The Finnish Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (FAIDD) promotes good life, equality and participation for people with intellectual disabilities and others who need support with learning, understanding and communicating. The goal of FAIDD is that all people can live together from an equal footing.

The FAIDD headquarters are located in the Leppävaara district in Espoo, Finland.

FAIDD was founded in 1952. Its most significant financier is Veikkaus.

Main operating areas

The main operating areas of FAIDD are research, development, personnel training, production of materials, promoting plain-language information and culture, furthering accessible and participatory communication and use of information technology, as well as providing and exchanging information and exercising social influence.

FAIDD is a social actor, a centre of knowledge and skills and a forum of cooperation. FAIDD engages in diverse cooperation with people with disabilities and their families and carers, professionals in the field, service providers, organisations, businesses and public authorities.

The core operating areas are:

 intellectual and developmental disabilities and speech impairments
 communication and interactivity
 accessibility
 learning
 accommodation
 work

All FAIDD activities are based on a commitment to the following values:

 respect for human dignity
 expertise
 reliability
 interactivity
 accessibility

The strategy of FAIDD is focused, for instance, on the following areas:

 Protecting and promoting interests – e.g. exercising influence to develop legislation in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities.
 Raising awareness on the needs and opportunities of the target groups.
 Quality services through expertise.
 Promoting research.
 Promoting accessibility – e.g. promoting access to information by means of plain language material and communications.
 Promoting participation, right of self-determination and empowerment in the target group – e.g. influencing attitudes through public and media relations.
 Promotion of lifelong learning – e.g. by producing teaching material for the target group in basic and second-degree education.

International activities

FAIDD participates in a range of international activities and is a member of many European collaborative networks and projects. FAIDD has also carried out several projects in St Petersburg with support from the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the European Commission.

Members

The actual members of FAIDD are joint municipal authorities, municipalities, congregations, registered voluntary organisations and foundations. The support members are private individuals. The members work in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities or act otherwise in the interest of disabled people.

Internet services

In addition to the FAIDD homepage, the association maintains several other internet services, some of which also offer information in English:
 Papunet features games, exercises and stories for rehabilitation, teaching and recreation.
 Finnish Centre for Easy Language pages contain, for example, information on the theory of plain language.

See also
 Autism
 Developmental disability
 Down syndrome
 Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
 Finnish heritage disease
 INCL
 Inclusion
 Learning disability
 Intellectual disability
 Plain language

External links

Disability organisations based in Finland


Louis Duhamel (January 1, 1835 – October 27, 1915) was a Canadian physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Ottawa electoral district in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1875 to 1886 as a Conservative member.

He was born Roch Duhamel in Verchères, Lower Canada, the son of François Duhamel and Josephte Audet, and was educated at the Collège d'Ottawa and McGill University, qualifying to practice as a doctor in 1860. Duhamel practised in Ottawa, Pembroke and in Wright County. He also owned a drug store in Hull. He was married twice: to Félonise Bel in 1862 and to Ézilda Mazurette dit Lapierre, the widow of Césaire Thérien, in 1901. Duhamel was registrar for Ottawa County from 1886 to 1915 and prothonotary at Hull from 1901 to 1915. He died in Hull at the age of 80.

Duhamel's residence in Hull later became the Chez Henri hotel, declared a historic monument by the city of Gatineau in 2003.

References

External links

1835 births
1915 deaths
Canadian physicians
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
People from Verchères, Quebec
McGill University alumni
University of Ottawa alumni


Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple is an Indian Hindu temple dedicated to Krishna at Ambalappuzha in Alappuzha district of Kerala. The temple is believed to have been built during 15th century AD by the local ruler Chembakasserry Pooradam Thirunal-Devanarayanan Thampuran. It is one of the seven greatest temples in Travancore. It is considered one among the 108 Abhimana Kshethram of Vaishnavate tradition.

The idol at Ambalappuzha is likened to Parthasarthi form of Vishnu, holding a whip in his right hand and a conch in his left. During the raids of Tipu Sultan in 1789, the idol of Sri Krishna from the Guruvayoor Temple was brought to the Ambalappuzha Temple for safe keeping for three years.

Payasam, a sweet pudding made of rice and milk is served in the temple and is believed that the Lord Guruvayoorappan visits the temple daily to accept the offering.

Legend

According to the legend, the god Krishna once appeared in the form of a sage in the court of the king who ruled the region and challenged him for a game of chess (or chaturanga). The king being a chess enthusiast himself gladly accepted the invitation. The prize had to be decided before the game and the king asked the sage to choose his prize in case he won. The sage told the king that he had a very modest claim and being a man of few material needs, all he wished was a few grains of rice. The amount of rice itself shall be determined using the chess-board in the following manner. One grain of rice shall be placed in the first square, two grains in the second square, four in the third square, eight in the fourth square, sixteen in fifth square and so on. Every square will have double of its predecessor.

The king lost the game and sage demanded the agreed-upon prize. As he started adding grains of rice to the chess board, the king soon realised the true nature of the sage's demands. The royal granary soon ran out of grains of rice. The king realised that he will never be able to fulfill the promised reward as the number of grains was increasing as a geometric progression and the total amount of rice required for a 64-squared chess board is 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 grains, translating to trillions of tons of rice.

Upon seeing the dilemma, the sage appeared to the king in his true-form and told the king that he did not have to pay the debt immediately but could pay him over time. The king would serve paal-payasam (pudding made of rice) in the temple freely to the pilgrims every day until the debt was paid off.

Festival
The Amabalapuzha Temple Festival was established during the fifteenth century AD. At this time, central parts of Alappuzha district were ruled by the Chembakassery Devanarayana Dynasty. The rulers of this dynasty were highly religious and decided that an idol of Lord Krishna was to be brought to the Amabalapuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple from the Karinkulam temple. The celebration in commemoration of the bringing of this idol of Lord Krishna is the origin of the Amabalapuzha Temple Festival, also referred to as the Chambakulam Moolam water festival. This festival is conducted every year on the Moolam day of the Mithunam month of the Malayalam era. The Aaraattu festival takes place on the Thiruvonam day in March–April.

Gallery

See also

 Ambalappuzha Vijayakrishnan
 Temples of Kerala
 Temple festivals of Kerala

References

External links
Facts about Ambalapuzha Temple
Ambalapuzha Temple from the book: Temples and Legends of Kerala
Ambalappuzha temple in Google Maps

Krishna temples
Hindu temples in Alappuzha district
Abhimana temples of Vishnu
Vishnu temples


The Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles is a portrait of Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias on horseback, painted in 1634–35 by Diego Velázquez. It is now in the Prado.

Velázquez was commissioned to paint a series of equestrian portraits for the Hall of Realms, originally a wing of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid. This work was meant to fill the gap between two larger equestrian portraits of the prince's parents, Philip IV and Elisabeth of France.

Art historian Andrew Graham Dixon describes the subject as a "little boy on this plump horse, underneath a lowering sky full of dark clouds. The child looks lost." According to Simona Di Nepi, the young prince's calm demeanor while seated on a rearing horse has a political significance, representing him as a confident horseman and a strong leader. His authority is symbolized by the baton he holds, the sword he wears, and the military sash on his chest.

The peculiar thickness of the horse's abdomen may have been calculated by Velázquez to appear normal when the portrait was viewed from below, according to E. Lafuente Ferrari.

The Wallace Collection also has an equestrian portrait of the prince. This is attributed to the studio of Velázquez.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

References

External links
Velázquez , exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this portrait (see index)

Balthasar
1635 paintings
Prince Balthasar Charles
Paintings of children


Forbach is a commune in the Moselle department in Lorraine in northeastern France.

Forbach may also refer to:

 Gare de Forbach, railway station of Forbach
 US Forbach, football club of Forbach
 Canton of Forbach
 Arrondissement of Forbach, former arrondissement
 Battle of Spicheren, also known as Battle of Forbach, on 6 August 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War

 Forbach (Baden), a town in south-western Germany
 Forbach (Usa), a river in Hesse, Germany, tributary of the Usa
 Forbach Granite, a type of rock

 Wilhelm of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken, also known as Philipp Wilhelm Graf von Forbach (1754–1807), officer of the French and later general of the Bavarian Army


The Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV was a portrait of Philip IV of Spain on horseback, painted by Diego Velázquez in 1635-36 as part of a series of equestrian portraits for the Hall of Realms, originally a wing of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid (a series that also included that of Philip's son prince Balthasar Charles).

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

External links
Velázquez , exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this portrait (see index)

Portraits of Philip IV of Spain by Diego Velázquez
Philip IV
Philip IV
Philip IV
1636 paintings
Philip IV
Philip IV


Callosobruchus maculatus is a species of beetles known commonly as the cowpea weevil or cowpea seed beetle. It is a member of the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae, and not a true weevil. This common pest of stored legumes has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. The beetle most likely originated in West Africa and moved around the globe with the trade of legumes and other crops. As only a small number of individuals were likely present in legumes carried by people to distant places, the populations that have invaded various parts of the globe have likely gone through multiple bottlenecks. Despite these bottlenecks and the subsequent rounds of inbreeding, these populations persist. This ability to withstand a high degree of inbreeding has likely contributed to this species’ prevalence as a pest.

It is used as a model organism for both research and education due to its quick generation time, sexual dimorphism, and ease of maintenance.

Description

The cowpea weevil lacks the "snout" of a true weevil. It is more elongated in shape than other members of the leaf beetle family. It is reddish-brown overall, with black and gray elytra marked with two central black spots. The last segment of the abdomen extends out from under the short elytra, and also has two black spots.

The beetle is sexually dimorphic and males are easily distinguished from females. The females are sometimes larger than males, but this is not true of all strains. Females are darker overall, while males are brown. The plate covering the end of the abdomen is large and dark in color along the sides in females, and smaller without the dark areas in males.

There are two morphs of C. maculatus, a flightless form and a flying form. The flying form is more common in beetles that developed in conditions of high larval density and high temperatures. The flying form has a longer lifespan and lower fecundity, and the sexes are less dimorphic and can be more difficult to tell apart.

The egg is clear, shiny, oval to spindle-shaped, and about 0.75 millimeters long. The larva is whitish in color.

Life cycle

A female adult can lay over a hundred eggs, and most of them will hatch. She lays an egg on the surface of a bean, and when the larva emerges about 4 to 8 days later, it burrows into the bean. During development, the larva feeds on the interior of the bean, eating the tissue just under the surface, leaving a very thin layer through which it will exit when it matures. It emerges after a larval period of 3 to 7 weeks, depending on conditions. In colder climates the gestation period is typically longer taking anywhere from 4–13 weeks to emerge.

Larval crowding can occur when up to 8 or 10 larvae feed and grow within one bean. Crowding limits resources for each individual, leading to longer development time, higher mortality, smaller adult size, and lower fecundity.

Once the beetle emerges as an adult, it may take 24 to 36 hours to mature completely. The lifespan is 10 to 14 days. However, in colder climates lifespans typically range from three to four weeks. The adult requires neither food nor water, but if offered water, sugared water, or yeast, it may consume it. A female given nutrients may lay more eggs.

The beetle tolerates a range of humidity and temperature, making it adaptable in climates worldwide. Its developmental time varies with factors such as humidity, temperature, legume type, crowding, and inbreeding levels in the population. A bean that is too dry will be impossible for the larva to bore into, and wet beans may have fungal growth. In experiments, a humidity range of 25% to 80% was acceptable, with different optimal levels at each life stage. The most eggs hatched between 44% and 63% humidity, and 44% produced the highest survival. The adult lives longer at 81% to 90%. In another experiment, temperatures of 17 °C (63 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F) with a constant humidity stressed the beetle, and the ideal temperature range was 24 °C (75 °F) to 28 °C (82 °F).

The age of the female at oviposition affects the development and survival of the offspring. The eggs of older females are less likely to hatch, the larvae take longer to develop, and fewer larvae survive to adulthood.

Reproduction

Copulation is injurious for the female beetle. The male possesses penile spines which damage the female reproductive tract. The female may forcefully kick the male during copulation, ending the mating. It is possible that male may benefit from harming the female because the injury could reduce matings or mating success with other males, or increase her egg production. When the female is experimentally prevented from kicking the male (by removal of the hind legs), matings continued for longer than usual, and injury increased. However, the amount of time before she became receptive again and the rate of oviposition were not affected. This suggests that penile spines do not increase the reproductive success of males, and it is suspected that the spines do not increase reproductive success for either sex, and may have no adaptive value.

After mating, the female glues single eggs to a bean. The female generally lays fewer eggs when there are fewer hosts. In an experiment, females presented with three large beans laid more eggs than females presented with three small beans. Occasionally, females deposit many eggs onto nonviable surfaces, especially if there are few or no hosts available. This leads to a higher mortality rate in eggs and potential larvae, but it may also lead to host expansion in the long term.

Recessive deleterious alleles of C. maculatus tend to be directly selected against in males but not in females.  Mutations with deleterious effects on population growth due to their effects on females tend to be indirectly selected against and efficiently purged via their male siblings.

Habitat
Temperature and humidity in legume storage areas are relatively constant and the food density is high. The female lays eggs on legumes in the field or in storage. Inbreeding is more common in laboratory situations where the beetle is allowed to breed continuously; breeding in the field is more limited.

The beetle is known for attacking the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), but it readily attacks other beans and peas such as the mung bean (Vigna radiata) and adzuki bean (Vigna angularis). The adult is more likely to seek the legume in which it developed as a larva, but if it is not available or less common, the beetle will utilize another type.

Behavior

Females are more likely than males to take advantage of sugar water or other resources. In an experiment to test the hypothesis that access to nutritional resources would affect the frequency of second matings, females with access to sugar were less likely to mate more than once. Available food makes the female less receptive to advances from males, which present a nuptial gift as part of courtship. The gift is a spermatophore, nutritional content mixed into his ejaculate, a package which can be up to 20% of his body weight. Females with other nutritional resources can afford to refuse a mating.

A female without an additional nutrient source is less choosy in the mating process. She does not even refuse matings with close relatives, such as brothers. The species does suffer from inbreeding depression, but it does not seem to take behavioral action to avoid it.

In addition, bean beetles are known to exhibit homosexual behavior. Males will mount both females and other males. This could potentially have fitness benefits for the male, as the male does not waste time determining whether his partner is male or female.

The female usually oviposits on the smooth side of a bean rather than the rough top, and it avoids legumes without smooth surfaces. It also has a way of distributing the eggs among small and large legumes so that each larva has access to roughly the same amount of nutrients; its assessment of legumes is based on mass rather than surface area, and on the number of eggs already present.

When preparing to pupate, the larva digs a cell in the bean and lines it with feces. If it encounters another larva in the bean, both retreat and create walls of feces. If the wall is removed, the two larvae fight to the death. This behavior is not well understood.

Host Preference
The bean beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, oviposit their eggs on the cowpea bean. The species that are most common for the beetle to lay their eggs on are black eyed peas, mung beans, and adzuki beans. If more than one host is available, the beetle will choose its host depending on the variety and size of the bean as well as the texture of the seed coat. One study showed that the beetles will choose their host depending on the geographic region in which they live. It has also been found that the beetle will often switch hosts if a new host becomes available to them. Over time the beetles will start specializing on the new host and will lose preference for the ancestral host.

The beetle larvae grow inside the bean until they emerge as an adult. The time it takes the larvae to develop varies across hosts, with longer development times on less suitable hosts. It has been found that beetles that choose to oviposit their eggs on the black eyed pea have a shorter development time, suggesting that the black eyed pea is a more suitable host.  The temperature and relative humidity have an effect on the developmental time as well; higher temperatures and a relative humidity range of 40%-60% shorten developmental time.

The emerged adult beetles mate assortatively, meaning they mate with others that developed on the same host bean. If the hybrids of the population are less fit, assortative mating can lead to speciation. One study looked at this and found speciation beginning to occur in early generations but because there was no selection against hybrids, recombination destroyed any linkage that was formed between host and mating preference which did not allow speciation to be completed.

Predation
The predators of C. maculatus include several parasitoid wasps. Anisopteromalus calandrae, Uscana mukerjii, and Dinarmus wasps specifically target Callosobruchus species. Dinarmus basalis parasitizes small larvae and halts their development. This limits the damage they can do to beans, but their presence still makes the beans unfit for human consumption and usually makes them unfit for sowing, as well. Uscana  mukerjii is an egg parasite which prevents the egg from hatching, thereby preventing damage to the legume.

Control

The beetle is considered "medically harmless" to humans. It is a damaging agricultural pest.

In developing countries, small-scale farmers mix the crushed leaves of Cassia occidentalis into bean stores to deter the beetle. Other Cassia are useful, as well. The powdered leaves are effective, and a warm-water extract and the essential oil from the seeds are better. The seed oil does not stop oviposition, but it increases the mortality of the eggs and the first-instar larvae. The warm-water extract deters the adult female from ovipositing.

Other botanical biological pest control agents tested include nishinda (Vitex negundo), Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), bankalmi (Ipomoea sepiaria), neem (Azadirachta indica), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), sesame (Sesamum indicum), and gum arabic (Acacia nilotica syn. Acacia arabica).

Hermetic storage technologies like the Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage bags have also proven successful in controlling C. maculatus. These technologies work by separating the container environment from the surrounding air and forcing the insects inside to deplete the available oxygen inside the container  Not only does this ultimately kill the insects, but it also reduces the level of damage they inflict as active feeding ceases below a certain threshold of oxygen

Animal agents of biological control include the parasitoid wasps that target the beetle. In laboratory trials D. basalis has eliminated the beetle. A. calandrae and U.  mukerjii may also prove useful.

Freezing the whole storage area will also control C. maculatus. A period of six to 24 hours at -18 °C kills all the adults and larvae. If the cooling is slow, the beetle can acclimatize, so longer freezing is required.

References

Bruchinae
Agricultural pest insects
Animal models
Beetles described in 1775
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
Cosmopolitan insects
Storage pests


Chloridea virescens, commonly known as the tobacco budworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae found throughout the eastern and southwestern United States along with parts of Central America and South America.

It is a major pest of field crops including tobacco (as its common name suggests) and cotton. However, it is able to thrive on a wide variety of host plants ranging from fruits, vegetables, flowers, and weeds. Control of this pest has proven to be particularly difficult due to a variety of factors, but widespread insecticide and pesticide resistance have proven particularly concerning.

Chloridea virescens was formerly a member of the genus Heliothis, but was moved to the reinstated genus Chloridea as a result of genetic and morphological research published in 2013.

Description
Adult C. virescens are brownish in color with a light green tinge. The front wings have three dark bands, each associated with a whitish or cream border. Hindwings are whitish with a dark band at the distal margin. Fully grown adults measure between 28 and 35 mm (1.1 to 1.4 inches) in wingspan. Females are generally darker in color than males.

Life cycle
The tobacco budworm goes through 4 life stages: egg, larval, pupal, and adult. The life cycle generally occurs during the warmer months of late spring to early fall, depending on the region that the budworm is found. During this time, Chloridea virescens can undergo around 4 to 5 generations depending on the region. For larval, pupal, and adult stages, warmer temperatures encourage faster maturation but also faster senescence, while colder climates allow the budworm to mature at a slower rate. Chloridea virescens moths emerge between March and May in the southern United States.

Egg

Females generally produce 300 to 500 eggs in the wild but have been seen to produce 1000 to 1500 eggs on an artificial diet consisting of primarily water, wheat germ, casein, and sucrose at cool temperatures in an Arizona study. Eggs are deposited on the blossoms, fruit, or terminal growths of host plants. They are initially whitish or yellowish and turn grey as they age. With a radius of 0.5 to 0.6 millimeters, eggs are generally spherical with a flattened base where they are attached to the plant. There are 18 to 25 ridges that radiate from the top of the egg. Tobacco budworm eggs are almost indistinguishable from the eggs of the corn earworm. In tobacco budworm eggs, primary ribs terminate before they reach the cells surrounding micropyle, a small pore opening at the top of the egg. On the other hand, corn earworm ridges extend to the rosette.

Larvae
Chloridea virescens larvae usually have 5 to 6 instars or moultings, but there have been instances where 7 instars are necessary to reach the pupal stage. Head width of the larvae starts from 0.26 mm and grows to 2.87 mm by the last instar. Larval length ranges from 1.4 mm in the first instar and grows to 36 mm by the fifth instar. Larvae are a yellow or yellowish green upon hatching, with a yellowish brown head capsule. During later instars, larvae have variable colors ranging from greenish to pinkish, or even a dark red or maroon with a broad brown head capsule.  Whitish dorsal and ventral bands run down the length of its body, along with a broad lateral band that is generally brown in color. Larvae also have black thorn-like microspines. Starting from the third or fourth instar, cannibalistic behavior can be observed. Similar to the eggs, early instar C. virescens larvae are difficult to distinguish from corn earworm larvae, with minor differences such as missing or differing lengths of microspines.

Pupae
Pupation, or the process of transforming from an immature stage to an adult, occurs in the soil. Pupae start off a shiny reddish-brown that progresses to a dark brown color. The size of a pupa averages 18.2 mm to 4.7 mm in width. The budworm overwinters in the pupal stage, and diapause or dormancy can be initiated by either short days or low temperatures.

Temperature dependence
Development time and lifespan show a negative correlation with temperature. Higher temperatures result in shorter development times in studies conducted on Chloridea virescens raised in a temperature controlled laboratory environment.

In the larval stages, development time for the instars required anywhere between 2.6 and 10.1 days at 20 °C. When the temperature was increased to 25 °C instar development times ranged between 1.9 and 5.7 days. Most notably, the later instar development times were nearly halved. The duration of the pupal stage also decreases with increasing temperature: on average, 22 days were required to hatch at 20 °C, while only 13 days were needed at 25 °C, and 11.2 days at 30 °C. Adulthood longevity ranges from 25 days at 20 °C but drops to 15 days at 30 °C.

Distribution and habitat
The tobacco budworm is found throughout the eastern and southwestern United States and has been collected in states such as Louisiana and Florida. However, it has also been spotted in California and even in New England and southern Canada during the later summer months as it disperses northward annually. Generally, Chloridea virescens spends the winter in the Southern states, but it has been seen to survive northern climates in sheltered areas such as greenhouses. C. virescens is also widely found in the Caribbean and has been spotted in Central and South America. More specifically, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Texas, Colorado, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Brazil and the Antilles all have C. virescens populations.

Host plants
Chloridea virescens larvae are a field crop pest, attacking a wide variety of crops. As its common name suggests, it is widely described as attacking tobacco plants of the Nicotiana species, but it also favors cotton, alfalfa, clovers, soybean, and flax plants. In addition to crop plants, it is a common pest of vegetables and fruits such as cabbage, cantaloupe, lettuce, pea, and tomato plants. Aside from plants that are grown for agricultural reasons, C. virescens larvae also attack flower crops such as geranium and a large variety of weeds.

After eggs are laid on the host plant's leaves and hatch, the larvae may chew small holes in the leaves before they reach the buds. They then damage the bud or growing tip of the plant. The leaves that expand from the buds are often ragged and distorted as a result.
Host plant preference seems to differ by region or habitat. In Mississippi, cranesbill is the key early season host plant. In Texas, cotton is the principal host plant, but wild tobacco, vervain, ruellia, and mallow are all important hosts as well. Studies in Florida show that C. virescens prefer tobacco more highly than other field crops and vegetables, but cabbage, collards, okra, and tomato were all still attacked. However, it is notable that cotton was not present in this study.

Movements between host plants throughout generations of C. virescens have been observed in a widespread number of environments. For example, in Georgia, the first two generations of C. virescens of the year (in around April and May) develop primarily on toadflax, but the third generation (in June and July) prefers deergrass. Future generations (between July and October) prefer beggarweed to other host plants.

Other recorded food plants include Penstemon laevigatus, Desmodium species, Lespedeza bicolor, Medicago lupulina, Geranium dissectum, Rhexia species, Rumex species, Physalis species, Lonicera japonica, Lupinus species, Ipomoea species, Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Passiflora species, Sida spinosa, Helianthus species, Linaria canadensis, and Abutilon theophrasti.

Oviposition
Chloridea virescens lays its eggs on the leaves of its host plants; upon hatching, larvae migrate to the terminal area and then to the buds to feed. It has been shown that there is maternal inheritance of preferred host plants. Mothers that have been raised on certain plants generally prefer to oviposit their eggs on the same species of plant.

Parasites
There are high levels of parasitism at all stages of life for the Chloridea virescens. For example, egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley is an effective parasitoid in budworm populations in vegetable crops. Most known egg parasites are members of the order Hymenoptera.

The braconid wasp, Microplitis croceipes, which deposits its eggs inside a living caterpillar, is an important parasitoid of both C. virescens and the related species Helicoverpa zea.

In northern Florida, the predominant parasite of C. virescens on tobacco plants was Cardiochiles nigriceps, a parasitoid wasp. Adults of this parasitoid were found on the vast majority of tobacco plants, before any tobacco budworm eggs or larvae were found on it. Once tobacco was removed from the plots, parasitism by C. nigriceps declined. C. nigriceps generally oviposit its eggs onto small Chloridea virescens larvae; eggs hatch either at later instars or at the prepupae stage. In the study, C. nigriceps larvae were collected from tobacco budworm larvae in the late spring.

Meteorus autographae was as common as C. nigriceps in larvae collected from white clover, and at least ten other parasitoids were recorded between April and October.

Defenses
Chloridea virescens larvae attack C. nigriceps females that approach with an oral exudate that causes C. nigriceps to become agitated and groom themselves, allowing the budworm to escape. C. nigriceps also avoid budworms painted with this exudate. It is hypothesized that this exudate may function by overloading the wasp's sensory receptors.

Winthemia rufopicta eggs are sometimes laid on C. virescens larvae, but upon hatching and trying to penetrate its host, caterpillars react by biting, crushing, puncturing, or trying to eat the parasitoid eggs. This kills off many of the maggots.

Pheromones
Male Chloridea virescens produce and display pheromones from their hair-pencil during mating. These hair-pencil pheromones attract conspecific females, specifically when males were presented with the option of mating with C. virescens and H. subflexa.  Antennectomized female Heliothis virescens, or those who had their antennae removed, mated with hair-pencil pheromone displaying males less often than those which had been sham-operated, suggesting that C. virescens females are dependent on their antennae to detect these pheromones. If the hair-pencil was surgically removed from the male, mating frequency could be restored with a filter paper was loaded with a load of hair-pencil extract.

Physiology

Hormones
In Chloridea virescens, juvenile hormone (JH, which regulates many aspects of insect development) is necessary for the deposition of nutrients into the female germ cell, or yolk formation (vitellogenesis). It is thought that mating can enhance egg maturation, increase egg production, and induce oviposition due to stimulation of JH production. Mating was correlated with a surge in JH production by the corpus allatum in females - a 5 to 15 fold increase compared to virgin females, an allototropic effect. Juvenile hormone released by mated females increased 2.5 fold. The profile of the juvenile hormone produced also changed - synthesis of JH II exhibited significant increases, JH I increases but not significantly, and JH III remained the same. In males, juvenile hormone is synthesized in small quantities by accessory sex glands. At birth, males synthesize around 1.5 nanograms of JH I and II; this quantity increases by 12 hours after emergence and remains steady for up to 54 hours after emergence. While mating, males also transfer the juvenile hormone they synthesize to the females they copulate with. By 6 hours, levels on the female bursa copulatrix decrease dramatically.

Vitellogenin
Vitellogenin (VG), an egg yolk precursor protein, is dependent on juvenile hormone levels. Mated females exhibit higher levels of VG than virgin females 48 hours after emergence; mated females also exhibit significantly higher egg production rates than virgin females at 48–120 hours post emergence.

Interactions with humans

Pest of crop plants
The tobacco budworm has a long record of attempted management. Records dating back to the early 1800s have descriptions of pest damage and control measures that match the damage caused by Chloridea virescens; the USDA has records dating to around 100 years ago describing significant losses to tobacco agriculture totaling around US$2000 per hectare. C. virescens was misidentified up until the 1920s as Heliothis zea, both of which are still referred to as heliothines or the “bollworm complex." The bollworm complex was described by the Ecological Society of America as “the nation’s most destructive and ecologically disruptive insect pest problem, costing the country over $1 billion dollars for their damage."

This damage occurs because larvae tunnel into buds and blossoms, tender terminal growth, leaf petioles, and stalks of their host plant. Larvae will also burrow into fruit, but this increased the frequency of plant disease. If there is no reproductive tissue available, Chloridea virescens will readily feed on leaves. Injury of the crop presents very similar patterns and at similar levels as the corn earworm.

Management

Insecticides
Previously, insecticides such as Paris Green or arsenates were used in high enough doses that affected not only the insects they were meant to kill, but also the plants that the insecticides were supposed to be protecting.

Part of the reason Chloridea virescens has proved so difficult to control is because of its ability to rapidly evolve insecticide and pesticide resistance. C. virescens acquired resistance to DDT a mere 14 years after widespread use, carbaryl within 10 years, pyrethroids in 7, and methomyl in less than 5 years of intensive use.

When insecticides are implemented, foliar insecticides are used, but this often also hurts beneficial organisms that control Chloridea virescens populations, further exacerbating the damage.

Sampling
Large cone-shaped wire traps are baited with sex pheromone lures are able to capture adult moths. Smaller bucket traps are also widely used but not as effective as the larger wire traps.

Destruction of habitats
Mowing or killing weeds with herbicide early in the spring can reduce budworm population size later in the year. Killing larvae already on the weeds is also effective.

Biological control
Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus have been used to suppress populations on field crops and early season weed hosts. Release of Trichogamma egg parasitoids is beneficial in some vegetable crops.

Multitactic approach
Around the 1980s, a multi-tactic approach was developed, including destruction of weed hosts, biological insecticides, and release of sterile Chloridea virescens crosses. While these tactics had no immediate effect on the tobacco budworm population, much of the data collected during these control efforts was valuable in control efforts for other pests.

Irradiation
Studies have been done on the usage of reserpine and subsequently exposing the moth with gamma irradiation (treatments ranged from 0 to 25 krad).

No level of radiation treatments completely sterilized the adult males, but fecundity was reduced to 33-40%. Fertility (percentage hatched) was dramatically reduced, and greater doses of radiation resulted in a sex imbalance that lowered the proportion of female progeny. Females were completely sterilized at the 25 krad treatment. It was also observed that sterility could be inherited; the fecundity of F1 females, born from treated females, was still markedly reduced. There was a high female pupal mortality rate that increased with doses of irradiation treatment. Hatching rates decreased at lower levels of radiation; above 20 krad treatments, eggs ceased to hatch.

Genetic engineering
Cotton has been genetically engineered to express insecticidal proteins (specifically Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab, d-endotoxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis) to resist the budworm. These transgenic cotton plants are remarkably effective, especially considering previous lack of success with insecticides. In cage studies where larvae were placed with cotton expressing Cry1ab for 10 days, less than 2% survived. Transgenic cotton that has been genetically engineered to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxins have proved incredibly effective for controlling Chloridea virescens populations.

The limiting factor to long term usage of transgenic cottons as a method of population control is the development of resistant pest populations. A study in North Carolina collected wild Chloridea virescens populations and fed some diets containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. After just 12 selection episodes, survivors were already 7-fold more resistant to the toxins. It is estimated that the frequency of the resistant allele may be as high as 0.001 in the population.

There have been strategies proposed to delay the rate of resistance development. One strategy proposes mixing transgenic and nontransgenic seeds before packaging them for sale, resulting in a mixed field population. However, studies modeling this situation suggest that Chloridea virescens larvae will simply ingest sublethal doses of toxin, then move to a nontransgenic plant and recover. Therefore, this strategy may actually hasten the rate of resistance development.

References

External links

Heliothinae
Agricultural pest insects
Moths of North America


GOAL is an agent programming language for programming cognitive agents. GOAL agents derive their choice of action from their beliefs and goals. The language provides the basic building blocks to design and implement cognitive agents by programming constructs that allow and facilitate the manipulation of an agent's beliefs and goals and to structure its decision-making. The language  provides an intuitive programming framework based on common sense or practical reasoning.

Overview
The main features of GOAL include:
 Declarative beliefs: Agents use a symbolic, logical language to represent the information they have, and their beliefs or knowledge about the environment they act upon in order to achieve their goals. This knowledge representation language is not fixed by GOAL but, in principle, may be varied according to the needs of the programmer.
 Declarative goals: Agents may have multiple goals that specify what the agent wants to achieve at some moment in the near or distant future. Declarative goals specify a state of the environment that the agent wants to establish, they do not specify actions or procedures how to achieve such states.
 Blind commitment strategy: Agents commit to their goals and drop goals only when they have been achieved. This commitment strategy, called a blind commitment strategy in the literature, is the default strategy used by GOAL agents. Cognitive agents are assumed to not have goals that they believe are already achieved, a constraint which has been built into GOAL agents by dropping a goal when it has been completely achieved.
 Rule-based action selection: Agents use so-called action rules to select actions, given their beliefs and goals. Such rules may underspecify the choice of action in the sense that multiple actions may be performed at any time given the action rules of the agent. In that case, a GOAL agent will select an arbitrary enabled action for execution.
 Policy-based intention modules: Agents may focus their attention and put all their efforts on achieving a subset of their goals, using a subset of their actions, using only knowledge relevant to achieving those goals. GOAL provides modules to structure action rules and knowledge dedicated to achieving specific goals. Informally, modules can be viewed as policy-based intentions in the sense of Michael Bratman.
 Communication at the knowledge level: Agents may communicate with each other to exchange information, and to coordinate their actions. GOAL agents communicate using the knowledge representation language that is also used to represent their beliefs and goals.
 Testing: You can also write tests for GOAL.

GOAL agent program

A GOAL agent program consists of six different sections, including the knowledge, beliefs, goals, action rules, action specifications, and percept rules, respectively. The knowledge, beliefs and goals are represented in a knowledge representation language such as Prolog, Answer set programming, SQL (or Datalog), or the Planning Domain Definition Language, for example. Below, we illustrate the components of a GOAL agent program using Prolog.

The overall structure of a GOAL agent program looks like:
main: <agentname> {
  <sections>
}

The GOAL agent code used to illustrate the structure of a GOAL agent is an agent that is able to solve Blocks world problems. The beliefs of the agent represent the current state of the Blocks world whereas the goals of the agent represent the goal state. The knowledge section listed next contains additional conceptual or domain knowledge related to the Blocks world domain.

knowledge{
  block(a), block(b), block(c), block(d), block(e), block(f), block(g).
  clear(table).
  clear(X) :- block(X), not(on(Y,X)).
  tower([X]) :- on(X,table).
  tower([X,Y|T]) :- on(X,Y), tower([Y|T]).
}

Note that all the blocks listed in the knowledge section reappear in the beliefs section again as the position of each block needs to be specified to characterize the complete configuration of blocks.

beliefs{
  on(a,b), on(b,c), on(c,table), on(d,e), on(e,table), on(f,g), on(g,table).
}

All known blocks also are present in the goals section which specifies a goal configuration which reuses all blocks.
goals{
  on(a,e), on(b,table), on(c,table), on(d,c), on(e,b), on(f,d), on(g,table).
}

A GOAL agent may have multiple goals at the same time. These goals may even be conflicting as each of the goals may be realized at different times. For example, an agent might have a goal to watch a movie in the movie theater and to be at home (afterwards).

In GOAL, different notions of goal are distinguished. A primitive goal is a statement that follows from the goal base in conjunction with the concepts defined in the knowledge base. For example, tower([a,e,b]) is a primitive goal and we write goal(tower([a,e,b]) to denote this. Initially, tower([a,e,b]) is also an achievement goal since the agent does not believe that a is on top of e, e is on top of b, and b is on the table. Achievement goals are primitive goals that the agent does not believe to be the case and are denoted by a-goal(tower([a,e,b]). It is also useful to be able to express that a goal has been achieved. goal-a(tower([e,b]) is used to express, for example, that the tower [e,b] has been achieved with block e on top of block b. Both achievement goals as well as the notion of a goal achieved can be defined:

a-goal(formula) ::= goal(formula), not(bel(formula))
goal-a(formula) ::= goal(formula), bel(formula)

There is a significant literature on defining the concept of an achievement goal in the agent literature (see the references).

GOAL is a rule-based programming language. Rules are structured into modules. The main module of a GOAL agent specifies a strategy for selecting actions by means of action rules. The first rule below states that moving block X on top of block Y (or, possibly, the table) is an option if such a move is constructive, i.e. moves the block in position. The second rule states that moving a block X to the table is an option if block X is misplaced.

main module{
  program{
    if a-goal(tower([X,Y|T])), bel(tower([Y|T])) then move(X,Y).
    if a-goal(tower([X|T])) then move(X,table).
  }
}

Actions, such as the move action used above, are specified using a STRIPS-style specification of preconditions and postconditions. A precondition specifies when the action can be performed (is enabled). A postcondition specifies what the effects of performing the action are.

actionspec{
  move(X,Y) {
    pre{ clear(X), clear(Y), on(X,Z), not(X=Y) }
    post{ not(on(X,Z)), on(X,Y) }
}

Finally, the event module consists of rules for processing events such as percepts received from the environment. The rule below specifies that for all percepts received that indicate that block X is on block Y, and X is believed to be on top of Z unequal to Y, the new fact on(X,Y) is to be added to the belief base and the atom on(X,Z) is to be removed.

event module{
  program{
    forall bel( percept(on(X,Y)), on(X,Z), not(Y=Z) ) do insert(on(X,Y), not(on(X,Z))).
  }
}

Related agent programming languages
The GOAL agent programming language is related to but different from other agent programming languages such as AGENT0, AgentSpeak, 2APL, Golog, JACK Intelligent Agents, Jadex, and, for example, Jason. The distinguishing feature of GOAL is the concept of a declarative goal. Goals of a GOAL agent describe what an agent wants to achieve, not how to achieve it. Different from other languages, GOAL agents are committed to their goals and only remove a goal when it has been completely achieved. GOAL provides a programming framework with a strong focus on declarative programming and the reasoning capabilities required by cognitive agents.

See also
 Agent communication language
 Autonomous agent
 Cognitive architecture
 Declarative programming
 Practical reasoning
 Rational agent

References

Notes
Literature on the notion of a goal:
 Lars Braubach, Alexander Pokahr, Daniel Moldt and Winfried Lamersdorf (2004). Goal Representation for BDI Agent Systems, in: The Second International Workshop on Programming Multiagent Systems.
 Philip R. Cohen and Hector J. Levesque (1990). Intention Is Choice with Commitment. Artificial Intelligence 42, 213–261.
 Andreas Herzig and D. Longin (2004). C&l intention revisited. In: Proc. of the 9th Int. Conference Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR’04), 527–535.
 Koen V. Hindriks, Frank S. de Boer, Wiebe van der Hoek, John-Jules Ch. Meyer (2000). Agent Programming with Declarative Goals. In: Proc. of the 7th Int. Workshop on Intelligent Agents VII (ATAL’00), pp. 228–243.
 Anand S. Rao and Michael P. Georgeff (1993). Intentions and Rational Commitment. Tech. Rep. 8, Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute.
 Birna van Riemsdijk, Mehdi Dastani, John-Jules Ch. Meyer (2009). Goals in Conflict: Semantic Foundations of Goals in Agent Programming. International Journal of Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems.

External links
 The GOAL Agent Programming Language home

Agent-based programming languages
Declarative programming languages
Agent-based model


Eagle Summit is a -tall gap through the White Mountains of central Alaska. The gap was named after the nearby Eagle River by prospectors from nearby Circle, Alaska.

Eagle Summit is the site of a convergence zone between the Yukon Flats to the north and the low ground of the Tanana Valley to the south. Any differential in the weather within the two valleys causes high winds and precipitation when there is moisture in the atmosphere. In 1916, Hudson Stuck, who was one of the first people to climb Denali's South Peak, wrote, "The Eagle Summit is one of the most difficult summits in Alaska. The wind blows so fiercely that sometimes for days together its passage is almost impossible. ... The snow smothers up everything on the lee side of the hill, and the end of every storm presents a new surface and an altered route. ... there is no easier pass and no way around."

It was for this latter reason that engineers chose Eagle Summit as the route to build the Steese Highway, which connects Fairbanks, Alaska to the Yukon River at Circle. In 1927, just 11 years after Stuck became one of the first Americans to navigate Eagle Summit on dog sled, the highway was completed and road travel over the summit became possible. Today, Eagle Summit still is the highest point on the highway and tourism guides recommend its scenic views. One side has one starring down cliffs, while the other resembles Antarctica in the winter months. Eagle Summit also experiences Midnight Sun around the time of the summer solstice despite being south of the Arctic Circle, due to its elevation.

The trail of the annual Yukon Quest 1,000-mile sled dog race also passes over Eagle Summit. The area's high winds, drifting snow, and steep terrain make it the most difficult section of trail in the race, and some competitors have called it the most difficult section of trail in any sled dog race in the world. In 2006, a fierce storm atop Eagle Summit caused whiteout conditions that forced seven mushers and dog teams to be evacuated via helicopter from the mountain. Partially because of the storm, only 11 mushers finished the race — the fewest in Yukon Quest history.

Notes

Mountain passes of Alaska
Landforms of Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
Yukon Quest


Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter is a 1635 portrait of Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias by Diego Velázquez. It is now held at the Museo del Prado.

Theme
King Phillip IV commissioned Velázquez to paint a series of portraits on the theme of the hunt, all of which were to adorn the hunting lodge that was built in the mountain of Pardo, close to Madrid, called Torre de la Parada. This pavilion was later converted into an art museum with a long series of Ovid's Metamorphosis, painted by Rubens. This pavilion was reserved exclusively for the Court, and no one else had access to it. It became one of the most important collections on the subject of mythology and a variety of nudes.

Velázquez painted two other works for this location on the theme of the hunt: El cardenal infante don Fernando de Austria cazador and Felipe IV cazador. The three works have something in common: a long format, the figure presented in three quartes, hunting weapon in hand and hunting clothes on the protagonists. It is known the painter created many more works on this subject but none of them are in Spain.

Description
The prince is dressed in adequate clothing for this sport. A dark cloak with sleeves, wide jodhpurs, a grey embroidered blouse, a lace collar, knee-high boots, and a rifle of the appropriate size for a child.

In the painting there are two dogs, which are never missing from a hunting scene. One of these is very large, so much so that the painter decided to represent him sleeping so that he would not detract from the slight figure of the prince; it has large ears and its head is lying on the ground. The other is a little dog that is leaving the painting, a cinnamon colored greyhound with lively eyes, whose head reaches the height of the child's hand.

The landscape is represented by the presence of an oak that accompanies the figure. One appreciates the forest of Pardo and in the background the blue mountains of Madrid, in the distance. The sky is gray, as if it were an autumn day, and it is full of clouds.

The critics agree in assuring that the head of the prince is an example of the skill of the painter.

See also
List of works by Diego Velázquez
Charles Balthasar

Bibliography
Historia general del arte, Tomo XIII, colección Summa Artis, La pintura española del siglo XVII. Autor, José Camón Aznar. Editorial Espasa Calpe S.A. Madrid 1977
La pintura en el barroco José Luis Morales y Marín Espasa Calpe S.A. 1998.
Museo del Prado. Pintura española de los siglos XVI y XVII, Enrique Lafuente Ferrari Aguilar S.A. 1964

External links
Velázquez , exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this portrait (see index)

Balthasar
1635 paintings
Dogs in art


Chinese People, One more effort, to be revolutionaries! (Chinois, encore un effort pour être révolutionnaires) a.k.a. Peking Duck Soup is a 1977 film by Situationist director René Viénet.

Unlike his earlier films Can dialectics break bricks? and The Girls of Kamare, which "detourned" drama films, in this one, Viénet uses a great variety of sources (particularly archive footage of People's Republic of China leaders) to compose a political documentary sharply critical of Mao's legacy in China.

The title is a reference to the pamphlet "Français, encore un effort si vous voulez être républicains" featured in Philosophy in the Bedroom of Marquis de Sade.

External links
Chinois, encore un effort pour être révolutionnaires at the IMDb
Chinois, encore un effort pour être révolutionnaires in public domain at UbuWeb
Chinous, encore un effort pour être révolutionnaires on 0xDB
Chinois, encore un effort pour être révolutionnaires at Situationnisteblog

1977 films
French documentary films
1970s French-language films
Mandarin-language films
1977 documentary films
Documentary films about China
Documentary films about revolutions
1970s French films


The Gordon River is a river in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.

Location and features
The headwaters of the river rise below Three Wells near Broomehill. The river flows in a south-westerly direction parallel with the Great Southern Highway as far as Tambellup then veers westward and crosses Albany Highway north of Cranbrook and discharges into the Frankland River of which it is a tributary.

The river flows through a number of pools during its journey, including Balbalingup Pool, Ballingup Pool, Boyacup Pool and Poolyup Pool.

The river has four tributaries: Wadjekanup River, Cowenup Brook, Slab Hut Gully and Uannup Brook.

The river was named in 1835 by Surveyor General John Septimus Roe during an expedition from Perth to Albany. The river is named after George Hamilton Gordon, the 4th Earl of Aberdeen, who later became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

See also

References

Rivers of the Great Southern region
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen


Prince Balthasar Charles With a Dwarf is a 1631 portrait by Diego Velázquez of Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias and a court dwarf. It is now in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. It is the first of several portraits Velázquez painted of the young prince.

The prince is shown in the uniform of a captain-general (adapted to his infant state but still including a commander's baton in his right hand, a shoulder sash and a sword hilt in his left hand). The dwarf holds an apple and a rattle, to contrast with the heir to the most powerful monarchy in Europe, who is shown as already in military training and not needing these usual children's attributes. The prince's static posture, in contrast to the dynamism of the dwarf's figure, turning to contemplate the prince, has caused some art historians to think that the painting was originally only of the prince, with the dwarf added later.

See also
 List of works by Diego Velázquez

References

External links
 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.org: Don Baltasar Carlos with a Dwarf
 Metropolitan Museum of Art catalog from the Velázquez exhibition — online as PDF, with material on this painting (see index).
 Portal Artehistoria: información del cuadro—

Portraits by Diego Velázquez in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1631 paintings
17th-century portraits
Portraits of men
1630s in Spain
Portraits by Diego Velázquez
Paintings of children


Net cutter means various devices used to cut nets:
Net cutter (fisheries patrol), used by some fisheries patrol vessels to cut intruding trawlers' net lines
Net cutter (diver), a small handheld tool carried by scuba divers to extricate themselves if trapped in fishing net or fishing line.
Net cutter (submarine), a device mounted on the bows of some naval submarines to cut through anti-submarine netting.
Net cutter (torpedo), a device carried on the bows of some torpedoes to get through torpedo nets.
Long-handled bolt cutters are sometimes used as net cutters by attack frogmen riding human torpedoes and similar to cut anti-submarine netting.


Emmett John "Emo" Scanlan (born 31 January 1979) is an Irish actor.  He is best known for playing Brendan Brady in Hollyoaks.
He appeared in the BBC Two drama The Fall in 2013 and 2014, Peaky Blinders Series 5 and Series 6, and Breakdown in which he appears alongside Craig Fairbrass, James Cosmo, Bruce Payne, Olivia Grant and Tamer Hassan. In 2022, Scanlan appeared as Marcus MacLeod in the British remake of Call My Agent!: Ten Percent.

Scanlan has acted in BBC Three's  In The Flesh series 2, and Guardians of the Galaxy.

Personal life
Scanlan married girlfriend Claire Cooper on 31 December 2015 in New York City. On 18 July 2020, she gave birth to a boy named Ocean. In October 2020, Cooper disclosed that she had miscarried her and Scanlan’s baby the previous year. On 12th of November 2022 Claire gave birth to their daughter  Scanlan has a daughter, Kayla, born September 2002 from a previous relationship.

Scanlan is a vegan and supports PETA.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

(*) means there were two main rounds of nominations for that category. Shortlisted means he made it to the second and final round of voting.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
British Soap Award for Best Newcomer winners
Irish male film actors
Irish male television actors
Male actors from Dublin (city)
Irish male soap opera actors


This list includes all naval ships which have been in service of the Spanish Navy.

Aircraft carriers

 Dédalo-class seaplane tender (1)
  (1922–1940) (ex-Neuenfelds 1901-1921)
  (1)
  (R01) (1967–1989) (ex- 1943-1955)
  (1)
  (R11) (1988-2013)

Amphibious

 English Xlighter:
 K-1 to K-26 (1924–1962) ex British X4, X6, X13, X14, X16, X17, X26, X50, X63, X74, X91, X108, X109, X129, X141, X148, X153, X170, X172, X173, X174, X186, X190, X 200, X205 y X221
 Tipo BDK
 BDK-1 renamed LCT-1. Ex-HMS LCT(4) 1253, ex- Foca (1948–1978)
 BDK-2 renamed LCT-2. Ex-HMS LCT(4) 1323, ex- Morsa (1948–1983)
 BDK-3 renamed LCT-3. (1957-)
 BDK-4 renamed LCT-4. (1957-)
 BDK-5 renamed LCT-5. (1957-)
 BDK-6 renamed LCT-6. (1966–2004)
 BDK-7 renamed LCT-7 renamed A-07. (1966–1997)
 BDK-8 renamed LCT-8 renamed A-08. (1966–2004)
 LCM3 (1957-)
 LCM-1 a LCM-19
 LSM
 LSM-1 ex-USS LSM-329 (1960–1977)
 LSM-2 ex-USS LSM-331 (1960–1976)
 LSM-3 ex-USS LSM-343 (1960–1976)
 TA-10  (APA) (1)
 TA-11 Aragon (1964–1982) (ex-APA218 Noble 1944–1964)
 TA-20  (AKA) (1)
 TA-21 Castilla (1965–1982) (ex-AKA53 Achernar 1944–1963)
 L-10 Terrebone Parish-class tank landing ship (LST) (3)
 L-11 Velasco (1971–1994) (ex-LST1156 Terrebonne Parish 1952–1971)
 L-12 Martín Álvarez (1971–1995) (ex-LST1168 Wexford County 1954–1971)
 L-13 Conde de Venadito (1972–1990) (ex-LST1159 Tom Green County 1953–1972)
 L-20 Paul Revere-class amphibious transport (LPA) (2)
 L-21 Castilla (1980–1998) (ex-LPA248 Paul Revere 1958–1980)
 L-22 Aragón (1980–2000) (ex-LPA249 Francis Marion 1958–1980)
 L-30 Casa Grande-class dock landing ship (LSD) (1)
 L-31 Galicia (1971–1988) (ex-LSD25 San Marcos 1945–1970)
 L-40  (2)
 L-41 Hernán Cortes (1995–2009) (ex-LST-1197 Barnstable County 1971–1994)
 L-42 Pizarro (1995–2012) (ex-USS Harlan County 1971–1995)

Armed launches

The Spanish Navy operated many lanchas cañoneras in the latter half of the 19th century including:
Pronta (1872-1885)
Zaragoza
Viva (1872-1890)
Ligera (1872-1890)
Manatí (1875-1893)
Diligente classDiligente (1876-1899)
Atrevida (1877-1899)
Tarifa (1879-1900)
Caridad (1879-1898)
Lealtad (1881-1888)
Lista (1881-1888)
Otálora (1881-1898)Basco classBasco (1883-1899)
Gardoqui (1883-1899)
Urdaneta (1883-1899)
Lince (1887-1890)Cóndor classCóndor (1888-1902)
Cuervo (1892-1900)
Águila (1892-1900)Perla classPerla (1889-1928)
Rubí (1889-1899)
Diamante (1889-1899)Estrella classEstrella (1895-1898)
Flecha (1895-1898)
Ligera (1895-1898)
Lince (1895-1898)
Satélite (1895-1898)
Vigía (1895-1898)Alerta classAlerta (1895-1900)
Ardilla (1895-1898)
Cometa (1895-1898)
Fradera (1895-1898)
Gaviota (1895-1898)
Golondrina (1895-1898)Almendares classAlmendares (1895-1898)
Baracoa (1895-1898)
Cauto (1895-1898)
Guantánamo (1895-1898)
Yumurí (1895-1898)
Mayarí (1895-1898)Lanao classLanao (1895-1898)
General Blanco (1895-1898)Corcuera classCorcuera (1895-1898)
Almonte (1895-1898)
Oceanía (1898)

Auxiliary shipsCoastal water tankersÁfrica > A-5 (1925–1954)
A-1 (1933–1977)
A-2 (1933–1984)
A-3 (1935–1965)
A-4 (1935–1968)
A-6 > AA-06 > Contramaestre Castelló (1952–1996)
A-7 > AA17 (1952–1982)
A-8 (1952–1977)
A-9 > AA-21 > A-62 Maquinista Macias (1963–1993)
A-10 > AA-22 > A-63 Torpedista Hernandez (1963–2004)
A-11 > AA-23 > A-64 Fogonero Bañobre (1963–1993)
A-65 Marinero Jarano (1981–2010)
A-66 Condestable Zaragoza (1981–2009)Fleet oilersPlutón (1934–1970), ex Campsa oiler Campillo
A-11 Teide (1956–1988)
A-11 Marques de la Ensenada (1991–2012)School ShipsNautilus (1886–1925) ex Carric Castle
 Galatea (1922–1969)Alcofar Nassaes 1971 p=53 ex Glenlee – ex Islamount - ex Clarastella, preserved as Glenlee at Glasgow.Submarine rescue shipKanguro (1920–1943)Training shipsA-77 Salvora (2001-2012)
A-79 Hispaniola (2011-2012)TransportsSan Quintín
San Francisco de Borja
Patiño
Marqués de la Victoria
Ferrol
San Antonio
Legazpi (ex-mercantile Zamboanga ex-Formosa) (attached to Cuban squadron during the Spanish–American War)
Cebú (ex-mercantile Julieta) (attached to the Philippines squadron during the Spanish–American War)
 (1895-1898) (Captured by USN in the Spanish–American War).
Almirante Lobo (1909-1942)
Contramaestre Casado
Tarifa (ex-Castillo de Arevalo)
 A-05 El camino español (ex-Araguary) (1984/1999-2019)
 A-04 Martín Posadillo (ex-Cala Portas) (2000-2020)Salvage shipBattleships

Pre-dreadnought
  (1888–1925)
Dreadnought
  (3)
  (1913–1923)
  > España (1915 > 1931-1937)
  (1921–1937)

Carracks and Galleons
 List of carracks and galleons (1410-1639)

CorvettesF-50 Descubierta class (1)
F-51 Descubierta (1954–1970)F-60 Atrevida class (Descubierta modernized*) (5)
F-61 Atrevida (1955/1960*-1992)
F-62 Princesa (1959–1991)
F-63 Diana (1960–1973)
F-64 Nautilus (1959–1991)
F-65 Villa de Bilbao (1960–1992)F-30 Descubierta class (4)
F31 Descubierta (1978–2000) > P75 Descubierta (2000–2009)
F32 Diana (1979–2000) > M-11 Diana (2000–2015)
F35 Cazadora (1981–2004) > P78 Cazadora (2004–2018)
F36 Vencedora (1982–2004) > P79 Vencedora (2004–2017)

CruisersAragón class (3)
Aragón (1881–1898)
Navarra (1884–1899)
Castilla(1886–1898)Velasco class (8)
Velasco (1881–1898)
Gravina (1881–1884)
Infanta Isabel (1885–1926)
Isabel II (1886–1900)
 (1889–1895)
Don Juan de Austria (1890–1898)
Conde de Venadito (1891–1900)
Don Antonio de Ulloa (1889–1898)Isla de Luzon class (3)
Isla de Luzon (1887–1898)
Isla de Cuba (1887–1898)
Marques de la Ensenada (1894–1900)Reina Regente class (3)
Spanish cruiser Reina Regente (1888–1895)
Alfonso XIII (1898–1900)
Spanish cruiser Lepanto (1898–1908)Alfonso XII class (3)
Alfonso XII (1891–1900)
Reina Cristina (1890–1898)
Reina Mercedes (1892–1898)Infanta Maria Teresa class (3)
Infanta Maria Teresa (1893–1898)
Vizcaya (1894–1898)
Almirante Oquendo (1895–1898)Giuseppe Garibaldi class (1)
 (1897–1898)Emperador Carlos V class (1)
Emperador Carlos V(1897–1931)Rio de la Plata class (1)
Rio de la Plata (1900–1931)Extremadura class (1)
Extremadura (1902–1931)
Princesa de Asturias-class (3)
Cardenal Cisneros (1903–1905)
Cataluña (1908–1928)
Princesa de Asturias (1903–1927)Reina Regente class (1)
 (1910–1926)Navarra class (1)
Reina Victoria Eugenia > Republica > Navarra (1923>1934>1936-1955)Blas de Lezo class (2)
Blas de Lezo (1925–1932)
Mendez Nuñez (1924–1963)Almirante Cervera class (3)
Almirante Cervera (1928–1965)
Principe Alfonso > Libertad > Galicia (1927>1936>1939-1970)
Miguel de Cervantes (1930–1964)Canarias class (2)
Canarias (1936–1975)
Baleares (1936–1938)

DestroyersDestructor class (1)Destructor (1887–1909)Furor class(6)
Furor (1897–1898)
Pluton (1897–1898)
Terror (1897–1925)
Audaz (1898–1924)
Osado (1898–1924)
Proserpina (1898–1931)Bustamante class (3)
Bustamante (1914–1930)
Villamil (1916–1932)
Cadarso (1917–1931)Alsedo class (3)
Alsedo (1924–1957)
Velasco (1924–1957)
Lazaga (1925–1961)Churruca I class (7)
Sanchez Barcáiztegui (1928–1964)
José Luis Díez (1929–1965)
Almirante Ferrándiz (1929–1936)
Lepanto (1930–1957)
Churruca (1931–1963)
Alcalá Galiano (1931–1957)
Almirante Valdés (1933–1957)Churruca II class (7)
Almirante Antequera (1935–1965)
 (1936–1970)
Ciscar (1936–1957)
Escaño (1936–1963)
Gravina (1936–1963)
Jorge Juan (1937–1959)
Ulloa (1937–1963)Liniers class (Churruca III, modernized*) (2)
D-51 Liniers (1951/1962*-1982)
D-52 Álava (1951/1962*-1978)Alessandro Poerio/Huesca class (2)
Huesca (1937–1953) (ex-Alessandro Poerio 1915-1937)
Teruel (1937–1948) (ex-Guglielmo Pepe 1915-1937)Aquila/Mărăşti/Ceuta class (2)
Ceuta (1937–1948) (ex-Falco, ex-Viscol 1919-1937)
Melilla (1937–1950) (ex-Aquila 1916-1937) (ex-Vifor 1919-1937)D-30 Audaz class (9)
D-31 Audaz (1953–1974)
D-32 Osado (1955–1972)
D-33 Meteoro (1955–1974)
D-34 Furor (1960–1974)
D-35 Rayo (1958–1974)
D-36 Ariete (1961–1966)
D-37 Temerario (1964–1975)
D-38 Intrépido (1965–1982)
D-39 Relámpago (1965–1975)D-20 Fletcher/Lepanto class (5)
D-21 Lepanto (1957-1985) (ex-DD550 Capps 1943-57)
D-22 Almirante Ferrándiz (1957–1987) (ex-DD551 Taylor 1943-57)
D-23 Almirante Valdés (1959–1986) (ex-DD509 Converse 1942-59)
D-24 Alcalá Galiano (1960–1988) (ex-DD779 Jarvis 1944-60)
D-25 Jorge Juan (1960–1988) (ex-DD678 McGowan 1943-60)D-40 Oquendo class (3)
D-41 Oquendo (1963–1978)
D-42 Roger de Lauria (1969–1982)
D-43 Marqués de la Ensenada (1970–1988)D-60 Gearing FRAM II/Churruca class (5)
D-61 Churruca (1972–1989) (ex-DD711 Eugene A. Greene 1945-72)
D-62 Gravina (1972–1991) (ex-DD882 Furse 1945-72)
D-63 Méndez Núñez (1973–1992) (ex-DD889 O'Hare 1945-73)
D-64 Lángara (1973–1992) (ex-DD879 Leary 1945-73)
D-65 Blas de Lezo (1973–1991) (ex-DD841 Noa 1945-73)

FrigatesF-30 Pizarro class, (ex-Gun boats) (6)
F-31 Pizarro (1946–1970)
F-32 Hernán Cortés (1947–1971)
F-33 Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1947–1965)
F-34 Martín Alonso Pinzón (1948–1966)
F-35 Magallanes (1948–1971)
F-36 Sarmiento de Gamboa (1950–1974)F-40 Vicente Yáñez Pinzón class, (ex-Gun boats), (Pizarro modernized*) (2)
F-41 Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (1949/1960*-1983)
F-42 Legazpi (1951/1960*-1978)F-70 Baleares class (5)
F-71  (1973–2004)
F-72  (1974–2005)
F-73  (1975–2004)
F-74  (1975–2009)
F-75  (1976–2006)

GunboatsMindanao class 2nd class gunboats
Mindanao (1860- )
Calamianes (1860- )
Paragua (1860- )
Mindoro (1860- )
Luzón (1860- )
Panay (1860- )
Samar (1860- )
Cebú (1860- )Bulusán class 2nd class gunboats
Bulusán (1860- )
Joló (1860- )
Mariveles (1860- )
Arayat (1860- )
Pampanga (1860- )
Bojeador (1860- )
Balanguingui (1860- )
Albay (1861- )
Mactán (1861- )
Taal (1861- )Ericsson class 2nd class wooden screw gunboats
Ericsson (1869-1897)
Activo (1869-1885)
Rápido (1869-1880) sunk in bajo de los Colorados
Argos (1869-1885)
Lince (1869-1885)
Centinela (1869-1885)
Guardián (1869- )
Vigía (1869- )
Astuto (1869-1885)
Almendares (1869- )
Eco (1869-1885)
Destello (1869-1885)
Contramaestre (1869-1898)
Marinero (1869-1885)
Soldado (1869-1873) naufragó
¿Quién Vive? (1869-1872) renamed Celaje, boarding by merchant ship Clara
Lebrel (1869-1873) boarding
Cazador (1869- )
Cauto (1869-1891)
Gacela (1869- )
Telegrama (1869- )
Criollo (1869-1898)
Ardid (1869-1885)
Indio (1869-1897)
Caribe (1869-1885)
Alarma (1869- )
Descubridor (1869-1897)
Yumurí (1869- )
Flecha (1869- )
Dardo (1869-1885)
Cuba Española (1870-1898) 2nd class wooden screw gunboat
Martín Álvarez (1871-1876)
Rayo (1874-1883)
Callao (1874-1888)Salamandra class 2nd class wooden screw gunboats (except Salamandra which was iron)
Salamandra (1874-1898)
Cocodrilo (1875-1899)
Pelícano (1874-1898)Fernando el Católico class 1st class iron screw gunboats
Fernando el Católico (1875-1898)
Marqués del Duero (1875-1898)
 Somorrostro class 2nd class gunboats
Somorrostro (1875- ) modified to water tank ship in 1892
Ebro (1875-1896)
Bidasoa (1875-1900)
Teruel (1875-1896)
Nervión (1875-1896)
Toledo (1875-1900)
Tajo (1875-1895)
Arlanza (1875-1928) modified to water tank ship in 1899
Turia  (1875-1878)
Segura (1875-1900)
Prueba (1875-1893)Jorge Juan class iron screw avisos
Jorge Juan (1876-1898)
Sánchez Barcáiztegui (1876-1895)
Martín Álvarez (1878-1882)Clase Pilar 2nd class iron screw gunboats
Pilar (1881-1900)
Paz (1881-1889)
Eulalia (1882-1897)
Alsedo (1882-1898)
Clase General Lezo  2nd class iron screw gunboats
General Lezo (1885-1898)
General Concha (1887-1913)
Magallanes (1885-1903)
Elcano (1885-1899)
Mac-Mahón class 2nd class steel screw gunboat
Mac-Mahón (1888-1932)Álvaro de Bazán classMaría de Molina (1902-1926)
Marqués de la Victoria (1902-1926)
Álvaro de Bazán (1904-1926)Recalde classRecalde (1910-1932)
Laya (1910-1940)
Bonifaz (1911-1932)
Lauria (1912-1940)Cánovas del Castillo classCanovas del Castillo (1923-1959)
Canalejas (1924-1951)
Eduardo Dato (1925-1953)Calvo Sotelo classCalvo Sotelo (1938-1957)

Ironclads

Broadside Ironclads
  (1863) - BU 1920
  (1863) - Blew up 30 December 1873
  (1864) - stricken 1873
  (1865) - BU 1910
  (1867) - stricken 1899
  (1869) - scrap in 1896Lledó Calabuig, 1998, p=86

Central Battery Ships
  (1869) - scrap in 1888. Ex- Screw frigate Resolución.Lledó Calabuig, 1998, p=87

 Minelayer F-00 Marte class (2)
F-01 Marte (1938–1971)
F-02 Neptuno (1939–1972)F-10 Júpiter class (Marte modernized*) (2)
F-11 Júpiter (1937/1960*-1974)
F-12 Vulcano (1937/1960*-1977)F-20 Eolo class (2)
F-21 Eolo (1941–1972)
F-22 Tritón (1943–1972)

Mine countermeasures vesselsM-00 Bidasoa class minesweepers (7)
M-01 Bidasoa (1946–1973)
M-02 Nervión (1946–1972)
M-03 Lérez (1947–1971)
M-04 Tambre (1946–1973)
-   Guadalete (1946–1954)
M-05 Segura (1949–1973)
M-06 Ter (1948–1972)M-10 Guadiaro class minesweepers (7)
M-11 Guadiaro (1953–1977)
M-12 Tinto (1953–1976)
M-13 Eume (1954–1977)
M-14 Almanzora (1954–1977)
M-15 Navia (1955–1979)
M-16 Eo (1956–1978)
M-17 Guadalhorce (1953–1978)M-20 Nalón class minesweepers (12)
M-21 Nalón (1954–1993) (MSC139) Adjutant class
M-22 Llobregat (1954–1979) (MSC143) Bluebird class
M-23 Júcar (1956-?) (MSC220) AMS218 class
M-24 Ulla (1956–1993) (MSC265) AMS218 class
M-25 Miño (1956–1999) (MSC266) AMS218 class
M-26 Ebro (1958–2005) (MSC269) MCS268 class
M-27 Turia (1955–1993) (MSC130) Adjutant class
M-28 Duero (1959-1999 (1954–1999)	(ex-MSC202 Spoonbill 1955-1959) Bluebird class
M-29 Sil (1959–2003) (ex-MSC200 Redwing 1955-1959) Bluebird class
M-30 Tajo (1959–2002) (MSC287) MCS268 class
M-31 Genil (1959–2004) (MSC288) MCS268 class
M-32 Odiel (1959–2004) (MSC279) MCS268 classM40 Aggressive class (4)
M-41 Guadalete (1971–1998) (ex-MSO432 Dynamic 1952-1971)
M-42 Guadalmedina (1971–1999) (ex-MSO463 Pivot 1954-1971)
M-43 Guadalquivir (1971–1999) (ex-MSO491 Persistent 1955-1971)
M-44 Guadiana (1972–2000) (ex-MSO473 Vigor 1955-1972)

Minor sailing vessels (incomplete)

 Atrevida (corvette)
 Descubierta (corvette)
 Favorita (corvette)
 Ferrolana (corvette) (1848–1897)
 Mazarredo (corvette) (1847–1890)
 Mexicana (schooner)
 Princesa (corvette)
 Sutil (schooner)
 Villa de Bilbao (corvette - later used as a school ship) (1845–1930)

Monitor and floating battery

Puigcerdá (1874-1900)
Duque de Tetuán (1874-1900)

Paddle steamers

Isabel II (ex-British Royal William, purchased 1834) - Renamed Santa Isabel in 1850.Don Álvaro de Bazán class (2)
Don Álvaro de Bazán.
Congreso.Andalucía class (2)
Andalucía.
Península.
Piles.
Vulcano.Alerta class (2)
Alerta.
Vigilante.Reina de Castilla class (3)
Reina de Castilla.
Magallanes.
Elcano.
Lepanto.
León.
Castilla.
Satélite.
Don Juan de Austria.
Narváez.Velasco class (2)
Velasco.
Conde de Regla.Clase Conde de Venadito (4)
Conde de Venadito.
Neptuno.
Guadalquivir.
General Lezo.
General Liniers.
Churruca.
Victoria de las Tunas.Ferrolano class (2)
Ferrolano.
Gaditano.
Blasco de Garay.Colón class (2)
Colón.
Pizarro.Antonio Ulloa class (2)
Antonio Ulloa.
Jorge JuanVasco Nuñes de Balboa class (2)
Vasco Núñez de Balboa 1856–1875.
 Hernán Cortés 1856–1890.Isabel II classIsabel II 1850-1882 renamed Ciudad de Cádiz in 1868.
Francisco de Asís, 1850, renamed Fernando el Católico in 1856, sunk, boarding by Numancia in 1873.
Isabel la Católica. 1850.
Fernado el Católico 1850, sunk in Cuba in 1856.

Patrol boats

 Clase Delfín
Delfín (1910–1927)
Dorado (1910–1929)
Gaviota (1910–1932)
Castle class (naval trawler)
Uad Kert. (1922–1967) ex-HMS Rother; ex-HMS Anthony Aslete
Uad-Lucus.Alcofar Nassaes, 1971, p=47 (1922–1939) ex-HMS Ness, ex-HMS Alexander Palmer
Uad-Martin. (1922–1954) ex-HMS Erne, ex-HMS John Chivers
Uad Muluya. (1922–1939) ex-HMS Waveney, ex-HMS James Connen
Uad-Ras.Alcofar Nassaes, 1971, p=48 (1922–1932) ex-HMS Wear, ex-HMS Thomas Mombworth
Uad-Targa.(1922–1931) ex-HMS Test, ex-HMS Patrick BoweMersey class (naval trawler)
Arcíla. ex-HMS William Doak (1922-)
Xauen. ex-HMS Henry Cramwell (1922-)Brisquard class (naval trawler)
Alcázar. ex Rengage French (1922–1951)
Larache. ex Poliu French (1922–1949) sunk in tres forcas cape
Tetuán. ex Grognard French (1922–1952)Suboficiales class (fish guards)
Condestable Zaragoza (1919-?)
Contramaestre Castelló (1919-?)
Maquinista Macias  (1919-?)
Torpedista Hernández (1919-?)
Cabo de infantería de Marina Garciolo (1919-?)
Marinero Cante (1919-?)
Fogonero Bañobre (1919-?)
Marinero Jarana (1919-?)Rigel classPegaso (1951-1974)
Procyon (1951-1974)Cies classCies (1952–1973)
Salvora (1952–1990)Centinela classCentinela (W-33) (1953–1977)
Serviola (W-34) (1953–1977)P-00 Lazaga class (6)
P-01 Lazaga (1975–1993)
P-02 Alsedo (1977–1993)
P-03 Cadarso (1976–1993)
P-04 Villaamil (1977–1993)
P-05 Bonifaz (1977–1993)
P-06 Recalde (1977–1993)P-10 Barceló class (6)
P-11 Barceló (1976–2009)
P-12 Laya (1976–2009)
P-13 Javier Quiroga (1977–2005); sold to Tunisia Navy
P-14 Ordóñez (1977–2009)
P-15 Acevedo (1977–2009)
P-16 Candido Perez (1977–2009)P-20 Anaga class (7)
P-21 Anaga (1980–2010)
P-23 Marola (1981–2010)
P-24 Mouro (1981–2010)
P-27 Izaro (1981–2010)
P-29 Deva (1982–2004)
P-30 Bergantín (1982–2010)
P-30 Grosa (1981–2012)P-30 Conejera class (4)
P-31 Conejera (1981–2010); Sold to Senegal
P-32 Dragonera (1981–2010); Sold to Mozambique
P-33 Espalmador (1982–2010)
P-34 Alcanada (1982–2010)P-40 Cormorán class (1)
P-41 Cormorán (1990–1994)P-60 Chilreu class (1)
P-61 Chilreu (1992–2012)P-100 Aresa class (1)
P-101 (1978–2020)
P-111 (1975–2009)

Sail frigates
 List of sail frigates

Screw frigates

 Petronila class Berenguela 1857–1877.
 Petronila 1857–1863.
 Reina Blanca 1859-1882/93. Renamed Blanca
 Princesa de Asturias 1857–1909. Renamed Asturias in 1868, sold for scrap in 1914.
 Concepción class Concepción 1860–1897.
 Nuestra Señora del Carmén ~1862-1897. Renamed Carmen
 Lealtad class Lealtad 1860–1893. scrap in 1897.
 (Nuestra Señora del) Triunfo 1862-1864 blew up.
 Resolución 1862–1868, rebuilt as  in 1869.
 Villa de Madrid 1863–1882/84.
 Gerona 1864–1898.
 Almansa 1864-1888/98.
 Navas de Tolosa 1865–1893.

Screw corvettes

Doña María de Molina (~1868-1886)
  (ex-Pampero, captured 1866)Narváez classNarváez
Consuelo
Wad-Ras
Vencedora
África
Santa Lucía
Diana

Screw schoonersCovadonga classCovadonga Captured by Chile 1865, sunk by Peruvian explosive boat 1880
Circe
Sirena
Andaluza
Guadiana
Huelva
Ligera
FavoritaSanta Filomena classSanta Filomena.
Valiente.
Constancia.
Animosa.Santa Teresa classSanta Teresa.
Isabel Francisca.
Buenaventura.
Concordia.
Santa Rosalía.
Edetana.
Céres.
Caridad.
Prosperidad (1865-).

Ships of the line

 List of ships of the line (1640-1858)

Submarines
 List of submarines of the Spanish Navy

 Isaac Peral´s submarine torpedo boat (1)
 Peral (1888–1890)
 Isaac Peral class (1)
  (1917–1930) (Holland type similar to )
 A class F/Laurenti (3)
 A-1 Narciso Monturiol (1917–1934)
 A-2 Cosme Garcia (1917–1931)
 A-3 (1917–1932)
 B class Holland F-105 (6)
 B-1 (1921–1941)
 B-2 (1922–1951)
 B-3 (1922–1940)
 B-4 (1923–1937)
 B-5 (1925–1936)
 B-6 (1926–1936)
 C class Holland F-105 (6)
 C-1 Isaac Peral (1928–1950)
 C-2 (1928–1951)
  (1929–1936)
 C-4 (1929–1946)
 C-5 (1930–1937)
 C-6 (1930–1937)
  (2)
 General Mola (1937–1958) (ex-Evangelista Torricelli 1934–1937)
 General Sanjurjo (1937–1959) (ex-Archimede 1935–1937)
 S-10 D class (1)
 S-11 (1947–1965)
 S-21 (1951–1971)
 S-22 (1954–1971)
 S-01 G Class Type VIIC (1)
 S-01 G-7 (1942–1970) (ex- 1941–1942)
 S-30  (5)
 S-31 Almirante García de los Reyes (1959–1982) (ex-USS 370 Kraken 1944-1959)
 S-32 Isaac Peral (1971-1980) (ex-USS 396 Ronquil 1944-1971)
 S-33 Narciso Monturiol (1972-1973) (ex-USS 382 Picuda 1943-1972)
 S-34 Cosme García (1972–1980) (ex-US S385 Bang 1943-1972)
 S-35 Narciso Monturiol (1973–1980) (ex-USS 368 Jallao 1944-1974)
 SA-40 Foca class (2)
 SA-41 (1963–1967) Preserved as museum ship at Mahon.
 SA-42 (1963–1967) Preserved as museum ship at Cartagena.
 SA-50 Tiburón class (2)
 SA-51 (1965–1979) Preserved as museum ship at Barcelona.
 SA-52 (1966–1979) Preserved as museum ship at Cartagena.
 S-60 Delfín class (4)
 S-61 Delfín (1973–2003) Since 2004 museum ship in Torrevieja
 S-62 Tonina (1973–2005) Awaiting destination, possible museum ship
 S-63 Marsopa (1975–2006)
 S-64 Narval (1975–2003)
 S-70 Agosta class (2)
 S-72 Siroco (1983–2012)
 S 73 Mistral (1985-2020)

Torpedo gunboat

Temerario classTemerario (1892-1916)
Nueva España (1894-1914)
Martín Alonso Pinzón (1893-1911)
Galicia (1894-1899)
Marqués de Molins (1895-1921)
Vicente Yañez Pinzón (1894-1902)Clase Filipinas
Filipinas (1895-1899)

Torpedo boats

Cástor class
Cástor (1878–1900)
Pólux class
Pólux (1879–1895)
Rigel class
Rigel (1883–1900)
Julian Ordoñez class
Julián Ordóñez (1885–1913)
Acevedo (1885–1913)
Retamosa class
Retamosa (1885–1900)
Orión class
Orión (1886–1915)
Barceló class
Barceló (1886–1911)
Habana class
Habana  (1886–1919)
Azor class
Azor (1887–1911)
Halcón (1887–1915)
Ariete class
Ariete (1887–1905)
Rayo (1887–1905)
Ejército class
Ejército (1888–1900)
T-1 class
T-1 (1912–1940)
T-2 (1912–1939)
T-3 (1912–1937)
T-4 (1913–1939)
T-5 (1913–1931)
T-6 (1914–1934)
T-7 (1915–1946)
T-8 (1915–1932)
T-9 (1915–1943)
T-10 (1915–1932)
T-11 (1916–1931)
T-12 (1916–1932)
T-13 (1916–1932)
T-14 (1916–1952)
T-15 (1917–1935)
T-16 (1917–1941)
T-17 (1917–1952)
T-18 (1918–1939)
T-19 (1920–1941)
T-20 (1920–1940)
T-21 (1921–1940)
T-22 (1921–1940)
G5 class
11 (1937–1946) renamed LT-15 after Spanish Civil War
21 (1937–1946) renamed LT-16 after Spanish Civil War
31 (1937-1938)
41 (1937-1937)
Schnellboote S-1 class
Badajoz (LT-15) (1937-1944) ex S-1 German
Falange (LT-13) (1936-1937) ex S-2 German
Oviedo (LT-12) (1937-1940) ex S-3 German
Requeté (LT-11) (1936-1946) ex S-4 German
Toledo (LT-14) (1939-1944) ex S-5 German
MAS
Sicilia (LT-18) (1937-?) ex MAS 100 Italian.
Nápoles (LT-19) (1937-?) ex MAS 223 Italian.
Cándido Pérez (LT-16) (1937-?) ex MAS 435 Italian.
Javier Quiroga (LT-17) (1937-1937) ex MAS 436 Italian.
Schnellboote S-38 class
German construction
LT-21 (1943–1956) Ex S-73 German
LT-22 (1943–1956) Ex S-78 German
LT-23 (1943–1956) Ex S-124 German
LT-24 (1943–1955) Ex S-125 German
LT-25 (1943–1955) Ex S-126 German
LT-26 (1943–1957) Ex S-145 German
Spanish construction
LT-27 (1953–1963)
LT-28 (1953–1963)
LT-29 (1953–1961)
LT-30 (1953–1977)
LT-31 (1956–1977)
LT-32 (1959–1974)

Preserved ships

Most of the few retired Spanish Navy ships preserved as museum ships are submarines:
 Submarine Peral of 1888 is preserved in Cartagena (Murcia).
 Two units of the Foca class: SA-41 in Mahón (Balearic Islands) and SA-42 in Cartagena (Murcia).
 Two units of the Tiburón class: the SA-51 in Barcelona (Catalonia) and the SA-52 in Cartagena (Murcia).
 Delfín (S-61), of the Daphné class (S-60) is moored in Torrevieja (Province of Alicante, Valencian Community). Unlike the other submarines, it is not anchored on land but moored in the port, thus becoming the first "floating museum" of its kind in Spain.
 The Customs Surveillance Service patrol car Albatros III is also preserved in Torrevieja.
 Galatea, a barque that was a training ship for the Spanish Navy between 1922 and 1982, is preserved in Glasgow (Scotland, United Kingdom).

See also
 Spanish Republican Navy
 List of active Spanish Navy ships
 List of future Spanish Navy ships

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Alcofar Nassaes, José Luis (1971). Las fuerzas navales en la Guerra Civil española. Dopesa. .
 Villaamil, Fernando (1989). Viaje de circunnavegación de la corbeta Nautilus".. Madrid: Editorial Naval. ..
 Hardie, Hamishla (2004). restauración del Glenlee/Galatea. .
 Lledó Calabuig, José (1998). Buques de vapor de la armada española, del vapor de ruedas a la fragata acorazada, 1834-1885. Agualarga.
 Coello, Juan Luis (1995). Buques de la Armada española años de la postguerra. Agualarga editores S.L..
 Coello Lillo, Juan Luis; Agustín Ramón Rodríguez González (2001). Buques de la Armada Española a través de la Fotografía. .

Ships of the Spanish Navy
Lists of ships of Spain


Chris Patrick-Simpson is a Northern Irish actor. Patrick-Simpson is best known for his role as Brendan in the film The Magdalene Sisters. He has also appeared in the film The Boxer, the TV Drama The Clinic and Fifty Dead Men Walking. He is married and currently in Canada.

Career
In 2018, he guest-starred in an episode of The CW series Supernatural.

Filmography

External links

References

1979 births
Living people
Male film actors from Northern Ireland
Male television actors from Northern Ireland


NH 155 may refer to:

 National Highway 155 (India)
 New Hampshire Route 155, United States


Leo Smit may refer to:

 Leo Smit (American composer) (1921–1999), American composer
 Leo Smit (Dutch composer) (1900–1943), Dutch composer and pianist.

See also
 Smit
 Leo Smith (disambiguation)


Prepa Tec Valle Alto is the newest and smallest of the five Prepa Tec high schools in the city of Monterrey. It was inaugurated in August 2005 with a class of less than 100 students but now has more than 350 students. The school is located in the southern part of Monterrey, in the fast developing Valle Alto region of Mexico. It is situated next to the National Highway on top of a hill.

Prepa Tec Valle Alto is the smallest school by size and by student count in the Prepa Tec High School system; it has fewer than 350 students and 13 classrooms. The school offers the standard Bilingual, Bicultural or International Baccalaureates.

With Prepa Tec getting ready for the fifth generation of students, an expansion is under way; it is next to Aulas II, in which they will expand the gymnasium and make at least eight more classrooms. Work on the expansion started in mid-January 2009.

Prepa Tec Valle Alto is noted for its calm environment, for its cooler weather (due to it being situated on a hill) and for its small class sizes.

2018 incident
On the morning of September 10, 2018, around 8:30 a.m., local media reported that a young man had been found in one of the bathrooms suffering from a gunshot wound to the head. The young man was identified as Jakob Hartmann Nava, an 18-year-old 5th semester student, who had Asperger syndrome, was suffering from depression and had been transferred from Prepa Tec Eugenio Garza Lagüera to Prepa Tec Valle Alto because he was being bullied by his classmates. This occurred in the context of the World Suicide Prevention Day.

References

Schools in Mexico


The Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes laboratory and clinical studies, reviews, and brief communications on biological receptors and associated signal transduction pathways for ligands involved in the regulation of central and peripheral tissues and cells. It is published by Informa. The editors in chief are Alex N. Eberle (University of Basel, Switzerland) and Terrence Kenakin (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States).

Abstracting and indexing
The Journal of Receptors and Signal Tranduction is abstracted and indexed in BIOBASE, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, PubMed/MedLine, Science Citation Index, and SCOPUS. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2009 impact factor is 1.517, ranking it  212th out of 283 journals in the category "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology" and 136th out of 161 in the category "Cell Biology".

External links

Academic journals established in 1980
Pharmacology journals
Taylor & Francis academic journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals


William Edmund Sowerbutts (4 January 1911 - 28 May 1990) was an English gardener and panellist on the long-running BBC Radio 4 programme Gardeners Question Time.

Born in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, the son of a market gardener, Sowerbutts wanted to become a journalist on leaving school, but his father died when he was 16 and he started work on the family's smallholding. The family first opened a stall on Oldham's Victoria Market and later on Ashton's outdoor market.

Sowerbutts toured the area giving lectures to local gardening and allotment societies. He went on to appear in the first edition of How Does Your Garden Grow?, soon renamed Gardeners' Question Time, an offshoot of the World War II Dig for Victory campaign. The first programme was broadcast from the Singing Room at the Broadoak Hotel in Ashton-under-Lyne on 9 April 1947.  On the first panel along with Bill were Fred Loads, Tom Clark and Dr E.W. Sansome. Sowerbutts and Loads later went on to become household names, appearing every Sunday at 2 p.m. on the BBC Home Service. In 1950, Professor Alan Gemmell joined. The banter between the trio attracted a large following, with the listenership building up to two million.

Tameside Council placed a Blue plaque in his honour on the Broadoak Hotel.

References

External links
 Tribute to Sowerbutts on Tameside Borough Council website accessed 27 December 2011

1911 births
1990 deaths
BBC radio presenters
English radio presenters
English gardeners
People from Ashton-under-Lyne


The Microsoft Script Editor (MSE or "MSE.EXE" or "mse7.exe" in Office 2003) is an optional tool included in Microsoft Office 2000 through Office 2007 and is found in "%ProgramFiles%\Microsoft Office\OFFICE11" directory for Office 2003 (under 32-bit process) and in "%CommonProgramFiles%" directory for other Offices (under 32-bit process ?).

It allows one to work with the HTML code, DHTML objects, and script in an Office document from within an Office application. In addition to this, if installed, Internet Explorer will allow one to debug JavaScript and VBScript with the editor if the "Disable Script Debugging" Internet Explorer preference option is not checked.

In the About Box, it calls itself "Microsoft Development Environment 7.0". It is a trimmed down version of Visual Studio .NET 2002 (7.0)'s IDE.

See also
 Microsoft Script Debugger

References

Text editors
Debuggers
Script Editor
Script Editor


The Colour is a 2003 novel by Rose Tremain, which was nominated for the Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction. It is set in New Zealand.

Plot summary

Joseph and Harriet Blackstone, and Joseph's mother Lilian, are immigrants from England on the SS Albert into the South Island of New Zealand in 1860s. After settling the two women into accommodation in Christchurch, Joseph travels to the foothills near the Okuku river to build their Cob House. Joseph returns to Christchurch once the house has been built and the three of them set off to start their new lives on their farm.

The harsh first winter brings with it problems which threaten the viability of their farm, but Joseph's chance finding of gold in the nearby creek changes the situation. Not telling Harriet about the find, Joseph abandons the farm and travels by boat to Hokitika on the West Coast of the South Island where major gold strikes have occurred.

After Lilian's death, Harriet also travels to Hokitika and delivers that news to Joseph. The search for gold, the 'colour', goes on in difficult conditions. Joseph's encounters with Will Sefton, a young man whom he met on the boat bringing them to the West Coast, and Pao Yi, a Chinese gardener befriended by Harriet, add flavour to the dynamics of the searching couple's relationship which has become distant and strained. Joseph's guilt surrounding events in England prior to their emigration impact on this separation.

References

2003 novels
Historical novels
Novels set in New Zealand
Fiction set in the 1860s
Chatto & Windus books
West Coast Gold Rush in fiction


Chiwembe is a township in southern Malawi. It is situated approximately  south of the town of Limbe and  from Blantyre, Malawi's biggest city.

Chiwembe is mentioned in the song Police Hunt Matafale by the popular Malawian reggae band Black Missionaries. Chiwembe is also where the football association of Malawi has its headquarters. It has well planned housing with the Malawi Housing Cooperation as the landlords of most of the housing.

See also
Chilembwe uprising

Populated places in Southern Region, Malawi


"Hang You from the Heavens" is the debut single by American alternative rock band The Dead Weather. It was released on March 11, 2009 and was backed with a cover of Gary Numan's "Are 'Friends' Electric?". The single was released through iTunes and on a 7" vinyl limited to 150 copies, all of which were given to the crowd at the band's debut performance at the opening of the Third Man Records headquarters. The 7" was later released through their website, and record stores.

The song was released as downloadable content for the Rock Band series on July 14, 2009 along with "No Hassle Night" and "Treat Me Like Your Mother".

In the fall of 2009, this song was featured in TV spots to promote the premiere of The Vampire Diaries, an American television series that airs on The CW.

Track listing

Music video
A low budget music video was made in promotion of the single. The video was shot entirely in black and white and features the band members sitting inside of a photo booth in various sequence and combination. The band are all wearing black leather jackets and bring in various objects and clothes into the booth. One object brought in multiple times is a piece of cardboard with a circular hole which each member brings in at a certain point and stares into.

There are two primary camera angles used during the video. The first angle comes from just outside the booth and oversees the members entrance into the booth. The other angle comes from inside the booth, filming the member in front of a curtain. The first angle is used exclusively until 2:27 when the second angle becomes used exclusively.

Personnel
 Alison Mosshart – vocals
 Dean Fertita – guitar
 Jack Lawrence – bass
 Jack White – drums, vocals, production

Chart performance

References

External links
 Music Video

2009 debut singles
The Dead Weather songs
Third Man Records singles
Songs written by Alison Mosshart
Songs written by Dean Fertita
2009 songs


Trairūpya (Sanskrit; English: "the triple-character of inferential sign") is a conceptual tool of Buddhist logic. The Trairūpya, ‘three conditions’, is often accredited to Dignaga (c. 480-540 CE) though is now understood to have originated with his teacher Vasubandhu (fl. 4th century) in the Vāda-vidhi, post-reconstruction of this work by Frauwallner (1957).

Trairūpya is a logical argument that contains three constituents which a logical ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) must fulfill to be 'valid source of knowledge' (pramana):
It should be present in the case or object under consideration, the ‘subject-locus' (pakṣa)
It should be present in a ‘similar case’ or a homologue (sapakṣa)
It should not be present in any ‘dissimilar case’ or heterologue (vipakṣa)
When a ‘sign’ or ‘mark’ (linga) is identified, there are three possibilities: the sign may be present in all, some, or none of the sapakṣas. Likewise, the sign may be present in all, some or none of the vipakṣas. To identify a sign, we have to assume that it is present in the pakṣa, however; that is the first condition is already satisfied. Combining these, Dignaga constructed his ‘Wheel of Reason’ (Sanskrit: Hetucakra).

References

History of logic
Buddhist logic


The Oscar Peterson Trio with Roy Eldridge, Sonny Stitt and Jo Jones at Newport is a 1957 live album by Oscar Peterson, accompanied by Roy Eldridge, Sonny Stitt and Jo Jones, recorded at the 1957 Newport Jazz Festival.

Track listing
 "Will You Still Be Mine?" (Tom Adair, Matt Dennis) – 4:59
 "Joy Spring" (Clifford Brown) – 7:33
 "A Gal in Calico" (Leo Robin, Arthur Schwartz) – 6:14
 "52nd Street Theme" (Thelonious Monk) – 4:23
 Jo Jones Introduction – 1:39
 "Monitor Blues" (Roy Eldridge, Sonny Stitt) – 7:13
 "Willow Weep for Me" (Ann Ronell) – 3:15
 "Autumn in New York" (Vernon Duke) – 2:46
 "Roy's Son" (Eldridge, Stitt) – 9:01

Personnel

Performance
 Sonny Stitt – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
 Roy Eldridge – trumpet
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Ray Brown – double bass
 Herb Ellis – guitar
 Jo Jones – drums

References

Oscar Peterson live albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Albums recorded at the Newport Jazz Festival
1957 live albums
Verve Records live albums
1957 in Rhode Island


Pfütsero  is a town located in the Phek District of the Indian state of Nagaland. It is the highest-altitude town and the coldest inhabited place in Nagaland with temperatures occasionally dropping below 0 °C during winter nights. It is headed by an ADC and is inhabited mostly by Khezhas and Chokris. It is a commercially important town as it is located in the middle of Phek District.

Demographics
, Pfütsero had a population of 10,371.

Religion
The inhabitants of Pfütsero are predominantly Baptist, however there are also Roman Catholic, Pentecost, and Revivalist.

Tourism
Pfütsero  is rapidly growing to be a tourist destination. The best time to visit is from mid October (harvesting time) to April. The most important festival of the Khezhas is Tsükhenye festival. It is celebrated in April/May. One can just go down to Pfütseromi Village which is only about 1.5 km from Pfütsero to witness Tsükhenye from 24–27 April as the village celebrates it during this time.

Education
There are several educational institutes in Pfütsero, including:

Colleges
 Pfütsero Government College

Schools
 Nazareth School
 Baptist School
 Union Christian School
 Tewelhi Medo Tyrannus Higher Secondary School
 Chakhesang Mission Higher Secondary School
 Government Higher Secondary School
 King David School
 Woodland School
Government primary school

Other Institutions
 Baptist Theological College
 District Institute of Educational Training (DIET)
 Allied Education Academic of Information Technology. Universal Program for computer Education.

Transportation
National Highway 29 passes through Pfütsero.

References

External links

 About Pfütsero

Phek district
Hill stations in Nagaland


Darrell Peter Panizza (born 11 March 1959 in Bunbury, Western Australia) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented  in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and the now-defunct Woodville Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) during the 1980s and 1990s. He also represented and coached Western Australia in interstate football.

Playing career

Claremont
Panizza joined Claremont in 1979 from the Albany Royals and played in WAFL premiership teams in 1981, 1991 and 1993. He retired having played 274 matches in two stints, the first between 1979 and 1986; and the second between 1990 and 1995. He holds the record for the most games played at Claremont.

Woodville
In 1987 he moved to South Australian National Football League (SANFL) club Woodville where he played 74 matches in three seasons.

Western Australia
Panizza played six games for Western Australia including the 1983 side that won the Australian Championships.

Coaching career

Claremont
In 1996, after retiring as a player he coached Claremont to a WAFL premiership.

Royals
Rejoining his boyhood club, Panizza took the Royals to unprecedented success, winning six Great Southern Football League premierships between 1999 and 2004.

Hall of Fame
Panizza was inducted into the WA Football Hall of Fame in March 2009.

References

1959 births
Living people
Claremont Football Club players
Claremont Football Club coaches
Woodville Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Albany, Western Australia