Over the years, red has been the key trim color in the Cincinnati Reds' on-field ensembles. However, there have been some significant deviations from this standard, as reflected by the club's recent (but now past) uniforms, which featured black as a major trim style.

The "Redlegs", 1956–1960
The growth of McCarthyism and the advent of a new Red Scare in the 1950s gave the Reds' owners concerns that the club's traditional nickname would be seen as an association with Communism. The name of the team was officially changed to the Cincinnati Redlegs and the new 1956 uniforms wiped out the REDS lettering from inside the C-REDS logo, leaving a plain wishbone C in red. The color red however, was restored to its place of pride as the sole trim color, completely eliminating the navy blue that had been used as a secondary trim color since 1935.

The other groundbreaking feature of the 1956 uniforms was the use of sleeveless jerseys, seen only once before in the Major Leagues (the 1940-1942 uniforms of the Chicago Cubs). At home and away, the cap was all-red with a white wishbone C insignia. The long-sleeved undershirts were red. The uniform was plain white with a red wishbone C logo on the left and the uniform number on the right. On the road the wishbone C was replaced by the moustachioed "Mr. Red" logo, the pillbox-hat-wearing man with a baseball for a head. The home stockings were red with six white stripes. The away stockings had only three white stripes.

In 1957, the red caps were changed for ones whose crowns matched the white or gray of the home and road uniforms; the C insignia was changed to red. The road uniform was slightly altered so that it was just like the home togs, but grey instead of white: Mr. Red was eliminated in favor of a plain red wishbone C logo.

In 1958, the home uniforms, including the caps, got red pinstripes.

The "Reds" Again, 1961–1966
In 1961, the C-REDS logo was restored to the uniforms. However, the C was smoothed over, and without its point, it could no longer be described as a wishbone C—it was merely a C elongated into an oval shape. Black was introduced as a secondary trim color.

Except for the smoothed C and the restored C-REDS, this uniform style was largely the same as the preceding style. The Reds continued to wear sleeveless jerseys at home and on the road, with red undershirts. The home gear was white with red pinstripes and the road gear was grey. The home C-REDS logo included a navy blue background with the C and REDS outlined in white. The logo was similar to that worn by the 1940 World Champion Reds. The arched CINCINNATI lettering was restored to the road jerseys. The caps bore red bills, but, as before, the crowns matched the jerseys—white with pinstripes at home and grey away—with a red non-wishbone C insignia. The red numbers and lettering on the caps and jerseys were outlined in navy. One distinguishing feature of the jerseys of this era was the back of it, which featured the player's last name, in large block letters, below the player's number, rather than above it, as routinely seen today. Another, more minor change was the moving of the uniform number to the left side on the away uniforms but remaining on the right at home. The stockings were plain red stirrups over white.

This uniform was worn during the Reds' 1961 appearance in the World Series, which they lost to the New York Yankees.

Big Red Machine era classic uniform

The Cincinnati uniform design most familiar to baseball enthusiasts is the one whose basic form, with minor variations, held sway for 25 years from 1967 to 1992. Most significantly, the point was restored to the C insignia, making it a wishbone again; black was eliminated as a secondary color.

During this era, the Reds wore all-red caps both at home and on the road. The caps bore the simple wishbone C insignia in white. The uniforms were standard short-sleeved jerseys and standard trousers—white at home and grey on the road. The home uniform featured the Wishbone C-REDS logo in red with white type on the left breast and the uniform number in red on the right. The away uniform bore CINCINNATI in an arched block style across the front with the uniform number below on the left. Red, long-sleeved undershirts and plain red stirrups over white sanitary stockings completed the basic design.

For the first year of this design, 1967, the home uniform bore red pinstripes, but in 1968, the pinstripes were removed and did not reappear until the classic uniform style was abandoned in 1993. This was the uniform the Reds wore at their fifth appearance in the World Series in 1970, which they lost to Baltimore.

In 1972, the uniform was modified by a change to the double-knit synthetic fabric (the double-knit fabric first came into use by the Pittsburgh Pirates two years earlier). The jerseys were now in a pullover style instead of button down and the trousers had a built in elastic waistband replacing the standard leather belt and belt loops. Slightly more trim, in the form of narrow red and white bands, was added to the V-neck line, the cuff of the short sleeve (which had two stripes, not three), and the elastic waistband. This uniform style carried the Reds through three more World Series appearances, in 1972 which they lost to Oakland , 1975 which they beat Boston , and 1976, which they beat New York  the last two ending in championships for Cincinnati.

In 1976, to celebrate the National League's 100th season, along with several other N.L. clubs—including the St. Louis Cardinals, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Philadelphia Phillies, and the New York Mets—the Reds adopted an old-fashioned pillbox-style cap for use during nostalgia events. Unlike the Pirates and the Cardinals, the Reds did not make regular use of this cap, which featured a white crown with two encircling red stripes, a red bill, and a red wishbone C insignia. For regular wear, the Reds stuck to their all-red caps.

On St. Patrick's Day during spring training in 1978, the Reds wore a novelty uniform in which all the red trim was replaced with green. This one-off uniform set was well received, that in the years since its introduction, many other MLB teams have taken to wearing green for St. Patrick's Day games in Spring Training.

In 1985, the Reds adopted an optional jersey whose base color was red, bearing the arched CINCINNATI in white with white trim stripes at the collar and cuffs. Originally, this jersey was used only during batting practice, but it came to be worn occasionally during games through the 1991 season, after which it was dropped. On at least one occasion, the Reds wore an all-red version of the away uniform during a game in San Francisco against the Giants. Also during one year in the early 1980s, the Reds sported all-white caps with a red wishbone C insignia during spring training; the white cap proved to be so unpopular, however, that it was never worn in regular games. Additionally, in 1986 the Reds changed the color of their cleats from black to red; the team was the last in the majors to allow their players to have the manufacturer's logo shown on their shoes, stemming from a strict team rule that players were to wear only plain black shoes with no prominent logo, a policy that the team relaxed in the mid-1980s.

In 1988, an additional red stripe was added to the end of the short sleeves. In addition, the same trim now went down the pants, and a white outline was added to the uniform graphics. This version was the style worn during Cincinnati's fifth championship season in 1990.

In 1992, club owner Marge Schott announced that she was bored of the classic uniform style and wanted to bring back uniform features worn during her youth in the 1960s. During a few 1992 games, the club demonstrated the style that would become official in 1993. With the introduction of the next uniforms, the Reds were the last team (to date) to wear the pullover jerseys and beltless trousers.

Pinstripes and sleeveless jerseys return

The 1993 uniforms—which did away with the pullovers and brought back button-down jerseys—kept white and gray as the base colors for the home and away uniforms, but red pinstripes returned for the first time since 1967. The home jerseys were sleeveless, showing more of the red undershirts. The color scheme of the C-REDS logo on the home uniform was reversed, now red lettering on a white background. A new home cap was created that had a red bill and a white crown with red pinstripes and a red wishbone C insignia. The away uniform kept the all-red cap, but moved the uniform number to the left, to more closely match the home uniform. This style was kept unchanged through the 1998 season.

In 1998, Reds' management announced a new uniform change for the next season. The Reds marketing division decided that since black was such a popular color in the marketplace for licensed sports merchandise, that the color should be added as a significant trim color in Cincinnati; it marked the first time the team used black in its color scheme since 1966.

 The most evident change in the new 1999 uniforms was featured in the caps. The Reds had last used a single cap for all purposes in 1992. Since 1993, the Reds had been using two styles of caps for home and road games. The new wardrobe included four different cap styles. The official home cap had a red crown and a black bill with a white wishbone C insignia highlighted with a black drop shadow. The official road cap was reversed, with a black crown and a red bill and a red wishbone C with white drop shadow. There was also now an "alternative" or "Sunday game" cap that was all red, and a batting practice cap that was all black. Also, black cleats returned to the uniform fold, which were last worn by the team in 1985.
The jerseys and trousers kept the traditional white at home and grey on the road, but all the graphics featured on the uniforms now featured fancy drop shadows. Pinstripes were kept on the home togs, but eliminated on the road version. Sleeveless vests for both, with black undershirts at home and red on the road. Home uniforms still had the C-REDS and away bore the arched CINCINNATI, but the designs featured red, white, and black in the trim.

In the next year, 2000, the undershirts were swapped, with red now for home games and black for away games.

Changes in 2007

The Reds revealed new uniforms in December 2006, for use beginning in their 2007 season. The home caps returned to all-red with a white wishbone C, lightly outlined in black. Caps with red crowns and black bill became the new road caps. Regardless of what cap they are wearing, the batting helmets are all-red with the white wishbone C outlined in black. Additionally, the sleeveless jerseys were abandoned for more traditional shirts, with the pinstripes being removed again. The numbers and the lettering for the names on the backs of the jerseys were changed to an early-1900s style typeface. It had been rumored that navy blue was to make a return as a trim color, but the unveiled designs did not end up featuring any navy blue. The alternate club logo and jersey Mr. Red emblem was replaced by the moustachioed Mr. Redleg from 1956.

In 2020, the Reds made slight changes to the red uniform, replacing the chest "C-REDS" logo in favor of the "Reds" cursive script. The Mr. Redleg logo was modified so as to feature only his head. Also during this period, MLB went away with the "51%" primary color rule regarding cleat colors. As such, Reds players were now allowed to wear customized cleats (mainly in the team's red, black or white colors) as a form of self-expression.

City Connect
In 2023, the Reds added a City Connect uniform. The primarily black uniform features a diamond-shaped "C" on the cap and on the jersey sleeve. It also features the word "CINCY" (short for Cincinnati) across the chest. On the collar of the jersey, it features an Ohio Buckeye and the motto of Cincinnati, "Juncta Juvant" ("Strength in Unity" in English).

See also
Major League Baseball uniforms

References

Cincinnati Reds
Reds


The Whisky Creek Cabin is a rustic log cabin located in southwest Oregon along the section of the Rogue River that is designated as a National Wild and Scenic River.  It is the oldest remaining mining cabin in the Rogue River canyon.  The Bureau of Land Management purchased the cabin and surrounding property in 1973.  The Whisky Creek Cabin is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

History

The Whisky Creek Cabin was built in about 1880 by an unknown miner. The original structure was very basic, consisting of four walls, a dirt floor, and wooden shake roof.  A flume ditch was constructed near the cabin around 1890 to provide water for hydraulic mining on Whisky Creek.  The flume begins about one half mile up the stream from the cabin and ends at the gully behind the tool shed.  In 1905, the flume was extended to a point about  above Whisky Creek bar.  This flume ditch also provided drinking water for the cabin.

The first recorded mining claim on Whisky Creek was filed by P.H Rushmore in 1917.  Rushmore sold his claim to Cy Whiteneck a year later.  Whiteneck lived at Whisky Creek for the next 30 years.  During that time, he improved the original cabin by laying a wooden floor and adding a second room.  He also constructed several work sheds near the cabin.  Over the years, Whiteneck used hydraulic mining methods to extract gold from the creek, but never got rich.

In 1948, Whiteneck sold his claim to L. M. Nichols and his wife.  In 1957, Nichols hired Lou Martin to be the property's caretaker.  Martin continued to mine Whisky Creek during the sixteen years he lived there.  He also improved the site.  Martin built a solar-heated shower adjacent to one of the sheds and added a large walk-in pantry next to the cabin.  Martin also constructed a cable car to haul firewood across the creek.  To accomplish that, he strung half-inch steel cable  across the creek, and tightened it with a system of hand-winches and pulleys.  Martin remained the on-site caretaker until 1973 when the property was sold to the Bureau of Land Management.

In 1973, Bureau of Land Management installed interpretive signs at the site and opened the cabin to the public for self-guided tours.  Because of cabin's unique heritage as the oldest surviving mining cabin in the Rogue River Canyon, the Whisky Creek Cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 5 September 1975.  The historic area cover  and includes the cabin and one additional contributing structure.

Structure

Because of its isolated location, the cabin has changed very little since its last resident left in 1973.  It is a one-story log cabin with two rooms and an adjacent pantry.  The cabin has two long porches that run the length of the building in the front and back.  The porches are held up by log posts.  The cabin's floor is made of fir planking, and the roof is corrugated sheet-metal.  The pantry has a double-wall with sawdust insulation in between the inner and outer walls.

There are two sheds on the site.  There is a large tool shed just behind the cabin.  A power generator shed is located a short distance north of the cabin.  There is a unique solar-heated shower, built by the cabin's last resident, located between the tool shed and the cabin.

Access

The Whisky Creek Cabin historic site is located in the Rogue River canyon in southern Oregon.  The cabin's elevation is approximately  above sea level.  It is an isolated site within the Rogue National Wild and Scenic River corridor, surrounded by the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest.

To get to the Whisky Creek Cabin from Interstate 5 take the Merlin exit north of Grants Pass, Oregon and follow the Merlin-Galice Road  west through the towns of Merlin and Galice past the historic Rand Ranger Station to Grave Creek, where the wild and scenic section of the Rogue River begins. The Grave Creek trailhead is  past the ranger station.

The Whisky Creek Cabin can only be reached by floating down the Rogue River or by hiking the Rogue River canyon trail.  From the trailhead at Grave Creek, it is a three-mile (5 km) hike to the cabin along the Rogue River National Recreation Trail.  The cabin is approximately one quarter mile up Whisky Creek from its mouth on the north side of the Rogue River.  Information on the river trail is available at the Smullin Visitor Center at the Rand Ranger Station.  There is also a boat ramp at Grave Creek.  Rogue River float permits can be obtained at the Rand visitor center as well.

Whisky Creek Cabin is a popular stop for both hikers and boaters.  There is a primitive campground located at the mouth of Whisky Creek.  There are public restrooms at the campground.  Water is available from Whisky Creek; however, some form of water purification is recommended before drinking.  Leave no trace procedures apply while camping and cooking along the Wild and Scenic River corridor.  Fire pans are also required within  of the river.

References

External links
Bureau of Land Management – Oregon State Office
Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
Houses completed in 1880
Houses in Josephine County, Oregon
Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon
Log cabins in the United States
Protected areas of Josephine County, Oregon
National Register of Historic Places in Josephine County, Oregon
1880 establishments in Oregon
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon


Cirsium undulatum is a species of thistle known by the common names wavyleaf thistle and gray thistle. It is native to much of central and western North America from British Columbia east to Manitoba and south as far as the State of Durango in Mexico. It has also been found outside of its native range as an introduced species.

Cirsium undulatum is widespread and found in many habitat types. It is a perennial herb exceeding  in height. The stem branches a few times toward the top of the plant if at all. The leaves are very wavy along the edges and usually cut into shallow toothed lobes. The longest near the base of the plant are up to  long. The inflorescence holds one or more flower heads each up to  long and wide. The head is lined with spiny phyllaries of different shapes. The flowers in the head are white to lavender to pink and up to  long. The fruit is an achene a few millimeters long with a pappus which may be up to 4 centimeters in length.

Cirsium undulatum has been shown to have its seed production reduced by an exotic weevil Larinus planus which was released to control Canada thistle.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

undulatum
Flora of Northern America
Plants described in 1818


The chacoan gracile opossum (Cryptonanus chacoensis) is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is native to Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.  Its habitat is seasonally flooded grasslands and forests in and near the Gran Chaco.

References

Opossums
Marsupials of South America
Marsupials of Argentina
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Paraguay
Gran Chaco
Mammals described in 1931


Richard Philpott (7 February 1813 – 8 June 1888) was an English cricketer who played for Victoria, Australia. He was born in West Farleigh and died in Brenchley.

Philpott made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1850–51 season, against Tasmania. From the middle order, he scored 12 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a single run in the second.

External links
Richard Philpott at CricketArchive

1813 births
1888 deaths
English cricketers
Victoria cricketers
Melbourne Cricket Club cricketers
People from West Farleigh
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Brenchley


Antonio Moresco (born 30 October 1947) is an Italian writer.

Defined as one of the founding fathers of a new line of Italian literature that moves beyond post-modernity, and likened to Don DeLillo and Thomas Pynchon, he has been described by Roberto Saviano as "a literary heritage".

His first publications appeared late in his life, after he had been turned down by several publishers. In 1993, e published his first novel, Clandestinita''', but his career-defining project is the monumental trilogy Giochi dell'eternità, made up of the following volumes: Gli esordi (Feltrinelli 1998, republished by Mondadori in 2011), Canti del caos (part 1 by Feltrinelli in 2001, part 2 by Rizzoli in 2003; republished by Mondadori in 2009), and Gli increati (Mondadori 2015). He has published many other works, such as short stories, children stories, and he has organized several collective marches throughout Italy and Europe, which have become the topics for some of his works.

WorksClandestinità (Bollati Boringhieri, 1993)La cipolla (Bollati Boringhieri, 1995)Lettere a nessuno (Bollati Boringhieri, 1997)Gli esordi (Feltrinelli, 1998)La visione (conversation with Carla Benedetti, KKP, 1999)Il vulcano (Bollati Boringhieri, 1999)Storia d'amore e di specchi (Portofranco, 2000)La santa (theatre play, Bollati Boringhieri, 2000)Canti del caos (part I, Feltrinelli, 2001)L'invasione (Rizzoli, 2002)Canti del caos (part II, Rizzoli, 2003)Lo sbrego (Holden Maps – Bur, Rizzoli, 2005)Scritti di viaggio, di combattimento e di sogno (Fanucci, 2005)Zio Demostene (Effigie, 2005)Merda e luce (Effigie, 2007)Le favole della Maria (Einaudi, 2007)Zingari di merda (Effigie, 2008)Lettere a nessuno (parts I and II, Einaudi, 2008)Canti del caos (parts I, II and III, Mondadori, 2009)Gli incendiati (Mondadori, 2010)Il combattimento (Mondadori, 2012) – includes Clandestinità, La cipolla and three short stories, La camera blu, La buca and Il re - English translation by Richard Dixon: Clandestinity (Deep Vellum, 2022)La lucina (Mondadori, 2013) - English translation by Richard Dixon: Distant Light (Archipelago, 2016), shortlisted for the American Literary Translators Association Italian Prose in Translation Award, 2017, shortlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award, 2018Tutto d'un fiato (XS Mondadori (ebook), 2013)Fiaba d'amore (Mondadori, 2014)Gli increati  (Mondadori, 2015)L'addio  (Giunti, 2016)
 Canto di D'Arco (Sem, 2019)
 Canto degli alberi (Aboca, 2020)

CollaborationsControinsurrezioni (Mondadori, 2008), with Valerio EvangelistiOtto preghierine per una nuova vita (Scuola di Urbino, 2012), illustrated by Giuliano Della CasaFiabe'' (SEM Milan, 2017), illustrated by Nicola Samorì

External links
Il primo amore, on line review

References

Writers from Mantua
1947 births
Living people
20th-century Italian novelists
20th-century Italian male writers
21st-century Italian novelists
Italian atheists
Italian male novelists
21st-century Italian male writers


"La Guirnalda" ("The Garland") is a song written and produced by Mexican singer-songwriter Juan Gabriel and first recorded by Spanish performer Rocío Dúrcal. It was released in 1986 as the first single from Siempre, Dúrcal's tenth album produced by Juan Gabriel. The song became very successful and is often referred as one of her signature songs. According to the Billboard magazine electronic database, "La Guirnalda" holds the distinction for being the first number-one single on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart on September 6, 1986, being replaced at the top by Juan Gabriel with "Yo No Sé Qué Me Pasó"; however, in the printed version of the same chart, titled "Hot Latin 50" for the week of October 4, 1986, the songs appears at number three, following "Yo No Sé Qué Me Pasó" and Emmanuel's version of "Toda la Vida". In 1989, Mexican singer Daniela Romo recorded her own version of the song and included it on her album Quiero Amanecer con Alguien. The music video for the song was shot at Puerto Vallarta Beach, Mexico.

Chart performance

References

See also
 List of number-one Billboard Top Latin Songs from the 1980s

1986 singles
Rocío Dúrcal songs
Daniela Romo songs
Songs written by Juan Gabriel
1986 songs


Edward C. (Ted) Green (born 1944) is an American medical anthropologist working in public health and development. He was a senior research scientist at the Harvard School of Public Health and served as senior research scientist at the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies for eight years, the last three years as director of the AIDS Prevention Project. He was later affiliated with the Department of Population and Reproductive Health at Johns Hopkins University (2011–14) and the George Washington University as research professor (since 2015). He was appointed to serve as a member of the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS (2003–2007), and served on the Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council for the National Institutes of Health (2003–2006). Green serves on the board of AIDS.org and the Bonobo Conservation Initiative. and Medical Care Development.

Green has worked for more than 40 years in international development. Much of his work since the latter 1980s has been related to AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, primarily in Africa, but also in Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. He served as a public health adviser to the governments of both Mozambique and Eswatini (Swaziland.) In March 2009 Green's comments were widely quoted in the media when he publicly agreed with Pope Benedict XVI's claim that the distribution of condoms was not helping and might be aggravating the problem of the spread of AIDS in southern and east Africa.

Education and research history
Edward Green attended the Groton School, in Groton, Massachusetts and Seoul American High School in Korea (1960–62). He was educated at George Washington University (B.A., 1967, Anthropology), Northwestern University (M.A., 1968, Anthropology) and the Catholic University of America (Ph.D., 1974, Anthropology).  He held post-doctoral fellowships at Vanderbilt University (1978–79), Harvard University (2001–2002), and visiting lectureships at the University of Kentucky and West Virginia University.

He taught public health and anthropology at both Boston University and George Washington University for a short time (1988–89).  Since 1981, Green has held various research positions in social science and consultancy roles in many countries in Africa, Asia and eastern Europe. Between 2002 and 2010, he continued these research projects while serving as a Senior Research Scientist at Harvard University's School of Public Health. He was the 2011 Elizabeth Eddy Visiting Professor of Anthropology at the University of Florida. He is the author of 9 books and over 500 scientific articles, book chapters, and commissioned reports.

For his dissertation ethnographic research in the early 1970s, Green spent two years living with the Matawai  Maroons of Suriname, descendants of escaped African slaves. They are one of five groups of Maroons (Saramaka) in Suriname whose descendants have lived for more than two centuries in the Amazon rain forest.

Research on indigenous healers
Green is a pioneer in anthropological research on indigenous healers. He is one of the first to develop public health programs based on collaboration between African indigenous healers and western-style biomedical personnel. He has guided such programs in Mozambique, Swaziland, South Africa and Nigeria. He has published extensively on indigenous African healing roles and behaviors, as well as underlying health-related knowledge and beliefs. He has written the following three books on these topics: Practicing Development Anthropology (1986), AIDS And STDs in Africa: Bridging the Gap Between Traditional Healing and Modern Medicine (1994), and Indigenous Theories of Contagious Disease (1999). Regarding the last, Prof. Charles Good wrote in Ethnology and reprinted on Amazon.com, "Green ranks among the foremost practitioners of applied medical anthropology who work in developing societies. His focused contract work and extensive published scholarship reflect a strong commitment to separating myth from reality in public health and medical pluralism."

Views on AIDS prevention
In Rethinking AIDS Prevention: Learning from Successes in Developing Countries (2003), Green challenged the accepted wisdom of the AIDS prevention community about the efficacy of condoms, HIV counseling and testing as prevention strategies. He argued that epidemiological evidence showed it was behavioral change leading to declines in number (and perhaps concurrency) of sexual partners that was primarily responsible for Uganda's two-thirds decline in HIV prevalence from 1992 to 2003. He also noted evidence of changes in sexual behavior and HIV-prevention success in other countries. Green summarizes the book's thesis as follows: "The largely medical solutions funded by major donors have had little impact in Africa, the continent hardest hit by AIDS. Instead, relatively simple, low-cost behavioral change programs--stressing increased monogamy and delayed sexual activity for young people--have made the greatest headway in fighting or preventing the disease's spread. Ugandans pioneered these simple, sustainable interventions and achieved significant results."

A review of Rethinking AIDS Prevention in the Journal of the American Medical Association stated: "If Green’s analysis is correct, we are faced with a troubling paradox: while our technologically sophisticated system often operates at the margin of acceptable cost efficacy, halfway around the world, secular bias and biomedical fiscal power are responsible for discouraging and discrediting simple yet effective solutions, at the cost of millions of lives."

Controversy over Pope Benedict and distribution of condoms
In March 2009, Green generated controversy when he supported a remark from Pope Benedict XVI about the role of promoting use of condoms among sexually active persons to prevent AIDS in Africa. In a mid-flight news conference en route to Cameroon, Pope Benedict had said: "If the soul is lacking, if Africans do not help one another, the scourge cannot be resolved by distributing condoms; quite the contrary, we risk worsening the problem."

Green commented on this with a March 29, 2009, editorial in The Washington Post ("The Pope May Be Right"). In this editorial he argued that empirical data supported the pope, and that condoms have not worked as a primary HIV-prevention measure in Africa. Green argued that the tendency of people in steady relationships to avoid using condoms, and the "risk compensation" phenomenon ("if somebody is using a certain technology to reduce risk, a phenomenon actually occurs where people are willing to take on greater risk"), may account for the failure of condoms to reduce HIV infections in Africa. (Articles in the medical journals British Medical Journal and The Lancet, by Cassell et al. (2006) and Richens et al. (2000) have discussed the potential for condom use to lead to risk compensation or behavioral disinhibition.) Green concludes, "So what has worked in Africa? Strategies that break up... sexual networks -- or, in plain language, faithful mutual monogamy or at least reduction in numbers of partners, especially concurrent ones."

Green gave an extended interview with the BBC Northern Ireland on March 29, 2009, to expand on his comments. In this interview, he said that, while there was no proof of a causal connection between condom usage and a decrease or increase in HIV prevalence at the population level, some evidence supported an association between condom distribution and riskier sexual behavior. He cited a study published in the journal JAIDS which "followed two groups of young people in Uganda. Members of group that had the intensive condom promotion actually was found to have a greater number of sex partners. So that cancels out the risk reduction that the technology of condoms ought to provide."

Green also stated, "the distribution and marketing of condoms is not the solution or the best solution to African AIDS." When questioned on his belief that condom promotion should be a backup strategy, he answered, "they should have a back-up role even in the generalised epidemics of Africa. I believe condoms should be made available to everyone. It should be, as you say, the ABC strategy: Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom."

During the same interview, he stated that his Harvard research project was ending. When asked if Harvard had ended the project because of his "politically incorrect" views on the failure of condom distribution programs in Africa, Green replied:
"My position is very politically incorrect. I have always been politically incorrect. I have always questioned authority and tried to speak truth to power whatever the consequences... I don't know whether our programme would have ended when it's ending if I had been more politically correct. You would have to ask Harvard."The administrator of Green's Harvard project later clarified in a statement posted on the BBC website that the end date of the project was unrelated to Green's statements about the Pope or condoms in Africa. The statement said (in part): "The research grant that Dr. Green runs through Harvard University had a 3 year term which would have ended on February 28, 2009. Harvard University and the funder agreed to an extension for an additional year... So I can verify that in no way has Harvard University ended the project."

Green updated his argument that sexual behavior needs to be addressed in AIDS prevention in two later books: Broken Promises: How the AIDS Establishment Has Betrayed the Developing World, and, with Allison Herling Ruark, AIDS, Behavior, and Culture: Understanding Evidence-Based Prevention, both published in 2011. On the back cover of the latter book, Africanist scholar Prof. John Janzen wrote "(this book) should be on every Africanist medical anthropology reading list".

New Paradigm Research Fund
Upon the conclusion of the Harvard AIDS Prevention Research Project grant in April 2010, Dr. Green established the New Paradigm Fund  to identify, develop and share superior models for addressing the problems associated with AIDS, addiction, rain forest and primate conservation, and aspects of poverty associated with stateless and minority peoples. The New Paradigm Fund collaborated with the Ubuntu Institute  working toward the prevention of HIV/AIDS, empowerment of women, eradication of poverty and providing access to education in Africa through the use of African cultural values, heritage and indigenous knowledge systems.

Smithsonian Archive

In 2016, with funding from the Wenner Gren Foundation, the “Edward C. Green papers, circa 1970-2016” were processed through the National Anthropological Archives at the Smithsonian Institution. The organized and indexed collection includes field notes, personal observations and reflections, photographs, audio recordings, and other materials. Additional content is currently under review for inclusion in the archive.

An extensive directory of the materials  is available online. In addition, sound recordings, including music and field interviews among the Matawai Maroons (descendants of Africa slaves who escaped from the coastal plantations in the 17-18th centuries) of Suriname, have been digitized and can be streamed online. Other materials are available for review by appointment at the National Anthropological Archives.

Board memberships
 Member, UNAIDS Steering Committee, AIDS2031, UN Geneva, Switzerland (2008-2009)
 Presidential Advisory Council for HIV/AIDS (2003-2007)
 Office of AIDS Research Advisory Council, National Institutes of Health (2003-2006)
 Scientific Advisory Board, National Foundation for Alternative Medicine, Washington, DC (2001-)
 Board of Directors, Medical Care Development, Augusta, Maine and Washington, DC (2001-2004)
 Advisory Board, Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health, Oxford University, UK (2000-2008)
 Founding Board Member, Bonobo Conservation Initiative, Washington, DC (1997-)
 Editorial Board, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (1998-2003)
 Board of Directors, World Population Society (1996-2001)
 Advisory Board, Health Communications for Child Survival (HEALTHCOM) Project, Academy for Educational Development (1985-1989)
 Advisory Board, Social Marketing (SOMARC) Project, Academy for Educational Development (1984-1986)
 Steering Committee (Swaziland TasP Study) Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, Doctors without Borders) Switzerland, 2013–2016

Bibliography

Books
 (with Allison Ruark) AIDS, Behavior, and Culture (2011)
 Broken Promises: How the AIDS Establishment Has Betrayed the Developing World (2011)
 (with Allison Ruark) The ABC Approach to Preventing The Sexual transmission of HIV (2006)
 Rethinking AIDS Prevention: Learning from Successes in Developing Countries (2003)
 Indigenous Theories of Contagious Disease (1999)
 Indigenous Healers and the African State: Policy Issues Concerning African Indigenous Healers in Mozambique and Southern Africa (1996)
 AIDS and STDs in Africa: Bridging the Gap Between Traditional Healing and Modern Medicine (1994)
 Practicing Development Anthropology (1986)
 Planning Psychiatric Services for Southeast Africa (1979)

Congressional testimony
 Green, E.C., Testimony, “HIV prevention: How Effective is PEPFAR?” House Government Reform Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives, Sept. 6, 2006.
 Green, E.C., "Statement on Blood Safety for Disease Prevention." Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations, U.S. House of Representatives, June 27, 2006.
 Green, E.C., "Testimony, Fighting AIDS in Uganda: What Went Right?" Hearing before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, May 19, 2003 (pp. 36–40, also co-author of pp. 15–23)
 Green, E.C., “HIV/AIDS, TB, and Malaria: Combating a Global Pandemic.” Testimony on AIDS in Africa for committee hearing, The House Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, March 20, 2003.

Music

Guitarist in rock band in the 1960s in Seoul, Korea (The Silvertones). Fiddler and multi-instrumentalist in Appalachian string bands in the 1970s (Sweetwater String Band, Washington, DC, [mentioned in the Greater Washington Folklore Society March 1979 newsletter, p. 3:],  and the Wild Turkey String Band, Morgantown, WV [an article on the band appears in the July 1977 issue of "Goldenseal," Vol 3 #3, p 55-58; See Author index page,under Charles Bell; also mentioned in the book "Mountaineer Jamboree: Country Music in West Virginia" (1984) by Ivan M. Tribe, p. 161.] ).

References

External links

"Edward C. Green," Biography at Harvard AIDS Prevention Research Project website
 Edward C. Green's curriculum vitae
 Dialogue on AIDS Prevention, Share the World's Resources
 New Paradigm Fund website
 Ubuntu Institute website

Living people
Harvard University staff
HIV/AIDS researchers
Columbian College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
Boston University faculty
George Washington University faculty
Groton School alumni
Seoul American High School alumni
1944 births


Have a Good Time But Get Out Alive! is a studio album by the Iron City Houserockers. Although well-received critically, commercial success eluded the Iron City Houserockers outside of the rust belt.  Among the strongest tracks are the title track, "Don't Let Them Push You Around", "We're Not Dead Yet", the two-part medley of "Old Man Bar" and Junior's Bar", and "Rock Ola" - Grushecky's first truly competent ballad.

Background
According to the liner notes present on the 1999 and 2020 reissues, E Street Band guitarist Steven Van Zandt produced and arranged five songs ("Junior's Bar", "Angela", "Running Scared", "Blondie", and "Don't Let Them Push You Around"), assisted in re-writing "Blondie" from its original version, and played lead guitar on "Junior's Bar" before leaving due to creative differences with Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson.  The version of "Junior's Bar" released as a single contains an entirely different vocal track than the album version.  This version was only available on the original 1980 vinyl single until it was reissued on CD on the 1992 compilation Pumping Iron & Sweating Steel: The Best Of Iron City Houserockers by Rhino Records.

The album was reissued on CD in remastered form for its 40th anniversary in 2020 by Cleveland International Records with a bonus CD of previously unreleased outtakes and demos.

Track listing

Side one
"Have a Good Time (But Get Out Alive)" (Joe Grushecky)  – 3:49
"Don't Let Them Push You Around" (Grushecky) – 2:23
"Pumping Iron" (Grushecky) – 3:54
"Hypnotized" (Grushecky, Gil Snyder) – 3:20
"Price of Love" (Grushecky, Snyder) – 4:04
"Angela" (Grushecky) – 3:17

Side two
"We're Not Dead Yet" (Dan Beck, Grushecky, Snyder) – 3:01
"Blondie" (Grushecky) – 2:44
"Old Man Bar" (Bob Boyer, Eddie Britt, Snyder) – 3:14
"Junior's Bar" (Britt, Grushecky, Snyder) – 4:17
"Runnin' Scared" (Grushecky, Art Nardini, Snyder) – 3:49
"Rock Ola" (Grushecky) – 2:52

40th anniversary edition bonus tracks
"Have a Good Time (But Get Out Alive)" (Demo) (Grushecky) - 5:06
"Don't Let Them Push You Around" (Demo) (Grushecky) – 6:20
"Pumping Iron" (Demo) (Grushecky) – 4:11
"Don't Stop the Music" (Demo) (Grushecky) - 3:47
"Angela" (Demo) (Grushecky) – 3:18
"Price of Love" (Demo) (Grushecky, Snyder) – 3:57
"Hold Out" (Demo) (Grushecky) - 3:48
"Rock Ola" (Demo) (Grushecky) – 3:13
"Struggle & Die" (Demo) (Grushecky, Beck) - 5:03
"Rock Ola" (Extended) (Grushecky) – 4:27
"Charlena" (Grushecky) – 2:40
"Runnin' Scared" (Demo) (Grushecky, Nardini, Snyder) – 2:44
"Runnin' Scared" (Alternate) (Grushecky, Nardini, Snyder) – 3:54
"Hypnotized" (A Work in Progress) (Grushecky, Snyder) – 7:48
"Rooster Blues" (J.D. Miller) - 3:02
"Doo Wah Diddy" (Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich) - 1:44

"Hypnotized" was produced by Ian Hunter. "Don't Let Them Push You Around", "Angela", "Blondie", "Junior's Bar" and "Runnin' Scared" were arranged by Steven Van Zandt.

Personnel
Iron City Houserockers
Joe Grushecky - lead vocals, guitar
Eddie Britt - guitar, background vocals
Art Nardini - bass guitar
Gil Snyder - keyboards, background vocals, lead vocals on "Old Man Bar", cover design
Ned E. Rankin - drums
Marc Reisman - harmonica, background vocals
with:
Tommy Mandel – organ on "Price of Love"
Mick Ronson – piano on "Rock Ola", mandolin on "Old Man Bar"
Steven Van Zandt - guitar on "Junior's Bar"
Joey Miskulin – accordion on "Old Man Bar"
Ian Hunter – guitar, background vocals, piano on "Hypnotized"
Roy Martin – background vocals on "Have a Good Time"
Ellen Foley – background vocals on "Junior's Bar"

Chart performance

References

External links
 Joe Grushecky's official web site
 Rock's So Tough - Iron City Houserockers

1980 albums
Iron City Houserockers albums
Albums produced by Mick Ronson
Albums produced by Steven Van Zandt
MCA Records albums


2009 Regional League Division 2 Central & Eastern Region ( or ไทยลีกดิวิชัน 2 ภาคกลางและภาคตะวันออก) is the 3rd Level League in Thailand. In 2009, contains 12 clubs from Central & Eastern region.

Stadium and locations

Final league table

Results

See also
2009 Regional League Division 2 North Eastern Region
2009 Regional League Division 2 Northern Region
2009 Regional League Division 2 Bangkok Metropolitan Region
2009 Regional League Division 2 Southern Region

References

External links
 Football Association of Thailand

Regional League Central-East Division seasons
Cen


This is a list of state highway spur routes (spurs) in the U.S. state of Arkansas. The spurs are named after their parent highways, which leads to multiple designations of the same name in some cases. All spur routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).

Shields

Arkansas state highway spur routes are signed using standard state highway shield backgrounds. The number remains the same size and a "S" (for spur) is added in an almost-exponential format. Shield sizes remain, one-digit routes keep the  shields, while two-digit routes become . Three-digit routes are the same as the parent route with the "S" placed in the available corner space. The "Spur" banners are usually not used by ArDOT, which instead prefers to use only a direction banner.

State highway spurs

See also

References

State spur


CFZY-FM was a community radio station which operated at 104.1 MHz in Stockholm, Saskatchewan, Canada.

History
Local resident Jody Herperger received approval to operate CFZY-FM from the CRTC on July 10, 1997, primarily to bring the programming of CHOZ-FM St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador to Stockholm, Saskatchewan as a rebroadcaster.

In 2002, CFZY-FM renewed its licence until August 31, 2009; however, the station ceased broadcasting in 2007 following several years of competition from commercial like-formatted station CFGW-FM in Yorkton.

See also
CHOZ-FM

References

External links

Fzy
Fzy
Fzy
Radio stations established in 1997
Radio stations disestablished in 2007
1997 establishments in Saskatchewan
2007 disestablishments in Saskatchewan


Love Story is an early American anthology series which was broadcast on the DuMont Television Network in 1954.

This show should not be confused with NBCs dramatic anthology series Love Story which aired during the 1973–1974 television season.

Broadcast history
The series, an anthology, ran from April to June of 1954. DuMont's Love Story is not to be confused with another dramatic anthology with the same name which ran on NBC in the 1970s, or a game show also titled Love Story which aired on CBS from 1955–1956.

Love Story aired live on Tuesday nights at 9 pm EST on most DuMont affiliates. The series was produced by David Lowe.

Criticism
This series was hampered by a small budget and starred mostly lesser-known actors. Latter-day critics, such as Castleman and Podrazik (1982), have cited Love Story, among other DuMont series, as one of the reasons fewer and fewer viewers tuned in to the ailing DuMont Network. They called the series "a simpering romance anthology" that, like several other DuMont programs during the 1953–1954 season was "doomed from the start by third-rate scripts and cheap production." The series did not last long, and the network itself began crumbling shortly thereafter.

See also
List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network
List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts

References

Bibliography
David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004)
Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980)
Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964)

External links

DuMont historical website
Love Story at CVTA with episode list

1954 American television series debuts
1954 American television series endings
1950s American anthology television series
Black-and-white American television shows
DuMont Television Network original programming
English-language television shows
American live television series


The Fifty-second Oklahoma Legislature was the meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma in Oklahoma City from January 3, 2009, to January 4, 2011, during the second two years of the second administration of Governor Brad Henry. It was the first session in state history where the Republican Party has controlled both houses of the legislature.

Dates of sessions
Organizational day: January 3, 2009
First regular session: February 2, 2009 – May 29, 2009
Second regular session: February 4, 2010 – May 30, 2010
Previous: 51st Legislature • Next: 53rd Legislature

Major legislation

Enacted
Abortion - HB 1595 prohibited a mother from having an abortion based solely on the sex of the child.
Health care - HB 1127 provided $7 million to allow the Oklahoma State University Medical Center to continue to operate.
Sales tax exemption - SB 318 created a gradual elimination of the state sales tax on groceries.
Silver Alert - HB 2030 creates an alert system for senior citizens who have gone missing, similar to the Amber Alert used to find missing children.
Tort reform - HB 1603 required Oklahomans wishing to file a medical malpractice lawsuit to prove before a third party that the case is not frivolous.

Failed
Charter schools - SB 834 would have allowed school districts to easily convert schools into charter schools, a move that would exempt them from most state mandates. The legislation was vetoed by the governor.
Embryonic stem cells - HB 1326 would have made it a crime for a scientist to perform any form of embryonic stem cell research, but was vetoed by Governor Brad Henry.
Insurance - HB 1312 would have mandated insurance coverage for children with autism. It failed to get enough votes for passage in the Oklahoma Senate.
Term limits - HJR 1022 would ask voters to vote on term-limits for all statewide elected offices. The legislation failed in committee.

Added to 2010 ballot as a referendum
English-only - HJR 1042 asked voters whether or not to make English the official language of Oklahoma.
Voting - SB 4 asked voters to decide whether or not to require voters to produce a state-issued ID at the polls.
Workers compensation - SB 609 allowed voters to decide whether or not to require workers compensation judges' appointments to be confirmed by the Oklahoma Senate.

Leadership

Senate
 President of the Senate: Jari Askins (D-Duncan)
 President pro tempore: Glenn Coffee (R-Oklahoma City)

Republican caucus
 Majority Leader: Todd Lamb
 Assistant Floor Leader: Brian Bingman
 Assistant Floor Leader: Mike Mazzei
 Assistant Floor Leader: Clark Jolley
 Whip: Mike Schulz
 Whip: Cliff Branan
 Whip: Anthony Sykes
 Caucus Chair: John Ford

Democratic caucus
 Democratic Leader: Charlie Laster
 Assistant Floor Leader: Jay Paul Gumm
 Assistant Floor Leader: Sean Burrage
 Assistant Floor Leader: Tom Adelson
 Assistant Floor Leader: Tom Ivester
 Assistant Floor Leader: Richard Lerblance
 Whip: Susan Paddack
 Whip: Debbe Leftwich
 Whip: Roger Ballenger
 Whip: Charles Wyrick
 Caucus Chair: Kenneth Corn

House of Representatives
Speaker: Chris Benge
Speaker Pro Tempore: Kris Steele

Republican caucus
 Majority Floor Leader: Tad Jones
 First Assistant Majority Floor Leader: Ron Peters
 Caucus Chairman: John A. Wright
 Majority Whip: Mike Jackson

Democratic caucus
 Democratic Leader: Danny Morgan
 Democratic Floor Leader: Mike Brown
 Whip: Ben Sherrer
 Caucus Chairman: Chuck Hoskin

Party composition

Senate

House of Representatives

Membership

Changes in membership during session
July 15, 2009 Ryan McMullen (D) resigns from representing HD-55 to take a federal position as Oklahoma’s director of rural development.
October 21, 2009 Todd Russ (R) is sworn in to represent HD-55, filling the seat vacant from Ryan McMullen's resignation.

Senate

House of Representatives

References and notes

External links
 Oklahoma Legislature Homepage
 State of Oklahoma's Website
 Legislative Bill Tracking Website

Oklahoma legislative sessions
2009 in Oklahoma
2010 in Oklahoma
2009 U.S. legislative sessions
2010 U.S. legislative sessions


The National Organization for Marriage (NOM) is an American non-profit political organization established to work against the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. It was formed in 2007 specifically to pass California Proposition 8, a state prohibition of same-sex marriage. The group has opposed civil union legislation and gay adoption, and has fought against allowing transgender individuals to use bathrooms that accord with their gender identity. Brian S. Brown has served as the group's president since 2010.

Leadership

NOM's founding board of directors consisted of:
 Maggie Gallagher, president
 Brian S. Brown, executive director (former executive director of Family Institute of Connecticut)
 Robert P. George, chairman of the board
 Neil Corkery, treasurer
 Chuck Stetson (chairman of the board, Bible Literacy Project)
 Ken Von Kohorn (chairman of the board, Family Institute of Connecticut)
 Luis Tellez (president, Witherspoon Institute Board of Trustees)
 Matthew S. Holland (president, Utah Valley University)

In April 2009, Holland was replaced on the board by Orson Scott Card (science fiction novelist and faculty member, Southern Virginia University), who then resigned in July 2013 after calling the battle against legalization of same-sex marriage in the US "moot" following a Supreme Court decision. In September 2011, law professor John C. Eastman replaced Gallagher as the chairman of the board.

As of 2021, Brown remains the president and Eastman chairman of the board. As of 2011, law professor Robert P. George was chairman emeritus. As of 2011, Gallagher was still a board member and worked on specific projects for the group.

Nonprofit status and funding

Groups and projects
The group operates two nonprofit arms: a 501(c)(4) political advocacy group called National Organization for Marriage Inc., established in January 2008, and a 501(c)(3) called NOM Education Fund established in July 2008. The latter arm is not entitled to influence legislation or political campaigns. The Firefighters' Defense Fund, which existed to fund a successful sexual harassment lawsuit by firemen who claim they were forced to participate in a gay pride parade, was a NOM Education Fund project.

The group also operates state-based political action committees such as National Organization for Marriage PAC New York founded in June 2009, and National Organization for Marriage California PAC founded in February 2009. The state PACs receive funding from the main 501(c)(4) NOM arm.

Funding

NOM claims it has a wide base of grassroots support, however the majority of its funding comes from a very few anonymous sources making large donations. In NOM's IRS filing for 2009,  three donations of $2.4 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million made up 68% of NOM's contributions and grants income of a little over $7.1 million, and just five donations made up 75%.

In 2010, Jesse Zwick, then a reporter for the Washington Independent, said he uncovered a 2009 donation to NOM—$1.43 million from the Knights of Columbus—that reporter Luke Johnson later said was apparently not reported to the IRS by NOM.

In 2010, two donors provided $6 million, two-thirds of the total donations for the year.

On its 2012 tax return, NOM reported a roughly $2 million deficit. Three donors contributed nearly two-thirds of the organization's $9.3 million in donations.

Mormon connection

Gay rights activist Fred Karger said in 2010 that NOM is connected to LDS Church, with large private donations coming from Mormon sources. Gallagher responded by denying any connection "except that a Mormon serves on NOM's board." Former board member Matthew S. Holland is a Mormon as is his replacement Orson Scott Card, and Catholic board member Robert P. George has served since August 2010 as an editorial advisor to the Deseret News, a newspaper owned by the LDS Church.

Activity

NOM has been involved in ballot measures, legislative elections, judicial elections, and issue advertising in various states. NOM was involved in the successful Proposition 8 campaign in California in 2008, as well as a similar successful campaign in Maine one year later. They were also involved in unsuccessful efforts to pass an amendment eliminating same-sex marriage in Massachusetts in 2007. NOM participated in efforts to block same-sex marriage in New Jersey, and has unsuccessfully attempted to block same-sex marriage legalization in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and the District of Columbia. On June 16, 2009, NOM announced the formation of NOM PAC New York, a political action committee with a goal of providing $500,000 to fund primary challenges against any Republican New York state senator who votes for gay marriage. NOM stated that they were "also looking to aid Democratic candidates who want to buck the establishment on the marriage issue, and to help in general election contests." In 2010, NOM was involved in successful efforts to oust three Iowa Supreme Court judges who had concurred in a decision that effectively legalized same-sex marriage there.

In 2009, Peter Montgomery of the progressive organization People for the American Way stated:  "You have to take [NOM] seriously [...] They've raised a tremendous amount of money that they're funneling into various states."

2007 Massachusetts constitutional amendment

One of the group's first public acts was to campaign in support of a proposed 2007 Massachusetts constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage by restricting marriage to "the union of one man and one woman", in response to the Massachusetts court decision that legalized same-sex marriage in that state. The NOM-supported amendment failed to pass. The campaign included a billboard comparing representative Angelo Puppolo to Judas Iscariot and Benedict Arnold after he changed his position to oppose the amendment.

California Proposition 8
NOM was first formed to support the passage of California Proposition 8 in 2008, which amended the state Constitution to discontinue same-sex marriage ceremonies. The amendment defined marriage as the union between one man and one woman. NOM contributed $1.8 million to the Proposition 8 effort, and has been described as being "instrumental" in the success of the initiative. Proposition 8 was passed by voters 52% to 48%, and involved an estimated $83M by both sides of the issue. The amendment was in force until United States district court Judge Vaughn R. Walker overturned it in August 2010, in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger, ruling that it violated both the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the United States Constitution. NOM chairman Maggie Gallagher expressed her disagreement with the ruling, targeting Walker's sexuality and accusing him of "substituting his views for those of the American people and of our Founding Fathers." NOM President, Brian Snow, also expressed dissatisfaction with the ruling, stating "With a stroke of his pen, Judge Walker has overruled the votes and values of 7 million Californians"  Walker did however place a temporary injunction on same-sex marriages to allow the defendants to bring their case before the United States Supreme Court. On June 26, 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled the defendants in the case lacked standing to appeal earlier rulings in Federal Court. As a consequence, Walker's opinion striking down the law as unconstitutional stands as the final decision in the case. NOM addressed the Supreme Court's ruling on its website, asking the nation "show its displeasure" with the ruling, adding that "the Supreme Court ripped the legs out from under the institution of marriage."

Stand for Marriage Maine
In 2009, NOM was the primary contributor to Stand For Marriage Maine, the organization that led the successful campaign for Question 1 in Maine, a voter referendum that repealed the law passed by the legislature to allow same-sex marriages in the state. Voters passed the referendum 53%–47% out of 567,057 votes cast. Out of the initial $343,000 in contributions, NOM provided some $160,000.

NOM contributed over $1.6 million to Stand For Marriage Maine; by reports as of October 2009, NOM had contributed 63% of that group's funding.

NOM has brought a number of lawsuits to prevent being required to release the names of its donors funding Stand For Marriage Maine. In 2015, NOM released a campaign disclosure report after a state supreme court ruling on its release.

Advertising campaigns
On April 8, 2009, NOM began a "2 Million for Marriage" (2M4M) initiative with the intention of organizing two million activists nationwide. When NOM used the abbreviation "2M4M" for their "2 Million for Marriage" campaign, the media noted that in personal ads, "2M4M" is code for two men seeking a third male sexual partner. NOM did not secure the domain name and other net resources that use the "2M4M" term. Christopher Ambler, a consultant in rapid web development who characterizes himself as a "happily married straight guy", purchased the domain "2M4M.org" and branded it as "Two Men For Marriage," running material counter to NOM's 2M4M aims.

Gathering Storm

The 2M4M campaign used an advertisement, "Gathering Storm", in which actors, primarily Mormons from Arizona, standing against a dramatic storm-cloud background, voiced opposition to same-sex marriage.

The Human Rights Campaign, a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) lobbying group and political action committee, described the ad saying that, in it, "actors make disproven claims about marriage for lesbian and gay couples."

New York Times columnist Frank Rich described the "Gathering Storm" advertisement as "an Internet camp classic", and it was parodied by Stephen Colbert, the website Funny or Die, and in the Futurama episode "Proposition Infinity".

Other advertisements
On April 30, 2009, NOM and beauty pageant winner Carrie Prejean launched another ad campaign against gay marriage, called "No Offense". In the ad, they object to being characterized as "outright bigots" because of their stance. After semi-nude photos of Prejean were posted on the Internet, causing some to accuse NOM of hypocrisy, NOM issued a press release stating that Prejean had appeared with NOM as a private citizen and not as a spokesperson. In the wake of the revelation that Prejean had made masturbation videos, NOM removed reference to the video from the front page of their website.

On May 28, 2009, NOM rolled out an advertising campaign in New York, including a video spot. The Christian Science Monitor described the spot as listing a "litany of grievances" as an "ominous score" plays, with a potentially embarrassing error for a campaign based on education: misspelling marriage as .

During the 2016 North Carolina gubernatorial election, NOM released an ad criticizing Democratic candidate Roy Cooper for his support for  allowing transgender individuals access to bathrooms that reflect their gender identity. The ad claimed that doing so would give sexual predators easy access to children and other potential victims.

New York Congressional phone campaign
NOM spent over $112,000 on a get-out-the-vote phone campaign for Conservative Party of New York candidate Douglas Hoffman in the contentious 2009 House of Representatives campaign for New York's 23rd District. After pro-same-sex-marriage Republican candidate Dede Scozzafava withdrew from the race, Hoffman lost to Democrat Bill Owens, who also opposed gay marriage, by a 2.3% margin. State senators said that this congressional race affected the New York State Senate's December 2, 2009 vote against same-sex marriage legislation; all 30 Republican state senators voted "no".  Following her unsuccessful campaign, Scozzafava acknowledged that her name had begun being used as a verb: "scozzafavaed".  When the gay Republican organization GOProud had a booth at the 2010 Conservative Political Action Conference, Brown commented, "[W]e have a message for GOProud on marriage: If you try to elect pro-gay-marriage Republicans, we will Dede Scozzafava them."  In addition, Maggie Gallagher has used the phrase "the Dede effect" to describe Republican lawmakers' fear of alienating their constituents by voting for same-sex marriage legislation.

Summer for Marriage Tour

In 2010, NOM staged a 23-city tour holding rallies against same-sex marriage. The rallies attracted supporters and pro-gay marriage protesters. At many stops along the tour, NOM supporters were outnumbered by counter-protesters supporting same-sex marriage; in Atlanta, LGBT rights supporters outnumbered opponents of same-sex marriage by a ratio of ten to one. The tour ended with a rally at the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., while pro-gay marriage activists held a simultaneous event at the Freedom Plaza.

After Peter Yarrow and Paul Stookey, the surviving members of Peter, Paul and Mary, discovered that NOM had been using their recording of "This Land is Your Land" rallies in this tour, they sent a letter to Brown requesting that NOM cease using their recording, stating that NOM's philosophy was "directly contrary to the advocacy position" held by the group. Similarly, after John Mellencamp was informed that NOM had used his song "Pink Houses" at one of their events, his publicist wrote a letter (at his instruction) stating Mellencamp's support for same-sex marriage and asking that NOM stop using his music.

Campaign finance lawsuit
NOM filed a lawsuit in US district court, on free speech grounds, seeking the right to run ads in the Rhode Island governor's race without complying with that state's campaign finance laws, including both campaign financing contribution limits and reporting requirements. In October 2010 the suit was dismissed; the court called the filing "disorganized, vague and poorly constructed" and gave the group one week to refile the lawsuit. NOM appealed to federal court, who ruled against them.

Civil union opposition
NOM has opposed civil union recognition, calling it "a direct threat to marriage and the religious liberties" and stating that "civil union statutes across the country have been used to sue business owners and professionals who run their practices by their deeply held religious beliefs." It has campaigned against the passage of Illinois's Religious Freedom Protection and Civil Union Act, SB 1716.

Iowa judge retention vote campaign
On November 2, 2010, NOM ran a bus tour through Iowa campaigning for removal of three Iowa Supreme Court justices then up for a retention vote, following the court's unanimous decision in Varnum v. Brien; the retention vote was "the most controversial...and one of the closest" races on the ballot. All three justices lost the retention vote, the first time any judge had lost that vote since Iowa initiated the retention system in 1962.

New York same-sex marriage opposition
NOM actively opposed legalization of same-sex marriage in New York in 2011. The group sponsored a rally in the Bronx in May 2011 with state Senator Ruben Diaz, Sr., a Democrat. After same-sex marriage was legalized in the state by the legislature in June 2011, NOM pledged to spend $2 million to defeat the four Republicans who voted for the bill to legalize it, and erected signs in the districts of those senators, warning "You're Next". Wealthy same-sex marriage supporters vowed to finance the targeted senators.

NOM supported four "Let the People Vote" rallies later in July of the same year, with the stated purpose of having the voters decide the issue versus the bill passed by the state's legislature.

North Carolina Amendment 1
NOM provided more than $300,000 to the committee supporting North Carolina's Amendment 1, a 2012 referendum which would alter the state's constitution to forbid marriage and all other recognition for same-sex couples.

2012 presidential pledge
On August 3, 2011, NOM unveiled a pledge for 2012 Republican presidential candidates. Signers pledged that they would support a federal marriage amendment, appoint federal judges who are originalists and thus "reject the idea our Founding Fathers inserted a right to gay marriage in our Constitution", defend the Defense of Marriage Act in court, "establish a presidential commission on religious liberty to investigate and document reports of Americans who have been harassed or threatened for exercising key civil rights to organize, to speak, to donate or to vote for marriage", and "advance legalization to return to the people of the District of Columbia their right to vote on marriage." This pledge was signed by candidates Rick Perry, Mitt Romney, Rick Santorum, Michele Bachmann, and Newt Gingrich (who initially declined), along with Tim Pawlenty; Ron Paul and Herman Cain chose not to sign. During the Iowa primary campaign, NOM aired a TV ad targeting Paul, contrasting his failure to pledge with the activities of "the major presidential candidates", thus implying that Paul was not truly in contention in the primary campaign.

Oregon intercession
NOM attempted repeatedly to intercede in the legalization of same-sex marriage in Oregon. The group requested to be allowed to act as defendants in the state court case that ultimately found the ban on same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional, but were denied by the judge as lacking standing, a ruling that was confirmed by the federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After the ruling that started same-sex marriage in the state, NOM filed a request with the U.S. Supreme Court, asking that the state court's ruling be stayed, to allow NOM to further pursue its case for being an intercessor, and that the matter be reviewed by the Supreme Court. The request was denied.

March For Marriage
NOM organized protest marches against same-sex marriage in Washington, DC, in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. The 2015 March For Marriage took place on April 25, the Saturday before the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in a set of cases related to same-sex marriage. About 100 people attended the 2016 event, including counterprotestors. About 50 attended in 2017.

IRS release of donor information

In October 2013, NOM filed a federal lawsuit alleging that the IRS had intentionally leaked its 2008 tax return—including donor lists—in violation of federal law. The lawsuit arose from the March 2012 disclosure of NOM's 2008 IRS Form 990, Schedule B (which contained donor data) to an LGBT rights advocacy group and to the media. Under U.S. federal law, "the IRS is required to provide the public with certain tax information for 501(c)(4) organizations upon request—but personal identifying information of donors must be redacted by the agency." In a June 2014 ruling, Judge James Cacheris of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia dismissed most of NOM's claims. While the IRS acknowledged that it had improperly made an unredacted copy of NOM's tax information public, the court found that NOM provided "no evidence that the information was willfully disclosed or the result of gross negligence." In June 2014, the IRS agreed to settle NOM's remaining claims of improper disclosure of confidential tax information by paying $50,000 to NOM.

Transgender students
On September 20, 2013, NOM announced that they would gather signatures aimed at putting a proposition on the November 2014 California ballot to repeal a law addressing the rights of transgender students. The law, AB 1266, allows students to play on school sports teams and to use school bathrooms that accord with their gender identity. Brown said that "Opening our most vulnerable areas at school including showers, bathrooms and changing rooms to members of the opposite sex is politically-correct madness that risks the privacy and security of our children and grandchildren."  On February 24, 2014, the California secretary of state's office reported that the proposition had failed to gather enough valid signatures to qualify for the November election.

International activities
NOM president Brown has spoken in Russia calling for the illegalization of adoption by LGBT people. He spoke to the Duma committees on international affairs and the family, telling them that persecution of religious people would arise from permitting equal rights in any form.

Free Speech Bus
Along with Spain-based advocacy group CitizenGo and the International Organization for the Family NOM activists toured in the "Free Speech Bus", an orange bus displaying the anti-transgender slogan "It's Biology: Boys are boys... and always will be. Girls are Girls... and always will be. You can't change sex. Respect all." This campaign, aimed to oppose the concept of transgenderism, mainly covered the East Coast. At one stop in Boston, people tried to block the bus, and at another stop, it was vandalized.

IRS filings
In 2009, Californians Against Hate (CAH) filed a formal complaint with the IRS against NOM, saying that NOM had refused to make its IRS 990 forms public, as required by law. CAH representatives went to "the Princeton, New Jersey, offices of the National Organization for Marriage twice to get copies of their IRS 990 reports, to no avail," said CAH's president, Fred Karger. "Then our representative, Ben Katzenberg, sent two certified letters to the NOM office on March 18, 2009, requesting its two 990 forms. Federal law requires NOM to furnish copies of these IRS filings within 30 days after the request has been received. And 40 days later, still no 990s." NOM has since posted 990 forms for 2007 and 2008 on their website.

Campaign finance issues
In March 2009, Fred Karger filed a complaint with the California Fair Political Practices Commission alleging that the National Organization for Marriage was established by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in order to direct church funds toward the passage of Proposition 8.  A church spokesman and NOM's then-president Maggie Gallagher both denied the allegations.

In 2009, the Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices voted, 3–2, to investigate NOM for campaign finance violations; the Commission overrode the recommendation of their staff. Maine law required organizations soliciting more than $5,000 for ballot question campaigns to file disclosure reports. NOM had contributed $1.6 million to Stand For Marriage Maine without filing any disclosure reports. NOM filed suit, claiming that the state's election laws violate the Constitution. NOM, arguing that their lawsuit was likely to succeed, sought a federal restraining order to avoid having to provide donor names before the date of the balloting, which U.S. District Court Judge David Brock Hornby denied. In February 2011, Hornby issued a summary judgment ruling that Maine's disclosure law was valid, a decision NOM appealed and lost in August 2011. NOM's efforts to appeal in the federal courts failed when the Supreme Court declined to hear one appeal in February 2012 and another in October 2012. In 2014, the Maine Commission on Governmental Ethics and Election Practices fined NOM over $50,000 and demanded that the group file a campaign finance report; the report was required to include the identities of donors who supported NOM's efforts in connection with the 2009 Maine referendum. NOM filed a complaint against two groups that support gay marriage: The Human Rights Campaign and the National Gay & Lesbian Task Force Foundation, saying that they had engaged in the same actions as NOM. On August 24, 2015, the Sun Journal reported that NOM had paid the State of Maine a fine of over $50,000, that it had disclosed the names of its donors, and that NOM had stated that it would not continue to contest the matter in court.

In Iowa, NOM was investigated by the Iowa Ethics & Campaign Disclosure Board over whether it failed to properly disclose the names of donors towards its campaign to unseat judges who had ruled in favor of same-sex marriage in the state. Previously, it had faced accusations from the Interfaith Alliance of Iowa Action Fund and One Iowa that it has failed to properly disclose its contributors. NOM's efforts in that state included spending $86,060 on the failed state House of Representatives campaign of Stephen Burgmeier.

NOM executive director Brown has stated that the group keeps the identities of its donors private to prevent donor intimidation by proponents of same-sex marriage. The group used that argument in an unsuccessful lawsuit seeking to exempt them from California's disclosure laws.

Criticism and opposition

"NOM Exposed"
In September 2010, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) and the Courage Campaign launched "NOM Exposed", a website which says it documents "Truth, Lies, and Connections about the So-Called National Organization for Marriage."  The site contained profiles of NOM leaders and prominent supporters; details of NOM's links to Latter-Day Saints, the Catholic Church and conservative Christian organizations such as Opus Dei, the Knights of Columbus and Focus on the Family; information about NOM's budget; and an interactive map with information on NOM activities in specific states. HRC spokesperson Michael Cole characterized NOM as "a secretive player in antigay politics, which is posing as an offshore company for antigay religious money"; NOM president Brown countered that NOM is "not out to hoodwink voters... [but is] talking openly about same-sex marriage" and predicted that the "NOM Exposed" website would backfire. Brown also said that HRC's "heavy-handed attacks on NOM only prove that we are the key national organization fighting for marriage as one man and one woman."

Southern Poverty Law Center
The Southern Poverty Law Center included NOM on its Winter 2010 list of "anti-gay groups" that "have continued to pump out demonizing propaganda aimed at homosexuals." NOM president Brown took issue with the inclusion, stating that NOM "isn't about being anti-anyone."

Resignation of Louis Marinelli
On April 8, 2011, Louis Marinelli, a 25-year-old NOM activist and online strategist who describes himself as "the one behind the 2010 Summer for Marriage Tour", had driven the bus during that tour, and had moderated many of NOM's web properties (including its Facebook page, its Twitter account, and the Tour blog), resigned from his affiliation with the organization, announced his support for same-sex marriage, and categorically apologized for and repudiated his past actions on behalf of the organization. He also shut down the Facebook page he had built up for NOM, which had 290,000 followers. The next day, NOM created a new official Facebook page (to replace Marinelli's), and released this statement: "Louis Marinelli worked in a volunteer capacity as a bus driver during our summer marriage tour. Around this time, NOM began to pay him as a part-time consultant for helping us expand our internet reach. He has since chosen a different focus. We wish him well." NOM president Brown publicly downplayed Marinelli's role with the organization, however, after Marinelli published several articles critical of NOM on his website, Brown contacted him and said that if the articles were not removed, NOM would pursue legal action against Marinelli for violation of a confidentiality agreement he had signed as a contractor with access to specialized information.

Photo manipulation

In October 2011, the blog Good As You showed that NOM used uncredited photographs of 2008 rallies for then-presidential candidate Barack Obama on its website to make it appear that the crowds supporting Obama were actually NOM supporters.

The story was subsequently picked up by media including The Rachel Maddow Show and Instinct Magazine. Brown dismissed the photo controversy as a misdirection effort by "Rachel Maddow and her friends on the left". NOM removed the photos in the collage, referring to one of them as "a common use photo in the public domain". The images included one Reuters photo and two that were copyrighted under a Creative Commons license requiring that the photographer be credited.

Wedge tactics
In March 2012, NOM memos dated to 2009 advocating strategies of pitting the African-American and homosexual communities against each other, of discouraging Latino assimilation into a culture accepting of same-sex marriage, and of painting President Obama as a "social radical" were released by a federal judge in Maine and published by the Human Rights Campaign. The internal NOM documents state that they seek "to drive a wedge between gays and blacks" by promoting "African American spokespeople for marriage", thus provoking same-sex marriage supporters into "denouncing these spokesmen and women as bigots", and to interrupt the assimilation of Latinos into "dominant Anglo culture" by making the stance against same-sex marriage "a key badge of Latino identity". The documents also showed a goal to "sideswipe" US President Barack Obama by depicting him as a "social radical" via issues including child protection and pornography.

The revealed tactics were described as "one of the most cynical things I've ever heard" and "scary" by Julian Bond, chairman emeritus of the NAACP. The National Black Justice Coalition said that the "documents expose N.O.M. for what it really is – a hate group determined to use African American faith leaders as pawns to push their damaging agenda."

In response to the controversy, NOM stated that the organization has a diverse base of support which includes people of "every color, creed and background" and that it has "worked with prominent African-American and Hispanic leaders, including Dr. Alveda C. King, Bishop George McKinney of the COGIC Church, Bishop Harry Jackson and the New York State Senator Reverend Rubén Díaz Sr." Gallagher, who was president of the organization at the time of the documents, said that their language "makes us sound way too big for our britches", while Brown, president at the time the controversy arose, wrote that the language was "inapt", stating that "it would be enormously arrogant for anyone at NOM to believe that we can make or provoke African-American or Latino leaders do anything".

See also
 Jennifer Roback Morse
 Family Research Council

Notes
 Southern Poverty Law Center: 10 Anti-gay Myths Debunked

References

External links

 National Organization for Marriage – official site
 NOM Exposed – a critical website sponsored by the Human Rights Campaign and the Courage Campaign
 Maggie Gallagher debates Gavin Newsom on gay marriage in a May 2009 interactive debate from NOW on PBS Online

Political organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Princeton, New Jersey
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Organizations established in 2007
2007 establishments in the United States
Same-sex marriage in the United States
Lobbying organizations in the United States
2008 California Proposition 8
Conservative organizations in the United States


The following list is for the MTV Movie Award winners and nominees for Best Kiss. Kristen Stewart & Robert Pattinson won for "The Twilight Saga films" (along with "Best Movie") in four consecutive years (2009–2012).

Winners and nominees

Awards breakdown

Most Wins
 Robert Pattinson — 4

 Kristen Stewart — 4

Most Nominations
 Kristen Stewart — 6
 Robert Pattinson — 5
 Emma Watson — 4
 Cameron Diaz — 3
 Leonardo DiCaprio — 3
 James Franco — 3
 Ryan Gosling — 3
 Woody Harrelson — 3
 Jennifer Lawrence — 3
 Gwyneth Paltrow — 3
 Keanu Reeves — 3
 Winona Ryder — 3
 Emma Stone — 3
 Amy Adams — 2
 Ben Affleck — 2
 Jennifer Aniston — 2
 Drew Barrymore — 2
 Sandra Bullock — 2
 Jim Carrey — 2
 Lily Collins — 2
 Zac Efron — 2
 Anna Faris — 2
 Jennifer Garner — 2
 Joseph Gordon-Levitt — 2
 Tom Hanks — 2
 Ethan Hawke — 2
 Taraji P. Henson — 2
 Terrence Howard — 2
 Vanessa Hudgens — 2
 Scarlett Johansson — 2
 Angelina Jolie — 2
 Mila Kunis — 2
 Taylor Lautner — 2
 Jude Law — 2
 Heath Ledger — 2
 Juliette Lewis — 2
 Rachel McAdams — 2
 Elliot Page — 2
 Natalie Portman — 2
 Daniel Radcliffe — 2
 Ryan Reynolds — 2
 Zoe Saldana — 2
 Adam Sandler — 2
 Christian Slater — 2
 Will Smith — 2
 Mark Wahlberg — 2
 Shailene Woodley — 2

Notes

References

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Kissing


Cistus monspeliensis is a species of rockrose known by the common name Montpellier cistus. It is native to southern Europe and northern Africa, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecosystems of matorral—maquis shrublands.

Description

Cistus monspeliensis is a shrub with narrow evergreen leaves and a hairy, glandular, sticky surface. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, green, with a rugose, wrinkled upper surface, up to 5 centimeters long. In cultivation, C. monspeliensis attains a height of around one meter and a width of 1.5 metres.

The plant's inflorescence is generally a panicle of 2 to 8 flowers, each with five sepals and five white petals.

Distribution
It is mainly distributed throughout the western Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, including Madeira; Spain, including the Canary Islands and Balearic Islands; Morocco; southern France, including Corsica; Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily; Malta; Algeria; Tunisia) but it is also present in Croatia; Serbia; Albania; Montenegro; Greece and Cyprus.

The plant has been reported elsewhere as an introduced species, and in California as an invasive species.

Phylogeny
Cistus monspeliensis belongs to the white and whitish pink flowered clade of Cistus species.

References

External links
 Jepson Manual Treatment - Cistus monspeliensis

monspeliensis
Flora of North Africa
Matorral shrubland
Plants described in 1753
Garden plants of Europe
Drought-tolerant plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Malta


Xiaobei Station () is a station on Line 5 of the Guangzhou Metro. It is located under East Huanshi Road () near the Beixiu Building () in the Yuexiu District. It opened on 28December 2009.

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2009
Guangzhou Metro stations in Yuexiu District


Pensamientos (English: Thoughts) is the twentieth studio album written, produced and performed by Mexican singer-songwriter Juan Gabriel. It was released on November 11, 1986. It was his last studio album until 1994, when his legal battle against his label ended.

Track listing

Personnel
Juan Gabriel – Producer
Chuck Anderson – Arranger, director
David Esquivel  — Musical Engineer
Carlos Ceballos — Musical Engineer
Stan Ross — Musical Engineer
Ryan Uliate — Musical Engineer
Arriba Juárez No. 1  — Mariachi
Alberto Reyna — Graphic design
Joel García — Carátula

Chart performance

References

External links

1986 albums
Juan Gabriel albums
RCA Records albums
Spanish-language albums


Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas is a three-volume anthology of anarchist writings edited by historian Robert Graham. The anthology is published by Black Rose Books. Each selection is introduced by Graham, placing each author and selection in their historical and ideological context. The focus of the anthology is on the origins and development of anarchist ideas; it is not a documentary history of the world's anarchist movements, although the selections are geographically diverse.

Volume One

Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939) was published in Montreal by Black Rose Books in 2005. Anarchist writer and publisher Stuart Christie wrote of the first volume in the Independent on Sunday that it "provides a good, comprehensive introduction to the strands, ideas and themes of anarchist and libertarian thought from the feudal era (AD300) to 1939". George Fetherling of The Georgia Straight compared the collection favourably to Daniel Guérin's No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism, observing that in contrast to Guérin's focus on the established canon of 19th-century European anarchist thinkers and adversarial style, Graham's collection "goes much farther afield, not only in scope and time but also in geography", and takes an informative, non-confrontational tone. The Kate Sharpley Library praised the collection for avoiding both repetitive drabness and the temptation to opt for selections of misrepresentative novelty, and singled out the Latin American and Asian selections as "especially valuable because so little is easily available elsewhere". The volume was also recommended by Kenneth Gregg in a literature review for the anarcho-capitalist website LewRockwell.com, and by mutualist scholar Shawn P. Wilbur.

In a review of the collection for the Fall 2006 issue of Labour/Le Travail, leading post-anarchism theorist Saul Newman declared it to be "symptomatic of a growing interest in anarchism and a revitalization of the anarchist tradition", and that it would "serve as an excellent introduction to the anti-authoritarian tradition, and an important resource for the scholar of anarchism". While identifying the collection's assembly of
such a diverse range of material as its strength, Newman found its "eclecticism and sheer panoramic scope" also to be a weakness, in that the brevity of the selections often left the reader with only a superficial understanding of the author's work. Being an anthology encompassing a wide range of topics and numerous authors, readers are encouraged to consult the original sources if they wish to learn more about a particular topic or author.

Subsequent volumes
Volume 2, subtitled "The Emergence of the New Anarchism", covers the period from 1939, with the defeat of the Spanish Revolution and the start of the Second World War, to 1977, by which time there had been a significant resurgence in anarchist ideas and movements. It includes material from Herbert Read, Emma Goldman, Daniel Guérin, Marie Louise Berneri, Paul Goodman, Martin Buber, André Breton, Peggy Kornegger, Noam Chomsky, Murray Bookchin, Colin Ward, Ivan Illich, Pierre Clastres, Paul Feyerabend, Carol Ehrlich and many others. Its publication was announced by Graham on April 12, 2009. AK Press  Revolution by the Book  describes Volume 2 as an exciting read, "because you discover new writers and/or writers you've only seen referenced or briefly quoted before (all contextualized by Robert's introductions)."

Volume 3, subtitled "The New Anarchism" covers the period from 1974 to 2012, showcasing the different currents in anarchist theory and practice which have developed since the 1970s. It was published in November 2012 . Contributors include Peter Marshall, Murray Bookchin, Carole Pateman, Noam Chomsky, Todd May, David Graeber, Jeff Ferrell, Richard Sonn, Mark Leier, Saul Newman, Richard Day and many others. Chapters cover a variety of topics, including anarchism and self-managing democracy, global justice movements, especifismo, anarchist politics, revolutionary movements across the globe, direct action, the logic of state power, anarchy and ecology, personal, social and sexual liberation, art and anarchy, anti-capitalism, post-anarchism and the relevance of anarchism today.

Andrew Cornell has described the anthology as "both a map of a movement and a treasure trove of ideas – a valuable textbook for political militants and scholars alike." Iain McKay calls it "essential reading for all those interested in libertarian thought. The breadth of authors and subjects is both comprehensive and impressive, giving a much needed overview of anarchism as an evolving and relevant social movement and theory." Alan Antliff says that the three volume series "is an invaluable resource, with texts encompassing a remarkable range of theorists, organizations, and thematic issues."

See also
 List of books about anarchism

References

External links
 Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas at Black Rose Books
 Robert Graham's Anarchism Weblog, intended to provide additional commentary and selections to accompany the anthology

Books about anarchism
2005 non-fiction books
Canadian anthologies
English-language books


Localized lichen myxedematosus is a group of skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides, a disease for which there is no treatment.

See also
 Papular mucinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mucinoses


Norman George (born 2 July 1946) is a Cook Islands politician and former Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament, Deputy Prime Minister, and Cabinet Minister.

George was first elected to the Parliament of the Cook Islands in 1983. He represented the electorate of Tengatangi–Areora–Ngatiarua for 21 years. Repeated conflicts over leadership and cabinet posts saw him quit, found, and rejoin parties, moving from the Cook Islands Democratic Party to the Alliance and back, then to the New Alliance Party before returning to the Democrats. After losing his seat in the 2004 election and serving as Speaker, he represented the seat of Teenui–Mapumai for eight years, initially as an independent, then as a member of the Cook Islands Party, then as an independent again.

George lost his seat at the 2014 Cook Islands general election.

Early life

George was born in Atiu in the Cook Islands.  He worked as a police officer, first for the Cook Islands Police Service and then for the New Zealand Police. In 1977 he won an apology and a settlement for damages and costs from then-Broadcasting Minister Tupui Henry over allegations that he and another man were "agitators" and "disturbing elements in a public place". In 1979 he was appointed as the Cook Islands' first Consul-General to New Zealand. He returned to Rarotonga in 1982 where he worked as a lawyer.

Democrats and Alliance

George was first elected to the Cook Islands Parliament in the March 1983 Cook Islands general election as a candidate for the Cook Islands Democratic Party. An electoral petition against his election was unsuccessful. Following the victory of Tom Davis in the November 1983 election he was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Corrective Services, and the Crown Law Office. He later organised the toppling of Davis and his replacement by Pupuke Robati.

In 1991 George contested the Democratic Party leadership, losing by a single vote to Terepai Maoate. A subsequent dispute over spending saw him removed as party whip and then expelled from the party. He established the Alliance Party, which subsequently won two seats in the 1994 elections. The Alliance rejoined the Democrats, but a further struggle over the leadership between George and Terepai Maoate saw George split off again in 1997 to form the New Alliance Party. At the 1999 elections the party won four seats. George announced that he was forming a coalition with Prime Minister Geoffrey Henry, and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister. He retained the position when Henry resigned in favour of Joe Williams, but was sacked in October 1999 after he defected to the opposition. He subsequently supported Terepai Maoate as Prime Minister and was reappointed as Deputy Prime Minister.

As Deputy Prime Minister, George made controversial statements that businessmen were involved in drug-smuggling, proposed removing customary land-rights from expatriate Cook Islanders, and demanded that newspapers be licensed. He was sacked by Maoate in July 2001 following disagreements over the budget and portfolio allocations. Initially the coalition remained intact, but by December 2001 George reportedly planned to put forward a motion of no confidence in Maoate. In February 2002 he supported Maoate's ousting by Robert Woonton, and was appointed to Woonton's Cabinet. While Geoffrey Henry became Deputy Prime Minister, George was rewarded with a long list of Ministerial portfolios, including Justice, Attorney-General, Energy, Environment, and Outer Islands Development.

The New Alliance Party subsequently merged with the Democratic Alliance Party, but George was sacked from Cabinet again in November 2002.  A series of scandals over conflicts of interest, the apparent sale of a residency permit to New Zealand developer Mark Lyon, and a court case over "double dipping" saw George decline in popularity.  When the Democratic Party did not select him as a candidate for the 2004 elections, he split from the party and established the Tumu Enua Party, but failed to win reelection.

Cook Islands Party

Following his election defeat George was appointed Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament.  He subsequently returned to Parliament in the 2006 Teenui-Mapumai by-election as an independent aligned with the Cook Islands Party. He was re-elected in the 2006 elections as a CIP candidate.

George was re-elected at the 2010 election and was one of four candidates for the post of Deputy Prime Minister. He did not gain that position, and after he failed to gain a Cabinet post he refused to attend the swearing-in ceremony at Parliament. He subsequently resigned from the Cook Islands Party and became an independent again. In February 2012 he attempted to rejoin the Democratic Party to contest the leadership, but his application to rejoin was refused. He was eventually allowed to rejoin in November 2013. He ran for re-election at the 2014 election, but lost his seat to his niece, Rose Toki-Brown.

Disbarment and decline

In April 2015 he contested the leadership of the Democratic Party after the departure of Wilkie Rasmussen, but lost to William (Smiley) Heather.

In September 2013 following repeated complaints over his conduct as a lawyer George was barred from taking on land cases before the Cook Islands Court for three years, and barred from appearing before the Cook Islands Court of Appeal for 18 months. In October 2015 he was permanently barred from the land court after failing to obey the suspension.

George stood for the seat of Tengatangi–Areora–Ngatiarua at the 2018 election for the Alternative Must Ravenga Openga party on a platform of making Atiu great again. He received only 7 votes and lost to Te-Hani Brown.

In December 2019 George launched a private prosecution for fraud against Prime Minister Henry Puna and Deputy Prime Minister Mark Brown, alleging that a government-chartered aircraft had been misused. The case is still unresolved.

References

1946 births
Living people
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Cook Islands
Foreign Ministers of the Cook Islands
Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands
Speakers of the Cook Islands Parliament
People from Atiu
New Zealand police officers
Cook Island lawyers
Tumu Enua politicians
Cook Island police officers
Democratic Party (Cook Islands) politicians
New Alliance Party (Cook Islands) politicians
Cook Islands Party politicians
Independent politicians in the Cook Islands