Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan () is an opera in three acts by Aulis Sallinen, based on the novel of the same title by Paavo Haavikko, who also wrote the libretto. The English singing version is by Stephen Oliver.

Background
Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan was first performed on 7 July 1984 by the Savonlinna Opera Festival, and revived at the festival in the three years that followed. Later performances have taken place at the Kiel Opera House (1986, in a cut version not approved by the composer), the Santa Fe Opera Festival (1986) and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (1987). A concert performance of the opera in Helsinki in 2005 was recorded by Ondine.

In 1973 Paavo Haavikko wrote a play for radio and in 1977 rang Sallinen to ask whether, if the composer was considering writing another opera, this story could become the libretto? Sallinen's first opera The Horseman had a libretto by Haavikko but the composer was cautious about taking up the suggestion. Eventually, having read the play, Sallinen came to like the ambiguous blend of tragedy and irony, wit and cruelty; he began composing in the summer of 1980. The opera was jointly commissioned by the Savonlinna Opera Festival, the Royal Opera, London, and the BBC, and is set during a future ice age and in the time of the Hundred Years' War. Around the time of writing this, his third opera, Sallinen commented "It’s always worthwhile to write an opera. If it’s a success, I’m happy, if it isn’t, somebody else’s happy".

With Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan Sallinen moved away from the overtly Finnish subject matter of his previous operas, creating a universal allegory. John Allison noted (in relation to the recording) "this opera is notable for its lightness of texture. The composer has a witty way of evoking ceremonial moments... a wild arrangement of a Schubert Marche Militaire in D is put to dark dramatic use... there is sweep and pace – in short it shows Sallinen’s innate theatricality."

Rodney Milnes describes the work as both poetic and disturbing: a journey from farcical, inconsequential and irreverent comedy moving through increasingly sardonic episodes to the final image of a brutalised, unstoppable army challenging the audience.

Shadows (Prelude for orchestra) opus 52, is an orchestral work by Sallinen written straight after he completed the second act of The King Goes Forth to France, related thematically but independent from the opera, "its lyrical and dramatic ingredients reflecting the philosophy of the opera". It was first performed on 30 November 1982 by the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Mstislav Rostropovich.

Roles

Synopsis
Act 1

Prologue

A garden at the English court in May. The guide and chorus portray England in an encroaching Ice Age. The prime minister suggests that it would be a good time for the prince to choose a wife, for which purpose he presents the two Carolines and the two Annes.

Scene 1

The Carolines and Annes introduce themselves and sing of their identical purposes: to become the prince's wife.

Scene 2

The prince is concerned by the strange nature of the spring, but the prime minister brushes aside his worries and tells him to make the most of his youth and select a bride. The prince decides to assume power, ordering his fleet away from the English Channel, where it had been breaking up the advancing ice, and plans to march to France, crossing the frozen sea. With him he will take parliament (in the form of a giant cannon) and the four suitors. When the prime minister expresses fears about war, the prince makes the prime minister's office hereditary.

Scene 3

The four girls prepare to set off, Caroline with the Mane believing that she will soon marry the prince. The Nice Caroline realises that the Caroline with the Mane is mentally unstable and persuades the others to humour her.

Scene 4

A bridge of ice firm enough to carry an army covers the Channel; the girls cross it as their country is submerged by the ice. The take with them no souvenirs except their memories. During the march the prince and prime minister become friends – the prime minister the prince's friend, the prince, the prime minister's King.

Act 2

Scene 5

Arriving at the French coast, the Caroline with the Mane awaits the King and her marriage, while the other ladies sing to her with barely concealed sarcasm and eroticism. The king is however being married to a German princess; the others comfort Caroline with the Mane, saying the king will arrive soon.

Scene 6

As they march through the north of France, the prime minister remarks that the army's route near to Crecy follows that of King Edward III. The prime minister criticises the King's economic policy (the crown and the queen have been pawned) and his adventurism, fearing a repeat of the Hundred Years War. The King points out France's allies in the forest – the King of Bohemia and mercenary Genoese crossbowmen, singing as they march on Crecy.

Scene 7

Battle of Crécy. When he sees that the Genoese are in his own army's way, the French king orders their slaughter. The battle is won thanks to a blast from the English parliamentary cannon fired by the prime minister.

Scene 8

Now dead, the Genoese and the King of Bohemia march to Paris. An English archer drunkenly drags in a French prisoner whom he leaves with the Carolines and Annes for them to look after. The prime minister proposes setting off for Paris, but the King prefers as target the fortified city of Calais.

Act 3

Scene 9

Autumn, with the English laying siege to Calais. When the English archer asks to be discharged so he can go to Paris for the winter, the King orders that his back be flayed and the decommission signed on his skin; when he pleads to retract his request the archer's ears are cut off, and the King threatens even his tongue if he does not keep quiet.

Scene 10

At night, Caroline with the Mane, descending further into madness, cares for the wounded archer, but spurns his advances.

Scene 11

The next morning after a night of vivid dreams: the King shows increasing interest in the Nice Caroline, while the archer has spent the night shackled to the Caroline with the Mane. As the two Annes argue, the King's angers boils over: power is making him ruthless and miserable. The girls attempt to calm him; the Nice Caroline sings of woman's role as life giver and preserver.

Scene 12

The young prime minister has inherited the office from his father and presents his secretary, and chronicler, Froissart. The frail and weak have been sent out of Calais and they cry out as they starve in the moat. The King promises that he will spare them and the town if six burghers plead for mercy from him, barefoot and only wearing their shirts.

Scene 13

Enough money has been found to redeem the Queen from the pawnbroker for the King's birthday; the ladies dress themselves. The Queen enters and the guide announces the surrender of Calais; six burghers arrive before the royal party. Accusing the peasants of treachery, they show the King the English archer's severed head. The King orders their death, but after Caroline with the Mane and the Queen beg him to relent he makes the burghers members of the War Tribunal.

The King wants to conquer Paris, imprison the French king and then march south for the new wine. He tells the Nice Caroline that he loves her. The king accuses the King of France of having broken the law of war by attacking in the rain when the bowstrings of the English archers were too slack. As the king calls for the French king's back to be flayed, the English archer sings the praises of his judgment. The march south starts with enthusiasm, and the wings of cranes are heard flying northwards. A storm breaks but the group continue into a gale. Froissart asks the king to read his story, but is rebuffed: the king has had no part in History – it was shaped by Time.

References

Finnish-language operas
Operas
1984 operas
Operas by Aulis Sallinen
Operas based on novels
Operas set in England
Operas set in France


A Woman's Heart is a compilation of twelve tracks performed by six female Irish artists, namely Eleanor McEvoy, Mary Black, Dolores Keane, Sharon Shannon, Frances Black and Maura O'Connell. The album was released in July 1992 and sold over 750,000 copies, more than any other album in Irish chart history and nearly one million copies worldwide.

The 20th anniversary of its release was celebrated with four sold-out performances at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. Eleanor McEvoy, Mary Coughlan, Sharon Shannon, Dolores Keane, Wallis Bird and Hermione Hennessy were on the bill.

In April 2012, Kiera Murphy produced a documentary entitled Our Woman's Hearts which explores how A Woman's Heart came about, why it became so popular, and the effect it has had on three generations of some Irish women. The documentary was a part of RTÉ Radio 1's series Documentary on One.

The RTÉ Concert Orchestra performed an orchestrated version of the album with McEvoy, O'Connell and Wallis Bird in February 2020 at the National Concert Hall, and a similar concert has been announced for May 2022 in the Bord Gáis Energy Theatre.

"The Secret of Living", written by Eleanor McEvoy was released in July 2012 to celebrate the 20th Anniversary of the A Woman's Heart. The song is performed by Eleanor McEvoy, Mary Coughlan, Sharon Shannon, Gemma Hayes and Hermione Hennessey.

Track listing
  "Only a Woman's Heart" – composed and sung by Eleanor McEvoy, performed with Mary Black
  "Caledonia" – Dolores Keane
  "Vanities" – Mary Black
  "Blackbird" – Sharon Shannon
  "Wall of Tears" – Frances Black
  "Summerfly" – Written by Cheryl Wheeler sung by Maura O'Connell
  "Island" – Dolores Keane
  "I Hear You Breathing In" – Eleanor McEvoy
  "Sonny" – Mary Black
 "Coridinio" – Sharon Shannon
 "Living in These Troubled Times" – Maura O'Connell
 "After the Ball" – Frances Black

References

Compilation albums by Irish artists
1992 compilation albums
Women in music


Forest Barber (born October 3, 1952) is an American racing driver from Fort Worth, Texas.

Barber began his racing career on a motorcycle, participating in motocross and enduro riding. He later won five national and world championships in offshore powerboat racing from 1997 to 1999. He moved to sports car racing shortly thereafter and was a winning car owner and co-driver of the Bell Motorsports Doran-Chevrolet in the 2004 24 Hours of Daytona. He began racing part-time in 2005 and 2006 and has since retired from racing.

External links
Doran Racing profile for Forest Barber

1952 births
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American motorboat racers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
Racing drivers from Fort Worth, Texas


Back to the Bible Way was a theological periodical published by Roy D. Goodrich in opposition to the teachings of Charles Taze Russell.

Purpose and founding
Long-time pioneer for the International Bible Students Association and the Jehovah's Witnesses, Roy D. Goodrich (October 15, 1886 - December 1976) was excommunicated in 1944. To put his case before the public and to serve as a rallying point for other Free Bible Students, he began publishing a periodical, Back to the Bible Way, in 1952. Goodrich departed from the main body of Bible Students at two points. He denied that Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Bible Student movement, is to be considered the "wise and faithful servant" of Matthew 24:45. He also rejected Russell's thinking relative to the ransom, and to the significance of 1914. Headquarters were established in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, from which a large amount of literature was distributed to an unspecified number of members of the group.

Death of Goodrich, end of periodical
The group and periodical ceased activity in 1977 after the death of Goodrich in December 1976.

References

Christian parachurch organizations
Magazines established in 1952
1977 disestablishments in Florida
1952 establishments in the United States
Magazines disestablished in 1977
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines published in Florida


“America” is a song from the 1957 musical West Side Story. Stephen Sondheim wrote the lyrics and Leonard Bernstein composed the music.

Content

In the original stage version, Anita – the girlfriend of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks, and the most important female character after Maria – praises America while a fellow Puerto Rican, Rosalia, supports Puerto Rico. This version of the song deprecates the island and highlights the positive qualities of American life ("I'll drive a Buick through San Juan/If there's a road you can drive on"). The irony of this supposedly pro-American number, however, is its vibrantly Hispanic musical style, with Latin percussion, complex cross-rhythm and Spanish guitar.

In the 1961 film version, Anita, played by Rita Moreno, still sings in favor of the United States while Bernardo, played by George Chakiris, replies with corresponding criticisms of America and American ethnic prejudice, especially against Puerto Ricans ("Life is alright in America/If you're all White in America"). Some of the original song's disparagement was removed. In 2004, this version finished at No. 35 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

The 2021 film version of the song, sung by Ariana DeBose as Anita, David Alvarez as Bernardo, Ana Isabelle as Rosalia and Ilda Mason as Luz, is a hybrid of both the stage and 1961 film versions, except now taking place the morning after the dance at the gym, and in the streets of the Puerto Rican community's area of the city. This film's version of song was nominated for Best Scene at the 2021 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards and for Best Musical Moment at the 2022 MTV Movie & TV Awards.

The song employs a mixed meter:

The alternating bars of  (six eighth-notes in two groups of three) with  (three quarter-notes) (similar to a guajira) is a distinctive characteristic of the song. This rhythm has been called both a hemiola and a habanera but is not really either. The two bar-types alternate and are not superposed, as in a hemiola. The alternation is comparable with the "Habanera" from "Carmen", but "America" lacks the distinctive characteristic underlying rhythm of the habanera form.

Stephen Sondheim claims that Bernstein returned from a holiday in Puerto Rico and told him he had come across a wonderful dance rhythm called Huapango which gave him the idea for the song.  Many years later, a friend of Sondheim's found, in a box of Bernstein's papers, an unproduced ballet called Conch Town which contained the tune. Sondheim concludes that Bernstein had invented the story of finding the rhythm on holiday simply so he could reuse an old tune.

The composer's tempo instruction is “Tempo di Huapango”.

Cover versions
An instrumental version, with the signature rhythm reduced to a uniform , was released in 1963 by Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass on their album Volume 2.

Trini Lopez covered "America" in 1963 for his first album Trini Lopez at PJ's.

In 1968, The Nice, featuring Keith Emerson, covered an instrumental version of "America" as the band's second single. This version had the main theme playing against a straight  beat, also including pieces of Dvořák's New World Symphony, then changing in the middle to  for improvised guitar and organ solos. At a July 7, 1968, concert at the Royal Albert Hall, the band controversially burned an American flag after performing the song. Emerson later folded the melody into a great many of his jams including the finale medley on Emerson, Lake & Palmer's 1992-1993 tours, which also used musical themes from "Blue Rondo à la Turk", a jazz standard composed by Dave Brubeck. An example of this medley can be found on the album Live at the Royal Albert Hall.

The English psychobilly band King Kurt covered this song on an EP called America, released in  1986.

The heavy-metal band Metallica incorporated a few bars from the song in the opening riff from their song, "Don't Tread on Me". The "America" melody again featured prominently in a 1986 jam with Paul Shaffer on Late Night with David Letterman.

Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed an instrumental rendition on a 1979 episode of The Muppet Show before being interrupted by various Muppets from other countries.

A version of this song was performed by the in-house band and singers to introduce a 2012 episode of the Polish version of Name That Tune, Jaka to Melodia?, complete with a set of dancers.

This song was also used in an episode of Glee (season 3 episode 5: "The First Time"), and sung by Naya Rivera (as Santana Lopez) in the role of Anita, and Mark Salling (as Noah "Puck" Puckerman) in the role of Bernardo.

In the progressive rock band Yes' cover of Simon & Garfunkel's "America", bassist Chris Squire quotes the West Side Story song near the conclusion of their instrumental intro.

Usage in popular culture
A theme from "America" was referenced by John Williams for his celebratory For New York, composed in 1988 for Bernstein's 70th birthday gala.

In 1989, a verse of the song was sampled in Big Audio Dynamite's single "James Brown" with a 4/4 beat underneath.

In 2011, the song was covered by the cast of musical comedy television series Glee in the fifth episode of the third season, "The First Time" (aired on November 8), with character Santana Lopez (portrayed by Naya Rivera) on the lead. A minor controversy was caused over using the film version of the song, while a high school would normally use the stage version.

In 2003, the song was used in advertisements for Admiral Insurance though with different lyrics.

In 1994, the song was the unofficial anthem at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States and was sung by the Three Tenors (Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti) at Dodgers Stadium in Los Angeles to an estimated global TV audience of 1.3 billion viewers. The BBC also used it for its coverage of the World Cup.

A version of the song with truncated lyrics is used in the end credits of the 2018 film Vice.

In 1991, Metallica interpolated the chorus as the intro of their song 'Don't Tread On Me".

The Simpsons released a short titled "West Wing Story' that featured a parody of the song performed by Donald Trump and The Squad.

The song is parodied during a medley of Broadway songs in Saturday Night Live’s 2020 sketch “Airport Sushi” about New York City's LaGuardia airport, performed by John Mulaney, Cecily Strong, and Kenan Thompson.

References

External links
Song lyric (stage version)
Song lyric (film version)
Birth of a Classic: West Side Story (September 2007) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin

1957 songs
Patter songs
Songs about Puerto Rico
Songs about the United States
Songs from West Side Story
Songs with music by Leonard Bernstein
Immediate Records singles
Songs written by Stephen Sondheim


Claude Dhotel (born 21 December 1946 in Paris, France; died 14 March 2000), better known by his stage name C. Jérôme, was a French singer.

Biography
Raised by his grandparents, he grew up in Champenoux, a village of Meurthe-et-Moselle near Nancy, France. At 16 he starred in "The Storms", a rock'n'roll band. He then tried his luck in Paris where he attended the Golf-Drouot to mix with personalities of the music world. He finally met Jean Albertini who became his producteur.

Career
Claude Dhotel had a musical career of three decades, selling 26 million records; he was particularly popular in the 1970s.

In 1967, Dhotel recorded his first 45 rpm vinyl disc Les Fiancés, under the pseudonym C.Jérôme. This first shot did not reach success, unlike Le petit Chaperon rouge est mort, and Quand la mer se retire that he sang on the TV show "Salut les copains".

In 1972, Jérôme's first big hit Kiss Me reached 1st place in the French music charts, 3rd in Austria, 4th in Belgium, and 5th in Switzerland. More than a million copies have been sold.

In 1974, C. Jérôme's song C’est moi became a huge success. This one will stay in the collective memory.

Jérôme sang other hits until 1977 Himalaya, Manhattan, La Petite Fille 73, C'est moi, Baby Boy, Cindy, Le Charme français, Rétro c'est trop...).

In 1985, C. Jérôme released Et tu danses avec lui (written by Dider Barbelivien) which remained more than 6 months in the top 50.

In 1986, Jérôme's song Dernier Baisers was his last being in the top charts. The same year he also took part in the collective song Liban.

C. Jérôme then wrote other classic songs in the 90s, such as Danielle s’en va, Les manons de la Nuit, Pardonne moi, A pleins tubes, and many more.

Career on TV and radio

In 1995, C. Jérôme became host of radio Monte-Carlo where he introduced "Les années tubes" every morning with Claire Cardell. In 1996, he got a job at TF1 (national TV in France) where he presented a daily show called "La chanson trésor". He also joined Michel Drucker in the TV show "Vivement Dimanche".

Private life and death

C.Jérôme married Annette Dhôtel, with whom he had a daughter Caroline, born in 1977. She became a singing teacher.

In August 1997, C.Jérôme was treated for a tumor in the abdomen (cancer). He overcame the disease and recorded other songs, but the cancer returned in 1999.

C.Jérôme died 14 March 2000, aged 53. C.Jérôme is buried at the graveyard of Boulogne-Billancourt. His widow released a book in 2003 "C.Jérôme, c’est lui" in which she tells his fight against the illness.

Discography
 Kiss Me - #1 in France April 1972, #3 in Austria, #4 in Belgium
 Himalaya - #2 in France Nov 1972
 Manhattan - #5 in France May 1973
 C'est moi - #2 in France #6 in Netherlands June 1974
 Baby boy - #3 in France Nov 1974
 Cindy - #6 in France
 Et tu danses avec lui
 Dernier baiser
 Le Charme français
 Le petit chaperon rouge est mort
 Quand la mer se retire
 La Petite Fille 73
 Rétro c'est trop
 Julie à la folie
 Ne m'abandonne pas
 It's so long
 Hop la dites-moi
 Un ticket pour une blonde
 Caroline et moi
 Un enfant malheureux
 Bay-bay 26–38
 Les Manons de la nuit
 Les Bords de l'Atlantique
 Les Filles du sam'di soir
 Les Larmes aux yeux
 Comme si
 À pleins tubes
 Nancy
 Nuits blanches
 Le Nom des Hallyday
 Chanson pour Carole
 16 ans déjà
 Le Temps d'un été
 Te moque pas du p'tit homme
 L'Enfant aux cheveux d'or
 Pleure pas pour moi
 Je ne parl'rai plus d'elle
 Symphonie pour une tristesse
 La Fille au regard vert
 Je suis Dieu
 Les Bleus Lendemains
 La P'tite Fille de Bretagne
 Danièle s'en va
 Chanter
 Là où je t'aime
 J'ai retrouvé le soleil
 Pardonne-moi
 Qu'est-ce que je t'aime
 Amants
 Je
 C'est l'Amérique
 Rien qu'un baladin
 Elle me ressemble
 Graine de star
 Deauville
 L'Encre de Chine
 J'taime
 Help remember
 La Fièvre
 Âge tendre et tête de bois
 Je flashe pour elle
 Ma romantique
 Qu'est-ce que tu veux que j'te dise
 Encore un métro qui passe
 De quoi nos vies sont faites
 Quinze ans
 Adieu my love
 Margarita
 La ballade de Mary James
 Femme enfant femme enfin
 In love
 C'est la nuit
 Les Sentiments à la menthe
 Si tu me laisses
 Dingue de rock
 Les Fiancés
 Non
 Joëlle
 Ma belle
 Il faut que je t'oublie
 Dans la chambre d'amour
 Une guitare
 La Musique classique
 Chagrin d'amour
 Les Lilas
 L'Orphelin
 Cendrillon
 Le Jardin d'amour
 Mélancolie
 Petite fille
 Caroline
 Belle
 La Poupée désarticulée
 Passionnément
 Mille et une nuits d'amour
 Comme au bon Dieu
 Terminus
 Un amour
 Un cri
 Un p'tit air d'accordéon
 Pardon
 J'anbandonnerai ma vie
 Un rôle dans l'rock
 Marilyn
 Par désespoir
 Hasard bizarre
 Imagination
 C'est défendu
 Quand tu danses
 Sixtees rendez-vous
 Amour interdit
 Un enfant
 Le Bassiste
 Au royaume de la musique
 J'suis dans l'coup
 Discopyright
 Les mamans
 Pour mon plaisir
 Roman-photos
 Le Monde à l'envers
 Miss Mélodie
 Eve et moi
 D'j
 Drôle de mec
 P'tit bonhomme
 Avec les filles
 De Ritchie à Donna
 Confidence
 Seul
 Belle histoire vécue
 Par désespoir
 J'avais douze ans
 Grand-père
 Hommage à Mike Brant
 It's live (ou It's life)
 Je vis comme je veux
 Je ne pense qu'à chanter
 L'Indienne
 Je veux te chanter
 La Vie d'artiste
 Quand tu danses
 Eve et moi
 Sam'di soir
 Une fille aux yeux clairs
 L'amour n'est pas une chanson
 Souvenirs 78

References

External links
 Official site
 Rétro Jeunesse 60 page

1946 births
2000 deaths
French pop singers
20th-century French male singers


Ali Ghribi is a Paralympic athlete from Tunisia competing mainly in category P58 pentathlon events.

He competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.  There he won a gold medal in the men's Pentathlon - P58 event.  He also competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece.  , finished eighth in the men's Discus throw - F58 event, finished seventh in the men's Javelin throw - F58 event and finished fourth in the men's Pentathlon - P54-58 event

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Paralympic athletes for Tunisia
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Tunisia
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Tunisian male javelin throwers
Tunisian male discus throwers
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
20th-century Tunisian people
21st-century Tunisian people
Wheelchair javelin throwers
Wheelchair discus throwers
Paralympic javelin throwers
Paralympic discus throwers


The Communist League was a Nepalese communist organization founded in Kathmandu in 1946. It is the source group from which the Nepal Red Communist Party came from.

Defunct communist parties in Nepal
Political parties established in 1946
1946 establishments in Nepal


Samuel Courts Redford (September 4, 1898 – April 1977), was a Southern Baptist minister, professor, university president, and executive secretary-treasurer of the Southern Baptist Home Mission Board from 1954 to 1964 (now the North American Mission Board). Having surrendered to preach at the age of 12, he later graduated from Oklahoma Baptist University in Shawnee, OK. He pastored churches, later served on the faculty of his alma mater, then in 1930 assumed the presidency of Southwest Baptist University in Bolivar, Missouri.

Family
Courts Redford married Helen Ruth Ford and together they had nine children:  Virginia, Elizabeth, John, Rosemary, David, Sylvia, Bill, Courts Jr., Jeanette and Caroline.

Education
Bachelor's Degree, (1920), Oklahoma Baptist University, Shawnee, OK

Master's Degree, (1927), Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Ft. Worth, TX

Honorary Doctorate, Oklahoma Baptist University

Honorary Doctorate, William Carey College

References

1898 births
1977 deaths
Southwest Baptist University faculty
Oklahoma Baptist University alumni
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni
People from Bolivar, Missouri


Clark Warburton  (27 January 1896, near Buffalo, New York – 18 September 1979, Fairfax, Virginia) was an American economist. He was described as the "first monetarist of the post-World War II period,"  the most uncompromising upholder of a strictly monetary theory of business fluctuations,  and reviver of classic monetary-disequilibrium theory and the quantity theory of money.

Life and works
Warburton  received bachelor's and master's degrees from Cornell University after military service overseas during World War I.  From the 1920s to the early 1930s, he held teaching positions in India and the United States.  He received a Ph.D. degree at Columbia University in 1932. There his interest had shifted from history to economics while attending lectures of Wesley C. Mitchell. His dissertation was published as The Economic Results of Prohibition. From 1932 to 1934, he worked at the Brookings Institution. In 1934 he joined the newly formed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.  He subsequently became chief economist there, retiring from that position in 1965. He continued to publish research on substantive and historical monetary economics thereafter.

In the period from 1945, Warburton was a critic of Keynesian theory when the latter was "crowding out interest in money." He made his case in a series of papers, most of them empirically oriented.  He compiled and constructed quarterly data for the U.S. in the 1918–47 period, which showed that deviations in the money supply and bank reserves from trend  preceded in the same direction business-cycle turning points  of successively final output sold, output, prices, and the velocity of money. He extended such results to 1965 some 20 years later.

In examining longer periods of time (decades) for 1799–1939 and annual data from 1909 to 1947, he found that velocity adjusted for trend and production capacity was relatively stable in peace time, despite extreme monetary volatility  and that changes in the quantity of money were the "overwhelmingly dominant factor"  responsible for changes in the price level, consistent with the quantity theory of money.

These findings supported Warburton's contentions that:
  instability of the money supply was a major source of business fluctuations, including the Great Depression,  not merely an intensifying factor
 stability of monetary policy was key to macroeconomic stability.
In 1966, a collection of 19 of his papers was published.

Notes

Selected publications
 1932a, 1968. The Economic Results of Prohibition. AMS Press. Review.
 1932b. "Prohibition and Economic Welfare," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 163, Prohibition: A National Experiment, pp. 89–97.
 1934. America's Capacity to Consume (with Maurice Leven and Harold G. Moulton), Brookings Institution.
 1937. "Accounting Methodology in the Measurement of National Income," Studies in Income and Wealth, 1, Pt. 2,  pp. 66–110.
 1945b. "The Monetary Theory of Deficit Spending," Review of Economics and Statistics, 27(2), pp. 74–84.
 1945d. "Monetary Policy in the United States in World War II,"  American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 4(3), pp. 375–83.
 1948a. "Monetary Velocity and Monetary Policy," Review of Economics and Statistics, 30(4), pp. 304–14.
 1949b. "Monetary Policy and Business Forecasting," Journal of Business, 22(2, 3), parts I and II, pp. 71–82, 178–87.
 1950a. "Monetary Velocity and the Rate of Interest," Review of Economics and Statistics, 32(3), pp. 256–57.
 1950b. "The Monetary Disequilibrium Hypothesis, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 10(1), pp. 1–11.
 1950c. "Co-Ordination of Monetary, Bank Supervisory, and Loan Agencies of the Federal Government ," Journal of Finance, 5(2), pp. 148–69.
 1952a. "A Hedge against Inflation," Political Science Quarterly, 67(1), pp. 1–17.
 1952b "How Much Variation in the Quantity of Money Is Needed?" Southern Economic Journal, 18(4), pp. 495–509.
 1953a "Money and Business Fluctuations in the Schumpeterian System," Journal of Political Economy, 61(6), pp. 509–22.
 1953b "Rules and Implements for Monetary Policy," Journal of Finance, 8(1), pp. 1–21.
 1958. "Variations in Economic Growth and Banking Developments in the United States From 1835 to 1885," Journal of Economic History, 18(3), pp. 283–97.
 1965. "Maintaining Prosperity and Achieving Its Equitable Distribution," Southern Economic Journal, 31(4),  pp. 289–97. Presidential address of the Southern Economic Association.
 1981. "Monetary Disequilibrium Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century," History of Political Economy,  13(2), pp. 285–99.

References
 Thomas M. Humphrey, 1971. "Role of Non-Chicago Economists in the Evolution of the Quantity Theory in America 1930–1950." Southern Economic Journal, 38(1),pp. 12–18.
 Leland B. Yeager, 1981. "Clark Warburton, 1896–1979," History of Political Economy, 13(2),  pp. 279–84.

External links
 The Clark Warburton Economic Collection
 Major works

20th-century American economists
Macroeconomists
Monetary economists
Monetarists
Cornell University alumni
Columbia University alumni
1896 births
1979 deaths


Re MC Bacon Ltd [1990] BCLC 324 is a leading UK insolvency law case, concerning transactions at an undervalue (Insolvency Act 1986, s 238) and voidable preferences (Insolvency Act 1986, s 239).

The court held that where a person granting security to a bank under commercial pressure from the bank, there was no "intention to prefer" the bank under the meaning in the Act.  The granting of the security was a response to the commercial pressure, and not an intention to prefer one creditor above others.

Although the decision is only a first instance decision in the United Kingdom, it has been followed in a number of other jurisdictions in relation to the proper determination of intention to prefer.

Facts
MC Bacon Ltd imported bacon, its main office on 192-194 Trundley’s Road, London. Started in 1973 it did normal bacon and then from 1983 diversified into gammon steaks, joints and rashered bacon. But in 1986 Dee Corporation, its principal supplier withdrew. Two directors, Mr Creal and Mr Glover took legal advice but decided to keep trading. It made redundancies but still could not keep up. Mr Creal was old and wanted his son to take over. Mr Glover was 22.5 stone and had arthritis and could not do the work with his previous vitality. In May 1986 its bank, NatWest, granted an overdraft facility, secured with a debenture. It was clear that the company was already insolvent and needed the bank’s help to keep going. The company went into creditor voluntary liquidation in August 1987 with a deficiency of about £330,000 to unsecured creditors. The liquidator argued the debenture was either a voidable preference or transaction at an undervalue. It also brought a wrongful trading claim against the bank as a shadow director, but that claim was abandoned during the course of trial.

The bank had applied to have the entire claim struck out as disclosing no reasonable cause of action.  That strike out application came before Knox J.  He declined to strike out the claim, and it proceeded to trial before Millet J.  The hearing before Millet J lasted 17 days.

Judgment
Millett J held that the company and its directors had not done anything in contravention of sections 238 or 239. A transaction that results in preferential status for one creditor is only voidable under section 239 if a company positively wishes, or desires, to prefer that creditor, and that desire influences entering the transaction. Here the directors did not want to improve the bank's position, but simply wished to continue trading. The creation of the security in favour of the bank was not a transaction at an undervalue within the meaning of section 238 because it did not deplete or diminish the value of the assets of the company. His judgment went as follows.

Significance
This case was one of the earliest decided cases under new provisions of the Insolvency Act 1986. In a subsequent case, Re MC Bacon Ltd (No 2) Millett J went on to further important clarifications as the context and effect of the provisions and how to deal with the proceeds of anything recovered under s 214 (for the purposes of whether the costs were an expense of the liquidation under rule 4.218(1)(a)). Therefore, any recovery would not go to secured creditors.

See also

UK insolvency law
Re Agriplant Services Ltd [1997] 2 BCLC 598

Notes

References

United Kingdom insolvency case law
High Court of Justice cases
1989 in United Kingdom case law


Bolma recens is a large sea snail with a calcareous operculum, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

Subspecies
 Bolma recens clemenceae Bozzetti, 2010
 Bolma recens recens (Dell, 1967)

Distribution
This species is known to occur in deep water on the Kiwi Seamount, north of New Zealand; also off Madagascar.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Location of Kiwi Seamount in the Pacific
 Dell, R.K. 1967. Some Mollusca from deep water to the north of New Zealand, collected by the Tui, 1962. Records of the Dominion Museum 5: 305-315.
 Bozzetti, L., 2010. Bolma clemenceae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae: Astraeinae) dal Madagascar meridionale. Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 69: 11-12

External links

recens
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1967


Expected loss is the sum of the values of all possible losses, each multiplied by the probability of that loss occurring.

In bank lending (homes, autos, credit cards, commercial lending, etc.) the expected loss on a loan varies over time for a number of reasons. Most loans are repaid over time and therefore have a declining outstanding amount to be repaid. Additionally, loans are typically backed up by pledged collateral whose value changes differently over time vs. the outstanding loan value.

Three factors are relevant in analyzing expected loss:

Probability of default (PD)
 Exposure at default (EAD)
Loss given default (LGD)

Simple example
 Original home value $100, loan to value 80%, loan amount $80
 outstanding loan $75
 current home value $70
 liquidation cost $10
 Loss given default = Magnitude of likely loss on the exposure / Exposure at default
 -$75 loan receivable write off Exposure at default
 +$70 house sold
 -$10 liquidation cost paid =
 -$15 Loss
 Express as a %
 -15/75 =
 20% Loss given default
  Probability of default
 Since there is negative equity 50 homeowners out of 100 will "toss the keys to the bank and walk away", therefore:
 50% probability of default
 Expected loss
 In %
 20% x 50% =10%
 In currency
 currency loss x probability
 $15 * .5 = $7.5
check
loss given default * probability of default * Exposure at default
20% * 50% * $75 = $7.5

Recalculating expected loss
Expected loss is not time-invariant, but rather needs to be recalculated when circumstances change. Sometimes both the probability of default and the loss given default can both rise, giving two reasons that the expected loss increases.

For example, over a 20-year period only 5% of a certain class of homeowners default. However, when a systemic crisis hits, and home values drop 30% for a long period, that same class of borrowers changes their default behavior. Instead of 5% defaulting, say 10% default, largely due to the fact the LGD has catastrophically risen.

To accommodate for that type of situation a much larger expected loss needs to be calculated. This is the subject to considerable research at the national and global levels as it has a large impact on the understanding and mitigation of systemic risk.

See also

 Systemic risk
 Loss function

 Potential future exposure

References

Financial risk
Loans
Credit risk


Aino is an opera by Erkki Melartin, composed in 1912 to a libretto by Jalmari Finne.  The opera is based on the Kalevala, more specifically on the character of Aino.  Its music shows the influence of Richard Wagner.

Synopsis
Väinö, a godly figure and the son of Luonnotar, wants to taste the pleasures of mortals. He does so with Aino who personifies nature. Väinö meets Aino and they agree to marry. Aino's brother Jouko opposes the match and challenges Väinö to a singing match which he loses. The second act traces the preparations for the wedding and the ceremony itself. Väinö fashions a kantele, a musical instrument, from a birch tree. Aino disappears and in the final ecstatic monologue dives into the sea against the aural tapestry of a chorus of water nymphs.

Finnish-language operas
Operas based on the Kalevala
Operas
1912 operas
Operas by Erkki Melartin
Operas with mythological or folkloric settings
Classical music in Finland


Reed's Inc. is a US-based company that manufactures soft drinks and candies. The company was founded by Christopher J. Reed in 1989. It was originally based in Los Angeles, California, but moved its headquarters to Norwalk, Connecticut, in September 2018.

History
Reed began developing his first ginger beverage in 1987 while researching the health benefits of ginger. In 1989, after two years of research and development, he began marketing the beverage in Southern California. In 1991, Reed incorporated his company under the name of Original Beverage Corporation.

Original Beverage Corporation purchased the Virgil's Root Beer brand from the Crowley Beverage Company in 1999.  Original Beverage Corporation reincorporated as Reed's Inc on September 7, 2001, with Reed as the initial director.

On October 11, 2006, Reed's Inc. became a public company. As of 2018, Reed's Inc. products are sold in over 30,000 retail stores in the United States. The company reported $37.7 million in net sales in 2017. The company's stock moved from Nasdaq to the OTC Market in 2023.

Organization
In 2016, John Bello joined the board of directors as chairman. Bello is the founder and former CEO of South Beach Beverage Company, which makes teas and juices marketed under the SoBe brand name.

In April 2017, Reed became the Chief Innovation Officer, a newly created position, leaving the CEO position vacant. On June 28, 2017, Valentin Stalowir, a former executive at The Coca-Cola Company, Yum! Brands, and Quaker Oats, was appointed as CEO. On September 29, 2019, Reed's Inc. and Valentin Stalowir entered into a separation agreement which became effective on October 31, 2019. As a result, John Bello temporarily assumed the position of CEO. In March 2020 Norman E. Snyder was appointed CEO.

In January 2018, Reed's Inc. put its Los Angeles manufacturing facility up for sale and plans to complete the sale by the end of the year. Chris Reed managed to obtain additional financing and spun the Los Angeles facility and its contract bottling off as California Custom Beverages Inc.

Reeds' Inc moved its corporate headquarters to Norwalk, Connecticut, in 2018. Reed's Inc. appointed several new executives, naming Iris Snyder as chief financial officer, Philip Trotman as director of marketing, and Beth Brown as director of supply chain and procurement.

Products
In 2013, Reed's, Inc. announced that it would be labelling all of its products as GMO-free.

In 2017 and 2018, Reed's Inc. streamlined its product line from over 100 products to approximately 25, focusing on Reed's Inc. and Virgil's soft drinks. Reed's Inc. soft drink line has nine varieties while its ginger candy line has two varieties. Reed's Inc. products are sold in many retail outlets in the US and Canada. In 2021, Reed's Inc. began selling three of its soft drinks in resealable plastic bottles. Virgil's line includes thirteen varieties of soft drinks.

Notable events
Reed's Inc. Spiced Apple Brew has won the "Outstanding Beverage Finalist" at the National Association for the Specialty Food Trade. Reed's Inc. Original Ginger Brew has won the "Outstanding Beverage Finalist" from the National Association for the Specialty Food Trade and the "Best Imported Food Product" from the Canadian Fancy Food Association.

Reed's Inc. was selected by WholeFoods Magazine as the Runner Up Beverage Company in the Natural Choice Awards of 2010 and 2011.

Virgil's Root Beer won the "Outstanding Beverage" award at the International Fancy Food and Confection Show in 1994, 1996 and 1997.

See also

 Craft soda

References

External links
Reed's Inc. Website
Virgil's Root Beer website

Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles
American soft drinks
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States


Irshad Pass (elevation ), also called Ershād Yūvīn, Yirshod Wuyin, Irshad Urween, Irshād Uwin, Kotale Ers̄āḏ Owīn, or Kowtal-e Ershād Owīn, is a high mountain pass that connects the Chapursan river valley in Gilgit-Baltistan province with the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.

According to a map shown in the National Geographic Magazine, the elevation of Irshad Pass is slightly higher than the figure given above, at 4,979 m. (16,335 ft.) The article mentions that the nomadic Kyrgyz people of the Wakhan Corridor, who total only about 1,100, cross the Irshad Pass in spring and autumn to trade animals for supplies at Babaghundi Ziarat in north-western Hunza, Pakistan.

Footnotes

Mountain passes of Afghanistan
Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Afghanistan–Pakistan border
Wakhan
Landforms of Badakhshan Province

Karakoram


The Tweed Bridge is a stone-built road bridge of five spans over the River Tweed in Peebles, in the Scottish Borders.

History

The Tweed Bridge is medieval in origin, although the exact date of its construction is unknown. Records show that a stone bridge has been maintained at the site since the middle of the 15th century, and work done in 1465 may have been the construction of a new bridge or substantial rebuilding or maintenance of an existing one. A mason known as John of Peebles may have worked on the bridge at that time. A plaque on the bridge states that it was originally a wooden bridge clad in stone.

It was reconstructed in 1663 using stone from St Andrew's Church which had been destroyed in 1548 by an English army as part of the Rough Wooing. John Hisplop added three additional arches to the south end of the bridge in 1799, but these were removed when the Peebles Railway was built.

The bridge was widened from  to  in 1834 by adding stonework to both sides. This work was done by John and Thomas Smith of Darnick, and the cost of around  was funded by public subscription. Between 1897 and 1900, it was widened again to  by adding to the downstream side. This work, which cost about , was done by McTaggart, Cowan and Barker, and funded by the Town Council.

On the south side of the bridge the remains of Second World War defences were evident until the road was resurfaced.

The bridge was listed as a category A listed building in 1971. Plans are being considered for an additional bridge over the Tweed in the town.

Design

The five spans vary in length from  to . The oldest part of the bridge uses arches which are almost circular, but the more modern parts use flatter segmental arches. On the upstream side the piers have triangular ashlar cutwaters, and rounded profiles on the downstream side. At the north end of the bridge is an arched ramp to the east that leads to Tweed Green.

The Tweed Bridge is the only road crossing of the Tweed within Peebles. It carries the B7062 public road, which is two lanes wide at this point. Near to the Tweed Bridge is the Cuddy Bridge, a single arch bridge over the Eddleston Water, a tributary of the Tweed.

References

Bridges in the Scottish Borders
Listed bridges in Scotland

Category A listed buildings in the Scottish Borders
Bridges across the River Tweed
Peebles


The 2008-09 Carleton University Ravens men's basketball season began on August 28, 2007 with exhibition games against NCAA Division I teams, and with regular season games beginning on November 7. The season ended when the Ravens hosted the national championships at Scotiabank Place for the second time.

Roster

Coach: Dave Smart

Pre-season

Exhibition games against NCAA Division I Teams

Exhibition games against Canadian colleges

House-Laughton Tournament

Exhibition games on the road

Rod Shoveller Memorial Tournament at Dalhousie University

Regular season

OUA Playoffs

CIS Final 8

Carleton Ravens men's basketball seasons
2008–09 in Canadian basketball by team


Aleksis Kivi (1995–96) is an opera in two acts by Einojuhani Rautavaara, to a libretto by the composer. It was first performed by the Savonlinna Opera Festival on 8 July 1997, with Jorma Hynninen in the title role. The opera deals with episodes in the life of Aleksis Kivi, the Finnish national writer. The opera was written at the request of Hynninen.

Recordings
Rautavaara: Aleksis Kivi 2CD 2002 Jorma Hynninen, Lasse Pöysti, Eeva-Liisa Saarinen, Helena Juntunen, Gabriel Suovanen, Marcus Groth, Lassi Virtanen, Jaakko Hietikko Jyväskylä Sinfonia, Markus Lehtinen Ondine Records.
Rautavaara: Aleksis Kivi DVD Jorma Hynninen (Aleksis Kivi), Janne Reinikainen (August Ahlqvist), Riikka Rantanen (Charlotta), Pauliina Linnosaari (Hilda), Ville Rusanen (Young Alexis) & Tobias Zilliacus (J.L. Runeberg) Finnish National Opera Orchestra, conducted Mikko Franck  Ondine

References

Finnish-language operas
1997 operas
Aleksis Kivi
Operas
Operas by Einojuhani Rautavaara
Operas set in Finland
Operas set in the 19th century
Operas about writers
Operas based on real people


Brookula annectens is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Description
The height of the shell reaches 1 mm.

Distribution
This species occurs in the vicinity of the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

External links
 Discovery Reports, National Institute of Oceanography of Great Britain, v. 15 1937, p. 183

annectens
Gastropods described in 1937


The Speaker of the House of Magnates () was the presiding officer of the House of Magnates, the upper chamber of the Diet of Hungary.

The House of Magnates was initially established during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and existed with interruptions between 1848 and 1918.

List of officeholders

1848–1918
Parties

During the First Hungarian Republic the House of Magnates was replaced by the National Council. During the Hungarian Soviet Republic it was replaced by the National Assembly of Soviets. During the Kingdom of Hungary it was replaced by a unicameral National Assembly between 1920 and 1927. It was re-established between 1927 and 1945.

1927–1945

See also
 List of speakers of the House of Representatives (Hungary)
 List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)

Sources
  Official website of the National Assembly of Hungary

House of Magnates


Shamanic Music is ritualistic music used in religious and spiritual ceremonies associated with the practice of shamanism. korean shamanism has a special role in folk music. Shamanic music makes use of various means of producing music, with an emphasis on voice and rhythm. It can vary based on cultural, geographic, and religious influences. The hereditary mudang (one of the two basic kinds of shamans in korea) families have been long committed to music and created a traditional musician-priest proficiency since its origin,in the era of the three kingdoms

Recently in Siberia, music groups drawing on knowledge of shamanic culture have emerged. In the West, shamanism has served as an imagined background to music meant to alter a listener's state of mind. Korea and Tibet are two cultures where the music of shamanic rituals has interacted closely with other traditions.

In shamanism, the shaman has a more active musical role than the medium in spirit possession.

Shamanic and Musical Performance
Since a Shamanic ritual includes a spiritual purpose and motive, it cannot be regarded as a musical performance, even though shamans use music (singing, drumming, and other instruments) in their rituals. Several things follow the ritual. First, a shamanic ritual performance is, above all, a series of actions and not a series of musical sounds. Second, the shaman's attention is directed inwards towards her or his visualisation of the spirit world and communication with the spirits, and not outwards to any listeners who might be present. Third, it is important for the success of the ritual that it be given its own clearly defined context that is quite different from any kind of entertainment. Fourth, any theatrical elements that are added to impress an audience are of a type to make the contact with the spirits seem more real and not to suggest the performer's musical virtuosity. From a musical perspective, shamanic ritual performances have the distinctive feature of . Breaks may happen because a spirit is proving difficult to communicate with, or the shaman needs to call a different spirit. Typically, phases of the performance are broken off abruptly, perhaps to be restarted after a gap, perhaps not. The rhythmic dimension of the music of shamans' rituals has been connected to the idea of both incorporating the rhythms of nature and magically re-articulating them.

Shamanism and Possession
It has been argued that shamanism and spirit possession involve contrasting kinds of special states of mind. The shaman actively enters the spirit world, negotiates with her or his helper spirit and then with other spirits as necessary, and moves between different territories of the spirit world. The possessed medium, on the other hand, is the passive recipient of a powerful spirit or god. This reflects the different uses of music involved. Possession music is typically longer in duration, mesmeric, loud, and intense, with climaxes of rhythmic intensity and volume to which the medium has learned to respond by entering a trance state: the music is not played by the medium but by one or more musicians. In shamanism, the music is played by the shaman, confirms the shaman's power (in the words of the shaman's song), and is used actively by the shaman to modulate movements and changes of state as part of an active journey within the spirit world. In both cases, the connection between music and an altered state of mind depends on both psychoacoustic and cultural factors, and the music cannot be said to 'cause' trance-states.

Use of Sounds

Sound is tactile; whereas visual information is experienced at the surface, auditory information seems to be both outside and inside the body. In oral cultures in which survival involves close contact with nature, sound often connects inner feelings to features of the natural environment. In many cases, this holds also for the music in shamanistic practice, including e.g. onomatopoeia, imitation of animal cries etc. The shaman's use of sound is to catalyse an imaginary inner environment which is experienced as a sacred space-time in which the shaman travels and encounters spirits. Sound, passing constantly between inner and outer, connects this imaginary space with the actual space of the ritual in which the shaman is moving and making ritual actions and gestures.

It has been suggested that the sound material used by the shaman constitutes a system of sounds. This idea of semiotics of the sound material would imply a symbolic language shared between the shaman and the surrounding community. However, the evidence suggests that any symbolic language elements are understood only by the shaman and perhaps by other shamans initiated by this shaman. In other words, the symbolic language, if there is one, is more likely to be shared with the spirits than with a human community.

A shaman may use different sounds for different ritual purposes:
Setting up the sound space of the ritual A very important element in Siberian shamanism is the use of hanging metallic objects - possibly including small bells - attached to the shaman's ritual cloak and to the inside of the drum and also sometimes to the beater. This sets up a continuously moving sound field, heard as a single complex sound. A further element is the spatialisation of sound brought about not only by the shaman's movement but also by techniques of singing into the drum to create the illusion of the voice coming from elsewhere. Different individual shamans and different local traditions may use different sounds. For example, in the south of Tuva and in Mongolia the khomus, or jaw harp is commonly used in shamanising.
Preparation Particular sounds, like bells, may be used for purifying the place in which the ritual is to be performed. This is because a ritual involving contact with the spirits is always potentially dangerous, and one of the dangers is that pollution.
Calling and sending back spirits A bell may also be used for calling or sending back spirits. Shamans will also imitate the sounds of birds and animals in order to call spirits. Sami shamanic singing, called Joik, is also about summoning, for example, animal spirits, rather than singing about them or representing them: the spirit is experienced as being present.
Healing Within shamanic ritual, sound can also be used as a healing power, conceived as a way of directing spiritual energy from the shaman into an afflicted person. In Tuva sick persons are said to have been healed by the sound of a stringed instrument made from a tree struck by lightning.

Shaman's Song
The shaman's song - or algysh  in Tuvan - is personal to the shaman and tells of her or his birthplace, initiation, ancestral pedigree, special gifts, and special connections to particular spirits. The melody and words are composed by the shaman and generally remain the same throughout the shaman's professional life. The algysh is often sung near the beginning of the ritual and accompanied by drumming on the dungur drum. It serves to remind the shaman of their shamanic identity and power. It proclaims the shaman's abilities and announces the shaman to the spirits. In some traditions, the shaman's song may be broken up into short sections, varied, and recombined in different performances.

Korean Shamanic Music

Korea is the only country where shamanism appears to have been a state religion practised by the literate classes, during the Three Kingdoms Period (57BC-668AD). Under successive dynasties, shamanism was gradually relegated to a popular or folk status with the arrival of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The early official status of shamanism is the probable explanation for the fact that shamanic rituals in Korea developed highly complex and established forms. Correspondingly the music used in shamanic rituals is more elaborate in Korea than elsewhere. Furthermore, since the emergence of Korean contemporary nationalism, there has been a strong and sustained state intervention to preserve artistic traditions. All of these factors make it uniquely difficult in Korea to distinguish the 'pure' from hybrid and concert forms of shamanic ritual music. For example, Sinawi is a musical form that can be used in shamanic rituals or accompany folk dances, or for urban concert performances. In the ritual context Sinawi, is often performed by a small ensemble with the changgo hour-glass drum and two melodic instruments, often the taegum flute and the piri oboe. In concert the ensemble is augmented with stringed instruments Modern Sinawi is played in a minor mode in 12/8 time. The role of music in Korean shamanism seems intermediary between the possession trance model and the Siberian model: in the Kut ritual, the music, played by musicians, first calls on the god to possess the mudang (shaman), then accompanies the god during their time in the shaman's body, then sends back and placates the god at the end. However, the shaman is the singer and dancer and the shaman directs the musicians.

Bön shamanic music and Buddhist music

Before Buddhism came to Tibet, the local form of shamanism was Bön. Bön developed into an organised religion. When Buddhism arrived, both religions began competing with each other and incorporated many of each other's practices. The Bön shaman's drum on a pole became part of Tibetan Buddhist ritual music ensembles. Also, the shang - a kind of bell cymbal - became incorporated into Buddhist rituals. It was formerly only used by shamans to clear away negative energy before shamanic rituals.
The practice of giving a sonorous identity to deities, of calling them and sending them back by means of sounds, may well have entered Tibetan Buddhist ritual from Bön tradition.

Adoption by Popular Music
From the late 1980s with the loosening up of political restrictions several of Siberian native cultures underwent a cultural renaissance, shamans began to practice openly again, and musicians formed bands drawing on shamanic traditions. Cholbon and AiTal, in Sakha/Yakutsk, Biosyntes and early Yat-Kha in Tuva fall into this category. Nevertheless, the musicians involved, if sometimes unsure of their exact role, recognised an important difference between artists using shamanic themes and shamans themselves. In the West, bands began to apply the label 'shamanic' loosely to any music that might induce a trance state. This was partly due to the rarity of actual recordings of shamans' rituals. Meanwhile, the British-Tuvan group K-Space developed ways of combining improvisation, electronics, and experimental recording and montage techniques with the more shamanic side of Tuvan traditional music. In Hungary Vágtázó Halottkémek(in English: Galloping Coroners) later Vágtázó Csodaszarvas set out under the banner of shaman-punk to use ethnographic materials as manuals on how to reach and communicate ecstatic states. From 2005 Vágtázó Csodaszarvas (Galloping Wonder Stag) continued Vágtázó Halottkémek music philosophy turning it into a neotraditional music style closer to world music, replacing electronic guitars and drums with acoustic folk instruments.

Discography

 Mongolie Chamanes et Lamas, Ocora C560059 (1994)
 Shamanic and Narrative Songs from the Siberian Arctic, Sibérie 1, Musique du Monde, BUDA 92564-2
 Musiche e sciamani, Musica del Mondo, Textus 001 (2000). Contains tracks assembled from the set of seven CDs of Siberian music on BUDA curated by Henri Lecomte. Sold with book (in Italian) Musiche e sciamani, ed Antonello Colimberti, Textus 2000.
 Kim Suk Chul / Kim Seok Chul Ensemble: Shamanistic Ceremonies of the Eastern Seaboard, JVC, VICG-5261 (1993)
 Trommeln der Schamanen, Tondokumente der Ausstellung, Völkerkundemuseum der Universität Zürich (2007)
 Tuva, Among the Spirits, Smithsonian Folkways SFW 40452 (1999)
 Stepanida Borisova, Vocal Evocations of Sakha-Yakutia (1) SOASIS 17 (2008)
 Chyskyyrai, Vocal Evocations of Sakha-Yakutia (2) SOASIS 18 (2008)
 Gendos Chamzyrzn, Kamlaniye, Long Arms (Russia) CDLA 04070 (2004)
 Tabuk, Contemporary Sakha Folk Music, Feelee LP (Russia) FL 3018/019 (1991)

References

Fremont E.Besmer, Horses, Musicians and Gods: The Hausa Cult of Possession-Trance. Ahmadu Bello UP 1983
Otgonbayar Chuluunbaatar, Musical Instruments as Paraphernalia of the Shamans in Northern Mongolia, in Studia Instrumentorum Musicae Popularis (New Series), ed Gisa Jähnichen, MV-Wissenschaft Verlag, 2017, p 1-32.
Antonello Colimberti (ed) (in Italian) Musiche e sciamani, Textus, Milan 2000
Shamanism, The Spirit World of Korea, eds Chai-shin Yu and R.Guisso, Asian Humanities Press, Berkeley California 1988
Vilmos Diószegi, Tracing Shamans in Siberia Anthropological Publications, Netherlands 1968.
Roberte Hamayon, (in French) Pour en finir avec la 'trance' et 'l'extase' dans l'étude du chamanisme, in Etudes mongoles et sibériennes 26: Variations Chamaniques 2, 1995.
Roberte Hamayon, (in French) Gestes et Sons, Chamane et Barde, in Chamanisme et Possession, Cahiers de Musiques Traditionelles 19, Ateliers d'Ethnomusicologie, Genève, 2006
Mireille Helffer (in French) Traditions musicales dans un monastère du Bouddhisme Tibétain in L'Homme 171-2, Paris 2004
Tim Hodgkinson, Musicians, Carvers, Shamans, Cambridge Anthropology vol 25, no 3, (2005/2006)
Tim Hodgkinson, Siberian shamanism and improvised music, Contemporary Music Review vol 14, parts 1–2, Netherlands, Harwood,1996.
Mihály Hoppál, Tracing Shamanism in Tuva: A History of Studies, in Mongush Kenin Lopsan Shamanic Songs and Myths of Tuva, Istor Budapest 1997
Mihály Hoppál, Studies on Eurasian Shamanism in Shamans and Cultures in Mihály Hoppál and Keith Howard eds pp258–288 Istor Budapest 1993
Keith Howard, Sonic Transformations of Shamanic Representations in AHRP Research Centre Newsletter 4, SOAS 2004.
Keith Howard, Perspectives on Korean Music: Preserving Korean Music: Intangible Cultural Properties as Icons of Identity v. 1 (SOAS Musicology Series) 2006
Caroline Humphrey, Shamans and elders. Oxford, OUP1996.
Ronald Hutton, The Shamans of Siberia, Isle of Avalon Press, 1993
Margaret J. Kartomi, On concepts and classifications of musical instrumentsUniversity of Chicago Press, 1990
Henri Lecomte, (in French) , in Chamanisme et Possession, Cahiers de Musiques Traditionelles 19, Ateliers d'Ethnomusicologie, Genève, 2006
Theodore Levin, Where Rivers and Mountains Sing, Indiana University Press 2006.
Mongush Kenin Lopsan, Shamanic Songs and Myths of Tuva Istor Budapest 1997
Terence McKenna, The Archaic revival Harper Collins 1991
Rodney Needham, Percussion and Transition, Man 2:606-14. 1967
Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The technologizing of the word, Methuen, 1982
Carole Pegg, Mongolian Music, Dance and Oral Narrative, University of Washington Press, 2001.
Tina Ramnarine, Acoustemology, Indigeneity & Joik, Ethnomusicology vol 53, no 2, spring/summer 2009
Gilbert Rouget, Music and Trance, University of Chicago Press 1985
Massimo Ruggero, (in Italian) La musica sciamanica, Xenia 2004
Maria Kongin Seo, Hanyang Kut: Korean Shaman Ritual Music from Seoul, Routledge 2002
Andrew Stiller, Handbook of Instrumentation, University of California Press, 1985,
Anna Szemere Up From the Underground - The Culture of Rock Music in Postsocialist Hungary Penn State Press 2001
Michael Taussig, The Nervous System, Routledge 1992
Sevyan Vainshtein, The Tuvan Shaman's Drum and the ceremony of its Enlivening, in V.Dioszegi (ed), Popular Beliefs and Folklore in Siberia, Bloomington 1968
Aimar Ventsel, Sakha Pop Music http://www.princeton.edu/~restudy/soyuz_papers/Ventsel.pdf
Marilyn Walker, Music as Knowledge in Shamanism and Other Healing Traditions of Siberia, in Arctic Anthropology.2003; 40(2): p40-48
Damian Walter, The Medium of the Message: Shamanism as Localised Practice in the Nepal Himalayas in The Archaeology of Shamanism, ed Neil Price, Routledge 2001

Notes

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130724093513/http://vhk.mediastorm.hu/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110622115511/http://www.soas.ac.uk/musicanddance/projects/project6/essays/file45912.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090216183730/http://frankperry.co.uk/Tibetan%20Bowls.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100613215026/http://www.thepathoflight.it/worken.php

Shamanism
Ethnomusicology
Onomatopoeia
Religious music
Traditional music
Membranophones
Medicine drums


Mustache March is an annual event occurring in the month of March, where members in the United States Air Force grow mustaches to honor Air Force legend Robin Olds. As the name implies, it starts on the 1st of March and any participant who starts in the month of February is disqualified. The idea stems from an early Air Force tradition in which members of the U.S. Air Force would grow mustaches in good-natured protest against facial hair regulations during the month of March.  The act of growing a mustache as a gesture of defiance against dogmatic leadership is attributed to U.S. Air Force triple-ace Robin Olds who grew an extravagantly waxed handlebar mustache which did not comply with U.S. Air Force regulations.

Origins

Aside from being a triple ace, Robin Olds was known for the extravagantly waxed (and decidedly non-regulation) handlebar mustache he sported in Vietnam. It was a common superstition among airmen to grow a "bulletproof mustache", but Olds also used his as "a gesture of defiance. The kids on base loved it. Most everybody grew a mustache." Olds started the mustache in the wake of the success of Operation Bolo and let it grow beyond regulation length because "It became the middle finger I couldn't raise in the PR photographs. The mustache became my silent last word in the verbal battles...with higher headquarters on rules, targets, and fighting the war." Returning home, however, marked the end of this flamboyance. When he reported to his first interview with Air Force Chief of Staff General John P. McConnell, McConnell walked up to him, stuck a finger under his nose and said, "Take it off." Olds replied, "Yes, sir."

For his part, Olds was not upset with the order, recalling:
"To tell the truth, I wasn't all that fond of the damned thing by then, but it had become a symbol for the men of the 8th Wing. I knew McConnell understood. During his visits to Ubon over the past year he had never referred to my breach of military standards, just seemed rather amused at the variety of 'staches sported by many of the troops. (It) was the most direct order I had received in twenty-four years of service."

The incident with the mustache is given credit as the impetus for a new Air Force tradition, "Mustache March", in which aircrew, aircraft maintainers, space operators, cyber operators and other Airmen worldwide show solidarity by a symbolic, albeit good-natured "protest" for one month against Air Force facial hair regulations.

2014 Mustache March
Prior to Mustache March in 2014 Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Mark Welsh issued a branch-wide challenge while addressing the Air Force Association's Air Warfare Symposium on February 20. Welsh said "I don’t think we’ve ever had an all-in Mustache March, have we?" and "I’m putting the smackdown on you guys. Air Force-wide Mustache March, MAJCOM competitions." While during the event Welsh wrote on his Facebook page "... we can have a little fun while we accomplish the mission". Christina Olds, daughter of Robin Olds, has been visiting squadrons at various bases at the end of March in the past few years to act as a "judge" for the mustache growing. "The results have been entertaining, to say the least," says Olds. "There hasn't been a mustache grown out of limits in the hundreds inspected, so the judging is always based upon 'best' effort and 'likely to be most improved'. The squadrons seem to love the good natured competition and even many of the women pilots will sport a fake mustache for the fun of it."

That year, Retired Navy Commander Sara Zak criticized Mustache March for failing to show "proper respect to all airmen" and having "perpetuated an environment conducive to sexual harassment". She commented in an interview that "Women have been in the military for so long and there are still feelings that, we’re not welcome." Zak issued complaints to the Air Force inspector general's office and Department of Defense inspector general's office, and asked that Welsh step down and rescind the challenge. The inspector general's office found insufficient basis to initiate a query.

See also
 Movember

References

Bibliography
 Olds, Robin. (2010) Fighter Pilot: The Memoirs of Legendary Ace Robin Olds , St. Martin's Press,

External links
 "Local DJs stache up for charity", Daily Sound, March 24, 2009
 Mustache March
 Moustache March

Charity events in the United States
March events
Articles containing video clips
Moustache


Events in the year 1848 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar I

Events
 Ålesund received city rights.
 10–12 March – March riots: after the newspaper Morgenbladet publishes news of the French Revolution of 1848, some 100 youths gather to make catcalls outside the house of the newspaper's editor, Adolf Bredo Stabell, in Christiania. Counter-demonstrations, in support of the French revolution and against a local ban on trade on Sundays, involved up to 3–4,000 people and led to clashes with the police and the military. Some 70 people were arrested.
 21 May – Fatal accident in Vanse Church where eight people were killed and several were injured. The accident occurred when there arose panic in the crowded church and several people were trampled to death.
 27 December – Marcus Thrane founded Drammens arbeiderforening (Drammen Labour Union).
Christiania Bank was founded.
Fred. Olsen & Co. was founded.

Arts and literature
 Bridal Procession on the Hardangerfjord was painted.

Notable births
3 February - Jørgen Løvland, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (d.1922)
2 May - Hans Gabriel Nissen Buck, physician and politician (d.1924)
17 May – Erik Jørgensen, master gunsmith (d.1896)
27 May – Johan Bøgh, museum director and art historian (d.1933)
12 June – Nordahl Rolfsen, writer, educationalist and teacher, journalist, translator and speaker (d.1928)
20 June – Jens Carl Peter Brandt, businessperson and politician (d.1912)
19 September – Gunnar Knudsen, politician and twice Prime Minister of Norway (d.1928)
22 November – Lars Holst, journalist, newspaper editor and politician (d.1915)
16 December – Georg Sverdrup, theologian and educator (d.1907)
21 December – Viggo Ullmann, educator and politician (d.1910)

Full date unknown
Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, author and college professor in America (d.1895)
Holm Hansen Munthe, architect (d.1898)
Kristian Mauritz Mustad, politician (d.1913)
Henrik Nissen, architect (d.1915)
Andreas Lauritz Thune, engineer and businessman (d.1920)

Notable deaths

2 January – Frederik Motzfeldt, politician (born 1779).
5 February - Hans Munk, physician (born 1770)
25 March – Nicolai Wergeland, priest, writer and politician (born 1780).
30 March – Jonas Anton Hielm, jurist and politician (born 1782)
20 December - Ole Høiland, burglar and jail-breaker (born 1797)
24 December – Hans Nicolai Lange, priest and politician (born 1795)

Full date unknown
Ole Hersted Schjøtt, clergyman and politician (born 1805)

References


James Patrick Lannon (October 12, 1878 – March 13, 1953) was born in Alexandria, Virginia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1902.

He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914. He was awarded the Navy Cross for service as commanding officer of  in the Mediterranean Sea during World War I, served in World War II, and retired in 1947. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation

Lannon was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1915.

Citation:
"For extraordinary heroism in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914. Lt. Lannon assisted a wounded man under heavy fire, and after returning to his battalion was himself desperately wounded."

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)
List of United States Naval Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)

References

External links

1878 births
1953 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy admirals
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Battle of Veracruz (1914) recipients of the Medal of Honor


Disney's Eureka! A California Parade was a parade in Disney California Adventure at the Disneyland Resort that  showed the various cultures of California. It ran from the Park's opening in 2001 to mid-2002. It was replaced three years later with Block Party Bash.

Parade setlist
The parade played the song Come Away With Me, with each unit playing a variation of the song. The parade consisted of:
 Opening unit (Main Song)
 Hispanic California (Song performed in both English and Spanish)
 Los Angeles (Song performed as a Rap)
 Outdoor California (Instrumental beach rock cover)
 Chinatown (Instrumental Chinese cover)
 Golden State Finale (Combination of the Opening, Hispanic, and Los Angeles Units)

References

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts parades


Events in the year 1896 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II
Prime Minister: Francis Hagerup

Events

 11 July – Noregs Ungdomslag (lit. "Norway's youth society") was founded.

Popular culture

Sports
3 March – FC Lyn Oslo football club is founded.

Music

Theathre

Literature

Births

January to March
4 January
Jørgen Løvset, gynecologist and academic (died 1981)
Johanne Reutz Gjermoe, economist and politician (died 1989).
2 February – Einar Ræder, long jumper (died 1976)
5 February – Paul Tjøstolsen Sunde, politician (died 1958)
9 February – Arthur Rydstrøm, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1986)
10 February – Alf Aanning, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1948)
17 February – Arthur Qvist, horse rider and Olympic silver medallist (died 1973)
22 February – Ingvald Johannes Jaklin, politician (died 1966)

April to June
9 April – Cato Andreas Sverdrup, politician (died 1948)
20 April – Asbjørn Bodahl, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1962)
21 April – Leif Høegh, shipowner (died 1974)
22 April – Gunnar Jamvold, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1984)
22 May – Leiv Kreyberg, pathologist (died 1984).

July to September
16 July – Trygve Lie, politician, the first elected United Nations Secretary-General (died 1968)
19 July – Olaf Solumsmoen, newspaper editor and politician (died 1972)
27 July – Ivar Andresen, opera singer (died 1940)
27 July – Olav Svalastog, politician (died 1979)
21 August – Gunnar Reiss-Andersen, poet and author (died 1964)
25 August – Eilif Løvrak Holmesland, jurist and politician
11 September – Isak Larsson Flatabø, politician (died 1969)
20 September – Einar Gundersen, international soccer player (died 1962)
22 September – Claudia Olsen, politician (died 1980)

October to December
8 October – Jon Vislie, lawyer, executed as a reprisal (died 1945)
25 October – Karl Marthinsen, commander of Statspolitiet and Sikkerhetspolitiet in Norway during the Nazi occupation (died 1945)
26 October – Johs Haugerud, politician (died 1971)
1 November – Mathias Torstensen, rower
12 November – Lars Evensen, trade unionist and politician (died 1969)

Full date unknown
Gunnar Bråthen, politician and Minister (died 1980)
Mons Lid, politician and Minister (died 1967)
Asbjørn Øverås, educator (died 1966)
Alfred Trønsdal, politician (died 1953)

Deaths
3 January – Andreas Grimelund, bishop (born 1812)
16 February – Jens Andreas Friis, linguist and author (born 1821)
23 September – Ivar Aasen, philologist, lexicographer, playwright and poet (born 1813)

Full date unknown
Ludvig Aubert, politician and Minister (born 1838)
Ludvig Maribo Benjamin Aubert, jurist and politician (born 1836)
Peter Hersleb Graah Birkeland, bishop (born 1807)
Jess Julius Engelstad, engineer and railroad administrator (born 1822)
Baard Madsen Haugland, politician (born 1835)
Erik Jørgensen, master gunsmith (born 1848)
Lars Anton Nicolai Larsen-Naur, politician (born 1841)
Olav Paulssøn, bailiff, writer and politician (born 1822)

See also

References


Brookula benthicola is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This species is found near the South Island of New Zealand in deep water.

References

benthicola
Gastropods described in 1956


Jason Cope (known as Benoit Franc) is a South African actor. He starred and played multiple roles in the 2009 Academy Award-nominated science fiction film District 9.

Career
In 2004, Cope played a variety of roles on the second season of the SABC1 comedy show The Pure Monate Show.  In 2008, he played the character of Howard Weaver in the MNet miniseries Ella Blue.  The title character of the miniseries was portrayed by actress Nathalie Blott, who would go on to costar with Cope in the film District 9.  Since 2010, he has also played a "Field Reporter" on eTV's satirical news show Late Nite News with Loyiso Gola.

In the 2009 film District 9, Cope played a variety of characters including the alien Christopher Johnson, created entirely through CGI using Cope's motion captured performance.  This process creates a character modeled on the performance of an actor or actress, allowing for on-camera performances including interaction with the other cast members.  He also played the character Grey Bradnam, one of the narrators of the film, and provided the majority of the background voice work in the film, including the cameraman Trent.  In a deleted scene of the movie, Cope also played a doctor at a clinic visited by the film's protagonist, who was seeking to have his arm amputated due to being infected with alien DNA.  The scene is featured as part of the movie's DVD "extras."

In 2010 he also had a costarring role in the South African-produced film Spud, opposite veteran actor John Cleese.

In 2012 Cope had a minor role in DREDD 3D as one of the thugs killed during the film's introduction sequence. In 2015, he played a Tetravaal Lead Mechanic in Neill Blomkamp's science-fiction film Chappie.

Filmography
 2013 - Spud 2: The Madness Continues — Sparerib
 2013 - Dredd — Zwirner
 2012 - Mermaids: The Body Found (TV documentary) — Dr. Rodney Webster
 2011 - Spoon — Conway
 2010 - Spud — Sparerib / Mr. Wilson
 2009 - District 9 — Grey Bradnam / UKNR Chief Correspondent / Christopher Johnson
 2008 - Doomsday — Wall guard
 2008 - Ella Blue (TV series) — Howard Weaver
 2007 - Big Fellas — Fabio / Wimpie
 2007 - Flood — Young survivor
 2006 - Bunny Chow — Cope
 2006 - Alive in Joburg — UN Official / alien

References

External links

Living people
South African male film actors
South African male television actors
Year of birth missing (living people)


Norodom Narindrapong ( ; 18 September 1954 – 7 October 2003) was a Prince of Cambodia. He was born in Phnom Penh to King Father Norodom Sihanouk and Queen Mother Norodom Monineath Sihanouk.

Biography
The prince studied philosophy, criminology, and law at the Moscow State University, and spoke fluent French and Russian. Prince Narindrapong died in his Paris apartment from a heart attack on 7 October 2003 at the age of 49. He was married and had two daughters:

Princess Norodom Simonarine (born 23 September 1983).
Princess Norodom Moninouk (born 18 March 1987).

He was the younger full brother of King Norodom Sihamoni and half-brother to 12 other siblings.

References

1954 births
2003 deaths
Cambodian princes
Cambodian expatriates in France
Moscow State University alumni
People from Phnom Penh
House of Norodom
Cambodian people of Corsican descent
Cambodian people of French descent
Cambodian people of Italian descent
Children of prime ministers of Cambodia
Sons of kings


East Melville was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1962 to 1989.

The district was based in the inner southern suburbs of Perth. It was a safe Liberal Party seat.

History
First contested at the 1962 state election, the seat's inaugural member was Des O'Neil of the Liberal Party, hitherto the member for Canning. He was succeeded at the 1980 state election by fellow Liberal Anthony Trethowan—he won unopposed, due to the failure of the ALP candidate to nominate on time, but was opposed by Dr Carmen Lawrence in 1983. Trethowan was succeeded by another Liberal in Richard Lewis at the 1986 state election.

East Melville was abolished ahead of the 1989 state election. Lewis went on to become the member for Applecross.

Members for East Melville

Election results

East Melville
1962 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1962
1989 establishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1989


The Rock of Israel (, Tzur Yisrael) is a concept in Judaism that alludes to God, and in Zionism and politics, to the cultural and historical heritage of the Jewish people and the foundation of the State of Israel. The term was used in the Israeli Declaration of Independence as a compromise between religious Jews and secular Jews.

Definition

In Psalm 19:15 of the Hebrew Bible, God is referred to as the "Lord, my Rock and my Redeemer". In religious terms, the "Rock" means God, who protects the Jewish people and is the center of their faith, which defines their identity and consciousness. The term indicates the trust and faith of people in God, who is immutable. However, secular Zionists have interpreted this term in a non-religious way to mean the cultural and historical heritage that has preserved Jewish community and identity over centuries. Both meanings have influenced the movement for the return of Jews to the Eretz Israel and the creation of the Jewish state of Israel.

A phrase beginning "Rock of Israel" is part of the morning prayers in some versions of the prayerbook, where it is recited immediately before the Shemonah Esrei prayer.

Controversy
The term "Rock of Israel" was subject of controversy just before the promulgation of the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. The leaders present at the ceremony and who were to be signatories of the declaration believed that the declaration should express the fundamental values and principles that would define the new state, which would give the Jewish people a homeland in Palestine after 2,000 years of exile.

The Jewish religious leaders, led by Rabbi Fishman-Maimon wanted a clear reference to God by the usage of the words "The Rock of Israel and its Redeemer." However, a large segment of the Jewish leadership included those with secular and socialist convictions who sought a clear separation of church and state. Aharon Zisling, the left-wing leader of Mapam refused to sign the declaration of independence if it contained references to "a God in whom he did not believe." The disagreement threatened to derail the actual and ceremonial proclamation of the establishment of a Jewish state in the former British Mandate of Palestine.

Israeli leader David Ben-Gurion, who would become the country's first Prime Minister, spent the morning of 14 May mediating the dispute between Rabbi Maimon and Zisling. After hours of talks, Rabbi Maimon agreed to leave out the term "Redeemer" from the text of the declaration. The compromise was included without a final vote.

Later in his life Ben-Gurion is said to have explained that to him, "Rock of Israel" meant "the Old Testament with its history and traditions" or "Tzahal" (the Israeli army).

English translation
Significantly, the whole passage containing the words "Rock of Israel" was not included in the English-language translation that was released for publication, owing to the military censorship imposed to keep the time and place of the ceremony secret in the wake of the war that was about to begin.

Despite Ben-Gurion's conviction that "Rock of Israel" was not necessarily a religious term, the official English translation composed by Moshe Sharet, and cited in official documents, rendered it as "Almighty God." It was not until 1962 that the Israeli government changed it to the more literal "Rock of Israel".

See also
Labour Zionism
Names of God in Judaism

References

Israeli Declaration of Independence
Hebrew Bible words and phrases
Names of God in Judaism


Fredy Lienhard, Sr. (born 14 September 1947 in Herisau) is a Swiss racing driver.

In 1968 Lienhard founded Lista Racing and throughout the 1970s and 1980s he competed in Formula Vee and Formula Two. In 1993 and 1994 he moved to sports car racing competing in a Lola Can-Am car in Interserie division 2. In 1995 he acquired a Ferrari 333 SP and began racing in the European Sportscar Championship and IMSA GT Championship with teammate Didier Theys, winning the 24 Hours of Zolder in 1997. He moved to the American Le Mans Series in 1999. In 2002 he moved to the Rolex Sports Car Series SRP class with a new Judd powered Dallara SP1 and won the 2002 24 Hours of Daytona with teammates Theys, Mauro Baldi and Max Papis. In 2003 he competed in only two races due to a busy business schedule but began racing more regularly again in 2006 and 2007 competing in select ALMS and Le Mans Series races and continued to do so in 2008.

Lienhard resides in Niederteufen and is the owner of Lista Office LO and Alid Finanz AG, a manufacturer of office furniture. His son Fredy Lienhard, Jr. is also a racing driver. He sponsors the Formula Lista Junior and Formula Renault 2.0 Switzerland single-seater series.

Racing record

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

Horag Racing Fredy Lienhard bio

1947 births
Swiss racing drivers
Living people
American Le Mans Series drivers
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
European Formula Two Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
People from Appenzell Ausserrhoden


Toronto Bus Terminal may refer to:

Toronto Coach Terminal
Union Station Bus Terminal


Victor Joukovski () is a Paralympian athlete from Belarus competing mainly in category P10 pentathlon events.

He competed in the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.  There he won a bronze medal in the men's Pentathlon - P10 event, a bronze medal in the men's Triple jump - F10 event and finished fourth in the men's Long jump - F10 event

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Paralympic athletes for Belarus
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic bronze medalists for Belarus
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)
Belarusian male long jumpers
Belarusian male triple jumpers
Visually impaired long jumpers
Visually impaired triple jumpers
Paralympic long jumpers
Paralympic triple jumpers
Belarusian blind people


Brookula contigua is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This species  is only known to occur at the Three Kings Islands, New Zealand.

References

contigua
Gastropods described in 1940


Kalandar pass (el. 17,130 ft.) is a high mountain pass that connects Karambar river valley (upper Gilgit valley) in Ishkoman tehsil of Ghizer district in the Northern Areas of Pakistan with Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.

Mountain passes of Afghanistan
Wakhan
Afghanistan–Pakistan border
Mountain passes of Gilgit-Baltistan
Landforms of Badakhshan Province


Murdoch Macfarlane Dickie (28 December 1919 – February 2004) was a Scottish footballer who played for Crewe Alexandra, Port Vale, Guildford City, Chelsea, and Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic.

Career
Dickie played for Crewe Alexandra before joining Port Vale in May 1939. He played two league games, but had his contract cancelled in December 1939. After guesting for Walsall during the war he rejoined Vale in October 1944. He played three war league matches before moving on to Guildford City, probably in the autumn of 1945. He played one First Division game for Billy Birrell's Chelsea in 1946–47. He then left Stamford Bridge, and signed with Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic. He scored twice in 16 league games in 1947–48, helping Harry Lowe's "Cherries" to a second-place finish in the Third Division South. Dickie then left both Dean Court and the English Football League.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic
Football League Third Division South second-place promotion: 1947–48

References

1919 births
2004 deaths
Footballers from Dumbarton
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Guildford City F.C. players
Chelsea F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
English Football League players


The 1998–99 European Hockey League was the third edition of the European Hockey League. The season started on September 15, 1998, and finished on February 14, 1999.

The tournament was won by Metallurg Magnitogorsk, who beat HC Dynamo Moscow in an all-Russian final. The game is best remembered for a tying goal allowed by Metallurg goaltender Boris Tortunov with just 8 seconds remaining, on a slapshot from his own end by Dynamo defenceman Andrei Markov. Metallurg overcame the late setback to win in overtime on a goal by Kazakhstani defenceman Vladimir Antipin. This was Dynamo's third straight defeat in a European final, and their fifth overall including their two straight losses in the 1992 and 1993 IIHF European Cups.

The points system used in the first round of the tournament was: the winner in regular time won 3 points; in case of a tie, an overtime is played, the winner in overtime won 2 points and the loser in overtime won 1 point.

First round

Group A

Group A standings

Group B

Group B standings

Group C

Group C standings

Group D

Group D standings

Group E

Group E standings

Group F

Group F standings

Second round

Third round

Group A
(Berlin, Germany)

Group A standings

Group B
(Helsinki, Finland)

Group B standings

Final stage
(Moscow, Russia)

Semifinals

Third place match

Final

References

 Season 1999

1998–99 in European ice hockey leagues
European Hockey League


Paula Cook (born 2 November 1969) is a British auto racing driver. She is best known as an independent driver in the British Touring Car Championship competing for the family-run DC Cook Motorsports. She ran the family-owned DC Cook Direct dealership after her father's death in 2005 until its closure in 2009.

Racing career

Early career
Born in Rotherham, Cook began her auto racing career in 1994, when she competed in both the Formula Vauxhall Junior and Formula Vauxhall Junior Winter Series championships, finishing second overall in the latter. British Formula Renault (becoming the first female ever to achieve a pole position in an international race), followed by three years in the British Formula 3 Championship between 1996 and 1998. In 1997, she drove for the works Nissan team in the RAC Tourist Trophy.

BTCC
Towards the end of 1998 British Touring Car Championship season, Cook entered the final four rounds for her father's DC Cook Motorsport Team in a Honda Accord. She entered once more with DC Cook in 1999, planning to compete in the entire season, the first woman to do so. However, despite a reasonable start to the year, the season for Cook was cut short after round 16, after her team pulled out of the series due to financial difficulties.

In her 20 BTCC race starts, she scored 3 points and 2 Independents cup race victories.

Later career
After the BTCC she raced in the Lotus Elise Championship and the SEAT Cupra Championship. In 2002, she entered a one-off ASCAR race at Rockingham. In 2003, she competed in the SEAT Cupra Championship for the first time, before later entering two races for the Morgan Works Race Team in the FIA GT Championship, Most recently she has competed in the British GT Championship in 2004, driving the Chevrolet Corvette C5R of the Embassy Racing team. following an outing in the Porsche Supercup.

Personal life
Paula was born into a racing family - her father, Derek, was a racing driver in the 1970s. Her brother David also competed in motorsports, and was most notable for winning the 1996 British Formula Renault series. In addition to this, her nephew, Jake, entered the 2013 Formula Renault UK series, with Paula employed as his manager. She helped run the family-owned DC Cook Direct dealership franchise, taking over the company following the death of her father in a car crash in 2005, and remaining in charge until the company was liquidated in 2009.

Racing record

Complete British Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position - 1 point awarded all races) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) (* Signifies that the driver led the feature race for at least one lap - 1 point awarded)

Complete Porsche Supercup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† – Did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.

‡ – Guest driver – Not eligible for points.

References

1969 births
Living people
English racing drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
British Touring Car Championship drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Porsche Supercup drivers
English female racing drivers
ASCAR drivers
British GT Championship drivers


The Aéro-Club de France () was founded as the Aéro-Club on 20 October 1898 as a society 'to encourage aerial locomotion' by Ernest Archdeacon, Léon Serpollet, Henri de la Valette, Jules Verne and his wife, André Michelin, Albert de Dion, Alberto Santos-Dumont, Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, and Henry de La Vaulx. On 20 April 1909, its name was changed to Aéro-Club de France.

The Aéro-Club de France originally set many of the regulations that controlled aviation in France. From its formation it also set the rules that have marked some of the 'firsts' in aviation, such as the first closed-circuit flight of over 1 km and the first helicopter flight, and has organised competitions including:
 the Prix Deutsch de la Meurthe, a challenge for dirigibles from 1901
 the Gordon Bennett Cup for fixed-wing aircraft in 1909

The club published the journal L'Aérophile from 1898 to 1947, and since 1997 publishes the magazine Aérofrance.

The Aéro-Club de France was a founding member of the International Aeronautical Federation (FAI) in 1905, a joint effort with other national associations.

After 1945, some of the Aéro-Club's regulatory roles were taken by other bodies. It now focusses on the promotion of aviation and certification.

Medal

The Club grants the Great Medal of the Aéro-Club de France to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the advancement of aviation. The winners have been:

 2006 - The flight test team of the Airbus A380 and the Dassault Falcon 7X
 2005 - Pierre Guyoti
 2004 - At the retirement of Concorde, the heads of EADS, British Aerospace, Air France and British Airways
 2003 - Steve Fossett
 2002 - The astronauts of the Andromeda mission
 2000 - Jean-Pierre Haigneré, ESA astronaut
 1998 - Bertrand Piccard, of the Breitling Orbiter 3 balloon
 1997 - Claudie Haigneré, Shannon Lucid, Yelena Kondakova
 1996 - Jules Roy, author
 1995 - Serge Dassault
 1994 - Henri Pescarolo
 1988 - Jean Salis, Chuck Yeager
 1986 - Patrick Baudry
 1981 - John Young, Robert Crippen
 1970 - Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, Fred Haise
 1969 - Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins
 1967 - Adrienne Bolland, Élisabeth Boselli, Marcel Dassault, Didier Daurat, Jean Lasserre, Georges Libert, Henry Potez
 1963 - Jacqueline Auriol
 1958 - Gabriel Voisin
 1938 - Henri Guillaumet, Paul Tissandier
 1937 - Maryse Bastié
 1931 - Maurice Noguès
 1930 - Jean Mermoz, Maurice Bellonte
 1928 - Joseph Le Brix
 1927 - Charles Lindbergh
 1923 - Louis Bréguet, Pierre-Georges Latécoère, Dieudonné Costes
 1922 - Clément Ader
 1920 - Joseph Sadi-Lecointe
 1917 - Warrant Officer Lucien Jailles, Sergeant Walter Lovell, Warrant Officer Raoul Lufbery, Archibald Johnson, Willis Haviland, Captain Georges Thenault, Warrant Officer Harold Willis, Second Lieutenant Henri Languedoc, Lieutenant J.A. Tourtay, Second Lieutenant Hector Varlin, Second Lieutenant William Thaw, Lieutenant Albert Dullin, Captains Alfred Heurtaux and Georges Guynemer, Second Lieutenant Paul Tarascon, and Captain André Wateau
 1912 - Roland Garros
 1911 - Jules Védrines
 1910 - Géo Chavez
 1909 - Louis Blériot
 1908 - Henri Farman, Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright
 1901 - Alberto Santos-Dumont, Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, Robert Lebaudy
 1900 - Henry de La Vaulx

See also
 List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Aéro-Club de France in 1909
 List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Aéro-Club de France in 1911
 Fédération française de parachutisme

References

External links
 Aéro-Club de France website

Flying clubs
Clubs and societies in France
Organizations established in 1898
Organizations based in Paris
Air Cadet organisations
1898 establishments in France
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale