Carrio is a civil parish in Laviana, Asturias, Spain.

Carrio, Carrío and Carrió may also refer to:

People
 Adrian Carrio (born 1989), American race car driver
 Adrián Carrio (born 1986), Spanish jazz pianist
 Elisa Carrió (born 1956), Argentine politician
 Orlando Carrió (1955–2002), Argentine actor
 Pedro Carrío (born 1970), Cuban swimmer

Places
 Carrió (Carreño), a civil parish in Asturias, Spain


In the early morning hours of August 16, 1931, a powerful earthquake occurred in West Texas with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). Estimates of its magnitude range between 5.8–6.4 mb, making it the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Texas history. Its epicenter was near the town of Valentine, Texas; there, the earthquake caused damage to many homes and buildings. The earthquake may have been caused by movement along oblique-slip faulting in West Texas, the most seismically-active region in the state. Shaking from the earthquake was perceptible within a  radius of the epicenter, affecting four U.S. states and northern Mexico. Several foreshocks and aftershocks accompanied the primary temblor, with the aftershocks continuing until at least November 3, 1931. The main earthquake caused no fatalities, though several people sustained minor injuries; the damage in Valentine amounted to $50,000–$75,000 ($962,195–$1,443,293 today).

Geology

The largest earthquakes in Texas history have occurred in West Texas, which is the state's most seismically active region. Earthquakes have been reported in El Pasonear the state's westernmost extentsince as early as 1887. There are several faultlines in the region, including the Mayfield Fault, Rim Rock Fault, and Valentine Fault, in addition to other major geologic features such as the Central Basin Platform, the Ouachita Tectonic Front, and the Rio Grande rift. The 1931 Valentine earthquake may have been generated by movement along either the Mayfield or Rim Rock Faults, though no investigation of fault displacement was performed in the area after the earthquake. One 1987 study published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America suggested that the earthquake was caused by either normal or strike-slip faulting at a depth of 6 mi (10 km), with a dip of 54° to the east, a strike of 10–20° and a rake of –150°. The tremor may have resulted in broad subsidence of 4 in (11 mm) over a 10–20 mi (20–30 km) long stretch near Valentine. Though no surface rupture was reported in connection with the earthquake along a fault, cracks in the alluvium within the nearby Quitman Canyon developed during the earthquake, retaining depths of  and widths as wide as  at least 17 years after the earthquake.

Earthquake
The main Valentine earthquake occurred at 5:40 a.m. Central Standard Time (11:40 UTC) on August 16, 1931, with an epicenter near , roughly 7 mi (12 km) southwest of Valentine, Texas, and towards the southeastern end of the Rio Grande rift. The earthquake was felt across most of Texas and in portions of Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and northern Mexico, producing perceptible shaking as far as  away from the epicenter. Its hypocenter was beneath the Lobo Valley, a northwest-trending alluvial plain. Estimates for its magnitude range between mb 5.6–6.4, making it the strongest earthquake in Texas on record. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) lists the earthquake as having a magnitude of mbLg 5.8 based on the amplitude of short-period surface Lg waves. The ISC–GEM catalogue lists the earthquake as having a magnitude of Mw 6.3. Seismographs as far as St. Louis, Missouri, recorded both foreshocks and aftershocks beginning on August 16 and continuing well after the main earthquake. The foreshocks drove many people to sleep outdoors, possibly mitigating human casualties caused by the main shock. Numerous aftershocks occurred after the main tremor, particularly in the ensuing eight hours. The strongest aftershock occurred at 1:37 p.m. CST (19:37 UTC) on August 18, cracking walls in Valentine and stopping clocks in El Paso. The aftershock had a magnitude of approximately 4.2 and produced a maximum intensity of V (Moderate). A magnitude 3.0 or 3.2 aftershock occurred near Valentine at 9:50 a.m. CST (15:50 UTC) on November 3 and was detected by a seismometer in Tucson, Arizona.

Damage

Shaking from the earthquake was most intense in the Valentine, Texas, area. At Valentine, the shaking intensity reached level VIII (Damaging tremor) on the Rossi–Forel scale and level VIII (Severe) on the Modified Mercalli scale. Every building in the town excluding those made from wood frames sustained damage. Many chimneys toppled or cracked following the quake. The local school facility was damaged beyond repair, and its yard sustained minor cracks. Buildings built with adobe had walls collapse, while wooden structures displayed cracked ceilings. Other walls consisting of concrete, brick, and similar materials had large cracks. Damage also occurred in the counties of Brewster, Culberson, Jeff Davis, and Presidio. While there were no fatalities, some minor injuries resulted from falling adobe. The cost of damage in Valentine amounted to $50,000–$75,000.

Shaking from the earthquake was noticed in the Texas Panhandle, rocking buildings and awakening many people. The Mercalli intensity in Houston was estimated to be as high as III (Weak). The intensity was mild in Ciudad Jiménez, 250 mi (410 km) to the south in Mexico. Although the Houston Post-Dispatch attributed the collapse of homes in Oaxaca City to the Valentine earthquake despite being over 1,080 mi (1,750 km) away from the epicenter, the considerable distance suggested that such effects were caused by a more local earthquake. Several landslides resulted from the tremor. Such incidents took place in the Van Horn Mountains, the Chisos Mountains, southwest of Lobo, near the Big Bend, and to the northwest near Pilares and Porvenir. In New Mexico, the Guadalupe Mountains also hosted landslides; in Picacho, rock- and mudslides were reported. Hydrologic issues occurred in several artificial water bodies, leading to muddied water.

See also
 List of earthquakes in 1931
 List of earthquakes in the United States
 1995 Marathon earthquake

References

External links

1931 earthquakes
History of Texas
Earthquakes in the United States
Natural disasters in Texas
1931 natural disasters in the United States
1931 in Texas
August 1931 events
Jeff Davis County, Texas


Marina Radu (born September 5, 1984 in Montreal, Quebec) is a water polo player from Canada. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team which claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo

External links

1984 births
Living people
Canadian people of Romanian descent
Canadian female water polo players
Water polo players from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games


"Lose Control" is a song performed by British electronic duo Kish Mauve. The song was written and produced by Kish Mauve for their debut album Black Heart (2009). It was released as a single on 22 September 2008 by YNYS Recordings. The song was originally written for Australian singer Kylie Minogue. Minogue recorded the song, but it did not appear on her 2007 album X. On 23 February 2009, NAPT released their remixes of the song as a digital download and 12-inch single.

Formats and track listings
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Lose Control".

Digital download
(Released )
"Lose Control" – 3:45
"Lose Control" (Fred Falke remix) – 8:14
"Lose Control" (Michael Morph remix) – 8:42
"Lose Control" (Chewy Chocolate Cookies remix) – 5:24
"Lose Control" (Neoteric remix) – 7:11
"Lose Control" (Superbass extended remix) – 5:12
"Lose Control" (Superbass radio edit remix) – 4:09
"Lose Control" (Sei A remix) – 7:10
"Lose Control" (Stockholm Syndrome remix) – 7:29
"Lose Control" (Kish Mauve White Noise remix) – 5:57
"Lose Control" (Kish Mauve extended remix) – 4:44
"Lose Control" (Stockholm Syndrome radio edit remix) – 3:30
"Lose Control" (Fred Falke radio edit remix) – 3:39

NAPT vs. Kish Mauve digital download
(Released )
"Lose Control" (12" dub mix) – 7:00
"Lose Control" (Vocal mix) – 6:30

NAPT vs. Kish Mauve 12-inch single
(FTECH #031, Released )
"Lose Control" (12" dub mix) – 7:00
"Lose Control" (Vocal mix) – 6:30

References

External links
Official Myspace

2008 singles
Songs written by Jim Eliot
Songs written by Mima Stilwell
2008 songs
Kish Mauve songs


FC Volga-Energiya Ulyanovsk was the name of two related but distinct Russian football clubs:

 FC Volga Ulyanovsk played under that name in the Amateur Football League in 2006
 FC Volga-d Ulyanovsk played under that name in the Amateur Football League in 2007


Petar Kružić (died 1537) was a Croatian knez, captain, soldier and defender of Klis, and the captain of Senj.

In the early 16th century Petar Kružić (knez of Klis) defended the Klis Fortress against Turk invasion. He died in 1537 trying to break yet another siege of the Turks. After his death, the Klis defenders agreed to give the fortress to the Ottomans in exchange for their women, children and their own lives. In this way, the Ottomans finally conquered the Klis Fortress after almost two and a half decades of its successful defense.

Origin
He was a native of Krug in Nebljuh, a district of the same-titled tribe in the župa of Lapac in Lika. However, later chroniclers, and historians, mostly for local patriotic reasons, tried to appropriate and present him as one of their countrymen because he enjoyed incredible popularity as an anti-Ottoman fighter, especially in the areas from which Klis defenders came (Poljica).

Military career
He began his military career in 1513 when he joined the defending forces of Klis Fortress. In around 1518 or 1519 he was promoted to captain of the Klis Fortress by the ban Petar Berislavić. In 1521 he was named the Captain of Senj together with Grgur Orlović who was named co-captain of Klis. They were active at those duties together until the Battle of Mohács when Orlović died in battle against the Turks.

In February 1524 Turkish captain Mustafa laid a siege on Klis Fortress with around 3000 men. The fort managed to hold off the invasion for over two months, while Kružić went to Senj just days before the siege and gathered an army of 1500 foot soldiers, 60 cavalry, and 40 ships to flank the Turkish army. He arrived at the town of Solin the night of 10 April from where they launched an attack on the Turks, destroying their army. For this achievement he was rewarded with the castle Breznica by the King of Hungary Louis II.

From then on Klis was under constant threat from the Turkish armies. On 4 June 1532, while Kružić was seeking help from potential ally cities and states, a large Turkish army led by Venetian Nicola Querini took control of Klis with the help of traitors. However, soon afterward Kružić returned with 2000 men from the city of Ancona and took control of the fort. On 18 September he managed to take over a Turkish fort in Solin and tried to persuade the king Ferdinand I to build a fort there to take control of the area around Solin, but the king did not take any measures.

After several failed attempts, the Turks tried to take over Klis in 1535 via treason. They bribed Uskok Mate Tvrdosalić to let them in the city on the last day of the Carnival, but Tvrdosalić deceived them and informed the Klis defenders of the Turkish plan. When the Turks came as arranged he let them into fort where they were ambushed and killed.

By the end of August 1536, the Turks had gathered a large army and repaired the fortress in Solin that Kružić conquered in 1532 (and was subsequently forced to abandon), and had built two new forts to completely surround Klis. Since that time Klis was under constant attack by the Turks, but the Uskok defenders managed to hold them off. Help arrived in March 1537 when 3000 soldiers sent by Ferdinand I and 700 Italian soldiers sent by pope Paul III arrived. Petar Kružić led the armies and stormed the Turkish strongholds, managing to destroy two; while storming the third, Turkish captain Murat-beg came with 2000 men yelling and shouting, causing the German and Italian soldiers to begin fleeing towards the coast. Kružić was amongst the last to retreat and was surrounded by the Turkish forces, dying in the fierce battle.

After the death of their captain and suffering a lack of water supplies, the defenders of Klis surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom. On 12 March 1537 the city and the fortress were released to Turkish control.  Many of the citizens left the town while the Uskoci went to the city of Senj, where they continued fighting the Turkish invaders.

Legacy
Kružić is known for constructing 118 steps leading from Rijeka to Trsat in 1531, known today colloquially as the Petar Kružić staircase, along with the chapel of Saint Nicholas near the church of Gospa Trsatska. He is considered to have formulated the basic principle of the Uskok strategy and by holding ships near Lovran for the supply of Klis defenders, he laid the foundation of the Uskok navy. Following his death, his Uskok soldiers subsequently took refuge in Senj, where they continued their operations.

See also
 Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War

References

External links
 Historical Unit Kliški uskoci - Petar Kružić
 Historical Unit Kliški uskoci - History of Klis

Croatian soldiers
16th-century Croatian military personnel
Year of birth missing
1537 deaths
Croatian nobility
Croatian Roman Catholics
Military commanders of Croatian kingdoms
16th-century Croatian people


Mark Thomas Ketterson (born 1954, Nashville, Tennessee) is an American performing arts critic and writer. He is the Chicago correspondent for Opera News magazine, and has also written for Playbill, the Chicago Tribune, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and Chicago (magazine) as well as Concertonet.com, ArtsATL, and Chicago on the Aisle.  Ketterson studied drama and psychology at Vanderbilt University and music at Peabody College, Vanderbilt's Blair Academy of Music, and later at Chicago Musical College at Roosevelt University. He trained at Actor's Theatre of Louisville and became involved with Chicago's St. Nicholas Theatre and various national tours. He then completed his graduate study in mental health at the University of Illinois at Chicago and worked as a clinical social worker before focusing on arts journalism. Ketterson is a regular contributor and annotator for the publications of performing arts organizations throughout the United States, including Lyric Opera of Chicago, The Metropolitan Opera Guild, Houston Grand Opera, Washington National Opera at Kennedy Center, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Ravinia Festival, and Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts. He has lectured extensively on theatre, opera, and arts education, and has profiled such disparate artists as conductor Riccardo Muti, Bobby McFerrin, Patti LuPone, Paul Gemignani, and Sir James Galway.

See also
Erin Wall
Marlis Petersen
Opera News
Vladimir Galouzine

References

Patti LuPone at Ravinia

Universitories
Grand Ole Opera

American music critics
1955 births
People from Nashville, Tennessee
Living people


Arthur Atkinson (5 April 1906 – 1963), also known by the nickname of 'Bruss', was an English professional rugby league footballer who played, mostly as a , from 1925 to 1940. He competed at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Castleford. He was captain of his club for some time.

Some believe Atkinson holds the world record for a goal kick in any form of rugby because he kicked a penalty from  in the 20-10 victory over St. Helens at their Knowsley Road ground on 26 October 1929. However, England and Cumberland forward Martin Hodgson kicked a penalty goal  for Swinton against Rochdale Hornets at the Athletic Grounds, Rochdale on 13 April 1940.

Playing career

Club career
Arthur Atkinson, who was  tall, said he had not seen a rugby ball until the age of 17. He was introduced to the sport by William Asquith, who suggested as they were going home from work at a coal pit that they should detour to watch Castleford training at their old ground. He was spotted by Walter Smith, Castleford's representative on the Yorkshire County Committee and a member of the Rugby League Council, as being "a big, likely sort of lad". Smith encouraged him to join in on the spot using borrowed kit. He was in the club's A-Team as a  for the next game, against Brotherton St Johns, and played a few more times that season. In the following season, he played more frequently for the team, sometimes as a , and had his first match for the senior side against Windhill, when he played one half as a  and the other as full-back. When Castleford became a professional club for the following 1926–27 season, Atkinson played as a  for a while before becoming the regular full-back for three seasons. His switch to what became his regular position as a  came shortly before he was first selected for a representative side in 1929.

In August 1928 his request to be put on the transfer list was granted. He was still at the club a year later when the decision was made to sign his 18-year-old brother, Joseph.

Atkinson was Castleford's captain from around 1930. Under his leadership, the club won the Yorkshire County League in the 1932–33 season. That success included six "doubles" (home and away victories) over opposing teams and an unbeaten record at home, where the only opponent to come away with any league points was the York club. They won the same competition in the 1938–39 season, although he missed a large part of the campaign after injuring his leg in a match at Warrington in January 1939, which eventually resulted in him needing an operation to remove cartilage in March of that year.

The league match against Wakefield Trinity in February 1934 was designated a benefit match for Atkinson, who was in his tenth season at the club.

Playing as captain at right-centre, Atkinson scored a conversion in Castleford's 11-8 victory over Huddersfield in the 1935 Challenge Cup final at Wembley Stadium, London on 4 May 1935, in front of a crowd of 39,000. In September that year, in one of the first matches of the new season, he and David Morgan Jenkins, a Dewsbury player, were sent off.

Atkinson joined the Royal Air Force in December 1940. His 431 appearances for Castleford, mean that he is joint-second (along with Dean Sampson) in the club's all-time appearance list behind John Joyner, who has 613-appearances. He is an inductee of the Castleford Tigers Hall of Fame.

County honours
Artie Atkinson won caps, generally playing centre, for Yorkshire in the 17-22 defeat by Glamorgan & Monmouth in Cardiff on 15 April 1929, scoring one try, and a goal in the 12-25 defeat by Australia at Wakefield Trinity's stadium on 20 November 1929, the 9-3 victory over Cumberland at Huddersfield's stadium on 22 January 1930, the 6-13 defeat by Glamorgan & Monmouth at Hunslet's stadium on 26 February 1930, the 25-15 victory over Lancashire at Wakefield Trinity's stadium on 18 October 1930, scoring a try, and six conversions in the 33-12 victory over Glamorgan & Monmouth at Halifax's stadium on 15 April 1931, scoring a conversion in the 8-11 defeat by Lancashire at Warrington's stadium on 17 October 1931, playing  in the 20-35 defeat by Cumberland at York's stadium on 28 October 1931, scoring a try in the 10-39 defeat by Cumberland at Whitehaven's stadium on 1 October 1932, scoring a try and two conversions in the 30-3 victory over Lancashire at Wakefield Trinity's stadium on 29 October 1932, the 0-10 defeat by Cumberland at Whitehaven's stadium on 29 September 1934, the 5-5 draw with Lancashire at Leeds' stadium on 9 January 1935, the 16-5 victory over Lancashire at Widnes' stadium on 12 October 1935, and the 6-28 defeat by Lancashire at Castleford's stadium on 21 October 1936.

International honours
Artie Atkinson won caps for England, playing against Other Nationalities in 1929 and 1930, against Wales in 1931 and 1932, against Australia in 1933 and against France in 1936. He also won caps for Great Britain against Australia (three matches in 1929-30, another three in 1932, followed by one in 1933 and another in 1936), as well as three matches against New Zealand in 1932. He was also named in the England team to face Wales on 1 February 1936.

Atkinson said after his first Test experience, in November 1929,

His journey on the 1932 tour to Australia was marked before his leaving in April by various presentations - mostly monetary and gold items - from his club's directors, supporters and players. His return in September was lauded by the town council, who had organised a civic reception in his honour.

The Yorkshire Evening Post arranged to carry regular weekly reports provided by Atkinson, Jim Brough and Harry Sunderland during the 1936 Australasia tour.

Personal life
Atkinson married Winifred Dix on 16 November 1932. He took ownership of the Keel Inn, Castleford, around the same time. In 1937, he and his wife faced several charges after a police raid at the pub in August found them selling alcoholic drinks outside licensed hours. She was fined and the charges against him were dismissed provided that he paid court costs.

In 1938, Atkinson. who occasionally also played cricket, stood unsuccessfully as an independent candidate in elections for Castleford council. He was placed fourth out of five in the Wheldale ward, behind three Labour candidates.

See also
List of Castleford Tigers players

References
Notes

Citations

Further reading

External links
Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com

1906 births
1963 deaths
Castleford Tigers captains
Castleford Tigers players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Halifax R.L.F.C. coaches
Place of death missing
Publicans
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Castleford
Yorkshire rugby league team players


Alexei Ivanovich Hegai (, ; 18 March 1908 – 2 July 1953), also known as Ho Ka-i, was a Soviet political operative in North Korea (DPRK) and leader of the Soviet Korean faction within the early political structure of North Korea. He was the second vice-chairman of the DPRK Politburo from 1949 until he was purged. He allegedly killed himself in Pyongyang and was replaced as leader by Pak Chang-ok.

Early life
Aleksei Ivanovich Hegai, also known as Ho Ka-i, was born on 18 March 1908 in Khabarovsk in Russia. His father was a teacher at a Korean school in the Russian Empire. Ho Ka-i was never given a Korean name when he was born, unlike many Russian Koreans. His Korean name is assumed to be an adaptation of his Russian family name.

He was orphaned at a young age; his mother died in 1911 and a few months later his father died by suicide. Ho Ka-i and his younger brother were raised by their uncle, who worked as a digger in gold fields in Khabarovsk. In 1920, at the age of twelve, Ho Ka-i began working at a tobacco factory in Khabarovsk to bring in some money to help support the family.

Ho Ka-i started to get involved in communist politics, as a way for his family to try to get out of the lower class. Many citizens who were impoverished, found that by being actively involved in the Communist Party, their family would be elevated. Throughout the 1920s, Ho Ka-i attended conferences and meetings in the USSR and at the age of 22, he joined the Communist Party. Not long after Ho Ka-i joined the Communist Party, he became well known for his intelligence and remarkable organizational skills, soon becoming the secretary of the Far Eastern committee of the Soviet Communist Youth League.

At the age of nineteen, he married a Soviet Korean, Anna Innokentevna Li, and they would eventually have five children, forcing him to abandon his studies in order to support his family. Working under the Communist Party, he served as secretary for many years, upgrading his family out of the lower class because of his dedication and his service to the party.

In 1933, Ho Ka-i left for Moscow, studying at the Sverdlov All-Union Communist Agriculture University. However, on 10 July 1935, he left university due to "family reasons." In 1937, when Stalin's purges of upper- and middle-class party leaders became common; it was a miracle that he was not purged. The purges took place mainly because Stalin took the elites "relative independence and freedom of mind" as a threat to his own power. But towards the end of 1937, Ho Ka-i became very paranoid and had a bag ready at the door, for his impending arrest. Yet, Ho Ka-i was never arrested.

During the years leading up to his departure to Korea, Ho Ka-i took his family to Yangiyul, Uzbekistan, while he was being cleared to be reinstated to full Party membership, after his and many others' expulsion due to the purges. Eventually, he was found innocent and reinstated, though it took a number of years for him to get back to his previous position in the Party.
By 1945, he alongside a dozen other men, were sent by Soviet authorities to the Far East to serve as translators between Russia and Korea. Yet, when he arrived, he was instead placed in a leadership role within the Workers' Party of North Korea.

Pre-Korean War
Ho Ka-i was sent to Korea to help create the Communist Party there. In 1946, Ho Ka-i, alongside Kim Il Sung, Kim Tu-bong, Chu Yong-ha, and Choe Chang-ik made up the Political Committee, which was formed to decide the new leader of the government. Ho Ka-i was elected to represent the Soviet Occupation Authorities.

At a Second Party Congress Session during March 27–30, 1948, Ho Ka-i delivered an unscheduled speech, condemning some officials, who had previously apologized, for not admitting their mistakes. Ho Ka-i accused O Ki-sŏp and Ch'oe Young-dal for being prideful and defending themselves at the cost of party progress, going so far as to accuse O Ki Sŏp of his attitude and individual heroism. Being accused of individual heroism was dishonorable because being part of a communist regime; the emphasis was on the whole, and not on the individual person. By not admitting their mistakes, Ho Ka-i said their apologies were not valid and just empty words. Ho Ka-i claimed that because they had apologized without admitting that they were wrong, the men were just doing what they were supposed to and not really sorry and thus, would make the same decisions again.

In Korea, Ho Ka-i rapidly moved up the ranks of the North Korean communist leadership. At the third plenum of the Second Central Committee on September 24–25, 1948, Ho Kai replaced Chu Yong-ha as the vice-chairman of the party as well as the chairman of the inspection committee, where Kim Il Sung was the chairman.
On 24 June 1949, the first joint plenum of the two central committees of the Workers' Party of North and South Korea occurred as Kim Il Sung was formally elected chairman of the Workers' Party and Ho Ka-i as second vice-chairman as well as first secretary. The Soviet authorities thought Ho Ka-i to be an expert in organization, causing him to move up in party ranks. Ho Ka-i was third in ranking, only behind the chairman and Pak Hon-yong, the vice-chairman. During this time, Ho Ka-i married his second wife, after his first wife died in Pyongyang in 1947 of tuberculosis. Nina Tsoi and Ho Ka-i were married on 1 January 1949. Nina Tsoi was the daughter of Piotr Invanovich (Ch'oe Pyo-dok), a Korean officer in the Red Army who "survived the mass terror of 1937-9."

Ho Ka-i and Kim Il-sung's confrontation

In September 1951, Kim Il Sung and Ho Ka-i had a dispute over how to reorganize the tattered party and how to handle party members who were not completely loyal. The party was split on how they should set up its government and what sort of actions they should take in doing so.

Kim Il Sung said that the Korean war had helped to distinguish between the loyal and disloyal members of the party and those who went against the party should be punished via legal channels, avoiding any indiscriminate purges. Ho Ka-i, who was the chair of the inspection committee, did the exact opposite, conducting indiscriminate purges of low-ranking party members to check their loyalty to the Party. Numbers from North Korea suggest that Ho Ka-i expelled and punished over 450,000 of the party's 600,000 members during the war. Kim Il Sung felt that Ho Ka-i was using harsh measures, punishing any member who failed to show the newly issued membership card, but Ho Ka-i failed to cooperate.

The main issue between the two men was whether to build an elite communist party that takes after the Soviet Union or a mass party which the Soviet occupation authorities had suggested. Ho Ka-i opted to follow the Soviet Union model while Kim Il Sung wanted the mass party which the Soviet occupation authorities suggested. Ho Ka-i, according to Kim Il Sung at a later date, had desired an elite communist party while Kim wanted a strong mass party that built up all of the country's unique features.

Later, Kim Il Sung reinstated all the expelled members and Ho Ka-i, instead was purged. Kim Il Sung took advantage of Ho Ka-i's misfortune, ridiculing Ho Ka-i about party matters as well as accusing him of being secretive and acting on personal heroism.

In November 1951, Ho Ka-i was removed from his posts. This act greatly weakened the influence of Soviet Koreans, men who were sent from the USSR to help implement their power into the new Korean country, which was part of the goal of Kim Il Sung, in order to transition into power. But Kim Il Sung did not completely remove Ho Ka-i from political influence, appointing Ho Ka-i as deputy prime minister. Kim Il Sung and his followers wanted Ho Ka-i out of that position, accusing him of many dishonorable actions such as Ho Ka-i's secret desire to become dictator, his individual heroism and ignoring the needs of Korea but concerned only with his own gain. At the sixth joint plenum of the Central Committee on 4 August 1953, it was reported that Ho Ka-i had killed himself. Official reports show that he was reported dead on 2 July 1953 at 9:30pm.

See also

 Koryo-saram
 Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union

References

Bibliography

1908 births
1953 deaths
North Korean politicians
Russian communists
Russian people of Korean descent
People from Khabarovsk
Politicians who died by suicide
Soviet people of Korean descent
Vice Chairmen of the Workers' Party of Korea and its predecessors
Members of the 1st Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea
Members of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Members of the 1st Political Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea
Members of the 1st Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea
Members of the 2nd Political Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Members of the 2nd Standing Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Members of the 1st Supreme People's Assembly
Koryo-saram history
Koryo-saram politicians


Castrillón is a municipality in Asturias, Spain.

Castrillon may also refer to:

People
 Castrillón (surname)

Other uses
 Castrillón (Boal), a civil parish in Asturias, Spain


Emily Jean Csikos (born July 29, 1988, in Calgary, Alberta) is a female water polo player from Canada. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team, that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

She recently graduated from the University of California at Berkeley majoring in Interdisciplinary Field Studies as well as playing on women's water polo team. She currently holds the record for all-time highest goals, along with earning All American honorable mention in 2009 and 1st team All American in 2010,11 and 2013.

See also
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Canadian female water polo players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo


William Sullivan (July 4, 1853 – November 13, 1884) was an Irish born Major League Baseball player. Sullivan played in  for the Chicago White Stockings.

He was born in Ireland and died in Holyoke, Massachusetts.

External links

Chicago White Stockings players
1853 births
1884 deaths
Major League Baseball players from Ireland
Irish baseball players
Irish emigrants to the United States
Manchester (minor league baseball) players
Holyoke (minor league baseball) players
19th-century baseball players


The Best American Short Stories 2006, a volume in The Best American Short Stories series, was edited by Katrina Kenison and by guest editor Ann Patchett.  This edition is notable in that it was the last edition edited by Katrina Kenison, who was succeeded by Heidi Pitlor the following year. Also, Patchett chose to present the stories in reverse-alphabetical order.

Stories included (in order of table of contents)

Other notable stories

Included in the "100 Other Distinguished Stories of 2006" were stories by noted authors like John Updike, Uwem Akpan, Alice Hoffman, Lorrie Moore, Joyce Carol Oates, Jeffrey Eugenides, Donald Barthelme, Chris Adrian and Judy Budnitz.

Notes

2006 anthologies
Fiction anthologies
Short Stories 2006
Houghton Mifflin books


Pretty Wicked is a reality show on the Oxygen Network. The series challenges 10 women to put looks aside and compete to see who is the most beautiful on the inside.  The winner receives a grand prize of $50,000.  The show is hosted by Caridee English, winner of America's Next Top Model.  The girls are judged by three celebrity judges: plus-sized model and published author Mia Tyler, Beverly Hills psychotherapist and radio talk show host Dr. Jenn Berman, and comedian/author Kyle Cease.

Contestants
Host: Caridee English
Judge: Mia Tyler
Judge: Kyle Cease
Judge: Dr. Jenn Berman

Episode progress

 The contestant won Pretty Wicked.
 The contestant was the Runner-Up
 The contestant won immununity from elimination.
 The contestant won the challenge, but did not receive immunity.
 The contestant was safe from elimination.
 The contestant was in the bottom 3.
 The contestant was in the bottom 2.
 The contestant was eliminated.
 The contestant quit the competition.
 The contestant won immunity, but quit the competition.
 The contestant quit, but then returned for elimination and was in the bottom 3.

In Episode 3 Katie, Qui and Reena were chosen as the bottom three, but due to Vanessa's withdrawal, there was no bottom two and none of them went home.
Episodes 7 and 8 were part of the two-hour Season Finale.

Episode review

Episode 1: Mirror Mirror Not On The Wall

Challenge: Talk to blind guys
Challenge Winner/Immunity: Julin
Bottom 3: Reena, Ana, Jillian
Eliminated: Jillian

Episode 2: Sell Your Soul

Challenge: Auction off their stuff
Challenge Winner/Immunity: Team 1 Reena, Qui, and Vanessa but immunity was chosen by Reena and Qui to go to Vanessa.
Quit: Amber (She returned for elimination)
Bottom 3: Amber, Sarah R., Julin
Eliminated: Julin

Episode 3: Slow Roasted

Challenge: Comedy Roast
Challenge Winner/Immunity: Vanessa
Bottom 3: Sarah R., Qui, ReenaQuit: Vanessa

Episode 4: You're it GirlChallenge: Slash Challenge & Interview by Pat O'BrienChallenge Winner/Immunity: Sarah C.Bottom 3: Katie, Amber, QuiEliminated: Qui

Episode 5: In Frenemy Territory Challenge: Fake Rescue Mission
Challenge Winner no one
Bottom 3: Ana, Sarah C., Reena
Eliminated: Reena

Episode 6: The Truth About Lies

Challenge: Lie Detector Test
Challenge Winner: Ana
Bottom 2: Amber, Sarah C.
Eliminated: Amber

Episode 7: Who Wins? (Part 1)

Challenge: Night on the town with aged make-up.
Challenge Winners: Sarah C., Katie
Bottom two: Ana & Sarah R.
Quit: Ana

Episode 8: Who Wins? (Part 2)

Challenge: Watching audition tape then writing a letter to "old" self
Second Runner-Up: Katie
Runner-Up: Sarah R.
Winner: Sarah C.

References

2009 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series
2010s American reality television series
Oxygen (TV channel) original programming


Dorothy Dean (December 22, 1932 – February 13, 1987) was an African-American socialite, connected to Andy Warhol's The Factory—for which she appeared in the films Batman Dracula (1964), Space (1965), My Hustler (1965), Afternoon (1965), and Chelsea Girls (1966)—and Max's Kansas City, where she worked as door person. She also appeared in the documentary film Superartist (1967) about Warhol and his films.

Biography
Dean was born in White Plains, New York, on December 22, 1932. She graduated from Radcliffe and earned an MFA at Harvard, had a master's degree in art. While living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, she began associating almost entirely with gay white men, presumably in an effort to distance herself from the politics surrounding being both black and female in the 1950s and '60s, politics with which she did not identify.

She was loved for her strong, verbose personality, perhaps mostly for her playful phrasing and clever nicknames (Andy Warhol, to Dean, became "Drella", a combination of Dracula and Cinderella; James Baldwin was "Martin Luther Queen"). She rarely worked; she held brief editorial and proofreading positions at publications such as The New Yorker and Vogue magazines.

Death and legacy
She died of cancer in Boulder, Colorado, on February 13, 1987.

Dean is one of the subjects of Hilton Als' 1996 book The Women.

References

External links

 Guide to the Joe Campbell Collection of Dorothy Dean Letters and Fales Library, New York University

1932 births
1987 deaths
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American people
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American socialites
Deaths from cancer in Colorado
Actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Actors from White Plains, New York
Radcliffe College alumni


Blade off testing or blade out testing is a specific form of air safety testing required by the Federal Aviation Administration and other safety agencies to certify safety performance of jet engines.  The tests require engine manufacturers to carry out at least two tests of the engine, to make sure that the engine can survive a compressor or fan blade breaking off within the engine and a turbine blade breaking off within the engine, without fragments being thrown through the outside enclosure of the engine, creating a contained engine failure.

In the United States, the tests are required by Title 14, Part 33 Subpart F, Section 33.94 of the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Blade containment and rotor unbalance tests. Equivalent test requirements are provided in the Certification Specifications for Engines (CS-E), published by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).

Design
One of the most challenging component design and certification requirements for commercial jet engines is to mitigate the effects of a "blade-out" rotor failure event, which can result in catastrophic loss of aircraft and/or passengers. Engine blade-out occurs when a sudden change in speed causes a fluctuation in rotor spin and resulting blade overstress condition, or when a blade, or group of blades, fails due to fatigue from repeated cyclic stresses. Testing rotor dynamics and blade-out conditions to ensure safe operation is extremely expensive, time consuming and labor intensive. The testing usually requires a specially prepared compressor or turbine blade with an embedded small explosive charge, to separate it on command during the test.

The tests and standard do not require that the engines continue to operate after the blade failures, only that no fragments penetrate the engine outer casing and that it does not vibrate badly enough during its shutdown that it will tear loose from the aircraft, barring other failures. The Society of Automotive Engineers have prepared reports detailing the number of blade-out failures.

There are two approaches to contain debris following a blade-out event: either a hard-wall, which is designed to withstand and deflect shrapnel, or a soft-wall, which is designed to arrest and retain shrapnel. The hard-wall is an older approach dating from the 1970s and tends to be heavier than the soft-wall because it is generally a heavy metal ring; the soft wall generally uses a resilient outer containment layer made from a composite material such as aramid fiber, which requires a larger space to allow the composite layer to expand slightly. In addition, a hard wall to retain solid metal blades generally requires a prohibitively heavy ring, so hard walls are usually used with hollow metal or composite blades.

A typical hard steel containment ring varied in thickness up to  at a weight of ; A "stratified containment structure" with a low resistance layer to trap the debris, surrounded by a high resistance layer to maintain the containment shape and minimize further interaction with the remaining turbine blades, was proposed in a 1979 NASA study. A compressed air gun was used to fire blade projectiles into several different containment designs to test "stratified" concept designs incorporating composite materials.

A 1976 study included an evaluation of the armor required to contain the energy from 1 blade, 2 blade, and 4 blade fragments of the compressor and turbine stages of General Electric CF6 and Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines; although the 4 blade fragment was unlikely to occur, containing it would have required a steel plate  thick, adding  per engine. The study concluded that redundant armor could be added to the airframe in addition to engine-mounted containment, but at a substantial weight penalty of  for 3 or 4 engine aircraft, respectively. A companion study for engine-mounted armor concluded the weight of a containment to resist a 4 blade fragment would have to increase by approximately  in addition to the  of containment material already provided, most of which would be required for the fan section.

History

United States
The original issue of the Airworthiness Standards for Aircraft Engines () on June 10, 1964 included a durability requirement in Part 33.19 to ensure "the design of the compressor and turbine rotor cases must provide for the containment of damage from rotor failure." A series of superseding advisory circulars (ACs) were issued in 1965, 1968, and 1970 to provide guidance to demonstrate compliance to the requirements of the Airworthiness Standards. The 1965 guidance in AC 33-1 noted the favorability of "puncture resistant rotor housings or separate armor adequate to contain broken rotor blades and stator vanes" and engine rotor and bearings strong enough "to provide a strength margin for a period of shutdown and low speed windmilling when large unbalances typical of damaged rotor blading occur," but was more concerned with the mitigation of damage following foreign object ingestion. By 1970, AC 33-1B provided more concrete acceptance criteria for the containment, which should be able to prevent "significant rupture or hazardous distortion of the engine casing and the expulsion of blades through or beyond the edge of the engine case or shield."

Amendment 10 to the Airworthiness Standards was published by the Federal Aviation Administration on February 23, 1984, which modified the durability requirement of 33.19 by adding that "energy levels and trajectories of fragments resulting from rotor blade failure that lie outside the compressor and turbine rotor cases must be defined" and by moving some requirements for blade off testing from the advisory circulars to a new regulation ().

The containment requirement and testing requirement were imposed after review of the history of uncontained engine failures which caused serious damage to aircraft, consequent to the July 19, 1989 United Airlines Flight 232 (UA232) accident.  That accident did not originate from a fan blade off but from a defect in the fan rotor disk on the Number 2 (tail) General Electric CF6 engine, resulting in a loss of hydraulic power to the flight control actuators and crash landing of that aircraft. One of the recommendations in the resulting National Transportation Safety Board investigation report was to amend 14 CFR 33 to require an evaluation of engine components; the evaluation would determine which components, if they should fracture and separate, could pose a significant threat to aircraft structures and systems. After the UA232 accident, the FAA issued AC 33-5 on June 18, 1990.

The UA232 accident also led to new Airworthiness Standards safety analysis requirements, defining "non-containment of high energy debris" as a hazardous engine effect in Part 33.75, which was added by Amendment 24 on September 4, 2007; Amendment 24 also reconciled the United States standards with contemporary European standards. AC 33-1B was canceled in 2015 after being superseded by newer regulations and ACs.

Europe
The equivalent blade off test requirements were specified in Compressor and Turbine Blade Failure: Subpart E, Section 810 of the Joint Aviation Requirements for Engines (JAR-E), developed and issued by the Joint Aviation Authorities. JAR-E was superseded by the identically-structured Certification Specifications for Engines (CS-E), initially endorsed and issued by the European Aviation Safety Agency on October 24, 2003; the same Subpart E and Section 810 of CS-E apply for blade off testing. Amendment 6 of CS-E 810 states that for a turbine engine to be certified, "it must be demonstrated that any single compressor or turbine blade will be contained after Failure and that no Hazardous Engine Effect can arise as a result of other Engine damage likely to occur before Engine shut down following a blade Failure."

See also
 Birdstrike simulator

References

External links
 Trent 1000 ready to fly following blade-off test, Flight Global, 2007-05-08
 Rolls-Royce - Focused Investment in Technology, 2006
  US National Transportation Safety Board, Aircraft Accident Report NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990.

Aircraft engines
Aviation safety


Steelmaking


Phyllis Greenacre (born 3 May 1894, Chicago, Illinois; died 24 October 1989 Ossining, New York) was an American psychoanalyst and physician who was a supervising and training analyst at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute.

Education and life
After taking a BS from Chicago in 1913 and an MD in 1916, Greenacre worked for some years under Adolf Meyer on experimental psychology. During this period she married and divorced her one husband, after having two children with him in 1921-2. She began psychoanalytic training in 1937, and thereafter rose to high prominence within the ranks of the American psychoanalytic establishment, before finally retiring at the age of ninety.

Contributions
In an early publication from 1939, Greenacre explored the role of a severe sense of (unconscious) guilt in fueling surgical addiction. Two years later she published her once controversial but now classic study of childhood anxiety as manifested preverbally.

In the fifties, a study of fetishism  in relation to body image launched her at fifty-nine into a two-decade long exploration of aggression, creativity and early childhood development.
She also wrote on the family background of the imposter.

Her continuing interest in psychoanalytic training led her to a powerful warning against the dangers of boundary transgressions in relation to the transference: “The carrying through into a relationship in life of the incestuous fantasy of the patient may be more grave in its subsequent distortion of the patient's life than any actual incestuous seduction in childhood”.

Cultural explorations
Greenacre highlighted the voyeuristic elements in the writing of Lewis Carroll, as well as distortions of body image with respect to Lemuel Gulliver. She viewed Swift as essentially a neurotic inhibited by coprophilia who came close to achieving adult, genital satisfaction. Carroll, on the other hand, she argues, is closer to psychotic and psychically more deeply blocked.

See also

References

Further reading

1894 births
1989 deaths
Analysands of Fritz Wittels


Little River  is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  Cumberland County .

References
 Little River on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Clayton Hamilton (born June 15, 1982) is an American retired professional baseball pitcher. He played for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars of Nippon Professional Baseball in 2011 and 2012.

Biography
From Penn State University, he was selected by the San Diego Padres in the 17th Round (492nd overall) of the 2004 amateur entry draft. He was signed by scout Josh Boyd.

On December 8, 2005, he was sent by the San Diego Padres to the Pittsburgh Pirates as a player to be named later in a November 21, 2005 trade. On December 6, 2007, he was picked up in the Minor League phase of the Rule 5 Draft by the Texas Rangers. Hamilton split 2008 between the Bakersfield Blaze and Frisco RoughRiders. In 2009, he worked with Frisco and the Oklahoma City RedHawks.

In 2005, Hamilton won the Fort Wayne Wizards' "Pitcher/Prospect of the Year" award, and was selected for the Eastern Division's All-Star team.

Nippon Professional Baseball
In October 2010, Hamilton traveled to Yokohama, Japan to try out with the Yokohama BayStars of the Nippon Professional Baseball league.

In November 2010, Hamilton signed a 1-year contract with the Baystars

Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Hamilton was allowed to return to the United States while the NPB figured out the fate of the season.  Clayton decided to return to Japan after discussions with his family.

See also
Rule 5 draft results

References

External links

Yokohama BayStars Players Directory
Clayton Hamilton Twitter
Baseball Prospectus Interview Podcast

Living people
1982 births
Arizona League Padres players
Eugene Emeralds players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Bakersfield Blaze players
Frisco RoughRiders players
People from Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Yokohama BayStars players
Yokohama DeNA BayStars players
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Penn State Nittany Lions baseball players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania


Brandon Jung (born April 28, 1986 in Surrey, British Columbia) is a male water polo player from Canada. He was a member of the Canada men's national water polo team, that claimed the bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

1986 births
Living people
Canadian sportspeople of Korean descent
Olympic water polo players for Canada
Sportspeople from Surrey, British Columbia
Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Canadian male water polo players
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


Schneeberg () is the highest mountain in the Fichtel Mountains, a mountain range in Upper Franconia in northeast Bavaria, Germany. It can be readily identified from a distance by its squat tower - a relic of the Cold War. The summit comprises a jumble of granite rocks and a rock pillar (Felsburg) on which the Backöfele observation tower stands and is still dominated by the relics of military installations including its Cold War listening post.

From a natural region perspective, the mountain is part of the major unit of the High Fichtel Mountains (Hohes Fichtelgebirge, 394). It is the highest point in the Bavarian province of Upper Franconia.

Name
The name Schneeberg may be derived from snede ("border"). However, it is more likely that the name comes from Schnee ("snow") and the fact that the mountain is snow-capped for long periods of time.

The group of rocks at the highest point on the mountain is called Backöfele ("baking oven"), after which the observation tower was named. In the Thirty Years' War, folk from the surrounding village are supposed to have fled to this place where they baked their bread.

History
The mountain has always had great strategic significance due to its commanding field of view. In 1498 Captain Kunz von Wirsberg, captain of the Ritterkanton Gebürg, a community of knights in Franconian Switzerland and the Fichtel Mountains, was assigned by the margrave in Bayreuth to establish a warning system. As a result, he set up a network of observation posts on various mountains in the Fichtel Mountains that in time of danger had to send beacon or smoke signals to the neighbouring posts. The Schneeberg was one of these posts. In 1520 the villagers of Weißenstadt had to establish a permanent sentry position here. In 1713 the ruins of this post could still be seen.

In 1879 the Fichtel Mountains branch of the German-Austrian Alpine Club (predecessor of the Fichtelgebirge Club) built the first simple platform on the rock summit; at the same time a rude stone hut was erected. In 1904 a log cabin followed and in 1926 the Weißenstadt group of the Fichtelgebirge Club built the observation tower Backöfele from oak logs.

In 1938 the Luftwaffe had a  wooden tower built on the mountain, the purpose of which was kept "secret". In 1942 it was razed for "unexplained reasons". On 14 November 1951 US Forces requisitioned part of the summit and erected various buildings and steel structures for antennas and parabolic mirrors. In 1961 the German Armed Forces (the Bundeswehr) took over the area to the north of the summit and, in 1967, communication sector (Fernmeldesektor) "E" took up its surveillance role in a new tower. The top of the mountain was a military out-of-bounds area and the Backöfele was now "behind the wire". Following the easing of military tension in Europe in the early 1990s, the US Forces left the Schneeberg on 30 April 1992 and, on 31 March 1993, the Bundeswehr closed its military surveillance mission. The last soldier left the Schneeberg air defence site (Luftverteidigungsstellung Schneeberg) on 30 June 1994 and the real estate was transferred to the Federal Finance Department (Bundesvermögensverwaltung). The former Bundeswehr tower was rented to the firm of Mannesmann (now Vodafone) for mobile phone use.

On 29 December 1995, on the initiative of the district administrator (Landrat) Dr. Peter Seißer, Wunsiedel district bought a 6,500 m2 of land in the former American out-of-bounds area, on which the Backöfele stands. Together with the Fichtel Mountain Nature Park they have implemented land rehabilitation measures. Since 29 August 1996 the Backöfele observation tower has been open to the public again. As part of the environmental restoration scheme the old refuge hut belonging to the Weißenstadt mountain rescue service was demolished despite the fact that the Fichtel Mountain Nature Park had given assurances only a few days beforehand that they wanted to preserve this hut for walkers and mountain rescue teams. As a result, the Weißenstadt rescue service built a new refuge hut below the summit area.

Biology
The low average temperature of 3.7 °C around the summit of the Schneeberg means that it is still able to support a glacial plant community. Access to the areas of vegetation is not permitted, because the plants are extremely susceptible to trampling. Below the summit area is one of the last German capercaillie populations outside of the Alps; they are also protected because capercaillies are very easily disturbed. In winter, tracks are frequently seen that indicate the return of the lynx to the high Fichtel Mountains around the Schneeberg.

Trails
The tarmac road to the summit of the Schneeberg is closed to private motor vehicles. Despite not being maintained after the departure of the military, its surface is still good enough for racing bikers who like to climb the 400 metres at 8% from Bischofsgrün. As there is no other traffic, the road enables also access to the summit for e.g. wheelchairs and prams from a small car park on the BT13 district road (3 km, 230 m vertical; the last metres to the Backöfele are not barrier-free). The summit can also be reached on foot and with mountain bikes on various trails. The points of departure for these trails include Bischofsgrün, Weißenstadt, Meierhof (Weißenstadt), Vordorfermühle, Leupoldsdorferhammer, Silberhaus (Tröstau) and the Seehaus car park on the B 303/E 48. These walks are between five and eight kilometres long.

References

Sources
 Rainer H. Schmeisser: Der Schneeberg, Beiträge zur Geschichts- und Landeskunde des Fichtelgebirges Nr. 1, Regensburg 1979
 Dietmar Herrmann: Lexikon Fichtelgebirge, Ackermann Verlag Hof/Saale
 Rudolf Thiem: ''Der Schneeberg - höchster Berg des Fichtelgebirges' (Heft 13/2006 der Schriftenreihe Das Fichtelgebirge)

External links
 The Schneeberg
 Information about the Luftwaffe's former communication sector tower at lostplaces.de

Mountains of Bavaria
One-thousanders of Germany
Mountains of the Fichtel Mountains
Wunsiedel (district)


Salish are skilled weavers and knitters of the Pacific Northwest. They are most noted for their beautiful twill blankets many of which are very old. The adoption of new fabrics, dyes, and weaving techniques allow us to study a wide variety of Salish weavings today.

History
According to oral traditions, blankets have been used for ceremonial purposes since the beginning of time. Salish blankets identified the wearer as being a civic and religious leader in the community. Honored individuals would be adorned with a blanket to distinguish them or they would sit or stand upon their blankets so as to raise them in accordance of their honored status. Blankets also represented an individual's wealth and were often given away to members of the community or even other villages to show prosperity. Because of their high value, blankets were also used as a currency for which other goods could be purchased or bartered.

Women were in charge of making the blankets. Young girls were trained by their grandmothers as early as ten years of age, with more intense training at puberty. Weaving blankets required serious commitment and could take long periods of time to complete. Additionally, they were often associated with spiritual tasks or rituals such as abstinence.

Geography
The name Salish refers to groups of indigenous peoples in the Pacific Northwest whose speech and culture share enough of a commonality to suggest an ancient relationship, in a similar vein to the name Indo-Europeans or the name Polynesians. The region inhabited by this group includes the north of the Fraser canyon to Vancouver Island, to Aberdeen in Washington. The Nuxálk region, farther north, also speak the Salish dialect. Though the Salishan peoples were highly stratified, with a relatively complex division of labor and a powerful elite, each village was distinct from the others, the Salish region was not unified and those people who inhabited the Salish regions did not view themselves as part of a unified Salish group, much like Indo-European and Polynesian peoples.

Traditions
During the potlatch ceremony blankets would be distributed among the attendants as a show of wealth. While the attendants obtained the blankets the donor gained prestige allowing for him to raise his social status. Sometimes, in order to supply as many people with blankets as possible, the blankets at would be cut in pieces so that more attendees could receive a gift. These fragments would often be reworked and incorporated into larger blankets.

In the winter season, spirit dances were often held. Here, a group of men would perform a dance. A change in the song could lead to their being "possessed" allowing them to perform a dance unlike the others. Spectators often would give blankets as gifts to these new dancers to honor them.

Weaving techniques
The Salish adopted many of the numerous weaving techniques. These include: wrapped, diagonal openwork, vertical and slanting openwork, openwork, overlay, simple twining, three stand twining, plain openwork and double twining. The most frequent method used the plain, twill and twine techniques.

Plain design
Also known as checkerboard or diagonal weave, the plain design involves simple plaiting of one weft strand in and out over one warp strand and under the next. Sometimes the weave varies when making baskets by passing the weft over two, under two, or over one, under two. This weave is mainly used in the construction of cedar bark and rush mats, and other coarse materials.

Twill

This type of weave, called SWOH-kwah-'tl, is used in the production of the largest blanket styles. The warp and weft are usually of the same material. The weft crosses the warp over two, under two, or over two, under one. At the edge the weft is turned back and woven across in the opposite direction. The order of crossing the warp is changed as each line is woven - it is stepped along one warp, but the system of over two, under one is continued throughout the weave.

Twine

Twining is a type of weave and its modification double twined and two and three strand twining are used in many of the finest pieces of Salish weaving. The design produced is similar on both sides of the web. The warp is completely covered and can be of a different material.

Materials
The Salish people choosing weaving materials that grew abundantly in their local environment. Archaeological excavations done in the area have uncovered extensive amounts of basketry and fibers, revealing which materials were used historically.

Mountain goat's wool
The Salish used mountain goat wool, or SAH-ay, as the main source of fiber for weaving. Blankets made from goat hair were the most valuable. Originally, the Salish obtained wool high in the mountains where the mountain goats spent their summers and shed their old wool. Wool might be found caught or tangled in low bushes. During this season, they would also save wool acquired from goats killed for food. They would roll up the skin with flesh sides together and after several days, the wool would shed naturally. Then it was plucked off to be made into yarn. Before the raw fiber was spun into workable threads, it was mixed with a white chalk-like clay, absorbing the grease allowing the wool fibers to cling together. Domestic sheep wool has now fully replaced mountain goat wool, which is rare and difficult to obtain.

Dog's hair
In addition to collecting mountain goat wool, the Salish kept (mostly white) woolly dogs to use their fur as weaving fibers. In a 1792 log, Captain George Vancouver wrote that "The dogs belonging to this tribe...were numerous, and resembled those Pomerania, though in general somewhat larger. They were all shorn as close to the skin as sheep are in England; and so compact were their fleeces, that large portions could be lifted up by a corner without causing any separation."

The Sto:lo people had dogs similar to a coyote, with a deep, woolly undercoat covered by a coarser long hair. The dogs were plucked for their wool, not sheared. Often the Salish would incorporate the down of waterfowl or the down of milkweed into the fiber as it was being spun into yarn.

Cedar bark
The Salish had an abundant supply of cedar bark, or SLAH and used it for many things including clothing. The softer inner bark was used for weaving. It was made softer and pliable by boiling for periods of up to two days. They would then work the strips by bending, twisting and rubbing between their hands which were covered with protective buckskin gloves. Once it was prepared, strips were taken off to use for plaiting or open-work basket weaving. When used for clothing, the bark was first pounded into shreds then combed into small separate fibers. Then it was spun into a fine twine, or cord as required.

Other
The other types of material used to weave were Indian hemp, nettle fibre, milkweed fibre, rushes and reeds, willow bark and more recently, domesticated sheep wool.

Indian hemp
Growing in many areas, Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum) was harvested and dried before maturity. The grass was boiled to render them soft and pliable. Whenever used for weaving, the fibers were kept moist. Indian hemp was used by the Salish speaking people near Spuzzum on the Fraser River, as a foundation warp material. On the grass warp, the blanket of soft dog's hair or mountain goat wool was woven.

Nettle fibre
Twine made from the bark of nettle stems was used extensively in the manufacture of items requiring strength through a firm, sturdy warp strand. Dried nettles were damped to make the bark sufficiently flexible, while the pith of the stem remained dry and brittle. By splitting the stem and rubbing it over a blunt edge, the bark would separate from the pith. This bark was then beaten and combed, or carded into a soft tissue which could be spun with the use of a spindle similar to the spinning of wool. Twine produced from nettle fiber was of great strength and utilized in the making of nets and fishing line, as well as for a warp in weaving.

Milkweed fiber
Twine was made from the bark of the milkweed fiber, a plant indigenous to the Thompson River area. From the bark, the finest of twine could be made, and from the seed, a soft down was obtained. Combined with goat's wool and dog hair it made for the finest fiber to weave a blanket.

Rushes and reeds
There are two types of rushes used: flat and round stemmed. Harvested for use in the late summer, the rushes were cut at or below water level then laid out on racks to dry. They were woven to make mats or bags or stripped to be used as twine cord, string and bags.

Willow bark
The inner bark was woven into many forms which held their shape and showed considerable strength and durability. Boiling it made it soft and pliable so it could be shaped.

Domesticated sheep wool
Sheep's wool, or mah-too-EHL-kel, is the most common material used for modern Salish weaving. Some knitters still buy shorn fleeces and go through most of the traditional preparation, but most buy the washed and carded wool directly from a commercial carding mill. The fleece is lightly washed in a tub of tepid water and then hung outside to dry. It is then teased or picked apart with fingers to remove any matted areas and loose dirt. The wool is then carded, leaving the wool in soft batts, where the fibers lie lengthwise. Taken to the spinning machine, the wool is deftly hand fed into the axle of the spindle. This separates sections of the batt of wool and allows the desired amount of spinning to take place before the tension is eased to wind the wool onto the spindle. When the spindle has filled, the wool is unwound and stored in balls or skeins.

Dyeing

All the dyes available to the Salish originated from natural plant and mineral sources. For example, such as red from red alder or western red cedar.

The modern hand dyeing process is described here and may be similar to the process previously used. All these processes require the yarn to be saturated in a pot containing the color source and water already boiled together. Next the yarn would be put in a mordant bath left to simmer for over an hour. Aluminum mordant makes yellow, copper sulphate mordant makes green while ferrous sulphate/iron mordant creates a greyed look. Other mordants are chrome and tin. The final step combined the dye with the yarn and simmered for over an hour after which the dyed yarn was removed, rinsed and left to dry.

Some red inclusions, found in some blankets, may be made of wool fabric and were used by the Salish weavers in the last quarter of the 1800s. Strips were torn from imported blankets or other materials and used in weaving. It is likely that the introduction of these foreign materials into the weaving was based on colour; strips of richly dyed fabric are common in the later plain or solid style Salish blankets while brightly coloured commercial yarns are included in many of the decorative blankets. In most cases the introduced fabric strips and yarns use colours not available through native plant or mineral dyes.

Spinning process
Preparing the fiber was an extensive process that involved cleaning and teasing the fiber, spinning the yarn and plying it, dyeing the coloured yarns, and lastly weaving. Creating the yarn was done with a shank which is usually 2–3 ft. long and holds the stone or preferably whalebone whorl. The spindle is rotated by striking the lower side of the whorl with the right hand, while the upper end of the shank is held between the thumb and forefinger of the other hand, and the lower end rests on the ground. Using the spindle the two strands of yarn are twisted round each other into a single thread. Goat hair was always spun “s” meaning that the whorl would be turned counterclockwise in spinning. As goat hair was always made into two-ply yarn, the doubled yarn would have been spun by attaching two lengths of single –ply "s" spun yarn and then turning the whorl clockwise in a "z" twist.

The objective of weaving a blanket was not only to create something functional but also meaningful and symbolic. An example is the zigzag design found in many of the Salish blankets. The pattern is more than aesthetic and could represent such things as a trail, lightning or a snake.

Tools

Salish technology
The Salish loom is formed with two vertical posts that support two horizontal bars about 6 ft in length. On these horizontal bars the blankets are woven and adjusted on the vertical posts for variations in size. The warp is wrapped around the horizontal bar and held tight during the weaving process.

Legacy
Salish blanket weaving declined in the early 20th century. In 1884, a law was passed banning religious practices of the First Nations people as part of an attempt by the colonizers to "civilize" the indigenous population. This law stayed in force until the 1920s. The important potlatch ceremony was included in this ban. In addition to these laws, colonizers also brought with them their own wool blankets, most famously the off-white Hudson's Bay Company blankets which featured red, yellow and green stripes. Because of their quick production time, these HBC blankets were as much as twenty times cheaper than the traditional Salish blankets. Traditional goat-hair blankets were valued at twenty times the Hudson Bay blankets because of their better material and more labour-intensive production. As blanket weaving declined, Salish women began to adopt the practice of knitting sweaters and other garments. These sweaters, known as "Cowichan" after the Vancouver Island Salish community, were made with sheep's wool obtained from the settlers. The form was the traditional European cardigan sweater, but the designs knitted into the garment were such Salish motifs as eagles and whales. While these knitted garments did not have the same ceremonial or symbolic importance as the woven blankets, they were nonetheless worn during notable civic and religious events.

See also
 Salish Weavers Guild

References

External links
 Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem, the language used for the terminology in this article

Coast Salish culture
Weaving
Northwest Coast art
Indigenous textile art of the Americas
Textile arts of Canada


Leptopoma perlucidum is a species of land snail with a gill and an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Cyclophoridae.

Distribution
This species occurs in Indonesia, Sabah (Malaysia), the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands.

Description
The shell width and height is about  in females and  in males.
The color of the shell is actually translucently milky-white, and the green color is from the mantle.

References

 Vermeulen, J. J. (1999). Notes on the non-marine molluscs of the island of Borneo 9. The genera Cyclophorus, Leptopoma, and Craspedotropis (Gastropoda Prosobranchia: Cyclophoridae). Basteria. 63: 139-163.
 Delsaerdt A. , 2016 Land snails on the Solomon Islands. Vol. III. Trochomorphidae and systematical review of all other families. Ancona: L'Informatore Piceno. 160 pp

External links
 Grateloup, J.P.S. de. (1840 ["1839"]). Note sur un mémoire relatif à des molluques exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Actes de la Société Linnéene de Bordeaux. 11 : 161–170
 Reeve, L. A. (1841–1842). Conchologia Systematica, or complete system of conchology; in which the Lepades and conchiferous Mollusca are described and classified according to their natural organization and habits. Longman, Brown, Green, & Longman's, London
 Lesson R.P. (1830–1831). Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, 2(1)
 Pfeiffer, L. (1858). Monographia Pneumonopomorum viventium. Sistens descriptiones systematicas et criticas omnium hujus ordinis generum et specierum hodie cognitarum, accedente fossilium enume-ratione. Supplementum primum. i–vi, 1–249. Cassellis: Theodori Fischeri / London: Williams & Norgate / Paris: Friedr. Klincksieck
 Pfeiffer, L. (1862). Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Land-shells from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. Proceedings of the zoological Society of London. 29 (25)
 Iredale, T. (1941). A basic list of the land Mollusca of Papua. The Australian Zoologist. 10(1): 51–94, pls. 3–4
 Bartsch, P. (1919). Critical remarks on Philippine landshells with descriptions of new forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 32: 15–19

Cyclophoridae
Fauna of Indonesia
Invertebrates of Malaysia
Molluscs of the Philippines
Fauna of the Solomon Islands
Gastropods described in 1840


Sophie of Landsberg (, ) (ca. 1259 – 24 August 1318) was a German princess member of the House of Wettin and by marriage Duchess of Glogów.

She was the eldest child and eldest daughter of Dietrich the Wise, Margrave of Landsberg, by his wife Helena, daughter of John I, Margrave of Brandenburg.

Life
On 24 October 1266 was issued in Augsburg by Duke Louis II of Upper Bavaria a settlement, under which he pledged several possessions on behalf of his ward and nephew Conradin, King of Sicily and Jerusalem. This action was made in order to pay the expenses incurred in connection of the marriage celebrated between Conradin and Sophie, who took place by the end of October and early September of that year, possibly in the city of Bamberg or Nürnberg. The union was celebrated by proxy (desponsatio per procuratinem), because the fourteen-years-old King was absent at that moment. In his place, Duke Louis II stood as groom and signed the marriage contract.

Conradin never saw his bride: soon after the marriage, he departed with his friend Frederick I, Margrave of Baden to Italy with the purpose to recover his rights over Frederick II's inheritance, and two years later, on 29 October 1268, the last legitimate male member of the House of Hohenstaufen was beheaded in the Piazza del Mercato of Naples.

The validity of Conradin and Sophie's marriage is still disputed by historians. According to some of them, the contract signed by Louis II was only a betrothal and not truly a marriage ceremony, because Sophie was still a child at that time (she was almost seven-years-old) and Conradin never saw her; this is supported by the fact that the chronicler Bartholomaeus of Neocastro found a message of Conradin to Giovanni Frangipani, in whose castle he refuged after the Battle of Tagliacozzo, in which he promised to marry with his daughter in exchange for his help against Charles I of Anjou. However, other historians support the idea that Sophie and Conradin were, in fact, legally married, because the contract signed by Louis II was clearly a marriage by proxy with all the legal obligations.

In 1271, the twelve-years-old Sophie married with Konrad I, Duke of Glogów, an almost forty-years-old widower. They had no children.

After Konrad I's death in 1274, Sophie returned to her homeland and became a nun in the monastery of St. Clara in Weissenfels, where she later was elected Abbess. Sophie held this post until her death.

References

1250s births
1318 deaths
House of Wettin


Pacific Northern Academy (PNA) is a private, independent school located in Anchorage, Alaska. Founded in 1995, it holds the unique position of being the only non-sectarian, independent day school in Alaska affiliated with the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) and the Northwest Association of Independent Schools (NWAIS).  Situated in a new facility in south Anchorage, the school serves students from all over the Anchorage bowl, from Girdwood to Eagle River.

Pacific Northern Academy was recently ranked as the 10th best private elementary school in the United States.

The school has also been named as GreatSchool's Parent's Choice for private schools in Alaska.

Classes
Pacific Northern Academy serves 102 students — from 3 year-olds in the Beginners program to eighth grade. PNA has small class sizes — a maximum of 18 students per grade.

The academic program at Pacific Northern Academy includes an emphasis on specialist programs, with all students taking Spanish, visual arts, performing arts, and physical education.  The school utilizes Project-based learning in all grades, emphasizing critical thinking and problem-solving as well as community service.  The school uses the Responsive Classroom approach to social and emotional learning, focusing on inclusion, individuality, non-punitive correction, kindness, and community-building.

The school has one classroom each for Beginners (3 year olds), Early Kindergarten (4 year olds), and Kindergarten up through 8th Grade.  The school plans to add a third preschool classroom in 2018.

Pacific Northern Academy is the home of Create Academy, a STEM and Project-based learning-focused summer camp for students Kindergarten through 8th grade, centered around the school's Makerspace — a dedicated area for building, tinkering, and creating physical and digital products including stop-motion animation, green screen videos, sewing, woodworking, and robotics.

PNA also offers judo, fencing, basketball, and robotics as extracurricular programs.

References

External links

1995 establishments in Alaska
Educational institutions established in 1995
Private elementary schools in Alaska
Private middle schools in Alaska
Schools in Anchorage, Alaska


MiniMetro is a family of cable propelled automated people mover systems built by HTI Group.  The vehicles either run on rails or an air cushion and have either a detachable grip (to the cable) or a fixed grip. Leitner has a test track for the vehicles in Vipiteno. The current maximum capacity of the system is around 8,000 passengers per hour. The latest system installed with the MiniMetro brand was the  Miami International Airport eTrain in 2016.

Perugia People Mover
In Perugia, a  stretch with seven stations opened in February 2008 to relieve the inner city of car traffic. It consists of more than 25 vehicles of  each, with a capacity of 25 passengers and a speed of up to  per hour. The interval between successive vehicles is around 1.5 minutes.  In 2013, the system carried 10,000 passengers per day. Plans exist for a second line.

Similar systems are under consideration in Bolzano and Copenhagen.

Other MiniMetro installations
 SATUOeiras in Oeiras (Portugal). Its operations were ceased in 2015
 Squaire Metro links a car park with The Squaire groundscraper, next to the Frankfurt Airport
 ExpressTram at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
 Cairo International Airport MiniMetro people mover
 MIA e Train at Miami International Airport — a MiniMetro people mover to satellite Concourse E, replaces 1980s APM (2016)
 Pisa International Airport is connected to the Pisa Centrale — the Pisa's main railway station by Pisamover — yet another people mover under the MiniMetro trade mark.

See also

 Cable car (also known as cable tram)
 Cable Liner — a competing system from DCC Doppelmayr with mostly larger vehicles
 Former Poma 2000 in Laon, France — dismantled in 2016
 Minneapolis–St. Paul Airport Trams
 Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit
 Otis Hovair transit systems, for example, Skymetro at Zurich International Airport
 SK people mover — a similar system with smaller vehicles

References

External links

 Perugia Minimetrò

People movers
Cable car railways in Italy
Transport in Umbria
Perugia


Ernst Feßmann (6 January 1881 – 25 October 1962) was a German general of the Heer (German Army) who led the 267th Infantry Division in the early stages of World War II. Prior to the war, he was also notable for commanding one of the first Panzer Divisions.

Biography
A Bavarian born in 1881, Feßmann joined the Bavarian Army in 1900 as an Fahnen-junker (officer cadet) and  was commissioned as a leutnant (lieutenant) in the cavalry. After service in the German Imperial Army during World War I, he was retained in the postwar Reichswehr (Imperial Defence). After a two-year period on the staff of the 7th Kraftfahr Battalion (motorcycle battalion), he was appointed its commander in 1924. Two years later, he was given command of the 17th Cavalry Regiment.

From 1931 to early 1933, Feßmann led the motorised battalion of the 2nd Artillery Regiment, before a period in the Soviet Union at the Reichswehr'''s secret Panzertruppenschule (armoured training school) at Kazan. Following Adolf Hitler's disbandment of the school in late 1933, Feßmann was made commander of the Kraftfahrlehrkommando (Motor Vehicle Training Command) at Zossen. He later commanded the Panzer Lehr Brigade.

In March 1935, the Reichswehr was reorganised as the Wehrmacht (Defence Force) and the Heer (Army) branch began a significant expansion which extended to the creation of the Panzerwaffe (Armoured Force). Feßman was appointed commander of the 3rd Panzer Division in Berlin on 15 October 1935, with the rank of generalleutnant (equivalent to the rank of major general in the United States Army). His new command was one of the first three panzer divisions to be created. The other two were the 1st Panzer Division formed in Weimar and commanded by Maximilian von Weichs and the 2nd Panzer Division formed in Würzburg and commanded by Heinz Guderian.

The 3rd Panzer Division was known as the Bear Division, after its divisional symbol and its 1st Panzer Regiment was drawn largely from Feßmann's previous command, the Kraftfahrlehrkommando. Most of its panzer companies, which initially each consisted of only eight tanks, began equipping and training with Panzerkampfwagen I (armored fighting vehicle mark I). Feßmann retired from the Wehrmacht in September 1937 as a general der panzertruppe (General of Panzer Troops) but returned to active service at the outbreak of World War II.

Appointed commander of the newly formed 267th Infantry Division on 26 August 1939, Feßmann served on the Western Front and took part in the invasions of Belgium and France. After the fall of France in May 1940, his division garrisoned a sector along the English Channel for a year, before being transferred east for Operation Barbarossa. Before the invasion of the Soviet Union began, he was replaced as divisional commander by Generalmajor Friedrich-Karl von Wachter (generalmajor is equivalent in rank to a brigadier general in the United States Army). He took up a staff post at Frankfurt and served here until he retired again in 1942. He was officially discharged from the Wehrmacht'' the following year. Settling in Pullach after the war, he died on 25 October 1962.

Notes

References

1881 births
1962 deaths
Generals of Panzer Troops
German Army personnel of World War I
Military personnel of Bavaria
Major generals of the Reichswehr
Military personnel from Bavaria


Thomas Marks (born July 2, 1980, in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a male water polo player from Canada. He was a member of the Canada men's national water polo team, that claimed the bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Playing as a holechecker, Marks was named MVP at 2004 National Water Polo Championship.

References
 Canadian Olympic Committee

1980 births
Living people
Canadian male water polo players
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic water polo players for Canada
University of Calgary alumni
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 2003 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


Colunga may refer to:

In people:
 Alejandro Colunga, a Mexican painter and sculptor
 Fernando Colunga, a Mexican actor
 Adrián Colunga, a Spanish footballer

In places:
 Colunga, a municipality in Asturias, Spain
 Colunga (parish), in Asturias, Spain


A reja ("grille") is a decorative screen of iron.

Rejas can be found in cathedrals located in Spain and Portugal. Inside the cathedrals, rejas were often placed in front of side chapels, the choir,  or even in rood screens in front of the altar. Rejas are commonly 25 to 30 ft (7.5 to 9 meters) high. Crafters who made rejas were known as rejeros, or reja-makers.

Notes and references

Steelmaking


The Middle North Sea Group (abbreviation: NM) is a group of geologic formations in the Dutch subsurface, part of the North Sea Supergroup. The three formations of this group form a thick sequence of sediments in the Dutch subsurface, they crop out in parts of the southern Netherlands. The Middle North Sea Group was deposited from the late Eocene to late Oligocene, between 37 and 23 million years ago.

Its three formations are (from old to young) the Tongeren, Rupel and Veldhoven Formations. The Tongeren Formation has a continental to paralic facies, the other two consist mainly of shallow marine clays and sands.

References

Geologic groups of Europe
Geologic formations of the Netherlands
Lithostratigraphy of the Netherlands


The Connecticut attorney general is the state attorney general of Connecticut.

The attorney general is elected to a four-year term. According to state statute, eligibility for the office requires being "an attorney at law of at least ten years' active practice at the bar of this state." A State Supreme Court ruling from 2010, Bysiewicz v. Dinardo Et Al. (SC 18612) attempted to clarify this statute. The court's ruling sets a de facto 10-year residency requirement for candidates and bars those with no litigation experience, although "litigation experience" was left undefined. These requirements are stronger than other states in the area. In New York, the only requirements are being a resident for five years and at least 30 years old. In Massachusetts, the only requirements are being admitted to the state bar and having US citizenship for five years.

The Office of the Attorney General was officially created by the Connecticut General Assembly in 1897. The current attorney general is William Tong, a Democrat serving since January 9, 2019.

List of attorneys general
Parties

See also
 Connecticut attorney general election, 2010

References

External links
 Connecticut Attorney General official website
 Connecticut Attorney General articles at ABA Journal
 News and Commentary at FindLaw
 Connecticut General Statutes at Law.Justia.com
 U.S. Supreme Court Opinions - "Cases with title containing: State of Connecticut" at FindLaw
 Connecticut Bar Association
 Connecticut Attorney General George Jespen profile at National Association of Attorneys General
  Press releases at Connecticut Attorney General's office


Léonard Rist (1905–1982) was a French economist and banker.

He was the son of Charles Rist, the economist. Working in America he returned to France to enlist in 1939. He was imprisoned by the Nazi forces following the German occupation of France in the summer of 1940, and spent 18 months in prison camps in Silesia and Sudetenland. The bankers of the House of Morgan, where Rist was employed, managed to get him out.

After the war, Rist became the first chief economist of the World Bank. Rist held various positions at the World Bank for 20 years.

References

Sources
Chernow, Ron (1990). House of Morgan, Grove Press
Kapur, Devesh, John Prior Lewis and Richard Charles Webb (1997) The World Bank: History, Brookings Institution Press,
Léonard Rist's profile at the World Bank

1905 births
1982 deaths
20th-century French economists
French expatriates in the United States
French bankers


Arthur Willner (5 March 18816 April 1959) was a Czech composer and teacher.

Willner was born in Turn () in Teplitz-Schönau, Bohemia, Austrian Empire. Having trained in Leipzig with Karl Piutti and Carl Reinecke and Munich with Ludwig Thuille and Joseph Rheinberger, he secured his first significant academic post at the young age of twenty-three, when he was appointed deputy director of the Stern'sches Konservatorium, Berlin. He worked there from 1902 until 1924, teaching courses in composition, score reading, orchestration, harmony, counterpoint, canon and fugue. Then, was invited by former students to start a music conservatory in Istanbul. However, the extreme change of politics and government instability forced him to leave after 8 months. He moved to Vienna in 1923, where he taught at the Volkshochschule and Wiener Neues Konservatorium, and edited music for Universal Edition until his emigration.

On 15 March 1938, Willner left Austria for Paris to escape the German Anschluss of Austria; he moved to England later that year. After arriving in England, Willner received an invitation through the Jewish Centre, Woburn House from Arthur Franklin, director of Routledge & Co, to stay at Chartridge House, Buckinghamshire. Willner stayed for two months, during which time he composed the English Concerto for Chamber Orchestra (Op. 98). This work is one of only three English-themed works in his entire known output (the others being the Hereford Suite (Op. 102) and a handful of English songs).

In September 1939, Willner and his wife moved to Kington, Herefordshire, to stay at the gardener's cottage at Gravel Hill, residence of English composer E. J. Moeran's family. Willner earned his living partly as a teacher of composition - one of his pupils was the Australian composer Anne Macky. In 1945, Willner's wife, Cecile, became fatally ill and, after a short period in Edgbaston Hospital in Birmingham, she was moved to a nursing home in London. Cecile died later that year. Willner developed a heart condition in 1948, which left him bed-bound, until his own death at 68 Upshoot Hill, Cricklewood in 1959.

Willner composed over well over 100 works. Despite his relatively prominent place in the German musical establishment during the first part of the century, most of his works are now completely unknown and many believed lost. They included orchestral music (including six symphonies, a violin concerto op 67, two piano concertos and a concerto for string orchestra, op 37), chamber music (much of it with piano, but also five string quartets), choral music and song. Universal published a few of his works in Austria and Novello and Hinrichsin (now Peters) in London. His "highly chromatic and intense" Sonata for Solo Flute, op 34 is currently the only piece of his still in print and recorded. Otherwise he is best remembered for arrangements, such as his string orchestra transcription of Béla Bartók's Romanian Folk Dances for piano, and for his orchestral reduction of Richard Strauss's Concerto for Oboe.

References

External links

 Guide to the Arthur Willner Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.
 List of émigré musicians from Nazi Europe who settled in Britain

Jewish classical composers
Czech classical composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech Jews
Czech expatriates in Germany
Czech expatriates in Austria
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss to the United Kingdom
People from Teplice
1881 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Czech male musicians


The Stargate soundtrack was composed by David Arnold, and played by the Sinfonia of London and conducted by Nicholas Dodd for the 1994 film, Stargate. It was the second motion picture Arnold had composed and the first major motion picture. At the time of Stargate's production, David Arnold had recently started to work in a local video store in London. Once he got the job, he spent several months in a hotel room working on the soundtrack, spending more time rewriting the music and improving it as delays were being created due to film companies trying to get the rights to release the film. The last 30–40 seconds of the track 'Entering The Stargate' was used several times in the Closing Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games as Arnold was the musical director of the event. Other selections of the score, most notably the "Overture" and "Closing Titles intro," were also used in trailers for other films including Waterworld (1995), Jumanji (1995), Independence Day (1996),  Dragonheart (1996), The Man in the Iron Mask (1998), Lost in Space (1998), The Mummy (1999), Dungeons & Dragons (2000), The Time Machine (2002), The Polar Express (2004), Chicken Little (2005) and Nim's Island (2008).

Track listings

Running Time: 65 minutes.

Stargate: deluxe edition soundtrack
In October 2006, a deluxe edition was released, which included seven new tracks adding eight minutes of audio bringing the running time up to 73 minutes.

The new tracks added were:
 Wild Abduction - Track 02
 Bomb Assembly - Track 11
 Eye of Ra - Track 16
 Execution - Track 28
 Against the Gods - Track 30
 Transporter Horror - Track 34
 Closing Titles (Intro) - Track 37

Stargate: 25th Anniversary Expanded Limited Edition
In December 2019, La-La Land Records issued a 2-disc set featuring the complete film score and additional music.

References

Stargate
1994 soundtrack albums
David Arnold soundtracks
Science fiction film soundtracks
Adventure film soundtracks

fr:Stargate, la porte des étoiles#Bande originale


This list contains acronyms and initials related to diseases (infectious or non-infectious) and medical disorders.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

See also
 Acronyms in healthcare
 List of medical abbreviations: Overview
 List of medical abbreviations: Latin abbreviations
 List of abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel
 List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
 List of optometric abbreviations

External links
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website
  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
 Disease Acronyms and Abbreviations
 Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)

Health-related lists


Cupsogue Beach County Park is a  park at the eastern end of Fire Island and the western end of Westhampton Island, known locally as Dune Road, one of Long Island's easternmost barrier islands. The Atlantic Ocean, Moriches Inlet and Moriches Bay surround the park.

Location
Though the park exists on both sides of the Moriches Inlet and is located entirely within the Town of Brookhaven, it is only accessible from the western terminus of Dune Road, which itself is in the Town of Southampton. The closest bridge to the park is for Jessup Lane in the village of Westhampton Beach between Moriches Bay and Moneybogue Bay. The park's eastern border is the Brookhaven/Southampton town line and the village of West Hampton Dunes.

Park description
This  barrier beach park offers lifeguard-supervised swimming, sunbathing, fishing, scuba diving, and special events. A food concession, restrooms, a first aid center (staffed by an EMT during the summer months), showers and changing rooms are all situated at Cupsogue's pavilion. Camping and recreational vehicles are permitted along the access road running parallel to the outer beach. Diving is permitted at slack tide on the bay side of the park only, where the water depth is approximately .

Most facilities at the park can be found on the east side of Moriches Inlet. The segment of the park on the west side is preserved land that is divided by a strip of town parkland separating Cupsogue from Smith Point County Park.

This park is home to many piping plovers, a federally protected shorebird.

History
Dated from the 1690s, the Native American word Cupsogue means "a closed inlet". The park's land was entirely part of Fire Island until a 1931 Nor'easter created the Moriches Inlet, which enlarged between 1933 and 1938. The Suffolk County Parks Department acquired the park in the 1950s, and by the 1970s Cupsogue Beach County Park was given a pavilion and boardwalk.

A breach connecting the Atlantic Ocean and Great South Bay occurred on the east end of the park as a result of high tides during Hurricane Sandy in 2012.  The breach widened from  to  less than a week later when a Nor'easter hit. Officials closed the breach with a $6 million project that pumped in  of sand.

In 2014, The Beach Hut at Cupsogue Beach was destroyed in a large blaze that engulfed the entire shack.

References

External links
Cupsogue Beach County Park - official site

Beaches of Suffolk County, New York
Southampton (town), New York
Parks in Suffolk County, New York
Brookhaven, New York