Rubens Paiva (December 26, 1929 – January 20, 1971) was a Brazilian civil engineer and politician who, as a Congressman at the Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, opposed the implementation of a military dictatorship in Brazil in 1968. Due to his involvement with subversive activities, he was apprehended by the military forces and subsequently tortured and murdered.

Biography

Early life
Rubens Paiva was born in Santos, São Paulo. He was son of Jaime Almeida Paiva, a lawyer and a farmer, and Araci Beyrodt. He was married to Maria Lucrécia Eunice Facciolla Paiva, with whom he had five children: Marcelo Rubens Paiva, Vera Silvia Facciolla Paiva, Maria Eliana Facciolla Paiva, Ana Lucia Facciolla Paiva and Maria Beatriz Facciolla Paiva.

He graduated from the Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, in São Paulo, with a BA in Civil Engineering in 1954. He joined the "Oil is ours" nationalist campaign as a member of the student council. During his college years, he was the president of the Academic Center of the Civil Engineering Students and vice-president for the São Paulo Union of Students.

Political career
Paiva's political career began to rise in October 1962, when he was elected Congressman for the State of São Paulo by the Brazilian Labour Party. He took office in February of the next year and became a member of the Congressional Committee created to examine the activities of both the Institute for Social Research and Studies (Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais) and the Brazilian Institute for Democratic Action (Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática). Those two organizations were under the suspicion of funding commentators and writers who warned about the "red menace" in Brazil. The Committee also accused some high-ranked military officers of receiving bribery from the two aforementioned foreign entities, in a scheme that supposedly financed the upcoming military coup d'état on March 31, 1964. The Investigation Committee however, never presented any proof of such allegations. After the Brazilian government overthrown in 1964, Paiva, among other politicians, had his congressional position revoked by the junta on April 10, 1964.

Exile and return
Shortly after the coup, Rubens Paiva voluntarily left Brazil for self-exiles in Yugoslavia and in Paris, France. Nine months later, he was supposed to fly to Buenos Aires for a meeting with the deposed left-wing leaders João Goulart and Leonel Brizola. During the lay over in Rio de Janeiro though, he said to the flight hostess that he would be momentarily leaving the plane to buy cigarettes. Instead, he boarded on a flight to São Paulo, heading to his house, where his wife and children lived. Paiva then moved with his family to Rio de Janeiro and returned to work as a civil engineer, while continuing to collaborate with and assist exiled left-wing militants and guerrilla members inside and outside the Brazilian territory.

Rubens Paiva founded, alongside editor Fernando Gasparian, the newspaper Jornal de Debates and was the last director of Última Hora in São Paulo, before Samuel Weiner sold it to Octávio Frias' Grupo Folha.

When returning from a trip to Santiago, Chile, where he had been helping the exiled guerrillera daughter of his friend Bocaiúva Cunha, Paiva was mistakenly identified as a contact of "Adriano", which was the contact of Carlos Lamarca, then the top name on the most wanted terrorists list kept by Brazil's dictatorship regime.

Arrest and disappearance
Hoping to catch "Adriano" and thus reach Lamarca, the military forces raided Paiva's house in Rio de Janeiro and arrested him on January 20, 1971. The action was conducted by armed men that claimed to be members of the Brazilian Air Force.

After the raid, Paiva was reported missing. According to documents published by the Brazilian military, the car that was conducting Paiva to the Centro de Operações de Defesa Interna (Center for Internal Defense Operations) prison was forcibly stopped by unknown individuals that rescued him.

Eunice, Paiva's wife, was also arrested during the same operation and remained incommunicable for twelve days. Eliana, one of the couple's daughter, then a 15-year-old young woman, was in the same prison for 24 hours. Eunice and Eliana were interrogated in the same DOI-CODI room where suspected communist agents were tortured. They claim to have seen blood, the feared pau de arara and the portrait of Paiva in the tokens of recognition. They also said to have heard the screams from prisoners apparently being tortured.

While his wife and daughter were being interrogated, Paiva was transferred to the Destacamento de Operações Internas (Department of Internal Operations). Though his body was never found, accounts given decades later to the National Truth Commission by an Army doctor and former military officers revealed that Paiva died on the second day after his arrest from injuries related to torture in the Army barrack where he had been held.

In a 1971 letter, Eunice Paiva wrote, based on accounts by other political prisoners, that her husband was tortured on the same day she was arrested at the III Aerial Zone, located near Santos Dumont Airport, then under the command of João Paulo Burnier, also accused of torturing and killing Stuart Angel.

Rubens Paiva in the StB Archives
In the Czech State Security (StB) archives in Prague, in the folder nº 11,778, entitled 'People of Political and Economic Life in Brazil', there are two letters with official reports on Rubens Paiva. Both reports were written on March 27, 1964, by a Czech communist political police chief and secret agent operating in Brazil, codenamed Moldán.

The contents of the report explain why Moldán [or rather Josef Mejstřík], took interest in Paiva. With the help of the Brazilian journalist and communist agent Maria da Graça Dutra and agents Losada and Lenco, a mapping of the ideological spectrum of several Brazilian politicians was carried out, in order to catalog the respective political orientation of each one of them. The motivation that led Moldán to carry out this work was not due to a specific intelligence task, but an official request made by the Czechoslovak ambassador in the course of his legal diplomatic activities. However, all the information collected about Paiva was sent to the headquarters of the intelligence of StB, because that acquired content, sooner or later, could be useful for the Czech Communist Party.

The Czech spy's report on Rubens Paiva says:

"Rubens Paiva, congressmember and leader in one of the Congressional committees. He belongs to a more leftist wing of his party, and he is part of the so-called 'Compact Group', which reunites the most radical congressmembers under the influence of the Brazilian Communist Party, along with other radical leftist fringes. Rubens Paiva is known as a radical leftist congressman, but he does not call himself a communist. [...]  I met him last year, sometime in late May during my visit to the House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, and he was introduced to me along with other members of that committee.

I verified this earlier with the help of Maria da Graça Dutra, Losada and Lenco, along with many other names. […] All three responded in a consistent assessment of Paiva as being a radical nationalist and politically combative leader. Apparently, however, he is not a member of the Communist Party."

In Moldán's second note, dated from the same day, the above information was completed. He wrote that he was convinced he could use the report to carry out active operations involving Paiva, to exploit his role in the Brazilian parliament. The Czech agent states that his contacts with the congressman would intensify and, according to the results, he would see if how far he could go.

The recruitment, however, ended up never happening. The StB documents are dated from March 27, 1964, and the military coup d'état in Brazil that put communist militants on the run or in prison took place only four days later.

See also
List of kidnappings
List of solved missing person cases

References

1929 births
1970s missing person cases
1971 deaths
20th-century Brazilian engineers
Brazilian torture victims
Dead and missing in the fight against the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)
Enforced disappearances in Brazil
Formerly missing people
Male murder victims
Missing person cases in Brazil
People from Santos, São Paulo


Konstantin Georgiyevich Zuyev (; born 17 November 1981) is a Russian former professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk. He played one game in the UEFA Cup 2001–02 for FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk.

References

1981 births
Sportspeople from Pavlodar
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Zhemchuzhina-Sochi players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Leon Saturn Ramenskoye players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Rostov players
FC Anzhi Makhachkala players
FC Nizhny Novgorod (2007) players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Tyumen players
Russian Premier League players
FC Dynamo Makhachkala players


Franz Kohaut (died 1822) was a Czech botanical collector and gardener from Neuhaus, Bohemia.

In 1816–18 he accompanied botanist Franz Wilhelm Sieber (1789–1844) on an expedition to Crete, Egypt and Palestine, and afterwards worked for Sieber as a botanical collector in Martinique (1819–21). Specimens from Martinique were later distributed as Herbarium Martinicense. Kohaut died in 1822 while on an expedition in Senegal.

The plant genus "Kohautia" from the family Rubiaceae is named in his honor, as well as the species "Tetrapteris kohauti" Sieber ex Presl (Malpighiaceae) and  "Cestrum kohauti" Bercht. & J.Presl (Solanaceae).

References
 Aluka (Kohaut, Franz)

19th-century Austrian botanists
Botanists active in the Caribbean
Austrian people of Czech descent
Year of birth missing
1822 deaths


"Everything You Want" is a song by American alternative rock band Vertical Horizon, the title track and second single from their third studio album. First released to alternative radio in October 1999, the single reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 on July 15, 2000, following a commercial release on June 27, 2000. It also peaked atop the Billboard Adult Top 40 and was Billboards "Most Played Single" of 2000. It remains the band's most successful single.

Composition
In 2009, lead vocalist Matt Scannell said he "still experience[d] joy" singing "Everything You Want" because he knew "it came from a true place". The song deals with unrequited love, and Scannell explained its background in a 2010 interview: I was in love with this girl, and she was just a broken person. She kept turning to everyone except me for love and acceptance, and I wanted so much to help her. I wanted to be the one to give her everything she wanted, but I couldn't. She just couldn't accept it from me, and it was that pain, that led me to creating the song.

Music video
A music video for the single was directed by Clark Eddy in Los Angeles. Throughout the video, a split screen effect depicts two versions of Scannell acting differently in mirror environments. Lyrics flash across the screen as the band performs the song in a bright, illuminated room with black, vertical pinstripes. Couples are shown arguing, with various messages appearing across the screen such as "every six seconds you think about sex" and "there are two sides to every story." Finally, the view blurs with a message reading "everything you want is not everything you need" as the video comes to a close.

In January 2000, the video was chosen as "Inside Track" of the month by VH1.

Track listings

US CD single
 "Everything You Want" (radio mix) – 4:06
 "The Man Who Would Be Santa" (live) – 5:33

US 7-inch single
A. "Everything You Want" (radio mix) – 4:06
B. "You're a God" (radio mix) – 3:48

European and Australian CD single
 "Everything You Want" (modern rock mix) – 4:06
 "The Man Who Would Be Santa" (live edit version) – 5:33
 "Heart in Hand" (live edit version) – 5:46

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Release history

References

1999 singles
1999 songs
Bertelsmann Music Group singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
RCA Records singles
Songs about heartache
Songs written by Matt Scannell
Vertical Horizon songs


Everything You Want may refer to:

Everything You Want (film), a 2005 film aired on ABC Family
Everything You Want (Ray J album)
"Everything You Want" (Ray J song)
Everything You Want (Vertical Horizon album)
"Everything You Want" (Vertical Horizon song)


The British Rail Class 08 was the standard class of diesel locomotive designed for shunting. From 1953 to 1962, 996 locomotives were produced, making it the most numerous of all British locomotive classes. There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher-geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1193.

Since their introduction, the nature of rail freight in Britain has changed considerably, reducing or removing the need for shunting, therefore only a few Class 08 locomotives remain in service today. However, many have found an active retirement on heritage railways in Britain, with around 87 examples being classed as preserved. Another was preserved at Crewe, but scrapped in 2009. There may be more yet unregistered Class 08 shunters still working in Britain or abroad. Their low maintenance requirements means that most of them are still in operational condition, with only a small number of examples currently awaiting restoration, as of 2023.

Preserved examples

See also
 List of preserved British Rail diesel locomotives

References

08 list
British Rail Class 08 locomotives


Sir Sri Rama Varma XV  (1852–1932), known as the  Rajarshi of Cochin and as Ozhinja Valiya Thampuran (Abdicated Highness), was the ruler of the Kingdom of Cochin from 1895 to 1914.

Reign

In 1897, Rama Varma was appointed by British government as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI). He was the ruler when Viceroy Lord Curzon visited kingdom of Cochin in 1900. In January 1903 he attended the Delhi Durbar to commemorate the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, and he received the Delhi Durbar Medal. In the accompanying 1903 Durbar Honours he was promoted by British government as a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI). In 1906, Rama Varma visited Prince and Princess of Wales in Madras and later received a return visit from them.

Rama Varma abdicated the throne in 1914. He died in January 1932 at his summer residence in Thrissur. He was cremated with full state honours in the premises of his home. Both his palace and resting place are now situated in the premises of Sree Kerala Varma College, made by and named after Kerala Varma VII. His name was given to several educational institutions in the Cochin state like the one in Vadavucode named Rajarshi Memorial Higher Secondary school Vadavucode and Rajarshi Memorial Higher Secondary school, Alloor.

Personal life

Rama Varma XV had married twice, his first marriage did not last for long due to the death of his wife. His second wife was Ittyanath Madathil Parukutty a member of the Ittyanath Family from Villadam, Thrissur. Parukutty was his Nethyaramma there after. He also happens to be the step father of Ittyanath Madathil Madhavi (wife of Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran).

Parukutty was a widow herself before her marriage to Rama Varma XV and had a girl child from that marriage. As it's a custom then to leave children from earlier marriage at one's ancestral home Parukutty did the same after her marriage to Rama Varma XV. Upon her arrival at the Palace in Tripunithura, Rama Varma XV enquired about the child. When he heard about the child from Parukutty, he ordered that the child should be brought to the Palace at once. Later this child was destined to become a Nethyaramma herself after her marriage to Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran.

References

1932 deaths
1852 births
Indian knights
19th-century Indian monarchs
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Rulers of Cochin
Monarchs who abdicated
20th-century Indian monarchs
Indian Sanskrit scholars
19th-century Indian educational theorists
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Scholars from Kerala


(born January 3, 1956) is a Japanese comedian and actor from Ichikawa, Chiba. He is attached to Asaikikaku.

Roles

Television programs

Television drama
Sērā Fukudōri (1986) (Tanaka-sensei)
Furuhata Ninzaburō (1994) (Shigeo Sakomizu)
Boku dake no Madonna (2003) (Shō Ichigaya)
Yae's Sakura (2013) (Iwakura Tomomi)

Variety shows
Lion no Gokigen'yoh  (1991 - 2016)

Animation
Demashita! Powerpuff Girls Z (xxxx) (Episode 41 Part A narrator)
Coji-Coji (xxxx) (Haukyū-kun)
The Powerpuff Girls (xxxx) (The Talking Dog, The Narrator)

Film
Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla (xxxx) (Sapporo Salary Man (section manager))
No Yōnamono (xxxx) (Kawashima)
Supermarket Woman (xxxx) (Head of Sales Promotion)

Dubbing roles

Live-action
Spy Kids series (Fegan Floop (Alan Cumming))

Animation
Cats Don't Dance (Danny)

Impression repertoire
Jōji Abe
Takejō Aki
Kinichi Hagimoto
Sei Hiraizumi (as Atsuo Itō from Good Luck!!)
Goro Ibuki
Ikko
Junji Inagawa
Mikijirō Hira
Gō Katō
Shintaro Katsu
Kinya Kitaōji
Masaomi Kondō
Yutaka Mizutani
Kaori Momoi
Kensaku Morita
Takenori Murano
Kenichi Nagira
Akira Nakao
Piiko (Katsuaki Sugiura)
Zomahoun Idossou Rufin
Masaaki Sakai
Hiroshi Sekiguchi
Sanma Akashiya
Muneo Suzuki
Masakazu Tamura (as Furuhata Ninzaburō)
Kunie Tanaka (as Gorō Kokuban from Kita no Kunikara)
Sakae Umezu
Atsushi Watanabe
Eikichi Yazawa
Hidetaka Yoshioka (as Jun Kokuban from Kita no Kunikara)

References

External links
Asaikikaku profile

1956 births
Japanese impressionists (entertainers)
Japanese radio personalities
Living people
People from Ichikawa, Chiba


The Battle of San Juan (1595) was a Spanish victory during the Anglo–Spanish War. This war broke out in 1585 and was fought not only in the European theatre but in Spain's American colonies. After emerging from six years of disgrace following the resounding defeat of the English Armada at Lisbon in 1589, Francis Drake embarked on a long and disastrous campaign against the Spanish Main, suffering several consecutive defeats there. On 22 November 1595 Drake and John Hawkins tried to invade San Juan, Puerto Rico with 27 ships and 2,500 men. After failing to be able to land at the Ensenada del Escambron on the eastern end of San Juan Islet, he attempted to sail into San Juan Bay with the intention of sacking the city. Unable to capture the island, following the death of his comrade, John Hawkins, Drake abandoned San Juan, and set sail for Panama where he died from disease and received a burial at sea after failing to establish an English settlement in America.

Background
Queen Elizabeth I of England sent Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins on an expedition against the Spanish stronghold of Puerto Rico and Panama, in an attempt to strike a blow against the source of Spain's gold and silver. They set sail from Plymouth on 28 August 1595, with a fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men. Previous to that, the Spanish West Indian Fleet under the command of General Sancho Pardo Osorio  had sailed from Havana on 10 March with 2,000,000 pesos in gold and silver, bound for Spain. Damage from a storm in the Bermuda Channel five days later necessitated a trip to Puerto Rico for repairs, which was reached on 9 April. The treasure cargo was placed in La Fortaleza for safekeeping while repairs were undertaken. Admiral Pedro Tello de Guzmán, commanding five frigates, was sent to retrieve the treasure. Along the way to Puerto Rico, Tello captured one of Drake's ships, the Francis, near Guadeloupe, upon which he learned of Drake's mission, and hastened to Puerto Rico ahead of Drake.

Battle
General Sancho took command of the shore defences, Admiral Gonzalo Mendez de Cauzo commanded the forts, while Tello defended the harbour with his frigates. The Spanish decided to sink two vessels at the harbour entrance, with Tello's frigates just behind, to prevent the English from entering the harbour. The Spanish defence consisted of 1500 men, 800 of whom manned the 5 frigates, with 70 land-based cannon in addition to those on the frigates. Hawkins had died on 12 November from a fever, while Drake arrived offshore Puerto Rico on 22 November, anchoring off the Boquerón Inlet. The Spanish artillery and scored hits upon Drake's ship, Defiance, killing Sir Nicholas Clifford and Browne.  Drake moved his fleet to the vicinity of Isla de Cabras on 23 November.

According to a Spanish account,

On 25 Nov., Drake's fleet gave up the fight and departed.

Aftermath

The Spanish treasure fleet finally left Puerto Rico on 20 Dec. 1595, bound for Spain.

This defeat ended English hopes of establishing a presence in the Caribbean Sea. After an attempt to cross the Isthmus of Panama in January 1596 also ended in defeat, Drake succumbed to dysentery and on 28 January he would die.

Popular culture
The battle is mentioned in Lope de Vega's  poem La Dragontea.

References

Additional Reading

Colonial Puerto Rico
Conflicts in 1595
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Puerto Rico
Old San Juan, Puerto Rico
16th century in Puerto Rico
16th century in the Caribbean
1595 in Central America
1595 in the Caribbean
1595 in the British Empire
1595 in the Spanish Empire
History of San Juan, Puerto Rico


Habib Haddad (born 1980) is a serial entrepreneur and early stage investor. He is currently the president and managing director of the E14 Fund that invests in spin-offs from MIT. Investments include ThruWave, Formlabs, Kiwi, Figur8, Affectiva, Wise Systems. Haddad has founded a number of tech companies including Wamda, Yamli (Yahoo! licensed the technology in 2012), YallaStartup, and others.

He has also been an activist on various social issues in the Middle East, specifically in Lebanon.

He has been named by the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader in 2009 and as a top innovator under 35 (TR35) by the MIT Technology Review. Haddad's work in the MENA region is credited with playing a key role in strengthening its entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Education
Haddad holds a Bachelor of Computer and Communication Engineering from the American University in Beirut and a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California.

Career
Haddad is currently the president and managing director of the E14 Fund that invests in spin-offs from MIT such as Formlabs, Affectiva, Soofa, TulipSystems and others.

In 2004, Haddad was a founding engineer at an image based modeling software company Mok3 (now Everyscape) as a venture backed spinoff from MIT CSAIL, where he served until 2005 and joined ATI as a senior software engineer.

In 2006, he founded Relief Lebanon to support relief efforts during the 2006 war in Lebanon. The grass root effort was featured by the "101 Stories to Tell" initiative by the UNDP in February 2009.

In 2007, Haddad founded Yamli, the leading Arabic transliteration and smart search engine (Patent issued on Method and system for adaptive transliteration US 20090144049 A1). In 2012, Yahoo! acquired a license to Yamli's technologies. Yamli has been praised for empowering and re-energizing the Arabic language online.

In 2009, Haddad along with two other Middle East technology entrepreneurs, founded, YallaStartup, a non-governmental organization that aims to foster early stage entrepreneurship and startup creation. It was one of the first support organizations for MENA Entrepreneurs.

In 2011 he co-created Alive.in, a website that brought 1000 volunteers to transcribe and translate voicemails from the Egyptian protesters after the government shutdown of the internet. He started the company when Google and Twitter launched a project to allow people to leave a voice mail that will be then put on Twitter, Haddad came up with an idea to crowd source translation of those voices in real time from Arabic to other languages.

From 2012 to 2016, he was the founding CEO of Wamda, a platform of programs and networks that aims to accelerate entrepreneurship ecosystems across the MENA region. He also served as a venture partner of Wamda Capital, a growth capital VC fund, with investments in startups like taxi-hailing app Careem and LittleBits

Awards
 2009: The World Economic Forum recognized Haddad as a Young Global Leader. 30 under 30 Most Powerful Arabs, Arabian Business.
 2011: Named as a Top Innovator under 35 (TR35) by the MIT Technology Review.
 2009, 2015: Distinguished Alumni Award, American University of Beirut.
 2013: The Arab Thought Foundation awarded him the "Arab Creativity Award". The same year the American University Beirut honoured the entrepreneur as a distinguished alum.
 2012: Young Entrepreneur Award, Takreem
 2015: Most powerful 100 Arabs under 40, Arabian Business.
 2016: American University of Beirut counts him among 150 AUB History Makers for the university's 150-year anniversary.

Leadership
 Member of the Technology Pioneers selection committee of the World Economic Forum (2013–present)
 Co-Chair World Economic Forum Summit on the Middle East & North Africa (2011)
 Vice Chair of the Global Agenda Council on Entrepreneurship (2013), Member of to the Global Agenda Council on Innovation (2014–2015) – World Economic Forum
 Member of the World Economic Forum Global Future Council on Systems and Platforms (2016–present)
 Academy Member, Global Teacher Prize
 Advisory Board Member, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut

References

1980 births
Living people
University of Southern California alumni
American University of Beirut alumni
Businesspeople from Beirut


John Marshall (born 18 August 1964) is a former professional English footballer, who played over 400 games in the Football League for Fulham.

Marshall signed for Fulham as a schoolboy and played in 411 matches scoring 29 goals in the Football League from 1982 to 1997. After retiring from playing, he went on to become a scout and coach.

As well as working as a coach, Marshall worked with his father-in-law, the former Southampton and Halifax Town player Fred Kemp, in the family business, supplying furniture to offices and schools.

References

External links

Living people
1964 births
Footballers from Balham
English men's footballers
Fulham F.C. players
Fulham F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff


Sunrise Festival, released in 2008, was a live album from the Ozric Tentacles, recorded 1 June 2007 at the Sunrise Celebration Festival, Somerset, England.  This recording marks the return of Merv Pepler and Joie Hinton to the band, who had left in 1994 to concentrate on their other project, Eat Static.  The second disc is a DVD containing a bonus track "The Throbbe" following "Erpland."

Track listing
"...Blimey!" – 3:20
"O-I" – 3:46
"Vita Voom" – 4:41
"Jurassic Shift" – 13:00
"Sunrise Jam" – 8:35
"Erpland" – 6:14
"Snakepit" – 4:47
"Eternal Wheel" – 10:31
"White Rhino Tea" – 6:45
"Tidal Convergence" - 10:22

The band
 Ed Wynne – guitar & keyboards
 Joie Hinton – keyboards
 Brandi Wynne – bass guitar
 Merv Pepler – drums

References

Ozric Tentacles albums
2008 live albums


Craik-Patton House is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia.  It was built by James Craik and his wife, Juliet Shrewsbury, in 1834 in the Greek Revival style.  It was originally located on Virginia Street in Charleston, but moved to its present site in 1973 to save it from the threat of demolition.  It features four massive columns that support the extended center roof with pilasters placed above the front facade.  It was faithfully restored and preserved for the public by the National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the state of West Virginia and open for tours year round.

Though originally named "Elm Grove" the house is now called the Craik-Patton House in honor of Rev. James Craik who built the house, who was the grandson and namesake of George Washington's physician, Dr. James Craik. The Patton aspect of the name comes from Col. George S. Patton, grandfather of WWII hero George Patton, who lived in the house with his family from 1858 until his passing.

The Craik Patton House also features attractions of interest relating to several other prominent families of the Charleston region. Most notably among these are the Ruffner Log House which is located on the museum property. Within the house itself can be found artifacts not only of the two families it takes its name from, however also objects relating to the Kanwha Valley's role in local history.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

Gallery

References

External links

http://www.craik-patton.org

Greek Revival houses in West Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in West Virginia
Historic house museums in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1834
Houses in Charleston, West Virginia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Museums in Charleston, West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
Patton family
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
Ruffner family


Kurt von Briesen (3 May 1886 – 20 November 1941) was a general in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany. He was a recipient of the  Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross. Briesen led the 30th Infantry Division in the invasion of Poland in 1939. On 1 August 1940, Briesen was promoted to the rank of general of the infantry. On 25 November 1940 he was appointed commanding general of the LII Army Corps. Briesen was killed by Soviet aircraft near Isjum on the Seversky Donets River, southeast of Kharkov, on 20 November 1941.

Awards and decorations
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (September 1914) & 1st Class (December 1914)
 Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern with Swords (April 1918)
 Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (20 September 1939) & 1st Class (4 October 1939)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 October 1939 as Generalleutnant and commander of 30. Infanterie-Division

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1886 births
1941 deaths
People from Anklam
German Army generals of World War II
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
German Army personnel of World War I
German Army personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Military personnel from the Province of Pomerania
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Reichswehr personnel
Deaths by airstrike during World War II
Military personnel from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania


The North-East Union (Unione Nord-Est) was a Venetist political party active in Veneto.

The party was formed in 1996 by splinters from Liga Veneta–Lega Nord led by Adriano Bertaso, a regional councillor. In the 1996 general election the party won 2.0% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies, by running only in the Verona–Padua–Vicenza–Rovigo constituency (3.4%), and 2.6% for the Senate. In 1999 Bertaso led the Union into the Liga Veneta Repubblica (LVR) of Fabrizio Comencini, but soon after left it and re-organized his party, which is currently a minor political force in Veneto.

In the 2004 provincial election the party was revived and won 1.9% of the vote in Verona. In 2009 the UNE gained 1.8%.

In the 2010 regional election the party supported the candidacy of Antonio De Poli (UDC) for President. The UNE logo was used as common symbol of the joint Venetist list formed by the UNE, North-East Project (PNE), Liga Veneta Repubblica (LVR) and Venetian Agreement (IV). The list won 1.5% of vote regionally, with peaks of 1.9% and 1.8% in the provinces of Treviso and Belluno, and Mariangelo Foggiato (PNE) was elected to the Council.

In the 2011 provincial election of Treviso the UNE won 2.4% of the vote and the PNE lost all its provincial councillors.

In the run-up of the 2015 regional election the PNE, the LVR and other Venetist parties formed a joint list named Independence We Veneto, a sort of re-edition of 2010's UNE, but with a separatist platform and in support of Luca Zaia, incumbent President of Veneto and candidate of Liga Veneta–Lega Nord. The UNE joined forces with  Flavio Tosi, a former leader of Liga Veneta, and his Tosi List for Veneto instead, but obtained a mere 0.6% of the vote and no seats in the Council.

References

Sources
Francesco Jori, Dalla Łiga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti, Marsilio, Venice 2009
Ezio Toffano, Short History of Venetian Autonomism, Raixe Venete

External links
Official website

Political parties in Veneto
Political parties established in 1996


The Hall of Mental Cultivation (, Manchu:  yang sin diyan) is a building in the inner courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. The hall is a wooden structure with dome coffered ceilings, and was first built during the Ming dynasty in 1537, and was reconstructed during the Qing dynasty. During the early Qing dynasty under the reign of the Kangxi Emperor the hall was mostly used as a workshop, wherein artisan objects like clocks were designed and manufactured. From the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor during the 18th century, the hall was the residence for the emperor. Under the reign of the Qianlong Emperor until the fall of the Qing dynasty, the hall became the centre of governance and political administration. In the Western Warmth Chamber, the emperor would hold private meetings, and discuss state affairs with his mandarins. After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, from inside the Eastern Warmth Chamber, empress dowagers Ci'an and Cixi would hold audiences with ministers and rule from behind a silk screen curtain during their regencies for emperors Tongzhi and Guangxu, who both succeeded to the throne as children in the second half of the 19th century.

The Hall of Mental Cultivation contained the Hall of Three Rarities, which stored art and cultural relics, and the Qianlong Emperor's collection of 134 model calligraphy works from the Imperial Collection. He also housed three ancient calligraphy artworks by ancient calligraphers Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi and Wang Xun.

The hall's interior is decorated with polychrome paintings, glazed tiles, ancient thangkas, and traditional wax paper decorations. From 2006, the Palace Museum instigated a research and conservation project aimed at restoring the hall, and preserving its cultural relics like thangkas.

In anticipation of the hall's closure due to restoration in 2018, in 2017 the Palace Museum launched a digital exhibition about the Hall of Mental Cultivation.

History
Construction concluded in 1537, during the 16th year of the Ming dynasty’s Jiajing Emperor’s reign, which spanned from 1521 to 1566. During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (1661–1722) during the early Qing dynasty, the Hall of Mental Cultivation was primarily used as an imperial workshop of the 'Inner Court', or atelier for the newly established administrative body called the Department of Imperial Household Construction, or Zaobanchu. The Zaobanchu were responsible for manufacturing arts and crafts objects, “court utensils and paraphernalia.” Such craft studios within the hall, established in 1693, stored “clocks, jade, arms and maps" and was dedicated to Chinese artisans who influenced and helped European crusaders in developing their glass and enamel craft techniques. From 1691, most of these craft workshops and ateliers were transferred to the Palace of Compassion and Tranquility  (Cining gong) which was built in 1536.

Use and purpose
Ever since the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor from 1723 to 1735, the main purpose of the Hall of Mental Cultivation was to house the emperor. The Yongzheng Emperor moved from the Palace of Heavenly Purity to the Hall of Mental Cultivation, since he felt uncomfortable sleeping inside the place where his father died. The hall also became the main vicinity where he carried out his administrative and political duties. It was up until 1912 after the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor who ascended to the throne in 1909, that the Hall of Mental Cultivation stood as the political hub of the Qing dynasty.

During the early years of the Yongzheng Emperor’s reign, part of the hall was dedicated to constructing clocks, many of which were designed by European artisans. The emperor would often describe his desired function and design of the clock, which would then be sketched then constructed, according to the emperor’s specifications, and always subject to his approval.

Western Warmth Chamber
Also known as a nuange, the western warmth chamber was found inside the Hall of Mental Cultivation’s front hall. During the Qianlong Emperor's reign during the middle-late Qing dynasty, this room became the epicentre of such political and governmental activities. The emperor would read memorials and hold private meetings with his ministerial members. A private prayer room for the Qianlong Emperor which was also known as the Buddha Room which was two storeys tall, was also constructed in 1747.

Hall of Three Rarities
Constructed within the Hall’s Western Warmth Chamber, the Hall of Three Rarities or Sanxitang was the Qianlong Emperor’s study and was also dedicated to housing what are now deemed to be artistic and cultural relics. Inside this room, the Qianlong Emperor kept his calligraphy artworks. In particular, he stored three works by three significant calligraphers: Timely Clearing After Snowfall by Wang Xizhi from the Jin dynasty, Mid-Autumn by his son Wang Xianzhi, and Letter to Boyuan by Wang Xun, Xizhi’s nephew. Whilst keeping the original works, in 1747, the Qianlong Emperor ordered for these works as well as 134 other calligraphic works from the Imperial Collection to be carved into stone, and displayed in the nearby Pavilion of Reviewing the Past, or Yueguo lou in Beihai Park, Beijing. Some of these calligraphic works formally housed within the Hall of Three Rarities are now archived in a collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, titled the Model Calligraphies of the Hall of Three Rarities.

Timely Clearly After Snowfall
Written as a running script, this artwork depicts a short letter, written by Xizhi to his friend after a snowfall. According to the critic Chan Ching-fen from the Ming dynasty, the running script depicted in this artwork influenced the calligraphic style of Chao Meng-fu, a calligrapher from the Yuan dynasty.

Mid-Autumn
This model calligraphy made of bamboo, employs a cursive script (Chinese: 草書; pinyin: cǎoshū) and only has 22 Chinese characters. After the fall of Chinese imperialism, the work was sold from the private, royal collections by dowager Jingyi, the consort of Emperor Tongzhi. However, in the 1950s under the orders of Premier Zhou Enlai, China’s Ministry of Culture re-acquired this work, together with Letter to Boyuan by Wang Xun. This artwork is now displayed at the Palace Museum.

Eastern Warmth Chamber
This area of the hall was dedicated to Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci’an. It was in this room, that during the late Qing dynasty after the death of her husband Emperor Xianfeng, Empress Dowager Cixi ruled China from “behind a silk screen curtain”, engaging in official state affairs through and behind her son, the child emperor Tongzhi and the following emperor Guangxu.

From 1862 to 1866, while ruling behind the curtain and the child emperor Tongzhi, Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci’an were also lectured about peaceful governance by academics from the Hanlin Academy. Using the biographies of former emperors and empresses as the blueprint for political success, these lectures were dedicated to teaching the two Empress Dowagers about how to effectively rule China.

Western Side Hall
This area of the Hall of Mental Cultivation was dedicated to the “consecration of tablets of deceased emperors.”

Eastern Side Hall
This area served as a common Buddhist prayer hall.

Hall of Joyful Swallows
Found inside the rear hall inside the Hall of Mental Cultivation, the Hall of Joyful Swallows was reserved for the emperor’s high-ranking concubines.

Gate of Mental Cultivation
The Gate of Mental Cultivation or Yangxinmen, was constructed in front of the Hall and faced southwards, and could originally only be opened to the emperor. Buildings in front of the Gate housed and were reserved for the emperor’s eunuchs.

Layout
The Hall of Mental Cultivation is shaped like an ‘H’, or the Chinese character ‘gong’ (工) and occupies a space of approximately 3800m2. Surrounding the Hall are the Grand Council offices and those of other significant government bodies.

Construction and architecture

In a research experiment conducted in 2019 that aimed to uncover the technology utilised in constructing the royal buildings within the Forbidden City, Xu and colleagues discovered that the hall had been constructed with materials like “wood, black bricks, roof tiles and mortar.” Wood was a common material in ancient Chinese architecture and was used to frame the Buddha Room, which had cross-shaped wooden walls, partitions, and frames, shaped like zig-zags. The mortar formulated during the construction of the hall contained raw materials like “calcite, quartz, hematite, muscovite, mullite, aragonite and gypsum”, and plant fibres like “bamboo, jute, flax, hemp, ramie”, and even sticky rice, blood and plant juice.

Inside the main hall’s central bay, the domed coffered ceilings exhibited traditional patterns like dragons and golden decorations (douba-zaojing), reflective of the architectural and artistic style that pervaded the Ming dynasty. A product of Confucianism, a zaojing, (Chinese: 藻井; pinyin: zǎojǐng) or coffered ceiling, is shaped in either a square, octagon or circle, and is placed in the centre of the ceiling. It was a common feature in ancient Chinese halls, palaces, religious temples, and physically represented the “unity of heaven and man on the one hand, and a hierarchical society on the other.”

Based on archaeological discoveries of Neolithic water wells pertaining to the Hemudu culture within the Yuyao, Zhejiang province, it has been found that the design and physical properties of the zaojing derives from early wooden water well structures. The zaojing’s origins have also been linked to the designs of early skylights from ancient Chinese huts, particularly from the early Han dynasty.

Interior design

Decorative polychrome paintings
The decorative polychrome paintings like that of the “ridge tie-beam” of the main hall were created with mineral pigments like azurite and atacamite, and featured patterns and motifs reflective of the artistic style of the ruling dynasty at the time. For instance, during the Jiajing Emperor’s sovereignty amid the Ming dynasty, common decorative patterns within such paintings included the fangintoul: a sword tip with straight lines, a lengxian, a three-fold concave lined pattern, spiral flowers, and up-ward turned lotus bases.

Thangkas
Thangkas which are cotton or silk artworks painted by Lamas who historically worked inside the Forbidden City were often hung on the wooden walls of the Buddha Room.

Paper-based interior decoration
The walls and ceilings of the Hall of Mental Cultivation were decorated with many artworks created with biao hu (裱糊) a traditional handmade paper, lajan (蜡笺纸) a traditional handmade wax paper, and tie luo (贴落). A tie luo was a traditional Chinese calligraphy or painting and was popularised during the Qing dynasty where it was often affixed in imperial palaces. Court painters drew the tie luo which was then placed on top of the biao hu paper. Inside the hall was a dragon-embellished tie luo called Longevity (寿), made with lajan.

Restoration and conservation
Since 2006, the Palace Museum commenced a research and conservation project aimed at maintaining and restoring the Hall of Mental Cultivation.

Given that the hall has rarely been open to the public, its quiet and dusty interior has become prone to widespread pest-breeding. This has made preserving cultural relics a greater challenge, given that such pests target and destroy the relics which are often made with natural, organic material. In a study concerned with the conservation of cultural relics within buildings inside the Forbidden City, over the course of three years, Zhang and colleagues discovered that cultural relics inside the hall were at risk of decay, due to pests like the carpet beetle, silverfish, booklice, clothes moths, and the spider beetle. The relics that were most at risk were “carpets, felts and rafters used as partitions.” The Buddha Room, which houses up to 38 thangkas, had the highest concentration of pests, specifically carpet beetles. The preservation of thangkas is particularly difficult, since not only insect damage but environmental conditions like changes in winds and temperatures, exposure to light, effects of pollution and dust, paint loss and natural ageing can quickly cause the artworks to tear, wrinkle, or become brittle. The hall’s glazed tiling, which was also a common feature in ancient Chinese architecture, has also experienced degradation and poor conservation due to hundreds of years of exposure to constant changes in environmental conditions, particularly rain.

Since September 2018, the Hall of Mental Cultivation has been closed due to such restoration. It was expected that the hall would reopen in 2020.

Digital exhibition
In October 2017, the Palace Museum launched the digital experience exhibition Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation. This exhibition is displayed within the Duanmen Tower, inside the digital display hall called the Duanmen Digital Museum, which was built in 2015. Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation is the first digital exhibition in China that integrates ancient architecture, traditional culture and technology.

Discovering the Hall of Mental Cultivation won the Golden Award at the 2018 Festival of Audio-visual Multimedia, an event sponsored by the Committee of International Council of Museums, and Audio-visual International Multimedia.

References

External links

Forbidden City
Government buildings in China
Ming dynasty architecture
Qing dynasty architecture
History of Beijing


SkyStar Airways Co., Ltd, operating as SkyStar Airways, was an airline based in Bangkok, Thailand.

SkyStar Airways had 250 employees (2009).
SkyStar Airways ceased operations on 3 January 2009 after not paying staff salaries for six months after September 2008.

Destinations
SkyStar Airways served the following destinations (at July 2009):

Asia
People's Republic of China
Chengdu – Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport [seasonal]
Chongqing – Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport [seasonal]
Harbin – Harbin Taiping International Airport [seasonal]
Nanning – Nanning Wuxu Airport [seasonal]
South Korea
Busan – Gimhae International Airport
Seoul – Incheon International Airport
Thailand
Bangkok – Suvarnabhumi Airport hub
Chiang Mai – Chiang Mai International Airport [seasonal]
Phuket – Phuket International Airport focus city
Surat Thani – Surat Thani Airport [seasonal]

Fleet
SkyStar Airways had operated the following aircraft (at 8 July 2009):

References

External links

SkyStar Airways aircraft
SkyStar Airways fleet

Defunct airlines of Thailand
Airlines established in 2005
Airlines disestablished in 2009
Companies based in Bangkok
Thai companies established in 2005
2009 disestablishments in Thailand


Zhou Yu ( 190s), courtesy name Renming, was a Chinese military general and politician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was from Kuaiji Commandery, which is around present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang. He had two brothers: Zhou Ang and Zhou Xin.

In 189, when the warlord Cao Cao was recruiting soldiers to participate in a campaign against the warlord Dong Zhuo, who controlled the Han central government from 189 to 192, Zhou Yu managed to draft 2,000 soldiers and he brought them along to join Cao Cao. He became a subordinate of the warlord Yuan Shao later and was appointed as the Inspector () of Yu Province.

In 191, Zhou Yu fought on Yuan Shao's side at the Battle of Yangcheng against Yuan Shao's half-brother and rival Yuan Shu, whose forces were led by his ally Sun Jian. Although Zhou Yu gained the upper hand in the initial stages of the battle, he eventually lost to Sun Jian. In historical records, however, it is erroneously recorded that Zhou Yu's brother Zhou Ang was the one who was involved.

In 192, Zhou Yu and his brother Zhou Ang were defeated in a battle at Yinling County (陰陵縣; northwest of present-day Changfeng County, Anhui) against Yuan Shu's forces. After the battle, he returned to his home in Kuaiji Commandery, where he was murdered by Xu Gong, the Administrator of Wu Commandery.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

 Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

2nd-century births
Generals under Yuan Shao
Political office-holders in Henan
Politicians from Shaoxing
Year of death unknown


Travel Healthcare is a growing sector in India. In 2022, India's travel healthcare sector was estimated to be worth US$9 billion.Approximately 2 million patients visit India each year from 78 countries for medical, wellness and IVF treatments, generating $6 billion for the industry which is expected to reach $13 billion by 2026 backed by the government’s Heal in India initiative. According to a report from 2019 by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry and Ernst & Young, most of the medical patients arrivals in India were from Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, and SAARC region. India also receives significant number of medical patients from Australia, Canada, China, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The city of Chennai has come to be known as the healthcare capital of India.

To encourage applications and ease the travel process for medical tourists, the government has expanded its e-tourism VISA regime in February 2019. The maximum duration of stay under this visa is 6 months. Since 30 August 2019, foreigners can receive any medical treatment in India with the exception of organ transplants without a medical visa.

In Aug 2023, The Government of India’s Ministry of Home Affairs has announced the creation of the Ayush Visa category for foreign nationals at promoting travel healthcare in India.

Attractions
Advantages of medical treatment in India include reduced costs, the availability of latest medical technologies, and compliance on international quality standards, doctors trained in western countries including the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as English-speaking personnel, due to which foreigners are less likely to face language barrier in India.

Advantages

Cost

Most estimates found that treatment costs in India start at around one-tenth of the price of comparable treatment in the United States or the United Kingdom. The most popular treatments sought in India by medical tourists are alternative medicine, bone-marrow transplant, cardiac bypass, eye surgery, and joint replacement.

Quality of care
India has 839 NABH accredited hospitals.However, for a patient traveling to India, it is important to find the optimal doctor-hospital combination. After the patient has been treated, the patient has the option of either recuperating in the hospital or at a paid accommodation nearby. Many hospitals also give the option of continuing the treatment through telemedicine.

The city of Chennai has been termed "India's health capital". Multi- and super-specialty hospitals across the city bring in an estimated 150 international patients every day. Chennai attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad arriving in the country and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. Factors behind the tourists inflow in the city include low costs, little to no waiting period, and facilities offered at the specialty hospitals in the city. The city has an estimated 12,500 hospital beds, of which only half is used by the city's population with the rest being shared by patients from other states of the country and foreigners. Dental clinics have attracted dental care tourism to Chennai.

Private institutions and organizations such as Max Healthcare have consulted and treated up to 50,000 foreign patients in hospitals across the country.

The promotion of medical tourism in India has helped private players capitalize on this market opportunity.

According to Darpan Jain, Joint Secretary of the Indian government's Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce & Industry:

Bengaluru, Chandigarh Capital Region (CCR), Delhi NCR including Gurugram and Faridabad, Jaipur, Kerala, Kolkata, and Mumbai are other Medical tourism hubs in India. Hisar Medicity is an upcoming hub, which was under planning and construction in 2021.

Ease of travel
The government has removed visa restrictions on tourist visas that required a two-month gap between consecutive visits for people from Gulf countries which is likely to boost medical tourism. A visa-on-arrival scheme for tourists from select countries has been instituted which allows foreign nationals to stay in India for 30 days for medical reasons. In 2016, citizens of Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Maldives, Republic of Korea and Nigeria availed the most medical visas.

Language
Despite India's diversity of languages, English is an official language and is widely spoken by most people and almost universally by medical professionals. In Noida, a number of hospitals have hired language translators to make patients from Balkan and African countries feel more comfortable while at the same time helping in the facilitation of their treatment.

A large number of medical tourism companies are facilitating foreigners, especially patients from Arabic, Russian and English-speaking countries.

Statistics
In November 2019, a report from The Economic Times stated that of all medical tourist arrivals in India, Maharashtra receives 27%, Chennai receives around 15%, and Kerala receives nearly 5–7% of them.

Russia
Russia Beyond notes that of the estimated 300,000 Russian medical tourists who travel worldwide every year for healthcare, India receives over 70,000 of them.

See also
 Medical tourism provider

References

Further reading

India
Tourism in India


Rosina Wachtmeister (born in Vienna, 1939) is an Austrian artist, whose work includes cat sculptures and portraits. Her Das Lied von der Liebe is a book whose graphics illustrate the biblical Song of Songs.

A list of her books can be seen at the website of the German National Library.

Publications
Wachtmeister, Rosina: Das Lied von der Liebe. Pattloch, Munich, 2004. . Died in 2009

References

External links
Official website

Living people
1939 births
20th-century Austrian women artists
21st-century Austrian women artists
Artists from Vienna
Austrian women painters


Chrysophylloideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the chicle family, Sapotaceae.

Genera
Genera accepted by the Germplasm Resources Information Network as of December 2022:

 Achrouteria Eyma
 Amorphospermum F.Muell.
 Aubregrinia Heine
 Beccariella Pierre
 Breviea  Aubrév. & Pellegr.
 Chromolucuma  Ducke
 Chrysophyllum  L.
 Cornuella Pierre
 Delpydora Pierre
 Diploon Cronquist
 Donella Pierre ex Baill.
 Ecclinusa Mart.
 Elaeoluma Baill.
 Englerophytum K.Krause
 Gambeya Pierre
 Leptostylis Benth.
 Lucuma Molina
 Magodendron Vink
 Martiusella Pierre
 Micropholis (Griseb.) Pierre
 Nemaluma Baill.
 Niemeyera F.Muell.
 Omphalocarpum P.Beauv.
 Pichonia Pierre
 Planchonella Pierre
 Pleioluma Baill.
 Pouteria Aubl.
 Pradosia Liais
 Pycnandra Benth.
 Sahulia Swenson
 Sarcaulus Radlk.
 Sersalisia R.Br.
 Spiniluma (Baill.) Aubrév.
 Synsepalum (A.DC.) Daniell
 Tridesmostemon Engl.
 Van-royena Aubrév.
 Xantolis Raf.

References

External links

Asterid subfamilies


The Battle of Blaye of 1593, also known as the Battle of Bec d'Ambès (in French)  or Battle of the Gironde Estuary, was a naval Spanish victory that took place on 18 April 1593 off Blaye and Bec d'Ambès, Gironde Estuary, France, during the seven-month siege of Blaye between the French-Protestant forces of Henry of Navarre and the French-Catholic garrison of the city led by Governor Jean-Paul d'Esparbès de Lussan d'Aubeterre, in the context of the Brittany Campaign during the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).

Background
In 1592, some ships were acquired by farmer Peter Houghton and a group of London merchants, to help Marshal Matignon attack Leaguer Blaye and defend the Gironde against a Spanish squadron from Pasajes. Of these, six were English warships commanded by Admiral Wilkinson, Vice-Admiral Brailford and captains Johnson, Meriall, Bower and Courtney.

Battle
In April 1593, a Spanish naval force of 16 warships (flyboats and pinnaces) commanded by Admiral Pedro de Zubiaur and General Joanes de Villaviciosa Lizarza set out to relieve Blaye. The city was controlled by the Catholic League of France, but under heavy siege by French Royal troops, supported by English and Huguenot forces, commanded by Marshal Matignon, and blocked by sea by six English warship-squadron under Admiral Wilkenson.   On 18 April the English naval force was defeated and dispersed by Zubiaur's fleet, and the Spanish troops disembarked at Blaye, relieving the Catholic forces. In the naval engagement, the English warships of admiral Wilkenson and Vice-Admiral were boarded by the Spaniards, burnt and destroyed, whilst two Spanish flyboats named Fortuna and Grifo were also sunk.

Soon after, another Anglo-French fleet of 11 to 19 warships from Bordeaux, supported by about 40 small vessels (including six galleasses from the port of La Rochelle), arrived at Blaye, trying to block the Spanish fleet. After a fierce and unequal battle, amid an intense storm, the Spaniards were victorious, with significant loss of life on both sides due to heavy musket fire. In the end, many ships of both fleets were dispersed by the storm, and the Spanish fleet managed to return safely to the port of Pasajes.

For his part in the fighting, Pedro de Zubiaur was decorated by King Philip II of Spain, receiving the title of "de general como a lo demás de escuadra para que antes que muera deje esto a los míos".

On 14 July the same year another Spanish force, composed of six pinnaces, under the command of Joanes de Villaviciosa Lizarza, and 120 soldiers led by Captain Antonio Manrique de Vargas, sailed from the Basque port of Castro Urdiales, to reinforce the Catholic forces of Blaye. After the Spanish troops under Villaviciosa launched a successful assault against the Protestant positions, which resulted in over 800 Protestants killed or wounded, the siege finally ended with the withdrawal of the French-Protestant troops.

See also
 Battle of Craon
 Battle of the Bay of Biscay (1592)
 Siege of Fort Crozon
 Battle of Cornwall
 French Wars of Religion
 Catholic League of France

Notes

References
 Bruce Wernham, Richard. List and Analysis of State Papers, Foreign Series: May 1592-June 1593. H.M. Stationery Office, 1964.
 Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1898). Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón. Vol. III. Madrid.
 José Ortiz y Sanz. Historia General de España. Vol. VII. Third Edition, Madrid (1846).
 Gustav Ungerer. A Spaniard in Elizabethan England: The Correspondence of Antonio Pérez's Exile. Vol. I. London 1974.
 Mac Caffrey, Wallace T. (1994). Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603. Princeton. Princeton University Press. USA.
 Ortega y Medina, Juan Antonio. El conflicto anglo-español por el dominio oceánico. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 1994.
 Gracia Rivas, Manuel. En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI. Itsas Memoria. Untzi Museo Naval. San Sebastián 2006.

External links
 José Ortiz y Sanz. Historia General de España. Vol. VII. Battle of Blaye 1593.

Conflicts in 1593
Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
Battles involving England
Battles involving Spain
Battles involving France
1593 in France
1593 in the British Empire


William Pitt Angel (February 2, 1813 in Cooperstown, Otsego County, New York – February 8, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
He was the son of William G. Angel and Emily P. (English) Angel (1790–1822). He practiced law at Olean. He was District Attorney of Cattaraugus County from 1845 to 1850 and from 1857 to 1859.

In 1848, he ran on the Barnburners/Free Soil ticket for Inspector of State Prisons, but was defeated by Whig Alexander H. Wells. In 1850, he ran again, this time on the Democratic and Anti-Rent tickets, and was elected, being in office from 1851 to 1853. On February 20, 1851, he married Laura Eliza Bigelow (1826–1872).

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Cattaraugus Co., 1st D.) in 1865. Afterwards he removed to Morrisania, then in Westchester County, and practiced law there. In 1868 he formed a partnership with his brother James R. Angel (1836–1899) but died the next year.

New York State Senator Wilkes Angel (1817–1889) and Texas Angel (1839–1903, a lawyer in Hailey, Idaho, and a Populist contender for U.S. Senator from Idaho in 1897) were also his brothers.

Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 45 and 370; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner (1867; pages 411, 501 and 507)
Angel genealogy at Gen Forum
History and Genealogy of the Pomeroy Family by Albert Alonzo Pomeroy (page 609)

1813 births
1869 deaths
People from Olean, New York
People from Cooperstown, New York
New York State Prison Inspectors
County district attorneys in New York (state)
Democratic Party members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Free Soilers


WLCN may refer to:

 WLCN (FM), a radio station (96.3 FM) licensed to Atlanta, Illinois, United States
 WLCN-CD, a television station (channel 18) licensed to Charleston, South Carolina, United States


Pedro de Zubiaur, Zubiaurre or Çubiaurre (1540 – 3 August 1605) was a Spanish naval officer, general of the Spanish Navy, distinguished for his achievements in the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).

Biography
Born into a seafaring family from Biscay, Zubiaur started his naval career in 1568 plying between the ports of Bilbao and Flanders, where he worked under the command of the Grand Duke of Alba. After getting promoted to General for his naval achievements in the Low Countries, during the Brittany campaign he won several battles against the English for Philip II of Spain, the most famous of them during the relief of Blaye. He captured six English ships from Raleigh's fleet near cape Finisterre in 1597.

After the war, in 1605, he was put in command of 18 ships charged with transporting troops to Dunkirk but on the way they met a Dutch fleet of 80 ships under admiral Hatwain. Zubiaur was severally wounded in the ensuing battle. After losing two ships and 400 men, he managed to find shelter at Dover, under the protection of the English artillery, now allied to Spain. His injuries, however, were so serious that he died there some days later. His body was transported to Bilbao for burial.

References
GRACIA RIVAS, Manuel: En el IV Centenario del fallecimiento de Pedro Zubiaur, un marino vasco del siglo XVI. Revista de Estudios Marítimos del País Vasco, 5, Untzi Museoa-Museo Naval, Donostia-San Sebastián, 2006, pp. 157-171

Basque sailors
Spanish sailors
Spanish generals
Spanish military personnel killed in action
1540 births
1605 deaths
People of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
People from Lea-Artibai


The Beeches may refer to:

 Beeches (Frankfort, Kentucky), a brick house in Frankfort, Kentucky, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 The Beeches (Springfield, Tennessee), a historic mansion in Springfield, Tennessee, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 The Beeches (St. Albans, West Virginia), a historic home located at St. Albans, West Virginia, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 The Beeches (painting), an 1845 painting by Asher Brown Durand

See also
 Beech (disambiguation)
 Beach (disambiguation)


1 Step Ahead of Yall is the debut album by rapper EA-Ski. It was originally released in 1992 for In a Minute Records, but was later re-released on February 16, 1999, through No Limit Records.

Track listing

References

1992 debut albums
Albums produced by E-A-Ski
No Limit Records albums
Priority Records albums
E-A-Ski albums


José de Jesús Álvarez Gutierrez (born June 2, 1978) is a Mexican professional wrestler, better known by his ringname Joe Líder. He currently competes in Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). He is known for being a former member of the tag team La Hermandad Extrema with Nicho el Millonario who, like himself, is one of several wrestlers to emerge from the independent circuit during the 1990s. Álvarez is also the real-life brother of Demoledor and had faced him on several occasions during his career, most notably, defeating him in their hometown in a "hair vs. hair" match at the Arena Victoria in January 2005.

Professional wrestling career
In one of his first matches with The Mexican Powers, he and Crazy Boy teamed with Juventud Guerrera and Psicosis II in an 8-man tag team match to defeat Chessman, Escoria, Cuervo and Ozz at the Verano de Escandalo (2006) on September 17, 2006. Three months later at Guerra de Titanes 2006, Líder was pinned by Escoria in a match with Crazy Boy and Psicosis against Escoria, Cuervo and Ozz.

He also took part in a 4-team elimination match to determine the first AAA World Tag Team Championship at Rey de Reyes (2007) but lost out to Cuervo and Ozz when Líder was pinned by Ozz in the final fall. The other participants were Alan Stone and Zumbido and Pegasso and Super Fly.

On July 15, 2007, he and Crazy Boy won the AAA World Tag Team Championship from Cuervo and Ozz in a ladder match at Triplemania XV. At the first annual 2007 Antonio Peña Memorial Show, he and the Mexipowers lost to Extreme Tiger, Halloween and Nicho el Millonario.

At Verano de Escandalo (2007), Líder was pinned by Mr. Niebla in an 8-man tag team match pitting The Mexican Powers (Líder, Crazy Boy, Extreme Tiger and Juventud Guerrera) against Antifaz del Norte, Histeria, Mr. Niebla and Psicosis. Líder and Crazy Boy later defended their titles in an "extreme four-way dance" against Charly Manson and Chessman, Extreme Tiger and Halloween and Teddy Hart and Sabu at Guerra de Titanes 2007 on November 20, 2007. At Rey de Reyes (2008), Líder was involved in a 6-man ladder match involving Chessman, Teddy Hart, Halloween, Juventud Guerrera and Extreme Tiger who won the match.

He later regained the AAA World Tag Team titles with Nicho el Millonario, calling themselves La Hermandad Extrema (later renamed La Hermandad 187), at Verano de Escandalo (2008) in a "four-way" ladder match between Crazy Boy and Último Gladiador, Extreme Tiger and Halloween, and Jack Evans and Teddy Hart. They successfully defended the titles against Alan and Chris Stone and Jack Evans and Teddy Hart in a "three-way" ladder match at the 2008 Antonio Peña Memorial Show. They also faced Jack Evans and Teddy Hart at Guerra de Titanes 2008 fighting them to a double-countout. At the 2009 Rey de Reyes, Líder was eliminated in the opening rounds by Alan Stone. This was a 4-man elimination match that also included Elegido and Silver King. La Hermandad 187 are the longest reigning tag team champions, with a reign of 551 days. On March 19, 2010, they lost the championship to La Legión Extranjera representatives Taiji Ishimori and Takeshi Morishima. On June 6, 2010, at Triplemania XVIII, La Hermandad 187 participated in a 4-Way elimination match for the AAA World Tag Team Championship. Líder eliminated the then reigning AAA World Tag Team Champions (Atsushi Aoki and Go Shiozaki) when he pinned Shiozaki. later on Líder was pinned by James Storm of Beer Money, Inc. after interference from Konnan, denying them the chance to regain the tag team championship. Later in the night La Hermandad helped Cibernético beat up almost all the members of La Legión. Afterwards La Hermandad started feuding with La Sociedad, a superstable consisting of invaders from Los Perros del Mal and members of Los Maniacos, La Legión Extrangera and La Milicia, El Zorro and Hernandez in particular. La Hermandad received their rematch for the AAA World Tag Team Championship from Los Maniacos (Silver King and Último Gladiador) on September 19, 2010, but Lider was forced to enter the match without Nicho, who was taken out by El Zorro, Hernandez and La Legión the previous week, and was unable to regain the championship. At Héroes Inmortales IV Nicho and Lider gained a measure of revenge on Konnan by defeating him and Perros del Mal members Damián 666 and Halloween in a three–on–two handicap hardcore match. On December 5 at Guerra de Titanes Líder and Nicho received a shot at the AAA World Tag Team Championship, but were unable to dethrone Los Maniacos in a three-way ladder match, which also included Hernandez and El Ilegal. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Líder, Electroshock and Heavy Metal defeated Silver King, Último Gladiador and Chessman in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. During the match, Nicho tried entered the ring and tried to exact revenge on La Maniarquía for injuring him, but was stopped and suspended by AAA president Joaquín Roldan. Nicho returned to AAA on July 16, threatening Roldan, which led to Líder trying to calm his partner down. This in turn led to Nicho declaring that if Líder was with Roldan, they were no longer friends. Later in the event, Nicho interfered in Líder's match and turned on him, effectively ending La Hermandad 187. On July 31 at Verano de Escándalo, Nicho attacked Líder during a Monster's Ball match and put him through a flaming table, costing him the match in the process. In early 2012, Líder reunited with the returning Juventud Guerrera as the Mexican Powers. On May 6, Líder and Guerrera challenged Abyss and Chessman for the AAA World Tag Team Championship, but were defeated following interference from Nicho, now working as Psicosis and wearing his old mask, supposedly to cover his face burned by Líder. On August 5 at Triplemanía XX, Líder reunited with Psicosis for one night to take part in a Parejas Suicidas steel cage match, featuring three other former tag teams. Líder lost the match, after being turned on by Psicosis, forcing the two to face other in a Hair vs. Hair match later in the event. In the end, the match was won by Psicosis, forcing Líder to have his head shaved bald.

On September 7, 2014, Líder turned on Argenis and Jack Evans and joined the Los Perros del Mal stable. On December 7, Líder and Perros del Mals newest member Pentagón Jr. won the AAA World Tag Team Championship. They held the title until October 4, 2015.

Championships and accomplishmentsLucha Libre AAA WorldwideAAA World Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Crazy Boy (2), Nicho el Millonario (1), Vampiro (1), and Pentagón Jr. (1)
Mexican National Atomicos Championship (1 time) – with Psicosis II, Crazy Boy and Juventud Guerrera
Copa Hijo del Perro Aguayo (2017)Desastre Total UltraviolentoDTU Extreme Championship (2 times)International Wrestling Revolution GroupIWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship (1 time) – with Silver King and Último GladiadorKings Bull WrestlingKBW Extremo Championship (1 time, current)Perros del Mal ProduccionesPerros del Mal Extremo Championship (1 time, current)Pro Wrestling IllustratedPWI ranked him #149 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010Producciones SánchezTrofeo Arena Neza (2016) - with Kahn del Mal & Pentagon Jr.Xtreme Latin American WrestlingXLAW Junior Heavyweight Championship (3 times)Other Championships'
Distrito Jalisco Middleweight Championship (1 time)
Distrito Jalisco Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWG Extreme Championship (3 times)
Tonala Absolute Championship (1 time)

Luchas de Apuestas record

Footnotes

References

External links
AAA profile
Joe Líder at Cagematch.net

1978 births
Living people
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from Jalisco
People from Guadalajara, Jalisco
AAA World Tag Team Champions


The Ohio Academy of History is the professional society for historians who work or reside in the state of Ohio. It was founded in 1932.  As its constitution specifies, its object is "to promote the study and teaching of history, historical research, and the publication of historical works; to encourage historical organizations, libraries, and archives; and to aid in the elevation of the general level of historical consciousness in the State of Ohio."

It holds two meetings each year: a fall business meeting and a spring conference where members and participants present scholarly research papers.  These meetings are held at different colleges, universities and institutions around the state.  It offers several awards each year, including the Distinguished Publication Award (since 1971), Distinguished Historian Award, Outstanding Dissertation Award (since 1995), Distinguished Service Award (since 1971), Public History Award and the Teaching Award (since 1981).

Selected papers presented at the annual conference are published in the Academy's Proceedings.

External links
Official Ohio Academy of History Website

Historical societies of the United States
Organizations based in Ohio


Cleomella parviflora is a species of flowering plant in the cleome family known by the common name slender stinkweed. It is native to eastern California and western Nevada, where it grows in desert and sagebrush scrub in the Mojave Desert and southern parts of the Great Basin. It is an annual herb producing a smooth, hairless, reddish stem up to about 45 centimeters tall. There are a few leaves, each made up of three elongated, fleshy leaflets. Most of the flowers are located in a raceme at the tips of the stem branches, and there may be a few solitary flowers in the axils of the leaves. Each flower has four tiny pale yellow petals, each about 2 millimeters long. The fruit is a lobed, valved capsule which hangs on the tip of the remaining flower receptacle.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

parviflora
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Plants described in 1865


"Tunnel de la mort" (Tunnel of Death) is the informal name given, in Montreal, to the notoriously dangerous intersection of Rue d'Iberville and Boulevard Saint-Joseph, at the border of the Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie and Plateau-Mont-Royal boroughs. The intersection owes this name to the dangerously poor visibility caused by the three railway overpasses immediately to the north, east, and west of it, and by concrete retaining walls on all four corners. More than 250 serious accidents were reported at that intersection between 1992 and 2002.

 Both streets narrow at the approach of this intersection. The east-west Boulevard Saint-Joseph, elsewhere six lanes wide, narrows to four lanes in the vicinity of the Tunnel de la Mort. The four-lane Rue d'Iberville narrows to two lanes in the underpass just north of the intersection before widening again to the south and splitting into two four-lane one-way streets, Iberville (southbound) and Frontenac (northbound). As part of an effort to make the intersection safer, advance signals were installed on the Iberville north and Saint-Joseph east approaches, where flashing yellow lights warn motorists that they are about to come to a red light. All left turns are forbidden at the intersection.

The configuration of this intersection makes it nearly impossible for police to enforce traffic laws. In September 2001, then-minister of transportation Guy Chevrette cited this particular intersection as an example of a place where it is too dangerous to post a patrol car and highway code enforcement would thus benefit from the use of photo-radar. Finally, on April 4, 2002, roadwork to make the intersection safer began with the demolition of one of the three overpasses, the one above Saint-Joseph Boulevard just west of the intersection. It has been speculated that the remaining two overpasses would be eventually demolished as well, but to this day they are still in place. A major Canadian Pacific Railway line uses these two overpasses, making it impossible to demolish them in the short term.

According to the Ministère des Transports du Québec, the tunnel should have been completely demolished and reconstructed by July 2010. As of July 2023, the tunnel is still in place.

Notes

References

Transport in Montreal
Mort
Road junctions in Canada
Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie


Rachel Axler is an American screenwriter and playwright. In television, her credits include Childrens Hospital, How I Met Your Mother, The Goodwin Games, New Girl, Bored to Death, Parks and Recreation, Veep, and The Daily Show.

Early life and education
Axler was born in Queens, New York. She graduated from Hunter College High School in 1995 and Williams College in 1999. She received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of California, San Diego, As a playwright her works include the plays Smudge and Archaeology.

Career
Axler has won four Primetime Emmy Awards. In 2006 and 2009, Axler won two Emmys for her work on The Daily Show as a part of the writing team. In 2016 and 2017, she won two Emmys for Outstanding Comedy Series for her work as Supervising Producer on Veep. She was also nominated for, but did not win, an Emmy in 2007 for The Daily Show.

References

External links

Primetime Emmy Award winners
Living people
Hunter College High School alumni
University of California, San Diego alumni
American women dramatists and playwrights
American women television writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Screenwriters from California
Writers Guild of America Award winners
21st-century American women


Laidley-Summers-Quarrier House, also known as Glenwood, is a historic home located at Charleston, West Virginia.  It is a two-story gable roofed dwelling in the Greek Revival style and built in 1852.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

External links

Houses in Charleston, West Virginia
Greek Revival houses in West Virginia
Houses completed in 1852
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Charleston, West Virginia
Historic American Buildings Survey in West Virginia
1852 establishments in Virginia


The Sapotoideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Sapotaceae. Plants in the subfamily are characterized by their leather-like leaves, often growing in a stipule fashion.

The seeds of the tree Argania spinosa produce an edible oil, traditionally harvested in Morocco.

Genera
Genera accepted by the Germplasm Resources Information Network as of December 2022:

 Argania Roem. & Schult.
 Autranella A.Chev.
 Baillonella Pierre
 Bemangidia L.Gaut.
 Burckella Pierre
 Capurodendron Aubrév.
 Diploknema Pierre
 Faucherea Lecomte
 Gluema Aubrév. & Pellegr.
 Inhambanella (Engl.) Dubard
 Isonandra Wight
 Labourdonnaisia Bojer
 Labramia A.DC.
 Lecomtedoxa (Pierre ex Engl.) Dubard
 Letestua Lecomte
 Madhuca Ham. ex J.F.Gmel.
 Manilkara Adans.
 Mimusops L.
 Neohemsleya T.D.Penn.
 Neolemonniera Heine
 Nesoluma Baill.
 Northia Hook.f.
 Palaquium Blanco
 Payena A.DC.
 Sideroxylon L.
 Tieghemella Pierre
 Tsebona Capuron
 Vitellaria C.F.Gaertn.
 Vitellariopsis Baill. ex Dubard

References

External links

Asterid subfamilies


Stephen Symonds Foster (November 17, 1809 – September 13, 1881) was a radical American abolitionist known for his dramatic and aggressive style of public speaking, and for his stance against those in the church who failed to fight slavery. His marriage to Abby Kelley brought his energetic activism to bear on women's rights. He spoke out for temperance, and agitated against any government, including his own, that would condone slavery.

Foster helped establish the New Hampshire Anti-Slavery Society, and belonged to the 'New Hampshire radicals' group within the American Anti-Slavery Society. Foster wrote anti-slavery tracts and published in 1843 a widely discussed book that met with protest and critical response: The Brotherhood of Thieves; or A True Picture of the American Church and Clergy: A Letter to Nathaniel Barney, of Nantucket. At Liberty Farm where they lived, Foster and his wife formed a link on the Underground Railroad, and helped fugitive slaves reach Canada and freedom.

Early life
Foster was born in Canterbury, New Hampshire, on November 17, 1809. His parents Sarah and Asa Foster had twelve children, Stephen was the ninth. The family attended the local Congregational church, and took part in Canterbury's anti-slavery society.

Foster apprenticed to a carpenter but left at age 22 to study to become a missionary. He went to Dartmouth College where his brother Asa had graduated and studied the classics, including Greek and Latin. Foster embraced abolitionism at this time, and in his third year invited Angelina Grimké to speak to the Young Men's Anti-Slavery Society. During his senior year, Foster was arrested and put in prison for not paying a debt of $12.14 (~$ in ) to a local clockmaker; Foster was shocked to find that debtors were locked up with violent criminals and thieves, in common cells swarming with rats, lice, and fleas. From prison, Foster wrote a letter of protest which was published in a local paper. His friends raised bail after two weeks, but Foster's letter aroused indignation among citizens who later cleaned out the jail and then passed a law which banned imprisonment for debt. Foster redoubled his efforts in school, especially his rhetoric and public speaking courses, and graduated in 1838 third in his class.

Foster subsequently enrolled at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. There, he was forbidden by faculty to host an anti-slavery meeting he had scheduled. He was offered a scholarship if he would quit speaking of abolition, but Foster rejected this, saying he "could not be bought to hold his peace." In the spring of 1839, he left New York to take a position as traveling lecturer for the New Hampshire Anti-Slavery Society.

Abolition
Foster was known to interrupt church services to denounce organized religion's complicity in slavery. In 1841, he was expelled from his Congregationalist church in Hanover, New Hampshire.

In Portland, Maine in 1842, Foster was wounded in a riot outside a meetinghouse. Pro-slavery supporters wished to prevent Foster and the radical abolitionist John Murray Spear from speaking. When the mob attacked, Foster took twenty blows to the head and had his coat torn in half. He was pulled from the crowd by women of the Portland Anti-Slavery Society who helped him escape through a back window. Spear was beaten nearly to death on the front steps of the meeting house. Local abolitionists took the men in and tended to their recuperation.

In 1843, he wrote the book The Brotherhood of Thieves; or A True Picture of the American Church and Clergy: A Letter to Nathaniel Barney, of Nantucket and in 1844 Foster's fellow abolitionist Parker Pillsbury published it through the Boston Anti-Slavery Office. The book went through twenty editions.

In 1844, Foster appeared in front of the New England Antislavery Convention holding an iron collar in one hand and iron manacles in the other. He said "Behold here a specimen of the religion of this land, the handiwork of the American church and clergy."

Foster and Abby Kelley Foster—along with Sojourner Truth, Jonathan Walker, Marius Robinson, and Sallie Holley—reorganized the Michigan Anti-Slavery Society in 1853 in Adrian, Michigan. The state society had been founded in 1836 in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Foster was called a "come-outer", a phrase which denoted a person who dissented from religious orthodoxy. More specifically, it meant that Foster would not join a church which held a neutral position on the issue of slavery, and he would not take part in a government that let slavery happen. The phrase was derived from the Bible verse II Corinthians 6:17, which reads "Wherefore come out from among them, and be ye separate, said the Lord, and touch not the unclean thing; and I will receive you."

At the eclectic Free Convention in Rutland, Vermont, in June 1858, Foster spoke after Pillsbury to say "any law, constitution, court, or government, any church, priesthood, creed, or Bible, any Christ, or any God, that, by silence or otherwise, authorizes man to enslave man, merits the scorn and contempt of mankind."

Marriage and fatherhood
In 1845, after a four-year courtship, Foster married Abby Kelley, a more famous social activist and a dynamic speaker who had occasionally joined with him on the abolitionist lecture circuit. They continued to travel and lecture together until the Civil War started in 1861. In early 1847, anticipating a family, the two bought a farm in Worcester, Massachusetts, and called it Liberty Farm; there they lived until Foster's death in 1881. The Fosters used the farm to shelter escaping slaves on the Underground Railroad.

On May 19, 1847, Paulina Wright "Alla" Foster was born at Liberty Farm, the only child that the couple would have. To care for the infant, Abby Kelley Foster stayed home at first, helped occasionally by her sister-in-law Caroline Foster. The young girl's parents soon found that they could lecture separately or together as long as Alla was being looked after; more often it was Abby Kelley Foster who left her husband watching the girl. Once when Alla was three, and her mother was out on a speaking tour, Stephen Symonds Foster was asked by Alla to buy her a harmonica and a churn, and Foster responded that he had little money, and could only buy her the necessities. Foster himself was about to leave on a speaking engagement and intended to send the girl to be cared for by her grandparents. Foster anticipated that she would be lonely and might need a toy wagon. Foster wrote to his wife, saying "I got the harmonica & wagon, & received for them a whole wagon load of kisses. She was careful, however, as she always is, to save some "for mother". I am struck with the fact that she always insists on your right to an equal part of every thing which I possess, if she attaches any value to it. One would almost think her specially commissioned to look after your rights, in your absence."

Women's rights
In May 1850, Abby Kelley Foster went to Boston to take part in an annual Anti-Slavery Society meeting. Afterward, Abby met with ten others, including Wendell Phillips, William Lloyd Garrison, Harriot Kezia Hunt, Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, and Lucy Stone, to help plan for a women's rights convention. They determined that it would be held near their Liberty Farm in Worcester. That October, both Foster and his wife were among the featured speakers at the first National Women's Rights Convention. The two spoke again at the annual convention in Cleveland, 1853, and in New York in 1856.

In 1869, amid tensions building up between factions of women's rights activists, Foster spoke out at a national meeting of the American Equal Rights Association (AERA) to accuse Elizabeth Cady Stanton of advocating "educated suffrage"—the right of upper-class white women to vote. Foster implied strongly that Stanton should step down as president of AERA. Henry Brown Blackwell tried to calm the waters by saying that all present, including Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, believed in "negro suffrage". Frederick Douglass widened the gap when he stood up and stated his position against Stanton's use in her address of the pejorative term 'Sambo'. The words of Foster and Douglass served to define a major split which separated women's rights activists into two camps: those like Stanton and Anthony who felt that educated women deserved the right to vote before or at the same time as uneducated men, and those like Stone, Douglass, and Foster, who felt that the political situation called for a drive to achieve suffrage for the African-American man, followed by a new focus on suffrage for women of all races.

Later life
In 1874, Worcester city officials put Liberty Farm up for auction to pay back taxes. In a manner similar to prior protests made by women's rights activists such as Lucy Stone, the Fosters refused to pay taxes on the  farm because Abby Kelley Foster was not given the right to vote and was thus subject to "taxation without representation". A sympathetic neighbor bid on the property and then allowed Foster to buy it back from him. This became a yearly event, as the Fosters never paid their taxes directly.

Foster died at Liberty Farm on September 12, 1881. A memorial service was held at the Worcester Horticultural Hall on September 24, with Reverend Samuel May, Jr., of Leicester, Massachusetts, presiding. Tributes to Foster's life and works were presented by Lucy Stone, Wendell Phillips, Reverend Henry T. Cheever, and Parker Pillsbury.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Buhle, Mari Jo; Buhle, Paul. The concise history of woman suffrage. University of Illinois, 1978.
DuBois, Ellen Carol.  Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978.
 Duncan, Troy, and Chris Dixon.  ""Denouncing the Brotherhood of Thieves: Stephen Symonds Foster and the Abolitionist Critique of the Anti-abolitionist Clergy," Civil War History, 47 (2001): 97–117.

External links
 Worcester Women's History Project. Sample of love letters between Stephen Symonds Foster and Abby Kelley
 The Brotherhood of Thieves, or, A True Picture of the American Church and Clergy (1843), by Stephen S. Foster

American women's rights activists
American tax resisters
1809 births
1881 deaths
Suffragists from Massachusetts
American feminists
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
History of women's rights in the United States
Feminism and history
Dartmouth College alumni
People from Canterbury, New Hampshire
Male feminists
Underground Railroad people
American temperance activists
Burials at Hope Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)
American abolitionists


Pål André Helland (born 4 January 1990) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Lillestrøm in Eliteserien. Helland arrived at Rosenborg on 26 July 2013 from the winner of the 2012 Norwegian Football Cup Final, IL Hødd. Helland has also spent time at Ranheim Fotball and Byåsen TF.

Career
Helland came through the ranks at Rosenborg before the 2009 season of the Norwegian top division, when he signed a three-year professional contract with the club. He had been part of the youth setup at Rosenborg since the summer in 2006 and made his debut for their B team against Molde FK right after he transferred. During the 2007 season he received the captains armband for their B team after impressive displays. He got his first minutes for the first team squad in pre-season 2008 in a friendly against FK Bodø-Glimt as a central defender. Although he plays best as a winger, Helland can play in various positions in the midfield and defence.

He left Rosenborg when his contract was not renewed in August 2011. He won the 2012 Norwegian Football Cup With IL Hødd, as the first team in fifteen years to win from a lower division.

In July 2013 he signed a contract with Rosenborg, that originally started as of 1 January 2014, after his contract would expire. On 10 July 2013, however, Rosenborg and Hødd agreed on a deal in the summer transfer window.
He joined Rosenborg on 26 July 2013. On 20 November 2016, Helland scored a hat-trick as Rosenborg defeated Kongsvinger 4–0 in the 2016 Norwegian Football Cup final.

Career statistics

Club

International goals

Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Helland goal.

Honours
Hødd
Norwegian Cup: 2012

Rosenborg
Eliteserien: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Norwegian Cup (3): 2015, 2016, 2018
Mesterfinalen: 2017

References

1990 births
Living people
People from Hemne
Norwegian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Norway men's international footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Rosenborg BK players
Ranheim Fotball players
Byåsen Toppfotball players
IL Hødd players
Eliteserien players
Norwegian First Division players
Footballers from Trøndelag