Vaiņode Parish () is an administrative unit of South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 2518 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 189.7 km2.

Villages of Vaiņode parish
 Auguste
 Bātasmuiža (Lielbāta)
 Mālkalne
 Vaiņode
 Vaiņodes muiža (Garnizons)
 Vecbāta

History
The present territory of Vaiņode Parish was located at the southern end of the Curonian Bandava land at the end of the 12th century. The first details of this place are from 1253. for the first time the name of Baten was mentioned in Livonian Order and Bishopric of Courland in the Treaty of Partition of Courland. The area of Vaiņode came to the Bishopric of Courland. From 1585 the area came to the Piltene region and from 1795 to Courland Governorate. After the administrative reform of 1819, the parish was included in Aizpute County Embūte Parish.
In 1888 the parishes of Elkuzeme, Pleppo and Velde were added to the Vaiņode parish  In 1924 Vaiņode Parish was added to Liepāja County. Baht Parish was added to Vaiņode Parish on March 5, 1926.

The settlement of Vaiņode began to develop along with the construction of the Libau–Romny Railway in 1871. During the Revolution of 1905 there was an action committee in the parish, a servant strike took place in the nearby manors, and two manor houses were burnt down. 20 revolutionaries were murdered by the expedition.
At the end of the 19th century, on the land of Vaiņode Manor, near the Vaiņode station, a village was formed, mainly inhabited by brick-and-sawmill workers. A summer cottage village grew on Lielbāta Manor's land. In 1925 they merged to form the village of Vaiņode - Bāta.

Built in 1916, Vaiņode Airship Airport. In 1939 upon conclusion of Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty Vainode aerodrome was the site of the USSR military aviation division. Later on, after World War II it was the largest military airfield in the Baltic States.

In the territory of modern Vaiņode parish there was historically the Lielbat Manor (), Lielbat), Vaiņode Manor (), Velde Manor () .

In 1935 the parish had an area of 157 km2 and a population of 4,079.  In 1945 the parish was established by Vaiņode, Elkuzeme, Kaļšu and Veldes village council, but was dissolved in 1949. Priekule district | Priekule district In 1951 Velde village was added to Vaiņode village. In 1954, the village center Vaiņode i was granted the status of working village, but the rest was added to the restored village of Velde. In 1956, the villages of Elkuzeme and Velde were liquidated and annexed to Vaiņode, creating the  Vaiņode rural territory . In 1976, the  Vaiņode village  was re-established to include the Vaiņode rural area. In 1977 part of the village was added to Embūte Parish.  In 1990 the village was reorganized into a parish. In 1991 Vaiņode loses its status as a city village and joins the parish. In 2009, Vaiņode Parish was included as an administrative territory in Vaiņode Municipality.

See also
 Vaiņode Air Base

References

Parishes of Latvia
South Kurzeme Municipality
Courland


Eugene Kohn (January 26, 1887 – April 1, 1977) was an American Reconstructionist rabbi, writer and editor.

Born in Newark, New Jersey he attended the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and in 1912 received ordination. It was here that he met Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan who taught him homiletics. Between 1912 and 1939 he served as a congregational rabbi in Conservative synagogues in the U.S. states of Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Wisconsin and Ohio. He also served as the president of the Rabbinical assembly 1936–1937.

He played a central role in the Reconstructionist movement. He edited its journal The Reconstructionist and, alongside Kaplan and Ira Eisenstein, edited  The New Haggadah  (1941), The Sabbath Prayer Book (1945) and The Reconstructionist Prayer Book (1948). Alongside Jack Cohen, Eisenstein and Milton Steinberg he was one of Kaplan's main disciples.

Works
 Manual for Teaching Biblical History  (1917)
 The Future of Judaism in America  (1934)
 The Future of Judaism in America  (1934)
 Religion and Humanity  (1953)
 Religious Humanism: A Jewish Interpretation  (1953)
 Good to be a Jew  (1959)
 Shir Hadash (1939) (edited)
 New Haggadah (1941) (edited)
 The Sabbath Prayer Book (1945) (edited)
 The Reconstructionist Prayer Book (1948) (edited)
 Mordecai M. Kaplan: An Evaluation (1952) (edited)

References

External links

American Reconstructionist rabbis
American Conservative rabbis
American Jewish theologians
1887 births
1977 deaths
New York University alumni
Jewish Theological Seminary of America semikhah recipients
Clergy from Newark, New Jersey
Religious naturalists
American Zionists
Jewish American writers
Writers from New Jersey
20th-century American rabbis
Reconstructionist Zionist rabbis


Vecpils Parish () is an administrative unit of South Kurzeme Municipality, Latvia. The parish has a population of 529 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 80.2 km2.

Villages of Vecpils parish
 Dižilmāja
 Dižstroķi
 Lekši
 Mazilmāja
 Mazlāņi
 Mazstroķi
 Vecpils (Dižlāņi)

History
Dižilmāja manor (Gut Groß-Ilmajen, Dižilmāja), Dižlāņi manor (Gut Groß-Lahnen, Vecpils (Vecpils parish)) was historically located in the territory of modern Vecpils parish, Gut Kleß-Strohken Manor (Gut Groß-Strohken), Gut Klein-Ilmajen Manor, Gut Klein-Lahnen Manor, Little layers), Vecpils manor (Gut Altenburg).

Vecpils Parish was established around 1890, when Vecpils, Lāņi, Stroķi, Lekši and Ilmāja manor parishes were united. In 1935, the area of the parish was 97.3 km2. In 1945, Vecpils and Stroķu village councils were established in the parish, but in 1949 the parish was liquidated. In 1954, the village of Stroķi was added to the village of Vecpils. In 1958, a part of Aizpute village was added to Vecpils village, but part of Vecpils village was included in Aizpute village. In 1968, part of the territory of the parish was added to Kalvenes village. The village was reorganized into a parish in 1990.  From 2009 until 2021, Vecpils Parish was part of the former Durbe municipality.

Cultural monuments
 Vecpils Catholic Church
 Ilmaja Lutheran Church
 Vecpils castle mound
 An ancient cemetery appears
 Dižlāņu Idol Hill - a place of worship
 Big burial ancient burial ground

References

Parishes of Latvia
South Kurzeme Municipality
Courland


The flora and fauna of Mount Kenya are diverse, due to the variation in altitude, rainfall, aspect and temperature. The mountain slopes can be divided into vegetation zones, with each zone having different dominant plant species. Although many plants on Mount Kenya have local (Kikuyu, Meru, Embu) names, here they are reported only with their English and scientific names.

Weather on the mountain mostly comes from the Indian Ocean, to the east and south-east. Consequently, these slopes are wettest. The wetter slopes can support thicker forests and more bamboo, as well as plants that require more water. The eastern and south-eastern slopes have more biodiversity than the northern and western slopes.

The vegetation zones on Mount Kenya are more or less distinct. The relatively flat land surrounding the mountain are too dry for forest, and were once savanna grasslands, now often converted to agriculture or are used for grazing with more of the native flora intact. The lower slopes are covered in montane forest, which has also been largely cleared for cultivation, being more intact along the Chogoria Track to the southeast. Above this forest are large tracts of bamboo, especially in the east and south-east. The upper montane forest is dominated by Podocarpus trees. Above this is the timberline forest, characterized by Hagenia (rosewood). Directly above the treeline are heathland (on the wetter aspect) and subalpine chaparral (on the drier aspects). Higher up the mountain the vegetation becomes more specially adapted to the cold in the Afro-alpine zone, and the largely unvegetated area that has until recently been glaciated is known as the nival zone.

There are plant species typical of each zone, with those at higher altitudes often exhibiting striking specializations.
Approximately three-quarters of Afro-alpine vegetation is endemic.
Vertebrate animals move between different vegetation zones.

Zones

Lowlands surrounding the mountain
The area surrounding the mountain is around  in elevation. The climate is warm and dry, and the natural vegetation is mainly grassland and thorny scrub.

Many types of grasses grow here, and the trees and bushes in this area are used by the local people in a variety of ways. The shrubs Euphorbia tirucalli (Kik. ) and non-native Lantana camara are planted as hedges.

There are patches of native woodland, with the dominant native trees being in the genera Acacia and Combretum. Eucalyptus and fruit trees have been introduced.

Cultivated zone

The soils are moist and fertile due to past volcanic activity.

Most of the area that is now cultivated on the slopes of Mount Kenya used to be forest. During the deforestation to provide land for crops and grazing some trees were left standing. From these trees it is possible to get an idea of trees that used to exist in the forests. However, it is not at all representative since trees were usually felled or retained for specific reasons. Sacred and useful trees were often standing, and other trees that were more frequently retained were those that grow well alongside food crops as well as species that provide shade for grazing animals. Fig trees are considered sacred by the Kikuyu, so can frequently be seen standing on their lands. As well as selectively retaining native trees, plantations of exotic trees can also found, such as those of pine, eucalyptus and cypress. For these reasons one must be careful when inferring the original composition of the forests.

The crops that are grown around Mount Kenya have changed since the arrival of Europeans and the increase in trade. The people who lived around the mountain in the late 19th century grew crops such as millet, sorghum, beans and yams, but new species have now been introduced.

Crops that are frequently grown are tea, coffee, beans, maize, bananas, potatoes, rice, citrus fruits, mangoes and vegetables. The crops grown on different aspects of the mountain vary due to the significant differences in the amount of rainfall between the northern and southern slopes. The southern slopes are much wetter, so are ideal for growing tea and coffee, whereas the northern slopes are too dry for these crops. A few large scale farms grow wheat and barley. Livestock are often kept in the drier areas, particularly cows for their milk. A system of irrigation has been developed which has increased productivity in the drier regions. However, many people in Kenya are dependent on the rainfall on the mountain, and cultivation and more recently extensive illegal irrigation is reducing the amount of water that gets to more distant areas, causing drought there.

Between  and  there is sub-montane forest, which is exploited by forest-based industries, such as sawmills, furniture and construction, despite official restrictions on forest cutting.

Before 1900 there were many wild animals found in the lower regions of Mount Kenya. Buffalo, rhinoceros, lion and many species of antelopes were common, as were hippopotamus and crocodiles around the rivers. Since 1900 many of these animals have been greatly reduced.

forest

Bamboo zone
The bamboo zone is found in the middle of the forest zone. It is natural, and not the result of deforestation or other disturbances. Bamboo Yushania alpina (Kik. ) is restricted to areas of higher rainfall. For this reason it is sparse and often stunted on the northern slopes of the mountain, and in some places absent entirely. In the western and southwestern slopes the bamboo can grow up to , and in the wetter south-eastern slopes it can grow as high as . Bamboo suppresses other vegetation, but there are scattered trees in this zone, including juniper, podocarpus, and witch-hazel, plus varieties of flowers, ferns and mosses.

Adult bamboo is not palatable to most animals, and the fauna is reduced here. However, there are many tracks through the bamboo made by large animals such as buffalo and elephant on their way between the lower and upper forests.

Timberline forest

The timberline forest is usually found between  and , although it extends to lower altitudes on the drier slopes. Smaller trees dominate in the timberline forest, and the characteristic trees are African rosewood (Hagenia abyssinica, Kik. , ) and giant St. John's wort (Hypericum). The common flowers are red-hot poker (Kniphofia thomsonii), violets (Viola spp.), and giant forest lobelias (Lobelia bambuseti and Lobelia giberroa (Kik. )).

Heathland and chaparral
Heathland and chaparral are found between  and . Heathland is found in the wetter areas, and chaparral is found in the drier areas. Most of the plants in these areas are shrubs with small leaves. The dominant plants in the heathland areas are Erica and Phillipia, which can grow to over  tall. In chaparral the plants are often shrubbier and more aromatic, such as African sage (Artemisia afra) and sugarbush (Protea kilimanjaro). These habitats may be prone to fire.

Herbs found in the heathland and chaparral zone are gentians (Swertia spp.) and large tussock sedges (Carex spp.), with alpine species living higher up in the zone.

Animals in this zone are a mixture of forest and alpine species. There are few resident large animals in this zone, but rats, mice and voles live at this altitude, and their predators, the eagles, buzzards and kites, are present. Herds of eland are sometimes found, and occasional lions, but there are no longer rhino on Mount Kenya.

Afro-alpine zone
The Afro-alpine zone starts at about . It is characterised by cold temperatures, thin dry air, and large daily temperature fluctuations.
Plants are subject to solifluction, where needle ice is produced every night in wetter soils. This ice uproots seedlings and can damage roots. Some plants have evolved to live without roots, such as lichens and moss-balls. Giant lobelias Lobelia deckenii have small reservoirs of water between their leaves where water can freeze every night without damaging the plants.
When these plants are subjected to temperatures above , photosynthesis is considerably reduced.

There are three genera of giant rosette plants; Carduus, Dendrosenecio and Lobelia. Carduus keniensis, the giant thistle, is endemic to Mount Kenya and the Aberdares.
Giant groundsels, Senecio spp. (or Dendrosenecio), are only found on East African mountains. They have leaves up to  long, and some species have arborescent (treelike) stems.

Dendrosenecio keniodendron is endemic to Mount Kenya. It is a giant rosette plant, and can grow up to  tall. It tends to grow in dense groups of even-sized plants, and flowers every 5–20 years, often in synchrony across the population.

The two giant groundsel species, Dendrosenecio keniodendron and Dendrosenecio keniensis are separated by altitude and topography. D. keniodendron occurs more frequently with increasing elevation above  and up to , whereas D. keniensis occurs mainly below  and very rarely above . At intermediate elevations, D. brassica occurs mainly on the wetter valley bottoms, and D. keniodendron mostly on the drier slopes. Where the two species come in close proximity, hybrids are not uncommon.

Also present are Carex monostachya, Agrostis trachyphylla, Carduus platyplyllus, Arabis alpina, Senecio keniophytum and Lobelia telekii.

There are giant grass tussocks - Festuca pilgeri in wetter areas and Pentaschistis minor in drier areas.

Dendrosenecio keniensis, Lobelia keniensis and tussock grasses are dominant in the wetter areas. The Alchemilla species A. cyclophylla, A. argyrophylla and A. johnstonii are dominant in the drier areas.

There are over 100 species of wildflowers in the Afro-alpine zone including everlastings (Helichrysum spp.), buttercups (Ranunculus orephytes), sunburst (Haplocarpha rupellii) and African gladioli (Gladiolus thomsoni). Because of variation in flowering times, some species are in flower at all times of year.

On the alpine slopes there several species of birds. red-tufted sunbirds live here, as well as alpine chats, slender-billed starlings, wagtails and birds of prey such as augur buzzard, lammergeier, Mackinder's eagle owl, and Verreaux's eagle (which specializes on hunting rock hyrax). Birds pollinate Lobelia species.

There are also butterflies, but there are no bees, wasps, fleas, or mosquitoes.
Trout have been introduced to the streams and tarns and are now found all around the mountain.

Smaller mammal species live in the Afro-alpine zone, including the groove-toothed rat, giant mole-rats, African dormice and rock hyrax. Few large mammals are found at this altitude. Eland and zebra are found in dry areas, and common duiker are found throughout the alpine zone. Buffalo, elephant and hyena are also visitors.

The only common large mammalian carnivore in the Afro-alpine zone is the leopard, although lion and hyena have also been seen in the alpine zone. Melanistic leopards occur.

The nival zone

The nival zone is the area above most vegetation. On Mount Kenya this area is usually above . There are still scattered giant groundsels, Helichrysum and Lobelia, as well as a few other plant species.
Buffalo, elephant, leopard and hyena have all been seen in this zone, although very infrequently.

References

External links
Mount-kenya.com: Mount Kenya information & resources
Mountain Club of Kenya.ke: "Environment of Mount Kenya"
Mount Kenya National History

.
N
Afromontane
Afromontane flora
Mount Kenya


Vērgale Parish () is an administrative unit of South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 1473 (as of 1/07/2010) and covers an area of 190.635 km2.

Villages of Vērgale Parish
 Bebe (Vecbebe)
 Ploce
 Saraikas muiža
 Saraiķi (Kopdarbs)
 Vērgale
 Vērgales stacija
 Ziemupe

See also
 Vergale Palace

Parishes of Latvia
South Kurzeme Municipality
Courland


Khambi is a large village of Sarai Alamgir Tehsil, district Gujrat, Pakistan. It is bounded on two sides by the river Jhelum and Upper Canal Jhelum and on the other two sides by small streams.

Khambi village has divided into three different parts 1.tawela 2.jalilpur and Khambi

Education
There is a Government Elementary School located in Khambi and also a government school.

 Noble Public high school, Alhijaz high school and Alamgir public high school.

References

Populated places in Gujrat District


Virga Parish () is an administrative unit of South Kurzeme Municipality in the Courland region of Latvia. The parish has a population of 924 (as of 1/07/2013) and covers an area of 86.21 km2.

Villages of Virga parish
 Paplaka
 Paplakas stacija
 Purmsāti
 Virga

External links

Parishes of Latvia
South Kurzeme Municipality
Courland


Stephen McCole is a Scottish actor. He is best known for starring in the dark comedy series High Times, the American comedy Rushmore, and for his former role in BBC Scotland soap opera River City.

Career
In his best known role, High Times, McCole portrays Rab, an unemployed stoner who lives with his best friend in a bleak high-rise flat in Glasgow. The series, which received the 2004 BAFTA Scotland Best Drama Award, also features McCole's older brother, Paul. McCole credits the realism of his role to growing up in similar surroundings in Glasgow's Castlemilk project.

McCole also starred in the 2008 adventure comedy Stone of Destiny. He has appeared in The Young Person's Guide to Becoming a Rock Star (1998), The Acid House (1998), Postmortem (1998), Rushmore (1998) and the 2003 BBC One miniseries The Key. In 2005, he directed the short comedy film Electric Blues, written by his brother.

From 2014, he became part of the main cast of BBC Scotland soap opera "River City", playing the role of Alan Lindsay, and left in 2015.

Filmography

References

External links

Scottish male television actors
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male soap opera actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Male actors from Glasgow


The Prussian P 4 was a derivative of the P 4.1 (Hanover variant) and the second superheated steam locomotive in the world.

Design
The engine was based on that of the Class P 4.1 that had Hanomag had produced in large numbers since 1892. It had slightly larger wheels and, due to its new design, significantly fewer heating tubes. The superheater and the steam engine were entirely independent designs.

Service and preservation
In 1898 a one-off was delivered by Hanomag to the Prussian state railways. The economy of the superheated system was soon proven in 1899 by the engine during trial runs from Kassel. Apart from a short stay at Halle the engine was assigned to Kassel as Cassel 131 and, from 1906, as P 4 Cassel 1846. In 1921, after the First World War, the engine was mothballed, along with many other machines of similar class. With its sectioned boiler the P 4 stood for a long time in the Transport and Construction Museums, part of Museum of the Present at Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin.

See also
 Prussian state railways
 List of Prussian locomotives and railbuses
 List of preserved steam locomotives in Germany

References

P 04
4-4-0 locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1898
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
2′B h2 locomotives


Arleigh may refer to:

Arleigh Burke (1901–1996), admiral of the United States Navy
Arleigh Burke class destroyer
USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51)
Arleigh McCree (1939–1986),  Officer in Charge of the Firearms and Explosives Unit of the Los Angeles Police Department
Arleigh Winston Scott GCMG, GCVO 1900–1976 Governor-General of Barbados, (1967–1976)


University College of Commerce & Business Management, is a business school in Hyderabad, Telangana. It is a constituent college of Osmania University and was established in 1962. It is divided into the departments of Business Management and Commerce.

Rankings and Ratings
The school was ranked 46th among business management schools in India by Outlook Magazine in 2009 and ranked 29th by India Today.

See also

 List of business schools in Hyderabad, India

References

External links
Official Website
Osmania University Alumni Association

1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Colleges affiliated to Osmania University
Business schools in Hyderabad, India
Universities and colleges established in 1962


"Accident of Birth" is the first single from Bruce Dickinson's fourth solo album, Accident of Birth, released in 1997 and peaking at number 54 in the UK Singles Chart. Dickinson described the song as "about a family from Hell. Except they're in Hell and one of them has accidentally been born, and they want him back and he doesn't want to go. For all the same reasons that you wouldn't want to go back to your family if they're a pain in the ass, he doesn't want to go back to his family. OK, so they're in Hell, that makes a little difference too."

Music video
The song's music video was directed by Bruce Dickinson and was shot on the same day as the video to "Road to Hell" from the same album.

Track listing
Part I
 "Accident of Birth" – 4:23
 "Ghost Of Cain" – 4:13
 "Accident of Birth (demo)" – 4:16

Part II
 "Accident of Birth" – 4:23
 "Starchildren (demo)" – 5:04
 "Taking The Queen (demo)" – 4:33

Credits
 Bruce Dickinson – Vocals
 Adrian Smith – Guitar
 Roy Z –  Guitar
 Eddie Casillas – Bass
 David Ingraham – Drums

Chart positions

References

1997 singles
Bruce Dickinson songs
Songs written by Bruce Dickinson
Songs written by Roy Z
1997 songs
EMI Records singles


Suratissa Diyasena Wijeyeratne (Sinhala: සුරතිස්ස දියසේන විජයරත්න) (17 February 1923 – 11 July 2002) (known as Tissa Wijeyeratne) was a Sri Lankan politician, diplomat, barrister and businessman. He was also Additional Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence, and Senior Advisor (Foreign Affairs) to the Prime Minister.

Early life
Tissa Wijeyeratne was born 17 February 1923 to a leading family from Sabaragamuwa in Sri Lanka. He was the eldest son of Sir Edwin and Lady Leela Wijeyeratne, of Buddenipola Walauwa, Kegalle. Sir Edwin Wijeyeratne was a former Cabinet Minister of Home Affairs and Rural Development. Tissa Wijeyeratne had two younger brothers, Nissanka and Cuda Wijeyeratne. Nissanka Wijeyeratne was a politician, civil servant, diplomat and Diyawadana Nilame. Dr. Cuda Wijeyeratne who is a consultant psychiatrist.

Education
Wijeyeratne completed his primary and secondary education at the Royal College, Colombo. Wijeyeratne left school in 1941 and pursued further studies in Switzerland before studying Law in London & then he was admitted of the Inner Temple in 1945.

Legal career
Wijeyeratne was called to the Bar in 1959 and became a Barrister-at-Law in 1960. He returned to Sri Lanka a year later and started a practice as a lawyer in Kegalle. His forte was Criminal Law. Soon he became one of the most successful lawyers in the Sabaragamuwa and Central Province. Wijeyeratne was instrumental in obtaining rights for Sri Lankan lawyers to wear the national dress to courts. He was the first lawyer since Sri Lanka's independence to appear in courts attired in the national dress of Sri Lanka.

Political career

As a student, Wijeyeratne was a committed Marxist and student activist. He was President, Ceylon Students Union in London and later joined the international student movement. In 1951, he led the first Ceylon delegation to the World Festival of Youth in Moscow. During this time, he became a member of the British Communist Party.

He returned to Sri Lanka in 1956 before completing his Barristers examinations, and became a full-time activist of the Communist Party of Sri Lanka. He subsequently became the party's Chief Organiser for the Kegalle Electorate. During the late 1950s and 1960s, he maintained close links with the university community at Peradeniya, visiting the university on several occasions to deliver political lectures. In the General Elections 1960 (March) he contested Kegalle Electorate from the Communist Party but was defeated. Tissa Wijeyeratne later joined the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. He was an active member of the party from 1965 onwards, but did not contest the 1970 parliamentary election.

Diplomatic career
In the 1970s, Wijeyeratne was appointed as Sri Lankan ambassador to the UNESCO, France and Switzerland. As Ambassador, he strengthened Sri Lanka's diplomatic and trade relations, particularly with European countries and promoted tourism and traditional Sri Lankan exports while maintaining close links with these countries.

Foreign Affairs career

Tissa Wijeyeratne returned from France in 1974 and was appointed as the Additional Secretary to the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence and Senior Advisor (Foreign Affairs) to the Prime Minister, where he was largely responsible for foreign affairs. He was also one of the main organisers of the 1976 Non-aligned Summit in Sri Lanka. During this time, he expressed strong public opinion for the formation of a separate Foreign Ministry in Sri Lanka. This was later implemented by President J.R Jayawardena.

As Additional Secretary, Wijeyeratne placed strong emphasis on the Sri Lankan national identity within the foreign service. To implement re-organisation of the Sri Lanka Foreign Service to this effect, he consulted representatives from several public service trade unions so that the foreign service represented the views of the people. He brought a Sinhalese and Tamil oriented dimension to the Foreign Office, recruiting locally educated youth to nurture Sri Lanka's identity in missions abroad.  He also proposed the initiation of a Diploma course in Diplomacy at an institute of foreign affairs that would be affiliated to the University of Sri Lanka, providing training opportunities to hopeful diplomats. His proposal was materialised in 1975 as the Bandaranaike Institute of Foreign Studies. Wijeyeratne left the foreign service in 1976 and returned to the Kegalle Bar.

Finance
During the late 1970s, Tissa Wijeyeratne being a firm believer in uplifting the life of rural communities in Sri Lanka, ventured into finance.  His deep belief in the economic philosophy of British economist E. F. Schumacher lent the company its motto "Small is Beautiful".  He grouped together influential businessmen in the city of Kandy amidst a group of influential lawyers and embarked on his final career.  Thus in 1978, he formed what is today Sinhaputhra Finance Ltd, a Central Bank Registered Finance Company, of which he was the founder chairman.   The company commenced business in 1979 under the name of Sinhaputhra Agricultural and Industrial Finance Ltd. and focused initially on providing vehicles to rural areas for the transport of their produce to markets.  He also became an active member of the Finance Houses Association of Sri Lanka, and was part of an active team that spearheaded the enactment of useful legislation. During his tenure, he also helped promote the establishment of the Sri Lanka Institute of Credit Management to strengthen the industry.

Family
Wijeyeratne married Visakha Bulankulame, a well known Sri Lankan artist. She was the daughter of Dr Edmond Asoka Bulankulame and Ivy Senanayake Bulankulame of Nuwarawewa Walauwa, Anuradhapura. Tissa and Visakha Wijeyeratne had one daughter, Kalpana and a son, Ravana, who is the current managing director of Sinhaputra Finance PLC, and the current Honorary Consul for France in Kandy.

See also
List of political families in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats

References

Further reading
In The Pursuit of Governance (A memoir of over three and a half decades in the public service of Sri Lanka) by M.D.D Pieris, 2002, Stamford Lake Publication   '''

External links
The Wijeyeratne Ancestry
 The Senanayake Ancestry

1923 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to France
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Switzerland
Members of the Inner Temple
Permanent Delegates of Sri Lanka to UNESCO
Sinhalese businesspeople
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan lawyers
Sri Lanka Freedom Party politicians
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Sri Lankan communists
Tissa


"The Secret Mitchell" was a storyline in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, involving the characters of Ronnie Mitchell (Samantha Womack) and Danielle Jones (Lauren Crace), starting in May 2008 and climaxing on 2 April 2009. It became one of the most dramatic storylines in EastEnders and also impacted on the "Who Killed Archie?" storyline.

Plot

Build-up
In July 2007, two new characters were introduced into the show, Ronnie (Samantha Womack) and Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons), as an extension of the Mitchell family and they arrived for the wedding of their cousin Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden). Phil had discovered that his fiancé Stella Crawford (Sophie Thompson) had been abusing his son Ben (Charlie Jones) and she had killed herself after the reveal. Phil's mother Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor) decided to take them all away to recover for a while and asked Ronnie and Roxy to look after their pub The Queen Victoria. This allowed the characters to develop and allowed the audience to get to know them. Roxy was depicted as being fun, impulsive and exciting, whereas Ronnie was seen as very closed, cold and guarded which became intriguing. A few months after their arrival, during an argument, Roxy implied there was a family secret between the two of them and a physical fight ensued.

In May 2008, during a quarrel with Roxy, Ronnie broke down and admitted to Peggy that she had fallen pregnant aged 14 and given birth to a daughter that she named Amy on 23 June 1989 and that her father Archie (Larry Lamb) had given Amy up for adoption just hours after she was born. Ronnie also revealed that she had given Amy a locket with a picture of herself as a 14-year-old in it, and kept an identical locket with a picture of Amy as a baby in it. Archie was introduced into the show in July 2008 when Roxy, Ronnie and Peggy went to visit him at his home in Weymouth. During a vicious row with Ronnie, Archie told her that Amy had died in an accident in the bath when she was a child. Archie later came to stay at Walford where he began a relationship with Peggy.

Then, in August 2008, a mysterious character, Danielle Jones (Lauren Crace) appeared, becoming friends with Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner). She later found work with the Mitchells and became caught up in the feud between Archie and Ronnie; Ronnie persuaded Danielle to steal Archie's letters; Archie in turn persuaded her to steal a reply to a letter Ronnie had sent to Amy's father, her former boyfriend Joel Reynolds (Cavan Clerkin). On 10 October 2008 when Ronnie discovered this, she sacked Danielle and called her pathetic. Danielle went home and burst into tears and was seen with an identical locket and photograph of a 14-year-old Ronnie in it, revealing to the audience that she was Ronnie's long-lost daughter Amy.

After this, Danielle frequently tried to get close to Ronnie, but something would always happen, leading to Ronnie shutting down and Danielle backing off. Feeling depressed, Danielle had sex with a barman called Paul at R&R on 23 December 2008. Then, in January 2009, she discovered she was pregnant. She confided in Ronnie about her pregnancy and how frightened she was at not knowing what to do. Ronnie comforted her and the pair became closer than ever before. Ronnie told her that she had given away a baby once, not realising that she was talking to that baby. Danielle and Ronnie then decided that she should have an abortion, even after her adoptive father, Andy Jones, tried to persuade her not too, she went ahead with it on 20 January 2009. She nearly told Ronnie her true identity, but Ronnie backed out of coming to her last appointment at the clinic, because Danielle's abortion brought back so many painful memories about Amy. She called Danielle, but instead told her that she backed out because R&R was busy, and when asked by Danielle if she regretted giving away her baby, she lied and said no and that she should have had an abortion, which crushed both Danielle and her. After deciding to leave Walford and return home to Telford, she left deciding that Ronnie would not want her in her life.

However, she returned in February. Danielle confided in Stacey that Ronnie was her mother, but stated that she was trying to find the right time to tell her. She was furious when Stacey kissed Paul and told him about her abortion, and also when Stacey threatened to tell Ronnie the truth. Danielle pinned Stacey to the wall and warned her off this course of action, but began to make attempts to reveal her true identity to Ronnie. She became increasingly angry with her mother, going as far as to paint "evil cow" on her front door.

Danielle decided that she would tell Ronnie who she really was, and then leave Walford for good, but was stopped by Archie, who found her locket. Initially assuming it was Ronnie's, and that Danielle had been trying to steal it, he opened it and saw the picture of Ronnie and realised that she was Ronnie's daughter and his granddaughter. During their talk, Danielle admitted she had discovered all about Ronnie from the adoption agency and was going to get in touch with her, but because she didn't know what she was like, decided to get to know her first so came to Walford to have a look. Because of Archie's previous lie to Ronnie about Amy's death as an infant, Danielle (albeit unknowingly) posed a huge threat to him because things were going incredibly well between him and Ronnie, and the discovery that his story was a lie would destroy his relationship with Ronnie, and would also mean ostracism form the rest of his family, including Roxy and Peggy, to whom he was now engaged. In order to preserve his story, he told Danielle that Ronnie believed she was dead because of a letter from the adoption agency, and that Ronnie suffered from depression, so asked Danielle to keep quiet for a little while longer, in order to protect her mental health.

The reveal
During the end of March, Danielle grew more and more desperate to tell Ronnie, even believing that when she told her, she would be a bridesmaid at Archie and Peggy's wedding. Then on 31 March (although set on 1 April), Archie prepared to kill Danielle by strangling her to death. However, he failed, and told Danielle that he had told Ronnie, and that she had rejected her and given him money to get rid of her. This crushed Danielle, and Archie told her to leave for good. Danielle did not, however, and on the wedding day, placed her locket in Ronnie's champagne glass, before going upstairs to confront her. She then admitted to Ronnie that after a seven-month silence, she was her daughter, and was shocked to realise that Ronnie did not know who she was. Ronnie refused to believe her, and helped her father throw her out, proclaiming, "Who would want to have a daughter like you!"

Danielle then planned to leave. At the Queen Vic, Ronnie delivered a heartfelt toast to Archie, but then discovered the locket in her champagne glass, realising to her horror and shock that Danielle was her daughter. It dawned on her that Danielle was telling the truth, that Archie had lied to her, and that the daughter she had craved all her life had been under her nose for eight months. She tearfully declared this in front of the whole wedding reception, and then chased after Danielle. Archie caught up with her, and their exchange was overheard by Peggy. Ronnie caught up with Danielle, and tearfully called her Amy. Realising Ronnie now knew who she was, a delighted Danielle ran forward into the road and was suddenly hit by a car driven by Janine Butcher (Charlie Brooks). Ronnie cradled her in her arms and told her that she was sorry, that she never wanted to give her away and that it had cursed her whole life; she had always dreamed of finding her, and told her they would have a proper mother-daughter relationship. Danielle tearfully called her "Mum", moments before dying, as Roxy, Stacey and Janine watched.

Aftermath
Any chance of a reconciliation between Ronnie and Archie was destroyed forever. Horrified that Archie could lie to both Danielle and Ronnie - his own family - in such a way, Peggy threw Archie out and ended their marriage, while Roxy threw his belongings into the road, telling him to never come back. Peggy was upset to discover Archie was still in Walford, and determined to avenge Ronnie and Danielle, ordering Phil to kill him. Archie was bundled into the back of a van on 10 April, and bound and gagged in The Arches. Phil tricked Archie into believing he was going to kill him, but instead frightened him out of Walford; when Peggy found this out, she was furious. Meanwhile, Stacey began acting strangely towards everyone, and it was revealed that the death of Danielle was one of the events that triggered her bipolar disorder.

The Mitchells' continued resentment towards Archie provided several motives in the subsequent "Who Killed Archie?" storyline.

Creation

The "Secret Mitchell" storyline was conceived in 2007, when story producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins first developed the idea of two new Mitchell sisters, Ronnie and Roxy (Rita Simons). Ronnie was intended to come across as the more detached and icy sister and a hidden secret was first alluded to eight months after their introduction, when Roxy made a veiled reference to Ronnie's child and a physical fight ensued. Several months later, off-set episodes shot in Weymouth and dubbed "Mitchell Week" were aired, during which the audience were introduced to Ronnie and Roxy's father Archie (Larry Lamb), and learned that Ronnie had given a child up for adoption. Treadwell-Collins explained that it was necessary to introduce Danielle shortly after this revelation, but in such a manner that she would arrive "under the audience's radar", to preserve the later revelation of her identity as Ronnie's daughter. The role of Danielle was given to the then-unknown actress Lauren Crace, who commented: "I'm thrilled. It's a great first role and I just can't wait to see what is in store." Crace accepted the role whilst still in her third year at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Crace's casting was announced on 19 July 2008, when Danielle was described as the future love interest of fellow newcomer Callum Monks.The show's producers attempted to deliberately deceive the audience into believing Danielle was nothing more than Callum's love interest, and a new friend for Stacey Slater. Crace herself was only told of Danielle's true identity after her successful audition, though as she only signed a six-month contract with the show, was always aware Danielle would only have a short arc. She has stated that some audience members guessed Danielle to be Ronnie's daughter almost as soon as she arrived, and that she found maintaining the secret to be difficult.

Development
The revelation that Danielle was Ronnie's long-lost daughter was made to the audience when, after rowing with Ronnie, Danielle opened the locket she wore to reveal a photograph of her birth mother inside. Crace commented at the time that: "Being part of such a big storyline is exciting and challenging for any actress." Explaining the back-story from Danielle's point of view, she detailed: "When Danielle's adoptive mother died, she thought it was time to find out who her real mother was. She always knew she was adopted. She also had a locket with a picture of Ronnie in it that was given to her when she was put up for adoption. She went to the adoption agency and found out that Ronnie had also been looking for her - the agency then gave her details of her mother's whereabouts." Questioned on whether she thought Danielle hoped to have a relationship with Ronnie, she responded: "Deep down, absolutely... she's completely intrigued by Ronnie and the Mitchell clan, but at the same time very nervous of them. In her head she thinks they are too different and Ronnie would be disappointed to know she was her daughter". Series writer Simon Ashdown explained of why Danielle kept her identity secret: "The idea about Danielle was that she was hurt and broken by her life and being rejected by this mother that the thing she fears worst of all is being rejected again. So she holds off, she wants to get to know Ronnie, and charm her and make her like her and then tell Ronnie who she is."

Abortion
The relationship between the two began to develop when Danielle fell pregnant, and was supported in seeking an abortion by Ronnie. Treadwell-Collins has explained that Danielle's pregnancy was a plot-device to bring the two closer together, discussing the tragedy of Ronnie being unaware she was encouraging the aborting of her own grandchild. Of Danielle's emotions during this period, Crace illuminated: "Having Ronnie show her some affection and willingly offering to come with her and to help her and give her advice, it was a huge thing for Danielle, because from always being knocked back by Ronnie, from always being knocked back by everybody, suddenly someone out of the blue offered to help her, and it was the one person in the world that she wants to be there." When Ronnie failed to attend Danielle's second clinic appointment, Danielle was, in Crace's opinion, "hurt and distraught", describing the development as "a step back for Danielle" whereby "she probably feels less willing than ever to tell Ronnie the truth than before". On Ronnie's part, Janus assessed that "Ronnie knows she wants to help this young girl but she's not sure why they have this bond". She explained: "Ronnie knows that Danielle is very vulnerable and is in Walford with no family and only a few friends. As Ronnie gave her a job in R&R maybe she thinks that Danielle interpreted that as more than it was." Asked if Ronnie had noticed the resemblance between herself and Danielle, Janus responded: "She has never thought about any resemblance - why would she? As far as Ronnie is aware her baby died so the thought would never have crossed her mind." Following Ronnie's failure to attend her second appointment, the character briefly departed from the series, said to have returned to her native Telford.

Revelation
Danielle returned from Telford "on the edge emotionally", and increasingly angry with Ronnie, believing that she deserved to belong to the Mitchell family. The writers had Archie Mitchell discover her secret as "a test of character", posing the question: "would he be despicable and sick enough not to tell Ronnie?" He is capable of anything to maintain control over the family including manipulation. Lamb commented that his character felt Danielle posed "a huge threat" to his family, explaining why he lied that Ronnie was suffering from depression and Danielle ought not tell her. Crace commented that her character "thinks that's why [Ronnie] is always so hot and cold with her […] she takes it upon herself to try to look after Ronnie and help her to get well again." She offered the insight that although Danielle sees Archie as "a domineering figure", she initially trusts him and believes he will reunite her with her mother when the time is right. However, as time passes, "she starts to see Archie's true colours and is scared by this different side to him." Asked how Danielle feels about being accepted into the Mitchell family, Crace explained: "When she first came to Albert Square, Danielle didn't really know what to expect. For one thing, she never thought her mum would be so young and attractive and own a night club. That's pretty cool! But she is so pleased that Ronnie is her mother and can't wait for her secret to be revealed at last." On Danielle's developing relationship with Ronnie at the time, Crace expanded: "Those two have such a turbulent relationship - one minute Ronnie's really nice to Danielle, the next she's ignoring her and calling her a freak. But at the end of the day, Ronnie's her mum, and deep down, that's all Danielle has ever wanted."

The ultimate revelation of Danielle's true identity was set at Archie's wedding to Peggy (Barbara Windsor), matriarch of the Mitchell family. Crace deemed the wedding "the perfect opportunity" for the storyline to conclude, while Santer explained: "Weddings are great because the bring the community together. A wedding gives you a stage, it gives you an event, the context to play things out, so it felt right that these big Mitchell stories would collide at Peggy's wedding." Writer James Payne concurred: "There's no point making the reveal of the Mitchell secret in the caff at half past nine in the morning over a bacon sandwich, it's not EastEnders. EastEnders at its best will make that moment as dramatic and sensational as it possibly can be." The episode saw Danielle announce that she was Ronnie's daughter in front of the entire wedding reception party, in what Crace has named her favourite scene on the show. She opined that the disbelief Danielle was faced with was "heartbreaking" and served to highlight the fact that "she came as the outsider and she still is the outsider because no one steps in to help her".

Death

The character was killed off on 2 April 2009, run down by a car minutes after revealing her true identity to Ronnie, and subsequently dying in her mother's arms. Although different outcomes to the storyline were considered, Santer explained that "we always came back to [Danielle dying] because in the end, Ronnie is our tragic heroine character". Treadwell-Collins opined that "to give Ronnie her daughter at the last minute and then take her away suddenly is horrible, and the viewers could hate us for it. But if you have Ronnie have her daughter, this one thing that is key to her character, you weaken her character as you go along." Santer agreed that while having Ronnie and Danielle spend time together as mother and daughter would be touching, ultimately it would become boring. The scene in which Danielle dies was filmed during winter, but as it was set in early April, snow had to be cleared away from the set before filming could commence. A body double was used for the moment Danielle was run over. Crace deemed her final scenes: "Really tough, but great", expanding: "For so long you have so many scenes where you're just getting coffees in the caff or standing around in the back of Vic scenes, and then suddenly when you leave you get written for and you've got all these amazing scenes, and I had such great scenes with Larry and with Sam. And those last few scenes in the Vic with myself and Sam were so, so tough, it was such a hard day and I went home feeling like hell, but it was worth it." Although sad to leave, she felt that the story's conclusion was the right one, and was glad that Ronnie and Danielle finally shared a brief moment in the end, explaining: "It was so important that that tender moment was finally found, because that's all people wanted. It's all Danielle wanted, and it's all Ronnie wants." Crace concluded: "I think Danielle will leave quite a big mark on the Square and on the people in the Square - probably a bigger mark than she did when she was alive."

News of Danielle's death was subject to a media embargo, although several newspapers and magazines including the Radio Times leaked news of Crace's exit in advance of the event. Digital Spy's Kris Green reports that most of the online EastEnders community had anticipated the character's exit from the soap beforehand, some as early as January 2009. Danielle's death received a mixed reaction from the EastEnders fanbase. The decision was defended by Santer, who stated:

See also
 Chinatown
 Kat & Zoe

Reception
Throughout the storyline the ratings were around seven or eight million; rising to around 9 million for the episode in October 2008 revealing that Danielle was Ronnie's daughter.

The climax episode on 2 April 2009 drew in an average figure of 11.5 million viewers; peaking to 13.1 million viewers, causing a power surge. The power grid usually sees a surge of 500 MW at the end of an average episode of EastEndersat 20:30 the grid saw a surge of 1,270 MW.

A special episode entitled "EastEnders Revealed: The Secret Mitchell" was broadcast on 3 April 2009, giving the background of the storyline.

The storyline won "Best Storyline" at the Inside Soap Awards. and won "Best Soap Storyline" at the TV Choice Awards In addition, Lauren Crace won "Best Newcomer" at the TV Choice Awards, for her portrayal of Danielle.

References

EastEnders storylines
2008 in British television
2009 in British television
Mitchell family (EastEnders)


Wildlife Photographer of the Year is an annual international wildlife photography competition staged by the Natural History Museum in London, England. There is an exhibition of the winning and commended images each year at the museum, which later tours around the world. The event has been described as one of the most prestigious photography competitions in the world.

It was known as BG Wildlife Photographer of the Year from 1990 to 2003, and briefly as Shell Wildlife Photographer of the Year, Kodak Wildlife Photographer of the Year and Prudential Wildlife Photographer of the Year. The first competition was held in 1964, with three categories and around 600 entries. In 2008 the competition received over 32,000 entries from 3100 photographers in 82 countries.

A book of winning entries and runners-up has been published each year since 1992, with two books being published in 1994 (the first three volumes were published the year after the corresponding competitions were held). Early volumes have become quite collectable.

Competition

A maximum of 25 images ranging from intimate animal portraits to atmospheric landscapes, ground-breaking photojournalism to innovative technique can be submitted once a year, in 12-17 permanent and alternate categories.  Since 2003 the grand prize has been selected from among the winning images of the categories and has been awarded to a single image in adult and young competition too. The photographer aged 17 and under submitting the best image receives the title “The Young Wildlife Photographer of the Year”, while the author of the best image over 17 years of age becomes “The Wildlife Photographer of the Year”. (This award has never been won in adult category more than once.) The deadline of submission of the images is around late February, and the results become public in mid-October.

The winning images are selected from among approximately 50,000 entries received from almost 100 countries around the globe, in three rounds by a prestigious and professional jury.
The awards ceremony takes place in the Natural History Museum in London. On this date the latest Wildlife Photographer of the Year portfolio, introducing the winning images, comes out.
Following the awards ceremony, the extremely high-quality and major Wildlife Photographer of the Year exhibition opens its gates in London and after that touring worldwide throughout the year, attracting more than 5 million visitors.

Categories

Photographers can enter their images into a range of categories, whose criteria are mostly based on the subject matter of the images. There are also 3 categories for under 18's, and 3 special awards. The number and name of categories changes nearly every year. In each category a winning, runner-up and several highly commended images are usually chosen, although sometimes the judges will not choose a winner or runner up in a particular category if they deem the standard of entries not to be high enough. The categories in the 2016 competition were as follows:
 Mammals
 Birds
 Reptiles, Amphibians and Fishes
 Invertebrates
 Plants and Fungi
 Underwater
 On Land
 In the Skies
 Urban
 Detail
 Impressions
 Black and White
 Wildlife Photojournalist: Single Image
 Wildlife Photojournalist: Photo Story Award
 Rising Star Portfolio Award (ages 18 to 25)
 Wildlife Photographer Portfolio Award (ages 26 and over)

2009 controversy

The overall 2009 competition winner, José Luis Rodriguez, was stripped of his award and his £10,000 prize following allegations from rival Spanish photographers that his picture of an Iberian wolf leaping a cattle-pen in Ávila had been staged, using a captive animal to do so. The jury opened an investigation and ultimately disqualified it. He was also prohibited from entering the competition for life. It was, however, too late to remove the image from the accompanying book. There was much controversy as to the legitimacy of such claims, which, some say, were not backed by evidence but by skepticism from some experts and the jury itself.

Grand title winners

The full list
Full available database from 1984 on

References

Bibliography

External links
 Wildlife photographer of the year (Natural History Museum website)
 Guardian slideshow

Photography awards
Natural History Museum, London
Photography exhibitions
Awards established in 1964
Nature photography
1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
Annual events in the United Kingdom
Wildlife of the United Kingdom
Photography in the United Kingdom
BBC awards


There Are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America is a 1992 biography by Alex Kotlowitz that describes the experiences of two brothers growing up in Chicago's Henry Horner Homes.  It won the Carl Sandburg award.

Overview

Rivers family structure
The Rivers brothers, like many in the Henry Horner Homes, live with their mother, LaJoe. The boys' father, Paul, drifts in and out of the apartment; however, his income mostly supports his drug habit and alcoholism. Together, they have eight children, their first being born when LaJoe was 14.

LaShawn, the oldest, who financially supports her drug addiction with prostitution.
Paul, (named after his father) the oldest boy, also called Weasel.
Terence, Lafeyette and Pharoah's favorite brother. Terence often supports his little brothers with advice to stay away from gangs and drugs. Terence, however, winds up in prison by 1990, for his involvement in two robberies; the book claims he only participated in one, but was convicted of both.
Lafeyette, who is the most dependable child, helps his mother care for the younger children. He and Lajoe have an exceptional bond, one LaJoe originally found in Terence. Terence faded from his mother, and lost his bond with her; LaJoe worries the same may happen between her and Lafeyette. Much of her story revolves around her work to salvage and sustain their relationship.
Pharoah, the most precocious boy, who finds solace in literature and spelling. An extremely sensitive and reflective child, Pharoah often shields himself from his unstable environment by refusing to acknowledge it. Pharoah is by far the most successful student of the children; he participated in spelling bees and is honored with multiple awards. He develops a stutter, which he spends most of his time trying to defeat, due to his stress.
 The triplets, Timothy, Tammie, and Tiffanie, who are only four at the beginning of the book.

LaShawn and Weasel (the oldest son) are not close with the other children (despite living with them), and are mentioned very little in the book. The triplets occupy most of Lafeyette's time, as he watches out for them when his mother does not. Though most members of the family are close, they each have different ways of expressing their love.

Themes
The story presents a dark part of American society. The story mentions that children as young as thirteen years old are already engaged in violence, gang membership, and drug dealing. There are several points that are useful in understanding the social context of the urban youth in American society.

First, the story explores the causes of domestic violence. Kotlowitz points out that the young people are robbed of their innocence by their dysfunctional social environments. Their attitudes are molded by the violence that they encounter day to day and the kind of life they are born into in the projects. Any fear of committing violent actions is replaced by their desire to maintain their own safety and fulfill their own needs.

Secondly, the story presents the idea that the children could succeed if given a chance. Pharoah exemplifies this by excelling when given the chance to study.

The story also reveals gross violations of human rights, depriving most of the youths of chances of successful futures. The city officials who are supposed to maintain peace and order as well as look after the welfare of the people in the project are the ones who corrupted the budget intended for the betterment of the building occupants. The Chicago Housing Authority personnel are depicted as largely responsible for the horrendous living conditions in the housing project, particularly in the Rivers' building.

Research and writing process
Kotlowitz spent three years with Lafeyette and Pharoah and their family and friends. Through numerous interviews, discussion, and reflections he compiled, There Are No Children Here brings the different views, worries, and opinions from the members of the Rivers family. There Are No Children Here is a combination of reporting, urban nonfiction, and biographical writing.

Title
The title comes from a quote by LaJoe Rivers commenting on the bleakness of her children's livelihood.

 - LaJoe Rivers, 1988

Awards
Alex Kotlowitz was recognized for his work on the book, which was universally praised. The book won the following awards:
The Helen Bernstein Award for Excellence in Journalism
The Christopher Award
The Carl Sandburg Award

Adaptation
In 1993, the book was adapted into a television film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey as LaJoe, Keith David, and Maya Angelou in a performance "that crackles with power."

References

1992 non-fiction books
Doubleday (publisher) books
American biographies
Books about Chicago


Arnar is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Arnar Førsund, Norwegian footballer
Arnar Grétarsson (born 1972), Icelandic football player
Arnar Guðjónsson, Icelandic basketball coach
Arnar Gunnlaugsson (born 1973), Icelandic professional footballer
Arnar Jónsson (actor) (born 1943), Icelandic actor
Arnar Jónsson (basketball) (born 1983), Icelandic basketball player
Arnar Sigurðsson (born 1981), Icelandic tennis player
Arnar Viðarsson (born 1978), Icelandic football player
Guðjón Arnar Kristjánsson (born 1944), Icelandic MP and chairman of the Liberal Party (Frjálslyndi flokkurinn)
Jón Arnar Magnússon (born 1969), decathlete from Iceland
Viktor Arnar Ingólfsson (born 1955), Icelandic writer of crime fiction

Other uses include:

Arnar Stadium, all-seater stadium in Ijevan, Armenia, built in 2007

Icelandic masculine given names
Masculine given names


Chernovsky (masculine), Chernovskaya (feminine), or Chernovskoye (neuter) may refer to:
Chernovsky Administrative District, an administrative district of the city of Chita, Russia
Chernovsky (rural locality) (Chernovskaya, Chernovskoye), name of several rural localities in Russia


Chris Foley may refer to:

 Chris Foley (politician) (born 1956), independent member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 Chris Foley (musician), drummer for Boston hardcore bands SSD and DYS
 Kidd Chris (Chris Foley, born 1974), radio show host


Framsókn may refer to:
Progressive Party (Iceland) (Framsóknarflokkurinn)
Progress (Faroe Islands) Political party in the Faroe Islands (Framsókn)


Big Onion Walking Tours is the largest walking tour company in New York City.  The company has offered tours of the city since 1991.  Big Onion shows visitors & tourists alike the diverse fabric of urban neighborhoods, using as guides doctoral students PhDs who are studying history or closely related fields.

History
Big Onion was founded by Columbia University graduate students Seth Kamil and Ed O'Donnell in 1991.  They were initially encouraged by Kenneth T. Jackson, a Columbia professor and prominent historian of New York City. For decades Jackson has required his students at Columbia to explore the city on foot and even to write walking tours as academic assignments. Kamil and O'Donnell initially gave walking tours on ad hoc basis for museums and school groups as a way to help to pay for graduate school. What started as an informal enterprise gradually developed into a small company as they began giving public "show-up" tours that were listed in the newspaper. Soon thereafter, they hired colleagues at Columbia, New York University, and CUNY, and other doctoral programs to help lead tours. O'Donnell left the company in 1994 to pursue an academic career. Kamil continues to run the organization and lead tours himself.

In 2001, Jackson wrote in the preface to the first published collection of Big Onion tours:
"New York is fundamentally a walking city, so what better way is there to see it? The reason Big Onion Walking Tours has succeeded is that it makes the city's history accessible and understandable--not to mention entertaining. This is no small feat given New Yorkers' unforgiving nature and the difficulty of running any business here, let alone one founded by graduate students. Big Onion began with only three tours--Immigrant New York, the Jewish Lower East Side, and Ellis Island. Today there are almost thirty, all of which peel back the layers, like an onion, to reveal what's beneath."

After 9-11, Big Onion had a marked decrease in patrons, while maintaining its public tour roster, no groups chose to take tours from September 12 through October 29, 2001:

They have since recovered, as has other tourism in New York City.

As of 2018, Seth Kamil continues to serve as president, and Big Onion employs more than three dozen veteran guides from universities all over the region (many "retired" guides have moved on to successful academic & NGO careers). Each year Big Onion offers hundreds of show-up tours to the public and hundreds more to schools, businesses, law firms, non-profits, and families. It is a programming partner with both  New-York Historical Society and Brooklyn Historical Society.    Big Onion also provides guide services for a number of non-profit groups and local BIDS, including PBS (Satan's Seat: New York during Prohibition tour).

Tours

Big Onion provides primarily historical and literary walking tours, to show the sites not shown on "plaques".  They also focus on neighborhoods, such as the Lower East Side, often missed by other operators.

Big Onion gives tours in more than two dozen neighborhoods and parks in Manhattan and Brooklyn every day of the year but Thanksgiving Day, rain or shine. Tours meet at or near a subway stop and are typically two hours long. Since each guide is encouraged to bring her own perspective and expertise to her tour, no two tours are alike. Guides often incorporate their academic areas of interest into their tours and provide listeners with historical context as well as running commentary on architecture, immigration, urban development and historic figures. Several tours concentrate on the history of specific ethnic groups and neighborhoods.

The latest Big Onion creations include: "America's Museum: Art & History of the Metropolitan"; Historic TriBeCa; "Art, Sex and Rock & Roll: New York on the Cultural Edge"; and "STEAM in the Village: Artistry, Invention & Exploration - a walking tour weaving together science, technology and the history of New York City.    Big Onion crafts a new tour once or twice a year.

Awards and accolades
Big Onion has been written up in over 100 publications worldwide.   The company has been won numerous "Best of New York" awards, including:
 "Best of New York", New York Magazine, May 4, 1998
 "The World's Best City Walks", Forbes.com, August 18, 2010
 "Best Place to take Out of Town Guests", The Village Voice, October 15–21, 2014

Books

Two collections of Big Onion tours have been published by NYU Press. The first is The Big Onion Guide to New York City, published in 2002, and the second is the Big Onion Guide to Brooklyn, published in 2005.

Notes

External links
 Big Onion official website

Adventure travel


Events in the year 1797 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Christian VII

Events
 The historical local Lagtings and the office of Lawspeaker was abolished.
 11 August - Overhoffretten, the highest court in Norway, was abolished, and replaced with four regional courts.

Arts and literature

Births
13 May - Ulrik Frederik Cappelen, jurist and politician (d.1864)
21 May - Claus Winter Hjelm, judge (d.1871)
24 May - Lars Rasch, jurist and politician (b.1864)
23 September - Johannes Henrik Berg, politician (d.1886)
30 November - Otto Vincent Lange, politician and Minister (d.1870)

Full date unknown
Erik Røring Møinichen, politician and Minister (d.1875)
Christen Smed, blacksmith and mountaineer (d.1846)
Christen Andersen Vallesværd, politician
Ole Høiland, burglar and jail-breaker (d.1848)

Deaths
13 June - Christian Jensen Lofthuus, revolutionary peasant leader (b.1750)

Full date unknown
Hans Strøm, zoologist (b.1726)

See also


FC Volgograd () is a former Russian football club from Volgograd, founded in late 2008, later reformed as FC Rotor Volgograd.

History
Before it was founded, it was originally supposed to be called FC Rotor-Volgograd Volgograd (to keep Rotor's name around at the time FC Rotor Volgograd was close to bankruptcy). However, FC Rotor's financial situation has improved by early 2009 and the club was registered as FC Volgograd. It played in the Russian Second Division in 2009. It took over the license of FC Olimpia Volgograd, who were having financial difficulties at the time.

In 2010, FC Vityaz Podolsk gave up their place in the Russian First Division. Professional Football League offered the First Division spots to clubs who came in 2nd in their Russian Second Division zones in 2009, but none of them agreed to play in the First Division. FC Volgograd was then offered a spot and agreed to take it. They played in the second-highest Russian First Division in 2010. On February 8, 2010 it was announced that the club was to be renamed to FC Rotor Volgograd (the previous club under that name went bankrupt during the 2009 season).

External links
Official Website
Fans' Website

References

Football clubs in Russia
Sport in Volgograd
2008 establishments in Russia
Association football clubs established in 2008
2010 disestablishments in Russia
Association football clubs disestablished in 2010


The grzywna () was a measure of weight, mainly for silver, commonly used throughout medieval central and eastern Europe, particularly in the Kingdom of Poland and Kingdom of Bohemia ().

Grzywna was also a unit of measure of a unit of exchange, and as such used as money in the 10th–15th centuries. Silver ingots acted as commodity money before the widespread use of minted coins. Several different grzywnas developed with their own system of weight and exchange, such as the Kulm grzywna and the Kraków grzywna.

Etymology

The name is derived from  from . In modern Polish language, grzywna literally translates as fine (legal penalty).

Kraków grzywna
The Kraków grzywna, used in Poland, weighed anywhere from 196.26 g to 201.86 g, depending on the timeframe. In the 14th century, it was equal to 196.26 g, while in the beginning of the 16th century in weighed 197.684 g, but after 1558 it was equivalent to 201.802 g and after 1650 it was 201.86 g.

The Kraków grzywna was subdivided thus: 4 wiarduneks or quarters = 8 ounces = 16 drams = 24 skojecs = 96 grains = 240 denarii = 480 obols

As a measure of unit of exchange, the Kraków grzywna was equal to 48 Prague groschen. During the rule of Władysław I the Elbow-high 576 denarii were struck from one Kraków grzywna of silver. During the rule of his son Casimir the Great, 768 denarii were struck from it and during the reign of Władysław II Jagiełło, it was 864 denarii.

See also

 Grivna
 Ukrainian hryvnia
 Obsolete Polish units of measurement

References

Units of mass
Obsolete units of measurement
Medieval currencies


João Pedro Santa-Rita (born 20 May 1960) is a Portuguese architect.

Santa-Rita was born in Lisbon.  In 1982 he attended the Summer Course of the University of Architecture in Darmstadt, and is licensed in Architecture by the Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa in 1983.

Integrated the studio of the architect José Santa-Rita in 1976. Between 1986 and 1988 worked in the atelier of the architect Manuel Vicente in Macau. In 1990 creates the Office Santa-Rita Arquitectos with José Santa-Rita.

Was awarded in national and international competitions and received an honorable mention in the International Competition for the Revitalization of ULUGH-BEG CENTER in Samarkand - former USSR and the 1st Prize in International Competition for the Plan of Urbanization Almada Nascente with WAS Atkins and Richard Rogers Partnership.

Was co-commissioner of an exhibition of architectural drawings of the Portuguese Society of Authors in Lisbon (2001) and produced and hosted the traveling exhibition of the Atelier Santa-Rita Arquitectos "Objects + Architectures" - Milan 1999; Lisbon / Coimbra in 2000 and "Paysages Strategic "- Paris 2001, Lisbon in 2003 and" The Poetics of La Fragmentazione "- Milan 2006.

Invited to State of Akademie Fur Baukultur (Germany).

His works were published in Germany, Argentina, Chile, Spain, England, Italy, Netherlands, Japan and Portugal, and he gave interviews to several Architecture and Design magazines.

Works and projects

Remarkable, among his projects, the following:

 1989 - Master Home, Lisbon, Portugal
 1991 - Aurélio da Costa Ferreira Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
 1991 - Reconstruction of mansion in Campo Mártires da Pátria, Lisbon, Portugal
 1994 - King John V Exposition, Lisbon, Portugal
 1996 - Marquis of Pombal (Lisbon Metro), Lisbon, Portugal
 1997 - Fado Museum, Lisbon, Portugal
 1997 - Interpretative Center of the Ruins of megalithic Alcalar, Algarve, Portugal
 1998 - Cabo Ruivo (Lisbon Metro), Lisbon, Portugal
 2002 - Habitevora - Quinta da Tapada's Matias, Évora, Portugal
 2002 - House in Bairro Alto, Lisbon, Portugal
 2004 - Restaurant in Parque da Cidade, Beja, Portugal
 2004 - Flower Kiosk in Rossio, Lisbon, Portugal
 2005 - Car park at Avenida Miguel Fernandes, Beja, Portugal
 2005 - Rio's Restaurant, Oeiras, Portugal
 2005 - Apartments of Prince Royal, Lisbon, Portugal

Remarkable, among his architectural projects, the following:

 1989 - Miguel Corte-Real Memorial, Newport, RI, United States
 1989 - Ismaelita Center, Lisbon, Portugal
 1991 - Revitalization of the historic centre of Samarkand, Uzbekistan
 1991 - Houses in Alcainça, Mafra, Portugal
 1992 - The Gate of the Present, Netherlands
 1992 - Lusitania, Infinite City, Madrid, Spain
 1992 - Parque Ecológico de Monsanto, Lisbon, Portugal
 1993 - Houses in Santarém, Portugal
 1994 - Competition for Expo '98, Lisbon, Portugal
 1994 - Competition for the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, United States
 1994 - Convent of Christ, Tomar, Portugal
 1995 - Residence of the Portuguese Ambassador, Brasilia, Brazil
 1996 - Lisnave, Lisbon, Portugal
 1996 - Monument to Dr. Azeredo Perdigão, Lisbon, Portugal
 1997 - Rehabilitation of the José Malhoa Museum, Caldas da Rainha, Portugal
 1997 - Complex Amphitheater, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal
 1998 - Urban Renewal Plan for Cacilhas, Almada, Portugal
 1998 - Portuguese Embassy, Berlin, Germany
 1999 - Expansion of the National Museum Machado de Castro, Coimbra, Portugal
 2002 - Plan Detail of Urban Beaches, Costa da Caparica, Almada, Portugal
 2003 - Mortuary buildings, Beja, Portugal
 2004 - Multifunctional Building, Luanda, Angola
 2004 - Plan of Urbanization Almada Nascente, Almada, Portugal
 2005 - Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

External links
Official Website
Plan Detail of Urban Beaches
Fragments - From Cities While Labyrinths

20th-century Portuguese architects
21st-century Portuguese architects
Living people
Technical University of Lisbon alumni
1960 births
Architects from Lisbon


Terada (written: ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

People
 Abby Terada (born 2004), Japanese American collegiate golfer in Wisconsin
Alicia Terada (born 1956), Argentine politician of Japanese descent
, Japanese hurdler
Haruhi Terada (born 1973), Japanese voice actress
, Japanese lawyer
Katsuya Terada (born 1963), Japanese illustrator and cartoonist from the town of Tamano, Okayama
Keiko Terada (born 1963), Japanese rock singer
Kenji Terada (born 1952), Japanese script writer, anime director, series organizer, novelist and scenario writer
Kiyoyuki Terada (born 1922), Japanese aikido teacher
Kokoro Terada (born 2008), Japanese actress
Minoru Terada (born 1958), Japanese politician serving in the House of Representatives in the Diet
Mitsuo Terada (born 1968), Tsunku (:ja:つんく♂)'s real name, a prolific Japanese record producer, songwriter, and vocalist
Noboru Terada (1917–1986), Japanese freestyle swimmer
Sakurako Terada (born 1984), Japanese curler
Shinichi Terada (born 1985), Japanese football player
Shuhei Terada (born 1975), Japanese football player
Soichi Terada (born 1965), Japanese electronic music composer
Takeshi Terada (born 1980), Japanese football player
Takuya Terada (born 1992), Japanese actor and singer
Torahiko Terada (1878–1935), Japanese physicist and author
Yojiro Terada (born 1947), Japanese racing driver

Fictional characters
 Yoshiyuki Terada, Sakura Kinomoto's teacher at Tomoeda Elementary School, from the manga and anime series Cardcaptor Sakura

See also
Terada Station (Kyoto), railway station in Jōyō, Kyoto, Japan
Terada Station (Toyama), railway station in Tateyama, Nakaniikawa District, Toyama Prefecture, Japan

Japanese-language surnames


Choreographer Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Royal Ballet production of Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet premiered at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden on 9 February 1965.

Background

Kenneth MacMillan had previously choreographed the balcony scene for Lynn Seymour and Christopher Gable to dance in September 1964 for Canadian Television. This scene provided an essential part of the ballet's overall structure. Seymour stated that the balcony scene pas de deux only took three rehearsals to fully choreograph. This experience made him seem a good candidate to choreograph the entire ballet for Covent Garden, when the Soviet Union refused to allow Leonid Lavrovsky's classic production to tour to London. MacMillan prepared his version with the blessing of Frederick Ashton. MacMillan only had five months to choreograph the full ballet as The Royal Ballet hoped to perform Romeo and Juliet in its upcoming American tour. He, Seymour, and Gable planned the ballet around the characters and their pas de deuxs. They envisioned Juliet as the headstrong character, making decisions, while Romeo was "swept off his feet by love".
Nicholas Georgiadis designed the set and costumes with specific intent regarding the characters and feel of the performance. The imposing, large set designs were utilized to emphasize how small and vulnerable Juliet was in comparison and position her and Romeo as helpless against the society they live in. MacMillan and Georgiadias were inspired by Italian Quattrocento paintings and architecture; Shakespeare, and Franco Zeffirelli's 1960 Romeo and Juliet production. MacMillan also took inspiration from Cranko's Romeo and Juliet to include the rowdy harlots in the market scenes.

Premiere performance

Kenneth MacMillan's Royal Ballet production of Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet premiered at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden on 9 February 1965. Though MacMillan had conceived the ballet for Lynn Seymour and Christopher Gable, for  "bureaucratic reasons" Margot Fonteyn and Rudolph Nureyev danced the opening night, to MacMillan's disappointment. The casting change was disheartening not only to MacMillan, but to the entire company, contributing to MacMillan and Seymour's eventual move away from the Royal Ballet and Gable's transition away from dancing entirely. Mainly, Fonteyn and Nureyev were given the leading roles because of their fame and box office draw. The impresario for the American tour, Sol Hurok said that the ballet would only be included and profitable in the US if Fonteyn and Nureyev were given the title roles. Fonteyn and Nureyev brought new life to the characters, as did the set and costume designs by Nicholas Georgiadis; Fonteyn, considered to be near retirement, embarked upon a rejuvenated career with a partnership with Nureyev. Lynn Seymour left the Royal Ballet for three years after this slight to dance with the German Opera Ballet in West Berlin, but she returned in 1970 to dance many principal roles.

Response

The first production of Romeo and Juliet was met with overwhelmingly positive critical and box office response. Fonteyn and Nureyev received 43 curtain calls, eventually needing the safety curtain to descend in order to encourage the audience to leave the theater. Critics agreed across the board that the ballet was a fantastic addition to the Royal Ballet's repertoire as well as an accomplishment for MacMillan. The Observer, The Daily Mail, and the Sunday Telegraph were a few of the magazines and papers to review the performance. Andrew Porter with The Financial Times, who was the first critic to discuss the last minute casting change, noted that the ballet could not be fully understood until Seymour performed the role designed for her.

Following performances

Lynn Seymour and Christopher Gable danced the lead roles in the second cast, also receiving rave reviews, though not the same level of overt audience appreciation.  They were followed by three other pairings in the first tour and many more throughout the decades since.

The first five performances of Romeo and Juliet have remained highly lauded by critics. Alastair Macaulay spoke of Fonteyn and Nureyev's performance as "If there was a single moment in my life that turned me into a ballet obsessive, that was it". In the New York Times in 2007. He also lauded Seymour's rebellious Juliet.

Romeo and Juliet has become a staple of the Royal Ballet's Repertoire. MacMillan went on to restage the ballet for other companies around the world such as The Royal Swedish Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, and the Birmingham Royal Ballet. The Birmingham Royal Ballet also included a new set and costume design by Paul Andrews.

Film

The production was filmed by Paul Czinner and received a cinematic release in 1966. The star-studded first cast with Fonteyn and Nureyev performed.

The film was one of a series of movies financed between Rank and the NFFC. It received some strong reviews but was a box office disappointment.
Since then it has been live streamed and recorded multiple times, the most recent of which being the 2012 filmed production of the ballet starring Lauren Cuthbertson and Federico Bonelli, filmed by Ross MacGibbon. A 90-minute abridgment by writer-producers (and dancers) Michael Nunn and William Trevitt for BBC television was broadcast in 2020 on PBS Great Performances.

Original cast
 Margot Fonteyn, Juliet
 Rudolph Nureyev, Romeo
 David Blair, Mercutio
 Desmond Doyle, Tybalt
 Anthony Dowell, Benvolio
 Derek Rencher, Paris
 Michael Somes, Lord Capulet
 Julia Farron, Lady Capulet
 Leslie Edwards, Escalus, Prince of Verona
 Georgina Parkinson, Rosaline
 Ronald Hynd, Friar Laurence
 Franklin Whyte, Lord Montague
 Betty Kavanagh, Lady Montague

Source:

Notes

Sources
Gottlieb, Robert. Reading Dance: A Gathering of Memoirs, Reportage, Criticism, Profiles, Interviews, and Some Uncategorizable Extras. Pantheon, 2008.
Parry, Jann. Different Drummer: The Life of Kenneth MacMillan. London: Faber & Faber, 2009.

Kavanagh, Julie. Nureyev: The Life. VINTAGE, 2008
MacGibbon, Ross, dir. Romeo and Juliet. 1965; London, UK: Royal Opera House, 2012. DVD
"Romeo and Juliet Pas De Deux." Kenneth MacMillan. MacMillan Estate. Accessed 7 June 2020.
"Romeo and Juliet." Kenneth MacMillan. MacMillan Estate. Accessed 7 June 2020.
Macaulay, Alastair. "Confessions of a 'Romeo' Fiend". The New York Times, The New York Times, 1 Apr. 2007
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Lynn Seymour". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 4 March 2019

External links

Ballets by Kenneth MacMillan
Ballets by Sergei Prokofiev
1965 ballet premieres
Ballets created for The Royal Ballet
Ballets based on Romeo and Juliet


Barro (Spanish and Portuguese for mud or clay) may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Barro Humano, a 1929 Brazilian film
 El Dios de barro, a 1970 Mexican telenovela
 Entre el barro, a 1939 Argentine musical film
 Barro, a 1951 Honduran novel by Paca Navas

People
 Aboubacar Barro (born 1991), Burkinabé professional footballer
 Adama Barro (born 1996), Burkinabé international footballer
 Analyn Barro (born 1996), Filipina actress and model
 Andrés do Barro (1947–1989), Spanish singer-songwriter
 Joaquín Barro (born 2001), Argentinian professional football player
 Josh Barro (born 1984), American journalist
 Juan Barro (born 1956), Spanish former swimmer
 Oumar Barro (born 1974), Burkinabé former professional football player
 Ousmane Barro (born 1984), Senegalese professional basketball player
 Robert Barro (born 1944), American classical liberal macroeconomist

Places

Europe
 Barro, Charente, France, a commune
 Barrô (Águeda), Aveiro, Portugal, a civil parish
 Barro (Llanes), Asturias, Spain, a civil parish
 Barro, Galicia, Spain, a municipality
 Gejuelo del Barro, Castile and León, Spain, a village and municipality

North America
 Barro, Utah, United States, a ghost town
 Barro Blanco Dam, a gravity dam on the Tabasara River in Chiriqui, Panama
 Barro Colorado Island, Panama, an island in the Panama Canal

South America
 Barro, Ceará, Brazil, a municipality
 Barro Alto, Bahia, Brazil, a municipality
 Barro Alto, Goiás, Brazil, a municipality
 Barro Negro (volcano), a scoria cone in Jujuy, Argentina
 Barro Preto, Bahia, Brazil, a municipality

Other uses
 Barro negro pottery, a type of black pottery from Mexico

See also
 Barros
 Barrow (disambiguation)


Knockmoy Abbey (Irish: ), also known as The Monastery of the Hill of Victory (Latin: ); and as Porta Magna (English: Great Door) and Teampollandorusmoir (English: The Chapel with the Big Door) after the dissolution of the monasteries, is a ruined Cistercian abbey located in Abbeyknockmoy, County Galway, Ireland. Founded in 1198, the abbey is known for its wall-paintings.

History
The abbey was founded in 1189 by Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair. Settled by monks from Boyle Abbey in County Roscommon, the abbey is located on the northern bank of the River Abbert in north east County Galway. The majority of the buildings that constitute the abbey date from the early 13th century, though it is likely further work was carried out in both the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries also.

Knockmoy was first plundered in either 1202 or 1203 by William de Burgh, and it was subsequently raided several other times, the next occasion being in 1228.

On 24 May 1542, following the dissolution of the monasteries, Hugh O'Kelly, the abbot  surrendered the abbey to Henry VIII.

Architecture

Composition of the monastery

Knockmoy Abbey's composition is largely typical of Cistercian monasteries. As a result, though there are no physical indications of whether or not the monastery had a tower, it is highly likely that the monastery had a low tower, a common feature of Cistercian friaries. Knockmoy is claustral in layout, though the cloister is now in use as a burial ground.

The monastery's church consists of a nave, two aisles, and a transept to the north and south, respectively. In each transept there are two side chapels. The nave is notably wide, and the transepts narrow. The laybrothers of the abbey would worship in the nave, while the monks would worship in the chancel. On the southwest corner of the church is a sculpture of a king, possibly Ua Conchobair. Though the nose and chin have broken away, the eyes, hair, and crown survive. The chancel ceiling is rib vaulted.

The ceiling of the sacristy is also vaulted, and dormitories were located above both the chancel and sacristy. Projecting eastward, and with a door on the first floor connecting to the dormitories was the garderobe. The walls of this building are not bonded with the rest of the monastery, and it is likely of fourteenth century construction.

The chapter room is also vaulted, and features a three-light window as well as two single-light windows. The three-light window is original, and features elaborately moulded jambs — the two single-light windows are of later construction, and feature rubble-work jambs. Cross-walls were added to the chapter room, blocking two of the three lights in the three-light window. It is possible that the two smaller windows were added at this point. The cross-walls divide the chapter room into three sections.

South of the chapter room was the calefactory, or the day room of the monks. Here a fire would have been kept for the monks to warm themselves by.

A section at the south end of the church formed the refectory. In the eastern end of the refectories south wall is an opening  wide, which would have featured steps leading up to a rostrum. Next to the refectory, to the south east, is a section of the monastery the function of which is difficult to ascertain. The walls here are in very poor condition, and having been reshaped several times to serve as a fence, give no indication as to the original placement of the windows. This may possibly have been the novices' rooms.

To the west of the cloister were buildings two storeys tall, which housed the lay brothers of the monastery. The lay brothers had a separate entrance to the church than the monks.

Close by the abbey is a modern mill, supposedly built on the site of a mill once belonging to the abbey.

Wall-paintings
The abbey is well known for its wall-paintings which once covered the entire north wall of the chancel of the abbey's church, though they are now partially destroyed. Though commonly referred to as frescoes, this is incorrect — they are in fact tempera, and there are no examples of true frescoes in any medieval churches in Ireland. The tempera at Knockmoy constitute one of a group of only four such artworks in Ireland. It is unclear whether or not they were once coloured. Long exposed to the elements, in the 1980s the Office of Public Works weather-proofed the segment of the abbey which houses them.

References

Notes

Sources

Cistercian monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Ruins in the Republic of Ireland
National Monuments in County Galway


Alethorpe is a deserted medieval village site and former civil parish, now in the parish of Little Snoring, in the North Norfolk district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It lies south-east of Little Snoring, around  north-east of the town Fakenham and  north-west of Norwich to the north of the A148 road. The village, which is one of around 200 lost settlements in Norfolk, was abandoned in the 16th century, probably as the consequence of the land being enclosed by the landlord of that time. It is occasionally referred to as Althorp in historical literature. In 1931 the parish had a population of 1.

History
The name 'Alethorpe' means 'Ali's outlying farm/settlement'.

The village of Alethorpe is mentioned in the Domesday Book. In the survey Alethorpe is recorded by the name of Alatorp and was a small settlement with a taxable value of 0.6 geld. The land was held by King William. A late Saxon disc brooch was discovered on the site in 1985.

Alethorpe was also recorded in the Nomina Villarum surveys. In the surveys Alethorpe is recorded as being a village of thirty houses in 1272, twelve taxpayers 1329, eleven in 1332, and twelve in 1377. It was recorded that there were ten heads of families in 1496.

The village was abandoned by the early 17th century, probably due to land enclosure; there is a 1604 petition by the last inhabitants to Sir Nicholas Bacon of Stiffkey, Justice of the Peace, against this.  The parish church, which was dedicated to All Saints, which was in use in 1552, was being used as a barn by 1602 and was in poor repair by that date. Three skeletons were unearthed in 1962 in what is assumed to be the churchyard.

By the middle of the 19th century Alethorpe was classified as an extra-parochial area in the Gallow Hundred, from 1858 Alethorpe was a civil parish in its own right, although united with Fakenham for religious purposes. until it was abolished on 1 April 1935 and merged with Little Snoring. The parish covered around  and was farmland. In 1869 the parish consisted of just one farm with a population of four. By 1891 it had a population of nine and in 1911 this had fallen again to five.

Modern Alethorpe
Alethorpe Hall, which is a modern building, stands on the site of the deserted village. A tree stands on the site of the church. A few low and generally indistinct earthworks remain along with possible track ways and a house platform, whilst a flint built barn at the hall dates from 1677. A small row of cottages, named Alethorpe Cottages, lie along the A148 road to the south-east of the deserted village site.

References

External links

Deserted medieval villages in Norfolk
Archaeological sites in Norfolk
Former civil parishes in Norfolk
North Norfolk


Alison Braden (born November 26, 1982 in Calgary) is a female water polo player from Canada. While attending California State University, Long Beach, she lettered on the women's water polo team from 2003–2005, having played 92 games and recorded 96 career assists. She was a member of the Canada women's national water polo team, that claimed the silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

1982 births
Living people
Canadian female water polo players
Sportspeople from Calgary
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Long Beach State Beach women's water polo players
Water polo players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games


The Annales médico-psychologiques is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the field of psychiatry. It was established in 1843 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Société médico-psychologique. Articles are published in French with abstracts in English. The editor-in-chief is Aimé Charles Nicolas (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 0.222.

References

Further reading

External links

Publications established in 1843
Psychiatry journals
Elsevier academic journals
French-language journals
1843 establishments in France


Mateos is a Spanish surname and Albanian and Ethiopian given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
Adolfo López Mateos (1910–1969), President of Mexico from 1958 to 1964
Adrián Mateos (born 1994), Spanish poker player
Antonio Mateos, set decorator
David Mateos Ramajo (born 1987), Spanish footballer
Diego Corrientes Mateos (1757–1781), Spanish bandit famous for his generosity to the poor
Enrique Mateos (1934–2001), Spanish footballer
Gerardo Ruiz Mateos, Mexican engineer and politician
José María Ruiz Mateos (1931–2015), Spanish businessman
Julián Mateos (1938–1996), Spanish actor and film producer
Marta Mateos (born 1984), Spanish football striker
Miguel Mateos (born 1953), Angentine rock and pop music singer/songwriter
Pilar Mateos (Valladolid, born 1942), Spanish writer of Children's literature
Raúl Fernández-Cavada Mateos (born 1988), Spanish footballer
Roberto Mateos (born 1963), Mexican actor of telenovelas
Yolanda Mateos (born 1972), Spanish former footballer

Given name
Mateos Toçi (born 1993), Albanian footballer

See also
Ciudad López Mateos, city in the State of México, México and the seat of the municipality called Atizapán de Zaragoza
Mateo (disambiguation)

Spanish-language surnames
Albanian masculine given names
Masculine given names
Ethiopian given names


Lacerda is a Portuguese language surname. Notable persons with that name include:

Alberto de Lacerda (1928–2007), Portuguese poet and radio presenter
Carlos Lacerda (1914–1977), Brazilian journalist and politician
Daniel Lacerda (born 1975), Canadian author
Edmar Lacerda da Silva (born 1982), Brazilian football striker
Edmar Halovskyi de Lacerda, Ukrainian-Brazilian footballer
Francisco de Lacerda (died 1798), Portuguese explorer
Genival Lacerda, Brazilian singer
João Baptista de Lacerda (1846–1915), Brazilian physician and  biomedical scientist
Leonardo Renan Simões de Lacerda (born 1988), Brazilian football central defender
Marcio Lacerda (born 1946), Brazilian politician
Maria Lacerda de Moura (1887–1945), Brazilian teacher, journalist, feminist, and anarchist
Osvaldo Lacerda (born 1927), Brazilian composer
Thiago Lacerda (born 1978), Brazilian actor

See also
Rodrigo Lacerda Ramos (born 1980), Brazilian footballer
Pontes e Lacerda, a municipality in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso

Portuguese-language surnames


National Poetry Writing Month (also known as NaPoWriMo) is a creative writing project held annually in April in which participants attempt to write a poem each day for one month. NaPoWriMo coincides with the National Poetry Month in the United States of America and Canada.

History
Maureen Thorson, a poet and publisher of Big Game Books announced the project March 17, 2003 as an online project on her blog.  She invited other poets with blogs to join her in the project and listed the participating poets.  Thorson has continued to run the project each year on her blog with more poets participating as the word has spread about the project.

In 2009 the American Academy of Poets tied the project to a fund-raising drive for the Academy.  The Academy had announced the fund-raising drive in honor of NaPoWriMo's "fifth anniversary" when it was actually the project's sixth year of existence.

Other sites fostering the project include the following:
 ReadWritePoem: No longer active, but archives kept on-line. Discussed NaPoWriMo in 2008, and supported NaPoWriMo with daily poetry prompts 2009-2010. Produced an anthology via Lulu press for 2010.
 Bloof Books: Created a podcast for the 2009 project..
 The Poetry Cove: In 2021 The Poetry Cove community launched an initiative to promote the project with its large online poetry community, posting daily prompts and encouraging different discussions and support around NaPoWriMo as well as raising awareness across the internet.
 Deep Underground Poetry: Been running annual "themed" poetry challenges since 2017.

References

External links

 DUP themed NaPoWriMo competitions

April observances
Writing contests
Poetry organizations


Huvudskär is a Swedish archipelago, consisting of about 200 rocks and islands, and a lighthouse. It is located in the Baltic Sea, in the southern part of the Stockholm archipelago. For many hundred years this area was very important for fishermen. Huvudskär is a very popular destination for sea travellers and tourists.

The lighthouse
In 1882 the first lighthouse was lit. This was placed on top of a keepers house made of wood. The lantern came from the deactivated lighthouse on Korsö. The light was a kerosene lamp. In 1931, the now standing tower was built and both the lantern and keepers house were removed. The new tower first ran on acetylene gas, and later was electrified. In 1992, solar power was installed to the lighthouse. It is owned and remote-controlled by the Swedish Maritime Administration.

See also

 List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Sweden

References

External links
 Sjofartsverket
 The Swedish Lighthouse Society

Buildings and structures in Stockholm County
Islands of Haninge Municipality
Islands of the Stockholm archipelago
Lighthouses in Sweden
Landforms of Stockholm County


Éric Jean Deloumeaux (born 12 May 1973 in Montbéliard, Doubs) is a French former football player. He spent his career in his native France and with a number of British clubs, including Coventry City (scoring once against Millwall) and Livingston (scoring once against Dundee United).

References

External links
 Official blog

1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Montbéliard
Footballers from Doubs
FC Gueugnon players
Le Havre AC players
Motherwell F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Livingston F.C. players
French men's footballers
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole players
CMS Oissel players
FCM Aubervilliers players
Men's association football defenders
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Scotland