The third season of StarStruck, aka (StarStruck: The Nationwide Invasion) is a Philippine television reality talent competition show, was broadcast on GMA Network. Hosted by Dingdong Dantes, Jolina Magdangal and Raymond Gutierrez, it premiered on November 28, 2005. The council was composed of Joey de Leon, Louie Ignacio and Lorna Tolentino. The season ended with 77 episodes on March 12, 2006, having Marky Cielo and Jackie Rice as the Ultimate Survivors.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Overview
The third season of StarStruck was announced, the return of their reality-based talent show on GMA Network's variety program, SOP, where the hosts invited teenagers  from 15 to 18 years old to audition for the upcoming season. Much of the auditions were held at the GMA Network's headquarters and at SM Supermalls throughout the Philippines.

The pilot episode was aired on December 5, 2005. Out of numerous who auditioned nationwide, only fourteen will have the chance to survive. If in the first and two seasons, StarStruck is shown only weekdays having Fridays as elimination night, this season Mondays to Fridays will be tests and Sundays would be the elimination night. The show held its the Final Judgment on March 12, 2006, at the Marikina Sports Complex.

Selection process
In the third year of the reality-talent search, Out of numerous who auditioned nationwide, only the Top 100 was chosen for the first cut. From the Top 100, it was trimmed down to the Top 60, then from the Top 60 to the Top 43, then from the Top 43 to the Top 20, and from the Top 20 hopefuls. This batch was trimmed down to Top 20 hopefuls, from Top 20 finalists were reduced to Top 16 finalists and they formed the final fourteen finalists.

The Final 14 underwent various workshops and training in order to develop their personalities, talents, and charisma. But, the twist is that every week, one or two hopefuls from the final fourteen may have to say goodbye until only four remain. Those who were eliminated were dubbed as StarStruck Avengers.

The Final 4 will vie for the coveted Ultimate Male Survivor and Ultimate Female Survivor titles, both of them will received P1,000,000 pesos each plus and an exclusive management contract from GMA Network. This time, from the two Ultimate Survivors, the highest votes will be an Ultimate Sole Survivor title, has received a house and lot prize worth P2,500,000, an additional P300,000 in cash, and a business package worth P1,500,000 pesos each.

The First Prince and First Princess, both of them will received P250,000 pesos each plus and an exclusive management contract from the network. The StarStruck Avengers (the losing contestants) also received an exclusive contract from the network.

It also featured new ultimate title in StarStruck History, the Ultimate Sole Survivor and the two runners-up coveted to the First Prince and First Princess in the Final Judgment Night.

Hopefuls
The introduction of the Top 20 dreamers revealed, for this season, instead of having just the traditional final fourteen, there will be the final twenty Survivors who will compete in various challenges. The hopefuls who will standout and survive these challenges will be part of the final fourteen.

When the Final 14 was chosen, they are assigned to different challenges every week that will hone their acting, singing, and dancing abilities. Every Friday, one is meant to leave the competition until there were just six others who are left. From survivor six, there will be two of them who will be eliminated and after the elimination of the two; the final four will be revealed.

The Final 4 will be battling with each other on the Final Judgment. People will choose who they want to win the competition by online voting and text voting. 30% of the result will come from the online and text votes and the remaining 70% is from the council.

Controversy
A controversial incident happened in the sixth week of this season. The council member, Louie Ignacio revealed that someone from the remaining survivors had opened a confidential file on the show's computer and had subsequently told the other finalists about the next challenges the show has in store for them. Those implicated were Sara Larsson, Jackie Rice and Jana Roxas.
Sara Larsson eventually ousted as the fifth finalist to bid the contest goodbye. But even with Sara Larsson eliminated, the issue did not die but grew into a big controversy with more shocking revelations and crying bouts. Jackie Rice and Jana Roxas accused another survivor, Arci Muñoz of lying. The show aired footage captured by surveillance cameras showing the girls taking turns at the computer, but they all denied opening the confidential file in question. On the seventh week, the avenger Sara Larsson was given time to reveal her side of the story. On that same night, Arci Muñoz was eliminated.

Color key:

Weekly Artista Tests
Color key:

Week 1: The Top 20 hopefuls, were reduced to the Circle 16 hopefuls.

Challenge Winner: Not Awarded

Week 2: The Circle 16 hopefuls, the official Final 14 hopefuls have been chosen.

Challenge Winner Contestant: Not Awarded

Week 3: The Final 14 hopefuls.

Challenge Winner Contestant: Not Awarded

Week 4: The Final 13 hopefuls.

Week 5: The Final 12 hopefuls.

Week 6: The Final 11 hopefuls.

Week 7: The Final 10 hopefuls. First week of the Computer Controversy.

Week 8: The Final 9 hopefuls. Second week of the Computer Controversy.

Week 9: The Final 8 hopefuls. Avengers versus Survivors.

Challenge Winner Contestant: Not Awarded
Eliminated Contestant: None

Week 10: The Final 8 hopefuls.

Challenge Winner Contestant: Not Awarded

Week 11: The Survivor 6 hopefuls.

Challenge Winner Contestant: Not Awarded
Eliminated Contestant: None

Week 12: The Survivor 6 hopefuls.

Challenge Winner Contestant: Not Awarded
Eliminated Contestant: None

Week 13: The Survivor 6 hopefuls, the official Final 4 hopefuls have been chosen.

Challenge Winner: Not Awarded

Week 14: The Final 4 Homecoming

Week 15: The Final Judgment, the Ultimate Survivors have been proclaimed.

The Ultimate Survivors: The highest title has been proclaimed.

Final Judgment
The winner was announced on a two-hour TV special dubbed as StarStruck The Nationwide Invasion: The Final Judgment was held live on March 12, 2006, at the Marikina Sports Complex, the biggest venue in StarStruck history to avoid the recent Wowowee Stampede Tragedy in Philsport Arena where almost 200,000 attended in arena designed to accommodate 10,000 only. 10,000 spectators attended.

The opening dance number, together with this season's avengers, and they were joined by this final four and the graduates from the previous season. Hosted by Dingdong Dantes, Jolina Magdangal and Raymond Gutierrez. The council was formed with Joey de Leon, Louie Ignacio and Lorna Tolentino.

Before the performance of the final four, they were joined onstage by first the male graduates, Mark Herras, Rainier Castillo, Mike Tan and CJ Muere performs a dance number along with the male survivors, Gian Carlos and Marky Cielo the dance number song of Y-Not's Average Joe and Soul Control's Hello, Hello Hey, with the Abstract Dancers and G-MIC Dancers.

And next is the female graduates, Jennylyn Mercado, Yasmien Kurdi, Ryza Cenon and LJ Reyes performs a dance number along with the female survivors, Iwa Moto and Jackie Rice the dance number song of Elvis Presley Rubber Necking and Aryanna's Bop It, with the Abstract Dancers and G-MIC Dancers.

Jolina Magdangal sing and signature dance performing, the dance hits, together with the avengers performs a signature dance, Step Into The Rhythm signature dance for the first season  avengers, Soul Control's Chocolatte signature dance for the second season  avengers, and DJ Trix's I Like You signature dance for this season's avengers with the Abstract Dancers and G-MIC Dancers.

The final four perform their solo performances. Iwa Moto a dance number song of ?'s ?, Jackie Rice a dance number song of ?'s ?, Gian Carlos a dance number song of ?'s ? and Marky Cielo a dance number song of Y-Not's Favourite Son, performs a solo dance number with the Steved Groups and Kids@Work.

The avengers' performance came in next, in a song and dance medley detailing the journey of the survivors from the audition process, the four International contenders and the elimination of the tenth avengers for a dance number. Before the winners were Announced, Janno Gibbs and Jennylyn Mercado sang Moments of Love, from the film soundtrack of Moments of Love.

Announcement come, Jackie Rice of Olongapo, Zambales is the Ultimate Female Survivor and Marky Cielo of Bauko, Mountain Province is the Ultimate Male Survivor were proclaimed as the Ultimate Survivors, each of them received P1,000,000 pesos each plus and an exclusive management contract from GMA Network worth P2,000,000 pesos each.

While, Iwa Moto of Las Piñas is the First Princess and Gian Carlos of Iloilo City is the First Prince were proclaimed as the runner-ups, each of them received P250,000 cash each plus and an exclusive management contract from the network. The StarStruck Avengers (the losing contestants) also received an exclusive contract from the network.

And the first-ever Ultimate Sole Survivor won by Marky Cielo received a house and lot prize worth P2,500,000, an additional P300,000 in cash, and a business package worth P1,500,000 pesos each. The Final Judgment gained 32.7% rating.

Homecoming: A StarStruck Special
This season of the final four were given their own TV special entitled Homecoming: A StarStruck Special which was aired on April 23, 2006. In the special with, Marky Cielo, Jackie Rice, Gian Carlos and Iwa Moto went back to their respective hometowns where they were treated accordingly as VIPs in their respective home provinces. Apart from that, there were several revelations from the final four as far as their lives were concerned.

TV Assignment
For their first TV Assignment, the final four Marky Cielo, Jackie Rice, Gian Carlos and Iwa Moto with the avengers Chuck Allie, Jana Roxas and Vaness del Moral.
headlined one of the episodes of Love To Love (Season 10) presents: Young At Hearts.
They co-starred with Leo Martinez and Luz Valdez.

Signature dances
There are signature dances and songs made in each batch. With this batch, their signature dances and songs are:
I Like You
Wait A Minute
L.O.V.E.
Chicken Noodle Soup
Favorite Son

Elimination chart
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Notes

 The Top 20 were reduced to the Circle 16 was chosen on December 4, 2005.
 The final fourteen was chosen on December 11, 2005.
 Jackie Rice and Jana Roxas accused another survivor, Arci Muñoz, of lying. The show aired footage captured by surveillance cameras showing the girls taking turns at the StarStruck computer, but they all denied opening the confidential file in question. Sara Larsson was eliminated on January 15, 2006.
 The seventh week the fifth avenger Sara Larsson was given time to reveal her side of the story. Arci Muñoz was eliminated on January 22, 2006.
 It was a non-elimination week. The bottom group are Chuck Allie, Iwa Moto, Marky Cielo and Jana Roxas, but next week the two survivors were eliminated from the competition on February 5, 2006.
 It was a double-elimination week. The bottom group are Bugz Daigo, Chuck Allie, Gian Carlos, Marky Cielo and Vivo Ouano. The first called to eliminated is Bugz Daigo and the second called is Vivo Ouano.
 It was a non-elimination week. On February 12, 2006, the two hopefuls are possible were eliminated.
 It was a non-elimination week. The bottom group are the remaining survivor six, was safe for the elimination on February 19, 2006.
 The final four was chosen on February 26, 2006, And the last avengers are Jana Roxas and Chuck Allie. The first called to eliminated is Jana Roxas and the second called is Chuck Allie.
 In the final judgment night, Marky Cielo and Jackie Rice were proclaimed as the Ultimate Survivors.

References

External links

StarStruck (Philippine TV series)
2005 Philippine television seasons
2006 Philippine television seasons


Indiana law authorizes ten land-based or riverboat casinos on Lake Michigan and the Ohio River, one land-based casino in French Lick, and racinos at the state's two horse tracks. In addition, there is one Indian casino in the state. Other forms of legal gambling are the Hoosier Lottery, parimutuel wagering on horse races, and sports betting.

Lottery
The Indiana Constitution of 1851 included a ban on lotteries, which was broadly construed by courts as a prohibition on gambling in general. In 1988, state voters approved a constitutional amendment lifting the lottery ban, establishing the Hoosier Lottery.

The Hoosier Lottery sells scratch-off tickets since October 1989. It is a member of the Multi-State Lottery Association since 1990. and co-founder of Powerball in 1992. It joined Mega Millions in 2010 and Cash4Life in 2016. Other draw games include Hoosier Lotto, Cash 5, and Poker Lotto.

Horse racing
Pari-mutuel betting was legalized in 1989. Harrah's Hoosier Park opened in Anderson in 1994, and off-track betting parlors opened in the state in 1995. Indiana Downs (now Horseshoe Indianapolis) opened in Shelbyville in 2002. Hoosier Park became a racino on 2008 and Indiana Downs did the same in 2009.

Casinos

Legalization efforts
Critics of lottery legalization said the measure would lead to casino gambling, while legislators said there would be little support for casinos.

Within months of the amendment's passage, Gary mayor Thomas Barnes proposed opening up the economically depressed city to high-rise resort casinos. The Indiana General Assembly rejected a Gary casino bill in 1989, but did assent to a non-binding referendum, which city voters approved by 60 percent. The city began talks to acquire 350 acres of land at the Gary Works for as many as five casinos.

Gaming companies from Nevada and Atlantic City flocked to join in lobbying efforts to support a second attempt in the 1990 legislative session, but it was blocked by Senate Republican leaders. In the 1991 session, state Rep. Charlie Brown of Gary introduced an expanded bill authorizing riverboat casinos on the Ohio River and a casino in the resort area of French Lick and West Baden Springs, to attract broader support. The mayor of Hammond floated the idea of converting the SS Clipper into a casino, but it was not included in the bill. The proposal passed the House but was rejected by a Senate committee.

Brown introduced a Gary casino bill in the 1992 session, but it drew little support due to legislators' aversion to controversy in an election year. Southern Indiana legislators introduced a bill to allow riverboat casinos on the Ohio River, which passed the House, and was then expanded, with support from Gary lawmakers, to include boats on Lake Michigan, which were seen as less controversial than land-based casinos. The bill was rejected by the Senate.

With new backing from Republican entrepreneur Dean White, Brown reintroduced his bill in the 1993 session, with land-based casinos in Gary and French Lick, and riverboats on the Ohio River, and it passed the House, but was again voted down in Senate committee. A measure was introduced later in the session to allow four riverboats each on Lake Michigan and the Ohio, but it was killed by Senate leaders.

Because it failed to approve a budget, the Assembly convened for a special session in June 1993. After weeks of wrangling, a compromise was reached on a Republican budget with no tax increases, with a few side issues to appease Democrats, including authorization of riverboat casinos. The law allowed up to five sites on the shore of Lake Michigan (including two in Gary), five on the Ohio River, and one on Patoka Lake, near French Lick. Casinos were expected to raise at least $100 million in taxes per year.

Licensing and construction
The first round of gaming license applications in September 1993 attracted 27 proposals for sites in 12 cities. Local referendums, required to authorize casinos in each city or county (except Gary), were held in November; voters in Clark, Floyd, Porter, and Warrick counties rejected casinos, while voters in Hammond and East Chicago and in Dearborn, LaPorte,  Ohio, Switzerland, and Vanderburgh counties approved them.

February 2, 1994 was the application deadline for licenses in the communities where referendums had passed; by that day, the number of applications had risen to 50. Officials in some cities conducted extensive hearings to decide which applicants to endorse, though the final decisions were in the hands of the Gaming Commission. City leaders examined 25 proposals in Gary, 6 in Evansville, and 8 in Lawrenceburg.

After the Porter County referendum failed, several businessmen from Portage had sued the state, arguing that the riverboat law violated the state constitution's ban on special treatment for particular cities, because it called for citywide votes in Hammond and East Chicago, but countywide votes in all other localities. A judge agreed with them in May 1994, enjoining the Gaming Commission from issuing licenses. The Indiana Supreme Court overturned that ruling six months later, but some developers had already withdrawn their proposals because of the stalled process.

Four more local referendums were held in 1994, with Crawford, Harrison, and Perry counties approving casinos, and Jefferson County rejecting them.

The Gaming Commission issued its first preliminary licenses, for the two boats in Gary, in December 1994. One went to Donald Trump's company, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, and the other went to a joint venture between Detroit businessman Don Barden and President Casinos. The commission next visited Evansville, awarding a license to Aztar Corp. in February 1995, and then southeast Indiana in July, where it selected a Hyatt-affiliated project in Rising Sun and a group led by Argosy Gaming and Conseco to build a casino in Lawrenceburg. In Hammond, the panel gave the nod in November to Empress River Casino, operator of two riverboats in Joliet, Illinois.

Development of the Gary boats was delayed by disputes over the acquisition of land at Buffington Harbor and the withdrawal of President Casinos from its partnership with Barden. As a result, Casino Aztar Evansville was the first riverboat to open, on December 7, 1995.

The Gaming Commission continued its work in 1996, approving in January the only applicant for the East Chicago license, a group led by Showboat, Inc., a Michigan City casino in April, to be built by the operator of an East Dubuque, Illinois riverboat, and in May, a Caesars World casino in Harrison County.

The two Gary riverboats, Trump Casino and Barden's Majestic Star, opened on June 11, 1996, and the Empress Casino in Hammond followed weeks later. They were initially prevented from leaving dock by the Johnson Act, a federal law prohibiting gambling on U.S. territorial waters such as the Great Lakes. The boats ran "phantom cruises", allowing gamblers to board only at scheduled cruise times. Congress amended the Johnson Act in October, allowing the boats to cruise as required by Indiana law.

With three Ohio River casinos set to open, the Gaming Commission postponed a decision on granting the fifth Ohio River license to Crawford or Switzerland County, deciding to wait to observe the results of the other casinos. Hyatt opened its Grand Victoria II casino in Rising Sun in October 1996, and the Argosy Casino in nearby Lawrenceburg followed in December. The Caesars project, meanwhile, was continually delayed by environmental concerns and archaeological work.

Michigan City's Blue Chip Casino, moored in a channel of Trail Creek where it was built on-site, opened in August 1997.

By May 1998, the two Cincinnati-area casinos were reporting strong results, so the commission decided to lift its unofficial moratorium on issuing a fifth license. Casino America, the sole applicant for Crawford County, dropped its bid, leaving just one proposal for the commission to consider, a joint venture of Hollywood Park and Boomtown in Vevay, which it approved in September.

Caesars Indiana finally opened in November 1998. After being delayed by damage from a mid-river collision en route to Vevay, the Belterra Casino opened in October 2000.

Later developments
The Patoka Lake license went unused because the Army Corps of Engineers, which claims ownership of the reservoir, had a regulation against gambling on its property. Legislators in 2003 authorized an eleventh casino to instead be built in a man-made lake in the area of French Lick and West Baden Springs. The casino's conversion to a land-based facility was retroactively authorized in 2010.

A law passed in 2007 allowed the state's two racetracks, Hoosier Park and Indiana Downs, to install up to 2,000 slot machines each.

In 2015, the legislature amended the casino law to allow the state's riverboat casinos to move into land-based facilities on their existing sites, to help them remain competitive with casinos in neighboring states. Tropicana Evansville (formerly Casino Aztar) was the first to take advantage of the new law, opening its land-based facility in 2017.

An unintended consequence of legal gaming was the burden on charity gaming by non-profit organizations.

Indian casino
The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, a tribe historically located in the St. Joseph River Valley of northern Indiana and southwestern Michigan, regained federal recognition in 1994, and its members soon voted to pursue casino gaming as an economic development measure. Discussions focused on sites in Michigan because state officials were more friendly to tribal gaming than those in Indiana, and the tribe had deeper ties to that state. A site in New Buffalo, Michigan, near the Indiana border, was selected in May 1996, but reports that the tribe was considering a casino in South Bend or Elkhart continued to surface. By 2001, the tribe said it had no plans for a casino in Indiana. After years of legal battles, the tribe's Four Winds New Buffalo casino opened in 2007. The tribe announced new plans in 2012 for a 164-acre "tribal village" in South Bend, including a casino. Four Winds South Bend, a Class II gaming facility, opened in January 2018.

List of casinos

List of former casinos

Sports betting

In 2019, the Indiana legislature legalized sports betting starting in September. Casinos, racinos, and off-track betting facilities are eligible for licenses, which allow brick-and-mortar and online betting. The state collects a 9.5% tax. Only professional and college sports competitions can be wagered upon.

Gallery

See also

 List of casinos in the United States
 List of casino hotels

References

External links

Indiana


The Austrian Litigation Association of NGOs against discrimination is an umbrella organisation of 13 (March 2009) organisations committed to combatting discrimination on the grounds of sex/gender, ethnic origin, religion and belief, disability, sexual orientation and age. It seems unique that organisations dealing with all grounds participate.
The organisation is not profit-minded but strives to implement the rights of those who suffer discrimination. Additionally, the recognition of the role of NGOs to the further development of the legislation and judicial practice concerning discrimination should be promoted and enforced in the public.

The main work of the Litigation Association is to consult its members and the clients of those NGOs as well as to send advisory experts to the Commission on Equal Treatment.

Thanks to § 62 of the Equal Treatment Act (GlBG) which provides for the possibility to intervene in favour of plaintiffs, the Klagsverband attends victims of indirect or direct discrimination in the litigation. This additional legal protection exists with regard to discrimination at work as well as in other situation like the access to services and goods (housing, access to restaurants and clubs, travel, …).

Finally, the Klagsverband is part of a wide network of organisations and provides these contacts to victims of discrimination.
These organisations are (October 2010; in alphabetical order):

•BIZEPS - Zentrum für Selbstbestimmtes Leben
•dabei - dachverband berufliche integration Austria
•FRAUENSERVICE Graz
•Helping Hands Graz
•Homosexuelle Initiative Wien (HOSI Wien)
•ISOP - Innovative Sozialprojekte
•LEFÖ - Beratung, Bildung und Begleitung für Migrantinnen
•Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte - Forschungsverein (BIM-FV)
•maiz - Autonomes Zentrum von und für Migrantinnen
•Österreichischer Gehörlosenbund (ÖGLB)
•Plattform Menschenrechte Salzburg
•Rechtskomitee Lambda
•Reiz - Selbstbestimmt Leben
•Selbstbestimmt Leben Innsbruck
•Selbstbestimmt-Leben-Initiative Oberösterreich
•SOMM - Selbstorganisation von und für Migrantinnen und Musliminnen
•SOPHIE - Bildungsraum für Prostituierte
•TransX - Verein für TransGender Personen
•Verein österreichischer Juristinnen

References

External links

•ZARA - Zivilcourage und Anti-Rassismus-Arbeit

Political organisations based in Austria


Synodontis annectens is a species of upside-down catfish native to the freshwater rivers of Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links

annectens
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1911
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


This is a list of long place names.

Single-word names

25 letters or more

20-24 letters

14–19 letters

Names with spaces or hyphens

 Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit (176 letters) Full name of Bangkok, Thailand
 in Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ (132 letters + 7 spaces)
 Some long Thai place names are also:
 Khlong Nakhon Nueang Khet, Mueang Chachoengsao District, Chachoengsao province
 Khlong Udom Chonlachon, Mueang Chachoengsao District, Chachoengsao Province
 Nikhom Sang Ton-eng Lam Dom Noi, Sirindhorn District, Ubon Ratchathani Province
 Pak Khlong Phasi Charoen, Phasi Charoen District, Bangkok
 Pak Phanang Fang Tawan Tok (Western Pak Phanang), Pak Phanang District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province
 Pak Phanang Fang Tawan Ok (Eastern Pak Phanang), Pak Phanang District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province
 Phra Borom Maha Ratchawang, Phra Nakhon District, Bangkok
 Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province/District/City
 Thung Kratat Phatthana, Nong Ki District, Buriram Province
 Dr. Y. S. Rajashekar Reddy Andhra Cricket Association–Visakhapatnam District Cricket Association Cricket Stadium (96 letters), longest place name in India.
 Some countries that have long names with spaces are:
 Saint Kitts and Nevis, a small island country in the Caribbean.
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, an island country in the Caribbean.
 Papua New Guinea, an island country bordering Indonesia.
 Central African Republic, a country in Africa.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country in Africa.
 United Arab Emirates, a country in the Middle East.
 São Tomé and Príncipe, a country in Africa in the western coast near Gabon.
 Federated States of Micronesia, a country in Oceania.
 Antigua and Barbuda, a country in the Caribbean.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country in Europe and former Yugoslav republic.
 Trinidad and Tobago, an island country in North America.
 Longest place names in Canada:
 Local service district of Lethbridge, Morley's Siding, Brooklyn, Charleston, Jamestown, Portland, Winter Brook and Sweet Bay (80 letters, 87 non-space characters), Newfoundland and Labrador
 United Townships of Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde (61 letters, 68 non-space characters), usually shortened to Dysart, et al., Ontario
 Uruguay: Muy Fiel y Reconquistadora Ciudad de San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo (60 letters)
 United Kingdom: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (48 letters, longest official name of a country)
 United States: Commonwealth of Massachusetts (27 letters)
 Argentina: Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre, Buenos Aires (40 letters)
 England: The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield (29 letters)
 Venezuela: Santiago de León de Caracas (23 letters)
 Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (23 letters)
 Some long U.S. place names appearing in the Geographic Names Information System are:
 Winchester-on-the-Severn, Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas (21 letters, longest hyphenated place names in the U.S.)
 Rancho Santa Margarita, California
 Oxon Hill-Glassmanor, Maryland
 Dalworthington Gardens, Texas
 Little Harbor on the Hillsboro, Florida
 Pops Hammock Seminole Village, Florida
 Friendly Village of Crooked Creek, Georgia
 Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
 Howey-in-the-Hills, Florida
The Village of Lakewood, Illinois
 Little Diamond Island Landing, Maine
 Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico
 Orchard Point at Piney Orchard, Maryland
 Point Field Landing on the Severn, Maryland
Riverside Village of Church Creek, Maryland
 Monmouth Heights at Manalapan, New Jersey
 Staffordville Public Landing, New Jersey
 Holly View Forest-Highland Park, North Carolina
 The Village of Indian Hill, Ohio
 Washington Court House
 Slovenska Narodna Podporna Jednota, Pennsylvania
 The Landing at Plantation Point, South Carolina
 Kinney and Gourlays Improved City Plat, Utah
 Little Cottonwood Creek Valley, Utah
 Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota
 South Chicago Heights, Illinois
 Grand View-on-Hudson, New York
 Lake Norman of Catawba, North Carolina
 The original name of Los Angeles, California, in 1781, was "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula"; in English this means "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of the Porciúncula River".
 The full, legal name of Santa Fe, New Mexico, is "La Villa Real de la Santa Fe de San Francisco de Asís" ('the Royal Town of the Holy Faith of Saint Francis of Assisi'). The full name is in both the seal and the flag of the city.
 The longest hyphenated name in England is the 29-letter-long name Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe, the name of a tiny village in North Yorkshire.
 The longest names for communes in France are Saint-Remy-en-Bouzemont-Saint-Genest-et-Isson, Marne (45 characters including hyphens), Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont, Calvados (44 characters), and Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur, Haute-Saône (43 characters).
 The longest department name in France is Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (23 characters, including hyphens).
 The longest place name in Austria is Pfaffenschlag bei Waidhofen an der Thaya (40 characters).
The longest street name in Hungary is Ferihegyi repülőtérre vezető út. It means "Road leading to the airport at Ferihegy" (28 characters)
 The longest place name in Spain is Colinas del Campo de Martín Moro Toledano de Castilla y León, in the province of León (50 characters).
 The longest place name in Finland is Semmonen niemi, jossa käärme koiraa pisti, in the municipality of Perho (36 characters, including a comma). The English translation is That cape where a snake bit the dog.
 The longest municipality name in the Czech Republic is the name of Nová Ves u Nového Města na Moravě (33 characters, English translation: "New Village in near of New Town in Moravia).
 The longest single place name in Germany is Hellschen-Heringsand-Unterschaar in Schleswig-Holstein (32 characters). In the standard official naming scheme, however, villages are disambiguated by prefixing them with the name of the municipality they are part of. The longest official place name is therefore Michelbach an der Bilz-Gschlachtenbretzingen (40 characters).
 The longest place names in Italy are Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore and San Valentino in Abruzzo Citeriore, with 30 letters, or it is Cortaccia sulla Strada del Vino - Kurtatsch an der Weinstraße considering the official name both in Italian and German.
 The longest place names in Poland are Sobienie Kiełczewskie Pierwsze and Przedmieście Szczebrzeszyńskie, with 30 letters (including spaces).
 The longest place name in the Netherlands is Westerhaar-Vriezenveensewijk (28 characters, including a hyphen). The longest street name is  Laan van de landinrichtingscommissie Duiven-Westervoort in Duiven.
 The longest place name in Indonesia is the Regency of  (Siau Tagulandang Biaro Islands) with 32 characters (including spaces). This is followed by Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency, with 26 characters and 23 letters.
 The longest place name in Malaysia is Kampung Simpang Tiga Durian Chondong, with 36 characters (including spaces).
 The municipality with the longest name in Brazil is Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, with 32 characters (including spaces).
  The municipality with the longest name in Mexico is Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional (49 characters).
 The longest place name in Mexico is San Pedro y San Pablo Tequixtepec (28 letters).
 The longest city name in Argentina is San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca (30 letters).
 Truth or Consequences is a spa city and the county seat of Sierra County, New Mexico, United States.
 Bellefontaine Neighbors, Missouri (22 letters) has the longest name of any incorporated place in the United States.
 The longest name of a settlement in Russia with spaces (not counting official names of municipalities) is (in ISO 9) "posyolok Central'noj usad'by` sovxoza imeni 40-letiya Velikogo Oktyabrya" (, 50 letters (if not counting the word posyolok/посёлок, which is a generic name for a settlement), and 2 digits, which would give another 6 letters). The English translation is a settlement of The Central Farmstead of the Sovkhoz named after the 40-years Anniversary of the Great October.
 The longest hyphenated name of a settlement in Belgium is Chaussée-Notre-Dame-Louvignies (27 letters).
 The longest hyphenated name of a settlement in Russia is Kremenchug-Konstantinovskoye (Кременчуг-Константиновское, 25 letters). The English translation is (new) Kremenchug named after Konstantin (a first settler).
Putevaya Usadba 9 km zheleznoy dorogi Luostari–Nikel (Russian:Путевая Усадьба 9 км железной дороги Луостари–Никель) is a rural locality in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is located within the Arctic Circle. In English, the name translates to Track Homestead 9 km of Luostari-Nikel railway
 The longest name of a settlement in Croatia is Gornje Mrzlo Polje Mrežničko (25 letters). The English translation is Upper cold field near Mrežnica.
 The longest municipality name in the Philippines is General Salipada K. Pendatun (24 characters), named after the Mindanaoan general and senator of the same name.

See also
Longest word in English
List of longest placenames in Ireland
List of short place names

References

Names
Lists of place names


Synodontis depauwi is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it can be found in Stanley Pool.  It was first described by British-Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1899, from specimens collected in Stanley Pool, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name depauwi is in honour of the "conservateur des collections de l'Université libre de Bruxelles", Louis De Pauw.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. depauwi has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. depauwi, the humeral process is much longer than it is broad, with a ridge on the underside, and sharply pointed at the end.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is long and straight without any branches, without a membrane at the base. It extends to a length of about  to  times the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is two to three times the length of the inner pair; and the outer pair with moderately long, slender branches and the inner pair with secondary branches present.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. depauwi, the spine of the dorsal fin is about  times the length of the head, nearly straight, sharp-edged in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is a little longer than the size of the dorsal spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is  to  times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains three unbranched and seven or eight branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked, with the upper lobe longer.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. depauwi, the toothpad forms a short and broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. depauwi, there are about 30 to 35 teeth on the mandible.

The body color is a uniform brownish, with black spots on the fins and a black streak along each lobe of the caudal fin.  Juveniles may show dark marbling colors on the sides.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is known from Pool Malebo, and has been recorded in the Kasai River basin and the Kwango River Basin.  The fish is caught for human consumption.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

depauwi
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1899
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis dorsomaculatus is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it occurs in the Lukusi and upper Lualaba Rivers and the Upemba lakes.  It was first described by  Max Poll in 1971.  The original specimens were obtained in Kadia, Kisale, Katanga, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name dorsomaculatus is derived from the word dorso, meaning "back", and the word maculatus, meaning "spotted", a reference to the dark round spots on the fish's back.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. dorsomaculatus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the upper Lualaba River system.  It is harvested for human consumption.  The species is listed as endangered due to threats from overfishing and pollution resulting from mining and fishing using toxic plants.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

dorsomaculatus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1971
Taxa named by Max Poll


Synodontis filamentosus, known as the longfin synodontis,  is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the basins of the Nile, Volta and Niger Rivers as well as the Chad Basin.  It was first described by British-Belgian zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1901, from specimens obtained near the mouth of Lake No, on the White Nile in Sudan.  The species name filamentosus comes from the elongated rays of the dorsal and caudal fins.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. filamentosus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. filamentosus, the humeral process is flat, a little longer than it is broad, and rounded at the end.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is straight without any branches, with a broad membrane at the base. It extends about  the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about  as long as the inner pair, have long, slender branches with secondary branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. filamentosus, the spine is as long as the head, curved, smooth in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays, ending in a long elongated filament that is longer than the dorsal fin itself. The spine of the pectoral fin is as long as the dorsal spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is  times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains four unbranched and seven branched rays, and is rounded. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked, with the upper lobe longer.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. filamentosus, the toothpad forms a short, broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. filamentosus, there are about 20 teeth on the mandible.

The color of the fish is greyish, with small, scattered dark spots, and whitish on the underside.  The dorsal and caudal fins have small greyish spots.  The lower borders of the caudal fin are black.

The maximum standard length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species widespread across central Africa, from Guinea to Ethiopia.  The species is harvested for human consumption. The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

filamentosus
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Central African Republic
Fish of Chad
Fish of Ethiopia
Fish of Sudan
Fish described in 1901
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis flavitaeniatus, known as the orangestriped squeaker, the chocolatestriped squeaker, the yellowstriped squeaker, and the pyjama Syno, is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo where it is found in the lower and central Congo Basin.  It was first described by Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1919.  The holotype was collected from the Ruki River at Eala, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The meaning of the specific name "flavitaeniatus" is "yellow stripes".

Description
The body of the fish is brownish or orange-brown and is marked with yellow and dark brown horizontal bands.   The underside of the fish is a lighter brown with small irregular blotches.   The dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal fins are clear and marked with contrasting dark-colored spots.  The adipose fin is dark except for the extreme tip which is lighter.  The bands in the body extend through the strongly-forked caudal fin with light patches at the edges and center. When stressed, the brown coloration can be tinged with pink.  Older individuals may be yellowish-brown.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of short maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in nature.

In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , a pH of 6.5 – 8.0, and dH range of 4-25.

References

External links

flavitaeniatus
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1919
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger


Synodontis frontosus, known as the Sudan squeaker, is a species of upside-down catfish that is widely distributed throughout northern and central Africa.  It has been reported in Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda.   It was first described by French zoologist Léon Vaillant in 1895, from specimens collected in the White Nile in Sudan.  The species name frontosus is Latin, and means "broad head".

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. frontosus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. frontosus, the humeral process is a little longer than it is broad, and ends in a sharp point.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is long and straight without any branches, with a thin membrane at the base. It extends  to  the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about twice the length of the inner pair, and both pairs have long branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. frontosus, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about  the length of the head, smooth in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin about as long as the dorsal fin spine, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is  to 4 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains four unbranched and eight to nine branched rays. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked, with the upper lobe being longer.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. frontosus, the toothpad forms a short and broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. frontosus, there are 33 to 48 teeth on the mandible.

The body color is grey-brown to blackish on the top, bottom, and sides, with white lips.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species has been found in the basins of the Nile River and Shabeele River, and Turkana Lake, Albert Lake, Edward Lake, and Kyoga Lake.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The fish feeds on algae, macrophytes, detritus, crustaceans, insects and mollusks.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

frontosus
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of Kenya
Fish of Ethiopia
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of Chad
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of Egypt
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish of Somalia
Fish of Sudan
Fish of Uganda
Fish described in 1895
Taxa named by Léon Vaillant


This is a list of casinos in Illinois.

List of casinos

Gallery

See also

List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

Casinos
Illinois


Synodontis geledensis, known as the Geledi squeaker,  is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia where it can be found in the Lorian Swamp, the Shebelle and Ewaso Ng'iro rivers.  It was first described by German zoologist Albert Günther in 1896, from specimens obtained near Geledi, on the Shebeli River in east Africa.  The species name geledensis comes from Geledi, Somalia, the location where the first specimens were first found.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. geledensis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. geledensis, the humeral process is rough, much longer than it is broad, and pointed at the end.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is straight without any branches, with a broad membrane at the base. It extends about  the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is about twice as long as the inner pair, have long, slender branches with secondary branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. geledensis, the spine is  as long as the head, nearly straight, serrated in the front and smooth on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is as long as the head, and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 4 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains four unbranched and eight branched rays, and is obtusely pointed in front. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply forked.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. geledensis, the toothpad forms a short, broad band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. geledensis, there are about 18 teeth on the mandible.

The color of the fish is brownish on the back and sides, and whitish on the underside.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is known in Kenya and Ethiopia, and it is thought to have a greater range.  The species is harvested for human consumption. Its habitat is threatened by dam building and water depletion for irrigation.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

geledensis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of Ethiopia
Freshwater fish of Kenya
Fish of Somalia
Fish described in 1896
Taxa named by Albert Günther


Synodontis gobroni is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Niger River basin where it is found in the nations of Guinea, Mali, Niger and Nigeria.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links

gobroni
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Fish described in 1954
Taxa named by Jacques Daget


Synodontis grandiops is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, and Tanzania, where it is only known from Lake Tanganyika. It was first described by  Jeremy John Wright and Lawrence M. Page in 2006, from specimens collected at multiple points along the shore of Lake Tanganyika. The species name is a Latinized combination of the Latin "grandi", meaning large or big, and the Greek "ops", meaning eye, a reference to the relatively large eyes of this fish.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. grandiops has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head is about  of the standard length of the fish. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process help to identify the species. In S. grandiops, the humeral process is narrow, long, and rough in appearance, and contains a distinct ridge on the bottom surface. The top edge is convex and it ends in a sharp point. It is almost  of the length of the head. The eyes are large, about  of the length of the head.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel does not have a membrane near the base and is straight without any branches. It extends at least as far as the base of the pectoral fin, most of the length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels extends just short of the pectoral girdle, about  of the length of the head, and contains four to five branches without secondary branches. The inner pair of mandibular barbels is about  to  as long as the outer pair, about  to  of the length of the head, with four to five pairs of branches without secondary branches.

The skin of S. grandiops has a large number of tiny vertical skin folds. The exact purpose of the skin folds is not known, but is a characteristic of the species of Syndontis that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika. External granular papilla are not present.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines. In S. grandiops, the spine of the dorsal fin is long, about  as long as the head, is almost completely straight, contains up to three small serrations on the front and many small serrations on the back, and ends with short, white filaments. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is slightly curved, roughly as long as the dorsal fin spine, with large serrations on both sides. The pectoral spine ends in short, white filaments. The other pectoral fins are made up of eight branching rays. The adipose fin is short, does not contain any rays, and has a convex shape. The pelvic fin contains one unbranched and six branched rays. The pelvic fin is vertically aligned in front of the adipose fin. The anal fin contains three to four unbranched and six to eight branched rays; it is vertically aligned with the adipose fin. The tail, or caudal fin, is forked, with pointed lobes, and contains seven rays on the upper lobe, eight rays on the lower lobe.

The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla.     All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster. In other species of Syndontis, this toothpad is clearly divided into two separate groups, separated by a thin band of skin that divides the toothpad. This character is used as a method of differentiating between to different but similar species of Syndontis. In S. grandiops, the toothpad is uninterrupted, or continuous without a break. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. grandiops, there are 17-26 teeth on the mandible, arranged in a single row.

Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the side of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera. Fish in the genus Acrochordonichthys have been observed to secrete a mucus with toxic properties from their axillary pore, but there is no scientific consensus as to the exact purpose of the secretion or the pore. S. grandiops has a large, dark-colored axillary pore just below the humeral process.

S. grandiops shares the characteristic of most of the Synodontis species of Lake Tanganyika by having a recognizable pattern consisting of dark triangles at the bases of all of the rayed fins, except the anal and pelvic fins which are white, and dark spots on the body that may or may not extend to the belly. The body ranges from light brown to beige, becoming darker on the head and back. The barbels are white, the dorsal and pectoral fin spines are brown to black.

The maximum standard length of known specimens is  and a total length of . In general in Synodontis species, females tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is endemic to Lake Tanganyika, which has a temperature range of , and an approximate pH of 8.5 – 9, and a dH range of 4-15. Synodontis species in the lake tend to inhabit mainly the rocky shoreline areas, as well as sandy and shell-covered bottom areas. The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning. As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes. The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.They practice brood parasitism.They lives among rock piles frequented by various species of mauna: small African cichlids. Courtship behaviour culminates with the female sucking sperm from the male's cloaca. She brings the sperm through her digestive tract to her cloaca, where her eggs meet the sperm.They then rushes into the nest of a cichlid,devours the eggs of cichlids,and deposits their own.The cichlids then raise the catfish as their own.

References

External links

grandiops
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of Lake Tanganyika
Fish of Burundi
Fish of Tanzania
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 2006


Synodontis greshoffi is a species of upside-down catfish native to the Congo Basin of Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.  It was first collected by M.A. Greshoff in Pool Malebo on the upper Congo River, and the species was named for him by the author of the first paper written about the species, Belgian ichthyologist Louise Schilthuis, in 1891.

Description
The body of the fish is cream-colored, with brown to folden markings on the sides which continue on the ventral surface.  The complexity of the pattern increases on the head.  The fins are clear with brown spots.brownish or orange-brown and is marked with yellow and dark brown horizontal bands.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The first ray of the dorsal fin and the pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated.   The caudal fin is deeply forked with an extension on the top lobe.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of maxillary barbels, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in nature.

Habitat
In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters with a temperature range of , and has been found in the lower and middle Congo River basin.   It has also been found in the upper Congo River basin, excluding the Luapula River and Lake Mweru.  It has also been reported in portions of the Boumba River and the Doumé River in southern Cameroon.

References

External links

greshoffi
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of Cameroon
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of the Republic of the Congo
Fish described in 1891


Synodontis guttatus is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the Niger River basin of Nigeria.  It was first described by German ichthyologist Albert Günther in 1865, from the Niger River.  The species name guttatus is the Latin word for "spotted", referring to the spots appearing on the fins and body of the fish.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. guttatus has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. guttatus, the humeral process is rough, much longer than it is broad, and pointed at the end.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel is long and straight without any branches, without a membrane at the base. It extends about  as long as the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels is a little under twice the length of the inner pair.  They have short branches.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. guttatus, the spine of the dorsal fin is about  the length of the head, smooth in the front and serrated on the back. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is about as long as the dorsal spine and serrated on both sides. The adipose fin is 3 times as long as it is deep. The anal fin contains three unbranched and eight branched rays, and is pointed in the front. The tail, or caudal fin, is deeply notched.

All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  In S. guttatus, the toothpad forms a broad crescent-shaped band.   On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. guttatus, there are about 30 teeth on the mandible.

The base body color is brown, and the body is covered with small, round dark spots.

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is known from only one location in Nigeria in the lower Niger River.  The species is harvested for human consumption.  The primary threats to the species arise from pollution in its habitat and the small area of habitat, and it is listed as an endangered species.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

Endemic fauna of Nigeria
guttatus
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Fish described in 1865


Synodontis haugi, known as the black synodontis, is a species of upside-down catfish native to Gabon where it is found in the Ogowe River basin.  It was first collected by M.E. Haug and described by French zoologist Jacques Pellegrin in 1906, based upon a holotype discovered in the Ogooué River, near Ngomo, Gabon.  The specific name "huagi" is a tribute to the original collector of the species.

Description
The body of the fish is a uniform brown or brown with indistinct darker spots on the body and fins.  Juveniles may also display large dark brown spots on the sides.

Like other members of the genus, this fish has a humeral process, which is a bony spike that is attached to a hardened head cap on the fish and can be seen extending beyond the gill opening.  The humeral process on this species is obtusely keeled, much longer than deep, acutely pointed, and extends slightly beyond the occipito-nuchal process.  The first ray of the dorsal fin has a hardened first ray which is slightly serrated and is as long or slightly shorter than the head.   The pectoral spine is as long as the dorsal and strongly serrated on both sides, especially the inner side.   The caudal fin is deeply forked.   It has short, cone-shaped teeth in the upper jaw. In the lower jaw, the teeth are s-shaped and movable.  The fish has one pair of long maxillary barbels, extending far beyond the operculum, and two pairs of mandibular barbels that are often branched.  The adipose fin is 3 to 3 1/2 times as long as it is deep.  set far back.

This species grows to a length of  SL although specimens up to  TL have been recorded in the wild.

Habitat
In the wild, the species inhabits tropical waters in the Ogowe River basin in Gabon.

References

External links

haugi
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of Gabon
Endemic fauna of Gabon
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin
Fish described in 1906


Synodontis ilebrevis is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Zambia, where it is only known from Lake Tanganyika.  It was first described by Jeremy John Wright and Lawrence M. Page in 2006, from specimens collected from Lake Tanganyika at Cape Chaitika, Zambia.  The species name comes from the Latin word "ile", meaning intestine, and the Latin word "bevis", meaning short, and refers to the relatively short gut of this species.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. ilebrevis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head is about  of the standard length of the fish. The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process. The shape and size of the humeral process helps to identify the species. In S. ilebrevis, the humeral process is triangular and rough, with a poorly defined ridge on the bottom edge. The top edge is concave and the end is sharply pointed. It is about  of the length of the head. The diameter of the eye is about  of the length of the head.

The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw. The maxillary barbel has a narrow membrane attached near the base and is straight without any branches. It extends at least as far as the base of the pectoral spine, a bit less than half of length of the head. The outer pair of mandibular barbels extends just past the front of the pectoral girdle, about  of the length of the head, and contains three to six weak branches, usually without secondary branches. The inner pair of mandibular barbels is about  to  as long as the outer pair, about  of the length of the head, with three to five pairs of branches, with many secondary branches present.

The skin of S. ilebrevis has a large number of tiny vertical skin folds. The exact purpose of the skin folds is not known, but is a characteristic of the species of Syndontis that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika. External sort, flat papilla are present and give the skin a pebbled appearance.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins of Syntontis species are hardened into stiff spines.  In S. ilebrevis, the spine of the dorsal fin is short, about  as long as the head, slightly curved, rough on the front and serrated on the back, and ends with short, dusky filament. The remaining portion of the dorsal fin is made up of seven branching rays. The spine of the pectoral fin is slightly curved, about as long as the dorsal fin spine, rough on the front and with large serrations on the back. The pectoral spine ends in short, dusky filament. The rest of the pectoral fins are made up of eight to nine branching rays. The adipose fin does not contain any rays, is long and well developed, and has a convex shape. The pelvic fin contains one unbranched and six branched rays. The front edge of the pelvic fin is vertically aligned with the front edge of the adipose fin. The anal fin contains three to five unbranched and seven to nine branched rays; it is vertically aligned with the center of the adipose fin. The tail, or caudal fin, is forked, with rounded lobes, and contains eleven to fifteen rays on the upper lobe, seventeen rays on the lower lobe.

The mouth of the fish faces downward and has wide lips that contain papilla. All members of Syndontis have a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth. In some species, this toothpad is made up of a large patch with several rows in a large cluster. In other species of Syndontis, this toothpad is clearly divided into two separate groups, separated by a thin band of skin that divides the toothpad. This character is used as a method of differentiating between two different but similar species of Syndontis. In S. ilebrevis, the toothpad is interrupted, or separated into two distinct groups. On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth of Syndontis are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked". The number of teeth on the mandible is used to differentiate between species; in S. ilebrevis, there are 50 to 66 teeth on the mandible, arranged in eight short rows.

Some of the species of Synodontis have an opening or series of openings called the axillary pore. It is located on the sides of the body below the humeral process and before the pectoral fin spine. The exact function of the port is not known to scientists, although its presence has been observed in seven other catfish genera.  Fish in the genus Acrochordonichthys are known to secrete a mucus with toxic properties from their axillary pore, but there is no scientific consensus as to the exact purpose of the secretion or the pore.  S. ilebrevis does not have an axillary pore.

The back of the fish is olive brown, covered with small, regularly-shaped, widely spaced black spots.  The underside is lighter, with smaller black spots.    Most of the species of Synodontis of Lake Tanganyika have a recognizable pattern consisting of dark triangles at the bases of all of the rayed fins, present in S. ilebrevis, and the back edges of the fins are dusky in color. The caudal fin has a black bar that runs from the base of each lobe to the top of the fin.  The barbels are white.

The maximum standard length of known specimens is  with a total length of .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is endemic to Lake Tanganyika, which has an observed temperature range of , an approximate pH of 8.5 – 9, and dH range of 4-15.  The exact habitat is unknown, but like other small species of Syndontis, it probably inhabits fairly shallow, rocky coastal areas.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

ilebrevis
Fish of Zambia
Endemic fauna of Zambia
Fish of Lake Tanganyika
Fish described in 2006


Synodontis iturii is a species of upside-down catfish that is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is only known from the Ituri River.  It was first described by  Franz Steindachner in 1911.  The original specimens were obtained in the Ituri River, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name iturii is derived from the Ituri River, where the species was discovered.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. iturii has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species is only known from the Ituri River at Mawambi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.  It is harvested for human consumption.  Major threats to the species include deforestation resulting from mining and war in the region, as well as water diversions for gold mining.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

iturii
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Endemic fauna of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Taxa named by Franz Steindachner
Fish described in 1911


Synodontis katangae is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia where it is found in the Congo Basin.  It was first described by  Max Poll in 1971.  The original specimens were obtained in Lukonzolwa, on Lake Mweru, in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  The species name katangae is a reference to the Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where the species was first found.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. katangae has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in the Luapula-Mweru system and from the Luashi River and the Lubumbashi region (high Katanga).  It is harvested for human consumption.  The species faces potential threats to its survival from environmental damage resulting from mining activities, as well as overfishing.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

katangae
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of Zambia
Taxa named by Max Poll
Fish described in 1971


Synodontis khartoumensis is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan and Uganda where it occurs in Lake Albert and the Nile basin.  It was first described by  Yousif Babiker Abu Gideiri in 1967.  The original specimens were obtained in the Blue Nile, about 2 miles away from the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, near Khartoum, Sudan.  The species name khartoumensis is derived from the city of Khartoum, where the type species was originally found.

Description
Like all members of the genus Synodontis, S. khartoumensis has a strong, bony head capsule that extends back as far as the first spine of the dorsal fin.  The head contains a distinct narrow, bony, external protrusion called a humeral process.  The fish has three pairs of barbels. The maxillary barbels are on located on the upper jaw, and two pairs of mandibular barbels are on the lower jaw.   The adipose fin is large and the tail, or caudal fin, is forked.

The front edges of the dorsal fins and the pectoral fins are hardened into stiff spines.  These spines can be raised into position at right angles to the body and locked into position for defensive purposes.   The ability to lock the spines into place comes from several small bones attached to the spine, and once raised, the spines cannot be folded down by exerting pressure on the tip.

The fish has a structure called a premaxillary toothpad, which is located on the very front of the upper jaw of the mouth. This structure contains several rows of short, chisel-shaped teeth.  On the lower jaw, or mandible, the teeth are attached to flexible, stalk-like structures and described as "s-shaped" or "hooked".

The maximum total length of the species is .  Generally, females in the genus Synodontis tend to be slightly larger than males of the same age.

Habitat and behavior
In the wild, the species occurs in running and standing waters in the upper Nile basin.  It is harvested for human consumption.  As a whole, species of Synodontis are omnivores, consuming insect larvae, algae, gastropods, bivalves, sponges, crustaceans, and the eggs of other fishes.  The reproductive habits of most of the species of Synodontis are not known, beyond some instances of obtaining egg counts from gravid females. Spawning likely occurs during the flooding season between July and October, and pairs swim in unison during spawning.   The growth rate is rapid in the first year, then slows down as the fish age.

References

External links

khartoumensis
Catfish of Africa
Fish of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fish of Sudan
Fish of Uganda
Fish described in 1967


This is a list of casinos in Idaho.

List of casinos

See also
List of casinos in the United States
List of casino hotels

References

External links

List of Idaho Casinos

Casinos
Idaho
Native American casinos


Synodontis koensis is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Ivory Coast where it occurs in the Nzo River basin.  This species grows to a length of  TL.  This species can be found in the aquarium trade.

References

External links

koensis
Catfish of Africa
Freshwater fish of West Africa
Endemic fauna of Ivory Coast
Taxa named by Jacques Pellegrin
Fish described in 1933


Synodontis laessoei is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Angola where it is only known from the Kokema River.  This species grows to a length of  TL.

References

External links
}

laessoei
Freshwater fish of Africa
Fish of Angola
Endemic fauna of Angola
Taxa named by John Roxborough Norman
Fish described in 1923


The Kaktovik numerals or Kaktovik Iñupiaq numerals are a base-20 system of numerical digits created by Alaskan Iñupiat. They are visually iconic, with shapes that indicate the number being represented.

The Iñupiaq language has a base-20 numeral system, as do the other Eskimo–Aleut languages of Alaska and Canada (and formerly Greenland). Arabic numerals, which were designed for a base-10 system, are inadequate for Iñupiaq and other Inuit languages. To remedy this problem, students in Kaktovik, Alaska, invented a base-20 numeral notation in 1994, which has spread among the Alaskan Iñupiat and has been considered for use in Canada.

The image here shows the Kaktovik digits 0 to 19. Larger numbers are composed of these digits in a positional notation: Twenty is written as a one and a zero (), forty as a two and a zero (), four hundred as a one and two zeros (), eight hundred as a two and two zeros (), and so on.

System

Iñupiaq, like other Inuit languages, has a base-20 counting system with a sub-base of 5 (a quinary-vigesimal system). That is, quantities are counted in scores (as in Welsh, and in some Danish such as  'fifty', and French, such as  'eighty'), with intermediate numerals for 5, 10, and 15. Thus 78 is identified as three score fifteen-three.

The twenty digits are:

{| class=wikitable

|- style="text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10||11||12||13||14||15||16||17||18||19
|}

The Kaktovik digits graphically reflect the lexical structure of the Iñupiaq numbering system. For example, the number seven is called  in Iñupiaq ('five-two'), and the Kaktovik digit for seven is a top stroke (five) connected to two bottom strokes (two): . Similarly, twelve and seventeen are called  ('ten-two') and  ('fifteen-two'), and the Kaktovik digits are respectively two and three top strokes (ten and fifteen) with two bottom strokes: , .

Values
In the following table are the decimal values of the Kaktovik digits up to three places to the left and to the right of the units' place.

Origin

In the early 1990s, during a math enrichment activity at Harold Kaveolook school in Kaktovik, Alaska, students noted that their language used a base-20 system and found that, when they tried to write numbers or do arithmetic with Arabic numerals, they did not have enough symbols to represent the Iñupiaq numbers.
The students first addressed this lack by creating ten extra symbols, but found these were difficult to remember. The middle school in the small town had nine students, so it was possible for the entire class to work together to create a base-20 notation. Their teacher, William Bartley, guided them.

After brainstorming, the students came up with several qualities that an ideal system would have:

 Visual simplicity: The symbols should be "easy to remember"
 Iconicity: There should be a "clear relationship between the symbols and their meanings"
 Efficiency: It should be "easy to write" the symbols, and they should be able to be "written quickly" without lifting the pencil from the paper
 Distinctiveness: They should "look very different from Arabic numerals," so there would not be any confusion between notation in the two systems
 Aesthetics: They should be pleasing to look at

In base-20 positional notation, the number twenty is written with the digit for 1 followed by the digit for 0. The Iñupiaq language does not have a word for zero, and the students decided that the Kaktovik digit 0 should look like crossed arms, meaning that nothing was being counted.

When the middle-school pupils began to teach their new system to younger students in the school, the younger students tended to squeeze the numbers down to fit inside the same-sized block. In this way, they created an iconic notation with the sub-base of 5 forming the upper part of the digit, and the remainder forming the lower part. This proved visually helpful in doing arithmetic.

Computation

Abacus
The students built base-20 abacuses in the school workshop. These were initially intended to help the conversion from decimal to base-20 and vice versa, but the students found their design lent itself quite naturally to arithmetic in base-20. The upper section of their abacus had three beads in each column for the values of the sub-base of 5, and the lower section had four beads in each column for the remaining units.

Arithmetic

An advantage the students discovered of their new system was that arithmetic was easier than with the Arabic numerals. Adding two digits together would look like their sum. For example,

 2 + 2 = 4

is

  +  =

It was even easier for subtraction: one could simply look at the number and remove the appropriate number of strokes to get the answer. For example,

4 − 1 = 3

is

 −  =

Another advantage came in doing long division. The visual aspects and the sub-base of five made long division with large dividends almost as easy as short division, as it didn't require writing in subtables for multiplying and subtracting the intermediate steps. The students could keep track of the strokes of the intermediate steps with colored pencils in an elaborated system of chunking.

A simplified multiplication table can be made by first finding the products of each base digit, then the products of the bases and the sub-bases, and finally the product of each sub-base:

These tables are functionally complete for multiplication operations using Kaktovik numerals, but for factors with both bases and sub-bases it is necessary to first disassociate them:

6 * 3 = 18

is

 *  = ( * ) + ( * ) =

In the above example the factor  (6) is not found in the table, but its components,  (1) and  (5), are.

Legacy
The Kaktovik numerals have gained wide use among Alaskan Iñupiat. They have been introduced into language-immersion programs and have helped revive base-20 counting, which had been falling into disuse among the Iñupiat due to the prevalence of the base-10 system in English-medium schools.

When the Kaktovik middle school students who invented the system were graduated to the high school in Barrow, Alaska (now renamed Utqiaġvik), in 1995, they took their invention with them. They were permitted to teach it to students at the local middle school, and the local community Iḷisaġvik College added an Inuit mathematics course to its catalog.

In 1996, the Commission on Inuit History Language and Culture officially adopted the numerals, and in 1998 the Inuit Circumpolar Council in Canada recommended the development and use of the Kaktovik numerals in that country.

Significance

Scores on the California Achievement Test in mathematics for the Kaktovik middle school improved dramatically in 1997 compared to previous years. Before the introduction of the new numerals, the average score had been in the 20th percentile; after their introduction, scores rose to above the national average. It is theorized that being able to work in both base-10 and base-20 might have comparable advantages to those bilingual students have from engaging in two ways of thinking about the world.

The development of an indigenous numeral system helps to demonstrate to Alaskan-native students that math is embedded in their culture and language rather than being imparted by western culture. This is a shift from a previously commonly held view that mathematics was merely a necessity to get into a college or university. Non-native students can see a practical example of a different world view, a part of ethnomathematics.

In Unicode

The Kaktovik numerals were added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2022, with the release of version . A font is available in the external links.

See also
Maya numerals, a quinary-vigesimal system from another American culture

References

Further reading

External links
 free Kaktovik font, based on Bartley (1997)
 Kaktovik–Arabic converter, using either images or Unicode
  The video demonstrates how long division is easier with visually intuitive digits like the Kaktovik ones; the illustrated problems were chosen to work out easily, as the problems in a child's introduction to arithmetic would be.

Inupiat language
Numerals
Vigesimal numeral systems
1994 introductions


"Wanted" is the debut single released by American country-pop singer-songwriter Jessie James, taken from her self-titled debut album (2009). It was first released to American contemporary hit radio through Mercury Records on April 14, 2009, as the album's lead single and was later released to digital retailers on May 12.

Upon release, "Wanted" was generally well received by contemporary music critics, who praised James's "powerful" voice and the song's pop radio appeal. The song entered the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2010; it also charted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at 82.

Composition
"Wanted" is an upbeat dance-rock song with a duration of three minutes and five seconds (3:05). The song also draws influences from pop rock in its production and country pop from James's "slight Southern twang." It was written by Jessie James, Kara DioGuardi, Mitch Allan, and David Hodges, and was produced by Allan. According to the digital sheet music published by EMI Music Publishing, the song was originally composed in the key of G major with a vocal range of G3–D5 and a moderate pop rock tempo of approximately 110 BPM. James' vocal style on the song has been compared to Christina Aguilera.

The song's lyrics describe a woman attracting the attention of a potential lover, but on her own terms, with James declaring "I only want to be wanted by you." It has been described as a message of female empowerment and praised for portraying James as being in control of the situation.

Critical reception
In a review for the song, Michael Menachem of Billboard said that James had "what it takes to make a name for herself." He described the song as "alluring" and "forceful." An uncredited editorial review of the album on Amazon Music described "Wanted" as a catchy, "full-throttle dance-rock scorcher." Rudy K. of Sputnikmusic complimented James on producing a "fantastic pop single" and praised the song's structure for building up to the chorus. Writing for Slant Magazine, Jonathan Keefe similarly applauded the song's dynamics for showcasing James's "powerful voice."

Commercial reception
"Wanted" debuted at number 87 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of May 30, 2009. It fell off the chart for four weeks before re-entering at No. 98 on June 27, 2009. It continued to rise and eventually reached a peak position of 40 for the chart dated August 29, 2009. "Wanted" also peaked at number four on the Heatseekers Songs chart before entering the top 50 on the Hot 100 and becoming ineligible. The song charted at number 23 and number 34 on the Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs radio airplay charts, respectively, and also reaching 18 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart tracking airplay in American dance clubs. The song has sold 336,750 digital copies as of August 20, 2009. On December 8, 2010, "Wanted" was certified Gold by the RIAA, indicating sales of over 500,000.

Music video
The music video of "Wanted" was shot in Los Angeles. Actor Erik Von Detten makes a cameo in the video as a police officer that chases after Jessie through a series of events and eventually "captures" her in a diner before leading her to his vehicle where they proceed to kiss. The music video was directed by Travis Kopach and premiered April 27, 2009, on VH1.

Tracklist
The Remixes
 "Wanted" (Wideboys Full Club) - 7:27
 "Wanted" (Wideboys Dub) - 7:16
 "Wanted" (Jason Nevins Extended) - 6:08
 "Wanted" (Jason Phats Vocal Mix) - 8:19
 "Wanted" (Jason Phats Bootleg Vocal Mix) - 7:41
 "Wanted" (Jason Phats Dub Mix) - 8:36

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2009 debut singles
Songs written by Kara DioGuardi
Songs written by Mitch Allan
Jessie James Decker songs
Songs written by David Hodges
2009 songs
Mercury Records singles
Song recordings produced by Mitch Allan


Rising Sun Rock Festival is an annual rock festival held in Ishikari, Hokkaido, Japan. The two-day event is organized by WESS. It chiefly features Japanese rock and indie performers.

Festival summary by year

Performances

1999
The 1999 festival took place on 21 August 1999.

2000
The 2000 festival took place on 19 August 2000.

2001
The 2001 festival took place from 17 to 18 August 2001.

2002
The 2002 festival took place from 16 to 17 August 2002.

2003
The 2003 festival took place from 15 to 16 August 2003.

2004
The 2004 festival took place from 13 to 14 August 2004.

2005
The 2005 festival took place from 19 to 20 August 2005.

2006
The 2006 festival took place from 18 to 19 August 2006.

2007
The 2007 festival took place from 17 to 18 August 2007.

2008
The 2008 festival took place from 15 to 16 August 2008.

2009
Rising Sun Rock Festival in EZO 2009 Started on August 14 at 15:00 JST (UTC +9), and Ended on August 16 05:40 JST (UTC +9).

2010
Rising Sun Rock Festival 2010 in EZO's website was launched on January 6, 2010, the top three acts from the RISING STAR section of the festival from 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 will all take place in a voting contest between March 15 and May 7, with the results to be in by mid-June. The winner will perform on the Green Oasis stage. Requests for bands are currently open, and the English mirror site will be launched on March 1, 2010. A Twitter page has been launched for the event as well.

2011
The 2011 festival took place from 12 to 13 August 2011.

2012
The 2012 festival took place from 10 to 11 August 2012.

2013
The 2013 festival took place from 16 to 17 August 2013.

2014
The 2014 festival took place from 15 to 16 August 2014.

2015
The 2015 festival took place from 14 to 15 August 2015.

2016
The 2016 festival took place from 12 to 13 August 2016.

2017
The 2017 festival took place from 11 to 12 August 2017.

2018
The 2018 festival took place from 10 to 11 August 2018.

2019
The festival took place from the 16 to 17 August 2019. Because of Typhoon Krosa, day 1 had to be cancelled.

Gallery

References

External links

Music festivals in Japan
Summer festivals
Rock festivals in Japan
Music festivals established in 1999
Festivals in Hokkaido
1999 establishments in Japan


Nototrichium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae.  All members of the genus are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. They are known in Hawaiian as kuluī.

Species
Nototrichium divaricatum Lorence (Kauai)
Nototrichium humile Hillebr. (Oahu, Maui)
Nototrichium sandwicense (A.Gray) Hillebr. (main islands of Hawaii)

References

External links

Amaranthaceae
Endemic flora of Hawaii
Amaranthaceae genera