Disposable food packaging comprises disposable products often found in fast-food restaurants, take-out restaurants and catering establishments. Typical products are foam food containers, plates, bowls, cups, utensils, doilies and tray papers. These products can be made from a number of materials including plastics, paper, bioresins, wood and bamboo.

Packaging of fast food and take-out food involves a significant amount of material that ends up in landfill, recycling, composting or litter.

History
The paper plate was invented by the German bookbinder Hermann Henschel in Luckenwalde in 1867.

In 1908, Samuel J. Crumbine was a public health officer in Kansas. He was on a train when he witnessed one of his tuberculosis patients taking a drink of water from a common dipper and water bucket (a publicly shared way of drinking water) in the car. Right behind his patient was a young girl who drank from the same dipper and bucket. This inspired him to launch a crusade to ban publicly shared or common utensils in public places. Taking note of the trend, Lawrence Luellen and Hugh Moore invented a disposable paper cup called the "Health Cup" and later renamed the  "Dixie Cup".

Single-use cone cups were followed by the commercialization of single-use plates and bowls, wooden cutlery, and paper food wraps. By the 1930s these products were widely used to feed the men and women who worked on the remote dams, bridges and roads of the Works Progress Administration. In the 1940s they were used to feed defense factory workers.

After World War II, foodservice packaging materials like plastic and polystyrene foam were developed. The unique properties of these materials (insulation and weight reduction) and their ability to be made into a variety of shapes and sizes, provided foodservice operators, and consumers, with a wider variety of packaging choices.

A major development in disposable foodservice packaging happened in 1948 when the newly founded McDonald's restaurant closed to revamp its menu. Along with changing their menu items, the restaurant wanted to change the way it handled dishwashing and dishwashers, car hops and wait staff, and storage, breakage and (customer) theft of tableware. When the McDonald's re-opened six months later, its meals were no longer served with the use of glasses, plates or cutlery, and were taken away from the restaurant by the customers.

Sanitation
The use of disposable foodservice packaging is a step toward preventing foodborne disease. By being used only once, these products help reduce food contamination and the spread of diseases.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Food Code authoritatively spells out the sanitary and health advantages of single-use foodservice packaging in specific situations: "A food establishment without facilities...for cleaning and sanitizing kitchenware and tableware shall provide only single-use kitchenware, single-service articles, and single-use articles for use by food employees and single-service articles for use by consumers." The Food Code further states "in situations in which the reuse of multiuse items could result in foodborne illness to consumers, single-service and single-use articles must be used to ensure safety."

Materials
Disposable foodservice packaging can be made from a number of materials, each with its own uses and benefits.

Aluminum
Aluminum is used to manufacture foils, wraps, bags, containers, and trays.

Plastics

Many disposable foodservice products can be made of plastic or plastic-coated paper: cups, plates, bowls, trays, food containers and cutlery, for example. Plastics are used because the material is lightweight and holds the temperature of hot/cold food and beverages. Foamed polystyrene (sometimes referred to as Styrofoam) is in one of the most common types of plastics used for foodservice packaging, in the form of the foam food container. Non-foamed polystyrene is sometimes also used for utensils or plastic plates. Polyethylene and other plastics are also used.

Plastic wrap is sometimes used to cover a tray of food.

Many plastics are marked with the SPI recycling codes for identification.

Paper and paperboard

Disposable foodservice products made from paper, paperboard, and corrugated fiberboard:  including cups, plates, bowls, napkins, carryout bags, trays, egg cartons, doilies and tray liners. Some paper products are coated - mostly with plastic - or treated to improve wet strength or grease resistance. Paper and paperboard packaging like pizza trays, French fry trays, Chinese noodle soup boxes, hamburger clamshell trays, etc., are developed by printers utilizing paper-converting equipment such as tray formers.

Molded pulp  products are made from recycled newsprint and are formed under heat and pressure into plates, bowls, trays and cup carriers. Molded pulp is readily recyclable.

Wood and bamboo

In recent years, manufacturers have been working on developing more sustainable alternatives to traditional plastic products. Amongst them are plates and cutlery made from bamboo and wood (mostly birch). Throughout the entire life cycle of wood products, there can be far fewer environmental repercussions than with traditional plastics, and possibly fewer with bioplastics like PLA, which composts into lactic acid. Wooden  products decompose on average in the matter of a few months. Currently wood and bamboo products are more costly than traditional plastics and not as widely available, which makes it challenging for some restaurants to switch.

Alternative materials
A number of manufacturers are now making disposable foodservice products from a combination of natural starches, recycled fibers, water, air, and natural minerals. These composite products include cups, plates, bowls, cutlery, sandwich wraps, food containers and trays. Ideally these products are easily biodegradable and composted after use.

The material used to make these kinds of disposable foodservice products is primarily PLA or polylactic acid. Some products are made from a mixture of PLA and pulp fibers that are molded into disposable foodservice items with heat and pressure. Others are made from a composite or mixture of starch and other materials, such as limestone and recycled fibers, to give them additional strength.

Areca palm plates are made from dry fallen leaves from the Areca catechu palm (betel tree). This trees shed the old dried leaves along with their sheath. These sheaths are separated from leaves and sent to the factory. The sheaths are then soaked and washed in clean water to remove the dust and sand particles. The sheaths are hot pressed and made into areca palm plates, bowls and food containers. Compared to other disposable items, areca palm products are 100% natural, eco-friendly. No synthetic adhesives or binders used in the manufacturing.

Cost
By reducing the need for equipment and additional labor, disposable foodservice packaging is an economical alternative to multiuse items and eliminates the need for dishwashers and other support equipment (racks, carts, dollies, shelving, bins). It can also save money on water and energy used by dishwashers and can eliminate the need to replace reusables that are broken, damaged, stolen or accidentally discarded.

Other economics
Disposable tableware was a key part of the business strategy of chain fast food restaurants in the US. In order for the business model to work, fast food chains, notably McDonald's, had to convince consumers through advertising campaigns to carry their own tableware to a waste bins, in order to avoid labor expenses incurred in clearing tables. By establishing a custom in which customers are encouraged to carry disposables, some of the internal costs of the disposable tableware can be offset.

Environmental concerns

Comparison with washable foodservice products
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, paper and plastic foodservice packaging discarded in the country's municipal solid waste stream accounted 1.3 percent in 2007 (by weight) of municipal solid waste. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also says that an often-cited waste prevention measure is the use of washable plates, cups, and napkins instead of the disposable variety.

While this will reduce solid waste, it will have other environmental effects, such as increased water and energy use. Overall, reusable dishware – even if only offered to customers for on-site use – is considered to be the best environmental choice.

Cost of recycling
Collection costs, the value of scrap material, and increased energy expenditures create an additional economic barrier to recycling foodservice packaging. While recycling foodservice packaging is difficult, recycled materials are being used in some foodservice packaging.

Environmental footprint
Many people are working on reducing the environmental footprint of packaging for food service. Often a Life-cycle assessment is valuable to determine the effects throughout the entire system. Some actions include:
 Packaging of incoming food and supplies can work towards the broad sustainable packaging guidelines offered by many organizations. This includes the recycling of packaging generated within the restaurant.
 Packaging products used by the restaurant can include specified amounts of recycled content in the products.
 Many packaging products can be compostable, but care is needed to match the needs of  regional composting facilities. Sometimes products can be certified to meet international standards such as ASTM International D6400, ASTM D6868, and EN 13432.
 Some single-use food packaging is recyclable but food contamination of products is often a problem for recyclers.

Illusion of recycling and "recyclable" claims

Disposable-product manufacturers frequently include "recyclable" or "please recycle" indicia on their products; however the availability and effectiveness of such recycling campaigns is limited. A common approach of restaurants featuring disposable tableware is to label one or more of their waste bins as "recycling", although realistically, the amount of washing required for effective recycling would make such "recycling" unrealistic. In addition to greenwashing, these approaches are intended to encourage consumers to buy disposable tableware. Some experts view a total ban of single-use packaging as the only solution. For example, the Chinese government stated that by the end of 2020, non-degradable bags will be banned in major cities, and by 2022, the policy will come into force in smaller settlements.

Bans and charges

In the European Union (EU), the Directive on single-use plastics (SUPD, EU 2019/904), in force since 3 July 2021, bans the retail sale of disposable food packaging items. The ban applies in the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway (not in Switzerland), and the following items are banned:

 cutlery (forks, knives, spoons, and chopsticks);
 plates;
 beverage stirrers;
 food containers made of expanded polystyrene (i.e. boxes, with or without a cover) for immediate consumption without any further preparation, typically consumed from the container or ready to be consumed without further preparation;
 beverage containers made of expanded polystyrene, including their caps and lids; and
 cups for beverages made of expanded polystyrene, including their covers and lids.

In Germany, in 2022 Tübingen was the first city to introduce a charge on single-use food packaging, to be paid by local restaurants. A Germany-wide tax on single-use plastic manufacturers was enacted in 2023, with the first levies due in 2025.

See also

 Military rations

Notes

Food packaging
Fast food
Disposable products
Food waste
Single-serve containers


Cristina Favre-Moretti, née Moretti (born 26 August 1963) is a Swiss ski mountaineer, long-distance runner and mountain biker. Her twin sister Isabella Crettenand-Moretti also competes in endurance sport events.

Selected results

Ski mountaineering
 1998:
 1st and course record, Tour de Matterhorn (together with Catherine Mabillard and Sandra Zimmerli)
 2003:
 1st, European Championship single race
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Catherine Mabillard)
 1st, European Championship combination ranking
 1st, Dolomiti Cup team (together with Catherine Mabillard)
 2004:
 1st, World Championship single race
 1st, World Championship vertical race)
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Catherine Mabillard)
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Catherine Mabillard and Isabella Crettenand-Moretti)
 1st, World Championship combination ranking
 1st, Transcavallo race team
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Isabella Crettenand-Moretti
 2005:
 1st, European Championship single race
 1st, European Championship vertical race
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Isabella Favre-Moretti)
 1st, European Championship relay race (together with Isabella Crettenand-Moretti and Gabrielle Magnenat)
 1st, European Championship combination ranking

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2003: 1st, together with Chiara Raso and Arianna Follis

Pierra Menta

 2004: 1st, together with Catherine Mabillard
 2005: 1st, together with Isabella Crettenand-Moretti

Patrouille des Glaciers

 1998: 1st and course record, together with Catherine Mabillard and Sandra Zimmerli
 2000: 1st, together with Catherine Mabillard and Sandra Zimmerli
 2004: 1st, together with Catherine Mabillard and Isabella Crettenand-Moretti
 2008: 3rd, together with Catherine Mabillard and Isabella Crettenand-Moretti

Mountain biking
 2002: 1st, Grand Raid Cristalp, 76 km course

Running
 2010:
 1st, Iron-Terrific, Crans-Montana

References

1963 births
Living people
Swiss female ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
Swiss female long-distance runners
Swiss mountain bikers
Swiss female cyclists


Nikos-Georgios Stratakis (born 11 December 1983 in Piraeus) is a Greek professional football midfielder who plays for Greek second division side Ethnikos Piraeus F.C.

Stratakis signed with Diagoras F.C. on a free transfer from Asteras Tripolis in the summer of 2009.

References

External links
Profile at The Football League's website

1983 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Piraeus


William Hone may refer to:
William Hone, writer
William Hone (cricketer) (1842–1919), cricketer
William Hone Junior, cricketer


Heart Exeter and Torbay were part of the Heart Network of commercial local radio stations operated by Global Radio in the United Kingdom. The stations were launched on 23 March 2009, and replaced Gemini FM, which was the previous commercial radio station for the Exeter and Torbay areas in Devon.

Heart Torbay transmitted from Beacon Hill, near Torbay on 96.4 MHz FM. Heart Exeter transmitted from Exeter St Thomas on 97.0 FM, and Stockland Hill, near Honiton on 103.0 FM. They were also available on DAB digital radio and online via their respective websites. Both stations were replaced by Heart Devon, broadcast from Exeter, on Friday 27 August 2010.

History

DevonAir Radio
The first commercial local radio station for the Exeter and Torbay areas was DevonAir Radio, which was launched in November 1980. The station broadcast from studios in St. David's Hill, Exeter, and overlooking the harbour in Torquay. DevonAir was initially successful, but financial problems resulted in a takeover by Capital Radio in 1987. In October 1993 the station lost its franchise and closed on 31 December 1994, leading to the creation of Gemini FM.

Gemini FM
Launched on 1 January 1995, Gemini Radio was owned by the Orchard Media Group. The station was later bought by the GWR Group, which became part of GCap Media in May 2005. Gemini FM continued to broadcast from studios in Exeter and Torquay, although as with DevonAir, most of the programming was sourced from the studio in Exeter.

Heart rebranding
In September 2008, it was announced that Gemini FM was to become Heart as part of a national rebranding exercise by new owners Global Radio. Broadcasts from the Torquay harbourside studio ceased, and the programmes for both stations were produced at the studio in Exeter.

Network restructuring
On 21 June 2010, Global Radio announced that Heart Exeter and Torbay would be merged with Heart Plymouth, Heart North Devon and Heart South Devon as part of plans to reduce the Heart network of stations from 33 to 16. The new station, Heart South West, began broadcasting from Exeter on 27 August 2010.

See also
BBC Radio Devon
Heart Plymouth
Palm 105.5

References

External links
 Beacon Hill mast
 Exeter St Thomas mast
 Stockland Hill mast
 News item about launch of Heart Exeter and Torbay

Companies based in Devon
Radio stations established in 1995
Radio stations in Devon
Exeter
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations disestablished in 2010
Mass media in Exeter
Torbay


GTunnel is a Windows application developed by Garden Networks which sets up a local HTTP or SOCKS proxy server which tunnels traffic through their server farm before it reaches its intended destination.

Features
GTunnel protects Internet users' privacy and freedom of speech in these ways:
User's IP address is hidden and user's Internet privacy protected. The destination servers see GTunnel server addresses instead.
Traffic content is encrypted with industry-strength algorithms between the user's PC and GTunnel servers so the local filtering/censorship systems will not see the content in clear-text format.

GTunnel version 1.1 provides a standard mode, which is the main working mode and provides the best data transfer performance by connecting to the back-end servers directly, a Skype mode, and a Tor mode that go through computers in these P2P network. GTunnel also has an improved user interface which features real-time traffic graphs.

GTunnel replaces the earlier Garden and G2 client software and becomes the main client software of Garden Networks.

GTunnel works on Linux through Wine support.

A Diagram of GTunnel's Working Modes

See also
 Garden Networks
 Freegate
 Ultrasurf

References

External links
 http://gardennetworks.org/download
Download latest version of GTunnel from TechSpot.com

Internet censorship in China
Proxy servers
Anonymity networks
Internet privacy software
Windows Internet software


Shaker Museum may refer to a museum about Shakers in the United States:

 Shaker Museum  Mount Lebanon, in New Lebanon, New York
 Enfield Shaker Museum, in Enfield, New Hampshire
 Shaker Museum at South Union, in Auburn, Kentucky
 Shaker Historical Museum, in Shaker Heights, Ohio

See also
 Fruitlands Museum, a Shaker museum in Harvard, Massachusetts

Shaker Museum


The 2003–04 Pro Tour season was the ninth season of the Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour. On 23 August 2003 the season began with parallel Grand Prixs in Yokohama and London. It ended on 5 September 2004 with the conclusion of the 2004 World Championship in San Francisco. Beginning with this season Wizards of the Coast moved the Pro Tour schedule farther backwards in the year to synchronize it with the calendar year. The season consisted of 26 Grand Prixs and 7 Pro Tours, held in Boston, New Orleans, Amsterdam, Kobe, San Diego, Seattle, and San Francisco. Also the Master Series tournaments were discontinued and replaced by payout at the end of the year based on the Pro Player of the year standings. At the end of the season Gabriel Nassif was proclaimed Pro Player of the year, the first player after Kai Budde's three-year-domination period, and also the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season.

Grand Prixs – Yokohama, London, Atlanta

GP Yokohama (23–24 August)
Format: Block Constructed
 Shu Komuro
 Kazuki Kato
 Masashiro Kuroda
 Yuichi Yamagishi
 Masahiko Morita
 Shuhei Nakamura
 Kazuyuki Momose
 Yusuke Osaka

GP London (23–24 August)
Format: Block Constructed
 Diego Ostrovich
 Yann Hamon
 Mario Pascoli
 Eivind Nitter
 Antonino De Rosa
 Jose Barbero
 Josh Rider
 Frank Karsten

GP Atlanta (30–31 August)
Format: Standard
 Marco Blume
 Matt Linde
 Joshua Wagener
 Keith McLaughlin
 Zvi Mowshowitz
 Keith Thompson
 Sean Buckley
 Tim Bonneville

Pro Tour – Boston (12–14 September 2003)

"Phoenix Foundation" had its third consecutive Pro Tour Top 4 appearance, but this time they were eliminated by eventual champions "The Brockafellars". The team consisting of William Jensen, Matt Linde, and Brock Parker had allegedly not done a single practice draft in the format.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $200,100
Players: 399 (133 teams)
Format: Team Sealed (Onslaught, Legions, Scourge) – first day, Team Rochester Draft (Onslaught-Legions-Scourge) – final two days
Head Judge: Collin Jackson

Top 4

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Genova, Sydney, Kansas City, Lyon

GP Genova (13–14 September)
Format: Block Constructed
 Reinhard Blech
 Jan Doise
 Stefano Fiore
 André Müller
 Simone Carboni
 Alessandro Vegna
 Marco Benifei
 Martin Heidemann

GP Sydney (4–5 October)
Format: Rochester Draft
 Andrew Grain
 Andrew Gordon
 Lenny Collins
 Itaru Ishida
 Shun Jiang
 Jake Hart
 Daniel Turner
 Tim He

GP Kansas City (18–19 October)
Format: Rochester Draft
 Antonino De Rosa
 Nathan Heiss
 Ben Stark
 Brian Kibler
 Michael Krumb
 Gerry Thompson
 Justin Smith
 Jonathan Cassidy

GP Lyon (25–26 October)
Format: Rochester Draft
 Yann Hamon
 Bruno Carvalho
 Daniel Madan
 Jeroen Remie
 Kevin Desprez
 Loïc Degrau
 Sebastien Bernaud
 Jelger Wiegersma

Pro Tour – New Orleans (31 October – 2 November 2003)

After finishing second with his team in Boston, Rickard Österberg returned to win Pro Tour New Orleans. The Extended format of New Orleans is considered to be one of the most powerful of all time and Österberg's deck was built around the soon to be banned card , too.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $200,130
Players: 318
Format: Extended
Head Judge: Mike Guptil

Top 8

* Hamon and Labarre both had to catch a flight on the morning of the Top 8 and did not want to book two new flights. They thus played an unofficial match at their hotel on the preceding evening to decide who would officially concede to the other. Hamon won 3–2.

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Shizuoka, Gothenburg, Munich, Anaheim

GP Shizuoka (8–9 November)
Format: Rochester Draft
 Kazuki Katou
 Satoshi Harada
 Koichiro Maki
 Tomohide Sasagawa
 Kei Ikeda
 Ken'Ichi Fujita
 Ryouma Shiozu
 Yusuke Sasaki

GP Gothenburg (22–23 November)
Format: Rochester Draft
 Jelger Wiegersma
 Tommi Hovi
 Daniel Bertelsen
 Kai Budde
 Sam Gomersall
 Daniel Zink
 David Linder
 Benjamin Lindqvist

GP Munich (6–7 December)
Format: Rochester Draft
 Yann Hamon
 Reinhard Blech
 Georgios Kapalas
 Stefan Schwaiger
 Tobias Kroll
 Hannes Scholz
 Steven Gouin
 Dirk Hein

GP Anaheim (13–14 December)
Format: Extended
 Ben Rubin
 Nathan Saunders
 Nick Meves
 Peter Szigeti
 Ben Stark
 Paul Rietzl
 Blake Quelle
 Gerard Fabiano

Pro Tour – Amsterdam (16–18 January 2004)

Norwegian Nicolai Herzog defeated Osamu Fujita in the finals to win Pro Tour Amsterdam. Other than Fujita and Herzog the final eight included only accomplished players with at least one other lifetime Pro Tour final day appearance.

Tournament data

Players: 347
Prize Pool: $200,130
Format: Rochester Draft (Mirrodin)
Head Judge: Gijsbert Hoogendijk

Top 8

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Okayama, Oakland, Madrid

GP Okayama (24–25 January)
Format: Extended
 Kazuya Shiki
 Itaru Ishida
 Akira Asahara
 SangRyeol Lee
 Shinsuke Hayashi
 Asuka Doi
 Chikara Nakajima
 Kazura Hirabayashi

GP Oakland (7–8 February)
Format: Sealed and Booster Draft
 Ken Ho
 Dave Humpherys
 Mike Turian
 Ian Spaulding
 Mitchell Tamblyn
 Ben Rubin
 Paul Rietzl
 Gabe Walls

GP Madrid (21–22 February)
Format: Sealed and Booster Draft
 Kai Budde
 Bernardo Da Costa Cabral
 Dirk Hein
 Raphaël Lévy
 Thomas Gundersen
 Aniol Alcaraz
 Jaime Marrero
 Tommi Lindgren

Pro Tour – Kobe (27–29 February 2004)

On home turf Masashiro Kuroda won the first Pro Tour title for Japan, defeating Gabriel Nassif in the finals.

Tournament data

Players: 239
Prize Pool: $200,130
Format: Mirrodin Block Constructed (Mirrodin, Darksteel)
Head Judge: Collin Jackson

Top 8

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Hong Kong, Sendai, Columbus, Birmingham, Washington DC, Bochum

GP Hong Kong (6–7 March)
Format: Sealed and Booster Draft
 Chuen Hwa Tan
 Olivier Ruel
 Masashi Oiso
 Gabe Walls
 Takuya Osawa
 Steven Tan
 Terry Soh
 Chi-Chung Hwang

GP Sendai (20–21 March)
Format: Sealed and Booster Draft
 Ichiro Shimura
 Masahiko Morita
 Yusuke Sasaki
 Antoine Ruel
 Jin Okamoto
 Toshihisa Yamanaka
 Hiroto Yasutomi
 Ippei Sogabe

GP Columbus (27–28 March)
Format: Sealed and Booster Draft
 Mike Turian
 Craig Krempels
 Aaron Lipcynski
 Cedric Phillips
 Kate Stavola
 Matt Larson
 Brandon Rickard
 Brock Parker

GP Birmingham (27–28 March)
Format: Sealed and Booster Draft
 Stefan Jedlicka
 René Kraft
 Frank Karsten
 David Grant
 Mattias Jorstedt
 Jose Barbero
 Kamman Janpiam
 Niki Jedlicka

GP Washington D.C. (17–18 April)
Format: Team Limited
1. Thaaaat's me
 Chris Fennell
 Bill Stead
 Charles Gindy
2. Shenanigans
 Adam Horvath
 Osyp Lebedowicz
 Patrick Sullivan
3. Your Move Games/Illuminati
 Darwin Kastle
 Rob Dougherty
 Alex Shvartsman
4. Re-Elect Gore
 Jon Finkel
 Brian Kibler
 Eric Froehlich

GP Bochum (17–18 April)
Format: Team Limited
1. Schietkoe
 Stijn Cornelissen
 Tom van de Logt
 Jesse Cornelissen
2. Team Burkas
 Nicolai Herzog
 Anton Jonsson
 Tuomo Nieminen
3. The Unusual Suspects
 David Brucker
 Reinhard Blech
 Dirk Hein
4. NPC All Stars
 Sylvain Lehoux
 Alexandre Peset
 Loic Degrou

Pro Tour – San Diego (14–16 May 2004)

The second Mirrodin Draft Pro Tour saw three players amongst the final four, who had already finished in the Top 8 in the first Mirrodin Draft Pro Tour. Nicolai Herzog even followed his Amsterdam win up with another win victory, thus taking home the title in both Mirrodin Draft Pro Tours.

Tournament data

Players: 312
Prize Pool: $200,130
Format: Mirrodin Booster Draft (Mirrodin-Darksteel)
Head Judge: Collin Jackson

Top 8

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Brussels, Zurich

GP Brussels (29–30 May)
Format: Block Constructed
 Tobias Henke
 Kai Budde
 Julien Nuijten
 Vasilis Fatouros
 Johannes Mitsios
 Xuan-Phi Nguyen
 Maxime Fays
 Stefano Fiore

GP Zurich (26–27 June)
Format: Block Constructed
 Manuel Bucher
 Matteo Cirigliano
 Sebastien Roux
 Frank Karsten
 Leonard Barbou
 Bertrand Fagnoni
 Timo Groth
 Charles Delvaux

Pro Tour – Seattle (9–11 July 2004)

Team "Von Dutch" from the Netherlands defeated Japanese "www.shop-fireBall.com2" in the finals to become the 2004 Pro Tour Seattle champions. The team consisted of Jeroen Remie, Jelger Wiegersma, and Kamiel Cornelissen.

Tournament data

Players: 321 (107 teams)
Prize Pool: $200,100
Format: Team Sealed (Mirrodin, Darksteel, Fifth Dawn) – first day, Team Rochester Draft (Mirrodin-Darksteel-Fifth Dawn)
Head Judge: Gijsbert Hoogendijk

Top 4

Final standings

Pro Player of the year standings

Grand Prixs – Kuala Lumpur, Orlando, New Jersey, Nagoya

GP Kuala Lumpur (24–25 July)
Format: Standard
 Masahiko Morita
 Kwan Ching Yuen
 Zhen Xing Gao
 Tsuyoshi Fujita
 Sim Han How
 Cheng Wee Pek
 Bernard Chan
 Khang Jong Kuan

GP Orlando (24–25 July)
Format: Block Constructed
 Osyp Lebedowicz
 Michael Kuhmann
 Adam Chernoff
 Taylor Parnell
 William Jensen
 Antonino De Rosa
 Jeff Garza
 Harry Durnan

GP New Jersey (14–15 August)
Format: Block Constructed
 Jeff Garza
 Brian Kibler
 Eugene Harvey
 Jeroen Remie
 Jan Holland
 Adam Horvath
 Alexandre Peset
 Ty Dobbertin

GP Nagoya (28–29 August)
Format: Standard
 Tatsunori Kishi
 Keisuke Hashimoto
 Masami Ibamoto
 Shun Iizuka
 Toru Takeshita
 Yuhi Kubota
 Masaki Yokoi
 Tomoharu Saitou

2004 World Championships – San Francisco (1–5 September 2004)

Fifteen-year-old Julien Nuijten from the Netherlands won the 2004 World Championship, defeating Aeo Paquette in the finals. Gabriel Nassif had his third final eight appearance within the season and thus claimed Pro Player of the year title. It was also his and Kamiel Cornelissen's fifth overall Top 8. Germany won the national team competition, defeating Belgium in the finals.

Tournament data
Prize pool: $208,130 (individual) + $208,000 (national teams)
Players: 304
Formats: Standard, Booster Draft (Mirrodin-Darksteel-Fifth Dawn), Mirrodin Block Constructed (Mirrodin, Darksteel, Fifth Dawn)
Head Judge: Gijsbert Hoogendijk, Collin Jackson

Top 8

Final standings

National team competition

  Germany (Sebastian Zink, Torben Twiefel, Roland Bode)
  Belgium (Dilson Ramos Da Fonseca, Vincent Lemoine, Geoffrey Siron)

Pro Player of the year final standings

After the World Championship Gabriel Nassif was awarded the Pro Player of the year title. He was the first player to win the title without winning a Pro Tour in the same season.

References

Magic: The Gathering professional events


Within statistics, oversampling and undersampling in data analysis are techniques used to adjust the class distribution of a data set (i.e. the ratio between the different classes/categories represented). These terms are used both in statistical sampling, survey design methodology and in machine learning.

Oversampling and undersampling are opposite and roughly equivalent techniques.
There are also more complex oversampling techniques, including the creation of artificial data points with algorithms like Synthetic minority oversampling technique.

Motivation for oversampling and undersampling
Both oversampling and undersampling involve introducing a bias to select more samples from one class than from another, to compensate for an imbalance that is either already present in the data, or likely to develop if a purely random sample were taken. Data Imbalance can be of the following types:

 Under-representation of a class in one or more important predictor variables. Suppose, to address the question of gender discrimination, we have survey data on salaries within a particular field, e.g., computer software. It is known women are under-represented considerably in a random sample of software engineers, which would be important when adjusting for other variables such as years employed and current level of seniority. Suppose only 20% of software engineers are women, i.e., males are 4 times as frequent as females. If we were designing a survey to gather data, we would survey 4 times as many females as males, so that in the final sample, both genders will be represented equally. (See also Stratified Sampling.)
 Under-representation of one class in the outcome (dependent) variable. Suppose we want to predict, from a large clinical dataset, which patients are likely to develop a particular disease (e.g., diabetes). Assume, however, that only 10% of patients go on to develop the disease. Suppose we have a large existing dataset. We can then pick 9 times the number of patients who did not go on to develop the disease for every one patient who did.

Oversampling is generally employed more frequently than undersampling, especially when the detailed data has yet to be collected by survey, interview or otherwise. Undersampling is employed much less frequently. Overabundance of already collected data became an issue only in the "Big Data" era, and the reasons to use undersampling are mainly practical and related to resource costs. Specifically, while one needs a suitably large sample size to draw valid statistical conclusions, the data must be cleaned before it can be used. Cleansing typically involves a significant human component, and is typically specific to the dataset and the analytical problem, and therefore takes time and money. For example:

 Domain experts will suggest dataset-specific means of validation involving not only intra-variable checks (permissible values, maximum and minimum possible valid values, etc.), but also inter-variable checks. For example, the individual components of a differential white blood cell count must all add up to 100, because each is a percentage of the total.
 Data that is embedded in narrative text (e.g., interview transcripts) must be manually coded into discrete variables that a statistical or machine-learning package can deal with. The more the data, the more the coding effort. (Sometimes, the coding can be done through software, but somebody must often write a custom, one-off program to do so, and the program's output must be tested for accuracy, in terms of false positive and false negative results.)

For these reasons, one will typically cleanse only as much data as is needed to answer a question with reasonable statistical confidence (see Sample Size), but not more than that.

Oversampling techniques for classification problems

Random oversampling
Random Oversampling involves supplementing the training data with multiple copies of some of the minority classes. Oversampling can be done more than once (2x, 3x, 5x, 10x, etc.) This is one of the earliest proposed methods, that is also proven to be robust. Instead of duplicating every sample in the minority class, some of them may be randomly chosen with replacement.

SMOTE
There are a number of methods available to oversample a dataset used in a typical classification problem (using a classification algorithm to classify a set of images, given a labelled training set of images). The most common technique is known as SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique. However, this technique has been shown to yield poorly calibrated models, with an overestimated probability to belong to the minority class.

To illustrate how this technique works consider some training data which has s samples, and f features in the feature space of the data. Note that these features, for simplicity, are continuous. As an example, consider a dataset of birds for classification. The feature space for the minority class for which we want to oversample could be beak length, wingspan, and weight (all continuous). To then oversample, take a sample from the dataset, and consider its k nearest neighbors (in feature space). To create a synthetic data point, take the vector between one of those k neighbors, and the current data point. Multiply this vector by a random number x which lies between 0, and 1. Add this to the current data point to create the new, synthetic data point.

Many modifications and extensions have been made to the SMOTE method ever since its proposal.

ADASYN
The adaptive synthetic sampling approach, or ADASYN algorithm, builds on the methodology of SMOTE, by shifting the importance of the classification boundary to those minority classes which are difficult. ADASYN uses a weighted distribution for different minority class examples according to their level of difficulty in learning, where more synthetic data is generated for minority class examples that are harder to learn.

Augmentation
Data augmentation in data analysis are techniques used to increase the amount of data by adding slightly modified copies of already existing data or newly created synthetic data from existing data. It acts as a regularizer and helps reduce overfitting when training a machine learning model.
(See: Data augmentation)

Undersampling techniques for classification problems

Random undersampling
Randomly remove samples from the majority class, with or without replacement. This is one of the earliest techniques used to alleviate imbalance in the dataset, however, it may increase the variance of the classifier and is very likely to discard useful or important samples.

Cluster
Cluster centroids is a method that replaces cluster of samples by the cluster centroid of a K-means algorithm, where the number of clusters is set by the level of undersampling.

Tomek links
Tomek links remove unwanted overlap between classes where majority class links are removed until all minimally distanced nearest neighbor pairs are of the same class. A Tomek link is defined as follows: given an instance pair , where  and  is the distance between  and , then the pair  is called a Tomek link if there's no instance  such that  or . In this way, if two instances form a Tomek link then either one of these instances is noise or both are near a border. Thus, one can use Tomek links to clean up overlap between classes. By removing overlapping examples, one can establish well-defined clusters in the training set and lead to improved classification performance.

Undersampling with ensemble learning

A recent study shows that the combination of Undersampling with ensemble learning can achieve better results, see IFME: information filtering by multiple examples with under-sampling in a digital library environment.

Techniques for regression problems

Although sampling techniques have been developed mostly for classification tasks, growing attention is being paid to the problem of imbalanced regression. Adaptations of popular strategies are available, including undersampling, oversampling and SMOTE. Sampling techniques have also been explored in the context of numerical prediction in dependency-oriented data, such as time series forecasting and spatio-temporal forecasting.

Additional techniques

It's possible to combine oversampling and undersampling techniques into a hybrid strategy. Common examples include SMOTE and Tomek links or SMOTE and Edited Nearest Neighbors (ENN). Additional ways of learning on imbalanced datasets include weighing training instances, introducing different misclassification costs for positive and negative examples and bootstrapping.

Implementations

 A variety of data re-sampling techniques are implemented in the imbalanced-learn package  compatible with the scikit-learn Python library. The re-sampling techniques are implemented in four different categories: undersampling the majority class, oversampling the minority class, combining over and under sampling, and ensembling sampling.
 The Python implementation of 85 minority oversampling techniques with model selection functions are available in the smote-variants  package.

See also
 Sampling (statistics)
 Data augmentation
 Undersampling (in signal processing)

Literature
 Kubat, M. (2000). Addressing the Curse of Imbalanced Training Sets: One-Sided Selection. Fourteenth International Conference on Machine Learning.

References

 Chawla, Nitesh V. (2010) Data Mining for Imbalanced Datasets: An Overview   In: Maimon, Oded; Rokach, Lior (Eds)  Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook, Springer  (pages 875–886)
 Lemaître, G. Nogueira, F. Aridas, Ch.K. (2017)  Imbalanced-learn: A Python Toolbox to Tackle the Curse of Imbalanced Datasets in Machine Learning, Journal of Machine Learning Research, vol. 18, no. 17, 2017, pp. 1–5.

Sampling (statistics)


Baroon is a village in the Lower Dir District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is about  from Timergara. In 2010, it had a population of approximately 3,000.

References

Populated places in Lower Dir District


Collaborative search engines (CSE) are Web search engines and enterprise searches within company intranets that let users combine their efforts in information retrieval (IR) activities, share information resources collaboratively using knowledge tags, and allow experts to guide less experienced people through their searches. Collaboration partners do so by providing query terms, collective tagging, adding comments or opinions, rating search results, and links clicked of former (successful) IR activities to users having the same or a related information need.

Models of collaboration

Collaborative search engines can be classified along several dimensions: intent (explicit and implicit) and synchronization, depth of mediation, task vs. trait, division of labor, and sharing of knowledge.

Explicit vs. implicit collaboration

Implicit collaboration characterizes Collaborative filtering and recommendation systems in which the system infers similar information needs. I-Spy, Jumper 2.0, Seeks, the Community Search Assistant, the CSE of Burghardt et al., and the works of Longo et al.

all represent examples of implicit collaboration. Systems that fall under this category identify similar users, queries and links clicked automatically, and recommend related queries and links to the searchers.

Explicit collaboration means that users share an agreed-upon information need and work together toward that goal. For example, in a chat-like application, query terms and links clicked are automatically exchanged. The most prominent example of this class is SearchTogether published in 2007. SearchTogether offers an interface that combines search results from standard search engines and a chat to exchange queries and links. PlayByPlay takes a step further to support general purpose collaborative browsing tasks with an instant messaging functionality. Reddy et al. follow a similar approach and compares two implementations of their CSE called MUSE and MUST. Reddy et al. focus on the role of communication required for efficient CSEs. Cerciamo  supports explicit collaboration by allowing one person to concentrate on finding promising groups of documents while having the other person make in-depth judgments of relevance on documents found by the first person.

However, in Papagelis et al. terms are used differently: they combine explicitly shared links and implicitly collected browsing histories of users to a hybrid CSE.

Community of practice

Recent work in collaborative filtering and information retrieval has shown that sharing of search experiences among users having similar interests, typically called a community of practice or community of interest, reduces the effort put in by a given user in retrieving the exact information of interest.

Collaborative search deployed within a community of practice deploys novel techniques for exploiting context during search by indexing and ranking search results based on the learned preferences of a community of users. The users benefit by sharing information, experiences and awareness to personalize result-lists to reflect the preferences of the community as a whole. The community representing a group of users who share common interests, similar professions.  The best known example is the open-source project ApexKB (previously known as Jumper 2.0).

Depth of mediation

The depth of mediation refers to the degree that the CSE mediates search. SearchTogether is an example of UI-level mediation: users exchange query results and judgments of relevance, but the system does not distinguish among users when they run queries. PlayByPlay is another example of UI-level mediation where all users have full and equal access to the instant messaging functionality without the system's coordination. Cerchiamo and recommendation systems such as I-Spy keep track of each person's search activity independently and use that information to affect their search results. These are examples of deeper algorithmic mediation.

Task vs. trait

This model classifies people's membership in groups based on the task at hand vs. long-term interests; these may be correlated with explicit and implicit collaboration.

Platforms and modalities

CSE systems started off on the desktop end, with the earliest ones being extensions or modifications to existing web browsers. GroupWeb is a desktop web browser that offers a shared visual workspace for a group of users. SearchTogether is a desktop application that combines search results from standard search engines and a chat interface for users to exchange queries and links. CoSense supports sensemaking tasks in collaborative Web search by offering rich and interactive presentations of a group's search activities.

With the prevalence of mobile phones and tablets, CSEs are also taking advantage of these additional device modalities. CoSearch is a system that supports co-located collaborative web search by leveraging extra mobile phones and mice. PlayByPlay also supports collaborative browsing between mobile and desktop users.

Synchronous vs. asynchronous collaboration

Synchronous collaboration model enables different users to work toward the same goal together simultaneously, with each individual user having access to one another's progress in real-time. A typical example of the synchronous collaboration model is GroupWeb, where users are made aware of what others are doing through features such as synchronous scrolling with pages, telepointers for enacting gestures, and group annotations that are attached to web pages.

Asynchronous collaboration models offer more flexibility toward when different users' different search processes are carried out while reducing the cognitive effort for later users to consume and build upon previous users' search results. SearchTogether, for example, supports asynchronous collaboration functionalities by persisting previous users' chat logs, search queries, and web browsing histories so that the later users could quickly bring themselves up to speed.

Applications of collaborative search engines

The applications of CSEs are well-explored in both the academic community and industry. For example, GroupWeb was used as a presentation tool for real-time distance education and conferences. ClassSearch is deployed in middle-school classroom sessions to facilitate collaborative search activities in classrooms and study the space of co-located search pedagogies.

Privacy-aware collaborative search engines

Search terms and links clicked that are shared among users reveal their interests, habits, social
relations and intentions. In other words, CSEs put the privacy of the users at risk. Studies have shown that CSEs increase efficiency.

 Unfortunately, by the lack of privacy enhancing technologies, a privacy aware user who wants to benefit from a CSE has to disclose their entire search log. (Note, even when explicitly sharing queries and links clicked, the whole (former) log is disclosed to any user that joins a search session).  Thus, sophisticated mechanisms that allow on a more fine grained level which information is disclosed to whom are desirable.

As CSEs are a new technology just entering the market, identifying user privacy preferences and integrating Privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) into collaborative search are in conflict. On the one hand, PETs have to meet user preferences, on the other hand, one cannot identify these preferences without using a CSE, i.e., implementing PETs into CSEs. Today, the only work addressing this problem comes from Burghardt et al. They implemented a CSE with experts from the information system domain and derived the scope of possible privacy preferences in a user study with these experts. Results show that users define preferences referring to (i) their current context (e.g., being at work), (ii) the query content (e.g., users exclude topics from sharing), (iii) time constraints (e.g., do not publish the query X hours after the query has been issued, do not store longer than X days, do not share between working time), and that users intensively use the option to (iv) distinguish between different social groups when sharing information. Further, users require (v) anonymization and (vi) define reciprocal constraints, i.e., they refer to the behavior of other users, e.g., if a user would have shared the same query in turn.

References

Information retrieval systems


Gerd Riss (born 17 March 1965) is a German former professional motorcycle speedway rider.

Speedway career
He was a member of Germany team at 2001 Speedway World Cup and who was started in Speedway Grand Prix of Germany. Riss won the title a record eight times (1996, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007-2009). In 2014, He was named an FIM Legend for his motorcycling achievements.

Speedway

World final appearances

Individual World Championship
 1987 -  Amsterdam, Olympic Stadium - 10th - 12pts
 1989 -  Munich, Olympic Stadium - 9th - 5pts
 1991 -  Göteborg, Ullevi - 16th - 1pt
 1993 -  Pocking, Rottalstadion - 11th - 6pts

World Pairs Championship
 1988* -  Bradford, Odsal Stadium (with Tommy Dunker) - 8th - 21pts (17)
 1989* -  Leszno, Alfred Smoczyk Stadium (with Karl Maier) - 4th - 36pts (14)
 1990* -  Landshut, Ellermühle Stadium (with Klaus Lausch) - 9th - 15pts (0)
 1991** -  Poznań, Olimpia Poznań Stadium (with Klaus Lausch - 4th - 18pts (9)

* Competed for West Germany.

** Competed for Germany.

Grand Prix

World (European) Under-21 Championship
 1985 -  Abensberg, Motorstadion - 5th - 9pts
 1986 -  Rivne - 13th - 4pts

European Championships
European Club Champions' Cup
 1999 -  Bydgoszcz - 2nd - Reserve - 0pts

German Domestic competitions
German Speedway Championship
 1992 - Winner
 1993 - 2nd
 1994 - Winner
 1995 - 2nd
 1996 - Winner
 1999 - 2nd

Longtrack

World Championship Finals

 1984  Herxheim (6th) 13pts
 1985  Esbjerg (8th) 15pts
 1986  Pfarrkirchen (4th) 17pts
 1987  Mühldorf (9th) 9pts
 1988  Scheeßel (5th) 26pts
 1989  Marianske Lazne (11th) 12pts
 1990  Herxheim (14th) 9pts
 1991  Marianske Lazne (Champion) 24pts
 1992  Pfarrkirchen (4th) 18pts
 1993  Mühldorf (16th) 5pts
 1994  Marianske Lazne(Third) 17pts
 1995  Scheeßel (Did not ride)
 1996  Herxheim (Champion) 25pts

Grand-Prix Years

 1998 4 app (4th) 59pts
 1999 5 app (Champion) 115pts
 2000 1 app (18th) 17pts
 2001 4 app (Champion) 95pts
 2002 5 app (Third) 89pts
 2003 6 app (Third) 98pts
 2004 5 app (Champion) 103pts
 2005 4 app (Second) 75pts
 2006 3 app (Third) 50pts
 2007 3 app (Champion) 53pts
 2008 4 app (Champion) 79pts
 2009 5 app (Champion) 126pts
 2010 3 app (13th) 53pts

Best Grand-Prix results

  Berghaupten First 1999
  Bielefeld First 2004, Second  2002, Third 2003
  Collier Street First 2001, Third 2003
  Eenrum Second  1999
  Harsewinkel Third 2000
  Herxheim First 2001, 2009
  Jubeck First 1999
  Marianske Lazne First 2009, Second  2008
  Marmande First 2009, Second  1999, 2007, Third 2006
  Morizes First 2008, Second  2001, 2004
  Mulhdorf First 1998, 1999, 2005, Third 2003
  New Plymouth First 2004, Second  2003
  Parchim First 2001, 2002, 2005
  Pfarrkirchen Second 2004, 2007
  Scheeßel Second  1998
  St. Macaire Second 2010, Third 2008
  Vechta First 2009

West Germany Longtrack Championship
 1985  Pfarrkirchen (6th)
 1986  Jübek (4th)
 1987  Herxheim (5th)
 1988  Pfarrkirchen (Champion)
 1989  Harsewinkel (4th)

German Championship
 1991  Mühldorf (Champion)
 1992  Scheeßel (Third)
 1993  Jübek (Second)
 1994  Vilshofen (Second)
 1995  Pfarrkirchen (Champion)
 1996  Scheeßel (Champion)
 1997  Lüdinghausen (Champion)
 1998  Pfarrkirchen (Champion)
 1999  Herxheim (Second)
 2001  Berghaupten (Second)
 1902  Harsewinkel (Champion)
 1903  Lüdinghausen (Second)
 1904  Mühldorf (Champion)
 1906  Berghaupten (4th)
 1907  Mulmshorn (Champion)
 1908  Pfarrkirchen (Second)
 1909  Mühldorf (Champion)

Grasstrack

European Championship

 2003  La Reole (Champion) 21pts
 2004  Eenrum (Second) 16ps
 2005  Schwarme (15th) 5pts

Family
Both of his sons Erik Riss and Mark Riss ride at the highest level.

See also
 Germany national speedway team
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 http://grasstrackgb.co.uk/gerd-riss/
 (de) GerdRiss.de - official website

1965 births
German speedway riders
Polonia Bydgoszcz riders
Living people
German expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Place of birth missing (living people)
Individual Speedway Long Track World Championship riders


Cnephia is a genus of 9 species of black flies. They are distributed in scattered locations across the Northern Hemisphere, from Ukraine to Eastern Siberia, and some parts of North America.

Species
C. angarensis Rubtsov, 1956
C. chaurensis Yankovsky, 2000
C. dacotensis (Dyar & Shannon, 1927)
C. eremites Shewell, 1952
C. intermedia Rubtsov, 1956
C. ornithophilia Davies, Peterson & Wood, 1962
C. pallipes (Fries, 1824)
C. pecuarum (Riley, 1887)
C. toptchievi Yankovsky, 1996

Literature cited

Simuliidae
Chironomoidea genera


Thomas Marten may refer to:

Thomas Marten (British Army officer) (1797–1868), British lieutenant-general
J. Thomas Marten (born 1951), United States federal judge

See also
Thomas Martin (disambiguation)
Thomas Martyn (disambiguation)


The GAMMA experiment is a study of:
Primary cosmic ray energy spectra and elemental composition (abundances of the elements) at energies 1015–1018eV (so called knee energy region)
Galactic diffuse gamma-ray intensity at energies 1014–1015eV
Extensive Air Showers (EAS) at the mountain level by the ground-based EAS array and underground muon scintillation counters
Hard jets production at energies ~1016eV by the muon multi-core shower events

The GAMMA experiment is deployed on the South side of Mount Aragats in Armenia (Cosmic-ray observatory). The facility consists of a ground-based extensive air shower (EAS) array of 33 surface detection stations and 150 underground muon detectors. The elevation of the GAMMA facility is 3200 m above sea level, which corresponds to about 700 g/cm2 of atmospheric depth. The surface stations of the EAS array are arranged in 5 concentric circles of 20, 28, 50, 70, and 100 m radii, and each station contains 3 plastic scintillation detectors with the dimensions of 1 m × 1 m × 0.05 m. 9 central detector stations contain an additional small scintillator with dimensions 0.3 m × 0.3 m × 0.05 m for high particle density (much greater than 100 particles/m2) measurements. A photomultiplier tube is placed on the top of the aluminum casing covering each scintillator. One of three detectors of each station is viewed by two photomultipliers, one of which is designed for fast timing measurements. 150 underground muon detectors are compactly arranged in the underground hall under 2.3 kg/cm2 of concrete and rock providing the detection of shower muons with energy greater than 5 GeV.

The results of GAMMA experiment for 2004–2010 runs are presented in references below
.

References

Cosmic-ray experiments


Araucnephioides is a genus of black flies from Chile. There is only one known species.

Species
A. schlingeri Wygodzinsky & Coscarón, 1973

Literature cited

Simuliidae
Diptera of South America
Chironomoidea genera
Endemic fauna of Chile


The TopSky (formerly EUROCAT)  system is a computerised air traffic control and management solution developed by Thales Air Systems (formerly Thomson CSF). It utilises a distributed computing architecture and is capable of integrating geographically dispersed air traffic control units within a Flight Information Region (e.g. control towers at different airports and en route control centres) into a single coherent system.

During 2012, the Thales marketing name has been changed from Eurocat to TopSky.

Features

TopSky handles a large variety of different functions required for the smooth operation of air traffic control and management. A non-exhaustive list includes:

Surveillance data processing and track correlation (radar, ADS-B, ADS-C etc.)
Flight plan processing
Communication (CPDLC etc.)
Aeronautical information data processing (NOTAMs, QNH, wind aloft etc.)
Flow control and sequencing
Human-machine interfacing (e.g. correlating data to generate controller's display)
Data recording
Controller situational awareness and alerts generation
Squawk Emergency (EMG), Radio Failure (RAD), Hijack (HIJ)
Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA), Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW), Danger Area Infringement Warning (DAIW) etc.
Non-Transgression Zone (NTZ) alert, DUPE Alerts, FPCF Alerts.

Countries
The software is used in many countries, including:

 Algeria
 Australia
 Austria
 Belgium
 Brunei
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Dominican Republic
 Egypt
 Finland
 France
 Greece
 Hungary
 Ireland
 Jamaica
 Kenya
 Portugal
 Philippines
 Saudi Arabia
 Singapore
 South Africa
 Sweden
 United Kingdom
 Thailand
 Tanzania

References

Air traffic control in Europe
Air traffic control systems


KTBH-FM (102.7 FM) – branded 102.7 The Beach – is a Hot AC/Oldies formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Kurtistown, Hawaii, serving the island of Hawaii. KTBH-FM is owned and operated by Resonate Hawaii, LLC, a division of Australia-based Resonate Broadcasting.

Previous Logo

External links
102.7 The Beach Online

Radio stations established in 2008
TBH-FM
Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Resonate Broadcasting
2008 establishments in Hawaii


Hemendrakumar Prithivraj Gandhi (born 20 August 1920, Pratapgarh, Rajasthan; died 5 June 2008) was a pioneering Indian phycologist and diatomist. H P Gandhi did his primary and higher secondary schooling at Pratapgarh and obtained his intermediate degree from Agra . Later, he completed his bachelor's degree and Masters in Botany from the Wilson College, Mumbai in 1949, where he specialized in algae under the supervision of leading phycologist Prof. A. Ella Gonzales.
Gandhi joined as an assistant lecturer at Karnatak University (earlier known as Karnatak College), Dharwar in July 1949 and very soon he was transferred unceremoniously to M N College, Visnagar in Gujarat (August 1949), then to I Y College, Bombay (November 1949), and after another short time period he joined Rajaram College, Kolhapur after which he finally returned to Karnatak College (June 1951). With the bifurcation of Bombay Presidency, in 1956, Gandhi was again transferred to Gujarat . His keen interest in the subject made him to collect algal samples from all the possible places and habitats during these transfers, tours and botanical excursions. He retired, in the year 1980, from J.J. Science College, Gujarat from the office of Principal

List of new diatom taxa, described by H P Gandhi

Achnanthes elata (Leud.Fort) Gandhi 1960

Achnanthes fasciata Gandhi 1959

Achnanthes jogensis Gandhi 1959

Achnanthes submontana Gandhi 1959

Achnanthes baltalensis Gandhi 1983

Ceratoneis iyengarii 1972

Ceratoneis jogensis Gandhi 1959

Cymbella powaiana Gandhi 1960

Cymbella psudocuspidata 1959

Cymbella rivularis Gandhi 1959

Cymbella sagarensis Gandhi 1959

Diploneissubsmithii Gandhi 1959

Eunotia cholnokyi Gandhi 1959

Eunotia jogensis Gandhi 1959

Eunotia Montana Gandhi = E. ambigua  1959

Eunotia nehruii Gandhi 1959

Eunotia patrickii Gandhi 1959

Eunotia porcelloides Gandhi 1959

Eunotia rivularis Gandhi 1959

Eunotia saravathense Gandhi 1959

Eunotia subgibba Gandhi 1959

Eunotia sublunaris Gandhi 1959

Eunotia tumida Gandhi 1959

Frustulia indica Gandhi 1959

Frustulia jogensis Gandhi 1970

Gomphonema clavatoides Gandhi 1960

Gomphonema lacus-rankala Gandhi 1960

Gomphonema magnifica Gandhi 1960

Gomphonema moniliformae Gandhi 1960

Gomphonema sarvathense Gandhi 1959

Gomphonema spicula Gandhi 1959

Gomphonema spiculoides Gandhi 1960

Gomphonema submalayense Gandhi 1959

Gomphonema tenius Gandhi 1960

Hantzschia boriviliana Gandhi 1984

Hantzschia voigtii Gandhi 1959

Navicula avenaceoides Gandhi 1959

Navicula chandolensis Gandhi 1959

Navicula cholnokyii Gandhi 1959

Navicula fridrrichii Gandhi 1960

Navicula inflata Gandhi 1959

Navicula jogensis Gandhi 1959

Navicula mugadensis Gandhi 1959

Navicula panhalgarhensis Gandhi 1959

Navicula ramosissimoides Gandhi 1959

Navicula reimeri Gandhi 1959

Navicula subbengalensis Gandhi 1959

Navicula subdapaliformis Gandhi 1970

Navicula subdigna Gandhi 1959

Navicula thienemonnioides Gandhi 1959

Navicula vanhoeffeniformis Gandhi 1959

Navicula viriduloides 1959

Neidium capitellata Gandhi 1959

Neidium grandis Gandhi 1959

Neidium indicum Gonzalves et Gandhi 1954

Neidium jogensis Gandhi 1959

Neidium panhalgarhensis Gandhi 1959

Nitzschia clausiiformis Gandhi 1959

Nitzschia graciloides Gandhi 1959

Nitzschia pseudogracilis Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia balatoneis (Pant.) Gandhi 1960

Pinnularia conica Gandhi.  1957

Pinnularia divergentissimoides Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia dolosa Gandhi 1960

Pinnularia dubiasa Gandhi.  1959

Pinnularia karnatica Gandhi 1957

Pinnularia kolhapurensis Gandhi 1958

Pinnularia lonavlensis Gandhi 1962

Pinnularia mysorense Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia panhalgarhensis Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia paucicostis Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia pseudoluculenta Gandhi 1960

Pinnularia pusslia Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia sagittata Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia sahyadrens Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia simplex Gandhi 1960

Pinnularia subgraciloides Gandhi 1959

Pinnularia subsimilis Gandhi 1959

Stauroneis angulare Gonzalves et Gandhi 1952

Stauroneis tenuis Gandhi 1959

Surirella capronioides Gandhi 1959

Surirella shyamaii Gandhi 1959

Synedra chandolensis Gandhi 1959

Synedra jogensis Gandhi 1964

Publications of H P Gandhi
 Gonzalves, E. A & Gandhi, H. P. 1952. A systematic account of the Diatoms of Bombay and Salsette – Part I. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 31: 117–151.
 Gonzalves, E. A & Gandhi, H. P. 1953. A systematic account of the Diatoms of Bombay and Salsette – II. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 32: 239–263.
 Gonzalves, E. A & Gandhi, H. P. 1954. A systematic account of the Diatoms of Bombay and Salsette – III. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 33: 338–350.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1955. A contribution to our knowledge of the freshwater Diatoms of Pratapgarh, Rajasthan. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 34: 304–338.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1956. A contribution to the freshwater Diatomaceae of S. Western India¬ - I. Freshwater diatoms of Dharwar. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 35: 194–202.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1956. A preliminary account of the soil diatom of Kolhapur. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 35: 402–408.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1957. The freshwater diatoms from Radhanagari – Kolhapur. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biology Section) 1: 45–47.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1957. Some common freshwater diatoms from Gersoppa-falls (Jog-Falls). Journal of the Poona University, Science Section 12: 13–21.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1957. A contribution to our knowledge of the diatom genus Pinnularia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 54: 845–853.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1958. Freshwater diatoms from Kolhapur and its immediate environs. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 55: 493–511.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1958. The freshwater diatoms flora of the Hirebhasgar Dam area, Mysore State. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 37: 249–265.
 Gandhi, H. P., 1958. Flowering plants (Angiosperms) of Ahmedabad and its immediate vicinity. Vidya. Journal of the Gujarat University 2(2): 114–158.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1959. The freshwater diatom flora from Mugad, Dharwar District with some ecological notes. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biology Section) 2: 98–116.
 Gandhi, H.P., 1959. Freshwater diatoms from Sagar in the Mysore State. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 38: 305–331.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1959. Freshwater diatom flora of the Panhalgarh Hill Fort in the Kolaphur district. Hydrobiologia 14: 93–129.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1959. Notes on the Diatomaceae from Ahmedabad and its environs-II. On the diatom flora of fountain reservoirs of the Victoria Gardens. Hydrobiologia 14: 130–146.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1960. Some new diatoms from the Jog Falls, Mysore State. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society 79: 81–84.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1960. The diatom flora of the Bombay and Salsette Islands. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 57: 78–123.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1960. On the diatom flora of some ponds around Vasna Village near Ahmedabad. Journal of the Indian Botanical Society 39: 558–567.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1961. Notes on the Diatomaceae of Ahmedabad and its environs. Hydrobiologia 17: 218–236.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1962. The diatom flora of the Bombay and Salsette islands. II. Nova Hedwigia 3: 469–505.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1962. Some freshwater diatoms from Lonawala Hill Station in the Bombay State (Maharashtra). Hydrobiologia 20: 128–154.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1962. Notes on the Diatomaceae from Ahmedabad and its environs-IV ¬The diatom communities of some freshwater pools and ditches along Sarkhej Road. Phykos 1: 115–127.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1964. The diatom flora of Chandola and Kankaria Lakes. Nova Hedwigia 8: 347–402.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1966. Freshwater diatom flora of Jog Falls, Mysore State. Nova Hedwigia 11: 89–197.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1967. Notes on Diatomaceae from Ahmedabad and its environs. VI. On some diatoms from fountain reservoirs of Seth Sarabhai's Garden. Hydrobiologia 30: 248–272.
 Gandhi, H.P. 1970. A further contribution to the diatom flora of the Jog Falls, Mysore State. Nova Hedwigia 31: 633–652.
 Gandhi, H. P., Kachhi I. H. & Buch M. P., 1974. Occurrence of Ophioglossum fibrosum Schum. at Junagadh in Saurashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 72: 878.
 Gandhi, H. P., D. J. Mohan and A B. Vora 1983. Preliminary observation on Baltal and Ara sediments, Kashmir. Proceedings of the Xth Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology & Stratigraphy: 555–570.
 Gandhi, H. P. & D. J. Mohan, 1983. Fossil diatoms from Baltal, Kashmir. Man & Environment 7: 154–156.
 Gandhi, H. P., A B. Vora & D. J. Mohan, 1983. Review of the fossil Diatomflora, of the Karewa Beds of Kashmir. Current Trends in Geology, Vol. VI (Climate and Geology of Kashmir) 6:57—60.
 Gandhi, H. P., A B. Vora & D. J. Mohan, 1983. Fossil diatoms from Baltal, Karewa beds of Kashmir. Current Trends in Geology, Vol. VI (Climate and Geology of Kashmir) 6:61—68.
 Gandhi, H. P., A B. Vora & D. J. Mohan, 1986. Ecology of diatoms from the Karewa beds of Baltal area, Kashmir, India., Proceedings of the Xth Indian Colloquium on Micropalaeontology & Stratigraphy, Bulletin of Geological, Mining & Metallurgical Society of India, Pt. II (Stratigraphy & Microflora) No. 54: 159–161.
 Gandhi, H. P., 1990. My work on Indian Freshwater Diatoms and Experiences with Indian Referees and Editors. In O. N. Srivastava & Madhavi Srivastava (eds) Glimpses of Phycology in India. Today & Tomorrow's Publishers, New Delhi.
 Gandhi, H. P. 1998. Freshwater Diatoms of Central Gujarat. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. Dehra Dun.

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Indian botanists
People from Junagadh
Academic staff of Karnatak University
Scientists from Rajasthan


God Seed was a Norwegian black metal band based in Bergen, Norway. Former Gorgoroth members Gaahl and King ov Hell adopted the name in March 2009 following the ending of the Gorgoroth name dispute. After performing a few gigs as God Seed, vocalist Gaahl left the band in July 2009 and it was put on hold. King finished the music for God Seed's first album, with vocalist Shagrath, and released it under the name Ov Hell. Gaahl re-joined God Seed in 2012. In January that year they released the live album Live at Wacken, and in October they released their first studio album, I Begin.

History

God Seed’s roots hearkened to the band Gorgoroth and the Gorgoroth name dispute, when longtime Gorgoroth members Gaahl and King ov Hell attempted to remove founding member Infernus from the band in October 2007. Gaahl and King had joined Gorgoroth in 1998 and 1999 respectively, performing on the albums Incipit Satan (2000), Twilight of the Idols (2003), and Ad Majorem Sathanas Gloriam (2006). The two musicians wrote most of Twilight of the Idols and the entire Ad Majorem Sathanas Gloriam album. Gaahl also performed vocals on the title track of Destroyer (1998).

Following the conclusion of the Gorgoroth dispute in March 2009, when the court recognised Infernus as the legitimate owner of the band name, Gaahl and King assumed the name God Seed. This was the name of a song (originally intended to be the title track of Twilight of the Idols) on Ad Majorem Sathanas Gloriam.

While using the name Gorgoroth during the dispute, Gaahl and King had begun preparing a new album. When the new band name was announced in March 2009, it was revealed that the album would be released as the first God Seed album. This debut album was first expected to be released in late 2009, but was later postponed to early 2010. The album was supposed to be released through Indie Recordings, who ostensibly signed Gaahl and King while they were using the name Gorgoroth during the dispute.

By October 2008, everything except the vocals had been recorded for the new album. At certain points in time it was publicly stated by Gaahl and/or other parties that he had begun working on lyrics and vocal arrangements, but apparently on none of these occasions did Gaahl fulfil these. In October 2008, studio times were allocated so Gaahl could begin work, prompting the cancellation of a tour. However, in December 2008 when interviewed by Faceculture, Gaahl implied that he had not yet worked on lyrics and vocal arrangements and intended to do so somepoint after the completion of the European tour with Cradle of Filth while they were still using the Gorgoroth name. In early 2009, Gaahl and his partner Robin went on vacation in Spain for two months. The Norwegian news outlet Nettavisen reported that he had been spending the winter there to help Dan De Vero record his debut album, although the veracity of this story has been in question especially since a day after publication the article was revised with almost all references to Gaahl removed. While Gaahl was abroad, King claimed that he was using this time to work on lyrics and vocal arrangements, but after Gaahl returned from Spain it was stated by King that these had still yet to be done:

We have recorded everything in the studio and are just waiting for Gaahl to put on vocals on it. So we have only vocals and the final mix to go before it's all done. It's sometimes a nightmare to work with him in the studio because of the pride he puts into the smallest details. If he is not in the right mood or doesn't find the correct words we get nothing done. At times I've spent days in the studio counting seconds with nothing happening. It's the same way now, but I know in the end the result will be unique and powerful. We have to wait till Gaahl is done writing his lyrics to choose the title for the album. When the whole concept of this album is done lyrically we’ll decide which title to use.

God Seed performed at the two festivals Hellfest Summer Open Air and With Full Force in summer 2009.

At the With Full Force festival in the beginning of July 2009 Gaahl revealed to Rock Hard that he had quit God Seed, citing his lack of enthusiasm. King later clarified that Gaahl had in fact chosen to retire from metal music, with King eventually forming Ov Hell with Shagrath of Dimmu Borgir and reincorporating the music which was intended to be on the God Seed debut album into his new band, with lyrics written by Shagrath.

Gaahl re-joined God Seed in 2012. In January 2012, Live at Wacken was released, which contains live material (played under the name of Gorgoroth in 2008 at Wacken Open Air, during the name dispute) written by Gaahl and King since 1999 for Gorgoroth.

On 23 October 2012, God Seed released their first studio album I Begin. Three years later, on 15 August 2015, God Seed played their final live show at Motocultor Festival in France.

Band members
Final lineup
 Gaahl – vocals (2008-2009, 2012–2015)
 King ov Hell – bass (2008-2009, 2012–2015)
 Stian "Sir" Kårstad – guitar (2012–2015)
 Lust Kilman – guitar (2012–2015)
 Kenneth Kapstad – drums (2012–2015)
 Geir Bratland – keyboards, noise (2012–2015)

Live members
 Teloch – guitar (2008-2009)
 Sir – guitar (2009)
 Garghuf – drums (2009)
 Ice Dale – guitar (2008)
 Nick Barker – drums (2008)

Discography
Live at Wacken (2012) - live album recorded in 2008
I Begin (2012)

References

External links
 Official MySpace page
 Official site

Norwegian black metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 2009
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
Musical groups reestablished in 2012
2009 establishments in Norway
2009 disestablishments in Norway
Musical groups from Bergen


KXBR was a radio station in the Missouri Ozarks. The station was licensed to Greenfield, Missouri, United States, and broadcast at 93.5 MHz from 1974 to 1990. It primarily served the Springfield area with a rock format. However, it failed twice due to financial difficulties, the second time after a lease dispute with a landowner resulted in a verdict against the station.

History
On June 1, 1973, the Watkins Investment Company filed an application with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to build a new radio station in Greenfield, which was granted on November 13, 1973. It signed on in March 1974 as KRFG "Radio Free Greenfield", broadcasting with 2.35 kW effective radiated power from a transmitter  outside of Greenfield. In October 1976, it began being broadcast on 10-watt translator K296AS at 107.1 MHz transmitting from atop the Sunvilla Tower on the campus of Southwest Missouri State University in Springfield, owned by attorney Kent Wooldridge; the station was already being rebroadcast into the Stockton area. As KRFG, the station had a mixed format with album-oriented rock programs during the evening but lighter fare during the day, as well as local high school and Missouri Tigers football. In 1981, Watkins attempted to obtain permission to move the station to Springfield proper, which was denied by the FCC the next year.

In 1984, the Mach Broadcasting Company acquired KRFG for $165,000. Mach was owned by Mark Allen, a former radio announcer in Denver and Springfield. The station's call sign changed to KORX upon closure of the sale, though the format remained rock. A year later, Mach sold KORX to Burkett H. and Elizabeth Wamsley, doing business as Coppertone Communications, for $300,000. Coppertone also owned KCKX in Stayton, Oregon. Watkins would later sue Allen and the Wamsleys.

On July 15, 1986, KORX went off the air, and Coppertone announced it would file for bankruptcy liquidation; the Wamsleys had invested in a studio in Springfield but were unable to shake the hard rock imae that KRFG had originally cultivated, losing their life savings in the process. Founding owner Watkins had sued Allen for $120,000 owed on a promissory note, money Allen was to receive from Coppertone; when the station was taken out of service, Watkins expanded the suit to include Coppertone as a defendant, seeking recovery of station equipment.

While the station was not off the air long, and a buyer surfaced for the station in August, no deal was consummated. Federal receiver Johnie Jones was appointed to manage operations and seek a buyer; he filed to relocate the station to a new facility closer to Springfield and ran it by using students from a broadcasting school he owned as well as volunteers. Christopher Devine's Devine Communications alongside stations in Utah, New Mexico and New York, acquired the station for $250,000; at the stroke of midnight on January 1, 1988, the station changed call signs from KORX to KXBR.

The new call sign ushered in an era of technical and financial difficulties. In March, the station went off the air to relocate its transmitter to the east, near Everton, and lost the 107.1 translator to a simulcast of KKUZ in Joplin. KXBR went off the air again at the end of September to complete the move; days later, the station was robbed, with thieves stealing cassette players, a stereo receiver, and other radio and office equipment.

KXBR completed construction on the facility on February 2, 1989. However, the station's payment problems continued. In June, an outdoor advertising company with which the station had done business painted a billboard reading "KXBR does not pay their bills, beware of rubber checks"; construction companies that had built the transmitter facility also were owed money. On July 9, 1989, landlord Lois DeClue, claiming the station was four months behind on its lease payments, used a bulldozer to block the transmitter shed with large tree trunks, then buried the building under six feet of earth. The station was able to obtain a restraining order from a local judge and resumed operations the next day. A week later, however, the restraining order was dissolved, and KXBR's operations manager was arrested for stopping a $900 payment for the installation of an antenna on the station's studio-transmitter link tower. In February 1990, a court ruled KXBR had to pay DeClue $25,000 in punitive damages—doubled to $50,000 by state statute—and vacate her property, with the station ceasing broadcasts sometime thereafter, in the spring of 1990.

The license remained active for several more years; the station filed later in 1990 to relocate its tower. In February 1993, the station was successful in its petition to be relocated to 107.7 MHz. However, the facility was deleted on April 6, 1994.

References

Defunct radio stations in the United States
XBR
Buildings and structures in Dade County, Missouri
Radio stations established in 1974
Radio stations disestablished in 1990
1974 establishments in Missouri
1990 disestablishments in Missouri
XBR


BCBST may refer to:

BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee
Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower


Romance & the Stage is an album by Elaine Paige, released in 1993.

It was produced by Peter Matz and recorded at CTS Studios, London. The recording features songs primarily taken from stage musicals of the 1930s and 1940s, such as Annie Get Your Gun and Kismet.

The album was released by RCA Records and distributed in the United Kingdom by BMG.

Track listing

 "They Say It's Wonderful/I Got Lost in His Arms" – 4.55 (Irving Berlin)
 "As Time Goes By"  – 4.47 (Herman Hupfeld)
 "Feeling Good" – 4.52 (Leslie Bricusse/Anthony Newley)
 "More Than You Know"  – 3.41 (William Rose/Edward Eliscu/Vincent Youmans)
 "With Every Breath I Take" – 3.36 (Cy Coleman/David Zippel)
 "Mad About the Boy"  – 5.54 (Noël Coward)
 "I Gaze in Your Eyes" – 3.40 (Cole Porter/Ann Hampton Callaway)
 "Kismet Suite: Stranger in Paradise/He's in Love/And This Is My Beloved" – 5.18 (Robert Wright/George Forrest)
 "Long Before I Knew You"  – 3.55 (Jule Styne/Betty Comden/Adolph Green)
 "How Long Has This Been Going On?" – 3.42 (George Gershwin/Ira Gershwin)
 "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"  – 3.41 (Jerome Kern/Otto Harbach)
 "September Song" – 3.48 (Maxwell Anderson/Kurt Weill)
 "Song of a Summer Night" – 2.29 (Frank Loesser)

Credits

Personnel
Elaine Paige – vocals
Mike Moran – piano
Harold Fisher – drums
Paul Keogh – guitar
Chris Laurence – bass
Paul Morgan – bass
Frank Ricotti – percussion
Don Lusher – trombone
Jim Hughes – harmonica
Dave Bishop – tenor saxophone
Andy Mackintosh – soprano saxophone
Jack Emblow – musette
New World Philharmonic Orchestra

Production
Producer, orchestrator and conductor – Peter Matz
Executive Producers – Deke Arlon and Elaine Paige
Orchestra Manager – David Katz
Music preparation – Jeremy Thale
Musical associate to the producer – Kevin Townend
Recorded at CTS Studios
Engineer – Steve Price
Assistant Engineer – Andy Taylor
Mixer – Mike Moran
Mix engineer – Tony Taverner
Assistant mix engineer – James Brown
Mastered at the Townhouse
Mastering engineer – Ian Cooper

Charts

References

Elaine Paige albums
1993 albums


WHYR-LP (96.9 FM) (sometimes pronounced "wire") is a radio station licensed to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. The LP stands for low power broadcasting.  The station began broadcasting on June 24, 2011, in a testing phase.  As of July 2011, the station is playing a loop of prerecorded music as planning continues for future programming, including shows covering topics like politics, local music, food and drink, as well as nationally syndicated shows from Pacifica Radio like Democracy Now! and more.  The station is owned by Baton Rouge Progressive Network.

Station Timeline
 June 2000: Baton Rouge Progressive Network (BRPN) applies to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to operate a low power FM radio station.
 September 2004: FCC awards BRPN with a construction permit and assigns the call letters WHYR‐LP.
 November 2005: An unaffiliated entity, who also applied for a permit in 2000 but did not receive one, files unauthorized documents with the FCC to transfer control of WHYR‐LP to them.
 March 2006: BRPN becomes aware of the unauthorized transfer and alerts the FCC.
 January 2010: The FCC fines the unauthorized entity and returns control of WHYR‐LP to BRPN.
 February 2011: BRPN forms the Radio Advisory Council (RAC) to make managerial and operational decisions related to the station.
 February 2011: A transmission site is secured.
 March 2011: Antenna purchased.
 April 2011: Transmitter and STL equipment purchased. The website http://www.whyr.org is launched.
 June 2011: Leased 1623 Main Street in Baton Rouge as site for studio. On June 24, 2011: began broadcasting.

References

External links
 WHYR website

Radio stations in Louisiana
Low-power FM radio stations in Louisiana
Radio stations established in 2011
2011 establishments in Louisiana
Community radio stations in the United States


The 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships are the World Championship for track cycling. They took place at the BGŻ Arena in Pruszków, Poland from 25 to 29 March 2009. Nineteen events were on the programme, with the women's omnium being added to the eighteen events contested at the 2008 championships.

Australia topped the medal table with four gold medals, with France on second and Great Britain on third place.

In the Men's events, Michael Mørkøv and Alex Rasmussen, both of Denmark, and Grégory Baugé of France took home two gold medals while Australian Cameron Meyer took home a gold and two silver medals.
For the women, Simona Krupeckaitė of Lithuania won three medals; a gold and two bronzes. Victoria Pendleton and Elizabeth Armitstead of Great Britain won three medals each; a gold, a silver, and a bronze with.

Medal table

Medal summary

See also

 Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics
 2008–09 UCI Track Cycling World Ranking
 2008–09 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics

References

External links
Results book
Track Cycling World Championships - Pruszkow, Poland, March 25-29, 2009 cycling news.com

Uci Track Cycling World Championships, 2009
Track cycling
UCI Track Cycling World Championships by year
Cycling
Sport in Masovian Voivodeship
March 2009 sports events in Europe


Modern Art EP is a limited edition EP by American rap rock band Chronic Future. It was released on November 11, 2008 on Amazon.com and iTunes under guitarist Ben Collins' record label, Modern Art Records.

From left to right, the members of the band featured on the cover are: Ben Collins, Barry Collins, Mike Busse and Brandon Lee.

Track listing

Personnel
Mike Busse – lead vocals, backing vocals
Ben Collins – guitar, backing vocals
Brandon Lee – lead vocals, bass guitar, backing vocals
Barry Collins – drums, percussion

Chronic Future albums


Police Court is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film starring Henry B. Walthall, Leon Janney,  Lionel Belmore, and King Baggot. Directed by Louis King and released by Monogram Pictures, the screenplay was adapted by Stuart Anthony from his story. Police Court features an all-star cast from the silent film era.

Plot
A once popular actor, Nat Barry (played by Henry B. Walthall), is a has-been because of his alcoholism. The legendary film star is forced by necessity to take a job selling patent medicine at a traveling sideshow dressed in a costume as Abraham Lincoln. Having trouble staying sober, he is arrested and taken before a "police court" for drunken disorder. His teenage son, Junior Barry (played by Leon Janney), pleads on Barry's behalf and Judge Robert Webster (played by Edmund Breese) grants him a reprieve.

Junior is determined to see his father make good again, vowing to keep him off the bottle and on the screen. He attempts to get bit parts for Barry, but he has trouble delivering his lines on the movie set for the compassionate director, Henry Field (played by King Baggot).

Cast
Henry B. Walthall as Nat Barry
Leon Janney as Junior Barry
Lionel Belmore as Uncle Al Furman
King Baggot as Henry Field, movie director
Al St. John as Skid
Edmund Breese as Judge Robert Webster
Aileen Pringle as Diana McCormick
Walter James as Cappy Hearn
Al Bridge (credited as Alan Bridge)
Bud Osborne
Paul Panzer as movie actor
Natalie Joyce as actress
Jack Richardson
Fred Toones as Snowflake (credited as Fred Toones)

External links

1932 films
1932 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
Monogram Pictures films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Louis King
1930s American films


Wordplay is a game show presented by Jenny Powell and sometimes Jenni Falconer. It aired live weekdays from 23 March to 31 July 2009 on Channel 5 and was axed after only one series.

Format
Four contestants competed through six rounds of word puzzles. The lowest scorer at the end of every second round was eliminated. If one of these rounds ended with a tie for low score, a tiebreaker puzzle was played; a correct answer allowed the contestant to advance, while a miss eliminated them. Scores were reset to zero after each elimination.

Main game
During each of the first five rounds, the contestants were given a category that hinted at the solution of the puzzle and had to buzz-in before responding. An incorrect answer froze the contestant out of the next puzzle. Each of these rounds continued until time was called.

 Word Jumble: Unscramble a set of letters to form a word or phrase (1 point each).
 A.K.A.: Figure out a word or term based on an alternative description of it (2 points each).
 Word Smuggle: Find a word hidden as consecutive letters within a phrase (1 point each).
 Hangman: Guess a phrase as the letters are gradually filled in (2 points each).
 Invisible Link: Find a common word that can be placed before or after each of three given words to create new words or phrases (1 point each).
 Word Ladder: Given a starting three-letter word, change or add one letter at a time as instructed by the host to create a new one fitting the given category (2 points each). Both contestants played this round separately and had 60 seconds to make as many changes as possible.

Final: Safe Cracker
The high scorer after the Word Ladder round had a chance to win a cash jackpot by finding the correct seven-digit combination to a safe that held a cheque. They had 90 seconds to solve one puzzle of each of the six types used in the main game, and could play them in any order. Passing was allowed, but the puzzle did not change if the contestant returned to it later. Each correct answer was worth £50. The Word Ladder puzzle required the contestant to make only one change to the given word.

The combination used each of the digits 1 through 7 once. Every solved puzzle filled in the digit that corresponded to it (1 through 6, in the order that the rounds were played in the main game). If the contestant solved all six puzzles, the 7 was placed in the only still-empty slot and they won the jackpot automatically in addition to the £300 for the puzzles. If not, they had one chance to fill in the missing digits and open the safe. The jackpot began at £1,000 and increased by £500 per day until it was won.

See also
 BrainTeaser
 Going for Gold

External links
.
.

2000s British game shows
Channel 5 (British TV channel) original programming
2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings


DevonAir Radio was the independent local radio station serving East Devon, Exeter and Torbay.

History
On 27 March 1978, the Independent Broadcasting Authority invited applicants for the licence to serve the Exeter and Torbay area. Three applicants came forward – Bay City Radio in Exeter, Radio Haldon Limited in Torquay and Riviera Radio in Paignton. The IBA awarded the licence to Radio Haldon Limited on 16 June 1979. The licensee name was changed to DevonAir Radio Limited on 4 October 1979.

On 7 November 1980, DevonAir began broadcasting to Exeter and mid-Devon from its studios at St Davids Hill in the city. The first presenter on air was Bob Kingsley, who opened the station with its first song Here Comes the Sun by The Beatles. On 12 December 1980, the station opened new studios above a former ballroom and nightclub at Harbour Point in Torquay. DevonAir became the first twin radio station in the UK, hence the on air branding of Double DevonAir.

In 1987, the station was acquired by London-based Capital Radio. In 1989, the Home Office granted permission for broadcasting on a new relay transmitter at Stockland Hill, allowing DevonAir's signal to be heard in East Devon, West Dorset and South Somerset. The relay broadcast on 103 FM from 4 July 1989, under the name of South West 103.

In 1991, the Bristol-based GWR Group bought a stake in DevonAir meaning it was now part-owned by two large radio groups. The station was relaunched on 9 November 1992 as the New DevonAir FM with the slogan "Devon's Better Music Station" – a change which coincided with the departure of several presenters as a result of a change in format.

DevonAir's broadcast licence went up for renewal in 1993 with two further groups bidding to take over – Gemini Radio (owned by Somerset-based Orchard Media) and Wild West Radio. The Radio Authority requested more time to make a decision on the licence award – Wild West Radio was ruled out of the final shortlist before on 8 October 1993, the authority announced that Gemini would takeover DevonAir's licence from 1 January 1995. The winning franchise had proposed to broadcast two separate services on the FM and medium wave frequencies while DevonAir proposed to continue with a sole service, claiming it had maintained a listenership of around 80,000 listeners because of simultaneous broadcasting.

The station ended broadcasting at 1pm on 31 December 1994 following an hour-long retrospective programme presented by Paul Saunders. The last song played on DevonAir was The Sun Ain't Going to Shine Anymore by The Walker Brothers. Up until midnight on 1 January 1995, the station aired pre-recorded music leading up to the handover of Gemini FM.

DevonAir's successor Gemini FM (later rebranded as Heart Exeter and Heart Torbay) continued to broadcast until 27 August 2010, when it was merged with four Heart Network stations in north & south Devon and the South Hams to form a single county-wide Heart station, broadcasting from Exeter and London.

Notable presenters
DevonAir Radio presenters included: Bob Kingsley, Paul Owens, Travis Baxter, John Pierce, Ian Waugh, John Reynolds, John Brocks, Gordon Sommerville, Tim Arnold, Mike Powell, Glen Richards, David Lowe, Stephen Ayres, James Lee, David FitzGerald, Kevin Kane & Keri Jones.

References

External links
DevonAir unofficial tribute site
DevonAir Radio (1980–1994)
 History of local radio in Devon
Beacon Hill mast
Exeter St Thomas mast
Stockland Hill mast

Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Companies based in Devon
Radio stations in Devon
Radio stations established in 1980
Radio stations disestablished in 1994
Mass media in Exeter
Torbay


Appalachia is a socioeconomic region associated with the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States.

Appalachia may also refer to:

Appalachian (disambiguation)
Appalachia (Mesozoic), a Mesozoic-era island
Appalachia, Virginia, a town in the U.S. state of Virginia
Appalachia, a rhapsody by Frederick Delius
Appalachia (journal), a mountaineering and conservation journal published by the Appalachian Mountain Club since 1894
Appalachia arcana, a genus of grasshoppers in the Acrididae family

See also
 Apalachin, New York


Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka is being established using a public/private system aimed at the provision of emergency ambulance service, including emergency care and transportation to hospitals.  The Pre-Hospital Care Committee is part of the Trauma Secretariat  of the Sri Lanka Ministry of Healthcare and Nutrition and was established following the 2004 tsunami.  The goal of the Pre-Hospital Care Sub-Committee is “During this generation and continuing for future generations, everyone in Sri Lanka will have access to trained pre-hospital medical personnel, ambulances are available to transport the sick and injured safely to hospitals, complications from harmful or inadequate pre-hospital care is eliminated so physician and nursing personnel at hospitals are delivered patients they are able to professionally treat and rehabilitate back to society as contributing citizens.” Pre-Hospital care is an essential, core component of trauma system.

The emergency access number for Emergency Medical Services, reserved by the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission, for Sri Lanka is 1-1-0 and is operational in the districts of Colombo, Galle, Kandy, and Jaffna with plans to expand to provide national coverage.  In February 2009, the Jaffna District 1-1-0 communications center was opened with the opening call placed by Mr. James Moore, the Deputy Chief of Mission for the United States Embassy (Sri Lanka).

EMS Training

The pre-hospital care sub-committee has established minimum standards for EMT education in Sri Lanka. Currently, EMTs and Pre-Hospital personnel are currently working in four distinct areas: Fire Brigades, Hospitals, Community Based Organizations, and Private Services.

All Sri Lankan EMTs are trained on international EMS standards adopted by the Trauma Secretariat of the Ministry of Healthcare & Nutrition. The Sri Lankan standards are comparable to the National Registry of EMTs of USA (United States Department of Transportation Guidelines), the Australasia Registry of EMTs, and the UK College of Emergency Medicine standards.

EMT training in Sri Lanka is divided into four training levels.

EMT-Level 1: The Sri Lanka EMT-Level 1 is the first level of EMS training beyond community responders (First Aid and Advanced First Aid). Some countries refer to this level as Medical First Responders. Typically, first responders may be fire fighters, police officers, lifeguards, coaches, or teachers. Level 1 EMTs are trained in basic rescue, oxygen use, CPR, splinting, and safe ambulance operations.

EMT-Level 2: Level 2 EMTs are sometimes referred to as EMT-Basics or EMT-Ambulance Officers in other countries. Training at this level ideally requires 120–160 hours of classroom and clinical education for students to demonstrate the knowledge, attitude and skills required. Some examples of the skills of an EMT include:

- Airway management with the use of oral and nasal airways
- Automatic External Defibrillators
- Extrication of Trauma Patients with spinal injuries
- Medical & Trauma Patient Assessments
- Assisting patients with prescribed medications (NTG [gtn], aspirin, salbuterol inhalers)
- Spinal Immobalization
- Assessment of Vital Signs
- Assisting with unexpected emergency deliveries during transport

EMT-Level 3: Level 3 EMTs or EMT-Intermediate Level is a more advanced professional level of pre-hospital care providers. Typically, level 3 EMTs are more senior and experienced EMTs and also have additional training in establishing IV cannulation, and in some areas limited access to lifesaving medications and advanced emergency airway management.

EMT-Level 4: Internationally, EMT-Paramedic represents the highest level pre-hospital care professionals. The skills, education, and protocols of Paramedics vary country to country. Although Sri Lanka will have Level-4 EMTs in the future, currently EMT-Paramedics, or Level-4 EMTs are not being trained in Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan Paramedics had to be sent for training in India for the 1990 service.

1990 service

In 2015 India offered a gift to Sri Lanka in order to mark Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe's visit Harsha De Silva proposed an emergency medical service after personal experiences with short comings in the Sri Lankan system as well as the urging of doctors. It was also backed by Wickremesighe resulting in India's world reputed GVK Emergency Response Institute offering training to hundreds of Sri Lankan EMTs and Paramedics as well as donating Ambulances and granting a 7.5 million dollar grant to start the service in Colombo and Galle as a first step. The Ambulance service was based on India's 108 service. The service was launched in 2016 with 250 highly trained EMTs, 250 pilots and 50 Call Centre Operators. The service gets its name from "1990" the toll free number used to call the service which is accessible from any network 24x7x365 through the Command and Control Center located in Rajagiriya. The service also praised by professionals

International Training Standards
In February 2011, Med1 (Pvt) Limited opened the first internationally certified training institute in Sri Lanka authorized to issue an internationally recognized certification in CPR, ACLS, PALS, or First Aid.  By implementing the ILCOR approved standards, doctors, nurses, and EMS providers in Sri Lanka now have access to internationally accredited certifications and evidenced based education.

EMT Training Materials

Textbook: The Ministry of Healthcare & Nutrition's Trauma Secretariat, with Medical Teams International, has published the first Emergency Medical Technician textbook in Sri Lanka in both the Singhalese and Tamil languages. This is actually the first Pre-Hospital Emergency Care textbook published in either language. Previously developed textbooks were reviewed and found ineffective because they were direct translations of North American texts and not specific to the South Asia region.  Translations were literal, had grammatical errors, and lacked a national context.  A team of American EMS instructors and Sri Lankan doctors reviewed EMS textbooks and wrote comparable, contextualized texts in Singhalese and Tamil languages.  Two textbooks were created over sixteen months that were specific to Sri Lanka and written by native speakers.  The books emphasized diseases common to Sri Lanka (including organophosphate poisoning and krait envenomation).  With the help of a graphic designer, all figures and photos are culturally appropriate.  The Sri Lankan Ministry of Healthcare has adopted the text for future training.

Skills DVD: To complement the textbook, and ensure skills were demonstrated uniformly in all future EMT courses, Medical Teams International and the Trauma Secretariat, produced a DVD demonstrating forty of the common Basic and Advanced Pre-Hospital skills. All skills were demonstrated by Sri Lankan EMTs or doctors in a local context.  Students and instructors can choose to play each clip in English, Singhalese, or Tamil.

References


Butte Municipal Airport  is a public-use airport located in Butte, Alaska. It is five nautical miles (9 km) southeast of the central business district of Palmer, a city in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska. The airport is privately owned by the Butte Airman's Association.

Facilities and aircraft
Butte Municipal Airport has one runway designated 7/25 with a gravel surface measuring is 1,806 by 50 feet (550 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 860 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 71 per month.

References

External links
 FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)

Airports in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
Privately owned airports