Liam Treadwell (3 January 198623 June 2020) was an English National Hunt jockey, who won over 300 races between 2009 and 2019. He won the 2009 Grand National on Mon Mome at odds of 100/1, and also won the United House Gold Cup, Byrne Group Plate, and Grand Sefton Steeplechase races.

Personal life
Treadwell was born in Arundel, West Sussex, England. He attended the local Angmering School. He was nicknamed "Tredders".

Career
Treadwell worked alongside trainer Venetia Williams. He was the winner of the 2009 Grand National, having ridden Mon Mome to victory at odds of 100/1. It was only the fifth time a horse at those odds won the race, the most recent being Foinavon in 1967. It was Treadwell's debut in the Grand National, in his first season in jump racing. After his Grand National victory on 4 April 2009, Clare Balding interviewed him and made fun of his apparently bad teeth. Both the BBC and Balding apologised by 6 April. Balding later said on BBC's Have I Got News for You quiz that she believed Treadwell to have had his teeth "kicked out" by a horse, a common injury suffered by jockeys, apologising again for her error. The BBC received over 2,000 complaints about Balding's remarks. Treadwell later received calls from dentists offering to fix his teeth for free. Later in 2009, Treadwell caused another upset by winning the United House Gold Cup at Ascot on The Last Derby at odds of 33/1.

In 2013, Treadwell won the Byrne Group Plate race at the Cheltenham Festival on Carrickboy. He was taken to hospital after falling in the Topham Chase. In the 2013–14 season, Treadwell had 42 winners, the most he achieved in a racing season. Treadwell was a standby rider for the 2014 Grand National. In 2015, Treadwell came third at the Grand National riding Monbeg Dude, and won the Grand Sefton Steeplechase on Bennys Mist. In 2016, Treadwell sustained a head injury after falling in Bangor. He was unable to race for six months. His injury was featured in a Professional Jockeys Association film about the dangers of concussion in horse racing.

Treadwell announced his retirement on 13 February 2018, citing health reasons, including his head injury and a shoulder injury. He had 298 winners at the time. In March 2019, Treadwell resumed racing, working with trainer Alastair Ralph. In his first race back, he rode Czech Her Out, who narrowly lost out to Miss Honey Ryder. He rode ten winners in the 2019–20 season, and worked as an assistant trainer for Ralph.

In total, Treadwell won 308 National Hunt races, and 28 flat races.

Death
Treadwell died on 23 June 2020, aged 34, in Billingsley, Shropshire after taking a mixture of drugs including an animal painkiller and class A substances. At an inquest in February 2021 a coroner recorded a verdict of misadventure.

See also

List of jockeys

References

1986 births
2020 deaths
Drug-related deaths in England
English jockeys
People from Arundel
Sportspeople from West Sussex


Božidar Kantušer (Bozidar Kantuser) (December 5, 1921, Pavlovski Vrh, Slovenia – May 9, 1999, Paris) was a Slovene composer of classical music. He was a Slovenian citizen and an American citizen.

Kantušer is the author of symphonic music, ballets, an opera, chamber music and solo pieces. He lived in France since 1950. He was married to the American painter Grace Renzi. Since 1968, Kantušer was the director of the International Library of Contemporary Music (B.I.M.C.). He is buried in Paris, at the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Music
List of compositions by Božidar Kantušer

Life
Božidar Kantušer was born on the farm of Pavlovski vrh, in the countryside of northeastern Slovenia. He was the first of the five children of Blaž Kantušer and his wife Katarina, born Hočevar. The father, from a family of farmers near Celje, and the mother, from a family of blacksmiths from Kamnik, were both employed in Ljutomer after World War I and lived at Pavlovski vrh, close to Ljutomer, from 1919 to 1929. The rural environment, the cultural heritage and the nature of his native Prlekija, where he lived the first seven years, left a lasting impression on the composer. The dances of masks of pagan origin (Kurenti) and the bonfire wheels of fire (Kresi) that he witnessed at the time opened for him the universe of fiction, a subject to which Kantušer dedicated several works, such the ballet Midsummer Night, which also uses another childhood memory, namely work rhythms specific to particular farming tasks.

Kantušer attended first grade (1928–29) in Ljutomer, after which the family moved to Celje, the father's birthplace and where he endorsed a cadastral employment. Moreover, a beekeeper, the father also encouraged the musical education of all his children, so that from 1932 to 1940 Kantušer attended the Celje music school (Glasbena Matica Celje) where he learned to play the violin (and viola) with Ivan Karlo Sancin. Sancin also shared his knowledge of violin making and thanks to him, the composer's younger brother Joža later became a violin maker. Kantušer's affinity for the strings thus developed from his experience with the Celje orchestra, and the practice of chamber music. It was during adolescence that the desire to express himself formed, which grew into the need to study composition. In the second half of the 1930s, he attended the Celje high school and took also part in the laic Scout movement. The Kantušer children often spent the summer months at the foot of the Alps, in Kamnik, the birthplace of the composer's mother.

In 1941, Kantušer had to flee from the nazis. In order to finish high school, he left his family in Celje and headed for Ljubljana. There he also met the professor of composition Srečko Koporc who started teaching him. Being an agitator, Kantušer was arrested by the fascists in 1942 and deported to concentration camps for Slavs, in Italy. Upon his return from internment in 1943, he nearly succumbed to paratyphoid but met Koporc again in Ljubljana. In 1944, Kantušer joined the resistance. After the end of World War II, he settled again in Ljubljana so as to continue his composition studies with Koporc. He signed his first work in 1946, a fugue with two subjects, adding a prelude in 1948. The Prelude and Fugue for piano is the only work of this period that Kantušer retained in his catalog (two orchestral scores remain unfindable). In 1947, he received a visa for to study in Prague but stayed in Ljubljana and completed his studies in 1948 with Koporc, thus openly opposing the academism of Lucijan Marija Škerjanc. From 1945 to 1950 he lived a student life. He was notably befriended with the artist Karel Zelenko, with whom he shared different lodgings, but also lived in Koporc's apartment. In 1950, he left for Paris, with a visa.

In the early 1950s, he lived in Montparnasse, various small jobs following one another. He mingled with the artistic milieu and notably made friends with the painters Pranas Gailius, Raphael Kherumian, Veno Pilon and Emil Wachter. In 1952 and 1953 Kantušer attended the classes by Olivier Messiaen as well as those by Tony Aubin and by Jean Rivier, at the Conservatoire de Paris. He also attended the lectures on esthetics by Étienne Souriau at the Sorbonne and took part in the Darmstädter Ferienkurse. In 1953, together with Luc Ferrari, Pierre Migaux and Yves Ramette he founded Group 84. In the same year, he signed his first string quartet and met the American artist Grace Renzi who became his wife. The couple moved to the République quarter. In 1954, Kantušer signed his first symphony, the Chamber Symphony. In 1955, a son was born, Borut, and in the same year String Quartet № 1 was premiered. As he was unable to renew his Yugoslav passport, Kantušer received the emigrant status. In 1957, the family moved to Bordeaux where Grace Renzi endorsed employment as a teacher in the U.S. Army schools, and next moved to Fontainebleau in 1959, the year Kantušer signed his second string quartet.

In Fontainebleau, living near the forest (Villa Bois Couvert), Kantušer reconnected with nature, going for long walks. During the Fontainebleau years, the composer produced many symphonic works: the symphonic drama Sire Halewyn (1960), the Symphony № 2 (1965), a Concert Overture, the Cello Concerto and the Flute Concerto. In 1965, Roger Bourdin premiered the Flute Concerto, which was broadcast on television (ORTF) in a program dedicated to the composer. The ballet Two Images was premiered at the American Center in Paris. In the second half of the 60s, he became friends with the conductor Jean-Jacques Werner, the organist Georges Devallée and Marc Lombard, and also had professional relationships with them during his entire career. String Quartet № 3 was premiered, as well as Symphony № 2 and the symphonic drama Sire Halewyn. Three Melodies for Baritone and Piano is recorded for the ORTF. During holidays, the family regularly took to the road, visiting various European countries. In summer 1966, they made a long bus trip across the USA and during that stay, Kantušer acquired American citizenship. This enabled him, now holding a passport, again to visit his country of birth. Also in 1966, for the first time one of his works (Evocations for Horn and Piano) was premiered and recorded in Slovenia. That same year, Éditions musicales transatlantiques (EMT) published the Symphony № 2. In 1968, Kantušer initiated and was one of the founding members of the B.I.M.C., a contemporary music international information center, now named after him. From then on the director of the BIMC, Kantušer devoted a large amount of time to this position which he remained in for more than thirty years.

In 1970, the Concert Overture was premiered in Nice under the direction of Jean-Jacques Werner, and Largo was premiered in Trieste by the Trio Musica Rara. The pianist of the trio was Leon Engelman with whom Kantušer began a lasting professional cooperation and friendship. In 1971, the Kantušers left Fontainebleau and returned to Paris, first living in the Bastille quarter, then Rue de Rome, and finally at the Cité internationale des arts where they stayed and where the couple met many artists. In the 1970s, the family often spent summers in Grožnjan, where they joined an artist colony that revived that Istrian town, and where the composer notably reconnected with his friend Karel Zelenko. EFM (Éditions françaises de musique) published the Cello Concerto, and in 1973, Kantušer signed his Third Symphony. Prelude and Fugue for organ was premiered by Georges Delvallée, to whom "How long…" was also dedicated, in 1974. In 1974-1975, in an effort of multi-centralization, Kantušer managed to open a BIMC center in Slovenia in collaboration with the National and University Library of Slovenia (NUK), in Kamnik, which led him often to travel between France and Slovenia. In 1976, he revised Symphony № 3 and wrote Letters to My Wife, for piano. In 1977, the Society of Slovene Composers (EDSS) published Two Images and Kantušer signed Coexistence № 1, which was premiered the same year in Opatija. In 1978, he organized a chamber music concert at the Cité internationale des arts in Paris (Edmond Michelet Hall), in a preview of a series of concerts entitled " Composers of our time". Also in 1978, the Suite for Percussions was premiered at the Festival of 20th Century chamber music in Radenci (Slovenia). This suite was choreographed in 1979 by Majna Sevnik for Slovenian television (RTV Slovenija) under the title Midsummer Night (Kresna noč).

In 1980, the Symphony № 3 was recorded for RTV Slovenija under the baton of Anton Nanut, and thanks to Leon Engelman, an extensive radio program dedicated to the composer was produced by RTV Slovenija, recordings of his works often being broadcast in Yugoslavia. In Paris, he met the author Godfrey Howard (Oxon) and the composer Griffith Rose. Signed in 1980, the String quartet № 4 was premiered by the Zagreb Quartet in 1981 and came out on a LP record. In 1981, Kantušer signed the Symphony № 4 but revised it in 1983. In addition to a series of concerts, the BIMC occasionally organized exhibitions and presentations of various musical institutions. The couple often visited Venice, and in 1983, Sketch, for organ, was premiered at the Sant'Agnese church by Georges Delvallée. In 1984 a grandson, Nicolas, was born in Berlin. In 1985 and 1986, the ballet Flamska Legenda (Flemish Legend) was given in Slovenia at the Maribor Opera, choreographed by Vlasto Dedović. In 1985, Kantušer wrote Eppur si muove for string orchestra, which was premiered in 1986 at the Cankar Hall in Ljubljana. In 1985, he had to admit the failure of the cooperation between the BIMC and NUK. Kantušer kept an apartment in Kamnik and left the house in Istria. In Kamnik, he often met the veterinarian Demeter Sadnikar, and he was also in contact with the art historian Jure Mikuž, who he met in Paris. Kantušer was in touch with the publisher Billaudot who took over EFM. Starting in 1986, he focussed on digitization of the BIMC files. In 1987, the Symphony № 4 was recorded in Ljubljana under the baton of Anton Nanut, and Épaves (Wrecks) was premiered. In 1988, Kantušer signed the last of his seven String Quartets. Towards the end of the decade, the couple made an artistic, tourist trip throughout Yugoslavia.

During the 1990s, Kantušer and Grace Renzi made several trips to the United States. They were in New York twice to organize the distribution of the BIMC directories, but also on a personal basis. Kantušer was a member of the American Composers Alliance, as well as a member of SACEM in France and SAZAS in Slovenia. In this decade, there were several publications and radio programs about the composer (notably on France 2), and three CD-ROMs including his works were stamped in Slovenia. He continued organizing concerts at the Cité internationale des arts, one of which, in 1992, was dedicated to the composer Sergiu Natra. In 1992, Kantušer signed a symphonic version of Épaves (Wrecks), which was recorded for RTV Slovenija in 1993. "Sarajevo", signed in 1993, was premiered in Vienna in 1995. The Concerto for Viola, Double Bass and Orchestra, written in 1994, was recorded in 1996 for RTV Slovenija. In 1996, on the occasion of his 75th birthday, a concert dedicated to Kantušer was held in Fresnes (Ferme de Cottinville). He was aware of the need for an expansion of the library's premises, and in this regard, he was in contact with Danièle Pistone at the Sorbonne. In 1997, on the occasion of a concert in honor of the composer at the Holywell Music Room - for the Festival of Contemporary Music in Oxford, the couple made a last trip together. In 1998, Kantušer entered into negotiations with the Slovene Ministry of Culture concerning the opening of a BIMC center in Slovenia. The talks were successful in 1999, Kantušer meeting the minister Jožef Školč and the town of Šmartno being chosen as the venue for the information center. On the other hand, talks with the BnF proved unsuccessful. Božidar Kantušer died on May 9, 1999, in a Paris hospital, after a cerebral infarct, at the age of 77.

Kantušer is buried in Paris at the Père Lachaise cemetery, together with Grace Renzi (Kantuser) who died in 2011. The manuscripts of his works are kept at the Library of Congress. The opera "On Christmas Eve" was not signed, yet complete. The seven string quartets were published by Marc Lombard. Grace Renzi took care of the succession of the BIMC and thanks to Dominique Hausfater the collection is now at the Médiathèque Hector Berlioz at the Conservatoire de Paris.

References

Sources

 Guth, Paul; Jean-Marie Marcel (1954). L'académie imaginaire. Librairie Plon, Paris.
 Honegger, Marc (1970). Dictionnaire de la musique : les hommes et leurs œuvres volume 1. Bordas, Paris.
 Kovačević, Krešimir (1974). Muzička enciklopedija, volume 2 (2nd edition). Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb.
 Klemenčič, Ivan (1988). Slovenski godalni kvartet (The Slovenian string quartet). Musicological Annual XXIV, Ljubljana.
 Javornik, Marjan; Dermastia, Alenka (1990). Enciklopedija Slovenije, volume 4. Založba Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana.
 Karlin, Klemen (2003). Božidar Kantušer und sein Orgelwerk. Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst, Wien.

External links

 Božidar Kantušer (arnes)
 Autograph manuscripts of Božidar Kantušer (chronological classification)

1921 births
1999 deaths
Slovenian composers
Male composers
Slovene resistance members
Slovenian classical composers
Male classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
20th-century classical composers
People from the Municipality of Ormož
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Yugoslav emigrants to France
Slovenian male musicians


Maurício do Valle (1 March 1928 – 7 October 1994) was a Brazilian film actor. He appeared in 70 films between 1952 and 1994. He is also known for his roles in several Brazilian TV series, such as Rede Globo's Roque Santeiro (1985), and even for his role of secondary actor in the series Os Trapalhões, as well as in some films of this group.

Selected filmography

 Tudo Azul (1952) - (uncredited)
 Na Senda do Crime (1954) - (uncredited)
 Além do Rios das Mortes (1958)
 Briga, Mulher e Samba (1960) - Zé
 O Homem Que Roubou a Copa do Mundo (1961)
 Terra Sem Deus (1963)
 Boca de Ouro (1963)
 Black God, White Devil (1964) - Antônio das Mortes
 Selva Trágica (1964) - Isaac
 História de um Crápula (1965)
 Grande Sertão (1965) - Riobaldo
 The Hour and Turn of Augusto Matraga (1965) - Priest
 Riacho do Sangue (1966) - Floro Pereira
 Terra em Transe (1967) - Security guard
 Cangaceiros de Lampião (1967) - Carcara
 O Jeca e a Freira (1968) - Seu Pedro
 Bebel, Garota Propaganda (1968) - Renatão
 O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro (1969) - Antonio das Mortes, the Jagunço / Killer
 Sete Homens Vivos ou Mortos (1969)
 O Cangaceiro Sem Deus (1969)
 O Cangaceiro Sanguinário (1969) - Capitão / Captain Jagunço
 Corisco, O Diabo Loiro (1969) - Corisco
 The Prophet of Hunger (1970) - Lion Tamer
 Pindorama (1970) - D. Sebastião de Souza
 A Vingança Dos Doze (1970) - Carlão
 Audácia (1970)
 As Gatinhas (1970) - Man with Beard
 O Marginal (1974) - Sapo
 A Cartomante (1974)
 Pecado na Sacristia (1975) - Ferrolho Feitosa
 O Roubo das Calcinhas (1975) - Manuel - Segment 2 - Filó s husband
 O Dia em Que o Santo Pecou (1975) - João Baleia
 Kung Fu Contra as Bonecas (1975)
 Bacalhau (1976) - Quico
 Crueldade Mortal (1976) - Tranca Rua
 Soledade, a Bagaceira (1976)
 Chão Bruto (1976) - Paulo
 As Meninas Querem... Os Coroas Podem (1976)
 O Jogo da Vida (1977)
 Anchieta, José do Brasil (1977)
 Os Cangaceiros do Vale da Morte (1978)
 O Cortiço (1978)
 Sábado Alucinante (1979) - Ivan
 O Coronel e o Lobisomem (1979)
 O Cinderelo Trapalhão (1979)
 O Caçador de Esmeraldas (1979) - Matias Cardoso
 Nos Tempos da Vaselina (1979)
 Mulheres do Cais (1979)
 Os Sete Gatinhos (1980) - Congressman
 Parceiros da Aventura (1980) - Soares
 A Idade da Terra (1980) - Brahms
 As Intimidades de Analu e Fernanda (1980)
 Rio Babilônia (1982)
 Curral de Mulheres (1982) - Edgar
 Profissão Mulher (1983) - Sérgio
 Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1983) - Cel. Amâncio Leal
 Águia na Cabeça (1984)
 Quilombo (1984) - Dominingos Jorge Velho
 Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) - Colonel Fereira
 Os Trapalhões no Reino da Fantasia (1985)
 Chico Rei (1985) - Merchant
 Os Trapalhões e o Rei do futebol (1986) - Edésio
 Rastros na Areia (1988)
 Natal da Portela (1988)
 Better Days Ahead (1989) - Dono da Buchada
 O Grande Mentecapto (1989)
 Assim na Tela Como no Céu (1989)

References

External links

1928 births
1994 deaths
Brazilian male film actors
Brazilian male comedians
Os Trapalhões
Male actors from Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian male actors
20th-century comedians


Equestrian perniosis is a skin condition that presents on the lateral thighs of equestrians who ride on cold damp days.

See also
 Chilblains
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Equestrianism


HD 3 is a single, white-hued star in the northern constellation Andromeda. With an apparent visual magnitude of 6.71, it is below the nominal brightness limit for visibility with the typical naked eye but may still be visible by some observers under ideal viewing conditions. It is also the first star indexed in the Bright Star Catalogue. Based upon an annual parallax shift of , it is located roughly 517 light years away. The star is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of −18 km/s, and will make perihelion in around 2.9 million years at a separation of around .

The stellar classification of this star is A1 Vn, indicating it is an  A-type main-sequence star with "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. It is a Lambda Boötis candidate star, being classified as chemically-peculiar by Abt & Morrell (1995). Murphy et al. (2015) list the membership likelihood as uncertain. HD 3 has 2.36 times the mass of the Sun and about 1.9 times the Sun's radius. It is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 228 km/s. The star is radiating around 43.5 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 9,057 K.

HD 3 has two visual companions. Component B is a magnitude 13.70 star at an angular separation of  along a position angle (PA) of 107°, as of 2016. The third star, component C, is magnitude 10.58	and lies at a separation of  along a PA of 235°, also as of 2016.

References

External links

A-type main-sequence stars
Lambda Boötis stars
Andromeda (constellation)
Durchmusterung objects
000003
0001
000424


Johan Christian Heuch (12 November 1794 – 22 May 1843) was a Norwegian merchant and politician.

A merchant based in the coastal town of Kragerø, his father Peter Andreas Heuch was among the wealthiest persons in Southern Norway. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament in 1833 and 1836, representing the constituency of Kragerø og Østerisør.

He was married to Christine Elisabeth Bonnevie (1803–1863), and was the father of bishop and politician Johan Christian Heuch.

References

1794 births
1843 deaths
Norwegian merchants
Norwegian businesspeople in shipping
Members of the Storting
Østfold politicians
People from Kragerø
19th-century Norwegian businesspeople


Linghu Chu () (766 – December 18, 837), courtesy name Keshi (), formally Duke Wen of Pengyang (), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Xianzong and (briefly) Emperor Xianzong's son Emperor Muzong.

Background
Linghu Chu was born in 766, during the reign of Emperor Daizong.  According to his biography in the Old Book of Tang, he "claimed to be" a descendant of the early-Tang Dynasty historian Linghu Defen — with the language used in the biography indicating some skepticism.  The claim of descendance from Linghu Defen was accepted without question in his biography in the New Book of Tang, although the table of the chancellors' family trees in the New Book of Tang did not show a direct line from Linghu Defen.  His grandfather Linghu Chongliang () served as a county magistrate, while, his father Linghu Chengjian () served as an officer at the Taiyuan Municipality government.  Linghu Chu had at least two younger brothers, Linghu Cong () and Linghu Ding ().  It was said that his family had a literary tradition, and even when Linghu Chu was a child, he studied literature.

During Emperor Dezong's reign
Linghu Chu stood for the imperial examinations in his youth, and in 781, during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, when Linghu was 15, he passed the imperial examinations.  (Also among those passing the imperial examinations that year were Huangfu Bo and Xiao Mian, with whom he became friendly.)  It was said that the governor of Gui District (桂管, headquartered in modern Guilin, Guangxi) Wang Gong () favored his talent and wanted to invite him to serve on staff.  Concerned that Linghu would decline, he made the request to Emperor Dezong directly.  As Linghu's father Linghu Chengjian was then still serving in Taiyuan, he wanted to stay in Taiyuan, but was thankful for Wang's high regard of him, so after he passed the imperial examinations he headed for Gui District's capital Guilin to thank Wang, but did not accept Wang's feasts and tours before he requested to return to Taiyuan to support his parents.  As a result of his actions, he gained a good reputation.  Later, as Li Shuo (), Yan Shou (), and Zheng Dan () successively served as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Hedong Circuit (), headquartered at Taiyuan, they had high opinions of Linghu Chu and thus invited him to serve on staff, and he eventually rose to be the military governor's assistant.  It was said that Linghu was highly intelligent, and whenever Emperor Dezong received reports from the military governor of Hedong and could tell that it was Linghu who drafted them, he had much praise for Linghu's writing.  In 801, when Zheng died suddenly without leaving instructions, the soldiers were disturbed and went into a near-mutiny state.  In the middle of the night, a number of soldiers gathered and forced Linghu, under the threats by swords, to head to the headquarters.  With the officers surrounding him, they ordered him to draft a final report for Zheng.  Despite the duress of swords, Linghu had little trouble drafting such a report, and when the report was read to the soldiers, all were touched by his words, thus calming a serious situation.  After his father died, he was known for his filial piety during the period of mourning.  He thereafter was summoned to the capital Chang'an to serve as You Shiyi (), a low-level consultant at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng), and thereafter served as Taichang Boshi (), a consultant at the ministry of worship (太常寺, Taichang Si) and Libu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu).  At some point, Linghu left governmental service to observe a period of mourning for his mother when she died.  After the mourning period was over, he was recalled to governmental service to serve as Xingbu Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of justice (刑部, Xingbu).

During Emperor Xianzong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, Linghu was made Zhifang Yuanwailang (), a low-level official at the ministry of defense (兵部, Bingbu), but was put in charge of drafting edicts.  As Linghu was friendly with Huangfu Bo and Xiao Mian, in 813, by which point Huangfu had gained Emperor Xianzong's favor by his enriching the palace treasury, both Xiao and Linghu were made imperial scholars (翰林學士, Hanlin Xueshi).  Linghu was subsequently also promoted in his regular duties to be Zhifang Langzhong (), a supervisorial official at the ministry of defense, and then Zhongshu Sheren (), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau.

As of 817, Emperor Xianzong was engaging a campaign against the warlord Wu Yuanji, who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan).  The chancellor Li Fengji, whom Linghu was friendly to, opposed the campaign, but Emperor Xianzong's campaign was supported by the chancellor Pei Du, who volunteered to head to the front to oversee the campaign.  Before Pei's departure from Chang'an, as he was concerned that Li and Linghu would work together to impede the campaign, he accused Linghu of using inappropriate language in his (Pei's) commissioning edict.  Linghu was thus relieved of his duties as imperial scholar and drafter of imperial edicts, although he remained Zhongshu Sheren.

In summer 818, Linghu was sent out of Chang'an to serve as the prefect of Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi).  In winter 818, by which time Huangfu was a chancellor, Linghu was made the military governor of Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan), succeeding Wu Chongyin, who was made the military governor of Henghai Circuit (橫海, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei).  Wu took 3,000 Heyang soldiers with him as he was reporting to Henghai, but the Heyang soldiers did not want to leave their home, and therefore, on the way, deserted and headed back to Heyang.  As they reached Heyang's capital, they did not dare to enter, and they were set to pillage the area.  Linghu happened to be arriving at that time, and he went to see them without guards, comforting them and persuading them to return to headquarters with him.

In 819, after Pei was sent out of the capital to serve as the military governor of Hedong, Huangfu recommended Linghu.  Linghu was thereafter recalled to Chang'an and made Zhongshu Shilang (), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, as well as chancellor de facto with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (). Shortly after taking up his position, Linghu was presented with a collection of poetry written by the writer and poet Yuan Zhen. Linghu had been Yan's patron since at least 809.  Late in the year, there was an incident in which his subordinate Wu Ruheng (), who was much respected by Emperor Xianzong, was rumored to be ready to be chancellor.  Linghu was apprehensive of Wu, and therefore tried to find some way to damage Wu's reputation.  As Wu was a descendant of Wu Pingyi (), a relative of Wu Zetian, who seized the throne and interrupted Tang earlier in the dynasty's history, he recommended Di Jianmo (), a relative of Di Renjie, a chancellor of Wu Zetian's time, for a promotion — and, as he was drafting the edict to declare Di's promotion, wrote a in flowery language that deprecated Wu Zetian as an usurper and praised Di Renjie for protecting her son Emperor Zhongzong.  This drew a teary defense by Wu Ruheng of his ancestor Wu Pingyi, who had declined the posts that Wu Zetian gave him, and caused Emperor Xianzong to view Linghu poorly, although Linghu remained chancellor.

During Emperor Muzong's reign
In 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong.  Emperor Muzong immediately exiled Huangfu Bo and initially wanted to execute him.  Xiao Mian, whom Emperor Muzong made chancellor at Linghu's recommendation, interceded, however, along with eunuchs, and Huangfu was spared.  Meanwhile, the other officials who had long resented Huangfu also resented Linghu for his involvement with Huangfu, but did not dare at that point to act against Linghu, on Xiao's account.  However, subsequently, as Linghu was responsible for overseeing the construction of Emperor Xianzong's tomb and drafting his mourning text, Linghu's close associates were accused of corruption, and Linghu was thereafter demoted to be the governor (觀察使, Guanchashi) of Xuanshe Circuit (宣歙, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui).  Shortly after, those associates of his were executed, and Linghu was further demoted to be the prefect of Hengzhou (modern Hengyang in Hunan).  (However, during the later rule of Emperor Muzong's younger brother Emperor Xuanzong, Emperor Xuanzong would recall a memory that he had that, during Emperor Xianzong's funeral processing, all of the officials and palace ladies dispersed during a storm, but Linghu faithfully held onto Emperor Xianzong's casket — with then-chancellor Bai Minzhong confirming Emperor Xuanzong's recollection of the event; it was because of this memory that Emperor Xuanzong eventually promoted Linghu's son Linghu Tao to be chancellor.)  At that time, Linghu Chu's former client Yuan Zhen was well-trusted by Emperor Muzong, and Yuan had long disliked Huangfu and Linghu's governance.  Yuan drafted an edict that condemned Linghu severely, and thereafter Linghu bore a hatred for Yuan.

In 821, Linghu was moved to be the prefect of Ying Prefecture (郢州, in modern Wuhan, Hubei).  He was then made an advisor to the Crown Prince but with his office set at the eastern capital Luoyang.  In 822, he was initially set to be made the governor of Shanguo Circuit (陝虢, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) and the secretary general of its capital Shan Prefecture (), when the advisorial officials submitted petitions arguing that due to Linghu's past faults, he should not be allowed to serve as a governor.  Emperor Muzong thus rescinded LInghu's commission, and Linghu, who had already arrived at Shan Prefecture and started ruling the circuit, was removed after serving one day.  He was instead again made advisor to the Crown Prince and returned to Luoyang.  After Li Fengji became chancellor again later that year, he worked for Linghu's restoration, but was thwarted by Emperor Muzong's trusted advisor Li Shen ().

During Emperor Jingzong's reign
In 824, after Emperor Muzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong, at Li Fengji's instigation, Li Shen was exiled.  Linghu was subsequently made the mayor of Henan Municipality (河南, i.e., the Luoyang region).  Later that year, he was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) and the prefect of its capital Bian Prefecture ().  The Xuanwu soldiers had long been difficult to govern and had expelled several military governors.  In reaction, Han Hong and his brother Han Chong (), both of whom had served as military governors of Xuanwu, governed with a heavy hand.  Linghu, instead, governed more gently, and in doing so comforted both soldiers and the people. In the preface to the collection of Linghu's literary works, the ninth-century thinker Liu Yuxi described Linghu's time as military governor:

Linghu from the start regulated himself with purity and honesty. He treated others with kindness and trust. He eliminated the doubts of the many with evenhandedness. He eliminated the harsh enforcement of law with ritual and deference. From above, he transformed those below, and [his influence] quickly spread. He changed the sound in the Confucian temple, and there were none who returned to their old habits.

There was a precedent that military governors of Xuanwu were given large stipends, but Linghu declined it.

During Emperor Wenzong's reign
In 828, by which time Emperor Jingzong's brother Emperor Wenzong was emperor, Linghu Chu was recalled to Chang'an to serve as minister of census (戶部尚書, Hubu Shangshu).  In 829, he was again sent to Luoyang to serve as Luoyang's defender.  Later that year, he was made the military governor of Tianping Circuit (天平, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong) as well as the prefect of its capital Yun Prefecture ().  That year, there was a severe drought, such that in some places people were committing cannibalism.  Linghu spread the wealth to try to relieve the disaster, and it was said that although Tianping was afflicted, there were no waves of refugees leaving Tianping.  In 832, he was made the military governor of Hedong and the mayor of Taiyuan.  As he was a long-time resident of Taiyuan, he knew the people's customs, and it was said that despite a drought there as well, there were no waves of refugees.  He was welcomed by the people of the region.  In 833, he was recalled to Chang'an to serve as the minister of civil service affairs (吏部尚書, LIbu Shangshu) and acting You Pushe (), one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).  As minister of civil service affairs, he was of the third rank, but at that time, it was customary that acting officers, at imperial meetings, stood in places where the ranks of their acting officers applied, and You Pushe was second rank.  Linghu believed this to be inappropriate, and he proposed that he stand with third-rank officials.  Emperor Wenzong issued an edict praising him. In 835, he was made the minister of worship (太常卿, Taichang Qing).  In 836, he was made acting Zuo Pushe (), the other head of the executive bureau, and created the Duke of Pengyang.

Later that year, when the Ganlu Incident erupted (as Emperor Wenzong's trusted chancellor Li Xun and close associate Zheng Zhu carried out a failed attempt to massacre the eunuchs and were themselves killed, along with the chancellors Wang Ya, Jia Su, and Shu Yuanyu on accusations of treason) Linghu and his Pushe colleague Zheng Tan were called to the palace.  They were set to be made chancellors, but when the powerful eunuchs, led by Qiu Shiliang, had Linghu draft an edict to accuse Wang and Jia of treason, Linghu did so — but wrote in empty language that showed that he sympathized with Wang and Jia.  This displeased Qiu, and therefore, Li Shi was made chancellor instead.  Linghu was subsequently given the additional office as director of salt and iron monopolies and grain supplies.  As part of his responsibilities, he oversaw the collection of the tea tax that Zheng Zhu had instituted, which had drawn much resentment from the people.  Linghu requested that the tea tax be abolished, and subsequently it was.  Also at his suggestion, the customs that whenever military governors were commissioned, that they would take armed guards and pay homage to the minister of defense before departing Chang'an be abolished (as the customs were used as part of Li Xun's and Zheng Zhu's plot).  Also at his request, the silk that was set to be used in the repairs of Qujiang Pavilion () were diverted to repairing the office of the chancellors, which lay in ruins after the Ganlu Incident.

In 836, there was an imperial feast held at Qujiang Pavilion.  Linghu, finding a feast to be inappropriate in light of the massacre of the officials that had just occurred, refused to attend by claiming an illness, and the popular sentiment at the time praised him.  He also found a chance to get Emperor Wenzong to approve the burial of the bodies of Wang and the other officials killed in the Ganlu Incident — which had been exposed to the elements after their execution.  (Qiu, however, subsequently had the bodies disinterred and thrown into the Wei River.)  Soon thereafter, the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), Li Guyan, was recalled to Chang'an to serve as chancellor, and Linghu was sent out to serve as the military governor of Shannan West as well as the mayor of its capital Xingyuan Municipality ().  He died in 837, while still serving at Shannan West.  He was given posthumous honors.  It was said that even when he was near death, he behaved with elegance, and he submitted a final petition begging Emperor Wenzong (in reality, begging the eunuchs who by that point had Emperor Wenzong effectively under their control) for mercy on people who had been accused of crimes; in drafting his final petition, he was assisted by his staff member Li Shangyin.  He left a 100-volume collection of his writings, and his mourning text for Emperor Xianzong was particularly praised for its engaging use of language.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 172.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 166.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 236, 240, 241, 245.

766 births
837 deaths
Chancellors under Emperor Xianzong of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Muzong of Tang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Heyang Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xuanwu Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Tianping Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan West Circuit
Mayors of Luoyang
Mayors of Taiyuan
Chinese non-fiction writers
Tang dynasty poets
Politicians from Tongchuan
Poets from Shaanxi
8th-century Chinese poets
9th-century Chinese poets
Linghu clan of Dunhuang
Writers from Tongchuan


Erythrocyanosis crurum is a skin condition, a variant  of acrocyanosis caused by chronic exposure to cold.

See also
 Chilblains
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries


George Carter Bignell (1 March 1826 – 1 March 1910) was an English amateur entomologist. He worked as a clerk, followed by service in the Royal Navy and then as in a public office in Devon, and in his spare time collected insects and was a Fellow of the Entomological Society. He devised methods to capture insects by beating foliage and discovered several new species, particularly of parasitic wasps.

Life and work

Bignell was born in Exeter and left school at the age of 12 to become a bookings clerk but joined the Royal Marines when he was 16. He joined HMS Superb, one of the last all-wooden, all-sailing, ships-of-the-line to serve in the Royal Navy. He saw action in the Portuguese "Little Civil War" in 1847, as part of a British squadron sent to support Queen Maria II. During his time in the Marines he developed a passion for natural history, especially insects, which he studied whenever he had the chance. He retired after 22 years' service with the rank of Barrack Sergeant.

Bignell was then appointed Registrar of Births and Deaths, and Poor Law Officer for Stonehouse in Plymouth, Devon. His spare time was devoted to entomology; he scoured the countryside of Devon and Cornwall looking for specimens and studying them in their habitat. Although he studied and collected a wide range of insects, it was his work with the Ichneumonidae or parasitic wasps that was outstanding; discovering nineteen species that were entirely new to science, two of which are named after him. These include Mesoleius bignellii, Apanteles bignellii (now Cotesia), and Iphiaulax (now Atanycolus) bignelli. He devised the Bignell Beating Tray, a folding screen for collecting insects falling from a beaten branch. Bignell knew other collectors of the period including James Higman Keys (1855-1941) and exchanged specimens with Claude Morley. In addition to insects, he later researched and collected marine algae.

Bignell was a member of the Plymouth Athenaeum and the Plymouth Institution, of which he became president in 1893, and a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London (from 1880). He wrote many articles for The Entomologist Magazine, the Young Naturalist and the Transactions of the Plymouth Institution. A large collection of his specimens is held at the Plymouth Museum and some are at the Natural History Museum in London.

His first two wives predeceased him and he married for a third time in 1874. In 1898, he moved from Stonehouse to Saltash in Cornwall. Bignell died on his 84th birthday in 1910. He was survived by three daughters and his widow, while a son had died at sea before him.

References

1826 births
1910 deaths
English entomologists
Royal Marines ranks


Meckel syndrome, type 1 also known as MKS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MKS1 gene.

Function

The MKS1 protein along with meckelin are part of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome and are required for cilium formation.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the MKS1 are associated with Meckel syndrome or Bardet–Biedl syndrome.

Model organisms

Model organisms have been used in the study of MKS1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Mks1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program — a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.

Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. The homozygous mutant embryos identified during gestation had polydactyly, oedema and eye or craniofacial defects. None survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and no further abnormalities were observed.

References

Further reading

External links
  GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

Genes mutated in mice


The Bayano Caves are three caves located on the south side of Lago Bayano in Panamá Province, Panama.

The first, largest cave is approximately two kilometers long. The Río Seco runs through the cave, allowing boats to go partway inside the cavern. Though the cave receives some visitors, it is not lit. Many bats live in the cave.

The second and third caves are less accessible, requiring crawling to explore.

References

External links

Caves of Panama
Panamá Province


Odete Lara (born Odete Righi Bertoluzzi; 17 April 1929 – 4 February 2015), was a Brazilian film actress. She appeared in 37 films between 1954 and 1994, including two films shown at the Cannes Film Festival. In 1957 she was awarded with Prêmio Saci.

Filmography

Films

 1956 – O Gato de Madame
 1957 – Absolutamente Certo
 1957 – Arara Vermelha
 1958 – Uma Certa Lucrécia
 1959 – Dona Xepa
 1959 – Moral em concordata
 1960 – Sábado a la noche, cine
 1960 – Dona Violante Miranda
 1960 – Duas Histórias
 1960 – Na Garganta do Diabo
 1961 – Esse Rio que Eu Amo
 1961 – Mulheres e Milhões
 1962 – Boca de Ouro
 1962 – Sete Evas
 1963 – Bonitinha, mas Ordinária
 1963 – Sonhando com Milhões
 1964 – Noite Vazia
 1964 – Pão de Açúcar
 1965 – Mar Corrente
 1967 – As Sete Faces de Um Cafajeste
 1968 – Câncer em Família
 1969 – Copacabana Me Engana
 1969 – O Dragão da Maldade contra o Santo Guerreiro
 1970 – Em Família
 1970 – Os Herdeiros
 1970 – Vida e Glória de Um Canalha
 1971 – Aventuras com Tio Maneco
 1971 – Lúcia McCartney, uma Garota de Programa
 1971 – O Jogo da Vida e da Morte
 1971 – Viver de Morrer
 1972 – Quando o Carnaval Chegar
 1973 – Primeiros Momentos
 1973 – Vai Trabalhar Vagabundo
 1974 – A Estrela Sobe
 1974 – A Rainha Diaba
 1975 – Assim Era a Atlântida
 1978 – O Princípio do Prazer
 1986 – Um Filme 100% Brasileiro
 2001 – Barra 68 – Sem Perder a Ternura

Television
 1965 – Em Busca da Felicidade
 1970 – As Bruxas
 1973 – A Volta de Beto Rockfeller
 1991 – O Dono do Mundo
 1994 – Pátria Minha

References

External links

1929 births
2015 deaths
Brazilian film actresses
Actresses from São Paulo
20th-century Brazilian actresses


David Grubin (born 1944) is an American documentary filmmaker.

Career
Grubin is best known for producing television documentaries for PBS, notably American Experience and Healing And The Mind with Bill Moyers. His work has won two Alfred I. Dupont awards, two Peabody Awards, five Writer's Guild prizes, and four Primetime Emmys.

A member of the executive committee of the Society of American Historians, Grubin has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, has been a Montgomery Fellow at Dartmouth College, and is the recipient of an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, Hamilton College. He is a member of the Writers Guild and Directors Guild, and is a former chairman of the board of directors of The Film Forum.

His independent feature film, Downtown Express, was selected for the Woodstock Film Festival, FilmColumbia Festival, and opening night at the Cinema Arts Festival Houston.

He teaches documentary filmmaking at Columbia University's Graduate Film Program.

Personal life
Grubin is married to the artist Joan Grubin. He lives in New York City.

Selected filmography
The Great Air Race of 1924 (1989)
LBJ (1991)
FDR (1994)
T.R.: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt (1996)
Truman (1997)
America 1900 (1998)
Napoleon (2000 documentary) (2000) DeVillier Donegan Enterprises Public Broadcasting Service|PBS
Money and Power TV special on Showtime (TV network) (2001)
Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided (2001)
The Secret Life of the Brain (2002) PBS
Young Dr. Freud
RFK (2004)
Marie Antoinette: A Film by David Grubin (2005)
The Jewish Americans (2008)
The Trials of J. Robert Oppenheimer (2009)
The Buddha (2010)
Downtown Express (2011)
Havana, Havana! (2012)
Language Matters with Bob Holman (2015)
Tesla (2016)

References

External links

Various interviews with Grubin conducted by Charlie Rose
Aspen Institute Panel, "The Mysterious Human Heart" moderated by Grubin
Interview with David Grubin on "The Jewish Americans" by ReadTheSpirit.com

1944 births
Living people
American documentary filmmakers
Columbia University faculty
Film directors from New York City
Film educators
PBS people
Peabody Award winners


Jean-Pascal Lacoste (also known as Jean-Pascal or Jipé; born 21 June 1978) is a French television personality, TV host and former singer and actor.

Career
In 2001, he participated in the first edition of French TV reality show Star Academy, but was eliminated on 5 January 2002. He was semi-finalist and participated in the Star Academy Tour. He remained famous for his quarrels with Jenifer Bartoli.

After his participation, he released his singles "L'Agitateur" (#2 in France, #1 in Belgium) and "Rue de la liberté" (#13 in France, #3 in Belgium) and his debut album Jean-Pascal, qui es-tu ? (#7 in France, #1 in Belgium).

In June 2002, he became a TV host in a sport program Tous ensemble, then in a Incroyable mais vrai !, along with Bruno Roblès, Roger Pierre et Sophie Favier, on TF1.

In 2006, he started a career as actor in the police series Section de recherches.

In January 2007, he participated in the "Grand Concours des Animateurs", hosted by Carole Rousseau.

In 2008, he has hosted various TV shows on NRJ 12.

Personal life
He married Jennifer Jacobs in early 2007 and became Kylie's father on 29 March 2008. In 2014, Jean-Pascal and Jennifer divorced.

Discography

Albums
 2002 : Jean-Pascal, qui es-tu ? – #1 in Belgium, #7 in France, #61 in Switzerland
 2003 : Plein sud – #12 in Belgium, #42 in France

Singles
 2002 : "L'Agitateur" – #1 in Belgium, #2 in France
 2002 : "Rue de la liberté" – #3 in Belgium, #13 in France
 2002 : "La chanson con" – #22 in Belgium, #17 in France

Filmography

Contestant

TV Series actor

References

Living people
1978 births
French television personalities
French television presenters
French male television actors
Male actors from Toulouse
21st-century French singers
21st-century French male singers
Star Academy (France) participants


Hawkesworth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Bob Hawkesworth (born 1951), Canadian politician
 John Hawkesworth (book editor) (c. 1715–1773), English writer and book editor
 John Hawkesworth (Army general) (1893–1945), British Army Lieutenant-General
 John Hawkesworth (producer) (1920–2003), English television producer and script writer
 M. Maurice Hawkesworth (born 1960), American songwriter and producer
 William de Hawkesworth (died 1349), English medieval college head and university chancellor

See also
 Hawksworth (disambiguation)


Immersion foot syndromes are a class of foot injury caused by water absorption in the outer layer of skin. There are different subclass names for this condition based on the temperature of the water to which the foot is exposed. These include trench foot, tropical immersion foot, and warm water immersion foot. In one 3-day military study, it was found that submersion in water allowing for a higher skin temperature resulted in worse skin maceration and pain.

Causes

Trench foot

Trench foot  is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions. The use of the word trench in the name of this condition is a reference to trench warfare, mainly associated with World War I. Affected feet may become numb, affected by erythrosis (turning red) or cyanosis (turning blue) as a result of poor vascular supply, and feet may begin to have a decaying odour due to the possibility of the early stages of necrosis setting in. As the condition worsens, feet may also begin to swell. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal infections; this is sometimes called tropical ulcer (jungle rot).

If left untreated, trench foot usually results in gangrene, which can cause the need for amputation. If trench foot is treated properly, complete recovery is normal, though it is marked by severe short-term pain when feeling returns. As with other cold-related injuries, trench foot leaves those affected more susceptible to it in the future.

Tropical immersion foot
Tropical immersion foot (also known as "Paddy foot", and "Paddy-field foot") is a skin condition of the feet seen after continuous immersion of the feet in water or mud of temperature above  for two to ten days.

Warm water immersion foot
Warm water immersion foot is a skin condition of the feet that results after exposure to warm, wet conditions for 48 hours or more and is characterized by maceration ("pruning"), blanching, and wrinkling of the soles, padding of toes (especially the big toe) and padding of the sides of the feet.

Foot maceration occur whenever exposed for prolonged periods to moist conditions.  Large watery blisters appear which are painful when they open and begin to peel away from the foot itself. The heels, sides and bony prominences are left with large areas of extremely sensitive, red tissue, exposed and prone to infection.  As the condition worsens, more blisters develop due to prolonged dampness which eventually covers the entire heel and/or other large, padded sections of the foot, especially the undersides as well as toes.  Each layer in turn peels away resulting in deep, extremely tender, red ulcers.

Healing occurs only when the feet are cleansed, dried and exposed to air for weeks.  Scarring is permanent with dry, thin skin that appears red for up to a year or more.  The padding of the feet returns but healing can be painful as the nerves repair with characteristics of diabetic neuropathy. Antibiotics and/or antifungal are sometimes prescribed.

Foot immersion is a common problem with homeless individuals wearing one pair of socks and shoes for extensive periods of time, especially wet shoes and sneakers from rain and snow. The condition is exacerbated by excessive dampness of the feet for prolonged periods of time. Fungus and bacterial infections prosper in the warm, dark, wet conditions and are characterized by a sickly odor that is distinct to foot immersion.

Prevention
In the British Army, policies were developed to help the soldiers keep their feet dry—the surest way of preventing the disease. Soldiers were told to dry their feet, and keep them dry by changing socks several times a day. After the first year of the First World War, British troops were instructed to keep at least three pairs of socks with them and to frequently change them. The use of whale oil was also successful in combating trench foot. A British battalion in front line positions could be expected to use ten gallons of whale oil every day.

References

External links

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors

de:Immersionsfuß
he:רגל חפירות
nl:Loopgravenvoeten
no:Skyttergravsfot
sv:Skyttegravsfot


The Bray House is a historic house at 100 Pepperell Road in Kittery Point, Maine, United States. It is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the state. Long thought to be a 17th-century structure, the architectural evidence indicates the home was probably not built before 1720. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

History
The Bray House is set on the south side of Pepperell Road (Maine State Route 103), on a site overlooking the mouth of the Piscataqua River. It is a -story wood-frame residential structure, whose main block is five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, large central chimney, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. The entrance, centered on the river-facing south facade, is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters and topped by an entablature. A former two-story extension to the east added two bays, and a narrow connecting segment joined the main house to a second -story house, oriented perpendicular to the main block, that was moved to this property in the early 20th century. All but the original central structure were demolished in 2017.

While this location is known to be the place where John Bray built a house in about 1662, the construction methods and styling of the house are consistent with a mid-18th century construction date.

Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates fame purchased the house at auction in 2008 and undertook a partial restoration. He sold the restored property for $2.0 million; the new owners have demolished all but the original structure, which is now flanked by modernist angular new construction.

See also
 List of the oldest buildings in Maine
 National Register of Historic Places listings in York County, Maine

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Colonial architecture in the United States
Houses completed in 1720
Houses in Kittery, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in York County, Maine
1720 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay


The legacy of the Roman Empire has been varied and significant. The Roman Empire, itself built upon the legacy of other cultures, has had long-lasting influence with broad geographical reach on a great range of cultural aspects, including state institutions, law, cultural values, religious beliefs, technological advances, engineering, and language.

This legacy survived the demise of the empire itself (5th century AD in the West, and 15th century AD in the East) and went on to shape other civilisations, a process which continues to this day. The city of Rome was the civitas (reflected in the etymology of the word "civilisation") and connected with the actual western civilisation on which subsequent cultures built is the Latin language of ancient Rome, epitomized by the Classical Latin used in Latin literature, which evolved during the Middle Ages and remains in use in the Roman Catholic Church as Ecclesiastical Latin. Vulgar Latin, the common tongue used for regular social interactions, evolved simultaneously into the various Romance languages that exist today (notably Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, Sardinian, etc.). Although the Western Roman Empire fell in the 5th century AD, the Eastern Roman Empire continued until its conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century AD and cemented the Greek language in many parts of the Eastern Mediterranean even after the Early Muslim conquests of the 7th century AD. Although there has been a small modern revival of the Hellenistic religion with Hellenism, ancient Roman paganism was largely displaced by Roman Catholic Christianity after the 4th century AD and the Christian conversion of Roman emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337 AD). The Christian faith of the late Roman Empire continued to evolve during the Middle Ages and remains a major facet of the religion and the psyche of the modern Western world.

Ancient Roman architecture, largely indebted to ancient Greek architecture of the Hellenistic period, has influenced the architecture of the Western world, particularly during the Italian Renaissance of the 15th century. Roman law and republican politics (from the age of the Roman Republic) have left an enduring legacy, influencing the Italian city-state republics of the Medieval period as well as the early United States and other modern democratic republics. The Julian calendar of ancient Rome formed the basis of the standard modern Gregorian calendar, while Roman inventions and engineering, such as the construction of concrete domes, continued to influence various peoples after the fall of Rome. Roman models of colonialism and of warfare also became influential.

Language

Latin became the lingua franca of the early Roman Empire and later of the Western Roman Empire, while – particularly in the Eastern Roman Empire – indigenous languages such as Greek and to a lesser degree Egyptian and  Aramaic language continued in use. Despite the decline of the Western Roman Empire, the Latin language continued to flourish in the very different social and economic environment of the Middle Ages, not least because it became the official language of the Roman Catholic Church. Koine Greek, which served as a lingua franca in the Eastern Empire, remains in use today as a sacred language in some Eastern Orthodox churches.

In Western and Central Europe and in parts of northern Africa, Latin retained its elevated status as the main vehicle of communication for the learned classes throughout the Middle Ages and subsequently; witness especially the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Books which had a revolutionary impact on science, such as Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543), were composed in Latin. This language was not supplanted for scientific purposes until the 18th century, and for formal descriptions in zoology as well as botany it survived to the later 20th century. The modern international binomial nomenclature holds to this day: taxonomists assign a Latin or Latinized name as the scientific name of each species.

In the 21st century the Romance languages, which comprise all languages that descended from Latin, are spoken by more than 920 million people as their mother tongue, and by 300 million people as a second language, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa. Romance languages are either official, co-official, or significantly used in 72 countries around the world. Of the United Nations' six official languages, two (French and Spanish) descend from Latin.

Additionally, Latin has had a great influence on the lexicon of West Germanic languages. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch. Of all the loanwords in Dutch, 32.2% come directly from some form of Latin (excluding loans from Romance languages). Over 60% of Albanian vocabulary consist of Latin roots, causing Albanian to once have been mistakenly identified as a Romance language.

Script

All three official scripts of the modern European Union—Latin, Greek and Cyrillic—descend from writing systems used in the Roman Empire. Today, the Latin script, the Latin alphabet spread by the Roman Empire to most of Europe, and derived from the Phoenician alphabet through an ancient form of the Greek alphabet adopted and modified by Etruscan, is the most widespread and commonly used script in the world. Spread by various colonies, trade routes, and political powers, the script has continued to grow in influence. The Greek alphabet, which had spread throughout the eastern Mediterranean region during the Hellenistic period, remained the primary script of the Eastern Roman Empire through the Byzantine Empire until its demise in the 15th century. Cyrillic scripts largely derive from the Greek.

Latin literature

The Carolingian Renaissance of the 8th century rescued many works in Latin from oblivion: manuscripts transcribed at that time are our only sources for some works that later fell into obscurity once more, only to be recovered during the Renaissance: Tacitus, Lucretius, Propertius and Catullus furnish examples.
Other Latin writers never went out of circulation: Virgil, reinterpreted as a prophet of Christianity by the 4th century, gained the reputation of a sorcerer in the 12th century.

Cicero, in a limited number of his works, remained a model of good style, mined for quotations. Medieval Christians read Ovid allegorically, or re-imagined Seneca as the correspondent of Saint Paul. Lucan, Persius, Juvenal, Horace, Terence, and Statius survived in the continuing canon and the historians Valerius Maximus and Livy continued to be read for the moral lessons history was expected to impart.

Through the Roman Empire, Greek literature also continued to make an impact in Europe long after the Empire's fall, especially after the recovery of Greek texts from the East during the high Middle Ages and the resurgence of Greek literacy during the Renaissance. Many educated Westerners from the Renaissance up to the 20th century, for instance, read Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, originally written in Greek.  Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar takes most of its material from Plutarch's biographies of Caesar, Cato, and Brutus, whose exploits were frequently discussed and debated by the literati of Shakespeare's time.

Education

Martianus Capella developed the system of the seven liberal arts that structured medieval education. Although the liberal arts were already known in Ancient Greece, it was only after Martianus that the seven liberal arts took on canonical form.
His single encyclopedic work, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii "On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury", laid the standard formula of academic learning from the Christianized Roman Empire of the 5th century until the Renaissance of the 12th century.

The seven liberal arts were formed by the trivium, which included the skills of grammar, logic, and rhetoric, while arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy played part as the quadrivium.

Calendar and measurement

The modern Western calendar is a refinement of the Julian calendar, which was introduced by Julius Caesar.  The calendar of the Roman Empire began with the months Ianuarius (January), Februarius (February), and Martius (March). The common tradition to begin the year on 1 January was a convention established in ancient Rome. Throughout the medieval period, the year began on 25 March, the Catholic Solemnity of the Annunciation.

The 5th-century Roman monk Dionysius Exiguus devised the modern dating system of the Anno Domini (AD) era, which is based on the reckoned year of the birth of Jesus, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era.

The modern seven-day week follows the Greco-Roman system of planetary hours, in which one of the seven heavenly bodies of the Solar System that were known in ancient times—Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon—is given "rulership" over each day. The Romance languages (with the exception of Portuguese, that assigns an ordinal number to five days of the week, from Monday to Friday, beginning with , and ending with ) preserve the original Latin names of each day of the week, except for Sunday, which came to be called  (Lord's Day) under Christianity.

Hours of the day

The 12-hour clock is a time convention popularized by the Romans in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods. The Romans divided the day into 12 equal hours, A.M. (ante-meridiem, meaning before midday) and P.M. (post-meridiem, meaning past midday). The Romans also started the practice used worldwide today of a new day beginning at midnight.

Numerals and units

Roman numerals continued as the primary way of writing numbers in Europe until the 14th century, when they were largely replaced in common usage by Hindu–Arabic numerals. The Roman numeral system continues to be widely used, however, in certain formal and minor contexts, such as on clock faces, coins, in the year of construction on cornerstone inscriptions, and in generational suffixes (such as Louis XIV or William Howard Taft IV). Romance languages (and also other languages such as Russian, Polish and Basque) write centuries in Roman numbers; in Spanish, for example, "21st century" is written siglo XXI.

The Romans solidified the modern concept of the hour as one-24th part of a day and night. The English measurement system also retains features of the Ancient Roman foot (11.65 modern inches), which was used in England prior to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. The inch itself derives from the Roman , meaning one-twelfth part.

Three-age systems

Although the present archaeological system of the three main ages—stone, bronze and iron—originates with the Danish archaeologist Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, the concept of dividing pre-historical ages into systems based on metals extends to Ancient Rome, originated by the Roman Lucretius in the first century BC.

Religion

While classical Roman and Hellenistic religion were ultimately superseded by Christianity, many key theological ideas and questions that are characteristic of Western religions originated with pre-Christian theology.  The first cause argument for the existence of God, for instance, originates with Plato. Design arguments, which were introduced by Socrates and Aristotle and remain widely discussed to this day, formed an influential component of Stoic theology well into the late Roman period.  The problem of evil was widely discussed among ancient philosophers, including the Roman writers such as Cicero and Seneca, and many of the answers they provided were later absorbed into Christian theodicy. In Christian moral theology, moreover, the field of natural law ethics draws heavily on the tradition established by Aristotle, the Stoics, and especially by Cicero's popular Latin work, De Legibus.  Cicero's conception of natural law "found its way to later centuries notably through the writings of Saint Isidore of Seville and the Decretum of Gratian" and influenced the discussion of the topic up through the era of the American Revolution.

Christianity itself also spread through the Roman Empire; since emperor Theodosius I (AD 379–395), the official state church of the Roman Empire was Christianity. Subsequently, former Roman territories became Christian states which exported their religion to other parts of the world, through colonization and missionaries.

Christianity also served as a conduit for preserving and transmitting Greco-Roman literary culture. Classical educational tradition in the liberal arts was preserved after the fall of the empire by the medieval Christian university. Education in the Middle Ages relied heavily on Greco-Roman books such as Euclid's Elements and the influential quadrivium textbooks written in Latin by the Roman statesman Boethius (AD 480–524).

Major works of Greek and Latin literature, moreover, were both read and written by Christians during the imperial era. Many of the most influential works of the early Christian tradition were written by Roman and Hellenized theologians who engaged heavily with the literary culture of the empire (see church fathers). St. Augustine's (AD 354–430) City of God, for instance, draws extensively on Virgil, Cicero, Varro, Homer, Plato, and elements of Roman values and identity to criticize paganism and advocate for Christianity amidst a crumbling empire.  The engagement of early Christians as both readers and writers of important Roman and Greek literature helped to ensure that the literary culture of Rome would persist after the fall of the empire.  For thousands of years to follow, religious scholars in the Latin West from Bede to Thomas Aquinas and later renaissance figures such as Dante, Montaigne and Shakespeare would continue to read, reference and imitate both Christian and pagan literature from the Roman Empire.  In the east, the empire's prolific tradition of Greek literature continued uninterrupted after the fall of the west, in part due to the works of the Greek fathers, who were widely read by Christians in medieval Byzantium and continue to influence religious thought to this day (see Byzantine literature).

Science and philosophy

While much of the most influential Greek science and philosophy was developed before the rise of the Empire, major innovations occurred under Roman rule that have had a lasting impact on the intellectual world.  The traditions of Greek, Egyptian and Babylonian scholarship continued to flourish at great centers of learning such as Athens, Alexandria, and Pergamon.

Epicurean philosophy reached a literary apex in the long poem by Lucretius, who advocated an atomic theory of matter and revered the older teachings of the Greek Democritus.  The works of the philosophers Seneca the Younger, Epictetus and the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius were widely read during the revival of Stoic thought in the Renaissance, which synthesized Stoicism and Christianity.  Fighter pilot James Stockdale famously credited the philosophy of Epictetus as being a major source of strength when he was shot down and held as prisoner during the Vietnam War.  Plato's philosophy continued to be widely studied under the Empire, growing into the sophisticated neoplatonic system through the influence of Plotinus.  Platonic philosophy was largely reconciled with Christianity by the Roman theologian Augustine of Hippo, who, while a staunch opponent of Roman paganism, viewed the Platonists as having more in common with Christians than the other pagan schools.  To this day, Plato's Republic is considered the foundational work of Western philosophy, and is read by students around the globe.

The widespread Lorem ipsum text, which is widely used as a meaningless placeholder in modern typography and graphic design, is derived from the Latin text of Cicero's philosophical treatise De finibus.

Pagan philosophy was gradually supplanted by Christianity in the later years of the Empire, culminating in the closure of the Academy of Athens by Justinian I. Many Greek-speaking philosophers moved to the east, outside the borders of the Empire. Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism gained a stronghold in Persia, where they were a heavy influence on early Islamic philosophy. Thinkers of the Islamic Golden Age such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroës) engaged deeply with Greek philosophy, and played a major role in saving works of Aristotle that had been lost to the Latin West.  The influence of Greek philosophy on Islam was dramatically reduced In the 11th century when the views of Avicenna and Averroes were strongly criticized by Al-Ghazali. His Incoherence of the Philosophers is among the most influential books in Islamic history. In Western Europe, meanwhile, the recovery of Greek texts during the Scholastic period had a profound influence on Latin science and theology from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance.

In science, the theories of the Greco-Roman physician Galen dominated Western medical thought and practice for more than 1,300 years. Ptolemy produced the most thorough and sophisticated astronomical theory of antiquity, documented in the Almagest. The Ptolemaic model of the solar system would remain the dominant approach to astronomy across Europe and the Middle East for more than a thousand years. Forty-eight of the 88 constellations the IAU recognizes today are recorded in the seventh and eighth books of Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest.

At Alexandria, the engineer and experimenter Hero of Alexandria founded the study of mechanics and pneumatics. In modern geometry, Heron's formula bears his name. Roman Alexandria also saw the seeds of modern algebra arise in the works of Diophantus. Greek algebra continued to be studied in the east well after the fall of the Western Empire, where it matured into modern algebra in the hands of al-Khwārizmī (see the history of algebra). The study of Diophantine equations and Diophantine approximations are still important areas of mathematical research today.

All of the planets in the Solar System, excluding Earth and Uranus, are named after Roman deities in the English language.

Roman law and politics

Although the law of the Roman Empire is not used today, modern law in many jurisdictions is based on principles of law used and developed during the Roman Empire. Some of the same Latin terminology is still used today. The general structure of jurisprudence used today, in many jurisdictions, is the same (trial with a judge, plaintiff, and defendant) as that established during the Roman Empire.

The modern concept of republican government is directly modeled on the Roman Republic. The republican institutions of Rome survived in many of the Italian city-states of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The form, function, and symbols of the United States Congress draw heavily on the Roman Senate and legislative assemblies, while the president holds a position similar to that of a Roman consul. Many European political thinkers of the Enlightenment were avid consumers of Latin literature. Montesquieu, Edmund Burke, and John Adams were all strongly influenced by Cicero, for instance. Adams recommended Cicero as a model for politicians to imitate, and once remarked that "the sweetness and grandeur of his sounds, and the harmony of his numbers give pleasure enough to reward the reading if one understood none of his meaning."

Inventions

Many Roman inventions were improved versions of other people's inventions and ranged from military organization, weapon improvements, armour, siege technology, naval innovation, architecture, medical instruments, irrigation, civil planning, construction, agriculture and many more areas of civic, governmental, military and engineering development.

That said, the Romans also developed a huge array of new technologies and innovations. Many came from common themes but were vastly superior to what had come before, whilst others were totally new inventions developed by and for the needs of Empire and the Roman way of life.

Some of the more famous examples are the Roman aqueducts (some of which are still in use today), Roman roads, water powered milling machines, thermal heating systems (as employed in Roman baths, and also used in palaces and wealthy homes) sewage and pipe systems and the invention and widespread use of concrete.

Metallurgy and glass work (including the first widespread use of glass windows) and a wealth of architectural innovations including high rise buildings, dome construction, bridges, and floor construction (seen in the functionality of the Colosseum's arena and the underlying rooms/areas beneath it) are other examples of Roman innovations.

Military inventiveness was widespread and included tactical/strategic innovations, new methodologies in training, discipline and field medicine as well as inventions in all aspects of weaponry, from armor and shielding to siege engines and missile technology.

This combination of new methodologies, technical innovation, and creative invention in the military gave Rome the edge against its adversaries for half a millennium, and with it, the ability to create an empire that even today, more than 2000 years later, continues to leave its legacy in many areas of modern life.

Colonies and roads

Rome left a legacy of founding many cities as colonia. There were more than 500 Roman colonies spread through the Empire, most of them populated by veterans of the Roman legions. Some Roman colonies rose to become influential commercial and trade centers, transportation hubs and capitals of international empires, like Constantinople, London, Paris and Vienna.

All those colonies were connected by another important legacy of the Roman Empire: the Roman roads. Indeed, the empire comprised more than  of roads, of which over  were stone-paved. The courses (and sometimes the surfaces) of many Roman roads survived for millennia and many are overlaid by modern roads, like the Via Emilia in northern Italy. The roads are closely linked to modern-day economies, with those that survived from the empire's territorial peak in 117 CE having more economic activity today. This is especially true in European areas, which kept wheeled vehicles in the latter half of the first millennium, whereas other regions preferred cheaper methods of transport such as camel caravans.

Architecture

The Renaissance-era architectural style developed by Andrea Palladio, inspired by Greek and Roman architecture, became hugely influential throughout the Western world. In the mid-18th century, Roman architecture inspired Neoclassical architecture, part of the wider international movement of Neoclassicism. Though Neoclassical architecture employs the same classical vocabulary as late Baroque architecture, it tends to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade are flatter; sculptural bas-reliefs are flatter and tend to be framed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features are isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

International Neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings, especially the Old Museum in Berlin; Sir John Soane's Bank of England in London; and the White House and Capitol in Washington, DC in the United States. The Scots architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg.

Italy clung to Rococo until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.

Imperial idea

From a legal point of view, the Roman Empire, founded by Augustus in 27 BC and divided after the death of Theodosius I in 395 into two "parts" (or rather courts, as the empire continued to be considered as one), had survived only in the eastern part which, with the deposition of the last western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, in 476, had also obtained the imperial regalia of the western part, reuniting from a formal point of view the Roman Empire.

The Roman line continued uninterrupted to rule the Eastern Roman Empire, whose main characteristics were Roman concept of state, medieval Greek culture and language, and Orthodox Christian faith. The Byzantines themselves never ceased to refer to themselves as "Romans" (Rhomaioi) and to their state as the "Roman Empire", the "Empire of the Romans" (in Greek Βασιλεία των Ῥωμαίων, Basileía ton Rhōmaíōn) or "Romania" (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía). Likewise, they were called "Rûm" (Rome) by their eastern enemies to the point that competing neighbours even acquired its name, such as the Sultanate of Rûm.

The designation of the Empire as "Byzantine" is a retrospective idea: it began only in 1557, a century after the fall of Constantinople, when German historian Hieronymus Wolf published his work Corpus Historiæ Byzantinæ, a collection of Byzantine sources. The term did not come in general use in the Western world before the 19th century, when modern Greece was born. The end of the continuous tradition of the Roman Empire is open to debate: the final point may be viewed as coming as early as the sack of Constantinople in 1204, or the capture of Constantinople in 1453, or as late as the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate in 1922 given the Ottoman sultans' adoption of the title of Emperor of the Romans (Kayser-i Rum) for themselves.

After the fall of Constantinople, Thomas Palaiologos, brother of the last Eastern Roman Emperor, Constantine XI,  was elected emperor and tried to organize the remaining forces. His rule came to an end after the fall of the last major Byzantine city, Corinth. He then moved to Italy and continued to be recognized as Eastern emperor by the Christian powers. Other Byzantine rump states, including the Empire of Trebizond and the Principality of Theodoro, were soon conquered by the Ottomans as well.

His son Andreas Palaiologos continued claims on the Byzantine throne until he sold the title to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile before his death in 1502. However, there is no evidence that any Spanish monarch used the Byzantine imperial titles.

In Western Europe, the Roman concept of state was continued for almost a millennium by the Holy Roman Empire whose emperors, mostly of German tongue, viewed themselves as the legitimate successors to the ancient imperial tradition (King of the Romans) and Rome as the capital of its Empire. The German title of "Kaiser" is derived from the Latin name Caesar, which is pronounced  in Classical Latin.

The coronation of Charlemagne as "Roman" emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 happened at a time of unprecedented sole female imperial rule in Constantinople (by Empress Irene) which was interpreted by adversaries as tantamount to a vacancy. The imperial title in the West generated what historians have called the problem of two emperors. The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire sought in many ways to make themselves accepted by the Byzantines as their peers: with diplomatic relations, political marriages or threats. Sometimes, however, they did not obtain the expected results, because from Constantinople they were always called "King of the Germans", never "Emperor". The Holy Roman Empire survived Byzantium, but was eventually dissolved in 1806 owing to pressure by Napoleon I.

In Eastern Europe, firstly the Bulgarian, then the Serbian, and ultimately the Russian czars (Czar derived from Caesar) proclaimed being Emperors. Muscovite Russia adopted the idea of being a Third Rome (with Constantinople being the second). Sentiments  of being the heir of the fallen Eastern Roman Empire began during the reign of Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow, who had married Sophia Paleologina, the niece of Constantine XI (it is important to note that she was not the heiress of the Byzantine throne; rather, her brother Andreas was). Being the most powerful Orthodox Christian state, the Tsars were thought of in Russia as succeeding the Eastern Roman Empire as the rightful rulers of the Orthodox Christian world. The House of Romanov, being the rulers of the Russian Empire, were finally ended in the Russian Revolution of 1917. There were also competing Bulgarian and Wallachian claims for succession of the Roman Empire.

In the early 20th century, the Italian fascists under their "Duce" Benito Mussolini dreamed of transforming Italy back into the Roman Empire again, encompassing the Mediterranean basin. Associated with Italian fascism, Nazi Germany and Francoist Spain also connected their claims with Roman imperialism.

Toponymy and ethnonymy

Aside from the city of Rome itself, the Imperial Roman name has survived in a number of regions and was also adopted by some of the political regimes that ruled them. These include:
 Romagna, the Italian region that was the administrative center of Byzantine Italy and thus remained associated with the Roman Empire when most of the country had fallen under Lombard rule;
 Rûm, the name by which the Seljuq Turks referred to the parts of Anatolia which they had conquered from the Eastern Roman Empire, thus the common name of the Sultanate of Rum for their realm (1077–1308). Under the Ottoman Empire after the 1390s, the Rûm Eyalet was the region around Sivas, later known simply as Eyalet of Sivas.
 The name of the Turkish city of Erzurum has been derived from the Arabic Arḍ ar-Rūm () 'land of the Rûm'.
 Romania, a habitual reference in medieval Latin and Romance languages to the Byzantine Empire, or between 1204 and 1261 to the Latin Empire. It survived for a time in place names such as that of Nafplio, which in Italian was referred to as Napoli in Romania well into the modern era, or to this day in the Bosnian region of Romanija.
 Rumelia, the Balkan parts of the former Eastern Empire, labelled "land of the Romans" following their conquest by the Ottomans and at a time when the territories in Asia Minor formerly known as Rum were more commonly referred to again as Anatolia. Eastern Rumelia was an Ottoman autonomous province (Vilayet) that was created in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War as a result of the Treaty of Berlin and was located in what is today Southern Bulgaria.
 Central Greece is still known colloquially as Roúmeli (Ρούμελη).
 Romandy is the French-speaking region of western Switzerland that includes the Canton of Geneva, Canton of Jura, Canton of Neuchâtel, Canton of Vaud, and the French-speaking regions of Bernese Jura (Canton of Berne), Western Fribourg (Canton of Fribourg), and Lower Valais (Canton of Valais).
 The modern country of Romania. Romanians trace their origin to the Roman Empire's province of Roman Dacia, arguing that Roman colonization in the region gave rise to the Romanian people.
 The Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians, ethnicities related to the Romanians whose names originate or originated from "Roman" or similar words.

In linguistics and ethnonymy:
 The word Romance, naming the language family that also includes Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian among others, is itself derived from "Roman".
 The Francophone inhabitants of Romandy are called and self-identify as Romands and whose name ultimately originates from the Latin adjective "romanus". The language Franco-Provençal, which historically has been the main language of the Romands, has occasionally been called Rommant or Romand, although most Romands now speak Swiss French instead of Franco-Provençal.
 Rûm in Asia Minor and the Middle East refers dependent on context to Byzantines and/or Orthodox Christians, namely the Rum Millet in the Ottoman Empire. Correspondingly, Orthodox Armenians are known as Hayhurum - literally, Armenian and Rûm - and Urums are Turkic-speaking Orthodox Christians in the Crimea and Georgia.
 Romaniote Jews also  derive their name from the former Eastern/Byzantine/Ottoman Empire.
 In turn, during the 16th century, Portuguese used "rume" and "rumes" (plural) as a generic term to refer to the Mamluk-Ottoman forces they faced then in the Indian Ocean.
 Chinese authors during the Ming dynasty similarly referred to the Ottomans in general as Lumi (魯迷), derived from Rûm. During the Qing dynasty they also used the word Wulumu (務魯木).
 The Romani people, by contrast, are named after an unrelated Sanskrit root common with the Domba people in India.

In popular culture

In September 2023, an internet trend emerged primarily on social media app TikTok, revolving around asking men "how often do you think of the Roman Empire?" The trend originated in August 2023, stemming from an Instagram reel from a 32-year-old Swedish Roman reenactor Artur Hulu; known online as Gaius Flavius. In the reel, he declared that women are not aware of how often men think of the Roman Empire, asking the former to ask their "husband, boyfriend, father, or brother." Hulu stated that he posed the demand after noticing a gender disparity in interest in Roman Empire.

These TikToks primarily featured women asking their boyfriends how often they thought of the Roman Empire. Many of the men in these videos respond by stating that they think of it frequently, leading to shock from the women. Not all reactions from the men were universal; in one viral TikTok, when asked by her wife, one husband responds "Like the Nicki Minaj album?" likely in reference to Minaj's alter ego and her eponymous 2011 song. Another user on the app stated that she thought about the Roman Empire all the time, before positioning herself in front of a playlist of Minaj's music. In the videos, many men frequently boasted of the accomplishments of the Roman Empire, such as the size of the empire, their technological advancements such as the aqueducts, and its military prowess.

See also

Classical antiquity
Classical tradition
History of the Roman Empire
Succession of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Western Roman Empire

References

Sources

External links
Byzantine & Christian Museum / From the ancient world to Byzantium


Othon José de Almeida Bastos (born 23 May 1933) is a Brazilian actor. He has appeared in 50 films since 1962.

Filmography

References

External links

1933 births
Living people
Brazilian male film actors
People from Tucano, Bahia
20th-century Brazilian male actors
21st-century Brazilian male actors


The W85 heavy machine gun or QJC-88 vehicle mounted heavy machine gun is a gas-operated heavy machine gun designed in the People's Republic of China. It fires the Soviet-designed 12.7×108mm round. The W85 was never accepted into the PLA service in its original configuration, only adopted as a vehicle mounted machine gun as the QJC-88.

Overview

The W85 was designed to be as light as possible for infantry use. Its small receiver is of generally rectangular cross-section, and it has a thick gas tube below the barrel containing a conventional gas piston. In addition to iron sights, it has rails for optics or anti-aircraft sights. It fires 12.7×108mm rounds from belts and is more accurate than the Type 54 heavy machine gun, but the thinner barrel overheats faster.

In trials, the W85 lost out to the Type 85 as an infantry weapon and was not accepted into PLA service for this role.

QJC-88
The QJC-88 was introduced as a pintle mounted machine gun for tanks and armored vehicles. It weighs the same as the W85, is solenoid fired, and is mounted on a special cradle allowing for elevation angles of -5 to +65°.

Mounted platforms:
Type 99 tank: as commander heavy machine gun.
Type 96 tank: as commander heavy machine gun.
Type 15 tank: as commander heavy machine gun on a remote weapon station.
Type 59 Durjoy tank: as commander heavy machine gun.
Type 05: on armored personal carrier variant.
Type 08: on various comigrations, such as ZSL-10 APC, ZTL-11 assault vehicle, and Type 08 Artillery Reconnaissance Vehicle.
PLL-05: as commander heavy machine gun.
Type 89 AFV: on various comigrations as the self-defense weapon.

Users

 :
 : Libyan National Army

 : Used by Rwandan peacekeepers in Darfur.
 : South Sudan Democratic Movement

 : Manufactured locally as Khawad.
 : Possibly intercepted Iranian delivery to the Houthis transferred to Ukraine

Non-state actors
  Free Syrian Army

 People's Defense Units
  Tamil Tigers

See also
 DShK
 NSV
 QJZ-89
 QJG-02
 QJZ-171
 M2 Browning

References

Bibliography

Cold War weapons of China
Machine guns of the People's Republic of China
Heavy machine guns
12.7×108 mm machine guns


The Virginia Attorney General election of 2005 took place on November 8, 2005, to elect the Attorney General of Virginia. Jerry Kilgore, who had been elected attorney general in 2001, resigned in February 2005 to run for Governor, as is the tradition in Virginia. He was replaced by Judith Jagdmann, the Deputy Attorney General for the Civil Litigation Division, who did not run in the election.

The Republican primary was won by State Delegate Bob McDonnell, who defeated attorney Steve Baril. State Senator Creigh Deeds was unopposed in the Democratic primary. McDonnell won the race by 360 votes, which was so close it required a recount. He was sworn in as Attorney General alongside Governor Tim Kaine and Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling on January 14, 2006.

McDonnell and Deeds went on to rematch in the 2009 Virginia gubernatorial election, which McDonnell won by a wide margin.

Republican primary
The primary campaign was a contentious one. Baril accused McDonnell of bypassing campaign finance laws by taking hundreds of thousands of dollars in donations from clients he represented in cases in front of state agencies in his dual role as a "lawyer-legislator". McDonnell replied that the allegations were "baseless". Baril promised to be "the people's lawyer" and was endorsed by Eric Cantor. McDonnell, carrying Jim Gilmore's endorsement, cast himself as an experienced reformer.

Candidates

Declared
 Steve Baril, attorney
 Bob McDonnell, State Delegate

Results

Democratic primary
Roanoke State Senator John S. Edwards was to challenge Deeds in a primary fight for the Attorney General Nomination for the Democratic Party of Virginia. Edwards, who had won 30% of the vote in the primary in 2001, was considered a viable candidate, but dropped out due to his tough liberal stances on Gay Rights. After Edwards' withdrawal, Deeds was the only candidate left in the Democratic primary. Running unopposed, Deeds won 100% of the primary vote on June 14, 2005.

Candidates

Declared
 Creigh Deeds, state senator

Withdrew
 John S. Edwards, state senator

General election

Campaign

After securing the nomination due to Edwards' withdrawal, Deeds began positioning himself as a centrist Democrat such as Mark Warner. On June 14, Deeds found out his opponent in the general election would be Bob McDonnell after McDonnell had won the Republican primary. McDonnell, who also positioned himself as a moderate campaigned against Deeds. Throughout early polling, Deeds and McDonnell started the race off tied.

The first poll of the race, conducted by Mason-Dixon showed Deeds at 34% and McDonnell barely ahead with 35% which was inside the margin of error. By the second poll which was also conducted by Mason Dixon, Deeds was behind 33%-36%. Deeds continued to campaign and was endorsed by NARAL in August 2005.

Deeds based his campaign headquarters in Charlottesville, Virginia, which was in his native Senate district. Deeds continued to lag McDonnell in the polls until the endorsement of the NRA. In late September 2005, the NRA unexpectedly endorsed Deeds, the Democrat, over McDonnell. With the new ability to claim himself as a "centrist" Democrat, Deeds had gained much needed campaign momentum.

By late October, Deeds was only 4%-5% behind McDonnell. Heading into early November, Deeds was inside the margin of error with McDonnell, behind 40%-43%. On Election day, it appeared obvious that the race was heading into a recount. Deeds trailed McDonnell by approximately 320 votes.

Polling

For the majority of the campaign, Deeds lagged McDonnell from anywhere between 3%-8%. However, in the final weeks of the campaign, Deeds picked up support due in part because of the NRA's endorsement of him. In the final poll taken by Mason Dixon and released on November 3, Deeds was only 3% behind McDonnell.

Fundraising
Deeds lagged considerably in the fundraising race. On Election Day, according to Our Campaigns, the candidates had the following amount of Cash on hand:
 McDonnell - $3,500,000
 Deeds - $1,700,000

Initial results

Recount
In late November, the Board of Elections certified Bob McDonnell as the winner by 323 votes. However, Deeds announced he would petition the courts for a recount on November 29. The recount was set to last until mid-December.

The recount started later than expected on December 20, 2005, when both campaigns were allowed to comb through ballots to make any challenges. Despite the fact that it was a recount, very few ballots were actually recounted as opposed to both campaigns making challenges to hand-fulls of ballot instead.

On December 22, 2005, however, the Board of Elections confirmed McDonnell the winner of the recount by a 360-vote margin. Despite the fact that the race was one of the closest in history, the recount had actually gained McDonnell exactly 37 votes boosting his margin from 323 votes to exactly a 360-vote lead over Deeds. Deeds called McDonnell at 7:15 that night to congratulate him on the victory.

Final results
After the recount, the final certified tally was as follows:

References

Attorney General
2005
Virginia