The Oaks, also known as William N. Monroe House, is a Stick/Eastlake Queen Anne Style house that was built in 1885.  It is located  in the San Gabriel Valley, in Monrovia, California.

History
The house was built for William Newton Monroe, one of the founders and namesake of the city of Monrovia.  Monroe lived in the house for only four years, after which it served a one-year stint as the Monrovia Ladies' College of the University of Southern California.  It again served as a private residence until the 1940s when it became a boarding house. It was converted back a single family house in 1977.

The Oaks is the second oldest house in Monrovia, notable as a local example of Victorian architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

Houses in Los Angeles County, California
Monrovia, California
Houses completed in 1885
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles
Queen Anne architecture in California
Stick-Eastlake architecture in California


Warren White may refer to:

Warren White (baseball) (1844–1890), American professional baseball player
Warren White (oceanographer), research oceanographer at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography

See also
Warren White, or the Great White Shark, fictional villain in Batman comics


Dalkurd Fotbollsförening, commonly known as Dalkurd FF or simply Dalkurd () is a Swedish professional football club based in Uppsala. The club competes in Ettan Fotboll, the third tier of football in the country. On 26 September 2004, the club was originally founded by members of the Kurdish diaspora in Borlänge, Dalarna.

On 24 November 2017, Dalkurd chose to move their senior team operations to Uppsala, some 140 kilometers southeast of Borlänge, where they will play at the new ground Nya Studenternas IP following its opening in 2020. In the 2018 season, however, Dalkurd played their home games at Gavlevallen in Gävle, some 110 kilometers north of Uppsala (and roughly 110 kilometers east of Borlänge). Dalkurd FF holds the record for the lowest average attendances in the history of both Allsvenskan and Superettan, the two highest Swedish leagues. Dalkurd FF is affiliated with Upplands Fotbollförbund.

History
The club was formed in Borlänge in 2004 by a group of Kurds. It started as a social project to contribute to the youth of Borlänge by offering activities for them. IK Brage helped financing the project. In the first season the squad consisted of an average age of 17 years. Besides contributing to the youngsters, the chairman, Ramazan Kizil, had high expectations of the football players and an ultimate goal: he wanted to take Dalkurd to the professional levels of the Swedish league. Dalkurd won every division they participated in from their very first season in 2005 to 2009. Owing to this uncommon success they got a lot of media attention, both in Sweden and abroad.

The club narrowly avoided catastrophe when travelling home from Spain in March 2015. The club had initially intended to fly from Barcelona to Düsseldorf on Germanwings Flight 9525, but changed its booking at the last minute when they decided the layover in Germany would be too long. Flight 4U 9525 crashed into the French Alps on 24 March, killing everyone on board.

Season to season

Supporters

In 2010, the official supporter club from Västerås for Dalkurd FF with the name "Roj Fans" was founded. They are an independent non-profit organisation.

In 2018, they set the record for the lowest average attendance ever – 1,058 – in the history of the highest Swedish league, Allsvenskan. The record was previously held by Västerås IK, who had an average attendance of 1,125 in the inaugural season 1924–25. The game against BK Häcken with an attendance of 202 people also became the second lowest attendance in the history of the league.

In 2019, they set the record for the lowest average attendance in the history of Superettan – 168 people.

Affiliated clubs

Affiliated clubs
 Division 4
 Uppsala Kurd FK

In 2019, Dalkurd FF announced a cooperation with Uppsala Kurd FK as part of strengthening the presence of Dalkurd FF in the Uppsala region. One of the aims of the cooperation is to make a natural way for talents in Uppsala to become a part of Dalkurd. Uppsala Kurd plays in div. 4 Uppland and is a farm team for Dalkurd FF.
Players from the Dalkurd Academy regularly train with Uppsala Kurd. If they are good enough, a transition is made so that they can represent Uppsala Kurd in the series game. The goal is to bring Uppsala Kurd higher up in the series system. We want to be able to offer young players good senior match environments on the way to Dalkurd FF want Uppsala Kurd A in div 3, 2020 and then the goal is to come up in the second in a few years.
The football played and the training methodology in Uppsala Kurd is the same as in Dalkurd A and the Dalkurd Academy.

Crest
The crest consist of a round circle with the flag of Kurdistan as well as two Dalecarlian horses. "Dal" and "Kurd FF" is spelled out in white letters on the top and bottom of the crest, as well as the year 2004.

Kit
The traditional home colors of Dalkurd are all green. The Away kit is traditionally white but have previously been black, yellow and pink in the 2019 season.
The club's kit manufacturer is Adidas

Honours

Players

Current squad

Notable former players

David Abidor (born 1992)

Academy

 Deven Rashed
 Edvard Ståhlberg

Personnel

List of the managers
 Elvan Cicen (2006)
 Tomas Blomberg (2007–08)
 Bernhard Brcic (2009)
 Lasse Ericsson (2010)
 Anders Sjöö (2010–11)
 Johan Sandahl (2011)
 Jonas Björkgren (2012)
 Robert Mambo Mumba (2013)
 Andreas Brännström (2014–15)
 Poya Asbaghi (2016–2017)
 Andreas Brännström (2017)
 Azrudin Valentić (2018)
 Johan Sandahl (2018)
 Paul Olausson (2019–2020)
 Mesut Meral (2021)
 Yasin Aras (2021)
 Dalibor Savic (2022)
 Amir Azrafshan (2022-)

Attendances

In recent seasons Dalkurd FF have had the following average attendances:

* Attendances are provided in the Publikliga sections of the Svenska Fotbollförbundet website.

References

External links

Roj Fans Official website
Dalkurd FF – Laget.se

2004 establishments in Sweden
Association football clubs established in 2004
Football clubs in Uppsala County
Sport in Uppsala
Diaspora football clubs in Sweden
Kurdish diaspora in Europe


Alaska's Mount Redoubt volcano began erupting on March 22, 2009, and activity continued for several months.

During the eruptions, which lasted for several months, reports found ash clouds reaching as high as  above sea level. In response, the National Weather Service issued a series of ash fall advisories. The Mat-Su Valley, Anchorage, Valdez and large portions of the Kenai Peninsula all received coatings of tephra. The 2009 eruptions of Mount Redoubt represented the most seismic activity occurring on the mountain in twenty years.

Renewed concerns over the Drift River Terminal Facility
The 2009 eruptions of Mount Redoubt renewed concerns over the safety of the  nearby tank farm which holds crude oil, known as the Drift River Terminal Facility. During the earlier, 1989-90 eruptions of Redoubt, the facility was inundated and damaged by lahars. Dikes built after the 89/90 activity protected the tanks, although an aircraft hangar and runway were flooded and damaged by the flooding and related debris. In late March the US Coast Guard decided to move the millions of gallons located at the facility to prevent an ecological disaster. The plan called for then refilling the tanks with "harmless" ballast water to prevent them from being dislodged by flooding..

However, on April 5, the Coast Guard stated that filling the empty tanks with ballast water was not possible, because it would create a hazardous waste that the neither the facility nor the Coast Guard was prepared to deal with afterward. Instead, the oil was removed and the empty tanks remained vulnerable to damage from further flooding. In the meantime, oil production in Cook Inlet was suspended, because the tank farms were out of commission while Mount Redoubt remained in an eruptive state.

When the eruptions subsided, the tanks were undamaged and the facility was cleared of debris and subsequently reopened.

Eruptive activity

As of April 4, 2009, AVO had recorded twenty-six volcanic eruptions and/or explosions at Redoubt volcano, although they singled out nineteen of them as most notable. The AVO refers to an "eruption" as any event which discharges ash into the atmosphere, while adding the term "explosion" for more vigorous events. The AVO did not rate and compare each eruption, although the 9:24 am eruption on March 26 reached an altitude of 65,000 feet making it the highest volcanic ash cloud to date during the 2009 phase of activity.  The eruption on April 4 was described as being the biggest eruption to date. There were also periods when the volcano emitted notable amounts of steam but did not erupt.

The AVO reported that Redoubt erupted or exhibited other notable activity at the following times, with all ash cloud heights in feet above sea level:

March 15 01:00 pm First emissions of steam and ash to occur before the first major eruptions began on March 22.
March 22 10:38 pm
March 22 11:02 pm
March 23 12:14 am
March 23 01:39 am
March 23 04:31 am
March 23 07:41 pm
March 25 05:12 am
March 25 10:17 am
March 26 08:34 am
March 26 09:24 am Ash cloud reached 65,000 feet
March 26 11:47 pm
March 27 08:40 am
March 27 05:35 pm Ash cloud reached 40,000 feet
March 27 07:25 pm Ash cloud reached 51,000 feet
March 27 11:20 pm Ash cloud reached 41,000 feet
March 28 01:20 am Ash cloud reached 50,000 feet
March 28 01:40 pm Ash cloud reached 25,000 feet
March 28 03:29 pm Ash cloud reached 35,000 feet. Tephra from this event fell in Anchorage and Valdez.
March 28 07:23 pm Ash cloud reached 45,000 feet
March 29 + 30 11:23 pm – approx. 3 am Ash reaching under 25,000 feet. Preceded by an unrelated magnitude 5.4 earthquake near Kodiak.
March 30 09:44 am Ash cloud reached 27,000 feet. Small, continued ash eruption with related tremor ended after approx. 10 minutes
March 30 10:40 am Nearly continuous ash cloud reached 20,000 feet.
March 30 11:26 pm Ash cloud reached 25,000 feet. Strong thermal anomalies suggest a new lava dome is growing at the summit.
March 31 04:07 pm Ash cloud reached 25,000 feet
March 31 – April 4 Mount Redoubt emitted a nearly continuous plume of steam, ash and gas at low levels. This was a continuation of the March 31 event and not new activity.
April 4 05:58 am Ash cloud reached 50,000 feet. A related lahar flooded the Drift River Valley and damaged a generator facility at the nearby tank farm. The ash cloud drifted southeast and left a heavy coating of tephra on portions of the Kenai Peninsula. This has been described as the largest eruption to date during the current cycle, although it did not create the highest plume.
Since April 4, Mount Redoubt has remained in a constant state of mild eruption and dome building at its summit. The Alaska Volcano Observatory warns that more a more vigorous eruption may occur at any time, possibly due to a potential collapse of the new dome. In late May, 2009, activity decreased and the Alaska Volcano Observatory lowered the alert level.
 A nearly six-month period of relative quiet at the volcano ended on December 27, 2009, with renewed earthquake swarms. The AVO subsequently raised the alert level, and again warned of the possibility of a more vigorous eruption due to dome collapse.

Aftermath of 2009 eruptions and prognosis for future activity
On April 11, 2009, the Alaska Volcano Observatory released the following statement into the public domain on their USGS affiliated website regarding the aftermath of the 2009 eruptions of Mount Redoubt, and a prognosis for future activity.

Summary
The 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano continues. A lava dome is currently growing in the summit crater, accompanied by intermittent emissions of volcanic gases and minor amounts of ash. Additional explosive events are likely and could send ash to greater than 30,000 feet above sea level. Such a cycle of dome growth and explosive dome destruction may continue for many months. The potential for lahars (volcanic mudflows) and other flooding down the Drift River Valley remains, as does the potential for trace to minor ash fall on communities near Redoubt (e.g., the Kenai Peninsula Borough, The Municipality of Anchorage, and the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, and possibly more distant areas).

Observations
The 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano began with a minor explosion of steam and ash just after 13:00 AKDT on March 15. Major explosive events began at approximately 22:40 March 22 AKDT, and since then AVO has recorded more than 19 separate explosions. Plume heights, as measured by radar and confirmed by pilot reports, have exceeded 50,000 feet (15 km) above sea level on multiple occasions. To date, the largest explosion occurred at 05:55 AKDT April 4, lasted more than 30 minutes, and is comparable in size to the largest event of the 1989/1990 Redoubt eruption.

Three major lahars (volcanic mudflows), on March 23, March 26, and April 4, have inundated the Drift River Valley and its downstream coastal fan. All of these reached the Cook Inlet and affected the Drift River Oil Terminal (DROT). The peak discharge rates of these lahars remains under investigation, but all are considered significant, and the April 4 event may have exceeded the size of any lahar observed during the 1989/1990 eruption. Smaller lahars that did not impact DROT have also occurred.

Several of Redoubt's recent explosions have resulted in measurable ash fall over populated areas as distant as Delta Junction (340 miles northeast of Redoubt), with more significant ash fall in more proximate areas, including the Susitna Valley, the Kenai Peninsula and the Anchorage bowl. On the afternoon of March 28, ash fall in Anchorage closed the airport from 17:00 until 07:00 the next morning (March 29). The maximum ash fall measured so far in a populated area is about 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) near Seldovia following the April 4 explosion. A measurement of about 1/8 inch (3 mm) following the explosion on March 26, was recorded near Silver Salmon Creek Lodge, about 30 miles (48 km) south of the volcano. Trace ash fall has also been observed between explosive events during times when the volcano is emitting a continuous low altitude (< 15,000 feet ASL) gas and ash plume.

A rich variety of seismic signals have been recorded at Redoubt throughout the eruption and in the preceding months of unrest. These seismic events include: (1) typical "rock-breaking" earthquakes; (2) volcanic "tremor", indicative of steam and other volcanic gases or fluids vigorously propagating through cracks; (3) large, far-reaching, "cigar-shaped" signals resulting from volcanic explosions; (4) ground shaking from lahars as they pass nearby seismometers; and (5) small, repetitive, self-similar events associated with the slow extrusion of lava (this kind of extrusion is often referred to as "dome building"). More than 1700 earthquakes have been located since mid-January, and many more occurred that were either too small or of such a character as to make location impossible. Typically, the magnitudes of these events are small, the average being around M0.5. However, on April 9 a magnitude 3.3 earthquake occurred about 2.5 miles (4 km) E/NE of Redoubt's summit, possibly resulting from a crustal adjustment to the ongoing withdrawal from Redoubt's subterranean magma reservoir.

Since the fall of 2008, AVO has flown 13 gas measurement flights, and of these, 5 have occurred since the eruption began on March 15, 2009. Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) emission rates (up to 2000 tonnes/day) were measured in October–November, 2008. Starting in late January 2009, and coincident with a strong increase in seismicity, gas emission rates rose to a level (> 5000 tonnes/d) suggesting significant unrest at the volcano, and emissions stayed at this level until the eruption began. Since that time, emissions of both CO2 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) have been very elevated, sometimes reaching levels in excess of 10,000 tonnes/d. These volcanic gas emission rates are among the largest ever measured in Alaska, though such high values are consistent with an openly degassing volcanic system that is actively extruding lava. Based on measurements and observations from Redoubt's previously observed eruptions, these gas emission rates are likely to drop substantially when the eruption wanes.

The combination of gas and ash emission from Redoubt since the beginning of the eruption has on occasion resulted in a brownish-yellow volcanic haze in the Cook Inlet region. The volcanic haze contains small quantities of ash, water vapor, sulfur aerosols, and liquid droplets suspended in the air. The main concerns for human health in volcanic haze consist of ash, sulfur dioxide gas (SO2), and sulfuric acid droplets (H2SO4), which forms when volcanic SO2 oxidizes in the atmosphere. Volcanic haze can be both an eye and respiratory irritant. The State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin No. 5 summarizes the health effects associated with volcanic emissions and is available on the web at http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b2006_05.pdf.

Visual and satellite observations show that by March 27, a deep crater about a half mile (800 m) across formed in the middle of the summit amphitheater, likely from one or more of the explosions during the early stage of the eruption. By April 4, a north/south elongated lava dome, about a half mile (800 m) long had grown out of the new crater, at an elevation of around 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above sea level. Most if not all of this dome was destroyed during the large explosion of April 4. A large amount of ice and snow has been removed from the upper Drift Glacier. The Drift River Valley has also been mostly denuded of snow and is covered with lahar deposits. The latest observations, as of about April 9, show a growing lava dome in about the same place as the previous dome. This new dome is about a quarter mile (400 meters) in diameter, and roughly circular as viewed from above.

Prognosis and Ongoing Hazards
The 2009 Redoubt eruption began with a series of large explosions on March 22–23, followed by less-energetic dome growth in the summit crater. On April 4, another large explosion occurred, which was in turn followed by growth of the current dome. There will likely be additional explosive events during the coming days to months, but their exact nature, as well as timing, remains uncertain. Because the dome sits at the lip of a steep slope leading out of the crater it can become unstable, and (as in 1990) collapse into the Drift River valley, producing avalanches of hot lava blocks, pyroclastic flows, lahars, and ash columns tens of thousands of feet tall, which can carry ash to Alaska communities. During periods between explosions, residents and pilots may also notice occasional sulfur smell and hazy conditions due to low-level ash and volcanic gas emissions.

Disruption of oil production and state oil revenue
In late May 2009, it was reported that the continued shutdown of oil production in Cook Inlet due to the eruption of Mount Redoubt was costing the state of Alaska approximately US$1.5 million a month in tax revenue.

References

External links
Animation of Mount Redoubt ash clouds, March 25–30, 2009

2009 in Alaska
2009 natural disasters
2009 natural disasters in the United States
21st-century volcanic events
Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska
Volcanism of Alaska
Lake Clark National Park and Preserve
Natural disasters in Alaska
March 2009 events in the United States
Redoubt
Volcanic eruptions in the United States
Plinian eruptions


Georges Ista (12 November 1874 – 6 January 1939) was a Belgian writer known for his work in the Walloon language.  A native of Liège, he died in Paris.  He wrote a number of plays.

Works

1874 births
1939 deaths
Writers from Liège
Belgian writers in Walloon


Barres is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in Castropol, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 652 (INE 2005).

References

Transportation
 How to travel to Barres, on Moovit

Parishes in Castropol


Giovanni Giuseppe Pinetti, (Joseph Pinetti Willedall de Merci) was known in France as Chevalier Joseph Pinetti (1750–circa 1803).  He was born in Orbetello (in Tuscany, Italy) and probably died in Russia.  He was known as The Professor of Natural Magic and was a complex flamboyant personage.  He performed in the later part of the 18th century and was the most celebrated magician of his time.  He was the first magician to take advantage of advertising for the theatre.

Biography
The magician of the court of Louis XVI and then under the Directoire and First Empire, author of the Physical Amusements (1784), helped expand the art of magic and also created new effects. At the time, magicians performed in the streets as troubadours.  While other performers carried their equipment in bags tied around their waist and carried their tables under their arms,
Pinetti brought his experiments as he called them, into the theatre.  His predecessors performed with brass and tin gadgets, while Pinetti's was made of gold and silver.  In his cabinet of curiosities, he claimed his tricks where based on controlled principles and presented them as scientific experiments.  He was a short pudgy man whose demeanor was that of a king.  During each performance he would change his gold-embroidered clothes three or four times throughout the evening.

He was a professor in Rome before he became a professional magician. He did tricks for his students and presented them as demonstration of physics.  So successful was he that he soon reproduced those demonstrations for his friends.  They encouraged him to do it for the public.  By 1780, Pinetti was performing in Germany and billed himself as Joseph Pinetti, Roman Professor of Mathematics.

He did such tricks with the impressive name Theophrastus Paracelsus. Pinetti suspended a pigeon by a ribbon that was tied by his neck.  A shadow of the bird was projected on the wall.  He took a knife and slashed the shadow image of the bird's neck and within seconds it was beheaded.

Professor Pinetti performed frequently in his theatre des Menus Plaisirs du Roi, in the suburbs of Paris. His stage setting was glorious while at the same time being straightforward.  He had silk curtains around the stage, tables painted gold, and two crystal chandeliers hanging from above.  In France, critics said that Pinetti's opening night audience was large.  They went on to talk about the twenty-three experiments the Professor demonstrated.  Even though he only knew a few words in French, he had no problem charming the distinguished audience.  He soon became the talk of Paris.  So much so that the King commanded him to do a private performance for him.

During his run in Paris, seats were a premium being booked weeks in advance. Professor Pinetti was riding this crest of fame until in early March 1784, a book was published revealing all of his experiments as mere tricks.  La Magic Blanche Dévoilée (Natural Magic Disclosed) was written by a lawyer and student of physics by the name of Henri Decremps.  Even though Pinetti's name was not mentioned, it was assumed that book was a revelation on his methods.  It quickly became a best seller.

Even though not all of the tricks were correctly explained, the damage was done.  Attendance at the theatre dropped.  The book ruined the suspense that the experiments brought.  In June, Pinetti published his own book Amusements Physiques (Physical Amusements).  This was not the expose that Decremps wrote, but an instruction book teaching how to “amuse a company.”  Then he went to the providences and rehearsed a new program.  From there he went to England and he presented his experiments at the London's New Theatre.  Later he performed for King George III and the royal family.  While in London (from September 1784 and February 1785) he harshly rivalled with another well-known conjurer, Philip Breslaw.

He returned to Paris, but his tour was shortened when another book was published by Decremps showing the new tricks of Pinetti's.  Decremps attempted to perform himself as a magician but was not as skilled on the stage as he was in his books.

Professor Pinetti was mentioned in Robert-Houdin’s memoirs.  He told a fantastical story about his mentor Torrini, a/k/a Count Edmond de Grisy confrontation with Pinetti.  He claimed that Pinetti was jealous of the newcomer de Grisy and arranged a performance to sabotage him.  After the humiliation, de Grisy learned the profession so well, that his skills outmatched those of his rival.  So much so that Pinetti was forced to leave France.   It was doubtful if there ever was a Count Edmond de Grisy or if he ever was an adversary of Pinetti's.

Professor Pinetti was known for the amount of money he made throughout his career and flaunting it where ever he went.  He continued his tour in Portugal and throughout Europe.  It was in Berlin where his flaunting backfired on him.  While performing in Prussia, he arrived in the capital city of Berlin in a coach drawn by four white horses.  He was dressed as a nobleman of the highest rank.  His chest was covered with chivalric orders.  With all of this strutting, it was no doubt he was the talk of the town.

The King of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, strolled by in a much plainer coach pulled by only two horses.  He saw his guard salute a man he never saw before.  After some inquiry, he was told that it was magician Professor Pinetti.  When Frederick the Great saw this he was so angry he ordered Pinetti to leave Berlin within twenty-four hours.  He said that Berlin was not large enough for two reigning monarchs; the King of Prussia and the King of Conjurers.

Pinetti went to Russia afterwards and was treated better by their ruling monarch.  The Czar was so impressed by Pinetti's experiments that he gave the Professor a large ring and a diamond-studded medallion.  While in Russia he made a fortune, but lost most of it in a bad investment on a partnership in balloon ascensions.

Robert-Houdin mentions that Pinetti suffered from a long and cruel illness.  With all of his wealth, he was reduced to poverty.  He was taken in by a nobleman from the town of Berdichev in Volynia (modern-day Ukraine).  The nobleman gave him shelter out of compassion for the dying man.  Pinetti soon died of his illness.

Publications

Physical Amusements and Diverting Experiments (1784)

References

Journal de Paris, 20 December 1783, 18 March 1785.
Mémoires secrets (so-called Bachaumont), XXIV, 103. XXV, 9.

External links
Pinetti, Philadelphia und Enslin, oder, Die enthüllten Zauberkräfte From Harry Houdini Collection in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
Physical amusements and diverting experiments From the Collections at the Library of Congress

See also
La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin
Nicolas-Philippe Ledru
Henri Descremps

1750 births
1800 deaths
Italian magicians
People from Orbetello


Rajauli is a tehsil, block and subdivision (sub–district) in Nawada district of Magadh division of the Indian state of Bihar. The tehsil of Rajauli is located at a distance of about  from Nawada city on National Highway 20 (previously numbered as NH31) and is situated on the bank of Dhanarjay river. Rajauli, a Scheduled Caste (SC) reserved Assembly Constituency (AC) seat, had a total of 302900 electors during the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. Rajauli subdivision consists of 95 panchayats and 688 revenue villages while Rajauli block consists of 17 panchayats and 169 revenue villages.

The hills in Rajauli's neighbourhood have religious significance for Hindus and many legends are attached to them. Rishis such as Shringi, Durvasa, Gautama and Lomasa have their ashrams on eponymously named peaks here. Veer Lorik, the Ahir cowherd hero, is said to have been born in the area and was the reason for the bountiful cultivation in and around Rajauli at one time. Rajauli has a Sikh connection including a visit by Guru Nanak. The Gurudwara Rajauli Sangat, one of the largest sangats in the state, is in Rajauli and is part of Bihar Tourism's "Guru Circuit".

History
Francis Buchanan-Hamilton passed through Rajauli during his surveys of Patna and Gaya in 1811–1812. He kept a journal in which he wrote on 14 December 1811, "[…] the town of Rajauli situated among fine mango groves. These were all planted by a Fakir, a most venerable personage, by whom I was visited on my arrival. He is a Saiud born at Baragong near Mirzapur, and after some adventures in the west came and sat down here in the midst of wild beasts and the devils worshipped by the Infidels. After a residence of 25 years he attracted the notice of Kamgar Khan, from who he obtained a considerable grant of lands, which he has brought into cultivation and ornamented with fine plantations."

An Archaeological Survey of India report by J D Beglar in 1872–73 mentions that the hills of Rajauli "are in their way deserving of mention", as they are said to have been home to the Saptarishis (). The peaks here are named after a number of saints. Singar Peak, named after Sringi Rishi, is ascended by devotees while at the base an annual fair takes place. The 1873 survey report also mentioned an annual fair at Ektara, Mahabar hill, Satgaon — "Ektâra is a small place of pilgrimage situated in the wild Rajauli Hills at the source of the Dhanarjeh river which flows past Rajauli; here is a very picturesque waterfall and a small rock cell; not far from here I see "rock temples" marked in the Indian Atlas sheet, but my enquiries for them were vain." Other rishis including Durvasa, Lomasa and Gautama lived in Rajaulis neighbourhood; with their ashrams also housing Goddess Durga and Goddess Indra, the later to whom villagers use to pray during times of drought. Dubaur, 15 kilometers south of Rajauli, claims to be the birthplace of Goala (Ahir) Veer Lorik. Lorik is said to have been the force behind Rajauli's transformation into a cultivated plain. Buchanan wrote that Dubaur is "a village of Bhunghiyas belonging to Brijomohun Saha, a Ghatwal".

By 1875, Bihar to Rajauli was a metaled road, a rarity in the region at the time. The Maksudpar estate, which in 1900–04 included 160 villages, covered  of which about  of land was in and around Rajauli. In 1901, the population of Rajauli village was 1509. It was connected to Nawada, 18 km to the north, by a metaled road. Rajauli was an important market for the neighbouring hills.

In 1906 L.S.S. O'Malley of the Indian Civil Service wrote that Rajauli, "possesses and excellent system of drainage, which dates back to the time it was a municipality. The drains are of cement, but since the abolition of the municipality they have been neglected and have become silted up. Rajauli contains a police-station, a branch establishment of the Nanakpanthi monastery at Akbarpur (8 miles to the north), and a Muhammadan charitable endowment, in which there is a sacred fire said to have been lit 300 years ago by fire brought from Mecca."

Rajauli's neighbourhood also had granite and mica mines which were described by explorers and surveyors. In 1838, Robert Montgomery Martin described these in detail after a visit, also mentioning the presence of "felspar" (however most of these locations are now in Jharkhand).

Sikh connection and Gurdwara Rajauli Sangat
A large fort-like building in the center of the town is called 'sangat', meaning "a body of men and women who meet religiously specially in presence of the 'Guru Granth Sahib'". It is one of the largest sangats in Bihar. The Directorate of Tourism of the Government of Bihar places Gurdwara Rajauli Sangat in its official "Guru Circuit":

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton wrote in 1811 that Rajauli "has a Sanget of the followers of Nanak, a large neat–looking place with a tiled roof".

Guru Nanak is said to have stopped at Rajauli. In Dr Trilochan Singh's biography of Guru Nanak he writes, "Rajauli bears witness to the fact that the Buddhist sages of this area accepted the teachings of Guru Nanak and established permanent centres of Guru Nanak’s school of thought in this region".

A fair during Guru Nanak Gurpurab takes place here. There is a Khankah at some distance from the Sangat.

Geography
Rajauli is situated along the Dhanarjay river on NH 20 (previously numbered as NH31). It is  from the district city Nawada and  from Patna. Rajauli is a sub-division that borders the state of Jharkhand, and has an elevation of 135 m above sea level. Rajauli is mainly surrounded by small and mid-range mountains including Lomash Rishi and Shringi Rishi mountains. More than 100 villages make up Rajauli subdistrict. Rajauli was once home to monsoon and prairie forest. The principal trees were sakhua, paisar, khair, Shisham, parmi, salaiya simar, kendu and peepal. The forest and wild life have almost completely disappeared. Gautam Budha Wildlife Sanctuary is nearby.

Demographics
In 1901, the population of Rajauli village was 1509. By 1951, the population was 12,673. According to the 2011 census of India, Rajauli sub–district had a population of 1,66,226 with 24444 households.

Administrative divisions
In December 2008, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar announced that Rajauli would be made into a Nagar Panchayat. For over a decade the matter of converting Rajauli into a Nagar Panchayat had been pending; even after government approval, delimitation problems caused delays. News reports emerged of Rajauli being upgraded into a Nagar Panchayat in December 2020, however administratively the implementation will take a couple of months.

Rajauli subdivision has seven blocks: Akbarpur, Govindpur, Meskaur, Narhat, Rajauli, Roh, Siradala.

Politics
In the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election in Rajauli Assembly constituency, RJD won. Prakash Veer is the sitting Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from the Rajauli Assembly constituency.

Public amenities

Health
Rajauli has a Primary Health Centre (PHC) as well as a 75-bed Sub-Divisional Hospital (SDH). In 2021 the sub-divisional hospital had posts for 33 doctors out of which 5 general doctors and numerous nursing staff are deputed. There is no provision of a female doctor, and other basic facilities were lacking.

Transport
The nearest airport is Gaya Airport, 72 km distant. The nearest railway station is at Dilwa, 19 km away. A limited number of passenger trains stop there. The bigger stations are Koderma (32 km away) and Gaya Junction (70 km away). Rajauli is on NH20 (old NH 31) and well-connected by bus services. Buses on their way to and from Patna, Gaya and Ranchi stop at Rajauli or at Chhapra for food. For most buses travelling between Patna and Ranchi, Rajauli is a meal stop. Local people come to Rajauli using their bicycles, jugaads, cars or tractors.

Education
In 2017, Rajauli block had 143 schools.

The Rajauli Inter School located at block headquarters lacked computer facilities in May 2022, accordingly computer related subjects are not taught. Inspections have revealed basic shortcomings in the situation of some schools located in more rural areas of the block.

In 2022, Project Kanya Inter School, Rajauli, produced a state topper in the Bihar School Examination Board exams in which over 16 lakh candidates participated.
Maa Mathurasini Mahavidyalaya
Rajauli Inter Vidyalaya
Project Kanya Uccha Vidhyalala
Rajkiye Kanya Madhya Vidhyalaya
Rajkiye Uccha Vidhyalaya
Saptrashi Degree College
Saraswati Shishu/vidya Mandir
Dayanand Anglo vidyalaya (DAV)
St Joseph school
South city international public school
Brilliant Public School
Tara Memorial Residential school
Rajeev Gandhi computer Saksharta mission

Economy
Nuclear Power Corporation of India has identified Rajauli as a prospective location for creating a 2,000-mW nuclear power plant. There are plans to set up a 28MW hydro power plant in Rajauli, which will help Bihar become energy independent. Water will be provided from Phulwaria dam reservoir.

Agriculture
Rajauli has clay loam soil. The accumulation of rain or flood water over a considerable part of the district makes the land fit for paddy cultivation. Principal crops are paddy, wheat, gram, maze, arhar, khesari, peas, sugarcane, potatoes, chillies and mung. Aghani or winter rice is usually cultivated in the lowlands.

Business
Nearly half the population of Rajauli is engaged in small- and medium-sized businesses. Balushahi is one of the popular takeaways from this place. One of the major businesses in Rajauli is the marketing of agricultural produce. Local merchants sell cloth, kirana, manihari, medicines, and local furniture. Major brands including HERO, Honda, Duke, Mahindra, Bajaj, Uninor, Idea, and Airtel have authorized dealers in Rajauli. The weekly Friday Hat at Bajrangbali Chowk is popular.  A few mills, including the rice mill Navdurga Agrotech Pvt., processes raw and export to other states.

Places of worship
Temples include the Bajrangbali temple, Devi Mandap, Shivalaya, Manokamna Dham, Bajrangbali, Kali Mandir and other temples.

Gallery

Notable people

 Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi (politician)

See also

 Tekari Raj

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Dhanarjay Reservoir Scheme and link to Phulwaria Reservoir Scheme. Intralinking of Rivers.
PTI (23 December 2017). Guru Circuit will be developed in Bihar, says CM Nitish Kumar. The Indian Express.
Mausam Kumari: demanding adolescent health services. Population Foundation of India
Ground Water Information Booklet Nawada District, Bihar State. 2013.
The Journal of the Administrative Sciences, Volume 15

Cities and towns in Nawada district


"Fall in Love with Me" is a song by American band Earth, Wind & Fire, released in November 1982 upon Columbia Records as the first single from their twelfth album, Powerlight (1983). It rose to No. 4 on the US Billboard R&B Singles chart, No. 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No. 14 on the Canadian RPM Top Singles chart. "Fall In Love With Me" was Grammy nominated for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

Overview
"Fall in Love with Me" was produced by Maurice White and composed by White, Wayne Vaughn ,and Wanda Vaughn of The Emotions. As well the song came upon EWF's 1983 studio album Powerlight.

The single's b-side was a song called Lady Sun from EWF's 1981 studio album Raise!.

A music video was also released in 1983 to accompany the single.

Critical reception
Dave Marsh of the Philadelphia Daily News exclaimed "Jimi Hendrix and Eric Clapton should get a hold of the solo Roland Bautista plays on Fall in Love with Me, which simply rips the song's already skyrocketing energy level to another dimension." Charles McCollum of the Hartford Courant found that "Fall in Love with Me -the set's new single - is particularly striking with a fine, quasi-scat vocal from
(Maurice) White." Vanity Fair wrote "Fall in Love With Me, the single, is a classic disco throbber, with Maurice White inviting listeners to help yourself to all of me". Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone exclaimed "A bit of the grit that surfaced on Raise! gives 'Fall in Love with Me' a needed push". Connie Johnson of the Los Angeles Times noted that "Fall in Love with Me and The Speed of Love allow for scatty rude-boy vocals from (Maurice) White. They're also packed with the chiming, multilayered backup vocals and complex melodic development that are quintessential EWF." Chip Stern of Musician wrote "Fall in Love With Me featur(es) White's gruff but kindly midrange". Craig Lytle of AllMusic proclaimed that the song has "a festive rhythm and sauntering vocals".

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1982 singles
Earth, Wind & Fire songs
Songs written by Maurice White
1982 songs
Columbia Records singles


Ivry-sur-le-Lac is a village and municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada, part of the Les Laurentides Regional County Municipality. The municipality completely encompasses Lake Manitou which is a popular cottage vacation location.

The village of Ivry-sur-le-Lac is located at the head of the north-east bay (Lacasse Bay), and the hamlet of Lac-Manitou-Sud is at the head of the south-east bay of Lake Manitou.

History
From 1852 onwards, settlers came to the shores of Lake Manitou because of its beauty. In 1891, Countess Angela Ogier d'Ivry, from Le Mans (France), bought a farm for her son Viscount Raoul Ogier d'Ivry, who chose the name of the new municipality which formed in 1912 by separating from the parishes of Sainte-Agathe and Saint-Faustin. The post office opened in 1903, designated as Lac-Manitou until 1913 and as Ivry-Nord until 1958.

On February 27, 2002, Ivry-sur-le-Lac was amalgamated with Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts in province-wide municipal reorganizations, but it was reinstated as a municipality on January 1, 2006.

Demographics
Population trend:
 Population in 2016: 387 (2011 to 2016 population change: -8.9%)
 Population in 2011: 425 (2006 to 2011 population change: 7.1%)
 Population in 2006: 397
 Population in 2001: 401
 Population in 1996: 346
 Population in 1991: 311

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 186 (total dwellings: 421)

Mother tongue:
 English as first language: 37.5%
 French as first language: 60%
 Other as first language: 2.5%

Education

Saint Agathe Academy of the Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board in Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts serves English-speaking students in this community for both elementary and secondary levels.

References

External links

Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec


Shock metamorphism or impact metamorphism describes the effects of shock-wave related deformation and heating during impact events.

The formation of similar features during explosive volcanism is generally discounted due to the lack of metamorphic effects unequivocally associated with explosions and the difficulty in reaching sufficient pressures during such an event.

Effects

Mineral microstructures

Planar fractures
Planar fractures are parallel sets of multiple planar cracks or cleavages in quartz grains; they develop at the lowest
pressures characteristic of shock waves (~5–8 GPa) and a common feature of quartz grains found associated with impact structures. Although the occurrence of planar fractures is relatively common in other deformed rocks, the development of intense, widespread, and closely spaced planar fractures is considered diagnostic of shock metamorphism.

Planar deformation features

Planar deformation features, or PDFs, are optically recognizable microscopic features in grains of silicate minerals (usually quartz or feldspar), consisting of very narrow planes of glassy material arranged in parallel sets that have distinct orientations with respect to the grain's crystal structure. PDFs are only produced by extreme shock compressions on the scale of meteor impacts. They are not found in volcanic environments.

Brazil twinning in quartz
This form of twinning in quartz is relatively common but the occurrence of close-spaced Brazil twins parallel to the basal plane, (0001), has only been reported from impact structures. Experimental formation of basal-orientated Brazil twins in quartz requires high stresses (about 8 GPa) and high strain rates, and it seems probable that such features in natural quartz can also be regarded as unique impact indicators.

High-pressure polymorphs
The very high pressures associated with impacts can lead to the formation of high-pressure polymorphs of various minerals. Quartz may occur as either of its two high-pressure forms, coesite and stishovite. Coesite occasionally occurs associated with eclogites formed during very high pressure regional metamorphism but was first discovered in a meteorite crater in 1960. Stishovite, however, is only known from impact structures.

Reidite, the high-pressure scheelite-structure polymorph of zircon, is known only from impact structures.

Two of the high-pressure polymorphs of titanium dioxide, one with a baddeleyite-like form and the other with a α-PbO2 structure, have been found associated with the Nördlinger Ries impact structure.

Diamond, the high-pressure allotrope of carbon, has been found associated with many impact structures, and both fullerenes  and carbynes have been reported.

Shatter cones

Shatter cones have a distinctively conical shape that radiates from the top of the cones repeating cone-on-cone, at various scales in the same sample. They are only known to form in rocks beneath meteorite impact craters or underground nuclear explosions. They are evidence that the rock has been subjected to a shock with pressures in the range of 2-30 GPa.

Occurrence
The effects described above have been found singly, or more often in combination, associated with every impact structure that has been identified on Earth. The search for such effects therefore forms the basis for identifying possible candidate impact structures, particularly to distinguish them from volcanic features.

See also
 Impactite
 Meteorite shock stage
 Suevite

References

External links
 Chapter 4, 'Shock-Metamorphic Effects in Rocks and Minerals' of the online book, French, B.M. 1998. Traces of Catastrophe, A handbook of shock-metamorphic effects in terrestrial meteorite impact structures, Lunar and Planetary Institute 120pp.
 Shock metamorphism page.
 Shatter cones page.

Impact geology
Metamorphic petrology
Glass in nature


Stefanie "Steffi" Koch (born 13 October 1981) is a German ski mountaineer.

Koch was born in Anger and grew on the farm of their parents with her three siblings. In her teens she started mountain biking and participated in triathlon competitions. She passed the clerical administrative assistant training and was inspired of ski mountaineering by her boyfriend Stefan Klinger. Her aunt Resi was the first female German, who climbed on the Nanga Parbat in 2001.

Selected results
 2004:
 2nd, Mountain Attack team
 2005:
 5th, German Championship single
 2nd, Mountain Attack race
 2006:
 3rd, German Championship single
 2nd, "International Open", Saalbach
 4th, World Championship relay race (together with Judith Graßl, Barbara Gruber and Silvia Treimer)
 4.th, |World Championship team race (together with Judith Graßl)
 2007:
 1st, German Championship single
 2nd, Mountain Attack Trace
 2nd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Judith Graßl)
 3rd, Trofeo Mezzalama (together with Judith Graßl and Silvia Treimer)
 4th, European Championship relay race (together with Judith Graßl and Silvia Treimer)
 4th, European Championship team race (together with Judith Graßl)
 10th, European Championship combination ranking
 2008:
 1st, German Championship team
 2nd, German Championship single
 2nd, German Championship vertical race
 2nd, Rofan Xtreme
 6th, World Championship team race (together with Judith Graßl)
 7th, Pierra Menta (together with Judith Graßl)
 9th, World Championship single race

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2006: 3rd, together with Judith Graßl and Silvia Treimer
 2008: 4th, together with Judith Graßl and Silvia Treimer

External links
 Stefanie Koch at skimountaineering.com

References

1981 births
Living people
German female ski mountaineers
People from Berchtesgadener Land
Skiers from Upper Bavaria


The Klevtsov–Cassegrain telescope is a type of catadioptric Cassegrain telescope that uses a spherical primary mirror and a sub-aperture secondary corrector group composed of a small lens and a Mangin mirror.

Design

In the Klevtsov-Cassegrain, all of the optical surfaces are spherical or near-spherical. The secondary Mangin mirror () and the meniscus corrector (C) are held in place by a spider vane and the front of the telescope tube is otherwise open.

These types of telescopes have the disadvantage of the spider, which holds the corrector, causing diffraction artifacts and, since multiple surfaces are involved, achieving good aberration correction can be very complex.

This design was originally envisaged by G. I. Popov with a practical implementation by Yuri A. Klevtsov. Commercial manufacturers of the design include Novosibirsk TAL and Vixen.

See also
 Argunov–Cassegrain telescope
 Cassegrain reflector
 List of telescope types

References

External links
Review of a Klevtsov-Cassegrain telescope

Telescope types


Hubert Haas (23 August 1919 – 1976) was a Belgian writer known for his work in the Walloon language. He was born in Châtelet. Haas worked with Georges Smal and Jean Guillaume.

1919 births
1976 deaths
People from Châtelet
Belgian writers in Walloon


George Emerson Brewer (July 28, 1861 – December 24, 1939) was an American surgeon and urologist known for his contributions to the eponymous Brewer infarcts.

Biography
George Brewer was born on 28 July 1861 in Westfield, New York, the son of physician Francis B. Brewer. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1881 and studied medicine at the University at Buffalo and the College of Medicine at Harvard, graduating with a M.D. degree in 1885. He worked at the Columbia Hospital for Women and Johns Hopkins Hospital before starting work in New York City in 1887. He also began teaching at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. He became attending surgeon at the Roosevelt and Presbyterian Hospitals in New York. In 1893 he married Effie Leighton Brown of Chester, Pennsylvania.

He was the founder, and first president, of the Society of Clinical Surgery, and was president of the American Surgical Association. He was president of the Clinical Congress of Surgeons of North America, and became surgical director of the Presbyterian Hospital in 1913. He was the author of Textbook on Surgery and Surgical Diagnosis. Hamilton College awarded him the degree of LL.D. in 1916, and Columbia University awarded him Sc.D. (hon) in 1929. He became an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1920.

In 1917 he, along with 22 other doctors and 65 nurses from the Presbyterian Base Unit of the American Red Cross, travelled to France on active duty in the First World War. Brewer became the Director of Base Hospital 2 in Etretat. In August 1917 he was part of an American surgical team, which also included Harvey Cushing, who tried to save Lt. Edward Revere Osler, the only son of Sir William Osler, who was wounded at the 3rd Battle of Ypres. In 1918 he became Consulting Surgeon to the 42nd Division of the American Expeditionary Force, and later became Chief Consultant to the First Army.

He retired in 1928, and travelled to France to study anthropology, and was made Research Associate of Somatic Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History on his return to the United States. He was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1937, which was treated by radiotherapy for two years; he deteriorated in December 1939, and died on 24 December 1939 at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York.

References

External links

1861 births
1939 deaths
American surgeons
American urologists
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
University at Buffalo alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
People from Westfield, New York
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
United States Army personnel of World War I


Oss is a railway station located in Oss, Netherlands. The station was opened on 4 June 1881 and is located on the Tilburg–Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

Train services
The following services currently call at Oss:
2x per hour intercity services Zwolle - Deventer - Arnhem - Nijmegen - Oss - 's-Hertogenbosch - Roosendaal
2x per hour local services (sprinter) Nijmegen - Oss - 's-Hertogenbosch - Boxtel - Eindhoven - Helmond - Deurne
2x per hour local services  (sprinter) Oss - 's-Hertogenbosch (peak service in peak direction).

Bus services
There is a bus station outside the station. The following buses call at the station:
City Community Bus: 1, 2
Bravo Regional Bus: 90, 96, 157
Bravo Direct Express Bus: 305
neighborhood bus 262, 294, 296, 662.

Trivia
In the Netherlands, Oss is the country's shortest station name.

References

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in Oss
Railway stations opened in 1881
1881 establishments in the Netherlands
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1880s


The Ulster Conservatives and Unionists, officially registered as the Ulster Conservatives and Unionists – New Force (UCUNF), was an electoral alliance in Northern Ireland between the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and the Conservative Party.

2009 European Parliament campaign
The alliance was launched in 2009. Conservatives and Unionists candidates were first selected for the 2009 European Parliament election. The first candidate to stand for election using this description was Ulster Unionist Jim Nicholson, who polled 82,893 votes, 17.0% of the total, and was elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP).

2010 UK general election campaign
On 24 February 2010, the alliance announced 9 of the 18 candidates who were to run in the 2010 United Kingdom general election. The UUP's sole Member of Parliament (MP) from the 2005 general election, Sylvia, Lady Hermon for North Down, had expressed public dissatisfaction with the arrangement since early 2009, and left the UUP in March 2010, deciding to contest the forthcoming general election as an Independent. As such, the alliance had no incumbent MPs. On 7 April 2010 the candidate for Fermanagh and South Tyrone, Tom Elliott, withdrew in favour of Independent Rodney Connor, leaving that constituency without a Unionist Party candidate.

The Conservative and UUP alliance failed to gain any seats in the election. The UUP lost their only seat in North Down to Hermon's independent campaign, and Connor also lost Fermanagh and South Tyrone. Across Northern Ireland, the joint share of the vote was 15.2%.

End of the alliance
After failed calls for the UUP to disband and join the Conservatives, the Conservatives in Northern Ireland were relaunched as NI Conservatives on 14 June 2012.

In October 2023, Ulster Unionist leader Doug Beattie attended Conservative Party conference in Manchester.

Electoral results

European Parliament

Westminster

Stormont

Footnotes

External links
Vote for Change – Conservatives and Unionists

2009 establishments in Northern Ireland
Conservative parties in Ireland
Defunct political parties in Northern Ireland
Defunct political party alliances in the United Kingdom
History of the Conservative Party (UK)
Organisation of the Conservative Party (UK)
Political parties established in 2009
Political party alliances in Ireland
Politics of Northern Ireland
Ulster Unionist Party


Georges Smal (1928–1988) was a Belgian writer who wrote mainly in the Walloon language. He was born in Houyet and died at Namur. He worked with Hubert Haas and Jean Guillaume, among many others.

References

Belgian writers in Walloon
People from Namur (province)
1928 births
1988 deaths


Maulvi Nazir (also Maulvi Nazir Wazir; 1975 – ) was a leading militant of the Pakistani Taliban in South Waziristan. Nazir's operations were based in Wana.

He was opposed to foreigners exercising influence in Waziristan, including Americans and Uzbek jihadists. He was killed by a U.S. drone strike on 2 January 2013. The drone strike also killed his deputy Ratta Khan, and two commanders named Kochai and Chewantee.

Background
According to The Jamestown Foundation, Nazir was a member of the Kakakhel tribe, part of the Ahmedzai Waziris. With an estimated birth year of 1975, he was a dual citizen of both Afghanistan and Pakistan and until 2010 owned property in Kandahar. He controlled large portions of South Waziristan and maintained influence in southwestern Afghan provinces of Paktika, Zabul, Helmand and into Kandahar.

Early activities
Prior to the creation of the Taliban he was affiliated with the Hezbe Islami Gulbuddin, an older conservative group supported by Pakistan's Inter-service Intelligence Directorate during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. He later joined the Taliban and aligned himself politically with Maulana Fazlur Rahman's JUI party.

With the notable approval of Mullah Dadullah and Siraj Haqqani, Nazir enforced sharia in South Waziristan in 2006 with instructions to his supporters to avoid combating the Pakistani army.

Conflicts with Uzbek militants
After Maulvi Nazir established sharia his forces, with the support of the Pakistani military, engaged in battle with Uzbek militants of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) operating in the region under Tahir Yuldashev. Although more than 250 Uzbeks were killed in the fighting and others were forced to flee, Nazir stated in a 2011 interview that he and the IMU had reconciled after Yuldashev's death in 2009.

Unification against NATO troops
In early 2009 Nazir and two rival warlords, Baitullah Mehsud and Hafiz Gul Bahadur, agreed to put aside differences to unify efforts against NATO troops under the newly formed Shura Ittehad-ul-Mujahideen, the Council of United Mujahedeen. In a written statement circulated in a one-page Urdu-language pamphlet, the three affirmed that they would put aside differences to fight American-led forces. The statement included a declaration of allegiance to both Mullah Omar and Osama bin Laden.

Rifts within the ranks
After the death of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) leader Baitullah Mehsud, who was killed by a CIA drone on 5 August 2009, reports surfaced of infighting within the TTP. Mehsud was the leader of the loosely-knit Pakistani Taliban, a militant network comprising 13 different, and sometimes rival, factions. His death created a power vacuum that led to a power struggle within the TTP.

On 16 August 2009, an alleged group of fighters loyal to Baitullah Mehsud, armed with small arms and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), attacked a group of Nazir's men, killing at least 17 militants.  According to Nazir's spokesman Shaheen Wazir, the attack was so sudden, that Nazir's fighters couldn't even fire back. It was also reported that Nazir himself was one of the 17 men killed. Baitullah Mehsud's camp denied the accusations. Abdul Haq, another spokesman for Nazir said he didn't know whether Mehsud's loyalists or the Pakistan Army were behind the attack.

Efforts against Nazir
In October 2011, Nazir's brother Hazrat Umar was killed along with several other militants in a US drone strike in South Waziristan. Local residents confirmed Hazrat Umar's death.

Death
A U.S. drone strike killed Maulvi Nazir on 2 January 2013 in Angoor Adda, near the capital of Wana, South Waziristan. Bahawal Khan, also known as Salahuddin Ayubi, was announced as Nazir's successor.

References

Taliban leaders
1975 births
2013 deaths
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan members
Pashtun people
Pakistani people of Afghan descent
Afghan people of Pakistani descent
Deaths by United States drone strikes in Pakistan


Castropol is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in the Castropol municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 540 (INE 2005).

References

Parishes in Castropol


House of Jamalullail may refer to:
 House of Jamalullail (Perlis),  the current ruling house of the state of Perlis in Malaysia
 House of Jamalullail (Perak), one of the oldest Syed clans in Malaysia


The Lèze () is a  long river in the Ariège and Haute-Garonne départements, southwestern France. Its source is in La Bastide-de-Sérou. It flows generally north. It is a left tributary of the Ariège into which it flows between Labarthe-sur-Lèze and Clermont-le-Fort.

Départements and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
Ariège: La Bastide-de-Sérou, Aigues-Juntes, Gabre, Montégut-Plantaurel, Monesple, Pailhès, Artigat, Le Fossat, Sainte-Suzanne, Saint-Ybars
Haute-Garonne: Massabrac, Castagnac
Ariège: Lézat-sur-Lèze
Haute-Garonne: Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze, Montaut, Beaumont-sur-Lèze, Lagardelle-sur-Lèze, Vernet, Labarthe-sur-Lèze, Clermont-le-Fort

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Ariège (department)
Rivers of Haute-Garonne
Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)


Trygve Braarud (15 September 1903 – 9 July 1985) was a Norwegian botanist. He specialized in marine biology, and was affiliated with the University of Oslo for most of his career.

Career
He was born in Verdal, and had ten older siblings as well as a twin sister. He received some of his early schooling at a private teaching institution founded by his father. He finished his secondary education at Trondheim Cathedral School in 1921, and graduated from the University of Oslo with the cand.real. degree in 1927. In his early career he published the work The 'Øst' Expedition to the Denmark Strait 1929 in two volumes. The first volume, Hydrography, was published together with J. T. Ruud in 1932. The second volume, The Phytoplankton and its Conditions of Growth came in 1935 and earned Braarud the dr.philos. degree. He had taken up planktology as a research assistant of Haaken Hasberg Gran at the botanical laboratory, a position he held from 1926 to 1933. From 1934 to 1936 he was a research fellow of plant physiology; in 1935 he spent some time working with August Krogh in Denmark. Braarud then worked as an associate professor at the University of Oslo from 1936 to 1947, and then as a professor of marine biology from 1947.

He co-founded Norske havforskeres forening in 1949, and was its spokesperson from 1962 to 1965. He was also a vice president of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1942, the Royal Swedish Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg from 1959 and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters from 1963. He died in 1985 in Oslo.

He was honored in 1947, when botanist Georges Victor Deflandre published Braarudosphaera, a type of Algae in Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. vol.225 on page 439 in 1947.

References

1903 births
1985 deaths
People from Verdal
Norwegian marine biologists
Norwegian planktologists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
People educated at the Trondheim Cathedral School
20th-century Norwegian zoologists
20th-century Norwegian botanists


Mehsi is a High Deployment City and a municipality in the Purvi Champaran district  in the Indian state of Bihar. It is a part of the Tirhut Division.
The town is the entry point of the Purvi Champaran district. There are many smaller factories manufacturing buttons for the clothing Industry, although most of the population depends upon commercial business and Business agriculture.

Around 1216–1225 during the time of the Delhi Sultanate, a famous Sunni donor Mirza Haleem named Mehsi after his special Flower Mahesh Ray.
Which is the grave of Data Mirza Haleem in the town Mehsi Bihar state of India.

Location
Mehsi is located
Area (2020)	154.12 km²
Population (2020)	207856
Population Density	1348 people per km²
Male Population	108041
Female Population	99815
Nearest Darbhanga Airport  63.18 km & distance (Aerial)	Muzaffarpur Airport, 29.54 km
Nearest Railway Station & Distance (Aerial)	Mehsi railway station, 2.71 km
Kaswa Mehsi is an urban part of East Champaran and Nagar Panchayat Kaswa Mehsi in Mehsi consists of total 15 wards.

Industry
Mehsi industry include shell buttons and harvesting of litchi and mango fruits. Mehsi is the major producer of these fruits in India.

River
The perennial Budhi Gandak river flows near the town of Mehsi which is a tributary of the Ganga river.

Connectivity

Railways
Mehsi town, through railway, is directly connected to the major Indian cities like – Patna, Varanasi, Haridwar, Chandigarh, Dehradun, Allahabad, Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bhopal, Amritsar, Guwahati, Lucknow, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Ranchi, Raipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad etc.
Mehsi railway station is situated on Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line under the Samastipur railway division of East Central Railway zone.
It is also the closest railway station to Kesaria Stupa, a Buddhist pilgrimage site.

Air
The nearest airport is Darbhanga airport.

References

External links
 District Administration Website

community development blocks.

Cities and towns in East Champaran district, Bihar

Edited By:- Nitesh & Sadab


Oss West is a railway station located in Oss, Netherlands.

History

The station was opened in 1981, 100 years after Oss railway station opened, and is located on the Tilburg–Nijmegen railway. The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.

On 20 September 2018 the Oss rail accident occurred at the adjacent level crossing, resulting in four deaths.

Train services
The following services currently call at Oss West:
2x per hour local services (stoptrein) Nijmegen - Oss - 's-Hertogenbosch

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in Oss
Railway stations opened in 1981
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1980s


As Figueiras is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in the Castropol municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 714 (INE 2006).

References

External links
 Official website

Parishes in Castropol


Konrad Lex  (born 7 December 1974 in Eggenfelden, Lower Bavaria) is a German ski mountaineer. He is a member of the DAV section Gangkofen and of the national team.

Lex studied at Munich University of Applied Sciences.

Selected results
 2005:
 9th, Dammkarwurm
 2006:
 7th, German Championship single
 9th, Mountain Attack race
 2007:
 1st, German Championship single
 3rd, German Championship vertical race
 4th, European Championship relay race (together with Toni Steurer, Martin Echtler and Stefan Klinger)
 2008:
 2nd, German Championship single
 3rd, German Championship vertical race
 6th, World Championship relay race (together with Toni Steurer, Andreas Strobel and Stefan Klinger)
 2009:
 1st, German Championship vertical race
 3rd, Mountain Attack race
 9th, European Championship relay race (together with Toni Steurer, Andreas Strobel and Alexander Schuster)
 2010:
 9th, World Championship relay race (together with Martin Echtler, Andreas Strobel and Alexander Schuster)
 1st, Mountain Attack race
 2011:
 6th, World Championship relay, together with Philipp Reiter, Anton Palzer and Toni Steurer
 1st, German Championship vertical race

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2010: 9th ("ISMF men" ranking), together with Martin Echtler and Josef Rottmoser

External links
 Konrad Lex at skimountaineering.com

References

1974 births
Living people
People from Eggenfelden
Sportspeople from Lower Bavaria
Skiers from Bavaria
German male ski mountaineers


List of speakers of the Parliament of Åland.

Speakers

References

Aland


”Understand” is a science fiction  novelette by American writer Ted Chiang, published in 1991.

Plot summary
The story follows a man who is given an experimental drug to heal brain damage caused by anoxia after he nearly drowns.  The drug regenerates his damaged neurons and has the unintended side effect of exponentially improving his intellect and motor skills.  As he gets smarter and smarter, he is pursued by several government agencies. Eventually he receives a message from another super-intelligent test subject and enters into conflict with him.

Awards
“Understand” was nominated for the 1992 Hugo Award for Best Novelette, and won the 1992 Asimov’s Reader Poll.

Recorded and film versions
The story has been recorded by Rhashan Stone and broadcast as a four-part series on BBC Radio 7.

In 2014, Fox acquired a spec script by Eric Heisserer that is based on Ted Chiang's story.

See also
Superintelligence
Transhumanism
Flowers for Algernon

Footnotes

External links

Understand audiobook in the Internet Archive

Science fiction short stories
1991 short stories
Hugo Award for Best Novelette winning works
Smart drugs in fiction
Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction
Short stories by Ted Chiang


The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designates World Heritage Sites of outstanding universal value to cultural or natural heritage which  have been nominated by countries which are signatories to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty are defined as natural heritage. Bulgaria accepted the convention on 7 March 1974.

, there are ten World Heritage Sites listed in Bulgaria. The first four sites were listed in 1979: the Boyana Church, the Madara Rider, the Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo, and the Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak. Four more sites were listed in 1983, one in 1985, and the most recent one in 2017. Seven of these sites are cultural and three are natural. There is one transnational site, the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe, which is shared with 17 other countries. In addition, Bulgaria maintains 16 sites on the tentative list.

World Heritage Sites
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.

Tentative list
In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage list are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. , Bulgaria recorded 16 sites on its tentative list.

References

List
Culture of Bulgaria
Bulgaria
World Heritage Sites


John Berton Carnett (1890–1988) was an American surgeon remembered for Carnett's sign. He was Professor of Surgery at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, and was Director of American Base Hospital No. 20 in Chatel-Guyon, France, during the First World War.

First World War
Carnett organized the University of Pennsylvania's Base Hospital No. 20. He helped secure finances for the equipment and recruited the medical staff. In April 1917, he became director of the hospital, when the United States entered the War. After arriving in France in June, he and a few other personnel were detached from the Base Hospital to form Surgical Operating Team No. 62. Carnett and the other members of his team received a letter of commendation for their work from General John J. Pershing.

References

External links

American surgeons
1890 births
1988 deaths
20th-century surgeons


Moldes is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in the Castropol municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 426 (INE 2005).

References

Parishes in Castropol


Dynamic binding may refer to:
Dynamic binding (computing), also known as late binding
Dynamic scoping in programming languages
Dynamic binding (chemistry)

See also
Dynamic dispatch
Dynamic linking


Association football is one of the sports played at the Central American and Caribbean Games, a quadrennial multi-sports event for countries in those regions. The Games can involve eligible national teams from two football confederations, CONCACAF and CONMEBOL.

A men's tournament was first held in the second edition of the Games in 1930.

The first women's event was held in 2010. In 2010, only a women's tournament was played, but both men's and women's events have been held in subsequent editions. The women's tournament is for senior national women's teams.

The following is a summary of the football championships at the Central American and Caribbean Games.

Tournament history
Source:

Men's tournament
The men's tournament has changed several times regarding player eligibility.

In the first men's tournaments, full senior squads competed, but now the men's tournament is only for under-20 teams.

In full:

 1930–1946: Full senior squads
 1950–1986: Amateur squads
 1990: Under-23 squads
 1993-now: Under-20 squads

Men's medalists

Women's tournament
The women's tournament is for senior national teams, and was established at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games.

Women's medalists

Medal count

Men's tournament

 * – Hosts

Women's tournament

 * – Hosts

All-time top goalscorers (until 1974)

Hat-tricks (until 1974)
Since the first official tournament in 1930 until the edition in 1974, 40 hat-tricks have been scored in over 100 matches of the 11 editions of the tournament in-between that period. The first hat-trick was scored by Rafael Madrigal of Costa Rica, playing against Guatemala on 17 March 1930; and the last was by Martín Zúñiga of Mexico, playing against Jamaica on 22 November 2014. The record number of hat-tricks in a single Central American and Caribbean Games is ten, during the 1946 edition. The only player to have scored three hat-tricks is Costa Rica's Hernán Bolaños, one in the inaugural edition in 1930 and two in 1938, in which he was the top goal scorer with 10 goals. He is closely followed by Rafael Madrigal, Hilario López, Emmanuel Amador, Gonzalo Fernández, José Verdecia and Francisco Piedra with two hat-tricks each. The record for the most goals scored in a single Central American and Caribbean Game is 7, which has been achieved once: by Maximiliano Juliana when he scored 7 for Netherlands Antilles in a 14-0 win over Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico also holds the record for most hat-tricks conceded with 15, with the next closest being Honduras and Guatemala with 6. On the other hand, Costa Rica holds the record for most hat-tricks scored with 11, with the next closest being Cuba with 7.

List

Notes

See also
 Football at the Pan American Games
 Football at the Central American Games

References

Football
Central American and Caribbean Games
Central
Central American and Caribbean Games


Piñeira is one of nine parishes (administrative divisions) in the Castropol municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The population is 445 (INE 2005).

References

Parishes in Castropol


Boeddicker is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 15° south latitude and 197.7° west longitude.  It is 109 km in diameter and was named after Otto Boeddicker, a German astronomer (1853–1937).

Boeddicker Crater was discussed as a landing site for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers.  It was one of 25 from a list of 185 after the FirstLanding Site Workshop for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers, January 24–25, 2001, at NASA Ames Research Center.

Boeddicker Crater has a uniformly sloped crater floor which tracks with a gradational albedo change, similar to Gusev crater to the east. Some researchers have hypothesized that this could be the result of aeolian deposition.

See also
 Groundwater on Mars
 Geology of Mars
 HiRISE
 Impact crater
 Impact event
 List of craters on Mars
 Ore resources on Mars
 Planetary nomenclature

References

Aeolis quadrangle
Impact craters on Mars


Bernard Joseph Dunn (May 26, 1924 – March 14, 2009) was a noted Washington, D.C. area scientist, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.  He cofounded Braddock Dunn & McDonald (later BDM International) with fellow Fordham University professors in 1959, and served as Chairman of the Board and Chief Scientist.

Biography
Dunn was born in the Bronx, New York City. He enrolled in Fordham University but left to volunteer during World War II and was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in the Army Air Forces. He served as a bombardier aboard a B-24 for the 23rd Squadron, 5th Bomb Group, based on the Philippine island of Samar.  On July 4, 1945, he survived the crash and complete destruction of a C-46 transport airplane on Biak Island in Indonesia (at the time part of New Guinea). For his combat service he was awarded the American Theater Ribbon, the Asiatic Pacific Theater Ribbon with 2 stars, and the Philippine Liberation Ribbon, Victory Medal.

He graduated from Fordham in 1947 and received a master's degree in physics from Columbia University in 1949. He returned to Fordham under the mentorship of Austrian physicist and Nobel laureate Victor Hess, the discoverer of cosmic rays, where he taught for ten years.  He received his doctorate in physics in 1958.

In 1959 he left Fordham to form BDM with Daniel F. McDonald and Joseph V. Braddock.  Working at the U.S. Army Air Defense Center at Fort Bliss, Texas, and White Sands Missile Range,  Dr. Dunn played a major role in the development of anti-ballistic missile technology, tested related weapons systems such as MIM-14 Nike-Hercules, and studied the effect of large electromagnetic fields on U.S. aircraft and missiles.  His Army clients nicknamed him "The Man Who Saved Indianapolis" thanks to his innovation of a method (until then considered impossible) to distribute anti-ballistic missile interceptors to protect smaller urban centers, such as Indianapolis, as well as major population centers such as New York or Chicago.

The firm relocated from El Paso, Texas to Tysons Corner, Virginia, in the early 1970s and became a highly successful business.  BDM evolved into BDM International, Inc., a multinational information technology company that operated in three interrelated markets: systems and software integration, computer and technical services, and enterprise management and operations. The company served the Department of Defense, international defense agencies, civil government agencies and commercial clients.

After retirement, Dr. Dunn was active in philanthropic and charitable causes in Northern Virginia, including his $10 million endowment to found the Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy at Shenandoah University in Winchester, Virginia, which was named for his father, a Manhattan pharmacist who died when Dr. Dunn was nine years old.

Dr. Dunn also established the Bernard J. Dunn Eminent Scholars Endowment in Information Technology at George Mason University, and was a supporter of Loudoun Hospital, the Loudoun County Symphony, the Make-a-Wish Foundation, and Notre Dame Academy (Middleburg, Virginia). With his former business partners, he helped create the Potomac Foundation think tank. He was also a member of Sigma Xi, the scientific research society, the American Physical Society, and St. John Neumann Catholic Community in Reston. He is survived by his wife of 56 years, four children, and seven grandchildren.

References

https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/26/AR2009032603745.html?referrer%3Demailarticlepg&sub=AR

1924 births
2009 deaths
Fordham University alumni
20th-century American philanthropists