Operation Sunrise was the first phase of a long-range South Vietnamese counter-offensive against the Việt Cộng (VC) during the Vietnam War. Launched with the United States in March 1962, the goal of the operation was to "clear the VC from an area 40 miles northwest of Saigon" according to contemporary U.S. government documents. Beginning in the Bến Cát District of the Bình Dương Province  from Saigon, it grew to include the provinces of Tây Ninh and Phước Tuy. The concept of "strategic hamlets" was formulated as a part of Operation Sunrise, with the operation acting as a 'test area' for the Strategic Hamlet Program which developed from the operation. As part of the broader Hearts and Minds campaign the operation failed to have the desired impact. Despite the success in lowering the numbers of VC in the area, the local citizens were opposed to being removed from their ancestral lands. With 70 families voluntarily relocating and 140 more being moved by intimidation the willingness of families to move is under doubt. The US Agency for International Development provided $300,000 in compensation to the relocated families. U.S. soldiers' views on the hamlets were at times sympathetic, with General Thomas Bowen's collection of songs from U.S. soldiers of the time showing an empathy with the peasantry kept in hamlets.

The Strategic Hamlet Program's early fortified hamlets were not well defended, and over 50 of the hamlets were overrun by VC who killed or intimidated village leaders.  South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem proceeded to sanction bombing raids on suspected VC-controlled hamlets. The air strikes were chiefly conducted by the Republic of Vietnam Air Force with some support from U.S. pilots.  South Vietnamese light tanks then pushed into the hamlets to suppress any rebels left over. Although dozens of VC were killed, popularity fell as a result of the number of civilian casualties. This deteriorated popular support for Diem and led to growing peasant anger towards the U.S., whose Strategic Hamlet Program and complicity in the bombing campaign had damaged peasant life.

References

Battles and operations of the Vietnam War
Battles involving the United States
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1962
History of Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu Province
History of Bình Dương province
History of Tây Ninh Province


Brooloo is a rural town and locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Brooloo had a population of 348 people.

Geography
The town is located in the hinterland behind the Sunshine Coast,  north of the state capital, Brisbane.

Mary Valley Road enters the locality from the north-west (Imbil), passes through the town (in the north of the locality), and then exits to the south-east Kenilworth.

Brooloo railway station is an abandoned railway station on the now-closed Mary Valley railway line ().

History
The Bluff Provisional School opened in July 1907. On 1 January 1909 it became The Bluff State School. In May 1915 it was renamed Brooloo State School. It closed in 1970.

Brooloo Hall opened in 1915.

Brooloo Post Office opened by June 1915 (a receiving office had been open from March 1914). In 1922 the Brooloo Rail office was renamed Brooloo and replaced the previous office. It closed in 1972.

In the  Brooloo and the surrounding area had a population of 333.

In the  the locality of Brooloo had a population of 348 people.

Heritage listings
Booloo has one heritage-listed site. It is Brooloo Hall at 3726 Mary Valley Road ().

References

Further reading

External links

Community website

Towns in Queensland
Localities in Queensland
Gympie Region


Bickram Ghosh is an Indian classical tabla player.

Early life
Ghosh started learning tabla from his father, Pandit Shankar Ghosh.

Career
Ghosh has performed with Ali Akbar Khan and Pandit Ravi Shankar.

Ghosh's band, Rhythmscape, which performs neo-fusion music, was founded in 2001. For its tenth anniversary, Rhythmscape collaborated with Greg Ellis to perform in Kolkata and Mumbai, an event organized by Folktronic. The band also released their second album, Transformation, which went on to win the Best Fusion Album at the Indian Recording Arts Awards 2012.

Ghosh performs within Troikala with Assamese folk/indie singer Papon and Scottish singer-songwriter Rachel Sermanni. Troikala was curated and organized by British Council in association with Folktronic. He performed as part of a fusion Sufi act, "Sufusion" with vocalists Ambarish Das and Parvati Kumar, keyboardist Indrajit Dey, and drummer Arun Kumar.

Ghosh collaborated with Sonu Nigam to compose the music for the film Jal. Ghosh has scored music for the Mira Nair production, Little Zizou.

Ghosh founded his music company, Melting Pot Productions, in October 2010.
On 1 October 2012, Ghosh won the 2012 Global Indian Music Academy (GIMA) Awards in the Best Pop/Rock Single category for his composition, Vande Mataram, featuring Indian artists including Sonu Nigam, Shankar Mahadevan and Sunidhi Chauhan.

In June 2012, Ghosh performed a concert "One World Fusion Extravaganza" at Shilpakala Vedika auditorium in Hyderabad to mark World Music Day.

He appeared in an episode of MTV Roots.

Personal life
He married actress Jaya Seal in 2004, and have 2 boys.

Discography

New-age experimental

Collaborations

Classical solo

Classical accompaniment

Experimental accompaniment

Filmography
Actor:
 Hotath Neerar Jonnyo
 Choy
Music director (Bengali films):

Music director (Hindi films) :

References

External links

 Official Website

1966 births
Living people
Tabla players
Indian male classical musicians
Indian percussionists
Bengali male actors
Bengali musicians
St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Jadavpur University alumni
Indian film score composers
World music percussionists
Musicians from Kolkata
Indian male film score composers
Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award


Mbre or Pere, known as Pεrε among themselves and as Bεrε by the locally dominant Koro, also spelled Pre and Bre, is a moribund language of the Ivory Coast.

It was first described in an unpublished manuscript by Denis Creissels. A grammar, dictionary and texts have been published by Jeffrey Heath and Brahima Tioté.

Sociolinguistic situation
Pere is spoken in the village of Bondosso – and marginally in Niantibo – not far from the city of Bouaké, Ivory Coast. Until recently it was also spoken in the village of Kouakoudougou. The speakers are a numu (blacksmith) caste among the Mande.

It had 30 active speakers in 2019 out of an ethnic population that was 700 in the year 2000.

Speakers are shifting to the neighbouring Manding language Koro, and the language has large numbers of Manding loanwords.

Classification
Mbre does not appear to belong to any of the traditional branches of the Niger–Congo language family. It doesn't have the verb extensions or noun classes characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo languages. Roger Blench suspects it may form its own branch, though perhaps not far from the Kwa languages.

Phonology
The phonology section below is sourced from Heath & Tioté (2019).

There are two tones, a /H/ and /L/, but phonetically /L/ may be realized as mid tone when followed by another /L/. Grammatical use of tone includes the distinction between perfective and imperfective aspect.

There are seven vowel qualities, with an ATR distinction in the mid vowels, but no vowel harmony. All seven may be long or short, nasal or oral. /CVɾV/ tends to be realized as [CəɾV] for any short vowel.

The consonant inventory is also typical for the area, with marginal /h/ and /ʔ/.

Additionally, there are the phonemes /l/, /ɾ/, /w/, /j/. /CjV/ and /CwV/ sequences occur.

Grammar
Nouns have "absolute" suffix /a/ that appears at the end of a noun phrase and in citation form. Word order is SVOX. There are phrasal verbs with postpositions.

References

Further reading
Blench, Roger. 2010. ''Bɛrɛ: a language of Côte d’Ivoire of unknown affiliation. Language Isolates in Africa workshop. Lyon, December 3-4, 2010.
Heath, Jeffrey. 2019. Pere lexicon. https://zenodo.org/record/3354193#.Y5dr-8HMJmo
Heath, Jeffrey and Brahima Tioté. 2019. A grammar of Pere (Bere, Mbre) of Côte d'Ivoire. Language Description Heritage Library. https://zenodo.org/record/3346581#.Y5drTcHMJmo

Atlantic–Congo languages
Languages of Ivory Coast


The Ireland national rugby sevens team competes in several international rugby sevens competitions. The team is governed by the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU).

Ireland competes as a "core team" on the World Rugby Sevens Series, a competition every year from December to June that includes ten tournaments staged around the globe. The 2019–20 season is Ireland's first season as a core team. At the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens Ireland won the World Series Qualifier tournament for the 2019–20 World Rugby Sevens Series, earning "core team" status for the first time. Prior to this Ireland had competed in individual tournaments within World Rugby Sevens Series, though not as a core team. Ireland's became the first non-core side to medal at a World Series tournament at the 2018 London Sevens, where they finished in third place. Since their inclusion as a core side, they have earned 2nd place finishes twice, at the 2022 France Sevens and the 2022 Dubai Sevens.

Ireland also competes in major quadrennial rugby sevens tournaments and their qualifying tournaments. Ireland has competed in most Rugby World Cup Sevens since the 1993 inaugural event, with their best results including finishing third in 1993 and ninth in 2018. The team also competes during qualifying for the Summer Olympics, but failed to qualify for the inaugural rugby sevens competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics. On 20 June 2021 Ireland qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Following the announcement in 2009 that rugby sevens would be an Olympic sport beginning in 2016, the Irish Rugby Football Union created a men's rugby sevens program in 2014. In 2015 the IRFU announced its goal to field a national sevens team that would qualify for the Summer Olympics and the World Rugby Sevens Series. Ireland has since begun offering professional contracts to its squad of sevens players. In 2022 Ireland equalled their best ever World Cup Sevens performance, winning the bronze medal.

Ireland also participates in the Rugby Europe Sevens Series.

History
Ireland competed at the 1973 International Seven-A-Side Tournament, the first rugby sevens tournament for national teams. They defeated New Zealand, Australia and Scotland in the groups phase, before losing to England in the finals.

Olympic era (2009–present)
Ireland has increased its emphasis in rugby sevens since the International Olympic Committee voted in 2009 to restore rugby to the events program in 2016. In March 2011, the IRFU announced its support for Shamrock Warriors RFC. The club's aim is to develop a pool of experienced Sevens players for the IRFU to be in position to select to develop into a future international Sevens squad to compete in tournaments by giving them experience playing in the top level competition should the IRFU become involved in professional international sevens or in the Olympic Sevens.

Although rugby was announced in 2009 as an Olympic sport, the IRFU was slow to recognize the opportunity. As of September 2013, the IRFU said it was unlikely to send a sevens team to the 2016 Summer Olympics. The IRFU did not introduce a men's rugby sevens national team program until October 2014. The IRFU announced in December 2014 the hiring of Anthony Eddy as the Director of Irish rugby sevens, both the men's and women's teams.
In December 2014 the IRFU issued a notice to all Irish athletes to see what if could become an Elite Sevens rugby player. The IRFU hoped to see the best rugby club talent available as well as attracting athletes with transferable skills from other team sports such as athletics, basketball, and Gaelic Games.  The IRFU held four talent identification days across Ireland in January 2015.

The IRFU announced in May 2015 its brand new 27-man squad for the 2015 season, selected out of a pool of more than 300 applicants, a squad that later became known as "The Originals". The new team started at the bottom, beginning the 2015 season in Europe's Division C, with an eye towards gaining promotion to higher levels of competition. The highlight of Ireland's 2015 and 2016 seasons was the attempt to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics. At the 2015 Europe Olympic Repechage Tournament, Ireland finished with 4–1–1 record, and despite a 10–24 semifinal loss to Russia, their third-place finish gained the last European slot for the 2016 Final Olympic Qualification Tournament. At the 2016 Final Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Ireland finished pool play with a 3–0 record including a 27–21 win over Samoa. However, a quarterfinal loss to Spain (7–12) eliminated them from the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Entering the 2017 season, with the Irish men's rugby sevens program in place for just over two years, the IRFU still had not handed out any full-time professional contracts to any sevens players.
For the 2017 summer season, Ireland played in the European Grand Prix Sevens, which included four tournaments during summer 2017. Ireland began the Grand Prix by winning the first tournament, the 2017 Moscow Sevens, defeating Spain 12–0 in the final.

For the 2017–18 season, Ireland selected a core squad of 14 players that would prioritize Sevens play for the autumn 2017 tournaments, although they are not full-time Sevens players, and they retain their club status. Ireland finished ninth at the 2017 Silicon Valley Sevens with a 3–2 record; their record against World Series core teams was a respectable 2–2, with two wins over Canada.

As of December 2018 the IRFU was due to announce shortly their first-ever professional contracts for sevens players. In May 2019, despite the squad qualifying for the World Rugby Sevens Series, the IRFU announced that players would remain on an €18,000 basic annual salary with bonuses of €500 for participating in each of the 10 World Series tournaments — the equivalent of a development contract.

In March 2022, Anthony Eddy stepped down both as IRFU director of women's rugby and 7's rugby. Ireland secured their best ever overall finish in the World Rugby Sevens Series with a 5th place finish in the 2021–22 series. Later that year, Ireland equalled its best World Cup Sevens performance, winning the bronze medal for the second time (the first in 1993). Terry Kennedy capped off the program's successful season, by winning the World Rugby Sevens Player of the Year, mirroring the achievement of his XV's countrymen and counterpart, Josh van der Flier.

Current squad

The following players comprise Ireland's squad for the 2022–23 World Rugby Sevens Series.

Season statistics

The following table shows the leading Irish players during the 2021–22 Sevens Series season, ranked by tackles.

World Rugby Sevens Series

Ireland had a sparse participation in the World Rugby Sevens Series until 2019. Between 1999 and 2019 Ireland appeared only sporadically, and not as one of the core teams that participated in every tournament. Ireland played in very few tournaments on the World Series, such as the occasional trip to the Hong Kong Sevens. Ireland has had some limited success in the World Series tournaments in which it has played.

Ireland competed in two of the ten tournaments of the inaugural 1999–2000 World Sevens Series: at the 2000 Hong Kong Sevens, Ireland finished 17th to win the Bowl with a 4–2 record; at the 2000 Paris Sevens, Ireland finished tied for 11th with a 3–2 record. The following season, in the 2000–01 World Sevens Series, Ireland played in the 2000 Dubai Sevens where they finished 9th, winning the Bowl with a 4–2 record, including a 19–17 semifinal win over Wales.

Ireland has, however, since assembling a permanent sevens program in 2014, publicly stated in 2014 and again in 2015 that its goal is to qualify as one of the 15 core teams in the World Series. At the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens qualifying tournament for the 2018–19 World Series, Ireland posted a 3–0 record in pool play, winning all three matches by comfortable 20+ point margins, to advance to the knockout rounds. Ireland defeated Zimbabwe 38–5 in the quarterfinals, but lost to Japan 7–12 in the semifinal and failed to qualify for the 2018-19 World Series.

Ireland competed as an invitational team at the 2018 London Sevens and the 2018 Paris Sevens. At the 2018 London Sevens Ireland defeated the favoured United States and England teams en route to finishing third overall.
At the penultimate World Rugby Sevens Series event in London in 2018, the Irish team "stole the show", finishing in third place in their first World Series tournament since 2004, Ireland thus becoming the first invitational side to reach the semi-finals and then the podium of a World Rugby Sevens Series event. Invited to the following event in Paris, Ireland finished seventh, their second top half finish as an invitational side, and the first invitational side to do so.

The following year, Ireland again played in the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier. Ireland won the tournament, defeating Hong Kong 28–7 in the final, with Jordan Conroy’s 10 tries across six matches earning him Player of the Tournament. Ireland again appeared at the 2019 London Sevens and 2019 Paris Sevens, reaching the quarterfinals of the London Sevens.

Ireland joined the World Rugby Sevens Series as a "core status" team for the first time for the 2019–20 season. In their first tournament, the 2019 Dubai Sevens, Jordan Conroy led all scores with seven tries and was named to the tournament Dream Team.
The ten-tournament season was cut to six tournaments due to the global Covid-19 pandemic. Ireland reached the quarter-final round in three of the six tournaments during the season, finishing in 10th place. Wing Jordan Conroy led all try scorers in the competition with 30 tries, with centre Terry Kennedy finishing fifth with 17 tries. In May 2022, Ireland achieved their highest ever position at a World Series event, reaching the final of the Toulouse Sevens before falling 17–29 to Fiji. Ireland reached their second World Series final at the 2022 Dubai Sevens losing to South Africa in the final, 5–21.

Season by season

Updated as of 22 May 2023
Results listed above do not include matches played as part of the Hong Kong World Series qualifier competition.

Summer Olympics

2016 Olympics qualifying

Ireland began Olympic qualifying by playing in Division C within Europe.
In the 6–7 June 2015 Division C tournament, Ireland went 6–0 in the competition to win Division C, winning all six matches by a comfortable margin. This win qualified them to participate in Division B.
In the 20–21 June, 2015 Division B tournament, Ireland again went 6–0 to win Division B, again winning all six matches by a comfortable margin. This win qualified them for the European repechage tournament.

In the 18–19 July 2015 Rugby Europe sevens repechage in Lisbon, Ireland topped their group with wins over Italy and Georgia and a draw against Russia. In the knockout competition, Ireland defeated Lithuania 17–0 in the quarterfinals. Ireland then lost in the semifinals to Russia 10–24, but in the third-place match defeated Georgia 15–7 to finish third overall, and secure the third and final European qualifying place for the Final 2016 Men's Olympic Qualification Tournament.

The Irish team drew Samoa, Tonga and Zimbabwe in the final Olympic repechage tournament in Monaco. Ireland finished first in their group with three wins, including a close 27–21 over World Series team Samoa. Ireland lost in the quarterfinals to Spain, 7–12, and did not qualify for the Olympics.

2020 Olympics
Ireland finished third at the 2019 Rugby Europe qualifying tournament. With this result, they did not automatically qualify for the 2020 Olympics, but gained a spot in the final inter-continental playoff tournament. They then won the playoff tournament to secure the last qualifying spot in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Ireland opened their 2020 Olympic campaign with losses to both South Africa and the United States. Despite a five point victory over Kenya and a third place finish in their pool, Ireland failed to achieve a quarterfinal spot due to an unfavourable points difference. They subsequently defeated South Korea 31–0, before losing to Kenya, to finish in 10th place.

2024 Olympics
Ireland defeated Great Britain 26–12 in the final of the 2023 European Games, thereby qualifying for the 2024 Summer Olympics.

Previous Olympic Squads
2020 Ireland Olympic squad

Rugby World Cup Sevens

Ireland has played in six out of the seven Rugby World Cup Sevens tournaments. Ireland's best finish was the inaugural 1993 tournament. In that tournament, they went 4–1 in pool play, including an upset win over France, to qualify to the quarterfinal round. In the quarterfinal round of pool play they went 2–1 with wins over Samoa and Tonga to reach the semifinals. Ireland faced Australia in the semifinal and was leading but an Australia try and conversion at the end resulted in a 19–21 loss.

Since the inaugural tournament, however, Ireland's performances have been comparatively unremarkable, as they have yet to secure another quarterfinal place. At the 1997 tournament, Ireland finished 19th, posting a 1–5 record which included losses to minnows Hong Kong and Japan, with its only win a 33–5 victory over Portugal in the Bowl quarterfinal. In 2001, Ireland finished fifth in its group of six, unable to notch wins against Russia or Korea, relegating it to the Bowl competition; they defeated Chinese Taipei in the Bowl quarterfinal but lost 12–33 to Portugal in the Bowl semifinal.

In 2005, Ireland fared slightly better, with its 2–3 record in group play qualifying it for the Plate competition, where they lost to Samoa 14–19 in the Plate quarterfinal. In 2009, Ireland was up-and-down in pool play, notching a surprise win against Australia, but a disappointing loss against Portugal. Ireland was one of three teams in a four-team group to finish with a 1–2 record in pool play, but Ireland was ranked last in the group on points difference and was relegated to the Bowl competition. There they posted a 2–1 record in knockout play, eventually losing to Zimbabwe in the Bowl final 17–14. Ireland did not qualify for the 2013 World Cup, failing to send a team to the 2012 Sevens Grand Prix qualifying tournaments.

Ireland had a better tournament in 2018, defeating core teams Kenya, Wales, and Australia en route to a ninth-place finish, their best finish since the inaugural 1993 tournament.

Ireland qualified for 2022 tournament, by going undefeated in their four matches at the 2022 Rugby World Cup Sevens European Qualifier in July 2022. At the tournament Ireland won four of their five matches including a 24–14 quarterfinal victory over hosts South Africa, on their way to a bronze medal finish.

Previous World Cup squads
 1993 Ireland Rugby World Cup Sevens
 1997 Ireland Rugby World Cup Sevens
 2001 Ireland Rugby World Cup Sevens
 2005 Ireland Rugby World Cup Sevens
 2009 Ireland Rugby World Cup Sevens
 2018 Ireland Rugby World Cup Sevens

Rugby Europe Sevens

Updated 9 July 2023

2002−2014

Although Rugby Europe has held a rugby sevens championship every year since 2002, Ireland rarely participated from 2002 to 2014. Ireland participated only twice during those 13 years − in 2004 and 2008, both of which served as European regional qualifying tournaments for the following year's Rugby World Cup Sevens. Ireland finished third in the 2004 competition to qualify for the 2005 World Cup. Ireland finished fourth in the 2008 competition to qualify for the 2009 World Cup.

2015−present
The 2015 European competitions also doubled as qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Ireland played in the Division C tournament on 6–7 June and won the tournament with a 6–0 record, its closest match being the 38–10 quarterfinal win over Austria, qualifying for Division B. Ireland then played the Division B tournament on 20–21 June, and won Division B with a 6–0 record, its closest match being a 54–0 pool-play win over Slovenia, qualifying for the final repechage tournament.

Ireland played in the 2015 repechage on 18–19 July where they faced a tougher level of competition. Ireland went 2-1-0 in the repechage pool play to win its group and reach the knockout rounds. Ireland lost to Russia in the semifinals, 10–24, but defeated Georgia 15–7 to take third place and secure the last qualifying spot for the final cross-continental Olympic qualifying tournament. They lost in these quarterfinals to Spain and did not make the 2016 Summer Olympics medal round.

The 2016 Trophy competition consisted of two tournaments – Malmo and Prague. Ireland went 6–0 to win the 2016 Malmo tournament, with the closest match being the 26–12 semifinal win over Ukraine. Ireland next won the 2016 Prague tournament, again with a perfect 6–0 record, with the closest match being the 24–0 semifinal win over Romania. Ireland finished first in the 2016 Trophy competition and won promotion to the 2017 Grand Prix series.

The 2017 Grand Prix series consisted of four tournaments. Ireland began the Grand Prix by winning the 2017 Moscow Sevens with a 5–1 record, defeating Russia 28–21 in the semifinals and Spain 12–0 in the finals. Next, Ireland finished third in the 2017 Lodz Sevens with a 5–1 record, losing to Russia 19–26 in the semifinals. Ireland next won the 2017 Clermont-Ferrand Sevens with a 6–0 record, defeating Russia 17–14 in the final. In the fourth and final tournament, the 2017 Exeter Sevens, Ireland finished with a 5–1 record, losing to Wales 12–15 in the semifinals. Ireland finished the 2017 Sevens Grand Prix Series in second place two points behind Russia, thereby qualifying for the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens, and advancing to the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens qualifying tournament for the 2018-19 World Series.

In the 2018 Europe Grand Prix Series, Ireland started strong, winning the 2018 Moscow Sevens with a 6–0 record, winning all six matches by a margin of more than 20 points.

Having not participated in Rugby Europe Sevens since 2019, Ireland returned to the Trophy Series by winning the opening leg of the Series in Zagreb, defeating England in the final. The following week they claimed the 2022 Rugby Europe Sevens Trophy and sealed their promotion back to the Rugby Europe Championship by winning all six matches of the Budapest leg, defeating England in the final 35–14. Ireland won the first leg of the 2023 Championship tournament defeating Georgia in the Algarve final, 19–10. Ireland earned a third place finish at the Hamburg event, thereby clinching the 2023 Rugby Europe Sevens Championship.

Other international tournaments

The results listed above are inclusive of tournaments played outside of the World Rugby Sevens Series, Olympics, Rugby World Cup Sevens and the Rugby Europe Sevens tournaments.

Ireland Wolfhounds
An Irish Wolfhounds side, often composed of both Irish and English rugby internationals, competed at many of the Hong Kong Sevens events between 1984 and 1992. This team was not an official representative side. Nonetheless, they achieved moderate success reaching several Cup quarterfinals. The Wolfhounds also won the 1991 Melrose Sevens, an annual sevens competition contested by club sides. In 2015 the Wolfhounds returned as an 'A' side to help strengthen the national sevens player pool. The side competed in the GB7s tour against club competition.

Updated as of 4 March 2021.

Overall Record

The above records are up to date as of 9 July 2023.
These records do not include matches played as the Ireland Wolfhounds.

Head to Head

Results are inclusive of all international competitions.
Updated as of 9 July 2023

Honours
1973 International Seven-a-side Tournament
 Runner-up: 1973

Rugby World Cup Sevens
 Third-place: 1993, 2022

Dubai Sevens
 Runner-up: 2022

France Sevens
 Runner-up: 2022

London Sevens
 Third-place: 2018

World Series qualifier
Winners: 2019

Rugby Europe Sevens
Winners: 2018, 2023
 Runner-up: 2017
 Third-place: 2004, 2019

Rugby Europe Sevens Trophy
Winners: 2016, 2022

Rugby Europe Sevens Division B
Winners: 2015

Rugby Europe Sevens Division C
Winners: 2015

European Games
Winners: 2023

Elche Invitational
 Runner-up: 2017, 2019
 Third-place: 2015

International Rugby 7s
Winners: 2021

Player records

World Series (career)

The tables above show players career statistics from the World Rugby Sevens Series main tournament up to 21 May 2023.

The Irish record holders in the World Series for the era preceding the Olympics and professional era of rugby sevens are:
 Most matches: Aidan Kearney (13)
 Most tries: James Topping (13)
 Most points: James Topping (67)

World Series (season)

World Cup

The tables above show players career statistics from the Rugby World Rugby Cup Sevens up to 11 September 2022.

Other notable players
 British and Irish Lions

 Tadhg Beirne
 Vince Cunningham
 Mick Galwey
 Mike Gibson
 Denis Hickie
 Eric Miller
 Tomás O'Leary
 Fergus Slattery
 Richard Wallace

 internationals

 Robert Baloucoune
 Tadhg Beirne
 Jonny Bell
 Vincent Becker
 Adam Byrne
 Kieran Campbell
 Donal Canniffe
 Brian Carney
 Darren Cave
 Ben Cronin
 Vince Cunningham
 Shane Daly
 Kieron Dawson
 Seamus Dennison
 Eric Elwood
 Mick Galwey
 Mike Gibson
 Chris Henry
 David Humphreys
 Paddy Johns
 Felix Jones
 Ian Keatley
 Hugo Keenan
 Niall Malone
 Paul Marshall
 Kevin Mays
 Denis McBride
 Aidan McCullen
 Arthur McMaster
 Eric Miller
 Terry Moore
 Matt Mostyn
 Jimmy O'Brien
 Tomás O'Leary
 David Quinlan
 Alain Rolland
 Fergus Slattery
 Nick Timoney
 James Topping
 Richard Wallace
 Pa Whelan
 Niall Woods

 IRFU referees

 John Lacey
 Alain Rolland

Head coaches

Notes

References

National rugby sevens teams
Rugby sevens in Ireland
Rugby sevens


Slezany may refer to:
Ślęzany, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
Ślężany, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland


Road 22 is in northern Iran. It connects Sarakhs at the border with Turkmenistan to Mashhad, then to Gorgan, and afterwards it runs parallel to the Caspian Sea. Most parts of this road are expressways but some of them are in the Golestan Jungle.

Plans

Langrud Bypass
A bypass in Langrud, Gilan with a length of 11 km is under construction. Once completed, it will be incorporated as part of this route.

Nur and Royan Bypass
A bypass around Nur and Royan, Mazandaran Province with plans to be extended to bypass Izadshahr as well is under construction. The length is to be 35km. Once completed, it will be incorporated as part of this route.

Mahmudabad Bypass
A bypass in Mahmudabad, Mazandaran with a length of 12.6 km is under construction. Once completed, 6 km of it will be incorporated as part of this route.

Babol Southern Bypass
Babol Southern Bypass Expressway in Babol, Mazandaran with a length of 16 km is under construction. Once completed, it will be incorporated as part of this route.

Twinning plans
There is an ongoing construction project to twin the section in between Gorgan-Bojnurd with a total length of 300 km. Some parts of it are already operational.

Gallery

References

22
Transportation in Ardabil Province
Transportation in Gilan Province
Transportation in Golestan Province
Transportation in Mazandaran Province
Transportation in North Khorasan Province
Transportation in Razavi Khorasan Province


The National Division or National League () was a top-level football competition organised by the Turkish Football Federation, including the most successful teams from Istanbul, Ankara, and İzmir in Turkey. It was the first national league in Turkish football history. The league was played from 1937 to 1950.

The top four clubs from Istanbul and the top two clubs from the Ankara and İzmir regional leagues made up the league roster, since the leagues of these three major cities were the strongest in those decades. The matches in Ankara were played at 19 Mayıs Stadium, the matches in İzmir at Alsancak Stadium, and the matches in Istanbul at Taksim Stadium. The league was the most important and popular football competition in its era.

Fenerbahçe are the most successful club, having won six titles.

History

Before the introduction of the National Division, the former Turkish Football Championship was held as a national championship in Turkey. Its tournament system was based on a knockout tournament, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues. In the late 1920s, the demand for a national football league was growing in the general Turkish public, which showed in the country's newspapers and magazines, where the European counterparts were given as examples. In 1937 that demand was fulfilled, as the Millî Küme was founded and began in March that year. Eligible for the league competition where the top placed teams of the Istanbul, Ankara, and İzmir regional leagues, which were the strongest leagues in those decades. An exception was made in 1941, when 1940 Turkish Football Championship winners Eskişehir Demirspor (the only club from outside the three major cities) and a third club from Ankara were included.

In 1940 the Turkish Football Federation decided to resume the Turkish Football Championship. As a result both national championships were held at the same time from 1940 to 1950. The main differences between both tournaments were the competition systems and the qualification criteria. The National Division became the most popular and most important football competition in Turkey, overshadowing the Turkish Football Championship, since it was played in a league format with away matches. In 1944 a special super cup, the Prime Minister's Cup, was introduced by the TFF. It was competed by the winners of both championships. The Prime Minister's Cup was one of the earliest football super cups in the world. The cup was held in that format until 1950, when the National Division concluded.

Competition format
There were eight clubs in the National Division. The four highest-placed teams in the Istanbul Football League and the top two teams from the Ankara League and İzmir League at the end of the season qualified for the National Division. The competition was played within a year, it started just after the conclusion of the aforementioned regional leagues.  The competition format was based on a double round-robin system, that means each club played the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents', for 14 games. Teams received three points for a win, two points for a draw, and one point for a loss. No points were awarded for a forfeit/regulation loss. Teams were ranked by total points, then goal average (the number of goals scored divided by the number of goals conceded). There was no system of promotion and relegation, since the National Division was the only national league and there was no lower division.

Champions

Source:

Performance by club

Player records

Top scorers

Most appearances

 All players are Turkish unless otherwise indicated.

See also
 List of Turkish football champions
 Turkish Football Championship
 Turkish Super League

External links
 RSSSF

References

Sources

National
Defunct top level football leagues in Europe
Recurring sporting events established in 1937
Recurring events disestablished in 1950
1937 establishments in Turkey
1950 disestablishments in Turkey
Football


Artificial intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines and software.

Artificial intelligence may also refer to:

Music

Albums and EPs
 Artificial Intelligence (EP), or the title track, by Tom Cardy, 2021
 Artificial Intelligence (John Cale album), 1985
 Artificial Intelligence (series), a series of electronic music albums by Warp Records
 Artificial Intelligence (compilation album), the first in the series
 Artificial Intelligence, a 1997 album by the Wynona Riders

Songs
 "Artificial Intelligence", a song by Detroit Grand Pubahs from the 2002 album Funk All Y'all
 "Artificial Intelligence", a song by OneRepublic from the 2016 album Oh My My

Other uses
 A.I. Artificial Intelligence, a 2001 film directed by Steven Spielberg
 Artificial Intelligence (journal), a scientific journal
 Artificial intelligence in video games
 Artificial intelligence in fiction, an intelligent self-aware artifact
 Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans, a 2019 book by Melanie Mitchell
 Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, a 1995 book by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig

See also
 Artificial intelligence in fiction
 Autonomic intelligence
 Expert system
 Fuzzy logic
 Heuristic (disambiguation)


Anna Kamieńska-Łapińska (Rowiny, Drohiczyn Poleski County, 26 July 1932 – 29 June 2007, Warsaw) was a Polish sculptor and animated-film scenarist.

Life
In 1952–58 she studied in the Sculpture Department of the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts with Professor Jerzy Jarnuszkiewicz. On 15 June 1958 she obtained a diploma with distinction. From the 1960s she participated in many Polish and foreign exhibitions.

Work

Her work may be classified as belonging to biological expressionism. She worked principally in small sculptural forms, in the media of ceramics, aluminum, bronze and cast iron. In the 1960s her chief subject was the natural world and its transformations—cycles of insects, lichens, corals, trees.

Ensuing years brought an interest in the human figure and scenes from everyday life. In 1963 she took third place in a competition for a Monument to the Heroes of Westerplatte.

In 1977 she co-authored a winning design for a monument to Bolesław Prus. The sculpture was executed in Warsaw in 1977.

Sculpture cycles
Moths—ceramic, 1965
Crabs—ceramic, 1968–70
Insects—ceramic, bronze, cast iron, 1969–80
Nuns—ceramic, 1975–80
Tables—ceramic, aluminum, 1974
Remembered scenes—ceramic, aluminum, 1974
Crowd portraits—ceramic, aluminum, 1975–85
Sculptures to fairy tales by Hans Christian Andersen–porcelain, 1988

See also
List of Poles

Notes

1932 births
2007 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw alumni
20th-century Polish sculptors
20th-century Polish women artists
21st-century Polish sculptors
21st-century Polish women artists
21st-century Polish artists


Windhoek Afrikaanse Privaatskool, commonly referred to as WAP, is a private school in Windhoek, Namibia. It is the only school which educates its pupils in the Afrikaans medium. Registered since 1995 at the Namibian Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture, it welcomes pupils to grades 1 through 7. Admissions to the institution are based on the prerequisites set by the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia.

History
The school was officially opened on 4 March 1995. The first principal of the school was Piet Burger who served only for one year. In 1996 he was succeeded by Johan Esbach. Under his management, the school was re-registered in 2004 as an educational institution welcoming pupils in grades 1 through 12 of the Namibian Education System. Pupils in grade 12 write an external examination by an independent examinations authority in South Africa called IEB. This differs from other schools in Namibia who Write external examinations from Cambridge University's Local Examination Syndicate in Namibia. In 2004, Mr Attie van Wyk took over as General Manager of the School.

Management
Initially the school was run as a company making a profit. After review, this was however changed into a complete educational institution. At present, the School is managed internally by four individuals who take care of the day-to-day functions of the entitlement. They are:

Primary School Manager - Elna de Jager
Extra Mural Manager - Kobus Espach
Pre-Primary School Manager - Ansie Krause

Furthermore, the school is also governed by an external governing authority which lay down the rules and regulations as well as makes the executive decisions and recruitment.

Premises
The school was initially run on the premises of the Reformed Church Windhoek South and consisted of only 5 rooms. Growth in the school necessitated its further development, with additional estate acquired in September 1997 and even more in 2006. Since the beginning of 2007 the school has steadily increased in size and expanded its current buildings. At present, a new administrative block is being constructed while the remainder of the school is being upgraded.

Education
The school makes use of two primary means of education; the syllabus by the Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture for Namibians from grades 1 to 7 and IEB, the independent examinations body from South Africa for grades 8 to 12.

Sport
Windhoek Afrikaanse Privaatskool competes in national and international sporting events. These include: Rugby, Netball, Hockey, Cricket, Tennis, Athletics, some indoor sports and also chess.

Culture
The school offers numerous cultural events for pupils to take part in. This includes: cultural tours, cultural exhibitions, annual competitions and participation in the Windhoek Cultural Festival. Furthermore, the school takes great pride in its appearance and regard its emblem, flag, motto, core values, school uniform and anthem at part of its culture.

References

Afrikaner culture in Namibia
Educational institutions established in 1995
Afrikaans-language schools
Schools in Windhoek
1995 establishments in Namibia


The Women's Keirin is one of the 8 women's events at the 2008 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Manchester, United Kingdom.

20 Cyclists from 16 countries participated in the contest, which was held on 29 March.

First round

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

First Round Repechage

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Second round

Heat 1

Heat 2

Finals

Final 1-6

Final 7-12

Final standings 13-20

References

Women's keirin
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's keirin


Operational bills are a tendering document for estimating costs prepared by architects that describes a construction project in terms of the operations (which include labour and plant) needed to build it. This form of document contrasts with that of bills of quantities in which such tendering and estimation is limited to the materials in the completed work. Operational bills have the advantages of enhancing communication between design and production, enabling realistic tender pricing, and making the preparation of critical-path analysis easy for the contractor.

Operational bills were proposed and developed by Edward Skoyles  at Building Research Establishment in the 1960s. Priced-activity schedules of the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract are a modern related form, prepared by the contractor.

Creation

An operation is defined as a piece of construction work which can be carried out by a gang of operatives without interruption from another gang. A procedure diagram is provided that shows the relationship of operations to each other and so which are done in sequence and which are done in parallel. This allows a critical-path analysis to be quickly created by the contractor. There are two sections: the first deals with site operations in terms of schedules of materials, labour and plant requirements, and the second, any work prefabricated adjacent or off site. At the end of the bill, management and plant resources are given so they are included.

History

After operational bills were proposed, a second half-way house version with bills of quantities was suggested initially called "activity bills", but then as "Bills of quantities (operations)". In this, the operations are described in terms of the rules of the standard method of measurement rather than labour and materials.   A further development was the use of the principles of operational bills in the priced-activity schedules of the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages
 Separates the costs of labour, materials and plant thus enabling cost control.
 Increases the accuracy of estimating.
 Costs can be related to factors that directly determine them such as overall plant usage.
 Allows the reuse of information created in estimating for project management.
 Enables better estimation of variation in works.

Disadvantages
 Bulky and costly to produce so increasing the work of the contractor’s estimators.
 Radically changes the estimating process.
 Does not fit in with current contracts in regard to work variation.
 It needs computers to allow rapid manipulation of the data: this did not exist when it was originally proposed.
 The design team responsible for creating the operational bill need not be "very familiar with the buildability issues as they affect the construction process".

See also
 Bill of materials
 Bill of quantities
 Construction bidding
 Design-bid-build tender phase

References

Construction documents
Procurement


Ega, also known as Egwa and Diès, is a West African language spoken in south-central Ivory Coast. It is of uncertain affiliation and has variously been classified as Kwa or an independent branch of Niger-Congo.

Demographics
Ega is spoken in 21 villages near Gly in Diès Canton, Gôh-Djiboua District, Ivory Coast (Bole-Richard 1983: 359). Some villages are Broudougou, Gly, Dairo, Didizo, and Douzaroko.
The Ega people are increasing in number, though some are shifting to Dida through intermarriage.

Documentation
A language documentation fieldwork project on Ega was conducted by a team from Universität Bielefeld, Germany (Dafydd Gibbon) and Université Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (Firmin Ahoua) from 2000 to 2003 in cooperation with York University, Canada (Bruce Connell).

Classification
Ega is possibly a divergent Western Kwa language within the Niger–Congo language family spoken in Ivory Coast. It does not appear to belong to any of the traditional branches of Niger–Congo. Though traditionally assumed to be one of the Kwa languages, Roger Blench (2004) conservatively classified it as a separate branch of the Atlantic–Congo family, pending a demonstration that it is actually related to the Kwa or Volta–Niger languages. However, Blench (2017) classified Ega as a fully Western Kwa language that has borrowed from Kru, Gur, and Mande.

Cultural and economic context
Like other Western Kwa languages, traditional story-telling among the Ega people has a fairly strict schedule: after an introduction by the narrator, a well-defined role in the village, the narration proceeds, punctuated by responder's interjection [sɛsɛ], and interspersed with song interludes with the call and response structure of work songs.

The economy of the Ega community is partly horticultural, partly dependent on plantation work. Hunting is practised with nets which are used to enclose an area of several hundred square meters, within which small game such as agouti (Thryonomys swinderianus) are cornered by a group of beaters. The nets resemble the local canoe trawling nets used on the southern Côte d'Ivoire coast about 100km further south, and possibly indicate a history of coastal migration.

Phonology
Ega has twenty-seven consonants. Its stops have a three-way contrast between voiceless, voiced, and implosive.

There are nine vowels, with ATR contrast: /i̙/, /i̘/, /u̙/, /u̘/, /e̙/, /e̘/, /o̙/, /o̘/, and /a/.

There are three tones: high, mid, and low.

References

Blench, Roger. 2004. The Ega Language of Côte d'Ivoire: Etymologies and Implications for Classification.

Niger–Congo languages
Languages of Ivory Coast


United Nations Security Council Resolution 384, adopted on December 22, 1975, noted statements from the representatives of Portugal, Indonesia and East Timor and recognized the right of the people of East Timor to self-determination and independence in accordance with the Charter.  The Council expressed its grave concern with the deterioration of the situation in East Timor, deplored the intervention of the armed forces of Indonesia in that nation and expressed its regret that Portugal did not discharge fully its responsibilities as administering Power.

The Resolution then calls upon all states to respect the territorial integrity of East Timor as well as the inalienable right of its people to self-determination and called upon the Government of Indonesia to withdraw all its forces from the territory without delay.  The Council called on the Government of Portugal, as administering Power, to co-operate fully with the UN as well as urging all states and other parties to co-operate fully with the UN's efforts to achieve a peaceful solution to the situation and to facilitate the decolonization of the territory.  The Resolution then requests the Secretary-General urgently send a special representative to East Timor for the purpose of making an on-the-spot assessment of the existing situation and of establishing contact with all the parties in the Territory and to submit recommendation to the Council as soon as possible.

See also
 History of East Timor
 List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 301 to 400 (1971–1976)

References
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org

External links

 0384
 0384
 0384
 0384
1975 in East Timor
Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Indonesia–Portugal relations
December 1975 events


Ken Popert has been involved with Pink Triangle Press (PTP) since 1973 when he began contributing to The Body Politic. In 1986 he was appointed interim publisher of PTP, and he served as the executive director until April 3, 2017, when he was succeeded by David Walberg. An established queer liberation activist, Popert has been fighting for sexual liberation for almost 40 years. Popert lives in Toronto and is partnered with Brian Mossop, an activist in his own right for his 1993 case against the Government of Canada. In addition to his role at PTP, Popert serves as a board director of OUTtv and The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives.

Activism
A member of the 1970s Gay Alliance Toward Equality, Popert was also an editor of The Body Politic. In late 1977, police raided TBP offices. Later, in January 1978, Popert was arrested alongside Gerald Hannon and Ed Jackson as a result of the published article "Men Loving Boys Loving Men".  They were charged with using the mails for the purpose of transmitting indecent, immoral or scurrilous matter. Their acquittal was an important decision in Canadian history for freedom of (sexual) expression and freedom of the press.

In the hours following the 1981 Toronto bathhouse raids, Popert was part of a group of people who gathered at PTP's offices to organize a protest for February 6, 1981. That protest turned into a historic event that established the political power of Lesbian and Gay communities in Toronto. Later in the year on June 20, a demonstration and march was organized by the Right to Privacy Committee (RTPC) to further protest the Bathhouse Raids. After the demonstration the protesters, who numbered about 1,000, were attacked at Church and Charles streets by a group of anti-gay individuals. The event became known as "The Battle of Church Street." Police eventually showed up and Popert was struck by a police car and many others were injured, including Rev. Brent Hawkes who was punched by a police officer. Both Popert and Hawkes were unsuccessful in pressing charges against the police.

After The Body Politic folded in 1987, Popert reshaped the not-for-profit PTP, helping prevent its bankruptcy and building Xtra! into a viable business. From there, he led PTP to become Canada's largest gay media group.

References

Businesspeople from Toronto
Living people
Canadian LGBT rights activists
Canadian LGBT businesspeople
Canadian magazine editors
Canadian media executives
Year of birth missing (living people)


Julia Elliott is a writer of fiction, and winner of the 2012 Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award for beginning women writers.

Elliott received her MFA from Penn State in 1996, and a Ph.D. from University of Georgia in 2012. Her debut short-story collection The Wilds was published by Tin House in 2014. In 2016 she was awarded the Shared Worlds Residency by Amazon.com. She teaches at University of South Carolina in Columbia.

References

Living people
Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award winners
Pennsylvania State University alumni
University of Georgia alumni
University of South Carolina faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


Alphonse Alan Dotson (born February 25, 1943) is a former American football defensive tackle who played college American football at Grambling State, where he was All-American in 1964.

He was drafted by the National Football League's Green Bay Packers in the 2nd round (24th overall) of the 1965 NFL Draft but signed with the American Football League's Kansas City Chiefs and played a year. In 1966, he played for the AFL's Miami Dolphins. From 1967-1970 he played for the AFL's Oakland Raiders, mostly as a backup as he recorded only 4 career starts. The Raiders defensive line of that era was Ike Lassiter, Ben Davidson, Tom Keating, and Dan Birdwell, a group who set the NFL sack record (broken in 1984 by the Chicago Bears), so Dotson did not get a lot of playing time, although he played in most of the games while with the Raiders.

His son is Santana Dotson, himself a former All-American and also the 1993 NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and played in two Super Bowls with the Green Bay Packers. He was a Super Bowl champion winning Super Bowl XXXI with the Packers.

When his son, Santana, had become a free agent, Alphonse acted as his son's agent used his commission on the deal to purchase  which includes grapevines that covered 1/3 of the land. So now, Dotson is now a grape grower at Certenberg Vineyards in Texas. He also is a former president of the Texas Wine and Grape Growers Association.

Dotson's grandson Alonzo Dotson, a defensive end, played college American football at the University of Oklahoma where he was part of two National Championship games and won three Big XII Conference Championships. Alonzo is now a National Scout For The Buffalo Bills after 4 seasons as a area scout for the New York Jets, he also spent 5 seasons with the Green Bay Packers as a college scout.

References

1943 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Oakland Raiders players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Farmers from Texas
Miami Dolphins players
Grambling State Tigers football players
American Football League players


Ukaan (also Ikan, Anyaran, Auga, or Kakumo) is a poorly described Niger–Congo language or dialect cluster of uncertain affiliation.
Roger Blench suspects, based on wordlists, that it might be closest to the (East) Benue–Congo languages (or, equivalently, the most divergent of the Benue–Congo languages). Blench (2012) states that "noun-classes and concord make it look Benue-Congo, but evidence is weak."

Speakers refer to their language as Ùkãã or Ìkã.

Varieties
The name Anyaran is from the town of Anyaran, where it is spoken. Ukaan has several divergent dialects: Ukaan proper, Igau, Ayegbe (Iisheu), Iinno (Iyinno), which only have one-way intelligibility in some cases.

Roger Blench (2005, 2019) considers Ukaan to consist of at least 3 different languages, and notes that Ukaan varieties spoken in Ìshè,̣ Ẹkakumọ, and Auga all have different lexemes.

Salffner (2009: 27) lists the following four dialects of Ukaan.

Ikaan: spoken in Ikakumo and Ikakumo (Edo State)
Ayegbe: spoken in Ise
Iigau or Iigao: spoken in Auga
Iino: spoken in Ayanran

Distribution
Ethnologue lists the following locations where Ukaan is spoken.
Ondo State: Akoko North-East LGA
Edo State: Akoko Edo LGA
Kogi State: Ijumu LGA (Anyaran, Auga, and Ishe towns)

Blench (2019) lists Ondo State, Akoko North LGA, towns of Kakumo–Aworo (Kakumo–Kejĩ, Auga and Iṣe); Edo State, Akoko Edo LGA, towns of Kakumo–Akoko and Anyaran.

Reconstruction
Proto-Ukaan has been reconstructed by Abiodun (1999).

See also
List of Proto-Ukaan reconstructions (Wiktionary)

References

External links
 ELAR archive of Farming, food and yam: language and cultural practices among Ikaan speakers
Roger Blench: Aika (Ukaan) materials

Niger–Congo languages
Languages of Nigeria
Ondo State
Benue–Congo languages


In 1775 a vessel variously named Rockingham, Castle Rockingham, or Marquis of Rockingham wrecked on the Irish coast with loss of life.

Vessel
Some records refer to the vessel as the "Rockingham transport".

Regimental histories of the 32nd Regiment of Foot or its successor regiment refer to the vessel as Castle Rockingham.

Yet other records refer to the vessel as Marquis of Rockingham. There were two vessels by that name that served the British East India Company, but neither vessel appears to be the one that was wrecked.

Wreck

In late 1775, Rockingham was hired to transport three companies of the 32nd Regiment of Foot, along with a number of their families, to Ireland en route to British North America as part of a force under General Cornwallis. On 21 November it was reported that all baggage was loaded, and she was ordered to Gravesend; she sailed in a convoy of six transports on 10 December, but was driven back by heavy wind.

On the night of 23 December 1775, making for the Cove of Cork in a heavy gale, she mistook Robert's Cove for the entrance to the harbour, and was driven onto a lee shore at Reannie's Bay, a few miles distant.

The master and crew of the ship were drowned, as were about ninety of the passengers. A number of officers and  soldiers managed to escape in a flat-bottomed boat; the numbers are unclear, but were variously reported as five officers and twenty men, four officers and thirty men, or three officers, thirty men, and two of the ship's crew. The regimental pay chest and records were also lost in the wreck.

Citations

References
Chronicle in the Annual Register, 1775. p. 187. London: printed for J. Dodsley, 1778. Second edition. (digitised copy of page)
Shipwrecks of Cork Harbour
Extracts from "The City and County of Cork Remembered", Francis G. Tucky. [c. 1830]
Goldsmith, Robert Frederick Kinglake (1970) The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry: (The 32nd and 46th Regiments of Foot). (Leo Cooper).
The Expedition to the Southern Colonies, 1775-1776, by Eric Robson. In The English Historical Review, Vol. 66, No. 261 (Oct., 1951).
Swiney, George Clayton (1893) Historical Records of the 32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry, Now the 1st Battalion Duke of Cornwall's L.I., from the Formation of the Regiment in 1702 Down to 1892. (Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent).pages

Shipwrecks of Ireland
Maritime incidents in 1775


Norah Richards (29 October 1876 – 3 March 1971) was an Irish actress and theatre practitioner, who was later called the Lady Gregory of the Punjab. She devoted 60 years (1911–1971) of her life towards enriching the culture of the area. She came to the Punjab in 1911 and produced the first Punjabi play, Dulhan ("The Bride"), written by her pupil I. C. Nanda in 1914.

In 1970, Punjabi University, Patiala, conferred an honorary DLitt degree on her, for her contribution to Punjabi culture, especially Punjabi drama.

Early life and education
Norah Mary Hutman was born in Ireland. She received her formal education in institutions in around the world, mainly Belgium, Oxford University and Sydney.

Career
At a young age she took to the stage and became a successful actress.

She married Philip Ernest Richards, an English teacher and a Unitarian Christian. She came to India in 1908 as her husband accepted a job to teach English literature at Dyal Singh College in Lahore. (Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia, founder of the college, was an ardent follower of Brahmo Samaj, which had a synergic relationship with the Unitarian Christian movement.)

Richards got involved in cultural activities in the college and her enthusiasm helped stimulate much serious theatrical activity. Lahore was the home of Punjabi culture in those days. She brought many Punjabi themes under her English pen and directed a few plays. More importantly, she encouraged students to write their own one act plays and perform them. She had an interest in theosophy and was actively involved in the theosophical movement and home-rule agitation by Dr Annie Besant.

On her husband's death in 1920, she returned to England. She came back to India in 1924. Events worked out well for her to settle in the beautiful Kangra Valley, and she made her home in Andretta, Himachal Pradesh. In those days of British Raj, many Britons had acquired lands in the hill states of British India. One such settler who left for England gave away his property to Richards, which came to be known as the Woodlands Estate.

Living amidst villagers, she chose the same lifestyle and made a mud house with a thatched roof for herself. She named it Chameli Niwas. Her  of estate covered by tall trees and wild flowers professed her love for nature. Richards opened a school of drama from which have emerged many famous names of Punjabi drama like Ishwar Chand Nanda, Dr. Harcharan Singh, Balwant Gargi and Gurcharan Singh.

Every year, in the month of March, Richards organised a week-long festival in which students and villagers enacted her plays in an open-air theatre constructed on her estate. Among the guests, Prithvi Raj Kapoor and Balraj Sahni were the most regular. Amongst her other friends who later settled near Woodland Estate were Prof Jai Dayal, painter Sobha Singh and Farida Bedi. Richards' plays were on social reform, displaying wide sympathy with the people's ways and traditions. She wrote scripts while many people came and helped with the production. She wrote newspaper articles and painted watercolours. Andretta thus became the hub of cultural and theatrical activities for a whole generation of artists. One among them was young Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal, who had already won recognition as a sculptor and painter and later on became the doyen of Indian art. He discusses Norah Richards at some length in his autobiography.

Usually, she would greet me with a khurpa in her hand in home-spun khadi kurta and churidar, her white curls covered with a veil on top of which she donned a straw hat. This was the pattern of her work-a-day dress, grey, or ochre brown in colour. A cotton string around her waist carried a whistle and a suspended pouch carried her spectacles, bunches of keys, pen and pencil and a writing pad and a watch. She would dig the soil of her vegetable garden, tend and water the plants herself.
"I used to feel amused at her idea of discipline and the method of its application to her servants. The work-time was divided between hukka-break, tea-break, rest-break and meals break. With the aid of an alarm clock in her pouch, she would blow her whistle and command: “Hukka pio, hukka pio", and then whistle again at the determined interval for their coming back to work. At the end of the day all her servants would retire to their homes leaving her completely alone to pursue her literary work, letter writing and reading. The little kerosene lamp would burn till after midnight and the tick-tack of her typewriter would begin before dawn." Sanyal continues, “‘Mem’ she was at the core of her heart and remained critical of the villagers fouling the fields and not following her example of digging pits for leafclosets and do her own scavenging and sanitation work. "Sooner than immediate" was the mould of her temperament and she could not tolerate untidiness.

Richards' contribution to Punjabi drama was duly recognised by Punjabi University, Patiala which awarded her an honorary doctorate. The museum of the university houses some of her rare belongings. During the later years of her life, Richards was deeply worried about the future of Woodlands and her large collection of literature and manuscripts. "She toyed with the idea of making a will. Confused in her mind, she made and unmade several."

Though sceptic about governmental control and administration, she offered the estate to the government of Himachal Pradesh, but received no response. Eventually, she left most of her estate and valuable collections to the care of Punjabi University, Patiala.

In the waning days of her life, she was dependent on her attendants for a meagre meal and glass of water. She was placed to rest on 3 March 1971. Her gravestone in Woodlands Retreat has these last words inscribed: “Rest Weary Heart – Thy work is Done."

References

Sources
 Excerpts from B. C. Sanyal's, The Vertical Woman, National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, 1998 and other internet sources. (Compiled by Vipan Kumar courtesy: My Himachal.)

External links

 andrettapottery.com
 Andretta-A sanctuary of potters The Hindu

Indian drama teachers
Indian women dramatists and playwrights
Women writers from Himachal Pradesh
1876 births
1971 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Irish emigrants to India
Indian people of Irish descent
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian writers
20th-century Irish women writers
19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Indian women writers
19th-century Irish women writers
Irish women dramatists and playwrights
Irish expatriates in British India


Imbil is a rural town and locality in the Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , Imbil had a population of 924 people.

Geography
Imbil is in the Wide Bay–Burnett district in the Mary River valley,  north of the state capital, Brisbane.

History
The town takes its name from the Imbil pastoral run which was named 1857 by the pastoralists Clement Francis Lawless and Paul Lawless. Imbil is a Kabi word referring to the bamboo vine, and is also used to refer to a lagoon below the Imbil station house.

The town was established in 1868 at the start of the gold rush in the area.

In 1887,  of land were resumed from the Imbil pastoral run. The land was offered for selection for the establishment of small farms on 17 April 1887.

The first Imbil post office opened on 9 July 1870 and closed in 1872. The second office opened in 1877 and closed in 1907. The third office opened by 1919.

Imbil Provisional School opened on 19 July 1897. Due to fluctuating student numbers, it closed and reopened a number of times before closing in 1911. In 1915 it reopened as Imbil State School. On 30 January 1962 a secondary school section was added. On 30 November 2002 it was renamed Mary Valley State College.

The opening of the Mary Valley branch railway line (now the Mary Valley Rattler) in 1914 brought a second surge of development to the town. Imbil was served by the Imbil railway station at William Street ().

An Imbil Railway Station Post Office opened in 1917 (a receiving office had been open from 1915) and closed in 1920.

Imbil United Protestant Church was built at 3 Elizabeth Street () by the Congregational Church with an official opening on Thursday 15 May 1919 by Reverend Stanley Morrison, the President of the Congregational Union. In 1940 it was sold to the Methodist Church for £125, becoming Imbil Methodist Church.

Christ Church Anglican was dedicated on Wednesday 28 May 1924 by Archbishop Gerald Sharp. Its closure circa 2018 was approved by Bishop Jeremy Greaves. It is located at 88 Yabba Road ().

On Saturday 13 November 1926 William Lennon, the Queensland Lieutenant-Governor, officially opened the Imbil Memorial School of Arts, which was built by the Imbil sub-branch of the  R.S.S.I.L.A. to commemorate those who served and died in World War I.

In 1955 St Columba's Presbyterian Church was opened on the corner of Myers Street and Yabba Road (approx ). In 1976 in the lead-up to the amalgamation of the Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational Churches into the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, the Presbyterian church building was relocated to be adjacent to the Methodist Church building in Elizabeth Street and is now the Imbil Uniting Church, while the former Methodist Church building is now used as the church hall.

The Imbil Public Library building opened in 1987.

The Imbil War Memorial is dedicated to those who served in World War II. It was dedicated on 11 November 1997 by the president of the Mary Valley Returned and Services League of Australia, Clive Colburn.

At the , Imbil had a population of 942.

In the , Imbil had a population of 924 people.

Heritage listings
Imbil has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 On the Mary Valley Rattler line over Yabba Creek (): Imbil Railway Bridge
 15 Edward Street: Imbil State School
 1 Elizabeth Road: Imbil Uniting Church
 William Street: Imbil railway station
 34 Williams Street: Imbil Masonic Hall
 95 Yabba Road: Imbil Police Station
 100 Yabba Road: Imbil General Store
 110 Yabba Road: Imbil Hotel
 112 Yabba Road: Former Empire Theatre
 116 Yabba Road: Libby's Country Kitchen
 122 Yabba Road: Imbil Butcher Shop
 127 Yabba Road: Imbil RSL Hall

Education

Mary Valley State College is a government primary and secondary (Prep-10) school for boys and girls at 15 Edward Street (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 155 students with 17 teachers (15 full-time equivalent) and 16 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.

For secondary schooling to Year 12, the nearest government secondary school is Gympie State High School in Gympie to the north.

Amenities
The Gympie Regional Council operates a public library in Imbil at 123-125 Yabba Road ().

The Imbil branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the Imbil Public Hall in Edward Street.

Imbil Uniting Church is at 3 Elizabeth Street (). It is part of the Mary Burnett Presbytery of the Uniting Church in Australia.

Imbil Bowls Club is on Yabba Road.

The town is the home of the Mary Valley Stags Rugby League Club.

Events
Imbil is home to the annual Mary Valley Art Festival.  The festival began in 2000.  Viewing of entrants artwork is conducted at the Imbil public hall.

The town is also home to the motor rally event, the International Rally of Queensland, a long running event on the Queensland and Australian Rally Championships. It was recently promoted to international standing as a round of the Asia Pacific Rally Championship. Stages are held in surrounding forests and the show grounds are converted into the garage facilities for approximately 70 race cars over the course of the three-day event. It is now the longest running national level rally event in the country.

See also

 Mary Valley Rattler

References

Further reading

External links

Towns in Queensland
Gympie Region
Populated places established in 1868
1868 establishments in Australia
Localities in Queensland


Klentnice () is a municipality and village in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Geography
Klentnice is located about  northwest of Břeclav and  south of Brno. It lies in the Mikulov Highlands. The village is situated on the eastern slope of the hill Stolová hora at  above sea level. The highest point of the municipality is the slope of the hill Obora with an elevation of about . Klentnice is located in the Pálava Protected Landscape Area.

History

Grave findings of the La Tène culture are documents of an early settlement. In the times of Great Moravia, the area was inhabited by the Slavs. After the empire fell, the inhabitants were replaced by German colonists. The first written mention of Klentnice is from 1322, when it was part of the Mikulov estate.

As a part of the Mikulov estate, it was owned by the House of Liechtenstein. They contributed to cultural and ethnic enrichment when they invited Jews and Anabaptists. In 1560, the Liechtensteins sold the estate to the Kerecseny family. In 1575, the estate was donated to the Dietrichstein family by Emperor Maximillian II. During their rule in the second half of the 17th century and in the 18th century, the estate prospered and developed.

After the World War I, the multi-ethnic state Austria-Hungary was split up. By the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Klentnice became part of the newly established Czechoslovakia. Following the Munich Agreement, the municipality belonged to the Reichsgau Niederdonau until 1945. After the World War II, the municipality fell back to Czechoslovakia and the German population was expelled. The town was recolonized by ethnic Czechs mainly from Moravian Slovakia.

Demographics

Sights

The Church of Saint George was first mentioned in 1582. The today's structure was built in 1783–1785.

The ruin of the Sirotčí hrádek castle is located above the village. The castle was founded at the turn of 13th and 14th centuries. It was abandoned before 1590 and referred to as completely desolated in 1629.

References

External links

Villages in Břeclav District


Mask of the Avenger is a 1951 American historical adventure film directed by Phil Karlson starring John Derek, Anthony Quinn and Jody Lawrance.

Derek portrays Renatu Dimorna, the son of an Italian aristocrat, who vows revenge after his father is murdered during the European political upheaval of 1848.

Plot

Cast
John Derek as Capt. Renato Dimorna
Anthony Quinn as Viovanni Larocca
Jody Lawrance as Maria d'Orsini
Arnold Moss as Colardi
Eugene Iglesias as Rollo D'Anterras
Dickie Leroy as Jacopo (as Dickie LeRoy)
Harry Cording as Zio
Ian Wolfe as Signor Donner

References

External links

1951 films
Columbia Pictures films
1950s historical adventure films
Films set in the 1840s
Films set in Italy
Films directed by Phil Karlson
Films adapted into comics
American historical adventure films
Films scored by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
1950s English-language films
1950s American films


The Women's Sprint was one of the 7 women's events at the 2007 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

25 cyclists from 16 countries participated in the contest. After the qualifying heats, the fastest 24 riders were to advance to the 1/16 finals, therefore all riders who contested the qualification advanced to the next round.

The first rider in each of the 12 heats advanced to the second round. There was no repechage for this round.

The first rider from each of the six Second Round heats advanced to the Quarterfinals and the second placed riders from a repechage to determine the other two riders that competed the quarterfinals.

The first rider in each quarterfinal advanced to the semifinals and the 4 losing athletes faced a race for 5th-8th place.

The qualifying, first round, second round, second round repechages and quarterfinals took place on 30 March. The Semifinals and Finals took place on 31 March.

World record

Qualification

References

Women's sprint
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's sprint
UCI


Rafiel may refer to:

 Jason Rafiel, a character in A Caribbean Mystery by Agatha Christie
 Michael Rafiel, a character in Nemesis by Agatha Christie
 Rafiel is a character in the video game Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn

See also
 Raphael (disambiguation)


Cold stamping, also known as press working, is a manufacturing operation in which thermoplastics in sheet form are cold-formed using methods similar to those used in metalworking. A precut thermoplastic sheet, possibly reinforced, is softened by heating to a temperature particular to the plastic in use. The heated sheet is then shaped by stamping using a press. Fiberglass-reinforced thermoplastic sheets are formed using metal stamping presses after the sheets are preheated to about .

References

Thermoplastics


A compliments slip (or with compliments slip) is a slip of paper that contains the same name and address information that would be on a letterhead of formal letter stationery, the pre-printed salutation "with compliments" or "with our/my compliments", and space afterwards for a short handwritten message to be added. It is used in correspondence, as an enclosure for other material.

Compliments slips, which are informal, can sometimes substitute for more formal letters of reply. For example, the response to a request for a product catalogue or a price list may simply be the price list or catalogue, with a compliments slip attached, rather than with a formal letter of reply. The inclusion of compliments slips in responses to such routine requests is often seen by businesses as a necessary step in maintaining good public relations.

There is no fixed size for compliments slips. They may vary in size from the size of a business or visiting card, from which compliments slips originally evolved, to the size of a whole sheet of letter writing paper. Eric Bain recommends that they be of a size suitable for placing inside an envelope without more than one fold, and large enough to be noticed when included in a parcel. (Standard letter stationery outside the U.S. often requires folding twice in order to be placed inside envelopes.) To this end he recommends that compliments slips be size A6 paper. Miller recommends size A5 for stationery that doubles up as both compliments slip and headed letter paper.

Since they are informal, compliments slips are not substitutes in those cases where a formal letter is required for legal reasons. In building contract work, for example, a drawing or a copy letter sent to a contractor with a compliments slip attached is not a formal instruction to perform the work on the drawing or letter. It is at most an invitation to perform that work, at no charge to the employer. A valid instruction would be a formal letter of instruction, or an instruction provided on a printed "Architect's Instruction" form (signed by the architect).

Falconer states that a compliments slip should never be sent instead of a personal letter, and that it is better to send a personal letter in response to a customer enquiry, because it provides a personal touch. Hailey recommends an alternative strategy for providing a personal touch: removing the salutation from compliments slips, thus forcing the entire note to be hand-written.

References

Further reading

Letters (message)
Stationery


Fabio Badilini (born 22 October 1964 in Montichiari, Brescia) is an Italian scientist and business man. He has made major contributions to noninvasive electrocardiography not only through his individual contributions, but also through his truly remarkable ability to foster collaborations across scientific disciplines, academic institutions, governmental agencies, device manufacturers and industries around the world.

Early life and education
Badilini received a master' s degree in biomedical engineering at the Politecnico University of Milan, Italy, in 1989 under Sergio Cerutti. There he focused on aspects of heart rate variability that led to the development of computer applications that are today widely employed in the field of central nervous system analysis. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Rochester in 1994 under Arthur J. Moss. His thesis was on beat-to-beat ST segment displacement assessment in Holter recordings. His major innovations related to ST segment variability analyses have given new impetus to improved quantitative analysis of noninvasive electrocardiographic recordings. His techniques and approaches are widely used. While working as a post-doctoral fellow with Philippe Coumel at Lariboisiere Hospital in Paris from 1994 to 1998, Badilini was instrumental in the development of the Holter Bin Method for assessing the effect of heart rate upon the QT interval that has been used in New Drug Applications to the FDA.

Career

1990s
In 1998, he led the working team that defined the ISHNE ECG format from ambulatory ECG recordings. Notably, he was the lead technical contributor in the creation of data standards for digital ECGs submitted to the FDA ECG Warehouse  used for the safety evaluation of new drugs. Badilini also developed the first ECG computer application used by the FDA to review digital ECG files on the ECG recordings electronically submitted with the new standard. Nearly every provider of ECG safety data in the drug approval process worldwide uses his tools. In addition to these contributions on standard ECG signal processing, he has developed tools to extract optimal ECG waveforms from 12-lead Holter data based upon recording artifact and heart rate stability for QT measurement.

2000s
Since 1998, he has worked in the pharmaceutical industry arena, and he is the founder and executive vice president of AMPS-LLC, NY, a company tailoring software-oriented solutions involving analysis of biomedical signals. He maintains a series of worldwide academic collaborations with leaders in many aspects of cardiovascular signals processing.

Honors and awards
 2 October 2003 - FDA Commissioner Special citation, for “Development of a format for regulatory submission of annotated electrocardiographic waveform data to meet FDA’s needs in assessing the proarrhythmic potentials of drugs.
 30 March 2009 -  American College of Cardiology Honorary Fellowship Award 2009 in recognition of his contributions to the field of non-invasive electrocardiology

Published work

Notes

Biomedical engineers
1964 births
Living people
Italian bioengineers
Businesspeople from Brescia
Engineers from Brescia


Operation Birmingham was a military operation of the Vietnam War in War Zone C, north of Saigon conducted by the U.S. 1st Infantry Division and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) 5th Division from 24 April to 17 May 1966.

Background
The objective of the operation was to sweep War Zone C and engage the Viet Cong (VC) 9th Division.

Operation
The operation began on 24 April and in the first few days there was only sporadic contact with VC, however a number of supply caches were located.

On 27 April a battalion of the 1st Brigade killed 3 VC and discovered several tons of supplies, while a battalion of the 3rd Brigade found a battalion-size VC base camp.

On 30 April two battalions of the 1st Brigade swept north along the east bank of the Rach Cai Bac river on the border between South Vietnam and Cambodia attracting fire from both across the river in Cambodia and from the Vietnamese hamlet of Lo Go. The 1st Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment engaged the forces firing from Cambodia while the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment engaged the VC in Lo Go. The fighting at Lo Go continued into the afternoon when the VC, latter identified as coming from the C230 Battalion, withdrew leaving 54 dead. U.S. losses were 6 killed.

The operation continued for another two weeks as the 1st Infantry Division swept War Zone C in the hope of finding COSVN headquarters which was believed to located in northern Tây Ninh Province, but there were no other major engagements.

Operation Birmingham also employed two brigades of the Vietnamese Mobile Guerrilla Forces (MGFs) whose primary objective was to locate and engage VC forces as well as to destroy their base camps along the Cambodian border. These brigades moved rapidly to exploit recently acquired intelligence on enemy installations and movements and were frequently transported by helicopter to locations throughout Tây Ninh Province. The MGFs utilized guerrilla warfare tactics that were often employed by the VC against U.S. and ARVN units.

Aftermath
The operation ended on 17 May 1966.

References

External links

Conflicts in 1966
1966 in Vietnam
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
History of Tây Ninh Province
April 1966 events in Asia
May 1966 events in Asia


The Palarong Pambansa (Filipino for "National Games") is an annual multi-sport event involving student-athletes from 17 regions of the Philippines. The event, started in 1948, is organized and governed by the Department of Education.

Student-athletes from public and private schools at elementary and secondary levels can compete, provided they qualified by winning at their regional meet. For young Filipino student-athletes, Palarong Pambansa is the culmination of school sports competition, which start with local school intramurals, followed by the congressional district, provincial, and regional athletic meets.

The objectives of the Palaro are:
 To promote physical education and sports as an integral part of the basic education curriculum for holistic development of the youth;
 Inculcate the spirit of discipline, teamwork, excellence, fair play, solidarity, sportsmanship, and other values inherent in sports;
 Promote and achieve peace by means of sports;
 Widen the base for talent identification, selection, recruitment, training and exposure of elementary pupils and secondary students to serve as a feeder to the National Sports Association (NSA) for international competitions; and
 Provide a database for a valid and universal basis to further improve the school sports development programs.

The legal basis of the Palarong Pambansa is stipulated in the provision of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Section 19.
thumb|Student-athletes

History
The first edition of the games was held in Manila in 1948. Before it was called Palarong Pambansa, it was dubbed as Bureau of Public Schools-Interscholastic Athletics Association Games (BPISAA). It continued yearly until it was cancelled in 1957 due to the death of President Ramon Magsaysay. In 1958, Tagbilaran, Bohol hosted the 10th edition of the game. The game was again cancelled in 1972 when President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law. In 1973, the last BPISAA which was held in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.

In 1974, the Bureau of Public Schools-Interscholastic Athletics Association Games was renamed Palarong Pambansa.

In 1980, 1984-1987 and 1999 Palarong Pambansa was not conducted. In 1980 Palarong Pambansa was substituted with another game called Palarong Bagong Lipunan hosted by Marikina. Between 1984 and 1987 the event's cancellation was due to the People Power Revolution.

Misamis Oriental and Negros Occidental have hosted Palarong Pambansa four times each, more than any other provinces. Misamis Oriental hosted the Palarong Pambansa in 1975, 1977, 1978 and 1988. Negros Occidental hosted the games in 1974, 1979, 1998 and 2000. Lingayen, Pangasinan has hosted three times, in 1959, 1999 and 2012.

Starting with the 2015 edition of the games, the Palarong Pambansa Board, which was created due to the Palarong Pambansa Law signed in May 2014, shall be mainly responsible for the preparation and conduct of the games. The board shall be the main policy-making and coordinating body of the annual tournament.

The Palaro would be disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic which led to the cancellation of the 2020 edition and the games not being held at all in 2021 and 2022. The games has returned with the hosting of the 2023 edition in Marikina.

Participating regions
The regions participating in the annual Palarong Pambansa has become bigger as some regions have split. For instance, Southern Tagalog Regional Athletics Association (STRAA) represented the 10 provinces of Southern Tagalog in the later Palarong Pambansa. But it was divided into two, which is now Region 4-A or the Calabarzon region and Region 4-B or the Mimaropa region. Both are taking part in Palarong Pambansa as different teams or regions.

Creation of administrative and autonomous regions such as Bangsamoro (competing since the 2019 edition) and Cordillera Administrative Region and splitting of big region into new regions like the Southern Mindanao, Central Visayas and Western Visayas causes more teams. All these reasons made the 18 regions participating in Palarong Pambansa.

Defunct regions that have competed in the Palarong Pambansa include the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (which has been replaced by Bangsamoro) and the short-lived Negros Island Region.

A color coding system was introduced to uniquely identify each region based on their designated colors. Here are the participating regions with their assigned colors.

Sports

Currently, there are 20 sports disciplines and a special event being contested at the Palarong Pambansa. Except for archery (which is not played at the elementary level), competition at the events and disciplines are at the elementary and secondary levels.

In the 2013 Palarong Pambansa in Dumaguete, three demonstration sports were played. These were futsal, wushu and billiards. Below are sports competed at the Palarong Pambansa.

The Department of Education planned to add more events by 2017, particularly for the people with special needs, including the 50-meter and 100-meter runs for athletics and chess for the blind.

 Archery
 Arnis
 Aquatics
 Athletics
 Badminton
 Baseball
 Boxing
 Chess
 Football
 Futsal
 Gymnastics
 Sepak Takraw
 Softball
 Table tennis
 Taekwondo
 Tennis
 Volleyball
Demonstration Sports
 Billiards
 Wushu
 Wrestling
 Aerobic Gymnastics
 Dancesport
 Pencak Silat
Special events
 Aquatics
 Bocce
 Goalball
 Track Events

Note:
 Introduced as demonstration sports in 2013
 Introduced as demonstration sports in 2015
 Introduced as demonstration sports in 2017
 Elevated as a regular sports discipline in 2017

Arnis was included among the priority sports in Palarong Pambansa and begun in 2010, in accordance to Republic Act No. 9850 in 2009, signed by former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.''

Editions

Note:
 1 Hosting of Palarong Pambansa is from Luzon and then Visayas and then back to Luzon and then Mindanao. This order will be repeated. If Visayas have no bids to host the Palaro, then Mindanao will have the rights to host and/or vice versa. If Luzon have no bids, Metro Manila will be going to host the Palaro.
 2 Negros Island Region (NIR) is a newly created region in 2015 which consists of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. Any existing previous list and records should be counted for the previous regions they are affiliated with otherwise, their records and statistics should be counted for their present region at the time of their creation unless otherwise specified.
 3 In 2016, the Department of Education (DepEd) used the Olympic Medal System in determining the championship title and ranking position of each region.
 4 The original host was in Occidental Mindoro, but was forced to back-out due to damages brought to the province by Typhoon Tisoy.
 5After the withdrawal of Occidental Mindoro as hosts, Marikina replaced as host city for 2020, but the 2020 Palaro was cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic in the Philippines. However, DepEd has announced that Marikina will retain hosting rights for the 2023 edition of the event, with Negros Occidental and Sorsogon's hosting moved to 2024 and 2025, respectively.

List of hosts

See also
Culture of the Philippines
2011 POC-PSC National Games

References

External links

Official Website
Former Website
2015 Palarong Pambansa official website
Venues for Palarong Pambansa (1947-1992)

Student sport in the Philippines
Philippines, Palarong Pambansa
Recurring sporting events established in 1948
Multi-sport events in the Philippines
National youth sports competitions
1948 establishments in the Philippines
Annual sporting events in the Philippines
Youth sport in the Philippines


Jerome W. Conn (September 24, 1907 – June 11, 1994) was an American endocrinologist best known for his description of Conn syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism.

Biography
Conn was born in New York City and studied for three years at Rutgers University before he entered the University of Michigan Medical School at Ann Arbor in 1928. The Great Depression of 1929 made it hard for his family to support his education, but his sisters managed to pay for it with their salaries.

He graduated with honors in 1932 and started an internship in surgery before switching to internal medicine. Conn worked at the Division of Clinical Investigation where he worked under Louis H. Newburgh on the relationship between obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Conn proved that normal carbohydrate tolerance could be reached in twenty of twenty-one subjects when they reached normal weight. He became fellow in 1935 and assistant professor in 1938.

From 1943 Conn took on the Division of Endocrinology and started an investigation concerning acclimatization of military personnel to warm climates like in the South Pacific. He discovered that the excretion of sodium in sweat, urine and saliva was curtailed in these circumstances.

At the Presidential address to the Society of Clinical Research Conn presented a thirty-four-year-old patient complaining of episodic weakness of the lower legs, almost to paralysis, with periodic muscle spasms and cramps in her hands for a total period of seven years. After extensive research he had found a condition he called primary hyperaldosteronism, later called Conn syndrome. There were elevated levels of aldosterone in her circulation, coming from a hormone producing adrenal adenoma.

Conn wrote a total of 284 articles and book chapters and was recognized as a tutor stimulating others in research. His clinic was leading for years after in research on hyperaldosteronism.

Conn was honored by being named L. H. Newburgh Distinguished University Professor in 1968. There were many other honors during his career; he was member of twelve national professional societies.

His retirement was in 1974. He died in Naples, Florida.

References
Who Named It?; Jerome W. Conn

1907 births
1994 deaths
Physicians from New York City
American endocrinologists
University of Michigan Medical School alumni
20th-century American physicians
Members of the National Academy of Medicine


Real Madrid is a Puerto Rican soccer team, established in 2009. Its home base is Bayamon, Puerto Rico, and they play at the Juan Ramon Loubriel Stadium and they will play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League in 2010.

Association football clubs established in 2009
Football clubs in Puerto Rico
2009 establishments in Puerto Rico


Jon L. Luther is an American foodservice industry executive. He was the chairman and chief executive officer of Dunkin' Brands. Luther is the chairman of the board of the Culinary Institute of America and Arby's Restaurant Group, and a director at Six Flags Entertainment Corporation, Wingstop Restaurants, and Tempur Sealy International.

Biography
From February 1997 until December 2002, Luther was president of Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits, a division of AFC Enterprises. Prior to running Popeyes, Luther was president of CA One Services, a subsidiary of Delaware North Companies, Inc. He has also held leadership positions in the contract food service division of the Marriott Corporation and at Aramark in Philadelphia, where he rose from vending sales director to become president of Davre's, Aramark's luxury restaurant subsidiary. Luther also founded Benchmark Services, a foodservice management company specializing in business dining for corporations, growing the business into a strong regional competitor.

Luther holds a degree in hotel and restaurant management from Paul Smith's College, and honorary doctorate degrees from Bentley College, Canisius College, and Johnson & Wales University.

References

Living people
American chief executives of food industry companies
Culinary Institute of America people
Year of birth missing (living people)