Mesangiospermae (core angiosperms) is a clade of flowering plants (angiosperms), informally called "mesangiosperms". They are one of two main groups of angiosperms. It is a name created under the rules of the PhyloCode system of phylogenetic nomenclature. There are about 350,000 species of mesangiosperms. The mesangiosperms contain about 99.95% of the flowering plants, assuming that there are about 175 species not in this group and about 350,000 that are. While such a clade with a similar circumscription exists in the APG III system, it was not given a name.

Phylogeny
Besides the mesangiosperms, the other groups of flowering plants are Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. These constitute a paraphyletic grade called basal angiosperms. The order names, ending in -ales are used here without reference to taxonomic rank because these groups contain only one order.

Mesangiospermae includes the following clades:
 Ceratophyllales
 Chloranthales
 eudicots
 magnoliidae
 monocots

Name
The mesangiosperms are usually recognized in classification systems that do not assign groups to taxonomic rank. The name Mesangiospermae is a branch-modified node-based name in phylogenetic nomenclature. It is defined as the most inclusive crown clade containing Platanus occidentalis, but not Amborella trichopoda, Nymphaea odorata, or Austrobaileya scandens. It is sometimes written as /Mesangiospermae even though this is not required by the PhyloCode. The "clademark" slash indicates that the term is intended as phylogenetically defined.

Description

In molecular phylogenetic studies, the mesangiosperms are always strongly supported as a monophyletic group. There is no distinguishing characteristic which is found in all mature mesangiosperms but which is not found in any of the basal angiosperms. Nevertheless, the mesangiosperms are recognizable in the earliest stage of embryonic development. The ovule contains a megagametophyte, also known as an embryo sac, that is bipolar in structure and contains 8 cell nuclei. The antipodal cells are persistent, and the endosperm is triploid.

History

The oldest known fossils of flowering plants are fossil mesangiosperms from the Hauterivian stage of the Cretaceous period.

Molecular clock comparisons of DNA sequences indicate that the mesangiosperms originated between 140 and 150 Mya (million years ago) near the beginning of the Cretaceous period. This was about 25 Ma (million years) after the origin of the angiosperms in the mid-Jurassic.

By 135Mya, the mesangiosperms had radiated into 5 groups: Chloranthales, Magnoliids, Monocots, Ceratophyllales, and Eudicots. The radiation into 5 groups probably occurred in about 4 million years.

Because the interval of this radiation (about 4 million years) is short in proportion to its age (about 145 million years), it had long appeared that the 5 groups of mesangiosperms had arisen simultaneously. The mesangiosperms were shown as an unresolved pentatomy in phylogenetic trees. In 2007, two studies attempted to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among these 5 groups by comparing large portions of their chloroplast genomes. These studies agreed on the most likely phylogeny for the mesangiosperms. In this phylogeny, the monocots are sister to the clade [Ceratophyllales + eudicots]. However, this result is not strongly supported. The approximately unbiased topology test showed that some of the other possible positions of the monocots had more than 5% probability of being correct. The major weakness of these 2 studies was the small number of species whose DNA was being used in the phylogenetic analysis, 45 in one study and 64 in the other. This was unavoidable, because complete chloroplast genome sequences are known for only a few plants.

References

Bibliography

External links
 Angiosperm Phylogeny at Missouri Botanical Garden
 Electronic Supplement to Cantino et alii
  Divergence Times  T. Jonathan Davies et alii. (2004). PNAS 101(7):1904-1909.
 chloroplast genome list In: Montreal genomics

Angiosperms
Plant unranked clades


Discrete papular lichen myxedematosus is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides characterized by the occurrence of waxy, flesh-colored papules.

See also
 Papular mucinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mucinoses


USS Kermoor was a United States Navy cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919.

Construction, early career, acquisition, and commissioning
Kermoor was built in 1907 at Sunderland, England, by JL Thompson and Sons, Ltd as the Austro-Hungarian commercial cargo ship SS Morawitz. Upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, she took refuge at Galveston, Texas, in the then-neutral United States to avoid capture or destruction by Allied forces. When the United States took control of all Central Powers merchant ships in its ports in April 1917 when it entered the war on the side of the Allies, it seized German ships and acquired all the Austro-Hungarian merchant ships in its own and other Western Hemisphere ports, although since there was no state of war with Austria-Hungary this was accomplished by purchase. Eight former Austro-Hungarian cargo ships thus became the property of the Kerr Navigation Company of New York City. Kerr Navigation gave them all names beginning with "Ker," Morawitz becoming Kermoor.

The United States Army took control of Kermoor on 14 March 1918 for World War I service. The US Navy acquired her from the Army at Cardiff, Wales, on 1 November 1918 and commissioned her the same day as USS Kermoor. Unlike most commercial ships commissioned into US Navy service during World War I, Kermoor never received a naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.).

United States Navy service
Operated by the Navy under Army account, Kermoor served out of Cardiff, carrying coal and military supplies between UK and French ports until 1 March 1919.

Detached from this cross-English Channel service on 1 March 1919, Kermoor departed Queenstown, Ireland, for the United States on 6 March 1919 with a cargo of military stores. She reached Baltimore, Maryland, on 27 March 1919, then departed for New York City on 21 April 1919. She arrived there on 23 April 1919 and discharged her cargo.

Kermoor was decommissioned at Hoboken, New Jersey, on 5 May 1919 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board the same day for simultaneous return to the Kerr Navigation Company.

Later career
Kermoor resumed commercial operations as SS Kermoor. In 1921, she was transferred to the Hungarian flag and resumed the name Morawitz. She was transferred to the UK flag and renamed Purley Oaks in 1927. She was scrapped at Rosyth, Scotland in 1936.

Notes

References

Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images US Navy Ships USS Kermoor (1918-1919) Previously the Austro-Hungarian freighter Morawitz (1907). Later named Kermoor, Morawitz, and Purley Oaks
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Kermoor

1907 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of Austria-Hungary
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Steamships of the United States
Ships built on the River Wear
World War I cargo ships of the United States


Acral persistent papular mucinosis is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides, characterized by bilaterally symmetrical, flesh-colored papules localized to the hands and wrists.

See also
 Papular mucinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mucinoses


Cladium californicum is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known as California sawgrass. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico where it grows in moist areas in a number of habitat types, often in alkaline soils. Cladium californicum is a perennial herb with a hollow, erect, rounded stem  tall. It grows from rhizomes in dense clumps. The narrow leaves are flat and edged with small, sharp teeth. The inflorescence is a large panicle of spikelets yielding oval-shaped, purplish-brown fruits.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

californicum
Plants described in 1880


The Guahiba gracile opossum (Cryptonanus guahybae) is a species of opossum in the family Didelphidae. It is endemic to southern Brazil, where it is known only from three islands, Guahiba, São Lourenço, and Taquara, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The poorly studied species is presumed to inhabit subtropical forests, and thus to be threatened by deforestation.

References

Opossums
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Environment of Rio Grande do Sul
Marsupials of South America
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals described in 1931


Self-healing papular mucinosis is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides, and may present in adult and juvenile forms.  The juvenile variant is also called self-healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis.

See also
 Papular mucinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Mucinoses


TGV is a French high-speed train.

TGV may also refer to:

 TGV (box set), a DVD set by Throbbing Gristle
 Tanjong Golden Village, a chain of cinemas in Malaysia
 Tingui-Botó language
 Transposition of the great vessels, a group of heart conditions
 Tanora malaGasy Vonona Young Malagasies Determined, a political movement in Madagascar
 Through-glass via, in semiconductor packaging.


Self-healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides, and is characterized by the sudden onset of skin lesions and polyarthritis.

See also
 Lichen myxedematosus
 Skin lesion

References

External links

Mucinoses


Gunnar Landtman (6 May 1878, Helsinki – 30 October 1940, Helsinki) was a Finnish philosopher as well as a sociology and philosophy professor. A pupil of Edvard Westermarck, he graduated from the University of Helsinki in 1905. He later became an associate professor there from 1910 to 1927 and then a temporary professor until his death in 1940. At the university, Landtman was a member of the Prometheus Society, a student society promoting freedom of religion. Landtman was the first modern sociological anthropologist. His most important journey was a two-year trip to Papua New Guinea where he lived with the Kiwai Papuans from 1910 to 1912. He was from 1922 to 1924 a member of the Parliament of Finland, where he represented the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP).

Bibliography
 The Origin of Priesthood (1905)
 The Primary Causes of Social Inequality (1909)
Wanderings of the Dead in the Folk-Lore of the Kiwai-speaking Papuans (1912)
The Poetry of the Kiwai Papuans (1913)
The folk-tales of the Kiwai Papuans (1917)
The Pidgin English of British New Guinea (1918)
Papuan Magic in the Building of Houses (1920)
The Kiwai Papuans of British New Guinea: A Nature-born Instance of Rousseau's Ideal Community (1927)
A Descriptive Survey of the Material Culture of the Kiwai People (1937)
 The Origin of the Inequality of the Social Classes (1938)

Sources

https://web.archive.org/web/20110604125833/http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20010410IE5
 Gunnar Landtman in Papua: 1910 to 1912.

1878 births
1940 deaths
People from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Swedish People's Party of Finland politicians
Members of the Parliament of Finland (1922–1924)
Finnish philosophers
Finnish sociologists
Finnish anthropologists
University of Helsinki alumni
Academic staff of the University of Helsinki


Meccania: The Super-State is a dystopian novel by Owen Gregory, first published in 1918.

Most of the book describes the fictional country of "Meccania," a nation in Central Europe with obvious resemblances to Germany: Meccania is surrounded by "Francaria" (France), "Luniland" (Britain),"Lugrabia" (Austria) and Idiotica (Russia). Meccania is a place where dissenters are sent to mental hospitals and concentration camps. The state maintains a eugenic breeding program, and commands its common citizens when to have children. All letters are censored, and all telephone conversations are monitored. All citizens wear the uniforms of their occupational classes. Among the very complex regulations of the Super-State are those regarding control of worker fatigue: if a given worker's calculated fatigue level is below average, he must work more hours until he is as tired as his compatriots.

The novel's frame story is set in the future (from the novel's perspective) year 1970. A young Chinese traveler named Ming Yuen-hwuy enters Meccania for a five-month stay. Ming's diary and notes describe his dreary and dehumanizing sojourn in a country where the militaristic government dominates social life. Meccania, a place of "perpetual propaganda...," presents the visitor with "an odd mixture of arrogance, xenophobia, over-punctiliousness, over-organization, chauvinism, and rigidity...." Ming is constantly observed by official guides. Ming provokes his state minders when he tries to find a newspaper; he gets into more trouble when the personal record he is required to keep does not match the records of his guides with perfect exactness.

Ming also learns the history of Meccania — how "Bludiron" (Otto von Bismarck) organized the nation to resist the socialism of "Spotts" (a pun on the surname of Karl Marx).

References

External links
 Free eBook of Meccania: The Super-State from manybooks.net

1918 British novels
Dystopian novels
1918 speculative fiction novels
Methuen Publishing books


Brian Carthy works as a Gaelic games correspondent and commentator for RTÉ, specialising in Gaelic games.

Early life and family
Carthy is a native of Ballymore, near Strokestown, County Roscommon. His mother was Susan.

In 2012, his son John Brian won an All-Ireland U-21 Football Championship medal playing in goal for Dublin against Brian's native Roscommon  and was part of the U-21 squad again in 2013.

Broadcasting career
Carthy's first day at RTÉ was 26 May 1980.

In 2011, Carthy was "downgraded" by RTÉ. This prompted a response from numerous Gaelic games figures, including Mickey Harte, Kieran McGeeney and Justin McNulty, who felt this mistreatment of Carthy was unfair. Those who disagreed with RTÉ's treatment of Carthy wrote a four-page letter to director general Noel Curran and boycotted the organisation.

Carthy launched a podcast in August 2022, focusing on Senior Club Championship results.

Writing career
In possession of a nationwide profile, Carthy has also written a number of books with a sporting theme.

References

External links
 Official biography at RTÉ Radio Sport

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Gaelic games commentators
RTÉ controversies
RTÉ people
People from Strokestown
Broadcasters from County Roscommon


Blood on the Bricks is a studio album by the Iron City Houserockers released in 1981.  A more restrained album than their previous two efforts, the album was produced by Steve Cropper (of Booker T. and the M.G.'s) instead of hard rock producers as on Have a Good Time but Get out Alive!.  Among the more popular songs on the album were the title track, along with "Saints and Sinners" (a song about a Vietnam veteran), and "Be My Friend" which includes a guitar riff in tribute to Van Morrison's "Here Comes the Night"; all of which still feature in Joe Grushecky's modern live performances.  Like the band's previous two albums, Blood on the Bricks would be praised by critics but largely ignored by the public.  Before their next album the band would change their name to simply "The Houserockers" in an attempt to achieve success outside of their native region.

The album has never been reissued on CD but was re-released in remastered form as a digital download from Grushecky's official website in 2015.

Track listing

Friday Night (Joe Grushecky) - 3:51
Saints and Sinners (Grushecky) - 4:24
This Time the Night (Won't Save Us) (Eddie Britt, Grushecky, Art Nardini) - 3:56
Be My Friend (Grushecky) - 4:20
No Easy Way Out (Grushecky) - 3:21
No More Loneliness (Grushecky) - 3:54
Watch Out (Britt, Grushecky, Gil Snyder) - 4:18
Blood on the Bricks (Grushecky) - 4:19
A Fool's Advice (Grushecky) - 5:11

Personnel
Joe Grushecky - lead vocal, guitar
Eddie Britt - guitar, vocals
Art Nardini - bass
Gil Snyder - keyboards, vocals
Ned E. Rankin - drums
Marc Reisman - harmonica, vocals

Guest musicians
Steve Cropper - guitar (solo "This Time The Night")
Jim Horn - saxophone
Steve Forman - percussion
Steve Madeo - trumpet
Brick Alley Boys Town Choir - background vocals

References

1981 albums
Iron City Houserockers albums
Albums produced by Steve Cropper
MCA Records albums


Papular mucinosis of infancy is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides, characterized by skin-colored or translucent papules.

See also
 Papular mucinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Mucinoses


Eduardo Castro Zialcita is a Filipino public servant, businessman, and academic who currently serves as the Dean of the Graduate School of Business at University of Perpetual Help System. He is also a professor on the Master of Business Administration and Doctor of Philosophy programs at the same university and Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. As a politician, he served as Representative of Parañaque for its Lone District from 2001 to 2004 and its 1st District from 2004 to 2010.

Education
Zialcita completed his elementary education at San Sebastian College – Recoletos in 1962 as a valedictorian and his secondary education at the same college in 1967 as a salutatorian. He took up mass communication at the University of the Philippines Diliman. He then finished his masters in business administration at the University of Asia and the Pacific and became a government scholar at Georgetown University. He completed his doctorate at the International Academy of Management and Economics.

Political career
Zialcita was elected Representative of Parañaque for its Lone District in 2001 until the district was divided into two in 2004. During his first term, he was voted the Outstanding Neophyte Legislator in August 2002. He was re-elected in 2004 as the first representative of the 1st District of Parañaque. He was re-elected to his third consecutive term in 2007 and served until 2010.

Being term-limited as representative, he ran for Mayor of Parañaque in 2010 with former Vice Mayor and celebrity Anjo Yllana as his running mate, but lost to incumbent Florencio Bernabe, Jr. He later sought a comeback to the Congress by running for the 1st district in 2013 but lost to councilor Eric Olivarez.

References

1950 births
People from Manila
People from Parañaque
Living people
Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians
Nacionalista Party politicians
Filipino academics
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Parañaque
San Sebastian College – Recoletos alumni
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni


Atypical lichen myxedematosus  is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides.

See also
 Lichen myxedematosus
 Skin lesion

References

External links

Mucinoses


John Henry Hopkins Jr. (October 28, 1820 – August 14, 1891) was an American clergyman and hymnodist, most famous for composing the song "We Three Kings of Orient Are" in 1857 (even though it does not appear in print until his Carols, Hymns, and Songs in 1863).

Life
Hopkins was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of John Henry Hopkins, an Episcopal bishop. Hopkins graduated from the University of Vermont with an A.B. in 1839, and then a Master's Degree in 1845. After a stint as a journalist, he graduated from the General Theological Seminary in 1850, and became a deacon, author, illustrator, and designer. He was the seminary's first music teacher from 1855 to 1857, composed several hymns, and edited the Church Journal.

He wrote words and music to his most famous hymn, "We Three Kings", as part of a Christmas pageant for his nieces and nephews. It is suggested to have been written in 1857 but did not appear in print until his Carols, Hymns, and Songs in 1863. His nephew, John Henry Hopkins III, is credited with the music for "I Sing a Song of the Saints of God", a popular children's hymn in the Episcopal Church.
Hopkins had many close friends who aided him in his musical compositions and his best friend includes the notorious Patrick, who was known for torturing his students.citation? They were of great influence on his music and they heavily influenced his life choices too.

Hopkins served as rector of Trinity Church in Plattsburgh, New York from 1872 to 1876 and of Christ Episcopal Church in Williamsport, Pennsylvania from 1876 to 1887. He delivered the eulogy at the funeral of President Ulysses S Grant in 1885, and died in Hudson, New York. He was buried next to his father at Bishop's House, Rock Point, Burlington, Vermont.  Hopkins' nephew, Charles Filkins Sweet, wrote a biography of his uncle entitled A Champion of the Cross, Being the Life of John Henry Hopkins, S.T.D.

References

External links

 Grave from Find a Grave

1820 births
1891 deaths
19th-century American Episcopalians
American Episcopal priests
American Christian hymnwriters
Religious leaders from Pittsburgh
University of Vermont alumni
General Theological Seminary alumni
Editors of Christian publications
Writers from Pittsburgh
Musicians from Pittsburgh
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American musicians
19th-century American male writers
Songwriters from Pennsylvania
19th-century American clergy


Ardyaloon or One Arm Point, also known as Bardi, is an Aboriginal Australian community town on the Dampier Peninsula, in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is located  north of Perth and the closest populated town is Derby. At the , Bardi had a population of 365.

The Bardi Ardyaloon hatchery has successfully produced trochus shell at One Arm Point for a number of years, including reseeding the reef surrounding the area.

The area is home to the Bardi people.

According to the local Indigenous people, the name "One Arm Point" originated from the tale of an unfortunate pearler who had an accident with dynamite while attempting to catch fish using explosives in the bay.

Native title
The community is located within the Bardi Jawi native title determination area, determined by the Federal Court of Australia on 30 November 2005. (Federal Court file nos. WAD49/1998, WAD6001/2004)  It is managed through its incorporated body, Ardyaloon Incorporated, registered under the Associations Incorporations Act 1987 and the Aboriginal Communities Act 1979.

The town plan follows the Ardyaloon Community Layout Plan No.2 has been prepared in accordance with State Planning Strategy 3.2 Aboriginal Settlements. Layout Plan No.2 was endorsed by the community on 15 September 2004 and the Western Australia Planning Commission on 15 February 2005, with various amendments up until 2017.

Town planning
Ardyaloon Layout Plan No.2 was prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 and was endorsed by the community in 2004 and the Western Australian Planning Commission in 2005.

See also
List of Aboriginal communities in Western Australia

References

External links
 National Native Title Register Details
 Department of Planning Document 1, confirming name of town.

Towns in Western Australia
Aboriginal communities in Kimberley (Western Australia)


Reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) is a skin condition caused by fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides. It is a disease that tends to affect women in the third and fourth decades of life.

See also
 Mucinosis
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links

Mucinoses


In combinatorial game theory, a two-player deterministic perfect information turn-based game is a first-player-win if with perfect play the first player to move can always force a win. Similarly, a game is second-player-win if with perfect play the second player to move can always force a win. With perfect play, if neither side can force a win, the game is a draw.

Some games with relatively small game trees have been proven to be first or second-player wins. For example, the game of nim with the classic 3–4–5 starting position is a first-player-win game. However, Nim with the 1-3-5-7 starting position is a second-player-win. The classic game of Connect Four has been mathematically proven to be first-player-win.

With perfect play, checkers has been determined to be a draw; neither player can force a win. Another example of a game which leads to a draw with perfect play is tic-tac-toe, and this includes play from any opening move.

Significant theory has been completed in the effort to solve chess. It has been speculated that there may be first-move advantage which can be detected when the game is played imperfectly (such as with all humans and all current chess engines). However, with perfect play, it remains unsolved as to whether the game is a first-player win (White), a second player win (Black), or a forced draw.

See also
Solved game
Strategy-stealing argument
Zugzwang
Determinacy
Combinatorial game theory
First-move advantage in chess

References

Non-cooperative games
Mathematical games


The Forests of the Night (1947; French: Les Forêts de la nuit) is the second novel by French author Jean-Louis Curtis. His best-selling novel, it is also considered his best, winning the 1947 Prix Goncourt, France's most prestigious literary prize. Set in Curtis's native region of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, the novel is the story of a village under Nazi occupation, centering on the fortunes of French resistors and collaborators.

History

The novel's historical context is that during the years immediately after the war, a myth in France arose that most Frenchmen had been resistors to the Nazi occupation, fighters who took up arms or committed acts of civil disobedience and noncooperation. They were opposed by a few collaborators, or bad apples, who supported the occupation. The mythology of a nation of resistors would be seriously discredited and revised in the early 1970s through the work of historian Robert Paxton, but Jean-Louis Curtis's 1947 novel was one of the first to raise some doubts, to expose cracks in the lie, thus winning it the attention of France's literary establishment and earning it the Prix Goncourt. The Forests of the Night was the first post-war novel to portray France during the war as it really was, as James Kirkup observed, an "acid portrait of those who played at being members of the [French] Resistance".

The novel's theme and title come from the opening lines to William Blake's poem "The Tyger": "Tiger, tiger, burning bright - in the forests of the night."

The Forests of the Night was translated by  into English in 1951; it has not been re-printed since.

Plot
Francis is the son of the Comte de Balansun, whose family resides in the French town of Saint-Clar, near the Pyrenees. Francis, in the beginning of the novel, skips school and helps a refugee called "The Mohican" escape to the Free Zone in Spain during the German Occupation of France. Before he departs, the "Mohican" promises Francis to inform Jean, the fiancé engaged to Francis' sister, Helene, and who had escaped through Spain to England. Afterwards, Francis informs his father that he has joined the French Resistance, and the Comte de Balansun, who is initially supportive of Marechal Petain, is then moved by his son's actions and declares his support for the Resistance. Francis tells his acquaintance, Philip Arreguy, to inform his sister Helene the next time he visits Paris, and let her know that he has tried to get a message across to her fiancee Jean. In the process Francis also reveals to Philip that he is part of the Resistance.

Helene is living in Paris, having graduated from studies in physics and chemistry. An admirer named Gerard who frequently spends evenings with her longs for her to be his lover, but out of respect for her engagement, as well as her intelligence, virtue, and position, he decides to remain as a friend. Helene grows tired of waiting for Jean and succumbs to the sensual attentions of Philip, who becomes her lover. Afterwards, Helene sends a message directed to Jean, not knowing if he will ever receive it, informing him that she has decided to break their relationship.

One evening, a British soldier survives a crash landing near Saint-Clar and, speaking French, passes himself off as a French villager when he is discovered by Jacques, a resident of Saint-Clar. Jacques brings the British soldier to dine with a German officer, claiming that the soldier was his friend from the army. The next day, Jacques reveals to the soldier that he was aware he was the soldier who had crashed that evening. The soldier then leaves for England.

Gerard and Francis both find Helene changed, and feel somewhat disgusted by her presence even though she has not told them she has taken Philip as a lover. Philip becomes involved with a gang who supports the German occupation and rats on Francis, who is later captured in Bordeaux and subsequently tortured then killed while trying to escape with Philip. Helene learns that her brother Francis was murdered and that her ex-fiancee, Jean, committed suicide by driving his plane downwards to a crash after receiving her letter informing him of their breakup. She feels alienated from her former virtuous self and has difficulty reconciling what she has caused with her ethics. Feeling distanced from most people, she becomes the lover of Jacques, who attempts to profit from the war.

The Americans and Russians eventually advance into France, liberating Paris, during which crowds of people join in to help fight the retreating German occupants. The Comte de Balansun, while initially holding out hope that his son Francis might still be alive, comes to believe that his son did indeed die. The novel also describes that during the occupation there were those who profited from the war, those who collaborated, those who switched sides depending on who was winning, and the different shades of morality that were created by the imposition of the darkness of the "night" during the German occupation.

See also
Boule de Suif, another critical look at French society set in the Franco-Prussian War

References

External links
The Forests of the Night at Internet Archive

1947 French novels
Novels set in France
Prix Goncourt winning works
Novels set during World War II


Mad About Town is the second album by new wave group Slow Children, released in 1982. It contained the singles "President Am I" and "Vanessa Vacillating".

Track listing
 "One More Trauma"
 "Late Night Transatlantic"
 "Unplugging the Vacuum"
 "Vanessa Vacillating"
 "Suspense"
 "President Am I (Extended Version)"
 "Respective Sides"
 "Skill of a Caveman"
 "Missing Missiles"
 "East Berlin by Rail"

References

External links
 Official Slow Children website

1982 albums
Albums produced by Stephen Hague
Slow Children albums


General elections were held in the Cook Islands in January 1989 to elect 24 MPs to the Parliament.  The elections saw the Cook Islands Party win 12 seats, the Democratic Tumu Party win 2 seats, and the Democratic Party-led opposition coalition win 9 seats.  One seat was won by an independent. Following the elections, the Democratic Tumu Party supported the CIP, and Geoffrey Henry became Prime Minister for the second time.

Results

References

Elections in the Cook Islands
Cook Islands
1989 in the Cook Islands
Cook
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


Cutaneous focal mucinosis is a skin condition characterized by a solitary nodule or papule.

See also
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Mucinoses


Ollie Bruce Williams (born February 22, 1982), better known by his stage name, Ali Vegas, is an American rapper from Queens, New York and founder of the record labels Council Recordings and Rich Soil Entertainment. After two failed deals with major record labels, Vegas frequently performed on underground mixtapes and established his own record labels. He is also the younger cousin of two-time NBA champion Lamar Odom.

Biography
He entered the New York City hip-hop scene around the late 1990s. Onyx and Panama P.I. mentored him when he was young. Vegas's tracks, one of which featured Capone, appeared on mixtapes. He signed to Columbia Records in the early 2000s, and his first single "Theme of N.Y." was released in December 2000. Trackmasters lost their distribution deal with Columbia Records, so he signed to Tommy Mottola's new label Casablanca Records, which never achieved mainstream success. After failing to release a full-length LP on any of this first three major labels, Vegas founded his independent label Council Recordings. At a benefit concert hosted by New York hip-hop radio station Hot 97, rapper Fabolous verbally attacked Vegas on stage.

Vegas frequently participated in rap mixtapes, with noted street releases such as "The AV Theme", produced by Kanye West. He composed a song for DJ Boom's Boomtown in 2003. In 2005, he and basketball player Lamar Odom founded Rich Soil Entertainment, based on Vegas's rap lyric “I’m from the land of rich soil, expect the branches to follow.” Rich Soil intended to release Ali Vegas's official solo debut album.

In April 2010, Ali Vegas released his latest mixtape Veganomics. In an interview with hip hop website Icon Hip Hop, he discussed his latest business ventures outside of music.

According to his official Facebook fan page, in May 2011, Ali Vegas returned to the music scene this time teaming up with Sydney based production team Sound Kamp, which is made up of The Iron Ghost & P.R to release a six-track album titled Bridging the Gap.

Discography

Albums
Generation Gap (Unreleased) (1999)
Generation Gap 2: The Prequel (2008)
Veganomics (Alpha Beta Paper, 2010)
AutoVegography (2010)
Bridging the Gap (2011)

Mixtapes
Whatevers Whatever (1999)
Heir to the Throne (1999)
The Rebirth of the Price Hosted By DJ Big Mike (2002)
Million Dollar Baby  (2004)
 The Best of Ali Vegas Vol. 1 (2005)
Black Card Council (2006)
The Best of Ali Vegas Vol. 2 (2006)
I Got My Glow Back Hosted By Superstar Jay (2007)
America's Prince (2008)
Leader of the New School Hosted By Statik Selektah (2008)
Transition to Power  Hosted By Superstar Jay (2009)

References

External links
 Ali Vegas on Twitter

1982 births
Columbia Records artists
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
Rappers from Queens, New York
Underground rappers
Living people
East Coast hip hop musicians
Hardcore hip hop artists
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people


USS Kerowlee was a United States Navy cargo ship in commission from 1918 to 1919.

Kerowlee was built in 1901 at South Shields, England, by J. Readhead and Sons as a commercial cargo ship. She operated under the name SS Campania during at least part of her commercial service. She was named SS Kerowlee and the property of Kerr Navigation Company of New York City by the time the United States Army took control of her at Le Havre, France, on 1 December 1917 for World War I service. The U.S. Navy acquired her from the Army at Cardiff, Wales, on 17 October 1918 and commissioned her the same day as USS Kerowlee. Unlike most commercial ships commissioned into U.S. Navy service during World War I, Kermoor never received a naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.).

Departing Cardiff on 3 November 1918 for Brest, France, Kerowlee operated between ports on the English Channel ports in England and France until 11 April 1919, carrying coal and military supplies.

Kerowlee was assigned to the United States Food Administration on 11 April 1919 to carry foodstuffs between St. Nazaire, France, and Danzig, Germany.

Transferred to a United States Shipping Board account on 1 June 1919, Kerowlee departed St. Nazaire on 8 July 1919 with a load of U.S. Army cargo for the United States. Arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, on 25 July 1919, she was decommissioned on 11 August 1919 and transferred to the U.S. Shipping Board the same day for simultaneous return to the Kerr Navigation Company.

The ship returned to commercial service as SS Kerowlee. She was wrecked in the Weser in Germany in late March 1920 and broke in two on 25 March 1920.

References

Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center Online Library of Selected Images U.S. Navy Ships USS Kerowlee (1918-1919)
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Kerowlee

World War I cargo ships of the United States
Ships built on the River Tyne
1901 ships
Cargo ships of the United States Navy
Maritime incidents in 1920
Shipwrecks


War 3010: The Revolution is a turn-based strategy video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, developed by American studio Advanced Productions, that takes place in the year 3010. It was released in 1996 to an exclusively North American market. It is the sequel to War 2410.

Story

In the years following the victory of humanity over the three other factions in the fateful conflict of 2410, most of the known universe has been occupied by an intergalactic menace known as the Kyllen. Slavery for most of the civilized species only became an unavoidable reality once the freedom-loving citizens lost their political and social autonomy sometime in the year 2610. Even the humans have lost their freedom and must struggle in slavery amongst the rest of the universe.

Gameplay
In order to save humanity (and the rest of the civilized universe), the player must command a battle fleet; which was seized from the Kyllens by a group of human slaves. A space armada can be maintained each level by upgrading the vessels with the newest weapons and gears. Capturing starbases allow new ships to be constructed within a series of turns. The game uses the same strategy game feel as its predecessor, War 2410. Passwords allow players to play various mini-games (i.e., chess and checkers) in addition to restoring their progress in the game.

Reception

In a brief review for GamePro, Scary Larry deemed the game overly complex and said the static graphics and bland music make it dull to play. He gave it a 2.0 out of 5 in every category (graphics, sound, control, and funfactor).

References

1996 video games
North America-exclusive video games
Science fiction video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Turn-based strategy video games
Top-down video games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the 31st century


In Portugal, a  is a benefit that was granted to knights in military orders, but now describes a purely honorary distinction. In the past,  could be a piece of land given as a reward for services, together with the duty to defend it from enemies and criminals. The holder of a  is called a  (commander) in Portuguese.

See also
 Honorific orders of Portugal

References

Orders of chivalry of Portugal

pt:comenda


This is a list of members of the 53rd Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 2009 to 2012, as elected at the 2009 election held on 21 March 2009.

 On 4 May 2010, Beaudesert MP Aidan McLindon and Burnett MP Rob Messenger resigned from the Liberal Nationals to sit as independents. McLindon formed The Queensland Party in June; it was registered on 5 August. Messenger did not join the new party. The Queensland Party later merged with Katter's Australian Party in 2011.
 Dalrymple MP Shane Knuth resigned from the Liberal National Party and joined Katter's Australian Party on 30 October 2011.

See also
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland
Premier: Anna Bligh (Labor) (2007–present)

References

Members of Queensland parliaments by term
21st-century Australian politicians


State Route 99 (SR 99) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways, located in York County.  It runs  from an intersection with SR 109 in Sanford to Kennebunk, where it meets SR 9A and U.S. Route 1 (US 1).  SR 99 is signed as an east–west route.

Route description

SR 99 begins in the west at SR 109 in the southeastern corner of Sanford.  The highway crosses into Kennebunk and runs east into town along the Mousam River.  SR 99 passes over the Maine Turnpike (Interstate 95) without an interchange before intersecting SR 9A.  SR 99 is cosigned with SR 9A into downtown for before the two routes meet US 1. SR 99 ends at this intersection while SR 9A joins up with US 1 north. SR 35 crosses US 1 less than  from this intersection.

The route is also known as Cat Mousam Road (in Kennebunk), Webber Hill Road, and Kennebunk Road (in Sanford).  Route 99 also passes by Lloid G. Nedeau Memorial Park.

History
SR 99 has always had its administrative terminus at US 1 in Kennebunk, but its signed eastern terminus was historically located at its intersection with SR 9A west of downtown.  Signage from US 1 for SR 9A read "To SR 99."  Signage has since been updated, and SR 99 is now cosigned with SR 9A between the two historic termini.

Major junctions

References

External links

099
Transportation in York County, Maine


Elizabeth S. Kingsley (née Seelman) (1871 – June 8, 1957) was an American puzzle constructor, famous for being the inventor of the double-crostic.

Kingsley was born in Brooklyn and attended Wellesley College (Class of 1898). While she was working as a teacher in Brooklyn in 1933, she created the double-crostic, a form of acrostic puzzle that includes features of a crossword puzzle, and eventually sold it to the Saturday Review. Michelle Arnot describes how she invented it, after a Wellesley reunion at which she "despaired that students embraced twentieth-century scribblers like James Joyce":Tailoring a crossword grid, she stretched its boundaries to create a rectangle. Taking an excerpt from a favorite author, she filled in the grid reading left to right only; words were separated by black squares and continued below and to the left when necessary. Each blank square was assigned a number from 1, at the top left, to 178, at the bottom right corner. Her first selection was six lines from the poem “Ulysses” by Alfred, Lord Tennyson... Spelling out the poem in anagram tiles, she threw all 178 letters into a pot. From this alphabet soup she pulled out eighteen letters for the poet's name and seven for his work, which she set down in a column. In the style of an acrostic puzzle, these four words provided the first letters for a system of twenty-five anagrams. ... Six months of nonstop production yielded a manuscript of a hundred double crostic puzzles. In March 1934, Kingsley left the pages at the offices of The Saturday Review of Literature... On a Tuesday, the contract was signed; and soon after, Kingsley set up shop at the Henry Hudson Hotel, where she personally crafted a weekly puzzle from her home office. Simon & Schuster gave her a series, and she introduced an acrostic feature for the Sunday Times puzzle page.The first puzzle was published on March 31, 1934; she wrote puzzles for The New York Times between May 9, 1943 and December 28, 1952. This form of puzzle is still popular today.

References

Year of birth uncertain
1871 births
1957 deaths
Puzzle designers
Women inventors


The Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities (), also known as AUIP, is an international non-governmental organization, recognized by the UNESCO, whose primary objective is the promotion of postgraduate and doctoral studies in Ibero-America.  Currently is conformed by more than 130 higher education institutions from Spain, Portugal, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

See also

Notes

External links
 Iberoamerican Association of Postgraduate Universities - Official site (in Spanish)

International college and university associations and consortia
Ibero-America


The 1977 London summit was the 4th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in London took place on 10–11 May 1977. This event was only the fifth meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.

Background
In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been.

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References
 Thomas, Ian Q.R. (1997). The promise of alliance: NATO and the political imagination. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ;

External links
 NATO update, 1977

1977 in politics
1977 London summit
Summit of 1977
1977 in the United Kingdom
Diplomatic conferences in the United Kingdom
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1977 conferences
1977 in international relations
United Kingdom and NATO
1977 in British politics
Conferences in London
May 1977 events in the United Kingdom


The 1978 Washington summit was the 5th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Washington, D.C. took place on May 30–31, 1978. This event was only the fifth meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949.

Background
In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been.

Synopsis
 Meeting with participation of Heads of State and Government
 Long-term trends in east–west relations
 Berlin and Germany
 Review of CSCE implementation at Belgrade
 Achievement of NATO Science Committee, 20th Anniversary
 Need to strengthen South Eastern flanks
 Concern at continual Warsaw Pact expansion of offensive capabilities
 SALT
 MBFR
 Leaders of States participating in NATO integrated defence approve LTDP and call for follow-through action by national authorities.

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References

External links
 NATO update, 1978

1978 in politics
Summit of 1978
1978 Washington summit
Diplomatic conferences in the United States
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1978 in international relations
1978 conferences
1978 in the United States
1978 in Washington, D.C.
United States and NATO
May 1978 events in the United States


Ardie Davis, also known as Remus Powers, is a well-known judge on the barbecue circuit and the founder of Greasehouse University. Davis is also the founder of the American Royal International BBQ Sauce, Rub, & Baste Contest. He has been awarded several honors for his involvement judging barbecue competitions, Including being inducted into the Barbecue Hall of Fame in 2016.

He is the author of eleven books on grilling and smoking and lives with his wife, Gretchen, in the Kansas City area.

Competitions
Davis founded the Diddy-Wa-Diddy National Barbecue Sauce Contest in his backyard in 1984. Three years later the contest became the American Royal International Barbecue Sauce, Rub & Baste Contest, held annually in Kansas City. The American Royal Barbecue Sauce Contest is in its 29th year and the largest sauce contest in the world.

He is also the author of the official judges' oath that is taken at all competitions sanctioned by the Kansas City Barbeque Society.

Awards
Davis has earned many awards for his expertise on the barbecue judging circuit. He is a charter member of the KCS and former three-term member of the KCBS Board of Directors, Ardie is now a board member emeritus, a certified master judge, and an inductee in the KCBS Hall of Flame (1992). He is also a certified Memphis in may barbecue judge, and in 2008, he was a featured judge at the 20th Annual Jack Daniel's World Championship Invitational Barbecue in Lynchburg, Tennessee. Accolades include the Smoky Angel Award from the Kansas City Barbecue Forum, the Judges’ Choice Award in the 2002 Jack Daniel's World Championship Invitational Barbecue, and the Spirit of Barbecue Award from the National Barbecue News in 2002. In 2003, he was named a Kansas City Barbecue Legend by the Kansas City Star. In 2016, Ardie Davis was inducted into the Barbecue Hall of Fame as the Celebrity/Humanitarian candidate. The Hall of Fame only includes 15 members as of 2016. Ardie's involvement in the BBQ community has earned him 9 separate nominations for this year's Barbecue Hall of Fame, more than twice as many as any other candidate.

Early life
Ardie Davis, born Ardith Davis, was born in Oklahoma on November 25, 1941. He had a few siblings. Ardie Davis graduated from Westmar College in 1964 with majors in Sociology and Philosophy.

Remus Powers
Ardie Davis is also known as Remus Powers. Throughout his life, Ardie Davis loved and still loves Uncle Remus's stories, which are a collection of animal stories, songs, and oral folklore, collected from southern African-Americans. The stories main characters are Brother Rabbit, Brother Fox and Brother Bear. From these stories, Davis adopted Remus as his BBQ forename.

The second part of his name comes from a lesser known source. When Davis was young, his father was a mechanic and worked with a man with the last name Powers. As Davis grew up, he learned many things from Mr. Powers and to this day remembers him and has honored him by making Powers his BBQ surname.

Written work
Davis writes a monthly column in the National Barbecue News and the Kansas City Bullsheet, which is the official newspaper of the Kansas City Barbeque Society. His writing on barbecue has also been featured on the 'Cue Confessions blog.

Books
Davis is also the author of a number of barbecue books:
 25 Essentials: Techniques for Smoking (2009, The Harvard Common Press)
 25 Essentials: Techniques for Grilling (2009, The Harvard Common Press)
 America's Best BBQ Homestyle: What the Champions Cook in Their Own Backyards
 America's Best BBQ: 100 Recipes from America's Best Smokehouses, Pits, Shacks, Rib Joints, Roadhouses, and Restaurants (2009, Andrews McMeel Publishing)
 America's Best BBQ: 100 Recipes from America's Best Smokehouses, Pits, Shacks, Rib Joints, Roadhouses, and Restaurants: The Revised and Updated Edition
 The Great BBQ Sauce Book (1999 Ten Speed Press)
 The Kansas City BBQ Pocket Guide
 Barbecue Lover's Kansas City Style: Restaurants, Markets, Recipes & Traditions (2015)
 America's Best Ribs (2012)
 The Kansas City Barbeque Society Cookbook
 The Kansas City Barbeque Society Cookbook: 25th Anniversary Edition (2010)

References

External links

Barbecue
American food writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Writers from Oklahoma
Westmar University alumni


Remusatia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It contains 4 known species, one of which was described in 1987. This species was initially placed in genus Gonatanthus called Gonatanthus ornatus. After the genus had been sunk into Remusatia its new name was Remusatia ornatus, but it was later changed to Remusatia hookeriana.

The species of Remusatia are native to Asia, Africa, and Australia. They are typically found in subtropical forests and are tuberous plants with heart shaped peltate leaves. A characteristic feature of Remusatia is its stolons that emerge from the tubers on which is produced bulbils that allow the plant to reproduce. The bulbils cling to animals which allows for them to be distributed and is likely the primary cause for their large distribution. Flowering of many Remusatias are often rare and bulbils serve as their primary means of reproduction. The spathes of Remusatia are yellow and the spadix are white with a fragrance except for Remusatia yunnanensis whose spathe is red.

Species
 Remusatia hookeriana Schott - Yunnan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Himalayas of eastern + northern India
 Remusatia pumila (D.Don) H.Li & A.Hay - Tibet, Yunnan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Thailand, Himalayas of eastern + northern India
 Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott - central + western Africa from Tanzania and Ethiopia to Sierra Leone; Oman, Yemen, Taiwan, Tibet, Yunnan, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Java, Bali, Christmas Island, Queensland, Northern Territory of Australia
 Remusatia yunnanensis (H.Li & A.Hay) A.Hay in R.H.A.Govaerts & D.G.Frodin - Yunnan, Taiwan

References

Aroideae
Araceae genera


A total lunar eclipse took place on Saturday, April 13, 1968, the first of two total eclipses in 1968, the second being on October 6, 1968.

More details
Penumbral Magnitude: 2.07253 (207.253%)

Umbral Magnitude: 1.11164 (111.164%)

Gamma: -0.41732

Epsilon: 0°25’24.96”

Greatest Eclipse = 1968 Apr 13 at 04:47:22.2 UTC

Ecliptic Opposition = 1968 Apr 13 at 04:51:39.2 UTC

Equatorial Opposition = 1968 Apr 13 at 05:09:48.0 UTC

Sun’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 1.439h

Sun’s Equatorial Declination = +9.06°

Sun’s Diameter = 1913.8 arcseconds

Sun’s Equatorial Horizontal Parallax = 17.6 arcseconds

Moon’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 13.426h

Moon’s Equatorial Declination = -9.44°

Moon’s Diameter = 1991.6 arcseconds

Moon’s Equatorial Horizontal Parallax = 7309.4 arcseconds

Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Right Ascension = 13.439h

Earth’s Shadow’s Equatorial Declination = -9.06°

Earth’s Penumbral Shadow’s Diameter = 9313.92 arcseconds

Earth’s Umbral Shadow’s Diameter = 5486.4 arcseconds

Saros 131 (31 of 72), Descending Node

Eclipse Contacts

P1: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 02:12:33.3 UTC

U1: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 03:10:18.4 UTC

U2: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 04:23:07.6 UTC

Greatest: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 04:47:22.2 UTC

U3: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 05:11:38.3 UTC

U4: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 06:24:28.0 UTC

P4: 1968 Apr 13 (Sat) at 07:22:09.1 UTC

Eclipse Durations
The total duration of the eclipse was 5 hours, 9 minutes and 35.8 seconds.

The duration of the partial phases was 2 hours, 25 minutes and 38.9 seconds.

The duration of totality was 48 minutes and 30.7 seconds.

Visibility
It was visible from North and South America, as well as Africa and western Europe.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series
It is the second total lunar eclipse of the series.

Inex series

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 138.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1968-04
1968 in science
April 1968 events


The 1948 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams for the 1948 season. The seven selectors recognized by the NCAA as "official" for the 1948 season are (1) the Associated Press, (2) the United Press, (3) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), (4) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), (5) the International News Service (INS), (6) the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) and (7) The Sporting News.

SMU quarterback Doak Walker and Penn center Chuck Bednarik were the only players unanimously named by all seven official selectors as first-team All-Americans. Walker also won the 1948 Heisman Trophy.

Competition among the All-American selectors
Collier's Weekly, which began picking All-American football teams in 1888, had employed Grantland Rice to select its All-American team for 22 years.  After Rice wrote a feature story about college football for Look magazine, Collier's replaced Rice in 1948, hiring eight college coaches (paying them $500 each) and billing them as the "Supreme Court of Football."  The eight coaches were Frank Leahy (Notre Dame), Matty Bell (Southern Methodist), Tuss McLaughry (Dartmouth), Bernie Bierman (Minnesota), Wally Butts (Georgia), Jeff Cravath (Southern California), Harvey Harman (Rutgers), and Lou Little (Columbia).  One of the innovations touted by Collier's for 1948 was the use of news reels provided by Warner Pathe and university athletic departments to study each player.  Collier's circulated an initial round of ballots to members of the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), with their votes narrowing the selections to a group of 55 finalists.  The panel of eight then studied the "motion pictures of the players in action" and selected the Collier's All-American team.

Collier's new affiliation with the AFCA ended the Saturday Evening Posts association with the group as its All-American selectors.  The competition for All-American selectors led Time to write an article in September 1948 about the "scrimmage" between the magazines: "No college football star hoping to make All-America takes it more seriously than the magazines which pick them. To the magazines All-Americas are a deadly business, an important piece of promotion involving the prestige of the magazines as well as their hired experts."

The Associated Press based its selections on a poll of several hundred staff writers, newspaper sports editors and broadcasters.  The AP reported that its voters overwhelming agreed on five of the first-team selections -- Dick Rifenberg of Michigan at end, Buddy Burris of Oklahoma at guard, Charlie Justice of North Carolina at back, Doak Walker at quarterback, and Bill Fischer of Notre Dame at tackle.

The first selection of separate offensive and defensive All-American squads
The biggest controversy in the 1948 All-American selection process concerned the widespread use of offensive and defensive specialists, resulting from the adoption of an unlimited substitution rule.  The Associated Press considered selecting separate offensive and defensive teams, but opted to continue the tradition of picking a single squad of 11 All-Americans.  The AP reported on its decision as follows:"Sharpest argument this year over bestowing All-America honors centered on the merit of recognizing men who played only offense or defense under the spreading 'two platoon' system.  Separate defensive and offensive All-America first teams were proposed.  Should the present cleavage widen this could become a possibility."
In the end, the AP named only three platoon players to its All-American teams—offensive specialists, Rifenberg, Justice and Bobby Stuart.

The Central Press Association noted that its 1948 All-American eleven "is not necessarily a true All-American team because of the present-day system of using two teams, an offensive and a defensive unit."

It was the International News Service (the wire service operated by the Hearst newspapers) that in 1948 became the first to break with tradition by naming separate All-American teams on offense and defense.  The INS described its decision in its article announcing the selections:"The days of selecting 11 men on an All-American first team are over, until such time as the unlimited substitution rules are altered.  INS thus picks its All-America as the game is now played with the 22 man squad divided into an offensive team and a defensive team."
INS sports editor, Lawton Carver, wrote that the "era of the iron man in football is rapidly passing," as an increasing number of players were being "tutored and geared to specialize for offense or defense and must be recognized for the part they play."

Consensus All-Americans
For the year 1948, the NCAA recognizes seven published All-American teams as "official" designations for purposes of its consensus determinations. The following chart identifies the NCAA-recognized consensus All-Americans and displays which first-team designations they received. The chart also reflects the published point total from the UP poll.

All-American selections for 1948
EndsDick Rifenberg, Michigan (AP-1; FW-1; INS-1 [offense]; NEA-1; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; LK; NYS; WC-1)Leon Hart, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; FW-1 [t]; INS-1 [defense]; NEA-2; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; CT; LK [t]; NYS [t]; WC-1)
Barney Poole, Mississippi (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; INS-1 [defense]; NEA-2; UP-2; CP-2; TSN-2; CT)
Sam Tamburo, Penn State (AFCA; AP-3; INS-1 [offense]; CP-2)
George Brodnax, Georgia Tech (AFCA)
Dan Foldberg, Army (UP-2)
Dale Armstrong, Dartmouth (AP-2; FW-2; NEA-1; CP-3)
Mel Sheehan, Missouri (AP-2)
Art Weiner, North Carolina (College Football Hall of Fame) (FW-1; NEA-3; CP-3; TSN-2; LK; NYS)
Jim Powell, Tennessee (NEA-3)
Warren Huey, Michigan State (FW-2)
Dan Garza, Oregon (FW-3)

TacklesLeo Nomellini, Minnesota (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AFCA; AP-1; FW-1; INS-1 [offensive guard]; NEA-1; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; LK; CT [g]; NYS; WC-1)Al Wistert, Michigan (College Football Hall of Fame) (AFCA; FW-2; NEA-2; UP-1; CP-1; TSN-1; CT; WC-1)
 Tim Turner, California (INS-1 [defense])
Al DeRogatis, Duke (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; UP-2; NEA-3; CP-3; CT)
Phillip O'Reilly, Purdue (UP-2; TSN-2)
Bill Kay, Iowa (AP-2)
Norman Meseroll, Tennessee (AP-3)
Ernie Stautner, Boston College (Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; NEA-3; CP-3)
Nick Balkovac, Pittsburgh (NEA-2)
Laurie Niemi, Washington State (CP-2; INS-1 [offense])
Paul Lea, Tulane (CP-2; INS-1 [offense])
Leonard Szafaryn, North Carolina (FW-2)
Chester Fritz, Missouri (FW-3; TSN-2)
William Koch, Princeton (FW-3)

GuardsBuddy Burris, Oklahoma (AFCA; AP-1; FW-2; INS-1 [defense]; NEA-1; UP-1; CP-2; TSN-2; CT; WC-1)Bill Fischer, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1 [t]; INS-1 [defensive tackle]; NEA-1; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; WC-1)
Bill Healy, Georgia Tech (AP-2; FW-1; INS-1 [defense]; NEA-1 [t]; TSN-1; UP-2; CP-1; FW-1; LK)
Rod Franz, California (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-1; UP-2; NEA-2; CP-2; TSN-2; NYS)
Marty Wendell, Notre Dame (AFCA; CP-3; FW-2)
Don Mason, Michigan State (AP-2)
Joseph F. Quinn, Cornell (AP-3)
Vern Sterling, Santa Clara (AP-3; FW-3)
Joe Henry, Army (NEA-2; INS-1 [offense]; FW-1; LK; NYS)
Paul Kelly, Penn State (NEA-3)
Dominic Tomasi, Michigan (NEA-3; CP-3; FW-3)

CentersChuck Bednarik, Pennsylvania (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AFCA; AP-1; FW-1; INS-1 [offense]; NEA-1; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; LK; CT; WC-1)
Alex Sarkisian, Northwestern (College Football Hall of Fame) (UP-2; NEA-2; CP-2; INS-1 [defense]; TSN-2; NYS)
Dick Harris, Texas (AP-2; CP-3)
Tommy Thompson, William and Mary (AP-3; NEA-3)
Bill Yeoman, Army (FW-2)
Clayton Tonnemaker, Minnesota (FW-3)

BacksDoak Walker, SMU (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AFCA [qb]; AP-1; FW-1; INS-1 [defense]; NEA-1; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; CT; LK; NYS [hb]; WC-1)Charlie Justice, North Carolina (College Football Hall of Fame) (AFCA [hb]; AP-1; FW-2; INS-1 [offense]; NEA-1; TSN-1; UP-1; CO-1; CP-1; CT; WC-1)Jackie Jensen, California (College Football Hall of Fame; 1958 American League MVP) (AFCA [fb]; AP-3; FW-1; NEA-1; INS-1 [offense]; TSN-1; UP-1; CP-1; CN; LK; WC-1)Emil Sitko, Notre Dame (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; FW-1; TSN-1; UP-2; NEA-2; CP-2; LK; NYS [hb])Clyde Scott', Arkansas (College Football Hall of Fame) (AFCA [hb]; AP-2; INS-1 [offense]; NEA-3; TSN-2; CT)
Norm Van Brocklin, Oregon (College and Pro Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; FW-2; INS-1 [offense]; NEA-2; UP-2; CP-3)
John Rauch, Georgia (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-2; FW-1; NEA-3; UP-2; CP-2; TSN-2; LK; WC-1)
Jack Mitchell, Oklahoma (NEA-2; CP-1; NYS [qb])
Stan Heath, University of Nevada (UP-1; CP-2; TSN-2)
Bobby Stuart, Army (AP-1; CP-3; FW-3)
Jack Cloud, William & Mary (College Football Hall of Fame) (UP-2; NEA-1; FW-3)
Bobby Gage, Clemson (AP-3; INS-1 [defense])
Art Murakowski, Northwestern (AP-1; FW-2)
 Lou Kusserow, Columbia (NYS [fb])
Pete Elliott, Michigan (INS-1 [defense])
George Taliaferro, Indiana (INS-1 [defense])
Chuck Ortmann, Michigan (AP-2)
Harry Szulborski, Purdue (CP-2)
 Gil Stephenson, Army (TSN-2)
Fran Rogel, Penn State (NEA-2; FW-2)
Eddie Price, Tulane (College Football Hall of Fame) (AP-3; NEA-3; CP-3)
Joe Whisler, Ohio State (NEA-3; CP-3)
Arnold Galiffa, Army (FW-3)
Elwood Petchel, Penn State (FW-3)

Key

Official selectors

Other selectors

See also
 1948 All-Big Seven Conference football team
 1948 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1948 All-Pacific Coast Conference football team
 1948 All-SEC football team
 1948 All-Southwest Conference football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


A total lunar eclipse took place on Sunday, April 2, 1950. This was the first total lunar eclipse of Saros cycle 131.

Visibility

It was visible from Africa, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, the Philippines, and totality occurred as the Moon set from the western side of Australia.

Related lunar eclipses

Lunar year series

Saros series

The next occurrence was on April 13, 1968. The previous occurrence was March 22, 1932.

See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 20th-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links

1950-04
1950 in science
April 1950 events


The 1982 Bonn summit was the 6th NATO summit bringing the leaders of member nations together at the same time. The formal sessions and informal meetings in Bonn took place on 10 June 1982. This event was only the fifth meeting of the NATO heads of state following the ceremonial signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. When the summit was held, there were sixteen members of NATO.

Background
In this period, the organization faced unresolved questions concerned whether a new generation of leaders would be as committed to NATO as their predecessors had been. The Bonn Summit addressed many issues and discussed many topics. Most notable of these topics was the accession of Spain to NATO, as the summit was held years after the fall of Francisco Franco. The summit also voiced concern to the perceived threat the Soviet Union posed to members of NATO.

See also
 EU summit
 G8 summit

Notes

References
 Thomas, Ian Q.R. (1997). The promise of alliance: NATO and the political imagination. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ;

External links
 NATO update, 1982

1982 in politics
Summit of 1982
1982 Bonn summit
Diplomatic conferences in Germany
20th-century diplomatic conferences
1982 conferences
1982 in international relations
1982 in West Germany
Germany and NATO
June 1982 events in Europe


Nicholas W. Calabrese (November 30, 1942 – March 13, 2023) was an American mob hitman, best known for being the second made man ever to testify against the Chicago Outfit.  His testimony and cooperation with federal prosecutors helped result in the 2007 murder convictions of mobsters Joseph Lombardo, James Marcello, and his own brother, Frank Calabrese Sr.

Early life and work outside of the Chicago Outfit
Calabrese was born the son of James and Sophie Calabrese, growing up near the intersection of Grand and Ogden Avenues on Chicago's Near West Side.  As a boy, Calabrese worked at a newsstand at the corner of Grand Avenue and State Street, in downtown Chicago, where some of his brothers had worked as well.  Calabrese graduated from Steinmetz High School in Chicago.

Calabrese served in Vietnam in the United States Navy from 1965 until 1967, working as a radioman and having top-secret clearance on the USS Bainbridge.  Calabrese also had worked as an ironworker on the John Hancock Center construction project in Chicago, as a Teamster working for trade show contractor United Exposition at Chicago's McCormick Place and as a Cook County security officer at the courthouse in Maywood, Illinois, from 1977 until 1989.

In the 1970s, Calabrese and two partners operated a restaurant and lounge in Hoffman Estates, Illinois for a couple of years, and also worked for a private detective agency.

Chicago Outfit career
From 1978 until 1992, Calabrese helped his brother, noted Chicago Outfit made man Frank Calabrese Sr., run a lucrative loan-sharking racket, serving as his brother's top assistant. Frank and Nick reported to Angelo J. "The Hook" LaPietra, the caporegime of The 26th Street Crew, who ran operations out of the Old Neighborhood Italian American Club. Calabrese also has admitted in court to taking part in 14 murders ordered by LaPietra, including the "hits" on Michael Albergo and John Fecarotta, from 1970 until 1986, as part of Calabrese's time in the mob.  The "juice loan" business charged interest rates on loans of as much as 10 percent per week.

On July 28, 1995, the federal government indicted Nicholas Calabrese and nine other organized crime figures with using threats, violence and intimidation to enforce the loan sharking racket from 1978 until 1992.  The other defendants were Frank Calabrese Sr., Frank Calabrese Jr., Kurt Calabrese, Robert Dinella, Philip J. Fiore, Terry Scalise, Kevin Kudulis, Louis Bombacino and Philip Tolomeo.

Calabrese eventually was found guilty of racketeering.  On August 27, 1997, Calabrese, who at that time was residing in Norridge, Illinois, was sentenced by United States District Judge James F. Holderman to 70 months in federal prison. At his sentencing, Nicholas Calabrese apologized to Holderman, saying, "I caused a lot of problems for a lot of people."

Family Secrets investigation and conviction
On February 21, 2003, Chicago Tribune columnist John Kass broke the story that Calabrese was talking to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and noted that Calabrese had disappeared from the federal prison in Milan, Michigan, and that Calabrese's federal prison records had disappeared altogether, leading Kass to believe that Calabrese had entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program.  FBI agents also had spread out across the country with search warrants, collecting DNA evidence, hair cuttings and oral swabs from many reputed Chicago Outfit members.

On April 25, 2005, federal prosecutors indicted 12 Chicago Outfit figures—including Calabrese—and two former police officers on charges of murder, illegal gambling, and loan sharking. Dubbed "Operation Family Secrets", the probe that led up to the indictments had relied heavily on Calabrese's cooperation. Newspapers reported that Calabrese had been confronted with DNA evidence implicating him in the 1986 mob hit of mob enforcer John Fecarotta, prompting Calabrese to cooperate with law enforcement in the probe.

After various plea agreements and the deaths of two defendants, ultimately five other defendants—Joseph Lombardo, James Marcello, Frank Calabrese Sr., Paul Schiro and Anthony Doyle—went to trial.  Calabrese formally entered a plea of guilty to murder and racketeering on May 18, 2007.  On July 16, 2007, Nicholas Calabrese took the witness stand and admitted to committing murders with Marcello, Schiro and his brother Frank Calabrese Sr. Nicholas Calabrese admitted to having committed a total of 14 murders, and as part of his deal for cooperating, federal prosecutors agreed not to prosecute him for any of the 14 murders, thus sparing him the sentence of life in prison that he could have received had he been convicted of even one murder. Prosecutors also agreed to recommend a sentence of less than life in prison.

While on the stand, Calabrese stated that his association with the Chicago Outfit dated to May 1970, and that he began cooperating with the government in January 2002, after federal investigators confronted him with a bloody glove containing his DNA that he had inadvertently dropped at the scene of the Fecarotta slaying. Calabrese also acknowledged that he had been joined in the Fecarotta murder by his brother Frank Calabrese Sr. and now-deceased mobster John Monteleone.

Calabrese also provided details on the infamous slayings of Chicago Outfit member Anthony Spilotro and Outfit associate Michael Spilotro, in 1986, in which Calabrese said he was one of a large number of mobsters who participated.  The Spilotro murders were depicted—with many details changed—in the 1995 Martin Scorsese directed movie, Casino.

Calabrese admitted that he initially had lied to the FBI after he began cooperating, initially concealing Marcello's role in the Spilotros' killing because Marcello had been paying Calabrese's wife $4,000 a month while Calabrese was in prison.

In 2007, Lombardo, Marcello, Schiro and Frank Calabrese Sr. all were convicted on murder and racketeering charges, while Doyle was convicted on racketeering charges. In February 2009, Lombardo, Marcello and Frank Calabrese Sr. all were sentenced to life in prison. At Marcello's sentencing hearing in February 2009; Patrick Spilotro, brother of Michael and Anthony, gave a victim impact statement in which he stated he had personally encouraged Calabrese to begin cooperating with the government.

Sentencing
On March 26, 2009, Nick Calabrese was sentenced by United States District Judge James Zagel to 12 years and four months in prison. Prior to sentencing Calabrese, Zagel told some of Calabrese's victims' family members who were in the courtroom, "the law provides for leniency, undeserved leniency, for those who can testify truthfully about what has happened to those missing loved ones...Few in prisons will ever come forward to confess if leniency is not possible." Upon sentencing Calabrese, Zagel told him, "I think what you did does make amends by allowing penalties to be paid for the murders of others and for allowing families to know how and why their [loved ones] died." Calabrese had said, "I can't go back and undo what I done... I stand before you a different man, a changed man." Zagel doubted Calabrese's conscience would ever truly be free. No matter how long he lived or in what protected place it would be, Calabrese would always have to look over his shoulder, the judge noted. Zagel said, "The organization whose existence you testified to will not forgive or relent in their pursuit of you."

Death
Calabrese died on March 13, 2023, at the age of 80.

References

1942 births
2023 deaths
20th-century criminals
American gangsters of Italian descent
American people convicted of murder
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Military personnel from Illinois
Chicago Outfit mobsters
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government
People convicted of racketeering
People from Norridge, Illinois
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
People who entered the United States Federal Witness Protection Program


(born 25 July 1973 in Chiba, Japan) is a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He made his debut in Japan in 1997 with the Yamaha team, and now works for Kawasaki.

In 2000, he completed his first season in the 250cc World Championship, finishing the season in tenth place. In 2001, he finished ninth in the world with 112 points. In 2002, he contracted with the TEAM YAMAHA KURZ, ending the season in tenth place with 92 points. He stayed with the same team for the next few years. In the 2005 MotoGP season, he took part in Japanese Grand Prix as a wild-card rider for Kawasaki Moriwaki. He also works as a test rider for Kawasaki.

External links
Sports.org
MyWire

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
Japanese motorcycle racers
Kawasaki Motors Racing MotoGP riders
250cc World Championship riders
MotoGP World Championship riders


Kicked In the Teeth is a 1998 album by the American band Zeke, released via Epitaph Records.

Critical reception
Pitchfork wrote that "the music just isn't strong enough to warrant or excuse the band's bothersome attitudes." The Columbus Dispatch called the album "17 furious songs played ... in fewer than 20 minutes ... The quartet is equally adept at pummeling the ears with slow and midtempo tunes." The Albuquerque Journal thought that "quick songs blow by like fists from a hated bully, while others chug along a la Black Sabbath."

Track listing
"God of GSXR"
"Telepath Boy"
"Rodney"
"Twisted"
"Dogfight"
"Kicked in the Teeth"
"Fuck All Night"
"Revolution"
"Killer Inside"
"Lawson"
"Revolution Reprise"
"Goggle Boy"
"Zeke You"
"Porked"
"Aces High"
"Shout It Out Loud" (Kiss cover)
"Mert"

References

1998 albums
Zeke (band) albums
Albums produced by Jack Endino


The Human Factor is a 1979 British neo noir film starring Nicol Williamson, Robert Morley, and Richard Attenborough, and directed and produced by Otto Preminger. The screenplay is by Tom Stoppard, based on the 1978 novel The Human Factor by Graham Greene. It examines British espionage, and the difficulty of identifying a mole in the ranks of an intelligence service.

This was Preminger's last film.

Plot
Maurice Castle (Nicol Williamson) is a well-bred, mid-level bureaucrat in MI6 whose life seems unremarkable, apart from the fact that he has an African wife, Sarah (Iman), and son, Sam (Gary Forbes). The company regime, represented by éminence grise Dr. Percival (Robert Morley) and agency higher-up Sir John Hargreaves (Richard Vernon), advise newly appointed security chief Daintry (Richard Attenborough) that analysis of intelligence from a double agent they have planted in Moscow indicates that there is a leak in Castle's department. The info being shared with the KGB is trivial, but one never knows where things may lead.

The duo determine the mole must be identified and quietly eliminated, rather than be allowed publicity in a trial or defection to Moscow. They quickly decide the most likely candidate for the traitor is Arthur Davis (Derek Jacobi), Castle's red brick–educated playboy office partner.

Percival plants a seemingly tantalizing intelligence tidbit with Davis (which he and Hargreaves assume will be passed on only to the Soviets) as a means of smoking him out. Instead, unravelled by the intensive security scrutiny he is being subjected to, and utterly clueless why, Davis idly shares it with Castle. When the telltale bait shows up in Moscow, Percival concludes with myopic certainty that Davis was its source. An expert in assassinations and biological toxins, the doctor then injects a hungover, bedridden Davis with a toxin that makes it appear the man's liver had given out from alcoholism.

Castle is given the task of hosting an old nemesis from his days being posted in apartheid South Africa seven years earlier: chief intelligence officer Muller. It was he, it is revealed, who had tormented Castle after Castle met and fell in love with Sarah. Operating under his cover as a writer, Castle had been tasked by MI6 with observing the local Communist movement. He befriended its white leader, Matthew Connolly (Tony Vogel), who introduced him to the beautiful, sophisticated Bantu, Sarah. The couple fell for one another, and soon became intimate. Caught in a South African surveillance sting intended to compromise him into doing Muller's bidding, Castle fled the country to avoid arrest and exposure, then awaited Sarah – pregnant by a previous, then-deceased boyfriend – being smuggled to him by Connolly.

Ever since that time Castle has been repaying the favor by passing information on to the Soviets via a contact in London, and flinches when Muller casually drops that Connolly had recently "accidentally" died in police custody. Shortly after he learns in an agency briefing given by Muller of a plan for the South Africans to use U.S.-supplied tactical nuclear weapons to eradicate the nation's Communist insurgents en masse. Although he is not a Communist, Castle feels compelled as a humanitarian to pass a warning on to Moscow, no matter the risk of shining MI6's counterintelligence security spotlight on himself.

He does. Seeking to stay one step ahead of Percival and Daintry, he surrenders himself into the hands of underground Communist operatives in Britain, who successfully smuggle him to safety in the Soviet Union. Having received assurances from his handler that his wife and child would soon join him there, he grows impatient when he learns that MI6 is preventing them being allowed to leave Britain. Ultimately, a passport complication is trumped to force Sarah to choose between her husband and son.

Desperate, despondent, and isolated, Castle is reduced to a powerless pawn by the Soviets. He soon is to be forced by them to appear in a press conference both announcing his defection and denouncing the "Uncle Remus" nuclear ambush plan. The two worst fates of which he can conceive – losing his wife and child, and not only forfeiting his career and nation but being coerced into representing himself as both a Communist and a traitor when he never intended to be either – close in on him like the jaws of a vice. He is so overcome to hear from Sarah that she cannot, will not come, he is unable even to hang up the phone when their connection is lost. He collapses in anguish as its receiver swings like a pendulum from its cord, foreshadowing the approaching end of his rope.

Cast

Production
The film was shot in Kenya and at Shepperton and Pinewood Studios near London, as well as on location at Berkhamsted. As with the book, much of the theme about alleged treason and suspicion is based on the defection of Kim Philby, a friend of Graham Greene, to the Soviets. Iman, an internationally known model, was introduced as an actress in the picture's opening credits.

Preminger had trouble securing funding for the picture and had to partially finance it with his own money. According to The Daily Telegraph obituary of casting director Rose Tobias Shaw, Preminger wanted to cast the novelist Jeffrey Archer in the role eventually played by Nicol Williamson. Archer, however, was much shorter than the  Iman, and failed his audition.

Release
The film was the first acquisition by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in six years for distribution in the United States and Canada, through United Artists. The film was released for an Academy Awards qualifying run in Los Angeles as well in New York City.

Reception
The film holds a 33% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on six reviews.

References

External links

1979 films
1970s spy thriller films
British spy thriller films
Cold War spy films
1979 thriller films
Films directed by Otto Preminger
Films based on works by Graham Greene
United Artists films
Films based on British novels
Films with screenplays by Tom Stoppard
1979 romantic drama films
English-language spy thriller films
Films shot in Buckinghamshire
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films shot at Shepperton Studios
Films set in London
Films shot in Hertfordshire
Films shot in Kenya
Apartheid films
Films about MI6
1970s English-language films
1970s British films


Henry Darling Coffinberry (October 12, 1841January 17, 1912) was an American industrialist from Cleveland, Ohio. Along with his partner, Robert Wallace, H. D. Coffinberry is considered one of the founding fathers of modern Great Lakes shipping. Following a memorable Civil War career on the ironclad gunboat Louisville, Coffinberry returned to civilian life in Cleveland, Ohio. There he met Robert Wallace and together they built the first iron- and steel-hulled freighters to be used on the Great Lakes.

Coffinberry and Wallace were partners in both a foundry (Globe Iron Works) and a wooden shipbuilding firm, (Cleveland Dry Dock Company). Coffinberry became president of the Globe Ship Building Company in the early 1880s, which launched the first iron-hulled (Onoko, 1882) and steel-hulled (Spokene, 1886) Great Lakes freighters. After selling their share to M. A. Hanna, Coffinberry and several partners left Globe in 1886 to create the Cleveland Shipbuilding Company, followed by the Ship Owners Dry Dock Company. Coffinberry served as
president of the firms until retiring in 1893. He was also an investor in the Elwell
Parker Electric Motor Company of America, formed in 1893 to produce electric motors
for bulk cargo handling. By 1899 the firm produced motors for battery-driven
automobiles, but the company earned its reputation after 1906 as a manufacturer of
electric industrial trucks to more efficiently move baggage and cargo at train
terminals and shipping ports.

Early life
Henry D. Coffinberry was born in Maumee, Ohio, October 12, 1841 (some records list his birth as October 14, 1841). He was the son of Judge James M. Coffinberry, of Cleveland, and Anna M. Coffinberry, who was a direct descendant of Thomas Fitch, colonial governor of Rhode Island, and related to John Fitch, the inventor who was the first to apply steam to navigation. Other members of the family were ship owners and masters of vessels. Mr. Coffinberry's father, the Judge, was a descendant of Andrew Coffinberry, a lawyer and geologist of some fame and a patriot of distinction, having served in the Federal navy under Bainbridge and Hull in the War of 1812.

Henry D. Coffinberry graduated from West High School of Cleveland, Ohio. During his school years he had many opportunities to learn the art of handling yachts and other small boats.

Civil War
Wanting to serve in the Civil War, when he was eighteen years of age Coffinberry obtained the reluctant consent from his parents to join the Navy. He shipped as an ordinary seaman at Erie, Penn.; he was then sent to the receiving ship Clara Dolson, at Cairo, Illinois, where he was promoted on the recommendation of Commanders Pennock and Phelps, to master's mate, and reported to Lieutenant Commander Richard W. Meade, on the ironclad gunboat Louisville. She was one of the six original ironclad steamers constructed by General Fremont on the Mississippi river at the breaking out of the war, and known as the "Fremont Turtles."

The first engagement in which he participated was that of Haines Bluff, where the fleet under command of Rear Admiral David D. Porter was obliged to retire after a
stubborn fight. His next experience in war was at the Battle of Fort Hindman, where they captured Fort Hindman after a hard battle of nine hours at short range.

Immediately after this victory he was promoted, on recommendation of Admiral Porter, to the rank of acting ensign. He participated in the exciting episode of the running of the batteries at the Vicksburg, the two engagements at Grand Gulf on the Mississippi, those of the second Yazoo Pass and the Red River expeditions, under General Banks, in which the troops and gunboats acted in conjunction.

Soon after the return of the fleet from the last Red River expedition, Mr. Coffinberry was examined and promoted to the rank of acting master and executive officer of the Louisville, and finally commanding officer of that gunboat. She was 160 feet long, 52 feet beam and drew 5½  feet of water. She was propelled by a recessed stern wheel, and was rated as a second or third class sloop of war. Her battery consisted of a 100-pound Parrott rifle, four nine-inch Dahlgren guns, six thirty-two-pound smooth-bores, two thirty-pound Parrott rifles and a twenty-four-pound howitzer. She carried 160 men and twenty-five officers.

At the close of the war he put the Louisville out of commission, and was appointed to the command of the USS Fairy, a position he held until the reconstruction of the South had assumed some definite shape, when he returned home. Admiral Porter tendered him support and influence in case he desired to continue his career in the navy. Preferring civil life in the years of peace, he declined, and was honorably discharged, with the thanks of the navy department.

Foundry and ship building career
Shortly after receiving his discharge from the service of the United States Government, Coffinberry engaged in mercantile business as a partner of Messrs. Leavitt & Crane in founding a carriage and wagon axle manufactory in Cleveland, Ohio. After a time he sold out his interest in this firm and bought a fourth-interest in a small machine shop, doing business under the firm name of Robert Wallace & Co., (John F. Pankhurst and Arthur Sawtel being the company). Mr. Sawtel soon sold his interest to the company, who carried on the business for three years with considerable success. In 1869 they purchased the interests of William Bowler, Robert Cartwright and Robert Sanderson in the Globe Iron Works, Mr. John B. Cowles retaining his interest and joining the new firm. Mr. Coffinberry was chosen financial manager of this firm as he had been of the firm of Robert Wallace & Co. As this new business proved successful, the firm was soon able to purchase a half-interest in the Cleveland Dry Dock Company. Mr. George Presley, owner of the other half- interest, remained manager and Mr. Coffinberry assumed charge of the financial end of the business. The firm as thus constituted engaged in the construction of wooden ships.

Mr. Coffinberry soon became convinced of the utility of building iron and steel vessels. After a thorough investigation of the subject, taking into his counsel such veteran owners of lake craft as Capt. William Pringle, George W. Jones, J. W. Nicholas, Philip Minch and C. E. King., Coffinberry defined a new type of vessel for service on the Great Lakes. These gentlemen also conveyed their conclusions to Gen. O. M. Poe, United States engineer, who then designed the locks at the Sault Ste. Marie to allow passage of vessels with 300 to 600 feet keels. Thus it was that Mr. Coffinberry, and these gentlemen became the pioneers of the modern lake freighter. After founding the plant and laying the keel of the iron steamer Onoko, the firm was incorporated under the name of the Globe Ship Building Company, of which Mr. Coffinberry was chosen president and financial manager. After continuing business under these papers of incorporation, and building many iron and steel vessels, a difference arose between the old partners, and Messrs. Coffinberry, Wallace and Cowles sought to purchase the interest of Mr. Pankhurst. Failing in this, they sold their interests to Mr. M. A. Hanna.

In the summer of 1886, Messrs. H. D. Coffinberry and Robert Wallace, with the assistance of a few of the enterprising vessel owners of Cleveland, purchased the plant of the old Cuyahoga Furnace Company. They increased the plant's capacity for general machine and foundry work, by building a large brick machine shop, a top story fronting on the viaduct, which contained the offices, and a brick boiler shop. They also built an extensive shipbuilding plant on the river front, capable of building four of the largest vessels per annum. They then announced themselves as ready for the construction of modern lake vessels. This company was incorporated as the Cleveland Shipbuilding Company in 1888 and later became the American Ship Building Company. Mr. Coffinberry was chosen president and financial manager; Mr. Wallace, vice-president and general superintendent; William M. Fitch, secretary, and James Wallace, designing engineer.

Orders soon encouraged this new enterprise, and the company then decided to build a large dry dock, which was done and incorporated as the Ship Owners Dry Dock. This dock was large enough to receive the largest hulls then on the lakes; however it proved inadequate to accommodate the extensive demands made upon it, and a smaller dock, was sunk alongside of it. Mr. George Quayle was manager of these docks. This company also purchased the wooden shipyards of William Radcliffe, and was thus able to construct wooden vessels. After seeing these great results grow from small beginnings, and being content with the profits accruing, in 1893 Mr. Coffinberry retired to his home at Clifton Park, which was surrounded by a natural growth of forest trees, and overlooked Lake Erie.

After Mr. Coffinberry's retirement, the Ship Owner's Dry Dock Co. was acquired by the Globe Shipbuilding Company in 1897. Eventually (1899) Globe Shipbuilding Company, Ship Owner's Dry Dock Company and Cleveland Ship Building Company were consolidated under the name American Ship Building Company. This was after M. A. Hanna acquired controlling interest in the companies.

Henry D. Coffinberry was also a member of the first board of five commissioners of Cleveland, a director of the State Bank and a member of the Board of Industry of Cleveland. He owned large interests in several of the best vessels on the lakes and much valuable suburban real estate, and considerable mineral land in the West. He was chosen a delegate to the National Democratic Convention on the gold platform in 1896. He was one of the citizen members appointed by the common pleas judges to assist county commissioners in building new county buildings.

Family
On April 7, 1875, Mr. H. D. Coffinberry was wedded to Miss Harriet Duane Morgan, daughter of General George W. Morgan, of Mt. Vernon, Ohio. The Coffinberrys had three daughters, two of whom survived to adulthood: Nadine Morgan and Maria Duane. Mrs. Coffinberry is a descendant of the Duane and Morgan families of Revolutionary times - the friends and fellow patriots of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.

Death and interment
Coffinberry died January 17, 1912, and was interred at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland.

References
Notes

Bibliography
History of the Great Lakes Volume II by J. B. Mansfield - Henry D. Coffinberry
"Ohio Lost- The American Ship Building Company"
Detroit Tribune, June 10, 1886
"Potential Historic Districts, Cuyahoga County Urban County - Fairview Park, Ohio - Coffinberry Boulevard Neighborhood"
"Onoko", Minnesota Historical Society webpage

1841 births
1912 deaths
People from Maumee, Ohio
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
19th-century American businesspeople


was a Japanese admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, court official and Shinto priest. After retiring from active service, he served as Chief Priest of Meiji Shrine and the Grand Chamberlain to Emperor Shōwa during World War II.

Biography
Fujita was born in Aichi Prefecture, where his father, a former samurai from Tsugaru Domain, served as a school principal. He attended the 29th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1901, graduating 15th of 115 cadets. One of his classmates was the future Prime Minister of Japan Mitsumasa Yonai.

Fujita graduated from the Naval Staff College in 1908, and in December 1911 was assigned to serve on the battleship .

In February 1915, during World War I, Fujita was sent as a naval attaché to England, and was promoted to commander while still assigned to the Japanese embassy in London in 1916. After his return to Japan in October 1917, he became executive officer on the battleship  for a one-month period in December 1917. Subsequently he held a number of shore assignments to the end of 1920.

Fujita attained the rank of captain in December 1920, and received his first command, that of the protected cruiser . After a number of shore assignments from 1921 to 1924, he  was appointed captain of the battleship  on December 1, 1924.

He was promoted to rear admiral in December 1925 and became Director of the Personnel Department of the Navy Ministry in December 1926.  In November 1929, he attained the rank of vice admiral, and took command of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.  In June 1930, he was Director of Naval Shipbuilding Command. Fujita became Navy Vice-Minister in June 1932, and Commander in Chief of Kure Naval District in May 1934.  In April 1936, he was made a full admiral.  He became a naval councilor in December 1936.

Fujita was considered for the post of Minister of the Navy in 1939, but after deliberation and consultation with Admiral Sankichi Takahashi, he stepped aside in favor of Mitsumasa Yonai and went into the reserves in April 1939.
After his retirement, Fujita served as Chief Priest of Meiji Shrine until the end of August 1944. He was then appointed Grand Chamberlain to Emperor Shōwa from August 29, 1944 to May 3, 1946, accompanying the emperor to his meetings with the head of the American occupation forces, General Douglas MacArthur.  However, due to Fujita’s military background, MacArthur ordered his dismissal in 1946.

Fujita died in Anjō, Aichi on July 23, 1970.

Naval career
From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

Graduated as a Midshipman (14 December 1901)
Ensign (23 January 1903)
Sub-Lieutenant (13 July 1904)
Lieutenant (5 August 1905)
Lieutenant-Commander (1 December 1911)
Commander (1 December 1916)
Captain (1 December 1920)
Rear-Admiral (1 December 1925)
Vice-Admiral (30 November 1929)
Admiral (1 April 1936)
Retired and went into the reserves (5 April 1939)

Footnotes

External links

1880 births
1970 deaths
Military personnel from Aichi Prefecture
Japanese military personnel of World War I
Kannushi
Imperial Japanese Navy admirals
Japanese people of World War II


A plackart (also spelt ) is a piece of medieval and Renaissance era armour, initially covering the lower half of the front torso. It was a plate reinforcement that composed the bottom part of the front of a medieval breastplate.  They were predominantly worn in the 15th century. Sometimes they were worn with a metal finish, while the top part of the cuirass was covered in material (often velvet), the difference in finish making a contrast.

The plackart stopped at the natural waist, and metal plates, much like a skirt, were attached to the bottom of the plackart. These were called faulds, and protected the hip and the groin.

The plackart originally protected the bottom half of the torso, and was attached to the breastplate which covered the top half of the torso. The plackart could be attached with rivets in such a way that it could slide and give movement, though sometimes they were fixed, so the whole front part of the cuirass acted as one solid piece.

Eventually, especially in Italian armour, it evolved to the point where it covered more of the front of the armour, covering nearly the entire breastplate.  This form of plackart was later employed by cuirassiers and other armoured cavalry of the late 16th and 17th centuries as a reinforcement designed to give added protection against firearms.

Plackarts of the German Gothic style were often fluted (a form of decoration that gave straight ridges to the armour) and generally more decorated than the Italian style. Fluting decorated the armour while also making it stronger, and possibly deflected sword blows by guiding them off the armour. The tip of the plackart, where it met the breastplate, was often decorated.

References

Medieval armour
Western plate armour