Enrique Breccia (born 1945) is an Argentine comic book artist and writer.

Biography
Enrique Breccia, the son of noted comic artist Alberto Breccia, drew his first work in 1968, when together with his father illustrated Vida del Che ("Life of Che"), a biographical Historieta of the famous revolutionary Che Guevara written by Héctor Germán Oesterheld. In 1972, he started his collaboration with the British publishing house Fleetway, drawing the comic book Spy 13 under a pseudonym, and later a series of war stories for the Italian magazine Linus.

His collaboration with writer Carlos Trillo began in 1976 with the comic El Buen Dios ("The Good God"), immediately followed by Alvar Mayor, his most famous character with whom he entered the world comic book scene. He had several other successful collaborations with Trillo, the mini series El peregrino de la Estrellas, the surreal series Los Viajes del Marco Mono and the painted El Reino del Azul. In 1983, he drew Ibáñez from the script of Robin Wood, and the next year the highly successful El Sueñero and El Cazador del Tiempo from his own scripts. He also drew several comic book adaptions of famous novels such as Till Eulenspiegel, Treasure Island and Moby Dick. In 1987, he published the graphic novel Lope de Aguirre and in 1995 De Mar a Mar.

In 2000, Breccia began his collaboration with American comic book publishers, working on an issue of X-Force for Marvel, and Legion Worlds and Batman: Gotham Knights for DC Comics. In 2002, he drew the graphic novel Lovecraft, about the life of writer H.P. Lovecraft written by Hans Rodionoff, for DC comics' Vertigo imprint.  In 2005, he became the head artist for the Vertigo series Swamp Thing, drawing 22 issues till 2007. In 2012, he won a Konex Award from Argentina.

Breccia currently lives in Spoleto, Italy, and is working on the second volume of the comic book saga Sentinelles for the French market, written by Xavier Dorison.

External links
 Enrique Breccia biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
 Official website - Sito web ufficiale

1945 births
Argentine comics writers
Argentine comics artists
Artists from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Italian descent
Living people
Writers from Buenos Aires


Richard Wynn may refer to:

Sir Richard Wynn, 2nd Baronet (1588–1649), English courtier and politician
Sir Richard Wynn, 4th Baronet (1625–1674), English MP
Dick Wynn (Richard Cross Wynn, 1892–1919), English footballer

See also
Richard Wynne (born 1955), member of the Parliament of Victoria
Richard Gwyn (disambiguation)


Acanthops is a genus of mantises in the family Acanthopidae, containing 20 species that can be found in Central and South America.

Description
Most species in Acanthops are colloquially referred to as the dead leaf mantis, a common name also used for species in several other mantid genera. The genus name translates from the Greek nouns ἄκανθα and ὅψ as "thorn eye", referring to the presence in all Acanthops species of a shorter or longer conical tubercle on top of each eye. Note that such ocular tubercles also occur in various other mantid genera.

Acanthops species have an unusual degree of sexual dimorphism compared to other mantids. The flightless female resembles a curled dead leaf folded back on itself, and weighs twice as much as the males do. It has reduced wings that can be raised to reveal bright warning colors on the abdomen. The male has long functional wings that resemble a flat or rolled-up dead leaf at rest. When perched, males often assume a posture where the head, grasping legs and prothorax add to the camouflage effect by recreating the appearance of a dead leaf's shriveled petiole and stipules.

Taxonomy
The following species are currently considered valid:

Acanthops bidens Hebard, 1922
Acanthops boliviana Chopard, 1916
Acanthops brunneri Saussure, 1871
Acanthops centralis Lombardo & Ippolito, 2004
Acanthops coloradensis González, Miller & J Salazar, 2011
Acanthops contorta Gerstaecker, 1889
Acanthops elegans Lombardo & Ippolito, 2004
Acanthops erosa Serville, 1839
Acanthops erosula Stal, 1877
Acanthops falcata Stal, 1877
Acanthops falcataria (Goeze, 1778)
Acanthops fuscifolia (Olivier, 1792)
Acanthops godmani Saussure & Zehntner, 1894
Acanthops occidentalis Lombardo & Ippolito, 2004
Acanthops onorei Lombardo & Ippolito, 2004
Acanthops parafalcata Lombardo & Ippolito, 2004
Acanthops parva Beier, 1941
Acanthops royi Lombardo & Ippolito, 2004
Acanthops soukana Roy, 2002

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

External links
Acanthops entry in Mantodea Species File website
Acanthops images at Project Noah

Acanthopidae
Mantodea of South America
Mantodea genera
Taxa named by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville


Acontista is a genus of mantises in the family Acanthopidae.

Species
Acontista amazonica
Acontista amoenula
Acontista aurantiaca
Acontista bolivari
Acontista brevipennis
Acontista cayennensis
Acontista championi
Acontista chopardi
Acontista concinna
Acontista cordillerae
Acontista cubana
Acontista ecuadorica
Acontista eximia
Acontista festae
Acontista fraterna
Acontista gracilis
Acontista inquinata
Acontista iriodes
Acontista maroniensis
Acontista mexicana
Acontista minima
Acontista multicolor
Acontista parva
Acontista piracicabensis
Acontista rehni
Acontista semirufa
Acontista vitrea

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Acanthopidae
Mantodea genera
Taxa named by Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure


Acromantis is a genus of Asian praying mantids in the subfamily Acromantinae of the family Hymenopodidae.

Species
The Mantodea Species File lists:
Acromantis australis Saussure, 1871
Acromantis dyaka Hebard, 1920
Acromantis elegans Lombardo, 1993
Acromantis formosana (Shiraki, 1911)
Acromantis gestri Giglio-Tos, 1915
Acromantis grandis Beier, 1930
Acromantis hesione (Stål, 1877)
Acromantis indica (Giglio-Tos, 1915)
Acromantis insularis (Giglio-Tos, 1915)
Acromantis japonica (Westwood, 1889)
Acromantis lilii Werner, 1922
Acromantis luzonica Hebard, 1920
Acromantis montana Giglio-Tos, 1915
Acromantis moultoni Giglio-Tos, 1915
Acromantis nicobarica Mukherjee, 1995
Acromantis oligoneura (de Haan, 1942) - type species
Acromantis palauana Beier, 1972
Acromantis philippina Beier, 1966
Acromantis satsumensis (Matsumura, 1913)
Acromantis siporana Giglio-Tos, 1915

References

Mantodea genera
Acromantinae
Mantodea of Asia
Taxa named by Henri Louis Frédéric de Saussure


The Dangote Group is a Nigerian multinational industrial conglomerate, founded by Aliko Dangote. It is the largest conglomerate in West Africa and one of the largest on the African continent. The group employs more than 30,000 people, generating revenue in excess of US$4.1 billion in 2017.

History
The company was founded in 1981 as a trading enterprise, importing sugar, cement, rice, fisheries, and other consumer goods for distribution in the Nigeria market. The group moved into manufacturing in the 1990s, starting with textiles, moving onto flour milling, salt processing and sugar refining by the end of the decade. The company next moved into cement production, growing rapidly and moving into other African countries. A high degree of vertical integration is a hallmark of Dangote Group's operating strategy.

The group now owns and operates over 18 subsidiaries, operating in ten African countries. Dangote Cement, is one of these subsidiaries that is listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, with its market capitalization accounting for almost 20 percent of the total capitalization of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Dangote Group is headquartered in Lagos.

In 2016, Dangote signed a contract with CNOOC Group for the installation of a large underwater offshore pipeline. The pipeline, when completed, will extend from Bonny (Rivers State) through Ogedegbe, Olokola to Lekki and the Escravos Lagos pipeline, finally terminating at the West Africa Gas Pipeline.

Overview
Dangote Group was created in the late 1970s, when Aliko Dangote established a venture that traded sugar and other consumer goods, which was funded by a $3,000 loan from his grandfather. Later, the group would gradually expand into trading other commodities, such as rice. In 1981, he established two business enterprises, Dangote Nigeria Limited, and Blue Star Services, this was a period when import licenses were required to import bulk commodities, the firm then sought to acquire import licenses for various commodities including steel, baby food, and aluminium products. He then added the shipping and the importing of cement to his group's portfolio. Dangote competed (and competes) with Lafarge, a French company that imported and produced the bulk of African cement.

When the import license era was discontinued in 1986, the firm concentrated in bulk importing of salt, sugar, and rice and gradually reduced its cement business.

Manufacturing
The group's first foray into manufacturing began in 1989 with textiles Mills Limited, operating two operations, a textile weaving mill in Kano and the Nigerian Textile Mills limited's plant in Lagos. Beginning in 1997, following a decline of the textile sector, the company concentrated on manufacturing consumer goods it was importing into Nigeria such as sugar refining and flour milling, with the former it competed against imported products from Brazil and Europe. One of the biggest distributors of sugar in Nigeria, Dangote sugar refinery began local production in 1999. The strategy towards backward integration led to the establishment of a pasta plant and also flour milling to supply raw materials for making pasta. The company then invested in a cement manufacturing venture at Obajana, Kogi State, with an aggressive strategy, the Obajana plant began production with 5 million tonnes of cement, the group then invested funds in another cement operation at Ibeshe, Ogun State to shore up the local manufacturing sector from about 2.5 million tonnes to up to 8 million tonnes. To reduce economic and political risk within the country, the group began looking for opportunities to expand beyond Nigeria. The company's strategy then focused on continental expansion with the building and acquisition of cement plants in African countries.

Today, Dangote Group is a diversified conglomerate, headquartered in Lagos, with interests across a range of sectors in Africa. Current interests include cement, sugar, flour, salt, seasoning, pasta, beverages and real estate, with new projects in development in oil and natural gas, telecommunications, fertilizer and steel. Competitors in both Nigeria and other portions of Africa include Stallion Group.

Subsidiary companies
Dangote Cement, the largest cement production company in Africa, with a market capitalization of almost US$14 billion on the Nigeria Stock Exchange, has subsidiaries in Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia. In December 2010, the group signed an agreement with the Government of Zambia to construct a US$400 million cement plant in Zambia. It was completed in 2015 and is located in Ndola, The plant produces 42.5-grade cement to compete against the lower-grade but dominant 32.5 products in the market, the new plant is expected to have an annual output of 1.5 million metric tonnes of cement.

Dangote Sugar is another major subsidiary of Dangote, competing with Bua Refinery Ltd. and Golden Sugar Co. Dangote Sugar is the largest sugar refining company in sub-Saharan Africa.

Petrochemicals
The group has also diversified into oil and gas-related ventures, establishing a 3 million tonnes fertilizer plant, petroleum refinery capable of refining 650,000 barrels of oil and a petrochemical operation. Dangote Refinery was inaugurated in May 2023, and is the largest refinery in Africa at full capacity.

Nigerian businesses

See also
 Dangote Foundation
 Aliko Dangote
 Dangote Cement
 Halima Dangote

References

External links
 Dangote Group Homepage
 Aliko Dangote, Forbes profile

Conglomerate companies of Nigeria
Companies established in 1981
Multinational companies based in Lagos


Aethalochroa is a genus of praying mantis in the family Toxoderidae.
 Aethalochroa affinis
 Aethalochroa ashmoliana (Iranian stick mantis)
 Aethalochroa indica
 Aethalochroa insignis (Indian stick mantis)
 Aethalochroa simplicipes
 Aethalochroa spinipes

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Insects of India
Toxoderidae
Mantodea genera


Alalomantis is a genus of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Mantidae
Mantodea genera


In Hinduism, Adityas (, ), refers to the offspring of Aditi, the goddess representing the infinity. The name Aditya, in the singular, is taken to refer to the sun god Surya. Generally, Adityas are twelve in number and consists of Vivasvan, Aryaman, Tvashta, Savitr, Bhaga, Dhata, Mitra, Varuna, Amsa, Pushan, Indra and Vishnu (in the form of Vamana).

They appear in the Rig Veda, where there are 6–8 in number, all male. The number increases to 12 in the Brahmanas. The Mahabharata and the Puranas mention the sage Kashyapa  as their father. In each month of the year a different Aditya is said to shine.

Sun worship

Characterisation

The Aditya have been described in the Rig Veda as bright and pure as streams of water, free from all guile and falsehood, blameless, perfect.

This class of deities has been seen as upholding the movables and immovable Dharma.
Adityas are beneficent gods who act as protectors of all beings, who are provident and guard the world of spirits and protect the world. In the form of Mitra-Varuna, the Adityas are true to the eternal Law and act as the exactors of debt.

In present-day usage in Sanskrit, the term Aditya has been made singular in contrast to Vedic Adityas, and is being used synonymously with Surya, the Sun. The twelve Adityas are believed to represent the twelve months in the calendar and the twelve aspects of Sun. Since they are twelve in number, they are referred as DvadashAdityas.

The 12 Ādityás are basically the monthly suns, corresponding to the approximately 12 lunations in a solar year. These are also called the 12 purushas, pertaining to the 12 lunar months of the year. Here the months refer to the lunar months. In astronomy the lunar months with a solar sankranti are said to have an Aditya or purusha. The month without a sankranti is said to be neuter and an extra month or the intercalary lunar month.

Mentions in Hindu scriptures

The Ādityas are one of the principal deities of the Vedic classical Hinduism belonging to the solar class. In the Vedas, numerous hymns are dedicated to Mitra, Varuna, Savitr, etc.

In hymn 7.99 of the Rigveda, Indra-Vishnu produces the sun, his discus a vestige of his solar creation, equivalent to the sun. The Vishnu Purana identifies the Discus chakra with the following: 'thoughts, like the chakra, flow faster than even the mightiest wind.'

The Gayatri mantra, which is regarded as one of the most sacred of the Vedic hymns is dedicated to Savitr, one of the principal Ādityas. The Adityas are a group of solar deities, from the Brahmana period numbering twelve. The ritual of Surya Namaskaar, performed by Hindus, is an elaborate set of hand gestures and body movements, designed to greet and revere the Sun.

The sun god in Hinduism is an ancient and revered deity. In later Hindu usage, all the Vedic Ādityas lost identity and metamorphosed into one composite deity, Surya, the Sun. The attributes of all other Ādityas merged into that of Surya and the names of all other Ādityas became synonymous with, or epithets of, Surya.

The Ramayana has Rama as a direct descendant of the Surya, thus belonging to the Suryavamsha or the Solar dynasty. The Mahabharata describes one of its warrior heroes, Karna, as being the son of the Pandava mother Kunti and Surya.

The sun god is said to be married to the goddess Sanjnya. She is depicted in dual form, being both sunlight and shadow, personified. The goddess is revered in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

The charioteer of Surya is Aruna, who is also personified as the redness that accompanies the sunlight in dawn and dusk. The sun god is driven by a seven-horsed Chariot depicting the seven days of the week and the seven colours of rainbow which are seen due to the dispersion by Surya's rays.

Surya Namaskaram

Surya Namaskaram, the Salute to the Sun or Sun Salutation, is worship of sun which is also included as a practice in yoga as exercise incorporating a flow sequence of some twelve gracefully linked asanas. Similar exercises were in use in India, for example among wrestlers. The basic sequence involves moving from a standing position into Downward and Upward Dog poses and then back to the standing position, but many variations are possible. The set of 12 asanas is dedicated to the solar deity Surya. In some Indian traditions, the positions are each associated with a different mantra.

Sun worship festivals

Makar Sankranti is a festival dedicated to sun worship in India and by the Hindu diaspora.

Chhath (, also called Dala Chhath) is an ancient Hindu festival dedicated to Surya, the chief solar deity, unique to Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai. This major festival is also celebrated in the northeast region of India, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Chhattisgarh. Hymns to the Sun can be found in the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism. Practiced in different parts of India, the worship of the Sun has been described in the Rigveda. There is another festival called Sambha-Dasami, which is celebrated in the state of Odisha for the surya.

The sun is prayed to by South Indians during the harvest festival. In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil people worship the sun god during the Tamil month of Thai, after a year of crop farming. The month is known as the harvesting month and people pay respects to the sun on the first day of the Thai month known as Thai pongal, or Pongal, which is a four-day celebration. It is one of the few indigenous forms of worship by the Tamil people irrespective of religion.

Names of solar deities

Rigveda

In the Rigveda, the Adityas are seven or eight in number and include:

 Varuna
 Mitra
 Aryaman
 Daksha
 Bhaga
 Amsha
 Savitr or Surya
 Sometimes Martanda

Brahmanas

In the Satapatha Brahmana, the number of Adityas is eight in some passages, and in other texts of the same Brahmana, twelve Adityas are mentioned. The list of 12 Adityas is as follows:

 Yama
 Aryaman
 Indra
 Ravi

 Bhaga

 Sūrya or Arka

 Mitra

Upanishads

In the Chandogya Upanishad, Aditya is a name of  in his avatar as Vāmana. His mother is Aditi.

Vishnu Purana

The Adityas in the Vishnu Purana are:

 Vishnu
 Aryaman
 Śakra

 Dhūti
 Bhaga

 Vivasvat

 Mitra

Bhagavata Purana

In the Bhagavata Purana, the Adityas are associated with each month of the year, it is a different Aditya who shines as the Sun-God (Surya).

Linga Purana

According to the Linga Purana, the Adityas are:

 Brahma
 Vishnu
 Indra

 Dhata
 Bhaga

 Vivasvat
 Amshuman
 Mitra

Aditya as nakshatra devatas

Adityas are responsible for proper functioning of the universe and in Hindu cosmology they are given lordship over celestial constellations, called nakshatras in Jyotish. Nakshatras are forces of universal intelligence which are intertwined with the birth-death cycle of life, identity of all created beings, events and day to day consciousness in our lives. In India, at Konark, in the state of Odisha, a temple is dedicated to Surya. The Konark Sun Temple has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Surya is the most prominent of the navagrahas or nine celestial objects of the Hindus. Navagrahas can be found in almost all Hindu temples.

Adityas manage the Shakti of the nakshatras. Here are a few examples.

 Bhaga has lordship over Purva Phalguni nakshatra. Bhaga is bestower of fortune. Bhaga in Sanskrit means "a portion" so our portion in life is regulated by this divine celestial being. Many a times this is related to fortunate marriages, or fortune from marriage and partnerships. It is a very worldly nakshatra bestowing divine intelligence with respect to worldly gains in life. Beings born when Purva Phalguni is rising in the east are literal physical manifestation of this energy.
 Aryaman, the God of Patronage, is an Aditya who is the lord of Uttar Phalguni nakshatra and as suggested by the name, a person born under the auspices of Aryaman finds many lucky opportunities with benefactors in their lives, among many other qualities that are possessed by this divine being.
 Savitr, rules over Hasta Nakshatra and is the cheerful Aditya who manages worldly skills and artistry. Handiwork of all kinds, from needlework, pottery making to technical skills industry, sleight of hand pick pockets, magicians, and Reiki masters all are blessed by the divine intelligence and benevolence of this Aditya.
 Mitra, rules over Anuradha nakshatra they are the peacekeepers of this world.
 Varuna, rules over Shatbhishak nakshatra the nakshatra of 1000 healers and gives a person intelligence about all sorts of medicine. Varuna as its ruling Aditya is lord keeper of law, hence themes of crime and punishment, law and order fall under his rulership. Varuna in RigVeda is to be feared and not taken lightly.

This makes Vedic Adityas not some conceptual, abstract, or mythological characters in a story book, but part of the visible cosmology and the everyday realities of our daily lives. We manifest their qualities in our lives and as such are part of the divine ourselves.

See also

 Sun worship in Hinduism
 Aditi
 List of solar deities in Hinduism
 List of Surya temples
 Surya Namaskar

 Other related
 Ashvins
 Prajapati
 Rudras
 Vasus
 List of Hindu deities
 List of Hindu temples
 List of Hindu pilgrimage sites

Further reading

Notes

References

External links

Hindu deities
Hindu temples
Hindu pilgrimage sites

Solar gods
Rigvedic deities


Amorphoscelis is a genus of praying mantis in the family Amorphoscelidae; records of occurrence are from Africa and tropical Asia.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Amorphoscelis:

 Amorphoscelis abyssinica
 Amorphoscelis angolica
 Amorphoscelis annulicornis
 Amorphoscelis asymmetrica
 Amorphoscelis austrogermanica
 Amorphoscelis bimaculata
 Amorphoscelis borneana
 Amorphoscelis brunneipennis
 Amorphoscelis chinensis
 Amorphoscelis chopardi
 Amorphoscelis elegans
 Amorphoscelis griffini
 Amorphoscelis grisea
 Amorphoscelis hainana
 Amorphoscelis hamata
 Amorphoscelis huismani
 Amorphoscelis javana
 Amorphoscelis kenyensis
 Amorphoscelis lamottei
 Amorphoscelis laxeretis
 Amorphoscelis machadoi
 Amorphoscelis morini
 Amorphoscelis naumanni
 Amorphoscelis nigriventer
 Amorphoscelis nubeculosa
 Amorphoscelis opaca
 Amorphoscelis orientalis
 Amorphoscelis pallida
 Amorphoscelis pantherina
 Amorphoscelis papua
 Amorphoscelis parva
 Amorphoscelis pellucida
 Amorphoscelis phaesoma
 Amorphoscelis philippina
 Amorphoscelis pinheyi
 Amorphoscelis pulchella
 Amorphoscelis pulchra
 Amorphoscelis punctata
 Amorphoscelis reticulata
 Amorphoscelis rufula
 Amorphoscelis siebersi
 Amorphoscelis singaporana
 Amorphoscelis spinosa
 Amorphoscelis stellulatha
 Amorphoscelis subnigra
 Amorphoscelis sulawesiana
 Amorphoscelis sumatrana
 Amorphoscelis tigrina
 Amorphoscelis tuberculata
 Amorphoscelis villiersi

References

Amorphoscelidae
Mantodea genera
Mantodea of Africa
Mantodea of Asia


Richard O'Gorman (23 December 1892 – 17 February 1963) was an Irish hurler who played for Cork Championship club Midleton. He played for the Cork senior hurling team for a number of years, during which time he usually lined out in the forwards.

Honours

Midleton
Cork Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1916

Cork
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1919
Munster Senior Hurling Championship (2): 1919, 1920

References

1892 births
1963 deaths
Midleton hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


Anaxarcha is the type genus of Asian praying mantids of the tribe Anaxarchini: in the family Hymenopodidae.

Species
There are ten recognized species:
Anaxarcha acuta
Anaxarcha graminea
Anaxarcha hyalina
Anaxarcha intermedia
Anaxarcha limbata
Anaxarcha pulchella
Anaxarcha pulchra
Anaxarcha sinensis
Anaxarcha tianmushanensis
Anaxarcha zhengi

References

Acromantinae
Mantodea genera
Mantodea of Asia
Taxa named by Carl Stål


Anasigerpes is a genus of praying mantis in the family Acromantinae from Africa.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Acromantinae
Mantodea genera
Mantodea of Africa
Taxa named by Ermanno Giglio-Tos


Astape is a genus of praying mantis in the family Haaniidae, containing the single species Astape denticollis.

References

Thespidae
Mantodea genera
Monotypic insect genera


The Best of John Fahey 1959–1977 is a compilation album by American fingerstyle guitarist and composer John Fahey, released in 1977. The songs are collected from four of Fahey's dozen or so releases up to that point.

History
The original album consisted of tracks picked out by Fahey for the release, with two tracks "Spanish Two-Step" (called "Hawaiian Two-Step" on After the Ball) and "Dance of the Inhabitants of the Palace of King Philip XIV of Spain" re-recorded for the album.

 For the original release, Guitar Player Magazine published a matching music folio of tablature for guitar. It also contained essays by Fahey, continuation of the tale of Blind Joe Death, and an ongoing story which meandered across the pages and the page margins throughout the book. In the introduction Fahey wrote:

 "While technique is important, it is only part of the story. Music is a language—a language of emotions. The worst possible way to play these songs—and I am not only talking about my own compositions—is in metronome time at a uniform volume. Another terrible thing would be to play any composition the same way every time, or to feel that you have to play it exactly the way someone else, such as myself, played it or said to play it. A good technician must also be creative. Even if a person is not a composer, he can interpret and arrange, and these skills are as important as technique in making a performance interesting. I rely heavily on both technique and interpretation, and I think of myself as a very good composer, arranger, and plagiarest for the solo acoustic guitar"

The book is no longer in print.

Reception

The original album received five stars in both editions of the Rolling Stone Record Guide.

Music critic Richie Unterberger called attention to Rhino's two-CD The Return of the Repressed: The John Fahey Anthology as "...a wider-spanning, lengthier chronological overview that's preferable for those wanting a fuller appreciation of [Fahey's] work." Unterberger also noted that "...what's here is good, important acoustic guitar music combining folk, blues, Americana, and unclassifiably weird originality, although it gives short shrift to some of his odder, more experimental 1960s and 1970s work."

Reissues
The Best of John Fahey was reissued on CD in 2002 by Takoma and included three bonus tracks taken from three later albums. It includes liner notes and commentary by such guitarists as Leo Kottke, Peter Lang, Jim O'Rourke, and George Winston, some of whom had recorded numerous Fahey compositions on their own albums or who were once signed to his Takoma label.

Track listing
All songs by John Fahey unless otherwise noted.
 "Sunflower River Blues" – 3:21
 "St. Louis Blues" (W. C. Handy) – 3:18
 "Poor Boy Long Ways from Home" – 2:27
 "When the Springtime Comes Again" (Fahey, Pat Sullivan) – 4:55
 "Some Summer Day" – 3:27
 "Spanish Dance" – 2:07
 "Take a Look at That Baby" – 1:27
 "I'm Going to Do All I Can for My Lord" – 1:27
 "The Last Steam Engine Train" – 2:19
 "In Christ There Is No East or West" – 2:46
 "Give Me Cornbread When I'm Hungry" – 3:12
 "Dance of the Inhabitants of the Palace of King Philip XIV of Spain" – 3:19
 "Revolt of the Dyke Brigade" – 3:03
 "On the Sunny Side of the Ocean" – 3:54
 "Spanish Two-Step" – 2:21
2002 reissue bonus tracks:
 "America" – 7:43
 "Fare Forward Voyagers" – 23:39
 "Desperate Man Blues" – 3:59

Personnel
John Fahey – guitar
Production notes
ED Denson – producer
John Fahey – producer
Henry Kaiser – reissue producer, liner notes
Bob de Sousa – engineer
Dallas Jordan – engineer
John Judnich – engineer
Joe Tarantino – remastering
Stephen J. Cahill – cover photo
Linda Kalin – design
Jamie Putnam – art direction
Leo Kottke – commentary
Peter Lang – commentary
Michael Gulezian – commentary
Jim O'Rourke – commentary
Terry Robb – commentary
George Winston – commentary

References

1977 greatest hits albums
John Fahey (musician) compilation albums
Takoma Records compilation albums
Albums produced by John Fahey (musician)


Bantia is a genus of mantises in the family Thespidae.

Species
Bantia chopardi Giglio-Tos, 1915
Bantia fusca Chopard, 1911
Bantia marmorata Saussure & Zehntner, 1894
Bantia metzi Beier, 1935
Bantia michaelisi Beier, 1935
Bantia nana Toledo Piza, 1969
Bantia pygmaea Saussure, 1872
Bantia simoni Chopard, 1916
Bantia werneri Chopard, 1913
Bantia yotocoensis Salazar, 2004

See also
 List of mantis genera and species

References

Thespidae
Mantodea genera
Taxa named by Carl Stål


Bantiella is a genus of mantis in the family Thespidae.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Thespidae
Mantodea genera
Taxa named by Ermanno Giglio-Tos


Blepharodes is a genus of North African mantis in the family Empusidae.

Species
The Mantodea Species File currently includes:
 Blepharodes candelarius Bolivar 1890
 Blepharodes cornutus Schulthess 1894
 Blepharodes parumspinosus Beier 1930
 Blepharodes sudanensis Werner 1907

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Mantodea of Africa

Empusidae
Mantodea genera


George Aytoun (1880; date of death unknown) was a footballer who played for Clydebank Juniors and Burslem Port Vale in the 1900s.

Career
Aytourn played for Clydebank Juniors before joining Burslem Port Vale in July 1905. His debut at the Athletic Ground came in a 4–3 win over Chesterfield Town on 9 September. He was only to play another three Second Division games before getting released at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1880 births
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Clydebank Juniors F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


Bolbula is a genus of praying mantises in the family Nanomantidae.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Nanomantidae
Mantodea genera


Bolivaroscelis is a genus of praying mantis in the family Amorphoscelidae.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Bolivaroscelis:
 Bolivaroscelis bolivarii (Giglio-Tos, 1913)
 Bolivaroscelis carinata (Bolivar, 1908)
 Bolivaroscelis werneri Roy, 1962

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Amorphoscelidae
Mantodea genera


Calamothespis is a genus of praying mantis in the family Toxoderidae. It contains the following species:
Calamothespis adusta
Calamothespis aspoeckorum
Calamothespis condamini
Calamothespis congica
Calamothespis guineensis
Calamothespis kibweziana
Calamothespis lesnei
Calamothespis lineatipennis
Calamothespis nathani
Calamothespis oxyops
Calamothespis prosti
Calamothespis rourei
Calamothespis subcornuta
Calamothespis tanzaniensis
Calamothespis taylori
Calamothespis vansoni
Calamothespis vuattouxi

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Toxoderidae
Mantodea genera


Akwatia is the capital of Denkyembour, a district in the Eastern region of south Ghana and west of the Atewa Range in the Birim River basin. Akwatia or Akortia also means "He returned here or there" In the indigenous language formerly known as Oji-Ounji now called Anii. Akwatia has a 2013 settlement population of 23,766 people. Akwatia is the main center of diamond extraction in Ghana. The town is the center of the Denkyembour parliamentary constituency.

Facilities

Education

 St. Rose's´High School
 Akwatia Technical Institute

Sports
Among the athletes hailing from this town are:  Kabiru Moro, Ekow Benson, Emmanuel Boateng, Oppong Enoch Opare among others. Among the notable football clubs are the Akwatia Diamond Stars, Diamond Academy, Akwatia Vidaco Football Club, Akwatia Frankfurt Football Academy, Young Diamonds and Deelorm Academy

Healthcare
Akwatia has two hospitals, Saint Dominic's Hospital and The Ghanaian Consolidated Diamonds Company Hospital (G.C.D Hospital). The Saint Dominic's Hospital in Akwatia is a 320-bed facility, and the hospital opened an Eye Clinic since 2003.

Diamond mining

The Akwatia diamond field lies in Birimian rocks and has produced over  of diamonds, mostly industrial grade. The Ghana government-owned Ghana Consolidated Diamonds (GCD) is the only formal commercial producer of diamonds, using strip mining with Manitowoc draglines. Large additional resources of diamonds have been identified in the nearby Birim River deposits, including an altered meta-lamproite that may represent a primary diamond source.

References

Populated places in the Eastern Region (Ghana)


Callibia is a genus of praying mantis in the family Acanthopidae.  The genus contains only one species, Callibia diana.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Acanthopidae
Mantodea of South America
Mantodea genera
Monotypic insect genera


Carrikerella is a genus of mantis in the family Thespidae.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Thespidae
Mantodea genera


Catasigerpes is a subgenus of praying mantis in the family Hymenopodidae.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Acromantinae
Mantodea of Africa
Insect subgenera


Caudatoscelis is a genus of mantis in the family Amorphoscelididae; species are found in West Africa.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Caudatoscelis:
 Caudatoscelis annulipes Karsch, 1892
 Caudatoscelis caudata (Giglio-Tos, 1914) - type species
 Caudatoscelis collarti Roy, 1964
 Caudatoscelis lagrecai Roy, 1964
 Caudatoscelis marmorata Roy, 1965

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Mantodea of Africa

Mantodea genera


Ceratomantis is an Asian genus of praying mantises in the family Hymenopodidae.

Species
The Catalogue of Life lists:
 Ceratomantis ghatei
 Ceratomantis gigliotosi
 Ceratomantis kimberlae
 Ceratomantis saussurii
 Ceratomantis yunnanensis

References

External links

Insects of Asia
Mantodea genera


Chaeteessa is a genus of mantis. It is the only extant member of the family Chaeteessidae, the most primitive lineage of living mantises. It contains six species found in South America:

Species
Chaeteessa burmeisteri
Chaeteessa caudata
Chaeteessa filata
Chaeteessa nana
Chaeteessa nigromarginata
Chaeteessa valida

References

Mantodea genera
Taxa named by Hermann Burmeister
Mantodea of South America


Chlidonoptera is an African genus of praying mantis in the family Hymenopodidae and tribe Hymenopodini.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Mantodea genera


Peter Paul Brennan (November 1, 1941–August 1, 2016) was an American bishop in the Independent Catholic movement. He was Bishop of New York for the Old Catholic Confederation, a bishop of the Ecumenical Catholic Diocese of the Americas, bishop of the African Orthodox Church, primate of the Order of Corporate Reunion, and president of Married Priests Now! (founded by excommunicated Roman Catholic archbishop Emmanuel Milingo).

Biography
Brennan was born on November 1, 1941. In his adulthood, he attended St. John's Atonement Seminary, which closed in 1967.

Although Brennan had previously been ordained within an Old Catholic denomination, in 2006 he was consecrated a bishop "sub conditione", with four other married priests, by Emmanuel Milingo—then Roman Catholic archbishop of Lusaka in Zambia. As these ordinations were done without papal approval, Milingo was excommunicated and eventually laicized.

Regarding Brennan's episcopal ordination by Milingo the Holy See Press Office declared, in a carefully worded statement that: "While expressing hope for their conversion, the Church reaffirms what was declared on 26 September 2006, namely that she does not recognize these ordinations, nor does she intend to recognize them, or any subsequent ordinations based on them, in the future. Hence the canonical status of the supposed bishops remains as it was prior to the ordination conferred by Archbishop Milingo."

This denial of canonical status means that Brennan had no authority to exercise any ministry in the Roman Catholic Church. The Reverend Ciro Benedettini of the Holy See Press Office, who was responsible for publicly issuing the press conference communique on Milingo, told reporters that any ordinations that the excommunicated Milingo had performed prior to his laicization were "illicit but valid", while any subsequent ordinations would be invalid.

On June 11, 2011, the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts issued a statement about illicitly ordained bishops, pointing out the canons which provide for an automatic latae sententiae excommunication for both the ordaining bishop and those ordained. Bishop Juan Ignacio Arrieta, secretary of the council, explained that the statement applied to the bishops ordained by Milingo as well as to more recent cases in the Chinese Patriotic Association.

After the resignation of Bertil Persson as leader of the Order of Corporate Reunion, Brennan succeeded as primate. Brennan died on August 1, 2016, and was subsequently succeeded by Michael Kline as primate of the Order of Corporate Reunion.

References

1941 births
2016 deaths
American Old Catholic bishops


Madame Joseph (c.1900 – after late 1940s) was a stamp dealer active in London in the early part of the twentieth century and who has since been revealed to be a major supplier of stamps with forged cancels. In conjunction with her collaborators, more than four hundred fake cancellations were used, dated up to 1949. A 1967 Aden canceller (MJ10) may not be a contemporary fake. Unfortunately, this is missing from the Royal Philatelic Society London archive.

Forgery business
Known as "Madame Joseph" because she went by the surname Joseph and was possibly French or Belgian (her first name is unknown), Joseph, her accomplices and successors used fake handstamps to turn common unused stamps into more valuable used ones. Some fake cachets, cork cancels, surcharges and overprints were also used. More than four hundred fake cancels were used, mainly for British Commonwealth stamps, and it is believed that there are probably additional fake cancels that have yet to be discovered. The wooden cancels were thought to have been made in France, while the zincograph and copper-plated implements may have been created originally for use as book or catalogue illustrations.

"Madame Joseph" may have emanated from the WWII Madame Joseph Krug of Rheims, who ran an underground escape operation for British pilots downed in occupied France. "Madame Joseph" was probably not the name of one person but the nom de guerre used by this group, who operated in utmost secrecy with the aid of SOE.

According to Brian Cartwright, there was also a "Monsieur Joseph"; however, even less is known about him than his wife and, as Madame Joseph was normally responsible for serving customers, the business and fakes have come to be attributed to her. The exact extent of Monsieur Joseph's involvement in the business has yet to be determined and may be more extensive than previously thought.

The trade was very profitable, with the changed stamps being sold to dealers for resale to their customers. It has been said that the fake cancels were also hired out to unscrupulous dealers for them to manufacture their own fine used stamps; however, that has been disputed by the postal historian Ted Proud. According to Proud, Madame Joseph had premises in Irving Street, just off Charing Cross Road.

The exact dates when the business was carried on are unknown; however, the first use of the cancels appears to be between the first and second World Wars, and the most recent date on any fake cancel is 1949. Three sheets of paper containing 120 different impressions have been found in the Stanley Gibbons reference collection and they appear to have previously been folded, so as to possibly make a booklet of samples. The latest date of any of these cancels is 28 August 1915 for Tarquah, Gold Coast, so the samples were certainly made up some time after then.

Successors

Eventually, the business devolved to Gordon Rhodes, who traded from 17A Lime Street, London, and whose shop is recorded in Kelly's Directory from 1935 to 1960. His employee, Cecil Jones, took over the shop after Rhodes died. Jones reportedly used it as a cash-cow to fund his gambling habit. In 1960 the shop changed name to the South London Stamp Company and it is believed that the production of forgeries ended in the 1960s.

Similar businesses
In a letter to The London Philatelist, Ted Proud has referred to two other dealers, known only as "Dealer A" and "Dealer B" who carried out similar activities and used to co-operate. Proud has written that Dealer A had a stock of printers blocks of cancels used to illustrate magazine articles and books who would also cancel unused stamps. He has also written that Dealer B, with whom Madame Joseph unsuccessfully tried to start a stamp "repairing" factory, also had a stock of bogus date-stamps that he said was larger than Madame Joseph's. He is also said to have had a perforating machine which was made by his brother who was a Swiss industrialist. Proud has commented that to say that Madame Joseph's operations were shrouded in secrecy would be an exaggeration and that her business was well known in the stamp trade at the time as one of selling "repaired" stamps with a cancellation service as an extra feature.

Recently the name Eric David Bowie (b. 1900) – City Stamp Shop, 1 St. Swithin's Lane, London EC4, was noted on a newsletter 1 May 1937 advertising Coronation stamps. Bowie was prosecuted for forgery of Silver Jubilee, on the insistence of Robson Lowe.

Bowie had ties with The Broadway Stamp Company and Harris and Whitehurst of Birmingham. He served his time and set up shop in Bermuda c.1939. He served as a Lieutenant at the shore-based HMS Goshawk, Piarco, Trinidad, during WWII – he also sold stamps. Ted Proud notes that Commander E. D. Bowie was in Malaya at war's end.

He returned in 1946 to Bermuda, where he specialized in the stamps of the Japanese Occupation of Malaya – he wrote a short book on the same. He also expertized stamps, most of which appear right.

In February 1961, he visited stamp dealer Everard F. Aguilar in Jamaica. Circa 1963 he removed to the Jersey Rose Farm, where he sold his stock to Harry Martin Jr. of the Empire Stamp Corporation, Toronto. By 1975, Bowie was back in Bermuda, where he continued his ill-tempered spat with Robson Lowe. He was eventually admitted to St. Brendan's Hospital, Bermuda's mental health institution.

Recent developments
In the early 1990s, the retired stamp dealer Derek Worboys purchased the Joseph instruments and paraphernalia from Clive Santo in order to prevent their further use. The items were in the estate of Clive's late father George, who died in 1990. Today, the Madame Joseph items reside in the museum of the Royal Philatelic Society London.

See also
 List of stamp forgers

References

Further reading
Worboys, Derek, & Roger B. West. Madame Joseph Forged Postmarks, foreword by Robson Lowe, Royal Philatelic Society London, 1994. .
 Cartwright, Brian M. "Madame Joseph Forged Cancellations", Gibbons Stamp Monthly, September 2002.
 Cartwright, Brian M. Madame Joseph Revisited, Royal Philatelic Society London, 2005. .

External links

RPSL Presentation by Brian Cartwright (from Internet Archive)
Madame Joseph Solomon Islands cancels

British stamp dealers
Philately of the Solomon Islands
Stamp forgers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing


Accokeek Creek is a tidal tributary of Potomac Creek, itself a tributary of the Potomac River, in Stafford County, Virginia, United States. From it headwaters to its mouth, Accokeek Creek is  in total length.

Nomenclature
The United States Board on Geographic Names officially decided upon the creek's name in 1940. Before the official naming decision, Accokeek Creek was also alternatively known as Accakeek Creek.

Course
Accokeek Creek rises on the Aquia Creek divide about 0.25 miles northeast of Moores Corner, Virginia.  Accokeek Creek then flows southeast to meet Potomac Creek at Crows Nest Point just upstream of the Potomac River.

Watershed
Accokeek Creek drains  of area, receives about 43.0 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 390.53 and is about 60.1% forested.

Maps

See also
Accokeek (plantation), homestead of George Mason I
List of rivers of Virginia

References

External links
Old U.S. 1 Bridge Across Accokeek Creek, Stafford, VA
Accokeek Iron Furnace Marker

Rivers of Stafford County, Virginia
Rivers of Virginia
Tributaries of the Potomac River
Ironworks in Virginia


Mantic Ritual (formerly Meltdown) is an American thrash metal band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They released their only album, Executioner, in 2009.

History

Origin (2004–2007)
Under the name Meltdown, Mantic Ritual began writing and recording music in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania around 2004. After the addition of guitarist Jeff Potts, the band moved to Hollywood, California in 2007 and quickly signed with metal label Nuclear Blast.

Executioner, Departure of Dan Wetmore (2008–2009)
Citing legal reasons, the band chose to abandon the name Meltdown. This was also done to avoid confusion with other bands currently using the name. The band renamed themselves Mantic Ritual and moved back to their hometown of Pittsburgh, participating in national tours with bands including Rotting Christ and Destruction.

The band then recorded their debut album, Executioner, with famed metal producer Andy Classen (Dew-Scented, Rotting Christ) at Stage-one Studios in Borgentreich, Germany. It was released in Europe on February 27, 2009 and in the US on March 10, 2009.

On September 15, 2009, six months after the US release of Executioner, Mantic Ritual announced through their MySpace that guitarist/vocalist Dan Wetmore was leaving the band to pursue photography. Wetmore said that although he enjoyed playing with the band and writing music, he could not see himself spending life on the road. In the same announcement, Mantic Ritual also stated that Grave Desire frontman Dave Watson, a good friend of the band, was to fill in for Dan as a temporary replacement for the September/October 2009 shows. Within a few weeks, Watson was asked to be the permanent guitarist/vocalist for Mantic Ritual, and soon played full-time with the band.

Breakup and one-off reunion (2010–2020)
Mantic Ritual announced in August 2010 that drummer Adam Haritan had left the band. The news was released on the band's Facebook page, and on metalunderground's website. The reason for Haritan's departure was described as mutual, due to Haritan's loss of interest in playing music full-time. After more than a year of silence from the band, Guitarist Jeff Potts was asked by the website Metalsucks.net for an update on Mantic Ritual's status. He said during the interview that he and bassist Ben Mottsman had relocated to Los Angeles, while vocalist Dave Watson had not.

"This is a really long-winded way of saying that Mantic Ritual is finished", Potts said during the interview. As of May 2012, Potts is working on a power metal project. Mottsman and Potts joined thrash metal band Warbringer.

In 2013, the band reformed for a one-off show at Thrash de Mayo, with original singer/guitarist Dan Wetmore along with Warbringer's Carlos Cruz filling in on drums.

Comeback and Heart Set Stone EP (2021–present)
By 2021, Mantic Ritual had once again reformed, featuring the same as lineup as their temporary reunion from 2013: Dan Wetmore (vocals, guitars), Jeff Potts (guitars), Ben Mottsman (bass) and Carlos Cruz (drums). It was announced on August 2, 2021, that the band had signed to M-Theory Audio and will release their first album in 13 years in 2022. In June 2022, the band announced their upcoming release would be an EP titled Heart Set Stone, which was released on September 2.

Discography
Studio albums
 Executioner (2009)

EPs
 Heart Set Stone (2022)

References

External links

 Nuclear Blast artist page
 Mantic Ritual at MySpace

Musical groups established in 2004
American thrash metal musical groups
Heavy metal musical groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
Nuclear Blast artists


Pratifelis is an extinct genus of feline that lived in North America during the middle Miocene period. It contains a single species, Pratifelis martini.

Etymology
The generic name Pratifelis comes from the Latin words pratum meaning field or plain, and felis, meaning cat. The specific name martini was given in honor of a Mr. Martin who originally collected the fossils.

Taxonomy
In the summer of 1911, the first and only specimen was collected by H. T. Martin in Wallace County, Kansas. It was transported to the University of Kansas Museum of Vertebrate Paleontology, where it was named and described by paleontologist Claude W. Hibbard as a new genus and species of feline in 1934.

In a 1954 paper J. R. Macdonald reassigned the species to the genus Pseudaelurus, but later papers maintained its status as a distinct and valid genus.

A 2003 paper by Tom Rothwell, who had seen casts of the specimen, mentioned in passing that it had some similarity to specimens of Nimravides, and that an examination of the original specimen might result in a reassignment to that genus. And a 2018 phylogenetic analysis recovered Pratifelis martini within Nimravides.

Description
The single specimen upon which both the genus and species were based, UKMNH 3156, is a partial lower left ramus with only the third and fourth premolars and the first molar present. It has been noted for having fairly heavy dentition considering how light its jaw was.

P. martini was a short-faced cat, likely bigger than the modern cougar.

References

Prehistoric mammals of North America
Miocene felids
Prehistoric felines
Prehistoric carnivoran genera


"High Enough" is a song by American supergroup Damn Yankees from their self titled debut album. A power ballad, it is their most successful single in terms of chart position and sales, rising to  3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, the group's first (and only) top-ten pop single. It also reached No. 2 on the US Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The success of "High Enough" helped send its parent album into the top 20 on the US albums chart.

Background
According to songwriter and co-lead vocalist Jack Blades:

Music video
The music video was filmed on location in River Ridge, Louisiana, and depicts a young drifter and his girlfriend who commit a series of robberies. However, their last one appears to have far more serious consequences as they become the targets of a manhunt by the local police. It is implied, but not specifically shown, that the drifter may have committed murder. The girlfriend is captured, but the drifter escapes and is cornered in his home by the police, who shoot the house full of bullets. The police invade the house, but the drifter's fate is unclear (possibly died during the gunfire). The girlfriend is given the death penalty and at the video's slowing end is being read her last rites by a priest while she is being led out of her cell to the execution chamber. As the video ends, the priest is revealed to be the perpetually-gum-chewing Ted Nugent.

Track listings
7-inch and cassette single
 "High Enough" (single version) – 4:17
 "Piledriver" (album version) – 4:18

12-inch and CD single
 "High Enough" (LP version) – 4:43
 "Piledriver" (LP version) – 4:18
 "Bonestripper" – 4:22

Personnel
Damn Yankees
 Tommy Shaw: Lead and backing vocals, acoustic and rhythm guitar
 Ted Nugent: Lead guitar, backing and harmony vocals
 Jack Blades: Lead and backing vocals, bass
 Michael Cartellone: Drums, percussion

Additional personnel
 Alan Pasqua: Keyboards
 Jimmie Haskell: String Arrangements
 Neverleave Brothers: Backing Vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Damn Yankees (band) songs
1990 singles
1990 songs
1990s ballads
Glam metal ballads
Song recordings produced by Ron Nevison
Songs written by Ted Nugent
Songs written by Jack Blades
Songs written by Tommy Shaw
Warner Records singles


Barry Yelverton may refer to:

 Barry Yelverton, 1st Viscount Avonmore (1736–1805), Irish judge and politician
 Barry Yelverton, 3rd Viscount Avonmore (1790–1870), Irish nobleman
 Barry Yelverton, 5th Viscount Avonmore (1859–1885), Anglo-Irish peer and army officer


The United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management (also known as the McClellan Committee) was a select committee created by the United States Senate on January 30, 1957 and dissolved on March 31, 1960. The select committee was directed to study the extent of criminal or other improper practices in the field of labor-management relations or in groups of employees or employers, and to recommend changes in the laws of the United States that would provide protection against such practices or activities. It conducted 253 active investigations, served 8,000 subpoenas for witnesses and documents, held 270 days of hearings, took testimony from 1,526 witnesses (343 of whom invoked the Fifth Amendment), and compiled almost 150,000 pages of testimony. At the peak of its activity in 1958, 104 persons worked for the committee.
The select committee's work led directly to the enactment of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (Public Law 86-257, also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act) on September 14, 1959.

Background and creation
In December 1952, Robert F. Kennedy was appointed assistant counsel for the Committee on Government Operations by the then-chairman of the committee, Senator Joseph McCarthy. Kennedy resigned in July 1953, but rejoined the committee staff as chief minority counsel in February 1954. When the Democrats regained the majority in January 1955, Kennedy became the committee's chief counsel. Soon thereafter, the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations, under the leadership of Democratic Senator John L. McClellan (chair of the committee and subcommittee), began holding hearings into labor racketeering.

Much of the Permanent Subcommittee's work focused on a scandal which emerged in 1956 in the powerful trade union, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.  In the mid-1950s, Midwestern Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa began an effort to unseat Dave Beck, the union's international president. In October 1955, mobster Johnny Dio met with Hoffa in New York City and the two men conspired to create as many as 15 paper locals (fake local unions which existed only on paper) to boost Hoffa's delegate totals. When the paper locals applied for charters from the international union, Hoffa's political foes were outraged. A major battle broke out within the Teamsters over whether to charter the locals, and the media attention led to investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.

Beck and other Teamster leaders subsequently challenged the authority of the Permanent Subcommittee to investigate the union by arguing that the Senate's Labor and Public Welfare Committee had jurisdiction over labor racketeering, not Government Operations. McClellan objected to the transfer of his investigation to the Labor Committee because he felt the Labor chairman, Senator John F. Kennedy, was too close to union leaders and would not thoroughly investigate organized labor.

To solve its jurisdictional and political problems, the Senate established on January 30, 1957, an entirely new committee, the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, and gave it broad subpoena and investigative powers. The new select committee was given a year to complete its work, and charged with studying the extent of criminal or other improper practices in the field of labor-management relations or in groups of employees or employers. Half the membership was drawn from the Committee on Government Operations and half from the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. McClellan, Ervin, McCarthy, and Mundt were drawn from Government Operations, and Kennedy, McNamara, Ives, and Goldwater from Labor. An equal number of Democrats and Republicans sat on the Select Committee. Senator McClellan was named chair of the Select Committee, and Republican Senator Irving Ives of New York vice chair. Democrats and liberals, primarily, criticized the committee for not having a neutral attitude toward labor. Only three of the committee's eight members looked on organized labor favorably, and only one of them (Senator Patrick McNamara) was strongly pro-labor. The committee's other five members were strongly pro-management, and that included the Select Committee's Southern conservative chair, John L. McClellan. McClellan hired Robert F. Kennedy as the subcommittee's chief counsel and investigator. Kennedy, too, did not have a neutral opinion of labor unions. Appalled by stories he had heard about union intimidation on the West Coast, Kennedy undertook the chief counsel's job determined to root out union malfeasance and with little knowledge or understanding of or even concern over management misbehavior. The biases of the Select Committee members and its chief counsel, some observers concluded, led the committee to view corruption in labor-management relations as a problem with unions, not management, and management as nothing more than a victim.

Senator McClellan gave Robert Kennedy extensive control over the scheduling of testimonies, areas of investigation, and questioning of witnesses. This suited McClellan, a conservative Democrat and opponent of labor unions: Robert Kennedy would take the brunt of organized labor's outrage, while McClellan would be free to pursue an anti-labor legislative agenda once the hearings began to draw to a close. Republican members of the Select Committee voiced strong disagreement with McClellan's decision to let Kennedy set the direction for the committee and ask most of the questions, but McClellan largely ignored their protests. Robert Kennedy proved to be an inexpert interrogator, fumbling questions and engaging in shouting matches with witnesses rather than laying out legal cases against them. McClellan and Kennedy's goal had been to refer nearly all their investigations to the Justice Department for prosection, but the department refused to do so because it concluded that nearly all the legal cases were significantly flawed. A frustrated Robert Kennedy publicly complained about the Justice Department's decisions in September 1958.

Chief Counsel Kennedy resolved to investigate a wide range of labor unions and corporations, including the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the United Auto Workers (UAW), Anheuser-Busch, Sears, and Occidental Life Insurance. The Select Committee also established formal liaisons with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Internal Revenue Service, Federal Narcotics Bureau, Department of Labor, and other federal agencies as well as state and local offices and officials involved in law enforcement.

Investigations
The Select Committee focused its attention for most of 1957 on the Teamsters union. Teamsters President Dave Beck fled the country for a month to avoid its subpoenas before returning in March 1957. The Select Committee had a difficult time investigating the Teamsters. Four of the paper locals were dissolved to avoid committee scrutiny, several Teamster staffers provided verbal testimony which differed substantially from their prior written statements (the Select Committee eventually charged six of them with contempt of Congress), and union records were lost or destroyed (allegedly on purpose). In Oregon, The Oregonian newspaper ran a series of investigative pieces that earned reporters a Pulitzer Prize, and prosecutors indicted about 30 people. Working with the FBI, the Select Committee electrified the nation when on February 22, 1957, wiretaps were played in public before a national television audience in which Dio and Hoffa discussed the creation of even more paper locals, including the establishment of a paper local to organize New York City's 30,000 taxi cab drivers and use the charter as a means of extorting money from a wide variety of employers. The 1957 hearings opened with a focus on corruption in Portland, Oregon, and featured the testimony of Portland crime boss Jim Elkins. With the support of 70 hours of taped conversations, Elkins described being approached by two Seattle gangsters about working with the Teamsters to take over Portland vice operations. The colorful testimony brought the committee's investigations national media attention from the outset. As 1.2 million viewers watched on live television, evidence was unearthed over the next few weeks of a mob-sponsored plot in which Oregon Teamsters unions would seize control of the state legislature, state police, and state attorney general's office through bribery, extortion and blackmail. On March 14, 1957, Jimmy Hoffa was arrested for allegedly trying to bribe an aide to the Select Committee. Hoffa denied the charges (and was later acquitted), but the arrest triggered additional investigations and more arrests and indictments over the following weeks. Less than a week later, Beck admitted to receiving an interest-free $300,000 loan from the Teamsters which he had never repaid, and Select Committee investigators claimed that loans to Beck and other union officials (and their businesses) had cost the Teamsters more than $700,000. Beck appeared before the Select Committee for the first time on March 25, 1957, and notoriously invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination 117 times. Beck was called before the McClellan Committee again in May 1957, and additional interest-free loans and other potentially illegal and unethical financial transactions exposed. Based on these revelations, Beck was indicted for tax evasion on May 2, 1957.

The Beck and Hoffa hearings generated strong criticisms of Robert Kennedy. Many liberal critics said he was a brow-beater, badgerer, insolent, overbearing, intolerant, and even vicious. Hoffa and other witnesses often were able to anger Kennedy to the point where he lost control, and would shout and insult them. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, one of Robert Kennedy's mentors and a close friend, criticized Kennedy for presuming the guilt of anyone who exercised his Fifth Amendment rights. Noted attorney Edward Bennett Williams accused the Select Committee of bringing witnesses into executive session, ascertaining that they would exercise their Fifth Amendment rights, and then force them to return in public and refuse to answer questions—merely to generate media attention. The Chicago American newspaper so strongly criticized Robert Kennedy for his overbearing, zealous behavior during the hearings that a worried Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. rushed to Washington, D.C. to see for himself if Robert Kennedy was endangering John Kennedy's political future.

During much of the summer and fall of 1957, the Select Committee investigated corruption in the Bakery Workers Union, United Textile Workers, Amalgamated Meat Cutters Union, and Transport Workers Union. In the late fall, the committee focused its attention on union-busting, and examined the behavior of companies such as Morton Packing Company, Continental Baking Company, and Sears, Roebuck and Company.

While continuing to investigate and hold hearings on other unions and corporations, the McClellan Committee also began to examine the behavior of Jimmy Hoffa and other Teamsters officials. Senator McClellan accused Hoffa of attempting to gain control of the nation's economy and set himself up as a sort of private government. The Select Committee also accused Hoffa of instigating the creation of the paper locals, and of arranging for a $400,000 loan to the graft-ridden International Longshoremen's Association in a bid to take over that union and gain Teamsters control of the waterfront as well as warehouses. Johnny Dio, who by late summer 1957 was in prison serving time on bribery and conspiracy charges, was paroled by a federal court in order to testify at the Select Committee's hearings. But in a two-hour appearance before the Select Committee, Dio invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination 140 times, and refused to answer any of the committee's questions. But despite the problems encountered in interrogating Dio, the Select Committee developed additional testimony and evidence alleging widespread corruption in Hoffa-controlled Teamster units was presented in public in August 1957. The worsening corruption scandal led the AFL-CIO to eject the Teamsters on December 6, 1957.

As the Hoffa hearings occurred in August 1957, the Select Committee met in executive session to restructure its organizations and set its agenda for the future. The Select Committee had succeeded in securing the removal of Beck as Teamsters president and seemed on the verge of sending Jimmy Hoffa to jail as well, but the committee had also been strongly criticized for its handling of witnesses and its apparent one-sidedness in exposing union but not management corruption. To guide the Select Committee's investigations in the future, McClellan established a set of eleven areas of investigation for the committee, nine of which involved labor misdeeds and only one of which involved management misbehavior (preventing workers from organizing unions). The management-oriented area came last on the committee's list of priorities, and there were no staff assigned to investigate the issue.

Under the new guidelines, the Select Committee's schedule of hearings slowed. In January 1958, Chairman McClellan asked for and received permission from the Senate to extend the deadline for completing the committee's work for another year. For a short time early in the year, the Select Committee investigated the International Union of Operating Engineers, and uncovered a limited financial scandal at the top of the union. But the main focus of the committee for the first half of the year was the United Auto Workers.  Republicans on the Select Committee, notably Barry Goldwater, had for several months in late 1957 accused Robert Kennedy of covering up extensive corruption in the UAW. The Republicans pointed to a lengthy, ongoing, and sometimes violent strike which the UAW was conducting against the Kohler plumbing fixtures company in Wisconsin. Walter Reuther, president of the Auto Workers, told Select Committee investigators that the Kohler Company was committing numerous unfair labor practices against the union and that the union's books were in order. Despite no evidence of any mismanagement or organized crime infiltration, Kennedy and McClellan went ahead with hearings on the UAW in February 1958. The five-week series of hearings produced no evidence of corruption.  A second set of hearings into the UAW in September 1959 lasted just six days, and once more uncovered no evidence of UAW malfeasance. The September 1959 hearings were the last public hearings the embarrassed committee ever held.

As the UAW hearings were winding down, the Select Committee issued its first Interim Report on March 24, 1958. The report roundly condemned Jimmy Hoffa (by now president of the Teamsters) and accused the Teamsters of gathering enough power to destroy the national economy. Refocusing its attention back on the Teamsters, the Select Committee held a short set of hearings in August 1958 intended to expose corruption by the Hoffa regime.  But a number of witnesses recanted their written testimony and the hearings led nowhere.

In February 1959, the Select Committee's attention turned to an investigation of organized crime. McClellan had won yet another one-year extension of the Select Committee's existence in January, giving it additional time for more investigations. This new focus was a natural outgrowth of the committee's previous investigations, but it also reflected the committee's frustration at uncovering no additional scandals like the one which had rocked the Teamsters. Through much of the spring and summer of 1959, the committee held a series of public hearings which brought a number of organized crime figures to the public's attention, including Anthony Corrallo, Vito Genovese, Anthony Provenzano, Joey Glimco, Sam Giancana, and Carlos Marcello. Although more muted and less frequent, criticisms of the Select Committee and Robert Kennedy continued. Kennedy's moralism about labor racketeering, several high-profile critics concluded, even endangered the Constitution. Although McClellan wanted to further investigate organized crime, the Select Committee had reached the limits of its jurisdiction and no further investigations were made.

By September 1959, it was clear that the Select Committee was not developing additional information to justify continued operation.  A second interim report was released in August 1959 once again denouncing the Teamsters and Jimmy Hoffa. Robert F. Kennedy resigned as the Select Committee's chief counsel on September 11, 1959, and joined Senator John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign as campaign manager.  Committee members became more involved in passing legislation to deal with the abuses uncovered.

Although his committee had already been dissolved by 1960, McClellan began a related three-year investigation in 1963 into the union benefit plans of labor leader George Barasch, alleging misuse and diversion of $4,000,000 of benefit funds. McClellan's notable failure to find any legal wrongdoing led to his introduction of several pieces of new legislation including McClellan's own bill on October 12, 1965, setting new fiduciary standards for plan trustees. Senator Jacob K. Javits (R) of New York also introduced bills in 1965 and 1967 increasing regulation on welfare and pension funds to limit the control of plan trustees and administrators. Provisions from all three bills ultimately evolved into the guidelines enacted in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA).

Disbandment and legislative and other outcomes
The final report of the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management was issued on March 31, 1960. At that time, the authority granted by the Senate to the Select Committee was transferred to the Committee on Government Operations.

During its existence, the Select Committee conducted 253 active investigations, served 8,000 subpoenas for witnesses and documents, held 270 days of hearings with 1,526 witnesses (343 of whom invoked the Fifth Amendment), compiled almost 150,000 pages of testimony, and issued two interim and one final report. At its peak, 104 persons were engaged in the work of the committee, including 34 field investigators. Another 58 staffers were delegated to the committee by the Government Accounting Office and worked in Detroit, Chicago, New York City, and southern Florida. To accommodate the huge staff, a corridor was blocked off in the Old Senate Office Building and turned into a suite of offices.

Some observers continued to criticize the Select Committee. In 1961, Yale Law professor Alexander Bickel accused Kennedy of being punitive and battering witnesses, compared his tactics to those of Joseph McCarthy, and declared Kennedy unfit to be Attorney General. At the turn of the century, historians and biographers continued to criticize the Select Committee's lack of respect for the constitutional rights of witnesses brought before it.

Legislative and legal outcomes
Several historic legal developments came out of the select committee's investigation, including a U.S. Supreme Court decision and landmark labor legislation. The right of union officials to exercise their Fifth Amendment rights was upheld and a significant refinement of constitutional law made when the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the right of union officials to not divulge the location of union records in Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118 (1957).

The scandals uncovered by the Select Committee led directly to passage of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act) in 1959. Calls for legislation and drafts of bills began circulating in the Senate as early as May 1957. Among the more prominent bills was one submitted in 1958 by Senators John F. Kennedy and Irving Ives (with assistance from nationally known labor law professor Archibald Cox) which covered 30 areas, including union recordkeeping, finances, and democratic organizational structures and rules. The Kennedy-Ives bill proved immensely controversial, leading to the longest Senate debate of the year, and the greatest number of amendments and floor votes any piece of legislation that year. But President Dwight D. Eisenhower opposed the bill and it died when the Congressional session ended in December 1958.  Kennedy reintroduced the bill, with some additional provisions, in 1959. Although Ives had retired from the Senate, Senator Sam Ervin agreed to co-sponsor the revised bill. The Kennedy-Ervin bill also encountered stiff opposition, and Republicans were able to win Senate approval of a management "bill of rights" to the bill which labor strongly denounced. But with this and other Republican-backed amendments, the bill passed the Senate overwhelmingly.

By 1959 the Eisenhower administration had crafted its own bill, which was co-sponsored in the House of Representatives by Phillip M. Landrum (Democrat from Georgia) and Robert P. Griffin (Republican from Michigan). The Landrum-Griffin bill contained much stricter financial reporting and fiduciary restrictions than the Kennedy-Ervin bill as well as several unrelated provisions restricting union organizing, picketing, and boycott activity. A conference committee to reconcile the House and Senate bills began meeting on August 18, 1959. On September 3 and 4, the House and Senate passed the conference committee bill, which was far closer to the original Landrum-Griffin bill than the Kennedy-Ervin bill, and President Eisenhower signed the bill into law on September 14, 1959.

After the Select Committee's mandate expired, Senator McClellan and others advocated that the Senate expand the jurisdiction of one or more committees not only to provide oversight of the new labor law but also to continue the Senate's investigations into organized crime. McClellan originally sought jurisdiction for his own Committee on Government Operations, but members of his committee balked at the request. However, McClellan was able to convince the full Senate to impose jurisdiction on Government Operations, and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations began making inquiries into matters pertaining to syndicated or organized crime.

Impact on key participants
The national attention paid to Robert F. Kennedy during the Select Committee's hearings helped launch his career as a government official and politician. It also earned him a reputation for ruthlessness and hard work. His experiences with the Select Committee significantly affected Robert Kennedy, and strongly influenced his decision to make fighting organized crime a high priority during his tenure as United States Attorney General. After leaving the Select Committee, Robert F. Kennedy spent the better part of a year writing about his experiences and what he had learned about unions and organized crime. Kennedy's book, The Enemy Within, was published in February 1960.

The hearings also made Jimmy Hoffa a household name in the United States. The hearings were a critical turning point in Hoffa's career as a labor leader. Bringing down Dave Beck ensured that Hoffa would become president of the Teamsters, an outcome Robert Kennedy later regretted. Although Hoffa was indicted several times in federal and state courts based on evidence uncovered by the Select Committee, he was never convicted on any of the charges. Prosecutors and others accused Hoffa of jury tampering and suborning witnesses in order to beat conviction, but these charges also were never proven in a court of law. After he became U.S. Attorney General in January 1961, Robert F. Kennedy formed a "get Hoffa squad" whose mission was to identify additional evidence and secure a conviction against Hoffa. Kennedy's focus on Hoffa was so strong that many observers at the time as well as later historians believed Kennedy had a personal vendetta against Hoffa. Hoffa was eventually convicted by a federal district court jury on March 4, 1964, on two counts of tampering with the jury during his 1962 conspiracy trial in Nashville, Tennessee, and sentenced to eight years in prison and a $10,000 fine. While on bail during his appeal, a second federal district court jury convicted Hoffa on July 26, 1964, on one count of conspiracy and three counts of mail and wire fraud, and sentenced to five years in prison. Hoffa entered prison on March 7, 1967, and Frank Fitzsimmons was named Acting President of the union. Hoffa resigned as Teamsters president on June 19, 1971. Barred by a commutation of sentence agreement with President Richard Nixon, from participating directly or indirectly in union activities until March 6, 1980, Hoffa was released from prison on December 23, 1971, but disappeared on July 30, 1975 (and was presumably murdered).

The hearings had positive benefits for other key participants as well.  The Kennedy-Ives bill was Senator John F. Kennedy's most important legislative accomplishment, and although it was not enacted into law many senators nonetheless revised their opinion and now saw him as a serious legislator. This helped remove a major obstacle to Kennedy's political aspirations. Kennedy also used the publicity he gained from the Select Committee's work to launch his own presidential bid in 1960. The work of the Select Committee also was a key turning point in the Senate career of John L. McClellan. McClellan devoted significant time and resources of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (of which he was chair) to pushing anti-organized crime agenda in 1960s, and his efforts kept the issue alive despite the prominence of other issues such as the civil rights movement and Vietnam War. When limited jurisdiction over organized crime was transferred to the Committee on Government Operations after the disbandment of the Select Committee, Senator McClellan held a number of sensational hearings on organized crime from 1960 to 1964 which became known as the Valachi Hearings. In 1962, McClellan published his own account of the Select Committee's activities and findings in the book Crime Without Punishment. The senator sponsored several pieces of important anti-crime legislation in the 1960s and early 1970s, including the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 (part of which contains the highly influential Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act).

Members

85th United States Congress
The Select Committee's chair was Senator John L. McClellan, and the vice chair was Senator Irving Ives. An equal number of Democrats and Republicans sat on the committee. Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy died on May 2, 1957, and was replaced by Republican Senator Homer E. Capehart. Democratic Senator Patrick McNamara resigned from the committee on March 31, 1958, to protest the Select Committee's rough treatment of union witnesses. He was replaced by Democratic Senator Frank Church.

86th United States Congress
The Select Committee's chair was Senator John L. McClellan.  With the retirement of Senator Irving Ives from the Senate in December 1958, the new vice chair became Senator Karl E. Mundt. Senator Homer E. Capehart joined the committee to keep the partisan balance.

Chairmen and staff
Senator John L. McClellan (D-Arkansas) was the committee's only chair for its entire history.

At the peak of its activity in 1958, 104 persons worked for the committee, including 34 field investigators. Another 58 staff were loaned to the committee from the General Accounting Office. Committee staff included:Robert F. Kennedy, Chief Counsel.
Carmine Bellino, Chief Assistant to the Chief Counsel.
Angela Novello, Personal Secretary to the Chief Counsel.
Robert E. Manuel, Assistant Counsel.
Walter Sheridan, Chief Investigator.
Paul Tierney, investigator.
LaVern J. Duffy, investigator.
Richard G. Sinclair, investigator.
James F. Mundie, investigator.
John T. Thiede, investigator.
Ruth Y. Watt, Chief Clerk.
Kenneth O'Donnell, administrative assistant.
Pierre Salinger, investigator.
John Seigenthaler, investigator.
Edwin Guthman, investigator.

Notes

References

Further reading
Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. 85th Congress, 1st session, 1957; 85th Congress, 2nd session, 1958; and 86th Congress, 1st Session, 1959.
Kennedy, Robert F. The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions. New York: Harper and Row, 1960.
McClellan, John L. Crime Without Punishment. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1962.
Petro, Sylvester. Power Unlimited: The Corruption of Union Leadership: A Report on the McClellan Committee Hearings. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.

External links
"Ruth Young Watt, Chief Clerk, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1948-1979," Oral History Interviews, Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C.

Improper Activities in Labor and Management
Organized crime in the United States
1957 establishments in Washington, D.C.
1960 disestablishments in the United States
Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress
Jimmy Hoffa


United Spinal Association is a nonprofit membership, disability rights and veterans service organization in the United States. It was formed in 1946 as Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association by a group of paralyzed World War II veterans from New York City.

United Spinal Association is recognized by the US Department of Veterans Affairs as a veterans' service organization; as such, United Spinal Association is authorized to prepare, present and prosecute claims for veterans benefits from the local VA regional office level to the Supreme Court. United Spinal Association's veterans service program is entitled VetsFirst.

History
In 1948, 70 members of Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association (EPVA) held a public demonstration in New York’s Grand Central Station to gather signatures supporting the nation’s first accessible housing bill (Public Law 702) to get federal funds to build accessible homes for paralyzed veterans.

In 1968, EPVA advocates for equal access to federally-funded buildings and facilities for wheelchair users and all Americans living with disabilities, leading to the passage of Architectural Barriers Act of 1968.

In 1970, Executive Director James J. Peters set out to expose the deplorable conditions on the spinal cord injury units at the Bronx Veterans Hospital, culminating in a Life magazine expose, the creation of the US Department of Veterans Affairs's dedicated Spinal Cord Injury Service. In addition, the Bronx Veterans Hospital was modernized, and now bears Mr. Peters' name as the James J. Peters VA Medical Center.

In 1987, in conjunction with Paralyzed Veterans of America, United Spinal Association helped found and continues to underwrite spinal cord injury research at the Yale Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research. This center remains under direction of Dr. Stephen Waxman.

United Spinal played a role in writing portions of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the landmark civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.

Among the group's past and present members are Lex Frieden, Junius Kellogg and Frank Genese.

Programs
United Spinal's Spinal Cord Resource Center offers visitors the opportunity to submit questions to experienced information specialists on any aspect of living with spinal cord injuries or disorders or get information and resources to resolve a situation that impacts health, independence and quality of life.

United Spinal offers members access to local chapter and peer support groups that promote inclusion and independence, organize local events and projects, advocate for rights and accessibility, and offer information and support.

Other services and programs include:
 VetsFirst: advice and advocacy services for veterans
 Accessibility Services
 Advocacy
 Pathways to Employment program
 Tech Access program
 Emergency preparedness/disaster relief

References

External links
United Spinal Association web site
Department of Veterans Affairs recognition of United Spinal Association as a veterans' service organization

1946 establishments in the United States
American veterans' organizations
Organizations established in 1946


Bully Beatdown is an American reality television series created by Mark Burnett which aired on MTV. In each episode, show host Jason "Mayhem" Miller challenged bullies to fight against a professional mixed martial artist for a chance to win $10,000. The money they would receive depended on their performance against their opponent, with any money they didn't win going to the bully's victims. If the bully managed to submit or knock out the martial artist at any time, they won a $5000 bonus.

Format
Episodes in the first season featured four segments. The first segment involved Mayhem revealing a video featuring the victims describing their bullying situation and asking for help. This was followed by the host meeting with the victims in person and briefly discussing their problems. Mayhem and the victims would then confront the bully, and Mayhem would offer the bully $10,000 to fight a professional MMA fighter. In all of the episodes that aired, the bully accepted.

The next segment consisted of Mayhem bringing the bully into his gym to see how the bully fights in order to help him determine whom to put in the cage against him. During this segment, Mayhem introduced the bullies to their corner man, and would usually briefly discuss the fight with them. The segment would end with the victims meeting the fighter who would be challenging their bully, and the audience would be shown clips of the bully preparing in the locker room. The third segment would begin with Mayhem standing in the ring with the victims, introducing them to the crowd. After a brief introduction, the bully would be brought out to boos from the crowd. Mayhem would then let the bullies and victims have a few last words before bringing out the fighter.

Once the professional fighter had entered the cage, the audience would be shown a short segment explaining the rules. Finally, long-time professional referee "Big" John McCarthy would begin the first round. Round 1 was a 3-minute grappling-only round. The bully would begin the round with $5,000, and would loses $1,000 every time they were forced to tap out (with the lost money going to the victims).

The final segment began with an explanation of the rules for Round 2, a 3-minute kickboxing round. The bully wins $5,000 if they can survive the entire 3 minutes, but does not get any money if they quit or get KO'd or the referee stops the fight. After the round ends, Mayhem deals out the money, and asks the bully if there is anything they want to say to their victim(s). In most episodes, the bully offered an apology.

In Season 2, the format of the first half of the show was changed significantly. The show starts with Mayhem in the cage. He first presents the victims' tape, and is then joined by the victims in the cage. This is followed by a video from the bully explaining why they pick on their victims, often intercut with footage of them at work, playing a sport, or working out. The next segment would begin with the bully already having agreed to fight. Mayhem would interview the bully and the show would then cut to fight night. This would begin with Mayhem introducing the victims to their fighter, and leaving them to tell their story to him. Meanwhile, Mayhem would head over to the bully's locker room and briefly discuss the upcoming fight with them. This is followed by a shot of side by side stats showing the heights and weights of the bully and the fighter. This was occasionally accompanied by another piece of information, often as a joke, such as the unconfirmed fighting records of the bullies. After this the bully would be brought in to the cage and the rest of the episode would proceed in the same manner as in the previous season.

Season 3 followed the same format as Season 2 except that the fight rounds were extended from three minutes to five minutes. In this season's first episode, Mayhem fought the bully himself in addition to serving as the host.

Controversy
It has been suggested that Bully Beatdown is largely staged and that in most cases "the bully/victim combo had never even met prior to the taping of each episode". One of the "bullies" depicted had included his appearance on the show in his acting resume. Another bully is a professional stuntman who had previously appeared in other TV shows.

In response, Jason Miller wrote what he labeled a "troll post" in which he called the show "completely fake" to mock those who call the show fake. Miller later stated on his blog that the physical beatings depicted on the show could not be faked. He referred to the bullies as "douchebags" who actually believe that they can beat professional fighters. Miller maintained that the show is "legit".

Cast
Host: Jason "Mayhem" Miller
*Miller Also served as the fighter in the first episode of Season 3.
Referee: "Big" John McCarthy
Announcer: Hans Olsen
Bullies' corner man: Jeremy Williams
Bullies' trainer: Carlos "Cutman" VargasRecurring fighters:'''
Jake Shields
Eddie Alvarez
Tony Bonello
Jon Murphy
Michael Westbrook
Nick Gaston (two episodes filmed)

Episodes

Reception
The debut episode was the number one program in its time slot among males 12–34.

References

External links

2009 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series
2010s American reality television series
MTV reality television series
Mixed martial arts television shows
Martial arts television series
Television series created by Mark Burnett
Television series about bullying


George Mountford was a footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the early 1890s.

Career
Mountford joined Burslem Port Vale in November 1892 and made his debut in a 2–1 loss to Lincoln City at the Athletic Ground on 3 December that year. He scored two goals in his next two Second Division games (in a 4–2 win over Northwich Victoria at Drill Field on 8 April) and also made a cup appearance but was released at the end of the season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


This is a list of various names the Nipissing have been recorded.

Endonyms

Anishinaabe(g)
The most general name for the Nipissing is Anishinaabe.  Though several definitions are given for this name, the most common one is "spontaneous men", referring to their creation as being ex nihlo, thus being the "Original men." When syncoped, the name appears as "Nishnaabe".

Nibiinsing
The general term for the Nipissing peoples arise from the Anishinaabe word Nibii(n)sing, meaning "at the little water". When the name is syncoped, it can appear as either Nbii(n)sing, Mbii(n)sing or Bii(n)sing.

 Neperinks. — Clinton (1745) in New York Documents of Colonial History, VI, 276, 1855.
 Nepesangs. — Pike, Expedition, pt. 1, appendix, 62, 1810.
 Nepesinks. — Clinton (1745) in New York Documents of Colonial History, VI, 281, 1855.
 Nepessins. — Buchanan, North American Indians, I, 139, 1824.
 Nepisin. — Dobbs, Hudson Bay, map, 1744.
 Nepisinguis. — Mackenzie, Voyage, xlii, 1801.
 Nepissens. — Bondinot, Star in the West, 127, 1816.
 Nepissings. — "Document of 1695" in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 599, 1855.
 Népissingues. — New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 602, 1855.
 Nipisings. — Cox, Columbia R., II. 142, 1831.
 Nipisingues. — Henry, Travels, 30, 1809.
 Nipisinks. — "German Flats conference (1770)" in New York Documents of Colonial History, VIII, 229, 1857.
 Nipissings. — "Document of 1741" in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 1080, 1855.
 Nipissingues. — Du Chesneau (1679) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 133, 1855.
 Nipissins. — Smith, Bouquet's Expedition, 69, 1766.
 Nipístingues. — Lettres Edif. I, 696, 1838.
 Nippsingues. — Frontenac (1682) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX,  182, 1855.
 Nipsang. — Lear (1792) in Am. St. Pap., Indian Affairs, I, 244, 1832.
 Nypissings. — Lamberville (1686) in New York Documents of Colonial History, III, 489, 1853.
 Nypsins. — Long, Expedition of St. Peters River, II, 151, 1824.

Nibiinsinini(wag)/Nibiinsininii(g)
The Nibiinsinini(wag) and Nibiinsininii(g) names are a slight variation of Nibiinsing. This variant name means "Man (men) of the little water", though John Trumbull translates the name as "small lake men". The Nibiinsinini(wag) reflects the Ojibwa and Odaawaa pronunciation of the name, while Nibiinsininii(g) reflects the Algonquin pronunciation of the same name. When syncoped the name appears as Nbiinsnini/Nbiinsninwag, Mbiinsnini/Mbiinsninwag or Biinsnini/Biinsninwag.

 Biserenis. — Champlain (1632). Carte de la Nouvelle-France augmentée depuis la derniere, servant à la navigation faicte de son vray meridien / par le Sr. Champlain.
 Bisserains. — Champlain (ca. 1624), Œuvres, V, 2d pt., 79. 1870.
 Bisseriniens. — Sagard (1636). Can., I, 190, 1866.
 Bissiriniens. — Jesuit Relations: 1635, 18, 1858.
 Byssiriniens. — Charlevoix (1744), New France, II, 95, 1866.
 Ebicerinys. — Sagard (1636), Can., I, 172, 1866.
 Epesengles. — McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, III, 80, 1854.
 Epicerinyens. — Sagard (1636), Can., III, 727, 1866.
 Epicerinys. — Sagard (1636), Can., IV, Huron Dictionary, 1866.
 Epiciriniens. — Sagard (1636) quoted by Parkman, Pioneers, 351, 1883.
 Episingles. — Dumont, Mem. of La., VI, 135, 1753.
 Epissingue. — "Writer of 1756" in New York Documents of Colonial History, X, 485, 1858.
 Nebicerini. — Champlain (1613). Œuvres, III, 295, 1870.
 Nepicerinis. — Lahontan, New Voyage, I, 143, 1703.
 Nepicinquis. — La Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, III, 554, 1853.
 Nepicirenians. — Heriot, Travels, 195, 1807.
 Nepiciriniens. — Bacqueville de la Potherie, II, 48. 1753.
 Nepiscenicens. — Boudinot, Star in the West, 127, 1816.
 Nepiseriniens. — La Barre (1682) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 599, 1855.
 Nepisirini. — Lahontan, New Voyage, I, 231, 1703.
 Nepisseniniens. — "Document of 1695" in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 599, 1855.
 Nepisseriens. — Du Chesneau (1681) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 160, 1855.
 Nepisseriniens. — "Document of 1697" in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 669, 1855.
 Népissiniens. — New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 596, 1855.
 Nepissiriens. — Du Chesneau (1681) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 160, 1855.
 Nepissiriniens. — "Document of 1693" in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 566, 1855.
 Nibissiriniens. — Parkman, Pioneers, 351, 1883.
 Nipeceriniens. — Colden (1727), Five Nations, 28, 1747.
 Nipercineans. — Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, I, 307, 1851.
 Nipicirinien. — Jesuit Relations: 1639, 14, 1858.
 Nipisierinij. — Champlain (1615), Œuvres, IV, 21, 1870.
 Nipisiriniens. — Jesuit Relations: 1636, 69, 1858.
 Nipissiriniens. — Jesuit Relations: 1641, 81, 1858.
 Nipissirinioek. — Trumbull, Algonkian Names for Man, 18, 1871.
 Pisierinii. — Champlain (1616), Œuvres, IV, 61, 1870.
 Pisirinins. — Champlain (1616), Œuvres, IV, 63, 1870.

Odishkwaagamii(g)
Among the Anishinaabe peoples, the Nipissings and the Algonquins are collectively called Odishkwaagamii(g) (syncoped as Dishkwaagmii(g)), meaning "[those] at the end of the lakewater," but Jean Cuoq translates the name as "[those] at the last water," from ishkwaa ("end") and gami ("lakewater"). Chamberlain prefers "[people] on the otherside of the lake" though Chamberlin's translation would be for the Odagaamii(g) — the Fox. Among the Nipissings, though, they call themselves Odishkwaagamii(g) and call the Algonquins Omaamiwinini(wag) — the "downstream man (men)".

 Juskwaugume. — Jones, Ojebway Indians, 178, 1861.
 Odishk-wa-gami. — Baraga, English-Otchipwe Dictionary, II, 1878.
 Odishkwa-Gamig. — Trumbull, Algonkian Names for Man, 18. 1872.
 O-dish-quag-um-eeg. — Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, II, 139, 1852.
 O-dish-quag-um-ees. — Ramsey in Indian Affairs Report, 91, 1850.
 Odishquahgumme. — Wilson, Ojebway Language, 157, 1874.
 Otick-waga-mi. — Cuoq, Lexique Iroquois, 42, 1882.
 Outiskoüagami. — Jesuit Relations: 1671, 35, 1858.
 Outisquagamis. — Andre (1671) quoted by Shea, Catholic Missions, 365, 1855.
 Tuskwawgomeeg. — Tanner, Narrative, 318, 1830.

Exonyms
Iroquoian name
Due to the Midewiwin practices of the Anishinaabe peoples in general, the Iroquoian and derived names for the Nipissing associates them as "sorcerers".
 Askicȣaneronons. — Jesuit Relations: 1639, 88, 1858.
 Askikȣanehronons. — Jesuit Relations: 1641, 81, 1858.
 Askikouaneronons. — Jesuit Relations: 1641, 81, 1858.
 Aweatsiwaenrrhonon. — Jesuit Relations, Thwaites ed., X, 83, 1897.
 Kekerannon-rounons. — Lamberville (1686) in New York Documents of Colonial History, III, 489, 1853.
 Nation des Sorciers. — Jesuit Relations: 1632, 14, 1858. (French translation of the Iroquoian name)
 Quiennontateronons. — Sagard (1636), Canada, IV, index, 1866.
 Quieunontateronons. — Sagard (1636), Canada, III, 750, 1866.
 Skaghnanes. — "Mess. of 1763" in New York Documents of Colonial History,  VII, 544, 1856.
 Skaghquanoghronos. — Johnson (1763) in New York Documents of Colonial History,  VII, 582, 1856.
 Skecaneronons. — Sagard (1636), Canada, III, 727, 1866.
 Skekaneronons. — Sagard (1636), Canada, I, 148, 1866.
 Skekwanen-hronon. — Cuoq, Lexique Iroqois, 42, 1883 (Mohawk name).
 Skequaneronon. — Sagard (1632), Canada, IV, Huron Dictionary, 1866.
 Skighquan. — Livingston (1701) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IV, 899, 1854.
 Sorcerers. — Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk, 359, 1896 (English rendering of Nation des Sorciers)
 Squekaneronons. — Sngard (1636), Canada, I, 172, 1866 (Huron name).

French names
 Ilgonquines. — La Salle (1682) in French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, I, 46, 1846.
 Longs Cheveux. — Jesuit Relations: 1671, 35, 1858.

See also
 Algonquin ethnonyms
 Ojibwa ethnonyms
 Potawatomi ethnonyms

References
 J. Mooney and C. Thomas. "Nipissing" in Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico'', edited by Frederick Webb Hodge (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30. GPO: 1910.)

Anishinaabe culture
Nipissing