The Ultimate, published in 2001 and written by K.A. Applegate, is the 50th book in the Animorphs series. It is known to have been ghostwritten by Kimberly Morris. It is the final book (fully) narrated by Cassie.

Plot summary
The book begins with the Animorphs and the rest of the inhabitants of the Hork-Bajir valley drilling and preparing for a surprise Yeerk attack. It is clear they are not ready for attack; the parents, particularly Rachel's mother, are having trouble adjusting, and the Animorphs are in disarray. Jake remains cold and distant to everyone; he no longer wants to be the one to make decisions and no longer has a clear idea about what is wrong and right. Cassie tells everyone that Jake wants a camp meeting and tells him about it mere minutes before the meeting is set to begin; Jake reluctantly agrees to have the meeting. Some of the parents express doubt about the Animorphs' actions and fail to realize the necessity of the war. The Animorphs argue that they know best, and they have experience with the Yeerks. They argue that war is the only way, and that everyone should agree to follow Jake's orders. In the end the whole camp agrees that Jake is to be the leader. Jake reluctantly accepts the burden of leader once again, seeing it as his duty because he is the only one who is capable of leading the Earth resistance.

The next morning, Jake calls a meeting of just the six Animorphs and they agree that something needs to be done to increase the protection of the camp, and increase the overall size of the resistance. They are no longer in contact with the Yeerk resistance, they don't know how strong the organization is, and the information coming from the Chee seems to be very slow. They recognize that they need more than intelligence.  They need a larger force and manpower. They begin discussing the possibility of adding more Animorphs, but none of them has forgotten David, the disastrous last attempt to add a member to the group. However, they feel they don't have much of a choice, as the war is clearly shifting to a more open battle, and the Animorphs need more numbers.  They agree to use the morphing cube to create Animorphs from disabled teenagers about their age. They decide that it would be best to use kids because they would be more likely to accept the story and are less grounded in reality, and that they ought to use disabled teenagers, because the Yeerks would see them as useless host bodies, and there is little chance that any of them are Controllers.

Cassie, Marco, and Jake go to a hospital to begin the recruiting. They find a ward full of candidates and it is quickly determined that a boy named James, a wheelchair user, is the leader. They convince James to join the fight and he assembles his own team of kids that he thinks would be best. Thus the auxiliary Animorphs are formed. The original Animorphs take them (by flying) to the Gardens to acquire battle morphs. The Animorphs and James continue to recruit more kids from the ward, and after three nights of initiation, the auxiliary Animorphs number seventeen. James and two of the others, Craig and Erica, are healed of their afflictions by the morphing power, but the remaining fourteen still remain disabled. Those healed agree to pretend to remain disabled for the duration of the war so as not to alert the Yeerks. James proves to be a natural leader. Cassie wonders how it will work that James is now in charge of a majority of the Animorphs, but Jake is in charge overall. James chooses a male lion as his battle morph, the very same morph of the ill-fated David who challenged Jake's leadership. Jake, however, is not disturbed by this coincidence.

Cassie's father overhears a conversation discussing what they have done and confronts the group about the morality of their actions. Cassie recognizes the voice as the echo of her once-naïve self, and flies away from her father. She realizes more than ever how much she has changed, and how much all of the Animorphs have changed. She realizes that they will never be children again, and that they haven't been children for a long time.

During a separate recruiting session at a school for the blind, the Escafil device is used to give a blind girl the morphing power.  Rachel tells her the story of the Animorphs and the Yeerks and, after giving her the morphing power, gives the girl her DNA to acquire.  Unfortunately, the Animorphs fail to realize until it is too late that the room is under video surveillance, and the Yeerks are alerted of their presence.  Tom Berenson (under control of a Yeerk) arrives with a battalion of Hork-Bajir and claims the Escafil device, all while ordering the captures of Jake, Rachel, Tobias, Marco, and Ax.

Cassie is able to slip away, and she goes to get James and the other new Animorphs at their hospital.  They arrive and go to battle to save the original Animorphs. There are several close calls, and one of the new Animorphs has to demorph in order to avoid dying. Visser One arrives and morphs a monstrous tentacle creature and goes after Jake. The other Animorphs try to save him but cannot get close enough. Once one of the Hork-Bajir-Controllers frees Jake from Visser One's grasp, this proves that the Yeerk resistance movement is not dead. There are still Yeerks fighting from the inside. Jake orders the Animorphs' retreat, and Tom slips into the forest with the Escafil device and with Jake in pursuit. Cassie follows Jake.

There is a confrontation between Jake and Tom in the woods, and Cassie realizes that Jake is actually prepared to kill Tom. Cassie knows that whether Tom kills Jake or if Jake kills Tom, she will lose Jake either way. If she lets him go through with it, he will never forgive himself, no matter how necessary his actions will have been, and the Jake she has come to love will be gone forever. She physically stops Jake from lunging toward Tom, thereby enabling Tom's escape with the device, rather than have Jake kill him and get the morphing cube back.

James and the others arrive back safely. James reports that all of his Animorphs were calm during battle, no one was seriously injured, nobody was screaming to get out, and nobody was threatening to give up their secret. In addition, despite the failed recruitment mission at the school for the blind, the girl given the morphing power had managed to escape by simply walking out of the school calmly in her Rachel morph, where she was found by Cassie later.  She had since been relocated to the Hork-Bajir valley with the other Animorphs.  Cassie reflects that even if Jake and the rest of the original Animorphs go down, at least the resistance would go on. The book ends with Cassie questioning whether the original six Animorphs are still a team, and whether or not they can continue to endure. She remarks that they have been back at the camp twelve hours and Jake has not so much as looked at her. As the book closes, she confronts Jake, and he is furious at her. She remains convinced that while the Yeerks now having the morphing cube is bad, letting Tom get away with it was the right thing to do.

Contributions to the series' story arc
The auxiliary team of Animorphs is formed.
Thanks to Cassie, the Yeerks come into possession of the morphing cube, but until #52: The Sacrifice, only Jake and Cassie will know of the latter's part in this.

Morphs

Jake, Cassie and Marco use various unnamed morphs while demonstrating their powers to the Auxiliaries. Additionally, Tobias uses an unspecified morph to heal from his injuries inflicted by Visser One.
Cassie remarks that one of the Auxiliary Animorphs uses a rhinoceros morph, which is revealed to be Tricia in #53: The Answer, which also reveals that Ray's acquired battle morph in this book was that of a leopard.

Animorphs books
2001 novels
2001 fantasy novels
2001 science fiction novels


The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP) is a biennial conference on multi-criteria decision analysis, particularly the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its extension the analytic network process (ANP), both developed by Thomas L. Saaty, and the combination of these with other methods. It brings together researchers, teachers and users of AHP and ANP to share their research and practical experience in making decisions incorporating these two processes.

Papers presented at ISAHP cover the major results of international research in the AHP and ANP, and provide solutions for current challenges in important areas of decision making.

The 14th ISAHP will take place in London, UK, August, 2016.

References

Mathematics conferences


John Ainsworth may refer to:

John Ainsworth (by 1523-58/59), MP for Worcester
John Ainsworth (Wisconsin politician) (born 1940), American politician
Sir John Ainsworth, 1st Baronet (1844–1923), English industrialist, banker and Liberal politician
John C. Ainsworth (1822–1893), American pioneer businessman and steamboat owner in Oregon
Sir John Ainsworth, 3rd Baronet (1912–1981), see the Ainsworth baronets
John Ainsworth (pilot), co-pilot of Jim Wallwork and one of the first Allied troops into France during the D-Day invasion
John Ainsworth (producer), writer, director, executive, and producer for Big Finish Productions
John Edgar Ainsworth (1920–2004), American polymath and NASA physicist
John Dawson Ainsworth (1864–1946), British administrator in East Africa

See also
John Ainsworth-Davis (1895–1976), Welsh athlete and gold medalist at the 1920 Summer Olympics


Footprints in the Desert is the fifth studio album by Hugh Cornwell, released in April 2002 by Track Record. This album, Cornwell's second "lost album", compiles rare and unreleased tracks from the mid-1990s that were not part of a record deal. It was recorded in Bath with James Cadsky, who engineered the Wired album.

The same year, Track Records also reissued Cornwell's 1999 album, Mayday, on CD.

In 2006, Cornwell told online music magazine Penny Black Music that the album "was a set of songs that I had recorded in the mid 90's which had never got released because I was out of a publishing deal and out of a record contract. On demand from the fan base we decided to put that out."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from AllMusic.

Musicians
Hugh Cornwell – vocals, instrumentation
Phil Andrews – keyboards
Chris Goulstone – guitar
Ted Mason – guitar
Steve Lawrence – bass
Chris Bell – drums
Spencer May – percussion programming

Technical
Hugh Cornwell – engineer, mixing, liner notes
Phil Andrews – engineer, mixing
Spencer May – engineer
Robin Barclay – mixing
Trevor Curwen – mixing
Shaun Kirkpatrick – mixing
Chris Goulstone – mixing, mastering
Ra – graphic design
Eric Fagence – cover painting
Bob Whitfield – cover photo

References

2002 albums
Hugh Cornwell albums


Joel Rosenberg may refer to:

 Joel Rosenberg (science fiction author) (1954–2011), Canadian American science fiction and fantasy author
 Joel  C. Rosenberg (born 1967), American political pundit, and author of The Last Jihad Series


Ramsgate Harbour railway station was a railway station in Ramsgate, in the Thanet district of Kent, England.  Opened in 1863 as part of the Kent Coast Railway company's extension of its line from Herne Bay, it was conveniently situated for the seaside resort's beach, but it closed in 1926 after a reorganisation of railway lines in the Thanet area.

History
The Herne Bay & Faversham Railway company was founded in 1857.  In 1859 it became the Margate & London Railway, and two years later took the name Kent Coast Railway, by which it was known for the rest of its independent existence.  It built a line from Faversham to Whitstable Town in 1860, extended it to Herne Bay & Hampton-on-Sea in 1861 and opened the section from there to a station called Ramsgate on 5 October 1863.  This was much closer to the seafront at Ramsgate than its predecessor, Ramsgate Town, which was opened by the South Eastern Railway in 1846.

In 1871, the Kent Coast Railway was bought by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway.  In June of that year, Ramsgate station took the name Ramsgate & St Lawrence-on-Sea, which it bore until 1 July 1899.  For the rest of its existence it was known as Ramsgate Harbour.  The station was very popular and well-used, but was on a cramped site which was reached through a tunnel down a long 1-in-75 gradient.  A train went out of control down this slope on 31 August 1891. One person was killed.

Plans were made to simplify the poorly connected railway network in the Thanet area; these were quickly adopted by the Southern Railway company, which took over the London, Chatham and Dover Railway's operations on 1 January 1923 as a result of the Grouping Act.  It built a new line,  long, to connect the former Kent Coast Railway route from Faversham and the former South Eastern Railway route from Ashford, which bypassed both Ramsgate Harbour and Ramsgate Town stations.  Two new stations, Dumpton Park and Ramsgate, were built on this line to serve the town.  After the new line and stations opened on 2 July 1926, the section of line between the new junction and Ramsgate Harbour station was officially closed on the same date.

After closure
The station site was bought by a company which converted it into a funfair. Part of the former route through the tunnel was opened as a narrow gauge tourist railway in 1936 which became the Tunnel Railway. Services were suspended during World War 2, but they reopened in the post-war period. In 1965 the line closed following an accident at the beach station. Its owners then decided to close the railway and the track was removed.

In 1939 part of the abandoned railway tunnel became an air raid shelter. A network of tunnels was constructed leading from the disused railway tunnel leading under the town with various access steps to the surface. After the war finished these tunnels were abandoned. Following the award of a Heritage Lottery Grant sections of the abandoned railway tunnel and wartime air raid tunnels have been restored and were officially reopened on 27 May 2014.

The former station building was damaged by fire in 1998 and subsequently demolished.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Disused railway stations in Kent
Former London, Chatham and Dover Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1926
Ramsgate


FC Spartak Shchyolkovo () is a Russian football club from Shchyolkovo, founded in 1992. It first played on the professional level in 1993. It came second in the division twice, just missing the promotion into the Russian First Division, in 1998 and 1999. In 2009, it was playing in the Russian Second Division, but on July 17 the team resigned from the Division (due to financial strait) after playing 18 games.

External links

Association football clubs established in 1992
Football clubs in Russia
Football in Moscow Oblast
1992 establishments in Russia


Konstantinos "Kostas" Koufogiorgos (born 14 February 1972 in Arta, Greece) is a Greek-German political cartoonist and painter.

Biography

While working as a cartoonist for several newspapers and magazines; Koufogiorgos began studying economics at the University of Athens in 1990. His first work of art was published in 1989 in the political magazine ODIGITIS. Kostas Koufogiorgos has worked for numerous political and business papers, as well as for more than 20 magazines in Greece. Until 2014 he worked for the Greek Newspaper Eleftherotypia. In 2008, he started to work for German media.

Today he is publishing his work in German daily newspapers, e.g. Handelsblatt, Magdeburger Volksstimme, Weser Kurier, Fuldaer Zeitung, Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung, Ruhrnachrichten, Mainpost, Freie Presse, Tageblatt (Luxemburg), as well as for online-platforms, e.g. web.de, gmx.de, MSN and magazines as Nebelspalter.

Kostas Koufogiorgos lives in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt.

Books
 Frau Schächtele will oben bleiben. Children's book in cooperation with mit Monika Spang, Silberburg Verlag, Tübingen and Lahr/Schwarzwald 2011,
 Minima Politika. Political Cartoons with lyrics by Wolfgang Bittner. Horlemann Verlag, Unkel (Germany) 2008,
 Pano Kato. Elefsis, Tripolis (Greece) 2004,
 ΜΕΡΕΣ ΚΡΙΣHΣ. Cartoons by Kostas Koufogiorgos and Vaggelis Papavasiliou published in Eleftherotypia 2013. Athens 2014
 S 21 Karikaturen Cartoons about the railway project Stuttgart 21. Stuttgart 2016
 2017 in bunten Bildern Cartoons of the Year 2017. Stuttgart 2017,  More Information koufogiorgos.de

Exhibitions

Cartoons
 Group Exhibition, Bamberg (Germany), 2006-2010: "For heaven's sake: church in the caricature"
 Exhibition/Lecture, Stuttgart (Germany): "Minima Politika"; Political lyrics and caricatures. In cooperation with Wolfgang Bittner
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 22, 2009 - November 13, 2009:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2008
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 28, 2010 - November 12, 2010:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2009
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 21, 2011 - October 21, 2011:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2010
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 27, 2012 - October 26, 2012:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2011
 Group Exhibition, Stuttgart u. a.: 31 March 2012 - 15 May 2012: "Mit spitzer Feder" - German Award for political cartoons
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 30, 2014 - November 14, 2014:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2013
 Group Exhibition, Potsdam: Karikaturenausstellung der Gemeinsamen Landesplanung Berlin-Brandenburg und Cartoonlobby e. V. "Grenzfälle-Nachbarn wie Du und ich" July 3, 2014 - September 12, 2014
 Group Exhibition, Luckau: "Lob des Kapitalismus...ein Versuch in Bildern". Cartoon Museum Brandenburg August 2, 2014 - October 26, 2014
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 28, 2015 - November 22, 2015:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2014
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 27, 2016 - November 4, 2016:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2015
 Group Exhibition, Celle u. a.: April 11, 2016 (ongoing): "Oh, eine Dummel!"-Rechtsextremismus und Menschenfeindlichkeit in Karikatur und Satire
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 24, 2017 - November 3, 2017:  "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2016
 Exhibition, Sachsenheim: "Skizzophrenien" Cartoons by Kostas Koufogiorgos. Exhibition Museum of the City of Sachsenheim, June 17 - October 21, 2018.
Exhibition, Bad Cannstatt: "KarikaturM" Karikaturenausstellung auf dem Cannstatter Stadtkirchenturm 20 July 2019 in Rahmen des Cannstatter Kulturmenues
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 28, 2020 – November 22, 2020: "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2019
 Group Exhibition, Berlin (Germany): January 25, 2020 – November 26, 2020: "Rückblende" – Political Caricatures of the year 2020

Paintings
 Exhibition, Korntal (Germany): May 25, 2007 - August 27, 2007: "Kostas Koufogiorgos-Paintings"
 Group Exhibition, Athens (Greece): February 18, 2009 - March 20, 2009: "The cartoonists are painting"

Awards
 2012: Mit spitzer Feder" - German Award for political cartoons
 2016: Mit spitzer Feder" - German Award for political cartoons "Mit spitzer Feder 2015"
 2016: 3rd Place International Day of Freedom of Press Contest 2016
 2020: 3rd Place "Rückblende 2019": Der deutsche Preis für die politische Fotografie und Karikatur

References

External links
 Kostas Koufogiorgos Homepage
 Interview with Kostas Koufogiorgos in Neue Rheinische Zeitung
 http://www.mitspitzerfeder.de
 "Alles ist Politik" Interview in Kontext: Wochenzeitung
  "Gute Karikaturen sind selten zum Lachen" Der Karikaturist Kostas Koufogiorgos im forumZFD-Interview
 Der Maler der Stadtkirche. Portrait der Cannstatter Zeitung, September 2020
  About Kostas Koufogiorgos Regio TV Stuttgart, 25th Februaray 2021

1972 births
Living people
People from Arta, Greece
Greek caricaturists


Víctor Rolando Arroyo Carmona is a Cuban geographer and journalist who was imprisoned on March 18, 2003 and sentenced to 26 years in prison, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists.  Carmona ended a 25 hunger strike on October 4, 2005 when he was removed from the prison and placed in a hospital in critical condition.

He was a journalist for the independent news agency Unión de Periodistas y Escritores Cubanos Independientes and directed a local independent library belonging to Varela project.

References

Living people
Cuban journalists
Cuban male journalists
Cuban dissidents
Year of birth missing (living people)


Santiago Denia Sánchez (born 9 March 1974), commonly known as Santi, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a central defender, currently manager of the Spain under-21 national team.

He appeared in 297 La Liga matches over 11 seasons (eight goals scored), with Albacete and Atlético Madrid. He won the 1996 league championship with the latter club.

Club career
Born in Albacete, Castilla–La Mancha, Santi began playing professionally with his hometown side Albacete Balompié. He made his La Liga debut at age 18, and immediately became an undisputed starter as they constantly managed to retain their top-flight status.

Santi signed for Atlético Madrid in the summer of 1995, being crowned league and Copa del Rey champion in his first season as part of a defensive line which also included youth graduates Juan Manuel López and Roberto Solozábal. He appeared in 37 league matches during the campaign.

Following Atlético's 2000 relegation (he collected a career-worst 17 yellow cards), Santi gradually lost his importance in the team's plans. In 2004–05, after the signing of Pablo Ibáñez – who also came from Albacete – he featured in no games at all in the first half of the season, and was subsequently allowed to leave on loan in January 2005 to his first club. The move was made permanent in June and he retired after two more years, with Albacete now in the Segunda División.

Santi eventually returned to Atlético Madrid in early February 2009, as assistant to newly-appointed Abel Resino who had replaced Javier Aguirre. He was a caretaker manager for the fixture against RCD Mallorca on 24 October, before the appointment of Quique Sánchez Flores.

International career
Santi was capped twice for Spain, his debut coming on 11 October 1997 in a 1998 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Faroe Islands (3–1 in Gijón, playing the entire match). He still featured in a friendly win over Sweden in March 1998, but did not make the cut for the finals in France.

Previously, Santi appeared for the nation at the 1996 Summer Olympics. After retiring, he acted as head coach to under-17, and under-19 national teams , leading the third age group to the UEFA European Championship in 2019.

In December 2022, after Luis de la Fuente was promoted to the full side following Luis Enrique's resignation, Santi was named the former's replacement at the helm of the under-21s.

Career statistics

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Atlético Madrid
La Liga: 1995–96
Copa del Rey: 1995–96
Segunda División: 2001–02

Spain U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 1996

Manager
Spain U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2016
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2017
FIFA U-17 World Cup runner-up: 2017

Spain U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2019

Spain U21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up: 2023

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Albacete
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Albacete Balompié players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's under-23 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Spain
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Spanish football managers
La Liga managers
Atlético Madrid managers
Spain national under-21 football team managers


In English law, implied terms are default rules for contracts on points where the terms which contracting parties expressly choose are silent, or mandatory rules which operate to override terms that the parties may have themselves chosen. The purpose of implied terms is often to supplement a contractual agreement in the interest of making the deal effective for the purpose of business, to achieve fairness between the parties or to relieve hardship.

Terms may be implied into contract through statutes, custom or by the courts. When implied by statute, Parliament may well make certain terms compulsory. The examples are numerous. For instance, the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, provides that in any contract for work, the worker must be paid according to a minimum wage set by Parliament (£10.42 per hour for workers aged 23 or over ).

Another example is that under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, liability can only be excluded when reasonable in contracts among businesses. When terms are implied by courts, the general rule is that they can be excluded by express provision in any agreement. The courts have developed an apparent distinction between terms implied "in fact" and those implied "in law". Terms implied "in fact" are said to arise when they are "strictly necessary" to give effect to the "reasonable expectations of the parties". Terms implied "in law" are confined to particular categories of contract, particularly employment contracts or contracts between landlords and tenants, as necessary incidents of the relationship. For instance, in every employment contract, there is an implied term of mutual trust and confidence, supporting the notion that workplace relations depend on partnership.

There is also an ongoing debate whether the rules of remoteness and frustration or common mistake are best characterised as implied terms. Remoteness places a limit on the compensatory award given for breach of contract, so if unlikely losses result or losses are not something that one would generally expect compensation for, compensation is not payable. Recent judicial support for its status as an "internal" rule and as an implied term derives from the judgment of Lord Hoffmann in The Achilleas. Frustration is a rule which brings contracts to an end in the event of some unforeseen event subsequent to the agreement which would make performance of obligations radically different from that envisaged, for instance because a car for sale is destroyed before it is delivered. Common mistake, as a doctrine, following The Great Peace, analogous to frustration, can similarly be said to imply a term that a contract will be extinguished if entered into on the false pretence that performance would be possible.

Implication by statute
The Sale of Goods Act 1979, section 12 states the following general rules:
In a contract of sale, the seller has the right to sell the goods
In an agreement to sell at a later date, the seller will have such a right at the time when the property is to pass
After the sale, the buyer will have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods
After the sale, the goods will be free from any charge or encumbrance in favour of any third party unless this has been made known to the buyer beforehand.
Section 14(1) limits the implication of terms about quality or fitness to those terms actually contained within the Act.
Sale of Goods Act 1979, ss 12-15 and s 55 "may (subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977) be negatived or varied by express agreement or by the course of dealing between the parties, or by such usage as binds both parties to the contract."
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 s 6 makes s 12 non-excludable and ss 13-15 non-excludable in consumer sales.
The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, sections 13 to 15 state the following general rules:
Where the supplier is acting in the course of a business, there is an implied term that the supplier will carry out the service with reasonable care and skill (section 13)
Where ... the time for the service to be carried out is not fixed by the contract, left to be fixed in a manner agreed by the contract or determined by the course of dealing between the parties, there is an implied term that the supplier will carry out the service within a reasonable time (section 14)
Where ... the consideration for the service is not determined by the contract, left to be determined in a manner agreed by the contract or determined by the course of dealing between the parties, there is an implied term that the party contracting with the supplier will pay a reasonable charge (section 15).

Implication by custom
Terms can be implied into contracts according to the custom of the market in which the contracting parties are operating. The general rule, according to Ungoed Thomas J in Cunliffe-Owen v Teather & Greenwood, is that the custom must be:

certain, notorious, reasonable, recognised as legally binding and consistent with the express terms

One of the older cases illustrating this is Hutton v Warren. Mr Warren, a landlord, leased his farm to Mr Hutton. The tenant complained that it was the countryside's custom that landlords would keep the land arable and give a reasonable allowance for seeds and labour in return for leaving manure to be purchased. Parke B held there was such a custom and that

in commercial transactions, extrinsic evidence of custome and usage is admissible to annex incidents to written contracts matters with respect to which they are silent.

Like all terms implied by courts, customs can be excluded by express terms or if they are inconsistent with a contract's nature. Lord Devlin in Kum v Wah Tat Bank Ltd.  summed up the policy of the law:

Universality, as a requirement of custom, raises not a question of law but a question of fact. There must be proof in the first place that the custom is generally accepted by those who habitually do business in the trade or market concerned. Moreover, the custom must be so generally known that an outsider who makes reasonable enquiries could not fail to be made aware of it. The size of the market or the extent of the trade affected is neither here nor there.

Implied terms in employment contracts
The following terms may be implied into contracts of employment:

Employees' duties
Duty to serve
Duty to exercise reasonable skill
Duty to obey reasonable and lawful orders
Duty of confidentiality
Duty of fidelity

Employers' duties
Duty to pay wages, including sick pay. A general presumption is that an employer's obligation to pay sick pay lasts for "a reasonable amount of time"; if a contract of employment provides for pay during sickness absence, but does not specify how long it should be paid for, then a court or tribunal may decide for how long it shall be payable.
Duty to provide work
Duty of health, safety and welfare
Duty to provide a safe working environment

An employer is also under an implied duty not to terminate a sick employee's contract of employment on the grounds of sickness (this relates to the loss of, or loss of access to, private health insurance benefits). See the 2018 Employment Appeal Tribunal case of Awan v ICTS UK Ltd.

Mutual duty
Mutual duty of trust and confidence
The employer's duty to deal with employees' grievances promptly and properly may be seen as derived from the employer's duty of trust and confidence.

Implied terms in software licencing
It may be necessary to imply terms into a software licence if the party who developed the software and the party who has purchased or uses it have not agreed all relevant terms. Nine propositions were set out by Lightman J in the case of Robin Ray v Classic FM (1998), which build on the law governing the implication of terms set out by the Privy Council in BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v The President Councillors and Ratepayers of the Shire of Hastings (1977). These propositions allow that the software developer retains copyright unless there is an express or implied term to the contrary, which may be stated in the contract, and that commissioning the software does not in itself allow the customer to acquire copyright. In Clearsprings Management Limited v Businesslinx (2006) the court found it necessary to imply that the purchaser had "a non-exclusive personal licence under the copyright in the ... system with no right to sub-licence", and that the software developer, who had designed the system around the purchaser's operating procedures, was subject to a restriction on its use of information about the purchaser's operating procedures outside its role in developing the software.

Implication in fact

The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64
Shirlaw v Southern Foundries Ltd [1939] 2 KB 206, 207
, a leading judgment of the Privy Council on the test for whether a term should implied 'in fact' into a contract, to give effect to the intentions of the contracting parties.
Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman [2002] 1 AC 408
Paragon Finance plc v Nash [2001] EWCA Civ 1466
Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10

Implication in law

Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1976] UKHL 1
Shell UK Ltd v Lostock Garage Ltd [1976] WLR 1187
Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board [1992] 1 AC 294,
Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1991] 2 All ER 293
Mahmud and Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA [1998] AC 20
Crossley v Faithful & Gould Holdings Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 293

Links with other doctrines

Remoteness

The Achilleas or Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc [2008] UKHL 48

Frustration

Historically, the test for frustration was deemed to be one of implied terms. Judge Blackburn in Taylor v Caldwell deemed a contract for the hire of a music hall frustrated – where it had been destroyed – on the grounds that there was an implied term it would continue to exist.

Such an idea has been rejected in later cases, with the ideas of Krell v Henry and Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC being preferred. This is that a contract should be found frustrated where the principal purpose for contracting becomes radically different from the original purpose, as explained by Lord Reid:

The question is whether the contract which they did make is, on its true construction, wide enough to apply to the new situation: if it is not, then it is at an end.

Common mistake

Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris Salvage (International) Ltd [2003] QB 679
Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161
Associated Japanese Bank (International) Ltd v Credit du Nord [1989] 1 WLR 255
Brennan v Bolt Burdon [2004] 3 WLR 1321

See also
English contract law
Contractual terms in English law
expressum facit cessare tacitum or expressio unius est exclusio alterius

References

Further reading
E Peden (2001), "‘Policy Concerns in Terms Implied by Law", 117 Law Quarterly Review 459
I MacNeil, 'Contract, Discretion and the With-Profits Mechanism (The appellate decisions in Equitable Life v Hyman)' [2000] 3 Company Financial and Insolvency Law Review 354

English contract law


The Kurhaus is a spa resort, casino, and conference complex in Baden-Baden, Germany in the outskirts of the Black Forest.

History
The main structure was designed in 1824 by Friedrich Weinbrenner, who is responsible for the Corinthian columns and paired-griffins frieze of the grand entrance and the neo-classical interiors. Although a casino was incorporated from the inception of the Kurhaus, it only began to achieve international fame in the mid-1830s, when gambling was forbidden in France. This legal barrier encouraged gamblers to cross the border where they could try their luck at Baden-Baden's gaming tables. Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Gambler was inspired by the Russian author's visit to the Kurhaus casino. At one point in her life, Marlene Dietrich declared that this was "the most beautiful casino in the world."

Over the course of nearly two centuries, the famous resort has experienced its ups and downs.  The number of wealthy tourists diminished, for example, during the midst of the First World War.  However, by the 1920s, some of those who were made wealthy by the Great War were displacing the titled Europeans who had contributed to building Kurhaus's reputation as a resort and casino.

Host to international gatherings
The Baden-Baden conference center has hosted international events, congresses and summit meetings.

Chess tourney
In 1925, twentieth step in the international chess masters' tournament was played at Kurhaus., The Kurhaus round of play spanned the period between April 16 and May 14, after a rest break was scheduled before the twenty-first and final round would begin in Marienbad on May 23.

Olympic congress
From September 23 to September 28, 1981, the XIth Olympic Congress was convened in the Kurhaus. The 84th session of International Olympic Committee (IOC) meeting was expanded to encompass a broader range of representatives interested in the success and evolution of the Olympic movement. The Congress brought together delegates from the 147 nations that compete in the Games and participants from 26 international sporting federations.

In addition, each of the five cities seeking to be named as an Olympic venue sent representatives to Baden-Baden.  Each group made an official presentation, and the next day the I.O.C. voted. Calgary and Seoul were selected to host the 1988 Winter and Summer Olympics.

NATO summit
The first official event of the 2009 Strasbourg-Kehl summit was a working dinner in the Florentine Room (Florentiner Saal) on the evening of April 3, 2009 at the Kurhaus. The large horse-shoe table was set with 28 places, allowing each leader to see and hear each other as they ate and talked together. The event was webcast live. It displayed the table as well as the Kurhaus' chandeliers. A brief program of classical music in the Kurhaus auditorium preceded the dinner, with violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter playing works from European and American composers, including selections from Johannes Brahms' Hungarian Dances and the Hoe-down from Aaron Copland's Rodeo.

See also
 Trinkhalle
 Kurhaus of Wiesbaden

Notes

References
 MacLachlan, Gordon. (2004).  The Rough Guide to Germany. New York: Rough Guides.
 Schulte-Peevers, Andrea, Anthony Haywood, Jeremy Gray, Sarah Johnstone and Daniel Robinson. (2007).  Germany. Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet.

External links

Casinos in Germany
Buildings and structures in Baden-Baden
Tourist attractions in Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Baden
Commercial buildings completed in 1824
Heritage sites in Baden-Württemberg


Andrea Prosperetti is the Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston, the Berkhoff Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Twente in the Netherlands and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 ("for contributions to the fundamentals and applications of multiphase flows"). He is known for his work in the field of multiphase flows including bubble dynamics and cavitation.

He was the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Multiphase Flow and serves on the editorial board of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. He completed his doctoral work in 1974 at the California Institute of Technology under the supervision of Milton Plesset (of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation and Møller–Plesset perturbation theory) and holds a B.S. in Physics from Universitá di Milano, Italy (1968).

Prosperetti was awarded the Fluid Dynamics Prize (the highest award in Fluid Mechanics) by the American Physical Society in 2003 "for breakthroughs in the theory of multiphase flows, the dynamics of bubble oscillations, underwater sound, and free-surface flows and for providing elegant explanations of paradoxical phenomena in these fields". In 2012, the Acoustical Society of America awarded him the Silver Medal in Physical Acoustics "for contributions to bubble dynamics and multiphase flow." In addition, Prosperetti also won the 2014 EUROMECH Fluid Mechanics Prize (administered by the Council of the European Mechanics Society), the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 by the Japan Society of Multiphase Flow, and the Fluids Engineering Award in 2005 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, the American Physical Society, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2000.

He is the author of "Advanced Mathematics for Applications", a reference textbook for graduate-level engineers and also of "Computational Methods for Multiphase Flows", both published by the Cambridge University Press.

References

External links

National Academy of Engineering Profile
Personal Website

Fluid dynamicists
Johns Hopkins University faculty
California Institute of Technology alumni
Computational fluid dynamicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Living people
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
Year of birth missing (living people)


24 Hours in the Life of a Woman () is a 1968 French-West German drama film directed by Dominique Delouche, based on the novella Twenty-Four Hours in the Life of a Woman by Stefan Zweig. It was listed to compete at the 1968 Cannes Film Festival, but the festival was cancelled due to the events of May 1968 in France. The book on which the film is based had previously been adapted as 24 Hours of a Woman's Life in 1952, and was later adapted as 24 Hours in the Life of a Woman in 2002.

Plot
In Monte Carlo, the 42-year-old widow Alice observes a young man with a frightening passion for gambling, who completely ruins himself in the casino. She saves Thomas from suicide and spends a night in a hotel with him in a frenzy of helpful pity. In the morning, Alice reacts with shame and horror. Anxious to bring the matter to a good conclusion, she meets again during the day with the young man, who now, with overflowing gratitude, venerates her like a maternal saint. In German, Thomas quotes the first stanza of the poem "Du meine Seele, du mein Herz" ("You, my soul. You, my heart") by Friedrich Rückert. And that is what hurts this woman and awakens in her more than motherly love. She secretly prepares to leave on the same train with Thomas and to stay with him. When she finally reaches the station, the train has already left. And her disappointment at having lost him as a man is joined by an even more bitter one: when she enters the casino again, looking for memories, her protégé, who had fervently renounced gambling even in a church, is playing with the money advanced by Alice for his trip home. Worse still, he gives it back to her in a wild riot of a temporary win and deeply humiliates her in front of all the casino guests.

Cast
 Danielle Darrieux as Alice
 Robert Hoffmann as Thomas
 Romina Power as Mariette
 Léna Skerla as Mademoiselle Georges
  as Madame Di Stefano
  as Le pianiste
 Helga Eilendrop

References

External links

24 Hours in the Life of a Woman at the British Film Institute

1968 films
1968 drama films
1960s French-language films
Films based on works by Stefan Zweig
French drama films
German drama films
Remakes of German films
Pathé films
West German films
1960s French films
1960s German films


During World War I (1914–1918), Brazil initially adopted a neutral position, in accordance with the Hague Convention, in an attempt to maintain markets for its export products, mainly coffee, latex and industrially manufactured items. However, following the repeated sinking of Brazilian merchant ships by German submarines, President Venceslau Brás declared war against the Central Powers in 1917. Brazil was the only country in Latin America to be directly involved in the war. The major participation was the Brazilian Navy's patrol of areas of the Atlantic Ocean.

Initial phase
Brazil officially declared neutrality on August 4, 1914. At the beginning of the war, although neutral, Brazil faced a complicated social and economic situation. Its economy was largely based on exports of agricultural products such as coffee, latex, and very limited industrial manufacturing. As these products exported by Brazil were not considered essential by foreign governments or consumers, customs duties and export fees (the main source of revenue for the Brazilian government) decreased as the conflict continued. This was accentuated further by the German blockade of Allied ports, and then by a British ban on the importation of coffee into England in 1917. This arose because the British government now considered the cargo space on ships necessary for more vital goods, given the great losses of merchant ships as a result of German attacks.

The Brazilian merchant ship Rio Branco was sunk by a German submarine on May 3, 1916, but as this was in restricted waters and registered under the British flag and with most of its crew composed of Norwegians, it was not considered an illegal attack by the Brazilian government, despite the public uproar the event caused. Relations between Brazil and the German Empire were shaken by the German decision to introduce unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing its submarines to sink any ship that breached the blockade. On April 5, 1917, the large Brazilian steamship Paraná (4,466 tons), loaded with coffee and travelling in accordance with the demands made on neutral countries, was torpedoed by a German submarine with three Brazilians being killed.

Protests

When news of the sinking of the Paraná arrived in Brazil a few days later, several protests erupted in the capital. The Minister of Foreign Relations, Lauro Müller, a citizen of German origin with a pro-neutrality position, was forced to resign. In Porto Alegre, marches were organized with thousands of people, initially peaceful. Later, the demonstrators began attacking shops and properties owned by ethnic Germans or their descendants, like the Hotel Schmidt, the Germany Society, the club and the newspaper Deutsche Zeitung, and the Turnerbund, which were raided, looted and torched. On 1 November 1917, an enraged mob damaged houses, clubs and factories in Petropolis, including the restaurant Brahma (completely destroyed), the Gesellschaft Germania, the German school, the company Arp, and the German Journal, among others. At the same time, in other cities there were minor demonstrations. Episodes of violence repeated until Brazil declared war against Germany and its allies in October 1917.

Although the nationalist and pro-war demonstrations intensified over 1917, they never surpassed the anti-war and anti-militarist demonstrations led by trade unionists, anarchists and pacifists, who opposed the war and accused the government of diverting attention from internal problems, sometimes coming into conflict with nationalist groups that supported Brazil's active participation in the war. Violent repression followed a general strike late in 1917, and the declaration of war in October also served as a means to declare a state of emergency and persecute opponents.

Diplomatic consequences
 April 11, 1917: Brazil broke diplomatic relations with Germany
 May 20, 1917: the U-boat  torpedoed the steamship Tijuca near the French coast. In the following months, the Brazilian government seized 42 German merchant ships in Brazilian ports.
 May 22, 1917:  torpedoed the steamship Lapa.
 October 18, 1917:  torpedoed the steamship Macau near the coast of Spain, and took the captain prisoner. Macau was a German ship that Brazil had seized.
 October 26, 1917: Brazil declared war on the Central Powers with limited popular support.
 November 2, 1917:  torpedoed the steamships Acari and Guaíba.

Military involvement

Calogeras Plan
Although the administration of Venceslau Brás, which was to end in his last year in office, had made statements implying that it did not intend to involve the country deeper into the conflict; in early 1918, a confidential report commissioned by the presidential candidate elected that year, Rodrigues Alves, was completed. This report, coordinated by the parliamentary expert on foreign policy and military affairs, João Pandiá Calogeras, regarding the entry of Brazil into the conflict, recommended that the country send an expeditionary force of considerable size to fight in the war, using all necessary means (including ships of enemy powers already seized in Brazilian waters and ports) to disembark the troops on French soil where they would be trained and equipped by the French, all financed with US bank loans, which in turn would be settled by compensation imposed on the defeated enemies after the war.

The Calogeras Plan (which was only made public after the death of its authors) contained several proposals for the newly elected administration (that would take office in November of that year), across several government areas. Referring to the country's participation in the conflict, the plan was not dependent on the lack of military-industrial infrastructure that was a feature of the country at that time. However, the direction taken by internal and external events that year, as well as the specific circumstances of Brazilian politics (then including opposition from the population to war) and the lack of a clear foreign policy, prevented it be carried forward, precluding the country from having greater involvement in the conflict.

Army

The Brazilian Army was enlarged to 54,000 men following the declaration of war but this rapid expansion meant that most immediately available resources had to be directed to the training and equipping of new recruits. Brazil's direct participation in land operations was limited to a preparatory military mission of 24 officers and sergeants, which was sent to Europe in mid-1918. Its members were attached to allied units, mainly in the French Army, to gain awareness of modern techniques employed in organisation and combat on the Western Front. The end of the conflict in November 1918 precluded the further development of the country's military involvement in the war as envisioned in the Calogeras Plan.

One-third of the officers who were sent to France were promoted for their courage in battle. Among them were the then Lieutenant José Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque who throughout his career became an important ideologue and reformer of the Brazilian Army, and Major Tertuliano Potiguara, a controversial figure accused of war crimes in the Contestado campaign who was wounded in action at the Battle of St. Quentin Canal during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.

Navy
Brazil's main military involvement in this conflict took place at sea. To fulfill this mission, the Secretary of the Navy ordered the use of part of its naval power in the anti-submarine campaign, with Admiral Alexandre Faria de Alencar organising a task force that would allow the effective participation of the Brazilian Navy in World War I. Ministerial Notice No. 501 was issued on January 30, 1918, establishing the "Naval Division for War Operations" (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra – DNOG), a naval fleet comprising units drawn from the fleets that formed the Navy in Brazil. The dreadnoughts  and , two scout cruisers,  and  were some of the major warships of the DNOG.

The DNOG comprised the following vessels:
 Scout cruiser
 Scout cruiser
 Destroyer  (CT–3)
 Destroyer  (CT–4)
 Destroyer  (CT–5)
 Destroyer  (CT–9)
 Tender Belmonte auxiliary ship
 Laurindo Pitta fleet tug

The DNOG was initially tasked to patrol the Atlantic maritime area covered by the triangle between the city of Dakar on the African coast, the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde and Gibraltar at the entrance to the Mediterranean. The Division would remain under the orders of the British Admiralty, represented by Admiral Hischcot Grant. As Commander, the Minister appointed one of the most well-regarded officers at the time, Admiral Pedro Max Fernando Frontin, on January 30, 1918.

The war at sea fought by Brazil's navy began on August 1, 1918, following the departure of the force from the port of Rio de Janeiro. On August 3, 1918, the German submarine  torpedoed the Brazilian ship Maceió. On August 9, 1918, the mission reached Freetown in Sierra Leone, staying 14 days, where the crew began falling ill with Spanish flu during a pandemic.

On the night of August 25, while sailing from Freetown to Dakar, the division suffered a torpedo attack by German submarines, but no casualties or damage were suffered by the Brazilian vessels, the torpedoes passing harmlessly between the Brazilian ships. A successful counter-attack using depth charges was launched, the Royal Navy crediting the Brazilians with the destruction of a U-boat. Subsequently, after anchoring in the port of Dakar, the crews were again severely hit by Spanish flu, which claimed the lives of over a hundred sailors and kept the Division restricted to port for almost two months.

Among the Allied naval command, there was debate about how the forces of the Brazilian fleet should be used; “The Italians wanted them in the Mediterranean, the Americans wanted them to work closely with US forces, and the French wanted to keep them protecting the commercial maritime traffic along the African coast Between Dakar and Gibraltar“. This indecision amongst the Allied command, combined with operational problems and the Spanish flu pandemic led to extended delays. In the event the fleet did not arrive at Gibraltar until the beginning of November 1918 just days before the signing of the armistice ending the war.

As another preparatory military mission the navy sent a group of military aviators who served with the RAF on the western front.

Military medical mission

On August 18, 1918, the Brazilian Medical Mission, led by Dr. Nabuco Gouveia and directed by General Aché, was established with 86 doctors, as well as civilian pharmacists, administrative support staff and a security platoon, and sent to the European Theatre in order to establish a hospital. On September 24, 1918, the Mission landed at the French port of Marseille. The hospital was opened in Paris but the main roles performed by the Medical Mission were in providing treatment for French sufferers during the Spanish flu epidemic and in ensuring the continuity of logistical support to the troops at the front. The Medical Mission was terminated in February 1919.

Aftermath

After the war's end, Brazil participated in the Versailles Peace Conference, with a delegation led by future president Epitácio Pessoa. Brazil was also a founder of the League of Nations after the end of the war. Upon returning to Brazil, the Naval Division (DNOG) was dissolved on June 25, 1919, having complied fully with its entrusted mission. The Treaty of Versailles allowed Brazil to keep over 70 ships that it had seized from the Central Powers during the war, and which were then incorporated into the Brazilian merchant fleet. Brazil was also financially compensated by Germany for the lost coffee shipments and ships that were sunk by German U-boats during the war.

From an economic point of view, although exports of latex and coffee fell sharply at first, creating a crisis in the economy, as the conflict continued, Brazil eventually began to find good trading opportunities. Increased international demand for foodstuffs and raw materials forced the country to change its economic structure away from the predominant agriculture. It was then that Brazil underwent unprecedented industrial development, also making use of immigrant labour, composed largely of Europeans initially fleeing famine and then the war. The number of factories quadrupled in the war years, doubling the number of workers. Brazil decreased the number of imported items, changing the country's socioeconomic face.

See also
 Brazil in World War II
 Brazilian Expeditionary Force
 South American dreadnought race

Reference Notes

Bibliography
 Donato, Hernâni, 1987 Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ("Dictionary of Brazilian Battles")  IBRASA, 1987
 Faria, Ivan Rodrigues de, 1996 Participação do Brasil na Primeira Guerra Mundial  ('Brazil's participation in World War I') Brazilian Army Journal, Rio - DPHCEx, (Page 67)
 Frota, Guilherme de Andrea, 2000 500 Anos de História do Brasil  Brazilian Army Press,
 Halpern, Paul G, 1994, A naval history of World War I, US Naval Institute,  (hc)
 Horne, Charles F, 1923, Records of the Great War, Volume V, National Alumni
 Maia, Prado, 1961, D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1914–1918: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira  ('DNOG - Naval Fleet in War Operations, 1914-1918: A forgotten page of Brazilian Navy History') (Brazilian) Navy General Documentation Service, OCLC 22210405
 McCann, Frank D, 2004 Soldiers of the Patria, A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937, Stanford University Press,
 Scheina, Robert L, 2003, Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001 Potomac Books, Chapter 5.
 Compagnon, Olivier, 2014, O Adeus à Europa.  América Latina e a Grande Guerra (Argentina e Brasil, 1914–1939), Rio de Janeiro, Editora Rocco,

External links
 Schulze, Frederik: Brazil , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
 Cristina Luna: Brazilian Naval Division for War Operations (DNOG), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
 Information about Brazil's participation in the World War I conflict.

  Timetable and War Declaration
 Brazil's Explanation to the Vatican of the Reasons for War, October 1917.

First Brazilian Republic
Military history of Brazil
Brazil in World War I


The Panama Mount is a form of gun mount for fixed coastal artillery developed by the U.S. Army in Panama during the 1920s. Widely used during the buildup to and during World War II by the United States military,
it was typically equipped with a  rifled gun.

The term Panama mount is often incorrectly used to describe other gun mounts with similar layouts and/or purpose.

Description

The Panama mount was constructed as
needed to provide 180, 270, and 360 degrees of traverse, with its gun mounted on a central  diameter concrete pier surrounded by a full or partial
approximately  concrete-embedded steel rail. Concrete beams connected the two for alignment and stability.

Originally the guns were traversed by pivoting their trailing arms around the steel ring with prybars. Later installations added a geared steel ring inside the rail.

The principle weapon employed was the Canon de 155mm GPF, the primary gun of the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps' tractor-drawn mobile units 1920-1945 (designated 155 mm gun M1917 (French-made) or M1918 (US-made) in U.S. service).

In World War II, Panama mounts were used to rearm six Harbor Defense Commands that had been disarmed in the 1920s; augment existing and new harbor defenses in the US and overseas; and for new defenses in Alaska, Newfoundland, Puerto Rico, and Australia.

Many surviving examples of these mounts can be found throughout former US coast defense sites including California, Florida, Alaska, and Panama.

See also
 Barbette mount
 Disappearing carriage
 Seacoast defense in the United States
 List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation

References

 List of all US coastal forts and batteries at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website

External links
Sitka's 155mm Battery
USACE Cape Cod Canal
Americans in Aruba

Coastal artillery
United States Army Coast Artillery Corps


Puchero is a type of stew originally from Spain, prepared in Yucatán, Mexico, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Perú, south of Brazil, the Philippines, and Spain, specifically the autonomous communities of Andalusia and the Canary Islands. The Spanish word "puchero" originally meant an earthenware pot, before being extended to mean any vessel, and then the dish cooked in it.

The dish is essentially equivalent to the cocido of Spain but lacking colorants (such as paprika), using local ingredients which vary from one region to another. In Spain chickpeas are widely used. Puchero, cocido, and the sancocho eaten in Colombia, Ecuador, República Dominicana, Venezuela and Puerto Rico, are essentially similar dishes.

Andalusian puchero
In Andalusia, puchero was originally a peasant soup. The basic ingredients of the broth are meat (beef, veal, pork or chicken), bacon, cured bones (such as those of the jamón serrano), and vegetables (potatoes, celery, chard, leek, carrots, and turnips). It can be drunk straight in mugs as a consommé known as caldo de puchero, which can be seasoned with fresh spearmint leaves or sherry. Alternatively, it can be prepared as a soup after adding chickpeas, cured ham, boiled egg, and rice, noodles or bread. The meats, called pringá, are usually served separately as a main dish, and the remnants used for subsequent dishes as croquettes or ropa vieja.

Río de la Plata puchero

Puchero is eaten in the parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay that border the Río de la Plata. The dish is prepared in the same way as in Spain, though its ingredients differ according to the very different local produce.  In the parts of Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay surrounding the estuary of the Río de la Plata, puchero is primarily beef-based—beef was plentiful and cheap—and chickpeas are less commonly used than in the Iberian peninsula. The broth and the solid ingredients are often consumed separately.

The cuts of meat used are particularly important: if possible, ossobuco; otherwise beef cuts with marrow or poultry (used in puchero de gallina) can be substituted. Other ingredients used may include potatoes, onions, and squash. Typical local produce used includes sweet potatoes, moderately fatty pork cuts, sweet corn, carrots, pork belly or cabbage.

Puchero is traditionally served during the colder months. It is not considered fine dining, and can be found on menus in family and regional restaurants throughout Argentina, but not at most more expensive restaurants.

Philippine puchero

In Philippine cuisine, puchero (Spanish: Pochero; Tagalog: putsero) is a dish composed of beef chunks stewed with saba bananas (or plantains). The dish may also include potatoes or sweet potatoes, chorizos de Bilbao, bok choy, leeks, chickpeas, cabbage and tomato sauce. Other versions replace beef with chicken or pork.

Yucatec puchero
The Yucatec puchero varies by cook and region. The most complete version is called puchero de tres carnes—"with three meats", pork, beef and chicken.  Other ingredients may include a piece of plantain in skin, onion, potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots, squash (calabaza), turnips or parsnips, white cabbage (repollo) and typically a type of pasta soup (noodles, fideos) and rice to increase the heartiness and especially if only one or two meats are used.  The soup like  the 98% of Yucatec soups-stews are broth consommés, not at all thick or heavy. It is flavored with saffron, allspice and black pepper.  The dish is served with all ingredients in the bowl and a side of fresh additions.  Typically or traditionally, a side plate is provided so that the person can put the meat to the side while eating the soup. The garnish consists of freshly chopped or diced habanero chili, onion, radish and cilantro. Avocados when in season.  See Steffan Igor Ayora Diaz book on the anthropology of Yucatán food

See also

 Andalusian cuisine
 Argentine cuisine
 Canarian cuisine
 Colombian cuisine
 List of stews
 Philippine cuisine
 Uruguayan cuisine

References

Andalusian cuisine
Canary Islands cuisine
Argentine cuisine
Colombian cuisine
Philippine stews
Uruguayan cuisine
Spanish soups and stews
Chickpea dishes


William Carlos Stone (October 9, 1859 – February 23, 1939) was a philatelist who specialized in the collection of philatelic literature related to revenue stamps and postal stationery.

Collecting interests
Stone collected and studied United States revenue stamps, and, at the same time, accumulated a large library consisting mostly of philatelic literature related to revenue stamps. He assisted his fellow philatelist William Reynolds Ricketts in the preparation of Ricketts' famous index of philatelic literature.

Philatelic activity
Stone helped found the American Philatelic Association, which later became the American Philatelic Society, and he continued to support the organization his entire philatelic career.

Honors and awards
Stone was named to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame in 1947.

Legacy
Stone's collection of revenue stamp philatelic literature was sold in 1939 to George Townsend Turner, who later donated it to the Smithsonian Institution where it now resides in the National Postal Museum in Washington, D.C.

See also
 Philately
 Philatelic literature

References

1859 births
1939 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
Smithsonian Institution donors
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
American Philatelic Society


Thomas Lydiat (1572 – 3 April 1646) was a clergyman and mathematician in England. In his time he was noted as a chronologer and was an opponent in controversy of Joseph Justus Scaliger. He is now considered, albeit in a very different type of theory, to have provided in 1605 a clear suggestion of an oval orbit in astronomy, anticipating Johannes Kepler, with whom he also had a controversial exchange relating to chronology.

His contemporaries ranked him with Joseph Mede and Francis Bacon. His ultimate poverty, certainly exaggerated, furnished Samuel Johnson with an allusion in his poem on the Vanity of Human Wishes.

Life
The son of Christopher Lydiat, he was born in 1572 at Alkerton, Oxfordshire, of which living his father was patron. In 1584, at eleven years of age, he gained a scholarship at Winchester College, and passing thence to New College, Oxford, was elected probationer fellow in 1591, and full fellow two years later. He graduated B.A. 3 May 1595, and M.A. 5 February 1599.

Defective memory and speech led him to give up both the study of divinity and his fellowship in 1603, in order to devote himself to mathematics and chronology. In 1609 he dedicated his Emendatio Temporum to Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, who appointed him his chronographer and cosmographer, and took him into his household as reader, granting him an annual pension and the use of his library. During the course of this year he became acquainted with James Ussher.

He spent about two years in Dublin, became fellow of Trinity College, Dublin 7 March 1610, and graduated M.A. there in the summer of the same year. Ussher found him rooms in the college and an appointment as reader, with a salary. The mastership of The Royal School, Armagh, seems also to have been promised him. Before August 1611 he had returned to London, but he still wrote to Ussher pressing his claim to the mastership.

The death of the Prince of Wales in 1612 cut off his hopes of preferment, and in the same year, after some hesitation, he accepted the family living of Alkerton, which he had refused during his father's lifetime. The following years he devoted to the study of chronology, and carried on a controversy with Scaliger; Lydiat's chronological discoveries are described in Robert Plot's Oxfordshire. He constructed a new Rectory, in Alkerton, in 1625. It is considered to be one of the finest small Rectories in the country.

In 1629 or 1630 he became surety for the debts of his brother, and being unable to pay was committed to prison, first in the Bocardo Prison at Oxford, and subsequently in the King's Bench, where he pursued his studies, spending what money he could upon books. The efforts of Sir William Boswell, Dr. Robert Pink (Warden of New College), Ussher (who is said to have paid £300 for him), and William Laud, ultimately led to his release. At this point he vainly petitioned the king for permission to travel in Turkey, Armenia, and Abyssinia, in order to collect materials for civil and ecclesiastical history.

Later, Lydiat's staunch royalism and uncompromising expression of his opinions brought him under the notice of the parliamentarians. His rectory was pillaged more than once, and he was carried off to prison, once to Warwick, and again to Banbury. He died at Alkerton, 3 April 1646, and was buried the next day in the chancel of his church. In 1669 a stone was laid over his grave by the society of New College, who also erected a monument, with an inscription to his memory on a black marble table, at the north end of the east cloister of the college.

Works
Lydiat's published works were:

Tractatus de variis Annorum formis, Lond. 1605.
Praelectio Astronomica de Natura Coeli et conditionibus Elementorum. Disquisitio Physiologica de origine fontium' (these two printed with the first). Defensio Tractatus de variis Annorum formis contra J. Scaligeri observationes, Lond. 1607, dedicated to Sir Anthony Cope of Hanwell. Examen Canonum Chronologiae Isagogieorum (printed with the 'Defensio'). Emendatio Temporum ab initio Mundi . . . contra Scaligerum et alios, Lond. 1609.Recensio et Explicatio argumentorum — insertia brevibus confutationibus opinionum I. Scaligeranae, Baronianae. . . atque Johannis Keppleri,' 1613.
Solis et Lunae Periodus seu Annus Magnus, Lond. 1620.
De Anni Solaris Mensura Epistola astronomica ad Hen. Savilium, Lond. 1620.
Numerus Aureus mellioribus Lapillis insignatus, &c., Lond. 1621.
Canones Chronologici, Oxford, 1675. Published from a manuscript in the library of John Lamphire.
Letters to Dr. Jam. Ussher, Primate of Ireland. Printed at the end of Ussher's Life,' 1686, published by Richard Parr.
Marmoreum Chronicon Arundelianum cum Annotationibus, of which manuscripts are in the Bodleian and Trinity College, Dublin; printed in Humphrey Prideaux's Marmora Oxoniensis.

Soon after Lydiat's death John Worthington and others made efforts to collect Lydiat's manuscripts with a view to having them printed. According to the Preface to Lydiat's Canones Chronologici, his manuscripts were carried off by a countryman to his cottage, where John Lamphire accidentally discovered them some years after Lydiat's death; others were presented to him by Robert Plot. These then passed, apparently, with the rest of Lamphire's property, into the hands of William Coward M.D., who presented to the Bodleian Library fifteen manuscripts.

Notes

References

1572 births
1646 deaths
Chronologists
16th-century English mathematicians
17th-century English mathematicians
17th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of New College, Oxford


Pedro Argüelles Morán (pseudonym Pedro del Sol) is a Cuban cartographer and journalist who was arrested during the "Black Spring" in 2003 and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

Argüelles Morán joined the Comité Cubano por los Derechos Humanos (Cuban Committee for Human Rights) in 1992. He was a director of the independent news agency Cooperativa Avileña de Periodistas Independientes at the time of his arrest.

References

External links
Open letter from Reporters Without Borders to Lula

Living people
Cuban journalists
Cuban male journalists
Cuban human rights activists
Cuban dissidents
Year of birth missing (living people)


Silver link may refer to:

Silver Link, a Japanese animation studio
Silverlink, a former British train operating company
LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link, a British steam locomotive
Burdekin Bridge, a road-rail bridge in Australia


WEPA or Wepa may refer to:

Western Economic Partnership Agreements
"Wepa", a song by Gloria Estefan
WEPA-LD, a low-power television station (channel 19) licensed to serve Erie, Pennsylvania, United States
WEPA (AM), a defunct radio station in Eupora, Mississippi, United States
WEPA-CD, a defunct low-power television station (channel 16) formerly licensed to serve Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
WEPA Hygieneprodukte GmbH, a large German producer of tissue paper


The Mace of the Virginia House of Delegates is a symbol of government and legislative authority of the American Commonwealth of Virginia's House of Delegates.

Original mace
The original mace used in the House of Delegates was a silver ceremonial mace presented by the Royal Governor to the House of Burgesses of the Colony of Virginia in 1700. Following the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Virginia, this mace continued to be used by the House of Delegates as a symbol of government authority. In 1792, after consideration of the inconsistency of using a royal symbol in a republican assembly, the House passed bills to dispose of the old mace and acquire two new maces for the House and the state Senate. The motion in the House noted "It is inconsistent [sic] with the principles of a republican government, that any badge of appendage of Kingly pomp should remain therein."

For the next two years, efforts were made to design a new mace for the House. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson was involved in this work, opposing an early proposal that included a rattlesnake and suggesting "the Roman staves & axe, trite as it is; or perhaps a sword, sheathed in a roll of parchment." A final design for the new mace was never selected; by 1793, concerns over the cost put the plan on hold and the House resolved to sell the existing mace. By December 1794, the 101-ounce silver mace had been sold, for $101, to two partners in a Virginia silversmith firm.

Current mace

One hundred and eighty years later, a new mace was acquired for the House of Delegates. The current mace is an Edwardian-style ceremonial mace in silver, with a 24 karat gold wash. It is reinforced with wood, and has four sections with designs of oak leaves, acorns, and flowers that resemble the Virginia state flower, the dogwood.

The mace was made in England in 1938 and passed through several owners before being purchased by an art dealer.  It was purchased by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation and presented to the House in 1974. Each day that the House is in session, the mace is placed in the House chamber by the sergeant-at-arms, Jay Pearson. When not in use, the mace is on display in the old hall of the House of Delegates.

See also

Mace of the United States House of Representatives

References

Ceremonial weapons
Symbols of Virginia
Government of Virginia
1938 works
Virginia House of Delegates


Enrique Abaroa Castellanos is a landscape artist and urban architect from Monterrey, Mexico. Some of the most famous large-scale projects he has worked on are the Santa Lucia Riverwalk, the design of the Fundidora Park, la Casa de Cursillos de Cristiandad San Pedro, and Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológico (PITT) His work can be seen in Nuevo Leon and Mexico.

Renewable energy company
Grupo Desus is a renewable energy company based in the city of Monterrey in Nuevo León, Mexico that originated in 1970 "under the impulse" of Castellanos.

References

Architects from Monterrey
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


"I'm Not Who I Was" is a song by contemporary Christian musician Brandon Heath and was the lead single from his debut album Don't Get Comfortable (2006). It became a number 1 hit song on Christian radio in mid-2007 and was nominated for two GMA Dove Awards in 2007: "Song of the Year" and "Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year".

Content
The song is about forgiveness and, according to Brandon Heath, was inspired by seeing an old photograph of someone he hadn't been in touch with for a while.

Awards

In 2008 the song was nominated for two Dove Awards: Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 39th GMA Dove Awards.

Music video
The music video for the single "I'm Not Who I Was" was released on October 25, 2009. The video features Heath walking around town with a guitar in hand, performing the song.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2007 singles
Brandon Heath songs
Songs written by Brandon Heath
2005 songs


Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital is located in Warangal city of the Indian  state of Telangana. It is a 1450-bed hospital which is undertaken by the government of Telangana.

The Health minister of Telangana, ETELA RAJENDER announced that the existing MGM Hospital will be upgraded to a world class teaching hospital under the KNRUHS.
Mgm will be having around 3000 out patients per day.
The super speciality hospital is in its final stage of construction, with almost all the super specialities.

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1955
Hospital buildings completed in 1964
Hospitals established in 1954
Hospitals in Telangana
Teaching hospitals in India
1954 establishments in India
20th-century architecture in India


The forgotten man is a political concept in the United States centered around those whose interests have been neglected. The first main invocation of this concept came from William Graham Sumner in an 1883 lecture in Brooklyn entitled The Forgotten Man (published posthumously in 1918) who articulated such a man to be one who has been compelled to pay for reformist programs. In 1932, President Franklin Roosevelt appropriated the phrase in a speech, using it to refer to those at the bottom of the economic scale whom Roosevelt believed the state needed to help.

Sumner's forgotten man
Yale University professor William Graham Sumner appears to be the first to use the phrase "the forgotten man", in his 1876 essay. His algebraic definition of the forgotten man was "C", who is coerced into helping the man at the economic bottom "X", by "A" and "B" who demand charity for "X".

Roosevelt's forgotten man
Roosevelt used the phrase in a radio address he gave on April 7, 1932, to describe the poor men who needed money and were not getting it, promoting his New Deal.  Roosevelt said,

These unhappy times call for the building of plans that rest upon the forgotten, the unorganized but the indispensable units of economic power, for plans like those of 1917 that build from the bottom up and not from the top down, that put their faith once more in the forgotten man at the bottom of the economic pyramid.

The term quickly appeared within popular culture, supplanting Sumner's concept of the forgotten man. In the film I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932) an editorial on the plight of a unjustly-treated prison escapee who has disappeared asks: "What has become of James Allen? - Is he too, just another forgotten man?" Joan Blondell and Etta Moten Barnett sing the song "Remember My Forgotten Man" in the climactic sequence of the film Gold Diggers of 1933, with scenes of mass unemployment. In the film My Man Godfrey (1936) a Boston Brahmin is mistaken for a tramp when frivolous socialites are looking for a "forgotten man" in a scavenger hunt. In the 1956 film High Society, the Cole Porter song sung by Bing Crosby and Frank Sinatra, "well, did you evah" opens with the lines: 'I have heard among this clan,
You are called the forgotten man'

See also
 The Forgotten Man, 2010 painting

References

Economic inequality in the United States


Marienberg (sometimes misspelled as Marienburg) is a town located near the mouth of the Sepik River in Marienberg Rural LLG, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.

History
In 1913, in what was then German New Guinea, missionaries of the Catholic Society of the Divine Word established a settlement here. It was the first European settlement on the Sepik. The settlement's main industry was milling timber. To facilitate this, one the first railways in the country was built to transport timber from the river to the sawmill. It was drawn by buffalo.

The town was occupied during the Japanese invasion of Papua New Guinea in 1942. Bombing and subsequent re-occupation of the town by Allied forces led to the destruction of the sawmill, houses and church constructed there. These were rebuilt and, by the 1960s the area had a thriving milling business again. Shortly before independence in 1975, labor disputes led to the mismanagement and decline of the business and ultimately all industry ceased there.

See also
Marienberg Hills
Marienberg languages
Marienberg Rural LLG

References

Populated places in East Sepik Province


Héctor Fajardo Navarrete (born November 16, 1970) is a Mexican former Major League Baseball player. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Texas Rangers in a career that spanned four years, from 1991 to 1995.

Baseball career

Minor leagues
Fajardo was purchased by the Pittsburgh Pirates from the Mexico City Red Devils on April 2, 1989. He played that season with the Gulf Coast League Pirates. Over the next two seasons, he worked his way through the Pirates organization. Fajardo was nicknamed "Senor Lluvia" or "Mr. Rain" because of how many of the games he was expected to start were rained out.

1991 season
Fajardo had surgery in the off-season to remove bone chips from his arm and his fastball improved significantly, from 85 mph to 93-95 mph. As his fastball and forkball were his main pitches, this marked a key transition. He also threw a curveball and changeup. He pitched at almost every level of the Pirates farm system, leading the club's minor leaguers with 151 strikeouts overall. In a minor-league game in 1991, he broke 9 of opponents bats while pitching.

Fajardo played his first games in the major leagues with the Pirates, making his major league debut on August 10. He was traded by the Pirates to the Texas Rangers on September 6, 1991, completing a trade in which Pittsburgh Pirates traded Kurt Miller and a player to be named later to Texas Rangers for Steve Buechele. He appeared in 6 games that season, being the starting pitcher in 5 of those games, recording a 9.95 ERA with Pittsburgh, and a 5.68 ERA with Texas. In total, he struck out 23 batters with 9 earned runs in 25.1 innings pitched.

1992 season
Héctor Fajardo did not play in the major leagues in 1992, spending the entire season in the minor leagues, and was limited with injuries throughout the year, spending time with the Oklahoma City 89ers, Tulsa Drillers (2-1, 2.16), Charlotte Rangers and GCL Rangers for a total of 11 games.

1993 season
Fajardo continued to be plagued by injuries in the '93 season, pitching only 2/3 of an inning with the Rangers. He pitched in two games for Charlotte and recorded six starts for the GCL Rangers.

1994 season
1994, his official rookie season, was the year Fajardo finally got a real audition with the Rangers, pitching in the rotation for 3 months, pitching 5–7 with a 6.91 ERA in 18 appearances and 83.1 innings pitched and recording 45 strikeouts. After his time in MLB, he was demoted to the Oklahoma City 89ers, where he was 5–1 with a 2.45 ERA.

1995 season
Like 1991–1993, Fajardo had few appearances in the majors, pitching only 15 innings, and recording a 7.80 ERA. He was traded to the Expos for Lou Frazier. He didn't play with the Expos, and was instantly demoted to the Ottawa Lynx, where he had 11 relief appearance, not recording any decisions, and a 4.11 ERA.

Back to the Mexican League
In 1996, Fajardo returned to the Mexican League. He played there until 1998.

References

1970 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Augusta Pirates players
Baseball players from Michoacán
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Carolina Mudcats players
Charlotte Rangers players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Mexico
Mexican expatriate baseball players in Canada
Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Ottawa Lynx players
People from Sahuayo
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Salem Buccaneers players
Texas Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players


Ewell is a village in Surrey, England.

Ewell may also refer to:

Places
Ewell, Alabama
Ewell, Kansas
Ewell, Maryland
Ewell, Virginia

Other uses
Ewell (name)

See also
Epsom and Ewell, a local government district
Epsom and Ewell (UK Parliament constituency)
Epsom & Ewell F.C., football club
Ewell Castle School
Ewell East railway station
Ewell West railway station
Ewell Minnis, a village in Kent
Temple Ewell, a village in Kent


Golkow may refer to:
Golków, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland
Gołków, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland


"" () is the third single by Daddy Yankee from the soundtrack Talento de Barrio released on 19 January 2009. The remix was released in March 2009, in which Daddy Yankee and Jowell & Randy use the Auto-tune effect in their respective verses. It received a nomination for Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year at the 2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards.

Remix
"" feat. Jowell & Randy – 3:53
"" feat. Omega "El Fuerte" (Mambo Version) – 5:21

Music video
The music video features Daddy Yankee singing on a tropical beach in St. Thomas in the United States Virgin Islands. Beautiful scenery and beautiful women serve as a backdrop for the video. The video for the remix features scenes from the original video with new scenes featuring Jowell & Randy.

Charts

Certifications

References

External links
¿Qué Tengo Que Hacer? Official Music Video
¿Qué Tengo Que Hacer? (Remix) Official Music Video

Spanish-language songs
Daddy Yankee songs
2009 singles
Songs written by Daddy Yankee
Jowell & Randy songs
Omega (singer) songs
2008 songs


Frits von der Lippe (1 June 1901 – 5 September 1988) was a Norwegian journalist and theater critic. He served as Director of  Riksteatret in Oslo from 1949–1968.

Biography
Von der Lippe    was born in Bergen, Norway. His parents were Jakob von der Lippe (1870–1954) and Hanna Castberg (1872–1926). His brother Jens von der Lippe (1911–1990) was a ceramist, non-fiction writer and educator. He grew up in  Kristiania (now Oslo) where he took his  examen artium in  1919. He worked  the next year as a teacher  at Boen near Kristiansand. He then started as a career in journalism. He was employed at Tidens Tegn from 1920–21 and then at Morgenposten where he was a  theater critic  until 1930.

From 1930 to 1949, he worked as Deputy Secretary for Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. During the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, publishing director Harald Grieg was under arrest  from 1941-42. Von der Lippe attended to the interests of the publisher during that period.

In parallel with the publishing activities after World War II,  von der Lippe wrote theater reviews in a series of newspapers. He was the first Director of the Riksteatret  from 1949 to 1968. He was also chairman of the Norwegian Theater and Music Council from 1947–49 and was chairman of the board of the Norwegian National Academy of Theatre from 1953 to 1971. He was awarded the Arts Council Norway Honorary Award (Norsk kulturråds ærespris) in 1968 for his contributions to Norwegian culture.

Bibliography
Rundt land og strand. Ved Riksteatrets første milepel (1959)

References

1901 births
1988 deaths
Journalists from Bergen
Norwegian theatre directors
20th-century Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian journalists
Theatre people from Bergen


Walter Campbell may refer to:

Sir Walter Campbell (judge) (1921–2004), Australian judge and governor of Queensland, Australia
Walter Campbell (field hockey) (1886–1967), Irish athlete in field hockey
Walter Campbell of Shawfield (1741–1816), rector of the University of Glasgow, 1789–1791
Skip Campbell (Walter G. Campbell, 1948–2018), mayor of Coral Springs
Walter G. Campbell (chemist) (1877–1963), American chemist
Walter H. Campbell (1876–1944), American businessman, lawyer, and politician
Walter Frederick Campbell (1798–1855), Scottish politician
Walter Campbell (British Army officer) (1864–1936), former Quartermaster-General to the Forces
Menzies Campbell (born 1941), British politician
Walter Ruggles Campbell (1890–1981), Canadian physician and diabetologist
Walter Stanley Campbell (1877–1957), American author who wrote as Stanley Vestal
Walter Campbell Smith (1887–1988), British mineralogist, in later life formally known as Walter Campbell-Smith
 Walter E. Campbell (died 1993), Boston architect, founding partner at Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty

See also
Wally Campbell (1926–1954), stock car, midget, and sprint car racer


The German American National Congress () (also known as DANK) is a national German-American nonprofit organization in the United States founded in 1959. It was established to unite Americans of Germanic descent, while preserving their heritage and traditions.  With over 30 chapters and more than 100 associated members throughout the country, DANK is the largest organization of German-Americans.

History
German American National Congress has had relationships with U.S. governmental and civic bodies including the White House, the German Embassy in Washington, D.C., German consulates, and a number of other German organizations, according to its website.

The Holocaust denier Austin App was active with the group, according to the writer Russ Bellant. App died in 1986.

DANK was in the Republican Heritage Groups Council in the early 1970s. The group received some financial support from West Germany. In 1985, its president, Elsbeth Seewald, tried to persuade members of Congress to support President Ronald Reagan's controversial visit to the Bitburg military cemetery, where members of the Nazi Waffen-SS were buried.

In 1987 DANK was involved in the adoption of October 6 as German-American Day, observed nationally.

It launched its website, dank.org, in the late 1990s.

As of 2013, it had 800 members in the United States, according to Multicultural America.

German-American Journal
The German-American Journal is the official newsletter of DANK, published bimonthly. At the start of DANK in 1959 it was six pages, issued every three weeks, and written almost entirely in German. As of 2011, the paper was 16 pages and written primarily in English, with articles in German often accompanied by an English translation or summary. Recurring topics in the Journal include current events, food and entertainment, reviews, and organization news. Members of DANK receive the newspaper as part of membership, and non-members may purchase an annual subscription.

Organizational structure
DANK is made up of chapters throughout the United States, which are divided into three regions: Regions One through Three. Along with its chapters, DANK has its national headquarters (DANK National) at the DANK Haus German American Cultural Center located in Lincoln Square, Chicago, Illinois.  On the national and chapter level there are board-member positions which aid in keeping the organization running, and are responsible for organizing events and activities which aim to unite people of German-American descent.

References

German-American organizations
Organizations established in 1959


The devil chaser is a percussion instrument originating in Southern Asia and commonly found in India and the Philippines. It is an idiophone made from a bamboo stalk split for about half of its length, and the resulting fork vibrates when struck against the hand.  Rich humming noises are produced from the natural cracks in the bamboo, and a musician can place their thumb over the tuning hole at one end of the instrument to control the air to flow in and out while striking it, adding a characteristic buzzing sound. The sound ranges from a hum to a roar, depending on size and playing technique.  This noise was used by early villagers to ward off the devil and evil spirits, thus giving it its name.

References

External links
  uploaded by Fmagnolia
  uploaded by yehoseff

Philippine musical instruments
Trough concussion idiophones


Raja Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad (, born 1 June 1946) is a judge in Supreme Court of Pakistan and is a former Chief Justice of High Court of Balochistan.

Early life
Ahmad was born in Quetta. He belongs to Gujar Khan district Rawalpindi. He got education from the Government Sandeman High School Quetta and graduated from Government College Quetta. Later he obtained LL.B. degree from University Law College Lahore.

Professional career

Ahmad enrolled as an advocate in 1968 with the West Pakistan Bar Council and started practicing law at Quetta. He also was an honorary lecturer from 1986 to 1989 in the University Law College Quetta and also for the session 1995. Ahmed was appointed as legal advisor to the Quetta Municipal Corporation from June 1980 to April 1985 and for the second term from July 1987 to February 1990.

Ahmad has been twice elected as joint secretary and general secretary of the Balochistan Bar Association He also has been elected unopposed as president of the Balochistan Bar Association in 1992–1993.

Ahmad was elevated as Judge High Court of Baluchistan in January 1997. He was appointed as Chief Justice of the High Court of Balochistan on 25 April 2000 and took oath of the Office of the Chief Justice on 28 April 2000.

Ahmad was elevated to the Supreme Court of Pakistan on September 14, 2005.

References

20th-century Pakistani judges
1946 births
Living people
People from Quetta
Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan
Chief Justices of the Balochistan High Court
21st-century Pakistani judges


Rose Hill Cemetery is a cemetery located in Rose Hill, Oxford, England. It was opened in 1889 and has more than 20,000 burials. It covers over  and has a Victorian chapel. The cemetery is closed to new burials.

The cemetery contains 28 Commonwealth graves from World War I, and 58 from World War II.

Edward Brooks (1883–1944), recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I, is buried in Rose Hill.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Oxford
Cemeteries in Oxford
1889 establishments in England


Reif Estate Winery is located in Niagara-on-the-Lake in  Ontario, Canada. Reif Estate is primarily known for playing an important in role pioneering the Ontario wine Industry, as well as planting some of the first Vitis vinifera vines in the Niagara region.

History

Before Reif Estate Winery settled on the banks of the Niagara River, the family tradition of winemaking traces back 13 generations, starting in Germany. The Reif family tradition of winemaking began in the 17th century in a small winemaking town called Neustadt, Germany.

In 1977, Ewald Reif moved to Canada and purchase a plot of land, where the winery is still situated today. After purchasing the land, Ewald began uprooting existing Vitis labrusca grapes that were planted on the property, replacing them with Vitis vinifera vines. Ewald opened Reif Estate Winery in 1982. The winery's first vintages in 1982 included Riesling, Gewürztraminer and Vidal. In 1984 Reif produced its first Icewine.

In 1987, Klaus W. Reif, with help from his wife Sabina, took over from his uncle Ewald as President and Winemaker at Reif Estate Winery. In 1990, Roberto DiDomenico became winemaker.

Vineyard
Reif Estate's  vineyard is located in Niagara Peninsula appellation, in the Niagara River sub-appellation. The Niagara River sub-appellation is characterized by its east facing slopes, offering grape varieties necessary sun exposure during the day. In addition, the Niagara river acts as a convective current which moderates vineyard temperatures and ultimately extends the growing season. The number of degree days in the Niagara River sub-appellation is 1470. Some of the first vines grown on the Estate included Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Riesling.

White Varieties include: Chardonnay, Chenin blanc, Gewürztraminer, Pinot grigio, Riesling, Sauvignon blanc and Vidal.

Red Varieties include: Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Gamay noir, and Syrah.

Milestones

Winemakers
Klaus W. Reif was born in the winemaking region of Neustadt, Germany. Klaus was also born into a long line of winemakers in his family, dating back 13 generations. In 1978, Klaus traveled to Canada to visit his Uncle Ewald Reif. Inspired by this visit, Klaus applied to one of Germany's most prestigious winemaking schools, the Geisenheim Institute. Klaus obtained a degree in Oenology and Viticulture, and then moved to Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada. In 1987 Klaus became President and Winemaker of Reif Estate Winery.

Roberto DiDomenico's father was a winemaker, and Roberto was a winemaker's assistant when he was growing up. In 1985, Roberto attended the University of Guelph and studied Microbiology, focusing on fermentation technology.  While a student, Roberto interned at Reif Estate Winery as a research assistant. After graduating in 1989, he joined the winery as winemaker and is still with the winery today.

References

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