The UIC identification marking for tractive stock is a standard for identifying train stock like locomotives that supply tractive force primarily in Europe. Since the beginning of 2007 locomotives or other traction units in Europe have been given a 12-digit number. Vehicle numbering is now governed by the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail and in Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) of the European Union, specifically the European Railway Agency's CR OPE TSI (Conventional Rail OPErations Technical Specification for Interoperability). This makes the locomotive clearly identifiable within Europe and parts of Asia and northern Africa (see List of UIC country codes).

A complete number is referred to as a European Vehicle Number and comprises 12 digits as originally outlined in UIC Code of Practice 438-3, Identification marking for tractive stock. Digits 1–2 are the type code, 3–4 the country of origin (where the vehicle is registered), 5–11 are defined by the country concerned, 12 is the check digit calculated via the Luhn algorithm. It is followed by abbreviations for the country of origin and the owner of the vehicle.

The EU CR OPE TSI required that by 1 August 2008 all traction units had to be registered and marked with their number. Existing locomotive numbers used internally were not necessarily affected, but meanwhile in many countries the vehicles got 12-digit numbers.

International section

Type code

Digit 1 is '9'

If digit 2 describes the type of tractive stock, the following coding is mandatory:

The above codes have been altered from those shown in UIC 438-3 by ERA CR OPE TSI; this table was updated on 22 January 2012 to include the most recent wording.

Country code
see List of UIC country codes

National Block

Germany

A register of tractive units has been introduced by the Federal Railway Office (Eisenbahnbundesamt, EBA), which also issues vehicle numbers. Digits 5–8 are a four-digit class number, 9–11 the three-digit serial number of the vehicle within its class.

For class numbers for vehicles in the existing Deutsche Bahn fleet, DB selected digits 5–8 so that the previous number could continue to be used without affecting the check digit: changing the check digit was needed only for combustion-engined railcars. For new DB vehicles, such as the Alstom Class 1214 introduced in 2008, this is not valid. Although they are internally counted as Class 262, they have been given a number corresponding to the class used by the manufacturer.

As a result of the requirement to be entered into the register, vehicles and classes were included that had never been part of the DB. These were allocated to new classes by the EBA, no longer based around DB historical classification. This has caused misunderstandings, because the classes are now generally made up of four-digit numbers (digits 5–8) that no longer indicate the type of vehicle, now shown by the type code (digits 1–2).

Example:

From the last three digits, class "0128" could appear to be an electric locomotive. However the full number includes the type code "98", so it is a diesel shunter. The three-digit numbers "3xy" or "2xy" previously used by DB are not part of the new numbers. They are obsolete, found only in the numbers of former state railway vehicles.

Vehicles that are used both by DB and private railways are allocated to the same class – the difference is recognisable from the owner's abbreviation. One advantage of the system is its simplicity, because when vehicles change ownership they retain the same number: only the abbreviation of the owner's name needs to be changed. For a major rebuild the number can be changed to that of an appropriate class.

See also List of classes in the German Railway Vehicle Register

Italy

In Italy document ANSF 04658/09 issued on 17-08-2009 by ANSF (Agenzia Nazionale per la Sicurezza delle Ferrovie), who maintains the RIN (Registro Immatricolazione Nazionale). According to these rules, digits 5-11 are thus subdivided: Digit 5 is the vehicle type

The following 3 digits are the class number (the Italian word is 'Gruppo') while the digits 9–11 the three-digit serial number of the vehicle within its class.

The method of applying and spacing the digits differs between operators.
For example a British Rail Class 66 loco registered in Britain has been seen to carry the number:
GB 9 2 70 0 066246-4, with the existing national number "66246" underlined, and lacking the operator identifying code.
Frequently the commonly used national part of the number is underlined in order to make it more readily identifiable.

Check digit
The check digit is calculated from digits 1–11 using the Luhn algorithm. It is derived from the sum of the numbers that arise when the digits are alternately multiplied by 2 and 1; the difference of this sum from the next multiple of ten produces the check digit (for examples of this see wagon numbers).

Keeper's code

For every railway that enters its tractive units into the register, a clear European-wide code is needed, separate from the number. This alphanumerical Vehicle Keeper Marking (VKM) is allocated by a railway administration in accordance with CR OPE TSI. The list of keeper codes is linked below. (The keeper will be different to the owner of a vehicle where a leasing agreement is in force.)

Example

Older identification systems

In the past, each railway adopted its own identification system. Each locomotive was given a road number or running number which would sometimes be combined with a class number. For example British Rail diesel and electric locomotives have five-digit numbers of which the first two digits are the class number and the remaining digits are the running number, e.g. 37 409.

See also
 UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements
 UIC classification of railway coaches
 UIC classification of goods wagons
 UIC country codes

References

External links

 Download site for UIC Code of Practice 438-3 Identification marking for tractive stock (chargeable download)
 Download site for European Railway Agency CR OPE TSI (free download, supersedes UIC 438-3). Archive of original.
  Text of EU decision 2011/314/EU], Appendix P contains numbering rules
 EBA presentation on the vehicle register
Owner's abbreviations (Vehicle Keeper Markings) listed by the European Railway Agency
United Kingdom Railway Group Standard GM/RT2453, including rules for allocation of a European Vehicle Number (UIC number) and requirements for identification marking for tractive stock

Locomotive classification systems
identification marking for tractive stock
Rail transport standards
Rail transport in Europe
Railway vehicles register numbers


In 1867, the French pacifist Charles Lemonnier (1806–1891) convened the Congress of Peace in Geneva, known as the International League of Peace and Liberty. It was ultimately at this conference that it was decided to abolish the sovereignty and international relations of the Holy See, something which Pius IX blamed on secret societies.

Garibaldi
According to Jasper Ridley, at the 1867 Congress of Geneva, Garibaldi referred to "that pestilential institution which is called the Papacy" and  proposed giving "the final blow to the monster". This was a reflection of the bitterness that had been generated by the struggle against Pope Pius IX in 1849 and 1860, and it was in sharp contrast to the letter that Garibaldi had written to the pope from Montevideo in 1847, before those events.

The Italian rulers took up residence in the Quirinal Palace, and seized Church property throughout Rome and the rest of Italy, but did not have the political support to seize the Vatican. Even before the fall of Rome, Italian republicans had sought to eliminate the papacy, with Giuseppe Garibaldi seeking international support for that end at an 1867 congress in Geneva, where he proposed: "The papacy, being the most harmful of all secret societies, ought to be abolished."

Aftermath and political consequences
"If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pio Nono's work of redemption" (October 12, 1847).

Unlike the earlier invasions of Italy by Napoleon, when Pope Pius VI died in French captivity, and Pius VII was taken captive for six years, the tension between the Italian state and the Papacy continued for 59 years, during which time the popes refused to leave the Vatican, so as not to give implicit recognition to the authority of that state over Rome and its surroundings by placing themselves under the protection of its officials. While some of the Italian revolutionaries thought that the papacy would disappear without the continuance of the papal states, the popes, relieved of their temporal concerns, grew in stature during their years of "imprisonment."

Later congresses
After the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) the organization reconvened (1873) in Brussels, and David Dudley Field's Proposals for an International Code formed the basis of discussion. In the Western Hemisphere the first Pan-American Conference met in 1889–90, and where influential in the Pan-Americanism movement toward commercial, social, economic, military, and political cooperation among the nations of North, Central, and South America.

References

History of the papacy
History of international relations
Pope Pius IX
International conferences in Switzerland
1867 in Switzerland
1867 in international relations
1867 in Christianity
19th-century Catholicism


Western Heights College is a secondary school in Hamlyn Heights, Geelong, Australia. Also known as Western Heights Community College, it is situated in Vines Road with  its  adjoining  campus  being the  Vines Road Community Centre. The college is spread across three buildings, with Year 7 and 8 in the red building, Year 9 and 10 in the grey building and Year 11 and 12 in the yellow building. As of 2016, the school has 605 students, with only 204 being girls and 401 boys. The school currently has a lower than average Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage (ICSEA) score of 950.

History
The  Vines Road  Community  Centre was established in 1984. For some time, Western  Heights  College had three campuses: the Junior Years Campus (formerly Minerva campus and Barton Campus) for years 7, 8 and 9, and 10. the Senior Years Campus (formerly Quamby Campus) for years, 11 and 12, located in the suburbs of Herne Hill and Hamlyn Heights respectively. By  1985, the  college  had  been  created from the merger of two existing secondary schools: Geelong West Technical School, in Minerva Road, and Bell Park High School, in Quamby Avenue.

In 2010, the City of Greater Geelong (COGG) appointed landscape architects Capacity Consulting to "develop a Master Plan for Hamlyn Park Recreation Reserve which incorporated new facilities at  the Vines Road Education Redevelopment  Project - incorporating Western Heights College". The new facilities included sports grounds and netball courts with Stage 2 including a basketball stadium.

In 2011, the school began relocating to a single location on Vines Road, formerly the site of the Department of Human Services Barwon South Western Regional Office and, before that, the Geelong Teachers' College. The Barton campus closed at the end of the 2008, and the completion of stage one allowed Years 7 to 9 to start school at the new site at the beginning of July 2011.

Community  College
The  college  has  pioneered  "learning  communities" of  100-120  students  and there  are  no traditional  arrangements of classrooms with 25 students and one teacher. These communities can operate independently. Shared community facilities   feature in  the school and are open to the public. These  facilities  include: Community Library, Vines Road Community Centre itself, Seniors Club, Sporting facilities and a central Civic Plaza.  These facilities  are  owned  and  co-managed   by  the City  of  Greater Geelong in  conjunction  with  the  college's  management.  Various courses  and programs are  offered to  students and the  community on  a  fee-paying  basis.

Western  Heights  College/Vines  Road  Community  Centre experienced  severe  flooding  in  2016.

References

External links
College website

Public high schools in Victoria (state)


William James Steel (born 4 December 1959) is a Scottish former professional association footballer. A big, aggressive player, his position was centre forward.

After starting his career with Oldham Athletic in 1978, he moved onto Port Vale in March 1983 for a £10,000 fee, following loan spells at Wigan Athletic and Wrexham. He won promotion with the club in 1982–83, before he joined Wrexham for £10,000 in January 1984. He scored a critical goal in his two European campaigns during his four years with the club, and also lifted the Welsh Cup. After a brief spell on loan at Deportivo de La Coruña, he then enjoyed numerous successes with Tranmere Rovers after joining the club in 1987. During his five years the club won promotion twice, and reached the final of the Football League Trophy twice, winning it in 1990. He retired in 1992, having made 485 league appearances in a fourteen-year career in the Football League, scoring 118 goals.

Career

Oldham Athletic
Steel was born in Dumfries, and raised in nearby Dalbeattie. He began his football career when he was signed as an apprentice by Jimmy Frizzell for Oldham Athletic. After scoring two goals against Cardiff City on his debut, he established himself in the first team as the "Latics" battled away in the lower half of the Second Division table in 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, and 1981–82. During his time he built successful strike partnership with Simon Stainrod and Rodger Wylde. Frizzell was dismissed in early 1982 and Steel was unable to establish himself under new manager Joe Royle. Steel had loan spells with Third Division clubs Wigan Athletic (scoring two goals in his two league games under Larry Lloyd) and Wrexham (where he scored six goals from his nine league games). Steel left Boundary Park in March 1983 after making 108 league appearances and scoring 24 goals.

Port Vale
Aged 23, Steel was bought by John McGrath at Port Vale for £10,000 in March 1983. He played in every game for the rest of that season as the club were promoted from the Fourth Division in third place. Vale struggled in the Third Division in the 1983–84 season, and Steel lost his place in the team in December, and McGrath lost his job.

Wrexham
The month after his 24th birthday, Steel returned to Wrexham (now in the Fourth Division) for £10,000 in January 1984. Of his non-loan moves this was his most prolific period in front of goal with 51 strikes in his 164 league games. Wrexham at the time could not afford the £10,000 transfer fee, but Steel joined the club after an interest-free loan was made to the club by David Wells, a Wrexham supporting businessman from Mold.

Following a Welsh Cup final defeat to Shrewsbury Town, Wrexham took on an F.C. Porto side of numerous Portuguese internationals in the 1984–85 European Cup Winners' Cup (Shrewsbury as an English club could not represent Wales in European competition). Wrexham won the opening leg at the Racecourse Ground 1–0, courtesy of a goal from Steel. He had taken the ball on his chest in the centre circle with his back to goal, volleyed the dropping ball for John Muldoon to attack and cross from the right wing into the penalty area, and then jumped to direct a bullet header past Petar Borota. In the second leg at Estádio das Antas, Porto were 3–0 up after 38 minutes. The Welsh club pulled two goals back before half-time. In the 61st minute Paulo Futre restored Porto's aggregate lead before Wrexham's last minute strike meant the tie finished level at 4–4, with Wrexham advancing on away goals.

The second round draw paired Wrexham with the previous season's European Cup runners up, A.S. Roma, managed by Sven-Göran Eriksson. Wrexham lost 3–0 on aggregate over the two legs. Steel said of the adventure, "We went to Porto and there was a bloody hurricane. We come to Rome and the bloody shops are shut. When we play in Russia, Reagan will probably have the place blown up."

With Steel scoring both goals in a Welsh Cup final replay 2–1 win over Kidderminster Harriers, the "Dragons" appeared in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup with a first round draw against Maltese side Żurrieq, whom they beat 7–0 on aggregate. Steel scored in Wrexham in the second leg. This earned a second round tie against Real Zaragoza, which brought two goalless draws. At home in extra time in the second leg Wrexham matched the two goals by Patricio Yáñez to level the fixture at 2–2. However, on this occasion away-goals counted against Steel's side. On 14 October 1986, he score a hat-trick in the league against Peterborough United.

With the Spanish league extended into the summer, Steel was allowed to go out on loan at Deportivo de La Coruña at the end of the 1986–87 season. He featured in four Segunda División games at Estadio Riazor, as Eusebio Ríos's side made an unsuccessful bid for promotion into La Liga.

Tranmere Rovers
Steel, now aged 27, moved on to Tranmere Rovers in late 1987. He moved for a then club record transfer fee, with manager Johnny King looking to use Steel to act as target man for striker Ian Muir. They enjoyed considerable success together in the seasons to follow.

At the end of the 1987–88 season, Tranmere played at Wembley in the 16 team Football League Centenary Tournament. A good mid-season run of form saw Rovers qualify as one of the Fourth Division's two representatives. Tranmere were the surprise package of an otherwise derided tournament, beating First Division sides Wimbledon and Newcastle United before losing on penalties to eventual winners Nottingham Forest in the semi-final. This became the first of five trips to Wembley for Tranmere in Steel's time at Prenton Park.

Tranmere won promotion as Fourth Division runners-up in 1988–89. In the same season Rovers knocked First Division Middlesbrough out of the League Cup. Rovers also went on to knock top-flight Millwall out of the same competition in 1989–90. Steel scored with a massive looping header against the Tottenham Hotspur side of Gary Lineker and Paul Gascoigne in a 2–2 draw in the next round to earn a replay. In October 1991 another top-flight team, Chelsea, took a League Cup exit at Prenton Park when they lost 3–1.

In their first season in the Third Division, 1989–90, Rovers earned a place in the play-offs after finishing in fourth place. They went on to lose 2–0 to Notts County in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. A week later at the Twin Towers Rovers defeated Third Division champions, Bristol Rovers, 2–1 in the final of the Football League Trophy – this was Tranmere's first national piece of silverware. Club record scorer Ian Muir gave Tranmere an early lead with a volleyed strike. Devon White gave Bristol Rovers an equaliser early in the second half, before Steel headed a late winner.

Tranmere Rovers went one better in the 1990–91 season, winning the Third Division play-offs with a 1–0 win over Bolton Wanderers after a fifth-place finish. Chris Malkin's extra time goal helped the club to promotion to the Second Division for the first time since the 1930s. Once again, Rovers made an appearance in the Football League Trophy Final, this time losing 3–2 to Birmingham City, with Steel again on the scoresheet. This made the play-off victory over Bolton Tranmere's fourth appearance in a Wembley final in just over a year.

The 1991 promotion meant Steel played his last season at the level at which he began his senior career, England's second tier. Rovers finished their first season back at this level, 1991–92, comfortably in mid-table. In total, Steel scored 29 goals in 174 Tranmere league games, before he retired from professional football at the age of 32.

After football
Steel left football to start a career with the Merseyside Police force.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
 Football League Fourth Division third-place promotion: 1982–83
Wrexham
 Welsh Cup: 1986
Tranmere Rovers
 Football League Fourth Division second-place promotion: 1988–89
 Football League Third Division play-offs: 1991
 Football League Trophy: 1990; runner-up: 1991

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Dalbeattie
Footballers from Dumfries
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Deportivo de La Coruña players
Port Vale F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players
Segunda División players


Matt Carmichael may refer to:
Matt Carmichael (journalist), Australian sports journalist
Matt Carmichael (footballer) (born 1964), former English footballer
Matt Carmichael (jazz musician), Scottish jazz tenor saxophonist


Killyhevlin Hotel is a hotel situated 1 km from Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, just off the main A4 Dublin Road. It is a four star 70-bedroom hotel, with restaurant, spa, swimming pool and health club, on the shores of Lough Erne, surrounded by private grounds and gardens. The hotel was originally owned by Raymond B McCartney who was also the entrepreneur who began the Lough Erne Hotel, Kesh and the Belmore Court & Motel, Enniskillen. It has been owned and managed by the Watson family since 1976, who began a major expansion and rebranding initiative in 2004.

Awards
The hotel possesses a four star Quality Standard rating from both the AA and Northern Ireland Tourist Board. In July 2008 the hotel was voted as "Northern Ireland's No.2 Best Place to Stay" by Ulster Television viewers on the Ultimate Ulster show.

In 2008, Rodney Watson, managing director of the hotel was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in recognition for services to tourism over the past 30 years. He had been president of the Northern Ireland Hotels Federation and chairman of Fermanagh Lakeland Tourism.

In June 2011 the hotel won the award for best marketing and sales excellence throughout the provence in the 2011 Northern Ireland Tourism Awards.

History
 Over 250 people were evacuated from the hotel, but the explosion injured 17 people, including members of a wedding party, and destroyed much of the recently refurbished hotel. Over 1,000 lbs of homemade explosives had been packed in a vehicle and left at the hotel. The front of the Killyhevlin Hotel collapsed, scores of parked cars were burned and a 12-foot-wide bomb crater was left near the front door.

References

External links
Killyhevlin Hotel and area images Geograph

Hotels in County Fermanagh
Enniskillen


Muscelul Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Câmpulung, Argeș County. It is the home ground of ARO Muscelul Câmpulung. It holds 6,000 people, of which 3,000 are on seats.

References

External links
Stadionul Muscelul at soccerway.com

Football venues in Romania
Buildings and structures in Argeș County
Câmpulung


War in the Balkans or Balkan(s) conflict may refer to:

 Yugoslav Wars, or any of the individual wars, stemming from the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s
 Balkan Wars, the 1912–1913 wars in the Balkans

See also
Bulgarian-Serbian War (disambiguation)


The Turkmenistan national futsal team represents Turkmenistan in international futsal competitions and is controlled by the Football Federation of Turkmenistan.

Overview
Turkmenistan can count themselves fortunate to have avoided preliminary qualification for the 2008 AFC Futsal Championship. They grabbed the last direct spot in the finals even though they finished bottom of their finals group in 2007. Turkmenistan caused the first real upset of the championship with a 1–0 win over Australia in their opening game, Elman Tagayev scoring the only goal in the first half. But they went backwards after that with a 1–7 loss to Kyrgyzstan and a 2–5 reversal to Korea Republic. Turkmenistan were not expected to make it out of the group after poor performances in previous championships. They were uninspiring in 2005 and the following year had little chance in a group that included powerhouses Iran and ASEAN kingpins Thailand. But with more games under their belt, the relatively young squad will be aiming for better results this year.

In March 2019, the Football Federation of Turkmenistan named Robert Grdović as the head coach of the Turkmenistan national futsal team, signing a one-year contract.

Tournament records

FIFA Futsal World Cup
 1989 – Part of Soviet Union
 1992 – Did not enter
 1996 – Did not enter
 2000 – Did not enter
 2004 – Did not enter
 2008 – Did not qualify
 2012 – Did not qualify
 2016 – Did not qualify
 2021 – Did not qualify
 2024 – Withdrew

AFC Futsal Championship

Futsal at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
 2005 - Did not enter
 2007 - Did not enter
 2009 - 4th Place
 2013 - Round 1
 2017 - Quarterfinals (host)

Squad
Squad for the 2020 AFC Futsal Championship qualification
 Mulkaman Annagulyýew
 Myrat Annaýew
 Watan Ataýew
 Meretgeldi Baýramow
 Dayanç Garadjaýew
 Abdylla Gurbannepesow
 Allamyrat Gurbanow
 Allaberdi Meredow
 Öwezbaý Muhammetmyradow
 Maksat Myradow
 Serdar Rejepow
 Berdymyrat Sapardurdyýew
 Arzuwguly Sapargulyýew
 Gurbangeldi Sähedow

Manager history

See also
Turkmenistan national football team

References

Asian national futsal teams
Futsal
National futsal


SF Succé was a Swedish premium movie channel that operated in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was owned by Warner Bros. (whose parent company  Warner Communications was in the process of merging with Time Inc. to form Time Warner, now WarnerMedia, owned by AT&T), Canal Plus (France's pay TV channel, in turn owned by what was then Compagnie générale des eaux (CGE), now Vivendi), Svensk Filmindustri and Marieberg (a newspaper publisher), which each held a 25 percent share.

The channel went on air from a satellite operated by Intelsat, specifically Intelsat VA-F11 (the latter series being the predecessor of the SSL 1300 series by this satellite's manufacturer Space Systems Loral, now Maxar Technologies), on December 1, 1989. At launch, a subscription cost 120 Swedish krona and the channel was on-air for about 60 hours per week, mostly in the evenings and weekend mornings.

In 1991, it was purchased and subsequently merged with TV1000. TV1000's owners, Kinnevik, would own 75 percent of the company, while SF Succé's owners got the remaining 25 percent. The merged channel launched on September 1, 1991 under the name TV1000 - Succékanalen.

The SF brand makes a return as a television channel in Sweden on October 1, 2009, when Svensk Filmindustri and TV1000's competitor Canal+ together launch SF-kanalen, a channel with only Swedish films. Both Svensk Filmindustri and the Nordic Canal+ branch are now owned by the same company.

References

External links

Defunct television channels in Sweden
Television channels and stations established in 1989
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1991


Stephen Cooper is an American editor, biographer and writer-producer. He is a Professor of English at California State University, Long Beach, and has also taught for many years with the Writers' Program of UCLA Extension.<ref>UCLA Extension Writers' Program, UCLA Extension Writers' Program'</ref> He was born, raised, and lives in Los Angeles.

Works
 Full of Life: A Biography of John Fante, North Point Press/FSG 2000; Angel City Press, 2005,

Editor
 Perspectives on John Huston, G.K. Hall, 1994,
  John Fante: A Critical Gathering, co-edited with David Fine, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999
 The Big Hunger: Stories 1932-1959, Black Sparrow Press, 2000,
 The John Fante Reader (Ecco  Press 2003); HarperCollins, 2003, John Fante's 'Ask the Dust': A Joining of Voices and Views, co-edited with Clorinda Donato, Fordham University Press, 2020.

Writer-producer
 Struggle: The Life and Lost Art of Szukalski'', Netflix Original Documentary, 2018.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
University of California, Irvine alumni
University of Southern California alumni
California State University, Long Beach faculty
American academics of English literature


Tecnotree Corporation is a Finnish vendor of software to telecommunications service providers. It operates in the BSS sector.

History
In 2008 the Finnish company Tecnomen acquired Indian company Lifetree for $46 million. Initially it was rebranded as Tecnomen Lifetree before being rebranded once more in 2010 as Tecnotree.

Tecnomen itself was founded in 1978 and was headquartered in Espoo, Finland, where Tecnotree's headquarters are also based.

Tecnotree has offices in Finland, France, South Africa, India, Malaysia, Argentina, Ecuador and Peru. In 2019 it opened a new customer experience centre in Dubai.

References

External links
Company website

Telecommunications companies of Finland
Companies based in Espoo
Telecommunications companies established in 1978
1978 establishments in Finland
Companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki
Finnish companies established in 1978


Norman Henry Tubbs (5 July 1879 – 2 September 1965) was an Anglican bishop in the 20th century.

Biography
Tubbs was educated at Highgate School and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1903 and was a curate at Whitechapel Parish Church before going to India as a  Church Mission Society missionary, eventually becoming principal of Bishop’s College, Calcutta.

In 1923 Tubbs was ordained to the episcopate as the 4th Bishop of Tinnevelly. He was translated to be Bishop of Rangoon in 1928 and returned to England six years later to be the Archdeacon of Chester (and Assistant Bishop of Chester) and later Dean of Chester.

Marriage and children
In 1918 Tubbs married Norah Elisetta Lunt, daughter of Geoffrey Lunt, later Bishop of Ripon and subsequently Salisbury. They had three sons and a daughter: John LIONEL, Peter Alfred (also a priest), Christoper Norman, Barbara Evelyn.

Tubbs was the father of The Reverend Canon Christopher Norman Tubbs (1926–2010), Vicar of Scalby, North Yorkshire from 1959 to 1995, Rural Dean of Scarborough from 1976 to 1982 and a Canon of York Minster. Christopher was ordained by his father in Chester Cathedral in 1952.

References

1879 births
People educated at Highgate School
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Anglican missionaries in India
20th-century Anglican bishops in India
Anglican bishops of Tinnevelly
Anglican bishops of Rangoon
Archdeacons of Chester
Deans of Chester
1965 deaths
English Anglican missionaries


William Armstrong McCulla (1837 – July 1, 1923) was an Irish-born industrialist, building contractor and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Peel in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1891 as a Conservative member.

He was born in Sligo, Caledon Township, the son of John McCulla, who came to Canada in 1849 and Marie Louise Beatty, and was educated in Ireland and Canada. McCulla married Elizabeth McBride. He served 13 years on the town council for Brampton, serving three years as reeve and three years as mayor. McCulla also served as warden for Peel County. He served as postmaster for Brampton from 1892 to 1923. He died in Brampton at the age of 86.

References

1837 births
1923 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Mayors of Brampton
Canadian Anglicans


Alexander Donald (born 5 June 1948) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a winger for English club Port Vale between 1965 and 1968, and later played in Northern Ireland for Derry City and Ballymena United.

Early life
Donald won the West Lothian County Schools sprint title while at Kirkliston Primary School and then Winchburgh Secondary.

Career
Donald played youth-team football for Winchburgh Albion and Pumpherston Juniors. He had a successful trial with Jackie Mudie's Port Vale over the summer of 1965, having joined in July he signed as a professional by October. He made his debut on 12 January 1966 in a 2–0 defeat by Bradford City at Valley Parade, in what was the youngest ever front-line in the history of the Football League – consisting of Donald (17), Roddy Georgeson (17), Mick Cullerton (17), Paul Bannister (18), and Paul Ogden (19). He played 11 Fourth Division games in 1965–66, before making 24 appearances in the 1966–67 campaign. He featured ten times in the 1967–68 season under Stanley Matthews, before he was given a free transfer in May 1968, and moved on to Derry City. He spent three years with Derry, before turning part-time at Ballymena United whilst working a job as manager at a factory. He was granted a testimonial match against Southampton in 1976 that was attended by George Best and Mick Channon. He served the club as caretaker manager twice in 1983, taking charge after Ivan Murray left in February; Ian Russell served as manager between April and November, and Jim Platt was appointed manager in December. He returned to the club as assistant to caretaker-manager Gary Erwin in October 1984.

Personal and later life
He married Ann, a radiographer. In 2018, Donald claimed a gold medal in the 400 metres event in his age category at the Scottish Masters Athletics Championships at Grangemouth Stadium.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Derry City F.C. players
Ballymena United F.C. players
English Football League players
NIFL Premiership players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish football managers
Ballymena United F.C. managers
1948 births
Living people


Dhamma Society Fund, formally known as The M.L. Maniratana Bunnag Dhamma Society Fund under the Patronage His Holiness Somdet Phra Ñāṇasaṃvara the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand, is a charitable organisation in the Buddhist Theravāda Tradition, founded in 1997 by Thanpuying M.L. Manitatana Bunnag (1923–2000), Lady-in-Waiting to Her Majesty Queen Sirikit (1950–2000) and the Dhamma Society First Chairperson (1998–2000). Since 1999 the Dhamma Society Fund has undertaken the publication of the Tipiṭaka in Latin script, the World Edition. Recent activities focus on the Tipiṭaka, namely, organising Annual Tipiṭaka Lecture and Tipiṭaka presentation as a gift of Dhamma.

Donations
In 2000, Dhamma Society made a donation of its private collection of very rare palm-leaves Pāḷi Tipiṭaka and Pāḷi Tipiṭaka Editions (first edition) in various national scripts as well as in translations (over 3000 items) to the Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, which are housed in the International Tipiṭaka Hall, Mahachulalongkorn Building, Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok.

The World Tipiṭaka Project
Initiated in 1999 by the Dhamma Society upon a request from abroad to support the publication of the B.E. 2500 (1957) Great International Council Pāḷi Tipiṭaka Edition in Latin script. After a preliminary investigation of all the available electronic manuscripts, the Dhamma Society found that it was necessary to undertake anew the entire proof-reading and editing in Pāḷi language of the International Council Edition, both in printing and electronic formats. In 2004, the development of the electronic Pāḷi Tipiṭaka version was completed and was presented to Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana, the Royal Matriarch of Thailand. In 2005, the printing project was finally completed and was published in Latin script in 40 volumes as a homage to the Buddha and in honour of the Buddhist Sovereign Monarchy of Thailand. For an inaugural presentation, HRH Princess Galyani Vadhana, as Honorary President and Royal Patron, led a historic 24-hour Pilgrimage by a special flight from Bangkok to Colombo to present the special inaugural edition as a royal gift of Dhamma to the President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on March 6, 2005. Two additional inaugural editions were graciously presented to the Constitutional Court of the Kingdom of Thailand and to the Carolina Rediviva, Uppsala University, Kingdom of Sweden. The special World Tipiṭaka Edition has since been presented to international institutions worldwide upon a formal request to the Princess Patron and World Tipiṭaka Committee.

Publications
The World Tipiṭaka Edition in Latin script, 40-volume set, hardcover, since 2005
The Tipiṭaka Studies Reference, 40-volumes set, hardcover, since 2007
The Chulachomklao of Siam Pāḷi Tipiṭaka : Digital Preservation Edition, 40-volume set, hardcover, since 2008
Tipiṭaka Studies & Pilgrimage
The World Tipiṭaka Recitation Edition
Tipiṭaka Anthology

References

External links
Dhamma Society
Tipitaka quotation
Tipitakahall
World Tipitaka

Non-profit organizations based in Thailand
Buddhist organizations based in Thailand


Carlos Alberto Lourenço Cardoso (born 29 December 1944) is a former Portuguese footballer who played as a defender and manager.

Cardoso's playing career say him play only for his boyhood club of Vitória de Setúbal between 1964 until 1977. Cardoso the Setúbal's side who the Taça de Portugal in the 1964–65 and 1966–67 seasons.

Cardoso has managed Vitória de Setúbal on four different spells, with the most recent being in 2009.

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
Footballers from Setúbal
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Primeira Liga players
Vitória F.C. players
Portugal men's international footballers
Portuguese football managers
Primeira Liga managers
C.D. Nacional managers
Juventude Sport Clube managers
Vitória F.C. managers


Sawant is a surname of Maratha Caste.

Notable people
People with this surname include:

Abhijeet Sawant, singer
Arvind Sawant, Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
Ashlesha Sawant (born 24 September 1972), Indian television actress
Deepak Sawant, politician
Govind Sawant, field hockey player
Kamlesh Sawant, actor
Kshama Sawant, U.S. economics professor and politician
Kunal Sawant, football goalkeeper
Nirmiti Sawant, actress
P. B. Sawant, Indian Supreme Court judge
Pandharinath Sawant, journalist
Pooja Sawant, actress
Prajakta Sawant, badminton player
Pramod Sawant, Chief Minister of Goa
Rakhi Sawant, Indian film actress, talk show host
Shivaji Sawant, writer
Sudhir Sawant, politician, lawyer and brigadier in Indian Army
Tejaswini Sawant, shooter
Trupti Sawant, politician
Vishram Sawant, author

See also
 Bhonsle
 List of Maratha dynasties and states
 Maratha
 Maratha clan system
 Maratha Empire
 Sawantwadi

References

External links
 Siva Chhatrapati
 The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions

Maratha clans


Soft intellectual property (also sometimes, and confusingly (see below), abbreviated to "soft IP") is sometimes used to refer to trademarks, copyright, design rights and passing off, in contrast to "hard intellectual property", which is sometimes used to refer to patents.  Use of this phrase is controversial among IP practitioners.

The phrase "soft intellectual property" or Soft IP also refers to a system for licensing patents proposed in 2008. See Soft IP.

In the semiconductor industry the term has a different meaning described at Types of IP cores.

References

Intellectual property law


Fiorillo is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Elisa Fiorillo (born 1969), American singer
Federigo Fiorillo (1755–1823), musician, composer, son of Ignazio Fiorillo
Ignazio Fiorillo (1715–1787), Italian composer of opera seria
Johann Dominicus Fiorillo  (1748–1821), German painter, son of Ignazio Fiorillo
Luigi Fiorillo  (1847–1898), Italian photographer, active in the Middle East and parts of Africa
Vincenzo Fiorillo (born 1990), Italian footballer


Kayak is the second album by the Dutch progressive rock band Kayak. It was originally released in 1974 and reissued by Pseudonym with a bonus track in 1995.

At first, the title was to be "His Master's Noise". But the band expected problems with the record label "His Master's Voice" (HMV), and so they chose simply Kayak. The album is also known as Kayak (2nd Album).

The song "Wintertime" was the only single release from this album. "Serenades" was the b-side for the single "We Are Not Amused".

Track listing

 "Alibi" (Scherpenzeel) - 3:39
 "Wintertime" (Van Leeuwen/Koopman) - 2:51
 "Mountain Too Rough" (Scherpenzeel) - 3:57
 "They Get To Know Me" (Van Leeuwen/Koopman) - 9:18
 "Serenades" (Koopman/Scherpenzeel) - 3:33
 "Woe And Alas" (Scherpenzeel) - 3:01
 "Mireille" (Instr.) (Koopman) - 2:13
 "Trust In The Machine" (Van Leeuwen/Koopman) - 6:06
 "His Master's Noise" (Koopman/Scherpenzeel/Van Leeuwen) - 1:45

Bonus track (1995 reissue)

 "We Are Not Amused" (Koopman/Scherpenzeel)- 3:01

Personnel
 Max Werner - lead vocals (all but 9), percussion, Mellotron
 Johan Slager - guitars, backing vocals
 Ton Scherpenzeel - grand, electric and French pianos, backing vocals, synthesizer, organ, harpsichord, accordion
 Cees van Leeuwen - bass, harmonica
 Pim Koopman - drums, backing and lead (9) vocals, percussion, marimba

References

External links
Official homepage

Kayak (band) albums
1974 albums
Harvest Records albums


Ozerki may refer to:
Ozerki (rural locality) (Ozyorki), several rural localities in Russia
Ozerki railway station, a railway station in north of Saint Petersburg
Ozerki (Saint Petersburg Metro), a station of the Saint Petersburg Metro
Ozerki (Historic district in Saint Petersburg), a historic district in Saint Petersburg


Critical Software is a Portuguese international information systems and software company, headquartered in Coimbra. The company has offices in Porto, Lisbon, Tomar, Vila Real and Viseu (Portugal), Southampton and Derby (UK), Munich (Germany) and Sunnyvale (California, USA). Critical Software's core competencies include cyber security, digital transformation, safety management, systems & software development, testing and verification & validation and user experience design (UxD).

History
The company was founded in Coimbra in 1998 by Diamantino Costa, Gonçalo Quadros and João Carreira. The three met while studying for their doctorates in computer engineering at the University of Coimbra. Critical Software's first customer was NASA. While growing rapidly, Critical Software launched the first commercial deployment of csXception™ software.

In 2003, the company became the first Iberian company to be awarded the ISO 9001:2000 TickIT quality certification. Other certifications such as NATO/AQAP 2110, AQAP 150 and CMMI-SE/SW Level 3 followed. Critical Software opened new offices in Portugal (Porto and Lisbon) and the UK (Southampton).

In 2007 Critical Software became the main independent software tester for ESA's EarthCARE space mission projects, contributed to the enlargement of the Schengen area, opened further offices in Brazil, Mozambique and Angola and launched several spin-off companies under the Critical Group such as Critical Links, Critical Materials, Critical Health and Critical Manufacturing.

In 2011, the CMMI-SE/SW certification was upgraded to level 5, making Critical Software one of the few companies to achieve this distinction. A new office was opened in Munich, Germany and the company was listed by Business Week as one of the top 500 fastest growing companies in Europe.

Critical Group
The Critical Group comprises a series of technology companies, many of which were formed from ideas originally developed within Critical Software.

 Critical Materials develops products that provide diagnostics and prognostics for critical structural systems. The company was acquired by the original co-founders of the company and rebranded Stratosphere S.A.
  is a technology company that helps seniors living in long-term care across Europe, the United States, and Brazil.
 Critical Links provides solutions to simplify the delivery of digitized content to schools.
 Retmarker provides software for screening and progression monitoring of retinal diseases.
 Critical Manufacturing provides automation and manufacturing software for high-tech industries. The company was acquired by ASMPT in 2018.
 Watchful Software provided software that kept sensitive information safe from disclosure or security breaches. Symantec acquired it in 2017.

Industries
Critical Software works across a range of industries, serving different needs in each.

 Automotive
 Aviation
 Defence
 Ecommerce
 Energy
 Finance
 Government
 Medical Devices
 Railway
 Space
 Telecoms

External links
Official site
Critical Software S.A., BusinessWeek
Achievements Small & Medium Sized Enterprises, European Space Agency
Critical Software Shows Portugal Can Grow, Forbes
Critical Software – Pioneers, Up Magazine

Notes and references

Software companies of Portugal
Portuguese brands


List of Federal Roads in Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Main Federal Roads

Institutional facilities federal roads

FELDA/FELCRA Federal Roads

Industrial Federal Roads

 а

Unclassified Federal Roads

Sarawak

Sabah

Main Federal Roads

Institution facilities federal roads

FELDA/FELCRA Federal Roads

Labuan

Main Federal Roads

(Source:Public Works Department Malaysia (JKR))

References

[http://www.data.gov.my/data/dataset/3d10dc31-67f3-4807-b970-f23532fd4fad/resource/1488b948-c749-4884-aa5e-f1f22f9c9e96/download/kkr-dtsa-01-01-001daftarjalanpersekutuanutamanegeridanlebuhrayabertol.xlsx}

Malaysian Federal Roads
Federal


The Bokong Nature Reserve is a reserve located in Lesotho.  It contains Afro-alpine wetlands at the sources of the Bokong and Lepaqoa rivers, plus montane grassland and patches of heathland boulder beds, both of which are regular haunts for Vaal rhebuck.  The reserve's highlight, however, is the Lepaqoa Waterfall, which freezes in winter to form a column of ice.

The reserve's entrance is next to the visitors' centre, signposted left off the highway beyond the Mafika Lisiu Pass. Perched on the edge of a cliff overlooking the Lepaqoa Valley, the visitor centre has a picnic site and interpretative trail to the top of the Lepaqoa Falls, as well as guides  and horses for hire. There is also a two- to three-day hike along the alpine plateau to Ts'ehlanyane National Park to the north. Camping is possible throughout the reserve, and there are also two stone-and-thatch rondavels close to the falls.

Bokong is a picturesque hiker-friendly reserve at altitudes of 2800 to 3200 metres.

References

Protected areas of Lesotho


William Agnew (9 January 1898 – ?) was a Scottish footballer who played as a forward for Pollok, Ayr United, Falkirk, Port Vale, Arthurlie, and Luton Town.

Career
Agnew played for Pollok, Ayr United and Falkirk, before moving down to England to sign with Port Vale in September 1921. He hit a total of five goals in 31 appearances in the 1921–22 season, and scored his first goal in the Second Division on 29 October, in a 1–0 win at South Shields. However, he was used more sparingly the next season, and scored just one goal in 11 games. After undergoing cartilage operations in the spring of 1923 he was released from his contract at The Old Recreation Ground. He moved on to Arthurlie of the Scottish Third Division, and then returned to the Football League to play for Luton Town.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Pollok F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Arthurlie F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
1898 births
Year of death missing
Place of death missing


FDU Materials are a class of regularly structured mesoporous organic materials first synthesized at Fudan University in Shanghai, China (hence FDU). FDU-14 -15 and -16 are formed by polymerizing resol around a lyotropic liquid crystal template and then removing the template by calcination.

Notes

Denyuan Zhao et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 7053

Materials


Jesus Lock is a lock on the River Cam in the north of central Cambridge, England. This is Lock No. 1 on the navigable portion of the River Cam. It was built in 1836 and is the only lock in the city. Jesus Green Lock Cottage, the former lock-keeper's cottage, is by the lock on Jesus Green. It is owned by the Conservators of the River Cam and is rented out to students.

The lock is located north of Jesus Green, which itself is north of Jesus College, hence the name. To the north of Jesus Lock is Chesterton Road (the A1303). To the east (downstream) is Victoria Avenue Bridge on Victoria Avenue and beyond that Midsummer Common, common land still used for grazing. Close by just downstream is Jesus Green Swimming Pool, a very long outdoor lido.

The stretch of river northeast (downstream) of Jesus Lock is sometimes called the lower river. The stretch between Jesus Lock and Baits Bite Lock is much used for rowing. There are also many residential boats on this stretch, their occupants forming a community who call themselves the Camboaters. The stretch above Jesus Lock is sometimes known as the middle river.

Footbridge

Jesus Lock footbridge on the Cam links Chesterton Road with Jesus Green for pedestrians next to the lock. The bridge has metal trellis railings and a wooden surface for walking. Cyclists are advised to dismount when crossing the bridge.

The bridge was built c.1892, soon after Victoria Avenue Bridge, close by downstream at the northeast corner of Jesus Green. The next bridge to the southwest (upstream) is Magdalene Bridge.

See also
 List of bridges in Cambridge

References

Buildings and structures in Cambridge
Locks of Cambridgeshire
1836 establishments in England
Jesus College, Cambridge

Bridges in Cambridge
Bridges across the River Cam
Bridges completed in 1892
River Cam


Sextius Niger was a Roman writer on pharmacology during the reign of Augustus or a little later.  He may be identical with the son of the philosopher Quintus Sextius, who continued his philosophical teachings.

Life and work

From Pedanius Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder, who mention his work, we can fix his time of writing to a period after Juba II, the king of Mauretania, had written his treatise on euphorbia, which Dioscorides and Pliny knew from Niger, and before Pliny himself wrote his Natural History, in other words from late in the first century B.C. to the first half of the first century A.D. Caelius Aurelianus (acut. 3, 16, 134) allows us to narrow the possible date further, by naming him as a friend of Tullius Bassus, who is cited by Scribonius Largus (121); since Scribonius wrote in the early to mid 40s, this should narrow his period to before 40 A.D.

His pharmacological work was a materia medica written in Greek and, according to Erotianus, had the title περὶ ὕλης ("On material", "On [medical] substances"). Dioscorides calls him a disciple of Asclepiades of Bithynia and speaks slightingly of him and others of the same school for a lack of care in investigating the remedies they recommend. Despite this disrespect, it seems clear that Niger was a major source for Dioscorides as he was for Pliny.  Many of Pliny's books contain long stretches with close similarities to Dioscorides; and all these books are ones for which Pliny names Niger as one of his sources.  Against the old view that Pliny was using Dioscorides, Wellmann notes that sometimes Pliny, sometimes Dioscorides provides a more detailed treatment and that the two were near contemporaries.  Unlike Dioscorides, Pliny writes of Niger with great respect as "diligentissimus medicinae" ("a very diligent medical writer"); and Galen also regarded him highly.  The work discussed medical effects of both plants and animals; its relation to folk beliefs can be seen in his comments on the salamander:
Sextius venerem accendi cibo earum, si detractis interaneis et pedibus et capite in melle serventur, tradit negatque restingui ignem ab iis.
Sextius says that sexual desire is increased by eating them, if they are preserved in honey with the guts and head and feet removed, but denies that fire can be put out by them.
From an examination of the parallel passages in Dioscorides and Pliny, Wellmann believes that his sources will have included the botanist Theophrastus and the writer on snakes Apollodorus.

Many think that Sextius Niger is also a philosopher, the son of Quintus Sextius and his successor as the head of a school of philosophy which flourished briefly around the time of Augustus, but had died out by the time of Seneca the Younger.  The school had some resemblances to Stoicism, and recommended vegetarianism; although the elder Sextius wrote in Greek, the philosophy had a Roman character.

See also
 School of the Sextii
 Sextia gens

Notes

References
 Deichgräber, Karl, 1931, 'Sextius Niger' RE Suppl. V 971, 34-972, 24.
 Lana, I., 1953, 'Sextiorum Nova et Romani Roboris Secta' RFIC 31, 1953, 1-26 and 209–34.
 Wellman, Max, 1889, 'Sextius Niger' Hermes 24, 530–69.

1st-century BC Roman physicians
Ancient pharmacologists
Sextii
1st-century Roman physicians


The English Musical Renaissance was a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when British composers, often those lecturing or trained at the Royal College of Music, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences, to have begun writing in a distinctively national idiom, and to have equalled the achievement of composers in mainland Europe. The idea gained considerable currency at the time, with support from prominent music critics, but from the latter part of the 20th century has been less widely propounded.

Among the composers championed by proponents of the theory were Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and Alexander Mackenzie. Writers who propounded the theory included Francis Hueffer and J A Fuller Maitland, while it received further promotion from the critics Frank Howes and Peter J. Pirie.

Conception
The term originated in an article by the critic Joseph Bennett in 1882. In his review in The Daily Telegraph of Hubert Parry's First Symphony he wrote that the work gave "capital proof that English music has arrived at a renaissance period." Bennett developed the theme in 1884, singling out for praise a now forgotten symphony by Frederic Cowen (the Scandinavian Symphony) and equally forgotten operas by Arthur Goring Thomas (Esmeralda), Charles Villiers Stanford (Savonarola) and Alexander Mackenzie (Columba).

The idea of an English musical renaissance was taken up by the music critic of The Times, Francis Hueffer, and his successor J A Fuller Maitland. The latter became the most assiduous proponent of the theory. His 1902 book English Music in the XIXth Century is subdivided into two parts: "Book I: Before the Renaissance (1801–1850)", and "Book II: The Renaissance (1851–1900)". Fuller Maitland's thesis was that although "it would be absurd to claim a place beside Beethoven or Schubert" for earlier British composers such as Macfarren and Sterndale Bennett, it was not absurd to do so for his favourite British composers of the late 19th century. The Royal College of Music, the centre of the renaissance theory, was founded explicitly "to enable us to rival the Germans".

Fuller Maitland regarded Stanford and Parry as the pre-eminent composers of the renaissance. Both were upper-middle-class Oxbridge graduates, like Fuller Maitland, and both were professors at music colleges. The writer Meirion Hughes describes Fuller Maitland's world as one of insiders and outsiders. Fuller Maitland rejected British composers who did not conform to his template, notably Sullivan, Elgar and Delius.  Hughes wrote: "Sullivan's frequent forays into what was viewed as the questionable realm of operetta removed him from the equation at once.  Elgar was never a contender, with his unacademic, lower-middle-class background coupled with progressive tendencies, while "Fritz" Delius was simply not English enough." The same writer suggests that Fuller Maitland's aversion to Sir Frederic Cowen was due to anti-Semitism.

A major concern of the movement was the collection and preservation of English folk songs. Stanford, Parry and Mackenzie were all founding members and vice-presidents of the Folk-Song Society from 1898. This was another barrier between the renaissance movement and outsiders. Sullivan and Elgar regarded folk music as neither important nor interesting, and Elgar was further distanced from the renaissance set by his antipathy to English music of the Tudor and early Stuart periods, which Fuller Maitland and others were enthusiastically propagating.

Those identified as leading composers of the musical renaissance theory achieved positions of power and influence in the musical world. Mackenzie became principal of the Royal Academy of Music; and at the Royal College of Music, Parry succeeded George Grove as director, and Stanford was professor of composition, with pupils including Arthur Bliss, Frank Bridge, Herbert Howells, Gustav Holst, John Ireland and Ralph Vaughan Williams. The composer Sir John Stainer wrote, "Parry and Stanford are rapidly getting absolute control of all the music, sacred or secular, in England; and also over our provincial Festivals and Concert societies, and other performing bodies."

Dissention

Bernard Shaw in his capacity as a music critic mocked the notion of an English musical renaissance led by Parry, Stanford and Mackenzie, describing their works as "sham classics" and characterising them as a "mutual admiration society":

The musicologist Colin Eatock writes that the term "English musical renaissance" carries "the implicit proposition that British music had raised itself to a stature equal to the best the continent had to offer"; among the continental composers of the period were Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Dvořák, Fauré, Bruckner, Mahler and Puccini. That idea was controversial at the time and later, though it retained its adherents well into the 20th century. Eatock notes that as late as 1966, Frank Howes, successor to Hueffer and Fuller Maitland at The Times, stated that the English musical renaissance was "an historical fact".

In 1993, Robert Stradling and Meirion Hughes argued that the proponents of the movement were "a self-appointed and self-perpetuating oligarchy" based at the Royal College of Music in London. Grove, Parry, and Vaughan Williams were "the dynastical figureheads of the renaissance establishment." Stradling and Hughes contended that this élite was single-minded to the point of ruthlessness in promoting its conception of British music, sidelining all native composers who did not conform to its aesthetic views. The composer Thomas Dunhill wrote that when he was a student at the Royal College under Parry "it was considered scarcely decent to mention Sullivan's name with approval in the building". Elgar, about whom Fuller Maitland wrote tepidly, was hailed by Richard Strauss as "the first progressive English musician."

The contention of Fuller Maitland and others that the "English musical renaissance" had brought British music into the world class is in contrast to the title of a 1904 book by the German writer Oscar Adolf Hermann Schmitz: Das Land ohne Musik: englische Gesellschaftsprobleme – "The Land without Music: problems of English society".

Further reading
The classic histories of the English Musical Renaissance are:

 Frank Howes. The English Musical Renaissance (London: Secker & Warburg, 1966)
 Peter J. Pirie. The English Musical Renaissance (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1979)
 Michael Trend. The Music Makers: The English Musical Renaissance from Elgar to Britten (New York: Schirmer Books, 1985)
 Hughes, Meirion and Stradling, Robert. The English Musical Renaissance: Construction and Deconstruction (1993), revised 2nd ed. as The English Musical Renaissance 1840-1940: Constructing a National Music  (2001)
 Karolyi, Otto. Modern British Music: The Second British Musical Renaissance (1994)

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

English music


Our Lady of Endor Coven, also known as Ophite Cultus Sathanas, was an American Satanic cult founded by Herbert Arthur Sloane (born September 3, 1905, died June 16, 1975) in Cleveland, Ohio, with a claimed origin in 1948 though definitive documentation of the group does not appear until the 1960s. Heavily influenced by gnosticism, the group equated Sathanas with the Serpent in the Garden of Eden as revealer of true knowledge.

Namesakes
The "Lady of Endor" refers to the Witch of Endor, a woman in the Hebrew Bible said to summon spirits of the deceased.

The term "Ophite" refers to the ancient gnostic sect of the Ophites, who revered the Serpent of Eden. The Latin phrase Cultus Sathanas translates to "Cult of Satan"

Date of origin
A 1967 Toledo newspaper interview with Sloane about his occult and fortune telling business made no mention of the Coven. Sloane's Coven was first publicly documented in mid-1968, when British occult writer Richard Cavendish shared that he had received a letter from a Satanist "lodge" in Toledo, Ohio.

While current scholars of Satanism point to the lack of evidence that Our Lady of Endor Coven existed prior to 1966, some conclude the group likely had earlier roots:
It seems probable the group was in existence before 1966, although I have not found any traces of it in literature prior to that date. Sloane himself suggested that he was already operating in the 1940s, but given the many parallels with Wicca the group displayed, it is more likely its date of origin must be located sometime after 1953, the year Gerald Gardner's neopagan cult of witchcraft came into the open.

Beliefs
Sloane had a Protestant upbringing. Sloane referred in his June 1968 letter to his group as "Our Lady of Endor Coven, The Ophitic Cultus Sathanas" and clarifies that it was Sathanas in the form of the Serpent who brought the knowledge (gnosis) of the true God to Eve when she ate of the Tree of Knowledge. This true God is above the creator god of this world. He writes that Cain was the first Satanic priest and performed the first Satanic Mass (which explains Cain being punished by the creator god).

According to Sloane, true Satanists are following the way of the Serpent and of Cain, as the early ophitic gnostics were. Hans Jonas offered this gnostic analysis:

... it is the serpent that persuades Adam and Eve to taste of the fruit of knowledge and thereby to disobey their Creator ... Indeed, more than one gnostic sect derived its name from the cult of the serpent ("Ophites" from the Gk. ophis; "Naassenes" from the Heb. nahas--the group as a whole being termed "ophitic")

This general Serpent is also the wise Word of Eve. This is the mystery of Eden: this is the river that flows out of Eden. This is also the mark that was set on Cain, whose sacrifice the god of this world [the creator god] did not accept whereas he accepted the bloody sacrifice of Abel: for the lord of this world delights in blood.

Sloane believed in a horned god, which he said was revealed to him in the woods when he was a child. This horned god, according to him, was the original and most ancient god ever worshipped by humans (he explains that anthropology has proven this). After seeing Margaret Murray's book The God of the Witches (published in 1931), he said he realized that the horned god was Satan (Sathanas). Sloane had become very active in the Spiritualist Church movement, being a minister in a Spiritualist Church since the 1930s, and traveling to various locations in Ohio to perform services. He describes his coven of Sathanas as developing out of his occupation with Spiritualism.

Sloane also corresponded with his contemporary Gerald Gardner (the founder of the Wicca movement, who died in 1964), concerning Sloane's interest in portraying true witches as worshiping Satan, or "Sathanas", a view which Gardner himself fought against in his writings. However, Sloane believed that, while "gnosis" referred to knowledge, and "wicca" referred to wisdom, modern witches had fallen away from the true knowledge, and instead had begun worshipping a fertility god, a reflection of the creator god.

When the Church of Satan appeared in the 1960s, Sloane began corresponding with Anton LaVey, with an interest in finding more Satanists to participate in his own organization. Sloane highly recommended the 1958 book The Gnostic Religion, and selections from it were sometimes read at ceremonies.

See also
Magical organization

References

Citations

Works cited

 James R. Lewis (2001). Satanism Today, ABC-CLIO Incorporated,

Further reading
  Contains 1970 interview with Sloane.
  Contains interview with Sloane.
  Quotes Sloane's mimeographed material, and describes his Coven.

Cults
Magical organizations
New religious movements
Organizations based in Cleveland
Religion in Ohio
Satanism in the United States
Witch of Endor


"A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray" is an essay by the English author George Orwell. In it Orwell encourages the public-spirited action of planting trees, which may well make up for the harm people do in their lives. The essay was first published in Tribune on 26 April 1946.

Background

The "Vicar of Bray" is a song about a 17th-century cleric who changed his religious views from one extreme to another according to the government of the time in order to retain his living.

In 1936, Orwell took the lease of a cottage  at Wallington, Hertfordshire and moved in by 2 April, two months before his marriage. It was a very small cottage called the "Stores" with almost no modern facilities in a tiny village. He needed somewhere quiet to work on The Road to Wigan Pier, and as well as writing, he spent hours regenerating the garden.

In the preceding ten years Orwell had seen numerous changes of political affiliation in the ideological battlegrounds of socialism, fascism, capitalism, Trotskyism and Stalinism within the wider context of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Orwell discussed these more specifically in his more political essays such as "Second Thoughts on James Burnham".

Summary
Orwell notes that the Vicar of Bray has a very poor reputation because of his political opportunism, but yet he left two positive legacies - an entertaining song and a giant yew tree which he is said to have planted in Bray church yard.  Orwell then quotes two examples, one of murder and the other of adultery, where the perpetrators left something that could be appreciated after their deaths. Thibaw, last king of Burma, decapitated seventy or eighty of his brothers on his accession, but planted Tamarind trees in Mandalay, and Mrs. Overall, wife of Dean Overall was a wanton but was commemorated in an entertaining poem about her – "The Shepherd Swaine" by John Aubrey.

Orwell then makes a plea in favour of tree-planting. Ten years previously he had bought a job-lot of fruit trees and rose bushes from a nursery, and he notes how they have flourished and will hopefully be appreciated in years to come. Therefore, planting a tree is a good way of atoning for misdeeds.

Extract
Still, it might not be a bad idea, every time you commit an anti-social act, to make a note of it in your diary, and then, at the appropriate season, push an acorn into the ground. And even if one in twenty of them came to maturity, you might do quite a lot of harm in your lifetime, and still like the Vicar of Bray, end up as a public benefactor after all.

Legacy
In 2021, writer Rebecca Solnit paid a visit to the cottage in Wallington, hoping to see Orwell's fruit trees. Alas, the trees had been cut down in the 1990s, but the roses he planted were still alive and well.

See also
Bibliography of George Orwell

References

External links
 Text of A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray

Essays by George Orwell
1946 essays
Works originally published in Tribune (magazine)


William George McNulty (born 9 February 1949) is a Scottish former football goalkeeper. He played a total of eight league games between 1966 and 1970, one each for Port Vale and Berwick Rangers, and six for Chesterfield.

Career
McNulty graduated through the juniors to sign professional forms with Port Vale in April 1966. Manager Jackie Mudie handed him his Fourth Division debut in a 2–0 defeat by Aldershot at Vale Park on 22 April 1967. He did not feature again for the "Valiants", and was given a free transfer to Chesterfield in May 1968. He played six Fourth Division games for the "Spireites" in 1968–69, before manager Jimmy McGuigan allowed him to leave Saltergate. He played one Scottish Second Division game for Harry Melrose's Berwick Rangers in 1969–70, before leaving Shielfield Park and retiring from professional football.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1949 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Port Vale F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Berwick Rangers F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players


William McNulty may refer to:

 Billy McNulty (born 1949), Scottish former football goalkeeper
 William McNulty (Relief organization founder), founder of Team Rubicon
 William Charles McNulty (1889–1963), American artist,
 William N. McNulty (1829–1922), American Roman Catholic priest
 William A. McNulty, U.S. Army officer


Manz AG (formerly Manz Automation) is a German multinational engineering company active in the fields of automation, laser processesing, metrology, wet chemistry and roll-to-roll processing. Manz AG bundles its activities into two reporting segments: Mobility & Battery Solutions and Industry Solutions. The focus in the Mobility & Battery Solutions segment is on intelligent production solutions for highly efficient lithium-ion batteries. The Industry Solutions reporting segment is responsible for assembly and production solutions for electronic components and devices, power and consumer electronics, and components for the electric powertrain.

Headquartered in Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg, the company has additional production centres in Tübingen as well as international manufacturing sites in Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, China and Taiwan. There are additional sales and service branches in the United States, South Korea and India.

Manz had developed a significant presence in the solar photovoltaic industry. Its activities in this sector focused on the development and supply of integrated systems for the production of CIGS thin-film solar modules. In 2010 the company established a partnership with Würth Solar (part of the Würth industrial group) for the exclusive licensing of its CIGS solar cell production technology. After the acquisition of the CIGS modules innovation line of Würth Solar in January 2012, technology licenses were also transferred to the company on an unrestricted basis. In September 2012, Manz presented a CIGS solar module, which was produced on a mass production line and has a 14.6 percent efficiency on total module area and 15.9 percent on aperture area (one in the industry unequaled efficiency). In April 2015, Manz surpassed these numbers again and presented an impressive new efficiency world record for CIGS thin-film solar modules on mass production line with a module efficiency of 16 percent.

The major business areas of Manz are the supply of systems for the production of flat panel displays and touch panels, a market it first entered in 1994, Printed Circuit Boards, electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers and laptops  as well as the supply of systems for the production of lithium-ion batteries on an industrial scale for e.g. e-mobility.

History

The company was founded by Dieter Manz as the GmbH Manz Automatisierungstechnik in 1987. It initially focused on industrial automation and robotics, and today continues to supply automated systems as part of a broader range of products.
In October 2001 Manz Automatisierungstechnik merged with ACS GmbH, another firm founded by Dieter Manz, forming Manz Automation AG. As Manz has grown from an automation specialist into a supplier of integrated production lines, the company changed its name from Manz Automation AG to Manz AG in June 2011.

The company listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2006, moving to its Prime Standard market segment in 2008.  The company was a constituent of the TecDAX index between September 2008 and March 2009, and again between September 2009 and March 2011. Manz AG shared back in the TecDAX as of March 24, 2014.

In May 2016 Shanghai Electric company took over 19.67% of Manz shares.

In May 2022 Daimler Truck AG acquired a stake in Manz as part of a strategic partnership.

Acquisitions and location expansion

On 1 January 2008, with the acquisition of the company Christian Majer in Tübingen, Germany (machines for packaging and film processing), the basis for entry into the lithium-ion battery market in 2009 was set. Also in 2008, Manz Slovakia was founded and Intech Machines (Taiwanese market leader for wet chemical processes in manufacturing displays) was absorbed. Manz also established a vacuum coating technology development centre (Manz Coating GmbH in Karlstein, Germany) in 2010. In 2012 the establishment of Manz CIGS Technology GmbH in Schwäbisch Hall, Germany and the opening of a new manufacturing facility in Suzhou (China) took place. With the acquisition of the mechanical engineering division of Kemet Electronics Italy (formerly Arcotronics) in 2014, Manz enlarged its technology portfolio in the battery division and founded Manz Italy. In 2015 Manz acquired KLEO, a specialist for laser direct imaging (LDI), from the ZEISS Group.

See also

 List of CIGS companies

References

External links

Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Engineering companies of Germany
Display technology companies
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Thin-film cell manufacturers
German brands
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange


The Liphofung (“place of the eland”) Historical Site  includes a cave which occupies an important place in Lesotho history. It is the smallest of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) reserves, at about , but has been intensively developed. The cave is a large overhang in the Clarens sandstone, which is a typical feature of the Lesotho lowlands region. Originally used by the San people and other Neolithic people, the walls contain important rock art and a rich archaeological deposit of Stone Age implements lies beneath the floor. Later, King Moshoeshoe the Great used the cave as a stopover when visiting that part of the kingdom.

The site is located in a tributary-stream valley of the Hololo River, off the main route from Butha-Buthe to Oxbow and Mokhotlong. Access is via a concrete road which is passable for all vehicles. A visitors' centre, featuring a display of Basotho culture and San rock art has been developed, along with restrooms and a small shop. The site is a popular destination of school groups and tourists traveling to Oxbow, and light refreshments are available.

Apart from the cultural and historical aspects of the site, there are also various geological features to be seen, both on-site and in the surrounding areas. Since the 'Moteng Valley is densely populated, it is a good opportunity to observe the traditional Basotho way of life.

The site was developed almost entirely by local labour and artisans; therefore, most of the development costs have been ploughed directly back into the local community. This, in turn, has led to a strong sense of ownership of the facility by the local communities.
Contacts for booking 59586415 . We also have accommodation

References

Archaeological sites in Lesotho


Prototypes and Painkillers is a compilation album by the punk rock band Strung Out, released on March 31, 2009, by Fat Wreck Chords. It consists of outtakes, demos, and compilation tracks taken from various recording sessions over the course of the band's career, including several previously unreleased tracks.

Track listing

References

External links

Strung Out albums
2009 compilation albums
Fat Wreck Chords compilation albums
Pop punk albums by American artists
Heavy metal albums by American artists


This is a list of club records for K-League side Suwon Samsung Bluewings. It details records at club and player level since the team's league debut in 1996.

Club records
Correct as of December 31, 2008.

K-League records

Record for consecutive wins : 8 – 1999.7.29 ~ 1999.8.29 / 2008.3.19 ~ 2008.4.26
Record for consecutive ties: 4 – 1997.3.22 ~ 1997.4.2 / 2004.8.1 ~ 2004.8.11
Record for consecutive loses: 3 – 2001.3.31 ~ 2001.4.8 / 2006.04.23 ~ 2006.05.05
Record for matches without loses: 18 – 2008.03.09 ~ 2008.06.28
Record for matches without wins: 13 – 2006.04.23 ~ 2006.07.15

Asia records

AFC Champions League records

Asian Cup Winners Cup records

Asian Super Cup records

A3 Champions Cup records

Pan Pacific Championship

Player recordsCorrect as of December 31, 2008. Figures include all competitive matches.''

Top league goalscorers by season

All time goalscorers

See also
 K-League - All time records

Records
South Korean football club records and statistics


Minuscule 406 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 130 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.
It contains marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 297 parchment leaves () with some lacunae (Mark 4:41-5:14; Luke 3:16-4:4; John 20:3-21:25). The text is written in one column per page, in 18 lines per page.

The text is divided according to numbers of the  (chapters) at the margin, the  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections, but it does not contain references to the Eusebian Canons.

It contains tables of the  (tables of  contents) before each Gospel. Lectionary markings were added at the margin by a later hand.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Caesarean text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the Ια. Kurt Aland the Greek text of the codex did not place in any Category.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual family Kx in Luke 1 and Luke 20. In Luke 10 no profile was made.

History

Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 11) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

 J. Neville Birdsall, "406, A Neglected Witness to the Caesarean Text", in Studia evangelica, ed. K. Aland, F. L. Cross et al., T & U 73 (Berlin, 1959), pp. 732–736.

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts


FDU may refer to:

 Bandundu Airport, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Fairleigh Dickinson University, in New Jersey, United States
 FDU materials, a class of structured mesoporous polymers
 Firemen and Deckhands' Union of New South Wales, an Australian trade union
 Fudan University, in Shanghai, China
 Führer der Unterseeboote, a naval office of the German Empire during World War I
 United Democratic Forces (Benin) (French: ), a political alliance in Benin
 United Democratic Forces of Rwanda (French: ), a political alliance in Rwanda


Minuscule 407 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 320 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.
It contains marginalia.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Gospel of Luke 5:30-Gospel of John 9:2 on 87 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 21 lines per page.

The text is divided according to the  (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, with their  (titles) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the Ammonian Sections, but references to the Eusebian Canons are absent.

It contains tables of the  (tables of contents) before each Gospel, a few lectionary markings in some places at the margin, subscriptions at the end of Luke, numbers of stichoi, numbers of Verses, and pictures.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family Kx. Aland placed it in Category V.

According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents Kx in Luke 10 and Luke 20. In Luke 1 its text is defective.

The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is marked with an obelus.

History

Wiedmann and J. G. J. Braun collated portions of the manuscript for Scholz (1794-1852). The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz.
C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Biblioteca Marciana (Gr. I. 12) in Venice.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
12th-century biblical manuscripts


Black cockatoo is a general descriptive term for cockatoos that are mainly black and may include:

Palm cockatoo, Probosciger aterrimus, also called great black cockatoo
Species of the genus Calyptorhynchus:
Red-tailed black cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus banksii, has several alternative common names including black cockatoo
Glossy black cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus lathami
Species of the genus Zanda:
Yellow-tailed black cockatoo, Zanda funereus
Carnaby's black cockatoo, Zanda latirostris
Baudin's black cockatoo, Zanda baudinii

Bird common names

Ancient Greek name
la lue lee


Rüstem Pasha (; ;  1505 – 10 July 1561) was an Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier to Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. Rüstem Pasha is also known as Damat Rüstem Pasha (the epithet damat meaning 'son-in-law' ) as a result of his marriage to the sultan's daughter, Mihrimah Sultan, in 1539. He is regarded as one of the most influential and successful grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire.

Rustem Pasha was taken as a child to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), where he built a military and bureaucratic career. On 26 November 1539, he married Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Sultan Suleiman I and his wife Hurrem Sultan. His brother Sinan Pasha was an Ottoman grand admiral.

Early life
Rustem is referred to as a Bosniak by Tayib Osman-zade Ahmed, author of Hadikatul vuzara and the Turkish encyclopedia Kamus-ul-alam. He is also referred to as a Bosniak by the Turkish historiographer Mustafa Âlî, although other sources suggest different Croatian, Bosnian or Serbian birthplaces. In a diplomatic contact with Antun Vrančić he called his maternal language as Croatian indicating his Croatian origin.

Wherever he was born, Rustem Pasha was a man of very humble origins. He was forcibly recruited through the Devşirme system from Christian parents in the Balkans and brought to Constantinople as a child. There he studied in the Enderun, an institute for the education/indoctrination of talented boys. By the time they graduated, the boys were able to speak, read and write at least three languages, were able to understand the latest developments in science and finance and were able to excel in military leadership as well as in close combat skills. It was a perfect start for a career in the military or officialdom.

An extremely ambitious man, Rüstem owed the success of his career to the support of Hurrem Sultan, the wife of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. In 1526, he took part in the Battle of Mohacs as a silahdar (a weapon bearer in an elite cavalry division of the Ottoman army). A few years later he advanced to mirahur-i evvel ağa (chief supervisor of the sultan's stables) and then rikab-dar (the stirrup holder when the sultan mounted his horse). The mirahur accompanied the Sultan during his travels, so the Süleyman knew Rüstem for a long time before he appointed him - possibly inspired by Hürrem - to be tutor to his sons. In making this decision, he was surely influenced by Rüstem's character. Most historical sources describe Rüstem as a calm and reasonable man with a keen intellect, who always kept a cool head, and who was devoted to his ruler.

Political career
Rüstem Pasha was a sanjak bey who was promoted to become Beylerbey of Diyarbakir. By the time he married Mihrimah Sultan, he was already a vizier. Süleyman the Magnificent appointed him grand vizier for the first time in 1544 but in 1553 he was dismissed, only to recover the position in 1555 and hold on to it until his death in 1561.

As a diplomat, Rüstem initiated many trade agreements with European countries and India. His biggest success was the agreement, signed in 1547, with King Ferdinand I and the Emperor Charles V, which confirmed, without firing a shot, the western border of the Ottoman Empire for more than fourteen years. Ferdinand renounced his claim to the Kingdom of Hungary and agreed to pay a tax of 30,000 gold ducats a year to the Ottoman treasury. The Emperor's ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq wrote that Charles tried to revise the unfavourable agreement, several times but that Rüstem always resisted. Rüstem also worked on the agreement with the Safavids, which, in 1544, ended the long-standing Ottoman-Safavid wars, and secured the eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1536 Süleyman had his grand vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha executed for complicated reasons (for example, he used a seal saying 'Sultan Ibrahim' and retained most of the confiscated property of Süleyman's 'minister of finance' İskender Çelebi, whose execution he ordered, etc.). Ibrahim was replaced with Ayas Mehmed Pasha, followed in turn by Lütfi Pasha and Hadım Suleiman Pasha. Rüstem Pasha became Grand Vizier eight years after Ibrahim's death.

The death of Şehzade Mustafa
Later Hurrem and Rüstem conspired against the ambitious crown prince Şehzade Mustafa, the son of Süleyman by Mahidevran Sultan, in favour of Şehzade Mehmed, his son by Hürrem. Mustafa made the mistake of frequently receiving foreign ambassadors and Ottoman commanders without his father's knowledge, and was regarded by them as an important ally against Süleyman. The Austrian ambassador Ghiselin de Busbecq (visiting Mustafa before Süleyman), informed his ruler: "Mustafa will be an excellent sultan, receptive and open to talks." And the Papal ambassador Navagero said: "Mustafa lives with his mother. She says that people adore him." Understanding the danger of the situation, Süleyman remembered how his father Selim I had dethroned his grandfather Bayezid II (who was killed only a month after his abdication in 1512). Officers loyal to the sultan warned him that a part of the army was getting ready to put Mustafa on the throne. In 1552, while preparing a campaign against Persia, Süleyman appointed Rüstem Serasker (commander-in-chief) of the campaign. But soldiers assembled in the military camp in Karaman (in Central Anatolia), rejected the appointment and insisted that Rüstem should be replaced by Mustafa (as admiral of the Ottoman fleet during the Tripolis siege Rüstem's brother Sinan Pasha faced much the same problem although he still won many victories before his death in 1553).

The intrigue continued. Mustafa's often-cited correspondence with the Safavids signed 'Sultan Mustafa' (and kept today in the archives) may or may not have been relevant. It might have been authentic; it might have been a Safavid or a Hürrem-Rüstem deception, or it might have been Süleyman's attempt to calm down public opinion after Mustafa's death. Various reports describe Mustafa's death in the Ereğli valley. According to one, Rüstem Pasha asked Mustafa to join his father's army and at the same time warned Süleyman that Mustafa was coming to kill him. According to another, it was Süleyman himself who summoned his son to Ereğli, and Mustafa came, "confident that the army would protect him".

Only Rüstem appears as the antagonist in all the versions. Even the report of the Austrian ambassador de Busbecq, who claims to have received an account from an eyewitness, had the same origin. Suspended and banished, Rüstem was fair game for taking the blame. No one dared to criticise the Sultan himself. Probably realising this, Süleyman recalled Rüstem to his post two years later.

Rüstem's scapegoating as the seemingly dominant figure in the 'conspiracy against Mustafa' radically changed public opinion. And so the Rüstem who had been extolled as the 'pillar of the Ottoman empire', as a brilliant economist and a sophisticated statesman was forgotten along with all his great projects and charitable foundations. Instead he became reviled as Rüstem the 'black heart, the murderer of the loved Prince Mustafa'. Rumours spread about his 'dirty' origin and about possible bribe-taking, and he was slurred as 'the louse of fortune'. Some foreign ambassadors like Ghiselin de Busbecq or Bernardo Navagero, repeated these slurs in their reports. However, Jean Chesneau, the secretary of the French ambassador, still wrote: 'The grand vizier is a man of humble origin, who, thanks to his talent and will, worked his way up from nothing. He is an agreeable companion, engaging your interest with his acute faculty of judgment, an insightful way of thinking and magnanimous manners. During the negotiations, he is calm and dispassionate, although in his views determined.'

Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's elegy, the reports of ambassadors, administrative dossiers, foundation charters and some private documents like Hurrem's and Mihrimah's plea to Süleyman when Rüstem was expelled to Üsküdar, are the only contemporary sources reporting on Rüstem's life. They were also the basis of the oft-cited İbrāhīm Peçevī's work 'Tārīḫ-i Peçevī', published eighty years after Rüstem's death.

Marriage
Mihrimah Sultan was married to Rüstem, the governor of Diyarbakır, in 1539. By then Rüstem was already a wealthy man and had, since 1538, a splendid career as Governor of Anatolia, one of the two most important administrative regions in the Ottoman Empire, and a post seen as a stepping-stone on the way to becoming Grand Vizier. Mihrimah already knew Rüstem for as the mentor of her brothers and the adviser of her father. After their marriage, he was nominated to the vizierate in November 1544.

Rüstem supported Mihrimah's charitable foundations including the Mihrimah Sultan İskele Camii (Mihrimah Sultan Mosque in Üsküdar where her brother-in-law Sinan Pasha was buried in 1553). He was also Mihrimah's ally, particularly concerning political and financial decisions. His will offers evidence of his confidence in his wife. Rüstem and Mihrimah's had a daughter, Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (1541-1598), was firstly married in 1557 to Semiz Ahmed Pasha, and at least a son, Sultanzade Osman Bey (1546 - 1576).

Wealth and legacy

As Grand Vizier, Rüstem amassed vast wealth and he was the first Grand Vizier in the history of the Ottoman Empire who contributed to the development of the state from his own funds. According to most contemporary testimonies (excluding Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's Şehzade Mustafa Mersiyesi), he was one of the few state dignitaries who didn't take bribes. He was very wealthy even before his marriage to Mihrimah Sultan. In his will (a part of an endowment charter from 1561), Rüstem left a complete inventory of his property in the hope of securing his great foundation projects after his death. His testament determined exactly which part of his property belonged to the state, to his foundations, to Hurrem Sultan's foundation and to Mihrimah's foundations, as well as what he left to his wife Mihrimah and to their daughter Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan. In an act of faith in her abilities, he nominated his wife Mihrimah Sultan as executor of his will and his daughter as the executor and administrator of his foundations.

Most historians emphasise how hard Rüstem worked to consolidate and improve the troubled economy of the Ottoman Empire which had been impoverished by excessive spending on wars and the lavish lifestyle of the court. Contemporary documents say that he also financed this upswing from his own resources. Toll-free bridges, roads, covered bazaars, granaries, baths, hospices, caravanserais, convents, schools and various other establishments were built on his lands for the public benefit. Their funding was largely secured by the leasing of Rüstem's estates. He supported agriculture, founded new trading centres, like the bazaar in Sarajevo, and established silk factories in Bursa and Istanbul, and assorted social and educational institutions. He developed the domestic economy by encouraging major public works projects such as water distribution systems in Istanbul, Mecca and Jerusalem.

He also found enough money to finance the building of the Süleymaniye Mosque (1550–57) as well as other monumental architectural projects designed by the architect Mimar Sinan. To reduce protectionism in the state administration, an official instalment fee was introduced, and confiscated when an official abused his authority. However, his reform of the military remained unfinished. At the time of his death in Constantinople on 10 July 1561, his personal property included 815 plots of land in Rumelia and Anatolia, 476 mills, 1700 slaves, 2,900 war horses, 1,106 camels, 800 gold embroidery Holy Qur'ans, 500 books, 5000 caftans, 130 pieces of armours, 860 gold embroidered swords, 1500 silver tolga (helmets), 1000 silver balls, 33 precious jewels etc.

Death
Rüstem Pasha died of hydrocephalus on 10 July 1561. He was buried in the Sehzade Mosque (which was dedicated to Süleyman and Hürrem's son, Şehzade Mehmed) because his dream project, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, had not yet been built. His tomb sits alongside that of Şehzade Mehmed.

Rüstem Pasha Mosque
After her husband's death, Mihrimah completed his work including the construction of the eponymous Rüstem Pasha Mosque (Turkish: Rüstem Paşa Camii) which can be found in the Hasırcılar Çarşısı (Strawmat Weavers Market) in Tahtakale in the Fatih district of Istanbul. It was designed by the Ottoman imperial architect Mimar Sinan and built between 1561 and 1563. With its tiled interior and exterior, it is widely regarded as one of Sinan's most beautiful mosques.

Other buildings in Istanbul that bear the grand vizier's name are the Rüstem Paşa Medresesi (1550, another work of Mimar Sinan) in Çağaloğlu, and the Rüstem Paşa Han (1544-1550, also by Mimar Sinan) in Karaköy.

Popular culture
In the acclaimed Turkish television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century), Rüstem Pasha is portrayed by actor Ozan Güven.

See also
 List of Ottoman grand viziers
 Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai, Erzurum
 Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Edirne), Edirne
 Rüstem Pasha Caravanserai (Ereğli), Ereğli, Konya
 Rüstem Pasha Medrese, Fatih, Istanbul
 Rüstem Pasha Medrese (Kütahya)
 Rustem Pasha Mosque

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

1500 births
1561 deaths
Government of the Ottoman Empire
Pashas
Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Devshirme
Suleiman the Magnificent
Grand Viziers of Suleiman the Magnificent
Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
Damats
People from the Ottoman Empire of Croatian descent
Ottoman slave owners