Geode State Park is a state park in Henry County, Iowa bordering Des Moines County. It is managed by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. While it is named for Iowa's state rock, the geode, few can be found in the park. A display of geodes, with their mysterious crystal formations in their hollow cavities, can be seen at the park office. It is illegal to remove geodes from state parks.

The prime attraction of the 1,640-acre park is Lake Geode, a 187-acre lake built in 1950. Over the years, the lake has become well known for excellent fishing for largemouth bass, bluegill, crappie, channel catfish, bullhead, red-eared sunfish.

Geode State Park joined the Iowa park system in 1937. The spot along the Skunk River had long been a local picnicking spot. Originally local groups raised $4,800 to purchase 143 acres.  The Civilian Conservation Corps moved onto the grounds to begin clearing trees, creating roads and building structures. In 1947, civilian construction workers returned and building resumed. In 1951, the lake, beach and CCC-reminiscent beach house were dedicated. Also opened at the time was an airstrip, making Geode the only park that invited travelers to arrive by private plane. The strip has been closed since.

On Saturday, July 25, 2009, a RAGBRAI participant, Donald D. Myers from Rolla, Missouri, died from injuries sustained in a crash at the bottom of the hill near Geode Lake dam at Geode State Park.

Some places in the area have been reported to have timber rattlesnakes.

Nearby towns are Burlington,  to the east; New London,  north; Danville,  northeast; Middletown,  east; and Lowell, at the park's southwest corner.

The park can be reached from Middletown on Iowa 79 or from Lowell on County Road J-20.

References

External links

Geode State Park

State parks of Iowa
Protected areas of Henry County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Henry County, Iowa
Civilian Conservation Corps in Iowa
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa


Simele District (, ) is a district of Dohuk Governorate in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The administrative centre is Simele.

Subdistricts
The district has the following sub-districts:
Batel
Fayda
Simele

References

Districts of Dohuk Province
Simele


Emma Woodhouse is the 21-year-old titular protagonist of Jane Austen's 1815 novel Emma. She is described in the novel's opening sentence as "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and a happy disposition... and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her." Jane Austen, while writing the novel, called Emma, "a heroine whom no-one but myself will much like."

Emma is an independent, wealthy woman who lives with her father in their home Hartfield in the English countryside near the village of Highbury. The novel concerns her attempts to be a matchmaker among her acquaintances and her own romantic misadventures.

Emma professes that she does not ever wish to marry (unless she falls very much in love), as she has no financial need to, because she has a large inheritance and does not wish to leave her father alone. After series of new engagements, visits at Highbury, and much miscommunication, Emma finds herself in love with her neighbour and sister's brother-in-law George Knightley.

Characteristics
Intelligent and self-assured, Emma takes after her deceased mother, possessing a sharper mind than either her father or sister yet lacking the discipline to practise or study anything in depth. While she is compassionate to the poor and an active member of society, her strong sense of class status leads her to be prejudiced in regards to the "upwardly mobile" families of Highbury, such as the Martins or Coles, who she believes ought not to raise themselves to the level of the gentry.

While she is capable of being extremely affectionate, patient and devoted to those she considers dear, Emma often behaves in a frivolous or selfish way, and shows a lack of consideration for her friends and neighbours. She carelessly manipulates the life of her friend Harriet Smith, neglects her acquaintance Jane Fairfax, and insults the poor and dependent Miss Bates. However, her friends, especially Mrs Weston and George Knightley, see potential in her to improve herself and become a better person, which Emma, through her own self-realization and willingness to change, achieves by the end of the novel.

Relationships

George Knightley is Emma's friend, brother-in-law of her sister Isabella, and ultimately her love interest. At 37, he is significantly older than she and Emma looks up to him. He often gives her advice and guidance, particularly since Emma's mother is deceased. Mr Knightley has a strong moral compass and frequently teases or scolds Emma for her more frivolous pursuits, such as matchmaking. He also disagrees and argues with Emma on occasion, notably about Emma's interference with Harriet Smith and Robert Martin's relationship. Knightley spends most evenings with Emma and her father, taking the short walk from his home to theirs.

Due to his attachment to Emma, Mr Knightley has disliked Frank Churchill (unconsciously labelling him as competition) even before he met Frank, and remains doubtful of him even when everyone else indulges the younger man. It is also his jealousy of Frank that causes Mr Knightley to acknowledge his romantic feelings for Emma. Although he is mostly rational, he can also act more impulsively in relation to Emma, such as making a sudden visit to London and returning in an equally unexpected manner to propose to her. Emma, too, gradually realises her feelings for him due to her jealousy first of Jane Fairfax and later of Harriet Smith.

Harriet Smith is a low-born and poor pupil at the local boarding school, of whom Emma takes notice after she loses the companionship of Mrs Weston. Despite Harriet's humble origins, Emma admires her sweetness, good nature, and pleasant looks. Emma decides to take Harriet under her wing and help her find a good husband. However, Emma's pride prevents her from recognising a good match for Harriet in the person of Robert Martin, a respected farmer and the initial and ultimate romantic interest of Harriet. Instead, Emma encourages Harriet to believe that she is admired by Mr Elton, the village vicar, which ends disastrously. Nevertheless, naive Harriet does not blame Emma for her mortification, and the two remain friends.

Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Emma, Harriet develops a crush on Mr Knightley after he asks her to dance when Mr Elton has refused to. Emma, who believes that Harriet holds a secret regard for Frank, says that she should not give up hope because there have been many other happy though unequal matches. When Emma discovers the truth, she is both appalled and dismayed, which leads to her realisation that she is in love with Knightley. Mrs Elton's relationship to Jane Fairfax parodies Emma's relationship to Harriet.

Mr Woodhouse, Emma's father, is a valetudinarian and is paranoid about his own and others' health. He is against eating cake, going outside, attending parties, and marriage, among other things, on the grounds that these might damage the health. As a result, Emma takes on the role of caregiver for him, as he is incapable of exerting parental influence or even taking care of himself. Mr Woodhouse is fond of and attached to his daughters, who are likewise affectionate toward him. With Isabella married, Emma took it upon herself to remain at Hartfield and take care of her father. Emma's consideration towards her father is one of her redeeming attributes.

Mrs Weston, formerly Miss Taylor, was Emma's governess before she married Mr Weston. She and Emma love each other and are close friends. She serves as a mother figure for Emma and often gives her advice, which is not always taken. Emma admires Mrs Weston as wise and virtuous. When Mrs Weston marries, Emma becomes lonely and therefore seeks the companionship of Harriet Smith, a friendship which Mrs Weston approves of although Mr Knightley does not. Mrs Weston initially wished for a match between Emma and Frank Churchill and saw a potential attachment between George Knightley and Jane Fairfax; she ends up surprised by, yet delighted with, the ultimate outcome.

Jane Fairfax, orphaned at a young age, is Miss Bates' niece. She is a beautiful, accomplished young woman, who represents everything that Emma should be. Jane is regarded by others as the ideal companion for Emma. Emma neglects her due to jealousy, yet claims it is because Jane is 'cold'. Unbeknownst to Emma, Jane is secretly engaged to Frank, and therefore Frank's flirtation with Emma causes Jane great pain.

Notable portrayals
Doran Godwin in the 1972 BBC TV serial
Alicia Silverstone's character in the 1995 film Clueless, Cher Horowitz, is based on Emma Woodhouse
Gwyneth Paltrow in the 1996 film
Kate Beckinsale in the 1996 film
Romola Garai in the 2009 BBC TV serial
Sonam Kapoor as Aisha Kapoor in the 2010 film Aisha
Joanna Sotomura in the 2013 web series Emma Approved
Anya Taylor-Joy in the 2020 film

References

Emma characters
Fictional socialites
Literary characters introduced in 1815
Fictional gentry
Female characters in literature


The Charles W. Noyes House is an historic single-family bungalow located at 271 Chestnut Street in the village of West Newton in Newton, Massachusetts. Designed in the American Craftsman style of architecture by Boston-based architect Hubert G. Ripley of Ripley & Le Boutillier, it was built in 1914.  It is  stories in height, with a broad shallow-pitched clipped-gable roof and stuccoed exterior.  The street-facing facade has banks of small-paned windows at each level.  The owner Charles W. Noyes was a lawyer.

On February 16, 1990, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1914


Cheruval is a village in Thrissur district of Kerala, India. The main festivals of this village are the football tournament and "Desavilakku". The village has one school- JLPS-Janatha Lower Primary School, a football ground, many farms and the Manjamkuzhy Dam. The village is situated on the banks of the Kurumali River. The "NAVABHARAH SAMSKARIKA NILAYAM" is one of the cultural centre in this village. The village is approximately 1.2 km from the Puthukkad/Pudukad railway station.

References

Villages in Thrissur district


2 Vulpeculae is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located around 1,800 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.43.

2 Vulpeculae is a double-lined spectroscopic binary; as of 2002, the pair had an angular separation of  along a position angle of 127.2°.

The primary component of the binary is a rapidly rotating Be star with a stellar classification of B1 IV. It is a variable star with an amplitude of 0.06 magnitude and a period of 0.6096 days, tentatively classified as Beta Cephei variable.  The variability was discovered in 1959, and it has been assigned the variable star designation ES Vulpeculae.

References

External links

B-type subgiants
Be stars
Pulsating variables
Spectroscopic binaries
Vulpecula
Durchmusterung objects
Vulpeculae, 02
180968
094827
7318
Vulpeculae, ES


This List of tallest buildings in Tucson ranks high-rises from a starting point of at least  tall, based on standard height measurement. This measurement includes architectural details (such as spires), but this does not include Radio masts and towers. Currently the tallest building in Tucson, Arizona is One South Church at  completed in 1986.

List

Approved, Proposed, Under Construction or Cancelled
Under Construction

References

External links

Tallest Skyscrapers in Tucson-Emporis.com

Tallest in Tucson
Tucson


The Old Chestnut Hill Historic District encompasses the historic residential heart of the Newton portion of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.  When first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, the district extended along Hammond Street, between Beacon Street and the MBTA Green Line right-of-way, and along Chestnut Hill Road between Hammond and Essex, including properties along a few adjacent streets.  The district was expanded in 1990 to include more of Chestnut Hill Road and Essex Road, Suffolk Road and the roads between it and Hammond, and a small section south of the Green Line including properties on Hammond Street, Longwood Road, and Middlesex Road.  A further expansion in 1999 added a single property on Suffolk Road.

The district consists of a residential enclave of high-quality architect-designed residences on ample, landscaped lots, that exemplified the development of Newton as a fashionable upper-class suburb.  The area's colonial history begins with settlement in the 17th century by Thomas Hammond and others. Hammond was probably the builder of the c. 1700 Hammond House at 9 Old Orchard Road, considered to be Newton's oldest surviving structure.  The 1723 house at 521 Hammond Street, a substantial Georgian style house, also belonged to the Hammond family.

Development of the area did not begin in a significant way until after 1886, when the Circuit Railroad brought rail service to the area.  A station designed by H. H. Richardson was built at Chestnut Hill in 1883 and landscaped by Frederick Law Olmsted; it was demolished in 1960.  The houses in the district are predominantly Colonial Revival in their styling, although other forms popular into the 1920s are also represented, including Tudor Revival.  There has been only limited new construction in the area since 1942.  The  district includes 132 buildings, of which 109 contribute to its significance.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts
 Chestnut Hill Historic District (Brookline, Massachusetts), which is mostly in Brookline but overlaps slightly into Newton

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Shingle Style architecture in Massachusetts
Italianate architecture in Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts


Geoffrey Dominic Sebastian Cross (born 11 December 1982) is a Scottish former rugby union player. He played as a tight-head prop for the Border Reivers, Edinburgh and London Irish. He won 40 caps for Scotland between 2009 and 2014. He is also a qualified doctor.

Career

Club

Cross entered professional rugby when he joined Border Reivers in 2003 from Heriot's after having played for Scotland under-21 that year, including being at tight-head in the team who beat England 33–22 at Newbury in the final match of the age group's world championship.

In December 2006 Cross moved from the Border Reivers to Edinburgh on loan until the end of the season, and his debut for the capital city's team followed later that month in the Celtic League game against Glasgow Warriors at Hughenden. The move was made permanent after Cross's ten appearances during the 2006–07 season. He continued to play an increasingly prominent role in the Edinburgh set up and was called up to the Scotland squad for their tour of Argentina in 2008.

Cross continued to play at Edinburgh until midway through the 2013–14 season, when he was loaned to rivals Glasgow Warriors following an emergency request due to front-row injuries at the Warriors. The departure of Cross, a crowd favourite, to a league rival while Edinburgh were struggling for form and results was an unpopular move with the fans at Murrayfield.

Cross's loan to Warriors lasted to the end of the season where he signed for Aviva Premiership side London Irish once his contract with Edinburgh expired.

International

Cross was selected for the Scotland squad for the 2009 Six Nations Championship. His debut match against Wales ended prematurely when he was sin-binned for a tackle in the air on full-back Lee Byrne. Cross was carried off with horrific self-inflicted head injuries. Many people found this ironic as Cross is a qualified doctor. He did not play for the rest of Scotland's campaign. He has since returned for Edinburgh but was not included in new coach Andy Robinson's squad for the 2009 Autumn Tests. Despite being involved in the Scotland set up, including being selected for the victorious tour of Argentina in 2010, he did not add to his caps during the remainder of 2010.

Cross was once again called up for the 2011 Six Nations Championship, making appearances against England, Ireland and Italy, and has been regularly involved during Scotland's subsequent campaigns.

Beard
For a period of over a year during 2014 and 2015, Cross grew a beard of epic magnitude. He was encouraged to cultivate during a loan spell at Glasgow Warriors by team-mate – and similarly bearded wonder – Josh Strauss:

The hirsute prop's face was eventually shaved by London Irish teammates on the last day of March 2015 (much to the delight of his wife, Helen), having raised over £10,000 for the Wooden Spoon charity.

Retirement
Cross retired from professional rugby at the end of the 2015/16 season in order to take up his medical career.

References

1982 births
Living people
Scottish rugby union players
Edinburgh Rugby players
Border Reivers players
Glasgow Warriors players
London Irish players
Scotland international rugby union players
Rugby union props
Rugby union players from Edinburgh
2011 Rugby World Cup players


The National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) is a non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to promoting animal welfare and animal husbandry practices, strengthening the human-animal bond, and safeguarding the rights of responsible animal owners and professionals through research, public education and public policy. The NAIA mission is "to promote the welfare of animals."

The organization's focus is clarifying the difference between animal welfare, the promotion of responsible and humane animal use and human-animal interaction and companionship, and animal rights; the ideology that seeks to end most human uses of animals.

History
NAIA was founded in 1991 in Portland, Oregon by Dr. Adrian Morrison, DVM, PhD, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Patti Strand, a dog owner and breeder of Dalmatians. Since the founding of NAIA, it has created partnerships with individuals and groups promoting animal welfare and animal husbandry, such as the American Kennel Club, Canine Companions for Independence, Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, and others.

Positions
NAIA supports the responsible and humane use of animals for food, clothing, medical research, companionship, assistance, recreation, entertainment and education. It believes that the relationships between humans and animals, on many levels, is important to both.

Pets
NAIA has taken a moderate approach to new measures  for the protection of animals. In many cases, it believes that existing legislation is sufficient and that more effort needs to go into enforcement. In 2001, the NAIA opposed the Puppy Protection Act (S. 1478 and H.R. 3058) on the grounds that its definitions were too broad, classifying family breeders on the same lines as large commercial operations. NAIA noted that the measure would be used to regulate every person who sells even one litter of puppies.

Some animal rights organizations support legislation to establish or increase civil damages for the harm or loss of pets or companion animals. In 2007, Mark Cushing, a legal adviser for NAIA, argued on their behalf that damages for loss of or harm to pets should remain unchanged. This position is also endorsed by the major veterinary organizations.

For years , NAIA has collected data from shelters across the country to document the status of pet and companion animal populations. The Humane Society and PETA have raised funds and argued for certain legislation based on an alleged problem of pet overpopulation. NAIA has not documented overpopulation; shelters report they have fewer animals. The Salem News of Oregon reports that shelter euthanasia rates have decreased markedly in most parts of the country, as shelters market their pets better, and demand for puppies and dogs is high.

According to the United States Center for Disease Control, "300,000 dogs are brought into the US annually," and street dogs are being smuggled in from other countries for "adoption". The National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians recommended: "The movement of dogs for purpose of adoption or sale from areas with dog-to-dog rabies transmission should be prohibited." Such importing puts Americans, their dogs and other animals at risk from disease. For this reason, NAIA supported efforts in the 2008 Farm Bill to add protections regulating the importation of dogs and other pets.

The Humane Society of the United States reports that about 4 million cats and dogs are euthanized yearly in shelters in the US. But, the NAIA says that the Humane Society does not differentiate in its reporting on euthanasia between the number of adoptable animals and others. For instance, shelters generally consider feral cats as unadoptable, as are a number of dogs that are too old, too sick or have behavior problems.

NAIA is opposed to mandatory pet spay/neuter legislation. According to NAIA, costs and euthanasia rates both increase after the introduction of this type of legislation. NAIA claims that "spay or pay" licensing schemes [have] little effect on reducing shelter intake and euthanasia rates, while producing serious unintended consequences.” The animal rights group PETA disputes this, saying that spay/neuter is the only way to eliminate pet overpopulation, and that mandatory spay/neuter legislation is a step towards this goal.

NAIA opposes laws restricting the practices of docking, ear cropping, bark softening of dogs, and removing the claws of cats.  They believe such decisions are best left to animal owners and their veterinarians.  NAIA states that docking, when done within the first few days, does not cause pain because the nervous system has not yet developed.  The other procedures require appropriate veterinary care and pain management.
Some jurisdictions have banned these three practices. An example of increasing concern about animal welfare has influenced local legislation; for instance, the Hastings Borough Council in the United Kingdom has passed an animal welfare charter.

NAIA has noted the unintended consequences of legislation prohibiting the commercial slaughter of horses in the United States. It has led to horses being neglected and abandoned to poor health by people who cannot afford to care for them. USA Today reported in 2010 that the Humane Society of Missouri "and other anti-slaughter advocates claim" that there has been no increase in the number of abandoned or unwanted horses since the federal ban on slaughter in 2005. But, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) in 2011 found that Colorado reported more investigations of abuse, and Texas, California and Florida reported more horses abandoned on private and public lands.

The GAO has documented that, since the federal legislation, many unwanted horses are now being transported on long rides from the United States to Canada and to Mexico, where they are slaughtered in a manner far less humane than that used in the US. The meat is shipped to markets in Europe and Japan. GAO reported: "From 2006 through 2010, U.S. horse exports for slaughter increased by 148 and 660 percent to Canada and Mexico, respectively. As a result, nearly the same number of U.S. horses was transported to Canada and Mexico for slaughter in 2010--nearly 138,000-as was slaughtered before domestic slaughter ceased."

The American Kennel Club lists NAIA as an allied group; in Oregon, it is provided as the state AKC contact for Oregon concerning legislation related to dog fanciers. The AKC says that the NAIA is “interested in protecting and promoting the world of purebred dogs”. Patti Strand, one of the NAIA founders and a longtime dog breeder, is a member of the board of directors of the AKC.

Industrialized farming
The NAIA lobbied against California Proposition 2, passed in November 2008, which was strongly promoted by the Humane Society of the United States. It believed that elements of the proposition were too restrictive and would adversely affect the availability of food for human consumption.

Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
NAIA lobbied for passage of the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA). It allows for special consideration of terrorism issues in the sentencing of animal rights activists. NAIA testified that radical environmental and animal rights groups increasingly dominate the mainstream animal welfare movement. NAIA said such groups have used “violence, intimidation, arson, theft, and other crimes against biomedical researchers, furriers, hunters, trappers, dog and cat breeders, livestock farmers, zoos, circuses, rodeos, exotic animal breeders, and related enterprises.” Such actions of radical animal rights activists have often been reported by the news media.

In 2007, in an article on domestic terrorism, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) discussed a draft report of the US Department of Homeland Security, published by the Congressional Quarterly, which listed radical animal rights and environmental groups, such as the Animal Liberation Front, as "the only serious domestic terrorist threats." Its writers noted that such groups had done extensive property damage, but in the US they had not killed anyone.

The ACLU opposed the AETA, on the grounds that the proposed law "criminalize(d) First Amendment activities such as demonstrations, leafleting, undercover investigations, and boycotts."

Challenges to non-profit groups
Since 2001, NAIA has challenged the non-profit status of certain animal rights groups, notably People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), saying that it and similar groups “use intimidation, harassment and deception to raise money” and use those funds for purposes other than those identified in their campaigns.

It has documented that the Humane Society of the United States does not operate any animal shelters or provide direct care to animals. HSUS spends a great proportion of its revenues on lobbying and working to write and pass legislation.

NAIA Shelter Project
In order to understand pet population trends, improve the health and welfare of animals and reduce euthanasia of adoptable pets in shelters the NAIA created the NAIA Shelter Project. This project has helped countless organizations, educational programs and research groups  over the years to inform, educate and provide comprehensive information about individual animal shelters.

They have compiled a large database of statistics that can be visualized graphically  of most of the animal shelters in the United States reporting information by year such as:

 Animal Population
 Animal Euthanizations
 Animals Received
 Animals Returned
 Animals Transferred

Discover Animals
In 2016 in conjunction with other animal experts the NAIA created Discover Animals, a program and free online resources which promotes responsible pet care, ownership and also serves as a compendium of factual animal information and multimedia for animal lovers and enthusiasts.

Funding
NAIA receives its primary financial support from donations from individuals, the majority of whom are pet owners who support the goals of NAIA. In addition, it receives some funds from related businesses and associations in farm animal agribusiness; commercial breeding, hunting, fishing, trapping, fur ranching, animal research, rodeos and circuses. It has created alliances to work for the responsible treatment of animals while preserving opportunities for companionship with humans, animal husbandry, conservation of habitat for wild animals and birds, and animal research.

References

Further reading
 Rod and Patti Strand, Hijacking of the Humane Movement: Animal Extremism, , 1998

External links
 "National Animal Interest Alliance Official Website"
 "NAIA Shelter Project"
 "NAIATrust.org"
 "Animal Welfare Charter", Hastings Borough Council, United Kingdom

Animal welfare organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Portland, Oregon
Organizations established in 1991
1991 establishments in Oregon


The Old Shephard Farm is a historic farmhouse at 1832 Washington Street in Newton, Massachusetts. Around 1740 a house was built on what is now Washington Street by Alexander Sheperd, one of the early settlers of the Auburndale area of Newton. This is house was repeatedly enlarged and added, resulting in a large house consisting of a main block and three ells by the end of the 19th century. In 1952 its rear wing (believed to be the oldest portion of the house), was separated and converted into a separate residence; this portion is now numbered 1832 Washington, while the main portion is at 1828 Washington.

The house at 1832 Washington was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It was extensively renovated in 2013–14.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Georgian architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1740
1740 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay


The Katowice urban area (, ), also known as the Upper Silesian urban area (, ), is an urban area/conurbation in southern Poland, centered on Katowice.  It is located in the Silesian Voivodeship and in a small part of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The Katowice urban area is the largest urban area in Poland and one of the largest in the European Union.

Its population is about 2.7 million. The Katowice urban area covers the majority of the population and area of the Katowice metropolitan area (a population of between 3 million and 3.5 million) and is part of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area, which has a population of 5,294,000 people. Also this is part of Upper Silesian metropolitan region (Katowice-Kraków metropolitan region), which has a population of about 7 million with among others Kraków metropolitan area.

Alternative names
.
.

Statistics
There are given differing population numbers in different sources.

 1,726,000 – according to Demographia (April 2020). Labeled as 21st largest urban area in the European Union.
 2,700,000 – according to Metropolis.pl
 2,746,000 – according to the scientific description by Tadeusz Markowski.
 2,733,000 (2,928,000 – counting the whole powiats adjacent to the city) – according to the scientific description by Paweł Swianiewicz and Urszula Klimska.
 2,775,000 – according to citypopulation.de.
 2,764,971 – number of inhabitants resident in 42 adjacent cities and towns in the conurbation, in an area of 2,411 km2, population density:  (1 January 2008) – on the basis of data from the Central Statistical Office in Poland.
 2,746,460 – according to the Eurostat. Markered as 13th largest urban zone in Europe.
 2,886,700 – according to the scientific description by Kazimierz Fiedorowicz and Jacek Fiedorowicz.
 3,029,000 – according to the European Spatial Planning Observation Network. Markered as 13th largest metropolitan area in European Union and also 6th polycentric metropolitan area in EU.
 3,069,000 – according to the United Nations.
 3,239,200 – according to the Ministry of Regional Development of Poland
 3,450,141 – according to Eurostat
 3,488,000 – according to www.worldatlas.com.
 3,500,000 – according to PWN Encyclopedia.
 3,500,000 – according to the scientific description by Jerzy Parysek and Alexander Tölle.

Administration of urban area

Adjacent cities and statistics (1 January 2008):

See also
Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union
Upper Silesian Industrial Region
Upper Silesian Coal Basin

References

Katowice
Geography of Silesian Voivodeship
Metropolitan areas of Poland
Demographics of Poland
Upper Silesia

es:Área urbana de Silesia Superior


The 1963 Houston Oilers season was the fourth season for the Houston Oilers as a professional American football franchise. Houston had won the first two league championships and were runners-up in 1962, which went to a second overtime. In 1963, the Oilers lost their final four games to finish at 6–8, 1½ games behind the Boston Patriots and Buffalo Bills in the Eastern division. They failed to win the division (and qualify for the title game) for the first time in franchise history.

Season schedule

Standings

Season summary

Week 1 vs Raiders

References

Houston Oilers seasons
Houston Oilers
Houston


The Edward Parsons House is a historic house at 56 Cedar Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  Built in 1877, this -story wood-frame house is an unusual local small-scale example of Stick style.  Its gables are decorated with applied wood.  The porch is further decorated with chamfered posts, brackets, and rosettes.  Nothing is known of its first owner, Edward Parsons, who was listed as a "gentleman" in the local business directory.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1877
1877 establishments in Massachusetts


"Tears from the Moon" is a music single by Canadian electronic music project Conjure One featuring vocals from Irish singer-songwriter Sinéad O'Connor. The song hit number one at World Dance/Trance Top 20 Singles and World Soundtracks/OST Top 20 Singles.

It was originally written by Kyoko Peggy Baertsoen, Rick Nowels and Billy Steinberg. Baertsoen was a member of the Belgian group Lunascape and the song was originally featured on their release Reflecting Seyelence.

Along with being featured in the "Charmed: The Final Chapter" soundtrack to the show Charmed, one of its remixes was featured in the Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life soundtrack.

On 17 August 2022, the anamé remix was released.

Notable remixes
Tiësto In Search of Sunrise Remix (8:13)
Robbie Rivera Mix (8:44)
Carmen Rizzo Stateside West Chill Out Mix (6:09)
Hybrid Twisted On The Terrace Mix (9:51)
Hybrid Twisted On The Terrace Mix V.2 (7:40)
Billy Gillies Extended Remix (5:42)
anamé Remix (4:51)
anamé Extended Mix (8:44)

References

External links
Music video
Releases
Statistics at Top40-charts.com

2002 singles
2002 songs
Conjure One songs
Nettwerk Records singles
Progressive house songs
Songs written by Billy Steinberg
Songs written by Rick Nowels
Trance songs


La Nuestra Tierra (Our land) was a weekly newspaper edited by the IDEL (Leonese Studies Institute) between 2000 and 2004. Its content was mainly about the Leonese territory and 30% of it was written in the Leonese language, from opinion articles to information on Leonese. A total of 162 issues was published. The journal was supported by the European Union and the Leonese public administrations.

Leonese language


The Peabody-Williams House is a historic house at 7 Norman Road in Newton, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house was built in 1891, and is one of the finest Shingle style houses in the Newton Highlands area, with the asymmetrical massing, gabled projections and dormers, and corner turret typical of the style.  It was designed by J. Williams Beal, and features extensive interior carving work by a locally prominent woodcarver, Andrew Lees.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1891
Shingle Style houses
Shingle Style architecture in Massachusetts


Frederick James Western (24 February 1880 – 24 November 1951) was the fifth Anglican Bishop of Tinnevelly in the mid-20th century.

He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge. He joined the Cambridge Mission to Delhi in 1904 and was ordained twelve years later becoming its Head in 1918. From 1923 to 1929 he was a Canon Residentiary of the Cathedral Church of the Resurrection, Lahore after which he was appointed to the episcopate. He was buried on 30 November 1951.

References

People educated at Marlborough College
1880 births
People from Paddington
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
20th-century Anglican bishops in India
Anglican bishops of Tinnevelly
1951 deaths


Al-Hamdaniya District (also known as Bakhdida District; ; ) is a district in the north-east of the Nineveh Governorate (Ninawa) of Iraq.

Al-Hamdaniya District is divided between four sub-districts:
 Aski Kalak (Khabat) Sub-District, mostly Kurdish, some Assyrians and Yazidis, (de facto or even unofficial part of Aqrah district).
 al-Namrud (al-Khidhr) Sub-District, mostly Arab and Turkmen, some Kaka'is, Shabak and Assyrian,
 Bartillah (Baritleh) Sub-District, mostly Assyrian, some Shabak, Arab and Turkmen,
 Qaraqosh (Bakhdida) Sub-District, mostly Assyrians, some Arabs, Shabak, Turkmen and Kaka'is.

Towns and villages include:
Bashiqa
Bahzani
Bakhdida
Bartella
Karemlash
Balawat

See also

 Assyrian homeland
 Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
 Assyrian settlements

References

Districts of Nineveh Governorate


Beefy Red was an American, San Francisco Bay Area music band (1969–1972) based in Marin County, California, United States, which played at various Bay Area venues, including Bill Graham's Fillmore West from October 22–25 in 1970. Beefy Red performed frequently at San Anselmo's 'The Lion's Share', a club often cited as one of the most historic in the history of the Marin County music scene. The group was most noted for playing "swinging R&B"  but played other syles like blues and jazz.

In 2008 Beefy Red was included by Paul Liberatore, of the Marin Independent Journal, on a list of potential nominees for a proposed 'Marin Music Museum'.

Notable members
Members included later solo recording artist and composer Mark Isham on trumpet and soprano saxophone, and Barry Finnerty on electric guitar and some lead vocals, who was later a performing/recording artist with Miles Davis, the Crusaders and the Brecker Brothers among many others. Finnerty, as the group's arranger, also wrote horn charts for the band.

Other members
Other members included the late John Whitelaw (died 2006) on electric bass and some lead vocals, the late Irwin Goldfeld (aka Eric Gold, died circa 1991) on tenor saxophone, the late Ned Appleby (died 2000) on trumpet, Jim Checkley on electric guitar, Kirk Willat on Hammond Organ and some lead vocals, the late James (Jim) Preston (died 2014)  on drums and some lead vocals (like Isham, a later member of the Sons of Champlin, Preston also performed with Moby Grape and other groups), Bruce Saxton on tenor saxophone, L.B. 'Kyle' Keilman on harmonica (whose guest appearance on a later Sons of Champlin album was called "great harmonica" in Rolling Stone #200; he also recorded on several tracks on CD's by Ed Mann), Phil Wood on flugelhorn (yet another of the Beefy Red alumni who performed and recorded with The Sons Of Champlin), and Jim Carraway on percussion.

Break up
Failure to obtain a recording contract put pressure on individual members to find more profitable enterprises, and the group played its final concert in Davis, California on Friday, January 14, 1972.

References

External links
 Band photo and Filmore West poster
 Beefy Red studio recording 'Big Leg Woman'
 Barry Finnerty homepage
  Mark Isham homepage
 John Whitelaw obituary
 Ned Appleby obituary

Musical groups from the San Francisco Bay Area
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups disestablished in 1972
American blues musical groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups


10 Vulpeculae is an astrometric binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.497. The system is located roughly 330 light years from the Sun, as determined from an annual parallax shift of . It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of −9.9 km/s.

The system is a source of X-ray emission. The visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III. At the age of 1.15 billion years, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core region and expanded off the main sequence. It is about 13 times the Sun's radius and 2.35 times the Sun's mass. The star is radiating 72 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,008 K.

References

External links

G-type giants
Vulpecula
Vulpeculae, 10
Durchmusterung objects
186486
097077
7506
Astrometric binaries


Robert Donald Cess (March 3, 1933 – March 22, 2022) was a professor of atmospheric sciences at Stony Brook University. He was born in Portland, Oregon. Cess earned his bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from Oregon State University and his master's degree from Purdue University in Indiana in 1956. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1959. He is a recognized leader in the fields of climate change and atmospheric radiation transfer. His research interests involve modeling of climate feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish global climate change, and interpreting surface and satellite remote sensing data.

He has been a part of studies which have found problems with the ability of model the transmission of shortwave radiation through a cloud-free atmosphere, and designed an experiment to test the accuracy of the models. They reported that they found agreement between the models and the observations of clear-sky shortwave radiation at the surface for the period studied, 1985 to 1988. Cess was a lead author of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and worked with the National Science Foundation on understanding greenhouse warming and its associated policy implications. He died on March 22, 2022, at his home in Connecticut.

Awards
Cess has won numerous awards, including NASA's highest scientific honor—the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal in 1989. In 2006, he received the Jule G. Charney Award, which is awarded to scientists in recognition of significant research in the atmospheric or hydrologic sciences, from the American Meteorological Society "for his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the science of atmospheric radiation and climate change and the role of clouds in climate models."

Selected publications

References

1933 births
2022 deaths
American atmospheric scientists
Oregon State University alumni
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
University of Pittsburgh alumni
Stony Brook University faculty


The F. Lincoln Pierce Houses are a pair of historic houses at 231 and 237 Mill Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  Both houses were built in 1914 to designs by the Boston firm of Derby & Robinson.  The house at 237 Mill Street is a well-executed example of neo-Federalist design, while the smaller house at 231 Mill Street is a more modest Georgian Revival cottage.  Both houses were built for Boston lawyer F. Lincoln Pierce, who lived at number 237.

The houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1914


PMCL may refer to

 Penetang-Midland Coach Lines
 Pakistan Mobile Communication Limited


Pearl Falls is one of the highest waterfalls in Mount Rainier National Park in the U.S. state of Washington. It is fed by the glacial Pearl Creek, occurring about halfway along the creek's course.

The falls plunge about  off a sheer columnar basalt cliff, unbroken for almost , into an amphitheater-like basin, similar in form to the main drop of nearby Comet Falls. The columnar basalt was likely formed by cooled eruptions of Mount Rainier, which is a stratovolcano. Near the base, it crashes onto a rock ledge and fans out towards the left bank, before dropping again vertically onto a pile of talus and cascading downwards. It is located in a steep canyon on the southwest face of Mount Rainier. Pearl Creek drains to another glacial stream, Pyramid Creek, which parallels then flows into Kautz Creek and finally into the Nisqually River. There are also more cascades below the main drop of Pearl Falls.

Access to the falls is extremely difficult, requiring at least two days to reach safely on foot. However, the falls can also be seen distantly from Ricksecker Point on the Mount Rainier Highway.

Pearl Falls was named in 1912 by Albert Henry Barnes, a photographer from Tacoma. He named the falls for the fact that its spray resembled pearls under the right lighting conditions. Pearl Creek presumably took its name from the falls.

On Kautz Creek only a few miles to the east, is Kautz Creek Falls.

References

Works cited

 Meany, Edmond Stephen (1916). Mount Rainier, a Record of Exploration. The MacMillan Company, University of Virginia.

Waterfalls of Pierce County, Washington
Waterfalls of Washington (state)
Plunge waterfalls


Glen D. Johnson Jr. (born April 20, 1954) is the former Chancellor of the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education, succeeded by Allison Garrett a state system comprising 25 state colleges and universities, 10 constituent agencies, one higher education center and independent colleges and universities coordinated with the state system.

Early life and education
Born in Oklahoma City, Johnson is the son of former U.S. Congressman Glen D. Johnson Sr. and Imogene Johnson. He graduated from Muskogee High School in 1972. He completed his bachelor's degree in political science at the University of Oklahoma and then obtained his Juris Doctor from the Oklahoma City University School of Law. During his college years, he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and is currently serves on the National Foundation board of directors of the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity.

Career
Johnson founded Oklahoma Foundation for Excellence in 1986 and previously was a member of the Oklahoma Hall of Fame's Executive Board of Directors and the Oklahoma State Fair Board of Directors respectively.

From 1982 to 1996, Johnson was a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, and, in 1990, became Speaker of the State House at age 36, the youngest in the state's history (at the time). Johnson is the 8th Chancellor of the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education having assumed the position in January, 2007. He previously served ten years as the 16th president of Southeastern Oklahoma State University in Durant, Oklahoma. In 2012, Johnson was elected to the Southern Regional Education Board of which he still a vice chairman. In 2014, the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges have appointed Johnson to its Council of Presidents and the same year he was elected to the State Higher Education Executive Officers' Executive Committee.

In 2019, Johnson announced his retirement, which began in fall of 2020.

Personal life
Glen Johnson Jr. lives in Oklahoma City with his wife Melinda Pierce, a school teacher at Edmond Memorial High School. Johnson was inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame in 2006 and ten years later was also inducted into the Oklahoma Higher Education Hall of Fame. Johnson was succeeded as President of the Durant campus by Michael D. Turner.

References

1954 births
Living people
Heads of Oklahoma state agencies
Politicians from Oklahoma City
Presidents of Southeastern Oklahoma State University
Speakers of the Oklahoma House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians


The Texas & New Mexico Railway  is a class III short-line railroad operating in west Texas and southeast New Mexico.  The railroad line operates on 111 miles of track from a connection with the Union Pacific at Monahans, Texas, and terminates at Lovington, New Mexico.  The railroad primarily provides freight service for the oilfields and related industries in the region.

History
Lovington, New Mexico is the terminus of the TNMR.  Before 1930, the planned Gulf, Texas and New Mexico Railway proposed to construct a branch running westward from Seminole, Texas via Lovington, NM and terminating at Roswell, New Mexico.  However, the tracks were never constructed, and for a time the nearest rail line was the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in nearby Seagraves, Texas.

As a result of the oil discovered in the Permian Basin in 1927, the Texas–New Mexico Railway was incorporated on November 19, 1927.  Within a year the railroad fell under the control of the Texas & Pacific Railway.  Construction commenced in 1928 and the line was completed on July 20, 1930.  In 1989, what was then Union Pacific sold the property to RailTex, and short line service started on September 18, 1989.  Railtex sold to RailAmerica in February 2000, which in turn sold to Permian Basin Railways in May 2002. In September 2011, Iowa Pacific Holdings, which owned Permian Basin Railways, announced a major rebuilding of the railroad, including track upgrades and new locomotives, at a cost of more than $20 million.

In May 2015 Watco purchased the assets of the Texas – New Mexico Railroad from Iowa Pacific Holdings, and renamed the railroad the Texas & New Mexico Railway.

Ownership of the line
1930–1976: Operated as a subsidiary of the Texas & Pacific Railway (TP), which was a subsidiary of the Missouri Pacific Railroad (MP)
1976–1982: Operated by the Missouri Pacific Railroad
1982–1989: Operated by the Union Pacific
1989–1999: Owned/operated by RailTex
1999–2002: Owned/operated by RailAmerica
2002–2015: Owned/operated by Permian Basin Railways
2015–present: Owned/operated by Watco.

Route
Monahans, Texas (interchange with Union Pacific Railroad mainline)
Cloyd, Texas (no longer shown in timetables)
Prairie Spur, Texas (no longer Shown in timetables)
Wink Junction (no longer shown in timetables - abandoned branch to Wink, Texas)
Kermit, Texas
Magwait, Texas
Cheyenne, Texas (no longer shown in timetables)
Jal, New Mexico
Combest, New Mexico
United Carbon
Eunice, New Mexico
Kornegray, New Mexico (no longer shown in timetables)
Warren, New Mexico
Climax, New Mexico
Hobbs, New Mexico (yard/office)
Permco (Airfield) (no longer shown in timetables)
Kimbrough, New Mexico (no longer shown in timetables)
Southern Union Oil
Lea County Oil
Lovington, New Mexico

See also

Fort Worth & Denver Railway
Roscoe, Snyder and Pacific Railway
West Texas and Lubbock Railway

References

External links
Iowa Pacific Holdings' Texas–New Mexico Railroad page

New Mexico railroads
Texas railroads
Spin-offs of the Union Pacific Railroad
RailAmerica


The Pine Ridge Road–Plainfield Street Historic District encompasses a residential subdivision in the Waban section of Newton, Massachusetts.  It includes 44 properties on Pine Ridge Road and Plainfield Street between Chestnut Street and Upland Road, and includes a few properties on the latter two streets.  The area was laid out for development in the 1880s after the arrival of suburban rail service, and was built out by the 1930s.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Description and history
Pine Ridge Road and Plainfield Street are residential streets located to the east of the central village of the Waban neighborhood of Newton.  This area was farmland until 1886, when it was purchased by developers Charles Page and Frederick Henshaw.  Early development in their subdivision took place west of Chestnut Street, and it was not until the 1890s that the area in this district, east of Chestnut Street, began.  The area is architecturally diverse, with a modest number of 19th century Queen Anne and Shingle style houses, and a larger number of 20th century Colonial Revival, Tudor, and Craftsman houses.  Some were architect-designed, and all are well-proportioned but not as large as those found in other neighborhoods.

The oldest houses in the district date to 1897, and are Queen Anne in style.  One of the finer examples is the Stetson House at 91 Pine Ridge Road, while 69 Pine Ridge Road sports a massive half-round porch in the style.  Also built in 1897 is the Shingle style Davidson House at 24 Plainfield Street, while the Thomas James House (80 Pine Ridge), also in the Shingle style, may have been designed by its architect-owner.  The George Heald house (99 Pine Ridge) is an example of English Tudor Revival architecture, with Tudor arch motifs, half-timbered gables and extensive use of diamond leadlight windows with heraldry symbols.  The 1931 Colonial Revival house at 100 Pine Ridge is another architect-designed house, this one by Harry Ramsay, a prolific local designer.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


Sivappu Mazhai (; ) is a 2010 Tamil action film written and directed by V. Krishnamurthy. Earlier referred to as Guinness Vision, the film was made in 11 days 23 hours 45 minutes, breaking the Guinness World Record. The film features the Tamil Canadian multiple Guinness World Record-holder Suresh Joachim, who produced the film, in the lead role, whilst Meera Jasmine, Vivek and Suman play other prominent roles.

Plot
The film revolves around Nandhan (Suresh Joachim), a Sri Lankan youth who kidnaps Meera Jasmine, a Minister's daughter and a television journalist.

The Minister (Suman) is helped by the Director General of Police (Rajeev) and his subordinate (Bose Venkat) to rescue Meera. Things take a turn when they get an interesting demand from Nandhan seeking the release of a certain Sri Lankan national detained by the police.

Cast
 Suresh Joachim as Nandan
 Meera Jasmine as Samyukta
 Sonu as Nurse
 Vivek as the bungalow's caretaker
 Suman as Minister
 Rajeev as DGP
 Bose Venkat as Subordinate
 T. P. Gajendran
 Alex as a Sri-Lankan Refugee
 Cell Murugan as the caretaker's assistant

Production

Development
Guinness Hall of Famer and Canada's #1 record breaker Suresh Joachim of Canada produced the "Sivappu Mazhai" movie in 11 days 23 hours and 45 minutes in Chennai India.  The world fastest movie is scheduled for theatrical release in April 2010 around the world.

Suresh took on the leading role along with Meera Jasmine. The film is directed by V. Krishnamurthy. Music - Deva, Dialogue – Prabhakar, film editing – V.T. Vijan, Lyrics – Vairamuthu.

Previous Record:  scripting to screening in 13 days for The Fastest Forward (UK 1990). Produced By Russ Malkin and directed by John Gore (both UK)

Suresh, along with 1,000 crew, completed the 2 hours, 3 minute movie in 11 days, 23 hours, and 45 minutes.  The clock started as soon as the script writer started to write the script. The Kollywood film industry and the artists, who worked on this film, are very satisfied with the results and very proud of the achievement. This film was made from 22 May 2009 @ 6:30pm to 3 June 2009 @ 6:15pm.
The film was made in 11 days 23 hours & 45 minutes (starting from writing the story, screenplay, composing 4 songs, title, shooting up to 60 scenes and editing it into a two-hour feature-length film.

The film was directed by V Krishnamurthy, who had worked as assistant director in films including Pulan Visaranai, Captain Prabhakaran and Rassaiyah. Prominent artistes including Meera Jasmine, Vivek, Suman, Bose Venkat, Rajeev, Thiyagu, Alex form part of the cast. The other credits are John E (screenplay), V Prabhakar (dialogues), Srinivasm, Indrajith and Jamal Deen (cinematography), Deva (music), Vairamuthu (lyrics), V. T. Vijayan (editing) and Kathir (art direction), Sheik Dawood G & Karthik B (line producers-Skykap Production). The attempt was made to create awareness on peace and universal brotherhood.

Suresh Joachim & Andrew Raymond produced this film Under Suresh Joachim Entertainment Inc. & Joachim International Inc.

Casting
Malayalam actress Navya Nair was initially signed to play the female role but was replaced by Meera Jasmine due to changes in the script.

The film, was expected to begin on 13 April and to be completed and released on 26 April 2009 in attempt to break the current record for the quickest shoot of a feature-length film. The shooting of the film started in Nalla Farm House in Pondicherry on 22 May which will continue till 3 June.

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by Deva.

Critical reception
The New Indian Express wrote, "Sivappu Mazhai may not have the greatest script going. But it’s a commendable effort from a first time maker, working within a time limit." Indiaglitz called it "a good attempt considering the theme touched by the makers".

References

External links

 Suresh Joachim official site
 Suresh Joachim Network

2010 films
2010 action thriller films
2010s Tamil-language films
Indian action thriller films
Films scored by Deva (composer)


The Ringtone Countdown was a nationally-syndicated radio countdown show that counted down the top 10 biggest ringtones in the United States. Originating from Minneapolis-St. Paul, it was hosted by KDWB-FM Morning Show host Dave Ryan.

The Ringtone Countdown started in January 2008 and ended in December 2009. It was heard on Top 40/CHR stations nationwide. The show was produced and distributed by Nine-Ball Radio in the United States.

External links
 Ringtone Countdown Website

American music radio programs
Music chart shows
Mobile phone culture


The Communauté de communes du Bassin de Neufchâteau is a former administrative association of mostly rural communes in the Vosges département of eastern France and in the region of Lorraine. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes de l'Ouest Vosgien in January 2017.

Created in November 2012, the community of communes had its administrative offices at Neufchâteau. It had a population of 17,700 inhabitants.

Composition
The Communauté de communes comprised the following communes:

Neufchâteau'''
Avranville
Autreville
Autigny-la-Tour
Bazoilles-sur-Meuse
Brechainville
Certilleux
Circourt-sur-Mouzon
Chermisey
Clérey-la-Côte
Coussey
Domrémy-la-Pucelle
Fréville
Frebécourt
Grand
Greux
Harmonville
Jubainville
Jainvillotte
Landaville
Lemmecourt
Liffol-le-Petit
Liffol-le-Grand
Martigny-les-Gerbonvaux
Maxey-sur-Meuse
Mont-lès-Neufchâteau
Midrevaux
Moncel-sur-Vair
Pargny-sous-Mureau
Punerot
Pompierre
Rebeuville
Rollainville
Ruppes
Seraumont
Soulosse-sous-Saint-Élophe
Sionne
Sartes
Tilleux
Tranqueville-Graux
Trampot
Villouxel

History
Since 15 December 2012, the Community of Communes of the Neufchâteau Region includes 42 municipalities and towns. It is the result of the merger of three old communities of communes (Pays de Neufchâteau / Pays de Jeanne / Pays des Côtes et de la Ruppe)

Responsibilities
The objective of the Community of Commues of the Neufchâteau Region is to pursue shared objectives and pool administrative resources in respect of the following policy areas:

 Management of public spaces
 Economic development
 Environment
 "Quality of life" policy
 Tourism development
 Infrastructure development
 Culture, sport and school equipments
 Early childhood supervision
 Creation of a geographical information system (GIS)
 Creation of onshore wind farm development areas

References

External links
 Official website
 Visit Neufchâteau and its surroundings

Neufchateau


The Plummer Memorial Library is a historic library at 375 Auburn Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  Once operated as a branch of the Newton Free Library, the city's public library system, it was closed in 2009 due to financial cuts.  It is now operated as a community library by a local non-profit organization.

The building is a -story Tudor style brick building, built in 1927 with funding by subscription from Newton residents.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

See also
 Newton Centre Branch Library
 Waban Branch Library
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

External links
Library web site

Library buildings completed in 1927
National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Libraries in Newton, Massachusetts
Libraries in Middlesex County, Massachusetts


Sir Stephen Henry Roberts CMG (16 February 1901 in Maldon, Victoria – 17 March 1971) was an Australian academic, writer, historian, international analyst, and university vice-chancellor.

Early life and education
Roberts was born into a working-class background, the son of French-born parents. His father Christopher Roberts was a miner of Cornish descent, his mother Doris Elsie Whillemina, née Wagener, of German. He attended Castlemaine High School and Melbourne Teachers' College before winning a scholarship to the University of Melbourne, where in 1921 he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts, in 1923 a Master of Arts, and in 1930 and a Doctor of Letters. He had studied in the history department of Professor Sir Ernest Scott, and after graduating with first-class honours won Wyselaskie scholarships in English constitutional history and political economy, and the Dwight prize in sociology.

Early academic career
Roberts was appointed assistant lecturer and tutor in British history. His master's degree had involved original research into Australia's pioneering history, published in 1924 as History of Australian Land Settlement, 1788–1920. In 1925 he attended the first conference sponsored by the Institute of Pacific Relations, in Honolulu, where he presented a paper on Australia's role in a changing Pacific; this was published in 1927 under the title Population Problems in the Pacific.

He won a Harbison-Higinbotham research scholarship in 1929 from the University of London, where he studied at the London School of Economics. Here he was taught by Harold Laski and Lillian Knowles, and chose French colonial policy from the 1870s to the 1920s as his dissertation topic, carrying out much of the archival work in Paris.

Roberts married Thelma Asche in Paddington, London in 1927, after which he returned to Melbourne as a research fellow at Melbourne University. In 1929 he successfully applied for the Challis Chair of History at the University of Sydney succeeding Professor G. A. Wood.

Roberts' original research over eight years led to the publication of six books. In 1929 his is doctoral thesis became a two-volume History of French Colonial Policy (1870–1925). This was followed in 1932 by his text for schools, Modern British History, co-written with C. H. Currey, and in 1933 the History of Modern Europe. His 1935 book Australia and the Far East concerned international studies, after which he returned to Australian history with The Squatting Age in Australia, 1835–1847. His interpretations in these works became standard and the focus for debate in their fields.

Attitudes to history teaching
Intellectually Roberts was a utilitarian who attracted other like thinkers in what became the 'Sydney school'. This school of thought espoused the importance of rigorous application of data and was critical of a romantic view of the past.

After World War II Roberts developed American studies. He had advanced breadth in the teaching of history, and in 1938 helped formulate school curriculum and history papers to his own world view as a member of the Board of Secondary School Studies. His History of Modern Europe became a core textbook. Roberts became a member of the Mitchell Library committee and trustee of the State Library of New South Wales.

Popular writer and broadcaster
In the 1930s Roberts became an international analyst and public lecturer, and wrote for The Sydney Morning Herald on diplomatic and political matters; later during World War II, he was the newspaper's war correspondent. He was also associated with the Australian Institute of International Affairs, the Sydney group of the Round Table, and the Institute of Pacific Relations.

His "Notes on the News" was presented on ABC from 1932. After the war, his public roles took precedence over his research and precluded the writing of further histories.

Roberts had met Nazi leaders and attended their rallies, which in 1937, with his knowledge of Central European history, led to his most noted book, The House That Hitler Built. This brought to light Hitler's Reich and the persecution of the Jews and forewarned of a probable world war. The book, addressed to the ordinary reader, was translated into other languages and frequently reprinted. It was read with admiration by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, but he disagreed with Roberts' conclusions. He wrote after finishing the book: "If I accepted the author's conclusions, I should despair, but I don't and won't". Horace Rumbold, who had been the British Ambassador to Germany from 1928 to 1933, sent the British government minister, Lord Halifax, a copy of The House That Hitler Built in November 1937, shortly before Halifax's meeting with Hitler. Rumbold explained to his son, "It contains an admirable character sketch of Hitler. I thought it just as well that Halifax should realise the sort of man he was dealing with".

Later academic career
In 1946 Roberts became Acting Vice-Chancellor of The University of Sydney, the full post confirmed in 1947. In 1955 he became the university's principal. He chaired the Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee in 1952–53. While principal he called for financial backing for university foundations from leaders of commerce, industry and public life. The success of these appeals enabled the university to be promoted abroad.

He developed and expanded the University of Sydney after post-war austerity ended, and oversaw a building programme extension into Darlington. This development was aided by Sir Keith Murray's 1957 Committee on Australian Universities with concomitant funding from the Australian government.

Roberts gave support to the training of Pacific Islanders and Papua New Guineans in Sydney's medical faculty, while he celebrated Charles Perkins as the first Aborigine to graduate with a degree.

From 1952 he chaired the New South Wales State Cancer Council.

Having transformed the University of Sydney into a modern institution of more than 16,000 students, in 1967 Roberts retired, leaving Sydney with new faculties and increased research capacity. His archives hold his notes for major work on The Mind of France. The project remained unfinished.

Death
Roberts died as a consequence of heart disease in March 1971 on board ship near Port Melbourne, while travelling to Europe with his wife.

Honours
1948: Honorary doctorate, University of Bristol, England
1953: Honorary doctorate, Durham University, England
1956: Honorary doctorate, University of British Columbia, Canada
1956: Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, Great Britain
1957: Honorary doctorate, University of New England, Australia
1958: Honorary doctorate, McGill University, Canada
1960: Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog, Denmark
1961: National Order of the Cedar, Lebanon
1964: Order of the Phoenix, Greece
1965: Knight Bachelor, Great Britain
1967: Order of Merit, Italy
1967: Legion of Honour, France
1968: Honorary doctorate, University of Sydney, Australia

References

Selected bibliography
Wood D. R. V. (1986) Stephen Henry Roberts, Historian and Vice-Chancellor, University of Sydney
Schreuder D.M. (1992) "A Second Foundation: S. H. Roberts as Challis Professor 1929–47" in History at Sydney, 1891–1991, editor B. Caine. University of Sydney
Schreuder D.M. (1995) "An Unconventional Founder" in The Discovery of Australian History, 1890–1939, editors S. Macintyre and J. Thomas, University of Melbourne
Connell W. F. (1995) Australia's First, vol 2, University of Sydney
Walsh G. (1970) Australia: History and Historians, University of Canberra
Gazette, University of Sydney, May 1967, p 193
Australian Journal of Politics and History, 46, no 1, 2000, p 1
Sydney Morning Herald: 10 April 1929, 8 September 1932, 5 March 1937, 6 July 1949, 2 January 1956, 5 October 1963, 1 January 1965, 31 August 1967, 26 January 1968, 20 March 1971
Roberts papers, University of Sydney Archives
R. M. Crawford papers, University of Melbourne Archives
E. Scott papers, National Library of Australia

1901 births
1971 deaths
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Knights of the National Order of the Cedar
Commanders of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Sydney
20th-century Australian historians
Historians of Australia
Challis professor


25 Vulpeculae is a single star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located roughly 1,170 light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.50 This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −11 km/s.

This is a Be star with a stellar classification of B6 IVe, matching the spectrum of an aging subgiant with a circumstellar disk of ionized gas. Cowley (1972) had it rated as a more evolved giant star with a class of B8 IIIn, where the 'n' notation indicates "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 160 km/s. The star has 7 times the mass of the Sun and 11 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 1,345 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 13,170 K.

References

External links

B-type subgiants
B-type giants
Vulpecula
Durchmusterung objects
Vulpeculae, 25
193911
100435
7789
Be stars


The Potter Estate is a historic estate at 65-71 Walnut Park in Newton, Massachusetts.  The centerpiece of the estate is a large Second Empire mansion house which was constructed in 1867 by John Potter, Jr., a shoe and leather businessman.  It has a mansard roof characteristic of the style, bracketed eaves, and a single-story wraparound porch that is a later Colonial Revival addition.  The estate includes several outbuildings dating to Potter's time, including a carriage house and gardener's cottage; the estate also has period cast iron fencing.

The estate was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Second Empire architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1867
1867 establishments in Massachusetts


The Prescott Estate is a historic residential estate at 770 Centre Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  The main house, a c. 1874 Medieval Revival structure, is a rare local example of residential stone construction, and of the architectural style.  Although it was built by Henry Pazolt, a Boston cigar merchant, it soon afterward (c. 1886) came into the Prescott family.  In 1954 it was acquired by the Carroll Center for the Blind.  In addition to the main house, the estate includes a period carriage house and garage.

The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1885


Birch Mountains Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park in northern Alberta, Canada. The park was established on 20 December 2000 with an area of . On 14 May 2018, the park was enlarged slightly to an area of . The park is contained in the Lower Athabasca Region Land Use Framework finalized in 2012. It contains a free roaming wood bison herd. The park is named for the Birch Mountains that are partially contained within the boundaries of the park.

Location
The park is located in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo in northeastern Alberta. The park is south of Wood Buffalo National Park, Birch River Wildland Provincial Park, and Kitaskino Nuwenëné Wildland Provincial Park. It borders Alberta Crown land to the north and south and most of the west. It abuts Birch River Wildland Provincial Park in the southwest corner. To the east, the park is adjacent to two Indian reserves, Namur River 174A and Namur Lake 174B, both belonging to the Fort McKay First Nation. The park is very remote; there are no roads to the park. In summer, the only access is the Namur Lake airstrip or via floatplane landing on the lakes in the park. In winter, access is by road,  north of Fort McMurray on Alberta Highway 63 and then private industry roads. Final access is via snowmobile, approximately , on designated trails only.

Ecology
The park protects a segment of the Lower and Upper Boreal Highlands subregions of the Boreal Forest region in the Natural Regions Framework for Alberta. In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Birch Upland and North Birch Upland ecodistricts of the Mid-Boreal Uplands ecoregion of the Central Boreal Plains ecoprovince of the Boreal Plains ecozone.  Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Mid-Canada Boreal Plains Forests ecoregion of the Mid-Canada Boreal Plains & Foothill Forests bioregion.

Geography
The shape of the park is a rough parallelogram. The east-west base is  wide while the northeast-southwest side is . The terrain is hills with lakes and wetlands in the valleys between. Larger lakes; Namur Lake, Legend Lake, two Gardner Lakes, Big Island Lake, and Sand Lake are found in the east of the park. Many smaller, unnamed lakes are seen throughout the park. The peak elevation in the park is  and the lowest point is  on the north in the Birch River valley.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification of the park is Continental, Subarctic (Dfc) characterized by long, cold winters, and short, warm to cool summers. Using the data from a weather station within the park, Legend Auto at the Legend fire lookout tower, for 1991 to 2020, the average daily temperatures exceeds  only for June, July, and August while average daily temperatures are less than  for November through March. At Legend Auto, the long-run average precipitation from 1991 to 2020 for the wettest months, June and July, is  per month; conversely, the station receive less than  per month from October through April.

Natural history
The area has a remarkably diverse ecosystem that supports lake trout, lake whitefish, cisco, Arctic grayling, walleye, and yellow perch; and many more. Osprey and bald eagles nest in the larger trees around the lakes. The rare, spore-bearing plant quillwort was discovered in the area in 2004.

The park is within the range of the Boreal Red Earth Caribou herd.

Activities
There are no developed camping facilities in the park but random backcountry camping is allowed. Other activities in the park include hiking and wildlife viewing. Off-highway vehicle riding is permitted on existing trails only.. Hunting, fishing, and ice fishing are allowed with permits. There are two commercial backcountry lodges in the park: Namur Lake Lodge and Island Lake Lodge.

See also
List of provincial parks in Alberta
List of Canadian provincial parks
List of National Parks of Canada

References

External links

Parks in Alberta
Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo
Mountain ranges of Alberta


Salvador López Sanz (Murcia, Spain, 1924 - 6 February 2009) was a Spanish politician for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

López Sanz entered politics in the early 1980s when he was appointed Minister for Health and Social Security in the Generalitat Valenciana, the Valencian regional administration, in September 1981. He retained this position until August 1982 when he resigned after being elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Valencia Province and was re-elected in 1986 but did not stand at the 1989 General Election. He subsequently served as a Professor of Commercial Law.

His daughter, Mónica López, was elected MP in the Corts Valencianes, the Valencian Regional Parliament, in the 2007 election.

References

1924 births
2009 deaths
People from Murcia
Members of the 2nd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 3rd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Politicians from the Valencian Community
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians


The Putnam Street Historic District is a residential historic district roughly bounded by Winthrop, Putnam, Temple, and Shaw Streets in Newton, Massachusetts.  It encompasses a residential area located on the hill just south of West Newton which was developed between the 1860s and 1880s.  The 20 properties in the nearly  district are primarily Second Empire, Queen Anne, and Stick style.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Description and history
Putnam Street is located just south of the village of West Newton, across the Massachusetts Turnpike and the main east-west railroad tracks between Boston and Worcester.  It extends southward from the rotary that carries Massachusetts Route 16 across the highway, and runs for two blocks to Temple Street, another residential street.  Winthrop Street extends west from Putnam Street for two blocks, ending at Perkins Street.  The Putnam Street Historic District includes 18 properties on Putnam and Winthrop Streets, and two on Temple at the end of Putnam Street.

This area was largely undeveloped residentially before the railroad was built through the area in 1834.  Development began with the introduction of commuter rail services into Boston in the 1840s.  Most of the lots in this district were laid out in the early 1860s by the Newton Land Company, although the oldest house (34 Temple Street) dates to 1849, with later Queen Anne alterations.  The houses built between about 1868 and 1885 represent a cohesive collection of Second Empire, Stick style, and Queen Anne Victorian buildings.  Many of the Second Empire buildings appear to have been built by a single builder during the 1870s; for example, the houses at 4, 44, and 52 Winthrop Street all have very similar detailing.  The finest Queen Anne house in the district is 44 Putnam Street, built in 1885.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Second Empire architecture in Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


The British R.23X class of rigid airships were developed during World War I using the experiences gained from the 23 class, but only two of the planned four R.23X class were built: R.27 and R.29. Both were completed mid-1918, but just  months after entering service R.27 was destroyed by fire in a hangar; while R.29 went on to become the most successful British wartime rigid airship, being the only one to meet enemy action, as well as the only one to sink a submarine.

Design and development

The Vickers-designed 23 class rigid airships, which were basically "stretched" and modified versions of the No. 9 design, were never used in combat; however, the four ships in the class provided many hours of valuable training for British airship crews and experimental data for designers and engineers, and some radical changes and refinements were consequently incorporated into the design of the R.23X class. Originally four R.23X class were planned, R.27 to R.30 consecutively, but the programme was re-evaluated following the forced landing of L 33 (Z33) in Little Wigborough, Essex, on 24 September 1916. British engineers gained a valuable insight into the state of German rigid airship design and technology when they examined the virtually intact Zeppelin, and it was subsequently decided to cancel R.28 and R.30 in order to concentrate resources on an improved design, the new R33 class.

Hull
Redesigned bow and stern sections increased the gas capacity slightly for a corresponding increase in lift, but a more radical measure was the removal of the external keel corridor from the R.23X design. Not contributing significantly to the strength of the hull, the keel's main function was to distribute the weight of the fuel tanks, ballast bags and other heavy items, as well as to allow the crew to travel between the cars, and its removal effected a considerable reduction in weight together with improved manoeuvrability. Instead, the various loads were concentrated at the bulkheads and suspended from the radial wiring that maintained the shape of the hull. The gas-bags were shaped to accommodate a new internal corridor, created by the provision of inverted "U"-shaped ribs above the two lowest longitudinal members, which also allowed access to the fuel tanks and ballast. An improved system of pipes linking the fuel tanks enabled faster refuelling, and could be used to jettison fuel in an emergency. However, as with earlier designs, doped linen was used for the hull's outer covering; and being absorbent, just a few hours of rain could add around a ton of water to the weight.

Propulsion and testing
The R.23X class were powered by four  Rolls-Royce Eagle VI engines – later and more powerful versions of those employed by the 23r class, but arranged in a similar manner. The fore and aft gondolas each housed a single engine driving a pair of swivelling propellers, one either side, while the centre car contained two engines with one fixed propeller each.

As a result of the removal of the external keel, when the first trials were held the two airships were able to turn more quickly than their predecessors; but more importantly it was discovered during the lift and trim tests that the disposable lift was more than 8 tons. This was significantly better than any previous British airship, and allowed a greater bomb load to be carried as well as more fuel for increased range.

Operational history

R.27
R.27 was constructed by William Beardmore and Company at Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, and commissioned on 29 June 1918. Under the command of Major Ommaney she flew for a total of 89 hours 40 minutes, and came to a premature end while at RNAS (Royal Naval Air Service) Howden airship station on 16 August that year. Sharing a hangar with R.27 was a makeshift SSZ class blimp that was being assembled from a disused envelope and a spare SS Zero car. Petrol fumes from a spillage in the car were ignited some time later by a spark when the radio equipment was being tested; and the ensuing fireball, fed by fuel and gas, completely enveloped and destroyed both craft. Although the hangar itself survived, one airman lost his life, and two further blimps that were moored nearby, SSZ.38 and SSZ.54, were also destroyed.

R.29
R.29 was constructed by Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft at Barlow, North Yorkshire, and was commissioned on 20 June 1918. She was based at the East Fortune RNAS airship station in East Lothian, Scotland, where her operational career lasted less than five months. During this time she flew for 335 hours, covered an estimated , and became the most successful British wartime "rigid".

She carried out a number of extensive patrols including one lasting over 30 hours, and two others for more than 20 hours. She encountered German U-boats on three occasions – the first escaped; the second struck a mine when pursued; and under the command of Major G. M. Thomas on 29 September 1918 she attacked a third, UB-115 about  northeast of Beacon Point, Newton-by-the-Sea, off Northumberland. During the attack, in which R.29 was joined by armed trawlers and the destroyers HMS Ouse and Star, she dropped two  bombs.  Intelligence reports subsequently confirmed that the submarine had been destroyed in the attack – the only recorded success by any British wartime rigid airship.

R.29 flew another 16 hours after the Armistice, and in May 1919 her midship car was replaced by a smaller and lighter type containing just one engine driving a single propeller. She subsequently flew a further 87 hours including an extended flight over Scotland accompanied by R34, and was finally deleted in October, 1919. She covered an estimated  in service, more than any previous British rigid airship.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service / Royal Air Force

Specifications

Notes

References
 Griehl, Manfred and Joachim Dressel. Zeppelin! The German Airship Story, 1990
 Morpurgo, J.E. Barnes Wallis - A Biography, Longman, 1972
 Mowthorpe, Ces. Battlebags: British Airships of the First World War, 1995
 Ventry, Lord and Eugene Kolesnik. Jane's Pocket Book 7 - Airship Development, 1976
 Ventry, Lord and Eugene Kolesnik. Airship saga: The history of airships seen through the eyes of the men who designed, built, and flew them , 1982

External links

 HMA 23X class airships, The Airship Heritage Trust

Airships of the United Kingdom
1910s British military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918


El Salvador mine (The Savior) is a combined open pit and underground copper mine located in Chile and owned by the state owned copper mining company Codelco. The mine is located in the company town of El Salvador.

The mine was originally built by The Anaconda Company in the late 1950s, but in 1971, with the nationalization of the copper industry in Chile, full ownership of the mine was turned over to the newly formed, state owned copper mining company Codelco.

Codelco had planned to close the El Salvador mine in 2011, but extended the mine life by an additional 15–20 years. El Salvador operates as Codelco's smallest mine with the highest cash costs.

History
The El Salvador mine was developed by The Anaconda Company. Production at the mine began in 1959, and was intended to replace production of the company's Potrerillos mine, which would be closing due to a decline in ore quality. Production from the El Salvador would increase Chile's total output of copper about 450,000 tons of copper per year. Rather than a decrease in production, out of satisfaction and relief, the company renamed the mine El Salvador, Spanish The Savior. When President Salvador Allende nationalized the Chilean copper mining industry and Codelco was formed in 1971, the El Salvador mine, (and other mines owned by Anaconda, and Kennecott Copper Corporation) became property of Codelco. After the military led coup by Augusto Pinochet in 1973, the mines were not returned to the companies. However, Chile did reimburse losses (in part) to Anaconda and Kennecott.

In 1989 the mines production rate of  of refined copper accounted for 1.7% of the world's copper supply (seven million tons produced globally). The El Salvador mine is Codelco's smallest operation and has the highest cash costs per pound of copper, $0.72 in 2005, (an increase from $0.66 in 2004), compared to a company wide $0.44 per pound. El Salvador produced  of copper in the first quarter of 2005 of Codelco's total production of .

In 2005 Codelco had planned to shut down the El Salvador mine in 2011 because of declining ore grades and increased costs, but extended the project life by an additional 15–20 years.

Geology
"El Salvador represents the southernmost point of the giant porphyry copper districts of the Atacama Desert."  Located 10 km west of the Sierra del Castillo fault, it consists of Paleocene volcanic host rocks.  During the Eocene, dacite stocks induced Cu-Mo mineralization.

Labour disputes
As of 2007 Codelco employed 17,000 direct-hire company employees and 28,000 contract employees across all their operations. There have been multiple labour disruptions at the El Salvador mine.

1983
In 1983 El Teniente and two other Codelco mines closed when approximately 13,000 workers voted to strike "indefinitely" in protest of a union leaders arrest for calling for an end to military rule in Chile. Between the three mines at least 3,300 workers and 37 labour leaders were fired for participating in the strike.

1989
A strike occurred at the El Salvador mine in September 1989, it coincided with a strike at Highland Valley Copper in British Columbia, Canada. There was little market reaction to the end of the strike as several other copper mines had ceased production due to bankruptcy, terrorism, weather or labour disruptions.

2007
In 2007, contract workers halted production at the El Salvador mine on 16 June 2007. The roads to the mine were blocked by striking contract workers and stopped company employees from reaching production areas, and union officials indicated that there would be blockades at Codelco's other mines. The contract workers were demanding the same production bonuses, health care, housing and education benefits that company employees received. An agreement was reached between Codelco and the union on 27 July 2007. Disruptions at the El Salvodor mine and other Codelco properties, coupled with production disruptions in Canada caused a 22% increase in the price of copper in 2007.

2008
In 2008, contract workers at the El Salvador and four other Codelco mines went on strike, suspending production on 16 April. They demanded that Codelco fulfil agreements reached the year before regarding increases in pay and improvement of working conditions. Protests by contract workers blocked access to the mine and severe damage to the mine resulted, due to loads borne on columns not designed to support weight for extended periods of time. This resulted in unstable conditions within the mine (as reported by an external consulting firm hired by Codelco). The mine was the victim of sabotage. Important electrical and water supply equipment was set on fire, which endangered the distribution of electricity and drinkable water to the mines, resulting in a delay of operations. The strike resulted in reduced production by the mining company () of copper () planned for the month of July.

See also
Mining in Chile
El Teniente
Chuquicamata
Los Pelambres mine
Potrerillos, Chile
Chanarcillo
Escondida

References

Copper mines in Chile
Mines in Atacama Region
Underground mines in Chile
Anaconda Copper


Lakhta railway station () is a railway station in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was named after the historical district of Lakhta-Olgino Municipal Okrug.

The station was built by JSC Prinorskaya St. Peterburg–Sestroretsk railway and it was opened on 12 July 1894 as part of the opening section between Uzlovaya and Lakhta. It was considered as a terminal until on 31 October 1894, the line was lengthened to Razdelnaya, what is now Lisy Nos railway station.

References

Railway stations opened in 1894


Saudi Investment Bank Tower (also known as Al-Falak Tower) is a skyscraper located in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia. It is located on King Abdul Aziz Road in the growing business district of Tahila in Khobar. It is the second tallest building in Khobar, after Hugayat Tower. It is approximately  high, and contains 18 floors including the basement levels. It was constructed in 1998, and the total cost of the project was US$75 million. As there is no skyscraper around it, it creates a silhouetted skyline in the evening.

External links
View in the evening
Falak Tower from corniche (left)
Photo on Emporis

Khobar