AEDC Range G is a two-stage light-gas gun owned by the United States Air Force.

History
Constructed in 1962, the AEDC Range-G is the largest routinely operated light-gas gun in the United States.  It is located at Arnold Engineering Development Complex on Arnold Air Force Base.  The design of the range came from collaboration between German and American scientists after World War II.  Range-G has played a crucial role in lethality development for many defense programs.  The range has performed more than 7,000 high speed launches.

Capabilities
Range G is capable of launching projectiles up to speeds of 7 km/s (22,965 ft/s).  The gun has an interchangeable barrel that can accommodate projectile diameters of 3.3 inches, 4.0 inches, and 8.0 inches.  The projectile is launched into a 10 ft diameter test chamber that is approximately 1000 ft long.  This chamber can be conditioned to pressures from 0.2 torr (26.7 pascals) to 1.7 atmospheres (172 kilopascals). Sections of the tank can also be configured to simulate possible flight conditions such as rain or snow.

Currently the facility offers a wide variety of instruments for hyperballistic testing. Instruments are available for making measurements related to the flight of the projectile and the target impact event. Instrumentation includes shadowgraph cameras, high speed video cameras, and multiple plane digital x-ray sensors. The range personnel have in-depth experience with the design and analysis of projectiles under gun conditions.  AEDC also operates a fully staffed machine shop capable of fabricating complex projectiles for any of the available barrel sizes.

See also
 Ballistics
 NASA Chicken Gun
 AEDC Ballistic Range S-3
 Ames Research Center

References

External links
 Arnold Engineering Development Center (official)
 Arnold Engineering Development Center at GlobalSecurity.org
 AEDC Hypervelocity Range Fact Sheet

Space guns


The Brown University Graduate School is the graduate school of Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island. The school offers 51 doctoral programs and 33 master's programs.

History

While originally established in 1850 under university president Francis Wayland, graduate study at Brown ceased after seven years of operation. In 1887, the Graduate School was re-established; the first master's degrees were awarded in 1888, and the first Ph.D's in 1889.

References

External links

1850 establishments in Rhode Island
Brown University
Graduate schools in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1850


The Las Cajas water mouse  (Chibchanomys orcesi) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is endemic to the Cajas National Park in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is the high grassland (páramo) of the park, where it lives near streams, eating small fish and large invertebrates.

References

Chibchanomys
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals described in 1997


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shioko Mizuki. It was serialized by Akita Shoten in the  manga magazine Princess from 2002 to 2005 and collected in seven bound volumes. It was licensed in North America by Go! Comi before the imprint shut down in 2010. The story follows a teenage girl, Kajitsu, who, after her grandmother dies, ends up living with her two stepbrothers and younger stepsister, all unrelated to each other.

Synopsis
Kajitsu has never known a proper family. Her father is a deadbeat who walked out when she was five, and her mother runs off with would-be husbands repeatedly.

Kajitsu lives with grandmother in a rental house. When the story begins grandmother has just died, and Kajitsu is feeling the loss very badly. Soon her two step-brothers, whom she hasn't seen in seven years, arrive for the funeral, followed by her unreliable mother.  Kajitsu once had fond feelings for Natsu, back when they lived together, but something came between them.  Now Natsu too is adrift and homeless. Two days later mom has left again, gone with a man in pursuit of her dream of a stable and comfortable married life.  She has done this many times in the past.  This time she leaves behind six-year-old Satsuki, a sister in some way to the other three kids. The three are thrown together, and onto their own resources. They will try to make a household and a family for themselves.

Characters
 Kajitsu Toda
 Age 15. The point of view of the story.  She has never known a proper family.  She faces adversity with anger. Because of her personal issues the other students at her school call her the ice-queen.
 Taro Toda
 Age 20. Works as a deliveryman.  He was living in a very small (4 tatami mats, ~72 sq ft., + unit bath) apartment.
 Natsu Toda
 Age 15, slightly younger than Kajitsu. He had been a rather chubby geek when he and Kajitsu lived together seven years ago. Now he is a slender handsome young man, who had prospects of going to top-ranked Tokyo University.
 Rumiko Toda
 Age 28. Kajitsu's irresponsible mother and ex-wife to Taro and Natsu's fathers. She is constantly running off with men, and always making extravagant promises to her children. Now she has run off again, dumping her youngest child on Kajitsu, Taro, and Natsu. Her nickname is "Run-run", (which rhymes with "June").
 Satsuki Toda
 Age 6. Rumiko's youngest daughter.

Publication
Crossroad was written and illustrated by Shioko Mizuki. It was serialized by Akita Shoten in the  manga magazine Princess from November 6, 2002, to November 5, 2005. The individual chapters were collected in seven bound volumes, which were released by Akita Shoten between June 12, 2003, and December 16, 2005. The manga was licensed in North America by Go! Comi, which released the seven volumes between November 1, 2005, and June 30, 2007. It went out-of-print when Go! Comi shut down in 2010. The manga is also licensed in France by Taifu Comics and in Korea by SamyangM.

Volume listing

Reception
The storyline has been described as "unique" by IGN, and by Mania.com as a storyline of "delicious complications" that does "a fantastic job illustrating the wreckage that is youth". Mania.com's Julie Rosato described herself to have been "engulfed" by the characters and their story since the first volume, and considers the series to have a good balance between comedy and drama. Rosato enjoyed the pacing of the second volume, finding it unusual that Kajitsu's teacher doesn't mind that Kajitsu has a crush on him. The fourth volume includes a story where Taro supports his ailing birth mother, and Rosato says "touching to see their affections take root and hold on so fiercely" despite the tenuous nature of the family's existence. In the sixth volume, Rosato criticises the manga artist for being "too attached to certain characters to let them go properly" as shown in "the return to school after summer vacation". On the fourth volume, Rosato comments that "the narrative wasn't as clear as it could have been, and maybe not all of the characters met their full potential, but there's a lot going on underneath the surface." Manga Life's Brigid Alverson comments on the first volume that "the mood is a bit uneven, alternating between cartoony [chibi] violence and pensive moments, but the story never bogs down." Nicolas Demay of Planete BD comments the manga for its tone "while sometimes moving stay light without giving into the excess of pathos". He also comment that "the author wanted to dedicated herself in her vision of the heroine." Planete BD's Faustine Lillaz review of the second volume commends the manga for its "minimalist" art, saying "the arts are of good quality: the cutting and the directing are well done, the trait is fine & precise and the screentone is abundant. (even if often a bit crude)." Lillaz further commends the manga for the rendering of Kajitsu's feelings, the regular comedy to "alleviate the atmosphere" and the use of fan service. Lillaz's review of the fourth volume criticises the manga for its slow pacing but commends the manga for its "expressive" characters and its "cutting is rather dynamic and the trait is rather precise."  Lillaz's review of volume seven commends "the narration [which] is perfectly mastered and thus the story conveys the feelings with sensibility and pudor. Manga News commends the manga for covering hard subjects such as "the age difference, an impossible love between brother and sister and child abandonment" with a light scenario, as well as character development, however it is criticized for a lack of realism and non-detailed background.

References

External links

2002 manga
Akita Shoten manga
Go! Comi titles
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Shōjo manga


Dharma Sri Munasinghe (March 1, 1930 – August 30, 2004) was a Sinhala radio playwright and film screenwriter and director, best known for his work as the writer of the famous Sinhala radio plays Muvan palessa and Monara thenna. He was also an award-winning Sinhala drama actor, and featured in the play Maname.

Early life and career
Dharma Sri Munasinghe was born on 1 March 1930 in Kandy Udawella village near Danture. He was educated at Dharmaraja College, Kandy where he excelled in studies, and was selected to the University of Ceylon. But Dharma Sri had other plans, as he turned down University entrance, and moved to Colombo in search of employment.

He joined the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation, then the Radio Ceylon, in 1952 as a clerk. Young Dharma Sri had the fortune of working with many contemporary greats of Sinhala broadcasting  at Radio Ceylon such as Thevis Guruge, D.M. Colombage, H.M.Gunasekera,  P. Velikala and Praba Perera. It was an important period of his life, as Dharma Sri was inspired by these great personalities.

He left the Radio Ceylon in 1956 to pursue a career in the Inland Revenue Department. But he continued writing Radio plays and working as an announcer for SLBC, and even appeared in the famous radio Comedy show Vinoda samaya with comedians Annesley Dias and Berty Gunathilake. Dharma Sri is the writer of 23 Radio play series in total.

Dharma Sri Munasinghe excelled in many disciplines of popular art. He was a brilliant  Sinhala Radio Play writer; a Radio dramatist, announcer, comedian, producer and actor; an award-winning Theatre actor; a Tele drama screenwriter and actor; an award-winning Film actor, screenwriter & director; and an Oriental dancer.

Family
He was married to Mrs. Silwari Perera(Manel) and was the father of two sons and three daughters. Dharma Sri Munasinghe died on 28 August 2004, at the age of 74. He was a rare artiste who displayed equal celebrity in different spheres of arts, and it's inevitable for Sri Lanka to feel the absence of an artiste like Dharma Sri Munasinghe.

Awards
 Winner of the award for Best Actor in 1965, for the stage play Daruduka
 Winner of the award for Most Creative Acting, for the film Hulawaali
 Won an award for his acting in Bahubootha kolama, which is a preface to the drama Maname

Works

Radio plays
 Monarathenna - This was the first Sinhala radio play series by a single writer
 Muvan pelessa – This drama was aired for over 40 years (co-writer)
 Gajamuthu
 Guwanviduli rangamadala
 Adaraneeya Julius (1971) – This was the first Sri Lankan detective radio play and was banned
 Mudali mankada – This was based on his research and was banned in Sri Lanka
 Mee messo
 He translated numerous foreign short stories & novels, and adopted as Radio plays
 Joined Annesley Dias & Berty Gunathilake for the famous comedy show Vinoda samaya
 He’s the writer of 23 Radio play series.
 He was a producer, announcer & actor of  Lama pitiya, Grameeya sandyawa and Guvanviduli rangamadala

Theatre
 Ediriweera Sarachchandra’s Maname (1958–59)

Tele Drama
 Dimuthu muthu – Screenwriter and Actor
 Screenwriter of  seven Teledramas

Films
 Muvan pelessa - Screenwriter and Director of two sequels
 Monarathenna - Screenwriter and Director of four episodes

See also
Radio Ceylon
Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation
Sri Lankan literature
List of Sri Lankan Broadcasters

References

Sri Lankan radio writers
Sri Lankan radio personalities
Sri Lankan screenwriters
Alumni of Dharmaraja College
1930 births
2004 deaths
People from Kandy
20th-century screenwriters


Niobium(V) bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula Nb2Br10. Its name comes from the compound's empirical formula, NbBr5.  It is a diamagnetic, orange solid that hydrolyses readily.  The compound adopts an edge-shared bioctahedral structure, which means that two NbBr5 units are joined by a pair of bromide bridges. There is no bond between the Nb centres.  Niobium(V) chloride, niobium(V) iodide, tantalum(V) chloride, tantalum(V) bromide, and tantalum(V) iodide all share this structural motif.

Synthesis
Niobium(V) bromide can be prepared by the reaction of bromine with niobium metal at 230-250 °C in a tube furnace.  It can also be produced from the more accessible oxide by metathesis using aluminium tribromide:
Nb2O5  + 3.3AlBr3  →  2NbBr5  +  3.3Al2O3
A challenge with the latter method is the occurrence of NbOBr3 as an impurity.

References

External links
Web Elements

Bromides
Metal halides
Niobium(V) compounds


HEDP is an abbreviation for:

 High Explosive Dual Purpose anti-tank / fragmenting warhead
 Etidronic acid or etidronate
 High energy density physics
 the Higher Education Development Program of the Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)


The 2009 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships is a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It is the 41st edition of the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, and is an ATP World Tour 250 event. It takes place at River Oaks Country Club in Houston, Texas, United States, from April 6 through April 12, 2009. Unseeded Lleyton Hewitt won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Lleyton Hewitt defeated  Wayne Odesnik 6–2, 7–5
 It was Hewitt's 1st singles title of the year (after a break of 2 years) and the 27th of his career.

Doubles

 Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan defeated  Jesse Levine /  Ryan Sweeting 6–1, 6–2

References

External links
Official website
Singles draw
Qualifying Singles draw

U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships
U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships


Samson Lee (born 30 November 1992) is a Wales international rugby union player currently playing for the Scarlets having previously played for Llanelli and Ammanford. His position is prop forward. Lee has represented Wales, making his debut against Argentina in November 2013.

Club career
Lee began playing rugby with the Felinfoel RFC youth side, as well as with Coedcae School. Lee joined the Scarlets at age 15, and progressed through the academy while playing for Ammanford RFC and later Llanelli RFC. He made his first Scarlets appearance in a preseason friendly against Narbonne.

Lee was named in the 2013–14 Pro12 Dream Team, along with teammates Gareth Davies and Liam Williams.

In 2015, Lee signed a national dual contract with the Scarlets and WRU. He extended the contract the following year.

Ahead of the 2016–17 Pro12 season, Lee underwent shoulder surgery, missing the beginning of the season. Lee was part of the Scarlets squad that won the league that season, but suffered a recurrence of a knee injury in the final.

Lee extended his Scarlets contract in 2020, and on 11 October 2020, made his 150th appearance for the Scarlets.

In 2022, Lee suffered another achilles injury, a long term injury. Lee made his return to the field on 6 May 2023, for Llandovery RFC against Newport, after 14 months of recovery.

International career

In 2012 Lee represented the Wales national under-20 rugby union team, in both the 2012 Six Nations Under 20s Championship and 2012 IRB Junior World Championship. He was part of the U20 squad that defeated New Zealand U20 in the Junior World Championship for the first time.

In October 2012 he was called into the Wales  squad for the 2012 end-of-year rugby union internationals, but did not make his debut. He made his full international debut versus Argentina on 16 November 2013 as a second-half replacement. He came off the bench in the next two test matches, against Samoa and Australia. Lee was selected in the squad for the 2014 Six Nations Championship, but did not gain any further caps.

Lee was selected in the squad for the 2014 Wales rugby union tour of South Africa, coming off the bench in the first test. He made his first start in the second test, as Wales narrowly lost to South Africa, in place of stalwart Adam Jones. Lee was cited for a headbutt on Flip van der Merwe and received a five week ban. By the autumn, Lee was pushing for first choice, starting all four tests in the series.

For the 2015 Six Nations Championship, Lee retained the starting birth, but was ruled out of the second match against Scotland, having suffered a concussion in the opening fixture against England. He returned to the team after recovering, but suffered an achilles injury against Ireland, which ruled him out for the remainder of the season. Lee overcame odds to recover in time for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. During the tournament, Lee scored his first international try, coming against Uruguay.

Lee started all five matches for Wales during the 2016 Six Nations Championship. During the match against England, he was racially abused by prop Joe Marler, for which Marler received a two match ban and £20,000 fine. Lee also played against England in a warm up match ahead of the 2016 Wales rugby union tour of New Zealand. Lee played in all three of the tests, starting the final two.

A knee injury ruled Lee out of the 2017 Wales rugby union tour of Tonga and Samoa. Another achilles injury would see Lee unable to participate in the 2017 end-of-year rugby union internationals. Lee recovered in time to be selected for the 2018 Six Nations Championship, starting the first three matches of the series. A back injury prevented Lee from featuring in any of the tests on the 2018 Wales rugby union tour to Argentina and the United States. Finally, a hamstring injury kept Lee out of the 2018 end-of-year rugby union internationals.

Lee recovered in time to participate in the 2019 Six Nations Championship, featuring in the first two tests before succumbing to injury, as Wales went on to win the Grand Slam. Lee was not selected in the squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. After more than a year out of international reckoning, Lee returned to the Wales squad for the 2020 end-of-year rugby union internationals, playing in four of the tests. Injury would prevent his selection for the 2021 Six Nations Championship. Lee earned a recall to the Wales squad for the 2021 July rugby union tests, following an injury to Tomas Francis, but he did not appear in any match day squad.

International tries

Personal life
Lee is a member of the Traveller community. He was subject to racial abuse from England prop Joe Marler during a Six Nations match in 2016, for which Marler received a fine and two match ban.

References

External links
 Scarlets Profile
 WRU Profile

1992 births
Living people
Ammanford RFC players
Irish Travellers from the United Kingdom
Irish Traveller sportspeople
Rugby union players from Llanelli
Rugby union props
Scarlets players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


The following lists events that happened during 2009 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

Incumbents

Events

January – March
 8 February – Fabienne Gaul replaces Marie-Thérèse Gantenbein-Koullen in the Chamber of Deputies, after Gantenbein-Koullen retires.
 11 March – Patrick Santer resigns from the Chamber of Deputies.
 12 March – After the confrontation of December 2008 over euthanasia, the constitution of Luxembourg is amended to change the Grand Duke's power as from 'promulgating' law to 'sanctioning' law: removing his veto.
 13 March - Luxembourg announces that it will provide details of private bank clients to foreign tax authorities if 'concrete proof' of tax evasion is provided.
 17 March – Following the constitutional amendment, the Chamber of Deputies votes 30–26 to legalise euthanasia.  The Grand Duke refuses to sign the law, but no longer has the power to veto it.
 17 March – Raymond Weydert replaces Patrick Santer in the Chamber of Deputies.

April – June
 1 April – Luxembourg legalises euthanasia.
 2 April – Luxembourg is included on a G-20 'grey list' of tax havens.
 21 April – Jean-Claude Juncker delivers his fifteenth State of the Nation address.
 27 April – Patrick Santer is appointed to the Council of State, replacing Victor Rod, who resigned on 7 March.
 26 April – Andy Schleck wins the Liège–Bastogne–Liège in Belgium, marking the first victory of the classic by a cyclist from Luxembourg in 55 years.
 12 May - Arcelor Mittal's annual general meeting is marked by a rioting by up to 1,000 steel-workers, bused in from Belgium and France, in Place des Martyrs.
 20 May - Luxembourg and the United States sign a tax treaty, pledging to exchange private bank client details upon request: the first Luxembourg has signed with an OECD country.
 24 May – The 2008-09 season of the  National Division finishes, with F91 Dudelange winning the title for a fifth successive season.
 30 May – F91 Dudelange win the Luxembourg Cup, beating UN Käerjéng 97 5–0 in the final to complete the Double for the third time.
 2 June - Luxembourg reports its first case of swine influenza in the ongoing pandemic.
 7 June – Elections are held to the Chamber of Deputies and to the European Parliament.  The CSV wins 26 seats of 60 in the Chamber and 3 of 6 in the European Parliament, strengthening its dominance.
 7 June – Fränk Schleck wins the 2009 Tour de Luxembourg, with Team Saxo Bank picking up the team title.  He is the first Luxembourger to win since 1983.
 22 June - A protest by European milk farmers outside a Council of the European Union meeting in Luxembourg City ends in rioting.

July – September
 23 July - The CSV and LSAP conclude a coalition agreement, forming a new government under Jean-Claude Juncker and Jean Asselborn.
 26 July - The 2009 Tour de France concludes, with Luxembourger Andy Schleck in second place and his older brother Fränk in sixth.
 28 July - Laurent Mosar is elected the new President of the Chamber, replacing Lucien Weiler.

October – December
 11 November – Erna Hennicot-Schoepges is appointed to the Council of State, replacing Nico Edon, who resigned on 1 November.
 17 November – Georges Schroeder is appointed as President of the Council of State, replacing Alain Meyer.

Deaths
 11 February - Yvonne Useldinger, politician and resistance leader

Footnotes

Luxembourg


Lleyton Hewitt beat Wayne Odesnik in the final, 6–2, 7–5.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Lucky losers

Draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

External links
Draw
Qualifying Draw

Singles


"Ocean Front Property" is a song written by Dean Dillon, Hank Cochran and Royce Porter and recorded by American country music artist George Strait. It was released in December 1986 as the first single and title track from his album of the same name. It was a number-one hit in both the United States and Canada. On the 45 record single, "My Heart Won't Wander Very Far From You" is the B-side.

Content
The narrator tells his soon-to-be ex-lover that he will not miss her when she’s gone, ever take her back, or be haunted by her memory. He then reveals the sheer untruth of his claims and likens the impossibility of his moving on to that of obtaining ocean front property in the landlocked state of Arizona.

Critical reception

Ben Foster of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying that it is "subtly clever, yet deceptively simple, with a strong undercurrent of heartache." He goes on to say that Strait’s vocal interpretation is "just straightforward enough to keep the song’s left-of-center metaphor from coming across as campy, keeping the undertone of sadness fully intact."

Charts

Certifications

References

See also
Arizona Bay

1986 singles
George Strait songs
Songs written by Dean Dillon
Songs written by Hank Cochran
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles
1986 songs
Songs written by Royce Porter


After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Cuba established a program to send its medical personnel overseas, particularly to Latin America, Africa, and Oceania, and to bring medical students and patients to Cuba for training and treatment respectively. In 2007, Cuba had 42,000 workers in international collaborations in 103 countries, of whom more than 30,000 were health personnel, including at least 19,000 physicians. Cuba provides more medical personnel to the developing world than all the G8 countries combined. The Cuban missions have had substantial positive local impacts on the populations served. It is widely believed that medical workers are a vital export commodity for Cuba. According to Granma, the Cuban state newspaper, the number of Cuban medical staff abroad fell from 50,000 in 2015 to 28,000 in 2020.

A major criticism of Cuban medical internationalism is that the doctors involved that are sent by Cuba are sometimes sent against their will, and with little to no compensation for their services—as opposed to medical international aid from nearly any other country.

Missions abroad

A 2007 academic study on Cuban internationalism surveyed the history of the program, noting its broad sweep: "Since the early 1960s, 28,422 Cuban health workers have worked in 37 Latin American countries, 31,181 in 33 African countries, and 7,986 in 24 Asian countries. Throughout a period of four decades, Cuba sent 67,000 health workers to structural cooperation programs, usually for at least two years, in 94 countries ... an average of 3,350 health workers working abroad every year between 1960 and 2000". In November 2019, the United Nations estimated that there were around 30,000 Cuban doctors active in 67 countries. Since 1963, more than 600,000 Cuban health workers have provided medical services in more than 160 countries. In 2020, Cuban doctors were active in over 60 countries.

The term "disaster tourism" arose in response to a growing number of large-scale natural disasters. The phrase refers to individuals, governments and organisations who travel to a disaster area with the primary goal of having an "experience" rather than providing meaningful aid. Such aid is often short-lived, and may even get in the way of more serious rescue efforts. Cuban medical internationalism represents a polar opposite to this disaster tourism mentality, with a focus on large-scale, sustained aid targeting the most marginalised and under-served populations across the globe.

Anti-colonialism

In 1960, Cuba sent an emergency brigade to Chile to assist the recovery from the Valdivia earthquake. The program was officially initiated in 1963 as part of Cuba's foreign policy of supporting anti-colonial struggles. It began when Cuba sent a small medical brigade to Algeria, which suffered from the mass withdrawal of French medical personnel during the Algerian War of Independence Some wounded soldiers and war orphans were also transported back to Cuba for treatment. Cuba was able to put this program in place despite half the country's 6,000 doctors fleeing after the Cuban revolution. Between 1966 and 1974, Cuban doctors worked alongside Cuban artillery in Guinea-Bissau during its war of independence against Portugal. Cuba's largest foreign campaign was in Angola where, in 1977, two years after the campaign's commencement, only one Angolan province out of sixteen was without Cuban health technicians. After 1979, Cuba also developed a strong relationship with Nicaragua.

Humanitarianism

In addition to the internationalism which was driven by foreign policy objectives, humanitarian objectives also played a role in Cuba's overseas medical program, with medical teams despatched to countries governed by ideological foes. For example, in 1960, 1972 and 1990 Cuba dispatched emergency assistance teams to Chile, Nicaragua, and Iran following earthquakes. Similarly, Venezuela's Mission Barrio Adentro program grew out of the emergency assistance provided by Cuban doctors in the wake of the December 1999 mudslides in Vargas state, which killed 20,000 people.

Cuban medical missions were sent to Honduras, Guatemala and Haiti following 1998's Hurricane Mitch and Hurricane Georges, and remained there semi-permanently. From 1998 onwards, Cuba expanded its international cooperation in health dramatically. The number of Cuban doctors working abroad jumped from about 5,000 in 2003 to more than 25,000 in 2005.

In Honduras the medical personnel had a substantial impact: "In the areas they served, infant mortality rates were reduced from 30.8 to 10.1 per 1,000 live births and maternal mortality rates from 48.1 to 22.4 per 1,000 live births between 1998 and 2003." However, as one academic paper noted, "The idea of a nation saving lives and improving the human condition is alien to traditional statecraft and is therefore discounted as a rationale for the Cuban approach." In 2004 the 1700 medical personnel in Guatemala received the Order of the Quetzal, the country's highest state honour. A 2005 attempt by Honduras to expel the Cuban mission on the basis that it was threatening Honduran jobs was successfully resisted by trade unions and community organisations.

Following the 2004 Asian tsunami, Cuba sent medical assistance to Banda Aceh and Sri Lanka. In response to Hurricane Katrina, Cuba prepared to send 1500 doctors to New Orleans, however, the offer was refused. Several months later a mission was dispatched to Pakistan following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Ultimately, Cuba sent "more than 2,500 disaster response experts, surgeons, family doctors, and other health personnel", who stayed through the winter for more than 6 months. Cuba helped during the medical crisis in Haiti after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. All 152 Cuban medical and educational personnel in the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince at the time of the earthquake were reported to be safe, with two suffering minor injuries. In 2014, Cuba sent 103 nurses and 62 doctors to help fight the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, the biggest contribution of health care staff by any single country.

In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, Cuba sent 57 brigades of medical specialists and abroad. These specialists treated 1.26 million COVID patients in 40 countries. A Cuban medical team consisting of over 50 medical personnel was dispatched to Italy at the request of the worst-affected region Lombardy. Cuban medical teams also assisted in Andorra and in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

Cuban doctors, accustomed to working under resource-constrained conditions, have been requested to assist in the pandemic response abroad. Despite the international demand for these professionals, there are concerns regarding the working conditions and the distribution of their salaries when they work abroad, as a significant portion is retained by the Cuban government. Reports surfacing in early 2022 revealed that the doctors that travel abroad on behalf of the Cuban government, often do so against their will and without monetary compensation similar to doctors from other countries. Another report found that nearly 7,000–8,000 doctors since 2006 have gone into hiding or failed to return to Cuba after having gone on abroad as part of the Cuban government's "volunteering" them to provide healthcare to foreign nationals without remuneration. While Cuban doctors are sent abroad to assist in medical missions, domestically, although wages in the health sector have increased in recent years, they are still considered low compared to the prices of basic goods in Cuba.

Oceania

In the 2000s, Cuba began establishing or strengthening relations with Pacific Island countries, and providing medical aid to those countries. Cuba's medical aid to Pacific countries has involved sending its doctors to Oceania, and providing scholarships for Pacific students to study medicine in Cuba at Cuba's expense.

In 2007, there were sixteen Cuban doctors providing specialised medical care in Kiribati, and an additional sixteen scheduled to join them. Cuba also offered training to Kiribati doctors. Cuban doctors have reportedly provided a dramatic improvement to the field of medical care in Kiribati, reducing the child mortality rate in that country by 80%, and winning the proverbial hearts and minds in the Pacific. In response, the Solomon Islands began recruiting Cuban doctors in July 2007, while Papua New Guinea and Fiji considered following suit.

In 2008, Cuba was due to send doctors to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Nauru and Papua New Guinea, while seventeen medical students from Vanuatu would study in Cuba. It was reported that it might also provide training for Fiji doctors.

As of September 2008, fifteen Cuban doctors were serving in Kiribati, sixty-four Pacific students were studying medicine in Cuba, and Cuban authorities were offering "up to 400 scholarships to young people of that region". Among the sixty-four students were twenty-five Solomon Islanders, twenty I-Kiribati, two Nauruans and seventeen ni-Vanuatu. Pacific Islanders have been studying in Cuba since 2006.

In June 2009, Prensa Latina reported that Cuban doctors had "inaugurated a series of new health services in Tuvalu". One Cuban doctor had been serving in Tuvalu since October 2008, and two more since February 2009. They had reportedly "attended 3,496 patients, and saved 53 lives", having "opened ultrasound and abortion services, as well as specialized consultations on hypertension, diabetes, and chronic diseases in children". They had visited all the country's islands, and were training local staff in "primary health care, and how to deal with seriously ill patients, among other subjects".

Venezuela

Cuba's largest and most extensive medical aid effort is with Venezuela. The program grew out of the emergency assistance provided by Cuban doctors in the wake of the December 1999 mudslides in Vargas state, which killed 20,000 people. Under this bilateral effort, also known as the "oil for doctors" program, Cuba provided Venezuela with 31,000 Cuban doctors and dentists and provided training for 40,000 Venezuelan medical personnel. In exchange, Venezuela provided Cuba with 100,000 barrels of oil per day. Based in February 2010 prices, the oil was worth $7.5 million per day, or nearly $3 billion per year.

Following the development of cooperation with Venezuela through Mission Barrio Adentro, Mission Milagro/Operación Milagro was set up to provide ophthalmology services to Cuban, Venezuelan and Latin American patients, both in Cuba and in other countries. As of August 2007, Cuba had performed over 750,000 eye surgeries, at no cost, including 113,000 surgeries for its own citizens. Cuba continued to grow the program and by 2017 had established 69 Operación Milagro clinics in 15 countries. By 2019, over 4 million people in 34 countries had received free surgery through the program.

In 2017, The Miami Herald reported that groups of Cuban health care workers who had defected from the program stated that due to the daily quotas of patients, they would often feel pressured to fake paperwork and throw away medicine, since regular audits of their supplies meant they needed them to match their patient count. If Cuban medical personnel did not meet their quotas, they were threatened with having their pay cut or being sent back to Cuba.

Other countries

Since 1990, Cuba has provided long-term care for 24,000 victims of the Chernobyl disaster, "offering treatment for hair loss, skin disorders, cancer, leukemia, and other illnesses attributed to radioactivity", free of charge.

Cuba has also sent notable missions to Bolivia (particularly after the 2005 election of Evo Morales) and South Africa, the latter in particular after a post-apartheid brain drain of white doctors. Since 1995, a co-operation agreement with South Africa has seen hundreds of Cuban doctors practice in South Africa, while South Africa sends medical students to Cuba to study. In 2012, the two governments signed another deal, increasing numbers on both sides. Under the deal, South African could send 1,000 students to Cuba for training which, South Africa believed, will help train the doctors it desperately needs for the implementation of its National Health Insurance Scheme. After the 1999 violence in East Timor, the country of a million people was left with only 35 physicians and 75% of its population displaced. The number later increased to 79 physicians by 2004, and Cuba sent an additional 182 physicians and technicians.

"From 1963 to 2004, Cuba was involved in the creation of nine medical faculties in Yemen, Guyana, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Uganda, Ghana, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea, and Haiti."

Salaries

Cuba's overseas medical missions are intended to provide services at low cost to the host country. "Patients are not charged for services, and the recipient countries are expected to cover only the cost of collective housing, air fare, and limited food and supplies not exceeding $200 a month. While Cuban doctors are abroad, they continue to receive their salaries as well as a stipend in the foreign currency". In 2008, the pay for Cuban doctors abroad was $183 per month, whereas the pay for doctors working domestically was $23 per month.

However, during the COVID-19 pandemic there was concern in South Africa about the relatively high salaries to be paid for Cuban medical assistance even as many South African doctors and nurses remained unemployed.

Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina

In response to Hurricane Mitch in 1998, Cuba set up the Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina (abbreviated as ELAM, and in English the Latin American School of Medicine) outside Havana, converted from a former naval base. It accepts around 1500 students per year. ELAM forms part of a range of medical education and training initiatives; "Cubans, with the help of Venezuela, are currently educating more doctors, about 70,000 in all, than all the medical schools in the United States, which typically have somewhere between 64,000 to 68,000 students enrolled in their programs". ELAM selects students from a working class background who would not be able to afford university otherwise.

Effects on Cuba

Benefits

Both humanitarian and ideological factors were prominent in Cuba's "doctor diplomacy", particularly during the Cold War. Subsequently, its continuation has been seen as a vital means to promote Cuba's image abroad and prevent international isolation. Cuba's health missions in Honduras were "undoubtedly a deciding factor" in the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 2002, ; Guatemala re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1998.

It has also been suggested that Cuban medical internationalism promotes exports of Cuban medical technology, and may be a source of hard currency. However, the targeting of poor countries reduces the hard currency potential of missions abroad. In 2006, Cuba's earnings from medical services, including the export of doctors, amounted to US$2,312M – 28% of total export receipts and net capital payments. This exceeded earnings from both nickel and cobalt exports and from tourism. These earnings were achieved despite the fact that a substantial part of Cuba's medical internationalism since 1998 has been organised within the framework of the "Integrated Health Program" (Programa Integral de Salud, PIS); this cooperation program is free for the receiving country. Cuba's co-operation with Venezuela provides Cuba with cheap oil in exchange for its medical support to Mission Barrio Adentro. Bloomberg reported in March 2014 that Cuban state-controlled media forecasted revenue of $8.2 billion that year from the program.

It has also been argued that the program has, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, "perform[ed] a critical function in consolidating socialist consciousness" within Cuba.

Costs

Although Cuba's large-scale medical training programs and high doctor-patient ratios give it much latitude, the expansion of doctor diplomacy since 2004, particularly with the Barrio Adentro program, has been dramatic: the number of Cuban doctors working abroad jumped from about 5000 in 2003 to more than 25,000 in 2005. This has had some impact on the domestic health system, for example there have been increased waiting times, particularly with regard to family doctors. The number of patients per doctor rose from 139 to 179. In March 2008 Cuba announced a reorganisation of its domestic family doctor program for greater efficiency.

Possible effects of lifting the U.S. embargo

A 2010 article by Laurie Garrett in Foreign Affairs warned that lifting the United States trade and travel restrictions on Cuba could have dire consequences for Cuba's health care system, leading to an exodus of thousands of well-trained Cuban health-care professionals. U.S. companies could also transform the remaining health care system into a destination for medical tourism. Garrett concluded that, if politicians do not take great care, lifting of the restrictions would rob Cuba of its greatest triumph.

Reports of slavery and political coercion

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, in an official public communication by the Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences; and the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, have indicated that the working conditions of the Cuban medical workers in these missions "could rise to forced labor, according to the forced labor indicators established by the International Labor Organization. Forced labor constitutes a contemporary form of slavery". In particular, related to defection the communication indicated that "If a professional decides to retire from work abroad, it is classified as «abandonment of the mission of civilian workers» under the Cuban Penal Code, which in its article 135.1 stipulates that «the official or employee in charge of fulfilling a mission in a foreign country that abandons it, or, once it has been completed, or required at any time to return, refuses, expressly or tacitly, to do so, incurs a punishment of deprivation of freedom for three to eight years.»”

According ADN Cuba, the Cuban government keeps between 70 and 90% of their additional salary paid by the host country and those who break the mission are punished for 8 years, without allowing them to return to Cuba.

According to a 2019 The New York Times article, sixteen Cuban doctors from Mission Barrio Adentro in Venezuela denied medicine and other treatments in order to secure votes for the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) during elections through coercion. The report said this occurred during 2018 Venezuelan presidential election in which Nicolás Maduro won reelection. Cuban doctors would have been instructed to go door to door warning residents that medical treatments would be cut off if they did not vote for Maduro. They also were asked to register people into the Venezuelan government homeland card, to secure medical services, and refuse treatment to those who did not apply for it. Some doctors report to have provided counterfeit ID cards to patients to be able to vote. According to four doctors, Maduro administration established electoral command centers next to clinics led by members of the PSUV to dispatch doctors to pressure residents.

According to Human Rights Watch "the Cuban government imposes draconian rules on doctors deployed in medical missions globally that violate their fundamental rights".

Defection of Cuban medical professionals

In 2000, two Cuban doctors working in Zimbabwe attempted to defect to Canada. They were prevented from doing so by two Zimbabwean soldiers, who handed them over to Cuban officials. United Nations officials said Zimbabwe appeared to have violated national and international laws.

According to a 2007 paper published in The Lancet medical journal, "growing numbers of Cuban doctors sent overseas to work are defecting to the USA", some via Colombia, where they have sought temporary asylum. In February 2007, at least 38 doctors were requesting asylum in the U.S. embassy in Bogotá after asylum was denied by the Colombian government. Cuban doctors who defected said that they were monitored by "minders" and subject to curfew.

Cuban Medical Professional Parole program

In August 2006 the United States under George W. Bush created the Cuban Medical Professional Parole program, specifically targeting Cuban medical personnel and encouraging them to defect while working outside Cuba. From an estimated 40,000 eligible medical personnel, over 1000 had entered the United States under the program by October 2007, according to the chief of staff for U.S. Rep. Lincoln Díaz-Balart. By 2017, more than 7000 had entered the program. The promised fast-track visa was not always forthcoming, with at least one applicant having to wait a year for his visa; although according to Julio César Alfonso of the Cuban dissident organisation "Outside the Barrio," the U.S. government has rejected only a handful of the hundreds of applications for visas. Critics of the US program described it as "immoral" because it takes medical professionals from the world's poorest nations to one of the world's wealthiest nations. On 12 January 2017, President Obama announced the end of the program, saying that both Cuba and the US work to "combat diseases that endanger the health and lives of our people. By providing preferential treatment to Cuban medical personnel, the medical parole program contradicts those efforts, and risks harming the Cuban people".

See also

 List of medical schools in the Caribbean
 Health equity
 Medical missions
 Cuban military internationalism

Sources

 Robert Huish and John M. Kirk (2007), "Cuban Medical Internationalism and the Development of the Latin American School of Medicine", Latin American Perspectives, 34; 77
 C Muntaner, RM Guerra-Salazar, J Benach and F Armada,(2006) "Venezuela's barrio adentro: an alternative to neoliberalism" in health care, Int J Health Services 36(4), pp. 803–811
 Cooper R.S., Kennelly J.F., Ordunez-Garcia P., (2006) "Health in Cuba", International Journal of Epidemiology, 35 (4), pp. 817–824.
 De Vos et al. (2007), "Cuba's International Cooperation in Health: an Overview", International Journal of Health Services, Volume 37, Number 4, Pages 761–776
 John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman (2009), Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution, and Goals, Palgrave Macmillan

References

External links

Cuba Pushes its 'Medical Diplomacy' by Michael Voss, BBC News, May 20, 2009
Alternatives to Health Insurance: Cuban Doctors  by Belén Fernández, The Palestinian Chronicle, May 18, 2009
Chernobyl Kids in Cuba - a slideshow by Edgard Garrido

Healthcare in Cuba
Foreign relations of Cuba
Global health
Internationalism
Medical diplomacy


Michael James (September 12, 1861 – April 27, 1943) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Nipissing East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1902 to 1904.

A member of the Liberal Party, he was elected in the 1902 election.

James was born in Centreville, Canada West in 1861. He died in 1943 at age 81.

References

External links

1861 births
1943 deaths
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Mattawa, Ontario


Chad Terry Johnson (born June 10, 1986) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He most recently played for the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected in the fifth round, 125th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career

College
Johnson played college ice hockey for the University of Alaska Fairbanks (Nanooks). He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins 125th overall in the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2006 Entry Draft. During his senior year, he was the Central Collegiate Hockey Association Player of the Year, as well as a Hobey Baker Award finalist.

Professional

New York Rangers
After graduating, on June 27, 2009, Johnson was traded to the New York Rangers in exchange for a fifth-round pick (151st overall) in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his professional career in the 2009–10 season with the Rangers American Hockey League affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack. When the Rangers waived Stephen Valiquette to Hartford on December 2, Johnson was recalled to serve as a backup goaltender to Henrik Lundqvist. He made his NHL debut against the Philadelphia Flyers on December 30, 2009, when he replaced Lundqvist after the first period. He allowed a breakaway goal to Simon Gagné on the first shot he faced, after playing for 23 seconds. He finished the game with 17 saves on 20 shots over two periods. He played his first career start against the Atlanta Thrashers and lost 2–1 in overtime.

Phoenix Coyotes
After spending three years with the Rangers' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate club Hartford Wolf Pack/Connecticut Whale, and playing in six NHL games, Johnson became an unrestricted free agent. He signed with the Phoenix Coyotes for a one-year, two-way contract and assigned to the AHL's Portland Pirates.

At the beginning of the lock-out shortened 2012–13 season, starting goaltender Mike Smith suffered a lower body injury. Johnson was called up to provide backup to Jason LaBarbera. After spending two games as a backup, on January 28, 2013, Johnson was called on to start in goal against the Nashville Predators. In his first NHL start since January 31, 2010, seventh overall, he earned first star accolades by stopping all 21 shots he faced on his way to his first NHL career shutout.

Boston Bruins
On July 5, 2013, Johnson was signed as a free agent to a one-year contract with the Boston Bruins. Johnson was the team's backup goaltender, behind Tuukka Rask, marking his first full-time NHL job.

New York Islanders
On July 1, 2014, Johnson was signed as a free agent to a two-year, $2.6 million contract with the New York Islanders. During his time with the club, Johnson posted an (8–8–1) record.

Buffalo Sabres
On March 2, 2015, he was traded along with a draft pick to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Michal Neuvirth., but he did not play for the Sabres until the 2015–16 season.

On December 17, 2015, Johnson recorded a 44-save shutout, breaking the Sabres franchise record for most saves in a regular season shutout, which had been held by Ryan Miller.

Calgary Flames
As a free agent from the Sabres, on July 1, 2016, Johnson joined his sixth NHL club in signing a one-year contract with the Calgary Flames. Johnson began the 2016–17 season, initially serving Brian Elliott as the backup, before he was elevated to shared starts through the midpoint of the year. Johnson would later return to his backup status in completing the season with 18 wins in 36 games. Johnson made his first NHL playoff appearance in Game 4 of the Stanley Cup Playoffs against the Anaheim Ducks, in relief of Elliot. The Flames would lose the game, 3–1, and get swept out of the playoffs.

On June 17, 2017, Johnson was as an impending free agent was traded back to former club, the Arizona Coyotes, in the Flames acquisition of Mike Smith. Included in the trade largely for 2017 NHL Expansion Draft considerations, he was dealt alongside prospect Brandon Hickey and a conditional 3rd round pick.

Return to Buffalo
Johnson went to market as a free agent from the Coyotes, and promptly signed a one-year, $2.5 million contract for a second stint with the Buffalo Sabres on July 1, 2017. In the 2017–18 season, Johnson was unable to replicate his previous season with club, in winning just 10 of 36 games, he was unable to steer the Sabres from a last place finish in the league.

St. Louis Blues and Anaheim Ducks
On July 1, 2018, Johnson opted to move on from the Sabres and agreed to a one-year, $1.75 million contract with the St. Louis Blues. In the 2018–19 season, Johnson as the club's backup to Jake Allen, appeared in 10 games as the Blues struggled to start the campaign. After collecting just two wins, Johnson was placed on waivers by the Blues and was claimed by the Anaheim Ducks on December 11, 2018.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Alaska Nanooks men's ice hockey players
Anaheim Ducks players
Boston Bruins players
Brooks Bandits players
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Connecticut Whale (AHL) players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
New York Islanders players
New York Rangers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Portland Pirates players
Ice hockey people from Saskatoon
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans


State Route 117 (SR 117) is part of Maine's system of numbered state highways, running from SR 112 in Saco to SR 219 in Turner.

Route description
SR 117 begins at SR 112 in Saco. It travels north through Buxton and Hollis, running concurrently with U.S. Route 202 (US 202) and SR 4 for . It turns off and continues through the towns of Hollis, Limington, and Waterboro. From there, SR 117 travels concurrently with SR 25 for , entering Cornish, then turns off. It is shortly joined by SR 5. It runs concurrently with only SR 5 for  into Baldwin, and with SR 5 and SR 113 for  into Hiram. In Hiram, SR 117 leaves SR 113 and SR 5, and enters Denmark. SR 117 continues on into Bridgton where it eventually intersects US 302. SR 117 runs concurrently with US 302 for . It then continues on into the towns of Harrison and Norway. It runs concurrently with SR 118 for  until its end at the intersection of SR 26. It then runs concurrently with SR 26 for  into Paris. From there, it continues into Buckfield and then Turner, where it reaches it northern terminus at SR 219.

Junction list

References

External links

Maine State Route log via floodgap.com: Maine State Route 117

117
Transportation in York County, Maine
Transportation in Cumberland County, Maine
Transportation in Oxford County, Maine
Transportation in Androscoggin County, Maine


This is a timeline of the history of Ottawa.

History

17th century
1610 – Étienne Brûlé is the first European to see the Chaudière Falls
1613 – Samuel de Champlain passes the site of the future Ottawa on June 4.
1613 to 1663 – A 1613 royal charter from the King of France evolved to give successive groups monopolies to invest in the vast territory of New France, control the fur trade and manage colonization. Eventually, unable to cope with numerous difficulties including territorial battles with the British and First Nations, the charter was surrendered in 1663.
1650 – Nicolas Gatineau, a clerk in the Company of One Hundred Associates, an organization of fur traders, gives his family name to the river flowing into the Ottawa River, two miles (3 km) from the present-day Hull sector of Gatineau.
1670 – The Hudson's Bay Company is formed by British royal charter and given trading monopoly over the watershed of all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay – Rupert's Land.

18th century
1759 – During the Seven Years' War, the British defeat the French on the Plains of Abraham and capture Quebec City
1763 – The Treaty of Paris is signed by Great Britain, France and Spain to mark the end of the Seven Years' War. It gives Britain control of all French territories in North America except the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon near Newfoundland.
1776 – The American Revolution leads to the 1776 Declaration of Independence by thirteen colonies of British North America and the beginning of the United Empire Loyalists migration to Canada.
1783 – Britain and the United States sign the Treaty of Paris of 1783. By this agreement, Britain recognizes the independence of the thirteen colonies that rebelled in 1776.
1791 – The Constitutional Act of 1791, passed by the British Parliament, establishes the individually administered regions of Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
1792 – Township B, later becoming Gloucester Township, was established.
1792 – Township D, later becoming Nepean Township, was established.
1800 – Philemon Wright establishes a farming community on the north bank of the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls arriving from Woburn Massachusetts on March 7 with his own and five other families and twenty-five labourers.  The community is known as Wright's Town and later becomes the City of Hull and subsequently the City of Gatineau.

19th century
1805 – The Napoleonic Wars make the Ottawa Valley an attractive source of timber for the Royal Navy.
1806 – Philemon Wright, his 18-year-old son, Tiberius, and a party of men set out on June 11 to guide his first timber raft, named "Colombo", down the Ottawa River to the port of Quebec City. The voyage takes two months and marks the beginning of the boom in the timber, lumber and pulp and paper industries in the Ottawa Valley.
1809 – Jehiel Collins and his family become the first settlers in the region later known as Bytown.
1810 – Braddish Billings establishes a homestead and becomes the first settler in Gloucester Township, Ontario.
1811 – Ira Honeywell is the first settler in Nepean Township.
1812 – War of 1812.
1816 – The Duke of Wellington pointed out the necessity of making an interior water communication with Lake Ontario, so that supplies and boats might be thrown into the upper part of the country, in case of need.
1819 – Royal Staff Corps constructed the Grenville Canal.
1819 – Isaac Firth opens the area’s first tavern at Richmond Landing, near the present-day LeBreton Flats.
1821 – Nicholas Sparks, one of Philemon Wright farmhands, purchases  of land on the south shore of the Ottawa River for 95 pounds. Today the original Sparks property, which includes the site of the parliament buildings and the downtown business district, is assessed at over one hundred million dollars.
1821 – Philemon Wright Jr, Philemon Wright's eldest son, dies in a stagecoach accident. In 1826, Philemon Jr's widow, Sarah (Sally) Olmstead-Wright, will marry Nicholas Sparks, who will in turn adopt her children. In 1833, Sarah's daughter Erexina will become the wife of Andrew Leamy.
1823 – Three exploring parties were organized to explore the country from Lake Ontario to the Ottawa. One starting at Belleville came out at Pembroke, another from Kingston, arrived at this point, and a third party came out at Hawkesbury. The Duke of Wellington, gave his advice, and the line of the Rideau Canal was selected.
1823 – Sir George Ramsay, the Earl of Dalhousie and Governor-in-Chief of British North America purchases an extensive tract of land fronting the Ottawa River in preparation for the construction of the Rideau Canal.
1826 – On September 26, Lieutenant Colonel By and the Earl of Dalhousie choose the location for the entrance to the Rideau Canal and consequently found a community where the City of Ottawa exists today. He negotiated reasonable terms with Mr. N. Sparks, who owned the land.
1826 – The town was laid out. From these points the town extended itself by contiguity: Wellington street, west of Bank street, from its being on the line from Hull; Sparks and Rideau streets, on each side of Sappers' bridge, from their proximity to the Locks, where work was going on, and the middle of Sussex and York streets, from the nearness of the wharf and market. Daly street and neighbourhood were thrown into the market, and Sandy Hill took a start.
1826 – the steamer began to call at the wharf near Stirling's Brewery.
1827 – ByWard Market built.
1827 – Colonel By constructed the weir causeway, a truss bridge to connect Hull to Bytown.
1827 – Sir John Franklin, the famed Arctic explorer, lays the first stone of the Rideau Canal locks on August 16.
1827 – The name Bytown is first used to identify the community growing up around the Rideau Canal construction.
1827 – Bytown's first school, the English Mercantile and Mathematical Academy is established on Rideau Street.
1829 – The first timber slide on the Ottawa River is constructed.  *1831–34 – Maplelawn constructed.
1829 – John Rochester, sen., and James Rochester established the Victoria Brewery
1832 – The construction of the Rideau Canal is complete and the population of Bytown reaches 1,000.
1832 – On June 20, the first Board of Health in Bytown is formed to combat an epidemic of Asiatic cholera. A temporary hospital is built where the Royal Canadian Mint now stands on Sussex Drive. The location is selected to facilitate the care of boat passengers from Montreal as they disembark at what came to be known as Cholera Wharf.
1832 – Peter Dufour established a carriage & wagon works
1830s – Shiners' War: Labour unrest erupts within the lumber industry as some Irish immigrants unemployed upon completion of the Rideau Canal in 1832, a group known as Shiners, compete with the more experienced French Canadian timbermen for jobs
1836 – Bytown's first newspaper the Bytown Independent and Farmer's Advocate are published by James Johnston (Upper Canada politician).
1838 – Rideau Hall built.
1839 – An Assessment Roll sets the population of Bytown at 2,073.
1841 – The first election in Bytown for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of United Canada is held March 8.
1843 – William Harris founds the Packet, a weekly newspaper. In 1851, the Packet becomes the Ottawa Citizen.
1843 – The Arch Riot takes place on Sunday August 20. Animosity between the Orangemen and Papists of Bytown erupts in fighting and stone throwing.
1843 – Lisgar Collegiate Institute founded.
1845 – The Ottawa Hospital established.
1845 – On May 8, Élisabeth Bruyère and the Sisters of Charity establish a single ward hospital on Saint Patrick Street. The name General Hospital is taken from the description contained in its charter.
1845 – Élisabeth Bruyère established Ottawa Convent on Sussex at Nunnery Streets
1847 – John Scott, a lawyer, became the first mayor of Bytown.
1847 – The Health Department was established in a basic form
1848 – The College of Ottawa was founded
1848 – The City Foundry was established by T.M. Blasdell on Wellington Street
1848 – French Canadian Institute, a literary & scientific society, was organized
1849 – The Stony Monday Riot takes place on September 17.
1849 – First City Hall (Ottawa) built.
1850 – After some controversy, the village of Bytown is incorporated as a town.
1850 – On March 11, the first town council meeting is held.
1851 – the Ottawa and Prescott Railway was opened.
1852 – The area of centertown lying between Bank and Elgin streets was built upon
1853, the Government sold the water-power of the Chaudiere Falls, causing the settlement of LeBreton flats
1853 – Andrew Leamy builds his steam powered sawmill on the south bank of the lake that today, still bears his name: Leamy Lake
1853 – Bytown boasts of having 60 stores, 3 banks, 3 insurance offices, 3 newspapers, 1 telegraph office and 7 schools.
1853 – J. B. Turgeon became the first French-Canadian mayor of Bytown.
1853 – Mechanics' Institute and Athenreum, a literary institute, was organized
1854 – Bytown is linked by rail with the larger centers of Montreal and Toronto.
1854 – Stockdale & Brother's, established a Carriage & Wagon factory on Rideau Street
1855 – On January 1, Bytown is formally incorporated as a city. In gaining city status, Bytown adopts the name of Ottawa.
1856 – English-language Separate District School Board No. 53 is formed (in 1998, Ottawa and Carleton merged separate school boards, and in 2007, was renamed to the current name of Ottawa Catholic School Board).
1857 – Queen Victoria approves choice of Ottawa as the capital of the Province of Canada.
1857 – Construction of buildings begins to prepare for arrival of government, with influx of workers.
1858 – The Chaudiere Brewery was established
1858 – The County of Russell agricultural society was organized
1860 – Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) arrived in Ottawa as part of his wider royal tour of the province, and laid the cornerstone of the growing Centre Block, with a luncheon on the grounds for the workers and their families.
1860 – James McCullough established a tannery in 1860
1861 – The Ottawa Academy and Young Ladies' Seminary was established on Sparks Street.
1862 – Nicholas Street Gaol built, Horsey, architect
1862 – The Royal Horticultural Society is established
1863 – The first professional police force is established.
1863 – The Ottawa Literary Association was organized
1848 – The City Foundry relocated to the Chaudiere Falls
1865 – University of Ottawa founded.
1865 – St. Joseph’s Orphanage established
1865 – General Hospital was erected by the Sisters of Charity, with accommodation for about 120 patients.
1865 – Society of Saint Vincent de Paul established to support the Roman Catholic population
1866 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa established.
1866–68 – 24 Sussex Drive, the future official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, is built by lumberman and Member of Parliament, Joseph Merrill Currier, as a wedding gift for his wife to be.
1867 – The British North America Act is ratified. Ottawa, with a population of 18,000, becomes the permanent capital of Canada.
1867 – The Ottawa Rowing Club is established with Sir John A. MacDonald (President);  His Worship the Mayor Robert Lyon (Vice-President) along with other notable gentlemen.
1867 – The Young Men’s Christian Association was incorporated
1868 – On April 7, Thomas D'Arcy McGee is assassinated. Patrick J. Whelan is found guilty on circumstantial evidence and is hanged at the Nicholas Street Jail on February 11, 1869.
1870 – A vast fire burns its way from Arnprior to Ottawa. The city is saved from destruction only when a water barrier is created by cutting through a dam at Dows Lake.
1871 – The seven lumber mills of Ottawa employ nearly 1,300 men and the value of lumber produced annually reaches $1.5 million. By this year, Ottawa's yearly output of lumber is unsurpassed in all Ontario.
1871 – Stadacona Hall built.
1871 – St. Charles’ Home for the Aged established
1872 – Ottawa Trades Council founded.
1874 – Major's Hill Park designated first city park.
1874 – Until this year a number of private companies were responsible for providing firefighting services with the City council providing a premium of 20 shillings to the first company to hose a fire. This arrangement led to arguments and fistfights between companies, often to the detriment of the poor householder as his home burnt to the ground. On December 20, 1874, Ottawa establishes a professional fire brigade.
1874 – Ottawa Normal School built.
1876 – Construction of first underground pipes and sewers. Ottawa households have running water.
1877 – Victoria Tower Bell installed in Victoria Tower (Canada).
1877 – First demonstration of telephone in Ottawa.
1878 – Laurier House built.
1879 – First Great Dominion Exhibition is held in Ottawa and chaired by Charles Herbert Mackintosh. Later the exhibition grounds become Landsdowne Park, named after the Marquess of Lansdowne. Many citizens question the location of the park so far out in the country.
1881 – Ottawa’s population exceeds 25,000.
1883 – Original Ottawa Senators NHL team founded.
1885 – Electricity comes to Ottawa.
1885 – Ottawa Journal founded.
1886 – The Central Experimental Farm is established on  of land beyond the city’s south-western limits.
1886 – Smallpox epidemic kills 23.
1887 – Britannia Yacht Club founded
1888 – First annual Central Canada Exhibition held.
1889 – Old Supreme Court (Canada) opened.
1890 – Saint Brigid's Church (Ottawa) completed.
1891 – Ottawa Car Company founded.
1891 – First electric streetcar line opens.
1892 – Ottawa Horticultural Society founded.
1895 – Ottawa's first paved street exists as of this date.
1897 – Caplan's opened.
1900 – Hull-Ottawa fire decimates much of Hull and many buildings in Ottawa.
1900 – Goodwin House completed.

20th century
1901 – The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York cap a visit to Ottawa with a run down the lumber slide at LeBreton Flats.
1906 – Ottawa Public Library founded.
1906 – Booth House built.
1908 – Lansdowne Park site of city's first auto show.
1909 – Murphy-Gamble opened.
1912 – Château Laurier and Canadian Museum of Nature completed.
1912 – Union Station opened.
1913 – Ottawa Little Theatre founded.
1913 – 1916 Federal Plan Commission (FPC) – planning of the Capital
1914 – Stornoway (residence) built.
1916 – Connaught Building completed.
1916 – Victoria Tower (Canada) burns down. The present Peace Tower serves as a Canadian icon.
1918 – Ottawa receives first delivery of airmail, from Toronto. An estimated 25,000 people and 1,000 automobiles pour onto the streets to celebrate the end of the war.
1919 – Influenza epidemic claims more than 500 lives.
1920 – Ottawans crowd into Château Laurier ballroom to hear first local radio transmission of live concert from Montreal.
1920 – The Capital Cinema was constructed. With 2,530 seats, it was the largest movie theatre ever built in Ottawa and was regarded as one of the best cinemas designed by famed theatre-architect Thomas W. Lamb.  It was demolished in 1970.
1922 – A confrontation between 10,000 Orangemen and a gathering of Irish Catholics is narrowly averted when police persuade groups to go separate ways.
1924 – Champagne Bath and Plant Bath built.
1925 – Arches crack in the Victoria Museum and other buildings are damaged as Ottawa is rocked by its most severe earthquake since 1653.
1917–1939 Federal District Commission (FDC) – planning of the Capital
1928 – Ottawa Flying Club incorporated.
1929 – 1929 Ottawa sewer explosion.
1931 – Statute of Westminster 1931.
1932 – British Empire Economic Conference.
1936 – First dial telephones installed in homes.
1937 – National War Memorial (Canada) relocated to Ottawa.
1938 – Gatineau Park created.
1943–1946 – The Federal Crown expropriated 24 Sussex Drive as the residence for the Prime Minister.
1948 – Ottawa Transportation Commission formed.
1951 – Louis St. Laurent became the first prime minister to take up residence at 24 Sussex Drive.
1953 – Montfort Hospital founded.
1959 – National Capital Commission (NCC) – planning of the Capital
1959 – Ottawa Memorial unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II.
1959 – Streetcar service ends, transit now buses-only.
1964 – Diefenbunker completed.
1966 – Ottawa Train Station built.
1966 – Centennial Flame inaugurated.
1967 – Ryan Tower erected.
1967 – Library and Archives Canada opened.
1971 – transition to regional government
1972 – Mitel is established
1975 – St. Pius X High School shooting.
1975 – National Capital Marathon started.
1975 – Great Canadian Theatre Company established.
1980 – Ottawa Jazz Festival founded.
1980s – Nabu Network operated.
1983 – The Transitway opens between Baseline and Hurdman stations.
1986 – Ottawa Courthouse opened.
1990 – Canadian Tribute to Human Rights monument unveiled.
1992 – New Ottawa Senators NHL team founded.
1992 – Peacekeeping Monument built.
1993 – Ottawa Dragon Boat Race Festival founded.
1994 – CKCU Ottawa Folk Festival (later CityFolk Festival) founded.
1994 – Ottawa Bluesfest founded.
1996 – The Palladium (later Canadian Tire Centre) opened.
1997 – Ottawa Fringe Festival founded.
1998 – Ottawa-Carleton District School Board created.

21st century
2001 – The O-Train (later Trillium Line) opened.
2001 – Ottawa metropolitan population: 1,070,000.
2004 – CBC Ottawa Broadcast Centre opened.
2006 – National Capital Region (Canada) has a total population of 1,130,761.
2006 – Valiants Memorial dedicated.
2010 – Last Ottawa SuperEX held.
2013 – A collision between an OC Transpo bus and a Via Rail train leaves 6 dead and 35 injured.
2014 – Lansdowne park reopens after a large-scale renovation.
2014 – A terrorist attack takes place at the National War Memorial and Parliament Hill.
2017 – Several events are held in the city to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Canada
2019 – An OC Transpo bus crash leaves 3 dead and 23 injured.
2019 – The City of Ottawa population surpasses 1,000,000.
2019 – The Confederation Line opened.
2022 – Convoy Protests take place.

References

Further reading

External links

 Ancient history of the Ottawa Valley – The Canadian Museum of Civilization
History of Ottawa – Bytown Museum
History of the canal – Virtual Museum of Canada

History of Ottawa
Timelines of cities in Canada
Timelines of capitals
Ontario history timelines


ISO/TC 184/SC 4 is an international standards organization responsible for industrial data. ISO/TC 184/SC 4 develops and maintains ISO standards that describe and manage industrial product data throughout the life of the product. ISO/TC 184/SC 4, Industrial data, is Subcommittee 4 of ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration, which is Technical Committee 184 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Example standards
ISO/TC 184/SC 4 has direct responsibility for many standards and projects. Some examples:

 ISO 8000, Data quality
 ISO 10303, Industrial automation systems and integration — Product data representation and exchange, informally known as Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP)
 ISO 13584, Industrial automation systems and integration — Parts library (PLIB)
 ISO 15926, Industrial automation systems and integration — Integration of life-cycle data for process plants including oil and gas production facilities
 ISO 18629, Industrial automation systems and integration — Process specification language (PSL)

References

External links
 ISO website
 ISO website page on TC 184/SC 4
 United States Technical Advisory Group (US TAG) to ISO TC 184/SC 4
 Future meetings of ISO TC 184/SC 4

Product lifecycle management
184 SC 4


Joseph Michaud (June 13, 1857 – September 24, 1913) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Nipissing West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1902 to 1904.

Michaud was born in 1857. A member of the Liberal Party, he was elected in the 1902 election. He died in 1913.

References

External links

1857 births
Franco-Ontarian people
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from West Nipissing
1913 deaths


The Mycenaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the family contains 10 genera and 705 species. This is one of several families that were separated from the Tricholomataceae as a result of phylogenetic analyses. Taxa in the Mycenaceae are saprobic, have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found in almost all ecological zones. The family was circumscribed by Caspar van Overeem in 1926.

The extinct genus Protomycena, described from Burdigalian age Dominican amber found on the island of Hispaniola is one of four known agaric genera in the fossil record.

Phylogeny

A large-scale phylogenetic analysis study of the Agaricales published by a consortium of mycologists in 2002 adopted the name Mycenaceae for a strongly supported clade consisting of Dictyopanus, Favolaschia, Mycena, Mycenoporella, Prunulus, Panellus, Poromycena, and Resinomycena. Dictyopanus has since been wrapped into Panellus, and both Poromycena and Prunulus into Mycena.

See also

List of Agaricales families

References

Cited text

Mycenaceae


Cadillac-Gage manufactures a Cadillac-Gage 1 metre turret for armored vehicles.
The turret mounts on a 1-meter turret ring.
They were originally armed with a 7.62 mm machine gun, and a 12.7 mm machine gun.  By 1984 a version of the turret was introduced where one of the machine guns was replaced by a Mark 19 automatic grenade launcher.  The gunner is surrounded by 8 large vision blocks, and has a periscope with a telescopic sight.

One variant of the Canadian AVGP mounts this turret.
When Canada made these older vehicle available to African Union peace-keeping forces in Sudan they had to seek permission from the United States Government in order to ship them with their turrets.

References

Weapon fixtures


Sturgeon Falls was a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of Ontario, active from 1908 to 1934. The district was created when the former district of Nipissing West was divided into Sturgeon Falls and Sudbury for the 1908 election.  It was merged into Nipissing in 1934.

Members of Provincial Parliament

References

Former provincial electoral districts of Ontario


Redwall is a television series made by Canada-based Nelvana and France-based Alphanim and is based on the Redwall novels by Brian Jacques. The series spans three seasons, the first based on the first book Redwall, the second on Mattimeo and the third on Martin the Warrior. There are 39 episodes in total.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1: Redwall (1999)
This is the only season to use cel animation.

Season 2: Mattimeo (2000–2001)
This is the first season to use digital ink-and-paint animation.

Season 3: Martin the Warrior (2001–2002)
This is the last season to use digital ink-and-paint animation.

References

External links

Redwall
Redwall
Redwall
Redwall


John Carney is an American radio talk show host. He was named 2010 Best AM Radio Personality by the Riverfront Times.

Career
Carney joined KTRS when it changed to a talk format in 1997, and worked the late morning slot until March 5, 1998. He then worked at KMOX in St. Louis, Missouri from 1999 to 2011.
Carney worked at KEZK from 2011 to 2012.

In June 2012, he rejoined KTRS. Together, with Martin Kilcoyne, he co-hosts the noon - 1 PM hour of The Martin Kilcoyne Show with John Carney. Then from 1PM-3PM he hosts the John Carney Show with his producer Josh Gilbert.

Family
He is the son of Jack Carney.

References

External links
http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2011/01/kmoxs_john_carney_moving_to_fr.php

American radio personalities
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Libertine is the trade name of Lovelace & Carter, Ltd. It was a women's quarterly magazine featuring topics such science and technology, design, culture, and women in media. The strap line for the publication is “For Widely Interested Women”, highlighting the brand focus on providing a diversity of content in a market that some perceive as narrowly focused on diets and appearance.

History
Lovelace & Carter Ltd was launched in early 2013, by Debbi Evans. The first issue of Libertine was published in April of the same year. Evans has a background in technology journalism and aimed to create in Libertine “the kind of magazine I'd always wanted to read.” By cultivating contents from a wide range of authors and journalists, Libertine has begun to gain recognition in the UK as a publication attempting to change women's media by providing a range of content that has greater appeal.

Content
Each quarterly publication has a theme, around which the majority of features and even advertisements are focused. Additionally, each issue includes a multi-page feature called “Curiosities,” which is a “collection of factoids, treasures, and oddities” related to the theme of the issue. The first issue focused on “Space,” and featured actress Gillian Anderson on the cover. Contents included articles on the future of robotics and cloud computing in work and business, the philosophy of space travel, and the spread of SMS and mobile technology throughout Africa by social enterprises.

Press and reception
Libertine has been featured in many other publications as it begins to change the face of women's media. Press can be found in the New Statesman, The Guardian, Harper’s Bazaar, and the Press Gazette. Additionally, Libertine was featured in the Colourliving gift guide for 2013.

The Autumn 2013 issue focusing on Cities & Power also received recognition in several online publications.

References

2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Women's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 2013


The Invention of Everything Else is a 2008 novel written by American author Samantha Hunt.  The novel presents a fictionalized account of the last days in the life of Nikola Tesla, the Serbian-American electrical engineer.  Other fictionalized versions of historical characters include Thomas Edison (a rival), George Westinghouse, and Mark Twain.  Tesla is the novel's protagonist along with a chambermaid named Louisa with whom he shares some common interests including science and pigeons.  Much of the book takes place in the New Yorker Hotel.  The book also includes elements of science fiction, namely time travel.

The author, Samantha Hunt, received a National Book Foundation award for authors under 35, for her previous novel, The Seas.  The Invention of Everything Else was shortlisted for an award from Believer magazine  and shortlisted for the Orange Prize. She won the Bard Fiction Prize for 2010.

References

External links
 Audio recording of Samantha Hunt reading from The Invention of Everything Else at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2009
 Author's website
 New Yorker review
 San Francisco Chronicle review
 Globe and Mail review

2008 novels
Works about Nikola Tesla
Novels set in hotels
Fiction set in 1942
Fiction set in 1943
Novels set in New York City
Biographical novels


Trillium albidum is a species of flowering plant in the bunchflower family Melanthiaceae. It is the only trillium characterized by a stalkless white flower. The species is endemic to the western United States, ranging from central California through Oregon to southwestern Washington. In the San Francisco Bay Area, it is often confused with a white-flowered form of Trillium chloropetalum. In northern Oregon and southwestern Washington, it has a smaller, less conspicuous flower.

Trillium albidum was first described by John Daniel Freeman in 1975. The specific epithet albidum means "white", a reference to the uniformly white flower color of this distinctive species. It is commonly known as the giant white wakerobin or white toadshade.

Description
Trillium albidum is a perennial herbaceous plant that persists by means of underground rhizomes. There are three large leaf-like bracts arranged in a whorl about a scape that rises directly from the rhizome, growing to  in height. The bracts are sessile and broadly ovate, each  long and  wide. The bracts are green and weakly mottled with brown or dark green spots (which often fade later in the season).

Each stem produces one flower, which is held on top of the bracts. The fragrant flower has three lance-shaped green sepals and three wider white (sometimes pink or purple-tinged) petals measuring  long and  wide (although there is a conspicuously small-flowered subspecies as noted in the previous section).

Trillium albidum subsp. albidum and T. albidum subsp. parviflorum are distinguished on the basis of multiple characters:

In the region between Corvallis, Oregon and the Columbia River, the species is variable and difficult to identify to subspecies level. The directional arrows in the table above point toward the subspecies that dominates with respect to that character.

Trillium albidum is the only sessile-flowered Trillium species characterized by white flowers. Throughout most of its range, this characteristic is sufficient to identify the species, but in the San Francisco Bay Area where both T. albidum and a white-flowered variety of T. chloropetalum occur, the two species are distinguished by their reproductive organs. The latter has dark purple stamens and carpels while those of T. albidum are almost invariably white or pale green, with occasional purple stain.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Taxonomy
Trillium albidum was one of five new species described by John Daniel Freeman in 1975 (the others being T. decipiens, T. foetidissimum, T. kurabayashii, and T. reliquum). The specific epithet albidum, which means "white", refers to its uniformly white flower. Despite being one of the most distinctive species in subgenus Sessilia, the taxon was treated under the misapplied epithet chloropetalum for almost 75 years. To alleviate the confusion, Freeman gave a completely new treatment of Trillium chloropetalum  that dissociated the latter from T. albidum.

The following infraspecific names are accepted by most naming authorities:

 Trillium albidum subsp. albidum
 Trillium albidum subsp. parviflorum

The two subspecies are distinguished by overall size as well as the size and shape of the flower petals. In subsp. parviflorum, the scape is just half the length of the typical subspecies while the petals are consistently shorter and narrower.

In 2002, Case described two distinct but related Trillium species, T. albidum J.D.Freeman and T. parviflorum V.G.Soukup. Some naming authorities still consider both of these species names to be valid while other authorities consider the latter name to be a synonym for T. albidum subsp. parviflorum, in which case the two species originally described by Case become a single species. In any case, there is evidence that T. albidum and T. albidum subsp. parviflorum are less closely related to each other than the latter is to T. luteum, a sessile trillium species native to eastern North America.

Distribution and habitat
Trillium albidum has the widest range of any sessile-flowered trillium in western North America, from central California through Oregon to southwestern Washington. In northern California, its range extends eastward from the Pacific coast through the Klamath Mountains into the Sierra Nevada. The type specimen was collected in Josephine County in southern Oregon. The southern edge of its range overlaps with that of T. chloropetalum in the San Francisco Bay Area. The intermediate populations found in this region may be due to hybridization of the two species.

The typical subspecies Trillium albidum subsp. albidum ranges from northern California to central Oregon while T. albidum subsp. parviflorum is found in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. In the region where the two subspecies overlap, from the Umpqua River north to the Columbia River, there are populations of considerable variation, which complicates identification at the subspecies level based on morphological characters alone. In southwestern Oregon, just north of the California line, there is a population of plants with flowers that are pale yellow or creamy (not white) with no purple pigments whatsoever. Since these plants grow at the higher elevations, flowering is delayed to May or early June. Evidently this taxon has not been named.

Trillium albidum is found in diverse habitats, on the moist slopes of mixed deciduous-coniferous forests, among shrubs and thickets, and along stream banks and river beds.

Ecology
Flowering typically occurs in the spring, from mid March to early May. In California, flowers bloom between February and June.

Like other Trillium species, T. albidum has a one-leaf vegetative stage followed by a three-leaf vegetative (juvenile) stage. After several years of vegetative growth, the plant finally reaches its three-leaf reproductive (flowering) stage. It has an indefinite life span of many years.

Conservation
The global conservation status of Trillium albidum is apparently secure (G4). However, Trillium albidum subsp. parviflorum is globally imperiled (T2).

References

Bibliography

External links

 Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON): occurrence data and maps for Trillium albidum

albidum
Endemic flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Endemic flora of Washington (state)
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1975


"Night and Day" is a 1991 song by Bette Midler written by Roxanne Seeman and Billie Hughes. It is the second single from Some People's Lives produced by Arif Mardin with Marc Shaiman as associate producer. "Night and Day" was arranged by Arif Mardin, Billie Hughes, and Joe Mardin. Jack Joseph Puig was the recording and mix engineer. "Night and Day" was also released as a single in Japan.

"Night and Day" is included in A Gift of Love, the 2015 compilation album by Bette Midler focusing on her ballads. It is one of ten songs on the list of LA Times journalist James Reed in his story "On Bette Midler's birthday, 10 songs that remind us why we fell in love with her", printed December 1, 2016. It was also included on the Bette Midler collection "3 for One" released in Australia.

Overview
Seeman and Hughes recorded a demo of the song performed by Billie Hughes.  Seeman took the song demo to New York and dropped it off with a letter for Tunc Erim, A&R at Atlantic Records. A week later, Tunc Erim invited Seeman to lunch where he told her that Ahmet Ertegun and Doug Morris liked the song and wanted to show it to Mike Rutherford of Mike + The Mechanics. After the lunch, Seeman went to see Vicky Germaise in Arif Mardin's office at the Atlantic Recording Studios. Germaise asked Seeman if she had another copy and overnighted the demo to Arif Mardin who was in Los Angeles, producing Bette Midler's upcoming album.

Chart performance
"Night and Day" was released to adult contemporary radio and stayed on the Billboard AC chart for 15 weeks, peaking at number 15. The release to mainstream radio came later with "Night and Day" entering the Contemporary Hit Radio charts as Most Added and Significant Action.

As "Night and Day" was ascending the Billboard Hot 100, the Gulf War broke out, focusing attention back on the first single, "From A Distance". "Night and Day" remained on the Hot 100 for 7 weeks, peaking at 62.

Critical reception
Walta Borawski of Gay Community News, Boston clarified "'Night and Day' is not the Cole Porter song" calling it "Roxanne Seeman and Billie Hughes' bright little tribute to the old "opposites attract" truism." A reviewer from Billboard praised the song comparing it to the first single as "...an equally appealing pop ballad. Midler's evocative performance works well within the song's haunting delicate keyboard arrangement." Gene Sandbloom from The Network Forty wrote, "'Night And Day' takes Bette back to a jazz vocal style, as she almost converses over the Enya-esque background. By second listen, the chorus takes on renewed strength, making this both a mood piece and Top 40 single at the same time."

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Irish music video and commercial director Meiert Avis.

Charts

Television performances
Oprah Winfrey's "International Men's Show"
VH1's Behind the Music - Bette Midler
One Life to Live
Another World
Santa Barbara
Passions

Other versions
Billie Hughes included a version of "Night and Day" on his Welcome to the Edge album which charted #1 in Japan.
The Japanese hit duo Wink released a Japanese version of "Night and Day".
Jasmine released a Mandarin version of "Night and Day".
Cherrie Choi released a Cantonese version of "Night and Day".

References

External links
 "Night and Day" Billie Hughes video on YouTube

1990 songs
1991 singles
Bette Midler songs
Songs written by Billie Hughes
Songs written by Roxanne Seeman
Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin
Atlantic Records singles
Billie Hughes songs
Wink (duo) songs
Music videos directed by Meiert Avis


"The Cowboy Rides Away" is a song written by Sonny Throckmorton and Casey Kelly, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait.  It was released in January 1985 as the second single from his album Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind.  It peaked at number 5 on the United States Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, and at number 3 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada. It is the song used by Strait to close out his performances. This is also the name of his final tour commencing January 18, 2013.

It was the last song he sang at his final The Cowboy Rides Away Tour concert on June 7, 2014, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas with a worldwide record setting attendance for the show at 104,000.

Content
The song is about a cowboy riding away from a failed relationship. He and his wife/girlfriend have been through it all and they just can’t work things out.

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, calling it a song that "embraces the traditional cowboy mythos while simultaneously reinventing it."

Chart positions

Certifications

References

Songs about cowboys and cowgirls
1985 singles
George Strait songs
Songs written by Casey Kelly (songwriter)
Songs written by Sonny Throckmorton
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles
1984 songs


Serinda Swan (born July 11, 1984) is a Canadian actress best known for her work on television. In 2017, she starred in Marvel's Inhumans and HBO's Ballers, and also portrayed Anne Bancroft in the first season of Feud (2017). Previously, she guest starred on the WB/CW Superman prequel series Smallville as Zatanna Zatara, a DC Comics-inspired recurring character who is an actual magician. She also starred as Paige Arkin in the USA Network action drama series Graceland (2013–2015) and as Erica Reed in the A&E drama series Breakout Kings (2011–2012). She currently stars as Jenny Cooper in the CBC/CW crime drama series Coroner.

Early life
Swan was born in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Her father, Scott Swan, is a Canadian theatre director and actor who runs an acting studio.

Career
Her first acting job was in 1989, a small role in the Ted Danson and Isabella Rossellini film Cousins, when she was just five years old. One of her early on screen appearances as an adult was in Theory of a Deadman's music video for their single "So Happy", which was released in April 2008. Her first film credit was in 2009 in the romantic comedy The Break-Up Artist.

From 2009 to 2010, she appeared twice on The CW television series Smallville (in the season 8 episode "Hex" and season 9 episode "Warrior") as Zatanna Zatara. She also had the role of the Roman goddess, Veritas, in the season six episode "You Can't Handle the Truth" of Supernatural, another The CW series in 2010.

From 2011 to 2012, Swan starred as Erica Reed in the A&E television series, Breakout Kings. She shared that many of the prison scenes were shot in actual prisons, while real convicts are also there behind bars. The series was canceled on May 17, 2012.

Swan portrays Zera in the 2017 Brent Ryan Green film, The Veil. In March 2017, it was announced that Swan would portray Medusa in the ABC and Marvel Television series Inhumans. She starred on the series for one season, until 2018, when the series was canceled.

In late 2018, it was announced that Swan would star as the lead of CBC's forthcoming television series Coroner, based on the Jenny Cooper series of novels by M. R. Hall. The series premiered in January 2019 and attracted one million viewers per episode throughout the first season. In June 2020, it was announced that American network, The CW, Serinda's original home from when she was on Smallville, had picked up the show during COVID-19 pandemic due to the lockdowns of production sets on its other shows to fill primetime programming timeslots. The show premiered on August 5, 2020. And it attracted over 600,000 viewers approximately during each episode in the first season and grew more and more as the seasons continued for the network. As of October 2, 2022, Season 4 is currently airing. The series has completed 4 seasons. Release date for season 5 has not been announced yet. In June 2022, it was announced that Swan would be leaving the show, and would be potentially replaced by a new actress or actor with a new main character as the lead role. In September 2022, it was announced that she will be joining the cast for season 2 of the Amazon Prime Video series Reacher.

Activism
Swan works with several charities including the Somaly Mam Foundation, United Nations Foundation's Nothing But Nets, and Heifer International. She is a Founding Ambassador for Friends to Mankind, which describes itself as a non-profit organization that works "with individuals, corporations, and humanitarian organizations for the betterment of humanity".

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1984 births
21st-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from British Columbia
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Living people
People from West Vancouver


The National Information Communications Technology Development Authority (NiDA) is a government agency responsible for managing the development of the information technology industry in Cambodia.  Among the agency's projects are the computerization of government function and training of internet personnel.

Projects
 GAIS, or Government Administration Information System, an approach to the overall computerization of the government using three core applications: Vehicle registration, Real estate registration and Resident registration.
 PAIS, or Provincial Administration Information System, involving GAIS methods to computerize the government at provincial level.
 Cisco Networking Academy Program, in association with the Royal University of Phnom Penh, awarding Cisco Career Certifications.

See also
 Communications in Cambodia
 Information and communication technologies (ICT)
 Information and communication technologies in education
 Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Cambodia

References

External links
 National Information Communications Technology Development Authority official page

Communications in Cambodia
Government agencies of Cambodia
Government agencies established in 2000
Organisations based in Phnom Penh