is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Banri Hidaka. The manga was serialized in Hakusensha's shōjo magazine, Hana to Yume from February 20, 2004 to February 20, 2009, ending at 83 chapters. The individual chapters were published into 14 bound volumes by Hakusensha from August 19, 2004 to May 19, 2009. The manga is licensed in North America by Tokyopop, and in Italy by Jpop.

Plot
Ageha Shiroi finds out her sister, Hibari, is pregnant and she will have to be married in less than a month. When shopping with her friend, Mamoru, they meet Yukari Arisaka and Mitsuya Kuromine.  Ageha finds out that the bridal store that Hibari is going to is owned  by the two men. But during one of their visits, Ageha loses her temper about the wedding and accidentally injures Mitsuya's hand.

To make up for it, Ageha decides to help finish Hibari's wedding dress. Soon after the wedding in volume 2, Yukari offers a part-time job for Ageha at V.B.R.  Ageha accepts this job, not knowing that it will ultimately change her life, and cause her to make new friendships-and even love.

Characters
There are many characters in the story, most of them that are the V.B.R. staff and classmates.

Ageha Shiroi
The heroine of this manga who has a huge sister complex at the beginning of the series and loves to make bags. In order to get her to accept her abrupt wedding, her sister takes her to Velvet Blue Rose, where she meets Yukari Arisaka and Mitsuya Kuromine. Ageha quickly becomes fond of the shop and finally decides to support her sister's wedding by helping make her dress. She then continues on to work in the shop as a part-time employee. Her best friend Mamoru Sakashita, goes to Houjou High School rather than the private all-girls school, Nishimiya High School, Ageha attends. Ageha is also close to her friend's little brother Nagare, who she calls "Nat-chan". Later on in the series Ageha starts to fall in love with Yukari, but will not confess her feelings in fear of losing her place in V.B.Rose, and due to the fear of being rejected. She is oblivious about love, not noticing Nagare's obvious feelings and Yukari's as well. She makes friends with Tsuyu Ichihashi and many of the others. At first, she is terrified of Kana, but learns that she is over Yukari and wishes her luck, only hating her because she was "too happy and overused the word cute". In recent chapters, Nagare confesses his feelings for her, with Yukari listening accidentally over the phone. This causes Ageha to become confused, and Yukari mad. However, she and Yukari confess to loving each other in a nearby park, and they become an official couple. She eventually helps Yukari to reunite with his estranged mother, the famous actress Ran Kashiwagi, who he had not seen for eighteen years. Ran drags her on a "heart-to-heart" shopping spree, buying her many clothing items and shipping the others to her house. Ran wants Ageha to inform her on what she could do to make Yukari happy. Ageha is shown to get along well with children, such as making handmade toys for her niece Madoka and becoming attached to Sakura and Maki and Kazuha's daughter, Hina.

Yukari Arisaka
The owner of V.B.Rose despite being a young age of 22. His relationship with Ageha is negative at the beginning of the story, often violently hitting her and even physically throwing her out of V.B.Rose on two occasions. However, as the story progresses, Yukari begins to accept Ageha as a fellow designer. Despite, seeming to be rude and violent, Yukari is actually a kind person who greatly treasures those close to him. Yukari inherited the shop after his father (Aoi Arisaka) died of illness two years prior to the beginning of the series.  His mother, a famous actress named Ran Kashiwagi, divorced Yukari's father when he was 5 years old. Two years before his death, Yukari's father married Ririko from the bridal shop Rosa, which is closely aligned with V.B.R.  She then gave birth to Sakura, Yukari's young half-brother. Yukari and Sakura have practically the same face, which is also strikingly similar to their father's. In volume 3, Mitsuya teases Yukari about Ageha being "cute", which makes Yukari realize he is in love with Ageha. However, he is afraid she doesn't feel the same way about him so refrains from showing any signs of his love. Yukari's old girlfriend Kana Hirose from high school, now a corsage maker, also shows up later in the series. Yukari often feels traumatized by their relationship when thinking about Ageha. He is often jealous of Nagare Sakashita or any male who happens to look in Ageha's direction, sometimes including Mitsuya and Kyouichi Sekiguchi. In recent chapters, Yukari overhears Nagare telling Ageha that he loves her while she was talking to Yukari over the phone, causing him to get jealous and angry. However, the two manage to confess to one another and become an official couple. Mitsuya makes him red rice, which he "happily" eats. In Volume 10, his estranged mother, Ran Kashiwagi, arrives at VB Rose, presenting Yukari with a new car. He refuses to take it, and she offers to buy newer furniture for the inside of the shop. She finds it humorous that Ririko had not grown since the last time that she had seen her, and believed that Sakura was a miniature Yukari, and that Yukari himself was Aoi. Yukari tries to push her away. Ageha eventually gets taken away by Ran to do a heart to heart shopping spree about how to make Yukari happy. He eventually reconciles with his mother, to Ageha's relief. He is shown becoming more afraid of Nagare and Mamoru Sakashita each time they appear.

Mitsuya Kuromine
A fellow Patterner at V.B.Rose and one of Yukari's only friends. He is often viewed as a pervert, especially by Ageha, who is constantly hit on and hugged by him. Despite being a flirt, Mitsuya is often the person that both Yukari and Ageha talk to about their feelings for each other. Like Yukari he is also skilled at making clothing and is extremely passionate about his work, enough to drop out of college to work at V.B.Rose. He is very fond of his younger brother Shizuya and enjoys teasing him whenever he gets the chance. He is considered an in-between, as he knows of Ageha and Yukari's feelings towards one another, though he cannot tell. He does the cooking in the V.B. Rose household. He was friends with Ichihashi when they were children, and when they reunited, thanks to Yukari, he began to treat her differently. She loves him, however, and finds his menacing behavior intriguing. In volume 11 it is implied that he has feelings for her as well. He also smokes cigarettes, and wears cologne to block the smell. He manages to help Yukari with his love issues by telling him where to find Ageha after she ran out of V.B. Rose cying, and makes him red rice when he returns with victory in winning Ageha's heart. Makoto Ohara was his senpai in high school. His role in the story was very short in the latest volumes, but Volume 11 entells the details of Mitsu and Yukari's first encounter.

Hibari Shiroi {Ohara}
Ageha's older sister. At the beginning of the series Ageha views her sister as a perfect idol, only to have the image smashed by Yukari, who reveals that Hibari is actually extremely clumsy and absent minded. Hibari and Ageha maintain a strong bond throughout the manga. She eventually gives birth to a healthy baby girl, who is named Madoka. Her husband is Makoto Ohara. She had an easy birth with Madoka and enjoys it when Ageha makes gifts for her. She is said to be Maki's number one fan and often appears in the story to give the Shiroi family souvenirs from Makoto's business trips. Latest chapters show Madoka's growth into a toddler. She was very possessive of Ageha  as a child and fears that she will stalk her daughter once she goes to preschool.

Makoto Ohara
Hibari's husband. He is very carefree and "boring", and Ageha felt that he was not good enough for Hibari. Her feelings change once she realizes that he is caring and loving of her. He lives with the Shiroi family for a short amount of time when Hibari was pregnant. He was Mitsuya's senpai in high school. He dreams of raising Madoka to say "I love you, daddy." He is often away on business trips and brings back many souvenirs for his in-laws.

Mamoru Sakashita
Ageha's best friend. She is very over-protective of Ageha. Although she is nice, she also haves a sadistic side to her like her brother. She is friends with Rei Akiyoshi (a cross-over character from Hidaka's Sekai De Ichiban Daikirai) and Shizuya Kuromine, and they often hang out with Ageha. Nagare is her younger brother by one year. She supports Ageha in her pursuit of Yukari, but is also shown to often help Nagare. However, she claims to like Yukari, if just a little bit. She is often Ageha's support. She is scared that if Ageha and Nagare went out with one another, they would break up and ruin their friendship. She helps Ageha get together with Yukari in chapters 10-43, though she supports Nagare in not giving up. She is shown to have a small crush on Shizuya, as she picks on the ones who she loves. She is a big fan of Ran Kashiwagi but refused to meet her up close, deciding it is better to watch from afar. Yukari is fearful of her.

Nagare sakashita
Mamoru's younger brother, who is in love with Ageha. Although he seems to be a sweet boy, he seems to also have a sadistic personality, that Ageha is unaware of. He becomes jealous of Ageha's feeling towards Yukari and often tries to secretly sabotage their relationship. He tells Yukari that Ageha seems unhappier lately, and that causes him to back off for a small amount of time. In recent chapters, he saw Ageha walking home from V.B. Rose after going to visit Yukari, only to find him being overly friendly with Kana, and he comforts her. Yukari then calls her, and Nagare interrupts their romantic moment by confessing his feelings towards her. This causes Yukari to become jealous and mad. Nagare then walks Ageha home and tells her he'll wait for her answer. Then Ageha catches a cold and doesn't see Yukari again until after the new year. Yukari and her try to take up small talk but the topic of Nagare's confession on the phone is awkwardly brought up. Ageha, without realizing what she's saying, tells Yukari that she is unsure of how to respond to Nagare's confession and hearing this, Yukari gets mad and lashes out at Ageha, causing her to run away. He then claims that he will not give up in claiming her heart and tries to find her. Yukari is fearful of him and Mamoru. Mamoru both supports Ageha's relationship with Yukari, but also Nagare's crush towards her. He can be considered the antagonist of the story despite his few number of appearances, trying to destroy Yukari and Ageha's love.

Tsuyu Ichihashi
A bead specialist who is an old friend of Mitsuya and Yukari. Tsuyu went to the same elementary school as Mitsuya describing him as "a very mature, kind, helpful boy then." but shortly moved after graduation. Tsuyu then befriended Yukari in high school and was introduced to his friend who turned out to be Mitsuya. Despite his being a "kind boy", from then on Mitsuya shows a sadistic side around her, always teasing her when he has the chance. Despite this Tsuyu still is in love with Mitsuya. She thinks that Yukari and Ageha are beautiful people and loves being in their presence. She loves beautiful people and calls Ageha a "big breasted beauty" upon meeting. She becomes Ageha's friend over time and they often meet at a cafe to eat sweets and talk. She is also friends with Kana Hirose. She and Ageha promised not to give up in their pursuits of love.  In volume twelve, the staff of V.B.R. resolve to "rescue" her from an arranged marriage meeting (omiai) so she and Mitsuya can be together, and succeed in doing so.

Kana Hirose
Yukari's high school girlfriend. She is now a corsage maker. Her current relationship with Yukari is one with constant bickering, though Ageha notes that she is in his inner circle. At first glance, she appears to hate Ageha because of her relationship with Yukari. However, it turns out she initially disliked her because she  over uses the word "cute" and is too happy. She is glad that she is going out with Yukari and tells her that she will need good luck. She is friends with Tsuyu and this is one of the reasons she is disdainful of Mitsuya. She was attracted to Yukari's pain, and often stayed with her aunt. They broke up because it was too easy to be together, and that made things painful. She eventually befriends Ageha, despite her shyness.

Ran Kashiwagi
Yukari's mother who left V.B.R. when Yukari was five. She's very careless and free-spirited and when she was younger, she was very forgetful. Unfortunately, her forgetfulness cause her divorce to Aoi, Yukari's father, when she told Yukari that she would be right back and left him to almost freeze to death in the snow. Her first true encounter in the story is in Volume 10, where she offers Yukari a new car as a birthday gift. He refuses it, and she then offers to buy newer furniture for VB Rose. She finds it humorous that Ririko had not grown in over eighteen years. She mistook Sakura for a little Yukari and Yukari himself for Aoi. After learning of Ageha's relationship with Yukari, she drags her away on a shopping spree and buys her many clothes, shipping them to her house. She is truly forgetful and ditzy, while her actress persona was more sophisticated and wise. When two girls ask if she is the famous Ran, she pretends to be an airhead and asks if she really looks like her. She then asks Ageha how to make Yukari happy. She tells of how she hated going to her home and would often stay with her grandmother or with a friend. When she was sixteen, she met the nineteen-year-old Aoi who worked at VB Rose. Over time, they fell in love and eventually gave birth to Yukari. She explains that, being so young, she knew she was absent minded but deeply regrets leaving Yukari out in the snow and wants him to forgive her. Later, she returns to V.B.R. and Ageha encourages her to make up with her son. Fortunately, Yukari, being so indifferent to his mother's forgetful nature, forgives her and finally calls her "mother".

Aoi Arisaka
Yukari's father, who first created the shop Velvet Blue Rose. Yukari explains to Ageha that his father told him that he name the shop for the "blue of possibility" in the hopes that it would tell customers that the employees were willing to achieve the impossible. When he was 21 years old, he met Yukari's mother, 18-year-old Ran Kahiwagi, and they married and had Yukari. Then Aoi divorced Ran for being careless enough to risk their son's life. After that happened, some years later Aoi married Ririko and they had Sakura. Both Ran and Ririko were known for saying that they wanted to find features like theirs in their babies' faces because both Sakura and Yukari look so much like their father. Two years after Sakura's birth, Aoi died of an illness and the shop was left to Yukari to manage. He is alluded to many times throughout the series.

Ririko Arisaka
Sakura's mother and Yukari's step mother. She is thought more of as an older sister because of her loud and excited manner. She also laughs a lot and likes to pick on Yukari about his girlish looks by calling him a "sister" or a "daughter" although sometimes she may cry because his appearance reminds her so much of her dead husband Aoi. Her parents own a flower shop and she had known Yukari and Aoi since she was a small child. She is only six years older than Yukari, though. She is also pursued most of the time by Kyouichi Sekiguchi, who is the heir to the marriage hall that Ageha's sister got married in. He calls her "Lily" and is prone to doing what she tells him to because of his love for her. She doesn't have kind feelings toward Ran because she felt that Ran was a liar as a mother and never kept her promises to Yukari. She was also the one who found Yukari when he almost froze to death 18 years earlier. She's one of the clercks in Rosa Bridal shop.

Maki and Kazuha Sugimoto
They were the former main characters of one of Banri Hidaka's earlier works. They married when Kazuha was nineteen and were married for eight years. Maki first appears in the story as Hibari's wedding makeup artist, and fixes Ageha to look more proper at the wedding. They appear later in Sekiguchi's wedding villa, where he fixes model's hair and Kazuha helps him. They give birth to a young daughter named Hina at the same time as Hibari. In a side bar, it is stated that Kazuha refuses to call her husband by his first name and as 'Sugimoto' forever. Rei Akiyoshi bears a striking resemblance to his sister.

Rei Akiyoshi
Another recurring character from an earlier series. He is Kazuha Sugimoto's younger brother, now in high school, and the two look exactly alike. He is now cocky and self confident, friends with Mamoru Sakashita and Shizuya Kuromine. He realizes that Shizuya likes Mamoru and believes that Yukari is Ageha's boyfriend. He believes that he would look hot in a mini skirt.

Shizuya Kuromine
Mitsuya's younger brother. He despises Yukari because he believes he is the reason as to why Mitsuya dropped out of college and started to make wedding dresses. He eventually reconciles with his brother. Ageha uses his brother complex as a trump card in an argument. He has a friendly rivalry with Ageha and has a crush on Mamoru. He is friends with Rei. He later gives Mitsuya Mamoru's address so that Yukari could find Ageha.

Madoka Ohara
Matoko and Hibari's young daughter. She was an easy birth and Ageha makes her numerous handmade toys. She is very cute, and Hibari fears that she will stalk her daughter once she goes to school, as she was also possessive with a toddler Ageha. Matoko wants to raise her to say, "I love you, daddy".

Hina Sugimoto
Maki and Kazuha's young daughter, born around the same time as Madoka. Her hair is the same black hair as her mother.  Her eyes are the same blue eyes as her father

Sakura Arisaka
Yukari's younger half brother and Ririko's son. His father is Aoi, who married Ririko before he died. He bears a striking resemblance to Yukari due to their strong DNA. Ageha Shiroi mistakes him for a younger Yukari. He has also shown signs of possibly being a womanizer, in which Yukari worries for his future. He seems to show a liking to Ageha and is developing his mother's smart mouth.

Volumes

Reception
Mania.com's Nadia Oxford criticizes the manga for its cliches but commends the manga for its "cheek-pinchingly cute" protagonist. Coolstreak Cartoons's Leroy Douresseaux commends the manga's art as well as the "characters with gorgeous, stylized features".

The ninth volume of V.B.Rose was ranked 5th on the Tohan charts between April 18 and 24, 2007. The eleventh volume of V.B.Rose was ranked 8th twice on the Tohan charts between January 15 and 28, 2008, The twelfth volume of V.B.Rose was ranked 8th on the Tohan charts between June 17 and 23, 2008. The thirteenth volume of V.B.Rose was ranked 2nd on the Tohan charts between January 20 and 26, 2009. The fourteenth volume of V.B.Rose was ranked 2nd on the Tohan charts between May 18 and 24, 2009.

References

External links

2004 manga
Hakusensha manga
Shōjo manga
Romance anime and manga
Tokyopop titles


Howard David Higgins (August 23, 1903 — April 6, 1980) was a bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church in the mid-twentieth century. He also served as Professor of Church History at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia from 1930 until his retirement in 1972, and editor of the Episcopal Recorder from 1937 until his death. Higgins was well respected for his faithfulness to the Bible and his friendly demeanor and collaborative leadership style.

Biography
Higgins was born in New York City in 1903 to Peter David Higgins and his wife Emma Howard Higgins. He was a boyhood friend of Robert Knight Rudolph, and beginning at the age of sixteen he often visited the Rudolphs in their summer home in Dorset, VT, where Higgins enjoyed listening to Rudolph’s father, Bishop Robert Livingston Rudolph talk about the founding and early history of the Reformed Episcopal Church. The Higgins family at the time were members of First Reformed Episcopal Church in New York, pastored by Dr. William T. Sabine, who later became a bishop himself. Higgins married Ethel Scott in 1944.

Education
Higgins graduated from the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church with a diploma in 1924. When he received his undergraduate degree from Columbia University three years later, he exchanged his seminary diploma for a Bachelor of Divinity. He then continued his education at Princeton Theological Seminary, where he received a Master of Theology degree in 1928. In 1938, he was awarded a master's degree from Columbia. Reformed Episcopal Seminary awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity the following year.

Ordination
Higgins was ordained deacon on November 28, 1924, by Bishop Rudolph and presbyter on October 30, 1925, by Bishop Robert Westly Peach. He was consecrated bishop on January 19, 1937, serving first as the assistant bishop of the New York and Philadelphia synod. In October of the same year he was made coadjutor at the request of Bishop William Culbertson. When Culbertson resigned in 1942 to accept a position teaching at Moody Bible Institute, Higgins became the bishop of the synod. In 1957, he was elected as the president and presiding bishop of the denomination, a position to which he was re-elected in 1963.

Seminary professor

Higgins’ teaching career at the seminary begin in 1930 with the death of Bishop Rudolph. At first, he taught Systematic theology, Biblical ethics and English Bible. Upon the retirement of Bishop Peach in 1937, he took the Chair of Church History, which he occupied until his retirement.

Higgins was memorialized by a fellow bishop of the church, Theophilus J. Herter, with these words: "All through the thirty-five years of his active service as bishop he followed the exhortation given him at his consecration: ‘Be to the flock of Christ a shepherd, not a wolf; feed them, devour them not. Hold up the weak, heal the sick, bind up the broken, bring again the outcasts, seek the lost. Be so merciful that you be not too remiss; so minister discipline, that you forget not mercy."

References

Sources
Raymond A. Acker, A History of the Reformed Episcopal Seminary 1886–1964 (Phila.: Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church, 1965).
Robert K. Rudolph, "Howard David Higgins" in Episcopal Recorder (July 1980), pp. 5ff.
Theophilus J. Herter, "A Faithful Steward" in Episcopal Recorder (July 1980), p. 21.

Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
Bishops of the Reformed Episcopal Church
American Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Clergy from Philadelphia
Presiding Bishops of the Reformed Episcopal Church
Reformed Episcopal Seminary faculty
1980 deaths
1903 births
20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
20th-century American clergy


Events in the year 1937 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Haakon VII
 Prime Minister – Johan Nygaardsvold (Labour Party)

Events
 29 May – Stavanger Airport, Sola is opened by King Haakon VII
 Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country.
 A flash flood destroys 20 houses in the Sima Valley, Hordaland. No lives are lost.

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Film

Literature

Notable births

 4 January – Harald Barlie, Greco-Roman wrestler (died 1995)
 4 January – Ole Kristian Grimnes, historian
 4 January – Per Tresselt, diplomat
 11 February – Ola Teigen, politician (died 1970)
 17 February – Bjørn Wiik, physicist (died 1999)
 18 February – Halle Jørn Hanssen, television correspondent, development aid administrator and politician
 21 February – Harald V, King of Norway
 22 February – Bjarte Eikeset, jurist and politician
 23 March – Per Olav Wiken, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (died 2011)
 13 April – Berge Furre, historian, theologian and politician
 15 April – Johan J. Jakobsen, politician and Minister (died 2016)
 18 April – Arne Alsåker Spilde, politician (died 2018)
 21 April – Henrik Jahre, politician
 7 May – Gullow Gjeseth, Army officer (died 2017.
 11 May – Per Brunvand, newspaper editor (died 2015)
 24 May – Fredrik Torp, architect
 2 June – Geir Kjetsaa, professor of Russian literary history, translator and author (died 2008)
 28 June – Odd Bergh, triple jumper and long jumper (died 2023)
 4 July – Queen Sonja of Norway
 29 July – Pål Bang-Hansen, actor, film producer, film critic and television personality (died 2010)
 3 August – Gudrun Waadeland, actress and theatre director (died 2020)
 20 August – Kjell Hovik, pole vaulter
 4 September – Per Risvik, politician
 6 September – Tom Veierød, civil servant
 13 September – Alv Gjestvang, speed skater and Olympic silver medallist (died 2016)
 14 September – Dag C. Weberg, politician
 18 September – Per Flatberg, environmentalist and pharmacist (died 2022)
 24 September – Børre Knudsen, Lutheran minister and anti-abortion activist (died 2022)
 26 September – Aud Blattmann, politician (died 2023)
 16 October – Reidar Hjermstad, cross country skier
 17 October – Svein Johannessen, chess player, became Norway's second International Master (died 2007)
21 October – Johan Fredrik Heyerdahl, publisher and secretary general (died 2021).
31 October – Per Øien, flutist (died 2016).
 14 November – Bjørn Bang Andersen, shot putter
 23 November – Turi Widerøe, Norway's first female air transport pilot
 29 November – Johan Jørgen Holst, politician and Minister (died 1994)
 1 December – Bodolf Hareide, politician
 3 December – Willy Rasmussen, javelin thrower (died 2018)
 8 December – Arne Næss, Jr., businessman and mountaineer (died 2004)
 23 December – Arne Larsen, Nordic combined skier and World Champion
 24 December – Ola Wærhaug, biathlete, Olympic silver medallist and World Champion
 29 December – Hjalmar Inge Sunde, military officer
30 December – Einar Johan Rasmussen, ships engineer and ship owner.
 31 December – Bjørn Rønningen, children's writer

Full date unknown
 Jan Balstad, politician and Minister
 Knut Boye, civil economist (died 2008)
 Ronald Bye, politician and Minister (died 2018)
 Nils Petter Faarlund, mountaineer.
 Øyvind Gustavsen, civil servant
 Einfrid Halvorsen, politician
 Knut Hartvig Johannson, businessperson
 Arild Nyquist, novelist, poet, children's writer and musician (died 2004)
 Oddrunn Pettersen, politician and Minister (died 2002)
 Gudmund Restad, politician and Minister (died 2021)
 Wenche Frogn Sellæg, politician and Minister

Notable deaths

 7 January – Hjalmar Nygaard, boxer (born 1900)
 19 July – Sigurd Asserson, civil servant (born 1882)
 27 July – Hans Dahl, painter (born 1849)
 27 October – Harald Pettersen, businessperson and politician (born 1869)
 14 November – Harald Stormoen, actor (born 1872)
 23 December – Nils Collett Vogt, poet (born 1864)

See also

References

External links


Chester Precinct is located in Randolph County, Illinois, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 9,314.

Geography
Chester Precinct covers an area of .

References

Precincts in Randolph County, Illinois


A soliton distribution is a type of discrete probability distribution that arises in the theory of erasure correcting codes, which use information redundancy to compensate for transmission errors manifesting as missing (erased) data. A paper by Luby introduced two forms of such distributions, the ideal soliton distribution and the robust soliton distribution.

Ideal distribution
The ideal soliton distribution is a probability distribution on the integers from 1 to K, where K is the single parameter of the distribution. The probability mass function is given by

Robust distribution
The robust form of distribution is defined by adding an extra set of values t(i) to the elements of mass function of the ideal soliton distribution and then normalizing so that the values add up to 1. The extra set of values, t(i), are defined in terms of an additional real-valued parameter δ (which is interpreted as a failure probability) and c, a constant parameter. Define R as R=c ln(K/δ). Then the values added to p(i), before the final normalization, are

While the ideal soliton distribution has a mode (or spike) at 2, the effect of the extra component in the robust distribution is to add an additional spike at the value K/R.

See also
Luby transform code

References

Discrete distributions
Coding theory


Superintendent was the elected head of each Provincial Council in New Zealand from 1853 to 1876.

History

Provinces existed in New Zealand from 1841 until 1876 as a form of sub-national government. After the initial provinces pre-1853, new provinces were formed by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. This Act established the first six provinces of Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago. Other provinces were established later. Each province elected its own legislature known as a Provincial Council, and elected a Superintendent who was not a member of the council. The elections for council and superintendent were not necessarily held at the same time.

Following abolition, the provinces became known as provincial districts. Their only visible function today is their use to determine, with the exception of the Chatham Islands, Northland, and South Canterbury, the geographical boundaries for anniversary day public holidays.

Role of superintendents
The provincial councils and the House of Representatives were "locked into a battle of supremacy that would last for 20 years." The 1852 constitution defined thirteen areas where law making was reserved for the House of Representatives: customs, post-office, shipping dues, lighthouses, weights and measures, currency, bankruptcy, judiciary, marriage, Crown lands and native land (i.e. lands held by Māori), criminal law, and inheritance law. For a variety of reasons, the provincial councils were more effective than the national Parliament. Initially, this was partially because Parliament was made up of strong personalities with strong and differing regional interests, who had no prior experience of acting for the greater good of the country as a whole. Consequently, the role of a provincial Superintendent was more highly regarded than those of Members of Parliament.

The constitution had given the Governor substantial powers over the provincial councils, but many anomalies resulted in an increase in the power of the Superintendents. The Governor could dissolve the provincial council at any time, veto its enactments, or remove the Superintendent from office if voted by the majority of provincial councillors or disallow the Superintendent's elections (the latter two both within three month of the Superintendent's election). However, only Superintendents had the power to convene a provincial council, and by simply delaying the first meeting beyond the three months threshold, much of the power of the Governor was negated. So in practice, Superintendents were more powerful than had been anticipated by the constitution.

Another practicality was that Parliament had long breaks between sessions due to the difficulty of travel at the time. In one instance, the Wellington Provincial Council passed an act that empowered itself to raise a £25,000 loan. By the time Parliament next convened and repealed the act, the loan had already been effected and could not be undone.

Hence, the role of the Superintendents went much beyond the act of presiding over a provincial council. The post came with a lot of honour and responsibility.

Elections of superintendents
To be eligible to vote in the provincial (or national) elections, voters had to be male owners of property valued at £50, or leasehold valued at £10. The election for Superintendent, to be held every four years, was a major event in the provinces for weeks and months leading up to it. It was such an exciting event that even the children of that time could remember it later in their adult lives.

It was not uncommon that newspapers would be founded with the purpose of supporting a candidate and attacking the opponent. The Press, for example, these days the largest newspaper in the South Island, was founded by James FitzGerald (1st Superintendent of Canterbury) to oppose the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel proposal by his opponent William Sefton Moorhouse (2nd Superintendent of Canterbury). Moorhouse had tried to use the Lyttelton Times for this purpose, a newspaper that he was the first editor of in 1851 but no longer had control over, but that newspaper backed the Moorhouse tunnel.

The electors' excitement stemmed from the fact that the outcome of an election might significantly impact on their district; where one candidate might have promised a school, roads and bridges, another candidate might not deliver the same for their locality.

Amongst other things, taxation, education, charitable aid and temperance were important issues back then. Initially, an open voting system was used, where those enrolled would tell the electoral officer their choice of candidate, who would note this on the electoral role. All of this was reasonably public, and unofficial tallies of the count would circulate. These tallies may well have been adjusted to suit a particular outcome. For example, where more than two candidates stood for election, a preferred candidate might be shown as so far behind that the remaining voters may be encouraged to vote for another candidate, in order to prevent the unwanted rival from gaining office. These unofficial tallies were still circulated after voting at the ballot box had been introduced.

Drunkenness, fighting and the throwing of flour bags and rotten eggs on election day were common.

List of superintendents
From 1853 to 1876, New Zealand had 41 superintendents across its ten provinces.

Auckland Province
The Auckland Province had nine superintendents:

 1853 Robert Henry Wynyard
 1855 William Brown
 1855 Logan Campbell
 1856 John Williamson (1st time)
 1862 Robert Graham
 1865 Frederick Whitaker
 1867 John Williamson (2nd time)
 1869 Thomas Bannatyne Gillies
 1873 John Williamson (3rd time)
 1875 George O'Rorke
 1875 Sir George Grey

Canterbury Province
The Canterbury Province had four superintendents:

 20 Jul 1853 - Oct 1857 James FitzGerald
 24 Oct 1857 - Feb 1863 William Sefton Moorhouse (1st time)
 Mar 1863 - May 1866 Samuel Bealey
 30 May 1866 - May 1868 William Sefton Moorhouse (2nd time)
 22 May 1868 – 1 Jan 1877 William Rolleston

Hawke's Bay Province
The Hawke's Bay Province had four superintendents:

 23 Apr 1859 - Mar 1861 Thomas Henry Fitzgerald
 8 Apr 1861 – 5 Dec 1862 John Chilton Lambton Carter
 26 Feb 1863 – 23 Sep 1869 Donald McLean
 24 Sep 1869 – 1 Jan 1877 John Davies Ormond

Marlborough Province
The Marlborough Province had five superintendents:

 1860 William Adams
 1861 Captain Baillie
 1863 Thomas Carter
 1864 Arthur Seymour (1st time)
 1865 William Henry Eyes
 1870 Arthur Seymour (2nd time)

Nelson Province
The Nelson Province had four superintendents:

 1853 Edward Stafford
 1856 John Perry Robinson
 1865 Alfred Saunders
 1867 Oswald Curtis

Otago Province
The Otago Province had five superintendents:

 1853 William Cargill
 1860 James Macandrew (1st time)
 1861 John Richardson
 1863 John Hyde Harris
 1865 Thomas Dick
 1867 James Macandrew (2nd time)

Southland Province
The Southland Province had three superintendents:

 1861 James Alexander Robertson Menzies
 1865 John Parkin Taylor
 1869 William Wood

Taranaki Province
The Taranaki Province (initially called the New Plymouth Province) had four superintendents:

 1853-1857 Charles Brown (1st time)
 1857-1861 George Cutfield
 1861-1865 Charles Brown (2nd time)
 1865-1869 Henry Richmond
 1869-1876 Frederic Carrington

Wellington Province
The Wellington Province had two superintendents:

 2 July 1853 – 14 March 1870 Isaac Featherston
 28 April 1871 – 1 January 1877 William Fitzherbert

Westland Province
The Westland Province had one superintendent:

 1874 James Bonar

References

Provinces of New Zealand


Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 (, meaning Bright Star-2 or Lode Star-2) was a satellite launched by North Korea on April 5, 2009.

Prior to the launch, concern was raised by other nations, particularly the United States, South Korea and Japan, that the launch would test technology that could be used in the future to launch an intercontinental ballistic missile. The launch of the rocket was sharply condemned by the United States and the European Union, while the People's Republic of China and Russia urged restraint. On April 13, 2009, the United Nations Security Council issued a Presidential Statement condemning the launch as a violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 (2006). One day after, on April 14, 2009, North Korea called the Presidential Statement an infringement on a country's right for space exploration embodied in the Outer Space Treaty and withdrew from Six Party Talks.

Etymology
The name "Kwangmyŏngsŏng" is in reference to a lodestar. According to some, it is richly symbolic for North Korean nationalism and the Kim family cult. Even though the late North Korean leader Kim Jong-il was born in the village of Vyatskoye near Khabarovsk in the Russian Far East, DPRK sources claim Kim was born on Mount Paektu, and on that day a bright lode star (kwangmyŏngsŏng) appeared in the sky, so everyone knew a new general had been born.

Pre-launch announcement

The launch was first publicly announced on February 24, 2009, when the Korean Central News Agency reported that they had been informed by the Korean Committee of Space Technology that preparations for a satellite launch were underway, and that the satellite would be launched from Musudan-ri in Hwadae. At about the same time, Kim Jong-il visited the province where the launch site is located, as he had immediately prior to the previous launch on July 4, 2006. In addition, on February 26, 2009, KCNA revealed that the KCST had a long-term plan of putting various types of satellites into orbit.

International response to the announcement
Prior to the official announcement that the launch would be of a satellite-carrying rocket, it was reported that North Korea was preparing to test a missile in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718. Following the announcement that it was a satellite launch attempt, the US government stated that it would consider intercepting the rocket if it did not appear to be an orbital launch, while Japan ordered the JSDF, on March 26, to intercept debris of the rocket in case the firing failed and fell in Japanese territory or territorial waters.
 North Korea responded that it would consider any attempt to intercept the launch to be an act of war, the spokesman of the DPRK force said "We will launch thunder and fire not only to projected JSDF interception forces but to important areas of Japan." South Korea, Japan, and the United States deployed their Aegis destroyers and cruisers in the Sea of Japan, destroyers which are equipped with BMD SM-3 missiles. Japan also moved its PAC-3 Patriot ground-based interceptor missiles to bases in Akita and Iwate. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates said the U.S. didn't plan to intercept the launching or to shoot down the rocket in flight. Japan deployed their Aegis destroyers to the Sea of Japan, with an order to prepare to shoot down any debris that could fall on Japanese territory. South Korea also dispatched an Aegis-equipped destroyer off the east coast.

NOTAM
On March 12 North Korea announced that it had signed the Outer Space Treaty and the Registration Convention. It also informed the ICAO and IMO that it would conduct a satellite launch between April 4 and 8, during a launch window running from 02:00 to 07:00 UTC. It reported that the rocket's first stage was planned to fall about  east-north-east of South Korea's Donghae, the second stage would fall about  downrange, and the third stage would enter low Earth orbit with the satellite. The ICAO map showed danger zone one extending between longitudes 135 and 138 at latitude 40 North, and zone two between longitudes 164 and 172 at latitudes 29 to 34 North. North Korea designated the waters off Japan's Akita and Iwate prefectures as a risk zone for falling debris.

In addition, the SLV will be launched eastward at an angle of 90.5 degrees, meaning it will have a 0.5-degree westward tilt resulting in a longer flight path over Japan, thus avoiding the re-entry of the second stage into the Pacific Ocean off of Hawaii, in order to prevent further criticism from the US but at an increased escalation risk with Japan.

According to North Korean meteorological forecast, the launch site is expected to have either snow or rain in the afternoon on April 4, cloudy skies on April 5 and clear skies from April 6 to 10, as pictures of the assembled launch vehicle were publicly disclosed revealing a quite short third stage with a fairly large nosecone fairing, and a first stage taking up about two-thirds of the launcher. The long first stage has a clearly larger diameter than the shorter second stage. Fueling process was reported to have started on April 2, 2009. On April 4, 2009, KCNA reported that the KCST had completed all the preparations for launch and that lift-off would be imminent. KCST indicated that the weather was the most important factor determining the success of the satellite launch, and terrestrial wind speed should be less than . Korean weather forecast predicted that Saturday would be cloudy, with winds between , and Sunday would be very cloudy and windy early on, with clouds and wind starting to die down somewhat in the afternoon. Wind speed would settle to around  on Monday and there would be clear weather on Tuesday.

The Japanese government mistakenly announced that the KSCT fired a rocket on April 4, 2009, at about 12 pm. Tokyo time, sending nationwide emergency warnings, only to be retracted less than five minutes later, and announced the error was originated from the JSDF FPS-5 radar's faulty detection.

On April 5, 2009, North Korea announced that the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 satellite had been officially launched at 11:30:15 (0230 GMT plus 15 seconds); officials in South Korea, Russia and the United States reported that the rocket and its payload had fallen into the Pacific Ocean without having achieved orbit.

Launch details

The launch proceeded in relatively clear weather conditions. The launch pad was at the Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground, in the North Korean province of North Hamgyong, near the northern tip of the East Korea Bay. The rocket flew over the Japanese islands, by when it was in outer space at an altitude of over 300 km. North Korea stated the first stage of the rocket would fall in the sea  west of Japan, and the second stage would fall into the Pacific Ocean. Japanese authorities stated no reports of damage or injury in Japan as a result of the launch, and that the rocket's first stage "landed in the water as had been expected". According to the United States Northern Command, the remaining stages along with the payload itself landed in the Pacific Ocean. Officials and analysts in Seoul said the rocket flew at least , doubling the range of the one that carried Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1 in 1998. Later analysis suggested the rocket impacted  from the launch site, and that second stage operated normally but the rocket's third stage failed to separate properly.

The satellite
Pyongyang claimed that Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 was an experimental communications satellite as part of a peaceful space project.

According to state news agency KCNA, which claimed the launch was successful, the satellite's orbital parameters consist of a  perigee and  apogee, with an orbital period of 104 minutes and 12 seconds and an orbital inclination of 40.6 degrees. The satellite was said to have entered orbit nine minutes and two seconds after launch and began transmitting data and the "Song of General Kim Il-sung" and "Song of General Kim Jong-il" on a frequency of 470 MHz. However, similar claims were made in 1998 for Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, whose launch attempt is believed to have failed.

According to The Christian Science Monitor, South Korean experts asserted that the satellite was a dummy. Myung Noh-hoon, director of the Space Research Centre at KAIST was quoted as saying "They cannot have been shooting a real satellite. They did not build a satellite." However, in a conflicting statement, an unnamed South Korean official announced that the rocket appeared to have carried a satellite. A senior Russian military source on Monday confirmed U.S and South Korean reports that North Korea failed to place a satellite in orbit saying "Our space monitoring system did not establish the placing into orbit of the North Korean satellite. According to our information, it's just not there".

Accidents during the preparation of launch
On March 3, 2015, it was reported by KCNA and subsequently repeated by Chinese media, e.g. Sina, that Kim Jong-un had visited Unit 447 of the Korean People's Army's Air and Anti-Air Force and planted trees with fighter pilots of the unit in recognition of fourteen pilots, who lost their lives during the launch of Kwangmyongsong-2. Kim Jong Un subsequently visited a monument erected to the memory of the fighters to recognize the heroic feats performed by the 14 fighter pilots in the operation to ensure the successful launch of the satellite. It was also reported that Kim Jong-un had accompanied the then leader Kim Jong-il in 2009 to observe the launch.

North Korean reaction and internal celebrations

A mass rally by thousands of North Koreans took place in Kim Il-sung Square, Pyongyang to celebrate the launch of the satellite.

In August 2009, postage stamps commemorating the launch were brought into circulation. The souvenir sheet says "Launch of Artificial Satellite 'Kwangmyongsong No. 2' in the DPRK".

International response to the launch

Members of the six-party talks

 Korea – Foreign Minister Yu Myung-hwan stated that "The North's launch is a provocative act that clearly violates United Nations Security Council [Resolution] 1718 that regardless of the North's claims threatens peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia."
 Japan – Prime Minister Tarō Asō stated that "the fact that North Korea went ahead with the launch despite repeated warnings from around the world, especially the United States, South Korea and Japan, was an extremely provocative act and one that Japan cannot let go unchallenged. So, cooperating with the international community, we want to respond (considering that) it was clearly a violation of the U.N. resolutions."
 China – Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu stated "We hope related parties stay calm and exercise restraint, appropriately deal with it and together maintain peace and stability in this region. The Chinese side is willing to continue to play a constructive role."
 Russia – A Foreign Ministry spokesman said, "We are checking whether this (launch) is not a violation of certain resolutions of the U.N. Security Council and call on all sides to refrain from actions that could lead to escalation of tensions on the Korean peninsula."
 United States – President Barack Obama stated "North Korea's development and proliferation of ballistic missile technology pose a threat to the northeast Asian region and to international peace and security. With this provocative act, North Korea has ignored its international obligations, rejected unequivocal calls for restraint, and further isolated itself from the community of nations." Barack Obama gave a speech in Prague about the missile launch. Obama stated that "North Korea...has broke the rules...once again...by testing a rocket that could be used for long range missiles. Rules must be binding. Violations must be punished. Words must mean something. The world must stand together to prevent the spread to these weapons. It is time for an international response to prevent the spread of these weapons."

International organisations
 European Union – The EU called on North Korea to suspend its nuclear activities related to the ballistic missile programme and all other nuclear weapons in a "complete, verifiable and irreversible manner."
 NATO – Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer condemned the launch, calling it "highly provocative, and in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718 barring North Korea from developing ballistic missile capability or launching ballistic missiles". He commented that the launch would deepen concern about North Korea in the region and beyond, complicate the 6-party talks and called on North Korea to cease such provocative actions.
 United Nations – Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that "Given the volatility in the region ... such a launch is not conducive to efforts to promote dialogue, regional peace and stability. The Secretary-General urges (North Korea) to comply with relevant Security Council resolutions." Members of the Security Council voted unanimously on April 13, 2009 for a Presidential Statement that condemned the rocket launch, which it described as "in contravention" to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718, and demanded North Korea make no more launches. It also allowed for an "adjustment" of sanctions and set up a committee to make recommendation on such an adjustment by April 24. The statement of was a compromise reached after the five permanent members of the Security Council and Japan failed to agree on a resolution with new sanctions.

Other countries
 Australia – Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd called the North Korean launch "provocative" and "reckless". "We urge the council to immediately consider further action," he said in a statement.
 Canada – Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lawrence Cannon stated that "Canada is very concerned by North Korea's decision to launch a long-range rocket. This ill-advised action undermines confidence in North Korea's commitment to peace and security. Canada calls upon North Korea to comply fully with the requirements of UNSCR 1718 and suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile program."
 France – President Nicolas Sarkozy said that North Korea had placed itself "outside international law", calling for further enforcement of sanctions by the international community to "punish the regime."
 India – A spokesman from the External Affairs Ministry described the launch as having a "destabilising effect" in the "volatile region" and hoped that the response would be "restrained and proportionate". Any decision should be taken by the UN.
 Indonesia – Foreign Ministry spokesman Teuku Faizasyah was concerned over the launch, adding that it has "increased the risk of tension although it still has to be verified whether it was a satellite or a missile. Our main concern is North Korea's launch has gone against the nuclear disarmament spirit in East Asia." He also stated that suspicions would continue until the relevant parties meet and negotiate.
 New Zealand – Foreign Minister Murray McCully said the test was "reckless" and did not help peace and stability in the region. McCully also stated that it was a "backwards step" for North Korea, and urged the country to focus on meeting the agreements made during the six-party talks as it was in its interests to do so.
 Singapore – A statement issued by the Foreign Ministry stated it was "deeply concerned" at the launch, and urged all parties to exercise restraint and reduce tensions through dialogue.
 Switzerland – The Swiss Foreign Ministry condemned the incident, saying that it violated United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718, but also called for "all parties to refrain from any action that could aggravate the situation" and for "dialogue and moderation to be given priority".
 United Kingdom – The UK's Foreign Secretary David Miliband said that he strongly condemned North Korea's launch of a rocket and urged it to "cease immediately all further missile-related activity."
 Venezuela – Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said in an interview in Tokyo that due to the "lack of information, and contradictory information ... I prefer to have a great deal of prudence as the Russian government has said".

North Korean response to criticism

Shortly after members of the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the rocket launch, North Korea responded in a statement released by its foreign ministry on April 14, 2009 that the UN action was an "unbearable insult", and the UN statement infringed its sovereignty and "severely debases" its people. It also decided to quit the six-party talks, saying "There is no need for the six-party talks any more. We will never again take part in such talks and will not be bound by any agreement reached at the talks." The statement added that North Korea intended to "bolster its nuclear deterrent for self-defence in every way" and that it would restart the Yongbyon reactor. North Korea partially dismantled the reactor in 2008 as part of an international agreement in return for foreign aid and diplomatic concessions. On April 18, Pyongyang unexpectedly announced that it would interpret sanctions and criticism levelled after the launch as "a declaration of war" and reasserted the North Korean military's willingness to defend against "aggression" from South Korea and the United States. On April 29, it further demanded "apology" from the U.N. Security Council and threatened with more nuclear tests and intercontinental ballistic missile tests. On 25 May, North Korea claimed that it had conducted a second nuclear test.

The International Atomic Energy Agency said on April 14 that North Korea informed its inspectors of immediate cessation of all cooperation with the IAEA and instructed them to leave the country.

Reactions by members of the six-party talks
 Japan – Kyodo News Agency reported that Japan urged North Korea to return to the six-party talks.
 China – A spokesman for the Foreign Ministry was quoted as saying, "The Chinese side hopes all sides will continue to advance and push forward the six-party talks and the denuclearisation of the Korean peninsula." The Foreign Ministry issued a statement on April 14 urging all parties to "exert calmness and restraint, jointly maintain peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula and Northeast Asia, and make concerted efforts to consistently facilitate the six-party talks and denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula".
 Russia – Russia expressed its "regret" at North Korea's actions and also "call[ed] on North Korea to return to the negotiating table in the interests of denuclearising the Korean peninsula". Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said that Russia "hopes for resuming the six-party talks on the North Korean nuclear problem soon", according to ITAR-TASS.
 United States – Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called North Korea's decision to stop cooperating with the atomic energy panel "an unnecessary response to the legitimate statement put out of concern by the Security Council." White House spokesman Robert Gibbs called North Korea's "announced threat to withdraw from the six-party talks and restart its nuclear program ... a serious step in the wrong direction".

See also

 Kwangmyŏngsŏng program
 Korean People's Army Strategic Force
 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

References

External links

2009 in North Korea
Space program of North Korea
Spacecraft launched in 2009
Satellite launch failures


Sean Singer (born 1974 in Guadalajara, Mexico) is an American poet.
His book  Discography won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition and the Norma Farber First Book Award in 2001. His second book Honey & Smoke was published by Eyewear Publishing in 2015. His third book, Today in the Taxi, will be published by Tupelo Press in 2022.

Life
He graduated from Indiana University, and from Washington University in St. Louis. He lives in New York City. He maintains a daily newsletter on thinking through poetry called The Sharpener.

Published works

 Honey & smoke  London : Eyewear Publishing Ltd, 2015. ,

References

External links
 Sean Singer, Interview, GenJ
 Official website

Living people
American male poets
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Writers from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Indiana University alumni
Binghamton University faculty
Hunter College faculty
William Paterson University faculty
Northern Arizona University faculty
Barnard College faculty
1974 births
Yale Younger Poets winners
21st-century American poets
21st-century American male writers


Wilson Tower is a skyscraper in Asuncion, Paraguay. With , it is currently the second tallest building in Paraguay. It is surpassed by  and four stories by the Icono Tower, also in Asuncion.

References

Skyscrapers in Asunción
Buildings and structures completed in 1993
1993 establishments in Paraguay


Bek or Bak (Egyptian for "Servant") was the first chief royal sculptor during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten. His father Men held the same position under Akhenaten's father Amenhotep III; his mother Roi was a woman from Heliopolis.

Bek grew up in Heliopolis, an important cult centre of the sun god Ra. The young prince Amenhotep (who became the pharaoh Akhenaten) had a palace here, and it is likely that his religious views were formed in part by the Heliopolitan teachings. Bek followed his lord to Akhet-Aten, the city founded by Akhenaten. He oversaw the construction of the great temple statues of the king and the opening of the Aswan and Gebel es-Silsila stone quarries, from where the stone was transported.

A stela found in Aswan, made around the 9th regnal year of Akhenaten shows Men and his son Bek with the pharaohs they serve. On the right side Men stands before the statue of Amenhotep III. The statue is very likely to be one of the colossi of the pharaoh that was made by Men. This side of the stela reflects the traditional artistic style of the 18th Dynasty, and the only indication of the Amarna Period is that the name "Amenhotep" is left out, instead of it the pharaoh's throne name "Nebmaatre" is repeated, in order to avoid having to mention the god Amun whose cult was forbidden. On the left side of the stela Bek is shown before Akhenaten, who makes offerings to his god Aten; according to the inscription the depicted scene is set in the Great Temple of the Aten. A typical feature of Amarna era pictures, the rays of Aten end in hands. Aten's and Akhenaten's name was later chiseled out.

On the stela Bek states that he is "the apprentice whom His Majesty taught". It is likely that he oversaw the making of the statues which show Akhenaten and his family in an overly naturalistic style, breaking with the idealised depiction that tradition demanded.

A stela (now in Berlin) shows Bek with his wife Taheret. This is possibly the first self-portrait in history. The inscription of this stela also mentions him being taught by Akhenaten. A drawing of Akhenaten, which depicts the pharaoh and Aten and is likely to have been made in the early years of his reign, is possibly Bek's work. This picture shows Aten with a falcon-headed man, which was an attribute of Ra.

Some other sculptors of the Amarna Period are also known by name, including Thutmose and Yuti, sculptor of Queen Tiye.

Sources

External links
 Information and images

Ancient Egyptian sculptors
People of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
14th-century BC Egyptian people


The hexynes are a subgroup from the group of alkynes. It consists of several isomeric compounds having the formula C6H10.

The linear and branched members are:
 1-Hexyne (n-butylacetylene)
 2-Hexyne (methylpropylacetylene)
 3-Hexyne (diethylacetylene)
 3-methylpent-1-yne
 4-methylpent-1-yne
 4-methylpent-2-yne
 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yne

Alkynes


Coulterville Precinct is located in Randolph County, Illinois, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,418.

Geography
Coulterville Precinct covers an area of .

References

Precincts in Randolph County, Illinois


Girangaon (literally "mill village") was a name of an area now part of central Mumbai, India, which at one time had almost 130 textile mills, with the majority being cotton mills. The mills of Girangaon contributed significantly to the prosperity and growth of Mumbai during the later nineteenth century and for the transformation of Mumbai into a major industrial metropolis. Girangaon covered an area of , not including the workers' housing. The mill workers lived in a community, and they fostered a unique culture which shaped Mumbai at the turn of the twentieth century. This textile industry flourished until the early 2000s after which most of the mills were shut down, as the owners deemed them unprofitable and declared they were incapable of paying their workers' wages.

Origins

The Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company was the first cotton mill to be set up in Tardeo, Mumbai, in 1856. A boom in the textile industry followed, with 10 cotton mills set up in Mumbai by 1865, employing over 6,500 workers. A gradual increase led to a total of 136 mills being set up by 1900. The textile industry was offered added government incentives in the form of long-term leases (some of 999 years), as mills stimulated the economic growth and employment.

These mills were owned by former traders like the Tatas, Petits, Wadias, Currimbhoys, Thakerseys, Sassoons, Khataus, Goculdas, Cottons, and Greaves. Most of the mill workers came from areas around Mumbai - Kolis were particularly represented. The mill owners housed their workers in chawls built in the areas of Tardeo, Byculla, Mazgaon, Reay Road, Lalbaug, Parel, Naigaum, Sewri, Worli and Prabhadevi. These areas gradually came to be known collectively as Girangaon (literally "the village of mills").

Life in Girangaon

Both men and women worked in the mills. They would start working there at a young age (some as young as 16), and worked 12 hours a day (from sunrise to sunset) until the passing of the Factories Act of 1847 restricted the working day to 10 hours. When the Great Bombay Textile Strike was declared in 1982 by Datta Samant, there were an estimated 240,000 workers in Girangaon.

90% of the population who worked at the mills lived within a 15-minute walking distance of them. Most of the buildings were chawls; a survey conducted in Parel in 1921 determined that 27% of the population in Parel lived in rooms with six or more people. These chawls were built by both the government and the mill owners, but neither paid much attention to the quality of the housing. In 1929, one chawl in Dadar was described as being a "dark, unwholesome den into which the light of day does not penetrate and which of necessity breeds disease and pestilence." Often the rooms did not have adequate ventilation, and the lack of lavatory and washing facilities distressed the women in particular. The windows were kept closed to keep out the stench of the gutters and to keep dirty water from flowing into the house during the monsoon season.

Due to this overcrowding, the distinction between home and street was blurred; Girangaon residents spent more of their time on the street than in the home. There was great participation in communal festivals like Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi and Gokulashtami. Local shop keepers and mill owners were often coerced into contributing to such festivals, and adjoining localities competed with each other in the grandness of their contributions. The local liquor shop or gymnasium was a common meeting place. The workers of Girangaon patronized arts like poetry, theatre and dance (tamasha). Several notable actors first found fame here.

Peak and decline
At their peak in 1980, the mills employed 300,000 workers. Indian cinema of the 1980s and 1990s frequently drew themes from the life of the mill workers. However, the mills were permanently closed after the Great Bombay Textile Strike of 1982, which went on for 18 months at many mills and triggered the end of the struggling industry, with most of the mills being shut down after the strike. By 2007, only 25,000 people worked in the few remaining mills.

Redevelopment

In recent years, the mills have been extensively redeveloped, many becoming malls and discothèques. The Kohinoor Mills in Dadar were bought for  by Matoshree Realtors and Kohinoor Consolidated Transport Network Ltd., companies which were floated by Raj Thackeray and Manohar Joshi respectively. Phoenix mills, Parel was converted into a "luxury mall".

In 2005, the government-owned National Textile Corporation auctioned five mills, covering 600 acres, for . In February 2009, the NTC decided to auction another nine mills, covering an area of 90 acres, for about . The Shrinivas Mills of Lalbaug, covering 16 acres, are being redeveloped into World One – Asia's tallest residential building.

Conservation
There are conservation efforts underway to preserve the old mills as museums. Such a museum was opened at the United Mills in Lalbaug. A popular play, Cotten 54, Polyester 64, has been written, based on Neera Adarkar and Meena Menon's book, One hundred years, One hundred voices. The Millworkers of Girangaon: An Oral History. A festival was organized by an NGO Pukar to celebrate the culture and people of Girangaon in November 2008. Seven mill structures were granted heritage protection status by the Government of Maharashtra.

In popular culture
The 2010 film City of Gold, directed by Mahesh Manjrekar, explores the lives of jobless Girangaon mill workers in the 1980s.

See also

 Redevelopment of Mumbai mills
 History of Mumbai

References

Bibliography

External links
 The Mumbai mill workers website
 NDTV news segment on Girangaon

Culture of Mumbai
History of Mumbai
History of the textile industry


The Rotax 277 is a , single-cylinder, two-stroke aircraft engine, that was built by BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co. KG of Austria for use in ultralight aircraft.

Development

The Rotax 277 features a single piston ported, air-cooled cylinder head and cylinder, utilizing either a fan or free air for cooling. Lubrication is pre-mixed fuel and oil. The 277 has a single Bosch flywheel magneto generator 12 volt ignition system and is equipped with a 36 mm Bing double float carburetor, with either a hand lever or cable choke.

The Rotax 277 is no longer in production.

Applications

Specifications (277)

See also

References

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
Rotax engines
Two-stroke aircraft piston engines


Katanning was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1904 to 1989.

The district centred on the town of Katanning in the southern part of the state. The seat was a conservative electorate; it was never won by the Labor Party.

The district was known as Katanning-Roe from 1983, before it was finally abolished in 1989.

Members

Election results

Katanning


Alastair McDonald (born 28 October 1941) is a Scottish banjo-playing folk and jazz musician.

McDonald has mainly recorded songs written by other songwriters, such as Robert Burns and Jim MacLean, but has also written songs himself (Culloden's Harvest, The Village Green at Gretna), and reworked traditional songs (The Bell Rock Light, Mingulay Boat Song). He has toured the United States (every state except Hawaii and Alaska), Canada, Israel, Denmark, and Thailand. Much of his work in recent years has been political songs, usually socialist and/or republican, such as his tribute song to John MacLean and The Wee German Lairdie. He supports Scottish independence. He is also seen regularly performing the honky tonk.

McDonald lives in Netherlee, East Renfrewshire.

Discography
Scotland First (1970) Nevis (NEV LP108)
Scottish Battle Ballads (1973)
Scotland In Song Alastair McDonald and Leo Maguire (1993)
Bonnie Prince Charlie with Leo Maguire (2003)
Songs of Scotland (2012)

References

External links
 Profile at Corban Recordings

1941 births
Living people
Scottish banjoists
Scottish folk musicians
Scottish folk singers


The Riverside Concrete Company-Lamont's Market is a historic market building at 2 Charles Street in Newton, Massachusetts.  Built in 1910, it is a rare example of concrete block construction, manufactured by its first owner, the Riverside Concrete Company.  The market served the neighborhood, as well as visitors to the nearby Norumbega amusement park.  The second-floor apartment was added in 1928.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.  It presently houses residences.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Commercial buildings completed in 1910
Buildings and structures in Newton, Massachusetts
Retail buildings in Massachusetts
1910 establishments in Massachusetts


Seven, Come Eleven is a live album by jazz guitarists Herb Ellis and Joe Pass that was released in 1974.

Reception

In his Allmusic review, critic Scott Yanow wrote "Although Pass would soon be recognized as a giant, Ellis battles him to a draw on this frequently exciting bop-oriented date..."

Track listing
 "In a Mellow Tone" (Duke Ellington, Milt Gabler) – 7:32
 "Seven Come Eleven" (Charlie Christian, Benny Goodman) – 5:09
 "Prelude to a Kiss" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills, Mack Gordon) – 5:34
 "Perdido" (Juan Tizol, Ervin Drake, H. J. Lengsfelder) – 4:51
 "(I'm) Confessin' (That I Love You)" (Doc Daugherty, Al Neiburg, Ellis Reynolds) – 5:12
 "Easy Living" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) – 4:32
 "Concord Blues" (Herb Ellis, Joe Pass) – 8:49

Personnel
 Herb Ellis – guitar
 Joe Pass  – guitar
 Ray Brown – bass
 Jake Hanna – drums

References

External links
Concord Records entry

Herb Ellis live albums
Joe Pass live albums
1973 live albums
albums produced by Carl Jefferson
Concord Records live albums


The Saco–Pettee Machine Shops is a historic factory complex at 156 Oak Street in the Newton Upper Falls area of  Newton, Massachusetts.  Although the area has an industrial history dating to the early 19th century, the oldest buildings in  this complex, consisting of about thirteen brick buildings, were built in 1892.  The property, a major economic force in the development of Newton Upper Falls, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.  It was home to Clark's N.A., the North American home base to Clark's Shoes, makers of fine footwear, until they relocated to Waltham Ma. in October 2016.

Description and history
The Saco–Pettee Machine Shops are located at the northwest corner of Oak and Needham Streets, just north of a bend in the Charles River. It consists of a cluster of interconnected brick buildings, one to three stories in height, most of which date to the turn of the 20th century. All are built out of red brick, and most were designed by Lockwood, Green & Co. of Boston, giving them a consistent appearance. Although the site has been used since the 1830s for industrial purposes, nothing is known to survive from that period.

Otis Pettee began manufacturing equipment for the processing of cotton in the 1823, at first for a mill located downstream on the Charles. In 1830 he established his own shop on this site, and began a profitable textile equipment processing manufacturer that supplied mills from New England to Mexico. The business was continued by two generations of descendants, incorporating as the Pettee Machine Shop in 1880. The oldest surviving building of this complex was built in 1893, when the business began specializing in the production of punched cards for controlling looms. In 1897 Pettee merged with the Saco Water Power Shop, expanding its product line to include virtually all mill equipment except looms. The next major period of expansion was 1910–1913, highlighted by the company's acquisition of Lowell Machine Shops in 1912. Business declined in the 1920s, and the company closed its Newton operation in 1932, consolidating operations at Saco, Maine.

See also
 Saco-Lowell Shops Housing Historic District
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Newton, Massachusetts
Industrial buildings completed in 1893


The Saco–Lowell Shops Housing Historic District encompasses the only 20th-century factory working housing enclave in the city of Newton, Massachusetts.  It is located in Newton Upper Falls, near the Saco–Pettee Machine Shops, and was developed to provide housing for employees of the machinery manufacturers located there.   It is roughly bounded by Oak, Williams, Butts, and Saco Streets, and includes eight small-scale brick houses with vernacular Colonial Revival styling.  These houses were built in 1919 and 1920, adjoining a small number of worker houses built in the early 1890s.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Description and history
The Saco–Pettee Machine Shops complex is located on the north side of Oak Street in Newton Upper Falls.  This industrial complex was founded in 1830, and was by the late 19th century the city's largest employer, producing equipment for use in textile mills.  As part of a reform movement to improve the conditions of factory movements, the company decided to build a small subdivision of worker housing units across Oak Street from the factory.  A plan was drafted in 1919 for eight houses to be constructed within the existing cluster of houses located on Williams, Butts, and Saco Streets.  The houses on these streets had been built primarily in the 1890s by others, and are vernacular wood-frame houses.

The houses built by the company are one and two-family brick structures, with variants of then-popular Colonial Revival styling.  The house at 41 Butts Street is a fairly typical single-family residence, two stories in height, with a saltbox profile.  Five other houses in the district are similar, varying principally in their roof line.  The houses at 4-6 Saco Street and 135-139 Oak Street were designed as multi-family residences, with gable sections set at right angles, and a more distinctly Greek Revival style to their trim.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Historic districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts


The Jonas Salisbury House is a historic house at 62 Walnut Park in Newton, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house was built about 1847, and was one of four temple-front mansions built in the Newton Corner area.  Of these, it is the only one still standing.  It has typical hallmarks of the Greek Revival style, with flushboarded facade, corner pilasters, and an entrance flanked by pilasters and set under a pediment.  The property also includes a period carriage house.  Jonas Salisbury was a significant property owner in Newton.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also
 Jonas Salisbury House (85 Langley Road), a house owned by Salisbury
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1847
1847 establishments in Massachusetts
Greek Revival architecture in Massachusetts


The Arboretum de Bains-les-Bains (2 hectares) is a historic arboretum located along the Canal de l'Est in the Parc de la Manufacture Royale de Fer blanc (established 1733), Bains-les-Bains, Vosges, Grand Est, France.

The arboretum is over 250 years old, and contains remarkable specimens of Castanea sativa, the rare Fagus sylvatica 'Tortuosa', Ginkgo biloba, Lawson cypress, and Sciadopitys verticillata, as well as American oak, cedar, Magnolia stellata, and Rhododendron ponticum. This site was also the location of Julie-Victoire Daubié's herbarium.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References
 La Manufacture Royale de Bains-les-Bains
 L'Echo des Chênaies entry (French)
 Vosges Itinerances entry (French)
 Les Jardins de France entry (French)
 Canal Chateaux description

Bains-les-Bains, Arboretum de
Bains-les-Bains, Arboretum de


Gordon Taylor Logan (born 3 October 1949) is a Scottish former footballer who played at right-back for Port Vale, Kettering Town and Bo'ness United. He helped Port Vale to win promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1969–70. His father was footballer Rennie Logan and his son, Grant Logan, played lawn bowls.

Career
The son of former Hibernian and Falkirk footballer Rennie Logan, Logan attended Broxburn High School, played for Tynecastle Athletic and captained the county schools team to the final of the Scottish Schools' Cup. At the age of 16, he was signed to the Port Vale junior team by manager Stanley Matthews in June 1966. He captained the "Valiants" reserve team and played in the team that reached the FA Youth Cup quarter finals. He also won three caps for Scotland youth. He signed professional forms with the club in March 1967. He played seven Fourth Division games towards the end of the 1966–67 season. He played 17 matches in the 1967–68 campaign, though Matthews came into trouble when it was revealed that Logan had been paid illegal bonuses. He featured just four times in the 1968–69 season, as he fell out of favour under new boss Gordon Lee. Logan played nine league and five FA Cup games in the 1969–70 promotion campaign, and scored his first senior goal on 13 September, in a 3–2 win over Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park. He was given a free transfer to Southern League side Kettering Town in May 1970. He then returned to Scotland to become a police officer in the summer of 1971 and also signed for SJFA side Bo'ness United, featuring regularly at right-back for a team that reached the finals of the Brown Cup & R L Rae Cup that season.

Family
His father, Rennie Logan, and his son, Grant Logan, both represented Scotland at lawn bowls.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1969–70

References

Footballers from Edinburgh
Officers in Scottish police forces
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's youth international footballers
Men's association football fullbacks
Port Vale F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Bo'ness United F.C. players
English Football League players
Southern Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish police officers
1949 births
Living people


"The Irish Washerwoman" is a traditional jig known to have been played throughout Britain and Ireland and in North America. Although usually considered an Irish tune, some scholars claim that it is English in origin, derived from the seventeenth-century tune "Dargason".

According to the "tunearch" website, the earliest appearance is in Robert Petrie's "Collection of Strathspeys Reels and Country Dances" 1790. A different page on the same website mentions that a version by Neil Gow appeared in 1792 in "A Third Collection of Strathspey Reels". The second half of the tune is identical to "The Star at Liwis" printed about 1730 in "Caledonian Country Dances" by J Walsh.

The earliest recording appears to be Patsy Touhey in 1907, available on "The Piping of Patsy Touhey".
This later became available on the album "The Piping of Patsy Touhey" in 2005 on the Na Píobairí Uilleann label.

A more famous recording is on the album "In Full Spate" by Paddy Glackin (1991).

Scan Tester (1887-1972) recorded a version on the album "I Never Played To Many Posh Dances" (released 1990 but recorded between 1957 and 1968).

This jig was incorporated as the first movement of the Irish Suite, a collection of traditional tunes arranged for orchestra by American composer Leroy Anderson in 1946.

Over the years many songs have used The Irish Washerwoman tune. One of the most popularly known lyrics sung to the tune is McTavish Is Dead.

In popular culture
The jig has been used in many movies, such as Christmas in Connecticut and Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.
In the Little House on the Prairie book series, Pa Ingalls plays the song on his fiddle.

The Dutch group The Jumping Jewels recorded a version which reached No. 9 on the Dutch Charts.

References

External links
A clip of John Sheahan and André Rieu playing the jig on violins
A site with lyrics
Sheet music on thesession.org
Sheet music for piano – intermediate level 4, with sound recording.
The Chemist's Drinking Song
The Old Irish Washerwoman Feature film.
Irish Washerwoman as collected from Stephen Baldwin, Gloucestershire fiddler, with sound recording.
Louis-Antoine Jullien used the tune in his "The Royal Irish Quadrilles".

Irish songs
Songs about Ireland
Year of song unknown


Stimmwerck is a male classical music vocal quartet ensemble specializing in the rediscovery and reproduction of the music of little known renaissance composers of the German-speaking world.

History
Stimmwerck was founded in Munich, Germany in 2001, by four specialists in classical vocal ensemble singing; the two tenors, Gerhard Hölzle and Klaus Wenk, bass singer Marcus Schmidl, and counter tenor Franz Vitzthum.

Purpose
Their name reflects the ensemble's structure and purpose.  "Stimmwerck" comes from a 16th-century German term often used (for example, by Michael Praetorius) for a group of instruments of the same type but of different ranges, similar to the English term "consort of instruments".  Thus, the ensemble is a “Stimmwerck” of classically trained male voices in varying ranges, attuned to one another in skill.

The focus of their work together is the bringing of forgotten or less well known renaissance composers of early music in the German-speaking regions once again into public recognition.  To achieve this, they collaborate extensively with musicologists such as Ian Rumbold, Inga Mai Groote, and Katelijne Schiltz and actively engage in research. The results take form as recordings, public performance in concerts, on tour and at early music festivals, and as their own 3-day annual festival in August, the Stimmwercktage, on the Adlersberg near Regensburg, Germany, which is broadcast each year by Bayerischer Rundfunk.

Recordings
Stimmwerck records with Christophorus Records, Aeolus and Cavalli Records, among others, and has received praise for their work from the critical press. Their first compact disks, with works by Heinrich Finck (1445–1527), and Adam of Fulda (1444–1505), each received the highest possible rating of 5 stars in “Goldberg Magazine”.

Discography
 Heinrich Finck (1444–1527): Missa Dominicalis und Lieder (Cavalli Records), 2006*
 Adam von Fulda (ca. 1445–1505): Messe - Motetten - Lieder (Cavalli Records), 2007
 Musik in St Michael, Vol 3, (DD Medien, Inigomedien), 2007
 The St. Emmeram Codex (Aeolus (Note 1) ), 2008 - Their most recently released recording covers a late medieval repertoire taken from the Regensburg Codex St. Emmeram, and received praise from the musical press for the quality and importance of the music chosen as well as for the singing performances.
 Lassus, Gyri Gyri Gaga - Lust und Leben. with the instrumental ensemble “La Villanella Basel”. Christophorus Records 2010
 Leonhard Päminger, Sacred works . Christophorus Records 2011
 Susanne un jour - Lassus, Missa Susanne un jour and other works. Aeolus Records 2012

Live performance
Stimmwerck give concerts both in Germany and abroad. They have been featured guests at
Laus Polyphoniae Antwerp
Bach Festival Leipzig
Vienna’s “Resonanzen” Festival of early music.

Festival: Stimmwercktage – Stimmwerck Days
Since 2005, the ensemble holds an annual festival in early August named the “Stimmwercktage” (Stimmwerck Days) on the Adlersberg near Regensburg.  There, using such modern technology as laptops and projectors in place of paper manuscripts, the works of a particular renaissance composer are the subject of German language lectures by musicologists and performances by Stimmwerck.

In previous years, works by the following composers were examined:
 2008 Ludwig Senfl (1486-1542/43)
 2007 Anonymus
 2006 Leonhard Lechner (c.1553-1606)
 2005 Jacob Obrecht  (1457/1458 – late July, 1505)

External links
Stimmwerck official site
Franz Vitzthum official site
Goldberg Foundation, partners

Videos
StimmWercktage 2008
Mensuralcodex St. Emmeram, „Quam pulchra es“ with commentary by Ian Rumbold

References

Vocal quartets
Early music choirs
German musical groups
Musical groups established in 2001


Events in the year 1935 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Haakon VII
 Prime Minister – Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (Liberal Party) until 20 March, Johan Nygaardsvold (Labour Party)

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Film

Du har lovet mig en kone!, starring Einar Sissener, directed by Tancred Ibsen

Literature
Nordahl Grieg – Vår ære og vår makt

Births

January to March
5 January – Jan Paulsen, President of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
7 January – Olav Holt, physicist (died 2012)
13 January – Svein Aasmundstad, civil servant
22 January – Gunnar Høst Sjøwall, tennis player and photographer (died 2013)
26 January – Tore Bernitz Pedersen, illustrator and comics artist (died 2015).
6 February – Peter Angelsen, politician and Minister
9 February – Odd Kvaal Pedersen, journalist, author and translator (died 1990)
10 February – Gunnar Stålsett, bishop and politician
6 March – Helge Tverberg, mathematician (died 2020)
20 March – Arne Kotte, footballer (died 2015)
28 March – Paula Nordhus, politician (died 1994)

April to June

6 April – Harald Tusberg, television personality
8 April – Tore Austad, politician and Minister
13 April – Thorbjørn Berntsen, politician and Minister
15 April – Jens Erik Fenstad, mathematician (died 2020)
20 April – Oddbjørn Sverre Langlo, politician (died 2004)
1 May – Arve Berg, politician
15 May – Hans Petter Lundgaard, jurist
15 May – Odd Sefland, politician (died 2004)
16 May – Stein Mehren, poet, novelist, essayist and playwright (died 2017)
27 May – Karen-Christine Friele, gay rights activist (died 2021)
31 May – Liv Thorsen, actress (died 2021)
1 June – Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta, mathematician (died 2017).
14 June – Kirsten Sødal, author (died 2022)
19 June – Arne Haugestad, Supreme Court lawyer (died 2008).

July to September
8 July – Roar Johansen, international soccer player (died 2015)
30 July – Jens Kristian Thune, barrister (died 2018).
9 August – Leif Ryvarden, mycologist
4 September – Frid Ingulstad, novelist
11 September – Bjørg Vik, writer, playwright and journalist (died 2018)
17 September – Einar Østby, cross country skier and Olympic silver medallist (died 2022)

October to December
8 October – Thorvald Mellingen, engineer (died 2016)
15 November – Stein Ørnhøi, politician
25 November – Kåre Harila, politician
17 December – Nils Olav Totland, politician and Minister
30 December – Sjur Refsdal, astrophysicist (died 2009)

Deaths
19 January – Martin Olsen Nalum, politician and Minister (born 1854)
15 February – Johan Gjøstein, educator, newspaper editor and politician (born 1866)
23 February – Anders Venger, politician and Minister (born 1872)
8 March – Thorolf Holmboe, painter (born 1866)
13 May – Johan Wilhelm Normann Munthe, soldier and art collector (born 1864)
19 June – Harald Sohlberg, painter (born 1869)
24 July – Birger Brodtkorb, track and field athlete (born 1891)
26 July – Gil Andersen, motor racing driver in America (born 1879)
17 August – Johan Martin Jakobsen Strand, farmer and politician (born 1873)
3 September – Jens Tvedt, novelist and short story writer (born 1857)
7 September – Per Winge, conductor, pianist and composer (born 1858)
19 October – Oda Krohg, painter (born 1860)
4 December – Johan Halvorsen, composer, conductor and violinist (born 1864)

See also

References

External links

Norway


The English Amateur Dancesport Association (EADA) Ltd is a volunteer-led organisation which represents the interests of Amateur Dancers (including Ballroom, Latin American, Sequence dancing and Freestyle) within England.  EADA provides support and training for Amateur dancers and acts as the voice of English Amateur dancers amongst other dance organisations both in the UK and overseas.  EADA also aims to get the younger audience involved and on the dance floor. EADA hopes to increase the profile of dancesport.

History
EADA was formed in 1985 when the British Amateur Dancesport Association split into its constituent countries for representation on the International Dancesport Federation (IDSF). On May 29, 2008 EADA was registered as a company limited by guarantee (EADA Ltd).

Organisation
EADA Ltd is run entirely by volunteers: up to five directors and five or more Council members. The current President of EADA is Mr Tony Clipstone.

As from January 2017 EADA is a Corporate Member of the British Dance Council.

The membership of EADA includes Amateur dancers of all ages and standards – from beginner through to international competitor.  Typically EADA has 400 members each year.  Members have to pay an annual registration fee which allows them to compete in competitions run by the British Dance Council, the largest national competitions being the British closed championships (Ballroom and Latin) and the British Sequence Championships (sequence dance).  Joining also entitles members to various benefits.

Responsibilities
Responsibilities are to represent English Amateurs at meetings of other dance organisations such as the BDC. EADA is also responsible for providing training days for their members, administering the Amateur coaching scheme, supporting and advising members on issues such as child protection, and keeping the membership informed about issues in the dance world through their website.

Membership in other organisations
EADA is a UK Dancesport Association that is recognised by Sport England, UK Sport, the National Olympic Committee and WADA (the World Anti Doping Agency). EADA also has a child protection policy approved by the NSPCC and an equity policy approved by Sport England.

As of November 2010, EADA is no longer a member of WDSF and has no association with Dancesport England.

See also
Dancesport

References

External links

Sports clubs and teams in Berkshire
Dancesport organizations
Dance in the United Kingdom
Ballroom dance
Dancesport in the United Kingdom
1985 establishments in England
Sports organizations established in 1985
Amateur sport in the United Kingdom


The Second C. A. Sawyer House is a historic house at 86 Waban Ave. in Newton, Massachusetts.  The -story brick building was designed by Derby and Robinson and built in 1919.  It is a well-executed example of Colonial Revival styling in brick, and demonstrates infill construction in established neighborhoods.  It is the second of three houses designed by Derby and Robinson for Charles Adrian Sawyer, a builder, and built between 1910 and 1926.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 as "C. A. Sawyer House (Second)".  The National Register incorrectly lists it at 221 Prince Street.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1919


Friesan Fire (foaled April 30, 2006, in Kentucky) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He was sired by 1992 American Horse of the Year, A.P. Indy, a son of the 1977  U.S. Triple Crown winner, Seattle Slew. His dam, Bollinger, is an Australian Group One winner and a daughter of 1993 American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt, Dehere. Bred by Grapestock LLC, he was sold for $725,000 at the Keeneland yearling sale in September 2007.

Owned and raced by Vinery Stables & Fox Hill Farm, Friesan Fire is trained by J. Larry Jones, who trained Eight Belles, the 2008 Kentucky Derby second-place finisher. The colt's best result racing as a two-year-old was a third-place finish in the 2008 Belmont Futurity Stakes. However, after winning three important Graded stakes races including the Louisiana Derby, he became a leading contender for the Kentucky Derby, the first leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, and was the favorite on Derby Day at 7:2 after I Want Revenge scratched. He finished 18th.

On January 23, 2010, Fresian Fire, racing in blinkers, he took the Louisiana Handicap wire to wire, beating General Quarters, a horse also on the 2009 Derby trail. He was fourth in the Texas Mile Stakes in 2011.

Stud career
Friesan Fire's descendants include:

c = colt, f = filly

References

 Friesan Fire's pedigree and partial racing stats
 Friesan Fire at The Bloodhorse.com Stallion Register online

2006 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 2-c
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States


The Simpson House is a historic house at 57 Hunnewell Avenue in Newton, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house was built in the late 1890s, and is an excellent local example of a well-preserved Queen Anne Victorian with some Colonial Revival features.  It has roughly rectangular massing, but is visually diverse, with a number of gables and projections.  A single story porch across the front extends over the drive to form a porte cochere, and rests on fieldstone piers with Tuscan columns.  The stairs to the entry are called out by a triangular pediment, above which is a Palladian window with flanking columns.  Joseph Simpson, its first owner, was a principal in the Simpson Brothers paving company.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1897


Events in the year 1932 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Haakon VII
Prime Minister – Peder Kolstad, until death in March then Jens Hundseid

Events
12 July – Norway annexes King Frederick VI Coast in Greenland.

Popular culture

Sports

Music

Film

Literature

Births

January to March

7 January – Tormod Knutsen, Nordic combined skier and Olympic gold medallist (died 2021).
11 January – Arne Barhaugen, Nordic combined skier (died 2008)
19 January – Knut Korsæth, educator, sports official and politician (died 2022)
20 January – Alv Jakob Fostervoll, politician and Minister (died 2015)
20 January – Finn Alnæs, novelist (died 1991).
12 February –
Princess Astrid of Norway
Axel Jensen, author and poet (died 2003)
Kristian Lund, military officer, engineer and politician (died 2012).
1 March – Kåre Berg, professor in medical genetics (died 2009)
4 March – Sigurd Jansen, composer, pianist and conductor
8 March – Per Høybråten, politician (died 1990)
15 March – Sølvi Sogner, historian (died 2017).

April to June
2 April – Hroar Elvenes, speed skater (died 2014)
30 April – Kjell Hanssen, politician (died 2014)
5 May – Børt-Erik Thoresen, television host and folk singer (died 2011)
8 May – Astrid Murberg Martinsen, politician (died 1991)
11 May – Ingrid Schjelderup, politician (died 2022)
31 May – Astrid Folstad, actress (died 2009)
4 June – Torstein Tynning, politician (died 2000)
5 June – Helga Haugen, politician
12 June – Per Ditlev-Simonsen, politician and Minister
13 June – Kari Risvik, translator (died 2021).
19 June – Karstein Hansen, politician
22 June – Dagfinn Føllesdal, professor of philosophy
22 June – Ove Kristian Sundberg, church musician, musicologist and historian of ideas (died 2019).

July to September
24 July – Ruth Ryste, politician
26 July – Knut Bjørnsen, sports commentator and journalist (died 2008)
4 August – Olav Angell, poet, novelist and translator (died 2018)
6 August – Kjartan Slettemark, artist (died 2008).
8 August – Leif Arne Heløe, politician and Minister
26 August – Asgeir Dølplads, ski jumper
30 August – Ottar Brox, social scientist and politician
6 September – Arve Hans Otterlei, politician

October to December
3 October – Bengt Calmeyer, journalist and novelist.
5 October – Kari Rasmussen, singer and actress (died 2021).
7 October – Helge Stalsberg, physician
8 October – Per Theodor Haugen, actor (died 2018)
12 November – Magne Lystad, orienteering champion (died 1999)
12 December – Asbjørn Jordahl, politician and Minister
16 December – Kjell Heggelund, literary researcher, lecturer, editor, poet, translator and literary critic (died 2017).
26 December – Oluf Skarpnes, jurist (died 2019)

Deaths

5 March – Peder Kolstad, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (born 1878)
17 March – Georg Brustad, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (born 1892)
5 April – Kristian Friis Petersen, politician and Minister (born 1867)
19 April – Lars Oftedal, politician and Minister (born 1877)
28 May – Ejnar Torgensen, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (born 1900)
26 August – Edvard Bull, Sr., historian and politician (born 1881)
16 December – Albert Gran, actor (born 1862)
24 December – Eyvind Alnæs, composer, pianist, organist and choir director (born 1872)

Full date unknown
Simon Christian Hammer, writer and journalist (born 1866)

See also

References

External links


The S. Curtis Smith House is a historic house at 56 Fairmont Avenue in Newton, Massachusetts.  The -story wood-frame house was built c. 1883, and is one of Newton's finest Queen Anne Victorian houses.  It exhibits a full range of that style's features, including asymmetrical massing with numerous and varied gables, a tower with an octagonal arched roof, bands of different types of shingling, and an ornately decorated front portico.  The house was built for S. Curtis Smith, a schoolteacher.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as the "Curtis S. Smith House".

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton, Massachusetts

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Queen Anne architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1883


The Smith-Petersen House is a historic house at 32 Farlow Road in Newton, Massachusetts.  Built in 1902, the two-story house is one of the city's finest Georgian Revival structures.  The -story rectangular building has a hip roof and flanking two-story wings.  Its main facade has a massive central Greek portico with two-story columns and a fully pedimented gable with an oculus window in its tympanum.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and included in the Farlow Hill Historic District in 1990.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts
Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts
Houses completed in 1902
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Newton, Massachusetts