The following is a history of MSNBC from 1996 to 2007. MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite news television channel that was created in 1996 by Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, which is now the Comcast-owned NBCUniversal.

Microsoft invested $220 million for a 50% share of the cable network, while MSNBC and Microsoft would share the cost of a $200 million newsroom in Redmond, Washington for MSNBC. NBC supplied the channel space that was occupied by the 18-month-old America's Talking network. Its name is a combination of "MSN" and "NBC". MSNBC (similarly to  Fox News) was created as an alternative to CNN.

The following are highlights from the network's first 11 years; its history from 2008 to 2015 is separately covered.  Mark Harrington was the first president of MSNBC until his death in 1998; the network's first permanent studios in Secaucus, New Jersey, were later named for Harrington.

Launch
MSNBC was launched on July 15, 1996, after a lengthy taped loop of promos aired following the end of America's Talking. The first show, which was anchored by Jodi Applegate, broadcast a lineup of news read by Lori Stokes, interviews and opinions. During the day, rolling news coverage continued with The Contributors, a show that featured Ann Coulter and Laura Ingraham, as well as interactive programming coordinated by Applegate, John Gibson and John Seigenthaler. Stories were generally longer and more detailed than the stories running on CNN at the time.

Connecting news and the Internet (1996–1998)
The start was a bit bumpy due to a series of changes in management and continuing internal squabbles over the direction of the network. Some NBC affiliates were concerned that cross-promotion would divert viewers from their own programs, although that fear abated. However, MSNBC was often first to break news. It broke the story of the crash of TWA Flight 800 eight minutes before CNN, ushering in an era of hypercompetitiveness between the news channels that continues today. MSNBC originally demonstrated the interactive value of the Internet. The network's first slogan was It's Time to Get Connected, and e-mail addresses and phone numbers were displayed regularly. It was headquartered from studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey. In November 1996, the network moved to new studios in Secaucus, New Jersey.

The network's goal of attracting a younger, tech-savvy audience in 1996 failed to materialize. In September 1997, MSNBC laid off 20% of its staff and canceled one of its earliest programs, The Site, due to low ratings and the press of a news story (the death of Princess Diana), which angered many viewers. The network began moving away from its Internet roots, and began covering fashion and entertainment features like its competitors. After its first year, the network had 24,000 households viewing it per night, well short of the 578,000 of CNN and the 30,000 of Fox News (which was four months younger than MSNBC)

That show was replaced by Headliners and Legends, a biography program that became a weekend staple on the network ever since. Also in 1999, the management of MSNBC replaced midday news coverage with a delayed broadcast of NBC's Today called Today on MSNBC and repackaged Dateline NBC stories into MSNBC Investigates, a decision that angered NBC affiliates.

A fictionalized version of MSNBC and its newsroom was featured in the 1998 science fiction film Deep Impact, after CNN reportedly declined.

Early programs

Imus in the Morning
MSNBC signed a simulcast agreement with Infinity Broadcasting station WFAN in New York City to carry the Imus in the Morning radio show, which began on September 2, 1996.

Internight

Primetime featured an hour-long interview program called Internight (which showcased the stars of NBC News), followed by the network's flagship newscast. It was a rotating host lineup of big names such as Tom Brokaw, Katie Couric, Bob Costas, Bryant Gumbel and Bill Moyers. The first Internight included an interview with President Bill Clinton, who took questions from callers and e-mailers. BET host Ed Gordon also contributed to the new network by hosting the Saturday version of Internight.

Brian Williams and Soledad O'Brien
The original two primetime shows were The News with Brian Williams, hosted by Brian Williams, and The Site, a show about the Internet and computers co-hosted by Soledad O'Brien and a "live" computer-generated character called Dev Null played by Leo Laporte. Other shows that made use of the Internet included News Chat featuring Mary Kathleen Flynn, and a look into the past with Time & Again, anchored by Jane Pauley. The Site was canceled in 1997 and was eventually followed by The News being dropped and relocated to CNBC in 2002.

Keith Olbermann and John Hockenberry
SportsCenter host Keith Olbermann left ESPN to join MSNBC in 1997. In the 8pm timeslot, Internight was replaced with The Big Show with Keith Olbermann in hopes that his irreverent style would spike up ratings. But when the Monica Lewinsky scandal broke in 1998, The Big Show morphed into White House in Crisis. Olbermann became frustrated as his show was consumed by the Lewinsky story. In 1998, he stated that his work at MSNBC would "make me ashamed, make me depressed, make me cry." He left MSNBC and joined Fox Sports Net. Olbermann was then replaced by Dateline NBC host John Hockenberry, whose show Edgewise became popular.

Chris Matthews and Mitch Albom
Political advisor under President Jimmy Carter, Chris Matthews began his own show Hardball with Chris Matthews on both CNBC and replaced Hockenberry's 8pm show Edgewise. Prior to this, Matthews hosted Politics with Chris Matthews on MSNBC predecessor America's Talking. Hardball would last up to March 2020.

Popular author and sports and political journalist Mitch Albom hosted his own two-hour program The Mitch Albom Show. Despite high ratings, the show was canceled after a few months. The reason is rumored to be that he did not get along with the leadership at MSNBC.

Leadership under President Erik Sorenson (1998–2004)
In 1999, MSNBC began a partnership with The Washington Post that permitted more integrated coverage on the website. The msnbc.com website, a separate company, remained relatively successful, becoming the most-used online news site in 1997, 1998, and 1999. MSNBC's ratings significantly increased during the impeachment of Bill Clinton, following a new "covering the Big Story" format that provided saturation coverage for the top stories. Keith Olbermann left over MSNBC's continuing focus on the impeachment.

On April 3, 2000, Home Page, a show hosted by three womenAshleigh Banfield, Gina Gaston and Mika Brzezinskidebuted. Along with Home Page, MSNBC tried to attract female viewers by signing a deal in February 2001 with Detroit radio station WJR to simulcast the first two hours of The Mitch Albom Show. While the pairing was a ratings winner, both shows would eventually be canceled: Home Page due to sinking ratings; and The Mitch Albom Show due to its frequent preemptions and some disagreements with the MSNBC management. In 2000, John Gibson, one of the original MSNBC hosts, left the network. His confrontational tenure as the host of the Feedback primetime program foreshadowed his opinion program on the Fox News Channel. MSNBC continued to repackage NBC News programs (Special Edition and Crime Files), and during the 2000 presidential election cycle, reporters and interviews were cycled constantly between broadcast NBC and the cable news channel. MSNBC also commissioned original documentaries similar to the Discovery Channel for use as filler on weekends. Later in the year, Lester Holt received kudos for his daily coverage of the Florida election controversy.

By the start of 2001, MSNBC continued to trail both Fox News and CNN. With the success of Fox News Channel, MSNBC tried to emulate the Fox News Channel's emphasis on opinion hosts. The Project for Excellence in Journalism found in 2007 after a seven-year survey of cable networks that "MSNBC is moving to make politics a brand, with a large dose of opinion and personality." In January 2001, Mike Barnicle got a show on MSNBC, but it was canceled in June 2001 due to high production costs. In June, in a sign of continuing trouble of MSNBC, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said that he would not have started MSNBC if he knew then what he knows now (referencing the longstanding troubles in increasing viewership).

After the September 11 attacks in 2001, MSNBC served as an outlet for NBC News to provide up-to-the-minute coverage, in contrast to broadcast network NBC's longer stories. CNBC and CNBC Europe, with little financial news to report, ran MSNBC for many hours of the day following the attacks. The year also boosted the profile of Ashleigh Banfield, who had escaped injury while covering the World Trade Center on September 11. Her Region In Conflict program capitalized on her newfound celebrity and showcased exclusive interviews from Afghanistan.

In 2001 and 2002, MSNBC tried to focus on opinion journalism. MSNBC still had low ratings, but scored up to triple the usual ratings during the 2002 Winter Olympics, airing several events, but this success was not due to news programming. MSNBC rebranded itself as America's NewsChannel, with a patriotic theme proclaiming MSNBC to be fiercely independent. The News with Brian Williams was moved to CNBC, leaving MSNBC with primarily opinion shows in the evening. The experiment failed miserably and many shows were canceled. The network was regularly beaten in the ratings by CNN Headline News. Overall, ratings dropped 36% from the previous year.

Programs debuted under Sorenson's leadership

The Abrams Report
The Abrams Report was a talk show focusing on crime news, which debuted in December 2001; the program aired in the 4 and 6pm ET timeslots. It was canceled in 2006.

Alan Keyes Is Making Sense
Alan Keyes Is Making Sense was an opinionated news show led by conservative Alan Keyes.  MSNBC canceled the program after a few months, citing low ratings; however, the move resulted in a network boycott by many Jewish Americans who claimed Keyes was fired for his pro-Israel political views.

Buchanan & Press
The debate show Buchanan & Press debuted in 2002, and featured conservative Pat Buchanan and liberal Bill Press. It became very intense, but when the Iraq War started in March 2003, both were decidedly against the war, which led to the program's cancellation in 2003.

Donahue
In 2002, liberal and anti-war activist Phil Donahue came back to MSNBC and hosted his own show, Donahue. Donahue's ratings plummeted, from 660,000 households in his first week to just 136,000 households in his sixth week, a drop of 80%. MSNBC publicly proclaimed support for Donahue and moved some shows to try to stabilize his ratings, helping to increase his viewership to 446,000 households. Donahue himself claimed that MSNBC was trying to "out-fox" Fox by removing him and adding Joe Scarborough to the lineup. Donahue's time slot was replaced by Countdown with Keith Olbermann.

The Savage Nation
Conservative Michael Savage was hired by MSNBC president Erik Sorenson to host a one-hour show, The Savage Nation, which debuted on March 8, 2003; Savage's hiring occurred despite his previous criticism of the network in his book, also titled The Savage Nation, and the objections of NBC employees like anchor Tom Brokaw, who asked NBC executives, "Is this the sort of man who embodies the values of NBC?" Sorenson, at the time, called Savage "brash, passionate and smart," and promised that he would provide "compelling opinion and analysis with an edge."

From the very beginning of his stint at MSNBC, the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) urged the show's sponsors to stop advertising on the show. Savage did not sue GLAAD, but Talk Radio Network Inc. (TRN), which syndicated his radio show, did sue the owners of three small non-commercial websites that had criticized Savage and endorsed the call for advertisers to withdraw their support for the show: savagestupidity.com, michaelsavagesucks.com, and takebackthemedia.com. The suit alleged that the defendants had caused Savage financial damage by interfering with his relationship with advertisers, had used material from The Michael Savage Show without permission, and had spread "false and malicious" information about Savage.

Savage was eventually fired only a few months later, in the wake of telling a caller to his show, "You should only get AIDS and die, you pig".

Scarborough Country
MSNBC hired former Republican congressman Joe Scarborough in 2003, and he became the host of the discussion program Scarborough Country. The show averaged 300,000 viewers a night at the 9pm slot, becoming one of the few successful shows, and lasted for four years until its cancellation in 2007.

MSNBC Live
On August 4, 2002, MSNBC debuted MSNBC Live, NBC News' flagship daytime news platform, with John Elliott and Christy Musumeci anchoring from 8am to noon, and Natalie Morales from 3pm to 6pm ET. On weekdays it aired from 9am to noon with various anchors. The show's runtime and hosts, later, often vary depending on the year. It is also known to run long when breaking news warrants, sometimes into the night. MSNBC Live currently maintains a generic format, focusing on breaking news events notwithstanding, live political news and developments, as well as The Weather Channel forecasts and, in the afternoon, a CNBC Market Wrap.

Jesse Ventura's America
After retiring as Governor of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura got his own show on MSNBC that aired on Saturdays. Jesse Ventura's America was canceled after a few months.

Countdown with Keith Olbermann

Countdown, originally titled Countdown: Iraq when it premiered on October 7, 2002, was hosted by Lester Holt. The program focused completely on the military and diplomatic actions which would become the Iraq War. Countdown: Iraq aired at 7pm and replaced a show hosted by Jerry Nachman, which was moved up to 5pm before its eventual cancellation. In addition, a daytime version of Countdown entitled Countdown: 2002 Election aired from October 25, 2002, to November 2002. On March 28, 2003, MSNBC announced it was (re-)hiring Keith Olbermann to host the 8pm hour of Countdown. The show dropped the Iraq subtitle and was retitled Countdown with Keith Olbermann. The 7pm hour of Countdown was replaced by Hardball with Chris Matthews. Holt was reassigned to anchor rolling news coverage during the day.

The show was known for Olbermann's fast-paced rhetorical style, historical and pop culture references, ready interjections, and strong and often scathingly stated opinions. Olbermann melded news stories, both serious and light, with commentary, much of it critical of the Bush administration. The show has been the source of some controversy due to these criticisms, as well as its host's ongoing criticism of MSNBC rival Fox News Channel – which he refers to as "Fixed News", "Fox Noise", "Faux News" and "Fixed Noise"and his feud with rival commentator Bill O'Reilly of Fox News's The O'Reilly Factor, whose show ran directly opposite Countdown. The show's absence of guests who challenge Olbermann's views was noted by Howard Rosenberg in a commentary published in the Los Angeles Times. "At least O'Reilly invites dissenters to his lair (if only to disembowel them)," wrote Rosenberg, "Whereas Countdown is more or less an echo chamber in which Olbermann and like-minded bobbleheads nod at each other."

The show became the highest-rated and most successful program on MSNBC. In the first quarter of 2008, the show averaged 907,000 viewers a day, compared with about 550,000 viewers for Hardball with Chris Matthews which aired before it. This was an increase of about 230,000 daily viewers from the third quarter of 2007. Countdown has been referred to as the "flagship" MSNBC franchise, so much so that on February 15, 2007, Olbermann received a four-year contract extension, which included two Countdown primetime specials on NBC.

Leadership under President Rick Kaplan (2004–2006)
Former CNN chief Rick Kaplan was hired to run MSNBC, replacing Erik Sorenson as president at the helm of the last-place cable news network. An award-winning producer at ABC News, Kaplan headed CNN's domestic operations from 1997 to 2000. After teaching at Harvard, Kaplan returned to ABC News in 2003 to help plan Iraq war coverage. Under Sorenson, MSNBC averaged 373,000 viewers in prime time, compared with CNN's 927,000 and Fox News's 1.62 million. Rick Kaplan is identified by critics as a liberal because of his friendship with Bill Clinton.

On December 23, 2005, it was announced that Microsoft would sell its remaining 32% share of the MSNBC network to NBC Universal, solidifying its control over television operations and allowing NBC to further consolidate MSNBC's backroom operations with NBC News and its other cable properties. msnbc.com would continue to be 50% owned by both NBC and Microsoft, and its operations would be largely unaffected. The purchase gave NBC the option to buy the remaining 18% share from Microsoft after two years. Rumors circulated that the cable network would eventually be rebranded as NBC News Channel, a name currently used for the network's news service to NBC affiliates.

Programs debuted under Kaplan's leadership

Connected: Coast to Coast
Connected: Coast to Coast was a debate program that was co-hosted by conservative Monica Crowley and liberal Ron Reagan Jr. The program aired in the 5pm timeslot. It was canceled a few months later in 2005.

Rita Cosby: Live & Direct
Rita Cosby hosted her own news/talk show called Rita Cosby: Live & Direct in the 10pm slot against Fox News Channel's On the Record with Greta Van Susteren. Live & Direct was canceled a year later in 2006.

The Situation with Tucker Carlson
Kaplan hired libertarian/conservative Tucker Carlson from CNN to host his own show at 6pm ET, the political talk show The Situation with Tucker Carlson, which debuted in 2005. The program, which was later renamed simply Tucker, lasted for three years until it was replaced in 2008 by Race to the White House and 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.

Leadership under GM Dan Abrams (2006–2008)
A week following the column, Rick Kaplan resigned as president of MSNBC, after holding the post for two years. He said that

We've increased MSNBC's viewership 25% in prime time and 19% in dayside. It is not often in professional life that someone has the opportunity to end his tenure on such a high note.

Following the announcement, it was announced on June 12, 2006, that Dan Abrams, a nine-year veteran of MSNBC and NBC News, had been named general manager of MSNBC, effective immediately. NBC News Senior Vice President Phil Griffin would oversee MSNBC. Griffin would also continue to oversee NBC News' Today, and Abrams would report to Griffin.

On June 29, 2006, Abrams announced a revamp to MSNBC's early evening and primetime schedule. On July 10, Tucker (formerly The Situation with Tucker Carlson) started airing at 4 and 6pm ET (taking over Abrams' old timeslot), while Rita Cosby's Live & Direct was taken off the schedule. Cosby was instead given the role of primary anchor for MSNBC Investigates at 10 and 11pm ET, a new program that took over Cosby and Carlson's timeslots. According to the press release, MSNBC Investigates promised to "... complement MSNBC's existing programming by building on [the network's] library of award winning documentaries." The move to taped programming during 10 and 11pm was likely a result of the success that the network saw with their Friday "experiment" of replacing all primetime programming with taped specials. On April 11, 2007, the television simulcast of Don Imus' radio program Imus in the Morning was canceled after Imus made controversial remarks about the Rutgers Scarlet Knights women's basketball team, referring to some members of the team as "nappy headed hoes". (from October 5, 2009, until his retirement from television on May 29, 2015 Imus aired on the Fox Business Network, previously airing on RFD-TV after being canceled by MSNBC).

On October 22, 2007, MSNBC moved to its new headquarters in New York City at the newly renovated 3rd and 4th floors of 30 Rockefeller Center. Studio 3A debuted that morning when MSNBC's Morning Joe opened its broadcast from the studio at 6am ET.

Programs debuted under Abrams' leadership

Verdict with Dan Abrams
While serving as general manager of the network, Abrams appointed himself to host his own show following Matthews and Olbermann in the 9pm timeslot, Verdict with Dan Abrams. The show was a revamped version of Abrams' previous show on MSNBC in 2001, The Abrams Report.

Doc Block
Abrams decided in June 2006 to cancel Rita Cosby's show at the 10pm slot and replace it with documentary programming.

Race for the White House
Tucker Carlson's program was canceled in March 2008 and replaced at the 6pm slot with Race for the White House, hosted by David Gregory. The show was later renamed 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in November after the election.

References

MSNBC
MSNBC 1996-2007
MSNBC 1996-2007
MSNBC
MSNBC 1996-2007
MSNBC 1996-2007


Makai Wars was a mobile video game released by Nippon Ichi for Android and iOS in 2018. It was originally planned for the PlayStation 3 video game console and the PlayStation Portable.

History
Makai Wars was announced at E3 2004 as an upcoming strategy RPG for the PlayStation Portable. However, no new information surfaced about it for several months until it was announced as having been put on hold in 2005. Later that year, at the 2005 Tokyo Game Show, it was announced that Makai Wars would be released for the PlayStation 3. However, no new information surfaced, and the game was assumed to be cancelled or indefinitely postponed until Nippon Ichi trademarked the title in 2010. In May 2013, in an interview with Famitsu NIS president Sohei Shinkawa said that for NIS 20th anniversary they may show a glimpse of Makai Wars.

On August 22, 2022, it was announced that the game would shut down its live service on October 21.

Legacy
In the 2005 Nippon Ichi title Makai Kingdom: Chronicles of the Sacred Tome, Asagi, who was to be the main character of Makai Wars, made a cameo appearance, breaking the fourth wall to introduce herself as the main character of the next Nippon Ichi game. After that, with the game indefinitely postponed, its vaporware status became a running joke in future Nippon Ichi games, with many of their games (especially ones in the Disgaea series) henceforth featuring Asagi in a cameo role, where she would typically break the fourth wall again to lament the fact that her game was never released.

The pamphlet for Makai Wars given away at E3 2004 featured silhouettes of what appeared to be monster designs, and some of these unused designs were later used in Disgaea 2: Cursed Memories and future games in the Disgaea series.

References

2018 video games
Video games featuring female protagonists
Cancelled PlayStation 3 games
Cancelled PlayStation Portable games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Vaporware video games
Video games developed in Japan
Nippon Ichi Software games
Video games scored by Tenpei Sato


The National Rural Education Association (NREA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the interests of schools and educators in rural and sparsely-populated areas of the United States. The NREA is a membership organization that operates as a tax-exempt, non-profit entity. It is directed by an elected executive committee consisting of national representatives of rural school administrators, rural school teachers, state education agencies, educational service agencies, higher education, rural district school boards, and at-large constituencies. The NREA has approximately 8,000 voting and non-voting members from all 50 states.

Purpose
Article III, Section 1 of the NREA bylaws states, "The purpose of the Association shall be the improvement and the expansion of educational opportunities for children in rural communities throughout the United States and the world." To this end, the NREA lists the following as its stated objectives:
 To serve as a national advocate and representative for rural education at all levels: Local-State-Regional-National
 To provide coordination, at the national level, for rural education programs and activities
 To provide leadership for rural education-related conferences and workshops
 To provide a forum for all those involved in public education in rural areas-including teachers, administrators, board members, and members of the rural community at large whereby they may come together professionally and exchange ideas.
 To promote state, regional and local delivery systems which bring about efficient and effective education for children in rural areas
 To encourage the collection and dissemination of promising practices, statistical data, and other appropriate information relating to rural education as well as coordinating the sharing of services and resources among educational organizations and agencies
 To encourage colleges and universities to develop materials and resources specifically for rural schools and to train school personnel to work more effectively in small schools
 To stimulate discussion, research, and policy development regarding equal educational opportunities for all students
 To stress the need for public and private agencies to develop specific educational materials and technology appropriate to children in rural areas

History
The history of the organization can be divided into several sections.

The early days, 1907-1945
The NREA was founded in 1907 by 28 individuals who petitioned the board of directors of the National Education Association for approval as a new department within the organization. Its title for the next ten years was the Department of Rural and Agricultural Education. The first president of the new organization was elected in 1908 at the NEA meeting in Cleveland, Ohio. For the next ten years, with one exception, the presidents of the new department were presidents or deans of agricultural or normal schools or land grant colleges. The one exception was a superintendent of schools.

In 1918 three professional groups, the National Association of State Supervisors and Inspectors of Rural Schools, the County Superintendent section of the NEA, and the National Association of Personnel Engaged in Preparation of Rural Educators joined the Department of Rural Education. For the first time, agricultural education was no longer included in the title of the organization and there was an evident change in the leadership of the organization in the succeeding ten years. During that period, only six of the presidents were from colleges or universities and only one of those six was associated with an agricultural school. The other presidents of the Department of Rural Education were school administrators.

New alliances, 1946-1975
The group representing rural educators continued as a viable organization through two world wars and a devastating depression. There was a national meeting every year and the group annually elected presidents to lead the organization. In 1946 at the annual meeting of the rural educators in Des Moines, Iowa, the first meeting of the Division of County and Intermediate Unit Superintendents (CIUS) was held and the group elected a president. The two groups continued as separate organizations; however, by 1957 the business meetings of the rural education group were held at the County and Intermediate Unit Superintendents (CUIS) annual meeting which always preceded the annual meeting of the American Association of School Administrators (AASA). During these years the presidents of the Department of Rural Education were local and county superintendents and education professors.

In 1968 the association became the Rural Education Association, and in the following year CUIS elected its last president. It appears that the two groups that had been meeting together apparently merged their meeting dates, their leaders, and their goals. The growth of the adversary relationship between teachers’ organizations and administrators must have resulted in an uncomfortable relationship between the Rural Education Association and its sponsoring organization, the National Rural Education Association. The rural department had expanded over the years to include county and intermediate superintendents and the leadership of the organization most often was from the ranks of administrators or representatives of higher education. Therefore, in 1975, the Rural Education Association was listed for the first time as a non-governance affiliate of the NEA. And the very next year the group voted to rename itself the Rural/Regional Education Association.

Defining the organization, 1975-1986
The years between 1975 and 1980 were difficult ones for the organization. The relationship with the sponsoring organization NEA had become stressful as NEA's mission changed and appeared to be in conflict with the majority of membership of REA. At the same time, serious questions arose about the quality of services being provided to REA by the NEA staff. Most of the members of REA were rural school administrators, administrators of intermediate units, and college or university personnel. The administrators from the intermediate units were concerned about the issues facing rural schools, because in many cases, these schools were their predominate clients. These superintendents felt more comfortable in association with other administrators. During these five years R/REA members were occupied with issues concerning affiliation such as whether the organization should continue its affiliation with NEA or become an independent organization and employ an executive director whose first allegiance would be to REA.

Each option had it proponents. A small group of the members representative of each of the groups within the membership worked for several months considering the options. By the 1980 annual meeting in Portland, OR, this group, chaired by Anita Lohr, Superintendent of Pima County, AZ, presented the membership with the first set of bylaws. The membership voted to institute several controversial changes during this meeting including:
 discontinuing affiliation with NEA
 issuing a contract with Colorado State University to provide administrative services for REA
 purchasing the service of an executive director on a part-time basis (Joseph T. Newlin was appointed to this position in the fall of 1980)
 creating a delegate assembly to become the policy making body of the organization, and
 raising annual membership dues from $15 to $50.

Some members felt that the dues issue would be the end of the organization because people would not be willing to pay $50 to belong to REA. Others were upset because affiliation with AASA had been rejected. After 1980 the organization was different. Some members chose not to renew their membership. AASA created an affiliate for educational service agencies (AAESA), and some of the intermediate unit superintendents dropped from REA, but many chose to hold dual membership. Several of the people responsible for the development of the AAESA had been leaders in REA, and today there exists a common bond between the memberships of the two organizations.

As the organization worked to define its mission, two charges surfaced from it – resolutions, and from the program – budget decisions. These changes were (1) to be the national voice for rural education, and (2) to sponsor the research that would provide validity to that “voice.” So important was the concept of being a national voice, the organization once again changed its name in 1986 to the National Rural Education Association.

Organization
In addition to the executive committee, the NREA has two governing bodies: the Membership Meeting and the Delegate Assembly, made up of two representatives (and two alternates) from each of the fifty states. Affiliate organizations also have one delegate to represent them at the Annual Delegate Assembly. This group meets annually at the Annual Convention. The Delegate Assembly hears reports from standing committees and passes on resolutions, policy matters, and other policies of the Association.

Membership
Membership to the NREA is open to any and all who have an interest in issues related to rural education. Membership dues vary depending on the type of membership, for instance, membership for students may be obtained at a discounted rate.

Publications

The Rural Educator is the official journal of the NREA. It is a peer-reviewed journal published three times per year.

The NREA Update is an electronic newsletter which is distributed to the NREA membership each week.

Notes

References

External links
Official NREA Website
Rural Educator Website

Educational organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Indiana


"ELO Kiddies" is a song originally released by Cheap Trick on the 1977 album Cheap Trick. It was written by Rick Nielsen, Cheap Trick's lead guitarist and primary songwriter. It was released as a single twice, in 1977 as an A-side backed by "Speak Now Or Forever Hold Your Peace", and in 1979 as the B-side of the live "Ain't That a Shame" from Cheap Trick at Budokan.

"Elo Kiddies" has been included on a number of Cheap Trick's live and compilation albums, including Budokan II and other anniversary editions of Cheap Trick at Budokan, Sex, America, Cheap Trick and The Essential Cheap Trick.

Meaning
"Elo Kiddies" is driven by Bun E. Carlos' drumming and Nielsen's power chords on the guitar. The sardonic lyrics include several double entendres and the song has been interpreted in multiple ways, even by members of the band. The most basic meaning is as a "hello, goodbye" story. Nielsen viewed the song as being about the "real maniacs from nuclear power plants". Another interpretation is that the song expresses a "cynical view of education." Cheap Trick drummer Bun E. Carlos, who considers this song one of his favorites, interpreted the song as telling kids to "go out and have fun and go nuts and go completely wild", but that even deeper is that the kids need to do this fast before they get older and have ulcers and headaches. Basically, Carlos sums up his view of the song's message as "let's have fun, but better have it now." Even the song's title is a play on words, since the "Elo" could simply mean "hello", or it could be "ELO", implying the song borrows ideas from the Electric Light Orchestra. Author Steve Taylor has noted that the song is "vaguely autobiographical" and that it recognizes the band's admiration of Electric Light Orchestra founder Roy Wood.

Reception
AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented on the song's "thumping Gary Glitter perversion." Charles Young of Rolling Stone magazine regarded both "ELO Kiddies" and "Speak Now Or Forever Hold Your Peace" among the standout songs of the Cheap Trick album.  Classic Rock critic Malcolm Dome rated it as Cheap Trick's 8th greatest song, saying that it "established them as doyens of power pop, with the deceptively simple musicianship bringing out the full flavour of the track."  Classic Rock History critic Michael Quinn rated it Cheap Trick's 10th best song, saying that it "features everything we like about Cheap Trick: groovy guitars, good beats, and inane lyrics about God knows what."

Music video
Cheap Trick filmed a promotional video of the song, directed by Chuck Lashon, in which the band performed the song while mugging for the cameras.

Covers
The song has been covered by White Flag on their 2002 album History Is Fiction. It was also covered by Crash Kelly on both their 2003 album Penny Pills and on their 2008 album Love You Electric.  The Cry! also covered the song on the 2015 "Never Surrender: Cheap Trick Tribute" album, issued by Zero Hour Records.

References

1977 songs
Songs written by Rick Nielsen
Cheap Trick songs
1977 singles
Song recordings produced by Jack Douglas (record producer)
Epic Records singles


Plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. It is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. Plant genetics is similar in many ways to animal genetics but differs in a few key areas.

The discoverer of genetics was Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (most famously pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Much of Mendel's work with plants still forms the basis for modern plant genetics.

Plants, like all known organisms, use DNA to pass on their traits. Animal genetics often focuses on parentage and lineage, but this can sometimes be difficult in plant genetics due to the fact that plants can, unlike most animals, be self-fertile. Speciation can be easier in many plants due to unique genetic abilities, such as being well adapted to polyploidy. Plants are unique in that they are able to produce energy-dense carbohydrates via photosynthesis, a process which is achieved by use of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts, like the superficially similar mitochondria, possess their own DNA. Chloroplasts thus provide an additional reservoir for genes and genetic diversity, and an extra layer of genetic complexity not found in animals.

The study of plant genetics has major economic impacts: many staple crops are genetically modified to increase yields, confer pest and disease resistance, provide resistance to herbicides, or to increase their nutritional value.

History

The earliest evidence of plant domestication found has been dated to 11,000 years before present in ancestral wheat. While initially selection may have happened unintentionally, it is very likely that by 5,000 years ago farmers had a basic understanding of heredity and inheritance, the foundation of genetics. This selection over time gave rise to new crop species and varieties that are the basis of the crops we grow, eat and research today.

The field of plant genetics began with the work of Gregor Johann Mendel, who is often called the "father of genetics". He was an Augustinian priest and scientist born on 20 July 1822 in Austria-Hungary. He worked at the Abbey of St. Thomas in Brünn (now Brno, Czech Republic), where his organism of choice for studying inheritance and traits was the pea plant. Mendel's work tracked many phenotypic traits of pea plants, such as their height, flower color, and seed characteristics. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows two particular laws, which were later named after him. His seminal work on genetics, “Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden” (Experiments on Plant Hybrids), was published in 1866, but went almost entirely unnoticed until 1900 when prominent botanists in the UK, like Sir Gavin de Beer, recognized its importance and re-published an English translation. Mendel died in 1884. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. Its rediscovery prompted the foundation of modern genetics. His discoveries, deduction of segregation ratios, and subsequent laws have not only been used in research to gain a better understanding of plant genetics, but also play a large role in plant breeding. Mendel's works along with the works of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace on selection provided the basis for much of genetics as a discipline.

In the early 1900s, botanists and statisticians began to examine the segregation ratios put forth by Mendel. W.E. Castle discovered that while individual traits may segregate and change over time with selection, that when selection is stopped and environmental effects are taken into account, the genetic ratio stops changing and reach a sort of stasis, the foundation of Population Genetics. This was independently discovered by G. H. Hardy and W. Weinberg, which ultimately gave rise to the concept of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium published in 1908.

For a more thorough exploration of the history of population genetics, see History of Population Genetics by Bob Allard.

Around this same time, genetic and plant breeding experiments in maize began. Maize that has been self-pollinated experiences a phenomenon called inbreeding depression. Researchers, like Nils Heribert-Nilsson, recognized that by crossing plants and forming hybrids, they were not only able to combine traits from two desirable parents, but the crop also experienced heterosis or hybrid vigor. This was the beginning of identifying gene interactions or epistasis. By the early 1920s, Donald Forsha Jones had invented a method that led to the first hybrid maize seed that were available commercially. The large demand for hybrid seed in the U.S. Corn Belt by the mid 1930s led to a rapid growth in the seed production industry and ultimately seed research. The strict requirements for producing hybrid seed led to the development of careful population and inbred line maintenance, keeping plants isolated and unable to out-cross, which produced plants that better allowed researchers to tease out different genetic concepts. The structure of these populations allowed scientist such a T. Dobzhansky, S. Wright, and R.A. Fisher to develop evolutionary biology concepts as well as explore speciation over time and the statistics underlying plant genetics.  Their work laid the foundations for future genetic discoveries such as linkage disequilibrium in 1960.

While breeding experiments were taking place, other scientists such as Nikolai Vavilov and Charles M. Rick were interested in wild progenitor species of modern crop plants. Botanists between the 1920s and 1960s often would travel to regions of high plant diversity and seek out wild species that had given rise to domesticated species after selection. Determining how crops changed over time with selection was initially based on morphological features. It developed over time to chromosomal analysis, then genetic marker analysis, and eventual genomic analysis. Identifying traits and their underlying genetics allowed for transferring useful genes and the traits they controlled from either wild or mutant plants to crop plants. Understanding and manipulating of plant genetics was in its heyday during the Green Revolution brought about by Norman Borlaug. During this time, the molecule of heredity, DNA, was also discovered, which allowed scientists to actually examine and manipulate genetic information directly.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe, or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, and their location within the genome are referred to as genetic loci, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.

Geneticists, including plant geneticists, use this sequence of DNA to their advantage to better find and understand the role of different genes within a given genome. Through research and plant breeding, manipulation of different plant genes and loci encoded by the DNA sequence of the plant chromosomes by various methods can be done to produce different or desired genotypes that result in different or desired phenotypes.

Meiosis

During plant meiosis, double-strand breaks are introduced into the DNA genome and these breaks can be repaired by a recombination process employing gene products RAD51 and DMC1 that are homologous to recombinases employed by eukaryotes generally.  Central elements of eukaryotic meiosis are pairing of homologous chromosomes, double-strand break formation and homologous recombinational repair.  These processes appear to be optimized for repairing DNA damage in the germline.

Plant Specific Genetics
Plants, like all other known living organisms, pass on their traits using DNA. Plants however are unique from other living organisms in the fact that they have chloroplasts. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own DNA. Like animals, plants experience somatic mutations regularly, but these mutations can contribute to the germ line with ease, since flowers develop at the ends of branches composed of somatic cells. People have known of this for centuries, and mutant branches are called "sports". If the fruit on the sport is economically desirable, a new cultivar may be obtained.

Some plant species are capable of self-fertilization, and some are nearly exclusively self-fertilizers. This means that a plant can be both mother and father to its offspring, a rare occurrence in animals. Scientists and hobbyists attempting to make crosses between different plants must take special measures to prevent the plants from self-fertilizing. In plant breeding, people create hybrids between plant species for economic and aesthetic reasons. For example, the yield of Corn has increased nearly five-fold in the past century due in part to the discovery and proliferation of hybrid corn varieties. Plant genetics can be used to predict which combination of plants may produce a plant with Hybrid vigor, or conversely many discoveries in Plant genetics have come from studying the effects of hybridization.

Plants are generally more capable of surviving, and indeed flourishing, as polyploids. Polyploid organisms have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes. For example, humans have two sets of homologous chromosomes, meaning that a typical human will have 2 copies each of 23 different chromosomes, for a total of 46. Wheat on the other hand, while having only 7 distinct chromosomes, is considered a hexaploid and has 6 copies of each chromosome, for a total of 42.  In animals, inheritable germline polyploidy is less common, and spontaneous chromosome increases may not even survive past fertilization. In plants however this is less of a problem. Polyploid individuals are created frequently by a variety of processes; however, once created, they usually cannot cross back to the parental type. Polyploid individuals that are capable of self-fertilizing can give rise to a new, genetically distinct lineage, which can be the start of a new species. This is often called "instant speciation". Polyploids generally have larger fruit, an economically desirable trait, and many human food crops, including wheat, maize, potatoes, peanuts, strawberries and tobacco, are either accidentally or deliberately created polyploids.

Model organisms

Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana, also known as thale cress, has been the model organism for the study of plant genetics. As Drosophila, a species of fruit fly, was to the understanding of early genetics, so has been A. thaliana to the understanding of plant genetics. It was the first plant to ever have its genome sequenced in the year 2000. It has a small genome, making the initial sequencing more attainable. It has a genome size of 125 Mbp that encodes about 25,000 genes. Because an incredible amount of research has been done on the plant, a database called The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) has been established as a repository for multiple data sets and information on the species. Information housed in TAIR include the complete genome sequence along with gene structure, gene product information, gene expression, DNA and seed stocks, genome maps, genetic and physical markers, publications, and information about the A. thaliana research community. Many natural inbred accessions of A. thaliana (often referred to as "ecotypes") are available and have been useful in genetic research. This natural variation has been used to identify loci important in both biotic and abiotic stress resistance.

Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium distachyon is an experimental model grass that has many attributes that make it an excellent model for temperate cereals. Unlike wheat, a tetra or hexaploid species, brachypodium is diploid with a relatively small genome (~355 Mbp) with a short life-cycle, making genomic studies on it simpler.

Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamiana is a popular model organism for both plant-pathogen and transgenic studies. Because its broad leaves are easily transiently transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, it is used to study both the expression of pathogen genes introduced into a plant or test new genetic cassette effects.

Other model plants
Other models include the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,
the moss Physcomitrella patens,
the clover Medicago truncatula,
Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon),
the C4 grass Setaria viridis,
and maize (corn).

Genetically modified crops

Genetically modified (GM) foods are produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits than previous methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.

Genetically modifying plants is an important economic activity: in 2017, 89% of corn, 94% of soybeans, and 91% of cotton produced in the US were from genetically modified strains. Since the introduction of GM crops, yields have increased by 22%, and profits have increased to farmers, especially in the developing world, by 68%. An important side effect of GM crops has been decreased land requirements,

Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its unsuccessful Flavr Savr delayed-ripening tomato. Most food modifications have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton. Genetically modified crops have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and for better nutrient profiles. Other such crops include the economically important GM papaya which are resistant to the highly destructive Papaya ringspot virus, and the nutritionally improved golden rice (it is however still in development).

There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe. The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation. There are still ongoing public concerns related to food safety, regulation, labeling, environmental impact, research methods, and the fact that some GM seeds are subject to intellectual property rights owned by corporations.

Modern ways to genetically modify plants

Genetic modification has been the cause for much research into modern plant genetics, and has also led to the sequencing of many plant genomes. Today there are two predominant procedures of transforming genes in organisms: the "Gene gun" method and the Agrobacterium method.

"Gene gun" method

The gene gun method is also referred to as "biolistics" (ballistics using biological components). This technique is used for in vivo (within a living organism) transformation and has been especially useful in monocot species like corn and rice. This approach literally shoots genes into plant cells and plant cell chloroplasts. DNA is coated onto small particles of gold or tungsten approximately two micrometers in diameter. The particles are placed in a vacuum chamber and the plant tissue to be engineered is placed below the chamber. The particles are propelled at high velocity using a short pulse of high pressure helium gas, and hit a fine mesh baffle placed above the tissue while the DNA coating continues into any target cell or tissue.

Agrobacterium method
Transformation via Agrobacterium has been successfully practiced in dicots, i.e. broadleaf plants, such as soybeans and tomatoes, for many years. Recently it has been adapted and is now effective in monocots like grasses, including corn and rice. In general, the Agrobacterium method is considered preferable to the gene gun, because of a greater frequency of single-site insertions of the foreign DNA, which allows for easier monitoring. In this method, the tumor inducing (Ti) region is removed from the T-DNA (transfer DNA) and replaced with the desired gene and a marker, which is then inserted into the organism. This may involve direct inoculation of the tissue with a culture of transformed Agrobacterium, or inoculation following treatment with micro-projectile bombardment, which wounds the tissue.  Wounding of the target tissue causes the release of phenolic compounds by the plant, which induces invasion of the tissue by Agrobacterium. Because of this, microprojectile bombardment often increases the efficiency of infection with Agrobacterium.  The marker is used to find the organism which has successfully taken up the desired gene. Tissues of the organism are then transferred to a medium containing an antibiotic or herbicide, depending on which marker was used. The Agrobacterium present is also killed by the antibiotic. Only tissues expressing the marker will survive and possess the gene of interest. Thus, subsequent steps in the process will only use these surviving plants. In order to obtain whole plants from these tissues, they are grown under controlled environmental conditions in tissue culture. This is a process of a series of media, each containing nutrients and hormones. Once the plants are grown and produce seed, the process of evaluating the progeny begins. This process entails selection of the seeds with the desired traits and then retesting and growing to make sure that the entire process has been completed successfully with the desired results.

See also

Apomixis
Biological engineering
Biotechnology
Cloning
DuPont
Eugenics
Experimental evolution
Gene flow
Gene pool
Genetic erosion
Genetic pollution
Genetically modified organisms
Human genetic engineering
Ice-minus bacteria
List of emerging technologies
Marker assisted selection
Monsanto Company
Paratransgenesis
Recombinant DNA
Research ethics
Synthetic biology
Transgene

References

External links

Ministry for the Environment NZ – Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, 2001


"Welcome to England" is a song by American singer and songwriter Tori Amos, appearing on the album Abnormally Attracted to Sin (2009). It was released as the lead digital single from the studio album on April 14, 2009 by Universal Motown Republic Group, which also marks as her first single released from the label. Written and produced by Amos herself, just like the rest of the album, the song was recorded at her husband's studio in England, Martian Studios.

Musically, the song is a mid-tempo alternative rock song that features a variety of classical music, including influences of britpop, piano rock, baroque pop, ambient music and chamber pop music, along with modern electronica influences. The song's development discusses a woman who has left everything, including her family, friends and lifestyle, to start a new life with her lover. She has cited her husband as her inspiration towards the song, due to her constant move to England. Lyrical themes involve love, departure and family.

Contemporary critics were generally favorable towards the song, who commended the personal subject matter and production. However, some critics felt it lacked originality and did not live up to expectations. Commercially, the song did not live up to expectations; The song only managed to peak inside the top ten in countries including New Zealand and the United States, where it peaked at four and ten. It did chart in Belgium, but only managed to peak at twenty-four and managed to chart outside the top 100 in Russia. To date, this is Amos' last charting single in any mainstream charts, until her 2012 single "Flavor" was released. An accompanying music video was shot for the single, which featured Amos as two characters; herself and Isabel, a character that was previously featured in her studio album, American Doll Posse. The music video features her walking around iconic landmarks around London, England.

Background
Before the production of the single and the studio album Abnormally Attracted to Sin, Abnormally Attracted to Sin was intended to be an audio-visual project including an abundance of synchronizing visuals, and filming these Visualettes was a significant catalyst for the development of the album itself. Then Christian Lamb  was hired to by Amos to shoot footage of her 2007 world tour for an intended live/concert DVD. However, there were disagreements between her and her record label Epic Records, so she left the record label, leaving Visualettes to be postponed. She was with Epic since the release of her seventh studio album, Scarlet's Walk (2002). After her leaving of the label, Amos officially stated that from now on, she would be releasing her future studio albums and singles independently. However, the idea was then scrapped as Amos signed a new deal to Universal Republic Records, making "Welcome to England" and Abnormally Attracted to Sin her first releases under the label.

Along with the photography with her studio album, she enlisted fashion photographer Karen Collins. She stated "I love the way [Collins] shoots women, It's not vulgar or demeaning, but I find it just sexy. They look empowered to me, and I like her style." The setting for the album's artwork is a cream-colored hotel room. "Welcome to England" was eventually featured on her Chapter/Visualette Index DVD, which is an alternate version of her album, The Road Chronicles. The song was recorded at her husband's studio Martian Studios in Cornwall, with additional mixing in 2009.

Composition
"Welcome to England" is a mid-tempo alternative rock song that features a trip hop style, with britpop, baroque pop and ambient music. Thom Jurek from Allmusic said "Welcome to England," whose 4/4 loop, drifting piano, and blend of guitars (electric and acoustic), strings, and ambient sounds is rudimentary Amos at best, and boring at worst." Mike Ragogna from The Huffington Post compared the song to the work of Kate Bush. According to Musicsheets.com, the voice range of Amos' vocals span between G3# to D5# notes, with the publishing key at G Minor. The song is in common time and has been set moderately paced in 100 beats per minute. In the song, Tori represents a "diosyncratic, staccato vocal style underpinned with Mac Aladdin’s razor-sharp guitar accents, but the song simply meanders, like a walk along the cliffs of Dover." Artistdirect said the song features "organic piano against studio-created synths. It’s a juxtaposition of the organic and the inorganic." Music Fix said the song was a "dreary sounding, works in the context of the album, lying snugly on its bed of electronica immediately after the disarming Give."

Amos, identifying the song as a "love song", stated that her husband Mark Hawley was an inspiration towards the song, who wanted her to move to England with her for more privacy in their personal relationship. She explained to Drowned in Sound that the "desired goal" of the song, was "to be positive about a man, and yet ambivalent about a place." Amos added: "I really wanted the story to be about a woman who left her life, and her family, and her job, to follow her love – to follow her heart." Amos commented on the song's structure; "The sounds [of "Welcome to England"] were created around the feelings and working around the song structure; the structures were demanding certain arrangements. It came out sexy and modern."

In a UK video interview with ITN, she explains the reasoning behind "Welcome To England":

Critical reception
"Welcome to England" received favorable reviews from music critics. Ed Miller from Drowned in Sound stated that the song is "both a return to classic Tori and autobiographical songwriting, and an indicator that this record is free from the high concepts that mark most of her 21st century output." Jurek commented "The refrain creates a bit of a hook, at least enough to catch the ear, but that's all." He also highlighted the song as an album standout. Chris Mincher from The A.V. Club had commented that while he enjoyed the song, as an alternative musician, he said that it would've been "better from actual rock bands". Ivorytowerz.com said "The end result is pleasant, but a bit lightweight, despite its lyrical foundation about seduction." Andie Noonan from The Southern Star declared the song as "classic Amos" and said "[The song] wouldn’t be out of place as an English folk song."

Ian Wade from BBC Music said that the song was "Amos-by-numbers". Ben Urdang from MusicOMH gave the song a positive review, and also highlighted the song on the album saying "Welcome To England is an enjoyable romp through Tori's own back catalogue, as she seems to meld various snippets of her material together to make a new song that's both familiar and new." Zac from Sputnikmusic gave it an acclaimed review, saying "Welcome To England is a fine piece of music to say the least" and concluded "Welcome To England is another tick on the reviewers form." A mixed review came from Margaret Wappler from the Los Angeles Times, saying ""Welcome to England" is a silken glove with a few dropped stitches, specifically a guitar line that sounds borrowed from an '80s sitcom theme."

Commercial response
"Welcome to England" was not successful on the charts, mostly because the song was released as a digital-only single, and did not serve a CD single, though a promotional CD was released. Another main reason why was because Amos announced she would release her singles independently through major record labels. The song didn't manage to chart inside the US Billboard Hot 100, however, it did debut at number twenty-nine on the US Adult Album Alternative chart, but it later rose to number seventeen, and eventually peaked at number ten. The song became Amos' fifth top ten single to enter that chart, and is currently her last single to chart in the United States or any of its component charts.

In Belgium (Flanders), the song debuted at number twenty-nine on the issue week of 16 May 2009. On the issue date of 23 May 2009, the song peaked at number twenty-six and stayed in the charts for two weeks. This was her first charting single since 1996, with her single "Hey Jupiter" and was also her last charting single in that country.

The song didn't chart on the official New Zealand Singles Chart, however, it did chart on the official New Zealand Airplay Singles Chart. The song debuted at number eight on the chart. The song rose to seven on the issue date of May 24, 2009. The song eventually peaked at number four on the chart, staying there for two consecutive weeks and making it her highest-charting single in New Zealand (airplay charts only). It stayed in the charts for six weeks in total, and was her first charting single since "Cornflake Girl".

The song debuted at 279 on the Russian Singles Chart in its first week. The song risen twenty-nine spaces to number 250. In its fourth week, the song rose to the remaining peaking position at 232, with a total of 424 airplay requests during that week. The song dropped five spaces in its fifth week, and fell out that same week, staying in the charts for five weeks, with 403 airplay requests that week. To date, "Welcome to England" is Amos' last single currently to have charted on any existing record charts, until her 2012 single "Flavor" reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs.

Music video and promotion

The music video had made its premiere debut on Yahoo! Music on April 3, 2009. The video was the same version released on the "Abnormally Attracted to Sin" deluxe edition—a vignette of the dolls from American Doll Posse. The song starts with Amos walking around a historical building in London. The video later changes where Amos is walking around bridges and shores of England, where she wears a jumpsuit with the whole costume embraced with the American flag on it. It finishes with Amos with a blonde wig, which is her character "Isabel" (which is known on her American Doll Posse album), taking pictures of London inside of the London Eye. It has iconic landmarks in England including Buckingham Palace, Big Ben and the London Eye. According to Anna Pickard, she said that the video for the single is not a "music video", and is a "visualette", which is one of a series of visualettes that accompany the songs on Tori Amos's album. And because of this ultimately, Amos has not released an official music video for either "Welcome to England" and "Maybe California". Along with portraying herself, Amos can be seen portraying “the dolls” from 2007's American Doll Posse, in an apparent attempt at deconstructing that album's concept. In the music video, Amos herself, however is not feature and instead, it features the dolls; Tori (Amos herself) and Isabel, who is featured at the end of the video.

The music video received generally favorable reviews from critics. Pitchfork Media compared the fashion imagery to Lady Guinevere and Lady Liberty by saying "Grainy film footage of London serves as the backdrop for this latest vid from Tori Amos, whose costume changes take her from Lady Guinevere to Lady Liberty in a few quick shots." Pinkisthenewblog.com'' gave it a positive review saying "The video features Tori lookin’ fierce as hell in various locales in England. I think this video is our first indication at what the visualettes that will accompany each song on the album will look like. Very cool."

The song was first performed on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson with a band and two pianos. Also, she performed the single in an intimate show called "Acoustically Attracted to Sin", in which many songs from her catalog were performed with her Bösendorfer. She also frequently played the song on her Sinful Attraction Tour. There have been fan covered recorded for the song as well.

Track listing
 CD single/Digital Download
 "Welcome to England" (album version) – 4:08

 Digital EP
 "Welcome to England" (album version) - 4:08
 "Maybe California" (album version) - 4:24
 "Fire to Your Plain" (album version) - 3:02

Personnel
 Bösendorfer, synths, and vocals: Tori Amos
 Loops and drums: Matt Chamberlain
 Bass: Jon Evans
 Acoustic and electric guitars: Mac Aladdin

Charts

Release history

References

External links
 Tori Amos' website
 Official music video

Tori Amos songs
2009 singles
Rock ballads
Songs written by Tori Amos
2009 songs
Universal Republic Records singles


Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan were the defending champions but lost in the semifinals to Bob Lutz and Stan Smith.

Lutz and Smith won in the final 6–1, 6–2 against Heinz Günthardt and Pavel Složil.

Seeds
The draw allocated unseeded teams at random; as a result three seeded teams received byes into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 1980 Fischer-Grand Prix Doubles draw

1980 Fischer-Grand Prix


Sarabråten is an area near the lake Nøklevann in Østmarka, Oslo, Norway.

Now a recreational area, it was owned by Thomas Johannessen Heftye and his descendants from 1856 to 1911, and after that by Oslo municipality. It was first recorded under the name Jørgensrud in 1578, when owned by the Diocese of Oslo. A ski jumping hill was located here earlier.

Sarabråten has a memorial of Christian Dons, founder of the Scout Movement in Norway, as well as a memorial raised in 1946 of nine WWII resistance members.

References

Geography of Oslo


All My Good Countrymen, also translated as All My Compatriots, (), is a 1968 Czechoslovak film directed by Vojtěch Jasný. Considered the "most Czech" of his contemporary filmmakers, Jasný's style was primarily lyricist. It took nearly 10 years to complete the script and is his most renowned work. The movie was based on real people from Jasný's hometown Kelč. The film was banned and the director went into exile rather than recant. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival where Jasný won the award for Best Director.

Cast
 Radoslav Brzobohatý as Peasant František
 Věra Galatíková as František's wife
 Vlastimil Brodský as Organist Očenáš
 Vladimír Menšík as Jořka Pyřk
 Waldemar Matuška as Peasant Zášinek
 Drahomíra Hofmanová as Widow Machačová
 Pavel Pavlovský as Postman Bertin
 Václav Babka as tailor Franta Lampa
 Josef Hlinomaz as Painter Frajz
 Karel Augusta as Bricklayer Joza Trňa
 Ilja Prachař as Photographer Josef Plecmera
 Václav Lohniský as Zejvala
 Jiří Tomek
 Helena Růžičková as Božka
 Oldřich Velen as Policeman

Plot
The film begins in 1945 and traces the seasonal or annual changes that a small Moravian village undergoes until the Epilogue, which is sometime after 1958.

The first part of the film set in 1945 establishes the innocence and camaraderie of a village amidst the backdrop of a post-War landscape. Children play with guns and a land mine is discovered while ploughing the fields. A group of villagers detonate it and end the night dancing and drinking in the local pub. They leave at dawn as the sun rises on a beautiful, idyllic landscape and stop to sleep beneath a tree after taking in the view.

In 1948, it is just months after the Communists have taken power in February. Loud speakers blare propaganda and announce rations while the farmer František works. We discover that four of the main villagers have converted, namely, the organist Očenáš, the photographer Plecmera, the postman Bertin, and Zejvala. The townspeople disdain them. A landowner must vacate his land so it can become a collective; his wife tearfully removes pictures of Jesus and the Virgin Mary from the walls as the landowner criticizes: "I hope you look after this place, your own looks like a pigsty." To which the communists respond ominously: "Don't worry! We will show you what we can do!" The communists greedily inspect their winnings (animals, house, a stockpile of wood) and begin to loot for themselves. Meanwhile, a tailor sets up shop with his wife and the help of friends, who warn him that the communists will put an end to his good fortunes. Indeed, a group of communists come and demand he turn over the property on which he has just spent his life's savings and lead a tailoring collective instead.

In 1949 the postman, Bertin, is shot after we see him and his wife-to-be, Machačová, being fitted for wedding clothes. A funeral is held after which police arrest those they deem responsible. František the noble farmer leads a mass of townspeople to demand the police turn over some of the wrongly accused perpetrators, namely the priest. The organist Očenáš, facing death threats, leaves at his wife's persistence. The photographer's wife, aspiring for status and a new house, implores her husband to fill the position left behind by Očenáš.

In 1951, Zášinek comes home drunk from a night at the bar. He hallucinates the ghost of his ex-wife, a Jew. He had divorced her because he feared the Germans and she had died in a concentration camp. Her ghost tells him that she has forgiven him. Nevertheless, his guilt drives him mad. He sees her again at an afternoon soiree and dances with her briefly. Meanwhile, Machačová, "the merry widow," shows up to the same soiree with the town thief, Jořka. He has been summoned to prison a few days prior and we understand that he is to report that afternoon. After dancing, he bids her farewell and walks off, presumably toward the prison. He stops and pours acid on his left foot, which starts to hiss and boil. He returns a clock he had stolen, repaired, to its rightful owner, then collapses from his wound and dies as white goose down covers him like snow.

In Autumn 1951, Zášinek is still upset about his guilt. He visits the church to confess. He is shown later at a pub amidst friends and the merry widow. They dine and soon begin to dance, all while being painted. The painting shifts from formless shapes to lackluster diners to a frenzied dance, with Zášinek soon depicted as a devil with a skull. He returns home the next morning drunk and is impaled by a loose bull and dies.

In 1952, František's weary father comments on how his strength is failing with age. At a townhall meeting, the communists announce they will take more loans; the panel clap for each other. The audience does not clap; František speaks against the decision and leads away the villagers. The communists seek to destroy him, for "as long as he is around, nothing will get done." He is arrested; police attempt to get others to sign statements alleging his guilt but with no immediate success—the villagers hold out until they are threatened.

In 1954, A communist who had stolen from the original confiscated house returns. He is called a disgrace and dismissed. František has escaped from prison but he is sick and near death.

In 1955, František's health rebounds. He no longer has anything but buys a horse and sets to work again. The narrator asks, "which can bear more, a man or a horse? A man, because he has to."

In 1957, Realizing that the village rallies around the noble František, the communists ask him to persuade the others to declare their harvests. František refuses. After being forced, all villagers sign except Frantisek.

In 1958, František is taken to the home originally seized from the landowner. It has been poorly taken care of; he agrees to take it on and become the collective's leader. On his way to assume the role, he and his daughter's carriage are stopped by a carnival procession of villagers masked with the heads of animals and monsters. They are gentle to him and he laughs as he continues. The mob moves next to an oncoming car. It is the photographer and his wife. They stop it, pull them out and dance. The photographer's merriment is cut short as he clutches his chest and falls to the snow with a heart attack. Later the townspeople amassed at the pub remove their animal masks and remark: "soon all the people will be gone and all that will be left are the animals."

In the Epilogue, Očenáš returns to the village. He runs into the now-blind and divorced photographer who has tumbled from power. Očenáš asks about František, who he discovers has recently died. The photographer remarks: "the best people go and the blackguards stay." Očenáš visits František's family and speaks with his daughters, who tell him the farmer's last words were to "listen to the workers in the fields"-- "things will be better when they begin to sing again." Očenáš departs on his bike and looks back forlornly on the countryside as he laments: "We have made our beds and now we have to lie in them. But have we made them ourselves? What have we done, rather, what have we undone, all my fellow countrymen?"

Accolades

Sequel
In 1977 an unofficial spiritual sequel The Moravian Land was released. It was directed by Antonín Kachlík. The film was meant to be a counterbalance to All My Compatriots. Many actors from All My Compatriots also starred in the Moravian Land. It presented collectivization as a positive thing.

Vojtěch Jasný directed Return to Paradise Lost in 1999. It is a loose continuation to All My Compatriots. It stars Vladimír Pucholt as a Czech émigrée who returns home after fall of Communist regime. He comes from the village showed in All My Compatriots. Some characters returned in this sequel.

Notes

References

External links

1968 films
1968 comedy-drama films
Czech comedy-drama films
Czechoslovak comedy-drama films
1960s Czech-language films
Films directed by Vojtěch Jasný
Golden Kingfisher winners


William Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu ( 1275 – 18 October 1319) (alias de Montagu, de Montacute, Latinized to de Monte Acuto ("from the sharp mountain")), was an English peer, and an eminent soldier and courtier during the reigns of Edward I and Edward II. He played a significant role in the wars in Scotland and Wales, and was appointed steward of the household to Edward II. Perhaps as a result of the influence of his enemy, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, Edward II sent him to Gascony as Seneschal in 1318. He died there in October of the following year.

Origins

William Montagu was born in about 1275, the son and heir of Simon de Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu (d. 26 September 1316), by either his first wife, Hawise de St Amand (died 1287), daughter of Amaury de St Amand, or his second wife, Isabel, whose parentage is unknown. The Montagu family was of Norman origin, later prominent in the West Country of England. They held extensive lands in Somerset, Dorset and Devon. From his father's inquisition post mortem, he is known to have had two brothers, John Montagu and Simon Montagu.

Career
Montagu spent a great part of his life serving in the wars in Scotland, Wales and on the continent. He distinguished himself in the First War of Scottish Independence, having been summoned for feudal military service in 1301 and placed in charge of shipping for the war in March 1303.

In 1304, he was with King Edward I at the Siege of Stirling Castle. In the same year he and his uncle, Amaury de St Amand, were imprisoned in the Tower of London for an alleged offence for which he was soon acquitted. On 22 May 1306, he and others were knighted by King Edward I (1272–1307), together with the king's son the Prince of Wales and future King Edward II (1307–1327).

In February 1307, he and his father served together in Scotland, and in 1309 he took part in the first tournament at Dunstable in which he bore the arms Argent, three fusils conjoined in fess gules, as recorded in the Dunstable Roll.

In 1311, he was appointed to survey the defences of Hastings Castle and other castles, and on 29 September 1311 was placed in charge of Berkhamstead Castle. In 1314 he was appointed Keeper of Berwick Castle.

In May 1313, he attended King Edward II and his wife Isabella of France when they travelled to France to pay a state visit to King Philip IV, and in the same year and in 1314 served again in Scotland. In February 1316 he played a leading part in suppressing a rebellion in Glamorgan by Llywelyn Bren (died 1318), and, in July 1316, was sent to Bristol to settle grievances between the town's burgesses and Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere (died 1322), Constable of Bristol Castle.

In reward for his services, in August 1316, he was granted the marriage of the king's ward Joan de Verdun, daughter and heiress of Theobald de Verdun, whom he married-off the following year to his younger son, John Montagu (d. August 1317).

In November 1316, he was appointed Steward of the Household to King Edward II, a position which was accompanied by the grant, on 13 January 1317, of an annuity of 200 marks which he received until June 1317, when in lieu of the annuity the king granted him for life, as "King's Bachelor", several manors, including Gravesend in Kent and Kingsbury in Somerset.

On 26 September 1317, the King granted him licence to crenellate his mansion house at Cassington in Oxfordshire. He was summoned by writ to Parliament on 20 November 1317, where he was one of the majores barones in the king's party.

In August 1318 he was appointed Keeper of Abingdon Abbey. However, on 20 November 1318, Edward II sent him to Gascony as Seneschal,  and he was replaced as Steward of the Household by Bartholomew de Badlesmere. According to Gross, "this was almost certainly a concession to Thomas of Lancaster, who had accused Montagu of combining with Roger Damory to plot against his life, a factor which delayed his reconciliation with the King".

Marriage and children

In about 1292 he married Elizabeth de Montfort (died August 1354), daughter of Peter de Montfort (died before 4 March 1287) (son of Peter de Montfort of Beaudesert Castle by Alice Audley) by his wife Maud de la Mare, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry de la Mare (died 1257), of Ashtead, Surrey, Hinton (in Hurst), Diddenham (in Shinfield), Farley Hill, and Sheepbridge (in Swallowfield), Berkshire, Justice and Seneschal to William Longespée, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, by his wife Joan Neville (daughter of Sir John Neville of Essex by his wife Hawise de Courtenay, daughter of Robert de Courtenay (died 1242), feudal baron of Okehampton in Devon]).

Elizabeth de Montfort survived her husband and remarried to Sir Thomas Furnivall (d. before 18 April 1332) of Sheffield, who was pardoned and fined £200 on 8 June 1322 for marrying her, a widow of a tenant-in-chief, without royal licence. Furnivall's son, Thomas Furnivall (d. October 1339), had married Joan de Verdun (d. 2 October 1334), widow of Elizabeth's eldest son, John Montagu. Elizabeth died in August 1354, and was buried in the Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford (now Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford), where her tomb still exists in the Latin chapel.

By his wife Montagu had four sons and seven daughters:

Sons
John Montagu (died 1317), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father. In 1317 in the royal chapel at Windsor Castle he married his father's ward, Joan de Verdun (d. 2 October 1334), daughter and heiress of Theobald de Verdun by Maud Mortimer, daughter of Edmund Mortimer, 2nd Baron Mortimer. The marriage was childless. He died in 1317 having predeceased his father, and was buried at Lincoln Cathedral on 14 August 1317. His widow, Joan de Verdun, remarried, on 24 February 1318,to Sir Thomas Furnivall (d. October 1339), by whom she had three sons and two daughters.
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury (1301–1344), eldest surviving son and heir, who succeeded his father as 3rd Baron Montagu, and later became 1st Earl of Salisbury.
Simon Montacute (died 1345), who was successively Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Ely.
Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu (died 14 July 1361), who married twice:
Firstly, before 29 August 1338, Alice of Norfolk (died before 30 January 1352), daughter and co-heiress of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1300–1338), a younger son of King Edward I, by whom he had a son and four daughters. Alice of Norfolk is said to have died as the result of an assault by her husband and his retainers.
Secondly he married a wife named Joan, whose parentage is unknown, by whom he had a son and two daughters.

Daughters
Alice Montagu, the eldest daughter, who married, before 27 January 1333, as his first wife, Sir Ralph Daubeney (3 March 1305 – c.1378), by whom she was the mother of Sir Giles Daubeney (d. 24 June 1386).
Katherine Montagu, who married Sir William Carrington.
Mary Montagu, who married Sir Richard Cogan (died 1368), feudal baron of Bampton, in Devon.
Elizabeth Montagu, Prioress of Holywell Priory.
Hawise Montagu, who married Sir Roger Bavent (d. 23 April 1355), by whom she had a daughter, Joan Bavent, who married Sir John Dauntsey (died 1391).
Maud Montagu, Abbess of Barking Abbey from 1341 to 1352.

Death and burial
Montagu died in Gascony on 18 October 1319. His place of burial is unknown. It may be at Bisham Priory.

Succession
Montagu was succeeded by his second son, William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury, who was closely associated with King Edward III, and was created Earl of Salisbury.

Notes

External links
Inquisition Post Mortem #238

References

Further reading

External links
'Elizabeth De Montacute née Montfort', History of Henley Series Retrieved 22 October 2013

1270s births
1319 deaths
Barons Montagu
de Montagu family
People of the Wars of Scottish Independence
People knighted at the Feast of the Swans
13th-century English nobility
14th-century English nobility
Seneschals of Gascony
English knights


Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of mental illnesses with a particular emphasis on the genetic and neurophysiological basis of clinical psychology. Biological psychopathology attempts to explain psychiatric disorders using multiple levels of analysis from the genome to brain functioning to behavior. Although closely related to clinical psychology, it is fundamentally an interdisciplinary approach that attempts to synthesize methods across fields such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, and physiology. It is known by several alternative names, including "clinical neuroscience" and "experimental psychopathology." Due to the focus on biological processes of the central and peripheral nervous systems, biological psychopathology has been important in developing new biologically-based treatments for mental disorders.

Scope

Biological psychopathology is a field that focuses mostly on the research and understanding the biological basis of major mental disorders such as bipolar and unipolar affective disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.  Much of the understanding thus far has come from neuroimaging techniques such as radiotracer positron emission tomography(PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans, as well as genetic studies.  Together, neuroimaging with multimodal PET/fMRI, and pharmacological investigations are revealing how the differences in behaviorally relevant brain activations can arise from underlying variations in certain brain signaling pathways.  Understanding the detailed interplay between neurotransmitters and the psychiatric drugs that affect them is key to the research within this field.  Significant research includes investigations relevant to biological bases such as biochemical, genetic, physiological, neurological, and anatomical fields. In a clinical viewpoint, the etiology of these diseases takes into account various therapies, diet, drugs, potential environmental contaminants, exercise, and adverse effects of life stressors, all of which can cause noticeable biochemical changes.

Origins and basis
Sigmund Freud initially concentrated on the biological causes of mental illness and its relationship to evident behavioral factors.  His belief in biological factors lead to the concept that certain drugs, such as cocaine, had an antidepressant functionality.
In the 1950s the first modern antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs were developed: chlorpromazine (Thorazine), which was one of the first widely used antipsychotic medications to be developed, and iproniazid, which was one of the first antidepressants developed. The research on some of these drugs helped to formulate the monoamine and catecholamine theories, which alluded to the fact that chemical imbalances provide the basis for mental health disorders.  New research points to the concept of neuronal plasticity, specifically mentioning that mental health disorders may involve a neurophysiological problem that inhibits neuronal plasticity.

Diagnostics
This field expresses the importance of accurately identifying and diagnosing mental health disorders.  If not accurately diagnosed, certain treatments could only worsen the previous condition.  This can be difficult since there are numerous etiologies that could reveal symptoms of mental health disorders.  Some important disorders to focus on are: seasonal affective disorder, clinical depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

References

 Gleitman, H., Fridlund, A. J., & Reisberg, D. (2004).Psychology. (6 ed., pp. 642–715). New York, NY: W W  Norton & Co Inc.
 Hariri, A. R. (2009, November). Biological pathways to psychopathology. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2009/11/sci-brief.aspx
 Kalat, J. W. (2010). Biological psychology. (10 ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub Co.
 Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (2006). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,37(1), 51-87.
 Cicchetti, D., & Posner, M. I. (2005). Cognitive and affective neuroscience and developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 569-575.

Behavioral neuroscience
Psychopathology


SP-101 may refer to:
 SP-101 (Brazil), a State highway in Brazil
 Ruger SP101, a series of double-action revolvers
 USS Panama (SP-101), an armed motorboat that served in the United States Navy as a patrol vessel from 1917 to 1920


The 1981 Fischer-Grand Prix was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Wiener Stadthalle in Vienna in Austria that was part of the 1981 Volvo Grand Prix. It was the seventh edition of the tournament and was held from 19 October until 25 October 1981. First-seeded Ivan Lendl won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Ivan Lendl defeated  Brian Gottfried 1–6, 6–0, 6–1, 6–2
 It was Lendl's 7th singles title of the year and the 14th of his career.

Doubles

 Steve Denton /  Tim Wilkison defeated  Sammy Giammalva Jr. /  Fred McNair 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
 It was Denton's 3rd title of the year and the 7th of his career. It was Wilkison's 2nd title of the year and the 5th of his career.

References

External links
 ATP tournament profile
 ITF tournament edition details

Fischer-Grand Prix
Vienna Open


Perlini or Perlini Equipment SpA is an Italian off-road dump truck/lorry manufacturer.

Established in 1957 by Roberto Perlini, Perlini is based in San Bonifacio.

The company has two manufacturing facilities with a total area of 130.000 square meters in San Bonifacio and Gambellara.

History
Perlini started as an industrial vehicle transformation company in 1957. In 1961, it started directly producing dump trucks, still its main business today.
In the sixties, Perlini started selling a very large volume of dump trucks in the Chinese market, starting a very important commercial relationship, enduring through the years until the beginning of twenty-first century. Perlini trucks were employed in many large projects, including the construction of the Xiaolangdi Dam and Ertan dam.

In the late eighties, Perlini started participating in competitive races with its on-road dump trucks. The Perlini 105F "Red Tiger" has notably won the Dakar Rally four consecutive times, from 1990 to 1993.

In 2010, at the Bauma Construction Equipment fair, Perlini announced a partnership with Volvo Construction Equipment for distribution in the European market.

After the company went bankrupt in 2016, has been bought by Cangialeoni Group in 2018, now the new Industrie Macchine Perlini work in Gambellara and produce the latest rigid dumpers.

Products

Dump Trucks

Currently, Perlini produces dump trucks with a capacity from 30 to 95 metric tons, and it has sold over 12,000 units in the international market.
 DP 255
 DP 405 WD
 DP 605
 DP 705 WD
 DP 905
 DPT 70

Discontinued dump trucks

 DP205
 DP 366
 DP 655
 DP 755
 DP 855
 DP 955
 T20
 T40

All terrain vehicles

 Models 131 and 105 F - for Dakar Rally
 fire trucks
 AIS Perlini Baribbi crash tender using Perlini 605D chassis
 B502 4x4 Rosehbauer
 quarry mining equipment

See also

List of Italian companies

References

External links
 Perlini official website

Construction equipment manufacturers of Italy
Truck manufacturers of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1957
Italian companies established in 1957
Italian brands


Thos. Joh. Heftye & Søn was a Norwegian bank company. It was one of the first commercial banks in Norway. Based in Christiania, it was founded in 1818 by Thomas Johannessen Heftye (1767–1827), an immigrant from Switzerland. The bank remained in the family in the next generations, and both Henrik Heftye and Thomas Johannessen Heftye worked there.

References

Defunct banks of Norway
Companies based in Oslo
Banks established in 1818
Year of disestablishment missing
Norwegian companies established in 1818


Southland is an American television drama series created by Ann Biderman.  It began airing on NBC on April 9, 2009. NBC announced that Southland had been renewed for a second season with an initial 13 episode order to begin airing on Friday, September 25, 2009, at 9:00 pm, one hour earlier than its original Thursday time slot. Shortly before its scheduled premiere, NBC moved the opening of its second season to October 23, 2009, citing the need to promote the show more fully. On October 8, 2009, just two weeks prior to the scheduled premiere, NBC announced that the series had been canceled.

On November 2, 2009, TNT announced it has purchased the rights to Southlands original seven episodes, as well as six completed episodes of what would have been its second season. Southland began airing its second season on March 2, 2010. On April 26, 2010, the network ordered 10 episodes for its third season, which began airing on January 4, 2011. A fourth season was ordered on March 22, 2011, which premiered on January 17, 2012. The fifth season premiered on February 13, 2013.

On May 10, 2013, TNT announced that Southland had been canceled after five seasons.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2009)

Season 2 (2010)

Season 3 (2011)

Season 4 (2012)

Season 5 (2013)

Ratings

References

External links

Lists of American crime drama television series episodes


The Daisy V/L was the first production rifle for caseless ammunition. It was released in 1968 by Daisy Outdoor Products.

In 1961, Cass Hough, the president of Daisy Heddon division of Victor Comptometer, purchased the design of a new firearm system.  The new system was developed by a Belgian chemist named Jules Van Langenhover.  The new gun would be known as the Daisy V/L rifle.

The V/L ammunition consisted of a .22 caliber bullet with a small cylinder of propellant on the back, and no primer. The rifle resembled a typical spring-air rifle, but the 2000° hot, high-pressure air served not only to propel the projectile but also to ignite the propellant on the back of the V/L cartridge. The rifle uses a small, unique, and well designed part called an Obturator (obturator/ignitor) to compress the air as it is pushed through a tiny hole. This air is heated as it is pushed through the small hole enough to ignite the powder of the caseless round.

The V/L guns and ammunition were discontinued in 1969 after the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ruled that they constituted a firearm, and Daisy, which was not licensed to manufacture firearms, decided to discontinue manufacture rather than become a firearms manufacturer. About 23,000 of the rifles were made before production ceased.

The V/L has been added to the ATF Curio & Relic list.

See also
Voere VEC-91

References

Single-shot rifles
Rifles of the United States
Caseless firearms