Dó paper (, chữ Nôm: 𫷏𦾤 "mulberry paper") is a paper made from the inner bark of the dó tree and traditionally produced in many villages in Vietnam. It plays an important role in folk art, Đông Hồ painting in particular, because of its durability.

Production process
The production process includes some stages. First, the bark is soaked in limewater for three months. Second, the black outer bark is husked off and ground by mortar and pestle before being blended with a viscous substance made from a plant belonging to the family Verbenaceae. This mixture is diluted to form a slurry. A bamboo mold (Vietnamese: liềm xeo) is dipped into the vat of slurry and removed. Paper fibers adhere to the mold in a thin sheet that is then pressed, dried, rolled, and dried again. The final product must be soft, light, and durable.

Applications
Due to its durability, this paper found many uses in traditional Vietnam, including the making of books, paintings, and documents.

Paper
Vietnamese painting


Sri Mara may refer to:
 Sri Mara, or Ou Lian (192 AD) Champa king
 Sri Mara Sri Vallabha (815-860) Pandyan king


Acupuncture in Medicine is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering aspects of acupuncture and related techniques. The journal was established in 1982 by the British Medical Acupuncture Society, but was published by the BMJ Group on behalf of the Society from 2008 to 2018 and SAGE Publishing from 2019. The current editor-in-chief is David Coggin-Carr (University of Vermont).

In an opinion piece for Forbes on journals about pseudoscience published by reputable publishers, Steven Salzberg listed this journal, alongside Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies (published by Elsevier) and Chinese Medicine (published by BioMed Central), as examples of "fake medical journals"; his critique was repeated in an article written for Monthly Index of Medical Specialities exploring whether acupuncture was a medical sham or genuine treatment.

When the BMJ Group started to publish the journal in 2008, David Colquhoun criticized the group for endorsing acupuncture "at a time when it is emerging that the evidence for any specific effect is very thin indeed." While he gave credit to BMJ Group and Acupuncture in Medicine for not espousing "the mumbo-jumbo about 'meridians' and 'Qi'", he also noted: "like all journals devoted to alternative medicine [Acupuncture in Medicine] suffers from a fatal conflict of interest. If this journal were ever to conclude that acupuncture is a placebo, it would destroy the journal and the livelihoods of many of the people who write for it."

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in CINAHL, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, Embase, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.267, ranking 17th of out 29 in the category "Integrative & Complementary Medicine".

References

External links

Acupuncture
BMJ Group academic journals
Alternative and traditional medicine journals
Academic journals established in 1982
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals


Freebooters F.C was an association football club from Sandymount, Dublin, Ireland.

History

The club was founded in 1898 and was made up of a number of players who had been to public school in England, such families as the O'Reilly's, McCanns, and Meldons; several had gone to Beaumont College in Berkshire, including an Irish international player, Henry O'Reilly.  The club was an amateur club, using the Corinthian F.C. as a model.

The club lost 1–0 in the 1900 Leinster Senior Cup final to local rivals Shelbourne in a tight game.  Its highest achievement was reaching the 1901 Irish Cup final at Grosvenor Park in Belfast, but lost 1–0 to Cliftonville, the Whites handicapped by playing much of the match with 10 men after an early injury to full-back Ryan. Freebooters had beaten Linfield F.C. 2–1 in the semi-final at the Jones Road venue.

By 1906 however the club was struggling; it had to cede one Leinster Senior League match to Tritonville when only seven players turned up.  At the end of the season the club resigned from the competition and seems to have dissolved.

Colours

The club played in white.

Ground

The club played at Sandymount, between the Star of the Sea Church and Ringsend. It was previously leased by the Catholic University Medical School and the club hosted a women's international between Irish and Scottish XIs in 1903.  In 1906 Shelbourne F.C. began playing their home games on this ground as Freebooters went into decline.

Honours
Irish Cup runners-up: 1
 1901

Leinster Senior Cup runners-up: 1
 1900

International Players
Freebooters players represented Ireland at international level in the British Home Championship.
Harry O'Reilly
James V. Nolan-Whelan BL
J. Mansfield

Other clubs named Freebooters
Other soccer clubs have adopted the name Freebooters, in Cork and in Kilkenny. Freebooters (Cork) came runners-up in the FAI Intermediate Cup in 1949 played in the Cork Business and Shipping League, Freebooters(Kilkenny) was formed in 1950 by workers from the Post Office, one of the players had moved from Freebooters in Cork and so they chose the name.

References

Association football clubs disestablished in 1906
Association football clubs in Dublin (city)
Defunct association football clubs in the Republic of Ireland
1906 disestablishments in Ireland
Association football clubs established in 1898


Edwin Carroll McLogan (March 31, 1889 – October 12, 1949) was a Michigan politician.

Early life

Political life
The Flint City Commission selected him as mayor in 1944 and selected him again for another year.

Post-political life

References

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
1889 births
1949 deaths
Politicians from Chicago
20th-century American politicians


Tushpuea (Armenian:Տուշպուեա) is an Urartian goddess from which the city of Tushpa derived its name. She may have been the wife of the solar god Shivini as both are listed as third, in the list of male and female deities on the Mheri-Dur inscription.  It is hypothesized that the winged female figures on Urartian ornaments and cauldrons depict this goddess.

References
Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1969) The Ancient Civilization of Urartu: An Archaeological Adventure. Cowles Book Co.

Urartian deities


Brasilinvest Group - Brazilian company, established in 1975 by Mário Garnero, Headquarters in São Paulo.

Over its 35 years of history, the Brasilinvest Group has consolidated the assembly of dozens of economic projects and entrepreneurial management, from the transference and nationalization of ITT-Standard Electric SA and NEC, in the 1980s, to the assessment, in the 1990s, of the new partnership structure of Cofap and Bombril. It also assisted the stock-option restructuring of Fiat, the creation of Volkswagen’s leasing unit, as well as Varig and Volkswagen's rent-a-car units.

In the agribusiness sector, it has assisted the process of industrial installation of Boehringer in Suape, Pernambuco, and taken part in enterprises such as Celupa (Paper and Cellulose Industrial Company Guaiba) and Mellita.

In addition, the Brasilinvest Group has and important international profile, with partners in 16 countries and prominent representatives from all around the world who are part of the group's Board of Advisors. Brasilinvest has been a pioneer in discussing themes such as globalization and its effects on the Brazilian market, with the planning, along with the Forum of the Americas, of important conferences and events aiming to promote investment opportunities in Brazil, with particular distinction to the Salzburg Conference in, Austria (1975), and events in the Principality of Monaco (2000), Paris (2003), Rome (2004), London (2005), and in New York City (2007-2008). It has led equally important business initiatives in the Asian market, with the increase in commercial and capital exchange through the establishment of the first Brazilian representation office in Beijing, China, back in 1981.

Brasilinvest has also a strong history in real estate projects, being responsible for the development of over 3.7 million square meters of edifications in the State of São Paulo alone, as well as important real estate projects in the United States of America and Europe.

The Brasilinvest Group currently ranks number 128 on the annual report of Brazil's largest corporations, published by Brazilian financial magazine Gazeta Mercantil.

In 1985 the Central Bank of Brazil liquidated Brasilinvest. The irregularities found led the then Minister of Finance, Francisco Dornelles, to seek the preventive detention of Mário Garnero . The Communications Minister Antônio Carlos Magalhães suspended the payment of a debt of equivalent US$30 million from a contract to supply equipment already delivered by NEC Brasil to Telebrás. The transfer of NEC Brasil 's shareholding control from entrepreneur Mário Garnero to publisher Roberto Marinho was consummated in October 1986.

References

External links
 Brasilinvest Website
 The Hour of the Nightmare: So You Want to Invest in Brazilian Real Estate?
 Beyond Citizen Kane

Banks of Brazil
Companies based in São Paulo
Companies of Brazil
Banks established in 1975
Financial services companies established in 1975


Youssouf Amine Elalamy (, born 20 November 1961 in Larache, Morocco) is a Moroccan writer, visual artist and professor of Media Studies and Communication at Ibn Tofail University. He has published his works mainly in French and occasionally in Moroccan Arabic.

Career
Elalamy attended the French Lycée Descartes in the Moroccan capital Rabat and then studied at New York University in the USA. There he received a Fulbright grant to research the representation of women in Moroccan magazines for his PhD thesis. At the same time, he studied advertising design at the Fashion Institute of Technology and the Parsons School of Design in New York City, graduating in 1991.

After a three-year stay in New York, he returned to Morocco, where he published his first novel Un marocain à New York (A Moroccan in New York) in 1998. For this novel he received the British Council International Award for best travel story and the 2001 Moroccan Prix Grand Atlas. In 2010 his novel Les clandestins (Eng. Stranded) was awarded the "Le Plaisir de Lire" prize. In September 2003 he published Le journal de YAE, a collection of essays inspired by the terrorist attacks of May 16 in Casablanca.

In 2006 he published the collection of short stories Tqarqib Ennab (Gossip) in his native language Darija (Moroccan-Arabic). For this, he also created posters inspired by the tarot cards of Moroccan clairvoyants. In an interview, Elalamy explained that with his rhyming texts he wanted to give literary status to the colloquial language. This work was subsequently performed in several cities in public squares in the tradition of ḥalqa, a traditional form of street theatre, by the Théâtre Nomade.

His 2015 novel Drôle de Printemps consists of 330 very short texts intended to correspond to the dynamics of the so-called Arab Spring as a chain reaction of events in several North African countries. As a tribute to Arab youth, the book's brief passages resemble posts on Facebook and other social media.

In addition to literary texts, Elalamy created graphic works for his book Miniatures, a series of fifty short portraits and collages depicting a cross-section of modern Moroccan society, that was presented in an exhibition. As a visual artist and curator, he has been a guest at international events, including the Berlin International Literature Festival,Soundscapes at the House of World Cultures, Berlin, the Winternachten Festival in Copenhagen and the Avignon Festival with a production of Stranded.

Elalamy is a founding member and past president of the Moroccan Pen Club. His books have been translated into Arabic, English, Spanish, German, Greek and Dutch, and some have resulted in artistic projects such as exhibitions or the presentation of literature in public spaces. These include the musical adaptation of Paris mon bled, the exhibitions of his work Miniatures, and the project Un roman dans la ville, which he presented under the title Nomade in the form of an urban literary installation in Marrakech, Rotterdam, Cologne, Copenhagen and Rabat. The goal was to publish his texts on large-format posters, inspired by the location, instead of just in book form.

Elalamy teaches Media Studies and Communication in the English Department at Ibn Tofail University in Kénitra. He lives in Rabat.

Awards and honours
Elalamy received the prize of best travel account from the British Council International for his book Un Marocain à New York and the Moroccan Grand Prix Atlas 2001 for his novel Les Clandestins. In 2020, he was awarded the French Prix Orange du Livre en Afrique for his novel C’est beau, la guerre.

Works

Les clandestins [Stranded] Eddif, 2000, 168 pages.
Paris, mon bled, Eddif, 2002, 176 pages.
Miniatures, Hors Champs, 2004, 120 pages.
Oussama mon amour, La Croisée des Chemins, 2011, 187 pages.
Amour nomade, La Croisée des Chemins, 2013,155 pages.
Drôle de Printemps, La Croisée des Chemins, 2015.
Même pas mort, Casablanca: Le Fennec, 2018.
C'est beau, la guerre, Le Fennec, 2019.
J'ai fait un dream, Le Fennec, 2022.
Big le Grand, Le Fennec, 2022.
Drôles de révolutions, graphic novel, Illustrated by Yassine Hejjamy, Le Fennec, 2023.

Notes

External links
 Youssouf Amine Elalamy: Life in the Subjunctive, Death in the Sea
 Interview with Youssouf Amine Elalamy about his book C'est beau, la guerre (Video on YouTube, in French)
 Scenes from the street theatre performance of Tqarqib Ennab on YouTube (Moroccan Arabic without subtitles)

Moroccan novelists
Moroccan male writers
Male novelists
Moroccan male short story writers
Moroccan short story writers
Moroccan travel writers
Living people
People from Larache
1961 births
Fulbright alumni


MATBUS (Fargo Moorhead Metro Area Transit) is a public transport bus system serving the Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota Metropolitan Area.

History
Public transport in Fargo–Moorhead began in the 1870s, with horse-drawn coaches. In the twentieth century, trolleys and buses were introduced.  Trolley tracks can still be seen in some alley ways in Fargo.  Increased automobile use and growing urban sprawl caused public transport to decline in the area.  Beginning in 1971, transit was partially funded by the government.

In 1974, the Fargo-Moorhead Council of Governments began management of the area's public transit, which was subsequently named MAT.  Fargo and Moorhead later took control of their portions of the transit system, but continued cooperation and coordination under the MAT brand.

Transit Routes

MATBUS operates 23 fixed routes and two on-demand routes throughout the Fargo-Moorhead metro area. Routes 1 through 9 primarily run in Moorhead and Dilworth while routes 11 through 34 primarily run in Fargo and West Fargo. During special events, MATBUS also operates a free shuttle between the Fargo and Moorhead downtown areas called LinkFM.

Seven MATBUS fixed routes serve the North Dakota State University campus during the academic year through an agreement between the university and the City of Fargo. In January 2018, MATBUS replaced its late-night route on NDSU's campus with an on-demand route called TapRide. The system allows students at the university to request a ride via a smartphone app to and from any location on campus or nearby neighborhoods. In August 2019, a second TapRide route was launched to serve Fargo's industrial park area.

Transfer Hubs

 The Ground Transportation Center, or GTC, is located at 502 NP Avenue in Fargo, and serves as the core of MATBUS operations. The GTC is the main transfer hub between Moorhead and Fargo routes. It offers comfortable seating, vending and restrooms. In addition to MATBUS, it also serves intercity buses operated by Jefferson Lines. The facility was built in 1984, and underwent renovations in 2004 and 2005 and again in 2020-2021. The 2021 renovations changed the layout to allow buses to pull straight through, instead of having to reverse. In addition, an office and luggage storage were added for Jefferson Lines.
 The Dilworth Walmart is located at 415 34th St North in Dilworth, on the north side of Walmart and consists of a small shelter, which serves 3 routes.
 The Marriott Transfer Hub is located on 11th Street South in Moorhead, just east of the Marriott Hotel. It features a large shelter with indoor and outdoor seating.
 The NDSU Transit Hub is a standalone shelter located just off University Drive by the A. Glenn Hill Center at NDSU. It is both heated and cooled, and it features seating, system maps, and digital arrivals screens.
 The West Acres Shopping Center transfer hub is located at the Roger Maris Museum entrance. It is fully enclosed and features indoor and outdoor seating, and system maps.

Ridership
MATBUS ridership totaled 1,867,498 system-wide in 2017, down from 1,931,970 in 2016 (a 3.34% decrease). Ridership on MATBUS has seen significant gains since 1998 when fixed route ridership was 793,228. MATBUS experienced its highest use in 2014 when the total fixed route ridership reached 2,223,701.

Significant ridership on MATBUS comes from area colleges due in part to the system's U-Pass program. Through the program, students at NDSU, MSUM, Concordia, M State, and NDSCS can ride any fixed route in the system for free by using their student ID. In 2017, college ridership accounted for 407,485 rides on MATBUS. Of those 407,485 rides, the majority (346,258) were taken by riders from NDSU. Fixed routes near the NDSU campus are some of the most-used routes in the MATBUS system.

Ridership on MATBUS paratransit routes in 2017 was 10,907, up from 10,765 in 2016.

The ridership and service statistics shown below are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response. Per capita statistics are based on the Fargo urbanized area as reported in NTD data. Starting in 2011, 2010 census numbers replace the 2000 census numbers to calculate per capita statistics.

See also
 List of bus transit systems in the United States
 Fargo station
 Bis-Man Transit
 Cities Area Transit

References

External links

Bus transportation in Minnesota
Bus transportation in North Dakota


Francis Arkwright may refer to:
 Francis Arkwright (cricketer) (1905–1942), English cricketer
 Francis Arkwright (politician) (1846–1915), MP for East Derbyshire 1874–1880 and Member of the New Zealand Legislative Council


Border Patrol a/k/a U. S. Border Patrol is a 39-episode syndicated half-hour adventure/drama  television series which aired in the United States during 1959, with Richard Webb cast as Don Jagger, the fictitious deputy chief of the Border Patrol. Guest actors in supporting roles include Ben Johnson, Lon Chaney Jr., Don Gordon, and Herbert Rudley

Jagger worked in various locations along the Canadian and Mexican borders, as well as by the United States coastlines, in search of illegal aliens, drug dealers, gun runners, and other law breakers. Stories were based on actual events recorded in United States Department of Justice files.

Border Patrol was sponsored by the American Oil Company / Amoco, and was seen in 60 markets. Webb made personal appearances at Amoco gas stations to help promote the television program.

Episodes

References

1959 American television series debuts
1959 American television series endings
1950s American drama television series
Black-and-white American television shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
United States Border Patrol
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series about border control


In January and February 2009, there was a series of two air strikes in Sudan and one in the Red Sea (code-named "Birds of Prey"), allegedly conducted by Israel against Iranian arms being smuggled to the Gaza Strip through Sudan. The Israeli government hinted that Israeli forces were involved in the incident.

Raid
Amos Harel, military correspondent for the Israeli daily Haaretz, wrote that the decision to strike in Sudan apparently originated in a belief that Iran was about to inject a significant quantity of arms into Gaza, possibly 70-kilometer-range Fajr-3 rockets. A story in The Sunday Times also reported that the trucks were transporting Fajr-3 rockets, which had been brought by Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps to the Port Sudan and given to local smugglers.  The article also stated that the strike was conducted by unmanned Elbit Hermes 450s. However, TIME reported that the strike was F-16s escorted by F-15s and UAVs. On April 8, Yediot Aharonot, quoting an American source, reported that Israeli naval commando (Shayetet 13) forces were involved in the operation, which included an attack on an Iranian arms ship docking in Sudan.

Former IAF commander Eitan Ben-Eliyahu said the main difficulty in such an attack is precise intelligence. Getting to the target requires a flight of about two and a half hours, presumably on a southerly flight path along the Red Sea coast, under the Saudi and Egyptian radar and with aerial refueling.

The incident was first mentioned in mass media by CBS News on March 25. On May 26, Sudanese defense minister Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein claimed that the convoy was made up of 1,000 civilians and was involved in "a smuggling process at the border with Egypt". The minister alleged that 119 people were killed; among them were 56 smugglers and 63 smuggled persons from Ethiopian, Somali and other nationalities.

Reactions
  – Sudanese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ali al-Sadig said: "We are still trying to verify it. Most probably it involved Israel", and added that the convoys were probably smuggling goods, not weapons. He said "it is illegal to infringe the sovereignty of another country". According to another Sudanese source quoted by the al-Jazeera network, in one of the attacks Israel sank a ship carrying weapons.
  – Outgoing Israeli Prime Minister, Ehud Olmert, said in a conference in Herzliya: "We operate everywhere we can hit terrorist infrastructure - in nearby places, in places further away, anywhere we can strike them in a way that increases deterrence. Everyone can use their imagination. Those who need to know, know there is no place where Israel cannot operate. Such a place doesn't exist".
  – On March 27, Two American officials confirmed that Israeli warplanes bombed a convoy of trucks in Sudan.
 Hezbollah – On March 28, Hezbollah released a statement calling on Arab states to denounce the strikes and characterized them as an Israeli crime.
  Hamas – Hamas leader Salah al-Bardawil told Agence France-Presse that "First of all we are not sure any convoy has been hit, but it is ironic to link these convoys to Hamas. Should it turn out that there were raids and a high number of people killed, this would mean Israel is seeking to use the opportunity to blame Hamas and hit Sudan".

Further strikes
A land cruiser was struck by a missile in Port Sudan on April 7, 2011. Sudan blamed Israel for the strike, which was reported to have either killed or wounded Abdul Latif Ashkar, Hamas's logistics officer. A lengthy article at WRMEA agreed with Sudan about Israel conducting the strike and angrily condemned Israel, but also seemed to undercut Sudanese Foreign Minister Ali Karti's quoted view that Israel conducted the strike to prevent Sudan from being removed from sanctions and isolation related to its previous support for terrorism: a follow-up quote from The Jerusalem Post discussed Iranian arms smuggling to the Gaza Strip, with the article confirming that Hamas was shipping weapons through the Sudan to Hamas, and stated that Israel was attempting to counter Iran's influence in the area (which the article implicitly stated was linked to material support for terrorists).

Some Sudanese newspapers reported that Israeli aircraft attacked Gaza-bound arms convoys in late 2011.

Sudan claimed that on October 23, 2012, four Israeli aircraft attacked a munition factory south of Khartoum.

See also
 Karine A affair
 Ain es Saheb airstrike
 Operation Outside the Box
 Francop Affair
 Yarmouk munitions factory explosion

References

Airstrikes
Sudan airstrikes
Aerial operations and battles involving Israel
Airstrikes during the Gaza War (2008–2009)
Airstrikes in Africa
Airstrikes 2009
Iran–Israel proxy conflict


Minuscule 424 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Ο12 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.
Formerly it was designated by 66a and 67p.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles on 353 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one columns per page, in 22 lines per page.

It contains Prolegomena (to the Acts and Pauline epistles), Synaxarion, Menologion, subscriptions at the end of each sacred book, and pictures. The Catholic epistles have subscriptions with numbers of stichoi.
Three different hands made some corrections.

According to the subscription at the end of the Epistle to the Romans: επιστολη προς Ρωμαιους εγραφη δια Φοιβης διακονου της εν Κεγχρειαις εκκλησιας. (Epistle to Romans written by Phoebe, deaconess of the church in Cenchrea)

Text

The Greek text of the codex is representative of the Byzantine text-type, but in the epistles it has been subjected to a thorough revision to bring it into conformity with the text of the exemplar of Minuscule 1739. Aland placed it in Category V. The text of the Epistles has higher value; Aland placed it in Category III.
It is often agree with the codex 1739.

In Acts 24:6b-8a it has unique reading εκρατησαμεν και κατα τον ημετερον νομον ηβουληθημεν κριναι κατα τον ημετερον νομον ελθων δε ο χιλιαρχος Λυσιας βια πολλη εκ των χειρων ημων αφιλετο και προς δε απεστειλε κελευσας τους κατηγορους αυτου ερχεσθαι προς σε.

In a margin notes for the text 1 John 5:6 corrector c added reading δι' ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνεύματος (through water and blood and spirit) together with the manuscripts: Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus, 104, 614, 1739c, 2412, 2495, ℓ 598m, syrh, copsa, copbo, Origen. Bart D. Ehrman identified this textual variant as Orthodox corrupt reading.

History

The manuscript once belonged to Arsenius, Archbishop of Momembasia, then to Sebastian Tengnagel and John Sambue. It was examined by Treschow, Alter, Birch, and Griesbach.
Alter used it in his edition of the Greek New Testament (vol. 2, 415-558). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1887. Formerly it was designated by 66a and 67p. In 1908 Gregory gave the number 424 to it.

The manuscript is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. gr. 302) in Vienna.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism
 Family 1739

Notes

References

Further reading

 Andreas Christian Hwiid, Libellus criticus de indole codicis ms. Graeci Novi Testamenti bibliothecae Caesareo-Vindobonensis Lambecii XXXIV. Accessit textus Latinus ss Antehieronymianus ex codice Laudiano, Kopenhagen 1785.
 J. Neville Birdsall, A Byzantine Calendar from the Menology of two Biblical Mss, Analecta Bollandiana 84 (Brussels, 1966), pp. 29–57.

External links

 Minuscule 424 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts


Edward J. Viall (c. 1890 – March 28, 1950) was a Michigan politician.

Political life
The Flint City Commission selected him as mayor in 1946 and select again for another year.

References

Mayors of Flint, Michigan
1950 deaths
1890s births
20th-century American politicians


A Greater Good (History 1998–2008) is a compilation and final release from Neuroticfish, available on the Phantom Sound & Vision label, and in the US released via Dancing Ferret Discs.

Track listing
All tracks by Sascha Mario Klein except where noted

"Can't Stop a Riot" (Klein, Henning Verlage) – 5:13
"A Greater Good" (Klein, Verlage) – 6:03
"M.F.A.P.L." – 4:43
"Prostitute" – 4:15
"Skin" – 4:06
"The Bomb" – 5:55
"Velocity" – 5:00
"Need" – 5:42
"Close" – 5:49
"I Don't Need the City" – 4:39
"It's Not Me" – 5:17
"Care" – 6:10
"Suffocating Right " – 5:24
"Wake Me Up" – 5:11
"Black Again" – 5:08
"Waste" – 3:58

2008 compilation albums
Neuroticfish albums


This is a list of valleys in Italy.

Valleys of Italy

Abruzzo

 Valle Peligna

Aosta Valley

 Cogne Valley
 Val Ferret
 Valdigne
 Valnontey
 Valpelline
 Val Veny

Apulia

 Itria Valley

Calabria

 Vallata dello Stilaro

Campania

 Vallo di Diano
 Vallone dei Mulini

Emilia-Romagna

 Val d'Aveto
 Val di Taro
 Val Nure

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

 Rosandra Valley

Lazio

 Valle di Comino
 Valle Latina
 Vallelunga
 Rieti Valley

Liguria

 Val d'Aveto
 Val Polcevera

Lombardy

Piedmont

Sardinia

Piscinamanna

Sicily

 Valle del Belice

South Tyrol

Trentino

 Brenta Valley
 Bersntol
 Fassa Valley
 Fiemme Valley
 Giudicarie
 Lagarina Valley
 Noana Valley
 Non Valley
 Primiero
 Val di Sole
 Val Rendena
 Valsugana

Tuscany

 Casentino
 Valdelsa
 Mugello
 Val d'Orcia
 Val di Merse
 Valdarno
 Valdichiana
 Valdinievole
 Valtiberina

Umbria

 Valdichiana
 Valtiberina

References

Italy
Valleys


Punta Higuero Lighthouse, also known as Faro de Punta Higuero, is an historic lighthouse located in Rincón, Puerto Rico. The original building was built in 1892 by the Spanish government and was rebuilt in 1922 by the United States Coast Guard.

In 1892 the original light was built as a fixed white, 6th order dioptric station and had a  light beam. According to the Historic American Engineering Record, "Its Mediterranean appearance came from an elaborate combination of exposed and indented brick work in the facades—around doors and windows—and corners." The "castle" look was further emphasized by reddish stucco imitating stone-work on all facades and the very elaborate exposed brick cornice topped by a parapet built in lace-like brick-work. The lighthouse was severely damaged by the 1918 earthquake that struck the west part of the island.

The new light was placed in commission on January 12, 1922. The building suffered fire damage after the light was automated in 1933 and was later razed. The town of Rincón built El Faro Park around the lighthouse, a popular spot for surfing and whale watching.

Gallery

See also
List of lighthouses in Puerto Rico

References

External links

Historic American Engineering Record in Puerto Rico
Lighthouses completed in 1892
Lighthouses completed in 1922
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
1892 establishments in Puerto Rico
Spanish Colonial architecture in Puerto Rico
1922 establishments in Puerto Rico


Gustaphine Tjombe is a Namibian politician. A member of the United Democratic Front, Tjombe was a member of the National Assembly from 2003 to 2010. She was sworn into the National Assembly to replace Eric Biwa, who had resigned. She was elected in 2004 as part of the UDF's list in the country's proportional representation system. She is a board member of the National Society for Human Rights of Namibia and UDF's administrative secretary.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
United Democratic Front (Namibia) politicians
21st-century Namibian women politicians
21st-century Namibian politicians
Women members of the National Assembly (Namibia)


Kira Hurley (born 16 May 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Hurley was born in Toronto, Ontario. She is credited with being the first female goalie ever to register a point in a men's professional game.

Playing career
Kira Hurley played women's ice hockey from 2004 through 2007 for the Clarkson University Golden Knights, an NCAA Division III school, that plays at the Division I level in hockey. Hurley was the first-ever member of the Golden Knights Division I program to be named an All-American when she was named to the second team of the American Hockey Coaches Association all-star squad in March 2006. Hurley has also been an Eastern College Athletic Conference Hockey League Goaltender of the Year while being selected Goaltender of the Week numerous times. In four years at Clarkson, the five feet ten inches tall Hurley won 48 games and posted an impressive 20 shutouts. She also earned Female Student Athlete of the Year honors at Clarkson and gained league honor roll status.

Following her collegiate career, Hurley signed to play minor league professional hockey with the Mon Valley Thunder of the Mid-Atlantic Hockey League. However, the league folded before she could be cleared for a work visa. Hurley then signed to play top amateur hockey in Canada for the Marmora Lakers of the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League for the 2008 season. Hurley was 0–5 for the Lakers, with a .768 save percentage, making 156 saves. She made 47 saves in one game, a 7–6 loss to Simcoe County. During her last game with the Lakers, she made 36 saves in a 5–4 loss to the Frankford Huskies.

In 2009, Hurley signed to play for the Evansville IceMen, a United States minor league professional team located in Evansville, Indiana that plays in the All American Hockey League. During the 2008–2009 AAHL hockey season, Kira played in two games for a total of 72 minutes, allowing six goals on 35 shots for a 4.99 goals-against average, the best on the team.

Kira became the first female goalie ever to register a point in a men's professional game when she assisted on a goal on 14 February 2009 against the Chi-Town Shooters. Because of this achievement, Kira's goalie stick and game sweater is on display at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the minor league section of the Hall.

For the 2010–11 season, Hurley played for the Broome County Barons of the Federal Hockey League. Hurley left Broome County when the team relocated. She later joined the Brampton Thunder at the end of season 2010–11 in the Canadian Women's Hockey League.

References

External links
Kira Hurley on Elite Prospects

1985 births
Living people
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders
Clarkson Golden Knights women's ice hockey players
All American Hockey League (2008–2011) players
Federal Prospects Hockey League players
Brampton Thunder players


Pirates of the Caribbean: Legends of the Brethren Court is a series of children's novels by Tui T. Sutherland writing under the shared pseudonym of Rob Kidd. They detail the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow as a young man after the events of the Pirates of the Caribbean: Jack Sparrow series and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom. The events in the books take place thirteen years before the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.

Characters
 Captain Jack Sparrow - Pirate Lord of the Caribbean Sea and captain of the Black Pearl. Jack Sparrow is the youngest Pirate Lord ever to join the Brethren Court, approximately in his early to mid twenties. He is a flirtatious, charming trickster that would rather use words than physically fight, though is extremely skilled in both types of combat. In the series, he is haunted through dreams, supernatural shadows and mysterious illness by the Shadow Lord. Jack's goal is to find all the vials of Shadow Gold, which will cure all of the burdens the Shadow Lord cast on him.
 Hector Barbossa - Sparrow's first mate, who later mutinies Jack in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Competitive and critical of Jack, his plans to mutiny him are occasionally pondered in this series. Barbossa is known for his flamboyant sense of fashion, for which he is picked on by Sparrow.
 Princess Carolina - The 15-year-old tomboy Spanish princess ran away with Diego, her stable boy, in an attempt to escape an arranged marriage to a governor, described as a "cruel old man". She is immediately interested in the pirate life and fits right in with the crew of the Black Pearl. She and Marcella are extremely competitive with each other for the love of Diego. She admires female pirates, especially well-known and/or successful ones. Carolina is passionate about protecting people, specifically the crew of the Pearl, and insists on warning all of the Pirate Lords of the Shadow Lord and the threat he poses.
 Diego De Leon - The 15-year-old (approx) former stable boy from Spain helped Carolina run away and escape her fate as a miserable wife to a governor. He is extremely protective of her and will do anything he can to keep her pleased. He is the love interest in the series, both Carolina and Marcella competing for his love.
  Jean Magilore  - sailed with Jack in his adventures on the Barnacle, close friend of Jack's.
  Marcella Magilore  - Jean's "cousin" (possibly his sister Constance), acts in odd ways like loving fish (possibly symptoms from being a cat), claims to love Diego - really loves Gentleman Jocard.
 Gentleman Jocard (Gumbo) - former slave until he joined Jack's crew, becomes Pirate Lord of the Atlantic Ocean and takes his master's name - Gentleman Jocard.
  Billy Turner  (Bootstrap Bill) - one of Jack's original crew members, married, just wants to get home to his family.
  Catastrophe Shane  - always drunk, completely incompetent.
 Shadow Lord  - an evil alchemist who wants to destroy Pirate Lords of the Brethren Court. The last book in the series reveals he's actually the former Pirate Lord Henry Morgan, still alive decades after his supposed death.
 Tia Dalma - A Voodoo priestess (later introduced as Calypso, the ocean goddess in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End).
 Eduardo Villanueva - Pirate Lord of the Adriatic Sea, who makes a deal with the Spanish Monarchy to attempt at completely controlling the Caribbean.
 Sao Feng - Pirate Lord of the South China Sea.
 Mistress Ching - Pirate Lord of the Pacific Ocean.
 Sri Sumbhajee Angria - Pirate Lord of the Indian Ocean.
 Ammand the Corsair - Pirate Lord of the Black Sea.
 Capitaine Chevalle - Pirate Lord of the Mediterranean Sea.

Books in the series

References

External links
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Legends of the Brethren Court at the Pirates of the Caribbean wiki

Pirates of the Caribbean
Novels about pirates
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels based on films


The Charlie Jazz Festival is an annual music festival held every summer in Vitrolles, Provence, France. It was established in 1998 by Charlie Free, a not-for-profit jazz organization which runs jazz sessions every two weeks at Le Moulin à Jazz, a famous jazz club in France.

The festival is hosted at Le Domaine de Fontblanche, a public garden with hundred-year-old plane trees, the first weekend of July.

The two stages in the park feature concerts by international artists, but a large part of the program aims to discover talented young players from Europe and France.

Since its beginning, the festival has hosted world-renowned artists and groups such as Didier Levallet, Daniel Humair, Chris Potter, Christian Escoudé, Aldo Romano, Paolo Fresu, Bojan Z, Archie Shepp, Elisabeth Kontomanou, Raphaël Imbert, David Linx, Diederik Wissels, Michel Portal, Louis Sclavis, The Art Ensemble of Chicago, Richard Galliano, The Vienna Art Orchestra, Carla Bley, Henri Texier, and dozens of other top names in jazz music.

See also

External links
 Official web site

Jazz festivals in France
Recurring events established in 1998


Fiesco (full title – Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua, or Fiesco's Conspiracy at Genoa) is the second full-length drama written by the German playwright Friedrich Schiller. It is a republican tragedy based on the historical conspiracy of Giovanni Luigi Fieschi against Andrea Doria in Genoa in 1547. Schiller began it after the 1782 premiere of his first play, The Robbers, and dedicated it to his teacher Jakob Friedrich von Abel. It has 75 scenes, which is more than Goethe's highly popular Götz von Berlichingen. It premiered in Bonn in 1783 at the Hoftheater.

The play was the basis for the 1921 German silent film The Conspiracy in Genoa directed by Paul Leni.

Introduction

When Schiller fled from Stuttgart to Mannheim on 22 September 1782, he took with him the almost completed manuscript of a play which he asserted he was striving to bring to a state of perfection never before seen on the German stage. A piece that would be free of all the weaknesses which still clung to his first piece. With Fiesco's Conspiracy, which he intended to share with no less than Lessing, Wieland and Goethe before publication, something he in the end refrained from doing, he was convinced that he would finally establish his reputation as a playwright.

On 27 September the author recited his play to the players of the Mannheim Theater at the home of Wilhelm Christian Meyer, its director. Andreas Streicher, who had fled with Schiller, gave an account of the afternoon: The reaction of the listeners was devastating. By the end of the second of five acts, the company had dispersed except for Meyer and Iffland. As they were leaving, the director asked Streicher if he was really convinced that Schiller had written The Robbers. "Because Fiesco is the worst piece I have ever heard in my life, and because it is impossible that the same Schiller who wrote The Robbers would have produced anything so coarse and dreadful". Streicher left the manuscript with him, and after reading it that night, Meyer completely reversed his previous opinion. What he had found so disagreeable about the piece was due to the author's strong Swabian accent and the "terrible way he declaimed everything", a style of presentation Schiller himself esteemed highly. "He recites everything in the same pompous way, whether he is reading, 'he closed the door' or one of his hero's main speeches".  But the drama itself had Meyer convinced. "Fiesco", he said, "is a masterpiece and far superior to The Robbers!"

The plot

The characters

 Andreas Doria, Doge of Genoa. A venerable old man 80 years old. A trace of fire. Main attributes: Gravity, a stern and imperious brevity.
 Gianettino Doria, His nephew. Claimant. A man 26 years old. Crude and offensive language, gait and manners. Boorishly proud. At odds with himself. (Both Dorias wear scarlet).
 Fiesco, Count of Lavagna. Head of the conspiracy. Young, slender, radiantly handsome man 23 years old, well-mannered pride, majestic friendliness, politely adroit as well as wily. (All the nobility wear black. The costumes are all old-style German.)
 Verrina, Dedicated republican. A man 60 years old. Massive, serious and gloomy.
 Bourgognino, Conspirator. A youth of 20 years. Noble and pleasant. Proud, spontaneous and unpretentious.
 Calcagno, Conspirator. Gaunt sensualist. 30 years old. Pleasing and enterprising.
 Sacco, Conspirator. A man 45 years old. An ordinary person.
 Lomellino, Gianettino's Confidant.
 Leonore, Fiesco's spouse. A woman 18 years old. Pale and frail. Delicate and sensitive. Very attractive, but not showy. Gives an impressive of effusive melancholy. Black clothing.
 Julia, Countess and imperial dowager. Doria's sister. A woman 25 years old. Tall and stout. Proud flirt. Beauty spoiled by bizarreness. Splendid but not pleasing. An unpleasant mocking character. Black clothing.
 Bertha, Verrina's daughter. An innocent young girl.
 Romano, Painter. Informal, direct and proud.
 Muley Hassan, Moor from Tunis. Suspicious looking character. Physiognomy a peculiar mixture of roguery and whimsy.
 Rosa, Arabella, Leonore's chambermaids.
 A German in the ducal bodyguard. Honorable simplicity. Hearty bravery.
 Centurions, Zibo, Asserato, several of the nobility, locals, Germans, soldiers, servants, thieves, three rebellious inhabitants and other malcontents.

Background
Genoa in 1547. This commercial center had gained its independence from France as well as a new prince through the actions of Andrea Doria 19 years previously. But the Doge Doria is now an old man 80 years old and there are fears that his nephew, Gianettino Doria, will be his successor. Among the Genoese nobility there is resistance to the rule of the Dorias and especially to his tyrannical nephew. A few of the dissatisfied rally around the strong-willed republican Verrina, but most have their own selfish goals. Sacco joins the conspiracy because he thinks he will be able to rid himself of his debts if there is a rebellion. Calcagno wants Fiesco's wife Leonore. Bourgognino wants to finally marry his bride Bertha,Verrina's daughter. Her seduction and rape by Gianettino Doria provide the immediate motive for the conspiracy.

The behavior of Fiesco, the young Count of Lavagna, leaves the conspirators unsure about whether he is one of them or not. He woos the disreputable sister of the schemer Gianettino and behaves in general as an unprincipled playboy without any political ambition. Even Leonore, Fiesco's wife, does not know where she is with her husband. Verrina alone distrusts the Count's actions. He suspects that behind his mask of a hedonist lurks a conspirator, and accordingly fears him. He decides to get rid of him as soon as the conspiracy is over and Genoa free. Gianettino Doria also sees a danger in Fiesco and wants the Moor Muley Hassan to eliminate him. But the moor reveals the attempted murder and Fiesco gains in him someone who will help him initiate his counterscheme. He then informs the other noblemen about his own secret plans for a coup, without giving them all the details. He is recognized at once as head of the conspiracy. Only Verrina remains suspicious. He fears that Fiesco does not want a republic but rather the rank of a duke for himself. In a secret scene in the forest, he shares his thoughts with his future son-in-law Bourgognino; he is quite sure: "When Genoa is free, Fiesco dies".

So Schiller spins in his tragedy a threefold conspiracy: Gianettino is preparing a putsch to dethrone Andreas Doria and destroy all the remaining republicans. The conspirators and Fiesco pursue the downfall of the Dorias, and in order to preserve the republic Verinna plans to murder Fiesco if the conspiracy is successful.

Verrina's concern is not totally unfounded, because Fiesco himself is not sure about either his own or Genoa's future. "What a turmoil in my breast! What a malicious flight of thoughts…. Fiesco the republican? Duke Fiesco?...." After a thoughtful pause he firmly states, "To win a crown is great, but to throw it away is heavenly." Then decisively, "Perish, tyrant. Be free, Genoa, and I…" softly, "your happiest citizen!" One scene later Fiesco is more uncertain than ever. "I the greatest man in all Genoa? And small minds shouldn’t gather around great minds?"

The revolt

Fiesco has made up his mind, and the conspiracy takes its course. Under the pretext of equipping a number of galleys for an expedition against the Turks, Fiesco gathers support in the form of several hundred mercenaries and smuggles them into the city. Under his leadership the conspirators take over the city's St. Thomas gate, occupy the harbor and gain control of the galleys and the main city squares. The youth Bourgognino takes revenge on Gianettino Doria for raping his bride by striking him down, as he has sworn to do. Andreas Doria flees. The city seems to be entirely in Fiesco's hands but there is still widespread confusion. Disobeying her husband and dressed in men's clothing, Leonore has gone into the streets with her servant Arabella. She observes the action with high-flown pride. She finds the dead Gianettino and with passionate enthusiasm puts on his purple cloak. Fiesco, who sees her rushing through the streets mistakes her for Doria and brings her down. When he realizes that he has just murdered his beloved wife, with whom he wanted to share his glory, he is plunged into deep despair. But then he quickly recovers. If I understand this sign correctly, the fates have given me this wound only to test my heart for the greatness which is to come?….Genoa is waiting for me, you say? – I will give Genoa a prince of a kind never before seen in Europe – Come! – I will arrange such a memorial service for this unhappy princess that lovers of life will be envious, and decay and decomposition will be radiant as a bride – Now follow your duke.

Climax and dénouement

Indeed, Genoa is ready to recognize Fiesco joyously as the new duke. But Verrina keeps his vow. Using some excuse he lures Fiesco to the seaside, where he first wistfully and then on his knees begs him to renounce his purple robes. But Fiesco remains firm, whereupon Verrina pushes him into the water. The heavy purple robe pulls him down to the depths. The conspirators arrive at the beach shortly thereafter with the news that Andreas Doria has returned. They ask about Fiesco's whereabouts. "He drowned", is Verrina's answer, "Or, if it sounds better, he was drowned – I am going to Andreas". Everyone remains standing, frozen in rigid groups. The curtain falls.

Fiesco and the adventure of freedom

"True greatness of heart", wrote Schiller in 1788 in the eleventh of his twelve letters about Don Carlos, "leads no less often to a violation of the freedom of others than does egoism and a thirst for power, because it acts for the sake of the deed and not the individual subject".

Magnanimity of character was for Schiller, an admirer of the antique biographies of Plutarch, always appealing. This was also true for the figure of "Count Fiesque". He is described in the historical tradition as strong, handsome, crafty, popular with women, from a proud noble family, and filled with unrestrained political ambition. But it is not clear whether he wanted to free Genoa from princely rule or assume power himself. As a Renaissance Man he is beyond any categorization as good or evil. Greatness of personality makes him a hero for Schiller, regardless of whether virtuous or criminal.

In a postscript to the Mannheim stage version he writes,
Fiesco, a mighty, fearsome person who, under the deceptive camouflage of an effeminate, epicurean idler, in quiet, noiseless darkness, like an engendering spirit hovering above chaos, alone and unobserved, giving birth to a new world while wearing the empty, smiling expression of a good-for-nothing, while enormous plans and raging wishes ferment in his fiery breast – Fiesco, long enough misunderstood, finally emerges like a god to present his mature and masterly work to an amazed public, and then finds himself a relaxed observer when the wheels of the great machine unavoidably run counter to the desired goal.

In his hero, Schiller wanted to put someone on the stage who is incomprehensible, a person of overwhelming impenetrability, who is so free that he incorporates both possibilities, a tyrant and a liberator from tyranny. When Schiller began working on the play he had not decided which possibility to select. If he had been able to decide, he would also have known how the piece should end. But he did not know that until everything was finished except for the last two scenes. Fiesco does not know until the end what he is going to do, because Schiller does not know what he should have him do. Fiesco remains undecided, as Schiller does. This was true until beginning of November 1782, when he finally decided on one of the two different endings. And both are absolutely logical, because Fiesco is free enough to decide for either option. Schiller mentioned to Streicher in this context that the two last scenes, "cost him much more thinking" then all the rest of the play.

Rüdiger Safranski's biography Lit. comes to the conclusion that Schiller, the "freedom enthusiast", is not concerned in Fiesco about how one should act, but rather about what action one truly wants. "It is not a matter of what one should want, but what one wants to want". What Schiller shows is, according to Safranski, that "freedom is what makes people unpredictable, both to themselves and to others".

In The Robbers, Schiller took as his theme "the victim of extravagant emotions". In Fiesco he attempted "the opposite, a victim of artifice and intrigue". The concern about the appropriateness for the stage of a "cold, sterile affair of state" is expressed by the author himself in his preface: "If it is true that only emotions can give rise to emotions, then, it seems to me, a political hero is no subject for the stage to the extent to which he has to disregard people in order to become a political hero". Nevertheless, 75 performances proved the play's outstanding success. (See above).

Today, however, Fiesco's Conspiracy at Genoa appears relatively seldom on the German stage. One reason could be Schiller's relation to democracy. In the eighth scene of the second act he presents a "crowd scene" with twelve (!) workmen. These people know precisely what they do not want (the establishment of absolutistic reign in Genoa), but not what they want instead. In their perplexity they turn to Fiesco, who should "rescue" them. He tells them a fable in which rule by a large, fierce dog is to be replaced with rule by a lion (in other words, the rule of the Dorias replaced with rule by Fiesco). He persuades them to give up their wish to establish a democracy by pointing out that democracy is "the rule of the cowardly and the stupid", that there are more cowardly people than courageous ones and more stupid people than clever ones, and that in a democracy the majority rules. Their cheers confirm Fiesco's opinion, whereupon he becomes euphorically confident of victory.

The view that democracy means "the rule of the cowardly and the stupid" and that, accordingly, the rule of a "benevolent prince" is preferable, is not considered appropriate today, but it was very common in Schiller's time, also because of the reception of Plato's Politeia (The Republic), where Plato shows, among other things, that in the end it is better for all members of a society if those people rule who are best suited to rule. And in Plato's opinion that is only a tiny minority. Plato has Socrates say that the majority is better suited to other tasks, such as national defense, trade, manufacture, etc., and if everybody does what he can do best, that is best for everyone. This view can also be sensed in Schiller's poem Lied von der Glocke (Song of the Bell): "The master can break open the form / with a careful hand at the proper time / But beware, if in flaming streams /the glowing metal frees itself!" Fiesco's problem is also that he would perhaps rather be the "fox" than the "lion" (the "masterly" and thus legitimate ruler in the fable), in other words, he asks himself whether he is really "better" than the "large, fierce dog". In the play Fiesco is himself unable to decide between republican and monarchic ideals, and almost gives in to the urging of his wife Leonore to give up his desire to rule in favor of love and conventional family life, but only almost. He is a tragic hero in the Aristotelian sense to the extent that he also has shortcomings, and in the play's original conclusion these actually bring about his downfall (he is murdered). In the later stage version, Schiller altered the tragic end into a surprisingly happy one, in which Fiesco does without a crown and the monarchy becomes a republic. After 1790 this was interpreted as a stand in favor of revolution, and this version of the play was accordingly often prohibited.

Schiller’s understanding of historical veracity on the stage

Schiller immersed himself in historical accounts while working on Fiesco; he pored over trade statistics and studied documents about the daily life of the time in order to obtain a feeling for the historical veracity of the conspiracy of 1547, something which had interested him already as he was writing his third dissertation. For reasons similar to Sallust in The Conspiracy of Catiline, apparently, whom he quotes right at the beginning of the piece.
Nam id facinus inprimis ego memorabile existimo sceleris atque periculi novitate. (Because I consider it an undertaking absolutely worthy of recording, due to the unusual nature of his guilt and what threatens him.)

However, different from the historian Sallust, Schiller was not concerned with the historical events in order to acquaint the public with them in this way, but rather to give his dramatic character expertiments an historically plausible background. The theatrical effect of likelihood was more important to him than historical truth per se. Schiller makes this view very clear in his postscript to the stage version, and it is also the reason why he presents a very free interpretation of the conspiracy and Fiesco's death.
I expect to soon come to grips with the history, since I am not his (Fiesco’s) chronicler, and as far as I am concerned, a single, great surge in the breasts of my audience caused by my daring fabrication makes up for any rigidly historical precision.

Literature

 Matthias Luserke-Jaqui: Friedrich Schiller. (A. Francke), Tübingen, Basel 2005
 Rüdiger Safranski: Friedrich Schiller oder Die Erfindung des Deutschen Idealismus. (Hanser), München 2004,

External links

 (English translation)
Fiesco's Conspiracy at Genoa (English translation by Flora Kimmich)

1783 plays
Plays by Friedrich Schiller
Plays set in Italy
Plays set in the 16th century
German plays adapted into films
Plays based on actual events


.dss is a filename extension. It may refer to:

 (most likely) a Digital Speech Standard file
 The existence of .DSS files on storage mediums may also be the result of automatic lossy file name conversion of .DS_Store files to e.g. the old FAT 8.3 character file name restrictions


The Saugeen Golf Club is located between the tourist towns of Southampton and Port Elgin in Bruce County, Ontario, Canada, situated on Lake Huron. The club was founded in 1925 and consists of 27 holes, split into three separate nine-hole courses known as Legacy, Sunrise and Sunset.

History
Charles Bell, Herbert Stevens, Joseph Houde, Logie Foster, and Dr. Clifford Beyles founded the Saugeen Golf Club in 1925. The name was originally the Southampton-Port Elgin Golf Club, but the name was changed in the summer of 1925 to the Saugeen Golf and Country Club, only to be renamed the following year as the Saugeen Golf Club.
On April 15, 1925,  of farmland was purchased and work began to transform it into a nine-hole golf course. Stanely Thompson & Co.- a golf and landscape architect company from Toronto- was chosen by the board of directors. This first nine-hole course eventually became known as 'Legacy'.
By June 20, 1957, another nine holes had been added, the 'Sunset' nine, and Saugeen Golf Club was opened to the public.
1995 saw the opening of the 'Sunrise' course.

Members
Approximately 30,000 rounds of golf a year are played by Saugeen's 650 members.

Photo gallery

References
Saugeen Golf Club

Golf clubs and courses in Ontario


Francis Arkwright (17 March 1846 – 1 March 1915) belonged to the British gentry.  His first wife died after giving birth to a daughter, and he remarried. Arkwright represented East Derbyshire in the British House of Commons from 1874 to 1880.

In 1882, the Arkwright family emigrated to New Zealand, where he commissioned a large country house on the Rangitikei River.  Arkwright was a leading Freemason. He unsuccessfully stood for the Rangitikei electorate on two occasions; in the  and in the . In 1895, he was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council. The family returned to live in England in 1906 and Arkwright died in 1915 at Bournemouth.

Arkwright owned several notable houses in both England and New Zealand. Of these, Overton in Marton is the most notable and is registered as Category I with Heritage New Zealand.

Early life in England
Arkwright was born on 17 March 1846 and baptised on 13 April of that year in Mayfield, Staffordshire, England. His parents were The Reverend Godfrey Harry Arkwright (c. 1815–1866) and Frances Rafela Fitzherbert Arkwright (1823–1849). Richard Arkwright was his great-grandfather, and Sir William Fitzherbert, 1st Baronet was a maternal great-grandfather. His brother William Harry was born one year earlier. A sister Alice was three years younger; his mother died one week after giving birth to her. Arkwright was 16 when his father remarried. Through his stepmother, he had three more siblings; Marian, Godfrey Edward and Walter. His father died young when Francis Arkwright was only 20. William Harry became the vicar of St Mary's Church, Wirksworth in 1893 and held the position until 1902.

Arkwright was educated at Eton College.

On 2 June 1868, he married Louisa Elizabeth Jane Milbank, the daughter of Henry John Milbank and Lady Margaret Henrietta Maria Grey, at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge in London. George Grey, 6th Earl of Stamford was a grandfather of his wife. Arthur Duncombe married Arkwright's mother's sister Katherine Henrietta Venezia Milbank.

The Arkwrights had one daughter, Margaret Louise Arkwright, born on 28 April 1873. His wife died on 6 May 1873, one week after giving birth.

Arkwright owned Overton Hall in Derbyshire in 1873. Previously owned by Joseph Banks, Overton Hall became a Grade II* listed building in 1967. Arkwright purchased Coton House in Churchover, Warwickshire, in 1874 including the manorial rights and patronage. At Arkwright's death, the house passed to his nephew Bertram Arkwright (first son of William Harry Arkwright). Coton House was listed as a Grade II* listed building in 1951. Bertram Arkwright's second son was the cricketer Francis Arkwright (1905–1942).

In 1875, Arkwright married Evelyn Addington Wells; there were no children from this second marriage. In 1876, Arkwright was initiated as a Freemason at Scarsdale Lodge No.681.

Arkwright was Member of Parliament (MP) for East Derbyshire from 1874 to 1880.

New Zealand
In 1882, Arkwright emigrated to New Zealand with his second wife and daughter from the first marriage. On 28 November, they arrived in Nelson on the Taiaroa. Francis Arkwright left for Wanganui on the steamer Wallace the next day, followed by his wife and daughter on 6 December on the steamer Murray. He was looking for new opportunities after he lost his seat in Parliament. Arkwright did not think that he would return to his native Derbyshire.

Overton, New Zealand
Arkwright bought land near Marton and commissioned the architects Frederick de Jersey Clere and Alfred Atkins to design a large country house near the Rangitikei River which he called Overton.  The Tudor style building is unusual for its concrete panels between the timber framing; it was a very early application of concrete and de Jersey Clere went on to design many concrete churches. After he had commissioned the house, the family returned to England and came back in 1884 when the house was finished. The contract price was just over £2,500 for the large house. When Arkwright left New Zealand for good, he passed the house on to his nephew Henry Arkwright (third son of William Harry Arkwright). The house passed from the Arkwright family in 1987. In 1990, the building was registered by Heritage New Zealand as a Category I heritage item, with registration number 187.

Freemasonry
Arkwright was initiated into the Scarsdale Lodge No.681 EC on 21 June 1876, passed to the Fellow Craft Degree on 17 November and made a Master Mason on 6 December.

On 11 August 1884, Arkwright met with 11 other Freemasons at the White Hart Hotel Marton, New Zealand with the sole purpose of establishing a Freemason's Lodge in the township. At that meeting it was proposed that The Honorable Francis Arkwright take the chair as Worshipful Master if and when the Lodge was formed. In October a committee consisting of the following members was to draw up the by-laws to be submitted to the Brethren at a later date, they were Bro. Arkwright, Cash, Thompson, Macintosh and Edwards. The dedication of the Marton Ruapehu Lodge No. 2137 EC was carried out on 15 January 1885, at the Forester's Hall, Marton:

The 15th of January was a day of considerable interest to most of the good folks of this smart little township, but most especially of course to those residents who were members of the Fraternity, that being a day appointed for the opening of the Marton Ruapehu Lodge English Constitution. For the information of our readers we may mention that the town of Marton is situated in the Rangitikei District and is in the center of an excellent farming country distant from Wanganui by rail 32 miles. It is well laid out, and has a business look about it which is very pleasing, and gives it a well to do appearance. It has lately arranged for a permanent water supply which will be a great boom to the inhabitants, as previously there had been difficulty in not being able to find pumping supply by either driving or boring. On the morning in question it was easy to see that some special event was expected as one after another of the business places sent up bunting to flutter in the breeze, and when the train from Wanganui arrived, the Masonic contingent from there made the streets look quite lively in appearance. Masonically speaking Marton is in the district of Wellington and the District Grand Lodge Officers arrived via Palmerston North.

Arkwright was Master of the Lodge in 1884-85 and 1889 Arkwright was a Grand Steward.

In December 1893, Arkwright was installed as District Grand Master took place at the Masonic Hall in Wanganui.

Following some disturbance at the Forster Hall the New Lodge rooms in Wellington Road, Marton were built for one hundred and seventy five pounds and consecrated in 1894, R.W Bro Francis Arkwright was the consecrating officer.

In 1890 the newly formed Grand Lodge of New Zealand was established and many Lodges joined the constitution. In 1904 Marton Ruapehu Lodge No. 2137 EC joined and became The Ruapehu Lodge No.128 NZC.

Political career in New Zealand
Together with John Stevens and Robert Bruce, Arkwright was one of the three initial candidates in the  for the Rangitikei electorate. An editorial in the Feilding Star argued in early July that the liberal politician Stevens, the incumbent, would certainly win against the two others, as they were both conservatives and the vote would be split between them. One of the conservatives should thus withdraw from the contest, and the editor thought that Arkwright had the better chances. On the same day, Arkwright had a mixed reception at a meeting with electors at Halcombe. An amendment for a vote of confidence in Arkwright resulted in some dispute amongst the attendees. By mid July, Arkwright had withdrawn from the contest, and Bruce went on to defeat Stevens.

The  in the Rangitikei electorate was again contested by Bruce, Stevens and Arkwright, with Bruce obtaining the majority during the show of hands during the nomination meeting in Marton. In an address to electors at Bulls, Arkwright lectured on the benefits of free trade. Apparently, Arkwright was better received by the electors, but Stevens was seen as the favourite. In the end, Bruce obtained 716 votes, a considerable margin over the 492 votes for Stevens, with Arkwright coming a distant third at 213 votes.

The  in the Rangitikei electorate was contested by Arkwright and Douglas Hastings Macarthur, who had been the representative for the neighbouring  electorate since 1884. Both candidates were well received during meetings with the electors. The Feilding Star in an editorial suggested that there are more policy agreements between the candidates than differences, but endorsed Macarthur. In the end, Macarthur achieved a narrow victory, with 978 vs 946 votes, a majority of 32.

Arkwright was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 13 December 1895.  At the end of the seven-year term, he was reappointed on 13 December 1902. He resigned from the Legislative Council on 23 July 1906.

Return to England
The Arkwrights and their daughter left New Zealand via Wellington on 30 December 1905 to permanently reside in England. He resigned from the Legislative Council after he had returned to England. Apparently, he missed the hunting and shooting opportunities that were available to him in the 'Old Country', and he undertook yearly expeditions into the Scottish sporting districts. He died on 1 March 1915 at Bournemouth from pneumonia, survived by his wife and daughter.

Notes

References

External links

1846 births
1915 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1874–1880
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
New Zealand Freemasons
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1887 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1890 New Zealand general election
New Zealand Liberal Party politicians
People from Mayfield, East Sussex
People from Marton, New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand politicians


Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal () is a 1977 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by A. Bhimsingh and written by Jayakanthan. Based on Jayakanthan's novel of the same name, it stars Lakshmi and Srikanth, with C. K. Nagesh, Y. G. Parthasarathy, R. Neelakantan, Sukumari and S. Sundari Bai in supporting roles. The film revolves around a girl from an orthodox family whose life changes after a one-night stand.

Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal was released on 1 April 1977 and became a commercial success. Lakshmi won the National Film Award for Best Actress, the film's only win at the 24th National Film Awards.

Plot
On a rainy night, Ganga, a college girl from an orthodox Tamil Brahmin family in Srirangam, is sexually assaulted by a stranger after he offers her a ride in his car. She returns home dazed from the experience and when asked by her mother Kanagam about what happened, she confesses. Kanagam creates a ruckus; all the neighbours and relatives learn of it.

Ganga's brother, the family's breadwinner, disowns and evicts her from the house. At the request of Kanagam, Ganga's maternal uncle Vengu takes her with him to Madras, and Ganga continues her education there. After graduating, she gets employed in a private firm and grows to take the top managerial position. Exploiting her blemished status, Vengu, who was once her guardian, makes sexual advances towards her several times, forcing Ganga to make Kanagam stay with her to keep herself protected from Vengu.

R. K. Viswanatha Sarma, a writer who witnessed Ganga entering the car on that rainy night, writes a story in a magazine in which the lead character, a girl, is molested by a stranger; after she returns home, her mother conceals the truth, cleanses her through a bath and the girl is able to live normally. Ganga reads the story and recommends it to Kanagam, which makes her feel guilty about the ruckus she had created.

Ganga, though successful at her workplace, remains withdrawn and aloof in life. When she rejects Vengu's advances, he challenges her to locate the stranger who had sex with her and live with him if she has the guts. Accepting the challenge, she takes Viswanatha Sarma's help, and locates Prabhakar alias Prabhu who offered her a ride on that rainy night. Prabhu is already married and has an adolescent daughter. He does not initially recognise Ganga as it was a one-night stand. When he recollects the experience, he feels upset that Ganga is still not settled in life. Prabhu says he thought she was a consenting partner and did not realise he was imposing himself on her.

Ganga and Prabhu's subsequent meetings result in friendship; their friendship matures into love. The new relationship is, however, unacceptable to both families; unable to transcend the society's norms, Prabhu advises her to marry someone else. When all attempts to convince Prabhu fail, Ganga is forced to part ways with him; she chooses to live with Prabhu's memories.

Cast

Production
Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal is based on the novel of the same name, by Jayakanthan which was a detailed version of his short story Agnipravesam. A. Bhimsingh decided to adapt the novel into a feature film. Jayakanthan wrote the screenplay for the film discarding the traditional commercial elements. R. Muthuraman and J. Jayalalithaa initially gave their dates to act in the film, but Jayakanthan wanted Lakshmi and Srikanth. Since the film took considerable days of time to complete, Lakshmi did not cooperate during the time and she did not dub entirely for the film; instead another actress who appeared as an Anglo-Indian woman in the film had dubbed her voice.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by M. S. Viswanathan. There are only two songs in the film: "Veru Idam Thedi" and "Kandathai Sollugiren Ungal".

Release and reception
Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal was released on 1 April 1977. In a review dated 17 April 1977, Ananda Vikatan was positive towards the film, particularly Lakshmi's performance. Kanthan of Kalki lauded Lakshmi's performance, the relatively less use of dialogues compared to other Tamil films, the absence of unnecessary sets, Vittal Rao's cinematography and Jayakanthan's dialogues. The film became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres. At the 24th National Film Awards, Lakshmi won the National Film Award for Best Actress, the film's only win at the ceremony.

Legacy
Historian G. Dhananjayan considered Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal an important film in Tamil cinema for being "a searing criticism at the way marriage, sex and women were treated by society". The film, has, however been frequently criticised by another historian S. Theodore Baskaran for relying heavily on dialogues over visuals, including the characters reciting every dialogue in the novel verbatim. He accused the film of perpetuating this flaw of Tamil cinema.

References

Bibliography

External links

1970s Tamil-language films
1977 romantic drama films
Films based on Tamil novels
Films directed by A. Bhimsingh
Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan
Indian romantic drama films


Edward Delos Churchill (25 December 1895 – 28 August 1972) was an American surgeon known for his work in thoracic surgery and remembered for describing the Churchill-Cope reflex.

Biography
Edward Churchill was born on 25 December 1895 in Chenoa, Illinois. He attended Northwestern University, graduating B.S. in 1916 and M.A. in 1917. He then attended Harvard Medical School, graduating M.D. cum laude in 1920. He undertook his internship and residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and continued there as an associate surgeon; being named to that position in 1924.

He studied in Europe on a Moseley Traveling Fellowship in 1926 and 1927, spending time in Copenhagen, Munich and Berlin.

He returned to Massachusetts General in 1927, and moved to Boston City Hospital in 1928 to help found a full-time surgical unit there. In 1928 he performed the first pericardiectomy in the United States in a collaboration with Dr. Paul D. White, for the treatment of constrictive pericarditis, and developed this treatment subsequently. In 1929 he and Oliver Cope published research which described the Churchill-Cope reflex. During that time Churchill also researched pulmonary embolism, showing that multiple small emboli cause pulmonary hypertension, while a single massive embolism causes death by a different mechanism.

Churchill returned to Massachusetts General in 1931, becoming the John Homans Professor of surgery and Chief of the West Surgical Service at Massachusetts General. He developed parathyroid surgery in the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism, performing the first mediastinal parathyroidectomy with Oliver Cope on patient Captain Charles Martell in 1932. Churchill and Cope continued to improve the success rate of parathyroid surgery in subsequent years. He also developed the use of lobectomy in the treatment of bronchiectasis, pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer.

During the Second World War Churchill became Theatre Consultant for surgery in the Mediterranean. He developed the use of delayed primary closure and early debridement of contaminated wounds. He established regional blood banks to increase the use of blood transfusion, and improved the process of air evacuation of wounded soldiers.

In 1946 he was President of the American Surgical Association, and continued as Professor of surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1948 the surgical services at Massachusetts General were combined, and Churchill became Chief of the General Surgical Services. He retired in 1962, and fostered an interest in the history of wound management. He died on 28 August 1972 of a myocardial infarction while walking on his farm in Vermont.

References

External links
The Edward Delos Churchill papers can be found at The Center for the History of Medicine at the Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.

American thoracic surgeons
Northwestern University alumni
Harvard Medical School alumni
People from Chenoa, Illinois
1895 births
1972 deaths
20th-century surgeons


The  is a limited express train service in Japan operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West), which runs from  to  and .

Stops

Trains stop at the following stations:

 –  –  –  – (Nishi-Akashi) – () –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  – () –  –  –  –

Only the Hamakaze No. 5 stops at Nishi-Akashi and Kakogawa.
Trains also stop at Kakogawa and Satsu during winter.

Rolling stock
New 130 km/h KiHa 189 series 3-car DMU sets were introduced on Hamakaze services from 7 November 2010.

Prior to November 2010, services were operated by 4-car KiHa 181 series DMU formations, lengthened to 5 or 7 cars in busy seasons.

Formations
As of 2021, trains are formed as shown below, with car 3 at the Osaka end.

Hamakaze 1 – 6

 All cars are standard class.
 All seats are reserved.
 All cars are no-smoking.
 Trains run as 6-car formations during busy periods.

History

The Hamakaze service was introduced by Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 15 March 1972.

All cars were made no-smoking from 1 June 2009.

References

External links

 JR West Hamakaze information

Named passenger trains of Japan
West Japan Railway Company
Railway services introduced in 1972


Equinox is a Slovene-language opera by the Slovenian composer Marjan Kozina (1907–1966). Based on a play by Ivo Vojnović, Kozina wrote the score and the libretto from 1940 until 1943, and then buried it in the garden of his parents to prevent its loss during the World War II. It was first performed in Ljubljana on May 2, 1946, conducted by Samo Hubad. In 1948, Kozina received the Prešeren Award for it.

1943 operas
Slovene-language operas
Operas by Marjan Kozina


Beverbeek Classic is a single-day bicycle road race held annually in Hamont-Achel, in the Belgian region of Limburg. From 1998 to 2003, it was reserved to amateurs. Since 2005, it is organized as a 1.2 event on the UCI Europe Tour.

Winners

External links
 Official Website

UCI Europe Tour races
Cycle races in Belgium
Recurring sporting events established in 1998
1998 establishments in Belgium
Hamont-Achel


Music Through Heartsongs: Songs Based on the Poems of Mattie J.T. Stepanek (sometimes abbreviated to Music Through Heartsongs) is the third studio album by the American country music singer Billy Gilman, released on April 15, 2003, on Epic Records Nashville. It is his final album for that label. The songs on this album are based on poems written by the child poet Mattie Stepanek, who died of muscular dystrophy one year after the album's release.

Track listing

Personnel
 Angela Bacari – background vocals
 Bekka Bramlett – background vocals
 Joe Chemay – bass guitar
 Mickey Jack Cones – electric guitar, background vocals
 Eric Darken – percussion
 Billy Gilman – lead vocals, string arrangements
 Tommy Harden – drums
 John Jorgenson – electric guitar
 Troy Lancaster – electric guitar
 Sam Levine – alto flute, recorder
 Alé Lorenzo – ukulele
 Jerry McPherson – electric guitar
 David Malloy – background vocals
 Liana Manis – background vocals
 Wendy Moten – background vocals
 Jimmy Nichols – keyboards, piano, string arrangements, background vocals
 Britt Savage – background vocals
 Michael Spriggs – acoustic guitar

Chart performance

References

2003 albums
Epic Records albums
Billy Gilman albums
Music based on poems


Demetrius () is an incomplete drama by the German playwright Friedrich Schiller based on the life of Demetrius, briefly Russian czar between 1604 and 1605. It is a reflection on the individual's responsibility in history and on the rule of Napoleon. Schiller worked on the play from 1804 to 1805, but it was left unfinished on his death and was only premiered on 15 February 1857 at the Hoftheater in Weimar.

Dramatis personae
 Sigismund, King of Poland
 Archbishop of Gniezno, Primus of the Empire
 Prince Leo Sapieha
 Demetrius, false son of Czar Ivan
 Mnischek, Prince of Sendomir
 Marina, Mnischek's daughter
 Marfa, widow of Czar Ivan

Plot

In a speech before the Polish diet, Demetrius asserts his claim to the throne of the czars. He hopes for assistance from Poland. He declares that he is the son of Ivan the Terrible and was not, as reputed, murdered in 1591 as a child, but raised in a cloister and that he afterward was in the service of the Prince of Sendomir. He asserts that he is Czar Demetrius. His impressive speech convinces both the diet and the king. Although a formal resolution is not passed by the diet because of a veto by Prince Sapiehas, Poland goes into battle against Moscow. The Poles desire to oust Boris Godunov with the help of the upstart Demetrius. The forceful spirit behind the attempt is Demetrius' fiancée Marina, Mnischek's daughter, and Czar Ivan's widow. The latter has been banned to a cloister by Godunov and has for years been grieving for her allegedly murdered son when she receives the news that Demetrius is alive, after all.

Schiller only indicated the course of the further action. Boris hears about the successes of Demetrius and commits suicide with poison. The new czar is a benevolent ruler until he discovers that his claim to the throne is not legitimate. He is not Ivan's son, but was merely used as a tool by the faction of Godunov opponents. When his mother Marfa is supposed to provide identification, she does not recognize him. Despite the lacking legitimation, Demetrius requests her to recognize him as her son. But Marfa follows her conscience and refuses.

Schiller's work on Demetrius

According to his diary, his efforts can be divided into four phases:

First phase, 10 March to 21 April 1804: Schiller makes a note of the cast of Demetrius and his plans for developing the roles of Marfa and Marina.

Second phase, 22 May to 22 July 1804: Schiller collects information on the historical context of the play and continues to work on the exposition of the drama. An originally planned Sambor act was later rejected and replaced with the scene at the diet. On 22 July 1804, Schiller interrupted his work on Demetrius to begin writing The Princess of Zelle. Also because of illness he only continued working on Demetrius in mid-November 1804.

Third phase, Mid-November to 10 December 1804: Schiller debates whether to work on the “Demetrius drama” or “Warbeck” and decides in favor of the former. Before that time he had, off and on, worked on both dramatic fragments. He settled on a precise arrangement of scenes for Demetrius.

Fourth phase, 20 January to 1 May 1805: Schiller completes the first act. There are only rough outlines for the further course of the drama.

External links

1805 plays
Plays by Friedrich Schiller
Plays based on actual events
Biographical plays
Cultural depictions of Russian monarchs
Unfinished plays
Plays set in Russia
Plays set in Poland
Cultural depictions of Boris Godunov
Plays set in the 17th century
Fiction set in the 1600s


Early Algebra is an approach to early mathematics teaching and learning. It is about teaching traditional topics in more profound ways. It is also an area of research in mathematics education.

Traditionally, algebra instruction has been postponed until adolescence. However, data of early algebra researchers shows ways to teach algebraic thinking much earlier. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) integrates algebra into its Principles and Standards starting from Kindergarten.

One of the major goals of early algebra is generalizing number and set ideas. It moves from particular numbers to patterns in numbers. This includes generalizing arithmetic operations as functions, as well as engaging children in noticing and beginning to formalize properties of numbers and operations such as the commutative property, identities, and inverses.

Students historically have had a very difficult time adjusting to algebra for a number of reasons. Researchers have found that by working with students on such ideas as developing rules for the use of letters to stand in for numbers and the true meaning of the equals symbol (it is a balance point, and does not mean "put the answer next"), children are much better prepared for formal algebra instruction.

Teacher professional development in this area consists of presenting common student misconceptions and then developing lessons to move students out of faulty ways of thinking and into correct generalizations. The use of true, false, and open number sentences can go a long way toward getting students thinking about the properties of number and operations and the meaning of the equals sign.

Research areas in early algebra include use of representations, such as symbols, graphs and tables; cognitive development of students; viewing arithmetic as a part of algebraic conceptual fields

Notes

References
 Blanton, M. L. Algebra and the Elementary Classroom: Transforming Thinking, Transforming Practice. (Heinemann, 2008).
 J. Kaput, D. Carraher, & M. Blanton (Eds.), Algebra in the Early Grades. (Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, 2007).
 Schliemann, A.D., Carraher, D.W., & Brizuela, B. Bringing Out the Algebraic Character of Arithmetic: From Children's Ideas to Classroom Practice. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007).
 Carraher, D., Schliemann, A.D., Brizuela, B., & Earnest, D. (2006). Arithmetic and Algebra in early Mathematics Education. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, Vol 37.
 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Principles and Standards for School Mathematics. (Author, 2000)

External links

 Tufts/TERC Early Algebra Project

Algebra education


Sagar may refer to:

Places and jurisdictions

India
 Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, a city in Madhya Pradesh state of central India
 Sagar district, an administrative unit headquartered in the city
 Sagar division, an administrative unit headquartered in the city
 Sagar railway station
 Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency) (Indian federal parliament)
 Sagar (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency) (state parliament)
 Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar (Eastern Catholic diocese, Chaldean=Syro-oriental rite)
 Sagar University
 Sagar Island, also known as Ganga Sagar, pilgrimage centre in West Bengal about 150 km south of Kolkata
 Sagar Port
 Sagar Mahavidyalaya
 Sagar (community development block)
 Sagar (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)
 Sagara, Karnataka, a city in Shimoga district, Karnataka, India
Sagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)
 Sagar, Yadgir district, a village in Yadgir district, Karnataka, India

Europe
 Zagor or
 Deutsch Sagar, the old German name of the village Nowy Zagór, Dąbie, Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland

Arts and fiction
 Sagar (film), a 2012 Kannada film
 Sagar Films, also known as Sagar Arts, Indian film company
 Sagar Alias Jacky, a character in Malayalam films
 Sagar, a fictional planet where the 1981 animated TV series Blackstar takes place

People
 Sagar (caste), a caste in India
 Sagar (name), an Indian male given name
 Sagar (actor), Indian actor in Telugu cinema
 Sagar (singer), Indian playback singer for films
 Sagar Pandey "Majnu Bhai", fictional criminal played by Anil Kapoor in the 2007 Indian film Welcome

Other uses
 Sagar v Ridehalgh & Sons Ltd, a 1931 UK labour law case
 Sagar Mala project, an initiative by the government of India to enhance the performance of the country's logistics sector
 Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)
 Cyclone Sagar, a 2018 cyclone which affected the Horn of Africa

See also
 Himayat Sagar, an artificial lake near Hyderabad, Telangana, India
 Hussain Sagar, an artificial lake in Hyderabad, Telangana, India
 Saagar (disambiguation)
 Saggar, a ceramic boxlike container used in the firing of pottery
 Saghar (disambiguation)
 Saga (disambiguation)
 Sagara (disambiguation)
 Sagarika (disambiguation)


Marjan Kozina (4 June 1907 – 19 June 1966) was a Slovene composer. He is considered one of the most important Slovene composers of the 20th century. His best known works include a symphony, composed in stages through the late 1940s; the opera Equinox, completed in 1943; two ballets from the early 1950s, and the music for the film On Our Own Land (Na svoji zemlji), which he later arranged into a suite for orchestra.

Life
Kozina was born to a musical family in Novo Mesto, then part of Austria-Hungary. In Ljubljana, Kozina began studying philosophy and mathematics and in the same time also piano and violin, but later completely turned to the study of music. He graduated from composition in Vienna in 1930, and completed the studies of conducting and composition also in Prague. After his return from Prague he worked for a short time (1932–34) at Ljubljana and Maribor Opera, and then worked at Maribor Music Society (). From 1940 until 1943 and from 1945 until 1947, he worked as a music teacher at the Academy of Music in Belgrade. In World War II, his house was bombed in an air raid and his wife imprisoned by the Gestapo. In September 1943, after the capitulation of Italy, he joined the Slovene Partisans. After the liberation, in 1948, he became the first manager of the Slovene Philharmonic Orchestra, and held the post until 1951, when he became a professor at the Academy of Music in Ljubljana. In 1953, he was elected a regular member of the Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts. He lived and created in Novo Mesto and Trška Gora. He died in Novo Mesto after a heavy illness.

Work
From 1940 until 1943, Kozina completed the score and the libretto of his only opera Equinox (), based on the eponymous play by the Croatian–Serbian playwright Ivo Vojnović. Before his leaving to the Partisans, he buried it in the garden of his parents in order to prevent its loss during the war. It was first performed in May 1946 at the Ljubljana Opera House, and in 1948 he was bestowed the Prešeren Award for it.

The major Kozina's contribution to the Slovene symphonic music was a symphony comprising four movements, which are actually individual symphonic poems and were composed separately. They are titled White Carniola (; 1946), Mount Ilova (, 1947), To the Fallen (, 1948), and Towards the Sea (, 1949). Although the symphony was rarely performed in entirety, the first movement was one of the most often conducted Slovene symphonic composition of the post-war times. Musicians performed it in all sorts of musical ensembles including accordion and brass ensembles. Its optimism represented the will to live of the entire nation.

Besides it, Kozina composed the ballets The Tales About Gorjanci (; 1952–1961) and Diptihon (1952), and the music for the films On Our Own Land (1948), Kekec (1951), Valley of Peace (1956), and others. Kozina also devoted himself to writing and translating. He wrote about music, aesthetics, the role of art and the artist in contemporary society, he translated a series of novels, wrote itineraries, reviews, polemics, and popular expert essays.

Recognition
In 1948, Kozina was bestowed the Prešeren Award for his opera Equinox, and in 1956, Trdina Award (the municipal award by Novo Mesto) as well as the Golden Arena for Best Film Music for the music of the Valley of Peace film. The highest Slovene prize awarded to composers has been named Kozina Award. Since 1970, a street in Novo Mesto has been named Marjan Kozina Street (). In 2007, a production studio from Novo Mesto shot a documentary about Kozina, and a symposium on the composer was held in Novo Mesto. The musical school in Novo Mesto is named after Kozina. In 1971, a bronze bust of the composer, created by Zdenko Kalin, was unveiled in Novo Mesto. On 13 January 2008, the centenary of the Slovene Philharmonics, the great hall of the Philharmonics building in Ljubljana was named after Kozina.

References

1907 births
1966 deaths
Slovenian classical composers
Slovenian male musicians
Male classical composers
Slovenian film score composers
Male film score composers
Slovenian writers
Golden Arena winners
People from Novo Mesto
20th-century classical composers
Prešeren Award laureates
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Slovene resistance members


Arubani is the Urartian's goddess of fertility and art. She was also the wife of their supreme god, Khaldi.

Sources
 Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1969) The Ancient Civilization of Urartu: An Archaeological Adventure. Cowles Book Co.
 Tacentral.com

Urartian deities
Arts goddesses
Fertility goddesses