Wolf Klaphake (1900–1967) was a German-born scientist. He emigrated to Australia in 1935, where he was interred as an enemy alien from 1940 to 1944. He died in Sydney in 1967.

Early life

Klaphake was born on 5 March 1900 in Zeitz, a small town in south-eastern Germany.

Klaphake's father, Josef Klaphake, was the director of the local abattoir; he died when Klaphake was just one year old. Klaphake, moved to Leipzig with his mother and his sister where he grew up. He was  tall, lean, with fair (later grey) hair and blue eyes. Most of the few surviving photographs depict an earnest-looking man.

After a brief period with an artillery regiment in Belgium, he returned to Leipzig to attend university. He obtained a doctorate in 1923 and moved to Berlin to work as a chemist.

Life in Germany

Klaphake successfully worked as a chemist in Berlin during the 1920s and 30s. During this time, he was inspired by the works of Maimonides, a Sephardic Jew who wrote in Arabic about 1,000 years ago and who mentioned the use of water condensers or Air wells in Palestine. Kalphake went on to test several forms of air wells in Yugoslavia and on Vis Island in the Adriatic Sea.

Klaphake experimented with a very simple design: an area of mountain slope was cleared and smoothed with a watertight surface with a simple canopy supported by pillars or ridges. The sides of the structure were closed, but the top and bottom edges were left open. At nights, the mountain slope would cool and in the day moisture would collect on and run down the smoothed surface. Although the system apparently worked, it was expensive and Klaphake finally adopted a more compact design based on a masonry structure. This design was a sugarloaf-shaped building, about  high, with walls at least  thick, with holes on the top and at the bottom. The outer wall is made of concrete to give a high thermal capacity and the inner surface was made of a porous material such as sandstone. According to Klaphake:

Traces of Klaphake's condensers have been tentatively identified.

In 1933, the Nazi Party assumed power in the aftermath of decline of the Weimar Republic.

Klaphake was an individualist and quietly antagonistic towards the Nazi regime, but he kept his views to himself and he was not much troubled directly by the authorities. However, his wife Maria who was from Sweden was the subject of Nazi suspicion because she was a trained sexual psychologist who had been associated with an institute for sexual reform in Berlin. The Klaphakes' flat in Berlin was twice raided by the secret police. Maria was physically – and perhaps sexually – assaulted.

In 1935, Klaphake and his wife Maria emigrated to Australia, living at first in Melbourne and then moving to Sydney the following year. Klaphake worked first as a consultant chemist, and then for Industrial Microbiology Pty Ltd. This company was set up to fund Klaphake's research and then exploit the inventions he would make.

Klaphakes' decision to emigrate was probably primarily the result of Maria's encounters with the German secret police; their decision to settle in Australia (rather than, say, in Britain) was informed by Wolf's desire to develop a dew condenser. As a dry continent, Australia was likely to need alternative sources of fresh water and the Premier of South Australia, whom he had met in London, had expressed an interest. Klaphake made a specific proposal for a condenser at the small town of Cook where there was no supply of potable water. At Cook, the railway company had previously installed a large coal-powered active condenser, but it was prohibitively expensive to run, and it was cheaper to simply transport water. However, the Australian government turned down Klaphake's proposal and he lost interest in the project.

Life in Australia

From 1940 to 1944, Klaphake was interned in the Orange, Tatura and Loveday camps. He considered his internment to be grossly unjust, but he remained in Australia and he applied for naturalisation soon after his release. He was naturalised in 1946.

After the war, Klaphake married his second wife Alice with whom he had two children.

Klaphake was a chemist by training, but also excelled in other branches of the natural sciences such as physics and botany. For a while he experimented with means of obtaining water from the atmosphere. He was a gifted linguist and a student of ancient Chinese cultures and religions.

Legacy

Klaphake's life, particularly the story of his internment, was the subject of a radio play A doubtful character: Wolf Klaphake.

References

Notes

General references

1900 births
1967 deaths
Australian chemists
German emigrants to Australia
People interned during World War II
Prisoners and detainees of Australia


A total lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, May 4, 1985, the first of two total lunar eclipses in 1985, the second being on October 28, 1985.

This lunar eclipse is first of a tetrad, four total lunar eclipses in series. The last series was in 1967 and 1968, starting with an April 1967 lunar eclipse, while the next was in 2003 and 2004, starting with a May 2003 lunar eclipse.

Visibility
It is seen rising over the whole of Africa, Middle East, Europe and  Asia. The eclipse was sighted over the Philippines at night. The second also followed on October 28, 1985.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1985
 A total lunar eclipse on May 4.
 A partial solar eclipse on May 19.
 A total lunar eclipse on October 28.
 A total solar eclipse on November 12.

Lunar year series

Metonic series

This eclipse is the second of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, May 4–5, each separated by 19 years:

Saros series

It is a member of Saros cycle 121.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 128.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1985-05
1985 in science
May 1985 events


A total lunar eclipse took place on Monday, October 28, 1985, the second of two total lunar eclipses in 1985, the first being on May 4, 1985.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1985
 A total lunar eclipse on May 4.
 A partial solar eclipse on May 19.
 A total lunar eclipse on October 28.
 A total solar eclipse on November 12.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Metonic series
This eclipse is the second of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, October 28–29, each separated by 19 years:

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 133.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1985-10
1985 in science
October 1985 events


Alf Harbitz (1 January 1880 – 23 December 1964) was a Norwegian journalist, writer, critic and translator.

He was born in Flekkefjord. During his career he worked in newspapers such as Verdens Gang, Aftenposten, Morgenbladet and Drammens Tidende. He also published several novels, plays and works of prose. He was a member of the board of the Riksmål Society from 1929 to 1938, and chaired the organization from 1936 to 1937.

References

External links

1880 births
1964 deaths
Norwegian literary critics
People from Flekkefjord
20th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Norwegian translators
Norwegian male dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian male novelists
20th-century Norwegian journalists


A total lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, April 24, 1986, the first of two total lunar eclipses in 1986, the second being on October 17, 1986. The Moon was plunged into darkness for 1 hour, 3 minutes and 34.8 seconds, in a deep total eclipse which saw the Moon 20.217% of its diameter inside the Earth's umbral shadow. The visual effect of this depends on the state of the Earth's atmosphere, but the Moon may have been stained a deep red colour. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours, 18 minutes and 46.8 seconds in total. The Moon was just 1.2 days before perigee (Perigee on Friday, April 25, 1986), making it 5.3% larger than average.

Visibility
It is seen rising over eastern Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and western North America and South America, the eclipse is also seen setting over the whole of Europe, Africa and Western Asia. The eclipse was seen very visible over the Philippines, it becomes the first lunar eclipse after the EDSA Revolution since the two lunar eclipses happened between May 4, 1985 and October 28, 1985 and the second followed on October 17, 1986. It also followed on February 20, 1989.

Eclipses in 1986 are:

Partial Solar eclipse of April 9, 1986

Total Lunar Eclipse of April 24, 1986

Hybrid Solar eclipse of October 3, 1986

Total Lunar Eclipse of October 17, 1986 (October 1986 lunar eclipse)

It also followed the passage of Halley's comet in the same year.

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1986
 A partial solar eclipse on April 9.
 A total lunar eclipse on April 24.
 A hybrid solar eclipse on October 3.
 A total lunar eclipse on October 17.

Lunar year series

Saros series

It is the third total lunar eclipse of the series. The next occurrence will be on May 4, 2004. The previous occurrence was April 13, 1968.

Metonic series

This eclipse is the third of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, April 23–24, each separated by 19 years:

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 138.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses
Blood Moon
Orbit of the Moon

Notes

External links

1986-04
1986 in science
April 1986 events


A total lunar eclipse took place on Friday, October 17, 1986, the second of two total lunar eclipses in 1986, the first being on April 24, 1986. The Moon was plunged into darkness for 1 hour, 13 minutes and 41 seconds, in a deep total eclipse which saw the Moon 24.545% of its diameter inside the Earth's umbral shadow. The visual effect of this depends on the state of the Earth's atmosphere, but the Moon may have been stained a deep red colour. The partial eclipse lasted for 3 hours, 36 minutes and 49.5 seconds in total. The Moon was 5.4 days before apogee (Apogee on Thursday, October 23, 1986), making it 3.3% smaller than average.

Visibility
It was completely visible over Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia, seen rising over Europe, Africa on the evening of Friday, October 17, 1986, and setting over Asia, Australia on the morning of Saturday, October 18, 1986.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1986
 A partial solar eclipse on April 9.
 A total lunar eclipse on April 24.
 A hybrid solar eclipse on October 3.
 A total lunar eclipse on October 17.

Lunar year series

Metonic series
This eclipse is the third of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, October 17–18, each separated by 19 years:

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 143.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1986-10
1986 in science
October 1986 events


James William Jackson (March 6, 1823 – May 24, 1861) was an ardent secessionist and the proprietor of the Marshall House, an inn located in the city of Alexandria, Virginia, at the beginning of the American Civil War. He is known for flying a large Confederate flag – the "Stars and Bars" variant – atop his inn that was visible to President Abraham Lincoln from Washington, D.C., and for killing Col. Elmer Ellsworth in an incident that marked the first conspicuous casualty and the first killing of a Union officer in the Civil War. Jackson was killed immediately after he killed Ellsworth. While losing their lives, both gained fame as martyrs to their respective causes.

The incident

During the month that Virginia voters contemplated whether to follow the recommendation of the Virginia Secession Convention, President Abraham Lincoln and his Cabinet reportedly observed, through field glasses from an elevated spot in Washington, Jackson's large Confederate flag flying atop the Marshall House inn in Alexandria, across the Potomac River. Jackson had reportedly stated the flag would only be taken down "over his dead body".

On May 24, 1861, the day after Virginia voters ratified the secession recommendation, federal troops crossed the Potomac and captured Alexandria. One federal regiment was the famously flamboyant 11th New York Zouave Infantry, led by Col. Elmer Ellsworth, who was a close friend of Lincoln.

When approaching the Marshall House, Ellsworth saw the flag, and went inside the building to seize it. When questioned, a boarder at the house informed Ellsworth that he knew nothing about the flag. Ellsworth then climbed the stairs and removed the flag from the flagpole. As Ellsworth returned downstairs with the flag, Jackson suddenly appeared and shot him dead with an English-made double-barrel shotgun. Then Francis E. Brownell of Ellsworth's regiment shot and bayonetted Jackson, thus killing him. Both men immediately became celebrated martyrs for their respective causes.

Legacy

In 1862, an account of his death was published in Richmond, Virginia. In 1863, Union officials established a contraband camp (for former slaves) on or adjacent to or land owned by Jackson's widow in Lewinsville.

In 1999, sociologist and historian James W. Loewen noted in his book Lies Across America that the Sons of Confederate Veterans had placed a bronze plaque on the side of a Holiday Inn that had been constructed on the former site of the Marshall House. Loewen reported that the plaque described Jackson's death but omitted any mention of Ellsworth. Adam Goodheart further discussed the incident and the plaque (which was then within a blind arch near a corner of a Hotel Monaco) in his 2011 book 1861: The Civil War Awakening.

The plaque called Jackson the "first martyr to the cause of Southern Independence" and said he "was killed by federal soldiers while defending his property and personal rights ... in defence of his home and the sacred soil of his native state". In full, it read:

In 2013, WTOP reported that some Alexandria residents were advocating the removal of the plaque, but that city officials had no control over the matter as the plaque was on private property. However, in December 2016, Marriott International purchased The Monaco, added it to its boutique Autograph Collection and renamed it as "The Alexandrian". By October 2017, Marriott had removed the plaque from The Alexandrian and had given it to the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

Notes

References

External links

1823 births
1861 deaths
American murderers
Civilians killed in the American Civil War
Deaths by firearm in Virginia
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Proslavery activists killed in the American Civil War


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, August 27, 1988, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1988, the first being on March 3, 1988. The Earth's shadow on the Moon was clearly visible in this eclipse, with 29.159% of the Moon in shadow; the partial eclipse lasted for 1 hour, 52 minutes and 59.7 seconds. The Moon was only 5 hours and 48 minutes before perigee (Perigee on Saturday, August 27, 1988 at 04:53 p.m. UTC or 16:53), making it 6.3% larger than average

Visibility

Relations to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1988
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on March 3.
 A total solar eclipse on March 18.
 A partial lunar eclipse on August 27.
 An annular solar eclipse on September 11.

Saros series
This eclipse is part of Saros cycle series 118.

Lunar year series

Metonic cycle (19 years)

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two solar eclipses of Solar Saros 125.

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of September 27, 1977
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of July 28, 1999

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of July 17, 1981
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of October 8, 1995

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1988-08
1988 in science
August 1988 events


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Monday, August 6, 1990, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1990.

Visibility

Relations to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1990
 An annular solar eclipse on January 26.
 A total lunar eclipse on February 9.
 A total solar eclipse on July 22.
 A partial lunar eclipse on August 6.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 145.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1990-08
1990 in science
August 1990 events


The Bastian–Bruns sign, or Bastian-Bruns law, is the loss of tone and deep tendon reflexes in the lower limbs in the presence of complete transection of the spinal cord above the level of the lumbar enlargement. The sign was named after Henry Charlton Bastian and Ludwig Bruns.

References

External links

Symptoms and signs: Nervous system


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, May 25, 1994, the first of two lunar eclipses in 1994, the second being with a penumbral lunar eclipse on Friday, November 18.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1994
 An annular solar eclipse on May 10.
 A partial lunar eclipse on May 25.
 A total solar eclipse on November 3.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on November 18.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two solar eclipses of Solar Saros 147.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 140

1994-05
1994 in science
May 1994 events


Sandomierz Voivodeship () was a proposed voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, which was never created because of the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939. The idea of the creation of this unit was the brainchild of the Minister of Industry and Trade Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, and it was directly linked with creation of one of the biggest economic projects of interbellum Poland, Central Industrial Region. It was intended to cover south-central Poland and be created in late 1939. Its projected size was 24,500 square kilometers, and it was to incorporate 20 or 21 powiats.

Origins
The historic Polish city of Sandomierz was one of the major urban centers of the  Kingdom of Poland, and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The capital of a large Sandomierz Voivodeship, Sandomierz’s importance declined after the Partitions of Poland. In the 19th century it turned into a little town, located right on the border between Austria-Hungary, and the Russian Empire.

After World War I, when Poland regained its independence, Sandomierz remained a historically important but economically non-existent location on the map of the newly restored country. The war destroyed a large part of the city, and its population decreased to some 6,000. Sandomierz, located in the Kielce Voivodeship was the capital of a county, but it was not among eight biggest municipalities of the Kielce Voivodeship.

The situation began to change in 1937 after Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski publicly stated on February 5: “...today, we are declaring a new slogan in the program of industrialization, which will be granted a symbolic and shortened name: Central Area - Sandomierz...”. According to other sources, Kwiatkowski announced Sandomierz as capital of the Central Industrial Region as early as 1935.

Sandomierz was by no means the biggest city on the area of the Central Industrial Region. Far larger were such cities, as Lublin, Rzeszów, Kielce and Radom, but Sandomierz was located right in the middle of the region, besides, Kielce and Lublin had already been capitals of the voivodeships (see: Kielce Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship). The town was conveniently located along the Vistula, and at the junction of rail lines to Skarżysko-Kamienna, Lwów, and Dębica. The nearby junction of Rozwadów provided a connection to Lublin; furthermore, the Polish government planned construction of the Upper Silesia - Sandomierz - Volhynia line.

Sandomierz as the capital of the new voivodeship
Creation of the Central Industrial Region and plans for the new voivodeship were warmly welcomed in Sandomierz. Predicting quick development and growth of the town, local government began several projects, including construction of office blocks, several roads, and new districts. All was overseen by a famous architect, Jan Zachwatowicz of the Warsaw University of Technology.

The plan of the so-called Greater Sandomierz predicted that in a few years, population of the city was to grow to 120 000, and its size to 2600 hectares. On June 6, 1939, a meeting of local politicians and architects of the Warsaw University of Technology took place. They discussed plan of construction of the new, upscale district, with a spacious house of culture, theater, market halls, condominiums and green areas. Also, a city college was to be opened.

The voivodeship
The Sandomierz Voivodeship, which was to be created in late 1939, was to cover 20 or 21 counties of the four existing voivodeships. Its total area was to be 24,500 square kilometers. Other project stipulated that the new Voivodeship would cover whole area of the Central Industrial Region, thus its size would be 59.951 square kilometers, with 46 counties. Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski offered the post of the voivode to mayor of Warsaw, Stefan Starzyński.

Most probably, the voivodeship would be reduced to the 20 or 21 counties of the four already existing voivodeships. Out of the Kielce Voivodeship, the following eight counties would be transferred:
 Sandomierz county,
 Opatów county,
 Stopnica county,
 Radom county,
 Kielce county,
 Kozienice county,
 Wierzbnik county,
 Pińczów county.

Lublin Voivodeship would transfer two counties:
 Janów Lubelski county,
 Biłgoraj county,

Kraków Voivodeship would transfer four counties:
 Mielec county,
 Dębica county,
 Dąbrowa Tarnowska county,
 Tarnów county,

Lwów Voivodeship would transfer six or seven counties:
 Tarnobrzeg county,
 Nisko county,
 Kolbuszowa county,
 Rzeszów county,
 Łańcut county,
 Przeworsk county,
 Strzyżów county.

On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany attacked Poland. On September 17, the Soviet Union also invaded. The Second Polish Republic ceased to exist and consequently, the Sandomierz Voivodeship was never created.

See also
 Administrative division of Second Polish Republic
 List of proposed voivodeships of Poland

References

External links
Photo gallery of the late 1930s visit of President Ignacy Moscicki and Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski to Sandomierz

Second Polish Republic
Proposed voivodeships of Poland
History of Lesser Poland


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Monday, June 15, 1992, the first of two lunar eclipses in 1992, the second being with a total lunar eclipse on Wednesday, December 9.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1992
 An annular solar eclipse (ascending node) on January 4.
 A partial lunar eclipse (ascending node) on June 15.
 A total solar eclipse (descending node) on June 30.
 A total lunar eclipse (descending node) on December 9.
 A partial solar eclipse (ascending node) on December 24.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 127.

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of July 17, 1981
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of May 16, 2003

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of May 4, 1985
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of July 28, 1999

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
Saros cycle 120

1992-06
1992 in science
June 1992 events


A partial lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, December 21, 1991, the last of four lunar eclipses in 1991. The moon grazed the northern edge of the umbral shadow. It occurred near perigee, and as described, such event was known as a supermoon.

Visibility

This small partial eclipse was visible from North America, eastern Asia, Australia, and western South America.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1991
 An annular solar eclipse on January 15.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on January 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 27.
 A total solar eclipse on July 11.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on July 26.
 A partial lunar eclipse on December 21.

Lunar year series

Metonic cycles (19 years)

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 122.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 115

1991-12
1991 in science
December 1991 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, March 3, 1988, the first of two lunar eclipses in 1988, the second being on August 27, 1988. Earlier sources compute this as a 0.3% partial eclipse lasting under 14 minutes, and newest calculations list it as a penumbral eclipse that never enters the umbral shadow. In a rare total penumbral eclipse, the entire Moon was partially shaded by the Earth (though none of it was in complete shadow), and the shading across the Moon should have been quite visible at maximum eclipse. The penumbral phase lasted for 4 hours, 53 minutes and 50.6 seconds in all, though for most of it, the eclipse was extremely difficult or impossible to see. The Moon was 2.2 days after apogee (Apogee on Tuesday, March 1, 1988), making it 6.1% smaller than average.

This was a relatively rare total penumbral lunar eclipse with the moon passing entirely within the penumbral shadow without entering the darker umbral shadow.

The tables below contain detailed predictions and additional information on the Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 3 March 1988.

Penumbral Magnitude: 1.09076

Umbral Magnitude: -0.00163

Gamma: 0.98855

Saros Series: 113th (62 of 71)

Date: 3 March 1988

Greatest Eclipse: 03 Mar 1988 16:12:45.7 UTC (16:13:41.5 TD)

Ecliptic Opposition: 03 Mar 1988 16:01:03.9 UTC (16:01:59.8 TD)

Equatorial Opposition: 03 Mar 1988 15:09:41.3 UTC (15:10:37.2 TD)

Visibility
The total penumbral lunar eclipse was visible over Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, northwestern North America, seen rising over the 30th meridian east and setting over the 150th meridian west on the Equator.

Relations to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1988
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on March 3.
 A total solar eclipse on March 18.
 A partial lunar eclipse on August 27.
 An annular solar eclipse on September 11.

Saros series
This eclipse is part of Saros cycle series 113.

Lunar year series

Metonic series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 120.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1988-03
1988-03
1988 in science
March 1988 events


Philippus Rovenius (; baptised 1 January 1573, in Deventer – 10 October 1651, in Utrecht) was apostolic vicar of the Dutch Mission from 1614 to 1651.

Life
Rovenius studied in Leuven, and was ordained priest in 1599. In 1602 he was made president of the Dutch priestly college in Cologne and in 1605 vicar general of the diocese of Deventer. In 1614 he succeeded  Sasbout Vosmeer as vicar apostolic. On 8 November 1620, in Brussels, he was consecrated titular archbishop of Philippi. He based himself in Oldenzaal, then Groenlo (where he witnessed the Siege of Groenlo in 1627 first hand) and finally Utrecht. In 1640 he was banned in Amsterdam.

Rovenius succeeded in reorganising the Catholic Church in the Netherlands, trying to introduce the decisions of the Council of Trent. Although he had become friends with Jansenius in Leuven, he remained faithful to Rome in all things.

Works
Het gulden wierookvat (The Golden Censer, 1620), became popular in the 20th century
Rituale Romanum contractum, a breviary containing the offices of saints in the archdiocese of Utrercht and the other dioceses of the Netherlands, used as an Officia sanctorum until 1853

1573 births
1651 deaths
Apostolic vicars of the Holland (Batavia) Mission
People from Deventer
Old University of Leuven alumni


A Month by the Lake is a 1995 romantic comedy film starring Vanessa Redgrave, Edward Fox and Uma Thurman. The picture is directed by John Irvin and is based on the story by H.E. Bates. The supporting cast features Alida Valli and Alessandro Gassman.

Plot synopsis
In 1937, two years before World War II, a spinster named Miss Bentley has returned to Lake Como to spend a month's summer holiday to heal herself from the grief of her father's recent death. While there, she meets a bachelor named Major Wilshaw and develops some feelings for him. However, a young American girl named Miss Beaumont arrives and flirts with the major out of sheer boredom, leading him to believe she's actually interested in him.

Cast
 Vanessa Redgrave as Miss Bentley
 Edward Fox as Major Wilshaw
 Uma Thurman as Miss Beaumont
 Alida Valli as Signora Fascioli
 Alessandro Gassman as Vittorio Balsari

Critical reception
In a contemporary review Roger Ebert called the film; "a sly romantic comedy about a collision of sex, ego, will and pride, all peeping out from beneath great thick layers of British reticence. Its delights are wrapped in a lavish production in a beautiful time and place."

Awards
In 1996, Redgrave was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, losing to Nicole Kidman for To Die For. This marks John Irvin's first Golden Globe nominated film.

References

External links

1995 films
1995 romantic comedy films
American romantic comedy films
British romantic comedy films
Films directed by John Irvin
Films set in Italy
Films set in 1937
Films scored by Nicola Piovani
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
1990s British films
English-language romantic comedy films


Wigginton is a village and civil parish about  southwest of Banbury in Oxfordshire. The village is beside the River Swere, which forms the southern boundary of the parish.  A Channel Four documentary, Hitler's British Girl, investigated the possibility that Unity Mitford gave birth to the son of Adolf Hitler in Hill View Cottage, Wigginton.

Archaeology
About  northeast of the parish church is the site of an Iron Age enclosure, on which a large Roman villa was added in about the 2nd century AD. The occupied part of the villa seems to have been reduced in size in the 4th century AD. The site is a scheduled monument.

Parish church
The nave and  north and south aisles of the Church of England parish church of Saint Giles were built late in the 13th century. The chancel is early Decorated Gothic, built in about 1300. Each aisle is linked with the nave by an arcade of three bays. The Perpendicular Gothic porch and west tower were added in the 15th or late 14th century. The nave clerestory is also a Perpendicular addition. The tower and the clerestory are crenellated. Monuments in St Giles include some early 14th century effigies in the chancel: of a recumbent knight on the north side, and of a civilian with two wives or daughters on the south.

In the late 19th century the church was restored under the direction of two Gothic Revival architects: the chancel and south aisle in 1870 under William White and the nave and north aisle in 1886 under John Loughborough Pearson. The stained glass of the east window was added in 1908. St Giles is a Grade I listed building.

The tower has a ring of six bells. Until 1998 there were only three: the treble cast by Matthew III Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire in 1753, the second cast by George Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in 1859 and the tenor by Henry Bond of Burford in 1896. In 1998 the Whitechapel Bell Foundry converted this into a ring of six by retuning the treble as a tenor, recasting the 1859 and 1896 bells as new second, third, fourth and fifth bells and adding a new treble. The bells were then rehung in a new frame by White's of Appleton. St Giles' also has a Sanctus bell that was cast in about 1599.

St Giles' has an early clock. Its date is unknown but its characteristics suggest it was made early in the 17th century. The churchwardens' accounts record payments to a Samuel Bloxham for its repair from 1717 onwards, including a bill for £5 3s 0d for work in 1733–34 when Bloxham and a clockmaker called Thomas Gilks from Chipping Norton seem to have rebuilt it.  St Giles' parish is now part of the Benefice of Hook Norton with Great Rollright, Swerford and Wigginton.

Amenities

Wigginton has a public house, The White Swan, that is controlled by Hook Norton Brewery.  There is a Swerford and Wigginton Women's Institute.

References

Sources and further reading

Villages in Oxfordshire
Civil parishes in Oxfordshire


Mendocino is the second album  by country rock group The Sir Douglas Quintet, released in April 1969 on Smash Records. The release of the album was expedited as the result of the success of the title song, which peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart during a fifteen-week stay in early 1969. The album peaked at No. 81 on the Billboard 200 charts.  Neon Records re-released the album in 2001 and 2008.

Track listing

Personnel
The Sir Douglas Quintet
 Doug Sahm – vocals, guitar, pedal steel guitar, fiddle
 Frank Morin – vocals, horns
 Harvey Kagan – bass guitar
 Augie Meyers – organ, piano, keyboards
 John Perez – drums

References

External links
[ Allmusic – The Sir Douglas Quintet (biography)]

1969 albums
Smash Records albums
Sir Douglas Quintet albums


George Henry Sumner (3 July 1824 – 11 December 1909) was the Bishop of Guildford (a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Winchester) at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the  20th century.

Born into an ecclesiastical family — his father, Charles Sumner, was Bishop of Winchester from 1827 until 1869 — and educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, he was ordained to the priesthood in 1847. His first position was a curacy in Crawley after which he was the Rector of Old Alresford and then the Archdeacon of Winchester before his ordination to the episcopate,
nine years after the death of his predecessor John Utterton.

In 1904, Sumner was ageing but not ready to retire fully, so a new suffragan See of Dorking was erected and Cecil Boutflower was appointed Bishop of Dorking early the next year. When Boutflower departed for Japan, Sumner resigned the See in early 1909 (before John Randolph's consecration on 21 February 1909) and Randolph was appointed Bishop of Guildford, succeeding Boutflower in duties and Sumner in the See.

His wife, Mary Sumner, was the founder of the Mothers’ Union.

References

External links

1824 births
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Bishops suffragan of Guildford
Archdeacons of Winchester (ancient)
1909 deaths
19th-century Anglican theologians
20th-century Anglican theologians


Romualdas Ozolas [rɔmʊˈɐɫdɐs ˈoːzɔɫɐs] (31 January 1939 – 6 April 2015) was a Lithuanian politician, activist, writer and pedagogue who taught at Vilnius University.

He was a winner of the Stasys Šalkauskis prize.

Political career

Member of the Lithuanian Communist Party: 1973–1990
Ozolas became a member of the Lithuanian Communist Party of the Soviet Union at the age of 34, a decision his close ones would deem as betrayal while he later on would recall as one of his greatest downfalls in his life. When recalling his years as the member of the Communist Party of Lithuania, Ozolas said: "After a long while of hesitation, I have made up my mind to see "what makes socialism". After a few years it was absolutely clear. It took me two more years until I left. However, I have faced the Perestroika of Mikhail Gorbachev, thus finding out its being as well as its mode of life. I only needed to take a look around, to see from which side I should make an approach."

Member of Sąjūdis: 1988–1990
Ozolas had a clear vision for Lithuania, which was an independent state and a free nation from the very start. According to the political commentator A. Ramonaitė, at the primary stages of Sąjūdis Ozolas was a key member of Sąjūdis that glued things together. He was well-known, had ties with various discussion groups, and had a well-grounded political vision. To quote his companion Arvydas Juozaitis, "We were all gathering under the flag of Ozolas who worked for the publishing office Thought at the time. I had participated in the discussions at his flat since 1982. I knew him very well. It was he who began talking about the necessity of creating, gathering into a movement for the independence."

Member of Lithuanian and Soviet parliaments: 1989–2000
In February Ozolas was elected to the Supreme Soviet of Lithuanian SSR and served as its deputy for several weeks. In 1989 Soviet Union legislative election Ozolas was elected People's deputy with support of Sąjūdis. He would remain as a People's deputy until Spring of 1990. He was elected to Supreme Soviet of Lithuanian SSR once again in February 1990.

From 1990 to 1991 he served as Deputy Prime Minister of Lithuania together with Algirdas Brazauskas in Prunskienė Cabinet.

In 1992, he was elected to the Seimas and served until 2000, when Lithuanian Centre lost almost all its representatives in Seimas after 2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election.

From 2003 to 2007 Ozolas served as a councillor in Varėna district.

He and his supporters formed the Lithuanian Centre Movement in 1992 (it would become political party, the Lithuanian Centre Union, in 1993) and was its chairman until 2000. From 2003 to 2007 he chaired the National Centre Party (NCP), since renamed the Lithuanian Centre Party (LCP) in 2005.

Political views
Ozolas was against Lithuania's membership in the European Union as he believed this was incompatible with the country's vision of independence. According to Darius Kuolys, "R. Ozolas was a consistent supporter of the country's unlimited freedom all the way who had a hard time surviving the partial loss of Lithuania's independence within the European Union. He understood this as a strong restraint of Lithuania's sovereignty." He was also against the idea of Lithuania joining the eurozone. In 2013, during an interview he had noted the differences between the original vision of Sąjūdis and the present situation, saying: "Back then [in the 1990s] we had different values. Back then we were heading towards an independent national country. Today we are once more integrating into an international union. As a consequence, it is self-evident that the values of the state have to be reshaped and that is exactly what was being done during the process of Lithuania becoming a member of the EU."

Works
Stories about Philosophers and Philosophy (1988)
The First Years of Re-established Independence (1992)
Within the Sources of Rebirth (1996)

References

1939 births
2015 deaths
Members of the Seimas
Vilnius University alumni
Academic staff of Vilnius University
Lithuanian people of Latvian descent
Lithuanian nationalists
Journalists from Vilnius
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 4th Class


Football clubs from Superleague Greece have participated in European football competitions since 1959, when Olympiacos took part in the European Cup. In total, twenty Greek clubs have taken part in European competitions. Panathinaikos' run to the 1971 European Cup Final is the biggest achievement by any Greek club.
AEK Athens are the only Greek team to have reached the semi-final of the UEFA Cup, in 1977. Greek clubs have reached the quarter-final of major European competitions on another twelve occasions.

Appearances in UEFA competitions

App = Appearances; Mat=Matches; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost;

Table of the top 4 Greek teams in the European cups

The overall score of the Greek clubs in the European cups, according to which they are classified in capacity groups.

Greek club distinctions in European competitions

European Cup / UEFA Champions League (1955/56 – present)

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League (1955/56 – present)

UEFA Europa Conference League (2021/22 – present)

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup  (1960/61 – 1998/99)

European Cup/Champions League

Cup Winners' Cup

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup/UEFA Cup/Europa League

UEFA Europa Conference League

UEFA Intertoto Cup

1 Olympiacos withdrew for political reasons.

2: Match played at Wembley Stadium, London

3: The original game ended 2–1 for Panathinaikos and this led to a penalty shoot-out. While CSKA Sofia was leading by 3–2, the Soviet referee Lipatov interrupted the shoot-out and declared the Bulgarian team as winners (although CSKA Sofia had shot 3 penalties no miss and Panathinaikos had shot 4 penalties 2 misses. Therefore, UEFA decided that the match should be replayed.

4: The Ukrainian team Dynamo Kyiv, participant in the Champions League, was disqualified by UEFA after its first game in the league stage (Dinamo Kyiv 1–0 Panathinaikos, at the Olimpiyskyi Stadion, Kyiv on 13 September 1995), when the Spanish referee Antonio Jesús López Nieto reported a bribe attempt (including minks and female escort). To replace Dinamo Kyiv in the group stage, UEFA promoted its qualifying round rivals Aalborg.

5: The first leg finished 2–1 to Maccabi Tel Aviv but UEFA awarded a 3–0 walkover to Maccabi Tel Aviv because PAOK fielded an ineligible suspended player (Liassos Louka).

6: PAOK had lost to Metalist Kharkiv in the third qualifying round and Metalist Kharkiv were drawn against Schalke 04. However, they were excluded from the competition by UEFA for their involvement in a match-fixing scandal in the 2007–08 season. UEFA decided to replace them with PAOK in the play-off round.

7 Olympiacos withdrew

8 The away goal rule didn't exist at the time, so to break the tie a play-off game was played in Vienna, Austria where Olympiacos won 2–0.

9 Iraklis got a bye.

10 The game was suspended after Cagliari's third goal because three Greek players refused to return to the pitch after they were expelled by the police. Later, UEFA validated the score of 3–0 as definitive.

11 Panionios was disqualified after the first leg due to fan riots.

12: The original game was interrupted in the 88th minute, while the score was a 3–3 draw, due to a floodlight failure in the stadium, and UEFA established that it should be replayed from the beginning.

13: The match was interrupted in the 51st minute, while Paris Saint-Germain were leading by 0–2, due to incidents in the stands. Paris Saint-Germain were later awarded a 0–3 walkover win by UEFA.

14: Olympiacos Volos, reached the play-off round and were drawn against Paris Saint-Germain. However, they were excluded from the competition by UEFA on 11 August 2011 for their involvement in a match-fixing scandal. UEFA decided to replace them with Differdange from Luxembourg, which had lost to Olympiacos Volos in the third qualifying round, in the play-off round.

15: Olympiacos withdrew after the first two matches and lost the away match to Toulouse with a walk over. Olympiacos received a heavy fine from UEFA, who obliged the Greek Football Federation to find another team to replace Olympiacos, otherwise all Greek clubs would be banned from next season's European competitions. Finally, Panionios was the replacing team and played the three remaining matches of the group phase.

16: Match played by Olympiacos.

17: Match played by Panionios.

Notes
 Olympiacos had withdrawn from 1958–59 European Cup competition
 Olympiacos had withdrawn from 1962–63 UEFA Cup Winner's Cup
 Olympiacos Volos were excluded from the competition by UEFA for their involvement in the match-fixing scandal
 In season 1963–64, Olympiacos had played a third play-off match

References

External links
UEFA Website
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

European football clubs in international competitions


Foundation for Subsidiarity (Fondazione per la Sussidiarietà) is an Italian think tank founded in Milan, Italy, in 2002 with the goal to enrich cultural-scientific discourse and promote a vision of society based on the centrality of the person and the principle of subsidiarity. Through its projects, the Foundation has created a network of multidisciplinary collaborations both nationally and internationally.

External links

 Atlantide
 Il Sussidiario
 Il Sussidiario (English)

Think tanks established in 2002
Think tanks based in Italy
Catholic social teaching
Organisations based in Milan
2002 establishments in Italy


The 2009 London Marathon was the 29th running of the annual marathon race in London, England, which took place on Sunday, 26 April. The elite men's race was won by Kenya's Samuel Wanjiru in a time of 2:05:10 hours and the women's race was won by Germany's Irina Mikitenko in 2:22:11.

In the wheelchair races, Australia's Kurt Fearnley (1:28:56) and American Amanda McGrory (1:50:39) won the men's and women's divisions, respectively. Fearnley defeated David Weir by one second, taking the Briton's course record in the process.

Around 155,000 people applied to enter the race: 49,995 had their applications accepted and 35,884 started the race. A total of 35,266 runners, 24,228 men and 11,038 women, finished the race.

In the under-17 Mini Marathon, the 3-mile able-bodied and wheelchair events were won by Ronnie Sparke (14:20), Ciara Mageean (16:16), Daniel Lucker (12:30) and Hannah Cockroft (15:42).

Results

Men

Morocco's Abderrahim Goumri originally placed sixth with a time of 2:08:25 hours, but this was subsequently disqualified due to doping.

Women

Wheelchair men

Wheelchair women

References

Results
Men's results. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
Women's results. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
Wheelchair results. London Marathon. Retrieved 2020-04-26.

External links

Official website

2009
London Marathon
Marathon
London Marathon


Tiny Tony is a Filipino comic book character created by Mars Ravelo and illustrated by Jim Fernandez.

In other media

Television

The 2008 television series Komiks Presents: Tiny Tony stars John Prats.

Collected editions

See also
Isang Lakas
List of Filipino superheroes

References

External links

Tiny Tony at the International Catalogue of Superheroes
Tiny Tony
Tiny Tony Drama Show

Philippine comics titles
1965 comics debuts
Filipino superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1965
Fictional scientists in comics
Comics characters with superhuman strength
Fictional Filipino people
Filipino comics characters
Shapeshifter characters in comics


Sasbout Vosmeer (13 March 1548, in Delft – 3 May 1614, in Cologne) was the first apostolic vicar to the Dutch Mission and succeeded Frederick Schenck as the second Archbishop of Utrecht (1602–1614).

Life
Vosmeer's father and mother were both from regenten families in Delft. He studied in Leuven and ordained priest in 1572 by archbishop of Utrecht Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg. He then continued his studies in Leuven and Cologne, before in 1579 settling in Delft, where he intervened in mission work.

In 1582 Vosmeer was in Rome and in 1583 he returned to Delft, where on 1 May he was made vicar general to the Archdiocese of Utrecht. In 1592 he delegated powers over all dioceses in the church-province of Utrecht to the nuncio in Cologne and in 1601 he made Albertus Eggius vicar general of the diocese of Haarlem. When this became known to the States of Holland Vosmeer was searched out and Eggius imprisoned for some years. Then, at the start of the 17th century, Vosmeer was officially appointed to head the Catholic community in the Dutch Republic as vicar apostolic by Pope Clement VIII in Rome on 22 September 1602, on which occasion he was also made titular archbishop of Philippi (since it was impossible to make him archbishop of Utrecht). This was against the wishes of the archdukes who, by the 1559 Concordat, demanded the right to nominate the apostolic vicar.

When it became clear that his role was to reorganise the Dutch Catholic church he was banned from the Republic in 1603, continuing the Mission's work from Cologne. In 1613 he founded the Collegium Alticollense in Cologne to train priests for the diocese of Utrecht and another in Leuven to train priests for the diocese of Haarlem. Since there was a shortage of priests, no structure was set up for the Mission by Vosmeer. In 1606 Vosmeer was in Groenlo during its siege by Prince Maurice.

Vosmeer tended towards inflexibility and instructed believers to refuse any decision of the States that could lead to an emergency, though this policy of his led to criticism from the Jesuits. He also gained the head of Balthasar Gérard, murderer of William the Silent, and kept it in Cologne, as well as taking it to Rome in a failed attempt to have Gérard canonised. Six years after his death, Vosmeer was succeeded as Archbishop of Utrecht by Philippus Rovenius in 1620.

External links
 http://www.okkn.nl/?b=15

1548 births
1614 deaths
16th-century Dutch people
Apostolic vicars of the Holland (Batavia) Mission
Dutch Roman Catholic bishops
People from Delft
Old University of Leuven alumni


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Friday, November 18, 1994, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1994, the first was a partial lunar eclipse on Wednesday, May 25.

This event followed the total solar eclipse of November 3, 1994.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1994
 An annular solar eclipse on May 10.
 A partial lunar eclipse on May 25.
 A total solar eclipse on November 3.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on November 18.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 152.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

References

 Saros cycle 145

1994-11
1994 in science
November 1994 events


The World's Greatest Jazz Band was an all-star jazz ensemble active from 1968 to 1978.

Dick Gibson founded the group at his sixth Jazz Party, an annual event. The group performed mostly Dixieland jazz and recorded extensively. It was co-led by Yank Lawson and Bob Haggart, and did early jazz standards alongside contemporaneous pop songs done in a Dixieland style. Though the group disbanded in 1978, the name was revived several times by Lawson and Haggart for limited engagements.

Members

 Billy Butterfield
 Cutty Cutshall
 Vic Dickenson
 Morey Feld
 Carl Fontana
 Bud Freeman
 Dick Gibson
 Bob Haggart
 Scott Hamilton
 Clancy Hayes
 Eddie Hubble
 Peanuts Hucko
 Keith Ingham
 Gus Johnson
 Roger Kellaway
 Al Klink
 Yank Lawson
 Cliff Leeman
 George Masso
 Lou McGarity
 Johnny Mince
 Bob Miller
 Eddie Miller
 Joe Muranyi
 Chuck Riggs
 Bobby Rosengarden
 Sonny Russo
 Carrie Smith
 Maxine Sullivan
 Ralph Sutton
 Dick Wellstood
 Bob Wilber
 Roy Williams

Discography
 Extra! (Project 3 Total Sound, 1969)
 The World's Greatest Jazzband of Yank Lawson and Bob Haggart (Project 3 Total Sound, 1969)
 Live at the Roosevelt Grill (Atlantic, 1970)
 The World's Greatest Jazzband (Atlantic, 1971)
 What's New? (Atlantic, 1971)
 Hark the Herald Angels Swing (World Jazz, 1972)
 In Concert: Vol. 1 Massey Hall (World Jazz, 1973)
 Good News with Teresa Brewer (Signature, 1973)
 Plays Cole Porter (World Jazz, 1975)
 Plays Rodgers & Hart (World Jazz, 1976)
 Plays Duke Ellington (World Jazz, 1976)
 In Concert (Recorded Live at the Lawrenceville School) (Flying Dutchman, 1976)
 On Tour (World Jazz, 1976)
 On Tour Vol. 1 and 2 (World Jazz, 1977)
 Plays George Gershwin (World Jazz, 1977)
 On Tour II with Maxine Sullivan (World Jazz, 1977)

References

American jazz ensembles
Atlantic Records artists
Dixieland revival ensembles
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups disestablished in 1978


Route 13  is the most important highway in Laos. It begins at Boten in northern Laos at the Chinese border. It connects the city of Vientiane to Luang Prabang in the north and roughly follows the line of the Mekong River down to the border with Cambodia. The road then continues at National Highway 7 in Cambodia.  Route 13 passes the New Laos National Stadium at Vientiane prefecture and all three international airports in Laos Vientiane Airport, Luang Prabang Airport, and Pakse Airport. Between Boten and Nateuy a 20 km segment of Route 13 is part of the Kunming-Bangkok Expressway, (Asian Highway AH3). From Nateuy to Vientiane, Route 13 is part of AH12 and from Vientiane to the border of Cambodia, AH11. It roughly parallels to Vientiane-Boten Expressway.

Route 13 passes through the cities of Vientiane, Vang Vieng, Phoukhoune district where is intersection of Route 7 (Laos), and Luang Prabang. The road is mostly paved, though the pavement is in poor condition at places, it is relatively narrow with sharp curves and there are no markings or lighting on the road everywhere. Several daily buses run from Vientiane to Luang Prabang, taking 8–10 hours.

References

Roads in Laos
Mekong River


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, June 27, 1991, the second of four lunar eclipses in 1991. The moon entered the Earth's penumbra for about 3 hours, and was difficult to see. This lunar eclipse is the predecessor of the Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1991
 An annular solar eclipse on January 15.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on January 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 27.
 A total solar eclipse on July 11.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on July 26.
 A partial lunar eclipse on December 21.

Saros series

This eclipse is a member of Saros series 110. The previous event occurred on June 15, 1973. The next event was on July 7, 2009.

Lunar year series

Metonic series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 117.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 110

1991-06
1991 in science
June 1991 events


Kingak Island is an island located within Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. Its highest point is  above sea level.

Other islands in the vicinity include Anchor Island, Duke of York Archipelago, Hokagon Island, Kabviukvik Island, Mangak Island, Nanortut Island, Nanukton Island, and Takhoalok Island.

References

Islands of Coronation Gulf
Uninhabited islands of Kitikmeot Region


Play My Game is the debut solo album by vocalist Tim "Ripper" Owens. Many well known musicians perform on the album. Play My Game was released by Steamhammer/SPV on May 15, 2009 in Germany, May 18, 2009, in Europe and May 19, 2009 in the US and Canada.

The album features such guests as Doug Aldrich (Whitesnake), Billy Sheehan (Mr. Big), Bruce Kulick (ex-KISS), Jeff Loomis (Nevermore), Michael Wilton (Queensrÿche), James LoMenzo (Megadeth), Steve Stevens (Billy Idol) and Vinny Appice (ex-Black Sabbath, ex-Dio).

Track listing

Personnel
Tim "Ripper" Owens - lead vocals, additional guitars

Guitar
Bob Kulick - tracks 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13
Bruce Kulick - track 6
Carlos Cavazo - track 5
Craig Goldy - track 2
Doug Aldrich - track 7
Chris Caffery - track 12
Steve Stevens - track 4
Jeff Loomis - track 3
Michael Wilton - track 8
Neil Zaza - track 10
John Comprix - tracks 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11
Mike Callahan - track 4

Bass
Marco Mendoza - track 12
Billy Sheehan - tracks 6, 7
David Ellefson - track 8
James Lomenzo - track 3, 11
Rudy Sarzo - tracks 1, 2, 5, 10, 13
Tony Franklin - track 9
Dennis Hayes - track 4

Drums
Simon Wright - tracks 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12
Vinny Appice - track 13
Bobby Jarzombek - track 9
Ray Luzier - track 4
Brett Chassen - 3, 6, 11

Touring Personnel
Tim "Ripper" Owens - lead vocals
John Comprix - lead guitar
Chris Caffery - lead guitar
David Ellefson - bass
Simon Wright - drums, percussion

References

2009 debut albums
SPV/Steamhammer albums


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Friday, July 26, 1991, the third of four lunar eclipses in 1991. This was the 2nd member of Lunar Saros 148. The previous event was on 15 July 1973, and the 1st eclipse of the series. The next event was on 6 August 2009.

Visibility

Relations to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1991
 An annular solar eclipse on January 15.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on January 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 27.
 A total solar eclipse on July 11.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on July 26.
 A partial lunar eclipse on December 21.

Saros series
This eclipse is part of Saros cycle series 148.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 155.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1991-07
1991 in science
July 1991 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, January 30, 1991, the first of four lunar eclipses in 1991.

Visibility

Relations to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1991
 An annular solar eclipse on January 15.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on January 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 27.
 A total solar eclipse on July 11.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on July 26.
 A partial lunar eclipse on December 21.

Saros series
This eclipse is part of Saros cycle series 143.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 150.

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of December 19, 1983

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of March 13, 1998

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1991-01
1991 in science
January 1991 events


Instinet Incorporated is an institutional, agency-model broker that also serves as the independent equity trading arm of its parent, Nomura Group. It executes trades for asset management firms, hedge funds, insurance companies, mutual funds and pension funds. Headquartered in New York City, the company provides sales trading services and trading technologies such as the Newport EMS, algorithms, trade cost analytics, commission management, independent research and dark pools.

However, Instinet is best known for being the first off-exchange trading alternatives, with its "green screen" terminals prevalent in the 1980s and 1990s, and as the founder of electronic communication networks, Chi-X Europe and Chi-X Global.

According to industry research group Markit, in 2015 Instinet was the 3rd-largest cash equities broker in Europe.

History

Early history
Instinet was founded by Jerome M. Pustilnik and Herbert R. Behrens and was incorporated in 1969 as Institutional Networks Corp. The founders aimed to compete with the New York Stock Exchange by means of computer links between major institutions, such as banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies, with no delays or intervening specialists. Through the Instinet system, which went live in December 1969, the company provided computer services and a communications network for the automated buying and selling of equity securities on an anonymous, confidential basis.

Uptake of the platform was slow through the 1970s, and in 1983 Instinet turned to William A. "Bill" Lupien, a former Pacific Stock Exchange specialist, to run the company. Bill Lupien decided to market the system more aggressively to the broker community, rather than focus exclusively on the buyside as his predecessors had.  To expand its market, Lupien brought on board Fredric W. Rittereiser, formerly of Troster Singer and the Sherwood Group, as President and Chief Operating Officer and David N. Rosensaft as Vice President (later SVP) of New Products Development.  Together, they successfully introduced many innovations which made Instinet an integral tool for traders on both the "buy" and "sell" sides of the market.

Reuters acquisition

As a result of Lupien’s refocusing of Instinet (which the business was renamed in 1985), the firm grew rapidly in the mid-1980s. During the Crash of 1987 electronic trading system allowed trading when brokers and market makers were unwilling to answer their phones during the free-fall. Reuters, which in 1985 had acquired a portion of the firm, acquired the entire business in May 1987, though under the deal Instinet would remain an independent, New York-based subsidiary. Lupien and then COO Murray Finebaum would resign shortly thereafter.

Alternative Trading Systems regulations
Under Reuters, the Instinet platform continued to grow through the late 1980s and into the early 1990s. By the time that the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission introduced the Order Handling Rules and alternative trading systems (ATS) regulation in the late 1990s. In 1992, Instinet expanded internationally. Douglas Atkin led the effort and by 1998 Instinet was operating in over 20 world markets and had grown revenues to approximately $100 million. Instinet was the dominant electronic communication network. However, these rules also gave rise to new competitors, some of whom employed new pricing schemes. By the early 2000s, these competitors, helped by missteps at Instinet that included rapid expansion, over-spending and slow uptake of technology, had managed to erode the firm’s market share. As a result, Instinet in 2002 merged with the Island ECN, renaming the Island technology platform Inet.

Public listing
Reuters went on to IPO Instinet in 2001 keeping a 62% ownership stake. It would hold this until the 2005 acquisition of Instinet by NASDAQ in 2005, in which Nasdaq retained the INET ECN and subsequently sold the agency brokerage business to Silver Lake Partners.

Nomura Acquisition
In February 2007, Nomura purchased the firm from Silver Lake for a reported $1.2 billion. Instinet is today operated as an independent subsidiary of Nomura and run by CEO Ralston Roberts. In December 2009, in commemoration of its 40th anniversary, Instinet worked with the Make-a-Wish Foundation to grant wishes to 40 children with life-threatening illnesses. In May 2012, Nomura announced that it would transfer electronic trading in the United States to Instinet, with the goal of eventually making it the electronic trading arm for all of Nomura. However, in September 2012, Nomura announced that it would instead make Instinet its execution services (cash, program and electronic trading) arm in all markets globally excluding Japan.

Achievements
Instinet is credited with several firsts in electronic trading. In addition to launching one of the first electronic trading platforms in 1969, Instinet developed:
 1980: First direct market access system
 1986: First after market crossing system
 1993: Instinet OMS, one of the first modern execution management system (EMS) platforms
 1999: Instinet Helix, one of the first market routing platforms
 2007: Chi-X Europe, the first and largest European multilateral trading facility, which in 2011 was acquired by BATS Global Markets
 2008: Chi-X Global, operator of Chi-X Australia, Chi-X Canada and Chi-X Japan; in 2015, Nasdaq announced acquisition of Chi-X Canada from Chi-X Global; in 2016 Chi-X Australia, Chi-X Japan and Chi-Tech was acquired by J.C. Flowers.
 2017: Instinet announces acquisition of Blockcross, State Street's US-equity dark pool.

References

External links
Instinet Incorporated

American companies established in 1969
Financial services companies established in 1969
1969 establishments in New York City
2007 mergers and acquisitions
Computer networking
Stock market
Nomura Holdings
Financial services companies based in New York City
American subsidiaries of foreign companies


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, October 7, 1987, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1987, the first being on April 14, 1987. The Moon approached within 0.00949% of its diameter outside of touching the Earth’s umbral shadow at maximum eclipse; 98.63% of the Moon's disc was partially shaded by the Earth, with the overall eclipse lasting 4 hours and 14 minutes. While less dramatic than a partial eclipse (as no part of the Moon was in complete shadow), a shading across the Moon should have been readily visible to observers. The Moon was just 3.1 days after perigee (Perigee on Sunday, October 4, 1987), making it 2.1% larger than average.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1987
 A hybrid solar eclipse on March 29.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on April 14.
 An annular solar eclipse on September 23.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on October 7.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 153.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1987-10
1987 in science
October 1987 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Tuesday, April 14, 1987, the first of two lunar eclipses in 1987, the second being on October 7, 1987. This subtle penumbral eclipse may have been visible to a skilled observer at maximum eclipse. 77.703% of the Moon's disc was partially shaded by the Earth (none of it was in total shadow), which caused a gentle shadow gradient across its disc at maximum; the eclipse as a whole lasted 3 hours, 54 minutes and 12.8 seconds. The Moon was just 4.6 days before perigee (Perigee on Saturday, April 18, 1987), making it 0.5% larger than average.

Visibility
It was completely visible over North America, South America, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa and west in Asia, seen rising over the Pacific Ocean and North America and setting over South Asia and the Indian Ocean.

Member
This is the 22nd member of Lunar Saros 141. The previous event was the April 1969 lunar eclipse. The next event is the April 2005 lunar eclipse.

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1987
 A hybrid solar eclipse on March 29.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on April 14.
 An annular solar eclipse on September 23.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on October 7.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Lunar Saros 141, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 72 lunar eclipse events including 26 total lunar eclipses.

First Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 1608 Aug 25

First Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2041 May 16

First Total Lunar Eclipse: 2167 Aug 01

First Central Lunar Eclipse: 2221 Sep 02

Greatest Eclipse of the Lunar Saros 141: 2293 Oct 16

Last Central Lunar Eclipse: 2546 Mar 18

Last Total Lunar Eclipse: 2618 May 01

Last Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2744 Jul 16

Last Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 2888 Oct 11

1901-2100

March 1915 lunar eclipse

March 1933 lunar eclipse

March 1951 lunar eclipse

April 1969 lunar eclipse

April 1987 lunar eclipse

April 2005 lunar eclipse

May 2023 lunar eclipse

May 2041 lunar eclipse

May 2059 lunar eclipse

June 2077 lunar eclipse

June 2095 lunar eclipse

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 148.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1987-04
1987 in science
April 1987 events
Lunar eclipses


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Thursday, November 8, 1984, the last of three lunar eclipses in 1984. This subtle penumbral eclipse may have been visible to a skilled observer at maximum eclipse. 90% of the Moon's disc was partially shaded by the Earth (none of it was in total shadow), which caused a gentle shadow gradient across its disc at maximum; the eclipse as a whole lasted 4 hours and 28 minutes.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1984
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on May 15.
 An annular solar eclipse on May 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 13.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on November 8.
 A total solar eclipse on November 22.

Lunar year series

Metonic series

This eclipse is the first of five Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, November 8–9, each separated by 19 years:

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 123.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1984-11
1984 in science
November 1984 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Tuesday, May 15, 1984, the first of three lunar eclipses in 1984. This was a deep penumbral eclipse, with the southern limb of the Moon close to the Earth's shadow.

This was the first eclipse of 1984 (first of three penumbral lunar eclipses). The second occurred on June 13th, and the third occurred on November 8th.

Visibility

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 1984
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on May 15.
 An annular solar eclipse on May 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 13.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on November 8.
 A total solar eclipse on November 22.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Lunar Saros 111, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 11 total lunar eclipses. The first total lunar eclipse of this series was on April 19, 1353, and last was on August 4, 1533. The longest occurrence of this series was on June 12, 1443 when the totality lasted 106 minutes.

Metonic series

This eclipse is the first of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, May 15–16, each separated by 19 years.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 118.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1984-05
1984 in science
May 1984 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Wednesday, June 13, 1984, the second of three lunar eclipses in 1984. This minor penumbral eclipse was visually imperceptible, but marks the first lunar eclipse in Saros series 149.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 1984
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on May 15.
 An annular solar eclipse on May 30.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on June 13.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on November 8.
 A total solar eclipse on November 22.

Lunar year series

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1984-06
1984 in science
June 1984 events


Josh Silver (born April 16, 1968) is an American nonprofit executive and political consultant who is the co-founder and Executive Chairman of RepresentUs, a post-partisan, nonprofit organization whose stated mission is to build the movement that fixes America's corrupt political system. Silver formerly worked as CEO and co-founder of Free Press, an "activist group that promotes accountability journalism and Internet openness". He was the director of development for a cultural arm of the Smithsonian Institution, and was the campaign manager of the successful 1998 "Clean Elections" ballot measure in Arizona. He has published on democracy, media, telecommunications, campaign finance and a range of other public policy issues. Silver has been profiled in the Wall Street Journal.

Early life and education
Silver was born in New York City and grew up in Ashfield and Shelburne, Massachusetts. His mother, Genie Zeiger, an essayist, poet, and creative writing teacher, died in 2009. His father, Carl Silver, is a clinical psychologist in Western Massachusetts. Silver has one sister.

In 1995, he was on a river trip in Peru with a friend, Patchen Miller, when they were ambushed and shot; Silver was seriously wounded but survived; Miller did not.

Silver attended The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington and The University of Grenoble in France.

Views
Silver posits that a broken and corrupt political system has a paralyzing effect on nearly every issue. He advocates using the term "corruption" to describe the combined influence of lobbying, the "revolving door", and campaign contributions, as well as broken election laws that foster extremism and block competition. Silver sees this corruption as afflicting politicians of both parties.

Silver argues that past democracy reform efforts have failed partly because they were overly focused on appealing to the political Left and/or overly focused on passing reform legislation through Congress; he points out that members of Congress, who have achieved their positions under current election and campaign finance laws, are unlikely to approve legislation that would change those laws in order to increase political competition and/or limit the influence of the special interests and moneyed donors who have financed their political careers.

Silver advocates a grassroots campaign of citizen-led legislative lobbying and ballot initiatives passed at the city and state level to fix policy locally while building momentum towards national reform. The organization he co-founded and directs, RepresentUs, was established to support these grassroots anti-corruption efforts.

References

External links
 Represent.Us – Official website RepresentUs
 Free Press – Official website of the Free Press

Living people
1968 births
Evergreen State College alumni
American business executives
Activists from New York City
People from Shelburne, Massachusetts


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Tuesday, December 20, 1983, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1983. At the maximum eclipse, 89% of the Moon's disk was partially shaded by the Earth, which caused a slight shadow gradient across its disc; this subtle effect may have been visible to careful observers. No part of the Moon was in complete shadow. The eclipse lasted 4 hours and 2 minutes overall.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses in 1983
 A total solar eclipse at the Moon's ascending node of the orbit on Saturday, June 11th, 1983.
 A partial lunar eclipse at the Moon's descending node of the orbit on Saturday, June 25th, 1983.
 An annular solar eclipse at the Moon's descending node of the orbit on Sunday, December 04th, 1983.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse at the Moon's ascending node of the orbit on Tuesday, December 20th, 1983.

Lunar year series

Saros cycle
Lunar Saros series 144, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 20 total lunar eclipses.

First Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 1749 Jul 29

First Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2146 Mar 28

First Total Lunar Eclipse: 2308 Jul 04

First Central Lunar Eclipse: 2362 Aug 06

Greatest Eclipse of the Lunar Saros 144: 2416 Sep 07

Last Central Lunar Eclipse: 2488 Oct 20

Last Total Lunar Eclipse: 2651 Jan 28

Last Partial Lunar Eclipse: 2867 Jun 08

Last Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 3011 Sep 04

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 151.

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of November 6, 1976

 Followed: Lunar eclipse of March 13, 1998

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1983-12
1983 in science
December 1983 events


Arthur John Holland (October 24, 1918 – November 9, 1989) was Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey for twenty-six years and president of the United States Conference of Mayors.

Biography
He was born in Trenton, New Jersey on October 24, 1918.

He was raised Roman Catholic and considered becoming a priest early in life. Although he studied for the priesthood, he opted against this path and instead attended Saint Francis College and, after graduation, earned an advanced degree from Rutgers University.

In 1951 Holland became deputy director of public affairs for Trenton, and in 1955 he was elected as a Democrat to Trenton's City Council. He became Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey in 1959, and soon after married his wife Betty. In 1964 he publicly moved into the Mill Hill neighborhood of Trenton, a majority black neighborhood, attempting to lead the way in his city's racial integration. Holland received national attention for the move, much of it negative, but the area thereafter became less racially segregated.

In 1966, Holland lost the Democratic Primary to Carmen J. Armenti, and served as a teacher at Rutgers University for four years. In 1970 he ran for mayor again, and was reelected. He was president of the United States Conference of Mayors from 1988 to 1989, and remained mayor of Trenton until he died.

In 1975, Holland ran for the newly created office of Mercer County Executive. He lost the Democratic primary to Arthur Sypek.

He died of cancer at St. Francis Medical Center (Trenton, New Jersey) on November 9, 1989.

References

External links

Mayors of Trenton, New Jersey
St. Francis College alumni
Rutgers University alumni
Rutgers University faculty
1918 births
1989 deaths
Catholics from New Jersey
Presidents of the United States Conference of Mayors


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Tuesday, January 20, 1981, the first of two lunar eclipses in 1981. In a rare total penumbral eclipse, the entire Moon was partially shaded by the Earth (though none of it was in complete shadow), and the shading across the Moon should have been quite visible at maximum eclipse. The penumbral phase lasted for 4 hours and 24 minutes in all, though for most of it, the eclipse was extremely difficult or impossible to see. The moon's apparent diameter was larger because the eclipse occurred 5.2 days after perigee (Perigee on approximately 1981 Jan 15 at 03:01:56.7 UTC).

This was a relatively rare total penumbral lunar eclipse with the moon passing entirely within the penumbral shadow without entering the darker umbral shadow.

More details about the Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1981 Jan 20.

Penumbral Magnitude = 1.01360

Umbral Magnitude = -0.01916

Gamma = -1.01421

Sun Right Ascension = 20.16

Sun Declination = -20.1

Sun Diameter: 1950.4 arc-seconds (32'30.4")

Moon Right Ascension = 8.15

Moon Declination = 19.1

Moon Diameter = 1888.6 arc-seconds (31'28.6")

Earth's Shadow Right Ascension: 8.16

Earth's Shadow Declination: 20.1

Earth's Shadow Diameter: 8,968.32 arc-seconds (2.4912 degrees)

Greatest Eclipse: Tuesday, 20 January 1981 at 07:49:56.7 UTC

Saros Series = 114th (57 of 71)

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses in 1981
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on Tuesday, 20 January 1981.
 An annular solar eclipse on Wednesday, 4 February 1981.
 A partial lunar eclipse on Friday, 17 July 1981.
 A total solar eclipse on Friday, 31 July 1981.

Lunar year series

Saros series
Lunar Saros series 114, repeating every 18 years and 11 days, has a total of 71 lunar eclipse events including 13 total lunar eclipses.

First Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 0971 May 13

First Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1115 Aug 07

First Total Lunar Eclipse: 1458 Feb 28

First Central Lunar Eclipse: 1530 Apr 12

Greatest Eclipse of Lunar Saros 114: 1584 May 24

Last Central Lunar Eclipse: 1638 Jun 26

Last Total Lunar Eclipse: 1674 Jul 17

Last Partial Lunar Eclipse: 1890 Nov 26

Last Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: 2233 Jun 22

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 121.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1981-01
1981-01
1981 in science
January 1981 events


A penumbral lunar eclipse took place on Sunday, July 27, 1980, the second of three penumbral lunar eclipses in 1980. This very subtle penumbral eclipse was essentially invisible to the naked eye; though it lasted 2 hours, 17 minutes and 36.3 seconds, just 25.354% of the Moon's disc was in partial shadow (with no part of it in complete shadow). The moon passed in the northern edge of the Earth's penumbral shadow, and was the 70th lunar eclipse of Saros cycle 109.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses in 1980
 A total solar eclipse on Saturday, 16 February 1980.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on Saturday, 1 March 1980.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on Sunday, 27 July 1980.
 An annular solar eclipse on Sunday, 10 August 1980.
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on Tuesday, 26 August 1980.

Lunar year series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to one partial solar eclipse of Solar Saros 116.

Saros series

This lunar eclipse is the third to last member of Saros series 109. The next event is on August 8, 1998. The previous event was on July 17, 1962.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1980-07
1980 in science
July 1980 events


Varga (real name: Narda) is a Filipino comic superheroine created by Marcial “Mars” Ravelo. Varga was the first female superhero in the Phillippines and was features in more numerous films, television shows and more than 500 comic books. The character first appeared in Bulaklak Magazine No.17, Vol.4 (July 23, 1947), but became famous under the name Darna in Filipino Komiks No.77 (May 13, 1950), where she was illustrated by Nestor Redondo.

Varga is an alien princess from the planet Vergon who crashed on Earth and decided to use her powers to fight crime and protect innocent people.Varga's powers derived from the Piedras Brillantes, a set of magical stones. her abilities includes the ability to fly and shooting energy beams from her eyes. She also have enhanced strength, speed, and agility.

In newer adaptations of the character she is a member of the Filipino justice league.

Publication history
Varga's character concept was created in 1939 years before she debuted in Bulaklak Magazine No.17, Vol.4 (July 23, 1947) which Ravelo wrote and drew himself.

The character Varga was archived twice, It was under the name "Darna" the character became famous.In an interview, Ravelo revealed that he offered his creation first to Liwayway Magazine and then to other publications but was rejected several times.

The concept and image of Varga was based on illustrations of Superman from comic books brought by United States soldiers to the Philippines.

The first concept image Ravelo had on Varga was a story about a mortal girl named Narda, her brother Ding and their grandmother Lola Asay. In this draft the characters lived in the town of Masambong when a falling star revealed itself to be a magic amulet and turned the little girl named Narda into the superhero Varga.

For more than six decades the character Varga wasn't published, until she was reboot character in the 2008 Komiks Presents: Varga TV series.

Costume
The original Varga's costume features long sleeved shirt with three stars that represents the Philippine flag, shorts and a simple belt with a loincloth (Bahag).

In the 2008 TV series, Varga wears a purple romper, cape and boots with gold details. Her outfit also includes some accessories like a golden headpiece with a "V" sign, and a golden medallion belt.

In other media
In Komiks Presents: Varga, a 2008 television series starring Mariel Rodriguez, Varga starred as an alien named Princess Varona from the planet Vargon. On Earth, Varga is assisted by a human girl named Olga in secretly protecting mankind and saving the world from “the forces of evil”.

Planet Vargon is the home to a race of powerful beings from outer space. Due to the destruction of her home planet, Vara escapes and landed on Earth, however, only existing in a ghost form. The Princess meets a young human girl name Olga, who is the only one who can see her, due to her kind heart. Under Olga's influence, Vara falls in love with the people of Earth.

These two women's destiny are meant to be merged literally. Upon a shout and a touch, the violet-colored ghost Vara unites with the human child Olga, fused into one person in a single body: the superhero Varga. Together, Vara and Olga begin their journey to become a real hero, and to defeat earth's enemy, Xandra - an evil woman who preys on the youth and beauty of others to stay young and beautiful.

Collected editions

See also

Darna
Captain Barbell
Isang Lakas
Siopawman
Ipo-ipo
Lagim
Voltar
List of Filipino superheroes

References

1947 comics debuts
Comics about women
Comics characters introduced in 1947
Female characters in comics
Fictional Filipino people
Filipino comics characters
Filipino superheroes
Philippine comic strips


Captain Boom is a Filipino comic book character who fights crime that was created by Mars Ravelo and illustrated by his son Ric Ravelo. Captain Boom first appeared in United Komiks of PSG Publishing House in 1966. When the character was first introduced in television, his character is renamed to Kapitan Boom. Kapitan is a Tagalog word for "captain."

Character background
Captain Boom is a crime fighter that can fly and run fast. He also have an amplified hearing and able to create a sonic shield and sonic roar. He does not have super strength but upon generating a sonic shield on his fist and hitting a vehicle, it can have a dent without making a damage on his hand.  All of his powers are produced through sonic means. He has the ability of flight due to the creation of sound waves and thus, he cannot fly in space because there is no sound there.

He dons a red suit with a three-star emblem on his chest and a blue cape. His grandmother made his first costume out of a red shirt and pants together with a handkerchief with holes that serves as a mask.

In other media

In 2008, Captain Boom's character was featured on Komiks Presents: Kapitan Boom, a television series that was aired on ABS-CBN. The character was renamed to "Kapitan Boom" and was portrayed by Jon Avila. His alter-ego, Lance Mercado, was played by Jay-R Siaboc.

Collected editions

See also
Isang Lakas
List of Filipino superheroes

External links

Notes
 In the 2008 television series, the terms used are super shield and super boom instead of sonic shield and sonic roar respectively.

References

Philippine comics titles
Filipino superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1966
1966 comics debuts
Fictional Filipino people
Filipino comics characters


Takhoalok Island is an island located within Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. Its highest point is  above sea level.

Other islands in the vicinity include Anchor Island, Duke of York Archipelago, Hokagon Island, Doak Island, Kingak Island, Mangak Island, and Nanukton Island.

References

Islands of Coronation Gulf
Uninhabited islands of Kitikmeot Region


Ulrich Wernitz (21 January 1921 – 23 December 1980) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. He was credited with 101 aerial victories—that is, 101 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in roughly 240 combat missions. He served in the post World War II German Air Force of the Federal Republic of Germany, retiring with the rank of Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel).

Career
Wernitz was born in Schweinitz/Herzberg in the district of Wittenberg, a Province of Saxony, on 21 January 1921. Following flight training, he was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in April 1943. At the time, JG 54 was based on the northern sector of the Eastern Front.

Nicknamed Pipifax by his comrades, he claimed his first aerial victory on 2 May 1943 over a Lavochkin La-5 fighter aircraft near Pushkin during the Siege of Leningrad. On combat missions, he frequently flew as wingman to Otto Kittel, Hermann Schleinhege and Günther Scheel.
Wernitz claimed his 82nd aerial victory, a Petlyakov Pe-2 shot down on 28 August 1944. He then fell ill in September. During his convalescence, Feldwebel (Sergeant) Wernitz, was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 29 October 1944, and the German Cross in Gold () on 1 January 1945. He returned to his unit in early February 1945, which at the time was fighting in the Courland Pocket. He was then appointed Staffelführer (squadron leader) of 3. Staffel of JG 54 and claimed 19 further aerial victories, including eight on 8 March 1945. On 26 March 1945, Wernitz was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 100th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.

Following World War II, Wernitz served in the German Air Force of the Federal Republic of Germany, retiring with the rank of Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel). He died on 23 December 1980.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Wernitz was credited with 101 aerial victories. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Wernitz was credited with 101 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 36 Ost 00333". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area  in size.

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
 Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 17 April 1944 as Feldwebel and pilot
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 October 1944 as Feldwebel in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 54
 German Cross in Gold on 1 January 1945 as Feldwebel in the 3./Jagdgeschwader 54

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1921 births
1980 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German Air Force personnel
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt


Events in the year 1812 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Frederick VI

Events

6 July – In the Battle of Lyngør, the Danish-Norwegian frigate  was sunk by the British ships  and .

Arts and literature
Grøndahl & Søn Forlag publishing house, was established.

Births
6 January – Knud Knudsen, linguist (d.1895).
15 January – Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, writer and scholar (d.1885).
26 January – Andreas Grimelund, bishop (d.1896)
1 March – Iver Steen Thomle, jurist (d.1889)
28 November – Ludvig Mathias Lindeman, composer and organist (d.1887)
11 December – Jørgen Tandberg Ebbesen, politician (d.1887)

Full date unknown

Hans Jensen Blom, politician (d.1875)
Nils Elias Børresen, politician
Christian Hansen Vennemoe, politician

Deaths
26 October – Hans Peter Holm, naval officer (b. 1772).

References

See also


Reginald Gervis Hargreaves  (13 October 1852 — 13 February 1926) was an English first-class cricketer.

The son of Jonathan Hargreaves and his wife, Anna Maria, he was born at Accrington in October 1852. He was educated at Eton College, before matriculating to Christ Church, Oxford; it would take him eight years to complete his degree. He made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire against Kent at Catford Bridge. He played first-class cricket for Hampshire until 1883, making twelve appearances. For Hampshire, he scored 307 runs at an average of 15.35, with a highest score of 38 not out. With the ball, he took 14 wickets at a bowling average of 26.85, with best figures of 4 for 55. He also made four first-class appearances each for the Marylebone Cricket Club and the Gentlemen of England, in addition to appearing twice each for I Zingari and an England XI, and once for A. W. Ridley's XI. He was described in Wisden as "a good hitter, fields well at cover-point".

Hargreaves married Alice Liddell, who is the girl had inspired Lewis Carroll's fantasy stories. The couple were married in 1880 at Westminster Abbey, with Sir John Stainer playing the organ at the ceremony. The couple's wedding received much press coverage. The couple had three sons, two of whom would be killed in action during the First World War. He was a justice of the peace for both Suffolk and Hampshire, and lived at Cuffnells Park near Lyndhurst in the New Forest. Hargreaves was eminently interested in the welfare of Hampshire County Cricket Club, and was at the time of his death its vice-president. He died at Cuffnells in February 1926.

References

External links

1852 births
1926 deaths
Sportspeople from Accrington
Cricketers from Lancashire
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
English cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
I Zingari cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Non-international England cricketers
A. W. Ridley's XI cricketers
English cricket administrators
English justices of the peace
Liddell family