The Borromeo String Quartet is an American string quartet, in residence at the New England Conservatory since 1992. They have performed throughout North and South America, Europe, and Asia, at numerous festivals and in many distinguished chamber music series. They are named after the Borromean Islands.

The ensemble was formed in 1989 by violinists Nicholas Kitchen and Ruggero Allifranchini, violist EnSik Choi, and cellist Yeesun Kim, who were then all young musicians at the Curtis Institute of Music. Kitchen and Kim are husband and wife. Violist Hsin-Yun Huang joined the ensemble in 1994 after Choi left to pursue other opportunities. Allifranchini and Huang left the ensemble in 2000 to be replaced, respectively, by William Fedkenheuer and Mai Motobuchi. In 2006, Fedkenheuer left to pursue other opportunities (is now a member of the Miró Quartet) and was replaced by violinist  Kristopher Tong. In 2022, Mai Motobuchi was replaced by Melissa Reardon.

The quartet's recent disk, As It Was, Is, And Will Be (2011), on the GM/Living Archive label features the music of Béla Bartók, Mohammed Fairouz and Gunther Schuller.

The quartet was a prize-winner at the 1990 International String Quartet Competition in Evian, France. In 1991, their winning of the Young Concert Artists International Auditions also earned them concert appearances at the Kennedy Center and the 92nd Street Y. In September 1998 the Quartet was named recipient of Chamber Music America's prestigious Cleveland Quartet Award. Richard Dyer of The Boston Globe wrote that the Borromeo Quartet "combines every 20th-century virtuoso ensemble virtue with an old-world sense of color, character, and style". In 1999 the Quartet was made the ensemble in residence for the National Public Radio program Performance Today.

References

External links
Official website
Management website

Musical groups established in 1989
American string quartets


The third season of the American television spy drama Burn Notice premiered on June 4, 2009 on the cable television channel USA Network. Season three consists of sixteen episodes, split between a nine-episode summer season and a seven-episode winter season.

Season overview
Season 3 picks up with Westen, having lost the protection of "Management," now under surveillance by Miami Detective Paxson (Moon Bloodgood), who has been tasked with monitoring his activities. Michael can secure the arrest of a major Miami criminal Paxson has long been targeting, and he threatens to reveal the true circumstances of the arrest if Paxson does not stop following him. Paxson agrees to the deal. Michael is soon contacted by a man named Tom Strickler (Ben Shenkman), a "smooth-talking, gregarious freelance spy broker", who offers to unburn Michael in exchange for his help with a potentially lethal job. It is clear to Michael that Strickler has major, if shadowy, connections, but appears to be the first person he has met capable of getting him his old job back. At first, it seems to work, and Michael can confirm, through interactions with undercover CIA agent Diego Garza (Otto Sanchez), that movement is being made on his burn notice. In the midseason finale, however, Michael is forced to kill Strickler to save Fiona's life. The action has unforeseen consequences, including the murder of Agent Garza.

Following Strickler's death, Westen is contacted by an associate named Mason Gilroy (Chris Vance), who is responsible for the murder of Garza. Gilroy informs Michael that he wants Michael's help on an extremely lucrative operation. Believing Gilroy to be planning something dangerous, Michael plays along to uncover the plot to eventually foil it. After performing several errands for Gilroy, Michael learns that the job involves a maximum security prisoner being rendered from Chile to Poland. Gilroy's job is to divert the plane to Miami, but he is double-crossed and blown up. Before dying, he informs Michael that the man behind the operation is named Simon (Garret Dillahunt), a man who committed the crimes used to burn Michael. In the Season 3 finale, Michael solicits help from Management to stop Simon. Michael successfully captures Simon but is arrested himself, while Management states that Michael has a "big future." Michael is taken to a mysterious room, where he sits as the season ends.

Actor Michael Weston appeared in one episode as a schizophrenic MIT graduate who needs Michael to protect him from what he thinks are aliens selling the names of undercover spies. Also, Sharon Gless was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work in this season. Gless was also reunited with her former Cagney & Lacey co-star, Tyne Daly, for the episode "A Dark Road".

Cast

Jeffrey Donovan returned for the third season as series protagonist Michael Westen.  Gabrielle Anwar also returned as Fiona Glenanne, while Bruce Campbell reprised his role as Sam Axe.  Sharon Gless returned to play Madeline Westen.

The third season featured a host of guest stars and recurring guests.  Paul Tei returned as Michael's favorite money-launderer, Barry Burkowski.  Seth Peterson returned as Michael's brother, Nate Westen.  The character of Detective Michelle Paxson was introduced, portrayed by Moon Bloodgood.  Another handler for Michael, Tom Strickler, was portrayed in a variety of episodes by Ben Shenkman.  Otto Sanchez portrayed Michael's CIA contact Diego Garza.  A self-proclaimed "freelance psychopath," Mason Gilroy, was played by Chris Vance.  John Mahoney returned as the mysterious man known only as Management.  Several villains from previous seasons returned, including Tim Matheson as "Dead" Larry Sizemore and Jay Karnes as the vengeful Tyler Brennen.  A former villain, Sugar (Arturo Fernandez), returned needing Michael's help.  Marc Macaulay and Brandon Morris returned as Agents Harris and Lane in a single episode.  Garret Dillahunt was introduced as Simon Escher, the man who actually committed the crimes Michael was framed for.  Various actors made guest appearances during the season, including Carlos Bernard, Jude Ciccolella, Clayne Crawford, Tyne Daly, Callie Thorne, and Danny Trejo.

Episodes

References

External links

2009 American television seasons
2010 American television seasons


The State Museum of Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Muzeýi), also known as the Saparmurat Turkmenbashi Museum, is a museum in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The museum was opened on 12 November 1998. The museum has seven permanent galleries incorporating history, present day culture, and ethnography.

Collections
As of 2013, the museum was split into three sections:  natural history, science, and the President of Turkmenistan. Photography is forbidden in any part of the museum, and all visitors are followed by a museum employee during their stay. Many artifacts and photographs are clear fakes or digitally edited.

Natural History
The museum contains a large collection of ancient artifacts.  However many are overly intricate, in pristine condition, and many thousand years old leading to questions about their authenticity.

President
The museum has one third of its floor space dedicated to the current President of Turkmenistan.  In this section are images of the president doing a wide variety of things, including harvesting crops with his citizens, racing autos, reading with children, playing sports, and meeting world leaders.

Science
The section of the museum dedicated to science has no English captions, even though the rest of the museum does.

See also
Neutrality Arch, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan

References

External links

The State Museum of the State Cultural Center of Turkmenistan
Ashgabat Photo Gallery

Museums established in 1998
Museums in Ashgabat
Turkmenistan
Archaeological museums
Ethnographic museums in Asia
History museums


Carquinez Strait Powerline Crossing was the world's first powerline crossing of a large river. It was built in 1901 for a 60 kV powerline operated by Bay Counties Power Company to deliver electric power from their Colgate powerhouse to Oakland, California. For this a crossing of Carquinez Strait was required, which has at its narrowest point at Dillon Point a width of . Such a span width was impossible with wooden poles, which were common in those days. Installing an underwater cable was considered, but for reliability reasons an overhead power line was installed, which used at the north site of the river a  tall lattice tower and at the south site one with a height of .

External links
  (Japanese)

Powerline river crossings
Carquinez Strait
Energy in the San Francisco Bay Area
Electric power infrastructure in the United States
Buildings and structures in Contra Costa County, California
Buildings and structures in Solano County, California
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
1901 establishments in California


Södermanlands-Nerikes Nation (usually called Snerikes) is one of the 13 student nations of Uppsala University. The nation claims its founding to be in 1595 when the original Södermanlands nation was founded, this nation merged with the Nerikes nation in 1805 to form the current nation. Though at the turn of the 20th century its numbers were as low as 100 members, there are currently around 5,000 students as members.

Snerikes is unique amongst student nations in being not entirely open to all students. Swedes must be from or have close family relations to the Snerikes catchment area to join. This requirement is waived for foreign students; Snerikes is in fact a popular nation for foreign students.

Buildings
The nation currently owns several properties in the Rosendal city block in the historic Fjärdingen quarter west of the river in central Uppsala, as well as in the Triangeln block in the Kungsgärdet area. The Rosendal city block contains the main nation building, several offices, student housing, rental apartments and business spaces, while Triangeln solely consists of student housing. Members of Snerikes who are active students are eligible for renting student rooms and apartments for the duration of their studies. In total there are 383 rooms and 85 apartments.

Buildings in the Rosendal city block
 The Snerikes nation house with the characteristic round tower, built 1896–1897 after 80 years of planning and fund raising. The architect, Gerdt Hallberg, had earlier been employed by the firm responsible for the design of the Riksdag building in Stockholm and designed the nation house in neo-renaissance style. Some of the rooms are named for cities in Södermanland and Närke. The building contains a restaurant and rooms for the nation's social events.
 Stavenowska huset in Rundelsgränd 1, library, reading rooms and student housing, with a book collection founded in the 17th century. Built in 1855 from Johan Otto Larsson's design and named after the historian Ludvig Stavenow, Rector Magnificus of Uppsala University 1918–1929. Stavenow bought the house in 1918. It underwent a major renovation in 1998.
 Engelska villan in Rundelsgränd 3, designed by Axel Bergman for the S:t Eriks clay goods factory, built 1912–13. Contains housing for former students of the nation.
 Backmanska huset, Rundelsgränd 3B, the oldest wooden house in Uppsala, built in the 1620s. The first owner was librarian Johannes Bureus. It belonged to various high officials until the 1900s and was acquired in 1956 by Snerikes. It was one of few surviving wooden structures in the area after the great fire of 1809 and became a protected building in 1993. After a renovation in 1995–96 it presently contains the Snerikes housing office.
 Rosendals matsalar, Rundelsgränd 3C. Originally built in 1792, destroyed in the great fire of 1809 and rebuilt in 1819. Acquired by the nation in 1966. Renovated in 2010 and presently occupied by student housing and commercial spaces.
 S:t Johannesgatan 12, housing for former students designed in the 1920s by Simon Lindsjö and finished during the early 1930s.
 Arkadien, S:t Larsgatan 6B, named for Arcadia, possibly inspired by the ground floor arcade, built in 1937 and designed in functionalist style by Eskil Sundahl and Artur von Schmalensee. There are 60 student rooms in the building. It was one of the first Swedish similar buildings to contain an individual bathroom for every student room, and has a view towards Uppsala Cathedral.
 Gula villan, S:t Larsgatan 6A, built in 1847 and acquired 1927 from P A Geijer's estate. Renovated in 2012 and presently occupied by student housing.
 Brundisium, S:t Larsgatan 4, named for Brindisi, built in the 19th century. The building has been remodeled during 2020, with the bottom floor now housing a large room for social activities. The middle floor is presently the Curator's office. The rooms of the building are named for palaces and manor houses in Södermanland and Närke: Gripsholmrummet, Yxtaholmrummet, Göksholmrummet, Tullgarnrummet and Stjernsundrummet.
 Gula Paviljongen, built in 1994.

Triangeln
The Triangeln block, named for its triangular shape, was built in the Kungsgärdet area west of the University 1958–1960 and subsequently became part of the traditional student housing areas of Uppsala. There are 298 rooms and 79 apartments, with a central park space.

Inspektors
 Södermanlands nation

 Nerikes nation

 Södermanlands-Nerikes nation

Nations at Uppsala University


Debra Bloomfield (born 1952) is an American photographer. She has photographed extensively in Mexico, the American Southwest, Alaska, and California, and has taught photography in the San Francisco Bay Area for over 30 years.

Life and work
Bloomfield was born in Los Angeles, California. She received a B.A. and M.A. from San Francisco State University in 1976 and 1981, respectively. She lives in Berkeley, California and teaches photography at the San Francisco Art Institute.

She has photographed the American landscape for over thirty years. Primarily in color and often in large scale, her photographs are born from an emotional response to location and memory. Her images draw on the visual language of metaphor and explore the relationship between interiority and the external world. Her photographic works include Swimming Pools, Hothouse, Frida/Trotsky, Four Corners, Memory, Oceanscapes, and Wilderness / Up North.

Her work is included in the collections of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, and The Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England, among others. She has received the 1991/92 San Francisco Foundation's James D. Phelan Art Award in Photography for her "Trotsky Series", and the 2005 Western Heritage Literary Award in Photography for her monograph "Four Corners".

Publications
"Wilderness," 2014 University of New Mexico Press.  Essays by Lauren E. Oakes, Rebecca A. Senf, and Terry Tempest Williams.
"Still: Oceanscapes by Debra Bloomfield," 2008 Chronicle Books. Foreword by Terry Tempest Williams, interview with Corey Keller.
"Four Corners," 2004 University of New Mexico Press. Essays by Debra Bloomfield, Linda Connor, and Douglas Nickel.

Exhibitions

"Points of View: Photography from the Collection," Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, 1996
"California Current--The Photographer's Perspective," Armand Hammer Museum of Art and Culture Center, Los Angeles, CA, 1997
"Four Corners Project," Richard Levy Gallery, Albuquerque, NM, 2001
Art Chicago, Chicago, IL, Robert Koch Gallery, 2004
"Monumental Landscapes," Fahey/ Klein Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, 2004
"The Landscape of Time and Place," Etherton Gallery, Tucson, AZ, 2004
"Oceanscapes," Richard Levy Gallery, Albuquerque, NM, 2004
"Oceanscapes," Robert Koch Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 2004
"Nineteen Going on Twenty," The Contemporary Museum, Honolulu, HI, 2007
"Marvels of Modernism," George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, Rochester, NY, 2008
"Oceanscapes," Robert Koch Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 2008
"A Grand View: Arizona Landscape Photography," Etherton Gallery, Tucson, AZ, 2010
"The Summer Show," Scott Nichols Gallery, San Francisco, CA, 2011
"Altered Reality," Julie Nester Gallery, Park City, UT, 2011
"Backyard Oasis: The Swimming Pool in Southern California, 1945-1982," Palm Springs Art Museum, Palm Springs, CA, 2012
"See, Hear, Feel: The Photographs of Debra Bloomfield and Christopher Churchill," Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix, AZ, 2013-2014

Sources
"Point of View," by Jane Gottlieb. Photo District News, October 2008
"Breath of Light," by Roy Durfee. The New Mexican, Sunday, June 6, 2004

References

External links

1952 births
Living people
Artists from Berkeley, California
American women photographers
San Francisco State University alumni
Photographers from Los Angeles
21st-century American women


The Italian general election of 1994 took place on 27 March 1994.

The election was won in Sardinia by the centre-right Pole of Good Government. The Pact for Italy and the Patto Segni, both led by Sardinian Mario Segni had their best result in the region, while the Sardinian Action Party had a remarkable result in single-seat constituencies.

Results

Chamber of Deputies

|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 valign=bottom|Coalitions
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top|Single-seat constituencies
!colspan="5" align="center" valign=top|Proportional system
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top|Total
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|votes (%)
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|Parties
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|votes (%)
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|tot.
|align="center" valign=top|seats

|-
|rowspan="3" align="left" valign=top|Pole of Good Government
|rowspan="3" align="right" valign=top|362,110
|rowspan="3" align="right" valign=top|35.1
|rowspan="3" align="right" valign=top|9

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Forza Italia
|align="right"|245,630
|align="right"|21.2
|align="right"|1

|rowspan="3" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="3" align="right" valign=top|10

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|National Alliance
|align="right"|137,874
|align="right"|11.9
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Pannella List
|align="right"|32,926
|align="right"|2.8
|align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="6" align="left" valign=top|Alliance of Progressives
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|305,395
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|29.6
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|4

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Democratic Party of the Left
|align="right"|228,199
|align="right"|19.7
|align="right"|1

|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|5

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Communist Refoundation Party
|align="right"|70,813
|align="right"|6.1
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Italian Socialist Party
|align="right"|36,651
|align="right"|3.2
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Democratic Alliance
|align="right"|26,074
|align="right"|2.3
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Federation of the Greens
|align="right"|24,452
|align="right"|2.1
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|The Network
|align="right"|7,615
|align="right"|0.7
|align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="2" align="left" valign=top|Pact for Italy
|rowspan="2" align="right" valign=top|231,362
|rowspan="2" align="right" valign=top|22.5
|rowspan="2" align="right" valign=top|1

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Segni Pact
|align="right"|211,810
|align="right"|17.4
|align="right"|1

|rowspan="2" align="right" valign=top|2
|rowspan="2" align="right" valign=top|3

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Italian People's Party
|align="right"|114,867
|align="right"|10.0
|align="right"|1

|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Sardinian Action Party
|rowspan="1" align="right"|82,258
|rowspan="1" align="right"|8.0
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Independentist Sardinian Party
|rowspan="1" align="right"|14,334
|rowspan="1" align="right"|1.4
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Independentist Sardinian Party
|align="right"|24,043
|align="right"|2.1
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Others
|rowspan="1" align="right"|35,598
|rowspan="1" align="right"|3.4
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|others
|align="right"|9,326
|align="right"|0.8
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total coalitions
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|1,030,324
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|14
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total parties
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|1,160,280
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|4
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|4
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|18
|}
Sources: Ministry of the Interior and Istituto Cattaneo

Senate

|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left rowspan=2 valign=bottom|Coalitions
!colspan="3" align="center" valign=top|Single-seat constituencies
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top|Prop.
!colspan="1" align="center" valign=top|Total
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
|align="center" valign=top|votes
|align="center" valign=top|votes (%)
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|align="center" valign=top|seats
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left" valign=top|Alliance of Progressives
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|267,853
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|31.4
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|2
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|3
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left" valign=top|Pole of Good Government
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|244,532
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|28.6
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|3
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|4
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Pact for Italy
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|207,800
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|24.3
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|1
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|2
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Sardinian Action Party
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|88,225
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|10.3
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Independentist Sardinian Party
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|26,198
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|3.1
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|The Network
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|12,560
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|1.5
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|-
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Others
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|7,043
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|0.8
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|rowspan="1" align="right" valign=top|-
|-
|- bgcolor="#E9E9E9"
!rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"|Total coalitions
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|854,211
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|100.0
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|6
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|3
!rowspan="1" align="right" valign="top"|9
|}
 Source: Ministry of the Interior

Elections in Sardinia
1994 elections in Italy
March 1994 events in Europe


The Ghost TR01 is a compact semi-automatic pistol designed by Akdal Arms of Turkey. It was designed as a pistol for security and law enforcement personnel rather than the military market. The TR01 is very much like the Glock 17 and shares many similarities.

Design details
The Akdal has been designed with high ergonomic quality with a comfortable grip and well balanced weight. The TR01 uses a short recoil operated locking breech mechanism which is also seen in Glock 17s. The locking breech is based on the Glock 17's Browning model in which the barrel engages the slide with a single lug, entering the ejection window. The pistol utilises a pre-cocked striker, which takes some of the workload off the shooter by allowing the trigger to be pulled less to fire off a shot.

The pistol has several safety mechanisms to prevent a misfire or accidental discharge. These include a trigger safety, a firing pin safety, decocking indicator and a chamber indicator. The rounds in the magazine are double stacked, which allows for twice as many rounds because there are two rows as opposed to the one in a single-stacked magazine.

The sights for the pistol are fixed, but a Picatinny rail can be fitted in front of the trigger guard or in front of the ejection port for a laser or Aimpoint sight. Finally, the stock is made of lightweight polymer and the barrel has six right-hand rifling grooves.

Aftermath
The Turkish armed forces prefer to use the Yavuz 16 which has recently passed military trials and is in service with a few regiments. The TR01 was introduced in 1990 and continues to be produced.

See also
Walther P99
Glock 17

References

9mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of Turkey
Short recoil firearms


John McEnroe was the defending champion but did not compete that year.

Anders Järryd won in the final 6–3, 6–2, 6–4 against Ivan Lendl.

Seeds

  Ivan Lendl (final)
  Anders Järryd (champion)
  Pat Cash (first round)
  Eliot Teltscher (semifinals)
  Paul McNamee (second round)
  Peter Fleming (quarterfinals)
 n/a
  John Fitzgerald (second round)

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 1984 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships draw

Singles


Hrad Vallis is an ancient outflow channel in the Cebrenia quadrangle of Mars, located at 38.7° north latitude and 224.7° west longitude. It is 825 km in length and was named for the word for "Mars" in Armenian.

Volcano ice interactions
Large amounts of water ice are believed to be present under the surface of Mars. Some channels lie near volcanic areas. When hot subsurface molten rock comes close to this ice, large amounts of liquid water and mud may be formed. Hrad Vallis in the Cebrenia quadrangle is close to Elysium Mons, a large volcano, and may have supplied water to create the channel.

References

See also

 Geography of Mars
 Geology of Mars
 HiRISE
 Lakes on Mars
 Outflow channels
 Vallis (planetary geology)
 Water on Mars

Cebrenia quadrangle
Valleys and canyons on Mars


Khanderi (officially Kanhoji Angre island) is an island with a fort, located south of Mumbai, along the coast of Maharashtra, India.

Location
Khanderi is located 5 km off the coast of Maharashtra (off Thal, Kihim) and 20 km south of  Mumbai. Khanderi, along with its sister fort Underi (Jaidurg) formed the major fortification along the Maharashtra coast, the former falling under Shivaji Maharaj's
control and the latter under his opponents, the Siddis. The island consists of two high hills, one facing north and the other facing south. Initially, the islands of Underi and Khanderi were uninhabited.  It contained two wells to supply water to the forces within, and a temple of Sri Betal. The fort is a restricted area, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Indian Navy.

Additionally, the fort has a few old metal canons, the tomb of Daud Pir, a local saint and a musical stone that emits metallic musical notes when struck. There is a one secret way for going on the Kulaba fort of Alibag.

History
In 1679, Khanderi was occupied by the forces of Shivaji under the leadership of Maynak Bhandari, who oversaw the building of the fortifying walls. Subsequently, Khanderi fort was built during the reign of the Maratha Emperor Shivaji Maharaj in 1679 CE
to keep a check on the Siddis at Murud-Janjira fort and was the site of many battles between Shivaji's forces and the navy of Siddi. In 1813 Manaji Angre handed over the fort to Peshve in return of the support given against Baburao.
The fort was subsequently ceded in 1818 to the forces of the British East India company at Bombay as part of the Peshwa territory. Most of the fort is still intact, with the most prominent structure being a lighthouse built by the British in June 1867 and the two storey building upon which the lighthouse is located. The lighthouse is 22 feet high and can be seen from up to 13 km away.

In 1998, Khanderi island was renamed Kanhoji Angre Island in honour of the Maratha Admiral Kanhoji Angre.

In September 2013, The Indian Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Shipping drew up plans to develop Khanderi island and its octagonal light house as a tourist destination.

References

Forts in Raigad district
Islands of Maharashtra
Sea forts
Islands of India
Populated places in India


John Hothby (Otteby, Hocby, Octobi, Ottobi,  1410–1487), also known by his Latinised names Johannes Ottobi or Johannes de Londonis, was an English Renaissance music theorist and composer who travelled widely in Europe and gained an international reputation for his work.

Biography
Little is known of the origins or early life of John Hothby. He appears to have left England after 1435 but most of the references to him in surviving sources are to the last twenty years of his life, by which time he had taken vows as a Carmelite friar and he claimed in his own work to have travelled in Britain, Germany, France, Spain and Italy, before he went to a convent in Ferrara and then in 1467 took employment in Lucca, probably teaching music at the cathedral. In 1486 he was recalled to England by the new king Henry VII and appears to have died in the north of England in the following year.

Work and influence
Surviving compositions include six sacred Latin works and three secular Italian songs. Exactly which works on music theory Hothby wrote is unclear and some older works may have been attributed to him and some contemporary works often given under this name may have been written by another author Johannes de Anglia. Work generally attributed to him includes La Capiopea Legale and Proportiones Secundum. Surviving work suggests that he was a traditionalist, defending the Pythagorean tuning and Guidonian pitch in the face of reforms proposed by Bartolomé Ramos de Pareja, but is chiefly notable for modifications to the pitch system to accommodate sharp and flat notes. His work was widely known in Britain and continental Europe and he may have been the most important figure in communicating musical ideas of the Contenance Angloise between England and the continent.

References

Further reading

1487 deaths
English composers
Renaissance composers
Composers of the Tudor period
Year of birth uncertain
15th-century English people
English music theorists
English male classical composers
English classical composers


U.S. Route 20 (US 20) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs from Newport, Oregon, to Boston, Massachusetts. Within the state of Ohio, the route runs from the Indiana border near Edon to the Pennsylvania border at Conneaut. The route passes through rural areas west of Toledo and passes through Public Square in Cleveland. It is one of nine other routes to enter Downtown Cleveland at Public Square, and it serves some of Cleveland's northeastern suburbs.

History
Prior to the establishment of the U.S. Numbered Highway System in 1926, the general routing of US 20 was occupied by State Route 23 (SR 23) from the Indiana state line to Toledo, SR 102 from Toledo to Woodville, and SR 2 from Woodville east to the Ohio–Pennsylvania border. The route has existed closely to its 1926 routing, except for three bypasses: a rerouting of US 20 near Elyria in 1988, one built around the north side of Fremont between 1957 and 1958, and a second built around the south side of Norwalk by 1967. By 1932, US 20 between Pioneer and Maumee had become US 20N and a US 20S designation had been created to the south between those points; by 1935, US 20N had reverted to US 20 and US 20S had become US 20A.

Route description
US 20 enters the state in Northwest Township, Williams County. The route parallels the Ohio Turnpike (Interstate 80 [I-80]/I-90) through rural farmland in the northwest corner of the state. Within the city of Toledo, the route turns north–south along Reynolds Road, which becomes Conant Street as the route enters Maumee. After crossing the Maumee River into Perrysburg, US 20 continues through downtown Perrysburg, then angles southeasterly, becoming concurrent with US 23 until Woodville. US 20 continues southeasterly toward the bypass of Fremont, most of which is concurrent with US 6.

From Fremont eastward, the route becomes a divided highway, except when passing through the communities of Clyde, Bellevue, and Monroeville. The route bypasses Norwalk to the south as an expressway, with much of the old routing of US 20 maintained as part of SR 61. Near Oberlin, US 20 once again becomes an expressway, until the route continues northward on a divided bypass on the east side of Elyria while the freeway continues easterly as SR 10. US 20 turns east again on the east side of Elyria, following Cleveland Street and Center Ridge Road through western suburban Cleveland.

In Lakewood, the route becomes concurrent with US 6 and SR 2, with a portion of the route following the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway. US 20 departs from the Shoreway then crosses the Detroit–Superior Bridge over the Cuyahoga River into Downtown Cleveland. From there, the route passes through Public Square easterly, paralleling US 322 one block to the south until nearing Case Western Reserve University. It travels northeasterly through the east side of Cleveland as Euclid Avenue, then through the suburbs of Euclid, Wickliffe, Willoughby, Mentor, Ohio, and Painesville, then continues easterly, roughly paralleling the Lake Erie shoreline through Geneva, Ashtabula, and Conneaut and into Pennsylvania.

Major intersections

Further reading

References

External links

20
 Ohio
Transportation in Williams County, Ohio
Transportation in Fulton County, Ohio
Transportation in Lucas County, Ohio
Transportation in Wood County, Ohio
Transportation in Sandusky County, Ohio
Transportation in Huron County, Ohio
Transportation in Lorain County, Ohio
Transportation in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Transportation in Lake County, Ohio
Transportation in Ashtabula County, Ohio


Jesse Herbert Doyle (April 14, 1898 – April 15, 1961) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He pitched in four major league seasons,  through  for the Detroit Tigers, and  for the St. Louis Browns.

Sources

Major League Baseball pitchers
Detroit Tigers players
St. Louis Browns players
Greenville Spinners players
Vernon Tigers players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Fort Worth Panthers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Columbus Senators players
Baseball players from Tennessee
1898 births
1961 deaths


The Landen Group is a lithostratigraphic unit (a "group" of rock strata) in the Belgian subsurface. The group consists of two formations of Thanetian (late Paleocene) to Ypresian (early Eocene) age. The Landen Group is named after the town of Landen in Flemish Brabant.

Subdivision
The Landen Group is subdivided into two formations:
 The Hannut Formation, an alternation of marine clays, sands and limestones;
 The Tienen Formation, a lagoonal-continental alternation of clay, sand and lignite. This formation is known for its fossils.

Both formations can be found in the subsurface of all northern Belgium. They crop out in the province of Hainaut.

Stratigraphy
The Landen Group is stratigraphically on top of the Bertaimont Formation or Heers Formation (marine marls, sands and clays of Selandian to Thanetian age). In the Belgian lithostratigraphy, the Landen Group is overlain by the Ieper Group, marine clays and sands of Ypresian age.

The Landen Group shares its name with the Landen Formation in the lithostratigraphy of the Netherlands. However, this Dutch formation contains not only the equivalents of the Belgian Landen Group but also strata that correlate with the Belgian Opglabbeek Formation and Heers Formation.

References
 (eds.); 2001: Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigraphic units (Belgium), Geologica Belgica 4(1-2), p. 135-152

Lithostratigraphy of Belgium
Eocene Series of Europe
Paleocene Series of Europe
Paleogene Belgium


Coal Lake is a long, sinuous lake located approximately  southeast of the city of Edmonton, just northeast of the city of Wetaskiwin. The lake is in one of the glacial meltwater channels (the North Saskatchewan River follows another) formed when the  of Lake Edmonton, which existed for roughly 100 years at the end of the last ice age, breached its ice dam and drained within a few weeks.  The entire meltwater channel starts east of Nisku, wandering southeast through minor depressions and the chain of Saunders Lake, Ord Lake, three small unnamed lakes, Coal Lake and Driedmeat Lake.

Coal Lake starts east of Kavanagh, Alberta, and ends at a dam built  northwest of Gwynne, Alberta. Since construction of the dam in 1972, Pipestone Creek flows through the southern end of Coal Lake, draining the lake into the Battle River,  southeast of Coal Lake.

Coal Lake was named in 1892 by J.D.A. Fitzpatrick, a Dominion Land Surveyor, for the coal beds present in many places along the northeast shore.

References

See also
List of lakes of Alberta

Lakes of Alberta
Leduc County
County of Wetaskiwin No. 10


Ian McInnes (born 22 March 1967) is a Scottish former footballer. He played as a right winger for Rotherham United and Lincoln City in the Football League before representing Kilmarnock, Stranraer, Stirling Albion and Albion Rovers in the Scottish Football League.

References

External links

Lincoln City F.C. Official Archive Profile
Unofficial Ian McInnes Profile at The Forgotten Imp

1967 births
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Rotherham United F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Stranraer F.C. players
Stirling Albion F.C. players
Albion Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Cumnock Juniors F.C. players
East Kilbride Thistle F.C. players
Footballers from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire
Scottish Junior Football Association players


Hugo Charteris (28 December 1884 – 23 April 1916) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Salisbury and died in the Battle of Katia.

Charteris made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1910 season, against Surrey. From the lower order, he scored a single run in the only innings in which he batted.

Charteris' brother-in-law, Archer Windsor-Clive, and uncle Richard Charteris both played first-class cricket.

External links
Hugo Charteris at Cricket Archive

1884 births
1916 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Cricketers from Salisbury
British military personnel killed in World War I


Edward Ball (10 February 1859 – 31 July 1917) was an English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire. He was born in Clifton, Bristol and died in Tonbridge, Kent.

Ball made three first-class appearances for Gloucestershire between the 1880 and 1881 season, but failed to score a single run in the three innings in which he batted.

Ball was an accounts clerk and stayed in that area of employment until his death.

External links
Edward Ball at Cricket Archive

1859 births
1917 deaths
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
Cricketers from Bristol


Amir Mann is an Israeli film-maker. Mann attended the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. He met his future wife Dana Janklowicz-Mann while at NYU. Together they formed Rebel Child Productions, an independent film production company and became filmmaking partners.

Mann co-directed, produced, and edited the 2002 documentary film Shanghai Ghetto with his wife, Dana Janklowicz-Mann. For which they shared the Audience Choice Award and the Human Rights Award at the 2002 Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Mann also co-wrote an episode of the 2002 revival of The Twilight Zone television series.

As head writer on the Netflix series Fauda, he and his writing team won the 2017 Israeli Television Academy's award for Best Script in a Drama Series.

Filmography
 Fauda (2017-2018)
 The Fifth Patient (2007)
 Shanghai Ghetto (2002)
 Menace (2001)
 Warsaw Story (1996)

References

External links

Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American filmmakers


Blood & Guts is a 2014 non-fiction book by Australian writer Sam Vincent. It deals with the conflicts over modern whaling, mainly dealing with Japanese whaling and the campaign run by Sea Shepherd Conservation Society against it.

References

Books about whaling
Australian non-fiction books
2014 non-fiction books
Black Inc books


Lake Kitkajärvi is a rather large lake of Finland. It is situated partly in Posio in Lapland region and partly in Kuusamo municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia region, and it belongs to the Koutajoki main catchment area. The southern part of the lake is called Yli-Kitka (meaning Upper Kitka) and northern part is called Ala-Kitka (meaning Lower Kitka). Kitkajärvi is 14th biggest lake in Finland. It is also the biggest unregulated lake, because there is not any power stations in the outflow. Rather big part of the lake is protected in the Natura 2000 protection program. The water in the lake is very clean. There is a route around the lake for paddlers.

See also
List of lakes in Finland
 Posiolapland.com  - Posio Tourism

References

Lakes of Kuusamo
Lakes of Posio


The 1st Canton of Saint-Avold is a French former administrative division, located in the arrondissement of Forbach, in the Moselle département (Lorraine région). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It had 26,632 inhabitants as of 2012.

Composition
The canton of Saint-Avold-1 comprised 6 communes:

Altviller
Diesen
Folschviller
Porcelette
Saint-Avold (partly)
Valmont

See also
Cantons of the Moselle department
Communes of the Moselle department

References

Former cantons of Moselle (department)
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015


Jiren was the former capital of the Kingdom of Jimma, in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Today it is a village or suburb on the outskirts of the city of Jimma, consisting of approximately 2500 unregistered households.

History

Jiren was founded in the reign of Abba Jifar I (1830–1855), the first king of the Kingdom of Jimma.

Following the death of Abba Jifar II in 1932, the Kingdom of Jimma was annexed by the Ethiopian Empire and Jiren declined as a political centre. Writing in 1965, Herbert S. Lewis observed that the palace complex had disappeared and it had "shrunken to a settlement of a few hundred people who run some shops, bars and brothels". Most of its residents moved to Hirmata, which in 1936 was amalgamated with Jiren by the Italian colonial administration to form the new city of Jimma, the capital of Galla-Sidamo Governorate.

Notes

References

Populated places in the Oromia Region


Gilles Bettmer (born 31 March 1989) is a Luxembourgian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for UN Käerjéng.

Club career
Bettmer was born in Esch-sur-Alzette. He joined SC Freiburg II in 2004 from local side AS Differdange and signed in January 2010 than for Eintracht Trier. After a half year with Eintracht Trier announced on 26 May 2010 his return to his youth club AS Differdange and signed a three years contract.

International career
Bettmer made his debut for the Luxembourg national team in a November 2005 friendly match against Canada and by his last cap in 2013 had earned 58 caps, scoring one goal. He played in four FIFA World Cup qualification matches.

Career statistics

Scores and results list Luxembourg's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bettmer goal.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Esch-sur-Alzette
Luxembourgian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Luxembourg men's international footballers
Luxembourg National Division players
SC Freiburg players
SV Eintracht Trier 05 players
FC Differdange 03 players
Luxembourgian expatriate men's footballers
Luxembourgian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany


Inspector Ghote's First Case is a crime novel by H. R. F. Keating.

Plot introduction
Inspector Ghote has just been promoted to inspector and is on leave before taking up his post in Bombay Criminal Investigation Department. This he hopes will allow him to spend time with his heavily pregnant wife, Protima. Sir Rustom Engineer, the retired Police Commissioner of Bombay, asks Inspector Ghote to investigate the motiveless apparent suicide of Mrs Iris Dawkins, whose husband was an old friend of Sir Rustom's before Indian independence.

The case has already been investigated by Inspector Darrani, an old rival of Ghote's from police training college, but Inspector Ghote soon learns that the tragedy is not what it first seems to be.

Plot summary
It is the early 1960s and Inspector Ghote is on leave from the Bombay police before taking up a post in crime branch. His wife, Protima, is heavily pregnant with their first child. The former police commissioner, now retired, Sir Rustom Engineer, requests that as a favour Ghote investigate the motiveless suicide of Iris Dawkins. Robert Dawkins is an old friend of Sir Rustom's from before Indian independence and has written a letter asking for help.

Ghote arrives at the remote town where the tragedy occurred and finds that Iris Dawkins apparently committed suicide by shooting herself in the head with a shotgun without leaving a note. Afterwards the Dawkinses' man servant telephoned Mr Dawkins at the nearby golf club and asked him to return home as there had been a "nasty accident".

At the local police station, Ghote finds a rival from police training college, Inspector Darrani, has already investigated the case and has a closed mind on the subject.

From an old letter, Ghote gets the name of an old friend of Mrs Dawkins: Pansy, who married a Forest Officer named Peter Watson. Forest Officers move from one place to another every few months, however, and Ghote has to use his initiative to find her.

Shinto, the young boy who takes care of the Dawkinses' garden, tells Ghote that a young man apparently visited Mrs Dawkins on the morning of her suicide. From the same boy, Ghote learns that the gun was in the wrong position for a left-handed person to have committed suicide with.

From Pansy Watson, Ghote learns that Iris Dawkins was the daughter of Sir Ronald and Lady Mountford. Sir Ronald was an ICS advisor to a Maharaja before independence. Her parents were killed by a rampaging elephant while touring a remote area when Iris was a child. Iris stayed in India with the family of the British Resident until roughly the age of twelve or thirteen, when she was seduced by the son of a Maharaja (who was the same age) and became pregnant. She was then sent to stay with the nuns at St Agnes Convent in Poona until her child was delivered and then the child, a boy, was sent to the raja's palace. Iris Dawkins was then sent home to England, where she was cared for by poor relations of her own family and adopted their name, Petersham.

When she came of age, Iris Petersham found a job in London and saved up until she could return to India after independence. She then came to stay with the Watsons until she met Robert Dawkins, who was a friend of Peter Watson, and married him.

Ghote learns that Iris Dawkins was left-handed and that her left eye had a green fleck from a picture taken by a local photographer. That she was left-handed is relevant to the position of the shotgun she supposedly committed suicide with. That her eyes, described by her husband as "violet", were in fact blue with a fleck of green, shows Ghote that her husband, Robert Dawkins, held many cherished illusions about his wife.

When Ghote reports his findings to Mr Dawkins, Inspector Darrani intervenes and persuades Mr Dawkins to put the matter behind him. Afterwards, Ghote resolves to ask Inspector Darrani about the young man who was seen visiting Mrs Dawkins on the morning of her death. Ghote also realises, belatedly, that the phrase "a nasty accident" was specifically used in the telephone message that alerted Mr Dawkins to his wife's death and that such a phrase is more typical of a man like Mr Dawkins than the manservant who would have made the call.

Investigating at the golf club, Ghote learns that at the relevant time of day the club is nearly empty and that Mr Dawkins may have been the only person present. His alibi is therefore unsound.

Interviewing Shinto the gardener boy at the boy's home, he learns that the Dawkinses' manservant has threatened the boy to make him keep silent. Ghote decides to return to the Dawkins residence and interview the manservant about the morning of Mrs Dawkins' death.

After interviewing the manservant, Ghote realises that the man must be blackmailing his employer, Robert Dawkins, and re-assesses what he knows about Mr Dawkin's character.

Carefully considering the case, Ghote comes to the conclusion that the young man who visited Mrs Dawkins was in fact her long-lost son whom she would have immediately recognised from the green flecks in one eye, a genetic trait inherited from her. Robert Dawkins returned home from the club unexpectedly having forgotten his spectacles and found them embracing. Misunderstanding the situation, Robert Dawkins fetched the shotgun from his gun cabinet and killed Iris Dawkins, her son having already escaped at her urging.

The Dawkinses' manservant then moved the body out of the room where the crime had taken place into the living room, while Dawkins himself returned to the club. The club being nearly deserted at that hour, no one had noticed his absence and it was there that the message, phrased using words he had given to the manservant, was delivered to him.

Before Ghote can act on his conclusions, an urgent message comes for him telling him his wife, Protima, is about to give premature birth. Ghote hurries back to his wife only to discover the message is a hoax by his wife, who has been missing him. Ghote forgives his wife and after an hour, returns to the scene of the crime.

Ghote conducts another search of the Dawkins home and re-enacts the crime in an effort to prove his theory. He challenges the manservant with the knowledge that Iris Dawkins was killed in the sewing room, not the living room. The manservant confirms this and explains he was looking for a fragment of a letter written by the Maharaja to Iris Dawkins, which her son had dropped before fleeing the scene. The manservant also confirms that Inspector Darrani had quickly discovered that Iris Dawkins's long-lost son had visited her. The young man is now the surviving heir to the Maharaja, who has been searching for him. In hope of securing a large reward from the Maharaja, Inspector Darrani has concealed the young man's whereabouts and attempted close the books on Mrs Dawkins death quickly, with the minimum of investigation.

Ghote telephones Inspector Darrani and forces him to come to the house to arrest the manservant as an accessory after the fact. Robert Dawkins overhears Inspector Ghote put his case to Inspector Darrani and, after fetching the shotgun, commits suicide in the room where his wife died.

Characters
Inspector Ganesh Ghote: A hard-working policeman, recently promoted to the rank of Inspector. He is married to Protima Ghote, who is expecting their first child and lives in Bombay, India.

Protima Ghote: Ganesh Ghote's wife of less than a year at the start of the novel. She is heavily pregnant with the couple's first child. She is also a university graduate of English Literature. She is particularly fond of the works of Shakespeare and wants badly to see a film of Hamlet that is being shown in Bombay.

Robert Dawkins: A British civil servant who remained in India after independence and his own retirement, believing he would have a better quality of life. He is an old friend of Sir Rustum Engineer and Peter Watson, through whom he met future wife Iris Petersham.

Iris Dawkins: Born Iris Mountford, daughter of Sir and Lady Mountford, then orphaned at an early age. While staying with the British Resident in India, she was seduced by the son of the Maharaja, who was the same age as she, and gave birth to a son who was put up for adoption. She was later returned to the United Kingdom and adopted by the Petershams, who were poor relations to her own family. When she returned to India she met and married Robert Dawkins.

Sir Rustom Engineer: Retired Police Commissioner of Bombay Police. A friend of Robert Dawkins from the days before Indian independence. Sir Rustom responds to a letter from Robert Dawkins asking for help by sending Inspector Ghote to investigate the death of Iris Dawkins unofficially.

Inspector "Bully Boy" Darrani: A rival of Inspector Ghote's from police training college. Darrani is a very forceful individual who seems to have a closed mind on nearly any topic once he has expressed an opinion on it. Darrani graduated at the top of his class from police training college by blackmailing Ghote into underperforming in the final exams, with the knowledge that Ghote had been disgraced and sent back from a police youth conference held in Moscow after Ghote enabled a smuggler to bring Levis jeans (which were forbidden in the Soviet Union) into the country.

Major themes
Inspector Ghote's First Case deals with the suicide and its aftermath, but also with murder and fears related to pregnancy. The attitude of the British in India after independence and of the Indians towards the British is also closely examined. To a lesser extent, the British attitude to scandal and unmarried childbirth is also a feature of the story.

To a lesser extent, Ghote's characteristic inability to make a decision is paralleled by Hamlet, which is referred to several times in the novel.

The novel also deals with the cherished illusions people hold and how they react when these illusions are threatened. A key plot point of the novel is that Robert Dawkins chooses to see the world as he would like it to be, rather than the way it actually is. This even extends to his wife, whose blue and green eyes he describes as violet, and whose character and history is very different from what he imagines.

Allusions and references to other works
Shakespeare's play Hamlet is referred to several times in the course of the novel and other plays by Shakespeare are also quoted, including Othello.

Literary significance and criticism
The Times newspaper's book review has an article entitled "Times Summer Books: Mysteries" written by Alexander McCall Smith. The article mentions the release of Inspector Ghote's First Case, but refers rather to the entire Inspector Ghote series instead of this specific novel. Smith refers to H. R. F. Keating's work as the crime novel reviewer for The Times and calls the series: "exquisite, gentle novels that should find their place on any list of good crime fiction."

Allison & Busby, the novel's publisher, quotes favourable reviews from The Spectator, The Sunday Telegraph, The News of the World, Literary Review, Shots and the Birmingham Post on its website.

Mike Ripley's Crime File for May 2008 includes a review of the novel which refers to "…Keating's great skill as a writer, portraying [Ghote] with a graceful lightness of touch and great affection."

Allusions and references to actual history, geography and current science
The novel refers to the independence of India from the British Empire and takes place in the Mumbai (then known as Bombay) area of India. Part of the novel also takes place in Poona.

As a crime novel, the story heavily features the methods of criminal investigation used by the Indian police in the 1960s.

Awards and nominations
The Crime Writer's Association named Inspector Ghote's First Case as one of several novels that failed to make the shortlist for the 2008 Ellis Peters Historical Crime Award.

This is the twenty-third in the Inspector Ghote series of novels. The series itself has won two Gold Daggers, awarded by the Crime Writers' Association.

Release details
 2008, United Kingdom, Allison & Busby,  / 978-0-7490-7970-3, 26 May 2008, hardback.
 2009, United Kingdom, St Martin's Minotaur,  / 978-0-312-38404-3, August 2009, hardback.

Sources, references, quotations

External links
  Allison & Busby publisher's website on the novel. (Retrieved 19 May 2008)
  FantasticFiction.co.uk's entry for Inspector Ghote's First Case. (Retrieved 19 May 2008)
  Eurocrime's website with review by Mike Ripley written May 2008. (Retrieved 19 May 2008)
  Amazon.co.uk page for "Inspector Ghote's First Case" (Retrieved 19 May 2008)

2008 British novels
British crime novels
Fiction set in the 1960s
Novels set in Mumbai
Allison and Busby books


The Kasei Valles are a giant system of canyons in Mare Acidalium and Lunae Palus quadrangles on Mars, centered at 24.6° north latitude and 65.0° west longitude. They are  long and were named for the word for "Mars" in Japanese. This is one of the largest outflow channel systems on Mars.

Geography

This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places. In contrast, Earth's Grand Canyon is only 18 miles wide.  It is one of the longest continuous outflow channel systems on Mars.  The Kasei Valles system begins in Echus Chasma, near Valles Marineris. It runs initially northward, then turns eastward and appears to empty into Chryse Planitia, not far from where Viking 1 landed.  At around 20° north latitude the system splits into two channels, called Kasei Vallis Canyon and North Kasei Channel. These branches recombine at around 63° west longitude, forming a large island between the channels known as Sacra Mensa. Some parts of the Kasei Valles are 2–3 km deep.

Like other outflow channels, they were likely carved by liquid water, possibly released by volcanic subsurface heating in the Tharsis region, either as a one-time catastrophic event or multiple flooding events over a long time period. Others have proposed that certain landforms were produced by glacial rather than liquid flow.

Three sets of enormous cataracts (dry falls) are present in the area between an "island" feature in the southern channel, Lunae Mensae, and the crater Sharonov. These cataracts, evidently carved during megaflooding events, have headwalls up to 400 m high and are considerably larger than the largest terrestrial analog, Dry Falls. They may have migrated over 100 km upstream subsequent to their initial formation.

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

Kasei Valles outflow channel system - European Space Agency
Kasei Valles mosaic (ESA)

Mare Acidalium quadrangle
Lunae Palus quadrangle
Valleys and canyons on Mars


Alanna Heiss (born May 13, 1943, in Louisville, Kentucky) is the Founder and Director of Clocktower Productions, a non profit arts organization, online radio station, and program partnership with six cultural institutions in three boroughs in New York. She founded The Institute for Art and Urban Resources, Inc. in 1971, an organization focused on using abandoned and underutilized New York City buildings for art exhibitions and artists' studios, of which P.S.1 was a part. She served as the director of P.S.1 and its later incarnation, the P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center (now MoMA PS1) from its founding in 1976 until her retirement in 2008. She is recognized as one of the originators of the alternative space movement.

Heiss has curated and/or organized over 700 exhibitions at P.S.1 and elsewhere. She was interviewed for the film !Women Art Revolution.

Early life and education
Heiss was born in Louisville, Kentucky, and raised in the farming community of Jacksonville, Illinois. The daughter of teachers, she graduated with a B.A. from Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, which she attended on a scholarship from the Lawrence Conservatory of Music.

Alternative Spaces Movement
In the early 1970s, Heiss became a leader of the Alternative Spaces Movement, which turned abandoned or under-utilized buildings in New York City into temporary centers for the production and presentation of contemporary art. These projects across the city were grouped under the umbrella organization The Institute for Art and Urban Resources, which operated as many as 11 spaces in the early to mid 1970s, including the Idea Warehouse, 10 Bleecker Street, and The Coney Island Factory.

The institute's first major project was the 1971 Under The Brooklyn Bridge event, which presented seminal projects by such artists as Carl Andre, Keith Sonnier, Gordon Matta-Clark, Jene Highstein, Sol LeWitt, Richard Nonas, and Dennis Oppenheim, among others.

The Clocktower Gallery
In 1972, Heiss founded The Clocktower Gallery, an art space housed in the former New York Life Insurance Company Building, a landmarked McKim, Mead & White municipal building known as the Clocktower, in Lower Manhattan.

Opening with inaugural shows by Joel Shapiro, Richard Tuttle, and James Bishop, the Clocktower presented seminal work in the visual arts, performance, and music by artists including Gordon Matta-Clark, Lynda Benglis, Max Neuhaus, Dennis Oppenheim, Richard Artschwager, Pat Steir, Vito Acconci, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Charlotte Moorman, Laurie Anderson, and Marina Abramović, Jennifer Bartlett, among others. In 2013, the City of New York sold the Clocktower building to a private developer, and the organization relocated its operations through program partnerships with other arts institutions around the city, including Pioneer Works in Red Hook, Knockdown Center in Queens, and Times Square Arts, among others.

P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center
In 1976, Heiss founded P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center (now MoMA PS1), an institution dedicated to contemporary art housed in a Romanesque-revival school building in Long Island City, Queens, New York. The museum opened in June 1976 with the inaugural "Rooms" exhibit, for which Heiss invited a great number of artists - many of whom experimented with such new forms as video, installation, and performance art - to install their work throughout the building. Richard Serra, Walter De Maria, Lynn Hershman Leeson, John Baldessari, Bruce Nauman, Robert Ryman, Jennifer Bartlett, Vito Acconci, Daniel Buren, Lawrence Weiner, Max Neuhaus, Nam June Paik, Marcia Hafif, were among the artists to participate in this exhibition, which articulated much of the ideals and conceptualizations of installation art and has since become emblematic of the alternative spaces movement.

Artist Richard Nonas later remarked that "Alanna is probably the most important single figure in that effluence of another kind of art-making or art-doing in New York in the seventies — not only the art itself but also the way the art existed in the city."

Over the next three decades, P.S.1 became one of the most respected exhibition and performance spaces in New York, with such exhibitions as New York, New Wave (1981); Stalin's Choice: Soviet Socialist Realism, 1932–1956 (1993); Greater New York (2000 and 2005), and Arctic Hysteria (2008); Robert Grosvenor (1976); Keith Sonnier (1983); Alex Katz: Under the Stars, American Landscapes 1951–1995 (1998); John Wesley: Paintings 1961–2000 (2000), and Gino De Dominicis (2008). Rooms were also used as artists' studios.

In 2000, the organization became affiliated with The Museum of Modern Art, giving it greater financial stability, extending the reach of both institutions, and combining P.S.1's contemporary mission with MoMA's strength as one of the greatest collecting museums of modern art. The deal allowed MoMA, after a seven-year period, to take command of P.S.1's financial management and the appointment of its board members. In 2008, shortly after this seven-year period, Heiss left P.S.1 to create AIR, Art International Radio.

AIR, Art International Radio

In 2004, Heiss founded Art Radio WPS1.org, the Internet radio station of P.S.1; it was later discontinued on January 1, 2009. When she left P.S.1 in 2008, Heiss founded Art International Radio, which is unaffiliated with P.S.1, yet houses in its online archive programs that originally aired on WPS1. AIR produces its own arts-oriented material and is home to the Clocktower Gallery.

In December 2013, after 40 years of operation from its historic 1894 McKim, Mead & White building in Lower Manhattan, the Clocktower announced the final exhibition in this legendary space, and plans for relocation through a year of creative collaborations with partner organizations all over New York City.

Awards
Heiss has received the Mayor's Award for Contributions to the Artistic Viability of New York City, as well as France's prestigious Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in the Légion d'Honneur. She has been decorated by the Order of the Polar Star for her contributions to the promotion of the arts in Sweden, and is a recipient of the Skowhegan Award for outstanding work in the arts. She was honored in 2008 with the Women of Distinction Award by the Girl Scout Council of Greater New York, and was recognized as New York's 100 Most Influential Women by Crain's New York Business. In 2007, Heiss received the CCS Bard Award for Curatorial Excellence. In 2001, Heiss received an Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts from the San Francisco Art Institute, and in 2008 she received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Lawrence University.

External links
 Clocktower Productions
 About MoMA PS1
 Alanna Heiss Biography
 Alanna Heiss New York Times Profile

 Archives of American Art, Oral history interview with Alanna Heiss, 2010 June 15-October 28

Notes

Living people
1943 births
People from Louisville, Kentucky
American radio executives
Directors of museums in the United States
Women museum directors
People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
Lawrence University alumni


Willard Earl Givens (1886–1971) was an American educator, notable as the executive secretary of the National Education Association from 1935 to 1952. Before this he was president of the California Education Association. He described himself as a Socialist, but opposed Communism, generally supporting President Franklin Roosevelt. As head of the NEA he helped teachers organize for higher salaries.

Willard E. Givens served on the National Conference On Citizenship Board of Directors in 1960.

Bibliography
 "Education for the New America," a report given at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the NEA, Washington D.C., July 1934.
 "Progress and problems of our association," Proceedings of the Seventy-Fifth Annual Meeting Held in Detroit, Michigan June 27 to July 1, 1937, Volume 75, 1937.
 "The Association Of Nations", 1955.
 "Communism Menaces Freedom" (with Belmont M. Farley), anti-communist pamphlet, 1962
 The Reminiscences of Dr. Willard E. Givens, typescript, Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, 1980. (Sixty-six page transcription of a tape-recorded interview conducted by Paul Hopper with Givens in Washington, D.C. in 1968.)

References

1886 births
1971 deaths
National Education Association people
American trade union leaders
Educators from California
American socialists


The 2nd Canton of Saint-Avold is a French former administrative division, located in the arrondissement of Forbach, in the Moselle département (Lorraine région). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It had 21,046 inhabitants in 2012.

Composition
The canton of Saint-Avold-2 comprised 6 communes:
Carling
Hombourg-Haut
L'Hôpital
Lachambre
Macheren
Saint-Avold (partly)

See also
Cantons of the Moselle department
Communes of the Moselle department

References

Former cantons of Moselle (department)
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015


Door of No Return may refer to:

 Door of No Return, Gorée at the House of Slaves in Senegal
 Door of No Return, Ouidah in Benin

See also
 Door of Return


The ABA Journal (since 1984, formerly American Bar Association Journal, 1915–1983, evolved from Annual Bulletin, 1908–1914) is a monthly legal trade magazine and the flagship publication of the American Bar Association. It is now complemented online by a full-featured website, abajournal.com and its various e-newsletters and apps.

History

Bulletin

In 1908, the Annual Bulletin was founded by the Comparative Law Bureau (1907–1933) of the American Bar Association. The first comparative law journal in the U.S., it surveyed foreign legislation and legal literature. Circulated to all ABA members, it ran from 1908 to 1914 and was absorbed in 1915 by the ABA's newly formed Journal.

Journal
In 1915, the American Bar Association Journal (abbreviated Am. Bar Assoc. j.) was founded as a quarterly magazine. Published by the ABA, it ran under this title from January 1915 to December 1983, for volume 1 to 69. Quarterly from 1915 to 1920 (with its second quarter issue dedicated to the Bulletin), it became monthly in 1921.

In January 1984, it was renamed ABA Journal (abbreviated ABA j.) for volume 70 onwards. Subtitled "The Lawyer's Magazine", it initially stayed monthly, then in May 1986 became 15 issues a year, then in June 1999 became monthly again.

In 2007, the print circulation (paid and unpaid) was 375,045 (stable from 381,998 in December 1999).

From 2012 to the end of 2017, the executive editor and publisher was Allen Pusey. In February 2018, Molly McDonough, was named editor and publisher. John O'Brien took over as editor and publisher in November 2019.

Online

ABA Journal (Online)
In 1996, an online complement to the Journal appeared on the ABA website. This original version had monthly updates providing the current Journal'''s cover and table of contents, as well as online copies of some selected articles, rising through various design changes from about 3 per month in 1996 to about 15 per month in 2000, to about 30 per month with the January 2001 new look announcing "Soon, every story in the print edition will also be available online." In 1999, the domain name ABAJournal.com had been registered and set as a redirect to the ABA website's Journal home.

ABAJournal.com
In January 2002, the site had a major redesign in form and content under then editor and publisher Danial J. Kim. The site's logo was updated to show "ABAJournal.com" as official web address (though still redirected to the ABA website). In addition to the full monthly magazine, it featured daily updates (intended to improve the mobile edition) and a weekly email newsletter called the eReport (the ABA Journal eReport). Around this time, the whole collection of the first Journal (1915–1983) was made available on the subscription website HeinOnline.

ABA Journal – Law News Now
On July 23, 2007, the site was relaunched under then editor and publisher Edward A. Adams in a Web 2.0 version. Subtitled "Law News Now", it features breaking legal news updated daily and analysis from more than 2,000 legal blogs, as well as a free archive of the full-text magazine since its January 2004 issue, with a search engine. Technically, the magazine is now hosted directly on the ABAJournal.com web address (instead of the domain being redirected to the ABA's website).

See also
 Bitter Lawyer

References

 ABAJ (2009). "About the ABA Journal", www.abajournal.com, consulted in March 2009
 ABAJ (2009). "FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions", www.abajournal.com, consulted in March 2009
 ABAJ (2009). "Mediakit ABA Journal", www.abajournal.com, consulted in March 2009
 Griffin, Marie (2007). "Redesigned ABAJournal.com balances editorial and user judgment", BtoB Online, www.btobonline.com, September 4, 2007
 Kim, Danial J. (2002). "Letter from the Publisher" (Archive.org copy), ABA Journal Online, January 2002 (JavaScript required for archived images)
 LOC (2009). "American Bar Association journal",  (also ), Library of Congress Online Catalog, consulted in March 2009 — With frequency history.
 LOC (2009). "ABA journal",  (also ), Library of Congress Online Catalog, consulted in March 2009 — With frequency history.

Further reading
  — Comments on Bulletin being merged into the new Journal''.

External links

 ABA Journal at JSTOR

American Bar Association
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
English-language magazines
Legal magazines
Professional and trade magazines
Magazines established in 1984
Magazines published in Chicago


Digital terrestrial television in Portugal (, or TDT) started on 29 April 2009 with currently (as of December 2016) 7 free-to-air (FTA) channels. In the Azores and Madeira Islands, the respective regional channels (RTP Açores or RTP Madeira) are also available. In June 2010 TDT coverage reached 83% of the population and was expected to reach 100% by the end of 2010. The analog switch-off occurred on 26 April 2012. The already four existing analog FTA channels simulcasted in DVB-T, MPEG-4/H.264 (digital), and PAL (analog).

The TDT process was broken into two different licenses: one for the management of the FTA network and frequencies, and one for the management and distribution of pay TV channels and content. Both licenses were won by Portugal Telecom (PT). PT also acquired the transmitter network of Televisão Independente (TVI), thus becoming the sole broadcaster of analog television signals. ANACOM's objective was to have 5 TDT FTA channels (including a new 5th FTA channel) and a paid TV offer of around 40 channels. The plan for a paid TV offer was abandoned when PT announced that they were returning the paid TV license to ANACOM, which returned the  million paid by PT for the license.

The creation of the 5th TV channel has been criticized by the main private broadcasters, TVI and Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (SIC). They argued that the television advertising market is already saturated and a new broadcaster would be detrimental to the existing channels.

In 2023, Media Capital CEO Pedro Morais Leitão said that the company is considering pulling out of DTT broadcasting.

Channels

References

Television in Portugal
Portugal
2009 establishments in Portugal


Songs from the Underground - EP is the first compilation album by American rock band Linkin Park, released in November 28, 2008.

Background
The album features songs previously released through the Linkin Park Underground fan club, as well as two previously unreleased live tracks from Projekt Revolution 2008. "And One" and "Part of Me" were included in the Hybrid Theory (EP) (the band's debut EP). "Dedicated" was a demo originally released on LP Underground 2.0. "Sold My Soul to Yo Mama" (a track made by Linkin Park turntablist and sampler player Joe Hahn, and guitarist/keyboardist/vocalist Mike Shinoda, which includes samples from songs "Points of Authority" and "Papercut"), was released exclusively for LP Underground 4.0. "Announcement Service Public" and "QWERTY" are found in the LP Underground 6.0. "Hunger Strike", a song by Temple of the Dog, was performed by its lead singer Chris Cornell (whom the band toured with), and features a surprise guest appearance by Linkin Park lead vocalist Chester Bennington.

Inside the physical CD, a leaflet can be found, inside which includes a free trial for a membership at LP Underground, as well as a limited free download of a live version of "Crawling", featuring Chris Cornell.

Track listing

Charts

See also
Linkin Park discography

References

2008 albums
Albums produced by Mike Shinoda
Warner Records albums
Linkin Park albums


The Swiss Space Office (SSO) is the federal government's competence centre for national and international space matters. In its role it cooperates closely with other federal offices and is responsible for the preparation and implementation of the policy and strategic orientations of the space domain in Switzerland. The SSO is part of the State Secretariat for Education, Research, and Innovation. The Head of the SSO is Dr. Renato Krpoun.

The SSO ensures international cooperation in the space sector and promotes contacts with foreign partners. It represents Swiss interests in international organisations and international cooperation programmes. The most important instrument for implementing Swiss space policy is the participation of Switzerland in European Space Agency (ESA) programmes and activities. State Secretary Prof. Dr. Martina Hirayama and Dr. Renato Krpoun lead the delegation to ESA at ministerial, respectively delegate level.

Switzerland is a founding member of the European Space Agency, and has actively participated in European space development since 1960. The Swiss Space Office opened in 1998. The role of the SSO expanded to cover all aspects of space policy in 2000, when the new national constitution came into force.

According to Jane's, the SSO is "the administrative unit charged with planning and implementing Swiss space policy", which was defined by the Swiss Federal Council. The SSO office in Bern includes the Federal Commission for Space Affairs (CFAS), and the Interdepartmental Coordination Committee for Space Affairs (IKAR).

Claude Nicollier is a Swiss Astronaut and has been on several missions with the United States space program in the 1990s and is also a member of the European Astronaut Corps. By 2007 he had retired from Swiss space missions to become a professor at EPFL. Switzerland's Marc Bertschi became the head of the ESA launcher program in 2007.

Manned space missions
U.S.-Swiss Space Shuttle missions:

 STS-46 in 1992. European Retrievable Carrier EURECA Atlantis
 STS-61 in 1993. Hubble Servicing Mission 2 Endeavour
 STS-75 in 1996. TSS-1R Italian mission Columbia
 STS-103 in 1999. Hubble Servicing Mission 3A Discovery

Swiss space technology

Selected examples of Swiss contributions to space exploration and technology.

 Omega Speedmaster, worn by Buzz Aldrin on the moon, and standard equipment for NASA astronauts.
 Solar sail developed at University of Bern used by the Apollo Program to measure solar wind on moon.
 ESA Ariane rocket uses Swiss RUAG Space payload fairings.
 Genesis probe sample return analyzed at Federal Institute of Technology at Zurich.
 NASA Mars Pathfinder rover used Swiss Maxon motors.
 University of Neuchatel contributed to the Mars Phoenix (spacecraft).
 University of Bern developed an ultra stable light source for testing NASA's TESS space telescope.
 CHEOPS (CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite) space telescope developed at the University of Bern.
 The Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) is a high-resolution, 4.5 m per pixel (15 ft/pixel), colour stereo camera on board ESA's Trace Gas Orbiter developed at the University of Bern.

Offices
Headquarters, CFAS, and IKAR: Bern
Delegation to the European Space Agency: Paris
Delegation to ESA at the European Union: Brussels

Budget
In 2006, Switzerland contributed CHF 140 million ($142 million) or around 3.4% to ESA's budget. In 2005, the Swiss space industry's turnover was CHF 170 million.

See also
 List of government space agencies
 Geneva Observatory
 Science and technology in Switzerland
 Zimmerwald Observatory

References

External links
 Webpage Swiss Space Office (English)
 Webpage Swiss Space Office (German)
 Webpage Swiss Space Office (French)
 Webpage Swiss Space Office (Italian)

Further reading
 Janes-Space-Systems-and-Industry: SSO

Space agencies


Karl Maramorosch (January 16, 1915 – May 9, 2016) was an Austrian-born American virologist, entomologist, and plant pathologist. A centenarian and polyglot, he conducted research on viruses, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, and other micro-organisms; and their transmission to plants through insect vectors in many parts of the world. He is the co-author of a textbook on techniques in virology and is the author of numerous papers on the biology and ecology of plant viruses, their hosts, and vectors. He received the Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 1980 for his contribution to the study of crop pathogens.

Early life and education
Maramorosch was born in Vienna on January 16, 1915, where his family had escaped to from Soroki present day Moldova, during the World War I. His family was Jewish. His Polish father was a graduate of the Vienna Agricultural University. His mother was from Croatia and she was a gifted pianist who could speak German, Italian, French, Serbo-Croat and English. Along with his siblings he spoke to his father in Polish and in German with his mother. He grew up in Kołomyja, Poland (now Ukraine) where he attended primary and secondary schools (Gimnazjum Kazimierza Jagiellończyka) and from age of seven took piano lessons for twelve years, graduating from the Moniuszko Conservatory in Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk) in 1934. At age thirteen he became inspired to become a research virologist, hearing about the work of Professor Rudolf Weigl in Lwow (Lviv) from his older brother, who was Weigl’s student at the Medical School. Weigl worked on Rickettsia prowazekii and by inoculating lice and maintaining them on volunteers, he had developed a vaccine against tick typhus.

In 1938, Maramorosch received his Agricultural Engineer degree from the Warsaw Agricultural University (SGGW).
In 1939, after the Nazi invasion of Poland, Maramorosch and his wife fled to Romania, where both were interned in Polish refugee camps for the following four years. After the Soviet army liberated Romania Maramorosch continued his graduate studies at the Bucharest Polytechnic, choosing plant pathology as his major.

Career
In 1947, age 32 years, he and his wife emigrated via Czechoslovakia, France and Sweden to the United States.  Maramorosch entered Columbia University while working as a technician at the Brooklyn Botanical Garden. In 1949, he obtained his doctoral degree (Ph.D.).

Mechanical transmission of viruses and phytoplasmas to insect vectors
Maramorosch's scientific career began at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.  From 1949-60 he was a faculty member at the Rockefeller University in New York. He modified Weigl’s procedure of lice inoculation, adopting it to micro-injection of plant pathogenic viruses and phytoplasmas into leafhopper vectors. This permitted him to obtain the first evidence that certain plant pathogens multiply not only in plants, but also in specific invertebrate animal vectors.

Invertebrate cell culture
Since 1956, when Maramorosch first cultured insect cells for use in the study of viruses, he had been an active contributor to the field of invertebrate pathology and to the study of plant and animal viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas. His research in invertebrate tissue cultures laid a foundation for the uses of invertebrate-based in vitro expression systems, as these support post-translational modification unlike prokaryotic cell cultures. These systems are used in applications that range from basic research to industrial use, and in fields that range from agriculture to medicine, pharmaceutical drug discovery, and mammalian cell gene delivery. As of 1996, the Mitsuhashi-Maramorosch insect culture medium for culturing insect cells was a widely used standard medium.

Basic and applied research and teaching ( 1960-1980s)

In 1960 Maramorosch worked for six months as consultant for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in the Philippines where he studied the devastating cadang-cadang coconut palm disease. From 1961 until 1973, he was Program Director of Virology at the Boyce Thompson Institute in Yonkers, New York. He and his postdoctoral associates used electron microscopy to detect and characterize viruses and phytoplasmas in cells of diseased plants and insect vectors. In 1974 Maramorosch accepted the invitation from the Board of Governors of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, to join the faculty at the Waksman Institute of Microbiology as tenured Distinguished Professor. In 1983, he was nominated the Robert L. Starkey Professor of Microbiology.

In 1980, Maramorosch was awarded the Wolf Prize in Agriculture, often called the Agriculture Nobel Prize, for his work on interactions between insect vectors and plant pathogens. Numerous further awards followed, including the Jurzykowski  Foundation Award, the AIBS Award, and two Fulbright awards.

Maramorosch traveled extensively to lecture and teach as visiting professor in Argentina, Armenia, China, Egypt, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Poland, Russia, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan and Yugoslavia. His major research interests include comparative virology, invertebrate cell culture, parasitology, emerging diseases caused by viroids, viruses, phytoplasmas and spiroplasmas, biotechnology, and international scientific cooperation.

Personal life and death
Maramorosch was married to Warsaw-born wife Irene Ludwinowska. Irene became a librarian in the New York Public Library, where she worked for the following 30 years. They had one daughter, Lydia Ann Trammell Maramorosch, born 1949 in New York.

Maramorosch died of natural cause at the age of 101 years in Poland while visiting family.

Editorial work
Maramorosch continued, through 2015, to be active in the field by conducting research, publishing, presenting his findings at professional meetings, and organizing international conferences to promote new advances in the field. In his career of over 60 years, Maramorosch published as author or co-author more than 800 scientific papers and 100 books. A partial list follows:
 Biological Transmission of Disease Agents, 1962.
 Comparative Symptomatology of Coconut Diseases of Unknown  Etiology, 1964.
 Insect Viruses, 1968.
 Viruses, Vectors, and Vegetation, 1969.
 Comparative Virology, 1971.
 Mycoplasma Diseases, 1973.
 Viruses, Evolution, and Cancer, 1974.
 Invertebrate Immunity, 1975.
 Legume Diseases in the Tropics, 1975.
 Invertebrate Tissue Culture-Research Application, 1976.
 Aphids as Virus Vector, 1977.
 Insect and Plant Viruses-An Atlas, 1977.
 Viruses and Environment, 1978.
 Invertebrate Tissue Culture - Applications in Medicine, Biology and Agriculture, 1979.
 Practical Tissue Culture Applications, 1979.
 Leafhopper Vectors of Plant Disease Agents, 1979.
 Vectors of Plant Pathogens, 1980.
 Invertebrate Systems in Vitro, 1980.
 Vectors of Disease Agents, 1981.
 Mycoplasma Diseases of Trees and Shrubs, 1981.
 Mycoplasma and Allied Pathogens of Plants, Animals and Humans, 1981.
 Plant Diseases and Vectors-Ecology and Epidemiology, 1981.
 Invertebrate Cell Culture Applications, 1982.
 Pathogens, Vectors and Plant Diseases- Approaches to Control, 1982.
 Subviral Pathogens of Plants and Animals, 1985.
 Viral Insecticides for Biological Control, 1985.
 Biotechnology Advances in Insect Pathology and Cell Culture, 1987.
 Mycoplasma diseases of Crops, 1988.
 Invertebrate and Fish Tissue Culture, 1988.
 Biotechnology for Biological Control of Pests and Vectors, 1991.
 Viroids and Satellites-Molecular Parasites at the Frontier of Life, 1991.
 Plant Diseases of Uncertain Etiology, 1992.
 Insect Cell Biotechnology, 1994.
 Arthropod Cell culture Systems, 1994.
 Forest Trees and Palms- Diseases and Control, 1996.
 Invertebrate Cell  Culture-Novel Directions and Biotechnology Applications, 1997.
 Invertebrate Cell Culture- Looking Toward the XXI Century, 1997.
 Biotechnology and Plant Protection in Forestry, 1998.
 Maintenance of Human, Animal and Plant Pathogen Vectors, 1999.
    40-48. Methods in Virology, 8 vols. 1967–1984.
    49-56. Advances in Cell Culture, 7 vols., 1981-1989.
    57-215. Advances in Virus Research, 56 vols. 1973-2015.

Awards and honors
 1959: AAAS Award
 1962: Co-organized the first international conference on invertebrate tissue culture in Montpellier, France
 1962: Vice President and Recording secretary, New York Academy of Sciences
 1963: U.S. Delegate, 1st International Committee for Virus Nomenclature
 1967-1984: Founder and editor, with Hilary Koprowski, Methods in Virology,8 vols. Academic Press
 1970: Elected Member, Leopoldina Academy, Germany
 1972: Fulbright Dist. Professor, Yugoslavia
 1972–present, editor (vols.16-81), Advances in Virus Research
 1974–present: Distinguished Professor, Rutgers University, (currently Emeritus Professor)
 1976: Ciba-Geigy Award in Agriculture
 1978: ASM Waksman Award
 1983: Distinguished Service Award of American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS)
 1984–present: Robert L. Starkey Professor of Microbiology
 1974: Honorary Fellow, Indian National Academy of Science (currently Emeritus Professor)
 1978: Fulbright Dist. Professor. Yugoslavia
 1980: Wolf Prize in Agriculture,(Studies of interactions between insects and plant pathogens)
 1981: Jurzykowski Foundation Award in Biology (for exemplary research achievements and pioneering contributions to the field of insect cell culture)
 1981-1989: Founder and editor, Advances in Cell Culture, 8 vols.  Academic Press
 1982: Distinguished Vis. Professor, Fudan University, Shanghai
 1987: Honorary Fellow, Indian Virological Society
 1990: Founder’s Lecturer, Society for Invertebrate Pathology
 1998: Founder’s honoree, Society for Invertebrate Pathology
 1998: Honorary Member, Entomological Society of America
 2001: Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award, Society for In Vitro Biology
 2006: L.O. Howard Dist. Achievement Award, ESA.
 2010: M.V. Nayudu's Life Time Achievement Award in VIROCON-2010 at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India on 18 March 2010.
 2011: Inaugural lecturer, 2nd Intern. Phytoplasmology Workshop, Neustadt, Germany
 2011: Diagmol Symposium Honoree,  University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
 2011: Plenary speaker, Pi-Net Conference, Corvinus University, Budapest, Hungary

Notes

Sources

1915 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
American virologists
American microbiologists
Columbia University alumni
Polish microbiologists
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Wolf Prize in Agriculture laureates
Polish emigrants to the United States
Polish centenarians


The Fort Frances Royals were a Junior ice hockey club from Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada. The Royals were members of the Memorial Cup-eligible Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League.

History
The Fort Frances Royals were founded in 1963 as members of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League.  After a season playing against all Manitoba opponents, the Royals elected to transfer to the Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League.  They were the first team in decades to play in the TBJHL without existing within what would eventually become the City of Thunder Bay.

The Royals folded mid-season in 1969 after a terrible start to the season.  Up to this point, the Royals were a force to reckon with in the TBJHL despite never winning a league title.

In 1970-71, the Royals entered the 1971 Centennial Cup playdowns as an independent team.  They were defeated 3-games-to-none by the Thunder Bay Marrs in the Northwestern Ontario final.

Season-by-season standings

Notable alumni
Danny Johnson

Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Sport in Northern Ontario
Fort Frances
Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada
1963 establishments in Ontario
1970 disestablishments in Ontario
Ice hockey clubs established in 1963
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1970
Hockey Northwestern Ontario


Auqakuh Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Syrtis Major quadrangle on Mars, located at
30.4° north latitude and 299.9° west longitude.  It is 312 km long, and is named for the word for 'Mars' in Quechua (Inca).

Buttes
Many places on Mars have buttes that are similar to buttes on Earth, such as the famous ones in Monument Valley, Utah.  Buttes are formed when most of a layer(s) of rocks are removed from an area.  Buttes usually have a hard, erosion-resistant cap rock on the top.  The cap rock causes the top of a butte to be flat.  An example of a butte in the Syrtis Major quadrangle is shown in a picture on this page.

References

Valleys and canyons on Mars
Syrtis Major quadrangle


The 2009 Purdue Boilermakers football team represented Purdue University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They played their home games at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette, Indiana. It was Danny Hope's first season as head coach following the retirement of Joe Tiller. The Boilermakers finished the season 5–7 (4–4 Big Ten).

Key roster returns

Offense
Jared Zwilling – Center
Ken Plue – Right Guard
Aaron Valentin – Wide receiver
Keith Smith – Wide receiver
Kyle Adams – Tight end

Defense
Torri Williams – Free Safety
Brandon King – Cornerback
David Pender – Cornerback
Dwight McLean – Safety
Ryan Kerrigan – Defensive end
Chris Carlino – Mid Linebacker
Joe Holland – Outside linebacker
Mike Neal – Defensive end

Key roster losses

Offense
Curtis Painter – Quarterback
Cory Benton – Center
Kory Sheets – Running back
Jordan Grimes – Offensive tackle
Greg Orton – Wide receiver

Defense
Alex Magee – Defensive end
Eugene Bright – Defensive tackle
Anthony Heygood – Middle Linebacker
Ryan Baker – Defensive end

Schedule

Game summaries

Toledo

Sources:

To open the season, the Boilermakers played the Toledo Rockets at Ross–Ade Stadium. The Boilermakers scored first on their opening drive, with a 78-yard touchdown run by Ralph Bolden. They added to their lead 9 minutes later on a 43-yard touchdown run by Jaycen Taylor. In the second quarter, Purdue added to their lead with an 11-yard Keith Smith touchdown from Joey Elliott. Toledo then began their scoring with an Eric Page 34-yard touchdown pass from Aaron Opelt. Toledo struck again just 6 minutes later when Opelt found Stephen Williams for a 9-yard touchdown pass. Purdue responded with a 24-yard Keith Carlos touchdown pass from Elliott with 1:25 remaining in the half. Purdue was then able to get the ball back on downs from Toledo with 27 seconds remaining. After just 3 plays, Purdue called time out with 3 seconds remaining in the half. Carson Wiggs made a 59-yard field goal to end the half. The 59-yard field goal was the longest in Purdue history. Purdue would score twice to open the second half, a 1-yard run by Taylor and a 15-yard touchdown reception from Antavian Edison from Elliott. Toledo would get the next three scores, on a 5-yard touchdown run by DaJuane Collins, a 45-yard field goal by Alex Steigerwald and 42-yard Williams reception from Opelt. The 3 scores by Toledo got them with 4 points, but a 14-yard Bolden touchdown run sealed the scoring of the game.

Bolden's 234 yards rushing were the 3rd highest single game total in school history.

Oregon

Northern Illinois

Notre Dame

Northwestern

Minnesota

Ohio State

Purdue scored first with a field goal in the first quarter, but Ohio State made it 7–3 with a Pryor run for a touchdown. The second quarter was all Purdue with Boilermakers making two field goals to put them up it a 9-7 halftime. In the second half Purdue was finally able to find the end zone with two Joey Elliot touchdown passes to Valentin, making it a commanding 23–7 lead for the Boilermakers. In the fourth quarter both teams traded field goals with the score now 26–10. Purdue, however, was forced to punt midway through the fourth quarter and Ohio State quickly drove down the field to score a touchdown with a pass from Pryor to Posey, with Pryor running it in the two-point conversion. The next drive, Purdue went three and out and it seemed the momentum had shifted and Ohio State had come alive, but with a sack of Pryor and a denial of a fourth down, Purdue had the ball. After seemingly stopping Purdue, a crucial facemask penalty by the Buckeyes allowed the Boilermakers to run out the clock. This was the first time Ohio State had lost to a team that had finished the season with a losing record since a loss at Penn State in 2001.

Illinois

Wisconsin

Michigan

Source: ESPN.com

In the first quarter, Purdue scored first with a 35-yard TD catch by Ralph Bolden. Michigan tied the score with a 29-yard TD run by Brandon Minor. Purdue retook the lead with a 41-yard field goal by Carson Wiggs. Michigan tied the score soon after with a 51-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Michigan scored 2 touchdowns: a 55-yard rush by Brandon Minor, and a 43-yard catch by Ray Roundtree, giving the Wolverines a 14-point advantage at halftime.

However, Michigan would collapsed in the second half. In the third quarter, Purdue's Ralph Bolden scored his second TD of the game with a 19-yard run. Michigan QB Forcier responded with a 6-yard TD run, but the point after touchdown attempt failed. Ralph Bolden scored his third touchdown of the day soon after with a 10-yard rush. In the ensuing kickoff, Purdue made an on-side kick and recovered the ball by catching the Wolverines off guard. In the next play, Purdue's Cortez Smith caught a 54-yard TD pass and Purdue re-took the lead 31-30 after the extra point attempt was completed. In the fourth quarter, Purdue QB Joey Elliot ran in an 8-yard TD. Michigan's Minor then ran in a TD from 1-yard out. The Wolverines attempted to tie the game but Forcier failed to reach the end zone on a two-point conversion after being sacked by Ryan Kerrigan, sealing the victory for the Boilermakers. It was Purdue's first win in Michigan Stadium since 1966.

Michigan State

Indiana

Roster

After the season

2010 NFL Draft

References

Purdue
Purdue Boilermakers football seasons
Purdue Boilermakers football


Fred Sherry (born 1948) is an American cellist who is particularly admired for his work as a chamber musician and concert soloist. He studied with Leonard Rose at the Juilliard School before winning the Young Concert Artists International Auditions in 1968. In 1971 he co-founded the Speculum Musicae and in 1973 he co-founded the Tashi Quartet. Since the mid-1980s he has been a regular performer with Bargemusic and the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, the latter of which he served as Artistic Director for between 1989–1993. He has appeared as a soloist with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, New Japan Philharmonic, Boston Symphony Orchestra, and L'Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. He currently serves on the faculty at the Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music, and Mannes College The New School for Music.

Discography

With Chick Corea
 The Leprechaun (Polydor, 1976)
Lyric Suite for Sextet (ECM, 1982) with Gary Burton
Children's Songs (ECM, 1983)
Septet (ECM, 1984)
With Steve Swallow
Carla (Xtra Watt, 1987)
With John Zorn
Chimeras (Tzadik, 2003)
Rituals (Tzadik, 2004)
Magick (Tzadik, 2004)
Mysterium (Tzadik, 2005)
From Silence to Sorcery (Tzadik, 2007)
What Thou Wilt (Tzadik, 2009)
Music and Its Double (Tzadik, 2012)
Fragmentations, Prayers and Interjections (Tzadik, 2014)

References

American classical cellists
Cello pedagogues
Living people
1948 births
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty