Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells.

Many of the key molecular players implicated in cell polarity are well conserved. For example, in metazoan cells, the  complex plays a fundamental role in cell polarity. While the biochemical details may vary, some of the core principles such as negative and/or positive feedback between different molecules are common and essential to many known polarity systems.

Examples of polarized cells

Epithelial cells

Epithelial cells adhere to one another through tight junctions, desmosomes and adherens junctions, forming sheets of cells that line the surface of the animal body and internal cavities (e.g., digestive tract and circulatory system). These cells have an apical-basal polarity defined by the apical membrane facing the outside surface of the body, or the lumen of internal cavities, and the basolateral membrane oriented away from the lumen. The basolateral membrane refers to both the lateral membrane where cell-cell junctions connect neighboring cells and to the basal membrane where cells are attached to the basement membrane, a thin sheet of extracellular matrix proteins that separates the epithelial sheet from underlying cells and connective tissue. Epithelial cells also exhibit planar cell polarity, in which specialized structures are orientated within the plane of the epithelial sheet. Some examples of planar cell polarity include the scales of fish being oriented in the same direction and similarly the feathers of birds, the fur of mammals, and the cuticular projections (sensory hairs, etc.) on the bodies and appendages of flies and other insects. Computational models have been suggested to simulate how a group of epithelial cells can form a variety of biological morphologies.

Neurons

A neuron receives signals from neighboring cells through branched, cellular extensions called dendrites. The neuron then propagates an electrical signal down a specialized axon extension from the basal pole to the synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to propagate the signal to another neuron or effector cell (e.g., muscle or gland). The polarity of the neuron thus facilitates the directional flow of information, which is required for communication between neurons and effector cells.

Migratory cells

Many cell types are capable of migration, such as leukocytes and fibroblasts, and in order for these cells to move in one direction, they must have a defined front and rear. At the front of the cell is the leading edge, which is often defined by a flat ruffling of the cell membrane called the lamellipodium or thin protrusions called filopodia. Here, actin polymerization in the direction of migration allows cells to extend the leading edge of the cell and to attach to the surface. At the rear of the cell, adhesions are disassembled and bundles of actin microfilaments, called stress fibers, contract and pull the trailing edge forward to keep up with the rest of the cell. Without this front-rear polarity, cells would be unable to coordinate directed migration.

Budding yeast
The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a model system for eukaryotic biology in which many of the fundamental elements of polarity development have been elucidated. Yeast cells share many features of cell polarity with other organisms, but feature fewer protein components. In yeast, polarity is biased to form at an inherited landmark, a patch of the protein Rsr1 in the case of budding, or a patch of Rax1 in mating projections. In the absence of polarity landmarks (i.e. in gene deletion mutants), cells can perform spontaneous symmetry breaking, in which the location of the polarity site is determined randomly. Spontaneous polarization still generates only a single bud site, which has been explained by positive feedback increasing polarity protein concentrations locally at the largest polarity patch while decreasing polarity proteins globally by depleting them. The master regulator of polarity in yeast is Cdc42, which is a member of the eukaryotic Ras-homologous Rho-family of GTPases, and a member of the super-family of small GTPases, which include Rop GTPases in plants and small GTPases in prokaryotes. For polarity sites to form, Cdc42 must be present and capable of cycling GTP, a process regulated by its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Cdc24, and by its GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Cdc42 localization is further regulated by cell cycle queues, and a number of binding partners. A recent study to elucidate the connection between cell cycle timing and Cdc42 accumulation in the bud site uses optogenetics to control protein localization using light. During mating, these polarity sites can relocate. Mathematical modeling coupled with imaging experiments suggest the relocation is mediated by actin-driven vesicle delivery.

Vertebrate development

The bodies of vertebrate animals are asymmetric along three axes: anterior-posterior (head to tail), dorsal-ventral (spine to belly), and left-right (for example, our heart is on the left side of our body). These polarities arise within the developing embryo through a combination of several processes: 1) asymmetric cell division, in which two daughter cells receive different amounts of cellular material (e.g. mRNA, proteins), 2) asymmetric localization of specific proteins or RNAs within cells (which is often mediated by the cytoskeleton), 3) concentration gradients of secreted proteins across the embryo such as Wnt, Nodal, and Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs), and 4) differential expression of membrane receptors and ligands that cause lateral inhibition, in which the receptor-expressing cell adopts one fate and its neighbors another.

In addition to defining asymmetric axes in the adult organism, cell polarity also regulates both individual and collective cell movements during embryonic development such as apical constriction, invagination, and epiboly. These movements are critical for shaping the embryo and creating the complex structures of the adult body.

Molecular basis
Cell polarity arises primarily through the localization of specific proteins to specific areas of the cell membrane. This localization often requires both the recruitment of cytoplasmic proteins to the cell membrane and polarized vesicle transport along cytoskeletal filaments to deliver transmembrane proteins from the golgi apparatus. Many of the molecules responsible for regulating cell polarity are conserved across cell types and throughout metazoan species. Examples include the PAR complex (Cdc42, PAR3/ASIP, PAR6, atypical protein kinase C), Crumbs complex (Crb, PALS, PATJ, Lin7), and Scribble complex (Scrib, Dlg, Lgl).  These polarity complexes are localized at the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, asymmetrically within cells. For example, in epithelial cells the PAR and Crumbs complexes are localized along the apical membrane and the Scribble complex along the lateral membrane. Together with a group of signaling molecules called Rho GTPases, these polarity complexes can regulate vesicle transport and also control the localization of cytoplasmic proteins primarily by regulating the phosphorylation of phospholipids called phosphoinositides. Phosphoinositides serve as docking sites for proteins at the cell membrane, and their state of phosphorylation determines which proteins can bind.

Polarity establishment
While many of the key polarity proteins are well conserved, different mechanisms exist to establish cell polarity in different cell types. Here, two main classes can be distinguished: (1) cells that are able to polarize spontaneously, and (2) cells that establish polarity based on intrinsic or environmental cues.

Spontaneous symmetry breaking can be explained by amplification of stochastic fluctuations of molecules due to non-linear chemical kinetics. The mathematical basis for this biological phenomenon was established by Alan Turing in his 1953 paper 'The chemical basis of morphogenesis.' While Turing initially attempted to explain pattern formation in a multicellular system, similar mechanisms can also be applied to intracellular pattern formation. Briefly, if a network of at least two interacting chemicals (in this case, proteins) exhibits certain types of reaction kinetics, as well as differential diffusion, stochastic concentration fluctuations can give rise to the formation of large-scale stable patterns, thus bridging from a molecular length scale to a cellular or even tissue scale.

A prime example for the second type of polarity establishment, which relies on extracellular or intracellular cues, is the C. elegans zygote. Here, mutual inhibition between two sets of proteins guides polarity establishment and maintenance. On the one hand, PAR-3, PAR-6 and aPKC (called anterior PAR proteins) occupy both the plasma membrane and cytoplasm prior to symmetry breaking. PAR-1, the C. elegans-specific ring-finger-containing protein PAR-2, and LGL-1 (called posterior PAR proteins) are present mostly in the cytoplasm. The male centrosome provides a cue, which breaks an initially homogenous membrane distribution of anterior PARs by inducing cortical flows. These are thought to advect anterior PARs towards one side of the cell, allowing posterior PARs to bind to other pole (posterior). Anterior and posterior PAR proteins then maintain polarity until cytokinesis by mutually excluding each other from their respective cell membrane areas.

See also

Epithelial polarity
Cell migration
Embryogenesis
Embryonic development
Asymmetric cell division
3D cell culture
Cell culture assay
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

References

Cell biology


"Confessions of a Book Reviewer" is a narrative essay published in 1946 by the English author George Orwell. In it, he discusses the lifestyle of a book reviewer and criticises the practice of reviewing almost every book published, which gives rise to this lifestyle.

Background

Orwell started writing book reviews for Adelphi in 1930, and other publications for which he wrote reviews included New English Weekly, Horizon, New Statesman and Tribune. In 1940 he reviewed over 100 books. From 1945 to 1946 Orwell had kept up a high level of work, producing some 130 literary contributions. He had been seriously ill in February and was desperate to get away to Jura.

The essay appeared in Tribune on 3 May 1946.

Summary
Orwell describes the lifestyle of a book reviewer living in a cold stuffy and untidy bedsitter, trying to motivate himself to start reviewing an assorted batch of books, working late into the night, and getting inspiration just in time to meet the copy deadline.

Orwell laments the attitude that every book deserves a review and asserts that in more than nine cases out of ten the book is worthless. The week-in week-out production of snippets reduces the book reviewer to the "crushed figure in a dressing gown". He notes that books on specialist subjects ought to be reviewed by experts, but for practical reasons they end up with the editor's "team of hacks". He would prefer to give very long reviews to the few books of merit and ignore the majority. His consolation is that a book reviewer is better off than a film critic.

See also
Bibliography of George Orwell

References

External links
Text of Confessions of a Book Reviewer

Essays by George Orwell
1946 essays
Essays about literature
Works originally published in Tribune (magazine)


George Beck may refer to:

George Beck (artist) (1749–1812), Anglo-American artist and poet
George T. Beck (1856–1943), American politician and entrepreneur in Wyoming
George Beck (baseball) (1890–1973), American baseball player
George Beck (bishop) (1904–1978), English Roman Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool
George Beck (1907–1999), American film and TV writer, director and producer (1951's Behave Yourself!)
George Beck, Canadian country music performer during 1960s who worked with Fred McKenna
George L. Beck Jr. (born 1941), United States Attorney in Alabama
George Beck, athlete representing United States at the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics#Ski mountaineering

See also
Admiral Sir George Back (1796–1878), British Royal Navy explorer of Canadian Arctic, naturalist and artist
George Lewis Becke (1855–1913), Australian writer
Lindsay George Beck (1900–1982), Australian rules footballer in SANFL and VFL


John MacGregor Kendall Kendall-Carpenter  (25 September 1925 – 24 May 1990) was an English rugby union international who won 23 caps as a back row forward between 1949 and 1954. He subsequently served as President of the Rugby Football Union (1980–1981), the England Schools Rugby Football Union (1985–90) and Cornwall RFU (1984–87). He was also Chairman of the committee that organised the first Rugby World Cup in 1987.

He was one of only five Cornishmen to captain the England Rugby team – the others being E K Scott, Vic Roberts, Richard Sharp and Phil Vickery.

Career
Kendall-Carpenter was educated at Truro School and Oxford University where he won his Blue playing in The Varsity Match at Twickenham for three successive years from 1948 to 1950. David Frost, the former Guardian rugby correspondent, recalled a famous tackle in the 1949 Varsity match when John Kendall-Carpenter preserved Oxford's 3–0 winning lead by thwarting J. V. Smith, the Cambridge centre, in the dying moments of the game:

He appeared as a club player for Penzance & Newlyn, forerunners of the Cornish Pirates, before moving on to Bath, where he was dubbed "Prince of Cornerflaggers", while he taught rugby and history at Clifton College, Bristol. Subsequently, he became the headmaster of Cranbrook School in Kent until 1970; of Eastbourne College, 1970–1973; and of Wellington School, Somerset, 1973–1990.

He was Chairman of the committee that organised the first Rugby World Cup in 1987. Kendall-Carpenter was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1989 New Year Honours for services to rugby union.

On 24 October 2011, at the IRB Awards ceremony in Auckland, Kendall-Carpenter was posthumously recognised for his role in the creation of the Rugby World Cup with induction into the IRB Hall of Fame.

Death and legacy

Kendall-Carpenter died on 24 May 1990, and was buried in the churchyard of Gulval, Cornwall.

Following his death, a John Kendall-Carpenter Trust Fund was established. Linked to the Cornwall Rugby Football Union, the fund exists to help young people up to the age of 21 in sport both in Cornwall and elsewhere in the world. He was also honoured by his fellow Cornishmen by being appointed a Bard of Gorseth Kernow at Illogan in 1981:– Kendall-Carpenter, John Macgregor (D) (Onen A Bymthek)

References

External links

 Clifton RFC
 Cornish Pirates

1925 births
1990 deaths
Barbarian F.C. players
Bards of Gorsedh Kernow
Bath Rugby players
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Cornish Pirates players
Cornwall RFU players
England international rugby union players
English rugby union administrators
English rugby union players
Heads of schools in England
Oxford University RFC players
People educated at Truro School
World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees
Rugby union forwards


Harry Bedford may refer to:
*Harry Bedford (rugby) (1866–1929), rugby union footballer of the 1880s and 1890s for England and Batley
Harry Bedford (music hall) (1873–1939), English music hall entertainer
Harry Bedford (politician) (1877–1918), New Zealand politician
Harry Bedford (footballer) (1899–1976), English footballer
Harry Bedford (cricketer) (1907–1968), English cricketer

See also
Henry Bedford (disambiguation)


Jeff King (1865?–1964; known in Navajo as Hashkeh-yilth-e-yah) was a US Army scout from 1891 to 1911, and went on to become a highly respected  (singer, or medicine man).

According to army records, King was born in Rock Springs, New Mexico, in 1865; however, his family's records indicated that he may have been born as early as 1851. He lived for most of his life in Pinedale, New Mexico on the Navajo Reservation.

When the United States joined World War II in 1941 and young Navajos left the reservation to serve in the army, King performed a ritual for them called Where the Two Came to Their Father that tells the story of two young heroes who go to the hogan of their father, the Sun, and return with the power to destroy the monsters that are plaguing their people. The two-day ceremony, which included songs and elaborate sand paintings, was meant to keep the young men's souls healthy as they went off to fight, away from their land and their people.

At the time, an artist and ethnologist named Maud Oakes was living on the reservation. With King's permission, she recorded the ceremony, including the sand-paintings. She published the text and her paintings, with commentary by mythologist Joseph Campbell, as Where the Two Came to Their Father: A Navaho War Ceremonial. It is one of the most complete extant recordings of a Navajo ritual.

King was also known to perform two of the other great Navajo ceremonies: the  (Blessing Way) and  (Enemy Way).

King died and was buried in January 1964.  He was the first Navajo buried at Arlington National Cemetery, near Washington, D.C.

See also
Code talkers
Diné Bahaneʼ
Navajo people
Wind Talkers

References

1865 births
1964 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Navajo military personnel
People from McKinley County, New Mexico
Military personnel from New Mexico
Shamanism of the Americas
Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America
20th-century Native Americans


Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari (English: A Little Angel Came To My House) is an Indian television series which premiered on 9 March 2009 on Colors TV. The story revolves around a family who experience the birth of a daughter after long 18 years.

Plot
The story revolves around Roshan Chawla, a popular sweet shopkeeper in Delhi whose generations were all males yet he yearned for a girl from his expecting daughter-in-law. And after all, his expectations came true- he had a granddaughter, named Chandni for whom he had been waiting since forty years, and the whole family rejoices. But their joy was unaware of the upcoming turmoil they had to face- while Chandni was still an infant, she was bereft of her mother who was killed in a riot, leaving his father mentally disturbed. As she grew up, she not only falls in love with Rajveer, a charming young male, but also has a dual responsibility of sustaining her father. But her love story with Rajveer wasn't going to be easy, it still had obstacles to face.

Chandni fall in love with Rajveer during the Goa trip. Chandni got married with Paramjeet, a boy who told he is from Canada but he lied to the innocent girl's family for money. Paramjeet took the girl to a village and lived their pretending to chandini's family that they are in canada. He is also married already to another lady which Chandni finds out about when she gets married. Chandni's family thought that she is happy in Canada with her husband. One day Rajveer discovered about Chandni, he found her and saved her by calling the police and exposing the truth to her family. Later they get married.

Cast
 Mugdha Chaphekar as Chandni Chawla
 Karan Wahi as Rajveer Malhotra
 Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Roshanlal Chawla (Lalaji)
 Sachin Khurana as Karan Chawla
 Vaishnavi Mahant as Neeru Karan Chawla / Neeru Girish Chawla
 Pankaj Berry as Girish Chawla
 Rajeev Paul
 Akshay Anand as Mr. Chawla (Chandni's father)
 Anjali Mukhi as Kusum Chawla
 Manoj Bidwai as Paramjeet
 Jayshree Arora as Guneeta Ramlall Chawla
 Trishikha Tripathi as Simmi
 Yamini Singh
 Indraneel Bhattacharya
 Diya Sonecha as Child Chandni Chawla

References

External links
Mere Ghar Aayi Ek Nanhi Pari Official Site

Colors TV original programming
Indian drama television series
2009 Indian television series debuts
2009 Indian television series endings


"My Country Right or Left" is an essay published in 1940 by the English author George Orwell. In it Orwell seeks to reconcile his intense feeling of patriotism and his left-wing views.

Background

The essay was written after the outbreak of the Second World War at a time when many of Orwell's circle had to reconsider their pacifist views.

Orwell was eleven when the First World War broke out. Some of his recollections quoted in the essay he used in the novel Coming Up for Air published in 1939. Orwell had a traditional English upper-middle-class upbringing and had been a member of an Officer Training Corps at prep school and Eton. In 1937, he spent six months on a quiet part of the front at Huesca during the Spanish Civil War, where, on 20 May, he was shot through the throat by a sniper and nearly died. Orwell had been trying to find war work, but had been unsuccessful, mainly because of his poor health. He subsequently joined the Home Guard, perceiving it as the basis for a people's militia.

The essay was first published in Folios of New Writing in 1940.

Summary
Orwell reflects back to the First World War recalling some of his personal experiences and the specific reactions of  himself and his contemporaries at the time. Nevertheless, he felt later that he had missed something by not being involved and attributes this partly to the "moral preparation" for war of the English middle classes. He also attributes a fascination with the Spanish Civil War to its similarity to the Great War.

Orwell's predictions of the Second World War were a nightmare to him, and he wrote pamphlets against war. However, when he saw it as inevitable because of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, he realised he was patriotic at heart and would be dedicated to the war effort. As a Socialist, he saw there was no "alternative between resisting Hitler and surrendering to him" and it was better to resist. He was not subscribing to conservative views because he was still convinced that only revolution could save England. However, he had little regard for "enlightened" left wing intellectuals who failed to understand ordinary emotions. Orwell explains his feelings by showing that the poetry of communist John Cornford  was in the same public school tradition as Sir Henry Newbolt's Vitaï Lampada – the political allegiance was different but the emotions were the same.

Extracts

Only revolution can save England, that has been obvious for years, but now the revolution has started, and it may proceed quite quickly if only we can keep Hitler out. Within two years, may be a year, if only we can hang on, we shall see changes that will surprise the idiots who have no foresight. I dare say the London gutters will have to run with blood. All right, let them if it is necessary. But when the red militias are billeted in the Ritz I shall still feel that the England I was taught to love so long ago and for such different reasons is still persisting.

What does that prove? Merely the possibility of building a Socialist on the bones of a Blimp, the power of one kind of loyalty to transmute itself into another, the spiritual need for patriotism and the military values, for which, however little the boiled rabbits of the Left may like them, no substitute has yet been found.

Reactions

According to his notes to his literary executor in 1949, this essay, along with "The Lion and the Unicorn" and "The English People", was a work that Orwell did not wish to be reprinted after his death.

See also
Bibliography of George Orwell

References

External links
Text of My Country Right or Left

Essays by George Orwell
1940 essays


Ondřej Hejma (born 3 February 1951) is a Czech singer and songwriter, vocalist of the band Žlutý pes. After graduating, he worked as an interpreter and translator. From 1987, he  worked as a correspondent for the Associated Press in Czechoslovakia and later also contributed to other Czech media. He has written three books, and is known for hosting television competitions such as Chcete být milionářem? and Česko hledá SuperStar.

Biography

Writing and journalism
After high school, Hejma studied English and Chinese philology at the Faculty of Arts at Charles University in Prague, and he worked briefly in an advertising agency. In the 1970s, together with Štefan Rybár, he published the travelogue Autostopem do Nepálu (Hitchhiking to Nepal). In the 1980s, he worked as a freelance interpreter and translator, providing English-language films with Czech subtitles. He later became part of a samizdat network of film enthusiasts, for whom he provided dubbing of videotapes imported from abroad. In 1987, he became the Prague correspondent for AP. At the time, he covered key moments of the Velvet Revolution and the initial period of economic transformation. He left the agency in 2009.
Hejma also wrote the "Psí život" section for Reflex magazine.

In 2012, Hejma began writing and gradually publishing the autobiographical trilogy Fejsbuk, Americký Blues, and Srdce Zlomený.

Music
In the 1960s, while still in his teens, Hejma played in the blues band Žízeň; he was also a member of Yo Yo Band and Combo FH. In 1978, he founded the group Žlutý pes. He has written most of the band's lyrics, as well as writing texts for other Czech musicians. Žlutý pes have recorded more than a dozen albums and scored a number of radio hits. In 1996, they won the Music Academy Award as Band of the Year. Hejma has also performed with the alternative project LL Jetel with Radim Hladík and Ernouš Šedivý. Since 2016, he has been a member of the acoustic group Marush.

Television and radio
Hejma has been active on TV3, hosting  the show Bez kravaty, and in radio, hosting the program Press klub on Frekvence 1. On TV Nova, he hosted the Czech version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? called Chcete být milionářem? He was also a juror in the first and third series of Česko hledá SuperStar, the Czech version of the Idol series.

Personal life
Ondřej is married, his wife Vladimíra Hejmová is a doctor. They have two children, son Jan and daughter Tereza. He lives in Řevnice.

Discography
Žlutý pes
 Ondřej Hejma – Žlutý pes (1988)
 Hoši z východního bloku (1992)
 Yellow Dog (1994)
 Šala-hů, Blbej den (1996)
 Trsátko (1996)
 Poslední lžíce (1998)
 Himálaje (1999)
 Fotbalová (2000)
 Čínská otázka (2001)
 Psí kusy (ty nejlepší kousky) (2002 - compilation album)
 Rok psa (2006)
 Mellow Yellow (2008)
 Modrá je dobrá (2011)
 Stroj času (2014)

Ondřej Hejma & L.L. Jetel
 Ondřej Hejma & L.L. Jetel (2004)

Solo
 Rockin' the Blues (1987)

Bibliography
 Autostopem do Nepálu (1978) with Štefan Rybár
 Fejsbuk (2012)
 Americký blues (2013)
 Srdce zlomený (2017)

References

1951 births
Living people
Czechoslovak male singers
Czech journalists
Musicians from Prague
Charles University alumni
20th-century Czech male singers
21st-century Czech male singers


Limeport is a small unincorporated community on the Saucon Creek in Lower Milford Township and Upper Saucon Township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Lehigh Valley, which has a population of 861,899 and is the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S., as of the 2020 census.

It is served by Limeport Post Office, so village residents use Limeport as their mailing address, and the ZIP Code is 18060.

Limeport is home to Limeport Stadium, a historic baseball stadium, and the Limeport Inn.

Education

Limeport is within the Southern Lehigh School District. Students in grades nine through 12 attend Southern Lehigh High School in Center Valley.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania


McLaren Flint is a nonprofit, 378 bed tertiary teaching hospital located in Flint, Michigan. McLaren is affiliated with the Michigan State University College of Human Medicine's medical residency programs, including family medicine, internal medicine, general surgery, orthopedic surgery and radiology. McLaren also maintains a hematology/oncology fellowship program in partnership with Michigan State University and is sponsoring a surgical oncology fellowship program. McLaren Flint is a subsidiary of McLaren Health Care Corporation.

McLaren Northern Michigan placed among the top hospitals in Michigan and the nation with its combined facilities and offerings in Northern Michigan in 2023, earning a 5-star rating from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Overview
The hospital is designated by various organizations such as Blue Cross Blue Shield and ASBMS as a "Center Of Excellence" in the following services:

Heart and Vascular Program: Certified by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan as a Cardiac Center of Excellence, McLaren offers a broad spectrum of cardiac diagnostic capabilities including three-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac CT. Physician specialists perform minimally invasive cardiac catheterization procedures such as angioplasty, electrophysiology, and stenting. The vascular surgeons on staff are actively involved in research and are among a selected group of participants in carotid stenting clinical trials. Cardiothoracic surgeons on staff perform open and minimally invasive surgeries. Certain cardiac procedures are performed with the assistance of the da Vinci Surgical robotic system, which allows for enhanced visualization and surgical dexterity. Pacemaker services and a cardiac rehabilitation programs are also offered at the hospital.

Orthopedics: McLaren Flint's Orthopedic Program has performed thousands of reconstruction procedures on hips, knees and other major joints of the body. As a research and teaching center, McLaren Flint participates in Food and Drug Administration studies and works closely with manufacturers of orthopedic devices to perfect and evaluate innovative procedures for bone and joint surgeries. Joint Express is a special program in place for patients facing a knee or hip replacements emphasizing patient education and quicker recovery time.

Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation specialists represent a wide range of disciplines such as physical, occupational and speech therapy, audiology, certified therapeutic recreational therapists, physiatrists and other physicians, psychologists and neuropsychiatrists, prosthetists and orthotists.

Cancer Treatment: The Great Lakes Cancer Institute at McLaren Flint provides advanced treatment therapies in radiation oncology, medical oncology and surgical oncology. The cancer program has earned a three-year accreditation from the American College of Surgeon (ACOS) Commission on Cancer.

Kidney Disease Care: The facility partners with Reliant Renal Care in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney disorders. Treatment at the Kidney Center includes dialysis, education, patient support groups, dietary and psychological counseling. Patients who require acute dialysis are admitted to McLaren Flint, where fully computerized dialysis is provided in a specialized acute unit with cardiac monitoring capabilities.

Neurosciences: Physician specialists in neurology and neurosurgery provide a full-scope of neuroscience services. McLaren's neurosurgery program also works in cooperation with radiation oncology in offering radiosurgery to treat cranial and extracranial cancer and lesions.

Spine Care: The McLaren Spine Program is designed for the mission of improving function, alleviating pain and enhancing quality of life for people with spine problems.

Obstetrics and Women's Health – Women's Services are highlighted by the BirthPlace at Flint, which features 14 LDRP suites, an antepartum room, surgical suite for Caesarean sections, and four postpartum rooms. McLaren provides the only certified nurse-midwifery program in Genesee County. The facility also offers a dedicated gynecological post-surgical recovery unit.

Trauma and Emergency Services: Trauma and Emergency Services feature board-certified emergency physicians, radiology services, 35 beds and three trauma rooms. For less emergent illnesses and injuries McLaren has Fast Track Services located within the Emergency Department.

Behavioral Health: The McLaren Behavioral Health Center offers a 34-bed inpatient mental health unit at the hospital as well as an adult and adolescent partial hospitalization programs and outpatient services located at Oak Bridge Center in Flint Township.

Surgical Services: Surgical Services were enhanced in 2005 with the introduction of the Da Vinci robotic surgery system. Robotic surgical applications performed at McLaren include prostatectomies, cardiac procedures, gynecological surgery, bariatric surgery, hysterectomies, and some general surgical procedures.

Bariatric Institute: The McLaren Bariatric Institute is designated as a Bariatric Surgery Center of Excellence by the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Surgical options offered include Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding, Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Procedure, and Open Roux-en-Y procedure.

History
McLaren Flint's roots in the Flint community date back to 1919, when a 10-room maternity hospital was incorporated as Women's Hospital. Located at 808 Harrison Street, the hospital focused on care for women and children. Lucy Elliott, M.D., started the hospital with nurse Lillian Girard.

By mid-1920, Women's Hospital was already outgrowing its capacity. A large house on six acres of land was found at 1900 Lapeer Street in Flint. The house was remodeled and open for patients in June 1923 with 29 rooms. In 1924, Margaret McLaren began her career as Superintendent of Women's Hospital—a career that would span more than 30 years. By 1925, the hospital again was facing capacity issues. The addition of a new North wing was completed in 1926, bringing the number of patient rooms to 40. In 1928, the Women's Hospital received accreditation by the American College of Surgeons and the American Medical Society.

After securing $2.5 million in pledges from the community throughout the 1940s, the new 203-bed hospital, named McLaren General Hospital was dedicated on September 12, 1951. The hospital is at 401 S. Ballenger Highway in Flint. After a new patient care tower was completed, the hospital changed its name to McLaren Regional Medical Center in 1990.

In later decades, McLaren would acquire hospitals in Lapeer, Bay City, and, in other regions, Mount Clemens and Lansing, forming the McLaren Health Care Corporation.  With several co-owned hospitals sharing the McLaren name, the hospital's name was shortened in 2012, becoming McLaren Flint.

References

External links

Hospital buildings completed in 1951
Hospitals in Michigan
Hospitals established in 1919
Buildings and structures in Flint, Michigan
Economy of Flint, Michigan
1919 establishments in Michigan
Trauma centers


"Some Thoughts on the Common Toad" is an essay published in 1946 by the English author George Orwell. It is a eulogy in favour of spring.

The essay first appeared in Tribune on the 12 April 1946, and was reprinted in The New Republic 20 May 1946. An abridged version, "The Humble Toad", appeared in World Digest in March 1947.

Background

Orwell loved the natural world from his childhood, when he rambled in the fields around Henley-on-Thames and on the South Downs at Eastbourne. His letters and diaries reveal his careful observation of the nature surrounding him and of field expeditions throughout his life, even when he was in Catalonia or at the sanatorium in Kent in 1938.

Orwell had been disappointed by earlier letters of complaint to Tribune when he ventured into nature-related topics, instead of hard politics. An "As I Please" article published on 21 January 1944 that referred to rambler roses that he had planted at the cottage in which he had lived before the war had brought correspondence criticising his bourgeois nostalgia.

Summary
Orwell describes the emergence from hibernation of the common toad and its procreative cycle and offers it as an alternative to the skylark and primrose as a less-conventional example of the coming of spring. Orwell points out that the pleasures of spring are available to everybody, cost nothing and can be appreciated in the town as much as the country.

However, Orwell is concerned with feelings in some groups that there is something reprehensible in enjoying nature. For the politically discontent, groaning under the capitalist system, the love of nature seems sentimental. The insistently modern, for their part, seem to see the appreciation of nature as reactionary in a machine age. Orwell dismisses those ideas and argues that retaining a childhood love of nature makes a peaceful and decent future more likely.

Extracts
How many times have I stood watching the toads mating, or a pair of hares having a boxing match in the young corn, and thought of all the important persons who would stop me enjoying this if they could. But luckily they can't.... The atom bombs are piling up in the factories, the police are prowling through the cities, the lies are streaming from the loudspeakers, but the earth is still going round the sun, and neither the dictators nor the bureaucrats, deeply as they disapprove of the process, are able to prevent it.

Reactions
The article prompted an appreciative letter from John Betjeman on April 18, 1946 that said, "I have always thought you were one of the best living writers of prose," He praised Orwell that he had "enjoyed and echoed every sentiment" of his thoughts on the common toad.

See also
Essays of George Orwell
George Orwell bibliography

References

Essays by George Orwell
1946 essays
Works originally published in Tribune (magazine)


National Career Fairs is a company founded in 2001 by Scott Lobenberg to produce job fairs in cities across the United States. The events are a place where jobseekers meet face-to-face with employers, educational institutions, and professional résumé writers.

Company information
National Career Fairs has its headquarters in Henderson, Nevada, and is under the leadership of Scott Lobenberg, founder and president, and Diana Nicholson, CEO. The company was incorporated in 2001, and produced 12 job fairs its first year. The number of events increased to 275 job fairs in 76 cities in 2007, and increased to over 350 events in 2008.  The company has 20 employees.

References

External links
 National Career Fairs Official website

Event management companies of the United States
American companies established in 2001
Companies based in Henderson, Nevada
Career advice services


The  or Commonitory is a 5th-century Christian treatise written after the council of Ephesus under the pseudonym "" and attributed to Vincent of Lérins. It is known for Vincent's famous maxim: "Moreover, in the Catholic Church itself, all possible care must be taken, that we hold that faith which has been believed everywhere, always, by all."

Charles Heurtley introduced the Commonitory, in his translation, as Vincent's personal reference to "distinguish Catholic truth from heresy" based on the authority of Holy Scripture by which "all questions must be tried in the first instance" and "supplemented by an appeal to that sense of Holy Scripture which is supported by universality, antiquity, and consent."
by universality – of the whole Church
by antiquity – held from the earliest times
by consent – acknowledged belief of all, or of almost all, whose office and character gave authority to their decision

Thomas Guarino commented, in Vincent of Lérins and the Development of Christian Doctrine, that Vincent of Lérins' theology "is often reduced to a memorable slogan: 'We hold that faith which has been believed everywhere, always, and by everyone.'"

Bernard Prusak explained in The Church Unfinished, that for Vincent, "the decrees of a universal council were to be preferred to the ignorance of a few" and the deposit of faith "did not exclude development or progress, as long as it was not an alteration" and accordingly, doctrines "could be taught in a new way."

Most of the work contains illustrations and applications of this principle. The work consisted originally of two tomes; but the second was lost or, according to Gennadius of Massilia, stolen while Vincent was still alive, and he wrote only a synopsis of the lost tome's contents but never rewrote it.

Further reading

Notes

References

5th-century Christian texts


José Gomes Temporão (born 20 October 1951) is a Brazilian public health physician and politician, formerly of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, who later joined the Brazilian Socialist Party. He was Brazilian Minister of Health from 2007 to 2010, during the second term of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's administration.

Biography

José Gomes Temporão was born in the freguesia of Merufe, in the town of Monção, on the north of Portugal, on October 20, 1951. His parents, Sara Gomes and José Temporão, emigrated to Brazil when he was just one month old, settling in Rio de Janeiro. His father is the owner of 'Mosteiro', one of the most well-reputed restaurants in downtown Rio.

Temporão graduated on the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Medical School on 1977. He became a researcher in tropical diseases on that same university and became a master in public health at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ. He later also got a PhD in Social Medicine on the Rio de Janeiro State University.

From March 1991 to April 1992, he was Sub-Secretary of Health for the State of Rio de Janeiro, appointed by the late Leonel Brizola. Some months later, in 1993, Leonel Brizola invited Temporão to be the director of IVB (Instituto Vital Brazil), one of the most important developers of vaccines in Brazil.

Temporão is also a former director of the [National Institute of Cancer] (INCA), between 2003 and 2005.

Ministry policies

Abortion
Temporão states that abortion should be treated by the government as a matter of public health. This represents the position of President Lula, as well. This caused outrage from more conservative sectors of the Brazilian society, such as the National Conference of Brazilian Bishops, and his own mother, described by him as a very devout Catholic. During Pope Benedict XVI's visit to Brazil, he ceased to give statements about the issue, at the request of his mother.

Dengue and yellow fever
One of the first challenges encountered by Temporão as Health Minister was two endemic crises. The first was a yellow fever outbreak near Pirenópolis, inward Goiás, and the other was a dengue outbreak in Rio (Rio de Janeiro). During the dengue endemic, he was criticized by César Maia, then Mayor of Rio.  Temporão responded that an outbreak in which several people died was not the most suitable moment for a mutual exchange of accusations.  In 2001, he had been appointed by Maia as Sub-Secretary of Health for the City of Rio. He held office for five months, leaving because of political disagreements with Maia.

LGBT community
During Temporão's term he launched a national awareness campaign about the risk of HIV infection among the members of the LGBT community.

During the 1st National LGBT Conference, he announced that he would support an ordinance allowing sex reassignment surgery to be performed by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), Brazil's public health system.

HIV/AIDS
On 10 October 2008, it was announced that SUS would be authorized, starting in 2009, to distribute Raltegravir, an antiretroviral drug for people with HIV who have developed multidrug resistance to common treatments. This is the 18th drug incorporated by Brazil's HIV treatment program.

Friction with his party
After declaring that the National Health Foundation is corrupt, Temporão came into conflict with members of his own party in the Congress. The president of the foundation is Danilo Forte, which is affiliated with Henrique Eduardo Alves, leader of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party in the Lower House. Despite pressures from the Congress, President Lula denied that Temporão or any other ministers would be dismissed before the 2010 elections. On 5 September 2011, he joined the Brazilian Socialist Party.

Other activities
 Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Member of the Friends of DNDi

References

External links
 Biography of José Gomes Temporão at the Ministry of Health official website
 José Gomes Temporão's academic curriculum

1951 births
Living people
People from Monção
Portuguese emigrants to Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement politicians
Rio de Janeiro State University alumni
Health ministers of Brazil


Juan Carlos I Park () is a major municipal park in Madrid, Spain. The park was named after King Juan Carlos I. The park contains many modern sculptures.

The architects and urban designers are Jose Luis Esteban Penelas and Emilio Esteras Martín.

The Music MetroRock festival is regularly held at the Juan Carlos Park.

Sculptures of Juan Carlos I Park
Fingering (Mario Irarrázaval, Chile, 1994)
Meetings (Mustafa Arruf, Spain, 1998)
Eolos (Paul van Hoeydonck, Belgium, 1992)
Space Mexico (Andres Casillas and Margarita Garcia Cornejo, Mexico, 1992)
Fisicromía to Madrid (Carlos Cruz Diez, Venezuela, 1992)
Tribute to Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún (Toshimitsu Imai, Japan, 1992)
Tribute to Galileo Galilei (Amadeo Gabino, Spain, 1992)
Monument to the Victims of the Holocaust (Samuel Nahon Bengio, Israel, 2007)
The songs of the Crossroads (Leopoldo Maler, Argentina, 1992)
Manolona Opus 397 (Miguel Berrocal, Spain, 1992)
Monument to Don Juan (Victor Ochoa, Spain, 1994)
Monument to Peace (Yolanda D'Augsburg, Brazil, 1992)
My Sky Hole / Madrid (Bukichi Inoue, Japan, 1992)
Blue Passage (Arghira Alexandru, Romania, 1992)
Walk between two trees (Jorge Castillo, Spain, 1995)
Untitled (Dani Karavan, Israel, 1992)
Untitled (José Miguel Utande, Spain, 1992)
Inner journey (Michael Warren, Ireland, 1992)
Beam (Jorge du Bon, Mexico, 1992)

References

External links
 Parque Juan Carlos I

Parks in Madrid


Otto Dietze () (1 July 1833, Chemnitz – 17 October 1890, Riga) was a German-born architect.

Together with Johan Daniel Felsko they worked on the new Riga general plan after demolishing of city walls from 1856 until 1857. He designed several buildings on the new boulevards of Riga.
He is most noted for his work in Jelgava from 1863–1872 when he was a chief architect of the city.
He designed the Latvian pastor St. Peter's House (1864), the railway station and residential houses.

In Kuldīga he rebuilt the ancient brick bridge across the Venta River (1874).

Gallery

References

Latvian architects
1833 births
1890 deaths
People from Chemnitz
19th-century Latvian architects


Bombus pensylvanicus, the American bumblebee, is a threatened species of bumblebee native to North America. It occurs in eastern Canada, throughout much of the Eastern United States, and much of Mexico.

Once the most prevalent bumblebee in the southern United States, populations of Bombus pensylvanicus have decreased significantly in recent years, including in its scientific namesake state of Pennsylvania, where its numbers are considered critically low. Overall the population has dropped nearly 90% in just the last 20 years.

Bombus pensylvanicus tends to live and nest in open farmland and fields. It feeds on several food plants, favoring sunflowers and clovers, and functions as a pollinator.

Taxonomy and phylogenetics
Bombus pensylvanicus belongs to the order Hymenoptera (consisting of ants, wasps, bees, and sawflies), the family Apidae (consisting of Cuckoo, Digger, Carpenter, Bumble, and Honeybees), the Subfamily Apinae (consisting of Honey, Orchid, Bumble, Long-horned, and Digger Bees), and the genus Bombus (consisting of bumblebees). Within Bombus, B. pensylvanicus belongs to the subgenus Thoracobombus, which includes species such as Bombus armeniacus, Bombus pauloensis, Bombus dahlbomii, Bombus fervidus, Bombus humilis, Bombus morio, Bombus muscorum, Bombus pascuorum, Bombus pomorum, Bombus ruderarius, Bombus sylvarum, and Bombus transversalis. Bombus pensylvanicus is sometimes mistaken for B. terricola or B. auricomus, but its closest relative is Bombus sonorus, found in Mexico and Arizona. Scientists sometimes treat Bombus sonorus as a subspecies of Bombus pensylvanicus, although each species maintain differences in male genitalia. Intermediate individuals of B. pensylvanicus and B. sonorus have been found in areas of geographic overlap, but further evidence is needed to distinguish whether B. sonorus is a subspecies of B. pensylvanicus.

Description and identification
Bombus pensylvanicus is a widespread species, characterized as long-tongued. In comparison to its similar species B. sonorus, B. pensylvanicus has a darker color pattern and is located in the eastern United States. Characteristics of B. pensylvanicus include: a yellow thoracic dorsum, a black posterior, 3 initial alternating black and white tergal segments, a long and lanky malar space, and short hair. These characteristics resemble those of B. fervidus and B. auricomus, leading to confusion among species. B. pensylvanicus is similar in color and range to Bombus fervidus. In terms of characteristics within the hive, a larger queen measures 22–26 mm compared with a worker at 13–19 mm. Males have an outward penis valve head with a broad banana shape and often have extensive yellow on the thoracic dorsum posteriorly.

Whilst bees normally forage close to their nests, it has been observed that individuals can return from up to 1.5 miles away, though there is likely individual variation in homing ability and the time it takes a bee to find its way back to the nest. The method utilized by the bees is most likely trial and error, not a sixth sense or homing instinct, because the time taken to return to the nest varies. Males become more common in late summer.

Intraspecific Variation
S.A. Cameron observed that bees of the genus Bombus tend to have a comparable morphology throughout their range, thus signifying that behavioral adaptations may play a large part in colonizing different habitats. Mimetic evolution is postulated to account for both interspecific and intraspecific variation in color pattern. Eastern North American B. pensylvanicus and western North American B. sonorus are taxa that have a similar morphology but distinct color patterns and different male genitalia. In areas where the two taxa overlap there is genetic introgression between B. sonorus and B. pensylvanicus, suggesting that the two taxa may actually be conspecific (as they produce fertile offspring) and best considered as subspecies.

Distribution and habitat
Bombus pensylvanicus ranges from the Eastern Great Plains to eastern and central US and southern Canada, and Mexico. The species has become rarer, declining in number mainly in northern parts of its range. B. pensylvanicus generally nests in fields of long grass, but may sometimes nest underground. The species utilizes bundles of hay or long grass to create sheltered nests above ground. Some nest in established crevices and burrows, such as old bird nests, rodent burrows and cinder blocks. This species has even been noted to nest in human-made objects such as buckets and barns.

Colony cycle
Bombus pensylvanicus maintains a reproductive cycle similar to other species of bumblebee. Environmental factors as well as accessibility of resources affects the cyclic advancement of the colony. The cycle begins in February and ends around November or December. Female bees can yield eggs without the need for mating, a process known as haplodiploidy. Unfertilized eggs develop into males, whereas fertilized eggs develop into female workers or queen bees. The reproductive cycle begins in July/August, when a male mates with a freshly hatched queen. The fertilized queen stays in hibernation until spring of the next year, waiting for the optimal conditions to search for a nest. In March, the queen bee gathers pollen and nectar, as a source of nutrition and to build a wax pot, and establishes her colony. These colonies most likely arrange and initiate in February. Female workers develop through the pollen collected as it stimulates the ovaries to create eggs, which are fertilized from the males of year before. The queen continues to warm the eggs initially, then the eggs continue their life cycle of development: first larval stage, then pupae, and lastly adult female workers. The female workers care for the nest and eggs, whereas the queen lays eggs. This process of egg to adult bee takes about 4–5 weeks. Initial workers forage and increase the colony size by bringing resources for growth. Thus, workers that hatch later in the year, around midsummer, tend to be larger than initial worker bees. The hives continue to grow, and in late summer there can be more than 200 worker bees. At the point when the size of the hive is sufficient, the queen stops production of a chemical that prevents ovarian production of certain females leading to specify the production of queen bee eggs and male eggs. Certain female workers may produce their own eggs, but the queen will usually get rid of them. The constant battle between the queen and workers continue until late summer when the workers sting the queen to death. The cycle begins again in the winter as the queen bee eggs hatch and the worker bees die.

Colony Hierarchy
B. pensylvanicus has a varying stability within its colony cycle. Queens are considered the dominant caste because they are usually the largest bees of the colony. As worker male bees grow larger in average wing length, they become the dominant caste as the number of queens decrease. Wing length of males vary depending upon the point of colony development. Initial males that found the colony tend to have a smaller wing length than the first or second generation of the colony. Food supply is scarce, at first, as the queen is the forager. Until July, the workers are the foraging caste and an enormous increase in body size is observed. The worker proportions decrease when reproductive males develop, representing a turning point in the colony, as male size increase until active bees develop to the size of a queen near November and December when the worker population dissipates. Queens maintain the least amount of standard deviation for average wing length and thus are the most stable caste in the colony. It is postulated that this is because queens are made in a short time span when colony resources have reached its threshold. The activity of B. pensylvanicus in a subtropical zone resemble that of species in temperate zones, maintaining periods where there are no active bees.

Interaction with other species

Predators
Although Bombus pensylvanicus maintains aposematic coloration and defensive stinger, it faces many predators. Predation is likely to be caused by attack to gain the resources of the hive, which contains carbohydrate and protein abundant nectar, larvae, and pollen. Predators consist of mostly mammals such as skunks, bears, and raccoons. Furthermore, bumble bees are predated on by birds for food. Foragers are frequently predated by invertebrates. Crab spiders and cryptically colored ambush bugs ambush bees at flowers to catch them. Robber flies resemble bumble bees and clasp the bumble bees, insert them with enzymes, then eat their internal organs. Mallophora bomboides is a robber fly species that preys specifically on B. pensylvanicus and uses it as a model for Batesian mimicry. Wasps, such as the beewolf species Philanthus bicinctus, intercept bees then paralyze them with venom, using them to nourish the wasp’s larvae. Assassin bugs and dragonflies are also common predators of the bee.

Parasites
Bumble bees are generally host to a diversity of parasitoids in which the larvae grow inside the living host. The majority of parasitoids for bumble bees are flies and about 30 percent or more bees within the area can be infected. The process of parasitism consists of the fly attaching to the bee in flight and inserting her oviposits between the terga of the bee. The larval fly hatches within the bee host and develops by feeding on the host’s tissues. The bee lives for about two weeks before dying. The fly then pupates and spends the winter inside the bee, fully developed, before it emerges the following year. Bombus pensylvanicus is host to one "cuckoo" bumble bee species, B. variabilis. Hibernating queen bumble bees are parasitized by a nematode worm, Sphaerularia bombi. This parasite does not reduce life span, but instead causes the sterilization of the queen. It has been observed that affected queens forage two to three weeks later than those that are unaffected. Parasitic microorganisms also use bees as their host. Parasitic microorganisms’ effects may be lethal or sublethal. Pathogens may be transmitted within a colony or the bee may be infected at flowers. Tracheal mites (Locustacarus buchneri) leads to reduced foraging efficiency by living in the bee’s alveoli. Certain protozoans and fungi consume the host tissue or gut substances of the bumble bee’s digestive tract, decreasing foraging efficiency, life span, and thus the colony fitness. Bees may contain symbiotic bacteria that offer some immunity to pathogens. Further exposure to habitat loss as well as pesticide exposure may lead to bee predisposition, thus promoting the species’ decay.

Mimicry
Since bumble bees are characterized by a striking color pattern as well as a defensive sting, they are involved in mimetic complexes (both Müllerian mimicry and Batesian mimicry) with other insects that also gain reduced predation. Bombus pensylvanicus is mimicked by various sawflies, day-flying moths (e.g. Hemaris diffinis), beetles, flies, and other bees, such as carpenter and digger bees.

Behavior

Pollinator preference
Wesselingh and Arnold (2000) studied pollinator preferences on Iris fulva (red-flowered) and Iris brevicaulis (blue-flowered). B. pensylvanicus preferred purple-flowered hybrids. The bees continued to visit the nearest flowers the majority of the time, demonstrating that movements were usually between a diversity of flower types rather than prioritizing only one type of flower. Thus a lack of intermediate genotypes of iris hybrids is not due to pollinator preference by B. pensylvanicus but rather pollinating behavior is done through mixed mating of alternating flower types of different pollination syndromes.

Resource partitioning
Johnson tested for intraspecific size resource utilization differences in B. pensylvanicus. In Minnesota, flowers with short corollas and long corollas existed in single and mixed species stands. Foragers with short corollas and shorter proboscises (tongue) were discovered in mixed species stands. Johnson concluded that B. pensylvanicus foragers would preference the corolla length that corresponds with their proboscis length. Further comparison of conspecific foragers of mixed versus single species stands revealed a shorter proboscis length for mixed species in comparison to single species stand for the short corolla. This study postulated that a diversity of flowering species may influence the specific bee that pollinates the species for single species stand.

Gene flow and decline
Bumblebee species have been found to deteriorate substantially in 1940-1960, and continue to decrease presently. Ranges of Bombus pensylvanicus have specifically decreased in Illinois, coinciding with agricultural investment within the state. Lozier and Cameron evaluated genetic structure using microsatellite markers in Illinois to compare genetic variation of historical versus contemporary collections within B. pensylvanicus. It was found that B. pensylvanicus had greater population structure, indicating reduced gene flow and dispersal among populations. It was found that genetic diversity has overall not been significantly altered over time, but there were some reductions in B. pensylvanicus. Slight losses of genetic diversity in B. pensylvanicus may be an indication of the species’ decline. These results were expected because of the recent decrease in population, which would cause declines in genetic diversity for severe bottleneck situations. Thus, the alteration in gene flow may suggest potential future genetic differentiation of the B. pensylvanicus.

Status
Current research states that Bombus pensylvanicus is uncommon and declining quickly. As stated in previous sections, the northern range of B. pensylvanicus has significantly decreased. Once the most abundant species throughout the southern United States, B. pensylvanicus is now a rare species that has been extirpated in certain areas and has suffered declines in others. Conservation efforts are encouraged in order to maintain the species, including in agriculture with wildlife-friendly techniques including hedgerows and pest management.

References

Bumblebees
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects described in 1773
Taxa named by Charles De Geer


Per Gustav Schøyen (23 February 1924 – 21 May 2017) was a Norwegian diplomat.

He was born in Modum in February 1924. Following the examen artium, he took a business education, and spent two years in the United States. He started working for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1948. Positions held include those of Norwegian ambassador to Singapore from 1977 to 1981 and consul-general in Hamburg from 1987 to 1992. He also served in Moscow, Paris and Bonn during his career.

Schøyen was a Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. He resided at Høvik, and his hobbies included tennis, rowing and wood carving. Schøyen died in May 2017 at the age of 93.

References

1924 births
2017 deaths
Ambassadors of Norway to France
Ambassadors of Norway to Singapore
Ambassadors of Norway to the Soviet Union
Ambassadors of Norway to West Germany
Norwegian civil servants
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
People from Modum


Sallachy () is a hamlet on the north shore of Loch Long in the district of Skye and Lochalsh in the Scottish Highlands and is in the council area of Highland.

References

Populated places in Lochalsh
Populated places in Ross and Cromarty


George Thomas Van Bebber (October 21, 1931 – May 26, 2005) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas.

Education and career

Born in Troy, Kansas, Van Bebber received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Kansas in 1953 and a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Kansas School of Law in 1955. He then entered private practice in Troy until 1959, when he became an assistant United States attorney for the District of Kansas until 1961, thereafter returning to private practice until 1982. During that time, he was County attorney for Doniphan County, Kansas from 1963 to 1969. Van Bebber served in the Kansas House of Representatives from 1973 to 1975 and was a Republican.

Federal judicial service

In 1989, Van Bebber became a United States magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. On September 13, 1989, he was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to a seat on that court vacated by Richard Dean Rogers. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 21, 1989, and received his commission on December 8, 1989. He served as chief judge from 1995 to 2000, and assumed senior status on December 31, 2000. He was succeeded by Julie A. Robinson. He continued to serve in senior status until his death, in Prairie Village, Kansas.

References

External links

1931 births
2005 deaths
Assistant United States Attorneys
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas
Republican Party members of the Kansas House of Representatives
People from Troy, Kansas
United States district court judges appointed by George H. W. Bush
United States magistrate judges
University of Kansas alumni
University of Kansas School of Law alumni
People from Prairie Village, Kansas
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American judges
Kansas lawyers


Eduard Kunz (), (born October 30, 1980, in Omsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian pianist. He reached the 2nd round in the International Tchaikovsky Competition in 2011.

Biography
Eduard was born in Siberia from an assimilated minority German ethnic in Russia. He studied with  Michail Khokhlov at the Gnessin Special school for gifted children and with Andrei Diev at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory. He made his debut with the Omsk Philharmonic Orchestra at the age of 10.
He gained a Postgraduate Diploma with Distinction as well as the Gold Medal for performance from the Royal Northern College of Music studying with Norma Fisher and the late Mark Ray.

Named among 10 tomorrow's great pianists by the BBC Music Magazine, Eduard Kunz has performed and broadcast with many major orchestras in the UK including the BBC Symphony, BBC Concert, and BBC Scottish Symphony orchestras, the Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Hallé, Ulster Orchestra, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Welsh National Opera Orchestra, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic and London Musici orchestras, with conductors such as Tugan Sokhiev, Christian Mandeal, Edward Gardner, Gerard Schwarz, Lothar Koenigs, Garry Walker, Clark Rundell, Mark Stephenson, Alejandro Posada, Josep Caballe Domenech, Alexander Joel, Andrés Orozco-Estrada, Barry Wordsworth and David Angus, amongst others.

Other important debuts included Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin at the Berlin Philharmonie, The Philharmonia Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall, Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, Orquesta Sinfónica de Castilla y León, Orkest van het Oosten, Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse and Braunschweig Symphony orchestras as well as recitals at the Wigmore Hall in London, Bridgewater Hall in Manchester, Louvre in Paris, Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and Winterthur Hall in Barcelona, amongst many others.
Recordings for classical radio stations include BBC Radio 3, Radio France and Deutschlandradio Kultur amongst many others.

Eduard is a winner of thirteen first prizes of international piano competitions including First Prize of George Enescu Competition in Bucharest and Gold Medals of the New Orleans and Paderewski International Piano Competitions.

Other awards included Silver medal from The Worshipful Company of Musicians in London, awards from Hattori and Musical Foundation, Dame Myra Hess and Yamaha Music Foundation of Europe as well as Spivakov Foundation and “Richter” award from Rostropovich Foundation in Moscow. In the 2011, he reached the 2nd round in the International Tchaikovsky Competition.

Eduard's stage partners include Yulian Rachlin, Patricia Kopachinskaya, Sol Gabetta, Vilde Frang, Boris Andrianov, Aleksandr Ghindin and Yuriy Medyanik.
Eduard's performances were recorded by all major European stations including BBC Radio 3, Radio France and Deutsche Radio Kultur and Russian Orpheus.
Eduard radio recordings include Piano Concerto No. 10 (Mozart)  with BBC Scottish Orchestra, Piano Concerto No. 3 (Beethoven) and Piano Concerto No. 1(Tchaikovsky) with Ulster Orchestra Northern Ireland, Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff) with BBC Concert Orchestra, Schumann and Dmitri Shostakovich concertos with WNO and the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini by Sergei Rachmaninoff with BBC Symphony Orchestra, as well as a recording  with Alexandru Tomescu of complete repertoire for violin and piano by George Enescu.

Eduard is the co-founder of Kunz Piano Academy in Brașov, Romania, where he invites young artists from all around the world twice a year for a week of public masterclasses. In 2020, the academy will have its 4th edition.

Eduard is a Moscow Philharmonic Society Artist, Verbier Festival laureate, a former BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist (2006–2008) and a Yamaha Artist.

He is featured in the 2010 film A Surprise in Texas about the 2009 Van Cliburn Foundation competition.

Awards and Competitions

References

External links
 Official web-site
 Youtube channel
 Rachmaninov - Moments musicaux, Op. 16: No. 2, 3, 4
 Scarlatti - Piano Sonata in D minor, K.213

Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Russian people of German descent
1980 births
Gnessin State Musical College alumni
Living people
Alumni of the Royal Northern College of Music
BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artists
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century Russian male musicians


E. R. Frank is an American fiction writer, clinical social worker and psychotherapist. She writes young adult or teen fiction, and middle-grade fiction.

Frank won the Teen People Book Club NEXT Award for her first novel Life Is Funny, which was published by DK Ink in 2000. Her 2003 novel America was made into a 2009 television movie starring Rosie O'Donnell and Philip Johnson.

Frank is the granddaughter of Gerold Frank, a best-selling American biographer and ghostwriter. She graduated from Vassar College in 1990.

As a therapist, Frank specializes in adults and adolescents who have undergone psychological trauma. According to a 2004 interview for Vassar's alumni publication, she "uses books, and discussion of literary characters" in her practice. She also told the interviewer, "Writing is therapeutic for me. It's how I process my experiences as a social worker."

Her book America was removed from public school libraries in Martin County, Florida.

Books
 Life Is Funny (DK Ink, 2000)
 America (Atheneum Books, 2002)
 Friction (Atheneum, 2003) – middle-grade fiction
 Wrecked (Atheneum, 2007)
 Dime (2015)

Awards
 Teen People Book Club NEXT Award, Life Is Funny

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American young adult novelists
American social workers
Date of birth missing (living people)
American women novelists
Women writers of young adult literature
Vassar College alumni
American children's writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers


A Girl from Lübeck is a 1962 novel by Scottish writer Bruce Marshall. It is a lighthearted satiric parable with themes of romance, suspense, and intrigue. As the mystery surrounding the girl from Lübeck unfolds, the meaning of Faith and Grace is revealed.

Plot summary
Versory is a literary lecturer engaged in spreading English culture ("from Beowulf to Dylan Thomas") throughout Germany. He needs a ride after delivering a talk to a group of matrons. Versory is surprised that his driver is a young woman, Hannelore. He sees her as a blonde beauty with a charming personality, and becomes infatuated with her. They arrange to meet again in Paris, to attend a meeting of literary lecturers from other countries.

Once in Paris, Versory becomes suspicious to how Hannelore can afford her expensive clothes and habits. After their meeting, Hannelore states that there is no way to contact her and that she will get in touch with him. She contacts him regularly and indicates her affection for him. Versory continues to be suspicious of Hannelore and wonders what she is hiding. Versory himself is not what he appears to be. His career as a lecturer serves as a cover for other activities. Versory has a connection with a gentleman from South America. Hannelore is found in the establishment of Mme.Putiphar. Vesory's chief takes Hannelore in his sports car and drives off somewhere. There is ambiguity to whether Hennelore loves Versory or whether she is using him. The ending reveals the truth surrounding Hannelore.

References

Novels by Bruce Marshall
1962 British novels
William Collins, Sons books
Lübeck


Ectodini is a tribe of cichlids that are endemic to Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. They live in the benthic zone. Most of the genera in this tribe are monotypic. These fishes show diverse morphology and behaviour and the tribe includes taxa which live in sandy, muddy and rocky habitats.

Genera
The following genera are classified in the tribe Ectodini:

 Aulonocranus Regan, 1920
 Callochromis Regan, 1920
 Cardiopharynx Poll, 1942
 Cunningtonia Boulenger, 1906
 Cyathopharynx Regan, 1920
 Ectodus Boulenger, 1898
 Grammatotria Boulenger, 1899
 Lestradea Poll, 1943
 Ophthalmotilapia Pellegrin, 1904
 Xenochromis Boulenger, 1899
 Xenotilapia Boulenger, 1899

References

External links

Pseudocrenilabrinae
Cichlid fish of Africa

Fish tribes


Edgars Zalāns  (born 3 September 1967) is a Latvian politician and architect. He was Minister of Regional Development and Local Governments of Latvia from 8 November 2007 to 17 March 2010.

Biography
Zalāns graduated from Riga Technical University in 1992, obtaining a diploma of architecture followed by a post-graduate certificate in Planning from the University of Queensland in 1994. From 1992 until 1994 he was a key architect in the Kuldīga district. For several years he worked as the district council and Kuldīga City Hall. During the period from 2001 until 2007 he was a member of the Kuldīga City Council. In 2007 Edgars Zalāns became the Minister of Regional Development, a post he held until 2010.

References

External links
Government profile

1967 births
Living people
People from Kuldīga
People's Party (Latvia) politicians
Ministers of Regional Development and Local Governments of Latvia
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Latvian architects
Riga Technical University alumni


Robert Vincent Radlosky (born January 7, 1974) is former Major League Baseball pitcher. Radlosky played for the Minnesota Twins in the  season.

He was drafted by the Twins in the 22nd round of the 1993 amateur draft.

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
1974 births
Living people
Fort Myers Miracle players
Gulf Coast Twins players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Salt Lake Buzz players
Trenton Thunder players
Junior college baseball players in the United States
Baseball players from West Palm Beach, Florida


Thomas Johan Blehr (8 February 1924 – 2 May 2022) was a Norwegian businessman.

Blehr was born in Oslo on 8 February 1924. He graduated from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in 1947, and was hired in the paint company Alf Bjercke. He eventually became CEO, but following the merger in 1972, he was the CFO of Jotun from 1972 to 1991. Blehr chaired the National Paint & Coatings Association—his employers' association—and was a member of the board of the Federation of Norwegian Industries as well as several companies. He was involved in Rotary, as a Paul Harris Fellow.

Blehr died on 2 May 2022, at the age of 98.

References

1924 births
2022 deaths
Businesspeople from Oslo
Norwegian School of Economics alumni