Lochmaben Castle is a ruined castle in the town of Lochmaben, the feudal Lordship of Annandale, and the united county of Dumfries and Galloway. It was built by Edward I in the 14th century replacing an earlier motte and bailey castle, and later rebuilt during the reign of James IV of Scotland. The earlier motte-and-bailey castle was built south of the current castle in c. 1160 by the Bruce family, Lords of Annandale.

History

King Edward replaced the older motte and bailey castle with a much sturdier structure at the south end of Castle Loch around 1300 and its remains still show the massive strength of its defences. Archibald Douglas, Lord of Galloway, with the assistance of the Earls of March and Douglas, after a siege of nine days, took Lochmaben Castle from the English and "razed it to the ground" on 4 February 1384/5. The castle and barony became a possession of the Earls of March, but when the 10th Earl was forfeited and then reinstated, in 1409, it is noted that it was "with the exception of the castle of Lochmaben and the Lordship of Annandale" which by July 1455 was in the possession of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany. Following his death in 1485 both the Lordship and the castle were annexed to the Crown by Act of Parliament dated 1 October 1487.

A mason called Gluffar built a hall at the castle in 1504 and it was roofed with local timber. James IV visited and played cards with Lord Dacre on 23 August 1504. On 16 January 1509 Robert Lauder of The Bass was appointed Captain and Keeper of Lochmaben for three years. He was reappointed for seven years in March 1512.

Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley came to Lochmaben in October 1565 at the conclusion of the Chaseabout Raid. The castle was seized by Lord Maxwell, seeking to overthrow the Protestant monarchy in 1588. In response James VI besieged Lochmaben with the assistance of English forces. Gunpowder was sent from Edinburgh. The keeper David Maxwell and five others were hanged, despite the efforts of William Stewart of Monkton to negotiate a surrender. One of the king's soldiers was shot in the leg.

In June 1592 it was said that Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell dressed as a woman, had managed to infiltrate and capture the castle, which was kept by Sir John Carmichael, as part of an uprising against James VI. The castle was soon returned to crown control.

In 1605 the Depute Lieutenant of the Borders, Sir William Cranstoun of that Ilk (later 1st Lord Cranstoun), was Keeper of Lochmaben Castle.

Lochmaben Castle remained important and had a turbulent history until some time after the early 17th century by which time it had seen its last siege and was gradually abandoned. King James allocated £1,600 sterling for repairs in 1624 but nothing seems to have been done. The castle is now protected as a scheduled monument.

Lord Mansfield, the Earl of Mansfield, is the Hereditary Keeper of Bruce’s Castle of Lochmaben.

Popular culture
The castle features in The Scottish Chiefs.

Gallery

References

Additional Reading
 Coventry, Martin (2001) The Castles of Scotland, 3rd Ed. Scotland: Goblinshead

External links
Historic Environment Scotland: Visitor guide

Castles in Dumfriesshire
Castles in Dumfries and Galloway
Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Dumfries and Galloway
Historic Scotland properties in Dumfries and Galloway


Gilberto Ortiz Teodoro Sr. (May 7, 1927 – February 22, 2008) was a former Social Security System administrator.

Early life
Teodoro was born on May 7, 1927 in Tondo, Manila.

SSS Administrator
Teodoro was administrator from January 1966 to February 1986, the longest to serve as head of the SSS, which was established in 1957. The agency was young when Teodoro became its head, and that most of the programs he initiated became the blueprint for SSS’ success.

Under Teodoro’s leadership, the agency was able to launch the Educational Loan, Calamity Loan, Investment Incentive Loan Program, Small-and Medium Scale Industries Loan Program, Study-Now-Pay-Later Plan and the three-month salary loan program. He also supervised the decentralization process of SSS operations, which speeded up processing of loans and benefits, and increased registration of wage earners and employers especially in rural areas.

The decentralization move had also allowed members to remit payments through authorized banks. Before the decentralization, members sent payments and membership applications through mail, or appear in person at the SSS head office in Diliman, Quezon City, a costly and time-consuming process especially for members from the provinces.

Teodoro first implemented SSS Medical Care (Medicare) program in 1972, which provided cash payments for medical, surgical and hospitalization expenses of members and their beneficiaries. Three years later, he launched the Employees’ Compensation (EC) program, which gave additional funds to members who suffered from work-related illnesses, disabilities and even death. The administration of the Medicare program was transferred to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation in 1995, but the SSS has continued to provide EC benefits to members.

Also under Teodoro’s leadership, the SSS started granting funeral and maternity benefits and survivors and dependents pension in the 1970s. In 1973, SSS coverage was extended to overseas Filipino workers and in 1980 to self-employed persons.

SSS investment income during Teodoro’s term enabled the fund to increase benefits several times over despite a slow increase in contribution rates.

Moreover, SSS fund placements in various government banking institutions had yielded high returns, which helped spur economic growth and fund public infrastructure projects.

Personal life
Gilbert Teodoro Sr. was married to Mercedes Cojuangco-Teodoro, a Batasang Pambansa member for Tarlac. Tother, they have a son named Gilberto Jr., who would serve as National Defense Secretary.

Death
Teodoro died at 4:45 a.m. at the Makati Medical Center in Makati due to multiple organ failure on February 22, 2008. He was interred on February 26, 2008, at the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig.

At Tarlac Agricultural University (TAU), a gymnasium called Gilberto O. Teodoro Multi-purpose Center is named after him. The Camiling District Hospital in Camiling was also renamed to Gilberto O. Teodoro Memorial Hospital in his memory.

References

1927 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Filipino economists
Cojuangco family
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
People from Manila
Filipino civil servants


ESMR may refer to:

 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer
 Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio


Oliver Twist is a 1985 BBC TV serial. It was produced by Terrance Dicks, directed by Gareth Davies, and adapted by Alexander Baron from the 1838 novel by Charles Dickens. This version follows the book more closely than any of the other film adaptions.

Plot
For a detailed plot, see Oliver Twist.

Cast
 Eric Porter - Fagin
 Michael Attwell - Bill Sikes
Ben Rodska - Oliver Twist
 Amanda Harris - Nancy
 Godfrey James - Mr. Bumble
 Frank Middlemass - Mr Brownlow
 Lysette Anthony - Rose Maylie / Agnes Fleming (Anthony had previously played Oliver's mother in the 1982 adaptation of the novel.)
 Pip Donaghy - Monks
David Garlick - The Artful Dodger (Garlick had previously played the Dodger on Broadway and West End revivals of Oliver!)
 Nicholas Bond-Owen - Charley Bates
David King - Giles
Gillian Martell - Mrs. Maylie
 Edward Burnham - Mr Grimwig
 Julian Firth - Noah Claypole
 Miriam Margolyes - Mrs Corney (later Mrs Bumble)
 Raymond Witch - Mr. Sowerberry
 Terry Molloy - Brittles
 Christian Rodska - Barney
 Dominic Jephcott - Harry Maylie
Carys Llewelyn - Charlotte
Christopher Driscoll - Toby Crackit
 Janet Henfrey - Martha
David McKail - Doctor Losberne
Scott Funnell - Young Oliver Twist

References

External links

1985 British television series debuts
1985 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1980s British television miniseries
Television shows based on Oliver Twist
Costume drama television series
Television series set in the 19th century
English-language television shows
Television series about orphans


The Roundball Classic, originally known as The Dapper Dan Roundball Classic (also known as Magic Johnson's Roundball, Sonny Vaccaro's Roundball Classic, EA Sports Roundball Classic, Asics Roundball Classic) is well known in the sports world as the first national high school All Star basketball game.  It was sponsored by and used as a fundraising event for the Dapper Dan Charities in Pittsburgh.  The inaugural game was played at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 26, 1965.

History

Founding
The  cofounders of the game, Sonny Vaccaro and Pat DiCesare, were two boyhood friends from the small Western Pennsylvania town of Trafford.  Vaccaro was a young school teacher and sports enthusiast who in the early 1960s had organized local high school basketball tournaments throughout Pennsylvania.  His friend and college roommate Pat DiCesare (future president of DiCesare Engler Productions) had made a name for himself by promoting major concert events in Western Pennsylvania.  Vaccaro wanted to do a basketball tournament in the Pittsburgh area, and asked DiCesare if he had interest in promoting the event. DiCesare, who had just brought the Beatles to the Pittsburgh Civic Arena, wanted the event to have national appeal and take place in a large venue.  So, he encouraged his friend to recruit the best players in the country.  The two friends decided that the game would feature high school All-Star players recruited from Pennsylvania against those recruited from the rest of the United States, and it would be played at the Pittsburgh Civic Arena.

Tim Tormey, a friend and business mentor to Pat DiCesare, initiated a meeting between DiCesare and Al Abrams. Abrams was the senior sports editor for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and the president of the Dapper Dan Club, a charitable organization associated with the Post-Gazette. Having Abrams involved meant sponsorship for the game as well as months of sports coverage in the Post-Gazette leading up to the game.  Abrams agreed to have the Dapper Dan Club sponsor the game, but DiCesare had to guarantee Abrams that he would cover any monetary losses and that a portion of the proceeds would go the Dapper Dan Club charities. DiCesare booked a date for the first game to be played on March 26, 1965 at the Civic Arena.

The first game suffered a major recruiting loss when the premier recruit in the nation, Lew Alcindor (later known as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) declined their offer to play in the game.  His coach would not allow him to play. Otherwise, Vaccaro had succeeded in getting big time high school talent from Pennsylvania and the rest of the United States.  The format for the first game featured the National All-Stars vs. the Pennsylvania All-Stars at 9pm with a preliminary game that featured the Western Pennsylvania All Stars vs. City Catholic All-Stars game at 7pm.   More than 10,000 fans attended the first game.

Growth
In the early years, the game quickly gained greater media coverage and a bigger fan following.  The game was important for recruiting purposes as hundreds of colleges coaches and even pro scouts attended the game. It was known to be the "premier high school basketball attraction in the entire nation".

The most popular years were in the 1970s and early 1980s with a record crowd of almost 17,000 fans in 1977. In 1985 the matchup was slated as the East US All-Stars vs. the West US All-Stars. Some believed that changing the format and eliminating the Pennsylvania All-Stars compromised the attendance of the game. The attendance declined slightly in the mid to late 1980s, but the game still received national attention. It was well represented by all of the major recruiting figures in college basketball, and well respected in the sport of basketball.  ESPN continued to broadcast the game yearly.  Ultimately, the game was hurt by the emergence of other high school All Star games that followed – most notably the McDonald's High School All-American Game that began in 1977. Also, the NCAA enacted a rule that restricted athletes to play in only two All-Star games.

Decline and end
The game suffered two major losses in the early 1990s when both Nike and the Dapper Dan Club pulled their sponsorship. With DiCesare's blessing, Sonny Vaccaro moved the game to Detroit in 1993. The 28th Annual Roundball Classic was the last to be played in Pittsburgh on April 11, 1992.

The demand for the game in Pittsburgh was great enough that the Civic Arena in cooperation with Pat DiCesare continued doing a high school All-Star basketball game with Asics as a sponsor and utilizing player recruiters from local colleges.  As expected, the Pittsburgh game could not get the talent that Vaccaro was able to get in Detroit.  The last game in Pittsburgh was played in April 1994.

Vaccaro took the game to Detroit in 1993 where it became known as Magic Johnson's Roundball Classic. The game was played there for 7 years. It was moved to Raleigh, North Carolina in 2000 until it finally was moved to Chicago in 2002 (the 2001 edition was held at the Welsh–Ryan Arena in Evanston, Illinois) where it was simply named "The  Roundball Classic". The game continued to have successful years after Pittsburgh.  Most  notably, it sold out the United Center in Chicago in 2003 when the game featured LeBron James, gathering an attendance of 19,678, the highest in Roundball Classic history, beating the previous record of 16,649 established in 1977. The last game was The 43rd Roundball Classic played in Chicago in 2007.

Game results

Wins by team

Pennsylvania vs. United States format

East vs West format

MVPs

Pennsylvania vs. United States format

After the game two MVPs were named: one for the Pennsylvania team and one for the U.S. team. In 1979 and 1986 three U.S. selections played (East, Midwest and Southwest in 1979; East, South and North in 1986).

East vs. West format

Alumni
Notable alumni include:

Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf
Shareef Abdur-Rahim
Trevor Ariza
Maceo Baston
Thurl Bailey
Benoit Benjamin
Keith Bogans
Aaron Brooks
Kobe Bryant
Matt Carroll
Vince Carter
Wilson Chandler
Lenny Cooke
Eddy Curry
Adrian Dantley
Glen Davis
Paul Davis
Keyon Dooling
Chris Duhon
LaPhonso Ellis
Patrick Ewing
Raymond Felton
Kevin Garnett
Drew Gooden
A. C. Green
Gerald Green
Jason Hart
Dwight Howard
Juwan Howard
Mark Jackson
Joe Johnson
Rashard Lewis
Shaun Livingston
Moses Malone
Stephon Marbury
Rodney McCray
Tracy McGrady
Josh McRoberts
Sean Miller
Randolph Morris
Alonzo Mourning
Calvin Murphy
Joakim Noah
Steve Novak
Greg Oden
Lamar Odom
Shaquille O'Neal
Travis Outlaw
 Tom Payne
Kendrick Perkins
Paul Pierce
Leon Powe
Gabe Pruitt
Joel Przybilla
Jason Richardson
Byron Scott
Josh Smith
Tim Thomas
Gerald Wallace
Rasheed Wallace
Chris Webber
Dominique Wilkins
Marvin Williams
Shawne Williams

Venues
1965–1992: Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1993–1999: The Palace in Auburn Hills, Michigan
2000: Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina
2001: Welsh–Ryan Arena in Evanston, Illinois
2002–2007: United Center in Chicago, Illinois

References

1965 establishments in Pennsylvania
2007 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Basketball all-star games
Basketball in Pennsylvania
High school basketball competitions in the United States
Recurring sporting events established in 1965
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2007


Health Insurance Plan of New Jersey or HIP of New Jersey was a Health Maintenance Organization in New Jersey that was declared insolvent in 1998 and filed for bankruptcy in 1999. The bankruptcy left some people with no insurance coverage. Jaynee LaVecchia, the State Commissioner of Banking and Insurance, proposed legislation to create a fund to pay the costs of future HMO failures in New Jersey. The company offered a range of health insurance plans for individuals, families, and small businesses, including HMO, PPO, and EPO plans. HIPNJ also offers a range of additional services, such as wellness programs and resources for managing chronic conditions.

History
In 1997, the health maintenance organization entered into an asset purchase agreement with PHP Healthcare Corporation of Reston, Virginia (PHP), a Delaware for-profit corporation. In 1999, the company went bankrupt when the $120 million they were owed by Pinnacle Health Enterprises was never paid.

References

Health maintenance organizations
Companies based in New Brunswick, New Jersey
American companies disestablished in 1999
Medical and health organizations based in New Jersey
1999 disestablishments in New Jersey


The Sulphur Institute, or TSI, is an international non-profit organization which acts as a global advocate for sulfur and sulfur producers.

History
The Sulphur institute was founded in 1960, initially working with companies involved in the mining of sulfur using the Frasch process. With the increase of the Claus process for extracting sulfur from natural gas and oil, TSI's members now include multinational energy companies. The Sulphur Institute connects these sulfur producers with sulfur's largest consumer markets (fertilizers and construction materials), transporters, traders, and service providers. Today, The Sulphur Institute's member companies include a host of companies from five continents involved with producing, consuming, trading, adding value, or supplying services to the sulfur industry.

Programs and Activities
TSI is actively engaged in event planning and publishing print materials for the benefit of all sulfur stakeholders. Their work includes international meetings, and developing field activities in regions where sulfur has an economically beneficial role. TSI provides individuals with access to sulfur related publications. In addition to these meetings and printed works, TSI has programs in four main aspects of the sulfur industry: Environment, Health, and Safety; Information and Advocacy; Sulphuric Acid; and Transportation Regulations and Logistics.

Environment, Health, and Safety program
TSI's Environment, Health, and Safety program addresses environmental and safety issues surrounding the transportation, production, and storage of sulfur. The Sulphur Institute's program allows regulatory agencies and industry stakeholders to connect, exchange knowledge, and develop practices which improve the safety of the industry.

Information and Advocacy program
The Sulphur Institute provides members, government and non-government agencies, and industry stakeholders accurate information on sulfur. TSI has served as a source of industry information for many publications including the Wall Street Journal. TSI is often quoted by publications within the industry as well. The information gathered by TSI is made available through a number of publications, webinars, and speaking engagements.

Sulphur Advocacy program
The Sulphur Advocacy program encourages the use of sulfur worldwide in many applications, to promote sulfur as a valuable fertilizer. "Through advocacy, education, and promotion, the program seeks to facilitate increased sulfur demand by removing hurdles for private industry to develop commercial scale sulfur-based fertilizer businesses."

TSI has worked in China and India to develop and promote the use of sulfur. China is one of the major consumers of sulfur, mainly because of its phosphate fertilizer industry. TSI began encouraging sulfur market growth in China beginning in 1994 and has continued working with Chinese organizations. In the 1984 The Sulphur Institute began working with representatives in India to encourage similar growth in sulfur usage. TSI worked with the International Fertilizer Industry Association and the Fertilizer Association of India to provide activities and resources on the use of sulfur in agriculture.

Transportation Regulations and Logistics program
TSI serves as a spokesperson for the sulfur industry with its Transportation Regulations and Logistics program. "TSI monitors for proposed changes to regulations impacting transportation and handling of sulfur and sulfur compounds." Their program covers transportation by rail, road, and sea transportation on regional, national, and international levels.

Sulphur World Symposium
The Sulphur Institute holds an international symposium annually titled The Sulphur Institute's Sulphur World Symposium. The symposia are attended by producers, consumers, and traders in sulfur, as well as industry service providers, and feature speakers discussing a range of topics relating to sulfur.

The 2010 Sulphur World Symposium was held in Doha, Qatar from April 12 through April 15, 2010. The 2010 symposium featured a tour of the Ras Laffan Industrial City, which is not normally available to the public.

Publications
Publications by The Sulphur Institute include market studies, industrial publications, general brochures about sulfur, and brochures on the agricultural uses of sulfur. Symposium proceedings are also available. Most publications are available in English, with several available in Spanish, Chinese, and Hindi.

References

External links
The Sulphur Institute
The Sulphur Institute China
Sulphur in India

International organizations based in the United States
International trade associations
Sulfur


Napoleon Paul Barrel (December 25, 1885December 1, 1964) was a professional football player.  He played seven games in the National Football League during the 1923 season, at age 37, with the Oorang Indians. The Indians were a team based in LaRue, Ohio, composed only of Native Americans, and coached by Jim Thorpe. Barrel was a member of the Chippewas.

References

Uniform Numbers of the NFL

Notes

1885 births
Players of American football from Minnesota
Native American players of American football
Carlisle Indians football players
Oorang Indians players
1964 deaths
People from Becker County, Minnesota


Prospect Mountain is a mountain located in the town of Lake George in Warren County, New York. New York State Route 917A, an unsigned reference route also known as Prospect Mountain Veterans Memorial Highway, is a toll road maintained by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and is the highway by which one reaches the summit at , where a view for  can be seen.

History

Prospect Mountain originally had to use an incline railway car to access the house at the top where people could dance and eat. Construction on the railway began in January 1895 and cost $120,000 total. Construction was finished six months later, with the railway opening on June 15, 1895. After failing financially, the railway system ceased operation in 1903. The area was bought and soon donated to the State of New York. The nearby hiking trail that heads up towards the mountaintop is part of the old railway.

In July 1910, the Forest, Fish and Game Commission built a  wooden fire lookout tower on the mountain. At this time repairs and a new roof were done to the hotel building which was the headquarters for the observer. In 1932, the building at the top of the mountain burned down. The same year a  Aermotor LS40 steel fire lookout tower and observer cabin was built on the mountain by the Conservation Department. For 30 years, people studied what to do with the land, which was owned by the state, and in 1954, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey signed legislation to build a highway up the mountain. Twelve years later, in 1966, then-Governor Nelson Rockefeller made funds available for the highway. The Prospect Mountain Veterans Memorial Highway was opened in 1969, dedicated to war veterans and providing access to the  summit with a  view at its peak. Due to increased use of aerial fire detection, the tower was closed at the end of the 1970 fire lookout season and later removed.

Gallery

References

Mountains of Warren County, New York


Louisa Matilda Fagan (née Ballard)  (9 January 1850, Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – 11 August 1931, London) was an Italian–British female chess master.

Ballard learned to play chess as a child from her father William who married Angela De Deo in Naples in 1847. She eventually married an Irishman, J.G. Fagan who was an officer with the Bombay Lancers, and as a result, the Fagans lived for a period of time in British India. Fagan was part of the chess scene in India, and has some of her problems published in The City of London Chess Magazine.

Fagan became an emancipation activist, and was one of the founding members of the Ladies' Chess Club of London, which boasted 100 members at its peak and lasted until after World War I. She took 2nd place, behind Mary Rudge, in the first Ladies’ International Chess Congress held at the club in London from June 22 to July 3, 1897.

She was the younger sister of William Robert Ballard, born in Naples in 1848, a strong London chess player in the late 19th, early 20th century.

References

1850 births
1931 deaths
Italian female chess players
Italian chess players
British female chess players
British chess players
British tax resisters
Sportspeople from Naples
Italian emigrants
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
Expatriates in British India
Immigrants to the United Kingdom


Doridacea is a taxonomic grouping of dorid nudibranchs, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks. included in the clade Euctenidiacea of the clade Nudibranchia.

Taxonomy
Superfamily Doridoidea
Family Dorididae
Family Actinocyclidae
Family Chromodorididae
Family Discodorididae

Superfamily Phyllidioidea
Family Phyllidiidae
Family Dendrodorididae
Family Mandeliidae

Superfamily Onchidoridoidea (= Phanerobranchiata Suctoria)
Family Akiodorididae
Family Calycidorididae
Family Goniodorididae
Family Onchidorididae
Family Corambidae

Superfamily Polyceroidea (= Phanerobranchiata Non Suctoria)
Family Polyceridae
Family Aegiridae - In Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) Aegiretidae is an incorrect subsequent spelling.
Family Gymnodorididae
Family Hexabranchidae
Family Okadaiidae

Description
Nudibranchs in this grouping have a mantle which overlaps the sides of the foot, apart from the tail in some families. In the Superfamily Polyceroidea and the Family Goniodorididae this is often reduced to a ridge which may bear processes. There is usually a ring of external branched gills surrounding the anus towards the back of the body, but in some subgroups these gills can be located beneath the sides of the mantle (Family Phyllidiidae, Family Corambidae). Typically there are two rhinophores with lamellae which arise through the mantle towards the front of the animals.

References

Nudibranchia


Elizabeth Donata Rawson, FBA (13 April 1934 – 10 December 1988) was a classical scholar known primarily for her work in the intellectual history of the Roman Republic and her biography of Cicero.

Early life
Elizabeth Rawson was the daughter of Graham Stanhope Rawson and Ivy Marion née Enthoven, who married in 1930. The Rawsons were originally a Yorkshire family whose lineage can be traced back to around 1500, but Elizabeth's great-great-grandfather had settled in Kent in the early 19th century. The family lived at 8 Campden Hill Square, Kensington. Rawson grew up in an environment where classical music, theatre, and intellectual achievement were highly valued. Her father, described as "somewhat remote," earned a doctorate of philosophy from the University of Jena in Germany. Her mother, a Dutch Jew, gave assistance during the 1920s to political exiles and opponents of the Fascist regime in Italy, where she had pro-Fascist cousins. In her first book, The Spartan Tradition in European Thought, Rawson acknowledged the influence of her mother, "who in no way resembles a Spartan Mother, save in her dislike of unnecessary verbiage."

Career
Rawson was an early Fellow of New Hall, Cambridge (1967–80) and subsequently (1980–1988) Fellow and Tutor in Ancient History, Corpus Christi College, Oxford. She had been a Rome Scholar 1957–59.

In 1988, Rawson was elected a Fellow of the British Academy. She died that same year in China after one term spent teaching at Nankai University, at the age of 54. She bequeathed her personal library to New Hall, where it is available in a reading area as the Rawson Collection.

Scholarship
Rawson's collected papers, published under the title Roman Culture and Society (1991), explored the "workings of human politics and society, historical thinking at Rome, and literary and cultural criticism," dealing mainly with the themes of historiography and antiquarianism. The collection comprises 31 "substantial" articles written in a 20-year period, during which time she also published three major books and contributed to standard reference works in her field. "Held up by ill-health until 1968," wrote classical scholar T.P. Wiseman, "Elizabeth Rawson started writing late; but once she did start, she had a great deal to say about a great many different things."

In regard to her methodology, Rawson remarked that "a historical generalisation means nothing, is totally empty, without the concrete details from which it emerges and to which it lends significance." She was criticised as "hostile to 'ideas'," and preferred an empirical to a theoretical approach.

Wiseman had this assessment:

Works

Books
The Spartan Tradition in European Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press, originally published 1969, 1991.
Cicero: A Portrait. Bristol Classical Press, originally published 1975, rev. ed. 1983.
Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic. London: Duckworth, 1985; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
Roman Culture and Society: Collected Papers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

Selected essays
The following essays are listed as they were originally published, but appear also in the volume of collected papers.
"Prodigy Lists and the Use of the Annales Maximi." Classical Quarterly 31 (1971) 158–169. "The article with which R. announced herself as a Roman historian."
"The Literary Sources for the Pre-Marian Army." Papers of the British School in Rome (1971) 13–31.
"Cicero the Historian and Cicero the Antiquarian." Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972) 33–45.
"Scipio, Laelius, Furius and the Ancestral Religion." Journal of Roman Studies 63 (1973) 161–174.
"Religion and Politics in the Late Second Century B.C. at Rome." Phoenix 28 (1974) 193–212.
"Caesar's Heritage: Hellenistic Kings and Their Roman Equals." Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1975) 148–159.
"Chariot-Racing in the Roman Republic." Papers of the British School at Rome 49 (1981) 1–16
" Crassorum funera." Latomus 41 (1982) 540–549.
"Cicero and the Areopagus." Athenaeum 63 (1985) 44–67.
"Theatrical Life in Rome and Italy." Papers of the British School at Rome 53 (1985) 97–113.
"Cassius and Brutus: The Memory of the Liberators." In Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Roman Writing (Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 101–120, limited preview online.
"Sallust on the Eighties." Classical Quarterly 37 (1987) 163–180.

Reference works
Rawson, with J.A. Crook and Andrew Lintott, edited volume 9 of The Cambridge Ancient History, "The Last Age of the Roman Republic." Although she died before its publication, she had participated fully in planning the volume and made significant contributions in editing and bibliographical compilation. Rawson wrote the chapters "Caesar: Civil War and Dictatorship" and "The Aftermath of the Ides." Her co-editors recognised her "insight, care, enthusiasm, scholarship and wisdom."

Rawson also contributed the chapter "The Expansion of Rome" in The Oxford History of the Roman World.

References

1934 births
1988 deaths
English classical scholars
Women classical scholars
Historians of ancient Rome
Fellows of New Hall, Cambridge
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Fellows of the British Academy
Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of classics
20th-century English historians


Boris Leonidovich Tsilevitch (, ; born March 26, 1956) is a Latvian politician. He was born in Daugavpils. He is a member of Harmony and a deputy of the Saeima. He began his current term in parliament on October 17, 2011.

From May to July 2004 Tsilevitch briefly served as Member of the European Parliament between the accession of Latvia and the first direct election of Latvian MEPs. During that time, he was a member of the Committee on Petitions.

In addition to his role in parliament, Tsilevitch has been serving as member of the Latvian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2011. As member of Harmony, he is part of the Socialist Group. He is currently the chairperson of the Committee on the Election of Judges to the European Court of Human Rights; a member of the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe (Monitoring Committee); a member of the Committee on Equality and Non-Discrimination; a member of the Sub-Committee on the implementation of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights; and a member Sub-Committee on the Rights of Minorities. Alongside Kerstin Lundgren of Sweden, he serves as the Assembly's co-rapporteur on Georgia.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20090331121310/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/AssemblyList/AL_MemberDetails.asp?MemberID=4135
http://www.cvk.lv/cgi-bin/wdbcgiw/base/saeima9.cvkand9.kandid2?NR1=&cbutton=78106837818

External links
Personal website
Saeima website

1956 births
Living people
Politicians from Daugavpils
Jewish Latvian politicians
Latvian people of Russian-Jewish descent
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima
Minority rights activists
University of Latvia alumni


Oļegs Deņisovs  (born 1966) is a Latvian Russian politician. He is a member of the Socialist Party of Latvia and was a deputy of the 7th, 8th and 9th Saeima (Latvian Parliament).

References
http://www.cvk.lv/cgi-bin/wdbcgiw/base/saeima9.cvkand9.kandid2?NR1=&cbutton=54079835469

External links
Archive on Supreme Soviet and Saeima members since 1990

1966 births
Living people
Politicians from Riga
Latvian people of Russian descent
Socialist Party of Latvia politicians
Deputies of the 6th Saeima
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima


Sergey Leonidovich Dolgopolov (, ; born 1941) is a Latvian Russian politician. He is a member of Harmony, former deputy mayor of Riga (2001–2005) and a deputy of the 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th Saeima (2006-present). In 2015 he was the Harmony's candidate in the election for President of Latvia.

References

External links

Saeima website

1941 births
Living people
Politicians from Riga
Latvian people of Russian descent
National Harmony Party politicians
New Centre (Latvia) politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima
Candidates for President of Latvia
Riga Technical University alumni


Sergejs Fjodorovs (born 1956) is a Latvian politician. He is a member of the Socialist Party of Latvia and was a deputy of the 8th, 9th and 10th Saeima (Latvian Parliament).

References

1956 births
Living people
People from Viļāni Municipality
Latvian people of Russian descent
Socialist Party of Latvia politicians
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima


Aleksandrs Golubovs (1959 – 19 May 2010) was a Latvian politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party of Latvia and a deputy of the 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Saeima (Latvian Parliament). He began his last term in parliament on November 7, 2006. Golubovs died on 19 May 2010, during an official visit to Belarus.

References

External links
Archive on members of the Supreme Soviet and Saeima since 1990 on saeima.lv

1959 births
2010 deaths
People from Ludza Municipality
Latvian people of Russian descent
Socialist Party of Latvia politicians
Deputies of the 6th Saeima
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Riga Stradiņš University alumni


Howard Forest Station is a CAL Fire station and emergency command center (ECC) in Mendocino County, California, located along U.S. Route 101 and  south of the city of Willits.  The Howard Forest ECC serves as a secondary public safety answering point (PSAP) for fire and emergency medical services in largely unincorporated Mendocino County. The compound is also the location of the Howard Forest Helitack Base and serves as the headquarters of the Mendocino Ranger Unit.

History

Forest Fire Station
Howard Forest covers a  initial attack response area that contains over  of state land, and over  of US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands. Two fire engines respond from Howard Forest station during peak fire season, each staffed with a crew of three (one officer, two firefighters.) Assigned to the facility are three fire captains, three fire apparatus engineers and ten seasonal firefighters.

Helitack Base
The Howard Forest Helitack Base crew includes two pilots, four fire captains, two Fire Apparatus Engineers and twelve seasonal firefighters. This crew staffs a UH-1 H helicopter with call sign Copter 101. The helitack crew logs an average of 412 flight hours per year and responds to both fires and medical emergencies.

When CAL Fire began to develop a helitack program in 1970, it was decided that helitack bases would be established in areas where they could most easily protect high-value timberlands and critical watershed areas in northern and central California.  Subsequently two bases were created for Mendocino County and the surrounding area to protect the high-value timber industry in this region. Starting in 1972, the first was located at Laytonville Fire Station, with call sign Copter 101. The second was an Evergreen contract Bell 205A1 (50 Romeo) starting in 1977 at CDF's Howard Forest Fire Station near the town of Willits, California, with call sign of Copter 100.  Copter 100 performed the first rope rappelling at Howard Forest, and demonstrated the value and function of the Medium Helicopter for California firefighting.  In 1981, Laytonville helitack moved and Copter 101 established at its current location at Howard Forest; Copter 100 and its helitack crew was disbanded. Laytonville's helipad and fueling facilities are still maintained as a secondary base and mid-mission refueling location.

Emergency Command Center
In addition to all CAL Fire units within the county, Howard Forest is also responsible for dispatching multiple local entities including 19 Local Government Fire Agencies, 7 Ambulance Agencies, REHIT Hazardous Materials Team, and BLM Law Enforcement in Lake and Mendocino Counties.

See also
 CDF Aviation Management Program
 Helicopter bucket
 Aerial firefighting
 Wildfire suppression

References

External links

 Short information sheet about Howard Forest helitack from the State of California website

Buildings and structures in Mendocino County, California
Wildfire suppression facilities
Government of Mendocino County, California
Firefighting in California


Andrejs Klementjevs (born 7 September 1973, in Riga) is a Latvian politician of Russian origin. He is a member of  Harmony and a deputy of the 11th Saeima.

Education

2009–2011
University of Latvia, Faculty of Economics and Management, master's degree programme in Public Administration, master's degree in social sciences

1998
Graduated from the Riga Aviation University, bachelor's degree in economics

Work experience

2011
Member of the 11th Saeima, Deputy Speaker of the Saeima
Member of the Social Affairs and Employment Matters Committee; member of the Administrative Committee
Specialised in social issues, health protection, employment legislation, and national security

2010–2011
Member of the 10th Saeima, Deputy Speaker of the Saeima
Member of the Social Affairs and Employment Matters Committee; member of the Administrative Committee

2006–2010
Member of the 9th Saeima, Deputy Secretary of the Saeima
Member of the Social Affairs and Employment Matters Committee; member of the National Security Committee
Specialised in social issues, health protection, employment legislation, and national security

2002–2006
Member of the 8th Saeima

1998–2002
Member of the 7th Saeima

1994–1998
Inspector (police lieutenant) at the Criminal Police Unit of the Ministry of the Interior

in 1992	Inspector at the Social Security Department of the Executive Board of the Latgale District of the Riga City Council

Marital status
Married, two sons

References

External links
Central Election Commission of Latvia profile
LR SAEIMA

1973 births
Riga Aviation University alumni
Living people
Politicians from Riga
Latvian people of Russian descent
Equal Rights (Latvia) politicians
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima


The National Land Survey of Finland (, ) is an official body, dealing with cartography and cadastre issues in Finland. It is subordinated the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

On May 1, 2012 the National Land Survey opened its topographic datasets for free use.

Organization
The current director is Arvo Kokkonen. The National Land Survey of Finland has offices in 37 localities across Finland, from Mariehamn to Ivalo. The number of employees totals approximately 2000. The organisation consists of a central administration and four operations units, which are Production, General Administration, Centre for ICT Services, and the Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI).

The National Land Survey deals both with cartographic and cadastre questions, and upholds a national Geographic Information System. Furthermore, the NLS provides services concerning land, environment and buildings. The main customer is the private sector.

Directors General
 Abraham Nordenstedt 1812–1820
 Abraham Joachim Molander 1821–1828
 Carl Gustaf Tawaststjerna 1828–1843
 Jonas Ferdinand Bergenheim 1843–1845
 Alexander Rechenberg 1847–1854
 Clas Wilhelm Gyldèn 1854–1872
 Berndt Otto Nymalm 1872–1887
 Jaakko Sjölin 1887–1915
 Otto Sarvi 1915–1917
 Kyösti Haataja 1917–1929
 Väinö Ahla 1929–1950
 Väinö V. Seppälä 1950–1960
 Viljo Niskanen 1960–1972
 Lauri Kantee 1972–1991
 Jarmo Ratia 1991–1999
 Pauli Karvinen 1999–2000
 Jarmo Ratia 2000–2012
 Arvo Kokkonen 2012–
Source:

References

External links

National mapping agencies
Government-owned companies of Finland
Geography of Finland
Land registration


Bathydorididae is a taxonomic family of dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks.

Bathydorididae is the only family in the superfamily Bathydoridoidea, within the clade Gnathodoridacea.

Taxonomy
Genera in the family Bathydorididae include:
 Bathydoris Bergh, 1884 - type genus. These nudibranchs live in deep water, below 1,500 m.
Bathydoris abyssorum  Bergh, 1884 (type species)
Bathydoris aioca Marcus & Marcus, 1962
Bathydoris clavigera  Thiele, 1912  (synonym : Prodoris clavigera)
Bathydoris hodgsoni  Eliot, 1907
Bathydoris ingolfiana  Bergh, 1900
 Bathydoris japonensis Hamatani & Kubodera, 2010
Bathydoris patagonica  Kaiser, 1980
Bathydoris violacea  Baranetz. 1993
Bathydoris vitjazi Minichev, 1969
Prodoris  Baranetz, 1997
Prodoris clavigera  (Thiele, 1912)

References

Further reading

Belick, Francis P. 1975 Additional opisthobranch mollusks from Oregon. The Veliger 17 (3): 276-277.
Goddard, Jeffrey H.r. 1984. The opisthobranchs of Cape Arago, Oregon, with notes on their biology and a summary of benthic opisthobranchs known from Oregon. The Veliger 27 (2): 143-163.
Lance, James R. 1967. The holotype of the abyssal dorid nudibranch Bathydoris aoica Marcus & Marcus, 1962. The Veliger 9 (4) 410.
Marcus, Ev. & Er. Marcus. 1962. A new species of the Gnathodoridacea. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 34: 269-275.
Valdés, Ángel, and Hans Bertsch. 2000. Redescription and range extension of Bathydoris aioca Marcus & Marcus, 1962 (Nudibranchia: Gnathodoridoidea). The Veliger 43 (2): 172-178.


Sergejs Mirskis  (born 1 January 1952), is a Latvian politician. He is a member of Harmony and a deputy of the 10th, 11th and 12th Saeima. He began his current term in parliament on November 18, 2010. He is of partial German descent.

References

External links

Saeima website

1952 births
Living people
People from Ādaži Municipality
Latvian people of German descent
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima


Nehemiah Hawkins (1833 – January 15, 1928) was an American inventor, publisher and author (pen name Theodore Audel) was born in Providence, Rhode Island. He started working with the G&C Merriam Company of Springfield, MA. In Chicago he established a magazine called Steam — soon sold and incorporated into Power   — then moved to New York. He was survived by a son and two daughters.

He wrote (or commissioned and published under his own name) many of the popular Audel's Guides popular with engineers and craftsmen and published by Theodore Audel & Company of New York. He sometimes used the pseudonym William Rogers  (a likely reference to Roger Williams).

The content of his books published prior to 1923 is now in the Public Domain.

Works in part or whole by N. Hawkins
(In order by year; years may not be first editions.)
 Handbook of Calculations for Engineers and Firemen. 1889.
 Maxims and instructions for the boiler room. T. Audel, 1891.
 Aids to Engineers' Examinations. 1894. 210pp.
 New catechism of electricity: a practical treatise. T. Audel & Co., 1896. 541pp. "This work is respectfully dedicated to Thomas A. Edison of Llewellyn Park, N.J."
 New catechism of the steam engine: with chapters on gas, oil and hot air engines. Theo. Audel, 1898 (copyright 1897; reprinted 1900, 1904.) 437pp.
 Hawkins Indicator Catechism.  A Practical Treatise for the Use of Erecting and Operating Engineers, Superintendents, Students of Steam Engineering, Etc. T. Audel, 1899.
 Aids to engineers' examinations: Prepared for applicants of all grades, with questions and answers. A summary of the principles and practice of steam engineering. T. Audel, 1901. 210pp.
 Self-Help Mechanical Drawing for home study. T. Audel, 1902. 287pp.
 The progressive machinist: a practical and educational treatise, with illustrations. T. Audel, 1903. 336pp. (Alternate title: 'The Advance Machinist'.)
 (as William Rogers). Pumps and hydraulics, Part 1. T. Audel, 1905. 419pp
 (as William Rogers). Pumps and hydraulics, Part 2. T. Audel, 1905. 424pp.
 Hawkins' mechanical dictionary: a cyclopedia of words, terms, phrases and data used in the mechanic arts, trades and sciences. T. Audel, 1909. 684pp.
 Hawkins' electrical dictionary: a cyclopedia of words, terms, phrases and data used in the electric arts, trades and sciences. Audel, 1910. 537pp.
 Hawkins Electrical Guide: Alternating currents and alternators. T. Audel, 1914. 1266pp.
 Hawkins and Staff, Hawkins Electrical Guide Number One. New York: Theo. Audel, 1917.
 Hawkins, Theodore Lucas, Frank Duncan Graham. Audels new marine engineers guide: a practical treatise on marine engines, boilers and auxiliary machinery..... Theo. Audel, 1918.
 Hawkins, Edwin P. Anderson. Audels mechanical dictionary for technical trades, arts and sciences: defining 17000 words, terms, phrases, formulas, rules. Theo. Audel, 1942. 948pp.

See also
 Hawkins Electrical Guide
 Frank D. Graham
 Edwin P. Anderson
 Ralph Newstead

References

External links

1833 births
1928 deaths
American book publishers (people)


Vitālijs Orlovs  (born 1964) is a Latvian politician. He is a member of  Harmony and a deputy of the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Saeima. He began his current term in parliament on 4 November 2014. He is of partial Karelian descent.

External links
Saeima website

1964 births
Living people
People from Jēkabpils
People of Karelian descent
Equal Rights (Latvia) politicians
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima


Polonais was a  74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.

First named Glorieux, she was renamed on 23 February 1807.

In 1809, under Captain Mequet, she departed Lorient, France with Troude's squadron, bound for the Caribbean. The squadron included  and . On 29 March, the ships arrived at the Saintes and landed reinforcements.

On 29 May, Polonais and Courageux reached Cherbourg, France along with seven prize ships captured on the way. D'Hautpoul had been captured in the action of 14–17 April 1809.

In April 1814, at the Bourbon Restoration, Polonais was renamed Lys captained by Troude. She then ferried Louis XVIII back to France. She was briefly renamed Polonais during the Hundred Days of Napoleon, and then back to Lys again.

After the Bourbon Restoration, Lys was sent to retake possession of the island of Martinique, along with the frigate  and the corvette . The squadron arrived at Fort Royal on 5 October 1814.

From 1822, she was used as a storage hulk, and she was broken up in Brest on 1825.

Citations

References

1808 establishments in France
1825 disestablishments in France
Ships of the line of the French Navy
Téméraire-class ships of the line
1808 ships
Louis XVIII


Ivans Ribakovs  (born 1960) is a Latvian politician. He is a member of Harmony and a deputy of the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Saeima. He began his current term in parliament on November 4, 2014.

External links
Saeima website
Ivans.Ribakovs.lv

1960 births
Living people
People from Zarasai
Latvian people of Russian descent
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima
University of Daugavpils alumni


Artūrs Rubiks (born 16 August 1970) is a Latvian politician, the son of Alfrēds Rubiks and the brother of Raimonds Rubiks. He is a member of  Harmony and a deputy of the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Saeima. He began his current term in parliament on November 4, 2014. He is also affiliated with the Socialist Party of Latvia.

References

External links
Saeima website

1970 births
Living people
Politicians from Riga
Socialist Party of Latvia politicians
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima


Jānis Tutins (born 1966) is a Latvian politician. He is a member of Harmony and a deputy of the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Saeima. He began his current term in parliament on November 4, 2014.

External links
Saeima website

1966 births
Living people
People from Rēzekne
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima


Jānis Urbanovičs (born 23 March 1959) is a Latvian politician and author. He has been a member of the Saeima since 1994. From 2005–2010 Urbanovičs was chairman of the National Harmony Party and from 2010–2014 and again since 2019 the chairman of Harmony.

Biography

Urbanovičs was born in 1959 in Rēzekne District, Latvia, into a large devout Catholic family of modest means. During World War II his father fought Nazi Germany in the Red Army, while his uncle was in the Latvian Waffen-SS Legion. During his school years, Urbanovičs worked on different irrigation engineering projects, shaping his choice of education. In 1982, he graduated from the Latvian Academy of Agriculture as a hydraulic engineer. At the same time, he mastered cabinetmaking, which is still a hobby today. He then worked as a Chief Engineer leading various construction projects.

In 1984, during the early years of Perestroika, he became a part of the LĻKJS, the communist youth league where he soon gained the position of the first secretary of the Central Committee of Komsomol in the Latvian SSR. Under his direction, the organisation held conferences, discussion panels and training courses. In 1986 he actively participated in the organisation of The Chautauqua Conferences in Jūrmala on the Soviet Union–United States relations.

In 1994, Urbanovičs became a member of the first Saeima since the restoration of Latvian independence. From 2005 he was the head of the Harmony Centre electoral alliance. In 2010 he became the chairman of the newly merged Harmony. In 2012 Urbanovičs was denied the highest category access to work with state secrets.

According to the public benefit organization Delna, Urbanovičs had attended only 31% of committee meetings in the 11th Saeima, making him the leading Saeima deputy in missed parliamentary commissions. In 2012 the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau launched an investigation into Urbanovičs for attempting to defraud 20% of his salary as a Saeima deputy by having another person register him as being present in an April 26 parliamentary meeting, while Urbanovičs was in Moscow.

In 2014 Urbanovičs blamed the Russo-Ukrainian War on what he believed were "West's efforts to sabotage Russian plans for a Eurasian Customs Union" and called Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation "a desperate measure on the part of Russia in order to prevent economic and military imbalance in the contact zone of Southeastern Europe between NATO and Russia", citing the precedent of Abrene County as a partial justification.

Since 1994, Urbanovičs has participated in parliamentary delegations for liaising with the CIS and Central Asian countries. He maintains contacts with the leaders of those countries and has received awards for strengthening cultural and economic relations. He also contributed to the signing of Latvian cooperation agreements with China, Turkey, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan.

In 1998 Urbanovičs together with the chairman of the Institute of Contemporary Development Igor Yurgens became one of the founders of the Baltic Forum, which over time evolved into a dialogue platform for post-Soviet states. He also initiated the annual Be-La-Rus youth camp, which takes place on the borders of Latvia, Russia and Belarus.

Books

Urbanovičs together with Igor Yurgens and Juris Paiders has published a series of books in Russian and Latvian titled "" (, ) about the history of Latvia during the Ulmanis authoritarian regime, Soviet and German occupations and Soviet re-occupation – "The Draft of the Future: Latvia 1934–1941" (2011), "The Draft of the Future: Latvia 1941–1947" (2012), "The Draft of the Future: Latvia 1948–1955" (2013) and "The Draft of the Future: Latvia 1956–1991" (2016).

Personal life
Urbanovičs is married to Rita Urbanoviča, with whom he has two daughters and a son. His mother tongue is Latvian, but he also speaks Russian and Polish. Urbanovičs plays basketball and is the founder of the Harmony party basketball team.

External links

Saeima website

References

1959 births
Living people
People from Rēzekne
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 5th Saeima
Deputies of the 6th Saeima
Deputies of the 7th Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Deputies of the 12th Saeima
Deputies of the 13th Saeima
Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies alumni


Nils Ušakovs   (, Nil Valeryevich Ushakov) (born 8 June 1976) is a Latvian Russian politician, former mayor of Riga and former journalist. He has been the board chairman of the left-wing party alliance Harmony Centre (2005–2014) and afterwards board chairman of the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" (2014–2019). In 2009 Ušakovs was elected the Mayor of Riga, becoming the first Riga Mayor of Russian descent since Latvia's restoration of sovereignty in 1991, a position he continuously held until his dismissal in 2019.

Background
Ušakovs was born in Riga into the family of an engineer and an amateur jazz musician Valērijs Ušakovs and literature and Russian language teacher Ludmila Ušakova. During his childhood, Ušakovs considered a military career, perhaps influenced by his family's history: both of his grandparents were army officers who fought in World War II, and many of his ancestors were involved in the Russian Civil War.
Ušakovs graduated from the University of Latvia in 1999 with a bachelor's degree in economics. He became a naturalized citizen of Latvia the same year. He then lived and studied in Denmark, where he received a candidatus oeconomices degree with specialization in European integration issues from the University of Southern Denmark in 2002. Aside from his native Russian, Ušakovs is fluent in English and Latvian, with basic knowledge of Swedish, Danish and German.

Journalist
From 1998 to 2005, Ušakovs had occupied various positions within  Russian and Latvian-language media, including NTV (1998–1999), Latvijas Televīzija (1999–2000), TV5 (2001–2004) and the Channel One Baltic (2004–2005), where he worked as a news editor. In 2004, Ušakovs, for his contribution to journalism, was conferred the Cicero Award, established by the University of Latvia and the Latvian Association of Journalists.

Politician

Saeima member (2006–2009)

In 2005, Ušakovs' friend Jānis Urbanovičs made an invitation to join the National Harmony Party, which Ušakovs accepted. The party soon entered the Harmony Centre alliance, with Ušakovs elected its leader. He became a Saeima member after the 2006 Latvian parliamentary election, his alliance winning 17 seats (the third-best result). The alliance positioned itself as the only political force in the country promoting cooperation between the ethnic Latvians and Russians. Ušakovs has argued that this is the only way to achieve fuller integration of the Russian-speaking population, as opposed to political parties catering to the interests of only one ethnicity.

Mayor of Riga
Ušakovs has held the post of Riga Mayor continuously from 2009 till 2019 and his represented Harmony Centre has received the most votes in the past three municipal elections in Riga (2009, 2013 and 2017).

First term (2009–2013)
The Harmony Centre was the winner of the 6 June 2009, local election in Riga, securing 26 out of 60 seats. It entered a coalition with Ainārs Šlesers' LPP/LC party, which won 12 seats. Ušakovs and Šlesers were nominated for the posts of mayor and deputy mayor respectively, a move approved by the new city council on 1 July.

Ušakovs' inauguration was marred by a small controversy: the previous mayor, Jānis Birks of the right-wing, national conservative For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK party, which failed to win any seats, did not participate in the traditional ceremony of passing the chain of office to the new mayor. Birks' press secretary claimed that it was not due to an ideological conflict or a grudge, but because Birks was away from the city on that day.

Ušakovs sees strengthening of ties with Russia, particularly in the realms of freight transit through the Riga free port and tourism, as a solution to Riga's economic troubles, as Latvia was hit especially hard by the financial crisis of 2007–2010. During his campaign for the Riga's City Council, Ušakovs also argued for more emphasis on education of Latvia's population and protection of vital local industries. On 23 November 2010 Ušakovs was elected in the Freeport of Riga Board.

On 5 January 2010 members from the Riga City Council opposition initiated an unsuccessful vote of no confidence against Ušakovs, criticizing him of "undemocratic governance, work in the interest of private lobbies, poor management skills and squandering money".

According to data from research centre SKDS, Ušakovs' popularity among Rigans had grown steadily, from 53.1% of Rigans approving of Ušakovs' performance in August 2009 to 73% of the city's residents approving of him in December 2010, the highest recorded approval among Riga Mayors since March 1997, when the sociological studies were launched. In a 2010 survey by newspaper Neatkarīgā Ušakovs was voted the best Mayor of Riga by 43% respondents.

In 2011 Ušakovs signed a petition for Russian as a second official language in Latvia, despite the fact that both Harmony and Ušakovs had previously stated that they do not support it. He released a statement saying that he had been angered by National Alliance voting against the allocation of funds for such a referendum and went on to argue that it is not a move against the Latvian language, but in the name of dignity. After that other deputies, local government representatives and public officials from Harmony Centre began to sign it as well, including MP Nikolai Kabanov.

Second term (2013–2017)

After the Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse in 2013 Ušakovs announced on November that he, unlike Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis, will not be resigning as he believed he could best serve the interests of his voters by remaining in office. Ušakovs called the resignation of Dombrovskis "a cynical attempt to kill two birds with one stone" and criticized him of avoiding solving current problems. In December 2013 Ušakovs was asked by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development to provide explanations for "ineffective construction control in the capital".

On 3 December 2013, two demonstrations were organized in the Riflemen Square to both express support and criticism of Ušakovs for not resigning in the Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse aftermath. They were attended by several hundred people, many of the supporters being Rīgas Satiksme employees who were allowed to take a day off to participate in the demonstration. Asked for comment Ušakovs responded by asking to point a single person brought to the demonstration by force. An investigation was launched by the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau on the alleged misappropriation of taxpayers’ money and use of said money to finance the public demonstration in support of Ušakovs.

In August 2014 Ušakovs criticized the sanctions imposed against Russia for its aggression against Ukraine as a "nightmarish idea" and warned that Latvia would suffer the most from Russian counter sanctions, adding that he would "go and plead for them to keep our stands open so that, when this war is over, there’s a place to return to". A month later Ušakovs went on an official visit to Moscow, where he met with Russian Prime Minister and former President Dmitry Medvedev, head of the Russian Orthodox church Patriarch Kirill and Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin to discuss current developments in economic relations, cultural promotion and other issues.

A few days later Ušakovs went on an official party visit to Washington DC, where he met with State Department officials to discuss political situation of the Russian-speaking minority and its integration, rights of national and ethnic language minorities, NATO financing and the response of U.S. to the Russo-Ukrainian War.

On 20 February 2015, during another visit in Moscow Ušakovs received the International Public Orthodox Peoples Unity Award for "strengthening Christian principles within society" from Patriarch Kirill, as well as 10,000 US dollars that Ušakovs donated towards the renovation of St Nikolai's Orthodox chapel in Spīķeri, Riga.

In 2015 the Parliamentary investigative commission issued a final report, declaring that Ušakovs was one of the 7 people politically and morally responsible for the Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse, in Ušakovs’ case the reason being that "Riga City Council's construction supervision system was inefficient and fragmented, while the procedure of certification of construction experts did not contribute to the development of safe construction practices".

Third term (2017–2019)

In 2017 Ušakovs was elected for the third term as mayor of Riga.

In December 2018 Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau carried out more than 30 searches in the offices of Rīgas Satiksme and the Rīga City Council and detained 8 people in Latvia and Poland in relation to a corruption probe over rigged multi-million tenders from 2013 to 2016, prompting the resignation of Rīgas Satiksme board and Riga City Council deputy mayor Andris Ameriks. The President of Latvia Raimonds Vējonis, Prime Minister Māris Kučinskis, former Minister of Regional Development Kaspars Gerhards and current Minister of Environmental Protection and Regional Development Juris Pūce all called for Ušakovs to resign as well.

On 13 December Ušakovs called an extraordinary city council meeting to ask for a mandate of confidence, receiving support from 32 of 60 municipal councilors, while the opposition councilors walked out of the meeting.

On 30 January 2019 the Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau searched Ušakovs' office and residence in relation to an ongoing criminal probe. The next day Harmony released a statement fully supporting Ušakovs and called the actions "a politically motivated attempt by a single party to change the outcome of the election".

On 9 February 2019, Harmony organized a demonstration outside the Riga Town Hall attended by around 3,000 people, many of whom expressed support for Ušakovs. Two days before the protest the State Police launched a criminal case for inciting ethnic hatred over posters appearing both on social media and on the streets showing Nazi officers taking away Ušakovs dressed like a concentration camp inmate with a notice saying "Because he’s Russian" in Latvian (Tāpēc, ka krievs). Harmony said the posters have not been circulated by them and called police to investigate the source and goals of the posters.

On 28 February Pūce demanded Ušakovs to provide a detailed overview for the state of Rīgas Satiksmes' financial affairs and planned steps to stabilize the situation in the company after the interim chairperson of Rīgas Satiksme Anrijs Matīss announced the same day that the company would need 37 million euros in March to avoid insolvency. On 5 March Matīss resigned, citing lack of support from Ušakovs for changes in the company.

Dismissal and resignation (2019)

On 5 April 2019, Minister of Environmental Protection and Regional Development of Latvia Juris Pūce suspended Ušakovs from his position of mayor, citing at least eight legal and regulatory violations. Ušakovs called the action "absolutely illegal" and "heavily politicized" and promised to fight it in court. Upon his removal, Ušakovs signed an order for recently selected vice-mayor Oļegs Burovs to assume the duties of mayor.

On 17 May 2019 Ušakovs' plea against Riga City Council deputy Vilnis Ķirsis for indirectly referring to Ušakovs and Ameriks as "the face of corruption" was rejected by the Riga City Vidzeme Suburb Court and Ušakovs was ordered to pay 1,000 euros to Ķirsis to cover litigation costs.

After being elected into the European Parliament, Ušakovs submitted his resignation on 29 May 2019, but vowed to continue fighting against his dismissal in court. On 8 April 2020 his appeal was rejected by the Administrative District Court who concluded that the dismissal was necessary, reasonable and proportional to the uncovered violations.

European Parliament (2019–present)

On 25 February Latvian Television reported of unofficial information that Ušakovs and Ameriks will run in the upcoming European Parliament elections for the first time ever, replacing the previously announced Harmony lead candidate Vjačeslavs Dombrovskis, despite Ušakovs previously stating he has no intention of running for the European Parliament. The next day Ušakovs and Ameriks confirmed their run for the European Parliament and Ušakovs denied speculation that the reason for changing his mind was the ongoing corruption investigation into Rīgas Satiksme. The campaign was successful and Ušakovs and Ameriks were both elected to the European Parliament. He has since been serving on the Committee on Budgets. In addition to his committee assignments, he is part of the Parliament's delegations for relations with the United States and to the Euronest Parliamentary Assembly.

He is currently one of two Latvian MEPs who, along with Ivars Ijabs, are members of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.

Collapse at the Riga Half Marathon
On Sunday 22 May 2011 Ušakovs collapsed while taking part in the Riga Marathon half marathon event. He was immediately placed in intensive care at Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital with signs of severe hyperthermia. Ušakovs was placed in an induced coma state. On 24 May he was transported to Berlin for further treatment at the Charité Hospital. The Latvian medical authorities had previously declared his condition "serious but stable."

On 30 May doctors awoke him from an induced coma state. He fully recovered in the following weeks and resumed his duties on 12 July. More than 213 000 lats were donated for Ušakovs, of which 48 053 lats were used to cover the treatment expenses, while the rest was directed to charity for children treatment abroad.

Controversy

On 17 November 2011, founder and editor of the Russian-language news website Kompromat Leonīds Jākobsons began publishing e-mail correspondence from 2008 to 2009 between Ušakovs and advisor of the Russian embassy in Riga Alexander Hapilov, an alleged Russian intelligence agent, concerning funding of 2009 Latvian municipal elections.
Ušakovs filed a complaint against Jēkabsons and on 23 November 2011, a criminal process was launched against Jēkabsons for "violation of confidentiality of correspondence and information transmitted over telecommunications networks". In December 2011, the State Police arrested Jākobsons and searched his apartment, confiscating multiple data storage devices and two computers. The arrest was strongly condemned by Reporters Without Borders. On 29 May 2011 Jēkabsons was beaten, burned and slashed in the face with a sharp object by two unidentified attackers, who Jēkabsons believed were linked to his recent publications about Ušakovs. Ušakovs voiced his support for Jākobsons on Twitter, adding "I have an alibi :)". In 2016 Jākobsons was cleared of all charges, in regard to publication of Ušakovs' correspondence.

In September 2014 Ušakovs sparked controversy in an interview with the Russian television channel Dozhd, where he said, "For us at the moment, President Vladimir Putin is the best one we could have because, if he wasn't there, then power would not go to Navalny", adding that "The presidents that could be in his place would not bring stability to the neighborhood".

Two weeks before the 2017 Latvian municipal elections on 3 June a documentary titled Pārgājiens (Walkabout) on Ušakovs' road to becoming the Riga Mayor premiered at the Splendid Palace cinema. Producer Raimonds Elbakjans claimed the film was not a political advertisement but a genuine inspirational "documentary", however Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau later found that "Harmony" had partially financed it (i.e. the film making, broadcasting and pre-release) and classified it as a "pre-election campaigning", fining "Harmony" for 250 euros.

In March 2018 The Baltic Center for Investigative Journalism Re:Baltica published an investigation claiming that over a period of three years Ušakovs "has spent more than 8 million euros of taxpayer money on promoting himself" and the "money has been spent buying up airtime, employing people in youth organizations connected to the ruling party, and promoting mayor on social networks." The Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau concluded that there are no violations, pointing out that "the published articles didn’t indicate that Ušakovs was a candidate and there was no evidence that these posts had been paid for by the city". Ušakovs called the research biased and unsuccessfully filed a criminal suit for defamation against Re:Baltica. Ušakovs appealed the decision, but his appeal was also rejected.

References

External links
Official website

1976 births
Living people
Latvian people of Russian descent
National Harmony Party politicians
Social Democratic Party "Harmony" politicians
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Mayors of Riga
MEPs for Latvia 2019–2024
Latvian journalists
Russian male journalists
University of Latvia alumni
University of Southern Denmark alumni


Lords of Lyrics, better known as “L.O.L.", is an American West Coast hip hop duo that consists of Jerry L. Polidore and J.K. Jackson, aka "JP" and Young Koop.  The Los Angeles-based group was formed in 1992.

History
Group member Young Koop (formerly known as Shawn) is a native of South Central Los Angeles, while JP (formerly known as Swan), born in Houston, TX, but lived his teenage years in Los Angeles.  The Duo met and started rapping together during high school where they became popular for entertaining students with rap performances during lunch hour, while attending University High School.  Just after High School, JP and Koop formed L.O.L.. Members, Damon "Twin" Rose and DJ Marq, joined the group a shortly afterward.

In their early years, L.O.L. was known to frequently perform at Los Angeles's The Good Life Cafe's Thursday night open-mic Underground Hip Hop scene, that was located on Crenshaw Boulevard.

By 1994, L.O.L. emerged from the underground rap scene, performing with the likes of Cypress Hill, Too Short, Mobb Deep, Xzibit. Their first album debuted in August 1994, titled "Do or Die", produced by Damon "Twin" Rose, while signed to Pyramid Records/Wilbro Records.  During that time they fought to keep their careers alive through a shady record deal and faulty management.

In 1996, L.O.L. was picked up by Franchise Records, where their second full-length studio album, "Heaven or Hell" was released.  The album was produced by DJ Slip from Compton's Most Wanted and NBA superstar, Stanley Roberts, then center for the Los Angeles Clippers and CEO of Franchise Records.

Although the group hasn't seen an abundant amount of commercial success in the U.S., they have a strong international fan-base, and are best known for their "Heaven or Hell" album, which is now considered a classic G-Funk album.  "Heaven or Hell" contains the popular single, "Summer Breeze", and for "Boom Boom Crack", featured in the 1996 Hollywood movie, and on the Soundtrack of "The Last Days of Frankie the Fly".  After a short stint with Franchise Records, the label closed their doors, and L.O.L. group members eventually parted ways.

Original L.O.L. members, Young Koop and "J.P." have since reunited, and have release three studio albums independently.  Their most recent release "Loyalty or Royalty was released on February 20, 2015.

Discography

Albums
 1994: Do or Die
 1996: Heaven or Hell
 2009: Lost & Found (recorded in 1998-2000)
 2010: Redemption
 2013: One 4 All (Young Koop)
 2015: Loyalty or Royalty

Singles
 1994: "Free"
 1996: Soundtrack: The Last Days of Frankie the Fly: Song: Boom Boom Crack
 1996: "Summer Breeze"
 2012: "Do it Fluid (Young Koop)"
 2013: "West Coast 4 Life"
 2013: "We Gon' Ride"
 2014: "Raps Like These"
 2015: "Sip N Sunday"
 2015: "We Gon' Ride II"
 2017: "Why I Low Ride (Young Koop Feat. Curren$y"

References

External links
Lords of Lyrics at Facebook
Lords of Lyrics Official Website

Hip hop groups from California
Musical groups from Los Angeles
American hip hop duos
Musical duos from California


Aleksejs Vidavskis  (19 September 1943 – 1 July 2020) was a Latvian politician who served as a member of the Supreme Council of Latvia, as a mayor of Daugavpils, and as a deputy in the 8th and 9th Saeima (Latvian Parliament).

Biography

Early life
Vidavskis was born in Daugavpils, Latvia on September 19, 1943, when the city was under Nazi control as a part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland. He graduated from the Riga Polytechnic Institute in 1979 while working various positions at the Daugavpils Chemical Fiber Factory from 1966 to 1987.

Political activity
He served as a member of the Supreme Council of Latvia from its establishment in 1990 until he and 14 other members who had voted against the Declaration of Independence were removed for "acting contrary to the Constitution."

Vidavskis was elected mayor of Daugavpils from the Harmony Centre party despite not being a member of the party at the time. He served as mayor from 1994 to 2001. He also served two terms as a deputy of the Saeima. He began his term in the 8th Saeima on November 5, 2002, and began his term in the 9th Saeima on 7 November 2006.

He supported Latvia joining the European Union in interviews.

Retirement and death
Vidavskis retired from politics after his second term in the Saeima ended on November 2, 2010. He is reported to have moved to Višķi for a quiet retirement. He died on July 1, 2020, at the age of 76, and his memorial service was held at Ss. Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Daugavpils on July 3.

References

External links
Saeima website
Historical membership of the Saeima (in Latvian)

1943 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Daugavpils
Latvian people of Russian descent
Deputies of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima


Cambridge  is a small community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in  The Municipality of the District of West Hants in Hants County.

References
Cambridge on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Hants County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Baksho Rahashya () is a 1996 Bengali mystery-thriller film directed by Sandip Ray and based on the story of the same name by Satyajit Ray. It was the first telefilm made for Feluda 30, the TV film series, which aired on DD Bangla. Later it was released at Nandan Complex and the DVD and VCD were released in 2001. The film is the sequel to Joy Baba Felunath (1979).

Plot
Feluda is approached by an established businessman who claims to have mistakenly swapped his suitcase (baksho) in a train with one belonging to one of his co-passengers and now wants Feluda to put it straight. This simple looking problem lands Feluda, Topshe and Lalmohon Ganguly in Shimla, and into a realm of deceit and mystery involving a long forgotten diamond and a priceless manuscript,A Bengalee in Lamaland. Besides the trio, there is Dinanath Lahiri, the rich kind-hearted businessman, his nephew, Prabeer Lahiri who is a striving actor but too much obsessed with his only weakness, his voice. The other three characters in this story are the ones who were with Dinanath Lahiri in his first class compartment: Mr.Pakrashi who is a manuscript collector, Mr. Brijmohan and Mr. Dhameeja who got his suitcase exchanged with Mr. Lahiri. Feluda's investigations finally put the wrong-doers behind bars.

Cast
 Sabyasachi Chakrabarty as Feluda
 Saswata Chatterjee as Topshe
 Rabi Ghosh as Lalmohan "Jatayu" Ganguly
 Haradhan Bandopadhyay as Dinanath Lahiri
 Ajit Bandopadhyay as Sidhu Jyatha
Pradip Mukherjee as Prabir Lahiri
 Dibya Bhattacharya as Naresh Chandra Pakrashi
 Rajaram Yagnik as G.C.Dhameeja

See also
 Feluda in film
 Soumitra Chatterjee

References

External links
 Feluda: A genre, an escape and a philosophy

1996 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Indian children's films
Indian detective films
Films based on Indian novels
Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray
Doordarshan television films
Action television films
Thriller television films
1990s Bengali-language films
Films directed by Sandip Ray
Feluda (series)


Solvita Āboltiņa ( Mellupe; born 19 February 1963) is a Latvian politician who was Speaker of the Saeima from 2010 until 2014.

Early life
She graduated from Riga Secondary School No. 5, a German language immersion school in 1981, and from the Faculty of Law at the Latvian State University in 1986.

Political career

After entering politics in 2001, she has been a deputy of the Saeima since November 7, 2006. In November 2014 after a parliamentary election she was replaced as the speaker and appointed chairwoman of the National Security Committee of the Saeima. She caused controversy after being 'struck off' the Unity list of candidates by electors at the 2014 election. Such an outcome is possible for any candidate under Latvia's method of proportional representation. As a result, she was not returned as a member of the Saeima and elected Unity member Jānis Junkurs forfeited his mandate to allow the party President to continue to sit in parliament.
At the emergency congress of the "Unity" party on June 4, 2016, she no longer applied for the position of chairman of the board. In November 2017, S. Āboltiņa was expelled from the party "for disregarding the party's internal discipline, deliberately undermining the authority of the party board and participating in behind-the-scenes negotiations with the aim of discrediting the process of selecting the minister of economy". At the end of the year, the mandate of the deputy was suspended. .

Honours

Foreign Honours
 : Recipient First Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (05.06.2012, serie 1003 - decision n° 99)

References

External links

Speaker Solvita Āboltiņa

|-

1963 births
Living people
Politicians from Riga
New Era Party politicians
New Unity politicians
21st-century Latvian women politicians
Ministers of Justice of Latvia
Speakers of the Saeima
Deputies of the 8th Saeima
Deputies of the 9th Saeima
Deputies of the 10th Saeima
Deputies of the 11th Saeima
Women deputies of the Saeima
21st-century Latvian politicians
Women government ministers of Latvia
Female justice ministers
University of Latvia alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class


Lake Bugeac, also known as Lake Gârlița,  is a lake in Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is located in a calcareous depression near the Danube, the water exchange with the latter being regulated by a weir.

Because the lake is an overwintering region located on an important migration route for aquatic birds (the most important being the dalmatian pelican), lake Buceag and the surrounding area have been declared a nature reserve.

References

Lakes of Constanța County
Protected areas of Romania
Important Bird Areas of Romania


Lochnaw Castle is a 16th-century tower house five miles from the town of Stranraer, in the historical county of Wigtownshire, Scotland. The central square tower, five storeys high, formed part of the new castle.

Lochnaw Castle shows four periods of construction – a simple 16th-century keep, 17th- and 18th-century domestic dwellings, and a mansion-house, which was later demolished. There is a plaque bearing the date 1486, on the SE wall of the keep. A chapel, built in 1704, was demolished c. 1953.

An earlier, ruined castle stands on an island in the nearby Lochnaw Loch. A royal castle, this was given to the Agnews in 1363, but was sacked by Archibald The Grim, 3rd Earl of Douglas in 1390, and subsequently dismantled.

The Agnews remained in the new castle until 1948. The castle, located by the loch, is occupied as a private residence.

References

External links

Gazetteer for Scotland entry on Lochnaw Castle

Castles in Dumfries and Galloway
Category A listed buildings in Dumfries and Galloway
Clan Agnew
Listed castles in Scotland
Tower houses in Scotland
Rhins of Galloway


Thomas Horton D.D. (died 1673) was an English clergyman, Professor of Divinity at Gresham College in London, and President of Queens' College, Cambridge.

Life
A native of London, he was son of Laurence Horton, merchant, and a member of the Mercers' Company. He was admitted a pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 8 July 1623, proceeding B.A. in 1626, was elected a Fellow of his college, and commenced M.A. in 1630. From 12 July 1638 until 28 November 1640 he was minister of St. Mary Colechurch, London, a donative of the Mercers' Company.  He was elected professor of divinity in Gresham College, London, on 26 October 1641.

In 1644, Horton was one of the association of divines appointed by the parliament to ordain ministers in and near the city of London, and in the year following he subscribed the petition of the ministers of the province of London to the parliament, in which they prayed for the speedy establishment of the Presbyterian government in Congregational, classical, and national assemblies. He was a member of Gray's Inn, and from 18 May 1647 until 1657 was preacher there.

He was made President of Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1647. In 1649 he was created D.D. at Cambridge. In 1649 he was chosen vice-chancellor, and with the heads of houses carried new regulations for the government of the presses and printers of the university. About 1651 he married, and although he procured from the committee of parliament for reforming the universities an order that his marriage should not disqualify him for his professorship, the Gresham committee, acting in accordance with the founder's will, declared the place vacant. The committee did not proceed to a new election until 19 May 1656, when George Gifford was chosen, but Horton obtained a new dispensation from Cromwell, and remained in possession until the Restoration. Charles II granted him a temporary respite in 1660, but in 1661 Gifford took his place.

On 9 August 1652 Horton was incorporated D.D. at Oxford, and in 1658 he was nominated one of the triers or commissioners for the approbation of young ministers. In 1654 he was appointed by Oliver Cromwell one of the visitors of the university of Cambridge. On 5 November in that year he preached at St. Paul's Cathedral before the lord mayor and court of aldermen, and his sermon was printed.

At the Restoration (England), on 2 August 1660 he was removed from the presidency of Queens' College, Cambridge, to make room for Edward Martin, who had been ejected in 1644. Horton withdrew with good grace. When the Savoy Conference was appointed, Horton was nominated an assistant on the side of the Presbyterians, though, according to Richard Baxter, he never joined in the deliberations. He was one of the divines who were silenced by the Bartholomew Act in 1662, but he conformed soon afterwards, On 13 June 1666 he was admitted to the rectorship of Great St. Helen's in Bishopsgate Street, London, and held it until his death.  He was buried in the chancel of that church (29 March 1673), leaving a widow, but no children.

His biographer, John Wallis, who had been under his tuition at Cambridge, says he was "a pious and learned man, an hard student, a sound divine, a good textuary, very well skilled in the oriental languages, very well accomplished for the work of the ministry, and very conscientious in the discharge of it".

Works
He published eight single sermons and left many others prepared for the press. After his death were published: 1. Forty-six Sermons upon the whole Eighth Chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, London 1674, fol., edited by Dr. William Dillingham. 2. A Choice and Practical Exposition upon the 4, 47, 51, and 63 Psalms, London 1675, fol.
3. One Hundred Select Sermons upon Several Texts: Fifty upon the Old Testament, And Fifty on the New, London 1679, fol., with the author's life by John Wallis.

He and Dillingham prepared for press a treatise written by Dr. John Arrowsmith entitled Armilla Catechetica, Cambridge, 1659, 4to.

Notes

References

Year of birth missing
1673 deaths
Ejected English ministers of 1662
Professors of Gresham College
Presidents of Queens' College, Cambridge
Participants in the Savoy Conference
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Members of Gray's Inn


Passchendaele  is a community that is part of the former town of Glace Bay in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island .

References
  Passchendaele on Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


William Gooderham Sr. (August 29, 1790 – August 20, 1881) was a British-born Canadian distiller, businessman, and banker. He was a founder of the Gooderham and Worts distillery.

Life and career

Born in Scole, Norfolk, England, the son of James and Sarah Gooderham, he immigrated to York, Upper Canada (now Toronto) in 1832 to invest and partner in a wind-powered flour mill with his brother-in-law, James Worts. Briefly operating as Worts and Gooderham until Worts' death in 1834, Gooderham continued to operate the mill as the William Gooderham Company.

In 1837, he added a distillery to make efficient use of surplus and second-grade grain. Having taken Worts' son, James Gooderham Worts, under his guidance since Worts' death, they became partners in 1845 and renamed the company as Gooderham and Worts.

Expanding their business, they introduced gas for illumination, expanded the use of steam power in the plants and built their own wharf to ship their consignments. By the 1860s, they owned schooners on the Great Lakes. During the 1860s and 1870s, Gooderham was a community and business leader in the Toronto industrial landscape and in transportation and financial services, as well as on the stock exchange, and in the council and the board of arbitration of the Toronto Board of Trade.

In the summer of 1842, he participated with Bishop John Strachan in the founding meeting of Little Trinity Anglican Church, where he later was a warden for 30 years. A marble memorial for Gooderham is mounted on the west wall inside the church.

In 1864, he was appointed president of the Bank of Toronto.

Descendants

His son George Gooderham (1830–1905) was a businessman and philanthropist, his grandson George Horace Gooderham was a businessman and politician, and another grandson, Albert Gooderham, was a financier and philanthropist. His descendants' significance was not limited to Canada – his great-grandson, Dean Gooderham Acheson, born and raised in Connecticut, would serve as the U.S. Secretary of State.

In 1870, his son Charles Horace Gooderham (1844–1904) built a residence in Meadowvale (now part of Mississauga) – a Georgian Revival manor at 929 Old Derry Road. It was sold in 1884 and is now the Rotherglen School's Meadowvale Elementary Campus, a private Montessori school.

Charles Horace Gooderham also built a Queen Anne Revival mansion in Toronto at 592 Sherbourne Street in 1883, which became the Selby Hotel in 1912. The historic building was moved a short distance on its site in 2015 in order to incorporate it into a new apartment complex called The Selby.

See also
 York-Durham Heritage Railway
 Northern Railway of Canada
 Toronto and Nipissing Railway
 Toronto Harbour Commission

References

External links
 The Gooderham & Worts families – genealogy website

1790 births
1881 deaths
Canadian bank presidents
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
People from South Norfolk (district)
Toronto-Dominion Bank people
Toronto-Dominion Bank presidents
William Sr.
Immigrants to Upper Canada
Drink distillers
Whisky distillers
Burials at St. James Cemetery, Toronto


Major General George Frederick Hopkinson,  (14 December 1895 – 9 September 1943) was a senior British Army officer who commanded the 1st Airborne Division during the Second World War, where he was killed in action in Italy in September 1943. In addition to being one of the few British Army generals killed in action during the war, he was also the only British general of the airborne forces to be killed during the conflict.

Early life and First World War
Prior to the start of the First World War, Hopkinson worked as an apprentice at an engineering works at Retford, Nottinghamshire, his birthplace. Too young to join up when the conflict began, he enlisted in the British Army in early 1915, joining the Officers Training Corps and then being commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 4th Battalion, North Staffordshire Regiment as a second lieutenant (on probation) on 27 March 1915. After a short period on Guernsey with them, Hopkinson was posted to France as a signal officer in the 72nd Brigade, 36th (Ulster) Division. On 16 September 1918 he was awarded the Military Cross for his actions during the retreat of the British Army in 1918; the citation read:

The war came to an end soon after, due to the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

Between the wars
Hopkinson left the army shortly after the end of the conflict, and in 1919 enrolled in Caius College, Cambridge, where he studied for a civil engineering degree. When he had finished his studies, he spent some time travelling throughout Europe, visiting Poland, the Baltic States and Russia.

However, after this period of travelling, in 1923 he returned to the army as a lieutenant and the North Staffordshire Regiment, and by the following year had reached the rank of captain. While serving with the regiment's second battalion he was promoted to adjutant. He began studying for entry into the Staff College, Camberley, then considered as almost essential for future advancement in the army, and eventually attained a place in the institution in January 1930. When he passed out of the Staff College he was seconded from his regiment and appointed as a General Staff Officer Grade III (GSO III) to the War Office in London, and was promoted a short time later to GSO II at the School of Artillery at Larkhill; during the period, he also learnt to fly, gaining his pilot's license in 1933. In 1936 he returned to his regiment and commanded a rifle company as a brevet major, but, possibly unhappy at the slow rate of promotion during times of peace, in February 1937 he once again retired from the army, taking a job in a civil engineering firm that had operations in Turkey.

Second World War

When the Second World War began in September 1939, Hopkinson immediately rejoined the army and was posted to the Staff of the Military Representative that served on the Supreme War Council. In November he took command of a General Headquarters (GHQ) Reconnaissance Unit which served throughout the Battle of France; injured during a motorcycle accident, he recovered in time to evacuate himself and many of his unit's vehicles from Dunkirk. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 20 August 1940 for his work during the Battle of France, in particular as liaison officer to Belgian forces. He then qualified as a parachutist and was then assigned to the British Army's airborne forces; as he trained he helped to pioneer a number of airborne tactics, including the delivery and casting off of gliders from the transport aircraft towing them. In late October 1941 Hopkinson was promoted to acting brigadier and took command of the 31st Independent Infantry Brigade, which was soon converted into the 1st Airlanding Brigade, which soon became part of the newly established 1st Airborne Division, then commanded by Major General "Boy" Browning.

Hopkinson's brigade, mainly composed of Regular Army units back from India, had originally been trained in mountain warfare but now had to be completely retrained for a very new and different form of warfare. As a result, most of 1942 was devoted to training to land in battle by glider. This was much to Hopkinson's liking, who "lived and breathed gliderborne warfare."

On 6 April 1943 Hopkinson was promoted to the acting rank of major general, and succeeded Browning in command of the 1st Airborne Division, which began to depart for Algeria at around the same time. After being informed that Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily, would take place in three months, Hopkinson was determined that the 1st Airborne would participate, and thus implemented a tough training regime to ensure that the division was sufficiently trained and prepared.

Sicily and Italy

Operation Husky began on the night of 9 July with an airborne assault by Hopkinson's old 1st Airlanding Brigade (now commanded by Brigadier Pip Hicks, a First World War veteran, slightly older than "Hoppy") and the 1st Parachute Brigade of the 1st Airborne Division, and elements of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, with both divisions suffering heavy losses in men and equipment as they carried out their objectives. Due to a number of factors, including poor navigation and the inexperience of the pilots of the transport aircraft, many of the gliders transporting the 1st Airlanding Brigade failed to reach their assigned landing zones. One such glider carried Hopkinson and members of his staff; the tow-rope of the glider was detached prematurely and it was forced to ditch in the sea. Although uninjured, Hopkinson was forced to wait by the partially submerged glider until daylight, when he was picked up a Royal Navy destroyer. After both brigades had accomplished their missions, despite sustaining heavy casualties and landing miles from their objectives, they were withdrawn to North Africa to recover, and Allied ground forces began to fight through Sicily; fighting there ended on 17 August, and in early September the Allies launched their invasion of Italy itself.

On 8 September the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades landed in Italy, followed several days later by the remainder of the division landing at the port of Taranto. Hopkinson landed with the rest of the division and accepted the surrender of the Italian garrison there, then ordered the division to advance northwards. Fighting was fierce against Fallschirmjäger elements of the German 1st Parachute Division, which set up ambushes and roadblocks to deter the division; one such roadblock was set up near the town of Castellaneta. On 9 September, the 10th Parachute Battalion assaulted the roadblock, with Hopkinson in close attendance. During the fighting, Hopkinson was killed by machine gun fire. He was replaced by Brigadier Ernest Down, commander of the 2nd Parachute Brigade. George "Hoppy" Hopkinson was the only British airborne general to be killed during the Second World War, and is buried in Bari War Cemetery, Italy.

References

Bibliography

https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jW5kAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

External links
Generals of World War II

1895 births
1943 deaths
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
British Army generals of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel killed in World War II
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
North Staffordshire Regiment officers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Retford
Recipients of the Military Cross
Deaths by firearm in Italy
Military personnel from Nottinghamshire
Allied invasion of Sicily
Burials in Apulia
British Army major generals