Zwack is a Budapest, Hungary based company that makes liqueurs and spirits. The company produces an 80 proof (40% alcohol) herbal liqueur known as Unicum from a secret blend of more than forty different herbs and spices. Unicum is known as one of the national drinks of Hungary.

The company is also a distributor of a range of international brands such as Johnnie Walker, Baileys, Smirnoff, Hennessy and Gordons. Zwack has been listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange since 1993.

History
According to the company, Unicum was created by József Zwack, the Royal Physician to the Habsburg Court, for Emperor Joseph II in 1790. In 1840 the family founded J. Zwack & Co., the first Hungarian liqueur manufacturer. By the early 1900s, the Zwack company had become one of the largest distilleries in central Europe, producing and exporting over 200 liqueurs and spirits.

During World War II, the Zwack factory was damaged and production stopped. After the war the factory was nationalized in 1948 by the communist Hungarian Working People's Party. The Zwack family fled the country. János Zwack with his son Péter Zwack, great grandson of József, was able to escape with the original Zwack recipe. Béla Zwack remained behind to give the communist government a fake Zwack recipe and went on to become a regular factory worker. Meanwhile, János and Péter migrated to the United States, eventually settling in the Bronx in 1949 when Péter was 22 years old.

In 1988, just one year before the fall of Communism, Péter Zwack returned to Hungary and resumed production with the original Zwack formula. He repurchased his family business from the State in the summer of 1989, and by the spring of 1990, the original Zwack product was reintroduced to the Hungarian market. That same year, Péter was named Hungarian Ambassador to the United States.

In 2008, Péter Zwack handed over the company's leadership to the family's 6th generation, his own children, Sándor and Izabella Zwack. One of their first initiatives was to launch Zwack in the US. In 2013, the Zwack Company has also launched Unicum and Unicum Plum in the US.

Details
Unicum is made from a blend of more than 40 different herbs and spices. Some of the herbs and spices are distilled, some are macerated, then blended together and aged in oak casks at the factory in Budapest for over 6 months. The dark amber hue is achieved with added caramel color.

This bitter, bold taste herbal liqueur is mainly consumed as an apéritif before meals or a digestif after meals. The company also produces a slightly different version of the liqueur known as Unicum next, it is made from the same recipe and shares Unicum’s bold character but is slightly less bitter and leaves a hint of citrus finish on the palate.

Other Zwack products

Vilmos product family

Vilmos is a product range of spirit drinks made by mixing pear pálinka, neutral spirits and added flavorings with or without the addition of honey. There's also a genuine pear pálinka in the range, aged 3 years.

St. Hubertus product family

St. Hubertus is a traditional, herbal liqueur, St. Hubertus 33 gets its name from the 33 different herbs used to make this drink and because it is 33% alcohol. St. Hubertus 33 is marketed more towards younger people, because of its lighter flavor.

Hírös Kecskeméti product family

This product family consists of real palinkas and some spirits that although are made 100% from distilled fruit, they are sweetened with honey, thus they cannot be sold under the label of pálinka, so they are marketed under the Hírös Kecskeméti label. These are a lighter, sweeter, pálinka based liqueur.

Kalinka product family

Contains one vodka and two vodka-based alcoholic beverages. Kalinka Samovar is a 30% drink flavored with honey and tea. Carbonated Kalinka, or "Fény" is a flavored, 21% drink with carbon dioxide added.

Fütyülős

This product family was based on Fütyülős Barack, a spirit drink made by mixing apricot pálinka, neutral spirits and flavorings. The range initially has been broadened with six different fruit liqueurs produced alike, but mellowed with sugar and honey. Finally, it was completed with six different kinds of pure pálinka. Fütyülős Barack is not to be confused with its 20th century predecessor, Fütyülős Barackpálinka, which was an authentic apricot pálinka, aged in wooden barrels. Modern Fütyülős Barack was described by a professional Hungarian jury as having “a taste and flavour of petroleum; cannot be recommended to anyone [...]”

Zwack Sándor Nemes Pálinka Family

The noble pálinka family consisting of genuine fruit pálinkas.

References

External links

Food and drink companies established in 1790
Hungarian alcoholic drinks
Hungarian brands
Herbal liqueurs
Manufacturing companies based in Budapest
Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court
Companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange
Hungary


Christopher Middleton (1560? – 1628) was an English poet and translator.

Life
The Dictionary of National Biography gives tentative information. He may be identical with the Christopher Middleton of Cheshire who matriculated from Brasenose College, Oxford, 12 December 1580, aged 20. A clergyman of the same name, who graduated B.D. from St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1619, was rector of Aston-le-Walls, Northamptonshire, from 1612 till his death there in 1628.

Works
Middleton was the author of:

A Short Introduction for to Learn to Swimme, gathered out of Master Digbies Booke of the Art of Swimming, and translated into English for the better instruction of those who understand not the Latin tongue, by Christopher Middleton, 1595, 4to. This was illustrated with woodcuts of persons swimming, and was a translation of the De Arte Natandi libri duo, 1587, of Everard Digby.
The Historie of Heaven: containing the Poetical Fictions of all the Starres in the Firmament, gathered from amongst all the Poets and Astronomers, by Chrystopher Middleton. Printed for him 1596.
The Famous Historie of Chinon of England, with his Strange Adventures for the love of Celestina, daughter to Lewis, King of France; with the worthy Atchivement of Sir Lancelot du Lake, and Sir Tristram du Lions for faire Laura, daughter to Cadar, Earle of Cornewall, being all Knights of King Arthur's Round Table. By Chr. Middleton. At London, printed by John Danter for Cuthbert Burbie, 1597.
The Legend of Humphrey, Duke of Glocester, by Chr. Middleton. London, printed by E. A. for Nicholas Ling, 1600. The author dedicates this poem to Sir Jarvis Clifton. It is preceded by a Latin hexastichon by Robert Allott, a sonnet by Michael Drayton, and two short poems by John Weever. The poem, consisting of 184 six-line stanzas, is written on the plan of the poems in the Mirror for Magistrates.

Further reading
John Simons, Christopher Middleton and Elizabethan medievalism, pp. 43–60 in Utz, Richard J., 1961-; Shippey, Tom A. (ed.), Medievalism in the modern world : essays in honour of Leslie J. Workman  (1998).

Notes

References

17th-century English poets
17th-century English male writers
English translators
1560s births
1628 deaths
16th-century English poets
16th-century translators
17th-century translators
English male poets


Bennett Mountain, also commonly known as Bennett Peak, is a  summit in the Sonoma Mountains of California.  Located on the west edge of Annadel State Park, it separates Bennett Valley in the Russian River drainage basin from Sonoma Valley in the Sonoma Creek drainage basin.

Bennett Valley was named for James N. Bennett, an emigrant from Illinois who settled in the area in the 19th century.

The mountain was burned following the October 2017 Northern California wildfires.

Viticulture
Grapes were planted on Bennett Mountain as early as 1862, when Isaac DeTurk planted  at the base of its western slope. By 1878 he was producing  of wine from his own and purchased grapes at a winery on Grange and Bennett Valley roads.  Since 2003, the summit has formed the eastern edge of the Bennett Valley AVA.

See also
 Ledson Marsh
 List of summits of the San Francisco Bay Area
 Sonoma Mountain
 Taylor Mountain (Sonoma County, California)

References

External links

Sonoma Mountains
Mountains of Sonoma County, California
Geography of Santa Rosa, California
Mountains of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mountains of Northern California


Hugo Carvana de Hollanda (4 June 1937 – 4 October 2014) was a Brazilian actor and film director. He appeared in more than 110 films and television shows between 1954 and 2014.

Selected filmography

Film

1955: Trabalhou Bem, Genival
1956: O Contrabando
1957: Tudo é Música
1962: Os Cafajestes .... Photographer
1962: Esse Rio Que Eu Amo .... (segment "Noite de Almirante")
1964: Os Fuzis .... José
1965: A Falecida
1966: O Desafio .... Journalist
1966: A Grande Cidade ou As Aventuras e Desventuras de Luzia e Seus 3 Amigos Chegados de Longe .... Pereba
1967: Entranced Earth .... Alvaro
1968: O Homem Que Comprou o Mundo
1968: O Engano .... Husband
1968: O Bravo Guerreiro .... Union Hanger-On
1968: A Vida Provisória .... Pedro
1968: Antes, o Verão .... The Man
1969: Antonio das Mortes .... Mattos, the Police Officer
1969: Um Sonho de Vampiros .... (voice)
1969: Um Homem e Sua Jaula
1969: Tempo de Violência
1969: Pedro Diabo Ama Rosa Meia Noite
1969: O Anjo Nasceu .... Santamaria
1969: Macunaíma .... Man with the duck
1969: Como Vai, Vai Bem?
1970: Os Herdeiros .... Maia
1970: Pindorama .... Governor
1970: The Seven Headed Lion .... Portuguese
1970: Jardim de Guerra
1971: Procura-se Uma Virgem
1971: O Rei dos Milagres
1971: Matei Por Amor
1971: Capitão Bandeira Contra o Dr. Moura Brasil .... Dr.Gestaile
1972: Quando o Carnaval Chegar .... Lourival
1972: Câncer
1973: All Nudity Shall Be Punished .... Comissário / Commissioner
1973: Tati .... Capitão Peixoto
1973: Vai Trabalhar Vagabundo .... Secundino Meireles
1973: Amor, Carnaval e Sonhos
1975: Ipanema, Adeus .... Carlos
1976: Un animal doué de déraison .... Hugo
1976: Gordos e Magros
1977: Tenda dos Milagres .... Fausto Pena
1977: Anchieta, José do Brasil
1977: A Queda .... José
1978: Se Segura, Malandro! .... Paulo Otávio
1978: Mar de Rosas .... Sérgio
1983: Bar Esperança .... Zeca
1984: Águia na Cabeça
1984: Bete Balanço .... Tony
1985: Avaete, Seed of Revenge .... Ramiro
1987: Leila Diniz .... Clyde
1990: Boca de Ouro
1990: Assim na Tela Como no Céu
1991: Vai Trabalhar, Vagabundo II - A Volta .... Dino
1997: O Homem Nu .... Taxi Driver
1999: Mauá - O Imperador e o Rei .... Queiroz
2001: Sonhos Tropicais .... Macedo
2002: Lara .... Ator Premiado
2003: God Is Brazilian .... Quincas Batalha
2003: Apolônio Brasil, Campeão da Alegria .... The Beggar
2005: Mais Uma Vez Amor .... Dr. Alvarez
2006: The Greatest Love of All .... Salvador
2007: Achados e Perdidos .... Juiz
2008: Casa da Mãe Joana .... Salomão
2009: Histórias de Amor Duram Apenas 90 Minutos .... Motorista de táxi
2010: 5x Favela, Agora por Nós Mesmos .... Dos Santos
2011: Não Se Preocupe, Nada Vai Dar Certo .... Zimba
2013: Giovanni Improtta .... Cantagallo
2014: Rio, I Love You .... Manoel (segment "Dona Fulana")

Television

1975: Cuca Legal .... Celso Maranhão (Jacaré)
1975: Gabriela .... Argileu Palmeira
1979: Plantão de Polícia .... Valdomiro Pena
1982: Quem Ama Não Mata (TV Mini-Series) .... Fonseca
1984: Corpo a Corpo .... Alfredo Fraga Dantas
1985: De Quina pra Lua .... Silva
1986: Roda de Fogo .... Paulo Costa
1990: Gente Fina .... Guilherme Azevedo Paiva
1991: O Dono do Mundo .... Lucas
1992: As Noivas de Copacabana (TV Mini-Series) .... delegado Adroaldo de Lima
1992: De Corpo e Alma .... Agenor Pinheiro
1993: Agosto (TV Mini-Series) .... Luiz Magalhães
1993: Fera Ferida .... Numa Pompílio de Castro
1995: Engraçadinha, seus amores e seus pecados (TV Mini-Series) .... irmão Fidélis
1995: Cara e Coroa .... Aníbal
1998: Corpo Dourado .... Azevedo
1999: Chiquinha Gonzaga (TV Mini-Series) .... Gouveia
1999: O Belo e as Feras .... barman
1999: Andando nas Nuvens .... Wagner Maciera
2001: Um Anjo Caiu do Céu .... Garcia
2001: Porto dos Milagres .... dr. Gouveia
2002: Desejos de Mulher .... Atílio
2003: Celebridade .... Lineu Vasconcelos
2004: Como uma Onda .... Sinésio
2006: JK (TV Mini-Series) .... Sampaio
2007: Paraíso Tropical .... Belisário Cavalcanti
2008: Casos e Acasos .... Álvaro
2008: Malhação .... Paulo Lopret
2008: Guerra e Paz .... Moreira
2008: Três Irmãs .... Dr. Andrade
2009: Malhação .... Inspetor Ubiracy Cansado
2010: Na Forma da Lei .... Jorginho Monteverde
2011: Insensato Coração .... Olegário Silveira (Seu Silveira)
2012: O Brado Retumbante .... Mourão

References

External links

1937 births
2014 deaths
Male actors from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian male film actors
Brazilian male television actors
20th-century Brazilian male actors
21st-century Brazilian male actors


Abdón Reyes Cardozo (born October 15, 1981) is a Bolivian football midfielder who plays most recently played for San José.

Club career
Reyes began his career in 2005 with newly promoted team Universitario de Sucre; however, he wasn't given the opportunity to play during the entire season. In 2006, he transferred to Club San José, where his career took off. Reyes demonstrated  to be a quality player, and it took popular club Bolívar nearly two years to realized the tremendous potential he had and signed him for the 2008 season.

International career
During 2008 he received his first call-up to the senior national team. His debut occurred on June 14, 2008, at home against Chile for the World Cup qualifiers. He has earned a total of 13 caps and represented his country in 9 FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

Honours

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Tarija
Men's association football midfielders
Bolivian men's footballers
Bolivia men's international footballers
Universitario de Sucre footballers
Club Bolívar players
Club San José players


The 30-kilometer road between El Llano and Cartí, Panama provides the only land access to the Kuna Yala area. It was completed in 2009 and paved in 2011. The road is usable all year round. Some inclines are very steep for which a four-wheel drive vehicle is recommended. The road has nonetheless encouraged encroachment onto Kuna land in Kuna Yala. The road runs through a 100,000-hectare forest reserve called Área Silvestre de Narganá, which contains an abandoned Kuna ecolodge and borders the Burbayar Lodge ecolodge. Some hikers hike the length of the road, often staying at Burbayar Lodge en route.

References

Roads in Panama
Darién Province
Guna Yala


Edward Russell Lockyer (25 December 1899 – 5 October 1958) was a Canadian businessman and politician. Lockyer served as a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada.

Life and career
Lockyer was born in rural Manitoulin Island, Ontario.

In 1918, he moved to Toronto and entered the clothing business, but switched industries by 1929, creating a fuel company. He eventually became president of Northern Fuel and Automatic Heating Ltd.

He also joined the Bedford Masonic Lodge.

Lockyer was elected at the Trinity riding in the March 1958 general election and served for only several months in the 24th Canadian Parliament before he died in Toronto in October 1958, having been stricken with heart disease while viewing a telecast of the fourth game of the 1958 World Series.

References

External links

1899 births
1958 deaths
Canadian members of the Community of Christ
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Manitoulin Island
Politicians from Toronto
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


Joffre Soares (21 September 1918 – 19 August 1996) was a Brazilian film actor. He appeared in 100 films between 1963 and 1996.

Selected filmography

 Vidas secas (1963) - Fazendeiro (Farmer)
 Manaus, Glória de uma Época (1963)
 Selva Trágica (1964) - Nitan
 Grande Sertão (1965) - Zé Bebelo
 Entre Amor e O Cangaço (1965)
 The Hour and Turn of Augusto Matraga (1965) - Joaozinho Bem Bem
 A Grande Cidade ou As Aventuras e Desventuras de Luzia e Seus 3 Amigos Chegados de Longe (1966) - Lourival
 Entranced Earth (1967) - Father Gil
 The ABC of Love (1967) - Inez's father (segment "Pacto, O")
 Proezas de Satanás na Vila de Leva e Tráz (1967) - Blind Man
 Panca de Valente (1968)
 Viagem ao Fim do Mundo (1968) - Barbosa
 O Homem Nu (1968) - Senator Santos Neves
 Maria Bonita, Rainha do Cangaço (1968) - Salustiano
 A Virgem prometida (1968)
 A Madona de Cedro (1968) - Padre Estevão
 O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro (1969) - Horácio, the Coronel / Land Owner
 O Cangaceiro Sem Deus (1969)
 O Cangaceiro Sanguinário (1969) - Justino / Coronel-Colonel
 Corisco, O Diabo Loiro (1969) - Domingos
 A um Pulo da Morte (1969)
 Águias em Patrulha (1969)
 The Prophet of Hunger (1970) - Priest
 A Guerra dos Pelados (1970)
 Uma Verdadeira História de Amor (1971) - Father
 S. Bernardo (1972) - Padre Brito
 Joao (1972) - João
 Trindade... é Meu Nome (1973)
 The Amulet of Ogum (1974) - Severiano
 Sagarana: The Duel (1974)
 Exorcismo Negro (1974)
 Trote de Sádicos (1974) - Delegado
 O Exorcista de Mulheres (1974)
 Noiva da Noite - o Desejo de 7 Homens (1974) - Coronel
 Guerra Conjugal (1974) - Joãozinho
 As Cangaceiras Eróticas (1974)
 O Predileto (1975) - Totônio Pacheco
 O Jeca Macumbeiro (1975) - Januário
 Cada um Dá o que Tem (1975) - (segment "Despejo, O")
 The Last Plantation (1976)
 Os Pastores da Noite (1976) - Mad-Cock / Coq-fou
 Crueldade Mortal (1976) - Antônio
 Um Brasileiro Chamado Rosaflor (1976)
 Soledade, a Bagaceira (1976)
 Padre Cícero (1976) - Padre Cícero
 O Menino da Porteira (1976) - Major Batista
 Tenda dos Milagres (1977)
 Quem Matou Pacífico? (1977)
 O Jogo da Vida (1977)
 O Crime do Zé Bigorna (1977)
 Morte e Vida Severina (1977)
 Cordão De Ouro (1977)
 A Virgem da Colina (1977)
 Batalha dos Guararapes (1978) - Frei Salvador
 Colonel Delmiro Gouveia (1978)
 A Summer Rain (1978) - Afonso
 A Santa Donzela (1978)
 Milagre - O Poder da Fé (1979)
 O Guarani (1979)
 O Coronel e o Lobisomem (1979)
 O Caçador de Esmeraldas (1979) - Fernão Dias
 O Bom Burguês (1979) - O Velho
 Amor e Traição (1979) - Coronel Tonho
 Bye Bye Brasil (1980) - Zé da Luz
 O Inseto do Amor (1980) - Padre
 O Boi Misterioso e o Vaqueiro Menino (1980)
 Cabocla Teresa (1980)
 Bacanal (1980) - Belarmino
 Tempo de Revanche (1981) - El Padre
 La conquista del paraíso (1981) - Joao Mentira
 Amélia, Mulher de Verdade (1981)
 Aberrações de uma Prostituta (1981)
 Dôra Doralina (1982)
 Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (1983) - Cel. Ramiro Bastos
 Águia na Cabeça (1984)
 Quilombo (1984) - Canindé
 Memoirs of Prison (1984) - Soares
 Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz (1984) - Judge
 O Filho Adotivo (1984)
 Perdidos no Vale dos Dinossauros (1985) - Josè
 Tigipió - Uma Questão de Amor e Honra (1985)
 Jubiabá (1986)
 Por Incrível Que Pareça (1986)
 Sonhos de Menina Moça (1988)
 Sonhei com Você (1988)
 Better Days Ahead (1989) - Coronel
 O Grande Mentecapto (1989)
 Después de la tormenta (1990) - Jesús de las Mercedes
 O Gato de Botas Extraterrestre (1990)
 The Third Bank of the River (1994)
 Felicidade É... (1995) - (segment "Bolo")
 O Cangaceiro (1997) - Tico velho
 Perfumed Ball (1997) - Padre Cícero

External links

1918 births
1996 deaths
Brazilian male film actors
People from Palmeira dos Índios
20th-century Brazilian male actors


Kuttiyum kolum () is a traditional game played in Kerala, India. It is similar to an ancient game found all over the Indian Subcontinent with different names, such as Gilli-danda in North India. A similar game by the name of Lippa has been played in Italy. Kuttiyum kolum possibly originated over 2500 years ago.

Rules

The objective of the sport is to use the kolu like a baseball bat to strike the kutti (similar to striking a ball in cricket or baseball). For this purpose, a circle is drawn in the ground in which a small, oblong- or spindle-shaped hole is dug (in the shape of a traditional boat). This hole is smaller than the kutti but as the play progresses the size may increase due to wear.

The kutti is inserted into the hole either orthogonally, or at an angle. The danda is then swung (similar to a golf swing) and strikes the kutti. Another variation is when the kolu lifts or pries the kutti out of the hole at a high speed.

Scoring and outs
There are many regional variations to scoring.

One of the more popular ones is given below:

 A qualifier, called "kori kuthu" becomes the striker and places the kutti on the hole, and using the kolu lofts the kutti as far as they can. The kutti becomes airborne after it is lofted. If a fielder from the opposing team catches the kutti, the striker is out. If the kutti lands on the ground, the fielder closest to the kutti has one chance to hit the kolu ( with a throw (similar to a run out in cricket). If the fielder misses the kolu, the striker progresses to the next step.
 The striker then performs the "ittadi" (meaning drop and strike) where they hold kutti and kolu in the same hand, drop the kutti and strike at it before it reaches the ground. If the fielders catch the kutti, the striker goes out. If the kutti hits the ground, the fielder throws it back at the hole. The striker then hits the kutti again. The striker measures the distance from the point where the kutti lands, up to the hole, using the kolu in a straight line. If the measure is less than one length of the kolu, the striker is out.

The measuring sub-steps are: Saadu, Muri, Naazhi, Aytti and Aarenku. On measuring up to Aarenku, the striker counts one point and proceeds, starting with Saadu again. Depending on the sub-step at which the measure has ended, the striker strikes the kutti from different positions:
 Saadu — Places the kutti on the feet, tosses up and strikes with the kolu.
 Muri — (easy) drops the kutti from one hand and strikes with the kolu.
 Naazhi — Places the kutti on the back of the palm with middle and ring fingers bent inwards, tosses up the kutti and strikes with the kolu.
 Aytti — drops the kutti from the elbow and strikes with the kolu.
 Aarenku — (difficult) Closes an eye, places the kutti over it, drops it and strikes with the kolu.

From "ittadi" onwards, the striker gets points depending on how far he can strike the kutti back, when the fielder throws back.

Teams
There is no official limit on the number of players in kuttiyum kolum and grouped into two teams. Kuttiyum kolum can be played where each individual plays for themselves, or between two teams.

Reward/Punishment
The victor has the privilege to impose sanction called a Kidu on the looser. The mode of Kidu may be decided before the game started. For example, in ottayadium kiduvum, the loser has to run without breaking breath ( indicated by the break in the repeat of a breathless kidu..kidu..kidu..) all the distance covered by one easy 'adi' like the *Muri[(easy) drops the kutti from one hand and strikes with the kolu] mentioned above. In case the looser 'broke the breath', from that spot the victor can repeat an ittadi or muri!

References

Traditional sports of India
Sports originating in India
Culture of Kerala
Sport in Kerala


Solar erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness of the skin following exposure to ultraviolet light, not to be confused with sunburn.

See also
 Skin lesion

References

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors


Stella March was pen name of Marjorie Bell Marshall (15 November 1915 – 1 August 2010) was a British writer of romance novels from 1956 to 1986. She was the fourth elected Chairman (1967–1969) of the Romantic Novelists' Association.

Bibliography

Novels
Just before the Dawn (1956)
Love Was the Reason (1957)
A Cloud in the Sky (1958)
For All but One (1959)
Because of Yesterday (1959)
Consultant in Love (1961)
Sing High, Sing Low (1961)
The Wrong Doctor (1962)
Love in the Air (1963)
Love Will Wait (1965)
Barrier to Love (1965)
Sentimental Journey (1966)
Out of the Shadows (1967)
The Flickering Flame (1968)
The Runaway Heiress (1980)
Carriage for Fiona (1981)
Dear Pretender (1981)
Song in Darkness (1982)
Silk for My Lady (1982)
Shadow of a Dream (1983)
To Myself a Stranger (1983)
The Mistress of Lamberley Grange (1984)
The Scent of Heather (1986)

References and sources

1915 births
2010 deaths
English romantic fiction writers


Jakob Neumann Mohn (31 May 1838 – 16 February 1882) was a Norwegian statistician.

Personal life
He was born in Bergen as a son of Albert Henrik Mohn (1811–1894) and Ida Neumann (1814–1864). Originally named Jacob, he changed the spelling. He was a brother of Henrik and Emanuel Mohn. On the maternal side, he was a grandson of bishop Jacob Neumann. In July 1866 he married Valeria Paasche (1843–1912). He was a granduncle of Frank and Albert Henrik Mohn, and since his daughter Hanna married physician and politician Nils Yngvar Ustvedt, Mohn was a grandfather of Hans Jacob Ustvedt.

Career
He finished his secondary education at Bergen Cathedral School in 1855, and graduated from the Royal Fredercik University with the cand.jur. degree already in 1859. He was soon hired in the Statistics Office, and together with Anders Nicolai Kiær he led its transition into an independent research directorate, renamed Det statistiske Centralbureau in 1876. Norway as a country implemented the use of large, quantitative statistics in politics quite early. The initiator was the priest and researcher Eilert Sundt, and Mohn. Mohn was also involved in the workers' society Christiania Arbeidersamfund, and through his research on child labour among other things, he capacitated social reform. His last work was Norges Land og Folk, requisitioned by the Norwegian Parliament in 1874, and meant to be a grand reference work. However, he never finished a single volume, as he died in February 1882 in Kristiania. His work was carried on by Anders Nicolai Kiær and Boye Strøm.

References

1838 births
1882 deaths
Norwegian statisticians
University of Oslo alumni
Scientists from Bergen
People educated at the Bergen Cathedral School


HD 6 is a star in the equatorial constellation of Pisces, and is located a couple of degrees southeast of the intersection between the ecliptic and the celestial equator. It is a yellow-hued star that is just barely visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.3. The star is located at a distance of 471 light years from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of . It has an absolute magnitude of 0.62.

An evolved red giant with a stellar classification K0 III, the star has moved off the main sequence by cooling and expanding. At the age of 1.6 billion years, is now a red clump giant on the horizontal branch that is engaged in core helium fusion. It has nearly double the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 12.4 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 72 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,807 K.

References

External links

Horizontal-branch stars
Pisces (constellation)
BD-01 04525
000006
000417
0002
K-type giants
Piscium, 62


Charles Whitworth may refer to
Charles Whitworth, 1st Baron Whitworth of Galway (1675–1725), British diplomat and MP for Newport Isle of Wight (1722–1725)
Sir Charles Whitworth (MP) (c. 1721–1778), his nephew and a British MP
Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth (1752–1825), British diplomat and politician, also Barons Whitworth of Newport Pratt and Viscount Whitworth


Ifjabb Ocskay Gábor Ice Hall is an indoor sporting arena in Székesfehérvár, Hungary.  The arena has a capacity of 3,500 people and was opened in 1991.  It is home to the Fehérvár AV19 ice hockey team, who play in the Austrian Hockey League. The hall is named after Alba Volán's legendary player, Gábor Ocskay, who died in 2009.

References

External links
Venue information and pictures

Indoor ice hockey venues in Hungary
Indoor arenas in Hungary
Buildings and structures in Székesfehérvár
Buildings and structures in Fejér County


Calle Olof Sigvard Örnemark (19 December 1933 – 4 August 2015) was a Swedish artist and sculptor from Jönköping Municipality, Sweden. He is particularly known for his large wooden sculptures, but he also made paintings and metal sculptures.

His first large sculpture was Jätten Vist (the Vist the Giant) completed in 1969 and standing over  high next to the European route E4, at Huskvarna. According to the legend, the giant was on the way home from a party in Västergötland. He threw some grass and soil into lake Vättern for his wife to step on, thus creating the island Visingsö.

In the 1980s his very large outdoor wooden sculptures Bounty and Indiska reptricket (the Indian rope trick) at Riddersberg manor, south of Jönköping drew many visitors. The mobile Bounty resembled a ship and the 103 meter high Indiska reptricket was the world's highest sculpture. Both were torn down in 2007 after their condition had deteriorated.

His later work includes a wooden balloon in Gränna, Sweden and Morgans skip in Gratangen, Norway, showing the wrecking of
Henry Morgan's ship Oxford in the Caribbean.

Örnemark lived and worked in Gränna, but also maintained a studio on Visingsö.

Örnemark died on 4 August 2015 at the age of 81.

References

Further reading

External links
 Calle Örnemark website

1933 births
2015 deaths
Swedish male sculptors
20th-century Swedish painters
Swedish male painters
21st-century Swedish painters
Swedish woodcarvers
20th-century sculptors
20th-century Swedish male artists
21st-century Swedish male artists


Spain Again () is a 1969 Spanish drama film directed by Jaime Camino. It was entered into the 1969 Cannes Film Festival. The film was also selected as the Spanish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 41st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.

Cast
 Manuela Vargas - María
 Mark Stevens - Dr. David Foster
 Marianne Koch - Kathy Foster
 Enrique Giménez 'El Cojo' - Maestro Miguel (as Enrique 'el cojo')
 Luis Serret - Manuel Oliver
 Luis Ciges - Padre Jacinto (as Luis Cijes)
 Joaquín Pujol - Hijo de Manuel
 Alberto Berco - Dr. Gavotty
 Alberto Puig - Dr. Tomás (as Alberto Puig Palau)
 Flor de Bethania Abreu - Teresa (as Flor de Bethania A.T.C.)
 Manuel Muñiz - Hombre Extraño (as Pajarito)

See also
 List of submissions to the 41st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Spanish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1969 films
Spanish drama films
1960s Spanish-language films
1969 drama films
Films directed by Jaime Camino
Spanish Civil War films
1960s Spanish films


Mahvash Waqar is a Pakistani artist and a backup vocalist for the band Laal. She has also been famous for a stint on the radio network as a RJ.

Early life
Mahvash studied Textile designing from the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan. She had a keen interest in music from the beginning. So, instead of continuing her studies she decided to join what was then a very new phenomenon of FM radio stations.

Radio jockey
She was a well known jockey of many radio stations from 2000 to 2006. She hosted numerous shows and also worked as a producer for others. The experience she gained in radio jockeying brought her in contact with an enormous variety of music and hence she earned the name, Human Encyclopedia of Music. She stressed in an interview that her main influence in music was the classic rock sound of the 1970s.

Music career
Mahvash began her music career in early 2007 when she decided to be a part of the newly formed Laal Band along with Haider Rehman, Aamir, Asif, Salman and Jamal. The band was formed in response to the 2007 sacking of judges by then President Pervez Musharraf.

Laal
Laal the Band was formed in late 2007, after the sacking of the Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry. The band members along with the public protested against the incident and demanded the restoration of judiciary by the president. The members then joined up together to form a Musical continuation of the Progressive Writers Movement of Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Habib Jalib and Ahmed Faraz. The band's aim is to popularize the works of these socialist writers by setting their revolutionary poetry to music. The current band members include Mahvash, Shahram, Taimur and Haider Rahman. Mahvash sings backup for the band.

Discography
Mahvash has played backup vocals for Laal band's debut album, Umeed e Sahar.

See also
 Urdu poets

References

External links
Laal's official website
Laal Brigade
Mahvash Waqar CMKP
 Mahvash Waqar with Al-Rasub

National College of Arts alumni
Pakistani women singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singers from Karachi


Photoaging or photoageing (also known as "dermatoheliosis") is a term used for the characteristic changes to skin induced by chronic UVA and UVB exposure. Tretinoin is the best studied retinoid in the treatment of photoaging.

The deterioration of biological functions and ability to manage metabolic stress is one of the major consequences of the aging process. Aging is a complex, progressive process that leads to functional and aesthetic changes in the skin. This process can result from both intrinsic (i.e., genetically determined) as well as extrinsic processes (i.e., environmental factors). Photoaging is attributed to continuous, long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation of approximately 300–400 nm, either natural or synthetic, on an intrinsically aged skin.

Effects of UV light

Molecular and genetic changes

UVB rays are a primary mutagen that can only penetrate through the epidermal (outermost) layer of the skin, resulting in DNA mutations. These mutations arise due to chemical changes, the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and photoproducts formed between adjacent pyrimidine bases. These mutations may be clinically related to specific signs of photoaging such as wrinkling, increasing in elastin and collagen damage.

The epidermal layer does not contain any blood vessels or nerve endings but melanocytes and basal cells are embedded in this layer. Upon exposure to UVB rays, melanocytes will produce melanin, a pigment that gives the skin its color tone. However, UVB will cause the formation of freckles and dark spots, both of which are symptoms of photoaging. With constant exposure to UVB rays, signs of photoaging might appear and precancerous lesions or skin cancer may develop.

UVA rays are able to penetrate deeper into the skin as compared to UVB rays. Hence, in addition to the epidermal layer, the dermal layer will also be damaged. The dermis is the second major layer of the skin and it comprises collagen, elastin, and extrafibrillar matrix which provides structural support to the skin. However, with constant UVA exposure, the size of the dermis layer will be reduced, thereby causing the epidermis to start drooping off the body. Due to the presence of blood vessels in the dermis, UVA rays can lead to dilated or broken blood vessels which are most commonly visible on the nose and cheeks. UVA can also damage DNA indirectly through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anion, peroxide and singlet oxygen. These ROS damage cellular DNA as well as lipids and proteins.

Pigmentation

UV exposure can also lead to inflammation and vasodilation which is clinically manifested as sunburn. UV radiation activates the transcription factor, NF-κB, which is the first step in inflammation. NF-κB activation results in the increase of proinflammatory cytokines, for example: interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). This then attracts neutrophils which lead to an increase in oxidative damage through the generation of free radicals.

Additionally, UV radiation would cause the down-regulation of an angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin-1, and the up-regulation of an angiogenesis activator which is platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, in keratinocytes. These enhance angiogenesis and aid in the growth of UV-induced neoplasms.

Immunosuppression

It has been reported that UV radiation leads to local and systemic immunosuppression, due to DNA damage and altered cytokine expression. This has implications in cutaneous tumor surveillance. The Langerhans cells may undergo changes in quantity, morphology, and function due to UV exposure and may eventually become depleted. One proposed explanation for this immunosuppression is that the body is attempting to suppress an autoimmune response to inflammatory products resulting from UV damage.

Degradation of collagen

UV exposure would also lead to the activation of receptors for epidermal growth factor, IL-1, and TNF-α in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, which then activates signaling kinases throughout the skin via an unknown mechanism. The nuclear transcription factor activator protein, AP-1, which controls the transcription of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), is expressed and activated. MMP-1 is a major metalloproteinases for collagen degradation. This entire process is aided by the presence of reactive oxygen species that inhibits protein-tyrosine phosphatases via oxidation, thereby resulting in the up-regulation of the above-mentioned receptors. Another transcription factor NF-κB, which is also activated by UV light, also increases the expression of MMP-9.

The up-regulation of MMP can occur even after minimal exposure to UV, hence, exposure to UV radiation which is inadequate to cause sunburn can thus facilitate the degradation of skin collagen and lead to presumably, eventual photoaging. Thus, collagen production is reduced in photoaged skin due to the process of constant degradation of collagen mediated by MMPs.

In addition, the presence of damaged collagen would also down-regulate the synthesis of new collagen. The impaired spreading and attachment of fibroblasts onto degraded collagen could be one of the contributing factors to the inhibition of collagen synthesis.

Retinoic acids and photodamage

UV radiation decreases the expression of both retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors in human skin, thereby resulting in a complete loss of the induction of RA-responsive genes. It also leads to an increase in activity of the AP-1 pathway, increasing MMP activity and thus resulting in a functional deficiency of vitamin A in the skin.

Signs, symptoms and histopathology

Early symptoms of photoaging:

 Dyspigmentation, the formation of wrinkles and other symptoms appear around regions of skin commonly exposed to sun, mostly the eyes, mouth and forehead. The lips may be affected. In Canadian women, the upper chest is commonly affected.
 Spider veins on face and neck
 Loss of color and fullness in lips

Symptoms of photoaging attributed to prolonged exposure to UV:

 Wrinkles deepen and forehead frown lines can be seen even when not frowning.
 Telangiectasias (spider veins) most commonly seen around the nose, cheeks and chin.
 Skin becomes leathery and laxity occurs.
 Solar lentigines (age spots) appear on the face and hands.
 Possibly pre-cancerous red and scaly spots (actinic keratoses) appear.
 Cutaneous malignancies

In addition to the above symptoms, photoaging can also result in an orderly maturation of keratinocytes and an increase in the cell population of the dermis where abundant; hyperplastic, elongated and collapsed fibroblasts and inflammatory infiltrates are found.

Photodamage can also be characterized as a disorganization of the collagen fibrils that constitute most of the connective tissue, and the accumulation of abnormal, amorphous, elastin-containing material, a condition known as actinic elastosis.

Defense mechanisms

Endogenous defense mechanisms provide protection of the skin from damages induced by UV.

Epidermal thickness

UV exposure which would lead to an increase in epidermal thickness could help protect from further UV damage.

Pigment

It has been reported in many cases that fairer individuals who have lesser melanin pigment show more dermal DNA photodamage, infiltrating neutrophils, keratinocyte activation, IL-10 expression and increased MMPs after UV exposure. Therefore, the distribution of melanin provides protection from sunburn, photoaging, and carcinogenesis by absorbing and scattering UV rays, covering the skin lower layers and protecting them from the radiation.

Repair of DNA mutation and apoptosis

The damage of DNA due to exposure of UV rays will lead to expression of p53, thereby leading to eventual arrest of the cell cycle. This allows DNA repair mediated by endogenous mechanisms like the nucleotide excision repair system. In addition, apoptosis occurs if the damage is too severe. However, the apoptotic mechanisms decline with age, and if neither DNA repair mechanism nor apoptosis occurs, cutaneous tumorigenesis may result.

Tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs)

TIMPs regulate the activity of MMP. Many studies have shown that UV rays would induce TIMP-1.

Antioxidants

The skin contains several antioxidants, including vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, ascorbate, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These antioxidants provide protection from reactive oxygen species produced during normal cellular metabolism. However, overexposure to UV rays can lead to a significant reduction in the antioxidant supply, thus increasing oxidative stress. Hence, these antioxidants are essential in the skin's defense mechanism against UV radiation and photocarcinogenesis.

Treatment
Treatment and intervention for photoaging can be classified into a unique paradigm based on disease prevention.

Primary prevention

Primary prevention aims to reduce the risk factors before a disease or condition occurs.

Sun protection is the most effective form of primary prevention of photoaging.  The major methods of sun protection are sunscreen products, sun protective clothing, and reducing exposure to the sun, especially during peak sun hours (10 AM-4PM in the spring and summer seasons).  Broad-spectrum sunscreen products provide optimal coverage for protection against UV damage because they protect against both types of UVA rays (UVA1 and UVA2) along with UVB rays. Proper application methods and timing are important factors in proper sunscreen use.  This includes using a proper quantity of sunscreen, applying sunscreen prior to sun exposure, and consistent reapplication (especially after exposure to water or sweat).

Secondary protection

Secondary protection refers to early detection of disease, potentially while still asymptomatic, to allow positive interference to prevent, delay, or attenuate the symptomatic clinical condition. This includes the following:
retinoids (e.g. tretinoin),
antioxidants (e.g. topical vitamin C, oral supplements, CoQ10, Lipoic acid),
estrogens, growth factors and cytokines.

There are various forms of topical retinoids. Tretinoin, a retinoid, is widely considered to be the most efficacious treatment for photoaging by dermatologists due to consistent evidence from several randomized clinical trials.  Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that bind to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).   Binding to these receptors induces a cascade of cellular processes that ultimately lead to increased collagen production and epidermal thickening, reducing the appearance of skin sagging and wrinkling.  Tretinoin is also efficacious for the treatment of acne.  Adapalene and tazarotene are also third-generation synthetic retinoids that are used for the treatment for acne.  Adapalene has not been widely studied or proven for use in photoaging. However, it has been used off-label for that purpose. Tazarotene has been proven to be efficacious in the treatment of photoaging.  Retinoid derivatives, known as retinol and retinal, are often used in over the counter cosmeceutical products for anti-aging purposes.  The form of retinol and retinal are metabolized in the skin to retinoic acid, which can then act on the RARs and RXRs.  These products are considered cosmeceuticals rather than drugs due to their lack of regulation, and they have not been widely studied.  Furthermore, tretinoin is the most well studied and consistent in its efficacy in the treatment of photoaging.

Tertiary prevention

Lastly, tertiary prevention is the treatment of an existing symptomatic disease process to ameliorate its effects or delay its progress. Such tertiary prevention includes the use of chemical peels, resurfacing techniques (e.g. micro-dermabrasion), ablative or non-ablative laser resurfacing, radio-frequency technology, soft tissue augmentation (also known as fillers), and botulinum toxins.  Photorejuvenation procedures are performed by dermatologists to reduce the visible symptoms.  Each of these treatment modalities have primary concerns that they address.  For example, botulinum injections paralyze facial muscles.  This prevents muscle contraction and subsequent wrinkle formation. Injectable fillers are often used in the nasolabial fold to increase volume and minimize the appearance of sagging or wrinkling.

See also
 Occlusion miliaria
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110910163035/http://www.biotopix.eu/pdf/W8.pdf
 http://www.dermatology.ca/photoaging/
 https://www.isdin.com/en-US/blog/skincare/anti-aging/what-is-photoaging-and-why-do-we-have-to-care-about-it/
 http://911skin.com/uvbubarays.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150209040004/http://www.skincarephysicians.com/agingskinnet/basicfacts.html

Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
Sun tanning


The Museum of Copenhagen (Danish: Københavns Bymuseum) is the official museum of Copenhagen, Denmark, documenting the city's history from the 12th century to the present.

History
The  Museum of Copenhagen was founded in 1901. Starting in 1925, the museum had a permanent exhibition in the attic of Copenhagen City Hall.

As the collections grew, the attic became too small and in 1956 the museum moved to the former building of the Royal Copenhagen Shooting Society  (Det Kongelige Kjøbenhavnske Skydeselska) in Vesterbro.  The former shooting range became a public park, still known as Skydebanehaven.
 The buildings themselves dated to 1787 and were built based upon  drawings by  architect Johan Henrich Brandemann (1736–1803).

In 1984, the museum took over the former Maria Kruuse School in the adjacent Absalongade. It is now used for administration as well as the museum's archives. Part of the street was turned into a museum street featuring historic street furniture.

In  2010, the museum changed its name to the Copenhagen Museum. In 2018, the museum announced a planned relocation to a new location on Stormgade   in central Copenhagen.

Today
The Copenhagen Museum is owned and operated by the City of Copenhagen. It now operates in an affiliate with Thorvaldsen Museum and Kunsthallen Nikolaj as part of  an association of cultural institutions known as Historie & Kunst.

References

External links
 Københavns Museum official website
Historie & Kunst official website

Museums in Copenhagen
Local museums in Metropolitan Copenhagen
City museums
Museums established in 1891
History of Copenhagen
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1787
Vesterbro, Copenhagen
History museums in Denmark
1891 establishments in Denmark


Jaime Camino (11 June 1936 – 4 December 2015) was a Spanish film director and screenwriter. He directed 16 films between 1962 and 2001. His 1976 film Long Vacations of 36 was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1992 film The Long Winter was entered into the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival.

Filmography
 Los niños de Rusia (2001)
 El largo invierno (1992)
 Luces y sombras (1988)
 Dragon rapide (1986)
 El balcón abierto (1984)
 La campanada (1980)
 La vieja memoria (1979)
 Las largas vacaciones del 36 (1976)
 Mi profesora particular (1973)
 España otra vez (1969)
 Jutrzenka (1969)
 Copa Davis-1965 (1966)
 Mañana será otro día (1966)
 Los felices sesenta (1963)
 Centauros 1962 (1962)
 El toro, vida y muerte (1962)

References

External links

1936 births
2015 deaths
Film directors from Barcelona
Spanish film directors
Spanish male screenwriters


Two for the Show is a 1994 album by David Friesen.

Track listing
 "Airegin" - (04:56) Friesen / Michael Brecker
 "True Blue" - (07:48) Friesen / John Scofield
 "I Want To Be Happy" - (02:55) Friesen / Clark Terry
 "In Times Past" - (07:12) Friesen / Denny Zeitlin
 "Alone Together" - (04:46) Friesen / Bud Shank
 "On The Road With Jazz" - (04:53) Friesen / Uwe Kropinski
 "Signs And Wonders" - (06:04) Friesen / Michael Brecker
 "Old Folks" - (06:15) Friesen / John Scofield
 "Breeze" - (05:18) Friesen / Clark Terry
 "Maybe In Spring" - (07:46) Friesen / Denny Zeitlin
 "Double Take" - (03:14) Friesen / Bud Shank
 "Pianola" - (04:10) Friesen / Uwe Kropinski

References

1994 albums


Texas State University (TXST) is a public research university with its main campus (San Marcos campus) in the southern portion of the Austin metropolitan area and its Round Rock campus in the northern portion. Since its establishment in 1899, the university has grown to the one of the largest universities in the United States. Texas State University reached a record enrollment of 38,873 students in the 2023 fall semester, continuing a trend of enrollment growth over several years.

Texas State University offers over 200 bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree programs from its ten colleges. The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and designated as a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) by the U.S. Department of Education. Texas State is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" and an Emerging Research University (ERU) by the State of Texas. It spent over $140 million in research expenditures during fiscal year 2023.

Faculty at Texas State University have consistently been granted Fulbright Scholarships
resulting in Texas State's being recognized as one of the top producing universities of Fulbright Scholars. The 36th president of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson, graduated from the institution in 1930; Texas State University is the only college or university in Texas to have a U.S. president as an alumnus.

Texas State's main campus consists of 245 buildings on  of hilly land along the San Marcos River. Additionally, it has a  satellite campus at its Round Rock Campus (RRC) in the greater north Austin area. The university operates the  Science, Technology and Advanced Research (STAR) Park, a technology commercialization and applied research facility. Texas State has  additional acres of recreational, instructional, farm, and ranch land. The Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State is the largest forensics research facility in the world.

Texas State University's intercollegiate sports teams, the Bobcats, compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I and the Sun Belt Conference.

History
Texas State University was first proposed in a March 3, 1899 bill by state representative Fred Cocke with the name of Southwest Texas State Normal School.  Cocke represented the citizens of Hays and surrounding counties where the school was to be located.  While there was opposition to the bill, with the support of state senator J.B. Dibrell, it was finally passed and signed into law on May 10, 1899, by Governor Joseph D. Sayers.  The school's purpose was to provide manual training and teach domestic sciences and agriculture.  Any students earning a diploma and teaching certificate from the school would be authorized to teach in the state's public schools.  In October 1899, the San Marcos City Council voted to donate  of land at what was known as Chautauqua Hill for the school to be built on.  It was not until 1901 that the Texas legislature accepted this donation and approved $25,000 to be used for construction of buildings on the site.  The building now known as Old Main was completed and the school opened its doors to its first enrollment of 303 students in September 1903.

In 1912, the San Marcos School Board began a partnership with the school to allow Southwest Texas State Normal School students to instruct local school children as part of their training to become teachers.  The San Marcos East End Ward School, comprising the first eight grades of the school district, was moved onto the Southwest Texas State campus in 1917.  In 1935, a formal contract between Southwest Texas State Teachers College, as it was known then, and the San Marcos school district for the "Public Schools [to become] the laboratory school for said Teachers College."  The school would be under the control and supervision of the city of San Marcos but Southwest Texas State was responsible for providing and maintaining buildings and equipment for the city's elementary and junior high schools.

The college enrolled its first African-American students in 1963, following a federal lawsuit brought by Dana Smith, who became one of the first five African Americans at the institution when a district court judge ruled that they could not be denied admission based on race.

On November 8, 1965, the school's most famous alumnus, United States president Lyndon B. Johnson, returned to his alma mater to sign the Higher Education Act of 1965 a part of the Great Society programs.  In a speech, held in the old Strahan Gymnasium on the school's campus (now the Music Building), prior to signing the bill, he recounted his own difficulties affording to go to college: having to shower and shave in the school's gymnasium, living above a faculty member's garage, and working multiple jobs.

On November 13, 1969, ten students were suspended from Texas State for protesting the Vietnam war. They became known as the "San Marcos 10." They appealed their expulsion through the normal school channels and then filed a lawsuit against the president of the university, the dean of students and the Texas State University system Board of Regents. They were reinstated via injunction and attended classes while their case moved through the courts. When their appeals were rejected, they submitted their case to the U.S. Supreme Court, but only Justice William Douglas voted to hear their argument so the decisions of the lower courts stood. The San Marcos 10 subsequently lost all of the credits for the semesters they completed while their lawsuit moved through the court system.

Expansion
The campus has grown substantially from its original 11 acres in 1899.  During the first 40 years of the school's history, the campus was expanded to accommodate 18 buildings around the original Main Building.  These buildings included academic buildings, a library, buildings to house the San Marcos school students, dormitories, a dining hall, and men's and women's gymnasiums.  In 1926, 90 acres of land adjacent to the San Marcos River was purchased by A. B. Rogers to build a hotel, glass-bottom boat rides and other water-based attractions to become the Aquarena Springs theme park.  The university bought the property in 1994 intending to use the land as a research and education center.  In 2002, this piece of land became known as the River System Institute and offered educational tours including a wetlands boardwalk and continued to offer glass-bottom boat rides.

In 1996, the school began offering courses in Round Rock, Texas, on the campus of Westwood High School.  It originally offered night classes that allowed students to earn graduate degrees in business administration and education.  As enrollment in these programs increased and with a gift of , the Texas State University Round Rock Campus was constructed and opened in 2005.

Name changes
The school's name has changed several times over the course of its history.  The first change occurred in 1918 when Southwest Texas State Normal School became Southwest Texas State Normal College, after the Board of Regents, two years earlier, had authorized the school to begin granting degrees as a senior college. In 1921, a statewide effort was launched to improve academic standards in Texas normal schools to meet more closely the requirements of the University of Texas.  These improvements prompted a second name change in 1923, when the Texas Legislature renamed the school Southwest Texas State Teachers College.  Another change occurred in 1959, with the school becoming Southwest Texas State College.  Ten years later, the legislature renamed the school Southwest Texas State University.

In 2003, members of the school's Associated Student Government (ASG), approached state senator Jeff Wentworth asking that the school be renamed Texas State University at San Marcos.  The ASG had unanimously approved a resolution supporting the change, arguing that the current name reflected a regionalism that was not aligned with the university's effort to reach top-tier status.  The ASG further said that donations from the school's alumni would pay for implementing the name change so that state tax dollars would not be required. Some students and alumni protested the change, pointing out that no vote had been taken on the matter. A bill, sponsored by Senator Wentworth, was passed and on September 1, 2003, the school became known as Texas State University–San Marcos.  The city was originally included in the name to differentiate it from other schools in the Texas State University System, which were, at the time, expected to change their names to Texas State University (e.g. Texas State University–Lamar).  Those changes did not occur, however, and after Texas State continued to expand its campus in Round Rock, the university requested that the name of the city be removed from the school's name. In 2013, under the McDaniel-Sibley ASG Administration, Associated Student Government senator Quentin De La Garza continued the efforts to have the name changed. A bill to accomplish that change was passed by the Eighty-third Texas Legislature and signed by the governor. The name was officially changed on September 1, 2013, for the sixth time in the school's history.

2019 sexual assault controversies
In the fall of 2019, the US Department of Education opened a formal review into Texas State University's compliance with a federal crime-reporting statute meant to provide information about campus safety. Texas State University officials acknowledged in September 2019 that it seriously under-reported the number of rapes and other crimes on campus in recent years. A former university police chief and his top deputy were also accused of hiring unqualified officers to patrol the San Marcos campus, including one who allegedly slept with a sexual assault victim while investigating her case.

Campus
Texas State University is a public research university located in San Marcos, Texas with a second campus in Round Rock, Texas. It serves over 38,000 students, offering over 200 bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degree programs. Texas State University comprises over 8 million gross square feet in facilities and its campuses are located on over 600 acres with an additional 4,000 acres of agriculture, research, and recreational areas.

The Texas State University main campus is located in San Marcos, Texas, midway between Austin and San Antonio along Interstate 35. It spans , including the original land donated by the city of San Marcos consisting of Chautauqua Hill on which Old Main still sits. The University also operates a  Round Rock Campus and a  Science, Technology, and Advanced Research (STAR) Park; Other parts of the Texas State property including farm and ranch land, residential, recreational areas and commercial incubators cover more than  of additional land.

The Quad is the heart of campus because it is surrounded by a majority of the academic buildings and is near the bus loop where most of the university bus routes stop on campus.  Since many students pass through the quad, it is the primary gathering place for student organizations, which often set up booths and tables promoting fundraisers and events. The west end of the Quad has a 17-foot high aluminum sculpture of two horses, called The Fighting Stallions.  This area has been designated as the university's free speech zone and was subject to one of the first court challenges to the creation of such zones after the suspension of ten students protesting the Vietnam War.  The east end of the Quad rises to the top of the highest hill on campus where the university's oldest building, Old Main, sits.

The main campus in San Marcos served as the location of the fictional school TMU (Texas Methodist University) in the NBC TV series Friday Night Lights.

Old Main

Built in 1903 and originally called the Main Building, Old Main was the first building on the campus. The design was closely patterned on the Old Main Building of 1889 at Sam Houston State University, designed by Alfred Muller of Galveston.  Fourteen years later, E. Northcraft, the engineer for the building at Sam Houston, oversaw construction of the Texas State University Main Building, a red-gabled Victorian Gothic structure.  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.  In more than a century of use, and through many renovations, the building has served varied purposes, from being the university's administration building to an auditorium and chapel to now housing the offices for the School of Journalism and Mass Communication as well as the offices of the College of Fine Arts and Communication.

Alkek Library

The university's library was named in 1991 for an alumnus, Albert B. Alkek, who became an oilman, rancher, and philanthropist. The Albert B. Alkek Library serves as the main academic library supporting the university community. It is a "select depository" for United States and Texas government documents, receiving a large number of government publications from the state and 60% of all federal publications. The library also encompasses special collections and papers, including the Wittliff collections; the largest US repository of contemporary Mexican photography; the King of the Hill archives; major collection of work by Cormac McCarthy, Sam Shepard, and Sandra Cisneros; and the Lonesome Dove miniseries collection.

Sewell Park

Sewell Park, located on the Texas State University campus on the banks of the San Marcos River in San Marcos, Texas, borders City Park, the San Marcos Mill Tract and Strahan Coliseum.  It was opened in 1917 by Southwest Texas State Normal School, and was called Riverside Park.  The land was owned by the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and leased to the school.  It was originally used by students to learn how to swim and for general recreation.  The river banks were built up from the river bottom by university workers.  In 1949 the park was renamed Sewell Park in honor of S. M. Sewell, a mathematics professor who helped form the park.

A long time fixture of Sewell Park, local legend Dan Barry, better known as "Frisbee Dan", can be seen on just about any sunny day tossing his frisbee and keeping a watchful eye on the park.

Round Rock Campus

The university's Round Rock Campus (RRC) is located in Round Rock, Texas,  north of Austin.  Originally known as the Round Rock Higher Education Center (RRHEC), the facility was opened in 1996 in temporary buildings with a small number of classes.  By 2004, the fifteen temporary buildings, in a lot adjacent to Westwood High School, were full to capacity.  A year earlier, the Avery family of Round Rock had donated 101 acres in northeast Round Rock to allow the former RRHEC to become its own campus. Construction of the Avery Building began in 2004, and the building opened its doors in August 2005. The 125,000-square-foot Avery Building was designed to offer instruction and student support in one building, with classrooms, labs, offices, and a library. In 2010 the Round Rock Campus opened the 77,740-square-foot, three-story Nursing Building. The St. David's School of Nursing admitted the first class of junior-level nursing majors in fall 2010. Ground Breaking for an additional health professions building occurred in May 2016.  The building, known as Willow Hall, opened in 2018.

Curriculum
The Round Rock Campus offers the junior and senior level classes to complete a bachelor's degree as well as graduate degrees, post baccalaureate certification, and continuing education programs. Students can complete their first two years at the Texas State University San Marcos campus or any community college, or transfer to the RRC from another school.  Students who complete requirements at the Round Rock Campus earn degrees from Texas State University.

Academics

Student body

As of the fall 2018 semester, Texas State University had a total enrollment of 38,694, continuing a trend of record enrollment growth over several years.  Of the student body, 31,032 are undergraduate students with the remaining 4,536 students being post-baccalaureate or graduate students. The university accepted 57.6% of freshmen applicants who applied to attend the fall 2012 semester. This includes the guaranteed acceptance of any Texas high school graduate with a grade point average that ranked them in the top 10% of their high school class.  Between 61% and 64% of undergraduate students earn their degree after six years. Hispanic students made up 30% of the student body in 2013, which increased to 32% in 2014, qualifying the university to be designated as a Hispanic-serving institution.  Additionally, the student body consists of approximately 55% female students, 80% students who live off-campus, and only 10% students who are members of a fraternity or sorority.

Rankings

In 2011 Texas State University was the 13th best four-year school for veterans according to Military Times EDGE magazine. In 2019 Washington Monthly ranked Texas State as 200th in the nation. Texas State University was included in The Best 386 Colleges: 2021 Edition published by The Princeton Review.

In the 2023 edition of the U.S. News & World Report, Texas State was ranked 280th among national universities.

Colleges
Texas State University offers degrees in 98 bachelor programs, 93 master programs and 14 doctoral programs.  The university has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since 1925 and had its last review in 2010.

These programs are offered through ten academic colleges, including:

Research
In January 2012, Texas State University was designated an emerging research university by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board. To achieve this status a university must spend at least $14 million in its research endeavors and either offer at least 10 doctoral degrees or have at least 150 enrolled doctoral students. Texas State has developed a series of 5-year plans that will make it eligible to receive funds from the National Research University Fund (NRUF).

One of Texas State's facilities includes its Center for Research Commercialization that was approved by the Texas State University System Regents in May 2011 with a focus on environmental sustainability and biotechnology.  The facility is funded through multiple grants including $1.8 million from the U.S. Economic Development Administration and $4.2 million from the Texas Emerging Technology Fund.  The facility will serve as a location for university faculty to perform advanced research and to commercialize that research into startup companies.

The Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State is one of seven extant human decomposition research facilities (body farms) in the United States.  It is the largest such forensics research facility in the world.

In August 2012, Texas State's River Systems Institute was renamed The Meadows Center for Water and the Environment.  This name change was the result of donations totaling $5 million from The Meadows Foundation in Dallas, Texas.  The university plans on earning a total of $10 million from The Meadows Foundation and other sources for the center to study interactions between water and the overall environment. These studies include an examination of springs, drought and their effects on public water supplies. The center was founded in 2002 with funding, in part, from The Meadows Foundation. Since that time it has focused its research on the San Marcos Springs and Spring Lake, the second largest spring in the Southwest United States.

Faculty from the various college have consistently been awarded Fulbright Scholar grants
resulting in Texas State's being recognized as one of the top producing universities of Fulbright Scholars.

Extracurricular activities

Residential life
Approximately 20% of Texas State students live in on-campus or in university-owned housing including about 95% of freshman students.  Beginning in August 2012, there were approximately 6,353 beds in a variety of housing options including traditional dorms and apartment-style housing offered by the university.

Student organizations and Greek Life

Texas State University has more than 300 student organizations registered with its Student Involvement department. These organizations include Greek organizations, academic groups, honors societies, service groups, sports clubs, and common interest groups. Texas State has more than 30 fraternities and sororities, including 13 fraternities from the North American Interfraternity Conference, 9 fraternities and sororities from the historically African-American National Pan-Hellenic Council, 8 sororities from the National Panhellenic Conference, and 9 multicultural fraternities and sororities from the National Multicultural Greek Council. After the death of a Phi Kappa Psi pledge in November 2017, Texas State University halted all Greek life activities. Greek life activities resumed in March 2018, following a restructure of the university's Greek system.

Music groups, student government, performance groups
The Bobcat Marching Band is the collegiate marching band of Texas State University. Nicknamed "The Pride of the Hill Country," the band began in 1919 as a casual association of student musicians on campus. It later evolved into a formal organization that performs at Texas State football games, NFL football games, professional soccer games, two presidential inaugurations, and a number of Hollywood movies and marching band oriented videos.

The school's student government is an organization of both undergraduate and graduate students who represent student's interests with the university administration. Student government has dealt with issues including concealed carry on campus and the university's anti-tobacco policy.  Student Government also administers a scholarship fund that any Texas State student can apply to earn.

A number of honors societies exists on campus including Golden Key and the Alpha Chi National College Honor Society.  Texas State was a charter member of Alpha Chi when it was created as the Scholarship Societies of the South in 1927. Texas State also has an active chapter of Alpha Phi Omega, National Service Fraternity.

The Texas State Strutters are a precision dance team formed in 1960, the first of its kind at a four-year institution in the United States.  The group performs to a variety of music including high kick, jazz, funk, and hip hop. The Strutters have performed nationally and internationally in 26 countries spanning 4 continents. Performances include two presidential inaugural parades, two Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parades, several NBA and NFL halftime shows, and America's Got Talent. They are the first university dance team to be invited to the People's Republic of China.

Bobcat Build is a yearly community service event that began in 2001 and is the largest such event run by students at the university.  Based upon Texas A&M University's "The Big Event", it allows student organizations and individual Texas State students to sign up to perform service projects throughout the San Marcos community.  The event has received recognition from state and national politicians including former State Representative Patrick Rose and U.S. Representative Lloyd Doggett.

Media
The oldest form of student media at Texas State was a yearbook originally called the Pedagogue and later renamed the Pedagog.  It was first published in 1904 and served to record each year's events through photographs and articles.  It was temporarily discontinued in 1975 due to a combination of the cost to publish the annual and a lack of student interest.  It was published again in 1978 as part of the school's seventy-fifth anniversary.  In 1984 it resumed regular publication.  However, it was last published in 2000 after university committees recommended replacing the printed yearbook with a video disk containing the same contents.  The annual has since been discontinued entirely.  Now called the University Star, it publishes coverage of the college's news, trends, opinions and sports.  The newspaper is published on Tuesdays while classes are in session in the fall and spring semesters. The paper is published five times during the summer. The Star has a web site which contains videos, blogs and podcasts in addition to the articles that are published in the print version of the paper. The Star and its staff have received awards including merits from Hearst Journalism, the Texas Intercollegiate Press Association and the Society of Professional Journalists.

Located in the Trinity Building, Texas State's FM radio station, KTSW, broadcasts at 89.9 MHz and provides sports coverage of Texas State Athletics and independent music. The KTSW website provides live-streaming broadcasts, and the Texas State television channel employs KTSW broadcasts as background music. KTSW's morning show, Orange Juice and Biscuits, gained recognition in 2007 for being a finalist in Collegiate Broadcasters Inc.'s "Best Regularly Scheduled Program" award.  In October 2008, as it was among Austin360.com's top ten-rated morning radio shows.

Athletics

Texas State currently competes at the NCAA Division I level and are members of the Sun Belt Conference. Texas State teams and athletes from multiple sports have won national and regional championships as well as medalists in the Olympic Games.

Mascot and logo
In 1920, Texas State adopted its first official mascot, the bobcat, at the urging of Oscar Strahan, who became the school's athletic director in 1919. Strahan suggested the bobcat because the cat is native to central Texas and is known for its ferocity. The bobcat did not get a name until 1964. At that time, Beth Greenlees won the Name the Bobcat contest with the name Boko the Bobcat.  The athletic logo, or spirit mark, is referred to as the SuperCat logo.  The current version of the logo was designed by a student in 2003. In August 2009, Texas State refined the logo with the addition of the Texas State lettering.

Rivalries
A thirteen-year rivalry with Nicholls State University ended with the 2011 football season.  It began in 1998 when the annual football game between the two schools was at first cancelled due to severe flooding in San Marcos, where the game was to be played.  The athletic directors and coaches later decided to postpone the game from October to November.  To remember those affected by the floods, including some people who had died in it, a wooden oar was made with each school's colors and initials.  The winning school would take possession of the oar for the next year and have the score inscribed on it.  This rivalry became known as the Battle for the Paddle.  The oar was last traded in 2010 when Nicholls State received it following 47–44 win over Texas State after four overtimes.  Prior to the schools' meeting in 2011, Rob Bernardi, the athletic director for Nicholls State, said that they would not be bringing the oar to San Marcos and would leave it on display in the Nicholls State athletic offices.  Due to Texas State changing conferences, Bernardi said it was unlikely that the schools will face each other in football again and that the rivalry was ending.

The rivalry with the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) is dubbed the I-35 Showdown for the interstate highway that links San Marcos and San Antonio. A trophy consisting of an Interstate Highway 35 sign was originally given to the winner of the men's basketball game, but that tradition has been expanded to all sporting events between the two schools. Even though the two schools will be moving to different athletic conferences in 2013, Texas State Athletics Director Larry Ties expressed hope that the potential rivalry will still occur.

Texas State's only in-state Sun Belt conference rival is the University of Texas at Arlington (UT Arlington).  The rivalry never ceased as both schools moved from the Southland Conference to the Western Athletic Conference then on to the Sun Belt Conference.

Transition to FBS
In the summer of 2007, university president Denise Trauth created the Athletic Strategic Planning Committee with the purpose of evaluating a move for the football team to go to the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS).  The committee released its final report in November 2007 which included a series of tasks that would need to be completed to make the move.  The university called its efforts The Drive to FBS.  Following the release of the committee's report, the university's Associated Student Government passed a bill for a student referendum to be held the following spring to obtain the student body's endorsement of an increase in fees to help pay for the move to the FBS.  In February 2008, almost 80% of the students who voted in the referendum, approved a raise in the athletics fee by $10 over the next five years. Another set of milestones for The Drive involved improvements to Texas State's football stadium, Bobcat Stadium.  Three phases of construction were completed to double the seating capacity of the stadium to 30,000, add luxury boxes, improvements to the press box, and replace the visitors' locker room.

Alumni

Texas State University's most notable alumnus is U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson.  Johnson attended the university, then known as the Southwest Texas State Teachers College, from 1926 until 1930 when he earned his Bachelor of Science degree.  As a student, Johnson participated on the debate team and was an editor for the student newspaper, then known as the College Star. Johnson remains the only U.S. president who graduated from a university in the state of Texas.

Another notable alum is Grammy Award-winning American country music singer George Strait. Strait graduated in 1979 from the university, then known as Southwest Texas State University, with a Bachelor of Science in agriculture.  As a student, Strait performed his first show with the Ace in the Hole Band at Cheatham Street Warehouse in San Marcos.  In 2006, Strait was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters by University President Denise Trauth.

Other notable alumni include: General Robert L. Rutherford, United States Air Force; musician Scott H. Biram; actor Powers Boothe; writer Tomás Rivera; Texas state representative Alfred P.C. Petsch; columnist "Heloise" (Ponce Cruse Evans); mathematician and former president of the American Mathematical Society R. H. Bing; St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Paul Goldschmidt; professional wrestler Lance Archer (Lance Hoyt); Texas musician Charlie Robison; and military historian Alan C. Carey.

Notes

References

External links

 Texas State Athletics website

Public universities and colleges in Texas
Buildings and structures in San Marcos, Texas
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Hays County, Texas
Universities and colleges established in 1899
1899 establishments in Texas


Forster v Wilson (1843) 152 ER 1165 is a UK insolvency law and English property law case, concerning the right to set off a debt against an insolvent company. It establishes that a person with a right to set off is not subject to the pooling of assets in insolvent liquidation.

Facts
Mr Wilson (among others) was in debt to a group of bankers that had gone bankrupt (the company was Batson & Co). Mr Forster had been assigned by this group the right to sue to get the debt back. Mr Wilson had been given £5 notes, issued by the bank, by some of his customers in his own business. Mr Wilson had also received other £5 notes, for which they were to pay so much only as they should receive from the assignees for such notes.

The question was whether Mr Wilson could set off the amounts in the £5 notes against the debts he owed to the bank.

Judgment
Parke B held that Mr Wilson (and the other defendants) had a beneficial interest in the first type of notes, and were therefore entitled to set them off. But he was not entitled to set off the last-mentioned class, as they held them merely as trustees for others.

See also
UK insolvency law

United Kingdom insolvency case law
Exchequer of Pleas cases
1843 in British law
1843 in case law


MACRO-10 is an assembly language with extensive macro facilities for DEC's PDP-10-based Mainframe computer systems, the DECsystem-10 and the DECSYSTEM-20. MACRO-10 is implemented as a two-pass assembler.

Programming examples
A simple "Hello, world!" program in MACRO-10 assembler, to run under TOPS-10, adapted from a specimen in a large collection of "Hello World" programs in various languages:

        TITLE   HELLO WORLD
        ; 'Hello world' in MACRO-10 for TOPS-10
        SEARCH  UUOSYM          ; Make UUO symbol names available

LAB:    ASCIZ   /Hello, world!
/                               ; NUL-terminated ASCII string with CRLF

START:  RESET                   ; Initialise job to clean runtime state
OUTPUT: OUTSTR  LAB             ; Output string starting at LAB:
        MONRT.                  ; Return to monitor
        JRST    OUTPUT          ; Restart at OUTPUT: if user CONTINUEs job
        END     START           ; End assembly, set program start address

If this program is saved in the file , it can be assembled, linked and run like this (the TOPS-10 system prompt is the . at the start of lines):

.COMPILE HELLO.MAC /DLIST
MACRO:  HELLO

EXIT

.LOAD HELLO
LINK:   Loading

EXIT

.SAVE
HELLO saved

.RUN

Hello, world!

.

The assembly listing file generated by the /DLIST (Disk LISTing) option to the COMPILE command:
HELLO WORLD     MACRO %53B(1247) 17:29  7-Apr-:9 Page 1
HELLO   MAC      7-Apr-:9 17:29

                                                TITLE   HELLO WORLD
                                                ; 'Hello world' in MACRO-10 for TOPS-10
                                                SEARCH  UUOSYM          ; Make UUO symbol names available

        000000' 110 145 154 154 157     LAB:    ASCIZ   /Hello, world!
        000001' 054 040 167 157 162
        000002' 154 144 041 015 012     /                               ; NUL-terminated ASCII string with CRLF
        000003' 000 000 000 000 000

        000004' 047 00 0 00 000000      START:  RESET                   ; Initialise job to clean runtime state
        000005' 051 03 0 00 000000'     OUTPUT: OUTSTR  LAB             ; Output string starting at LAB:
        000006' 047 01 0 00 000012              MONRT.                  ; Return to monitor
        000007' 254 00 0 00 000005'             JRST    OUTPUT          ; Restart at OUTPUT: if user CONTINUEs job
                        000004'                 END     START           ; End assembly, set program start address

NO ERRORS DETECTED

PROGRAM BREAK IS 000010
CPU TIME USED 58:25.100

36P CORE USED

HELLO WORLD     MACRO %53B(1247) 17:29  7-Apr-:9 Page S-1
HELLO   MAC      7-Apr-:9 17:29         SYMBOL TABLE

LAB             000000'
MONRT.  047040  000012
OUTPUT          000005'
OUTSTR  051140  000000
RESET   047000  000000
START           000004'
The date ":9" is a Year 2000 problem.
A more complex MACRO-10 example program, which renders one version of the 99 Bottles of Beer song, may be examined at the "99 Bottles of Beer" web site.

For larger bodies of code, much of the MACRO-10 code for the TOPS-10 and TOPS-20 systems is available in the Trailing Edge PDP-10 tape archives.

References

External links

Assembly languages
Digital Equipment Corporation


The Fire Island Inlet Bridge, an integral part of the Robert Moses Causeway, is a two-lane, steel tied arch span with a concrete deck that carries the parkway over Fire Island Inlet.

Construction of the Fire Island Bridge was completed in 1964 and although a relatively young structure, (less than 60 years old), its concrete deck has suffered from severe chloride ingress resulting in cracks, spalling, and the formation of potholes.

The Fire Island Inlet span of the Robert Moses Causeway connects to Robert Moses State Park on the western tip of Fire Island.

The Fire Island Inlet Bridge is located south of the State Boat Channel Bridge, a  long bascule bridge modeled after Brooklyn's Mill Basin Drawbridge.

History

The Fire Island Inlet span cost $10 million to complete and opened to traffic on June 13, 1964. By 1985, a dual span was supposed to be built to alleviate traffic; the second bridge proposal was never implemented.
As first proposed in 1938, the span was to be a vertical-lift span with a design similar to that of the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge.  The design was changed to conform with that of the Great South Bay Bridge, a  steel-arch span with a  clearance.

In 2004, the New York State Department of Transportation began studies on the Fire Island Inlet span after the realization that it was rapidly decomposing due to flaws in the cement during its construction. A  weight restriction was enforced by local police until permanent repairs could be made.

Currently repairs are being undertaken to extend the life and safety of the bridge; groundbreaking for a new bridge was expected in 2010. It is assumed that the new bridge will be built to the west of the current structure; the new span will be four lanes, two southbound and two northbound. The new Fire Island Bridge will keep the look of the old one for aesthetic conformity with the other bridges over the bay.

References

External links

Map of Fire Island Inlet

Bridges on Long Island
Road bridges in New York (state)
Bridges completed in 1964
Tied arch bridges in the United States
Steel bridges in the United States
Bridges in Suffolk County, New York


Don Biederman (February 20, 1940 – May 31, 1999) was a Canadian stock car racer from Port Credit, Ontario.

Racing career

Biederman was the first Canadian ever to campaign for a full season in the NASCAR Cup Series formerly known as the NASCAR Grand National Series.

Biederman won the prestigious Oxford 250 at Oxford Plains Speedway, Maine in 1977, one of only four Canadians to do so, with Junior Hanley, Derek Lynch, and Dave Whitlock being the others.

Biederman won the IWK 250 at Riverside International Speedway in James River, Nova Scotia on three consecutive occasions from 1979–1981.

Death and legacy

On May 31, 1999, Biederman died suddenly of a brain aneurysm at his home in Brantford, Ontario at the age of 59.

Since 2000 the OSCAAR Racing series has held a race in his honour entitled "The Don Biederman Memorial" at Flamboro Speedway in Millgrove, Ontario.

Awards

 He was posthumously inducted Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 2001.
 He was posthumously enshrined on the Riverside International Speedway Wall of Fame.

Motorsports results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

Grand National Series

Daytona 500 results

References

External links
 Photo gallery at Canadian Racing Archives

1940 births
1999 deaths
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Racing drivers from Ontario
NASCAR drivers
CASCAR Super Series drivers
Canadian racing drivers
Sportspeople from Kirkland Lake