Bằng Lũng is a township (Thị trấn) and capital town of Chợ Đồn District, Bắc Kạn Province, in Vietnam.
the town located:
 Ngoc Phai commune, Phuong Vien commune to the north
 Phuong Vien commune, Dai Sao commune to the East
 Dai Sao commune, Bang Lang commune to the South
 Bang Lang commune, Yen Thuong commune, Ngoc Phai commune to the West
Passing through Bằng Lũng township, there are provincial road number 257 to the capital of Bắc Kạn, provincial 254. This town is at the upper part of Cầu River. According to the statistics of the population and household survey in 2009, Bằng Lũng has a population of 5,999, of which 2,976 are male and 3,023 are female
Bằng Lũng township consist of these group: Ban Duong 1 and 2, Na Pai, Ban Tan, group 1, group 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B,7, 8, 9, 10, 11A, 11B, 12, 13, 14A, 14B, 15, 16, 17.

Populated places in Bắc Kạn province
Communes of Bắc Kạn province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


The USS Stranger was a yacht built in 1880 by William Cramp & Sons and acquired in 1898 by the US Navy for use in the Spanish–American War. It was commissioned on June 30, 1898 and saw service in the West Indian Blocking Squadron off of Havana, Cuba.

Placed out of commission from September 24 to December 6, 1898 at the Norfolk Naval Yard, she was overhauled and refitted for service with the Louisiana Naval Militia for use in training. She was officially turned over to the Militia on November 16, 1898.

The ship served with the militia until the middle of October 1915, when she was sunk during a hurricane in New Orleans.

Commanders
 1898 George Leland Dyer

References

Stranger
Gunboats of the United States Navy
Spanish–American War gunboats of the United States
1898 ships
Maritime incidents in 1915
Shipwrecks of the Louisiana coast
Ships built by William Cramp & Sons


Liza (, literally, The Bitch) is a 1972 Italian drama film directed by Marco Ferreri.

Plot
The painter Giorgio lives on an island near the South coast of Corsica, alone with his dog. He is visited by the beautiful Corsican woman Liza, who has an affair with him.

Cast
 Catherine Deneuve as Liza
 Marcello Mastroianni as Giorgio
 Corinne Marchand as Giorgio's wife
 Michel Piccoli as Giorgio's friend
 Pascal Laperrousaz as Giorgio's son
 Dominique Marcas as Maid
 Valérie Stroh as Giorgio's daughter
 Claudia Bianchi
 Enrico Blasi
 Mauro Benedetti
 Claudine Berg as Liza's friend
 Luigi Antonio Guerra

Reception
The film recorded admissions of 293,854 in France.

References

External links

1972 films
Italian drama films
1970s Italian-language films
1972 drama films
Films directed by Marco Ferreri
Films scored by Philippe Sarde
Films shot in Corse-du-Sud
Films set in Corsica
BDSM in films
Films set on uninhabited islands
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films with screenplays by Jean-Claude Carrière
1970s Italian films


Demons in the Spring is a collection of twenty short stories by Chicago author Joe Meno. Released by Punk Planet books in 2008, with illustrations by twenty artists  including Charles Burns, Archer Prewitt, Ivan Brunetti, Jay Ryan, Paul Hornschemeier, Anders Nilsen, Geoff McFedtridge, Kelsey Brookes, Kim Hiorthoy, Chris Uphues, Caroline Hwang, Rachell Sumpter, kozyndan, Evan Hecox, and Cody Hudson. Each of Meno's short stories explores depression, loneliness and insanity in the world. The characters are off-center and morose.

List of stories and contributing artists
 "Frances the Ghost" (illustration by Charles Burns)
 "Stockholm 1973" (illustration by Evan Hecox)
 "An Apple Could Make You Laugh" (illustration by Geoff McFetridge)
 "It Is Romance" (illustration by Ivan Brunetti)
 "The Sound before the End of the World" (illustration by Kim Hiorthøy)
 "Animals in the Zoo" (illustration by Jay Ryan)
 "People Are Becoming Clouds" (illustration by Nick Butcher)
 "Ghost Plane" (illustration by Jon Resh)
 "What a Schoolgirl You Are" (illustration by Kelsey Brookes)
 "Miniature Elephants Are Popular" (illustration by Todd Baxter)
 "The Boy Who Was a Chirping Oriole" (illustration by Archer Prewitt)
 "I Want the Quiet Moments of a Party Girl" (illustration by Caroline Hwang)
 "The Architecture of the Moon" (illustration by Souther Salazar)
 "The Unabomber and My Brother" (illustration by Cody Hudson)
 "Art School is Boring So" (illustration by Steph Davidson)
 "Oceanland" (illustration by Anders Nilsen)
 "Get Well, Seymour!" (illustration by Paul Hornshemeier)
 "Iceland Today" (illustration by Rachell Sumpter)
 "Airports of Light" (illustration by kozyndan)
 "Winter at the World-Famous Ice Hotel" (illustration by Laura Owens)

External links
 Amazon.com Synopsis and reviews

2000 short story collections
American short story collections
Short stories by Joe Meno


Đồng Tâm is a township (Thị trấn) and capital town of Chợ Mới District, Bắc Kạn Province, in Vietnam.

Populated places in Bắc Kạn province
Communes of Bắc Kạn province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


Loukozoa (+ Ancyromonads) (From Greek loukos: groove) is a proposed taxon used in some classifications of eukaryotes, consisting of the Metamonada and Malawimonadea. Ancyromonads are closely related to this group, as sister of the entire group, or as sister of the Metamonada. Amorphea may have emerged in this grouping, specifically as sister of the Malawimonads.

Originally, Loukozoa included Anaeromonadea and Jakobea. In 2013, it consisted of three subphyla: Eolouka (Tsukubea and Jakobea), Metamonada and Neolouka (Malawimonas). Cavalier-Smith has recently removed Eolouka from Loukozoa, placing it instead in Discoba.

With the root of the Eukaryota likely close to or in Loukozoa or Discoba, these groupings are studied to give unique information on the first Eukaryotes.

References

Excavata
Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Bikont phyla


Kunchi may refer to one of the following:

From Japanese kunchi meaning "festival"
Nagasaki Kunchi
Karatsu Kunchi
Shiota Kunchi, in Shiota, Saga

Personal name
Lu Kunchi,  a Taiwanese football goalkeeper
Kunchi, also spelled as Kaunchi or Kuwinji of White Horde, a descendant of Genghis Khan

Places
Kunchi, Nigeria, a Local Government Area in Kano State
Kunchi, Bonaire, an abandoned town in Bonaire


Audriņi Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Audriņi parish
 Audriņi

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Yến Lạc is a township (Thị trấn) and capital town of Na Rì District, Bắc Kạn Province, in Vietnam.

Populated places in Bắc Kạn province
Communes of Bắc Kạn province
District capitals in Vietnam
Townships in Vietnam


David Percy Aymeri Louhoungou (born 28 February 1989) is a footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for US Roye-Noyon. Born in France, he represents Congo at an international level.

Career
Born in Paris, Louhoungou began his career in his youth through INF Clairefontaine and joined Stade Rennais in 2005. On 5 August 2009, Louhoungou signed for the Scottish club Hamilton Academical. He left Hamilton on 12 December 2009 and signed on 1 February 2010 for Turkish side Kocaelispor. Louhoungou joined US Boulogne on 21 September 2010 and spent the 2011–12 season on loan at AS Cannes before joining AS Beauvais in 2012.

Louhoungou went on trial at Conference National side Gatehsead in July 2013. He played the first half of Gateshead's 2–1 pre-season friendly win over Partick Thistle on 6 July and the second half against Barrow four days later, but was released after two weeks at the club. He subsequently joined JSM Béjaïa in January 2014.

After being released by Béjaïa, Louhoungou spent the 2014–15 season with amateur club Rezé in the French seventh division. On 4 June 2015, it was announced that the midfielder had joined Championnat de France amateur side US Roye-Noyon ahead of the 2015–16 campaign.

International career
He is a member of the Congo national football team.

Louhoungou made a full international debut for Congo on 12 August 2009 in a friendly match against Morocco.

Titles
 2008: Winner de la Coupe Gambardella
 2007: Champion de France Under 18

References

External links
 Stats & Profile

Living people
1989 births
Footballers from Paris
Men's association football midfielders
French men's footballers
INF Clairefontaine players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Kocaelispor footballers
US Boulogne players
AS Cannes players
AS Beauvais Oise players
JSM Béjaïa players
US Roye-Noyon players
Scottish Premier League players
Republic of the Congo men's footballers
French sportspeople of Republic of the Congo descent
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Republic of the Congo men's international footballers
Black French sportspeople


Mike Argento (born August 17, 1958) is an American columnist and reporter. He has been the columnist since 1989 as a night cops reporter.  In the Kitzmiller v. Dover trial in 2004 and 2005, Argento's columns on the trial were cited by most media coverage of Kitzmiller v. Dover, including every book about the case. He is a past president of the National Society of Newspaper Columnists.

Biography
Argento obtained his degree from Penn State with a degree in humanities. Upon graduating, he began working at a weekly newspaper, quit, then worked for another similar weekly newspaper.

Aside from writing, Argento spends his free time playing the guitar. He is a member of a band called JCFisher who play eclectic indie music. The band does a country version of the song "I Wanna Be Sedated".

Argento is married to his wife Cine Martinez-Argento and together the two live in York County, Pennsylvania. They have two dogs. One is a greyhound, named Lester, and the other is a mixed terrier named Shmuley. They have a number of cats named Crazy Ass and Crazy Ass Jr. Jr and also a large lizard.

Awards and honors
He won best columnist (under 100k) award  in 1998, the same year he won first place in the American Association of Sunday and Features Writers national features writing contest. In 1989, he was a featured writer.

Novels
 Don't Be Cruel

References

1958 births
Living people
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists
American writers of Italian descent


Nà Phặc is a township (Thị trấn) of Ngân Sơn District, Bắc Kạn Province, in Vietnam. However, it is not the district capital. Instead, the district capital lies at Vân Tùng commune.

Populated places in Bắc Kạn province
Communes of Bắc Kạn province
Townships in Vietnam


Alton Alexis (born November 16, 1957) is a former professional gridiron football wide receiver who played for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL) in 1980. He also played 18 games with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL) from 1981 to 1982. Alexis scored five touchdowns with the Stampeders with 30 catches for 535 yards.

Alexis played in 1984 and 1985 with the Jacksonville Bulls of the USFL.

In 2016 Alexis was convicted of bankruptcy fraud and sentenced to 16 months in federal prison.

References

External links
Pro-Football-Reference

1957 births
Sportspeople from New Iberia, Louisiana
Players of American football from Louisiana
American football wide receivers
Tulane Green Wave football players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Calgary Stampeders players
Jacksonville Bulls players
Living people


Bērzgale Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Bērzgale parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Daniel (Dan) Pakosh (July 8, 1932 - July 27, 2023) is credited with designing and marketing the first bi-directional tractor  in the world among other inventions and innovations.

The original Versatile tractor could be used to either push or pull an implement with equal power, it was marketed as being "a number of self-propelled machines in one".  The Versatile "Bi-Di" model 150 was released in 1977.

The concept was an immediate success. With 4WD and a switchable operator's platform, bi-directional tractors had arrived.

Twenty years later, when Versatile was sold to Ford-New Holland, the design engineers at New Holland brought Dan Pakosh out of retirement to help them modernize the bidirectional tractor, taking it forward into the next century. The result was the New Holland TV-140.

New Holland's current bi-directional tractor model is the TV6070.

Dan Pakosh was the creator of today's modern day bi-directional tractor.

Notes

External links
 Versatile Tractors history
 New Holland Bidirectional Tractor website

Year of birth missing
Canadian inventors


Martin Lawrence Galleries was founded in 1975 and operates 9 fine art galleries in the United States specializing in original paintings, sculpture and limited edition graphics.

Martin Lawrence's collection includes works of art by Andy Warhol, Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Sam Francis, Takashi Murakami, Mark Kostabi and Keith Haring.  Martin Lawrence Galleries is the publisher and representative for Erté, Robert Deyber, Liudmila Kondakova, Felix Mas, Douglas Hofmann, Philippe Bertho, Kerry Hallam, and René Lalonde.

Notes

External links
 Martin Lawrence website

1975 establishments in the United States
Contemporary art galleries in the United States
Art galleries established in 1975


Čornaja Parish (, ) is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Čornaja parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Costa Rican Spanish is the form of the Spanish language spoken in Costa Rica. It is one of the dialects of Central American Spanish. Nevertheless, because the country was more remote than its neighbors, the development of this variety of Spanish followed a distinct path.

Today, despite the relatively small size of the country, each province maintains unique characteristics in pronunciation and lexcion. For instance, the Guanacase province's variety bears similarity to that of Nicragua, while the tú form can be found more toward the border with Panama.

Phonetics and Phonology
The distinguishing characteristics of Costa Rican phonetics include the following:
 Assibilation of the "double-R" phoneme in some speakers (spelled  word-initially and  intervocalically), especially in rural areas, resulting in a voiced alveolar sibilant ()—thus   ("clothing"), carro  ("car"). Assibilation also affects the sequence , giving it a sound that is similar to .
 The double-R phoneme and the single-R phoneme after a t, can also be realized as voiced alveolar approximant  [ɹ]  by the majority of speakers, with a sound similar to the  of American English. Thus ropa  ("clothing"), carro  ("car") and cuatro  ("four"). Except before a consonant (this does not apply to all speakers) in which case is pronounced as a voiced alveolar trill  [r] . Thus puerta  ("door"), guardar  ("to save").
Note: This does not apply to the single-R phoneme which is typically pronounced as an alveolar tap  [ɾ]  as in most varieties of Spanish.
 Velarization of word-final  (before a pause or a vowel), i.e. pronunciation as the velar nasal .
  can be lost in contact with the front vowels  and .
The Costa Rican dialect adopted the voiceless alveolar affricate  and the cluster  (originally ) represented by the respective digraphs  and  in loanwords of Nahuatl origin, for example quetzal and tlapalería  ('hardware store'). Even words of Greek and Latin origin with , such as  and , are pronounced with : ,  (compare ,  in Spain and other dialects in Hispanic America).
Syllable-final  is only infrequently aspirated, or pronounced as an , among middle-class speakers in central Costa Rica. It may be aspirated most often at the end of a word and before another word which begins in a vowel, but  still occurs most of the time. Costa Rica's border regions with Nicaragua and Panama show higher rates of -reduction.
The phoneme represented by , , is typically just a weak aspiration, like . In words like  'work' it can barely be heard.

Second person singular pronouns

Usted
Usted is the predominant second person singular pronoun in Costa Rican Spanish. Young men have been leading a trend in addressing close friends and peers with , which is not typical of other Spanish dialects. Some speakers use only usted in addressing others, never vos or . Others use both usted and vos, according to the situation.

Vos
Vos is a second person singular pronoun used by many speakers in certain relationships of familiarity or informal contexts.  Voseo is widely used between friends, family, people of the same age, etc. It is also commonly used in the university context between students. Some adults use vos to address children or juveniles, but other adults address everyone regardless of age or status with usted. Costa Ricans tend to use usted with foreigners.  has become less popular in adults below the age of thirty, as of 2016.

Tú
Tú is occasionally used in Costa Rican Spanish. However, due in part to the influence of Mexican television programming, Costa Ricans are familiar with tuteo, and some television viewers, especially children, have begun to use it in limited contexts. It used to be much rarer, and is often considered not really "Costa Rican." As of 2016, young adults use  as infrequently as do older adults.

Tiquismos
Costa Ricans are colloquially called "ticos" (based on the frequent use of the diminutive ending -ico following a /t/, as in momentico), and thus colloquial expressions characteristic of Costa Rica are called tiquismos. Tiquismos and pachuquismos are used frequently in Costa Rica. The latter are expressions of popular street Spanish which can be considered vulgar and offensive if used in the wrong context. Many of these words, even when found in a standard Spanish dictionary, do not have the same meaning there as in Costa Rica. Learning colloquial expressions can be a guide to understanding the humor and character of the Costa Rican culture.

Here are some examples of Costa Rican slang.
 Mae, ese chante es muy tuanis: "Dude, that house is pretty cool".
 Esta panta no me cuadra porque me chima las piernas: "I don’t like these shorts because they chafe my legs".
 ¡Qué taco me dio esa vara!: "That thing really scared me!"

References

Bibliography

External links
Jergas de habla hispana (Spanish dictionary specializing in slang and colloquial expressions, featuring all Spanish-speaking countries, including Costa Rica).

See also
 Latin American Spanish

Central American Spanish
Spanish


Malawimonas is genus of unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates with uncertain phylogenetic affinities. They have variably being assigned to Excavata and Loukozoa. Recent studies suggest they may be closely related to the Podiata.

Discovery history
In 1993, Charles J O’ Kelly studied the jakobid groups flagellates and implications for the early diversification of eukaryotes and recognized that Jakoba, Reclimonas, and Histonia or often refer as “core jakobids” were morphologically somewhat similar. Interestingly, they included an unnamed and undescribed free-swimming, flagellate, and also groove- bearing cell.

During the early study, these cells were thought to be a member from Jakoba due to the external morphology features that resembles Jakoba libera in terms of lack of cell covering, sessile trophic stages, swimming in a similar manner and sharing the tendency for the anterior flagellum to form a “crook. However, later discovery found that this species seems to not fit and can not be assigned to the genus Jakoba, nor to any other genus of Jakobids, because of their discoidal mitochondrial cristae, which is different from Jakoba that have irregularly flattened, and the other Jakobids member have tubular mitochondrial cristae.

This undescribed organism was later described formally as Malawimonas jakobiformis and placed in its own new family Malawimonadidae, a bacterivorous heterotrophic isolated from the Malawi shore of Lake Nyasa (eastern Africa).

Only more than a decade later, a related organism has been studied under several studies that revolved around the phylogenetic positions of the Jakobids and Cercozoans group under the names Malawimonas californiana, but there are no formal descriptions included.

Characterization

Malawimonas share some common features with the jakobids and other Excavata group members by having a conspicuous feeding grove on the ventral side and two flagellates. The overall cytoskeleton of Malawimonas resembles Carpediemonas, typical Excavata belonging to the anaerobic Metamonada clade and closely related to Diplomonads and Retormonads.

Malawimonas jakobiformis characterized by a uninucleate, biflagellate, heterotrophic, “naked” cell, where neither scales nor lorica was present. Observation of the ultrastructure revealed a substantial glycocalyx as a surface coat. The cells of Malawimonas are usually slender, and the shape is plastic and often deformed by influences such as coverslip pressure or food they digest. The two flagella are approximately 1- 1.5 times as long as the cell body and are more or less equal length. The anterior flagellum has a “crook” shape where the posterior flagellum is appresed but not attached to the ventral cell surface. Cells swim in straight lines a and turn longitudinal axes as they move. The posterior flagellar vane of Malawimonas jakobiformis arises from a clearly defined point on the ventral surface of the flagellum. In contrast, the other jakobids’ vane has a diffuse origin along the dorsal surface.

Malawimonas, Jakobids, and mitochondrial origin
The early study of molecular investigations revealed that the genome of Reclinomonas americana, Jakoba libera and Malawimonas jakobiformis collectively represent the most eubacterial-like mitochondrial DNAs yet discovered among all eukaryotes. Jakobids group have all the basic forms of mitochondrial cristae known in eukaryotes. The mitochondrial shape has been seen as a strongly conserved character and is used to delimit the deepest evolutionary division within eukaryotes.

Position within Eukaryotes
A study based on alpha and beta- tubulin phylogenies found that Malawimonas jakobiformis occupied a relatively basal position in the plant-protists superclade and showed the distinctness from the “core jakobids”.

Molecular phylogenies have not resolved the position of malawimonads within eukaryotes. Analyses of the small number of nucleus-encoded genes often place malawimonads as close relatives of metamonads. Since 2016, most phylogenomic shows place malawimonads separately from other excavates. Phylogenesis of SSU rDNA, tubulins, 5-7 nucleus-encoded proteins, and phylogenetic analyses conclude that malawimonads are not specifically related to jakobids. The similarities between jakobids and malawimonads apparently reflect the ancestral morphology of excavate protists, or perhaps convergence, and not a close phylogenetic relationship.

References

External links
 Tree of Life: Malawimonas

Excavata genera
Scotokaryotes


Manslaughter () is a 2005 Danish drama film written and directed by Per Fly. The film stars Jesper Christensen, Beate Bille and Pernilla August as well as Fly's wife Charlotte Fich.

Manslaughter won the Nordic Council Film Prize in 2005, multiple awards at the 2006 Bodil Awards — including Best Actor, Best Film and Best Supporting actress — as well as being nominated for several other major film awards. Beate Bille also received a Shooting Star Award at the 2006 Berlin International Film Festival for her role in the film.

The film is part of a trilogy by Fly about the Danish society. Bænken is about the underclass, Arven about the upper class and Manslaughter about the middle class.

Cast
 Jesper Christensen
 Pernilla August
 Beate Bille
 Charlotte Fich
 Michael Moritzen
 Henrik Larsen
 Bodil Sangill
 Kurt Dreyer
 Mads Keiser
 Birgitte Prins
 John Martinus

References

External links

2005 films
2005 drama films
2000s Danish-language films
Danish drama films
Films directed by Per Fly
Nordisk Film films


Dekšāres Parish () is an administrative territorial entity of Rēzekne Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Dekšāres parish

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality
Latgale


William Troy (July 11, 1903 – May 26, 1961) was an American writer and teacher. He was married to poet and teacher Léonie Adams.

He won the U.S. National Book Award in Arts and Letters for his Selected Essays (1967).

Life and career

Troy was born in Chicago and grew up in suburban Oak Park. He attended Loyola Academy (in Wilmette) for high school. He sold his first review to a newspaper while still in high school. Later, he attended Yale University.

After graduating from Yale he taught for one year at the University of New Hampshire and then attended graduate school at Columbia University. He taught at several universities and colleges throughout his life, including New York University, Bennington College, and New School University. He was a popular teacher and  lecturer on James Joyce and Shakespeare.

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Troy was a regular literary and film critic for The Nation, but he published essays, reviews, and poems in various journals.

Marriage
He married poet Léonie Adams in 1933.

Death
Troy died of cancer of the larynx on May 26, 1961.

Works
Selected Essays (1967).

References

Sources
William Troy: Selected Essays. Hyman, Stanley E., Allen Tate. Rutgers University Press; ,

External links

 Léonie Adams and William Troy Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

National Book Award winners
Yale University alumni
Columbia University alumni
1903 births
1961 deaths
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers


Dricāni parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Dricāni parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


"Big City" is a song recorded by American country music singer Merle Haggard backed by The Strangers. Co-written by Haggard and Dean Holloway, the song was released in January 1982 as the second single and title track from his album Big City.  In April, the song was his 27th number-one single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.

Production
The song was inspired by a remark by Dean Holloway, Haggard's lifelong friend and tour bus driver. At the end of a packed two-day recording session at Britannia Studios in Los Angeles, Haggard went to the bus to check on Holloway, who had been minding the bus, and asked him how he was doing. Holloway responded, "I hate this place. I'm tired of this dirty old city." Haggard immediately saw inspiration, and began writing the song, based on Holloway's remark, on a nearby pad of paper. "I'm tired of this dirty old city" became the song's first line. Haggard decided that the chorus should include the narrator talking about moving elsewhere, and asked Holloway where he would rather be, to which Holloway responded, "If it were up to me, it'd be somewhere in the middle of damn Montana." "Somewhere in the middle of Montana" became part of the chorus. Haggard rushed back into the studio, where the band was packing up, and told them to unpack their instruments in order to record one last song; the band recorded the song in one take, with no rehearsal.

Haggard credited Holloway as a co-writer, entitling him to half the royalties for the song, which amounted to around half a million dollars for Holloway.

Critical reception
Haggard's 1981 album Big City was described by Allmusic critic, Thom Jurek, as "a collection of songs focused on the themes of freedom from urban life." The album's title track was the centerpiece of the album's recurring theme. The song, wrote Jurek, "revisits the seemingly eternal themes in Haggard's best work — the plight of the honest, decent working man amid the squalor, complication, and contradiction of urban life."

Soundtrack appearances
"Big City" is playing in the background at a bar during the opening scene to the 1996 film Fargo.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1982 singles
1981 songs
Merle Haggard songs
Songs written by Merle Haggard
Epic Records singles


Feimaņi Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia. The administrative centre is the village of Feimaņi.

References

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Gaigalava Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia. The center of the parish is  (Bikava).

Towns, villages and settlements of Gaigalava parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Griškāni Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality in Latvia.

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Greg M. Greeson is an American automotive designer and entrepreneur.

Design work
Greeson graduated from the Art Center College of Design in 1977. He has worked as a designer for a number of automobile firms. His career began at General Motors' German subsidiary, Adam Opel AG, in 1977. In 1979, he was promoted to assistant chief designer to renowned designer and illustrator Hideo Kodama, and was responsible for a number of concept and pre-production vehicle designs.

In 1980, he founded Eurway, Inc. in Dallas, Texas, a contemporary furniture store.  In 1984, he was sent to Vevey, Switzerland as recruitment director for Art Center's Swiss campus, which opened in 1986. Greeson then worked at Volkswagen Design's Düsseldorf studio, where he was a senior designer and responsible for the exterior design of the 1992 Volkswagen Sharan minivan. He joined International Automotive Design in 1991 as managing director of its Germany subsidiary, based near Frankfurt. IAD Germany's clients included Opel, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, and Ford.

In 1995, he returned to Texas and expanded Eurway, Inc. to three superstores and a highly successful e-commerce operation; sales exceeded $24 million when he sold his interest in the company in 2004.

Greeson's independent industrial design and illustration consultancy, GRID Design, provided design and consulting services to Ford Motor Company, most notably with a 2000 full-size concept model for the MY-2005 Mustang. His automotive illustrations have appeared in the Mercedes-Benz Club of America STAR magazine and the BMW CCA Roundel.

In 2006, Greeson, with his wife Joni, opened an upscale furniture store in Austin, Texas; the concept was broadened and the name changed to Collectic Home in 2007.

References
Austin Business Journal. "Eurway owners to step down" , retrieved .
Engel, Clint. "Former Eurway owners open MG+BW store" , retrieved on .

American automobile designers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Ilzeskalns Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ilzeskalns parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Carlos Hernán Valencia  (30 December 1953 – 23 April 2017) was a Colombian former football player.

Club career
Born in El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca, Valencia played professional football as a goalkeeper for Deportivo Cali, Deportes Quindío, Deportes Tolima and Unión Magdalena in Colombia. He also played in Venezuela for Aragua FC.

International career
Valencia made several appearances for the senior Colombia national football team, including participating in one qualifying match for the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

He also played for Colombia at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

Managerial career
After he retired from playing, Valencia became a coach. He was the goalkeeping coach for the Honduras national football team in 2009.

References

1953 births
2017 deaths
Men's association football goalkeepers
Colombian men's footballers
Colombia men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Colombia
Deportivo Cali footballers
Deportes Quindío footballers
Deportes Tolima footballers
Unión Magdalena footballers
Footballers from Valle del Cauca Department
Deportivo Pasto managers


Ralph Baum (4 October 1908 – 1987) was a French film producer and production manager particularly associated with Max Ophüls whose career spanned from 1930 to 1985 across more than 50 films. He also directed four films.

Selected filmography
 A Man Has Been Stolen (1934)
 The Mayor's Dilemma (1939)
 Maya (1949)
 La Ronde (1950)
 Paris Nights (1951)
 Marianne of My Youth (1955)
 Liza (1972)

References

External links

1908 births
1987 deaths
French film producers
French film directors
German emigrants to France


"Chip Diddy Chip" is a song by rapper Chipmunk. It was released as the lead single from his debut album I Am Chipmunk on 2 March 2009.

Music video
The music video for the song shows Chipmunk at school with his friends, and one boy (John Farnworth) is performing keepie-uppie with a football. It also shows Chip counting A-grades from his GCSE results. It features Tim Westwood, Dino Contostavlos (Dappy from N-Dubz), Wretch 32 and Griminal as well as other British artists. The video also features actor Adam Deacon and artists JME, Griminal, Double S, Bashy and DJ Ironik as schoolchildren.

DJ Ill appears at the end of the video, as the school janitor. The music video was filmed at Gladesmore Community School (which Chip attended as a pupil) and features some of the Gladesmore Class of 2010 pupils. One of the members of the dance group Flawless is also featured in the video. The video was filmed by Ben & Vertex.

"Chip Diddy Chip" earned him an award at the 2009 MOBO Awards for 'Best Hip Hop Act', beating nominees such as Eminem and Kanye West.

Track listing
 CD single
 "Chip Diddy Chip" - 3:29
 "Chip Diddy Chip" (Radio Version) - 3:03
 "I Met A Hustler" - 4:12

Charts

References

2009 singles
Chipmunk (rapper) songs
2009 songs
Columbia Records singles
Songs written by Chip (rapper)


Kantinieki Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kantinieki parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Kaunata Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Kaunata parish

References

External links
 Kownata in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Lendži Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Lendži parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Richard Frankland (1630–1698) was an English nonconformist, notable for founding the Rathmell Academy, a dissenting academy in the north of England.

Biography
Richard Frankland, son of John Frankland, was born on 1 November 1630, at Rathmell, a hamlet in the parish of Giggleswick, Yorkshire. The Franklands of Thirkleby, Yorkshire (baronets from 1660), with whom John Frankland was connected, were originally from Giggleswick. Frankland was educated (1640–1648) at Giggleswick grammar school, and was admitted on 18 May 1648 as minor pensionary at Christ's College, Cambridge. The tone of his college, under the mastership of Samuel Bolton, D.D., was that of a cultured puritanism. Frankland, like Oliver Heywood, received lasting impressions from the preaching of Samuel Hammond, lecturer (till 1652) at St. Giles'. He was a hard student, and took his degrees with distinction (B.A. 1651, M.A. 1655).

Northumberland and Durham
After graduating, Frankland preached for short periods at Hexham, Northumberland; Houghton-le-Spring, Durham; and Lanchester, Durham. At Lanchester he received presbyterian ordination on 14 September 1653. 'Discouragements' led him to remove to a chaplaincy at Ellenthorp Hall, near Boroughbridge, West Yorkshire, in the family of John Brook (d 1693), twice lord mayor of York, and a strong presbyterian. Frankland left Ellenthorp to become curate to Lupthern, rector of Sedgefield, Durham. Sir Arthur Haslerig put him into the rich vicarage of Bishop Auckland, Durham, some time before August 1659. Some post was designed for him in Durham College, for which Cromwell had issued a patent on 15 May 1657. His patron, Haslerig, was interested in the success of this college, which died at the Restoration.

At Bishop Auckland, where two of his children were born, Frankland confined himself to his parochial duties. After the Restoration he was one of the first to be attacked for nonconformity. His living was in the bishop's gift, but John Cosin (consecrated 2 December 1660) did not interfere with a peaceable man. An attorney named Bowster demanded of him, 'publickly before the congregation,' whether he intended to conform. Frankland thought it would be time to answer this question when the terms of conformity had been settled; and meanwhile relied on the king's declaration (25 October 1660) dispensing with conformity. Bowster, with a neighbouring clergyman, got possession of the keys and locked Frankland out of his church. He indicted them for riot, but the case was dismissed at the assizes for a technical flaw in the indictment. Cosin now offered to institute Frankland and give him higher preferment if he would receive episcopal ordination. He even proposed, but without result, to ordain him conditionally, and 'so privately that the people might not know of it.' By the act of 1661 Frankland was confirmed in the possession of his living; but the uniformity act of the following year ejected him.

Rathmell
In 1662 Frankland retired to his patrimony at Rathmell, where he lived some years in privacy. His children were baptised (1664 and 1668) at the parish church. At this period he did not join the ranks of the 'conventicle' preachers. Efforts were being made by the nonconformists of the north to secure the educational advantages offered for a short time by the Durham College. William Pell, who had been a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and a tutor at Durham, declined to start an academical institution, holding himself precluded by his graduation oath from resuming collegiate lectures outside the ancient universities. Application was then successfully made to Frankland, who was not hindered by the same scruple. Nonconformist tutors usually understood the oath as referring to prelections in order to a degree. Before opening his 'academy' Frankland was in London, where he felt 'a violent impulse upon his mind to go to the king.' By the help of 'the old Earl of Manchester, lord ' (Edward Montagu), he gained an audience while Charles was on his way to the council. Frankland, in the divine name, enjoined Charles 'to reform your life, your family, your kingdom, and the church,' adding an impressive warning. '"I will," saith the king, "do what I can."' After a few more words 'the king hasted away, saying, "I thank you, sir," and twice looking back before he went into the counsel-chamber, said, "I thank you, sir; I thank you"'.

Frankland's academy
Early in March 1670 Frankland began to receive students at Rathmell. His first student was George, youngest son of Sir Thomas Liddell, bart., of Ravensworth Castle, Durham, head of a family distinguished for its loyalty, though marked by puritan leanings. Some of his students were intended for the legal, others for the medical profession; his first divinity students belonged to the independent denomination. It was not till the indulgence of 1672, from which Stillingfleet dates the presbyterian separation, that divinity students connected with that body were sent to Rathmell, and the earliest nonconformist 'academy' (as distinct from a mere school) became an important institution and the model of others. The course of studies in this 'northern academy' included 'logic, metaphysics, somatology, pneumatology, natural philosophy, divinity, and chronology.' The lectures were in Latin, and given by Frankland until he had trained up assistants, among whom were John Issot, Richard Frankland (the tutor's son) and John Owen. The discipline of the house was strict, but Frankland always succeeded in gaining the confidence of his students, and maintained his authority with 'admirable temper.' Morning prayers were at seven, winter and summer; lectures were over by noon, but solitary study went on after dinner till six o'clock prayers, and supper was followed by discussion of the day's work, unhampered by the tutor's presence. Those who wished to graduate went on to Scotland, where they were promoted to a degree after one session's attendance. The total number of Frankland's students was 304; among the best known of his divinity students are William Tong (entered 2 March 1681), Joshua Bayes and John Evans, D.D. (entered 26 May 1697), leaders of the Presbyterian interest in London. John Disney (1677–1730) entered as a law student on 5 July 1695. The ministry of dissent in the north of England was chiefly recruited from Frankland's academy, as the ejected of 1662 gradually died out. James Wood minister of Chowbent Chapel was a student of the academy.

Migrations
The academy had six migrations from place to place. In consequence of the indulgence, Frankland had begun to preach at Rathmell, and though 'no very taking' preacher, his solid discourses gained him a call from a congregation in Westmoreland. At Natland, near Kendal, the dissenters of the neighbourhood held their worship, the parochial chapel being in ruins. Frankland moved hither with his academy in 1674 (between 20 February and 26 May). The congregation increased under his care, and he extended his labours to Kendal and elsewhere. The first nonconformist ordination in Yorkshire was held (10 July 1678) at his instigation and with his assistance. He met with considerable opposition, but the first definite reference to proceedings against him occurs in a manuscript notebook of Oliver Heywood, under date 29 May 1681. Frankland had been excommunicated in the ecclesiastical court; his friends had obtained an absolution for him, upon which the official gave notice 'that Mr. Richard Frankland, the ringleader of the , hath voluntarily submitted himself to the orders of the church and is reconciled to it'. The report ran that Frankland had conformed and got a good living. Early in 1683 the enforcement of the Five Miles Act compelled him to leave Natland as being too near to Kendal. He transferred his academy to Calton Hall, the seat of the Lamberts, in the parish of Kirkby Malham, West Yorkshire, and in 1684 to Dawson Fold in Westmoreland, just outside the five-miles radius from Kendal. In 1685 (a year in which two of his former students were imprisoned at York, and the only year in which his academy received no accessions) he retired to Hart Barrow, near to Cartmel Fell, just inside the Lancashire border, and so convenient for escaping a writ for either county. Late in 1686 Frankland availed himself of James II's arbitrary exercise of the dispensing power, took out a fifty shilling dispensation, and removed to Attercliffe, a suburb of Sheffield, Yorkshire. He left Attercliffe at the end of July 1689, in consequence of the death of his favourite son, and returned to Rathmell. His pupil Timothy Jollie, independent minister at Sheffield, began another academy at Attercliffe on a more restricted principle than Frankland's, excluding mathematics 'as tending to scepticism.'

Troubles
Frankland carried his academy with him back to Rathmell, and during the remaining nine years of his life he admitted nearly as many students as in the whole previous period of over nineteen years. His congregation also throve, and he maintained harmony among its members at a time when many were beginning to relax their hold of the Calvinism to which he himself adhered. But while the Toleration Act protected him as a preacher, hardly a year passed without some fresh attempt on the part of the authorities to put down his academy. For not answering a citation to the archbishop's (Lamplugh) court he was again excommunicated; at the instance of Lord Wharton and Sir Thomas Rokeby, William III ordered his absolution, which was read in Giggleswick Church. Soon after the consecration of Sharp as archbishop of York (5 July 1691) new alarm was excited by the assembling of twenty-four nonconformist ministers at Wakefield (2 September) to consider the 'heads of agreement' sent down from London as an irenicon (a proposition or device for securing peace) between the presbyterian and independent sections. Frankland was the senior minister present, and earnestly promoted the union. Next year the clergy of Craven petitioned Sharp to suppress the academy. Sharp wrote to Tillotson for advice. Tillotson evidently did not like the business, and suggested to Sharp (14 June 1692), as 'the fairest and softest way of ridding' his 'hands of' it, that he should see Frankland and explain that the objection to licensing his academy was not based upon his nonconformity. His school was not required in the district, and it was contrary to the bishop's oath to license public instruction in 'university learning.' Sharp saw Frankland after a confirmation at Skipton and invited the nonconformist to Bishopthorpe. Here, with the help of a pipe of tobacco and a glass of good wine, a very friendly interview took place in the library, Sharp courteously declining controversy and inviting confidential hints about the state of the diocese (according to Frankland in a latter to Ralph Thoresby, 6 November 1694). The archbishop's goodwill did not stop further proceedings. From a letter of Richard Stretton, presbyterian minister at Haberdashers' Hall, London, to Thoresby, it appears that early in 1695 there was a prosecution against Frankland; on 10 February the indictment was quashed. In 1697 he was brought before the spiritual court, but at Michaelmas the case was postponed, apparently by the archbishop's order. Calamy states that his troubles continued till the year of his death, but no further particulars are available. Oliver Heywood's diaries are full of references to the academy and its students, and to Frankland's labours at ordinations.

Death
His health began to break in 1697, when he was troubled with gravel. But he persevered in his work to the last, and died in the midst of his scholars on 1 October 1698. He was buried on 5 October in Giggleswick Church, where his daughters placed an ornate mural tablet to his memory, being a facsimile of the monument to John Lambert, son of Major-general Lambert, in Kirkby Malham Church. His funeral sermon was preached some time after by John Chorlton, who transferred the 'northern academy' to Manchester.

Marriage
He married Elizabeth Sanderson of Hedley Hope, in the parish of Brancepeth, Durham (buried 5 January 1691), and had at least two sons (1. John, born 13 August 1659, entered the academy 3 May 1678, and died in June 1679, 'the strongest man of his age in and about Natland;' 2. Richard, baptised 8 June 1668, entered the academy 13 April 1680, died of the smallpox, and was buried at Sheffield 4 May 1689) and three daughters (1. Barbary, born 16 April 1661, and buried 5 August 1662; 2. Elizabeth, baptised 25 August 1664 (this is the 'Mrs. Frankland' mentioned by Oliver Heywood as collecting materials for a memoir of her father); 3. Margaret, married 19 June 1701 to Samuel Smith (d 1732) of York).

Publication
He published only Reflections on a Letter writ by a nameless Author to the Reverend Clergy of both Universities, 1697. The tract is excessively rare; from the state of one of the two known copies, Aspland conjectures that most of the impression was accidentally destroyed; it is more probable that it had a purely local circulation. It has a preface by Oliver Heywood (dated 11 March; not included in his works). The Letter to which it is a reply was published in 1694 (dated 10 December), and is a plea by a churchman for moderation towards unitarians; Heywood's preface suggests that it had got into the hands of Frankland's students. The Reflections, written in failing health, are justly described by Heywood as 'able' and 'uncouth.'

References

Attribution

1630 births
1698 deaths
Ejected English ministers of 1662
Dissenting academy tutors
People from Natland


Lūznava Parish () is an administrative unit of the Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia. The administrative center of the parish is the village Lūznava, the main attraction is the Lūznava Manor.

See also
 Lūznava Manor

References

External links
Lūznava parish municipality council website (Latvian only)

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


The Soda Mountain Wilderness is a protected wilderness area inside the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument located in the U.S. state of Oregon adjacent to the California state border. The wilderness area was created by the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2009. The wilderness encompasses many mountains, including Boccard Point.

See also
 List of Oregon Wildernesses
 List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
 Wilderness Act

References

External links
 Soda Mountain Wilderness - Oregon Wild
 Soda Mountain Wilderness Area - BLM page

Protected areas of Jackson County, Oregon
Wilderness areas of Oregon
Protected areas established in 2009
2009 establishments in Oregon


Malta Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Malta parish
  – parish administrative center.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Mākoņkalns Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Mākoņkalns parish
  – parish administrative center

See also

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


John Morse Haydon (January 27, 1920 – April 18, 1991) was the governor of the American Samoa from 1969 to 1974. Haydon attended the University of Washington. He served as a First Lieutenant in the United States Air Force during World War II and flew 35 combat missions over Germany. Haydon was commissioner of the Seattle Port Commission from 1960 to 1969, and president in 1963, 1968, and 1969. He was a member of the Governor's Advisory Council on Fisheries from 1965 to 1967, and on Commerce and Economic Development from 1965 to 1969. On August 1, 1969, he was appointed Governor of American Samoa by the Interior Secretary and he served until October 1974.

References

External links
 American Samoa.gov

1920 births
1991 deaths
Politicians from Billings, Montana
Politicians from Seattle
Military personnel from Montana
Governors of American Samoa
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
University of Washington alumni
American Samoa Republicans


Vitaliy Shumbarets (born 14 July 1983 in Kremenets, Ternopil Oblast) is a Ukrainian ski jumper who has competed since 2003. He finished 45th in the individual normal hill event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Shumbaret's best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 13th in the team large hill event twice (2003, 2007) while his best individual finish was 35th in the individual large hill event at Liberec in 2009.

His best World cup finish was ninth in a team large hill event at Finland in 2008 while his best individual finish was 21st in an individual large hill event at Japan in January 2010.

References

1983 births
Living people
Olympic ski jumpers for Ukraine
Ski jumpers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ukrainian male ski jumpers
People from Kremenets
Sportspeople from Ternopil Oblast


Raymond Danon (14 April 1930 – 10 October 2018) was a French film producer. He produced 61 films beginning in 1963.

Selected filmography
 Maigret Sees Red (1963)
  Monsieur (1964)
 The Gorillas (1964)
 The Gardener of Argenteuil (1966)
 The Lady in the Car with Glasses and a Gun (1970)
 Le Chat (1971)
 Someone Behind the Door (1971)
 Liza (1972)
 The Old Maid (1972)
 The Clockmaker (1974)
 Le Sauvage (1975)
 The Judge and the Assassin (1976)
 S.A.S. à San Salvador (1983)

References

External links

1930 births
2018 deaths
French film producers
Film people from Paris


Nagļi Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Nagļi parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Nautrēni Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Nautrēni parish
The central village in the parish is Rogovka.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Diogué is a village and an island in the rural community of , Kataba Arrondissement, Bignona Department, Ziguinchor Region, Senegal. In 2003, there were 563 people and 78 households in Diogué.

References

Populated places in the Bignona Department
Atlantic islands of Senegal


Domestic sourcing is the activity of contracting for goods or services that are delivered or manufactured within the buyer's home country borders. Domestic sourcing is becoming central to the discussion of "Buy American" or the protectionist debate that is being discussed at the highest levels of all major countries. This debate is becoming particularly acute with the unemployment rate in the US rising above 8% nationally and now impacting more white collar jobs or service industry jobs.

Advantages of domestic sourcing

Fast delivery
Domestic sources are usually closer to the distributor or retailer than 'imported sources'. Sources like raw materials, services or products can be delivered in shorter periods of time compared to foreign sources. After sales, exchange or refunds of faulty products will benefit as well; as it is always easier to communicate with local business rather than international cooperations. Further, there is also quicker reaction to emergency situations or faster decision making to uncertainties in the market.

Consumer confidence

Shorter time for transportation could ensure that products such as food and drinks stay fresh. It is statistically proven that domestic sourcing increases consumer confidence; according to a report by IGD, 57% of consumer who consider buying local food because it is fresher. It may also influence a consumer's decision when it comes to multiple options; with a domestic sourcing strategy, selling local products can help to gain support from consumers who are concerned about the origin of the product that they are buying for political, ethical, or environmental reasons. It is also persuasive to tell consumers that local products are quality assured; buying with confidence is a very important aspect for retailers to gain trust from consumers, subsequently increasing brand awareness and loyalty.

Cost benefit
Business or retailers who have strong relationships with local suppliers do not have to go through a long supply chain which will help to reduce the cost of sales, resulting in attracting more consumers with a lower selling price. Less transportation between the supplier and retailer may also reduce the selling price as transportation costs are cut.

Job opportunities
Increases in domestic sourcing rather than international sourcing will increase the job opportunities for locals. If all local business supports domestic sourcing, and the demand for domestic sourcing will increase, more job opportunities is then created to meet the new demands.

Benefits to the local economy
According to IGD report, over 54% of consumers buy local food as they feel obliged to support local producers and farmers in 2006. An increase in domestic sourcing for the labour force would benefit the economy of the state or country by increasing the circular flow of income; it is estimated that every £10 spent on local product is worth a £25 increase in the circular flow of income of the local economy. When there is an increase in demand for domestic sourcing, local suppliers have to hire more people to meet the boost in the demand, these new workforces will spend more money in the local economy which will thereafter produce a positive multiplier effect. Further, local business tend to give more wages than most corporate chains, which means that employees will receive more disposable income.

Protecting local culture
There are many local business selling unique products or services such as handcrafting or tailored products that nowhere else can offer; supporting domestic sourcing could prevent large corporate chains taking over the high street, preventing small business from being eliminated. Domestic sourcing also encourages more entrepreneurs to start small businesses in local markets.

Time zone advantage
Firms that support domestic sourcing or manufacturing could enjoy the benefit of having the same time zone with the supplier, which means quicker respond from supplier for any enquiry or questions, sometimes a couple of minutes of delay in solving problems could cost millions for the business, it is always good to be easy to communicate supply.

'Buy British' campaigns

'I'm backing Britain'
I'm backing Britain is one of the most famous Buy British campaigns, dating back to the late 1960s; it was triggered by five secretaries who volunteered to work an extra half an hour a day to show their contribution to the economy. With the approval from the government, as well as support from the mainstream media, it became a patriotic campaign in an attempt to boost the economy at that time. However, a few months later, with no sign of any boom in the economy; enthusiasm soon died down in the country, yet it still remains an iconic example of 'Buy British' campaigning.

John Lewis's £72m Buy British campaign
John lewis launched a Buy British campaign in 2013, with £72 million more business with UK supplier, there is also significant growth in John lewis's Uk supplier from 132 to 207 firms in 2012 to 2013. The campaign encourage and brings back more British manufactured business.

Buy Australian campaigns

Buy West Eat Best is a campaign that was developed by the Department of Agriculture and Food (Western Australia) to promote the sale of West Australian grown food produce.

Commencing in May 2008, all retailers in the state were invited to join the campaign, with Woolworths and Coles supporting the initiative.

Buy American campaign

Walmart's buy American campaign
Walmart's buy American campaign plan to create 100,000 jobs and $50 billion sourcing in 10 years to support domestic sourcing in American, not only it help to boost the US economy as well as building and improving Walmart's public images and brand awareness. Made in American could also reduce the transportation and inventory cost for Walmart, hence a lower sell price could benefit consumer at same time.

I make America
I make America is launched by Association of Equipment Manufacturers to support Domestic manufacturing in US as well as to promote US exports.

Disadvantage of domestic sourcing

Trade war / price war
Domestic sourcing campaign may trigger trade war globally. When one country starts to encourage their citizens to buy domestic goods, there are usually resistances from other countries. As result of that, poorer countries with significant disadvantage may be forced to add levy against a certain country. The most recent example of trade war happened in 2013 when EU claimed that China is selling solar panels below the average cost which resulted in lesser demand for solar panels made in Europe, which then led to trade war between China and EU.

Import
Certain domestic goods can be very expensive compared to other countries, so business that attempt to sell locally can find sales hurting if demand for such products are low.

Export
Export firms who chose to use more expensive domestic resources may lose their competitiveness in the global market due to higher cost of production, oversea demand will shrink eventually and with a consequence of a negative balance of trade and affect national GDP (Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (Export – Import))

See also
 Economic nationalism
 Economic patriotism
 Offshoring
 Outsourcing

References

External links
Buy West Eat Best homepage (Archived version)

Procurement
Promotion and marketing communications


Ozolaine Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ozolaine parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Ozolmuiža Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Ozolmuiža parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Puša Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Puša parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Rikava Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Rikava parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Paul Gordon Georges (June 15, 1923 – April 16, 2002) was an American painter. He painted large-scale figurative allegories and numerous self-portraits.

Biography
In January 1966, the cover of Art News featured Georges' painting In The Studio, now in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art.
Works were included in Whitney Museum Annuals of 1961, 1963, 1967 & 1969. Paintings by Georges are also in the collections of The Portland Art Museum, Oregon; Smart Museum University of Chicago; National Academy Museum, NYC; Rose Art Museum, Massachusetts; Weatherspoon Art Museum; Virginia Art Museum; Parrish Art Museum Southampton, Guild Hall Museum East Hampton and numerous others across America.

He was in 1976 the founder and until 1985 the chairman of the Artists' Choice Museum in New York City. He was a student of Fernande Leger in Paris 1949–52, and Hans Hofmann during 1947 in Provincetown with Larry Rivers, Wolf Kahn, Jane Freilicher and many other artists who became lifelong friends. He married Lisette Blumenfeld (daughter of photographer Erwin Blumenfeld) in 1950 after meeting at a party in Brâncuși's studio in the Passage Ronsin, Paris. They had two children Paulette Théodore of Marseille and Yvette Blumenfeld Georges Deeton of NYC who since 1989 Directs and manages Paul Georges Studio.

He died at his home at Isigny-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, aged 78.

Education
 1943 – Oregon State College
 1943-45 – World War II Pacific Theater - awarded Purple Heart, Silver Star, Bronze Star, and more
 1946-47 – University of Oregon at Eugene
 1947 – Hans Hofmann School Provincetown, Mass. (summer)
 1948 – solo exhibition at Reed College in Portland, Oregon
 1949 – Académie de la Grande Chaumière
 1949-52 – Atelier Fernand Léger
 1952 – back in the USA he sold a painting by Alfred Sisley to help neighbor Mme. Mac Guffie a widow from France. Her husband was a dentist from Scotland who traded paintings from his customers who were Impressionist painters. Hansa Gallery cancelled his solo exhibition in 1954, but the exhibition was reviewed in Art News Magazine by Frank O'Hara.'Selected by Clement Greenberg for'Emerging Talent'' exhibition at the Kootz gallery in January 1954.
 1955 – solo exhibition at the Tibor de Nagy Gallery in New York City.
 1981 – elected to the National Academy of Design

References

1923 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American male artists
20th-century American painters
21st-century American painters
American male painters
American expatriates in France
National Academy of Design members


The Herchel Smith Professorship of Pure Mathematics is a professorship in pure mathematics at the University of Cambridge. It was established in 2004 by a benefaction from Herchel Smith "of £14.315m, to be divided into five equal parts, to support the full endowment of five Professorships in the fields of Pure Mathematics, Physics, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Molecular Genetics." When the position was advertised in 2004, the first holder was expected to focus on mathematical analysis.

List of Herchel Smith Professors of Pure Mathematics

 2006–2013 Ben J. Green
 2019–present Pierre Raphael

References

Report of the General Board on the establishment of a Herchel Smith Professorship of Pure Mathematics, Cambridge University Reporter, 3 March 2004
University left 'biggest' bequest, BBC News, 25 June 2002
Cambridge benefits from £50m Pill legacy, telegraph.co.uk, 26 June 2002

Pure Mathematics, Smith, Herchel
Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge
2004 establishments in England
Pure Mathematics, Smith, Herchel
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom


The Copper Salmon Wilderness is a protected wilderness area in the Southern Oregon Coast Range and is part of the Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest. The wilderness area was created by the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2009.

The Copper Salmon Wilderness is located along the North and South Forks of Elk River and the upper Middle Fork of Sixes River.

The area contains one of the nation's largest remaining stands of low-elevation old-growth forest and one of the healthiest salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout runs in the continental United States along the north Fork of the Elk River, as well as stands of vulnerable Port Orford cedar and endangered marbled murrelets and northern spotted owls.

See also
 List of Oregon Wildernesses
 List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
 List of old growth forests
 Wilderness Act

References

External links
Copper Salmon Wilderness - U.S. Forest Service

Protected areas of Coos County, Oregon
Protected areas of Curry County, Oregon
Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest
Wilderness areas of Oregon
Old-growth forests
Protected areas established in 2009
2009 establishments in Oregon


Sakstagals Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Sakstagals parish
  -parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Thomas Mason (May 1, 1753 – September 18, 1800) was an American businessman, planter and politician. As a son of George Mason, a Founding Father of the United States, Mason was a scion of the prominent Mason political family.

Early life and education
Mason was born at Gunston Hall in Fairfax County, Virginia on May 1, 1770. He was the youngest child and son of George Mason IV and his first wife Ann Eilbeck, who would die three years later, of complications giving birth to Mason's youngest sister. In 1775, his maternal grandmother Sarah Eilbeck died, and according to the terms of her will, young Thomas became the master of an enslaved boy of about his age, James, son of Moll (27 slaves were willed to the 7 Mason children). While a Thomas Mason represented Norfolk County in the House of Burgesses in 1696, these Masons were descended from the emigrant George Mason who represented Stafford County in that session.

Thomas Mason received a private education suitable to his class. His eldest sister, Nancy assumed her mother's position as mistress of the house until their widowed father remarried seven years later, to the spinster Sarah Brent, who was familiar with running large estates from her duties in caring for her father, an ally of the Mason family. The elder Mason preferred Scottish tutors for his sons, and David Constable, a graduate of the College of Aberdeen, arrived at Gunston Hall in 1774 and (despite refusing to take the Oath of Allegiance to Virginia) remained until 1781, when he left for property owned by his family on St. Christopher Island in the British West Indies. After his departure, the elder Mason sent Thomas and his slightly elder brother John to a school established by the Reverend Buchanan in Stafford County (near his Aquia Church parish). In 1788, although John Mason was sent to study in Maryland, Thomas and his step cousin George Graham were sent to the newly established Fredericksburg Academy in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the trustees of which was his cousin James Mercer. After completing his formal education at Fredericksburg Academy, Mason trained to be a merchant under an apprenticeship with William Hodgson in Alexandria, much as his slightly older brother John Mason had with Alexandria merchant John Hartshorne (although the other elder brothers received no such apprenticeship).

Career
Following his apprenticeship in Alexandria, Mason's father set him up with a business in Richmond. By that date, John Mason had also relocated to Richmond, where he was a partner in Fenwick and Mason, which traded with merchants in Bordeaux, France, then in turmoil due to the French Revolution. Their father George Mason instructed John to mentor his younger brother, and Thomas may have worked as the family debt collector or as a merchant in his own right by his father's death in late 1792.

He and John presented their father's 1773 will (written shortly after his first wife's death) and at least one authenticating witness (subscribers having been Gustavus Scott, Elizabeth Bronaugh, Ann Cockburn, John West Jr., Robert Graham and John Davidson) to the Fairfax County Court. By then no guardians for the children were necessary and their eldest brother George (one named executor) died in 1796 and the other named executor Martin Cockburn having declined executor's duties, John and Thomas Mason became the executors of their father's estate, and wealthy. By September 25, 1797, Thomas Mason relocated back to Prince William county and operated a store. He may have been the wealthiest man in Prince William county by the time of his (early) death in 1800, although he also had significant debts. In 1800, Thomas Mason owned four land parcels totaling 1,003 acres and paid the most of any county resident in personal property tax, including on one tithed white servant, 21 adult enslaved blacks, four black slaves between 13 and 16 years old, and 33 enslaved blacks either considered children or elderly.

Thomas Mason also began his short political career, as Prince William County voters elected him as one of their delegates to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1799, and re-elected him the following year, although he died before the next session.

Thomas Mason inherited his father's properties on the southern side of the Occoquan River across from Colchester as well as the right to operate the Occoquan ferry.

Mason named his plantation Woodbridge after the wooden toll bridge he built in 1795 to replace the ferry. Sources differ as to which renowned inventor and engineer designed the bridge, Theodore Burr of Connecticut (not definitively known to have worked south of Port Deposit, Maryland), or Timothy Palmer of Massachusetts, who was constructing the Little Falls Bridge across the Potomac River in 1795 and a preeminent bridgebuilder of the era, perhaps best known for a bridge in Philadelphia (Mason requested a higher toll rate from the Virginia General Assembly in 1797 based on the high cost of Massachusetts workmen). The toll bridge carried King's Highway (present-day U.S. Route 1) across the Occoquan River.

Marriage and children
The orphaned Thomas Mason married Sarah Barnes Hooe, daughter of Gerard Hooe and Sarah Barnes, at Lexington plantation in Fairfax County, Virginia on April 22, 1793. Sarah was a sister of his elder brother George Mason V's wife, Elizabeth "Betsey" Mary Ann Barnes Hooe. The couple had four children:

Patsy Mason Lake (1796-1873)
Elizabeth Mason
Gerard Alexander Mason (December 1793–December 18, 1849)
Leannah Mason Barron (1798–1824)
Thomas Mason (1800–1828)

Death and legacy

This Thomas Mason died, aged 30, on September 18, 1800, at Lexington plantation house, the nearby residence of his brother George's widow and her second husband (and Mason's former school mate) George Graham. Richard Brent filled the remainder of his term in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Prince William County. His widow Sarah B. Wilson filed no will, and pursuant to Virginia law was able to live the final 15 years of her life in their family home, Woodbridge with their eldest son Gerard, before also dying intestate. On October 8, 1800, the Prince William County Court accepted an inventory of Thomas's estate, including enslaved persons, performed by future delegate George Graham and others.

Thomas Mason's family continued to own the 500-acre Woodbridge plantation and bridge until 1851, when it was auctioned off following Gerard Alexander Mason's death. Gerard Mason was known as a harsh master, perhaps embodying his famous grandfather's aphorism, "Every Master is born a petty tyrant". He frequently advertised for runaway slaves with visible signs of physical injury, but had been acquitted in 1846 of murdering an enslaved woman named Katy whom he had stomped to death and buried months after beating her so severely that she could not walk. A neighbor found Gerard's (also sometimes spelled Jared's) corpse with head smashed by an axe in his own ferry house. Despite neighbors' petitions to the governor to commute her execution (to sale and transportation out of the state), on the grounds that Agnes had also been repeatedly abused, she was hanged.

Many of his descendants would also share the name Thomas Mason. Thomas Mason's grandson, by his youngest son, Thomas Jr., Berry Mason lived in Charles County, Maryland until his death. His will dated July 13, 1852, probated in Maryland, specifically forbade any of his property (if he had no living children) even if his (also unmarried) brother Thomas Mason had children from passing in any contingency to any Hooe, Barron or Grymes. In 1817 this Thomas Mason's eldest daughter, Leannah, had married William Barron and bore Thomas Mason Barron in Washington D.C. before that family moved to Kentucky. Thomas M. Barron married Penelope McFarland in 1842, and the only son of their seven children, William Thomas Barron, married and eventually became the grandfather of the first wife of hotelier Conrad Hilton (Mary Barron).

References

1770 births
1800 deaths
18th-century American Episcopalians
American people of English descent
American planters
American slave owners
Businesspeople from Virginia
George Mason
Mason family
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Politicians from Fairfax County, Virginia
People from Prince William County, Virginia
18th-century American politicians


Joseph Thomas "Brute" Bretto (November 28, 1912 – January 27, 2007) was an American professional ice hockey defenseman who played three games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1944–45 season. Bretto spent most of his career, which lasted from 1931 to 1946, in various minor leagues.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1912 births
2007 deaths
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Boston Tigers (CAHL) players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Cleveland Falcons players
Detroit Olympics (IHL) players
Hibbing Maroons players
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Minneapolis Millers (AHA) players
St. Paul Saints (AHA) players
St. Paul Saints (USHL) players
Sportspeople from Hibbing, Minnesota
Ice hockey people from St. Louis County, Minnesota
Windsor Bulldogs (1929–1936) players


Silmala Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Silmala parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality


Sokolki Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality in the Latgale region of Latvia. The administrative center is Strupļi.

Towns, villages and settlements of Sokolki Parish
 Skudnovka
 Strupļi
 Ustroņi

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality
Latgale


The 2008–09 Ivy League men's basketball season was the Ivy League's 55th season of basketball. Cornell University won the league title for the second year in a row and was the recipient of the Ivy League's automatic bid to the 2009 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. Alex Barnett of Dartmouth College was the Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year.

During the 2008–09 season, Harvard's Jeremy Lin was the only NCAA Division I men's college basketball player who ranked in the top ten in his conference for scoring (17.8), rebounding (5.5), assists (4.3), steals (2.4), blocked shots (0.6), field goal percentage (0.502), free throw percentage (0.744), and 3 point shot percentage (0.400).

Results

NCAA tournament

See also
Ivy League

Notes


Stoļerova Parish () is an administrative unit of Rēzekne Municipality, Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Stoļerova parish
  - parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Rēzekne Municipality