Low-head hydropower refers to the development of hydroelectric power where the head is typically less than 20 metres, although precise definitions vary.  Head is the vertical height measured between the hydro intake water level and the water level at the point of discharge. Using only a low head drop in a river or tidal flows to create electricity may provide a renewable energy source that will have a minimal impact on the environment. Since the generated power (calculated the same as per general hydropower) is a function of the head these systems are typically classed as small-scale hydropower, which have an installed capacity of less than 5MW.

Comparison to conventional hydro
Most current hydroelectric projects use a large hydraulic head to power turbines to generate electricity. The hydraulic head either occurs naturally, such as a waterfall, or is created by constructing a dam in a river valley, creating a reservoir. Using a controlled release of water from the reservoir drives the turbines. The costs and environmental impacts of constructing a dam can make traditional hydroelectric projects unpopular in some countries. From 2010 onwards new innovative ecologically friendly technologies have evolved and have become economically viable.

Within low-head hydropower there are several of standard situations:

Run-of-the-river: Low-head small hydropower can be produced from rivers, often described as run-of-river or run-of-the-river projects. Suitable locations include weirs, streams, locks, rivers and wastewater outfalls. Weirs are common in rivers across Europe, as well as rivers that are canalized or have groynes. Generating significant power from low-head locations using conventional technologies typically requires large volumes of water. Due to the low rotational speeds produced, gearboxes are required to efficiently drive generators, which can result in large and expensive equipment and civil infrastructure.

Tidal power: In combination with a lagoon or barrage the tides can be used to create a head difference. The largest tidal range is at the Bay of Fundy, between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada which can reach 13.6m. The first tidal range installation was opened in 1966 at Le Rance, France.

Low-head pumped seawater storage: Currently at very low TRL levels but in the coming decade these technologies could become part of the energy system.

Dynamic tidal power: Another potentially promising type of low-head hydro power is dynamic tidal power, a novel and unapplied method to extract power from tidal movements. Although a dam-like structure is required, no area is enclosed, and therefore most of the benefits of 'damless hydro' are retained, while providing for vast amounts of power generation.

Low-head hydro is not to be confused with "free flow" or "stream" technologies, which work solely with the kinetic energy and the velocity of the water.

Types of low-head turbines

Turbines suitable for use in very-low-head applications are different from the Francis, propeller, Kaplan, or Pelton types used in more conventional large hydro. Different types of low-head turbines are:

Venturi-enhanced turbine: This type of turbine uses venturi principles to achieve a pressure amplification for the turbine so that smaller, faster, no-gearbox turbines can be deployed in low-head hydro settings, without the need for large infrastructure or large watercourses. Water passing through a venturi (a constriction) creates an area of low pressure. A turbine discharging into this area of low pressure then experiences a higher pressure differential, i.e. a higher head. Only ca. 20% of the flow passes through the propeller turbine and therefore requires screening but fish and aquatic life can pass safely through the venturi (80% of the flow), preventing the need for large screens. Venturi turbines can be used at low heads (1.5–5 metres) and medium to high flows (1m3/s–20 m3/s). Multiple turbines can be installed in parallel.
 Archimedes screw: Water is fed into the top of the screw forcing it to rotate. The rotating shaft can then be used to drive an electric generator. A gear box is required, since the rotational speed is very low. The screw is used at low heads (1.5–5 metres) and medium to high flows (1 to 20 m3/s). For higher flows, multiple screws are used. Due to the construction and slow movement of the blades of the turbine, the turbine tends to be very large but is considered to be friendly to aquatic wildlife.
 Kaplan turbine: This turbine is a propeller-type turbine which has adjustable blades to achieve efficiency over a wide range of heads and flows. The Kaplan can be used at low to medium heads (1.5–20 metres) and medium to high flows (3 m3/s–30 m3/s). For higher flows multiple turbines can be used. They present a risk to aquatic life and in most situations require complete screening.
 Cross-flow turbine: Also known as Banki-Mitchell or Ossberger turbines, these devices are used for a large range of hydraulic heads (from 2 to 100 meters) and flow rates (from 0.03 to 20 m3/s), but are more efficient for low heads and low power outputs. They are considered "impulse" turbines, since they get energy from water by reducing its velocity (all hydraulic energy is converted into kinetic energy). They present a high risk to aquatic life and require complete screening.
Water wheel: Water wheels can be used at low heads (1–5 metres) and medium flows (0.3–1.5 m3/s) and are considered safe for aquatic life.
Gravitation water vortex power plant: This type of hydro power plant use the power of a gravitation water vortex, which only exists at low head.

Environmental impact of low-head hydropower
A number of concerns have been raised about the environmental impacts of river current and tidal devices. Among the most important of these are:

 Aquatic life. Concerns have been raised about the danger of rotating blades to aquatic life, such as seals and fish. Installations within watercourses can be screened to ensure marine life does not come into contact with any moving parts. After extensive testing and auditing by environmental regulators technology can gain certification to show they are safe for smolts, mature fish, eels and marine ecosystems.
 Bathymetry. By altering wave patterns and tidal streams, devices will undoubtedly have an effect, for example, on the deposition of sediment. Research carried out to date would seem to indicate that the effects would not be significant, and may even be positive, for example by helping to slow down coastal erosion. (This is particularly pertinent in light of evidence that waves have steadily increased in size in the recent past.) The sea in the lee of devices would almost certainly be calmer than normal, but, it has been suggested, this would help in creating more areas for activities such as water sports or yachting.
 Landscape. In rivers or similar watercourses, sensitive environmental parameters can make planning permissions for hydropower installations difficult. Large infrastructure, and above water visible infrastructure such as Archimedes Screw systems and turbine houses can incur objections. In addition, vibrations and noise levels from gearboxes can cause environmental objections due to feared impact on local wildlife such as otters or birds (for example, at Balmoral Estate, Scotland). The main impact would probably be from the extensive transmission lines needed to take the energy from the shoreline to final users. This problem would have to be addressed, possibly by using underground transmission lines.

Weirs and groynes have historically been used for water management and to permit upstream riverine transportation. Weirs and groynes can have negative effects on river bathymetry and prevent upstream fish migration that will have an effect on local ecology and water levels. By installing low-head hydropower turbines on historic structures sediment transport can be increased along with new fish migration passages, either through the turbine itself or by installing fish ladders.

Where large sites aren't cleared “the vegetation overwhelmed by the rising water decays to form methane – a far worse greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide”, particularly in the tropics. Low-head dams and weirs do not produce harmful methane. Groynes but also weirs prevent the transport of silt (sediment) downstream to fertilize fields and to move sediment towards the oceans.

Low-head hydropower is typically installed close to areas where the energy is needed, preventing the need for large electrical transmission lines.

Implementation and regulations

Government regulation
Most government regulation comes from the use of waterways. Most low-head water turbine systems are smaller engineering projects than traditional water turbines. Even so, one needs to obtain permission from state and federal government institutions before implementing these systems  . Some of the constraints faced with these systems in larger waterways are making sure waterways can still be used for boats and making sure that routes of migration of fish are not disturbed.

Government subsidies
US government subsidies can be obtained for implementation of small-scale hydro facilities most easily through federal grants, namely green energy grants . A specific example is the Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit. This is a federal tax credit aimed at promoting renewable energy resources. To qualify, the hydro source must have a minimum capacity of 150 kW. This subsidy is given for the first ten years of production. Organizations receive $.011/kWh. . For hydroelectric projects, this subsidy expired on December 31, 2017 .

Public perception
Since these are sustainable energy source, are non detrimental to the water sources they utilize and are visually not an eyesore, they are well regarded within the public sphere . However, there is little public and industrial knowledge of these systems as they are still being tested to "answer real-world questions". As such, proponents and manufacturers of these systems have tried to bring them into public knowledge

See also
Eaton Socon Venturi-Enhanced Turbine Technology Project
Oryon Watermill
Verdant Power
Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project
Hydropower
Micro hydro
Renewable energy
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity

References

(2009). Alternative Energy News. Retrieved March 3, 2009, Web site: http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/hydro/
(2008,Jan). AE Hydro Power. Retrieved March 2, 2009, Web site: http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/renewable-energy-from-slow-water-currents/
Lam, Tina

(2009, January 25). Scientists to tap river currents to create clean energy. Retrieved March 2, 2009, from Physorg.com Web site: http://www.physorg.com/news152115803.html
(2008, April 11). Turning River Currents Into Clean Electricity . Retrieved March 2, 2009, from CNW Group Web site: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2008/11/c4718.html
Fairley, Peter

(2007,April 23). Tidal Turbines Help Light Up Manhattan. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from TEchnology Review Web site: http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/18567/?a=f
 (2008, January 28) Alden Assists Free Flow Power in Hydrokinetic Turbine Development. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from Alden News Web site: http://www.aldenlab.com/index.cfm/News?NID=141
(2001,April 30). Science and Technology - Seventh Report. Retrieved March 3, 2009, from House of Commons Publications and Records Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094036/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmsctech/291/29102.htm
Harvey, A, & Brown, A (1992). Micro-Hydro Design Manual.Stockholm: ITDG Publishing.
Curtis, Dan (1999). Going With the Flow: Small Scale Water Power. CAT.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101129052257/http://www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/RENEW/Hydro/Hydro_index.shtml#Regulation
 http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/energy_subsidies.cfm

 http://www.microhydropower.com/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20130317000437/http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=US13F
 http://amppartners.org/pdf/project-reports/November_2011_Phase_1.pdf

Hydropower


Prasert Innui (Thai ประเสริฐ อินนุ้ย  ), is a Thai former futsal striker.

He competed for Thailand at the 2004 and 2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup finals.

References

Prasert Innui
1978 births
Living people
Prasert Innui
Futsal forwards
Prasert Innui
SEA Games medalists in futsal
Competitors at the 2007 SEA Games


Herbert J. Bloch (November 21, 1907 – September 7, 1987), who emigrated from Europe to New York City in 1936, was a philatelist and stamp dealer who became recognized as a leading expert on authentication of rare European postage stamps.

Collecting interests
Bloch, who was also a stamp dealer, specialized in Europe and built up some valuable collections of stamps for himself and his clients.

Philatelic activity
During World War II Herbert Bloch joined the H. R. Harmer organization and was the describer at auctions of the stamps of prominent collectors, such as the collection of stamps accumulated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the president’s lifetime.

Bloch was a member of the Friedl Expert Committee which specialized in the expertizing of rare European stamps. He later served as chairman of the expert committee of the Philatelic Foundation. And, in 1956, he joined the Mercury Stamp Company.

Honors and awards
Because of his expertise and activity within the philatelic world, Bloch was awarded a number of honors. These included signing the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1968, being awarded the Luff Award for Exceptional Contributions to Philately in 1968, receiving the “Outstanding Philatelist" award by Scott Publishing Company in 1978, being awarded the Neinken Award in 1986 and the Lindenberg Medal in 1986. In 1988 Bloch was elected to the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame.

See also
 Philatelic literature

References
 The American Philatelic Society's Hall of Fame 1985-1989, Herbert J. Bloch

1907 births
1987 deaths
Philatelic literature
American philatelists
People from New York City
Recipients of the Lindenberg Medal
Signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists
American Philatelic Society
Immigrants to the United States


W43BR (channel 43) is a low-power television station licensed to Baraboo, Wisconsin, United States, serving the Wisconsin Dells area. Owned by Baraboo Broadcasting, it was formerly a sister to radio station WRPQ (740 AM and translator 99.7 FM) until the latter's sale to Civic Media. The two outlets continue to share studios on 8th Avenue in downtown Baraboo. W43BR's transmitter is situated on the Baraboo Range near Devil's Lake State Park, co-located with WOLX, W271DQ, W259BC, W290AL, NOAA Weather Radio station KHA-47 and several other telecommunication services. W43BR and WRPQ continue to share a website.

W43BR formerly used the false callsign of WRPQ-TV on-air to connect to its then-sister radio station; however, it now identifies simply as "TV-43". Baraboo Broadcasting also operates Baraboo's local government access channel for Spectrum.

W43BR's signal was originally beamed to the north and west so as not to interfere with Mayville-licensed TBN station WWRS-TV (channel 52), which formerly broadcast on digital channel 43. W43BR still broadcasts with a highly directional signal to protect Rockford, Illinois–based WTVO.

W43BR has limited Spectrum cable coverage in the Baraboo/Wisconsin Dells area, along with surrounding portions of Columbia, Sauk, Adams and Juneau counties, and western portions of Dane County on channel 10. W43BR is also carried on TDS Telecom in parts of the Madison market. It is not available on cable in the city of Madison.

External links
W43BR

43BR
NewsNet affiliates
Low-power television stations in Wisconsin
Baraboo, Wisconsin


"Drift Off to Dream" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Travis Tritt.  It was released in January 1991 as the fifth and final single from his debut album  Country Club.  It peaked at number 3 in the United States, while it became his third number-one hit in Canada.  The song was written by Tritt and Stewart Harris.

Content
"Drift Off to Dream" is a mid-tempo waltz. It begins with the male narrator, alone in a bar, thinking about a lover whom he would like to meet. He imagines holding hands with her on a blanket in the yard and kissing until she "drift[s] off to dream" in his arms.

Music video
The music video was directed by Sherman Halsey.

Personnel
The following musicians perform on this track:
Sam Bacco – suspended cymbal, percussion
Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar
Jerry Douglas – Dobro
Dana McVicker – background vocals
Edgar Meyer – arco bass
Mark O'Connor – fiddle
Bobby Ogdin – piano
Steve Turner – drums, percussion
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar
Terri Williams – background vocals
Reggie Young – electric guitar

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

1989 songs
Travis Tritt songs
1991 singles
Songs written by Travis Tritt
Music videos directed by Sherman Halsey
Warner Records singles
Songs written by Stewart Harris


Miller's Guide is an Australian annual sporting publication that lists sporting world records, gives a comprehensive history of results of the major Australian horse races and provides a form guide to all entries for the Melbourne and Caulfield Cups. Initially known as J.J. Miller's Sporting Pamphlet when first published in 1875, it was later changed to J.J. Miller's Sporting Annual, and over its 134 years it has become known as The Miller's Guide. It is sometimes referred to as the Australian racing bible.
The 2015/16 edition was to be the final printed edition due to high printing costs and a drop in readership, but after purchasing the rights to the guide, online bookmaker BetEasy revived the print edition in 2019.

History
First published in 1875 the Miller's Guide is named after its founder, English born James J. Miller who was only 16 years old when he stepped off a ship in Melbourne in 1848. Miller tried his hand on the goldfields and although failing to dig up a fortune, he had been greatly impressed by the way the diggers enjoyed a wager.

Shortly after returning to Melbourne he started Australia's first sweepstakes and the business boomed until the early 1880s when the law decreed that all sweeps were illegal. But Miller's main interest revolved around bookmaking.

He had first started taking bets in the late 1850s and soon progressed to be one of Victoria's best known and trustworthy in what was seen then as an even more risky business than it is today. An advertisement in the 1887 pamphlet read: "Mr. J.J. Miller Has Books Open and will lay the odds on all the leading races of the current year. Gentlemen favouring him with their business may depend on the best possible prices compatible with the certainty that settling day will arrive. I may remark I have been before you for thirty years, and during the last 10 years I have received and disbursed of trust monies alone over a Half Million sterling." As a bookmaker he obviously judged the value of his customers wishing to place early bets on the Caulfield Cup and Melbourne Cups and to further their interest decided to produce a list with race form for the entries. Thus the original Miller's Pamphlet was born.

Today's publication
The content of the present day Miller's Guide remains basically the same with results of nearly 300 Group and Listed Australian horse races in 744 pages, whereas originally it was only 80 pages and listed a mere dozen or so races and carried limited information on other sporting codes. All codes of football, cricket, golf, tennis and many more modern sports also get greater coverage in the today's Miller's Guide. And, of course, as with J.J. Miller's first publication a detailed form guide for all entries in the Caulfield Cup and Melbourne Cup is provided.

Publishers
Miller had his own print works at 72 Collins Street, Melbourne, and produced the book himself. He later moved his print works to 17 John Street Clifton Hill. The book remained in the ownership of the Miller family until it was taken over by The Herald and Weekly Times in 1952.

A longtime editor of the book at the HWT was Bill "Taffy" Combes who produced the book for the HWT until 1976. It was then produced for the HWT by Bill Henry until 1984. The book was then produced by Dennis Huxley for the HWT from 1985 until 1990 when he purchased the masthead from the HWT. He has produced it since then and has also started a website.

Trivia
Editions from over 100 years carried gems of information such as:

 Haircutting - In a match race between Prof. Herrod of New York and Prof. Devereux of Brooklyn (each two subjects), Herrod won. He finished the first man in 4m 30s, and the second in 2m 40s.
 Butchering - Bullock Dressed in 3m. 40s, go-as-you-please style, John Malone, Chicago, Ill., 18 August 1883.
 Tailoring- A Tweed suit turned out in three hours 23 min., by London and American Tailoring Co., Oct. 1886.

But perhaps the most notable performer of all was Jacko the wonder dog.

 Filed under Ratting in the 1887 annual it stated: 25 rats killed in 1min 28s Jimmy Shaw's dog Jacko, London, Eng., 20 August 1861; 60 rats, 2m 43s Jacko, London, 29 July 1862; 100 rats, 5m 28s, Jacko, London, 1 May 1862; 200 rats, 14m 37s Jacko, London, 10 June 1862; 1,000 rats, less than 100 minutes, Jacko, London, 1 May 1862.

References

 The Mug by John Harms
 Beadmans bring out the old one-two

External links
 Miller's Guide website

1875 establishments in Australia
Australian non-fiction books
Horse racing in Australia
Sports mass media in Australia


Basilica of the Assumption may be:

 Basilica of the Assumption and Saint John the Evangelist, Bavaria
 Esztergom Basilica
 Basilica of the Assumption, Aglona, Latvia
 Basilica of the Assumption (Prague), Czech Republic
 Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, Alcamo, Sicily, Italy
 Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Brno, Czech Republic
 Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Székesfehérvár, Hungary
 Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption, Secunderabad, India
 Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Andrew, Frombork, Poland
 Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Pelplin, Poland

 Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady of Valencia

See also
 Cathedral of the Assumption (disambiguation)
 Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (disambiguation)
 Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (disambiguation)
 Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta (disambiguation)
 Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (disambiguation)
 Cathedral of the Dormition (disambiguation)


Two Friends may refer to:

Film
 Two Friends (1954 film), a Soviet film
 The Two Friends, a 1955 Italian film
 Two Friends (1986 film), an Australian film by Jane Campion
 Two Friends (2002 film), an Italian film
 Two Friends (2015 film), a French film

Other uses
 Two Friends (DJs), an American DJ/producer duo
 Two Friends (ship), a Napoleonic War-era British troop transport
 "Two Friends" (short story), an 1882 story by Guy de Maupassant
 Two Friends, a 2017 EP by Donna De Lory


Franco Javier Iglesias, better known mononymously as Franco (born 14 December 1959) is a Cuban Latin pop singer. He achieved two number-one songs on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart with his cover of "Toda la Vida in 1986 and "María" in 1988. The latter song received a Lo Nuestro nomination for Pop Song of the Year in 1989.

References

Cuban male singers
Living people
People from Pinar del Río Province
1959 births


Sons of Funk is an American R&B group and production group from Richmond, California, United States, that were formerly artists on No Limit Records. They had great success in the late 1990s and are best known for their hit singles "Pushin Inside You" and "I Got the Hook Up!".

Music career

1997-98: The Game of Funk

By 1997, Sons of Funk was signed to No Limit Records by  Master P, who had ties to Richmond, California. Their first mainstream appearance was on the soundtrack to I'm Bout It on the single Pushin' Inside You, which was also produced by the group. The single made it to number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100.

On April 21, 1998 Sons of Funk would release their debut album The Game of Funk on No Limit Records & Priority Records. The album would chart at #44 on the Billboard 200.

Sons of Funk appeared and produced the song "End Of The Road" on Silkk The Shocker's January 1999 album Made Man. In late 1999 the group would retire from the music industry due to unknown reasons.

2014-present: Reunion & The Lost Files, Vol. 1
In 2014 the group would reunite, on January 8, 2015 they would release their second album together entitled The Lost Files, Vol. 1 via S.O.F. Music LLC, Sons of Funk also has new music video for the first single from the album entitled "Inside of You".

2016- The Lost Files, Vol. 2

Record production
The group also produced songs on Silkk the Shocker's Made Man and Mo B. Dick's Gangsta Harmony.

Members
Zo
Dez Dynamic, Jerry JP Perkins, Rico Crowder

Discography

Studio albums

Soundtrack albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

See also
 No Limit Records
 No Limit Records discography
 Beats by the Pound

References

American hip hop groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
Southern hip hop groups
No Limit Records artists


Benjamín Vicuña Luco (born 29 November 1978) is a Chilean actor and entrepreneur.

Biography
Vicuña was born November 29, 1978 to father Juan Pablo Vicuña Parot and mother Isabel Luco Morandé. He is a descendant of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, a Chilean historian and politician of Basque and Irish descent. He studied theatre at the University of Chile.

Vicuña founded the Centro Mori and has been appointed as a "goodwill ambassador" of UNICEF Chile in 2008.

Vicuña was in a relationship with Argentine model Carolina Ardohain from 2005 to 2015, and the couple has four children together; one daughter, Blanca (2006-2012) and three sons, Bautista (born in 2008), Beltrán (born in 2012) and Benicio (born in 2014). He was in a relationship with Argentine actress China Suárez from 2015 to 2021, and the couple has two children together: daughter Magnolia (born in 2018) and son Amancio (born in 2020).

Acting credits

Film

Television

Theatre

Music Videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1978 births
Chilean male film actors
Chilean male telenovela actors
Chilean male television actors
Chilean people of Basque descent
Chilean people of Irish descent
Living people
Male actors from Santiago
University of Chile alumni
Benjamin Vicuña Luco
Benjamin


Naftoli (Naphtalie) Carlebach (1916–2005) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi and accountant.

Early life
Carlebach was born in Leipzig, Germany to Rabbi Moshe Carlebach, a son of Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, the av beit din (head of the rabbinical court) of Lübeck, Germany. His maternal grandfather was Rabbi Yosef Cohen, the av beit din of Eschwege, Germany.

In 1933, at age 16, his parents sent him to study Torah at the Telz Yeshiva in Lithuania, where he forged a relationship with Rabbi Eliyahu Meir Bloch, brother of Rabbi Avraham Yitzchak Bloch. Subsequently, he transferred to the Mir Yeshiva, where he developed a special connection to Rabbi Yeruchom Levovitz, the mashgiach there, prior to the latter's death.

In 1938, Carlebach was ordained as a rabbi by the heads of the Telz and Mir yeshivas. He also received rabbinical ordination from Rabbi Simcha Zelig, the posek of Brest, Belarus.

Move to America
In the year preceding World War II, Carlebach narrowly escaped the horrors of the Holocaust through the aid of Rabbi Naftoli Neuberger, the principal of Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore, who sent him an entry visa. There Carlebach wed his wife, Gittel Gutman, who had also come from Germany. Following his wedding, Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman, rosh yeshiva of Ner Yisroel, encouraged Rabbi Carlebach to accept the rabbinate at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

Two years later, they moved to Detroit, where he worked in Jewish education, teaching at the Yeshiva Beth Yehudah and in the rabbinate. He was instrumental in bringing out key rabbinic personnel to Detroit, such as Rabbi Leib Bakst. He once had the privilege of hosting Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Finkel, rosh yeshiva of Mir in Poland and Jerusalem. Here, Carlebach studied with his childhood friend Rabbi Leib Bakst, rosh yeshiva of Yeshivas Detroit. Other study partners included the late Rabbi Simcha Wasserman, the son of Rabbi Elchonon Wasserman. Finally, Rabbi Carlebach forfeited his positions in Detroit in deference to his older uncle and instead worked as an accountant in Boro Park, Brooklyn, establishing the "Mir Minyan" there (located in Yeshivas Be'er Shmuel on 12th Ave.).

He made aliyah to Israel in 1979 and spent time learning Torah in the yeshivas of Mir, Kamenitz and near his home until his death. Rabbi Aryeh Finkel, the rosh yeshiva of the Mir Yeshiva in Brachfeld, Rabbi Yitzchok Ezrachi, a son-in-law of Rabbi Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz, and others eulogized.

Carlebach was survived by his wife; his sons Rabbi Moshe Carlebach of Jerusalem (father of the author of the critically acclaimed "Chavatzeles HaSharon"), Rabbi Doniel Yeruchom of Brooklyn, Rabbi Binyomin Carlebach of Jerusalem (a rosh yeshiva of Mir there and son-in-law of Rabbi Binyomin Beinush Finkel), and Rabbi Shlomo Ze'ev Carlebach; his daughter, the wife of Rabbi Gedaliah Finkel of Jerusalem; grandsons and great-grandsons. One grandson, Rabbi Eliezer Yehuda Carlebach, authored a critical analysis of the Vilna Gaon's mathematical work.

References

German Orthodox rabbis
American Orthodox rabbis
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Naftoli
Clergy from Leipzig
1916 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis


The 2009 Triglav Trophy was held between April 1 and 4, 2009. It was an international figure skating competition held annually in Jesenice, Slovenia. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's and ladies' singles across the levels of senior, junior, and novice.

Senior results

Men

Ladies

Junior results

Men

Ladies

Novice results

Boys

Girls

External links
 2009 Triglav Trophy results (Archived)

Triglav Trophy, 2009
Triglav Trophy


"Here's a Quarter (Call Someone Who Cares)" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Travis Tritt. It was released in May 1991 as the lead-off single to his album It's All About to Change. It peaked at number 2 in both the United States and Canada. This is one of Tritt’s most popular songs. When he would perform the song live, members of the audience would often throw actual quarters on stage, many striking Tritt.

Content
The narrator speaks of a former significant other who regrets leaving him, and now wants to include herself in his life once again. However, the narrator no longer trusts her because of her actions.

In response, he gives her a quarter (in 1991, the common price for a local pay telephone call) and tells her to phone someone else who cares to listen.

Music video
The music video was directed by Gerry Wenner. The woman playing the role of the woman wanting the narrator of the song back is Leighanne Wallace, the future wife of Backstreet Boys member Brian Littrell.

Personnel
The following musicians play on this track:
 Sam Bacco — percussion, timpani
 Richard Bennett — electric guitar, second solo
 Mike Brignardello — bass guitar
 Larry Byrom — acoustic guitar
 John Cowan — background vocals
 Wendell Cox — electric guitar, first solo
 Terry Crisp — steel guitar
 Stuart Duncan — fiddle
 Bernie Leadon — electric guitar
 Phil Madeira — Hammond B-3 organ
 Tim Passmore — background vocals
 Matt Rollings — piano
 Jimmy Joe Ruggiere — harmonica
 Russell Smith — background vocals
 Steve Turner — drums
 Billy Joe Walker Jr. — electric guitar

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

1991 singles
Travis Tritt songs
Songs written by Travis Tritt
Warner Records singles
1991 songs


Baka (, lit. "Valley"; ) is a neighborhood in southern Jerusalem. The official name is Geulim, which is mainly used on road signs.

Geography
The neighborhood is somewhat trapezoidal, sandwiched between Derech Hevron on the east at 760 meters above sea level and sloping downward toward Derech HaRakevet and General Pierre Koenig Street on the western side at 740 meters.  The old Jerusalem Railway Station occupies the north-eastern point with Rivka Street forming the southern base.  Baka is bounded by Abu Tor to the northeast, Talpiot to the east, Talpiot Industrial Zone to the south, Mekor Chaim to the west, and the Greek Colony and German Colony to the northwest.  The north-south Derech Beit Lehem serves as the major commercial artery within the neighborhood.

History
Baka was established in the late 19th century after the completion of the Jerusalem Railway Station. The station created the nucleus of a commercial center that eventually attracted mostly wealthy Muslim, Christian, and Armenian families from the Old City, who built mansions there in the 1920s. The neighborhood had an agricultural character until the 1950s.

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the neighborhood was left on the Israeli (western) side of the dividing line between West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem. Its population changed, as was the case with many neighborhoods on both sides of the dividing line.

After 1948, many streets in Baka were renamed for the Twelve Tribes of Israel: Judah, Issachar, Levi, Zevulun, Reuven, Shimon, Gad, Ephraim, Menashe, Benjamin, Dan, Asher and Naphtali.

Baka today
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Baka experienced a significant change as middle class professionals began to move in. Many of the palatial homes were renovated, while some of the larger mansions from the Mandate period were subdivided into luxury apartments. Demographically, the neighborhood contains a mix of religious and secular Jews and is popular among English and French-speaking immigrants. The main commercial street, Derech Beit Lehem, is lined with shops, designer stores, coffee houses, restaurants and more.

Schools and public institutions

Schools in Baka include Oranim, Efrata, Geulim A, and Pelech, a religious high school for girls.

Ulpan Etzion, Israel's first Hebrew-language school, was established in Baka in 1949. The ulpan, directed by Mordechai Kamerat, was used as a model for Hebrew language teaching all over Israel. In 2008, the school vacated its college-style dormitories, communal rooms and gardens after the lease expired with the Carmelite Church that owned the property.

Recreation and parks

The Train Track Park (Park HaMesila), the longest bike path in Jerusalem and one of the major recreation areas in the city, runs along Derech HaRekevet on the western edge of Baka.

Gallery

References

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem


George Elphinstone of Blythswood (died 1634) was a Scottish landowner, courtier, and Provost of Glasgow.

Life
George Elphinstone was the son of George Elphinstone of Blythswood (died 2 April 1585), a leading Glasgow merchant and shipowner, and Marion Scott.

He was knighted during the celebrations at the baptism of Prince Henry at Stirling Castle on 30 August 1594. He was made a gentleman of the king's bedchamber in 1596. In this role he controlled the access to James VI of Scotland allowed to the English diplomatic agent, George Nicholson, occasionally bringing him secretly into the king's cabinet at Holyroodhouse.

He was a member of a "knot of friendship" at the Scottish court that included the Secretary, Sir George Home, Sir Robert Kerr, the younger Sir Robert Melville, and Sir David Murray. These chamber servants paid for the baptism of Princess Margaret in April 1599, because they had displaced the treasurer Walter Stewart of Blantyre.

Elphinstone's popularity with the king helped the career of his sister Egidia's husband, James Sempill of Beltrees, a young diplomat and administrator who became involved in the Secret correspondence of James VI that would help put James on the throne of England.

George Elphinstone had connections with the Western Isles and Ireland and was involved in negotiations between the West and the court. In October 1598, his mistress was mentioned as a recipient of diplomatic gifts from Sorley Boy MacDonnell, along with himself, the king, Anne of Denmark, and Beatrix Ruthven.

In November 1599 George Elphinstone looked after a group of English comedians in Edinburgh. He was given money to buy timber to set up their stage, and in December gave them the king's reward of £333-6s-8d Scots. The actors included Lawrence Fletcher and Martin Slater. Edinburgh's kirk session attempted to prevent the performances, despite a royal warrant. Martin Slater later gained the patronage of Anne of Denmark's brother, Ulrik, Duke of Holstein and set up the Red Bull Theatre in London.

Elphinstone married Agnes Boyd, daughter of Thomas Boyd, Lord Kilmarnock, and Marion Campbell in August 1600. As a wedding gift James VI gave her a gold chain necklace and a gold belt set with pearls, and a pair of matching gold "garnishings" set with pearl to wear in her hair, worth £580 Scots. After spending a weekend in Glasgow with the newly weds at the end of August, James VI gave Elphinstone land in the New Park of Partick to build a better house to entertain him in the next time.

Elphinstone was a servant of the Duke of Lennox, and in September 1600 Lennox and the king nominated him Provost of Glasgow. His achievements as Provost include the 1605 Letter of Guildry, which established a merchant's guild with its Dean of Guild, a Deacon Convenor of the Crafts, and a Visitor of the Maltmen. He gained the enmity of the town council in 1608 when he claimed customs income from the town's market and bridge.

One of the Elphinstone residences was on the site of 87–89 Main Street, Gorbals. In the nineteenth century the remaining buildings consisted of a small tower and an adjacent lodging with seventeenth-century decorative plasterwork on the ceiling of the upper storey.

William Elphinstone
George Elphinstone's younger brother Sir William Elphinstone was the secretary of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia. In 1613 he argued with Hans Meinhard von Schönberg over cost-cutting measures in Elizabeth's household and resigned his post as secretary. In 1626 he was a promoter of the colonial schemes of William Vaughan in Newfoundland at Cambriol. He was cup-bearer to Charles I, Lord Justice General in Scotland (1635-1641), and knighted at Whitehall in February 1637.  He and the Bishop of Galloway were targeted by protesters against the new prayer book on 18 October 1637.  He was buried in Westminster Abbey in December 1645. He left his estate to the architect and courtier, David Cunningham of Auchenharvie.

Family
The children of George Elphinstone and Agnes Boyd included;
 James Elphinstone

References

External links
 History and images of the Gorbals: ScotCities, George Blaikie.
 The Glasgow Story: A postcard of Elphinstone Tower in the Gorbals.
 The Glasgow Story: Watercolour of Main Street, Gorbals by William Simpson (1823-1899), showing Elphinstone Tower.

Lord Provosts of Glasgow
Lords Justice Clerk
Court of James VI and I
1634 deaths
16th-century Scottish people
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1630


Rejoicing with the Light is an album by Muhal Richard Abrams. It was released on the Italian Black Saint label in 1983 and features performances of five of Abrams' compositions by a fourteen-member orchestra.

Reception

The AllMusic review by Ron Wynn states: "He led the orchestra through pieces that were sometimes introspective and other times jubilant and swinging, but never simple or predictable. This session was a challenging, instructive, and entertaining lesson in modern big band writing, arranging and performing". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3 stars stating "These albums seem even more compelling now than they did when they first came out, because it is clear where the leader's ideas are going".

Track listing
All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
 "The Heart Is Love and "I Am"" - 10:25
 "Blessed Be the Heavens at 12" - 9:33
 "Bloodline" - 7:54
 "Rejoicing with the Light" - 8:42
 "Spiral to Clarity" - 4:38

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams: piano, conductor
Janette Moody: soprano voice
Warren Smith: percussion, timbales, vibraphone
John Purcell: clarinet, bass clarinet, piccolo, alto saxophone, oboe, flute
Jean-Paul Bourelly: guitar
Vincent Chancey: french Horn
Eugene Ghee: clarinet, bass clarinet, tenor saxophone
Patience Higgins: clarinet, alto clarinet, baritone saxophone
Marty Ehrlich: clarinet, alto saxophone, bass clarinet, flute
Craig Harris: trombone
Baikida Carroll: trumpet, flugelhorn
Howard Johnson: tuba, baritone saxophone, contrabass clarinet
Abdul Wadud: cello
Rick Rozie: bass
Andrew Cyrille: drums

References

1983 albums
Muhal Richard Abrams albums
Black Saint/Soul Note albums


"Anymore" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Travis Tritt.  It was released in September 1991 as the second single from his album It's All About to Change.  It peaked at number 1 in both the United States and Canada, becoming his second number-one hit in the United States, and his fourth number-one in Canada. The song was written by Tritt and Jill Colucci.

Content and history
Tritt co-wrote the song with Jill Colucci, who also wrote his 1990 hit "I'm Gonna Be Somebody", when the two were together on an airplane ride. Colucci presented Tritt with a melody and the two began writing lyrics together. As they had not finished writing the lyrics at the time the airplane landed, they reunited in the studio six weeks later to finish writing. The song is composed in the key of C major with a "moderately slow" tempo and main chord pattern of C-G-F-G.

Music video
The music video was directed by Jack Cole and was the first of a trilogy of music videos (the second being "Tell Me I Was Dreaming" in 1995, and the third being "If I Lost You" in 1998) that tell the story of a veteran named Mac Singleton, who uses a wheelchair. Tritt portrays Mac Singleton, who is struggling through his time at a rehabilitation clinic after being injured in the Vietnam War, and has nightmares about the war every night. He meets a friend named Al (portrayed by Barry Scott) after awakening from one of his nightmares. Singleton is also struggling from being away from his wife Annie.

The video was featured in CMT's 100 Greatest Music Videos in 2004, where it ranked at No. 64.

Personnel
Compiled from liner notes.

 Sam Bacco – timpani, percussion
 Richard Bennett – electric guitar
 Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
 Larry Byrom – acoustic guitar
 Mac McAnally – acoustic guitar solo
 Dana McVicker – background vocals
 Bobby Ogdin – piano, harpsichord
 Steve Turner – drums
 Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar
 Reggie Young – electric guitar, guitar solo

Chart positions
"Anymore" debuted on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 14, 1991.

Year-end charts

References

1991 singles
Travis Tritt songs
Songs written by Travis Tritt
Songs written by Jill Colucci
Warner Records Nashville singles
1991 songs


Artsplosure is a nonprofit arts & cultural event production studio based in Raleigh, North Carolina. Artsplosure's mission is to "give all people in the Raleigh community meaningful opportunities to experience the arts and enhance their cultural perspective". Artsplosure hosts Artsplosure - The Raleigh Arts Festival held each May in downtown Raleigh as well as WRAL First Night Raleigh, held annually on New Year's Eve in downtown Raleigh. Artsplosure is funded in part by the city of Raleigh based on the recommendations of the Raleigh Arts Commission and is supported by the North Carolina Arts Council, a division of the Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.

About the Artsplosure - The Raleigh Arts Festival
The two-day event is held annually on the third weekend in May and includes over 170 visual artists showing and selling their work on the Fayetteville Street in downtown Raleigh, North Carolina. Artsplosure also features live music performances on the main stage local artists. The event is free to the public.

History
Artsplosure was conceived in 1978 by subcommittees of the newly formed City of Raleigh Arts Commission who were planning a citywide arts festival. The following year, Artsplosure was incorporated to produce high quality and accessible arts festivals and to identify, nurture, and showcase artists seeking to reach wider audiences.

The first city-wide multi-disciplinary arts festival took place in April 1980 in conjunction with the American Institute of Architects conference.

Sources

External links
 Artsplosure website

Culture of Raleigh, North Carolina
Tourist attractions in Raleigh, North Carolina
Festivals in North Carolina
Arts festivals in the United States


Klaus Ihlenfeld (born 1934) is a German-born artist resident in the United States.

Life
A native of Berlin, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, in 1950.  He studied with Hans Uhlmann.

In 1957, he showed at the North Carolina Museum of Art.
He immigrated to Barto, Pennsylvania, and was a studio assistant to Harry Bertoia, and Bertoia's style informs much of his own work.

He is best known for his abstract works in bronze, although he has also produced paintings and graphic art. One of his pieces is in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.

References

External links
Official website
Ihlenfeld at Askart.com

1934 births
Living people
German sculptors
German male sculptors
20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors


The Game of Funk is the only studio album by American R&B/hip hop quartet Sons of Funk. It was released on April 21, 1998, via No Limit/Priority Records. Production was handled by Sons of Funk themselves, as well as KLC and Mo B. Dick, with Master P serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Master P, Silkk the Shocker and Mo B. Dick. The album peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200 and number 14 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. Its lead single "Pushin' Inside You" made it to number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100, and its second single "I Got the Hook Up!", which was previously included in 1998 crime comedy film I Got the Hook-Up soundtrack, reached number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Leo Stanley wrote: «the Sons of Funk's debut album, Game of Funk, is an uneven, but enjoyable collection of hardcore gangsta rap, highlighted by the seamless, funky production. The rhymes and beats aren't particularly original, but a few cuts are very well done, illustrating that the group has promise and may be able to deliver a record as strong as singles like "Pushin' Inside You"».

Track listing

Personnel
Rico Crowder – vocals, producer (tracks: 1, 3-6, 8-13)
Lorenzo "Renzo" Chew – vocals, producer (tracks: 1, 3-6, 8-13)
Desmond "Des" Mapp – vocals, producer (tracks: 1, 3-6, 8-13)
Gregory "G-Smooth" Mapp – vocals, producer (tracks: 1, 3-6, 8-13)
Percy "Master P" Miller – vocals (tracks: 1, 4, 13), voice (track 7), executive producer
Vyshonn "Silkk the Shocker" Miller – vocals (track 7)
Raymond Emile "Mo B. Dick" Poole – additional vocals & producer (track 7)
Craig Stephen "KLC" Lawson – producer (track 4)
Pen & Pixel Graphics – artwork, design
Omni Color – design, layout
Duffy Rich – A&R
Anthony Boswell – management
Barbara Pescosolido – management
Tevester Scott – booking

Charts

References

External links

1998 debut albums
No Limit Records albums
Priority Records albums


A guilty pleasure is something one enjoys despite feeling guilt for it.

Guilty pleasure(s) may also refer to:

Literature
 Guilty Pleasures (novel), a 1993 novel by Laurell K. Hamilton
 Guilty Pleasures, a 1998 novel by Lawrence Sanders
 Guilty Pleasures, a 2008 novel by Tasmina Perry

Music

Albums
 Guilty Pleasure (Ashley Tisdale album) or the title song, 2009
 Guilty Pleasure (Attila album) or the title song, 2014
 Guilty Pleasure (Brokencyde album), 2011
 Guilty Pleasures (Barbra Streisand album), 2005
 Guilty Pleasures (Didrik Solli-Tangen album), 2010
 Guilty Pleasures (Lazlo Bane album), 2007
 Guilty Pleasures (Quiet Riot album) or the title song, 2001
 Guilty Pleasures, by the 77s, 2003
 Guilty Pleasures, an EP by Allister, 2006
 Guilty Pleasures, an EP by George Watsky, 2010

Songs
 "Guilty Pleasure" (Mia Dimšić song), 2022
 "Guilty Pleasure", by Cobra Starship from ¡Viva la Cobra!, 2007
 "Guilty Pleasure", by Elton John from Wonderful Crazy Night, 2015

Other
 Guilty Pleasure Tour, a 2011–2012 concert tour by Meat Loaf
 Guilty Pleasures, a concept, radio show, club night and series of compilations devised by Sean Rowley

Television and film
 Guilty Pleasures (TV series), a television series aired on Food Network
 "Guilty Pleasure" (NCIS), an episode of NCIS
 "Guilty Pleasures" (Glee), an episode of Glee
 "Guilty Pleasures" (Top Chef), an episode of Top Chef
 "Guilty Pleasures", a series of episodes of the Food Network show The Best Thing I Ever Ate
 Virgin Territory (working title: Guilty Pleasures), a 2007 film
 Guilty Pleasures (2009 film), a 2009 film starring Ramsey Nouah, Majid Michel, Nse Ikpe Etim and Omoni Oboli


The following is a list of ships operated by the White Star Line.

1846–1869

1870–1889

1890–1899

1900–1909

1910–1919

1920–1932

References

Bibliography

External links
The White Star Sailing Packets'', Captain E. A. Woods

Ships of the White Star Line


Grant Revon Underwood is a historian of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU).  He is also the author of The Millennial World of Early Mormonism and the editor of Voyages of Faith: Explorations in Mormon Pacific History.

Background
Underwood was born in Glendale, California and raised in Anaheim, California.  He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina from 1973 to 1975.

Underwood and his wife, the former Sheree Jolley, are the parents of seven children.  In the LDS Church he has served in several callings, including twice as a bishop.

Career
Underwood received his B.A. in 1977 and M.A. in 1981, both in history, from BYU.  He received his Ph.D. in history from the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1988.  His advisor was Daniel Walker Howe.

During his BYU graduate studies, Underwood worked as an LDS Seminary teacher at Thunderbird High School in Phoenix, Arizona from 1977 to 1981.  While studying at UCLA, he taught at the LDS Institute of Religion in Los Angeles (1981–86), and later became Director of the Institute in Pomona, California (1986–92).  He was then a religion professor at Brigham Young University–Hawaii from 1992 to 1999, where he was elected Teacher of the Year multiple times.  In 2000 he joined the faculty of BYU in Provo, Utah as a professor of history and Research Historian with the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Latter-day Saint History.  In 2009 Underwood was on leave from BYU and working on the Joseph Smith Papers Project.

Underwood has been active in the Mormon History Association, serving on its Council from 1987 to 1990 and on the Board of Editors for the Journal of Mormon History from 1984 to 1987.  In Hawaii, he was active in the Mormon Pacific Historical Society and served on its board of directors.  In 2007 Underwood created a Mormon studies unit for the American Academy of Religion and served as co-chair.

Having background in Hawaii and Pacific Mormon history, Underwood is a Tour Director for the Hawaiian excursion from the company LDS Travel Study.

Honors
 T. Edgar Lyon Best Article from the Mormon History Association in 1986
 William Grover and Winnifred Foster Reese Award from the Mormon History Association in 1989
 T. Edgar Lyon Best Article from the Mormon History Association in 1989
The Millenarian World of Early Mormonism
 Best Book Award from the Mormon History Association in 1993
 Best Book Award from the John Whitmer Historical Association
 Nominated for the Philip Schaff Prize from the American Society of Church History
 Nominated for the Merle Curti Prize from the Organization of American Historians

Publications
Underwood has also written several articles on a broad variety of topics related to the history of the LDS Church, especially related to the doctrinal views of the LDS Church and its members in the nineteenth century.  He has also written Mormon history book reviews for academic journals.

The following is a list of some of Underwood's publications:

Books

  Paperback edition issued in 1999.

Articles

Papers

.
.
.

Notes

Sources
confetti books entry
Joseph Smith Papers editor bio
Claremont Mormon Studies association mention of participation

1954 births
Living people
Writers from Glendale, California
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American Latter Day Saint writers
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Brigham Young University–Hawaii faculty
Church Educational System instructors
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
American Mormon missionaries in Argentina
People from Anaheim, California
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Arizona
Latter Day Saints from Hawaii
Latter Day Saints from Utah


Waldemar "Fritz" Breidster (June 19, 1900 - April  2, 1982) was an American football player who played college football for the United States Military Academy at West Point.

Breidster was raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and graduated from East Division (Riverside) High School.  After a year at the University of Wisconsin, Breidster enrolled in the U.S. Military Academy. Breidster was the captain of the undefeated 1922 Army football team.  As a senior, Breidster was elected Cadet Captain of the academy—the highest office that can be given to a cadet.  Breidster also competed for Army in swimming and water polo, winning letters three sports. He was captain of the football, swimming and water polo teams as a senior. He was also selected as a first-team All-American at the guard position by Athletic World magazine (selected by 214 coaches), Chicago Tribune  writer Walter Eckersall, and Frank G. Menke. He was also selected by Billy Evans for his 1922 National Honor Roll (a selection of the best football players based on the votes of 200 sports editors).

After graduating from West Point, Breidster was assigned to the football coaching staff at Fort Mead in Maryland where he and Dwight Eisenhower were both assistant coaches.

In 1943, Breidster became the Commander of the 173rd Field Artillery Group, comprising five battalions. Later that year, he was assigned as a liaison officer with the Chinese Army in India, and eventually became Chief of Staff of the Chinese combat command. He directed the construction of a road through Burma that was completed in August 1945.

Breidster remained active in the Wisconsin National Guard after World War II, attaining the rank of brigadier general in 1947.  He was later promoted to major general and retired from military service in 1960.

He was inducted into the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 1979.

Breidster died in 1982 at age 81 at Columbia Hospital in Milwaukee.

See also
 1922 College Football All-America Team

References

American football guards
Army Black Knights football players
1900 births
1982 deaths


In computer science, Orfeo Toolbox (OTB) is a software library for processing images from Earth observation satellites.

OTB was initiated by the French space agency (CNES) in 2006. The software is released under a free licence; a number of contributors outside CNES are taking part in development and integrating into other projects.

The library was originally targeted at high resolution images acquired by the Orfeo constellation: Pléiades and Cosmo-Skymed, but it also handles other sensors.

Purpose
OTB provides:

 Image access: read/write access for most remote sensing image formats (using GDAL), meta-data access, visualization
 Data access: vector data access (shapefile, kml), DEM model, lidar data
 Filtering: blurring, denoising, enhancement for optical or radar data
 Feature extraction: texture computations including Haralick, SFS, Pantex, Edge density, points of interest, alignments, lines, SIFT, SURF
 Image segmentation: region growing, watershed, level sets
 Classification: K-means, SVM, Markov random fields and access to all OpenCV machine learning algorithms
 Change detection
 Stereo reconstruction from images
 Orthorectification and map projections (using ossim)
 Radiometric indices (vegetation, water, soil)
 Object-based segmentation and filtering
 PCA computation
 Visualization: a flexible visualization system, customizable via plugins;

Languages and interaction with other software
OTB is a C++ library, based on Insight toolkit (ITK). Bindings are developed for Python. A method to use OTB components within IDL/ENVI has been published. One of the OTB user defined a procedure to use the library capabilities from MATLAB.

Since late 2009, some modules are developed as processing plugins for QGIS. Modules for classification, segmentation, hill shading have provided. This effort relies only on volunteers.

OTB algorithms are now available in QGIS through the processing framework Sextante.

Applications

Additionally to the library, several applications with GUI are distributed. These application enable interactive segmentation, orthorectification, classification, image registration, etc...

Monteverdi (version 1 and 2)

The OTB-Applications package makes available a set of simple software tools . It supports raster and vector data and integrates most of the already existing OTB applications. The architecture takes advantage of the streaming and multi-threading capabilities of the OTB pipeline. It also uses features such as processing on demand and automagic file format I/O. The application is called Monteverdi,

In 2013, Monteverdi software was revamped into a new software called Monteverdi2.

License

OTB was initially distributed under the French Open Source license CeCILL (similar and compatible with the GNU GPL) and is now available under the Apache 2.0 license.

History
The development started in January 2006  with the first release in July 2006. The development version is publicly accessible.

Release history

Presentations
OTB has been presented in major conferences across the five continents
 IGARSS 2008 in Boston
 ISPRS 2008 in Beijing
 International Summer School on VHR Remote Sensing 2008 in Grenoble
 ESA-EUSC 2008 in Frascati
 EUSC Software days 2009 in Madrid
 AUF 2009 in Alger
 IGARSS 2009 in Cape Town for the invited session Open Source Initiatives for Remote Sensing - Orfeo Toolbox
 FOSS4G 2009 in Sydney
 Capacity building 2009 in Antananarivo
 Insight Toolkit 2010 Workshop in Washington as a keynote session
 IGARSS 2010 in Honolulu for a tutorial
 FOSS4G 2010 in Barcelona
 OGRS 2012 in Yverdon Les Bains

According to statistics on Open Hub, there is a total of 83 contributors and almost 925,000 lines of code (this include many libraries upon which OTB is built).

OTB in also use for the development of the operational ground segment for the Venus (Vegetation & Environment new micro satellite) and the ESA Sentinel-2 missions.

References

External links

C++ libraries
Cross-platform software
Free computer libraries
Remote sensing software


The Federal Reports Act of 1942 () was signed into law on December 24, 1942. It coordinated United States federal reporting requirements in order to eliminate duplication and reduce costs and burdens on potential respondents.  It was effectively overwritten by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 and its amendments, which closed a number of loopholes in the Federal Reports Act and added tougher penalties for noncompliance.

"The Federal Reports Act, as implemented by OMB Circular No. A-40, permits the director of OMB to disapprove any request for a Federal agency for collecting identical information from 10 or more respondents or a similar recordkeeping requirement."

References

 US Census Bureau Legislative Timeline

1942 in American law
United States federal legislation
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes


The Association of International Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (A.I.P.S.O.) is a non-profit, independent professional association which represents physicians and surgeons trained and licensed in jurisdictions outside Canada. AIPSO's mission is to ensure that internationally trained physicians are integrated effectively and equitably into the Canadian health care system.

The work of A.I.P.S.O. has included: providing information to members research related to access for international physicians and surgeons network and coalition building; and participating with regulatory and government bodies in the consultative reform of the processes of integration. The current AIPSO president is Dr. Peter Marosan. The current AIPSO educational program director at St. Michael's Hospital is Dr. Yiming Wang.

Founded in 1998 with 70 members, A.I.P.S.O. and its local affiliates have more than 2000 registered physicians from 105 countries. AIPSO's members are at various stages of the licensing process in Ontario. Most are not yet licensed to practice medicine in Ontario.

Objectives
 To facilitate access to the licensing process for internationally trained physicians
 To work collaboratively with other stakeholders to identify and develop appropriate assessment, orientation, upgrading and integration programs for internationally trained physicians
 To provide information to members on licensing and meaningful employment in the healthcare field

Mission
AIPSO's mission is to ensure that internationally trained physicians are integrated effectively and equitably into
the Canadian health care system. Founded in 1998 with 70 members, AIPSO and its local affiliates have more than 2000 registered physicians from 105 countries. AIPSO's members are at various stages of the licensing process in Ontario.

Advocacy
 A.I.P.S.O. is the principal advocate for IMGs (International Medical Graduate) in Ontario, representing your voice to the Ministry of Health, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, CEPHEA, Health Force Ontario and other stakeholders and decision-makers.
 Your voice will become a part of the larger advocacy voice of IMGs seeking access to the system in Ontario.
 You will be consulted to help AIPSO develop policy positions and recommendations on issues affecting IMGs.
 You will be included in AIPSO statistics that inform the Ministry of Health as to how many IMGs are in Ontario, their specialties, experience etc.
 As an IMG member, you can vote in AIPSO elections to elect your representatives on the board of directors, and can run to sit on the board.

Presidents
 Dr. A. Razzaq, M.D. (1998-2000)
 Dr. Uday Shankardas, M.D., M.R.C.P. (2000-2005)
 Dr. Hector Fernandez, M.D. (2005-2006)
 Dr. Joshua Thambiraj, M.D., F.R.C.S. (2006-2010)
 Dr. Amin Lakhani, M.D. (2010-2017)
 Dr. Peter Marosan, M.D. (2017-)

References and external links
 http://www.aipso.webs.com
 http://www.aipso.ca/pages/about/
 http://www.aipso.ca/pages/membership/
 http://www.aipso.ca/pages/path/
 http://www.aipso.ca/pages/docs/romanow%20submission%20final%20version.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090331063658/http://www.img-canada.ca/en/provinces/ontario/img-support-groups.html (contacting A.I.P.S.O.)

Health charities in Canada
Non-profit organizations based in Ontario


Grahn is an unincorporated community in Carter County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Route 182, east of Olive Hill and southwest of the county seat of Grayson.  Its elevation is 692 feet (211 m). It has a post office with the ZIP code 41142.  The ZCTA for ZIP code 41142 had a population of 95 at the 2000 census.

A post office was established in the community in 1888 as Fireclay. In 1909, it was renamed Grahn in honor of the German immigrant Karl Bernhard Grahn, founder of a successful brickyard.

A school was constructed in Grahn in the 1930s under the direction of the WPA. This building was originally Grahn High School; later it became Grahn Elementary School. When the school was closed in 1994, residents of the area sought to purchase the building and renovate it into a community center. After a grant was received in 1997, the Grahn School Community Center opened to provide services for people in Grahn and the surrounding area, including a library, thrift store, sports facilities and computer classes.

Kirk Memorial Baptist Church is in Grahn and was established in 1889. It is the oldest Southern Baptist Church in the area. The church continued its operations during the COVID-19 pandemic and the church survived in spite of the lockdowns. It survived World War 1, World War 2, and Civil War; no wonder the COVID-19 pandemic was overcome by the faithfulness of its members by prayers, unity and faithfulness in worship.

Kirk Memorial Baptist Church was without a pastor since before the COVID-19 pandemic; when James Russel Schmidt their former Pastor had an accident which made him handicapped for months. Its membership went down from between around 35 to 40 to just about 6 seniors.

Ely Roque Sagansay is presently the pastor of the said church. Ely Roque Sagansay is the first Filipino-American to minister in the church since its founding. He accepted the call after a month of filling in the pulpit for preaching, with his wife Vemerlyn Dumala Sagansay as their pianist. He first came to preach at Kirk Memorial Baptist Church when he was invited by Roger Cline of Gideons International with the intention of endorsing him to the church and call him to be their pastor.

Notable natives and residents
 Joan McCall,  screenwriter, film producer, actress and religious minister

References

Unincorporated communities in Carter County, Kentucky
Unincorporated communities in Kentucky


Zannichellia palustris, the horned pondweed, is a plant found in fresh to brackish waters in the United States (especially in the Chesapeake Bay), Europe, Asia, Australasia, and South America. It is recognizable by its long, thread like leaves, and "stringy" appearance. Its roots are also long and tendril-like, and its seeds bear a distinctive horned shape, hence the common name.
The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat. A diploid, its chromosome number was confirmed as 2n = 24.

References

Potamogetonaceae
Aquatic plants
Flora of Europe
Flora of Northern America
Flora of temperate Asia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Crome syndrome is a rare disease defined by various symptoms, including epilepsy, intellectual disability, eye and kidney problems. It usually causes death in 4 to 8 months.

History
In 1963, a doctor studied two female infants who showed symptoms of intellectual disability, congenital cataracts, epileptic seizures and small stature. The two girls died at the age of 4 and 8 months. The autopsy revealed renal tubular necrosis and encephalopathy.

References

External links

Syndromes affecting the eye
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting stature


The Lovers Arrive ()  is a 1956 Greek black and white comedy film made by Anzervos and based on a theatrical play O erastis erhete (Ο εραστής έρχεται) by Georgios Roussos.  It was directed and written by Giorgos Tzavellas.

Plot

Mina arrives from Patras to visit her cousin LEla. On their way to Lela's house Lela confesses that her husband, Potis, doesn't pay much attention to her and their marriage due to his work in as an owner of a soap manufacturing factory. Then Mina advises Lela to let Potis understand that she had an affair with someone called Pipis (diminutive of Spyros [or Spyrus]).  In the start, he doesn't realise the game that Lela plays, but after he meets with his best man Markos, who has just learnt that his wife had a relationship with another man, Potis changes his mind and starts to be suspicious of his wife. After the collection of some "clues" and the "precious" advice by Markos, he concludes that the lover of his wife is his neighbour Spyros. Spyros has a very jealous wife, Jenny, and when Lela tells Potis that she aims to go on an excursion in Zoumperi, and Spyrus goes to Thebes for a professional affair, Potis thinks he will surprise Spyros and Lela and proves that his wife has a lover. So he collaborates with envious Jenny and they put a recorder in Spyros' car to record Lela's and Spyros dialogue. But instead the recorder catches a dialogue between Jenny and Potis and now he and Jenny seem to be lovers! But the next morning Markos, Potis and Spyros meet at a cafe and the truth is revealed. Markos was responsible because he was cinemaholic and he thought that what happened in the films he watched happened also in the real life. Lastly, Mina has a wedding proposal by phone, she leaves for Patras to marry, Spyros and Jenny go to Thebes together, and Markos and his wife return home, all these with Spyros' car. And Lela and Potis love each other again and they together close the door of the garden with Potis promising not to forget her and their marriage again due to the soaps.

Cast
 Vassilis Logothetidis ..... Potis Antonopoulos
 Ilya Livykou ..... Lela Antonopoulou
 Vangelis Protopappas ..... Markos Manolopoulos
 Smaro Stefanidou ..... Mina Moutsopoulou
 Lambros Konstantaras ..... Spyros Argyriou
 Kaiti Lambropoulou ..... Jenny Argyriou
 Kyveli Theochari ..... Kiki Manolopoulou
 Nikos Rizos ..... Mistos
 Taigeti ..... Ms. Kokkinou
 Antigone Koukouli ..... Katina
 Nikos Kazis ..... Pipis

See also
List of Greek films

External links

O ziliarogatos at cine.gr

1956 films
1956 comedy films
1950s Greek-language films
Films scored by Manos Hatzidakis
Greek comedy films
Greek black-and-white films


The American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) was an energy bill in the 111th United States Congress () that would have established a variant of an emissions trading plan similar to the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. The bill was approved by the House of Representatives on June 26, 2009, by a vote of 219–212. With no prospect of overcoming a threatened Republican filibuster, the bill was never brought to the floor of the Senate for discussion or a vote.
The House passage of the bill was the "first time either house of Congress had approved a bill meant to curb the heat-trapping gases scientists have linked to climate change."

The bill was also known as the Waxman-Markey Bill, after its authors, Representatives Henry A. Waxman of California and Edward J. Markey of Massachusetts, both Democrats. Waxman was at the time the chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee, and Markey was the chairman of that committee's Energy and Power Subcommittee.

Summary of provisions
The bill proposed a cap and trade system, under which the government would set a limit (cap) on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted nationally. Companies then buy or sell (trade) permits to emit these gases, primarily carbon dioxide . The cap is reduced over time to reduce total carbon emissions. The legislation would set a cap on total emissions over the 2012–2050 period and would require regulated entities to hold rights, or allowances, to emit greenhouse gases. After allowances were initially distributed, entities would be free to buy and sell them (the trade part of the program). Those entities that emit more gases face a higher cost, which provides an economic incentive to reduce emissions. Key elements of the bill include:

Requires electric utilities to meet 20% of their electricity demand through renewable energy sources and energy efficiency by 2020.
Subsidizes new clean energy technologies and energy efficiency, including renewable energy ($90 billion in new subsidies by 2025), carbon capture and sequestration ($60 billion), electric and other advanced technology vehicles ($20 billion), and basic scientific research and development ($20 billion).
Protects consumers from energy price increases. According to estimates from the Environmental Protection Agency, the reductions in carbon pollution required by the legislation will cost American families less than a postage stamp per day (about $13.20 a month, and $160.60 a year ).
It set the same target for reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases as that proposed by President Barack Obama. The bill required a 17-percent emissions reduction from 2005 levels by 2020; Obama had committed to a 17 percent reduction by 2020. Both plans would've reduce United States' emissions by about 83 percent by 2050. Complementary measures in the legislation, such as efforts to prevent tropical deforestation, would have achieved significant additional reductions in carbon emissions.
It included a renewable electricity standard (almost identical to a renewable portfolio standard, but narrowly tailored to electrical energy) requiring each electricity provider who supplies over 4 million MWh to produce 20 percent of its electricity from renewable sources (such as wind, solar, and geothermal) by 2020.  There is a provision whereby 5% of this standard can be met through energy efficiency savings, as well as an additional 3% with certification of the Governor of the state in which the provider operates.

Alternative compliance payments were $25/MWh in violation of the standard, adjusted for inflation beginning in 2010.
It provides for modernization of the electrical grid.
It provides for expanded production of electric vehicles and other advanced automobile technology.
It mandates significant increases in energy efficiency in buildings, home appliances, and electricity generation.

The bill's cap-and-trade program allocates 85% of allowances to industry for free, auctioning the remainder. The revenue from these allowances will be used to finance conservation of tropical forests abroad and to support low-income households. 30% of the allowances will be allocated directly to local distribution companies (LDCs) who are mandated to use them exclusively for the benefit of customers. 5% will go to merchant coal generators and others with long-term power purchase agreements.

Congressional Budget Office analysis
A study in June 2009 by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office (CBO) indicated that the bill would be roughly deficit-neutral for the government over the next decade:

The study also indicated that the tax burden on individual households would be limited:

The analysis did not attempt to quantify the environmental benefits of reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The report also stated that the "net financial impact of the program on households in different income brackets would depend in large part on how many allowances were sold (versus given away), how the free allowances were allocated, and how any proceeds from selling allowances were used. That net impact would reflect both the added costs that households experienced because of higher prices and the share of the allowance value that they received in the form of benefit payments, rebates, tax decreases or credits, wages, and returns on their investments." In other words, while a cap and trade system imposes costs on high emitters, it can generate revenues for low emitters that sell permits to them. While the government sets the bar on emission levels, the market determines who gains and who loses.

Public debate

Supporters of and arguments for the bill
The bill was supported by a number of environmental organizations including, the Defenders of Wildlife, the Alliance for Climate Protection, the Environmental Defense Fund, the National Wildlife Federation, The Nature Conservancy, the Audubon Society, the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Sierra Club. The League of Conservation Voters threatened to withhold endorsements from any representative who votes against the bill.  In addition to environmental organizations the Energy and Commerce Committee received letters of support from a broad range of organizations, including the United Auto Workers, Exelon, General Electric, Dow Chemical Company, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, and DuPont. The New York Times noted that "industry officials were split, with the United States Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers opposing the bill and some of the nation's biggest corporations, including Dow Chemical and Ford, backing it."

The Republicans for Environmental Protection (REP), a national grassroots organization, issued a press release after the vote stating "House passage today of the American Clean Energy and Security Act is a step in the right direction in the fight against dangerous climate change and for developing cleaner, more secure energy resources."  David Jenkins, REP vice president for government and political affairs, noted that "Doing nothing is not an option. The costs and risks of failing to limit greenhouse gas emissions are too high. We owe it to our country and to our country's future citizens to take action. Today, the House looked to the future and did the right thing for our economy, security, and environment."

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated the discussion draft version of the bill to cost average households $98–$140 per year.  A preliminary update of this study said that the changes "would likely result in lower allowance prices, a smaller impact on energy bills, and a smaller impact on household consumption."

Economist Paul Krugman argued for the bill in September 2009, while attacking the bill's opponents: "It's important, then, to understand that claims of immense economic damage from climate legislation are as bogus, in their own way, as climate change denial. Saving the planet won't come free (although the early stages of conservation actually might). But it won't cost all that much either." During May 2009, he argued that a cap and trade system is better than a carbon tax. He explained how the incentives work

Even when polluters get free permits, they still have an incentive to reduce their emissions, so that they can sell their excess permits to someone else. That's not just theory: allowances for sulfur dioxide emissions are allocated to electric utilities free of charge, yet the cap-and-trade system for SO2 has been highly successful at controlling acid rain.

Tia Nelson testified in support of the bill on April 24, 2009.

Arguments against the bill
Criticism focused on ultimate costs and benefits of the plan.  A report written for The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, on the discussion draft of the bill claimed that the economy would react to this cap-and-trade system like it would lead to an energy crisis. This same report also claimed that the impact on global temperature by the end of the 21st century would amount to a reduction of no more than 0.2° Celsius.

Equity issues
Economist Arnold Kling said the bill "maximizes rent-seeking (favoritism toward particular businesses) and minimizes carbon reduction". Other economists argued that the bill would create significant financial costs. The Wall Street Journal accused the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) of significantly underestimating the bill's ultimate costs, pointing out supposed flaws in its calculations. The Wall Street Journal also suggested that the bill's costs would disproportionately affect lower-income households, for which the CBO estimates did not account. The New York Times reported that the bill's provisions to levy tariffs on Chinese imports due to carbon emissions could provoke a trade war. The Competitive Enterprise Institute argued that the bill was essentially the "largest tax hike in world history". The American Petroleum Institute, representing the petroleum and natural gas industry, said the bill would place "disproportionate burden on all consumers of gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, jet fuel, propane and other petroleum products", and by 2035, it would cause gasoline prices in excess of $4.00 per gallon by today's standards.

Nuclear power
Nuclear power plants generate minimal greenhouse gases, yet one critic wrote that the bill did not sufficiently advocate this clean power source. In response to this criticism, House of Representatives staff members wrote that the electricity generated by nuclear power required the purchase of far fewer allowances than other forms of electricity generation; that the bill provided various types of financial support to build clean energy generating sources, including nuclear; and that an EPA study indicated that twice as many nuclear plants would be built if the law was passed versus the status quo.

Other high emitting nations
There was criticism that unless China and India adopted similar emissions standards, the impact on global climate would be insubstantial.  This was largely an argument based on the leading role these two countries had obtained in carbon dioxide emissions which could reach 34% of the global total by 2030.

Doubts about a carbon market
Critics also noted that the bill would create the largest market in carbon in the world.  It would also "open up the so-called 'sub-prime carbon' market in carbon offsets, whereby industries can claim emissions reductions by investing in various projects around the world that theoretically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) claimed it was virtually impossible to verify whether carbon offsets represented real emissions reductions. "

Non federal jurisdictions
On June 26, 2009, Reuters reported that "[s]tates that have set the U.S. agenda on addressing greenhouse gas emissions are lining up behind a federal climate bill, fearing signs of dissent would weaken a plan that still faces hurdles"  The article noted that representatives from members of the Eastern U.S. 10-state Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, the Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord, which joined six U.S. states with Canada's Manitoba, and the 11-state-and-four Canadian province Western Climate Initiative were supporting the legislation, even though the Eastern market member states, which had already been operating under a cap-and-trade system, "would lose a direct revenue stream of hundreds of millions of dollars if the federal plan were passed." The three existing regional carbon cap and trade programs, which were in varying states of development, would likely be merged into the national plan, since "the federal 'cap-and-trade' plan pre-empts any similar state scheme from 2012 to 2017." However, ACES left states the option of resuming trade of pollution credits after 2017 and "would allow holders of RGGI allowances to convert them into federal allowances, which means the states will likely hold auctions until the federal plan begins.

Citizens Against Government Waste named both Reps. Waxman and Markey the May 2009 Porkers of the month for "adding and altering provisions to placate special interests and buy the votes of appropriately skeptical members of Congress".

Debate among environmental organizations and scientists
While the Environmental Defense Fund and many other environmental organizations strongly supported the bill, other environmentalists sharply criticized the legislation as too weak and called urgently for it to be amended so as to include additional and more vigorous measures to protect climate and natural resources.

Some environmentalists criticized the fuel efficiency standards in the "cash for clunkers" provision of the bill, because new cars would only need to get 22 MPG to be considered fuel efficient. New SUVs and pickup trucks would only need to get 18 MPG to be considered fuel efficient. Vehicles older than 25 years were not eligible for the program. CNN reported that "One of the biggest criticisms is that it's not very environmentally friendly."

The New York Times noted that "while some environmentalists enthusiastically supported the legislation, others, including Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth, opposed it."  Friends of the Earth, an international environmental organization, announced its opposition to ACES as they believed the bill was too weak. They cited support from Shell Oil Company and Duke Energy as evidence of the bill's shortcomings. They also objected to the removal of the EPA's existing authority to use the Clean Air Act to counter emissions of greenhouse gases. Environmental organizations critical of the bill said the bill fell short by allowing for 85 percent or more of pollution permits to be given away free of cost to the electricity sector. A coalition of environmental groups released a statement saying that "to craft a bill that allows for 2 billion tons of offsets per year—roughly equivalent to 27 percent of 2007 U.S. greenhouse gas emissions—is to allow for continued and dangerous delay in real action by our country at a time when the world is looking to the U.S. for leadership on climate change." Critics of the bill were concerned about it not going far enough, and claimed that there were too many concessions made to special interests in rewriting the bill. Thus, making the bill weak and potentially harmful to the economy and environment.

Dr. James E. Hansen, one of the first to warn about the risks of climate change and an advocate of taking related action, also argued strongly against the bill: 1) It restricted the EPA's ability to regulate CO2 emissions from power plants; 2) it set "meager" targets for emission reductions, with only a 13% reduction by 2020; 3) it lacked certain controls important to the trading of allowances to emit carbon; and 4) it failed to set predictable prices for carbon, making it harder for businesses and households to make investment decisions. Dr. Hansen advocated a carbon tax rather than a cap and trade system.
Alternatively, Senators Maria Cantwell and Susan Collins introduced the Carbon Limits and Energy for America's Renewal (CLEAR) Act. This bill proposed a cap and dividend approach in which 75% of the revenue is returned to taxpayers in the form of a dividend, and the rest is used to fund to development of renewable energy.

Media response
News agencies Reuters and Agence France-Presse and United Kingdom newspaper The Guardian reported the narrow passage of the "historic" legislation in the House, regarding the vote to be a "major" and "hard-fought" victory for President Obama, while an Associated Press article, carried by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, reported the vote to be "a triumph for [the] U.S. President."

The New York Times commented that "the House legislation reflects a series of concessions necessary to attract the support of Democrats from different regions and with different ideologies. In the months of horse-trading before the vote Friday, the bill's targets for emissions of heat-trapping gases were weakened, its mandate for renewable electricity was scaled back, and incentives for industries were sweetened." Business Week emphasized its perceived significance of the legislation and its passage in the House, declaring "June 26, 2009, will go down as an historic moment in world's efforts to tackle climate change. For the first time, a Congressional body passed legislation that would place mandatory limits on the emissions of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming."

Impact on Copenhagen Climate Change Conference
It was reported that the passage of ACES in Congress would increase the likelihood that a successor to the Kyoto Protocol would be adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenhagen. The Guardian US environment correspondent noted that ACES passing the US House of Representatives "delivers an important boost to the prospects of reaching an agreement for international action on climate change at Copenhagen this year." The New York Times noted that "the German chancellor, Angela Merkel, who was in Washington on Friday to meet with Mr. Obama, strongly endorsed the bill even though it fell short of European goals for reducing the emissions of heat-trapping gases."

Legislative history
The bill was offered as a "discussion draft" in the House Committee on Energy and Commerce on March 31, 2009. A final version of the legislation was introduced on May 15, 2009, by the same title, assigned bill number .

On May 21, 2009, the bill passed out of the Energy and Commerce Committee by a vote of 33–25, largely falling along political party lines.

Energy and Commerce Committee markup
Republicans proposed over 400 amendments to the bill, the majority of which many think were proposed to delay passage. Some of the more prominent from both parties are listed below:

Accepted
John Dingell (D-MI) offered an amendment that establishes a bank to assist with loans for clean energy development.
Betty Sutton (D-OH) offered an amendment establishing a "Cash for Clunkers" program, giving $3,500 or $4,500 toward the purchase or lease of more fuel efficient vehicles if anyone trades in qualifying, less-efficient vehicles.
Kathy Castor (D-FL) offered an amendment giving states the ability to adopt feed-in tariffs for renewable energy as defined in the bill.
Henry Waxman (D-CA) offered an amendment creating a classification of "central procurement state" that allows existing renewable energy legislation passed by states before January 1, 2009, to supersede some provisions of the bill.

Defeated
Mike Rogers (R-MI) offered an amendment that would have cancelled the Act unless China and India adopt similar standards.
Roy Blunt (R-MO) offered an amendment that would have cancelled the Act if the average price of electricity in a residential sector increases by 10% or more.  After defeat, he offered a second amendment that would have cancelled only Title III (the cap-and-trade plan) of the Act if residential electricity prices rise by 20%.  After defeat of this measure, George Radanovich (R-CA) offered a similar amendment that would have cancelled only Title III if electricity prices in the residential sector rise by 100%.  This measure was also defeated.  In the hearing, Bart Stupak (D-MI) called into question the seriousness of these "message amendments".  He stated they are only offered to be used by the Republicans to spur sensational headlines about lack of sympathy by Democrats.  Ranking Member Joe Barton (R-TX) responded that they were indeed "message amendments" to the American people in an attempt to convey that supporters of the bill care nothing about cost to the ratepayer.
Lee Terry (R-NE) offered an amendment that would have cancelled the Act if average gas prices reach $5 per gallon.
Fred Upton (R-MI) offered an amendment that would have suspended the Act if the nation's unemployment rate for the prior year reaches 15% as a result of the Act.
Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) offered an amendment that would have required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to label energy bills, food, manufactured products and fuels with the price impact this law has on the item.
Cliff Stearns (R-FL) offered an amendment that would have removed existing nuclear power from the baseline of the Renewable Electricity Standard.  (This amendment would have potentially reduced the overall implementation of renewable energy under this act by around 20%, the amount of nuclear electricity generation in the United States).

By the end of May 20, 2009, 2 Republican and 24 Democratic amendments had been adopted.  15 Republican amendments had been defeated.  No amendment sponsored by a Democrat had yet been defeated.

Rules Committee resolution
At 3:47am on June 26, 2009,  was reported to the house, which amended H.R. 2454, adding to the bill. This resolution was passed in the house just hours later at 11:21am. Republicans complained that neither the public nor the representatives were given adequate time to study the 310-page amendment. Markey refuted Rush Limbaugh's assertion that the bill was not available at all, saying the bill was available to read on the Internet and at the reading clerk's desk since the 3:47am reporting.

Final debate and floor vote
Speaker Nancy Pelosi scheduled the vote for June 26, 2009. The week leading up to the vote was marked by courting moderate Republicans and on-the-fence Democrats from rural and coal districts to support the legislation in what was expected to be a close vote. On the day of the vote, Democrats were still working to ensure they had the votes needed to pass the bill.  Republicans tried to pull back their proposed amendments, realizing they were giving the Democrats more time to corral votes, however, they were unable to pull their proposed amendments off the floor.  Shortly before the vote, John Boehner read aloud to the House from most of the 300 page Manager's amendment that was filed at 3:09am on the day of the vote. He voiced opposition to the practice of changing bills in the middle of the night before the vote, and concern that the manager's amendment made substantial changes to the bill.  He did not want the House to vote on the bill before the members could learn what was in the amendment, so he read much of it aloud.  Manager's amendments are supposed to be for clerical changes only, not substantive ones.  Patrick J. Kennedy (D-RI) returned from rehab to cast a 'Yes' vote, and Ellen Tauscher (D-CA) delayed resigning the House to vote for the legislation as well.

The bill was approved in the House by a vote of 219–212, with 8 Republicans supporting, and 44 Democrats voting against, and 3 members not voting.  All representatives present at the time of the vote had cast votes.  Jeff Flake (R-AZ), Alcee Hastings (D-FL), and John Sullivan (R-OK) missed the vote due to "a family conflict", travel abroad in Albania, and "alcohol addiction treatment", respectively.

Democratic votes against largely came from freshmen in Republican-leaning seats, conservative "blue dog" democrats, as well as Democrats from areas dependent on coal for electricity or areas with large numbers of manufacturing jobs.  However, some Democrats from liberal districts, like Pete Stark (CA) voted against the bill because he considered the bill "watered-down". Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) voted against the bill because he considered the bill "too-weak" and opposed offsets, among other similar criticisms.

Republicans supporting the bill were Army Secretary nominee John M. McHugh and moderate Republican Main Street Partnership caucus members Mary Bono Mack (R-CA), Mike Castle (R-DE), Dave Reichert (R-WA), Mark Kirk (R-IL), Leonard Lance (R-NJ), Frank LoBiondo (R-NJ), Chris Smith (R-NJ).  Kirk and Castle were members of the Republicans for Environmental Protection caucus.

With no prospect of overcoming a threatened Republican filibuster, the bill was never brought to the floor of the Senate for discussion or a vote.

Required annual reductions in GHG emissions

The table below summarizes the required greenhouse gas emission reductions, with the benchmark of the 2005 emission levels.

See also
 Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
 Low-carbon fuel standard
 Low carbon power generation
 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
 Climate Change Accountability Act (Bill C-311)
 Climate change policy of the United States

 Emissions trading
 Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Accord
 Western Climate Initiative
 EU ETS

References

External links
H.R. 2454, 111th Congress  at THOMAS

Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress
Emissions trading
Renewable energy economy
Climate change law
Climate change policy in the United States