Arop Yor Ayik (1935 – June 1999) was a South Sudanese academic and politician.

Early life
He was born in Palo, Doleib Hill, Upper Nile State, South Sudan. He attended primary school at the American Mission at Doleib Hill and was baptized in 1948. From 1949 to 1952, he attended Atar Intermediate School and from 1953 to 1958 attended Rumbek Government Secondary School in Southern Sudan. (Note: all Southern schools were closed down in 1955 due to the first civil war in Torit (South Sudan) in August 1955 which meant loss of one year for all students).

He subsequently attended the University of Khartoum in Sudan from 1958 to 1962, studying English, special Arabic, Economics, History, and Philosophy and graduating with B.A. in special Arabic and Philosophy.

In 1986, he was awarded M.A. in TAFL (teaching Arabic as a foreign language) from the American University in Cairo, Egypt.

Career

Administrative and academic positions
 Tutor in Arabic Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Khartoum (1962-64)
 Assistant Warden of Students, University of Khartoum (1964-66) and (1969-80)
 Academic Registrar, University of Khartoum (1974)
 Dean of Students, University of Juba (1982-83)
 Center Coordinator, School of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Khartoum (1986 until death)

Political positions
 Minister of Works, Sudan Central Government (1966-67)
 M.P. and Deputy Speaker of National Parliament in Khartoum (1974-77)
 Minister of Education, Southern Council (1988-89)
 Chairman of National committee for the education of Southern Pupils and Students (1989-90)

Positions in Southern Sudan
 Director of Education (1970-72)
 Director of Information (1972-74)
 Commissioner for Census (1981-82)

Other assignments
 Chairman of the Shilluk Oversight Committee (1989 until death)
 Member of the Arabic Academy of the Sudan (1993 until death)
 Ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church in the Sudan (1990 until death)

Personal life
Arop Yor Ayik was married. He had four daughters and two sons, all university graduates.

Death
Arop Yor Ayik died in the Netherlands in 1999. He was buried in Sudan in June 1999.

1999 deaths
1935 births
University of Khartoum alumni
Academic staff of the University of Khartoum
Academic staff of the University of Juba


The Zabergäu-Gymnasium Brackenheim (abbreviation: ZGB) is a general-education grammar school in Brackenheim, Germany. It is attended by about 1000 students from all over Zabergäu and its tradition goes back to the 15th century.

History
The first reference of a school for town chroniclers in Brackenheim is dated to 1460. In 1503 the Town Clerk’s office was separated from the grammar school and a certain Wendel Bender was named as the first schoolmaster in Brackenheim. Besides Latin classes with particular clerical commitments there were German classes, too. In these classes students were only taught in German. Since the Church Order by duke Christopher of Württemberg in the year 1559 the territorial lord (Landesherr) supervised the school, but the town held the authorisation to name the schoolmaster. This person had to be countersigned by the territorial lord. After 1560 an assistant teacher was mentioned beside the schoolmaster for the first time. About 1600 the construction of a new school building was started, which had been finished nine years later after a delay of building because of pest.

Under Magister (Latin: teacher) Johann Jakob Rappolt, who administered this office from 1747 to 1791, the Latin school was separated from the German classes prospectively called elementary school. Later these classes obtained their own rooms. In 1793 the great school reform changed the orientation of the grammar school from interpretation of texts to “Realien” (arithmetic, geography, regional and cultural studies of fatherland). In 1834 another type of secondary school was established. But in 1851 it was closed again in default of students. In the first few years of its short existence the school was so popular that the number of Latin students temporarily sank to under ten (1842: only three students).

In the second half of the 19th century the grammar school was transformed in a high school with Latin as first, French as second and Greek as optional third foreign language as well as the subjects German, history, algebra, geography, arithmetic, grammar, drawing and singing. In 1863 physical education was introduced at school during summer months. In 1871 schoolgirls were listed at the school, although girls were not formally admitted to grammar schools until 1900. In 1877 a gym was built, so that physical education could be given year-round in the future.

In the years after 1900 Brackenheim's grammar school was repeatedly questioned. Before the First World War the transformation of the grammar school in a secondary school was discussed. In the 1920s the teachers’ technical and vocational skills were criticed by a control commission. In 1930 the shutdown of the grammar school was suggested. This was firmly declined by the local council in the year 1936.

From 1937 the consistent curricular of the National Socialists changed the school's linguistic orientation: For the future English was the first and Latin the second foreign language. From then on the school was called ”Oberschule für Jungen” (Grammar school for boys). This type of school was a so-called “Nichtvollanstalt“, which means that girls were allowed to attend school, too. In the last years of war (1944/1945) the school enrollment number rose strongly because of many displaced families from the surrounding large cities.

After the war's end the building of the grammar school was used by French occupation troops, so that the bibliotheca of this institution was protected from depredations - in contrast to the public elementary school. Since 15 October 1945 the running of the school was started again with five grades (session 5 to 9). About 1950 the school was threatened to be closed again, because it wasn't expanded for the use of six grades, like other grammar schools.

In 1953/1954 a common building for the public elementary school and the grammar school was located. In 1963 a sixth grade was extended (10th session) to a so-called “Progymnasium“. From 1964 to 1966 a new building for the “Progymnasium“ was constructed. In 1968 about 168 pupils attended the school.

On 19 March 1971 Baden-Württemberg's ministry of education and cultural affairs  granted the permission for the expansion to a so-called “Vollgymnasiums”. In 1974/1975 the eleventh grade was introduced and in the following years grade 12 and 13, so that the first pupils did their A level in 1977. 1978 and 1983 more annex buildings followed.

In the year 2006 already 950 pupils attended the school. At the beginning of the school year 2006/2007 an addition was inducted. It contains new computer rooms, more class rooms and a few rooms for the use as a full-time school. This rooms are completed by a canteen in the neighboring building.

Dr. Gerhard Aßfahl (1904–2007), a well-known local history researcher and the head of Brackenheim's city archive, was a long-term headteacher from 1939 to 1968. Because he was given the freedom of the Zabergäu's five communes in 1989, there's a special prize called “Dr.-Gerhard-Aßfahl-Preis”. Every school year this prize is given to pupils with extracurricular commitment.

List of all headmasters

References

External links
 Official Website (German)
 Giovanna-Beatrice Carlesso: The history of the  Zabergäu-Gymnasium Brackenheim 2006 (PDF, German)

Heilbronn (district)
Schools in Baden-Württemberg


Leon Vlemmings (born 3 April 1970 in Gemert) is a Dutch football manager and former player.

References

1970 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
Eerste Divisie players
Helmond Sport players
FC Wageningen players
FC Den Bosch players
Dutch football managers
Feyenoord managers
Eredivisie managers
Excelsior Rotterdam managers
People from Gemert-Bakel
Expatriate football managers in Cyprus
FC Eindhoven managers
AEK Larnaca FC managers
Go Ahead Eagles managers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from North Brabant
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Business Ethics Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes theoretical and empirical research relevant to all aspects of business ethics. It publishes articles and reviews on a broad range of topics, including the internal ethics of business organizations, the role of business organizations in larger social, political, and cultural frameworks, and the ethical quality of market-based societies and market-based relationships. Business Ethics Quarterly is the official journal of the Society for Business Ethics and is published on a non-profit basis by the Cambridge University Press. The editor-in-chief are Frank den Hond, (Hanken School of Economics) and Mollie Painter, (Nottingham Trent University).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed by:

 ABI/INFORM
 ATLA Religion Database
 Business ASAP
 Business Source
 Business & Corporate Resource Center
 Business Periodicals Index
 Corporate ResourceNet
 Dow Jones Insight
 Emerald Reviews
 Index Philosophicus
 International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
 MEDLINE
 PAIS International
 Philosopher's Index
 Philosophy Research Index
 PhilPapers
 ProQuest Social Science Journals
 Public Affairs Index
 Scopus
 Social Sciences Citation Index
 Wilson Business Abstracts

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 2-year impact factor of 3.719, ranking it 6th out of 54 journals in the category "Ethics" and 85th of 153 journals in the category "business".

See also
 List of ethics journals

References

External links

 Society for Business Ethics

Cambridge University Press academic journals
Business and management journals
Business ethics
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1991
Quarterly journals
Ethics journals


Epitonium jukesianum is a species of very small parasitic sea snail,  a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.

This snail is known to occur in intertidally and in shallow water in southeastern Australia and North Island, New Zealand.  It is also found along the coasts of Tasmania.

It parasitises on sea anemones and can reattach itself if it gets knocked off its host. It is known to occur in high turbidity environments, but is more common in areas with moderate to low turbidity.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 , [[TasmanianMuseum&ArtGallery|

Epitoniidae
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1852


Plachkovtsi ( ) is a town in central Bulgaria, part of Tryavna municipality, Gabrovo Province.

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Gabrovo Province


Krzewno  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goleniów, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Goleniów and  north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

The village has a population of 150.

References

Krzewno


E380 may refer to:
Triammonium citrate, a food additive known as E380 in the European E number system.
FS Class E.380, a class of Italian electric locomotives


William Doyle  (born 1942) is a British historian, specialising in 18th-century France, who is most notable for his one-volume Oxford History of the French Revolution (1st edition, 1989; 2nd edition, 2002; 3rd edition, 2018).

He is one of the leading revisionist historians of the French Revolution, obtaining his doctorate from the University of Oxford with a thesis entitled The parlementaires of Bordeaux at the end of the eighteenth century, 1775–1790.

He is also professor emeritus of history at Bristol University, a fellow of the British Academy and a trustee of The Society for the Study of French History.

Published works
The Old European Order 1660–1800 (Oxford University Press, 1978)
Origins of the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1980; 3rd edition, 1992)
The Ancien Regime (Macmillan, 1986)
The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford University Press, 1989; second edition, 2002; third edition, 2018)
Venality: the Sale of Offices in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford University Press, 1996)
Jansenism: Catholic Resistance to Authority from the Reformation to the French Revolution (Macmillan, 1999)
The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2001)
Aristocracy and Its Enemies in the Age of Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2009)

References

1942 births
Living people
British historians
Historians of France
Historians of the French Revolution
People educated at Bridlington School
Fellows of the British Academy


Epitonium minorum is a species of small predatory sea snail,  a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps. It occurs in North Island, New Zealand and in Australia.

References
 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Epitoniidae
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1936


Liarea hochstetteri is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


The Frisbie Pie Company is an American pie company located in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It was founded in 1871 by William Russell Frisbie in Bridgeport, Connecticut, when he bought and renamed a branch of the Olds Baking Company. The company was located on Kossuth Street in Bridgeport's East Side, where workers would toss around the pie tins while on their breaks. The activity made its way to nearby college campuses.

The "skilled person" theory of origin
It has been noted by the Associated Press that Frisbie supplied pies to many Connecticut retailers and restaurants, including the Middlebury College campus. Middlebury students discovered that the pie tins, inverted, had an airfoil shape, which enabled them to be thrown, with practice, in various trajectories.

Commercialization
The name Frisbie was picked up by Wham-O, a California-based firm who had acquired the rights to the "Pluto Platter". As the pie tin was the same shape, it was discovered that children were already using the term for the flying disc and therefore a spelling amendment to avoid trademark infringement gave birth to the name Frisbee.

Frisbie pies today
The Bridgeport pie factory closed in 1958; Frisbie brand pies were bought out by Table Talk Pies.

In 2016, Dan O’Connor, a Fairfield, Connecticut resident, Frisbee player, collector and historian, acquired the license and distribution rights to the Frisbie Pie Co. He re-launched the company in November 2016 in Bridgeport, Connecticut and began distributing pies throughout the region in early 2017. They sell pies based on the original Frisbie Pie Company recipe.

In popular culture

In Back to the Future Part III, Marty McFly (Michael J. Fox) while time-travelling to the Wild West, finds amusement in seeing the word "Frisbie" at the bottom of a pie plate.  He later throws the plate at a derringer held by outlaw Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen (Thomas F. Wilson), foiling his attempt to shoot Doctor Emmett Brown (Christopher Lloyd).

See also
 Ken Westerfield Frisbee disc sports
 Ultimate (sport)
 Flying disc games

References

External links

New England cuisine
Brand name pies
Flying disc
Companies based in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Food and drink companies established in 1871
1871 establishments in Connecticut
Bakeries of the United States
Snack food manufacturers of the United States
American brands


Septimiu Câmpeanu (also known as Tim Câmpeanu; born 12 July 1957) is a retired Romanian football striker.

Club career
Septimiu Câmpeanu was born on 12 July 1957 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania and started to play junior level football in 1970 at Universitatea Cluj, making his Divizia A debut under coach Silviu Avram on 17 August 1974 at age 17 in a 4–2 away loss in front of Steaua București. After two seasons, "U" Cluj relegated to Divizia B, but Câmpeanu stayed with the club and helped it gain promotion back to Divizia A after three seasons by scoring 19 goals in 34 matches in the 1978–79 Divizia B season which helped them earn the first place. In the following season he scored a personal record of 24 goals, as the team scored total of 41, which earned him the top-goalscorer of Divizia A title, also by this time he became known for his ability of scoring from free kicks. In 1982, after "U" Cluj relegated once again to Divizia B, Câmpeanu went to play for Steaua București where he spent two seasons in which he managed to score 21 goals in the league, also helping the club reach the 1984 Cupa României final where coach Emerich Jenei sent him on the field in the 65th minute in order to replace Victor Pițurcă as the team lost with 2–1 in front of Dinamo București. He returned to Universitatea Cluj in the 1984–85 Divizia B season, helping it earn the first place and promotion to Divizia A by the end of it, contributing with 12 goals scored in 28 matches. Septimiu Câmpeanu played three more seasons for The Red Caps in Divizia A, making his last appearance on 22 June 1988 in a 2–1 home victory against Oțelul Galați, having a total of 277 games and 117 goals scored in the competition. In 1988 he left Romania to go in Germany as his wife was suffering from an illness and she could get adequate treatment there, Câmpeanu played for a few years at VfB 06 Langenfeld, Düsseldorfer SV 04 and SV Wersten 04, afterwards settling in Düsseldorf where for a while he worked at the junior center of local club, Fortuna.

International career
Septimiu Câmpeanu played four games at international level for Romania, making his debut in a 2–1 loss against Israel, when coach Valentin Stănescu sent him on the field in 46th minute of the game in order to replace Mircea Sandu. He also played in a 0–0 against Hungary at the 1982 World Cup qualifiers. In his last game played for the national team, he managed to score his only goal in a 3–2 victory against Israel.

International goals
Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Câmpeanu goal.

Personal life
Septimiu Câmpeanu is the nephew of Remus Câmpeanu who was a footballer that spent his entire career at Universitatea Cluj.

Honours

Club
Universitatea Cluj
Divizia B: 1978–79, 1984–85
Steaua București
Cupa României runner-up: 1983–84

Individual
Divizia A top scorer: 1979–80

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Cluj-Napoca
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Steaua București players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
Men's association football forwards
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in West Germany


Liarea lepida is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Liarea ornata is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Pucko  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Goleniów, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  south of Goleniów and  east of the regional capital Szczecin.

For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.

References

Pucko


HMS Valeur was a 28-gun sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy, initially launched in 1754 as the Valeur for the French Navy, and classified by them as a corvette. The British captured her in 1759. In Royal Navy service she captured several merchant vessels and privateers before she was sold in 1764.

Origins
Valeur was built between March 1754 and May 1755 at Rochefort to a design by François-Guillaume Clairin-Deslauriers. She was launched on 29 October 1754. Her career with the French Navy lasted five years.

Capture
She was serving in the Mediterranean when on 15 April 1759 , then a 14-gun sloop under the command of Commander Timothy Edwards, serving with a British squadron under Edward Boscawen, engaged her and forced her to surrender. The previous day Favourite and  had captured a French merchant vessel sailing from Martinique. The next day the two British vessels saw and gave chase to two more French vessels. Favourite was able to catch up with one of them when the wind failed and she could use her oars. After an engagement that lasted some two-and-a-half hours at the onset of which Edwards had succeeded in wrong-footing Valeur, Valeur surrendered. When the engagement ended Favorite had only two rounds and a half of powder left, having fired 50 broadsides.

Valeur had twenty 9-pounder guns, four 12-pounder guns, and a crew of 110 men. Favourite had only sixteen 6-pounder guns and four 3-pounder guns, though she too had a nominal crew of 110 men. In the engagement, Valeur had 13 men killed and 9 wounded; Favourite suffered extensive damage to her hull, masts, yards and rigging, but had only seven men wounded. Valeur was carrying a valuable cargo of sugar, coffee and indigo.

Royal Navy career
The Admiralty purchased Valeur at Gibraltar on 13 December 1759. The Royal Navy commissioned her as a post-ship and Boscawen awarded command of her to Edwards (and promotion to post-captain in recognition of his feat in capturing a better-armed vessel than his own. Edwards apparently took command in August 1759. While under Edward's command Valeur captured the privateer Heureux Retour on 5 July 1760. Heureux Retour, of Marseilles, was armed with eight guns and had a crew of 56 men.

Also in 1760, Valeur captured two Genoese merchant ships. One, sailing from Marseilles to St. Domingo, she took into Gibraltar. The other, sailing to Martinique, she took into Barcelona.

In January–February 1761, Edwards took a British consul to Algiers to demand restitution from the Dey of Algiers for the plundering of the Mary which had been traveling from Lancaster to Gambia when she had encountered an Algerine privateer off Cape Finisterre.

Captain Robert Lambert took over command in 1761. In 1762 Valeur captured several vessels in the Mediterranean:
pinque Esperance (5 March);
privateer Belle Etoile (7 April), in company with ;
pinque Ste. Famille (19 April);
tartane St. Joseph (22 April);
settee Sto. Christo (16 July), in company with  and the privateer Bee; and,
xebec St. Joseph, a privateer (28 September).

Fate
Lambert paid off Valeur in October 1763 and she was surveyed on 3 October 1763. She was then sold at Woolwich Dockyard on 26 January 1764 for £905.

Notes

Citations

References
 Beatson, Robert (1790) Naval and military memoirs of Great Britain: from the year 1727, to the present time ... (Edinburgh: J. Strachan ..., and P. Hill).
 Beatson, Robert (1804) Naval and military memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783, Volume 2 (Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme).
 Campbell, John (1820) Naval history of Great Britain: including the history and lives of the British admirals. Volume 8 (Baldwyn and Co.)

 Dobson, John (1763) Chronological annals of the War; from its beginning [in 1755] to the present time. (Clarendon Press).
 Duncan, Archibald (1805%) The British trident, or, Register of naval actions: including authentic accounts of all the most remarkable engagements of sea in which the British flag has been distinguished from the ... defeat of the Spanish Armada to the present time ....  (J. Cundee).

1754 ships
Sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy


Dei Filius is the incipit of the dogmatic constitution of the First Vatican Council on the Catholic faith, which was adopted unanimously, and issued by Pope Pius IX on 24 April 1870.

The constitution set forth the teaching of "the holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church" on God, revelation and faith.

Content
The dogmatic constitution "deals with faith, reason, and their interrelations."

The document begins by observing that "God, the principle and end of all things, can be known with certainty by the natural light of human reason from created things". However, it then explains that there are other divine truths, the knowledge of which is necessary for salvation, that are beyond the power of natural reason and can only be known through divine revelation.

Faith and reason are seen as complementary. Following Aquinas, whose guiding thought Egan A. Philip paraphrases as that "it is the same God who grounds all truth, whether secular or divine, and the truth is ultimately one," Dei Filius saidthere can never be any real discrepancy between faith and reason, since the same God who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason on the human mind; and God can not deny himself, nor can truth ever contradict truth. The false appearance of such a contradiction is mainly due, either to the dogmas of faith not having been understood and expounded according to the mind of the Church, or to the inventions of opinion having been taken for the verdicts of reason.

Name used for the church
The draft presented to the council on 8 March 1870 drew no serious criticism. But a group of 35 English-speaking bishops, who feared that the opening phrase "Sancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia" might be construed as favouring the Anglican branch theory, raised objections to this expression, "Holy Roman Catholic Church". They proposed that the word "Roman" be omitted out of concern that use of the term "Roman Catholic" would lend support to proponents of branch theory. While the council overwhelmingly rejected this proposal, the text was finally modified to read "The Holy Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church".

The words "Sancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia" were voted on three separate dates. On the first occasion, when this chapter alone was considered, two votes concerned the opening words. The first was on a proposal by a few English-speaking bishops to delete the word "Romana", thus changing "Sancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia" (The Holy Roman Catholic Church) to "Sancta Catholica Ecclesia" (The Holy Catholic Church). This was overwhelmingly defeated.

The second vote, held immediately afterwards, was on a proposal to insert a comma, so that "Sancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia" (The Holy Roman Catholic Church) would become "Sancta Romana, Catholica Ecclesia" (The Holy Roman, Catholic Church). This too was defeated, though not as overwhelmingly as the first proposal.

In a later vote, held on 12 April 1870, the text as a whole, which preserved the same opening words, was approved with 515 affirmative votes (placet) and no opposing votes (non placet); but there were 83 placet iuxta modum votes, asking for retouches, many of them regarding the opening words of chapter I.

In view of the reservations thus expressed, the text presented for a final vote and approved unanimously on 24 April changed the order of the words and added "Apostolica", so that "Sancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia" became "Sancta Catholica Apostolica Romana Ecclesia" (The Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman Church).

See also
 Dei verbum
 Lumen fidei

References

External links

 The Constitution on the Catholic Faith
 Text and English translation

Religion and science
Catholic theology and doctrine
First Vatican Council
Catholic ecclesiology


The FS Class E.380 was a small class of three-phase electric locomotive used in Italy, introduced in the 1900s.

Overview
The locomotives, which entered in service in a small batch of 4 units, were characterized by a central cabin with two large hoods at each end. Built by Ganz, they had a similar mechanical equipment to the E.360 type. The E.380s showed a series of problems, so that two were refurbished as E.390.

Technical details

The two fixed speeds were obtained by changing the motor connections.  For high speed the motors were connected in parallel. For low speed the two motors were "cascaded" by connecting the rotor of one motor to the stator of the other. This caused both motors to run at half speed.

Withdrawal
The low power output at the highest speed, and the limitation of use to only two fixed speeds (due to the control arrangement of the three-phase motors) led both classes to be retired after a short service period.

References

1′C1′ locomotives
E.380
Railway locomotives introduced in 1905
Three-phase AC locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy


or Magical War Chronicle Lyrical Nanoha Force is a Japanese manga series written by Masaki Tsuzuki and illustrated by Yukari Higa. It is part of the fourth Nanoha series along with ViVid, and was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Nyantype magazine, first appearing in that magazine's inaugural issue in April 2009, until going into indefinite hiatus in 2013. Six volumes of the series have been released. The story is set six years after the events of Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha StrikerS, and focuses on the investigation into the "Eclipse Virus," a magical disease that turns those infected with it into superhumans with violent impulses. A four-panel comic based on the series, titled Magical Record Lyrical Nanoha Force Dimension, began serialization in Nyantype on March 30, 2010, before being transferred to Kadokawa's4koma Nano Ace magazine from March 9, 2011.

Plot
The story appears to be centered on the investigation of the Book of the Silver Cross, an ancient Belkan magical tome, and that tome's accompanying Dividers, magical weapons with currently unknown powers. Thoma Avenir, while travelling, discovers a girl named Lily Strosek trapped inside a strange research facility. When Thoma rescues Lily from her confinement, she grants him a new magical device that refers to itself as one of these Dividers. However, unbeknownst to them, a group of people known as the Huckebein family are also using these weapons to cause large amounts of chaos and destruction, leading to an investigation by the Time-Space Administration Bureau. Before long, Thoma and Lily find themselves caught up in the ambitions of the Huckebein family and the investigation of the Bureau.

Characters

A freelance archaeologist from the planet Vaizen, who travels various places with his camera Device, Steed. While he is originally an orphan (he didn't know who his family was even before the town's destruction, leaving many to believe that his ancestors were related to the Divider) from a mining town in Vaizen, it was destroyed seven years before the beginning of the manga, and Thoma vowed to take his revenge on the people who destroyed it. Despite that past, he is generally kind and helpful in disposition, as displayed by his desire to help Lily and his willingness to carry her around.

When he meets Lily, he is given a powerful new Device, a revolver with a large blade beneath the barrel known as the EC Divider, code 996. It is a powerful weapon, but the exact details of its use or capabilities are unknown. In addition, as a consequence of using the Divider, Thoma appears to be suffering from a disease known as "Eclipse"; the exact effects and nature of this affliction are also unknown. His abilities with the Divider are apparently rather exceptional as such the Huckebein consider him vital to their plans.

Upon meeting Veyron in a church on Ruwella, he recognized the emblem on Veryon's arm from the destruction of the Vaizen Mines seven years ago. He demanded to know whether it was Veyron who was responsible for the destruction. After a short fight, Veyron left without answering Thoma.

A mysterious girl discovered by Thoma in a facility on the world of Ruwella. She was secured to a table when first discovered by Thoma; when he promised to assist her, she formed some kind of contract with him. The full effect of this bond is currently unknown, but it did grant Thoma use of the EC Divider  and may have infected Thoma with "Eclipse." Lily uses telepathy to communicate with other people, and appears to be incapable of speaking normally or communicating with Devices. It is unknown whether Lily is human or not.

Originally from Midchilda, Isis was working as a tailor in a city on Ruwella when she encountered Thoma and Lily. After selling clothes to Lily, she proceeded to warn the two of the police's impending arrival and assist in their escape. From that point, she began traveling with the two.

Nanoha is a Captain in the Time-Space Administration Bureau, working as an aerial forces combat instructor. She is well known for her central role in several prior incidents, including the Jail Scaglietti Incident. Many of the former members of Section Six (such as Nanoha), which played a central role in resolving that incident, are being recalled to assist in dealing with the new problems that are developing.

Fate Testarossa is an Enforcer working for the Time-Space Administration Bureau. Fate and her partner Teana have been responsible for the main branch of the Time-Space Administration Bureau's investigation into the Dividers, the Huckebein family, and the "Eclipse" condition.

The former commander of Section Six, Hayate Yagami is now a Naval Forces commander charged with investigating dangerous artifacts and their misuse. Currently, she is investigating the Book of the Silver Cross and the Divider, a pair of ancient Belkan artifacts.

Reinforce is Hayate's unison device, and is currently serving as Hayate's aide in the investigation into the Book of the Silver Cross.

Signum is a lieutenant in the Time-Space Administration Bureau, currently reporting to Teana and assisting with her investigation into the Huckebein family. She is the first member of the Bureau to make direct contact with the Huckebein family over the course of this incident, engaging Cypha shortly after an incident at a church in Ruwella.

Veyron is a member of the Huckebein family and the owner of the EC Divider, code 928. His long-term goals, as well as those of his organization, are currently unknown, but he has shown an interest in taking Thoma's Divider and in defeating or capturing Thoma himself. Thoma first met him at a church in Ruwella, where they fought for a short time before Veyron left.

Cypha is another member of the Huckebein family and the owner of the EC Divider, code 944. This particular Divider is named König, German for "king", and has the longest blade yet of any of the Dividers. Cypha was able to "react" it to deploy a seemingly more powerful form, in which it became a pair of long swords with a gun built into the right sword. Exact details of this "react" process and its functionality are unknown, but Cypha has referred to Lily herself as a "Reactor Plug" and called her reacted König "the poison that will kill the world", a phrase employed by other members of the Huckebein family in reference to the Dividers.

References

External links

Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha
Shōnen manga
Yukari Higa


Liarea turriculata is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Pupinidae.

Distribution
This species occurs in New Zealand.

References

Pupinidae
Gastropods of New Zealand


Gyroscala lamellosa, common name : the lamellose wentletrap, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.

Synonyms
In the course of time, this species has been given many names by different authors.

 Cirsotrema perplexa (Pease, 1863)
 Epitonium albocostatum (Turton, 1932)
 Epitonium angustum (Mörch, 1875)
 Epitonium basicum Dall, 1917
 Epitonium consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)
 Epitonium filare (Mörch, 1875)
 Epitonium perplexum (Pease, 1863)
 Epitonium pyramis Tinker, 1952
 Epitonium rietensis (Turton, 1932)
 Gyroscala angusta (Mörch, 1875)
 Gyroscala commutata (Monterosato, 1877)
 Gyroscala hachijoensis Taki, 1957
 Gyroscala perplexa (Pease, 1863)
 Gyroscala purplexa Taki, 1957
 Gyroscala pyramis (Tinker, 1952)
 Nitidiscala basica (Dall, 1917)
 Opalia consors (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)
 Pomiscala perplicata (Iredale, 1929)
 Pomiscala reevesbyi Cotton, 1938
 Scala filaris Mörch, 1875
 Scala perplicata Iredale, 1929
 Scala torquata Fenaux, 1943
 Scalaria albocostata Turton, 1932
 Scalaria candida Monterosato, 1877
 Scalaria clathrus G. B. Sowerby, 1842
 Scalaria commutata Monterosato, 1877
 Scalaria consors Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864
 Scalaria fimbriosa W. Wood, 1842
 Scalaria lamellosa Lamarck, 1822 (basionym)
 Scalaria monocycla Lamarck, 1822
 Scalaria perplexa Pease, 1863
 Scalaria pseudoscalaris Brocchi, 1814
 Scalaria rietensis Turton, 1932
 Scalaria rufanensis Turton, 1932

Distribution
This species has a worldwide distribution in shallow water, from New Zealand and Australia to the Hawaiian Islands; in European waters, the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean (Angola, Cape Verde, West Africa), the Indian Ocean (Macaronesian Islands, Mascarene  Basin, Mozambique), Brazil and the Caribbean Sea.

Description
The shell size varies between 9 mm and 40 mm

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
 Drivas, J. & M. Jay (1988). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'île Maurice
 Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda
 Muller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp

External links

Epitoniidae
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1822
Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
Molluscs of the Indian Ocean
Molluscs of the Mediterranean Sea


Oliver Saunders (born 23 March 1986) is an Australian–Filipino rugby union footballer for the Philippines national rugby union team where his position is at fly half. Saunders is a former professional rugby league footballer with Norths in the Jersey Flegg Cup.  He is one of the leading try-scores in the Philippines team.
Oliver is brothers with fellow Philippines players Matt Saunders and Benjamin Saunders. In 2011, he and his brother Matt signed to the NTT Communications Shining Arcs for the 2012/2013 season of the Japanese Top League competition.

Personal life
He was born in the United Kingdom with a British father and a Filipina mother from Pangasinan. He has two younger brothers Matt and Benjamin.

References

1986 births
British emigrants to Australia
Filipino rugby union players
Filipino rugby league players
Living people
Rugby union fly-halves
Australian people of Filipino descent
Rugby articles needing expert attention
Place of birth missing (living people)
Urayasu D-Rocks players
Rugby union players at the 2014 Asian Games
Philippines international rugby union players
Asian Games competitors for the Philippines


Wes Knight (born September 6, 1986) is a retired American soccer player.

Career

College and amateur
Knight attended Palmetto High School and played club soccer for the Greenville Futbol club, and played college soccer at the College of Charleston from 2004 to 2008, where he was named to the second team All-Southern Conference and to the NSCAA All-South Region second team as a junior and first team All-Southern Conference and NSCAA All-South Region second team as a senior. Following his senior season. Knight was one of 64 distinguished collegiate players to be invited to the Major League Soccer Combine. He was just the second player from the College of Charleston to be invited since the MLS's existence, behind former standout defender Drew Cavanagh in 2005.

During his college years Knight also played for the Bradenton Academics in the USL Premier Development League.

Professional
On February 11, 2009, the Whitecaps announced the signing of Knight for the 2009 season. Knight made his USL-1 debut during the 2–1 away defeat to Puerto Rico Islanders on Apr. 18. The defender replaced Vicente Arze in the second half of the match in the Caribbean. Three days later, Knight made his first league start and earned his first USL-1 point when he assisted on Marco Reda's goal during Vancouver's 1–1 draw at Austin Aztex. On May 10, Knight earned a spot in the USL-1 Team of the Week for Week Five after assisting on Charles Gbeke's winning goal, as the Whitecaps claimed a 1–0 victory at home to Puerto Rico Islanders. He then made the USL-1 Team of the Week for Week 10 after assisting on both of Gbeke's goals during a 3–2 home win over Miami FC Blues on June 12.

Knight remained with Vancouver Whitecaps FC when the club joined Major League Soccer in 2011 but was released by the club on August 31, 2011.  In the 2012 pre-season, Knight was on trial with Real Salt Lake.

In 2012, Knight signed with NASL side San Antonio Scorpions.

On January 8, 2013, Knight signed with FC Edmonton of the NASL. Ahead of the 2015 season, Knight joined the Carolina RailHawks and started in their first game, a 3–1 win over Ottawa.

On July 30, 2015, Knight announced that he would be retiring form the game following Carolina RailHawks game against Tampa Bay Rowdies on August 1, 2015.

Career statistics

References

External links

 Vancouver Whitecaps bio
 College of Charleston bio

1986 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
American expatriate men's soccer players
Charleston Cougars men's soccer players
Soccer players from South Carolina
IMG Academy Bradenton players
Vancouver Whitecaps (1986–2010) players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC players
Vancouver Whitecaps FC U-23 players
San Antonio Scorpions players
FC Edmonton players
USL League Two players
USL First Division players
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
Major League Soccer players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders


Companion Credit Union was an Australian credit union that operated between 1975 and 2010, and became part of Beyond Bank Australia.

History
In 1974 a group of Hunter Valley coal miners began talks with the credit union league in Sydney, who approved the commencement of a new credit union.

On 6 January 1975 the Northern Mineworkers Credit Union opened its doors for the first time. Originally the first office was a backroom at the Northern United Mineworkers Federation headquarters in Newcastle.

In 1988 the credit union changed its name from the Northern Mineworkers Credit Union to Companion Credit Union and opened its doors to the general public, so that anyone could be a member.

In 2009, credit union members voted to merge with Community CPS Australia and the merger took effect on 1 January 2010.

On 1 August 2013 it became a mutual savings bank called Beyond Bank Australia.

References

External links
www.companion.com.au

Credit unions of Australia
Financial services companies established in 1974
Financial services companies disestablished in 2009
1974 establishments in Australia
2009 disestablishments in Australia


Liareinae is a taxonomic subfamily of small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Pupinidae.

Genera
Genera within the subfamily Liareinae include:
 Cytora Kobelt and Moellendorff, 1897
 Liarea Pfeiffer, 1853
 Genera brought into synonymy
 Murdochia Ancey, 1901: synonym of Cytora Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1897

References

Pupinidae


Bieńczyce  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Nowogard, within Goleniów County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  east of Nowogard,  east of Goleniów, and  north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.

References

Villages in Goleniów County


It's Awfully Bad for Your Eyes, Darling was a BBC television situation comedy which ran for a single series of six episodes in November–December 1971, after a pilot in April 1971.

It was written by Jilly Cooper and Christopher Bond, and was about four posh young women sharing a flat in London. They were played by Jane Carr, Joanna Lumley, Elizabeth Knight and Jennifer Croxton; Jeremy Lloyd played a boyfriend. The series producer was Leon Thau.

Only the first episode of the series ("A New Lease") exists in the archives; the pilot and the rest of the series are missing.

References

1971 British television series debuts
1971 British television series endings
1970s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Comedy Playhouse
English-language television shows


Senovo ( , ) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, part of Vetovo Municipality, Rousse Province, near Tsar Kaloyan.

Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Ruse Province


Gad Machnes (13 August 1893 – 7 March 1954) was an Israeli politician and businessman. He was an orientalist in the Arab Affairs Department at the Jewish Agency as part of the Palestine Jewish Yishuv during the British Mandate of Palestine.

Machnes was born and raised in Petah Tikva and participated in Jewish pioneering efforts prior to Israeli independence. He was a member of the third transformation of the Israeli Transfer committee from August 1948 renamed as the Committee for Arab affairs along with Yosef Weitz, Ezra Danin, Yaacov Shimoni and Zalman Lifshiz. He became the Israeli Minority Affairs Ministry director general, Tel Aviv, in 1949. The Village files are still censored. Benei Binyamin, Petah Tikva, Hanotea, Netanya. Machnes was intimately involved with the Israeli government regularisation of the systematic appropriation of Abandoned Arab property and Transfer policy of the Yishuv. Machnes was one of David Ben-Gurion's most Hawkish advisers during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the following 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Machnes has streets named after him in Netanya and Petah Tikva. Footballer Gad Machnes, the son of his brother Yitzhak, was named for him.

Footnotes

1893 births
1954 deaths
Israeli people of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
Israeli Jews
Jews from Mandatory Palestine
Burials at Segula Cemetery


Epitonium tenellum, common name the small wentletrap,  is a species of small ectoparasitic sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.

Distribution
This snail is found in shallow water in southeastern Australia and the North Island of New Zealand.

Description
The shell height varies between 10 mm and 20mm

References

 Powell A W B, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

Epitoniidae
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1885


Darije Kalezić (Pfäffikon, 1 november 1969) is a Bosnian/Dutch professional football manager and former football player. Darije is currently head coach of Keuken Kampioen Divisie team ADO Den Haag.

Playing career
Kalezić was born in Pfäffikon, Switzerland. He started his career still in Yugoslavia, then Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he played for 4th tier FK Lokomotiva Mostar when sports director Vahid Halilhodžić brought him to Velež Mostar. When the Bosnian War broke out, he left Mostar and earned a contract with Croatian side NK Neretva and played for them during the Croatian War of Independence. He fled war-torn Croatia for the Netherlands in 1994 and as player being member of FC Den Bosch, RKC Waalwijk, AGOVV Apeldoorn, and De Graafschap. He retired in 2006, at De Graafschap.

Managerial career
After his retirement from football as a player, Kalezić accepted to stay at De Graafschap as a reserve/youth team coach from 2006 to 2008, and later on being promoted as assistant coach.

De Graafschap
On 25 February 2009, he was appointed interim manager of De Graafschap after previous manager Henk van Stee was dismissed due to poor results. Even though the team relegated at the end of the season, Kalezić was confirmed as head coach for the new season, in which he led the promptly bounce back into the Eredivisie by claiming the 2009–10 Eerste Divisie title. He saved the team from relegation in 2010–11, leaving the club at the end of the season.

Zulte Waregem
In June 2011, Kalezić was announced as new head coach of Belgian Pro League club Zulte Waregem. On 27 December 2011, Kalezić was fired with Zulte Waregem in 14th place and two places above relegation.

Stockport County
On 24 January 2013, Kalezić was announced as manager of Stockport County. Kalezić held this position until 20 March 2013 at which point he left the club via mutual consent.

Jong PSV
Ahead of the 2013–14 season, Kalezić was appointed manager of Jong PSV, the reserve side of PSV Eindhoven, for their first season in the Eerste Divisie. Jong PSV finished the 2013–14 Eerste Divisie in 10th place. Kalezić guided the Jong PSV to a 14th-place finish in the 2014/15 Eerste Divisie.

Roda JC
On 11 June 2015, Kalezić was appointed manager of newly promoted Roda JC on a two-year contract. Roda JC finished 14th, 5 points above relegation, on their return to the Eredivisie. Kalezić was sacked on 10 May 2016 after making critical comments against the club's technical director, Ton Caanen.

Al-Taawoun
On 2 June 2016, Kalezić was appointed as manager of Saudi club Al-Taawoun. Kalezić was sacked on 15 October 2016 after five league games in charge.

Wellington Phoenix
On 7 June 2017, v was announced as manager of A-League club Wellington Phoenix. On 1 March 2018, Wellington Phoenix announced that Kalezić would be departing the club at the end of the season after they were not able to come to an agreement on how the club proceeds forward for the next season. A further announcement on 8 March 2018 confirmed he was leaving the club, with a caretaker manager to see out the remainder of the season.

MVV Maastricht
In June 2020, Kalezić was appointed new head coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club MVV Maastricht. He signed a two-year contract.
Kalezić has ensured the reconstruction of MVV Maastricht , after a bad first half of the season MVV Maastricht just missed out on play-offs in the second half of the season.

Jong FC Utrecht
On May 28th 2021, Kalezić was appointed new head coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club Jong FC Utrecht. He signed a three-year contract. Kalezić left Jong FC Utrecht at the 12th of June in 2023.

ADO Den Haag
On June 29th 2023, Kalezić was appointed as new head coach of Dutch Eerste Divisie club ADO Den Haag. He signed a two-year contract.

Personal life
Kalezić's father is from Montenegro and his mother is from Sanski Most, Bosnia and Herzegovina.  His parents were guest workers in Switzerland when he was born, but they moved back to the Balkans, settling in Mostar when Darije was a child.

Managerial statistics

Honours

As a coach
De Graafschap
Eerste Divisie: 2009-10

PSM Makassar
 Piala Indonesia: 2018–19

References

1969 births
Living people
People from Pfäffikon, Zürich
Men's association football defenders
Swiss men's footballers
Swiss football managers
Bosnia and Herzegovina men's footballers
Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers
Yugoslav men's footballers
Swiss people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Swiss people of Montenegrin descent
Bosnia and Herzegovina people of Montenegrin descent
FK Velež Mostar players
NK Neretva players
FC Den Bosch players
RKC Waalwijk players
AGOVV players
De Graafschap players
Yugoslav First League players
First Football League (Croatia) players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
De Graafschap managers
S.V. Zulte Waregem managers
Stockport County F.C. managers
Roda JC Kerkrade managers
Al Taawoun FC managers
Wellington Phoenix FC managers
PSM Makassar managers
MVV Maastricht managers
ADO Den Haag managers
Liga 1 (Indonesia) managers
Eerste Divisie managers
Saudi Pro League managers
A-League Men managers
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in the Netherlands
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in England
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate association football managers in New Zealand
Expatriate football managers in Indonesia
Bosnia and Herzegovina expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia


The Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989; second edition 2002; third edition 2018) is a history of the French Revolution by the British historian William Doyle, in which the author analyzes the impact of the revolutionary events in France and in the rest of Europe.

The book received positive reviews, complimenting Doyle for the fairness with which he dealt with the Revolution. Its approach has been described as "revisionist", and the book has been compared to the historian Simon Schama's Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (1989) and J. F. Bosher's The French Revolution (1988). It has been used as a textbook.

Summary

Running from the accession of Louis XVI in 1774, the Oxford History of the French Revolution traces the history of France through revolution, terror, and counter-revolution to the final triumph of Napoleon in 1802. It also analyses the impact of events in France upon the rest of Europe and the world beyond. The study shows how a movement which began with optimism and general enthusiasm soon became a tragedy, not only for the ruling orders, but also for the millions of ordinary people whose lives were disrupted by religious upheaval, economic chaos, and civil and international war.

Publication history

The Oxford History of the French Revolution was first published by Oxford University Press in 1989. A second edition was published in 2002, and a third edition in 2018.

Reception
The Oxford History of the French Revolution received positive reviews from the historian Colin Jones in The Times Literary Supplement, Michael Broers in History, the historian Malcolm Crook in the European Review of History, and the historian Norman Hampson in The English Historical Review, and a mixed review from Thomas J. Schaeper in Library Journal. The book was also discussed in History Today.

Jones compared the book to Schama's Citizens, describing them as "the most important histories of the French Revolution to appear in English in this bicentenary year" and finding it significant that they both viewed the Revolution "as essentially a tragedy". He considered both books "revisionist" in their approach. He described The Oxford History of the French Revolution as "sober, lucid and authoritative", adding that he expected it to "become the standard textbook for the period" and that Doyle approached the subject fairly. However, he considered Doyle "stronger on judicious description than on analysis and exegesis", believing that he offered "political chronology in its tactical and quotidian dimensions rather than an interpretation of the Revolution in terms of wider processes", and that his arguments were sometimes inconsistent.

Broers described the book's approach as "revisionist", comparing it to D. M. G. Sutherland's France, 1789-1815: Revolution and Counterrevolution (1985), as well as Bosher's The French Revolution and Schama's Citizens. He agreed with Doyle's view of the French Revolution as "an essentially political event" and his emphasis on "the importance of the patriot revolt in the United Provinces". He also credited Doyle with providing a "clear and comprehensive" discussion of the French Revolution, including a careful and fair critique of Marxist interpretations. He described the book as a "work of great integrity". Crook credited Doyle with providing an account of the French Revolution that was "sober and balanced", as well as comprehensive and clear. He wrote that the first edition of the book rightly received "plaudits from reviewers in both academic journals and the general press." He noted that many teachers had adopted it as a textbook. However, he noted that the second edition included "relatively few" improvements over the first edition.

Hampson described the book as a "splendid" that had "deservedly become a standard academic textbook". He credited Doyle with showing, "a remarkably encyclopaedic knowledge" of the era of the French Revolution, and discussing its events impartially.

Schaeper wrote that Doyle advanced a "revisionist approach to the French Revolution". He considered it familiar from Doyle's previous work, noting that the book repeated material from Origins of the French Revolution (2nd edition, 1988). Though he considered Doyle's "scholarship and logic" impressive, he considered the book inferior to Schama's Citizens and Bosher's The French Revolution. History Today noted that the book was one of a number of recent works on the French Revolution.

See also
 Historiography of the French Revolution

References

Bibliography
Books

Journals

1989 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
English-language books
English non-fiction books
History books about the French Revolution
French Revolution, Oxford History Of The


Fort Harmar was an early United States frontier military fort, built in pentagonal shape during 1785 at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, on the west side of the mouth of the Muskingum River. It was built under the orders of Colonel Josiah Harmar, then commander of the United States Army, and took his name. The fort was intended for the protection of Indians, i.e., to prevent pioneer squatters from settling in the land to the northwest of the Ohio River. "The position was judiciously chosen, as it commanded not only the mouth of the Muskingum, but swept the waters of the Ohio, from a curve in the river for a considerable distance both above and below the fort."
It was the first frontier fort built in Ohio Country.

It is notable as the site for the 1789 Treaty of Fort Harmar between the United States and several Native American tribes.

The presence of Fort Harmar was influential in the founding of Marietta, Ohio in 1788 to the east across the Muskingum. During the one-year anniversary celebration of the founding of Marietta, the physician Solomon Drowne said:

But to whom is this settlement more indebted than to the generous chieftain [Josiah Harmar] and other worthy officers of yonder fortress, distinguished by the name of Harmer [Fort Harmar]. With what cheerfulness and cordiality have ye ever entered into every measure promotive of the company's interest. Important is the station ye fill in every respect, and not least in this, that you seem reserved to exhibit to mankind a specimen of that military splendor, which ornamented the arms of America, and would do honor to the troops of any potentate on earth.

The fort was abandoned in 1790 and demolished in summer, 1791, as the area had been redeveloped for other uses, and Marietta expanded to the west side of the river. The exact location of the fort cannot be determined as the Ohio River has been widened by damming, and is believed to be underwater near the mouth of the Muskingum. This area of Marietta is still referred to as Harmar, and the neighborhood has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Harmar Historic District.

Nearby forts
The Campus Martius fortification of the Marietta settlement was built on the east side of the Muskingum and upriver from Fort Harmar during 1788, and fully completed in 1791 at the start of the Northwest Indian War. It was the first settlement of Marietta.

The Picketed Point fortification of Marietta was built in 1791 directly across the Muskingum from Fort Harmar, on the east side of the river's mouth.

See also
Big Bottom massacre in 1791, 30 miles upstream of Fort Harmar on the Muskingum
 Fort Washington 1789, downriver on the Ohio, which largely superseded it

Bibliography
 Hildreth, S. P.: Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1848).
 Zimmer, Louise: More True Stories from Pioneer Valley, published by Sugden Book Store, Marietta, Ohio (1993), chapter 5 entitled David Ziegler.
 Zimmer, Louise: True Stories of Pioneer Times, published by Broughton Foods company, Marietta, Ohio (1987), chapter 2 entitled Fort Harmar.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Ohio
Northwest Indian War
Harmar
Pre-statehood history of Ohio
Buildings and structures in Marietta, Ohio
Historic district contributing properties in Ohio
1785 establishments in the United States
Harmar
Demolished buildings and structures in Ohio
Buildings and structures demolished in 1791


USCGC Citrus (WAGL-300/WLB-300/WMEC-300) was a Cactus (A)-class seagoing buoy tender built in 1942 in Duluth, Minnesota, and now operated by the navy of the Dominican Republic.

During World War II, the 180-foot ship helped build LORAN stations on the Aleutian Islands. From 1945 to 1979, Citrus largely helped maintain aids to navigation in Alaskan waters. In 1980, she was converted into a medium-endurance cutter homeported at Coos Bay, Oregon.

In 1995, after 51 years' service, it was transferred to the Dominican Navy, which commissioned it Almirante Juan Alejandro Acosta.

Ship's history
After the Coast Guard took over the United States Lighthouse Service in 1939, the plans for the USLS Juniper class of  seagoing buoy tenders were modified to . These were built in three classes. The Cactus (A) class had 12 vessels, the Mesquite (B) class had six, and the Iris (C) class had 20. Twenty were built at one of two shipyards in Duluth, Minnesota.

Citrus was laid down 29 April 1942 at the Marine Iron & Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth. She was launched on 15 August 1942 and commissioned on 3 April 1943.

World War II
USCGC Citrus was initially assigned to the Ninth District in April 1943. With home port in Detroit, Michigan, the cutter was to be used for general aids to navigation and icebreaking on the Great Lakes.

The cutter was reassigned to Alaska Sector, Northwestern Sea Frontier on 15 September 1943. Construction work on the Western Aleutian LORAN chain began during the latter part of 1943. Beginning in November 1943, men and materials began to arrive at sites 62 (Sitka), 63 (Amchitka), and 64 (Attu). Citrus and two Liberty ships, SS George Flavel and SS McKenzie, transported Coast Guard construction crews to erect Quonset huts for Construction Detachment "A" at Massacre Bay, Attu and at Baxter Cove, Adak. Unloading at Adak was done with 5' x 7' steel pontoon-type barges. They arrived on 24 December 1943. Heavy ground swells made unloading materiel from the cutter to the barge precarious. Despite the possibility of a sudden squall, both barges made the beach about sundown. Temporary floodlights were then rigged and unloading operations continued until 1200 on Christmas Day. As the storm increased in intensity, Citrus was unable to maintain her anchorage and was forced to return to Massacre Bay until the storm subsided on 2 January 1944.

Early in February 1944, a five-day storm swept the Massacre Bay area with winds up to . At Attu, Citrus took nine men off a swamped Army tug without loss of life and then sank the foundering tug with gunfire. Citrus also assisted in getting a Liberty ship off the beach after it had been driven ashore by a severe storm. Citrus arrived at Ketchikan on 7 February 1944.

On 20 February, Citrus was dispatched to assist Mary D which was hard aground on Point St. Alban's Reef. With the assistance of USCGC Hemlock and LT-151. Mary D was re-floated. After jettisoning some cargo, she could continue on to Ketchikan. On 27 February 1944, Citrus was dispatched to the assistance of Army tug USAT ST-169 in distress in Chatham Strait after losing its crib tow.

On 17 October 1944 Citrus departed Petersburg to render assistance to ATS Brunswick aground in Wrangell Narrows. Citrus pulled her afloat and the latter continued on under its own power. Citrus spent the remainder of the war conducting aids to navigation, logistics, and vessel escort duties in Southwestern Alaskan waters.

Postwar
From the end of the war until 29 June 1964, Citrus continued to be stationed at Ketchikan and conducted aids to navigation duties. On 9 September 1948, Citrus assisted MV Caledonia in Idaho Inlet. From 29–31 October 1948, the tender assisted .

From 13–19 February 1950, Citrus searched for a missing USAF plane near the Wrangell Narrows. During 25–27 August 1950, the cutter provided assistance to the barge Bisco 3 near Ratz Harbor and a fishing vessel Vermay near Cape Muzon, and towed the power scow Chichagof near Cape Chacon.

On 19 May 1951, Citrus escorted USCGC White Holly to Ketchikan after the latter struck a rock. On 25 May 1951, Citrus assisted fishing vessel Dolores near Point Gardner and from 21 to 27 July 1951 Citrus searched for a missing Canadian Douglas DC-4 aircraft.

During 15–19 January 1952, Citrus escorted USCGC Cahoone to Sitka. On 8 June 1952, the cutter towed the fishing vessel Pioneer to Ketchikan and assisted the fishing vessel Hobo near Lincoln Island on 13 August 1952. Ten days later, on 23 August 1952 Citrus assisted the fishing vessel Cinuk in the Behm Canal.

On 24 August 1953, it helped the tug Saturn recover its lost tow at 56° 25' N, 14° 28' W. Citrus then spent 25–30 August 1953 searching for, finding, and towing a scow to Ketchikan. On 13 October 1953, Citrus assisted the grounded APL-55 near the Dangerous River.

From 30 June 1964 to 1979 Citrus was  stationed at Kodiak, Alaska, and operated frpom there in support of aids to navigation. On 12 February 1965, she located two Soviet fishing vessels  from U.S. territory. After she notified them they had entered U.S. territorial waters, they departed.

On 8 March 1965, the Citruss crew fought a fire on MV Kalaikh off Alaska and towed her to Kodiak.  On 3 May 1965, Citrus transported a seaman from the Soviet fishing vessel Churkzn to Kodiak Island.

On 6 February 1967, the fishing vessel Astronaut was wrecked on the coast of Akutan Island in the Aleutian Islands. Her four crewmen reached shore and survived. Two skiffs – one each from the vessels Honey B and Menshikov – were wrecked trying to reach them; all four crewmen aboard the skiffs survived and joined Astronauts four crewmen on the beach. The fishing vessel American Star rescued four of them, and aircraft dropped tents and sleeping bags to the other four. Eventually, Citrus arrived on the scene and rescued them.

From 24 to 26 January 1968, the crew of Citrus fought a fire on the Japanese motor vessel Seifu Maru in Dutch Harbor, Alaska. On 9 August 1968, she assisted the distressed motor vessel Dantzler after Dantzler ran aground, and she escorted Dantzler from near Cook Inlet to Homer, Alaska.

On 1 April 1969, Citrus flew a patient from the fishing vessel Zulyo Maru off Alaska. On 8 May 1970, she towed the disabled fishing vessel Shirley Rose to Kodiak. On 20 October 1970, Citruss crew rescued 31 [people from the grounded ferry Tustumena near Kodiak.

On 19 January 1974 Citrus searched for missing crew members from the fishing trawler John and Olaf in the Gulf of Alaska.

On 27 February 1979, Citrus struck a submerged object in the Ouzinkie Narrows between Kodiak Island and Spruce Island. Although there were no casualties, the ship sustained significant damage. In March 1979 Citrus was converted into a medium-endurance cutter.

Medium-endurance cutter duty

Upon her conversion to a medium endurance cutter, Citrus home port was Coos Bay, Oregon. The cutter's mission was primarily law enforcement and search and rescue. Her primary law enforcement activities involved the boarding of domestic and foreign fishing vessels.

After attempting to send a boarding party for a drug search on 1 January 1985, Citrus was rammed by the Panamanian MV Pacific Star  southwest of San Diego. Pacific Star was scuttled by its crew. Seven crewmen were rescued and  of marijuana was seized.

Awards and honors
Throughout her 51 years of service, Citrus was decorated with four Unit Commendations, three Meritorious Unit Commendations, two Arctic Service Medals, the American Defense Medal, World War II Victory Medal, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Medal, and the National Defense Service Medal.

Dominican Navy
Citrus was initially transferred to the Mexican Navy, but delivery was refused in February 1995. Citrus was transferred to the Dominican Navy on 16 September 1995, and renamed Almirante Juan Alejandro Acosta (C-456). It was rearmed with a 102 mm 45 caliber DP gun, two single Oerlikon 20 mm cannons, and four  M60 machine guns. Acosta was decommissioned by the Dominican Navy in 2012.

References

External links

Cactus-class seagoing buoy tenders
1942 ships
Almirante Juan Alejandro Acosta
Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon
Ships built in Duluth, Minnesota


Harry Murphy (26 August 1920 – second ¼ 1981) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. He played at representative level for Great Britain, England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage № 459), Castleford (Heritage № 251), and Keighley, as a , or , i.e. number 11 or 12, or 13.

Background
Harry Murphy's birth was registered in Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 60 in
Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. The pub called "Harry's Bar" at 107B Westgate, Wakefield is named after Harry Murphy.

Playing career

International honours
Harry Murphy won caps for England while at Wakefield Trinity in 1946 against France, and Wales, and a cap for Great Britain while at Wakefield Trinity in 1950 against Australia.

County Honours
Harry Murphy was selected for Yorkshire County XIII while at Wakefield Trinity during the 1948/49 season.

County Cup Final appearances
Harry Murphy played left-, i.e. number 11, in Wakefield Trinity’s 2-5 defeat by Bradford Northern in the 1945–46 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1945–46 season at Thrum Hall, Halifax on Saturday 3 November 1945, played right-, i.e. number 12, in the 10–0 victory over Hull F.C. in the 1946–47 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1946–47 season at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds on Saturday 31 November 1946, played left- in the 7–7 draw with Leeds in the 1947 Yorkshire County Cup Final during the 1947–48 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield on Saturday 1 November 1947, and played left- in the 8–7 victory over Leeds in the 1947–48 Yorkshire County Cup Final replay during the 1947–48 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Wednesday 5 November 1947.

Club career
Harry Murphy made his début for Wakefield Trinity during April 1940, and he played his last match for Wakefield Trinity during October	1952	, he appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.

Contemporaneous Article Extract
One of the many “home-grown” players who have made the full journey from the City Schools R.L. to the international arena.  with St. Austin’s School, became a forward with Trinity's own junior side. Joined Trinity 1937. In post-war football he went on to play for England, Yorkshire and Great Britain, touring twice.

"…(Bob) Kelly joined Trinity from Keighley R.L. in an exchange deal with Harry Murphy in season 1952-3…".

References

External links

1920 births
1981 deaths
Castleford Tigers players
England national rugby league team players
English rugby league players
Great Britain national rugby league team players
Keighley Cougars players
Rugby league locks
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire rugby league team players


Matt Saunders is a rugby union player for the Philippines national rugby union team. His rugby union position is at outside center and is the top try scorer in the Philippines. Saunders is a former professional rugby league footballer with Sydney Roosters and rugby union footballer for Kubota Spears.

Personal life
He was born in the United Kingdom to a British father and a Filipina mother who hails from Pangasinan. He has three other siblings Oliver Benjamin and sister Abigail.

Prior to his stint as a professional rugby league and rugby union footballer, he studied as an electrician in Australia and is qualified to practice the profession.

References

Filipino rugby union players
Filipino rugby league players
Living people
Australian people of British descent
Australian people of Filipino descent
Sportspeople of Filipino descent
1988 births
Urayasu D-Rocks players
Kubota Spears Funabashi Tokyo Bay players
Rugby union players at the 2014 Asian Games
Philippines international rugby union players
SEA Games gold medalists for the Philippines
SEA Games medalists in rugby union
Competitors at the 2015 SEA Games
Asian Games competitors for the Philippines
Rugby union centres


A Youth Inclusion Support Panel (abbreviated YISP) is a British arm of local government.  YISPs aim to address anti-social behaviour and offending by young people aged 8–13, though some local authorities extend the age range as high as 17.

Each YISP is a multi-disciplinary, inter-agency, voluntary service.  A young person who is identified to be "at risk" of offending will be offered the chance to appear before the panel.  The panel will be an ad hoc collection of professionals chosen to meet the young person's needs; typically their parents, teachers, youth workers, social workers, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) workers, or other relevant people will be involved.  They will form a plan aimed at helping the young person with their behaviour, channeling them into constructive activities, and reducing the risk of offending.  Other support such as anger management or parenting classes may also be offered.

In most areas, parents or carers who are concerned about their child's behaviour can refer directly to a YISP via their local council.  There is no charge.

YISPs were originally piloted in April 2003, and following the successful pilot there were (as of March 2009) 122 YISPs in the UK.

References
Youth Inclusion and Support Panels: Preventing Crime and Antisocial Behaviour?, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Centre for Family Studies.  .

Youth in the United Kingdom
Local government in the United Kingdom


Conseil d'État may refer to:

Conseil d'État (Belgique), an organ of the Belgian government
Conseil d'État (France), a body of the French national government
Conseil d'État (Switzerland), government of some of the cantons of Switzerland
Conseil d'État (Luxembourg), an institution in Luxembourg that advises the national legislature


JournoList (sometimes referred to as the J-List) was a private Google Groups forum for discussing politics and the news media with 400 left-leaning journalists, academics and others. Ezra Klein created the online forum in February 2007 while blogging at The American Prospect and shut it down on June 25, 2010 amid wider public exposure. Journalists later pointed out various off-color statements made by members of the list denigrating conservatives.  Others defended such statements as being taken out of context or simply a matter of private candor.

Background
Ezra Klein controlled the forum's membership and limited it to "several hundred left-leaning bloggers, political reporters, magazine writers, policy wonks and academics." Klein justified excluding conservatives from participation as "not about fostering ideology but preventing a collapse into flame war. The emphasis is on empiricism, not ideology." Posts within JournoList were intended only to be made and read by its members. Klein defended the forum structure saying that it ensured "that folks feel safe giving off-the-cuff analysis and instant reactions." JournoList member and Time columnist Joe Klein said the off-the-record nature of the forum was necessary because "candor is essential and can only be guaranteed by keeping these conversations private." The existence of JournoList was first publicly revealed in a July 27, 2007 blog post by Mickey Kaus.

However, the forum did not attract serious attention until March 17, 2009 when an article published on Politico detailed the nature of the forum and the extent of its membership. The Politico article set off debate within the Blogosphere over the ethics of participating in JournoList and raised questions about its overall purpose. The first public excerpt of a discussion within JournoList was posted by Mickey Kaus on his blog on March 26, 2009.

Statements on the JournoList
Responding to the Jeremiah Wright controversy surrounding Obama's campaign, one JournoList contributor, Spencer Ackerman of The Washington Independent, stated "If the right forces us all to either defend Wright or tear him down, no matter what we choose, we lose the game they've put upon us. Instead, take one of them – Fred Barnes, Karl Rove, who cares – and call them racists". Chris Hayes of The Nation was requesting ideas from other journalists for best ways to criticize Sarah Palin in an email thread.

Ackerman was also quoted as saying, "find a right winger's [sic] and smash it through a plate-glass window. Take a snapshot of the bleeding mess and send it out in a Christmas card to let the right know that it needs to live in a state of constant fear. Obviously, I mean this rhetorically." According to media scholar Jim A. Kuypers, the hatred of conservatives was strong on the list. Sarah Spitz, an NPR affiliate producer, had written that she would "laugh loudly like a maniac and watch his eyes bug out", if she would witness Rush Limbaugh having a heart attack.

Responses
Tucker Carlson, who edited several of Strong's articles about JournoList, wrote in a July 22 article: "Again and again, we discovered members of Journolist working to coordinate talking points on behalf of Democratic politicians, principally Barack Obama. That is not journalism, and those who engage in it are not journalists. They should stop pretending to be. The news organizations they work for should stop pretending, too. ... I've been in journalism my entire adult life, and have often defended it against fellow conservatives who claim the news business is fundamentally corrupt. It's harder to make that defense now. It will be easier when honest (and, yes, liberal) journalists denounce what happened on Journolist as wrong." Fred Barnes, executive editor of The Weekly Standard, discussed JournoList saying, "... hundreds of journalists have gotten together, on an online listserv called JournoList, to promote liberalism and liberal politicians at the expense of traditional journalism."

Defense of JournoList members
JournoList member Jonathan Chait says that "the group as a whole did not jointly participate" in any particular discussion thread. "Almost every discussion was limited to a small percentage of the group that was interested in the topic. Most people ignored most of the topics."

Kathleen Parker, writing in The Washington Post, argued that "perspective is needed here." She stated that comments had "been presented out of context and, besides, were offered as part of an ongoing argument among colleagues who believed they were acting in good faith that theirs was a private conversation." She also referred to JournoList writings as "the private comments of people who, for the most part, have no significant power" and had an expectation not to be 'outed'.

List member Joe Klein wrote at his Time blog, "The views I expressed on Journolist were the views I express here." He identified himself as moderate compared to most leftist members, who subjected his ideas to "onslaughts". He stated that allegations that list members colluded to produce talking points or plan activities with each other are simply false and the group debated with each with members valuing their individuality. He recounted that the only time list members could agree on "joint actions" was "meeting up at some bar."

Foster Kamer of The Village Voice, who was not a JournoList member, has remarked that, emphasis in original, "off-the-record means off-the-record, and an assault on a journalist's right to express him or herself in private is an assault on both the freedom of the fourth estate and free speech in general". Greg Sargent of The Washington Post, a list member, criticized Carlson for not posting JournoList threads in their entirety. He wrote that "publishing them would make it tougher to paint J-Listers as a secretive and omnipotent political cabal, rather than just a bunch of geeks and eggheads venting and arguing about politics".

Ezra Klein recounted Tucker Carlson's effort to become a member of JournoList, which he said he supported, and wrote: "I want to be very clear about what I was suggesting: Adding someone to the list meant giving them access to the entirety of the archives. That didn't bother me very much. Sure, you could comb through tens of thousands of e-mails and pull intemperate moments and inartful wording out of context to embarrass people, but so long as you weren't there with an eye towards malice, you'd recognize it for what it was: A wonkish, fun, political yelling match. If it had been an international media conspiracy, I'd have never considered opening it up. The idea was voted down. People worried about opening the archives to individuals who could help their careers by ripping e-mails out of context, misrepresenting the nature of the ongoing conversation, and bringing the world an exclusive look into The Great Journolist Conspiracy, as opposed to the daily life of Journolist, which even Carlson describes as 'actually pretty banal'."

Cabalist spin-off
After Klein shut down JournoList, a new group, calling itself "Cabalist" was started by Jonathan Cohn of The New Republic, Michelle Goldberg and Steven Teles, a professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University. The group, which had 173 members by late July, was made up mostly of former JournoList members. Its existence managed to stay secret for several weeks, until The Atlantic magazine correspondent Jeffrey Goldberg revealed its existence in a blog post on July 21. Goldberg reported that one recent discussion concerned whether or not members should ignore the articles on The Daily Caller website. "In other words, members of Journolist 2.0 were debating whether to collectively respond to a Daily Caller story alleging—inaccurately, in their minds—that members of Journolist 1.0 (the same people, of course) made collective decisions about what to write."

See also

References

2010 in American politics
2010 controversies
American journalism organizations
Criticism of journalism
Internet forums
Mass media-related controversies in the United States
The Washington Post
Internet properties established in 2007
Internet properties disestablished in 2010


Michael Robrigado Letts (born 15 February 1985) is an Australian–Filipino rugby union player and is the captain of the Philippines national rugby union team.

Personal life
Michael was born in Sydney, Australia to an Australian father and a Filipina mother who hails from Bicol.

References

1985 births
Filipino rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union fullbacks
Australian people of Filipino descent
Rugby union players from Sydney
Philippines international rugby union players


Tell es-Sakan, lit. "Hill of Ash", is a now almost entirely destroyed tell (archaeological mound) standing some 5 km south of Gaza City in what is today the Gaza Strip, on the northern bank of Wadi Ghazzeh. It was the site of two separate Early Bronze Age urban settlements: an earlier one representing the fortified administrative center of the Egyptian colonies in southwestern Palestine from the end of the 4th millennium, and a later, local Canaanite fortified city of the third millennium. The location at the mouth of what was probably a palaeochannel of the river, allowed it to develop as an important maritime settlement with a natural harbour. Its geographical location endowed it with a position of importance at the crossroads of land-based trade routes between the Canaan region, the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and Arabia. As of 2000, the early Egyptian settlement was the oldest fortified site known to researchers in both Egypt and Palestine.

Topography, discovery, research
Tell es-Sakan, which in the Bronze Age apparently possessed a harbour on Wadi Ghazzeh's now silted-up estuary, today stands at a remarkable distance north of the stream's current course, which has changed over time. When it was rediscovered, the artificial mound rose over 10 m above the Coastal Plain and was completely covered by a sand dune. All previous surveys failed to detect the tell, and it was only discovered by chance in 1998 during the construction of a new housing complex; construction work was temporarily suspended to allow an archaeological investigation to be conducted. A brief survey in 1999 was followed the next year by a large-scale excavation campaign involving three different areas covering a total area of c. 1,400 m². The excavations were suspended in 2002 for security reasons and were never restarted until the final destruction of the  tell in 2017.

History
The accidental exposure brought to light the only settlement of the Early Bronze Age discovered to date in the Gaza Strip, with exceptionally well-preserved remains of mud-brick constructions and a wealth of other findings dating exclusively to that period. Tell es-Sakan, while still in southwestern Canaan, was located on its border and near a ford on the coastal road leading to Egypt, an ideal place for archaeologists to study the interaction between Egypt and Palestine during the time the tell was occupied, the fourth and third millennia BCE.

The site was inhabited between 3300 and 2400/2350 BCE, and covered over 5 hectares. It appears to be the predecessor to the Tell al-Ajjul settlement, a major city of the second millennium BCE located just 500 metres further south.

Excavations revealed that the site was occupied during two distinct major phases: the lower levels of excavation area A belong to a city of the Egyptian Protodynastic Period, which corresponds to the Early Bronze Age IB period in the history of the Southern Levant (the end of the 4th millennium BCE); and the middle and upper levels of Areas B and C belong to a Canaanite settlement dating to the third millennium.

The importance of the discoveries was such, that they helped to completely reinterpret the relations between the Egyptians and the Levant during the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE.

Egyptian city (Early Bronze Age IB)
The Bronze Age port dates to the end of the 4th millennium BCE, and was contemporary with En Besor, an Egyptian First Dynasty staging post along the "Ways of Horus" trade route in the Northern Negev. En Besor was much smaller, but it was an important source for fresh water to supply the caravans. There were also some other smaller Egyptian settlements in this area.

The architectural remains, as well as almost all of the findings from Area A, are typical of the Nile Valley around 3200-3000 BCE.

The only other Egyptian settlement in this area that was older than es-Sakan was Taur Ikhbeineh. The occupation there started in 3500 BC and ended in 3200 BC, while es-Sakan was still flourishing. Taur Ikhbeineh is located nearby, and it was active from the period Naqada IIb-c, and until the period Naqada IIIa, according to the Egyptian chronology.

At Tell es-Sakan, truly exceptional was the discovery of the fortifications, represented by two successively built, powerful mud brick walls. This was interpreted as proof for the importance of the settlement, which may have been the administrative centre of the colonial domain established by the Egyptians in southwestern Palestine during the Early Dynastic Period. A remarkable fact is that Tell es-Sakan was at the time of its excavation the oldest fortified site known in both Egypt and Palestine.

Other finds of Egyptian or "Egyptianising" pottery from this early period have also been found at the sites of Tel Erani, Arad, Tell el-Khuweilifeh/Tel Halif, , and Tel Lod. Nevertheless, the quantity of such pottery is rather small compared to the amount of the Levantine Early Bronze Age pottery at these sites.

This phase of the occupation of the site lasted until about 3000 BC (the very end of EBI and the beginning of EBII).

There are indications that this part of the occupation at the site ended at the beginning of the First Dynasty of Egypt, perhaps under the reign of one of the successors of Narmer, such as Hor-Aha or Den.

Canaanite city (Early Bronze Age III)
The Egyptian colonial domain in the region eventually disappeared and the site was abandoned for several centuries.

In the Early Bronze Age III (EBIII, c. 2650-2300) was the site reoccupied, when the local population created a new, fortified city. Five levels of occupation have been found lasting about 300 years. There are indications that the reoccupation of the site took place at the beginning of the Egyptian Fourth Dynasty. The closest parallels at that time in material culture were with the Canaanite settlement of .

A strong mud brick rampart consisting of a wall strengthened by a glacis surrounded an urban settlement described by researchers as having strong local particularities, while also showing close links with Palestinian sites located further inland. The walls at that time were 8 metres thick and built of sun-dried mud bricks.

This Canaanite settlement is dated solely to the Early Bronze period, when the major sites of southwestern Canaan reached their greatest prosperity. Then the settlement was finally abandoned around 2400-2350 BCE.

Settlement economy
The lifestyles and economic activity at the site changed over the centuries. While hunting was widely practised early on, later, agriculture and animal husbandry became predominant.

Remains of sheep, goat and cattle were discovered, as well as fish bones and shells. Wheat, barley, vegetables, olives, and grapes were cultivated.

Later nearby cities (MB-LB)
Along with all other urban sites in Palestine, Tell es-Sakan was abandoned during what is known as the Intermediate Bronze Age, and in this concrete case also during part of the following Middle Bronze Age, with the region returning for several centuries to nomadic pastoralism. This nomadic population only settled down again around 1800 BCE, by then though choosing a site 500 metres to the south, known in Arabic as Tell el-Ajjul. The new city reached a great degree of prosperity in the second millennium. Tell el-Ajjul and another nearby site, al-Mughraqa, saw occupation during the Middle and Late Bronze Age.

Another site further south, at Deir al-Balah, was occupied during the 14th–12th centuries BCE, the time of the Egyptian New Kingdom (Late Bronze Age).

Destruction 2017
In 2017 Hamas authorities levelled the site with bulldozers to make way for military bases and construction projects, despite local protests by Gazans protesting destruction of ancient Palestinian archaeological heritage.

Footnotes

Bibliography
 2001 Miroschedji, P. de, et M. Sadek, — « Gaza et l’Égypte de l’époque prédynastique à l’Ancien Empire : Premiers résultats des fouilles de Tell es-Sakan. » Bulletin de la  152 : 28-52.
 2001 Miroschedji, P. de, et M. Sadek; Faltings, D.; Boulez, V.; Naggiar, L.; Sykes, N. Tengberg, M. — « Les fouilles de Tell es-Sakan (Gaza) : nouvelles données sur les contacts égypto-cananéens aux IVe-IIIe millénaires. » Paléorient 27/2 : 75-104.
 2012 Miroschedji, P. de, — Egypt and Southern Canaan in the Third Millennium BCE : Uni’s Asiatic Campaigns Revisited. pp. 265–292 dans : Mayer Gruber, Shmuel Ahituv, Gunnar Lehmann, and Zipora Talshir, eds., All the Wisdom of the East, Studies in Near Eastern Archaeology and History in Honor of Eliezer D. Oren. Orbis biblicus et orientalis 255. Fribourg : Academic Press, et Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
 2015 Miroschedji, P. de, –– “Les relations entre l’Égypte et le Levant aux IVe et IIIe millénaires à la lumière des fouilles de Tell es-Sakan.” Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 2015 (avril-juin) : 1003–1038.

Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
Populated places disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
1998 archaeological discoveries
2017 disestablishments in the State of Palestine
Buildings and structures demolished in 2017
Archaeological discoveries in the State of Palestine
History of Palestine (region)
Archaeological sites in the Gaza Strip
Archaeology of the Near East
Bronze Age sites in the State of Palestine
Cities in ancient Egypt


LOBSTER was a European network monitoring system, based on passive monitoring of traffic on the internet. Its functions were to gather traffic information as a basis for improving internet performance, and to detect security incidents.

Objectives
 To build an advanced pilot European Internet traffic monitoring infrastructure based on passive network monitoring sensors.
 To develop novel performance and security monitoring applications, enabled by the availability of the passive network monitoring infrastructure, and to develop the appropriate data anonymisation tools for prohibiting unauthorised access or tampering of the original traffic data.

History
The project originated from SCAMPI, a European project active in 2004–5, aiming to develop a scalable monitoring platform for the Internet. LOBSTER was funded by the European Commission and ceased in 2007. It fed into "IST 2.3.5 Research Networking testbeds", which aimed to contribute to improving internet infrastructure in Europe.

36 LOBSTER sensors were deployed in nine countries across Europe by several organisations. At any one time the system could monitor traffic across 2.3 million IP addresses. It was claimed that more than 400,000 Internet attacks were detected by LOBSTER.

Passive monitoring
LOBSTER was based on passive network traffic monitoring. Instead of collecting flow-level traffic summaries or actively probing the network, passive network monitoring records all IP packets (both headers and payloads) that flow through the monitored link. This enables passive monitoring methods to record complete information about the actual traffic of the network, which allows for tackling monitoring problems more accurately compared to methods based on flow-level statistics or active monitoring.

The passive monitoring applications running on the sensors were developed on top of MAPI (Monitoring Application Programming Interface), an expressive programming interface for building network monitoring applications, developed in the context of the SCAMPI and LOBSTER projects. MAPI enables application programmers to express complex monitoring needs, choose only the amount of information they are interested in, and therefore balance the monitoring overhead with the amount of the received information. Furthermore, MAPI gives the ability for building remote and distributed passive network monitoring applications that can receive monitoring data from multiple remote monitoring sensors.

Developed applications
The LOBSTER sensors operated by the various organisations monitored the network traffic using different measurement applications. All applications were developed within the LOBSTER project using MAPI, according to the needs of each organisation.
 Appmon, an application for Accurate Per-Application Network Traffic Classification.
 Stager, a system for aggregating and presenting network statistics.
 ABW, an application written on top of LOBSTER DiMAPI (Distributed Monitoring Application Interface) and tracklib library.

References

Computer networking


Endeavor Business Media is an American business-to-business media company founded by Chris Ferrell and others in December 2017. The company is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee.

History
Endeavor Business Media acquires and operates trade publications, websites, marketing solutions and events. In 2018 Endeavor acquired the publication assets of SouthComm and seven other companies. The company acquired several publications and events from British company Clarion Events, who had previously acquired these assets from PennWell Corporation, and from Informa Intelligence, a division of Informa, in 2019.

Selected publications
IndustryWeek

References

Publishing companies of the United States
Companies based in Nashville, Tennessee
Mass media companies established in 2017
2017 establishments in Tennessee