Microsoft Semblio is a software development kit for development of rich educational software. Version 1.0 was published by Microsoft on 15 December 2008. Before its launch it was codenamed Grava, to become a set of tools for creating and using educational and training materials.

Components
The tools were to be built using WPF and consists of the following components:

Grava SDK: The Grava SDK is built on top of WPF and provides a programming model consistent with it. It also includes a set of services for assessment and logging results.
Grava Authoring: The Grava authoring tool can be used to create interactive training material using GUI-based authoring. It can be used to create wizard like content or follow non-linear content creation. It integrates with developer tools like Microsoft Visual Studio.
Grava Player: The Grava player can play back interactive Grava content, and can use the logging and assessment services to track the progress of the trainee.

Application
The Microsoft Semblio SDK is built on the .NET Framework 3.5, and is intended to provide developers with tools for packaging and distribution of rich interactive learning material, such as e-books containing images, audio, and video. Version 1.0 of the SDK can be freely downloaded from Microsoft.

The SDK is the first of three components that will make up the Semblio Platform. The other two includes an assembly tool and a media player.

The Semblio file format (.semblio) is based on ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008 Open Packaging Conventions.

See also
 Office Open XML

References

External links
Official Homepage

Software development kits
Virtual learning environments
Educational programming languages


Maoricrypta is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails, cup and saucer shells and Chinese hat shells.

This marine genus is known to occur off New Zealand and Australia.

Species
Species within the genus Maoricrypta include:
 Maoricrypta costata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1824)
 † Maoricrypta haliotoidea Marwick, 1926
 Maoricrypta immersa (Angas, 1865)
 Maoricrypta kopua Marshall, 2003
 Maoricrypta monoxyla (Lesson, 1831)
 † Maoricrypta profunda Hutton
 † Maoricrypta radiata (Hutton, 1873)
 Maoricrypta sodalis B. A. Marshall, 2003
 Maoricrypta youngi Powell, 1940

References

 Marshall B.A. 2003. A review of the Recent and Late Cenozoic Calyptraeidae of New Zealand (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Veliger 46(2): 117-144

Calyptraeidae
Taxa named by Harold John Finlay


Hristo Silyanov (1880 in Istanbul,  Ottoman Empire – 1939 in Sofia, Bulgaria) () was a Bulgarian revolutionary, historian and memoirist. He was among the activists of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees and in his memoirs uniquely described  the history of the organization in its early period.

Silyanov was born in a rich family in Constantinople. His father was a Bulgarian from Ohrid, Macedonia, and his mother was Greek. He studied in Istanbul and Thessaloniki, but graduated from the Bulgarian school in Bitola. Later Silyanov worked as the Bulgarian Exarchate's teacher in various towns in Ottoman Macedonia. After his participation in the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO), he joined the cheta led by Marko Lerinski. As result of a severe illness in 1902, Silyanov moved to Sofia for treatment and from there criticized sharply the decision made by IMARO's Central Committee in Thessaloniki concerning the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising. However, in 1903 he was elected secretary of the Preobrazhenie Uprising committee in a session near Malko Tarnovo. During the Uprising he was a member of Mihail Gerdzhikov's cheta and participated in the battles in Strandzha for the taking of Vasiliko and Ahtopol.

After the Uprising, he graduated in history from Sofia University and afterwards specialized in Switzerland. In 1908 Siljanov was elected to the leading body of IMARO and made unsuccessful attempts to save the unity of the organization. During the Balkan Wars he was the leader of a cheta in Southern Macedonia and supported the Greek and later the Bulgarian Army during their invasions. During the First World War, he was imprisoned in Sofia as a Russophile, when Bulgaria was fighting against Russia. After the wars he settled in Sofia and worked there as a writer, publicist and journalist. Later he also became a politician and a member of the Macedonian Scientific Institute. His son Evgeny Silyanov was a prominent Bulgarian diplomat.

Silyanov Peak in Antarctica is named after Hristo Silyanov.

References

Sources
 Освободителните борби на Македония, том I, София, 1933
 Освободителните борби на Македония, том II, София 1943
 Писма и изповеди на един четник - Спомени от Странджа - От Витоша до Грамос
 "Към историята на Гръцката Терористическа Пропаганда в Македония" Hristo Silyanov on the history of the Greek terrorist propaganda in Macedonia. Published in Istanbul in 1909 (In Bulgarian).

1880 births
1939 deaths
Politicians from Istanbul
Bulgarians in Istanbul
Bulgarian educators
20th-century Bulgarian historians
Sofia University alumni
Bulgarian military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Members of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Members of the Macedonian Scientific Institute
Bulgarian revolutionaries
Macedonian Bulgarians


KPCA may refer to:

 KPCA-LP, a low-power radio station (103.3 FM) licensed to serve Petaluma, California, United States
 Kernel principal component analysis


Angelin Preljocaj (; born 19 January 1957) is a French dancer and choreographer of contemporary dance.

Early life
Angelin Preljocaj was born in 1957 in Sucy-en-Brie, France. He is of Albanian descent.
His father was born in Vermosh but was escaped from Albania because of the communism  while his mother was from Ulcinj.They together went to France where Angelin was born

Career
His choreographic work is steeped in his writing of the history of classical ballet, but is resolutely contemporary. He joined the repertoire of the Ballet de l'Opéra national de Paris in the early 1990s. In 1995, he received the Prix Benois de la Danse as choreographer.

In December 1984 he founded the ballet company that in 1996 that was subsequently renamed Ballet Preljocaj when it moved into its current home of residence at Pavillon Noir of Aix-en-Provence.

Main choreographies
 1984 : Aventures coloniales
 1984 : Marché noir
 1985 : Larmes blanches
 1985 : Peurs bleues
 1986 : À nos héros
 1987 : Le Petit Napperon bouge
 1987 : Hallali Romée
 1988 : Liqueurs de chair
 1988 : Les raboteurs after painting by Caillebotte
 1989 : Noces (répertoire)
 1989 : Un trait d'union
 1990 : Amer America
 1990 : Romeo and Juliet
 1992 : La Peau du Monde
 1993 : Parade (répertoire)
 1993 : Noces (new version)
 1993 : Le Spectre de la Rose (répertoire)
 1994 : Le Parc (répertoire) for the Ballet de l'Opéra national de Paris
 1995 : Annonciation (Bessie Award in 1997)
 1995 : Petit Essai sur le temps qui passe
 1995 : L'Anoure (répertoire)
 1996 : The Firebird (répertoire)
 1996 : Romeo and Juliet (new version) in collaboration with Enki Bilal
 1996 : L'Annonciation (répertoire)
 1997 : La Stravaganza
 1997 : Paysages après la bataille
 1998 : Centaures
 1998 : Casanova (répertoire)
 1999 : Personne n'épouse les méduses
 2000 : Portraits in Corpore
 2000 : MC/14-22 (Ceci est mon corps)
 2001 : The Rite of Spring
 2001 :  Helikopter on a composition by Karlheinz Stockhausen
 2002 : Near Life Experience
 2003 : L'Annonciation (video version)
 2004 : MC/14-22 (new version, répertoire)
 2004 : Le Songe de Médée (répertoire)
 2004 : Empty Moves (part I) on a music by John Cage
 2004 : N (répertoire) with Kurt Hentschläger (Image, light & stage design) and Ulf Langheinrich (music and sound design)
 2005 : Les 4 saisons... in collaboration with Fabrice Hyber (répertoire)
 2007 : Empty Moves (Part I and II) (répertoire)
 2007 : Eldorado (Sonntags Abschied) (répertoire) with a dedicated composition for the ballet by Karlheinz Stockhausen
 2008 : Blanche Neige (Snow White)
 2009 : Le funambule
 2010 : Siddharta
 2010 : And then A Thousand Years Of Peace
 2011 : suivront mille ans de calme
 2012 : What I Call Oblivion
 2013 : The Nights 2015 : Return to Berratham 2016 : The Painting on The Wall 2017 : Still Life 2018 : Gravity 2019 : Winterreise 2020 : Swan Lake 2021 : Deleuze / Hendrix 2022 : MythologiesFilmography
 2016 : Polina''

References

External links

 Official site of Ballet Preljocaj

1957 births
Living people
People from Sucy-en-Brie
People from Aix-en-Provence
French male dancers
French choreographers
French film directors
French people of Albanian descent
Prix Benois de la Danse winners
Bessie Award winners
Albanian Roman Catholics
Contemporary dancers


Maoricrypta costata, or the ribbed slipper shell, is a species of intertidal medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Calyptraeidae. This species occurs along the east coast of the North Island, New Zealand.

References

Calyptraeidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1824


Site 43, also known as SK-3 and SK-4, is a launch complex at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. It consists of a two pads, Sites 43/3 and 43/4, and has been used by R-7 derived rockets since the early 1960s.

The site was originally built for use by R-7A Semyorka missiles. The first launch to use the complex was an R-7A test on 21 December 1965, from Site 43/3. The first launch from 43/4 followed on 25 July 1967.

After its retirement from service as a missile base, it was converted for use as a space launch complex. The first orbital launch was of a Voskhod rocket with Kosmos 313 on 3 December 1969.

Both pads were damaged by explosions in the 1980s. At 16:01 UTC on 18 March 1980, 48 people were killed when a Vostok-2M exploded during fueling operations at Pad 4. The disaster injured dozens more, while damaging the pad so severely that it was not used again until 1984. On 18 June 1987, a Soyuz-U rocket exploded at liftoff on Pad 3. Both were rebuilt, and are in service as of 2009.

References

Plesetsk Cosmodrome


Calamus australis, commonly known as wait-a-while, hairy mary or lawyer cane, is a plant in the palm family Arecaceae which is endemic to the rainforests of north east Queensland, Australia. Like other species in the genus Calamus, this is a climbing plant with a very long and flexible stem. It uses sharp strong hooks on the fronds and tendrils to attach itself to other vegetation, such as taller established trees, thus gaining support that enables it to grow higher towards the canopy. This species is very similar to C. radicalis, with which it coexists, but is smaller in almost all respects.

Description
Stems may reach lengths of up to  and a diameter of . The leaves (or fronds) are produced on the youngest part of the stem, and the older sections are bare as the leaves age and fall off (exactly the same process as the more familiar upright palm with a stout stem). The older, leafless part of the stem of Calamus australis is smooth and glossy green.

The leaves have a long leaf sheath clasping the stem, which is densely covered with needle-like spines measuring up to  long, but usually less. Tendrils, measuring several metres in length and armed with many stout, recurved barbs are produced from the leaf sheath. The leaf itself is pinnate, up to  in length, and has around 20 to 25 pairs of leaflets. Leaves are armed with stout recurved barbs on the lower surfaces of the rachis. Unlike its very similar sister species C. radicalis, it does not have spines on the leaflets themselves. The overall outline of the leaf is elliptic and the longest leaflets are at the midpoint, measuring about  long by  wide.

The inflorescences are pendulous panicles measuring up to  in length, carrying either staminate (functionally male) or pistillate (functionally female) flowers.

Fruits are a white or cream drupe, around  diameter, with a scaly exterior. They contain a single round seed which is surrounded by a thin layer of soft edible flesh.

Taxonomy
Calamus australis was first described 1838 by the German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in volume 3 of his highly regarded work Historia naturalis palmarum.

Distribution and habitat
This is the most widespread of the eight Australian species of Calamus. It is endemic to tropical areas of Queensland, from the tip of Cape York Peninsula south to near Rockhampton on the Tropic of Capricorn, and from sea level to about . It grows in gallery forest and well developed rainforest.

Ecology
Fruits of this species are eaten by fruit doves (genus Ptilinopus) and cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius).

Conservation
This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as least concern. , it has not been assessed by the IUCN.

Uses
Indigenous Australians had many uses for this plant and its sister species. The young shoots were eaten, along with the fruits. The long flexible stem was used to construct shelters, make axe handles, fish traps, snares, and waist straps for climbing trees, and the thorny tendrils were used to catch fish.

Gallery

References

External links

 View a map of historical sightings of this species at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium
 View observations of this species on iNaturalist
 View images of this species on Flickriver

australis
Endemic flora of Queensland
Taxa named by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Plants described in 1838
Vines


Bogdani is an Albanian surname meaning 'son of Bogdan comes from Serbian decent '. It is of Slavic origin. Bogdan in Slavic means "God-given". Notable people with the surname include:

Andrea Bogdani, Ottoman scholar of Albanian origin and Roman Catholic prelate
Erjon Bogdani, Albanian footballer
Gerti Bogdani, Albanian politician
Jakob Bogdani, Hungarian painter who Anglicized his original last name Bogdány to Bogdani
Llukë Bogdani, Ottoman poet of slavic origin
Pjetër Bogdani, Albanian writer

See also
 Bogdan, Bohdan
 Bogdanov
 Bogdany (disambiguation)

Albanian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Theophoric names


Golden skink is a vernacular name for some smallish skink species from tropical Asia:

 Eutropis carinata (Keeled Indian Mabuya)
 Eutropis multifasciata (East Indian Brown Mabuya)

Animal common name disambiguation pages


Maoricrypta monoxyla is a species of small sea snail or slipper snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Calyptraeidae. This species is found in New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979

Calyptraeidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1831
Taxa named by René Lesson


John Needham (4 March 1887 – 1961) was an English professional footballer who scored 63 goals in 225 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Hull City.

Career
Needham was born in Newstead, Nottinghamshire. He began his football career with local clubs before attracting attention with his goalscoring exploits for Mansfield Wesley of the Notts & District League. His 46 goals in 35 games, including four goals in a match on four occasions and three more hat-tricks, in the 1908–09 season earned him a move to Birmingham of the Football League Second Division. He made his debut for the club on 2 October 1909 in a 2–1 home defeat to Leeds City, and played in about half of that season's games, scoring five goals in a poor side which finished bottom of the League.

Despite a good start to his Birmingham career, Needham was allowed to leave for fellow Second Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers in time to score on his debut in the last game of the 1909–10 season, the winning goal in a 3–2 defeat of Manchester City on 30 April 1910. He and Sammy Brooks formed an excellent partnership on the left side of Wolves' attack, and in all competitions Needham scored 61 goals in more than 200 appearances.

During the First World War he guested for Port Vale, becoming the club's top scorer during the 1916–17 season with 12 goals. He showed his "true regard for the game" by playing a match after working the previous night until 6am. After being conscripted into the army in the summer of 1917 he returned to Wolverhampton upon his demobilisation. He left in March 1920 to join Hull City, and later played in the Birmingham & District League for Willenhall and Cannock Town.

Personal life
In 1920, Needham married Sarah Shelton, the widow of his former Wolves teammate Jack Shelton. The couple had three children.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1887 births
People from Newstead, Nottinghamshire
Footballers from Nottinghamshire
Military personnel from Nottinghamshire
1961 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Willenhall F.C. players
Cannock Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Port Vale F.C. wartime guest players
British Army personnel of World War I
Place of death missing


Michael Jackson (born 11 October 1969) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, and at club level for Hunslet, Wakefield Trinity, Halifax and Sheffield Eagles, as a  or .

Career
Jackson started his professional career with Hunslet before being signed by Wakefield Trinity in 1991 for a fee of £60,000. In July 1993, Jackson signed a two-year contract with Halifax.

Jackson was signed by Sheffield Eagles in January 1998 for a fee of £28,000. He appeared as a substitute in Sheffield Eagles' 17–8 victory over Wigan Warriors in the 1998 Challenge Cup Final during Super League III at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 2 May 1998. Following the club's merger with Huddersfield Giants in 1999, he joined the newly-formed Sheffield Eagles club ahead of the 2000 Northern Ford Premiership season.

International honours
Jackson won caps for Great Britain while at Wakefield Trinity in 1991 against Papua New Guinea, in 1992 against France, Australia (sub), and New Zealand (sub), and while at Halifax in 1993 against New Zealand (2 matches) (sub). He was selected to go on the 1992 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand.

References

1969 births
Living people
English rugby league players
Rugby league locks
Rugby league second-rows
Hunslet R.L.F.C. players
Wakefield Trinity players
Halifax R.L.F.C. players
Sheffield Eagles (1984) players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league players from Yorkshire


Maoricrypta youngi is a species of small sea snail or slipper snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Calyptraeidae. It is known to occur in North Island, New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland 1979

Calyptraeidae
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1940


Eutropis is a genus of skinks belonging to the subfamily Mabuyinae. For long, this genus was included in the "wastebin taxon" Mabuya; it contains the Asian mabuyas. They often share their habitat with the related common skinks (Sphenomorphus), but they do not compete significantly as their ecological niches differ. This genus also contains the only member of the subfamily to occur in Australasia, the many-lined sun skink (Eutropis multifasciata), whose wide range includes New Guinea.

Description
They are mid-sized to largish lizards with cylindrical bodies, tails of medium length, and well-developed arms and legs; the hands and feet have 5 toes each. Their cycloid scales are underlaid by osteoderms; the scales on the back and belly are similar in shape, but those on the back are keeled. The scales on the top of the head are generally flat and subimbricate; they have a pair of supranasal scales and the frontoparietal and prefrontal scales are paired or fused. The second supraocular scale is the hindmost one that contacts the frontal scale, and the tertiary temporal scale extends forward to separate the secondary temporal scales. The nasal scale is undivided.

Eutropis mabuyas have 26 presacral vertebrae. Their palatine bones are in contact with the median; the deep sphenopalatine notch separates the pterygoids and extends forwards to between the centre of the eyes. The fairly small teeth are pleurodont, and the pterygopid always bears teeth. The ear opening is small, and the eardrums are hidden in a moderately deep ear canal.

Species
Eutropis includes the following species:
Eutropis alcalai
Eutropis allapallensis  – Allapalli grass skink, Schmidt's mabuya
Eutropis andamanensis  – Andaman Islands grass skink
Eutropis ashwamedhi  – Ashwamedh writhing skink, Ashwamedha supple skink
Eutropis austini
Eutropis beddomei  – Beddome's mabuya
Eutropis bibronii  – Bibron's skink, seashore skink
Eutropis bontocensis  – Luzon montane mabuya
Eutropis borealis
Eutropis brevis
Eutropis caraga  – Caraga sun skink
Eutropis carinata  – keeled Indian mabuya, many-keeled grass skink, "golden skink"
Eutropis chapaensis  – Sapa mabuya
Eutropis clivicola  – Inger's mabuya
Eutropis cumingi  – Cuming's mabuya, Cuming's eared skink
Eutropis cuprea  – copper sun skink
Eutropis darevskii  – Darevsky's mabouya, Darevsky's mabuya, Darevsky's skink
Eutropis dattaroyi
Eutropis dawsoni  – Gans's grass skink
Eutropis englei  – six-striped mabuya
Eutropis floweri  – Taylor's striped mabuya
Eutropis greeri
Eutropis gubataas  – upland sun skink
Eutropis indeprensa  – Brown's mabuya
Eutropis innotata  – Blanford's mabuya
Eutropis islamaliit  – striking Philippine sun skink
Eutropis lankae
Eutropis lapulapu  – Lapu-lapu’s sun skink
Eutropis lewisi  – Lewis’s mabuya
Eutropis longicaudata  – longtail mabuya, long-tailed sun skink
Eutropis macrophthalma
Eutropis macularia  – bronze mabuya, bronze grass skink
Eutropis madaraszi  – Sri Lanka bronze mabuya
Eutropis multicarinata
Eutropis multifasciata  – East Indian brown mabuya, many-lined sun skink, many-striped skink, common sun skink, golden skink
Eutropis nagarjuni  – Sharma's mabuya
Eutropis palauensis  – Palau sun skink
Eutropis quadratilobus
Eutropis quadricarinata  – beautiful mabuya
Eutropis resetarii
Eutropis rudis  – rough mabuya, brown mabuya
Eutropis rugifera  – Nicobar Island skink, Sulawesi bronze bush skink
Eutropis sahulinghangganan  – Palawan sun skink
Eutropis sibalom  – Sibalom sun skink
Eutropis tammanna  – Tammanna skink
Eutropis trivittata  – three-banded mabuya
Eutropis tytleri  – Tytler's mabuya
Eutropis vertebralis

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Eutropis.

References

Further reading
Fitzinger L (1843). Systema Reptilium, Fasciculus Primus, Amblyglossae. Vienna: Braumüller & Seidel. 106 pp. + indices. (Genus Eutropis, p. 22). (in Latin).

Lygosominae
Lizard genera
Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger


Chinese Bank may refer to:

List of Chinese banks
Hongkong Chinese Bank: a defunct bank in Hong Kong, now merged to CITIC Ka Wah Bank
Macau Chinese Bank: a bank in Macau
 Chinese American Bank, an overseas Chinese bank in the United States headquartered in New York City, with branch offices in Chinatown, Manhattan and in Chinatown, Flushing
 Chinese Central Bank
 Chinese Development Bank


John McKay (1885 – after 1911) was an English professional footballer who made 19 appearances in the Football League playing for Birmingham.

McKay was born in Hebburn, County Durham. He began his football career with Hebburn Argyle before joining Birmingham of the Football League Second Division in 1910. He marked his debut for the club, at home to Bradford on 10 September 1910, by scoring the only goal of the game, and played fairly regularly while Frank Foxall, also an outside left, was being tried at inside forward. The experiment failed, Foxall returned to the wing and McKay lost his place. When Foxall left, McKay played the first few games of the 1911–12 season, but lost his place again, this time to the newly arrived Jimmy Conlin, and in 1912 he returned to the north-east to join Blyth Spartans.

References

1885 births
Year of death missing
Sportspeople from Hebburn
Footballers from Tyne and Wear
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Birmingham City F.C. players
Blyth Spartans A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Date of birth missing
Place of death missing
Hebburn Argyle F.C. players


Political music in China (政治歌曲) consists of Patriotic Music (爱国歌曲) and Revolutionary Music (革命歌曲).  It is an ideological music with political or nationalistic content, sometimes taking the form of a modernized Chinese traditional music written or adapted for some form of grand presentation with an orchestra. It was created in the early to mid-20th century, become the dominant genre of music after the Chinese Communist Revolution, and until the 1980s was the main form of music broadcast on radio and television in China.

Characteristics
Political music may be practically viewed at the political and ideology level. There are basically two ends of the spectrum.

The light end is the typical "Patriotic Music". It is usually performed by some collection of instrument or orchestra. It is equivalent to national anthems performed in other countries, perhaps taken more seriously by the Chinese government.

The extreme end is termed "Revolutionary Music". There is often a political or Maoist agenda behind it, and some may classify it as "Propaganda Music".

History

Origin
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the New Culture Movement was initiated to promote a new national culture, including a new national music guoyue, and greater patriotism. Identity and national pride became important during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War throughout the 1930s. A left-wing music movement to promote music with anti-Imperialist and anti-feudal content called New Music (新音乐) began in the 1930s.

Birth of Revolutionary songs (1949–1970s)
In 1949, the Kuomintang relocated to Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China was established. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) would promote revolutionary music while suppressing traditional music (Guoyue) and Chinese popular music.

The red songs (红色歌曲) were presented differently from the usual national anthems, since the government made a genuine effort to upgrade the music for a political cause. An example is Lin Biao in 1964 promoting that "all Chinese were urged to learn from the People's Liberation Army", who were taught 11 revolutionary songs. For the musicians of the era, they were expected to model their work after the army's musical organization CCP propaganda during the 1960s and 1970s was successful enough that people listened to revolutionary music as a main genre. The national anthem of March of the Volunteers was suspended in favor of The East Is Red during the Cultural Revolution.

Revolutionary opera (1960s-1970s)

Jiang Qing was the main advocate of the revolutionary opera, and during the cultural revolution, only certain approved work could be performed.

Mao nostalgia period (1990s)
As recent as 1991, anthems to Mao Zedong were updated into disco-like arrangements released in Shanghai by the China Record Company. The album titled "The Red Sun" (红太阳) became an instant best seller. For nostalgia, social, patriotic or entertainment purposes, there are many reasons why the genre have leaned so close to commercial music in the past. A lot has to do with the CCP censorship imposed in other genres, giving the people less choice.

Style

Patriotic Songs
Ensembles performing patriotic political songs range from chamber groups to quite large orchestras or a concert band which are led by a conductor. Orchestral patriotic music compositions are often arranged in concerto-like form, for solo instrument and orchestra, and often incorporate some use of Western harmony.

Usually it combines traditional instruments with western ones. Like in The East is Red, melodies of traditional instruments like erhu and sheng are combined with western ones such as violin and trumpets.

Revolutionary songs
Any given patriotic song can be performed for a revolutionary cause. Sometimes compositions are done to reflect a legacy. An example is compositions by Zhang Guangtian's (张广天) in 1993 idolizing the Cultural Revolution. The lyrics did get censored by the government to some degree for being too extreme, demonstrating how far the lyrics can go.

See also
 Cultural Revolution
 Guoyue
 Musical nationalism
 Historical Chinese anthems

References

20th-century music genres
Chinese styles of music
Political music genres


40th Regiment, 40th Infantry Regiment or 40th Armoured Regiment may refer to:

Infantry regiments
 40th (2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot, a unit of the United Kingdom Army
 40th Infantry Regiment, a unit of the United States Army

Armoured regiments
 40th Armor Regiment, a unit of the United States Army
 40th Cavalry Regiment, a unit of the United States Army
 40th (The King's) Royal Tank Regiment, a unit of the United Kingdom Army
 40th/41st Royal Tank Regiment, a unit of the United Kingdom Army

Artillery regiments
 40th Regiment Royal Artillery, a unit of the United Kingdom Army

Aviation regiments
 40th Fighter Aviation Regiment, a unit of the Yugoslav Air Force

Communications regiments
 40 (Ulster) Signal Regiment, a unit of the United Kingdom Army

American Civil War regiments
 40th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army during the American Civil War
 40th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army during the American Civil War
 40th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army during the American Civil War
 40th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union (Northern) Army during the American Civil War

See also
 40th Division (disambiguation)
 40th Brigade (disambiguation)
 40th Battalion (disambiguation)
 40th Squadron (disambiguation)


William Saunders was a footballer who played as a goalkeeper in one game for Burslem Port Vale in January 1900.

Career
Saunders joined Burslem Port Vale in November 1899. His only known Second Division appearance came in a 5–0 thumping at Bolton Wanderers on 2 January 1900. He was released from the Athletic Ground at the close of the 1900–01 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of birth missing


Sri Lanka is one of over one-hundred countries which have submitted films for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue.

Though Sri Lanka has a relatively prolific film industry, they have only entered the Foreign Oscar competition twice.

Submissions
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956. The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films. Following this, they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award. Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Sri Lanka for review by the Academy for the award by year and the respective Academy Awards ceremony.

Sri Lanka's initial Oscar submission, Mansion by the Lake, is a Sinhala language drama, loosely based on Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard. The plot revolves around a Sri Lankan noble family, now penniless, who return to their traditional family manse in Sri Lanka after years in England. Six years later, the country entered The Road from Elephant Pass, a thriller based on an acclaimed Sri Lankan novel by Nihal De Silva. The film is a thriller about a Sri Lankan military officer and a female LTTE rebel captive who are forced to work together during an escape through the jungle. Sri Lanka has not submitted a film since 2009.

See also

List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best International Feature Film
List of Academy Award-winning foreign language films
Cinema of Sri Lanka

Notes

References

External links
The Official Academy Awards Database
The Motion Picture Credits Database
IMDb Academy Awards Page

Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award submissions by country
Academy Award


Elections in 1979 were held on Thursday 5 May.

Following the elections the Labour Party had overall control of Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council.

The Wolverhampton Association of Ratepayers became known simply as Ratepayers in the 1979 local elections.

The composition of the council prior to the election was:

Labour 28
Conservative 30
Wolverhampton Association of Ratepayers 2

The composition of the council following the election was:

Labour 30
Conservative 29
Ratepayers 1

Election results

Conservative gain from Ratepayers

External links

1979
Wolverhampton Metropolitan Borough Council election
1970s in the West Midlands (county)


Kurisinkal Sebastian Manoj (born 19 April 1965) is an
Indian politician and physician. He hails from Kerala and was a Member of Parliament for the 14th Lok Sabha, representing Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency as a Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) candidate. He won against Indian National Congress leader V. M. Sudheeran in the 2004 Indian general election in Kerala. He contested the 2009 Lok Sabha elections again from the same constituency, losing to Indian National Congress (INC) candidate K. C. Venugopal.

He resigned from CPI(M) on 9 January 2010, citing that the line of the party clashed with his religious beliefs. A rectification document produced by the party in 2009 had barred any member from practising one’s religion and affirming one’s belief in God. The document, a code of conduct for members that was approved by the central committee last year, says members and elected representatives “shall neither organise religious functions nor observe religious rituals”.

He joined Indian National Congress on 13 September 2010. He has been nominated as the United Democratic Front (Kerala) candidate for Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency) in the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election.

Some of the most important bills presented by Manoj in the 14th Lok Sabha include "The Fishermen (Welfare) Bill 2005", "The Petrol Pump Workers (Welfare) Bill 2005" and "The Coir Factory Workers (Welfare) Bill 2006".

Educational qualifications
 M.B.B.S., M.D., D.A.(Diploma in Anaesthesiology)
 Educated at T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha and Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram

Other positions held
 Member, Committee on Defence
 Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Agriculture
 Member, Standing Committee on Defence
 Assistant Insurance Medical Officer, 1993–98
 Lecturer in Anaesthesiology, 1998–2004
 Consultant in Anaesthesiology, 2005–present
 Life Member, (i) Indian Medical Association; (ii) Indian Society of Pain and Palliative Care; (iii) Indian Society of Anaesthesiologists;
 Former State Secretary, Kerala Govt. Medical College Teachers Association
 Member, National Service Scheme
 Former President, Kerala Catholic Youth Movement (KCYM)
 Member, Academic Council, University of Kerala
 Former President Kerala Latin Catholic Association, (KLCA) Alappuzha Diocese
 Former General Secretary, Kerala Latin Catholic Association, Alappuzha Diocese

References

Politicians from Alappuzha
1965 births
India MPs 2004–2009
Living people
Indian Roman Catholics
Malayali politicians
Lok Sabha members from Kerala
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala
Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala


Kim Noble is a comedian and artist, and was one half of the BAFTA-nominated comedy duo Noble and Silver, who won the 2000 Perrier Award for Best Newcomer. Kim has featured in shows such as The Mighty Boosh, Garth Marenghi's Darkplace, and Man to Man with Dean Learner, as well as appearing onstage in his own one-man shows and exhibitions. His stage work, by himself and with Stuart Silver, had an emphasis on performance art, as well as surreal comedy.

Career

Noble and Silver
Kim Noble and his writing and performance partner Stuart Silver first came to national prominence upon winning the  Best Newcomer Perrier Award in 2000.  Trained in Fine Art at Sheffield Hallam University, the duo received as much praise from the art community as from comedy aficionados. This work draws together visual art, stand-up, theatre, and performance art.

Post-Perrier shows as Noble and Silver include Pleasance Above at the 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, a collage of video, recorded sound and performance  and a month-long residency in London's Beaconsfield art space, entitled We're Spending Four Weeks at Beaconsfield, So Let's Hope Everything Goes OK (Part 4)   Throughout this time in residence, they performed daily "situational" shows within and around the gallery, which became a live work environment, using a small cast to become a part of the visitor's art experience: from screening a spoof corporate video upon entrance, to altering gallery signage, to preparing and serving food from the kitchen.

In Spring 2001 the UK digital channel E4 commissioned a six-part series entitled Noble and Silver: Get Off Me!.  It included an episode where the duo performed in a theatre an intentionally bad act, seemingly imploding as a partnership onstage.  This act was performed solely for a couple unaware that they were placed among an audience of actors who were in on the joke, and who were addressed by the act and the audience afterwards.

Solo work

Noble's solo work as an actor and performer has gone on to include television and stage work.  He played the role of Jim in three episodes of Garth Marenghi's Darkplace: 'Once Upon A Beginning', 'Hell Hath Fury', and 'The Apes of Wrath'.  He also featured in the Garth Marenghi episode of Man to Man with Dean Learner, as well as the episodes with Merriman Weir and Randolph Caer.  He has also appeared in series three of The Mighty Boosh, as Jackie in 'Journey to the Centre of The Punk'.

Kim also appeared as a drunken Santa who staggers around London in the video for Malcolm Middleton's 2007 Christmas single, 'We're All Going To Die'.

Kim also continues to pursue his career as an artist. His solo work has featured a performance at 2007's Bonkersfest! festival, 'Kim Noble Will Invest in You' at Alma Enterprises, and 'Considerations for an Island Race' at Whitstable Biennial 2008.

In April 2009 at the Soho Theatre he Premiered 'Kim Noble Will Die', billed as a multi-media suicide note, in which he discussed his mental illness and suicidal impulses at length, noting his plans to throw himself to his death from Waterloo Bridge on 27 May 2009. He performed a version of the same show at the 2009 Edinburgh Festival, where he threatened to jump to his death from Edinburgh's North Bridge.
The show gained an unprecedented 6 stars out of 5 in Time Out London, describing Kim Noble as “a genius”.

As of March 2013, he remains alive and has an exhibition taking place at Market Gallery, Glasgow.

You’re Not Alone

He apparently worked undercover for 6 months in B&Q a british hardware store, wearing the same uniform as staff members, without any one knowing. Details of this were recorded and used for a live show.
His critically acclaimed show  premiered at The Traverse Theatre Edinburgh in August 2014 and was almost cancelled after the first night due moral and ethical issues with the show. However it went on to play Soho Theatre for 10 weeks and  won a Total Theatre Award in 2014  and was nominated for 2 Chortle Awards.

Futile Attempts Podcast

In 2020 Kim Noble released a Podcast called Futile Attempts (At Surviving Tomorrow). The podcast is part documentary part comedy part audio soundscape. Described by The Guardian  as  "bleak, blissed-out game of chicken with the abyss, in 20-minute audio instalments." It was nominated for Best comedy Award 2020 by the Radio Academy Awards

Lullaby For Scavengers
Lullaby For Scavengers is billed as the third part of a theatrical trilogy on loneliness and connection Following the provocative hit shows Kim Noble Will Die and You’re Not Alone. For the show Kim Noble lived next to a fox den in London and befriended a fox family, recording the results. The show was produced by Belgium-based arts centre CAMPO.

Other work
According to his website   a book is in production.

References

External links

British male comedians
British performance artists
Living people
Alumni of Sheffield Hallam University
Year of birth missing (living people)


SS Batavier II was a steam packet for the Batavier Line that sailed between Rotterdam and London for most of her career. The ship was built in 1897 by the Gourlay Brothers of Dundee. The Dutch ship could carry a limited amount of freight and up to 321 passengers. She was rebuilt in 1909 which increased her length by over .

During World War I, the Batavier Line attempted to maintain service, but in September 1916, Batavier II was seized as a prize by German submarine  and sailed into Zeebrugge and retained. Ten months later, Batavier II was shelled by British submarine  and sank near Texel.

Career
Batavier II and her sister ship  were built for William Müller and Company by the Gourlay Brothers of Dundee, Scotland. The ship was launched on 17 August 1897. As built, she was  long (between perpendiculars) and  abeam. Batavier II was powered by a single 4-cylinder, triple-expansion steam engine of  that moved her up to . She could carry up to 321 passengers: 44 in first class, 27 in second class, and up to 250 in steerage. She was listed at .

Upon completion in October 1897, she joined the 683-ton Batavier I in packet service between Rotterdam and London. The pair were joined by Batavier III after her completion in November. In Rotterdam, the ships docked at the Willemsplein; in London, the ships originally docked near London Bridge, but in 1899 switched to the Customs House and Wool Quays near the Tower Bridge. Also beginning in 1899, Batavier Line service between Rotterdam and London was offered daily except Sundays; each of the ships made three round trips per week. In addition to passengers, Batavier II could also carry a limited quantity of freight. One example that may be typical was a load of  of dry chemical wood pulp in 5 bales carried to London in March 1907. In 1909, Batavier II was rebuilt to  and lengthened by  to .

After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Batavier Line continued service on the Rotterdam–London route. In December 1914, Batavier II made news when porters handling what was identified as a  crate of Swedish matches discovered an escaped German Army officer inside. The plan, apparently, was for him to be shipped from London to Rotterdam via Batavier II. The plot unraveled when the porters could only move the heavy crate by rolling it, which knocked the man unconscious; the officer was returned to the custody of British military officials.

In June 1915, passengers on Batavier II witnessed an attack by two German airplanes against a British steamship between the Galloper and the North Hinder Lightships. The attack was broken off when two British airplanes arrived over the ship to engage the German aircraft; none of the airplanes were destroyed, and the ship was unscathed.

On 24 September 1916, after Batavier II had departed from Rotterdam, the ship was stopped by the German submarine . She was seized as prize and sailed into German-held Zeebrugge. There, Batavier IIs Dutch crew and women and children passengers were released and sent via train to Rotterdam. The Germans confiscated the ship's cargo of food. Also on board Batavier II were four escaped Russian prisoners of war and Richard Hansemann, a German-born New York businessman. American newspapers carried reports of Hansemann's plight, reporting by 1 October that he would likely be impressed into the German Army.

Batavier IIs whereabouts and activities over the next ten months are uncertain. She remained under German control for a time, but how long is not clear from sources. Batavier II was back under Dutch control by late July 1917.

On 27 July 1917, Batavier II was shelled by British submarine  just outside Dutch territorial waters. Damaged by E55s gunfire, Batavier IIs crew steered her back into Dutch territorial waters. E55 then sent a prize crew on board Batavier II and sailed her back outside Dutch waters. By the time a Dutch torpedo boat arrived on the scene, Batavier II was taking on water and had drifted back into Dutch territory. The torpedo boat sent the message "respect neutrality" to E55 which retrieved her prize crew and departed. Despite efforts to stem the flow of water, Batavier II sank  from the Molengat North Buoy, off Texel.

Notes

References

Bibliography

Ships built in Dundee
Passenger ships of the Netherlands
Ships sunk by British submarines
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
1897 ships
Maritime incidents in 1917


Teague Land: or A Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish (1698) is a book by John Dunton describing his travels in Ireland in 1698.

The text
Teague Land consists of seven letters to a fictional lady friend of Dunton, in which he describes his experiences while travelling around Ireland. The letters describe the journeys to the following places:

 First letter – Maynooth, Clonard, Mullingar, Athlone, Galway
 Second letter – Iar Connacht
 Third letter – On the road from Connemara to Dublin
 Letter four – Naas, Newbridge, Kildare, The Curragh
 Letter five – from Dublin to Malahide and back; to Drogheda
 Letter six – Dublin and its surroundings (I)
 Letter seven – Dublin and its surroundings (II)

In the course of the text Dunton describes death-bed confessions; wakes; funeral sermons, bread-making in Connemara; a deer-hunt with the O'Flaherty and his wolf-hounds; a dinner at an inn near Malahide.

Relevance
The 'letters' are especially interesting because of the period and place. They relate to a time for which relatively few folklore-related accounts exist. Dunton's letters elucidate many facets of traditional life that are not detailed elsewhere. However, they cannot be read uncritically, as Dunton looked down upon the Irish. Nevertheless, they contain valuable information on religious and secular ceremonies, vernacular architecture, traditional food patterns and diet, Irish language words and terms, and local sayings.

2003 edition
The book was transcribed, edited and given an introduction by Andrew Carpenter, along with an essay on John Dunton and Irish folklore by Ríonach uí Ógáin. It was published by Four Courts Press, Dublin, in 2003

References
 Teague Land: ...', Four Courts Press, 2003.

1698 books
Books about Ireland
British travel books


Robert McCrindle (28 September 1869 – ?) was a Scottish footballer who played at centre-half for Burslem Port Vale and Luton Town in the 1890s. He played 183 games for Burslem Port Vale, scoring six goals, however 72 of these games were friendlies. He received a call-up to the Scotland national side in 1899, but was unable to play the game due to a fixture clash.

Club career
McCrindle joined Burslem Port Vale in September 1889. A firm first team choice, he was a member of the sides that shared the North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup in 1891 and won the Staffordshire Charity Cup in 1892. He featured in 20 Football League Second Division games in the 1892–93 season – the inaugural season of the division. He was an ever-present during the 1893–94 season, but left the Athletic Ground in the summer of 1894, and moved on to Luton Town.

International career
McCrindle was selected to play for his native Scotland in November 1889, however due to a fixture clash could not turn up for the game.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Burslem Port Vale
North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup: 1891 (shared)
Staffordshire Charity Cup: 1892

References

Footballers from North Ayrshire
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players
1869 births
Year of death missing
People from Dreghorn


James Thomas Tilyard (27 August 1889 – 1 November 1966) was a New Zealand rugby union player.

Tilyard, Australian born, represented Wellington and Wanganui provincially. He played his club rugby with Poneke. A brother, Fred, was also an All Black while other brothers competed in club rugby at a high level.

He played his only Test match for New Zealand when he took the field as a first five-eighth in an 11-point loss to Australia at Christchurch in 1913. It was more of a second string All-Blacks team as the usual players had already started their tour of Canada when this Test, the final of the series, was played.

Tilyard returned to the national team in 1920 and captained them for a tour of New South Wales. He made nine All Black appearances on the tour, scored four tries and kicked two conversions as well as a drop goal.

The talented sportsman also appeared in one first-class cricket match for Wellington in 1908, against Hawke's Bay in Napier. In a drawn match, Tilyard contributed scores of 31 and nine.

References

1889 births
1966 deaths
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Wellington rugby union players
Wanganui rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
New Zealand cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Rugby union players from Tasmania


SS Batavier II may refer to one of the following ships of the Batavier Line:

 , packet on the Batavier Line's Rotterdam–London service; captured in World War I by German submarine  in September 1916; sunk by British submarine  in July 1917
 , built as a post-World War I replacement for the first Batavier II and used on primarily on Rotterdam–London service until passenger service ended in 1960; broken up, 1960

Ship names


In chemistry, a retort stand, also called a clamp stand, a ring stand, or a support stand, is a piece of scientific equipment intended to support other pieces of equipment and glassware — for instance, burettes, test tubes and flasks.

The typical ring stand consists of a heavy base and a vertical rod, both usually made of metal.  A number of accessories, such as clamps of various types and iron rings, can be attached to the rod by thumbscrews, at whatever heights and orientations are necessary to support the target equipment.

Structure
Retort stands commonly have a cast iron base of around 200 x 125 mm. The rod may be up to 750 mm and screws into a female thread in the base. The height of the rod is sufficient for most experiments and usually fits within fume hoods and glove boxes. If a taller rod is required, the solid base is usually replaced by a tripod for stability when supporting larger apparatuses, such as extremely large tubes, bulk chemical bottles etc. The height can be adjusted by moving the attached point of the given clamp to the stand. The base lowers the centre of gravity of the stand, thus increasing stability.

Uses
Retort stands are often used in the chemistry laboratory. For instance, they are used for distillation experiments (such as organic distillations) and titrations (where they hold a burette). They are also used as supports in filtration.

Gallery

See also
 Clamp holder

References

Alchemical tools
Laboratory equipment


Fir Fálgae is an Irish term of varying definition, but generally referring to the people of the Isle of Man. It may have originated in the 10th century, and normally designated 'men of [the Isle of] Man'. However, British Library iii 755.22494 glosses it  ("nowadays the Hebrides"). This seems to denote changes in ethnic designation of the Norse-Irish or the Gall Gaidel, perhaps in connection with the territorial changes of the Kingdom of Mann and the Isles.

A number of Ulster Cycle texts mention a raid on the Fir Fálgae involving the warriors Cú Roí and Cú Chulainn. Works such as Aided Con Roí, Forfess Fer Fálgae, and Síaburcharpat Con Culainn allude to a lost story in which the Ulstermen raid the Fir Fálgae and abduct their king's daughter Bláthnat. Evidently, Cú Roí carries the girl off and humiliates Cú Chulainn in battle when he tries to stop him, causing enmity between the two heroes.

References
 Early Medieval Ireland, 400-1200, London and New York, 1995.

Geographic history of Ireland
History of the British Isles
History of the Isle of Man
Irish words and phrases


KAPZ (710 AM) was a radio station formerly licensed to Bald Knob, Arkansas, United States. The station was owned by Crain Media Group, LLC.

The station's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on July 28, 2011, and its call sign deleted from the FCC's database.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DKAPZ (Facility ID: 31713)
FCC History Cards for KAPZ (covering 1976–1980)

APZ
Radio stations disestablished in 2011
Defunct radio stations in the United States
2011 disestablishments in Arkansas
APZ
APZ


KARV (610 kHz and 101.3 MHz) are commercial radio stations licensed to Russellville, Arkansas, United States.  KARV-AM-FM are owned by Bobby Caldwell's EAB of Russellville, LLC.  They carry a news/talk radio format, with a mix of local and national programs.  Syndicated programs on KARV-AM-FM include Rush Limbaugh.

History

Early Years on 1490 AM
On February 25, 1947, the radio station first signed on as KXRJ.  It was set up on the campus of Arkansas Tech University.  The station operated with 250 watts on 1490 AM, and was a network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System. The original owners were Russ Horne and Jerrell Shepherd, who were brothers-in-law.  In the early 1950s, Shepherd sold his interests in the station and started a successful broadcasting company based in Moberly, Missouri.  The Horne Family operated the radio station for a number of years, growing its popularity.

In 1968, the radio station changed its call sign from KXRJ to KARV, standing for the Arkansas River Valley.  Station ownership moved from Russ Horne to his son Mike. The family also owned KWCK-KSER in Searcy, Arkansas. During the 1960s and 1970s, the stations were managed by L.L. "Doc" Bryan, who would go on to serve the Russellville area as a state representative, and was later the Arkansas legislature's Speaker of the House.  After Bryan departed, Kermit Womack became the General Manager of the station.

Move to AM 610
In 1980, KARV made the move from 1490 AM to the more powerful frequency of 610 AM.  With its low spot on the dial, KARV 610 covers a large chunk of the state of Arkansas. A new four tower directional array was built outside of Arkansas Tech's campus. The same year, Womack departed KARV to operate his own station in Rogers, Arkansas.

During the 1980s, the Horne Family operated successful radio stations in Texas, Kansas, and would later acquire KMUS and KKWK in Muskogee, Oklahoma.  Later beset by financial problems, Horne sold all of his stations. In 1992, KARV was sold for $250,000 to former manager Kermit Womack.  In 1998, KARV signed on an FM station at 101.3 FM, licensed to Ola, Arkansas. In 2001, the Womack Family signed on 105.5 KYEL in Danville.

Personalities
In 1998, longtime personalities Johnny Story and Tom Kamerling, along with several key sales and administrative employees, moved to the River Valley Radio group consisting of KCJC, KWKK, KCAB, and KVLD.

In 2016, the three stations were sold to EAB of Russellville, LLC, owners of the four competing radio stations. Much of the news/talk programming airing on former competitor KCAB-AM is now airing on KARV as of November 2016.

A number of notable broadcasters worked at KARV through the years including:
 Johnny Story, longtime Russellville market broadcaster who worked at the station from 1976 to 1998
 Tom Kamerling, longtime Russellville market broadcaster who served several tours of duty at the station
 L.L. "Doc" Bryan, longtime member of the Arkansas legislature
 Congressman Steve Womack (R-Arkansas), son of former owner Kermit Womack
 Max Morgan, longtime Dallas-Fort Worth television personality (died 2014)
 Joe Fisher, current superintendent of the Atkins, Arkansas School District
 Chuck Barrett, current play-by-play voice of the Arkansas Razorbacks
 Grant Merrill, former Arkansas Radio Network talk show host and Arkansas radio station owner
 David Wallace, longtime news anchor for the Arkansas Radio Network
 Rita Richardson, former Arkansas Radio Network news anchor, Managing Editor and News Director
 Eric Sullivan, afternoon sports talk show host on KABZ-FM in Little Rock
 Tommy Craft, statewide sports talk show host
 Alan Risener, longtime Arkansas radio station owner (died 2015)
 Paul Coates, longtime Arkansas radio station owner
 Jim Moore, New York Times bestselling author

References

External links

ARV
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Russellville, Arkansas


KARV-FM (101.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Ola, Arkansas, United States. The station is currently owned by Bobby Caldwell's EAB of Russellville, LLC.

References

External links

ARV-FM
Radio stations established in 1998
1998 establishments in Arkansas
Country radio stations in the United States


Al Wusta Governorate may refer to:
 Central Governorate (Bahrain)
 Al Wusta Governorate (Oman) (former region)


The Parasimuliinae are a subfamily of Simuliidae (black flies) containing only one genus and four species. Most species are rare, and some are cave dwellers, in western North America.

Species
 Genus Parasimulium Malloch, 1914
 Subgenus Astoneomyia Peterson, 1977
 P. melanderi Stone, 1963
 Subgenus Parasimulium Malloch, 1914
 P. crosskeyi Peterson, 1977
 P. furcatum Malloch, 1914
 P. stonei Peterson, 1977

Literature cited

Simuliidae
Nematocera subfamilies
Monotypic Diptera taxa


William Elson (1865 – 1937) was an English footballer. He played 241 games and scored 15 goals for Burslem Port Vale, however 114 of these games were friendlies.

Career
Elson most likely joined Burslem Port Vale in the summer of 1886. After a slow start, he became a regular from January 1888 and was in the side that shared the North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup in 1891. He played 16 Second Division games in 1892–93, in what was the club's first season in the English Football League. He played 26 league games in the 1893–94 season. He scored his first Football League goal at the Athletic Ground on 4 December, in a 6–1 victory over Grimsby Town. Five days later, after a match at Crewe Alexandra he was physically attacked, at which point he then challenged the entire crowd to "come on" one-by-one. On 13 January he claimed another goal, in a 5–3 defeat at Burton Swifts. He transferred to West Manchester in the summer of 1894.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
North Staffordshire Charity Challenge Cup: 1891 (shared)

References

Footballers from Burslem
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Port Vale F.C. players
English Football League players
1865 births
1937 deaths


William Elson may refer to:

Billy Elson, footballer
William Elson (died 1705), MP for Chichester
William Elson (died 1727), MP for Chichester


Two-striped mabuya may refer to either of two small skink species formerly placed in the genus Mabuya:

 Eutropis multicarinata from Asia, otherwise known as Many-keeled Mabuya
 Varzea bistriata from the Americas

Animal common name disambiguation pages


La Casamaures is a historic 19th century villa, in the commune of Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux near Grenoble, in the Department of Isère, within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France. A listed French Monument historique, it is undergoing restoration.

Villa
In 1855, Joseph Julien Cochard, resident of Grenoble, bought land along the Isère in the foothills of the Massif de la Chartreuse to build a residence.

It was designed in the Moorish Revival—Arab-Andalusian style, with elaborate facades, architectural elements, and fine detailing.

The villa was built of formed and molded concrete, and completed in 1867.

References

External links
 Official site

Buildings and structures in Grenoble
Moorish Revival architecture
Monuments historiques of Isère
Tourist attractions in Grenoble


Sén dollotar Ulaid ... is an Irish poem of uncertain date, possibly early 10th-century. It consists of nine quatrains, and lacks context. It appears to concern a raid by the men of Ulaid (Ulster) to Viking Scotland.

The text

.

Translation

 Luckily came the Ulaid to Lochlann/expeditiously/and fought nine battles/from year's end to year's end.

References

 'Sen dollotar Ulaid', E.J. Gwynn (ed. and trans.) 'Éiru' 10 (1926–27), 92-94:93.

Irish-language literature
Irish poems
Medieval poetry
Scandinavian Scotland


Acanthamoebidae is a family of single-celled eukaryotes within the group Amoebozoa.

It gets its name from Acanthamoeba, its best-known member. However, it also includes other species, such as Comandonia operculata and Protacanthamoeba bohemica. Many kinds of Acanthamoebidae are highly prevalent in the soil and water of a variety of environments. They are similar to Hartmannella, but have differently structured pseudopodia, in regard to the actin microfilaments that comprise them. Its most prominent member, Acanthamoeba, can be potentially pathogenic to humans and animals.

It has been described as having a common origin with the Entamoebidae and Dictyosteliida.

Structure
Members of Acanthamoebidae have a specific form of pseudopodia, dubbed acanthopodia.   These acanthopodia are continuously formed and reabsorbed, protrude from every area of the cell’s surface, and are usually, short and fine. An exception would be A. astronyxis and A. comandoni, in which the acanthopodia may be quite long. Sawyer and Griffin point out “[b]undles of actin microfilaments extend as rigid cores into acanthopodia”.  They are constantly formed and reabsorbed to induce locomotion, during which time the cell is typically triangular or cone-shaped. The advancing acanthopodia are “wide and tongue-shaped, with irregular margins and filopodia.”  Sawyer and Griffin also note that the many acanthopodia contain axial bundles of the actin microfilaments, resulting in the irregular shape of the pseudopodia.  In regards to the typical physical size of the family Acanthamoebidae, they rarely grow larger than 65 µm or are smaller than 30 µm.

Classification
The family Acanthamoebidae belongs to the order Centramoebida in the class Discosea, phylum Amoebozoa. Within the family Acanthamoebidae are the following genera:
 Acanthamoeba – 33 species.
 Comandonia – 1 species.
 Dracoamoeba – 1 species.
 Luapeleamoeba – 2 species.
 Protacanthamoeba – 3 species.
 Vacuolamoeba – 1 species.

Prevalence
Members of Acanthamoebidae are highly prevalent in a variety of environments. In Osaka Prefecture, Japan, members  (as well as Naegleria) were found in 68.7% of tapwater samples taken, despite purification.  Acanthamoebidae were also found in the St. Martin River near Ocean City, Maryland, and are very common in the surface waters of many oceans.

Pathology
Acanthamoeba spp. can be potentially pathogenic to humans and animals.  Typically, a person or animal with a normally functioning immune system can avoid infection, but they "are known to be the opportunistic pathogens in granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a chronic disease of immunocompromised hosts such as AIDS patients and transplants recipients.”  GAE is the result of microscopic cysts that form in the central nervous system. Acanthamoeba can also be the source of infections in the lungs, sinuses, skin, and eyes.

References

Amoebozoa families
Discosea


Ioannis Giannoulis may refer to:
Ioannis Giannoulis (swimmer), member of the 2008 Greek Olympic team
Giannis Giannoulis, professional basketball player


Thecamoebidae is an Amoebozoa family.

Dermamoeba has been classified in this group. However, there is recent evidence that it is not closely related to the other members of this group.

See also
 Sappinia diploidea

References

Amoebozoa families
Discosea


Speaker of the House of Assembly of Barbados is the presiding officer of House of Assembly of Barbados.

Below is a list of office-holders:

Notes

Please add George Giles Martin, 1665
https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7

Sources
  Official website of the Parliament of Barbados
 Speakers of the House of Assembly

See also
Speaker (politics)

Government of Barbados
Politics of Barbados

Barbados
Parliament of Barbados


Joel Hopkins (born 6 September 1970) is a British independent film director and screenwriter best known for his films Jump Tomorrow (2001) and Last Chance Harvey (2008).

Career
Hopkins was born in London, England, he moved to New York City to attend university. His first feature film, 2001's Jump Tomorrow, was based on his 1998 short film "Jorge", which he filmed in New York while attending New York University's (NYU) Tisch School of the Arts. For "Jorge", Hopkins won NYU's Wasserman Award—a US$100,000 grant towards filming another project—which went towards the production budget for Jump Tomorrow. The film received positive reviews from critics, but was only granted a limited release and never reached a wider audience. Hopkins was nominated for two British Independent Film Awards for his work on the film: The Douglas Hickox Award for debuting filmmakers and the Best Screenplay Award. He won 2002's British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Carl Foreman Award for the Most Promising Newcomer, as well as a number of other awards at film festivals where the film was screened.

After writing and directing Jump Tomorrow, Hopkins said, "I'd been attached to films that haven't happened, as a director. I've had scripts I've written that have almost happened." When Hopkins was being considered to direct the 2005 children's film Nanny McPhee, for which he was ultimately unsuccessful, he met with Emma Thompson, who had written the script and would star as the title character. After seeing her in a Broadway production opposite Dustin Hoffman, Hopkins decided to write a script to emulate the interpersonal chemistry which he had seen between the two actors. He has said that the story was inspired by one of his parents' friends who was ageing but still "finding his feet". Overall, Last Chance Harvey was received favourably by critics.

His film The Love Punch was selected to be screened in the Gala Presentation section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.

Personal life
Hopkins' wife is Nicola Usborne, who is also his producing partner and has produced both Jump Tomorrow and Last Chance Harvey.

Hopkins is the son of Michael and Patricia Hopkins of the prominent British architectural firm Hopkins Architects.

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
English film directors
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer BAFTA Award winners
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Writers from London


Huangcun station (), formerly Olympic Sports Center station () when planning, is an interchange station between Line 4 and Line 21 of the Guangzhou Metro, and also the terminus of Line 4. It is located at the underground outside Guangdong Olympic Stadium in Huangcun Subdistrict (), Tianhe District. It started operation on 25 September 2010. Line 4 linking the Asian Games New Town outside Haibang Station with Guangdong Olympic Stadium plays a major role in carrying passengers during the Guangzhou Asian Games. The station became a transfer station with Line 21 on 20 December 2019. It is located near the Tianhe East railway station.

Station layout

Exits

Gallery

References

Railway stations in China opened in 2010
Guangzhou Metro stations in Tianhe District


Defilement may refer to:

 Injury to or loss of sanctity
 Kleshas (Buddhism), mental states that cloud the mind
 Tumah, the state of being ritually "impure" in Jewish law


Haije Kramer (24 November 1917, Leeuwarden – 11 July 2004) was a Dutch chess master and theoretician.

He began his chess career during World War II. He took 4th at Baarn 1940 (Quadrangular, Salo Landau won), took 3rd at The Hague 1940 (George Salto Fontein won), took 4th at Leeuwarden 1940 (Nicolaas Cortlever, S. Landau and Lodewijk Prins won), and took 5th at Baarn 1941 (Max Euwe won). Kramer lost two matches to Euwe 3–5 in 1940 and 1–7 in 1941. He played in Dutch Chess Championship at Leeuwarden 1942.

After the war, he took 3rd in the Hoogovens tournament at Beverwijk 1946 (Alberic O'Kelly de Galway won), won at Leiden 1946 (C-tournament), tied for 6–8th at Zaandam 1946 (M. Euwe won), tied for 2nd–3rd with George Alan Thomas, behind C. Vlagsma, at Baarn 1947, shared 1st at Leeuwarden 1947, took 2nd, behind L. Prins, at Nijmegen 1948, won at Vimperk 1949, tied for 3rd-4t at Beverwijk 1951 (Hermann Pilnik won). He twice participated in zonal tournaments; took 11th at Bad Pyrmont 1951 (Svetozar Gligorić won) and took 8th at Munich 1954 (Wolfgang Unzicker won).

Kramer represented the Netherlands in Chess Olympiads seven times from 1950–1962, and won individual bronze medal at Munich 1958.

He is a co-author of Losbladige Schaakberichten and Het middenspel ("The Middle Game", The Hague 1952) with M. Euwe.

Awarded the International Master title in 1954 and the International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster title in 1984.

References

External links

1917 births
2004 deaths
Dutch chess players
Chess International Masters
Correspondence chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from Leeuwarden
20th-century chess players


Saltese (also Packers Meadow or Silver City) is an unincorporated community in Mineral County, Montana, United States. It lies along Interstate 90 with access via exit 10. The St. Regis River flows to the north.

"Saltese is an old gold and silver mining town that took its name from a Nez Perce leader, Chief Saltese." "The town was first known as Silver City but was renamed in 1891." The post office opened in 1892.

In December 1912, David D. Bogart, the sixth mayor of Missoula, Montana, was killed in an avalanche in Saltese while prospecting for gold.

In 1996, a longtime establishment, the Old Montana Bar and Grille, was destroyed in a fire.

Demographics

References

Unincorporated communities in Mineral County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana


Nasal administration, popularly known as snorting, is a route of administration in which drugs are insufflated through the nose. It can be a form of either topical administration or systemic administration, as the drugs thus locally delivered can go on to have either purely local or systemic effects. Nasal sprays are locally acting drugs such as decongestants for cold and allergy treatment, whose systemic effects are usually minimal. Examples of systemically active drugs available as nasal sprays are migraine drugs, rescue medications for overdose and seizure emergencies, nicotine replacement, and hormone treatments.

Advantages
The nasal cavity is covered by a thin mucosa which is well vascularised. Therefore, a drug molecule can be transferred quickly across the single epithelial cell layer directly to the systemic blood circulation without first-pass hepatic and intestinal metabolism. The effect is often reached within 5 min for smaller drug molecules. Nasal administration can therefore be used as an alternative to oral administration, by crushing or grinding tablets or capsules and snorting or sniffing the resulting powder, providing a rapid onset of effects.  If a fast effect is desired or if the drug is extensively degraded in the gut or liver, drugs which are poorly absorbed orally can also be given by this route.

Large-molecule drugs can also be delivered directly to the brain by the intranasal route, the only practical means of doing so, following the olfactory and trigeminal nerves (see section below), for widespread central distribution throughout the central nervous system with little exposure to the blood. This delivery method to the brain was functionally demonstrated in humans in 2006, using insulin, a large peptide hormone that acts as a nerve growth factor in the brain.

Limitations
Nasal administration is primarily suitable for potent drugs since only a limited volume can be sprayed into the nasal cavity. Drugs for continuous and frequent administration may be less suitable because of the risk of harmful long-term effects on the nasal epithelium. Nasal administration has also been associated with a high variability in the amount of drug absorbed. Upper airway infections may increase the variability as may the extent of sensory irritation of the nasal mucosa, differences in the amount of liquid spray that is swallowed and not kept in the nasal cavity and differences in the spray actuation process. However, the variability in the amount absorbed after nasal administration should be comparable to that after oral administration.

Nasal drugs
The area of intranasal medication delivery provides a huge opportunity for research – both for specifically developed pharmaceutical drugs designed for intranasal treatment, as well as for investigating off label uses of commonly available generic medications. Nasal sprays for local effect are quite common. Steroids, antiasthma medications such as salbutamol, ipratropium, montelukast and a large number of inhalational anaesthetic agents are being used commonly. The recent developments in intranasal drug delivery systems are prodigious. Several antimigraine drugs, available by the trade names of Imitrex- sumatriptan; Zomig - Zolmitriptan; Migranal - Dihydroergotamine and the OTC nasal spray Sinol-M; are also currently administered by nasal administration because a fast effect is desired and oral administration can be prohibited by nausea. Peptide drugs (hormone treatments) are also available as nasal sprays, in this case to avoid drug degradation after oral administration. The peptide analogue desmopressin is, for example, available for both nasal and oral administration, for the treatment of diabetes insipidus. The bioavailability of the commercial tablet is 0.1% while that of the nasal spray is 3-5% according to the SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics). Syntocinon nasal spray containing oxytocin is used to increase duration and strength of contractions during labour. Intranasal oxytocin is also being actively investigated for many psychiatric conditions including alcohol withdrawal, anorexia nervosa, PTSD, autism, anxiety disorders, pain sensation and schizophrenia. Intranasal Calcitonin, calcitonin-salmon is used to treat Hypercalcaemia arising out of malignancy, Paget's disease of bone, post menopausal and steroid induced osteoporosis, Phantom limb pain and other metabolic bone abnormalities, available as Rockbone, Fortical and Miacalcin Nasal Spray. GnRH analogues like nafarelin and busurelin are used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and cryptorchidism. Other potential drug candidates for nasal administration include anaesthetics, antihistamines (Azelastine), antiemetics (particularly metoclopramide and ondansetron) and sedatives that all benefit from a fast onset of effect. Intranasal midazolam is found to be highly effective in acute episodes of seizures in children. Recently, the upper part of the nasal cavity, as high as the cribriform plate, has been proposed for drug delivery to the brain. This "transcribrial route" published first in 2014 was suggested by the author (Baig AM. et al,) for drugs to be given for Primary Meningoencephalitis
Naloxone is used intravenously in opiate addiction in emergency cases, in rapid opiate detoxification, and as a diagnostic tool. The nasal drug administration of naloxone was found to be as effective as the intravenous route. In opioid overdoses, where hypotension and sometimes damaged veins make intravenous administration difficult, nasal naloxone offers a wide margin of safety and reduced risk of infection from vessel puncture while enabling even untrained bystanders to assist a victim.
The prevention of abnormal nasal blood vessel growth (Avastin) and even the delivery of medications and drug antidotes such as hydroxocobalamin (antidote to cyanide poisoning) are being developed via intranasal medications. More recently interest is developing on delivery of a number of peptides and other drugs to the nose for direct transport into the brain to treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's. Intranasal insulin is being investigated for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. In ketamine, commonly being used for the treatment of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain is now becoming an area of significant research interest for the treatment of bipolar disease and major depressive disorder with early results suggesting a strong and prolonged antidepressant effect following a single subdissociative dose (50 mg) of ketamine.

The live attenuated influenza vaccine sold under the brand names FluMist (US) or Fluenz (Europe) is delivered intranasally. Flumist is a Quadrivalent Vaccine which contains four vaccine virus strains: an A/H1N1 strain, an A/H3N2 strain and two B strains. FluMist Quadrivalent contains B strains from both the B/Yamagata/14/88 and the B/Victoria/2/87 lineages. It has been approved by the CDC for vaccinating all eligible people between 2 and 49 years of age.

Olfactory transfer
There is about 20 mL capacity in the adult human nasal cavity. The major part of the approximately 150 cm2 surface in the human nasal cavity is covered by respiratory epithelium, across which systemic drug absorption can be achieved. The olfactory epithelium is situated in the upper posterior part and covers approximately 10 cm2 of the human nasal cavity. The nerve cells of the olfactory epithelium project into the olfactory bulb of the brain, which provides a direct connection between the brain and the external environment. The transfer of drugs to the brain from the blood circulation is normally hindered by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is virtually impermeable to passive diffusion of all but small, lipophilic substances. However, if drug substances can be transferred along the olfactory nerve cells, they can bypass the BBB and enter the brain directly.

The olfactory transfer of drugs into the brain is thought to occur by either slow transport inside the olfactory nerve cells to the olfactory bulb or by faster transfer along the perineural space surrounding the olfactory nerve cells into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the olfactory bulbs and the brain (8, 9)

Olfactory transfer could theoretically be used to deliver drugs that have a required effect in the central nervous system such as those for Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases. Studies have been presented that show that direct transfer of drugs is achievable but the possibility of olfactory delivery of therapeutically relevant doses to humans remains to be demonstrated.

References

Medical treatments
Dosage forms
Routes of administration


Miguel Angel Domínguez Barreto (born 30 September 1979 in Ciudad del Este) is a former Paraguayan football player.

Club career
Domínguez began his professional career with Cerro Porteño in the Primera División de Paraguay. He played on loan for Barcelona in Serie A de Ecuador during 2000.
Domínguez a chance to experience Liga Indonesia to play for PSIS Semarang in the 2006. At that time he contributed to bringing PSIS Semarang became Runner Up Indonesia Premier Division.

Domínguez had an unsuccessful trial with CS Sedan in September 2001.

International career
Domínguez played for Paraguay at the 1997 and 1999 FIFA World Youth Championships.

References

1979 births
Living people
Paraguayan men's footballers
Paraguay men's under-20 international footballers
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Paraguayan Primera División players
Cerro Porteño players
Barcelona S.C. footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ecuador
Sportspeople from Ciudad del Este
Men's association football midfielders


The Bodansky unit is an obsolete measure of alkaline phosphatase concentration in blood. It is defined as the quantity of alkaline phosphatase that liberates 1mg of phosphate ion during the first hour of incubation with a buffered substrate containing sodium β-glycerophosphate. This technique was the first test to measure blood alkaline phosphatase levels, and was developed by Aaron Bodansky in the early 1930s.

Other units that were used in the past as a measure of blood alkaline phosphatase levels are King-Armstrong units, Kind-King units, and International units. However, the Bodansky unit and those other units have become outdated, and the current standard for measuring alkaline phosphatase is units per liter (U/L).

References

Blood tests


The EEA Grants and Norway Grants represent the contributions of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway to reducing social and economic disparities in the European Economic Area (EEA) and strengthening bilateral relations with 15 EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.
Through the Grants, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway are also contributing to strengthening fundamental European values such as democracy, tolerance and the rule of law.

Background
The EEA and Norway Grants have their basis in the EEA Agreement.

Under this agreement, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway are part of the European Single Market (ESM), which enables the free movement of goods, services, capital and people in the internal market. The EEA Agreement sets out the common goals involved in working together to reduce social and economic disparities in Europe and strengthen cooperation between European countries.

Ever since the EEA Agreement entered into force, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway have contributed to social and economic progress in several countries of the EU and EEA. These contributions have been channelled through the Financial Mechanism (1994–1998), the Financial Instrument (1999–2003) and the EEA and Norway Grants (2004–2009, 2009–2014, 2014–2021). In total, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein provided €3.3 billion through consecutive grant schemes between 1994 and 2014. A further contribution of €2.8 billion was made available in the 2014–2021 funding period. The three donor countries contribute according to their size and gross domestic product (GDP). Consequently, Norway provides 97.7%, Iceland 1.6%, and Liechtenstein 0.7% of the funding for the 2014–2021 EEA and Norway Grants combined.

Since 2004, there have been two separate mechanisms: the EEA Grants and the Norway Grants. The EEA Grants are financed by the three donor countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway; while the Norway Grants are solely financed by Norway.

Eligibility
The eligibility for the EEA and Norway Grants mirrors the criteria set for the EU Cohesion Fund aimed at member states where the gross national income (GNI) per inhabitant is less than 90% of the EU average. For the 2014–2021 funding period, these countries are Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. Countries that have entered the EU before 2004 are inelegible for receiving funding under the Norway Grants; Greece and Portugal, therefore, only receive EEA Grants funding.

Process
First, the EU and the three Donor States agree on a Memorandum Of Understanding (MoU) for the total contribution and distribution of funding per beneficiary state. Country allocations are based on population size and GDP per capita. Second, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway negotiate with each beneficiary state to agree on which programs to establish, their objectives, and the size of the allocation to each one.

The agreements are based on national needs and priorities in the beneficiary states and the scope for cooperation with the donor states. The European Commission is consulted during the negotiations to avoid duplication and to ensure funding is targeted where it will have the greatest impact. Programmes implemented under the EEA and Norway Grants must comply with EU rules and standards.

The funds provided by the EU and the EEA and Norway Grants are complementary. Each National Focal Point is responsible for overall management of programs in its beneficiary country. The Programme Operators develop and manage programs, often in cooperation with a partner from the donor states, and award funding to projects.

Bilateral cooperation
One of the two main goals of the EEA and Norway Grants is to increase cooperation and relations between the beneficiary and donor countries. Partnerships between entities from the beneficiary countries and their counterparts in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are a fundamental part of the Grants and offer an opportunity to tackle common European challenges.

Bilateral partnerships between public and private institutions in the donor and beneficiary countries are widely encouraged. Cooperation between people and institutions at administrative and political levels and in the private sector, academia and civil society is a prerequisite to strengthen bilateral relations.

EEA and Norway Grants 2014–2021
For the period from 2014 to 2021, €2.8 billion has been set aside under the Grants. The EEA Grants (€1.55 billion) are jointly financed by Iceland (3%), Liechtenstein (1%) and Norway (96%) and available in all 15 countries. The Norway Grants (€1.25 billion) are solely financed by Norway and available in the 13 countries that joined the EU after 2003. The contribution of each donor country is based on their gross domestic product (GDP).

Areas of support
The five Priority Sectors (PSs) and related 23 Programme Areas (PAs) funded in the 2014–2021 period reflect the priorities set out in the 'Europe 2020 Strategy' – the European Union's ten-year growth strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth – and the EU's 11 cohesion policy objectives. They aim at contributing to growth and jobs, tackling climate change and energy dependence while reducing poverty and social exclusion. They also promote bilateral and international cooperation.

A new feature of the EEA and Norway Grants 2014–2021 is the establishment of the Fund for Youth Employment (€65.5 million) and the Fund for Regional Cooperation (€34.5 million), which support European cross-border and transnational project initiatives to find solutions to some of Europe's common challenges.

All the programmes under the EEA and Norway Grants 2014–2021 will run until 30 April 2024.

Cooperation and external partners
The Donor Programme Partners (DPPs) play a strategic role in programme planning and implementation, as well as in facilitating project partnership. In the 2014–2021 funding period, there are 21 DPPs involved (two from Iceland, one from Liechtenstein and 18 from Norway).

The Donor Programme Partners are mostly public bodies with national mandates in their respective fields and with extensive international experience. These DPPs were designated on the initiative of the donor countries.

Intergovernmental organisations and actors play an important role in the EEA and Norway Grants, as they monitor compliance with international conventions and treaties across Europe. These organisations provide assistance in areas linked to human rights, democracy and the rule of law. In order to ensure that the programmes and projects of the EEA and Norway Grants are aligned with European and international standards, the donors have established strategic partnerships with three European partners, which act as International Partner Organisations (IPOs) in the 2014–2021 funding period:

 The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) is involved in several programmes and projects on Roma inclusion and fundamental rights. The Grants also cooperate with the FRA in organising high-level fundamental rights-related events.
 The Council of Europe (CoE) is the most comprehensive external partner of the Grants and is involved in several programmes. The organisation provides strategic advice as well as technical input in the areas of human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
 The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is a strategic partner for the Grants in the area of good governance, where it is involved in several programmes and projects.

EEA and Norway Grants 2009–2014

For the 2009–2014 period, €1.8 billion was set aside under the Grants. The EEA Grants (€993.5 million), jointly financed by Iceland (3%), Liechtenstein (1%) and Norway (96%), were available in 16 countries. The Norway Grants (€804.6 million), solely financed by Norway, were available in the 13 countries that joined the EU after 2003. Spain received only transitional funding in the 2009–2014 period. After joining the EU in 2013, Croatia became a member of the EEA in 2014, and consequently a beneficiary country of the EEA and Norway Grants.

Table 1. EEA and Norway Grants 2009–2014 funding

* % incurred of eligible expenditure amount. Data extracted on 5 September 2019 and subject to change.

Cooperation
Cooperation through bilateral programmes and projects provides an arena for exchange of knowledge, mutual learning from best practices and developing joint policies. 23 Donor Programme Partners (DPPs) were involved in the 2009–2014 funding period (20 from Norway, two from Iceland and one from Liechtenstein). In addition, the Council of Europe participated as a DPP on some of the programmes.

More than 30% of the 7,000 projects funded in this period had a Donor Project Partner involved. There were nearly 1,000 partners from the donor countries (185 from Iceland, 11 from Liechtenstein and 780 from Norway).

Results
The End Review of he EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014 sheds light on the Grants support in 16 EU countries. The following independent evaluations and reviews were conducted for the 2009–2014 funding period:

 Rapid assessment of research programmes
 Rapid assessment on increasing Roma inclusion
 Rapid assessment of the gender programmes
 Mid-term evaluation of the support to strengthened bilateral relations
 Evaluation of Decent work and tripartite dialogue – final report
 Mid-term review of the cultural heritage sector – main report
 Mid-term review of the NGO programmes – main report
 EEA and Norway Grants 2009–2014: Review of Risk Management

The EEA and Norway Grants' results and data portal provides more information about the programmes and projects funded during the 2009–2014 period.

EEA and Norway Grants 2004–2009

With the expansion of the EU in 2004, ten new countries – Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia – not only joined the EU, but also the European Economic Area (EEA).

This enlargement required a substantial increase in the contributions towards European cohesion. Most of the new member states were considerably below the EU average in terms of their social and economic development.

The EEA and Norway Grants made available €1.3 billion for the 2004–2009 period. The EEA Grants (€672 million) supported 15 beneficiary states in Central and Southern Europe. The Norway Grants provided an additional €567 million to the ten countries that joined the EU in 2004. Apart from these two mechanisms, Norway allocated €68 million through the Norwegian bilateral cooperation programmes with Bulgaria and Romania, once the two states joined the EU in 2007.

Norway, as the largest donor, provided close to 97% of the total funding in 2004–2009.

Areas of support
From 2004 to 2009, 1250 projects were awarded financial support through the EEA and Norwegian Financial Mechanisms. These projects were funded under the following areas of support:

 Environment and sustainable development
 Conservation of European cultural heritage
 Civil society
 Schengen and the judiciary
 Health and childcare
 Institutional capacity building and human resource development
 Academic research and scholarships
 Regional and cross-border cooperation
 Institutional capacity building

Cooperation
More than one in five supported projects were partnership projects between entities in the beneficiary states, and Iceland, Liechtenstein or Norway.

Results

The End review of the EEA and Norway Grants 2004–2009 concluded that "the EEA and Norway Grants 2004–2009 have contributed to reducing disparities in Europe […] and the benefits locally have been significant".

Financial Instrument 1999–2003

In the period from 1999 to 2003, Greece, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Portugal and Spain received €119.6 million from the EEA EFTA States (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). Projects were supported within the fields of environmental protection, urban renewal, pollution in urban areas, protection of cultural heritage, transport, education and training, and academic research. About 93% of the funding was spent on projects related to environmental protection.

Financial Mechanism 1994–1998

The Financial Mechanism 1994–1998 covers Greece, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Portugal and Spain. The projects were supported within the fields of environmental protection, education and training, and transport. In addition to the €500 million in project support, interest rebates were granted on loans amounting to €1.5 billion in the European Investment Bank (EIB).

Finland, Sweden and Austria, which until 1994 had been members of EFTA, left the association to join the EU. The European Commission took over the responsibilities for the contributions of these three countries to the Financial Mechanism 1994–1998.

References

External links

Official EEA and Norway Grants site
Nyvoll, Pernille S. (2018): Norwegian and Latvian cooperation in correctional services - A qualitative analysis of the role and effect of the Norway Grants to the Latvian probation and prison service

European Economic Area


Thomé H. Fang (, 1899–1977) was a Chinese philosopher. He was described by Charles A. Moore as the "greatest philosopher of China" and by Vincent Shen as "one of the most creative contemporary Chinese philosophers."

Biography
Thomé H. Fang was born on 9 February 1899 (according to the Lunar Calendar) of a family in Tong Cheng, An-hui, China, that was known for producing prominent scholars, thinkers, and men of letters in Chinese classics, including several Royal Tutors at the Imperial Palace during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (such as Fang Gongcheng, Fang Guancheng, etc.). Thomé H. Fang was the 16th generation descendant of Fang Bao, a Qing dynasty scholar and one of the founders of the Tongcheng School, and a relative of his contemporary Fang Chih, a Chinese diplomat. He was taught the Chinese classics while he was young, and later studied at Jinlin University in Nanjing, where he took courses from John Dewey on ancient Western philosophy. He attended the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and completed an MA in philosophy and pursued a doctorate comparing British and American realism.

From 1925 to 1948, Thomé H. Fang taught at several universities in China, mostly at the National Central University (later renamed Nanjing University and reinstated in Taiwan), in Nanking and Chungking. Then he taught at National Taiwan University.

Works
 Chinese Philosophy: Its Spirit and Its Development, Linking Publishing Co., Ltd, Taipei, 1981, 1986
 The Chinese View of Life: The Philosophy of Comprehensive Harmony, Linking Publishing Co., Ltd., Taipei, 1980, 1981, 1986
 Creativity in Man and Nature: A Collection of Philosophical Essays, Linking Publishing Co., Ltd., Taipei, 1980, 1983
 Chinese Philosophy: Its Spirit and Its Development, Linking Publishing Co., Ltd., Taipei, 1981, 1981, 1986
 Philosophy of Life, Creativity, and Inclusiveness,
 Three Types of Philosophical Wisdom (Zhexue san hui-哲學三慧), 重慶版時事新報學燈,26 June 1983.
 Primordial Confucianism and Taoism (Yuan Shi Ru Jia Dao Jia Zhe Xue-原始儒家道家哲學), Taipei, 1983.
 Chinese Mahayana Buddhism (Chung Guo Da Zheng Fo Xue-中國大乘佛學), Taipei, 1984.
 Neo-Confucianism in Sung, Ming and Ch'ing Periods (Xin Ru Jia Zhe Xue shipa jiang-新儒家哲學十八講)), Taipei, 1983.

References

External links
Thomé H. Fang Institute: articles of Thomé H. Fang

20th-century Chinese philosophers
Chinese Confucianists
University of Nanking alumni
Academic staff of the National Central University
Academic staff of the National Taiwan University
Taiwanese philosophers
1899 births
1977 deaths
People from Tongcheng, Anhui
Educators from Anhui
Taiwanese educators
Philosophers from Anhui
Chinese spiritual writers
Taiwanese writers
20th-century Chinese essayists
Writers from Anhui
Taiwanese people from Anhui
20th-century essayists


Aaron Bodansky (1887 in Elizabethgrad – 1960) was a Russian-born American biochemist remembered for describing the Bodansky unit in the measurement of alkaline phosphatase in blood.

Biography
Aaron Bodansky was born in Russia in 1887 and emigrated to the United States in 1904, followed in the next two years by his parents and siblings.  He studied biochemistry at Cornell University,  earning a Ph.D. in 1921 with a thesis titled "Enzyme studies on solanum elaeagnifolium".  In 1926, Bodansky was hired into the laboratory division of the Hospital for Joint Diseases (now part of NYU Langone Medical Center). At the Hospital for Joint Diseases, Bodansky's work covered a variety of areas of biochemistry including thyroxin and insulin metabolism, metabolism of minerals and bones, liver function, and parathyroid function. His area of special interest was calcium metabolism. He published several papers in this field, including the work on measurement of phosphatase activity. He died in 1960 from a heart attack. Two brothers, Meyer Bodansky (1896-1941) and Oscar Bodansky (1901-1977) were themselves prominent biochemists, often leading to confusion in the attribution of their individual accomplishments.

References

1887 births
1960 deaths
New York University Grossman School of Medicine faculty
Ukrainian Jews
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
20th-century American biochemists
Cornell University alumni