Li Fanwen () (born November 1932) is a Chinese linguist and Tangutologist.

Biography

Li Fanwen was born in Xixiang County, Shaanxi in November 1932. After leaving school, he worked for several years before going to Beijing to study Tibetan at the Central College for Nationalities, from which he graduated in 1956. He stayed on at the college as a research student in the History department until he graduated in 1959. By this time, he had become fascinated with the extinct and only semi-deciphered Tangut script, and in 1960 he decided to move to Yinchuan in Ningxia, the former capital of the Tangut Empire, to devote himself to Tangut studies, but his wife was unwilling to accompany him, so they divorced.

When Li Fanwen arrived at Ningxia, he was disappointed to find that there were no opportunities to study the Tangut script and language, and instead he was assigned to Ningxia Education College to research the Hui people. Two years later, he was reassigned to the Ningxia Museum and he was finally able to dedicate himself to the study of Tangut history and language. He was sent by the museum to participate in a minor capacity in the excavations of the Western Xia tombs at the foot of the Helan Mountains, and whilst his new wife (Yang Shende 楊慎德) and children stayed behind at Yinchuan, he lived and worked at the excavations for seven years. The conditions were harsh, and the rations meagre, so that at the end of seven years, he had become emaciated and very ill, but his wife nursed him back to health.

Up to that time, Li Fanwen had been studying the Tangut script and language by himself from whatever books he could get hold of, and had no formal training in Tangut. Nevertheless, by the early 1970s he had already created more than 30,000 vocabulary cards for Tangut on his own initiative, with the intention of eventually compiling a Tangut-Chinese dictionary.

In January 1972, when Premier Zhou Enlai visited the National Museum of Chinese History and was informed that only a handful of old scholars could read the Tangut script, he instructed Wang Yeqiu (), director of the State Bureau of Cultural Relics, to assign young scholars to study Tangut before all knowledge of Tangut died out. In response to this, Wang Yeqiu asked the Ningxia authorities to train people in the Tangut language, but there was nobody who could teach the language in Ningxia, so in May 1973, Li Fanwen was sent to Beijing to study under Luo Fuyi (), the son of Luo Zhenyu, the founding father of Chinese Tangut studies.

This opportunity gave Li Fanwen access to much new material, and he was able to complete the first draft of his dictionary in 1976. Although the dictionary was initially accepted for publication by the Cultural Relics Publishing House, it was eventually rejected after expert review of the manuscript concluded that it was not yet mature. For the next few years, Li Fanwen made detailed studies of primary Tangut sources such as Wen Hai (文海 "Sea of Characters") and Tong Yin (同音 "Homophones") in order to fill in the missing gaps in the dictionary coverage. In April 1984, on his way to visit the renowned Japanese Tangutologist, Nishida Tatsuo, he was knocked off his bicycle in a traffic accident, and spent eighteen months in bed with a fractured thighbone. This gave him the opportunity to finish his study of the Tong Yin, which was published in 1986.

By late 1992, the new draft of Li Fanwen's Tangut-Chinese dictionary was almost complete, but he was not satisfied with the system of phonetic reconstruction that he was using, so after the Taiwan Tangutologist  Gong Hwang cherng came to see him, he decided to use Professor Gong's system of phonetic reconstruction instead. The dictionary was now complete, but technical and financial issues delayed its publication until 1997. Originally, Li Fanwen had hoped to computer typeset the Tangut text, but eventually he had to abandon this plan, and the Tangut text in the 1997 edition was laboriously inserted using photocomposition. The dictionary comprised exactly 6,000 Tangut characters, and these 6,000 characters were later used as the source for the Mojikyo set of Tangut characters, which have since been widely used by Tangutologists for typesetting Tangut text. In 2002, the dictionary won the Wu Yuzhang Prize for Humanities and Social Sciences.

In 2008, a revised and expanded edition of Li Fanwen's Tangut-Chinese dictionary, with 6,074 entries, was published. The new edition was computer typeset using a Tangut font developed by Jing Yongshi ().

In addition to his work on Tangut language, Li Fanwen has also published a comprehensive history of the Western Xia and a study of the Song dynasty Chinese dialect spoken in the north-west of China.

Li Fanwen currently holds professorships at Beijing University, Nanjing University, People's University, Capital Normal University, Shaanxi Normal University and Fudan University, and is the honorary head of the Ningxia Academy of Social Sciences.

In 2013 Li Fanwen won the Prix Stanislas Julien for his Tangut-Chinese dictionary.

Works

 1980. Xi Xia Yanjiu Lunji 西夏研究論集 (A Compilation of Xixia Studies). Ningxia.
 1984. Xi Xia Lingmu Chutu Canbei Cuibian 西夏陵墓出土殘碑粹編 (A Collection of Fragments of Memorial Inscriptions from the Western Xia Tombs). Beijing.
 1986. Tongyin Yanjiu 同音研究 (Study of the Homophones). Yinchuan.
 1994. Songdai xibei fangyin: Fan han heshi zhang zhong zhu dui yin yanjiu 宋代西北方音——《番汉合时掌中珠》对音研究 [The Northwest Chinese Dialect at Song Times: Transliteration in Fan-Han Heshi Zhang-zhong-zhu]. Beijing.
 1997. Xia Han Zidian 夏漢字典 (Tangut-Chinese Dictionary). Beijing.
 2005. Xi Xia Tong Shi 西夏通史 (Comprehensive History of the Western Xia). Beijing and Yinchuan.
 2008. Xia Han Zidian 夏漢字典 (Revised edition of Tangut-Chinese Dictionary). Beijing.

With Luo Fuyi 羅福頤
 1982. Xixia Guanyin Huikao 西夏官印匯考 (Collected Study of Official Seals of the Western Xia). Yinchuan.

References

External links
 About Li Fanwen and his Tangut-Chinese Dictionary

1932 births
Chinese lexicographers
Linguists from China
Tangutologists
Living people
Minzu University of China alumni
20th-century Chinese historians
Writers from Hanzhong
Historians from Shaanxi
Educators from Shaanxi
Academic staff of Peking University
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Academic staff of Renmin University of China
Academic staff of the Capital Normal University
Academic staff of Fudan University


Xu Xi (Xú Xī))(died before 975), was a Chinese painter in the Southern Tang kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

Notes

References
 Ci hai bian ji wei yuan hui (辞海编辑委员会）. Ci hai （辞海）. Shanghai: Shanghai ci shu chu ban she （上海辞书出版社）, 1979.

9th-century births
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
10th-century Chinese painters
Painters from Nanjing
Southern Tang painters


The 1910 Ice Hockey European Championship was the first ice hockey tournament for European countries associated to the International Ice Hockey Federation. It was also the first official ice hockey tournament between national teams in history.

The tournament was played between January 10, and January 12, 1910, in Les Avants, near Montreux, Switzerland, and it was won by Great Britain.

The British team was commonly identified as "England" in contemporary accounts, but the IIHF recognizes this team as "Great Britain."

The Oxford Canadians, a team made up of Canadian students from Oxford University, also participated in the tournament, but their games did not count in the final standings of the tournament. They took part in three games, against Switzerland, Belgium, and Germany, winning all of them handily. On the final day of the tournament, the schedule was changed due to poor ice conditions. Great Britain was not prepared to play the Canadians at the new time, and the organizers declared this a forfeit.

Results
January 10

January 11

January 12

Oxford Canadians won by forfeit.

Final standings

Top Goalscorer
Werner Glimm (Germany), 4 goals

References

 Euro Championship 1910

1910
Ice Hockey European Championships
Euro
European Championship
Ice Hockey European Championship


The Ranjha are a Jat tribe found in  Pakistan.

List of notable people
Notable people include:
Chaudhry Imtiaz Ahmed Ranjha
Mian Manazir Hussain Ranjha
Khalid Ranjha, former Law Minister of Pakistan
Mohsin Shahnawaz Ranjha former Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and member National Assembly of Pakistan

References

Jat clans of Pakistan
Jat clans of Punjab
Punjabi tribes
Jat tribes
Punjabi-language surnames
Pakistani names


Enson (stylized as ENSON) is an album by Japanese J-pop and anison artist Masaaki Endoh of JAM Project. In this album, and its follow up Enson2 (stylized as ENSON2), Endoh covers theme songs from multiple anime, tokusatsu, and video games. During its 3 weeks on the Oricon Weekly Album Charts, the first album peaked at #43, selling 6,383 copies. The second album remained on the charts for 6 weeks and peaked at #50.

ENSON track list

 from Genesis of Aquarion
"Butter-Fly" (originally by Kōji Wada) from Digimon Adventure
 from Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team
 from Muv-Luv
 from Utawarerumono: Chiriyuku Mono e no Komoriuta
"Ai o Torimodose!!" (originally by Crystal King) from Fist of the North Star
"Go Go Power Rangers" (originally by The Mighty RAW) from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
 from My-HiME
 from Stellvia of the Universe
"In the Chaos" (originally by JAM Project featuring Masami Okui) from Galaxy Angel A
 from Princess Mononoke
"Wing of Destiny" (originally by Maho Tomita) from Galaxy Angel II Zettai Ryōiki no Tobira
 from Hamos The Green Chariot

ENSON2 track list

"Eternal Blaze" (originally by Nana Mizuki) from Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha A's
 from Bokurano: Ours
 from Gurren Lagann
 from Magic Knight Rayearth
 from Air
 from Kinnikuman
"Go Tight!" (originally by Akino) from Genesis of Aquarion
 from Hajime Ningen Gyatols
"God Knows..." (originally by Aya Hirano) from The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
 from Ultra Seven
 from Hidamari Sketch
 from The Galaxy Express 999
"Good-bye to Yesterday" (self-cover) from Cybuster

ENSON3 track list

"Kimi no Shiranai Monogatari" (originally by Supercell) from Bakemonogatari
"Kasabuta" (originally by Chiwata Hidenori) from Konjiki no Gash Bell
"Ojamajo Carnival" (originally by Maho-Do) from Ojamajo Doremi
"Eiyuu" (originally by doa) from Ultraman Nexus
"Snow Halation" (originally by μ's) from Love Live! School Idol Project
"Dream Solister" (originally by True) from Sound! Euphonium
"Pegasus Fantasy" (originally by Make-Up) from Saint Seiya
"Bokutachi no Yukue" (originally by Hitomi Takahashi) from Gundam SEED Destiny
"My Soul, Your Beats" (originally by Lia) from Angel Beats
"Kimi ga Suki da to Sakebitai" (originally by Baad) from Slam Dunk
"Good bye, Good Luck" (originally by Totalfat) from Naruto: Shōnen Hen
"Orion wo Nazoru" (originally by Unison Square Garden) from Tiger & Bunny
"Mata Ashita" (self-cover) from Honki Sentai Gachiranger

References

External links
The Enson series at Lantis.jp
Enson at Lantis.jp
Enson2 at Lantis.jp

2008 albums


Eat the Peach is a 1986 Irish comedy film, directed by Peter Ormrod. The title derives from the T. S. Eliot poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." It was written by Peter Ormrod with John Kelleher.

Filming
Eat The Peach was filmed on location in the Bog of Allen, County Kildare, and in Counties Dublin, Meath and Wicklow, Ireland. The site in Dublin was at Newcastle, County Dublin. Motorcycle stunts were performed by riders from Messhams Wall Of Death.

Plot
County Kildare, the 1980s. When a Japanese company pulls out of Ireland, leaving several local men redundant, two of them take inspiration from the film Roustabout and build their own wall of death on the Bog of Allen. They begin smuggling goods across the Irish border in order to finance it, and try and receive television coverage and public support.

Soundtrack
The music was written by Dónal Lunny and centres around the song co-written with Paul Brady - "Eat The Peach" from his solo album Primitive Dance. Paul Brady performs the song as the credits roll. The soundtrack also includes uilleann pipes throughout the film. These were likely provided by Davy Spillane, who played on the album track.

References

External links

Irish comedy films
1986 comedy films
Films shot in the Republic of Ireland
English-language Irish films
1980s English-language films
Films shot in County Kildare
Films about elections
Works about smuggling
Films set in Dublin (city)
Films shot in Dublin (city)


Space Coast Area Transit is the public transit system serving the communities in Brevard County, Florida.

In 2021, Space Coast Area Transit will undergo a rebranding effort with the name of the system changing to 321Transit as an homage to the countdown sequence that has launched numerous spacecraft from Cape Canaveral.

History
Space Coast Area Transit was formed in 1985 as a replacement for two competing bus services in Brevard County; Brevard Transportation Authority and Consolidated Agencies Transportation System, both of which refused to cooperate with each other, and often got into territorial and service disputes.

The system budgeted $6.9 million for operations in 2010. It collected $2.1 million in passenger fees, The rest comes from federal and state grants, and contributions from two cities.

In 2014, from 1 to 2% of residents rode the bus daily.

Route list
There are 19 fixed bus routes running Monday through Saturday, with most routes running on an hourly basis.  The 4, 9, and 21 routes run on Sundays.

References

External links
Official website

Bus transportation in Florida
Transportation in Brevard County, Florida


Events in chess in 1976;

Top players

FIDE top 10 by Elo rating – January 1976

 Anatoly Karpov  2695
 Viktor Korchnoi  2670
 Tigran Petrosian  2635
 Lev Polugaevsky  2635
 Boris Spassky  2630
 Bent Larsen  2625
 Lajos Portisch  2625
 Efim Geller  2620
 Ljubomir Ljubojević  2620
 Henrique Mecking  2620

Chess news in brief

Anatoly Karpov commences his tenure as world champion in a positive way, with confident and sometimes dominant performances at many of the strongest tournaments on offer. Undoubtedly the strongest of all is the 44th Soviet Championship, where he runs out winner with 12/17, ahead of Yuri Balashov (11/17), Tigran Petrosian and Lev Polugaevsky (both 10/17). At Skopje he scores 12½/15, ahead of Wolfgang Uhlmann (11/15) and Jan Timman (10½/15). In Amsterdam, he wins a quadrangular contest from Walter Browne, Fridrik Olafsson and Timman. A winning score of 7/9 at Montilla-Moriles comfortably eclipses Lubomir Kavalek, Ricardo Calvo and Michael Stean (all 5½/9). The new champion's only slip occurs at Manila/Batangas, where it is Eugenio Torre who tops another four player event ahead of Karpov, Ljubomir Ljubojević and Walter Browne. Karpov is awarded the Chess Oscar for the fourth successive year, while Fischer's name is dropped from the official FIDE rating list.
FIDE vice-president Florencio Campomanes meets with Bobby Fischer in Bangkok and continues to speak optimistically about a potential match with Karpov, who appears to be open to the possibility. Much less likely is that Fischer will take his place at the forthcoming Candidates tournament. Boris Spassky is the probable replacement if Fischer fails to meet the confirmation deadline.
In the next cycle of the world championship, Interzonal tournaments are held at Biel and Manila. The Biel event is won by Bent Larsen with 12½/19, ahead of Tigran Petrosian, Lajos Portisch and Mikhail Tal (all 12/19). After a play-off, it is Tal who misses out on a place in the Candidates' phase. Manila is a triumph for Brazilian star Henrique Mecking, with 13/19. The other qualifiers are Vlastimil Hort and Lev Polugaevsky (both 12½/19).
The 22nd Chess Olympiad is held in Haifa, Israel, just 19 miles from conflict-stricken Lebanon. Amidst political turmoil, many teams including favourites USSR, decide to boycott the event. Max Euwe refuses to cancel, leaving the forty-eight remaining teams to compete using a Swiss pairing format for the first time in an Olympiad. USA win with 37/52, Netherlands take silver with 36½/52 and England the bronze with 35½/52. The women's event is won by Israel (17/21), ahead of England (silver) and Spain (both 11½/21). A rival event, with thirty-two participating nations, is independently organised in Tripoli and is titled the "Against Israel Olympiad".
Viktor Korchnoi, is joint winner at Amsterdam's IBM tournament with Tony Miles (both 9½/15), ahead of Gyula Sax on 9/15. At the tournament's conclusion, Korchnoi approaches the Dutch authorities to seek asylum and becomes the first of the USSR's high-profile players to defect to the West. His wife and son remain in the USSR, unable to leave. The Soviet authorities condemn Korchnoi's actions and strip him of all his domestic titles and honours. They ask FIDE to annul his grandmaster title and debar him from the world championship cycle. FIDE refuse to comply, on the grounds that his membership is individual to him and not as a representative of a state. A letter is published in Sovietsky Sport, denouncing Korchnoi in very strong terms and is signed by thirty-one Soviet grandmasters including Tigran Petrosian, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal. Notably, it is not signed by Mikhail Botvinnik or David Bronstein. Karpov chooses not to sign, but pens his own letter of dismay, which is critical of Korchnoi in a milder manner. Bobby Fischer sends Korchnoi a telegram, congratulating him on his defection.
At Las Palmas, Efim Geller wins with 10½/15. Following are Bent Larsen (10/15), Robert Byrne and Robert Hübner (both 9½/15).
A strong Lone Pine tournament is won by Tigran Petrosian with 5½/7, ahead of Larry Christiansen, Vasily Smyslov, Oscar Panno, Miguel Najdorf, Miguel Quinteros, Tony Miles, Ken Rogoff, Győző Forintos and Walter Browne (all 5/7).
Vlastimil Hort has a good year, winning two category 10 events and taking his rating beyond the 2600 level. At Banja Luka he wins with 10/15, ahead of Milan Vukic on 9½/10. At Vinkovci, he shares first place with Gyula Sax on 10½/15, ahead of Lev Polugaevsky and Georgi Tringov (both 10/15).
Yerevan is a success for Oleg Romanishin. His 10½/15 gives him a clear point win over Boris Gulko and Vladimir Savon, who share second place. At the year end 1976/77 Hastings International Chess Congress, Romanishin enjoys a winning margin of two clear points.
At Sochi, Lev Polugaevsky wins the 11th Chigorin Memorial jointly with Evgeny Sveshnikov (both 10½/15), ahead of Vitaly Tseshkovsky, who trails by a full point.
Serving as a warm-up for the main Premier League Soviet Championship in Moscow (see above), the First League Championship is held in Minsk. Remarkably, this 'second-string' event is still stronger than any other national championship and the entry includes Mark Taimanov, Alexander Beliavsky, Lev Alburt, Gennady Kuzmin and Semyon Furman. Making the headlines however, are Iosif Dorfman who wins convincingly with 11½/17, ahead of Vitaly Tseshkovsky, Evgeny Sveshnikov and Nukhim Rashkovsky (all 10/17).
Jan Smejkal impresses at Novi Sad, his 11½/15 giving him a wide margin of victory over Dragoljub Velimirović (10/15) and Vlastimil Hort (9½/15).
At Dubna, Vitaly Tseshkovsky runs out the winner with 10/15. Fellow Soviet, Igor Zaitsev finishes second with 9½/15, while Aivars Gipslis, Tony Miles, Vladimir Savon nad Alexei Suetin all share third on 9/15. Miles' score is enough to secure him his final GM norm and the title. He becomes England's first over-the-board GM, joining Keith Richardson in the field of Correspondence Chess and Comins Mansfield the problem composer. Miles wins the race from Ray Keene, his principal rival, and claims the £5,000 prize put up by businessman Jim Slater, a chess sponsor and enthusiast.
At Wijk aan Zee's 38th Hoogovens tournament, Ljubomir Ljubojević and Fridrik Olafsson share first with 7½/11. Following a point behind are Bojan Kurajica and Mikhail Tal.
The 13th Capablanca Memorial in Cienfuegos is won by Boris Gulko on 10½/15, ahead of Yuri Razuvaev and Guðmundur Sigurjónsson (both 10/14).
Fridrik Olafsson and Jan Timman triumph at Reykjavik (both 11/15), ahead of Miguel Najdorf and Vladimir Tukmakov (both 10½/15).
The World Junior Chess Championship is held at Groningen at the year end. Unusually, it is combined with the European Junior Chess Championship. American Mark Diesen places first and takes the World title. Ľubomír Ftáčnik takes second spot and becomes European champion.
At Odessa, Rosendo Balinas wins with 10/14 ahead of Lev Alburt and Vladimir Savon (both 9/14).
During the FIDE Conference held in Haifa alongside the Olympiad, three more countries are granted membership. The inclusion of Bermuda, Mauretania and Papua and New Guinea brings the total membership to ninety-seven nations.
Boris Spassky is granted a one-year visa to spend time in France with his new French-born wife. The Soviet authorities prohibit him from playing chess while he is away, despite his protests. While in France, he is requested to sign the Korchnoi condemnation letter at the Soviet Embassy in Paris, but he declines.
Dedicated, portable chess computers that are capable of giving social players a satisfactory game become commercially available.

Births
Peter Svidler, Russian GM, world championship contender and former national champion – June 17
Judit Polgár, Hungarian GM and the strongest woman player in history – June 23
Zhu Chen, Chinese GM and former women's world champion – March 16
Xu Yuhua, Chinese GM and former women's world champion – October 29
Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu, Romanian GM and world championship semi-finalist – August 1
Zoltán Almási, Hungarian GM and multiple national champion – August 29
Vadim Zvjaginsev, Russian GM, highly rated player and Olympiad medallist – August 18
Daniel Fridman, Latvian-German GM, former national champion of both countries – February 15
Dusko Pavasovic, Slovenian GM, winner of the national championship – October 15
Almira Skripchenko, Moldovan-French IM and WGM, women's European  champion – February 17
Anna Hahn, Latvian-American WIM and former women's champion of both countries – June 21
Ramachandran Ramesh, Indian GM, former British and Commonwealth champion – April 20
Yannick Pelletier, Swiss GM and multiple winner of the national championship – September 22
Lenka Ptáčníková, Czech-Icelandic WGM, former women's Nordic champion – January 16
Danny Gormally, English GM, Olympiad team member and British rapidplay champion – May 4
Wu Wenjin, Chinese GM and former member of the Olympiad team – March 10
Gabriel Schwartzman, Romanian-American GM, former winner of the U.S. Open – October 23
Boris Kreiman, Russian-American GM, player, coach and academy founder – June 7
John Paul Wallace, Australian IM, youngest ever national champion – November 19
Josh Waitzkin, American IM, U.S. junior champion and the subject of a movie – December 4
Demis Hassabis, English player, computer game designer, neuroscientist – July 27

Deaths
Carlos Maderna, Argentine Master, twice the national champion – January 23
Abram Model, Latvian-Russian Master, Leningrad champion and Botvinnik's trainer – February 16
Donald Byrne, American IM and US Open champion, lost the "Game of the Century" to Fischer – April 8
Clarice Benini, Italian Master, national champion, women's world championship contender – September 8
József Szily, Hungarian IM, runner-up at first European championship – April 26

Notes

References

20th century in chess
Chess by year


Josef Redtenbacher (March 13, 1810 – March 5, 1870) was an Austrian chemist born in Kirchdorf an der Krems, Upper Austria. He was a brother to entomologist Ludwig Redtenbacher (1814–1876).

He studied medicine and botany at the University of Vienna, and was influenced by the work of mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. After graduation, he remained in Vienna as an assistant to chemist Joseph Franz von Jacquin. He later travelled to Germany, where he studied mineralogy under Heinrich Rose in Berlin and organic chemistry with Justus von Liebig at the University of Giessen.

Subsequently, he became a professor of chemistry at the University of Prague, and in 1849, returned to Vienna as a successor to Adolf Martin Pleischl. Shortly before his death, he was planning, together with architect Heinrich von Ferstel, construction of a new university laboratory in Vienna.

He is credited with the discoveries of acrolein and acrylic acid. He also performed important research involving the composition of taurine.

References

External links

1810 births
1870 deaths
People from Kirchdorf an der Krems
Austrian chemists
Academic staff of the University of Vienna


In computing, an epoch is a fixed date and time used as a reference from which a computer measures system time. Most computer systems determine time as a number representing the seconds removed from a particular arbitrary date and time. For instance, Unix and POSIX measure time as the number of seconds that have passed since Thursday 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, a point in time known as the Unix epoch. Windows NT systems, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, measure time as the number of 100-nanosecond intervals that have passed since 1 January 1601 00:00:00 UTC, making that point in time the epoch for those systems.
Computing epochs are nearly always specified as midnight Universal Time on some particular date.

Resolution and representation
Software timekeeping systems vary widely in the resolution of time measurement; some systems may use time units as large as a day, while others may use nanoseconds. For example, for an epoch date of midnight UTC (00:00) on 1 January 1900, and a time unit of a second, the time of the midnight (24:00) between 1 January 1900 and 2 January 1900 is represented by the number 86400, the number of seconds in one day. When times prior to the epoch need to be represented, it is common to use the same system, but with negative numbers.

Such representation of time is mainly for internal use. On systems where date and time are important in the human sense, software will nearly always convert this internal number into a date and time representing a human calendar.

Problems
Computers do not generally store arbitrarily large numbers. Instead, each number stored by a computer is allotted a fixed amount of space. Therefore, when the number of time units that have elapsed since a system's epoch exceeds the largest number that can fit in the space allotted to the time representation, the time representation overflows, and problems can occur. While a system's behavior after overflow occurs is not necessarily predictable, in most systems the number representing the time will reset to zero, and the computer system will think that the current time is the epoch time again.

Most famously, older systems that counted time as the number of years elapsed since the epoch of 1 January 1900 and which only allotted enough space to store the numbers 0 through 99, experienced the Year 2000 problem. These systems (if not corrected beforehand) would interpret the date 1 January 2000 as 1 January 1900, leading to unpredictable errors at the beginning of the year 2000.

Even systems which allocate more storage to the time representation are not immune from this kind of error. Many Unix-like operating systems which keep time as seconds elapsed from the epoch date of 1 January 1970, and allot timekeeping enough storage to store numbers as large as   will experience an overflow problem on 19 January 2038 if not fixed beforehand. This is known as the Year 2038 problem. A correction involving doubling the storage allocated to timekeeping on these systems will allow them to represent dates more than 290 billion years into the future.

Other more subtle timekeeping problems exist in computing, such as accounting for leap seconds, which are not observed with any predictability or regularity. Additionally, applications that need to represent historical dates and times (for example, representing a date prior to the switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar) must use specialized timekeeping libraries.

Finally, some software must maintain compatibility with older software that does not keep time in strict accordance with traditional timekeeping systems. For example, Microsoft Excel observes the fictional date of 29 February 1900 in order to maintain bug compatibility with older versions of Lotus 1-2-3. Lotus 1-2-3 observed the date due to an error; by the time the error was discovered, it was too late to fix it—"a change now would disrupt formulas which were written to accommodate this anomaly".

In satellite-based time systems
There are at least six satellite navigation systems, all of which function by transmitting time signals. Of the only two satellite systems with global coverage, GPS calculates its time signal from an epoch, whereas GLONASS calculates time as an offset from UTC, with the UTC input adjusted for leap seconds. Of the only two other systems aiming for global coverage, Galileo calculates from an epoch and BeiDou calculates from UTC without adjustment for leap seconds. GPS also transmits the offset between UTC time and GPS time and must update this offset every time there is a leap second, requiring GPS receiving devices to handle the update correctly. In contrast, leap seconds are transparent to GLONASS users.
The complexities of calculating UTC from an epoch are explained by the European Space Agency in Galileo documentation under "Equations to correct system timescale to reference timescale".

Notable epoch dates in computing
The following table lists epoch dates used by popular software and other computer-related systems. The time in these systems is stored as the quantity of a particular time unit (days, seconds, nanoseconds, etc.) that has elapsed since a stated time (usually midnight UTC at the beginning of the given date).

See also
 System time
 Unix time

Notes

References

External links
 Critical and Significant Dates (J. R. Stockton), an extensive list of dates that are problematic for various operating systems and computing devices.
 Potential problem dates for computers (pdf) A list of potential problem dates for computers and software from 2001 to 2100 (IET).

Calendaring standards


"Where Do I Fit in the Picture" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker. It was released in February 1994 as the third single from his self-titled debut album. It peaked at number 11 in the United States and reached number 6 in Canada. Before its single release, it was the B-side to Walker's debut single "What's It to You".

Critical reception
Logan Neill of the St. Petersburg Times wrote, "The haunting Where Do I Fit in the Picture gave evidence that he takes his  singing seriously. Shelly Fabian of About.com called it a "steel-soaked country weeper". Leeann Ward of Country Universe listed "Where Do I Fit in the Picture" as the 382nd best country single of the 1990s and wrote, "Sure, Walker milks this forlorn ballad for all it’s worth, but his ability to dramatically emote is the success of his trademark tear-soaked voice."

Music video
Walker released a music video in 1994 for the song which was directed by Michael Merriman.

Chart position

Charts

Year-end charts

References

1994 singles
1993 songs
Clay Walker songs
Songs written by Clay Walker
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
Giant Records (Warner) singles


Sundowner is a motor yacht formerly owned by Charles Lightoller, who was Second Officer aboard the  for her ill-fated maiden voyage in April, 1912.

She participated in the Dunkirk evacuation as one of the "little ships" as well as a number of commemorations of the event, and is now a museum ship at the Ramsgate Maritime Museum in Southern England.

Construction
Originally built in 1912, the former Admiralty steam pinnace was bought in 1929 for £40 (equivalent to £ today) by Charles and Sylvia Lightoller. The hull was recovered from the mud at Conyer Creek east of the River Medway and was fitted with two masts and ketch-rigged with jib, mainsail, mizzen and mizzen staysail.  Due to Sylvia being Australian, they named their converted yacht Sundowner, an Australian term for a tramp or hobo. Originally 52 feet long, she was extended to 58 feet, and fitted with a  Parsons petrol-paraffin 4-stroke engine driving a single propeller, giving her a top speed of .

Sundowner was launched on 28 June 1930, and after trials on the Thames, undertook her first voyage to France. During the next ten years the Lightollers cruised along the northern coast of Europe, taking part successfully in many international competitions. In 1936 Lightoller replaced the engine with a more powerful  Gleniffer diesel engine giving her an extra .  In 1939, with the threat of war looming, Lightoller was tasked to secretly survey the European coast for the Admiralty.

Dunkirk
On 31 May 1940, Sundowner was requisitioned by the Admiralty to sail to Dunkirk to assist in the evacuation. Lightoller, aged 66 and retired, volunteered to take her, along with his eldest son Roger, and Gerald Ashcroft, an 18-year-old Sea Scout.

Leaving the Port of Ramsgate at 10:00 on 1 June, the yacht crossed the Channel in company with five other ships. On their way, they rescued the crew of the motor cruiser Westerly, which had broken down and was on fire. On arrival at Dunkirk, Lightoller realised that the piers were too high, and so drew alongside the destroyer  and started to take on soldiers. Seventy-five men were crammed into the cabin, and another fifty-five on deck, a total of 130. Sundowner then returned to Ramsgate, avoiding fire from enemy aircraft through evasive manoeuvres on the way, though the greatest danger was being swamped by the wash from fast-moving destroyers. After disembarking the troops, she was preparing to return for France for another load, but by then only ships capable of doing 20 knots were allowed to continue.

Sundowner remained in service as a coastal patrol vessel in the River Blackwater, Essex. She then moved to the River Clyde under the control of 647 Transport Company, Royal Army Service Corps. She was released from service in 1945, and after a refit was returned to Lightoller in 1946, and once again used as a family boat.

Post-war
Charles Lightoller died in 1952, and his wife Sylvia continued to cruise in Sundowner, taking the helm when she led the Armada of Little Ships on the 25th Anniversary return to Dunkirk in 1965. After passing through several other owners, Sundowner was purchased by the East Kent Maritime Trust after the last owners, Jamie and Baffy Turner had to put into Ramsgate harbour (on passage from the Medway to a new berth in Southampton) in August 1986 for repair to the hull after suffering heavy damage in rough weather. She was restored for the 50th anniversary of Dunkirk in 1990. In 2000 Sundowner also took part in the 60th anniversary flotilla, once more sailing to Dunkirk. On 3 June 2012, Sundowner participated in the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant among other "Dunkirk Little Ships".

By September 2022, Sundowner had been transferred into the care of Dennett's Shipbuilders in Chertsey. At that time, the ship was in need of major repairs and restoration. That same month, an American TikTok channel creator began work to raise awareness and funds to aid in the ship's restoration.

References

External links
 National Historic Ships
 East Kent Maritime Trust
 Ramsgate Maritime Museum

1912 ships
Little Ships of Dunkirk
Motor yachts
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
Ramsgate
Ships and vessels of the National Historic Fleet


France was present at the Eurovision Song Contest 1979, held in Jerusalem.

Before Eurovision

Internal selection
The French national final to select their entry, Concours de la Chanson Française pour l'Eurovision 1979, was to be held on 4 March 1979 at the TF1 Studios in Paris, but the Société Française de Production, the French film technicians' union, went on strike, barring the semi-finals from airing and the finals from being taped at all. A professional jury picked the winner out of a pool of 14 semi-finalists.

The winning entry was "Je suis l'enfant soleil", performed by Anne Marie David and composed by Eddy Marnay with lyrics by Hubert Giraud. Despite the strike, Anne Marie David's semi-final performance was allowed to be shown during Preview Week.

At Eurovision
Anne Marie David performed eleventh on the night of the contest, following Israel and preceding Belgium. At the close of the voting the song had received 106 points, placing 3rd in a field of 19 competing countries.

Voting

References

1979
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 1979
Eurovision
Eurovision


KSHO (920 AM, "Unforgettable 920") is a radio station licensed to serve Lebanon, Oregon, United States. The station, which began broadcasting in 1951, is currently owned by the Eads Broadcasting Corporation.

Programming
KSHO broadcasts an adult standards music format featuring the "America's Best Music" programming from Dial Global.

In addition to its usual music programming, throughout 2009, KSHO and sister station KGAL aired a series of one-minute historical vignettes as part of Oregon's sesquicentennial celebration.  The program, titled A Moment in Oregon History, highlighted key events in Oregon history and notable Oregon residents.  Each of the 240 vignettes was written by author Rick Steber.

History

The beginning
This station began broadcasting in 1951 with 1,000 watts of power on 930 kHz as KGAL under the ownership of W. Gordon Allen's Linn County Broadcasting Company. Part of the Allen Stations Group, KGAL shifted frequencies to the current 920 kHz in 1954.

On July 1, 1961, Allen sold KGAL to the Stadler Stations Group through their Radio Wonderland Willamette, Inc., subsidiary. Stadler held onto the station through the end of the 1960s.

The fact that the station had a low dial position it was able to get a lot out of 1000 watts of power. It had to protect other stations on 920 in Spokane and Olympia, WA so going north you lost them just past Salem where Portland's KISN (910) splashed over. The signal was more than sufficient for them to cover the tri-cities of Albany, Lebanon, and Corvallis. The fact that they were directionalized west and south gave them almost a city-grade signal in Eugene and you could take them almost to the Oregon coast.

The station called itself K-Gal with a downhome country format. The "K-Gal Rancho" along Highway 20 on the outskirts of Lebanon was a familiar local landmark.

The 1970s
KGAL was purchased by Lebanon Broadcasting, Inc., in 1970. This put the Bend Bulletin newspaper into the operating position, but they knew well enough to bring in radio people to run KGAL. They changed the station to Top 40 and soon Carl Reynolds came in as general manager. Under his leadership the station vaulted past KRKT in Albany and pushed KASH (Eugene) out of the market.

92-KGAL peaked in 1972 using the moniker "The Rock of The Valley." Veteran programmer Jim Edwards (Dick Poirier) put together a strong air staff, however the market was too small to keep these guys around for long. The "White Rabbit" Jerry Vance did the morning show. In middays there was Eddie Beacon, who later became a big radio star in Knoxville, TN. He was replaced by Ernie Hopsecker using the name John W. Roberts is now a successful station owner based in Salem, OR. Edwards handled PM drive until his departure when Dusty Brooks, whom Edwards had hired in Providence, took that shift. His air name was Todd Martin. From there Brooks went on to Chicago's WGLD-FM where he was Music Director and handled the 6-10 PM shift. The station's news director was Jim Brinson out of Eugene who springboarded to Pittsburgh where he became a popular TV sportscaster and a member of the Pittsburgh Pirates broadcast team. Years later Brinson ended up in Buffalo. Another huge talent was J. Parker Antrim out of Missoula, MT who took over the morning show when Vance departed. From KGAL he took his unique act to Columbus, OH and then to San Francisco where he worked at some prestigious stations including legendary KYA.

In late 1972 Sam Lee stepped in as Program Director and worked on the air as "Super Shannon." During his tenure Western Communications acquired KGAL from Lebanon Broadcasting, Inc., in 1973.  The new owners maintained the Top 40 music format but the ownership change proved short-lived. Soon after Lee left for Pueblo, CO and KDZA, KGAL was acquired by Juniper Broadcasting in November 1974. In March 1979, Juniper Broadcasting changed its name to Capps Broadcasting Group, Inc. The Top 40 format was maintained through the sale in 1981.

The Eads era
In July 1981, Capps Broadcasting Group, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station to the Eads Broadcasting Corporation.  The deal was approved by the FCC on September 17, 1981.

The station was assigned the KSHO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on November 1, 1991.

References

External links
KSHO official website
FCC History Cards for KSHO

SHO
Adult standards radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1951
Lebanon, Oregon
1951 establishments in Oregon


The Praça Rui Barbosa (), also called Praça da Estação (Station Square), is a square in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

It has this name due to its proximity to Belo Horizonte's Central Station. The square has the first public clock in the city.

References

Geography of Belo Horizonte
Parks in Brazil


Operation Clean-up, also known as Operation Blue Fox, was an armed military intelligence program led by the Sindh Police and Pakistan Rangers, with an additional assistance from the Pakistan Army and its related intelligence agencies. Planned by the FIA, Intelligence Bureau and launched the directives of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1992, the program was more strictly pursued by upcoming Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993–94, as part of her internal policies.

Its objective was to cleanse Karachi city of anti-social elements. The program targeted the Muttahida Qaumi Movement over the controversy regarding the alleged Jinnahpur plan— which supposedly planned on having the city of Karachi break away from Pakistan.

Background

Political dynamics in 1980s
The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (denoted as MQM) is a centre-left and liberal political party which was founded in 1984 by its activist leader, Altaf Hussain who was a student at the University of Karachi in the 1970s. According to the memoirs of General Mirza Beg, the MQM had its support from President General Zia-ul-Haq since its very early foundation in 1984, in a view to sideline the JeI in Karachi and PPP in rural Sindh. Such claims had been dismissed by party's convener Imran Farooq. MQM took part in local government elections and participated well in 1985 general elections, initially becoming part of military–technocratic government of President General Zia-ul-Haq. After death of President Zia-ul-Haq, MQM contested in 1988 general elections, acquiring considerable political leverage with 13 seats in parliament.  MQM was part of PPP-led government of Benazir Bhutto but its repressive persuasion of repatriation of Biharis from Bangladesh camps soured the relations between each other. MQM went on to support the "vote of no confidence" against Benazir Bhutto which took the incumbency by surprise. As early as 1988–89, the political problems in Karachi began to arise and reached its climax in 1990 when Sindh Police opened fire on Muhajir locale in Hyderabad city. The ensuing violence led to the events dismissing Benazir Bhutto from the office.

After coming in power as a result of 1990 general elections, the MQM re-demonstrated its political power in Sindh as part of the IDA government led by Nawaz Sharif. During this time, violence arose with the disagreements between one faction led by Afaq Ahmed and Altaf Hussain of MQM. MQM was later subdued by Nawaz Sharif in 1991 due to a brief clash of ideology.

Planning a military operation in Karachi
In 1992, a program's studies for an Army led operation in Karachi were concluded under the Director-General of the Intelligence Bureau, Brigadier (retired) Imtiaz Ahmed as codename: Operation Clean-up, recommending the protocol. On personal initiatives of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, Clean-up protocol was initiated under Imtiaz Ahmed and the Pakistan Rangers, focusing on taking measures against the decoits in rural Sindh, not specific political parties. According to the sources, the program's protocol was to last six months, deadline was until June 1992.

Operation Clean-up

The program went in cold storage after Sharif was dismissed but again came in effect and revival after the 1993 general elections which saw Benazir Bhutto coming in power and MQM winning the provisional elections decisively. The proposal was put forward and Benazir Bhutto renamed the program's protocol as "Blue Fox in 1993 and more aggressively persuade with the program. Among the reasons given for the launching of the Blue Fox were the Jinnahpur affair and the Major Kaleem Case in Karachi that occurred in 1993. The street fighting with the PPP continued in rural Karachi with the PPP's controversial decision of forming of Malir District in 1994.

Continuation of the operation
After the Nawaz government fell, the anti-MQM operation continued into the new Benazir Bhutto government. The army recognised that the program's protocol actually took place during the Government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. The diameter and focus of the program was widened to Pakistan Armed Forces when the 25th Mechanized Division of V Corps (for ground support) and the ISI (on intelligence) was invited by Benazir Bhutto. The army's search and destroy operation led to the discovery of arm caches and torture chambers in elsewhere in Karachi. The gun and street fighting in Karachi increased the Muhajir Sindh violence. Lieutenant-General Naseer Akhtar and Major-General Safdar Ali Khan, assisting Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmed, directly reported to the government on the course of actions. In December 1993, Defence minister Aftab Mirani maintained that the army operation in Sindh "will continue as long as it is needed." In a press release in January 1994, Interior Minister, Major-General (retired) Naseerullah Babar, added in that "Operation Clean-Up" was likely to continue until June.

During its final phases on 19 May 1994, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto chaired a meeting with Chief minister of Sindh Abdullah shah, Interior minister Naseerullah Babar, chief of army staff General Waheed Kakar and other key civilian and military officials at General Headquarters (GHQ) to decide on the modalities of Operation Clean-up in Sindh; operation to be carried out by the Army Rangers with full backing by the Army.

Halt and legacy
Ending in 1994, the period is regarded as the bloodiest period in Karachi's history, with thousands killed or gone missing in the fighting. In May 1995, arm clashes again broke out between the MQM and the Sindh Police managed by the PPP. Benazir Bhutto's steps towards the counterinsurgency did, however, bring some calm in Karachi by the spring of 1996. Over this issue, Murtaza Bhutto was notably gunned down in a police encounter with the Sindh Police. Within seven-week, President Farooq Leghari dismissed the government of Benazir Bhutto, primarily charging the issue of Murtaza Bhutto and the killings of MQM workers. MQM again participated well in 1997 general elections and redemonstrated its political leverage in the parliament. Furthermore, the program came to its final halt in end years of 1996 after the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's government.

Although over 30 years have passed since the arrests or disappearance of MQM workers, families of the missing people have registered cases in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and are still searching for their loved ones.

See also
Jinnahpur

References

External links
 Rise of the MQM in Pakistan: Politics of Ethnic Mobilization, Farhat Haq, Asian Survey, Vol. 35, No. 11 (Nov. 1995), pp. 990–1004, University of California Press
 Ethnicity and State Power in Pakistan: The Karachi Crisis, Moonis Ahmar, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10 (Oct. 1996), pp. 1031–1048, Published by: University of California Press
 A History of Pakistan and its Origins, pg 35, Christophe Jaffrelot
 "What happened to the 92 cops who disappeared after 1992?"

History of Pakistan
History of Sindh (1947–present)
Muhajir history
Political repression in Pakistan
Politics of Karachi
Clean-up
Police operations in Pakistan
Clean-up
Clean-up
Nawaz Sharif administration
Clean-up
Government of Benazir Bhutto
Muttahida Qaumi Movement
Persecution of Muhajirs


Donna-Lee Petrovich (born 15 November 1963) was an Australian politician. She was a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 2006 to 2013, representing Northern Victoria Region. She resigned with a year remaining of her second term in order to contest the 2013 federal election in the seat of McEwen, but was defeated by Labor incumbent Rob Mitchell.

Petrovich was born in Bendigo, Victoria. She commenced her working life at her families business, Bynon Industries. Some of her community work involved being the marketing executive of the Central Victorian Racing Club and the Hanging Rock Racing Club.  She was also very active in the local Liberal Party branches.
She won the Hanging Rock Ward in the Macedon Ranges Shire Council 2000 General Election on first preferences of 50.5%. She again won this ward in the 2003 General Election on first preferences of 50.83%. She served the Council as Deputy and then Mayor during this period.  She did not contest the 2005 Council General Election.

Prior to the 2006 Victorian state election, she won preselection for the second position on the Liberal ticket in Northern Victoria, with Shepparton's Wendy Lovell in the top position. In February 2008, she was appointed Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Health Services.

She was re-elected in the 2010 election, and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Sustainability and the Environment in the new coalition government. She was also a Member of the Law Reform Committee.

Petrovich resigned from the Legislative Council on 1 July 2013 to contest the electorate of McEwen. She was defeated by incumbent Labor MP Rob Mitchell.

At the 2014 Victorian state election, Petrovitch contested the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Macedon for the Liberal Party, but was defeated by Labor candidate Mary-Anne Thomas.

Petrovich also controversially nominated for the Liberal Party preselection contest for the South West Coast seat vacated by former Premier Denis Napthine.  The endorsed Liberal Party candidate, and eventual winner of the by-election, Roma Britnell, defeated all other preselection candidates in the first round of voting, receiving more than 50% of the delegate votes.

References

1963 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
People from Bendigo
Women mayors of places in Victoria (state)
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Women members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Mayors of places in Victoria (state)


The PHX Sky Train is an electric people mover at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix, Arizona.  The initial segment opened to the public on April 8, 2013. The first extension to Terminal 3 opened on December 8, 2014, and the second extension to the Rental Car Center opened on December 20, 2022. The 24/7 service operates free of charge, with trains running every 3–5 minutes.

The PHX Sky Train replaced shuttle buses for transit within the airport property. Inter-terminal shuttle bus service was discontinued on January 15, 2015. Rental Car Center shuttle buses ended with the opening of the extension in 2022.

The PHX Sky Train features a  bridge over Taxiway R, one of three taxiways that connects the north and south runways. This is the first transit bridge in the world to be built over an active taxiway. The bridge is tall enough to allow for Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft to pass under.

History

Phase 1 consists of a  segment  constructed between December 2008 and April 2013. It links Terminal 4, the East Economy Parking lot, and the 44th Street/Washington station of the Valley Metro Rail. The guideway runs in a new underpass (below the Union Pacific railroad), past the jet-fuel tank farm, and alongside 44th Street. At an estimated cost of $1.58 billion, Phase 1 opened on April 8, 2013.

Phase 1a, which opened December 8, 2014, extended the train from Terminal 4 to Terminal 3. A  covered walkway connected the Terminal 3 station with Terminal 2 until Terminal 2 closed in February 2020.

Phase 2 opened on December 20, 2022 and extended the Sky Train west from Terminal 3 to the Rental Car Center. Funding was approved in October 2016 and the extension is projected to cost $700 million. Phase 2 construction completed in mid 2022 and was under testing until its final opening in December. Phase 2 will be fully funded by airline and rental car passenger fees. The  extension will pass in two cuts underneath future taxiways and Interstate 10.

Future
Phase 2 includes provisions for infill stations to be constructed for a future "West Terminal" (on the site of the West Economy Parking lots) as well as a new ground transportation center to be built just east of 24th Street. Both the new terminal and new ground transportation center are unfunded and included in the airport's 20-year Comprehensive Asset Management Plan.

Passenger services
At 44th Street station, domestic passengers can check baggage for flights operated by American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, and United Airlines. Bags must be checked at least 90 minutes prior to the flight's departure time. Once checked, the baggage is delivered in locked containers to the internal baggage-handling systems at Terminal 4. Delivery of the baggage is via secured shuttle-trucks that run approximately every eight minutes.

44th Street also has a passenger drop-off area, cell phone lot, bike racks, and bike lockers. It is also served by routes 1, 32, and 44 of the Valley Metro Bus system.  FlixBus boards from the north side of the Sky Train station.

Select airlines also offer kiosks to print boarding passes at the 44th Street/Washington and East Economy Parking stations.

Ridership
Three months after opening, the PHX Sky Train carried about 70,000 people per week, over 40% higher than the design estimates of about 48,000. The busiest days are Thursday and Friday. The busiest times are 5 am-8 am and noon-3 pm In March 2016, average daily ridership was 15,940.

Cumulative ridership hit 1 million in 2013 and hit 10 million in 2015.

Rolling stock
Rolling stock consists of 18 Innovia APM 200 vehicles. Trains generally operating as six 3-car trainsets, although 2-car trainsets are in use during off-peak times. With the opening of Phase 2, Bombardier will deliver 24 additional vehicles.

The system is designed to carry 3,300 passengers per hour per direction. The average speed of the trains was forecasted to be , with trainsets capable of reaching , making the journey time from the 44th Street to Terminal 4 five minutes, plus an additional two minutes to reach Terminal 3.

This is the third Innovia APM 200 installation following the DFW Skylink and Heathrow Terminal 5 Transit.

Image gallery
Different views of the PHX Sky Train and terminal.

References

External links
 PHX Sky Train, Sky Harbor International Airport, Phoenix

Airport people mover systems in the United States
Airport rail links in the United States
Railway lines opened in 2013
Innovia people movers
Sky Train
2013 establishments in Arizona


Czesław Michniewicz (; born 12 February 1970) is a Polish football manager and former player who most recently managed Saudi Professional League side Abha. He managed the Poland national team in 2022.

Managerial career

Early years
In September 2003, Michniewicz was appointed as the manager of Lech Poznań. He led the side to the 2003–04 Polish Cup and Polish Super Cup titles. He left the club in June 2006. In October 2006, he was appointed manager of Ekstraklasa side Zagłębie Lubin, leading the club to the 2006–07 league title. In October 2007, he was relieved of his duties. From 8 July 2008 to 12 April 2009 he managed Arka Gdynia in the Ekstraklasa. From 15 November 2010 until 30 June 2011, he managed Widzew Łódź. On 22 July 2011, he was appointed as the manager of Jagiellonia Białystok, but left the position on 22 December 2011 by mutual consent. On 28 March 2012, Michniewicz was named as the new coach of Polonia Warsaw, which he led until 8 May 2012.

From 22 March to 22 October 2013, he managed Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała. After a year and a half pause, he was hired as the coach of Pogoń Szczecin. Michniewicz's side finished the league at sixth place in the 2015–16 season. Despite the best result in years, his contract was not renewed and he left the club on 30 June 2016. From 1 July 2016 to 22 March 2017, he was in charge of Bruk-Bet Termalica Nieciecza in Ekstraklasa.

Poland national under-21 football team
On 7 July 2017, he was appointed as the coach of the Poland under-21 national team. After defeating Portugal in the play-offs, Poland under his leadership qualified for the first time since 1994 for the final tournament of the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. On 15 October 2020, he was replaced by Maciej Stolarczyk.

Legia Warsaw
On 21 September 2020, he was appointed as the coach of Legia Warsaw. In his debut Legia won 2–0 over FC Drita at the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League qualifiers. On 18 October 2020, he made his Ekstraklasa debut, as Legia won 2–1 over Zagłębie Lubin. On 11 December 2020, he was named Ekstraklasa's Coach of the Month after Legia's successful run in November. He was awarded the same distinction for March 2021, as his team completed the campaign in the above-mentioned month without any defeat. On 28 April 2021, Michniewicz won his second Polish Championship after 0–0 draw between Jagiellonia Białystok and Raków Częstochowa (as the latter team had already lost mathematical chances of catching up with Legia), with three games to spare.

On 26 August 2021, Legia led by Michniewicz defeated SK Slavia Prague, and for the first time in five years qualified for the group stages of a European cup. They would face Leicester City, Napoli and Spartak Moscow in the UEFA Europa League group stage.

Although Legia led their group after wins against Spartak Moscow and Leicester City, they struggled in the league. After four consecutive defeats, managing nine points in ten fixtures and sitting 15th in the table, Michniewicz was dismissed on 25 October 2021.

Poland national team
On 31 January 2022, Michniewicz was named as the new manager of Poland, signing a deal until 31 December 2022 with an extension option, following the previous manager Paulo Sousa's decision to join Flamengo three months before Poland's first 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification play-offs game. He was scheduled to make his debut against Russia in Moscow, prior to the disqualification of Russia. On 24 March, Poland played their first match under Michniewicz, a 1–1 draw in a friendly against Scotland.

On 29 March 2022, Michniewicz led Poland to a 2–0 victory over Sweden in the World Cup qualification play-off final. On 30 November 2022, Poland advanced to the knockout stage of the 2022 FIFA World Cup for the first time since 1986 under the lead of Michniewicz.

On 22 December 2022, following criticism of the national team's defensive tactics and style of play under Michniewicz by the media, a turmoil regarding bonuses for national team players and staff, Michniewicz blocking several journalists on Twitter before deleting his account, and reportedly shouldering part of the blame for the media fallout on team manager Jakub Kwiatkowski, it was announced Michniewicz's contract would not be extended and he was to leave his post on 31 December 2022.

Abha
On 12 June 2023, Michniewicz was announced as the new manager of Saudi club Abha. Following a good start to his stint, Abha suffered four straight league defeats in September, which led to Michniewicz's dismissal on 1 October 2023.

Personal life

Michniewicz was born in Byarozawka, then in the Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union (present-day Belarus), while his mother was visiting her family; but grew up in Biskupiec, Poland. On 20 June 1998, he married Grażyna Rzewuska, with whom he has two sons: Mateusz (born 22 January 2001) and Jakub (born 13 August 2003).

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Amica Wronki
Polish Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000
Polish Super Cup: 1999

Manager
Lech Poznań
Polish Cup: 2003–04
Polish Super Cup: 2004

Zagłebie Lubin
Ekstraklasa: 2006–07
Polish Super Cup: 2007

Legia Warsaw
Ekstraklasa: 2020–21

Individual
 Ekstraklasa Coach of the Month: November 2020, March 2021

References

External links

1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
People from Lida District
People from Nowe Miasto County
Polish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Bałtyk Gdynia players
SKS Stoczniowiec Gdańsk players
Amica Wronki players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
II liga players
Polish football managers
Lech Poznań managers
Zagłębie Lubin managers
Arka Gdynia managers
Widzew Łódź managers
Jagiellonia Białystok managers
Polonia Warsaw managers
Podbeskidzie Bielsko-Biała managers
Pogoń Szczecin managers
Bruk-Bet Termalica Nieciecza managers
Legia Warsaw managers
Poland national football team managers
Abha Club managers
Ekstraklasa managers
Saudi Pro League managers
2022 FIFA World Cup managers
Polish expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia


Jan Fischer (; born 2 January 1951) is a Czech politician who served as the prime minister of the Czech Republic from April 2009 to July 2010, heading a caretaker government. Later he was the minister of Finance from July 2013 to January 2014 in another interim government of Jiří Rusnok.

A lifelong statistician, he served as president of the Czech Statistical Office beginning in April 2003.

In 2012, Fischer announced his candidacy for the 2013 presidential election. In the first round of the election, held in January 2013, he placed third with 16.35% of the vote (841,437 votes). He did not qualify for the second round.

Biography

Personal life and education
Jan Fischer was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia. His father was a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences specialising in mathematical and statistical applications in genetics, selective growing and medicine. His mother was also a statistician. His father, a Holocaust survivor, was Jewish, and his mother was Catholic. Raised in an interfaith household, Fischer identifies with Judaism.

Fischer graduated from the University of Economics, Prague in 1974 in statistics and econometrics. He completed postgraduate studies there in 1985, earning his Candidate of Sciences degree in economic statistics. He was a member of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1980 until the collapse of the Communist regime in 1989.

Jan Fischer is married for the second time to his former secretary and has 3 children. His eldest son Jakub (born 1978) is a professor of statistics and dean at the Faculty of Informatics and Statistics of the University of Economics, Prague.

Career
Immediately after graduation, Fischer joined the Federal Statistical Office. In 1990 he became its vice-chairman and held this position until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, becoming the first vice-president of the newly established Czech Statistical Office. Since the beginning of the 1990s he led the team tallying the elections in the Czech Republic results. He appeared to be groomed to replace the long-time president Edvard Outrata who retired in August 1999; however the Social-Democratic government brought in an outsider Marie Bohatá from the academia. She fired Fischer in September 2000, whereupon he became Production Director of Taylor Nelson Sofres Factum. In 2001 he participated in an International Monetary Fund mission exploring possibilities of establishing a statistical bureau in East Timor. Since March 2002 he was a chief of research institutes at the Faculty of Informatics and Statistics of the University of Economics, Prague. After Bohatá resigned due to a scandal with a huge error in foreign trade balance, Fischer was appointed president of the Czech Statistical Office on 24 April 2003.

He is a member of the Czech Statistical Society, the Scientific Council and Board of Trustees and a Scientific Board of the Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem. Since April 2011, he is also a member of the board of Bruegel, the European think tank for international economics.

Prime Minister

After the vote of no confidence of Mirek Topolánek's centre-right government in March 2009, in the middle of Czech Presidency of the European Union, Fischer was proposed to be the Prime Minister in April. He was nominated by Civic Democratic Party as independent. His government, nominated by both the Czech major parties (Topolánek's Civic Democratic Party and Czech Social Democratic Party) was inaugurated on 8 May 2009 on the understanding that the early election would be in October; however unexpected development in the Constitutional Court and House of Deputies postponed them to May 2010. Fischer decided to remain in the government, where he proved very popular, until then although the parties offered him a post in the European Commission.

He was a patron of the conference "Crimes of the Communist Regimes".

Candidate for President
In February 2012, Jan Fischer announced his candidacy for the presidential election of January 2013. He was, according to polls, the favourite of the election, along with former Prime Minister Miloš Zeman. However, he lost in the first round to Zeman and the Foreign Minister Karel Schwarzenberg. Prior to the election, he was criticised for his former membership in the Communist Party.

References

External links

 Official CV at government website

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1951 births
Czech statisticians
20th-century Czech Jews
21st-century Czech Jews
Jewish Czech politicians
Jewish prime ministers
Living people
Politicians from Prague
Presidents of the European Council
Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic
Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic) prime ministers
Prague University of Economics and Business alumni
Finance ministers of the Czech Republic
Candidates in the 2013 Czech presidential election
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia members


Oddleiv Sigurd Bang Hølaas (27 March 1898 – 2 March 1968) was a Norwegian journalist and writer. He won the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1964.

He was born in Tveit as a son of physician Oddleiv Magne Hølaas (1869–1915) and Aasta Bang (1867–1953). He was a paternal grandson of Andreas Hølaas. He finished secondary education in 1917, and was hired in the newspaper Christianssands Tidende. Already in 1918 he went on to Nationen, and in 1924 to Tidens Tegn. In July 1926 he married Kjellaug Skajaa (1906–1990).

He remained in Tidens Tegn until 1940. The newspaper was closed in 1941. This was during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, and he was arrested on 12 May 1942. He was incarcerated in Bredtveit concentration camp until 24 September 1942. From 1946 to 1950 he was a Norwegian press attaché in Copenhagen, from 1951 to 1956 he was a culture attaché in Washington DC. From 1956 he worked in Dagbladet and also had a column in Aktuell. Hølaas also released several books; best remembered are the essay collections De talte dager (1946), Øyne som ser (1964) and Livstegn og speilinger (1966). In 1964 he won the Gyldendal's Endowment and the Riksmål Society Literature Prize.

Hølaas died in March 1968 in Oslo from myocardial infarction.

References

1898 births
1968 deaths
Writers from Kristiansand
Norwegian essayists
Norwegian columnists
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
Norwegian expatriates in the United States

Bredtveit concentration camp survivors
20th-century essayists
20th-century Norwegian journalists


Juan María Atutxa Mendiola (born May 18, 1941, in Areatza) is a politician from the Basque Country (an autonomous community in Spain) with a nationalist ideology. A member of the Basque Nationalist Party, he was Head of the Department of Interior (1991–98) and President of the Basque Parliament (1998–2005). He currently heads the Sabino Arana foundation.

Head of the Department of Interior (1991-1998)
During his term as a regional minister, he was tasked with implementing the recently passed Basque Country Police Act which the regional police body (Ertzaintza) and mandated its extension to the whole autonomous community. Since then, the criminality rates in the Basque Country have consistently ranked among the lowest in Spain according to the data published each year by the office of the Spanish Attorney General. He also implemented the Emergency Response Act, a law unifying the protocols for emergency assistance in the Basque Country, and the Spectacles Act, which mandated periodic safety inspections on buildings authorized to hold public events.

Electoral regulations were also under his responsibility. In this area, he drafted the reform of the electoral law establishing the possibility of a future use of electronic voting and leaving the actual date of implementation to the Parliament. Furthermore, the Department of Interior introduced many technological advances during his tenure, greatly increasing the pace of the scrutiny and offering election night-data over the Internet, a first in Spain.

President of the Basque Parliament (1998–2005)
In the 1998 election the Basque Nationalist Party renewed its ranks, dropping incumbent Lehendakari José Antonio Ardanza in favour of the younger, more nationalist-oriented Juan José Ibarretxe. The Presidency of the Parliament was also affected by this renovation, and incumbent President Joseba Andoni Leizaola handed over the chair to Mr. Atutxa. He stayed in office for two terms, but his third run for the head of the legislature after the 2005 election was blocked by the junior coalition partners of his party. After nine rounds of voting in a tie with the Socialist candidate Miguel Buen, he withdrew his candidacy and was replaced by his party colleague Izaskun Bilbao who won the vote.

Unfair conviction
His tenure as president saw the enactment of the Spanish Political Parties Act, which sought to outlaw any party that did not condemn the violence of ETA; under this law, Batasuna was declared illegal by the Spanish Supreme Court, which considered that it had tangible links to ETA.

The reporting magistrate in the lawsuit was Manuel Marchena. Consequently, the court ordered the Parliament to disband the parliamentary group of the former party, Sozialista Abertzaleak, which, even though they would still be members of the Parliament, would have denied them the public money allotted to groups. Given that the standing rules of the Parliament did not contemplate the disbanding of parliamentary groups, the Basque nationalist majority in the Bureau considered that the Supreme Court's decision would require rules to be altered in order to meet it.

This started a chain of lawsuits in both the High Court of the Basque Country and the Spanish Supreme Court in which the three Bureau members were charged with an offence of contempt of court for their disobedience to a final ruling of the Supreme Court, which ignored its own Botín doctrine in order to prosecute the Basque MPs. After being initially acquitted on parliamentary immunity by the Basque High Court and an appeal by the far-right union Manos Limpias in 2007, founded by Miguel Bernard Remón, the Supreme Court sentenced him to a €18,000 fine and 18 months of disqualification for the exercise of any public office in early 2008.

In June 2017, the Strasbourg Tribunal of Human Rights condemned Spain for its irregular conviction of the Bureau members Juan Maria Atutxa, Conchi Bilbao and Gorka Knörr. Finally, eleven years on after his conviction by the Supreme Court, the same tribunal overturned it, clearing him and the MPs condemned in the same case of all offences, besides stating that the binding character of the Strasbourg tribunal's sentences for Spanish justice is "out of question".

Criticism
In the political field he sternly confronted the violence of ETA, a decision that would make him a target for the group. He was criticized by some Spanish and Basque forces for refusing to break up the parliamentary group, despite not being qualified to make that decision. He replied showing his indignation against the accusations of collusion with the group, citing his status as a potential target:

See also

 Arnaldo Otegi
 Altsasu incident (2016)
 Trial of Catalonia independence leaders

References

External links
 Basque Parliament: Juan María Atutxa - Bio

1941 births
Basque Nationalist Party politicians
Living people
Members of the 5th Basque Parliament
Members of the 6th Basque Parliament
Members of the 7th Basque Parliament
Members of the 8th Basque Parliament
People from Arratia-Nerbioi
Presidents of the Basque Parliament


Robert Frederick Smith (born 22 May 1948) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1999 to 2010, representing South Eastern Metropolitan Region.

Smith was born in England, and attended St Brendan's Public school 1958–63 and Salisbury High School in Brisbane, Queensland, 1963–65. In 1965 he became a permanent member of the Royal Australian Navy, where he remained until 1980, when he became the plant operator of a steel mill. In 1989, he became a union leader.

Smith was elected to the Legislative Council in the 1999 Victorian state election, representing Chelsea Province. When the Legislative Council was reformed in 2006, he won preselection for the third position on the Labor ticket for South Eastern Metropolitan, and was elected. In December 2006 he became President of the Legislative Council. In the 2010 election, Smith ran for a seat in the Western Metropolitan Region but failed to win election.

References

1948 births
Living people
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council for South Eastern Metropolitan Region
Presidents of the Victorian Legislative Council
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Australian trade unionists
Royal Australian Navy personnel
English emigrants to Australia
21st-century Australian politicians


Hallvard Rieber-Mohn (2 October 1922 – 4 August 1982) was a Norwegian Dominican priest and author.

Biography
He was born at Molde in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. His parents were Christian Joachim Rieber-Mohn (1891–1959) and Sophie Amalie Rosendahl (1892–1963).
Rieber-Mohn grew up in Hamar, where his father was an editor of  Hamar Stiftstidende. Rieber-Mohn was a student at Saulchoir, the Dominican school of theology in Paris from 1945–53. He was then assigned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo to St. Dominican Church and Monastery at Neuberggata 15 in the neighborhood of Majorstuen in Oslo.

Rieber-Mohn was an official spokesman for the Roman Catholic Church in Norway. From 1959–66, he was the editor of the magazine St. Olav.
Besides being a columnist at Arbeiderbladet (now Dagsavisen), Rieber-Mohn was a regular contributor on NRK radio programs.
Rieber-Mohn debuted as an author in 1959 with a study of French poet and dramatist Paul Claudel (1868–1955).
In  1982, he completed an  essay  featuring  Norwegian author Sigrid Undset (1882–1949).

He won the Riksmål Society Literature Prize (Riksmålsforbundets litteraturpris) in 1967 and in 1982 he was awarded the Fritt Ord Award.

Selected works
Paul Claudel, 1956
Det blodige nei. Tyske skjebner fra Weimar til Bonn, 1967
Forrædere? Streiflys over landssvikets problem, 1969
Sideblikk, 1970
Midt på treet, 1972
Ossietzky, 1974
Reisegleder. Streiftog i land og sinn, 1975
Menneske først – kristen så, 1976
Fra politikk til forbrytelse, 1977
Alvorets glede, 1978
Dagbokblad, 1982
Sten på sten. Fem blikk på Sigrid Undset, 1982

References

1922 births
1982 deaths
People from Molde
Norwegian writers
Norwegian columnists
20th-century Norwegian writers
Norwegian Dominicans
Norwegian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Roman Catholic priests


Chanaresuchus is an extinct genus of proterochampsid archosauriform. It was of modest size for a proterochampsian, being on average just over a meter in length. The type species species is Chanaresuchus bonapartei was named in 1971. Its fossils were found in from the early Carnian-age Chañares Formation in La Rioja Province, Argentina . Chanaresuchus appears to be one of the most common archosauriforms from the Chañares Formation due to the abundance of specimens referred to the genus. Much of the material has been found by the La Plata-Harvard expedition of 1964-65. Chanaresuchus is the most well-described proterochampsid in the subfamily Rhadinosuchinae.

A second proposed species, C. ischigualastensis, was named in 2012 from the late Carnian-age Ischigualasto Formation, was briefly assigned to Chanaresuchus before being moved to its own genus Pseudochampsa in 2014. C. bonapartei has been reported from the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil, but the Brazilian fossils were given their own genus Kuruxuchampsa in 2023.

Description
Chanaresuchus has a low, elongate skull that is characteristic of proterochampsians. The skull is quite broad posteriorly with a narrow snout, varying in length from around 165mm to 260mm in the largest individuals. The nares are slit-like and positioned away from the tip of the rostrum, farther up the skull. The premaxilla is slightly down-curved. The skull table is highly ornamented in larger specimens, with the dermal bones well sculptured. The palate of Chanaresuchus has two elongate choanae. Two small openings anterior to the choanae may be anterior palatine foramina that could have been used for access to vomeronasal organs. The secondary palate formed between these two sets of openings may have been an adaptation for breathing through the snout while underwater.

Unlike other proterochampsians and early archosaurs, Chanaresuchus had little body armor. The only osteoderms found are small and scale-like, forming a single row down the back. They run from the neck to the hip, ending at the last presacral vertebra. They most likely continue down the tail, although tail osteoderms are not preserved in any specimens. There are roughly three osteoderms overlying each vertebra.

The foot of Chanaresuchus differs from other related archosaurs in that the inner toes are inlarged, whereas other primitive archosaurs retain a more symmetrical pattern. The first digit is reduced but robust, the second digit is the thickest, and the third digit is the longest, although somewhat slender in comparison to the others. The fourth digit is very slim and the fifth consists of only a metatarsal spur.

Paleoecology
A semiaquatic lifestyle similar to phytosaurs and modern day crocodilians has been proposed for Chanaresuchus, as is suggested by the secondary palate and upward facing orbits and nostrils. However, some evidence, such as a lack of aquatic amphibians found from the Chañares Formation, suggests that the area was relatively dry during the time of deposition. A terrestrial lifestyle is possible, since the osteoderm structure of Chanaresuchus is compact, more similar to terrestrial squamates than to crocodilians.

The depositional environment of the locality from which specimens of Chanaresuchus have been found was in close proximity to an area of high volcanic activity, because it was in an active rift basin. It is possible that all of the recovered specimens had died in a single event of mass mortality and may have been buried on a fluvial strandline. The mortality-causing event was most likely linked to regional volcanic activity.

The locality from which specimens of C. bonapartei have been found is well known for its abundance of tetrapods. Theraspids include the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus, and cynodonts such as Probainognathus and Massetognathus, the latter being the most abundant taxon of the locality. Archosaurs were less common, though highly diverse. Ornithodirans include Lewisuchus (= Pseudolagosuchus), Lagerpeton, and Marasuchus. Other archosaurs include Gracilisuchus and Luperosuchus. Another proterochampsian, which was named alongside Chanaresuchus in 1971, is Gualosuchus. It is very similar in appearance to Chanaresuchus, differing only in size and cranial proportions.

References

External links
 Chanaresuchus in the Paleobiology Database

Proterochampsians
Prehistoric reptile genera
Middle Triassic reptiles of South America
Late Triassic reptiles of South America
Triassic Argentina
Fossils of Argentina

Santa Maria Formation
Triassic Brazil
Fossils of Brazil
Fossil taxa described in 1971
Taxa named by Alfred Romer


Olav Nordrå (25 December 1919, in Hammerfest – 28 April 1994) was a Norwegian writer.  He won the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1969.

1919 births
1994 deaths
People from Hammerfest
Norwegian writers
20th-century Norwegian writers


The Bald Knob Wilderness is a 5,973-acre (24.2 km²) parcel of land listed as a Wilderness Area of the United States.  It is, by acreage, the second largest wilderness area located within the U.S. state of Illinois. It is located within the Shawnee National Forest in northwestern Union County, Illinois.

Second-growth wilderness
As with other wilderness areas within Shawnee National Forest, the Bald Knob Wilderness is made of second-growth forested areas that were used, until the land acquisitions of the 1930s, as agriculture land.  The United States Forest Service, which manages the wilderness, describes it as a land of "homestead[s], fruit trees, cemeteries, and abandoned roads."

The steep western slope of Bald Knob, a high hill or low mountain within the Shawnee Hills region of far southern Illinois, was never good ground for agriculture.  Firewood was cut here and farmers tried to use the region's well-watered, temperate climate to grow orchard fruits such as apples.

Shawnee National Forest was created in 1939, and in 1990, the Illinois Wilderness Act set aside seven separate parcels of land within this National Forest as relatively small wilderness areas.  The Bald Knob Wilderness, one of these parcels, is a roadless parcel of land within the national forest.

Visitors who travel by road to the Bald Knob Cross, as they drive up the east side of the mountain to the cross, skirt the Bald Knob Wilderness on their drive.  As with the mountaintop cross, the nearest municipality is Alto Pass, Illinois.

The Bald Knob Wilderness borders the Clear Springs Wilderness, which lies to the north and west.  The two wilderness parcels are separated by Hutchins Creek.  Both wildernesses are served by the River to River Trail.

References

External links
United States Forest Service

IUCN Category Ib
Protected areas established in 1990
1990 establishments in Illinois
Protected areas of Union County, Illinois
Wilderness areas of Illinois
Shawnee National Forest


Sissel Aabel Lange-Nielsen, née Herlofson (27 January 1931 – 28 September 2023) was a Norwegian writer, literary critic, and journalist.

Born in Kristiansund, she won the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1982. She was a member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature.

She was married to barrister and judge Trygve Lange-Nielsen (1921–2014).

References

1931 births
2023 deaths
People from Kristiansund
Norwegian journalists
Norwegian women journalists
Norwegian women literary critics
Norwegian literary critics
Norwegian women non-fiction writers
Members of the Norwegian Academy
Norwegian women writers


This is a list of school districts in Montana. Many schools in Montana are self-administered — that is, not part of a larger district — and are thus counted as individual districts by the state of Montana and the National Center for Education Statistics.

Beaverhead County

Beaverhead County High School
Dillon Elementary School
 Grant Elementary School
 Jackson Elementary School
Lima K-12 Schools
 Polaris Elementary School
 Reichle Elementary School
 Wisdom Elementary School
 Wise River Elementary School

Big Horn County

BIE
Northern Cheyenne Tribal School

Public

Hardin Elementary School District/Hardin High School District
Lodge Grass Elementary School/Lodge Grass High School
Plenty Coups High School
Pryor Elementary School
Wyola Elementary School

Blaine County

Chinook Elementary School/Chinook High School
Cleveland Elementary School
Harlem Elementary School/Harlem High School
Hays-Lodge Pole K-12 Schools
North Harlem Colony Elementary School
Turner Elementary School/Turner High School
Zurich Elementary School

Carbon County

Belfry K-12 Schools
Bridger K-12 Schools
Fromberg K-12 Schools
Joliet Elementary School/Joliet High School
Luther Elementary School
Red Lodge Elementary School/Red Lodge High School
Roberts K-12 Schools

Carter County

Alzada Elementary School
Carter County High School
Ekalaka Elementary School

Cascade County

Belt Elementary School/Belt High School
Cascade Elementary School/Cascade High School
Centerville Elementary School/Centerville High School
Great Falls Elementary School/Great Falls High School
Simms High School
Sun River Valley Elementary School
 Ulm Elementary School
 Vaughn Elementary School

Chouteau County

Big Sandy K-12 Schools
Carter Elementary School
Fort Benton Elementary School/Fort Benton High School
 Geraldine K-12 Schools
 Highwood K-12 Schools

Custer County

Custer County High School
Kinsey Elementary School
Miles City Elementary School
 SH Elementary School

Daniels County

Peerless K-12 Schools
Scobey K-12 Schools

Dawson County

 Dawson High School
 Deer Park Elementary School
Glendive Elementary School
Lindsay Elementary School
Richey Elementary School/Richey High School

Fallon County

Baker K-12 Schools
Plevna K-12 Schools

Fergus County

Ayers Elementary School
 Deerfield Elementary School
Denton Elementary School/Denton High School
Fergus High School
Grass Range Elementary School/Grass Range High School
Lewistown Elementary School
Moore Elementary School/Moore High School
Roy K-12 Schools
Winifred K-12 Schools

Flathead County

Bigfork Elementary School/Bigfork High School
Cayuse Prairie Elementary School
Columbia Falls Elementary School/Columbia Falls High School
Creston Elementary School
 Deer Park Elementary School
Evergreen Elementary School
Fair-Mont-Egan Elementary School
Flathead High School
Glacier High School
Helena Flats Elementary School
Kalispell Middle School
 Kila Elementary School
Marion Elementary School
 Olney-Bissell Elementary School
Pleasant Valley Elementary School
 Smith Valley Elementary School
 Somers Lakeside Elementary School
 Swan River Elementary School
 West Glacier Elementary School
West Valley Elementary School
Whitefish Elementary School/Whitefish High School

Gallatin County

Amsterdam Elementary School
Anderson Elementary School
Belgrade Elementary School/Belgrade High School
 Big Sky K-12 Schools
Bozeman Public Schools
 Cottonwood Elementary School (Gallatin County)
Gallatin Gateway Elementary School
Lamotte Elementary School
Malmborg Elementary School
Manhattan Elementary School/Manhattan High School
Monforton Elementary School
 Pass Creek Elementary School
 Springhill Elementary School
Three Forks Elementary School/Three Forks High School
West Yellowstone K-12
Willow Creek Elementary School/Willow Creek High School

Garfield County

Cohagen Elementary School
Garfield County High School
Jordan Elementary School
 Kester Elementary School
Pine Grove Elementary School
Ross Elementary School

Glacier County

Browning Elementary School/Browning High School
Cut Bank Elementary School/Cut Bank High School
 East Glacier Park Elementary School
Mountain View Elementary School

Golden Valley County

Lavina K-12 Schools
Ryegate K-12 Schools

Granite County

Drummond Elementary School/Drummond High School
Hall Elementary School
Philipsburg K-12 Schools

Hill County

Box Elder Elementary School/Box Elder High School
Cottonwood Elementary School (Hill County)
Havre Elementary School/Havre High School
North Star Elementary School/North Star High School
Rocky Boy Elementary School/Rocky Boy High School

Jefferson County

 Basin Elementary School
Boulder Elementary School
Cardwell Elementary School
Clancy Elementary School
Jefferson High School
Montana City Elementary School
Whitehall Elementary School/Whitehall High School

Judith Basin County

Geyser Elementary School/Geyser High School
Hobson K-12 Schools
Stanford K-12 Schools

Lake County

BIE
 Two Eagle River School

Public

Arlee Elementary School/Arlee High School
Charlo Elementary School/Charlo High School
 Dayton Elementary School
Polson Elementary School/Polson High School
Ronan Elementary School/Ronan High School
Saint Ignatius K-12 Schools
 Swan Lake-Salmon Elementary School
Valley View Elementary School

Lewis and Clark County

Auchard Creek Elementary School
Augusta Elementary School/Augusta High School
East Helena K-12 Schools
Helena Elementary School/Helena High School
Lincoln K-12 Schools
 Trinity Elementary School
 Wolf Creek Elementary School

Liberty County

Chester-Joplin-Inverness Elementary School/Chester-Joplin-Inverness High School
Liberty Elementary School

Lincoln County

Eureka Elementary School
 Fortine Elementary School
Libby K-12 Schools
Lincoln County High School
McCormick Elementary School
 Trego Elementary School
Troy Elementary School/Troy High School
 Yaak Elementary School

Madison County

Alder Elementary School
Ennis K-12 Schools
Harrison K-12 Schools
Sheridan Elementary School/Sheridan High School
Twin Bridges K-12 Schools

McCone County

Circle Elementary School/Circle High School
Vida Elementary School

Mineral County

Alberton K-12 Schools
Saint Regis K-12 Schools
Superior K-12 Schools

Missoula County

Bonner Elementary School
Clinton Elementary School
 DeSmet Elementary School
Frenchtown K-12 Schools
Hellgate Elementary School/Hellgate High School
Lolo Elementary School
Missoula Elementary School/Missoula High School
 Potomac Elementary School
Seeley Lake Elementary School
Swan Valley Elementary School
Target Range Elementary School
 Woodman Elementary School

Musselshell County

Melstone Elementary School/Melstone High School
Roundup Elementary School/Roundup High School

Park County

Arrowhead Elementary School
Cooke City Elementary School
Gardiner Elementary School/Gardiner High School
Livingston Elementary School
Park High School
 Pine Creek Elementary School
Shields Valley Elementary School/Shields Valley High School

Phillips County

Dodson K-12 Schools
Malta K-12 Schools
Saco Elementary School/Saco High School
Whitewater K-12 Schools

Pondera County

Conrad Elementary School/Conrad High School
Heart Butte K-12 Schools
Miami Elementary School District
Valier Elementary School/Valier High School

Powder River County

Broadus Elementary School
Powder River County District High School

Powell County

Avon Elementary School
Deer Lodge Elementary School
Powell County High School

Ravalli County

Corvallis K-12 Schools
Darby K-12 Schools
Florence-Carlton K-12 Schools
Hamilton K-12 Schools
Lone Rock Elementary School
Stevensville Elementary School/Stevensville High School
Victor K-12 Schools

Richland County

 Brorson Elementary School
Fairview Elementary School/Fairview High School
Lambert Elementary School/Lambert High School
 Rau Elementary School
Savage Elementary School/Savage High School
Sidney Elementary School/Sidney High School

Roosevelt County

Bainville K-12 Schools
Brockton Elementary School/Brockton High School
Culbertson Elementary School/Culbertson High School
Froid Elementary School/Froid High School
Frontier Elementary School
Poplar Elementary School/Poplar High School
Wolf Point Elementary School/Wolf Point High School

Rosebud County

Ashland Elementary School
Colstrip Elementary School/Colstrip High School
Forsyth K-12 Schools
Lame Deer K-12 Schools
Rosebud K-12 Schools

Sanders County

 Dixon Elementary School
 Hot Springs K-12 Schools
Noxon Elementary School/Noxon High School
 Plains K-12 Schools
Thompson Falls Elementary School/Thompson Falls High School
 Trout Creek Elementary School

Sheridan County

Medicine Lake K-12 Schools
Plentywood K-12 Schools
Westby K-12 Schools

Silver Bow County

Butte Elementary School/Butte High School
Melrose Elementary School
 Ramsay Elementary School

Stillwater County

Absarokee Elementary School/Absarokee High School
Columbus Elementary School/Columbus High School
Molt Elementary School
Park City Elementary School/Park City High School
Rapelje Elementary School/Rapelje High School
Reed Point Elementary School/Reed Point High School

Sweet Grass County

Big Timber Elementary School
McLeod Elementary School
Melville Elementary School
Sweet Grass County High School

Teton County

 Bynum Elementary School
Choteau Elementary School/Choteau High School
Dutton/Brady K-12 Schools
Fairfield Elementary School/Fairfield High School
 Golden Ridge Elementary School
 Greenfield Elementary School
 Pendroy Elementary School
Power Elementary School/Power High School

Toole County

Shelby Elementary School/Shelby High School
Sunburst K-12 Schools

Valley County

Frazer Elementary School/Frazer High School
Glasgow K-12 Schools
Hinsdale Elementary School/Hinsdale High School
Lustre Elementary School
Nashua K-12 Schools
Opheim K-12 Schools

Wheatland County

Harlowton Elementary School/Harlowton High School
Judith Gap Elementary School/Judith Gap High School

Yellowstone County

Billings Elementary School/Billings High School
Blue Creek Elementary School
Broadview Elementary School/Broadview High School
Canyon Creek Elementary School
Custer K-12 Schools
Elder Grove Elementary School
Elysian Elementary School
Huntley Project K-12 Schools
Independent Elementary School
Laurel Elementary School/Laurel High School
Lockwood Elementary School
Morin Elementary School
Pioneer Elementary School
Shepherd Elementary School/Shepherd High School
Yellowstone Academy Elementary School

Single-District Counties

Anaconda Elementary School/Anaconda High School (Deer Lodge County)
Hysham K-12 Schools (Treasure County)
Terry K-12 Schools (Prairie County)
Townsend K-12 Schools (Broadwater County)
White Sulphur Springs K-12 Schools (Meagher County)
Wibaux K-12 Schools
Winnett K-12 Schools (Petroleum County)

Montana

School districts
School districts


Harmony Row is the third studio album by Scottish musician Jack Bruce, originally released in July 1971.

The album takes its title from a tenement street in Glasgow, near where Bruce grew up. The street, since demolished, was famous as the largest unbroken houserow in Europe, stretching for over a mile. The album's cover photo was taken near the Harmony Row tenement in Govan.

Although since cited by Bruce as his favourite solo album, Harmony Row did not chart upon its release. The album would be his last solo effort for over three years, as Bruce would join the power trio West, Bruce and Laing (with whom he would record three albums) in early 1972. The song "The Consul at Sunset", which was inspired by the Malcolm Lowry novel Under the Volcano, was released as a single in 1971 (Polydor 2058–153, b/w "A Letter of Thanks").

On its release, Tony Palmer wrote in the London Observer:
The musicality is polished and exact. The spontaneity of the performance suffers a little, but that is a small price to pay for the skill of the recording. The music flows precisely out of the nuances of the words; their meanings inexplicably linked with the kind of sound produced. It’s almost impossible to imagine the songs being performed in any other way by any other group of musicians.

Track listing
All lyrics composed by Peter Brown, music composed by Jack Bruce.
"Can You Follow?" – 1:32
"Escape to the Royal Wood (On Ice)" – 3:44
"You Burned the Tables on Me" – 3:49
"There's a Forest" – 1:44
"Morning Story" – 4:55
"Folk Song" – 4:20
"Smiles and Grins" – 6:05
"Post War" – 4:20
"A Letter of Thanks" – 2:54
"Victoria Sage" – 5:02
"The Consul at Sunset" – 4:14

2003 CD bonus tracks
"Green Hills" (instrumental version of "Can You Follow?") – 2:16
"You Burned the Tables on Me" (remix including electric piano) – 4:10
"There's a Forest" (first take) – 2:11
"Escape to the Royal Wood (On Ice)" (instrumental demo version) – 4:01
"Can You Follow?" (first take) – 1:32

Personnel
Jack Bruce – vocals, basses, acoustic piano, organ, cellos, harmonica, production, arrangements
Chris Spedding – guitars
John Marshall – drums
Technical
Andy Johns – engineer (track 15)
Barry Ainsworth – engineer (all other selections)

Track No. 15 recorded at Morgan Studios, London, 6 October 1969.

All other tracks recorded at Command Studios, London, mid- to late January 1971.

References

External links

Jack Bruce albums
1971 albums
Atco Records albums
Polydor Records albums
Albums produced by Jack Bruce


Kaj Skagen (born October 23, 1949, in Strandebarm) is a Norwegian writer.  He received the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1991. His first book Gatedikt was published in 1971. From 1978 to 1989, he published and edited the periodical "Arken". In 1982 he won the first prize of a national novel contest with the novel Broene brenner. In 1983 he published Bazarovs barn, a harsh critique of contemporary Norwegian literature.

References

External links
Official website

1949 births
Living people
People from Kvam
Norwegian writers
Riksmål-language writers
Anthroposophists


John Adrian Vogels  (born 14 June 1946, in the Netherlands) has been the Chairman of Wannon Water, a regional Water Authority in Victoria Australia, since 2011.  He was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal member of the Victorian Parliament from 1999 to 2010, serving in both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council.

Vogels attended Noorat Public School 1956–61 and St Thomas' School in Terang 1961–64. In 1970, he became a dairy farmer. In 1996 he was elected to Corangamite Shire Council, becoming Mayor in 1998. In 1997, he joined the Liberal Party.

In 1999, Vogels was preselected as the Liberal candidate for Warrnambool, a National Party seat. He was elected, and subsequently stood down as Mayor of Corangamite Shire, ceasing to be a councillor in 2000. His seat was abolished in 2002, and he transferred to the Legislative Council, representing Western Province. When the Legislative Council was reformed in 2006, he became the top Liberal candidate for Western Victoria Region, and as such was easily elected. He was Shadow Minister for Local Government and Victorian Communities from 2004 to 2006 and Shadow Minister for Agriculture from December 2006 until February 2008. He retired from politics in 2010.

References

1946 births
Living people
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Order of Australia
Dutch emigrants to Australia
21st-century Australian politicians