Euphemia of Münsterberg (c. 1385 – 17 November 1447), also known as Euphemia, Countess of Oettingen, was a princess from the Münsterberg (Ziębice) branch of the Piast dynasty, by marriage Countess of Öttingen and sovereign Duchess of Münsterberg during 1435–1443.

She was the third child and eldest daughter of Duke Bolko III of Münsterberg and Euphemia, daughter of Duke Bolesław of Bytom.

Life
In 1397 Euphemia married the widower Count Frederick III of Oettingen. They had nine children, five sons and four daughters. Perhaps under her influence, a German translation of the "Life of St. Hedwig of Andechs" with rich colors and illustrations was made, which remained in the Comital Library of Oettingen. After the death of her husband (23 January 1423), Euphemia returned to Münsterberg.

After the death of her brother John in 1428, the Duchy of Ziębice was incorporated into the Bohemian Kingdom and one year later (1429) granted to the magnate Půta III of Častolovice, Starost of Kłodzko. Shortly after, Euphemia loaned the Emperor Sigismund the sum of 4,000 guilders and bought with another 100 guilders the claims of Půta III's mother (Anna of Oświęcim) and eldest daughters (Anna and Katharina of Častolovice). On 11 November 1435, Euphemia was formally invested as Duchess of Ziębice.

Nicholas, Abbot of  (Henryków), was strongly opposed to Euphemia's rule; it was suspected that he was a Hussite. In revenge, the Duchess ordered Sigismund of Rachenau, the castellan of Neuhaus (Chałupki) to plunder and burn the monastery of Heinrichau in 1438.

The disputes with Půta III's widow Anna of Koldice and her second husband Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg continued during Euphemia's reign. Finally, a settlement was made in 1443: Münsterberg was given to Duke William of Opava, Euphemia's nephew (son of her late younger sister Katharina) and son-in-law of Půta III (husband of his younger daughter Salome).

After definitely losing the government of the Duchy, Euphemia returned to Germany. She died four years later.

References

1380s births
1447 deaths
Piast dynasty
15th-century women rulers


The Downtown North Historic District is a  historic district in Hartford, Connecticut.  It is a predominantly residential area located around Main Street and High Street north of I-84 and south of the Amtrak railroad tracks.  Its apartment blocks, houses, schools and churches, built up mainly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as part of an expansion of the city's urban core.  It includes the  Keney Tower.  The area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

Description and history
Hartford's Downtown North Historic District is a roughly butterfly-shaped area, bounded on north by the Amtrak railroad tracks and centered on the junction of Albany Avenue with Main, High, Ely, and Ann Uccello Streets.  The wings of the butterfly are located on either side of this junction, the left wing bounded on the south by Interstate 84 and Walnut Street, and the right wing bounded on the south by Winthrop Street.  The eastern wing is dominated in size by the grounds of the former Barnard School, built in 1927 and now home to the Capital Preparatory Magnet School, with the Keney Tower park just to its north.  The tower, a freestanding Gothic Revival structure designed by Charles C. Haight and built in 1898, is a memorial to the locally prominent Keney family, whose home and business were here.  North of the tower is the Sacred Heart Church, a brick Gothic Revival church built in 1892.  Across Main Street from the school are a row of Italianate duplex residences, built in the 1890s.

At the triangular junction between Ann Uccello and High Streets is a "Flatiron" building,  in height, built in 1896 to a design by Frederick Comstock.  South of that building on Ann Uccello Street are a series of residential buildings, some single-family and some multiunit.  The most elaborate is the Arthur G. Pomeroy House, a fine Queen Anne Victorian built in 1882.  On the west side of High Street stands the Isham-Terry House, a c. 1854 Italianate villa that is now a historic house museum, and the Classical Revival Second North District School, built in 1891 and now housing the city's board of education.  The area just to its south was a residential area when the district was listed in 2004, but that has been razed and is now occupied by the city's police headquarters.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford, Connecticut

References

Historic districts in Hartford County, Connecticut
Georgian architecture in Connecticut
Victorian architecture in Connecticut
Italianate architecture in Connecticut
Queen Anne architecture in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford, Connecticut
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut


Teach For India (TFI) is a non-profit founded by Shaheen Mistri in 2009. It is a part of the Teach For All network. Teach For India runs a two-year Fellowship and supports an Alumni movement. The Fellowship recruits college graduates and working professionals to serve as full-time teachers in low-income schools for two years. The mission of Teach For India is “one day all children will attain an excellent education.”

History
In 2006, the founder of Teach For India Shaheen Mistri, 17 years after starting the Akanksha Foundation felt compelled to address the issue of educational inequity at a larger scale. She believed that the solution was a people's movement that needed to come in unison to provide every Indian child with an outstanding education.

In 2007, Shaheen Mistri met with Wendy Kopp, the Founder of Teach For America, and the ideation process to keep ‘leadership’ at the core was ignited.

In 2009, Teach For India welcomed the first cohort, the Class of 2009, to the Fellowship. The 87 ‘Niners’ formed the beginning of a nationwide movement of diverse leaders.

In 2011, two years later, the Niners graduated from the Fellowship and became the first cohort in Teach For India's Alumni movement. The first cohort of Alumni then went on to work in several pathways such as teaching, teacher training, school leadership, and government policy solving the complex problem of educational equity.

Today, Teach For India has 900 Fellows working relentlessly to change the lives of Students in their classrooms and have become leaders driving change. Now, the organization has over 3400 Alumni who are collectively fuelling the larger movement towards their vision.

Geographical Reach

Mumbai
In the year 2009, the first cohort of the Teach For India Fellowship began in Mumbai and Pune with 87 Fellows. In 2011, they graduated with 46 Fellows and 1122 Students.

In the year 2015, The Alumni movement grew bigger. The city of Mumbai started to steadily grow its Alumni network from 43 Alumni in 2011 to 280 in 2015. ‘321’ was Mumbai's first Alumni led organization.

In the year 2020, Teach For India Mumbai collaborated with MCGM. Teach For India's partnership with the government evolved over the years from being a mere service provider to reaching out to Teach for India for advice and collaborating on projects like training MCGM staff, Student Advisory Council, and best practice sharing.

The recent numbers for 2021 shows that 144 Fellows, 3500 Students, and 860 Alumni members are in the city of Mumbai.

Pune
In 2009, the first cohort began in Pune with 87 Fellows. In the year 2011, Pune's first cohort graduated with 32 Fellows and 1100 Students.

In 2018, Pune received Secondary Education Access to English-medium secondary classrooms, which was a huge challenge for Pune's kids. This issue was addressed through the PPP model partnerships with Aakanksha Foundation and iTeach Schools.

The recent numbers indicates that Pune has 145 Fellows, 6500 Students, and 840 Alumni members.

Ahmedabad
In the year 2014, Teach For India reached Ahmedabad and had its first cohort with 34 Fellows and 1,100 Students. The Samait Shala was founded by a 2014 Ahmedabad Fellow, Kushal Dattani. The organization, Samait Shala trains teachers directly to ensure that classrooms are inclusive of students who learn in different ways and at different paces.

In 2016, they started operations in 20 schools in Ahmedabad with 80 Fellows and 2,000 Students. The elementary Students in the state were known to outperform on every single metric when it came to the mastery of basic operations and reading. Teach For India was above the state and city averages for both the learning techniques.

The recent data for 2021 have indicated 47 Fellows, 1800 Students, and 230 Alumni members in Ahmedabad.

Bengaluru
In the year 2015, Teach For India had its first cohort with 57 Fellows and 2,182 Students in Bengaluru.

In 2016, The community centers emerged. To solve contextual challenges, Fellows across the city set up community centers to facilitate additional learning time and Student-run community interventions.

The recent data for 2021 have indicated 120 Fellows, 3500 Students, and 270 Alumni members in Bengaluru.

Chennai
In 2012 Teach For India had its first cohort with 32 Fellows and 660 Students in Chennai.

In 2017, Teach For India focused on Student leadership opportunities in Chennai. Students visited NASA, participated in Young Entrepreneurs Academy and TEDx.

In 2018, Teach For India partnered up with the government of Tamil Nadu. The Alumni worked as consultants for the Tamil Nadu Education Department to develop the state Education Information Management System and Digital Content Platforms for all teachers and students in the state.

The recent numbers for 2021 show that there are 110 Fellows, 3600 Students, and 370 Alumni members in Chennai.

Delhi
In 2011, Teach For India had its first cohort in Delhi with 65 Fellows and 2000 students.

In the year 2016, 1000+ student leaders started driving change in the city. A Student leader Jyoti started project Gurukul inviting Students to conduct workshops in art and spoken word poetry for other students, hoping to build respect for arts and artists in the community.

By the year 2017, 30+ Delhi organizations were founded by Teach For India Alumni in the sectors of early childhood education and parent empowerment.

The recent numbers for 2021 have indicated 260 Fellows, 9000 Students, and 880 Alumni members in Delhi. Delhi is Teach For India's biggest regional operation.

Hyderabad
In 2012, Teach For India had its first cohort in the city of Hyderabad with 46 Fellows and 1800 Students.

In the years between 2014 and 2015, the Fellow Durbar was inaugurated. The Fellow Durbar initiative is an organic space for people to come together and share their experiences and is now an integral part of Teach For India's ecosystem across 7 cities.

The recent numbers for 2021 have indicated 87 Fellows, 3250 Students, and 430 Alumni members in Hyderabad.

Teach For India Model
Teach For India has a short term theory of change and a long term theory of change. In the short term, Teach For India follows a two-year Fellowship model. Their Fellows’ through the course of two years of teaching and working with key education stakeholders, are exposed to the realities of India's education system. The Fellows, in these years, cultivate the knowledge, skills, and mindsets required to achieve positions of leadership in and beyond education. In the long term theory of change, Fellows who graduate from the Fellowship join the Alumni movement.

The model for the Fellowship starts with a selective recruitment and selection process, followed by an ongoing teacher training and leadership development, after which Teach For India measures the impact of Students and the leadership growth of Fellows.

Each Fellow is assigned a classroom in one of Teach For India's placement cities to teach academics, values, mindsets and to give Students the access and exposure they require to reach their personal, long-term visions. Post-Fellowship, they join the Alumni movement that's working across various pathways for a more equitable India.

The long-term vision for Teach For India’s Fellows

 The Commitment to Personal Transformation: Exploring who you are, your purpose, and striving to be a better person.
 The Commitment to Collective Action: Building relationships and organizing partners to multiply and deepen our impact.
 The Commitment to Educational Equity: Deepening our understanding of educational equity and committing to attaining it.

Fellows work on these commitments in and beyond the full-time lab of their classroom, where they relentlessly focus on moving their Students towards “path-changing” learning, the highest level of our Student Vision Scale. By growing in the 3 commitments, and embedded with real-life leadership experiences in the classroom and communities, Fellows are ready to be lifelong learners and leaders for greater impact on children.

In the next stage, Fellows either start their organizations or hold key positions of leadership, both within and beyond the education sector.

The Impact
Teach For India in a decade has seen more than 120,000 young people applying to the Fellowship Program. Currently, the non-profit organization has 900+ Fellows impacting over 3,2000 students in 260 under-resourced schools in India. They have 5,200 Student Alumni. Since Teach For India's inception, they have infused the system with more than 3,400+ Alumni who are running their own schools, organizations, training teachers, designing policy, and continuing to serve within classrooms, non-profits, and corporate institutions.

The Teach For India Alumni is serving more than 33 million children; 1 in 10 Indian children is now reached by a Teach For India Alumni. More than 77% of their Alumni continue to serve in the social sector. A recent study shows that Teach For India's community has founded more than 150+ organizations.

Teach For India has built a national focus on repairing India's educational crisis through their Innovation Cell programs that equip teachers, students, and entrepreneurs to spark long-term change in education. Through social and print media- Teach For India has garnered the support of thousands of people from a wide range of sectors, all of whom are invested in the vision of an excellent education for all children.

Academic Impact
Teach For India has graduated 3 cohorts of 5,200 students from 10th grade in Mumbai, Pune, and Delhi till 2019 with a graduation rate that is consistently better than the Government schools’ average. Their 4th cohort graduated in 2020 with a passing rate of 94-98% across these three cities Mumbai, Pune, and Delhi.

Math
Teach For India's students are learning to recall, apply knowledge and skills appropriate to their level. This has led to 36% grade-level mastery of Math at the end of the year versus 20% at the beginning of the year in 2018–19.

Reading Comprehension
Teach For India students showed a record of 0.6 years of growth in their reading level in 2018–19, achieving a higher level of reading.

Alumni

Notable Teach For India alumni

 Ashish Srivastava, 2009 Cohort, Shiksharth
 Aniket Thukral 2009 Cohort, Director of Programs, Global School Leaders
 Daniel Lobo, 2009 Cohort, Director, Leaders’ Quest
 Madhukar Banuri, 2009 Cohort, Leadership For Equity
 Charag Krishnan, 2009 Cohort, Partner, McKinsey and Company
 Yash Kumar, 2009 Cohort, GenYMedium
 Gaurav Singh, 2009 Cohort, 321 Education Foundation
 Rahul Gupta, 2009 Cohort, Pune Children's Zone
 Namita Goel, 2009 Cohort, Lead School
 Shalini Datta, 2010 Cohort, AfterTaste
 Mayank Lodha, 2010 Cohort, KPMG India
 Sriram Chemuturi, 2010 Cohort, Principal, Matshori English Medium School
 Divya Behl, 2010 Cohort, Programme Manager, Global Schools Forum
 Aniket Doegar, 2010 Cohort, co-founder and CEO, Haqdarshak
 Kaushik Ananthanarayana, 2010 Cohort, Analytical Lead and Industry Manager, Google India
 Nisha Subramaniam, 2010 Cohort, Kanavu
 Alpana Mallick, 2011 Cohort, Director, Training and Impact, Teach For India
 Lewitt Somarajan, 2011 Cohort, CEO, Life Lab
 Jagnoor Grewal, 2011 Cohort, Punjab Civil Services, Govt. of Punjab
 Kimberly Fernandes, 2011 Cohort, Joint Ph.D. in Human Development/Quantitative Methods (Education) and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
 Kimberly Fernandes, 2011 Cohort, Ph.D. Candidate, Education (Human Development) and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
 Hemakshi Meghani, 2011 Cohort, Indian School of Democracy
 Arja Dayal, 2012 Cohort, Former Country Director of Sierra Leone and Liberia, Innovations for Poverty Action
 Dipti Balwani, 2012 Cohort, Program Lead, Saturday Art Class; Transformational Teaching Fellowship Fellow
 Aaditya Tiwari, 2012 Cohort, Officer on Special Duty to the CM of Arunachal Pradesh
 Nathaniel Seelan, 2013 Cohort, ASL, Vidyaniketan, Chennai
 Ankita Nayak, 2013 Cohort, JP Morgan and Chase
 Jasmine Sachdev, 2013 Cohort, Shiv Nadar School, Aagaaz Theatre Trust
 Sarthak Satapathy, 2013 Cohort, Former Team Lead, DIKSHA-PMU, Central Square Foundation
 Anurag Kundu, 2013 Cohort, Senior Officer, Govt. of Delhi
 Jasmeet Walia, 2013 Cohort, Creatnet Education
 Priyanka Agrawal, 2013 Cohort, Engagement Manager, McKinsey and Company
 Ananya Shekar, 2013 Cohort, Thrive Foundation
 Varun Prasad, 2013 Cohort, For A Smarter Tomorrow Foundation
 Pooja Chopra, 2013 Cohort, Khwaab
 Abhiram Natarajan, 2014 Cohort, Lead, 1M1B
 Mahesh Medlari, 2014 Cohort, People & Culture, Openhouse
 Aditya Krishnan, 2014 Cohort, Teach For India
 Kushal Dattani, 2014 Cohort, Founder, Samait Shala
 Hari Haran, 2014 Cohort, MBA, INSEAD
 Rahul Balakrishnan, 2014 Cohort, co-founder, Arthan
 Dhruv Gupta, 2014 Cohort, Consultant - Global Education Practice, The World Bank
 Surabhi Venkatesh, 2014 Cohort, Director, People & Culture, Heads Up For Tails
 Prasanna Sundaram, 2014 Cohort, Augmented Understanding
 Piyush Gupta, 2015 Cohort, Manager, Policy Support, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
 Sharmili Phulgirkar, 2015 Cohort, Vice President, Citi, Singapore
 Shefali Mishra, 2015 Cohort, Manager, Partnerships, Harappa Education
 Ramya Krishnan, 2015 Cohort, Team Lead, Central Square Foundation
 Tanvi Metre, 2015 Cohort, Founding Team Member and Manager, iTeach Schools
 Jahnavi Reddy, 2015 Cohort, The News Minute
 Mrinalika Rathore Project Lead, Sashaktikaran Foundation, 2015 Cohort
 Aaran Patel, 2015 Cohort, Master of Public Policy, Social and Urban Policy, Harvard Kennedy School
 Leena Bhattacharya, 2015 Cohort, Ph.D. in economics, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai
 Ankita Nawalakha, 2015 Cohort, The New Education Project
 Abhijit Thakur, 2016 Cohort, MBA, Indian School of Business
 Leeja Pillai, 2016 Cohort, Campaign Strategy, Indian Political Action Committee (I-PAC)
 Satyam Gupta, 2016 Cohort, untangle
 Sruti Sriram, 2016 Cohort, Teacher, Avasara Academy
 Vishal Sharma, 2016 Cohort, Founder, SMILES in Life Foundation
 Atul Sahu, 2016 Cohort, General Manager, Aditya Birla Chemicals
 Ashutosh Gharde, 2016 Cohort, Founding Member and Director, OpenLinks Foundation
 Ketaki Patil, 2016 Cohort, Ummeed
 Sana Sohoni, 2017 Cohort, Avasara Academy
 Benoy Stephen, 2016 Cohort, Y-Ultimate
 Alamelu Kathiresan, 2016 Cohort, Math Love
 Vatsala Misra Sharma, 2017 Cohort, Masters of Education in Human Development and Psychology, Harvard Graduate School of Education
 Manu Gupta, 2017 Cohort, MBA, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford
 Shekar Hariharan, 2017 Cohort, Founder, Shifting Orbits Foundation
 Shreya Krishnan, 2017 Cohort, co-founder, The Better Design Foundation
 Sivaram Renganathan, 2017 Cohort, City Director, Reap Benefit
 Sneha Shetty, 2017 Cohort, Avasara Academy
 Sowmya Lakshminarayanan, 2017 Cohort, Founder, Lead by Design
 Shitanshu Maurya, 2017 Cohort, Business Analyst, Egon Zehnder

References

Non-profit organisations based in India
Educational organisations based in India
Organisations based in Mumbai
Organizations established in 2007
2007 establishments in Maharashtra


Latta House is a historic house in Dyersburg, Tennessee. The house was built in 1852 by Samuel Rankin Latta. Latta was a Pennsylvania native who had moved to Tennessee and worked as a lawyer and teacher. He served as an officer in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. His Civil War letters to his wife, Mary, are in the Tennessee State Library and Archives. The letters include a first-hand account of the Battle of Shiloh.

The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Houses completed in 1852
Houses in Dyer County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Dyer County, Tennessee
1852 establishments in Tennessee


Fiber pull-out is one of the failure mechanisms in fiber-reinforced composite materials. Other forms of failure include delamination, intralaminar matrix cracking, longitudinal matrix splitting, fiber/matrix debonding, and fiber fracture. The cause of fiber pull-out and delamination is weak bonding.

Work for debonding,

where
 is fiber diameter
 is failure strength of the fiber
 is the length of the debonded zone
 is fiber modulus

In ceramic matrix composite material this mechanism is not a failure mechanism, but essential for its fracture toughness, which is several factors above that of conventional ceramics.

The figure is an example of how a fracture surface of this material looks like. The strong fibers form bridges over the cracks before they fail at elongations around 0.7%, and thus prevent brittle rupture of the material at 0.05%, especially under thermal shock conditions. This allows using this type of ceramics for heat shields applied for the re-entry of space vehicles, for disk brakes and slide bearing components.

References

Composite materials


RapidRide is a network of limited-stop bus routes with some bus rapid transit features in King County, Washington, operated by King County Metro. The network consists of seven routes totaling  that carried riders on approximately 64,860 trips on an average weekday in 2016, comprising about 17 percent of King County Metro's total daily ridership.

RapidRide lines are faster than typical local bus routes because they service fewer stops (on average, 40% fewer than the routes they replaced), make extensive use of bus priority to preempt traffic lights, and on some lines, use special lanes to bypass traffic. RapidRide lines run no less often than every 10 minutes during peak commuting hours and every 15 minutes on weekends and during most off-peak hours. Most lines (except the B, F and H lines) also have night owl (late night and early morning) service.

History
The creation of the RapidRide network was one of the main elements of King County's "Transit Now" initiative that was proposed in April 2006 and approved by voters in November 2006. Funding for the construction and operation of the lines came from a 0.1% sales tax increase included in Transit Now, contributions from local cities and over $80 million in grants from state and federal agencies.  One of the most notable local contributions was from Seattle, which funded traffic signal and roadway improvements with the city's "Bridging the Gap" property tax levy, passed at the same time as Transit Now in November 2006.

Transit Now called for a network of routes that included these bus rapid transit features:
 High-frequency operation (defined as 10 minutes or less)
 Faster, more reliable trip times through exclusive, HOV or Business Access and Transit (BAT) travel lanes, and/or priority at intersections through transit signal priority and queue jumps
 Improved shelter waiting areas with real-time information at major stops
 Low emission hybrid diesel-electric buses
 Branded buses and facilities with a unique look and feel

These improvements were to be made on five key travel corridors identified in the initiative:
 Shoreline/Downtown Seattle via Aurora Avenue North
 West Seattle/Downtown Seattle via West Seattle Bridge
 Ballard/Seattle Center/south downtown stadium area via 15th Ave Northwest & West Mercer St with service or frequent connections to Ballard High School and the Ballard business district
 Federal Way-Tukwila via Pacific Highway South
 Bellevue-Redmond via Crossroads and Overlake

Planning and construction began shortly after approval of the measure. Along each of the corridors, fiber-optic cable was utilized to enable a Transit Signal Priority system (to synchronize traffic signals with buses), an automated vehicle location system and the features on "tech pylons" to be installed at certain locations.

Every stop along the line received some level of improvement, with the degree of investment determined by the ridership. All stops were enhanced with new concrete, RapidRide signage, and a new bus stop flag featuring route information, a solar-powered area light, and a stop request strobe light, to signal to drivers that a passenger is waiting. Additionally, moderately busy stops received new shelters, benches and trash cans. The busiest stops were improved into "stations" with large shelters and a "tech pylon" with an electronic real-time arrival sign, audible arrival information, a backlit route map, and an ORCA reader for off-board fare payment.

Shortly after the approval of Transit Now, Metro's revenues sales tax revenues saw a steep and prolonged decline. To combat the loss of income Metro underwent a series of efficiency measures, including restructuring routes to reduce operating costs. The RapidRide system was largely shielded from these cuts because federal and state grant funding helped pay for new buses and infrastructure. Also, in many cases, Metro actively restructured its network to shift riders to the new faster, high-capacity RapidRide routes.

The A Line between Federal Way and Tukwila International Boulevard station was the first to begin service on October 2, 2010, leveraging the pre-existing high-occupancy vehicle lanes on Pacific Highway South and International Boulevard (both part of State Route 99). The line replaced Route 174, that mainly operated along the same corridor and complements the nearby Central Link light rail line that opened just months before the A Line. The A Line has terminals at the Tukwila International Boulevard Link station and the Federal Way Transit Center (which is expected to receive Link Light Rail service in the future).

One year later on October 2, 2011, the B Line opened on the Eastside, connecting Redmond, Overlake, and Bellevue. The opening of the RapidRide corridor enabled a major restructure of most of the bus routes serving the Eastside. In addition to the B Line, three new routes were created, 11 routes received new a routing, and 13 routes were deleted.

Next up were the RapidRide corridors in Seattle, but the nationwide economic downturn forced Metro to create a lower cost routing than was proposed in the Transit Now measure. The connection between Ballard and the south downtown stadium area was scrapped in favor of interlining the West Seattle and Ballard lines. Upon reaching downtown, northbound C Line buses would change signs to continue north as the D Line and southbound D Line buses would change signs to continue south as the C Line. For riders, that meant that instead of running to the south downtown stadium area, the Ballard line would only reach the midtown area of Downtown Seattle. The move allowed King County Metro to purchase fewer buses and save on operations expenses. This interline was finally broken in March 2016 after the passage of Proposition 1 in the City of Seattle, dedicating additional tax revenue to support the Metro system.

After several months of outreach by the Seattle Department of Transportation, it was decided that the C Line would serve the Alaska Junction (a major transfer point for buses), the Fauntleroy ferry terminal and Westwood Village. For the D Line, the decision was made to serve Ballard High School and the Crown Hill neighborhood and offer frequent connecting service to the Ballard business district via Route 44 on NW Market Street and the new Route 40 on Leary Ave NW. In the years since the change, both Route 40 and 44 have become so popular that they are now scheduled to be converted into RapidRide corridors.

RapidRide service from Downtown Seattle to Ballard and West Seattle began on September 29, 2012. The opening of the new lines (along with budget cuts forced by the economic downturn) prompted a substantial restructuring of Metro's system in Seattle. Five new routes were created, dozens were revised, and 15 were deleted (including several routes that dated back to the streetcar-era).

The third line to open in Seattle, was the E Line along Aurora Avenue North. It replaced one of the busiest and most infamous routes in Metro's system, the 358 Express.  While the implementation of the E Line did not trigger another major restructuring of routes, it did require a major improvement project along Aurora Avenue. As part of the project, the cities of Seattle and Shoreline implemented BAT (Business Access and Transit) lanes along most of the corridor, reserving the outside lanes for buses and right-turning vehicles. The cities also made major improvements to pedestrian facilities along the corridor. The E Line opened on February 15, 2014 after several months of delays.

In late 2009, the construction of a sixth line was added to the system that would run between Burien and Renton in South King County. The King County Executive had initially dropped the line from the Transit Now initiative, but higher than expected tax revenue and lower than expected costs from the five initial lines, allowed the line to be funded. The F Line connects several major South King County transportation hubs including the Burien Transit Center, the Tukwila International Boulevard Link station (also served by the A Line), the transit center at Southcenter Mall, the Tukwila Sounder station, and the Renton Transit Center. The F Line was initially slated to replace Route 140, but an extension to the Boeing Renton Factory and the Renton Landing also allowed Metro to eliminate Route 110. The F Line began operation on June 7, 2014, after several months of delays.

In June 2015, midday frequencies were improved on the RapidRide C, D, and E Lines, bringing up Monday-Saturday daytime frequency from every 15 minutes to every 10–12 minutes to accommodate increased ridership. Following those changes, in March 2016, the RapidRide C and D Line were disconnected from one another. The D Line was extended to its original planned terminus in Pioneer Square, connecting riders better to South Downtown employment sites and visitors attractions. The C Line was extended into the vastly growing Denny Triangle and South Lake Union areas using new transit priority lanes on Westlake Avenue. The H Line began operation on March 18, 2023, replacing Route 120.

Lines

Current

RapidRide operates on seven corridors totaling  in length.

 A Line (began October 2010): Tukwila – Sea–Tac Airport – SeaTac – Des Moines – Kent – Federal Way
 B Line (began October 2011): Redmond – Overlake – Crossroads – Bellevue
 C Line (began September 2012): West Seattle – Downtown Seattle – South Lake Union
 D Line (began September 2012): Crown Hill – Ballard  – Interbay – Uptown – Downtown Seattle
 E Line (began February 2014): Shoreline – Bitter Lake – West Green Lake – Downtown Seattle
 F Line (began June 2014): Burien – SeaTac – Tukwila – Renton.
 H Line (began March 2023): Downtown Seattle – Delridge – White Center – Burien

Future
There are plans to add 13 new RapidRide corridors by 2025. The city of Seattle plans to pay for seven of the routes located primarily within its borders, while King County will locate the funding for the six routes in suburban areas outside of Seattle. The improvements are expected to be funded by federal and state grants. Additionally, the improvements in the city of Seattle will be partially funded by the "Move Seattle" property tax levy passed in November 2015. The network will create a grid of frequent bus lines connecting the major population centers in King County. In many cases, the opening of the routes is timed to coincide with the expansion of Sound Transit's Link light rail system.

On September 23, 2020, King County Metro announced delays to the I, J, K, and R lines. Work on the I and J lines will proceed while the R and K lines have been put on hold.

The table below details the routing, project status, and expected opening of each RapidRide line expected to open before 2025.

King County also plans to add a further seven RapidRide routes between 2025 and 2040.

Stations and stops

Stops are farther apart than typical Metro service in order to increase speed and reliability, and create "stations" that are akin to what is found on light rail lines. The stations look different from normal bus stops and have "tech pylons" that feature ORCA card readers for off-board fare payment, real time information signs and automated voice announcements to communicate estimated arrival times of RapidRide buses. To increase security, stations are lit and are patrolled by transit police. Because of the frequent headways, riders do not have to wait as long at stations as they do at normal bus stops.

Equipment
RapidRide uses low-floor, diesel-electric hybrid articulated buses that are equipped three doors and painted with an identifiable look (a red and yellow livery) distinct from the buses used on other Metro routes.

RapidRide uses a proof-of-payment system: passengers who have a valid transfer or who tap their ORCA Card at an off-board validator (located at most "station" stops) can board any of the three doors on the bus; those who do not must board through the front door, pay their fare, and get a transfer, which serves as proof-of-payment. Fares are enforced through random spot checks by contracted fare inspectors who are assisted by Metro's transit police. Coaches feature racks for 3 bikes, Wi-Fi, and security cameras. RapidRide buses have fewer seats than similar articulated buses in Metro's fleet, allowing for more room for standing riders, which increases the total number of passengers the bus can carry.

Coaches were the first to feature on-board automated announcements and signage that inform riders of the next available stop as the vehicle approaches. Metro has since deployed the same technology to all buses in the fleet.

In 2010, New Flyer discontinued the "Advanced BRT" styling (DE60LFA) that was purchased for the coaches running the A Line. Later coaches were ordered with New Flyer's "Restyled" package (DE60LFR) and include one passive restraint for wheelchair users.

In 2023, buses on the A and E lines were equipped with monitoring pumps to detect fumes from narcotics, including fentanyl, to study its effects onboard buses.

Fleet roster

References

External links

Official RapidRide website

Prototype bus photo sets
From Oran Viriyincy
From user Citywalker
From usermajinandoru

Bus transportation in Washington (state)
Transportation in King County, Washington
Transportation in Seattle
2010 establishments in Washington (state)
2010 in transport
King County Metro


The Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art, often abbreviated to MAC, is a contemporary art museum in Santurce, Puerto Rico.

History
The museum was founded by artists and sponsors of the civil society and was officially instituted on October 8, 1984 as a non-profit organization. After its incorporation, the Museum offered its services in public spaces like Plaza Las Américas and amongst offices of known contributors.

In 1988, the University of the Sacred Heart granted the museum a provisional home free of charge at the Magdalena Sofía Barat building. After 15 years, the museum officially petitioned the government to grant them the Labra Historical Building in Santurce. On October 20, 2002, the museum and Governor Sila Calderón signed a contract granting the museum the rights for the building.

Building

The museum building is called Rafael M. Labra Building. It was built in 1916 as part of a project from the Paul G. Miller Commission for the construction of public schools in urban zones. The building was designed by architect Adrian C. Finlayson.

The building belonged to the Department of Public Education of Puerto Rico since its construction and in 1987 was registered as the Rafael M. Labra High School on the National Register of Historic Places of the United States government.

The architecture is of Georgian style that prevailed during the 18th century in England. Its restoration was in charge of Puerto Rican architect Otto Reyes Casanova and started from 1995 until 2002.

It is located about ten minutes walking distance from La Placita de Santurce.

Collection
Today, the museum's collection consists of art from the mid-20th century to today from artists in Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, and Latin America, such as Myrna Báez, Daniel Lind-Ramos, and Noemí Ruiz.

See also

 Museo de Arte de Ponce

References

External links
 MAC Official Website
 Escuela Superior Rafael M. Labra at Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico
 Escuela Rafael M. Labra at Boriken365.com

Art museums and galleries in Puerto Rico
Museums in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Contemporary art galleries in North America
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Puerto Rico
National Register of Historic Places in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Art museums established in 1984
1984 establishments in Puerto Rico
Neoclassical architecture in Puerto Rico
School buildings completed in 1916
1916 establishments in Puerto Rico
Georgian Revival architecture


Henryk Lederman, (nom-de-guerre "Heniek") (born ?; died 5 September 1944 in Warsaw) was a cadet officer of the Polish Army who participated in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising. His branch in the Polish Army was the Radosław Group in the Broda 53 regiment.

After the end of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Lederman was placed in the Gęsiówka concentration camp. On the fifth day of the Warsaw Uprising Gęsiówka was liberated by a unit led by Wacław Micuta. Henryk Lederman gathered a group of the freed prisoners and presented them to Micuta as a Jewish Battalion ready to fight. He served as a mechanic in the armored platoon headed by Micuta. Shortly thereafter he fought in Old Town, in Wola, where, together with David Goldman he served as a guide through the sewers which he was familiar with since the Ghetto uprising.

He was wounded in later fighting and transported to the insurgent hospital on Drewniana street, in the Riverside district. On September 5 the hospital was taken by German troops and all its patients, including Lederman, were murdered.

He was posthumously awarded the Cross of Valor.

References

Home Army members
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising insurgents
Warsaw Uprising insurgents
1944 deaths
Year of birth missing
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)


The Roger Williams Park Botanical Center is located in Roger Williams Park in Providence, Rhode Island. It opened in March 2007. It includes two connected greenhouses filled with plants, fountains, a fish pond and a small waterfall. It is the largest indoor garden open to the public in New England, encompassing approximately 12,000 square feet of indoor gardens.

The Botanical Center includes two greenhouses: The Conservatory and the Mediterranean Room. There are over 150 different species and cultivars of plants including 17 different types of palms. All the plants, with the exception of the large palm trees, were installed by park personnel. Many of the plants were saved from the old greenhouse displays and replanted, specifically most of the Cacti, Agave and Aloe.

See also
 List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Rhode Island

References

External links
Roger Williams Park Botanical Center
Greenhouse Setup Ideas & Layout

Buildings and structures in Providence, Rhode Island
Tourist attractions in Providence, Rhode Island
Greenhouses in the United States
Botanical gardens in Rhode Island
Agricultural buildings and structures in Rhode Island
2007 establishments in Rhode Island


A Colour Symphony, Op. 24, F. 106, was written by Arthur Bliss in 1921–22.  It was his first major work for orchestra, and is today one of his best-known compositions.

Orchestration
The symphony is scored for 3 flutes (one doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, double bassoon, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, 2 tympanists, cymbals, 2 harps and strings.

History

A Colour Symphony was written to be performed at the Three Choirs Festival, held in 1922 in Gloucester, at the invitation of Sir Edward Elgar, who also invited Herbert Howells and Eugene Goossens to write a piece each. Howells wrote Sine Nomine for wordless chorus, which was not given its second performance until his centenary year 70 years later, in 1992. Goossens wrote a piece called Silence for chorus and orchestra. Elgar's own contribution was his orchestration of Johann Sebastian Bach's Fantasia and Fugue in C minor.

Bliss decided to write a symphony, but was at first undecided what the theme or character of the work would be. He could not get started for some weeks. One day, by chance, he came across a book on heraldry in which he read of the symbolic meanings attached to certain colours; this gave him the notion of writing a work about colours. He attempted to give each movement a character corresponding to these meanings, but without attempting to depict the colours themselves.  Bliss dedicated the symphony to the conductor Adrian Boult.

The first performance, with the London Symphony Orchestra, in Gloucester Cathedral on 7 September 1922, was conducted by the composer.  It was not well received at first, due to poor preparation.  The work uses a large orchestra, but the platform was so taken up with the chorus required for other works also being performed, that several instruments had to be omitted. Elgar attended, but found it "disconcertingly modern".  It nevertheless entered the repertoire and has been recorded various times, although it is now an infrequent visitor to concert platforms.

Analysis

The four movements are:

A theme from towards the end of the Red movement was used as the signature tune of the televised "Royal Institution Christmas Lectures".

Revision

In 1932, Bliss revised the codas of the first two movements.  He conducted the revised work himself in a recording with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1955.

The last movement, "Green", was separately published as Pyonepsion.

Other uses
In 1977, a ballet called Royal Offering was created, with music based on A Colour Symphony.

A short extract from the 'Red' movement was used as the opening music to BBC TV coverage of The Proms until 2011.

The British artist Kevin Laycock created a visual piece called Four Movements in Colour, in which he attempted to portray, in colour, the sounds created by Arthur Bliss.  In 2004, Laycock created a series of paintings called Tectonics as a direct response to Bliss's A Colour Symphony using parallel compositional structures.

Select discography
 Arthur Bliss conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, Decca "Ace of Clubs" ACL 239, 1964, Mono.
 Charles Groves conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, EMI ASD 3416, 1977, Stereo.
 Vernon Handley conducting the Ulster Orchestra, Chandos Records CHAN 8503, 1987, Digital Stereo.
 Barry Wordsworth conducting the BBC Welsh Symphony Orchestra, Nimbus Records NI 5294, 1991, Digital Stereo.
 David Lloyd-Jones conducting the English Northern Philharmonia, Naxos 8.553460, 1996, Digital Stereo.

References

Sources
 Arthur Bliss, liner notes to the recording by Anthony Collins and the London Symphony Orchestra

Further reading
Hull, Robert H. (July 1, 1931). "Bliss's 'Colour' Symphony Reconsidered." The Monthly Musical Record, vol. 61, no. 727, p. 200.

Bliss
Compositions by Arthur Bliss
1922 compositions
Color


Božo Biškupić (born 26 April 1938 in Mala Mlaka, near Zagreb) is a Croatian politician and lawyer. He served as Minister of Culture of Croatia in the governments of three Croatian Prime Ministers: Zlatko Mateša (1995–2000), Ivo Sanader (2003–2009) and Jadranka Kosor (2009–2010). Therefore his two non-consecutive ministerial terms (1995–2000 and 2003–2010) amount to a total of 11 years and 87 days, the longest tenure of any minister in a Croatian Government since independence in 1991.

Overview
Biškupić graduated from the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Law, and later earned a master's degree in museology at postgraduate studies of librarian, documentation and information sciences at University of Zagreb's Faculty of Philosophy. From 1974 to 1980 he worked at a law firm based in Zagreb, and he is also notable for editing publications on visual arts published by the National and University Library.

In 1990 Biškupić joined the Croatian Democratic Union party (HDZ) and in 1992 was appointed assistant to the Minister of Culture. From 1993 to 1995 he served as Deputy Mayor of Zagreb. From November 1995 to January 2000 he served his first term as Minister of Culture, under Prime Minister Zlatko Mateša. After his term ended he ran in the parliamentary elections and was elected to the Croatian parliament three times at the 2000, 2003 and 2007 elections. He was appointed Minister of Culture again in December 2003, under Prime Minister Ivo Sanader, and was confirmed to serve a second term in January 2008 after HDZ won the 2007 elections again.

Personal life
Biškupić is married and has a daughter. He speaks English and German and his hobbies include chess and music.

References

External links
Biography at the Croatian Government's official website

1938 births
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
Living people
Politicians from Zagreb
Vladimir Nazor Award winners
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
Culture ministers of Croatia


Eugene Ethelbert Miller, best known as E. Ethelbert Miller (born November 20, 1950), is an African-American poet, teacher and literary activist, based in Washington, DC. He is the author of several collections of poetry and two memoirs, the editor of Poet Lore magazine, and the host of the weekly WPFW morning radio show On the Margin.

Life and career
Miller was born in the Bronx, New York.
He received his B.A. from Howard University. He is the author of 13 books of poetry, two memoirs and is the editor of three poetry anthologies. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including Beltway Poetry Quarterly, Poet Lore, and Sojourners.

Miller was the founder and director of the Ascension Poetry Reading Series, one of the oldest literary series in the Washington area. He was director of Howard University's African-American Resource Center from 1974 for more than 40 years. Miller has taught at various schools, including American University, Emory & Henry College, George Mason University, Harpeth Hall School and the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He was also a core faculty member of the writing seminars at Bennington College. He worked with Operation Homecoming for the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).

He currently serves as board chairperson of the Institute for Policy Studies. He is also on the boards of Split This Rock and the Writer's Center, and since 2002 has been co-editor of Poet Lore magazine, the oldest poetry journal in the US.  He is former chair of the Humanities Council of Washington, D.C., and has served on the boards of the AWP, the Edmund Burke School, PEN American Center, PEN/Faulkner Foundation, and the Washington Area Lawyer for the Arts (WALA). He hosts a weekly morning radio show on WPFW called On the Margin.

In 1979, Marion Barry, the Mayor of Washington, D.C., where Miller lives, proclaimed September 28, 1979, as "E. Ethelbert Miller Day." Subsequently, on May 21, 2001, an "E. Ethelbert Miller Day" was also proclaimed by the Mayor of Jackson, Tennessee.

Miller's papers are held at Emory & Henry College and The George Washington University.

Awards and honors

1979: September 28 proclaimed as "E. Ethelbert Miller Day" by the Mayor of Washington, D.C.
1982: Mayor's Art Award for Literature
1988: Received the Public Humanities Award from the D.C. Humanities Council
1993: Columbia Merit Award
1994: Made an Honorary Citizen of the city of Baltimore on July 17 by the Mayor of Baltimore
1994: PEN Oakland Josephine Miles Award (for In Search of Color Everywhere)
1995: O. B. Hardison, Jr. Poetry Prize
1996: Honorary doctorate of literature awarded on May 18 by Emory & Henry College
1997: Stephen Henderson Poetry Award from the African American Literature and Culture Society
2001: May 21 declared as "E. Ethelbert Miller Day" by the Mayor of Jackson, Tennessee
2003: Fathering Words selected by DC WE READ for the one book, one city program sponsored by the D.C. Public Libraries
2003: Honored by First Lady Laura Bush at the White House
2004: Fulbright Scholarship recipient
2015: Inducted into the Washington, DC Hall of Fame
2016: AWP George Garrett Award for Outstanding Community Service in Literature and the DC Mayor's Arts Award for Distinguished Honor
2018: Inducted into Gamma Xi Phi, a fraternity for artists

Bibliography

Poetry
"The Land of Smiles and the Land of No Smiles: A Poem." 1974.

The Fire This Time: 1992 and Beyond Los Angeles (Heaven Chapbook series), White Fields Press, 1993.

 The Collected Poems of E. Ethelbert Miller (ed. Kirsten Porter), Willow Books, 2016.
 If God Invented Baseball: Poems, Simon and Schuster, 2018.
 When Your Wife Has Tommy John Surgery and Other Baseball Stories, Simon and Schuster, 2021.

Anthologies

Jonathan Andersen, ed. (2008). Seeds of Fire: Contemporary Poetry from the Other U. S. A. Smokestack Books.

Memoirs

References

External links
"Living the Legacy"  – official website
American Academy of Poets page
Two Poems by Miller at Beltway Poetry Quarterly
Audio interview with Grace Cavalieri
"E. Ethelbert Miller", reverbiage, NPR
"Poetry by E. Ethelbert Miller" , On Being
"E. Ethelbert Miller, Featured Writer", Writing For Peace, February 2020.
"Talking With Poets: E. Ethelbert Miller, The Poet of Baseball and of Life". Interview with Indran Amirthanayagam. The Poetry Channel, July 12, 2021.
E. Ethelbert Miller Receives 2022 Howard Zinn Lifetime Achievement Award, at HowardZinn.org.

1950 births
Living people
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American poets
African-American male writers
African-American poets
American male poets
American University faculty and staff
Bennington College faculty
Emory and Henry College faculty
George Mason University faculty
Howard University alumni
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
Poets from New York (state)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas faculty
Writers from the Bronx


International Relations Theory and the Third World is a collection of essays dealing with international relations theory from the perspective of non-great power actors.  The book was edited by professor Stephanie Neuman and published in 1998 by St. Martin's Press. The book was among the first mainstream publications to deal extensively with third world theory. Robert Jervis called the essays in the book "informative and provocative".

Taken together, their essays as author mentions "demonstrate how exploring the Third World experience can broaden and enrich our understanding of how and why states interact in the international system."

See also
Postcolonialism (international relations)

References

Neuman, Stephanie G. (ed., 1998). International Relations Theory and the Third World. New York: St. Martin's Press.

External links
Amazon: International Relations Theory and the Third World

International relations theory
Postcolonial literature


Halictophagus is a genus of insects in the family Halictophagidae.

Species
H. abdominalis Kathirithamby, 1993
H. acutus Bohart, 1943
H. americanus Perkins, 1905
H. ancylophallus Kifune & Hirashima, 1989
H. angustipes Kifune & Hirashima, 1989
H. antennalus Kathirithamby, 1993
H. australensis Perkins, 1905

External links
Description - TOL

Strepsiptera


P. Rajagopal (5 August 1947 – 18 July 2019) was the founder of the Saravana Bhavan chain of restaurants based in Chennai, India. Born in rural Tamil Nadu into a farming family, and with little education, Rajagopal built a global restaurant chain. In later life, he was convicted for a 2001 murder, and began serving a life sentence in July 2019. Several days after his imprisonment, he had a heart attack and died.

Murder of Santhakumar
On the advice of an astrologer, he obsessively tried to take Jeevajothi, the daughter of one of his assistant managers, as his third wife, but she was already married and rejected him. He orchestrated multiple threats, beatings, and exorcisms against her and her family. In 2001, after one attempted murder, he successfully orchestrated the murder of her husband Santhakumar. Santhakumar was kidnapped and his body was found strangled a few days later in a resort town in the Western Ghats mountain range.

Life sentence for murder
Rajagopal was freed on bail for medical reasons while his case was appealed to the Indian Supreme Court. However, a judgement was passed which upgraded his prison term to a life sentence, upholding a lower court's conviction. He was sentenced to life for the murder.

In 2009, the brand value of the restaurant chain plunged after the founder Rajagopal was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Madras High Court after being convicted of the murder of employee Prince Santhakumar in 2001 and sexual harassment of Santhakumar's wife Jeevajothi.

Supreme Court upholding
On 29 March 2019, the Supreme Court of India upheld Rajagopal's murder conviction and life imprisonment. As per the order of the Supreme Court, he would have to surrender to the authorities by 7 July 2019 and would have to spend the rest of his days in prison. Rajagopal surrendered to the authorities on 9 July 2019. Although his counsel pleaded for an extension of bail on medical grounds, the plea was rejected by the Supreme Court, which ordered the tycoon to "surrender immediately". Rajagopal also sought exemption from surrendering and pleaded that his hospitalisation time be treated as time spent behind bars. The court rejected this.

Early life
Rajagopal was born in Punnaiyadi, a tiny village in Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu, India. His father was an onion seller; his mother was a homemaker.

Business
In 1973, he moved to Madras and started a general provisions store in K K Nagar. He opened his first restaurant in 1981. By 2019, he had expanded to 111 restaurants in 22 countries, employing about 5,000 people. He built a temple in his village called Punnai Sri Srinivasaperumal Kovil.

Death
A heart attack struck Rajagopal on 13 July 2019 after he surrendered to serve his life sentence on 9 July 2019. After transferring from Stanley Medical College Hospital to Vijaya Hospital in Chennai, he died of a heart attack on 18 July 2019.

References

1947 births
2019 deaths
People from Thoothukudi district
Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu
Restaurant founders


Ridout is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Alan Ridout (1934–1996), British composer and teacher
 Alexandra Ridout (born 1998), British jazz trumpeter
 Dudley Ridout (1866–1941), British soldier
 George Percival Ridout (1807–1873), British-Canadian merchant and politician
 Godfrey Ridout (1918–1984), Canadian composer and teacher
 Heather Ridout (born 1954), Australian businesswoman
 Herbert C. Ridout (1881–1948), British journalist and writer
 John Ridout (died 1817), Canadian duel victim
 Louis Ridout (born 1990), English bowls player
 Matilda Ridout Edgar (1844–1910), Canadian historian and feminist
 Ronald Ridout (1916–1994), British textbook author
 Thomas Ridout (disambiguation), several people

See also
 Rideout


The Stormont II is a cable ferry operating in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

Stormont II was built by Ferguson Industries Ltd. at Pictou in 1980.  It is owned by the Minister of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal.

Stormont II currently operates on a  route across Country Harbour in Guysborough County where it connects Port Bickerton in the west with Isaac's Harbour North in the east, carrying traffic for Route 211.

The ferry has a capacity of 12 automobile-equivalent vehicles, measuring  in length and  in breadth while having a draught of .  It has a gross tonnage of 84 GT and is powered by a  diesel engine which pulls the ferry on a fixed cable at a speed of .

References
Nova Scotia Department of Transportation and Infrastructure Renewal - ferries
Transport Canada - Vessel Registration Query System - Stormont II

Ferries of Nova Scotia
Cable ferries in Canada


The following is a list of deaths in April 2009.

Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:
 Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.

April 2009

1
Arne Andersson, 91, Swedish middle distance runner and former world record holder (1500m).
Umberto Betti, 87, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, Cardinal of Santi Vito, Modesto e Crescenzio since 2007.
John Blankenchip, 89, American educator, theater director and designer, after short illness.
Paul Dean, Baron Dean of Harptree, 84, British politician, Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons (1982–1992).
Margreta Elkins, 78, Australian mezzo-soprano, cancer.
Duane Jarvis, 51, American guitarist and singer-songwriter, colon cancer.
Marsel Markulin, 72, Croatian Olympic gymnast.
Marcos Moshinsky, 88, Ukrainian-born Mexican physicist.
Daniel Joseph O'Hern, 78, American jurist, member of the New Jersey Supreme Court (1981–2000), melanoma.
Elaine Cancilla Orbach, 69, American actress, wife of Jerry Orbach, pneumonia.
Lou Perryman, 67, American actor (Poltergeist, The Blues Brothers, Boys Don't Cry), stabbed.
Miguel Ángel Suárez, 69, Puerto Rican actor, esophageal cancer.
Ian Tomlinson, 47, British pedestrian allegedly assaulted by police at 2009 G-20 London summit protests, abdominal haemorrhage.

2
Ghulam Mohammed Baloch, 50, Pakistani politician.
Exotic Dancer, 9, French-bred British racehorse, heart attack after race.
Ev Faunce, 82, American football player and coach.
Guttorm Hansen, 88, Norwegian politician, President of Parliament (1973–1981).
Taj Muhammad Jamali, 70, Pakistani politician, Chief Minister of Balochistan (1990–1993).
Albert Sanschagrin, 97, Canadian Bishop of Saint-Hyacinthe (1967–1979).
Bud Shank, 82, American alto saxophonist, pulmonary failure.
Frank Springer, 79, American comic book artist, prostate cancer.
Andrew Steiner, 100, Czechoslovak-American architect and Jewish resistance member during the Holocaust.

3
Ken Anderson, 33, American football player (Chicago Bears), heart attack.
James G. Boswell II, 86, American businessman, natural causes.
Thomas Braden, 92, American journalist and author (Eight Is Enough), cardiac arrest.
Eva Evdokimova, 60, Swiss-born American ballerina, complications of cancer.
Charlie Kennedy, 81, American alto saxophonist, pulmonary disease.
John King, 55, American ukulele player, heart attack.
Victor Millan, 89, American actor and theatre professor.
Alexei Parshchikov, 54, Russian poet.
Crodowaldo Pavan, 89, Brazilian biologist and geneticist, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and cancer.
Tom Smith, 88, British make-up artist.
Jerome R. Waldie, 84, American politician, Representative from California (1966–1975).

4
Trevor Bull, 64, British Olympic cyclist.
Jobie Dajka, 27, Australian track cyclist, 2002 Keirin world champion.
Adriano Directo Emperado, 82, American martial artist (kajukenbo).
Maxine Cooper Gomberg, 84, American actress (Kiss Me Deadly), natural causes
Netherwood Hughes, 108, British fourth-to-last veteran of World War I.
Jody McCrea, 74, American actor, son of Joel McCrea and Frances Dee, cardiac arrest.
Gonzalo Olave, 25, Chilean actor, motorcycle accident.
I. Herbert Scheinberg, 89, American doctor, pneumonia.
Nelly Sindayen, 59, Filipino journalist, Manila correspondent for Time magazine, complications from diabetic stroke.
Cecil Skotnes, 82, South African artist, pneumonia.
Armand Tanny, 90, American bodybuilder, natural causes.
Marvin Webster, 56, American basketball player (Seattle SuperSonics), natural causes.

5
Wouter Barendrecht, 43, Dutch film producer, heart failure.
Guy Brown, 72, Canadian politician, mayor of Springhill, Nova Scotia (2004–2008), after long illness.
Thomas R. Byrne, 86, American politician, Mayor of Saint Paul, Minnesota (1966–1970), cancer.
Tony D, 42, American hip hop DJ and musician, car accident.
Sir Michael Giddings, 88, British air marshal.
I. J. Good, 92, British mathematician, statistician and cryptographer, natural causes.
Sir Neil MacCormick, 67, British jurist and Scottish nationalist politician, cancer.
Alfredo Marcano, 62, Venezuelan former WBA world super featherweight (junior lightweight) champion boxer.
Rocco Morabito, 88, American Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer.
Nancy Overton, 83, American pop singer (The Chordettes), esophageal cancer.
Constantine Papadakis, 63, Greek-born American president of Drexel University, complications from lung cancer.
William Tobin, 83, American journalist, esophageal cancer.
George Tribe, 88, Australian cricketer.
Ole Gabriel Ueland, 78, Norwegian politician.
David Wheatley, 59, British film and television director, after long illness.

6
A-Sun, 34, Taiwanese singer, breast cancer.
Steve Cannon, 81, American radio personality (WCCO), cancer.
J. M. S. Careless, 90, Canadian historian.
Luigi Casola, 87, Italian cyclist.
Dwight Crandell, 86, American volcanologist, heart attack.
Dorothy Cullman, 91, American philanthropist, complications of brain injury.
Russell E. Dunham, 89, American war veteran, Medal of Honor recipient, heart failure.
Jacques Hustin, 69, Belgian singer-songwriter.
Shawn Mackay, 26, Australian rugby union player (Brumbies), cardiac arrest following car accident.
Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri, 71, South African Minister of Communications (since 1999) and acting President (2008), natural causes.
Andrzej Stelmachowski, 84, Polish academic and politician.
Mari Trini, 61, Spanish pop singer and actress.
Svetlana Ulmasova, 56, Uzbekistani athlete.
Damouré Zika, 85, Nigerien film actor and traditional healer, after long illness.

7
Dave Arneson, 61, American game designer, co-creator of Dungeons & Dragons, cancer.
Samuel Beer, 97, American academic, expert on British government.
Raja Chelliah, 86, Indian economist, founder of Madras School of Economics, after short illness.
Stanley Jaki, 84, Hungarian-born American theologian, heart attack.
Philip Moore, Baron Moore of Wolvercote, 88, British private secretary to Queen Elizabeth II (1977–1986).
Paddy O'Hanlon, 65, Irish politician and barrister, after short illness.
Leo Prieto, 88, Filipino sports executive, PBA Commissioner (1975–1982), stroke.
Gordon Slynn, Baron Slynn of Hadley, 79, British jurist, cancer.
Michael Stern, 98, American journalist and philanthropist, co-founder of Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum, pancreatic cancer.
Hyacinth Tungutalum, 62, Australian politician, heart attack.
Jack Wrangler, 62, American pornographic film actor, writer, and producer, emphysema.

8
Lennie Bennett, 70, British comedian and game show host (Lucky Ladders), after short illness.
Jane Bryan, 90, American actress, after long illness.
Willard Fuller, 93, American faith healer.
Henri Meschonnic, 76, French poet, linguist, translator and theoretician.
Dan Miller, 67, American television journalist (WSMV, KCBS), heart attack.
Piotr Morawski, 32, Polish mountain climber, mountaineering accident.
Marat Nyýazow, 75, Turkmen-born Soviet sport shooter, Olympic silver medalist (1960).
Jean Overton Fuller, 94, British writer and painter.
Tam Paton, 70, Scottish music manager and spokesperson for the Bay City Rollers, suspected heart attack.
Tori Stafford, 8, Canadian murder victim, blunt trauma.
David Winans, 74, American gospel singer, heart attack.

9
Nick Adenhart, 22, American baseball pitcher (Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim), car accident.
Edgar Buchwalder, 92, Swiss Olympic cyclist and silver medalist.
Randy Cain, 63, American singer (The Delfonics).
Mike Casey, 60, American college basketball player (Kentucky Wildcats) (1967–1971), heart disease.
Colin Jordan, 85, British politician and Neo-Nazi activist.
Ernest Manirumva, Burundian anti-corruption activist (OLUCOME), stabbed.
Shakti Samanta, 83, Indian film director and producer, cardiac arrest.
Dale Swann, 61, American character actor, complications of stroke.

10
Richard Arnell, 91, English composer.
John Spoor Broome, 91, American rancher and philanthropist.
Richard Cartwright, 95, British Anglican prelate, Bishop of Plymouth (1972–1982).
Blake Chanslor, 88, American businessman, founder of Blake's Lotaburger.
Deborah Digges, 59, American poet, apparent suicide by jumping.
Frank Morris, 85, Canadian football player and executive, after long illness.
Naum Olev, 70, Russian lyricist.
Yevgeny Vesnik, 86, Russian actor, stroke.

11
Aida Abdullayeva, 86, Azerbaijani harpist.
James William Brodie, 88, New Zealand geologist, oceanographer and geophysicist.
Mickey Cafagna, 65, American politician, mayor of Poway, California, complications from kidney cancer.
Simon Channing-Williams, 63, British film producer, cancer.
Albert Chernenko, 74, Russian philosopher, son of Konstantin Chernenko.
Rob Dickson, 45, Australian football player, winner of Australian Survivor, car accident.
Gerda Gilboe, 94, Danish actress.
Judith Krug, 69, American librarian, founder of Banned Books Week, stomach cancer.
René Monory, 85, French politician, President of the Senate (1992–1998).
Tita Muñoz, 82, Filipino actress, after long illness.
Jimmy Neighbour, 58, British footballer (Norwich City, Tottenham Hotspur), heart attack.
Vishnu Prabhakar, 97, Indian writer, after long illness.
Johnny Roadhouse, 88, British saxophonist.
Al Rosenbaum, 82, American sculptor, co-founder of the Virginia Holocaust Museum.
Corín Tellado, 81, Spanish novelist, heart failure.
Zeke Zarchy, 93, American swing music jazz trumpeter.

12
Sitara Achakzai, 52, Afghan women's rights activist and politician, shot.
Javier de Bengoechea, 89, Spanish poet.
Danny Cameron, 85, Canadian politician, Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1991–1995).
Marilyn Chambers, 56, American pornographic film actress (Behind the Green Door), erotic dancer, and politician, heart disease.
Kent Douglas, 73, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs), cancer
Gene Handley, 94, American baseball player.
Mike Keen, 69, British footballer, after short illness.
Hans Kleppen, 102, Norwegian ski jumper.
Sir Kirby Laing, 92, British civil engineer.
Sir John Maddox, 83, British science writer, editor (Nature, 1966–1973, 1980–1995).
Stephen Minarik, 49, American politician, chairman of the New York Republican State Committee (2004–2006), heart attack.
Ephraim Obot, 72, Nigerian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Idah since 1977.
Franklin Rosemont, 65, American surrealist poet, labor historian and co-founder of the Chicago Surrealist Group.
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 58, American writer and critical theorist, pioneer of queer studies, breast cancer.
Ishaq Shahryar, 73, Afghan-born American scientist and ambassador.
Derek Weiler, 40, Canadian editor and writer.

13
John Armitage, 88, Australian politician, MP (1961–1963, 1969–1983).
Björn Borg, 89, Swedish Olympic swimmer.
Stefan Brecht, 84, German poet, son of Bertolt Brecht and Helene Weigel, after long illness.
Frank Costigan, 78, Australian lawyer and royal commissioner, head of the Costigan Commission.
Tony Eckstein, 85, American politician and veterinarian.
Mark Fidrych, 54, American baseball pitcher (Detroit Tigers), suffocation.
Jack D. Hunter, 87, American author, cancer.
Harry Kalas, 73, American sportscaster, heart attack.
Ossie Lambert, 82, Australian cricketer.
Ángel Miguel, 79, Spanish professional golfer.
Bruce Snyder, 69, American football coach, melanoma.
Alfred Swift, 77, South African Olympic cyclist.
Teo Usuelli, 78, Italian film score composer.
Kevin Walton, 90, British winner of the Albert Medal.
Zhu Min, 83, Chinese professor and daughter of Zhu De.

14
Richard Baker, 62, American surf apparel executive (Ocean Pacific), cancer.
Maurice Druon, 90, French novelist, Dean of the Académie française (French Academy), and French Resistance fighter.
Fuyuko Kamisaka, 78, Japanese historian, author and critic, cancer.
Les Keiter, 89, American sportscaster, natural causes.
Max Lake, 84, Australian winemaker, fall.
Marcus Loane, 97, Australian Anglican Primate (1978–1982), Archbishop of Sydney (1966–1982), after short illness.
Peter Rogers, 95, British film producer (Carry On series).
Royce Ryton, 84, British playwright.

15
Ed Blake, 83, American baseball player, after long illness.
Sir Clement Freud, 84, German-born British writer, broadcaster and politician, MP (1973–1987).
Merle Harmon, 82, American sportscaster, pneumonia.
Wisdom Siziba, 28, Zimbabwean cricketer, heart failure.
László Tisza, 101, Hungarian-born American physicist.

16
Patty Costello, 61, American ten-pin bowler, pancreatic cancer.
Michael Martin Dwyer, 24, Irish security guard, shot.
Sal Guarriello, 90, American politician, after short illness.
Tengiz Gudava, 55, Georgian-born Soviet dissident and journalist (RFE/RL).
Timothy Holst, 61, American circus ringmaster, after short illness.
James D. Houston, 75, American author, cancer.
Jim Lange, 82, American editorial cartoonist (The Oklahoman), after long illness.
Svein Longva, 65, Norwegian economist, State Conciliator (2005–2009).
Michel Mondésert, 92, French Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Grenoble.
Abdel Halim Muhammad, 99, Sudanese doctor, President of the CAF (1968–1972), member of Committee of Sovereignty of The Sudan (1964–1965).
Viktor Paskov, 59, Bulgarian writer, lung cancer.
Eduardo Rózsa-Flores, 49, Hungarian journalist, writer, actor and soldier, shot.
*Saensak Muangsurin, 58, Thai former WBC light welterweight champion boxer (fastest ever pro champion), intestinal complications.

17
Sir Martin Garrod, 73, British army general, Commandant General Royal Marines (1987–1990).
Väinö Hakkarainen, 76, Finnish Olympic wrestler.
Midge Miller, 86, American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (1971–1985), cancer.
Honoré Desmond Sharrer, 88, American artist.

18
Tissa Abeysekara, 69, Sri Lankan film director, writer and actor, brain haemorrhage.
Yvon Bourges, 87, French politician and colonial administrator, Governor-General of French Equatorial Africa.
Toi Aukuso Cain, 50, Samoan politician and murderer, liver cancer.
Peter Dennis, 75, British actor.
Edward George, Baron George, 70, British public official, Governor of the Bank of England (1993–2003), lung cancer.
Vernon Malone, 77, American politician, member of the North Carolina Senate (2003–2009), natural causes.
Bill Orton, 60, American politician, member of the US House of Representatives from Utah (1991–1997), ATV accident.
Stephanie Parker, 22, British actress (Belonging), apparent suicide by hanging.
Charles Peebler, 72, American advertising executive, progressive supranuclear palsy.
Whitelaw Reid, 95, American journalist, complications of lung and heart failure.
Kiril Vajarov, 21, Bulgarian ice hockey goaltender, member of the national team (2006–2009), stabbed.
Elías Wessin y Wessin, 84, Dominican politician and general, cardiac arrest.

19
Hirmis Aboona, 69, Iraqi historian.
J. G. Ballard, 78, British novelist, prostate cancer.
Doc Blanchard, 84, American college football player (Army), Heisman Trophy winner (1945), pneumonia.
Tilahun Gessesse, 68, Ethiopian singer.
Robert Gillis, 82, American football coach.
Tony Kett, 57, Irish politician, cancer.
Božo Kos, 77, Slovenian illustrator and caricaturist.
Kaimar-ud-Din bin Maidin, 66, Malaysian Olympic athlete.
Tharon Musser, 84, American lighting designer, after long illness.
Dicky Robinson, 82, British footballer (Middlesbrough), after long illness.
Terrell Starr, 82, American politician, member of the Georgia State Senate (1968–2006), heart failure.

20
Beata Asimakopoulou, 77, Greek actress, cancer.
Thomas Hill, 81, American actor.
Qian Lingxi, 92, Chinese physicist and civil engineer, President of Dalian University of Technology.
Franco Rotella, 42, Italian footballer, melanoma.

21
Iqbal Bano, 74, Indian-born Pakistani singer, after short illness.
Paul Ebert, 76, American college baseball and basketball player and surgeon, myocardial infarction.
Robin Gillett, 83, British Lord Mayor of London (1976–1977).
Jack Jones, 96, British trade union leader, veteran of the International Brigades.
H. S. S. Lawrence, 85, Indian educationalist.
Vivian Maier, 83, American street photographer.
James Byron Moran, 78, American jurist (United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois), after long illness.
Santha Rama Rau, 86, Indian-born American writer, cardiac arrest.

22
Ken Annakin, 94, British film director (The Longest Day, Battle of the Bulge), complications from heart attack and stroke.
Jack Cardiff, 94, British cinematographer (A Matter Of Life And Death, Black Narcissus, The African Queen), natural causes.
Ron Cash, 59, American baseball player.
Marilyn Cooper, 74, American actress, after long illness.
Bill Disney, 77, American Olympic silver medal-winning (1960) speed skater, emphysema.
Bob Hamm, 74, American writer and Cajun humorist, complications related to cancer.
David Kellermann, 41, American businessman, CFO of Freddie Mac since 2008, suicide by hanging.
George C. Rawlings, 87, American politician, member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1964–1969).
Heinz Schröder, 80, German puppeteer.
Colonel Dudley Thornton, 89, British army officer.
Kim Weiskopf, 62, American television writer, pancreatic cancer.

23
William F. Barnes, 91, American football coach (UCLA), complications from pneumonia.
Kenneth Paul Block, 84, American fashion illustrator.
Sir Brian Corby, 79, British businessman, President of the CBI.
Gordon Gair, 92, Canadian lacrosse player.
*Lam Sheung Yee, 74, Hong Kong footballer, coach, announcer and actor.
Ivan Madray, 74, Guyanese cricketer, hypertension.
Felipe Solís Olguín, 64, Mexican archaeologist, curator of the National Anthropology Museum, cardiac arrest.

24
Irving D. Chais, 83, American businessman, owner of the New York Doll Hospital, after long illness.
Tim Curry, 70, American attorney, District Attorney for Tarrant County, Texas, (1972–2009), lung cancer.
Margaret Gelling, 84, British toponymist.
Bo Leuf, 56, Swedish technology writer.
John Michell, 76, British author, cancer.
Sixto Palavecino, 94, Argentine poet and musician.
Michael Parsons, 48, Australian footballer, brain tumour.
Orville Howard Phillips, 85, Canadian politician, member of the Senate of Canada (1963–1999), stroke.
Franciszek Sobczak, 69, Polish Olympic fencer.
Timothy Wright, 61, American pastor and gospel singer, car accident.

25
Bea Arthur, 86, American Emmy and Tony Award-winning actress (Maude, The Golden Girls, Mame), cancer.
Yamil Chade, 88, Lebanese-born Puerto Rican sports team owner and manager.
Hassan Hathout, 84, Egyptian-born American physician and interfaith campaigner.
German Martinez Hidalgo, 79, Mexican scientist.
John Marchi, 87, American politician, member of the New York State Senate (1957–2006), complications from pneumonia.
William Schmidt, 83, American composer.

26
James Addy, 69, Ghanaian athlete.
Salamo Arouch, 86, Greek-born Israeli boxer and Holocaust survivor.
Alan Bristow, 84, British businessman.
Hans Holzer, 89, Austrian-born American paranormal investigator and author, after long illness.
Geir Hovig, 64, Norwegian radio host, after short illness.
Danny Kladis, 92, American racecar driver.
Levan Mikeladze, 52, Georgian diplomat and politician, heart attack.
Dominic Motikoe, Lesotho politician, shot.
Colwyn Philipps, 3rd Viscount St Davids, 70, British aristocrat and politician.
Sir Pupuke Robati, 84, Cook Islands politician and doctor, Prime Minister (1987–1989).
Perez Zagorin, 88, American historian.

27
Ernie Barnes, 70, American neo-mannerist artist and football player, after short illness.
John Crispo, 75, Canadian economist and educator, prostate cancer.
Tom Deitz, 57, American science fiction author, heart failure.
Miroslav Filip, 80, Czech chess player.
Frank Gansz, 70, American football coach (Kansas City Chiefs), complications from knee replacement surgery.
Glen Gondrezick, 53, American basketball player, complications following heart transplant.
Feroz Khan, 69, Indian actor, cancer.
Frankie Manning, 94, American dancer and choreographer, pneumonia.
Edwin McClellan, 83, British Japanologist.
Evgeniya Miroshnichenko, 77, Ukrainian opera and chamber singer.
Karl Mullen, 82, Irish rugby union player.
Greg Page, 50, American boxer, complications from brain injury.
Paraluman, 85, Filipina actress.
Robley Rex, 107, American World War I-era veteran.
*Woo Seung-yeon, 25, South Korean actress and model, suicide by hanging.

28
Bill Bailey, 75, British surfer.
Lota Delgado, 90, Filipina actress.
U. A. Fanthorpe, 79, British poet.
Fritz Gödicke, 89, German football player and manager.
Vern Gosdin, 74, American country music singer, complications from a stroke.
Ekaterina Maximova, 70, Russian ballet dancer.
Steinar Lem, 57, Norwegian environmentalist and anti-consumerism activist, cancer.
Richard Pratt, 74, Australian businessman, prostate cancer.
Valeria Peter Predescu, 62, Romanian singer, heart attack.
Ted Reynolds, 84, Canadian sportscaster (CBC Television).
Buddy Rose, 56, American professional wrestler.
Bruno Scolari, 48, Italian Olympic equestrian.
Pearse Wyse, 81, Irish politician.

29
Günther Bahr, 87, German Luftwaffe fighter pilot.
Jack Lohrke, 85, American baseball player, stroke.
Tom McGrath, 68, British poet and playwright, liver cancer.
William A. Price, 94, American journalist.
Charles L. Young, Sr., 77, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, heart attack.

30
Amparo Arozamena, 92, Mexican actress, heart attack.
Maxime de la Falaise, 86, British model, socialite, fashion designer, cookbook writer and gastronome, natural causes.
Harold Fischer, 83, American Air Force officer, Korean War fighter ace and noted PoW, complications from surgery.
Mallory Horne, 84, American politician, member of Florida House of Representatives, President of Florida Senate, lung cancer.
Maurice Lindsay, 90, British poet and broadcaster.
McCoy McLemore, 67, American basketball player and television color analyst, cancer.
Henk Nijdam, 73, Dutch road bicycle racer, track pursuit world champion (1962).
Venetia Phair, 90, British teacher who named Pluto.
David Picão, 85, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Santos (1996–2000).
Ron Richards, 80, British record producer.
Raymond J. Saulnier, 100, American economist.

References

2009-04
 04


Harrell Prairie Botanical Area or Harrell Prairie Hill is a  tallgrass prairie nature preserve located within Bienville National Forest near Forest, Mississippi.  It is a rare remaining example of the Jackson Prairie Belt in Mississippi.  It was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1976 and a Botanical Area by the Forest Service in 1980.

Description
There are 68 identified prairies in the National Forest, locally called cedar fields, which avoided agriculture development due to their purchase by lumber companies.  Harrell Hill contains the "largest and least disturbed" example of the Jackson Prairie in Mississippi.  The Jackson Prairie is a disjunct of the Black Belt (or Black Prairie)  physiographic area in Mississippi and Alabama.

The alkaline soils (pH greater than 7.5) of the Maytag series ensure unique ecosystems unlike the nearby woodlands of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda).   Common grasses include Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium),  Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)), Broomsedge Bluestem (A. virginicus var. virginicus), Bushy Broomsedge (A. glomeratus), and Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum).  Other herbaceous plants include Yellow Coneflower (Rudbeckia pinnata), Eastern Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), Blazing Star (Liatris spp.), False Boneset (Brickellia eupatorioides var. eupatorioides), Green Milkweed (Asclepias hirtella), Green Comet Milkweed (A. viridiflora), Purple Prairie Clover (Dalea purpurea var. purpurea), White Prairie Clover	 (D. candida var. candida), Aster (Symphyotrichum spp.), Tick-trefoil (Desmodium spp.), Rosepink (Sabatia angularis), Smooth Oxeye (Heliopsis helianthoides), Little-leaved Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum tenuifolium) and Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa).

It is also an example of the geophysical transformation of the Mississippi River delta.

Visiting
There are no trails or facilities in the area.  There is parking along the side of FS 515 and a sign indicating the area.  Many of the flowering species are in bloom in late spring.  Since it is a nature preserve, there is a leave no trace policy to protect the rare species.

References

External links
Official site
Photos of site

National Natural Landmarks in Mississippi
Protected areas of Scott County, Mississippi
Nature reserves in Mississippi
Protected areas established in 1980
1980 establishments in Mississippi


"Westlawn", also known as the Charles Essig House, is an historic, American home that is located in Wallingford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

History and architectural features
Built in 1882, this historic structure is a -story, asymmetrical dwelling with a cross gable roof and faceted pentagon addition. Designed in the Queen Anne style, it has a variety of exterior treatments, including brick, clapboard, novelty shingles, half-timber beams, and stucco. It also features gable dormers, a turret, a square tower, wraparound porch, and three corbelled chimneys.

The house was built for Charles Essig, organizer and first dean of the School of Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.

Gallery

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Queen Anne architecture in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1882
Houses in Delaware County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, Pennsylvania


Ove-Erik Tronvoll (born 21 September 1972) is a Norwegian ski mountaineer and cross-country skier.

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

World Cup

Season standings

Selected results
 2007:
 8th, European Championship relay race (together with Ola Berger, Martin Bartnes and Ola Herje Hovdenak)
 2008:
 7th, World Championship relay race (together with Ola Berger, Ola Herje Hovdenak and Ole-Jakob Sande)
 9th, World Championship team race (together with Ola Berger)
 2009:
 7th, European Championship relay race (together with Ola Berger, Ola Herje Hovdenak and Rolv Eriksrud)
 2010:
 7th, World Championship relay race (together with Ola Herje Hovdenak, Ola Berger and Per Gustav Porsanger)
 2011:
 8th, World Championship relay, together with Ola Herje Hovdenak, Ola Berger and Thomas Oyberg
 2012:
 6th, European Championship relay, together with Ola Berger, Ola Herje Hovdenak and Olav Tronvoll

External links
 Ove-Erik Tronvoll at skimountaineering.org

References

1972 births
Living people
Norwegian male ski mountaineers
Norwegian male cross-country skiers


Tronvoll is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Kjetil Tronvoll (born 1966), Norwegian professor at the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights
 Mette Tronvoll (born 1965), Norwegian photo artist
 Olav Tronvoll (born 1986), Norwegian ski mountaineer
 Ove-Erik Tronvoll (born 1972), Norwegian ski mountaineer and cross-country skier


David Stephen Cusack (born 6 June 1956) is an English former footballer and manager whose last position before retirement in 2015 was director of Essex Senior League club Basildon United. A central defender, he made over 500 appearances in a career spanning 16 years.

Early life
Born in Thurcroft, as a child Cusack attended school in Thurcroft and later went to Wales High School.

Career
Cusack began his career with Sheffield Wednesday, making his way through the club's youth system and also captaining the reserve side. After making 95 league appearances for the side, he moved to Southend United in 1978 for a then club record £50,000, where he would win the Fourth Division championship in 1981. A move to Millwall followed the following year for £30,000.

He moved to Doncaster Rovers as player-manager in 1985, replacing Billy Bremner. The 1985–86 season would see Doncaster emerge as promotion contenders before eventually finishing 11th place, which would be one of Doncaster's highest placings in the league since relegation from the Second Division in 1958 and until recent times. Another mid-table finish (following a promising start) came the following season but Doncaster were facing relegation by 1988 and Cusack left the club during the season. Cusack took over at Rotherham United with the Millers in mid-table, but left in April and a slide down the league led to a promotion/relegation play-off with Swansea City which was lost.

He later became player-manager at Boston United. In 1992, he spent a short spell as manager of Kettering Town but, with the club in financial turmoil, Cusack was sacked following the appointment of new owners after taking charge of just seven games.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
People from Thurcroft
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Millwall F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Doncaster Rovers F.C. managers
Rotherham United F.C. managers
Boston United F.C. managers
Kettering Town F.C. managers
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. managers
English Football League managers
People educated at Wales High School


Cyber spying, cyber espionage, or cyber-collection is the act or practice of obtaining secrets and information without the permission and knowledge of the holder of the information using methods on the Internet, networks or individual computers through the use of proxy servers, cracking techniques and malicious software including Trojan horses and spyware. Cyber espionage can be used to target various actors- individuals, competitors, rivals, groups, governments, and others- in order to obtain personal, economic, political or military advantages. It may wholly be perpetrated online from computer desks of professionals on bases in far away countries or may involve infiltration at home by computer trained conventional spies and moles or in other cases may be the criminal handiwork of amateur malicious hackers and software programmers.

History
Cyber spying started as far back as 1996, when widespread deployment of Internet connectivity to government and corporate systems gained momentum.  Since that time, there have been numerous cases of such activities.

Details
Cyber spying typically involves the use of such access to secrets and classified information or control of individual computers or whole networks for a strategic advantage and for psychological, political and physical subversion activities and sabotage.  More recently, cyber spying involves analysis of public activity on social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter.

Such operations, like non-cyber espionage, are typically illegal in the victim country while fully supported by the highest level of government in the aggressor country. The ethical situation likewise depends on one's viewpoint, particularly one's opinion of the governments involved.

Platforms and functionality
Cyber-collection tools have been developed by governments and private interests for nearly every computer and smart-phone operating system.  Tools are known to exist for Microsoft, Apple, and Linux computers and iPhone, Android, Blackberry, and Windows phones. Major manufacturers of Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cyber collection technology include Gamma Group from the UK and Hacking Team from Italy. Bespoke cyber-collection tool companies, many offering COTS packages of zero-day exploits, include Endgame, Inc. and Netragard of the United States and Vupen from France.  State intelligence agencies often have their own teams to develop cyber-collection tools, such as Stuxnet, but require a constant source of zero-day exploits in order to insert their tools into newly targeted systems.  Specific technical details of these attack methods often sells for six figure sums.

Common functionality of cyber-collection systems include:
Data scan: local and network storage are scanned to find and copy files of interest, these are often documents, spreadsheets, design files such as Autocad files and system files such as the passwd file.
Capture location: GPS, WiFi, network information and other attached sensors are used to determine the location and movement of the infiltrated device
Bug: the device microphone can be activated in order to record audio.  Likewise, audio streams intended for the local speakers can be intercepted at the device level and recorded.
 Hidden Private Networks that bypass the corporate network security.  A compute that is being spied upon can be plugged into a legitimate corporate network that is heavy monitored for malware activity and at same time belongs to a private wifi network outside of the company network that is leaking confidential information off of an employee's computer.  A computer like this is easily set up by a double-agent working in the IT department by install a second Wireless card in a computer and special software to remotely monitor an employee's computer through this second interface card without them being aware of a side-band communication channel pulling information off of his computer.
Camera: the device cameras can be activated in order to covertly capture images or video.
Keylogger and Mouse Logger: the malware agent can capture each keystroke, mouse movement and click that the target user makes.  Combined with screen grabs, this can be used to obtain passwords that are entered using a virtual on-screen keyboard.
Screen Grabber: the malware agent can take periodic screen capture images.  In addition to showing sensitive information that may not be stored on the machine, such as e-banking balances and encrypted web mail, these can be used in combination with the key and mouse logger data to determine access credentials for other Internet resources.
Encryption: Collected data is usually encrypted at the time of capture and may be transmitted live or stored for later exfiltration.  Likewise, it is common practice for each specific operation to use specific encryption and poly-morphic capabilities of the cyber-collection agent in order to ensure that detection in one location will not compromise others.
Bypass Encryption: Because the malware agent operates on the target system with all the access and rights of the user account of the target or system administrator, encryption is bypassed.  For example, interception of audio using the microphone and audio output devices enables the malware to capture to both sides of an encrypted Skype call.
Exfiltration: Cyber-collection agents usually exfiltrate the captured data in a discrete manner, often waiting for high web traffic and disguising the transmission as secure web browsing.  USB flash drives have been used to exfiltrate information from air gap protected systems.  Exfiltration systems often involve the use of reverse proxy systems that anonymize the receiver of the data.
Replicate: Agents may replicate themselves onto other media or systems, for example an agent may infect files on a writable network share or install themselves onto USB drives in order to infect computers protected by an air gap or otherwise not on the same network.
Manipulate Files and File Maintenance: Malware can be used to erase traces of itself from log files.  It can also download and install modules or updates as well as data files.  This function may also be used to place "evidence" on the target system, e.g. to insert child pornography onto the computer of a politician or to manipulate votes on an electronic vote counting machine.
Combination Rules: Some agents are very complex and are able to combine the above features in order to provide very targeted intelligence collection capabilities.  For example, the use of GPS bounding boxes and microphone activity can be used to turn a smart phone into a smart bug that intercepts conversations only within the office of a target.
Compromised cellphones. Since, modern cellphones are increasingly similar to general purpose computer, these cellphones are vulnerable to the same cyber-collect attacks as computer systems, and are vulnerable to leak extremely sensitive conversational and location information to an attackers.  Leaking of cellphone GPS location and conversational information to an attacker has been reported in a number of recent cyber stalking cases where the attacker was able to use the victim's GPS location to call nearby businesses and police authorities to make false allegations against the victim depending on his location, this can range from telling the restaurant staff information to tease the victim, or making false witness against the victim.  For instance if the victim were parked in large parking lot the attackers may call and state that they saw drug or violence activity going on with a description of the victim and directions to their GPS location.

Infiltration
There are several common ways to infect or access the target:
An Injection Proxy is a system that is placed upstream from the target individual or company, usually at the Internet service provider, that injects malware into the targets system.  For example, an innocent download made by the user can be injected with the malware executable on the fly so that the target system then is accessible to the government agents.
Spear Phishing: A carefully crafted e-mail is sent to the target in order to entice them to install the malware via a Trojan document or a drive by attack hosted on a web server compromised or controlled by the malware owner.
Surreptitious Entry may be used to infect a system.  In other words, the spies carefully break into the target's residence or office and install the malware on the target's system.
An Upstream monitor or sniffer is a device that can intercept and view the data transmitted by a target system.  Usually this device is placed at the Internet service provider.  The Carnivore system developed by the U.S. FBI is a famous example of this type of system.  Based on the same logic as a telephone intercept, this type of system is of limited use today due to the widespread use of encryption during data transmission.
A wireless infiltration system can be used in proximity of the target when the target is using wireless technology.  This is usually a laptop based system that impersonates a WiFi or 3G base station to capture the target systems and relay requests upstream to the Internet. Once the target systems are on the  network, the system then functions as an Injection Proxy or as an Upstream Monitor in order to infiltrate or monitor the target system.
A USB Key preloaded with the malware infector may be given to or dropped at the target site.

Cyber-collection agents are usually installed by payload delivery software constructed using zero-day attacks and delivered via infected USB drives, e-mail attachments or malicious web sites.  State sponsored cyber-collections efforts have used official operating system certificates in place of relying on security vulnerabilities.  In the Flame operation, Microsoft states that the Microsoft certificate used to impersonate a Windows Update was forged; however, some experts believe that it may have been acquired through HUMINT efforts.

Examples of operations
 Stuxnet
 Flame
 Duqu
 Bundestrojaner
 Rocra
 Operation High Roller
 Cozy Bear: a well-resourced, highly dedicated and organized cyber espionage group that F-Secure believes has been working for the Russian Federation since at least 2008.

See also

 Chaos Computer Club
 Chinese intelligence operations in the United States
 Computer security
 Computer surveillance
 Cyber-security regulation
 Cyber spying on universities
 Cyber threat intelligence
 Cyberwarfare
 Employee monitoring software
 GhostNet
 Industrial espionage
 Proactive Cyber Defence
 Stalkerware
 Surveillance
 Titan Rain
 Vulkan files leak

References

Sources

External links
 Congress to Investigate Google Charges Of Chinese Internet Spying (AHN)
 Archive of Information Warfare Monitor - Tracking Cyberpower (University of Toronto, Canada/Munk Centre)

Cybercrime
Cyberwarfare
Spyware
Types of espionage
Military intelligence collection
Computer security procedures
Hacking (computer security)
Information sensitivity
Mass intelligence-gathering systems
National security
Sabotage
Security engineering
Social engineering (computer security)
Computing terminology


, or , began in October 1932 when Kyoto Imperial University Faculty of Law Professor Takigawa Yukitoki lectured on the need for the judiciary to understand the social roots of deviance when considering individuals who are before them.  The climactic moment occurred in May 1933, when Education Minister Hatoyama Ichiro announced that Dr. Takigawa's theory of criminal law advocated Marxist philosophies and suspended him from teaching.  The remaining members of the Faculty of Law resigned from their positions in protest, students boycotted classes, and communist sympathisers organised a protest movement. The Ministry of Education suppressed the movement by firing Takigawa.

See also
 No Regrets for Our Youth (1946 film)
 Japanese resistance during the Shōwa period

References

1932 in Japan
Events relating to freedom of expression
Kyoto University
Protests in Japan