Canon 915, one of the canons in the 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church, forbids the administration of Holy Communion to those upon whom the penalty of excommunication or interdict has been imposed or declared, or who obstinately persist in manifest grave sin:
Those who have been excommunicated or interdicted after the imposition or declaration of the penalty and others obstinately persevering in manifest grave sin are not to be admitted to holy communion.

The corresponding canon in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, which binds members of the Eastern Catholic Churches, reads: "The publicly unworthy are to be kept from the reception of the Divine Eucharist".

Reception of Holy Communion

In general, Catholics who approach for Holy Communion have the right to receive the Eucharist, unless the law provides to the contrary, and canon 915 is just such an exception to the general norm. Anyone aware of having committed a grave sin is obliged to refrain from receiving Communion without first obtaining absolution in the sacrament of Reconciliation. In addition, canon 1331 §1 of the Code of Canon Law forbids an excommunicated person, even one who has incurred a latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication, from receiving Holy Communion or any other of the sacraments of the Catholic Church, except for Reconciliation, to be reconciled to the Church. Also forbidden to receive the sacraments is anyone who has been interdicted. These rules concern a person who is considering whether to receive Holy Communion, and in this way differ from the rule of canon 915, which concerns instead a person who administers the sacrament to others.

Canon 915 is immediately followed by canon 916, which concerns the minister of the Eucharist (priest or bishop) in case that it celebrates a Mass and the recipient of Holy Communion: "A person who is conscious of grave sin is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember the obligation to make an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible."

Administration of Holy Communion

The general rule of canon law is that "sacred ministers cannot deny the sacraments to those who seek them at appropriate times, are properly disposed, and are not prohibited by law from receiving them"; and "any baptized person not prohibited by law can and must be admitted to holy communion". Canon 915 not only permits the ministers to deny Holy Communion to certain classes of people, but actually obliges them to deny it to those classes of people.

Classes of people to whom Communion is to be denied under canon 915

Those under imposed or declared excommunication or interdict
Any excommunication or interdict obliges the person involved to refrain from receiving Holy Communion, but a minister is obliged to deny Holy Communion only to those on whom an ecclesiastical superior or tribunal has publicly imposed the censure or declared that it has in fact been incurred. Canon 915 thus does not apply in cases of undeclared latae sententiae (automatic) excommunication, such as that incurred, according to canon 1398, by someone who actually procures an abortion. While someone in this situation should not receive Communion until the excommunication is lifted, a priest may not on the grounds of the automatic excommunication refuse to administer the sacrament even if he knows of its existence.

Those who persist in manifest grave sin

It can be more difficult to determine whether in a particular case all four elements referred to are simultaneously present:
 a sin,
 which is grave,
 which is manifest,
 and which is obstinately persevered in.

The action must be a sin in the eyes of the Church, not merely something distasteful or irritating; personal guilt on the part of the person concerned is not required.

The sinful action must be "seriously disruptive of ecclesiastical or moral order".

To be manifest, the sin must be known to a large part of the community, a condition more easily met in a rural village than in an anonymous urban parish. Knowledge by the priest alone, in particular through the sacrament of confession, is not a justifying cause for denying Holy Communion. Public withholding of the Eucharist for little-known sins, even grave sins, is not permitted under canon law.

Neither an attitude of defiance nor a prior warning are required to determine the existence of obstinate persistence in manifest grave sin.

Divorced and civilly remarried Catholics

In 1981, Pope John Paul II issued the apostolic exhortation Familiaris consortio, which states, "the Church reaffirms her practice, which is based upon Sacred Scripture, of not admitting to Eucharistic Communion divorced persons who have remarried."

Two articles of the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church address the reception of the sacraments of Penance and Holy Communion by divorced persons who have remarried. Article 1650 states, "they cannot receive Eucharistic Communion as long as this situation persists." Article 1650 continues, "Reconciliation through the sacrament of Penance can be granted only to those who have repented for having violated the sign of the covenant and of fidelity to Christ, and who are committed to living in complete continence". Article 2390 states that outside of marriage, the sexual act "constitutes a grave sin and excludes one from sacramental communion".

In 1993 German bishops Walter Kasper, Karl Lehmann, and Oskar Saier had a letter read in the churches of their dioceses saying this question of Communion for divorced Catholics "in complex, individual cases" needed to be addressed. After the publication by the Holy See in 1994 of the Letter to the Bishops of The Catholic Church Concerning the Reception of Holy Communion by the Divorced and Remarried Members of the Faithful which stated that "the divorced are remarried civilly [...] cannot receive Holy Communion as long as this situation persists," Kasper and Lehmann "continued the debate in an informal group of prelates, nicknamed the St. Gallen group after the village in Switzerland where they met." In 2006, after Josef Ratzinger was elected, the group disbanded, but when Bergoglio was elected in 2013, Kasper returned to prominence on this issue.

The 1994 letter of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Letter to the Bishops of The Catholic Church Concerning the Reception of Holy Communion by the Divorced and Remarried Members of the Faithful, states that persons who have divorced and remarried cannot receive the sacraments of Penance and Holy Communion unless, where they cannot separate due to serious reasons, such as the upbringing of children, "they 'take on themselves the duty to live in complete continence, that is, by abstinence from the acts proper to married couples. The letter also states that even if a divorced person is subjectively certain in conscience that their previous marriage had never been valid, this determination can only be made by a competent ecclesiastical tribunal.

In his encyclical Ecclesia de Eucharistia, Pope John Paul II states, "those who 'obstinately persist in manifest grave sin' are not to be admitted to Eucharistic communion".

The Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts (PCLT) issued on 24 June 2000 a declaration on the application of canon 915 of the Code of Canon Law to divorced Catholics who have remarried. According to the PCLT, this prohibition "is derived from divine law" and based on the canonical notion of "scandal", which exists even if this kind of behaviour "no longer arises surprise". Given the divine nature of this prohibition, "no ecclesiastical authority may dispense the minister of Holy Communion from this obligation in any case, nor may he emanate directives that contradict it." Public denial of Communion must be avoided and so the reasons for exclusion must be explained to them, but if such precautionary measures fail to obtain the desired effect or are impossible, Communion is not to be given to them.

In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI released the apostolic exhortation Sacramentum caritatis. Benedict XVI "confirmed the Church's practice, based on Sacred Scripture (cf. Mk 10:2- 12), of not admitting to the sacraments the divorced and remarried, since their state and their condition of life objectively contradict the loving union of Christ and the Church signified and made present in the Eucharist." With regard to divorced persons living in irregular unions, Benedict XVI stated, "Finally, where the nullity of the marriage bond is not declared and objective circumstances make it impossible to cease cohabitation, the Church encourages these members of the faithful to commit themselves to living their relationship in fidelity to the demands of God's law, as friends, as brother and sister; in this way they will be able to return to the table of the Eucharist, taking care to observe the Church's established and approved practice in this regard."

However, in September 2016, Pope Francis declared the apostolic exhortation Amoris laetitia to be a teaching of the "authentic magisterium", and agreed with the interpretation of Argentine bishops that "in certain circumstances, a person who has divorced and remarried and is living in an active sexual partnership might not be responsible or culpable for the mortal sin of adultery, 'particularly when a person judges that he would fall into a subsequent fault by damaging the children of the new union.' In this sense,  'Amoris Laetitia opens up the possibility of access to the sacraments of Reconciliation and the Eucharist'.”

Controversy arose following the publication of Amoris laetitia. Several cardinals and many theologians and canonists expressed their opposition to the communion of those in irregular unions, unless they live in full continence.

Issues of dispute

Politicians consistently promoting permissive abortion or euthanasia laws

A memorandum of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on "Worthiness to Receive Holy Communion", signed by its Prefect Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger and published in July 2004, declared that, if a Catholic politician's formal cooperation in "the grave sin of abortion or euthanasia" becomes manifest by "consistently campaigning and voting for permissive abortion and euthanasia laws", the politician's pastor is obliged to instruct the politician about the Church's teaching and inform him that he should not present himself for Holy Communion as long as the objective situation of sin (regardless of whether subjective guilt exists or is absent) persists, warning him that, if he does present himself in those circumstances, he will be refused. As in the case of Catholics who divorce and remarry, if these precautionary measures fail to obtain the desired effect or are impossible, "and the person in question, with obstinate persistence, still presents himself to receive the Holy Eucharist, 'the minister of Holy Communion must refuse to distribute it'".

This ruling of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was cited in an article by Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura in Periodica de re canonica, vol. 96 (2007), which listed precedents for it in the writings of the Church Fathers and theologians, in both older and more recent canon law and in ritual texts.

The ruling spoke of the obligations of the politician's pastor. With regard to the obligations of the diocesan bishop, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops declared in 2004: "The question has been raised as to whether the denial of Holy Communion to some Catholics in political life is necessary because of their public support for abortion on demand. Given the wide range of circumstances involved in arriving at a prudential judgment on a matter of this seriousness, we recognize that such decisions rest with the individual bishop in accord with the established canonical and pastoral principles. Bishops can legitimately make different judgments on the most prudent course of pastoral action. [...] The polarizing tendencies of election-year politics can lead to circumstances in which Catholic teaching and sacramental practice can be misused for political ends. Respect for the Holy Eucharist, in particular, demands that it be received worthily and that it be seen as the source for our common mission in the world."

Cardinal Donald Wuerl of Washington has declared his opposition to such political use, with the Washington Post's Melinda Henneberger describing "Communion wielded as a weapon": in Wuerl's view, which he attributes also to the great majority of bishops in the United States and elsewhere, canon 915 "was never intended to be used this way", that is, to bring politicians to repentance.

The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith commented on the United States bishops' 2004 document: "The statement is very much in harmony with the general principles 'Worthiness to Receive Holy Communion, sent as a fraternal service – to clarify the doctrine of the Church on this specific issue – in order to assist the American Bishops in their related discussion and determinations'."

In an article written before publication of the 2004 memorandum of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the statement by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, canonist John P. Beal had argued that canon 915 did not apply to pro-choice Catholic politicians.

Pope Francis reaffirmed the Catholic doctrine that politicians who encourage abortion and euthanasia should not take communion, in the Aparecida Document, in March 2013: "We hope that legislators [and] heads of government [...] will defend and protect [the dignity of human life] from the abominable crimes of abortion and euthanasia; that is their responsibility [...] We must adhere to "eucharistic coherence", that is, be conscious that they cannot receive Holy Communion and at the same time act with deeds or words against the commandments, particularly when abortion, euthanasia, and other grave crimes against life and family are encouraged. This responsibility weighs particularly over legislators, heads of governments, and health professionals."

Other cases in which canon law mandates denial of access to Communion
Exclusion by canon law from access to Communion is not limited to the cases mentioned in canon 915. Canon 916 excludes from communion all those conscious of mortal sin who have not received sacramental absolution. Canon 842 §1 declares: "A person who has not received baptism cannot be admitted validly to the other sacraments."

It is also deemed appropriate to consider denying Communion "where someone is trying to use the Eucharist to make a political statement", and Communion has been refused to activists of the Rainbow Sash Movement on the grounds that it has never been acceptable to use the reception of Communion as a manifest act of protest.

Cases where Holy Communion has been denied to recipients

After the Massacre of Thessalonica in Macedonia around 390 A.D., the Bishop of Milan Ambrose responded by writing Theodosius a personal and private letter. Ambrose urged a semi-public penitence, using the example of David and Uriah, telling the emperor that he cannot give Theodosius communion until he demonstrates repentance for the massacre. Wolf Liebeschuetz says "Theodosius duly complied and came to church without his imperial robes, until Christmas, when Ambrose openly admitted him to communion".

In 2019, Holy Communion was denied to Joe Biden due to his public stance regarding abortion, and to a woman in the Diocese of Grand Rapids who had contracted a same-sex civil marriage.  Catholic commentators debated whether the denial of Holy Communion was appropriate in these cases. The Diocese of Grand Rapids issued a statement supporting the decision of its priest.

In May 2022, Archbishop of San Francisco Salvatore Cordileone decided to bar Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi from Communion in the San Francisco Archdiocese. Cordileone invoked canon 915 writing that a "Catholic legislator who supports procured abortion, after knowing the teaching of the Church, commits a manifestly grave sin which is a cause of most serious scandal to others."

Parallel Anglican norm

The Book of Common Prayer requires the minister of Holy Communion to forbid access to "an open and notorious evil liver", until he publicly declare his repentance and amend his life.

See also

Papal ban of Freemasonry
Eucharist in the Catholic Church
Canon law of the Catholic Church
1983 Code of Canon Law
Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
Catholic Church and politics in the United States
Canon 844

References

Works cited

Vere, Pete, & Michael Trueman, Surprised by Canon Law: 150 Questions Catholics Ask About Canon Law (Cincinnati, Ohio: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 2004).

Eucharist in the Catholic Church
Sacramental law
Canons (canon law)
Catholicism-related controversies
Abortion
Politicians


İzmir, the third largest city in Turkey, is home to 14 buildings taller than . Most of these buildings have been built after 2010 and are clustered near Bayraklı. The Hilton İzmir, built between 1987 and 1991, is considered to be the first skyscraper in the city and was the third tallest building in Turkey when it opened in 1991. The Mistral Office Tower, topped out in 2016, is the tallest building in Turkey outside of Istanbul and the 5th tallest overall.

As of 2021, several more skyscrapers are either planned or under construction. Among them is the MAHALL BOMONTI IZMIR, which will become the tallest building in Izmir at 240m high with 58 floors.

Tallest Buildings

Below are the tallest buildings in Izmir, Turkey.

Buildings under construction & preparation

Proposed

References


Murexsul mariae is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a predatory marine gastropod mollusc in the Family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

Distribution
It occurs along the coast of North Island, New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979

Murexsul
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1930
Taxa named by Harold John Finlay


Roger William Wright CBE (born 15 August 1956, in Manchester) is an English arts administrator. He is currently the Chief Executive of Britten Pears Arts.

Biography
Wright was educated at Chetham's School of Music, Manchester, and played the cello as a youth.  He studied music at Royal Holloway College, University of London, and earned a B.Mus. in 1977.  On graduation, he took a sabbatical year, 1977–78, as the elected President of the Student Union.

From 1978 to 1986, Wright worked at the British Music Information Centre (BMIC), as librarian and manager, then as director. He served as a senior producer for the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1986 to 1989.  He became the artistic administrator of The Cleveland Orchestra in 1989.  He left his Cleveland post in 1992 for Deutsche Grammophon (DG), where he became an executive director and vice-president, and worked there until 1997.

In March 1997, Wright took up the newly created BBC post of Head of Classical Music, in charge of the BBC's orchestras, choirs, and bands. In 1998, he became Controller of Radio 3.  During his Radio 3 tenure he raised the profile of jazz and world music, causing controversy among listeners. Other Radio 3 programming changes such as a perceived diminution of live music broadcasts also attracted controversy, in addition to a perceived dilution of the level of programming. Wright was named Director of the BBC Proms in April 2007 and formally took up the post in October 2007, succeeding Nicholas Kenyon.  In March 2014, he announced his resignation from the BBC to become chief executive at Aldeburgh Music, effective September 2014. When Wright formally stood down as Controller of Radio 3 and of The Proms in July 2014, he was the longest serving controller of the station.  Following Aldeburgh Music's merger with Snape Maltings in 2015, and Snape Maltings' merger with the Britten-Pears Foundation in 2020, he is currently Chief Executive of Britten Pears Arts, which runs Snape Maltings, The Red House, Aldeburgh, and the Aldeburgh Festival.  In July 2023, Britten Pears Arts announced that Wright is to stand down as its chief executive in July 2024.

In 2023, the Royal Academy of Music announced Wright as an Honorary Fellow. In 2002, Wright was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of Royal Holloway College.  He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Music and a Fellow of the Radio Academy.  His publications include the volume New Music 1989, in collaboration with Michael Finnissy.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to music.

Wright and his wife Rosie, a yoga teacher, have two children, Alice and William.

References

External links
 BBC press biography of Roger Wright
 Ian Lace, "The Roger Wright interview", MusicWeb International, March 2007
 "The Necessity of Re-invention", Speech given by Roger Wright at the Musicians' Benevolent Fund annual luncheon, London, 21 November 2001
 "Awards and Achievements", Royal Holloway College, December 2001
 Archived news ("HRH The Prince of Wales visits RCM"), Royal College of Music (web page undated)
 Fellows, Radio Academy

BBC music executives
People associated with the BBC Proms
BBC Radio 3 controllers
Living people
1956 births
Musicians from Manchester
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire


Valpadana is an Italian agricultural machinery manufacturer. The company is headquartered in Fabbrico in the Province of Reggio Emilia, in the region of Emilia-Romagna, in Italy. The company manufactures tractors for agricultural uses. It was purchased by ARGO SpA in 1995, and operates as part of the ARGO Tractors Group, a division of ARGO SpA. ARGO is also the owner of Landini, McCormick Tractors and formerly Laverda (now owned by AGCO Corp).

History
Valpadana was founded in 1935 in San Martino in Rio, Italy. In 1954, the company manufactured its first lawn mower. In 1959, it opened a new production plant. The first tractor was produced in 1960. In 1966, the company created the SEP division. The division focused on the commercialization of motor mowers. It produced its first reverse drive tractor with the driving position on a rotating platform in 1988. In 1995, the company was purchased by Argo SpA, owned by the Morra family. That same year Landini, a division of Argo, acquired in 1994, took over Valpadana. After being purchased by ARGO, Valpadana expanded its production line offering specialized tractors, such as for vineyards and orchards.

Product range
Valpadana offers three categories of tractors: one-way 4 wheel equal size, reversible 4 wheel equal size, and specialized. The one-way 4 wheel equal size tractor has three basic models the 4600, 6400, and 6600, these basic models each offer different versions. There are seven specialized versions of the one-way 4 wheel equal size tractor. The reversible 4 wheel equal size tractor has two basic models, the 6600 and the 9600, there are three specialized versions of this tractor line. The specialized tractor line offers one basic model, the 3600, which has six specialized versions.

See also

 ARGO SpA

References

External links
 ARGO Tractors web site
 Valpadana Tractors
 Valpadana UK
ARGO SpA
Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Italy
Tractor manufacturers of Italy
Italian brands
Italian companies established in 1935
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1935


Zakouski may refer to:

Zakuski, Russian and Polish appetizer in buffet style
Zakouski (ballet)


The South Shore Estuary is an estuary located along the south shore of Long Island, between the mainland and the outer barrier islands, in eastern New York state. It stretches for over  from West Bay in Nassau County to the Shinnecock Bay in Suffolk County.

Geography
The South Shore Estuary includes a series of interconnected bays, rivers, streams, wetlands and small islands located along Long Island's south shore between the mainland and the barrier islands. Reynolds Channel, West Bay, Middle Bay, East Bay, South Oyster Bay, Great South Bay, Patchogue Bay, Moriches Bay and Shinnecock Bay are part of this natural system, and familiar places to many.

Ecology

Estuaries are transition zones between the world's freshwater and marine ecosystems where fresh water mixes with salt water.

Long Island's South Shore estuary is a dynamic ecosystem, formed during the past 5,000 years by the interaction of a rising sea level with the glacially-deposited material that makes up Long Island.  In this estuarine environment, tidal marshes, mud and sand flats, underwater plant beds and broad shallows support microscopic plants and animals which, in turn, support the finfish, shellfish, waterfowl and other wildlife that typify the South Shore estuary.

The entire natural system, including the New York barrier islands and the  of shallow bays behind them,
is still changing and evolving in response to wave action, tides, coastal storms, and the continuing rise of sea level.

References

Estuaries of New York (state)
Wetlands of New York (state)
Nature reserves in New York (state)
Landforms of Suffolk County, New York
Bodies of water of Suffolk County, New York


Francis Foxall (11 March 1883 –  1968) was an English professional footballer who scored 52 goals in 204 appearances in the Football League playing for Doncaster Rovers, Gainsborough Trinity, Sheffield Wednesday and Birmingham. He played as an outside forward.

Foxall was born in Sheffield. He played football for Roundel and Wombwell Town before joining Doncaster Rovers of the Second Division in 1902. The following year Foxall moved on to Gainsborough Trinity, also of the Second Division, where he spent four years, scoring League goals at a rate close to one every three games. This earned him a move to established First Division club Sheffield Wednesday, on the verge of winning the 1907 FA Cup Final. Foxall scored twice in what remained of the 1906–07 season, and over the next three years averaged 15 first-team games a season. In April 1910 he moved on to Birmingham, on the verge of having to apply for re-election. Birmingham experimented with Foxall at inside forward with little success, and he soon returned to the wing, but after a year with the club he moved on again, this time to Shrewsbury Town.

On 12 November 1908, he was convicted of assault causing actual bodily harm for "maliciously assaulting" a man from Sheffield two months prior. He was fined £20 ().

He was married to Selena (or Selina) Green in 1903. He died in 1968 in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire.

References

1883 births
1968 deaths
Footballers from Sheffield
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Roundel F.C. players
Wombwell Town F.C. (1890s) players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of death missing


Mysticoncha harrisonae is a species of small sea snail that resembles a sea slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Velutinidae. This species is known only from the vicinity of  South Island and Stewart Island in New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Velutinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1946


Altered nuclear transfer is an alternative method of obtaining embryonic-like, pluripotent stem cells without the creation and destruction of human embryos. The process was originally proposed by William B. Hurlbut.

External links
Explanation of the theory of Altered Nuclear Transfer
Stem cell harvesting techniques

Biological techniques and tools
Stem cells
Induced stem cells


Tonto is a traditional Ugandan fermented beverage made from bananas. It is also referred to as mwenge bigere.

Tonto is made by ripening green bananas in a pit for several days. The juice is then extracted, filtered, and diluted before being mixed with ground and roasted sorghum. This mixture is fermented for two to four days.

Tonto has an alcohol content ranging from six to eleven percent by volume.

The production of tonto is a source of income for many families in the banana-growing regions of central and western Uganda.

References
Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004, World Health Organization, 2004.

Banana drinks
Fermented drinks


Edward Foster may refer to:
Ed Foster (cricketer) (born 1985), cricketer
Edward Foster (VC) (1886–1946), recipient of the Victoria Cross
Edward P. Foster (1896–1962), member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
Ed Foster (writer) (1949–2008), columnist
Ed Foster (baseball) (1880–1929), Major League Baseball pitcher
Eddie Foster (1887–1937), baseball player
Eddie Foster (American football) (born 1954), American football player
Edward Powell Foster, creator of the constructed language Ro
Edward Foster (Canadian) from 1863 in Canada
Edward Foster, candidate in the 1959 Manitoba general election
Edward Foster, actor in The Three Stooges Meet Hercules
Edward Foster (badminton), 2004 IBF World Junior Championships
Edward Foster (physician) from James Sims
Edward Foster (tennis) from 1957 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles


Wang Changqing () (born 21 March 1981 in Beijing) is a Chinese football player.

Club career

Shaanxi Guoli
Wang Changqing originally began his football career when he played for the Beijing Hongdeng youth team, however he would move to top tier team Shaanxi Guoli during the 2002 league season to begin his professional football career. While he was playing at the top tier Wang Changqing often found Shaanxi Guoli at the bottom the league table and by the 2003 league found them relegated at the end of the league season. He stayed with them throughout the 2004 league season, however he was unable to help them in their promotion push and saw them finish in a disappointing 12th at the end of the season. The 2005 league season was to prove even more disappointing when Shaanxi Guoli went bankrupt and disbanded during the 2005 league season.

Beijing Guoan
Wang Changqing was unable to play football until the 2005 league season finished, however he was able to return home to Beijing when Beijing Guoan were willing take him into their team at the beginning of the 2006 Chinese Super League season. Able to play in the top tier once more he would make his debut on May 13, 2006 against Liaoning FC in a 1-0 win. In his first season, he often found it difficult to establish himself as a team regular within the Beijing Guoan squad and found himself often coming on as substitute in many games and this continued throughout much of the next season, nevertheless Wang Changqing has continued to be regular squad player for the team.

Shanghai Shenhua
With his contract at Beijing Guoan coming to an end Wang transferred to Guoan's rival club Shanghai Shenhua on 1 January 2013 where would go on to make his debut in the club's first game of the 2013 Chinese Super League season against Tianjin Teda F.C. in a game that ended in a 0-0 draw. As the season progressed Wang quickly established himself as versatile regular who was often used as an emergency right-back. On the few occasions he was used in attacking positions he would score his first goal for the club on 22 May 2013 in a Chinese FA Cup game against Dali Travel Ruilong that ended in a 3-2 defeat.

Beijing Enterprises
On 7 July 2015, Wang transferred to China League One side Beijing Enterprises.

Honours
Beijing Guoan
Chinese Super League: 2009

References

External links
Player profile at Beijing Guoan website
Player stats at football-lineups website
Player stats at sohu.com
Player profile at sodasoccer.com

1981 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
Footballers from Beijing
Beijing Guoan F.C. players
Shanghai Shenhua F.C. players
Beijing Sport University F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
China League One players
Men's association football midfielders


Maurice Foster may refer to:
Maurice Foster (politician) (1933–2010), Canadian politician
Maurice Foster (cricketer, born 1943), West Indies cricketer
Maurice Foster (English cricketer) (1889–1940), English cricketer


Eugenia Rich Zukerman (born September 25, 1944, Cambridge, Massachusetts) is an American flutist, writer, and journalist. An internationally renowned flute virtuoso, Zukerman has been performing with major orchestras and at major music festivals internationally for more than three decades. Since 1980 she has been the Classical Music Correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning where she has profiled hundreds of artists. She was the Artistic Director of the lauded Bravo! Vail Valley Music Festival from 2003 to 2010.

Education and personal life
Eugenia Rich was initially an English major at Barnard College but decided to transfer to the Juilliard School in 1964 to pursue music studies under Julius Baker. She graduated in 1966 and two years later married violinist Pinchas Zukerman. The couple had two daughters together, opera singer Arianna Zukerman and blues/folk musician Natalia Zukerman. They frequently appeared together in concert until their divorce in 1985.

Rich is the sister of Julie R. Ingelfinger, deputy editor at the New England Journal of Medicine, professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, and consulting pediatric nephrologist at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Career

Performer
In 1969 Zukerman appeared at the Festival dei Due Mondi in Italy, and in 1970 she won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions. The competition win led to her debut recital at New York City's Town Hall in 1971. The recital was lauded by music critics and she was soon engaged to perform in concerts and recitals all over the world, including performances with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Minnesota Orchestra, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Israel Chamber Orchestra, and the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, D.C. to name just a few. Since 1998 she has been the Artistic Director of the Bravo! Vail Valley Music Festival which currently boasts three resident orchestras: the Rochester Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra and the New York Philharmonic.

Correspondent
In 1980 Zukerman joined the staff of CBS News Sunday Morning as its classical music correspondent, a position she still currently holds. She has also contributed articles to The New York Times, The Washington Post, Esquire and Vogue. She has also published two novels, Deceptive Cadence (Viking, 1981) and Taking the Heat (Simon and Schuster, 1991). She is also the editor and contributor to an anthology of essays entitled In My Mother's Closet (Sorin Books, 2003), which includes entries by accomplished women on their thoughts on the mother/daughter relationship. Other contributors to the anthology include Renée Fleming, Carrie Fisher, Joy Behar, Judy Collins, Erica Jong and Claire Bloom.

The anthology was featured in the April 2003 edition of O, The Oprah Magazine. Zukerman also co-authored a non-fiction work, Coping with Prednisone (and Other Cortisone-Related Medicines): It May Work Miracles but How Do You Handle the Side Effects (St. Martin's Press, 1997), with her sister Julie Rich Inglefinger, M.D. The book chronicles Zukerman's own experience with the side effects of a medication she took when she was suffering from eosinophilic pneumonitis, which she battled in 1995–1996.

In November 2019, she revealed that she had been diagnosed with "cognitive difficulties" (Alzheimer's disease).

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
American classical flautists
American television journalists
American reporters and correspondents
Jewish American writers
Jewish classical musicians
Juilliard School alumni
American women television journalists
Women flautists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century classical musicians
21st-century American musicians
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century American women musicians
21st-century American Jews
20th-century flautists
21st-century flautists
Jewish women musicians


In organic chemistry, transamidification is the process of exchanging the subunits of a peptide, amide or ester compound with another amine or fatty acid to produce a new amide or peptide. The process has been used for the production of emulsifiers and dispersing agents and oil drilling fluids.

See also
Transalkylation
Transesterification

References

Substitution reactions


In abstract algebra, the Pierce–Birkhoff conjecture asserts that any piecewise-polynomial function can be expressed as a maximum of finite minima of finite collections of polynomials. It was first stated, albeit in non-rigorous and vague wording, in the 1956 paper of Garrett Birkhoff and Richard S. Pierce in which they first introduced f-rings. The modern, rigorous statement of the conjecture was formulated by Melvin Henriksen and John R. Isbell, who worked on the problem in the early 1960s in connection with their work on f-rings. Their formulation is as follows:

For every real piecewise-polynomial function , there exists a finite set of polynomials  such that .

Isbell is likely the source of the name Pierce–Birkhoff conjecture, and popularized the problem in the 1980s by discussing it with several mathematicians interested in real algebraic geometry.

The conjecture was proved true for n = 1 and 2 by Louis Mahé.

Local Pierce–Birkhoff conjecture
In 1989, James J. Madden provided an equivalent statement that is in terms of the real spectrum of  and the novel concepts of local polynomial representatives and separating ideals.

Denoting the real spectrum of A by , the separating ideal of α and β in  is the ideal of A generated by all polynomials  that change sign on  and , i.e.,  and . Any finite covering  of closed, semi-algebraic sets induces a corresponding covering , so, in particular, when f is piecewise polynomial, there is a polynomial  for every  such that  and . This  is termed the local polynomial representative of f at .

Madden's so-called local Pierce–Birkhoff conjecture at  and , which is equivalent to the Pierce–Birkhoff conjecture, is as follows:
 Let ,  be in  and f be piecewise-polynomial. It is conjectured that for every local representative of f at , , and local representative of f at , ,  is in the separating ideal of  and .

References

Further reading

Conjectures
Real algebraic geometry
Unsolved problems in geometry


David Fox may refer to:
David Fox (game designer) (born 1950), American multimedia producer
David Fox (actor) (1941–2021), Canadian actor
David Fox (footballer) (born 1983), English footballer
David Fox (swimmer) (born 1971), member of the USA 1996 Olympic team
David Spencer Fox (1817–1901), American politician
David G. Fox, U.S. Army officer
Sir David Scott Fox (1910–1985), British diplomat and writer
David R. Fox, candidate in the United States House of Representatives elections in Washington, 2010
David Fox, a pseudonym of Isabel Ostrander


To Tulsa and Back is the 13th album by J. J. Cale, released in 2004.

Background
Between 1996 and 2003, Cale released no new music but admiration for his work and musicianship only grew among his fans and admirers.  In the 2002 memoir Shakey, Neil Young told biographer Jimmy McDonugh that Cale was one of his favourite guitarists of all time, comparing him to Jimi Hendrix.  Mark Knopfler and Eric Clapton were also effusive in their praise for the Oklahoma troubadour, but Cale’s early 90s output left him at odds with the music industry and, to an extent, his own fans, which he acknowledged in an interview with Vintage Guitar:

Recording
Always accustomed to doing things his own way, Cale handled nearly all the instrumentation on his previous album Guitar Man, recording in his home studio, but for To Tulsa and Back he opted to change his approach by regrouping with long-time producer Audie Ashworth, as he recalled to Dan Forte:

The album returns to the style and sound Cale became famous for – a mix of laid-back shuffles, jazzy chords, and bluesy rock and roll with layered vocals – but it also embraces technology, resulting in a cleaner sound than on Cale’s earlier albums.  In his AllMusic review of To Tulsa and Back, Thom Jurek writes, “Cale steeps himself in technology and evokes the moods and frameworks of music that intersect with the blues or stand in opposition to them. The keyboards, drum loops, and horns on this record are as pervasive as the guitars…It's just that the sheeny beats and clean synth lines feel odd when juxtaposed against the murky lyrics and Cale's wispy, smoke-weathered voice.”  The horns on the album came from synthesizers, with Cale later saying, “[Keyboardist] Walt Richmond did the [synth] horns on ‘My Gal,’ and they almost sound like real horns. I did them on everything else – either on keyboard or MIDI’ed out of my Casio [PG-380] guitar. You can plug the MIDI from the guitar into any synthesizer that has MIDI.”

Lyrically, Cale makes a rare foray into political songwriting with “The Problem,” an indictment of then-President George W. Bush with lines like, “The man in charge, he don't know what he's doing, he don't know the world has changed.”  “Stone River” is an understated protest song about the water crisis in the West.  (Cale expressed similar ecological concerns on “Death in the Wilderness” from his previous LP Guitar Man.)   The blue collar “One Step” examines the struggles of the working class, while “Rio” recalls several of the songs on 1990’s Travel-Log, such as “Tijuana” and “New Orleans,” and pays tribute to the Brazilian city.  Cale expresses his love for the blues on “These Blues” and displays his banjo skills on “Another Song,” although he was unimpressed by his skills on the instrument, later telling Derek Haley, "I have not learned how to play it, and I’m embarrassed about that cut. I’m a shade tree banjo player. I’ve always noodled on the banjo, but never in public or in front of anybody. It’s something I like to do. I wrote that song here in the kitchen, man. I had my DAT recorder on and my mic set up, and everybody at the record company liked the song so I let them go ahead and put it out. But, the banjo playing is pretty bad, so I don’t want to talk about no banjo playing.”  Women and romance are the subjects of several songs, such as “Fancy Dancer,” the funky “New Lover," and "My Gal."  Cale said of "My Gal," "That particular song I wrote in Nashville many years ago. When I got ready to make the album, I didn’t re-write it, but I just used the words from it. The original demo sounds nothing like that. And we did it in that kind of rhythm and blues kind of bag, you know?"

In 2005 a documentary called To Tulsa and Back:On Tour with J.J. Cale was released.  It featured interviews with Cale, wife Christine Lakeland, Eric Clapton, and other family and band members as well as behind the scenes tour footage.

The song "These Blues" was used on an episode of Dog the Bounty Hunter.

Reception
AllMusic gives the album four out of five stars, with Thom Jurek singling out the closing track for praise: “The album closes with Cale playing a lone banjo on ‘Another Song,’ a mournful Appalachian ballad that feels like it comes from out of the heart of the Dust Bowl, it's full of ghosts and shadows and aches with the weight and displacement of longing as history.”

Track listing
All songs written by J. J. Cale.

A1. "My Gal" 4:23
A2. "Chains of Love" 3:37
A3. "New Lover" 3:12
A4 "One Step" 3:20
B1. "Stone River" 3:42
B2.  "The Problem" 4:31
B3. "Homeless" 3:25
C1. "Fancy Dancer" 4:50
C2. "Rio" 3:46
C3. "These Blues" 3:49
D1. "Motormouth" 3:17
D2. "Blues for Mama" 4:07
D3. "Another Song" 3:24

Personnel
 J. J. Cale : Vocals, Guitar, Synthesizer, Banjo, all other instruments
 Shelby Eicher : Fiddle, Mandolin ( tr. 1, 4, 6, 10, 11 )
 Christine Lakeland : Guitar ( tr. 1, 4, 6,  10, 11 )
 Don White : Guitar ( tr. 1, 4, 6,  10, 11 )
 Bill Raffensperger : Bass ( tr. 1, 4, 6 10, 11 )
 Gary Gilmore : Bass ( tr. 1,4, 6 10, 11 )
 Walt Richmond: Keyboards ( tr. 1, 4, 6,  10, 11 )
 Rocky Frisco : Keyboards ( tr. 1, 4, 6, 10, 11 )
 Jim Karstein : Drums
 Jimmy Markham : Harmonica
 Mike Test - Recording Producer  (tracks: A2, A3, B1, B3 to C2, D2, D3)
 Charles Johnson : Engineer
 David Teegarden : Recording Producer, Engineer (tracks: A1, A4, B2, C3, D1)
 Dana Brown : Engineer
 David Chapman : Engineer
 Greg Calbi : Mastering
 Stéphane Sednaoui : Photography
 Éric Pillault : Graphic Design
 Mike Kappus : Executive Producer
 Bas Hartong : Executive Producer

Chart performance

Weekly charts

References

2004 albums
J. J. Cale albums


The White Pine Award is one of the annual literature Forest of Reading awards sponsored by the Ontario Library Association (OLA).

Every year, 10 books are nominated for the award and students vote their favourite book.

The White Pine Nonfiction Award was discontinued after 2014.

Voting
In order to vote for the winner, one must register at the local branch library and read a minimum of 5 of the 10 nominated books. The program ends in April (of that year), with the voting day usually on April 18. Based on student voting across the province, the most popular book is then selected and author is honored with the White Pine Award. There are usually about 10 different nominees for the award every year.

Winners

Fiction

Non-fiction

See also
 Ontario Library Association
 Forest of Reading
 Forest of Reading Red Maple Award

References

Young adult literature awards
Awards established in 2002
2002 establishments in Ontario
2012 establishments in Ontario
Awards established in 2012
Awards disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in Ontario
Forest of Reading


Thirumalaisamudram is a village in Thanjavur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu. It is located at a distance of 17 kilometres west of Thanjavur, 5 kilometres from Vallam and 39 kilometres east of Tiruchirapalli on the Thanjavur-Tiruchirapalli highway of National Highway 83 (India). It adjoins the neighbouring village of Vallam Pudursethi.

Importance

Thirumalaisamudram has risen in importance due to the emergence of SASTRA University. The university covers most of the north-eastern part of the village. There are also a number of tea shops and restaurants adjoining the college.

Geography and climate
Thirumalaisamudram is located at  The tributaries of river Cauvery, namely, the Grand Anaicut canal (Pudhaaru), Vadavaaru and Vennaaru rivers flow through the city. Thirumalaisamudram is situated in the Cauvery delta, at a distance of  south-west of Chennai, east of Tiruchirappalli and . To the south of Thanjavur city, is the Vallam tableland, a small plateau interspersed at regular intervals by ridges of sandstone. The nearest seaport is Nagapattinam which is  east of Thanjavur. The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport, located at a distance of . The nearest railhead is Thanjavur Junction railway station,  located at a distance of . The city has an elevation of  above mean sea level.

The period from November to February in Thirumalaisamudram is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June. The average temperatures range from  in January to  in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the South-West monsoon, commences in June and continues till September. North-East monsoon begins October and continues till January. The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of the North-East monsoon. The North-East monsoon is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the Western ghats (mountain ranges) feeding the river Cauvery. The average rainfall is , most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.

Demographics

As per the 2011 census, Thirumalaisamudram had a population of 6,783 with 4020 males and 2763 females. The sex ratio was 687 and the literacy rate, 94.88 with Males 97.41 and Females 91.21.

References

 https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/33/3319_PART_A_DCHB_THANJAVUR.pdf

Villages in Thanjavur district


Ron Francis may refer to:
Ron Francis, ice hockey player
Ronald Francis, often known as Ron Francis, artist
Ron Francis (American football) (born 1964), American football player


The Italian general election of 1996 took place on 21 April 1996.

The election was won in Sardinia by the centre-left The Olive Tree (which included the Sardinian Action Party), which won also nationally.

Results

Chamber of Deputies

|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 valign=bottom|Coalitions
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top|Single-seat constituencies
!colspan="5" align="center" valign=top|Proportional system
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top|Total
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|votes (%)
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|Parties
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|votes (%)
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|tot.
|align="center" valign=top|seats

|-
|rowspan="6" align="left" valign=top|The Olive Tree–Progressives–PSd'Az
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|482,169
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|48.8
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|8

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Democratic Party of the Left
|align="right"|202,142
|align="right"|20.3
|align="right"|1

|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|2
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|10

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Communist Refoundation Party
|align="right"|83,813
|align="right"|8.4
|align="right"|1

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Italian Renewal-Socialists-Patto
|align="right"|69,969
|align="right"|7.0
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Italian People's Party-UD-PRI-SVP-Prodi
|align="right"|60,974
|align="right"|6.1
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Federation of the Greens
|align="right"|20,713
|align="right"|2.1
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Sardinian Action Party
|align="right"|38,002
|align="right"|3.8
|align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="4" align="left" valign=top|Pole of Freedoms
|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|456,253
|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|46.1
|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|6

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Forza Italia
|align="right"|227,596
|align="right"|22.9
|align="right"|1

|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|2
|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|8

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|National Alliance
|align="right"|182,648
|align="right"|18.3
|align="right"|1

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|CCD-CDU
|align="right"|60,205
|align="right"|6.0
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Pannella-Sgarbi List
|align="right"|20,537
|align="right"|2.1
|align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Sardinia Nation
|rowspan="1" align="right"|42,246
|rowspan="1" align="right"|4.3
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Sardinia Nation
|align="right"|23,355
|align="right"|2.3
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Others
|rowspan="1" align="right"|8,332
|rowspan="1" align="right"|0.8
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|others
|align="right"|6,270
|align="right"|0.6
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total coalitions
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|989,000
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|14
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|996,224
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|4
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|4
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|18
|}
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Senate

|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 valign=bottom|Coalitions
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top|Single-seat constituencies
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top|Prop.
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top|Total
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|votes (%)
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|The Olive Tree–PSd'Az
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|421,331
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|50.0
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|5
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|5
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left" valign=top|Pole for Freedoms
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|376,042
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|44.7
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|3
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|4
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Sardinia Nation
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|44,713
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|5.3
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total coalitions
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|842,086
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|6
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|3
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|9
|}
 Source: Ministry of the Interior

Elections in Sardinia
1996 elections in Italy
April 1996 events in Europe


The Heers Formation (; ; abbreviation: Hs) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of Belgium. The formation consists of sand and marl and was deposited in the shallow sea that covered Belgium during the middle to late Selandian age of the Paleocene epoch.

The formation is subdivided into two members: at the base green, glauconiferous sand (Orp Member), on top calcareous clay and marl in which plant fossils have been found (Gelinden Member). This sequence formed during a marine transgression. The Orp Member represents a near coastal marine environment, the Gelinden Member formed in shallow marine circumstances but further from the land.

The Heers Formation occurs in the subsurface of the northern and eastern parts of Flanders. In Limburg it reaches its maximal thickness at about 60 meters. The Heers Formation is stratigraphically on top of Cretaceous and early Paleocene deposits, such as the Opglabbeek Formation or the Houthem Formation. The Heers Formation is almost everywhere overlain by the Hannut Formation (clay, sand and limestone from the late Paleocene).

The Orp and Gelinden members are also recognized in the Netherlands (north of Belgium). Dutch stratigraphers see them as part of the Landen Formation.

References

Bibliography
 Laga, P. & De Geyter, G.; 1988: Formatie van Heers, in: Maréchal, R. & Laga, P.: Voorstel lithostratigrafische indeling van het Paleogeen, Belgische Geologische Dienst, Brussels, p. 52-58. ()
 Laga, P.; Louwye, S. & Geets, S. (eds.); 2001: Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigraphic units (Belgium), Geologica Belgica 4(1-2), p. 135-152.

Geologic formations of Belgium
Paleocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Belgium


Simon Francis may refer to:

Simon Francis (footballer) (born 1985), footballer
Simon Francis (cricketer) (born 1978), cricketer
Simon Francis (MP) for City of London

See also


Nazarene Bible Institute was a Bible college in Pilot Point, Texas. It has since closed.

History
The institute was established 1905 in Pilot Point by the Holiness Church of Christ.  After the Holiness Church of Christ merged with the Pentecostal Church of the Nazarene in 1908, the school was named Nazarene Bible Institute and became an official institution of the Abilene District Church of the Nazarene. In 1911, it closed and merged with Central Nazarene College to the west in Hamlin, Texas because Texas Holiness University in nearby Peniel, Texas had joined the Dallas District Church of the Nazarene.

Notes and references

Defunct Nazarene universities and colleges
1911 disestablishments in Texas
Universities and colleges established in 1905
Defunct private universities and colleges in Texas
1905 establishments in Texas


Gacko (; ) is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Golczewo, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

References

Gacko


Roger Turner (born 1946, Whitstable, England) is an English jazz percussionist. He plays the drumset, drums, and various percussion, and was brought up into the jazz and visual art cultures inhabited by his older brothers, playing drums from childhood in informal jazz contexts.

Career
Turner studied English literature and contemporary philosophy at Sussex University, playing with Chris Biscoe for the British Council in 1968, a first concert in improvisation. His move to London gave him contact with the first and second generation improvisers and he began to play primarily with Lol Coxhill, Gary Todd, John Russell, Hugh Davies, Steve Beresford, and Phil Minton.

In the years immediately after 1974 his work was primarily concentrated on opening the way to a more personal percussion language. This was also a period of intense collaborations that structured many of his future approaches to music-making and saw the formation of two long-lasting acoustic duos with Phil Minton and with John Russell. Recordings of these duos document an extreme attention to timbre and pitch, as well as a constantly shifting speed that typified much of his work at the time.  The duo with Minton toured extensively throughout Europe, USA and Canada.

In 1979 he established CAW records with John Russell and Anthony Wood, and recorded the solo album The Blur Between focussing on single surface improvisations: a linear and reduced equipment approach he had started using with Carlos Zingaro and others in live performances.

In addition to forming Trump music with Gary Todd to promote improvised music in London, he also involved himself in formative activities of the London Musicians Collective during this period. He was awarded Arts Council of Great Britain bursaries for solo percussion in 1980, and in 1983 for investigation into percussion with electronics. Extensive festival and club solo work followed, including the Bracknell Jazz Festival and the Brussels Festival of Percussion.

In 1982 the trio The Recedents was formed with Lol Coxhill and Mike Cooper exploring the possibilities of electro-acoustic music, in which Turner initially played drumset and EMS Synthi A as a means of bending the sounds of various metal percussion instruments. This group, still existing, mixes song, jazz, punk/thrash, with acoustic detail in always shifting sonorities, and has worked throughout Europe, Canada and the UK, also recording for the French Nato label. Involvements with experimental rock musics and open-form song included extensive work in duo with Annette Peacock 1983-5, with whom he toured in Europe and Scandinavia. They recorded the album I have no feelings for Ironic.

In 1984-5, he was invited for workshop residences at Alan Silva's Institute Art Culture Perception in Paris, where long-term collaborations with Alan began, culminating in The Tradition Trio with Johannes Bauer. This group was central to his explorations of forms of free jazz, an interest that has seen him working with musicians on both sides of the Atlantic (including Elton Dean, Irene Schweizer, Cecil Taylor, Roy Campbell, Henry Grimes, The Wardrobe Trio and Charles Gayle).

Since the early 1980s his work has focussed on numerous projects with improvising musicians and groups, touring Europe, Australia, USA and Canada. Perhaps the most important of the later groups would be Konk Pack, formed in 1997, with Tim Hodgkinson and Thomas Lehn, a group whose use of volume and sense of detail continues the exploration of an electro-acoustic dynamic that forms one of his main musical concerns. This group has toured extensively in Europe and USA.

He forged working relationships with Japanese musicians over the years: in the 1980s with Toshinori Kondo in the trio with John Russell, but since the mid-1990s in concerts and recordings with guitarist Kazuhisa Uchihashi in Austria, Japan, and U.K, and in the recent (2009) Hana-Bi three-day event in London that included the guitarist and the pianist Chino Shuichi.

An active involvement in visual art has always been in dialogue with his music, and an inspiration for it. In the forefront of this is his work with Susan Turcot (the investigation/documentation of music and sound-drawing both in Europe and Canada—including the Being Rich box collection --, and music for her 2008 animation film Bitumen, Blood, and the Carbon Climb.

His music for dance/performance includes work with Alexander Frangenheim's Concepts of Doing, Stuttgart ; Carlos Zingaro's Encontros projects in Lisbon and Macau; and most recently in the Josef Nadj production etc.etc. (premiered Vandeouvre, France, 2008) and which is a continuing involvement.

In March 2009 he was invited to travel and perform on the Arctic island Svalbard, and was also invited to attend and play in the Comprovise event in Cologne, Germany in June 2009, set up to examine any possible relationship between improvisation and composition.

Turner's music-making with international improvisers in ad hoc and group collaborations have since the 1970s to the present day included Toshinori Kondo, Derek Bailey, Fred Frith, Evan Parker, William Parker, Cecil Taylor, Otomo Yoshihide, Shelley Hirsch, Joelle Leandre, Keith Rowe, Ab Baars, Barry Guy, Barre Philips, Henry Grimes, Paul Rutherford, Gunter Christmann, Marilyn Crispell, Irene Schweizer, Frederik Rzewski, and Malcolm Goldstein.

Discography
Sunday Best, with Gary Todd (Incus, 1979)
Artless Sky, with Toshinori Kondo, John Russell (Caw, 1980)
The Blur Between (Caw)
Cous Cous, with Lol Coxhill (Nato)
Ammo, with Phil Minton (Leo)
I have no feelings, with Annette Peacock (Ironic)
Barbeque Strut, with The Recedents (Nato)
Ruff, with Minton, Tomlinson, Davies (Leo)
Several young men ignite, with The Nose Flutes (Reflex)
Take Some Risks, with Alan Silva, Didier Petit (In Situ)
Frogdance, with The Recedents (Impetus)
Zombie Bloodbath, with The Recedents (Nato)
Dada da, with Phil Minton (Leo, 1993)
Mouthful of Ecstasy, with Minton Quartet (Victo)
Birthdays, with John Russell (Emanem)
In the Tradition, with Alan Silva & Johannes Bauer (In Situ)
Per s.e., with Helge Hinteregger, Franz Hautzinger (Durian)
Short in the UK, with Steve Beresford, Dennis Palmer, Bob Stagner (Incus)
Recent Croaks, with Martin Klapper (Acta)
Interplay, with Hugh Davies, John Russell (FMR)
Junk Percussion, Solo recordings for sampling (Zero-g)
Autism, with Hinteregger, Uchihashi Kazuhisa (Durian)
Big Deep, Konk Pack (Grob)
Umlaut, with Birgit Ulher, Ulli Phillipp (Nurnichtnur)
The Boss, with Mathieu Chamagne, Franck Collot (Pink)
The Second Sky, with John Russell (Emanem)
Warp Out, Konk Pack (Grob)
Screen, with Frangenheim, Yoshihide, Parkins, Leimgruber, Schurch, Newton (COD)
Tone, Tradition Trio with Silva, Bauer (a11)
 Live at the Total Music Meeting, The New Flags with Xu, Fuchs (a11, 2003)
Trap Street, with Tomlinson, Beresford (Emanem, 2003)
Off Leash, Konk Pack (Grob)
Drainage (double CD ), with Phil Minton (Emanem)
I segnali della ritirata, with Sanna, Ricci (Burp, 2005)
Number Nine, with John Oswald, Michael Keith (Emanem, 2006)
Oche, with Christian Munthe (Kning Disc, 2007)
Slur, with Phil Minton Quartet (Emanem, 2007)
Scatter, with Thomas, Tucker, Minton (FMR)
Goodbye Silence, The Articles with Thomas, Gustafsson (FMR)
Wishing You Were Here (5-CD Box set), with The Recedents (Freeform Association)
Over the Title, with Witold Oleszak (Freeform Association, 2012)
Fragments of Parts, with Witold Oleszak (Freeform Association, 2013)
 The Last Train, with Otomo Yoshihide (Fataka, 2015)
 The Corner, with Fred Van Hove (Relative Pitch, 2017)

References

External links
 Official website
 Shef.ac.uk
 [ Allmusic biography by Eugene Chadbourne]
 FMP biography

Living people
1946 births
English jazz drummers
British male drummers
Free improvisation
English experimental musicians
People from Whitstable
Emanem Records artists
Avant-garde jazz percussionists
Musicians from Kent
British male jazz musicians
Incus Records artists


John McBride or John MacBride may refer to:

John R. McBride (1832–1904), U.S. Representative from Oregon
John McBride (labor leader) (1854–1917), American labor union leader
John MacBride (1868–1916), Irish republican
John C. McBride (1908–1979), American politician in Wisconsin
John McBride (photographer) (born 1967), American photographer based in New York City
John Paul McBride (born 1978), Scottish footballer
John Evangelist McBride, Irish prelate of the Catholic Church

See also
John McBryde (disambiguation)
McBride (surname)


Birmingham Curzon Street railway station is the planned northern terminus of High Speed 2 in the city centre of Birmingham, England. The new railway will connect Birmingham to  via  and . Curzon Street will have seven terminal platforms and is planned to open in 2026.

The station, the design for which has been developed by WSP and Grimshaw Architects, will be surrounded by new public spaces, include a pedestrian link to the adjacent  railway station, and be integrated with an extended West Midlands Metro tram network.

Birmingham City Council plans to use the location of the new station to promote development within the city, especially the redevelopment of the Eastside and Digbeth areas.

History

Site

The station will be constructed on land bounded by Curzon Street, Eastside Park & Moor Street Queensway, built partially on the site of the former Curzon Street railway station, historically the first station serving London to Birmingham trains. The remaining Classical stone entrance building is now a Grade I listed building, applied by Historic England for "buildings of exceptional interest".

The site is located to the east of the city centre, in the Eastside and Digbeth areas, in the valley of the River Rea. It was densely developed until the late 20th century and is the most historically industrialised area of the city; the Grand Union Canal arrived in the 18th century, and the London and North Western, Midland and Great Western railways were all built through this part of the city in the 19th century.

The character of the site and surroundings has been in transition in recent years. Eastside has focused on learning and innovation, and is the location of Birmingham City University, Aston University and the ThinkTank science museum. Digbeth is covered by a conservation area, marking it historically important in respect of its distinct character. Digbeth has become an arts and technology hub. The Digbeth Branch Canal is located to the east of the site, connecting to the wider city network.

A large proportion of the site has remained brownfield or car parking, retaining only remnants of its previous industrial use. The site was also the location of the Park Street Gardens Burial Grounds which has been removed as part of the site remediation works. As well as the entrance of the 1838 station, the neighbouring Grade II listed pub, The Woodman, will be incorporated into the redevelopment; the Fox & Grapes, a listed pub previously situated on Park Street, was demolished in 2018, which attracted strong criticism.

Construction

Construction is due to complete in 2026–29.

At the start of 2019, the site was cleared. As at all HS2 sites, site clearance was followed by an extensive archaeological programme, in this case involving 70 archaeologists, which unearthed what is thought to be the world's oldest railway roundhouse adjacent to the old Curzon Street station. Built to a design by the 19th century engineer Robert Stephenson, the roundhouse was operational on 12 November 1837 – predating the current titleholder of "world's oldest" in Derby by almost two years. Other demolitions and ground investigations are preparing the site for construction, and utility diversions are set to begin in summer 2020.

The tender for the main construction contractor was opened by HS2 in January 2020 for £571million. HS2 was forced to halt the original procurement process the previous July due to a "lower-than-anticipated market appetite" from bidders.

In April 2020, planning permission for the new station, including concourses, roof, viaduct, and platforms was granted by the City Council, the first HS2 station to gain it. The Council's report concluded "the [station design is] truly world class. The elegant and (deceptively) simple form of the main station building clearly reads as a railway station and harks back to traditional station architecture, delivering this in a confident and contemporary way".

In June 2020, HS2 announced that Laing O’Rourke, a pairing of Mace and Dragados, and a joint venture between BAM Nuttall and Ferrovial had been shortlisted for the contract to build the station. It was confirmed in May 2021 that Mace Dragados had won the contract, in a deal worth up to £570million. Mace Dragados will work with HS2 Ltd in two stages to finalise the detailed design and then build the station.

Design
The design for Curzon Street station was developed by the consultancy WSP and Grimshaw Architects for High Speed 2. Initial designs were consulted on in autumn 2018 and evolved ones in January 2020. The station building is roughly oriented north east to south west. The principal train shed consists of an arched roof, intended to be the architectural signature of the station, clad in metal panels with a significant projection both at the east and western ends of around . The railway line will continue eastwards elevated on a viaduct over Park Street and New Canal Street, with retail, trams and public space beneath. The old Curzon Street station will be incorporated into the eastern entrance of the new station and connected using a masonry colonnade screen between the historic structure and the new HS2 station viaducts and eastern concourse at New Canal Street. The renovated building will have a visitor centre and office space that will be
used by HS2 Ltd, Birmingham City University and Historic England.

The design also improves access to different modes of transport: the West Midlands Metro tram service will run alongside and underneath the station, while accessible pedestrian routes lead to local bus services, Sprint rapid transit bus services and train services at the nearby Moor Street railway station. Cycle parking has also been incorporated, providing space for more than 550 bicycles. The new station is planned to be net zero carbon in operation, and is designed to meet BREEAM Excellent, an industry standard for buildings that reduce energy usage and materials waste, and minimise impact on the natural environment.

References

High Speed 2
Proposed buildings and structures in Birmingham, West Midlands
Proposed railway stations in England
Transport in Birmingham, West Midlands


Tom Fitzmorris (born February 6, 1951) is a New Orleans food critic, radio host and author.  Mr. Fitzmorris a Certified Culinary Professional by the IACP.  He began publishing a newsletter, The New Orleans MENU, in 1977.  That newsletter continues to this day at his website, NOmenu.com. He also currently broadcasts daily on 990 AM in New Orleans, the show airs weekdays from 2 pm - 4 pm CDT. "The Food Show" has been broadcast continuously since 1975.

Bibliography

 200 New Orleans restaurants: A selective guide to dining out (1981)
 The ten greatest New Orleans recipes: & a hundred more (1984)
 La Cucina Di Andrea's New Orleans Extra-virgin Recipes (Editor) (1989)
 The New Orleans Eat Book (1991)
 The Eclectic Gourmet Guide to New Orleans (2001)
 Tom Fitzmorris's New Orleans Food: More Than 225 of the City's Best Recipes to Cook at Home (2006); 2018, revised & expanded, edition (with foreword by Emeril Lagasse)
 The Unofficial Guide to New Orleans (w/Eve Zibart & Will Coviello) (2007)
 Tom Fitzmorris's Hungry Town: A Culinary History of New Orleans, the City Where Food Is Almost Everything (2010) 2014 pbk edition

References

External links
 http://www.nomenu.com

American food writers
Writers from New Orleans
Living people
1951 births


Ian Frazer (born 1953) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist.

Ian Frazer may also refer to:
Ian Frazer (poker player), English poker player and commentator
Ian Frazer (cricketer) (born 1966), cricketer

See also
Ian Frazier (disambiguation)
Ian Fraser (disambiguation)
Iain Fraser (disambiguation)


The Church of St Elijah () is a late Medieval Bulgarian church in the town of Boboshevo, Kyustendil Province.

Location, history, architectural and artistic features

The church was constructed in 1687. It is located in the eastern part of Boboshevo, near the Byalata Prast locality. It is a small one nave and one apse church with a length of 7,20 m and width of 5,30 m without the apse. The eastern facade has an arched niche and the western - three niches. The church was constructed of stones with plaster. Large part of the frescoes which used to cover the whole interior has been preserved. The earlier frescoes (on the vault and the upper sections walls) date from the 17th century, and the later from 1898 according to the ktitor inscription above the apse niche. The decorative system of the frescoes is characteristic for the one nave medieval churches in the Balkans. On the vault are depicted Christ and the prophets from the Old Testimony in two friezes, on the arms of the vault and on the walls there are scenes from the Gospels. Under them there is a layer of medallions with images of saints and to the bottom the used to be full-length portraits of saints and a baseboard which are now destroyed. The iconostasis dates from the 17th century and is almost fully preserved.

The church is an architectural monument of culture of local significance (DV is.77/1972) and an architectural-artistic monument of national importance (DV is.38/1972).

The church is named after Elijah (in Bulgarian Sveti Iliya).

Literature
 Кепов, Иван - Миналото и сегашно на Бобошево. 1935, 288 с., с.191;
 Василиев, Асен - Проучвания на изобразителните изкуства из някои селища по долината на Струма. - Известия на Института за изобразителни изкуства, VII, 1964 г., с.155 - 157;
 Марди, В. - Бабикова - Научно мотивирано предложение за обявяване на църквата "Св.Илия" в с.Бобошево, Кюстендилско за паметник на културата. София, 1969 г., 20 с., Архив НИПК;
 Дремсизова-Нелчинова, Цв. и Слокоска, Л. - Археологически паметници от Кюстендилски окръг, София, 1978 г., с.14;
 Флорева, Елена - Църквата "Пророк Илия" в Бобошево, София, 1978 г., изд."Български художник", 165 стр.;
 Ангелов, Светозар - Църквата "Пророк Илия" в гр.Бобошево, Дупнишко. В : Църкви и манастири от Югозападна България през XV- XVII в., София, ЦСВП "Проф.Иван Дуйчев" към СУ"Св.Климент Охридски", 2007 г., с.41-2;
 Заедно по свещените места на планината Осогово. Пътеводител, София, 2008 г., изд.РИМ - Кюстендил, печат.Дийор Принт ООД, с.106;

Gallery

External links

 Паметници на културата в Община Бобошево
 Църквата "Свети Илия" - фотоалбум № 1
 Църквата "Свети Илия" - фотоалбум № 2

Bulgarian Orthodox churches in Boboshevo
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1687
Medieval Bulgarian Orthodox church buildings
1687 establishments in the Ottoman Empire


The Japp–Maitland condensation is an organic reaction and a type of Aldol reaction and a tandem reaction. In a reaction between the ketone 2-pentanone and the aldehyde benzaldehyde catalyzed by base the bis Aldol adduct is formed first. The second step is a ring-closing reaction when one hydroxyl group displaces the other in a nucleophilic substitution forming an oxo-tetrahydropyran.

The reaction was first described by Francis Robert Japp and William Maitland in 1904.

The Japp–Maitland reaction is of some importance to synthetic organic chemistry for example as part of the synthesis of biomolecule centrolobine:

References

Name reactions


The objective to enact interior design regulation in the United States began in the 1970s as a way to protect the rights of interior designers to practice and to allow designers to practice to the fullest extent of their abilities.  The first title act was established in Alabama in 1982, and since then a total of 22 states have enacted some type of government-sanctioned interior design regulation.

Originally, nearly all states attempting licensure proposed title acts, and a few, to preserve their insure practice rights, have passed practice acts that are also more readily enforced by state agencies, and more.

Practice regulation
A practice statute regulates certain aspects of the practice of interior design to those individuals who have established their credentials with the regulating body.  Most interior design practice statutes contain exemptions which allow individuals or businesses to continue practicing in areas not subject to regulation such as residential design.  Practice laws include a protective title provision as well.  Three states currently restrict the practice of interior design – Louisiana, Nevada, and Florida and two other jurisdictions, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.  A fourth state, Alabama, passed a practice law in 2001 but in 2007 it was struck down by the Alabama Supreme Court.

The State of Florida's interior design practice regulations were the subject of a lawsuit by the Institute for Justice,  a non-profit libertarian public interest law firm in the United States.  The judge in the case struck down the reservation of the title "interior designer" for registrants in the state on First Amendment grounds and the reserved title for registrants has been changed to "registered interior designer."  The practice regulations for commercial interior design were left in place. The judge acknowledged that the existing law already protected the ability for any individual to practice commercial interior decoration

Title regulation
A title restricts the use of the title as defined by that jurisdiction, with titles varying by jurisdictions and precedence in that jurisdiction.  The titles currently in use are, “certified interior designer,” “registered interior designer,” and “licensed interior designer”.  The titles are restricted to be used only by those who have satisfied minimum competency requirements and accept the accountability required by the government in a regulated profession.

Currently, 19 states have regulation which allows the practice of interior design, but restricts some form of the title to those licensed and regulated persons.

On February 4, 2010, judge Robert Hinkle ruled in that in the state of Florida it is unconstitutional to prohibit the use of the title, "interior designer," "registered interior designer," or "words to that effect" to those not registered.

See also
 Interior Design
 NCIDQ
 Professional licensing
 Rent-seeking

References

regulation in the United States


Robert David Farquhar (23 February 1872 – 6 December 1967) was an architect working in California from 1905 to 1940.

Early life
Farquhar was born in Brooklyn, the son of  David Webber Farquhar (1844–1905)  and Sarah Malvina Joslyn.  He attended Phillips Exeter and Harvard (class of 1893). Farquhar completed an architectural degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1893–1895), and then attended École des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1896–1901), where he organized the first ever American football game played in Europe. He returned to New York and worked in the office of Hunt & Hunt, and of Carrère and Hastings.

Los Angeles practice
Farquhar moved to Los Angeles in 1905 and practised architecture there. He was appointed a member of the architectural commission of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, held in San Francisco in 1915, and designed Festival Hall.  He went to Italy with the American Red Cross in 1918, and re-opened his office in Los Angeles in 1919.  The Southern California Chapter of the American Institute of Architects awarded Farquhar its Distinguished Honor Award for the William Andrews Clark Mausoleum, and Certificates of Honor for the design of the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library and the California Club.  He worked with chief architect George Edwin Bergstrom on design of the Pentagon in 1941. The archives of his architectural studies and drawings are maintained at the UCLA Department of Special Collections.

Some projects

Family life
Farquhar married Marion Jones (daughter of  John Percival Jones) in New York City, in 1903. They had three children: David Farquhar (1904 - ),  John Percival Farquhar (1912 - ) and Colin Farquhar (1913 - ). The family lived first in Santa Monica, then moved to Pasadena in 1929. Farquhar retired in 1953 and lived with his half brother Francis P. Farquhar in Berkeley.

References

1872 births
1967 deaths
American neoclassical architects
Beaux Arts architects
Mediterranean Revival architects
Spanish Revival architects
Architects from Pasadena, California
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Harvard University alumni
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
20th-century American architects


K-33 is an approximately  north–south state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas. K-33's southern terminus is at K-68 in rural Franklin County east of Ottawa and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 56 (US-56) in Douglas County, east of Baldwin City and southwest of Kansas City. K-33 provides an important link between US-56 and K-68 to Interstate 35 (I-35) and US-50 in Wellsville. K-33 is a two-lane rural highway for most of its length, except for the section within Wellsville.

Before state highways were numbered in Kansas, there were auto trails. The majority of K-33's route closely follows the former New Santa Fe Trail, King of Trails and Ozark Trail. K-33 was first designated as a state highway in 1926. At this point the highway began near Waverly and ran northeastward to Ottawa, then east to the Missouri border. By the next year, K-33 had been realigned to turn north, just west of Ottawa, then passing through Wellsville to Edgerton. In 1934, the northern terminus of K-33 had been realigned to the west of Edgerton. Two years later, K-33's southern terminus had been truncated to Ottawa. In 1969, the overlap with K-68 had been eliminated and K-33 was truncated to its current southern terminus.

Route description

K-33's southern terminus is at an intersection with K-68 east of Ottawa in Franklin County. It starts travelling north on a two-lane road through rolling plains to a crossing over Hickory Creek. K-33 continues north to Virginia Road, then curves to the east. The highway soon curves back north at Riley Road. The highway continues north to a diamond interchange with I-35 and US-50 at exit 198. North of this interchange, K-33 enters the city of Wellsville at Poplar Street. It continues north through the city and soon crosses over a BNSF Railway track. Continuing north, K-33 leaves the city at 1st Street. The highway soon crosses an unnamed tributary of Rock Creek, then enters Douglas County. It continues through a mix of farmland and scattered areas of trees to its northern terminus at US-56 east of Baldwin City.

The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) tracks the traffic levels on its highways. Along K-33 in 2019, KDOT determined that on average, the traffic varied from 1,570 vehicles per day near the southern terminus to 5,130 vehicles per day between I-35/US-50 and Wellsville. The second highest average was 2,610 vehicles per day at the section slightly south of I-35 and US-50. K-33 connects to the National Highway System at I-35 and US-50 as well as at its northern terminus.

History

Early roads
Prior to the formation of the Kansas state highway system, there were auto trails, which were an informal network of marked routes that existed in the United States and Canada in the early part of the 20th century. The majority of K-33's route closely follows the former New Santa Fe Trail which ran from Kansas City to the Los Angeles area; the King of Trails, which ran from Galveston and San Antonio north to Winnipeg; and the Ozark Trail.

Designation and realignments
K-33 was first designated a state highway in 1926 by the Kansas State Highway Commission (SHC), and at that time ran from US-75 and US-250 by Waverly northeastward to Ottawa then east to the Missouri border. By 1927, US-250 had been renumbered US-50S, and K-33 was realigned to travel north to Wellsville, then northeastward to US-50 in Edgerton. The year after, K-33 was realigned to intersect K-31 east of Waverly then follow the latter west to US-50S. In 1934, US-50S was realigned to follow K-33 from west of Waverly to Ottawa, and K-68 was extended west on the old US-50S alignment from Ottawa to US-75 by Lyndon. Also at this time, the northern terminus of K-33 was realigned to end at US-50 west of Edgerton. By 1936, K-33 was truncated to end at US-50S and US-73 in Ottawa. On June 27, 1956, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHO) Route Numbering Committee approved US-56 to be created. US-56 was routed over US-50 from Kansas City westward to US-59 then followed US-50N, which was eliminated. At the same time US-50S was renumbered to US-50.

In August 1956, the SHC filed a land condemnation suit in court for improvements to be made to K-33 by Wellsville. The proposed project was for widening the highway from southwest of Wellsville north to the Franklin County line and replacing the obsolete wooden bridge over the Santa Fe railroad tracks with a concrete structure. The next month, a hearing was conducted in Wellsville about the project. On January 2, 1957, K-33 was closed south of Wellsville to begin construction of the overpass over the railroad tracks. In March 1957, work began on installing the bridge footings for the overpass. By August, all concrete work was complete on the overpass, with only grading on each end of the bridge needed to be done. During construction on the new bridge and grading, traffic was detoured along Main Street in Wellsville.

In a resolution on February 27, 1957, a new alignment of US-50 was approved between Ottawa and Olathe. The project was also to be part of the newly established Interstate Highway System and was estimated to cost $17 million. By December, the SHC accepted bids to pave the new section of highway. The new  section of highway was opened in December 1958, with a ribbon cutting ceremony. At this time the northern terminus became solely US-56. In 1969, the overlap with K-68 was eliminated and K-33 was truncated to its current southern terminus.

Major intersections

Notes

References

External links

 Kansas Highways Routelog – K-33

033
Transportation in Franklin County, Kansas
Transportation in Douglas County, Kansas


Bardy  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dygowo, within Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.

Bardy is approximately  south of Dygowo,  south-east of Kołobrzeg, and  north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

References

Bardy


In behavioral ecology, adaptive behavior is any behavior that contributes directly or indirectly to an individual's reproductive success, and is thus subject to the forces of natural selection. Examples include favoring kin in altruistic behaviors, sexual selection of the most fit mate, and defending a territory or harem from rivals.

Conversely, non-adaptive behavior is any behavior that is counterproductive to an individual's survival or reproductive success. Examples might include altruistic behaviors which do not favor kin, adoption of unrelated young, and being a subordinate in a dominance hierarchy.

Adaptations are commonly defined as evolved solutions to recurrent environmental problems of survival and reproduction. Individual differences commonly arise through both heritable and non-heritable adaptive behavior. Both have been proven to be influential in the evolution of species' adaptive behaviors, although non-heritable adaptation remains a controversial subject.

Non-heritable
Populations change through the process of evolution. Each individual in a population has a unique role in their particular environment. This role, commonly known as an ecological niche, is simply how an organism lives in an environment in relation to others. Over successive generations, the organism must adapt to their surrounding conditions in order to develop their niche. An organism's niche will evolve as changes in the external environment occur. The most successful species in nature are those that are able to use adaptive behaviors to build on prior knowledge, thereby increasing their overall knowledge bank. In turn, this will improve their overall survival and reproductive success.

Learning

Many species have the ability to adapt through learning. Organisms will often learn through various psychological and cognitive processes, such as operant and classical conditioning and discrimination memory. This learning process allows organisms to modify their behavior to survive in unpredictable environments. Organisms begin as naive individuals and learning allows them to obtain the knowledge they need to adapt and survive. It is important to remember that a learned adaptive behavior must have a psychological, as well as a biological, component; without the integration of these two disciplines, behavioral adaptation cannot occur.

Kin selection

Kin selection (commonly referred to as altruism) is an example of an adaptive behavior that directly influences the genetic composition of a population. It involves evolutionary strategies that favor the persistence of an organism's relatives, often at the cost of the organism's own survival and reproduction. This will result in population gene frequency variation over successive generations, based on the interactions between related individuals. The probability of altruism increases when the cost is low for the donor, or when there is a high level of gain for the beneficiary. In addition, individuals often display altruistic behaviors when the relative is genetically similar to them. This means offspring or siblings are more likely to benefit from altruism than someone more distantly related, such as a cousin, aunt, or uncle.
Kin selection has played a large role in the evolution of social and adaptive behaviors in chimpanzees. Closely related chimpanzees will form a kin group that cooperates to protect a territory, thereby increasing their access to females and resources. By working together with close relatives, they can ensure that their genes will persist in the next generation, even if circumstances make them unable to reproduce themselves. This behavioral adaptation coincides with the chimpanzee's ability to distinguish kin from non-kin (referred to as visual kin selection) allowing chimps to formulate large, complex societies, where they use altruistic methods to ensure their genes persist in future generations. A wide variety of species, including lions, honeybees, and other insects have displayed kin selection as an adaptive behavior.

Territorial defense
As mentioned above, chimpanzees work together with closely related kin to protect their territory. Defending territory from rivals (known as territoriality) is a learnt adaptive behavior performed by several ecological species. The advantage of being territorial varies depending on the species of interest, but the underlying principle is always to increase overall fitness. Many species will display territoriality in order to acquire food, compete for mates, or have the safest lair. Bird song is an example of learned territorial defense. Studies show that birds with high-quality songs will use them as a stimulus to deter predators from their territorial range. Higher quality songs have been proven to act as the best defense mechanism in a variety of bird species, such as the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). Therefore, correct learning of the birdsong early in life is necessary for territory defense in birds.
European beavers (Castor fiber) are another species that use territory defense. They are very protective of their territory because they spend a great deal of time and energy familiarizing themselves with the location and building a habitat. Beavers have developed the technique of scent-marking as a way to intimidate intruders. This scent acts as a "psychological fence", thereby decreasing the possibility of injury or death by predation.

Controversy
There is debate on whether or not there exists a biological component associated with the learning process in ecological adaptive behavior. Many researchers suggest that the biological and psychological disciplines are integrated, while others believe that the non-heritable component is strictly psychological. They argue that non-heritable traits cannot evolve over successive generations.

Heritable

Organisms can also express heritable adaptive behaviors. These behaviors are encoded in their genes and inherited from their parents. This gives the organisms the ability to respond to situations with their innate response mechanisms. Using these mechanisms, they can respond appropriately to their internal and external environment without having to learn.

Natural selection

Heritable adaptive behavior evolves through natural selection. In this case, some genes better equip individuals to respond to environmental or physiological cues, thereby increasing reproductive success and causing these genes to persist in future generations. Non-adaptive behaviors cause a decrease in reproductive success so the genes are lost from future generations.  These adaptive and non-adaptive characteristics arise through random mutation, recombination, and/or genetic drift. Essentially, natural selection is a mechanism that contributes to directional gene selection in individuals that reproduce. Traits that cause greater reproductive success of an organism are favored, whereas those that reduce reproductive success are selected against.

In contrast to learning, natural selection is solely a biological concept. It is the biological and genetic component that allows an adaptive behavior to be inherited with no connection to the environment. This form of adaptive behavior is most commonly considered in ecological studies, and therefore natural selection is often used to explain ecological adaptive behavior in organisms.

Sexual selection
While kin selection is non-heritable and a direct result of the environment, sexual selection is a heritable adaptive behavior, and can therefore can be acted upon by natural selection. Sexual selection refers specifically to competition for mates. Many traits or features that are characteristic of a certain species can be explained by sexual selection as an adaptive behavior; this is because competition for mates results in specific traits being inherited. Only the species that are able to successfully compete and obtain a mate will reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation. Therefore, species-specific genetic traits must be inherited, allowing individuals to be successful in their designated environments. There are many environmental examples of sexual selection as an adaptive behavior; one popular example is sexual dimorphism. Sexual dimorphism is a morphological, phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species.  A common example of sexual dimorphism is difference in body size. Sexual dimorphism can specifically be seen in the fish species, Lamprologus callipterus. These male fish are substantially larger (sometimes up to 60 times) than their female counterparts. The male's increased size is advantageous because the larger individuals are able to compete for females, and subsequently defend their offspring, which grow inside empty snail shells until birth. Basically, the larger the male fish, the greater the adaptive benefit. The advantage of being larger and more powerful is demonstrated in the male's ability to compete and protect. In contrast to the males, the female fish must remain small in order to lay eggs inside the snail shells. It is evident that size plays a significant role in the reproductive success of this particular fish species. Large size is a common adaptive behavioral trait that is inherited through sexual selection and reproduction, as demonstrated in Lamprologus callipterus and other sexually dimorphic species.

Importance
It has been proven that adaptive behavior is crucial in the process of natural selection, and thus is important in the evolutionary process. Species that possess positive adaptive behaviors will inherently acquire evolutionary advantages. For example, adaptive behavior is a mechanism of population stabilization. In natural communities, organisms are able to interact with each other creating complex food webs and predator-prey dynamics. Adaptive behavior helps modulate the dynamics of feeding relationships by having a direct effect on their feeding traits and strategies. These adaptive behaviors allow for resilience and resistance in the face of disturbances and a changing environment. In ecology, the coexistence of organisms in natural ecosystems and the stability of populations are central topics. Currently, we live in a world experiencing great changes at a fast rate, mostly due to anthropogenic impacts on organisms and the environment. By studying adaptive behavior one can understand ecosystem complexity – how it emerges, how it evolves, and how it can be maintained.

Measurement
An organism's behavioral strategies and ability to adapt will determine how they respond under different environmental conditions. Fitness is a common measure of adaptive success, and can be defined as the number of descendants left over after a group exhibits a particular behavioral strategy. Successful strategies will result in increased survival and reproduction, which in turn can be characterized as a profitable behavioral adaptation.

References

Behavioral ecology
Evolutionary biology