The Wisconsin circuit courts are the general trial courts in the state of Wisconsin. There are currently 69 circuits in the state, divided into 10 judicial administrative districts. Circuit court judges hear and decide both civil and criminal cases. Each of the 249 circuit court judges are elected and serve six-year terms.

On March 6, 2020, Governor Tony Evers signed bipartisan legislation to create 12 new circuit court branches, with four seats to be added each year from 2021 to 2023.

Structure of the circuit courts
The circuit court system is composed of 69 circuits, with 66 circuits serving a single county, and three circuits serving two counties each. Buffalo and Pepin counties share a circuit, as do Florence and Forest counties, and Shawano and Menominee counties. 26 circuit courts are served by a single judge. For those circuits with more than one judge, each is elected to a particular seat, or "branch" within the court. The Milwaukee County Circuit Court has the greatest number of branches with 47.

The circuit courts are organized into 9 geographical administrative districts. Within each district the Wisconsin Supreme Court will appoint a chief judge, a deputy chief judge, and a professional district court administrator. With the exception of Milwaukee County, chief judges and their deputies continue to hear cases while serving. Chief judges assign judges to hear only a specific type of case (e.g. civil, criminal, juvenile), equalize the flow of cases, establish court policies and rules, and supervise the finances of the courts they administer. They also work closely with county boards on security, facility, and staffing issues. The chief judges and district court administration meet regularly with the director of state courts to discuss current issues and to advise the Supreme court and the director on matters of statewide concern.

In 2017, Wisconsin's Supreme Court created a new Business Court, the Commercial Docket Pilot Project, located in the Waukesha County Circuit Court and the Eighth Judicial Administrative District. On April 1, 2019, the Supreme Court expanded the Commercial Docket's geographic jurisdiction to encompass the entire state. In 2020, the Supreme Court issued an Order adding the Dane County Circuit Court as a location for a pilot project business court. The Supreme Court issued an Order on June 29, 2022, extending the pilot project to July 30, 2024.

Jurisdiction
The Wisconsin circuit courts have original jurisdiction to hear all civil and criminal matters within the state. The court's jurisdiction is conferred by Article VII, Section 8 of the Wisconsin Constitution and is quite broad. Since the court's subject matter jurisdiction is constitutional rather than statutory, the Wisconsin Legislature cannot limit it by statute. By comparison, the United States Congress is empowered to limit the subject matter jurisdiction of federal District Courts if it so chooses.

The geographic limitations of the circuit court's authority are referred to as "personal jurisdiction." In a civil case, the requirements for personal jurisdiction are governed by chapter 801.05 of the Wisconsin Statutes. Generally speaking, a defendant must either be present in the state, or have sufficient contacts with the state, and the pleadings must have been properly served on the defendant. Personal jurisdiction requirements in a civil case are driven by policy considerations, such as fairness to the defendant, comity, and principals of federalism.

The circuit court has personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a criminal case if the defendant violates a Wisconsin law while physically present in Wisconsin. Wisconsin courts also have personal jurisdiction over a defendant who commits an act while out of state that contributes to a crime, the consequences of which occur in Wisconsin.

Limits on exercise of power to decide cases
There are, however, limits on what cases the circuit courts will hear.  They will not hear a case if the parties lack standing, or if the case is moot or is not ripe. Additionally, the circuit court will not hear a case in which it lacks competency. State law distinguishes between the court's jurisdiction (power to hear a case) and its competency (ability to arrive at a valid judgment in a case). A court lacks competency if certain statutory requirements are not satisfied, for example, time limits for filing suit, or requirements as to which circuit should decide a case.

In addition, the courts are constrained from taking action that will encroach on the powers of the legislative or executive branches. Under the separation of powers doctrine, no branch of government may exercise a power of government assigned exclusively to another branch. The purpose of separating powers among the branches of government is to avoid concentration of governmental power in the hands of a few and to give the various branches the ability to check actions by the other branches.

In reviewing the validity of state laws, the courts are limited to determining whether the law violates any provision of the constitution. The courts may invalidate a law that violates individual rights, such as the right to equal protection or due process, or a law that is not enacted according to the process established in the constitution, for example, a bill that was not passed by a majority of the members of each house of the Wisconsin State Legislature. However, a court may not invalidate a law because the court finds that the legislature's method for addressing a problem was not the most efficient. Nor may the court substitute its determination of what is in the public interest for the determination of the legislature.

While the separation of powers doctrine limits the ability of the courts to act, it also protects the courts from encroachment by the legislature of governor. The Wisconsin Supreme Court established its judicial power in the three-branch system soon after Wisconsin became a state by deciding Bashford v. Barstow (1856), an election case that resulted in the ouster of an incumbent governor.

Commencing a civil case
Civil cases start the same way regardless of the issues or parties involved and regardless of whether the case ultimately goes to trial. A case begins with pleadings, in which the parties state basic claims and responses. The parties then have an opportunity to investigate the claims and gather evidence through a process called discovery. The court generally has little direct involvement in a case until shortly before trial, though the court is available to resolve preliminary matters and disputes.

Pleadings
The plaintiff starts a civil case by filing a summons, and generally a complaint, with the clerk of circuit court and paying a filing fee. A summons provides notice that a suit has been filed against the defendant and notification that the defendant must answer the complaint. The complaint sets forth the plaintiff's allegations against the defendant. It must contain a short and plain statement of the plaintiff's claim, identify the events out of which the claim arises, and demand relief to satisfy the plaintiff's claim. The plaintiff must serve an authenticated copy of the summons and complaint on the defendant. The favored method for serving the defendant is to personally hand a copy of the summons. Alternatively, the server may hand the summons to another responsible adult at the defendant's residence or, in some cases, it is sufficient for the plaintiff to publish the summons in a newspaper and send it to the defendant's address. Any adult who is not a party to the lawsuit may serve the summons. The person who serves the summons must sign the summons at the time of service and note the date, time, place, and manner of service and upon whom the summons is served. The plaintiff then files proof of service with the court.

A plaintiff must commence a suit by serving the defendant with a summons within a certain time period established by a statute of limitation, or lose the right to sue. Statutes of limitation differ according to the type of suit. For example, a suit for breach of a sales contract must be commenced within six years; a suit for medical malpractice must be commenced within three years of the injury or within one year of discovery of the injury; and a suit to collect child support must be commenced within 20 years after the youngest child for whom support is due turns 18.

The defendant responds to the plaintiff's allegations in a document called an answer. The defendant admits or denies an allegation or state they do not know if the allegation is true, in which case the allegation is taken as denied. The defendant may also raise affirmative defenses (defenses that defeat the plaintiff's claims even if the plaintiff's allegations are true), for example, that the time period for filing the suit has expired, that the service of the summons and complaint was invalid, or that the complaint has already been settled in previous litigation. The defendant may also file a counterclaim against the plaintiff, or a cross-claim against a fellow defendant.

The complaint and the answer together constitute the "pleadings" in a case. The purpose of the pleadings is to provide notice of the claims and defenses. The issues of the case generally are not narrowed until later in the proceedings.

Discovery
After an action is commenced, the parties begin discovery, which is intended to provide the parties mutual knowledge of facts relevant to a case before trial so that the trial is limited to resolving disputed facts and issues. Discovery also allows the parties to formulate and narrow the issues for trial and obtain and preserve evidence. A recipient of a discovery request generally must provide the information or material requested unless it is readily available from another source or is privileged. The scope of permitted discovery in a civil case is quite broad. A party may use discovery to obtain material that will be inadmissible as evidence at trial as long as the material is reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence. Methods of discovery include depositions (recorded interviews with witnesses under oath), interrogatories (written questions), requests for production of documents or things, medical examinations, and requests for admissions.

Ideally and usually, discovery takes place without direct involvement by the court. Except for medical examinations and inspection of medical records, discovery requests need not be authorized by the court. The recipient of a discovery request may seek a protective order denying certain discovery or limiting its scope if the discovery requested will cause annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, or will inquire into privileged or irrelevant matters, and the party requesting discovery may request that the court intervene and order compliance.

Pretrial activities in court
After the pleadings are filed, the court may hold a scheduling conference with the parties and issue a scheduling order to manage the progress of the case. The scheduling order generally assigns dates for filing motions, amending pleadings, completing discovery, pretrial conferences between the judge and parties, and for trial. Some judges also use the scheduling conference to advise the parties to attempt to settle the case without going to trial.

In civil cases, parties often file a variety of pretrial motions with the court seeking court orders affecting the trial. For example, a defendant may seek dismissal of a whole case or certain issues in the case because the plaintiff has not stated a valid claim. Or, a party may seek an order compelling the opposing party to comply with a discovery request or a ruling on admissibility of certain pieces of evidence at trial. If the court requires additional information before ruling on a motion, the court may hold a hearing and may direct the parties to submit briefs, written materials that state the facts and present each side's position.

The courts resolve motions by order, often directing the prevailing party to prepare the order and submit it to the judge for his or her signature. The resolution of pretrial motions often dictates the future of a case. If a party wins a pretrial motion for summary judgment, the case is dismissed. Sometimes a party who loses important pretrial motions is more likely to agree to a settlement. A settlement must be accepted by a judge. Judges usually accept settlement agreements in civil cases with minimal review, although they look more closely at settlement agreements in divorce cases. If the parties do not settle, the case proceeds to trial.

Commencing a criminal case
Only the state may bring a criminal case. Generally a prosecutor starts a criminal case by filing a complaint. The court is directly involved in a criminal case from the beginning to protect the rights of the defendant. Parties have a right to discovery in a criminal case, but discovery is not as extensive in a criminal case as in a civil case because the state must have completed most of its investigation before bringing criminal charges.

The criminal complaint
Most criminal cases are started when a prosecutor, either a district attorney (who represents a county) or the attorney general (who represents the state), files a complaint with the court. The complaint states the crime charged, names the defendant, and gives the date, approximate time, and location of the crime. In a complaint, the district attorney also presents sufficient facts to show why the defendant is being charged, identifies the source of the information contained in the complaint, and provides reasons why the source should be believed.

Prosecution of most crimes must be commenced within a certain time period that is established by a statute of limitation. The state generally has six years to commence prosecution of a felony (a crime for which a person may be sentenced to one year or more in prison) and three years for a misdemeanor (a crime for which the maximum penalty is a year in jail). However, there is no time limit for the prosecution of homicide. The main purpose of time limits is to ensure that criminal cases are tried while the evidence is still available and witnesses' memories are fresh. A case is commenced when a warrant, summons, or indictment is issued or an information is filed.

Pretrial court appearances
The defendant's first court date is called the initial appearance. The court informs the defendant of the charges filed against him or her and gives the defendant a copy of the complaint. The court also informs the defendant of his or her right to have an attorney and that if the defendant is indigent and requests counsel, the court will appoint an attorney. If the defendant is in custody, the court determines whether to release the defendant on bail, and if the defendant is released, imposes conditions for bail. In a misdemeanor case, the court may set the trial date at the initial appearance. The next court action in a misdemeanor case is the arraignment. Further steps are required in a felony case. At the initial appearance, the court informs felony defendants that they are entitled to a preliminary examination before the criminal case may go forward.

The purpose of a preliminary examination is to determine in a felony case whether the district attorney can show probable cause to believe that the defendant committed a felony. If not, the court must dismiss the felony complaint. At the preliminary examination the district attorney and defendant may call witnesses and present evidence. If the court determines that the district attorney has shown probable cause or the defendant waives the right to a preliminary examination, the case goes forward. The prosecutor files a pleading called an "information," which informs the court of the crime with which the defendant is charged and states the date and place of the crime.

An arraignment is held in both misdemeanor and felony cases. At the arraignment, the complaint or information is read out loud unless the defendant waives reading, and in a felony case the district attorney gives the defendant a copy of the information. The court then asks the defendant to submit a plea. The defendant may plead "guilty", "no contest", "not guilty", or "not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect". A plea of no contest has the same effect in a criminal case as a guilty plea, except it cannot be used as an admission of criminal action in a civil case. The defendant may not enter a plea of no contest without approval from the court. If the defendant pleads guilty or no contest, the court sentences the defendant or places the defendant on probation. If the defendant pleads not guilty or not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect, the case proceeds to trial.

Grand jury and John Doe proceedings
Although the vast majority of criminal cases in Wisconsin are begun by a district attorney filing a criminal complaint, some cases are commenced as the result of a grand jury or John Doe investigation. Grand jury and John Doe investigations are secret proceedings for which witnesses may be subpoenaed. Grand jury and John Doe proceedings are generally used when investigators need to take testimony under oath or compel a witness to testify in order to gather sufficient evidence to issue a criminal complaint.

A judge, usually upon the request of a district attorney, may assemble a grand jury to investigate suspected criminal activity. A grand jury consists of 17 people selected for jury service. The grand jury may request that the prosecutor subpoena and examine witnesses. Upon completing an investigation, a grand jury may by the vote of at least 14 members return an indictment, which is a written accusation that a person committed a crime. If the grand jury returns an indictment, the court issues a summons or warrant for the defendant.

A judge initiates a John Doe proceeding upon receiving a complaint about criminal activity from any person, including the district attorney. The judge must question the person who makes the complaint under oath and may subpoena and examine other witnesses (usually with the assistance of the district attorney). If the judge finds probable cause to believe that a person has committed a crime, a written complaint is filed and the judge issues a warrant for the arrest of the defendant named in the complaint.

Discovery
Discovery in a criminal case is generally less extensive than in a civil case. Discovery allows the parties to obtain certain information known by the opposing party. Upon request, the prosecution and defense must provide a list of witnesses it intends to call at trial, as well as statements of the witnesses, reports of expert witnesses, and any known criminal record of a witness. The parties must also disclose any physical evidence they intend to introduce at trial. A party may obtain a court order allowing scientific testing of evidence held by the opposing party. The prosecution must disclose statements made by the defendant that pertain to the crime or that the prosecution intends to introduce at trial. The prosecution is obligated to disclose exculpatory evidence (evidence that might weigh in the defendant's favor) to the defendant even if the defendant does not specifically request the information or material.

Pretrial motions and plea bargains
Parties in a criminal case often file pretrial motions. Common motions include motions to exclude physical evidence, a defendant's confession, or an eyewitness identification of the defendant. The court may require the attorneys to submit briefs on the motions, but briefing is less common on pretrial motions in criminal cases than civil cases.

Most criminal cases do not go to trial. Instead the prosecution and defense negotiate a settlement. The parties may agree upon the crimes to which a defendant will plead guilty and a sentence recommendation, or may only agree on the plea. The judge must review the agreement on the plea before accepting it to ensure that there is sufficient reason to believe that the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the parties agree on a sentence recommendation, the judge must review it to determine if it is appropriate. The judge is not bound by the sentence agreement.

Trial of a civil or criminal case
The proceedings in a trial of a civil or criminal case are similar. Both may be to a jury or judge. Both start with opening statements, proceed to presentation of evidence followed by closing statements, and culminate with a decision. Depending on the result of the trial, a civil case may end with the awarding of damages and a criminal trial may end with sentencing. During the trial, the role of the judge is similar – determining the admissibility of evidence, guiding the jury, if there is one, and refereeing the actions of the attorneys.

Current Judges

Circuit judges are elected to a six year term in the spring non-partisan election, currently Wisconsin holds a non-partisan primary election in February and a general election in April.  New judicial terms start on the first day of August in the year of the election.

In the event of a vacancy, the Governor can appoint an interim judge to hold office until the next spring election.

District 1

Counties: Milwaukee
Court: Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Mary Triggiano
Court Administrator: Holly Szablewski

District 2

Counties: Kenosha, Racine, Walworth
Court: Racine, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Jason A. Rossell
Court Administrator: Louis Moore

District 3

Counties: Dodge, Jefferson, Ozaukee, Washington, Waukesha
Court: Waukesha, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Jennifer Dorow
Court Administrator: Michael Neimon

District 4

Counties: Calumet, Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Manitowoc, Marquette, Sheboygan, Waushara, Winnebago
Court: Oshkosh, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Guy D. Dutcher
Court Administrator: Jon Bellows

District 5

Counties: Columbia, Dane, Green, Lafayette, Rock, Sauk
Court: Madison, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Thomas J. Vale
Court Administrator: Theresa Owens

District 6
Eliminated by order of the Wisconsin Supreme Court, effective July 31, 2018.

District 7

Counties: Adams, Buffalo, Clark, Crawford, Grant, Iowa, Jackson, Juneau, La Crosse, Monroe, Pepin, Pierce, Richland, Trempealeau, Vernon
Court: La Crosse, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Robert Van De Hey
Court Administrator: Patrick Brummond

District 8

Counties: Brown, Door, Kewaunee, Marinette, Oconto, Outagamie, Waupaca
Court: Green Bay, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Carrie A. Schneider
Court Administrator: Thomas Schappa

District 9

Counties: Florence, Forest, Iron, Langlade, Lincoln, Marathon, Menominee, Oneida, Portage, Price, Shawano, Taylor, Vilas, Wood
Court: Wausau, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Ann Knox-Bauer
Court Administrator: Susan Byrnes

District 10

Counties: Ashland, Bayfield, Barron, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire, Polk, Rusk, Sawyer, St. Croix, Washburn
Court: Hudson, Wisconsin
Chief Judge: Maureen Boyle
Court Administrator: Christopher Channing

See also
 List of Wisconsin circuit court judges
 Constitution of Wisconsin
 Courts of Wisconsin
 Wisconsin Court of Appeals
 Wisconsin Supreme Court
 John Doe law (Wisconsin)

References

Notes

External links

Wisconsin
Wisconsin state courts
1848 establishments in the United States
Courts and tribunals established in 1848


"The Lineman," originally titled "Man, Go Man," is an instrumental composed by Ralph Dollimore. The best-known version of the song is a cover version that was produced by Sam Spence, which has been featured in many NFL Films highlights videos and documentaries.

This song is also predominant in Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants, usually playing in the title cards.  The song was also played in The Simpsons episode "The Twisted World of Marge Simpson".  It has also been played in an advertisement for the PlayStation JAMPACK demo discs.

This song was also played in a trailer for the Nickelodeon show Penguins of Madagascar.

This song is also the main theme for the trailer of the DS game Club Penguin: Elite Penguin Force.

This song was also featured in the Sam Spence album Power and Glory: The Original Music & Voice of NFL Films.

The song was briefly heard in the official trailer for Hamster & Gretel and has also played in a few other promos for that show ever since.

References

National Football League music
Instrumentals
Year of song missing


Dragonslayer is the fourth and final studio album recorded by the Canadian indie band Sunset Rubdown. It is the second of their albums to be recorded under the Jagjaguwar recording label.  It was released June 23, 2009.  The album was made available for MP3 download with preorder on May 20, 2009. The track "Paper Lace" had previously appeared on Enemy Mine by one of Spencer Krug's other bands Swan Lake.

Track listing
"Silver Moons" – 4:45
"Idiot Heart" – 6:09
"Apollo and the Buffalo and Anna Anna Anna Oh!" – 5:23
"Black Swan" – 6:54
"Paper Lace" – 3:48
"You Go On Ahead (Trumpet Trumpet II)" – 5:43
"Nightingale/December Song" – 5:34
"Dragon's Lair" – 10:28

References

External links
 JAGJAGUWAR

2009 albums
Sunset Rubdown albums
Jagjaguwar albums


The Koffler Centre can refer to two centres named after Murray Koffler:
Koffler Student Centre at the University of Toronto
Koffler Centre of the Arts


Uprooting is the third studio album from Warsaw Village Band.

Track listing
Roots: Józef Lipiński (Korzenie: Józef Lipiński) 0:19
In the Forest (W boru kalinka) 3:31
Woman In Hell (Baba w piekle) 2:48
At the Front of the Gates (A przed wroty) 3:31
Polka From the Sieradz Region (Polka z Sieradzkiego) 2:17
Matthew (Mateusz) 2:34
Roots:Janina Zdrzalik (Korzenie: Janina Zdrzalik) 0:35
Let's Play, Musicians! (Hej, zagrajcie, muzykanty) 4:14
The Owl (Sowa) 4:43
Grey Horse (Siwy koń) 3:41
Roots: Kapela Mariana Pełki (Korzenie: Kapela Mariana Pełki) 0:37
When Johnny Went to Fight in the War (A jak pojechał Jaś na wojenkę) 2:47
Lament (Lament) 2:32
I Slayed the Rye (Powałem) 4:14
Roots: Kazimierz Zdrzalik (Korzenie: Kazimierz Zdrzalik) 0:46
Fishie (Rybicka) 3:56

Production: Uli Blass

Recorded: Studio M1 – Polskie Radio 2004

2004 albums
Warsaw Village Band albums


James Thomas Jr. (August 17, 1947 – June 6, 2017) was a professional American football running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played five seasons for the San Francisco 49ers.  His brothers Earl Thomas and Mike Thomas also played in the National Football League.

References

1947 births
2017 deaths
Players of American football from Greenville, Texas
American football running backs
Texas–Arlington Mavericks football players
San Francisco 49ers players


Frank Exton Lennard (24 April 1892 – 25 February 1973) was a Conservative then a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Dundas, Ontario and became a merchant and textile dyer by career.

He was first elected at the Wentworth riding in the 1935 general election after serving 5 years in the Dundas town council. After serving his first term in Parliament, he was defeated there in the 1940 election by Ellis Hopkins Corman. Lennard returned to the House of Commons when he won the seat back in the 1945 election and won consecutive elections until he left federal politics in 1962 after completing his final term, the 24th Parliament. He died at Dundas in 1973 and was buried at Grove Cemetery. His wife died in 1986.

United Nations
Lennard was also a one time Canadian delegate to the United Nations. In 1957, then Prime Minister John Diefenbaker had appointed Lennard for the position of Canadian delegate in New York at the U.N general Assembly. He had this position for three months.

References

External links

1892 births
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
1973 deaths


A big rig or semi-trailer truck is an articulated vehicle that consists of a towing engine.

Big Rig may refer to:
 Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing, a 2003 video game
 Big Rig (film), a 2008 documentary film
 Big Rig (band), a band
 Ron "Big Rig" Michaels, a disc jockey at WXTB in Tampa

See also
 Johny Hendricks, American mixed martial artist known as Bigg Rigg


Taimur Rahman (Urdu/) is a Pakistani college professor, political activist and musician who is the Secretary-General of the Mazdoor Kisan Party (MKP), formerly Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party (CMKP). He is the lead guitarist and spokesperson for the progressive music band Laal. He has taught political science at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) since 2002. He also taught economics at the Lahore School of Economics from 1998 to 2003.

He is known for his socialist ideologies has been outspoken in his criticism of capitalist exploitation and religious fundamentalism. He is the author of the book The Class Structure of Pakistan published by Oxford University Press. The book argues that Pakistan's framework is based on materialism, and won the Akhtar Hameed Khan Memorial Award for the "best book on Social Sciences" about Pakistan in 2012.

Early life and education
Rahman comes from a "bourgeois" family, but he says his parents were engaged with the left movement since before he was born. He spent his childhood in military-ruled Pakistan under the Zia ul Haq government of the late 1970s-80s, which also influenced him politically. In his teenage years, he was involved with the theater as an actor, director and producer. He completed his schooling from Aitchison College, graduated from Grinnell College, obtained a master's degree from Sussex University and holds a PhD from the School of Oriental and African Studies.

Political career
During Rahman's college life in the USA, he got involved in Trade Union politics. He worked with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO), the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and various leftist parties. After returning to Pakistan in 1998, he joined the Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party (CMKP). He has been elected to district-level and state-level leadership positions in the party and was also elected as the General Secretary of CMKP. In 2015, the CMKP united with the Pakistan Mazdoor Kissan Party and People's National Congress to form Mazdoor Kissan Party (MKP). He is the current General Secretary of the MKP. He identifies as a Marxist–Leninist.

Musical career
Taimur was interested in music from a young age and started playing the guitar when he was 17. He is the lead guitarist and spokesperson of the band Laal. His band is known for singing socialist and progressive political songs. The band has released several albums and has toured India, USA, England, etc.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Taimur's Blog
 Laal's Official Website
 LAAL – Aag TV

1975 births
Living people
Pakistani male singers
People from Lahore
Academic staff of Lahore University of Management Sciences
Academic staff of Lahore School of Economics
Pakistani Marxists
Pakistani socialists
Pakistani communists
Pakistani guitarists
Mazdoor Kisan Party politicians


"Jukebox in My Mind" is a song written by Dave Gibson and Ronnie Rogers, and recorded by American country music group Alabama. It was released in July 1990 as the second single from their album Pass It On Down. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs in the United States and the defunct RPM country music charts in Canada.

Content
The song uses a jukebox as a metaphor for the memories within the narrator's mind. It is composed in the key of B-flat major with a moderate tempo and 4/4 time signature.

Critical reception
An uncredited review in Stereo Review magazine of Pass It On Down described "Jukebox in My Mind" as "a fine song in the pure honky-tonk mold...which lead singer Randy Owen delivers in his best Merle Haggard syntax. The tune is vastly different from anything else the band has recorded". In 1991, the Academy of Country Music nominated the song for Single of the Year.

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

Alabama (American band) songs
1990 singles
Songs written by Ronnie Rogers
Songs written by Dave Gibson (American songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Josh Leo
RCA Records Nashville singles
1990 songs
Songs about country music
Songs about jukeboxes


The Dictionary of Literary Biography is a specialist biographical dictionary dedicated to literature. Published by Gale, the 375-volume set covers a wide variety of literary topics, periods, and genres, with a focus on American and British literature.

Purpose and scope
The series editors write that "Our purpose is to make literature and its creators better understood and more accessible to students and the reading public, while satisfying the needs of teachers and researchers." They define literature as "the intellectual commerce of a nation; not merely belles lettres but as that ample and complex process by which ideas are generated, shaped, and transmitted." (emphasis in original) The series thus includes biographies of historians, journalists, publishers, book collectors, and screenwriters. Each volume is overseen by an expert in the field, and each volume contains approximately 30 entries around 4,000 to 6,000 words long. The biographies contain basic information, such as birth and death dates, a bibliography of the author's works, and a "further reading" list of sources on the author and his or her works. Each volume is illustrated by relevant drawings, paintings, or photographs of the authors as well as title pages of their works.

As of 2006, the series had 375 volumes, which included 23 yearbooks and 45 documentary volumes. Altogether, the series included 13,500 author biographies. The DLB exists in both print and electronic versions. As of 2006, approximately 85 percent of the series was online.

History
The project was proposed by Frederick G. Ruffner, president of Gale, to the company Bruccoli Clark, in November 1975. After a few sample entries were written, an advisory board was appointed to design the format of the entire series. The first volume was published in 1978. DLB Yearbooks were published between 1981 and 2002 to keep the series up-to-date. These have now been discontinued. The series is currently published and distributed by Thomson Gale, but produced in Columbia, South Carolina by Bruccoli Clark Layman, a company composed of the well-known scholars Matthew J. Bruccoli and Richard Layman and the now deceased businessman, C. E. Frazer Clark, Jr.

Reception
Michael Rogers wrote that "it is hands-down the best overall literary reference work ever published" but that many reference librarians had probably never heard of it. Choice has named the DLB an Outstanding Academic Book four times and American Library Association's Reference and User Services Association has twice named it as an Outstanding Reference Source. The American Library Association Guide to Reference called it "An indispensable reference tool for literary research in far-reaching genres and crossing political borders, the articles in this series are often the first critical and biographical treatment of a literary figure".

Notes

References
DLB Advisory Board. "Plan of the Series". Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: A Documentary Volume. Ed. Tom Quirk. DLB 343. Detroit: Gale, 2009. .
Rogers, Michael. "Democratizing Literature". Library Journal (15 June 2006): 106–07.

External links
Dictionary of Literary Biography at Gale

Biographical dictionaries by occupation
International biographical dictionaries
Biographies about writers


Arthur Bernardes Ribas da Silva Filho born 15 May 1955) is a Brazilian professional football coach, currently in charge of Tapajós.

Honours
Sport Recife
 Campeonato Pernambucano: 1991

Al Wasl
 UAE Arabian Gulf League: 1996–97

Al Kuwait
 Kuwait Super Cup: 2010
 Kuwait Federation Cup: 2009–10

References

1955 births
Living people
Brazilian football managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B managers
Expatriate football managers in Angola
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Angola
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Expatriate football managers in Portugal
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in South Korea
Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates
Madureira Esporte Clube managers
América Futebol Clube (MG) managers
Clube Atlético Mineiro managers
Sport Club do Recife managers
América Futebol Clube (SP) managers
Fluminense FC managers
Goiás Esporte Clube managers
Marília Atlético Clube managers
Esporte Clube Bahia managers
Al-Riyadh SC managers
Al Wasl F.C. managers
Dubai Club managers
Expatriate football managers in Peru
Club Alianza Lima managers
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas managers
Clube Atlético Juventus managers
Jeju United FC managers
Expatriate football managers in Kuwait
Kuwait SC managers
America Football Club (Rio de Janeiro) managers
Duque de Caxias Futebol Clube managers
Fortaleza Esporte Clube managers
Club Athletico Paranaense managers
Gangwon FC managers
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama managers
Nacional Futebol Clube managers
Kuwait Premier League managers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate football managers in Thailand
Expatriate football managers in Syria


16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16α-hydroxy-DHEA or 16α-OH-DHEA) is an endogenous metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Both 16α-OH-DHEA and its 3β-sulfate ester, 16α-OH-DHEA-S, are intermediates in the biosynthesis of estriol from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). 16α-OH-DHEA has estrogenic activity.

See also
 15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone
 16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione
 16α-Hydroxyestrone
 Cetadiol

References

Androstanes
Estrogens


Hale is a town in eastern Tanzania. It belongs to Mnyuzi ward in Korogwe district. It is the location of the major falls of Pangani River and a hydroelectric power station.

Latitude -5.2833 Longitude 38.6000 Altitude (feet) 830 Lat (DMS) 5° 16' 60S Long (DMS) 38° 36' 0E Altitude (meters) 252

Transport
Hale is on the A14 highway Dar es Salaam - Chalinze - Tanga.
It is served by a junction station on a cross-country line of the national railway system.

See also
 Railway stations in Tanzania

References

Populated places in Tanga Region


{{DISPLAYTITLE:C19H28O3}}
The molecular formula C19H28O3 may refer to:
 Hydroxy-DHEA
 16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone
 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
 7β-Hydroxy-DHEA
 15α-Hydroxy-DHEA
 Hydroxytestosterone
 4-Hydroxytestosterone
 11β-Hydroxytestosterone
 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
 11-Ketoandrosterone
 Methylhydroxynandrolone