Christine Teusch (11 October 1888, Cologne, Rhine Province – 24 October 1968) was a German politician of the Zentrumspartei ("Centre Party") and the Christian Democratic Union.

From 1947 to 1954 Teusch was Minister of Education of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, having been the first female minister in German history.

She is credited with rebuilding the German education system after the Second World War.

Biography
Teusch qualified as a teacher in 1910 and a rector in 1913.  In 1915 she became Chairwoman of the Katholischen Lehrerinnenverein ("Catholic Women Teacher's Association") in Cologne.  By 1918 she was head of the Women Workers' Secretariat at the Generalsekretariat der Christlichen Gewerkschaften ("General Secretariat of Christian Trade Unions") in Cologne.  After the Nazi takeover in 1933 she returned to school, but retired on health grounds in 1936.

She joined the Catholic resistance group Kölner Kreis ("Cologne Cross").  Under the Nazis, she found refuge in the Olper Franziskanerinnen Franciscan Hospital in Arnsberg-Hüsten and lived there incognito.

From 1923 to 1965, she was the chairwomen of the German National Association of Catholic Girls' Protection Societies in Freiburg im Breisgau.  Her grave is in the Melaten Cemetery in Köln-Lindenthal.

Offices
Teusch was a member of the Zentrumspartei from Imperial times until 1945.  In 1945 she joined the Christian Democratic Union, and was elected party leader for the British occupation zone after the Second World War.

In 1919 she became the youngest member of the Nationalversammlung ("National Assembly") and from 1920 to 1933 had a seat in the Reichstag.  She was elected to the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia after the war, from 1947 to 1966.  She was appointed Minister of Culture of North Rhine-Westphalia on 19 December 1947, which post she retained until she retired from it in 1954. While in office, Teusch also contributed to the re-establishment of the Studienstiftung and the German Academic Exchange Service.

Honours
On 7 September 1956, she was the first woman to receive the Große Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband des Bundesverdienstkreuzes (literally, "Great Cross of Merit with Star and Sash of the Federal Cross of Merit").  The University of Cologne made her an honorary fellow.  Several streets and squares, especially in North Rhine-Westphalia, are named after her.

Selected publications

Translator's note: These are in German.
Fürsorge des Zentrums für Schwache und Hilfsbedürftige ("Welfare from the Centre for the Weak and Needy"), Berlin 1924.
Die christliche Frau im politischen Zeitgeschehen ("The Christian Woman in Current Affairs"), Dortmund 1946.
Das christliche Bildungsideal ("The Christian Ideal of Education"), in: Politisches Jahrbuch der CDU/CSU, hrsg. vom Generalsekretariat der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der CDU/CSU für Deutschland, 1. Jahrgang, Frankfurt 1950.

Notes

Sources
Gabriele Kranstedt: "Katholische Mädchensozialarbeit". In: Köln seit über 100 Jahren. Gründungsgeschichte. Mit einem Vorwort von Anni Jülich. Hrsg. von IN VIA Verband Katholischer Mädchensozialarbeit Köln e.V. Köln 2001, 24 S.
Gerold Schmidt: "100 Jahre IN VIA Verband Katholischer Mädchensozialarbeit in Köln". In: not-wendig. Katholische Mädchensozialarbeit Köln 1898–1998. Mit einem Vorwort von Anni Jülich und Sibylle Klings. Hrsg. von IN VIA Verband Katholischer Mädchensozialarbeit e.V. Köln. Köln 1998, 35 S.

External links

1888 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Cologne
Politicians from the Rhine Province
German Roman Catholics
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Members of the Weimar National Assembly
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German women politicians


John Vesey Claude Griffiths (19 January 1931 – 18 February 1982) played first-class cricket for Gloucestershire from 1952 to 1957.

Griffiths was born in Lee, London. A lower-order left-handed batsman and a slow left-arm spin bowler, he played in 34 matches without ever establishing himself as a regular in the Gloucestershire first team. His most productive season was 1953, when he played in 13 matches and made his highest score, 32 against Combined Services. But in those 13 matches he took only 16 wickets.

Competing for a place in a Gloucestershire side that already boasted a Test slow left-armer in Sam Cook and future Test offbreak bowlers in John Mortimore and David Allen, plus the irrepressible Bryan Wells, Griffiths' opportunities got fewer rather than greater across the mid 1950s. His best bowling figures were four-wicket hauls in matches against university sides in 1955 and 1956, with four for 74 the best.

Griffiths played Minor Counties cricket for Gloucestershire as early as 1948 and played on through the 1958 season, though his last first-class appearance was in 1957. In the early 1960s, he made occasional appearances for Somerset's second eleven, and appeared in one further match for Gloucestershire's second eleven too.

In the late 1970s, he was an umpire standing in Minor Counties and Second Eleven Championship matches and in 1979, he stood for one season as an umpire in first-class and List A matches, though he was not reappointed in 1980. He died at Wedmore, Somerset, aged 51.

References

1931 births
1982 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
English cricket umpires


The Duncan Ranges are a subrange of the Selkirk Mountains of the Columbia Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located west of the Duncan River, southeast of Revelstoke.

Notable peaks
Albert Peak
North Albert Peak
Mount Cartier
Ghost Peak
Mount Mackenzie
Mount Templeman

Sub-ranges
Badshot Range

References

Duncan Ranges in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia

Selkirk Mountains


"Drugs or Jesus" is a song written by Brett James, Troy Verges, Aimee Mayo and Chris Lindsey, and recorded by American country music singer Tim McGraw. It was released in January 2005 as the third single from his album Live Like You Were Dying.  It peaked at number 14, thus becoming his first single since "Two Steppin' Mind" in 1993 to miss the top ten (not counting "Tiny Dancer").

Content
The narrator talks about how in his hometown, people follow their own paths in life and either choose drugs or Jesus.

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a positive rating. He says that the song is one of McGraw's best performances ever.

Music video
The music video was directed and produced by Sherman Halsey, and premiered on CMT on January 21, 2005. It shows McGraw walking through an old house. He does not wear a cowboy hat, but rather a knit cap.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

2005 singles
2004 songs
Tim McGraw songs
Songs written by Brett James
Songs written by Chris Lindsey
Songs written by Aimee Mayo
Songs written by Troy Verges
Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore
Song recordings produced by Tim McGraw
Curb Records singles
Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey
Country ballads


The University of Cartagena (), also called UniCartagena, is a departmental public coeducational research university based primarily in the city of Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia. The university offers education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, which includes two doctorates.

The university is member of the Association of Colombian Universities, the Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities, and the State University System (). On March 26, 2014, the University of Cartagena received from the Ministry of Education Institutional Accreditation of High Quality, becoming the first and only public university in the Caribbean region with this type of accreditation.

History

In 1826, General Francisco de Paula Santander's decree cleared the way for the creation of a university in the Caribbean Region of Colombia and was chosen to host Cartagena de Indias. On October 6, 1827, the Liberator Simon Bolivar formalized, thus was born the University of Magdalena and the Isthmus, because at that time Panama was part of Colombia. Subsequently, due to changes in territorial and political type, and University of Central Magdalena became the University of Cartagena in the Cloister of St. Augustine, then had only two undergraduate: Law and Medicine.

In the 1950s, they officially adopted the current shield of the university. In 1989, the university inaugurated the Health Campus, which moved the faculties of Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. In 2001, he moved to Stone Bolivar Campus Faculty of Science and Engineering and in 2003 he moved to the same venue the faculty of Economics.

In 1993, the university established distance learning through the Regional Centers for Distance Education (CREAD). The U of C has programs in the municipalities of Simiti, South Santa Rosa, Carmen de Bolivar, San Estanislao, Turbaco, Carmen de Bolivar, and San Marcos Magangué.

Undergraduates

Faculty of Economic Sciences: Economics, Business, Industrial Management, and Accounting.
Faculty of Humanities: Philosophy, History, Linguistics and Literature.
Faculty of Engineering: Civil Engineering, Food Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Systems Engineering.
Faculty of Social Sciences: Social Communication, Social Work, Foreign Languages.
Faculty of Natural Sciences: Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Metrology.
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Faculty of Law and Political Science: Law
School of Nursing: Nursing
School of Medicine: Medicine
School of Dentistry: Dentistry
School of Languages

Masters
Master's degrees are offered in the fields of:
Nursing, Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics, Education, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Engineering, Biochemistry, Clinical Toxicology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Clinical Epidemiology and Immunology, Philosophy.

Other studies
The University of Cartagena offers other graduate programs that do not meet the range of expertise and therefore do not give access to any PhD ( in Colombia to these types of programs are called specializations).

Campus
Zaragocilla Campus (Health Sciences)
Piedra de Bolívar Campus (Engineering and Economic Sciences)
Cloister of St. Augustine Campus (Main Campus)
Cloister of La Merced Campus (Historic town)

Institutes

Immunologic Research Institute.
International Institute of Caribbean Studies.
Institute of Water and Environmental Sanitation (IHSA).

Notable alumni

Politics
 Rafael Núñez – Lawyer, president of Colombia.
 Justo Arosemena Quesada – statesman and champion of Panamanian national identity.
Alfonso Múnera Cavadía – Colombian historian, ambassador, and past secretary general of the Association of Caribbean States.
 Manuel Amador Guerrero -Surgeon, promoted and achieved separation of Panama from Colombia and was the first president of the Republic of Panama.

Literature and journalism
 Gabriel García Márquez -(Undergraduate) Nobel Prize for Literature, 1982 .
 John Jairo Junieles Lawyer, poet, winner of the National Literature Prize in 2002 City of Bogota, the International Poetry Prize City of Alajuela (Costa Rica) in 2005, and the X International Poetry Prize in 2007 Nicolas Guillen

References

Universities and colleges in Colombia
Educational institutions established in 1827
University of Cartagena
1827 establishments in Gran Colombia


The Škoda Octavia WRC is a World Rally Car built for the Škoda Motorsport by Škoda Auto in the World Rally Championship. It is based upon the Škoda Octavia road car, and was debuted at the 1999 Monte Carlo Rally.

Competition history

The car's initial version debuted at the 1999 Monte Carlo Rally, with two evolutionary versions were launched in  and  respectively. In its four years service in the Škoda works team, the car achieved two stage wins and a podium finish at the 2001 Safari Rally. The car was replaced by Škoda Fabia WRC in middle of the 2003 season.

Gallery

References

External links

Octavia WRC
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars of the Czech Republic
World Rally Cars


The Dawson Range is a subrange of the Selkirk Mountains of the Columbia Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, located southeast of Rogers Pass in Glacier National Park. The highest point is Mount Dawson. Other peaks of the range include Mount Selwyn, Mount Donkin, and Mount Fox.

References

Selkirk Mountains
Glacier National Park (Canada)


James Downie was a 19th-century footballer who played for Blackburn Rovers and Burslem Port Vale.

Career
Downie played for Blackburn Rovers before joining Burslem Port Vale in October 1895. He made his debut at outside-left in an 8–2 thumping at Darwen on 19 October; he was described as "absolutely useless" before it was revealed he was right-footed. Two days later he scored his first goal in the Football League, in a 5–4 victory over Liverpool at the Athletic Ground. He became a regular in his natural position before losing his place in March 1896 and getting released at the end of the season with two goals in 12 Second Division appearances.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


Vasilios Konstantinos Lampropoulos (; born 31 March 1990) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Super League club OFI.

Club career
Lampropoulos was born in Pyrgos on 31 March 1990, and he has played for Apollon Kalamarias, Asteras Tripolis, Ilioupoli, Ethnikos Asteras, and Panionios.

On 24 January 2014, Lampropoulos decided to continue his career to AEK Athens in the Football League, starting the 2013–14 season.

On 8 April 2017, Lampropoulos ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament in a Super League game against Platanias and underwent a successful surgery, while his comeback was estimated in around six months. In his day of surgery, Lampropoulos extended his contract with the Greek Cup winners by two years, despite being ruled out for six months with a knee injury. The 27-year-old's contract had been due to expire in the summer of 2017, but that has been stretched to 2019 by his club. Lampropoulos always had the desire to remain at AEK Athens and he was more than happy to commit his future to the club for the next two years.

On 12 April 2017, Lampropoulos agreed to a contract extension with AEK, until the summer of 2019.

On 26 November 2018, despite the fact that he was a key figure for the club, following the Super League defeat from Panetolikos, AEK owner Dimitris Melissanidis engaged in a heated conversation with three players, ostracizing Lampropoulos, André Simões and Anastasios Bakasetas from the team. "For Simoes, Lampropoulos and Bakasetas, who have not agreed to sign a new contract, we will search for options to allow them to leave in January". said the owner of the club. In his press conference ahead of the upcoming Champions League game against Ajax, head coach Marinos Ouzounidis practically confirmed that the trio would not be a part of his team anymore: "These guys have helped the team a lot, but since we talked and couldn’t reach an agreement, it’s probably best for the club to make a decision". Unless Lampropoulos, Simoes and Bakasetas all suddenly decided to pen a new deal with AEK, they would not play for the club again. Last season, a similar situation developed with goalkeeper Giannis Anestis, who was subsequently ostracized from the team after refusing to extend his contract.

On 27 June 2019, Deportivo La Coruña confirmed the signing of Lampropoulos on a free transfer for the next two seasons. Deportivo missed out on promotion to La Liga, this year after losing to Mallorca in the playoffs.

On 31 January 2020, Lampropoulos joined VfL Bochum on loan until the end of the 2019–20 season.
On 14 August 2020, he has signed a two-year contract with VfL Bochum of the 2. Bundesliga. The 30-year-old centre-back had been on loan at Bochum from Deportivo during the second half of the previous campaign. On 15 December 2020, he faced a muscle injury in a game against Hannover 96 and he estimated to be in the injury list for at least four months. At the end of the season VfL Bochum were crowned champions of 2. Bundesliga and promoted to Bundesliga.

International career
On 9 November 2018, Greece new coach Angelos Anastasiadis called up Lampropoulos for the match against Finland and Estonia for UEFA Nations League. On 15 November 2018, he made his debut in a 1–0 home win game against Finland.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
AEK Athens
Superleague: 2017–18
Football League: 2014–15 (South Group)
Greek Cup: 2015–16

VfL Bochum
2. Bundesliga: 2020–21

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Pyrgos, Elis
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Greece men's international footballers
Greece men's under-21 international footballers
Greece men's youth international footballers
Super League Greece players
Segunda División players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Apollon Pontou F.C. players
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
GS Ilioupolis players
Ethnikos Asteras F.C. players
Panionios F.C. players
AEK Athens F.C. players
Deportivo de La Coruña players
VfL Bochum players
Greek expatriate men's footballers
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany


Harold Leon Breeden (3 October 1921 – 11 August 2010) was a jazz educator and musician.

Biography
When he was three his parents moved to Wichita Falls, Texas, where he grew up and graduated from high school. He attended Texas Wesleyan College in Fort Worth on a scholarship and later transferred to Texas Christian University where he completed both his bachelor's and master's degrees. While doing graduate work at Columbia University in New York City, he studied clarinet with Reginald Kell who had immigrated to the U.S. in 1948. Benny Goodman began studies with Kell in 1949.

Breeden used his given name "Harold" only while serving in the Army. During the early part of World War II, he served in the 69th Infantry Division band as music librarian and played in the band at Ft. Bliss.

In 1944, after military duty, he became the Director of Bands at Texas Christian University and later served as Director of Bands at Grand Prairie High School from 1953 to 1959. In 1959, M.E. "Gene" Hall, Founding Director of Jazz Studies at the University of North Texas College of Music, recommended Breeden to replace Hall as Director of Jazz Studies, where Breeden remained until his retirement in 1984. A classically trained clarinetist, Breeden also played saxophone and studied composition and arranging at Texas Christian. He was a teaching assistant under Don Gillis, whom he worked with in New York City from 1950 to 1952 as his assistant. He married Bonna Joyce McKee, whom he had met while working on his master's degree at Texas Christian.

Gillis was producer of the NBC Symphony, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Breeden met with and wrote arrangements for Arthur Fiedler, conductor of the Boston Pops. Gillis recommended Breeden for work. In 1950, after hearing his first arrangements for the group, Fiedler offered Breeden a position as staff writer and arranger for the orchestra, but with an ill father, Breeden declined and moved back to Texas. He worked as music coordinator for KXAS-TV in Fort Worth, known at the time as WBAP-TV.

In the last several years of his life, Breeden frequently soloed on clarinet with The Official Texas Jazz Orchestra.

Breeden died of natural causes on August 11, 2010, in Dallas. The Associated Press release of Breeden's death referred to him as a legendary director who made the One O'Clock Lab Band internationally famous.

Career
Breeden was the chairman of Jazz Studies and director of the One O'Clock Lab Band at the University of North Texas College of Music from 1959 to 1981. The One O'Clock Lab Band is the highest level of nine big bands at the College of Music. The College of Music is a comprehensive music school with the largest enrollment of any music institution accredited by the National Association of Schools of Music and the first in the world to offer a degree in jazz studies at the collegiate level.

Breeden took the One O'Clock Lab Band to London, Paris, Portugal, Russia, Mexico, Germany, Spain, and Switzerland. The band played throughout the U.S. and at the Spoleto Music Festival. The band performed at the White House for presidents Johnson, Carter, and Reagan and for the U.S. visit by the King and Queen of Thailand. The band has accompanied Ella Fitzgerald and has produced musicians for the Stan Kenton and Woody Herman bands. There are more than 600 recordings of the jazz band's performances in the North Texas School of Music archives.

His students included Dee Barton, Herb Ellis, Paul Guerrero, Galen Jeter, Marc Johnson, Bobby Knight, Sparky Koerner, Lou Marini, Lyle Mays, Byron Parks, Neal Ramsay, Jim Riggs, Marvin Stamm, and Lanny Steele.

Awards and honors

References
General references

 "Leon Breeden interview," Voice of America (1977);

Inline citations

1921 births
2010 deaths
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz clarinetists
American jazz composers
American jazz educators
American music arrangers
Hard bop clarinetists
Jazz arrangers
American male jazz composers
Post-bop clarinetists
Swing clarinetists
University of North Texas College of Music faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II


Dawson Range may refer to:
Dawson Range (British Columbia)
Dawson Range (Queensland)
Dawson Range (Yukon)


The Premier peintre du Roi (First painter to the King) was a court painter position within the administration of the Bâtiments du Roi of the Département de la Maison du Roi in France under the Ancien Régime. Its holder occupied a similar position to that of Premier architecte du Roi (albeit a far less prestigious one). The holder was not in charge of any other court staff, and the role was often without a holder.

Unlike other countries, the Premier peintre was often, even usually, not a specialist portrait-painter, but was always a native Frenchman.  The most famous holder, Nicolas Poussin, was persuaded to return to France in 1640 to take the office, but returned to Rome after a little more than a year.  Despite this, he held the position for another 23 years.

In contrast, his successor Charles Le Brun devoted most of his time to his work for Louis XIV, decorating his palaces and designing for and supervising the royal factories of the Savonnerie manufactory for carpets and the Gobelins Manufactory for tapestries and furniture.  Le Brun had a bitter, life-long rivalry with the portraitist Pierre Mignard, who finally succeeded him at the age of 78, but only held the post for the five years before he died.

Holders
 1603–1619 : Martin Fréminet
 1627–1649 : Simon Vouet
 1641–1665 : Nicolas Poussin
 1664–1690 : Charles Le Brun
 1690–1695 : Pierre Mignard
 1695–1716 : vacant
 1716–1722 : Antoine Coypel
 1722–1725 : vacant
 1725–1733 : Louis de Boullogne
 1733–1736 : vacant
 1736–1737 : François Lemoyne
 1737–1746 : vacant
 1746–1752 : Charles-Antoine Coypel
 1752–1762 : vacant
 1762–1765 : Carle Van Loo
 1765–1770 : François Boucher
 1770–1789 : Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre
 1789–1791 : Joseph-Marie Vien

References

Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime
Offices in the Ancien Régime


Hamlet Handley (1873 – 27 October 1918) was an English footballer who played for Burslem Port Vale in the 1890s.

Career
Handley joined Burslem Port Vale in August 1895 and scored on his debut; in a 2–0 win at Rotherham Town on 7 September 1895. He lost his place at the Athletic Ground the next month after a total of five Second Division appearances, and was released at the end of the season.

Personal life
Handley served as a private in the North Staffordshire Regiment during the First World War and died on active service on 27 October 1918. He is buried at Burslem Cemetery in Stoke-on-Trent.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1873 births
1918 deaths
Footballers from Burslem
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Military personnel from Staffordshire
British Army personnel of World War I
North Staffordshire Regiment soldiers
British military personnel killed in World War I


There once existed a  network of railway lines on the Isle of Wight, which operated both as a self-contained railway network, and as links to ferry services between the island and the South coast of Great Britain. The routes were opened by several companies between 1862 and 1901 and modernised after The Grouping in the 1920s. Most of them were permanently closed between 1952 and 1966, whilst the  Island Line was temporarily closed in 1966 and rebuilt for electric train services, introduced in 1967. Replacement trains were introduced in 1990, and again in 2021 along with a major renewal of the line. A further  have reopened as a heritage line known as the Isle of Wight Steam Railway and there have been several proposals to expand the network further since the 1960s, either with conventional heavy rail or by conversion to light rail.

Early beginnings
The first railway to be built on the island ran for a distance of . It was opened in 1833 on the Nash Estate near Yarmouth. Its usage is presumed to have been for transporting brickmaking materials to and from a jetty on the Solent, and it is not thought to have used mechanical traction. The line is now abandoned.

The independent companies
The first conventional railway line to open on the island was that from Cowes to Newport. The Cowes & Newport Railway Company began construction of the line in 1859 after an enabling Act of Parliament was passed earlier that year. The line opened to passengers in June 1862.

Shortly after this, the Isle of Wight Railway (IWR) company built its initial line from Ryde to Shanklin, opening in 1864. Also in 1864, horse-drawn trams began running along Ryde Pier, connecting ferry services to the town. The IWR opened an extension of its main line to reach Ventnor in 1866. In 1871, the Ryde tramway was extended to meet the railway line at Ryde St John's Road.

The Ryde & Newport Railway opened in December 1875, with operations controlled by the Cowes & Newport company.

In 1875, the Isle of Wight (Newport Junction) Railway opened the main part of its 10-mile Sandown to Newport line, planned in 1868. It would have opened sooner, but failed official inspections. In February 1875, the line was opened between Shide, a suburb of Newport, and the IWR station at Sandown. Eight months later the line was extended a further half-mile to reach Pan Lane. However, the final half-mile from there to Newport station did not open until 1879. Four years of poor connections in Newport meant not enough passengers or freight had been attracted to the line, and the company passed into receivership in 1880. At this point, it was bought by the Cowes & Newport/Ryde & Newport company, who were legally renamed as the Isle of Wight Central Railway (IWCR).

In 1877 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway and London and South Western Railway were granted an Act of Parliament to extend Ryde Pier, building a railway line from the pier head to St John's Road. This was completed in 1880, and at this point the Ryde tramway was shortened to simply run along the pier.

In 1882, the IWR opened a branch line from Brading to Bembridge, serving a large natural harbour between Bembridge and St Helen's stations. A short-lived train ferry from Bembridge Harbour to the Hayling Island branch line also started at this point.

In 1889, the Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway (FYN) opened its 12-mile line from Newport to Freshwater, the only line to run west of Newport. Services on its line were operated by the IWCR under a mutual agreement.

The network was completed by the Newport, Godshill and St Lawrence Railway's Ventnor West Branch line from Merstone, on the Sandown-Newport line, to St Lawrence on the south coast. This was opened in 1897, and extended to Ventnor West in June 1900. This line, the last to be built on the island, was taken over by the Isle of Wight Central.

By the end of 1900, a total of 55½ miles of railway covered the island, including railway lines on Ryde Pier (but excluding the pier tramway). Freight services were largely limited to coal, and most of the income for the island's railway companies came from passenger tickets, whose sales varied significantly between the busy summer season and the relative quiet of winter.

A fixed railway link to the mainland was authorised by Parliament in 1903. The South West and Isle of Wight Junction Railway was a joint project between the London & South Western Railway and the FYN. The excavation of a two and a half-mile long tunnel was approved in 1903, 1904 and 1909. However, the tunnel project was abandoned due to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

As mentioned above, the IWCR and FYN had an agreement whereby the IWCR would provide the train service along the FYN line. However, in 1913 this agreement deteriorated to the point that the FYN was forced to purchase its own locomotives and rolling stock.

Southern Railway

After the Railways Act 1921 came into force from January 1923, the Southern Railway took over all lines on the island, although the integration of the FYN took some time due to financial wrangling. The company set about significant investment in the island's rail services, primarily through replacing old locomotives and carriages. Twenty-three O2 class locomotives were transferred to the island from the former London and South Western Railway's suburban services, and many coaches were brought from the former London, Chatham and Dover Railway and London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.  The locomotives were given numbers under an unusual system where each number was individual only on the island. Each locomotive officially carried its number with a W-prefix to indicate this, and was given a nameplate relating to somewhere on the island (e.g. W 24—Calbourne).

The Southern also carried out changes in track layout to make services more flexible, such as the installation of double track from Brading to Sandown, new passing loops at Havenstreet and Wroxall stations, and pointwork at Smallbrook Junction. A new named train called The Tourist was set up, running from Ventnor to Freshwater via Sandown, Merstone and Newport. It was the only named train on the island, and travelled on lines from all the former Isle of Wight railway companies.

Nationalisation, privatisation and preservation

In 1948, the railways of the United Kingdom, including those on the island, were nationalised as British Railways. Under separate modernisation schemes, the FYN line, Ventnor West line, Bembridge branch and Sandown to Newport line had closed by the end of 1956. In 1966, under the recommendations of the Beeching Report, services were withdrawn on the Ryde to Newport and Cowes lines, and between Shanklin and Ventnor.

The line between Ryde and Shanklin was also earmarked for closure by Beeching, but the TUCC stated that this would cause severe hardship and the Minister of Transport refused consent, so management decided to authorise electrification instead. This remaining Ryde-Shanklin line was electrified using the third rail system and Class 485 and Class 486 trains, which had previously worked on the London Underground. The new electric service began in March 1967.

In 1971, the Isle of Wight Steam Railway began operating on part of the Ryde to Newport line. Their operation extended to reach 5½ miles in 1991, and they are now focused on restoring their substantial fleet of historic carriages.

In 1990, the newer fleet of Class 483 trains replaced the older electric units on the Ryde-Shanklin line. The line and passenger services were branded as Island Line (replacing the former RydeRail brand), and in 1996 the passenger service was privatised as the Island Line franchise, which was absorbed into the South Western franchise in 2007. Since then, electric services on the line have continued to run under the name Island Line Trains. The route is unique within the UK's franchised rail network in being vertically integrated - while Network Rail own the Island Line's infrastructure, it is leased out to the operator who is therefore responsible for everyday maintenance of the track and immediate foundations as well as the trains that run on it.

Fate of the abandoned lines

Many of the railway lines abandoned between 1952 and 1966 have found other uses. The tunnel between St Lawrence and Whitwell was until recently home to a mushroom farm, while the one from Ventnor to Wroxall is now used to collect and transport Ventnor's water supply. From 2004 Ventnor and St Lawrence were served by the Ventnor Rail Link bus from Shanklin, although this was withdrawn in 2010 after decisions by the Isle of Wight Council about the funding of Wightbus. Newport railway station was completely demolished in 1971 to make way for an upgrade of the A3054 road. Several parts of the network have been turned into "rail trail" cyclepaths, and notably the island's section of National Cycle Route 23 was constructed mainly on the former Sandown-Newport-Cowes line of the Isle of Wight Central Railway.

The future
In August 2017, the franchise was taken over by South Western Railway, who maintained the Island Line name. On 16 September 2019 it was confirmed that a £26 million investment into the Isle of Wight's railways would mean 5 class 484 units would replace the ageing class 483s, which had become unreliable to the point that services on the line had to be halved in frequency for around a month. The new trains were built by Vivarail as third-rail units using D78 Stock bodyshells, and island-based stakeholders including the Isle of Wight Council and Solent Local Enterprise Partnership contributed £1 million to fund reinstatement of a long-removed passing loop at Brading to allow services to run at half-hourly intervals. Network Rail have also agreed to fund £5 million of upgrade work on Ryde Pier to secure the line's future, as failure to do so would be terminal to the line's operation. The first of the Class 484 trains were due to arrive on the line in the summer of 2020, although this was delayed until September due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Most of the work on the track took place over the winter of 2020–2021, with a "shuttle" train service operated during this period. A full service using only the new trains and running to a 30-minute frequency began in May 2021.

The island's MP has also expressed an interest with the Department for Transport for feasibility studies to re-open routes between Wooton and Newport, and between Shanklin and Ventnor. The idea of extending Island Line services back to Ventnor was first considered in 1967, but has been previously dismissed due to the need to reclaim the tunnel under Ventnor Downs from Southern Water and some other sections of the former route having been built upon. The Isle of Wight Steam Railway have a long-term aspiration to return trains to Newport, but responded to the proposal by stating that " this has significant financial and technical challenges" and that while they have no current plans to extend Westward, they are open to discussing how to overcome the challenges.

Numerous other plans have been suggested for the island's rail system, including:
 the extension of steam services from Smallbrook Junction to Ryde St John's Road station
 conversion of the Island Line to a tramway and extending into Shanklin town centre
 extension of the Island Line to Gosport, Hampshire via a new Solent tunnel

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 Google map of the Island's railways


IEC 61968 is a series of standards under development that will define standards for information exchanges between electrical distribution systems. These standards are being developed by Working Group 14 of Technical Committee 57 of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC TC 57 WG14). IEC 61968 is intended to support the inter-application integration of a utility enterprise that needs to collect data from different applications that are legacy or new and each has different interfaces and run-time environments. IEC 61968 defines interfaces for all the major elements of an interface architecture for distribution management systems (DMS) and is intended to be implemented with middleware services that broker messages among applications.

Standards
 IEC 61968-1 – Interface architecture and general requirements [Published]
 IEC 61968-2 – Glossary [Published]
 IEC 61968-3 – Interface for Network Operations [NO] [Published]
 IEC 61968-4 – Interfaces for Records and Asset management [AM] [Published]
 IEC 61968-5 – Interfaces for Distributed Energy Optimization [DER] [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-6 – Interfaces for Maintenance & Construction [MC] [Published]
 IEC 61968-7 – Interfaces for Network Extension Planning [NE] [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-8 – Interfaces for Customer Support [CS] [Published]
 IEC 61968-9 – Interface Standard for Meter Reading & Control [MR] [Published]
 IEC 61968-10 – Interfaces for Business functions external to distribution management [Retired]. This includes Energy management & trading [EMS], Retail [RET], Supply Chain & Logistics [SC], Customer Account Management [ACT], Financial [FIN], Premises [PRM] & Human Resources [HR]
 IEC 61968-11 – Common Information Model (CIM) Extensions for Distribution [Published]
 IEC 61968-12 – Common Information Model (CIM) Use Cases for 61968 [Retired]
 IEC 61968-13 – Common Information Model (CIM) RDF Model exchange format for distribution [Published]
 IEC 61968-14-1-3 to 14-1-10 – Proposed IEC Standards to Map IEC 61968 and MultiSpeak Standards [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-14-2-3 to 14-2-10 – Proposed IEC Standards to Create a CIM Profile to Implement MultiSpeak Functionality [Under Development]
 IEC 61968-100 – Application Integration

See also
 IEC 61850
 IEC 61970

External links

 CIM Users Group

61968
Smart grid


Ruby Range may refer to the following mountain ranges:

Ruby Range (Valhalla Ranges), British Columbia, Canada
Ruby Range (Sifton Ranges), British Columbia, Canada
Ruby Range (Yukon), Canada
Ruby Range (Colorado), United States
Ruby Range (Montana), United States

See also
Ruby Mountains


Hierodula inconspicua is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

inconspicua
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1952


Cork Dry Gin is an Irish gin. First produced in Cork in the Watercourse Distillery circa 1793. Since 1975, Cork Dry Gin has been manufactured by Irish Distillers, a subsidiary of Pernod Ricard, at their Midleton Distillery. Cork Dry Gin is the largest selling gin brand in Ireland.

Until recently, bottles of Cork Dry Gin still featured the name of the Cork Distilleries Company, which had purchased the Watercourse Distillery in 1867 and owned it until its subsequent merger with two other Irish distilleries to form Irish Distillers in 1966.

References

External links
 Cork Dry Gin
 Irish Distillers

Alcoholic drink brands
Gins
Pernod Ricard brands


The 1959 NCAA College Division basketball tournament involved 32 schools playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's basketball in the NCAA College Division, predecessor to today's NCAA Divisions II and III, as a culmination of the 1958–59 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. It was won by the University of Evansville, and Evansville's Hugh Ahlering was named Most Outstanding Player.

Regional participants

Regionals

South Central - Tuskegee, Alabama
Location: Logan Hall Host: Tuskegee Institute

Third Place - Lincoln 88, Tuskegee 64

East - Garden City, New York
Location: Woodruff Hall Host: Adelphi College

Third Place - Adelphi 69, Wesleyan 63

Northeast - Winooski, Vermont
Location: unknown Host: Saint Michael's College

Third Place - Buffalo 78, Williams 53

Mideast - Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: Evansville College

Third Place - Belmont Abbey 79, Southern Illinois 70

Great Lakes - Glen Ellyn, Illinois
Location: Glenbard High School Gym Host: Wheaton College

Third Place - Wabash 100, Loras 79

Southwest - Springfield, Missouri
Location: McDonald Hall and Arena Host: Southwest Missouri State College

Third Place - Abilene Christian 85, Western Illinois 81*

Midwest - Brookings, South Dakota
Location: The Barn Host: South Dakota State College

Third Place - Wartburg 69, Augustana 66*

Pacific Coast - Los Angeles, California
Location: Eagle's Nest Host: California State University, Los Angeles

Third Place - Willamette 76, Sacramento State 57

*denotes each overtime played

National Finals - Evansville, Indiana
Location: Roberts Municipal Stadium Host: Evansville College

Third Place - North Carolina A&T 101, Cal State Los Angeles 84

*denotes each overtime played

All-tournament team
 Hugh Ahlering (Evansville)
 Paul Benes (Hope)
 Joe Cotton (North Carolina A&T)
 Leo Hill (Cal State-Los Angeles)
 Jack Israel (Southwest Missouri State)

See also
 1959 NCAA University Division basketball tournament
 1959 NAIA Basketball Tournament

References

Sources
 2010 NCAA Men's Basketball Championship Tournament Records and Statistics: Division II men's basketball Championship
 1959 NCAA College Division Men's Basketball Tournament jonfmorse.com

NCAA Division II men's basketball tournament
Tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament
NCAA College Division basketball tournament


Freak*on*ica is the fifth studio album by American rock band Girls Against Boys, released on May 19, 1998, through DGC Records. It was first released on vinyl, followed by a released on CD and cassette formats on June 2, 1998. It was produced by Nick Launay.

The album received moderate success in the US, though its stylistic shift garnered a mixed reception from critics. Scott McCloud has described that period as having “an atmosphere of stress. But I remember it coming from me...There were no Geffen people in the studio. All the mistakes that were made were made by us.”

Reception

The album was released to very mixed reviews. Matt Diehl of Entertainment Weekly called it "GVSB's most mesmerizing collection yet." In his retrospective review, Ned Raggett of AllMusic wrote that Freak*on*ica was "practically a joke, sounding more like a commercial band attempting to cover Girls Against Boys than the group itself." Although the album was initially reviewed positively, Kevin Adickes of Pitchfork later described the album as a "calamity" and a "discotheque disaster" in 2002.

The album received moderate success in the US. By 2002, Freak*On*Ica had sold  44,000 copies in the United States.

Track listing

 "Park Avenue" – 3:50
 "Pleasurized" – 3:39
 "Psycho-Future" – 3:32
 "Black Hole" – 4:16
 "Roxy" - 4:19
 "One Firecracker" – 3:47
 "Speedway" – 3:43
 "Exorcisto" – 3:56
 "Vogue Thing" – 3:53
 "Push the Fader" – 4:01
 "Exile" – 4:20
 "Cowboy's Orbit" – 4:04

Charts
 Album

 Singles

References

External links

Girls Against Boys albums
1998 albums


Hierodula ingens is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

ingens
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1911


Hierodula jobina is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

jobina
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1912


Pyronaut (originally Bristol Phoenix II) is a specialised form of fireboat known as a fire-float. It was built in 1934 by Charles Hill & Sons Ltd., Albion Dock Bristol, Yard No. 208. Registered number 333833. She is owned by Bristol Museums and based at M Shed in Bristol's Floating Harbour.

Originally powered by two Petter Atomic diesel engines rates at  each. Two Merryweather & Sons three-cylinder reciprocating pumps capable of delivering  of water per minute.

This equipment was replaced in 1968 by two Ruston & Hornsby 6YDM six-cylinder diesel engines rated at  each, driving screw propellers from the front power-take-off, and Coventry Climax centrifugal pumps capable of delivering  of water per minute from the main drive.

Fire-floats in Bristol
When ships loaded with valuable cargoes are berthed together in crowded docks surrounded by warehouses, a fire can be disastrous. Although land-based fire-engines are able to reach much of the fire ground, waterborne fire-engines, or fire-floats, can fight the fire from the water (outside the UK fire-floats are commonly known as fireboats).

The first recorded fire-float was built in 1765 for the Sun Fire Insurance Company in London. This was a manual pump in a small boat, rowed by its crew to the scene of the fire. A similar craft was built in Bristol by James Hilhouse for the Imperial Fire Insurance Office in the 1780s. All fire fighting in Bristol was carried out either by private insurance companies or the Docks Company until the formation of the Bristol Fire Brigade as a branch of the police in 1876.

By the middle of the nineteenth century, self-propelled steam-fire-floats were beginning to be introduced. The first to appear in Bristol was the Fire Queen, built by Shand Mason & Co., London, in 1884 for service in Bristol City Docks. The  long craft was equipped with a three-cylinder steam-pump supplying two large hose reels; one of these was replaced with a monitor, or water-cannon, in 1900. Fire Queen served until 1922.

In 1905, the Fire Brigade took delivery of the Salamander, built by G.K. Stothert & Co., Hotwells, Bristol, and equipped with Merryweather pumps and two monitors. Salamander served at Avonmouth Docks for many years. She demonstrated the major drawback of steam-powered fire-floats one day in 1917: a fire was discovered at 7:30 a.m. in a transit shed at Avonmouth Dock, and Salamander was called out. By 8:30 am shore appliances had almost extinguished the fire. Meanwhile, Salamander had finally raised sufficient steam to lend a hand, and arrived at 8:36 a.m.

As well as the two specialised craft, a number of craft owned by the Port Authority were fitted with fire-fighting equipment. These included the tug/tender Brunel, and the multi-purpose workboat Bulldog. The Port also owned and operated the fire-float Denny, built in 1916 for service at Portishead Dock. Denny served until 1953.

In 1921, Fire Queen was replaced as the City Docks' fire-float by Phoenix, built in London and petrol-engined. Ten years later, the Fire Brigade reconsidered their requirements in the Port of Bristol. The cost of installing diesel engines in Salamander was investigated, but proved too expensive to be worthwhile, and instead the Brigade ordered two new fire-floats, one for Avonmouth and one for the City Docks. Charles Hill & Sons Ltd., Albion Dockyard, Bristol, successfully tendered for both. In 1934 the Bristol Phoenix II (later renamed Pyronaut) was launched, followed in 1936 by Endres Gane.

Bristol Phoenix II was taken into commission in June 1934, working from the Prince Street Bridge river police station. Her crew consisted of three firemen, including an engineer stationed below in the noisy engine room. He responded to orders transmitted from the wheel by the ship's telegraph, and controlled the speed and direction of each engine and watched over the pumps at the fire.

Surviving records show that in her first two years at work Bristol Phoenix II attended major fires at Robbins Ltd., Imperial Saw Mills, Cumberland Road (now part of the Baltic Wharf housing estate) Charles Hill & Sons Ltd.'s shipyard and William Butler's tar distillation works at Crew's Hole, Bristol. These sites were at opposite ends of the City Docks, almost five miles apart, and to allow the fire-float to reach the fire quickly, it was important that she should be able to pass under Prince Street swing bridge (the lowest in the Docks) without the bridge opening. This limitation meant that the fire-float's air-draught (the hull and superstructure above the waterline) was very low, and the helmsman had to lie flat on the deck when navigating some of the bridges.

In 1938, it was discovered that a second vessel named Phoenix appeared on the Bristol Ship Register, and, because this is not permitted, the fire-float was renamed Pyronaut (a name thought up by the teenage son of the Chairman of the Watch Committee). Shortly after this, in November 1938, one of the most serious peacetime fires in the City Docks broke out, at Samuel Thompson & Sons' malthouse (later known as the MacArthur warehouse) in Gas Ferry Road. The fire raged through the building, causing £46,000 of damage before it was extinguished by Pyronaut and several shore appliances.

World War II
Early in 1939 several small fires at various places in the City Docks preceded a major fire at the Cumberland Road premises of the Anglo-American Asphalt Co. In the following year, Pyronaut embarked upon her busiest period, as the air raids of the Bristol Blitz damaged and destroyed countless warehouses, factories, shops and homes around the Floating Harbour. Operating alongside two motor-launches fitted with fire-fighting equipment, Pyronaut was constantly manned and working through the worst raids of the war.

Peacetime service
The return to peacetime duties meant less work for the fire-floats, but major fires still occurred. In February 1948 there was a serious blaze at the Hippodrome Theatre, and Pyronaut pumped water from the head of St Augustine's Reach. It was the height of the pantomime season, and amongst the salvage was some of the clothing for the cast, including Sid Phasey's dress suit. A reporter recorded the scene: ‘I find clusters of men soaked to the skin, their eyes red-rimmed with the smoke and fumes, plying their hoses oblivious to the danger that threatened them every minute from above’.

In 1949, a serious fire in wastepaper stacks at St. Anne's Board Mill required the attendance of Pyronaut and many shore appliances, as well as the company’s own motor-launch fire-float. When Rowe Bros' lead works warehouses on Canons' Marsh caught fire in 1950, Pyronaut pumped water from the City Docks. In September 1951, the most serious peacetime oil fire to date broke out at Avonmouth Docks, and Pyronaut made the journey down the River Avon to attend; she pumped water continually for two days. The following year saw her fighting a dangerous fire aboard the m.v. Stalheim in the city docks.

In quieter moments, the crew regularly took Pyronaut for drill periods, to familiarise themselves with the equipment and performance of the craft. A favourite destination during drill was Beese’s Tea Garden at Conham.

Closure of Bristol City Docks
By 1967, the equipment of Pyronaut and Endres Gane was becoming worn out and obsolete. A new fire-float for Avonmouth Docks, the Aquanaut, was ordered from Thames Launch Works Ltd., London, and delivered in 1969. Powered by twin Thornycroft diesel engines driving Schottel propulsion units, the new craft was very manoeuvrable, and her Rolls-Royce turbocharged pumps allowed her to deliver  of water per minute through hoses and four monitors; additionally, she carried large tanks for foam which was discharged through a fifth, dual-purpose, monitor. Aquanaut replaced the Endres Gane, which was sold into private hands; she can still be seen acting as a storage hulk in the city docks.

Instead of buying a new fire-float for the city docks, it was decided to re-equip Pyronaut, and this was carried out in 1968 to 1969, at Charles Hill's. Her Petter Atomic diesel engines and Merryweather reciprocating pumps were replaced with Ruston & Hornsby diesels. These were installed with the normal drive facing forwards, so that the full power of the engines could be applied to the new Coventry Climax centrifugal pumps, and yet still provide sufficient power from the auxiliary end of the engines to drive the screws. At the same time, remote controls of the engine from the steering position was introduced, so that it was no longer necessary to station an engineer in the engine room at all times.

1972 review
Despite these improvements, Pyronaut'''s working days were numbered. In 1969, the decision to close Bristol City Docks to commercial traffic by 1975 was announced and a review of the fire cover in the city docks in 1972 noted that very few buildings remained which could not be reached on all sides by land-based fire-engines. Consequently, Pyronaut was put up for sale in 1973. Seven years later Aquanaut was also sold, and fire cover in the Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Docks became the responsibility of land-based fire appliances and new tugs equipped with fire-fighting equipment.Pyronaut was sold to the Port of Bristol Authority, who took her to Avonmouth and began work on converting her into a divers' boat. This entailed removing all the fire-fighting pumps and moving her engines forward in the hull to create space for a changing room. The work was never completed, and she was sold again to a private owner in 1983, who began to fit out the changing room as a saloon, with the intention of using Pyronaut as a working/living craft in the south of Ireland. Shortly before completing the work in 1989, he decided to sell the vessel to Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, based at the now-closed Bristol Industrial Museum where restoration and preservation was completed in 1995.Pyronaut can now be seen outside the new M Shed museum, berthed with the museum‘s tugs Mayflower and John King''. Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet,
she performs displays during major harbour events as well as operating for trips on some summer weekends. In June 2012 she travelled to London by road to take part in the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Pageant.

References

Fireboats of the United Kingdom
Bristol Industrial Museum
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
Tourist attractions in Bristol
Ships built in Bristol
Bristol Harbourside
1934 ships
Ships and vessels of the National Historic Fleet


Hierodula kapaurana is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

kapaurana
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1912


The exome is composed of all of the exons within the genome, the sequences which, when transcribed, remain within the mature RNA after introns are removed by RNA splicing. This includes untranslated regions of messenger RNA (mRNA), and coding regions. Exome sequencing has proven to be an efficient method of determining the genetic basis of more than two dozen Mendelian or single gene disorders.

Statistics

The human exome consists of roughly 233,785 exons, about 80% of which are less than 200 base pairs in length, constituting a total of about 1.1% of the total genome, or about 30 megabases of DNA. Though composing a very small fraction of the genome, mutations in the exome are thought to harbor 85% of mutations that have a large effect on disease.

Definition

It is important to note that the exome is distinct from the transcriptome, which is all of the transcribed RNA within a cell type. While the exome is constant from cell-type to cell-type, the transcriptome changes based on the structure and function of the cells. As a result, the entirety of the exome is not translated into protein in every cell. Different cell types only transcribe portions of the exome, and only the coding regions of the exons are eventually translated into proteins.

Next-generation sequencing
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for the rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA, significantly advancing the study of genetics, and replacing older methods such as Sanger sequencing. This technology is starting to become more common in healthcare and research not only because it is a reliable method of determining genetic variations, but also because it is cost effective and allows researchers to sequence entire genomes in anywhere between days to weeks. This compares to former methods which may have taken months. Next-gen sequencing includes both whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing.

Whole-exome sequencing
Sequencing an individual's exome instead of their entire genome has been proposed to be a more cost-effective and efficient way to diagnose rare genetic disorders. It has also been found to be more effective than other methods such as karyotyping and microarrays. This distinction is largely due to the fact that phenotypes of genetic disorders are a result of mutated exons. In addition, since the exome only comprises 1.5% of the total genome, this process is more cost efficient and fast as it involves sequencing around 40 million bases rather than the 3 billion base pairs that make up the genome.

Whole-genome sequencing
On the other hand, whole genome sequencing has been found to capture a more comprehensive view of variants in the DNA compared to whole-exome sequencing. Especially for single nucleotide variants, whole genome sequencing is more powerful and more sensitive than whole-exome sequencing in detecting potentially disease-causing mutations within the exome. One must also keep in mind that non-coding regions can be involved in the regulation of the exons that make up the exome, and so whole-exome sequencing may not be complete in showing all the sequences at play in forming the exome.

Ethical considerations
With either form of sequencing, whole-exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing, some have argued that such practices should be done under the consideration of medical ethics. While physicians strive to preserve patient autonomy, sequencing deliberately asks laboratories to look at genetic variants that may be completely unrelated to the patient's condition at hand and have the potential of revealing findings that were not intentionally sought. In addition, such testing have been suggested to have imply forms of discrimination against particular groups for having certain genes, creating the potential for stigmas or negative attitudes towards that group as a result.

Diseases and diagnoses
Rare mutations that affect the function of essential proteins constitute the majority of Mendelian diseases. In addition, the overwhelming majority of disease-causing mutations in Mendelian loci can be found within the coding region. With the goal of finding methods to best detect harmful mutations and successfully diagnose patients, researchers are looking to the exome for clues to aid in this process.

Whole-exome sequencing is a recent technology that has led to the discovery of various genetic disorders and increased the rate of diagnoses of patients with rare genetic disorders. Overall, whole-exome sequencing has allowed healthcare providers to diagnose 30–50% of patients who were thought to have rare Mendelian disorders. It has been suggested that whole-exome sequencing in clinical settings has many unexplored advantages. Not only can the exome increase our understanding of genetic patterns, but under clinical settings, it has the potential to the change in management of patients with rare and previously unknown disorders, allowing physicians to develop more targeted and personalized interventions.

For example, Bartter Syndrome, also known as salt-wasting nephropathy, is a hereditary disease of the kidney characterized by hypotension (low blood pressure), hypokalemia (low potassium), and alkalosis (high blood pH) leading to muscle fatigue and varying levels of fatality. It is an example of a rare disease, affecting fewer than one per million people, whose patients have been positively impacted by whole-exome sequencing. Thanks to this method, patients who formerly did not exhibit the classical mutations associated with Bartter Syndrome were formally diagnosed with it after the discovery that the disease has mutations outside of the loci of interest. They were thus able to gain more targeted and productive treatment for the disease.

Much of the focus of exome sequencing in the context of disease diagnosis has been on protein coding "loss of function" alleles. Research has shown, however, that future advances that allow the study of non-coding regions, within and without the exome, may lead to additional abilities in the diagnoses of rare Mendelian disorders. The exome is the part of the genome composed of exons, the sequences which, when transcribed, remain within the mature RNA after introns are removed by RNA splicing and contribute to the final protein product encoded by that gene.  It consists of all DNA that is transcribed into mature RNA in cells of any type, as distinct from the transcriptome, which is the RNA that has been transcribed only in a specific cell population. The exome of the human genome consists of roughly 180,000 exons constituting about 1% of the total genome, or about 30 megabases of DNA. Though composing a very small fraction of the genome, mutations in the exome are thought to harbor 85% of mutations that have a large effect on disease. Exome sequencing has proved to be an efficient strategy to determine the genetic basis of more than two dozen Mendelian or single gene disorders.

See also
 Coding strand
 Exome sequencing
 Gene structure
 Non-coding DNA
 Non-coding RNA
 Transcriptome
 Transcriptomics

References

Human genetics
Genetics


William Floyd Chadwick (1881 – 1936) was an English footballer who played in goal for Burslem Port Vale at the start of the 20th century.

Career
Chadwick played for Hanley Swifts, before joining Burslem Port Vale in May 1901 as back-up to Harry Cotton. His goalkeeping debut came in a 3–3 draw at Doncaster Rovers on 7 September 1901, and he played a further five Second Division games in 1901–02. He played two league games in the 1902–03 and 1903–04 campaigns, before he was released from the Athletic Ground in the summer of 1904.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1881 births
1936 deaths
Footballers from Hanley, Staffordshire
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players


Hierodula laevicollis is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

laevicollis
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1871


USS Munindies (ID-2093) was a cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.

SS Munindies was built as a commercial cargo ship in 1917 at Newport News, Virginia, by Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company for the Munson Steamship Line of New York City. Launched on 17 October 1917, she was delivered to the Munson Steamship Line on 7 December 1917. The U.S. Navy acquired her for World War I service from Munson on 17 December 1917. Assigned naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 2093, she was commissioned at Norfolk, Virginia, as USS Munindies the same day.

Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, Munindies loaded 5,200 tons of United States Army cargo at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and sailed for Europe in convoy on 4 January 1918, arriving at La Pallice, France, on 25 January 1918. She departed Bordeaux, France, for the United States East Coast on 27 February 1918, arriving in the United States on 2 March 1918.

Munindies made three more crossings to Europe in U.S. Navy service. Her final transatlantic voyage for the Navy ended at New York City on 11 December 1918.

On 11 January 1919, Munindies got underway with general supplies for Argentina, reaching La Plata, Argentina, on 12 February 1919 to unload her cargo. She returned to New York City on 4 April 1919

Munindies was decommissioned on either 25 April 1919 or 24 July 1919. On the day of her decommissioning she was transferred to the United States Shipping Board for return to the Munson Steamship Line.

Once again SS Munindies, she operated for the Munson Steamship Line in commercial service until November 1939, when she was sunk by a naval mine during World War II.

Notes

References

NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Munindies (ID 2093)

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships sunk by mines
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
1917 ships
Mundelta-class cargo ships


Hierodula lamasonga is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

lamasonga
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1912


Hierodula latipennis is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

latipennis
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1893


Hierodula longedentata is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

longedentata
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1933


Friedrich Marx (April 22, 1859 – October 17, 1941) was a German classical philologist born in Bessungen — today part of the city of Darmstadt.

In 1877 he began his study of classical philology at the University of Giessen, then continued his education at the University of Bonn under Franz Bücheler (1837-1908) and Hermann Usener (1834-1905). In 1887 he achieved his habilitation in Berlin with Johannes Vahlen (1830-1911), afterwards working as a professor at the Universities of Rostock (1888-89), Greifswald (1889-93), Breslau (1893-96), Vienna (1896-99), Leipzig (1899-1906) and finally at Bonn (1906-1927), where in 1917-18 he served as university rector.

Marx is considered to be the last representative of the so-called Bonn school of classical philology, a scholastic entity that was initiated by Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806-1876) in the 1840s. He was the author of numerous scholarly works, including editions of: Plautus' play "Rudens" (1928), writings by the encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1915), Filastrius' "Diversarum hereseon liber" (1898), fragments from the satirist Gaius Lucilius (1894-95) and a critical examination of "Rhetorica ad Herennium" (1894); the latter work being published over several editions up to the year 1993.

From 1925 to 1934 he was editor of the journal Rheinisches Museum für Philologie ("Rhenish Museum for Philology").

References
 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

External links
 German Wikisource bibliography of Friedrich Marx.

German classical philologists
Writers from Darmstadt
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Academic staff of Leipzig University
1859 births
1941 deaths


Hierodula maculisternum is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

maculisternum
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1925


Hierodula majuscula is a species of praying mantis in the genus Hierodula. It is also known as the giant rainforest mantis and the Australian giant mantis. It is found in coastal northern Australia, usually in rainforest and adjacent habitats. This species is typically green although a less common bright yellow form does occur.

Diet
It is predominantly a predator of insects including phasmids, grasshoppers, crickets, flies and other mantids. It also feeds on other invertebrate predators such as spiders and occasionally small vertebrates like geckos, frogs, and juvenile snakes.

Description
This is the largest species of Australian mantids. Size is 70–110 mm in total length from eye to wing. It is one of the largest mantis species in the world. The specific epithet "majuscula" means large in Latin.

Gallery

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

External links
 Rainforest Mantid (Hierodula majuscula) on museumvictoria.com.au

majuscula
Mantodea of Oceania
Insects of Australia
Insects described in 1923


Hierodula malaya is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

malaya
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1877


Hierodula microdon is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

microdon
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1933


This article lists the presidents of the Assembly of North Macedonia, from the establishment of ASNOM in 1944 to the present day.

List of presidents (1944–present)

Presidents of the People's Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1944–1991)
 Party

 Status

Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia / North Macedonia (from 1991)
 Parties

 Status

Footnotes

See also
President of North Macedonia
Prime Minister of North Macedonia

External links
Official website of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia

Politics of North Macedonia
Macedonia
North Macedonia politics-related lists


Hierodula mindanensis is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

mindanensis
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1930


Hierodula modesta is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

Subspecies
These two subspecies belong to the species Hierodula modesta:
 Hierodula modesta dentata Beier, 1942
 Hierodula modesta modesta Brunner v.W., 1898

References

modesta
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1898


The Joy of Gay Sex is a sex manual for men who have sex with men by Charles Silverstein and Edmund White. The book was first published in 1977 and was inspired by the bestselling 1972 book The Joy of Sex. The original print run was for 75,000 copies. The book has been translated into French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Japanese.

The 207-page book serves as a how-to guide "with chapters on blowjobs, cruising and dirty talk, a gay Kama Sutra with suggested sex positions like 'the crab' and a cultural guide with non-sexual chapters on the realities of coming out, gay politics, racism and more." It is celebrated for its sex-positive tone. In his memoir, Silverstein wrote that they wanted the book to "have a wider focus than just sex, that it should also advise the reader about life in the gay community and the majority of passages in the finished book were of a nonsexual nature."

The book was partially dedicated to the writer and activist Chris Cox. Silverstein was White's therapist when the publisher offered him the job as co-writer. White says, "The need to pay my rent exceeded my need for therapy."

Sequels
The book was followed by The New Joy of Gay Sex, published by Perennial in August 1993, co-authored by Felice Picano, and The Joy of Gay Sex, fully revised and expanded third edition, published by William Morrow in January 2006, co-authored by Picano.

See also
 The Joy of Sex

References

1977 in LGBT history
1977 non-fiction books
1970s LGBT literature
English-language books
Gay non-fiction books
Sex manuals
Works by Edmund White
LGBT literature in the United States
Collaborative non-fiction books


Hierodula monochroa is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

monochroa
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1855


The term nonpuerperal mastitis describes inflammatory lesions of the breast (mastitis) that occur unrelated to pregnancy and breastfeeding.

It is sometimes equated with duct ectasia, but other forms can be described.

Types

Duct ectasia—periductal mastitis complex

Duct ectasia in the literal sense (literally: duct widening) is a very common and thus rather unspecific finding, increasing with age. However, in the way in which the term is mostly used, duct ectasia is an inflammatory condition of the larger-order lactiferous ducts. It is considered likely that the condition is associated with aseptic (chemical) inflammation related to the rupture of ducts or cysts. It is controversial whether duct dilation occurs first and leads to secretory stasis and subsequent periductal inflammation or whether inflammation occurs first and leads to an inflammatory weakening of the duct walls and then stasis. When the inflammation is complicated by necrosis and secondary bacterial infection, breast abscesses may form. Subareolar abscess, also called Zuska's disease (only nonpuerperal case), is a frequently aseptic inflammation and has been associated with squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts.

The duct ectasia—periductal mastitis complex affects two groups of women: young women (in their late teens and early 20s) and perimenopausal women. Women in the younger group mostly have inverted nipples due to squamous metaplasia that lines the ducts more extensively compared to other women and produces keratin plugs which in turn lead to duct obstruction and then duct dilation, secretory stasis, inflammation, infection and abscess. This is not typically the case for women in the older group; in this group, there is likely a multifactorial etiology involving the balance in estrogen, progesterone and prolactin.

Treatment of mastitis and/or abscess in nonlactating women is largely the same as that of lactational mastitis, generally involving antibiotics treatment, possibly surgical intervention by means of fine-needle aspiration and/or incision and drainage and/or interventions on the lactiferous ducts (for details, see also the articles on treatment of mastitis, of breast abscess and of subareolar abscess). Additionally, an investigation for possible malignancy is needed, normally by means of mammography, and a pathological investigation such as a biopsy may be necessary to exclude malignant mastitis. Although no causal relation with breast cancer has been established, there appears to be an increased statistical risk of breast cancer, warranting a long-term surveillance of patients diagnosed with non-puerperal mastitis.

Nonpuerperal breast abscesses have a higher rate of recurrence compared to puerperal breast abscesses. There is a high statistical correlation of nonpuerperal breast abscess with diabetes mellitus (DM). On this basis, it has recently been suggested that diabetes screening should be performed on patients with such abscesses.

Granulomatous mastitis

Characteristic for granulomatous mastitis are multinucleated giant cells and epithelioid histiocytes around lobules. Often minor ductal and periductal inflammation is present. The lesion is in some cases very difficult to distinguish from breast cancer.

Comedo mastitis

Comedo mastitis is a very rare form similar to granulomatous mastitis but with tissue necrosis. Because it is so rare it may be sometimes confused with comedo carcinoma of the breast although the conditions appear to be completely unrelated.

References

Inflammations
Breast diseases


Place names considered unusual can include those which are also offensive words, inadvertently humorous (especially if mispronounced) or highly charged words, as well as place names of unorthodox spelling and pronunciation, including especially short or long names. These names often have an unintended effect or double-meaning when read by someone who speaks another language.

Profane, humorous and highly charged words

A number of settlements have names that are offensive or humorous in other languages, such as Rottenegg or Fucking (renamed to Fugging in 2021) in Austria, or Fjuckby in Sweden, where the name can be associated with the word "fuck". Although as a place name Fucking is benign in German, in English the word is usually vulgar. Its earliest recorded use in England is within the 14th-century Bristol field name, Fucking Grove, although it is unclear whether the word was considered obscene at that time. Similarly, when they hear of the French town of Condom, English speakers will likely associate it with condoms.

Conversely, a number of place names can be considered humorous or offensive by their inhabitants, such as the Italian town of Bastardo ("Bastard") and Troia ("Slut", literally the female of the pig; the same name is used in Italian for the ancient city of Troy), the German towns Affendorf ("Monkey Village"), Bösgesäß ("Bad-ass" or "Evil-Buttock"), Faulebutter ("Rancid Butter"), Fickmühlen ("Fuck Mills"), Himmelreich ("Kingdom of Heaven"), which appropriately lies at the edge of the Höllental ("Hell's Valley"), Katzenhirn ("Cat Brain", nearest to Mindelheim), Lederhose (Lederhosen, leather trousers), Neger ("Negro"), Plöd ( means "stupid", renamed in 2009), Regenmantel ("Raincoat"), Morgenröte-Rautenkranz ("Morning glory rhombus wreath"), and Warzen ("Warts"), or the Swedish villages of "Porrarp" (in which "porr" translates to "porn"), "Mensträsk ("Menstruation swamp"), "Fittja" ("Fitta" translates to "cunt"), and "Rövhålet" ("Asshole"). The Austrian municipality Unterstinkenbrunn and the cadastral community Oberstinkenbrunn ("Lower Stinking Well" and "Upper Stinking Well", respectively) can also be considered offensive by residents. In the Czech Republic, there are villages called Šukačka ("Fucking") and Onen Svět ("The Other World"), which are located 2 kilometres from each other. In Hong Kong, place names containing the words "shi" (屎 – shit) and "niu" (尿 – piss) are common, and there are a number of place names actually containing profanities along the coast such as Gau Tau (lit. penis head), Ham Lun Kok (含倫角 – lit. "oral sex corner" which the character 倫 is a substitute of the profanity word 𡳞 meaning dick) of which the common names have since been changed to Shek Ngau Chau (石牛洲) and Yau Lung Kok (游龍角) respectively. The name Kau Shi Wai (狗屎圍 in Cantonese – in which 狗屎 means "dog shit") was changed as it was indecent and could cause embarrassment. In the United States, there are at least two towns named Cumming, a slang term for ejaculation, and the name of the town of Effingham, Illinois, contains a minced oath for "fuck".

Some place names are deemed to be offensive or unacceptable, often through historic semantic changes in what is tolerated.

An example of this would be the once common English street name Gropecunt Lane, whose etymology is a historical use of the street by prostitutes to ply their trade. During the Middle Ages the word cunt may often have been considered merely vulgar, having been in common use in its anatomical sense since at least the 13th century. Its steady disappearance from the English vernacular may have been the result of a gradual cleaning-up of the name; Gropecunt Lane in 13th-century Wells became Grope Lane, and then in the 19th century, Grove Lane. In the city of York, Grapcunt Lane (grāp being the Old English word for "grope") was renamed Grope Lane and is now called Grape Lane.

A similar case was in the town of Sasmuan, Pampanga, in the Philippines, formerly known as "Sexmoan" based on attempts by Spanish friars to transcribe Sasmuan; it was unanimously changed into Sasmuan in 1991 because of negative sexual connotations associated with the place name.

In Canada, the town of Swastika, Ontario, founded in 1908, adopted its name years before the Nazi Party adopted the swastika as a symbol.

In Spain, a municipality was named Castrillo Matajudíos ("Jew-killer Camp") from 1627 to 2015. Matamoros (Moor killer), however, remains a common place name, surname, and even the name of several businesses in Spanish-speaking countries.

A few place names in the United States and Canada historically used the word "nigger", a derogatory term for black people. Over the course of the 20th century, many of these place names were changed because of the racist connotations of the word. One example is Dead Nigger Draw in Texas (named to commemorate the Buffalo Soldier tragedy of 1877), which was changed to Dead Negro Draw in 1963, then to Buffalo Soldier Draw in 2020. Another is Niggerhead Mountain near Malibu, California, which was changed to Negrohead Mountain in the 1960s and finally to Ballard Mountain in 2010 for an early African American settler. Niggertown Marsh and Niggertown Knoll in Highlands County, Florida, named for a short-lived freedmen's settlement from the 1870s, were removed from public maps following a complaint in 1992. In Canada, Quebec decided in 2015 to rename 11 places within the province that contained the word "nigger" or the French equivalent, nègre. An Australian island about 30 km north of Cape Grenville was formerly known as Nigger Head; in September 2017 the Queensland government stated that a new name would be chosen for the island, although a new name was never selected and the island remains officially unnamed. In 2016, New Zealand renamed three locations which were found to be offensive: Niggerhead, Nigger Hill, and Nigger Stream became Tawhai Hill, Kanuka Hills, and Pukio Stream respectively.

Likewise, there is pressure to remove the word "squaw" from place names, a traditional term for a Native American woman now considered derogatory. In 2003, Squaw Peak in Phoenix, Arizona, was renamed to Piestewa Peak, after Specialist Lori Ann Piestewa, killed in action during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

Name changes
Sometimes settlement names are changed as a publicity stunt or to promote tourism.

Kindai University in Osaka, Japan, changed its English-language name from Kinki University (pronounced kinky) in 2014, which, in the English language, has a provocative meaning. The Japanese-language name of the university, , was left unchanged. The change was globally reported, though since its founding in 1949, the original name was not a problem within Japan.  However, with the dramatic globalization of Japanese universities in recent decades, including the presence of hundreds of foreign students, staff, faculty, and visiting scholars on campus, the leadership of the university made the change in 2016, after deciding to do so in 2014.

Waters, Arkansas, changed its name to Pine Ridge, Arkansas, after it became known that the fictional town Pine Ridge in the radio sitcom Lum and Abner was based on Waters. Now a sparsely populated and no longer incorporated community, Pine Ridge is home to a Lum and Abner museum.

Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, changed its name from Hot Springs in 1950, after the host of the radio program Truth or Consequences promised free publicity to any town willing to change its name to that of the show. Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, changed its name from Mauch Chunk in honor of the famous athlete when his widow agreed to allow his remains to be buried there.

The former community of Clark, Liberty County, Texas, changed its name to DISH as part of a marketing agreement with Dish Network whereby the town's residents (roughly 200) would get free satellite TV service from the company.

In 1997, the town of Gay Head in Massachusetts changed its name to Aquinnah.

In 1999, the town of Halfway, Oregon, changed its name to Half.com for one year after the e-commerce start-up of the same name offered 20 computers, as well as $110,000 for the school, and other financial subsidies.

Saint Augusta, Minnesota, was for a short time named Ventura after the then-governor Jesse Ventura (whose ring name was in turn named after the city of Ventura, California) to draw attention in avoiding annexation by the nearby city of Saint Cloud. The name was reverted to the original name after the crisis passed.

In the late 1990s, the town of Granville, North Dakota, agreed to change its name temporarily to McGillicuddy City as part of a promotion for Dr. McGillicuddy's schnapps.

In March 2010, Topeka, Kansas, temporarily changed its name to Google, after the technology company, in an attempt to secure the installation of Google Fiber in the city.
In August 1998 Topeka was renamed ToPikachu for the North American launch of Nintendo's wildly successful Pokemon franchise. The city was once again renamed ToPikachu for one day, October 27, 2018 for the launch of Pokemon Let's Go.

Lexically unusual place names

Unorthodox spelling or pronunciation, particularly short or long names, and names derived from unusual sources are often seen as unusual, especially by people outside the culture which named them. The Welsh village of Llanfairpwllgwyngyll changed its name to the longer Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch ("The church of [St.] Mary (Llanfair) [of the] pool (pwll) of the white hazels (gwyn gyll) near [lit. "over against"] (go ger) the fierce whirlpool (y chwyrn drobwll) [and] the church of [St.] Tysilio (Llantysilio) of the red cave") in the 1860s for publicity reasons. At 58 letters, it has the longest place name in the UK. The body of fresh water in Webster, Massachusetts, that has historically (since at least 1921) borne the apparently Native American 45-letter/fourteen-syllable name Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg is usually shortened, for instance on road maps, to using only the final six syllables from its "long form"; as Lake Chaubunagungamaug, or even more simply to "Webster Lake". The longest single-word place name in the world is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu, a hill in New Zealand.

Conversely, there are several settlements whose name consists of only one letter. A number of Norwegian towns are named Å. The name often comes from the Old Norse word Ár, meaning small river. Examples include: Å, Åfjord; Å, Meldal; Å, Lavangen; and Å, Tranøy (also compare rivers named Aa). A village in northern France has been called Y since the 13th century. The Netherlands has IJ (Amsterdam), formerly spelled Y. The Dutch digraph IJ, although typed using two characters, is sometimes considered a ligature, or even a single letter in itself.

There are a number of place names that seem unusual to English speakers because they do not conform to standard English orthography rules. Examples are the Welsh villages of Ysbyty Ystwyth and Bwlchgwyn, which appear to English speakers to contain no vowel characters, although y and w represent vowel sounds in Welsh. Aioi, Japan; Eiao, Marquesas Islands; Aiea, Hawaii; Oia, Greece; Oia, Spain; Aia and Ea, Spanish Basque Country; Ae, Scotland; Aa and Ao in Estonia; Eu, France and Ii, Finland, on the other hand, contain only vowels and no consonants. Triples of any letter in English are considered rare; although the French Polynesian commune Fa'a'ā and its airport Faa'a International Airport both appear to contain a triple a, the apostrophe-like ʻetas represent glottal stops in Tahitian.

Unusual names may also be created as a result of error by the naming authority. An example is Rednaxela Terrace in Hong Kong, which is believed to be the name Alexander but erroneously written right-to-left (the normal practice for writing Chinese in the past); the name has stayed and even been transcribed back to Chinese phonetically.

Road sign theft

As a result of increased notoriety, road signs were commonly stolen in Fucking, Austria, as souvenirs – the only crime which had been reported in the village. It cost some 300 euros to replace each stolen sign, and the costs were reflected in the taxes that local residents paid. In 2004, owing mainly to the stolen signs, a vote was held on changing the village's name, but the residents voted against doing so. Tarsdorf municipality's mayor Siegfried Höppl stated that it was decided to keep the name as it had existed for 800 years, and further stated that "everyone here knows what it means in English, but for us Fucking is Fucking – and it's going to stay Fucking."
In November 2020, the council of Tarsdorf voted to have the village's name officially changed to Fugging (pronounced the same as Fucking in the dialect spoken in the region), effective 1 January 2021.

In 2010, the inhabitants of Shitterton, Dorset, purchased a 1.5-ton block of Purbeck stone to place at the entrance to Shitterton, carved with the hamlet's name, to prevent theft. A truck and crane were hired by volunteers to put the stone in place at a total cost of £680.

See also

List of names in English with counterintuitive pronunciations
List of long place names
List of short place names
Gag name
Toponymy, the study of place names
List of chemical compounds with unusual names
Wikipedia:Unusual place names

Notes

References

External links

University of Calgary press
CNN news, Odd town names strike author's fancy (1998)
Odd and Unusual Place Names
Topeka, Kansas, named Google, Kansas for one month
List of Weird Place Names
Rude Hong Kong
Britain's silliest place names (The Telegraph)

Place names
Lists of things considered unusual


Gerhard Schøning (2 May 1722 – 18 July 1780) was a Norwegian historian. His Reise som giennem en Deel af Norge i de Aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestets Kongens Bekostning documenting travel through Trondheim, Gudbrandsdal and Hedmark, Norway in 1773–1775 has been recognized as both a historical reference and as a "minor travel classic."

Career
Gerhard Schøning was born on Skotnes farm in Buksnes, Lofoten, Norway. He was the son of merchant Andreas Schøning and Martha Ursin. His early education was provided by local ministers. He began his formal schooling in 1739 in Trondheim Cathedral School and in 1742 he began at the  University of Copenhagen, passing the theology examination in 1744 and the magistrate examination in 1748.

In 1750 he was appointed rector at Trondheim Cathedral School as successor to Benjamin Dass. His first work Forsøg til de nordiske landes, særdeles Norges, gamle Geografi (Inquiry into the ancient geography of the Nordic countries, particularly that of Norway), was published in 1751. The same year he became rector of  Trondheim Cathedral School. He traveled there together with the Danish historian Peter Frederik Suhm, with whom he continued to collaborate over the following years. Together they produced Forbedringer til den gamle danske og norske Historie (Improvements to the old Danish-Norwegian History) in 1757.

In 1758 Bishop Johan Ernst Gunnerus of Trondheim invited the two historians to collaborate with him in founding a Norwegian science society, the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters. In 1765 Schøning was appointment as professor of rhetoric and history at the Sorø Academy. He published Om de gamle Grækeres og Romeres Kundskab om de nordiske Lande (About the Ancient Greek and Roman knowledge of the Nordic countries) in 1769, which became a prelude to his main work, Norges Riiges Historie (The History of the Kingdom of Norway), the first volume of three that were planned was published in 1771. This work dealt with Norway's history from the earliest times up until 995, advancing theories about early migrations into Norway.

As part of his research to support later volumes of this work, he set off on an extended journey to collect data in Norway. He received travel support from the King Christian VII of Denmark, and spent several years beginning in 1773 traveling in Trondheim, Gudbrandsdal, Hedmark and Christiania. The result of these journeys was his famous travel journal Reise som giennem en Deel af Norge i de Aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestets Kongens Bekostning (Travel through a part of Norway in the years of 1773, 1774, 1775 at His Majesty the King's Expense), of which only the first two volumes were published in 1778. His research journey was interrupted on 23 August 1775 when the king appointed him the head of the Royal Archives in Copenhagen. When he died in 1780, his work on an improved Norwegian history went uncompleted.

In 1756 Schøning married Fredrikke Hveding, who died in 1788; the marriage was childless. Later his death, a sizable portion of his personal book collection would be donated to the Gunnerus Library at the University of Trondheim.

Published works
Forsøg til de nordiske landes, særdeles Norges, gamle Geografi, 1751
Forbedringer til den gamle danske og norske Historie, 1757
Om de norskes og en Del andre nordiske Folks Oprindelse, 1769
Om de gamle Grækeres og Romeres Kundskab om de nordiske Lande
Norges Riiges Historie (The History of the Kingdom of Norway) — volume 1 of 3 planned was published in 1771
Reise som giennem en Deel af Norge i de Aar 1773, 1774, 1775 paa Hans Majestets Kongens Bekostning (Travel through a part of Norway in the years of 1773, 1774, 1775 at His Majesty the King's Expense) — only the first two volumes were published in 1778.

References

External links
 Gerhard Schøning's works are available at Google Books
 Project Runeberg has a biography of Gerhard Schøning at Biography which is extracted from the Dansk biografisk leksikon edited by Carl Frederik Bricka, volume 15, page 451 Gyldendal, 1887-1905 (in Danish)

1722 births
1780 deaths
People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School
University of Copenhagen alumni
18th-century Danish historians
Danish archivists
18th-century Norwegian historians
Norwegian male writers
Norwegian travel writers
Norwegian topographers
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Burials at the Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen


Hierodula multispinulosa is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

multispinulosa
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1893


Hierodula nicobarica is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

nicobarica
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1995


Hierodula obiensis is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

obiensis
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1920


Hierodula obtusata is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

obtusata
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1898


Hierodula oraea is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

oraea
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1933


Hierodula papua is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

papua
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1928


Hierodula parviceps is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

parviceps
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1877


Presidential elections were held in Finland on 16 January 2000, with a second round on 6 February.

The result was a victory for Tarja Halonen of the Social Democratic Party, who became the country's first female President. During the elections Halonen was the incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs. President Martti Ahtisaari had indicated in January 1999 that he would accept the Social Democratic Party's nomination for the 2000 presidential elections, but only if no presidential primary was held. However, Jacob Söderman announced his candidacy at the start of April 1999, and during the final week of that month, Ahtisaari announced that he would not seek the Social Democratic presidential candidacy. In his memoirs, Ahtisaari claims that Tarja Halonen badly wanted to become President, a claim that Halonen has denied.

There were three other female presidential candidates in 2000: Riitta Uosukainen of the National Coalition, Elisabeth Rehn of the Swedish People's Party, and Heidi Hautala of the Greens. Halonen's popularity rose significantly during the last few months before the first round of the 2000 presidential elections, while Uosukainen's and Rehn's popularity declined. Former Prime Minister Esko Aho, the Centrist presidential candidate, emerged as the second most popular candidate. Halonen received votes from women across party lines, and she was partly helped by her lack of a major left-wing opponent, and by her reputation as a tolerant, human rights-oriented person. The election was decided by slightly over 100,000 votes, and the voter turnout was much higher than in the 1996 municipal elections or in the 1999 parliamentary elections.

Candidates

Results

By province

First round

Second round

References

Presidential elections in Finland
Finland
Tarja Halonen
Finland
Finland


Samuel Bennion (1871 – 6 May 1941) was an English footballer, manager and later chairman of Port Vale.

Career
Bennion was a Burslem native and a Burslem Port Vale supporter from the club's inception. He served the club as an official, but made a full appearance in the English Football League as a left-back in a 2–2 draw at Lincoln City on 24 February 1894 when the club were a man down.

He later served as an emergency manager when Tommy Clare left the club in 1906, before the club folded at the end of the 1906–07 season. He was then involved as Cobridge Church F.C. changed their name to Port Vale and went on to serve as chairman of this new club from December 1908 to July 1911, when control was handed to the shareholders of a limited liability company. He was retained as a director however until 1933.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1871 births
1941 deaths
Footballers from Burslem
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Port Vale F.C. managers
Port Vale F.C. directors and chairmen
English football managers
English Football League managers


Samuel Bennion may refer to:

 Sam Bennion (1871–1941), English footballer and later chairman of Port Vale
 Samuel O. Bennion (1874–1946), member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints


Hierodula perakana is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

perakana
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1912


Hierodula philippina is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

philippina
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1966


Hierodula prosternalis is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

prosternalis
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1916


Hierodula pulchra is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

pulchra
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1912


Hierodula pulchripes is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

pulchripes
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1930


Hierodula purpurescens is a species of praying mantis in the family Mantidae.

References

purpurescens
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1898