An international monetary system is a set of internationally agreed rules, conventions and supporting institutions that facilitate international trade, cross border investment and generally the reallocation of capital between states that have different currencies. It should provide means of payment acceptable to buyers and sellers of different nationalities, including deferred payment. To operate successfully, it needs to inspire confidence, to provide sufficient liquidity for fluctuating levels of trade, and to provide means by which global imbalances can be corrected. The system can grow organically as the collective result of numerous individual agreements between international economic factors spread over several decades. Alternatively, it can arise from a single architectural vision, as happened at Bretton Woods in 1944.

Historical overview

Throughout history, precious metals such as gold and silver have been used for trade, sometimes in the form of bullion, and from early history the coins of various issuers – generally kingdoms and empires – have been traded. The earliest known records of pre-coinage use of precious metals for monetary exchange are from Mesopotamia and Egypt,  dating from the third millennium BC. Early money took many forms, apart from bullion; for instance bronze spade money which became common in Zhou dynasty China in the late 7th century BC. At that time, forms of money were also developed in Lydia in Asia Minor, from where its use spread to nearby Greek cities and later to many other places.

Sometimes formal monetary systems have been imposed by regional rulers. For example, scholars have tentatively suggested that the Roman king Servius Tullius created a primitive monetary system in the early history of Rome. Tullius reigned in the sixth century BC – several centuries before Rome is believed to have developed a formal coinage system.

As with bullion, early use of coinage is believed to have been generally the preserve of the elite. But by about the 4th century BC coins were widely used in Greek cities. They were generally supported by the city state authorities, who endeavoured to ensure they retained their values regardless of fluctuations in the availability of whatever base or precious metals they were made from. From Greece the use of coins spread slowly westwards throughout Europe, and eastwards to India. Coins were in use in India from about 400 BC; initially they played a greater role in religion than in trade, but by the 2nd century they had become central to commercial transactions.  Monetary systems that were developed in India were so successful that they spread through parts of Asia well into the Middle Ages.

As a variety of coins became common within a region, they were exchanged by moneychangers, the predecessors of today's foreign exchange market, as mentioned in the Biblical story of Jesus and the money changers. In Venice and the other Italian city states of the early Middle Ages, money changers would often have to struggle to perform calculations involving six or more currencies. This partly led to Fibonacci writing his Liber Abaci which popularised the use of Indo-Arabic numerals, which displaced the more difficult Roman numerals then in use by western merchants.

When a given nation or empire has achieved regional hegemony, its currency has been a basis for international trade, and hence for a de facto monetary system. In the West – Europe and the Middle East – an early such coin was the Persian daric. This was succeeded by Roman currency of the Roman Empire, such as the denarius, then the gold dinar of the Ottoman Empire, and later – from the 16th to 20th centuries, during the Age of Imperialism – by the currency of European colonial powers: the Spanish dollar, the Dutch guilder, the French franc and the British pound sterling; at times one currency has been pre-eminent, at times no one dominated. With the growth of American power, the US dollar became the basis for the international monetary system, formalised in the Bretton Woods agreement that established the post–World War II monetary order, with fixed exchange rates of other currencies to the dollar, and convertibility of the dollar into gold. The Bretton Woods system broke down, culminating in the Nixon shock of 1971, ending convertibility; but the US dollar has remained the de facto basis of the world monetary system, though no longer de jure, with various European currencies and the Japanese yen also being prominent in foreign exchange markets. Since the formation of the euro, the euro has also gained use as a reserve currency and a medium of transactions, though the dollar has remained the most important currency.

A dominant currency may be used directly or indirectly by other nations: for example, English kings minted the gold mancus, presumably to function as dinars to exchange with Islamic Spain; colonial powers sometimes minted coins that resembled those already used in a distant territory; and more recently, a number of nations have used the US dollar as their local currency, a custom called dollarization.

Until the 19th century, the global monetary system was loosely linked at best, with Europe, the Americas, India and China (among others) having largely separate economies, and hence monetary systems were regional. European colonization of the Americas, starting with the Spanish empire, led to the integration of American and European economies and monetary systems, and European colonization of Asia led to the dominance of European currencies, notably the British pound sterling in the 19th century, succeeded by the US dollar in the 20th century. Some, such as Michael Hudson, foresee the decline of a single base for the global monetary system, and the emergence instead of regional trade blocs; he cites the emergence of the euro as an example. See also global financial systems, world-systems approach and polarity in international relations. It was in the later half of the 19th century that a monetary system with close to universal global participation emerged, based on the gold standard.

History of modern global monetary orders
According to J. Lawrence Broz and Jeffry A. Frieden, the sustainability of international monetary cooperation has tended to be affected by:

 A shared interest in currency stability
 Interlinkages to other important issues
 The presence of institutions that formalize the international monetary cooperation
 The number of actors involved, in particular whether one or a few powerful states are willing to take the lead in managing international monetary affairs
 Macroeconomic conditions (during economic downturns, states are incentivized to defect from international monetary cooperation)

The pre-WWI financial order: 1816–1919

From the 1816 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the world benefited from a well-integrated financial order, sometimes known as the "first age of globalisation". There were monetary unions which enabled member countries to accept each other's currencies as legal tender. Such unions included the Latin Monetary Union (Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, France) and the Scandinavian monetary union (Denmark, Norway and Sweden). In the absence of shared membership of a union, transactions were facilitated by widespread participation in the gold standard, by both independent nations and their colonies. Great Britain was at the time the world's pre-eminent financial, imperial, and industrial power, ruling more of the world and exporting more capital as a percentage of her national income than any other creditor nation has since.

While capital controls comparable to the Bretton Woods system were not in place, damaging capital flows were far less common than they were to be in the post 1971 era. In fact Great Britain's capital exports helped to correct global imbalances as they tended to be counter-cyclical, rising when Britain's economy went into recession, thus compensating other states for income lost from export of goods. Accordingly, this era saw mostly steady growth and a relatively low level of financial crises. In contrast to the Bretton Woods system, the pre–World War I financial order was not created at a single high level conference; rather it evolved organically in a series of discrete steps. The Gilded Age, a time of especially rapid development in North America, falls into this period.

Between the World Wars: 1919–1939

The years between the world wars have been described as a period of "de-globalisation", as both international trade and capital flows shrank compared to the period before World War I. During World War I, countries had abandoned the gold standard. Except for the United States, they later returned to it only briefly. By the early 1930s, the prevailing order was essentially a fragmented system of floating exchange rates. In this era, the experience of Great Britain and others was that the gold standard ran counter to the need to retain domestic policy autonomy. To protect their reserves of gold, countries would sometimes need to raise interest rates and generally follow a deflationary policy. The greatest need for this could arise in a downturn, just when leaders would have preferred to lower rates to encourage growth. Economist Nicholas Davenport had even argued that the wish to return Britain to the gold standard "sprang from a sadistic desire by the Bankers to inflict pain on the British working class".

By the end of World War I, Great Britain was heavily indebted to the United States, allowing the US to largely displace it as the world's foremost financial power. The United States, however, was reluctant to assume Great Britain's leadership role, partly due to isolationist influences and a focus on domestic concerns. In contrast to Great Britain in the previous era, capital exports from the US were not countercyclical. They expanded rapidly with the United States' economic growth in the 1920s until 1928, but then almost completely halted as the US economy began slowing in that year. As the Great Depression intensified in 1930, financial institutions were hit hard along with trade; in 1930 alone, 1345 US banks collapsed. During the 1930s, the United States raised trade barriers, refused to act as an international lender of last resort, and refused calls to cancel war debts, all of which further aggravated economic hardship for other countries. According to economist John Maynard Keynes, another factor contributing to the turbulent economic performance of this era was the insistence of French premier Clemenceau that Germany pay war reparations at too high a level, which Keynes described in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace.

The Bretton Woods Era: 1944–1973

British and American policy makers began to plan the post-war international monetary system in the early 1940s. The objective was to create an order that combined the benefits of an integrated and relatively liberal international system with the freedom for governments to pursue domestic policies aimed at promoting full employment and social wellbeing. The principal architects of the new system, John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White, created a plan which was endorsed by the 42 countries attending the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference. The plan involved nations agreeing to a system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates so that the currencies were pegged against the dollar, with the dollar itself convertible into gold. So in effect this was a gold – dollar exchange standard. There were a number of improvements on the old gold standard. Two international institutions, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created. A key part of their function was to replace private finance as a more reliable source of lending for investment projects in developing states. At the time the soon to be defeated powers of Germany and Japan were envisaged as states soon to be in need of such development, and there was a desire from both the US and Britain not to see the defeated powers saddled with punitive sanctions that would inflict lasting pain on future generations. The new exchange rate system allowed countries facing economic hardship to devalue their currencies by up to 10% against the dollar (more if approved by the IMF) – thus they would not be forced to undergo deflation to stay in the gold standard. A system of capital controls was introduced to protect countries from the damaging effects of capital flight and to allow countries to pursue independent macro economic policies while still welcoming flows intended for productive investment. Keynes had argued against the dollar having such a central role in the monetary system, and suggested an international currency called bancor be used instead, but he was overruled by the Americans. Towards the end of the Bretton Woods era, the central role of the dollar became a problem as international demand eventually forced the US to run a persistent trade deficit, which undermined confidence in the dollar. This, together with the emergence of a parallel market for gold in which the price soared above the official US mandated price, led to speculators running down the US gold reserves. Even when convertibility was restricted to nations only, some, notably France, continued building up hoards of gold at the expense of the US. Eventually these pressures caused President Nixon to end all convertibility into gold on 15 August 1971. This event marked the effective end of the Bretton Woods system; attempts were made to find other mechanisms to preserve the fixed exchange rates over the next few years, but they were not successful, resulting in a system of floating exchange rates.

The post Bretton Woods system: 1973–present

An alternative name for the post Bretton Woods system is the Washington Consensus. While the name was coined in 1989, the associated economic system came into effect years earlier: according to economic historian Lord Skidelsky the Washington Consensus is generally seen as spanning 1980–2009 (the latter half of the 1970s being a transitional period). The transition away from Bretton Woods was marked by a switch from a state led to a market led system. The Bretton Wood system is considered by economic historians to have broken down in the 1970s: crucial events being Nixon suspending the dollar's convertibility into gold in 1971, the United States' abandonment of capital controls in 1974, and the UK's ending of capital controls in 1979 which was swiftly copied by most other major economies.

In some parts of the developing world, liberalisation brought significant benefits for large sections of the population – most prominently with Deng Xiaoping's reforms in China since 1978 and the liberalisation of India after its 1991 crisis.

Generally the industrial nations experienced much slower growth and higher unemployment than in the previous era, and according to economist Gordon Fletcher in retrospect the 1950s and 60s when the Bretton Woods system was operating came to be seen as a golden age. Financial crises have been more intense and have increased in frequency by about 300% – with the damaging effects prior to 2008 being chiefly felt in the emerging economies. On the positive side, at least until 2008 investors have frequently achieved very high rates of return, with salaries and bonuses in the financial sector reaching record levels.

Calls for a "New Bretton Woods"

Leading financial journalist Martin Wolf has reported that all financial crises since 1971 have been preceded by large capital inflows into affected regions. While ever since the seventies there have been numerous calls from the global justice movement for a revamped international system to tackle the problem of unfettered capital flows, it was not until late 2008 that this idea began to receive substantial support from leading politicians. On September 26, 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy, then also the President of the European Union, said, "We must rethink the financial system from scratch, as at Bretton Woods."

On October 13, 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown said world leaders must meet to agree to a new economic system:

However, Brown's approach was quite different from the original Bretton Woods system, emphasising the continuation of globalization and free trade as opposed to a return to fixed exchange rates.

There were tensions between Brown and Sarkozy, the latter of whom argued that the "Anglo-Saxon" model of unrestrained markets had failed. However European leaders were united in calling for a "Bretton Woods II" summit to redesign the world's financial architecture.

President Bush was agreeable to the calls, and the resulting meeting was the 2008 G-20 Washington summit.  International agreement was achieved for the common adoption of Keynesian fiscal stimulus, an area where the US and China were to emerge as the world's leading actors. Yet there was no substantial progress towards reforming the international financial system, and nor was there at the 2009 meeting of the World Economic Forum at Davos.

Despite this lack of results leaders continued to campaign for Bretton Woods II. Italian Economics Minister Giulio Tremonti said that Italy would use its 2009 G7 chairmanship to push for a "New Bretton Woods". He had been critical of the U.S.'s response to the global financial crisis of 2008, and had suggested that the dollar may be superseded as the base currency of the Bretton Woods system.

Choike, a portal organisation representing Southern Hemisphere NGOs, called for the establishment of "international permanent and binding mechanisms of control over capital flows" and as of March 2009 had achieved over 550 signatories from civil society organisations.

March 2009 saw Gordon Brown continuing to advocate for reform and the granting of extended powers to international financial institutions like the IMF at the April G20 summit in London, and was said to have president Obama's support
.
Also during March 2009, in a speech entitled Reform the International Monetary System, Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of the People's Bank of China came out in favour of Keynes's idea of a centrally managed global reserve currency. Dr Zhou argued that it was unfortunate that part of the reason for the Bretton Woods system breaking down was the failure to adopt Keynes's bancor. Dr Zhou said that national currencies were unsuitable for use as global reserve currencies as a result of the Triffin dilemma – the difficulty faced by reserve currency issuers in trying to simultaneously achieve their domestic monetary policy goals and meet other countries' demand for reserve currency. Dr Zhou proposed a gradual move towards increased use of IMF special drawing rights (SDRs) as a centrally managed global reserve currency. His proposal attracted much international attention. In a November 2009 article published in Foreign Affairs magazine, economist C. Fred Bergsten argued that Dr Zhou's suggestion or a similar change to the international monetary system would be in the United States' best interests as well as the rest of the world's.

Leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G-20 London summit agreed to allow $250 Billion of SDRs to be created by the IMF, to be distributed to all IMF members according to each countries voting rights.  In the aftermath of the summit, Gordon Brown declared "the Washington Consensus is over".  However, in a book published during September 2009, Professor Robert Skidelsky, an international expert on Keynesianism, argued it was still too early to say whether a new international monetary system was emerging.

On Jan 27, in his opening address to the 2010 World Economic Forum in Davos,  President Sarkozy repeated his call for a new Bretton Woods, and was met by wild applause by a sizeable proportion of the audience.

In December 2011, the Bank of England published a paper arguing for reform, saying that the current international monetary system has performed poorly compared to the Bretton Woods system.

In August 2012 in an International Herald Tribune op-ed, Harvard University professor and director of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation Hal S. Scott called for a global response to the Euro-zone crisis. He wrote that two failures to address European problems around German power had led to world wars in the 20th century and that the current crisis was also beyond the capacity of Europe, with Germany again at the center, to solve on their own. Accepting that leadership transitions were underway in both China and America, Scott called on all concerned—with Japan included with China and America—to begin organizing a global restructuring through the International Monetary Fund with possibly a Bretton Woods II conference as part of the process. MarketWatch commentator Darrell Delamaide endorsed Scott's idea but concluded "unfortunately it's not likely to happen". He added first the example of the failure of Europe to address successfully the breakup of Yugoslavia without outside assistance as a reason for his endorsement. But he found U.S. presidential and Treasury Department leadership and IMF leadership dramatically lacking in the capacity to mount an initiative such as Scott proposed.

See also

Bretton Woods Project
Eurodad
Exchange rate regime
Foreign exchange reserves
Financial crisis of 2007–2010
G20
Global financial system
Golden Age of Capitalism
History of money

References

External links
The Bretton Woods Project
The Rise and Fall of Betton Woods
Eurodad: Bretton Woods II conference FAQs
Eurodad: IMF back in business as Bretton Woods II conference announced
UN Interactive Panel on the Global Financial Crisis
UN Commission of Experts on Reform of the International Financial System
G20 official website
G20 Info Centre (Univ of Toronto)
International Monetary System (Banque de France)

2000s economic history
Foreign exchange market
G20
International finance
History of international trade
Great Recession
Metallism
Economic globalization


The Kerala State Film Award for Best Debut Director winners:

References
Official website
PRD, Govt. of Kerala: Awardees List

Kerala State Film Awards
Directorial debut film awards


Events in the year 1832 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles III John

Events
 11 June - 25 June – The Norwegian ultramarathoner Mensen Ernst ran about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) from Paris to Moscow in 14 days.

Arts and literature
 The newspaper Drammens Tidende is established.
 Det Dramatiske Selskab in Tromsø is founded.

Births
 19 March – Frantz Bruun, priest (d.1908)
 27 May – Laura Gundersen, actor (d.1898)
1 August – Andreas Olsen Sæhlie, farmer, distillery owner and politician (d. 1895).
 13 October – Johan Wilhelm Eide, printer, publisher and newspaper editor (died 1896).
 8 December – Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (d.1910).
 15 December – Wilhelm Christopher Christophersen, diplomat (d.1913)

Full date unknown
 Nils Henrik Bruun, engineer (d.1916)
 Jens Andersen Hagen, politician
 Anders Heyerdahl, violinist, composer and folk music collector (d.1918)
 Knud Knudsen, photographer (d.1915)
 Bernt Julius Muus, Lutheran minister (d.1900)

Deaths
 28 January - Carsten Tank, politician (b.1766)
 3 November - Gabriel Lund, merchant and representative at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly (b.1773)

See also

References


Tanya Davis is a Canadian singer-songwriter and poet, based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her style is marked primarily by spoken word poetry set to music.

Background

Born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, she moved to Ottawa for a time after high school to attend university, and then hitchhiked to British Columbia, where she worked in community development before moving to Halifax in 2005.

Career
Shortly after moving to Halifax, Davis began performing spoken word poetry at various cafés in the city. She soon recorded an album, Make a List, which was nominated for Female Recording of the Year, Alternative Recording of the Year and Album of the Year at the Nova Scotia Music Awards, along with a nomination for Davis herself as New Artist of the Year, as well as four nominations for the MusicPEI Awards. She was named poet of the year in The Coast'''s annual year-end reader's poll for 2007.

She followed up with Gorgeous Morning in 2008.

She has toured across Canada and internationally as a poet and musician, both as a solo artist and with Jenn Grant.

Davis attracted international press attention in 2010 when a performance video of her poem "How to Be Alone", directed by Andrea Dorfman, became popular on YouTube. She subsequently released her third album, Clocks and Hearts Keep Going, in November 2010. The album was produced by Jim Bryson.

Davis authored a book of poetry titled At First, Lonely in spring 2011, published by Canadian publisher The Acorn Press. She also served as poet laureate of the Halifax Regional Municipality from 2011 to 2013.

In 2013, she wrote the poetic narration to Millefiore Clarkes' Island Green, a short documentary produced by the National Film Board of Canada about organic farming in PEI.

In 2014, she appeared in her first acting role, starring in Andrea Dorfman's film Heartbeat.

In 2020 Dorfman and Davis again collaborated on the short film How to Be At Home, based on another poem by Davis about coping with isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. The film was named to the Toronto International Film Festival's year-end Canada's Top Ten list for 2020.

Personal life

Davis has stated in the press that she identifies as queer:

Discography
 Make a List (2006)
 Gorgeous Morning (2008)
 Clocks and Hearts Keep Going'' (2010)

References

External links
 Tanya Davis

21st-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Actresses from Prince Edward Island
Bisexual actresses
Bisexual singers
Bisexual songwriters
Bisexual poets
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Canadian film actresses
Canadian women poets
Canadian spoken word poets
Canadian feminists
Feminist musicians
Canadian LGBT singers
Canadian LGBT songwriters
Canadian LGBT poets
Living people
Musicians from Prince Edward Island
Musicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
People from Summerside, Prince Edward Island
Queer women
Queer actresses
Queer singers
Queer songwriters
Queer poets
Writers from Prince Edward Island
21st-century Canadian women writers
Canadian women pop singers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Poets Laureate of Halifax, Nova Scotia
21st-century Canadian LGBT people
Canadian bisexual writers
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters


Douglas Collier is a Paralympic athlete from United States competing mainly in category P44 pentathlon events.

He competed in the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, United States.  There he won a bronze medal in the men's Pentathlon - P44 event, a bronze medal in the men's 4 x 100 metre relay - T42-46 event, and finished eleventh in the men's Discus throw - F43-44 event.

References

External links

Paralympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic bronze medalists for the United States
American pentathletes
American male sprinters
American male discus throwers
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Sprinters with limb difference
Discus throwers with limb difference
Paralympic sprinters
Paralympic discus throwers


The Four-Year Plan () was a short-term national investment plan, created by Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski, deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Treasury in the government of the Second Polish Republic. The plan, which came into existence on July 1, 1936, foresaw expansion of infrastructure, increase in the defensive abilities of Poland, preparation of foundations for the future expansion of Poland's industry, and activization of the Old-Polish Industrial Region, the oldest industrial region of the country. Pawel Kosieradzki and Wladyslaw Kosieradzki co-developed the Plan with Kwiatkowski. The Polish government projected completion of the plan by June 30, 1940. Its most important element was the development of the Central Industrial Region.

For the period 1940-1955, three five-year plans were prepared.

Origins
The Second Polish Republic was, in comparison to Western European standards, a poor and backward country, and its economy was far behind such nations, as Germany, Great Britain and France. The most developed areas were concentrated in the west, in the territories which had belonged to the German Empire (especially Upper Silesia), while central and eastern parts of Poland were underdeveloped, with high unemployment. The Great Depression hit Poland hard, especially in the countryside.

Late 1920s and early 1930s were times of crisis, but the overall situation began to improve around 1935. European economies began to recover, and foreign investments reappeared in Poland. This created a visible economic revival, nevertheless, millions of people, especially in overpopulated areas in the south, were unemployed. Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski wanted to change  the situation, and on June 10, 1936 in the Polish Parliament, he sketched his four-year national investment plan. According to his project, the plan would cost between 1,650 - 1,800 million zlotys, and it was based on Polish capital. A year later, it turned out that initial costs were insufficient and Kwiatkowski raised them to 2400 million zlotys.

Central Industrial Area

Soon after Kwiatkowski’s announcement, first works began. A levee was built along the Vistula, in the section from Oswiecim to Sandomierz, then two dams were finished in Poreba, and Roznow. In 1937, construction of the Central Industrial Area, the biggest industrial project of interbellum Poland was started.

Investments in other parts of Poland

Since the Second Polish Republic was a country divided into the so-called Poland A (better developed western half), and Poland B (less developed eastern part, see: Kresy), Kwiatkowski wanted to alleviate differences between these two regions. Therefore, several investments were projected for the Eastern Borderlands of the country, including the three rail lines:
 Krzemieniec - Tarnopol,
 Lutsk - Wlodzimierz Wolynski,
 Molodeczno - Stolpce.

End of the plan
Kwiatkowski’s plan turned out to be a great success, as it was completed at the beginning of 1939, more than a year earlier than planned. As early as December 1938, the Minister came up with a new, 15-year plan, which was divided into five parts, each of them connected with a specific branch of economy (urbanization, communication, industrialization, agriculture, education). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the plan was hardly started, with its first part - industrialization, especially armament industry.

The Four Year Plan did not solve the most important problem of Poland - high unemployment and overpopulation of the countryside. One can only speculate, what would have happened had the 15-year plan been completed.

References

Second Polish Republic
Economic history of Poland
Economic planning


Dipterocarpus alatus (, , ; Khmer: chhë tiël ba:y, chhë tiël tük, chhë tiël thom or ឈើទាល (chheutéal); , ), also known colloquially as the resin tree, is a tropical forest tree, of dense evergreen or mixed dense forests, in tropical Asia. It is considered vulnerable.

Description
Dipterocarpus alatus is a large tree, growing to between 30 and 60 m tall. It is insect pollinated, and sets fruit between March and April. Its seeds are wind dispersed.

Range and habitat
Dipterocarpus alatus ranges from West Bengal and Bangladesh through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, along with Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines. It is also native to Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands.

It grows in evergreen and semi-evergreen lowland dipterocarp forests in valleys and foothills. It is often found on ancient alluvial, granite, and basalt rock substrates. It requires humid and well-drained soil. It tolerates flooding but not fire or wind.

It often occurs gregariously along river banks and is a key planting species for regenerating deforested land around the Dong Nai river and Cat Tien National Park.

Uses
In Cambodia, the wood is much valued in construction and cabinetwork, when not exploited for its oily resin. Generally, resin is collected for the following uses: wood lacquering, draught-proofing of boats and traditional medicine. When mixed with beeswax, it is used in bandages for ulcerated wounds. The bark of young trees is also used in traditional medicine, taken against rheumatism and diseases of the liver, and to stimulate appetite in cattle.

In Myanmar, one of the largest of the species is in Kengtung, see photos.

References

External links

Dipterocarpus alatus, Koh Phangan, Thailand
In Vietnamese, illustrated

alatus
Flora of West Bengal
Flora of Bangladesh
Flora of Indo-China
Flora of Sri Lanka
Flora of the Andaman Islands
Flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Flora of the Philippines


Jackie O'Shea was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Dungourney and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1902 until 1907.

Playing career

Club
O'Shea played his club hurling as goal keeper with the famous Dungourney team in Cork and enjoyed some success.  He won three county senior championship titles in all, with these victories coming in 1902, 1907 and 1909.

Inter-county
O'Shea first tasted success on the inter-county scene with Cork in 1902 when he lined out in his first Munster final.  Limerick provided the opposition, however, Cork were the winners by 2-9 to 1-5 and O'Shea collected a Munster winners’ medal.  Galway and Dublin were later defeated as Cork booked their place in the All-Ireland final with London providing the opposition.  The game was played in Cork to mark the opening of the new Cork Athletic Ground.  O'Shea's side made no mistake on this occasion and powered to a 3-13 to 0-0 victory.  It was a huge triumph for Cork and gave O'Shea an All-Ireland winners’ medal.

O'Shea did not take part in any inter-county activity for the next few years, however, in 1907 he finally picked up a second Munster winners’ medal following a 1-6 to 1-4 defeat of Tipperary.  Cork later reached the All-Ireland final with Kilkenny providing the opposition.  A high-scoring, but close, game developed between these two great rivals once again.  As the game entered the final stage there was little to separate the two sides.  Jimmy Kelly scored three first-half goals while Jack Anthony scored Kilkenny’s winning point at the death.  Cork went on two late goal hunts; however, the final score of 3-12 to 4-8 gave Kilkenny the win.  It was O'Shea's last All-Ireland final appearance.

Sources
 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

Dungourney hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing


The 1924 Italian Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Monza on 19 October 1924.

Classification

Notes
  – Nino Cirio raced under the name "Nino".

References

Italian Grand Prix
Italian Grand Prix
Grand Prix


River Wild is an American thriller film released in 2023.

River Wild may also refer to:

 The River Wild, an American thriller film released in 1994
 Open Heaven / River Wild, 2015 album by Hillsong Worship

See also
 Wild river (disambiguation)


The Opglabbeek Formation is a geologic formation in the subsurface of the eastern part of Belgian Limburg. The heterogeneous formation consists of clay and sand that was deposited lagoonally and fluvially during the early Selandian (Middle Paleocene, about 60 million years old). The formation is named after the town of Opglabbeek in Limburg.

The Opglabbeek Formation is subdivided into two members: the Opoeteren Member (red clay with layers of lignite) and the Eisden Member (fine sand with crags).

The Opglabbeek Formation's thickness ranges between  and , reaching its greatest thickness as it abuts the Roer Valley Graben. It lies stratigraphically on top of the Houthem Formation (early Paleocene calcareous sandstone).  It is the lateral equivalent of the Hainin Formation. On top of it lies the Heers Formation (Middle Paleocene sands and marls).  The Opglabbeek Formation is part of the Hesbaye Group and can be correlated with parts of the Landen Formation of adjacent areas in the southern Netherlands.

References

Geologic formations of Belgium
Paleocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Belgium


Jeremiah Desmond (1876 - 26 April 1958) was an Irish sportsman. He played hurling with his local club Dungourney and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1902 until 1907.

Playing career

Club
Desmond played his club hurling with his local Dungourney team in Cork and enjoyed some success. He won three county senior championship titles in all, with victory coming in 1902, 1907 and 1909.

Inter-county
Desmond first tasted success on the inter-county scene with Cork in 1902 when he lined out in his first Munster final. Limerick provided the opposition on that occasion and n exciting contest ensued. At the final whistle Cork were the winners by 2-9 to 1-5 and Desmond collected a Munster winners’ medal. Cork subsequently defeated Galway and Dublin were later defeated as Cork booked their place in the All-Ireland final with London providing the opposition.  The game was played in Cork to mark the opening of the new Cork Athletic Ground. Desmond's side made no mistake on this occasion and went on to win 3-13 to 0-0, giving Desmond an All-Ireland winners’ medal.

Desmond was still a key member of the Cork team again in 1903. That year, he collected a second Munster winners’ medal as Cork defeated Waterford by 5-16 to 1-1. Cork later received a walkover from Galway before defeating Kilkenny in the ‘home’ championship decider. London provided the opposition for a third time in the proper All-Ireland final. Cork were well on top for the entire game and secured a 3-16 to 1-1 victory. It was Desmond’s second consecutive All-Ireland winners’ medal.

In 1904 Desmond and Cork were attempting to capture a third All-Ireland title in-a-row. The campaign began well with Cork defeating Tipperary to secure a fourth consecutive Munster title. A subsequent trouncing of Antrim set up an All-Ireland final showdown with Kilkenny. It was the beginning of a hugely successful era for ‘the Cats’ as Cork were heading into decline. Kilkenny won the game thanks to Dick Doyle’s first-half goal, while Pat ‘Fox’ Maher made great save at the end to help his team to a 1-9 to 1-8 defeat of Desmond’s side.

After being dropped from the Cork team for a number of years Desmond was back in 1907. That year he picked up a fourth Munster winners’ medal following a 1-6 to 1-4 defeat of Tipperary. Cork later reached the All-Ireland final with Kilkenny providing the opposition. A high-scoring, but close, game developed between these two great rivals once again. As the game entered the final stage there was little to separate the two sides. Jimmy Kelly scored three first-half goals while Jack Anthony scored Kilkenny’s winning point at the death. Cork went on two late goal hunts; however, the final score of 3-12 to 4-8 gave Kilkenny the win. It was Desmond’s last All-Ireland final appearance.

References

1876 births
1958 deaths
Dungourney hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


Route 530, or Highway 530, may refer to:

Canada
 Alberta Highway 530
 Manitoba Provincial Road 530
 New Brunswick Route 530

United Kingdom
 A530 road

United States

 Texas:


Carl Braun Camera-Werk of Nuremberg, Germany, or Braun, as it was more commonly called, was founded as an optical production house. It is best known for its 35mm film cameras named Paxette, and for slide projectors named Paximat.

History

The company was founded in 1915  under name of Karl Braun KG, Fabrik optischer Geräte und Metallwaren for the fabrication of optical appliances and metalware. In 1948, the company began producing box film cameras, in rollfilm and 35mm format. It changed its name to Carl Braun Camera-Werke. Its best known model was the Paxette series of 35mm rangefinder cameras. Most of the company's cameras were consumer-level models, though the company did briefly produce several more advanced 35mm rangefinder designs as well as an interesting 35mm single-lens reflex camera line with leaf shutters, the Paxette Reflex (Automatic?)/AMC M335 Reflex. The most advanced of Braun's rangefinders and SLRs had interchangeable lenses.

Braun ceased making cameras in the 1960s, in part because of high labour costs and a resultant inability to compete in the consumer level camera market, a market increasingly supplied by Japanese firms.

Parallel to the camera manufacturing began the development and construction of film slide projectors.  In 1955, under the Carl Braun Camera-Werk Nürnberg label, the company introduced one of the first semi-automatic slide projectors with a tray magazine to the consumer market named Paximat.  Other innovations included wired or wireless remote control, automatic focus, brighter halogen lamps, and variable brightness control.  Since 1955, about 4 million slide projectors have been built and sold in 120 countries around the world under the names Paximat or Novamat.

Although the company was selling more than four million units by 1997, Braun's overall profitability declined precipitously, and in 2000, the company ceased trading.  It was reorganized the following year.

In addition to the successful introduction of digital cameras and accessories, in 2003 Braun introduced the Braun Multimag SlideScan 3600 digital scanner for the consumer market. This scanner was based on the Paximat Multimag series of slide projectors, and enables the scanning of slides directly from six different slide trays.  New Braun scanners utilize Digital ICE technology.

In 2004, Braun changed its name again. It is now known as Braun Photo Technik GmbH, and continues to sell and/or manufacture slide projectors, other optical goods, and optical business applications.

Gallery

References

External links
Reinventing The Camera Experience

Braun
Braun


The Florida Open is the Florida state open golf tournament, open to both amateur and professional golfers. It is now organized by the Florida State Golf Association (FSGA). It has been played annually since 1942 at a variety of courses around the state. There were earlier "Florida Open"s played in the 1920s and 1930s, not associated with the current version, that are considered official PGA Tour events.

Winners

2022 Andy Pope
2021 Connor Arendell
2020 J. C. Deacon
2019 Sean Dale
2018 Gabriel Lench (amateur)
2017 J. C. Deacon
2016 Caleb Johnson, Jr.
2015 John Jonas (amateur)
2014 Caleb Johnson, Jr.
2013 Tyler McCumber
2012 Chase Seiffert (amateur)
2011 Rod Perry
2010 Ben Vertz (amateur)
2009 Thomas Murray (amateur)
2008 No tournament
2007 Travis Hampshire
2006 Camilo Benedetti
2005 Colby Beckstrom
2004 No tournament due to Hurricanes Frances and Jeanne
2003 Joe Alfieri
2002 No tournament
2001 Duke Donahue
1999–2000 No tournament
1998 Jimmy Stobs
1997 Jay Townsend
1996 Eric Brito
1995 Rodney Butcher
1994 Bart Bryant
1993 Jim Chancey
1992 Ronnie McCann
1991 Joey Rassett
1990 Dudley Hart
1989 Jim Ragland
1988 Bart Bryant
1987 Bruce Fleisher
1986 Mitch Adcock
1985 John Huston
1984 Ron Terry
1983 Larry Mowry
1982 Donnie Hammond
1981 Richard Blake
1980 Bruce Fleisher
1979 Larry Mowry
1978 Tony Valentine
1977 Rich Bassett
1976 Jim King
1975 Lee Wykle
1974 Charles Owens
1973 Billy Maxwell
1972 Ted Kroll
1971 Jim King
1970 Eddie Pearce (amateur)
1969 Gary Koch (amateur)
1968 Joe Lopez
1967 Bob Murphy
1966 Pete Cooper
1965 Tom Malone
1964 Howell Fraser
1963 J. C. Goosie
1962 Don Bisplinghoff (amateur)
1961 Don Bisplinghoff (amateur)
1960 Dub Pagan
1959 Howell Fraser (amateur)
1958 Pete Cooper
1957 Pete Cooper
1956 Dave Ragan (amateur)
1955 Don Bisplinghoff (amateur)
1954 Jim McCoy (amateur)
1953 Burl Bolesta
1952 Gardner Dickinson
1951 Lloyd Wadkins
1950 Pete Cooper
1949 Pete Cooper
1948 Pete Cooper
1947 Charles Harper
1946 Pete Cooper
1945 Burl Bolesta
1944 Pete Cooper
1943 Willie Turnesa (amateur)
1942 Lou Broward (amateur)

Previous tournaments under the same name

1931 Wiffy Cox and Joe Turnesa (tie)
1929 Horton Smith
1928 Henry Ciuci
1927 Billy Burke
1926 Johnny Farrell
1925 Leo Diegel
1922 George Kerrigan
1921 Jim Barnes
1911 Gilbert Nicholls
1906 Walter Travis

External links
Florida State Golf Association
List of winners

Former PGA Tour events
Golf in Florida
State Open golf tournaments
Recurring sporting events established in 1912
1912 establishments in Florida


The following highways are numbered 471:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 471

Israel
Highway 471 (Israel)

Japan
 Japan National Route 471

United States
  Interstate 471
  Arkansas Highway 471
  Florida State Road 471
  Kentucky Route 471
  Louisiana Highway 471
  Maryland Route 471
  Mississippi Highway 471
  North Carolina Highway 471
  Pennsylvania Route 471
  Puerto Rico Highway 471
  South Dakota Highway 471
 Texas:
  Texas State Highway Loop 471
  Texas State Highway Spur 471
  Farm to Market Road 471


The following highways are numbered 463:

Canada
Manitoba Provincial Road 463
Newfoundland and Labrador Route 463

Japan
  Japan National Route 463

United States
  Arkansas Highway 463
  Louisiana Highway 463
  Mississippi Highway 463
  Pennsylvania Route 463
  Puerto Rico Highway 463
  South Carolina Highway 463 (former)
 Texas:
  Texas State Highway Loop 463
  Farm to Market Road 463


The Teles Pires () is a  long river in Brazil. The river flows through the state of Mato Grosso and its lower part marks the border between the states of Mato Grosso and Pará. At its mouth it joins Juruena River and together they form the Tapajós, which is one of the biggest tributaries of the Amazon River. The most important settlement along the river is Alta Floresta. One writer says that it was originally called the Paranatinga, and was renamed after Captain Telles Pires who died exploring the river in 1889.

Several dams are planned on the river in the "Hidrovia Tapajos/Teles Pires" project to create a navigable waterway connecting the interior of Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean.
The waterway will consist of five dams on the Teles Pires river ( Magessi Dam,  Sinop Dam,  Colíder Dam,  Teles Pires Dam,  Sao Manoel Dam) and the  Foz do Apiacas Dam on the Apiacas river.

The Colíder Dam and the Teles Pires Dam are currently under construction, while the smaller upstream dams are still in the planning stages.

References

External links

Teles Pires in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English (bartleby.com) (outdated length)
Hidrovia Tapajos - Teles Pires - Regierungsdokument (portuguese)

Rivers of Mato Grosso
Rivers of Pará


Route 549, or Highway 549, may refer to:

Canada
Alberta Highway 549
Manitoba Provincial Road 549
 Ontario Highway 549

United Kingdom
 A549 road
London Buses route 549

United States

 Texas:

Territories
  Puerto Rico Highway 549


The Ammergau Railway or Ammergaubahn (sometimes called the Ammertalbahn or "Ammer Valley Railway", originally the Lokalbahn Murnau–Oberammergau) is a single-tracked, electrified railway line in Bavaria in southern Germany. It runs from Murnau to Oberammergau, its latter stages following the valley of the river Ammer from which it derives its name. This stub line to Oberammergau branches off at Murnau from the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen main line.

Operations and history

This 23.671 km long route was completed on 1 May 1900 under a Bavarian concession granted on 24 January 1897 to the  Lokalbahn AG (LAG). On 1 January 1905 it was electrified, becoming the first railway in Germany to run on single-phase AC power. Originally the line was electrified with 5.5 kV, 16 Hz AC. With effect from 1 August 1938 the LAG was transferred to the Deutsche Reichsbahn. But it was not until 1954/55 that the power system was converted to the usual 15 kV, 162/3 Hz by the Deutsche Bundesbahn, and four of the five DRG Class E 69 electric locomotives modified accordingly.

With road traffic increasing in popularity, the Ammergau Railway was affected just as badly as other branch lines in the railway network. Goods traffic dwindled to virtually nothing and the number of passengers fell steadily to between 500 and 1,000 per day. As a result, a vast amount of infrastructure has been removed.

In 1999 there were negotiations with the passenger union Pro Bahn and DB Regio Bayern AG. Pro Bahn demanded inter alia a new crossing place at Altenau (Bay) and the retention of the second track at Oberammergau. That would have enabled journey times to be reduced by about 10 minutes. But the cost of about 4 million marks was too high and the project was put on ice.

Modernisation
In recent times the route has been extensively modernised. However all infrastructure no longer needed for scheduled services fell victim to this process, which resulted in major criticism of Deutsche Bahn by Pro Bahn and others. For example, since the renovation in autumn 2005 there has only been one track at the terminus in Oberammergau; the rest of the area has been built on to provide a bus station and other facilities. As a result, the terminus was downgraded from a station to a halt. The stations at Grafenaschau and Unterammergau were likewise downgraded to stops, since when trains cannot be caught from either location. As a direct result of these rationalisation measures, specials can no longer run during the day to Oberammergau, because there is no longer anywhere for them to cross. The only remaining crossing place—at Bad Kohlgrub—is needed for scheduled services. Here the regular trains cross hourly. Furthermore, locomotives can no longer run around at the terminus in Oberammergau; only push-pull trains or multiple units can use the single track there.

In the area of Bad Kohlgrub, 10 kilometres of 80-year-old track was replaced; the new rails were continuously welded. The route was also equipped in 2005 with the GSM-R digital train radio system. Since 28 November 2008 the line has also to be controlled from the electronic signal box at Garmisch-Partenkirchen. This means that the Fahrdienstleiter post at Bad Kohlgrub can be saved.

One curiosity is the request stop at Jägerhaus, where trains pass through at night without stopping for safety reasons because the stop has no platform lighting.

Operational stock
Once the original Class 169 locomotives had retired in the early 1980s due to their advanced state of obsolescence, they were replaced by Class 141 locomotives. The rolling stock, however, remained the same: the so-called  Silberlings being employed (two coaches per train). The locomotive-hauled trains were finally replaced by  Class 425 and 426 multiples (two sets being required for scheduled services), the last Class 141-hauled push-pull trains working the line in autumn 2004.

See also
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 Bavarian branch lines
 List of closed railway lines in Bavaria

References

Sources

External links

KBS 963 - Die Ammergaubahn
1944 timetable

Branch lines in Bavaria
Railway lines opened in 1900


François Brune (born 30 September 1940), whose real name is Bruno Hongre,  is a French author and professor. He contributed to the Monde Diplomatique where he wrote articles about advertisement.

References

1940 births
Living people
French male writers
Place of birth missing (living people)


Venezuela is a major producer and exporter of minerals, notably bauxite, coal, gold, iron ore, and oil, and the state controls most of the country's vast mineral reserves. In 2003 estimated reserves of bauxite totaled 5.2 million tons.

The third largest producer of coal in Latin America, after Colombia and Brazil, Venezuela produced 5.8 million short tons (1 short ton=2,000 pounds) in 2002, as compared with 9.3 million short tons in 2000, and exported most of it to other countries in the region, the eastern United States, and Europe. Known reserves for coal total 10.2 billion tons, of which approximately 528 million short tons are recoverable bituminous coal.

The main coalfields are located in the western Zulia State, on the border with Colombia. Other known reserves include natural bitumen (42 billion tons). Exploitable gold reserves, located mostly in the southeast, total an estimated 10,000 tons. In 2003 production totaled 20 million grams (or 20 tons), including 6 million grams attributed to unofficial mining activities, marking a sharp increase from 1999, when only 5.9 million grams were produced. In 2003 Venezuela's estimated reserves of iron ore totaled 14.6 million tons. Proven reserves total 4.1 billion tons, of which 1.7 billion tons are high-grade. Production has been increasing and totaled a record 19.2 million tons in 2003, two-thirds of which were exported. Iron-ore reserves are concentrated in the southeast.

With  of proven oil reserves in 2004, Venezuela has the largest proven oil reserves in South America and the sixth largest in the world—more than Canada, Mexico, and the United States combined. Venezuela's 2002 production of  (bbl/d) of crude was a drop of 8.3 percent over 2001 and the country's lowest production figure since 1994. In 2003, a year in which production was halted for a couple of months by a general strike and further disrupted by the firing of nearly half of the state oil company's work force, Venezuela's total oil production was an estimated . In 2004 oil production totaled about , according to the government's estimate. Prior to President Chávez's December 1998 election, Venezuela regularly exceeded its Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-agreed oil production targets. Hugo Chávez maintained a policy of strict adherence to OPEC quotas and played a leading role in shifting OPEC from a volume-oriented strategy to one of controlling prices.

Gold
Venezuela has experienced an oil dependency for an extended part of their history, but in the recent years, their focus has shifted over to gold. As a part of the 2016 settlement of a dispute over withdrawal of a gold concession to Gold Reserve, a Canadian mining company, the government entered into a joint venture to exploit the Brisas mine and Las Cristinas goldmines.

See also
 Orinoco Mining Arc
 Gold holdings

References

Economy of Venezuela
Environment of Venezuela


The Church of São Miguel do Castelo () is a medieval church in the civil parish of Oliveira do Castelo, municipality of Guimarães, in the northern district of Braga of Portugal. The church is emblematically linked to the foundation of the Portuguese Kingdom. Legend suggests that it was the sight of the baptism of the young Afonso Henriques.  These claims are contradictory, since the date of the church's founding has been suggested to be during the reign of Afonso II of Portugal.

History

It was constructed within the circle of the Castle of Guimarães, with which it intimately shares a relationship. A few authors argue that it was the church where Afonso Henriques was baptized, dating its probable construction to the 9th or 10th century, during the era of Countess Mumadona Dias, exalting the ancestry of the Church and perpetuating the legend. This current of nationalist histography, which ideologically supported a Romantic revisionism dates to the 19th century and continues to this day (as evidenced from the plaque erected on the site).

Yet, this interpretation contradicts that date of its consecration and first reference by the Church, which only occurred in the 13th century, in conditions particularly difficult for these early ancestors.  The church was first referenced in 1216, in a document to the collegiate of canons in Guimarães. Its construction occurred even as this group of clergy were quarrelling with the powerful Archbishop of Braga, which later led to armed confrontation. The building of the Church was justified by the need of a temple in Guimarães, a decision which escaped the Archbishop at the time. It was later consecrated by the Archbishop of Braga circa 1239. Later, it was also referred to as a suffrage of Santa Maria de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira in 1258.

During the Inquirições (inquiries/inventory) of King Afonso III of Portugal the church was referenced in its construction, noting the involvement of the stonemason Garcia Petrarius, who was likely a Moor.

An inscription relating to later re-modelling was unveiled in 1664.

In 1795, the prior of the Collegiate of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira ordered the substitution of the cross arch in this year.

By 1870, the temple ceased to be the parochial church owing to the considerable degradation and ruin of the building. In ruins during the totality of the 1870s, a commission of notable inhabitants in Guimarães, affiliated with the Sociedade Martins Sarmento, proceeded to restore and maintain the essential characteristics that the church had accumulated along the centuries. Between 1874 and 1880, public works to restore the building, including the re-positioning of the primitive cross arch were undertaken.  On their completion, the church was once again opened to the public for services.

In 1957, the area around the chapel was restored by the landscape artist Viana Barreto.

The General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments () demolished the main body of the sacristy to the southern lateral facade, in order to restore the original medieval character of the church.  It was followed in 1936 with the dismantling of the steeple that existed on the facade, resulting in a reconstruction and repairs to the gable. Similar renovations and reconstructions were carried out in 1939 (new roof and doors) and reinforcement of the chapel cracks with six boxes of wire mesh in 1963.

Architecture

The Church stands on the northern limit of the historic centre of Guimarães, on the flank of Monte Latito, encircled by forest and accessible by several pedestrian trails. To the southeast is the Chapel of Santa Cruz, to the north is the Castle of Guimarães and to the south the Palace of the Dukes of Braganza.

Stylistically, the building appears to conform to secondary status on the Sacred Hill () of Guimarães.  Manuel Monteiro highlighted that the chapel was simple, and concluded that it was a slightly illegal construction (as indicated by the conflict between the Archbishop and the canons of Guimarães). Its almost lack of decoration, with compact walls, low lighting and simple plan (nave and juxtapositioned chancel), were to Monteiro's opinion, indicators of an illegal treatment of the building.  When the Archbishop finally consecrated the building the influence of Gothic architecture began to be promoted within the territories, and Romanesque treatments were seen as a resistance to the new style.

The longitudinal church existing of a single rectangular nave and chancel, is built on staggered horizontal spaces covered in a tiled-roof. The walls are constructed in granite blocks topped by gables, while the lateral walls support double eaves.  The main facade with portico with interrupted lintel includes a double arch with simple tympanum. The archway is flanked by beams supporting the main body, while a slit window surmounts the entrance and a cross fleury at the apex of its frontispiece.  The lateral southern and northern walls are accessible by doors with lintels, and surmounted by demarcated arch with complementary beams and slit windows (as in the facade, but less grande).

The northern façade also includes to arcosolium on either side of the door, one semi-ornate that includes archivolt decoration and the other a more simple.  There are no indications whether either arcosolium at one time held remains. The posterior wall also includes a slit window open to the apse and Maltese cross above the main body of the nave.

Interior
The simple granite walls of the church are duplicated in the granite slabs that are applied to the floor. Many of the slabs are inscribed and decorated as funeral sepulchres with the names of knights who fell in the line of duty.

At the front left of the chapel is the baptismal font, made of granite in a simple circular form.  This baptistery is demarcated by an iron gate crowned in stylized fleur-de-lis. Alongside is a stone with inscription stating that the baptistery was used to baptize Afonso Henriques in 1106. Lateral porticos are carved into simple arches.  A full triumphal arch is decorated with frieze with interlocking ribbon motifs, while a cornice runs across the perimeter of the temple.

On a one-step platform in the chancel is a granite altar that stands against the wall fascia on footstool of two steps.

References
Notes

Sources

Churches completed in 1216
13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Portugal
Romanesque architecture in Portugal
Sao Miguel Castelo
National monuments in Braga District
Buildings and structures in Guimarães


Dollosuchus (meaning "Louis Dollo's crocodile") is an extinct monospecific genus of tomistomine crocodilian originally named as a species of Gavialis. It is a basal form possibly related to Kentisuchus, according to several phylogenetic analyses that have been conducted in recent years, and is the oldest known tomistomine to date. Fossils have been found from Belgium and the United Kingdom. It had large supratemporal fenestrae in relation to its orbits, similar to Kentisuchus and Thecachampsa.

Dollosuchus was originally described on the basis of numerous mandibular fragments found from the Early to Middle Eocene Bracklesham Beds Formation in the United Kingdom. The material cannot be distinguished from other related longirostrine, or long-snouted, crocodilians. A nearly complete skeleton from Belgium (IRScNB 482) discovered in 1915 and described by Swinton in 1937, and referred to Dollosuchus, formed the basis of the new taxon Dollosuchoides densmorei. The holotype, BMNH 26125 and BMNH 26126, is now on display at the World of Kina museum in Ghent, Belgium.

Species
The type species of Dollosuchus is D. dixoni. Many other species that once belonged to other genera have been proposed as members of the genus, but little work has been published to support these claims. Charactosuchus kugleri, another Eocene crocodilian, has been suggested to be synonymous with Dollosuchus, but this is no longer likely because C. kugleri is now thought to be a member of the family Crocodylidae, and thus closer related to modern crocodiles than to gharials. It has been suggested that Kentisuchus spenceri, Megadontosuchus arduini, and Dollosuchus dixoni are cogeneric. If this is the case, the genus name Dollosuchus would be adopted for all three species, as the name has seniority over the other two.

References

External links
Dollosuchus in the Paleobiology Database

Gavialidae
Eocene crocodylomorphs
Eocene reptiles of Europe
Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera
Taxa named by Richard Owen


Rose Bay is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, in Lunenburg County.

Notable people
 Ines Torelli (1931-2019), Swiss actress

References

External links
Kingsburg Nova Scotia Community Association
Kingsburg Coastal Conservancy
Municipality of the District of Lunenburg

Communities in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Pat Leahy (4 August 1878 – 1 April 1950) was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Dungourney and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1902 until 1907.

Playing career

Club
Leahy played his club hurling with the famous Dungourney team in Cork and enjoyed some success.  He won three county senior championship titles in all, with these victories coming in 1902, 1907 and 1909.

Inter-county
Leahy first tasted success on the inter-county scene with Cork in 1902 when he lined out in his first Munster final.  Limerick provided the opposition, however, Cork were the winners by 2-9 to 1-5 and Leahy collected a Munster winners’ medal.  Galway and Dublin were later defeated as Cork booked their place in the All-Ireland final with London providing the opposition.  The game was played in Cork to mark the opening of the new Cork Athletic Ground.  Leahy's side made no mistake on this occasion and powered to a 3-13 to 0-0 victory.  It was a huge triumph for Cork and gave Leahy an All-Ireland winners’ medal.

Leahy did not take part in any inter-county activity for the next few years, however, in 1907 he finally picked up a second Munster winners’ medal following a 1-6 to 1-4 defeat of Tipperary. Cork later reached the All-Ireland final with Kilkenny providing the opposition.  A high-scoring, but close, game developed between these two great rivals once again.  As the game entered the final stage there was little to separate the two sides.  Jimmy Kelly scored three first-half goals while Jack Anthony scored Kilkenny’s winning point at the death.  Cork went on two late goal hunts; however, the final score of 3-12 to 4-8 gave Kilkenny the win.  It was Leahy's last All-Ireland final appearance.

Sources
 Corry, Eoghan, The GAA Book of Lists (Hodder Headline Ireland, 2005).
 Cronin, Jim, A Rebel Hundred: Cork's 100 All-Ireland Titles.
 Donegan, Des, The Complete Handbook of Gaelic Games (DBA Publications Limited, 2005).

References

1878 births
1950 deaths
Dungourney hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


Vasileios Sachinis (; 1897 – 18 November 1943) was a Greek leader of the Northern Epirote Liberation Front (MAVI) (1942–1943), an organization related to the National Republican Greek League of Napoleon Zervas.

Biography
Sachinis was born at the village of Dhuvjan in Dropull area (south of Gjirokastër) and studied at the Robert College in Constantinople (Istanbul). Then he became a businessman in Gjirokastër. During World War II and after the retreat of the Greek army from the area, he became part of the so-called "Northern Epirote" resistance against the Italian and then the German occupation forces in southern Albania (1942–1943) He protested to the Italian Occupation Forces, accusing them that they supported various activities of the Albanian resistance groups against the local Greek population. He became finally targeted by Albanian communists, he was tortured and executed as an agent (18 November 1943).

See also
Grigorios Lambovitiadis

References

1897 births
1943 deaths
Albania in World War II
Epirus in World War II
Albanian people of Greek descent
Greek Resistance members
Greek torture victims
Northern Epirus independence activists
People from Dropull
People murdered in Albania
Robert College alumni


Kim In-Sik (, Hanja: 金寅植) is a former manager of the Korea Baseball Organization. He was the manager of the South Korean national baseball team in the late 2000s and again in the 2010s when he was named as such in June .

Player career
Kim played for amateur teams Crown Beer and Hanil Bank as a pitcher from 1965 to 1972, but with continuing arm and shoulder trouble, he retired after the 1972 season.

Manager career

KBO Manager
In 1973 Kim managed Baemoon High School until 1977, and also coached Sangmoon High School during 3 years.

He was the manage of the Dongguk University baseball team from 1982 to 1985. Then, Kim moved into the professional ranks in 1986 when he became the bench coach of the Haitai Tigers from 1986 to 1989.

Kim managed during his career the Ssangbangwool Raiders from 1990 to 1992 and the Doosan Bears from 1995 to 2003. For the Bears, he led Doosan to Korean Series titles in 1995 and 2001.

In November 2004, Kim was hired to manage the Hanwha Eagles. One month later he suffered a stroke but recovered enough to stay on as manager. Kim led the Eagles to the Korean Series in 2006 but the team lost to the Samsung Lions. The Eagles did not qualify for the postseason in 2009, and Kim resigned after the season.

Team Korea Manager
He was the bench coach of the South Korea national baseball team in the 2000 Summer Olympics under manager Kim Eung-Yong. The team won the Bronze medal after defeating Japan by a 3-1 score. Then Kim was named national team manager and led his team to the gold medal in the 2002 Asian Games, defeating Chinese Taipei 4-3 in the gold medal match.

He was the manager of the South Korean national team that played in the 2006 World Baseball Classic and won every game they played in Pool A. They advanced to round two, again winning all three games to secure a place in the semifinals. Upon reaching the semifinals, the South Korean government announced that it would waive for the players on the team the mandatory two-year military service required of all young South Korean men. However, at the semifinals, the South Korean team lost to Japan, whom they had beaten twice previously. This led to controversy in South Korea over the regulations of the WBC concerning the fact that South Korea had to face Japan three times and that it was Japan that was allowed to go to the finals, when it had four victories and three losses up to that point, two of those losses to South Korea, while the South Korean team, which had only one loss and had already beaten Japan twice, was eliminated from the finals. Kim also led the South Korean team to the final of the 2009 World Baseball Classic, where they finished in second place.

Filmography

Television show

References

External links
KBS Bio

1947 births
Living people
South Korean baseball managers
South Korean baseball coaches
South Korean baseball players
Hanwha Eagles managers
Doosan Bears managers
Sportspeople from Seoul
Asian Games baseball managers
World Baseball Classic managers
South Korea national baseball team managers


The Somali Youth Coalition (SYC) is a community reach organization based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was formed in 2001 when representatives from several child-youth service organizations united to identify and address the needs of and challenges facing the city's Somali youth.

Projects
In 2003, the Trillium Foundation of Ontario approved an SYC grant to establish the Somali Youth Support Project. The project’s goals include keeping youth in school, involving them in community, social, recreational, sporting and educational activities, encouraging volunteerism, and promoting youth leadership within the Somali community.

That same year, the SYC initiated two youth support programs: the Gang Prevention program and the Youth Support Services project. The Gang Prevention project is aimed at young Somalis in the Rexdale area of Toronto with the goal of working in conjunction with the Somali community, Somali parents, and Canadian public systems such as Education, Parks & Recreation, Child Welfare, and Criminal Justice to provide educational and preventative services to the local Somali youth and their parents. The Somali Youth Support program, for its part, works with the Somali community as well as mainstream institutions to reduce the risk factors that might cause Somali youth to drop out of school, join gangs and run into trouble with the law. The Project's strategy is to adopt an early prevention approach by promoting staying in school, getting involved in community recreation and sporting events, and developing young leaders who can serve as role models for other Somali youth.

Somali Youth Recognition Awards
Under the umbrella of the Somali Youth Coalition, the Somali Youth Association of Toronto (SOYAT), Midaynta (a settlement and family services organization) and the Children's Aid Society of Toronto established in 2004 the Somali Youth Recognition Awards (SYRA), a ceremony that recognizes the significant achievements of and contributions to the Somali community by individual Somali youngsters. The SYRA also gives the Somali community a chance to show ownership and pride in its young people.

In order to win the award, nominees must meet a series of demanding general and award-specific criteria such as maintaining a minimum grade point average, managing or owning a business, setting a good example for other Somali youth, getting involved with the community and volunteering on a regular basis, among other things. Nine young men and nine young women are then selected to be recognized for outstanding achievement in a specific category.

Basic eligibility requirements

 A candidate must be of Somali descent
 He or she must be a resident of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA)
 He or she must be between the ages of 14 and 29
 Previous winners cannot win for the same category

Award categories

 Academic Achievement Award
 Entrepreneurship Achievements Award
 Successful Career Achievement Award
 Sports/ Athletics Achievement Award
 Community Work Achievement Award
 Music / Arts Achievement Award
 Spiritual Achievement Award
 Leadership Award

See also
 Yasmin Warsame

References
 Somali Youth Recognition Awards
 Somali youth recognized at special awards ceremony
 Association of Somali Service Agencies - 2003 Annual Report: Building a Better & Prosperous Community

Somali Canadian
Youth organizations based in Canada
Youth-led organizations


This article is a list of story arcs for the Wildstorm comic book The Authority presented in chronological order of release.

The Authority, vol. 1

"The Circle" (#1–4)
The Authority make their first public appearance to stop Kaizen Gamorra, an old enemy of Stormwatch, who wants to take advantage of Stormwatch's breakup to take revenge upon the world. To do this he uses engineered supersoldiers to destroy first Moscow and then part of London. The Authority does not manage to stop the attack on London, then predicts the third and final attack in Los Angeles which is averted with heavy civilian casualties. Midnighter uses the Carrier to destroy the superhuman clone factory on Gamorra's island.

"Shiftships" (#5–8)
The Authority have to stop an invasion by a parallel Earth, specifically a parallel Britain called Sliding Albion. As it turns out, Jenny Sparks has met them before when their shiftships first appeared in 1920. Sliding Albion is a world where open contact between aliens (the blues) and humans during the 16th century led to interbreeding and an imperialist culture similar to the Victorian British Empire. After the Authority repel the initial wave of attacks, Jenny takes the Carrier to the Sliding Albion universe where they destroy London and Italy and what's left of the blues' regime along with it. In an all-frequencies message, she tells the people to take advantage of the second chance and "We are the Authority. Behave."

It is during this arc that Apollo and Midnighter's relationship is revealed, though it had been hinted at before.

"The Outer Dark" (#9–12)
During the closing days of 1999, strange alien creatures begin building unknown structures in Africa and on the Moon. This prompts the previous Doctors to reveal to the current Doctor a vital secret: the original creator of Earth, the closest thing to the concept of "God" that exists, has returned from a grand tour of the universe to find humanity as an unwanted infestation in its "retirement home". Thus "God" is terraforming Earth to be habitable for itself (and uninhabitable for humans) in time for the arrival of its person, which is an immense pyramid-shaped object the size of the Moon.

The Engineer convinces the Carrier to leave Earth orbit. The Authority pilot the Carrier into the approaching "God" through a pore and manage to navigate to its brain. On the route they encounter the being's immune system as well as a civilization that has evolved from parasites over billions of years. During the closing minutes of December 31, 1999, Jenny Sparks carries out her final act as the Spirit of the Twentieth Century, electrocuting the creature's brain to death before dying in Jack Hawksmoor's arms.

"The Nativity" (#13–16)

Now under Jack Hawksmoor's leadership, the Authority try but fail to capture Jenny Quantum, the newborn Spirit of the Twenty-First Century, already proven to be more powerful than Sparks ever was. Instead, she is taken by a superhero-creating mastermind, Dr. Jacob Krigstein, who wants Jenny so he can shape the next century through her. Swift cuts a deal for custody of Jenny with Krigstein, who is granted lab space aboard the Carrier, and the chance to exercise his imagination reforming the dictatorships the Authority overthrows.

"Earth Inferno" (#17–20)
The Authority face the Earth itself, which is about to catastrophically reverse its magnetic poles, spurred on to do so by a former Doctor who was stripped of his powers when he went renegade. In exchange for one hour's worth of full power from the current Doctor, the renegade agrees to save humanity. With no other options, the Authority evacuate the entire population of Earth to alternate Earths, then agree to the exchange. The renegade takes on and almost completely destroys the Authority with his new power before the full scope of his powers and experience catches up to him, and he is overwhelmed with empathy for all the living creatures left on Earth. Apollo and the Engineer kill him and the Earth's population returns home, some thrilled by their adventures.

"All Tomorrow's Parties" (#21)
Jackson King and Christine Trelane attend a party on the Carrier. This issue acts as a prologue to the Monarchy miniseries.

"Brave New World" (#22, 27–29)
Tired with the Authority's interference with the activities of their governments, the G7 nations decide to replace them with a group more subject to their interests. They send their secret weapon, an American hillbilly named Seth whom they turned into a monstrous superhuman stated to have over a thousand super powers, to attack the Authority. Seth neutralizes all of the Authority except for Midnighter, who manages to escape with baby Jenny.

"Transfer of Power" (#23–26)

The ideals of the original Authority give way to the unprincipled new team, who work directly for the G7 nations, do not question orders, and have all they can wish for. The new team  possess the same powers and/or distinctive appearances as the original team, and most take variations of their names. The electrically powered, Union Flag-clad Colonel (Britain) is patterned after Jenny Sparks, Swift is replaced with Rush (Canada), the Doctor is replaced with the Surgeon (France), Engineer is replaced with the Machine (Japan), Apollo is replaced with Teuton (Germany), Midnighter is replaced with Last Call (Italy), and Hawksmoor is replaced with Street (USA).

On their first ride in the Carrier, the new team discover thousands of refugees whom the previous Authority had been sheltering on board the ship, some of them still alive. They dump them out into a realm called Re-Space, only to discover to their cost that Re-Space allows people to re-imagine their world—the refugees take the G7 leaders' wealth as their own, attack the Carrier and reimagine the Authority, transforming the newcomers into the original team. But Last Call's homophobia surges up when the re-imagined Apollo touches him; they break free and return the Earth to the way it was before.

"Brave New World" continues with the previous members of the Authority having been mind-wiped and forced into humiliating new lives. Midnighter, the only one to have escaped, infiltrates the Carrier. He frees his imprisoned boyfriend Apollo and between them they kill the rest of the new Authority, leaving only Seth to deal with. At a G7 reunion, Swift finds herself freed from her mind control due to the death of Machine just in time to find out about Seth's "off-button" code phrase. The original Authority regroup but Seth again takes them all down, leaving only baby Jenny—who speaks aloud the code phrase and turns Seth back into an easily defeated human.

The story, and the first volume of The Authority, close with Apollo and Midnighter marrying, and adopting baby Jenny.

Contrary to popular opinion, this is the first recorded instance of two gay superheroes getting married as it frequently misattributed to the superhero Northstar, whose marriage is depicted 10 years after Apollo and Midnighter's union.

The Authority, vol. 2

"High Stakes" (#0)
The Authority battle an invasion from Viceworld, a world-sized casino and pleasure complex catering to people across the multiverse, whose owner started the invasion so people could bet on whether or not the Authority would be able to stop it.

"Reality Incorporated" (#1–4)
The Authority battle an attack by inter-dimensional suicide bombers in Chicago. After all of but one of the bombers is destroyed, the last has a change of heart and surrenders. The US Army tries (and fails) to arrest the Authority afterwards, because the US government now considers it a hostile power.

On the Carrier the bomber reveals that the responsible party is Reality Incorporated, a multiversal corporation with what amount to multibillion-dollar interests in 36 parallel universes, which terraforms inhabited planets into vast resources of fossil fuel to sell across the multiverse. A meeting with Wade Walker, representative of Reality Inc., confirms that they wipe out or enslave civilizations during this process, and they intend to do the same to the Authority's Earth. After a hard battle, the Authority is able to destroy Reality Inc.'s all-out fleet attack just as it enters Earth space, thanks to the sacrifice of the surviving suicide bomber.

"Behemoth" (#5)
The Engineer tells young Jenny Quantum a sanitized version of how they confronted a giant monster who was attacking Kuala Lumpur. The monster was a nine-year-old boy whose latent powers were activated by a confrontation with his abusive father. The Doctor, in an action he's not proud of, was forced to assume the form of the boy's father to threaten him into submission, leaving the boy in a vegetative state.

"Godhead" (#6–9)
John Clay, a former actor and active metahuman, has begun infecting members of the public with a highly contagious psychic virus which causes utter devotion to himself, and channels a portion of the infected's energies into him, turning him into a physical metahuman of the highest order. Members of the Authority struggle in vain to avoid "the transcendence," with only Apollo, Swift and the Engineer left active. However, Midnighter actively fights the change, and the Doctor, although infected, uses his link to the former Doctors and the Garden of Ancestral Memory to free himself, allowing him to psychically hijack Clay's psionic control network and invert it. Enormous, the Doctor plucks the beaten Clay up, and swallows him.

At the end of this arc the Doctor creates the Church of the Shaman, seeking to provide a religious alternative for many of those who had felt disillusioned by conventional religions in the wake of Clay's cult.

Coup d'État (4-issue miniseries)

"Coup d'État" was the Wildstorm crossover event that placed the Authority as the sole governing body of the United States and explored the reactions of the protagonists of other Wildstorm comics: WildCats, Stormwatch: Team Achilles, and Sleeper.

The United States government obtains an engine that can go through the Bleed, giving them the opportunity to explore, and exploit, other worlds. Although they have been warned by the Authority, the government launches the engine without knowing what will happen next. That ignorance results in the engine creating a rip in the Bleed and the partial destruction of a shiftship parked on the "other side" at the time, which then falls on and completely destroys the state of Florida, leading to millions of deaths and bringing Earth to the brink of inter-dimensional war with the rest of the ship's passengers' species. After discovering the responsible party, the Authority stages a bloodless coup and successfully takes control of the United States.

The Authority, vol. 2 (continued)

"Fractured World" (The Authority #10–13)
Reality appears to be tearing apart at the seams as dozens of holes open up into the Bleed, bringing either natural disaster or villainous parallel-world metahumans through into the Wildstorm Universe. The Authority are confounded and all but ineffective. At the same time, they face a legal claim to right of child custody from a woman claiming to be the mother of Jenny Quantum.  Since the DNA test by the Engineer produces a confirmed match, the woman is allowed on board the Carrier to see her daughter. It is revealed that the woman is in fact Jenny Quantum's twin sister, Jenny Fractal, raised by Chinese authorities into a killing machine, hating all life and Quantum in particular, and that she is the one responsible for the Bleed fractures.

In the ensuing fight, Quantum is killed. The only solution that can be found is for Midnighter to go back in time to the maternity ward where the Jenny twins were held - knowing instinctively which one is his daughter, he kills Fractal in her sleep. In the present, Fractal's body drops dead, allowing Quantum's spirit to inhabit it, taking her twin's body as her own.

"Street Life" (#14)
A short story that covers Jack Hawksmoor's past and his personal vendetta for the killing of an old love.

"The Eternal Return" (The Authority: Revolution #1–12)
The Authority are plagued by a group of old superhumans called the Sons of Liberty, consisting of old patriotic superheroes from the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. They rally American citizens discontented with the Authority's take-over of the US government, and lead a series of riots across the nation, answering to a mysterious man in a hood who operates his own Carrier and has an entire alien race under his control.

While the team struggle to control this threat, the Midnighter receives an unsettling visit from an aged Apollo, who claims to have travelled from the future. He shows Midnighter a future in which Authority rule has reduced the world to a totalitarian dictatorship, and in which Midnighter himself has become a brain-damaged despot. Apollo tells Midnighter this future can be avoided only if he breaks up the Authority.

Soon the leader of the Sons of Liberty, a hero codenamed Paul Revere, challenges the Authority to face him and his comrades on the White House lawn. In the ensuing battle one of the combatants, a nuclear-powered member of the Sons of Liberty, becomes unstable. The resultant explosion destroys the White House, and much of Washington, D.C. Ashamed by their failure, the Authority resign as rulers of the United States, and disband. The Doctor dismantles his Church of the Shaman. At the end of the fifth chapter, the mysterious man in the hood is revealed to be ex-Weatherman Henry Bendix himself, who then takes over the United States in the Authority's absence.

Three years pass and much has changed in the Wildstorm Universe. Jack Hawksmoor and the Engineer have taken the Carrier for themselves and travel through the multiverse for pleasure. The Midnighter battles crime all over the world, leaving Apollo to look after their adopted daughter, Jenny Quantum. Swift has retired to a Buddhist monastery in Tibet. Tragically, the Doctor has apparently died from a drug overdose.

While visiting the Doctor's grave, Jenny Quantum, now eight years old, decides to travel to the Garden of Ancestral Memory where all the previous Doctors went when they died. She learns that Jeroen is not there and never has been.

Back at her home, Jenny is visited by a future version of herself who brings her to the Infinite City - a dimension housing past Jennies, comparable to the Garden of Ancestral Memory. There Jenny Sparks, realising that Bendix has been manipulating the team, advises her to reunite the Authority to fight him. Jenny Quantum then returns home, causing herself to advance to age 14 - realising she needs to grow up to handle the looming threat. She sets about reuniting the Authority, who agree under her leadership to go after Bendix.

Meanwhile, Henry Bendix reveals how he overthrew the Authority to the newly reincarnated Rose Tattoo, the Spirit of Murder. Bendix used Rose to seduce and murder the Doctor and capture his soul, which Bendix used as a compass to locate the new Doctor: a teenaged Palestinian suicide bomber named Habib Ben Hassan. Bendix then captured Habib and imprisoned him in a cell on his Carrier where the boy was cut off from his powers. Soon after this revelation Jenny succeeds in freeing both Doctors, returning them to Earth.

Bendix then reveals himself to the Authority, appearing on their Carrier with Rose Tattoo and a legion of his alien followers. They fight and Bendix uses mind-control to turn the Midnighter against his allies. But Jenny Quantum and the Engineer are able to free the Midnighter from Bendix's control, and then bring the fight back to him. With the element of surprise on their side they are able to win and free the world from Bendix's fascist control.

Habib is able to turn Rose Tattoo to the side of the angels, making her the Spirit of Life instead of the Spirit of Murder, and Jenny Quantum decides to let her join the team. The volume ends at a party Jenny has arranged between the past Jennies and Doctors.

"Worldstorm" (Captain Atom: Armageddon #1–9)

DCU superhero Captain Atom finds himself stranded in the Wildstorm Universe. Majestic of the Wildcats discovers that the dimension-leap has fundamentally destabilised Atom, and concludes that his continued presence in the Wildstorm Universe will cause its imminent entropic destruction. The Authority offer to help Captain Atom find the way home, cruising the Bleed in search of the DC Universe, and at first he strikes up a romantic relationship with the Engineer. However, Atom becomes horrified by the Wildstorm superheroes' casual attitudes toward violence and the lives of ordinary people. At the same time, Jack Hawksmoor discovers that Captain Atom can neither be sent home nor defused - to save the Wildstorm Universe, he must be killed.

In the ensuing battle, the Engineer is depowered, and Apollo kills Grifter (of the Wildcats) who is fighting on Captain Atom's side. In retaliation Captain Atom kills Apollo, Midnighter, and Jenny Quantum, and the surviving members of the Authority discover too late that even Captain Atom's death would not save the Wildstorm Universe. It transpires that Wildcats superhero Void, now occupying the body of young EMT worker Nikola Hanssen, has located the missing half of her fractured essence in Captain Atom's body, and she reclaims it to fulfill her own power. It is she who ultimately destroys and reboots the universe, vowing "I remember what it feels like to be weak and afraid -- it's not going to be like that anymore."

The Authority, vol. 3 and The Authority: The Lost Year #1-12)

"Utopian" (#1–4)
The Authority's Carrier crashes into a parallel Earth in a low energy universe, stranded after the disappearance of the 'baby universe' which powers their spacecraft. After exploring a comic book shop in Manhattan called the Forbidden Planet, the Doctor realises that the Authority is a simple story in this universe which entirely lacks any superhumans or the means to support them. Meanwhile, the Engineer, after probing the planet's entire internet, discovers that while this planet is extraordinarily rich in pornography there are no technological resources available to help them save the dying Carrier; the Engineer also theorises that this low energy parallel universe may actually be the 'baby universe' itself.

The Doctor mind probes a man called Ken, who they encountered in a submarine near the ocean floor where they crashed, and discovers that there is a slumbering Lovecraftian creature feeding off of the collective subconscious of the planet's population which he has now woken. As a result of the creature's stirring, the world begins to experience a nervous breakdown causing an epidemic of extreme violence and suicides.

The Engineer soon forms a plan and suggests that they may be able to jump start the Carrier by killing the parasite and using its life force as fuel. In order to tap into the parasite, however, a conduit is required which in this case would be Ken. Ken, despite his disturbance at the superheroes' authoritian philosophies, agrees to help in what he has been led to believe is saving the world. As the Carrier is jump started and enters into the Bleed, Ken is killed by the strain of serving as the conduit while the parasite "mainlines its death throes into every person on the planet", killing every human on the parallel Earth.

"World's End" (The Authority, vol. 4 #1 – current)

Following Number of the Beast, The Authority get involved in the World's End trying to figure out if there is enough left of the world to try and make better. The Authority is now a shattered team, living in a badly damaged London, called now Unlondon. After the Number of the Beast events left Earth a shadowy wasteland, the Authority vows to protect what's left of the city, facing their own shortcomings. Swift now uses her powers to be a messenger and a transmitter, due to EMP disabling every communication system, and additionally care for birds, unhinged and unable to function in the hostile ecosystem. Apollo and Midnighter are now separated, as Midnighter stays on earth, fighting mutates and helping people, and Apollo is forced to live high in the photosphere, where enough sunlight radiations are able to pierce the smog covering the planet. A badly crippled Jack, and a completely powerless Angela Spica reside now in the dead husk that once was the Carrier, now a corpse dimensionally fused to London ruins, used as a safehouse for survivors.

References

External links
 The Higher Authority 5.0
 The Authority: The Continuity Pages

WildStorm titles
Authority


Maurice O'Shea (27 December 1879 – 14 August 1911) was an Irish hurler who played as a forward with the Cork senior hurling team. He was an All-Ireland Championship winner in 1902.

Career

O'Shea began his hurling career at club level with Dungourney in East Cork. He played at a time when the club enjoyed its most successful era ever and won Cork Senior Championship titles in 1902, 1907 and 1909.

At inter-county level, O'Shea first played for the Cork senior hurling team on 9 August 1903 in what was the delayed 1902 championship. After missing Cork's Munster Championship triumph, he later won an All-Ireland Championship medal after a 3-13 to no score defeat of London at the Cork Athletic Grounds. O'Shea later lined with Cork on a number of occasions before playing his last game on 29 August 1909.

O'Shea died in a drowning accident at Lough Carrig Bay in Cork Harbour on 14 August 1911.

Honours

Dungourney
Cork Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1902, 1907, 1909

Cork
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1902

References

1879 births
1911 deaths
Dungourney hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners


A total lunar eclipse took place on Friday, November 29, 1974, the second of two lunar eclipses in 1974.

Visibility

Related lunar eclipses

Eclipses in 1974
 A partial lunar eclipse on Tuesday, 4 June 1974.
 A total solar eclipse on Thursday, 20 June 1974.
 A total lunar eclipse on Friday, 29 November 1974.
 A partial solar eclipse on Friday, 13 December 1974.

Lunar year series

Saros series

This is the 16th of 26 total lunar eclipses in series 125. The previous occurrence was on November 18, 1956 and the next will occur on December 9, 1992.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 132.

Tritos
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of December 30, 1963
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of October 28, 1985

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of October 18, 1967
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of January 9, 1982

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1974-11
1974 in science
November 1974 events


Rancho Los Cerritos was a  1834 land grant in present-day southern Los Angeles County and Orange County, California  The grant was the result of a partition of the Rancho Los Nietos grant.  "Cerritos" means "little hills" in Spanish. The rancho lands include the present-day cities of  Cerritos and Long Beach.

History
At the request of Manuel Nieto heirs, governor José Figueroa in 1834, officially declared the  Rancho Los Nietos grant under Mexican rule and ordered its partition into five smaller ranchos: Las Bolsas, Los Alamitos, Los Cerritos, Los Coyotes, and Santa Gertrudes. Manuela Nieto (daughter of Manuel Nieto) and her husband Guillermo Cota received Los Cerritos.

Jonathan Temple married Rafaela Cota in 1830, and in 1843, he purchased Rancho Los Cerritos from the Cota family.

With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Los Cerritos was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852 and Temple received the US patent for the rancho in 1867.
Following the drought of 1863–64, Temple sold the rancho to Flint, Bixby & Co. in 1866.

Historic sites of the Rancho
Rancho Los Cerritos Ranch House.  Adobe hacienda built by Jonathan Temple in 1844.

See also
Ranchos of California
List of Ranchos of California

References

Cerritos, Los
Los Cerritos
Los Cerritos
History of Long Beach, California
Cerritos, California
Paramount, California
Los Cerr