Clarissa Kaye (2 August 193121 July 1994) was an Australian stage, film and television actress. She was the second wife (1971–1984) of the British actor James Mason. After her marriage, she was often known as Clarissa Kaye-Mason.

Biography
Clarissa Kaye was born as Clarissa Knipe in Sydney in 1931. In 1958 she became one of a class of informal students of Hayes Gordon, who taught "The Method" (the group included Reg Livermore and Jon Ewing). Their first public performances were a series of one-act plays by Tennessee Williams. The group later became the Ensemble Theatre, Sydney's first theatre in the round and its longest established professional theatre company.

Her first film role was as Meg in Age of Consent (1969), in which she appeared in scenes with James Mason, including a sex scene that was censored from Columbia Pictures' UK and U.S. releases.

Kaye was attracted to Mason and later tracked him down. She wrote to Mason reminding him of their meeting and their sex scene in Age of Consent, and he wrote back. A correspondence between the two followed, and Kaye fuelled the relationship by travelling long distance to meet him.

Marriage
Mason and Kaye were married on 8 August 1971 in Corseaux-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, and remained together until his death in 1984. (It has been reported that it was her second marriage.) Kaye reportedly was willing to put her career on hold, but Mason regularly insisted that she be given roles in his films. They shared scenes in Frankenstein: The True Story (1973); they also both appeared in Salem's Lot (1979), but did not share any scenes.

They appeared on Broadway in April 1979 in Brian Friel's play Faith Healer, but were never on stage together (the play is constructed as four monologues by three characters). Her involvement in Faith Healer was also largely at Mason's request, but she struggled with both the role and José Quintero's direction. Ed Flanders eventually left the play, refusing to work with Kaye, and the production ended after only 17 days.

Death
James Mason died in 1984. Clarissa Kaye died a decade later, aged 62, on 21 July 1994 from cancer. Before Mason remarried, his children Portland and Morgan (both from his first marriage to Pamela Mason) were to be the beneficiaries of his large estate, valued at £15 million. Mason changed his will to leave Clarissa Kaye as the sole beneficiary, but the children understood from a letter that Mason wrote to them that they would still ultimately receive the proceeds after their stepmother's death. However, she was on such bad terms with them to the point of pathological jealousy that she cut them out of all photos with Mason.

Disregarding Mason's letter saying the children would get his money after Kaye's death, Kaye left Mason's entire estate to an unidentified trust rumoured to be on behalf of the Sathya Sai Organization, run by devotees of the Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba. The organization, based in an ashram near Bangalore, neither confirmed nor denied this.

Mason's ashes were also the subject of controversy. Kaye initially had them in an urn in her home, never telling Mason's children she had them. She later deposited them in a Geneva bank vault, again to hide them. They tracked them down after Kaye's death, and took legal action to retrieve and inter them, and through court order by the judge who declared that his children deserved the right to choose the wording on their father's gravestone.

Filmography

Film
 The Schoolmistress (1967 TV movie)
 The Drover's Wife (1968 TV movie) - lead role
 Age of Consent (1969) - Meg
 Adam's Woman (1970) - Matron
 Ned Kelly (1970) - Ellen Kelly
 The Yin and the Yang of Mr. Go (1970) - Zelda
 Frankenstein: The True Story (1973 TV movie) - Lady Fanshawe
 The MacKintosh Man (1973) - Guest at Reception (uncredited)
 The Umbrella Woman (aka The Good Wife) (1987) - Mrs. Jackson
 The First Kangaroos (1988 TV movie) - Mrs Messenger

Television
 Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (1969, Season 2, episode 64)
 Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries) - Marjorie Glick
 Dr. Fischer of Geneva (aka The Bomb Party) (1985) - Mrs. Montgomery
 The Last Resort (1988 miniseries)
 Bangkok Hilton (1989 miniseries) - Mrs. Cameron (final appearance)

References

External links

1994 deaths
1931 births
Deaths from cancer in Australia
Australian stage actresses
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Actresses from Sydney
James Mason family


Angiola Guglielma Butteri, also known as Angelica Bottero, was a 17th-century Italian artist and nun. She died 26 July 1676 at 80 years old.

She entered the convent of Sant’Orsola in Casale, then capital of Monferrato, where she was instructed by Sister Francesca Caccia, daughter of the artist Moncalvo, or by Francesca’s sister Orsola Maddalena Caccia. Among her paintings is a representation of Saints Catherine, Agatha, and Apollonia, which is (or was) in the city’s cathedral.

Recently many works signed "C." were attributed to Angiola Guglielma Butteri.

References

People from Casale Monferrato
Italian Baroque painters
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Italian women painters
1676 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Nuns and art


The office of Lord Mayor of Liverpool has existed in one form or another since the foundation of Liverpool as a borough by the Royal Charter of King John in 1207, simply being referred to as the Mayor of Liverpool. The position is now a mostly ceremonial role. The current Lord Mayor of Liverpool is Roy Gladden, who has held the post since May 2022.

History
The most prominent Mayors were the Stanleys of Knowsley, of which Sir Thomas Stanley (son of the 3rd Earl) and the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 16th and 18th Earls of Derby have held this office since ancient times.  The Molyneuxs of Sefton have also held this office on numerous occasions over the centuries: Sir Richard Molyneux, his grandson Sir Richard Molyneux Baronet, the 1st Viscount Molyneux and the 7th Earl of Sefton.

When Liverpool was granted city status in 1880 it was deemed necessary for the "second city of the Empire" to have a Lord Mayor. The city was granted a Lord Mayoralty on 3 August 1893 through letters patent making it the equal third oldest office of this kind in England along with Manchester. and Robert Durning Holt became the first Lord Mayor of Liverpool.

For a substantial period of time the Lord Mayor of Liverpool used the prefix of "The Right Honourable" as did the Lord Mayor of London.  Sir Albert Woods, Garter Principal King of Arms was of the opinion that this honorific should be enabled, due to the importance of Liverpool as a city second only to London.  When Sir Alfred Scott-Gatty succeeded as King of Arms, he expressed the view that his predecessor had made an error.  This changed nothing, however, and the city continued to use the prefix up until a Parliamentary statement in 1927.  From then on the Lord Mayor was styled "The Right Worshipful".

William Wallace Currie was the first "Mayor of Liverpool" under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.

In 1983, the Labour controlled Council replaced the office of Lord Mayor with that of Chairman. The Lord Mayoralty was formally restored in 1990.

The traditional office of the Lord Mayor of Liverpool differs from that of the new directly elected Mayor of Liverpool, an executive position created in 2012 when the functions of the former Lord Mayor were divided. The Lord Mayor's role is now primarily ceremonial in order to represent the city at civic functions and engagements, promote the city nationally and internationally and support local charities and community groups.

Mayors of the Borough of Liverpool (1207–1684)

 1207–91 Unknown
 1292 John De More
 1293 John De More
 1294–1308 Unknown
 1309 John De More
 1337 Roger De More
 1338 Adam of Liverpool
 1339 Roger De More
 1340 Adam of Liverpool
 1341 Roger De More
 1342 Adam of Liverpool
 1343 Roger De More
 1344 Adam of Liverpool
 1345 Roger De More
 1346 Adam of Liverpool
 1347 Roger De More
 1348 Adam of Liverpool
 1349 Roger De More
 1350 Adam of Liverpool
 1351 William, Son of Adam
 1352 Unknown
 1353 William De Grenof
 1356 William, Son of Adam
 1358 William, Son of Adam
 1361 William, Son of Adam
 1369 William, Son of Adam
 1373 John de Hull
 1375–77 Richard de Aynesargh
 1379 William, Son of Adam de Liverpool
 1382 Richard de Aynesargh
 1382–88 Thomas de La More
 1396–97 Thomas de La More
 1401 Robert De Derby
 1416 Henry De Moysok
 1425 Thurston De Holcroft
 1428 John De Fasakerly
 1448 William Gaythirde
 1454William Gaythirde
 1462 Gilbert Mercer
 1474 John Davinport
 1476 John Crosse
 1477–1539 Unknown
 1540–41 Thomas Hughton
 1541–42 Sir Richard Molyneux (Grandfather of the 1st Baronet)
 1542–50 Unknown
 1550–51 Ralph Sekerton
 1551–52 Thomas More
 1552–53 Ralph Balie
 1553–54 Roger Walker
 1554–55 Sir William Norres
 1555–56 Thomas More
 1556–57 John More
 1557–58 Thomas More
 1558–59 Robert Corbet
 1559–60 Alexander Garret
 1560–61 Ralph Sekerton
 1561–62 Robert Corbet
 1562–63 Alexander Garret
 1563–64 Robert Corbet
 1564–65 Alexander Garret
 1565–66 John Crosse
 1566–67 Robert Corbet
 1567–68 William Secum
 1568–69 Sir Thomas Stanley K.G. (son of the 3rd Earl)
 1569–70 Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby (then Lord Strange)
 1570–71 Ralph Burscough
 1571–72 Thomas Bavard
 1572–73 John Crosse
 1573–74 Robert Corbet
 1574–75 John Mainwaring
 1575–76 William Secum
 1576–77 Thomas Bavard
 1577–78 Sir Thomas Hesketh
 1578–79 William More
 1579–80 Edward Halsall
 1580–81 Robert More
 1581–82 John Crosse
 1582–83 William Secum
 1583–84 Ralph Burscough
 1584–85 Thomas Bavard
 1585–86 Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (then Lord Strange)
 1586–87 Edward Halsall
 1587–88 William More
 1588–89 Sir Richard Molyneux Bt
 1589–90 Thomas Whicksted
 1590–91 John Bird
 1591–92 Robert More
 1592–93 Giles Brook
 1593–94 Robert Berry
 1594–95 John Bird
 1595–96 Robert More
 1596–97 William More
 1597–98 Richard Hodgeson
 1598–99 William Dixon
 1599–1600 Robert More
 1600–01 John Bird
 1601–02 Giles Brooks
 1602–03 Ralph Secum
 1603–04 William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby
 1604–05 Edward Moore
 1605–06 Edmund Rose
 1606–07 William Banaster
 1607–08 Robert Moore
 1608–09 Ralph Secum
 1609–10 Richard Rose
 1610–11 Thomas Hockenhull
 1611–12 Edward Moore
 1612–13 Henry Stanley
 1613–14 Peter Ulster Alias Darbie
 1614–15 Richard Mellinge
 1615–16 Sir Cuthbert Halsall
 1616–17 Robert Moore
 1617–18 Edmund Rose
 1618–19 Sir Richard Molyneux, 1st Viscount Molyneux
 1619–20 Ralph Seacome
 1620–21 Edward Moore
 1621–22 Oliver Fairhurst
 1622–23 John Walker
 1623–24 John Williamson
 1624–25 Richard Rose
 1625–26 James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby K.G. (then Lord Strange)
 1626–27 Edward Moore
 1627–28 Ralph Seacome
 1628–29 John Walker
 1629–30 Robert Williamson
 1630–31 John Williamson
 1631–32 Ralph Sandiford
 1632–33 John Walker
 1633–34 John Moore
 1634–35 Robert Williamson
 1635–36 Thomas Bickesteth
 1636–37 William Dwarihouse
 1637–38 Thomas Eccleston
 1638–39 John Williamson
 1639–40 Thomas Stanley
 1640–41 William Ireland
 1641–42 John Walker
 1642–43 Thomas Bickesteth
 1643–44 James Williamson
 1644–45 John Holcroft
 1645–46 Thomas Bickesteth
 1646–47 Richard Tarleton
 1647–48 Thomas Tarleton
 1648–49 William Williamson
 1649–50 Thomas Hodgeson
 1650–51 James Williamson
 1651–52 Thomas Williamson
 1652–53 Ralph Massam
 1653–54 Edward Williamson
 1654–55 Robert Cornell
 1655–56 Thomas Ayndoe
 1656–57 Gilbert Formy
 1657–58 John Holcroft
 1658–59 Richard Peicival
 1659–60 James Williamson
 1660–61 Alexander Greene
 1661–62 Henry Corles
 1662–63 William Stanley
 1663–64 Peter Lurting
 1664–65 John Sturzaker
 1665–66 Michael Tarleton
 1666–67 Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby
 1667–68 Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers
 1668–69 William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby (then Lord Strange)
 1669–70 Thomas Bickesteth
 1670–71 Thomas Johnson
 1671–72 Lawrence Brownlowe
 1672–73 Silvester Richmond
 1673–74 James Jerrom
 1674–75 Sir Gilbert Ireland
 1675 Thomas Bickesteth
 1675–76 Thomas Chapman
 1676–77 Robert Williamson
 1677–78 William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby
 1678–79 John Chorley
 1679–80 William Williamson
 1680–81 Thomas Clayton
 1681–82 Richard Windall
 1682–83 Capt.Edward Tarleton
 1683–84 Robert Seacome

Mayors of the Borough of Liverpool (1684–1880)

 1684–85 Sir Richard Atherton
 1685–86 Oliver Lyme
 1686–87 Peter Bold
 1687–88 James Prescott
 1688–89 Thomas Tyrer
 1689–90 William Clayton
 1690–91 Thomas Brookbancke
 1691–92 Richard Houghton
 1692–93 Joshua Fisher
 1693–94 Jasper Maudit
 1694–95 Alexander Norres
 1695 Thomas Johnson Snr.
 1695–96 Thomas Johnson Jnr.
 1696–97 William Preeson
 1697–98 James Benn
 1698–99 Thomas Sweeting
 1699–1700 Cuthbert Sharples
 1700–01 Richard Norris
 1701–02 Thomas Bickesteth
 1702–03 John Cockshuttle
 1703–04 John Clievland
 1704–05 William Hurst
 1705–06 William Webster
 1706–07 Sylvester Moorcroft
 1707–08 James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby
 1708–09 John Seacome
 1709–10 John Earle
 1710–11 George Tyrer
 1711–12 James Townsend
 1712–13 Edward Tarleton
 1713–14 Thomas Coore
 1714–15 Richard Gildart
 1715–16 William Squire
 1716–17 Foster Cunliffe
 1717–18 Richard Kelsall
 1718–19 Josia Poole
 1719–20 Thomas Fillingham
 1720–21 Henry Taylor
 1721–22 Bryan Blundell
 1722–23 Edward Ratchdale
 1723–24 John Scarbrick
 1724–25 John Goodwin
 1725–26 William Marsden
 1726–27 Sir Thomas Bootle
 1727 George Tyrer
 1727–28 John Huges
 1728–29 Bryan Blundell
 1729–30 Foster Cunliffe
 1730–31 George Tyrer
 1731–32 Richard Gildart
 1732–33 Thomas Brereton
 1733–34 William Pole
 1734–35 James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby
 1735–36 Foster Cunliffe
 1736–37 George Tyrer
 1737–38 George Norton
 1738–39 Robert Armitage
 1739–40 Thomas Steers
 1740–41 Henry Trafford
 1741 Peter Rainford
 1741–42 William Carr
 1742–43 Edward Trafford
 1743–44 John Brookes
 1744–45 Owen Pritchard
 1745–46 James Blomfield
 1746–47 Joseph Bird
 1747–48 Thomas Shaw
 1748–49 Joseph Clegg
 1749–50 Joseph Davies
 1750–51 James Gildart
 1751–52 Edmund Rigby
 1752–53 Henry Winstanley
 1753–54 James Crosbie
 1754–55 Charles Goore
 1755–56 Spencer Steers
 1756–57 Richard Hughes
 1757–58 William Goodwin
 1758–59 Robert Cunliffe
 1759–60 Lawrence Spencer
 1760–61 John Blackburne, the Younger
 1761–62 John Williamson
 1762–63 William Gregson
 1763–64 George Campbell
 1764–65 John Tarleton
 1765–66 John Crosbie
 1766–67 Thomas Johnson
 1767–68 William Pownall
 1768 Charles Goore
 1768–69 Matthew Stron
 1769–70 Ralph Earle
 1770–71 John Sparling
 1771–72 Thomas Wilson
 1772–73 Thomas Golightly
 1773–74 John Parr
 1774–75 Peter Rigby
 1775–76 James Clemens
 1776–77 William Crobie
 1777–78 Thomas Birch
 1778–79 William Pole
 1779–80 William Crobie, the Younger
 1780–81 Richard Gerard
 1781–82 George Case
 1782–83 John Brown
 1783–84 William Hesketh
 1784–85 John Gregson
 1785–86 Charles Pole
 1786–87 James Gildart, the Younger
 1787–88 Thomas Earle
 1788–89 James Blackburne, the Younger
 1789–90 Thomas Smyth
 1790–91 John Sparling
 1791–92 Henry Blundell
 1792–93 Clayton Tarleton
 1793–94 Henry Blundell
 1794–95 John Shaw
 1795–96 Peter Baker
 1796–97 George Dunbar
 1797–98 Thomas Staniforth
 1798–99 Thomas Leyland
 1799–1800 Pudsey Dawson
 1800–01 John Shaw
 1801–02 Peter Whitfield Brancker
 1802–03 Jonas Bold
 1803–04 William Harper
 1804 John Bridge Aspinall
 1804–05 William Harper
 1805–06 Henry Clay
 1806–07 Thomas Molyneux
 1807–08 Henry Blundell Hollinshead
 1808–09 James Gerard
 1809–10 John Clark
 1810–11 James Drinkwater
 1811–12 John Bourne
 1812–13 Samuel Staniforth
 1813–14 William Nicholson
 1814–15 Thomas Leyland
 1815–16 Sir William Barton
 1816–17 John Wright
 1817–18 Thomas Case
 1818–19 Jonathan Blundell Hollinshead
 1819–20 Sir John Tobin
 1820–21 Thomas Leyland
 1821–22 Richard Bullin
 1822–23 William Molyneux
 1823–24 Charles Lawrence
 1824–25 Jonathan Blundell Hollinshead
 1825–26 Peter Bourne
 1826–27 Thomas Littledale
 1827–28 Thomas Colley Porter
 1828–29 Nicholas Robinson
 1829–30 Sir George Drinkwater
 1830–31 Sir Thomas Brancker
 1831–32 Samuel Sandbach
 1832–33 Charles Horsfall
 1833–34 John Wright
 1834–35 James Aspinall
 1835–36 William Wallace Currie, Esq.
 1836–37 William Earle Jr., Esq.
 1837–38 William Rathbone V
 1838–39 Hugh Hornby
 1839–40 Sir Joshua Walmsley
 1840–41 Thomas Bolton
 1841–42 John S. Leigh
 1842–43 Robertson Gladstone
 1843–44 Thomas Sands
 1844–45 James Lawrence
 1845–46 David Hodgson
 1846–47 George Hall Lawrence
 1847–48 Thomas Berry Horsfall
 1848–49 John Bramley-Moore
 1849–50 John Holmes
 1850–51 Sir John Bent
 1851–52 Thomas Littledale
 1852–53 Samuel Holme
 1853–54 John Buck Lloyd
 1854–55 James Aspinall Tobin
 1855–56 John Stewart
 1856–57 Francis Shand
 1857–58 James Holme
 1858–59 William Preston
 1859–60 Thomas Darnley Anderson
 1860–61 Samuel Robert Graves
 1861–62 Robert Hutchinson.
 1862–63 Richard Cardwell Gardner
 1863–64 Charles Mozley
 1864–65 Edward Lawrence
 1865–66 John Farnworth
 1866–67 John Grant Morris
 1867–68 Edward Whitley
 1868–69 Thomas Dover
 1869–70 Joseph Hubback
 1870–71 Joseph Gibbons Livingston
 1871–72 John Pearson
 1872–73 Edward Samuelson
 1873–74 Sir Andrew Barclay Walker Bt.
 1874–75 Lieut. Col. Richard Fell Steble
 1875–76 Peter Thompson, Esq. (died 13 May 1876)
 1876 Lieut. Col. Richard Fell Steble (died 22 May 1876)
 1876–77 Sir Andrew Barclay Walker Bt.
 1877–78 Sir Arthur Forwood, 1st Baronet
 1878–79 Sir Thomas Bland Royden, 1st Baronet
 1879–80 Bernard Hall

Mayors of the City of Liverpool (1880–1892)

1879–80 Bernard Hall
1880–81 Sir William Bower Forwood
1881–82 John Hughes
1882–83 William Radcliffe
1883–84 Thomas Holder
1884–85 Sir David Radcliffe.
1885–86 Sir David Radcliffe
1886–87 Sir James Poole
1887–88 Thomas William Oakshott
1888–89 Edward Hatton Cookson
1889–90 Thomas Hughes.
1890–91 Joseph Bond Morgan.
1891–92 James de Bels Adam.
1892–93 Robert Durning Holt

Lord Mayors of the City of Liverpool (1892–present)

1893 Robert Durning Holt
1893–94 Sir William Bowring, 1st Baronet
1894–95 William Henry Watts
1895–96 Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby
1896–97 Thomas Hughes
1897–98 John Houlding
1898–99 William Oulton
1899–1900 Louis Samuel Cohen
1900–01 Arthur Crossthwaite
1901–02 Sir Charles Petrie, 1st Baronet
1902–03 Sir William Rutherford, 1st Baronet (resigned Jan 1903)
1903 Sir William Bower Forwood (Jan–Feb 1903)
1903 Sir William Rutherford, 1st Baronet (re-elected Feb 1903)
1903–04 Sir Robert Alfred Hampson
1904–05 John Lea
1905–06 Joseph Ball
1906–07 John Japp
1907–08 Richard Caton, M.D.
1908–09 Harold Chaloner Dowdall
1909–10 William Humphrey Williams
1910–11 Samuel Mason Hutchinson
1911–12 Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby
1912–13 Sir John Harmood-Banner, 1st Baronet
1913–14 Herbert Henry Rathbone
1914–15 John Edward Rayner
1915–16 Arthur Stanley Mather
1916–17 Sir Max Muspratt, 1st Baronet
1917–18 Sir John Utting
1918–19 John Ritchie
1919–20 Burton William Eills
1920–21 Edward Russell Taylor
1921–22 Charles Henry Rutherford
1922–23 Frank Campbell Wilson
1923–24 Sir Arnold Rushton
1924–25 Thomas Dowd
1925–26 Sir Frederick Charles Bowring
1926–27 Sir Frederick Charles Bowring
1927–28 Margaret Beavan
1928–29 Henry Morley Miller
1929–30 Lawrence Durning Holt
1930–31 Edwin Thompson.
1931–32 James Conrad Cross
1932–33 Alfred Gates
1933–34 George Alfred Strong
1934–35 Frederick Thomas Richardson
1935–36 Robert John Hall
1936–37 William Denton
1937–38 Michael Cory Dixon
1938–39 Sir Sydney Jones
1939–40 Sir Sydney Jones
1940–41 Sir Sydney Jones
1941–42 Sir Sydney Jones
1942–43 Robert Duncan French
1943–44 Austin Harford
1944–45 Hugh Molyneux, 7th Earl of Sefton
1945–46 Luke Hogan
1946–47 William Gainsborough Gregson
Nov.1947 – May 1949 Walter Thomas Lancashire
1949–50 Sir Joseph Jackson Cleary
1950–51  Revd. Harry Dixon Longbottom
1951–52 Vere Egerton Cotton
1952–53 Albert Morrow
1953–54 William John Tristram
1954–55 Alexander Griffin
1955–56 Reginald Richard Bailey
1956–57 John Sheehan
1957–58 Frank Hamilton Cain
1958–59 Sir Harry Livermore
1959–60 Herbert Neville Bewley
1960–61 John Leslie Hughes
1961–62 Peter McKernan
1962–63 David John Lewis
1963–64 John Mcmillan
1964–65 Louis Caplan
1965–66 David Cowley
1966–67 Herbert Mylrea Allen
1967–68 Ethel May Wormald
1968–69 James Edward Thompson
1969–70 Stephen Minion
1970–71 Ian Isadore Levin
1971–72 Charles Cowlin
1972–73 Robert Meadows
1973–74 Francis Burke
1974–75 Joseph Robert Wilmington.
1975–76 Owen Joseph Doyle
1976–77 Raymond Frederick Craine
1977–78 Paul Orr
1978–79 Ruth Dean
1979–80 Doreen Jones
1980–81 James Stanislaus Ross
1981 Cyril Eric Carr
1981–82 James Stanislaus Ross
1982–83 Stanley Airey
1983–84 Hugh Dalton - Chairman
1984–85 Hugh Dalton - Chairman
1985–86 Hugh Dalton - Chairman
1986–87 Hugh Dalton - Chairman
1987 Lady Doreen Jones - 17 March – 19 May
1987–88 Thomas McManus - Chairman
1988–89 Dorothy May Gavin - Chairman
1989–90 Dorothy May Gavin - Chairman
1990–91 Dorothy May Gavin
1991–92 Trevor Smith
1992–93 Rosemary Cooper
1993–94 Michael Black
1994–95 Roger Johnston
1995–96 Michael Black
1996–97 Frank Doran
1997–98 Margaret Clarke
1998–99 Herbert E. Herrity
1999–2000 Joseph A. Devaney.
2000–01 Edwin M. Clein.
2001–02 Gerard P. Scott
2002–03 Jack Spriggs
2003–04 Ron Gould
2004–05 Frank Roderick
2005–06 Alan Dean
2006–07 Joan Lang
2007–08 Paul Clark
2008–09 Steve Rotheram
2009–10 Mike Storey
2010–11 Hazel Williams
2011–12 Frank Prendergast
2012–13 Sharon Sullivan
2013–14 Gary Millar
2014–2015 Erica Kemp
2015–2016 Tony Concepcion
2016–2017 Roz Gladden
2017–2018 Malcolm Kennedy
2018–2019 Christine Banks
2019 Peter Brennan (resigned)
2019–2020 Anna Rothery
2020–2021 Anna Rothery
2021–2022 Mary Rasmussen
2022–2023 Roy Gladden
2023-Present Mary Rasmussen

References

Liverpool


Ashnola is an Okanagan language word of unknown meaning and which is Acnulox in the modern spelling system of that language.  It may refer to:

the Ashnola River, a river in Washington state and British Columbia
Ashnola Pass, a mountain pass in Washington state
Ashnola Mountain, a mountain in Washington state
Ashnola Indian Reserve No. 10, aka Ashnola 10, an Indian Reserve under the administration of the Lower Similkameen Indian Band in British Columbia
Ashnola, British Columbia, a locality and former railway point at the confluence of the Ashnola and Similkameen Rivers


Liza with a "Z" is a 1972 concert film made for television, starring Liza Minnelli, produced by Fred Ebb and Bob Fosse. Fosse also directed and choreographed the concert, and Ebb wrote and arranged the music with his song-writing partner John Kander. All four had recently completed the successful film adaptation of Cabaret.  According to Minnelli, Liza with a "Z" was "the first filmed concert on television".  Singer sponsored the production, even though producers did their best to prevent the sponsors from seeing rehearsals, fearing they would back out due to Minnelli's short skirts.

Filmed on May 31 at the Lyceum Theatre in New York, after only eight weeks of rehearsals, the concert was shot with eight 16mm film cameras at the insistence of Fosse, in contrast to other television specials of the time which were all shot on videotape.

Throughout the concert Minnelli sings and dances to a variety of popular songs, highlights from Cabaret, and material specifically written for her by Kander and Ebb—most notably the title song. Minnelli is often accompanied on stage by dancers, backup singers, and musicians. Costumes were designed by Halston, who was also a friend of Minnelli's.  Marvin Hamlisch was selected by Kander and Ebb to be music coordinator.

First broadcast by NBC on September 10, 1972, it went on to win four Emmys and a Peabody Award.  Kay Gardella of the New York Daily News reviewed the film as being "sensational with an S." After the initial broadcast, NBC re-ran the concert only twice more and did not screen it again after 1973. The film was not seen for over thirty years and was thought lost until 1999, when Michael Arick discovered that Minnelli owned the copyright and the two set about restoring the negatives.

Musical numbers

 "Yes"
 "God Bless the Child"
 "Say Liza (Liza with a "Z")"
 "It Was a Good Time"
 "I Gotcha"
 "Son of a Preacher Man"
 "Ring Them Bells"
 "Bye Bye Blackbird"
 "You've Let Yourself Go"
 "My Mammy"
 Cabaret Medley

Remaster and DVD release
After the initial broadcasts in 1972 and 1973, the negatives were stored in the vaults of NBC, only occasionally being brought out for Minnelli's own personal use. In the 1980s, the original negatives were lost and feared destroyed. Michael Arick and Minnelli eventually tracked down the original negatives in 1999 in Los Angeles and New York.  In 2005, Minnelli revealed to Craig Zadan and Neil Meron, producers and friends of hers, that she owned the rights to the film and that she had been restoring it with Arick. They introduced her to Robert Greenblatt, President of Entertainment for Showtime, who agreed to finance the restoration, broadcast the film, and release the DVD.

The re-mastered film was accepted into both the Toronto International Film Festival and the Hamptons Film Festival and premiered September 9, 2005, at the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres in Toronto. Showtime broadcast the restored film on April 1, 2006.

As well as a restored picture, the DVD also offers the option of 5.1 surround sound audio. This was made possible due to a new mix being created from reels of sound recordings Minnelli had personally archived after the original production in 1972. The DVD also includes a commentary track recorded by Minnelli, a performance of "Mein Herr" cut from the original film, an interview with Kander recorded by Minnelli, a recording of Minnelli and the restoration producers discussing the film at the Toronto Film Festival, and a separate performance by Minnelli at the GLAAD Awards in 2005.

Awards and honors

Soundtrack

The original film soundtrack was recorded to 1/4" tape, and mixed down into a mono track for the 16mm film.  An LP of the soundtrack was released in 1972 and followed in the success of the film by becoming a best seller and being certified gold. In total it spent twenty-three weeks in the Top 40 charts, and has never been out of print. By May 1973, the album had sold 30,000 copies in the UK, selling 1,000 copies a day.

A CD of the stereo soundtrack was simultaneously released alongside the film's 2006 DVD release.

Track listing
The following is the track listing from the 2006 reissue. There are two differences between the 1972 original and the reissue — the first is that "Son of a Preacher Man" and "Ring Them Bells" were placed in the correct performance order for the reissue. The original release had the two songs in reverse order. The second difference is that the original had a twelfth track, entitled "Bows". For the reissue, this track was mixed into the end of the previous track.

 "Yes" (Kander and Ebb) — 3:15
 "God Bless the Child" (Herzog, Holiday) — 3:07
 "Say Liza (Liza with a "Z")" (Kander and Ebb) — 3:06
 "It Was a Good Time" (Curb, David, Jarre) — 4:58
 "I Gotcha" (Tex) — 3:44
 "Son of a Preacher Man" (Hurley, Wilkins) — 3:25
 "Ring Them Bells" (Kander and Ebb) — 5:41
 "Bye Bye Blackbird" (Dixon, Henderson) — 3:57
 "You've Let Yourself Go" (Aznavour) — 3:56
 "My Mammy" (Donaldson, Lewis, Young) — 3:03
 "Cabaret Medley" (Kander and Ebb) — 10:21 (9:52, 1972 version)
 "Bows" (Gershwin, Gershwin, Kahn) — 0:30 (1972 version only)

Charts

Certifications and sales

See also
 List of American films of 1972

References

External links

1972 films
Emmy Award-winning programs
Peabody Award-winning broadcasts
Films directed by Bob Fosse
American musical films
Concert films
Liza Minnelli soundtracks
Music television specials
NBC television specials
Films shot in New York City
1970s English-language films
1970s American films


B
Sam Babcock,
Don Batchelor,
Arda Bowser,
Ray Brenner,
Howard "Cub" Buck,
Bob Butler,
Sol Butler

C
Pete Calac,
Bird Carroll,
Guy Chamberlin,
John Comer,
Rudy Comstock,
Larry Conover,
Art Corcoran,
Frank Culver,

D
Harrie Dadmun,
Bill Dagenhard,
Henry Dagenhard,
Art Deibel,
Francis Dunn,

E
Cap Edwards,
Doc Elliott

F
Guil Falcon,
Al Feeney,
Willie Flattery,
Wilmer Fleming

G
Bill Gardner,
Bill Garlow,
Milt Ghee,
Johnny Gilroy,
Tom Gormley,
Larry Green,
Percy W. Griffiths,
Cecil Grigg,
Albert Guarnieri,
Joe Guyon

H
Doc Haggerty,
Don Hamilton,
Russ Hathaway,
Harry Hazlett,
Johnny Hendren,
Dutch Hendrian,
Pete Henry,
Bob Higgins,
Paul Hogan

J
Ben Jones,
Carp Julian
Art Jackson

K
John Kellison,
Herb Kempton,
Jim Kendrick,
Glenn Killinger,
Rip Kyle

L
Jim Laird,
Joe Little Twig,
Bull Lowe,
William R. Lyman

M
Al Maginnes,
Cliff Marker,
Ike Martin,
Ray McGregor,
Johnny McQuade,
Wade McRoberts,
Ralph Meadow,
Lou Merillat,
Candy Miller,
Jim Morrow,
Vern Mullen,
William Murrah

N
Greasy Neale,
John Nichols

O
Roscoe Oberlin,
Dan O'Connor,
Duke Osborn,
Steve Owen

R
Ruel Redinger,
Harry Robb,
Stan Robb,
Guy Roberts,
Wooky Roberts,
Ben Roderick,
George Roudebush

S
Jack Sack,
Norb Sacksteder,
Eddie Sauer,
Dick Schuster,
Frank Seeds,
Fred Sefton,
Ben Shaw,
Ed Shaw,
Fritz Slackford,
Smoke Smalley,
Charlie Smith,
Marv Smith,
Lou Smyth,
Russ Smith,
Ernie Soucy,
Doc Spears,
Dutch Speck,
Red Steele,
Russ Stein,
Pat Steiner,
Paul Steinberg,
Dutch Strasser

T
Tarzan Taylor,
Duckey Terrett,
Jim Thorpe,
Harry Turner

V
Dick Van Alman,
Eddie Van Alman,
Norm Van Alman,
Dick Vick

W
Hube Wagner,
Ralph Waldsmith,
Blondy Wallace,
Dutch Wallace,
Charley Way,
Gus Welch,
Belford West,
Tom Whelan,
Sam Willaman,
Ink Williams,
Joe Williams

Y
Swede Youngstrom

Z
Harold Zerbe,
Giff Zimmerman

References

External links

Can


Time Bomb is a 1953 British film noir thriller film directed by Ted Tetzlaff and starring Glenn Ford, Anne Vernon and Maurice Denham. It was produced by MGM at the company's Elstree Studios with sets designed by the art director Alfred Junge. In the United States it was released under the title Terror on a Train.

Plot
In Birmingham Railway Police Constable Charles Baron (John Horsley) is involved in a confrontation with a man believed to be a local vagrant. The man gets away, but he has left a suitcase full of detonators and bomb-making components at the railway yard. The police realise that he was attempting to sabotage a trainload of sea mines destined for the Royal Navy Yard at Portsmouth. The train is stopped and the police evacuate local residents.

The Railway Police security chief Jim Warrilow (Maurice Denham) visits Major Peter Lyncort (Glenn Ford), who was engaged in bomb disposal with the Royal Canadian Engineers during the Second World War, but is now living in Birmingham. He agrees to help. His French wife, Janine (Anne Vernon), is not present, having left him after a row.

Lyncort, assisted by Warilow, opens the sea mines on the train one by one, finds an explosive charge and disarms it.

Meanwhile Constable Baron drives to the railway station in Portsmouth, recognises the suspect (Victor Maddern) and arrests him. They return to Birmingham by Royal Navy helicopter. Lyncort tells the man that the bomb has been disarmed, but the man reveals that there is a second bomb and that it is due to go off at any moment. It has a chemical fuse whose timing may be somewhat inaccurate.

Janine, unaware of all this, fears that Lyncort has been in an accident and telephones local hospitals. She arrives at the station just as her husband finds the second bomb.  He throws it away and it explodes harmlessly. They walk away, holding each other close.

Cast

 Glenn Ford as Major Peter Lyncort
 Anne Vernon as Janine Lyncort
 Maurice Denham as Jim Warilow
 Harcourt Williams as Vicar
 Victor Maddern as Saboteur
 Harold Warrender as Sir Evelyn Jordan
 John Horsley as Constable Charles Baron
 Campbell Singer as Inspector Brannon
 Bill Fraser as Constable J. Reed
 Herbert C. Walton as Old Charlie
 Martin Wyldeck as Sergeant Collins
 Arthur Hambling as Train Driver
 Harry Locke as Train Fireman
 Frank Atkinson as Guard
 Ernest Butcher as Martindale
 Peter Illing as 	Carlo
 Jack McNaughton as Briggs
 Robert Rietty as 	Mr. Hancock
 Amy Dalby as Sarah - Charlie's Wife
 Jean Anderson as Matron
 Hilda Fenemore as 	Jimmy's Mother
 Leslie Phillips as Police Sergeant
 Charlotte Mitchell as 	Buffet Waitress
 Jack May as Pub Patron
 Ada Reeve as Old Lady
 Jack MacGowran as Bearded Man in Hostel
 Keith Pyott as 	Train District Superintendent
 Edward Evans as Policeman at Station
 Arthur Mullard as 	Policeman Evacuating Pub
 Laurence Naismith as 	Ambulance Man
 Russell Waters as 	Ticket Collector
 Sam Kydd as Ticket Inspector

Reception
According to MGM records the film earned $346,000 in the US and Canada and $400,000 elsewhere, resulting in a loss of $517,000.

In their survey of British B movies, Steve Chibnall and Brian McFarlane describe Time Bomb as "a slickly made suspense thriller with a twist in the tail" that "pointed the direction for British second features over the next decade": "Its compact story, clear narrative trajectory, convincing location work and engaging central performance augmented with entertaining character studies, all provided a template for smaller British production outfits looking to give their films some international appeal."

References

External links

 Time Bomb at the British Film Institute

1953 films
1950s thriller films
British black-and-white films
British thriller films
Rail transport films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films set in Birmingham, West Midlands
Films shot at MGM-British Studios
Films scored by John Addison
1950s English-language films
1950s British films


Triumph is a gospel album by singer Philip Bailey, released in 1986 by Word Records. The album reached No. 18 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart and No. 33 on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart. Triumph also won a Grammy in the category of Best Male Gospel Performance.

Track listing
 "All Soldiers" (Keithen Carter, Patrick Leonard) – 4:47
 "Thank You" (Bobby Nunn) – 3:40
 "The Love of God" (Oliver W. Wells) – 3:12
 "Marvelous" (George Duke, Philip Bailey) – 4:27
 "The Same Way (You've Always Been)" (Lionel Butts) – 4:32
 "The Other Side" (Keithen Carter, Patrick Leonard) – 4:45
 "Bring It To Jesus" (Bob Bailey, Dheric Lee, Raymond Brown) – 5:38
 "Triumph" (Jerry Peters) – 4:55
 "Come Before His Presence" (Margaurite Ingram) – 4:31

Credits

Musicians
 Philip Bailey – lead vocals, vocal arrangements, percussion (1, 3, 5–9)
 Robbie Buchanan – keyboards (1–3, 5–9), instruments (9), arrangements (9)
 Greg Phillinganes – keyboards (1–3, 5–9)
 Bobby Nunn – keyboards (2)
 George Duke – all instruments (4), arrangements (4)
 Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars (1–3, 5–9)
 Kevin Chokan – guitars (2)
 David Williams – guitars (3, 5, 8)
 Jerry Peters – guitars (3, 5, 7, 8)
 "Ready" Freddie Washington – bass (1, 3, 5)
 Byron Miller – bass (5–7)
 Paulinho da Costa – percussion (1, 3, 5–9)
 Andrew Woolfolk – horns (7)
 Carl Carwell – backing vocals
 Lynn Davis – backing vocals
 Winston Ford – backing vocals
 Kathy Hazzard – backing vocals
 Josie James – backing vocals

Production
 Producers – Philip Bailey (all tracks); George Duke (track 4); Jerry Peters (track 8)
 Engineers – Ed Cherney (tracks 1, 3, 5–9); Phil Walters (track 2); Erik Zobler (track 4)
 Recorded at The Complex Studios (Los Angeles, CA), Cherokee Studios (Hollywood, California), LeGonksWest (West Hollywood, California) and Buckman Studios (Los Angeles, California).
 Art direction – Chuck Beeson
 Photography – Bonnie Schiffman
 Graphic design – Donald Krieger

Charts

References

1986 albums
Philip Bailey albums
Word Records albums
Albums produced by Philip Bailey


Haaken Hasberg Gran (17 April 1870 – 2 June 1955) was a Norwegian botanist.

Personal life
Gran was born in Tønsberg as the son of naval captain August Kriegsmann Gran (1844–1895) and his wife Agnes Hasberg (1846–1928). He was the paternal grandson of politician Jens Gran, nephew of businessperson Jens Gran, Jr., first cousin of aviator Tryggve Gran and second cousin of writer Gerhard Gran. He married Margrethe Kristofa Holm (1877–1932) in August 1897.

Career
Gran finished his secondary education at Kristiania Cathedral School in 1888, and graduated from the Royal Frederick University with the cand.real. degree in 1894. In the same year he was hired as a lab assistant at the University Botanical Garden. He originally studied phycology under Nordal Wille, but from 1897 he worked with marine zoology under Johan Hjort, and together with hydrographer Fridtjof Nansen.

Gran especially concentrated on planktology, and took the doctorate in 1902 with the thesis Das Plankton des norwegischen Nordmeeres, following field study in the Norwegian Sea. In the same year he was among the founders of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. He worked as a research fellow at Bergens Museum from 1901 to 1905 and as a professor of botany and director of the University Botanical Garden in Kristiania from 1905 to 1940. Notable publications include the German-language Diatomeen (1908), Pelagic Plant Life (1912) and A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine (with Trygve Braarud, 1935). The two former were used as reference works in education for several decades.

He was a member of Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. He was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal in 1938, and was a Knight of the Danish Order of the Dannebrog, the Swedish Order of the Polar Star and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie.

Gran was also a choir singer, a keen horticulturalist (chairman of the Norwegian Horticulture Society from 1908 to 1938), vice chairman of the Norwegian-British Friendship Society from 1921 to 1929 and a member of the Oxford Group. He died in 1955 in Oslo.

References

External links

1870 births
1955 deaths
19th-century Norwegian botanists
Norwegian phycologists
Norwegian planktologists
University of Oslo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
Knights of the Order of the Polar Star
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
People from Tønsberg
20th-century Norwegian botanists


Mareotis Fossae is a group of fossae (troughs) in the Arcadia quadrangle of Mars, located at 44° north latitude and 75.3° west longitude.  It is about 1,860 km long and was named after an albedo feature at 32N, 96W.

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Arcadia quadrangle


Teseq AG, formerly Schaffner Test Systems is a supplier of Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test equipment and test systems.  They develop and manufacture instruments for EMC emissions and immunity testing both for radiated and conducted emissions and immunity. Teseq operates ISO 17025 accredited calibration laboratories with EMC specialization.

Teseq was twice nominated for Best in Test by Test & Measurement World Magazine and has been awarded A2LA certification.

Teseq, formerly Schaffner Test Systems was the first company to recognize the threat of EMC emissions and interference and begin offering EMC instruments.

History of Teseq AG
1962: Schaffner Switzerland established by Dr. Hans Schaffner
1971: First EMC test instrument launched
1981: First electrostatic discharge (ESD) generator released
1975–1990: Expansion to France, US, Singapore, Japan and China
1998: Acquisition of Chase EMC Ltd., Capel, UK
1999: Acquisition of MEB Messelektronik Berlin GmbH
2006: Management buy-out and establishment of the new Teseq company as an AG (Aktiengesellschaft)
2012: Acquisition of MILMEGA and IFI
Source

References

Engineering companies of Switzerland
companies based in the canton of Solothurn
Research support companies
Swiss brands


Sharptown may refer to:

Sharptown, Indiana
Sharptown, Maryland


Cambria: A Welsh Geographical Review was a journal published in Wales between 1974 and 1989. Though edited by members of the Geography Departments of Swansea University and Aberystwyth University, the publication was run as an independent business, and production values were basic. Cambria was an annual English-language academic journal containing articles and book reviews on geographical and related topics. It has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

References

External links
 Cambria at Welsh Journals Online

Magazines published in Wales
European studies journals
Geography journals
Academic journals established in 1974
Publications disestablished in 1989
English-language journals
Defunct journals of the United Kingdom
Annual journals
Book review magazines
Works about Wales


Tantalus Fossae is a group of troughs in the Arcadia quadrangle of Mars, located at 50.9° north latitude and 97.5° west longitude.  They are about 2,400 km long and was named after an albedo feature  at 35N, 110W.  Troughs like this one are called fossae on Mars.

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Arcadia quadrangle


Khaled (1943–1968) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse best known as a sire in the United States. Bred and raced in England by the Aga Khan III, Khaled was sired by Hyperion, the 1933 Epsom Derby and St. Leger Stakes winner and a six-time Leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland. Hyperion was a son of 1918 English Triple Crown champion Gainsborough. Khaled was out of the mare Eclair, and his damsire, Ethnarch, was a son of The Tetrarch. The United Kingdom's National Horseracing Museum called The Tetrarch a "phenomenon" and reported that he was voted Britain's two-year-old of his century. In its description of the colt, the National Sporting Library's Thoroughbred Heritage website in the United States uses terminology such as "probably the greatest two-year-old of all time" and that he was "possibly the greatest runner ever."

While Khaled won important races in England, his greatest success was at stud in the United States for Californian Rex Ellsworth. Brought to Ellsworth's farm in Chino, California, in 1947, Khaled raced in 1948 with limited success. After being retired to stud, he produced sixty-one stakes winners, with Swaps being the most successful. He won the 1955 Kentucky Derby, was voted American Horse of the Year in 1956, and in 1966 was inducted into the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame. As a stallion, Swaps notably sired the 1963 Kentucky Derby winner, Chateaugay and Hall of Fame inductee Affectionately.

Some of the horses sired by Khaled were:
 Big Noise (born 1949) - won California Breeders' Champion Stakes, Del Mar Futurity, Berkeley Handicap
 Correspondent (born 1950) - won Blue Grass Stakes, Hollywood Gold Cup
 Swaps (born 1952) - U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee
 Terrang (born 1953) - multiple major stakes winner including the Santa Anita Derby and Santa Anita Handicap
 A Glitter (born 1955) - won Coaching Club American Oaks, Monmouth Oaks, Modesty Handicap
 Linmold (born 1956) - won Santa Anita Handicap, California Breeders' Champion Stakes
 New Policy (born 1957) - won Cinema Handicap, California Breeders' Champion Stakes, San Miguel Stakes, San Bernardino Handicap, San Pasqual Handicap, San Diego Handicap
 Physician (born 1957) - won Santa Anita Handicap, San Antonio Handicap, Pomona Handicap
 Going Abroad (born 1960) - won Hawthorne Gold Cup, set a new North American record in winning the Manhattan Handicap
 Corn Off The Cob (born 1967) - won Arlington Classic

References
 Rex C. Ellsworth and Khaled's story in  Legacies of the Turf  by Edward L. Bowen

External links
 Khaled's pedigree and partial racing stats

Pedigree

1943 racehorse births
1968 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 22-d
Chefs-de-Race


Polygamous unions are legally recognized in the Gambia and have been said to be very prevalent. They are frequently considered by the older generations of Gambian men as an indicator of prosperity.

In 1795, Mungo Park observed that "every man of free condition has a plurality of wives". He noted that it is necessary for each wife to be accommodated in their own hut.

Adama Barrow, the current president of the Gambia, has two wives. His predecessor, Yahya Jammeh, had two wives at one point in time, but divorced his third wife under pressure from his second wife (whom he had married after divorcing his first wife).

References

Polygamy in Africa
Gambia
Society of the Gambia
Women's rights in the Gambia


The Tempe Fossae are a group of troughs in the Arcadia quadrangle of Mars, located at 40.2° north latitude and 71.4° west longitude.  They are about 2,000 km long and were named after an albedo feature at 40N, 70W.

The term "fossae" is used to indicate large troughs when using geographical terminology related to Mars. Troughs, sometimes also called grabens, form when the crust is stretched until it breaks, which forms two breaks with a middle section moving down, leaving steep cliffs along the sides. Sometimes, a line of pits form as materials collapse into a void that forms from the stretching.

See also
 Fossa (geology)
 Geology of Mars
 HiRISE

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Arcadia quadrangle


The Cambrian Law Review is a Welsh academic law journal containing articles on British and international law, book reviews, and obituaries.  It is published by the Committee of the Cambrian Law Review, on behalf of the Department of Law and Criminology, Aberystwyth University.

The journal is being digitised by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

External links
Cambrian Law Review

British law journals
Publications with year of establishment missing
Academic journals established in 1971
Mass media in Wales
Aberystwyth University


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Ohio.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Madison County, Ohio, United States.  The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map.

There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
 Listings in neighboring counties: Champaign, Clark, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Pickaway, Union
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio

References

Madison


In nuclear physics, Ronen's golden rule for cluster radioactivity is that the most favorable parents for heavy ion emission (cluster radioactivity) are those that emit clusters which have atomic mass  which is given by . The atomic number  is even, ,  for  - odd and  for  - even. The daughter nuclei is preferably magic, close to the double magic 208Pb.

References

1. ^Tavares, O.A.P., Roberto, L.A.M. and Medeiros, E.L., "Radioactive decay by the emission of heavy nuclear fragments". Phys. Scr. 76, 376, (2007).

Nuclear physics


Ceredigion is an annual local history journal about the history of the county of Ceredigion, Wales, published by Ceredigion Historical Society.

The society was founded, as Cardiganshire Antiquarian Association, 1911 to promote the understanding of the history and archaeology of the county.  In 2002 it became Ceredigion Historical Society.  The Society started to publish Transactions and Archaeological Record of the Cardiganshire Antiquarian Society in 1913; it ceased in 1938.

In 1951 Ceredigion: Journal of the Cardiganshire Antiquarian Society started.  In 2002 it was renamed Ceredigion: Journal of Ceredigion Historical Society. It contains historical articles and book reviews.  It is mostly in English but there is some Welsh-language content.

It has been digitised by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales.

References

External links
 Ceredigion 1951-2001 at Welsh Journals Online
 Ceredigion 2002-present at Welsh Journals Online
 Ceredigion Historical Society

Annual magazines published in the United Kingdom
History of Ceredigion
History magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1951
Magazines published in Wales
Local interest magazines published in the United Kingdom
Welsh-language magazines


An audio watermark is a unique electronic identifier embedded in an audio signal, typically used to identify ownership of copyright. It is similar to a watermark on a photograph.

Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a signal (e.g. audio, video or pictures) in a way that is difficult to remove. If the signal is copied, then the information is also carried in the copy. Watermarking has become increasingly important to enable copyright protection and ownership verification.

Spread spectrum
One technique for audio watermarking is spread spectrum audio watermarking (SSW). In SSW, a narrow-band signal is transmitted over a much larger bandwidth such that the signal energy presented in any signal frequency is undetectable. Thus the watermark is spread over many frequency bands so that the energy in one band is undetectable. An interesting feature of this watermarking technique is that destroying it requires noise of high amplitude to be added to all frequency bands.

Spreading spectrum is done by a pseudonoise (PN) sequence. In conventional SSW approaches, the receiver must know the PN sequence used at the transmitter as well as the location of the watermark in the watermarked signal for detecting hidden information.

Although PN sequence detection is possible by using heuristic approaches such as evolutionary algorithms, the high computational cost of this task can make it impractical. Much of the computational complexity involved in the use of evolutionary algorithms as an optimization tool is due to the fitness function evaluation that may either be very difficult to define or be computationally very expensive.

One of the recent proposed approaches—in fast recovering the PN sequence- is the use of fitness granulation as a promising "fitness approximation" scheme. With the use of the fitness granulation approach called "Adaptive Fuzzy Fitness Granulation (AFFG)", the expensive fitness evaluation step is replaced by an approximate model. When evolutionary algorithms are used as a means to extract the hidden information, the process is called Evolutionary Hidden Information Detection, whether fitness approximation approaches are used as a tool to accelerate the process or not.

See also
 Acoustic fingerprint
 Activated Content

References

 M. Davarynejad, S. Sedghi, M. Bahrepour, C.W. Ahn, M. Akbarzadeh, C. A. Coello Coello, "Detecting Hidden Information from Watermarked Signal using Granulation Based Fitness Approximation", Applications of Soft Computing: From Theory to Praxis, Springer, Series: Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, Volume 58/2009, , pp. 463–472, 2009.
 M. Davarynejad, C.W. Ahn, J. Vrancken, J. van den Berg, C .A. Coello Coello, "Evolutionary hidden information detection by granulation-based fitness approximation ", Applied Soft Computing, Vol. 10(3), pp. 719–729, 2010, .

Digital audio
Digital watermarking


Beef Or Salmon is a multiple Grade 1 winning National Hunt racehorse. He was trained in Ireland by Michael Hourigan and owned by B J Craig And Dan McLarnon. He was most famous for defeating three Cheltenham Gold Cup winners in Best Mate, Kicking King, and  War of Attrition and also for his defeat of the 2005 Grand National winner, Hedgehunter.

Background
Beef Or Salmon is a chestnut horse bred in Ireland by John Murphy. He is the only horse of any consequence sired by Cajetano, an American-bred colt who had some success as a racehorse in Switzerland. Beef Or Salmon's dam Farinella showed no racing ability, finishing unplaced on her only racecourse appearance. She was descended from The Oaks winner Keystone, making her a distant relative of Display and Ballymoss.

Early career
Beef Or Salmon made his racecourse debut in May 2001 at Fairyhouse, where he finished third in the Goffs Land Rover Bumper. He did not race again till November 2001, where he won a National Hunt flat race at Clonmel, before finishing second at Fairyhouse. Beef Or Salmon went on to run seven more times that season, winning twice.

2002/03 season
He made a winning seasonal reappearance in October at Galway and following that won the Clonmel Oil Chase and the Hilly Way Chase. He followed that up with two wins at the highest level in the Lexus Chase and Irish Hennessy Chase. He then went to the Cheltenham Festival, where he contested the Cheltenham Gold Cup. Beef Or Salmon fell as Best Mate won. He ended the season with victory in April in a Flat race at the Curragh.

2003/04 season
He started the 2003/04 season a beaten odds on favourite as he finished third behind Edredon Bleu in the Clonmel Oil Chase. In his next two starts, he won the John Durkan Memorial Chase and the Hilly Way Chase. December 2003 saw Beef Or Salmon come up against Best Mate again, and Best Mate won with Beef Or Salmon finishing third. His next run saw him cross the shores again, and he finished fourth behind Best Mate in the Cheltenham Gold Cup. He ended the season on a winning note as he took the Punchestown Gold Cup.

2004/05 season
To begin the 2004/05 season, Beef Or Salmon won the JNwine.com Champion Chase. He could only finish third on his next start though, behind Kicking King in the John Durkan Memorial Chase. In his next start, he beat Best Mate in the Lexus Chase. Then he finished second behind Rule Supreme in the Irish Hennessy Chase, before being pulled up in the Cheltenham Gold Cup, which was won by Kicking King.

2005/06 season
Beef Or Salmon started the season with a spin on the Flat and finished ninth in the Irish Cesarewitch in October before he came to Haydock and finished second behind Kingscliff in the Betfair Chase. He then won the Lexus Chase and the Irish Hennessy Chase, beating Hedgehunter by twelve lengths in the latter race. These wins saw Beef Or Salmon start off the 4/1 favourite for the Cheltenham Gold Cup, but he finished 11th behind War Of Attrition. He then unseated his rider, Paul Carberry, in the Totesport Bowl at Aintree before finishing third in a hurdle race at Fairyhouse. In his final race of the season, Beef Or Salmon finished second behind War Of Attrition in the Punchestown Gold Cup.

Final two seasons
His final two seasons saw Beef Or Salmon run in the top races in England and Ireland, and he recorded three wins. He won the JNwine.com Champion Chase again, and also recorded a final victory in the Irish Hennessy Chase, beating The Listener. He was retired after running in the 2008 Punchestown Gold Cup.

Retirement

In retirement Beef Or Salmon joined the living legends at the Irish National Stud. In 2020 the tourist attraction included Beef Or Salmon, Kicking King, Hardy Eustace, Rite of Passage and Hurricane Fly.

Pedigree

References

1996 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 2-u
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in Ireland
National Hunt racehorses


A Security Alert Team (also known as a Security Reaction Team or SRT) is a party of crew members aboard a United States Navy ship detailed to respond in the event of a security breach or threatened attack in port.

These team members are authorized deadly force to negate security threat.

A SAT is typically led by a gunner's mate under the authority of the Weapons officer, and is armed with the M9 or M1911A1 pistol, and 12-ga. shotguns (usually the Mossberg M500/590). Members are most often drawn from Weapons Department personnel who receive extensive firearm training and drills, and are often used on the watch rotation in-port and when moored, as Armed Brow Watches, and anchor chain watch in the foc'sle (i.e. not in port, but moored). They often act and train in tandem with the MARDET, the ships Marine Detachment, if the ship has one. When an alert is sounded (in code that only the team knows), team members scramble to the Ship's Armory to be issued weapons (the M9 or M1911A1 pistol, and 12-ga. shotguns (usually the Mossberg M500/590). They then confront the threat. Response time is critical, so many drills and scenarios are performed to maximize team efficiency.

In most cases, a SAT is supported by a Backup Alert Force which is a team of crew members aboard US Navy ships detailed to provide overwatch and medium-range firepower in the event of a security breach or threatened attack in port, and to boarding and search parties at sea.  A BAF is also typically led by a gunner's mate under the authority of the Weapons officer, and is armed with the M14 semi-automatic rifle in 7.62×51mm NATO caliber.  The main purpose of these two teams is to cover the special weapons holds.  They can only be told to stand down by the captain, executive officer, weapons officer, or the duty officer if the first three are not present. That person must be escorted and have military ID for confirmation of the person to secure the detail.  This detail can also be led by a bosun's mate.  Any unauthorized personnel who do not comply with the team's orders and continue to approach the secured area will cause the team to implement a security lockdown procedure. The approaching person will be placed on the ground at gunpoint until their security clearance is verified.

Naval warfare tactics
United States Navy sailors


The Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art () was a May 1942 forum held at the city of Yan'an in Communist-controlled China and significant event in the Yan'an Rectification Movement. It is most notable for the speeches given by Mao Zedong, later edited and published as Talks at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art () which dealt with the role of literature and art in the country. The two main points were that (1) all art should reflect the life of the working class and consider them as an audience, and (2) that art should serve politics, and specifically the advancement of socialism. The excesses of the latter point during the Cultural Revolution led to current Party policy rejecting that point, but retaining Mao's encouragement of peasant-focused art and literature.

Background
During the Long March (1934-1935), the Communist Party and People's Liberation Army used song, drama, and dance to appeal to the civilian population, but did not have a unified cultural policy. For three years after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the main message of the Communist art organizations, such as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese Drama Society, was to "oppose Japan" (, fǎnrì) or "resist Japan" (, kàngrì). In 1938, the Party established the Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts in Yan'an (Yenan), which was to train people in literature, music, fine arts, and drama.

In 1940, Mao issued a policy statement in his tract, "On New Democracy": "The content of China's new culture at the present stage is... the anti-imperialist anti-feudal new democracy of the popular masses led by the culture and thought of the proletariat". During the Yan'an Rectification Movement (1942-1944), the Party used various methods to consolidate ideological unity among cadres around Maoism (as opposed to Soviet-style Marxism–Leninism). The immediate spur to the Yan'an talks was a request by a concerned writer for Mao Zedong to clarify the ambiguous role of intellectuals in the Communist movement. Thus began a three-week conference at the Lu Xun Academy about the objectives of and methods of creating Communist art.

Content
The "Yan'an Talks" outlined the party's policy on "mass culture" () in China, which was to be "revolutionary culture" (). This revolutionary style of art would portray the lives of peasants and be directed towards them as an audience. Mao scolded artists for neglecting "The cadres, party workers of all types, fighters in the army, workers in the factories and peasants in the villages" as audiences, just because they were illiterate. He was particularly critical of Chinese opera as a courtly art form, rather than one directed towards the masses. However, he encouraged artists to draw from China's artistic legacy as well as international art forms in order to further socialism. Mao also encouraged literary people to transform themselves by living in the countryside, and to study the popular music and folk culture of the areas, incorporating both into their works.

Mao stated that transformations in the social relations of production required development of a new societal consciousness. Mao stated that in addition to reorganizing production, a revolution should create a culture in which the interests and needs of a working culture take priority. In this view, socialist literature should not merely reflect existing culture, but should help culturally produce the consciousness of a new society. Mao articulated five independent although related categories of creative consideration for cultural production: (1) class stand, (2) attitude, (3) audience, (4) work style, and (5) popularization/massification.

Implementing the principles of the Yan'an Talks involved the creation of new literary forms and content tailored to the socialist transformation of China and its culture, an endeavor that was much more complex than applying ideological standards to measure existing artistic forms. As summarized by academic Cai Xiang, the great writers of the period embraced this endeavor, while the practice was essentially inaccessible to hacks.

Legacy
An immediate change in Chinese music that resulted from the Yan'an Talks was the growth in respectability of folk styles. The Talks also provided political legitimacy to traditional Chinese novel forms such as episodic chapters.

Key quotations from Yan'an Talks form the basis of the section on "Culture and Art" in the Maoist text Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong. The Gang of Four's dramatic interpretation of the Yan'an Talks during the Cultural Revolution led to a new Party-sanctioned form of political art, revolutionary opera. Conversely, certain forms of art, such as the works of Beethoven, Respighi, Dvorak, and Chopin, were condemned in Party papers as "bourgeois decadence".

Cai writes that over time, the important principles of the Yan'an Talks became increasingly simplified, ultimately resulting in the dogmatizing of the requirements for literature during the Cultural Revolution, which undermined the radicalism of China's socialist literature. After the death of Mao and the rise of reformist leaders like Deng Xiaoping, who condemned the Cultural Revolution, the Yan'an talks were officially reevaluated. In 1982, the Party declared that Mao's doctrine that "literature and art are subordinate to politics" was an "incorrect formulation", but it reaffirmed his main points about art needing to reflect the reality of the workers and peasantry.

In 2021, General Secretary Xi Jinping quoted the Yan'an Talks during the opening ceremony of the Eleventh National Congress of the Federation of Literature and Art and the Tenth National Congress of the Chinese Writers Association.

See also

 Socialist realism
 Red Detachment of Women

Notes

Further reading

 McDougall, Bonnie. (1980). Mao Zedong's "Talks at the Yan'an Conference on Literature and Art": A Translation of the 1943 Text with Commentary. University of Michigan Press.

Works by Mao Zedong
1942 essays


Acidalia Colles is a group of hills in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle of Mars, located at 50.9° north latitude and 23.1° west longitude. It is about  long and was named after a classical albedo feature name. The term "Colles" is used for small hills or knobs. Gullies have been observed on Acidalia Colles.

References

Mare Acidalium quadrangle
Hills on Mars


The 2009 K3 League, also known as Daum K3 League 2009, was the third season of the amateur K3 League. All clubs played home and away season, and the playoffs were not held in this year. Before the start of the season, Changwon United and Seoul Pabal withdrew from the league, but Cheongju Jikji, Icheon Citizen and Seoul FC Martyrs joined the league.

League table

See also
2009 in South Korean football
2009 Korean FA Cup

References

External links

K3 League (2007–2019) seasons
2009 in South Korean football


Brycheiniog is an annual historical and archaeological academic journal published by the Brecknock Society and Museum Friends, covering Brecknockshire (modern Powys; the old kingdom of Brycheiniog) in Wales.

The journal was established in 1955 and has been well received. Museums Journal wrote of the early editions, "The geological history of Brecknock was written for the first volume," and that became the foundation for the historical and archaeological work that followed. A few years later, Glanmor Williams, editor of the Welsh History Review, published an article that praised "the high academic standards of the journal since it first appeared in 1955" and noted it is "lavishly illustrated with photographs, diagrams, and tables."

The journal has been digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales. It has been noted for its usefulness for genealogists, because regular features "include archaeological reports and information on local museums and record offices."

References

External links

 Brycheiniog at Welsh Journals Online

Welsh history journals
Academic journals established in 1955
Annual journals
Archaeology journals
English-language journals
1955 establishments in Wales


Hugo Hernán Spangenberg (born 22 November 1975) is an Argentine chess grandmaster.

In 1989 he entered the World Youth Chess Championships, in Puerto Rico. He won at Cubatão 1989 (the 1st Campeonato Panamericano U-14), and took 3rd at Halle 1995 (World Junior Chess Championship, U-20).

Spangenberg was Argentine Champion in 1993 and Sub-Champion in 1996. He shared 1st with Pablo Ricardi at Villa Gesell 1996, won at Buenos Aires 1998, and tied for 1st-3rd with Carlos Garcia Palermo and Herman Van Riemsdijk at La Plata 1998.

He thrice represented Argentina in Chess Olympiads at Moscow 1994, Yerevan 1996, and Elista 1998.

He was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1996.

References

External links

Rating data for Hugo Spangenberg

1975 births
Living people
Argentine chess players
Jewish chess players
Jewish Argentine sportspeople
Chess grandmasters


King's College Hospital RFC is an open rugby union club founded in the 19th century as a football club whose representatives were made up of medics from King's College Hospital. In its original form it was one of the twenty-one founding members of the Rugby Football Union, and produced a number of international players in the sport's early international fixtures. The merging of King's College Hospital medical department in 1999 with the already merged Guy's Hospital and St Thomas' Hospital led to the creation of Guy's, Kings and St. Thomas' Rugby Football Club, an amalgam of three formerly distinct hospital rugby clubs each with a long history. King's College Hospital Rugby Football Club opted to remain a separate entity in so doing became an open rugby club that no longer represented the Hospital medics.

History
In 1869, 90 members from King's College formed a football club representing faculties including the Medical Department. The club played football using a modified form of the Rugby School code. On 26 January 1871, they sent representation in the form of CM Madden and CE Pope to a meeting of twenty-one London and suburban football clubs that followed Rugby School rules assembled at the Pall Mall Restaurant in Regent Street. E.C. Holmes, captain of the Richmond Club assumed the presidency. It was resolved unanimously that the formation of a Rugby Football Society was desirable and thus the Rugby Football Union was formed. A president, a secretary and treasurer, and a committee of thirteen were elected, to whom was entrusted the drawing-up of the laws of the game upon the basis of the code in use at Rugby School. Although King's College was considered prominent enough to have been invited, they did not gain any of the thirteen places on the original committee.

The team entered the Inter-Hospital Challenge Cup (aka the United Hospitals Challenge Cup) from 1874. The team played in every competition until they became an open club in the mid-1990s, and although they reached the final four times, they never once lifted the trophy. The club's move away from its direct association with the Hospital means that it is no longer eligible to enter the tournament.

The early twentieth century saw the club in a period of demise. A report from the 1903 season goes towards explaining why the club found itself in that predicament:

"This season, more than ever before, the difficulty in raising teams is overwhelming.  Richmond Club claims our heavy forwards and our best half, hospital duties seem to claim others, whilst general slackness and old age appear to render others a suitable excuse for not playing."

It appears that such was the nadir the club was in at this time that it was no longer recognised by the Rugby Football Union, the organisation it had been a founding member of. In 1920 a concerted effort was made to resurrect the club, to dispel the 'appalling apathy displayed by so many. The effects of the rejuvenation began with KCH being recognised by the Union in 1921. In 1924 they won 10 of 13 games and reached the final rounds of the Hospital Cup, a feat which was almost repeated the following season when King's fell in the semi-final to Guy's Hospital.  King's found themselves in the finals of 1926 and 1929 where Guy's were victorious, and in the final of 1935 they lost to St. Mary's.

During the 1920s and 1930s a number of international players played for King's among them being the England and 1924 British Lions captain, Dr Ron Cove-Smith, as well as the 1927 British Lions captain and Scotland International Dr D J Macmyn (who later became President of the Scottish Rugby Union). W R F Collis of Ireland was another international capped player.

The 1940s, '50s and '60s were undistinguished for the club and it is notable that a single victory in the 1965 Hospital's Cup championship match was the first in seven seasons. The 1970s saw some improvement with a 1971 playing record of played 35, Won 25 and a narrow defeat to Bart's Hospital in the Semi-final of the Cup. In 1976 as the Club won 27 out of a possible 38. In 1975 the clubhouse on Dog Kennel Hill was lost to fire having stood since 1921. New facilities were built and the club continued to play on Dog Kennel Hill until 1990.  Between 1990 and 2012, King's played their homes games at the Griffin Sports Club on Dulwich Village. In the summer of 2012, coinciding with their promotion to the Kent 1 RFU league, King's moved to their new home at the Dulwich Sports Ground in Turney Road, Dulwich.

In 1999 Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Medical Departments merged to become one and so too did the Rugby teams that represented their respective medics. King's College Hospital Rugby Football Club opted to remain a separate entity in so doing became an open rugby club that no longer represented the Hospital medics. In so doing they maintained their status as one of the oldest clubs in the World. The early years of the new millennium have seen success in the merit leagues and an invitation to compete in Kent Rugby's leagues. As of 2023 Byron Crofton holds the record for try scoring, drop goals and most appearances. {www.simplythe best.co.uk}. As of 2020 David "Groundhog" Phillips holds the record as the oldest player to turn out for the first team at 78 years old. In 2019 KCHRFC were awarded the Guinness World record for the heaviest front row in a senior grade game - made up of Byron Crofton, Jack Mcavoy and Byron's Mum averaging 28.1 stone per player.  Jack and Byron's mum are due to marry to Corfu in June 2023. In 2023 Byron Crofton was voted best Joe Larler lookalike by Pikey Weekly. In the 2011/12 season King's obtained promotion to the Kent 1 RFU league.

International Players
 - W. J. Penny (1878)
 -  Ronald Cove-Smith (1921–29) also British Lion
 - D J MacMyn (1925–28) also British Lion
 -  W R F Collis (1924–1926)

Club Honours
Surrey 4 champions: 1995–96
Kent 2 champions: 2011–12

References

External links

Rugby First details for King's College Hospital Rugby Football Club

Rugby union teams in England
Rugby clubs established in 1869
Rugby union clubs in London
University and college rugby union clubs in England
United Hospitals sports clubs
1869 establishments in England


Narazeni (Georgian and ) is a village in the Zugdidi Municipality of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of western Georgia. Situated 17 km east of the city Zugdidi.

History
The village was on the transit route in the Silk Road period.

During the Soviet period, Narazeni was a farming village. There were tea plantations, fruit gardens, and mandarine plantations.

Presently, the head of the village is Nana Janjgava (2015-).

Geography
The village is partly mountainous.  The Chanistskali River flows through the village.

Population
As of 2014, the village has a population of 2,345.
Narazeni residents speak Mengrelian, Georgian, Russian and a little bit English.

Facilities
In the village there are three schools, a kindergarten, ambulance, police, and a few shops.  During the Soviet period a newspaper in the Megrelian language called "Narazenish Chai" was published in the village.

Notable citizens

Eleonora Archaia - (b. 1967) is a Georgian politician and Businesswoman, who is a member of Kutaisi City Assembly.

See also
 Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

Populated places in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti


Liberty or death, Independence or death or similar phrases may refer to:

Patriotic slogans
Eleftheria i thanatos ('Freedom or Death'), national motto of Greece
 "Give me liberty, or give me death!", attributed to American orator Patrick Henry in 1775
  The Culpeper Minutemen had "Liberty or death" on their flag
Independência ou morte ('Independence or Death'), motto of the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
Libertad o Muerte ('Freedom or Death), national motto of Uruguay
Sloboda ili smrt ('Freedom or Death'), motto of the Serbian/Yugoslav Chetniks
Viața-n libertate ori moarte! ('Life in freedom or death!'), a shout proclaimed in the national anthem of Romania
 Svoboda ili smart ('Freedom or Death'), a slogan used by the early Bulgarian revolutionaries. The same slogan was used by various regional Bulgarian komitadjis later.
 Ya istiklâl ya ölüm ('Either independence or death'), a national motto of Turkey
Merdeka atau Mati! ('Independence or Death!'), a slogan / quote by Bung Tomo during the Indonesian National Revolution.
Marşo ya joƶalla ('Freedom or Death'), motto of the Sheikh Mansur Battalion
Volia abo smert ('Freedom or Death'), motto of Ukraine
Azatut'yun kam mah ('Freedom or Death'), motto of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation

Other uses
GNU General Public License#Version 2, nicknamed "Liberty or Death"
Liberty or Death (album), by Grave Digger, 2007
Liberty or Death (video game), 1993
Freedom or Death, a 1913 speech made by English militant feminist Emmeline Pankhurst
 Independence or Death (painting), by Pedro Américo, 1888
 Troutman flag, with the words "Liberty or Death", used by the Georgia battalion during Texas revolution
 "" ('Death or Liberty'), a quotation from the play The Robbers () by Friedrich Schiller

See also
 Give Me Liberty (disambiguation)
 Socialism or Barbarism (disambiguation)
 List of national mottos
 Captain Michalis, or Freedom or Death, a 1953 novel by Nikos Kazantzakis
 Liberté, égalité, fraternité, the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti
 Live Free or Die, the state motto of New Hampshire, U.S.
 Join, or Die
 Samuel Sharpe, an enslaved Jamaican, who said "I would rather die among yonder gallows, than live in slavery."

Political catchphrases


Kathryn Moira Beaton (born 8 September 1983) is a Canadian comics artist best known as the creator of the comic strip Hark! A Vagrant, which ran from 2007 to 2018. Her other major works include the children's books The Princess and the Pony and King Baby, published in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The former was made into an Apple TV+ series called Pinecone & Pony released in 2022 on which Beaton worked as an executive producer. Also in 2022, Beaton released a memoir in graphic novel form, Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands, about her experience working in the Alberta oil sands. Publishers Weekly named Ducks one of their top ten books of the year.

Early life
Of Scottish descent, Beaton grew up with her three sisters in Mabou on the isle of Cape Breton. She went to a small school for K–12, only having 23 people in her class. She graduated from Mount Allison University in 2005 with a Bachelor of Arts in history and anthropology.
Beaton began drawing comics for the university newspaper, The Argosy, during her third and fourth years at school. After college, she worked as an administrative assistant in the Maritime Museum of British Columbia in Victoria.

Career
After graduating from Mount Allison in 2005 Beaton worked at an oil sands mining project in Fort McMurray to pay off her student loans.
In 2007, while still working at the Maritime Museum of BC, Beaton decided to publish some of her history-inspired comics on the Web. She posted comics to a new website, katebeaton.com, and to a LiveJournal blog. In December of that year, she published the first of two popular batches of history-themed comic strips, whose subjects were ones suggested by at least twenty of her readers.

Beaton published her webcomic, Hark! A Vagrant, from 2007 to 2018. She moved her work from LiveJournal to her new website, also titled Hark! A Vagrant, in May 2008. Its subjects included historical figures, such as James Joyce and Ada Lovelace, or fictional characters from Western literature. In several comics, Beaton caricatured herself, past and present.  Beaton has a simple artistic style, with particular attention to detail paid to her characters' facial expressions; her skill at comic pacing has also been noted. Hark! A Vagrant won the 2011 Ignatz Award for Outstanding Online Comic.

Beaton's work has been profiled in Wired, Maclean's, and Comic Book Resources. "The Origin of Man", her comic celebrating Charles Darwin's 200th birthday, was showcased by MySpace Dark Horse Presents in March 2009. In June 2009, she released a book titled Never Learn Anything from History. Several of her cartoons have been published in The New Yorker. Drawn & Quarterly released her second book, also titled Hark! A Vagrant, in September 2011. Time magazine named it one of the top ten fiction books of the year, with Lev Grossman calling it "the wittiest book of the year."

Beaton's self-published Never Learn Anything from History won the 2009 Doug Wright Award for Best Emerging Talent. Hark! A Vagrant won the 2011 Harvey Award for Best Online Comics Work, having been nominated the previous year, and was also nominated for Joe Shuster Awards in 2009 and 2010. Beaton followed up her 2011 Harvey win by taking home three Harveys in 2012, for Humor, Online Work, and Best Cartoonist.

She is a former member of Pizza Island, a cartoonist's studio in Greenpoint, Brooklyn which was formed by herself and cartoonists Lisa Hanawalt, Domitille Collardey, Sarah Glidden, Meredith Gran, and Julia Wertz.

Beaton has contributed to Marvel Comics' Strange Tales anthology. In 2014, Beaton uploaded the five-part webcomic Ducks, which presents a more serious and complex story based on Beaton's experiences working at a remote mining site in Canada.

Step Aside, Pops, a collection of her Hark! A Vagrant comics, topped The New York Times graphic novel bestseller list in October 2015. In a 2015 poll, Beaton ranked fourteenth among the top all-time female comics artists.

Beaton's first children's book, The Princess and the Pony, was released in 2015. In 2016, she published the picture book King Baby.

In October 2018, Beaton ended the ongoing serialization of her webcomic, saying, "I feel like this is a project that has run its course."

In 2022, an animated TV series based on Kate Beaton's The Princess and the Pony, called Pinecone & Pony, was released on the streaming service Apple TV+, with Beaton serving as executive producer.

In September 2022, Beaton released a memoir in graphic novel form called Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands, which documented her experience working in the energy extraction industry for Alberta oil sands before she became a cartoonist. It expanded on her earlier 2014 webcomic Ducks. The book won  the 2023 edition of Canada Reads, where it was championed by Mattea Roach.<ref>"Meet the Canada Reads 2023 contenders". CBC Books, January 25, 2023.</ref>

The American Library Association listed Ducks among their top ten in the 2022 Best Graphic Novels for Adults list.

Personal life
She is married to writer Morgan Murray. She has two children. After living in New York and Toronto, Beaton now lives in Nova Scotia with her family.

Awards

|-
| 2009
| Hark! A Vagrant| Doug Wright Award for Best Emerging Talent
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|-
| 2009
| Hark! A Vagrant| Joe Shuster Awards
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|
|-
| 2010
| Hark! A Vagrant| Joe Shuster Awards
|
|
|-
| 2010
| Hark! A Vagrant
| Harvey Award for Best Online Comics Work
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|
|-
| 2010
| Never Learn Anything From History
| Doug Wright Award for The Pigskin Peters Award
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|
|-
| 2011
| Hark! A Vagrant
| Ignatz Award for Outstanding Online Comic
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|
|-
| 2012
| Hark! A Vagrant
| Harvey Award for Best Online Comics Work
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|
|-
| 2012
| Hark! A Vagrant
| Harvey Award Special Award for Humor in Comics
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|
|-
| 2012
| Hark! A Vagrant
| Harvey Award for Best Cartoonist
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|
|-
| 2012
| Hark! A Vagrant
| Doug Wright Award for Best Book
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|-
| 2016
| Step Aside, Pops: A Hark! A Vagrant Collection| Eisner Award for Best Humor Publication
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| 2016
| The Princess and The Pony| CBC Children's Choice Book Award: Illustrator
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| 2016
| The Princess and The Pony| E.B. White Read-Aloud Book Award: Picture Book
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| 2016
| King Baby| NAPPA Awards
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|-
| 2016
| Step Aside, Pops: A Hark! A Vagrant Collection
| Doug Wright Award for Best Book
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|
|-
| 2023
| Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands
| Eisner Award for Best Graphic Memoir
|
|

 Bibliography

 Comic collections
 Never Learn Anything From History (2009)
 Hark! A Vagrant (Montréal: Drawn & Quarterly, 2011, )
 Step Aside, Pops (Montréal: Drawn & Quarterly, 2015, )

 Children's books
 The Princess and the Pony (New York, NY: Arthur A. Levine Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc., 2015, )
 King Baby (New York, NY: Arthur A. Levine Books, an imprint of Scholastic Inc., 2016, )

 Non-fiction
 Ducks: Two Years in the Oil Sands'' (Montréal: Drawn & Quarterly, 2022, )

References

External links

 Hark! A Vagrant Comics by K. Beaton

1983 births
Living people
Alternative cartoonists
Artists from Nova Scotia
Canadian editorial cartoonists
Canadian children's writers
Canadian comics writers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian female comics artists
Canadian humorists
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian webcomic creators
Canadian women cartoonists
Canadian women children's writers
Doug Wright Award winners for Best Emerging Talent
Female comics writers
Harvey Award winners
Ignatz Award winners for Outstanding Anthology or Collection
Ignatz Award winners for Outstanding Online Comic
Mount Allison University alumni
The New Yorker cartoonists
Women humorists


Air Vice Marshal Adrian Lindley Trevor Cole, CBE, DSO, MC, DFC (19 June 1895 – 14 February 1966) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Joining the army at the outbreak of World War I, he transferred to the Australian Flying Corps in 1916 and flew with No. 1 Squadron in the Middle East and No. 2 Squadron on the Western Front. He became an ace, credited with victories over ten enemy aircraft, and earned the Military Cross and the Distinguished Flying Cross. In 1921, he was a founding member of the RAAF.

"King" Cole rose to the position of Air Member for Supply in 1933 and gained promotion to group captain in 1935. The following year he was appointed the first commanding officer of Headquarters RAAF Station Richmond. During World War II, he led North-Western Area Command in Darwin, Northern Territory, and held a series of overseas posts in North Africa, England, Northern Ireland, and Ceylon. As Forward Air Controller during the Dieppe Raid in 1942, he was wounded in action and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Cole served on corporate boards of directors following his retirement from the RAAF in 1946. He died in 1966 at the age of seventy.

Early life and World War I
Adrian Cole was born in Glen Iris, a suburb of Melbourne, to barrister and doctor Robert Cole and his wife Helen (née Hake). He was educated at Geelong Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School, where he was a member of the cadet corps. When World War I broke out in August 1914, Cole gained a commission in the Australian Military Forces, serving with the 55th (Collingwood) Infantry Regiment. He resigned his commission to join the Australian Imperial Force on 28 January 1916, intending to become a pilot in the Australian Flying Corps.

Middle East

Posted to No. 1 Squadron (also known until 1918 as No. 67 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps), Cole departed Melbourne aboard HMAT A67 Orsova on 16 March 1916, bound for Egypt. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in June and began his pilot training in August. By the beginning of 1917, he was flying reconnaissance and scouting missions in Sinai and Palestine. He took part in an early example of Allied air-sea cooperation on 25 February, directing French naval fire against the coastal town of Jaffa by radio from his B.E.2 biplane. On 20 April, Cole and fellow squadron member Lieutenant Roy Maxwell Drummond attacked six enemy aircraft that were threatening to bomb Allied cavalry, scattering their formation and chasing them back to their own lines. Both airmen were awarded the Military Cross for their actions; Cole's citation was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 16 August 1917:

The day after the action that earned him the Military Cross, Cole was flying a Martinsyde G.100 "Elephant" over Tel el Sheria when he was hit by ground fire and forced to crash land behind enemy lines; after setting his aircraft alight he was picked up and rescued by Captain Richard Williams. On 26 June, following an eight-plane raid on Turkish Fourth Army headquarters in Jerusalem, Cole and another pilot suffered engine seizures while undertaking a similar rescue of a downed comrade; all three airmen were forced to walk through no man's land before being picked up by an Australian Light Horse patrol.

Western Front

Promoted to captain in August 1917, Cole was posted to France as a flight commander with No. 2 Squadron AFC (also known until 1918 as No. 68 Squadron RFC). Flying S.E.5 fighters on the Western Front, he was credited with destroying or sending out of control ten enemy aircraft between July and October 1918, making him an ace. In a single sortie over the Lys Valley on 19 August, Cole shot down two German fighters and narrowly avoided being shot down himself immediately afterwards, when he was attacked by five Fokker Triplanes that were being pursued by Allied Bristol Fighters. On 24 September, he led into battle a patrol of fifteen S.E.5s that destroyed or damaged eight German fighters over Haubourdin and Pérenchies, claiming one Pfalz D.III for himself.

Cole was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions on 7 October 1918, when he led No. 2 Squadron through "a tornado of anti-aircraft fire" in a major assault on transport infrastructure in Lille. During the raid he successfully bombed a goods engine and a troop train, and put several anti-aircraft batteries out of action, before leading his formation back to base at low level. The announcement and accompanying citation for his decoration was gazetted on 8 February 1919:

Between the wars

Returning to Australia in February 1919, Cole briefly spent time as a civilian before accepting a commission in the Australian Air Corps, the short-lived successor to the Australian Flying Corps, in January 1920. On 17 June, accompanied by Captain Hippolyte De La Rue, he flew a DH.9 to a height of , setting an Australian altitude record that stood for more than ten years. He transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force as a flight lieutenant in March 1921, becoming one of its original twenty-one officers. On 30 November, he married his cousin Katherine Cole in St Peter's Chapel at Melbourne Grammar School; the couple had two sons and two daughters. Squadron Leader Cole was posted to England in 1923–24 to attend RAF Staff College, Andover, returning to Australia in 1925 to become Director of Personnel and Training. Promoted to wing commander, he was in charge of No. 1 Flying Training School (No. 1 FTS) at RAAF Station Point Cook, Victoria, from 1926 to 1929. The first Citizens Air Force (reserve) pilots' course took place during Cole's tenure at No. 1 FTS; although twenty-four accidents occurred, injuries were minor, leading him to remark at the graduation ceremony that the students were either made of India rubber or had learned how to crash "moderately safely".

Cole held command of RAAF Station Laverton from 1929 until his appointment as Air Member for Supply (AMS) in January 1933. The AMS occupied a seat on the Air Board, which was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff and was collectively responsible for control and administration of the RAAF. In March 1932, Cole accepted an invitation from the Lord Mayor of Melbourne to serve as Deputy Chairman of the 1934 MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, to celebrate Melbourne's Centenary. Provision of the RAAF's radio facilities and technicians was considered a boon for contestants, though Cole later recorded that his role involved "twenty months' hard work, without pay ... with loads of scurrilous and other criticism". Promoted to group captain in January 1935, he became the inaugural commanding officer (CO) of Headquarters RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales, on 20 April 1936. The new headquarters, which had been formed from elements of two of the base's lodger units, No. 3 Squadron and No. 2 Aircraft Depot, supplanted an earlier arrangement where the CO of No. 3 Squadron had doubled as the station commander. Cole was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Coronation Honours of 11 May 1937, and attended the Imperial Defence College in London the following year. He returned to RAAF Station Laverton as CO in February 1939, taking over from Group Captain Henry Wrigley.

World War II
As part of the RAAF's reorganisation following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, No. 2 Group was formed in Sydney on 20 November, with Cole in command. The group controlled Air Force units in New South Wales. Cole was raised to temporary air commodore in December, and took charge of Central Area Command, which supplanted No. 2 Group, when it was established in the new year. In September 1941, he was sent to North Africa as Officer Commanding No. 235 Wing RAF of the Desert Air Force, where he helped establish a new anti-submarine warfare unit, No. 459 Squadron RAAF. Posted to England with Headquarters No. 11 Group in May 1942, he served as Forward Air Controller of the Dieppe Raid on 19 August, responsible for co-ordinating Allied air cover off the French coast aboard HMS Calpe. In doing so, he was seriously wounded in the jaw and upper body when German fighters strafed the ship; he required plastic surgery and spent several weeks recuperating. His gallantry during the action earned him the Distinguished Service Order, the announcement being published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 2 October 1942. The same month, he was made Air Officer Commanding (AOC) RAF Northern Ireland, with the acting rank of air vice marshal, though the command was described in the official history of Australia in the war as a "backwater".

In May 1943, Cole returned to Australia, taking over as AOC North-Western Area Command from Air Commodore Frank Bladin in July. Based in Darwin, Northern Territory, he was responsible for regional air defence, reconnaissance, protection of Allied shipping and, later, offensive operations in the New Guinea campaign. Cole found the command in "good shape" but considered its air defence capability inadequate, recommending augmentation by long-range fighters such as the P-38 Lightning. He nevertheless had to make do with the three squadrons of Spitfires already on his strength, and the possibility of calling on the USAAF's Fifth Air Force for reinforcements as necessary. During August and September, he reduced regular reconnaissance missions to "increase bombing activity to the limit", following a request from General Douglas MacArthur to provide all available support for Allied assaults on Lae–Nadzab. North-Western Area B-24 Liberators, Hudsons, Beaufighters and Catalinas carried out raids to destroy Japanese bases and aircraft, and divert enemy forces from Allied columns. Through March and April 1944, Cole had thirteen squadrons under his control, and was supporting amphibious operations against Hollandia and Aitape. In May, he directed bombing from North-Western Area on Surabaya as part of Operation Transom.

Cole handed over North-Western Area to Air Commodore Alan Charlesworth in September 1944. He took up an appointment as Air Member for Personnel (AMP) in October, but was removed soon afterwards following an incident at RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne. The Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, received an anonymous letter alleging that Cole had become drunk and lost control at a mess meeting on 8 November. Investigating the matter, Jones was unable to establish whether or not Cole had been drunk but was satisfied that he had not behaved appropriately, and issued him a warning without charging or otherwise disciplining him. Under pressure from the Federal government, Jones dismissed Cole from the position of AMP and posted him to Ceylon in January 1945 as RAAF Liaison Officer to South East Asia Command. Cole served in this role until the end of the war, taking part in negotiations for the Japanese capitulation and acting as Australia's senior representative at the formal surrender ceremony in Singapore on 12 September 1945.

Retirement and legacy

Cole was summarily retired from the RAAF in 1946, along with several other senior commanders and veterans of World War I, primarily to make way for the advancement of younger and equally capable officers. In an earlier minute to the Minister for Air, Arthur Drakeford, regarding post-war command prospects, Air Vice Marshal Jones had assessed Cole as having failed to display "certain of those qualities expected to be possessed by senior officers of such rank". In any case, his role overseas was redundant. Cole, for his part, later wrote to the Melbourne Herald that he considered the RAAF's administration during World War II to be "weak", and that as a consequence he felt "a lot happier to serve most of the War with the Royal Air Force".

Ranked substantive air commodore and honorary air vice marshal, Cole was officially discharged from the RAAF on 17 April 1946. He resented being forcibly retired, and stood for election as the Liberal Party candidate for Drakeford's seat, the Victorian Division of Maribyrnong, in the federal election that year. Cole stated that his candidacy was "an endeavour to bring some sense and stability to Government administration" but was unsuccessful, and Drakeford retained the seat. Cole subsequently served as a director with Pacific Insurance and Guinea Airways. He died in Melbourne of chronic respiratory disease on 14 February 1966. Survived by his wife and four children, he was buried in Camperdown Cemetery, Victoria, following a funeral at RAAF Base Laverton.

Cole Street and the Cole Street Conservation Precinct at Point Cook Base, RAAF Williams, are named for Adrian Cole. His decorations were held by the Naval and Military Club, Melbourne, where he had been a long-standing member. In July 2009, following the club's dissolution, the medals were to be auctioned along with other memorabilia. This action was challenged by Cole's family, who argued that his decorations were only on loan to the club, and should be donated to the Australian War Memorial (AWM). As the Supreme Court of Victoria deliberated on the case, the parties involved negotiated a settlement whereby Cole's medals were transferred to the AWM.

Notes

References

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1895 births
1966 deaths
Australian Army officers
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Australian recipients of the Military Cross
Australian World War I flying aces
Military personnel from Melbourne
People educated at Geelong Grammar School
Royal Australian Air Force air marshals of World War II
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
People from Glen Iris, Victoria