John Christie Holland (25 December 1882 - 22 June 1954) was a Canadian pastor. He was the first Canadian of African heritage to be named a "Citizen of the Year".  Holland was the pastor of Stewart Memorial Church in Hamilton, Ontario.  Due to his tireless work in the community he was given the award of "Distinguished Citizen" for the year 1953.  Mayor Lloyd Douglas Jackson presented the award in 1954.

Early life
Holland was born on Christmas Day in 1882 in Hamilton, Ontario. He was christened John Christmas Holland in recognition of his birthday, but he later legally changed his middle name to Christie. His father, Thomas John Holland (né Howard), was an escaped slave from Sandy Spring, Maryland who emigrated to Canada in 1860, reportedly by swimming across the Niagara River. There, Thomas met and married Henrietta Shortts of Saltfleet Township, Ontario, and the two settled in Hamilton and opened a flour and feed store downtown. Thomas supplemented the family income by touring with a choir in the winter while Henrietta minded the store.

John C. Holland was the fifth of thirteen children. His father encouraged his sons to not only excel at school and help with the family business but also to work at an after school job. Holland opted to sell copies of the local newspaper The Hamilton Spectator at the corner of King and James.  As an eleven-year-old boy, he was required to defend his corner daily against encroachment from other newsboys, and it was here that he suffered his first tastes of racial discrimination but also developed a strong belief in a higher power and a commitment to his church and his community.

Career
John was considered the scholar of the Holland family, and he resolved at a young age to attend university and study for the ministry. In 1901, he married Josephine Idenia Johnson of Oakville, and the couple struggled to earn enough money to send Holland to college. Holland worked for some time as a janitor and waiter at Westinghouse Electric, and though he was well-liked and respected by the executives at the company, he was unable to advance beyond menial positions due to his race.

In 1916 or 1917, Holland began working for the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, where he would remain for over thirty years. Initially hired as a janitor, within two years he was promoted to porter, then Pullman car attendant, and finally to attendant of the VIP car used by TH&B's president. Holland was by this time the father of four children and, unable to attend university full-time, he instead studied for the ministry via correspondence course. He was ordained in 1925 through the Payne Theological Seminary in Wilberforce, Ohio.

Legacy
Even before his ordination, Holland had long been active at St. Paul's African Methodist Episcopal Church, supervising the Sunday school, teaching, singing in the choir, and acting as a substitute pastor. By the time the church reformed as the non-denominational Stewart Memorial Church in 1937, Holland was its minister. He retired eleven years later in order to dedicate all his time to humanitarian causes and the betterment of Hamilton.

Holland was remembered by church members as an exceptionally kind, gentle, and caring man who endeavored to provide support and guidance to anyone who sought it. He was also known for reaching out to those outside the church who were struggling with poverty and racial discrimination. Ray Lewis described him as behaving as though he had a responsibility toward every person in the city of Hamilton.

Holland could be persuasive when necessary, at one point single-handedly convincing Stelco and other local steel mills to change their policy of not hiring blacks. He also approached Hamilton's mayor and business community about raising funds for Stewart Memorial, and secured a long-term source of income for the church by establishing a monthly Visitor's Night.

In 1954, Holland was named Hamilton's first Citizen of the Year. He died three months after receiving the award.

Holland was posthumously inducted into Hamilton's Gallery of Distinction in 2003.

Journalist and actress Nerene Virgin is Holland's great-niece.

The John Christie Holland Awards
In 1996, a black history committee was convened during Hamilton's sesquicentennial to recognize the contributions of African Canadians to the social, cultural and economic life of the city. The committee unanimously agreed to name their awards after Holland.   The 2009 award recipients were: Janoi Edwards, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji, Kyle Ferriera, Ruwa Banaga, Patricia Wright, Rosemary Sadlier and Natsha Cunningham.  Some notable past winners were: Michael Lee-Chin,  Honorable Lincoln Alexander and Jean Augustine.

References

Further reading
Beattie, Jessie Louise. John Christie Holland, Man of the Year. Ryerson Press, 1956.

1882 births
1954 deaths
Canadian Methodist ministers
Clergy from Hamilton, Ontario
Black Canadian activists
Canadian people of African-American descent


In computer science, the Hunt–Szymanski algorithm, also known as Hunt–McIlroy algorithm, is a solution to the longest common subsequence problem. It was one of the first non-heuristic algorithms used in diff which compares a pair of files each represented as a sequence of lines. To this day, variations of this algorithm are found in incremental version control systems, wiki engines, and molecular phylogenetics research software.

The worst-case complexity for this algorithm is , but in practice  is rather expected.

History
The algorithm was proposed by Harold S. Stone as a generalization of a special case solved by Thomas G. Szymanski. James W. Hunt refined the idea, implemented the first version of the candidate-listing algorithm used by diff and embedded it into an older framework of Douglas McIlroy.

The description of the algorithm appeared as a technical report by Hunt and McIlroy in 1976. The following year, a variant of the algorithm was finally published in a joint paper by Hunt and Szymanski.

Algorithm
The Hunt–Szymanski algorithm is a modification to a basic solution for the longest common subsequence problem which has complexity . The solution is modified so that there are lower time and space requirements for the algorithm when it is working with typical inputs.

Basic longest common subsequence solution

Algorithm
Let  be the th element of the first sequence.

Let  be the th element of the second sequence.

Let  be the length of the longest common subsequence for the first  elements of  and the first  elements .

Example

Consider the sequences  and .

 contains three elements:

 contains three elements:

The steps that the above algorithm would perform to determine the length of the longest common subsequence for both sequences are shown in the diagram. The algorithm correctly reports that the longest common subsequence of the two sequences is two elements long.

Complexity
The above algorithm has worst-case time and space complexities of  (see big O notation), where  is the number of elements in sequence  and  is the number of elements in sequence . The Hunt–Szymanski algorithm modifies this algorithm to have a worst-case time complexity of  and space complexity of , though it regularly beats the worst case with typical inputs.

Essential matches

-candidates
The Hunt–Szymanski algorithm only considers what the authors call essential matches, or -candidates. -candidates are pairs of indices  such that:

The second point implies two properties of -candidates:
 There is a common subsequence of length  in the first  elements of sequence  and the first  elements of sequence .
 There are no common subsequences of length  for any fewer than  elements of sequence  or  elements of sequence .

Connecting -candidates

To create the longest common subsequence from a collection of -candidates, a grid with each sequence's contents on each axis is created. The -candidates are marked on the grid. A common subsequence can be created by joining marked coordinates of the grid such that any increase in  is accompanied by an increase in .

This is illustrated in the adjacent diagram.

Black dots represent candidates that would have to be considered by the simple algorithm and the black lines are connections that create common subsequences of length 3.

Red dots represent -candidates that are considered by the Hunt–Szymanski algorithm and the red line is the connection that creates a common subsequence of length 3.

See also
 Levenshtein distance
 Longest common subsequence problem
 Wagner–Fischer algorithm

References

Algorithms on strings
Combinatorics
Dynamic programming


Jaime Yzaga was the defending champion but lost in the first round to Aaron Krickstein.

Richard Krajicek won in the final 7–6(7–5), 7–6(9–7), 2–6, 6–3 against Boris Becker.

Seeds

  Goran Ivanišević (first round)
  Boris Becker (final)
  Jaime Yzaga (first round)
  Jason Stoltenberg (first round)
  Patrick Rafter (semifinals)
  Paul Haarhuis (first round)
  Richard Krajicek (champion)
  David Wheaton (first round)

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 1994 Australian Indoor Championships draw

Singles


Thirumakkottai (Thirumai ) ( Birth name Thirumeignanapuram ) is a village in Mannargudi municipality in Thiruvarur district (formerly part of Thanjavur district) in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The village is Thirumakkottai consist of many streets like North street, South street, Bazaar Street, New street,Sivan koil street, Ponniyamman Temple Street, Theradi street, Nallan Pillai street.

Geography
Thirumakkottai has an average elevation of 6 metres (19 feet).

Economy
As an agricultural village, Thirumakkottai's economy largely depends on the income from agriculture. The crops cultivated include rice, cotton, sugarcane, and pulses like urad and mung bean. The agriculture around this area mainly depends on the rivers Koraiyaru, Mullaiyar, and Pamaniyar. Other sources of irrigation are bore-wells.

There is a Gas Turbine power plant in this village, which supplies electricity to nearby districts.

Temples
The place was once a forest of Paarijatha trees, which are endemic plants having sweet-smelling flowers.

This village is surrounded with temples and tanks. One important temple is Sree Gnanapureeshwarar temple, which is a vast temple complex with a more than 1000-year-old history. "Gnanapureeshwar" is a word dedicated to Lord Siva. Thirikulam, a tank situated opposite to this temple, is famous for curing Ven Kushtam, i.e. white leprosy.

The temple was built by the Chola King Kiruthasekaran, probably in 903 B.C. He kept Thirumakkottai as his capital. The famous of this temple is the deity is surrounded by 16 Vinayagar (Pillaiyar) in different locations and positions. This is the only place in the world where such a divine setup is established. This village is related to the history of Ramayana. History says that Sri Rama visited this village to meet his guru (master) Rishi Vasistha while travelling to Lanka to get Sita back.

Other than this Siva temple, another big and famous temple is Perumal Kovil and the main deity is Renganathar with his concert Renganayagi thayar. In addition there are a lot of village goddess temples like Maariyamman temple, Ponniyamman temple, Veeranar  Temple and Adaikkalakatthar Temple.

This village is literally called the Temple Village

Demographics

Thirumakkottai -I
Thirumakkottai -I is a large village located in Mannargudi Taluka of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu with total 548 families residing. The Thirumakkottai -I village has population of 2075 of which 1027 are males while 1048 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Thirumakkottai -I village population of children with age 0-6 is 218 which makes up 10.51% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Thirumakkottai -I village is 1020 which is higher than Tamil Nadu state average of 996. Child Sex Ratio for the Thirumakkottai -I as per census is 847, lower than Tamil Nadu average of 943.

Thirumakkottai -I village has lower literacy rate compared to Tamil Nadu. In 2011, literacy rate of Thirumakkottai -I village was 76.41% compared to 80.09% of Tamil Nadu. In Thirumakkottai -I Male literacy stands at 82.95% while female literacy rate was 70.15%.

Thirumakkottai - II
Thirumakkottai - II is a large village located in Mannargudi Taluka of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu with total 675 families residing. The Thirumakkottai - II village has population of 2695 of which 1301 are males while 1394 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Thirumakkottai - II village population of children with age 0-6 is 250 which makes up 9.28% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Thirumakkottai - II village is 1071 which is higher than Tamil Nadu state average of 996. Child Sex Ratio for the Thirumakkottai - II as per census is 938, lower than Tamil Nadu average of 943.

Thirumakkottai - II village has higher literacy rate compared to Tamil Nadu. In 2011, literacy rate of Thirumakkottai - II village was 80.78% compared to 80.09% of Tamil Nadu. In Thirumakkottai - II Male literacy stands at 87.54% while female literacy rate was 74.55%.

Thirumakkottai Panchayat
The entire village belongs to one community, and all of them are relatives.  In the adjacent area of Maharajapuram, Perumal Kovil Natham, Thirumani eri and Karuppayi Thoppu (both places fall under Thirumakkottai Panchayat). Later, Muslims migrated to this village for doing trade. Their population is now considerably increased and they are spread over the bazaar area.  The bazaar mainly deals with consumer durable businesses, but most people prepare to visit nearby town Mannargudi or Pattukottai.

It is a self-contained village, because apart from Agamudaiyar Thevar, goldsmiths, barbers, nathaswaram vidhuvans, Schedule Caste, laborers, and dobbys, are also living to fulfill the day today requirements.

The village has a well organized Grama Sabha Committee. It maintains the property belonging to the village and takes care of development of the village.

School
There are two type of schools in this village. For 1 to 5th standard,  Panchayat Union Elementary School, Udhayam primary school And for 6 to 12th standard and also Government Higher Secondary School's ( Not co-education separate Boys and girls school ) is located in Main Road Thirumakkottai.

Diaspora
Thirumakkottai earns a good amount of foreign money through its globally spread out community. Most families have at least one member working abroad. Most of them are in Singapore, Fewer people live in this country America, Canada, London, Malaysia, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Dubai and Kuwait.

Bank's
Indian overseas Bank and City Union Bank is located in this village. The Bank have  attached ATM Center And this place has a private ATM.

Education
ARJ engineering college is situated around 10 km from Thirumakkottai on the road to Mannargudi.  STET women's college is nearby, where students from nearby towns study.

ARJ engineering college group has started the ARJ polytechnic college.

Government schools in primary and higher secondary levels, and one women's school, are available in this village. More than 1000 students from in and around this village attend them.

Power plant
A gas turbine power plant is commissioned at Thirumakkottai by the TNEB; it has a capacity of 107 MW.

Transportation
Thirumakkottai to Mannargudi (16 km)

Thirumakkottai to Pattukkottai  (23 km)

Thirumakkottai to Chennai(404 km)

Nearest major railway station is Mannargudi (16 km)

Nearest international airport is Tiruchirapalli (111 km).

References

Villages in Tiruvarur district


Khohar is a village of District Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. The population of Khohar village is mostly Muslim. There are almost 30 mosques in Khohar of which Five are Jamia Mosques {Mosque where offering of the Jummah (Friday) Prayer is done}. Khohar is almost 17 kilometres (11 miles) south of the town of Sara i Alamgir. Upper Jhelum Canal flows to its east while the River Jhelum borders it to the west. Khohar is divided into various "Mohalla" and "Dhoke", e.g. Dhoke Baba Hafiz Jee, Dhoke Shamali, Dhoke Baba Hussain Shah, Mohllah Maki Masjid, Mohallah Malkana, Mohallah Hajiaetc. Khohar is divided into two main parts: Khohar Khurad and Khohar Kalan.

Education
Khohar is an educational village. Khohar has many schools and colleges, some of them running under Government authorities and other are operated by the private sector. Government Higher Secondary School Khohar has produced many Doctors, Engineers, Lawyers, Public Servant and Army Officers.

Here is the list of main schools and colleges that are  delivering education to students.
 Government Higher Secondary School Khohar
Details ; This institute was established in 1800s. Upgraded as higher secondary school in 1988.now student strength is increasing rapidly.
 Government Higher Secondary School for Girls. (result 70% 2015)
 Government Primary School for Boys. (result 20% 2015 still all fifth graders promoted)
 Government Primary School for Girls. (result 23% 2015 still all fifth graders promoted)
 New Vision High School Khohar(result 10% 2015)
 Zia Public School Khohar. (result 40%)
 Rehman Public School Khohar. (result 50% 2015)
 Sulman Academy

Only 25% of total population is educated to 12th grade, a few go for bachelor's degree.

Only few personnel attained Commission in Pakistan Army.

Notable People
Three main  and the most notable personalities of Khohar are Malik Subaidar RabNawaz and Malik Khurshid Sultan and Zaman Khoharvi and Hashir Zaman, Owners of The In Time.

Today he is the chairman of Awan group of companies, which operates in construction business by the name of Heavy equipment Rental Office(HERO). The group also owns Awan plastics and one of the oldest and most popular Pakistani restaurants Kababish.

He has been very active in the social work of the Pakistani community in JEDDAH and Khohar. He is the chairman of the "Pakistan Unity Forum" which works for the welfare and well-being of the Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia.

His restaurant, Kababish has been the epicenter for social activities of the Pakistani community in Jeddah for over 30 years. and for the visitors, Kababish has been the contact address to Malik Khurshid Sultan. He has also been actively participating in welfare activities in Khohar. His late mother was widely quoted as "UMM AL KHAIR"(mother of goodness) by the locals. And her son has taken the festivities a step ahead. his iftar and suhoor (fasting) gatherings are regarded as one of the biggest in the region

Another is the notable Lt. Col. (R) Muhammad Liaqat Malik who is the first person of Khohar to have studied from within the village itself and attain a high rank in the Pakistan Army.

References

Populated places in Gujrat District


One Acre Fund is a social enterprise that supplies smallholder farmers in East Africa with asset-based financing and agriculture training services to reduce hunger and poverty. Headquartered in Kakamega, Kenya, the organization works with farmers in rural villages throughout Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia, and Ethiopia.

Using a market-based approach, One Acre Fund facilitates activities and transactions at various levels of the farming value chain, including seed sourcing and market support. In 2020, farmers who worked with One Acre Fund reported 33% in additional profit compared to non-participating farmers.

How it works
One Acre Fund offers smallholder farmers an asset-based loan that includes: 1) distribution of seeds and fertilizer; 2) financing for farm inputs; 3) training on agriculture techniques; and 4) market facilitation to maximize profits. Each service bundle is around US$80 in value and includes crop insurance to mitigate the risks of drought and disease.

To receive the One Acre Fund loan and training, farmers must join a village group that is supported by a local One Acre Fund field officer. Field officers meet regularly with the farmer groups to coordinate delivery of farm inputs, administer trainings and to collect repayments. One Acre Fund offers a flexible repayment system: farmers may pay back their loans in any increment at any time during the growing season. Beyond their core program model, One Acre Fund also offers smallholder farmers opportunities to purchase additional products and services on credit. These include solar lights and reusable sanitary pads.

History
The organization was founded by Andrew Youn in 2006. While earning his MBA at the Kellogg School of Management, Youn visited western Kenya in August 2005 and interviewed smallholder farmers about their quality of life. Many of those farmers were enduring an annual "hunger season" and unable to feed their families from their one acre of land. Upon returning to Kellogg in the fall, Youn designed a business plan to employ a market-based approach to introducing productive farming techniques to smallholder farmers in East Africa. One Acre Fund launched in Bungoma, Kenya, in February 2006, initially serving 38 farm families.  Youn's classmate Matthew Forti became the Founding Board Chair, while John Gachunga joined as co-founder in 2006 and Eric Pohlman as co-founder in 2007.

In April 2006, One Acre Fund was awarded the Social Entrepreneurship Track of the Yale 50K Business Plan Competition and the Social E-Challenge of the Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students (BASES). In May 2006, Youn received an Echoing Green Fellowship, which provided a two-year stipend to pursue One Acre Fund full-time.

Since its founding, One Acre Fund has launched operations in Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zambia, and Malawi.

Sustainability
One Acre Fund states that it practices sustainable intensification and land management. The organization trains smallholder farmers on how to create and use compost and how to minimize the amount of fertilizer used with a micro-dosing technique. Agroforestry is a key part of One Acre Fund's work; in 2020, One Acre Fund farmers planted more than 24 million trees.

The organization has also been recognized for its model of financial sustainability. In 2020, 77% of its field operating costs were covered by farmer repayments. "Field operating costs" excludes R&D, pilot projects, government relations, monitoring, as well as fundraising and other charity-specific costs.

Funding and recognition
The One Acre Fund model has won grants from the Echoing Green and Skoll Foundations, and received the Financial Times/IFC award for "basic needs financing" in 2010 and 2011.

In 2007, One Acre Fund received a $300,000 grant from the Draper Richards Foundation and a $100,000 grant from Mulago Social Investments. Between 2009 and 2010, One Acre Fund received $6.5 million from the Pershing Square Foundation towards its Permanent Fund, which provides the basic capital to make loans to farmers, and in 2010, One Acre Fund was recognized by the Skoll Foundation with a $750,000 grant. Since then, it has received grants from numerous foundations, including The MasterCard Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Swedish Postcode Lottery.

In 2012, journalist Roger Thurow wrote a book about a year in the lives of four One Acre Fund farmers in Kenya entitled The Last Hunger Season: A Year in an African Farm Community on the Brink of Change. In 2015, The Guardian published an article titled "Kenya's Small-Scale Farmers Borrow Seeds To Grow Potential" that takes a closer look at their field operations. Later that year, David Bornstein of The New York Times wrote an article titled "Energizing the Green Revolution in Africa" that profiles the organization and its work with smallholder farmers in East Africa.

In 2016, One Acre Fund won a $15m grant from the Global Innovation Fund. In 2018, One Acre accepted a donation of 700,000 € by the new Monsanto owner Bayer to support improved poultry products and digital technologies.  In 2022, One Acre Fund was the New York Times Holiday Impact Grand Prize Winner, and in 2023, the organization was awarded the Hilton Humanitarian Prize, the world’s largest annual humanitarian award presented to nonprofit organizations judged to have made extraordinary contributions toward alleviating human suffering.

Statistics
In 2022, One Acre Fund served more than 4 million farm families, including 1.5 million in the full-service program and 2.4 million via targeted interventions like agroforestry. Loan repayment rates amongst full-service program clients was 96%.

Response to maize disease
After the spread of maize lethal necrosis (a maize disease) across western Kenya in 2013, One Acre Fund recommended farmers abandon maize for millet and sorghum. Initially, this recommendation was met with some amount of criticism from farmers in the program who expressed their initial shock and displeasure as Ugali, a maize-based food, is a staple in the Kenyan diet.

However, those farmers that stayed with the program found success as highlighted in an interview later that same year with the website Humanosphere. "Unlike maize, the price for millet is relatively consistent throughout the year," said the farmers. "...To optimize profit, maize has to be stored for months until peak prices are reached. When a financial emergency emerges, farmers lose out when they have to sell too early. With millet, the problem is erased."

Allegations of exploitation
One Acre Fund has been criticized for its confusing hiring process. In Kenya, their hiring process has led some to accuse them of harvesting data from prospective job applicants. One Acre Fund has denied these claims, but acknowledged the need for the organization to improve its lengthy hiring process.

See also

 Social entrepreneurship
 Microfinance

References

Microfinance organizations
Organizations established in 2006
Charities based in Kenya


Mai Đình is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Mai Trung is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Ngọc Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam. It has a population of 9,412 according to the 2009 Census.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Quang Minh is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Dame Sonia Rosemary Susan Proudman, DBE (30 July 1949 – 22 July 2023), styled The Hon. Mrs Justice Proudman, was a judge of the High Court of England and Wales.

Education
Proudman was educated at St Paul's Girls' School and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.  She was one of the first female winners of the Eldon Scholarship.

Career
Proudman was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn in 1972. She became a Bencher in 1996 and a Recorder in 2000. She was a Deputy High Court Judge from 2001 to 2008, until she was appointed to the Chancery Division on a full-time basis.  She was the second woman assigned to the Chancery Division, after Mary Arden.

Proudman was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2008.

Proudman retired from the bench on 2 October 2017.

Death
Sonia Proudman died on 22 July 2023, at the age of 73.

Arms
Proudman obtained a grant of arms in 2009.

References

External links
 Notice of knighthood
 Biodata

1949 births
2023 deaths
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
British barristers
British King's Counsel
British women judges
Chancery Division judges
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
People educated at St Paul's Girls' School
20th-century King's Counsel
21st-century King's Counsel
21st-century British women judges
21st-century English judges


Thái Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Thanh Vân is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Patrick Hald Hougaard (born 23 May 1989) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Denmark, who was a member of Denmark U-21 national team.

Career
Patrick Hougaard was born in Fredericia to parents Søren and Dorthe. He has two brothers Casper and Nicklas.

Hougaard won the Danish Under-21 championship in 2007, and first raced in the UK towards the end of the 2007 season, for Reading Racers. He signed for the Belle Vue Aces midway through the 2008 season on leaving school. He again won the Danish Under-21 title in 2009 and was part of the Danish team that won the under-21 team cup in 2010. He stayed with Belle Vue until the end of the 2012 season, joining Peterborough Panthers in 2013.

In December 2013 he signed to ride for Leicester Lions in their debut Elite League season in 2014. He also signed to ride in Poland for Polonia Bydgoszcz.

In 2023, he ws the team manager of Slangerup.

Speedway Grand Prix results

World Championships

 Individual U-21 World Championship (Under-21 World Championship)
 2007 - 10th place in Semi-final 2
 2008 -  Pardubice - 8th place (8 pts)
 2009 -  Goričan - 3rd place (12+2 pts)
 Team U-21 World Championship (Under-21 Speedway World Cup)
 2005 -  Pardubice - 3rd place (2 pts)
 2006 - started in Qualifying Round 1 only
 2007 - 2nd place in Qualifying Round 1
 2008 -  Holsted - Runner-up (16 pts)
 2009 -  Gorzów Wlkp. - Runner-up (14 pts)
 2010 -  Rye House - Under-21 World Champion (11 pts)

European Championships

 Individual European Championship
 2007 -  Wiener Neustadt - 3rd place (11 pts)
 2008 - 12th place in Semi-Final 1
 Individual U-19 European Championship
 2006 -  Goričan - 16th place (3 pts)
 2007 -  Częstochowa - 13th place (5 pts)
 2008 -  Stralsund - 4th place (11 pts)
 Team U-19 European Championship
 2008 -  Rawicz - 3rd place (13 pts)

Domestic competitions

 Individual Danish Championship
 2005 - 11th place
 2006 - 9th place
 2007 - 9th place
 2008 - 7th place
 Individual U-21 Danish Championship
 2005 - 3rd place
 2006 - Runner-up
 2007 - Danish Champion
 2008 - Runner-up
 2009 Danish Champion
 Individual U-19 Nordic Championship
 2006 - Nordic Champion
 Danish Speedway League
 2004 - Danish Champion for team with Holsted
 2005 - Danish Champion for team with Holsted
 2006 - Danish Champion for team with Fredericia
 2007 - Danish Champion for team with Holsted
 Team Polish Championship (Speedway Ekstraliga)
 2007 - Polish Champion with Unia Leszno

See also
 Denmark national speedway team
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

1989 births
Living people
Danish speedway riders
Team Speedway Junior World Champions
Belle Vue Aces riders
Leicester Lions riders
Peterborough Panthers riders
Somerset Rebels riders
Sportspeople from Fredericia


Thường Thắng is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Xuân Cẩm is a commune (xã) and village in Hiệp Hòa District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Dĩnh Trì is a commune (xã) and village of Bắc Giang city, Bắc Giang Province in the Northeast region of Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Thái Đào is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Đại Lâm is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Dĩnh is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Xương Lâm is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Hưng is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Hương Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Xuân Hương is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Mỹ Thái is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Xă Mỹ Thái gồm 8 làng: Cò, Chi Lễ, Cầu Trong, Cầu Ngoài, Nguyên, Hạ, Cả, Thượng.

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Vôi is a township (thị trấn) and capital of Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Tân Thanh is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


The influence of the Islamic world to the history of glass is reflected by its distribution around the world, from Europe to China, and from Russia to East Africa. Islamic glass developed a unique expression that was characterized by the introduction of new techniques and the reinterpreting of old traditions.

Roman and Sassanian influences
Islamic glass did not begin to develop a recognizable expression until the late 8th or early 9th century AD, despite Islam spreading across the Middle East and North Africa during the mid-7th century AD. Despite bringing enormous religious and socio-political changes to the region, this event appears to have not drastically affected the day-to-day workings of craft industries, nor did it cause "extensive destruction or long-lasting disruption". The Roman (Levant and Egypt) and Sassanian (Persia and Mesopotamia) glassmaking industries continued in much the same way they had for centuries. Following the unification of the entire region, the interaction of ideas and techniques was facilitated, allowing for the fusion of these two separate traditions with new ideas, ultimately leading to the Islamic glass industry.

Roman glassmaking traditions that are important in the Islamic period include the application of glass trails as a surface embellishment, while stylistic techniques adopted from the Sassanian Empire include various styles of glass cutting. This may have developed out of the long-standing hardstone carving traditions in Persia and Mesopotamia. In regards to glass-making technology, tank furnaces used in the Levant to produce slabs of raw glass for export during the Classical Period were used during the Early Islamic Period in the same region until the 10th or 11th centuries AD.

Technological change
During the first centuries of Islamic rule, glassmakers in the Eastern Mediterranean continued to use the Roman recipe consisting of calcium-rich sand (providing the silica and lime) and mineral natron (soda component) from the Wādi el-Natrūn in Egypt, and examples of natron-based Islamic glass have been found in the Levant up to the late 9th century AD. Archaeological evidence has shown that the use of natron ceased, and plant ash became the source of soda for all Islamic glass in the following centuries. The reasons for this technological transition remain unclear, although it has been postulated that civil unrest in Egypt during the early 9th century AD led to a cut-off in the natron supply, thus forcing Islamic glassmakers to look for alternate soda sources.

Evidence of experimentation with the basic glass recipe at Beth She'arim (modern Israel) during the early 9th century AD further supports this argument. A glass slab made from a tank mold from the site contained an excess amount of lime, and may be the result of mixing sand with plant ash. Although the raw glass would have been unusable due to its composition, it does suggest that at this time, Islamic glassmakers in the Levant were combining aspects of Sassanian and Roman traditions in an effort to solve the problem created by the lack of access to mineral natron. The use of plant ash, specifically from halophytic (salt-loving) plants, which were plentiful in the Middle East due to the climate, was well known in Persia and Mesopotamia. It undoubtedly would not take long for the glassmakers in the Near East to correct their manufacturing errors and begin using the plant ash-based recipe used further east.

Early Islamic glass: mid-7th to late 12th century AD

The glass industry in the Early Islamic Period can initially be characterized as a continuation of older traditions, coinciding with the Umayyad Caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty (Israeli 2003, 319). Following the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD, the capital of the Islamic world was moved from Damascus in the Levant to Baghdad in Mesopotamia. This led to a cultural shift away from the influences of Classical traditions, and allowed for the development of an 'Islamic' expression.

The production of glass during this period is concentrated in three main regions of the Islamic world. Firstly, the Eastern Mediterranean remained a centre of glass production, as it had been for centuries. Excavations at Qal'at Sem'an in northern Syria, Tyre in Lebanon, Beth She'arim and Bet Eli'ezer in Israel, and at Fustat (Old Cairo) in Egypt have all shown evidence for glass production, including numerous vessels, raw glass, and their associated furnaces. In Persia, a formerly Sassanian region, archaeological activity has located a number of sites with large deposits of Early Islamic Glass, including Nishapur, Siraf, and Susa. Numerous kilns suggest Nishapur was an important production centre, and the identification of a local type of glass at Siraf suggests the same for that site.

In Mesopotamia, excavations at Samarra, a temporary capital of the Abbasid Caliphate during the mid-9th century AD, produced a wide range of glass vessels, while work at al-Madā'in (former Ctesiphon) and Raqqa (on the Euphrates River in modern Syria) provide evidence for glass production in the region. However, it is difficult to clearly identify the place in which a glass piece was manufactured without the presence of wastes (pieces broken and discarded in the process of making), which indicate that the location was a site of glassmaking. Furthermore, during the Abbasid caliphate, both glassmakers and their products moved throughout the empire, leading to dispersion of glassware and "universality of style", which further prevents the identification of a piece's birthplace. As the Seljuk empire arose from Seljuk generals conquering lands under the Abbasid flag only nominally, it is likely that glass technology, style, and trade might have continued similarly under the Seljuks as it did under the Abbasids. Despite the increasing ability and style of Islamic glassmakers during this time, few pieces were signed or dated, making identification of a piece's location of origin unfortunately difficult. Glass pieces are typically dated by stylistic comparisons to other pieces from the era.

The majority of the decorative traditions used in the Early Islamic Period concerned the manipulation of the glass itself, and included trail-application, carving, and mold-blowing. As mentioned previously, glass-carving and trail application are a continuation of older techniques, the former associated with Sassanian glassmaking and the latter with Roman traditions. In relief cutting, a specialized form of glass-carving most often used on colourless and transparent glass, "the area surrounding the decorative elements was carved back to the ground, thus leaving the former in relief".

Unlike relief cutting, trail application, or thread trailing, allowed decoration with hot glass. The glassblower would manipulate molten glass while still malleable and create patterns, handles, or flanges. While cutting reached the height of its popularity from the 9th–11th centuries CE, thread-trailing became more widely used during the 11th–12th centuries, when Seljuq glassmakers were considered at the height of their skill.

Mold-blowing, based on Roman traditions from the 1st century CE, is another specialized technique that spread widely throughout the Islamic Mediterranean world during this period. Two distinct types of molds are known archaeologically; a two-part mold made up of separate halves, and the 'dip' mold, whereby the viscous glass is placed entirely inside one mold. The molds were often made of bronze, although there are examples of some being ceramic. Molds also typically mold that often included a carved pattern; the finished piece would take on the shape and style of the mold (Carboni and Adamjee 2002). With these advances in glassmaking technology, artisans began to stylize and simplify their designs, emphasizing designs with "no foreground or background" and "plain but beautiful vessels".

A final decorative technology that is a distinct marker of the Early Islamic Period is the use of painted lustreware. While some scholars see this as a purely Islamic invention originating in Fustat, others place the origins of lustre decoration in Roman and Coptic Egypt during the centuries preceding the rise of Islam. Staining glass vessels with copper and silver pigments was known from around the 3rd century AD, although true lustre technology probably began sometime between the 4th and 8th centuries AD. Lustre painting on glass involves the application of copper and silver pigments, followed by a specific firing that allows for the ionic exchange of Ag+ and Cu+ with the glass, resulting in a metallic sheen fully bound to the vessel. Regardless of its specific origins, lustre decoration was a key technology in glass production that continued to develop throughout the Early Islamic Period, and spread not only geographically, but also to other material industries in the form of glazed ceramics.

Middle Islamic glass: late 12th to late 14th century AD

This is the 'Golden Age' of Islamic glassmaking, despite the fractious nature of the Islamic world. Persia and Mesopotamia (along with parts of Syria for some time) came under control of the Seljuq Turks, and later the Mongols, while in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Ayyubid and Mamluk Dynasties held sway. Furthermore, this period saw European interruptions into the Middle East due to the Crusades. Glass production seemingly ceased to exist in Persia and Mesopotamia, and little is known about the reasons for this. However, in the earlier part of this period, there is evidence for glass-making in Central Asia, for example at Kuva in modern Uzbekistan. This tradition presumably ended with the Mongol invasions of the mid-13th century that destroyed other sites in the region.

The glass-producing regions of Syria and Egypt continued their industries. It is for the materials excavated and produced at sites such as Samsat in southern Turkey, Aleppo and Damascus in Syria, Hebron in the Levant, and Cairo that this period is referred to as the 'Golden Age' of Islamic glass. The Middle Islamic Period is characterized by the perfection of various polychrome decorative traditions, the most important of which are marvering, enamelling, and gilding, while relief-carving and lustreware painting seemingly fell out of fashion. Marvering involves applying a continuous trail of opaque glass (in various colours such as white, red, yellow, or pale blue) around the body of a glass object. This trail may then be manipulated by pulling it, creating a characteristic 'wavy' pattern. The object was then rolled on a marver (a stone or iron slab) to work the trail into the glass vessel itself. This technique, used on a variety of glass objects from bowls and bottles to chess pieces, was introduced around the late 12th century AD, but is in fact a revival of a much older glass-working tradition that has its origins in the Late Bronze Age in Egypt>

Gilding during this period involved applying small amounts of gold in suspension onto a glass body, followed by a low firing to fuse the two materials, and was adopted from Byzantine traditions. This technique was often combined with enamelling, the application of ground glass with a colourant, to traditional and new vessel forms, and represents the height of Islamic glassmaking. Enamelling, a resurrection of older techniques, was first practiced in the Islamic world at Raqqa (Syria) during the late 12th century, but also spread to Cairo during Mamluk rule. A study of various enamelled vessels, including beakers and mosque lamps, suggests that there are two subtle yet distinct firing practices, possibly representing two distinct production centres or glass-working traditions. Due to its high demand, enamelled glass was exported throughout the Islamic world, Europe, and China during this period. Enamelling eventually ended in Syria and Egypt following disruption by various Mongol invasions from the 13th through to the 15th centuries AD.

A feature of glass from the Middle Islamic Period is the increased interaction between the Middle East and Europe. The Crusades allowed for the European discovery of Islamic gilded and enamelled vessels. The 'Goblet of the Eight Princes' brought to France from the Levant is one of the earliest examples of this technique. Furthermore, large amounts of raw plant ash were exported solely to Venice, fuelling that city's glass industries. It was also in Venice that enamelling was resurrected following its decline in the Islamic world.

Late Islamic glass: 15th to mid-19th century AD
The Late Islamic Period is dominated by three main empires and areas of glass production; the Ottomans in Turkey, the Safavid (and later the Zand and Qajar) Dynasty in Persia, and the Mughals in northern India. The most important over-riding characteristic of glass production in this period is the "direct influence of European glass" and, in particular, that of Venice, Bohemia (in the 18th century), and the Dutch. The production of high-quality fine glass essentially ended in Egypt, Syria, and Persia, and it was only in India during the 17th century that Islamic glass regained a high level of artistic expression following European influence. The lack of court patronage for glassmaking and the high quality of European glass contributed to a decline in the industry; however, utilitarian glass was still being made in the traditional centres.

Historical documents and accounts, such as the Surname-i Humayun, show the presence of glassmaking, and a glassmaker's guild, in Istanbul, as well as production at Beykoz on the coast of the Bosphorus, in the Ottoman Empire. The glass made at these centres was not of great quality and was highly influenced by Venetian and Bohemian styles and techniques. In Persia, evidence for glassmaking following the Mongol invasions of the 13th century does not reappear until the Safavid period (17th century). European travellers wrote accounts of glass factories in Shiraz, and it is thought that transplanted Italian craftsmen brought about this revival. No significant decorative treatments or technical characteristics of glass were introduced or revived during this period in Persia. Bottle and jug forms with simple applied or ribbed decoration, made from coloured transparent glass, were common, and are linked to the Shirazi wine industry.

Mughal glassmaking in India, on the other hand, saw a return to the enamelling and gilding traditions from the Middle Islamic Period, as well as the glass–carving techniques used in Persia during the earliest centuries of the Islamic world. Glass workshops and factories were initially found near the Mughal capital of Agra, Patna (eastern India), and in Gujarat province (western India), and by the 18th century had spread to other regions in western India. New forms were introduced using these older Islamic glass-working techniques, and of these, nargileh (water pipe) bases became the most dominant. Square bottles based on Dutch forms, decorated with enamelling and gilding in Indian motifs, are another important expression in Mughal glassmaking, and were produced at Bhuj, Kutch, and in Gujarat. Ethnographic study of current glass production in Jalesar shows fundamental similarities between this site and the Early Islamic tank furnaces found in the Levant, despite differences in the shape of the structures (round in India, rectangular at Bet She'arim), highlighting the technological continuity of the glass industry throughout the Islamic period.

Roles of Islamic glass

While the various functions of Islamic glass have been touched upon during the previous discussion (mosque lamps from the Middle Islamic Period, wine bottles from Safavid Persia, nargileh bases from Mughal India), glass filled a multitude of roles throughout the history of the Islamic world. A variety of vessel forms used to hold a wide range of materials make up the bulk of glass objects (bowls, goblets, dishes, perfume bottles, etc.), and have seen the most attention from Islamic glass scholars (Carboni 2001; Israeli 2003; Kröger 1995; Pinder-Wilson 1991; Scanlon and Pinder-Wilson 2001). Some of the more distinct vessel functions from the Islamic period include inkwells (Israeli 2003, 345), qumqum or perfume sprinklers, and vessels associated with Islamic science and medicine such as alembics, test-tubes, and cuppers. Glass was also used for aesthetic purposes in the form of decorative figurines, and for jewellery as bracelets (Carboni 1994; Spaer 1992) and beads. The bracelets, in particular, may prove to be an important archaeological tool in the dating of Islamic sites. Glass also filled various utilitarian roles, with evidence of use as windows, and as coin weights. The variety of functions filled by glass and the sheer bulk of the material found through excavation further highlights its significance as a distinct and highly developed material industry throughout the Islamic world.

Study of Islamic glass
Islamic glass from this period has been given relatively little attention by scholars. One exception to this was the work carried out by Carl J. Lamm (1902–1987). Lamm catalogued and classified the glass finds from important Islamic sites; for example Susa in Iran (Lamm 1931), and at Samarra in Iraq (Lamm 1928). One of the most important discoveries in the field of Islamic glass was a shipwreck dated to around 1036 AD on the Turkey coast at Serçe Liman. The recovered cargo included vessel fragments and glass cullet exported from Syria. The significance of these finds lies in the information they can tell us about the production and distribution of Islamic glass. Despite this, the majority of studies have concentrated on stylistic and decorative classification (Carboni 2001; Kröger 1995; Lamm 1928; Lamm 1931; Scanlon and Pinder-Wilson 2001), and as such technological aspects of the industry, as well as undecorated vessels and objects, have often been overlooked within the field. This, in particular, is frustrating because the majority of glass finds during the Islamic period are undecorated and used for utilitarian purposes.

See also

References

Citations

Sources

Aldsworth, F., Haggarty, G., Jennings, S., Whitehouse, D. 2002. "Medieval Glassmaking at Tyre". Journal of Glass Studies 44, 49–66.
Anarbaev, A. A. and Rehren, T. 2009. Unpublished Akhsiket Research Notes.
Barkoudah, Y., Henderson, J. 2006. "Plant Ashes from Syria and the Manufacture of Ancient Glass: Ethnographic and Scientific Aspects". Journal of Glass Studies 48, 297–321.
Caiger-Smith, A. 1985. Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World. New York: New Amsterdam Books.
Carboni, S. 1994. "Glass Bracelets from the Mamluk Period in the Metropolitan Museum of Art". Journal of Glass Studies 36, 126–129.
Carboni, S. 2001. Glass from Islamic Lands. London: Thames & Hudson, Ltd.
Carboni, S. and Adamjee, Q. 2002. "Glass with Mold-Blown Decoration from Islamic Lands". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–.
Dussart, O., Velde, B., Blanc, P., Sodini, J. 2004. "Glass from Qal'at Sem'an (Northern Syria): The Reworking of Glass During the Transition from Roman to Islamic Compositions". Journal of Glass Studies 46, 67–83.
Freestone, I. C. 2002. "Composition and Affinities of Glass from the Furnaces on the Island Site, Tyre". Journal of Glass Studies 44, 67–77.
Freestone, I. C. 2006. "Glass Production in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic Period: A Geochemical Perspective". In: M. Maggetti and B. Messiga (eds.), Geomaterials in Cultural History. London: Geological Society of London, 201–216.
Freestone, I. C., Gorin-Rosin, Y. 1999. "The Great Slab at Bet She'arim, Israel: An Early Islamic Glassmaking Experiment?" Journal of Glass Studies 41, 105–116.
Gudenrath, W. 2006. "Enameled Glass Vessels, 1425 BCE – 1800: The Decorating Process". Journal of Glass Studies 48, 23–70.
Israeli, Y. 2003. Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: The Eliahu Dobkin Collection and Other Gifts. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum.
Ivanov, G. 2003. Excavations at Kuva (Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan). Iran 41, 205–216.
Jacoby, D. 1993. Raw Materials for the Glass Industries of Venice and the Terraferma, about 1370 – about 1460. Journal of Glass Studies 35, 65–90.
Jenkins, M. 1986. "Islamic Glass: A Brief History". Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. JSTOR, 1–52.
Kröger, J. 1995. Nishapur: Glass of the Early Islamic Period. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Lamm, C. J. 1928. Das Glas von Samarra: Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra. Berlin: Reimer/Vohsen.
Lamm, C. J. 1931. Les Verres Trouvés à Suse. Syria 12, 358–367.
Lukens, M. G. 1965. "Medieval Islamic Glass". Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 23.6. JSTOR, 198–208.
Markel, S. 1991. "Indian and 'Indianate' Glass Vessels in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art". Journal of Glass Studies 33, 82–92.
Pinder-Wilson, R. 1991. "The Islamic Lands and China". In: H. Tait (ed.), Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum Press, 112–143.
Pradell, T., Molera, J., Smith, A. D., Tite, M. S. 2008. "The Invention of Lustre: Iraq 9th and 10th centuries AD". Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 1201–1215.
Ragab, A. 2013. "Saladin (d. 1193) and Richard Lionheart (d. 1199): The Story of the Good Rivals". History of Science 113 Lecture. Science Center 469, Cambridge. Lecture.
Redford, S. 1994. "Ayyubid Glass from Samsat, Turkey". Journal of Glass Studies 36, 81–91.
Scanlon, G. T., Pinder-Wilson, R. 2001. Fustat Glass of the Early Islamic Period: Finds Excavated by the American Research Center in Egypt 1964–1980. London: Altajir World of Islam Trust.
Schick, R. 1998. "Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: Palestine in the Early Islamic Period: Luxuriant Legacy". Near Eastern Archaeology 61/2, 74–108.
Sode, T., Kock, J. 2001. Traditional Raw Glass Production in Northern India: The Final Stage of an ancient Technology. Journal of Glass Studies 43, 155–169.
Spaer, M. 1992. "The Islamic Bracelets of Palestine: Preliminary Findings". Journal of Glass Studies 34, 44–62.
Tatton-Brown, V., Andrews, C. 1991. "Before the Invention of Glassblowing". In: H. Tait (ed.), Five Thousand Years of Glass. London: British Museum Press, 21–61.
von Folasch, K., Whitehouse, D. 1993. "Three Islamic Molds". Journal of Glass Studies 35, 149–153.
Whitehouse, D. 2002. "The Transition from Natron to Plant Ash in the Levant". Journal of Glass Studies 44, 193–196.

Further reading

External links

Glass art
History of glass
Glass, Islamic
Glass, Islamic
Glass, Islamic


Mỹ Hà is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tiên Lục is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Đào Mỹ is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


An Hà is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Hương Lạc is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Nghĩa Hưng is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Nghĩa Hòa is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province

vi:Nghĩa Hòa


Quang Thịnh is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Jürgen Osterhammel (born 1952 in Wipperfürth, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German historian specialized in Chinese and world history. He is professor emeritus at the University of Konstanz.

Academia
Osterhammel started his academic career as a research fee student at the London School of Economics in 1976/77 and studied and worked there under Professor Ian Nish. In 1980, he obtained his PhD from the University of Kassel in modern history.

Two years later, Osterhammel started as a fellow at the German Historical Institute in London. Between 1986 and 1990, he was a senior lecturer in political science at the University of Freiburg (Germany). Osterhammel then worked for seven years as professor of modern history at the FernUniversität Hagen, a distance-learning university and the university with the highest enrollment in Germany. He has also worked as a professor of modern history at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva before taking up the same position in the University of Konstanz (Germany) in 1999. In 2001–2002, Osterhammel was a fellow at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences. In 2014, he was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy.

Other activities
 Volkswagen Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees

Awards
 In 2010, Osterhammel received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize a program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) for "exceptional scientists and academics for their outstanding achievements in the field of research."
 2014: Sigmund Freud Prize
 2017: Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts
 In 2018, Osterhammel received the Balzan Prize for Global History "For his fundamental contribution to studies in global history and the definition of the discipline. For his method, which combines the rigour of empirical research while opening onto wide perspectives in an admirably balanced way, both through comparison and through the study of interconnected histories. For his elegant, fascinating style of writing."

Areas of Research
Colonialism
Eurasian history since the 18th century
History and theory of historiography
World or global history

Bibliography

References

External links
Jurgen Osterhammel on Amazon
Detailed interview with J. Osterhammel in the journal Itinerario

1952 births
Living people
People from Wipperfürth
Academic staff of the University of Konstanz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
University of Kassel alumni
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Writers about globalization
Historians of colonialism
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies
Academics of the German Historical Institute London


Dương Đức is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Yên Mỹ is a commune (xã) and village in Lạng Giang District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


The Order José Martí (Orden José Martí) is a state honor in Cuba. The Order was named so after José Martí, the national hero of Cuba. The design was realized by the Cuban sculptor José Delarra.

Notable recipients

  Mahathir Mohamad, (Prime Minister of Malaysia)
  Alexander Lukashenko, (President of Belarus)
  Mohammad Najibullah, (Former General Secretary Of The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan)
  Armando Hart
  Antonio Gades
  António Mascarenhas Monteiro, (former President of Cape Verde)
  Michael Manley, (former Prime Minister of Jamaica)
  Leonid Brezhnev, (former General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union)
  Houari Boumediene, (President of Algeria)
  Ali Abdullah Saleh, (former President of Yemen)
  Kim Il Sung, (General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea)
  Thomas Sankara, (President of Burkina Faso)
  Todor Zhivkov (former General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party and Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria)
  Salvador Allende, (former President of Chile)
  Nicolae Ceaușescu (former General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party and President of Romania)
  Owen Arthur, (former Prime Minister of Barbados)
  Hugo Chávez, (former President of Venezuela)
  Gustáv Husák, (former General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia)
  Mengistu Haile Mariam, (Chairman of the Ethiopian Communist military junta Derg and Head of State of Ethiopia)
  Rafael Cancel Miranda
  Robert Mugabe, (former President of Zimbabwe)
  Sam Nujoma, (former President of Namibia)
  Erich Honecker, (former General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and Chairman of the State Council of the East Germany)
  Felipe González, (former Prime Minister of Spain)
  Julius Nyerere, (former President of Tanzania)
  Omar Torrijos, Military Leader of Panama
  Jacob Zuma, (former President of South Africa).
  Viktor Yanukovych, (former President of Ukraine)
  Nguyễn Phú Trọng (General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam)
  Tomislav Nikolić(former President of Serbia)
  Vladimir Putin (President of Russia)
  Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, (former President of Mongolia and General Secretary of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party)
  Demetris Christofias, (former President of Cyprus)
  Saddam Hussein, (former President of Iraq)
  Fanny Edelman
  Marien Ngouabi (President of the People's Republic of the Congo)
  Nicolás Maduro, (President of Venezuela)
  Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, (former President of Vietnam)
  João Bernardo Vieira, (former President of Guinea-Bissau)
  Andrés Manuel López Obrador, (President of Mexico)
  Ralph Gonsalves, (Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

See also
International José Martí Prize
José Martí
 Orders, decorations, and medals of Cuba

References

External links
Images of the Order of José Martí

Jose Marti
Awards established in 1972
1972 establishments in Cuba


Lục Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Bình Sơn () is a commune (xã) and village in Luc Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport (, ; ) is a public airport owned by the government of Catalonia and hosts general aviation and  commercial flights. It is located in the municipality of Montferrer i Castellbò in Catalonia, eastern Spain, and serves the city of la Seu d'Urgell and the microstate of Andorra, which is 12 km north of the airport. The airport has a short runway which limits aircraft sizes and the distance to destinations.

History
La Seu d'Urgell airfield opened in 1982 but was closed to commercial traffic in 1984 and was used only by private aircraft until 2008, when the airport was purchased by the Catalan government and closed pending its redevelopment and reopening as a commercial airport. In 2008, the Institut Català del Sòl (a department of the Catalan government) bought 85% of the airport's land to create Pirineus–La Seu d'Urgell Airport. In 2009, a contract was awarded to Acsa Sorigué for the redevelopment work towards reopening the airport.

The airport reopened on 4 June 2010. In the first year there was a total of 1,751 flights, with more than 3,000 people on board. An agreement between the Catalan government and the Principality of Andorra, located 12 km away, was reached in 2014 to rename the facility Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport following financial investment from Andorra.

On 8 January 2015, the airport opened as a public airport, and started receiving regular or tourist charter flights during 2015. Eight tourist charter flights per direction were operated by Swiftair during the summer 2015, four from Madrid, four from Palma de Mallorca. 2015 also saw the arrival of Air Andorra and Andorra Airlines, with both airlines using the airport as its main hub and offering flights to various airports in Spain and France. French regional airline Twin Jet operated flights to the airport during March 2018, with routes from Madrid, Marseille and Palma de Mallorca.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport:

References

External links
Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport

Airports in Catalonia
Aviation in Andorra
La Seu d'Urgell
Airports established in 1982
1982 establishments in Spain


Harmsworth may refer to:

People
Harmsworth (surname)

Titles of the Harmsworth family of newspaper proprietors:
Viscount Northcliffe
Viscount Rothermere
Baron Harmsworth

Other
Harmsworth Cup, a trophy for motorboat racing
Vere Harmsworth Library, a research library for U.S. studies at the Rothermere American Institute, University of Oxford
Coram's Fields, officially named "Coram's Fields and the Harmsworth Memorial Playground"
Harmsworth Popular Science, a magazine published in the early 20th century
Harmsworth Self-Educator, a British educational magazine series published between 1905 and 1907
A. Harmsworth Glacier, N Greenland


Sunset Ridge Country Club is a private country club located in Cook County, just outside the city limits of Northfield, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.

Founded in 1923 and renovated in 2005, it features a 6,752 yard 18-hole course.  Sunset Ridge features a course rating of 73.0 and a slope of 133. It has hosted the Western Open in 1972 and the Women's Western Open in 1935. The Club will host the 2018 Western Amateur Championship. The greens are made of a bent grass while the fairways are also made of a bent grass. This facility used to offer a four-hole par 3 course that is primarily for children.

References

External links
 Country club history
 Golf.com
 Golfnow.com
 http://www.jacobsongolfcoursedesign.com/work.html
 https://betting1010.com/18clubsg/

Sports venues in Cook County, Illinois
Golf clubs and courses in Illinois
Sports venues completed in 1923
1923 establishments in Illinois


Vô Tranh is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Trường Giang is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Nghĩa Phương is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Huyền Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Bắc Lũng is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Cẩm Lý is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Vũ Xá is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Đan Hội is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Yên Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Lan Mẫu is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Phương Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Thanh Lâm is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Chu Điện is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Bảo Đài is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Bảo Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tam Dị is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


West Hull A.R.L.F.C. is an amateur rugby league football club from Kingston upon Hull, currently playing in the National Conference League Premier Division. The team plays their home matches at West Hull Community Park and their strip colours are green and gold.

History
The club was formed in 1961 as Birds Eye A.R.L.F.C., named after the local factory where most of the players came from. Following the formation of the British Amateur Rugby League Association in 1971, the club was renamed to West Hull A.R.L.F.C.

In the 1973–74 season, the club won the inaugural BARLA Yorkshire Cup competition, defeating Illingworth in the final. In 1976–77, under the name Cawoods, they won the BARLA National Cup for the first time with a 10–3 win against National Dock Labour Board (now known as Hull Dockers). The following season, they became the first amateur team since 1909 to defeat a professional side when they won 9–8 against Halifax in the first round of the Players No. 6 Trophy.

In 1986, the club was one of ten founder members of the BARLA National Amateur League (now known as the National Conference League). The club won the National League championship for the first time in the 1988–89 season.

In 1996, West Hull reached the fifth round of the Challenge Cup, becoming the first amateur club to defeat professional opposition twice in the same year. The team won 35–20 in the third round tie against Highfield, followed by a 10–6 win in the next round against York in blizzard conditions at The Boulevard. The club went on to dominate the game at amateur level over the next few years, winning five National Conference League championships between 1997 and 2002.

In 2005, the club was relegated from the NCL Premier Division, but returned to the top flight a year later after finishing the 2005–06 season as champions of Division One.

Honours
 National Conference League Premier Division
 Winners (9): 1988–89, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, 2013, 2014, 2020
 National Conference League Division One
 Winners (2): 1991–92, 2005–06
 BARLA National Cup
 Winners (3): 1976–77, 1994–95, 2001–02
 BARLA Yorkshire Cup
 Winners (5): 1973–74, 1981–82, 1984–85, 1987–88, 1988–89

References

External links
 West Hull ARLFC on NCL website

Sport in Kingston upon Hull
BARLA teams
Rugby league teams in the East Riding of Yorkshire
Rugby clubs established in 1961
1961 establishments in England
Rugby league teams in England


Đông Phú is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Đông Hưng is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tiên Nha is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


The 2009 MPS Group Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 30th edition of the MPS Group Championships but first held in its new location, and was part of the International series of the 2009 WTA Tour. It took place at the Sawgrass Country Club in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, from April 6 through April 12, 2009. Caroline Wozniacki won the singles title.

Finals

Singles

 Caroline Wozniacki defeated  Aleksandra Wozniak, 6–1, 6–2
It was Wozniacki's first title of the year, and 4th of her career.

Doubles

 Chuang Chia-jung /  Sania Mirza defeated  Květa Peschke /  Lisa Raymond, 6–3, 4–6, [10–7]

External links
 ITF tournament edition details

MPS Group Championships
Amelia Island Championships
MPS Group Championships
MPS Group Championships
MPS Group Championships


Khám Lạng is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Nam District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Cấm Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Phong Vân is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bac Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Fillìa  (3 October 1904 – 10 February 1936) was the name adopted by Luigi Colombo, an Italian artist associated with the second generation of Futurism. Aside from painting, his works included interior design, architecture, furniture and decorative objects.

Biography

Fillìa was born in Revello, Piedmont.

He established the Futurist movement in Turin in 1923 at the age of 19 with a group which included Nikolay Diulgheroff, Pippo Oriani, Enrico Alimandi, Franco Costa and the sculptor Mino Rosso.  Fillìa quickly became the leader of the group and its principal theorist.  He published the art reviews: Futurismo (Futurism) (1924), Ventrina Futurista (1927), La Città Futurista (The Futurist City) (1929), La Città Nuova (The New City) (1930-1934), and Stile Futurista  (Futurist Style) (1934–1935) with Enrico Prampolini.  His work in the mid-1920s shows the influence of Prampolini.  After 1928, Fillìa's work shows increasing subjectivity.

He became an exponent of L'Aeropittura  (Aeropainting), the dominant Futurist style of the 1930s which applied the experience of flight to the depiction of landscape aerially; the world was no longer seen from the perspective of the person on the ground but as if from an aeroplane.  In 1929, he was a co-signatory of the Futurist manifesto L'Aeropittura, with Benedetta Cappa, Depero, Gerardo Dottori, Marinetti, Somenzi, Tato and Prampolini.

Fillìa was the co-author with Marinetti of the Manifesto of Futurist Cooking, published in the Turin newspaper, Gazzetta del Popolo, on 28 December 1930. This document presented the Futurist movement's objective of creating a synthesis of art with everyday life.

Enrico Crispolti says that Fillìa and his colleagues in Turin explored an interior, psychological and subjective world, unlike other Futurists of the period such as Prampolini and Depero.  Fillìa had recourse to an "airy body",  a “synthesis of movement, of the organic aspect, of the emotions of flight". The ectoplasmic forms which appear in Fillìa's paintings of the late twenties and early thirties contrast with the rigidity of his earlier work and were taken up to explore the subconscious.  His interest in the spiritual aspects of art turned to specifically religious painting from 1930 to 1933.  He had large exhibitions at Padua (1931), La Spezia (1932) and Florence (1933). In 1932, he co-authored the Manifesto of Sacred Futurist Art with Marinetti. Fillìa was also fascinated with machines. In his mechanical paintings produced during the 1920s, they were linked to his interest in the occult so that they are venerated as vehicles to transcend mundane reality. He supported Prampolini's conceptualization of the machine as a psychological unifying force within the human conscience alongside work and labor.

He had an interest in architecture, designing the Futurist Pavilion at the 1928 International Exhibition in Turin. He designed the mosaic decorations of the Swimming Stadium and was executed by Ceramica Ligure. Fillìa's contribution to architecture is evident in his editorial activities such as his influential monographs, La nouva architettura, and his essays on modern architecture. He also developed the notion of "ambientazione", which included the spiritual and technical fashioning of living environments.

Fillìa's activities as an organizer and polemicist, which he continued through his contact with the avant-garde in his numerous trips to Paris, ended with his death at Turin in 1936 at the age of thirty-two.

There are works by Fillìa in the collections of the Galleria d'Arte Moderna in Rome, the Galleria d'Arte Moderna in Turin, and in a number of private collections. His Works Senza titolo, 1923, is by Museo Cantonale d'Arte of Lugano.

References

External links

 Sensualità. Sette atti. Teatro d'eccezione, 1925 Digital copy
 Onoranze all'architetto futurista Antonio Sant'Elia, F.T. Marinetti, Fillia, Antonio Sant'Elia, 1930 Digital copy

Page at papillongallery.com

Italian Futurist painters
1904 births
1936 deaths
People from the Province of Cuneo
20th-century Italian painters


Sa Lý is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Phong Minh is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Sơn Hải is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Hộ Đáp is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Kim Sơn () is a commune, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Calcutta is a 1969 French documentary film about Calcutta, directed by Louis Malle. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival.

References

External links

1969 films
1960s French-language films
French documentary films
Films directed by Louis Malle
Films set in Kolkata
1969 documentary films
Documentary films about cities
Documentary films about India
1960s French films


Biên Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Lake Jasper is a permanent freshwater lake in the South West area of Western Australia. The lake is the largest freshwater lake in Western Australia.  It has evidence of Aboriginal activity within its bounds.

The lake is located on a flat sandy plain, the Scott Coastal Plain, with a high dune ridge to the west and the Donnelly River to the east. The lake is contained within the boundaries of the D'Entrecasteaux National Park.
The camp site has seating facilities on the eastern side of the lake, but is subject to a complete fire ban and forbids vehicle access to the shoreline; the camp site is only accessible by four-wheel drive vehicles.

Lake Jasper has two smaller lakes located to the east: Lake Wilson and Lake Smith. All of these bodies are part of the Donnelly River catchment area and they all are inhabited by all of the regions endemic freshwater fish species.
The lake has significant floristic value as it supports an extensive area of tall sedgeland. The area is also an important habitat for fish, waterbirds, invertebrates and frogs.

The lake is known as a White Water Lake as the lack of tannic acid in the water allows good light dispersion. The lake water is of a high quality and high quality artesian water also exists in the area.

An archaeological site is located at the lake, the only known example of a submerged Aboriginal site. Examination by Charles Dortch and others of the Western Australian Museum, in consultation with maritime archaeologists and the Nyungar community, produced reports that provide insights for a number of other disciplines and interests. The excavations have found stone implements and samples of tree stumps on the floor of the lake, that show an extensive period of occupancy and use of the lake's resources by the first peoples of the region.

Lake Jasper was named in memory of Jasper Taylor Molloy Bussell (18631864), son of Alfred and Ellen Bussell.

See also

 List of lakes of Western Australia

References

Jasper
D'Entrecasteaux National Park


Kiên Lao is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Thanh Hải is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Kiên Thành is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Giáp Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

Info on Giáp Sơn
After harvest, lychee, Giáp Sơn Commune us to attend sessions folksongs San Diu ethnic groups between the two social clubs, Giáp Sơn, Lục Ngạn district, Bắc Ninh Lai Giang commune, district Son Duong, Tuyên Quang Province. Over see, hear and see it as "breaking" the one thing that people have long said culture is a "bridge" to every problem ...

Giáp Sơn is a lowland communes of Luc Ngan district, 8 km from downtown districts to the north on highway 31 opposite to the Son district of Bắc Giang. With a total area of 1863.5 ha nature, of which 70% is mountainous, with nearly 850ha of fruit trees, mainly lychee. Population about 8960 people. The commune has 11 villages (three villages in the 135, so the poverty rate is still high 30.7%), with seven ethnic groups; business people 42%, 40% San Diu ethnic groups, ethnic groups the other is 18%.

In recent years, Giáp Sơn has many positive changes in all areas: economic development, lychee care VIETGAP process has a high economic efficiency. Socially significant strides: 6 won the title of village culture, in which four villages the title "Cultural Village" provincial level, four agencies, schools awarded the title of culture, 75% of households the title "Family Culture". The entire population has a stadium, with four women's football team, second team volleyball, 4 badminton team, 7 / 11 villages have playgrounds, yards, sport. Each village has performance teams. Social gain "National Standard" of public health. 02 schools achieved "National Standards". Other hand, political security, social order is maintained. Party, government and mass organizations are active, the title "Clean-strong."

Giáp Sơn had traditionally strong sports movement, the football team, volleyball village of New Farm, Hạ Long have won medals in other competitions at provincial and district levels. The public art team (NTQC) typically must include are: Lim, Camp Page, Hạ Long, particularly for rural areas of Hạ Long NTQC team, the team always won the prize of the NTQC festivals including the provincial level. At times, the team's delegation officials visited Lục Ngạn Island district of Quảng Ninh Co, communicate and perform service staff, district People's islands, they could not believe it is a team of art a "Cultural Village". When Group Co of Lục Ngạn district you would like to visit, and see whether the opposite is the actor was ... And now, what makes the district a considerable learning, which is the establishment of many questions Club ethnic folk songs in all social areas; pioneered in the elderly class that everyone loved, represented by Mr Nguyen Van An, former chairman Lục Ngạn. Recently there have been many visiting journalists write articles, reports, television mirrors reflect this. An addition to his now 70 years old, San Diu ethnic, who was born and raised in the village commune Beo Giáp Sơn, the village has 100% of the San Diu. Also Beo villages, village salts, leads a club village folksongs San Diu, you read the Gospel in the well-established social club of people singing Nung sloong loss. Every year, the village have organized exchanges and social club organized for social interaction with people and inviting people in the district of the same. From the above example, now's the district had 14 clubs ethnic folksongs: San Diu, Tay, Nung, San Chi ... Giáp Sơn Commune formed a social club, regularly exchanges in districts and provinces: Vĩnh Phúc Tuyên Quang and Thái Nguyên and Quảng Ninh. Cultural bridge opened, other provinces and also in the Son Armor establish the club as a social Giáp Sơn-in many ways typical of Lục Ngạn district, one of the villages are at the forefront of implementing resolutions of the Middle The 5th Party Central Committee (VIIIth Congress) on "Construction and development of Vietnam advanced culture, strong national identity", is striving in 2011 the title "Social Culture"; commune's 5th district and contribute actively to the development of "cultural district" will be summarized in 2012. Giáp Sơn is a cultural highlight of the mountainous district of Lục Ngạn.

References
http://lucngan.gov.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=293:im-sang-giap-sn&catid=78:van-hoaxahoi&Itemid=227

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Biển Động is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Hoa is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Quang is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Hồng Giang is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Trù Hựu is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Quý Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Phượng Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Mỹ An is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Mộc is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Đèo Gia is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Phỉ Điền is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Đồng Cốc is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Phú Nhuận is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Tân Lập is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Nam Dương is a commune (xã) and village in Lục Ngạn District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Carlisle Public Schools is a school district in Carlisle, Massachusetts, (01741), USA. The superintendent is Jim O'Shea. As of 2018. The district employed 79 faculty members and served 790 students in grades pre-K–8.

The district manages an elementary school and middle school collectively known as Carlisle Public School. The principal of the elementary school is Dennet Sidell and the principal of the middle school is Matt Mehler. The school was established in 1848 as a one-room school house.

References

External links
 Official site
 http://www.carlislemosquito.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2430/pages/new02front.html

School districts in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
School districts established in 1848
1848 establishments in Massachusetts
Carlisle, Massachusetts


Hữu Sản is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


An Lạc is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Vân Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Lệ Viễn is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Vĩnh An is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Constantine "Con" Kudaba (born May 17, 1987, in New Westminster, British Columbia) is a male water polo player from Canada. He was a member of the Canada men's national water polo team, that claimed the bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

He was a member of Canada's Olympic Squad at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

He was part of the Canadian team at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain, where they finished in 11th place.

He played professionally in the Australian National Water Polo League for the Victorian Seals.

He is currently a teacher at Chatelech Secondary School in Sechelt, BC.

Self appointed captain of Team Soil of the Soil vs Oil yearly golf tournament. Constantine was able to lead his team to victory in 2021. But in the 2022 tournament, his leadership skills came up short on Sunday as Team Oil was able to secure the championship.

References

 Canadian Olympic Committee

1987 births
Living people
Canadian male water polo players
Sportspeople from New Westminster
University of Calgary alumni
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Water polo players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 2011 Pan American Games
Olympic water polo players for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Water polo players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games


Dương Hưu is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province


Long Sơn is a commune (xã) and village in Sơn Động District, Bắc Giang Province, in northeastern Vietnam.

References

Populated places in Bắc Giang province
Communes of Bắc Giang province