Agriculture in Panama is an important sector of the Panamanian economy. Major agricultural products include bananas, cocoa beans, coffee, coconuts, timber, beef, chicken, shrimp, corn, potatoes, rice, soybeans, and sugar cane.

In 2009 agriculture and fisheries made up 7.4% of Panama's GDP. Panama is a net food importer and the U.S. is its main supplier. Agriculture employs many Panamanians (in relation to agriculture's percentage of Panamanian GDP) because many farmers are engaged in subsistence farming.

Agricultural products

Major agricultural products in Panama include bananas and other fruit, corn, sugar, rice, coffee, shrimp, timber, vegetables, and livestock.  As of 1996, the important agricultural product exports included bananas ($96.4 million), shrimp ($29.2 million), sugar ($14.1 million), coffee ($11.3 million), and beef ($2.9 million).

In 2018, Panama produced 2.9 million tons of sugar cane, 400 thousand tons of banana, 314 thousand tons of rice, 112 thousand tons of maize, 109 thousand tons of pineapple, 46 thousand tons of palm oil, 40 thousand tons of oranges, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products such as watermelon, cassava, coconut, onion, potato, tomato, yam etc.

Rice
In 2000–2001 (April to March), there were 1,600 domestic rice producers who planted 71,000 hectares and harvested 64,000 hectares (7,000 hectares were lost to dry weather).  Total production was 285,091 metric tons, rough basis in 2000–2001, compared to 269,500 tons in 1999–2000. These figures include only mechanized production and that some small volume is produced by traditional labor.

As production of rice barely supplies total consumption, stocks run very low each year prior to harvest in September.

Rice is the main staple and can be seen at the table at all hours, including at breakfast in some areas of the country.  Therefore, politicians have made a tradition of including protection to rice farmers in all political platforms.  Asian immigrants add to traditional high per capita consumption.

Sugar
Panama is expected to produce 2 million tons of sugar cane in marketing year 2000 yielding 185.6 tons of raw sugar. All four Panamanian sugar mills are private with the last two government-owned mills privatized in 1999.  Two of the
new players have created tension within the sector by introducing innovative business practices thereby increasing
competition and triggering a battle with the more traditional mills.  One result is that there is no longer the exchange of
information that used to take place, which in turn makes it more difficult to collect accurate information.

Although production has been increasing, Panama had been exporting smaller quantities in recent years and has even
been importing refined sugar.  For example, in 1999, Panama imported 3,500 tons of refined sugar with a value of $1.7
million from Mexico and 153 tons with a value of $23,000 from Colombia, both refined sugar.

Bananas

In 1997, the value of banana exports from Panama was $59.8 million.

Shrimp
With approximately 40 shrimp farms covering an area of 9,000 hectares, combined with efficient high technology and good management practices, the Panamanian shrimp farming industry is responsible for 80% of fish products exports.  This amounted to a total of $165 million exported during 1998.  In that year, shrimp exports were bigger than traditional banana exports for the first time.

Coffee

For the export season ending in 2007, Panama generated $15.1 million in sales.  The majority of these exports went to the U.S., with Canada, Europe and Asia being purchasers as well.

Livestock
The main livestock products in Panama are beef, veal, chicken, and pork. Panama has the highest rate of chicken consumption per capita in Latin America.

Cattle

As of 1997, there were 1,362,000 head of cattle in Panama. That year, Panama slaughtered 320,803 head and exported 5,280 head. Panama only imported 40 head of breeding cattle during 1997. Panama exported $7.8 million of beef products in 1997 and imported $1.4 million.

Poultry and eggs
Average annual poultry slaughter is 41 million birds, which yield approximately 48,000 MT of poultry meat.  Panama imported $2.2 million worth of poultry meat during 1997, while exporting $0.4 million.  Panama imported over $900,000 eggs for incubation during 1997, mainly from the United States. The poultry industry continues growing at a strong pace, covering local demand and allowing exports to Central America and the Caribbean.

Panama depends on imported corn to feed its flocks and thereby the competitiveness of its poultry production is dependent on the world price of feed grains. In 1997, Panama exported mainly to Curazao and a smaller quantity to San Andres (Colombia).  The total, including whole, parts, and offal, amounted to approximately $418,000. Panama exported $3,089 worth of turkeys to Curazao.

Panama produces approximately 500,000 commercial eggs per day. Production and export of fertile eggs is picking up, since high quality of breeders from Panama is gaining recognition. Panama exported $1.3 million worth of eggs for incubation in 1997, mainly to Central America and also to Colombia.

Vegetables
Panamanian vegetable production is concentrated in the highlands of Chiriqui province.  Until recently, there has been little competition with the result that there has been scant incentive in improve production and marketing techniques.  Moreover, little thought given to the consumer with prices often high and quality low. This situation created an opportunity for dependable suppliers of high quality produce.  Over the past year, as Panama has gradually shifted its trade policies to more open markets, local importers have started bringing in increasing quantities of produce, particularly from the United States.

Beans
Panama has been a traditional importer of lentils, dry beans and kidney beans. There is some domestic kidney bean production that supplies much of the market when international prices climb and compete for the market the rest of the time.  There is no lentil production in Panama and no demand for black beans.

Forestry
Panama has significant stocks of timber, mainly mahogany. There are also 61,000 hectares of planted forests, mainly teak and pine. However, concerns over deforestation have led to increased regulation of the timber industry. During the 1990s, Panama annually lost 2.1 percent of its forested areas to logging. However, after 1996, timber production dropped by 50 percent. There are 3 major timber companies which own 41 sawmills. Annual output is now around 60,000 cubic meters of forest products.

Other grains
Panamanian corn production, including both mechanized and non-mechanized production, was 105,000 tons in 1996–97. Panama imported 182,676 tons, all from the United States. Use for human consumption amounted to 103,676 tons and for animal production 184,000 tons.

There is no wheat, barley, or oat production in Panama, due to unfavorable climatic conditions.

Panama normally produces an average of 2,000 tons of sorghum per year, which is sold to industries that process animal foodstuffs.  This supplies about 90% of total demand.

Farmers use only a low level of technology and expect that industries will acquire the grain immediately after harvest. Since farmers do not have sufficient storage capacity for the entire harvest, they are at a disadvantage when marketing their product in a hurry.  Moreover, with international prices usually lower than local prices, industries prefer to import the grain.

History
For centuries, agriculture was the dominant economic activity for most of Panama's population. After construction of the Panama Canal, agriculture fell as a proportion of total GDP. Agriculture represented 29 percent of Panamanian GDP in 1950, and just over 9 percent in 1985. In 2009 agriculture and fisheries made up 7.4% of Panama's GDP. Agriculture employs many Panamanians (in relation to its percentage of Panama's GDP) because many farmers are engaged in subsistence farming. The percentage of Panama's labor force in agriculture has fallen from 46 percent in 1965 to 26 percent in 1984.

Between 1969 and 1977 the government undertook agrarian reform and attempted to redistribute land. The expanded role of the state in agriculture improved social conditions in rural areas, but long-term economic gains arising from the agrarian reform were modest.

In 1985, crops accounted for 63.3 percent of value added in agriculture, followed by livestock (29.5 percent), fishing (4.3 percent), and forestry (2.9 percent). Despite its relative decline, agriculture was the main supplier of commodities for export, accounting for over 54 percent of total export earnings in 1985. The agricultural sector satisfied most of the domestic demand. The principal food imports were wheat and wheat products, because climatic conditions precluded wheat cultivation. In 1985 the value of food imports was US$108.7 million (8.8 percent of total imports), with half of that being food exports.

In the early and mid-1980s, the government sought to reverse the decline of agriculture by diversifying agricultural production, lowering protection barriers, and reducing the state's role in agriculture. In March 1986, the government instituted major changes in the agricultural incentives law and removed price controls, trade restrictions, farm subsidies, and other supports.

Throughout the 1990s, agricultural production increased by an average of 5 percent per year, with the exception of 1998 when Hurricane Mitch caused extensive damage to crops. In 1998, agricultural exports were valued at US$409.3 million (out of Panama's total exports of $640 million), while imports totaled US$397.7 million. That same year bananas accounted for 33 percent of Panama's exports, shrimp 11 percent, sugar 4 percent, and coffee 2 percent.

In 1999, sugar cane production was at 2.05 million metric tons, bananas at 650,000 metric tons, rice at 232,370 metric tons and corn at 89,806 metric tons. The main export crop was bananas with exports worth US$182 million in 2000. There has been a steady increase in tropical fruit exports which were worth US$14 million in 2000.

Land use

About half of the land in Panama is used for agriculture. Panama's land area totals approximately 7.7 million hectares, of which forests account for 4.1 million hectares, followed by pasture land (1.2 million hectares), and permanently cultivated fields (582,000 hectares). About 2 percent of the land was used for roads and urban areas. Nearly all of the cultivated and pasture land was originally forested. A large amount of virgin land has been opened up for cultivation by the Pan-American Highway.

Panama's climate and geology impose major constraints on the development of agriculture. Heavy rainfall throughout the year prevents cultivation of most crops on the Atlantic side of the continental divide. The Pacific side has a dry season (December to April) and accounts for most of the cultivated land. The mountainous terrain also restricts cropping.

In addition Panama does not have high quality soils. Most of the areas classified as cultivable are so considered on the assumption that farmers will practice conservation measures, but many do not. The topsoil is thin in most areas, and erosion is a serious problem. Most of the nearly level areas conducive to cultivation are in the provinces of Los Santos, Coclé, Veraguas, and Chiriquí.

Slash and burn agriculture
A further constraint on production is the practice of slash-and-burn cultivation, in which trees, brush, and weeds are cut and then burned on the patch of ground selected for cultivation. Indians utilized the slash-and-burn method for centuries, and the Spanish made few changes in techniques. In the 1980s, most farmers practiced a slash-and-burn type of shifting cultivation. The thin and poor-quality topsoil yielded an initially good harvest, followed by a smaller harvest the second year. Typically, the land was cultivated for only two years, and then the farmer repeated the process on another plot, allowing the first plot to rest ten years before refarming.

Much of the farming was of a subsistence nature and accomplished with a minimum of equipment. Plowing was generally not practiced on subsistence farms; the seeds were placed in holes made by a stick. Tree cutting, land clearing, weeding, and harvesting were accomplished with a few kinds of knives, principally the machete and the axe, which comprised the major farm implements.

Land tenure and agrarian reform
Before the 1950s, land was readily available to anyone who was willing to clear and plant a plot. The cutting and clearing of forests greatly accelerated as the population increased. By the 1960s, subsistence farmers sometimes reduced the rest period of cleared plots from ten years of fallow to as few as five years because of the inavailability of farm land. The reduced fallow period diminished soil fertility and harvests. Consequently, cropped acreage peaked during the 1960s. The hard life and low income farmers accelerated the exodus of workers from the countryside to the cities.

The long period when new land was easily obtainable contributed to a casual attitude toward land titles. In 1980 32.9 percent of the 151,283 farms had such titles. The decline in available agricultural land has made land titling more necessary. Moreover, insecure tenure has been a particularly severe constraint to improved techniques and to commercial crop production. The cost of titling a piece of land has been too high for most subsistence farmers.

Between 1969 and 1977, the government attempted to redistribute land. In the late 1980s the distribution of land and farm incomes remained very unequal. In 1980, 58.9 percent of farms had an annual income below US$200. The issue of unequal land distribution has not been as explosive in Panama as in many other Latin American countries. This was because of the service-oriented nature of the economy and because about half of the population lived in or near Panama City. Also, about 95 percent of all farm land was owner-operated, and virtually all rural families owned or occupied a plot.

In an effort to redistribute land, the government acquired 500,000 hectares of land and expropriated an additional 20 percent of the land. About three-quarters of the land acquired was in the provinces of Veraguas and Panamá. By 1978 over 18,000 families (about 12 percent of rural families in the 1970 census) had access to either individual plots or collectively held land as a result of the redistribution. The land acquisition created uncertainty and adversely affected private investment in agriculture, slowing production in the 1970s.

As part of its agrarian reform, the government placed heavy emphasis on organizing farmers into collectives for agricultural development. Several organizational forms were available, the two most important being asentamientos (settlements) and juntas agrarias de producción (agrarian production associations). The distinctions between the two were minor and became even more blurred with time. Both encouraged pooling of land and cooperative activity. In some instances land was worked collectively. Other organizational forms included marketing cooperatives, state farms, and specialized producers' cooperatives for milk, chickens, or pigs. Growth of these agricultural organizations slowed by the mid-1970s and some disbanded as emphasis shifted to consolidation.

The cost of agrarian reform was high. The government channeled large amounts of economic aid to organized farmers. Rural credit was greatly increased; farm machinery was made available; improved seeds and other inputs were supplied; and technical assistance was provided. Cooperative farm yields increased, but these higher yields were not impressive, considering the level of investment. Despite the high costs of the government programs, incomes of cooperative farmers remained low. After the mid-1970s, the government changed its policy toward cooperatives and stressed efficiency and productivity instead of equity.

Although the economic results of agrarian reform were disappointing, the social conditions of most farmers improved. The number of rural residents with access to safe water increased by 50 percent between 1970 and 1978. Improved sewerage facilities, community health programs, and rural clinics reduced mortality rates considerably. Major expansion of educational facilities, including education programs for rural residents, helped rural Panamanians become better educated and more mobile.

International Business
Several large international companies dominate Panamanian exports, especially when it comes to export crops such as bananas. For instance, the U.S. company, Chiriqui Land Company, which operates under the brand name Chiquita, is one of the largest landowners in Panama, as well as the main banana exporter. Other major foreign agricultural companies include Del Monte Corporation and Dole Foods.

See also

Economy of Panama

References

Economy of Panama


Danielle Maria Bux (born 15 June 1979) is a Welsh actress and model. She made her modelling debut in 1999 winning a place on the Miss Hawaiian Tropic beauty pageant in Las Vegas. She was married to former England footballer Gary Lineker from 2009 until 2016.

Early life
She was born in Cardiff, Wales, to parents Kim Lewis and Roy Bux. They divorced when she was young. Bux grew up in Cardiff. She has one sister, three brothers, and one half-brother. She attended Cantonian High School in Fairwater, Cardiff. Bux reports that she suffered from racist bullying during her childhood. Her grandfather was from Bengal (present-day Bangladesh).

Career
Bux started modelling as a teenager after winning a place in the Miss Hawaiian Tropic contest in Las Vegas. Whilst modelling part-time, she was a flight attendant with Virgin Atlantic. Becoming a full-time model, she has since appeared on the cover of various magazines including Hello!, OK!, and Maxim.

She assisted Trevor McDonald onstage at the 2008 National TV Awards. She finished in third place in the 2009 series of ITV's Hell's Kitchen. In June and July 2009, she was a guest panellist on ITV's Loose Women.

Bux made her acting debut on the stage at the Bristol Hippodrome in Calendar Girls in 2011. Her television appearances include BBC One drama Silent Witness and Aquarius.

Personal life

Bux has a daughter from a previous relationship when she was 22. She married Gary Lineker on 2 September 2009, in Ravello, Italy. They went on to win £30,000 for charity on ITV's gameshow Mr and Mrs. On 13 January 2016, Lineker and Bux announced they were divorcing after six years of marriage, the reason given being Lineker not wanting more children.

Bux started a relationship with American entertainment lawyer Nate Greenwald in 2016 and they had a daughter in 2017. They married at a private ceremony at his parents' house in November 2019 on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.

Bux is a patron of the Nicholls Spinal Injury Foundation. She began fundraising for the charity after her half-brother sustained a life-altering spinal injury from a fall at the age of 22.

Filmography

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Actresses from Cardiff
Welsh female models
Wives and girlfriends of association football players
Welsh people of Indian descent


The Gymnastic Society was an eighteenth-century London sports club for the pursuit of football and wrestling. It is  arguably the first football club.

Background

The club was established in London by gentlemen from Westmorland and Cumberland in the north of England for the "practice and cultivation of their favourite sports".

Football

Regular football games were played at the Kennington common on the south side of the river Thames, in what was formerly Surrey and close to The Oval where a century later the first international football match was to take place. Here "matches for small and large sums were played in the course of each year". The last of the frequent matches took place in the summer of 1789 when "twenty two gentlemen of Westmoreland were backed against twenty two gentlemen of Cumberland for one thousand guineas" These matches have been described in a modern publication as "the most important centre of footballing activity" in the eighteenth century, outside the English public school football games.

One of the last football matches took place on 4 April 1796 at the Kennington common, although some games continued until about 1800.

The popularity of football is attested to in the 1826 inaugural meeting of a later organisation (entitled "The London Gymnastic Society") its chairman  stated that twenty years earlier "the fields to the north, south and west would be crowded every afternoon with cricket and football"

It is possible that the rules of the Surrey Football Club (1849) were based upon those of the original Gymnastic Society, as the founder William Denison referred to the Society in his speech and both clubs played with twenty-two players a side.

The term "Gymnastic Society" has been used to describe a significant number of English sporting bodies, in the way that the term "sports club" or "football club" is used today.  For example, Manchester Athenaeum's 1849 "Gymnastic Society" played regular Saturday afternoon football matches.

Wrestling

Wrestling took place in the bowling green attached to the Belvedere tavern at Pentonville.

References

Defunct football clubs in London
Defunct football clubs in England
18th-century establishments in England
Sports clubs and teams established in the 18th century
Wrestling in England
Multi-sport clubs in the United Kingdom
18th century in London


Torild Wardenær (born 30 November 1951) is a Norwegian poet and playwright. She hails from Stavanger.

She made her literary debut 1994 with the poetry collection I pionértiden, which earned her Aschehoug's debutant prize. She received the Halldis Moren Vesaas Prize in 1998. She was awarded the Mads Wiel Nygaards Endowment and Herman Wildenvey Poetry Award in 1997.  Among her later collections are Paradiseffekten (2004) and PSI (2007).

External links
Official website:
 http://torildwardenaer.no

References

1951 births
Living people
20th-century Norwegian poets
Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Stavanger
Norwegian women poets
Norwegian women dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Norwegian poets
20th-century Norwegian women writers
21st-century Norwegian women writers


Pala Casino Spa and Resort is a hotel casino and spa located in Pala on the Pala Indian Reservation northeast of San Diego, California. It is owned and operated by the Pala Band of Mission Indians, a federally recognized tribe.

The casino has 86,000 square-feet of casino floor, 2,250 slot machines, 84 table games, 9 restaurants, an  day spa, and 4 entertainment venues. The hotel has 500 rooms and 82 suites.

History
In March 2000, construction began on the $115 million Pala Casino, which opened in April, 2001. On August 19, 2003, the Pala Casino Spa and Resort opened with 500 rooms, a spa, and a conference center. The project cost around $105 million to complete.

Dining
There are nine restaurants located within Pala Casino Spa and Resort.

See also
List of casinos in California
List of casino hotels

References

Native American casinos
Casinos in San Diego County, California
Casino hotels
Casinos completed in 2001
2001 establishments in California
Native American history of California


The Sony Ericsson S312 is a budget, lifestyle dual-band GSM mobile phone, with a focus on photography features, manufactured by Sony Ericsson. It was announced on 7 April 2009, and was available from Q2 2009.

It adopts a candybar design, featuring a 2-inch, 262k color, 176 x 220 pixel, scratch-resistance screen, and a 2-megapixel camera with an up to 2.5x digital zoom and a coupled light. It comes in two colours; Dawn Blue and Honey Silver.

With respect to its photography features, as well as the standard vertical orientation, it is designed to be used in the horizontal position.

Other options include illuminated keypad shortcuts, which enable users to quickly change camera settings, while there is an integrated Photo fix function. This is designed to process and correction images easily and quickly. Finally, as well as the usual camera shutter button, there is a dedicated key to trigger the use of camera to record video footage.

As well as camera features, the S312 contains integrated photo blogging software, and Sony Ericsson's PlayNow media download service for content such as music, games and ringtones. It uses the Openwave web browser. Messaging software include email, MMS, SMS, FM radio with RDS, and Java gaming.

Standby time is up to 400 hours. Talk time is up to 8 hours.

References

External links
Sony Ericsson official website

S312
Mobile phones introduced in 2009


Honey Promises is a music album by Irish musician Sinéad Madden, featuring her own songs and contributions from Moya Brennan and Cormac de Barra. The album was launched on 5 May 2009 at The Academy in Abbey Street, Dublin.

Track listing
"Someone Else"
"Fade To Black"
"Shadows"
"Impossible Dream"
"Honey Promises"
"Take me"
"Goodbye"
"Temptress"
"Personal Prison"
"Butterfly Girl"
"Will You?"
"Broken Star"

Personnel

2009 albums


Heffron is an unincorporated community in the towns of Belmont and Rose in Portage and Waushara Counties, Wisconsin, United States.

Geography

Heffron is located in central Wisconsin approximately five miles east of Almond and five miles south of Blaine at the intersection of Portage County Highway AA, and the town roads of Akron Avenue and Heffron Road. (Lat: 44° 14'  35.7", Lon: -89° 18' 24.3")

History
Heffron was home to St. John the Baptist Catholic Church and a post office in its earlier days. The church still stands, but its congregation has since merged with several others into St. Maximillian Kolbe's Parish in Lanark. The community was named for John J. Heffron, a real estate developer from Stevens Point.

Emmons Creek Fishery Area
Some consider Heffron and Dopp to be closely related, because of their proximity. Both are linked by the local snowmobile trail, and have an association with nearby Emmons Creek Fishery Area.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Portage County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Waushara County, Wisconsin


The Cateran Trail is a  circular long-distance walking route in central Scotland. The trail has no official beginning or end and can be joined at any stage. The route was established, way-marked and is now maintained by, the Perth & Kinross Countryside Trust. A variety of terrain is covered by the trail including farmland, mountains and forest. The path itself follows old drovers' roads, minor paved roads and farm tracks and can be walked in 4 or 5 days. It is now designated as one of Scotland's Great Trails by NatureScot. As of 2018 it was estimated that around 8,000 people were using the trail each year.

Route
The Cateran Trail is typically walked in 5 stages, with the stopping points being determined by the availability of accommodation and the walker's fitness.  Generally, the trail is started at Blairgowrie and the clockwise direction is taken towards Kirkmichael, Spittal of Glenshee, Kirkton of Glenisla then Alyth.  Throughout the walk, the path is well marked. Some waymark posts feature the gnarled faces of drovers (or alternatively caterans, cattle raiders for whom the Trail is named) carved into the edge of the post while most display the Cateran trail logo; a green ring enclosing a red heart on a white background. Due to the large number of stiles, the trail is mostly unsuitable for cyclists, and dogs must be kept on a short lead or under control where the path crosses fields with young livestock.

The Cateran Trail has been linked with the hobby of geocaching: each of the "drover's face" posts is numbered, and further information about each one can be obtained by entering the number into the www.geochaching.com website. Additionally, a "passport" is available for walkers to record geocaches found along the way, with points available for visiting each one, or getting a stamp from participating businesses along the way. Small commemorative coins are awarded depending on the number of points scored.

Blairgowrie to Kirkmichael
Starting from the centre of Blairgowrie, the trail follows the River Ericht before climbing onto the wide expanse of Cochrage moor. After descending close to Bridge of Cally, the path comes to a T-junction where walkers can opt to travel towards Kirkmichael or Alyth. Following the signs to Kirkmichael, the trail enters Blackcraig forest and offers some fine views over Strathardle. This section is  in length.

Kirkmichael to Spittal of Glenshee
Although this section is, at , the shortest section in terms of length, it is here where the trail reaches the highest point on the route and so presents its own unique challenges. Skirting Kindrogan wood on the West side of Strathardle, the path passes Tullochcurran Loch before crossing the river into Enochdhu. From here, the trail begins its long ascent through forest and open hillside to the col (An Lairig) between Ben Earb and Meall Uaine. On the ascent there is a wooden shelter known as the Dirnanean Estate upper lunch hut. After the mountain pass, the path quickly descends into Spittal of Glenshee.

Spittal of Glenshee to Kirkton of Glenisla
This leg of the journey begins with a leisurely walk down Glen Shee. Just after Westerton of Runavey, there is an alternative route to the left which climbs through some rough terrain to Loch Beanie and rejoins the main trail at Forter. The main route continues to follow Shee Water to the grounds of the superb Dalnaglar Castle. Now the route follows the B951 to Forter.  Another side path climbs Mount Blair, which offers commanding views of the surrounding countryside on a clear day. Between Forter and Kirkton of Glenisla, the trail loops around Auchintaple Loch and descends by Loch Shandra. This section is  long.

Kirkton of Glenisla to Alyth
Over this stage the scenery mellows as the path returns toward Strathmore.  To start this section, walk west on the road from the Glenisla Hotel until the primary school, turn left and cross the iron bridge. Here the path climbs rapidly over moorland before passing by a string of farms. A short diversion to the spectacular Reekie Linn is well worthwhile. Finally the trail passes between Hill of Alyth and Hill of Loyal prior to reach the village of Alyth, a distance of  from the Kirkton.

Alyth to Blairgowrie
North of the village, the trail climbs Hill of Alyth and passes through the extensive Bamff estate. From here, the route follows a quiet country road and passes through some mixed woodland before descending into Bridge of Cally.  The final section of the Cateran Trail follows the same track as the very first stage, this time returning to Blairgowrie for a total distance of . An alternative, and much shorter route exists between Alyth and Blairgowrie. The trail progresses through the wooded Den of Alyth before passing the Tullyfergus farms and through Drimmie woods into Blairgowrie.

References

External links

 Cateran Trail Official Website

Scotland's Great Trails
Footpaths in Perth and Kinross


Another Rainbow Publishing is a company dedicated to the re-publication and greater recognition of the work of Carl Barks that was created in 1981 by Bruce Hamilton and Russ Cochran. Its name references Barks's saying that there would be "always another rainbow" for his character Scrooge McDuck, which also became the title of one of Barks's oil paintings of the richest duck in the world. Its subsidiary division, Gladstone Publishing was founded in 1985 to handle non-Barks Disney comics.  Several times throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Gladstone became the major publisher of Disney comics in the United States.

Having finished the thirty-volume Carl Barks Library, Another Rainbow Publishing is no longer an active publisher, although they still sell previously published works.

Publications

In 1983 Another Rainbow began to publish the entire Disney comic book works of Barks—over 500 stories in all—in the ten-set, thirty-volume Carl Barks Library. These oversized hardbound volumes reproduced Barks' pages in pristine black and white line art, as close as possible to the way he had originally drawn them, and included many special features, articles, reminiscences, interviews, storyboards, and critiques. This project was completed in mid-1990. Another Rainbow subsidiary Gladstone publishing completed the re-publication of Barks's entire work, this time in color, from 1992 to 1998.

Another Rainbow Publishing also produced and issued the award-winning book The Fine Art of Walt Disney's Donald Duck by Carl Barks, a comprehensive collection of the Disney duck paintings of this artist and storyteller. Not long after, the company began producing fine art lithographs of many of these paintings, in strictly limited editions, all signed by Barks, who eventually produced many original works for the series.

Disney figurines

Having established itself as a publisher of specialty books and lithographs based on the works of Carl Barks, Another Rainbow launched an ambitious project of creating limited edition bone-china figurines based on Barks Disney characters - especially Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck. Connoisseur of Malvern (UK), which also produced figurines for Buckingham Palace and the Whitehouse, manufactured 7 of these figurines (Under Carl Barks direction) which ranged in price from $1980 to $19,500. The earlier releases sold out rapidly - although, there were a number of later editions unsold by the time Another Rainbow's license with Disney expired.

In 2001, all of these figurines were destroyed due to a licensing disagreement with the new management at the Walt Disney Company.

Gladstone Publishing

In 1985 a new division was founded, "Gladstone Publishing", which took up the then-dormant Disney comic book license. Gladstone published Disney comic books by Barks, Paul Murry, and Floyd Gottfredson, and also presented the first works of modern Disney comics masters Don Rosa and William Van Horn. Gladstone's books were also among the first in the United States to regularly include Disney comics produced in Europe. The company was based in Scottsdale, Arizona, but moved in 1987 to Prescott, Arizona.

Passing of Bruce Hamilton

Bruce Hamilton, co-founder, and driving force behind Another Rainbow Publishing, died on June 20, 2005, after a long illness.

See also
 Gladstone Publishing
 Carl Barks
 Carl Barks Library
 Little Lulu Library
 Lithography

References

External links
 Another Rainbow Publishing Official Website
 Carl Barks DK & Another Rainbow
 Gemstone & Another Rainbow

Book publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1981
American companies established in 1981
Disney comics publishers


Maksim Vladimirovich Budnikov (; born 31 May 1983) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2007 for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara.

References

1983 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
Russian Premier League players
FC Mordovia Saransk players
Men's association football defenders
FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
FC Nosta Novotroitsk players
Sportspeople from Mordovia


Zirconium lactate is the zirconium salt of lactic acid. It is used in some deodorants. Zirconium carboxylates adopt highly complex structures and are heterogeneous compositions with the approximate formula Zr(OH)4-n(O2CCHOHCH3)n(H2O)x where 1 < n < 3.

Uses
It is also used in the petroleum industry as a cross-linking agent to prepare gels for fracturing fluids, fluids which are pumped into an oil-bearing rock formation to cause cracks in the rock and so to allow the oil to be extracted. It may be prepared by treating zirconium oxide with lactic acid.

Physical properties
It is a colourless solid.

Safety
Its  >10 g/kg). It is suspected of causing zirconium granulomas (a form of skin irritation) in a small number of users.

References

Lactates
Zirconium(IV) compounds


Launched in October 2008, the Southern AIDS Living Quilt is a website dedicated to promoting awareness of the growing impact of HIV/AIDS on women in the southern United States, particularly women of color.

The site is a project of the Southern AIDS Coalition, a non-profit membership organization of government representatives, corporations, and community advocates. Using video testimonials, the Living Quilt compiles stories of women living with HIV/AIDS, as well as healthcare providers and patient advocates in the South. More than 80 women are represented on the Living Quilt from 13 southern states including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia and Washington, D.C.

Several notable Living Quilt participants include CNN Hero  Dr. Bambi W. Gaddist  of the South Carolina HIV/AIDS Council, which hosted a Living Quilt event to commemorate National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day   and state AIDS directors from Alabama, Georgia,  Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia and Washington, D.C.

On May 13, 2009, the Living Quilt posted its 100th "patch," featuring Frances Ashe-Goins, Deputy Director of the Office on Women’s Health  at the United States Department of Health and Human Services.  The milestone came as the nation recognized National Women's Health Week.

The Southern AIDS Living Quilt is a separate initiative from the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt.
The South has the highest number of adults and adolescents living with AIDS in the U.S.

HIV/AIDS has a disproportionate impact on African Americans compared with members of other races and ethnicities in the U.S.

References

External links
 The Southern AIDS Living Quilt
 Southern AIDS Coalition

HIV/AIDS activism
HIV/AIDS in the United States
Monuments and memorials in the United States
Health education in the United States
Quilting
HIV/AIDS memorials


Saint Equitius () was an abbot of the 6th century.  He was born between 480 and 490 in the region of Valeria Suburbicaria (present-day L'Aquila-Rieti-Tivoli).  Gregory the Great refers to Equitius in his Dialogues (I,4 in PL, LXXVII, coll. 165–77), and states that Equitius was a follower of Saint Benedict of Nursia.  Equitius worked to spread monasticism in Italy and the West but was never ordained as a priest.  However, Gregory writes that Equitius’ reputation for sanctity was such that the saint was able to recruit many new monks in the region of Valeria, many of whom later acquired high office within the Church.  The pope initiated an investigation into Equitius when complaints were made regarding the saint's standing.  The pope sent a priest named Julian to investigate Equitius, but the pope ended the investigation after receiving a vision concerning Equitius.

Equitius died at his monastery of San Lorenzo di Pizzoli.  His monks were absorbed into the Benedictine Order.

References

Hermits
5th-century Italo-Roman people
6th-century Italo-Roman people
6th-century Christian saints
Medieval Italian saints
570 deaths
Year of birth unknown


The 2005 Asian Wrestling Championships were held in Wuhan, China. The event took place from May 24 to May 29, 2005.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Men's freestyle

Men's Greco-Roman

Women's freestyle

Participating nations
215 competitors from 19 nations competed.

 (2)
 (21)
 (11)
 (21)
 (6)
 (14)
 (9)
 (21)
 (17)
 (15)
 (14)
 (8)
 (2)
 (5)
 (21)
 (2)
 (2)
 (12)
 (12)

References
Results

External links
UWW Database

Asia
W
Asian Wrestling Championships
International wrestling competitions hosted by China


The DRG Class ET 171 (since 1968 DB Class 471/871) was a three-car electric multiple unit built for the S-Bahn Hamburg (rapid transit railway).

History

The first electrically operated Hamburg S-Bahn trains had appeared on the Hamburg-Altona City and Suburban Railway in 1907. In 1937, the main-line railway operator, Deutsche Reichsbahn, decided to switch current collection from overhead catenary (AC 6,3 kV/25 Hz) to third rail (DC 1,2 kV), basically adopting the S-Bahn system established in Berlin from 1924 onwards. The new class ET 171 trains were built to replace antiquated overhead stock based on non-corridor coaches. The first ET 171 unit appeared in Hamburg in December 1939.

Between then and 1943 further 46 trainsets were built. They received a distinctive dark blue livery with a broad cream stripe on the centre car to denote the 2nd (from 1955: 1st) class.  Production was halted by World War II. It was not resumed until 1954/55 when a further batch of 21 units (ET 171 061-082) were built to finally abandon overhead operation. Five additional units (ET 171 082-086) were built in 1958 to work the new line between Hamburg Central Station and Bergedorf (today line S2). From 1968 the class was designated as 471 (and the non-motorized centre cars as 871 respectively). In the 1970s and 80s, most trains received the new cream and teal livery, introduced with Class 472 in 1974.

1980s modernisation scheme
At the beginning of the 1980s the class was due for replacement. State owned train operator Deutsche Bundesbahn opted for a modernisation scheme instead, as its Stuttgart-Bad Canstatt works had abundant capacity for carrying out the task. The programme started in late 1984 and focused on body work, replacing the 1930s style windows with modern rubber sealed replacements in newly welded in sections. The scheme was soon considered uneconomic and ended prematurely in October 1987 after 22 units.

Withdrawal and preservation
Four units ceased operation between 1989 and 1991 but mass-withdrawals did not start until 1997 when new class 474 units entered service. The modernized EMUs did not last longer than the non-rebuild ones. The last unit 471 062 was retired from regular service in October 2001, having accumulated 4.6 million kilometres.

One complete unit and four single coaches survive until today:

 EMU 471 082 was restored to 1950s condition as a heritage train and saw service until March 2015. It is now awaiting overhaul.
 One motor car from the very first train, now 471 401, is preserved in Aumühle train museum near Hamburg. It still has the  wooden benches this coach had retained until withdrawal.
 The centre car of unit 471 039 is privately owned.
 Motor car 471 144 is in the Alstom company museum at Salzgitter and not accessible to the public.
 Motor coach 471 462  from the last unit in service is on display at the German Museum of Technology's permanent  exhibition.  Previously it had been restored to 1990s condition at S-Bahn Hamburg's Ohlsdorf works. Running on its own wheels it had been moved to Berlin in May 2019.

Technical equipment

The ET 171 were among the first German light-weight steel constructions for railways. The coaches were designed as self-sustained bodies. The prewar units had block brakes while those built in the 1950s used disc brakes. All doors could be automatically closed from the driver's cab but could be opened again after a short time. This was possible until the 1970s due to safety reasons. All trains had two 2nd class end coaches and a 1st class centre coach. The first class service was removed from all Hamburg S-Bahn trains in November 2000. Lighting was provided by uncovered light bulbs. All trains were equipped with Sifa. Only the last unit 471 062 was equipped with the PZB train safety system when used for excursions between 2001 and 2004.

Gallery

References

External links

 http://www.hish.de - German - Historische S-Bahn Hamburg e.V. - Historical Hamburg S-Bahn

Electric multiple units of Germany
Hamburg S-Bahn
Train-related introductions in 1939


Prescott Holden Thorp (April 28, 1887 – June 1981), of New Jersey, was a stamp dealer who was a recognized world-famous expert on stamped envelopes of the United States.

Philatelic literature
Thorp continued the work of Julius (John) Murray Bartels, editing the fifth edition of Bartels Catalogue of the Stamped Envelopes and Wrappers of the United States and Possessions. In 1954 he completed a sixth edition and named it Thorp-Bartels Catalogue of the Stamped Envelopes and Wrappers of the United States.

Thorp wrote several other books on philately: Catalogue of the 20th Century Stamped Envelopes and Wrappers of the United States, in 1968, and Complete Guide to Stamp Collecting, in 1953. He also edited and published from 1949 to 1970 The U.S. Envelope World.

Honors and awards
For his writings on stamped envelopes, Thorp received the Crawford Medal in 1945. He was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1989.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References
 Prescott Holden Thorp

1887 births
1981 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
American stamp dealers
People from New Jersey
American Philatelic Society


Nicholas Nash Eberstadt (born 1955) is an American political economist. He holds the Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a political think tank.  He is also a Senior Adviser to the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR), a member of the visiting committee at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a member of the Global Leadership Council at the World Economic Forum.

Early life and education
Eberstadt was born on December 20, 1955 in New York City. His father, Frederick Eberstadt, was an author and photographer. His mother, Isabel Nash, was a novelist. His paternal grandfather, Ferdinand Eberstadt, was an investment banker and co-founder of the Central Intelligence Agency; his maternal grandfather, Ogden Nash, was a poet. His sister, Fernanda Eberstadt, is a novelist.

Eberstadt graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1972. He then earned his A.B. magna cum laude in economics from Harvard College in 1976, and his M.Sc. in Social Planning for Developing Countries from the London School of Economics in 1978.  He completed his M.P.A. at Harvard Kennedy School in 1979, and his Ph.D. in Political Economy and Government at Harvard University in 1995.

Career
Eberstadt was a teaching fellow at Harvard University from 1976 to 1979, instructing courses in population and natural resources, agricultural economics, social science and social policy, and problems of policy making in less developed countries.  He was a visiting research fellow at the Rockefeller Foundation from 1979 to 1980, meanwhile serving as an associate of Harvard's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.  From 1980 to 2002, Eberstadt was a visiting fellow at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies. Eberstadt joined his current institution, the American Enterprise Institute, as a visiting fellow in 1985. He assumed the Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy and became a resident fellow in 1999.

From 1988 to 1990, Eberstadt served as an adviser to the Catholic University Institute on Health and Development.  In 1999 he was a visiting fellow at the University of Washington, Seattle.  Eberstadt was awarded the Bosch Fellowship in Public Policy in 2008, from the American Academy in Berlin.

Eberstadt has written many books and articles on political and economic issues, including demographics and the political situation of North Korea.  He has consulted for governmental and international organizations, the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. State Department, USAID, and World Bank, and has often been invited to offer expert testimony before Congress.

Eberstadt served on the President's Commission on Bioethics (2006–2009) and the Presidential HELP Commission (2005–2008). From 2003 to present, he has been a member of The Public Interest's Publication Committee, the Overseers‘ Committee to Visit the Harvard School of Public Health, the National Center for Health Statistics Board of Scientific Counselors, and the U.S.–China AIDS Foundation's Advisory Board.  He is a founding member of the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, and the Commissioner of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Global Aging Initiative.

He was awarded the AEI Irving Kristol Award in 2020.

Personal life
Eberstadt married Mary Tedeschi, now a scholar at the Hoover Institution, in 1987. They have four children: Rick, Kate, Izzi, and Alexandra and reside in Washington, D.C. His daughters, Izzi and Kate, graduates of Barnard College and Columbia University, respectively, founded the music duo Delune.

Selected works

Eberstadt, Nicholas (2017). Our Miserable 21st Century. Commentary. 15 February 2017.
Eberstadt, Nicholas (2021). Can America Cope with Demographic Decline?. Commentary. 18 October 2021.

See also

Phillip Longman
Eric Kaufmann

References

External links

Living people
1955 births
Academics from New York City
Harvard College alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Economists from New York (state)
Experts on North Korea
National Bureau of Asian Research
21st-century American economists
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
People from Washington, D.C.
American Enterprise Institute


The Central Maryland Transportation Alliance (CMTA) is a coalition of Baltimore area business, civic and nonprofit groups intent on improving travel within Central Maryland, which consists of Baltimore City and the surrounding jurisdictions of Anne Arundel County, Baltimore County, Carroll County, Harford County and Howard County. The group's stated objectives are to reduce congestion, limit sprawl, increase job opportunities and make it easier, faster and more efficient for anyone to travel within Central Maryland.

The coalition is Maryland's most comprehensive regional alliance that focuses on transportation issues. Its board consists of advocates, business leaders and representatives of civic and non-profit institutions. The board is chaired by James L. Shea, who chairs the law firm of Venable LLP. The President and CEO of CMTA is Brian O'malley.

CMTA's role is to advocate for the development and the implementation of a comprehensive, innovative Baltimore regional transportation plan. CMTA seeks to act as a convener of the region's diverse interest groups; as an adviser to city, county, state and federal government officials, and as a coordinator of short-term and long-term efforts to improve transportation in Central Maryland.

History
The Central Maryland Transportation Alliance was formed in 2007 as a diverse coalition of corporate and civic leaders uniting business, philanthropic and institutional sectors around a common agenda: improving and expanding transportation options for the citizens and businesses of Central Maryland.

Sponsors of CMTA include The Annie E. Casey Foundation, the Baltimore Community Foundation, the Goldseker Foundation, Bank of America, M&T Bank, Mercy Medical Center, Associated Black Charities, the Baltimore Ravens, Clayton Baker Trust, H & S Properties, Lockhart Vaughn Foundation, Monumental Life, Otis Warren & Company, PNC Bank, the Rauch Foundation, Southern Management Corporation, Struever Brothers, Eccles & Rouse, the Surdna Foundation, Venable LLP and the William G. Baker, Jr. Memorial Fund.

Other groups represented on the Board of Directors are the Downtown Partnership of Baltimore, the BWI Partnership, the Metropolitan Baltimore Council AFL-CIO Unions, Veolia Transportation, the Urban League of Greater Baltimore, ULI Baltimore, Citizens Planning & Housing Association, Colliers Pinkard, Economic Alliance of Greater Baltimore, 1000 Friends of Maryland, Baltimore City Public School System, LS Consulting, Inc., and the Baltimore Washington Corridor Chamber.

Vision
CMTA aims to create a thriving metropolitan Baltimore that boasts an array of transportation options–including a coordinated system of highways and interconnected mass transit options that allow citizens to move smoothly, efficiently and inexpensively throughout the region. The group has established a decision matrix, abbreviated as R3=E3, to determine which projects to support. Projects must be regional, rapid, and reliable transit and transportation initiatives (the 3 Rs) that result in economic growth, equitable access, and environmental protection (the 3 Es).

CMTA has been especially active in promoting the proposed 14-mile Red Line for Baltimore, extending from the federal government office complexes in Woodlawn in western Baltimore County, through the downtown business district to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Campus on the city's eastern edge. The Red Line is unpopular in the neighborhoods along Edmondson Avenue and in the Canton community, where, due to cost cuts, trains would run at street level. A coalition representing those neighborhoods, called The West-East Coalition, says that it supports mass transit but not the street-level segments proposed for the Red Line. The group maintains a website called The Baltimore Red Line Underground.

CMTA co-sponsored “Transit around the Nation,” a set of tours by community and civic representatives to cities with Light Rail projects under construction.[7] In August 2008, CMTA held a meeting during the Democratic National Convention in Denver for members of the Maryland delegation to hear from leaders of Denver's Regional Transportation District about political and fiscal challenges of building a Light Rail line.

CMTA held a series of press conferences to announce support for a preferred alternative route for the Red Line. These media events featured business leaders, union leaders, education and medical officials and political leaders from Baltimore City and from the surrounding counties endorsing Alternative 4C. CMTA also participated in outreach meetings with other constituencies to explain the importance of this east-west line. In October 2008, CMTA's board of directors announced its endorsement of Alternative 4C for the Red Line. This Light Rail route includes two tunnel alignments to avoid community opposition and downtown disruptions.

CMTA also took the lead in advocating for Alternative 4C during the public hearings on the Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Red Line in November 2008 and during the 90-day comment period, ending Jan. 5, 2009.

In January 2009, CMTA launched its “Culture of Transit” campaign. The first phase is a baseline study of residents’ attitudes and awareness of regional public transportation. A telephone survey and an intercept survey were conducted in March. Eleven focus groups were conducted in Central Maryland in April. A report will be issued during the fall of 2009 and will be used to build a marketing and awareness campaign that promotes greater support for public transportation, which CMTA sees as a key to achieving its objectives.

On Feb. 24, 2009, CMTA sponsored the second annual Regional Transit Oriented Development Summit at the University of Baltimore where Baltimore County Executive Jim Smith and others emphasized the economic and environmental benefits successful TODs could bring to the region. CMTA also has retained Reconnecting America, a national transportation and community development organization, to identify TOD opportunities and challenges in Central Maryland as a means to advance TOD initiatives in the region.

Throughout 2009 CMTA intends to work on expanding the use of car-sharing in Greater Baltimore; conduct a marketing analysis of current and potential transit riders; draft a report detailing the current and potential economic impact of mass transit on the region's economy, and work with MTA to advance a number of system enhancements.

MARC Expansion – “Let’s Get to Work”
Launched in January, 2012, Let's Get to Work focuses on the MARC Commuter Rail system as the best opportunity to make tangible progress toward a better regional system in three to 5 years.  MARC stations are close to dense and growing employment hubs, particularly along the Baltimore/DC corridor.  By expanding MARC service and improving rider experience, we can reinforce the growth of these existing, dense employment clusters and provide better access to economic opportunity.  In 2014 we will use the momentum from the popularity of the launch of weekend service and the recommendations from our The Last Mile project to push for other improvements including more runs in the evenings, better connecting bus service at stations, and improved options for reaching employment centers.

References

External links
 Central Maryland Transportation Alliance
 Greater Baltimore Committee
 Baltimore Transit Alliance
 Texas Transportation Institute
 Maryland Transit Administration
 "Baltimore Region Rail System Plan, Report of the Advisory Committee," August 2002, Maryland Transit Administration.

Transportation in Maryland


James Payne may refer to:

James Payne (cricketer), English cricketer
James Spriggs Payne (1819–1882), President of Liberia
James Dennis Payne (1896–1987), World War I aviator
James W. Payne (1929–1992), American set decorator
James H. Payne (born 1941), American judge
James Arthur Payne (1884–1968), American fly rod maker, designer and business owner
James L. Payne, American social scientist

See also

Jim Payne (disambiguation)
Jimmy Payne (1926–2013), English footballer
James Payn (1830–1898), English novelist
James Paine (disambiguation)


Philip Gamaliel Hubbard (March 4, 1921 – January 10, 2002) was a university professor and administrator who was the first African-American faculty member at the University of Iowa, the first African-American administrator at any of Iowa's state universities and the first African-American vice president at a Big 10 university. In August 2012 Hubbard was inducted into the Iowa African American Hall of Fame.

Early life
Hubbard was born in Macon, Missouri. His mother taught school in Missouri's segregated school system. Wanting a better education for her children, she relocated the family to Iowa when Philip was four years old. Iowa schools were integrated at that time.  His mother, however, could not get a teaching job and found employment as an elevator operator in Des Moines, Iowa.

Hubbard graduated there in 1939 from North High School in Des Moines. He was active in band, orchestra, chorus, biology club, freshman football, and was in the National Honor Society. By the time he graduated from high school, he had saved $252.50 for college by shining shoes for 15 cents per pair at the Savery Hotel in Des Moines.

College
Hubbard choose to attend the University of Iowa over Iowa State because he could shine shoes at the Jefferson Hotel in Iowa City in order to pay his tuition, which was $50 per semester. Hubbard enrolled at the University of Iowa in 1940.

In 1943 he enlisted in the Army Reserves, and in 1944 received an Army certification in electrical engineering from Pennsylvania State University. Francis M. Dawson, Dean of the College of Engineering at the university of Iowa, arranged for Hubbard's discharge in 1945 to conduct war research at the University of Iowa, and he graduated with honors June 1, 1947, with a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering.

Professional career
Hubbard was appointed as research engineer in July 1947, making him the first black faculty member at the University of Iowa. He subsequently obtained a Master's degree in 1949 and a doctorate in 1954, both from the University of Iowa. From 1954 until his retirement in 1991 he was a professor of mechanical engineering;

In 1966, Hubbard was appointed Dean of Academic Affairs. He was the first black administrator at any of the Iowa's universities. In 1971 he was named Vice President of Student Services, becoming the first black vice-president at a Big Ten university. He served in this position until December 31, 1990, when he retired from the University of Iowa.

As a memorial to him, the field next to the Student Union on the University of Iowa campus was renamed Hubbard Park on December 6, 1991.

In June 1999, he published the book: My Iowa Journey: The Life Story of the University of Iowa's First Tenured African American Professor. Hubbard died on January 10, 2002, at the age of 80.

References

Sources
Collection Guide to the Papers of Phillip G. Hubbard, University of Iowa Archives, Dept. of Special Collections, University of Iowa Libraries Iowa City, Iowa
“My Iowa Journey: The Life Story of the University of Iowa’s First African American Professor,”
University of Iowa News Service, Jan 11, 2002

1921 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American engineers
American autobiographers
University of Iowa faculty
20th-century American educators
University of Iowa alumni
United States Army reservists
People from Macon, Missouri
20th-century African-American academics
20th-century American academics
21st-century African-American people
United States Army personnel of World War II
Pennsylvania State University alumni


Emerald City Supporters (ECS) is an independent supporters' group for Major League Soccer's Seattle Sounders FC. The ECS is known for large choreographed tifo displays.

History and name

Emerald City Supporters was founded in 2005 by the supporters of the now defunct Seattle Sounders soccer team that played in the United Soccer Leagues First Division. The name first appeared on a banner used as early as 2003 by a now defunct supporters' group known as The Pod, and was adopted by the new group upon its formation between the 2004 and 2005 seasons. The name reflects city pride, as Emerald City is a well-known nickname for the city of Seattle. When the arrival of a new MLS franchise in Seattle was announced in 2008 and it was clear that the USL Sounders were going to fold, the ECS decided to become supporters of the new club. When the name of the new club was decided by vote, the ECS was very active in rallying votes for the Sounders moniker. When the Sounders played in the USL the ECS had fewer than a hundred members. The arrival of MLS in Seattle resulted in a rapid growth of ECS membership, and by the inaugural game of Seattle Sounders FC in March 2009 ECS had about 600 members. By the end of 2009 the membership had risen to 1,400. In June 2010 the membership had passed the 2,000 mark. In 2012 the annual paid membership was about 2,700.

Gameday

ECS occupies sections 121–123 at Lumen Field, the home ground of the Sounders. These sections are general-admission sections located behind the goal at the south end of Lumen Field, also known as the "Brougham End" after the street (South Royal Brougham Way) that runs along the south edge of the stadium complex. On the day of a home game the ECS congregates at bars in the Pioneer Square area, and marches together the half-mile distance from Occidental Park to Lumen Field. During games the ECS contributes to a supporters atmosphere through standing, singing, and tifo. Songs are led by a capo with the aid of a PA system and megaphones.

Songs

Emerald City Supporters are vocal and seek organized and forceful expressions during games.  Their style of cheering would normally be reserved for teams in Europe or Latin America. The European influence shows in songs that involve coordinated movement, such as pogoing and scarf waving, and in many traditional British football chants such as Sounders Till I Die and Guinness Boys. In addition, the ECS has adapted some punk rock songs such as the Sick of It All song "Us vs. Them"'. At kick-off, the ECS sings the first verse of the Perry Como song "Seattle".

Sub-groups
Several sub-groups are designated by the Emerald City Supporters on geographical, cultural, or occupational lines. To be considered an official regional sub-group there must be at least 25 ECS members affiliated with the group; groups based on a common cause other than geography (such as La Barra Fuerza Verde and Pride of the Sound) require 50 ECS members to be officially recognized. Among the largest sub-groups is 253 Defiance, representing the Pierce County area; the Armed Services Group; La Barra Fuerza Verde, representing the Latino community in the Northwest; Dry Side Supporters represent central and eastern Washington (Yakima being the center of DSS); Bellingham Nightwatch, representing Whatcom and the surrounding northern border counties; West Sound Armada, representing Kitsap County and areas west of Puget Sound. Major subgroups across the country include: the Heartland Horde representing the Midwest and Rocky Mountain region; Tropic Sound, representing Florida, the coastal south, and the Caribbean Islands; Seattle Sounders East, representing the Northeastern states; Anchor n Rose 48, standing strong in rival territory Portland, OR.

Rival groups

 Timbers Army
 Vancouver Southsiders

References

External links

Emerald City Supporters

Major League Soccer fan clubs
Seattle Sounders FC
2005 establishments in Washington (state)


The Man Bites Man EP was a CD containing 4 tracks that was used to promote Dogs Die in Hot Cars, who were at the time working on their debut album: Please Describe Yourself. The release was limited to 1000 copies. The third track on this CD was used in an advertising campaign for Boots. Also, the recording of "Pastimes & Lifestyles" found on this EP is different from that of the version found on their debut - the most notable difference being that the bridge before the last chorus on this version is longer.

Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley (who produced the band's debut album) produced the first track on this CD, while Paul Tipler produced tracks 2 and 4, and track 3 was produced by Craig Macintosh - the band's lead singer.

Track listing
"Man Bites Man" - 3:41
"Queen of Pumpkin Plukes" - 3:07
"Nobody Teaches Life Anything" - 2:19
"Pastimes & Lifestyles" 4:03

2004 debut EPs
Dogs Die in Hot Cars albums


Berbes is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 97 people (INE 2006).

External links
Town Hall of Ribadesella(Berbes)

Parishes in Ribadesella


The Aram Khachaturian Museum () was established in 1978 in Yerevan, Armenia, just after the composer's death. The first permanent exposition was opened on January 23rd 1984 on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the outstanding composer.

The idea of the museum came about in the 1970s, and Khachaturian himself was involved in its design. The composer left his manuscripts, letters, piano, various memorabilia, and personal gifts to the institution in his will. The building is an extension of the house where the composer resided whenever he visited the Armenian capital. It was converted into a museum by architect Edvard Altunyan. The collection of note manuscripts and film music of Composer Aram Khachaturian included in the international register of the Memory of the World program.

Under its founding director Gohar Harutiunyan, the museum succeeded in attracting financial support from a wide range of sponsors and benefactors, and expanded its collection of artifacts belonging to Khachaturian. Today the museum continues to grow under the directorship of Armine Grigoryan.

The multi-storied building houses an attractive concert hall (with a concert-grand Bechstein piano), where a regular music series takes place. It also houses an extensive library of CDs and a workshop for the restoration and repair of violins. The museum maintains strong links to Armenian musicians and composers and is committed to furthering music in Armenia. It also publishes a range of scholarly books.

The Museum is located on 3 Zarobyan St (off Marshal Bagramyan Ave), Yerevan 0009, Armenia. Tel: (374-10) 58.94.18.

References

Museum publications

Արամ Խաչատրյան. Նամակներ (Yerevan: «Սովետական գրող» հրատարակչություն, 1983), 238 pp.
Արամ Խաչատրյան. Նամակներ (Yerevan։ «Ապոլոն» հրատարակչություն, 1995), 252 pp.
Արամ Խաչատրյան. Նամակներ (Yerevan։ «Նաիրի» հրատարակչություն,  2003), 152 pp.
Aram Khachaturyan Museum (Yerevan: Armenia Press,  2002).
Aram Khachaturian (Album)(Yerevan: Aram Khachaturian Museum, "Krunk", 2012).
Aram Khachaturian and The Contemporary World(Yerevan: "Tigran Mets" Publishing House, 2014).
Aram Khachaturian. Arrangements for Piano Trio(Yerevan: "Komitas", 2016).
Արամ Խաչատրյան. Նամականի (Yerevan: «Հայաստան» հրատարակչություն,2017)
Арам Хачатурян." Письма" (Yerevan: «Հայաստան» հրատարակչություն,на русском языке,2018)
'Aram Khachaturian and The Contemporary World(Yerevan: Aram Khachaturian Museum, "Hayastan" Publishing House, 2019).Aram Khachaturian. Suite From Incidental Music to M. Lermontov's Drama "Masquerade" For Piano (Yerevan: "Hayastan" Publishing House, 2020).Aram Khachaturian. Excerpts From The Ballets "Gayane" and "Spartacus" For Two Pianos'' (Yerevan: "Amrots Group", 2020).

See also
 List of music museums

External links
 About Aram Khachaturian's house museum
 Museum official site

Museums in Yerevan
Biographical museums in Armenia
Music museums
Music organizations based in Armenia


Richard Symonds (1617–1660) was an English royalist and antiquary, now remembered for an eye-witness diary he wrote of events of the First English Civil War.

Life
He was the eldest son of Edward (or Edmund) Symonds of  Black Notley, Essex, where he was born in 1617. His mother, who brought the Notley property into the family, was Anne, daughter of Joshua Draper of Braintree. Like his father and grandfather, as well as several of his uncles and cousins, Symonds became a cursitor of the chancery court.

He was committed a prisoner by Miles Corbet as a delinquent on 25 March 1643, but escaping on 21 October he joined the royalist army, becoming a member of the troop of horse which formed the king's lifeguard, under the command of Lord Bernard Stuart, afterwards Earl of Lichfield. He was with the king’s forces in most of his movements during the ensuing two years, being present at the engagements of Cropredy Bridge, Newbury, Naseby, and at the relief of Chester, where the Earl of Lichfield was killed.

He was subsequently with Sir William Vaughan at Denbigh and elsewhere. After the king's surrender, in the autumn of 1646, he applied on 17 December to be allowed to compound for his delinquency, On 1 January 1648 he left London and travelled, first to Paris, and then to Rome and Venice, where he stayed till about the end of 1652, when he returned again to England. In 1655 he was implicated in the abortive plot for restoring the monarchy, and was one of a batch of over seventy persons who were on that account arrested in the eastern counties, but were subsequently released on bond in October.

Works
From an early age Symonds evinced strong antiquarian tastes, and in all his wanderings he seems never to have lost an opportunity for jotting down in his notebook such topographical or genealogical memoranda as he came across. So he kept a diary of the marchings of the royal army from 10 April 1644 to 11 February 1646 (four notebooks now held in the British Library). These were frequently quoted by county historians, and in 1859 were edited for the Camden Society by Charles Edward Long, under the title Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army during the Great Civil War. Much of the interest of the diary lies in its topographical content, including detailed notes of churches, church monuments, stained glass and heraldry that Symonds had viewed. Most of his entries about the war are accurate but terse. However, his description of the second battle of Newbury is very detailed.

Three volumes of genealogical collections for the county of Essex, compiled by Symonds, were preserved at the College of Arms, to which they were presented in 1710 by Gregory King, into whose possession they came in 1685. In the second volume Symonds gives the pedigree of his own family, and near his own name is an impression, in red wax, of an engraved head in profile, probably that of Symonds himself, by Thomas Simon, the medallist. These collections were used by Philip Morant in his History of Essex. Other notes were used by Horace Walpole in his Anecdotes of Painting in England.

Notes

References
Attribution
 Thomas list his sources as:
Morant's History of Essex, ii. 302-3;
Long's Introduction to the Diary published by the Camden Society, as above;
Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. 1888, i. 324.

1617 births
1660 deaths
English diarists
English antiquarians
People from Black Notley
Cavaliers


Collera is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
It is  in size, with a population of 745 (INE 2006).

Villages
Camango (Camangu)
Collera
Cuerres
Meluerda
Toriello (Torriellu)
Oreyana

Parishes in Ribadesella


The Edgewood Academy is a non-profit non-sectarian independent school located in Elmore, Alabama serving 323 students from preschool through twelfth grade. The school was founded in 1967 as a segregation academy. Edgewood Academy has been accredited by the Alabama Independent School Association (AISA) since 1974, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), and the National Council for Private School Accreditation (NCPSA).

Athletics
Edgewood's varsity teams compete athletically in the Alabama Independent School Association.
Varsity girls have won state championships in softball, volleyball, and cheerleading. The National Private School Athletic Association (NPSAA) awarded Edgewood's varsity football team the Division II National Championship in 2008. At the end of the 2015 season Edgewood Academy held the nation's longest eleven man high school football winning streak at 71 games according to USA Today. Edgewood Academy won a second national championship in baseball after being awarded the honor by MaxPreps.com. Edgewood Academy's baseball team finished the 2013 year ranked No. 1 in the MaxPreps Small School (enrollment under 1,000 students National Baseball Rankings ahead of teams from Florida, Oklahoma and Arkansas. The school also fields youth football teams for grades 2nd, 3rd, and 4th (Termite) and grades 5th and 6th (PeeWee).

Maxpreps Small School National Championship
Baseball- 2013

AISA State Championships
Football- 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 Overall Record
Baseball- 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011,2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Basketball- 2001, 2015, 2019
Softball- 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2018
Volleyball- 2011, 2016, 2017

Youth Football Tournament Championships and Regular Season Record (R)

2009 Warrior Bowl Champions, Auburn AL - Termites (5-0-1) and PeeWees (7-0)
2010 Jungle Jamboree Champions, Elmore AL - Termites (7-0)
2011 Jungle Jamboree Champions, Elmore AL - PeeWees (6-1-1)
2012 Jungle Jamboree Champions, Elmore AL - Termites (7-1) and PeeWees (8-0)
2012 Monroe Academy Invitational Tournament, Monroe, AL - Termites (7-1)

In 2016, Edgewood was fined $2,500 for forfeiting a football game against Autauga Academy, citing threats of injury against its players.

References

Private high schools in Alabama
Schools in Elmore County, Alabama
Educational institutions established in 1967
Private middle schools in Alabama
Private elementary schools in Alabama
Segregation academies in Alabama


Punahou Circle apartments is a 12-story apartment building at 1617 S. Beretania Street in the Makiki neighborhood of Honolulu, Hawaii. The building was one of the childhood homes of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. Obama lived in the building from 1971 to 1979, when he graduated from high school.  It was built in 1965. The building is being considered for landmark status. Obama's maternal grandmother lived in the family apartment until her death in 2008.

References

Apartment buildings in Hawaii
Residential buildings in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu
Barack Obama
Presidential homes in the United States


Aleksandr Vladimirovich Gorin (; born 7 January 1981) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Torpedo Moscow.

References

1981 births
People from Lipetsk Oblast
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Shinnik Yaroslavl players
Russian Premier League players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
FC Sibir Novosibirsk players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Men's association football defenders
FC Nosta Novotroitsk players
Sportspeople from Lipetsk Oblast


Charles Mills Gayley (February 22, 1858 – July 25, 1932) was a professor of English, the Classics, and Academic Dean of the University of California at Berkeley between the fall of 1889 and July 1932.

Biography

Gayley was born in Shanghai to Irish-born American Presbyterian missionaries.  In 1862, Charles' father (Rev. Samuel Rankin Gayley) became infected with cholera and died.  Young Gayley's father was only 34 when he was buried on a hill overlooking the Straits of Pe-chi-li, China.  Gayley soon relocated to Ireland with his mother, Sarah, where he was educated at Blackheath school and the Royal Belfast Academical Institution.  Charles' stepfather, Rev. Andrew Brown, was pastor of the Presbyterian church at Hollymount, Ireland.  Gayley earned his Doctorate at the University of Michigan and briefly served there as an Assistant Professor of English and Latin.  While at Michigan, Gayley: (a) composed the Michigan college songs, "The Yellow and Blue" and "Laudes atque Carmina"; (b) developed a love of Shakespeare and poetry; (c) studied one year abroad at the University of Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany (emphasizing German, medieval European history, and Modern French History); and (c) accepted what he regarded as a call (within ten minutes of receiving it) to teach in California.

At Berkeley, Gayley was an author, scholar, orator, and widely acclaimed literary critic. He served as University Examiner, Head of the English Department, Dean of Faculties, visiting professor at Oxford, and was a Director of the Commercial Bank of Berkeley.  Occasionally, Gayley's lectures were relocated to the outdoor Greek theatre to accommodate overflow students and guests.  A persistent advocate of education and idea-sharing, Gayley was instrumental in the development of the University Extension, the College of Commerce, building the Senior Hall, the Stephens Union (on the model of the Oxford Union), bringing Psi Upsilon to Berkeley, and establishing the student volunteers' Ambulance Corps.  In 1895, Dr. Gayley composed the famous song "Golden Bear" which begins, "Oh, have you seen the heavens blue, heavens blue", to commemorate the victorious return of the first track team sent east by the University. The song contributed to the selection of the 'golden bear' as the mascot of athletic teams. A staunch patriot, Gayley was also a promoter of US involvement with World War I.

Gayley married Sallie Pickett Harris, daughter of Rt. Rev. Samuel Smith Harris, D.D., LL.D. (1841–1888), who was the second Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Michigan. Gayley first danced with Sallie at the 1888 Ann Arbor "Junior Hop", when their engagement was already rumored.  When they met again, at the wedding of Lois Angell and Andrew McLaughlin in 1890, Gayley swore that "he would marry that young lady". The two were married a year later.  One of the ushers of the religious ceremony of union was James R. Angell, son of Michigan's President Angell, who later himself became president of Yale University.  On November 27, 1892, Gayley was confirmed at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Berkeley.  He immediately began assisting with readings, scripture lessons, and occasionally directed an entire service.  When it was known beforehand that Gayley was to read the lessons, University students flocked to St. Mark's.  His religious faith was profound. Gayley initiated the Berkeley Canterbury Club as a forum to discuss the application of Christian principles to everyday life; and his academic course, The Bible in English Literature, was popular among students. Gayley died at his home in Berkeley on July 25, 1932.

In 1943, former student Benjamin P. Kurtz authored the professor's biography, Charles Mills Gayley: The Glory of a Lighted Mind.

Early life

Gayley was the eldest son of Rev. Samuel Rankin Gayley and Sarah Sophia Mills. Through his maternal grandmother, Gayley could trace his ancestry to the Mayflower through Thomas Rogers. His father, the son of a Scottish-Irish farmer, had emigrated to the USA due to the Great Famine. Hearing a call, he became a missionary in China, despite warnings that his constitution may not withstand the conditions. Samuel and Sarah were married in August 1856, and sailed for China some two months later in October.  They arrived in early 1857, barely 119 days later. The next year, on the anniversary of George Washington's birthday, Charles Mills was born, named for his maternal uncle.

Gayley spent his early years in Shanghai, where the family struggled with the heat, illness and the Taiping Rebellion. Both his parents were repeatedly ill with dysentery and cholera, and Charles' younger brother Andrew died of dysentery in November 1860, barely one year old, just three weeks before the birth of his sister, Fannie. In 1861 the family decided to relocate north in the hope of fairer weather.  With the American Civil War threatening to curtail money for foreign missionaries, Charles' father got them passage on a ship to Tengzhou, where they established a new mission.  Here the family thrived for a time, until the cholera occurred again, killing both Charles' father and sister in 1862.

Charles and his mother left China, intending to sail for the United States to respect his father's final wish.  But with the civil war still in progress, Charles' mother Sarah decided first to sail for Ireland, to pay her respects to her dead husbands family.  On arrival, she discovered that both parents of her husband had died, her mother-in-law dying days before news of her son's death reached Ireland. Her brother-in-law took her in, and she soon accepted a proposal of marriage from a cousin of Charles' father, Reverend Andrew Brown. The new family settled at Brown's church in Hollymount.

Education and early career

At the age of nine, Gayley was sent to Blackheath Proprietary School in London to be schooled, and at sixteen he studied at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, Belfast. He excelled in both English and the classics, and graduated with honours, winning a place at Cambridge University. Gayley planned to study to be a Presbyterian clergyman, like his father and stepfather. The arrival of his great-uncle changed his aspirations, declaring that Charles, as an American citizen, should be educated in the United States. With his mother eventually giving her approval, Gayley left Ireland for the University of Michigan, there to study law. Gayley again excelled in both Latin and Greek, but now he developed a passion for Shakespeare.  After attending a performance of Romeo and Juliet, Gayley found the work affected him in a way it had not done previously, and he began reading and re-reading the complete works and attending performance after performance. His energy and ability were such that in 1878 he was offered the position as Principal at the high school in Muskegon. Within two years Gayley returned to the University of Michigan as a teacher of Latin.

Graduates of Gayley's Latin classes at Michigan include Arba Seymour Van Valkenburgh and Walter Miller, who, recalling Gayley as a teacher, said "[i]t would be hard to decide whether Gayley was a better teacher of Latin than of English. He was supreme in both. And he was a great teacher of English when he was teaching Latin.". In 1884, Gayley was made assistant professors of Latin, his teaching abilities recognised and rewarded. Although a career as a professor in Latin was indicated for him, Gayley was eager to pursue his interest in poetry.

In 1886, he managed to get a poem accepted for publication in Atlantic Monthly. He was also surprised to win a competition to write a college song for Michigan, receiving the sum of $10 for his composition "The Yellow and Blue". Gayley returned to Ireland during every summer intermission, and spoke passionately about Irish matters.  After a speech of his praising Gladstone's Home Rule Bill was received favourably, it was arranged that Gayley would meet with Irish liberals in London.  Here Gayley encountered Thomas Power O'Connor, and with the pair beginning an immediate rapport, Gayley agreed to make speeches across Ireland during the summer of 1886, much to the consternation of his stepfather and cousins.

He received the honorary Doctor of Laws (DLL) from the University of Glasgow in June 1901.

In 1904, Gayley, along with Clement Calhoun Young, published The Principles and Progress of English Poetry. The book was published and distributed by the Macmillan Company. In his honor, streets on the UC Berkeley and UC Los Angeles campuses are named after him, as is Mount Gayley in California's Sierra Nevada.

Publications
 Classic Myths in English Literature, 1893.
 Representative English Comedies, vol. i. 1903, vol. ii. 1913, vol. iii. 1914
 The Star of Bethlehem, 1903.
 Poetry of the People: Ballads, Lays of Heroism, and National Songs with Martin C. Flaherty, 1903.
 The Principles and Progress of English Poetry with Clement Calhoun Young, 1904.
 Plays of our Forefathers, 1907.
 Idols of Education, 1910.
 The Classic Myths in English Literature and in Art, 1911
 Beaumont the Dramatist, 1914.
 Shakespeare and the Founders of Liberty in America, 1917.

References

External links

  – "based chiefly on Bulfinch's Age of Fable (1855)" – a complete scan of a 1900 copy of the book, browseable and downloadable.

1858 births
1932 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Classical scholars of the University of California, Berkeley
American academics of English literature
Knights of the Legion of Honour


Design For All may refer to:

Design for All (in ICT), Design for All in the field of Information and Communication Technologies
Design for All (design philosophy)
Design For All (product line), a range of designer products made available at discount retailers by the Target Corporation


Ernest Perry may refer to:
 Ernest Perry (politician) (1910–1998), British politician
 Ernest Perry (footballer) (1891–1979), English footballer
 Ernest Perry (cricketer) (1908–1996), English cricketer


Dick McCabe may refer to:
Dick McCabe (racing driver) (born 1947), NASCAR driver
Dick McCabe (baseball) (1896–1950), pitcher in Major League Baseball
Dick McCabe (American football) (1933–1983), American football player
Dick McCabe (Australian footballer) (1877–1932), Australian rules footballer
Richard McCabe (born 1960), Scottish actor


Xuncu is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Ribadesella, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

It is  in size, with a population of 144 (INE 2006).

Villages
 Cueves
 La Bolera
 El Cantiellu
 La Capilla
 La Cueva
 La Estación
 La Riega
 Xuncu
 L'Acebéu
 L'Alisal
 La Cerezalina
 El Cierru
 El Colláu
 L'Escayón
 La Güelga
 El Llagarón
 El Malez
 El Palaciu de Xuncu
 El Reboriu
 El Regüetu
 La Roza
 El Toral
 La Torre

References

Parishes in Ribadesella