The Band of Angels was the first high technology specific angel investment group in the United States. Today the group remains very active with more than 160 members who invest their time and money into high tech startup companies. Band members have founded companies such as Cirrus Logic, Symantec, SunPower, National Semiconductor and Logitech, and have been senior executive officers at top Silicon Valley companies including Sun Microsystems, Hewlett Packard, Intel, 3Com and Intuit. Numerous articles have been written about the Band, appearing in periodicals such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Upside, Red Herring, Der Spiegel, U.S. News & World Report, and Forbes.  The Band has also been featured in two Harvard Business School case studies.

Background
Band members invest in deals directly; there is no pooling of resources or voting. Since 1994, Band members have invested over $186 million into over 200 startup companies. Thirteen deals that presented to the Band as seed investments became public companies; these alone returned $240M in cash to Band members and 63 other companies in the Band's portfolio have been acquired for a gain.  Assuming an exit at lock-up expiration, this corresponds to a 53% annualized internal rate of return (IRR).

The Band of Angels is active, investing in 16-22 deals per year as well as many follow-on pro rata investments into current portfolio companies. It consistently ranks among the top 10 most active VCs in the annual listing of the top 100 by Entrepreneur Magazine. The Band specializes in diverse, early-stage venture investing. The portfolio is distributed among biotech, semiconductor, networking, telecom, medical device, enterprise software, Internet, high-tech services, and even industrial, companies. Every investment receives active post-deal participation from a Band member, including joining the board of directors where possible.

Securing funding from the Band is competitive. Approximately 50 deals submit each month for funding from the group.  Every deal that submits is reviewed and analyzed by 6 domain experts; the top ten companies that apply each month are invited in to an in person interview and the best three from this group are then invited to present at the next available Band dinner. Typically, the odds of being funded after presenting to the Band is 1/3.

The Band was founded by J. C. Hans Severiens and the current chairman is Dr. Ian Sobieski.

In 2004 The Angel Capital Association established the Hans Severiens Award to recognize one person each year for outstanding accomplishments in the advancement of angel investing.

See also
Glen McLaughlin

References

External links
 Clavier Blog Article

Venture capital firms of the United States
Companies based in Menlo Park, California


Clarkia williamsonii is a species of flowering plant endemic to California, where it is known from the forests and woodlands of the northern and central Sierra Nevada foothills.

Description
Clarkia williamsonii is an erect annual herb with linear to lance-shaped leaves each a few centimeters long.

The inflorescence produces opening flowers and buds which are closed except for the tips, where the sepals do not fuse. The sepals all separate or remain fused in pairs as the flower blooms. Each fan-shaped petal is up to 3 centimeters long and is usually lavender with a white area and a purple spot in the middle. The petals are occasionally solid deep red.

A unique feature of this species is its tendency to have widespread reciprocal translocations. Wedberg et al.  showed that populations of this plant in the foothills of California had frequencies of translocation heterozygosity approaching 50%, while those in higher elevations in alpine regions have frequencies of less than 10%.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Profile — Clarkia williamsonii
Clarkia williamsonii — U.C. Photo gallery

williamsonii
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Plants described in 1857


An access mat is a portable platform used to support equipment used in construction and other resource-based activities, including drilling rigs, camps, tanks, and helipads. It may also be used as a structural roadway to provide passage over unstable ground, pipelines and more.

Depending on its application, an access mat may be called a rig mat, swamp mat, industrial mat, ground protection mat, road mat, construction mat, mud mat, mobile mat, safety mat, or portable roadway. Because there is no body governing or standardizing terminology (nor design and construction), and terminology inconsistencies are compounded by regional and industry-specific vernacular, the types described below should be considered a general guide to access matting.

Types
There are three general categories that describe access matting:

Construction Mats
Construction mats are used to provide relatively clean, smooth, all-weather working, walking and driving surfaces in industrial or commercial construction settings where access would not otherwise be guaranteed. This category of mat reduces crew downtime, increasing the likelihood of timely task completion.

Construction mats have multiple applications, including:
Oil and Gas sector: temporary roads, platforming on leases, pipeline terminals, and facilities
Power lines: tower erection
Electrical sub-stations
Construction of buildings and warehouses
Residential housing projects (especially where local bylaws penalize depositing mud and dirt in situations where it may wash into storm drains)

A subset of construction mat, pipeline mats, may be considered construction mats, though they often begin as a different type of access mat. Pipeline mats are typically mats at the end of their productive lives, used as a rough, one-time access setting.

Access Mats
Access mats are a category of matting that are generally used to provide temporary roads and worksites. Access mats are often used to access work sites in remote or environmentally sensitive areas, such as bogs, wetlands or fens. For that reason, they are often referred to as swamp, bog or wetland mats.

Swamp mats are based on a design developed by Joe Penland  in the late 20th century and consist of three layers of 2’ x 8’ lumber laminated together with steel bolts. Most commonly, the top and bottom layer are made up of 11 pieces and the middle layer, placed cross wise, is made from 21 pieces. In the USA, the majority of swamp mats are made from mixed hardwoods, although they are often referred to as oak. It is also usual to find hardwood mats in Canada, however the availability of durable coniferous species such as various firs, pines, and spruces make their use a more economical prospect. Common dimensions are 8' x 14' and 8' x 16'. Thicknesses vary between suppliers from 4.5” to a full 6”. Swamp mats are produced by many small and medium-sized manufacturers, and quality varies dramatically within the industry.

Rig mats, another variety of access mats, may also known as wood and steel mats or steel frame mats. These mats are commonly made of spruce, pine, fir or a combination thereof encased in a steel frame, though some suppliers also offer bamboo and fibreglass options. The frame is normally I Beam or HST steel. The steel is used to strengthen the mats, enabling the manufacturers of the mats to build them in larger sizes and to support more weight compared to all other types of mats. Common sizes are 8' x 20', 8' x 30', and 8' x 40'. One great advantage is the ease of repairing the wooden inserts which gives new life to an already long lasting and durable mat. This method of repair can be completed on both I Beam and HST style mats.

Mud mats are a combination of a reinforced member (such as metal bars or bamboo) confining geosynthetic fabric in a portable mat, that can be rolled up for ease of transport and deployment. A lightweight, light-duty flexible mat suitable for distributing loads over firm ground to avoid rutting. They are not commonly used for access matting in soft ground conditions.

Heavy-Equipment Mats
The final category of matting is known as Heavy-Equipment matting. These mats are constructed from the most durable, load-bearing materials, designed to be transited by heavy equipment.

One variety of heavy-equipment mat is the Crane mat. Designed for exceptionally heavy use, Crane mats (also known as digging mats, logging mats, or bridge mats) can be used in a wide variety of applications, including:

Powerline tower assembly
Mining and heavy access roads
Module yards, pipe yards, tank farms and staging areas
Wind farms
Bridge repair and construction
Piers and wharves

Crane mats are constructed of solid 8”, 10” or 12” timbers and are affixed by steel bolts, providing ground stabilization under extreme weight. The timber species used in these mats is generally Douglas fir and Hemlock as this species of wood has superior strength, durability and resiliency characteristics compared to other western softwood. The construction process of these mats allows for versatility as different size, length and quantity of timbers can be used to make different dimension mats. Most crane mat manufacturers are in the Western states and provinces.
Repurposing a Crane mat with cable loops allows them to be relocated on site by client-owned equipment, allowing a client to minimize the number of mats they require. This repurposing transforms a Crane mat into a Digging mat.

Logging mats are Crane mats with a reinforced slot which allows knuckle boom loaders or skid-steer loaders to move the mats with ease.
Oilfield Mat Combos are heavy-duty steel frame mats designed to provide spill containment and platform matting.

Construction materials
Depending on purpose, mats may be constructed of any of the following materials:

Wood
Wood is the most commonly used matting material used. Wooden mats range widely in cost, depending on the type of wood used, and may be constructed of:
Hardwood: hardwood is an imprecise term used in the matting industry, though it generally refers to any wood with a Janka Hardness Test rating at or above red oak.
Oak
Fir
Hybrid or SPF: in essence is a Fir mat with outside edge boards made of Oak. Oak boards are there to mitigate outer edge damages from the grapple used to place mats, as oak is much harder than fir. These mats are also low-cost, primarily used for leveling under drilling rigs, camps and tank farms.
Spruce: spruce is often used as a “throw away” (one-time use) mat. It’s an inexpensive material with low load bearing capacity, durability and lifespan compared to fir and hardwood access mats.
Bamboo: bamboo mats are a composite of glue-laminated bamboo strips, offering higher tensile strength than steel.

Composite
composite mats are constructed of multiple materials, to improve the strength or durability of the mat. They can be more expensive upfront, but as they have a much longer lifespan than wooden mats they can be more cost-efficient. Higher quality versions of the composite mat will include anti-static and/or UV protection additives to prevent the formation of sparks from static electricity and to prevent cracking, physical breakdown & fading of the mat. Composite mats feature a variety of connection mechanisms, from complicated systems that use small parts and specialized tools to large aluminum cam lock systems.

Composite mats range in size from 4’ x 4’ to 8’ x 14’.  It is commonly thought that bigger is better with access mats, but it is important that the mats can be shipped by standard means. 7.5’ x 14’ composite mats, for example, will fit into an ISO container.

Examples of composite materials used in access matting include:

Fibreglass
Fibreglass offers high strength, long-term durability and is light weight.

Rubber
Rubber mats evolved by industries seeking sustainable products made from recycled materials. The rubber crumb recycled from scrap tires is a primary petroleum based material.

Depending on the site soil conditions, there are various thicknesses of mats that can be manufactured. The base material of the rubber mat is crumb rubber, urethane, and fibre from recycled motor vehicle tires. The production of one typical mat uses up to 350 tires which makes the product environmentally friendly. The mats are moulded into conventional 8’x14’ sections and the body has an embedded patented rigid spine which makes each mat extremely durable and virtually indestructible. The surface is textured and designed to provide excellent traction for all types of traffic and have been proven to be a viable and economical solution for long term use under some of the most unruly site conditions and usages across North America. They are effective when used as access roads, heli-pads, laydown areas, wash pads or sidewalks.

Rubber mats are also known as blast mats in the mining industry.

Plastic (HDPE)
Engineered, hollow rig matting systems may be made up of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE).  When compared to traditional wooden matting, composite mats are lighter in weight yet still can handle heavy loads.

Plastic (UHMWPE)
This solid plastic, UHMWPE (Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene), offers the highest impact strength while being highly resistant to corrosive chemicals.

Solid, one-piece compression moulded mats are made from recycled or virgin (HDPE) as well as recycled or virgin Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE).

Solid mats are lighter in weight than hollow mats but due to the simpler connection system provide the same or similar usable working surface area per mat once connected (10’ x 8’, 13.5’ x 6.5’). Typically this means that a significantly greater number of solid mats can be loaded onto a truck resulting in a number of key benefits including larger working surface area per truckload, reduced number of transport trips per project, reduced fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions per project, and reduced transport costs per project.

A simple connection system, using standard connectors and tools, is used which means that mats can easily be installed and connected on undulating as well as flat surfaces, avoiding the need to prepare the ground surface in advance of installation.  This also results in project time and cost-savings.
Unlike hollow mats, solid mats cannot be punctured and therefore do not take on water (which can increase mat weight) or other fluids (such as fuel or chemicals) that could have an adverse environmental impact on sensitive sites.

Uses
Access matting has a variety of industrial and commercial uses, ranging from temporary, one-time use (for example, in the construction of pipeline access, where the mats are essentially destroyed in the process), reused over multiple projects over multiple seasons, or semi-permanent.

Access mats may also be used in other, non-traditional settings, such as providing access for cattle to water troughs where muddy conditions may prove detrimental to the livestock; for home owners who need access to buildings under construction before driveways are poured; to create temporary parking; or to provide nature enthusiasts with a low-impact, environmental trailway.

Installation and Removal
In some jurisdictions, access mats must be removed when they are no longer needed due to climatic conditions. Most access mat providers contract to remove used mats, which may then be re-rented, stored, or destroyed, depending on condition. Destruction of mats includes chipping/mulching, chipping and burying in approved locations, or chipping and incinerating.

References

External links
 Access mats used to support Alberta, Canada’s New Wetland Policy (2016)

Construction equipment


The NWA "Beat the Champ" Television Championship was a secondary professional wrestling singles title defended in Johnny Doyle's NWA Los Angeles from 1951 to 1959. The title was defended in the same area during the 1960s under promoters Gene and Mike LeBell.

Title history
An  indicates that a title changes occurred no later than the listed date.

See also
SMW Beat the Champ Television Championship, which operated under a similar system in the 1990s

References

General

Specific

External links
N.W.A. "Beat the Champ" Television Title (Los Angeles)

National Wrestling Alliance championships
NWA Hollywood Wrestling championships
Regional professional wrestling championships
Television wrestling championships


Sir Christopher Charles Booth (22 June 1924 – 13 July 2012) was an English clinician and medical historian, characterised as "one of the great characters of British medicine".

Booth was born in 1924 in Farnham, Surrey. His father Lionel Booth is credited as the inventor of the telephoto lens. He was brought up in Wensleydale, Yorkshire and attended Sedbergh school.

He served as a frogman in the Royal Navy from 1942. A Navy doctor encouraged him to study medicine, so he enrolled at the Bute Medical School of the University of St. Andrews on demobilisation and graduated in 1951, serving as a houseman in Dundee before moving to the postgraduate medical school at Hammersmith hospital in London. His MD was awarded in 1958 for work showing that Vitamin B12 is absorbed at the far end of the small intestine, work for which he also received the Rutherford gold medal.

His medical speciality was gastroenterology and he was a founder of Coeliac UK. He was also director of the Medical Research Council Clinical Research Centre at Northwick Park and research director at the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. He was president of the British Medical Association from 1986 to 1987 and president of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1988 to 1990.

Booth defended, Chris Pallis, a neurologist working under him at Hammersmith Hospital, when he was attacked for his left-wing views. He was also an outspoken, on one occasion noting that taking the doctors' pay demand to the then prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, would be not a red rag to a bull, as a colleague suggested, but "a red rag to an old cow".

He published four books and 50 papers on the history of medicine, and played a leading role in the founding of the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group.

A ward at the Hammersmith Hospital is named after him and looks after gastroenterology patients.

He married three times; firstly Lavinia Loughridge, with whom he had a son and daughter, secondly
Professor Soad Tabaqchali, with whom he had another daughter and lastly Joyce Singleton, who survived him.

Awards and honours
 Honorary Fellow, American College of Physicians, 1973
 Chevalier de l’Ordre National du Mérite, 1977
 Honorary LLD, University of Dundee, 1982
 International member, American Philosophical Society, 1981
 Honorary Fellow, Royal Society of Medicine, 1991
 Knighted for services to medicine in 1982

References

 Biographical data, Debrett's

External links
 Portrait at the National Portrait Gallery

2012 deaths
1924 births
People from Surrey
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
English medical historians
20th-century English medical doctors
Presidents of the British Medical Association
Presidents of the Royal Society of Medicine
Members of the American Philosophical Society


Joseph Jasgur (March 23, 1919 – March 21, 2009) was a photographer who photographed celebrities during the golden age of Hollywood. He was noted for his photographs of Marilyn Monroe.

Monroe stepped into Jasgur's studio in 1946 with no money, but the ambition to become a model. Jasgur shot numerous photographs of her over the following weeks, including glamour shots that she used in her 20th Century Fox interview.

Jasgur sold the rights to his entire portfolio — including the Monroe photographs — to a contractor, and spent the last years of his life trying to regain control of it.

References

20th-century American photographers
1919 births
2009 deaths


Ranasinghe Arachchige Suranga Lakmal (; born 10 March 1987) is a former professional Sri Lankan cricketer, who played in all formats of the game and is a former Test cricket captain. He is a right-arm fast bowler and right-handed batsman. He started his cricket life in Debarawewa National School, Tissamaharama. He was first included in the national squad for the tour of Pakistan in 2008-2009 and was reported to have been injured in the attack on the Sri Lankan team by terrorists.

He had to carry the so-called 'foreign objects' in his body during his playing career with the recommendation of the doctors in order to continue his cricketing career aftermath the 2009 Lahore attacks where he was severely injured. Doctors advised Lakmal to take a break from cricket for at least two years in order to remove the splinters on his right arm and leg and he also underwent complicated surgery to remove the splinters. He also had to deal with the circumstances of not being allowed to go pass the metal detectors during his overseas trips with the national side mainly due to the presence of the foreign objects in his body. Moreover, he also had to explain to security personnel on why he is carrying a piece of metal particle embedded in his left thigh whenever he passes through a security metal detector at international airports.

He was a regular feature in the test team and made sporadic appearances in limited overs cricket. He is only behind Chaminda Vaas for having taken the most wickets for Sri Lanka in test cricket with 168 and he is also the current fourth leading wicket taker for Sri Lanka in tests. He was also a useful bat often chipping with useful contributions batting down the low order. He insisted that his aim is to finish his career with 200 or 250 test wickets.

He largely played holding role in white ball limited overs matches although he had his moments leading the pace attack in crunch situations. He was relatively popular among the teammates in the national side and was highly heralded as a team man. He is known for his quick and accurate bowling action especially with the knack of generating big swing and lateral seam movement. He has taken five wicket hauls in three of four SENA nations including Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.

Due to spin favoring Sri Lankan conditions, he was often pushed him into the sidelines. He mostly played the holding role and bowled relatively lesser number of overs due to his inability to take wickets in spin friendly Sri Lankan pitches. However, he ended up taking 130 of is 168 career test wickets in away conditions and was often rewarded for his ability to hold a line and length over long periods of time in overseas conditions.

He also felt the heat at times being under scrutiny for being an injury prone and due to his fitness issues.

He currently plays for the Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club. He was an important member of 2014 ICC World Twenty20 winning team. On 2 February 2022, Lakmal announced that he would retire from all forms of international cricket following Sri Lanka's tour of India.

Early days
Born in Hambantota district, Lakmal started his cricket career at his first school, Deberawewa Central College, in Hambantota.

He then attended Richmond College, Galle and played his senior school cricket at Richmond College. His talent was first spotted by fast bowling coaches of Sri Lanka Cricket while he was still schooling at Debarewewa Central. His progress was also closely monitored by the coaches when he transferred to the Richmond College. He initially lacked the stamina to bowl long spells due to lack of nutrition despite his natural talent and was also believed to have fallen ill during one of the occasions when he delivered a long spell at net session. He was looked after well and was groomed when he was inducted into the cricket academy especially knowing the fact that he hailed from an outstation area. His height and ability to get bounce and ability to extract swing at a tender age had caught the attention from cricketing circles. His wrist position and action were deemed as identical with the likes of Australian veteran Glenn McGrath.

His father was a farmer and he moved to Colombo from his native Hambantota to pursue his interest in cricket. He received imminent attention and support to pursue his career in cricket from Dinal Philips who then served as the President's Counsel for a considerable period of time and whom Lakmal later would later acknowledge as his father figure.

Domestic career
He made his presence felt at domestic cricket since joining Tamil Union in 2007. He made his List A debut for Tamil Union against the Colts Cricket Club on 17 November 2007.

He made his first-class debut for Tamil Union against Nondescripts Cricket Club on 17 January 2008.

He made his T20 debut for Basnahira South against Wayamba on 23 April 2008. He was one of the three players earmarked for a bright future by Chandika Hathurusinghe way back in 2008 during Sri Lanka A's cricket tour of South Africa in 2008.

In March 2018, he was named the captain of Galle's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. The following month, he was also named in Galle's squad for the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament.

In August 2018, he was named as the captain of Galle's squad the 2018 SLC T20 League. In March 2019, he was named in Colombo's squad for the 2019 Super Provincial One Day Tournament. In October 2020, he was drafted by the Jaffna Stallions for the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League. In August 2021, he was named in the SLC Blues team for the 2021 SLC Invitational T20 League tournament. In November 2021, he was selected to play for the Jaffna Kings following the players' draft for the 2021 Lanka Premier League.

In February 2022, he signed a two-year deal with Derbyshire County Cricket Club after announcing his retirement from international cricket.

International career

Early days
Lakmal was called up as a replacement for Dilhara Fernando in India in December 2009 and he made his ODI debut in the second match in Nagpur, where he bowled eight wicketless overs for 58 runs before Sri Lanka won by three wickets. He made his Test debut on 23 November 2010 against the West Indies in the second Test match played at the R. Premadasa Stadium, becoming the 114th Sri Lankan Test player.

By dismissing Chris Gayle of West Indies, Lakmal became the third bowler to take a wicket with the first ball bowled in a test match at a new venue, joining Kapil Dev of India and Imran Khan of Pakistan, which was held at Pallekele International Cricket Stadium. Lakmal soon became the mainstay in the national side ever since the retirement of Chaminda Vaas and he cemented his position on the back of impressive performances at domestic level.

He made his T20I debut against England on 25 June 2011 and he dismissed Michael Lumb on his opening over to claim his first T20I wicket.

His bowling average stood as high as whopping eye watering 65.75 when he was into two-and-a-half-years into his test career.

He had his first breakthrough test series against Pakistan in the United Arab Emirates where he ended up taking 12 wickets on the pitches which didn't quite suit well for the seamers to cash in. His bowling average slightly improved after picking a total of 19 wickets against Pakistan and Bangladesh at the start of 2014. He was one of the members of the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 triumph although he didn't play in any of the matches. He was fined 30 percent of his match fees for bowling two successive beamers at Jos Buttler during the 50th over of the group stage match between Sri Lanka and England at the 2015 Cricket World Cup which also caused match referee David Boon to interrupt and impose sanctions on him calling it as dangerous and unfair bowling.

Lakmal is also the first cricketer from Hambantota District to represent the national cricket team of Sri Lanka.

Become strike bowler in team
During first Test against South Africa, Lakmal bagged his maiden five-wicket haul, becoming the second Sri Lankan pacer Chanaka Welagedara to take a fifer against South Africa in South Africa. However, Sri Lanka lost the match by 206 runs. Though Sri Lanka lost all three Test matches, Lakmal showed best bowling figures throughout the series. He is the highest wicket-taker for Sri Lanka in the series with 12 wickets at an average of 30.83. He insisted that the test tour of South Africa in 2016-17 was his first real success in test cricket and also revealed that he had himself feared for test cricket prior to the test tour of South Africa in 2016–17.

He was also part of the Sri Lankan team at the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy.

He ran through Indian batting lineup in the first test match at Kolkata in November 2017, where he delivered a dramatic spell of 4/26 in India's first innings. At one point, he recorded 3/0 in a six over spell with all six overs being maiden overs which initially reduced India to 17/3 in a rain marred contest. He felt discomfort on the field during the test match at Delhi due to the air pollution and also vomited in the field during India's first innings.

On 10 December 2017, in the first ODI against India, Lakmal used swinging and seaming bowling performance to rip through Indian batting line-up to restrict them to 112, which was India's third-lowest in ODIs at home and their lowest at home when batting first. He played the role as a destructive bowler spearheading the bowling attack leading from the front as his lethal bowling spell of 4/13 in ten overs also included four maiden overs leaving Indian batting lineup in ttatters.

At one stage, India were seven down for just 29 runs, until MS Dhoni scored his fifty to reach total over hundred. Lakmal finished his bowling spell with four wickets for 13 runs, which is best bowling figures in ODIs up to date. Sri Lanka reached the mark in twentieth over and won the match by 7 wickets. This win gave Lankans their first win after 12 consecutive ODI losses in 2017. Lakmal adjudged man of the match for his match winning bowling performance. His particular bowling performance was also shortlisted by Cricinfo as one of the nominees for best bowling performances in ODI cricket in 2017.

During the Bangladesh Tri-series, Lakmal played as the spearhead of Sri Lanka bowling line-up where his counterparts always struggled with injuries. On 25 January 2018 against Bangladesh, Lakmal delivered a match winning bowling performance to dismantle Bangladesh to 82 runs, which is their second lowest against Sri Lanka in all ODIs. Sri Lanka won the match by 10 wickets and Lakmal has awarded man of the match. With that win, Sri Lanka reached the final of the tri-series as well.

In 2018, he was appointed as the vice-captain of the Sri Lankan outfit for home test series against Bangladesh.

On 8 February 2018, during second Test against Bangladesh, Lakmal took his 100th Test wicket by dismissing Tamim Iqbal caught by himself. He became the fourth Sri Lankan fast bowler to achieve the feat after Chaminda Vaas, Lasith Malinga and Dilhara Fernando. Lakmal is currently the fourth highest Test wicket taker for Sri Lanka.

Few of his notable finest performances in white ball cricket came against South Africa where he was given the responsibility to defend seven runs off the last over during the third ODI of the series in August 2018 which he delivered up to perfection helping Sri Lanka to win the nail biter by a narrow margin of three runs (D/L) in a rain affected game.

His spell of 3/46 also propelled Sri Lanka to end its 11 match losing streak against South Africa in ODIs.

He was mostly inconsistent in test cricket up until the end of 2017 averaging 44.94 after 42 test match appearances. However, he turned his fortunes in test cricket enjoying a peak run of form in test matches from 2018 to 2021 having captured 72 wickets at an average of 24.73, during a period where he established himself as the leader of the pace battery of Sri Lanka especially as a senior bowler in the side.

Captaincy
In May 2018, he was one of 33 cricketers to be awarded a national contract by Sri Lanka Cricket ahead of the 2018–19 season.

The following month, he was named the captain of Sri Lanka's Test side, for the third and final match against the West Indies, after Dinesh Chandimal was handed a one-match ban for ball tampering.

He became the 16th player to captain Sri Lanka in a Test match. Sri Lanka won the match and became the first Asian team to win a Test match at Kensington Oval.

 He became the first Sri Lankan captain to take a wicket in his opening over of a test match when he dismissed Devon Smith in very first over and also the first captain since 2002 to do so in test cricket after Waqar Younis. He also became the first bowling captain to deliver the first over of a test match since 2004 after Heath Streak.

On 11 July 2018, ICC concluded its hearing on the ball tampering issue and violence of code of conduct by regular captain Dinesh Chandimal, who had pleaded guilty to a level three spirit of cricket offence. Chandimal, coach and team manager's hearing took place before the start of the first Test against South Africa, with them found guilty. Chandimal received a two-match ban, with Lakmal captaining the side in his place. Under his captaincy, Sri Lanka won the first match by 278 runs, and ended the match within three days. Sri Lanka comprehensively won the second Test and won the series 2-0 under Lakmal's captaincy.

Post captaincy
On 1 August 2018, Lakmal took his 100th ODI wicket by dismissing David Miller during the second ODI against South Africa. He became the 10th Sri Lankan fast bowler to achieve the milestone.

On 8 August 2018, Lakmal defended seven runs off the final over to cap off Sri Lanka to end an 11-match losing streak against South Africa. Sri Lankan batsmen scored 300+ runs in rain affected 39-over match. South Africa's target was reduced to 191 runs off 21 overs, where they required 69 runs off the last 10 overs with seven wickets in hand. Sri Lanka finally won the match by 3 runs in D/L method.

During first test at Gabba against Australia, Lakmal took his third five-wicket haul. He finished with 5 for 75, though Sri Lanka lost the match by an innings margin. However, he suffering from a stiff back during the practices ahead of second Test and did not play the match.

In April 2019, he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He had a fair World Cup campaign and Sri Lanka finished the tournament as sixth in the table.

In December 2019, Lakmal was ruled out of the team due to dengue fever.

Therefore, he was unable to travel with the Test team to Pakistan for two-match series. In January 2020, Lakmal was recalled into the test squad for the series against Zimbabwe. He was the spearhead of the Sri Lankan attack, where he took 3 for 53 in first innings and then 4 for 27 in the second innings. Finally Sri Lanka won the match by 10 wickets.

During the second test against the West Indies in March 2021, he started the proceedings with six straight maiden overs including two wickets in a flat pitch.

He ended the series as the leading wicket taker with 11 scalps and also bagged the player of the series award for his bowling display.

He played a crucial role in being an integral part of Sri Lanka's campaign during the inaugural ICC World Test Championship where he ended up as the second highest wicket taker for Sri Lanka with 20 scalps.

In March 2021, Wisden quoted Lakmal as the most improved test bowler in the planet especially highlighting how he made significant transformation in test cricket after his slow tough start to his test career. He drew wide attention in test cricket from 2018 where he was deemed to be a better bowler than before due to the fact that his bowling average in away soil was just around 22.30 since the start of 2018 to March 2021.

References

External links

Suranga Lakmal's profile page on Wisden

1987 births
Alumni of Richmond College, Galle
Basnahira South cricketers
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Kandy Crusaders cricketers
Living people
Ruhuna cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers
Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Jaffna Kings cricketers
Derbyshire cricketers
Cricketers from Southern Province, Sri Lanka


Clarkia xantiana is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name gunsight clarkia. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the southern Sierra Nevada and its foothills and the adjacent Transverse Ranges. This is an erect annual herb with linear to lance-shaped leaves each up to 6 centimeters long. The inflorescence produces opening flowers and closed buds. The sepals stay fused as the petals bloom from one side. Each petal is up to 2 centimeters long and generally light to medium purple in color, sometimes with a dark, ringed spot on the petals of the upper whorl. The petal has a narrow claw and a wider blade which has two lobes at the tip with a small tooth between.

External links
Jepson Manual Profile
Photo gallery

xantiana
Flora of California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Unterbiberger Hofmusik is an ensemble based in Unterbiberg near Munich, Germany playing
a fusion of traditional Bavarian and urban jazz sound. Franz Josef Himpsl and Irene Himpsl and their family form the core of this group.

History
After studying classical music and after first engagements as a professional musician Franz Josef Himpsl returned to college to be a teacher at secondary schools with the subjects music and physical education. His wife Irene originally comes from classical music as well. She studied music to be a teacher at grammar schools and the piano was her main instrument (teacher Gitti Pirner and others ).

Encouraged by her husband she started playing folk music and the accordion, which is her instrument at the Unterbiberger Hofmusik. At the beginning the two of them played Bavarian folk music without any major ambitions - for friends, at weddings and festivals but first and foremost for themselves. But folk music was only one side for the Himpsls simultaneously Franz Himpsl  had engagements as a jazz trumpeter. For his own further vocational education he attended a masterclass in 1992 which was held by the  renowned American jazz trumpeter Claudio Roditi in Stuttgart. Roditi and Himpsl became loosely acquainted and became more intimate when a short time later Roditi played in the Jazzclub Unterfahrt in Munich  with the Klaus Ignatzek Group. During a visit in Unterbiberg the Himpsl couple  surprised their guest with a Bavarian serenade and Roditi with his affinity to old European musical traditions was delighted and spontaneously took out his trumpet and improvised on the tune - a crossover idea was born. But his Bavarian hosts did not take the jazz star's enthusiasm seriously  who wanted to turn this private session into a concert project.

Franz Himpsl remembers, On Whitsun Sunday 1994 I received a call from Roditi, which showed that he was serious about the project. In the following year the first CD Bajazzo of the Unterbiberger Hofmusik was recorded within 3 days. Only after this recording the studio project became a touring project. Its success resulted in further CD - productions.

For these productions the original cast of the group with trumpet, accordion, harp and tuba was expanded with the trombone player Erwin Gregg.  Claudio Roditi, Jay Ashby and Hannes Läubin played as guests with the group.
The next CD (Vivamus), which was recorded in the Bayerischer Rundfunk studios, also included Brazilian music and saw the debut of Himpsl sons Xaver  (trumpet) and Ludwig (horn, French horn), then 11 and 9 years old.

As of the fourth CD, the Australian trumpeter Andrew McNaughton has also joined to the group.

With their CD "Bavaturka" they mix Bavarian and Turkish culture the first time, together with Şeref Dalyanoğlu and other soloists, like Matthias Schriefl and Jay Ashby.

As of November 2013 their Christmas project "Stern über Biburg" is available also. Together with the vibraphone player Wolfgang Lackerschmid and their old friend Claudio Roditi, they busy themselves with different Christmas traditions.

In September 2016 they brought their focus to the Turkish music one more time with their Album Bavaturka Vol.II

In March 2017 they started their new Live program "Dahoam und Retour" (home and back again). It incorporates many of the influences they brought with them from their tours to Moskau, Cairo, Mumbai or Turkey.

You can hear them live at this locations: http://www.unterbiberger.de/konzerte/

Musicians
Franz Josef Himpsl – trumpet, piccolo, flugel, vocals
Irene Himpsl – accordion
Xaver Maria Himpsl – trumpet, piccolo, flugel, vocals
Ludwig Maximilian (Wiggerl) Himpsl – frenchhorn, percussion, drumset
Franz Himpsl jr. – frenchhorn

changing lineup :

Konrad Sepp – tuba
Michael Engl – tuba
Florian Mayerhofer – tuba

former musicians:
Herbert Hornig – tuba
Hubert Hohmann – tuba
Irmgrad Gorzwski – harp
Kathrin Pechlof – harp
Dirk Janoske – trombone
Erwin Gregg – trombone
Martina Holler – harp
Hannes Läubin – trumpet

Soloists
Claudio Roditi
Jay Ashby
Andrew McNaughton
Mathias Engl
Matthias Schriefl
Seref Dalyanoglu
Wolfgang Lackerschmid

Discography
BAJAZZO  Unterbiberger Hofmusik meets Claudio Roditi (1995)
VIVAMUS (1997)
made in USA (1998)
the 4th (2002)
Bavaria meets the world  LIVE  (2004)
Made in Germany (2008)
Bavaturka (2012)
Stern über Biburg (Christmas) (2014)
Bavaturka Vol.II (2016)
Dahoam und Retour LIVE +DVD (September 2019) Bestenliste Preis der deutschen Schallplattenkritik 2019 [1]

External links
 http://www.unterbiberger.de
 https://www.facebook.com/pages/Unterbiberger-Hofmusik/101860716539799?fref=ts

German musical groups


Georg Forster ( – 12 November 1568) was a German editor, composer and physician.

Forster was born at Amberg, in the Upper Palatinate.  While a chorister at Elector Ludwig V’s court in Heidelberg around 1521, he was a colleague of Caspar Othmayr who would also become a composer of renown. Forster received his first instruction in composition from the Kapellmeister Lorenz Lemlin.  Forster died at Nuremberg.

References

External links

1510s births
1568 deaths
Renaissance composers
German classical composers
German male classical composers


is a cape in the southern part of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture, and is a specially designated region by Setonaikai National Park.

Background
Saikazaki, also known as "Oku-Wakaura," is a part of the Wakaura region that lies in the south-west part of Wakayama City.
The Wakaura region, which has been known for its beauty since ancient times, and was even rated number one in the New Japanese Tourist Spot Top 100 Contest of 1950, has lost much of its natural allure due to development beginning in the 1970s. The Saikazaki area is home to the only natural coastline remaining in the region.

During the Sengoku period, Saikazaki was known as the headquarters of the Saiga Ikki, led by Suzuki Magoichi, better known as Saiga Magoichi. Lying on the bank of the Kii Channel, an important trade route, it is possible to see Tomogashima, Awaji Island, and Shikoku from the Saikazaki Lighthouse resting on the top of a bluff known as the "Hawk's Nest."
During the Edo period, a small peninsula called Bandoko no Hana, or the nose of Bandoko, served as a lookout post for the Kishu Domain.

Geography and Landmarks
Saikazaki Lighthouse - A lighthouse resting on top of a bluff known as the "Hawk's Nest". The lighthouse has good view of Kii Channel, Bandoko no Hana, Oojima Island, Nakanoshima Island, and the Futagojima Islands.
Bandoko Garden - A Japanese garden on the Bandoko no Hana Peninsula

See also
Saikazaki Castle

Port settlements in Japan
Populated coastal places in Japan
Landforms of Wakayama Prefecture
Headlands of Japan


KMBQ may refer to:

 KMBQ-FM, a radio station (99.7 FM) licensed to serve Wasilla, Alaska, United States
 KVHZ, a radio station (1430 AM) licensed to serve Wasilla, which held the call sign KMBQ from 2008 to 2011


Jan Wacław Machajski (27 December 1866 in Busko-Zdrój – 19 February 1926 in Moscow), pseudonym A. Wolski (A. Vol'ski)  (often corrupted in Russian as Makhaev),  was a Polish revolutionary whose methodology drew from both anarchism and Marxism whilst criticising both as being products of the intelligentsia.

Life
The son of a poor Polish official, Machajski was briefly attracted to Polish nationalism as a student, but abandoned it for internationalism and socialism. He was arrested and exiled to Siberia in 1892, where he began to develop his critique of Marxist revisionism in German and Russian socialism.

Workers' Conspiracy in Cracow 1908–1909
The failure of the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–07) created opportunities for revolutionary activity in Poland. In early 1908 he published a single issue of Rabochii zagovor (Workers' Conspiracy) in Geneva. after which he moved illegally to Cracow in Galicia. Here he assumed the name Jan Kizlo and had low-paid work as a copyist. He and his wife also received financial support from his brother. He was also involved in revolutionary activity with Max Nomad. Thanks to an activist called simply "Kolya" who worked at the imperial mint in St. Petersburg, Machajski was able to appropriate 25,000 roubles to fund the propaganda work of Workers' Conspiracy. This included more issues of the magazine Rabochii zagovor, translations of his writing and other material.
During this period the Polish Social Democratic Party of Galicia (PPSD) was aligned with the Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction, which stressed national independence over internationalism. Initially Nomad and Machajski proved quite successful in recruiting some of their membership, which led to various smears by the PPSD, including meetings arranged simply to denounce them, on occasion involving their leader, Ignacy Daszyński.

Arrest in Zakopane
By the end of 1909 Nomad had left, and Machajski followed suit moving to Zakopane, where he "was arrested and sentenced to two weeks' imprisonment for illegal residence and registration under a false name, and then was allowed to leave Austria. In the spring of 1911, he and his wife settled in Paris", where they lived for six years in relative obscurity.

During the Russian Revolution

Machajski moved to Petrograd in 1917, where he linked up with former comrades such as Bronislav Mitkevich and launched another Machajskist organisation. In June–July 1918 they published in Moscow Rabochaia revoliutsiia (The Workers' Revolution) which restated his views in the context of the successful Bolshevik seizure of power. Here he displayed a certain ambivalence towards the Bolsheviks. He argued that their regime was offering a radical version of the "bourgeois revolution," with a parliamentary system and unfettered capitalism. This Machajski viewed as the inescapable outcome of socialist politics which would place the intelligentsia as a class in power. Thus Machajski argued that the Bolsheviks were an updated version of the Jacobins of the French Revolution. Their democratisation of the bourgeois system would only benefit the lower strata of the intelligentsia but offer nothing to the workers.

Ideas
Influenced by Bakunin, he argued – in opposition to Karl Kautsky – that the class interest of intellectuals, including Marxist social democrats, was opposed to that of manual workers, since the unproductive labour of intellectuals depended upon preserving a hereditary monopoly on education at workers' expense. Rather than put their hopes in political revolution, manual workers needed to concentrate upon pressing their economic demands through a mass general strike, until their wages equalled those of the intellectual worker and there could be a socialization of knowledge. Revolution would consist of a violent revolt of the unemployed worker-peasant.

Machajski thus attempted a theoretical synthesis of anarchist political critique and Marxist political economy and theory of history (historical materialism), by applying the Marxist critique of class-dominated ideology to Marxism itself.  Machajski theorised a "state capitalist" moment of social development, approximating the seizure of power by intellectuals of the state apparatus, and the oppression of the working class by intellectuals acting to further capitalism in its dying days. In comparison, Machajski theorised socialism as the direct political control of economic institutions by the working class itself. Machajski's contributions foreshadowed the debate over the nature of the Soviet Union and the Soviet-style societies, including the critiques of Leninism, Stalinism and Maoism.

Works
Machajski wrote predominantly in Russian. His writing is more available in Polish or French than English, though commentary on his ideas exists in English.

 Scientific Socialism (1899)
 The Evolution of Social Democracy (1899)
 The Intellectual Worker (1905)
 An Unfinished Essay in the Nature of a Critique of Socialism

See also
Anarchism and Marxism

References

Further reading

 Gouldner, Alvin W., Prologue to a Theory of Revolutionary Intellectuals, Telos, No. 26 (Winter 1975–76), pp. 3–36

 Shatz, Marshall (1989). Jan Waclaw Machajski: a radical critic of the Russian intelligentsia and socialism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

External links

1866 births
1926 deaths
20th-century Polish philosophers
Anti-intellectualism
People from Busko County
People from Radom Governorate
Polish anarchists
Polish anti-capitalists
Polish political writers
Polish revolutionaries
Polish socialists
Revolutionaries from the Russian Empire


Tokyo Chinese School (TCS) is a Chinese International school in  (五番町), Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) accredits the school.

Originally established in 1929 as an elementary school for Overseas Chinese, its operation now follows the education system of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and provides education for students ageing between 7 and 18.

History

Historically the school was located in Yotsuya.
Around 1984 the school built an office building that was rented to Japanese companies, generating revenue for the school.

In a 2008 The Japan Times article Liu Chien Cheng, the head of the school, said that she saw an increase in applications "over the past two or three years." She did not state specific numbers.

Campus
As of 1989 the school had audiovisual language education, cooking, and music facilities. A renovation of the school building, funded by loans from a Japanese bank, occurred in 1984. Cecilia Chang of Taiwan Today wrote in 1989 that "The newly refurbished school building has facilities far superior to most similar institutions in Taiwan."

Curriculum
As of 1989 in most classes the school uses Taiwanese textbooks. In arithmetic and natural science the school does not use Taiwanese textbooks. The school has social etiquette classes. The school has Mandarin, Japanese, and English classes, and Cecilia Chang stated that the school had an emphasis on language education.

Student body
As of 2003 it had 352 students. As of 2008 most students are from Taiwan or China, and about 33% of the students are from Japan. As of the same year 80% of the students who graduate from the school attend universities and colleges. Most students go to Japanese universities. Some students go to Taiwanese universities and some go to universities in other countries. As of 1989 several Taiwanese students have parents who are taking graduate courses at Japanese universities; they will return to Taiwan once the parents finish their studies.

Teacher demographics
Teachers at this school have higher salaries compared to the salaries found in most Chinese schools outside of Greater China. Most teachers have Master of Arts degrees as of 1989. Some teachers have PhDs as of the same year.

Notable alumni

Go players
Cho U
Xie Yimin
Rin Kaiho
Ō Rissei

Others
Judy Ongg, singer
Chen Kenichi, chef
Yinling, model
Annie Yi, singer

See also

 Chinese people in Japan

Japanese international schools in Taiwan, Republic of China:
 Taipei Japanese School
 Kaohsiung Japanese School
 Taichung Japanese School

References

Further reading

 Xu Hui (徐 輝). "A comparative study of Chinese and Indian school in Japan : Focus on the "Tokyo chuka school" and "GIIS"" (在日華僑学校と印僑学校に関する比較考察 : 東京中華学校とGIISを中心に; Archive). 大東アジア学論集 (14), 44-63, 2014-03. 大東文化大学大学院アジア地域研究科. See profile and profile #2 at CiNii. see profile at Daito Bunka University Repository (大東文化大学機関リポジトリ). English abstract available.

Not available online:
 張 建国. "Looking at the Future of Japanese Education System : From the Present Situation of Tokyo Chinese School" (東京中華学校の現状から日本の教育の明日を考える (特集 華人とは誰か : 教育とアイデンティティ)). 華僑華人研究 (8), 49-54, 2011. 日本華僑華人学会. See profile at CiNii.

External links
 Tokyo Chinese School /

International schools in Tokyo
Taiwanese international schools in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1929
Elementary schools in Japan
1929 establishments in Japan
Buildings and structures in Chiyoda, Tokyo


Lothar Göttsche (born January 21, 1961, in Sonderburg, Denmark) is a German mathematician, known for his work in algebraic geometry.

He is a research scientist at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy. He is also editor for Geometry & Topology.

Biography
After studying mathematics at the University of Kiel, he received his Dr. rer. nat. under the direction of Friedrich Hirzebruch at the University of Bonn in 1989.

Göttsche was invited as speaker to the International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing in 2002.
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

Work
Göttsche received international acclaim with his formula for the generating function for the Betti numbers of the Hilbert scheme of points on an algebraic surface:

If  is a smooth surface over an algebraically closed field of characteristic , then the generating function for the motives of the Hilbert schemes of  can be expressed in terms of the motivic zeta function by Göttsche's formula

Here  is the Hilbert scheme of length  subschemes of .

Göttsche is also the author of a celebrated conjecture predicting the number of curves in certain linear systems on algebraic surfaces.

References

External links
Home page of Lothar Göttsche

20th-century German mathematicians
Algebraic geometers
People from Sønderborg Municipality
University of Kiel alumni
University of Bonn alumni
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
1961 births
Living people
21st-century German mathematicians


Catherine St. Onge (born July 20, 1981), better known by her stage name  (stylized as HIMEKA), is a French Canadian descent anime song singer no longer active in Japan. While fluent in English and her native French, she is moderately proficient in Japanese. Her stage name, Himeka, comes from a character she created in a story she wrote when she was 13 years old.

Career
Born in Quebec, St-Onge was very interested in theater and music. At the age of 12, St-Onge taught herself English by singing Disney songs. Soon after at 13, she began writing her own stories in which Himeka was the main character. Her interest in Japanese culture started at the age of 15 when she saw an episode of the anime series Sailor Moon. In 2008, St-Onge moved to Japan to pursue her singing career.

She was the winner of the Second Annual Animax Anison Grand Prix, which gathers aspiring singers from all over Japan for the chance to make a professional debut and sing a theme song in an anime television show. Her debut single "Asu e no Kizuna", released on May 27, 2009, was the opening theme to the anime adaptation of the PlayStation 3 video game Valkyria Chronicles. The single debuted at number 28 on the Oricon single charts.

Her second single was titled "Hatenaki Michi", and was released on November 25, 2009. It was the featured ending song for a new anime named Tegamibachi. The singled peaked at number 33 on the weekly Oricon chart.

Himeka's first cover album, Anison: Utattemita, was released on March 3, 2010.
Her third single, "Mirai e...", was released on May 26, 2010. It was featured as the ending theme in the anime Senkō no Night Raid.
Himeka's first digital single, "La la la, Sekai o Hitotsuni", was released in July 2010. The song was an official support song for the World Cosplay Summit 2010 in Nagoya, Japan.

Himeka's first original album titled "Himekanvas" has been released on November 31, 2011, and includes all her released singles, seven original songs and two cover songs. On February 12, 2012, Himeka gave her first solo live concert in the Shibuya Boxx hall. The concert sold out.

On July 1, 2012, Himeka confirmed that, in April 2012, she had moved to a new label named Mages./amuleto. Later, it was confirmed that she would release a new single named "Where I Belong" scheduled to be released on October 24, 2012. The song would be the ending theme for a series named Audrey no Kami Appli Shin Seiki Up Date.

It was announced not long after, that she was releasing a song under the name "AG7" with 7 other Animax Anison Grand Prix winners. The song is named Endless Nova and is going to be released on July 23, 2014. It will be included on a single released by the latest Anison Grand Prix winner named Tatsuyuki Kobayashi.

On April 1, 2014, it was announced that she was no longer signed to a label. On her Twitter, she did express that she will continue to pursue a career in music. After that, in April 2015, the doujin single "STAY DIAMOND / Because of you" was released as a duo "HIME×KANA" with Kanako Kodera.

Discography

Albums
 Himekanvas (2011)

Cover albums
 Love Anison: Utattemita (2010)

Singles
 "Asu e no Kizuna" (2009)
 "Hatenaki Michi" (2009)
 "Mirai e..." (2010)
 "Where I Belong" (2012)
 "Kagiriaru Yume" (2013)
 "Stay Diamond / Because Of You x KANA" (2015)

Digital singles
2010: "La La La (Sekai o Hitotsu ni)" (2010)

References

French Quebecers
Japanese women pop singers
Living people
Japanese-language singers of Canada
Canadian expatriates in Japan
1981 births
Anime musicians
Himeka
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Japanese women musicians


Landscape with Polyphemus (Paysage avec Polyphème) is a 1649 oil painting by French artist Nicolas Poussin. It is held in the Hermitage Museum, in Saint Petersburg.

Theme
The painting refers to a Spanish literary work La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea and Ovid's Metamorphoses. It was commissioned by French banker Jean Pointel and depicts characters from Greek mythology. In the foreground pictured are semi-nude nymphs watched by satyrs hidden in the nearby bushes. On green fields behind them people listen to music played on a flute by the Cyclops Polyphemus, who appears to be blended into rocky mountains in the background.

History
In 1722 the painting was acquired for the Spanish king Philip V by Andrea Procaccini, a student of Carlo Maratta. Later, it was part of the collection of a French marquess who sold it in 1772 to a Russian prince, with the help of Denis Diderot, in order to pay a gambling debt. It is now located in Saint Petersburg as part of the Hermitage Museum's collection.

See also
 List of paintings by Nicolas Poussin

References

1649 paintings
Landscape paintings
Mythological paintings by Nicolas Poussin
Paintings depicting Greek myths
Paintings in the Hermitage Museum
Paintings based on Metamorphoses


Chris Lowrey (born 15 August 1986) is a New Zealand rugby union footballer who plays for Toyota in the Japanese Top League. He previously played for Auckland in the Air New Zealand Cup and the Blues in the Super Rugby competition. His playing positions are number eight and flanker. Lowrey won the Blues "Rookie of the year" honours in 2009.

Lowrey played club rugby for Ponsonby, where he won the 2007 Auckland Club Player of the Year Award. He also competed for the New Zealand Colts against Canada in 2007. Lowery is a former student of Mount Albert Grammar School where he was Head Boy (2004) and captain of the First XV Rugby Team.

External links
Blues player profile
Lowrey quits Blues

1986 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Auckland
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Auckland rugby union players
Toyota Industries Shuttles Aichi players
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in Japan
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Japan


This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in Romania during 2009.

Highest-grossing films

See also
 List of Romanian films
 List of highest-grossing films in Romania

Notes
 In its 4th weekend, Ice Age surpassed Titanic to become the highest-grossing film of all time until it was surpassed latter by Avatar.

References

Romania
2009
2009 in Romanian cinema


Firozwala (), is a city of Sheikhupura District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city is headquarters of Firozwala Tehsil and is located near the provincial capital Lahore. Situated on the Grand Trunk Road, it is the 64th largest city of Pakistan.

See also
 Sheikhupura
 Muridke
 Sharaqpur Sharif

References

Populated places in Sheikhupura District


Saint David Parish may refer to:

Saint David Parish, Dominica
Saint David Parish, Grenada
Saint David Parish, Jamaica
Saint David Parish, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint David Parish, Tobago, Tobago
Saint David Parish, New Brunswick

See also
 Saint David (disambiguation)

Civil parishes in the Caribbean
Parish name disambiguation pages


The Monitoring Maintenance Lifecycle (MML) is a monitoring development process to lower maintenance expenses and improve the dependability of IT infrastructure with regard to service recovery-related issues. It is based on the classical Waterfall model.

Monitoring Maintenance Lifecycle are methods and standards for improving and mastering maintenance processes, supporting processes and management processes throughout the monitoring lifecycle.

The quest for the optimized mix of processes has resulted in different standards throughout the history. One of the latest which was published is the ISO/IEC 12207 standard. This standard was proposed in 1988 and published in August 1995. It was created to establish a common international framework to acquire, supply, develop, operate, and maintain.

ISO/IEC 12207 consists of three types of processes:
 Primary lifecycle processes;
 Supporting lifecycle processes;
 Organizational lifecycle processes.

Supply
During the supply phase a project management plan is developed based on RUP. This plan contains information about the project such as different milestones that need to be reached. This project management plan is needed in the start up phase and throughout the monitoring and maintenance lifecycle.
Software development process


Academic Earth is a website launched on March 24, 2009, by Richard Ludlow and co-founders Chris Bruner and Liam Pisano,
which offers free online video courses and academic lectures from the world's top universities such as UC Berkeley, UCLA, University of Michigan, University of Oxford, Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Stanford, and Yale. It is considered a search engine for full-text scholarly information, with video courses covering around 50 primary subject disciplines ranging from Arts and Design, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Economics, Engineering, English, Entrepreneurship, History, Humanities, Law, Mathematics, Medicine, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Religion, and Statistics.

History
The idea behind Academic Earth came to Ludlow upon stumbling on a full video course lecture from MIT Mathematics Professor Gilbert Strang. Doing further research, he found out that there are various academic resources online, although these resources were scattered across different websites and in varying file formats. Patterned after Hulu, Academic Earth serves as an easily accessible repository for online academic lectures. The platform is also likened to what Google was trying to do with its defunct Knol project, which aggregated scholarly articles. It was launched two days before YouTube introduced its own YouTube EDU service.

The website also offers online courses, but unlike their formal versions, Academic Earth only publishes sorted video courses and sends users to the academic institutions offering them if they wish to complete it. Participants also have little interaction with educators and with each other.

On January 10, 2012, it was announced that Academic Earth has been acquired by Ampush.

References

External links

Tertiary educational websites
Internet properties established in 2009
Video on demand services


Bottlenotes is a wine community site founded in June 2005 in Palo Alto, California by Kim Donaldson and Alyssa Rapp. The original business plan was completed by Rapp with the help of classmates from the Stanford Graduate School of Business between 2003 & 2005. The site was developed as an e-commerce site that matched users’ taste preferences with wine options and was featured in numerous publications including Wine Enthusiast Magazine. It has now become a media platform with both marketing and social media capabilities. The company's use of social media and user feedback has been featured in the Entrepreneur Magazine blog, SUCCESS Magazine, and Fox News.

Bottlenotes hosts wine tastings in cities across the U.S. called Around the World in 80 Sips that have been featured in The New York Times Dining Calendar, produces The Daily Sip, a daily e-newsletter with over 150,000 subscribers edited by Karen MacNeil, author of The Wine Bible, and has created an iPhone app that allows users to rate, remember, and record notes on wines they've tried, and share that information with other users. The app was an official Honoree of the 2011 Webby Awards.

References

External links

Wine websites
American review websites


Sion Record Bostick (7 December 1819 – 15 October 1902) was a soldier for the Texas Army during the Texas Revolution, and later fought for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Bostick is most famous as one of the Texas Army scouts who captured Antonio López de Santa Anna during the Texas Revolution.

Early life
Bostick was born in Montgomery, Alabama on 7 December 1819. His father, Levi Bostick, was granted land by Stephen F. Austin in what was to become Matagorda County, Texas. Levi moved to Texas on 24 July 1824, and his family followed in 1828.

In 1829, the Bostick family moved to San Felipe. They again moved in 1832, this time to Colorado County near the present town of Columbus, Texas.

Texas revolution

Sion Bostick enlisted in the Texas Army at the age of 15. In 1835, he took part in the Battle of Gonzales, and later that year he fought at the Siege of Béxar.

When Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna marched into Texas in 1836, Bostick reenlisted as a private in Col. Edward Burleson's First Regiment of Texas Volunteers. On 21 April 1836, he fought in the Battle of San Jacinto.

The day after the Battle of San Jacinto, Captain Moseley Baker ordered Bostick and two other soldiers (Washington H. Secrest and James A. Sylvester) to scout around the prairie in search of escaping Mexican soldiers. They spotted and captured a Mexican soldier hiding in tall grass. Upon returning to camp, they discovered that their prisoner was the Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna. Bostick noted in his memoirs that:

When we got to camp, the Mexican soldiers, then prisoners, saluted him and said, "el presidente." We knew then that we had made a big haul.

Sion later accounted his story for the Texas historical association in 1901;

Sion Bostick can be seen in the painting Surrender of Santa Anna by William Henry Huddle, which depicts Santa Anna surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston. The painting is on display in the Texas State Capitol in Austin.

Mexican American War and the Civil War
Bostick was living in Colorado County in 1840, and he fought in the Battle of Plum Creek. He claimed to have served in the Mexican–American War in Company E of Col. John Coffee Hays's First Texas Mounted Rifles. Although the Company was recruited in Columbus County, Bostick's name does not appear on the Company's muster roll.

On 21 March 1862, Bostick enlisted in the Fifth Texas Infantry regiment of the famed Hood's Texas Brigade at the age of 42. He served in Virginia and fought in the Battle of Antietam. Five days after the battle at Antietam, Bostick was discharged by the secretary of war because he was deemed too old to fight.

Personal life and later years
Sion Bostick married Susan Townsend (22 November 1823 - 27 February 1860) on 4 April 1839. They had seven children. The couple divorced in 1856. Bostick later married Mary Indiana Rhodes (1841–1917) on 3 October 1858.

In 1864 Bostick was charged with attacking a slave named Joseph with a 'sharp stick'. The charges were eventually dropped.

Bostick spent his later years at his home in San Saba, Texas. He was a member of the Texas Veteran's Association. At the age of 80, he dictated his memoirs of the Texas Revolution, which were published in 1901 in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Sion Bostick died of cancer in San Saba on 15 October 1902.

Texas Historical Marker
In 1973, a Historical Marker was erected in honor of Sion Bostick in San Saba, Texas near his grave site. The text of the marker reads:

Sion Record Bostick. (December 7, 1819-October 15, 1902) A member of the party of young Texans who captured the escaping Mexican General Santa Anna after Battle of San Jacinto, during the Texas War for Independence. Migrated from Alabama in 1828. Served in Texas army at Gonzales and Bexar (San Antonio), 1835; at San Jacinto, 1836; and 1840 stand against Comanches, at Plum Creek. An American soldier in Mexican War, 1846; a Confederate in Hood's Brigade in the Civil War, 1860s. Married Susan Townsend; after her death, Mary Indiana Rhodes. Had several children. Became a leader in veterans reunions. He is buried in San Saba Cemetery.

References

External links
 Biography of Sion Record Bostick from The Handbook of Texas Online
 Reminisences of Sion R Bostick at Southwestern Historical Quarterly Online
 Dwitt Colony Biographies at Texas A&M University
 City of Columbus Texas History
 Sion Record Bostick Historic Marker at Waymarking.com

1819 births
1902 deaths
Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama
People of the Texas Revolution
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Confederate States Army soldiers
United States Army soldiers
People from Columbus, Texas


Ivor Preece (15 December 1920 – 14 March 1987) was an English rugby union footballer who represented and captained England Schools, England and Coventry. He is the only Coventry RFC player to have achieved this accolade. He was selected to play with the British and Irish Lions, on their tour to New Zealand and Australia in 1950.

Born in Coventry in Warwickshire (now in the West Midlands), he attended Broad Street School, Foleshill, Coventry playing in the schools successful side winning the Coventry F.C Shield one of the oldest trophies played for in schoolboy rugby throughout the world being established in 1897.
Once his playing career was over he still dedicated himself to the game of rugby union serving as president for Coventry Schools, Warwickshire RFU, Coventry R.F.C. and Broadstreet RFC from 1970 until his death in 1987. Preece's son, Peter Preece, was also an England rugby union international who played for Coventry - he was capped 12 times between 1972 and 1976.

Broadstreet RFC honoured Preece by naming their ground the Ivor Preece Field after him.

International matches played
England
  1948, 1950, 1951
  1948, 1949, 1950
  1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
  1950, 1951

British Lions
 1950

Lions
1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia

References

External links
http://www.lionsrugby.com/6567.php
http://www.lionsrugby.com/6012.php?player=17293&includeref=dynamic
https://web.archive.org/web/20090330100811/http://www.broadstreet-rugby.co.uk/the-club/history/ivor-preece.html

1920 births
1987 deaths
English rugby union players
English rugby union coaches
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Coventry
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
English people of Welsh descent
Coventry R.F.C. players


Saint Patrick may refer to:

Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland
St Patrick (horse), a racehorse
Saint Patrick’s Day, a holiday celebrated on the saint’s feast day
 Saint Patrick, Bishop of Prusa, Hieromartyr (May 19)
Saint Patrick Parish, New Brunswick, Canada
Saint Patrick Parish, Dominica, an administrative parish
Saint Patrick Parish, Grenada, an administrative parish
St. Patrick, Ohio, United States, an unincorporated community
HMS Saint Patrick, a Royal Navy ship, in service 1666–1667
ST St Patrick, a tugboat
St. Patrick (provincial electoral district), a defunct district in Ontario, Canada
St. Patrick (TTC), a subway station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 "St. Patrick", a 2014 song from White Noise by PVRIS

See also
St. Patrick's (disambiguation)
St. Patrick's Cathedral (disambiguation)
St. Patrick's Church (disambiguation)
St. Patrick's College (disambiguation)
St. Patrick's School (disambiguation)
St. Patrick's High School (disambiguation)
San Patricio, Spanish for Saint Patrick


(, died 1609) was a Hadhrami religious leader who lived in the 16th century and a descendant of Abu Bakr al-ʿAydarūs, a prominent saint who started the al-ʿAydarūs branch of the Bā ʿAlawiyyah clan.

Abdullah was among the earliest Hadhrami Arab settlers in Aceh, and, like many of his kinsmen who came after, he served as the Naqib "religious leader" of Aceh. Sultan Alauddin Mansur Syah of the Aceh Sultanate (reigned 1577–1585) persuaded ʿAbdullah to marry his daughter, and his son Zayn al-ʿAbidin was born out of this union. In his later years, he led his life in a local village, Kampung Pasir Putih, where he died of old age.

ʿAbdullāh's son Zayn al-ʿAbidin also became a religious leader and migrated to Johor, where he married Tun Kaishi, the daughter of Tun Jenal, the Bendahara of Sekudai and took up the Malay name of "Tun Dagang" while staying with the Bendahara's family.

Ancestry

See also
Ali al-Uraidhi ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq

Notes

References

 Ahlul-bait (keluarga) Rasulullah SAW & Raja-Raja Melayu, by Muzaffar Dato' Hj Mohamad, Tun Suzana Tun Haji Othman, published by Al-Wasilah Enterprise, 2001,
 Bendaharas and Temenggungs, Journal of Malayan Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol X part I, 1932, Richard Olaf Winstedt
 Derita Putri-putri Nabi: Studi historis Kafa'ah Syarifah, by M. Hasyim Assagaf, published by Remaja Rosdakarya, 2000,
 Institusi Bendahara: Permata Melayu yang Hilang: Dinasti Bendahara Johor-Pahang, by Suzana Tun Hj. Othman, published by Pustaka BSM Enterprise, 2002,
 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, 1932
 Nasihat-Nasihat Semasa Kepegawaiannya Kepada Pemerintah Hindia Belanda, 1889–1936, by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, E. Gobée, C. Adriaanse, published by INIS, 1990,
 Malaysia Kita, by Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara (Malaysia), published by Institut Tadbiran Awam Negara, 1991,
 Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, 1860-1925, Anne K. Bang, Routledge, 2003,
 The Acehnese Vol. I, by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, published by E.J. Brill, 1906
 The Sufi Orders in Islam, by J. Spencer Trimingham, John O. Voll, published by Oxford University Press, 1998

1609 deaths
A
Yemeni Sufi religious leaders
History of Islam in Indonesia
Yemeni emigrants to Indonesia
Hadhrami people
Year of birth unknown
Indonesian Sufi religious leaders


Stunner was the site of a Stone Age settlement located near Ski in Akershus County, Norway.

The settlement was first discovered during 1928 on the Stunner farm while Johannes Mikkelsen harvested potatoes. Mikkelsen was a well-read man with a great interest in archeology. In February 1929 he first collected eight flint pieces for submission to the University of Oslo Museum  of National Antiquities. Subsequently, Mikkelsen and his two sons, Hans and Sverre, submitted approximately 700 finds from their farm to the University Museum.

The flint finds from the Stone Age settlement at Stunner reveal that the site was populated around 11,000 years ago. During the Upper Paleolithic era,  pioneer settlers from the Ahrensburg culture tracked northward from the submerged North Sea continent and European mainland. Their primary prey was reindeer. At Stunner marine resources was also significant. The landscape the settlers encountered was dramatically different from the present. The sea level was 160 meters higher, and the fauna and flora resembled the arctic tundra and coastline.

References

Prehistoric sites in Norway
North Sea
Stone Age sites in Europe
Ski, Norway


Beggars Opera was a Scottish progressive rock band from Glasgow, Scotland, formed in 1969 by guitarist Ricky Gardiner, vocalist Martin Griffiths, and bassist Marshall Erskine. The line-up consisted of Ricky Gardiner (guitar/vocals) (born 31 August 1948, Edinburgh, Scotland), Alan Park (keyboards) (born 10 May 1951, Glasgow, Scotland), Martin Griffiths (vocals) (born 8 October 1949, Newcastle upon Tyne) Marshall Erskine (bass/flute) and Raymond Wilson (drums). After working together building parts of the M40 Motorway near Beaconsfield, the lads moved back to Glasgow to look for an organist and drummer and found Alan Park and Ray Wilson. After an intensive time in rehearsal, they took up residency at Burns Howff club/pub in West Regent Street in the center of Glasgow. Tours of Europe followed and the band found success in Germany, appearing on German TV's legendary Beat-Club, then at the First British Rock Meeting in Speyer in September 1971.

History

In 1970, after signing to Vertigo Records, the band recorded their first album Act One, and a single "Sarabande", which charted record in several European countries. The following year, for their second album, Waters of Change, the band were joined by Virginia Scott (mellotron) and Gordon Sellar (bass) (born 13 June 1947, Glasgow, Scotland). The single "Time Machine" from that album was successful in Germany, where the band toured extensively.

Erskine left the band before they recorded their third album, Pathfinder (1972), which included a cover version of Richard Harris' hit "MacArthur Park". Several other personnel changes ensued, with Pete Scott replacing Griffiths in 1972, and Linnie Paterson replacing Pete Scott in 1973. By 1973's final album, Get Your Dog Off Me, Beggars Opera were reduced to a trio of Gardiner, Park and Sellar.

In 1974/76 a new version of Beggars Opera recorded two albums for Jupiter Records in Germany: Sagittary, featuring Gardiner (guitar), Pete Scott (vocals), Virginia Scott (Mellotron) (born 1948, Glasgow,Scotland) and Mike Travis (drums), and Beggars Can't Be Choosers with Clem Cattini replacing Travis on drums.

Gardiner went on to play for David Bowie on the Low album, and with Iggy Pop on the Lust for Life album as well as his Idiot tour of 1976. He co-wrote "The Passenger" with Iggy Pop.

Alan Park (organist) worked with Cliff Richard for many years as musical director.

Griffiths sang and was compere in the working men's clubs in and around Manchester until he left for Germany in 1974. He went on tour and worked with Brian Auger, Osibisa, Ekseption, Klaus Doldinger, Ange and Can before signing a recording contract with Jupiter Records (Ralph Siegel) releasing three singles: "I’ll Be Coming Home", ”Sitting on the Dock of the Bay" and "Israelites", which reached number 3 in the German Disco Charts in 1977.

Discography
1970 Act One
1971 Waters of Change
1972 Pathfinder
1973 Get Your Dog Off Me!
1974 Sagittary
1975 Beggars Can't Be Choosers
1980 Lifeline
1996 The Final Curtain (compilation)
2007 Close to My Heart
2009 Touching the Edge
2010 All Tomorrows Thinking
2010 Suddenly Ahead Ahead
2011 Lose a Life (EP)
2011 Promise in Motion
2012 Mrs. Calagari's Lighter

References
Notes

Bibliography
Big Noise: The History of Scottish Rock 'n' Roll as Told by the People Who Made It by Martin Keilty.

External links
 Beggars Opera website

Scottish progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups disestablished in 1976
1969 establishments in Scotland
1976 disestablishments in Scotland
Musical groups from Glasgow
Scottish rock music groups
Vertigo Records artists


This is a list of songs that topped the Belgian Walloon (francophone) Ultratop 40 in 2001.

See also
2001 in music

References

External links
 Ultratop 40

2001 in Belgium
2001 record charts
2001


The Javanshirs (;  – Javānširān) are a Turkic clan from Karabakh, who belong to the Afshar tribe and are in turn a branch of the Oghuz Turks. Between 1748 and 1822, members of the Javanshir clan functioned as the head of the Karabakh Khanate.

History

Early years
The greater Javanshir tribe is said to of came from Turkestan, as Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat wrote in his book Rozvat-us-Safa, "the Javanshir elat came from Turkestan and belonged to the tribe of Oshir (Afshar) Khan, who was son of Ildyz Khan, the fourth son of Uguz (Oghuz) Khan. The Javanshir tribe joined the 120-thousand-strong army of Hulagu khan. Under Emir Timur, they came back from Rûm for the second time and spread across Turkestan, Kandahar, Kabul, and Iran. One of its branches led by Ibrahim Khalil Agha, who served Shah Abbas I, remained in Karabakh." Under the rule of Safavid Iran, the Javanshirs vied with the Qajars and other Qizilbash tribes over the influence in Karabakh. In the course of the Ottoman–Safavid wars, the Javanshirs subordinated the Ottomans in 1589. In retaliation, in 1612–1613, Abbas I of Iran induced the Qajars to kill the Javanshir leaders. In 1626–1627, the Javanshir clan was placed by the shah under the stewardship of Nowruz Beg, a Georgian from the Tulashvili clan and a brother-in-law of Davud khan Allahverdi, who was invested with the governorship of Karabakh.

Creation of the Karabakh Khanate
Panah Ali Khan, forefather of the dynasty and founder of the Karabakh Khanate, was a representative of an ancestral aristocracy of a Turkic tribe called Javanshir. After Nader Shah's accession to power in Iran, he was called for a service by him, but after several years, in 1738, he was forced to escape from Khorasan to the North, Shaki and Shirvan, with a group of supporters.According to Mirza Adigozal-bey, Nader Shah replaced murdered Fazl Ali-bey with his younger brother, “handed him the chomak (staff), clad him in the clothes of an eshik-agasy, and conferred on him the rights of his dead elder brother;” Mirza Adigozal-bey believed that Panah Ali-bey found it undignified to “carry the chomak, bow to Nader Shah, and talk to his osauls.” Due to Nader Shah killing his brother, he went off to plunder wealth with his tribesmen and went into hiding.

Murder of Nader Shah in the result of conspiracy led to collapse of the state established by him. Taking advantage of the central power's weakening, Panahali khan, with his detachment consisting of 200 riders, arrived Karabakh, and declared himself an independent khan. At that time, Otuziki, Javanshir and Kebirli tribes, which were forcibly evicted to Khorasan, returned to Karabakh. Elder son of Panahali khan - 15 years old Ibrahim Khalil Khan also escaped from Khorasan to Karabakh, to his father.

Strengthening of Panah Khan didn't suit his neighbors’ taste. Haji Chalabi Khan of Shaki drove a newly appeared khan out of Karabakh in that very year, but next year Panahali Khan returned with a strong detachment and destroyed Haji in a stubborn struggle. After this, all Turkic tribes of Karabakh recognized Panahali Khan's power. Turkic tribes Otuziki, Javanshir and Kebirli dwelling in low-lying regions, became a kernel of the Karabakh Khanate. The khanate occupied a significant territory and included low-lying and also mountainous parts of Karabakh. Initially, a residence of khan was Bayat Castle, constructed in 1748. Later the ruler moved to Shahbulag Castle, near modern day Aghdam. In 1751, unapproachable Panahabad fortress, built by Panah Khan, became the capital of the khanate.

Ibrahim Khalil Khan

After Kerim khan overrode the whole Iran, he called Panahali khan to Shiraz and made him his counselor and his son charged Mehrali bey with ruling Karabakh. In 1759, Panahali khan died in Shiraz. Mehrali bey finished strengthening of Shusha and built new fortresses called Asgaran and Agh-oghlan. Soon he was treacherously murdered by Aghasi khan of Shirvan, after which Ibrahim Khalil Khan-elder son of Panahali khan – asserted himself in Karabakh. His reign began from overriding of fallen meliks, which was lasted till 1787. In that very year, Ibrahim Khalil Khan attempted to conquer Shamakhi, but was defeated by Fatali khan of Quba.

In 1795, Ibrahim Khalil Khan, who didn't want to obey Agha Mohammad Khan who conquered whole Iran until then, sent his ambassadors to Russian empress Catherine II to ask for the Russian citizenship. Knowing about these discussions, Agha Mohammad Khan gathered a great army with overall strength of 85 thousand people, went over the Aras River and approached Shusha, in 1795. Ibrahim Khalil Khan, who had only 15 thousand soldiers under his guidance, defended desperately. Siege of the fortress lasted for 33 days, but due to selfless actions of defenders of the fortress, who were ruled by Ibrahim Khalil Khan and his vizier, eminent poet Molla Panah Vagif - Agha Mohammad Khan couldn't conquer the fortress and he was forced to call a siege off. He ordered to devastate outskirts of the country. After their departure Karabakh burst into starvation.

In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan invaded Karabakh again. Until then, situation of the Karabakh Khanate was extremely difficult: starvation and plague were rife and rampant in the country and many of the citizens of Karabakh were forced to move to other khanates looking for bread. Withstanding of the second siege was impossible and Ibrahim Khalil Khan left the city and escaped to Dagestan with his family. But after conquering Shusha, Agha Mohammad Khan was murdered by his servants and losing its leader the Iranian army left Karabakh. Ibrahim Khalil Khan came back to Shusha and ruled there for several years as a fully independent ruler. He tried to support good relations with Fathali Shah - a new ruler of Iran, nephew of Agha Mohammad Khan. But this peace was not durable.

Ceding to Russia
Not severing relations with the khan, the shah attempted to bring its garrison to Shusha. In May 1805, Ibrahim Khalil Khan renewed discussions with Russia and moved to Russian citizenship. An agreement was later reached, by which Ibrahim Khalil Khan was allowed to continue to rule the khanate, and his son Mehdiqoli khan Javanshir would be confirmed as his successor. Ibrahim Khalil Khan was obliged to pay an annual tribute of 8,000 chevrons, and allowed the Russian garrison to enter Shusha. He hoped that hereby he will be able to save his government from capture of neighbor states, but he precipitated its end. In the spring of 1806, when the Iranian army consisting of 20 thousand soldiers arrived at Shusha, lieutenant-colonel Lisanevich, commander of the Russian garrison, ordered 80-years-old Ibrahim Khalil Khan for suspicion and betrayal and annihilated all his family (including of his wives and a lot of little children). Russian Government announced Mehdigulu khan Vafa, the son of Mehdiqoli khan Javanshir, as the new khan, but he didn't forgive the Russians and was a secret ally of Iran during the time of his reign.

Meanwhile, in 1813, at the end of the Russo-Iranian war of 1804–1813, the first of the two major Russo-Iranian treaties of the 19th century—known as the Treaty of Golestan—was signed in the Golestan fortress of Karabakh. Per the treaty, the conversion of the Karabakh Khanate to Russia was recognized and Qajar Iran was forced to officially cede it alongside much of its other Caucasian territories comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan.

In November 1822, fearing the wrath of the Russians for the overtures he had made to the Iranian government, he escaped to Iran, so hastily that he even forgot the state seal in Shusha. In 1822, the Karabakh Khanate was abolished and reformed into a province of the Russian Empire.

The Iranian government didn't put up with losing Transcaucasia and southern Dagestan. Urging on by Great Britain, it soon began a new war against Russia. The Iranians did not succeed to conquer Shusha, which was desperately defensed by the Russian garrison of lieutenant-colonel Reutt, and were eventually driven out.

Dynasty
Panah Ali Khan (1693–1758/63)
Mehrali Bey (1759/63)
Ibrahim Khalil Khan (1759/63–1806)
Mehdiqoli khan Javanshir (1806–1822)

Prominent members of the dynasty were Jafargulu agha Javanshir, Mammad Hasan agha Javanshir, Khurshidbanu Natavan, Behbud Khan Javanshir, and others. Descendants of the dynasty are spread throughout Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and America.

According to Y-DNA tests of the direct paternal male descendants of Panah Ali Khan, this lineage belongs to J2b-Y107470 haplogroup.

See also
Ibrahim Khalil Khan
Khurshidbanu Natavan
Hamida Javanshir
Javanshir Qizilbash
Panah Ali Khan
Qizilbashi

References

Sources

Azerbaijani noble families
Afshar tribe
Karabakh Khanate
Middle Eastern dynasties


Charles Shaw Lefevre (20 September 1759 – 27 April 1823), born Charles Shaw, was a British Whig politician.

Shaw Lefevre was the son of Reverend George Shaw, Rector of Womersley, Yorkshire, by his wife Mary, daughter of Edward Green. He was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn. He sat as Member of Parliament for Newtown (Isle of Wight) from 1796 to 1802 and for Reading from 1802 to 1820. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in November 1796.

He married Helena, daughter of John Lefevre, in 1789, and in a common practice of the time, merged their surnames, becoming Shaw Lefevre. They lived at Heckfield Place in Hampshire and their children included Charles Shaw Lefevre, 1st Viscount Eversley, Speaker of the House of Commons, and Sir John Shaw Lefevre. Shaw Lefevre died in April 1823, aged 63. His wife survived him by eleven years and died in August 1834.

References

1759 births
1823 deaths
Whig (British political party) MPs for English constituencies
British MPs 1796–1800
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
Fellows of the Royal Society
People from Hart District
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Newtown
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Newtown
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Reading
People from Selby District


The Samogo languages are a small group of Mande languages of Mali and Burkina Faso.

Seenku (Seeku, Sembla, Seemogo)
Duun
Dzuun (East Duun). Dialects: Kpango (Kpan, Samoro-guan), Dzùùngoo (Samogo-iri).
Duun (West Duun, Du, Duungooma, Samogo-sien)
Banka (Bankagooma)
Jowulu (Jɔ)
Jowulu is divergent.

The name Samogo or Samogho is a Jula and Bambara term for several Mande languages which do not necessarily form a clade, including the Samo languages.

References

Mande languages


The Mokole languages are a small group of Mande languages of Guinea and Sierra Leone. They are Kakabe, Kuranko, Lele, and Mixifore.

References

Mande languages
Languages of Guinea
Languages of Sierra Leone


Ahmad Haseeb is a film director and producer. Haseeb won the Best Documentary award at Kara Film Festival in 2007 for A Music Fairy, a short subject about pop icon Nazia Hassan. Haseeb also directed rock group Junoon's music video "Rooh ki pyas" (non-commercial) as a college project. In 2006 Haseeb received a master's degree in Multimedia Arts from National College of Arts Lahore. Haseeb has worked as a producer for Waqt TV but joined city42 later. Ahmad Haseeb also composed and produced a cricket World Cup song "Aya Hai World cup" with Cllr Sitarah Anjum and Rehan Naseer released on 24 February 2011.

See also
Nazia Hassan
A Music Fairy

References

External links
The life and times of Nazia Hassan
New Documentary on Pakistan's Disco Deewane Girl
Biddu's Company
Indopia-India online

Documentary film producers
Pakistani documentary film directors
Living people
National College of Arts alumni
Pakistani documentary filmmakers
Film directors from Lahore
Punjabi people
1983 births


The Jɔgɔ (Jogo) or Numu languages form a branch of the Western Mande languages. They are,
Ligbi of Ghana
the extinct Tonjon of Ivory Coast
Jeri of Ivory Coast
Ble of Burkina Faso

Kpee of Burkina Faso is similar to Ligbi, but no comparison has been done.

References

Mande languages


Physical Evidence is a 1989 American crime thriller film directed by Michael Crichton (in his final film as a director), and starring Burt Reynolds, Theresa Russell and Ned Beatty.

Plot
After parking his car and wearing a "Happy Now?" sign, a man finds extortionist Jake Farley lying under the bridge. He grabs his foot with the rope and discovers he is dead.

Meanwhile, beleaguered ex-police officer Joe Paris wakes up with a splitting headache and blood on his shirt after a night of drinking, and cannot recall events of the previous night. His blood is discovered on the murder weapon planted at the apartment and he is arrested by detectives. Public defender Jenny Hudson is assigned to meet and represent Joe. Investigating the case, Joe and Jenny arrive at the bar, where Joe meets Jake's son, Matt, who, believing Joe killed his father, has an employee tell them to leave. Joe and Jenny leave the bar, and see what seems to be a policeman watching them. They attempt to give chase, but a near head-on collision forces them to abandon their tail.

Deborah Quinn, with whom Joe was having an affair, tells Jenny that Joe was with her the night of the murder, but she fears her husband, Vincent, a violent crime boss. Joe, believing an old nemesis, Harry Norton, may be involved, tracks him down at his business. But it turns out Norton was out of the country with his new wife.

It is revealed at the trial that Farley was disliked by nearly everyone. Farley taped his conversations with people, including Joe, and many of the tapes contained incriminating evidence he was using to blackmail people, including police officers.

A convict named Tony Sklar contacts Jenny and tells her he has evidence that could clear Joe, but he would tell her only in exchange for a deal to lessen his sentence. She visits him in the hospital infirmary and tells her he was hired by Norton to kill Farley and his new wife, Celeste, who had been married to Norton, before Norton was incarcerated. Norton blamed Joe, who had arrested him when Joe was a police officer. Before a deal can be finalized, though, Norton has Sklar killed in prison.

However, Joe doctors a tape of Sklar to make Norton believe he is still alive. Norton comes to exact revenge and find Sklar, killing three police officers and shooting Joe, before finding Jenny. Norton confesses to arranging Farley's murder and pinning it on Joe, believing he could fulfill two vendettas at once. Jenny tells him that she can take him to Sklar. Jenny kills Norton and reunites with Joe outside the building.

Cast
 Burt Reynolds as Joe Paris
 Theresa Russell as Jenny Hudson
 Ned Beatty as James Nicks
 Kay Lenz as Deborah Quinn
 Ted McGinley as Kyle
 Tom O'Brien as Matt Farley
 Kenneth Welsh as Harry Norton

Production
The film was originally conceived as a sequel to Jagged Edge and was meant to have Glenn Close and Robert Loggia reprise their roles. The story was about a private investigator framed for murder and the female lawyer who defends him. The project was developed at Columbia Pictures but then head of production Guy McElwaine was replaced by David Puttnam, who, according to producer Martin Ransohoff, said that he did not want to make sequels (Puttnam denied this, saying his problem was the script "wasn't good and for no other reason... when there's a terrific script for Jagged Edge II Columbia will be anxious to make it".). Ransohoff decided to turn the script into an original story. "It's a good mystery on its own terms", he said. "I think the story is really more effective as an original. Because there wasn't an agreement with Loggia and Close, we had always designed the project to go either as a sequel or on its own terms."

The film was distributed by Columbia Pictures between in the United States and Canada, with Rank Film Distributors handling foreign distribution. The film was produced by Martin Ransohoff who formed with Columbia, Rank Film Distributors and Vestron Video in 1986.

The male lead went to Burt Reynolds, after starring in Switching Channels. "Joe is a ballsy character", said Reynolds, "kind of like Dirty Harry gone amok. He's around the edge of having a nervous breakdown but he has a strange sense of humor about it all."

It was filmed in Boston, Massachusetts, and around Canada between Toronto and Montreal, and began production in September 1987. It was filmed under the working title Smoke.

Russell later recalled her part "was a little more difficult than I thought it would be, being someone who was that in control. Michael Crichton, who is a doctor -- and his ex-wife is a lawyer -- was very helpful in that regard. I always felt I wasn't doing anything. It was happening inside, but I didn't feel it would show. But they'd say, `No, if anything, do less.' You can't show your emotions when you're in that lawyer mode. With me (Crichton) was very specific. I had to rely on him a little more than I normally do (on a director) because I was so unsure of that thing of it being so controlled. He had a lot of pre-conceived ideas of how this was supposed to be -- and he was probably right. A couple of times I tried to try to be jokier, funnier, 'cause I felt so boring all the time. Everybody else got to do all this fun stuff and then I tried it and he said, `No, don't do that.' So I said, `Print it. I'd just like to see it.' And then we'd watch it and I'd turn around and say, `You're right, you're right. God, burn it! It just stinks!' So, I just kind of had to prove that to myself."

Reception
The film was described by the Chicago Tribune as a "feeble thriller... the worst case of filmmaking-by-numbers, reflecting not an ounce of commitment or conviction". The Los Angeles Times called it "flat and remote... a thriller that doesn't thrill." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 22% based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 3.9/10.

References

External links

1989 films
1989 crime thriller films
American crime thriller films
Films directed by Michael Crichton
Films set in Boston
American courtroom films
Columbia Pictures films
Films scored by Henry Mancini
American police detective films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language crime thriller films