridding of them was to move away from the elaborateness of that time period and into more simplistic practices. Another main reason for elimination of processions was the increase in public transportation and motorized vehicles, making the streets far too congested for large processions to occur. As funeral practices moved away from the procession, kokubetsu-shiki (home farewell ceremonies) began to take their place. These ceremonies could be held at the family home, but sometimes were held at the funeral home or temple to replace the mourning that the funeral procession used to accomplish. These farewell ceremonies also served the purpose of offering condolence toward the grieving family in a social aspect. With there no longer being a procession, the real and paper flowers that were carried began to be used to decorate the altar at the temple. The custom of placing a picture of the deceased on the altar also began during this period. Overall, the funeral procession changes were mainly attributed to "external societal conditions" rather than public opinions.

Judaism
According to Jewish law, the deceased is to be buried as soon as possible so the time between death and burial is short. Burial cannot occur on the Sabbath or any Jewish holiday. The funeral service is brief and typically takes place at a funeral home, but sometimes is held at the synagogue or cemetery. The funeral procession route goes from the funeral home or synagogue to the burial site and the pallbearers are the male family members and friends of the deceased. It is traditional to stop seven times along the procession route at meaningful places to recite psalms. Psalm 91:1, "O thous that dwellest in the cover of the Most High" is a very common psalm to recite. The practice of pausing seven times during the procession is derived from the funeral procession of the patriarch Jacob. During his funeral procession from Egypt to Canaan (Erets Yisrael - Land of Israel, later "Syria Palestina" circa 135 AD by Hadrian, Roman emperor after a failed rebellion of Judea against the Roman Empire), the group stopped for seven days to cross the Jordan River into the "Promised Land". These pauses along the way also serve to give the mourners a chance to stop at the different places to reflect on the life of the deceased.

See also
 Corpse road
 Motorcade
 Jazz funeral
 Funeral train, using a railway train

References

Funeral-related industry
Funerals
Christian processions


Gary Leon Cutsinger (born February 4, 1940) is a former professional American football player who played defensive end for six seasons for the Houston Oilers.

References

1940 births
Living people
People from Perry, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
American football defensive ends
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Houston Oilers players
American Football League players


Laughing Bird Caye is an island off the coast of Placencia, Belize.  On 21 December 1991, Laughing Bird Caye National Park was declared. It is spread over an area of . The island is named after a population of laughing gulls which previously bred there.

Location
Laughing Bird Caye is an island located  off the coast of Placencia village in the Stann Creek District of Belize on the western side of Victoria Channel. It is 3.5 miles south southwest of Moho Caye and 7 miles north northwest of Ranguana Caye. The precise GPS coordinates of the island are 16°26'36" North latitude and 88°11'50" West longitude. Laughing Bird Caye is also the southernmost island in the central lagoon of the Belize Barrier Reef.

Geography

Laughing Bird Caye is a long island that sits on an unusually long narrow ridge of reef called a faro. A faro is an angular atoll on a continental shelf, which is also called a shelf atoll. Similar to other atolls, a faro has a steep drop off and has a central lagoon enclosed in the reef. This Laughing Bird Faro is separated from the mainland and the barrier reef by deep channels all around. The faro extends for  south of the Caye.

History
This island is referred to as Laughing Bird Caye from the Laughing gull or Larus artricilla. It was named after this bird because they used to breed on the island. However, due to an increase in human activity on the island the Laughing Gulls have moved to other islands that are more deserted and less affected by human presence. The uniqueness of the island, the faro, and the abundant diversity of coral and marine habitats led to the Caye being declared as a protected area in 1981 under the National Park Systems Act. Subsequently, Laughing Bird Caye was declared a national park in 1991. The Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System was then registered on the World Heritage List in 1996 with The Laughing Bird National Park designated as one of the premiere protected areas within the World Heritage Site.

References

 http://www.laughingbird.org/park1.html
 http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/town/parklaughbird.html
 http://seabelize.org/protected-areas/laughing-bird-caye-national-park/

External links

National parks of Belize
Islands of Belize
Protected areas established in 1991
Stann Creek District
1991 establishments in Belize
Uninhabited islands of Belize
Caribbean Sea


Troy Dean Prater (September 28, 1958 – March 14, 1996) was a professional American football player for the Buffalo Bills and Kansas City Chiefs who played defensive end for seven seasons. Authorities said Prater slipped in the bath tub, suffered a severe blow to the head and was knocked unconscious. His body apparently plugged the drain, causing the tub to fill with water. He may have had an epileptic seizure and been knocked unconscious; his daughter has epilepsy.

References

1958 births
1996 deaths
People from Altus, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
American football defensive ends
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Buffalo Bills players
Deaths by drowning in the United States


Rod Laver and John Newcombe won in the final 7–6, 6–2 against Malcolm Anderson and Ken Rosewall.

Draw

Draw

External links
1973 Australian Indoor Championships Doubles Draw

Doubles


Gregory Michael Hill (born February 12, 1961) is a former professional American football cornerback in the National Football League. He played six seasons for the Houston Oilers, the Kansas City Chiefs, and the Los Angeles Raiders.

1961 births
Living people
People from Orange, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
American football cornerbacks
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Houston Oilers players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Los Angeles Raiders players


The Cape Higuer () is a cape on the Bay of Biscay standing out at the end of the mountain range Jaizkibel by the France–Spain border in the municipality of Hondarribia ( away from the town centre). The site is home to a lighthouse, besides holding a camp-site and a couple of inns. It is sometimes considered the westernmost land strip of the Pyrenees, with the trek trail GR 11 setting out at this point.

Ancient Roman vestiges have been found  deep in the water at a natural berth, next to the castle San Telmo. A wreck lies on the bed of the water, arguably a Roman one, with mineral load and remnants of timber alongside ceramics items in it. This is the third Roman archaeological site uncovered in the area of the Lower Bidasoa, which bears witness to the ancient Basque Roman town Oiasso.

See also

 Linea P (Spain)

References

Further reading
 Roman findings in the Lower Bidasoa

Gipuzkoa
Higuer


Ziad Touma is a Lebanese Canadian film director, producer and screenwriter born in Beirut, Lebanon in 1974 and residing in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He is the founder of the film, television and digital media production company Couzin Films .

Earlier Years
Ziad Touma graduated from Concordia University's communications program in 1994. His student film "Dinner at Bubby's" won best Canadian student film at the Montreal International Short Film Festival in 1995.

Before establishing Couzin Films, between 1995 and 2001, he was a director at MusiquePlus and MusiMax, speciality music channels in Montreal and series writer and director at Galafilm.

He also took part in Showcase's Kink and documentaries for the series Made in Montreal for CTV and TV5 and directed a documentary story for MusiMax entitled On s'en va à Granby about new musical talents.

He worked as a freelance journalist, reporting on trends in the local and international urban culture for some of Quebec's top publications such as LaPresse, Voir, ICI, Clin d'Oeil and Summum magazines. Ziad also penned a social commentary column for over four years in the monthly magazine Nightlife, after which he acted as its creative director.

Career
In 2002, he co-directed "9 à 5: Une folle nuit" with René-Pierre Bélanger. It depicts six people prowling through the darkest recesses of the city, guide us through Montreal's nocturnal urban jungle, uncovering its secrets and codes of behaviour. Diverse in so many ways, these clubbers have one thing in common: a love of night-time and its music.

In 2003, he directed his first long feature movie, the theatrically distributed feature film Saved by the Belles. The film won several awards in festivals around the world win "Best Feature Film" award at Toronto's Inside Out Film and Video Festival in 2003. The following year, in 2004, it was nominated for three Canadian Genie Awards for "Best Achievement in Cinematography", "Best Achievement in Art Direction" and "Best Achievement in Music - Original Song".

Touma was chosen as of the "Noisemakers" of 2001, by Montreal Mirror cultural weekly. Playback magazine chose him as one of their "Top Ten to watch".

He produced a feature documentary entitled "Profession Veejay" for MusiquePlus, the award-winning short film "Birthday Girl" and the feature film Adam's Wall, that began its theatrical run in Fall 2008.

He has also directed television series Webdreams (2005), Chop Shop (2009) and Dussault Inc. (2011)

Filmography

Directing
1994: Dinner at Bubby's (short film)
1998: Line-Up (short film)
2002: 9 à 5: Une folle nuit co-directed with René-Pierre Bélanger
2003: Kink (TV series - 13 episodes)
2003: Saved by the Belles (aka Échappée belles) (feature film)
2005: Webdreams (TV series)
2009: Chop Shop (TV series - 13 episodes)
2011: Dussault Inc. (TV series - 16 episodes)
2011: Dakar à Bandiagara (TV series)

Production
2003: Saved by the Belles (aka Échappée belles)  (producer)
2007: Birthday Girl (producer)
2008: Adam's Wall (executive producer) (producer)
2009: Chop Shop (TV series - 13 episodes) (producer)
2010: Incendies (associate producer)
2011: Dussault Inc. (TV series - 16 episodes) (executive producer)
2015: The Sound of Trees (Le Bruit des arbres) - producer

Screenwriter
1998: Line-Up
2003: Saved by the Belles (aka Échappée belles)
2005: Webdreams (TV series)
2009: Chop Shop (TV series - 9 episodes) (creator)

Documentaries
Made in Montreal docu-series
2007: On s'en va à Granby, a docu-roman

Awards and nominations
In 2003, fis film "Saved by the Belles" won "Best Feature Film" award at Toronto's Inside Out Film and Video Festival.
In 2004, the same film was nominated for three Canadian Genie Awards for "Best Achievement in Cinematography", "Best Achievement in Art Direction" and "Best Achievement in Music - Original Song".

References

External links
Couzin Films Official website

1983 births
Living people
Film producers from Quebec
Film directors from Montreal
Canadian people of Lebanese descent
Lebanese film directors
People from Beirut
Canadian Film Centre alumni


Kritsakorn Kerdpol (, born January 21, 1985) is a professional footballer from Thailand He is the currently goalkeeper coach Thai League 2 club Samut Prakan City.

Honours

Club
PEA F.C.
 Thai League T1 Champions (1) : 2008

External links
Profile at Thaipremierleague.co.th
http://int.soccerway.com/players/kritsakorn-kerdpol/288055/

1985 births
Living people
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Men's association football goalkeepers
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol
Kritsakorn Kerdpol


was a Japanese politician and cabinet member.

Inagaki was elected to his first term in the Japanese House of Representatives in 1977. In 1984, he was part of the LDP Party and served on the Social Security System Consultative Council as an SLAC board member. From 1984 to 1985, Inagaki also joined the Diet's Public Pensions Research Subcommittee as a member. He joined the cabinet under former Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto during the 1990s, where he served as the head of the Hokkaidō and Okinawa development agencies.

Inagaki largely retired from politics after he was defeated for re-election in 2000. He was arrested in 2004 and charged with violating an investment law concerning his company for which he was convicted.  He was sentenced to two years in prison, suspended for five years, beginning in 2005.

Jitsuo Inagaki died at his home in Tokyo of a natural illness at the age of 80.

References

1928 births
2009 deaths
Politicians from Aichi Prefecture
Waseda University alumni
Members of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Government ministers of Japan
Japanese politicians convicted of corruption
20th-century Japanese politicians


Tom Cavanagh (born 1963) is a Canadian actor.

Tom Cavanagh may also refer to:
Tom Cavanagh (ice hockey) (1982–2011), hockey player
Tommy Cavanagh (1928–2007), English footballer and coach
Thomas Patrick Cavanagh (born 1945), American aerospace engineer who attempted to sell stealth bomber secrets to the Soviet Union

See also
Thomas Cavanaugh (1869–?), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
Tomás Cavanagh (born 2001), Argentine footballer
Tom Kavanagh (born 1970), Australian rules footballer
Thomas Kavanagh (disambiguation)


Louis le Comte (1655–1728), also Louis-Daniel Lecomte, was a French Jesuit who participated in the 1687 French Jesuit mission to China under Jean de Fontaney. He arrived in China on 7 February 1688.

He returned to France in 1691 as Procurator of the Jesuits. His Nouveau mémoire sur l'état présent de la Chine, which was published in Paris in 1696, caused great debate within the Chinese Rites Controversy.

By 1696, he had been appointed Mathematician to the King of France.

See also
Jesuit China missions

Notes

References
N. Standaert The interweaving of rituals: funerals in the cultural exchange between China and Europe, University of Washington Press, 2008, ,
 Xiping Zhang, Deshu Ding, Jinping Ye, Xiping Zhang, Deshu Ding, Jinping Ye Following the Steps of Matteo Ricci to China, published by 五洲传播出版社 (Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she), Beijing, 2006 ,

17th-century French Jesuits
1655 births
1728 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Jesuit missionaries in China
French expatriates in China


This is a list of museums in Yangon, Myanmar.

Bogyoke Aung San Museum
Myanmar Gems Museum
Myanmar Motion Picture Museum
 National Museum of Myanmar
Planetarium (Burma)
Yangon Drugs Elimination Museum

See also
List of museums in Burma

Yangon

Lists of buildings and structures in Myanmar
Yangon-related lists


Jetsada Boonruangrod (, born October 1, 1979) is a Thai retired professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

External links
 Profile at Goal

1979 births
Living people
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Men's association football midfielders
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Jetsada Boonruangrod
Jetsada Boonruangrod


Narong Jansawek (, born August 10, 1986), simply known as Yo (), is a Thai professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Thai League 1 club Uthai Thani.

International career

In 2013, he was called up to the national team by Surachai Jaturapattarapong to the 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification.
In October, 2013 he debut for Thailand in a friendly match against Bahrain.
In October 15, 2013 he played against Iran in the 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification.

International

Honours

Club
Uthai Thani
Thai League 3 (1): 2021–22
Thai League 3 Northern Region (1): 2021–22

References

External links
 Profile at Goal

1986 births
Living people
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Men's association football midfielders
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek
Narong Jansawek


Super Meat Boy is a 2010 platform game designed by Edmund McMillen and Tommy Refenes under the collective name of "Team Meat". It was self-published as the successor to Meat Boy, a 2008 Flash game designed by McMillen and Jonathan McEntee. In the game, the player controls Meat Boy, a red, cube-shaped character, as he attempts to rescue his girlfriend, Bandage Girl, from the game's antagonist Dr. Fetus. The gameplay is characterized by fine control and split-second timing, as the player runs and jumps through over 300 hazardous levels while avoiding obstacles. The game also supports the creation of player-created levels. Super Meat Boy was first released on the Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade in October 2010, and was later ported to Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, and the Nintendo Switch. A Wii version was in development but was ultimately cancelled.

Development of the game began in early 2009. McMillen worked on level design and artwork, while Refenes coded it. The game's soundtrack was written by Danny Baranowsky, who had also worked on the original Meat Boy. Super Meat Boy won several awards and has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. Critics lauded the game's controls, art, soundtrack, and challenging gameplay. The game was also a commercial success, selling over a million copies by January 2012. A sequel, Super Meat Boy Forever, was released on December 23, 2020, without McMillen's involvement.

Gameplay

Super Meat Boy is a platform game in which players control a small, dark red, cube-shaped character named Meat Boy, who must save his cube-shaped, heavily bandaged girlfriend Bandage Girl from the evil scientist Dr. Fetus. The game is divided into chapters, which together contain over 300 levels. Players attempt to reach the end of each level, represented by Bandage Girl, while avoiding crumbling blocks, saw blades, and various other fatal obstacles. The player can jump and run on platforms, and can jump off or slide down walls. The core gameplay requires fine control and split-second timing, and was compared to, regarding both gameplay and level of difficulty, traditional platform games such as Super Mario Bros. and Ghosts 'n Goblins.

Levels in each chapter can be played in any order, but a certain number of levels need to be completed to access the boss stage, which unlocks the next chapter if cleared. The player has an unlimited number of attempts to complete each level. If Meat Boy is killed, he immediately restarts the level, though the ornamental red meat juice left behind on surfaces that the player has touched remains. A replay function, which may be accessed after a level is completed, simultaneously shows all the player's attempts to complete the level. Completing a level within a certain time earns an "A+" grade, which unlocks a harder alternate version of the level in the "dark world", an optional set of especially difficult levels. Hidden stages called warp zones are accessed by finding portals in specific levels. These warp zones feature bonus levels that have either the art style of older video games and a limit of three lives, or are patterned after another indie video game such as Castle Crashers or Braid. The player may control characters other than Meat Boy, many of whom first appeared in other independent video games. Each character has different attributes, such as Commander Video's ability to momentarily float in midair. These characters can be unlocked by collecting bandage items placed throughout the game's levels or completing certain warp zones. Some bandages can only be collected by using certain characters. Some levels, such as warp zones and boss levels, can only be played with specific characters. The available characters vary depending on the version of the game played.

The Xbox Live Arcade (XBLA) version features an unlockable mode called "Teh Internets", which is updated with new, free, officially curated levels. The PC version has a "Super Meat World" section, which allows users to play and rate additional levels that players have created with a level editor. This editor was released in May 2011. Players can also access an unsupported developer mode inside the game to edit their own levels using the "rough" tools that Team Meat used to create the game.

Plot
Meat Boy lives with his girlfriend Bandage Girl. One day, Bandage Girl is kidnapped by Dr. Fetus, an intelligent fetus in a life support suit. Meat Boy then goes after Fetus, until Fetus burns down the forest and tries to kill Meat Boy in his "Lil Slugger", which is destroyed after Meat Boy tricks him into running into a bunch of saws. Fetus escapes to an abandoned hospital, where he unleashes C.H.A.D., a giant monster made of blood. Meat Boy shows the sun to the monster and redeems him, but then goes after Fetus, who goes to his salt factory. There, a clone of Meat Boy made of faeces called Brownie is created, leading to a race between the two, presumably killing Brownie. Fetus goes to Hell, where Meat Boy discovers that every time he dies, his corpse goes to Hell. Little Horn, a Meat Boy-esque monster made up of these corpses attacks Meat Boy. Fetus escapes and triggers a nuke, which opens a path to the top world. Meat Boy is lured to fight Larries Lament, three worms who inspire the Larry Jr. boss from The Binding of Isaac.

In the final level, Dr. Fetus runs after Meat Boy, who destroys the bridge he is on, destroying Fetus's life support system. Fetus tries to kill Meat Boy and Bandage Girl by blowing up his facility, but Brownie appears and saves the two while sacrificing himself. As Bandage Girl hugs Meat Boy after escaping, Fetus suddenly lands on Bandage Girl and tries to pummel her as the game cuts to credits. If Dr. Fetus is beaten in the Dark World, it is shown that Fetus's attacks were ineffective and Bandage Girl proceeds to stomp on him.

Development and marketing
The original Meat Boy is an Adobe Flash game created by Edmund McMillen and programmed by Jonathan McEntee. The game was developed over a three-week period and was released on Newgrounds on October 5, 2008. By April 2009, it had garnered over 840,000 views at Newgrounds, and 8 million overall. A map pack for the Flash version was released on December 8, 2008. McMillen began development of Super Meat Boy after Nintendo and Microsoft requested that he make a game for their download services, WiiWare and Xbox Live Arcade, as they were impressed by the success of his Flash games Aether and Meat Boy. At the time, he was working with Tommy Refenes on a Flash game titled Grey Matter. Although McMillen initially pitched the companies a sequel to Gish or Aether, the pair decided to form Team Meat and work on an expanded version of Meat Boy instead. Team Meat also includes soundtrack composer Danny Baranowsky and sound effects designer Jordan Fehr. According to the developers, Super Meat Boy is "a big throwback to a lot of super hardcore NES classics like Ghosts 'n Goblins, Mega Man, and the Japanese version of Super Mario Bros. 2", with the plot written as "a mash-up of every videogame story from the early 90s". The game was explicitly designed by the team to be reminiscent of Super Mario Bros., and McMillen considered it a tribute to Shigeru Miyamoto, the developer of Super Mario Bros.

McMillen worked on level design and artwork, while Refenes coded the game; it was tested primarily by the pair and their families. McMillen and Refenes lived on opposite sides of the United States, and met only a few times in person while working on the game. They developed the control scheme by iterating through several designs, trying to find one that felt fluid and logical. Rather than use a pre-built game engine, Refenes programmed an original one. The game was initially set to include around 100 levels, and to have co-operative and competitive multiplayer modes. During development, however, the multiplayer option was dropped and the number of levels was greatly increased. The pair designed the game to be deliberately "retro", imitating the aesthetics of traditional platform games, but with a modern sensibility regarding difficulty. They wanted the game to be rewarding and challenging, rather than frustrating; to this end they included infinite lives, quick restarts of levels, obvious goals, and short levels. They felt the replay feature transformed death into a form of reward.

Development of Super Meat Boy began in January 2009. Initially announced for WiiWare and PC, the game was set to be released in the first quarter of 2010. The release date was pushed back to the fourth quarter because the developers wanted more time to create extra levels, such as the dark worlds. A picture released on Team Meat's Twitter page on February 22, 2010, revealed that the game would also be released for XBLA. The next day, they announced that, while all versions would be released in the same month, the game would be released for XBLA first due to "contractual obligations". In August 2010, the developers were contacted by Microsoft with the prospect of inclusion in Microsoft's 2010 Fall GameFeast XBLA promotion two months later. As they were almost out of money, they did not believe that they could financially support themselves until the Spring event, but felt they had four months' worth of work left to complete on the game. For the final two months of development they worked daily, slept five hours a night, and frequently forgot to eat—a process that McMillen said he "would never voluntarily go through" again. According to McMillen, due to Microsoft's low expectations for the game, Super Meat Boy was lightly promoted. The level of promotion was not increased during the GameFeast, though the game greatly outsold the rest of the games in the event. The team described the effort required to finish the game for the promotion as "by far the biggest mistake [they] made during SMB's development". Their development struggle is depicted in the documentary Indie Game: The Movie. The game was released on XBLA in October 2010 and on PCs via Steam and Direct2Drive a month later. McMillen noted that the PC release was more heavily promoted than the XBLA version. A version for Mac OS X was released in November 2011, while another version for Linux operating systems was released in December 2011 as part of the Humble Indie Bundle #4 game pack.

Due to Sony's initial lack of interest in the game, Team Meat entered into contractual obligations that prohibited Super Meat Boy from ever being released on the PlayStation 3. Despite this, a version for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita was eventually announced.  The WiiWare version was canceled because the game's file size had been expanded beyond the limits imposed by Nintendo. Team Meat looked into releasing it as a retail Wii game, but were told by all third-party publishers they approached that a budget title would not be profitable so late into the Wii's lifecycle. Versions of the game were eventually released for Nintendo's follow up systems Wii U and the Switch. The Switch version includes a platform-exclusive "Race Mode", allowing two players on the Switch's split-screen and using separate Joy-Con to race through sets of levels. This mode was added to the Windows version in October 2018.

A limited edition retail version of the PC game was released in April 2011. It included bonuses such as behind-the-scenes videos, a sample disc of the game's music, and a Super Meat Boy comic. In 2012 Team Meat began prototyping an iOS and Android version of the game. The game was intended to be a different take on the Super Meat Boy concept that is more adapted to touch-screen controls than a direct port would be. This project would develop into the new endless runner game Super Meat Boy Forever, revealed in 2014 at the video game convention PAX.

Team Meat released several pieces of merchandise related to Super Meat Boy. These include Super Meat Boy Handheld, an iOS app released on April 3, 2010, and styled on a Tiger Electronics handheld. It was released as a joke after Refenes' game Zits & Giggles was removed from the iTunes Store following a statement by Refenes that likened the iPhone to a Tiger handheld. McMillen has released a Super Meat Boy microgame for WarioWare D.I.Y. Team Meat sells charms, plush toys, and posters related to the game, as well as T-shirts, stickers, stress balls, and a limited edition Super Meat Boy comic. In 2011, Voxelous released a set of four Super Meat Boy figures of Meat Boy, Bandage Girl, Brownie, and Tofu Boy, later making figures of Commander Video, Jill, Ogmo, and Dr. Fetus.

Music
Super Meat Boys soundtrack was composed by Danny Baranowsky, who previously composed the soundtracks for the indie video games Canabalt, Cortex Command, and Gravity Hook. He also composed the music for the original Meat Boy. McMillen knew of Baranowsky's other work, and approached him late in Meat Boys development, asking him to supply whatever tracks he had on hand. For the soundtrack of Super Meat Boy, Baranowsky incorporated the music he had provided for Meat Boy into an expanded soundtrack. He tried to ensure that the music would accompany the action on the screen without overpowering the sound effects. Baranowsky was given complete freedom for the game's music, and retained all of the rights to it; McMillen believed that being more invested in the game would let Baranowsky express the part of him that was "manic, obsessive, complex, and full of life". McMillen feels that the soundtrack "gets your heart rate up, complements every aspect of its gameplay, and stays with you for days".

On October 26, 2010, the game's soundtrack was released as a download-only album via the online Bandcamp store titled Super Meat Boy! Soundtrack. This release features 34 tracks and a 100-minute runtime, and includes several remixes of tracks from the game. On January 11, 2011, Baranowsky and Team Meat released a special edition soundtrack on Bandcamp as both a downloadable and physical album. This edition includes a second disc of songs not included in the original release, as well as additional remixes. The album, titled Nice to Meat You, has a total of 73 tracks, is 2 hours 25 minutes long, and features album artwork by McMillen. Three music tracks from the game were released as downloadable content for Rock Band 3 in June 2011.

Baranowsky's music was not used for the PlayStation 4, Nintendo Wii U, Nintendo Switch and PlayStation Vita versions, as he "no longer [had] a working relationship with Team Meat" and they could not agree on licensing terms. Instead, those versions of the game feature a soundtrack composed by Ridiculon (Matthias Bossi and Jon Evans), David "Scattle" Scatliffe, and Laura Shigihara, who have previously worked on games such as The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, Hotline Miami, and Plants vs. Zombies respectively. A soundtrack album for the new music, titled Songs in the Key of Meat: Music from SMB 5th Anniversary, was released on Bandcamp on October 6, 2015.  On April 13, 2017, Tommy Refenes introduced the alternative soundtrack on the PC port.

Reception

Super Meat Boy received critical acclaim. After being showcased at the Penny Arcade Expo 2010, Super Meat Boy was declared Game of the Show by Destructoid and nominated for the same award by Machinima.com. The game received nominations for the Grand Prize and Excellence in Audio awards at the 2010 Independent Games Festival. It won the award for Most Challenging Game in IGN's Best of 2010 awards, and received nominations for Best Soundtrack and Best Retro Design. It was voted GameSpots Best Downloadable Console Game of 2010, and won the Best Downloadable Game award from GameTrailers. Sales were strong, with nearly 140,000 units of the Xbox 360 version sold by the end of 2010. The Steam and Xbox 360 versions had sold over 600,000 copies combined by April 2011; 400,000 of these sales were through Steam. On January 3, 2012, Team Meat announced on Twitter that the game had surpassed 1,000,000 sales.

Critics praised Super Meat Boys platforming elements, and often commented on the game's difficulty. X-Play reviewer Alexandra Hall said the game had "riveting platforming action", and added that "Super Meat Boys designers are masters of their craft." Henry Gilbert of GamesRadar felt the platforming was "perfect". He wrote that "while it's always tough and demanding, it never feels cheap, or like the game is cheating you." A reviewer from GameTrailers stated that "the difficulty rides the perfect line between driving you utterly bonkers when you fail and making you feel like a platform pro when you succeed". Joystiqs Richard Mitchell echoed other reviewers' comments: "Super Meat Boy is tough, as tough as the toughest nails in the toughest universe." Gilbert cited the level of difficulty, which he believed made the game inaccessible to some players, as his reason for not awarding the game a perfect score. Tom McShea of GameSpot praised the game's "precise control", "excellent level design", and "smooth difficulty curve". Reviewer Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer warned that Super Meat Boy is "a hard game. It should make you want to throw the pad across the room".

Critics gave high marks to the game's retro art direction and presentation. Official Xbox Magazine (UK)s Mike Channel appreciated the variety found in each set of levels.  He stated that "while the graphics may look crude, the presentation is exceptional. Each level has a distinct visual style." Daemon Hatfield, a reviewer for IGN, noted the uniqueness of the game's visual presentation. He commented that the warp zone levels pay tribute to classic 8-bit games, and lauded the game's soundtrack: "The rocking chiptune soundtrack is the best I've heard since Scott Pilgrim vs. The World: The Game". Joe Leonard of 1UP.com noted that the game's humor and over-the-top gameplay help to calm frustrations regarding the difficulty: "Super Meat Boys greatest strength has to be how it never takes itself too seriously—as maddening as some of the levels got, I could never stay angry at the game for too long", said Leonard. MTV Multiplayer reviewer Russ Frushtick praised the game's visual design. He appreciated the game's cutscenes, which he noted are "hand-drawn animated [shorts] which [bear] more than a passing resemblance to a classic video game intro".

While the game received high praise overall, certain publications voiced complaints. Hatfield noted that the cutscenes had low production values, stating that "they don't have the polish of the rest of the game". The reviewer for PC Gamer mentioned "a few minor, yet-to-be-patched bugs". Eduardo Reboucas of Game Revolution said that "a lot of the levels in Super Meat Boy depend a little too much on twitch reflexes and trial-and-error memorization". He also stated that "there are some bits of toilet humor here and there that are duds", and that the game's high level of difficulty "will make most casual players shy away". Mitchell Dyer of GamePro agreed, saying that certain "absurdly difficult" levels broke the flow of the game, especially in the boss levels and the later chapters.

Legacy
Meat Boy has made cameo appearances in the video games Bit.Trip Runner, Bit.Trip Fate, and Bit.Trip Presents... Runner2: Future Legend of Rhythm Alien, as well as in Spelunky, Dust: An Elysian Tail, Ori and the Blind Forest, Retro City Rampage, ilomilo, and Indie Pogo. A parody Flash game, Super Tofu Boy, was released by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) on December 1, 2010, to protest the game and promote veganism. In response, Team Meat added its own interpretation of Tofu Boy to the PC version of the actual Super Meat Boy on December 2, 2010. The game's success spurred the development of the 1930s-style animated indie video game Cuphead, which is also noted for its difficulty.

On August 29, 2014, Team Meat announced that a sequel, Super Meat Boy Forever, was in development for smartphones, tablets, and Steam. The game would remain in development limbo until the project was restarted in 2017, without the assistance of McMillen. In August 2017, the game was confirmed for release for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, iOS and Android systems. The Switch and Windows versions were released in December 2020, with other platforms following in 2021.

Notes

References

External links

Original game via Newgrounds

2010 video games
Android (operating system) games
Cancelled Wii games
Indie games
Linux games
MacOS games
Microsoft games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation Network games
PlayStation Vita games
Retro-style video games
Side-scrolling platform games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Danny Baranowsky
Wii U eShop games
Windows games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Video games designed by Edmund McMillen


John Derek Radford (formerly John Worboys; born June 1957) is a British convicted sex offender, known as the Black Cab Rapist. Worboys was convicted in 2009 for attacks on 12 women. Police say he may have had more than 100 victims.

Early life
Born in Enfield, Middlesex, Worboys left school with few qualifications and was employed in jobs including milkman, junior dairy manager and security guard. He lived alone in Rotherhithe, South London, before marrying Kate Santos in 1991; the couple separated after four years. Santos stated that he sexually assaulted her daughter and that he confessed to following home and assaulting another woman. He was in a relationship at the time of his arrest in 2008.

From 1987 to 2000, Worboys worked as a stripper, using "Terry the Minder" as a pseudonym. As "Paul" and "Tony", Worboys directed and appeared in a pornographic film. He hired out his flat in Poole, Dorset, for making pornographic films.

Worboys worked as a taxi driver in Bournemouth while living at his holiday flat in Poole.

Crimes and capture

Method
Worboys was a London black cab taxi driver who picked up women as fares late at night in central London. He would tell each woman he was celebrating coming into a large amount of money, usually by winning the lottery or at a casino, show her a carrier bag full of money to back up his story, and then suggest she drink a glass of champagne with him, which he had drugged with sedatives. After the drugs had taken effect, he would rape or sexually assault her. The women often had little memory of what happened to them.

Police investigation
The first reports to police concerning suspicious incidents experienced by women in black cabs dated from 2002. Over a period of six years, 14 women between 18 and 34 years of age went to the police to tell of the assault or other worrying experiences in a taxi, all of which had similarities. The police failed to link them.

Worboys was arrested for the sexual assault of a 19-year-old student in July 2007 and held at a police station in Plumstead, southeast London, but was released on bail after police believed his protests that she had been drunk and kissed him as she left his cab, which was confirmed by CCTV footage.

Physical evidence
Police found a "rape kit" in the boot of Worboys' Fiat Punto, containing champagne miniatures, plastic gloves, a torch, vibrators, condoms, sleeping tablets and an ashtray he used to crush drugs. In a safe in Worboys' garage police found hand-written notes outlining his planned explanations if he was questioned again following his 2007 arrest. These papers were not used in court because he claimed to have written them for his solicitor.

Worboys' DNA was recovered from a semen stain in one woman's underwear, a wristband belonging to another woman was found in his house and a third woman's address was found in his notebook. Forensic evidence linked a vibrator found in his car to another survivor.

Trial
Worboys pleaded not guilty to all 23 counts brought against him. Fourteen women testified in court. Worboys claimed to have engaged in "banter" with the women "to get their attention", due to not getting "attention and cuddles" when growing up. He said that any sex was consensual.

His defence counsel described Worboys as an "oddball", a "weird customer" and a "socially inadequate individual", but told the jury it did not mean Worboys was guilty, saying: "What have the prosecution got? They have got a lot of young women who had a very strange experience in the back of a taxi. It is not normal to be offered a drink by a taxi driver. The temptation for the jury is to say he is weird, he must have done it. Don’t fall into that trap".

Verdict and sentencing
Worboys was convicted at Croydon Crown Court on 13 March 2009 of one count of rape, five sexual assaults, one attempted assault and 12 drugging charges, committed from July 2007 to February 2008. He was cleared of two counts of drugging. He was sent for a pre-sentencing report and a psychiatric report, and was sentenced on 21 April. He received an indeterminate sentence of  imprisonment for public protection with the minimum custodial term set at eight years.

Mr Justice Penry-Davey said he would not be released until the parole board decided he no longer presented a threat to women. The judge ordered that Worboys should be banned from driving a passenger vehicle for profit.

Subsequent developments

Inquiry into the police investigation

The commander of Greenwich police, Chris Jarratt, 49, was moved on due to failings in this inquiry and an unrelated murder investigation. A spokeswoman for Women Against Rape said,  "We hope that some senior officers will face dismissal over this and similar cases". The handling of Worboys' case was brought before the Independent Police Complaints Commission, who concluded that proper investigations could have prevented some of the attacks. Worboys' case was followed by criticisms about the police in connection with another prolific serial sex offender Kirk Reid, who escaped apprehension despite being connected with a string of sex crimes four years before his arrest.

Five officers had complaints against them upheld, but all were allowed to remain in their jobs. This decision was criticised by one of the survivors and her lawyers, who say that she was laughed at by the police when she reported her assault. Following this case, the Metropolitan Police created a central intelligence unit to investigate serial sex offenders.

Later developments
By October 2010, the Metropolitan Police had received 102 additional complaints from women in London and Dorset, and believe that in 13 years as a taxi driver he could have drugged and attacked more than 100 female passengers. In a statement following the verdict, the police called for any other women who may have been attacked by Worboys to come forward.

Two unnamed women, who were sexually assaulted by Worboys, received damages from the Metropolitan Police in February 2014 after it was concluded their human rights had been breached by "inhuman or degrading treatment" during the police investigation. The Met lost its appeal against the decision in 2015. As a result of this case, a hearing was held at the Supreme Court in March 2017 to establish whether survivors should be able to sue the police under the 1998 Human Rights Act's Article 3 (under which it was decided to pay damages to the two women).

Proposed release and legal challenge
On 4 January 2018, the BBC reported that Worboys was to be released from prison. Worboys, who was by now 60 years old, had spent 10 years in custody including a period on remand. After a hearing about his case in November 2017, the Parole Board had decided to approve his release with "stringent" licence conditions. He would have to report to probation staff every week and was barred from contacting any of his survivors. Worboys' period on licence would last for at least ten years and he could be sent back to prison if he breached any licence conditions.

The following day, Nick Hardwick, the chairman of the Parole Board, apologised "unreservedly" after it was reported that some of Worboys' survivors had not been informed about his pending release and The Guardian reported that Richard Scorer, the lawyer for several of Worboys's alleged survivors whose cases were not included in the original criminal prosecution was ready to bring fresh prosecutions against him. On 28 March 2018 Hardwick resigned as Parole Board chair following a successful legal challenge, quashing its decision to release Worboys.

In November 2018, it was announced that Worboys would remain in prison.

Further charges
On 1 May 2019, Worboys was charged with four further sexual offences alleged to have occurred between 2000 and 2008, following a review of evidence by the Crown Prosecution Service. A hearing date was set for 23 May. In June 2019 he admitted the attacks on four women.

On 17 December 2019, Worboys was sentenced to two life sentences with a minimum term of six years for attacking the four women; the earliest of the offences occurred in 2000, five years before previously known attacks. It was revealed in court that Worboys had confessed to a psychologist that he had pushed alcohol on 90 women, of whom a quarter had been drugged.

See also
Effects and aftermath of rape
Laws regarding rape
List of serial rapists

References

1957 births
Living people
21st-century English criminals
British people convicted of sexual assault
British taxi drivers
Criminals from London
Date of birth missing (living people)
English male criminals
English people convicted of drug offences
English people convicted of rape
English prisoners and detainees
People from Enfield, London
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
Rape in London
Rape in the 2000s
Taxis of London