Kathleen Anne Browne (1 October 1876 – 9 October 1943) was an Irish politician, farmer, writer, historian and archaeologist. She was arrested after the Easter Rising and held in Kilmainham Gaol. During the Civil War, she was Pro-Treaty and joined Cumann na nGaedheal. She was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1929-36. She was a fluent speaker of Yola, an Anglic language of Wexford.

Early life
Browne was born on 1 October 1876 to Michael Browne, a farmer, shopkeeper and local politician, and Mary Eleanor Stafford. She was the eldest of five children. Her father's family was of Norman extraction and had lived at Rathcronan Castle since the 13th century. Her mother's family lived in Baldwinstown Castle, County Wexford. Michael Browne was a poor law guardian and a member of Wexford's first County Council. He supported Home Rule and had worked with Charles Stewart Parnell.

Browne was educated at a convent school in Wexford. As a child, she shared her father's interest in politics and was a young member of the Kilmore branch of the Ladies Land League. She was a romantic nationalist and loved to dress in Celtic clothing and pose with an Irish wolfhound. she was secretary of the county committee of the Gaelic League.

Browne became an agriculturist and expert in dairy management. She lectured with the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction. She was one of the first farmers in Ireland to grow sugar beet and was on the executive of the Beet Growers Association, as well as the Loch Garman Cooperative Society, the Wexford Agricultural Society and the Irish Farmers' Union. She took over the management of the family farm when her father died in 1912.

Political activity
Browne joined Sinn Féin in 1912 and the Irish Volunteers in 1914 and flew a tricolour from her family home, Rathronan Castle, during the Easter Rising. She was arrested and imprisoned in Kilmainham and Mountjoy prisons, along with her friend Nell Ryan. She took the Pro-Treaty side during the Civil War, joining Cumann na nGaedheal. Ryan was Anti-Treaty and their friendship did not survive the Civil War.

She was elected to Seanad Éireann of the Irish Free State as a Cumann na nGaedheal member, at a by-election on 20 June 1929. The by-election was caused by the death of Alice Stopford Green. She was re-elected for three years in 1931 and was re-elected for nine years in 1934.

She joined the Army Comrades Association, known as the Blueshirts, in 1933. Partly because she wore her blue blouse (the garb of the ACA) in the Seanad and the Dáil during this period, the wearing of political uniforms was banned in both houses. Browne claimed not be a fascist, but had joined ranks with the ACA because she shared their Anti-Communist and Republican viewpoints. Following the merger of the Blueshirts into Fine Gael, she remained a part of the Fine Gael faction rather than continuing to follow O'Duffy's ventures such as the National Corporate Party.

At this point she seemed to gravitate more towards the new Fine Gael leader W. T. Cosgrave, who she became personal friends with. She served as a senator until 29 May 1936 when the Free State Seanad was abolished.

Historical and conservation activity
Browne was a member of the Wexford Library committee, the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, the Society for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead, and the Uí Cinnsealaigh Historical Society. She wrote widely on the history and antiquities of County Wexford, with a particular interest in the Norman period and the castles of County Wexford. Her Short History of County Wexford was approved as a textbook for schools by the Department of Education in 1927.

Browne was also a naturalist and was instrumental in having the Great Saltee Island conserved as a bird sanctuary in 1938.

Yola Language
Browne was a fluent Yola speaker, a dead Anglic language once commonly spoken in parts of Wexford. She wrote a number of articles about it, including The Ancient Dialect of the Baronies of Forth and Bargy in 1927.

Death
Browne died in a nursing home on 9 October 1943, eight days after her 67th birthday. The Kathleen Browne Festival is held every year to honour Browne in her hometown of Bridgetown.

References

1876 births
1943 deaths
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Cumann na nGaedheal senators
Fine Gael senators
Irish anti-communists
20th-century Irish farmers
Members of the 1928 Seanad
Members of the 1931 Seanad
Members of the 1934 Seanad
Members of the Blueshirts
Politicians from County Wexford
19th-century Irish farmers


Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha (; died 21 March 1653) was an Ottoman Albanian statesman and Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 20 June 1652 to 21 March 1653, when he was executed because of the economic reforms he initiated.

Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha was born in the area of modern Mat District, northern Albania in the early 17th century. He was initially a tarragon salesman (tarhoncu) before joining the Ottoman administration. He served as the Governor of Egypt before attaining the vezirate. During his brief tenure in the middle of the reign of Sultan Mehmet IV (r. 1648–1687), he attempted to forestall the decline and reform the Ottoman bureaucracy. Tarhoncu Ahmed was the first grand vizier to draft an annual budget in advance of the coming fiscal year. However, his reforms threatened the conservative forces in the Ottoman elite, who secured his execution on 21 March 1653 by spreading the false rumour that he intended to depose the sultan. This effectively ended the attempts at reform for several years.

See also
 List of Ottoman grand viziers
 List of Ottoman governors of Egypt

References

 Stanford Jay Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, vol. 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 205–206.

1653 deaths
17th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
17th-century Ottoman governors of Egypt
17th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire
Devshirme
Executed people from the Ottoman Empire
People from Mat (municipality)
Executed Albanian people
Year of birth unknown
Ottoman governors of Egypt


Thomas Möller  (born 7 June 1964) is a former president of the Hells Angels in Sweden.

Möller was one of the founders of the car-and-bike club Dirty Dräggels in Malmö. This club became a hangaround chapter of Hells Angels Denmark in 1990, prospects in 1991 and Sweden's first regular Hells Angels club in 1993. Bent Svane "Blondie" Nielsen, the president of the Angels Copenhagen chapter, decided to expand into Sweden in the late 1980s, and three biker gangs in Malmö fought with each other in a Darwinian competition to be the first Hells Angels chapter in Sweden. Nielsen awarded the Dräggels "hang-around" status with the Hells Angels in 1990 and "full patch" membership in 1993 after they eliminated the other two gangs. Möller became the club's vice president and Hells Angels' spokesman in Sweden, and later president. Like many other outlaw bikers, Möller is an ardent admirer of Nazi Germany. He owns one of the largest collections of Nazi paraphernalia in Sweden and sleeps in a blanket that is decorated with a giant Nazi swastika flag.

In January 1994, he was accused by the Swedish police of stepping atop of a van and of using a submachine gun to shoot up the clubhouse of the Morbids biker gang in Helsinborg after he learned that the Morbids were planning to "patch over" to join the Bandidios. Only one Morbid was injured who had one of his fingers severed by a bullet while the rest took cover. The attack on the Helsinborg clubhouse is often considered to be the beginning of the Great Nordic Biker War. After the attack, Möller went to Oakland to meet the Hells Angels international president Sonny Barger.  In the 1990s, Möller was the leader of all the Hells Angels in Europe with authority over all the European Hells Angels chapters. He reported personally to Barger. Möller owned a large estate in South Africa just outside of Cape Town where he escaped the Swedish winters. Möller divides his time between living in South Africa for half the year and the other half year in Sweden.

In 1997, the government of Denmark contemplated banning all outlaw biker clubs in response to the Great Nordic Biker War. To forestall the ban, peace talks to end the biker war began in Seattle in the summer of 1997. Barger and Möller represented the Hells Angels while the Bandidos were represented by their international vice president George Wegers, Charles "Jaws" Johnson of their Houston chapter and Jim Tinndahn of the Helsingborg chapter. The peace talks ended with the American leaders imposing a truce on their  Scandinavian chapters.

Möller's only known source of income was the 14, 000 kroners per month (the equivalent of $1, 707 US dollars) he collected in disability payments from the Swedish crown. Möller claims to have a back injury that prevents him from working, leading one Swedish policeman to say: "How did he hurt his back? He has a good doctor". The Canadian journalists Julian Sher and William Marsden noted that Möller's lifestyle seemed to exceed what a man living on disability could afford as in 2006 he owned an estate in South Africa; a Ferrari automobile; a Hummer truck; two Harley-Davidson motorcycles; a number of apartments in Malmö and a private museum for his collection of Nazi memorabilia. Möller's museum included a number of genuine Nazi uniforms, banners, flags, weapons from the Second World War and even some of the automobiles owned by the Nazi leaders. Sher and Marsden wrote that Möller's lavish South African estate which was located at a picturesque location above the cliffs at the sea would vastly exceed what a man living on a disability pension could afford.

Sher and Marsden wrote that the Scandinavian outlaw bikers had a fondness for living in the tropics as a number of Scandinavian Bandido leaders owned property and lived part of the year in Thailand while a number of Scandinavian Hells Angel leaders likewise owned property and lived part of the year in South Africa. The most other most notable Scandinavian Hells Angel leader active in South Africa is Nielsen who owns an estate near the Elephant River game reserve. In 2003, the president title was handed over to his successor.

Möller's extravagant lifestyle in South Africa, where he lived in a seaside property in Llandudno close to Cape Town became the source of scrutiny from Swedish and South African authorities. In December 2007, the Swedish tax authorities demanded a payment of SEK 4.1 million from Möller due to undeclared income, which according to him was untaxable gambling profits. In March 2009, Möller's sickness benefit pay, which he had claimed for 10 years due to an alleged back injury, was withdrawn by the Swedish Social Insurance Agency, with demands for repayment to possibly follow.

In 2019, the Times of London revealed that Möller had incorporated a company in the United Kingdom in 2014 at a time when he was under investigation in Sweden for tax evasion. The Swedish police had raided Möller's Malmö house where they seized a number of bottles of brandy along with his collection of paintings to cover his unpaid taxes, but Möller claimed to have no assets to pay his back taxes at the time he set up the company in London. The journalists Christian Erikson and George Greenwood wrote that they believed that  Möller was engaged in tax evasion by moving his assets out of Sweden into the United Kingdom.

References

Sources

Living people
Gang members
Hells Angels
People from Malmö
Swedish criminals
Swedish expatriates in South Africa
Swedish gangsters
1964 births


The violet budgerigar mutation is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of budgerigars. It is one of the constituent mutations of the violet variety.

Appearance

The violet factor produces a visual effect in any bird which carries it. The effect depends on whether the violet factor is single or double and whether the dark and blue mutations are present. In total there are 18 visually different combinations of these three mutations. However, only three of these approximate to the colour specified by the visual violet exhibition standard.

The World Budgerigar Organisation has established precise standards for some budgerigar body colours using the Pantone Codes. The colours of the recognised blue series varieties, including visual violet, are shown on the right.

Green series

SF violet light greens have contour features similar in shade to a dark green, but the faint ribbing present in the body feathers of a dark green is lacking, giving the feathers of the violet light greens a more satin-like finish. The tail feathers are paler than the navy blue of the dark green, rather like those of the light green, particularly near the quill end, and violet light greens lack the dark blue colour present in the flight feathers of dark greens.

SF violet dark greens have a body color midway between dark green and dark grey.

SF violet olives are very similar to olives.

DF violet light greens, dark greens, and olives are expected to be slightly darker than the corresponding SF birds, but these colours have not been reported reliably.

Blue series

SF violet skyblues have a body colour ranging from dark skyblue to medium cobalt. Most look rather like pale cobalts.  The colour of the tail and flight feathers are the most reliable distinguishing features. Cobalts have navy blue tails throughout their length, while Violet Skyblues have tails, which shade to turquoise at the quill end. The flight feathers of Cobalts are dark blue, those of violet skyblues have a glossy turquoise iridescence rather like those of skyblues but slightly darker.

SF violet cobalts have a bright violet body colour and are known as visual violets.

SF violet mauves are quite similar in appearance to normal mauves.  Sometimes a violet tinge is visible in violet mauves when placed next to a mauve, particularly in the rump area.

DF violet skyblues are similar in shade to SF violet cobalts but are a deeper richer violet colour.  These, too, are visual violets.  Their tails are dark blue with a residual pale blue or turquoise at the quill end, whereas SF violet cobalts have uniform dark blue-violet tails.

DF violet cobalts are similar to SF violet cobalts but usually have a deeper richer violet colour. These are also visual violets.

DF violet mauves are believed to be similar in colour to SF violet mauves.

Historical notes

In Australia, A Burton of Sydney was breeding Violets by 1934 and Mr Harold Pier exhibited a violet in the same year.

In Europe, the first mention of a bird which might have been a visual violet was by C af Enehjelm in 1935 in Copenhagen. In a letter to the Budgerigar Bulletin,
he said he had bred a Cobalt, "which I would call violet".  In a later article
he gave full details of his violet birds, remarking that earlier birds he had seen which were bred in Germany in the late 1920s and marketed as violets were little different from normal Cobalts and lost their violet colour with age.  His first true violet, mentioned above, was bred from an apparent dark green/blue cock obtained from a friend and a cobalt hen. This dark Green/blue cock was "very heavily suffused with blue (cobalt)". Presumably, it was in fact a SF Violet Light Green/blue.
He went on to breed several more Violets from the progeny of this bird.

In 1924, in England, and 1932, in Australia, birds called "Royal Blues" were bred, but these were not Violets. In the UK the opinion of the highly respected budgerigar breeder, C H Rogers, writing in 1937,
was that a true violet was first seen in England at the Cambridge Diploma Show that year.  The Violet hen was exhibited by Stevenson and Tucker.  As they had eight other birds of the same colour they must have first bred Violets some years earlier.

As Violet Light Greens are very similar in appearance to dark greens it seems likely that a small number of Violet Light Greens were being bred in several places in the 1920s, masquerading as Dark Greens.  Their true nature remained hidden, only being revealed when they were mated to birds of the blue series. This could not happen until blue budgerigars became readily available, which was not until the 1930s.

Genetics
The Violet mutation has an incompletely dominant relationship to its wild-type allele.  That is, there are three distinct phenotypes, possessing zero (the wild type), one (the single factor heterozygote) and two (the double factor homozygote) Violet alleles, with the heterozygote having an intermediate appearance between the wild-type and the homozygote.

Because the Violet factor is always visibly expressed no budgerigar can be split for Violet.  The heterozygotes of Violet—the SF Violet Greens and Blues—correspond to the splits of the recessive mutations.

The violet mutation is autosomal, but it has not yet been determined whether there is a linkage to any of the other budgerigar mutations. There has been a long-held view that the violet mutation was linked to the blue and dark mutations, but this is now uncertain. It seems more likely that the unexpected breeding results which prompted the view were caused by incorrectly identifying birds carrying single and double violet factors.  There is no reported measurement of this or any other linkage.

In the past, there was a view that the violet allele was lethal in double factor form, but this is now disproved with many breeders reporting DF violets.

Notes

References

External links
 World Budgerigar Organisation (WBO)
 WBO Colour Guide
 Photographs of violet budgerigars

Budgerigar colour mutations


Romanticism on the Net (RoN) is an international, open access journal devoted to British Romantic literature. The journal was founded by Michael E. Sinatra in February 1996. It expanded its scope in August 2007 to include Victorian literature (under the editorship of Dino Franco Felluga and then Jason Camlot) and the new name Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net. In 2017, as the journal entered its third decade of publication, it reverted its scope back to Romantic literature, and expanded its core editorial team to include Chris Bundock, Julia S. Carlson, Nicholas Mason, and Matthew Sangster.

History
The journal was founded in February 1996 as Romanticism on the Net under the editorship of Michael Sinatra. In August 2007, it expanded to include Victorian literature and changed its name to Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net.

References

External links
Romanticism on the Net

1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1996
Romanticism
Victorian culture


A Knight for a Day is a 1946 Disney short film starring Goofy, which is loosely based on the novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Directed by Jack Hannah, this 7-minute animated comedy short was scripted by Bill Peet. While classified as a Goofy cartoon, Goofy himself is not used in this film, but his appearance is used as the basis for all the characters.

Plot
The story takes place at a stadium in medieval Canterbury (which is later incorrectly indicated to be in the British Empire), and features a jousting competition between Sir Loinsteak and Sir Cumference, who is a black knight and the current champion, with a sportscaster-like announcer calling the action of the battle. The prize for the contest is the right to marry Princess Esmeralda.

Due to a pre-bout accident, Sir Loinsteak is knocked out, leaving his loyal and humble squire Cedric to take his place in the tournament. While Sir Cumference dominates the inexperienced simpleton early on, Cedric's unorthodox improvisations gradually begin to tip the scales in his favor. Finally, after launching assaults with his lance, sword, mace, and (surprisingly) a jackhammer, Sir Cumference collapses from exhaustion. Cedric wins by default and is crowned the new champion. Princess Esmeralda leaps down to her new fiancé with glee, while a serf nonchalantly pushes Sir Cumference from the field in a scoop shovel.

Voice cast
 Hawkers, misc.: Jack Mather, Arch Denison
 Narrator: John Brown

Home media
This short is included on the VHS releases of Here's Goofy and The Sword in the Stone and the DVD releases of Volume 3: The Prince & The Pauper and The Sword in the Stone.

References

External links

1946 animated films
1946 films
1940s Disney animated short films
Films directed by Jack Hannah
Films produced by Walt Disney
Films set in Kent
Films set in the Middle Ages
Goofy (Disney) short films
Films scored by Oliver Wallace
Films based on A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court


Ali Rafie (; born January 11, 1938) is an Iranian theatre and cinema director and stage designer.

Education
He received a B.S and master's in sociology (1964–1968), as well as a B.S., master's, and Ph.D. in theater (1967–1974), from the Sorbonne in Paris.

Plays (as a writer, director and stage designer)

  Antigone  by Sophocles, Molavi theatre, 1974
  Shivan va Esteghase Paye Divare Boland Shahr by Tankred Dorst, Shahr Theatre, 1976
  Khaterat va Kabous haye Yek Jamedan az Ghatle Amir Kabir by Ali Rafie, Shahr Theatre, 1976
  Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Shahr Theatre, 1976
  Memory Of Sand Years (Yadegare Salhaye Shen) by Ali Rafie, Vahdat Hall, 1992
  Yek Rooze Khatere Angiz baraye Daneshmand Voo by a Chinese writer, Vahdat Hall, 1997
  Blood Wedding by Federico García Lorca, Vahdat Hall, 1998
  Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Vahdat Hall, 2000
  Shazde Ehtejab by Hooshang Golshiri, Vahdat Hall, 2001
  The Maids by Jean Genet, Shahr Theatre, 2002
  Never snows in Egypt by Mohamad Charmshir, Shahr Theatre, 2003
  Fox Hunting (شکار روباه) by Ali Rafie, Vahdat Hall, 2009
  Kitchen, (preparing), 2012

Stage Designing
  The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht directed by Hamid samandariyan, 1998
  Dokhtare Gol foroush directed by Parvane Mojde, 1999
  The Postman (Pablo Neroda) by Antonio Skarmeta directed by Alireza Kooshk Jalali, 1999

Tele Theater (as a director)
  L'Avare ou l'École du mensonge by Molière, channel2 IRIB, 1993

Filmography
  Agha Yousef (writer and director), 2011
  The Fish Fall in Love (writer and director), 2005
  Plaisir d'amour en Iran directed by Agnès Varda (actor), 1976
  One Sings, the Other Doesn't directed by Agnès Varda (actor), 1977

References
 www.irantheater.ir
 The Caucasian Chalk Circle
 www.iranact.com
  www.sourehcinema.com

Iranian theatre directors
1938 births
Living people
University of Paris alumni


Murgi Hatta is a small densely populated area in the heart of Kalimpong town in Kalimpong district, West Bengal, India. It is situated close to the Kalimpong motor stand. It (Upper Murgihatta) presently falls under ward No. XI of Kalimpong Municipality (DI Fund Area). The remaining part (Lower Murgihatta) falls under Dungra gram panchayat of Kalimpong Development Block (Khas Mahal).

It is unknown exactly how this place acquired its name. In Hindi, murgi means chicken and hatta is a market place. It could have been a small rural market area for selling and buying chicken in the 19th century.

Murgihatta is mostly populated by the Gurkha community of India. One of the oldest families recorded here belongs to the Late Dal Bahadur Lama (Tamang) (Writer Baje). It is inhabited by mixed communities i.e. Gurkha, Biharis, Tibetans. Most of the households provide rooms on rental basis especially to Government employees and hawkers /small business communities and they mostly consist of Hindu and Muslim Bihari. The oldest ferrous concrete building is Lhasha Villa which was constructed in 1953.

An old business is the selling of dried fish (Sidra / sukuti macha) carried out by the second generation of the Rai family (descendant of Sidrawalni Boju).

References

Kalimpong


The Wordsworth Circle is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering studies of literature, culture, and society in Great Britain, Europe, and North America during the Romantic period from about 1760–1850. It covers work on the lives, works, and times of writers from that period, including publications and publishers. The journal includes work on non-literary figures (historians, scientists, artists, architects, philosophers, theologians, and social commentators) and topics (science, politics, religion, aesthetics, education, legal reform, and music)—anything that appeared during, impinges upon, or is of interest to Romanticists. Essay-reviews of major books appear in the fourth issue of every volume. Subscriptions include membership in the Wordsworth-Coleridge Association. The journal is published by the University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Boston University Arts & Sciences Editorial Institute.

History
The journal was established in 1970 with Marilyn Gaull (Boston University) as founding editor-in-chief. She was succeeded in 2019 by Charles W. Mahoney (University of Connecticut). At the same time, the University of Chicago Press took over the journal's publication.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Current Contents/Arts & Humanities, EBSCO databases, Modern Language Association Database, ProQuest databases, and Scopus.

References

External links

Boston University
Quarterly journals
Romanticism
Literary magazines published in the United States
Academic journals established in 1970
English-language journals


Events in the year 1790 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
 March – Norwegian merchants meet Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, as representative of King Gustav III of Sweden, to discuss military hjelp from Sweden to end the Danish-Norwegian union,  at Eda, Sweden.

Arts and literature
 The song «Udsikter fra Ulriken» is written by Johan Nordahl Brun.

Births
1 November - Dominicus Nagell Lemvig Brun, military officer and politician (d.1874)
26 December - Andreas Martin Seip, military officer and politician (d.1850)

Full date unknown
Melchior Schjelderup Olsson Fuhr, politician (d.1869)
Jon Eriksson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (d.1862)
Even Hansen, civil servant and politician (d.1840)

Deaths
 4 November - Ove Gjerløw Meyer, jurist and government official (born c. 1742)

See also

References


The 1996 Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden was the fourth race of the 1996 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 10 August in the Motorstadium in Linköping, Sweden It was the second Swedish SGP and was won by American rider Billy Hamill. It was the second win of his career.

Starting positions draw

  (11) Tommy Knudsen
  (14) Gary Havelock
 both was replaced by track reserve
Draw 17. track reserve →  (20) Jan Stæchmann
Draw 18. track reserve →  (21) Mikael Karlsson
Tomasz Gollob (#19) also rode.

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Sweden
S
1996


Augustus Island (Worrorra: Wurroolgu), is an uninhabited island off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia, within the Shire of Wyndham-East Kimberley.

The island is  in length and has a maximum width of  with a total area of  and has an irregular shape. It is at the Southern end of the Bonaparte Archipelago.

The island is found approximately  north-east of Bardi.

Although most of the islands in the Kimberley are unallocated DEC crown land, Jungulu is one of the islands near the former Kunmunya Mission which
are included in Reserve 23079 for Use and Benefit of Aborigines.

The island is uninhabited and contains no known feral animals.

Many flora and fauna were isolated from the mainland when sea levels rose and many populations are found intact on the island. The island provides ideal habitat for the Nabarlek, also known as the Little Rock-Wallaby, with the weathered sandstone forming deep fissures.

The golden bandicoot is another vulnerable species that is resident on the island, the last recorded sighting being in 2003. This species favours the Warton sandstone and the heathland on dissected sandstone.

Notes

References

Bonaparte Archipelago


Otis Carroll Lawry (November 1, 1893 – October 23, 1965) was an American professional baseball infielder with the Philadelphia Athletics of Major League Baseball. Nicknamed "Rabbit, he played in MLB during World War I from 1916 to 1917. Lawry was born in Fairfield, Maine, and died in China, Maine. He is buried in Maplewood Cemetery in Fairfield. Lawry attended the University of Maine, where he played college baseball for the Black Bears from 1914 to 1916.

References

External links

1893 births
1965 deaths
People from Fairfield, Maine
Baseball players from Maine
Major League Baseball infielders
Philadelphia Athletics players
Maine Black Bears baseball players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Jersey City Skeeters players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players


The Arboretum de Mazeley (1.8 hectares) is an arboretum located in Mazeley, Vosges, Grand Est, France.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References
 L'Echo des Chênaies entry (French)
 Capavenir: Mazeley

Mazeley, Arboretum de
Mazeley, Arboretum de


Monroe Barr Mitchell (September 11, 1901 in Starkville, Mississippi – September 4, 1976 in Valdosta, Georgia), was an American  Major League Baseball pitcher. He appeared in 10 games for the Washington Senators in .

External links

1901 births
1976 deaths
Sportspeople from Starkville, Mississippi
Baseball players from Mississippi
Mississippi State Bulldogs baseball players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Major League Baseball pitchers


In the state of Western Australia, gold is the third largest commodity sector, behind iron ore and LNG, with a value of A$17 billion in 2021–22. The 6.9 million troy ounces (214 tonnes) sold during this time period was the highest amount in 20 years and accounted for almost 70 percent of all gold sold in Australia. Western Australia, in 2021–22, produced 69 percent of all gold produced in Australia, with the country accounting for ten percent of the world's gold production in this time period.

In 2021–22, Western Australian gold mining employed 36,087 people.

During 2021–22, the gold price reached a new record peak of over US$2000 per ounce in early 2022, before settling lower again.

List of active mines
This is a list of major active gold mines in Western Australia in 2020–21, according to the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety. To qualify for the department's official list of principal mining projects an operation has to either had mineral sales valued at more than $5 million (or more than 2,500 oz of gold), or, for operations where such figures are not reported, had a minimum of 50 employees:

Notes

 Some companies work on calendar year (2021) (mostly non-Australian companies), others on fiscal year (2020–21)
 Also produced 14,000 tonnes of copper in 2021–22
 Production figure is for the combined Mount Monger Operations, which consist of the Daisy Milano and Mount Belches underground and Aldiss open pit operations.
 Production figure is for the combined Yandal Production Centre, which consists of Bronzewing and Jundee Gold Mine. The Bronzewing mine remained in care and maintenance during the 2019 to 2021 period. The Thunderbox Gold Mine was also added to the Yandal operations during that time period but production figures were reported separately.
 Production at the mine temporarily resumed in 2021–22 for trial mining.
 Formerly called Tarmoola Gold Mine.
 Edna May Gold Mine operation includes the Marda & Tampia Gold Mines, from where ore is hauled to and processed at Edna May
 Production figure is for the combined Northern Star Resources Kalgoorlie Operations, which consist of the South Kalgoorlie Gold Mine and Kanowna Belle Gold Mine. The Kundana Gold Mine and the East Kundana Joint Venture (51 percent Northern Star Resources ownership) were also part of the Kalgoorlie Operations until sold in July 2021.
 Mount Magnet Gold Mine operation includes the Vivien Gold Mine, from where ore is hauled to and processed at Mount Magnet
 Combined result for the Murchison Operations consisted of the Meekatharra Gold Operation and the Cue Gold Operation. The Meekatharra Gold Operation consists of the Paddy’s Flat, South Emu-Triton and Bluebird underground mines and the surface operations at Five Mile Well, Maid Marion, Albury Heath and Aladdin open pits. The Cue Gold Operation consists of the Big Bell underground mine as its primary producer, supplemented by the Comet underground mine.
 The Duketon Gold Project consists of the Duketon South Operations, comprising the Garden Well and Rosemont processing facilities, and the Duketon North Operations, comprising the Moolart Well processing facility
 Also produced 84 million pounds (38,000 tonnes) of copper in 2022
 Combined production for the Mungari Operation, which consist of the Frog's Leg Gold Mine and the White Foil Gold Mine. Additionally to this, the Kundana and East Kundana underground operations were added to the Mungari Operation in 2021
 Achieved from trial mining and subsequent treatment at the third-party Lakewood processing plant
 Ore toll-treated at the St Barbara Limited Gwalia processing plant

List of mines in care and maintenance
This is a list of gold mines in Western Australia that are currently under care and maintenance, with an existing process plant registered on their relevant MINEDEX entry:

Notes

  Some companies work on Calendar year (2022) (mostly non-Australian companies), others on Fiscal year (2021–22)
  The DeGrussa Mine also produced 67,740 tonnes of copper. The mine was placed into care and maintenance in late 2022

See also

Gold mining in Western Australia
Regions of Western Australia
Mineral fields of Western Australia

References

External links
 Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety
 MINEDEX website Database of the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

Western Australia-related lists
Lists of mines in Australia
Western Australia


Michael Joe Budnick (September 15, 1919 – December 2, 1999) was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in 42 games, eight as a starter, in the Major Leagues from – for the New York Giants. The native of Astoria, Oregon, grew up in Seattle, Washington, where he attended Queen Anne High School. He stood  tall and weighed .

Budnick's professional career lasted for nine seasons (1939–1942; 1946–1950), interrupted by service in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II.

He spent the entire 1946 campaign on the Giants' roster, compiling a 2–3 record and a creditable 3.16 earned run average in 35 games.  On August 4, 1946, he started against the Pittsburgh Pirates at the Polo Grounds and hurled his only MLB complete game and shutout, winning 6–0.

Altogether, Budnick allowed 91 hits and 58 bases on balls in 100 MLB innings pitched, with 42 strikeouts.

References

External links

1919 births
1999 deaths
Baseball players from Oregon
Baseball players from Seattle
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Giants (NL) players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Spokane Indians players
Tri-City Braves players
Twin Falls Cowboys players
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Yakima Bears players


The Telfer Mine is a gold, copper and silver mine located at Telfer on the land of the Martu people, in the Great Sandy Desert of Western Australia. It is owned by Newcrest Mining, the largest gold producer listed on the Australian Securities Exchange.

The mine was discovered by Newmont in 1972. However, Jean-Paul Turcaud, a French prospector, disputes this claim to this day.

Telfer is one of two gold mines Newcrest currently operates in Australia, the other being Cadia in New South Wales.

In the 2019–2020 financial year, the Telfer mine produced  of gold,  of copper and  of silver.

At 31 December 2020, measured and indicated mineral resources were  of gold and  of copper, and proved and probable ore reserves were  of gold and  of copper.

History

Discovery
Newmont first made a claim to the deposit in 1972. However this claim is disputed by Jean-Paul Turcaud to this date. Turcaud claims he found the Telfer deposit two years before Newcrest did. In the early 1980s, Turcaud reached a settlement, accepting $25,000 from Newmont's head office in New York City but continued his claim, demanding a Royal Commission.

The official story of the discovery states that the deposit was found by Day Dawn Minerals, a small exploration company, who did not stake a claim either. One of the company's geologists, a man called Ronnie Thomson, then moved on to work for Newmont, in which position he informed David Tyrwhitt, then exploration manager for the company in Western Australia, about the promising gold samples that had been found. Newmont paid Day Dawn $15,000 for the maps of the deposit and Tyrwhitt staked out the claim in May 1972.

First mining period 1977 to 2000
The mine opened in 1977 as a joint venture between BHP and Newmont. In 1990, a merger between BHP Gold and Newmont resulted in the creation of Newcrest, with ownership of the Telfer Mine now lying with Newcrest. The Telfer gold mine was expanded in 1991, and in June 1995, the mine reserves were , with resources at . The annual production was  of ore. In 1997, the mine reached the milestone of having produced  of gold. Open cut mining was suspended in August 2000 due to high operating costs. The closure of the mine came one year ahead of schedule as production of underground ore was well below mill capacity and therefore not viable. High production costs were primarily caused by the presence of cyanide soluble copper in the open pit ore. Newcrest then focused on exploratory drilling for new minerals.

Second mining period from 2002
In 2002, Newcrest Mining announced a new redevelopment project worth $1 billion, after discovering new mineral areas and a reserve base of some  of gold and  of copper. The redevelopment expanded underground mining areas, deepened open pits, constructed a processing plant and power station, and built a new gas supply line from Port Hedland. The Telfer mine is not connected to the Western Australian power grid but instead produces its own power from natural gas via a  purpose built pipeline. The power station on site is able to produce 138 MW of power. The focus changed from open pit mining to underground mining, and Telfer became one of Australia's largest gold mines, second only to Kalgoorlie's Super Pit until Boddington Gold Mine reopened in 2009.

The mine reopened in November 2004, after commissioning of the processing plant and, initially as an open cut mine, from March 2006 also with an underground operation.

In January 2008, Newcrest Mining lowered the mine's annual gold output targets. Newcrest said, "At Telfer, mechanical availability of the open pit mining fleet and the processing of harder ores are impacting the expected production profile for the full year. Telfer site cash costs are expected to [rise] over guidance by 8-9 per cent." In June, the mine was affected by the statewide gas crisis caused by an explosion at Varanus Island. The mine lost  of gold output for June. Newcrest obtained interim gas supply from Woodside Petroleum until August, when gas supply from Varanus Island resumed.

Newcrest was forced to cut job numbers from 1,400 to around 1,000 in late 2008, during the financial crises, to reduce costs.

Mining is carried out at the Main Dome open pit and the underground operations below. The West Dome pit is being mined again.

On 4 December 2013 a contractor was killed at the mine, being crushed by pipe work.

Production
Production figures for the mine:

Gold
Annual gold production of the mine:

Copper
Annual copper production of the mine:

References

Bibliography

External links

 MINEDEX website: Telfer / Newcrest Database of the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety

1977 establishments in Australia
Copper mines in Western Australia
Gold mines in Western Australia
Great Sandy Desert
Open-pit mines
Shire of East Pilbara
Silver mines in Western Australia
Surface mines in Australia
Underground mines in Australia


Charles Asher "Spades" Wood (January 13, 1909 in Spartanburg, South Carolina – May 18, 1986 in Wichita, Kansas) was a professional baseball pitcher. He attended Wofford College and played two seasons in Major League Baseball from 1930-31 for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Salisbury-Spencer Colonials players
Wichita Aviators players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
St. Joseph Saints players
Cooleemee Weavers players
Baseball players from South Carolina
1909 births
1986 deaths
Sportspeople from Spartanburg, South Carolina


Bishop Chrysostomos Savvatos (Greek: Χρυσόστομος Σαββάτος), born in the Athens suburb of Peristeri in 1961, is a theologian in the Greek Orthodox Church and a professor in the Theology Faculty (and currently its moderator) of the University of Athens. He has earned degrees from Rome and Strasbourg. In mid-2007 he was ordained as the metropolitan bishop of Messenia but continues also to fulfil the obligations of his university chair.

Earlier in 2008 he took part in the Ravenna conversation of the Orthodox-Roman Catholic Dialogue Commission, of which he has been for some time a member. In 2010 Metropolitan Chrysostomos criticised Metropolitan Seraphim of Peiraieus' hostility to Pope Benedict's visit to the Archbishop of Cyprus. On 8 October 2014 Metropolitan Chrysostomos, who is known for openness to dialogue, presented a document in Synod expressing the Church of Greece's reticence with regard to the forthcoming Panorthodox Council, in which allusion was made to the non-reception of World Council of Churches documents by the Church of Greece, avoidance of engaging in prayer within the WCC context, and by name five instances of deterioration or suspension of dialogue with major Christian groups of churches (notably raising the issue of Uniatism).

References

Academic staff of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Greek bishops
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Living people
1961 births
Clergy from Athens


James Patrick may refer to:

Sportspeople
 James Patrick (ice hockey) (born 1963), former ice hockey defenceman
 James Patrick (Canadian football) (born 1982), Canadian football cornerback

Others
 James Patrick (British Army officer), Irish Guards officer and equerry
 James McIntosh Patrick (1907–1998), Scottish etcher and painter
 James Patrick (shipowner) (1880–1945), founder of an Australian shipping firm
 James Patrick (sociologist) (born 1940s), pseudonym of a Scottish sociologist
 Jim Patrick (born 1945), Idaho politician

See also


This is a list of stations used by long distance passenger trains, located in the German state and city of Hamburg. All stations are operated by DB Station&Service and serviced by trains of the Deutsche Bahn, the German national railway company.

Railway stations
There are several metro stations, operated by DB stations&service for the Hamburg S-Bahn and by the Hamburger Hochbahn for the Hamburg U-Bahn.
These stations are omitted here and listed in the list of Hamburg S-Bahn stations and list of Hamburg U-Bahn stations.

Notes
A.  German railway station categories assigned by the DB Station&Service, denoting the service level available at the station.
B.  Several codes are used to differentiate between various railway station types of Germany.

See also
Railway stations in Germany
List of Hamburg S-Bahn stations
List of Hamburg U-Bahn stations

References

External links

Railway stations
Hamb


Moultrie Patten (June 10, 1919 – March 18, 2009) was an American actor and jazz musician. Patten was perhaps best known for his role as Walt the trapper on the American television series Northern Exposure, which aired from 1990 until 1995. Patten appeared as Walt Kupfer from 1993 until the show's ending in 1995.

Biography

Early life
Moultrie Patten was born on June 10, 1919. He was raised in Detroit, Michigan, where he worked a local theater and studied the piano. Patten attended Brown University, where he continued to pursue acting.

He was drafted into the United States military during World War II. He served as a tank commander during the Battle of Monte Cassino, for which he received a Silver Star for heroism in 1944.

Career
Patten moved to New York City following the end of World War II to pursue his acting career. He would spend more than fifty years performing in Broadway theater, regional theater, film, television, and even vaudeville. Patten once described his favorite theater roles as The Hostage, The Andersonville Trial, and Noises Off.

Patten's earliest television credits included Route 66, Philco Television Playhouse and Hallmark Hall of Fame. Later , Miami Vice (TV series) (4x13 - 1988) His film roles included The Temp, Free Willy and The Favor.

Patten moved to Portland, Oregon, in 1990, and later relocated to Beaverton, Oregon. He was cast as Walt Kupfer on the hit television show Northern Exposure, from 1993 until 1995. His character quickly became a fixture on the show and a fan favorite. Fans of Northern Exposure still sought out Patten for his autograph years after the show's production ended in 1995.

Patten continued acting, especially in television commercials, into his 80s.

He also pursued a career as a jazz musician and played the piano at jazz clubs throughout the American Midwest and East Coast. Patten released a CD featuring his favorite recordings in 1997.

Death

Moultrie Patten died from pneumonia in Beaverton, Oregon, on March 18, 2009, at the age of 89. He was survived by his daughter, Sarah Goforth; sons, Moultrie Patten Jr. and Henry Bigelow Patten (aka Rex Alexander); a sister, Jane Dias; and his former wife, Teena Patten.

Patten's funeral was held at the Ross Hollywood Chapel in Portland, Oregon, on March 27, 2009. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors on May 28, 2009.

In an interview with The Oregonian following his death, Patten's daughter, Sarah Goforth, explained her father's acting philosophy saying, "Anyone who pursues the arts is really creating another world for themselves, because the one they are faced with does not, in some way, suit them."

References

External links

1919 births
2009 deaths
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male film actors
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Silver Star
Brown University alumni
People from Beaverton, Oregon
Male actors from Portland, Oregon
Male actors from Detroit
Deaths from pneumonia in Oregon
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American male actors
Jazz musicians from Michigan
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
United States Army officers


Eric Owens may refer to:
 Eric Owens (bass-baritone) (born 1970), American operatic bass-baritone
 Eric Owens (baseball) (born 1971), American baseball outfielder
 Eric Owens (table tennis) (born c 1975), American table tennis player


John Mahlon Ogden (November 5, 1897 – November 9, 1977), was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played five seasons in the majors, between  and , for the Cincinnati Reds, New York Giants, and St. Louis Browns.  He played several seasons with the then minor league Baltimore Orioles, became a baseball executive and a scout after his retirement and is a member of the International League Hall of Fame.

Early life and education
Ogden was born in Ogden, Pennsylvania.  The town is named after Ogden's family who lived on the land now known as Upper Chichester, Southwest of Philadelphia for generations.  Ogden's ancestor had come to America from England on the same ship as William Penn.  Ogden was a three sport athlete at Chester High School.

Ogden attended Swarthmore College, where he played baseball and was a member of Phi Psi.

Career
Ogden was signed out of college by the Giants in 1918, but pitched just five games in relief before being sent to the minor league Newark Bears of the International League. In January 1919, he was traded along with four other players—including future Hall of Famer Waite Hoyt—to the Rochester Hustlers for catcher Earl Smith.

After spending one season with Rochester, Ogden joined the Baltimore Orioles, for whom he was a rotation mainstay for eight seasons, leading the International League in wins four times.

Ogden finally returned to the majors in 1928, ten years after his debut, with the St. Louis Browns. He pitched two seasons in St. Louis, then missed the entire  season before pitching two more seasons for the Reds. He was traded to the St. Louis Cardinals in , playing briefly for their minor league team the Rochester Red Wings. Ogden returned to Baltimore in 1934 and retired as an Oriole.

After his retirement from playing baseball, Ogden accepted the position of Vice President and General Mangager of the Orioles and became assistant to Philadelphia Phillies President Gerald Nugent in 1939.

In 1941, Ogden became the owner of the Elmira Pioneers, a minor league baseball team in the Pennsylvania–Ontario–New York League (PONY League).

Ogden was a scout for the Boston Braves and the Philadelphia Phillies best known for signing Dick Allen.

Awards

In 1952, Ogden was elected to the International League Hall of Fame.

In 1956, Ogden was inducted into the Delaware County Athletes Hall of Fame.

In 1968, Ogden was inducted into Baltimore baseball's Shrine of Immortals.

Personal life
Ogden's brother, Warren "Curly" Ogden, was also a pitcher for Swarthmore and went on to play in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics and the Washington Senators.

Ogden married Swarthmore College classmate Dorothy Wills Young in April 1920.  Together they had one son, John. M. Ogden, Jr., in July 1923.

Ogden died at Lankenau Medical Center in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania on November 9, 1977 and is interred at the Oxford Cemetery in Oxford, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

1897 births
1977 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
New York Giants (NL) players
St. Louis Browns players
Cincinnati Reds players
Boston Braves scouts
Chester High School alumni
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Milwaukee Braves scouts
Philadelphia Phillies scouts
People from Upper Chichester Township, Pennsylvania
Baseball players from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
Swarthmore Garnet Tide baseball players
Newark Bears (International League) players
Rochester Hustlers players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Rochester Red Wings players


The TNA Front Line (also spelled Frontline and commonly referred to as the Front Line) was a heroic alliance in the professional wrestling promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). They were also known as The TNA Originals. They feuded with The Main Event Mafia.

History
On the October 23, 2008 episode of Impact! Kurt Angle, Sting, Booker T and Kevin Nash formed a villainous alliance called the Main Event Mafia, whose aim was to teach the younger stars of TNA about respect. The next week, Scott Steiner joined the Mafia. The following week Samoa Joe and A.J. Styles asked the younger talent in TNA to join them against the Main Event Mafia, they were soon joined by many of the younger stars. At this point, they were called the TNA Originals. Later in the event, after his match with Abyss, Kurt Angle attacked Abyss, but Matt Morgan came to his aid. Booker T and Kevin Nash then came to help Angle, and A.J. Styles, Samoa Joe and the other members of the Front Line came out to help Morgan and Abyss. Initially gaining the upper hand, they were attacked by Scott Steiner who was revealed to be the fifth member of the Main Event Mafia. At Turning Point, Styles was defeated by Sting in the main event, and Samoa Joe was defeated by Kevin Nash. Another match at the event was Christian Cage (who had refused to join sides with either the Main Event Mafia or the Frontline) against Booker T. The stipulation was that if Cage lost than he would have to join the Main Event Mafia. Cage lost, but he was attacked by the Main Event Mafia who said it was because he was planning to leave TNA. Because of the attack, Cage’s real life friend Rhino joined the younger talent, becoming leader and changing the name to The TNA Front Line. Rhino had not been with the Front Line for when he began training Jesse Neal to become a pro wrestler.

Angle and the Main Event Mafia then attempted to recruit Team 3D. Team 3D appeared to join the Main Event Mafia but turned face by double crossing the Mafia and jumping them along with TNA Front Line leaders Samoa Joe, A.J. Styles, and Rhino. They also attempted to put former ally Kurt Angle through a table. The Front Line then formed alliances with other wrestlers, primarily Mick Foley, Jeff Jarrett and Abyss. Petey Williams, however, was released from TNA, thus removing him from the alliance. ODB was with the Front Line when it first formed. She joined to feud with Sharmell of the Main Event Mafia. She has not been a Front Line member since she paired up with Cody Deaner. While the group's stand remained active in TNA, their status was in question. Only Mick Foley, Jeff Jarrett, and A.J. Styles were still involved in feuds with the Main Event Mafia. All the other members had since become involved in different storylines. The Frontline name was rarely if ever mentioned for a continuous period of months. Eventually, Samoa Joe turned on his friends by helping Kurt Angle reclaim the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Slammiversary, joining the Main Event Mafia in the process. On the July 23, 2009, episode of Impact!, A.J. Styles, Daniels, Robert Roode, James Storm, and Eric Young regrouped as the TNA Originals. During their 10-man tag team match against The British Invasion, Kiyoshi, and Sheik Abdul Bashir, Young turned against his teammates by attacking Styles and aligned himself with their opponents. After the match, Young announced that he joined an alliance with their opponents, dubbing themselves "the World Elite". All the remaining members of the TNA Originals then moved on to separate feuds and story lines and have not appeared together as a team since the emergence of the World Elite.

Through most of 2010 and 2011, Styles, Roode, and Storm, as well as Kazarian, joined at differing points by others including Christopher Daniels, became the stable Fortune, whose character purpose was similar to the Originals, fighting as the young guys facing the more established stars.

Championships and accomplishments
 New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 IWGP Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon)
 IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – The Motor City Machine Guns (Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley)
 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 TNA Legends Championship (1 time) – A.J. Styles
 TNA X Division Championship  (2 times) – Eric Young (1) and Alex Shelley (1)
 TNA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed

See also
 Main Event Mafia
 The New Blood
 Sports Entertainment Xtreme
 Fortune (professional wrestling)

2008 in professional wrestling
2009 in professional wrestling
Impact Wrestling teams and stables


Bahima disease is caused by iron deficiency in babies which are fed exclusively on cow's milk. It is characterized by a tower-shaped skull, dilatation of the diploe, and no signs of thalassaemia, sickle cell or other haemolytic anaemia.

It occurs most frequently in the Bahima people in Ankole, Uganda, from which it derives its name. The Bahima are a tribe that relies heavily on herding of long-horned cattle for survival.

References

External links
 J-Stor

Health in Africa
Red blood cell disorders
Mineral deficiencies


William Jones was a footballer in the early 20th century.

Career
Jones joined Burslem Port Vale in August 1905, his debut came in a 3–1 loss at Lincoln City on 2 September 1905. After making just a further three Football League and two Birmingham Cup appearances he was released at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
Port Vale F.C. players
Place of birth missing


Ofeibea Quist-Arcton  (born 4 August 1958) is a Ghanaian-British  radio journalist, correspondent, commentator and broadcaster. She works for National Public Radio, reporting on issues and events related to West Africa. She grew up in Ghana, Italy, Britain, and Kenya.

Biography

Early life
Quist-Arcton was born in Oxford, England, on 4 August 1958. She began kindergarten in Ghana and went to high school and university in the United Kingdom.

Education
Quist-Arcton obtained a BA with honours in French Studies (with international relations and Spanish) at the London School of Economics and went on to complete a year's course in radio journalism at the Polytechnic of Central London. This course included two internships at the BBC, which she joined in 1985.

Journalism and radio

Quist-Arcton was appointed the BBC West Africa correspondent in 1990, heading the regional bureau in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, and covering 24 countries.

In 1994 she returned to BBC's Bush House in London, where she served as a host and senior producer on the BBC World Service flagship programs Newshour and Newsday (later renamed The World Today before that program was in turn replaced by a new show, again called Newsday), as well as a contributing Africa specialist for other BBC programming.

Beginning in 1995 Quist-Arcton began work in the United States of America for the joint BBC-PRI production The World.

After briefly returning to BBC World Service, in 1998 Quist-Arcton was appointed co-host of the South African Broadcasting Corporation's flagship radio drive-time show PM Live in Johannesburg.

She returned to the BBC in 2000 as an Africa correspondent.

In 2001, she covered the United Nations Special Session on HIV/AIDS for the African news agency allAfrica.com - focusing on Senegal, with special reports on the country's battle against HIV/AIDS – and the high praises received from the UN for leading "Africa in combating AIDS on the continent", and as "one of only three nations worldwide to successfully contain the pandemic."

Quist-Arcton joined National Public Radio in 2004 at the newly created post of West Africa Correspondent in Dakar, Senegal. She reports on Africa, covering all aspects of life and developments on the continent.

Quist-Arcton was awarded the 2015 Edward R. Murrow prize for her reporting on the 2014 Ebola epidemic and Boko Haram, which she shared with photojournalist David Gilkey.

References

NPR personalities
1958 births
Living people
Journalists from Oxford
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of Westminster
BBC radio producers
BBC radio presenters
Ghanaian journalists
Ewe people
Women radio producers
21st-century women journalists
20th-century British journalists
21st-century British journalists
20th-century women journalists


"Dare not to sleep" () is a poem written by Arnulf Øverland. The poem was first published in the magazine Samtiden in 1936, and included in the poetry collection Den Røde Front from 1937.

It is about the Nazism and Fascism's onward march in Europe – a warning against indifference, human contempt and a warning against what would happen. In this poem Øverland mentions Hitler by name, and says:

Footnotes

Norwegian poems
1936 poems
Works originally published in Norwegian magazines
Works originally published in literary magazines
Works originally published in political magazines


Wuyang New Town () is a place in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is located at the west of Zhujiang New Town () and the north of Ersha Island () in Yuexiu District. It acts as central business district (CBD) among North Tianhe District, Zhujiang New Town and Pazhou (the place where Canton Fair is held).

There is a Guangzhou Metro station in the area called Wuyangcun Station.

See also
Wuyangcun Station

References

Central business districts in China
Yuexiu District


W. Jones was a footballer who played on the wing for Burslem Port Vale in the early 1890s.

Career
Jones most likely joined Burslem Port Vale in the summer of 1890. He was a regular in his first season, but was selected only intermittently from February 1891. He did manage to make the first XI in the 1892 Staffordshire Senior Cup winning side though. He was released at the end of the 1892–93 season having made 45 appearances (including one in the Second Division of the Football League, 20 in the Midland League and 21 friendlies) and scored seven goals (three in the Midland League and four in friendlies) for the Vale.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
Staffordshire Senior Cup: 1892

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


The Chiesa del Sacro Cuore (Church of the Sacred Heart) is located in Via Capo di Mondo in Florence.

Ludovico da Casoria, a Franciscan priest, founder of the Congregation of Frati Bigi, had the church built between 1874 and 1877, on the model of San Salvatore al Monte. The church is situated in Firenze (Campo di Marte). In 1941 it became a parish church and the building was completely restructured by the architect Lando Bartoli between 1956 and 1962. For the extremely modern bell tower the architect was assisted by Pier Luigi Nervi. There is a stained glass window of the Resurrection by Marcello Avelani, bronze doors and ceramic saints by Angelo Biancini, mosaic Stations of the Cross by Giovanni Haynal, a crucifix by Umberto Bartoli, a 16th-century Madonna and Child, a Last Supper by Giovanni Stradano and the Apparition of the Sacred Heart by Antonio Ciseri (1880).

Gallery

References

Roman Catholic churches in Florence
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Pier Luigi Nervi buildings
Roman Catholic churches completed in the 1960s
Modernist architecture in Italy


Plasma Economy () was a 1991–1995 plasmapheresis campaign by the Henan provincial government in China, in which blood plasma was extracted in exchange for money. The campaign attracted 3 million donors, most of whom lived in rural China, and it is estimated at least 40% of the blood donors subsequently contracted HIV.

The Plasma Economy campaign boomed due to demand by biotech companies, and became a lucrative source of income for middlemen. The campaign had low health and safety standards, and lacked proper sterilization procedures; needles, blood bags, and other equipment in contact with blood were often recycled and reused. It is estimated that by 2003, over 1.2 million people had contracted AIDS in Henan Province alone.

History
Caijing noted that China's blood donation system is largely monetarily driven, and while attempts had been made in the 1980s to move to a voluntary system, they were mostly unsuccessful. In the early 1990s, China restricted the import of blood products, while calling for local investment by foreign pharmaceutical companies, especially to the province of Henan, where numerous plasmapheresis stations were built. The selling of blood plasma were seen by locals as a method to reduce poverty.

In plasmapheresis, blood plasma is taken from donors, while the remaining blood constituents such as red blood cells are returned to the donor. The blood plasma is then sold to pharmaceutical companies to produce blood-based products. As a cost-cutting measure, some stations mixed several bloods in the same centrifuge, resulting in large-scale blood contamination. As a result, by 1995, such stations were shut down in Henan province, while blood collection was restricted by area, although demand for blood plasma still remained strong.

The impact of the Plasma Economy campaign had a long-lasting effect. It is estimated that by 1999, the Caixian County in Henan had 43% of its blood donors being infected with AIDS, while in the village of Wenlou, over 65% of its residents had contracted HIV.

HIV/AIDS activist Yan Lianke's 2005 book Dream of Ding Village is based on the incident.

A full length play The King of Hell's Palace premiered at London's Hampstead Theatre on 5 September 2019, and gave a dramatisation of the events of the plasma economy scandal in Henan Province in the 90s. It was written by Frances Ya-Cha Cowig, and directed by Michael Boyd.

See also
HIV/AIDS in China
Love for Life
Hu Jia (activist)
Gao Yaojie
Wan Yanhai
HIV/AIDS in Yunnan
Zeng Jinyan
Weiquan movement
Shuping Wang

References

External links
Bad blood behind China's crisis BY Calum MacLeod Monday, 25 June 2001
15 arrested in blood selling scandal By Zhang Feng (China Daily) Updated: 2005-04-14
China blood test lapses fuel "hidden AIDS epidemic" By Ben Blanchard Feb 21, 2006
China's Plasma Economy 05-02 16:04 Caijing Magazine
Danger of AIDS hidden in a large number of plasma stations in Guizhou  Nanfengchuang Magazine Yin Hongwei 2006-06-15
Antiretroviral Therapy for Former Plasma Donors in China: Saving Lives When HIV Prevention Fails
Blood debts Tens of thousands of lives devastated. Not a single official held to account
English translation of "Revealing "Blood Wound" of Spread of HIV AIDS in Henan Province" by He Aifang in CND-Global, January 26, 2001

HIV/AIDS in China
Disasters in Henan
1990s in China
Health disasters in China
1990s health disasters


Deoria Tal (also Devaria or Deoriya) is a lake about  from the villages of Mastura and Sari on the Ukhimath-Chopta road in the state of Uttarakhand in India. Situated at an altitude of  in the Garhwal Himalayas, it has heavily wooded, lush green surroundings with snow-covered mountains (Chaukhamba being one of them) in the backdrop. It is sacred to the vast population of India, such as the Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs and other sects.

Access

Jeeps are available from Ukhimath to reach Sari, a nearby village, via Mastura village. For return journey, one can go down trekking to Mastura to get a shared jeep.

Alternately, one can trek  to Deoria Tal from Ukhimath. Even though, trekkers are no longer allowed to camp at the famous Deoriatal , there are options of jungle trekking, videography, etc. There are a couple of shops that sell tea and snacks, but these close at sundown. Trekkers usually combine this trek with the nearby trek to Tungnath (the highest Hindu shrine devoted to Lord Shiva) and Chandrashila, which are approached from Chopta.

Panoramic view

The lake is known for its wide 300° panorama. Mountains like Chaukhamba, Nilkantha, Bandarpunch, Kedar Range, and Kalanag can be viewed from here. There exists another route from Deoria Tal to Tungnath, which is mainly used for night camping, jungle trekking, etc.

In the Hindu faith
The Vedic scriptures, sacred to the vast majority of India's population, states that the Devas bathed in this lake, hence the name. The lake is also believed to be the "Indra Sarovar" referred to in the Puranas by wandering Hindu mendicants, Sadhus.
It is also believed that it was the place from where the mighty Pandavas were asked queries by Yaksha in a famous anecdote from the Mahabharat. According to the locals it was also said that this lake was built by Bheem, who was strongest among the Pandavas, to appease his thirst, and Yudhister, who was the wisest, suggested Bheem to build his own lake.

References

Lakes of Uttarakhand


The secretary of state of Puerto Rico () leads all efforts that promote the cultural, political, and economical relations between Puerto Rico and foreign countries, and other jurisdictions of the United States. The post was created by Article IV of the Constitution of Puerto Rico which merely establishes that the secretary serves as acting governor when the governor is unable to perform his duties—a post similar to that of a lieutenant governor in U.S. politics. In recent times, however, the post has evolved into one similar to that of a foreign minister. Today, the secretary is the officer in charge of Puerto Rico's foreign relations, albeit under the consent of Congress or the U.S. Department of State due to Puerto Rico's political status.

Administratively, the post differs to other similar titles in U.S. politics. Namely, that in contrast to lieutenant governors, the secretary is not elected by the people. He is instead appointed by the governor with advice and consent from both the Senate and House of Representatives. In addition, the secretary does not have any role whatsoever in the state legislature, in contrast to lieutenant governors. Unlike secretaries of state in other U.S. jurisdictions, the secretary of state of Puerto Rico does not take part in the elections process. That responsibility falls into the State Commission on Elections.

Yet, the post does have some similarities to other U.S. secretaries of state. For example, the secretary of state of Puerto Rico is also the chief clerk of the commonwealth and the primary custodian of important records. The secretary promulgates all Puerto Rican laws after the governor signs them and keeps records of them online and offline. They also keeps record of business charters, professional licenses, trademarks, and other documents. Civil acts like marriage licenses, birth certificates, and adoption and divorce decrees, however, are kept in record by the Department of Health of Puerto Rico.  Other historical documents are kept in the General Archives of Puerto Rico, a program of the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture.

In summary, the secretary of state of Puerto Rico is, by law, the chief clerk, the acting governor, and the officer in charge of the commonwealth's foreign relations. Because of these responsibilities, the post is typically occupied by a highly competent individual with some degree of veterancy, starting with Roberto Sánchez Vilella in 1952. This cadre has led citizens and politicians alike to hold secretaries of state in high esteem regardless of their political affiliation.

Appointment and gubernatorial succession

The secretary of state is first in line to exercise the role of acting governor when the governor of Puerto Rico is temporarily unavailable, whether because of being away from Puerto Rico or due to another temporary incapacity.  The secretary of state is the only official who can automatically become governor if the elected governor is permanently incapable of remaining in office due to death, resignation, or conviction as part of an impeachment process.  Prior to the adoption of the local constitution, the Foraker Act of 1900 and the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 provided for the position of executive secretary, who carried out the roles assigned to contemporary secretaries of state.

Since 1952, secretaries of state have been appointed by the governor, subject to the advice and consent of both the Senate of Puerto Rico and the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico.  A secretary of state appointed by the governor while the legislative assembly is in recess may take office as a recess appointment and serve until the nomination is rejected by any of the legislative chambers or the next legislative regular session ends, whichever happens first.

Additional delegated duties
Secretaries of state of the United States Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, in addition to heading the State Department, one of the smallest central government agencies, and exercising the role as the territory's lieutenant governor, are usually assigned additional functions by the governor.  For example, Gov. Luis Muñoz Marín had Secretary of State Roberto Sánchez Vilella, a civil engineer, serve simultaneously as Secretary of Public Works.  Gov. Pedro Rosselló had Secretary of State Norma Burgos serve for several years as chair of the Puerto Rico Planning Board.  Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá's second secretary of state, Fernando Bonilla, also served as executive director of the Puerto Rico Ports Authority.  However, perhaps no other secretary of state has been assigned more tasks than former Secretary of State Kenneth McClintock, who served as chair of the incoming Fortuño administration's Incoming Committee on Government Transition, coordinated the government's digital TV transition work group, headed the state government's Census 2010 team, chaired the government's 2010 Central and Caribbean Games Coordinating Committee, was tasked with making the final awards of Public-Private Partnership contracts, chaired the Government Reorganization Committee and chaired the Outgoing Transition Committee, among other assignments delegated by Gov. Luis Fortuño.  Governor Alejandro García Padilla put his first appointee, secretary Bernier in charge of evaluating the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport Public-Private Partnership contract and overseeing social agencies, such as the Health, Family Services, Education and Sports and Recreation departments.  He has appointed current Secretary Suárez as  chairman of his administration's fiscal team, a role he played previously as Chief of Staff to the Governor.

The secretary of state of Puerto Rico is a member of the National Association of Secretaries of State, as well as the National Lieutenant Governors Association in his dual role as head of Puerto Rico's Department of State, as well as the islands' lieutenant governor.

Traditionally, gubernatorial inaugural ceremonies are initiated by the outgoing administration's secretary of state who, prior to the ceremonial swearing-in of the new governor, will turn over the master of ceremonies role to the secretary of state–designate, symbolizing the orderly transition from one administration to another.

Turn-over
Secretaries of state of Puerto Rico, once confirmed by both houses of the Legislature, do not serve for a fixed term but at the pleasure of the governor.  Over 68 years, the U.S. territory has had 30 individuals serve in that position, for an average 2.2 years in service.  However, if the 12-year term of the first secretary, Gov. Muñoz-Marín's only one is not taken into account, the average length of Sec. Sánchez-Vilella's successors falls to only 1.8 years.

After Sánchez-Vilella's 12 years in office, Puerto Rico's second-longest serving secretary of state was Norma Burgos under Gov. Pedro Rosselló, with Gov. Luis Ferré's sole appointee, Sec. Chardón, and Gov. Luis Fortuño's sole appointee, Sec. McClintock, tying for third longest serving.

List of secretaries

Notes

References

External links

www.estado.pr.gov - official site

Council of Secretaries of Puerto Rico

Secretary of State


The 1996 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain was the fifth race of the 1996 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 31 August in the London Stadium in London, Great Britain It was the second Swedish SGP and was won by Australian rider Jason Crump, being the first win of his career.

Starting positions draw
 injury  (14) Gary Havelock was replaced

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
Gr
1996
Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain


In the Philippines, local government is divided into three levels: provinces and independent cities, component cities and municipalities, and barangays, all of which are collectively known as local government units (LGUs). In some area, above provinces and independent chartered cities , is an autonomous region, the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao is an example. In towns and some cities they remit their revenue to national government and goes back in a form of IRA. Below barangays in some cities and municipalities are sitios and puroks. All of these, with the exception of sitios and puroks, elect their own executives and legislatures. Sitios and puroks are often but not necessarily led by an elected barangay councilor.

Provinces and independent cities are organized into national government regions but those are administrative regions and not separately governed areas with their own elected governments.

According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the local governments "shall enjoy local autonomy", and in which the Philippine president exercises "general supervision". Congress enacted the Local Government Code of the Philippines in 1991 to "provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of local units."
Local government units are under the control and supervision of the Department of the Interior and Local Government. The DILG (National Office Unit) makes these units centralized again, escorting' with the province representative, the barrio level laws up to the congress specifically at the senate, to be approved and sign by the president.

Levels of local government

Autonomous regions

Autonomous regions have more powers than other local governments. The constitution limits the creation of autonomous regions to Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras but only one autonomous region exists: the Bangsamoro, which replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). In 1989, a plebiscite established the ARMM. In 2001, a plebiscite in the ARMM confirmed the previous composition of the autonomous region and added Basilan (except for the city of Isabela) and Marawi in Lanao del Sur. Isabela City remains a part of the province of Basilan despite rejecting inclusion in the ARMM. In 2019, another plebiscite confirmed the replacement of the ARMM with the Bangsamoro, and added Cotabato City and 63 barangays in Cotabato.

A Cordillera Autonomous Region has never been formed because two plebiscites, in 1990 and 1998, both resulted in just one province supporting autonomy; this led the Supreme Court ruling that autonomous regions should not be composed of just one province.

Each autonomous region has a unique form of government. The ARMM had a regional governor and a regional legislative assembly, mimicking the presidential system of the national government. The Bangsamoro will have a chief minister responsible to parliament, with parliament appointing a wa'lī, or a ceremonial governor, in a parliamentary system.

Provinces

Outside the lone autonomous region, the provinces are the highest-level local government. The provinces are organized into component cities and municipalities. A province is governed by the governor and a legislature known as the Sangguniang Panlalawigan.

Cities and municipalities

Municipal government in the Philippines is divided into three – independent cities, component cities, and municipalities (sometimes referred to as towns).  Several cities across the country are "independent cities" which means that they are not governed by a province, even though like Iloilo City the provincial capitol might be in the city. Independent city residents do not vote for nor hold provincial offices. Far more cities are component cities and are a part of a province. Municipalities are always a part of a province except for Pateros which was separated from Rizal to form Metro Manila.

Cities and municipalities are governed by mayors and legislatures, which are called the Sangguniang Panlungsod in cities and the Sangguniang Bayan in municipalities.

Barangays

Every city and municipality in the Philippines is divided into barangays, the smallest of the local government units. Barangays can be further divided into sitios and puroks but those divisions do not have leaders elected in formal elections supervised by the national government.

A barangay's executive is the Punong Barangay or barangay captain and its legislature is the Sangguniang Barangay, composed of barangay captain, the Barangay Kagawads (barangay councilors) and the SK chairman. The SK Chairman is the head of Sangguniang Kabataan which is composed of 1 SK Chairperson and 7 SK Kagawads that also leads the assembly for youth, the Katipunan ng Kabataan or KK.

Offices
Local governments have two branches: executive and legislative.  All courts in the Philippines are under the Supreme Court of the Philippines and therefore there are no local-government controlled judicial branches.  Nor do local governments have any prosecutors or public defenders, as those are under the jurisdiction of the national government.

The executive branch is composed of the Wali as the head of region and Chief Minister as the head of government for the Bangsamoro, governor for the provinces, mayor for the cities and municipalities, and the barangay captain for the barangays.

Legislatures
The legislatures review the ordinances and resolutions enacted by the legislatures below. Aside from regular and ex-officio members, the legislatures above the barangay level also have three sectoral representatives, one each from women, agricultural or industrial workers, and other sectors.

Elected officials
All elected officials have 3-year terms, save for the wa'lī which is six years, and can only serve a maximum of three consecutive terms before being ineligible for reelection.

*a Sangguniang Kabataan official who has surpassed 21 years of age while in office is allowed to serve for the rest of the term.

Offices that are common to municipalities, cities and provinces

There are 44 offices in a government, whether it is municipal, city or provincial. There are some mandatory and optional offices to the government.

Source: Local Government Code of 1991

Responsibilities
Among the social services and facilities that local government should provide, as stipulated in Section 17 of the Local Government Code, are the following:
facilities and research services for agriculture and fishery activities, which include seedling nurseries, demonstration farms, and irrigation systems;
health services, which include access to primary health care, maternal and child care, and medicines, medical supplies and equipment;
social welfare services, which include programs and projects for women, children, elderly, and persons with disabilities, as well as vagrants, beggars, street children, juvenile delinquents, and victims of drug abuse;
information services, which include job placement information systems and a public library;
a solid waste disposal system or environmental management system;
municipal/city/provincial buildings, cultural centers, public parks, playgrounds, and sports facilities and equipment;
infrastructure facilities such as roads, bridges, school buildings, health clinics, fish ports, water supply systems, seawalls, dikes, drainage and sewerage, and traffic signals and road signs;
state/local colleges and universities;
public markets, slaughterhouses, and other local enterprises;
public cemeteries, memorial parks/gardens, and columbariums;
tourism facilities and other tourist attractions; and
sites for police and fire stations and substations and municipal jail.
water districts

Creation and modification
As a matter of principle, higher legislative entities have the power to create, divide, merge, abolish, or substantially alter boundaries of any lower-level local government through a law or ordinance, all subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite to be conducted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) in the local government unit or units directly affected. The Local Government Code has also set requisites for creating local government units. A summary can be found in the table below:

See also
 List of primary local government units of the Philippines

Notes

References

Further reading

Government of the Philippines
Decentralization


Barney Simon (13 April 1932 – 30 June 1995) was a South African writer, playwright and director. He was born and died in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Early life
The son of working-class Lithuanian Jewish immigrants, Simon discovered a love of theatre while working under director Joan Littlewood in London in the 1950s. Returning to Johannesburg, he supported himself as an advertising copywriter while producing and directing plays. Before he opened the Market, he staged multi-racial plays anywhere he could: in warehouses and shantytowns, storefronts and back yards, including Athol Fugard's The Blood Knot (1961). Simon spent a year (1969–70) in New York City, where he introduced South African plays to an American audience and edited the journal New American Review.

Simon and the Market Theatre

In 1976 Barney Simon co-founded Johannesburg’s Market Theatre, South Africa's first multiracial cultural center and a birthplace of the country’s indigenous theater movement. Working under the racial segregation laws of apartheid without state subsidies and under constant threat of arrest for staging controversial contemporary plays performed by multiracial casts in front of multiracial audiences, Simon remained the theater's artistic director from its opening until he died. He was the first to stage many of Athol Fugard's plays, directed a film for the BBC of Nadine Gordimer’s story City Lovers, and worked with screenwriter Jean-Claude Carrière on the French translation for the Paris production by Peter Brook of Simon's last play, The Suit (Le Costume) (1994), adapted from a short story of the same name by Can Themba.

Literary life
Simon was active in South African literature as the editor from 1964 to 1971 of The Classic, the influential South African journal of township literature founded by Nat Nakasa in 1963. Simon edited an autobiographical novel by Dugmore Boetie, Familiarity is the Kingdom of the Lost (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1969), for which Simon also wrote an afterword. He also published a collection of his own stories, Joburg Sis!, in 1974.

Publications

Selected plays

Phiri (1972)
Hey Listen (1973)
People  (1973)
People Too (1974)
Storytime (1975)
Cincinnati (1979)
Cold Stone Jug (1980)
Call Me Woman (1980)
Marico Moonshine and Manpower (1981)
Woza Albert! (1981)
Black Dog-Inj Mayama (1984)
Born in the RSA (1985)
Outers (1985)
Klaaglied vir Kous (1986)
Inyanga - about Women in Africa (1989)
Eden and Other Places  (1989)
Score me the Ages (1989)
Starbrites (1990)
Singing The Times (1992)
Silent Movie (1993)
The Lion and the Lamb (1993)
The Suit (1994)

Sources
A Singing in Every Moment and Inch of Me: The Letters of Barney Simon to Lionel Abraham (2009), Seven Stories Press.
The World In An Orange: Making Theatre with Barney Simon (2006), edited by Leila Henriques and Irene Stephanou, Seven Stories Press.
Woza Afrika! - An Anthology of South African Plays (1986), George Braziller.
Born in the RSA (1997), Wits University Press.
Joburg, Sis! (1974), Bateleur.

References

External links

1932 births
1995 deaths
South African dramatists and playwrights
South African short story writers
20th-century South African male writers
20th-century South African writers
20th-century dramatists and playwrights
20th-century short story writers
South African male short story writers
Male dramatists and playwrights


Pseudo-Kufic, or Kufesque, also sometimes pseudo-Arabic, is a style of decoration used during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, consisting of imitations of the Arabic Kufic script, or sometimes Arabic cursive script, made in a non-Arabic context: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration". Pseudo-Kufic appears especially often in Renaissance art in depictions of people from the Holy Land, particularly the Virgin Mary. It is an example of Islamic influences on Western art.

Early examples

Some of the first imitations of the Kufic script go back to the 8th century when the English King Offa (r. 757–796) produced gold coins imitating Islamic dinars. These coins were copies of an Abbasid dinar struck in 774 by Caliph Al-Mansur, with "Offa Rex" centred on the reverse. It is clear that the moneyer had no understanding of Arabic as the Arabic text contains many errors. The coin may have been produced in order to trade with Al-Andalus; or it may be part of the annual payment of 365 mancuses that Offa promised to Rome.

In Medieval southern Italy (in merchant cities such as Amalfi and Salerno) from the mid-10th century, imitations of Arabic coins, called tarì, were widespread but only used illegible pseudo-Kufic script.

Medieval Iberia was especially rich in architectural decorations featuring both pseudo-Kufic and pseudo-Arabic designs, largely because of the presence of Islamic states on the peninsula. The Iglesia de San Román (consecrated in 1221) in Toledo included both (real) Latin and pseudo-Arabic (i.e., not Kufic style) inscriptions as decorative elements. The additions of Pedro I of Castile and León to the Alcazar of Seville (mid-14th century) bear pseudo-Kufic design elements reminiscent of the Alhambra in Granada, and the metal facade of the main doors to the Cathedral of Seville (completed 1506) include arabesque and pseudo-Kufic design elements. Such decorative elements addressed both social realities and aesthetic tastes: The presence of many Arabized Christians in many of these otherwise Christian states, and a general appreciation among the Christian aristocracy for Islamic high culture of the time.

Examples are known of the incorporation of Kufic script and Islamic-inspired colourful diamond-shaped designs such as a 13th French Limoges enamel ciborium at the British Museum. The band in pseudo-Kufic script "was a recurrent ornamental feature in Limoges and had long been adopted in Aquitaine".

Renaissance painting

Numerous instances of pseudo-Kufic are known from European art from around the 10th to the 15th century. Pseudo-Kufic inscriptions were often used as decorative bands in the architecture of Byzantine Greece from the mid 11th century to mid-12th century, and in decorative bands around religious scenes in French and German wall paintings from the mid-12th to mid-13th century, as well as in contemporary manuscript illuminations. Pseudo-Kufic would also be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles, religious halos or frames. Many are visible in the paintings of Giotto (c. 1267 – 1337).

From 1300 to 1600, according to Rosamond Mack, the Italian imitations of Arabic script tend to rely on cursive Arabic rather than Kufic, and therefore should better be designated by the more generalist term of "pseudo-Arabic". The habit of representing gilt halos decorated with pseudo-Kufic script seems to have disappeared in 1350, but was revived around 1420 with the work of painters such as Gentile da Fabriano, who was probably responding to artistic influence in Florence, or Masaccio, who was influenced by Gentile, although his own script was "jagged and clumsy", as well as Giovanni Toscani or Fra Angelico, in a more Gothic style.

From around 1450, northern Italian artists also started to incorporate pseudo-Islamic decorative devices in their paintings. Francesco Squarcione started the trend in 1455, and he was soon followed by his main pupil, Andrea Mantegna. In the 1456–1459 San Zeno Altarpiece, Mantegna combines pseudo-Islamic script in halos and garment hems (see detail), to depiction of Mamluk book-bindings in the hand of San Zeno (see detail), and even to a Turkish carpet at the feet of the Virgin Mary (see detail).

The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic or pseudo-Arabic in Medieval or early Renaissance painting is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13-14th century Middle-Eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during Jesus's time, and thus found natural to represent early Christians in association with them: "In Renaissance art, pseudo-Kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of Old Testament heroes like David". Another reason might be that artist wished to express a cultural universality for the Christian faith, by blending together various written languages, at a time when the church had strong international ambitions.

Pseudo-Hebrew is also sometimes seen, as in the mosaic at the back of the abse in Marco Marziale's Circumcision, which does not use actual Hebrew characters.  It was especially common in German works.

Finally pseudo-Arabic elements became rare after the second decade of the 16th century. According to Rosamond Mack: "The Eastern scripts, garments, and halos disappeared when the Italians viewed the Early Christian era in an antique Roman context."

Gallery

Pseudo-Hebrew

See also

 Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe
 Islamic influences on Christian art
 Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
 Orientalism
 Thematic development of Italian Renaissance painting

Notes

References
 Braden K. Frieder Chivalry & the perfect prince: tournaments, art, and armor at the Spanish Habsburg court Truman State University, 2008 ,
 Cardini, Franco. Europe and Islam. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.
 Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 2007 ,
 Mack, Rosamond E. Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600, University of California Press, 2001
 Matthew, Donald, The Norman kingdom of Sicily Cambridge University Press, 1992

Arabic art
Islamic art
Medieval art
Christian iconography


The Sedili Besar River () is a river in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia.

Name
The word besar means large. At the southern end of Teluk Mahkota bay is a smaller river known as Sungai Sedili Kechil.  The word kechil means small in Malay language.

Geology
The river mouth is situated at the northern end of Teluk Mahkota bay, and empties into the South China Sea. The river has a total drainage basin area of 271 km2.

Bridges
 Haji Mohd Lazim Bridge

See also
 Geography of Malaysia

References

Kota Tinggi District
Rivers of Johor


The Arboretum de La Hutte (3 hectares) is an arboretum located in the Vallée de l'Ourche, variously described as within the towns of Darney or Hennezel, Vosges, Grand Est, France. It is open daily without charge.
The Ourche river flows across Darney forest to join the Saône. One century ago Vallée de l'Ourche was an industrial country with forges, sawmills and glass factories. Only one glass factory still operates near the valley (La Rochére glass factory).

La Hutte Chapel, near the arboretum, was built at the end of 19th century in Swiss style.

The arboretum was created circa 1874 by forge-master Alfred Irrois, and contains mature specimens of Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus rubra, Sequoiadendron, and Thujopsis dolabrata.  It is now in some disrepair, but as of 2007 it was proposed that the Office National des Forêts (ONF) take responsibility for its rehabilitation.
Just try to encircle the trunk of a giant Sequoia and try to find the hidden huge Douglas !

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References
 Culture.fr entry (French)
 L'Echo des Chênaies entry (French)
 Vosges Itinerances description (French)
 Vallée de l'Ourche photograph and description (French)
 Villette54 entry (French)
 Les Journées Européennes du Patrimoine 2003 (French)
 CFT Darney Monthureux blog (French)

Hutte, Arboretum de la
Hutte, Arboretum de la


W. Downwood was a 19th-century footballer who played in defence for Burslem Port Vale.

Career
Downwood joined Burslem Port Vale in June 1892. He made his debut for the club at right-half in a 2–0 loss to Ardwick at Hyde Road on 12 September 1892. He was only selected for a further three Second Division games and one FA Cup match before being released from the Athletic Ground at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing