HMP Isle of Wight is a super prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. On 1 April 2009, the two prisons (along with Camp Hill which closed in 2013) were merged with each site retaining their old names. Across the two sites there are over 1,000 prisoners, making it one of the largest prisons in the country.

History
The idea for re-organising the three island prisons was suggested in October 2008 as a way of improving efficiency across the three sites. The plans attracted criticism from prison officers who feared for their jobs and claimed with fewer staff on duty, the safety of staff, inmates and the public was being put at risk. The chairman of the Prison Officer's Association claimed that the main aim of the move was to save around £1.1 million through natural wastage and scrapping eight principal officers' posts. On announcement of the proposals names for new prison were suggested as HMP Solent, HMP Mountbatten, HMP Vectis and the tongue-in-cheek suggestion "Barry Island" after the governor sent to implement the cluster Barry Greenberry who left in October 2010 to work for the private sector. However none of these new names were implemented and the new name HMP Isle of Wight was announced in March 2009. It was also stated that the individual sites would still retain their old names.

HMP Isle of Wight was officially launched on 1 April 2009. On the day of the launch the prison union slammed the move stating that it had only been done to save money, and would become more of a danger to the public. The Ministry of Justice stated that other similar schemes such as one in the Isle of Sheppey had proved a success and that although there would be a saving of around £1 million this was only being done through better economies and that there was no added danger to the public. The main motivation of "clustering", as the process is known, is cost cutting.

In May 2010 a man dressed as Snoopy and an accomplice failed in their attempt to enter the Albany site in the prison, trying to free a prisoner. The pistol the costumed man carried was a water gun. The person the men were trying to free was actually located in the Camp Hill site at the time.

In January 2013, the Ministry of Justice announced that the Camp Hill site of the prison would close, with a reduction of 595 places at the prison. The prison formally closed in March 2013.

Sites

References

External links

I
Newport, Isle of Wight


Sidney Goldfarb (born November 23, 1942 in Peabody, Massachusetts) is a Harvard College-educated American poet and experimental playwright, whose work continues the tradition of poetic theater. Goldfarb co-founded the acclaimed Creative Writing Program at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1975, serving as its first director. He continues to teach there today. He is the recipient of numerous grants and fellowships, including a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship (1968), a National Endowment for the Arts grant (1970), a Goethe Foundation Grant (1984), and multiple grants from the New York State Council on the Arts.

Books
Speech, for Instance (poetry), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1969
Messages (poetry), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971
Curve in the Road (poetry), Halty-Ferguson, 1980
The Rushes of Tulsa and Other Plays (poetic theater), Barrytown-Station Hill, 2008

Plays
(Dates indicate first production)

Pedro Páramo (adapted from the novel by Juan Rulfo), 1979
Huerfano, 1980
Tristan: A Retelling, 1983
Hot Lunch Apostles, 1983
The Transposed Heads (adapted with Julie Taymor from the novel by Thomas Mann, with music by Elliot Goldenthal), 1984
Big Mouth, 1985
Orange Grove, 1988
Music Rescue Service, 1991
The Rushes of Tulsa, 1999
Bad Women, 2000

Footnotes

External links
 The Rushes of Tulsa and Other Plays page, Barrytown/Station Hill Press

University of Colorado faculty
1942 births
Harvard College alumni
American male poets
Living people
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews


Robert ("Bob") Hudson Backus (July 11, 1926 – June 30, 1999) was an American track and field athlete who set world records in the hammer throw. He wore ballet slippers during competition and after using weight training to overcome the effects of meningitis.

Backus was born on July 11, 1926, in Boston. At 6 feet, 5 inches in height and 160 pounds, Backus was rejected by the United States Army Air Forces' cadet program as he was deemed too thin. As part of his efforts to recover from spinal meningitis, Backus took up weight training and bulked up into a 290-pound strongman, despite concerns that such training would make him "musclebound".

He attended Tufts University, where he started weight throwing, participating in the 16-pound hammer throw outdoors, and the 35 and 56 pound events indoors. Backus was inducted to the Tufts University's Hall of Fame. Because no footwear had yet been developed for the sport, Backus wore ballet shoes.

Backus set a world record and career best of 45 feet 2 inches in the 56-pound throw at the New York Athletic Club's annual spring games, held on June 8, 1957, in Pelham Manor, New York, setting a record that broke a record he had previously set, adding another foot to the world mark. He also set a record in February 1959 for the 35-pound weight with a distance of 66 feet 2¾ inches, one of five world records set at the Amateur Athletic Union's national indoor track and field championships at Madison Square Garden.  He won U.S. titles in the 56-pound event each of the seven years from 1953 to 1959 and won seven out of eight years from 1954 to 1961 in the 35-pound throw.

He won the American title in the hammer throw in 1954 and won a gold medal in the event at the 1955 Pan American Games in Mexico City. He competed in the event at the 1952 Summer Olympics, finishing in 13th place.

July 1971 Backus (M40) competed at the 4th Annual Masters Outdoor National Championship placing 2nd to Howard Payne in the HT. March 1975 Backus (M45) competed in the Annual Masters Indoor National Championship and winning the WT. Backus held American Masters M45 and M50 Indoor Weight Throw Records (1976 and 1977). Backus held the American Masters M50 16-Lb Hammer Throw Record in 1977. Backus held the World Masters M55 16-Lb Hammer Throw Record in 1981. In February 1978, a 51-year-old Backus came in second in an otherwise uneventful 35-pound weight throw at the Open AAU National Indoor Championship held at Madison Square Garden.

Backus died at age 72 on June 30, 1999, at Boston's Vencor Hospital, having suffered a stroke in December 1998 and been in poor health for several years before his death. His first marriage, to Elsa Torikka of Finland, who he had met at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki where she had competed in the javelin, ended in divorce.

References

Added:

1926 births
1999 deaths
Male weight throwers
American male hammer throwers
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Athletes (track and field) at the 1955 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1959 Pan American Games
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Tufts University alumni
Track and field athletes from Boston
Medalists at the 1955 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1959 Pan American Games
American masters athletes
 American Masters Athlete that competed in Olympics


Victoria Day is Melissa McClelland's fourth album. The album was released in 2009 in Canada by Six Shooter Records.

Track listing
All songs written by Melissa McClelland, except "A Girls Can Dream" written by Luke Doucet & Melissa McClelland and "Money Shot" written by JD Ormond.
"A Girl Can Dream"
"Glenrio"
"Segovia"
"God Loves Me"
"Victoria Day (April Showers)"
"Victoria Day (May Flowers)"
"I Blame You"
"Cry On My Shoulder"
"When The Lights Went Off In Hogtown"
"Seasoned Lovers"
"Brake"
"Money Shot"

Personnel
Melissa McClelland – vocals, backup vocals, acoustic guitar, piano on "Segovia"
Luke Doucet – electric and acoustic guitars, Rhodes piano, lap steel, banjo, piano on "Brake", background vocals
Rich Levesque – upright bass, electric bass guitar, background vocals
Al Cross – drums and percussion on tracks #2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9
Glen Milchem – drums on tracks #, 10, 11 and 12
Barry Mirochnick – drums on tracks #7 and 8
Horns – Jim Bish on saxophone, Bryden Baird on trumpet, William Carn on trombone
Steve O'Connor – piano on "A Girl Can Dream" and B3 organ on "God Loves Me"
Ron Sexsmith – vocals on "Seasoned Lovers"
David Travers-Smith – horns and vibes on "Seasoned Lovers"
Kevin Fox – string arrangements, cello
Karen Graves – violin
Kathryn Sugden – violin
Johann Lotter – viola

References

External links

2009 albums
Melissa McClelland albums
Six Shooter Records albums
Americana albums


Clermont was an 18th-century plantation in Fairfax County (now Alexandria), Virginia, United States. Clermont is best known as the home of John Mason (April 4, 1766 – March 19, 1849), an early American merchant and planter and a son of George Mason, a Founding Father of the United States. Clermont is also known for being the birthplace of Fitzhugh Lee (November 9, 1835 – April 18, 1905), nephew of Robert E. Lee, grandson of John Mason, Confederate cavalry general in the American Civil War, Governor of Virginia, diplomat, and United States Army general in the Spanish–American War.

History

Clermont Plantation was built by Benjamin Dulaney in the late 18th century. Dulaney, a friend of George Washington, used the estate as his summer residence. Clermont was large in size with two parlors, eleven bedrooms, and multiple outbuildings. Dulaney's family members were loyalists during the American Revolutionary War and many of them lost their possessions and property. Dulaney's property was spared, probably due to his friendship with Washington, but Dulaney attempted to sell Clermont to Washington, Washington refused. Dulaney married Washington's goddaughter, daughter of Daniel French of Rose Hill.

After Dulaney, Clermont hosted a succession of tenants and owners. Between 1803 and 1804, Clermont was the residence of Reverend Thomas Davis, Vicar of Christ Church in Alexandria. Davis tried unsuccessfully to establish a school for young men at Clermont. Reverend Davis is best known for officiating at Washington's burial service.

General John Mason was the next resident of Clermont. Mason had two other homes, one in Georgetown and a summer residence on Analostan Island. After suffering financial setbacks, Mason was forced to give up his island residence, and in 1833, he and his family relocated to the Virginia countryside at Clermont.

After Mason's death, the Alexandria Gazette ran an advertisement for the sale of Clermont on 28 May 1849. The advertisement read as follows:FOR SALE -- This estate is distant about four miles from Alexandria, and one mile south of the Little Turnpike Road, leading to the Town, comprising about 320 acres of land. The arable land, of which about 160 acres is level bottom on Cameron Run, is in a state of high fertility, having been well drained, and the whole with about 40 acres of upland, judiciously cultivated and improved, by Clover and Plaister, with the free use of lime and other manure. It is divided into seven fields, one a large meadow of timothy, with one or more fine springs in each. The residue of the tract, exclusive of the lawns, orchards, and gardens, is in young wood. The Mansion and its appurtenances are of the most ample and commodious description, beautifully situated on a gentle eminence, and overlooking the Town of Alexandria and the lowlands of the estate. The dwelling house on the first floor contains two parlors, besides large library, and an office, with eleven chambers above stairs, and in the buildings appurtenant to it, besides an ample kitchen, laundry, and housekeeper's room, a dairy, bath-house, smoke house, ample accommodations for servants, ice house, the houses of farm servants, blacksmith's shop, a kiln of brick for burning lime, with ample barns, stabling, and other houses for stock and farm purposes, orchards of choice fruit, ornamental grounds and walks -- the whole in good order and well preserved by its late proprietor.

Clermont was purchased by Commodore French Forrest, head of the Washington Navy Yard. Forrest was the son of Major Joseph Forrest and his wife Elizabeth French Dulaney, daughter of Clermont's original owner. During the American Civil War, Forrest resigned his commission with the United States Navy and offered his services to Virginia. Forrest never again set foot on Clermont. Forrest assumed command of the Norfolk Naval Shipyard where he supervised the construction of the CSS Virginia. During the war, Clermont was confiscated by the Union Army and used as small pox hospital. The mansion was subsequently burned to prevent the further spread of the disease.

Notable individuals
 Fitzhugh Lee (1835–1905), son of Sydney Smith Lee and his wife Anna Maria Mason, was born at Clermont on 19 November 1835

External links
Virginia Historical Highway Marker: https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=161

References

Mason family residences
Lee family residences
Houses in Fairfax County, Virginia
Plantations in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Houses in Alexandria, Virginia
Houses completed in the 18th century
Burned houses in the United States


Gabriela is a 1983 Brazilian romance film directed by Bruno Barreto. It was shot in the cities of Paraty, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and in Garopaba, Santa Catarina. It is based on Brazilian author Jorge Amado's 1958 book Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon.

Plot
It is 1925. Nacib (Mastroianni) is the owner of bar in a small town. He meets Gabriela (Braga) and he hires her on as a cook.
They soon enter a passionate relationship, fueled by his strong attraction to her sensual nature. However, Nacib soon grows annoyed by the attention she receives. Under advisement of his best friend, Tonico (Cantafora), Nacib proposes to her, partly in the hopes that the attention quells.

After their marriage, he insists that she dress and behave more modestly so they can be seen as more respectable. Unfortunately, Gabriela cannot help but stray and Nacib is forced to annul the marriage when he finds her in bed with Tonico.
Later, as both Nacib and the town begin to undergo a transformation, Nacib and Gabriela resume their relationship.

Cast
 Sônia Braga as Gabriela
 Marcello Mastroianni as Nacib
 Antonio Cantafora as Tonico Bastos
 Paulo Goulart as João Fulgêncio
 Ricardo Petráglia as Prof. Josué
 Lutero Luiz as Cel. Manoel das Onças
 Tania Boscoli as Glória
 Nicole Puzzi as Malvina
 Flávio Galvão as Mundinho Falcão
 Joffre Soares as Cel. Ramiro Bastos
 Maurício do Valle as Cel. Amâncio Leal
 Nildo Parente as Maurício Caires
 Nelson Xavier as Capitão
 Nuno Leal Maia as Eng. Rômulo
 Chico Díaz as Chico Moleza
 Fernando Ramos da Silva as Tuísca
 Miriam Pires as Malvina's mother
 Cláudia Jimenez as Olga

References

External links

1983 films
1983 romantic comedy films
1980s Portuguese-language films
Adultery in films
Brazilian romantic comedy films
Films based on works by Jorge Amado
Films directed by Bruno Barreto
Films set in 1925
Films shot in Paraty
Films shot in Santa Catarina (state)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Films scored by Antônio Carlos Jobim
United Artists films


Aquatic locomotion or swimming is biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium.  The simplest propulsive systems are composed of cilia and flagella. Swimming has evolved a number of times in a range of organisms including arthropods,  fish, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Evolution of swimming

Swimming evolved a number of times in unrelated lineages.  Supposed jellyfish fossils occur in the Ediacaran, but the first free-swimming animals appear in the Early to Middle Cambrian.  These are mostly related to the arthropods, and include the Anomalocaridids, which swam by means of lateral lobes in a fashion reminiscent of today's cuttlefish.  Cephalopods joined the ranks of the nekton in the late Cambrian, and chordates were probably swimming from the Early Cambrian. Many terrestrial animals retain some capacity to swim, however some have returned to the water and developed the capacities for aquatic locomotion. Most apes (including humans), however, lost the swimming instinct.

In 2013 Pedro Renato Bender, a research fellow at the University of the Witwatersrand's Institute for Human Evolution, proposed a theory to explain the loss of that instinct. Termed the Saci last common ancestor hypothesis (after Saci, a Brazilian folklore character who cannot cross water barriers), it holds that the loss of instinctive swimming ability in apes is best explained as a consequence of constraints related to the adaptation to an arboreal life in the last common ancestor of apes. Bender hypothesized that the ancestral ape increasingly avoided deep-water bodies when the risks of being exposed to water were clearly higher than the advantages of crossing them. A decreasing contact with water bodies then could have led to the disappearance of the doggy paddle instinct.

Micro-organisms

Microbial swimmers, sometimes called microswimmers, are  microscopic entities  that have the ability to move in fluid or aquatic environment. Natural microswimmers are found everywhere in the natural world as biological microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, protists, sperm and microanimals.

Bacterial

Ciliates
Ciliates use small flagella called cilia to move through the water. One ciliate will generally have hundreds to thousands of cilia that are densely packed together in arrays. During movement, an individual cilium deforms using a high-friction power stroke followed by a low-friction recovery stroke. Since there are multiple cilia packed together on an individual organism, they display collective behavior in a metachronal rhythm. This means the deformation of one cilium is in phase with the deformation of its neighbor, causing deformation waves that propagate along the surface of the organism. These propagating waves of cilia are what allow the organism to use the cilia in a coordinated manner to move. A typical example of a ciliated microorganism is the Paramecium, a one-celled, ciliated protozoan covered by thousands of cilia. The cilia beating together allow the Paramecium to propel through the water at speeds of 500 micrometers per second.

Flagellates
Certain organisms such as bacteria and animal sperm have flagellum which have developed a way to move in liquid environments. A rotary motor model shows that bacteria uses the protons of an electrochemical gradient in order to move their flagella. Torque in the flagella of bacteria is created by particles that conduct protons around the base of the flagellum. The direction of rotation of the flagella in bacteria comes from the occupancy of the proton channels along the perimeter of the flagellar motor.

Movement of sperm is called sperm motility. The middle of the mammalian spermatozoon contains mitochondria that power the movement of the flagellum of the sperm. The motor around the base produces torque, just like in bacteria for movement through the aqueous environment.

Pseudopodia
Movement using a pseudopod is accomplished through increases in pressure at one point on the cell membrane.  This pressure increase is the result of actin polymerization between the cortex and the membrane.  As the pressure increases the cell membrane is pushed outward creating the pseudopod.  When the pseudopod moves outward, the rest of the body is pulled forward by cortical tension.  The result is cell movement through the fluid medium.  Furthermore, the direction of movement is determined by chemotaxis.  When chemoattraction occurs in a particular area of the cell membrane, actin polymerization can begin and move the cell in that direction. An excellent example of an organism that utilizes pseudopods is Naegleria fowleri.

A Simple Animation

Invertebrates

Among the radiata, jellyfish and their kin, the main form of swimming is to flex their cup shaped bodies. All jellyfish are free-swimming, although many of these spend most of their time swimming passively.  Passive swimming is akin to gliding;  the organism floats, using currents where it can, and does not exert any energy into controlling its position or motion.  Active swimming, in contrast, involves the expenditure of energy to travel to a desired location.

In bilateria, there are many methods of swimming. The arrow worms (chaetognatha) undulate their finned bodies, not unlike fish. Nematodes swim by undulating their fin-less bodies. Some Arthropod groups can swim - including many crustaceans. Most crustaceans, such as shrimp, will usually swim by paddling with special swimming legs (pleopods). Swimming crabs swim with modified walking legs (pereiopods). Daphnia, a crustacean, swims by beating its antennae instead.

There are also a number of forms of swimming molluscs.  Many free-swimming sea slugs, such as sea angels, flap fin-like structures. Some shelled molluscs, such as scallops can briefly swim by clapping their two shells open and closed. The molluscs most evolved for swimming are the cephalopods. Violet sea-snails exploit a buoyant foam raft stabilized by amphiphilic mucins to float at the sea surface.

Among the Deuterostomia, there are a number of swimmers as well. Feather stars can swim by undulating their many arms. Salps move by pumping waters through their gelatinous bodies. The deuterostomes most evolved for swimming are found among the vertebrates, notably the fish.

Jet propulsion

Jet propulsion is a method of aquatic locomotion where animals fill a muscular cavity and squirt out water to propel them in the opposite direction of the squirting water. Most organisms are equipped with one of two designs for jet propulsion; they can draw water from the rear and expel it from the rear, such as jellyfish, or draw water from front and expel it from the rear, such as salps. Filling up the cavity causes an increase in both the mass and drag of the animal. Because of the expanse of the contracting cavity, the animal's velocity fluctuates as it moves through the water, accelerating while expelling water and decelerating while vacuuming water. Even though these fluctuations in drag and mass can be ignored if the frequency of the jet-propulsion cycles is high enough, jet-propulsion is a relatively inefficient method of aquatic locomotion.

All cephalopods can move by jet propulsion, but this is a very energy-consuming way to travel compared to the tail propulsion used by fish. The relative efficiency of jet propulsion decreases further as animal size increases. Since the Paleozoic, as competition with fish produced an environment where efficient motion was crucial to survival, jet propulsion has taken a back role, with fins and tentacles used to maintain a steady velocity.  The stop-start motion provided by the jets, however, continues to be useful for providing bursts of high speed - not least when capturing prey or avoiding predators. Indeed, it makes cephalopods the fastest marine invertebrates, and they can out accelerate most fish. Oxygenated water is taken into the mantle cavity to the gills and through muscular contraction of this cavity, the spent water is expelled through the hyponome, created by a fold in the mantle. Motion of the cephalopods is usually backward as water is forced out anteriorly through the hyponome, but direction can be controlled somewhat by pointing it in different directions. Most cephalopods float (i.e. are neutrally buoyant), so do not need to swim to remain afloat. Squid swim more slowly than fish, but use more power to generate their speed. The loss in efficiency is due to the amount of water the squid can accelerate out of its mantle cavity.

Jellyfish use a one-way water cavity design which generates a phase of continuous cycles of jet-propulsion followed by a rest phase. The Froude efficiency is about 0.09, which indicates a very costly method of locomotion. The metabolic cost of transport for jellyfish is high when compared to a fish of equal mass.

Other jet-propelled animals have similar problems in efficiency. Scallops, which use a similar design to jellyfish, swim by quickly opening and closing their shells, which draws in water and expels it from all sides. This locomotion is used as a means to escape predators such as starfish. Afterwards, the shell acts as a hydrofoil to counteract the scallop's tendency to sink. The Froude efficiency is low for this type of movement, about 0.3, which is why it's used as an emergency escape mechanism from predators. However, the amount of work the scallop has to do is mitigated by the elastic hinge that connects the two shells of the bivalve. Squids swim by drawing water into their mantle cavity and expelling it through their siphon. The Froude efficiency of their jet-propulsion system is around 0.29, which is much lower than a fish of the same mass.

Much of the work done by scallop muscles to close its shell is stored as elastic energy in abductin tissue, which acts as a spring to open the shell. The elasticity causes the work done against the water to be low because of the large openings the water has to enter and the small openings the water has to leave. The inertial work of scallop jet-propulsion is also low. Because of the low inertial work, the energy savings created by the elastic tissue is so small that it's negligible. Medusae can also use their elastic mesoglea to enlarge their bell. Their mantle contains a layer of muscle sandwiched between elastic fibers. The muscle fibers run around the bell circumferentially while the elastic fibers run through the muscle and along the sides of the bell to prevent lengthening. After making a single contraction, the bell vibrates passively at the resonant frequency to refill the bell. However, in contrast with scallops, the inertial work is similar to the hydrodynamic work due to how medusas expel water - through a large opening at low velocity. Because of this, the negative pressure created by the vibrating cavity is lower than the positive pressure of the jet, meaning that inertial work of the mantle is small. Thus, jet-propulsion is shown as an inefficient swimming technique.

Fish

Many fish swim through water by creating undulations with their bodies or oscillating their fins. The undulations create components of forward thrust complemented by a rearward force, side forces which are wasted portions of energy, and a normal force that is between the forward thrust and side force. Different fish swim by undulating different parts of their bodies. Eel-shaped fish undulate their entire body in rhythmic sequences. Streamlined fish, such as salmon, undulate the caudal portions of their bodies. Some fish, such as sharks, use stiff, strong fins to create dynamic lift and propel themselves. It is common for fish to use more than one form of propulsion, although they will display one dominant mode of swimming   Gait changes have even been observed in juvenile reef fish of various sizes. Depending on their needs, fish can rapidly alternate between synchronized fin beats and alternating fin beats.

According to Guinness World Records 2009, Hippocampus zosterae (the dwarf seahorse) is the slowest moving fish, with a top speed of about  per hour. They swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins (located behind their eyes) to steer. Seahorses have no caudal fin.

Body-caudal fin (BCF) propulsion
Anguilliform: Anguilliform swimmers are typically slow swimmers. They undulate the majority of their body and use their head as the fulcrum for the load they are moving. At any point during their undulation, their body has an amplitude between 0.5-1.0 wavelengths. The amplitude that they move their body through allows them to swim backwards.   Anguilliform locomotion is usually seen in fish with long, slender bodies like eels, lampreys, oarfish, and a number of catfish species.
Subcarangiform, Carangiform, Thunniform: These swimmers undulate the posterior half of their body and are much faster than anguilliform swimmers. At any point while they are swimming, a wavelength <1  can be seen in the undulation pattern of the body. Some Carangiform swimmers include nurse sharks, bamboo sharks, and reef sharks. Thunniform swimmers are very fast and some common Thunniform swimmers include tuna, white sharks, salmon, jacks, and mako sharks. Thunniform swimmers only undulate their high aspect ratio caudal fin, so they are usually very stiff to push more water out of the way.
Ostraciiform: Ostraciiform swimmers oscillate their caudal region, making them relatively slow swimmers.  Boxfish, torpedo rays, and momyrs employ Ostraciiform locomotion. The cow fish uses Osctraciiform locomotion to hover in the water column.

Median paired fin (MPF) propulsion
Tetraodoniform, Balistiform, Diodontiform: These swimmers oscillate their median fins. They are typically slow swimmers, and some notable examples include the oceanic sunfish (which has extremely modified anal and dorsal fins), puffer fish, and triggerfish.
Rajiform, Amiiform, Gymnotiform: This locomotory mode is accomplished by undulation of the pectoral and median fins. During their undulation pattern, a wavelength >1 can be seen in their fins. They are typically slow to moderate swimmers, and some examples include rays, bowfin, and knife fishes. The black ghost knife fish is a Gymnotiform swimmer that has a very long ventral ribbon fin. Thrust is produced by passing waves down the ribbon fin while the body remains rigid. This also allows the ghost knife fish to swim in reverse.
Labriform: Labriform swimmers are also slow swimmers. They oscillate their pectoral fins to create thrust. Oscillating fins create thrust when a starting vortex is shed from the trailing edge of the fin. As the foil departs from the starting vortex, the effect of that vortex diminishes, while the bound circulation remains, producing lift. Labriform swimming can be viewed as continuously starting and stopping. Wrasses and surf perch are common Labriform swimmers.

Hydrofoils

Hydrofoils, or fins, are used to push against the water to create a normal force to provide thrust, propelling the animal through water. Sea turtles and penguins beat their paired hydrofoils to create lift. Some paired fins, such as pectoral fins on leopard sharks, can be angled at varying degrees to allow the animal to rise, fall, or maintain its level in the water column. The reduction of fin surface area helps to minimize drag, and therefore increase efficiency. Regardless of size of the animal, at any particular speed, maximum possible lift is proportional to (wing area) x (speed)2. Dolphins and whales have large, horizontal caudal hydrofoils, while many fish and sharks have vertical caudal hydrofoils. Porpoising (seen in cetaceans, penguins, and pinnipeds) may save energy if they are moving fast. Since drag increases with speed, the work required to swim unit distance is greater at higher speeds, but the work needed to jump unit distance is independent of speed. Seals propel themselves through the water with their caudal tail, while sea lions create thrust solely with their pectoral flippers.

Drag powered swimming

As with moving through any fluid, friction is created when molecules of the fluid collide with organism. The collision causes drag against moving fish, which is why many fish are streamlined in shape. Streamlined shapes work to reduce drag by orienting elongated objects parallel to the force of drag, therefore allowing the current to pass over and taper off the end of the fish. This streamlined shape allows for more efficient use of energy locomotion. Some flat-shaped fish can take advantage of pressure drag by having a flat bottom surface and curved top surface. The pressure drag created allows for the upward lift of the fish.

Appendages of aquatic organisms propel them in two main and biomechanically extreme mechanisms. Some use lift powered swimming, which can be compared to flying as appendages flap like wings, and reduce drag on the surface of the appendage. Others use drag powered swimming, which can be compared to oars rowing a boat, with movement in a horizontal plane, or paddling, with movement in the parasagittal plane.

Drag swimmers use a cyclic motion in which they push water back in a power stroke, and return their limb forward in the return or recovery stroke. When they push water directly backwards, this moves their body forward, but as they return their limbs to the starting position, they push water forward, which will thus pull them back to some degree, and so opposes the direction that the body is heading. This opposing force is called drag. The return-stroke drag causes drag swimmers to employ different strategies than lift swimmers. Reducing drag on the return stroke is essential for optimizing efficiency. For example, ducks paddle through the water spreading the webs of their feet as they move water back, and then when they return their feet to the front they pull their webs together to reduce the subsequent pull of water forward. The legs of water beetles have little hairs which spread out to catch and move water back in the power stroke, but lay flat as the appendage moves forward in the return stroke. Also, one side of a water beetle leg is wider than the others and is held perpendicular to the motion when pushing backward, but the leg rotates when the limb returns forward, so the thinner side catches less water.

Drag swimmers experience a lessened efficiency in swimming due to resistance which affects their optimum speed. The less drag a fish experiences, the more it will be able to maintain higher speeds. Morphology of the fish can be designed to reduce drag, such as streamlining the body. The cost of transport is much higher for the drag swimmer, and when deviating from its optimum speed, the drag swimmer is energetically strained much more than the lift swimmer. There are natural processes in place to optimize energy use, and it is thought that adjustments of metabolic rates can compensate in part for mechanical disadvantages.

Semi-aquatic animals compared to fully aquatic animals exhibit exacerbation of drag. Design that allows them to function out of the water limits the efficiency possible to be reached when in the water. In water swimming at the surface exposes them to resistive wave drag and is associated with a higher cost than submerged swimming.  Swimming below the surface exposes them to resistance due to return strokes and pressure, but primarily friction. Frictional drag is due to fluid viscosity and morphology characteristics. Pressure drag is due to the difference of water flow around the body and is also affected by body morphology.  Semi-aquatic organisms encounter increased resistive forces when in or out of the water, as they are not specialized for either habitat. The morphology of otters and beavers, for example, must meet needs for both environments. Their fur decreases streamlining and creates additional drag. The platypus may be a good example of an intermediate between drag and lift swimmers because it has been shown to have a rowing mechanism which is similar to lift-based pectoral oscillation. The limbs of semi-aquatic organisms are reserved for use on land and using them in water not only increases the cost of locomotion, but limits them to drag-based modes.
Although they are less efficient, drag swimmers are able to produce more thrust at low speeds than lift swimmers. They are also thought to be better for maneuverability due to the large thrust produced.

Amphibians

Most of the Amphibia have a larval state, which has inherited anguilliform motion, and a laterally compressed tail to go with it, from fish ancestors.
The corresponding tetrapod adult forms, even in the tail-retaining sub-class Urodeles, are sometimes aquatic to only a negligible extent (as in the genus
Salamandra, whose tail has lost its suitability for aquatic propulsion), but the majority of Urodeles, from the newts to the giant salamander Megalobatrachus,
retain a laterally compressed tail for a life that is aquatic to a considerable degree, which can use in a carangiform motion.

Of the tailless amphibians (the frogs and toads of the sub-class Anura) the majority are aquatic to an insignificant extent in adult life, but in that considerable minority that are mainly aquatic we encounter for the first time the problem of adapting the tailless-tetrapod structure for aquatic propulsion. The mode that they use is unrelated to any used by fish. With their flexible back legs and webbed feet they execute something close to the leg movements of a human 'breast stroke,' rather more efficiently because the legs are better streamlined.

Reptiles

From the point of view of aquatic propulsion, the descent of modern members of the class Reptilia from archaic tailed Amphibia is most obvious in the case of the order Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators), which use their deep, laterally compressed tails in an essentially carangiform mode of propulsion (see Fish locomotion#Carangiform).

Terrestrial snakes, in spite of their 'bad' hydromechanical shape with roughly circular cross-section and gradual posterior taper, swim fairly readily when required, by an anguilliform propulsion (see Fish locomotion#Anguilliform).

Cheloniidae (sea turtles) have found a solution to the problem of tetrapod swimming through the development of their forelimbs into flippers of high-aspect-ratio wing shape, with which they imitate a bird's propulsive mode more accurately than do the eagle-rays themselves.

Fin and flipper locomotion

Aquatic reptiles such as sea turtles (see also turtles) and extinct species like Pliosauroids predominantly use their pectoral flippers to propel themselves through the water and their pelvic flippers for maneuvering. During swimming they move their pectoral flippers in a dorso-ventral motion, causing forward motion. During swimming, they rotate their front flippers to decrease drag through the water column and increase efficiency. Newly hatched sea turtles exhibit several behavioral skills that help orientate themselves towards the ocean as well as identifying the transition from sand to water. If rotated in the pitch, yaw or roll direction, the hatchlings are capable of counteracting the forces acting upon them by correcting with either their pectoral or pelvic flippers and redirecting themselves towards the open ocean.

Among mammals otariids (fur seals) swim primarily with their front flippers, using the rear flippers for steering, and phocids (true seals) move the rear flippers laterally, pushing the animal through the water.

Escape reactions

Some arthropods, such as lobsters and shrimps, can propel themselves backwards quickly by flicking their tail, known as lobstering or the caridoid escape reaction.

Varieties of fish, such as teleosts, also use fast-starts to escape from predators. Fast-starts are characterized by the muscle contraction on one side of the fish twisting the fish into a C-shape. Afterwards, muscle contraction occurs on the opposite side to allow the fish to enter into a steady swimming state with waves of undulation traveling alongside the body. The power of the bending motion comes from fast-twitch muscle fibers located in the central region of the fish. The signal to perform this contraction comes from a set of Mauthner cells which simultaneously send a signal to the muscles on one side of the fish. Mauthner cells are activated when something startles the fish and can be activated by visual or sound-based stimuli.

Fast-starts are split up into three stages. Stage one, which is called the preparatory stroke, is characterized by the initial bending to a C-shape with small delay caused by hydrodynamic resistance. Stage two, the propulsive stroke, involves the body bending rapidly to the other side, which may occur multiple times. Stage three, the rest phase, cause the fish to return to normal steady-state swimming and the body undulations begin to cease. Large muscles located closer to the central portion of the fish are stronger and generate more force than the muscles in the tail. This asymmetry in muscle composition causes body undulations that occur in Stage 3. Once the fast-start is completed, the position of the fish has been shown to have a certain level of unpredictability, which helps fish survive against predators.

The rate at which the body can bend is limited by resistance contained in the inertia of each body part. However, this inertia assists the fish in creating propulsion as a result of the momentum created against the water. The forward propulsion created from C-starts, and steady-state swimming in general, is a result of the body of the fish pushing against the water. Waves of undulation create rearward momentum against the water providing the forward thrust required to push the fish forward.

Efficiency

The Froude propulsion efficiency is defined as the ratio of power output to the power input:

where U1 = free stream velocity and U2 = jet velocity. A good efficiency for carangiform propulsion is between 50 and 80%.

Minimizing drag
Pressure differences occur outside the boundary layer of swimming organisms due to disrupted flow around the body.  The difference on the up- and down-stream surfaces of the body is pressure drag, which creates a downstream force on the object.  Frictional drag, on the other hand, is a result of fluid viscosity in the boundary layer.  Higher turbulence causes greater frictional drag.

Reynolds number (Re) is the measure of the relationships between inertial and viscous forces in flow ((animal's length x animal's velocity)/kinematic viscosity of the fluid).  Turbulent flow can be found at higher Re values, where the boundary layer separates and creates a wake, and laminar flow can be found at lower Re values, when the boundary layer separation is delayed, reducing wake and kinetic energy loss to opposing water momentum.

The body shape of a swimming organism affects the resulting drag.  Long, slender bodies reduce pressure drag by streamlining, while short, round bodies reduce frictional drag; therefore, the optimal shape of an organism depends on its niche.  Swimming organisms with a fusiform shape are likely to experience the greatest reduction in both pressure and frictional drag.

Wing shape also affects the amount of drag experienced by an organism, as with different methods of stroke, recovery of the pre-stroke position results in the accumulation of drag.

High-speed ram ventilation creates laminar flow of water from the gills along the body of an organism.

The secretion of mucus along the organism's body surface, or the addition of long-chained polymers to the velocity gradient, can reduce frictional drag experienced by the organism.

Buoyancy
Many aquatic/marine organisms have developed organs to compensate for their weight and control their buoyancy in the water.  These structures, make the density of their bodies very close to that of the surrounding water.  Some hydrozoans, such as siphonophores, has gas-filled floats; the Nautilus, Sepia, and Spirula (Cephalopods) have chambers of gas within their shells; and most teleost fish and many lantern fish (Myctophidae) are equipped with swim bladders.  Many aquatic and marine organisms may also be composed of low-density materials.  Deep-water teleosts, which do not have a swim bladder, have few lipids and proteins, deeply ossified bones, and watery tissues that maintain their buoyancy.  Some sharks' livers are composed of low-density lipids, such as hydrocarbon squalene or wax esters (also found in Myctophidae without swim bladders), which provide buoyancy.

Swimming animals that are denser than water must generate lift or adapt a benthic lifestyle.  Movement of the fish to generate hydrodynamic lift is necessary to prevent sinking.  Often, their bodies act as hydrofoils, a task that is more effective in flat-bodied fish.  At a small tilt angle, the lift is greater for flat fish than it is for fish with narrow bodies.  Narrow-bodied fish use their fins as hydrofoils while their bodies remain horizontal.  In sharks, the heterocercal tail shape drives water downward, creating a counteracting upward force while thrusting the shark forward.  The lift generated is assisted by the pectoral fins and upward-angle body positioning.  It is supposed that tunas primarily use their pectoral fins for lift.

Buoyancy maintenance is metabolically expensive.  Growing and sustaining a buoyancy organ, adjusting the composition of biological makeup, and exerting physical strain to stay in motion demands large amounts of energy.  It is proposed that lift may be physically generated at a lower energy cost by swimming upward and gliding downward, in a "climb and glide" motion, rather than constant swimming on a plane.

Temperature
Temperature can also greatly affect the ability of aquatic organisms to move through water.  This is because temperature not only affects the properties of the water, but also the organisms in the water, as most have an ideal range specific to their body and metabolic needs.

Q10 (temperature coefficient), the factor by which a rate increases at a 10 °C increase in temperature, is used to measure how organisms' performance relies on temperature.  Most have increased rates as water becomes warmer, but some have limits to this and others find ways to alter such effects, such as by endothermy or earlier recruitment of faster muscle.

For example, Crocodylus porosus, or estuarine crocodiles, were found to increase swimming speed from 15 °C to 23 °C and then to have peak swimming speed from 23 °C to 33 °C.  However, performance began to decline as temperature rose beyond that point, showing a limit to the range of temperatures at which this species could ideally perform.

Submergence
The more of the animal's body that is submerged while swimming, the less energy it uses. Swimming on the surface requires two to three times more energy than when completely submerged. This is because of the bow wave that is formed at the front when the animal is pushing the surface of the water when swimming, creating extra drag.

Secondary evolution

While tetrapods lost many of their natural adaptations to swimming when they evolved onto the land, many have re-evolved the ability to swim or have indeed returned to a completely aquatic lifestyle.

Primarily or exclusively aquatic animals have re-evolved from terrestrial tetrapods multiple times: examples include amphibians such as newts, reptiles such as crocodiles, sea turtles, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs, marine mammals such as whales, seals and otters, and birds such as penguins. Many species of snakes are also aquatic and live their entire lives in the water. Among invertebrates, a number of insect species have adaptations for aquatic life and locomotion. Examples of aquatic insects include dragonfly larvae, water boatmen, and diving beetles. There are also aquatic spiders, although they tend to prefer other modes of locomotion under water than swimming proper.

Examples are: Some breeds of dog swim recreationally. Umbra, a world record-holding dog, can swim 4 miles (6.4 km) in 73 minutes, placing her in the top 25% in human long-distance swimming competitions. The fishing cat is one wild species of cat that has evolved special adaptations for an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle – webbed digits. Tigers and some individual jaguars are the only big cats known to go into water readily, though other big cats, including lions, have been observed swimming.  A few domestic cat breeds also like swimming, such as the Turkish Van.

Horses, moose, and elk are very powerful swimmers, and can travel long distances in the water. Elephants are also capable of swimming, even in deep waters. Eyewitnesses have confirmed that camels, including dromedary and Bactrian camels, can swim, despite the fact that there is little deep water in their natural habitats.

Both domestic and wild rabbits can swim. Domestic rabbits are sometimes trained to swim as a circus attraction. A wild rabbit famously swam in an apparent attack on U.S. President Jimmy Carter's boat when it was threatened in its natural habitat.

The guinea pig (or cavy) is noted as having an excellent swimming ability. Mice can swim quite well. They do panic when placed in water, but many lab mice are used in the Morris water maze, a test to measure learning. When mice swim, they use their tails like flagella and kick with their legs.

Many snakes are excellent swimmers as well. Large adult anacondas spend the majority of their time in the water, and have difficulty moving on land.

Many monkeys can naturally swim and some, like the proboscis monkey, crab-eating macaque, and rhesus macaque swim regularly.

Human swimming

Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age paintings from around 7,000 years ago.  Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events.  It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming.

See also

 Animal locomotion
 Aquatic
 Fish fin
 Locomotion in space
 Robot locomotion
 Role of skin in locomotion
 Terrestrial locomotion
 Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
 Undulatory locomotion

References

Ethology
Swimming
Animal locomotion


Vincent Dreyer (born 8 October 1978) is a Namibian rugby union fullback. He played with the Namibia national rugby union team at the 2003 Rugby World Cup.

References

1978 births
Living people
Namibian rugby union players
Namibia international rugby union players
Rugby union fullbacks
2003 Rugby World Cup players


ISPIM (The International Society for Professional Innovation Management) originated in an initiative taken by Professor Knut Holt at the University of Trondheim in 1973. Wishing to initiate a modern approach to innovation management research, Professor Holt started a programme of studies on Needs Assessment and Information Behaviour: the NAIB Program.

The objective was to present tools and guidelines for practical application to product innovation processes, which was a new field of enquiry at the time. During this period an international group formally founded ISPIM and held the first international conference on product innovation management. In the years since then, ISPIM has organised scientific and managerial publications, conferences and symposia.

ISPIM has over 700 members, holds scientific gatherings and produces scientific publications in innovation management research.

Notes

Innovation organizations


Peter (Robert Gascoigne) Townend (6 March 1935 – 6 June 1999)  was a thriller writer, photographer, bit-part actor and journalist.

Life and work
Townend was educated at the Dragon School, Oxford, Westminster and St Pauls, London.  He won an open classics scholarship to study classics at Christs College, Cambridge where he became part of future thriller writer Alan Williams's entourage. He dressed in the then fashionable style of "Teddy Boy".

After graduating he dabbled in filmmaking, getting small parts in films and plays.

He eventually moved to Spain, befriending many expatriates including Gerald Brenan and famous transsexual April Ashley.  While there, he co-founded Look Out, Spain's first English-language literary and travel magazine. Essentially a two-man operation, the magazine had Townend editing, art directing and writing features. He also did the magazine's photography, a hobby he relished. Townend's own photography appears in several books: Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy's 1992 biography of Gerald Brenan The Interior Castle, and Brenan's own memoirs.

Townend's passions included poker, roulette and photography. He often wrote about these interests in his novels, several of which feature one-eyed photographer (partial to the Nikon F) and occasional British spy Philip Quest. Townend described Quest as a hard-living, fast-traveling, and over-sexed photojournalist who keeps a gun hidden beneath a carton of 120 Ektachrome film.  The Daily Telegraph suggested that Townend might be the new Ian Fleming.

In 1973 he married Kate Moffat . Together they raised her two sons from her previous marriage to screenwriter-director Ivan Moffat.

Bibliography

Novels

Zero Always Wins [1961] published under pseudonym Peter Gascoigne.
Out of Focus [1971]
Zoom [1972]
Fisheye [1974]
Triple Exposure Quest #1 [1979]

Footnotes and references

External links
 Obituary
 April Ashley's own memories of Townend
 Brief critical discussion of Townend and Philip Quest on page 16.

1935 births
British spy fiction writers
1999 deaths
20th-century English novelists
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers


The United States national U-19 American football team represents the United States in under-19 international American football competitions.
The US has competed in all 5 of the IFAF Junior World Championship competitions in which they finished in First Place 2 times, Second Place 2 times, and Third Place 1 time. The US has also won the IFAF International Bowl 7 times. They are currently ranked no.2 in the IFAF U-19 rankings. Top competitions for the U-19s are the IFAF Junior World Championship, IFAF International Bowl, and U-19 North American Championships.

Many top NFL players have gone through the U-19 National team, including Chase Young, Jameis Winston, Mac Jones, Dwayne Haskins, Todd Gurley, Trevon Diggs, and Mecole Hardman

Honors

Competitive
IFAF Junior World Championship
 Champions (2): 2009, 2014
 Runners-up (2): 2012, 2016
 Third Place (1): 2018

International Bowl
 Champions (7): 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020

North American Championship
 Champions (1): 2018

NFL Global Junior Championship
 Champions (4): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
 Runners-up (3): 2005, 2006, 2007
 Third Place (1): 2000

Results

NFL Global Junior Championship
 2000 Third Place
 2001 Champions
 2002 Champions
 2003 Champions
 2004 Champions
 2005 Runner-Up
 2006 Runner-Up
 2007 Runner-Up

IFAF Junior World Championship
2009 IFAF Junior World Cup Champions: 41-3 Vs. Canada
2012 IFAF U-19 World Championship Runners Up: 17-23 Vs. Canada
2014 IFAF U-19 World Championship Champions: 40-17 Vs. Canada
2016 IFAF U-19 World Championship Runners Up: 6-24 Vs. Canada
2018 IFAF U-19 World Championship Third Place: 61-9 Vs. Sweden

International Bowl
2014 Champions 43-7 Vs. Canada
2015 Champions 35-0 Vs. Canada
2016 Champions 33-0 Vs. Canada
2017 Champions 33-11 Vs. Canada
2018 Champions 47-7 Vs. Canada
2019 Champions 50-0 Vs. Tamaulipas
2020 Champions 67-0 Vs Panama

North American Championship
2018 Champions 33-11 Vs. Canada

Select team
The US National team also fields a Select team at the U-19 level. The U-19 select team competes at the International Bowl every year.

Select Team International Bowl Records
2016 Runners up 31-13 Vs. Canada
2018 Champions 48-13 Vs. Team Nordic
2019 Champions 53-0 Vs. Nuevo Leon

Rivals

Canada
The U-19's biggest rival is the Canada men's national football team. These 2 teams are widely considered as the two major powerhouses at the U-19 level, with all the U-19 World Championships being won between the two teams. The US leads the all time series 14-6.

Panama
In recent years the US has developed a rivalry with Panama

See also

National men's under-19 American football teams
American football


K-113 is a  north–south state highway entirely within Riley County in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Kansas. It runs from K-18 in southern Manhattan to U.S. Route 24 (US-24), through the city's western areas. In Manhattan, it is named after Seth Child, an early Manhattan pioneer. Most of the highway is four-laned with mixed-access, and serves as a major arterial highway for the city's western portions, as well as traffic accessing Kansas State University's athletic facilities. It is almost wholly inside the Manhattan city limits, and ends near the Riley County shops along US-24 north of Manhattan.

The original K-113 was designated by 1936, and traveled from K-13 west of Bigelow north to K-9 in Blue Rapids. This alignment was decommissioned in late 1958. The current K-113 was first designated in 1957, as US-24 Spur in Manhattan. Then on July 7, 1965, US-24 Spur was renumbered to K-113, and was completed by 1967.

Route description
The road begins at K-18 in the western part of Manhattan with a diverging diamond interchange. The route moves northward through suburbs surrounded by deciduous forests before reaching a diamond interchange with Anderson Avenue and then another with Kimball Avenue, travelling through a more condensed part of town. Passing Washington Marlatt Memorial Park, the road exits town and enters a semi-rural grassland area, ending at a partial interchange with US-24.

The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) tracks the traffic levels on its highways, and in 2018, they determined that on average the traffic varied from 5300 vehicles per day near the northern terminus to 24700 vehicles per day between the southern terminus and Anderson Avenue interchange. The entire length of K-113 is included in the National Highway System, a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. K-113 also connects to the National Highway System at each terminus.

History

Early roads
Before state highways were numbered in Kansas there were auto trails, which were an informal network of marked routes that existed in the United States and Canada in the early part of the 20th century. The northern terminus of K-113 connected to the Roosevelt National Highway and Kansas White Way, and the southern terminus connected to the Golden Belt Highway.

Original alignment

By 1936, the original K-113 was established from K-13 west of Bigelow north to K-9 in Blue Rapids. Then in a November 19, 1958 resolution, K-13 was rerouted to cross the Tuttle Creek Dam and continue northward to K-16 east of Olsburg, and at this time K-113 was decommissioned.

Current alignment
In a September 10, 1957 resolution, the roadway was designated as US-24 Spur from K-18 north, across US-24, to the proposed relocation of US-24. In a November 10, 1960 resolution, this US-24 Spur was extended  north to a proposed K-213. Between 1963 and 1965, US-24 had been relocated north onto the proposed K-213. Then in a July 7, 1965 resolution, US-24 Spur was renumbered to K-113, and was completed by 1967. The northern terminus, US-24, originally overlapped K-177 until 1991. In a January 1, 1991 resolution, K-177 was truncated to the southeast side of Manhattan.

On April 5, 2017, work began to convert the interchange with K-18 into a diverging diamond interchange. The $2.587 million project (equivalent to $ in ) was completed and open to traffic in December 2017.

Major intersections

References

External links

Kansas Department of Transportation State Map
KDOT: Historic State Maps

113
Transportation in Riley County, Kansas
Manhattan, Kansas metropolitan area
U.S. Route 24


Martin Bavidge (born 30 April 1980) is a Scottish retired professional footballer. He played as a forward.

Bavidge started his career with Forres Mechanics in the Highland Football League before going on to play for Inverness Caledonian Thistle, Forfar Athletic, Peterhead and Inverurie Loco Works.

Bavidge has worked in the oil industry since 2003. He missed a Scottish Cup replay against Raith Rovers in December 2009, due to having to travel to Texas to satisfy work commitments. Raith won the game 4–1.

On Tuesday 18 September 2012, Peterhead played at home to Aberdeen in a testimonial match for Bavidge to celebrate ten years of good service to the Balmoor side. The Dons won the game 4–0.

Martin is the father of professional footballer Alfie Bavidge; his own father Mitch also played at a high level, mainly in the Highland League.

References

External links

Living people
1980 births
Footballers from Aberdeen
Scottish men's footballers
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Forfar Athletic F.C. players
Peterhead F.C. players
Inverurie Loco Works F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Men's association football forwards
Highland Football League players
Forres Mechanics F.C. players


The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) is an Indian research institute for the social sciences and humanities. It was founded in 1963 by Rajni Kothari and is largely funded by the Indian Council of Social Science Research Govt of India. It is located in New Delhi, close to Delhi University.

Overview
Kothari left his position as assistant director of the National Institute of Community Development in 1963 to start the CSDS. It was housed initially in a building owned by the Indian Adult Education Association at Indraprastha Estate, Delhi. CSDS later moved in 1966–1967 to its present location.

Library
The library at CSDS started with a few bookshelves in the basement of IAEA and grew up into a full-fledged one by 1970. It is meant primarily for research and higher learning in the field of social sciences and humanities. The collection consists of about 29,000 books and 5,000 bound volumes of journals and a modest set of reports and booklets. More than 130 journals are received regularly. Apart from works on contemporary themes, the library houses a collection of works on Asia and Africa, arms race and peace movement, non-European perspectives, science studies, ecology and environment, and human rights. There is a separate collection of Hindi books covering a broad range of subjects including literature. The access to the collection has been computerized and the catalogue can be accessed through any computer in the centre. The CSDS library is a member of the Developing Libraries Network and the Social Science Libraries Network.

Data unit
The CSDS Data Unit, established in 1965, maintains an archive of survey data on political behaviour and attitudes, spanning over four decades. The unit also holds a number of secondary data sets, especially on elections in India.

Programmes
Programmes in the Centre include:

Lokniti Programme for Comparative Democracy
The Sarai Programme
Indian Language Programme

References

External links

Research institutes in Delhi
Social science research institutes
Organizations established in 1963
Humanities institutes
1963 establishments in Delhi


Modern University for Business and Science (MUBS) is a university in Beirut, Lebanon. MUBS which was founded in 2000, and was previously founded by the Middle East Canadian Academy of Technology (MECAT). MUBS has 5 campuses in Beirut, Damour, Aley, Semkanieh Center, Rashaya, and a community center found in Jal El Dib.

Faculties
The University has three constituent faculties:
 Faculty of Computer & Applied Sciences
 Faculty of Business Administration
 Faculty of Education & Humanities
 Faculty of Health Sciences

Academic Courses
The courses offered at the university include the following:

Undergraduate
 Bachelor of Science in Optometry and Vision Science
 Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
 Bachelor of Science in Computer & Communication Systems
 Bachelor of Science in Information Security
 Bachelor of Science in Computer Network & Data Communications
 Bachelor of Science in Graphic Design
 Bachelor of Science in Accounting
 Bachelor of Science in Banking & Finance
 Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
 Bachelor of Science in Business Information Systems
 Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
 Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Management
 Bachelor of Science in Marketing
 Bachelor of Science in Management
 Bachelor of Science in Economics
 Bachelor of Science in Tourism
 Bachelor of Science in International Business
 Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurship
 Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education
 Bachelor of Arts in Educational Management
 Bachelor of Arts in Math & Sciences
 Bachelor of Arts in Arabic & Social Studies
 Bachelor of Arts in Social Work

Graduate Courses
 Master of Business Administration (MBA)
 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Business Administration
 Master of Computer Science (MCS)

Student Affairs
Among the responsibilities of the office of student affairs of the university, the following activities are covered:

 Elected Student Representative Committees
 Office of Counseling and Guidance
 Career Development Center
 Athletics: (Basketball - Men, Soccer - Men, Table Tennis, Chess, Trap, Volleyball, Martial Arts, Aerobics - Women)

Notable alumni
Aubai Shbib

See also
List of universities in Lebanon

References

External links
  MUBS Homepage

2000 establishments in Lebanon
Educational institutions established in 2000
Universities in Lebanon


taveRNA is a software suite for RNA/DNA secondary structure.  It is developed in the laboratories for computational biology of the School of Computing Science at the Simon Fraser University.  The suite is composed by alteRNA, for RNA density fold computing, inteRNA, for RNA-RNA interaction prediction, piRNA, for predicting the joint partition function, equilibrium concentration, ensemble energy, and melting temperature for two RNA sequences, pRuNA, a sequence based pruning RNA interaction search engine, and smyRNA, a platform independent C program novel ab initio ncRNA finder.

taveRNA is not related to the bioinformatics workflow system Apache Taverna.

References

External links

Bioinformatics software
Simon Fraser University


The Țibleș Mountains (,   or Széples)  are a volcanic mountain range located in Maramureș County, in northern Romania. They belong to the Vihorlat-Gutin Area of the Inner Eastern Carpathians.

They are located at the southern border of historical Maramureș region and they cut off the Maramureș valleys from the rest of Romania. The range's highest peak is Bran Peak, at . The closest town is Dragomirești.

See also

 Romanian Carpathians

References

Sources

External links
 Țibleș Mountains on the geographical map of Maramureș County

Mountain ranges of Romania
Mountain ranges of the Eastern Carpathians


Green Mountain Transit Agency (GMTA) provides public transportation in central Vermont, specifically in Washington and Lamoille counties and parts of Orange County, expanding in 2009 to include Franklin and Grand Isle counties. Their bus routes connect the Capital District, Stowe, Lamoille Valley and the Mad River Valley.

GMTA had an annual ridership of 290,000 in fiscal year 2010, an average of 795 riders, 34 people per route, daily. There are 73 vehicles in their fleet, all of which have bike racks and are wheelchair accessible.

Trip planning is also available on all GMTA routes on Google Maps.

On January 22, 2016, it was announced that the Chittenden County Transportation Authority will be renamed to Green Mountain Transit, completing a merger with the Green Mountain Transit Authority to become a regional system. As of October 2016, the merger has been completed.

Route list

Fares
50% discount fares are available to children ages 6 through 17, seniors at and over the age of 60, and disabled passengers. LINK Express riders are not eligible for any discounts when riding such buses. Bus-to-bus transfers are also available, and are valid one hour after receipt and are not valid for round trips.

Capital District, Mad River Valley and Stowe/Lamoille

Single local fare $1.00
10-ride pass on local routes $9.00
Unlimited ride monthly pass on local routes $33.00
Single fare between towns on commuters $2.00
Single fare within towns on commuters $1.00
10-ride pass $16.00
Monthly commuter pass $67.00
Regional seasonal routes in Stowe/Lamoille are fare free

Franklin/Grand Isle
Single local fare $0.50
10 ride local pass $4.50
Unlimited ride monthly pass $16.50
Single fare between towns on commuters $1.00
Single fare within towns on commuters $0.50
10-ride pass $8.00
Monthly commuter pass $33.50

References

Bus transportation in Vermont


Mike Casey (May 26, 1948-April 9, 2009) was a basketball player for the University of Kentucky Wildcats from 1967 to 1971. Casey was a part of what some consider to be the best recruiting class in UK history (a class which included 11 players, notably Dan Issel, Mike Pratt, Casey, and Terry Mills).  Casey suffered a severely broken leg between his junior and senior year.  Because of this, he had to redshirt what would have been his senior year, which may have cost UK a national championship in 1970. Casey was chosen in 1970 by the Chicago Bulls and later in 1971 by the Cleveland Cavaliers, but never played professionally.

Career

Casey, Kentucky's 'Mr. Basketball' in 1966, finished his career averaging 18.7 points per game, in 82 games played.  The 18.7 points per game he averaged for his career ranks ninth in UK history, one-tenth of a point below Jamal Mashburn.  He also led the Wildcats in free throw shooting in 1968 at 82.3%, and in assists in 1969, with 4.6 per game.

Casey had the honor of being the only man to out-score Dan Issel at the collegiate level; in their sophomore year Casey averaged 20.1 points per game to Issel's 16.4.  His junior year his average dipped to 19.1 points per game.  After redshirting what would have been his senior year, Casey came back to average 17.0 points per game.  His final year he also shot 50.4% from the field.

Former coach Adolph Rupp said:
Casey was the best money player I ever coached.  When there was money on the table, you wanted Mike Casey to have the ball in his hands.

Kentucky's record during Casey's three years was 67–16, an .807 winning percentage.

Casey's Shelby County team defeated Louisville Male 72–67 for the Kentucky State Championship in 1966, which was the same night that UK lost to Texas Western in the national title game.

After basketball
Casey sold industrial chemicals, then worked for Balfour, a company that makes class rings and graduation items, where he later retired.

He died at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, TN after suffering from congestive heart failure since 1988.

References

1948 births
2009 deaths
Basketball players from Kentucky
Chicago Bulls draft picks
Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks
Forwards (basketball)
Guards (basketball)
Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball players
People from Shelby County, Kentucky
Sportspeople from the Louisville metropolitan area
American men's basketball players


Modern Man is the fifth album by jazz fusion bassist Stanley Clarke. "Dayride" from the Return to Forever album No Mystery (1975) was re-recorded for this album. Also included was "More Hot Fun", a sequel to "Hot Fun" from the previous album School Days.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Stanley Clarke, except where noted.

Side one
 "Opening (Statement)" – 4:22
 "He Lives On (Story About the Last Journey of a Warrior)" – 4:24
 "More Hot Fun" – 4:31
 "Slow Dance" – 3:16
 "Interlude: A Serious Occasion" – 0:21
 "Got to Find My Own Place" (Clarke, Michael Garson, Raymond Gomez, Gerry Brown) – 3:17
Side two
 "Dayride" – 4:06
 "Interlude: It's What She Didn't Say" – 1:24
 "Modern Man" – 3:31
 "Interlude: A Relaxed Occasion" – 1:24
 "Rock 'n Roll Jelly" – 5:07
 "Closing (Statement)" – 2:37

Personnel
 Stanley Clarke – double bass, bass guitar, piccolo bass, piano, guitar, vocals
 Mike Garson  –  piano, organ, synthesizer, moog
 Jeff Beck  – guitar on "Rock 'n Roll Jelly"
 Raymond Gomez  – guitar
 Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitar, pedal steel guitar, guitar synthesizer on "He Lives On"
 Carmine Appice  – drums on "Rock 'n Roll Jelly"
 Jeff Porcaro  – drums, percussion
 Gerry Brown  – drums, percussion
 Steve Gadd - cymbal
 Dale Devoe – trombone
 Al Harrison, James Tinsley – piccolo trumpet, trumpet, flügelhorn
 Bobby Malach – tenor saxophone, flute
 Alfie Williams  – soprano saxophone, baritone saxophone, flute
 Rollice Dale, Mark Kovacs, Leonard Selic, Barbara Thomason – viola
 Ron Cooper, Jan Kelly, Niles Oliver, Harry Shultz – cello
 Ronald Clark, Frank Foster, Cynthia Kovacs, Connie Kupka, Debra Price, Alice Sachs, Steve Scharf, Josef Schoenbrun, Sandy Seymour, Marsha Van Dyke, Kenneth Yerke  – violin
 Charles Veal Jr.  – concertmaster, violin
 Dee Dee Bridgewater, Julia Waters, Maxine Waters - vocals

Production
 Stanley Clarke  – producer, arranger
 Ed Thacker  – engineer
 Art Bechtel, Brian Leshon, Christopher Gregg, Gary J. Coppola, Michael Frondelli, Paul Aronoff – assistant engineer
 Norman Seeff – photography
 Ed Lee – cover design

References

1978 albums
Stanley Clarke albums
Epic Records albums
Jazz-funk albums
Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios
Albums produced by Stanley Clarke


Norman Harvey Stamper (born 1944) is an American former chief of police, writer, law enforcement consultant, and advocate for criminal justice reform.

Biography
Stamper is known for his role as Chief of the Seattle Police Department (1994–2000) responsible for Seattle's contested response to the protests of the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which eventually led to his resignation. Stamper has expressed regret about his decisions at the time. When discussing the use of chemical agents such as tear gas Stamper declared it was a mistake and added "the chief in me should have said, 'For the greater good, we ought not to have brought those chemical agents out. We ought not to have, I think, raised the stakes.'" Stamper also blamed outward agents for the failures of his police force, declaring Eugene anarchists committed the majority of the anti-capitalist activism in Seattle.

He was a police officer for 34 years, the first 28 in San Diego before moving to Seattle, and has a doctorate in Leadership and Human Behavior. He is the author of many articles and op-eds (The New York Times, The New Yorker, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, AlterNet, among others). He has appeared on numerous national television and radio programs, including The Colbert Report, The O'Reilly Factor, and shows hosted by Amy Goodman, Cornel West, Mike Huckabee, and others. He is also a blogger for The Huffington Post.

Since his resignation, Stamper has called for the legalization of all drugs and the case-by-case release of persons incarcerated for nonviolent drug offenses. He serves as an advisory board member for Law Enforcement Against Prohibition as well as the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. He has also starred in the documentary The Union: The Business Behind Getting High.

He also serves on the Constitution Project's Death Penalty Committee as well as Death Penalty Focus, organizations working to end executions. He was a founding member of the National Advisory Council on the Violence Against Women Act, and is committed to eradicating domestic violence, child abuse, and sexual assault.

Stamper is the author of a book entitled Breaking Rank: A Top Cop's Exposé of the Dark Side of American Policing. In 2016, he authored To Protect and Serve: How to Fix America's Police.

In response to the Occupy movement, he has reiterated his regret about how he handled the protests in Seattle, and publicly stated the need to create an alternative to what he termed "the paramilitary bureaucracy that is American policing", stating no change will happen "unless, even as we cull 'bad apples' from our police forces, we recognize that the barrel itself is rotten".

References

1944 births
American cannabis activists
American non-fiction writers
Living people
Chiefs of the Seattle Police Department


Corey House may refer to:

Knight-Corey House, Boothbay, Maine, listed on the NRHP in Maine
Timothy Corey House No. 1, Brookline, MA, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Timothy Corey House No. 2, Brookline, MA, listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
Corey House (Bridger, Montana), listed on the NRHP in Montana
Corey Farm, Dublin, NH, listed on the NRHP in New Hampshire
Corey House/Hotel, Grove, OK, listed on the NRHP in Oklahoma


The following is a list persons who have held the chairs of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. The number of chaired positions, and their subject areas, have evolved since the creation of the original twelve chairs, some being subdivided into two positions and others removed. (Titles translated)

 Animal Anatomy
 1793 to 1802: Jean-Claude Mertrud
 1802 to 1832: Georges Cuvier. This chair was renamed Comparative Anatomy.
Comparative Anatomy
 1832 to 1850: Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
 1850 to 1855: Georges Louis Duvernoy
 1855 to 1868: Etienne Serres
 1868 to 1879: Paul Gervais
 1879 to 1894: Georges Pouchet
 1894 to 1902: Henri Filhol
 1903 to 1921: Edmond Perrier
 1922 to 1941: Raoul Anthony
 1942: Empty
 1943 to 1960: Jacques Millot
 1961: Empty
 1962 to 1984: Jean Anthony
 1984 to 2001: Empty
Human Anatomy
 1793 to 1832: Antoine Portal
 1832 to 1838: Pierre Flourens. This chair was renamed Anatomy and Natural History of Man.
 Anatomy and Natural History of Man
 1839 to 1855: Etienne Serres. This chair was renamed Anthropology.
 Anthropology
 1855 to 1892: Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau
 1892 to 1908: Ernest Hamy
 1909 to 1927: René Verneau
 1928 to 1936: Paul Rivet. This chair was renamed Ethnology of Modern Man and Fossilized Man when the Musée de l'Homme was created.
 Ethnology of Modern Man and Fossilized Man
 1937 to 1940: Paul Rivet
 1941 to 1944: Henri Vallois
 1945 to 1949: Paul Rivet
 1950 to 1959: Henri Vallois
 1960 to 1967: Henri Vallois. This chair was renamed Anthropology and Ethnology.
 Anthropology and ethnology
 1968 to 1970: Robert Gessain. This chair was renamed Anthropology.
 Anthropology
 1970 to 1979: Robert Gessain
 1980 to 1983: Yves Coppens
 1983 to 1985: unknown
 Comparative Physiology
 1837-1838: Frédéric Cuvier
 1838-1867: Pierre Flourens. This chair was exchanged with the chair of General Physiology by the faculty of Sciences in Paris.
 1868-1879: Claude Bernard
Chemistry
 1779 to 1793: Antoine-Louis Brongniart
 1804 to 1830: Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
 1830 to 1850: Michel Eugène Chevreul. This chair was renamed Chemistry as Applied to Organic Compounds (Organic Chemistry).
 Chemistry as Applied to Organic Compounds
 1850 to 1889: Michel Eugène Chevreul
 1890 to 1915: Léon-Albert Arnaud
 1915 to 1919: unknown
 1919 to 1925: Louis-Jacques Simon
 1926 to 1927: unknown
 1928 to 1936: Richard Fosse. This chair joined with the chair of botany to become the chair of Organic and Physical Chemistry of Plants.
 Organic and Physical Chemistry of Plants
 1936 to 1940: Richard Fosse
 1941: unknown. This chair was renamed Chemistry as Applied to Organic Compounds.
 Chemistry as Applied to Organic Compounds
 1941 to 1957: Charles Sannié
 1958 to 1967: Charles Mentzer
 1968: unknown
 1969 to 1989: Darius Molho
 1989 to 2001: not assigned

General Chemistry
 1793 to 1809: Antoine-François Fourcroy
 1809 to 1811: unknown
 1811 to 1832: André Laugier
 1832 to 1850: Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac. This chair was renamed Chemistry as Applied to Inorganic Compounds.
 Chemistry as Applied to Inorganic Compounds
 1850 to 1892: Edmond Frémy. This chair was removed.
Plants in the Countryside (literal translation)
 1793 to 1826: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu
 1826 to 1853: Adrien-Henri de Jussieu. This chair was removed and replaced by the chair of paleontology.
Botany in the Museum
 1793 to 1833: René Desfontaines
 1833 to 1857: Adolphe Brongniart. This chair was renamed Botany and Plant Physiology.
 Botany and Plant Physiology
 1857 to 1874: Adolphe Brongniart. This chair was renamed Botany, Organology and Plant Physiology.
 Botany, Organology and Plant Physiology
 1874 to 1876: Adolphe Brongniart
 1876 to 1879: unknown
 1879 to 1914: Philippe Van Tieghem
 1914 to 1918: unknown
 1919 to 1932: Julien Noël Costantin
 1933: unknown. This chair was renamed Comparative Anatomy of Current Plants and Fossils and was removed in 1934. It was restored in 1937.
 Comparative Anatomy of Current Plants and Fossils
 1938 to 1944: Paul Bertrand
 1945 to 1958: Auguste Loubière. This chair was changed to Plant Physics.
 Plant Physics
 1857 to 1897: Georges Ville
 1898 to 1925: Léon Maquenne
 1926 to 1931: Marc Bridel
 1931 to 1934: unknown. This chair was removed in 1935. It was restored in 1959.
 1959 to 1960: Pierre Donzelot
 1961 to 1962: Charles Sadron. This chair was renamed Biophysics.
 Biophysics
 1962 to 1975: Charles Sadron
 1976 to 2001: Claude Hélène
 Botany (Classification and Natural Families)
 1874 to 1905: Édouard Bureau. After the creation of the chair of Botany (Classification and Natural Families of Cryptogams), this chair was reduced to the Phanerogams (Spermatophytes).
 Botany (Classification and Natural Families of Phanerogams
 1906 to 1931: Henri Lecomte
 1931 to 1933: Jean-Henri Humbert. This chair was renamed Phanerogamy.
 Phanerogamy
 1933 to 1957: Jean-Henri Humbert
 1958 to 1968: André Aubréville
 1969 to 1985: Jean-François Leroy.
 1986 to 2001: Philippe Morat
 Botany (Classification and Natural Families of Cryptogams
 1905 to 1931: Louis Mangin
 1932 to 1932: Pierre Allorge. This chair was renamed Cryptogamy.
 Cryptogamy
 1933 to 1944: Pierre Allorge
 1945 to 1973: Roger Heim
 1974: unknown
 1975 to 1982: Suzanne Jovet-Ast
 1983 to 2001: not assigned
 Horticulture (Agriculture and Culture of Gardens, Vineyards and Orchards)
 1793 to 1824: André Thouin
 1825 to 1828: Louis-Augustin Bosc d’Antic
 1828 to 1850: Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel
 1850 to 1882: Joseph Decaisne
 1883: unknown
 1884 to 1901: Maxime Cornu
 1901 to 1919: Julien Costantin
 1920 to 1932: Désiré Bois
 1932 to 1956: André Guillaumin
 1956 to 1956: unknown. This chair was renamed Applied Plant Biology.
 Applied Plant Biology
 1961 to 1985: Jean-Louis Hamel
 Ecology and the Protection of Nature
 1955 to 1958: Georges Kuhnholtz-Lordat. This chair was renamed General Ecology.
 General Ecology.
 1960 to 1962: Paul Rémy
 1963 to 1983: Claude Delamare-Deboutteville. In 1983 this chair was transformed into the Service for the Conservation of Nature whose first person in charge was François Terrasson.

Zoology (Quadrupeds, Cetacea, Birds, Reptiles, Fish)
 1793 to 1794: Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. This chair was subdivided into two chairs:
Zoology (Mammals and Birds)
 1794 to 1841: Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
 1841 to 1861: Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
 1862 to 1876: Henri Milne Edwards
 1876 to 1900: Alphonse Milne-Edwards
 1900 to 1906: Émile Oustalet
 1906 to 1926: Édouard Trouessart
 1926 to 1947: Édouard Bourdelle
 1948: unknown
 1949 to 1962: Jacques Berlioz
 1963: not assigned
 1964 to 1985: Jean Dorst
 1985 to 2001: not assigned
Zoology (Reptiles and Fish)
 1795 to 1825: Bernard Germain Étienne de Laville-sur-Illon, comte de Lacépède. (N.b. 1825 is the year of Lacépède's death, but actually Duméril replaced him in the chair of zoology as early as 1803 because Lacépède, who was occupied with his political appointments, relinquished his professorship.
 1825 to 1857: André Marie Constant Duméril
 1857 to 1870: Auguste Duméril
 1870 to 1875: Émile Blanchard (who held the chair during a period of transition)
 1875 to 1909: Léon Vaillant
 1910 to 1937: Louis Roule
 1937 to 1943: Jacques Pellegrin
 1944 to 1956: Léon Bertin
 1957 to 1975: Jean Guibé. This chair was subdivided: The fish were transferred to the chair of Dynamics of Aquatic Populations and became the chair of General and Applied Ichthyology. This chair was then renamed Zoology (Reptiles and Amphibians).
 Zoology (Reptiles and Amphibians)
 1977 to 1998: Édouard-Raoul Brygoo
 1998 to 2001: not assigned
 Dynamics of Aquatic Populations
 1975: Jacques Daget. This chair was renamed General and Applied Ichthyology.
 General and Applied Ichthyology
 1976 to 1984: Jacques Daget
 1985 to 2001: Marie-Louise Bauchot (de facto in office although not officially recognised)

Zoology (Insects, Worms and Microscopic Animals)
 1793 to 1829: Jean-Baptist de Lamarck. With his death, this chair was subdivided into two chairs:
 Natural History of Shellfish, Arachnids and the Insects or Articulated Animals
 1830 to 1833: Pierre André Latreille
 1833 to 1841: Victor Audouin
 1841 to 1862: Henri Milne Edwards
 1864 to 1894: Émile Blanchard
 1895 to 1917: Eugène Louis Bouvier. This chair is then restricted to only insects and is renamed Entomology.
 Entomology
 1917 to 1931: Eugène Louis Bouvier
 1931 to 1950: René Jeannel
 1951 to 1955: Lucien Chopard
 1956 to 1960: Eugène Séguy
 1961: unknown
 1962 to 1963: Alfred Balachowsky. This chair is renamed General and Applied Entomology.
 General and Applied Entomology
 1963 to 1974: Alfred Balachowsky
 1975 to 1987: Jacques Carayon
 1987 to 2000: Claude Caussanel
 2000 to 2001: Loïc Matile
 Natural History of Mollusks, Worms and Zoophytes
 1830 to 1832: Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
 1832 to 1865: Achille Valenciennes
 1865 to 1869: Henri de Lacaze-Duthiers
 1869 to 1875: Gérard Paul Deshayes
 1876 to 1903: Edmond Perrier
 1903 to 1917: Louis Joubin. This chair is then restricted to mollusks and zoophytes is renamed Malacology.
 Malacology
 1917 to 1935: Louis Joubin
 1935 to 1942: Louis Germain
 1943 to 1970: Édouard Fischer-Piette. This chair is then attached to that of Biology of Marine Invertebrates.
 Biology of Marine Invertebrates
 1966 to 2001: Claude Lévi
 Zoology (Worms and Crustaceans)
 1917 to 1937: Charles Gravier
 1938 to 1954: Louis Fage
 1955 to 1955: Max Vachon. The worms were separated from the arthropods. The chair of Zoology (Arthropods) was then created.
 Zoology (Worms)
 1960 to 1990: Alain Chabaud
 Zoology (Arthropods)
 1960 to 1978: Max Vachon
 1979 to 2001: Yves Coineau
 Entomology of Colonial Agriculture
 1942 to 1958 Paul Vayssière. This chair was then renamed Entomology of Tropical Agriculture.
 Entomology of Tropical Agriculture
 1958 to 1960 Paul Vayssière. This chair was then removed.
Mineralogy
 1793 to 1800: Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton
 1800 to 1802: Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu
 1802 to 1822: René Just Haüy
 1822 to 1847: Alexandre Brongniart
 1847 to 1857: Armand Dufrénoy
 1857 to 1876: Gabriel Delafosse
 1876 to 1892: Alfred Des Cloizeaux
 1893 to 1936: Alfred Lacroix
 1937 to 1967: Jean Orcel
 1968 to 1980: Jacques Fabriès
 1980 to 2001: not assigned
 Geology
 1793 to 1819: Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond
 1819 to 1861: Louis Cordier
 1861 to 1891: Auguste Daubrée
 1892 to 1919: Stanislas-Étienne Meunier
 1920: unknown
 1921 to 1940: Paul Lemoine
 1941 to 1962: René Abrard
 1963 to 1980: Robert Laffitte
 1980 to 2001: Lucien Leclaire
Physics as Applied to the Natural Sciences
 1838 to 1877: Antoine-César Becquerel
 1878 to 1891: Edmond Becquerel
 1892 to 1908: Henri Becquerel
 1909 to 1948: Jean Becquerel
 1949 to 1977: Yves Le Grand. This chair was then combined with the chair of Physical-Chemistry of Biological Adaptation.
Natural Iconography or the Art of Drawing and Painting all the Things of Nature
 1793 to 1822 Gérard van Spaendonck. This chair is then removed.

References

 Jean Dorst (dir.), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 253 p., Fernand Nathan, Paris, 1980,
 Yves Laissus, Le Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Gallimard, Paris, 1995
 Stéphane Déligeorges, Alexandre Gady et Françoise Labalette, Le Jardin des Plantes et le Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Monum, Paris, 2004, 64 p,
 Annuaire et sites du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 40 p., MNHN, Paris, rééditions décennales.

Museum national d'histoire naturelle
Museums