Travicom was the trading name of Travel Automation Services Ltd, a travel technology company based in the United Kingdom providing a global distribution system between airlines and travel agencies.

In 1976, Videcom with British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom, the world's first multi-access reservations system, (wholly based on Videcom technology), forming a network providing distribution for initially 2 and later 49 subscribing international airlines (including British Airways, British Caledonian, TWA, Pan American World Airways, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, Air France, Lufthansa, SAS, Air Canada, KLM, Alitalia, Cathay Pacific and JAL).   The initial system supported little more than 100 terminals but subsequent developments allowed most of the IATA licensed agencies in the UK to access the system.   The system allowed agents to use the same entry formats for all the connected airlines' systems.   The displays were returned in the format used by each airline system.   By 1987 Travicom was handling 97% of UK airline business trade bookings.

The system was replicated by Videcom in other areas of the world including the Middle East (DMARS), New Zealand, Kuwait (KMARS), Ireland, the Caribbean, United States and Hong Kong.

The Travicom UK multi-access system was closed and replaced by the system called Galileo in the UK today and in 1988 Travicom changed its trading name to Galileo UK. Later, British Airways sold Galileo UK to Galileo International.

British Airways and Sabre controversy
In 1987, Sabre's success in selling to European travel agents was inhibited by the refusal of the big European carriers led by British Airways to grant the system ticketing authority for their flights, even though Sabre had obtained BSP clearance for the UK in 1986. American Airlines brought a High Court action which alleged that British Airways, after the arrival of Sabre on its doorstep, immediately offered financial incentives to travel agents who continued to use Travicom and would tie any override commissions to use of the Travicom system.

British Airways eventually bought out the stakes in Travicom held by Videcom and British Caledonian to become the sole owner, and although Sabre's vice-president in London, David Schwarte, made representations to the US Department of Transportation and the British Monopolies Commission, BA defended the use of Travicom as a truly non-discriminatory system in flight selection because an agent had access to some 50 carriers worldwide, including Sabre, for flight information.

References

External links
 Videcom

Software companies of the United Kingdom
Computer reservation systems
Travel technology


Kolesnik, Kolesnyk, Kolisnyk, or Kalesnik is a gender-neutral occupational surname meaning "wheelwright" in several Slavic languages. In its various forms, it is particularly common in Ukraine.

Variations
 Ukraine: Колесник or Колісник (Kolesnyk, Kolisnyk; less common: Kolesnik, Kolisnik)
 Belarus: Калеснік (Kalesnik)
 Russia: Колесник (Kolesnik)
 Poland: Koleśnik
 Moldova/Romania: Colesnic
 Other: Kolesnick

People

Kolesnik
 Aleksey Kolesnik (born 1999), Belarusian footballer
 Alyona Kolesnik (born 1995), Ukrainian-Azerbaijani freestyle wrestler
 Andrey Kolesnik (born 1960), Russian politician
 Finn Kolesnik (born 2000), Canadian World Bridge Champion
 Magdalena Koleśnik (born 1990), Polish actress
 Vadim Kolesnik (born 1969), Ukrainian hammer thrower
 Vadym Kolesnik (born 2001), Ukrainian-born ice dancer
 Vitali Kolesnik (born 1979), Kazakhstani ice hockey goaltender

Kolesnyk
 Danylo Kolesnyk (born 2001), Ukrainian footballer
 Vadym Kolesnyk (born 1967), Ukrainian footballer
 Yuliia Kolesnyk (born 1997), Ukrainian sprint canoeist

Kolisnyk
 Art Kolisnyk (1921–1996), Canadian football player
 Mykola Kolisnyk (born 1988), Ukrainian statesman

Kalesnik
 Sergey Kalesnik (born 1970), Belarusian sprint canoeist
 Stanislav Kalesnik (1901–1977), Soviet glaciologist

Colesnic
 Iurie Colesnic (born 1955), Moldovan politician

See also

 Kolesnikov

Belarusian-language surnames
Polish-language surnames
Ukrainian-language surnames


En Bommukutty Ammavuku () is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by Fazil, starring Sathyaraj, Suhasini, Raghuvaran, Rekha and Geetu Mohandas. It is a remake of Fazil's own Malayalam film Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku (1983). The film was released on 15 April 1988.

Plot

Lakshmi and Vinod, a couple who lost their daughter in an accident, decide to adopt a girl from the local orphanage. But problems arise when the child's biological parents Mercy and Alex seek to find her.

Cast
 Sathyaraj as Vinod
 Suhasini as Lakshmi
 Raghuvaran as Alex
 Rekha as Mercy
 M. S. Thripunithura as Fr Joseph Epstein
 Janagaraj as Lawyer
 Geetu Mohandas as Tinnu

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.

Reception

The Indian Express wrote, "The script moves ever so gracefully plumbing the depths of a bereaved couple's predicament." The reviewer went on to say, "Fazil seems to have given a great deal of thought to every scene. The only drawback of the film ironically contributed by music director Ilayaraja, whose brother Baskar is the film's producer. The one man who is allowed to indulge himself is Ilayaraja (too many songs). After all, it's as good as being his own film".

References

External links

1980s Tamil-language films
1988 films
Films about adoption
Films directed by Fazil
Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja
Indian drama films
Tamil remakes of Malayalam films


Clonmel Junction Festival is an annual festival held in the town of Clonmel, Ireland. The festival starts on the first weekend of July and runs for seven days. It is a multi-discipline arts festival with theatre, dance, music, food, and visual arts.

Clonmel Junction Festival was first established in 2001. The festival has been described as punching well above its weight for a town with no committed performing arts venue. The Junction Dome, a geodesic dome acted as a livestreaming venue for the 2021 festival on Mick Delahunty Square in the center of town.

History

Early years

Clonmel Junction Festival was established in 2001 by the now defunct Galloglass Theatre Company. It featured four theatre shows, one comedy performance and a small number of Traditional Music performances in local pubs.

In 2002, the festival expanded its format to include Rock Music featuring Damien Rice and Kíla. A participation program was also introduced this year. The program involved local school children creating street art that was put on display for the duration of the festival. This has since become annual program which engages over 300 children every year.

2003 featured the premiere of Des Dillon's Teac a Bloc. This was also the last year that the festival was run by the Galloglass Theatre Company.

Independence

2004 saw Clonmel Junction Festival became an independent organization run by a board of directors. The success of the festival led to its expansion in 2005, increasing from a six-day event to nine-day event.

2006 saw the festival bring Nofit State Circus to Clonmel for five sell-out shows. As part of this year festival, there was also a celebration of newly established Polish community within Clonmel, in a mini Polish Festival.

The 10th Clonmel Junction Festival took place in 2010, the focus of the event shifted to circus. The festival featured circus acts from Ireland and abroad, including Fossett's Circus and Les Parfaits Inconnus. The music line up included Cathy Davey, Republic of Loose and Mick Flannery. It also featured the premiere of Me Seeing You 2, by the Iseli Chiodi Dance Company commissioned by the Festival, South Tipperary Arts Office and The Excel Centre.

Artistic Projects

The Participation Programme made it possible to transform Clonmel into a "forest" in 2006. The villages in the forest were set up by the programme. Several acts brought their villages with them in their own way. There was also a celebration of the emerging Polish village within Clonmel, in a mini Polish Festival.

Followed by the success of the Space Time Machine in 2007 the Festival organized Da Fair deadly Pirateswarm, 2008 youth project. The same year a collaboration was organized between Body Mind & Soul, visiting artists from Malawi and Maslow, a young local band. Sensazione, an eco-theatrical fun fair was the headline event in 2008. Along with this several other theatre world premières took place during the nine days including 'Raw', a creation of the aerial dance company Fidget Feet in collaboration with the festival and made possible by funding from the Arts Council.

Highlights over the years
2001 – Cracked by Quare Hawks Theatre Company
2002 – Gorilla Goes Beautiful by Lieber Gorilla, Moze Fan Fan, Damien Rice
2003 – The premiere of Des Dillon's Teach a Bloc
2004 – Tom Crean Antarctic Explorer by Aidan Dooley,
Romeo and Juliet by The Daylight Players
2005 – KT Tunstall, Yair Dalal, Máirtín O'Connor
2006 – Nofit State Circus, Liam Clancy and Odetta
2007 – The Syringa Tree, Foy Vance, Mary Black
2008 – Nicole and Martin, Paul Brady, The Blizzards, Fidget Feet
2009 – Cafe Carte Blanche
2010 – Cathy Davey, Republic of Loose, Kíla, Mick Flannery

2021 – Jerry Fish, Mick Flannery, Gavin Glass, Fishamble, and local playwright and actress, Eve O'Mahoney

References

Sources
 Irish Newspaper Archives  – Retrieved 25 April 2009
The Festival, as presented by the official Irish Tourism body.

External links
 Clonmel Junction Festival
 Irishtimes.com Slideshow

Clonmel
Music festivals in Ireland
Recurring events established in 2001
2001 establishments in Ireland


Aurélien Cotentin (; born 1 August 1982), better known by his stage name Orelsan (; sometimes stylized as OrelSan), is a French rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor and film director. He has released four studio albums: his debut Perdu d'avance on 16 February 2009, his second album Le chant des sirènes on 26 September 2011, his third album La fête est finie on 20 October 2017 and his fourth album  Civilisation  on 19 November 2021.

He is also one half of the French hip hop duo Casseurs Flowters, along with Gringe, with whom he has released two studio albums: Orelsan et Gringe sont les Casseurs Flowters in 2013, and the original soundtrack for their 2015 film Comment c'est loin.

Orelsan's artistry and rapping technique has drawn him comparisons to American rap legend Eminem on several occasions during the earlier stage of his career, primarily because both are prominent white rappers and both are known for their ability to switch between or combine violent and comical rapping techniques. Over the years, Orelsan has been recognized as one of the most iconic and important French songwriters and lyricists of his generation. He has a particular style of mixing humor and irony with heavy subjects and manages to reach and appeal to multigenerational audience and a much larger crowd of listeners than hardcore rap fans.

His third album La fête est finie has been certified double diamond, selling more than one million copies in France. His latest album Civilisation  was the No.1 selling music album in France for two consecutive years of 2021 and 2022.

In 2022, Orelsan was named "chevalier des Arts et des Lettres" (Knight of Arts and Letters) by the Ministry of Culture of France, rewarded for his creation in the artistic field and the contribution he has made to the influence of the arts in France and in the world.

Life and career

1982–2003: Early life and beginnings
Aurélien Cotentin was born on 1 August 1982 in Alençon in Lower Normandy, where he was raised by his father, a middle school principal, and his mother, a teacher. He initially listened to rock music and was also a fan of manga and comics. While practicing basketball, he picked up the love of rap through his basketball friends. He graduated with a French baccalauréat in Economic and Social Sciences before moving to Caen where he studied at l'École de management de Normandie, graduating in 2004. While in college, he made friends with record producer Skread, who had worked with Diam's, Booba, Rohff and Nessbeal. He also collaborated with Gringe in his initial works and formed the duo Casseurs Flowters with him in 2004.

Orelsan spent one year at the University of Tampa in Florida, where he had the inspiration of writing the song "50 pour cent". In 2002, he issued a mixtape and was invited to contribute in various compilations. Returning to France and working the night shifts in a hotel gave him the opportunity to write more.

2004–2010: Early career and Perdu d'avance

In 2004, Orelsan formed the hip hop duo Casseurs Flowters with his colleague Gringe. With help from French record producer Skread, they released their first mixtape Fantasy: Episode 1 in 2004 with 11 tracks. Afterwards, the two decided to focus on building their solo careers.

In August 2006, Orelsan released his first clip on YouTube, called "Ramen", followed by a second one in 2007, called "Saint-Valentin", a sarcastic parody on Valentine's Day that attracted great following prompting him to release more of his work online through YouTube and Myspace.

In 2008, the record label 3e Bureau noticed his work and offered him an opportunity to produce an album in collaboration with 7th Magnitude, a record label founded by Skread and his colleague Ablaye. In the summer of 2008, he promoted the release of "Changement", his first single released on 13 October 2008, and its music video through the TF1 Video and Nolife TV channels. The video was Orelsan's first professionally prepared clip.

On 16 February 2009, Orelsan released his debut album Perdu d'avance, a provocative album produced by Skread, that included 14 tracks. With "Changement" as its lead single, it included tracks such as the title track "Perdu d'avance", "50 pour cent", "Soirée ratée", "Différent" and "No-life", with music video releases for all. "Entre bien et mal" featured his Casseurs Flowters colleague Gringe and "La peur de l'échec" featured Guns N' Roses guitarist Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal. At the end of 2009, Orelsan was nominated for the Prix Constantin award, and won the MTV Europe Music Award for Best French Act, pipping highly favoured David Guetta to the prize.

In 2010, Orelsan also collaborated with The Toxic Avenger on the extended play N'importe comment, releasing three music videos, a single and a maxi single containing remixes, all on the Roy Music label.

On 26 June 2010, Orelsan appeared on Skyrock's Planète Rap, joining Jena Lee on the song "Je rêve en enfer" from her album Ma référence with Orelsan adding his punchlines in a version known as "Je rêve en enfer (Reste en enfer)". Also in 2010, Orelsan collaborated with Nessbeal in "Ma grosse" and was part of the Diversidad project, joining a great number of rappers from various European countries. His work appeared in the collective album of Diversidad called Diversidad – The Experience Album.

In September 2010, during an interview with Canal Street, Orelsan announced that he was working on his new album that would come out in 2011.

2011–2012: Le chant des sirènes and rising recognition
On 30 May 2011, Orelsan released "RaelSan", a pre-release and lead single for his upcoming second album. Its second single, "Double vie", was made available through YouTube and Skyrock on 9 June. "Plus rien ne m'étonne" followed on 25 July, and finally "Suicide social" was released on 15 September.

The album Le chant des sirènes was released on 26 September 2011 with 16 tracks including popular tracks such as the title track "Le chant des sirènes", "Mauvaise idée" and "Finir mal". A fifth single, "La terre est ronde", was released from the album on 24 December, and a sixth single, "Ils sont cools" featuring Gringe, was released on 22 June 2012.

Receiving generally positive reviews from music critics, the album was certified gold only one month after release in France, with over 50,000 copies sold, was certified platinum in 2012 with over 100,000 copies sold, and was certified double platine by the SNEP in 2018 with over 200,000 copies sold in France. The album peaked at number 3 on the French (SNEP) Albums Chart, at number 9 on the Belgian (Wallonia) Ultratop Albums Chart, and at number 32 on the Swiss (Hitparade) Albums Chart.

On 3 March 2012, Orelsan won two awards in Victoires de la Musique, one in the category "Urban Album of the Year" for Le chant des sirènes, and for "Group or Artist Popular Revelation of the Year" chosen by the public.

2013–2014: Casseurs Flowters reunion and debut studio album

In 2013, Orelsan's recognition continued growing further, as he was nominated for the Victoires de la Musique award for Male Artist of the Year, while he was given the Prix de la Création Musicale award for Songwriter of the Year. He was also nominated for the NRJ Music Award for French Revelation of the Year, and at the 2013 Trace Urban Music Awards, he was nominated for the Male Artist of the Year and Best Live Performance awards, while "La terre est ronde" was nominated for Best Song and "Ils sont cools" featuring Gringe nominated for Best Music Video.

Following the success of Le chant des sirènes, Orelsan released his first collaborative single as Casseurs Flowters with Gringe, "Bloqué", on 3 July 2013 as a pre-release for their upcoming debut studio album. Orelsan et Gringe sont les Casseurs Flowters was released on 15 November 2013 to generally positive reviews, and includes tracks such as "Regarde comme il fait beau (dehors)", "La mort du disque", "Dans la place pour être" and "Fais les backs", which all charted in France despite not being released as singles. The album was then certified gold in France by the UPFI in 2014, having sold over 50,000 copies.

2015–2017: Comment c'est loin and La fête est finie
On 21 March 2015, Orelsan posted a photo of a script with the working title Orel et Gringe (Orel and Gringe) on his Instagram page. On 4 May, he posted another photo, this time of himself with Gringe in the film, confirming that shooting for the film was complete and that its title would be Comment c'est loin.

On 29 October 2015 Orelsan and Gringe released "À l'heure où je me couche" as a single from the film's original soundtrack, which was confirmed to be released on the same day as the film. Both were released on 9 December and, like Orelsan et Gringe sont les Casseurs Flowters, received generally positive reviews from critics. Two more songs from the album, "Inachevés" and "Si facile", also charted in France despite not being released as singles. The album was certified platinum in France in January 2017.

In April 2017, Orelsan announced that he and Gringe were working on their third and debut solo studio albums respectively, but did not reveal any release dates. On 20 September 2017, Orelsan released the first single from his third solo album, entitled "Basique", along with its music video in which the album's release date was revealed to be 20 October 2017. On 22 September 2017, Orelsan revealed the name of the album, La fête est finie, along with its cover art.

On 20 October 2017, La fête est finie was released, to huge critical and commercial success: the album was certified gold by the SNEP within three days, platinum within a week, and diamond within eight months. In January 2023, the album reached a new milestone in terms of impressive sales record: it has been certified double diamond by the SNEP with over 1,000,000 copies sold in France.

La fête est finie was nominated for IMPALA's European Album of the Year Award.

On 9 February 2018, Orelsan won three awards in Victoires de la Musique of 2018, one in the category of "Urban Album of the Year" for La fête est finie, one in the category of "Male Artist of the Year", and one in "Audiovisual Creation" for the music video of "Basique", one of the lead singles of the album.

On 8 February 2019, Orelsan won the award of "Musical Show, Tour or Concert of the Year" for his tour in Victoires de la Musique of 2019.

2021–present: Civilisation

Civilisation is his fourth studio album, released on 19 November 2021 through 7th Magnitude, 3e Bureau and Wagram. The album was largely produced by long-time collaborator Skread and features guest appearances by Gringe and The Neptunes. It marks his first album release in over four years. Most notable singles include  L'odeur de l'essence, "Jour meilleur" and "La quête" .

The album made a record-breaking debut on the French Albums Chart, selling more units than any other album in 2021. The album topped at 1st on French and Belgian (Wallonia) charts, as well as 2nd on Swiss charts at its best week. It was certified diamond by the SNEP within five months in France, becoming the fastest album to be certified diamond in the history of French rap.

According to the SNEP, Civilisation was the No.1 selling album in France for two consecutive years of 2021 and 2022.

On 11 February 2022, Orelsan won three awards at Victoires de la Musique of 2022, one in the category of "Male Artist of the Year", one in the category of "Original Song of the Year" for the lead single L'odeur de l'essence, and one in the category of "Video of the Year" for "Montre jamais ça à personne", a documentary about Orelsan directed by his younger brother, Clément Cotentin. In November 2022, Orelsan won two awards at 2022 NRJ Music Award: Francophone Male Artist of the Year and Francophone Tour of the Year.

In February 2023, Orelsan won three awards at Victoires de la Musique of 2023, one in the category of "Concert of the Year" for his Civilisation tour, one in the category of "Original Song of the Year" for the lead single "La Quête", and another one in the category of "Music Video of the Year" for the music video of "La Quête". By 2023, Orelsan has won a total of twelve awards at Victoires de la Musique, surpassing French music legends Johnny Hallyday and Alain Souchon who had 10 trophies each.

Controversy

Printemps de Bourges
In 2009, controversy erupted when some of Orelsan's earliest work was deemed by certain media to include violent and misogynist lyrics, specifically in "Saint-Valentin" and "Sale pute" (the latter is French for "Dirty whore"). Neither song appeared on his debut album Perdu d'avance, but were available online. Many blog campaigns followed, demanding that he’d be banned from appearing at a scheduled gig at the Printemps de Bourges festival. The campaign took a political turn with both the French Communist Party (PCF) and the French Socialist Party (PS) supporting the campaign. The Socialist Party claimed in a communiqué that the song included "a scandalous, odious text that incited violence directly". It also supported the campaign to remove Orelsan from Printemps de Bourges. French Secretary of State for Solidarity Valérie Létard considered "Sale pute" sexist and violent and demanded that websites remove the video from their sites. She also offered help to groups that wanted to file a lawsuit based on Article 24 of the law on freedom of the press, that forbids incitement to commit crimes.

Orelsan was taken aback by the controversy, explaining about the song which had existed for 2 years, in an interview with Planète Rap Mag: "In this song, I try to show how an impulsive drive can turn someone into a monster. I shot a clip where I am wearing a suit and tie and am drinking alcohol, to show that this is a fiction. In any case, I do apologize for the violence. The attitude of this character disgusts me, but I feel I am artistically representing the incident as hatred exactly as a film like A Clockwork Orange does. [...] In the storyline, I have actually been deceived by my girlfriend, and I wanted to describe the impulse of rage that you can have in such times. This is not a misogynist text on the contrary." He added: "I admit that these lyrics [can] shock" and he apologized about it mentioning that he had not performed the song live for several months and it didn’t appear on his album Perdu d'avance. He added: "[However] whatever I said, I will always be less violent than the series broadcast on TF1, where a guy gets hit every five minutes for no reason."

The Printemps de Bourges organisers insisted on keeping Orelsan on the show scheduled for 25 April 2009, saying in a communique: "As outrageous as are the lyrics of this song, we have hired Orelsan as a young artist for an artistic performance noting that his album does not include this [particular] song. For this reason, we do not remove [the date for] Orelsan's performance as we are fulfilling our artistic choices. This French language hip hop album presents good texts that seem a perfect reflection of a 20-year-old French generation, a bit lost and disillusioned." Despite explanations, François Bonneau, the President of the Regional Council of the Centre, threatened financial reprisals against the festival if it didn't reconsider its decision. It also deducted a proportional part of its subvention to the festival. Orelsan did eventually appear at the festival despite the campaign.

The Printemps de Bourges controversy had repercussions elsewhere. When Les Francofolies de La Rochelle festival decided to ban Orelsan from performing, he protested the intervention, citing censorship on artistic works. The singer Cali protested to the organizers including Jean-Louis Foulquier, who had in turn accused Ségolène Royal of threats to stop the financial support.

Frédéric Lefebvre, the spokesman for Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (UMP) said that the matter was blown out of proportion declaring that he supported the young artist's freedom of expression and denounced attempts of censorship by Ségolène Royal against him. Royal denied any "chantage" or threats, expressing her satisfaction that the organizers had decided to cancel Orelsan's gig. On 14 July 2009, French Minister of Culture Frédéric Mitterrand made a declaration of support for the rapper for freedom of expression, judging the whole controversy ridiculous. Many artists also came to Orelsan's support. Many French radio stations have censored at times Orelsan's songs due to protests from feminists and others, and the media have dubbed him the "Eminem of French rap".

Orelsan explained the lyrics of "Sale pute" to AFP as the expression of these mixed feelings between love and hatred, and eventually dropped the song from his repertoire.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/5077310/French-Eminem-apologises-for-violent-rap.html|author=Henry Samuel|title="French Eminem" apologises for "violent" rap|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=20 March 2009|access-date=21 March 2011}}</ref>

Legal issues
The gay French magazine Têtu has publicly questioned some of Orelsan's lyrics as being homophobic. In June 2012, at the Sakifo Festival in Réunion, the regional council of the island suppressed its subvention of €150,000 or one tenth of the budget of the festival. The arrival of Orelsan was questioned, but finally the organisers went on with it, but took to pay back €1 for every ticket sold for the date of the show to associations that protested. The song that caused the most controversy was "Saint-Valentin".

On 31 May 2013, Orelsan was given a suspended fine of €1,000 for insult and incitement of violence against women, for certain texts of his songs performed during a concert in Paris in May 2009, by the Correctional Tribunal of Paris. The disputed texts represented "2% of the concert", "it is a fictitious work", which told "a precise story in a precise context", Orelsan had assured. On 14 May 2014, the Court of Appeal of Paris closed the case by putting an end to all lawsuits and the original complaint filed against Orelsan, finding that action taken against him by five feminist associations was prescribed.

Discography

Studio albums
 Perdu d'avance (2009)
 Le chant des sirènes (2011)
 La fête est finie (2017)
 Civilisation'' (2021)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

See also

 Casseurs Flowters
 Gringe
 Skread
 7th Magnitude
 Honorific nicknames in popular music
 List of MTV Europe Music Award for Best French Act winners
 Wagram Music

References

External links

 Orelsan on Skyrock

1982 births
Living people
People from Alençon
Musicians from Caen
Casseurs Flowters
French male singers
French rappers
French male songwriters
French songwriters
Male songwriters
MTV Europe Music Award winners
Actors from Caen


The Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft ("German Bible Society") is a religious foundation regulated by public law. It is involved in publishing and in spreading the message of the Bible.

The Society publishes the Bible in the original languages and in translation, as well as the texts of the apocrypha and scholarly works in biblical studies.

History
In 1965, independent regional Bible Societies came together as the Protestant Bible Organisation. The German Bible Society was formed in 1981 when this organization joined with the German Bible Foundation, made up of the Bible Societies of the Protestant Churches of the German states. The Society is based in the Möhringen district of Stuttgart. Its origins can be traced back to, among other things, the Canstein Bible Institution, founded in 1710.

 Published books
The German Bible Society's publishing operations cover more than 700 books and other products, of which 300 are Bible editions. It distributes more than 400,000 Bibles annually, mainly Martin Luther's translation of the Bible and the modern Good News Bible. The Society publishes the internationally accepted base texts for Bible translation: the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, the Novum Testamentum Graece and the Greek New Testament. Its publications also include Children's Bibles, electronic Bibles and Bibles in other formats.

It also offers an online Bible dictionary compiled by subject experts.

 Novum Testamentum Graece Nestle-Aland.
 Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
 Nova Vulgata

 Handkonkordanz zum griechischen Neuen Testament, A. Schmoller
 Konkordanz zum hebräischen Alten Testament, G. Lisowsky

Bible ministry
According to its constitution, the second main function of the German Bible Society is spreading the message of the Bible. The primary aim is to make the Bible accessible. In the past, this was seen as being achieved mainly through Bible distribution, but today it is also regarded as important to provide people with new ways of accessing the Bible. This work is carried out through 19 offices operated by regional Bible Societies.

Alongside 145 other Bible Societies around the world, the German Bible Society works to translate, publish and distribute the Holy Scriptures. Bible Societies seek to make the Bible available to all people in their mother language at a price they can afford. Since 1975, the German Bible Society's World Bible Support initiative has been raising funds in Germany to support projects in less wealthy countries which are working towards this goal.

Structure
The German Bible Society's executive units are the general assembly, the board and the management team. The principles and guidelines for its work are determined by the general assembly, which is made up of representatives of 23 regional Bible Societies, 14 Free Churches and Christian organisations, along with individuals.

The board is responsible for ensuring that the foundation's duties are fulfilled and for monitoring the Society's activities. It is made up of a chairperson, two deputies and up to 16 other members. The current chairperson (2011) is Johannes Friedrich, Bishop of Bavaria.

The management team is responsible for implementing policy. The Society's General Secretary is the Rev Klaus Sturm, who in January 2010 succeeded Jan-A. Bühner, General Secretary from 1997. Working with the General Secretary on the management team is Commercial Director Felix Breidenstein.

The German Bible Society is a member of the missionary services working group of the German Protestant Church.

It also works in partnership with the Catholic Bible Society to run the Stuttgart-based ecumenical travel agency 'Biblische Reisen', which offers study tours to Israel and to other significant places in Christianity and in religious life.

See also
 Bible society
 British and Foreign Bible Society
 German Bible translations
 Luther Bible
 United Bible Societies

References

External links

 German Bible Society Website
 King James Bible Society

Bible societies
Christian organizations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Germany


The Certification Authority Browser Forum, also known as the CA/Browser Forum, is a voluntary consortium of certification authorities, vendors of Internet browser and secure email software, operating systems, and other PKI-enabled applications that promulgates industry guidelines governing the issuance and management of X.509 v.3 digital certificates that chain to a trust anchor embedded in such applications.  Its guidelines cover certificates used for the SSL/TLS protocol and code signing, as well as system and network security of certificate authorities.

, the consortium includes 54 certificate issuers, 11 certificate consumer vendors, and industry standards and audit bodies including the European Accredited Conformity Assessment Bodies’ Council (ACAB’C), the WebTrust Task Force, and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

Working groups

The CA/Browser Forum has these working groups:

 Server Certificate Working Group, which has subcommittees for Validation and Network Security, which maintains the following standards:
 "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Certificates" (for SSL/TLS)
 "Guidelines For The Issuance And Management Of Extended Validation (EV) Certificates" (for SSL/TLS)
 "Network and Certificate System Security Requirements"
 Code Signing Working Group which maintains:
 "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Code Signing Certificates"
 S/MIME Certificate Working Group which is developing:
 "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted S/MIME Certificates"

History
In 2005, Melih Abdulhayoglu of the Comodo Group organized the first meeting of CA/Browser Forum. The first meeting was held in New York City. This was followed by a meeting in November 2005 in Kanata, Ontario, and a meeting in December, 2005, in Scottsdale, Arizona with the main objective to enable secure connections between users and websites.

In addition to CA/Browser Forum members, representatives of the Information Security Committee of the American Bar Association Section of Science & Technology, Law and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants participated in developing the standards for issuing and managing Extended Validation SSL/TLS certificates.  Version 1.0 of the EV Guidelines was adopted on 7 June 2007.

In November 2011, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 1.0 of the "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Certificates" intended to provide minimum security standards for all browser-trusted SSL/TLS certificates.  Subsequent versions expanded the Baseline Requirements to directly incorporate requirements from browser root store policy programs such as those of Mozilla and Microsoft.

In January 2013 the CA/Browser Forum's first "Network and Certificate System Security Requirements" took effect defining best practices for the general protection of CA networks and supporting systems.

In February 2013 a new industry group, the Certificate Authority Security Council (CASC), was formed with a mission that includes promoting CA/Browser Forum standards. Membership requires adherence to CA/Browser Forum standards. The CASC's founding members consisted Comodo CA (now Sectigo), Symantec (now DigiCert), Trend Micro (now Entrust), DigiCert, Entrust, GlobalSign and GoDaddy.

In August 2020, the S/MIME Certificate Working Group was chartered to create a baseline requirement applicable to CAs that issue S/MIME certificates used to sign, verify, encrypt, and decrypt email.

In September 2020, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 2.0 of the "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly-Trusted Code Signing Certificates", which had previously been maintained outside the group.

In January 2023, the CA/Browser Forum adopted version 1.0 of the "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance and Management of Publicly‐Trusted S/MIME Certificates", It defined four types of S/MIME certificate standards. Mailbox‐validated, Organization‐validated, Sponsor‐validated and Individual‐validated.

References

External links

Key management
Public key infrastructure
Secure communication
Certificate authorities


Marcus Hernon is a flute player and also a flute maker. He has won two Senior All-Ireland Fleadhs, he has also won a few Junior All-Irelands and a senior Duet with Maeve Donnelly. His band, The Tribes Céilí Band, have never won the All-Ireland Fleadh, but have got numerous first places in the County and Provincial competitions.

Early years
Marcus has been playing since a very young age. Born in Ruisín na Mainíoch, Connemara, County Galway, Ireland, Marcus traces his music back to his Granduncle, Peaitín Connelly (Peaitín Pháraic Mháirtín, as he was known locally), in Feenish Island, who used to play the melodeon, a small type of accordion with one row of buttons. Feenish is a small island off the coast of Ruisín na Mainíoch. Marcus' mother Nora Hernon was from the island and used to visit frequently - this was the main source of Marcus' music. Every night on the island there used to be a session (these were known as "the times"). Every time he went to the island, Marcus would learn a few new tunes. He was lucky in the sense that his older brother, P.J. Hernon, played the button accordion and was able to give him help whenever he got stuck in a tune. Later on, when he was a little older, his mother used to buy him 78 records of the musicians of the time and even to this day Marcus' repertoire of tunes consists mostly of the tunes he learnt from these records.

Marcus Hernon At The Moment

Currently Marcus plays most of his gigs in the Connemara area. Over the years he has played in many different countries, including: Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Portugal, Australia, England, Finland and the United States of America. He plays most of his gigs these days with Johnny Connelly, a melodeon player who comes from another island called Inis Bearachain.

As well as playing with Johnny, Marcus also plays with Fíghnis (Gaeilge for Feenish); a band which consists of himself, his brother (P.J.) and Don Stiffe. Don Stiffe plays the guitar and sings, while Marcus and P.J. play the flute and the accordion, respectively. They have recorded one album together called Rabharta (which means Spring Tide in Gaeilge).

He used to play with the Tribes Céilí Band. The Tribes Céilí Band was a traditional Céilí Band with ten members: Yvonne Flynn, Eilish O'Connor, and Áine McGrath on fiddle, Tommy Keane on the uilleann pipes, Jaqueline Mc Carthy on the concertina, Bernie Conneelly on the banjo, P.J. Hernon on the button accordion, Carl Hession on the piano, Benny O'Connor on drums, and Marcus Hernon on the flute. Marcus was the band leader. The Tribes were disbanded in 2008.

Composer

Marcus has also composed a number of Irish tunes. He composed all of the music on his CD The Grouse In The Heather. He also composed two of the tunes on the CD Rabharta. He has composed 25 tunes altogether so far, listed below.

CD-The Grouse In The Heather

The Grouse In The Heather   (Reel)
The Hunted Pheasant         (Reel
The Snipe In The Marsh      (Jig)
The Curlew's Cry            (Jig)
The Invisible Corncrake     (Slow Air)
The Peeping Plover          (Reel)
The Squeaking Woodcock      (Reel)
The Chattering Stormcock    (Hornpipe)
The Musical Thrush          (Hornpipe)
The Herring Gull            (Reel)
The Diving Gannet           (Reel)
The Golden Plover           (Jig)
The Bobbing Sandpiper       (Jig)
The Linnet's Chorus         (Waltz)
The Beautiful Goldfinch     (Waltz)
The Hovering Kestrel        (Reel)
The Lady's Falcon           (Reel)
The Lonely Bittern          (Slow Air)
The Nesting Goldcrest       (Jig)
The Warbling Robin          (Barn-Dance)
The Kingfisher's Delight    (Reel)
The Dark-eyed Raven         (Reel)
The Barefaced Crow          (Reel)

CD-Rabharta

The Lively Wagtail          (Reel)
The Patient Heron           (Waltz)

Flute Maker

Marcus also makes the flutes. He makes these flutes in three standard keys, Dmajor, Ebmajor and Bbmajor. He makes two different types of flute, Pratten (where the upper middle and lower middle are in one piece) and Rudell & Rose (where the upper middle and lower middle are separated by a joint). Marcus uses a few different types of timber in the making of his flutes, depending on what he has in stock, i.e. African Blackwood (Black Ebony), Rio Rosewood and Cooktown Ironwood. He makes the cases for these flutes from Cherrywood.

Discography

References

Traditional music
1959 births
Living people


The Anse-à-Valleau Wind Farm is a wind farm in Gaspé, Quebec in Canada.

The farm has been in commercial operation since November 10, 2007 and has 67 wind turbines each of 1.5 MW power. The total farm capacity is 100.5 MW.

The turbines were constructed by two Quebec firms, Marmen of Matane, Quebec and LM Wind Power of Gaspé, and it is owned by Innergex Renewable Energy. The electricity produced by the wind farm is sold to Hydro-Québec on the basis of a long term (20-year - 2007–2027) power purchase agreement.

See also

List of wind farms in Canada

References

Buildings and structures in Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
Wind farms in Quebec


Sandra Zimmerli (born 1965) from Panex VD is a Swiss ski mountaineer and radio journalist.

Especially in teams with Catherine Mabillard she competed successfully in the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), before she had to withdraw from sports due to an injury. In 2009, she returned to competition ski mountaineering sports.

As a journalist she worked for Radio Chablais and currently for La 1ère.

Selected results
 1994:
 1st, Patrouille de la Maya A-course, together with Catherine Mabillard and Marika Ducret
 1997:
 1st, Trophée du Muveran (together with Catherine Mabillard and Marianne Chapuisat)
 1st, ski marathon (together with Catherine Mabillard), Matterhorn, Zermatt
 1998:
 1st and course record, Tour de Matterhorn (together with Catherine Mabillard and Cristina Favre-Moretti)
 1st, Super-Trophée du Muveran (together with Catherine Mabillard)
 1999:
 1st, Alpiniski des Dents-du-Midi (together with Catherine Mabillard)
 2001:
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Catherine Mabillard)
 2009:
 3rd, Pila Race in the Sky at night (together with Catherine Mabillard)

Patrouille des Glaciers

 1998: 1st and course record, together with Catherine Mabillard and Cristina Favre-Moretti
 2000: 1st, together with Catherine Mabillard and Cristina Favre-Moretti

References

1965 births
Living people
Swiss female ski mountaineers
Swiss radio journalists
Women radio journalists
Swiss women journalists


Ana Maria de Lorena, Duchess of Abrantes (Ana Maria Catarina Henriqueta de Lorena; 3 September 1691 – 1761) was a Portuguese noblewoman and courtier.

Life
The eldest daughter of Rodrigo Anes de Sá Almeida e Menezes, 1st Marquis of Abrantes and 7th Count of Penaguião, she adopted the surname "de Lorena" after a maternal great-grandfather, François-Louis de Lorraine.

By Royal Decree of King Joseph I of Portugal of 9 December 1753, she was created Duchess of Abrantes vitalício upon her appointment as The Queen's Mistress of the Robes (in Portuguese Camareira-Môr), the highest court position for a lady. She inherited her family estates and honours three years later, upon her brother's death. Her younger brother, Joaquim Francisco de Sá Almeida e Menezes, had succeeded their father as 2nd Marquis of Abrantes and married Dona Ana Maria's only daughter, but died without issue; thus, in 1756, she became 3rd Marchioness of Abrantes and 9th Countess of Penaguião.

Her surname of Lorena (the Portuguese translation for Lorraine) was inherited from her maternal grandmother, Marie-Angelique-Henriette de Lorraine, daughter of François-Louis, comte d'Harcourt.

Duquesa Ana Maria married Dom Rodrigo de Mello (1688–1713), second child of Nuno Álvares Pereira de Mello, 1st Duke of Cadaval. They had an only daughter, Maria Margarida de Lorena (likewise created Duchess of Abrantes), who married her uncle (Ana Maria's brother), Dom Joaquim Francisco de Sá Almeida e Menezes, 2nd Marquis of Abrantes.

See also
 Dukedoms in Portugal

Bibliography
”Nobreza de Portugal e do Brasil" – Vol. II, page 205. Published by Zairol Lda., Lisbon 1989.

External links
Genealogical information on Ana Maria Catarina Henriqueta de Lorena, Duchess of Abrantes

1691 births
1761 deaths
Portuguese maids of honour
Portuguese nobility
201
18th-century Portuguese people
18th-century Portuguese women


Stephen Egerton (1555?-1621?) was an English priest, a leading Puritan preacher of his time, who was also active in agitating for reform of the Church of England.

Life
He was born in London about 1555, younger son of Thomas Egerton, mercer, and was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree in 1579. He had then already taken holy orders. He was one of the leaders in the formation of the presbytery at Wandsworth, Surrey, which has been described as the first presbyterian church in England. In 1584 he was suspended for refusing to subscribe to John Whitgift's articles, but shortly afterwards he was active in promoting the Book of Discipline. During the imprisonment of the separatists Henry Barrow and John Greenwood in 1590, Egerton was sent by the Bishop of London to confer with them, and several letters passed between him and them; but later in the same year, he himself was summoned, together with several other ministers, before the Court of High Commission, and was committed to the Fleet prison, where he remained about three years.

In 1598 he became minister of St. Anne's, Blackfriars, London. He was one of those chosen to present the millenary petition for the further reform of the church in 1603, and in May of the following year, he introduced a petition to the lower house of Convocation for the reformation of the prayer-book. He remained in his cure at Blackfriars till his death, which took place about 1621, being assisted in his latter years by William Googe, who succeeded him. He was described by Alexander Nowell, in a letter, as a "man of great learning and godliness."

Family
He married in 1585 Sarah Crooke, daughter of Thomas Crooke. Sarah's father and her brother Samuel Crooke were both clergymen who shared Egerton's strongly Puritan beliefs; another of Sarah's brothers, Sir Thomas Crooke, 1st Baronet, is best remembered as the founder of the town of Baltimore, County Cork. They had no children; Sarah died in 1624, bequeathing her husband's death's head ring to her brother Thomas.

Stephen had obviously been very close to his sister Anne, widow of John Tyndal, who at her death in 1620 had bequeathed to her "kind and loving brother Stephen" a gilt tankard. Anne was the mother of Margaret Tyndal Winthrop, third wife of John Winthrop, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Margaret and her aunt Sarah were close, and Sarah left a substantial legacy to Margaret.

Works
Egerton published sermons, but few of them remain. Among those of his works still extant are A Brief Method of Catechising, first issued in 1594, which in 1644 reached a forty-fourth edition; and a translation from the French of Mathieu Virel entitled A Learned and Excellent Treatise containing all principal Grounds of the Christian Religion, the earliest edition of which now remaining is the fourth, published in 1597, and the latest the fourteenth in 1635. In addition to his own books he wrote introductions for several publications by his fellow puritans, including Richard Rogers, Robert Pricke, Baine, and Nicholas Byfield.

Notes

Attribution

1555 births
1621 deaths
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
16th-century English Puritan ministers
17th-century English Puritan ministers
Clergy from London


Zimmerli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Patrick Zimmerli
Sandra Zimmerli (born 1965), Swiss ski mountaineer and radio journalist
Walther Zimmerli (1907–1983), Swiss academic theologian

See also
Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University

Swiss-German surnames


The 1997 McDonald's Championship took place at Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France.

Summary
The teams that took part in the 8th edition of the tournament were the Chicago Bulls, Paris Basket Racing (France), Olympiacos Piraeus (Greece), Atenas de Cordoba (Argentina), Benetton Treviso (Italy) and FC Barcelona Banca Catalana (Spain). The 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996 & 1997 NBA champions, the Chicago Bulls won it beating Olympiacos in the final at the Palais Omnisport de Paris-Bercy, in Paris.Surprisingly, both the Italian and Spanish champions, traditional European powerhouses Benetton and FC Barcelona, lost their preliminary stage games and were forced to battle for 5th place. The Chicago Bulls instead led by Michael Jordan, and without Scottie Pippen managed to win their semifinal game against the hosts PSG Racing coached by Božidar Maljković, by 89-82. In the final game Chicago Bulls faced European champions Olympiacos Piraeus. The Greek side coached by legendary Serbian coach Dušan Ivković proved stronger than PSG Racing, but the Bulls pulled the best of their abilities and cruised to an easy 104-78 win.

Participants

Bracket

Final

Chicago Bulls
 Michael Jordan 27, Randy Brown 12, Steve Kerr 10, Luc Longley 9, Bill Wennington 8, Toni Kukoč 5, Boris Gorenc 7, Jason Caffey 6, Ron Harper 6, Jud Buechler 6, Scott Burrell 4, Joe Kleine 2, Keith Booth 2, Dante Calabria, Rusty LaRue. Coach: Phil Jackson
Olympiacos
 Artūras Karnišovas 19, Franko Nakić 16, Dragan Tarlać 14, Michael Hawkins 12, Dimitris Karaplis 6, Johnny Rogers 4, Milan Tomić 3, Aleksey Savrasenko 2, Nikos Michalos 2, Dušan Vukčević, Efthimis Bakatsias, Anatoly Zourpenko, Nikos Pettas. Coach: Dušan Ivković

Final standings

Sources
1997 edition

External links
raisport.rai.it
NBA International Pre-Season and Regular-Season Games
List of champions at a-d-c

1997-98
1997–98 in American basketball
1997–98 in Greek basketball
1997–98 in Spanish basketball
1997–98 in French basketball
1997–98 in Italian basketball
1997–98 in Argentine basketball
International basketball competitions hosted by France


Memerambi is a rural town and locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Memerambi had a population of 338 people.

Geography
The town is on the Bunya Highway,  north west of the state capital, Brisbane.

The Nanango railway line ran immediately west of the highway with the town being served by the Memerambi railway station ().

History
The name Memerambi is an Aboriginal word for the sugargum tree.

The town was surveyed on 7 May 1904 by surveyor Hector Munro. On 17 October 1904, the first government land sales occurred in the new town of Memerambi with 58 town lots and 74 suburban lots on offer.

On 19 December 1904, the final stage of the Nanango railway line from Murgon to Kingaroy was opened with Memeambi railway station serving the town. This section of the line was closed in July 1964.

Memerambi Provisional School opened on 16 October 1905. On 1 January 1909, it became Memerambi State School. The school celebrated its centenary on 15 October 2005. It was mothballed on 31 December 2006 and closed on 23 October 2007. The school was at 1-27 King Street (). The school's website was archived.

Memerambi Methodist Church was built in 1908 at a cost of £100. It could seat 100 people. It was on the corner of Corndale Road and Earl Street (). In 1956, it was relocated to Corndale.

A postal receiving office opened in Memerambi in 1909. Memerambi Post Office opened September 1910 and closed in 1978.

All Saints' Anglican Church was dedicated on 9 April 1912. It closed circa 1966.

Memerambi was once a bustling centre with a hotel, two general stores, saddlery, butcher, bank, mobile sawmill and cheese factory.

At the , Memerambi and the surrounding area had a population of 541.

In the , the locality of Memerambi had a population of 272 people.

In the , the locality of Memerambi had a population of 338 people.

Education
There are no schools in Memerambi. The nearest government primary schools are Wooroolin State School in neighbouring Wooroolin to the north and Crawford State School in neighbouring Crawford to the south. The nearest government secondary school is Kingaroy State High School in Kingaroy to the south.

Facilities

Today businesses in Memerambi include 'Stop Shop' general store;  clock repairs; large machinery & engineering works; pharmaceutical manufacturing; stock feed store; graziers; concreting & pool construction.

Notable residents

Mr and Mrs T.J Kingston were the first storekeepers in Memerambi.

Arthur Benjamin Postle, a professional sprinter known as "The Crimson Flash",  was acclaimed "the fastest man in the world" in 1906. He moved to Memerambi in 1913 and operated his own auctioning business there.

Ben and Harry Young, of Memerambi, pioneers of the South Burnett peanut industry, planted the first commercial crop of peanuts in the South Burnett in 1919. These brothers were sons of a Chinese immigrant, Ah Young. Harry Young later designed the first peanut thresher in Queensland and Ben became a director of the Peanut Marketing Board.

See also

 Kingaroy Peanut Silos

References

Further reading

External links

Towns in Queensland
South Burnett Region
Localities in Queensland


Struve 1694 (Σ 1694, Struve 1694) is a double star in the constellation Camelopardalis.

Σ 1694 is a double star, with components of magnitudes 5.3m and 5.9m:
Σ 1694A (HD 112028) is a white A-type giant star with an apparent magnitude of 5.28m.   It is approximately 300 light years from Earth.
Σ 1694B (HD 112014) is a spectroscopic binary consisting of two A-type main sequence stars.

Norton's Star Atlas describes the pair as yellowish and bluish.

Σ 1694 was also known as 32H. Camelopardalis, Hevelius' 32nd of Camelopardalis.  It is not Flamsteed's "32 Camelopardalis", which is ξ Aurigae. In the British Association Catalogue, the star pair are listed as being in  Ursa Minor.

Chinese name
In Chinese,  (), meaning North Pole, refers to an asterism consisting of Σ 1694, γ Ursae Minoris, β Ursae Minoris, 5 Ursae Minoris and 4 Ursae Minoris. Consequently, Σ 1694 itself is known as  (, .), representing  (), meaning Celestial Pivot.

This star was regarded as the north star by the Chinese people from Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty.

References

112028
Struve 1694


Kopec, Kopeć, or Köpec may refer to:

Places

Kopeć, a village in Ostrzeszów county, Poland
Köpec, a village in Baraolt, Romania
Köpeç, Uğurludağ

People

 Ben Kopec (born 1981), American musician
 Danny Kopec (1954–2016), American chess master, author, and computer scientist
 Dominik Kopeć, Polish athlete
 Matt Kopec, American politician
 Stefan Kopec (1888–1941), Polish biologist
 Tadeusz Kopeć (born 1960), Polish politician

See also

 KEPCO E&C, a South Korean company formerly known as "KOPEC"
 Kopek (disambiguation)


Froglife is a British wildlife charity committed to the conservation of amphibians and reptiles and their associated habitats. The charity aims to encourage as many people as possible, from all walks of life, to get involved in wildlife conservation and habitat protection.

Objectives
The current objectives of Froglife are outlined in the 2009/10 Annual Review:

Conservation objectives
To conserve species and habitats
We will support and implement the creation of habitats for amphibians and reptiles
We will deliver Biodiversity Action Plan outputs at a local and landscape level, working with volunteers and partners
We will build capacity for individuals and organisations involved in the conservation of amphibians and reptiles, working in partnerships, providing training courses and specialist advice

Communication objectives
To communicate knowledge and encourage support
We will get our message out to audiences by ensuring that opportunities to engage with our intended audiences are met, through events, online, through the media and through the production of advice publications
We will generate support for our work by creating opportunities for audiences to engage in our work, through practical hands on action, "citizen-science" recording projects, or through financial support of Froglife's work.
We will show the value that our projects bring by communicating clearly the outcomes of our work, and how these tackle threats to amphibians and reptiles and benefit people's lives in the process.

Learning objectives
To educate and inspire new audiences
We will support people on a lifelong journey of learning about our species, their habitats and the value of biodiversity to human life
We will create new and unique approaches that complement current approaches to conservation education, building on lessons learnt within the sector
We will move forward the education sector, improving policies, skills and resources to support new approaches to conservation education.

Current projects
London Dragon Finder
Scottish Dragon Finder
River Nene Dragon Finder
Toads on roads
Peterborough Green Pathways
Glasgow Green Pathways
FACT (Froglife Active Conservation Team)
Hampton nature reserve
Leapfrog Schools
Garden Wildlife Health

References

 Stock take of garden creatures BBC News website
Froglife confirms its future direction - July 2010"Croaks", Froglife Blog, 21 July 2010

External links
 Official website

Animal charities based in the United Kingdom
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Peterborough
Organizations established in 1989


Korzen may refer to:

Surname
Annie Korzen (born in 1938), American actress and writer
Benni Korzen (born in 1938), Danish producer

Places
Korzeń (disambiguation)

See also


The Lebrecht Photo Library was set up in 1992 by Elbie Lebrecht who worked as a specialist librarian, publishing editor and sculptor. Initially based on an archive of classical music images, it expanded to represent a number of private collections and photographers working in the field of music and the performing arts and general arts.  It has grown to 175,000 images and has three sections: Music & Arts pictures at Lebrecht; Author Pictures at Lebrecht; Arts Images at Lebrecht. Notable photographers represented by the library include Betty Freeman and Wolfgang Suschitzky. Public institutions represented include New York Public Library for the Performing Arts and the Royal Academy of Music.

References

External links
 Music & Arts Pictures at Lebrecht
 Author Pictures at Lebrecht

Photo archives in the United Kingdom
Companies based in the City of Westminster
Photography in the United Kingdom


Kosmin or Kośmin may refer to:
 Kośmin, Lublin Voivodeship, a village in eastern Poland in Puławy County
 Kośmin, Masovian Voivodeship a village in east-central Poland in Grójec County
 Paul J. Kosmin, a historian who studies the Seleucid Empire
 Barry Kosmin, a professor of public policy and scholar of religion & culture, specifically groups unattached or only loosely attached to religion


Kotan may refer to:

 Kotań, a village in Poland
 Fatma Salman Kotan (born 1970), Turkish politician
 Egba Kotan II, Yoruba ruler from Benin
 Kotan, an Ainu village

See also
 Cotan (disambiguation)
 Qotan, a village in Iran
 Kutan (disambiguation)


Haplogroup E-P147 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E-P147, along with the less common haplogroup E-M75, is one of the two main branches of the older haplogroup E-M96. The E-P147 clade is commonly observed throughout Africa and is divided into two subclades: the less common, haplogroup E-M132, and the more common, haplogroup E-P177.

Distribution

E-P147 includes most of the subclades found in E-M96. The two branches of E-P147 have different distributions; while the less common branch, Haplogroup E-M132, has more of a distribution within West Africa, the more common branch, E-P177, can be found widely distributed with high frequency throughout Africa and to a lesser extent in the Middle East and Europe.

Subclades

E-P177

Haplogroup E-P177 is a subclade of haplogroup E-P147.

E-M132

Haplogroup E-M132 is a subclade of haplogroup E-P147.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Sources for conversion tables

External links

 Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008

E

ca:Haplogrup E del cromosoma Y humà
de:Haplogruppe E (Y-DNA)
es:Haplogrupo E ADN-Y
fr:Haplogroupe E (Y-ADN)


Ashbourne College is a private school and sixth form located in Kensington, London, England.

Ashbourne was founded in 1981 by its current principal Michael Kirby. The college offers A-level and GCSE courses in a coeducational environment and it's affiliated to the CIFE group of independent colleges. Their students are selected from all over the world, resulting in the general ratio of around 60% British and 40% International students. One of their primary focuses is securing students places at Russell Group Universities, whilst maintaining a strong performance in grade outcomes, averaging around 47% A*-A for the past decade.

Ashbourne College is rated as Outstanding by OFSTED in December 2021, Good in 2018, and Outstanding in the 2010 report.

Ashbourne is one of the top colleges in the country for grade improvement, placing in the top 5% of schools for 'value added'. This translates to students improving their grades by 1.5 levels on average from the grades they began their studies with.

Location
Ashbourne is located in Central London in the Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. The college has three buildings on High Street Kensington. Their main building's address is 17 Old Court Place, London W8 4PL. Their second building is located on Young Street, above Natwest Bank. Their third is just off the main high street in Kensington Court between Cote Restaurant and Arcadia.

Courses
The majority of students take two-year A-Level courses, but Ashbourne also offers 18-month and one-year intensive A-Level courses, as well as one and two-year GCSE courses. Ashbourne was also one of the first colleges to offer Easter Revision courses to both internal and external students, which they continue to offer.

Ashbourne offers courses in over 25 different A-Level subjects and allows any combination of subjects.

For GCSE students, the standard programme is a one year intensive course. Students take five core subjects: Maths, Science, English Literature, English Language and a major European language. They then choose from a range of optional subjects. Students also take part in PSHEE (personal, social, health and economic education) and PE (physical education) for two hours each per week. Lessons take place between 9am and 4pm, including one hour lunch break from 1pm to 2pm. Each subject receives four hours’ teaching per week.

There is also the option of a two-year GCSE programme, which allows students to take their core subjects in the first year and optional subjects in the second, with the chance to begin studying select A-Level subjects early. This course is reserved for particularly academically strong students.

Teaching hours at Ashbourne are higher than average, at around six hours per subject per week. Lessons fall in two hour slots with a ten minute break on the hour.

History
Ashbourne was originally set up as a tutorial college in 1981. Its founder and current principal, Mike Kirby was previously working as a tutor in Mathematics and Physics and launched Ashbourne to specialise predominantly in A-Level retake tuition, as well as support for applications to the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford. At that time, Ashbourne specialised in Mathematics, Sciences and Economics.

After continued success and establishing a fine reputation for positive grade outcomes, Ashbourne was able to expand and focus on offering full two-year A-Level programmes, with retakes now only making up around 5% of the cohort.

Ashbourne’s rising reputation has been accompanied by significant development both in student numbers and in the size and quality of its buildings. The single room occupied by Ashbourne in 1981 has evolved into three separate buildings on Kensington High Street each with state of the art facilities. Other aspects of the school have nevertheless remained constant, above all the dedication to small classes, personal attention and emphasis on academic excellence.

Specialised Pathway Programmes
Ashbourne has pathway programmes set up to provide additional support for those students looking to gain entry to particularly competitive and technical university courses.

Pathway programmes include Medicine, Engineering, Finance, Art and Oxbridge. The programmes consist of weekly meetings that provide personalised guidance in the form of workshops, group activities, seminars, and practice interviews, amongst other things. Each programme is led by a member of Ashbourne's teaching staff with specific experience in the field who will also double up as the student's UCAS tutor.

Extra-curricular activities
Ashbourne offers a wide range of extra-curricular activities to supplement student's studies. These range from clubs and trips such as Bollywood dancing and Go-Karting, to more academic ventures such as seminars on Critical Theory and Astrophysics. The College also offers overseas trips for students and concludes the calendar year with the Ashbourne Revue; a variety show showcasing students' talents in music, theatre, poetry and dance.

Fees and scholarships
The tuition fees for 2021-2022 are £9,500 per term for UK students and £10,000 per term for overseas students. Ashbourne is able to offer partial scholarships based on students' previous academic achievement and performance in the admissions process. There is particular availability of scholarships for students looking to take either Music or Drama at GCSE/A-Level.

References

External links
 Ashbourne College website

1981 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1981
Private co-educational schools in London
Private schools in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Sixth form colleges in London


The Chota Nagpur Regiment was raised in 1891 as the Chota Nagpore Mounted Rifles and formed part of the Cavalry Reserve in the British Indian Army. It was renamed the Chota Nagpur Light Cavalry in 1910 then the Chota Nagpur Regiment in 1917. The regiment was disbanded subsequent to India's independence in 1947.

A light horse regiment was roughly equivalent to a battalion in strength (~ 400 men) and its troops typically fought as mounted infantry rather than traditional cavalry.

Military units and formations established in 1891
British Indian Army cavalry regiments


David Lee Moroni (born 14 March 1938) is a Canadian former dancer and teacher.

Moroni was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He studied dance at the Classical Ballet Company with Nesta Toumine and performed with her local company where he also taught.  He also taught at the Lindenlea Municipal Ballet. In 1964, he joined the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, was promoted to soloist in 1966, and became principal dancer in 1967. In 1970, he joined the staff at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet School where he helped to establish the Professional Division program and became its principal.  He also served as Associate Artistic Director of the Royal Winnipeg Ballet from 1976 to 1988. He retired in 2003. Moroni received the Order of Canada in 1990 and received an Honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Winnipeg in 2014.

His students included:
 Evelyn Hart
 David Peregrine
 Tara Birtwhistle
 Jennifer Welsman

Moroni, who regularly performed the role of Drosselmeyer in the ballet company's production of The Nutcracker, appeared as Van Helsing in the film Dracula: Pages from a Virgin's Diary, based on a ballet by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet.

Moroni now lives in Fredericton, New Brunswick with his partner, Paul Daigle.

References
 Entry from the Canadian Encyclopedia

External links
 History, Professional division, Royal Winnipeg Ballet School, copy archived May 18, 2007

1938 births
Canadian male ballet dancers
Living people
Members of the Order of Canada
People from Ottawa


Kozolupy may refer to:

in the Czech Republic
Kozolupy (Plzeň-North District), a village in the Plzeň Region
Horní Kozolupy, a village in Tachov District in the Plzeň Region

in Poland
Kozołupy, a village in Masovian Voivodeship


Kozyno is a name of several geographic toponyms:

 Kożyno, a village and administrative center of Gmina Bielsk Podlaski
 Kozyno, Ukraine, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine


AMDA (9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene) is an organic compound which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-HT2A receptor. It has been used to help study the shape of the 5-HT2A protein, and develop a large family of related derivatives with even higher potency and selectivity.

References

5-HT2A antagonists
Phenethylamines
Anthracenes


Haplogroup E-M132, formerly known as E-M33 (E1a), is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Along with E-P177, it is one of the two main branches of the older E-P147 paternal clade. E-M132 is divided into two primary sub-branches, E-M44 and E-Z958, with many descendant subclades.

Ancient DNA

E-M132/E1a has been found in the remains of one Guanche (1/30) from the Canary Islands, and one Bimbape (1/16) from El Hierro that has been dated to the 10th century CE.

A man from the Koban culture (1/15) of the North Caucasus, which has been dated between the 9th century BCE and the 7th century BCE, carried paternal haplogroup E1a2a1b1b, as well as maternal haplogroup J1b1 or J1c.

Distribution

E-M132 is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali. One study has found haplogroup E-M132 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men, including 2/44 E-M44 and 13/44 E-M33/M132(xE-M44). In particular, the Dogon people of Mali have been found to carry haplogroup E-M132 with a frequency as high as 45.5% (25/55). This makes it perhaps the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in this population, though haplogroup E-P1 appears to be almost equally frequent among the Dogon (24/55 = 43.6%). Another study has found haplogroup E-M132 in 15.6% (44/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau.

Haplogroup E-M132 also has been found in samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso (including E-M33/M132(xE-M44) in 2/20 = 10% Fulbe and 2/37 = 5.4% Rimaibe), northern Cameroon (including E-M44 in 9/17 = 53% Fulbe and E-M33/M132(xE-M44) in 3/15 = 20% Tali), Senegal (7/139 = 5.0%), Ghana (1/29 = 3% Ga, 1/32 = 3% Fante), Sudan (including 5/32 = 15.6% Hausa and 3/26 = 11.5% Fulani), Egypt (1%-1.4%), Calabria (including both Italian and Albanian inhabitants of the region), Shiite Muslims from Lebanon (3/193 = 1.55%), Syrians (2/202 = 1%), Druze from Lebanon (5/363 = 1.3%), Maronites from Lebanon (2/200 = 1%), an Italian (1/67 = 1.5%) from Trentino in northeastern Italy, and Romanians from Constanţa.

E-M132 has also been observed among private commercial DNA testers from Switzerland, France, Yemen, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, Mali, Italy, Ashkenazi Jews and African Americans.

Subclades

E-M44

Haplogroup E-M44 is a subclade of haplogroup E-M132.

E-Z958

Haplogroup E-Z958 is a subclade of haplogroup E-M132.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being, above all, timely.  The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup  subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

 E-P147 (P147)
 E-M132 (M132, L633, M33)
 E-M44 (M44)
 E-L96 (L94)
 E-L133 (L133)

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA E subclades

Y-DNA backbone tree

References

Sources for conversion tables

External links

 Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008
 E1b1.org – International Y-DNA project of Haplogroup E1b1 and its Subclades

E


Kurattikkadu is the main part of Mannar town situated in Alappuzha district in Kerala, India. It is situated on the banks of the Pampa River. Many institutions like Mannar Panchayath Office, Mannar Village Office, Mannar Panchayath Library, National Granthasala, and Village Extension Office are situated in Kurattikkadu. Mannar is situated at only 10 km from Chengannur, Thiruvalla, Haripad and Mavelikara. Mannar is connected via 4 railway stations (Chengannur, Thiruvalla, Harippad and Mavelikara) at a distance of 10 km each on four sides.

Bronze industry
The place is well known for its flourishing bronze industry. Kurattikkadu is known for vessels, lamps, bells and other objects made out of brass, bronze and other metals. There are hundreds of traditional 'ALA'S' in Kurattikkadu. Also there are many small scale manufacturing establishments engaged in this business, employing traditional workers. Craftmen from this town created a lot of world classic products like Worlds biggest Varpu displayed at Delhi Museum, Worlds biggest Church Lamp at Kuravilangad Church, Worlds biggest Temple Lamp of Chettikulangara Devi Temple, Worlds biggest Temple Bell at Simla Temple, Worlds biggest Church Bell at Cathedral Church New Delhi and Replica of the famous "Tree of life and Knowledge" lamp are few among them. Mannar boasts the reputation of being second destination in India for these metal products, second only to market leader manufacturing city Moradabad.

Religion
Pattambalam Devi Temple, Pattambalam, Thevarikkal Mahadeva Kshethram, and Mutharamman Kovil are some of the important religious places in Kurattikkadu. The Anpoli, conducted as part of festival in various temples in Mannar is a very attractive and unique one. Among the Anpoli festivals Anpoli Areeppara Mahothsavam of Pattambalam Devi Kshethram is the most famous one, attracting thousands of devotees on 24th of Medam (7 May). Here both Bhuvaneswari and Bhadra are worshipped with equal importance. The festival at Pattambalam starts on Medam 10th (23 April) and ends on Medam 25th (8 May). The festival includes several rituals like AttilChattam, Changayilottam, Vithideel are not found anywhere else in the world. Among these AttilChattam attracts Muslim devotees, also. To know more about visit pattambalam and click on legends. Here the Goddess Bhuvaneswari is also called as Valiya Amma which means Great Mother.

Education
The place also has well known educational institutions like Sree Bhuvaneswari Higher Secondary School managed by Kurattikkadu Pattambalam Devi Temple.

See also
 Mannar
 Alappuzha
 Kerala
 India
 Pattambalam

External links
 Kurattikkadu Pattambalam Devi Temple
 Sree Bhuvaneswari Higher Secondary School

References

Villages in Alappuzha district


Nick Anthony Peters (April 1, 1939 – March 23, 2015) was an American sports writer who primarily covered San Francisco Giants baseball games in a career that spanned 47 seasons (1961–2007).

He spent the majority of his career on the Giants beat at The Oakland Tribune and The Sacramento Bee and also worked for the Berkeley Gazette and San Francisco Chronicle. He was nicknamed "The Greek."

Peters attended all 50 of the Giants' home openers from 1958 to 2008 and authored five books on the team.

He was the 2009 winner of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award in balloting by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.

Peters died at his home in Elk Grove, California on March 23, 2015, aged 75.

References

External links
Baseball Hall of Fame bio

Sportswriters from California
Writers from San Francisco
2015 deaths
1939 births
BBWAA Career Excellence Award recipients


Gono University or Gono Bishwabidyalay (, abbreviated as GB) is a private university in Savar, Bangladesh which was established on 14 July 1994. It is now operating their academic and administrating activity on their permanent campus at Nolam, Savar, Dhaka. It was approved by University Grants Commission (UGC) on 1998. Professor Dr. Md. Abul Hossain is the vice-chancellor of the university.

History
Gono University was founded by the non profit Gonoshasthaya Kendra in 1994.

In December 2013, students of Gono University and its sister medical university, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, vandalized their own university and hospital over the death of a doctor of the institute in remote area of Patuakhali. Gonoshasthaya Kendra requires the students and doctors to work in 46 health care centres located in remote rural parts of Bangladesh.

University Grant Commission identified Gono University as one of number of Universities with Vice-Chancellors in September 2015 report; the last Vice-Chancellor recently finished his tenure. On 12 September 2015, students of Gono University blocked Dhaka-Aricha highway protesting the government decision to impose vat on private university tuitions.

Students of Gono University got into scuffles with protestors outside PHA building of the Gonoshasthaya Kendra in 2018. The protestors were laid by plaintiffs of cases against the founder of Gonoshasthaya Kendra, Zafrullah Chowdhury, who alleged the building was built on land that belonged to Cotton Textile Craft Limited.

In December 2017, students of Gono University protested in Savar demanding University Grants Commission recognize BBA program of the university.

The University Grant Commission issued a warning against students joining Gono University over management irregularities at the university in 2019.

On 13 September 2020, the register of Gono University was fired for sexual harassment.

Bijon Kumar Sil, lead virologist at Gono University, developed a low cost COVID-19 test kit during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. It failed to secure approval from the government of Bangladesh and Sil, a citizen of Singapore, was forced to leave Bangladesh after failing to get a renewed work permit.

Vice-chancellor
 Professor Dr. Md. Abul Hossain

Trustee Board

Faculties

 Faculty of Health Sciences
 Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences
 Faculty of Science & Engineering
 Faculty of Veterinary and Animal sciences
 Faculty of Postgraduate Studies
 Faculty of Agriculture

References

External links
 Library GB
 Home page of Department of Pharmacy, Gono University
 (https://gonouniversity.edu.bd/microbiology/)
 Gono University in university-directory.eu
 Gono Bishwabidyalay in University Grants Commission

Private universities in Bangladesh
Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in Bangladesh
Universities and colleges in Dhaka
Gono University


The Purdue Wreck was a railroad train collision in Indianapolis, Indiana, on Saturday, October 31, 1903, between two special trains that killed 17 people, including 14 players of the 1903 Purdue University football team team. Team captain and future Indiana governor Harry G. Leslie was initially thought to have died in the accident, but was later revived.

Trains
Two special trains operated by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (the "Big Four Railroad") were chartered to carry the Purdue football team and over 1,500 passengers from Lafayette to Indianapolis, Indiana, for the annual Indiana Hoosiers–Purdue Boilermakers football rivalry game. It was to be played for the first time at a "neutral" field at Washington Park in Indianapolis.

The lead special carried 950 passengers, including 600 students. It consisted of Richmond engine No. 350, a coal tender, and 14 coach cars. It was piloted by Engineer William H. Shumaker and Conductor Frank M. Johnson. The second special was pulled by engine No. 183 and carried the remaining 550 passengers. The coal train consisted of switching engine No. 84 and seven  coal cars ( total). It was piloted by Engineer Smith and Conductor Acres. Witnesses reported special No. 350 was heading southeasterly toward Union Station at a speed of  or more, while coal train No. 84 was being pushed northwesterly on the same track en route to North Indianapolis at .

Crash
Owing to a breakdown in communication later attributed to Big Four Chief Dispatcher H. C. Byers in Kankakee, Illinois, Indianapolis general yard master John Q. Hicks, Engineer Smith, and Conductor Acres were not aware of the two approaching specials. Smith and Acres were pushing their train of coal cars northwest on the main track just as the lead special began rounding the bend at 18th Street. Engineer Shumaker was able to throw No. 350 into reverse and set the brake when he saw the coal train emerge around the bend of the track ahead. He and Conductor Johnson then jumped clear of their engine, but they were not able to prevent the collision at approximately 10:00 am. Engineer Smith was also able to set the brakes on No. 84.

The collision drove engine No. 350 and the lead coal car of the coal train under the second coal car. Witnesses reported the first coach car, where the team, coaches, and others were seated, was "split from end to end, thrown straight up in the air, and fell in splinters and twisted iron on either side of the track." Only the roof and one side of the coach remained recognizable. The body of the second coach car, where members of the marching band and students were seated, was torn from its frame and thrust down the embankment into a gravel pit to the east. The third coach car was thrust over the remains of the engine and coal cars, then on top of the train cars on the siding to the west. Many of the other 11 coach cars derailed but remained upright. During the collision, one member of the team miraculously landed on his feet and was unharmed after being thrown out a window.

After the impact, the uninjured passengers in the coaches further back wasted little time in coming to the aid of the wounded up ahead. Local residents and laborers also rushed to the scene to provide help as they could. According to Joseph Bradfield, then a Purdue student riding in the procession, “We began carrying the people out, the injured ones. There was a line of horse-and-buggies along the whole stretch there for half a mile. We didn’t stop for ceremony; we simply loaded the injured people into the buggies and sent the buggies into town, got them to a hospital [….] There was no ambulance, no cars…” As the survivors of the wreck, including Purdue University President Winthrop E. Stone, comforted the injured and dying, others ran back up the track to stop the next special 15 minutes behind, thereby preventing an even greater tragedy.

Victims
Sixteen passengers in the first coach of the lead special were killed, with thirteen of the dead identified as members of the Purdue football team. A fourteenth player died of his injuries on November 30, 1903, bringing the total death toll to seventeen. At least forty other passengers were injured, including twenty-two varsity and scrub team members.

Investigation
The accident investigation was led by Indianapolis Coroner Harry D. Tutewiler. It opened on Monday November 2 1903, and concluded with his report and official determination of the accident's cause on November 14. Almost 100 witnesses were interviewed, including 24 on the first day. The coroner determined Big Four Chief Dispatcher H. C. "Bert" Byers in Kankakee, Illinois, was at fault for the accident. The coroner's report exonerated the crews of both trains as well as the general yard master John Q. Hicks, even though it was noted that neither Engineer Shumaker nor Engineer Smith were obeying the speed limit established by the city of Indianapolis, nor did Engineer Shumaker maintain control of his train.

A special train is a train section that is not scheduled, and therefore, not visible to other railroad employees on a published schedule of train movements. The special is considered part of the previous, regularly scheduled train to have preceded it down the same track. The Big Four's operating rules stipulated that the special had the right-of-way over almost all other trains. Therefore, the track was to remain clear during the time the special was expected to pass.

Byers could have communicated there would be two specials that morning in two ways. First, signals could have been attached to the preceding regularly scheduled train from Lafayette to Indianapolis, pulled by engine No. 34, that two additional specials were to follow. Big Four employees would see the signals and know additional unscheduled trains would be passing. Second, the chief dispatcher could have communicated to any yard or station master along the route that two specials would be associated with the scheduled train departing Lafayette, along with the expected times of their arrival at various locations. These yard and station masters would have then ordered the tracks under their control to remain clear of other trains at the times the specials were expected to pass.

Coroner Tutewiler determined that only the station master at Union Station in Indianapolis had received notification from Byers' office that two specials would be arriving that morning from Lafayette. Byers had not notified yard master Hicks, who controlled the yard adjacent to the Mill Street Power House, nor had he notified any other yard or maintenance facility along the route. As a result, Hicks had not notified Smith and Acres about the approaching specials and to remain clear of the main track passing through the yard.

Many witnesses reported the lead special was traveling at least  through the yard. Some were watching for the specials to pass because they had heard the team from Purdue would be traveling to Indianapolis that morning. People who lived and worked near the railroad who were familiar with the normal volume and speed of the trains were surprised by the unusual length and speed of the lead special, so they continued to watch the train as it passed. Coroner Tutewiler determined that Shumaker was actually driving special No. 350 at least  and No. 84 was moving in the opposite direction at . The coroner noted that an Indianapolis ordinance required trains passing through the city to not exceed . Big Four investigators, Superintendent Paquette of Chicago and General Superintendent J. Q. Van Winkle, who initiated a separate internal investigation just days after the accident, repeatedly made public statements blaming Shumaker and Johnson for causing the accident by using excessive speed and not maintaining control of their train while passing through the Mill Street rail yard. Coroner Tutewiler determined, however, that Big Four dispatchers had given Shumaker and Johnson a time table which required them to maintain elevated speeds to remain on schedule. This was confirmed by the crew of special No. 183, as they had identical orders to remain 15 minutes behind special No. 350 all the way to Union Station. It was also noted that special No. 350 was actually running 10 minutes late, putting additional pressure on Shumaker and Johnson to not fall farther behind schedule.

The crews of neither train saw the opposing train until it was too late. Due to the curve in the track, trains of coal cars and box cars parked on the sidings immediately to the west of the main track blocked their views of the opposing trains. In addition, the coal train was being pushed up the tracks by No. 84, not pulled. The switching engine was on the end of the train opposite from where special No. 350 was approaching. Therefore, Smith and Acres' view of special No. 350 was not only blocked by the trains on the adjacent sidings, but also by the seven coal cars they were pushing.

Despite the findings of the coroner, the Big Four dismissed Engineer Shumaker. Conductor Johnson resigned before he could be dismissed and found employment with another railroad company.

Memorials
Memorial Gymnasium (renamed Felix Haas Hall in 2006) was constructed in 1909 on the Purdue University campus to honor the memory of those who perished. The stairway leading to the east entrance has one step for each of the 17 who died. To mark the centennial of the wreck in 2003, a tunnel in Purdue's Ross–Ade Stadium was dedicated to the victims. The Purdue football team passes through the tunnel four times at each home football game: Before the start of the game, at the end of the first half, returning to the field after half-time, and at the end of the game.

Present-day accident site and location of the Purdue Wreck

Although the section of railroad no longer exists, satellite photographs show traces of the rail bed leading to the accident site. From the northwest to the accident site, the rail bed passes through the Riverside Golf Course and crosses the White River near North White River Parkway East Drive and Rivershore Place. The rail bed continues southeast between Burton Avenue and the Central Canal Trail. The rail bed crosses the canal via a bridge immediately to the north of West 24th Street and Burdsal Parkway. The rail bridge still spans the canal at this location. The rail bed continues southeast onto the property of the Republic Waste Services facility along Langsdale Avenue to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Street (previously named Northwestern Avenue).

The present-day accident site is bounded on the north by West 21st Street, on the south by West 16th Street, on the east by the IU Health Methodist Hospital campus, and on the west by West Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Street, West 18th Street, and Mill Street. Prominent landmarks include IU Methodist Hospital to the east, the Peerless Pump Company to the north, and the Mill Street Substation operated by the Indianapolis Power & Light Company, which is just west of the site of the former Mill Street Power House.

After crossing West Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Street just south of the entrance to the Peerless Pump Company, the rail bed passes between the Peerless Pump factory grounds and the IP&L Mill Street Substation. It then begins a right turn to the south until reaching Interstate 65. Beyond this point, the rail bed is no longer visible, being covered by the interstate, Senate Boulevard, and the west lawn of IU Health Methodist Hospital. A map of Indianapolis from 1916 shows the tracks continued south across West 17th Street (also known as Holton Place) just west of the Columbia School Supply facility, through a neighborhood to West 16th Street at Lafayette Street, then south along Lafayette Street into the downtown area to Union Station.

Newspaper accounts stated the wreck occurred "near Eighteenth and Mill Streets", while Coroner Tutewiler's official report stated the accident occurred "between Northwestern Avenue and Holton Place".  The tracks at this location were east and southeast of the Mill Street Power House. Witnesses who were working in the Columbia School Supply building on West 17th Street stated they went to the windows of the building to watch the lead special pass when they heard it approaching, and watched the wreck happen. The 1916 map shows the tracks crossing West 17th Street immediately west of this business. This places the wreck northwest of the business. The alignment of present-day West 17th Street and Lafayette Street, when compared with the 1916 map, indicate the site of the Columbia School Supply building is at the present-day site of the parking circle at the west entrance of IU Health Methodist Hospital. Newspaper reports also stated much of the wreckage of the lead special's engine and second coach fell into a gravel pit immediately east of the main tracks. The 1916 map shows additional rail sidings at this location, but the majority of the rail yard and the open land east of the yard are north and northwest of the Columbia School Supply building and north of West 17th Street. Businesses and residences occupied both sides of the tracks south of West 17th Street, so the gravel pit was most likely north of West 17th Street and east of the tracks.

Finally, Coroner Tutewiler also noted he interviewed John Bodine. Bodine lived at 1906 Highland Place, which the 1916 map shows as several blocks directly north of the Columbia School Supply facility. Bodine was in the alley to the west of his home, with a view to the southwest across the gravel pit and to the south down the alley. He saw special No. 350 driving down the main track, and also saw the train of coal cars framed by the alley. Bodine also saw the collision of the two trains.

Based on the locations of buildings, landmarks, streets and alleys, and the rail bed seen in the 1916 maps compared to present-day satellite photographs of the same area, the most likely location of the wreck is near the present-day intersection of Senate Boulevard and the west entrance to IU Health Methodist Hospital.

See also
List of accidents involving sports teams

Notes

References

Railway accidents and incidents in Indiana
Railway accidents in 1903
Purdue Boilermakers football
1903 in Indiana
History of Indianapolis
Transportation in Indianapolis
Accidents and incidents involving Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway
1903 in American football
October 1903 events


Road 71 connects Tehran to the Persian Gulf.

It traverses Isfahan Province, Hormozgan Province, Kermān Province, Qom Province, Tehran and Tehran Province, and Yazd Province.

References

 Iran Road Maintenance & Transportation Organization
 Road management center of Iran
 Ministry of Roads & Urban Development of Iran

External links

 Iran road map on Young Journalists Club

71
Transport in Isfahan
Transportation in Isfahan Province
Transportation in Hormozgan Province
Transportation in Kerman Province
Transport in Qom
Transportation in Qom Province
Transport in Tehran
Transportation in Tehran Province
Transportation in Yazd Province


Stargate SG-1 is an American-Canadian military science fiction television series and part of MGM's Stargate franchise. The show was created by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, based on the 1994 feature film Stargate by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich. The first five seasons of the television series were broadcast by Showtime before the series moved to the Sci Fi Channel for its last five seasons. Stargate SG-1 premiered on Showtime on July 27, 1997; its final episode aired on Sky1 in the United Kingdom on March 13, 2007. Stargate SG-1 was nominated for and won numerous awards in its ten-season run.

CableACE Awards
Stargate SG-1 was nominated for one CableACE Award.

Constellation Awards
Stargate SG-1 won two Constellation Awards.

Emmy Award
Stargate SG-1 was nominated for eight Emmys in the "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series" category and one Emmy for "Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)".

Gemini Award
Stargate SG-1 won two Gemini Awards out of 28 nominations.

Golden Reel Awards
Stargate SG-1 was nominated for 2 Golden Reel Awards by the Motion Picture Sound Editors.

Hugo Awards
Stargate SG-1 was nominated for 2 Hugo awards.

Leo Awards
Stargate SG-1 won twelve Leo Awards out of 53 nominations.

Saturn Awards
Stargate SG-1 won six Saturn Awards out of thirty nominations:

SFX Awards
Stargate SG-1 was nominated for three SFX Awards.

Visual Effects Society Awards
Stargate SG-1 was nominated for two VES Awards.

See also
List of Stargate Atlantis awards and nominations
List of Stargate Universe awards and nominations

References

External links
 Awards for Stargate SG-1 at IMDB

Stargate
Stargate


Opisthostoma everettii is a species of air-breathing land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Diplommatinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in Borneo

References

Diplommatinidae