The Factories Act 1847, also known as the Ten Hours Act was a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. The practicalities of running a textile mill were such that the Act should have effectively set the same limit on the working hours of adult male mill-workers.

Defective drafting meant that a subsequent Factory Act in 1850 imposing tighter restrictions on the hours within which women and young persons could work was needed to bring this about. The Act of 1847 was the culmination of a campaign lasting almost fifteen years to bring in a 'Ten Hours Bill'; a great Radical cause of the period. Prominent advocates and people involved with the Act include Richard Oastler, Lord Ashley (he was not an MP in the session when the Act was passed),  John Doherty and sympathetic mill-owners such as John Fielden. The fiercest opponents of all ten-hour bills were the 'free trade' Liberals such as John Bright; the economic doctrines that led them to object to artificial tariff barriers also led them to object to government restricting the terms on which a man might sell his labour, and to extend that objection to women and young peoples. Karl Marx, speaking at the International Workingmen's Association meeting in November 1864 said of it "This struggle about the legal restriction of the hours of labour raged more fiercely since; apart from avarice, it told indeed upon the great contest between the blind rule of the supply and demand laws which form the political economy of the middle class, a social production subjected to a foreseeing social control which forms the political economy of the working class. Hence the Ten Hours’ Bill was not only a great practical success; it was the victory of a principle; it was the first time that in broad daylight the political economy of the middle class succumbed ignominiously, ludicrously, before the political economy of the working class".

Fundamentals
The Factory Act 1847 stipulated that as of 1 July 1847, women and children between the ages of 13 and 18 could work only 63 hours per week. The Bill further stipulated that as of 1  May 1848, women and children 13–18 could work only 58  hours per week, the equivalent of 10 hours per day.

Previous bills

Whig Bills
The 1833 Factory Act had specified an eight-hour working day for children (aged nine to thirteen) and a twelve-hour day for 'young persons' (fourteen to eighteen) but it had proved difficult to enforce, and its attempts to ensure the education of mill-children had failed.  Under the Whig government of Lord Melbourne, Fox Maule had repeatedly produced draft factory bills which were to replace the 1833 Act and better address these issues, but the Whigs had never found the political will and the parliamentary time to get a new Factory Act passed.
Maule's later draft bills had proposed reducing the working hours for children to allow better access to better education but had otherwise left hours of work unchanged. A short-time movement in the textile districts sought a ten-hour day for all millworkers, which it believed would be effectively secured by reducing the working hours for young persons: Lord Ashley supported their cause.

Conservatives come to power
The Whigs were defeated in the 1841 general election, and Sir Robert Peel formed a Conservative government. Ashley let it be known that he had declined office under Peel because Peel would not commit himself not to oppose a ten-hour bill; Ashley, therefore, wished to retain freedom of action on factory issues. In February 1842, Peel indicated definite opposition to a ten-hour bill, and Sir James Graham , Peel's Home Secretary, declared his intention to proceed with a bill prepared by Fox Maule, but with some alterations.  In response to the findings of a Royal Commission, Ashley saw through Parliament a Mines And Collieries Act banning the employment of women and children underground; the measure was welcomed by both front benches, with Graham assuring Ashley "that her Majesty's Government would render him every assistance in carrying on the measure".
In July, it was announced that the Government did not intend any modification to the Factory Act in that session.

The education issue
In 1843, Ashley initiated a debate on "the best means of diffusing the benefits and blessings of a moral and religious education among the working classes..."  The Royal Commission had investigated not only the working hours and conditions of the children but also their moral state. It had found much of concern in their habits and language, but the greatest concern was that "the means of secular and religious instruction.. are so grievously defective, that, in all the districts, great numbers of Children and Young Persons are growing up without any religious, moral, or intellectual training; nothing being done to form them to habits of order, sobriety, honesty, and forethought, or even to restrain them from vice and crime."

The State had no responsibility for the provision of education, and the working classes themselves had neither the capital nor the income to set up and support schools giving an effective education to their children. Through the Privy Council, government money (the Education Grant) was available to cover up to one-third (in principle; in hard cases up to a half) of the cost of setting up an 'efficient' school (one giving an effective education) where none existed. Since the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, many of the grievances of the Dissenters had been addressed, until the Whig government felt itself politically unable to go further because of the increasing concern (and resentment) of Anglicans at the systematic erosion of the Church of England's status as the national church (indeed Graham had left the Whig government to join the Conservatives because of his objections on this point).  Church and organised Dissent regarded each other not as a colleague, but at best as a competitor, and too often as an opponent (and one which had been unduly favoured by the government). Consequently, two charities existed to assist the formation of efficient schools;  the British and Foreign School Society for the Education of the Labouring and Manufacturing Classes of Society of Every Religious Persuasion was non-denominational and hence was favoured by Dissenters. Its implications for the Established Church were noted by an anonymous contemporary American commentator "Without swerving a hair's breadth from"( their declared principles) "they would by their mere negative influence, utterly subvert (and that at no distant day, if counteracting influences were not vigorously employed,) the church establishment, as such; and make Episcopacy in England what it is in this country, one of some dozen sects, all depending for their influence, and for the extent to which their doctrines and usages shall be received, upon the judgement, conscience, education, or caprice of their fellow men". Such an outcome would not be unwelcome to Dissenters; to avert it, churchmen had founded a rival organisation: the exclusively Anglican National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church in England and Wales.  Its aim was that "the National Religion should be made the foundation of National Education and should be the first and chief thing taught to the poor, according to the excellent Liturgy and Catechism provided by our Church."

Since the Factory Act required factory children to attend school, the factory inspectorate had been drawn into taking a view on the quality of schooling the children were getting.  The "British" and "National" schools they considered acceptable  and a very few manufacturers had set up their own factory schools of equivalent quality; but there were populous manufacturing districts (Oldham and Ashton-under-Lyne were the examples given) where there were few or no efficient schools. Below these schools, there could be, for Dissenters, day schools associated with their place of worship – although often described in their locality as 'British' schools they were not formally so and in most cases, the quality of education given was in no way comparable. (The organisation and discipline of the Established Church prevented any similar phenomenon of 'unofficial' National schools.)  Other than this the quality of education was generally poor.

The 'National Factory Schools' experiment
From 1838 onwards, Robert Saunders, the (Anglican) factory inspector for the West Riding, had been attempting to interest the government in a scheme for improving the education of factory children in the district.  He got no satisfactory response from the government, but considerable interest from the local Anglican clergy and from the National Society, with whom he had discussed the scheme. (He does not appear to have tried to similarly involve local non-conformist clergy, or the British Society, whose schools and approach to the religious instruction he considered inferior. Nor does he seem to have considered the omission significant; from consultation of the parents of factory children he thought "Many would send their children to a school where the principle of Mahomet, or the worship of blocks and stones, were inculcated, without concerning themselves in the matter, if only the school-fee was less at such school than at the best school  in the neighbourhood.  Exceptions are happily to be found, but they are rare.").  In December 1840, the National Society sought his advice on how the central organisation could best supplement local efforts for the education of factory children in the district.  As a result of this collaboration, by the end of 1842, 940 children formerly attending factory schools were attending National Schools whose timetables were set up to accommodate the work patterns of the children (who in most cases were, as a result of Saunders' urging of mill-owners, working half-days – as envisaged by Fox-Maule's Factory Bill of 1839) The children were free to attend any Sunday school of their parents choice (the breakdown was 340 Anglican, 22 Catholic, 578 Non-conformist) but whilst at the National Factory Schools they received Anglican religious instruction; no parent complained of this (but 20 or so Catholic children had gone to a Catholic school in preference to the National Schools.)  Meanwhile, Saunders had urged on Graham a scheme for "Government Factory Schools"; these would be run and controlled by Anglicans, and  the default religious education in them would be as in National Schools, but parents could withhold their children from the specifically Anglican elements (the withheld children to be given instruction in other school subjects instead), thus obtaining a non-denominational religious education matching that in British Schools.

Graham's Factory Education bill (1843)
The debate on Ashley's motion was markedly non-partisan. Responding Graham said that, although the problem was a national one, the government would for the moment bring forward measures only for the two areas of education in which the state already had some involvement; the education of workhouse children and the education of factory children. The measures he announced related to England and Wales; Scotland had an established system of parochial schools run by its established church, with little controversy, since in Scotland there was no dissent on doctrine, only on questions of discipline. To allow for the provision of efficient schools where voluntary efforts had failed, the 'education clauses' of his Factory Education Bill allowed for trust schools to be set up.  These would be initiated by voluntary effort, and – as previously for efficient voluntary schools – a third of capital costs could be supplied by a government grant; Graham proposed that in addition another third could be met by a government loan to be repaid from the poor rates.  The running costs of such a school would be met by the deductions from children's wages allowed by the 1833 Act, supplemented by a charge on the poor rates.  The trustees would be the Anglican parish priest and two of his churchwardens and four trustees (of whom two should preferably be mill-owners) nominated by the magistrates. The default religious education in these schools would be Anglican, but parents would be allowed to opt their children out of anything specifically Anglican; if the opt-out was exercised, religious education would be as in a British School. Once a trust school was open in a factory district, factory children in that district would have to provide a certificate that they were being educated at it or at some other school certified as 'efficient'.

The 'labour clauses' forming the other half of the bill were essentially a revival of Fox Maule's draft; children could work only in the morning or in the afternoon, but not both.  There were two significant differences; the working day for children was reduced to six and a half hours, and the minimum age for factory work would be reduced to eight. Other clauses increased penalties and assisted enforcement.

Reaction inside Parliament
A Second Reading debate was held to flesh out major issues before going into committee. There was considerable opposition to the composition of the trustees, both as giving no voice to the ratepayers and as handing control of the school (and hence its children) to the Established Church with no provision for a Dissenter member of the trust to see fair play. The provisions for appointment of schoolmasters were also criticised; as they stood they effectively excluded Dissenters. At Lord John Russell's urging, the discussion was temperate.

Opposition outside Parliament
Out of Parliament, the debate was less temperate; objections that the Bill had the effect of strengthening the Church became objections that it was a deliberate attack on Dissent, that its main purpose was to attack Dissent, and that the Royal Commission had deliberately and grossly defamed the population of the manufacturing districts to give a spurious pretext for an assault on Dissent.  A crowded meeting at Leeds was told the bill was "..nothing more nor less than a new Test Act; it was virtually an attempt to impose, not merely Catholic, but also Protestant disabilities; and to exalt the Church at the expense of all classes of Dissenters ... If once they passed this measure, their liberty was at an end; that moment they would become enslaved; that moment would they become enslaved; that moment would they become enslaved to the priests of this country, which was the worst kind of thraldom it was possible to endure. These schools were designed, not to teach, but to throw them back into the middle ages, and to undo all that had been done by the advances of education during the last three centuries"
Similar meetings were held throughout the country, and their resolutions condemning the bill and calling for its withdrawal were supported by a campaign of organised petitions: that session Parliament received 13,369 petitions against the bill as drafted with a total of 2,069,058 signatures. (For comparison, in the same session there were 4574 petitions for total repeal of the Corn Laws, with a total of 1,111,141 signatures. )

Successive retreats and final abandonment
Lord John Russell drafted resolutions calling for modification of the bill along the lines suggested in Parliament; the resolutions were denounced as inadequate by the extra-parliamentary opposition.  Graham amended the educational clauses, but this only triggered a fresh round of indignation meetings and a fresh round of petitions (11,839 petitions and 1,920,574 signatures).  Graham then withdrew the education clauses: "I hoped that it might be possible to obtain concurrence in a scheme of national education based on the principle of teaching the holy scriptures without an attempt to inculcate peculiar tenets. In that hope I have been wholly disappointed; I looked for peace, and I have encountered the most angry opposition, therefore I withdraw the educational clauses, although I take that step with deep regret, and with melancholy forebodings with regard to the progress of education"  but this did not end the objections, since it did not entirely restore the status quo ante on education; indeed the education requirements of the 1833 Act now came under attack, the Leeds Mercury declaring education was something individuals could do for themselves "under the guidance of natural instinct and self-interest, infinitely better than Government could do for them".  Hence "All Government interference to COMPEL Education is wrong" and had unacceptable implications: "If Government has a right to compel Education, it has right to compel RELIGION !"
Although as late as 17 July Graham said he intended to get the bill though in the current session, three days later the bill was one of those Peel announced would be dropped for that session.

Struggle in Parliament for the ten-hour day

1844 – inconsistent votes on the ten-hour day; a twelve-hour Act is passed
In 1844 Graham again introduced a Bill to bring in a new Factory Act and repeal the 1833 Factory Act.  The Bill gave educational issues a wide berth, but otherwise largely repeated the 'labour clauses' of Graham's 1843 Bill, with the important difference that the existing protection of young persons (a twelve-hour day and a ban on night working) was now extended to women of all ages.  In Committee, Lord Ashley moved an amendment to the bill's clause 2, which defined the terms used in subsequent (substantive) clauses; his amendment changed the definition of 'night' to 6 p.m. to 6 a.m.-after allowing 90 minutes for meal-breaks only ten-and-a-half hours could be worked; this passed by nine votes. On clause 8, limiting the hours of work for women and young persons, the motion setting a twelve-hour day was defeated (by three votes: 183–186) but  Lord Ashley's motion setting the limit at ten hours was also defeated (by seven votes:181–188).

Voting on this Bill was not on party lines, the issue revealing both parties to be split into various factions.   I never remember.. a more curious political state of things, such intermingling of parties, such a confusion of opposition, a question so much more open than any question ever was before, and yet not made so or acknowledged to be so with the Government ; so much zeal, asperity, and animosity, so many reproaches hurled backwards and forwards. The Government have brought forward their measure in a very positive way, and have clung to it with great tenacity; rejecting all compromise, they have been abandoned by nearly half their supporters, and nothing can exceed their chagrin and soreness at being so forsaken. . . . John Russell, voting for ' ten hours ' after all he professed last year, has filled the world with amazement, and many of his own friends with indignation. . . . The Opposition was divided, Palmerston and Lord John one way. Baring and Labouchere the other. It has been a very queer affair. Some voted, not knowing how they ought to vote, and, following those they are accustomed to following, many who voted against the Government afterwards said they believed they were wrong. Melbourne is all against Ashley ; all the political economists, of course ; Lord Spencer strong against him.

Faced with these contradictory votes, and having considered and rejected the option of compromising on some intermediate time such as eleven hours,  Graham withdrew the Bill, preferring to replace it by a new one which amended, rather than repealed, the 1833 Act.  The 1833 definition of night time being unaltered the revised Bill gave no opportunity to redefine 'night' and Lord Ashley's amendment to limit the working day for women and young persons to ten hours was defeated heavily (295 against, 198 for),  it having been made clear that the Ministers would resign if they lost the vote. As a result, the Factory Act 1844 again set a twelve-hour day.  But – a Radical MP had warned the government during the debate on clause 8 – the moral effect of Ashley's first victory could never be undone by any subsequent vote:  ...could any Government suppose that any such course would turn back into its former channels the feelings of the people, or make them forget what had passed the other night? No! the people would not forget it, and the Government would do well not to think so. He thought it very unimportant which way the majority turned this evening, as regarded the fate of the Measure; because it was already, above all governments and all majorities, absolutely decided. It was impossible now for any Government to stop a ten hours Bill. It was, in every moral sense, as much a part of the law of this country as any part of this interfering Bill which he held in his hand.

1846 – a Ten-Hour Bill defeated
Lord Ashley introduced a Ten-Hour Bill in 1846 but then resigned from the Commons.  The Second Reading of Ashley's Bill of 1846 was moved by John Fielden.  Ashley was a member of the aristocracy (he became the 7th Earl of Shaftesbury on the death of his father), had sat for an agricultural constituency  (Dorsetshire), and had resigned because he could no longer support the Corn Laws.  Fielden came from a very different background; he was MP for Oldham a Lancashire 'cotton town' and was described by John Bright, opposing the Bill as the senior partner in the greatest cotton concern in England.  He spoke from practical experience; as he explained in his 1836 pamphlet The Curse of The Factory System: I well remember being set to work in my father's mill when I was a little more than ten years old; my associates, too, in the labour and in recreation are fresh in my memory. Only a few of them are now alive; some dying very young, others living to become men and women; but many of those who live have died off before they attained the age of fifty years, having the appearance of being much older, a premature appearance of age which I verily believe was caused by the nature of the employment in which they had been brought up. For several years after I began to work in the mill, the hours of labour in our works did not exceed ten in the day, winter and summer, and even with the labour of those hours, I shall never forget the fatigue I often felt before the day ended, and the anxiety of us all to be relieved from the unvarying and irksome toil we had gone through before we could obtain relief by such play and amusements as we resorted to when liberated from our work. His Bill proposed a one-year experiment with an eleven-hour day before moving to a ten-hour day: Fielden did not rule out settling for a permanent reduction to eleven hours if the Bill was amended accordingly in Committee. There was considerable agitation in the country for a Ten-Hour Bill and more petitions were presented to Parliament supporting the 1846 Bill than for repeal of the Corn Laws; however, the Bill was defeated at Second Reading 193–203. The London Standard gave an analysis of the vote (including tellers) which summarised the voting of the three parties (Whigs, and the two Conservative factions) as:

1847 – the Ten Hour Act is passed
Within a month, the Corn Laws had been repealed, the Peel administration had fallen and a Whig administration under Lord John Russell had come to power.  Russell's Cabinet contained both supporters and opponents of the 1846 Bill, and Russell declared at the earliest opportunity that the government had no collective view on the issue.
In January 1847, Fielden introduced much the same bill as Ashley's Bill of the previous year. Most of the arguments in the 1847 Second Reading debate repeated those made in 1846, but there were three new ones:
 the current trade recession was so severe that many mills were on short time and not working as much as ten hours a day - taking the lean years with the fact they had probably not worked more than a 10-hour day on average over the last decade
 the working classes in the northern textile districts had been allowed to think that if they supported their masters in seeking the repeal of the Corn Laws their masters would support a Ten Hour Bill; whether or not the masters had made (or intended to keep) that promise, Parliament should see it was kept
 that it was now inevitable that sooner or later the ten-hour day would become law (one speaker, referring to the extra-Parliamentary agitation and echoing comments about the Anti-Corn Law League said it hardly mattered what Parliament decided, the matter was already decided out of doors); better that Parliament should give it now with a good grace
To answer two arguments which opponents of the 1846 Bill had made much of, meetings (twenty-one in all)  were held in most of the major textile towns of Northern England: all were well attended, and at each motion were passed to declare that
 what was sought was a ten-hour day (not an eleven-hour one)
 that a reduction from a twelve-hour day to a ten-hour day was sought, even if there was a corresponding reduction in wages

The 1847 Bill passed its Second Reading by 195 votes to 87 and went into Committee stage on a majority of 90 (190 for, 100 against). In Committee, the crucial vote for ten hours, rather than eleven was won 144–66 and the Bill subsequently passed its Third Reading by 151 to 88.  Lord John Russell voted for the Bill (at Report Stage he had said he thought an eleven-hour bill safer but that would not persuade him to vote against a ten-hour one), Sir Robert Peel against.  Lord George Bentinck, the leader of the Protectionist Conservatives in the Commons, did not vote on the Third Reading but at Second Reading and Report Stage he had (as in 1846) voted for the Bill although in 1844 he had voted consistently for 12 hours and against ten.   The overall leader of the Protectionist Conservatives Lord Stanley had sat in the Lords since 1844 (and therefore had not voted on the 1846 Bill); in 1844 he sat in the Commons as the MP for North Lancashire and like Bentinck had voted for twelve hours and against ten.

Against the strongly held view of most of the Conservative party that the Corn Laws were vital to the prosperity of British agriculture, they had been repealed by Peel as a result of Free Trade agitation led by Northern millowners . The agricultural interest in the Conservative party had therefore repudiated Peel (who had opposed further reduction of the working day) and split the party.   A Whig MP alleged that the 1847 Bill was motivated by the landlords seeking their revenge on the millowners, but it will be seen from the above that support for the Ten-Hour Bills was relatively steady throughout; the 1847 one passed because opposition to it collapsed.  With very few exceptions, the Conservative supporters of the Ten Hour Bill in 1847 had -like Bentinck and Lord John Manners voted for the 1846 Bill and with slightly more exceptions (including Bentinck) for 10 hours in 1844; although not all claimed – like Manners – to have "the gratifying conviction that they, the Tory Gentlemen of England, had maintained their just and historical position; that, consistently with the character they had ever aspired to, they had fought the fight of the poor against the rich, and had been fellow-soldiers with the weak and defenceless against the mighty and the strong, and to the best of their ability, had wielded the power which the Constitution reposed in them, to protect and defend the working-people of this country.".  However the Corn Laws may have had some effect: on the analysis of the Standard fifty-one Protectionist Conservatives had voted with Peel in 1846, but he no longer had any call on their loyalty and the argument that a Ten-Hour Act should be opposed because it would ruin Northern millowners now had less force; many abstained in 1847, only four of the fifty-one named by the Standard voting against the Bill's Second Reading; six against the Bill being considered in Committee.

Popular support
In Lancashire and Yorkshire 'Short Time Committees' aiming to secure a ten-hour day had been formed by millworkers even before the 1833 Act.  They had succeeded in establishing a strong feeling among millworkers for a Ten Hour Act, and in gaining supporters in all classes of society
My Lords, the measures now proposed for your acceptance have originated in far different quarters than in the mind of one so little entitled to your Lordships' attention as myself. They have originated in the crowded receptacles of human labour—they have been elaborated in the factory and the alley, amid the whirl of machinery, and in those long rows of lodging houses which grow up around the giant chimneys of Lancashire and Yorkshire. This Bill has its root in the stern experience of the husband and the father. From this humble, but, I am sure in your Lordships' view, not contemptible seed, the idea has mounted upwards in the shape of such petitions as those which have encumbered your Lordships' Table. Men of higher education—men whose lives are one professional and practical exercise of philanthropy, have assisted the progress of the measure to the ears of the Legislature by their sanction and their advocacy; medical men in every branch of practice, clergymen of every religious persuasion. Springing from such a source, founded on such a basis of feeling and opinion, it has made its way through much difficulty against powerful opposition, till it has obtained the sanction of an influential portion of the Cabinet, of a conclusive majority of the House of Commons, and, so supported and recommended, has reached the Table of your Lordships' House.
The so-called "ten hour movement", led mostly by members of the Anglican Church, rallied public support for the Bill. Many different groups supported the act, including many Quakers, workers, and even some factory owners like John Fielden. Many committees were formed in support of the cause and some previously established groups lent their support as well. A paper the "Ten Hours' Advocate and the Journal of Literature and Art" was produced and concentrated almost exclusively on the ten-hour cause. Crucially, a deluge of petitions to Parliament and a series of large public meetings in the manufacturing districts passing resolutions in favour of a Ten-Hour Act were organised. These both nullified arguments that the Bill was against the interests and the wishes of (the better sort of) millworkers and established a strong moral pressure on Parliament:
The people deserved this measure. They had for many years besought Parliament to grant them a Ten Hours Bill; and he thought that the manner in which they had agitated the question entitled them to the most favourable consideration of the Legislature. They had sought to obtain it by the most peaceable means; they had never had recourse to violent agitations, to strikes, or combinations against their employers. They never had committed a breach of the peace at any of the great meetings held upon this question; but their conduct had always been characterized by regularity, and by manifestations of loyalty. It would, therefore, be only an act of justice to those loyal, peaceable, and industrious men to pass this Bill.
The year following its passage, Karl Marx made reference to the bill in The Communist Manifesto as a victory for ordinary workers.

Major contributors
"At a General Meeting of the Lancashire Central Short Time Committee, held at the house of Mr Thomas Wilkinson, Red Lion Inn, Manchester, on Tuesday evening, 8 June 1847, the following resolutions were unanimously adopted.

 That this Committee feel deeply thankful to the disposer of all good gifts, for the glorious success which has attended their efforts to ameliorate the condition of the women and children employed in factories, and sincerely congratulate their fellow-labourers in the good work on the peaceful and constitutional character of the agitation, as well as the triumphant manner in which the Ten Hours' Bill has passed the British Parliament.
 That the hearty thanks of this Committee are due, and are hereby gratefully tendered on behalf of the working people of Lancashire, to the Right Honourable Lord Ashley, for his zealous and efficient services in this sacred cause, during a period of fourteen years of constant, consistent, and exemplary perseverance, to improve the moral, religious, and mental condition of the factory workers by endeavouring to obtain for them leisure hours to be devoted to that purpose; and especially for the zeal and activity he has displayed during the present session of Parliament.
 That the best thanks of this Committee are also due to John Fielden, Esq., MP, for the honest, consistent and straightforward conduct which he has ever pursued on behalf of his poorer fellow-countrymen; and especially for his exertions during the present session of Parliament in bringing the agitation for the Ten Hours' Bill to a successful issue.
 That this Committee tender their heartfelt thanks to the Right Honourable the Earl of Ellesmere and Lord Faversham, for their zealous exertions in conducting the Ten Hours' Bill safely through the House of Lords.
 That this Committee are deeply grateful and tender their best thanks to J. Brotherton, Esq., MP, H. A. Aglionby, Esq., MP., C. Hindley, Esq., MP., and all those members who spoke and voted in favour of this measure during its progress in the House of Commons.
 That this Committee are deeply impressed with the gratitude they owe to the Duke of Richmond, the Bishops of Oxford, London, and St. David's, and all the peers who spoke and voted in favour of the Ten Hours' Bill.
 That this Committee offer their most hearty congratulations and sincere thanks to John Wood, Richard Oastler, W. Walker, Thomas Fielden, and Joseph Gregory, Esqrs., and to the Rev. G. S. Bull, for their support of this cause in times when it was unpopular to be ranked amongst its advocates; and also to all its friends and supporters out of Parliament.
 That this Committee view with extreme satisfaction the past support of the clergy of the Established Church, as well as of those ministers of religion of all denominations who were ever found amongst the supporters of this measure, and sincerely hope that they will live to see realised the happy results which we believe were the aim and object of all their pious labours in this cause.…"

Lord Shaftesbury
The 7th Earl of Shaftesbury, known at the time as Lord Ashley, was leader of the Factory Reform Movement in the House of Commons and played an extensive role in the passage of British factory reform in the mid-19th century and was an especially avid supporter of the Factory Act of 1847. Lord Shaftesbury was an evangelical Anglican and Tory MP who worked tirelessly for labour reform in England. He was responsible in some way for the passage of nearly every labour reform bill from when he entered Parliament in 1826 until his resignation in 1847. He later continued reform in the House of Lords.

Richard Oastler
Richard Oastler was a staunch Christian, son of a leading Methodist but subsequently a Churchman. He lent his exuberant oratorical and writing skills to the cause of factory reform, focusing especially on the ten-hour movement. Sometimes called the "Danton of the factory movement," Oastler was the leading voice for reform outside Parliament. Oastler was known for dramatic rhetoric and for hinting at future violence should things get worse. In his "A letter to those millowners who continue to oppose the Ten Hours bill and who impudently dare to break the present Factories act," Oastler had addressed factory owners who he described as "murderers". In his usual style he wrote, "If blood must flow, let it be the blood of lawbreakers, tyrants, and murderers ... infanticide shall cease". Oastler had been convinced that reform must come either by legislation or by force.  By the time a Ten-Hour Act was passed, however, Oastler had greatly moderated his rhetoric; on the political level the evils he had campaigned against were greatly reduced by the existing Factory Act and increasing compliance with it; on the personal level he was deeply touched by the knowledge that his release from debtors' prison had been assisted by donations from those who differed greatly from his politics and his views on factory reform.  After his release, he treated opposing millowners as a misguided and unrepresentative minority, rather than wicked.

John Fielden
John Fielden was born a Quaker but had become a Unitarian and was a cotton mill owner from Todmorden who fought tirelessly for the passage of the Factory Act of 1847. Fielden took a leading role in the struggle for reform even before his election to the House of Commons in 1832. Upon the resignation of Lord Shaftesbury in 1847 it became the responsibility of John Fielden to see to the successful passage of the Factory Act of 1847. It has been said that no one did more for the cause of the ten hours movement than John Fielden.

Enforcement
Difficulties immediately arouse over the enforcement of the act, as millowners used legal loopholes to evade its provisions and the courts proved reluctant to intervene so that Lord Ashley, for example, concluded in 1850: "The Ten Hours’ Act nullified. The work to be done all over again". Supplementary acts in 1850 and 1853 did, however, see a ten-hour limit established in the textile industry, and without the negative economic effects its opponents had feared to come to pass.

Thereafter the use of child labour certainly declined in Victorian Britain, though historians divide on whether this was the result of the law in action, as the Factory Prosecutions Returns would seem to suggest, or merely a by-product of technological change.

See also
Factory Acts

Notes

References

Further reading
For more information on the Factory Act of 1847 and general information on the factory system in Great Britain in the 19th century:

 The Age of Peel by Norman Gash
 Speeches of the Earl of Shaftesbury
 Prelude to Victory of the Ten Hour Movement by Kenneth Carpenter
  Cowherd,  Raymond. The Humanitarians and the Ten Hour Movement in England
 Cooke-Taylor, R.W. The Factory System and the Factory Act (1894) online
 Nardinelli, Clark. "Child labour and the factory acts." Journal of Economic History 40.4 (1980): 739–755; an optimistic view
 Tuttle, Carolyn. "Child labour during the British industrial revolution." EH-Net Encyclopaedia (2015). online
 Tuttle, Carolyn. "A Revival of the Pessimist View: Child Labor and the Industrial Revolution." Research in Economic History 18 (1998): 53–82; a pessimistic view

1847 in women's history
Children's rights in the United Kingdom
Health and safety in the United Kingdom
Occupational safety and health law
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1847
Women's rights in the United Kingdom


Hamish Kippen (17 May 1987 – 21 October 2008) was a Canadian fashion photographer and former national and international junior athlete. Born in Belfast, he emigrated with his parents and sisters Alice and Mairi to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on 19 December 1989. Educated at Jackman Junior Public School, Duke of Connaught Middle School, Danforth Collegiate and Technical Institute, and finally the Image Arts program at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) between 2005 and 2007.

Following gymnastics training as a young child, Hamish turned to platform and springboard diving in his teenage years, first becoming Ontario provincial champion and then Canadian national champion. He represented Canada in many competitions, including the Junior Pan American Games in Mexico City in 2001 and two FINA Junior World Championships (2002 in Aachen, Germany; 2004 in Belém, Brazil). He retired from competitive diving in 2005.

Kippen left Ryerson to pursue a career as a freelance fashion photographer after he won Flare magazine's Communications Award in 2007. He became a regular contributor to Flare, and shot for many other fashion magazines including Clin d'Oeil, Noi.se magazine, Wedding Bells, Zink, and the online magazine Cheek. He was in great demand for his work with new models, and he was widely recognized to be one of the most promising photographers of his generation.

Kippen unfortunately was suffering from depression. He killed himself during the night of October 20–21, 2008. A book featuring his photography was published in 2009, and the first exhibition of his work appeared in Toronto throughout October 2009.

External links
Hamish Kippen's website

Canadian photographers
1987 births
2008 deaths


Cilnia chopardi is a species of praying mantis in the family Miomantidae.

The species in native to South Africa.

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Mantidae
Mantodea of Africa
Insects of South Africa
Insects described in 1927


Murphy's Law is an American crime drama that starred George Segal and Maggie Han, loosely based on the Trace and Digger novels by Warren Murphy. The opening theme song, which replaced an instrumental by Mike Post, was an edited version of "Murphy's Law," a song featured on the album "High Crime" by Al Jarreau. The series premiered November 2, 1988 on ABC. On March 9, 1989, ABC announced that it had canceled the series and that the final episode would air on March 18, 1989. The actual final, unaired episode, entitled "All's Wrong That Ends Wrong," resolved a key storyline in the series (recovering alcoholic Murphy was awarded custody of his daughter from his estranged ex-wife) and also served an unsold pilot for a spin-off starring Joan Severance.

Synopsis
Daedelus Patrick Murphy (Segal) was a recovering alcoholic who worked as an insurance-fraud investigator for First Fidelity Insurance. His unusual methods sometimes led him to clash with office executive Victor Beaudine, though supervisor Wesley Harden often ran interference for Murphy since his methods got results. He lived with girlfriend and fashion model Kimiko Fannuchi (Han), while attempting to reconnect with his estranged daughter. In the actual final, unaired episode, entitled "All's Wrong That Ends Wrong," Murphy was awarded custody of his daughter from his estranged ex-wife. The episode also served as an unsold pilot for a proposed spin-off starring Joan Severance as an insurance investigator.

Cast

Main
George Segal as Daedalus Patrick Murphy
Maggie Han as Kimiko Fannuchi
Josh Mostel as Wesley Harden
Sarah Sawatsky as Kathleen Danforth
Charles Rocket as Victor Beaudine
Kim Lankford as Marissa Danforth
Serge Houde as Ed

Guest Stars
  Gerard Christopher
  Will Estes
  Norman Fell
  Clyde Kusatsu
  Patrick Macnee
  Reni Santoni
  Joan Severance
  John Standing
  Julia Sweeney

Episodes
Twelve episodes are registered with the United States Copyright Office.

References

External links

1988 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
1980s American drama television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming


Called to Arms is a progressive metal band started in Raleigh, North Carolina in 2003.  They are currently signed to Tragic Hero Records and they recorded their most recent album with Jamie King, which was released digitally August 10, 2010.  The album is based on The Screwtape Letters written by C. S. Lewis.

History
Daniel Grissom, Jamie Nickerson, Zack Van Hoy, and Josh Philips formed the group in 2003 as a melodic hardcore band.  The band's second show ever was at a small independent venue that also featured Showbread, The Showdown, and He Is Legend (known as Uriah Omen at the time).  This specific show was notable because none of these bands were signed to major labels at the time, but all have since gone on to release critically acclaimed albums on major labels.  He Is Legend would later join Called to Arms on the same record label in 2009 when they signed to Tragic Hero Records.

In 2004, Called to Arms added Brady Sweat on lead guitar and shifted the band's sound toward more technical metal.  Known for technical guitar-work and retro style metal solos, critics also have praised their more melodic side for being the quality that has made them stand out in their genre.
 Not afraid to experiment, the group's The Last Lament EP was described as "a 28-minute trip through nearly every subgenre of metal that exists".

In 2007, Grayson Sweat replaced Van Hoy in the band while he chose to focus on his indie band Dakota Darling.

The group recorded and mastered their 3rd and most recent album Peril and the Patient with Jamie King (Between the Buried and Me, Glass Casket, Beloved) at the Basement Studios in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. This album displays a further progression in songwriting as the band attempted to disassociate themselves from the metalcore genre "by fusing together a plethora of heavy metal subgenres, all the while keeping a varied, original and interesting sound." The band has stated their influences on this record came from bands like Queen, Smashing Pumpkins, The Mars Volta, Deftones, and System of a Down rather than bands that people would normally associate them with.

Facts
 Brady has been involved musically in several other projects—most notably he toured and wrote with Facedown Records/Dreamt Music act My Epic when previous guitarist Travis Brooks left.  Travis Brooks later filled in for Called to Arms guitarist Jamie Nickerson for two shows in 2007.
 Harvard and The Bear Romantic vocalist/multi-instrumentalist Jesse Clasen recorded and produced the band's early material as well as providing guest vocals on several tracks
 Lane Wood (who provided guest vocals on "Ashamed, Awake") sang the national anthem before the Panthers vs Dolphins game on Friday, August 17, 2012.

Members
Current
 Daniel Grissom – Vocals, Keys (2003–present)
 Brady Sweat – Lead Guitar (2004–present)
 Jamie Nickerson – Rhythm Guitar (2003–present)
 Josh Philips – Bass (2003–present)
 Grayson Sweat – Drums (2007–present)

Former
 Zack Van Hoy – Drums (2003-2007)

Live
 Travis Brooks – Rhythm Guitar (2007)

Discography
Studio albums
 A New Life Given (2004)
 The Last Lament (2007)
 Peril and the Patient (2010)

Demos
 Demo 2003 (Demo, 2003)
 Locked and Loaded Demo (Demo, 2004)

Notes

External links
Official site
Label site

Musical groups from Raleigh, North Carolina
American progressive metal musical groups
American Christian metal musical groups
Tragic Hero Records artists


The Patriots novel series is a five-novel series by survivalist novelist and former U.S. Army officer and blogger, James Wesley Rawles. It is followed by his Counter-Caliphate Chronicles novel series.Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse, the first book in the series, was first distributed as shareware in 1995 and first published in paperback in 1998. It was updated and re-published in paperback 2009, and then in hardback in 2012. In one week of April 2009, shortly after its release, it was ranked #6 in Amazon.com's overall book sales rankings, which was attributed by the Library Journal to the book's appeal to "a small but vociferous group of people concerned with survivalism".

Set in the near future midst hyperinflation and a catastrophic global economic collapse, Patriots tells the story of a group of survivalists that flee riots and chaos in metropolitan Chicago to a survivalist retreat that they have prepared near Bovill, Idaho.

Origins

The first novel is based on a 19-chapter draft that Rawles wrote in 1990, and first distributed as shareware, under the title The Gray Nineties.  It was later expanded to 27 chapters and retitled Triple Ought, and then 33 chapters, under the title TEOTWAWKI:  The End of the World as We Know It. In 1997, the rights to the novel were purchased by Huntington House Publishers, a small Christian publishing firm in Lafayette, Louisiana. They abridged the book to 31 chapters and re-titled it Patriots: Surviving the Coming Collapse. This was the publisher's best-selling title from November 1998 to January 2005. In early 2005, Huntington House went out of business, and the copyright reverted to the author. In November 2006, responding to pent-up market demand, Rawles self-published a restored 33-chapter edition of the novel, through XLibris, a vanity press. Patriots was the best-selling title for XLibris from late 2006 to early 2009.  In late 2008, the rights to the novel were purchased by Ulysses Press of Berkeley, California. After updating the novel and adding both a glossary and an index, in April 2009 Ulysses Press released the 33-chapter edition under the new title  Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse.

Setting
Much of Patriots takes place in the Intermountain west, specifically in the Palouse Hills region, in and around Moscow, Idaho.

Reception
Critical reception for the various releases of the book has been generally positive, gaining a cult following among the survivalist community and a positive review from the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. A reviewer for the Tennessean newspaper called the novel a "combination military thriller and how-to survivalist guide."

Over time the book has gained a larger following, with Rawles speculating that the ongoing financial crisis accounted for the book's popularity among a wider readership traditionally not interested in survivalist themes. Sara Nelson of The Daily Beast referred to the novel as "The Most Dangerous Novel in America."

The Kirkus Review described the series as "long on details about guns, survival techniques and military capabilities and short on the suspense".

Translations
The first translation of Patriots was released in May 2012. This was a Spanish and French edition
, titled Patriotas.  It was translated by Ernesto Rubio Garcia and published by La Factoria De Ideas, in Madrid, Spain. .

Sequels
Rawles authored four sequels in the Patriots series. The first two sequels were published by Simon & Schuster: Survivors: A Novel of the Coming Collapse in 2011 and Founders: A Novel of the Coming Collapse in 2012.  Both of these sequels were also produced as audiobooks (by Brilliance Audio), and as e-books. In 2013, E.P. Dutton released the fourth novel in the series, titled Expatriates.  This sequel is set primarily in Australia, the Philippines, and Tavares, Florida. This was followed in 2014 by a fourth sequel, titled Liberators: A Novel of the Coming Global Collapse. It was released on October 21, 2014.

Sales for the sequels were strong, with Survivors,  Founders and Expatriates all achieving places on The New York Times Best Seller list.

Survivors: A Novel of the Coming Collapse

Much of Survivors: A Novel of the Coming Collapse takes place in the Four Corners region, specifically in and around Bloomfield and Farmington, New Mexico, although the book's climax takes place in and near Prescott, Arizona and several sub-plots take place as far away as Afghanistan. The cover artwork was created by Tony Mauro, Jr.

On its release day, October 4, 2011, Survivors  rose to #2 in Amazon's overall book sales ranks and #1 in their action-adventure category.  On October 23, 2011, it was listed at #3 in the New York Times bestseller list in the fiction hardback category. Rawles and Survivors were the centerpiece of a Vancouver Sun article by Kim Murphy about the American Redoubt movement that was run by dozens of newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times. Marvin Olasky of World magazine called Survivors "...not as well-written as some articles Rawles has penned"

Rawles uses an unusual contemporaneous approach to writing sequels. Rather than the traditional formula of following the same group of characters farther into the future, he instead uses a novel sequence method that portrays different characters in different geographic regions, but in the same near-future timeframe as in Patriots. In his Introductory note to  Survivors, Rawles stated: "Unlike most novel sequels, the storyline of Survivors is contemporaneous with the events described in my previously-published novel Patriots.  Thus, there is no need to read it first (or subsequently), but you'll likely find it entertaining."

The first of several translations of Survivors was released in May 2014. This was a Spanish edition, titled Supervivientes.  It was translated by Ernesto Rubio Garcia and published by La Factoria De Ideas, in Madrid, Spain. . A Kindle edition in Spanish was also released in May, 2014. Additional translations into French, German, Russian, Bulgarian, Portuguese, and Korean are planned.

Founders: A Novel of the Coming Collapse

Founders: A Novel of the Coming Collapse is a 2012 New York Times best-selling novel by author James Wesley Rawles and is a sequel to Survivors: A Novel of the Coming Collapse. The novel was released on September 25, 2012, by Atria Books. The book peaked at #4 in Amazon's overall book sales ranks, on its release day. The book premiered on the New York Times Bestsellers list at #11, but dropped to #27 a week later.

Founders: A Novel of the Coming Collapse is set primarily in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Montana. It details how U.S. Army Captain Andy Laine infiltrates the Provisional Government's New Army headquartered at Fort Knox in the midst of a War of Resistance. It also details the cross-country trek of Ken and Terry Layton, and introduces a new character: Joshua Watanabe, a U.S. Air Force NCO, stationed at Malmstrom Air Force Base, in Montana. The cover artwork was created by Tony Mauro, Jr.

Founders was released on September 25, 2012, by Atria Books.  The book premiered on the New York Times Bestsellers list at #11, but dropped to #27 a week later.

In his brief review of Founders, Gregory Cowles of the influential The New York Times Book Review poked fun at the comma in Rawles's name, but granted: "Rawles is a well-known survivalist, and he's surely the only writer on this list whose fans frequently ask him how best to stockpile food (it depends on which food) or whether to favor bullets over gold during the total collapse of civilization ("You can't defend yourself near as well with a Krugerrand")."

Expatriates: A Novel of the Coming Global Collapse

The third sequel in the Patriots series is entitled Expatriates: A Novel of the Coming Global Collapse (). It was written under contract for E.P. Dutton. The book was released on October 1, 2013. It is set "primarily in central Florida, the Philippines, and northern Australia."  The cover artwork was created by Tony Mauro, Jr. The audio book was narrated by Eric G. Dove. The publisher's web page summarizes the storyline: "When the United States suffers a major socioeconomic collapse, a power vacuum sweeps the globe. A newly radicalized Islamic government rises to power in Indonesia, invades the Philippines, East Timor, Papua New Guinea, and finally northern Australia. No longer protected by American military interests, Australia must repel an invasion alone."

Liberators: A Novel of the Coming Global Collapse

The fourth and final sequel in the Patriots novel series is a 416-page book entitled Liberators: A Novel of the Coming Global Collapse. It was released on October 21, 2014. This sequel was written under contract for E.P. Dutton. It is set primarily in the Bella Coola region of western Canada.

Reviews of Liberators were also positive. Publishers Weekly called Liberators  the  "rousing fifth after-the-apocalypse thriller [installment in the novel series]" and also mentioned that "Supporters of the 'prepper' movement…will lap up every detail." Jeff Soyer of North Country Review of Books gave the novel a three star rating overall, and a four star rating for Writing Style. Mark Rubinstein of The Huffington Post called the book "[A]nother entertaining and thought-provoking novel, describing steps people can take in the event of a global collapse."  In a radio interview on October 20, 2014, Alan Colmes mentioned that the novel's title indicates that Rawles actually expects an economic collapse in the near future, and Rawles confirmed that because of uncontrolled government spending and indebtedness he does indeed anticipate a collapse.  The novel debuted at #48 in Amazon.com's overall rankings, #1 in their Science Fiction-Dystopian novels category, #1 in their Mystery novels category, and at #1 in their Action & Adventure, War & Military novels category.  The novel premiered at #20 on the Publishers Weekly hardcover bestsellers list, reported on November 3, 2014.

Counter-Caliphate Chronicles novel series
Rawles followed Patriots series with the Counter-Caliphate Chronicles novel series. On December 1, 2015, Rawles released the novel Land of Promise, the first book in the Counter-Caliphate Chronicles novel series. This science fiction novel is a geopolitical thriller that is a considerable departure from his previous Patriots thriller novel series.  Set in the late 2130s,  Land of Promise fictionally describes the world under the economic and military domination of a Global Islamic Caliphate, brought about by a fictional new branch of Islam, called The Thirdists.  The novel also describes the establishment of a Christian nation of refuge called The Ilemi Republic, in East Africa.  It is the first release from Liberty Paradigm Publishing, a publishing venture launched by Rawles in partnership with his literary agent Robert Gottlieb of Trident Media Group.

Printing history
The Gray Nineties (19 chapter draft).  Distributed as shareware from 1995 to 1997.
Triple Ought (27 chapter draft). Distributed as shareware from 1997 to 1998.
TEOTWAWKI: The End of the World as We Know It. 33 chapters with six appendices, self-published edition, The Clearwater Press, Kooskia, Idaho, Velo-bound, 1997-1998.
Patriots: Surviving the Coming Collapse. 31 chapters, 342 pages, abridged trade paperback edition from Huntington House/Vital Issues Press. It was in print from November 1998 to January 2005.
Patriots: Surviving the Coming Collapse. 33 chapters, 384 pages trade paperback from XLibris. It was in print from November 2006 to February 2009.
Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse. 33 chapters, 398 pages, updated trade paperback edition with glossary and index, from Ulysses Press, Berkeley, California.
Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse—Unabridged Audiobook was released on December 31, 2009. This audiobook, from Brilliance Audiobooks was narrated by Dick Hill.
Patriots: A Novel of Survival in the Coming Collapse. 33 chapters, 400 pages, revised edition in hardback with a glossary and index, from Ulysses Press, Berkeley, California, November, 2012.

References

External links
Official author site

American post-apocalyptic novels
American political novels
American adventure novels
Novels set during World War III
Novels about rebels
1990s speculative fiction novels
2000s speculative fiction novels
2010s speculative fiction novels
Techno-thriller novels
Dystopian novels
Self-published books
Novels about survival skills
1995 American novels
2009 American novels


Cilnia is a genus of praying mantises in the family Miomantidae that is native to Africa.

The genus Cilnia contains two species:
Cilnia chopardi
 Cilnia humeralis

See also
List of mantis genera and species

References

Mantidae
Mantodea of Africa
Mantodea genera
Taxa named by Carl Stål


Eugene Hritzuk (born c. 1949) is a Canadian curler from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.  He is a former World Senior men's champion skip.

Hritzuk has won two provincial championships as skip, once in 1985 and again in 1988. This qualified him for the Brier both times. At the 1985 Labatt Brier, he finished the round robin with a 6-5 record. He had to play in two tie-breakers, which he won to get to the semi-final, where he lost to Northern Ontario's Al Hackner. At the 1988 Labatt Brier, he finished the Brier with an 8-3 record, and lost to Alberta's Pat Ryan in the final. It would be his last Brier.

Since then, Hritzuk has been a successful seniors curler, and has represented Saskatchewan at the Canadian Seniors Championships in 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2012. He won his first Canadian Seniors Championship in 2008. Hritzuk won the World Senior Curling Championships in May 2009.  Hritzuk has also represented Saskatchewan at the Canadian Masters Curling Championships in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 winning the Canadian Masters Championship in 2014.

References

External links

Living people
Curlers from Saskatoon
Canadian male curlers
Year of birth missing (living people)


Peter A. Tyrrell (April 8, 1896 – May 8, 1973) was an entertainment entrepreneur in Philadelphia, most prominently associated with the Philadelphia Arena. He was one of eleven founders of what eventually became the National Basketball Association, and was a founder and the first president of the Ice Capades.

In 1919, he became a sports publicist and established a 3,000 seat boxing arena in West Manayunk (now known as Belmont Hills), due West from Philadelphia across the Schuylkill River in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. At the time, the city of Philadelphia limited boxing contests to six rounds; since his arena was outside the city, he could, and did, stage 15-round bouts there. In 1929 he became a boxing matchmaker with the Philadelphia Arena, which at that time was the city's largest public entertainment venue. He later became publicist for the Arena, then served as its general manager from 1934–1958. In 1958, he and some associates bought the Arena, and Tyrrell became president and general manager. He held those positions until 1965, at which time the Arena was sold.

At the Arena during the 1940s, Tyrrell organized what were considered to be the world's first televised ice show, boxing match, basketball game, and ice hockey game. During five weeks in 1949 he arranged and promoted a welterweight boxing championship match between Sugar Ray Robinson and Kid Gavilán.

During his time with the Arena, Tyrrell "significantly enriched the variety of public entertainment in Philadelphia and elsewhere." He was one of the first to book the Shipstad and Johnson ice show, the success of this endeavor leading to the establishment of the Ice Follies, one of the era's most successful entertainment shows. In 1940, he formed an association with ten Eastern sports arenas to finance the Ice Capades, a show formed along the lines of the Ice Follies. Tyrrell became manager and president of the group, and was actively involved in its rehearsals, travels, and performances. He was a director of the Ice Capades until 1963 when the company was sold. During these years he convinced ice skating champion Sonja Henie to "turn professional." She made her professional debut at the Arena.

Tyrrell was also involved in rodeos, bringing Gene Autry and his rodeo for the first time to Philadelphia. When Autry left the show, Tyrrell replaced him with Roy Rogers. Tyrrell was known for bringing a wide range of entertainments to the Arena. Events held during his time there included the Johnny Weissmuller and Buster Crabbe swimming shows, roller derbies, billiards contests, six-day bicycle races, dance marathons, rocking chair derbies, furniture sales, automobile shows, an endurance race between men and horses, and performances by the Spanish Riding School, the Moscow State Circus, the Scots Guards Band, Gracie Fields, Bob Hope, Nat King Cole, Victor Borge, Elvis Presley, and Marian Anderson.

In addition to his promotional activities, Tyrrell was one of the founders of the Basketball Association of America (BAA), a forerunner of today's National Basketball Association. He briefly managed the Philadelphia Warriors professional basketball team, which won the BAA championship in 1946–1947. He also brought the Philadelphia Ramblers ice hockey team to Philadelphia as a New York Rangers farm club.

Tyrrell received many awards from local groups for his charitable and fundraising activities. He won many trophies as an amateur golfer, and was considered to be an exceptional pocket billiards player, playing exhibitions with many world champions.

References

National Basketball Association executives
1896 births
1973 deaths
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Philadelphia Warriors
20th-century American businesspeople


The Kingdom of Dambadeniya was a medieval kingdom in what is present-day Sri Lanka. The kingdom's rulers reigned from 1220–1345.

History

Founding
The first king to choose Dambadeniya as his capital was Vijayabahu III. He was able to bring about the unity among the Sangha that had fled in various directions due to the hostile activities of the invader Kalinga Magha and succeeded in holding a Buddhist convention in 1226 to bring about peace among the Buddhist clergy.

King Parakramabahu II was the king who inherited the throne after King Vijayabahu. He was considered a genius, who was a great poet and a prolific writer. Among the books he wrote are Kausilumina, which is considered a great piece of literature. Unifying the three kingdoms that existed within Sri Lanka at that point in time is regarded as the greatest achievement.

King Bosath Vijayabahu, as the eldest son of King Parakramabahu the second, was crowned in 1270. He was well known for his modest behaviour and for his religious activities. He was killed in the second year of his reign by a minister called Miththa.

After the demise of his elder brother Vijayabahu, Bhuvanekabahu I, as the next in line to the throne, shifted the capital to Yapahuwa for reasons of security. He followed his father's footsteps as a writer and continued with the religious activities started by his brother Vijayabahu IV.

Rule from Yapahuwa
After the assassination of Vijayabahu IV, his brother became king after a series of conflicts with several dissident generals thus became Bhuvanekabahu I. He considered Dambadeniya as insecure so he made Yapahuwa a rock fortress his permanent residence. Yapahuwa served as the capital of Sri Lanka in the latter part of the 13th century (1273–1284). Built on a huge, 90 meter high rock boulder in the style of the Sigiriya rock fortress, Yapahuwa was a palace and military stronghold against foreign invaders.

The palace and fortress were built by King Buvanekabahu I (1272–1284) in the year 1273. Many traces of ancient battle defences can still be seen, while an ornamental stairway, is its biggest showpiece. On top of the rock are the remains of a stupa, a Bodhi tree enclosure, and a rock shelter/cave used by Buddhist monks, indicating that earlier this site was used as a Buddhist monastery, like many boulders and hills in the area. There are several caves at the base of the rock. In one of them, there is a shrine with Buddha images. One cave has a Brahmi script inscription.
At the southern base of the rock, there is a fortification with two moats and ramparts. In this enclosure, there are the remains of a number of buildings including a Buddhist shrine. There is also a Buddhist temple called Yapawwa Rajamaha Vihara built during the Kandyan period.

The Tooth Relic was brought from Dambadeniya and kept in the Tooth Temple built for the purpose at the top of the third staircase. The relics were carried away from the temple to South India by the Pandyas and then recovered in 1288 by Parakkramabahu III (1287–1293), who temporarily placed them in safety at Polonnaruwa.

Yapahuwa was one of the ephemeral capitals of medieval Sri Lanka. The citadel of Yapahuwa lying midway between matara and galle was built around a huge granite rock rising abruptly almost a hundred meters above the surrounding lowlands.

In 1272, King Bhuvenakabahu transferred the capital from Polonnaruwa to Yapahuwa in the face of Dravidian invasions from South India, bringing the Sacred Tooth Relic with him. Following the death of King Bhuvenakabahu in 1284, the Pandyans of South India invaded Sri Lanka once again and succeeded in capturing Sacred Tooth Relic. Following its capture, Yapahuwa was largely abandoned and inhabited by Buddhist monks and religious ascetics.

Rule from Polonnaruwa
Parakramabahu III who was the son of Vijayabahu III and grandson of Parakramabahu II became king in Polonnaruwa. He tried to bring back the tooth relic to the island via establishing diplomatic relationships with the Pandyan Kingdom. He succeeded and housed the tooth relic in the temple of the Tooth in Polonnaruwa. King died after reigning five years in 1303.

Rule from Kurunagala
Bhuvanekabahu II son of Bhuvanekabahu I succeeded his cousin in 1303 and shifted the capital to nearby Kurunagala and ruled for two years until his death in 1305.

Kurunegala was the capital city of Sri Lanka from 1300-1341. It was a kingdom following kingdom of Yapahuwa. Kurunegala, capital of the Kurunegala District and the modern-day province of Wayamba, was used as a royal capital for around half a century with five kings of the Sinhala dynasty reigning as monarchs. The first ruler was King Buvanekabahu II (1293–1302) the son of Buvanekabahu I of Yapahuwa and cousin to King Parakramabahu III of Polonnaruwa. He was followed not long after by the reign of his son King Parakramabahu IV (1302–1326). Parakramabahu not only translated the Buddhist Jataka tales into Sinhala, he also commissioned a number of temples to be built including the Alutnuwara Dewale in the Kegalla District. Not much is known about his successor Bhuvanaikabahu III who ruled for 9 years and the next two following rulers Vijayabâhu V and Bhuvanaikabâhu IV nor the reason why the capital was soon after moved again. But we do know that the brother of Bhuvanaikabâhu IV, King Parâkkamabâhu V began his reign under the new kingdom of Gampola (1344–1408).

Kurunegala was once known as Hasthishailya-pura and in literature as Athugal-pura (Ethagala). It is the "city of the elephant rock" which is a literal translation and is so named because of a large elephant-shaped rock decorating the landscape. Nestled in with other large rocks, folk legend relates how the rocks were all transformed animals. Once, long ago there was a severe drought and the people became alarmed when many animals began consuming the water and threatened the water supply, so a local witch helped out by turning some of them into stone. The other rocks such as monkey rock and tortoise rock, etc., were named after the different animals and today, on top of the elephant rock sits a gigantic 88 ft tall Buddha.

Kurunegala was also one of the districts in which the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha was kept and venerated. In the 13th century the city had a main citadel and today only a few remains are left of the tooth relic temple apart from a few stone steps and part of a doorway. During the time of King Parakramabahu IV (1302–1326), there was a strong religious revival and rituals concerning the relic were re-ordered in a more systematic way as recorded in the Dalada Sirita.

Later on after the capital changed, the tooth relic was removed to the new capital Jayavardanapura Kotte closer to Colombo by king Virabahu but subsequent Portuguese colonial power in 1505 began to cause the deterioration of Buddhist activities and fearing for the safety of the relic, it was secreted away by Buddhist monks to the kingdom of Sitawaka ruled by king Mayadunne. For a time it was moved around and placed in different locations including the cave temple of Ridivihara about 13 miles from Kurunegala and in the Delgamuva Vihara in Ratnapura. It was from Ratnapura that the tooth relic was finally brought to its current resting place at the temple of the tooth, in Senkadagala (Kandy) by King Vimaladharmasuriya I (1592–1603). Though prior to all these events, the tooth relic had also been kept for a time at Polonnaruwa, Yapahuwa and Dambadeniya.

Throughout the district and nearby, other archaeological cities and sites can be found dating from different periods. The earlier capitals include the city of Panduvasnuwara in the northwest where visitors can see the remains of a moated palace along with Buddhist monasteries dating from the 12th century, Dambadeniya to the south-west, dating from the mid-13th century, and the fortress of Yapahuwa in the north (circa 1301). King Buvanekabahu II established Kurunegala as a kingdom at around 1300 A.C. His son succeeded as king Parakramabahu IV.

Rule of king Parakramabahu IV
He is the greatest king of the Kurunegala period. He was known as Panditha Parakramabahu II because of his services towards Buddhism, education and literature. His services and authority have been witnessed even beyond Kurunegala as far as Kandy, Kegalle, Colombo, Ratnapura, Kalutara, Galle and most of the Southern areas. He wrote a book named Dalatha Siriththa. He built the Asgiriya Viharaya in Kandy.

Rule after king Parakramabahu IV
Two kings named Buvanekabahu III and Vijayabahu V (Savulu Vijayabahu) ruled the kingdom.

Culture

Education
Parakramabahu IV the son of Bhuvanekabahu II was a very wise and intelligent king who was also known as Panditha Parakramabahu. He was responsible for writing 'Dalada Sirita'. He renamed Mahanuwara as Senkadagale, the king was also responsible for translating pali books into Sinhala

 1) Sinhala Bodhiwansaya
 2) Sanda Kinduru Daa Kava

Literature
The Dambadeniya period is considered the golden era of Sinhala literature. Important literary works such as  Sinhala Thupavamsa, Dalada Siriththa, Sarajothi malai were written during the period. Several books in Sinhala, Pali & Sanskrit were written at this time. Among them are books of poetry such as Kausilumina, Muwadewdawatha, Sidath sangarawa, Buthsarana, Saddharma Rathnawaliya. The stone inscriptions in this period include keulgama mavilipitiya, Narambadde Ududumbara Lipiya, Rambukana Dewala Lipiya, Aluthnuwara Dewala Lipiya, Galapatha Viharaya Shila Lipiya. Parakramabahu II wrote two books namely Visuddi Marga Sannasa and Kavisilumina.

See also
 Sri Lanka
 History of Sri Lanka
 List of Sri Lankan monarchs

References

Former countries in South Asia
Former monarchies of South Asia
Kingdoms of Sri Lanka
1220 establishments in Asia
13th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
1345 disestablishments in Asia
14th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka
Transitional period of Sri Lanka


Luther Stearns Cushing (June 22, 1803June 22, 1856) was an American jurist. He was born on June 22, 1803, in Lunenburg, Massachusetts, and died on June 22, 1856, in Boston.

Cushing wrote one of the earliest works on parliamentary procedure, Rules of Proceeding and Debate in Deliberative Assemblies, commonly known as Cushing's Manual. The first edition was published in 1845. It was frequently revised by Cushing. Afterwards, others continued to revise the manual periodically.

He earned his law degree from Harvard Law School, the only member of the 1826 class.

Notable later editions
Allison, William L. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1886)
Sullivan, Frances P. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1887, 1905)
Baker, James Freeman. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1890)
Ingalls, John James, Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1895)
Bolles, Albert S. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1901, with printings thru 1935)
Bolles, Albert S. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice with Rules of Procedure in Business Corporations (1901, 1914)
Gaines, Charles Kelsey, The New Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1912)
Lowe, Paul E. Cushing's Manual of Parliamentary Practice (1925)
Cushing, Luther S. Modern Rules of Order (1964)

References

1803 births
1856 deaths
Parliamentary authority
People from Lunenburg, Massachusetts
Harvard Law School alumni


Puerto Maldito () is a Mexican action adventure film. It was filmed in 1977 and released in 1978.

Synopsis
At the Mexican coast there's a rivalry between two families, the Changs and the Langs, this enmity earns power every day in the port, a place where the business of fish is very important. To defense the economy of the family they practice martial arts and ancient customs..

Cast
 Mario Almada
 Fernando Almada
 Noé Murayama
 Enrique Novi
 Daniela Romo
 Hortensia Santoveña
 Amado Zumaya
 José Chávez
 Hu Huang Fu
 Baltazar Ramos

External links

1977 films
1970s Spanish-language films
1970s action adventure films
Mexican action adventure films
1970s Mexican films


Frank Mitchell Bogert (January 1, 1910 – March 22, 2009) was an American cowboy, professional rodeo announcer, author, and politician best known as the longtime mayor of Palm Springs, California.

Born in Mesa, Colorado to Henry Kneeland Bogert and Adaline Esther Mitchell, he was raised in the California mountain town of Wrightwood in San Bernardino County.  He was a rodeo colleague and distant relative to cowboy artist Earl W. Bascom.

Bogert arrived in Palm Springs in 1927, becoming the city's first chamber of commerce manager in 1939. In the later 1930s he was the manager of the Palm Springs Racquet Club.

In 1958, Bogert was elected to the Palm Springs City Council, becoming mayor soon after, serving for eight years. He was elected to the position for two more two-year terms in 1982.

Bogert worked closely with Gene Autry to bring the California Angels to Palm Springs for spring training. In 1987 he wrote a book, Palm Springs: First Hundred Years, a favorite of famous area resident Bob Hope.

In 1997, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.

Section 14 Indigenous Land

As Mayor of Palm Springs in the mid-1960's, Bogert was an advocate for the eviction of non-Native Americans from Section 14, a tract of land held by the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians but leased to others. The city directed that the tribe terminate short-term leases granted to them and used city funds to clear the land for redevelopment, including burning the homes. The evicted residents of Section 14 were mostly Black and Latino who did not want to move.

The Palm Springs Human Relations Commission cited this history, as well as a conflict of interest while Bogert acted as conservator for tribal land which was being demolished by the city, and alleged racist comments regarding the "poor Blacks" who lived in Section 14, as justification for removing a statue of Bogert on horseback placed in 1990 in front of the Palm Springs City Hall. The City Council of Palm Springs ordered its removal in 2021 and formally apologized for the eviction of the Section 14 residents. After legal objections to its removal from Bogert's supporters and family members were rejected by the courts, the statue was relocated on July 13, 2022.

Bibliography

 Anthony Burke. Palm Springs: Why I Love You. Palm Desert: Palmesa. 1978. OCLC 5346893.
 Lawrence Culver. Frontier of Leisure: Southern California and the Shaping of Modern America. New York: Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 157-159. ISBN 9780195382631.

References

External links

1910 births
2009 deaths
American actor-politicians
Mayors of Palm Springs, California
Male actors from Palm Springs, California
People from Mesa County, Colorado
20th-century American politicians


Slaughterhouse Rock (also known as Hell Island in the United Kingdom) is a 1988 American supernatural horror film directed by Dimitri Logothetis, and starring Nicholas Celozzi, Tom Reilly, Donna Denton, Hope Marie Carlton, Tammara Hyler, Steven Brian Smith, Ty Miller, and Toni Basil. Its plot follows a college student who travels to Alcatraz Island with his friends, after having recurring nightmares of a rock band that was killed there.

Plot
Alex Gardner (Nicholas Celozzi), a college student suffers from recurring nightmares in which he experiences the deaths of the victims of a vicious killer who lived on Alcatraz, before it became a prison. When the nightmares begin manifesting in reality, and his friends see him hovering over his bed, his teacher (Donna Denton), an occultist, tells him to go to the island to face down the ghost of the killer.

The friends become stranded on the island, and Alex's brother Richard (Tom Reilly) becomes  possessed, killing some friends and raping one of the girls. Alex is aided in his quest by the ghost of Sammy Mitchell (Toni Basil), a singer for the band Bodybag. Sammy teaches Alex how to levitate and escape his body, and is also the subject of a dance routine, intercut into the film. The friends lure the ghost of the killer, and Alex's brother into the prison chapel, and blow it up, releasing the curse.

Cast

Production
Principal photography of Slaughterhouse Rock took place in Los Angeles, California, beginning March 23, 1987. Actor Larry Wilcox would reportedly star in the film, but was not involved with the production.

Release
Slaughterhouse Rock premiered in Chicago, Illinois on January 22, 1988, before premiering in New York City on May 21 of that year.

Critical response
Caryn James of The New York Times wrote, “There is always a way to improve on a stock formula, but Slaughterhouse Rock [...] manages to make these elements seem much worse and even more tired than they are,” though she praised the performance of Steve Brian Smith.

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Slaughterhouse Rock on VHS in 1988, while Image Entertainment later released the film on Laserdisc on November 18, 1992. On December 5, 2016, Code Red released Slaughterhouse Rock on Blu-ray, which was followed by a DVD release by Kino Lorber on May 30, 2017. It has also been released on blu-ray by Vinegar Syndrome as part of a two-disk set with Hard Rock Zombies.

References

External links

1988 films
1988 independent films
1988 comedy horror films
1980s prison films
1980s supernatural horror films
1980s teen horror films
1980s ghost films
American comedy horror films
American ghost films
American prison films
American rock music films
American supernatural horror films
American teen comedy films
American teen horror films
Demons in film
Films about nightmares
Films about spirit possession
Films scored by Mark Mothersbaugh
Films set in prison
Films set in San Francisco
Films set on islands
Films directed by Dimitri Logothetis
1980s English-language films
1980s American films


Murray Douglas Morton  (1916–2001) was a Canadian soldier, lawyer, politician, and judge.  He was best known as an elected trustee of the Toronto Board of Education, as federal Member of Parliament for Toronto's Davenport riding, and as a judge in Ontario's Provincial Court (Family Division).

Personal life and family
Murray Douglas Morton was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, on April 28, 1916. He was the son of Harry Morton, who owned a grocery store, and Sadie Morton. He had a younger brother, Lloyd, and a younger sister, Doris.  Morton moved to Toronto, Ontario, in 1935.

In 1947, Morton married Mona Margaret Aitchison, whom he had met through their mutual involvement in Westmoreland United Church in Toronto; they subsequently had two sons and a daughter: Murray, Bruce and Jean.

Morton died on November 25, 2001, at Spruce Lodge in Stratford, Ontario.  Following a funeral service in Barrie, Ontario, his remains were interred at Glendale Memorial Gardens in Rexdale, Ontario.

Education
Morton completed his secondary education at Fredericton High School, after which he attended the Provincial Normal School in Fredericton (but decided not to become a teacher), and then studied for a year at the University of New Brunswick.  He next attended University College in the University of Toronto, graduating in 1940 with a Bachelor of Arts degree (BA) in law.

After earning his BA, Morton began the bar admission process, which included taking the non-degree program at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto; but this undertaking was interrupted by his military service during World War II.  Following the war, he returned and completed the course at Osgoode, graduating in 1947.

Also immediately after the war, Morton concurrently studied at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law, receiving a Bachelor of Laws degree (LLB) in 1948.

Military service
As an undergraduate student, Morton served in the University of Toronto's contingent of the Canadian Officers' Training Corps (COTC). He later joined the Canadian Active Service Force and served overseas in the UK and northwest Europe, during 1941-45, as a commissioned officer in the 1st Battalion, The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment, an infantry unit.  Before the end of the war, he had risen to the rank of captain and was the battalion's adjutant.

Law career
Morton was admitted to the Ontario legal profession, as a barrister and solicitor, in 1947.  As a lawyer, he focused mainly on civil litigation and family law.  In 1954, he established his own law office, which later became the firm of Morton & Malo when he formed a partnership with his former student and associate, George Malo.  In 1959, he was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC), which in Ontario was an honorific designation. Morton retired from the practise of law in 1970 upon his appointment to the bench.

Elected offices
In 1952, Morton was elected to the Toronto Board of Education as a trustee, and in 1956 served as the board's chairman.

Morton, a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, was then first elected to the Parliament of Canada, as Member of Parliament for the Toronto riding of Davenport, in the 1957 general election, defeating Liberal incumbent Paul Hellyer. He was re-elected in the 1958 election.  For various periods during his time as an MP, Morton served on the House of Commons Standing Committees for: Banking and Commerce; Public Accounts; Defence Expenditures; and Miscellaneous Private Bills.

Morton's career as an MP ended with the 1962 election, when he was defeated by high profile Liberal candidate Walter L. Gordon. He ran again in the 1963 election in Toronto's York Humber riding, against Liberal incumbent Ralph Cowan, but was unsuccessful.

Judicial office
Morton was appointed to be a judge in Ontario's Provincial Court (Family Division) in 1970.  He presided mainly in Simcoe County, with his chambers in Barrie.  He dealt with such issues as child custody and access, spousal and child support, child protection and welfare, adoptions, and young persons accused of crimes.  He was a moving force behind the creation, in Barrie, of a supportive, home-like residence for youth remanded into pretrial custody (who otherwise would have to be housed in a jail-like facility).  When this home opened in 1975, its board of directors named it "Morton House" in honour of Judge Morton's efforts and recognized him as the home's "founder." He retired from the bench in 1986.

Electoral record

References

External links

1916 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Canadian judges
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Politicians from Toronto
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Carlos Roberto Cavalcanti de Albuquerque (born 1953), known as Robertinho do Recife, is a Brazilian guitarist, record producer, composer born in the city of Recife, Brazil. His first contact with the guitar was at the age of 10. After he was run over by a car, he had to stay long periods of time at home and had to watch a lot of TV. In one of these TV programs he met The Beatles and fell in love with the guitar. He got his first guitar as a gift from his grandfather. At the age of 12 he was already playing with bands in Recife. He had very good technique and later was invited to play with bands like: Watch Pocket, Chicago and Quiet Riot. He played a little of everything: from music for children, to heavy metal and neoclassical. At the end of the 1980s he played with the Brazilian band Yahoo, when they played a cover of "Love Bites", song from the British band Def Leppard. He's currently working as a music producer in his own studio in Rio de Janeiro.

Since the 1970s he has worked with artists like Geraldo Azevedo, Zé Ramalho and Raimundo Fagner.

Discography
 1977: Jardim da Infância
 1978:  Robertinho no Passo (featuring Hermeto Pascoal)
 1979:  E Agora pra Vocês... Suingues Tropicais
 1981:  Satisfação
 1982:  Robertinho do Recife e Emilinha
 1983:  Ah, Robertinho do Mundo
 1984:  Metal Mania
 1990:  Rapsódia Rock
 2014:  Back For More

References

1953 births
Living people
Brazilian composers
Brazilian guitarists
Brazilian male guitarists
People from Recife
Brazilian record producers


The 2009 Canadian Senior Curling Championships was held March 21–28 at the Silver Fox Curling and Yacht Club in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. The winning teams represented Canada at the 2010 World Senior Curling Championships.

Men's

Teams

Standings

Results

Draw 1

Draw 2

Draw 3

Draw 4

Draw 5

Draw 6

Draw 7

Draw 8

Draw 9

Draw 10

Draw 11

Draw 12

Draw 13

Draw 14

Draw 15

Draw 16

Draw 17

Draw 18

Draw 19

Draw 20

Draw 21

Draw 22

Playoffs

Tiebreaker

Semifinal

Final

Women's

Teams

Standings

Results

Draw 1

Draw 2

Draw 3

Draw 4

Draw 5

Draw 6

Draw 7

Draw 8

Draw 9

Draw 10

Draw 11

Draw 12

Draw 13

Draw 14

Draw 15

Draw 16

Draw 17

Draw 18

Draw 19

Draw 20

Draw 21

Draw 22

Playoffs

Semifinal

Final

References

 Men's results
 Women's results

2009
Senior Curling Championships
Sport in Summerside, Prince Edward Island
Curling competitions in Prince Edward Island


Creophilus maxillosus, the hairy rove beetle, is a species of rove beetle.

Physical characteristics and life cycle
Larvae of the hairy rove beetle range from  long and are cylindrical and stout. The adult is a shiny black color and approximately  long. They are easily characterized by their elytra, which cover the first few abdominal segments. They have large eyes, and their mandibles close across each other in the front of the head and can inflict a painful stab if harassed or handled carelessly. Golden setae are located on posterior angles of the head and slightly on the anterior angle of the pronotum. These setae can be found on the last few abdominal segments and on elytra. The hairy rove beetle has needle-like jaws that close across in front of head and large, prominent eyes. The antennae are thick, beaded, and composed of 11 segments.

The development of eggs is around 4 days, larvae 14 days, and pupae 16 days. The eggs are milky white colored,  long and hatch in about 3 days (depending on temperature). The larval stage lasts around 14 days. The pupae, which is around 11 mm wide lasts 16 days. The estimation of the total duration of Creophilus maxillosus lasts 37 days.

Habitat and geography
These beetles can be found in woods and wherever carrion is found, usually from the spring to autumn months. These active beetles fly swiftly or run rapidly over the ground with the tip of the abdomen raised like a scorpion's stinger.

Generally, C. maxillosus are found throughout the eastern U.S. in the fall and spring, but can also be found in the summer. They are usually in wooded habitats such as forest leaf litter, decaying plant material (including fruit), and under dead tree bark. They can also be found in carrion, dung, under stones or rocks, and in fresh water areas in washed-up brown algae.

Defense
Creophilus maxillosus has abdominal defensive glands used to secrete a mixture of substances that act as an irritant to predators. These glands are located beneath the abdominal tergites. When threatened or disturbed, the beetle revolves its abdomen and touches abdominal tip to offender to wipe the glands. Ants (Formica exsectoides) are a common offender and have portrayed that this defense takes place. The ants are shown to be repelled by the four major components of secretion (isoamyl acetate, iridodial, E-8-oxocitronellyl acetate, and dihydronepetalactone). Dihydroneptalactone is the main principal ingredient of chemical defense.

Diet
This particular species is predacious in both the larvae and adult stages of life. The larvae and adults have long, curved mandibles which are used for chewing. They feed on carcasses (from the hours after death to the advanced stages of decomposition), as well as on maggots  that tend to be on dead animals.

Control
The hairy rove beetle is considered beneficial in the environment because it is a successful scavenger and predator. However, infestation of houses has been reported by this beetle. A reason why C. maxillosus infests houses is not known for certain, but a study of rearing this beetle in the laboratory has shown that adults like to lay eggs in fresh sand and not sand that is old or contaminated. To solve the problem of infestation certain pesticides have been found to affect the adults and larvae of this beetle and can be used to control their numbers. Atroban, a chemical pesticide composed of permethrin (0.05%), decreases the number of adults and larvae of the family Staphylinidae. Short term reductions of this family were caused by a chemical named dimethoate (0.05%). Both of these pesticides were tested on moist spots on poultry dung.

Forensics
Creophilus maxillosus is one of the many forensically important insect species commonly encountered during crime scene investigations. This species can be used in investigative forensic entomology to aid in establishing a time of colonization or post mortem interval (PMI), both of which usually prove helpful in general crime scene investigation. Hairy rove beetles are considered forensically important, however; their use is somewhat limited due to their transient nature and widespread distribution. Croephilus maxillosus frequency at crime scene investigations conducted in their natural habitat often disqualifies them from being an indicator of body relocation. Creophilus maxillosus forensic relevance, however, is proportionally associated with predation of Diptera larvae, which is one of the most important secondary predations encountered at crime scenes.

Both larvae and adults of the predatory Creophilus maxillosus feed on the organic remains of carrion as well as nutrient-packed dipteran larvae. Their appearance in the 'common' faunal succession usually follows the first Diptera larvae colonization and continues throughout the later stages of decomposition. The presence of C. maxillosus on carrion is sometimes associated with a marked reduction or in some instances an unexplained absence of fly larvae. This predation causes an overall misrepresentation of the overall entomofaunical succession, and must be considered in some instances.

Case studies
A study carried out in Central Europe explored insect succession on near identical swine carcasses set out in a pine-oak forest, hornbeam-oak forest, and an alder forest in western Poland. The results show that C. maxillosus adults begin to appear during the ‘late-bloating’, ‘early-active’ phase and were present up to the earlier stages of the ‘remains’ phase. On average, they were first seen after about 6 days of decomposition (range of 5–7 days of decomposition ) and the last C. maxillosus adults were observed on average on day 25 of decomposition (range of 14–38 days of decomposition ). C. maxillosus larvae began to appear after an average of 17 days of decomposition (range of 13–25 days of decomposition) and were present until day 40 of decomposition (range 34–50 days of decomposition).

References

Staphylininae
Beetles of North America
Beetles described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


The Jason Lewis Show was a weekday American talk radio show hosted by Jason Lewis that was broadcast live from 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM Eastern time from its flagship station KSTP-AM 1500 in Minneapolis/St. Paul. The show was nationally syndicated by Genesis Communications Network.

Lewis planned on retiring from his show on August 1, 2014, in order to devote his time to his "Galt.io" project and also out of general frustration of the radio business itself, making these plans known to management, and chose to announce the decision abruptly on his Thursday, July 31 show live on the air.

Following his retirement from talk radio, in 2016 Lewis ran for the United States Congress in Minnesota's second district, winning the seat and assuming office on January 2, 2017.

References

External links
 Official Website

American talk radio programs