Nathalie Bourillon  (born 28 May 1965) is a French ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 2001:
 4th, European Championship team race (together with Corinne Favre)
 2002:
 2nd, French Championship single
 3rd, World Championship team race (together with Véronique Lathuraz)
 8th, World Championship combination ranking
 2003:
 9th, European Championship single race
 2004
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Véronique Lathuraz and Delphine Oggeri)
 5th, World Championship team race (together with Véronique Lathuraz)
 5th, World Championship combination ranking
 6th, World Championship single race
 2005:
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Véronique Lathuraz)
 4th, European Championship relay race (together with Véronique Lathuraz and Valentine Fabre)
 7th, European Championship vertical race
 8th, European Championship team race (together with Véronique Lathuraz)
 2006:
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Carole Toïgo, Véronique Lathuraz and Corinne Favre)
 5th, World Championship team race (together with Véronique Lathuraz)
 2007:
 2nd, Trofeo Mezzalama (together with Véronique Lathuraz and Corinne Favre)
 2008:
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Corinne Favre, Véronique Lathuraz and Valentine Fabre)
 4th, World Championship team race (together with Corinne Favre)
 5th, World Championship long distance race

Pierra Menta

 1997: 4th, together with Corinne Favre
 2000: 3rd, together with Nathalie Blanc
 2002: 3rd, together with Véronique Lathuraz
 2005: 2nd, together with Véronique Lathuraz
 2007: 2nd, together with Corinne Favre

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2006: 2nd, together with Véronique Lathuraz and Corinne Favre
 2008: 2nd, together with Laëtitia Roux and Corinne Favre

References

External links
 Nathalie Bourillon at SkiMountaineering.org

1965 births
Living people
French female ski mountaineers
21st-century French women


Arthur Bruhns (born George Frederick William Bruhns; 10 April 1874 – 1928) was a composer, pianist, and organist.

Bruhns was born in Silesia, Germany. He studied at the Royal Conservatory of Dresden under Felix Draeseke and Hugo Riemann and later studied in Paris with Camille Saint-Saëns. Bruhns worked as a conductor of grand opera in cities throughout Europe. He also worked as an accompanist in concert and recital tours with singers throughout Europe and the United States. He composed the music to the theatrical work Ib and Little Christina—with a libretto by Basil Hood—which was first produced at the Prince of Wales Theatre on 15 May 1900.

In 1910, Bruhns immigrated to the United States, ultimately settling in Cranford, New Jersey.  He produced a significant number of marches, patriotic American songs, and popular songs. His more notable works include American Rhapsody, the symphonic poem Valley Forge, the marches American Heroes and National March, and the song Lady Moon Song. He was one of the earliest members of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers.

References

1874 births
1928 deaths
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century American pianists
19th-century American male musicians
19th-century German composers
American classical composers
American classical organists
American classical pianists
American male classical composers
American male classical pianists
American male organists
American opera composers
German classical organists
German classical pianists
German male classical composers
German male classical pianists
German opera composers
Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber alumni
Male opera composers
Male classical organists
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States


Senchas Fagbála Caisil "The Story of the Finding of Cashel" is an early medieval Irish text which relates, in two variants, the origin legend of the kingship of Cashel. Myles Dillon has dated the first variant (§§ 1-3) to the 8th century, and the second (§§ 4-8) tentatively to the 10th century.

Witnesses
The text survives only in Dublin, Trinity College, H.3.17: V, pp. 768–73. The Lebor na Cert ("Book of Rights") briefly refers to the story.

Summary
§§ 1-3. Duirdriu, swineherd of the king of Éile, and Cuirirán, swineherd of the king of the Múscraige, were masting their pigs in the woods of Cashel when they fell asleep and experienced a vision in which they saw an angel blessing the first king of Cashel, Conall Corc mac Luigdech, and the line of Éoganacht kings of Munster which sprang from him. Having recounted the vision to his king, Conall mac Nenta Con, Duirdriu obtained the land at Cashel and sold it to Conall Corc. That would have been why the Uí Duirdrenn, Duirdriu's descendants, were entitled to seven cumala from the king of Cashel. Then follows a list of kings from Conall Corc to Dub Lachtna (ninth century) as well as a rhetoric called Dicta Cuirirán Muiceda "The Sayings of Cuirirán the Swineherd".

§§ 4-8. When one night the two swineherds stayed at Clais Duirdrenn, north of Cashel, they experienced a prophetic vision, in which they witnessed St. Patrick's arrival in Ireland. The following night, they had a second vision in which they enjoyed a magnificent feast and an angel announced that the first person to light a fire on Cashel would obtain the kingship of Munster. Cuirirán recounted his vision to Conall Corc, son of the king of Munster, who hastened to light a fire at Dún Cuirc in Cashel. There he organised a lavish feast, the first to be held at Cashel. On Corc's request, the swineherds went to their kings to invite them to the feast. At Fíad Duma in Muiceda, Conall, king of the Éile, heard the story from Druidriu [now in place of Duirdriu], which was confirmed by the king's druids, however much to his displeasure. The land belonged to his kingdom and so Conall marched south to Cashel. However, on arrival, Conall was welcomed to the feast and on his request, Druidriu gave the angelic blessing to Corc and proclaimed him king of Munster, for which Corc richly rewarded the swineherd. From that time onwards, the Uí Druidrenn were to proclaim every new king of Cashel, for which they were entitled to a reward of seven cumala. Moreover, the blessing would protect the kings of Cashel against violent deaths unless they neglected to uphold truth and justice (cf: fír flathemon). The text goes on to say that this took place sixty years before the baptism of Óengus mac Nad Froích, king of Munster, by St. Patrick, according to scholarly calculations, and that Óengus imposed the tri-annual "Tribute of Patrick’s Baptism" on the Munstermen, which was levied until the reign of King Cormac.

Notes

References
 Dillon, Myles (ed. and tr.). "The Story of the Finding of Cashel." Ériu 16 (1952): 61-73. Edition and translation of the text from H 3.17. Contributions to Dillon's edition are to be found in:
 Hull, Vernam. "Two passages in The Story of the Finding of Cashel." ZCP 30 (1967). 14-6.
 Hull, Vernam. "Varia Hibernica, no. 2: móaigid." Celtica 5 (1960): 136–7.
 Hull, Vernam. "Notes on Irish texts, no. 3: A passage in Senchas fagbála Caisil." ZCP 29 (1962/64): 187–8.
 Dillon, Myles (ed. and tr.). Lebor na Cert. The Book of Rights. Irish Texts Society 46 (1962). Available from CELT.

External links
 Cycles of the Kings, by Dan M. Wiley.
 Thesaurus Linguae Hibernicae (the digital publication of Dillon's edition and translation are forthcoming]

Early Irish literature
Cycles of the Kings


Lausanne Hall is a college residence hall at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, United States. Built in 1920, the red-brick and stone-accented structure stands three stories tall along Winter Street on the western edge of the campus that was originally a residence for women only. The late Gothic Revival style building replaced a home that had also been used as a dormitory. This structure was moved to campus and originally was named as the Women's College before assuming the name of Lausanne.

Designed by Fred A. Legge, the new hall is the oldest residence hall at Willamette and can house up to 152 students. This new structure was remodeled in the 1980s and had a minor fire in 2002. The hall is named after a ship that brought reinforcements in 1840 to the Methodist Mission, whose members founded the university in 1842.

History
Willamette University's president Thomas Van Scoy purchased the building in 1880 to serve as the school's Women's College. The building purchased was a house that had belonged to the school's first teacher, Chloe Clark Willson. The building was modified and moved from the corner of Capital and Court streets to the north of campus to the western edge of the school from 1880 to 1881. The modifications included adding a mansard roof and another floor to the top in addition to a new wing on the backside. Once it was moved to campus a tower was added to the old home and another floor added to the bottom.

Originally named as Young Women's Hall, it was renamed for the ship Lausanne that brought additional missionaries and workers to the Methodist Mission in 1839. Many of these missionaries helped establish the Oregon Institute in 1842, the predecessor to Willamette. By 1909 the old building was valued to be worth $5,000. This old building became a fire hazard and was closed in 1915. In 1919, it was demolished to make way for a modern structure.

A new Lausanne Hall was authorized by the Board of Trustees at the university and construction began in November 1919, with $40,000 raised to cover the costs of construction. Initial estimates placed the cost at $80,000 for a three-story brick building that included a basement with a capacity of 125 residents. A campaign by the university was launched in 1920 to raise $100,000 to be used for completing the new Lausanne Hall, the reconstruction of Waller Hall that burned in December 1919, and adding a central heating plant to the school. By December 1919, excavation of the site was completed and the laying of the concrete foundation had begun. The new residence was completed by November 1920 at a cost of $140,000, and included a three-room infirmary on the first floor.

In 1921, the Lausanne Guild was formed by city residents to furnish and landscape the new building. The organization changed their name to Town and Gown in 1925 and continues to promote connections between Salem and the school. Informal dancing at the dorm was banned in 1922 the hall's board of directors after the all-female residents had been dancing with each other. The concern was peer pressure would cause some girls to dance who otherwise would not dance.

During World War II the dormitory was the home of the United States Navy's College Navy Training Program at Willamette. The program was at Lausanne from July 1943 to November 1945. The rear of the building used to overlook the school's football field, Sweetland Field, until Doney Hall was built in the 1950s.

The structure was submitted to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Nominated by the student government, it was believed to be the oldest dormitory west of the Mississippi River, but the hall was not added to the list. During the summer break in 1985 the building was extensively remodeled at a cost of $900,000. At the time of the remodel, the interior was still in its original state. Work included new carpeting, painting, a new sprinkler and fire system, new windows, new wiring, and restoration of the central staircase among other work. Prior to the remodel, about 50 residents protested in a march to the university president's office over complaints regarding the decision process.

In September 2002, a fire on the third floor caused about $125,000 in damage to the building. Caused by an unattended candle, the fire was contained to one room and was under control within 30 minutes. In September 2003, the building was evacuated due to a suspicious package found at neighboring Doney Hall that turned out to be a false alarm.

Amenities
Lausanne was designed by architect Fred A. Legge, a Willamette alumnus, in the Late Gothic Revival style. The eastern side of the hall are two floors of covered porches. Lausanne has a concrete foundation and composite shingle roofing. The exterior of the three-story tall structure is constructed of red brick and stone. The hall is the oldest residence hall at Willamette.

Housing up to 152 people, the hall includes a kitchen, a lounge, and common areas that have a piano and pool table. The individual rooms for residents are large and many have tall ceilings. Due to these amenities, the hall is one of the more requested dorms at the university.

References

External links

Historic photograph of prior building

Buildings and structures completed in 1920
Willamette University buildings
University and college dormitories in the United States
1920 establishments in Oregon


QuickFIX is an open source, cross-platform (BSD licensed) FIX messaging engine written in C++. As it is cross-platform, it runs on Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Solaris, and FreeBSD. Several implementation variants of the engine exist, including

 QuickFIX/J, a Java open source (also BSD licensed) implementation of the engine.
 QuickFIX/n, a C# and .NET open source (also BSD licensed) implementation of the engine.
 QuickFIX/Go, a Go open source (also BSD licensed) implementation of the engine.

The developers also offer QuickFIX Log Viewer, designed to parse FIX messages out of a given file, even if there are other messages within, making it flexible and usable on more general log files. Commercial support for the QuickFIX engine is available from third parties.

History
QuickFIX was created by Oren Miller and a small ThoughtWorks team alongside Jim Downs of Connamara Systems and was launched in 2002. The creators were honored with an award from the FIX Trading Community in 2014 for the impact the project had on the global trading community.

References

External links
 QuickFIX official website
 QuickFIX/J official website
 QuickFIX/n official website
 QuickFIX/Go official website
 QuickFIX Messenger official website

Network protocols
Financial markets
Cross-platform free software


William Alexander Mouat (9 April 1821 – 11 April 1871) was a British seafarer. Born in London, he spent much of his career with the Hudson's Bay Company in British Columbia on the west coast of Canada. He became master of several merchant ships including the Otter and the Labouchere. His last posting was at Fort Rupert where he died in a canoe accident. He was married to Mary Ann Ainsley and they had eight children.

Early life

William Alexander Mouat was baptised on 1 July 1821 in Eastcheap, in the City of London.  He was born into a seafaring family. His father William Mouat – born 1774 in Kirkwall, Orkney – was a master mariner and later a coal merchant and a coal meter in the City of London. William Alexander's mother was Elizabeth Ingles born 1796 in East London. He had two older siblings: Elizabeth Ann Mouat who married John Edward Foster, a master mariner, and John Ingles Mouat who, according to a statement by his great nephew, drowned at sea off the coast of Madagascar. Captain Foster and his wife Elizabeth Ann were early settlers in New Zealand.

William Alexander Mouat began his sailing career as an apprentice in 1835 at the age of 14. In 1844, he served as second mate of the Hudson's Bay Company steam bark Vancouver under the command of Captain Andrew Cook Mott. He sailed to North America and arrived in Fort Vancouver, in what is now Washington state and then the "capital" of the Hudson's Bay Company's Columbia District, on 27 March 1845. From 28 April 1845 until the end of February 1847 he was first officer of the Cadboro under Captain James Scarborough. In 1848 he acted as a pilot on the Columbia River and in early 1849 he was master of a Californian ship.

The Mary Dare

Later in 1849 he served as first officer of the Mary Dare, again under James Scarborough. In the summer of 1849 he was at Beaver Harbour, British Columbia, where Captain William Henry McNeill of the SS Beaver was establishing Fort Rupert, British Columbia. On 30 July 1849 Charles Beardmore of the Hudson's Bay Company reported to Dr William Fraser Tolmie that Scarborough had kept Mouat "under arrest during his whole stay here" and that by 25 July Mouat had been "so driven and bullied that he left the ship putting himself under Captain McNeill's protection". Scarborough then "declared him as a deserter and broke open his chest and proceeded to the extremity of the law… We shall be anxious to hear how it is settled as this officer is a favourite with us all".

Presumably the Hudson's Bay Company exonerated William Mouat as in 1850 he became master of the Mary Dare. On 28 November 1851 the Beaver, under the command of Captain Charles E Stuart towed the Mary Dare, under William Mouat's command, to Budd Inlet, on which the American Olympia custom-house was situated. The customs inspectors reported that the Mary Dare had a packet of refined sugar on board weighing two hundred and thirty pounds in violation of American laws which stated that refined sugar cannot be imported in packages of less than six hundred pounds. Beaver had on board "a quantity of Indian trading goods not upon the manifest, to the value of $500; also that both vessels before reaching the port of entry, had anchored at Fort Nisqually for fifteen hours; that six passengers and their baggage had been landed without permit". Charles Stuart fled in a canoe to avoid being prosecuted for the infringement. After a court case and the payment of customs duties by the Hudson's Bay Company the two ships were released.

This was one incident in several concerning disputes over the territorial boundaries between Canada and America. These territorial disputes eventually led to the Pig War between America and England – a conflict started by the shooting of a pig.

In 1854 the Mary Dare was due for renewal of her twelve-year registration and as no facilities existed for her inspection in British Columbia, William Mouat took her back to England. He left Victoria in December 1853 and arrived in London on 27 May 1854.  During the voyage he was accused by his first officer, Mr Williams, of disgraceful conduct in making a physical assault on the second officer of the Mary Dare in the presence of the crew. The outcome of the accusation is unknown.

The Governor and committee of the Hudson's Bay Company paid him a £100 bonus for safe delivery of the vessel.

Marriage

Whilst in England, on 8 August 1854, he married Mary Ann Ainsley at St Dunstan's, Stepney, East London. Mary's father was a master mariner from Tyneside and at least three captains attended their marriage – William Alexander's father William Mouat, his father-in-law Matthew Ainsley and his brother-in-law John Foster. William Alexander and his new wife left England on 1 September 1854 and travelled back to Victoria as passengers on the Marquis of Bute. Fellow passengers included the Reverend Edward Cridge, chaplain to the Hudson's Bay Company and his new wife also called Mary.  Mary Ann Mouat was described as "a gentle, educated lady" and "an accomplished musician … who brought her piano with her on the ship". They arrived back in Victoria on 1 April 1855. William and Mary Mouat had eight children between 1855 and 1867.

Edward Cridge became dean of the Anglican cathedral in Victoria, British Columbia, and later withdrew with about three hundred and fifty of his congregation (of whom William Mouat was one) and joined the Reformed Episcopal Church. Cridge was consecrated a bishop in 1876.

The Labouchere

The Hudson's Bay Company gave William Mouat command of the Otter on 16 April 1854, appointed him as a chief trader on 27 February 1860 and made him master of the Enterprise on 3 April 1862.  Gold was discovered in 1865 on the Big Bend of the Columbia River (the Big Bend Gold Rush) and William Mouat was asked to investigate the possibility of steam navigation on the Kamloops Lake, Shuswap Lake and the Thompson River between the lakes. His findings were favorable and the Hudson's Bay Company built the steamship Marten at Savona's Ferry, British Columbia on the Thompson River at the west end of Kamloops Lake.

In 1866 The Hudson's Bay Company won the contract for taking mail between Victoria and San Francisco. William Mouat, "one of the most careful and reliable men that ever handled a wheel", was given command of the Labouchere, which he took to San Francisco on 15 February 1866 to be fitted out for the accommodation of passengers. The British Colonist newspaper reported "The steamer Labouchere, under the command of Captain Mouat, the popular captain of the Enterprise, is announced to sail for San Francisco direct, carrying Her Majesty's mails under the new contract, on the 15th instant".

The Labouchere left San Francisco, after her refit, at six o'clock in the evening on 14 April 1866 in thick and foggy weather. She struck rocks off Point Reyes. After several hours trying to pump the water out, Captain Mouat issued the order to abandon ship. After all the available boats were launched eighteen men were left on board. Captain Mouat addressed them: "Gentlemen, we are now on a sinking ship without boats. Let us do something to save our lives". Accordingly, they began to make rafts. Captain Mouat produced some cigars and remarked that "if they had to go down, they might as well go down smoking". Before the ship sank the men were rescued by the sailing ship Andrew.

William Mouat had displayed "admirable coolness, bravery and forethought" in saving his passengers but the official enquiry censured him for "very gross negligence…in not swinging the Labouchere to ascertain the deviation of the compasses before leaving San Francisco the steering apparatus having been shifted from aft forward" during the refit, and also for not having taken sufficient care of Her Majesty's mail.

Death

William Mouat now took command of the Marten which became the first steamer to ply the Thompson River making her maiden trip on 26 May 1866. However, the Big Bend mines were a failure and the Marten was laid up. William Mouat was posted to Fort Rupert, British Columbia, where he remained in charge until his death on 11 April 1871 while on a canoe trip from Knight Inlet to the fort. He was buried in Victoria, and his tombstone can still be seen in Pioneer Square, adjoining Christ Church Cathedral.

William Mouat was survived by seven of his children and by his wife Mary Ann (who died 1 July 1896). One of their daughters, Ethel Margaret, married Dr James Douglas Helmcken, grandson of Sir James Douglas, colonial governor of Vancouver Island and British Columbia. William and Mary Ann Mouat are commemorated in Victoria. The Fort Victoria Brick Project has outlined the boundaries of the original fort with a double row of bricks, each engraved with the name of a pioneer.

References

Seizure of the Beaver and the Mary Dare 1851 – Pacific Sail Training Association
Shipwrecked – One of Frank Sylvester's Memoranda – the Original Victoria to San Francisco Commuter by Geoffrey Castle
A Pioneer, 1851 – William John Macdonald
The Pioneer Women of Vancouver Island 1843 – 1866 – N. de Bertrand Lugrin
Project Gutenberg's Some Reminiscences of old Victoria, by Edgar Fawcett
The British Colonist

1821 births
1871 deaths
People from the City of London
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
Hudson's Bay Company people
History of the Pacific Northwest
Sailors from London


Paul Decauville (1846–1922) was a French engineer and businessman. He was also mayor of Evry-Petit Bourg and senator from Seine-et-Oise.

He is the founder of a manufacturing company that bears his name (Decauville, established in 1875), producing industrial railways, locomotives, and cars.  By extension, the name is also used for his invention of a narrow gauge track railway system, the Decauville system, through the vast business acumen of its promoter.  His name was also used for a subsidiary, Voitures automobiles Decauville, producing early automobiles. Decauville's name is further associated with the towns of Corbeil-Essonnes and Evry, Essonne, on whose territories the company Decauville erected its factories, which he directed until 1885.

He founded a construction company in 1910 to exploit the patents it had obtained. This company, Comptoir d'outillage et de matériel à air comprimé (Commercial establishment for tools and compressed air equipment), survived until the late 1980s. Another of his companies, Emidecau, specializing in hydraulic presses, still exist.

In politics, Paul Decauville was mayor of Evry-Petit Bourg from 1881 to 1892. He was also Senator of Seine-et-Oise from 1890 to 1900, member of the Board of Customs, Secretary from 1897 to 1899. After leaving Paris, Paul Decauville served as mayor of the town of Saint-Léger (Manche).

Other narrow gauge pioneers
 Abraham Fitzgibbon
 Carl Abraham Pihl
 Everard Calthrop
 Robert Fairlie
 Thomas Hall

Decauville
1846 births
1922 deaths
French businesspeople
French people in rail transport
Senators of Seine-et-Oise


Homorod may refer to several entities in Romania:

 Homorod, Brașov, commune in Brașov County
 Homorod, a village in Geoagiu Town, Hunedoara County
 Băile Homorod, a village in Vlăhița Town, Harghita County
 Homorod (Dumbrăvița), left tributary of the Olt in eastern Brașov County
 Homorod (Homorod), right tributary of the Olt in northern Brașov County
 Homorod (Mureș), tributary of the Mureș in Hunedoara County
 Homorod, tributary of the Sârbi in Hunedoara County
 Homorod (Someș), tributary of the Homorodul Nou (Someș basin) in Satu Mare County


Deborah L. Turbiville (born August 19, 1975; dubbed the Memorial Madam by the news media) operated the Vivian's Friends brothel and escort agency in Houston, Texas under the pseudonym Vivian. On March 10, 2009, after an investigation that began in October 2007, Deborah was arrested and charged with aggravated promotion of prostitution and money laundering. Turbiville is a native of Belize and was raised in England. She has a master's degree in psychology.

Prostitution ring
For four to seven years, Turbiville operated what may have been the largest prostitution ring in Houston. Turbiville had dozens of employees, including 30 prostitutes, and 700 to 1500 male and female clients. According to Houston attorney Terry Yates, "If there's a trial or some contested issue those names are likely to become public." According to Harris County Assistant District Attorney Donna Hawkins, the clients may be questioned and charged. Her operation catered to "high rollers" and "big players" and screened prospective clients with P411, a prostitution screening service to detect law enforcement. Her clientele included doctors, lawyers, professional athletes, and television personalities. Clients paid up to $350 per hour, $250 of which prostitutes kept.

The ring operated out of the 9900 Memorial Apartments, a 706 unit luxury apartment complex, and out of Uptown District–area hotels. Turbiville operated under the cover of Turbiville LLC, a supposed international investment company, Logic Moving Solutions LLC, Wazala.com LLC, and Alquima Properties.

Houston Police Department Sergeant Mark Kilty labeled her "the Heidi Fleiss of Houston" and said that "[s]he probably had the biggest escort service in Houston." According to a prostitute who formerly worked for her, Turbiville operated "the largest prostitution escort service operating in the city of Houston."

Arrest
HPD arrested Turbiville on March 10, 2009. They seized two safes containing "a substantial amount" of cash, gold, and silver, a Lexus sedan, a Chevrolet SUV, a pistol, and several computers. HPD is currently performing computer forensics on them in order to build a list of clients. Police seized business records, condoms, and lubricants from the apartment.

References

External links
 Search and arrest warrant
 LinkedIn profile
 Vivian's Blog (offline)
 Houston Girlfriend (offline)
 Vivian's Friends (offline)

American brothel owners and madams
American money launderers
1975 births
Living people


Heneage may refer to:

Baron Heneage, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Heneage knot, a decorative heraldic knot

People with the surname
Algernon Heneage (1833–1915), Royal Navy officer dubbed "Pompo"
Arthur Heneage (1881–1971), British Conservative Party politician
Clement Walker Heneage VC (1831–1901), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
Edward Heneage, 1st Baron Heneage PC JP DL (1840–1922), British Liberal and Liberal Unionist politician
Edward Heneage (cricketer) (1775–1810), English first-class cricketer
George Heneage (1800–1864), British Whig and later Conservative Party politician
George Heneage (priest) (1483–1549), Dean of Lincoln, England
George Heneage (16th century MP), MP for Great Grimsby and Orford, England
Harry R. Heneage (1884–1950), American football player and college athletics administrator
James Heneage, British historical fiction writer
John Heneage (c. 1485–1557), MP for Great Grimsby, England
John Heneage Jesse (1815–1874), English historian
Thomas Heneage (1533–1595), MP for Boston at the 1563 Parliament of England

People with the given name
Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford, PC, KC (1649–1719), English lawyer and statesman
Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, PC (1621–1682), Lord Chancellor of England
Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea (1628–1689), of Eastwell, Kent, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea
Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford (1751–1812), son of Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Aylesford, was a British peer
Heneage Finch, 5th Earl of Aylesford (1786–1859), British peer, eldest son of Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford
Heneage Finch (surveyor), (1793–1850), known for his surveying work in the Colony of New South Wales, Australia
Heneage Gibbes (1837–1912), British pathologist
Heneage Legge (1788–1844), MP for Banbury, England
Heneage Legge (1845–1911), MP for St George's Hanover Square, nephew of the above
Heneage Montagu (1675–1698), younger son of Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester and Anne Yelverton
Heneage Wheeler (fl. 1904), cricketer who played one first-class match for Somerset
Heneage Wileman (1888–1926), English footballer

See also
 John Walker-Heneage (1730–1806), MP for Cricklade, England

Surnames of British Isles origin


The 1930 Adelaide Carnival was the seventh edition of the Australian National Football Carnival, an Australian football interstate competition. It was held from 30 July to 9 August and was the second carnival to be hosted by the South Australia city of Adelaide.

All six states contested the carnival, which was staged as a full round-robin amongst the states. All fifteen matches were played at Adelaide Oval. For the third consecutive time, the carnival was won by Victoria, which was undefeated. South Australia, whose sole loss came against Victoria in the final match of the carnival, came second. Western Australia was third and New South Wales was fourth, after the former narrowly defeated the latter in the latter's final game – New South Wales' strong performances were considered the surprise of the tournament, and were put down to the inclusion for the first time in many years of Broken Hill-based players in the team. Queensland finished last, and was winless for the fourth time in four carnival appearances.

As often occurred at interstate carnivals, overuse of the ground and untimely rain resulted in the surface degenerating to a mudheap by the end of the carnival. Crowds were less than hoped, with the carnival making a loss of £200–300, which the ANFC put down to rain and the onset of the great depression. The carnival's leading goalkicker was Victoria's Bill Mohr, who kicked 35 goals, including 16 in one match against Queensland.

Squads
Victoria

Western Australia

South Australia

Tasmania

New South Wales

Queensland

Results

Ladder

Goalkickers

References

Australian rules interstate football
Adelaide Carnival, 1930
July 1930 sports events
August 1930 sports events


The IVECO Effeuno is a class of Italian buses built between 1984 and 1989 by IVECO. They consisted of three different models with different internal arrangement: IVECO 471 for urban services, IVECO 571 for suburban services, and IVECO 671 for interurban services.

Engines were, for the urban version, a Fiat 8220.12, with 9572 cc and 203 HP, with an automatic transmission which could be chosen between Voith D851, ZF 4HP-500 or DB. The interurban and articulated version had a turbocharged Iveco with 9570 cc and 240 HP, with a ZF 5HP-500 automatic transmission.

The buses were provided (depending from the sub-manufacturer chosen by the customer) with two different chassis length, 10.5 m and 12 m. There was also an articulated version with a length of 18 m.

The bus was in service with numerous public transport companies in Italy, the first unit having been decommissioned starting from the 1990s-early 2000s.

The series was replaced by similar IVECO 480 class.

See also
 List of buses

External links

 Page with photos and technical details

Effeuno


The 7 March Speech of Bangabandhu, or the 7/3 Speech, was a public speech given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the Founding Father of Bangladesh on 7 March 1971 at the Ramna Race Course (now Suhrawardy Udyan) in Dhaka to a gathering of over two million (2,000,000) people. It was delivered during a period of escalating tensions between East Pakistan and the powerful political and military establishment of West Pakistan. In the speech, Bangabandhu informally declared the independence of Bangladesh, proclaiming: "The struggle this time, is a struggle for our liberty. The struggle this time, is a struggle for our independence." He announced a civil disobedience movement in the province, calling for "every house to turn into a fortress".

The speech is believed to have informally addressed the Bengali people to prepare for a war of independence amid widespread reports of armed mobilization by West Pakistan. The Bangladesh Liberation War began 18 days later when the Pakistan Army initiated Operation Searchlight against Bengali civilians, intelligentsia, students, politicians, and armed personnel. On 30 October 2017, UNESCO added the speech to the Memory of the World Register as a documentary heritage.

Background
Pakistan was created in 1947, during the Partition of India, as a Muslim homeland in South Asia. Its territory is composed mostly of the Muslim-majority provinces of British India, including two geographically and culturally separate areas, one east of India and the other west. The western zone was popularly (and, for a period, officially) called West Pakistan, while the eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was called East Bengal and later renamed East Pakistan under the One Unit Scheme. West Pakistan dominated the country politically, and its leaders exploited the East economically, leading to popular grievances.

When East Pakistanis, such as Khawaja Nazimuddin, Muhammad Ali Bogra, and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, were elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, they were immediately deposed by the predominantly West Pakistani establishment. The military dictatorships of Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969) and Yahya Khan (25 March 1969 – 20 December 1971), both West Pakistanis, worsened the East Pakistanis' discontent.

In 1966, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujib, launched the Six Point Movement to demand provincial autonomy for East Pakistan. The Pakistani establishment rejected the league's proposals, and the military government arrested Sheikh Mujib and charged him with treason through the Agartala Conspiracy Case. After three years in jail, Mujib was released in 1969, and the case against him was dropped in the face of mass protests and widespread violence in East Pakistan. The 1970 Bhola cyclone saw the death of 300 thousand people and a poor response from the West Pakistan based government.

In 1970, the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, won a landslide victory in national elections, garnering 167 of the 169 seats allotted to East Pakistan and a majority of the 313 seats in the National Assembly. This gave it the constitutional right to form a government. However, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party, refused to allow Sheikh Mujib to become prime minister. Following advice of Bhutto, President Yahya Khan postponed the swearing in of the Awami League government. The news of the postponement of the government formation led to protests across East Pakistan.

The convening of the National Assembly was moved from 3 March to 25 March, leading to an outcry across East Pakistan. Violence broke out in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rangpur, Comilla, Rajshahi, Sylhet, and Khulna, and the security forces killed dozens of unarmed protesters. There were open calls for Sheikh Mujib to declare independence from Pakistan, and the Awami League called a large public gathering at Dhaka's Ramna Race Course on 7 March to respond.

The speech
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman made the speech at the Ramna Race Course on 7 March 1971. The speech was preceded by speculation on weather Sheikh Mujibur Rahman would declare the independence of Bangladesh.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman started with the lines, "Today, I appeared before you with a heavy heart. You know everything and understand as well. We tried with our lives. But the painful matter is that today, in Dhaka, Chattogram, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur, the streets are dyed red with the blood of our brethren. Today the people of Bengal want freedom, the people of Bengal want to survive, the people of Bengal want to have their rights. What wrong did we do?"

He mentioned four conditions for joining the National Assembly on 25 March:
 The immediate lifting of martial law;
 The immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks;
 The immediate transfer of power to elected representatives of the people;
 A proper investigation for the loss of life during the conflict.
He also gave several directives for a civil disobedience movement, instructing that:
 People should not pay taxes;
 Government servants should take orders only from him;
 The secretariat, government and semi-government offices, and courts in East Pakistan should observe strikes, with necessary exemptions announced from time to time;
 Only local and inter-district telephone lines should function;
 Railways and ports could continue to function, but their workers were told to not co-operate if their activities would help the repression of East Pakistan.
The speech lasted for about 19 minutes and concluded with, "The struggle this time, is a struggle for our liberty. The struggle this time, is a struggle for our independence. Joy Bangla!" It was a de facto declaration of Bangladesh's independence.

Recording
The Pakistani government didn't give permission to live broadcast the speech through radio and television on 7 March 1971. AHM Salahuddin who was the then chairman of Pakistan International Film Corporation (PIFC) and M Abul Khayer, a then Member of the National Assembly (MNA) from East Pakistan and was also the Managing Director of PIFC, made arrangements to record the video and audio of the speech. The video was recorded by actor Abul Khair  who was the Director of Films under the Ministry of Information of Pakistan at the time. The audio of the speech was recorded by H N Khondokar, a technician of the Ministry of Information associated with M Abul Khayer, MNA.

The audio record was developed and archived by Dhaka Record, a record label owned by Mohammad Abul Khayer, MNA. Later on, a copy of the audio and video recording was handed over to Sheikh Mujib and a copy of the audio was sent to India. 3000 copies of the audio were distributed by Indian record label HMV Records throughout the world.

Reception
International media had descended upon East Pakistan for the speech amidst speculation that Sheikh Mujib would make a unilateral declaration of independence from Pakistan. However, keeping in mind the failures of Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence and of the Biafra struggle in Nigeria, he did not make a direct declaration. Nevertheless, the speech was effective in giving Bengalis a clear goal of independence. Mujib's speech was double edged, he did not call for independence or violence but ended the speech urging preparation for both. The speech also raised his profile in the minds of the Bengalis of East Pakistan.

The United States Embassy in Pakistan noted that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Bengalis were pushing for a degree of autonomy that would not be acceptable to the Pakistan Military and President Ayub Khan. They predicted a violent confrontation would be inevitable. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and President Yahya Khan sat down for negotiations. Swadhin Bangla Kendriyo Chhatro Sangram Parishad called for international support for the independence of Bangladesh.

On 25 March 1971, the Pakistan Military launched Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan. The military forces targeted students and Awami League leaders. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested at the beginning of the operation and flown to West Pakistan. The launch of the operation marked the start of the Bangladesh Genocide.

Legacy
The government of Bangladesh included parts of the speech in the constitution of Bangladesh through the passage of the 15th amendment to the Constitution of Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh organizes various programs on 7 March marking the speech. On 7 October 2020, 7 March was declared "Historic Day" by the government of Bangladesh. Events are also organized by the Awami League and cultural organizations to mark the occasion. The Bangabandhu Memorial Trust Fund observes the anniversary of the speech.

The speech is on the Memory of the World Register of UNESCO, a list of the world's important documentary heritage. It was the first Bangladeshi content to be included in the Memory of the World Programme. Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO announced the decision at its headquarters in Paris on 30 October 2017. The declaration was welcomed by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Mahfuz Anam, the editor of The Daily Star, called the speech Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's finest hour.

In March 2018, Justices Naima Haider and Zafar Ahmed asked the government to explain why it should not be directed to preserve Suhrawardy Udyan due to the historic importance of the 7 March speech given at the Udyan.

In June 2019, the Embassy of Japan in Bangladesh published the speech in Japanese. The annual Joy Bangla Concert is organized by Young Bangla and the Center for Research and Information on 7 March. In March 2020, Justices Tariq ul Hakim and Md Iqbal Kabir of the High Court Division ordered the government to investigate if there were any errors in the speech that was inserted into the constitution of Bangladesh following a petition to the court which alleged inaccuracies.

In Popular culture
 The documentary film Muktir Gaan by Tareque Masud and Catherine Masud begins with a video of the speech.
 The novelist and columnist Anisul Hoque incorporated the speech into his historical novel Maa, published in 2004.
 In his novel The Black Coat, Bangladeshi-Canadian author, Neamat Imam, created a character called Nur Hussain who memorialized the speech during the Bangladesh famine of 1974.
 Lt. Gen. Ziaur Rahman (later President of Bangladesh) wrote in an article titled Ekti Jatir Jonmo (Birth of a Nation) in the magazine Bichittra on 26 March 1974 that the speech had inspired him to take part in the 1971 Liberation War.
 The speech was included in the book We Shall Fight on the Beaches: The Speeches That Inspired History by English historian Jacob F. Field.

See also
 List of speeches
 Bangladesh Liberation War

References

External links
 Bangladesh Liberation War. Mujibnagar. Government Documents 1971

Bangladesh Awami League
Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War
History of East Pakistan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1971 speeches
1971 in Bangladesh


Musawi may refer to:
Abbas al-Musawi (c. 1952 – 1992), influential Muslim cleric and leader of Hezbollah
Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi, Shi'a twelver Islamic scholar
Husayn Al-Musawi (also Hussein Musawi), a Lebanese Shia who founded the now-dissolved pro-Iranian Islamist militia Islamic Amal in 1982
Mousavi is a surname
Moosavi is a patronymic, common among Shi'a Muslims
Mosavi, Iran, a village in Iran


Benedikt Taschen (born 10 February 1961) is a German publisher and contemporary art collector. He is the founder and managing director of the publishing house Taschen, one of the most successful international publishers, with illustrated publications on a range of themes including art, architecture, design, film, photography, pop culture, and lifestyle.

Life and career
Benedikt Taschen is the youngest of five children; both of his parents were doctors. From an early age he was an enthusiastic reader and comic book fan. At 12 years old, he began a successful mail order business selling used comic books from the United States. In February 1980, the day before his 19th birthday, he opened a  comic book store, named TASCHEN COMICS, in his home town of Cologne, Germany, in which he put his extensive comic book collection up for sale. Soon he began publishing comic books himself. In 1984, his venture into the art book business began with a coup: with borrowed money from an aunt, he purchased 40,000 remainder copies of English-language Magritte monograph for one dollar apiece at a trade show in the United States. Within two months, he had resold all the books at an affordable retail price of 9.95 Deutsche Mark. To Taschen, this demonstrated a gap in the art book market, until then dominated by expensive editions, and made it clear there was demand for well-designed, inexpensive, multilingual illustrated art books. Emboldened by this success, he made his first publishing foray in art books with a monograph on photographer Annie Leibovitz. By the end of the 1980s TASCHEN titles were available in over a dozen languages at prices that made art books affordable to students and collectors alike.

By the late 1990s, he had become known in publishing. When Vanity Fair’s Matt Tyrnauer deemed him, “one of the few people in business who has the courage to do exactly what he wants whenever he wants to”, Benedikt Taschen tested the theory with Helmut Newton’s SUMO, the largest bound book of the 20th century, released in 1999 with its own stand designed by Philippe Starck, at what was then the astounding price of $1500. Critics called him crazy, and predicted a major loss for the company, but by the time of the book's release 7000 of the 10,000 signed and numbered copies had been pre-sold. The book made TASCHEN's name internationally, and led to the even more ambitious GOAT — Greatest of All Time, a tribute to Muhammad Ali, published in Spring 2004. Four years in the making, GOAT weighs 75 lbs and is 20" × 20" in size, with nearly 800 pages of archival and original photographs, graphic artwork and articles and essays – including those of Ali himself. The SUMO line - oversized books with accompanying unique stands conceived by internationally acclaimed designers - is now a well established part of the company, including titles celebrating the works of Sebastiåo Salgado, David Hockney, David Bailey, Annie Liebovitz and the history of the Rolling Stones.

Today, TASCHEN has offices in Cologne, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Madrid and Paris and stores in Beverly Hills, Brussels, Cologne, Hollywood, Hong Kong, London, Miami, Milan, and Paris. In 2014, TASCHEN opened their first art gallery in Los Angeles. The publishing house employs more than 250 staff members worldwide and many longtime freelance editors.

In 1998, Taschen purchased the 1961 John Lautner–designed Chemosphere House in the Hollywood Hills, long considered the most modern house in the world, and restored it precisely to Lautner's original vision, including installation of laser-cut black slate floors impossible to produce at the time the house was conceived, establishing Taschen as a key cultural figure in Hollywood circles and the world. In 2000, Billy Wilder told magazine Vanity Fair that “Benedikt reminds me of an old-time Hollywood figure. A studio head, someone who is in firm command and has his hand in everything.” In turn, Matt Weiner, creator and producer of the hit series Mad Men, described Taschen as “a miracle of taste in publishing … He consistently maintains incredible quality in content and style … He documents both the present and the past in an indispensable way.”

Art collection

Alongside his work in publishing, Taschen has also made a name for himself as a collector of contemporary art. Initially concentrating on German artists like Martin Kippenberger, Albert Oehlen, and Günther Förg, he has since the late ’80s acquired numerous works by American artists like Jeff Koons, Mike Kelley, and Christopher Wool. In 2004, the Reina Sofía Museum dedicated an extensive exhibition to his private collection. Benedikt Taschen has continuously been listed in the ARTnews 'Top 200 collectors' since 2003, artnet ranks him and his wife Lauren first among the “10 Los Angeles Art Power Couples”. In 2013, Taschen gave 15 works from his private collection to the Städel Museum in Frankfurt to reinforce their collection’s focus on German painting of the 1980s. In 2014, Taschen donated $500,000 to the Wende Museum in Culver City, California, to facilitate the founding of an international center for the exploration and preservation of the culture, art, design, and history of the Cold War. Benedikt and his wife Lauren Taschen also donated an extensive collection of works by young American and European artists to MOCA in Los Angeles.

Personal life
Taschen is in his third marriage, to Lauren Taschen, and has five children; three from his first and two from his third marriage. His older daughter, Marlene, began work at the publishing house in 2011 and has risen to Managing Director of the company. Taschen lives and works between Berlin and Los Angeles.

Awards and honors
 2013 Lucie Awards
 2016 Photographic Publishing Award, Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK
 2018 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Quotes

References

External links
TASCHEN Books: Publisher of books on art, architecture, design and photography
"Benedikt Taschen", Charlie Rose
GOAT - A Tribute to Muhammad Ali

1961 births
German publishers (people)
Living people
Businesspeople from Cologne
German male writers
German art collectors
20th-century art collectors
21st-century art collectors


Kripal or "Kripalu" may refer to:

A. G. Kripal Singh (1933–1987), Indian Test cricketer
Arjan Kripal Singh (born 1969), Indian cricketer
Jeffrey J. Kripal, Professor of Religious Studies at Rice University, Houston, Texas
Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1922–2008), Indian craftsman
Ram Kripal Yadav (born 1957), Indian politician
Kripal Parmar, Indian politician
Kripalu Maharaj
Kripalu Center
Kripalvananda

See also
Kirpal Singh (disambiguation)
Bhupinder Nath Kirpal
Karpal Singh, Malaysian politician and lawyer


Véronique Lathuraz  (born 2 July 1968) is a French ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 1997:
 3rd, French national ranking
 1998:
 3rd, French national ranking
 2001:
 8th, European Championship team race (together with Anne Laure Fourneaux)
 2002:
 1st, French Championship single
 3rd, World Championship team race (together with Nathalie Bourillon)
 7th, World Championship combination ranking
 10th, World Championship single race
 2003:
 3rd, European Championship team race (together with Corinne Favre)
 9th, European Championship single race
 2004
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Nathalie Bourillon and Delphine Oggeri)
 5th, World Championship team race (together with Nathalie Bourillon)
 6th, World Championship combination ranking
 7th, World Championship single race
 2005:
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Nathalie Bourillon)
 4th, European Championship relay race (together with Nathalie Bourillon and Valentine Fabre)
 8th, European Championship team race (together with Nathalie Bourillon)
 2006:
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Carole Toïgo, Nathalie Bourillon and Corinne Favre)
 5th, World Championship team race (together with Nathalie Bourillon)
 2007:
 2nd, European Championship team race (together with Corinne Favre)
 2nd, European Championship ralley race (together with Corinne Favre and Laëtitia Roux)
 5th, European Championship combination ranking
 2008:
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Corinne Favre, Nathalie Bourillon and Valentine Fabre)
 5th, World Championship team race (together with Valentine Fabre)
 6th, World Championship vertical race
 7th, World Championship long-distance race
 2009:
 1st, Sci Alpinistica dell'Adamello
 1st, Transclautana
 3rd, European Championship relay race (together with Corinne Favre and Laëtitia Roux)

Patrouille des Glaciers

 1998, 3rd, together with Danielle Hacquard and Corinne Favre
 2006: 2nd, together with Nathalie Bourillon and Corinne Favre

Trofeo Mezzalama

 1999: 1st, together with Gloriana Pellissier and Danielle Hacquard
 2007: 2nd, together with Nathalie Bourillon and Corinne Favre

Pierra Menta

 1997: 2nd, together with Danielle Hacquard
 1998: 2nd, together with Danielle Hacquard
 1999: 3rd, together with Alexia Zuberer
 2000: 5th, together with Sigrid Tomio
 2002: 3rd, together with Véronique Lathuraz
 2005: 2nd, together with Nathalie Bourillon
 2007: 3rd, together with Valentine Fabre
 2008: 4th, together with Corinne Favre
 2009: 3rd, together with Laëtitia Roux

References

External links
 Véronique Lathuraz at SkiMountaineering.org

1968 births
Living people
French female ski mountaineers
21st-century French women


Afribank Nigeria PLC was a commercial banking, real estate and insurance broker based in Lagos, Nigeria.  It was established by French investors in 1959 under the name Banque Internationale pour l'Afrique Occidentale (BAIO). As at 2010, the bank operated over 250 branches across Nigeria, and was one of the region's "Big Four" banks. Afribank used the Temenos Globus banking application in its branches.

Operations
Afribank's core business was in commercial and retail investment banking.  It also operated stock brokering firm, an insurance brokerage firm, a trustees and investments company, and estate development company, a capital market firm, and an offshore finance company in Dublin, Ireland. Afribank also invested in companies in the financial and real sectors of the Nigerian economy.

Failure and closure
Afribank failed in 2011 and its banking license was revoked by the Central Bank of Nigeria, the national banking regulator. The assets and some of the liabilities of the now defunct Afribank Plc. were acquired by Mainstreet Bank Limited, a bridge institution, specially created for that purpose on the same day. In July 2012, the Federal High Court of Nigeria, in Lagos ordered that the affairs of the defunct Afribank Nigeria Plc be wound up, since its license had been revoked.

References

External links

 Google Finance listing for Afribank

1959 establishments in Nigeria
Banks established in 1959
Companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange
Defunct companies based in Lagos
Defunct banks of Nigeria
2011 disestablishments in Nigeria
Banks disestablished in 2011


The southern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus siki) is a species of gibbon native to Vietnam and Laos. It is closely related to the northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) and the yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae); it has previously been identified as a subspecies of each of these.

Description and habitat

Members of the species are not a uniform colour; unweaned juveniles are a light brown, turning to black after weaning. Adult males remain black, but adult females are brown. The name of the species is taken from the male's facial markings, a large patch of white fur around the edge of the mouth - this distinguishes it from a male of N. leucogenys, which has the white in a streak along the cheeks. Females have a thin edging of white around the face.

The species lives in lowland broadleaf forest, with some populations living in forested mountainous areas. As with all gibbons, they are arboreal and frugivorous.

The original distribution covered an area of central Vietnam and central Laos, ranging from the Nam Theun (Khading) and Rao Nay rivers in the north (approximately 19th parallel north) to the Banghiang and Thach Han rivers in the south (approximately 17th parallel north). Between 19 and 20 parallel there appears to be an area of overlap or intergradation between N. siki and N. leucogenys.

Within its original distribution, the species is still common in the remaining large forest blocks in Laos, but in Vietnam the populations are scattered due to human encroachment on their habitat for logging and farming. Numbers are thought to have declined by 50% over the last 45 years, and the species is classed as endangered; it is legally protected in Vietnam, but this is not effectively enforced outside of protected areas. Hunting for food, traditional medicine and the pet trade is a serious threat to this species in both Laos and Vietnam.

Taxonomy

The taxon was first formally identified in 1951 by Jean Théodore Delacour where he described siki as a subspecies of N. concolor (a species placed in Hylobates at that time). Since its description, it has been considered to be a subspecies of variously N. leucogenys, N. gabriellae, or N. concolor. The assignation of N. siki as a subspecies of N. gabriellae was due to the interpretation of a single baculum, but later research indicated that the specimen was part of a different species. It was then assigned to N. leucogenys due to similarities of its song, as well as strong visual similarities between the females of the two species. However, it has been considered a separate species since 2001.

In the north of the range of N. siki, it overlaps or intergrades with N. leucogenys, and based on mtDNA and voices, these species are closer to each other than to the remaining Nomascus; some maintain that N. siki should be regarded as a subspecies of N. leucogenys. A southern population formerly associated with N. siki was described as a new species, N. annamensis in 2010.

References

External links
Photograph gallery

southern white-cheeked gibbon
Primates of Southeast Asia
Mammals of Laos
Mammals of Vietnam
Endangered fauna of Asia
Species endangered by the pet trade
southern white-cheeked gibbon
Taxa named by Jean Théodore Delacour


Alexis Masbou (born 2 June 1987) is a French motorcycle rider. He currently rides a Yamaha YZF-R1 in the Endurance FIM World Cup.

Career

Early career
Masbou was born in Albi. Before he reached the world championship he was joining the CDM French motorsport school. He started racing in the 50cc French class in 2001. From 2002 he stepped up to the national 125cc class. He was very successful and looked to be the next French revelation. In 2003 he made his wild-card debut at the Le Mans GP. In 2004 he became the national 125cc champion and he was ready to challenge the World Championship riders.

125cc/Moto3 World Championship
In 2005 he signed for the Ajo Moto Honda team to compete in the 125cc class, teamed with Japanese youngster Tomoyoshi Koyama. Masbou had a good debut season, with a best result of fifth in the Dutch TT, having run in the leading group throughout. For 2006 he rode an unfashionable Malaguti, with little success. In 2007 he again raced a Honda, finishing 21st overall  best results were two tenth places. For 2008 he joined the new Loncin team, struggling to make this bike competitive and scoring four points. For 2009 he was joined in the Loncin team by Koyama.

At the 2014 Czech Republic Grand Prix, Masbou achieved his first victory at World Championship level after prevailing in a 17-rider lead battle, holding off Enea Bastianini and Danny Kent on the final lap.

Masbou gets another win At 2015 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix.

Masbou still remained with the team for 2016 season, but the team will use newly Peugeot MGP3O. After failing to score a single point in nine races he was replaced by Albert Arenas ahead of the Austrian Grand Prix.

He will be ineligible to compete in Moto3 in 2017 due to the age limit.

Career statistics

FIM CEV Moto3 Junior World Championship

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Grand Prix motorcycle racing

Races by year
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References

External links

125cc World Championship riders
French motorcycle racers
1987 births
Living people
Moto3 World Championship riders


The Collège Saint Joseph in Antoura, Lebanon, is the oldest French school in the Middle East. It was established in 1834 by the Lazarist priests, led by Fr. Andrew Francis. The school's current headmaster is Father Abdo Eid and its student body comprises 5500 students. Located in the valley of Antoura, the campus consists of more than eight buildings with several courts and gardens. Antoura still ranks among the top schools in Lebanon. It is accredited by the French Ministry of Education and has the status of "école homologuée". The high school or "lycée" offers both the Lebanese and French baccalaureate programs with the possibility of a rather challenging intensive double baccalaureate program.

It is classified as a French international school by the AEFE.

The school also accommodates the oldest scouts group in Lebanon. Previously members of the Scouts et Guides de France, the scouts and guides of Saint Joseph Antoura later joined the Scouts du Liban association when it was formed. The group is still one of the largest and most prominent scouts groups of the nation.

Antoura is well known for the visit of French writers Alphonse de Lamartine and Gerard de Nerval, who wrote about the school and the town.

History
Since 1651, local notable Cheikh Abou Nawfal Khazen had been requesting Jesuit fathers to establish a mission on his lands in Antoura. It wasn't until 1773, that their efforts were realized with the arrival of monks from The Lazarist order. In 1834, the apostolic delegate, Monseigneur Auvergne encouraged the transformation of the mission into a teaching college. Antoura's beginnings were quite modest, in October 1834 seven students were enrolled, thus forming the first secondary Francophone school in the Middle East. Over the course of the 19th century, the college developed spectacularly. In 1874, the central building was built. The Left wing opened in 1884 and the big chapel was inaugurated in 1895. The symbol of the school, the tower was built in 1904 and sealed the courtyard beautifully.

During World War I and the Armenian genocide, the Lazarists were expelled by the Ottomans and the college was transformed into an orphanage where, under the direction of Djemal Pasha and Halide Edib Adıvar, about 1,000 Armenian and 200 Kurdish children were forcefully Turkified. The story of the Turkification of the children during the Armenian genocide is vividly portrayed in Goodbye, Antoura, released in English in 2015 and written by one of the children who were interned at the orphanage.

College attendance saw a resurgence in 1919, counting 350 Students. In 1936, the French Academy awarded the Grand Prix of French Language to the college. In 1970, a Basketball Court was constructed. In 1977, despite the Lebanese Civil War, the Kindergarten building was built. The Centre Lamartine, named after the illustrious French poet who visited the college, is a documentation center which is used by both students and teachers to further their research. In 1982, the boarding school was opened. The college then counted 2,500 students. In 1994, the college turned 160 years old. In 1996, the great chapel was 100 years old, and was completely restored. In 2004, the Tower turned 100 years old. The Saint Joseph Sports center was opened in 2006 and includes a semi-Olympic indoor pool, and diverse sport activities take place there.

Academics
The College Offers 15 years of schooling, starting with three years of pre-school ("Maternelle"), and 12 years of schooling (Grade 1 to 12).
The school follows the standard Lebanese program. Students in grade 9 are required to pass the Brevet examination before joining the Secondary cycle ("high school"). Students graduate after finishing the grade 12 program and successfully passing the Baccalaureate. They are required to select one of four concentrations: Sciences (Life or General), Sociology-Economics or Humanities. The school also offers students the possibility of studying both the French and Lebanese Baccalaureates, in a double intensive program. The selection process for this program is merit-based, and generally requires top 15% ranking in the school.
The average size of the graduating class in Antoura varies typically between 200 and 250 students.

Antoura has one of the highest passing rates in the Lebanese and French Baccalaureates, with 98% success in the first session, and more than 99% after the make-up session of the Lebanese Baccalaureate and the oral session of the French Baccalaureate. Most students join one of five major Lebanese universities after graduating: The American University of Beirut, Université Saint Joseph, The Lebanese University, the Lebanese American University, and Notre Dame University Louaize.

Location
The town of Antoura sits on a sloping hill overlooking the Mediterranean Sea at an altitude ranging between 250 and 300m above sea level. The Town is bordered by Zouk Mikael and Zouk Mosbeh to the west, Hrash, Jeita and Ain El Rihani to the east.

Etymology
Antoura derives from Syriac `aïn meaning "fountain" or "spring" and țoura meaning "mountain".

Notable alumni
Charles Helou President of Lebanon from 1964 to 1970
Sleiman Frangieh - President of Lebanon from 1970 to 1976
René Moawad - President of Lebanon in 1989 (assassinated while in office)
Riad el Solh - First Lebanese Prime Minister after Lebanon's independence from France in 1943
Sabri Hamade - Speaker of the Parliament
Hamid Frangieh - Politician, Minister and Member of Parliament
Kamal Jumblatt - politician, Member of Parliament and Minister, Druze leader and founder of the Progressive Socialist Party
Ziad Baroud -  Interior Minister 2008–2011
Michel Elefteriades - Producer
Ibrahim Najjar - Justice Minister 2008–2011
Romeo Lahoud - Director & Composer
Jawad Boulos - Historian and Politician
Elias Abou Chabake - Poet
Rudy Rahmé- Painter, sculptor and poet
Checri Ganem - Patriot and Poet
May Ziadeh - Poet
Ghassan Tueni - Author, diplomat, journalist, public intellectual
Antoine Abi-Zeid - Attorney, Secretary General, National Bloc Party
Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh - One of the most prominent Iranian writers of the 20th century
Youssef Salameh - Minister
Roger Eddé - Politician
Antoine Kazan - Lawyer And Poet
 Bernard Barbour - International  Finance Law Counselor
 Nancy Ajram - Singer and Arab Music Idol
 Maurice Gemayel - Politician
 Mansour Bteich - Politician
 Liliane Tannoury - Journalist

See also
 Education in the Ottoman Empire

Official website

References

French international schools in Lebanon
Educational institutions established in 1834
1834 establishments in the Ottoman Empire


The 2009 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship was the 9th edition of the women's field hockey championship organised by the European Hockey Federation. It was held from August 22 to August 29, 2009 in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Results
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

Preliminary round

Pool A

Pool B

Classification round

Fifth to eighth place classification
The third and fourth place team in each pool competed in a pool to determine the fifth to eighth-place winners. The last two placers will be relegated to EuroHockey Nations Trophy in 2011. Note that the match played against each other in pool A or B counts in the pool C classification.

Pool C

First to fourth place classification

Semi-finals

Third and fourth place

Final

Statistics

Final standings

Goalscorers

See also
 2009 Men's EuroHockey Nations Championship
 2009 Women's EuroHockey Nations Trophy

References

2009
2009 in women's field hockey
2009 in Dutch women's sport
2009 Women's EuroHockey Nations Championship
Sports competitions in Amsterdam
2000s in Amsterdam
August 2009 sports events in Europe
Women 1
EuroHockey Championship


William Tunstall was a footballer who played 22 league and cup games for Burslem Port Vale in the 1900s.

Career
Tunstall played for Hanley Swifts, before joining Burslem Port Vale in May 1901. He had a successful debut, scoring in a 1–1 draw with Burnley at the Athletic Ground. He went on to play six Second Division and three FA Cup games in the 1901–02 and then six league and two FA Cup games in the 1902–03 season. He was released after just four league and FA Cup appearances in the 1903–04 campaign.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Place of birth missing


Discovery-driven planning is a planning technique first introduced in a Harvard Business Review article by Rita Gunther McGrath and Ian C. MacMillan in 1995 and subsequently referenced in a number of books and articles. Its main thesis is that when one is operating in arenas with significant amounts of uncertainty, that a different approach applies than is normally used in conventional planning. In conventional planning, the correctness of a plan is generally judged by how close outcomes come to projections. In discovery-driven planning, it is assumed that plan parameters may change as new information is revealed. With conventional planning, it is considered appropriate to fund the entire project, as the expectation is that one can predict a positive outcome. In discovery-driven planning, funds are released based on the accomplishment of key milestones or checkpoints, at which point additional funding can be made available predicated on reasonable expectations for future success. Conventional project management tools, such as stage-gate models or the use of financial tools to assess innovation, have been found to be flawed in that they are not well suited for the uncertainty of innovation-oriented projects

Discovery-driven planning has been widely used in entrepreneurship curricula and has recently been cited by Steve Blank as a foundational idea in the lean startup methodology

Five disciplines

A discovery-driven plan incorporates five disciplines or plan elements:
 Definition of success for the plan or initiative, including a "reverse" income statement
 Benchmarking against market and competitive parameters
 Specification of operational requirements
 Documentation of assumptions
 Specification of key checkpoints

Using discovery-driven planning, it is often possible to iterate the ideas in a plan, encouraging experimentation at lowest possible cost. The methodology is consistent with the application of real options reasoning to business planning, in which ventures are considered "real" options. A real option is a small investment made today which buys the right, but not the obligation to make further investments.

See also
 Assumption-based planning
 The Innovator's Dilemma

External links
 Web site with additional reference material

References

Business planning
Strategic management


The Keflavík men's basketball team, commonly known as Keflavík, is the men's professional basketball department of Keflavík ÍF (Keflavík, íþrótta- og ungmennafélag), based in the town of Reykjanesbær in Iceland. They currently play in Úrvalsdeild karla.

Rivalry with Njarðvík
Keflavík's biggest rivals are their closest neighbours, Njarðvík. The teams are both based in Reykjanesbær. Keflavík and Njarðvík were neighbouring towns but were merged in 1994 and formed Reykjanesbær. Their arenas are within one kilometre of each other. In the 2008–09 season the rivalry was intensified as the men's teams were coached by brothers, Sigurður Ingimundarson with Keflavík and Valur Ingimundarson with Njarðvík. At the end of that season Sigurður left his post as the team's coach and moved to a club in Sweden. He was replaced by former player Guðjón Skúlason. Just before the start of the 2009–10 season Sigurður became coach of Njarðvík, replacing his brother Valur.

Arena
The club's home arena is nicknamed "The Slaughterhouse".

Achievements

Titles
Icelandic champions: (9):
1989, 1992, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008
Icelandic Basketball Cup: (5):
1993, 1994, 1997, 2003, 2004
Super Cup: (3):
1997, 2003, 2008
Company Cup: (6):
1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2013
1. deild karla: (2):
1982, 1985
2. deild karla: (1):
1978

Notable players

Head coaches

 Pétur Ingvarsson 2023–present

Trivia
 The team has a reputation for playing an uptempo game which earned it the nickname Keflavíkurhraðlestin (The Keflavík Express).

References

External links
 Official website
Team profile at Eurobasket

Keflavík (basketball)


Robert Witchitz (5 August 1924, in Abscon – 21 February 1944, in Mont Valérien) was a volunteer soldier in the French liberation force FTP-MOI in the group of  Missak Manouchian.

Biography

Youth
Witchitz was born on 5 August in Abscon, in the  Nord department, to a miner of Polish origin  and a French woman. He was brought up by his grandparents, staying in his village of birth until the age of five, then moving to the Paris region where he attended a secular school.

Second World War
At the beginning of the war, Witchitz' father was mobilised, and Witchitz became a telegrapher. Witchitz' father was taken prisoner but released on grounds of his service in the first world war. Robert was dismissed, and had to make runs by bicycle for a distillery, all while fighting for the Jeunesse communiste (communist youth), in Ivry-sur-Seine. Witchitz was assigned to the management of the Service du travail obligatoire to work in Germany.

Unbeknownst to his parents, he joined the FTP-MOI in February 1943. Each time he heard from the press or elsewhere of the death of a German or a collaborator, he rejoiced and remarked to his father that there were still men, and good Frenchmen. One morning at about 5am while Witchitz was at home, the police announced themselves outside. His parents recalled with anguish how he tried in vain to escape through the window. He asked his parents to let the officers in. When  they saw him, they said "Is it you, Robert? You have two or three hours to get lost!". From then on, Witchitz' parents understood the kind of activity that their son was involved in.

On 12 October 1943, Witchitz was arrested after an operation against a German money transport. He forewarned his parents in a letter where he accused himself of having done something crazy, in order not to incriminate his fellows. He stayed in prison for exactly 100 days; his parents, though making frequent requests, were not authorised to visit him. Witchitz was handed over with his comrades to the tribunal (the procès des 23), and sentenced to death.

Witchitz' parents eventually did not receive authorization to visit him until the day after he had been shot at Mont Valérien on 21 February 1944 with 23 members of the Affiche Rouge. His body was laid in the square of the fallen in the Ivry-sur-Seine cemetery. Later, in accordance with his mother's wishes, it was moved to the family tomb.

In the short period of time during which he was active in the resistance, Robert took part in 13 operations.

Witchitz' name appeared on the German Affiche Rouge propaganda poster, with the caption:
"Witchitz, Juif polonais, 15 attentats".

Nonetheless, it is unclear whether Witchitz was either Jewish or Polish.

See also
 Main-d'œuvre immigrée
 Francs-tireurs et partisans - Main-d'œuvre immigrée
 Affiche rouge
 Brigades Spéciales
 Geheime Feld Polizei

Bibliography
FFI – FTPF, Pages de gloire des vingt-trois, Immigration, 1951.

External links
    La journée d'un "Terroriste"
   Discours d'André SANTINI et Henry KARAYAN

1924 births
1944 deaths
People from Valenciennes
French people of Polish descent
French Resistance members
Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
French people executed by Nazi Germany
Executed people from Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Affiche Rouge
People executed at Fort Mont-Valérien


Walter George Halsall (29 March 1912 – March 1996) was an English professional footballer who made 84 appearances in the First Division of the Football League playing for Blackburn Rovers and Birmingham.

Life and career
Halsall was born in Liverpool. As a young man he played as an amateur for various clubs in the Lancashire area. In the 1931–32 season, Marine reached the final of the FA Amateur Cup, the first time the club had progressed further than the last eight. Halsall scored the winning goal in the semi-final to defeat Yorkshire Amateurs, and played in the final, which Marine lost 7–1 to Dulwich Hamlet.

In December 1932 he signed for Blackburn Rovers, initially as an amateur, turning professional a few months later. He gained a reputation for an elegant style of play, but when the club signed Charlie Calladine from Birmingham in 1936, the two players were in competition for the same position, and Halsall's appearances became less frequent. He was released after the 1937–38 season and joined Birmingham, where the local press described him as a "tall, stylish player with the heart to do two men's work". After one season Birmingham were relegated from the First Division, and Halsall joined Chesterfield for a fee of £875, but never played a league game for them before the Football League was suspended in September 1939.

Halsall retired from football during the Second World War and became a commercial traveller. He died in Sefton South in March 1996.

References

1912 births
1996 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liverpool F.C. players
Marine A.F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
English Football League players
Footballers from Liverpool


The Sharon Academy (TSA) is a middle and high school both located in Sharon, Vermont, USA. It's located in between  I-89 and VT-14. Although, TSA is considered an independent school at the federal level, it still receives some payment from the state of Vermont and the town of Sharon.

History
The Academy opened as a middle school with 12 students in one classroom of an old schoolhouse in September 1996. When students in the first class approached 8th grade graduation, and the prospect of transferring to high school, they expressed a desire to continue their education at TSA. The Vermont Department of Education approved the Academy's application to expand to include grades 9–12.

Enrollment numbers grew annually until the school reached its full capacity of 156 students. The Academy had outgrown the old schoolhouse, and construction began on a new facility on a hill overlooking the White River. The middle school continues to offer integrated studies at The Old Schoolhouse in Sharon, while the high school occupies the new facility, with a full size gym, a yurt village, an art room, a writing center, library, and science lab. The common area overlooks the river, surrounding valley, and mountains.

The Academy is a member of the Coalition of Essential Schools.

School Events
Every year, the Middle School performs a circus with Troy Wunderle, a trained circus performer and ringmaster from Wunderle's Big Top Adventures. Before the performance, Wunderle teaches the students circus tricks that in some way contribute to the performance, regardless of circus theme, such as Juggling, Rola Bola, Unicycling, and Diabolos.

Additionally, there is yearly event called Chain Reaction Day where "The events and lectures for the day are inspired by Dr. Martin Luther King's legacy, and challenge us as a school community to examine our beliefs and our assumptions. Guest speakers are invited each year to talk about topics such as bullying, economic disparities within society, and racial tolerance."

Athletics

Since 2006, TSA varsity soccer has gone to the state championship match five times. Twice (in the 2008 and 2009 seasons), their undefeated boys team lost in the championship game to Black River Academy; once 1–0, and once suffering a loss in a penalty shootout, respectively. In 2010 the Phoenix had a regular season record of 12–2 however they were knocked out in a 4–3 game at the Vermont State semi-finals. In 2014 TSA went 14–0 in the regular season, claiming the number two seed in D-IV, but lost 2–0 to Twin Valley in the championship game.

In 2014-15 the boys basketball team had the best record in school history at 17–3 in the regular season. The Phoenix went to the finals. They lost to Proctor in overtime, 70-66.

The Sharon Academy athletics has also seen students go on to be Division I, II, and III NCAA athletes in women's basketball, women's soccer, men's basketball, men's soccer, and men's track and field.

The Sharon Academy has won CVL (Central Vermont League) championships in boys and girls basketball, and boys and girls soccer.

References

Buildings and structures in Sharon, Vermont
Private high schools in Vermont
Educational institutions established in 1994
Schools in Windsor County, Vermont
Private middle schools in Vermont
1994 establishments in Vermont


Frederick Belfield (1876–1921) was an English footballer who played 51 games (including 31 Midland League and 12 the Football League) and scored 10 goals (including 31 Midland League and 3 Football League) for Burslem Port Vale.

Career
Belfield joined Burslem Port Vale in September 1893. He made his debut at the Athletic Ground on 22 September 1894, in a 1–0 win over Walsall Town Swifts, and played one further Second Division games in the 1894–95 season. He played five games in the 1895–96 campaign, and scored two goals in a 4–2 win over Lincoln City at Sincil Bank on 18 April. He was a first team regular from October 1896 but broke a leg on 27 November 1897, in a friendly with rivals Stoke. Once he recovered he barely played and was instead released at the end of the 1898–99 season.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1876 births
1921 deaths
Footballers from Burslem
English men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Port Vale F.C. players
Midland Football League players
English Football League players


The Cabinet of the Cook Islands is the policy and decision-making body of the executive branch of the Cook Islands Government.  It consists of the Prime Minister and a number of other Ministers, who are collectively responsible to Parliament.

Legislative basis

Unlike other Commonwealth Realms, the Cook Islands Cabinet has a formal legislative basis in the Cook Islands Constitution.  Cabinet consists of the Prime Minister and up to six other ministers.  Members are appointed by the King's Representative on advice of the Prime Minister, and must be Members of Parliament.

All Cabinet ministers also serve as members of the Executive Council, which advises the King's Representative.  Cabinet decisions take effect after four days, or when formally confirmed by the Executive Council.

Current members

The Cook Islands Cabinet consists of:

Cabinet ministers

References

External links
 Cook Islands Government
 Cook Islands Constitution

Cook Islands
Politics of the Cook Islands
Political organisations based in the Cook Islands


General elections were held in Madagascar on 20 December 2013, following a first round of presidential elections on 25 October. The presidential elections in December were a runoff between Jean Louis Robinson and Hery Rajaonarimampianina, the top two candidates to emerge from the first round of voting in October. The official results of the second round were announced on 7 January 2014 with Rajaonarimampianina proclaimed the victor with nearly 54% of the vote.

The last elected president, Marc Ravalomanana, was unconstitutionally removed from power by mass protests led by Mayor of Antananarivo Andry Rajoelina in early 2009. Rajoelina dissolved the Senate and National Assembly and took power as the president of the High Transitional Authority (HAT) he created to govern the country in the lead up to elections, which he promised to hold within 18 months. The HAT repeatedly delayed the parliamentary and presidential elections, which were scheduled separately for various dates before finally being merged in May 2011 and postponed to September 2011, May 2012, November 2012, May 2013, July 2013 and August 2013. The 2010 constitutional referendum introduced a new constitution that barred candidates who had not lived in Madagascar for the previous six months, effectively excluding opposition leaders living in exile, including Ravalomanana, who had resided in South Africa since his ouster.

The international community was actively involved in negotiating an end to the political impasse in Madagascar and maintained legitimate and transparent elections as a precondition to international recognition of Madagascar's head of state. In 2012 the African Union demanded that both top candidates - Rajoelina and Ravalomanana - withdraw their candidature. Ravalomanana accepted in December 2012, and Rajoelina followed suit in February 2013. Shortly afterward, Lalao Ravalomanana, wife of the former president, submitted her candidature, causing Rajoelina to add his name to the list of candidates just after the deadline; former president Didier Ratsiraka also submitted his candidature despite having returned from exile in France too recently to meet the six-month requirement. This prompted the international community to withdraw funding for the election then scheduled for May 2013, leading to further delays. All three candidates were removed from the approved list by an electoral court in August 2013, and the international community recommitted to providing financial support for the 2013 elections.

Presidential elections
After becoming transitional President in March 2009, Andry Rajoelina announced that, within 24 months, there would be a new constitution and elections. Rajoelina was effectively handed the presidency on 18 March 2009, when the military handed over the executive power that was given to it by President Marc Ravalomanana upon his resignation. Rajoelina, as president of the High Transitional Authority which he had created weeks before Ravalomanana's resignation, announced he would serve as head of state until the next election. He became the youngest head of state in the country's history at 34 years of age.

On 13 May 2009 it was reported that Rajoelina had stated he did not want to run in the presidential election and that he only wanted to lay the groundwork. According to Rajoelina, he was prepared to accept a proposal from United Nations mediators that no former heads of state run in the election, but only if the other former heads of state also accepted the proposal. On 14 May, Ravalomanana ridiculed the proposal and said that "anyone who is legally eligible to run for president should be allowed to do so". On 23 May 2009 an agreement was reached that all former presidents would be allowed to stand in the election.

Rajoelina announced on 12 July 2009 that the election would be held by the end of 2009 to accommodate the demands of international investors, including the EU. This did not take place, however. In May 2010, the elections were set for 26 November 2010 and Rajoelina announced that he would not be a candidate, though he latter suggested that he was still considering running.

A constitutional referendum, originally scheduled for September 2009, was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The new constitution contains a clause that requires presidential candidates to have lived in Madagascar for at least six months prior to the elections, effectively barring Ravalomanana, who has been living in exile and faces life in prison upon returning to Madagascar after being convicted in absentia for the deaths of protestors during the coup, from running in the next election. Ravalomanana and Rajoelina engaged in negotiations to allow for Ravalomanana's return to the country, but have failed to come to an agreement.

In April 2012 an amnesty law was passed, but it prevents the return of former president Marc Ravalomanana despite the South African Development Community's attempts at brokering a reconciliation agreement signed by all parties that would allow him to return. In December 2012, Ravalomanana agreed to withdraw his candidacy in compliance with the international community's roadmap to legitimate elections in Madagascar; Rajoelina followed suit two months later. However, when Ravalomanana's wife Lalao submitted her candidacy despite not having met the six-month residency requirement prior to doing so, Rajoelina likewise submitted his candidature after the deadline had officially closed. Former president Didier Ratsiraka also submitted his candidacy, despite also failing to meet the six-month residency requirement. Donors consequently pulled funding for the election, leading it to be postponed twice in 2013. In May 2013, the first round of the presidential elections was scheduled for 23 August 2013 alongside Parliamentary elections, with a second round of presidential elections in October if a runoff were needed. In September 2013, the first round of presidential elections was scheduled for 25 October, with a presidential run-off, if necessary, and parliamentary elections to be held on 20 December 2013.

In August 2013, the special electoral court decided to invalidate the candidacy of Rajoelina, Ravalomanana and Ratsiraka, thereby fulfilling a key criteria for legitimacy set forth by the international community. In August 2013, Foreign Minister Pierrot Rajaonarivelo and Finance Minister Hery Rajaonarimampianina resigned in order to run for the presidency.

Thirty-three presidential candidates were approved to appear on the final ballot used in the first round of voting held in October. None of the candidates won more than fifty percent of the vote, requiring a runoff in December to elect a new president. The candidate with the most votes (21.1%), Jean Louis Robinson, was the declared candidate of former president Ravalomanana. The second place candidate (15.93%), Hery Rajaonarimampianina, was named by Rajoelina as his preferred candidate.

In the second round of voting, held on 20 December, Rajaonarimampianina was elected president with 54% of the votes over Robinson won 46% of the vote, mainly in the densely populated central highlands around the capital of Antananarivo. The election was declared peaceful and legitimate by international observers, although both candidates accused the other of fraud.  The results were announced by the electoral commission on 7 January 2014; the commission stated that the results would be officially confirmed on 18 February. Robinson conceded defeat in late January, and Rajaonarimampianina was sworn in as president in an inauguration attended by foreign dignitaries, including the French Ambassador and American Attache.

Parliamentary elections
On 19 March 2009, Rajoelina dissolved the National Assembly of Madagascar and the Senate of Madagascar. Parliamentary elections were planned for 2011, after being postponed from 20 March 2010 and then 30 September 2010. Parliamentary and presidential elections were previously scheduled separately for various dates before finally being merged in May 2011 and postponed to September 2011, May 2012, November 2012, May 2013, July 2013 and August 2013.

Rajoelina announced on 16 December 2009 that parliamentary elections would be held in March 2010. In May, it was announced they would be held on 30 September 2010. On 14 August 2010, they were again postponed to 16 March 2011. Another postponement was announced in January 2011, with no new date specified. Parliamentary elections were held on 20 December 2013. It was the first time parliamentary elections were held concurrently with the presidential election.

Presidential candidates
Thirty-three approved contenders ran in the 2013 presidential election. In August 2013, the three top candidates were barred from running by a Madagascar legal body charged with election oversight. These included Rajoelina, barred for not submitting his candidacy by the deadline; Lalao Ravalomanana, barred for not having lived in Madagascar for 6 months before the poll; and Didier Ratsiraka, barred for filing paperwork for the candidacy only 2 days after returning from exile. Ravalomanana publicly endorsed medical doctor and politician Jean Louis Robinson from Antananarivo. On 24 September 2013, the official starting date of the campaign, online news magazine Afrik.com identified the top candidates as Jean-Louis Robinson, Hery Rajaonarimampianina (endorsed by Andry Rajoelina), Hajo Andrianainarivelo, Camille Vital, Pierrot Rajaonarivelo and Saraha Georget Rabeharisoa.

Results

President
Jean Louis Robinson and Hery Rajaonarimampianina emerged as the two candidates with the most votes in the first round held in October 2013, receiving 21% and 16% of the vote respectively. Election results for the second round, held in December 2013, were announced on 7 January. Rajaonarimampianina won with 53.5% of the vote while Robinson had 46.5%.

National Assembly

References

External links
Dr Jean Louis Robinson (Malagasy only)
Saraha Georget Rabeharisoa (Malagasy and French only)

Presidential elections in Madagascar
Madagascar
General
Elections in Madagascar
Madagascar
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


The Dalian Mosque () is a mosque in Xigang District, Dalian, Liaoning, China. It is located at 96 Beijing Jie. Construction began in 1922, and was completed in 1925. The ahong of the mosque, Hajji Bai Yunxing (), has served as ahong since 1958, with the exception of the period during the Cultural Revolution until 1979 when the mosque did not operate. , it was one of ten mosques in the city of Dalian.

Transportation
The mosque is accessible within walking distance southeast of Xianglujiao Station of Dalian Metro.

See also
 List of mosques in China
 Islam in China

References

1925 establishments in China
Buildings and structures in Dalian
Mosques completed in 1925
Mosques in China
Islamic organizations established in 1922


The Dongen Formation (; abbreviation: DO) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of the Netherlands. The formation consists of early Eocene marine clay and sand. It is named after the town of Dongen in North Brabant.

Lithology and stratigraphy
The Dongen Formation consists predominantly of marine clay, alternated with layers of fine sand or glauconiferous marl. The clay can also contain glauconite and locally thin layers of tuffite or loam can occur.

The formation is subdivided into four members:
the Asse Member, clay with locally sandy layers, glauconite or/and nummulites;
the Brussels Member, fine glauconiferous sand, locally calcareous;
the Ieper Member, clay with layers of marl and limestone;
the Oosteind Member, clay with sand and tuffite layers.
The base of the formation is often formed by a tuffite layer.

The Dutch Dongen Formation correlates with the Belgian Ieper Group and Zenne Group. All of these units are marine sands and clay cats from the Ypresian (55.8 - 48.6 million years ago) and Lutetian (48.6 - 40.4 million years ago) ages, when the eustatic sea level was relatively high after the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum. The sea level was so high that the North Sea was connected with the Paris Basin to the south and all of the Netherlands and most of Belgium and northern France was covered by shallow seas.

Dutch stratigraphers put the Dongen Formation together with the older Landen Formation in the Lower North Sea Group. The top of the Dongen Formation is formed by a nonconformity, over which younger formations, such as the Oligocene Rupel Formation or the Miocene Breda Formation, are found.

References
 (eds.); 1993: Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Netherlands, revision and update by RGD and NOGEPA, Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst 50, pp. 1–39

External links
 ; 2003: Formatie van Dongen, TNO website ()

Geologic formations of the Netherlands
Eocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Netherlands
Formation