The Lennoxville massacre, or Lennoxville purge, was a mass murder which took place at the Hells Angels clubhouse in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, on March 24, 1985. Five members of the Hells Angels North Chapter, founded by Laurent "L'Anglais" Viau and Yves "Apache" Trudeau, were shot dead. This event divided rival outlaw motorcycle gangs in Quebec, leading to the formation of the Rock Machine club in 1986, a rival to the Angels in the 1990s. The name "Lennoxville massacre" is a misnomer since the killings took place in Sherbrooke. The misconception that the killings took place in Lennoxville arose from the fact the victims had stayed and partied at a motel in Lennoxville before they went to the Sherbrooke clubhouse.

Background
Beginning in the 1960s, one of Montreal's more prominent biker gangs were the Popeyes Motorcycle Club, who were led by Yves "Le Boss" Buteau. In the 1970s, the Popeyes had successfully fought against the Devils Diciples and Satan's Choice biker gangs, and as the journalist Patrick Lejtenyi noted: "The violence that ensued cemented Quebec's reputation as one of the most dangerous places for organized crime to do business in North America." Journalist James Dubro told Lejtenyi: "There's always has been more violence in Quebec. In the biker world it's known as the Red Zone. I remember an Outlaws hit man telling me he was scared of going to Montreal." The Hells Angels, who had been looking to expand into Canada, decided that the Popeyes were the best gang to take into their organization. On December 5, 1977, the Popeyes "patched over" to become the first Hells Angel chapter in Canada.

In September 1979, as the Hells Angels continued to grow, the Montreal chapter was divided into two: Montreal North and Montreal South with Yves "Le Boss" Buteau as the national president. Confusingly, the North chapter was based in Laval (north of Montreal) while the South chapter was based in Sorel (northeast of Montreal). The North chapter, led by Laurent "L'Anglais" Viau,, consisted mostly of former Popeyes members and still retained Popeye attitudes, in marked contrast to the South chapter headed by Réjean "Zig Zig" Lessard, which was more disciplined. Lessard had joined the Angels in 1979, and did not have the Popeye mentality.

On September 8, 1983, Buteau and another Angel, René Lamoureaux, were having lunch at a Longueuil restaurant, Le Petit Bourg, with Guy "Frenchie" Gilbert, the president of the Kitchener, Ontario, chapter of the Satan's Choice biker gang, who was considering "patching over" to join the Angels. As the three bikers were leaving the restaurant, a member of the Outlaws, Gino Goudreau, opened fire, killing Buteau and Gilbert while wounding Lamoureaux. Goudreau was a prospect with the Outlaws and believed he would be rewarded with "full patch" status if he could assassinate the leader of the Canadian Hells Angels.

After Buteau's assassination, Michel "Sky" Langlois became the president of the Angels while Lessard continued to lead the South chapter. In a division of labour, Langlois focused his efforts into expanding into the rest of Canada while Lessard had effective operational control of the Angels in Quebec. Laurent "L'Anglais" Viau had a more tolerant attitude towards violence and drug use than his predecessor. The North chapter, which had often chafed at and had broken Buteau's rules about not using drugs, quickly spun out of control under Viau's leadership as Viau himself abused cocaine and alcohol.

Event
Other Hells Angels soon regarded the North chapter as too wild and uncontrollable, often using drugs they were supposed to sell and allegedly skimming drug profits  at least C$60,000  that were meant for other chapters. The North chapter's gratuitous aggression also frequently led them to being arrested for minor offenses, which put the entire Hells Angels operation in Quebec at risk. André Cédilot, the crime reporter with La Presse newspaper, told Pierre Obendrauf of the Montreal Gazette: "At that moment [in 1985], the Hells Angels were doing a cleanup to become a real criminal organization. Before that, they were disorganized and unruly. They were like a street gang ... The [Laval] guys weren't following the steps the others were taking. They fit the traditional image of bikers ... It was going against the new philosophy of the Hells Angels. The other Hells Angels wanted to be businessmen." Other organized crime groups that the Hells Angels did business with, such as the Rizzuto crime family and the West End Gang, had been pressuring the Angels to bring the North chapter under control. The Hells Angels assassin Yves "Apache" Trudeau later testified for the Crown that relations between the North and South chapters were "ice cold" by the beginning of 1985.

When the leader of the Hells Angels' Halifax chapter, David "Wolf" Carroll, paid Trudeau C$98,000 dollars for killing someone, he learned that the North chapter was actually entitled to one-quarter of the money, and that Trudeau had instead used the money to support his cocaine addiction. As the Halifax chapter was poorer than the North chapter, Trudeau's behavior was considered to be especially crass. Carroll went to Montreal to meet with Lessard, and demanded that he take action against the North chapter. Lessard needed little encouragement from Carroll and spent most of the meeting railing against the North chapter, which he called a menace to the existence of the Angels in Quebec. Also attending the meeting was Georges "Bo-Boy" Beaulieu, the president of the Angels' Sherbrooke chapter, who agreed with Lessard and Carroll that the North chapter needed to be liquidated.

In March 1985, at a secret meeting in Sorel, the Montreal North chapter were declared to be in "bad standing" with the Hells Angels and were hence to be killed. Although it had not been uncommon for Hells Angels to kill one another, this was the first occasion in which an entire chapter had been marked for death. The plan devised by Lessard, Carroll and Beaulieu called for two members of the North chapter to be forced into retirement, another two members to be given a chance to join the South chapter and the rest to all be killed. Lessard and Carroll in particular wanted Viau and Trudeau dead. Robert "Ti-Maigre" Richard, the sergeant-at-arms of the South chapter, announced that a party would be held at the Sherbrooke chapter clubhouse on Saturday, March 23, to be attended by the Sorel, Laval, Halifax and Sherbrooke chapters, which were all of the Angels' chapters in eastern Canada at the time. Four other Angels chapters, all in British Columbia, did not attend the party.

Lessard had planned to ambush the North chapter as they entered the clubhouse, but the plan failed when most of the targets failed to show up. Lessard now extended the party for a second day, and announced that participation at the party was mandatory. Most of the North chapter now appeared with the notable exceptions of Trudeau, who was undergoing drug rehabilitation in Oka, and Michel "Jinx" Genest, who was in the hospital recovering from a failed assassination attempt by the Outlaws. Viau and four of North chapter members  Jean-Guy "Brutus" Geoffrion, Jean-Pierre "Matt le Crosseur" Mathieu, Michel "Willie" Mayrand, and Guy-Louis "Chop" Adam  attended. The five men were ambushed when they arrived. Lessard, with 41 men under his command, forced them into the center of a room in the clubhouse, where they were shot dead.

Aftermath

Hells Angels
Three members of the North chapter in attendance at the party who were not attacked - Gilles "Le Nez" Lachance, Richard "Bert" Mayrand, and Yvon "Le Père" Bilodeau - were ordered to remove the bodies and wash away the blood. Lessard then told Mayrand and Bilodeau that he was fond of them, and so he was giving them the option to retire from organized crime permanently or else be killed, while Lachance was offered membership in the South chapter, which he accepted.

Together with Jacques "La Pelle" Pelletier and Robert "Snake" Tremblay of the South chapter, Lachance went to see Genest to inform him that he could either join the South chapter or be killed; he chose the former. To confirm his loyalty to the new order, Genest killed Claude "Coco" Roy, a prospect with the North chapter who was considered to be close to the murdered men, and handed over to the South chapter five bags of cocaine that Roy had with him. Over the next few days, the Laval clubhouse was looted of all the money and drugs stored in it, together with six Harley-Davidson motorcycles. Despite the original plan to kill Trudeau at the Sherbrooke clubhouse, he was instead contacted in rehab to be told he had been expelled from the Angels, but that he could rejoin if he killed three people whom Lessard wanted dead. One of these people was Ginette "La Jument" Henri, the accountant to the North chapter and Mathieu's girlfriend.

Quebec biker war

The massacre was considered extreme even for the criminal underworld, and it gave the Hells Angels a notorious reputation in Quebec. Salvatore Cazzetta found the event an unforgivable breach of the outlaw code and, rather than joining the Angels, he and his brother Giovanni formed their own smaller gang, the Rock Machine, in 1986.

Maurice Boucher, future Quebec Nomad chapter president, did not share Cazzetta's concerns, and after finishing a 40-month sentence for armed sexual assault on a 16-year-old girl, he joined the Hells Angels in 1986 and began to rise through the ranks. The Angels and the Rock Machine co-existed peacefully for several years, which police believed was due to Boucher's respect for the Cazzetta brothers, who were well connected to the Rizzuto crime family, and were the only criminal group the bikers were unwilling to attack. In 1994, Salvatore Cazzetta was arrested at a pit-bull farm for attempting to import eleven tons of cocaine. Boucher began to increase pressure on the Rock Machine shortly after the arrest, initiating the Quebec Biker War.

Police investigation
In the immediate aftermath of the massacre, police noted changes at the North chapter compound. Pierre de Champlain, a former RCMP officer and a specialist on biker crime, told journalist Patrick Lejtenyi: "They [the police] noticed that the Laval chapter's garage that served as their bunker was closed. The girlfriends of the guys who'd disappeared were approached and asked, 'Have you seen your boyfriend lately?' and things like that. Then they realized that these people had disappeared, but they didn't know they were dead." In June 1985, a fisherman on the St. Lawrence River caught part of the decomposing body of Geoffrion and alerted the police. At the bottom of the river, police divers located the decomposing bodies of all five victims, wrapped in sleeping bags and tied to weightlifting plates. Also found was the skeleton of Berthe Desjardins, who had been missing since February 1980; Desjardins was the wife of a Hells Angel liquidated by Trudeau as a possible police informer, and was herself killed to ensure her silence.

Crown witnesses

Gilles Lachance, who was profoundly troubled by the massacre, contacted the Sûreté du Québec to state his willingness to work as an informer and to wear a wire. Gerry "Le Chat" Coulombe, a prospect with the South chapter, was also troubled by the massacre and also agreed to turn informer for the Sûreté du Québec. In exchange for his life, Trudeau was offered a deal by the South chapter to kill three other people associated with the North chapter. Trudeau carried out one killing, but was arrested for possession of illegal weapons in July 1985. Realizing that he would likely be killed while in prison, Trudeau cut a plea deal with the Crown, where for testifying against the Hells Angels leadership in Quebec, the Crown would treat the 43 murders he committed between 1970-1985 as manslaughter, for which he would serve just seven years. As result of Trudeau's testimony, 90 murders were solved and nineteen Hells Angels members were convicted. Given that Trudeau had committed 43 murders, first as a Popeye and then as a Hells Angel, his lenient sentence attracted much controversy.

Convictions, sentencing and parole
Several members of the Hells Angels were present and played a role in the slaughter, but only four – Jacques Pelletier, Luc "Sam" Michaud, Réjean "Zig-Zag" Lessard and later Robert "Snake" Tremblay – were convicted of first-degree murder. The others were convicted of lesser related crimes.

One of the Angels present at the massacre, Richard "Bert" Mayrand, who was the older brother of victim Michel "Willie" Mayrand, refused the Crown's offer to testify against his brother's killers, saying the Angels were his family and he would never betray his "brothers" who had killed his biological brother. Mayrand later returned to the Angels and served as one of Boucher's lieutenants during the Quebec Biker War. David "Wolf" Carroll, the leader of the Halifax chapter of the Angels who at the very least was present at the massacre, was charged with first-degree murder but was acquitted in 1987. Carroll moved to Montreal in 1990 and later played a very prominent role in the Quebec Biker War. He fled Canada in March 2001 to escape an arrest warrant and has disappeared.

Pelletier, Michaud, Lessard and Tremblay were given life sentences for the murders with no chance of parole before 25 years. They were all granted parole nonetheless on the faint hope clause and ended up serving between 17 and 22 years each. Robert "Ti-Maigre" Richard, who issued the invitations to the massacre, was acquitted of all charges and died of a heart attack at his home in 1996. Michaud was released on full parole in June 2005. Pelletier were granted day parole in October 2008.
Of the men convicted of the massacre:
 Robert "Snake" Tremblay was granted full parole on August 30, 2004 and is living in Montreal. Tremblay told the parole board: "I sincerely deplore having taken the life of another person. I am very aware that I have to watch out for who I associate with and that I have everything to lose if I return to the criminal world."
 Luc "Sam" Michaud was granted full parole on May 6, 2005. Though he denied killing anyone, he stated his regret for his involvement in a crime that put him in prison for 20 years. Michaud, described as a zealous Hells Angel at the time of his conviction, returned to Roman Catholicism while in prison and was expelled from the Angels in 1993.
 Réjean "Zig Zag" Lessard, the leader of the plot behind the massacre, converted to Buddhism while in prison and left the Angels in 1989. Lessard was granted day parole on February 3, 2006 and told the National Parole Board that he had become a vegetarian, a pacifist, and a Buddhist, saying: "You can't be a Buddhist and be in that milieu." Lessard was granted full parole on August 11, 2010 and is living in Montreal.
 Jacques Pelletier was granted full parole on May 6, 2013. He was sent back to prison in 2014 after he violated the terms of his parole by associating with Hells Angels.

See also
List of massacres in Canada

Notes

References

External links
 Quebec Hells Angel doing life for murder gets closer to parole, Montreal Gazette, October 17, 2007

1985 in Quebec
Deaths by firearm in Quebec
Hells Angels
Massacres in 1985
Murder in Quebec
Outlaw motorcycle club conflicts
Sherbrooke
People murdered by Canadian organized crime
1985 murders in Canada
Organized crime events in Canada
1985 mass shootings in North America
Mass shootings in Canada
Mass shootings in Quebec


Henry Charles Robins was the Dean of Salisbury in the Church of England from 1943 until his retirement in 1953. Born in Beccles on 2 February 1882 and educated at Winchester and New College, Oxford, he was ordained into the priesthood in 1908. His first post was as a Curate at St John’s, Gosport after which he was an Assistant Chaplain in Khartoum then Vicar of Fleet. In July 1918, he joined the Army Chaplain's Department. At 6 feet 2 inches, he was an impressive figure, and served at Catterick Garrison and then in France until he was demobilised in 1920.  He was described as 'able... lacks in tact and patience in dealing with men' From 1922 to 1943 he held incumbencies at Chafford, Barking and Portsmouth before his elevation to the Deanery. An Honorary Chaplain to the King, he died on 31 July 1960; and his wife Dorothy 9 years later.

References

1882 births
People from Beccles
People educated at Winchester College
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Honorary Chaplains to the King
1960 deaths


The 1989 NCAA Division I women's volleyball tournament began with 32 teams and ended on December 16, 1989, when Long Beach State defeated Nebraska 3 games to 0 in the NCAA championship match.

Led by AVCA co-National Player of the Year Tara Cross's 20 kills, Long Beach State defeated Nebraska 15-12, 15-0, 15-6 to win the school's first NCAA championship. Nebraska made the program's second championship match appearance.

The 1989 Final Four was held at the Neil S. Blaisdell Center in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Records
{|
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Brackets

Northwest regional

South regional

Mideast regional

West regional

Final Four - Neil S. Blaisdell Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

NCAA tournament records

There are 4 NCAA tournaments record that were set in the 1989 NCAA tournament that still stand today.

Total kill attempts, match (individual record) - Teee Williams, Hawaii - 99 vs. Cal Poly
Total kills, match (team record) - 112 - UCSB vs. Cal Poly
Total kill attempts, match (team record) - 328 - UCSB vs. Cal Poly
Digs, match (team record) - 177 -  UCSB vs. Cal Poly

See also
NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship

References

NCAA women's volleyball tournament
NCAA
Sports competitions in Hawaii
1989 in American sports
1989 in sports in Hawaii
Volleyball in Hawaii
December 1989 sports events in the United States
Sports competitions in Honolulu
Women's sports in Hawaii


Shanivarasanthe/Sanivarasanthe  is a small town in Kodagu district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is one of the towns of Somwarpet taluk, in the north-east of the  district. As per census survey of India 2011, Shanivarsanthe comes under Bidarur jurisdiction, which has been given a location code number 617892.

The main crops grown in the area are coffee, paddy, and spices.

Kannada, Kodava Takk, Tulu, Beary bashe, Hindi, and English are spoken by the people.

Flora and fauna

Coffee and paddy are the major crop in the region. Other crops, like pepper, cardamom, ginger, and other vegetables are also grown. Also, it is famous for growing silver oak tree.

Religion and Caste

Hindus, Muslims along with some Christians are present in this town, while the main castes are Billavas, Shettys, Vokkaligas, Lingayats, and Kodavas among the Hindus. Both Urdu and Muslim Malayalam (Byare Bashe) are spoken among the Muslims.

Notable persons
 Field Marshal KM Cariappa, The first Indian Chief of Army Staff for the Indian Army was born here.

Places of attraction
 Mallalli falls
 Bisle ghat
 Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
 Manjarabad Fort

See also
 Madikeri
 Somwarpet
 Mangalore
 Virajpet

References

Villages in Kodagu district


Kadino () is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
Kadino, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Tatarskoye Rural Settlement of Monastyrshchinsky District in Smolensk Oblast
Kadino, Tver Oblast, a village in Mednovskoye Rural Settlement of Kalininsky District in Tver Oblast
Kadino, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Varegovsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District in Yaroslavl Oblast


Calliphora livida is a member of the family Calliphoridae, the blow flies. This large family includes the genus Calliphora, the "blue bottle flies". This genus is important in the field of forensic entomology because of its value in post-mortem interval estimation.

Taxonomy
Calliphora livida, known as the slow-flying and loud-buzzing blue bottle fly, was first discovered by Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy who originally thought C. livida was part of the species Calliphora viridescens. Robineau-Desvoidy described C. viridescens in 1830, but it was not until 1948 that C. livida was described as a separate species; in 1948, D. G. Hall introduced one of the first textbooks of entomology, where he described a number of new species including C. livida. C. livida is also very similar to the species C. coloradensis, which when suffering from teneral has similar genal dilation.

Description

Life cycle and reproduction
Blue bottle flies have a life cycle of approximately 15–36 days. The Calliphora species also have an optimal growth temperature from .

Developmental Stages
The egg is the first stage in the life cycle of a fly. The female extends structures called telescoping segments on her abdomen to lay eggs. C. livida eggs are identified as being less than  in length, without pronounced flanges or longitudinal ridges, and with the arms of the flanges straight or slightly diverging.

The egg stage is followed by the larval stage. Calliphorid flies have three larval instars lasting 421 days in all. Larvae in the genus Calliphora can be characterized by being round in cross section, slightly raised posterior spiracles which are surrounded by 10 or more tubercles, complete peritremes, and an accessory oral sclerite. C. vicina, a close relative to C. livida, has larval growth estimated to be at . The minimum developmental temperature is approximately  and 4700 accumulated degree hours (ADH) are required for development from the moment the egg hatches to pupation.

When larvae have completed all three instars or become disturbed, they enter the pupal stage. Calliphorid flies disperse an average of  before pupation and remain in the pupal stage for 3–20 (or more) days. The morphology of the puparia of C. livida is described as 25 globules occurring on the first abdominal segment on the bubble membrane.

Adult
Adult C. livida have a blue metallic sheen dulled by micromentum, or dense, tiny hairs. C. livida can be easily confused with C. coloradensis; C. livida is distinguished by a black genal dilation (the cheek area of the fly) as opposed to a red genal dilation as found on C. coloradensis. This characteristic is good to use for identification in fully sclerotized specimens but can be misleading in teneral flies, which are common in C. coloradensis. Blue bottle flies are around  in length, making them appear robust. C. livida has three postsutural intra-alar setae, a characteristic shared with C. coloradensis and some C. latifrons.

Distribution and diet
C. livida is widespread over North America. These flies prefer shady locations, and tend to be found in significantly lower temperatures from . Calliphorid flies are attracted to carrion and excrement. C. livida has been shown to arrive on carrion after a delay of about 24 hours.

Importance

Forensic science
Calliphora livida holds great importance to forensic entomology, which is the crossover between arthropod science and the judicial system. More importantly, C. livida plays a major role in the branch of medicocriminal forensic entomology, the use of arthropod evidence to aid in solving usually violent crimes. Flies and their larvae can be used as evidence in such cases and with proper evaluation a post-mortem interval (PMI) can be given. A post-mortem interval, or time of death, is the main way flies and larvae contribute to these cases. Flies and fly larvae are beneficial because they undergo a certain life cycle that follows particular stages within a given time, depending on the environment. Due to this knowledge, entomologists can gather specimens and evaluate, based on the life cycle and knowledge of colonization, approximately how long an individual has been dead. The family Calliphoridae is one of the most important in forensic use due to their strong attraction to flesh. They are usually the first to arrive and colonize a body. C. livida along with Phormia regina, Calliphora vomitoria, Calliphora livida, Lucilia cuprina, Lucilia sericata, Lucilia illustris, Chrysomya rufifacies, Chrysomya megacephala, Cochliomyia macellaria, and Protophormia terraenovae, Calliphora vicina and Cynomya mortuorum are common species of blow flies often used to estimate a time of death.

Post-mortem interval
Calliphora livida is important in estimating post-mortem interval because of its relatively early appearance on carrion. C. livida is normally active during the springtime, but can also be found during the colder months. However, the most important indication of the post-mortem interval is the appearance of larvae. Eggs that have been laid on the carrion by the adult blow fly hatch within a 24- to 48-hour period. These larvae then have three instars, or developmental stages, in which they grow and decompose the body. The three instars occur throughout a period of 4 to 15 days depending on the amount of calories that can be amassed by a maggot. The three instars can be differentiated by the amount of slits there are in the spiracle of the maggot. The next phase of development in C. livida is the pupa, which lasts from 3 to 13 days. The length of pupation can be determined by color changes in the pupa from light to dark.

The development of C. livida is very useful in determining post-mortem interval estimations because it is possible to determine relatively precise estimations based on a specific instar. Temperature, heat generated by the maggot mass, the type of food source, contaminants and toxins, and obstructions that thwart the oviposition of adults are all factors that can affect the rate of development of larvae, thereby effecting the estimation.

Medical/economic
While flies and larvae can be beneficial to humans through the judicial system, they can also do a lot of harm. Flies can act as a vector for carrying bacteria on or in their body and then can deposit these germs on or near humans. Members of the genus Calliphora have been found to spread a number of bacterial diseases including poliomyelitis and dysentery and can cause myiasis. Myiasis is the feeding of larvae on necrotic tissue of a living organism. C. livida has been reported to cause myiasis, but it is not common for this species. C. livida can, however, be a vector for bacterial diseases and cause human illnesses.

Control and management
In 1950, a study was conducted in Savannah, Georgia on use of insecticides to control fly breeding in garbage cans. According to the study, BHC, or lindane, showed the best results for controlling the breeding of Calliphora livida. Other materials that were used in the testing were dieldrin and chlordane, where the latter was shown to be the least effective. When the study was conducted again in 1951, PDB (paradichlorobenzene) crystals were shown to be a more effective pesticide than BHC. All materials tested seemed to be more effective towards blow flies than house flies.

References

Calliphoridae
Diptera of North America
Forensic entomology
Insects described in 1948


Hansen Medical, Inc, headquartered in Mountain View, California, designs and manufactures medical robotics for positioning and control of catheter-based technologies that was founded in 2002 by Frederic Moll, M.D. to develop tools that manipulate catheters by combining robotic technology and computerized movement.

In 2005, Hansen bought EndoVia Medical Inc., a medical robotics company.

Later that year, Hansen Medical and Intuitive Surgical, another company founded by Moll, entered into a cross-licensing agreement that included Hansen's portfolio of 50 issued and pending patents and patent applications and Intuitive's 250 issued patents related to minimally invasive instruments and surgical robotics. The agreement gave Intuitive Surgical an equity stake in Hansen and royalties on the future sales of Hansen Medical products. The full financial terms of the agreement were not made public.

Hansen Medical went public in 2006, raising $75 million in its initial public offering with two catheter systems under FDA review. The shares represented about 30% of the company.

In July 2016 it was acquired by Auris Surgical Robotics, and it was said to be a $80 million merger.

References

Medical technology companies of the United States


"Let Me Be the One" was the 's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975, written by Paul Curtis and performed in English by the band The Shadows.

The song was performed ninth that night. At the close of voting, it had received 138 points, placing it 2nd out of 19.

Charts

Personnel (studio recording)
Hank Marvin – guitar and vocals
Bruce Welch - guitar and lead vocals
Brian Bennett – drums
John Farrar – piano and vocals
Alan Tarney – bass guitar
John Fiddy  – String arrangements

Personnel (live)
Hank Marvin – guitar and vocals
Bruce Welch - bass and lead vocals
Brian Bennett – drums
John Farrar – guitar and vocals
Alan Tarney – piano (concert appearance)

References

Eurovision songs of the United Kingdom
Eurovision songs of 1975
1975 songs
EMI Records singles
The Shadows songs
Songs written by Paul Curtis (musician)


The Caminho Real do Paul do Mar (Royal Path of Paul do Mar) is a municipal trail in Paul do Mar, in the island of Madeira (Portugal). It is the first walking trail of the annual Madeira Walking Festival, which takes place in January. The trail starts from the village of Prazeres ( altitude) , and goes down to Paul do Mar Harbour . It is about  long and takes up to 80 minutes to complete. During the walk the villages of Jardim do Mar and Paul do Mar are visible, waterfalls can be seen and flora such as Pride of Madeira (Echium nervosum) and Madeira mountain stock (Euphorbia piscatoria) can be viewed.

This trail is one of the historic “municipal paths” on Madeira. These paths were the only means of access to villages such as Paul do Mar before roads were built. Also, it was cheaper to use the path for transporting goods rather than bringing them by sea which was more expensive and dangerous when the sea was rough in winter. Nowadays Caminho Real is one of the official Madeira Islands Footpaths (PR19).

References

External links

PR19 Caminho Real do Paul do Mar

Transport in Madeira
Hiking trails in Madeira


KXXX (790 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a farm and classic country radio format. Licensed to Colby, Kansas, United States, the station serves the tri-state region of Northwest Kansas, Northeast Colorado and Southwest Nebraska.  The original station identification was "Ranch and Farm Radio," but soon changed to "Town and Country Radio." It was not affiliated with any national network.  Nationally known personalities on the original staff were John B. Hughes, Johnny Pearson and Jerry Oppy.  The station is currently owned by Rocking M Media, LLC.

In the late 1980s, KXXX was part of the Kansas-based "LS Network" of radio entrepreneur Larry Steckline.

References

External links

XXX
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Kansas


A  grade-separated junction is a transport junction where at least one bridge or tunnel is used to separate traffic flows (known as grade separation).

Relevant articles include:

 Road interchanges, known as grade-separated junctions in the UK
 A flying junction, a type of grade-separated junction found on railway lines


"Shorty (You Keep Playin' with My Mind)" is the debut single from R&B group Imajin and features a rap from Keith Murray. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in 1998. The song contains a sample of "Dance With Me" by Peter Brown.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1998 singles
American contemporary R&B songs


Bogdan Czaykowski (1932 –  d. 2007) was a Polish Canadian poet, essayist, literary translator and literary critic, professor emeritus and former Dean at the University of British Columbia.

Czaykowski was born in Równe, Poland. In 1940 his family was deported to Siberia by the Communists, and his father died in a Gulag concentration camp, while his brother died of starvation. He wrote numerous articles in academic journals and literary magazines, and was the subject of literary research papers. Czaykowski received the Killam Prize in 1996 and several Polish literary awards, among others, from Fundacja Kościelskich (1964) and Fundacja Turzańskich (1992).

His poetic debut was in the monthly Kultura paryska ("Kultura" Literary Institute, Paris, 1955). Czaykowski published also many essays on other writers and literary subjects.

Czaykowski died in 2007 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Published books of poetry

• Trzciny czcionek (London, 1957); • Sura (London, 1961); • Spór z granicami (Paris, 1964); • Point-no-Point (Paris, 1971); • Wiatr z innej strony ( Kraków, 1990); • Okanagańskie sady ( Wrocław, 1998, ); • Jakieś ogromne szczęście (Cracow, 2007, ).

In anthologies:
• Ryby na piasku (London, 1965); • Postwar Polish Poetry (New York, 1965); • Een Gevecht om Lucht (Maasbree, 1979); • The Burning Forest (Bloodaxe, 1988); • Panorama der Polnishen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts (Zurich, 1996); Scanning the Century: the Penguin Book of the Twentieth Century in Poetry (London, 1999).

He was a frequent contributor to many literary journals and magazines, including Kultura (Paris), Kontynenty (London), Fraza (Rzeszów),  Strumień (Vancouver), Twórczość (Warsaw) and others.

↑(all titles in original languages of publications - Polish, German, and English)

References

1932 births
2007 deaths
Polish male writers
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Canadian people of Polish descent
Place of birth missing
People associated with the magazine "Kultura"


The miller moth may refer to:

 Miller (moth), Acronicta leporina, a species of the Noctuidae family
 Army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris, a species of the Noctuidae family
 Several species of the Cossidae family

Animal common name disambiguation pages


RPX may refer to:

RPX Corporation
Roundup Airport IATA code
Regal Premium Experience, a theater format by Regal Entertainment Group.


The Journal of Wildlife Management is a peer-reviewed scientific journal devoted to the ecology of non-domesticated animal species. It is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of The Wildlife Society.

History
July 1937 – first issue of the journal.

See also
 Wildlife Monographs
 Wildlife Society Bulletin

References

External links

Academic journals established in 1937
Ecology journals
English-language journals


William Harrison Gunn (July 15, 1934 – April 5, 1989) was an American playwright, novelist, actor and film director. His 1973 cult classic horror film Ganja and Hess was chosen as one of ten best American films of the decade at the Cannes Film Festival, 1973. In The New Yorker, film critic Richard Brody described him as being "a visionary filmmaker left on the sidelines of the most ostensibly liberated period of American filmmaking." Filmmaker Spike Lee had said that Gunn is "one of the most under-appreciated filmmakers of his time."
Gunn's drama Johnnas won an Emmy Award in 1972.

Career
A native of Philadelphia, Gunn wrote more than 29 plays during his lifetime. He also authored two novels and wrote several produced screenplays. In 1950, Gunn studied acting with Mira Rostova in New York's East Village. In 1954, he played a role in the Broadway production of The Immoralist with James Dean. Along with Dean, he joined a social circle that included Montgomery Clift, Eartha Kitt, and Marlon Brando. Gunn shared a house in Nyack, New York with Sam Waymon, brother of singer Nina Simone, who also wrote the musical score for Ganja and Hess. Gunn's directorial debut would have been Stop! (1970), which was funded by Warner Bros. under the plan of being the second studio film directed by an African American. It was intended as a drama involving two couples becoming involved with each other within homosexual and interracial sexual contact alongside surreal undertones. The film was shelved by the studio before release, and the studio later claimed they did not have the print in their archives. A 35mm print was shown at a retrospective upon Gunn's death, and a VHS copy of the film exists (found by Jack Hoffmeister, co-star of the film). He was also an advocate and friend of filmmaker and writer Kathleen Collins, playing a role in her film Losing Ground.  He died aged 54 from encephalitis at a Nyack, New York hospital the day before his play The Forbidden City opened at the Public Theater in New York City.

In 2021, an exhibition entitled "Till They Listen: Bill Gunn Directs America", dedicated to the work and legacy of Bill Gunn, was shown at the New York gallery Artists Space. The program series was organized by Gunn's artistic collaborators and scholars including, Hilton Als, Jake Perlin, Sam Waymon, Nicholas Forster, Awoye Timpo, Chiz Schultz, and Ishmael Reed. In 2021, Timpo adapted Gunn's play Black Picture Show for film in the form of a staged reading.

Bibliography

Plays
 Marcus in the High Grass (1959) – produced by Theatre Guild.
 Johnnas (1968) – produced in New York City at Chelsea Theatre.
 Black Picture Show (1975) – produced in New York City at Vivian Beaumont Theater.
 Rhinestone (musical; based on novel Rhinestone Sharecropping) (1982) – produced in New York City at Richard Allen Center.
 The Forbidden City (1989) – produced in New York City at The Public Theater.

Screenplays
 Stop (1969), Warner.  (never released)
 (With Ronald Ribman) The Angel Levine (1970) (adaptation of novel by Bernard Malamud), United Artists.
 The Landlord (1970) (adaptation of novel by Kristin Hunter), United Artists.
 Ganja and Hess (1973), Kelly-Jordan Enterprises, re-edited and released under title Blood Couple, Heritage Enterprises.
 The Greatest (1977), Columbia. (uncredited)

Television screenplays
 Johnnas (1972), National Broadcasting Company (NBC).
 The Alberta Hunter Story (1982), co-writer w. Chris Albertson-never completed – Southern Pictures (UK).

Novels
 All the Rest Have Died (1964), Delacorte (New York).
 Rhinestone Sharecropping (1981), Reed, Cannon, , .

Filmography (as director)

Filmography (as actor)

References

Further reading
Anderson, Melissa. "In Two Urgent Reprints, Bill Gunn Fights for His Singularity", Village Voice, December 29, 2015.
David, Marlo D. "'Let It Go Black': Desire and the Erotic Subject in the Films of Bill Gunn", Black Camera 2.2 (2011): 26–46.
"Gunn, Bill." Mitchell, Verner D, and Cynthia Davis, eds. Encyclopedia of the Black Arts Movement. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. p. 147-148.
Ostrom, Hans. "Bill Gunn", in Hans Ostrom and J. David Macey (eds), The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishers, 2005. Volume II, 683.
Sieving, Christopher. Pleading the Blood: Bill Gunn's Ganja & Hess. Indiana University Press, 2022.
Tate, Greg. "Bill Gunn, 1934–89." Village Voice, April 25, 1989. Vol. 34, Iss. 17, p. 98.
Williams, John. "Bill Gunn (1929–1989): A Checklist of His Films, Dramatic Works and Novels." Black American Literature Forum. 25.4 (1991): 781- (7p).

External links

 Bill Gunn Papers – Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division
 Original print donated to the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

1934 births
1989 deaths
African-American male actors
African-American film directors
American experimental filmmakers
American film directors
African-American dramatists and playwrights
Writers from Philadelphia
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century African-American writers
African-American male writers


Florent Troillet (born 7 June 1981) is a Swiss ski mountaineer.

Troillet was born in Lourtier. He competed first in 1995. He has been member of the national team since 1996 and member of the Dynafit team since 2003. In 2007, in a team with Simon Anthamatten (leader), Ernest Farquet and Marcel Marti, he climbed the Matterhorn via the Swiss side in a record time of 3 hours 45 minutes. The record was beaten by Andreas Steindl in 2011.

His sister Marie is also a competition ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 2004:
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Pierre-Marie Taramarcaz
 1st, World Championship ("cadetts" and "juniors")
 2nd, World Championship ("juniors")
 10th, World Championship team race ("seniors" ranking; together with Pierre-Marie Taramarcaz)
 2005:
 6th, World Cup team (together with Alexander Hug)
 10th, World Cup race, Salt Lake City
 2006:
 1st, Swiss Championship single race
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Yannick Ecoeur
 3rd, World Championship relay race (together with Alexander Hug, Alain Rey and Rico Elmer)
 3rd, European Cup team (together with Rico Elmer), Albosaggia
 2007:
 1st, Dachstein Xtreme race
 3rd, World Cup single
 5th, European Championship team race (together with Alexander Hug)
 5th, European Championship single
 7th, European Championship combination ranking
 2008:
 2nd, World Championship single race
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Pierre Bruchez, Martin Anthamatten and Didier Moret)
 2nd, World Cup race, Val d'Aran
 4th, World Championship long distance race
 8th, World Championship vertical race
 9th, World Championship combination ranking
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Alexander Hug
 2009:
 1st, Valtellina Orobie World Cup race
 3rd, European Championship relay race (together with Marcel Marti, Pierre Bruchez and Yannick Ecoeur)
 8th, European Championship single race
 2010:
 1st, World Championship single race
 2nd, World Championship team race (together with Martin Anthamatten)
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Martin Anthamatten, Yannick Ecoeur and Pierre Bruchez)
 4th, World Championship single race
 4th, World Championship combination ranking
 8th, World Championship vertical race
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen (ISMF World Cup), together with Martin Anthamatten
 2012:
 1st, Zermatt-Rothorn run
 2nd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Pietro Lanfranchi)
 2nd, Patrouille de la Maya, together with Martin Anthamatten and Yannick Ecoeur

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2003: 6th, together with Christian Pittex and Didier Moret
 2005: 2nd, together with Alexander Hug and Christian Pittex
 2007: 1st, together with Guido Giacomelli and Jean Pellissier

Pierra Menta

 2006: 3rd, together with Rico Elmer
 2008: 1st, together with Kílian Jornet Burgada
 2009: 5th, together with Marcel Marti
 2010: 1st, together with Kílian Jornet Burgada

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2004: 4th, together with Christian Pittex and Alexander Hug
 2006: 3rd (and 1st in international military teams ranking), together with Cpl Rico Elmer and Pvt E-2 Yannick Ecoeur
 2008: 1st, together with Didier Moret and Alexander Hug
 2010: 1st, together with Martin Anthamatten and Yannick Ecoeur

External links
 Florent Troillet at Skimountaineering.org

References

1981 births
Living people
Swiss male ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
Swiss military patrol (sport) runners
People from Bagnes
Skiers from Valais


Ozolnieki Municipality () is a former municipality in Semigallia, Latvia. The municipality was formed in 2003 by merging Ozolnieki Parish and Cena Parish; the administrative centre being Ozolnieki. In 2009 municipality absorbed Sidrabene parish (in 2011 renamed to Salgale parish), too. The population in 2020 was 10,019.

On 1 July 2021, Ozolnieki Municipality ceased to exist and its territory was merged into Jelgava Municipality.

Geography
The municipality is located in the north of Zemgale Plain. It shares borders with Olaine municipality, Ķekava municipality, Bauska municipality, Iecava municipality, Jelgava municipality and the city Jelgava. The centre of Ozolnieki municipality - the town Ozolnieki - is located 6 kilometers from the city Jelgava and 36 kilometers from the (political) Riga. Total area - 286.1 km2.

Villages
Ozolnieki, Iecēni, Brankas, Glūdas, Raubēni, Āne, Tetele, Cenas, Dalbe, Emburga, Garoza, Jaunpēternieki and Renceles.

Rivers
The biggest rivers in territory of municipality are Lielupe, Iecava and Misa. From the smaller rivers, streams and canals the most important are: Cena, Garoze, Mazais Ragvēzis, Mizupīte, Renģele, Sidrabenīte, Sodzeris, Podzīte, Velnagrāvis and Zaķstrauts.

Lakes/ Ponds
There are few artificial lakes in ex-claypits - Ozolnieku ezers near Ozolnieki village, Džammu dīķis, Lieģu dīķis near Brankas village, Senču dīķis, Ānes dīķis and Jāņa dīķis near Āne village, Viesturu dīķis near Tetele village, Libertu dīķis in Raubēni village and Akmenscūciņu karjers near Emburga village.

Swamps
Few small swamps are located in the territory of municipality: Briežu purvs, Būdukalna tīrelis, Čauku purvs, Danču purvs, Ķempu purvs, Lāču purvs, Pēternieku purvs, Sērenu purvs and Vīlantu purvs.

History
The origin of the name Ozolnieki most likely comes from Ozolmuiža (in German: Eckhofen or Paulsgnade), the manor house which was located within the territory of the modern Ozolnieki municipality. In the age of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1562–1791), Ozolmuiža belonged to its dukes. Amongst its owners was the most renowned of the duchy's DukesJacob Kettler, who kept an aviary of hunting gyrfalcons on the manor farm (Jacob's son, Frederick Casimir Kettler, later expanded the aviary). After the Courland was annexed by the Russian empire, Ozolmuiža manor passed to the tsars of Russia. Tsar Paul I allotted it to the governor of Courland, Karl Wilhelm Driesen. Subsequent manor owners included a number of different families, the last of which were the von der Reckes (until the formation of the Republic of Latvia)

During the Latvian War of Independence (1919–1920), Ozolnieki municipality was the scene of several battles against the Bermontians. In 1937, a monument was unveiled in memory of the Latvian soldiers killed in action there.

After the founding of the Republic of Latvia (1918–1920), and passage of the act regarding the Reform of agricultural lands, all manors were divided and distributed to Latvian farmers. All manor houses itself had been destroyed in the fighting of World War I and War of Independence. Their building materials, mainly stones and bricks, were used to build new farmsteads. In 1936 there were 401 new farms, down from a peak of 481. Local industry included brick-making, textiles, clay mining, leather tanning, a sawmill, and other light industry.

Throughout the two decades of Latvian independence, there was an active social and culture lifetwo elementary schools, a choir, a dance collective, an amateur theatre, a local unit of the Aizsargi Home Guard, and others societies.

The Soviet occupations (first in 1940 and second 1944-1991) did not spare Ozolnieki. In the mass deportations of 1949, the 42,000 Latvians deported on March 25, 1949 to Siberia included 18 inhabitants of the municipality. After those deportations, the USSR began to liquidate individual farms, forcing the formation of collective farms or kolkhozes. The kolhozes were given Soviet-inspired names such as “Sirpis un āmurs” (Sickle and Hammer), “Staļina ērglis″ (Stalin's eagle) and “Mičurina kolhozs” (Michurin's kolkhoz)whose name includes a play on the diminutive of a Latvian word regarding bodily functions.

Several administrative reforms took place in Ozolnieki municipality after World War II: in 1945, the Soviets divided the municipality into three villagesOzolnieki, Cena and Dalbe; in 1954 Ozolnieki village was liquidated and incorporated into Valgunde village, while Cena village was expanded, incorporating Tetele and Āne. Ozolnieki village was later incorporated in Cena village, but in 1979 was re-established as an urban village with autonomous administration (Latvian: pilsētciemats). After Latvia restored independence (1991), Ozolnieki and Cena retained their territories and were formed into parishes: Ozolnieki parish (Latvian: Ozolnieku pagasts) and Cena parish (Latvian: Cenu pagasts). In 2003 both parishes merged again into Ozolnieki municipality (Latvian: Ozolnieku novads) with its governmental centre in Ozolnieki. In 2009, in conjunction with the completion of the Administrative territorial reforms of Latvia, Ozolnieki municipality absorbed Sidrabene parish (since 2011 - Salgale parish).

Inhabitants
In July 2020 the population of the municipality was 10,726 where 72% was Latvians, 17% Russians, 3% Belarusians, 2% Lithuanians, 2% Ukrainians, 1% Poles and 3% others.

Education, culture and sport
There are three kindergartens, secondary school, elementary school, music school, the affiliates of the Baltic International Academy and The Higher School of Psychology located in the municipality. The Latvian Rural Advisory and Training Centre is located in Ozolnieki.

There are four libraries and two culture centres in the municipality.

In the centre of the former municipality. Ozolnieki, are located sports centre, ice hall and cable system for wakeboarding on Ozolnieki Lake. There are two volleyball teams (one plays in amateur league, other - VK Ozolnieki/Poliurs - in the Baltic Schenker league), motorcycle cluba and a tug of war club. The ice hockey team HK Ozolnieki/Monarhs was also based in Ozolnieki.

Notable sites
 Fortifications (redoubts) built by Napoleon's army during invasion in Russia empire (1812):
 Silgrauži (Mazsilgrauži or Franči, too) redoubt - the best preserved redoubt in Latvia. Located at the right bank of Iecava river, where it meets Misa river. Redoubt has four corners (12x12 m) for cannons, earthen rampart (10–13 m wide) and moat filled with water around it. Total area - almost 200 000 m2.
 Blukas krogs (or Bluķi) redoubt - located at the right bank of Iecava river, in strategical place - near the ferry of the old Riga-Jelgava road. Total area - approximately 8 000 m2.
 Namiķi redoubt - located at the meeting of Iecava river and Garoze river.
 Dalbe Lutheran church (built in 1869).
 Tetele (or Tetelminde) tower (built in 1895) - located at the Lielupe river in the park of ex-Tetelminde manor house.
 Auči manor house - built in 1926 as a residence of family of the first president of Latvia Jānis Čakste.
 Stalgale Lutheran church (built in 2001).
 "Billītes" - Memorial house of the famous Latvian writer Edvarts Virza.

Famous people
 Jānis Čakste (1859–1927) - the first President of Latvia (1922–1927)
 Edvarts Virza (1883–1940) - famous Latvian writer, poet, prosaist and publicist
 Fricis Apšenieks (1894–1941) - famous Latvian chess master
 Agris Neija (born in 1973) - Latvian motorsportist

Gallery

References

Former municipalities of Latvia


Valgunde Parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Valgunde Parish
  – parish administrative center

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Eleja Parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Eleja parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Troillet is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Florent Troillet (born 1981), Swiss ski mountaineer
 Jean Troillet (born 1948), Swiss mountain guide
 Marie Troillet (born 1983), Swiss ski mountaineer, sister of Florent


Glūda parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.  The administrative center is Nākotne. It was an administrative unit of the Jelgava District.

History
Historically in the territory of the modern Gluda municipality there were "Auzenburg" manor, Bramberģe Manor ("Brandenburg", Bramberģe), Drucke manor ("Druckenhof"), Kažmere manor ("Kasimirshof", Zemgale), Palcgrave Manor ( Pfalzgrafen ), Skibe Manor ( Alexandershof ).

Until 1925,  Bramberg Parish  or  Bramberg Parish . In 1935 Jelgava County Gluda Parish had an area of 63.9 km² with a population of 1177.  In 1945, the Dorupes and Glūdas [but the village council], but was liquidated in 1949. The village of  Glūdas'  was located in Jelgava (1949-1962, after 1967) and Dobele (1962-1967). In 1954, the liquidated Dorupe village and part of the Little village village were added to the village of Glude, and in 1963 kolkhoz «Cīņa (Strugle)» area was added to Svēte village. In 1974 part of Līvbērzes and Svēte village territory and part of Zaļenieki village kolkhoz «Zemgale» territory were added to Glūda village, in 1977 part Eastern village territories. In 1979 a part of the village was added to Livbērze village. In 1990 the village was reorganized into a parish. In 2009 Glūdas parish was included as administrative territory in Jelgava Municipality.

Towns, villages and settlements of Glūda parish
 Bramberģe
 Dorupe
 Ģībotkalns
 Glūda
 Mežvidi
 Nākotne
 Smiltnieki
 Ūdeles
 Viesturciems
 Zemgale

See also
 Bramberģe Manor

References

External links

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Jaunsvirlauka Parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Jaunsvirlauka parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Will Mackenzie, born on July 24, 1938 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA, is an American television director and actor.

Life
Born in Providence, Rhode Island, Mackenzie began his professional career as an actor, making his Broadway debut in 1965 in the original production of the musical Half a Sixpence. During the original run of Hello, Dolly!, he stepped into the role of Cornelius Hackl created by Charles Nelson Reilly, and he also appeared in the plays Sheep on the Runway by Art Buchwald and Scratch by Archibald MacLeish and a revival of Much Ado About Nothing. Off-Broadway he was featured in As You Like It and directed a revival of I Do! I Do! with David Garrison and Karen Ziemba.

On television, Mackenzie made guest appearances in Route 66, ABC Stage 67, That Girl, The Mod Squad, Rhoda,
Baretta, and All in the Family, and he had a recurring role in The Bob Newhart Show. His sole feature film credit as an actor was in The Landlord.

Mackenzie made his television directorial debut with The Bob Newhart Show and went on to direct multiple episodes of The Stockard Channing Show, Too Close for Comfort, Bosom Buddies, WKRP in Cincinnati, Gimme a Break!, Newhart, Moonlighting, Family Ties, Day by Day, Major Dad, Phenom, The Boys are Back, Dharma & Greg, Everybody Loves Raymond, Scrubs, and Reba.

Mackenzie has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Direction of a Comedy Series five times and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Direction of a Drama Series once.

He won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Direction of a Drama Series twice for Moonlighting and the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Direction of a Comedy Series once, for Family Ties episode "A, My Name Is Alex". He also directed the 1989 romantic comedy Worth Winning.

References

External links

Will Mackenzie at the Lortel Archives

1938 births
Living people
American television directors
American male television actors
American male stage actors
American male musical theatre actors
Male actors from Providence, Rhode Island
Directors Guild of America Award winners
20th-century American male actors
Film directors from Rhode Island


KRSL (990 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Russell, Kansas, United States, the station serves the west Kansas area. The station is currently owned by White Communications, L.L.C.

KRSL carries Kansas City Royals baseball (except weekday games), Kansas State Wildcats football and basketball and Russell High School football, basketball and baseball. The AM signal for KRSL can be received in the daytime as far west as Colby, as far east as Junction City and as far south as Hesston.

References

External links

RSL
Classic country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1973
1973 establishments in Kansas


Lielplatone parish () is an administrative unit of  Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia (prior to the 2009 administrative reforms the Jelgava District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Lielplatone parish

The largest settlements are Lielplatone (parish center), Sidrabe (Mazplatone), Tīsi, Braņķi.

See also
Lielplatone manor

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Līvbērze parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia. Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of the Jelgava District

Towns, villages and settlements of Līvbērze parish
  – parish administrative center

Notable people from
 Kārlis Ozols-Priednieks (1896 July 1943).

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


The Goya Award for Best Cinematography (Spanish: Premio Goya a la mejor fotografía) is one of the Goya Awards, Spain's principal national film awards. The category has been presented ever since the first edition of the Goya Awards. Teodoro Escamilla was the first winner of the award for his work in Love, the Magician (1986).

José Luis Alcaine holds the record of most nominations for this category with twenty, winning five of them. Javier Aguirresarobe is the most awarded in this category with six wins, for Prince of Shadows (1991), The Dog in the Manger (1996), The Others (2001), Soldiers of Salamina  (2003) and The Sea Inside (2004). Guillermo Navarro also won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for his work on Pan's Labyrinth.

In the list below the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees.

Winners and nominees

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

References

External links
Official site

Cinematography
Awards for best cinematography


Platone Parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia (Prior to the 2009 administrative reforms it was part of Jelgava District).

Towns, villages and settlements of Platone parish

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


The SNCAC Chardonneret (sometimes known as the Aérocentre Chardonneret) were a short series of 1940s French three- and four-seat cabin monoplanes with the same wings and general layout but with different engines.

Design and development

The name Chardonneret () was applied to the three completed examples of the first post-war designs from the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre (SNCAC) company at Bourges. The NC.832, NC.840 and NC.841 trio differed chiefly in their engines and the number of people they could hold. The Chardonnerets were all high-wing, braced cabin monoplanes. The NC.832 was powered by a  four cylinder inline inverted air-cooled Régnier 4E.O engine and carried three. It had a tail wheel undercarriage and first flew on 3 November 1946. The other two were both four-seaters. The NC.840 had a  Renault 4Pei engine of similar configuration to the Régnier and a tricycle wheel undercarriage. The NC.841 had a  Mathis 175H radial engine and a tail wheel undercarriage. Although the aircraft did not sell, the experience was used in the tail wheel landing gear NC.850.

Variants
Date from:Gaillard (1990), p. 49
NC.832
Régnier 4E.O powered, three seat, tail wheel undercarriage, one built.
NC.840
Renault 4Pei powered, four seat, tricycle undercarriage, one built.
NC.841
Mathis 175H powered, four seat, tail wheel undercarriage, one built.

Specifications (NC.840)

References

Notes

Bibliography

084
1940s French civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946


Sesava Parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Sesava parish
  – parish administrative center

Notable people
 Pēteris Juraševskis (1872–1945)
 Ludvigs Bolšteins (1888–1940)

See also
 Galamuiža Manor

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


KRSL-FM (95.9 MHz) is a radio station licensed to Russell, Kansas, United States. The station is currently owned by White Communications, L.L.C.

History
The station was assigned the call letters KRSL-FM on 1978-09-21.  On 1984-02-08, the station changed its call sign to KCAY and on 2008-03-10 back to the current KRSL-FM

On September 23, 2015, KRSL-FM changed their format from classic hits to variety hits, branded as "95.9 Jack FM".

Previous logo

References

External links

RSL-FM
Radio stations established in 1978


Barbadian–German relations are foreign relations between Barbados and Germany.  Barbados is represented in Germany through its embassy in Brussels, (Belgium) and Germany is represented in Barbados from its regional embassy for the Eastern Caribbean in Port of Spain, (Trinidad and Tobago) and an Honorary Consul in Christ Church. Barbados and Germany formally established diplomatic relations on 14 March 1967.

History

From the late 1620s until 1966, Barbados constituted as a part of the British Empire and was a prominent regional base for British forces. In 1874, the German bark Pierre Buyper was wrecked on the coast of Barbados.
During World War I and II a number of Barbadian troops were enlisted with the British forces to fight in the war with Germany. Twelve Barbados men made up the Second Barbados Contingent of Volunteers for the Armed Forces. They were recruited for the Royal Air Force. They left Barbados for England in November 1940 to fight against Germany. On 11 September 1942 German submarine U-514 was patrolling the waters of Barbados  where it torpedoed the Canadian steam merchant ship Cornwallis off the coastline of the capital city.  The ship was brought ashore in Barbados before it was released and torpedoed a second time and sank. The shipwreck was later turned into a reef and Marine park.

Trade

According to prize winning Barbadian novelist Austin Clarke, Barbados suffered economic hardship after it was nearly cut off from global trade by Germany.

Barbadian and German economic trade are not very significant, the German government is one of the main stake holders in the Barbados-based Caribbean Development Bank (CDB), which lends to the various territories throughout the Caribbean region.

In 2008 Barbados was one of several Caribbean countries of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries that signed a sweeping Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union.

Barbados receives substantial income from Germany from the spending by German tourists. In 2002 German tourism to Barbados dropped by 23 percent. Barbados's main exports to Germany are agricultural products. Banks Barbados Brewery in Barbados imported over 1 million Barbadian dollars of computerized production equipment from Germany in 1994–1995.

Tourism
Germans nationals travelling to Barbados for tourism remains one of the modern day cultural ties between both nations. In 2010, the German airline Condor announced to Barbadian aviation officials that it would be doubling its weekly flights between Barbados and Germany.

Agreements
The Agreement between the Government of Barbados and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany for the Reciprocal Promotion and Protection of Investments — Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), was signed 2 December 1994.
Short-stay visa waver agreement (for stays up to three months), covering Barbadian and German nationals, signed and entered force on 28 May 2009.
Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific–EU's Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

People
Rupee (musician) is a soca musician from Barbados. He was born in military barracks in Germany to a German mother and a Bajan father, who was serving in the British armed forces at the time. He later migrated to Barbados. Female Barbadian reggae singer Tabitha Johnson was also born in Germany and she was born to a German mother and a Bajan father just like Rupee (musician) was. Around 160 Barbadian Emigrants live in Germany.

See also
 Foreign relations of Barbados
 Foreign relations of Germany

References

External links
 German Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Barbados
 German Embassy to Trinidad and Tobago
 The Barbadian Embassy to Belgium

Bilateral relations of Germany
Germany
Military history of Barbados during World War II


Franco Indovina (1932 – 4 May 1972) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. In 1959, he was assistant of Michelangelo Antonioni on the set of L'Avventura. He directed six films between 1965 and 1971.

He died when Alitalia Flight 112 crashed on approach to Palermo. His 1967 film Lo scatenato was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.

The actress Lorenza Indovina, born in 1966, is his daughter.

Filmography
 Menage all'italiana (1965)
 I tre volti (1965)
 Lo scatenato (1967)
 Le plus vieux métier du monde (1967)
 Giochi particolari (1970)
 Tre nel mille (1971)

References

External links

1932 births
1972 deaths
Italian film directors
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Italian male screenwriters
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Italy
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1972
20th-century Italian male writers


Salgale Parish (; known until 2011 as Sidrabene Parish) is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

Villages of Salgale parish
 Auči
 Emburga (parish centre)
 Garoza
 Ozolkalni
 Plāņi
 Purviņi
 Renceles

Jelgava Municipality
Parishes of Latvia
Semigallia


The Jardins de Callunes (4 hectares) are botanical gardens specializing in heather. They are located at 5, Chemin de la Prelle, Ban-de-Sapt, Vosges, Grand Est, France, and open daily in the warmer months; an admission fee is charged.

The gardens opened to the public in 1996 after 7 years of design and planting under the direction of landscaper Jacques Couturieux. They form part of the rehabilitation of a former quarry, and traces of the pink sandstone and trench warfare from World War I still remain.

Today the gardens comprise ten distinct areas linked by sweeping lawns and walkways. The pine forest, created in 1994, contains good collections of rhododendron and azalea beneath pines and Japanese maples. The heather gardens contain about 250 varieties of Erica, Calluna, and Daboecia, with rock gardens containing a further 180 taxa of alpine plants. The garden also contains tree peonies, phlox, saxifrage, water plants, and various perennials and shrubs.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in France

References
 Jardins de Callunes
 Jardinez entry
 1001 Fleurs entry (French)
 Conservatoire des Jardins et Paysages entry (French)

Gardens in Vosges (department)
Botanical gardens in France


First classification
In 2005, the Department of Railroad Stations of the Polish State Railways divided the most important stations of the nation into four categories. These categories were named from A to D, based on number of passengers, visiting the stations annually.
 Category A (16 stations) - more than 2 million passengers annually,
 Category B (22 stations) - between 1 and 2 million passengers annually,
 Category C (35 stations) - between 300,000 - 1 million passengers annually,
 Category D (4 stations) - fewer than 300,000 passengers annually.

Current classification system since 2015
In 2015, PKP SA introduced a new classification system of railway stations, based upon the importance of the station in general. Basic criteria are the kind of services served by the station, and number of commercial service points located within them.

Overall, all stations are assigned to one of the categories:
 Premium station — stations served by international, intercity and interregional routes, which are an important interchange stations for entire state. Commercial services for passengers are provided.
 Voivodeship station — stations served by international, intercity and interregional routes, offering standard commercial services.
 Agglomeration station — stations serving domestic routes located up to 50 km away from city centre, with none or minimal commercial services.
 Regional station — stations located in towns, mainly serving local and regional routes, they are an important interchange for boroughs.
 Local station — stations used by commuters arriving to larger cities.
 Tourist station — stations with little traffic rate, being mostly used during holiday seasons.

References


Vilce parish (, ) is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia. Center - Vilce.

Geography
Vilce parish is bordering in the west with Tērvete Parish, Dobele municipality, in the north - Zaļenieki Parish, Jelgava municipality, in the east - Lielplatone Parish, Eleja Parish, in the south - with the territory of Lithuania Joniškis District Municipality.
Rivers: Ķīve, Platone, Rukūze, Sidrabe, Švėtė, Vilce.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vilce parish
Vilce (parish center),
Ziedkalne,
Mūrmuiža,
Bandenieki,
Blankenfelde,
Kalnrozes,
Kapteines,
Mazvilce.

History

In 1590  Vilce first mentioned.  Vilce manor house was built in the 18th century.  1680 a watermill built on the river Vilce. In course of Great Northern War in Battle of Gemauerthof on July 16, 1705 Swedish Army under Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt command  defeated Imperial Russian Army led by the Count  Boris Sheremetyev near the Murmühle () on Svete river.  In 1935  monument was erected  at the battle site, in 1991 cemetery restored of the Swedish soldiers who died in battle. Mūrmuiža stone bridge  was built by the Swedes during the war around 1700. It is one of the oldest stone bridges in Latvia. It consists of 3 bridgehead vaulted bridges built of torn stones over the Vilce River and two drains. The total length of the bridge is 114 m. The main vault is 4 m high and at 6.8 m wide, it has sustained tank ride during the World War II. The bridge leads to Mūrmuiža, where at that time was the mill and the pub, built in the second half of the 17th century. The Swedish army stayed there during the Northern War. About 50 m from the bridge is the Vella depth (Devil's depth). Local legend tell tales about box with gold and a royal crown at the bottom of it.

In 1819 a school opened at Vilce Manor. By  1823  it was completed by 140 children but the school was closed. 1837 the school for the children of Wilts and Blankenfelde reopened,  1868  a new building was built for her on Elea Road.  1921 school became a four-year school,  1931  - in the decade,  1934  - at six, 1989 on the ninth, from  1992  Vilce Elementary School.
1820 — 1945 — Vilce County
1959 — 1990  — Vilce District, Jelgava District
1990 — 2009  —  Vilce County
 as of 2009  — Vilce county, Jelgava municipality

Monuments
A significant part of Vilce parish is occupied by Vilce Nature Park.
Nature Monuments: Blankenfelde ash, Blankenfelde vinca, Gypsy Oak, Valley Oak.
Architectural landmarks: Berkene Manor, Blankenfelde Manor and Park, Vilce Manor, Berkene Mill, Mūrmuiža Mill.
Historical monuments: Silene mound, Vilce mound, Murmuiža ancient burial ground,  Battle of Gemauerthof site, monument to Swedish soldiers near Mūrmuiža.

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Vircava Parish () is an administrative unit of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.

Towns, villages and settlements of Vircava parish
  - parish administrative center

See also

References

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Kirriemuir is hamlet in east-central Alberta, Canada within Special Area No. 4. It is located on Highway 12, approximately  west of Altario. It has an elevation of .

Kirriemuir has a hall, a small general store with a post office and gas station, a playground, and two ball diamonds.  The hamlet draws children from the greater area to participate on its softball teams during the summer months. One of the more popular events each year is the annual discing bonspiel, which is held at the Kirriemuir Hall. An older Alberta Wheat Pool grain elevator remains standing at the edge of the community and it is still in use, but by private owners as the railroad tracks have long since been removed.

The hamlet was named after Kirriemuir in Scotland.

Demographics
Kirriemuir recorded a population of 28 in the 1991 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada.

See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of hamlets in Alberta

References

Hamlets in Alberta
Special Area No. 4


Zaļenieki Parish () is an administrative unit in the western part of Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia.
It borders the Parishes of Glūda, Svēte, Lielplatone, Vilce, Tērvete,  and Augstkalne.
Rivers Auce, Dorupīte, Eglone, Svēte, and Tērvete flow through Zaļenieki.

Towns, villages and settlements of Zaļenieki parish
Zaļenieki, Spurģi, Ūziņi, Apgunste.

Notable people
 Poet Aspazija (1865 - 1943) was born in Daukšas, Zaļenieki Parish

Parishes of Latvia
Jelgava Municipality
Semigallia


Marie Troillet (born 24 March 1983) is a Swiss ski mountaineer.

Troillet was born in Bagnes. She started ski mountaineering in 2000 and has been member of the national team since 2004 as well as member of the  Dynafit-Team since 2005. Marie Troillet, who teaches in an elementary school, lives in Lourtier. Her brother Florent is also a competition ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 2004:
 1st, World Championship single race ("juniors")
 3rd, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Jeanine Bapst
 7th, World Championship vertical race ("seniors" ranking)
 9th, World Championship single race ("seniors" ranking)
 2005:
 1st, European Championship single race ("juniors")
 1st, Swiss Cup team (together with Laëtitia Currat)
 8th, World Championship single race ("seniors" ranking)
 9th, World Championship vertical race ("seniors" ranking)
 2006:
 1st, World Cup ("juniors")
 2nd, Trophée des Gastlosen, together with Andréa Zimmermann
 2007:
 6th, European Championship team race (together with Gabrielle Magnenat)
 9th, European Championship combination ranking
 2008:
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with  Gabrielle Magnenat, Nathalie Etzensperger and Séverine Pont-Combe)
 2010:
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Gabrielle Magnenat and Nathalie Etzensperger)
 2nd, World Championship team race (together with Nathalie Etzensperger)
 10th, World Championship single race
 2011:
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Nathalie Etzensperger)
 4th, World Championship single race
 10th, World Championship vertical, combined ranking
 2012:
 1st, European Championship team, together with Séverine Pont-Combe
 4th, European Championship single
 2nd, Patrouille de la Maya, together with Nathalie Etzensperger and Gabrielle Gachet, née Magnenat

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2000: 1st, (short course) together with Stephanie May and Melanie Fellay
 2004: 1st, (short course) together with Laëtitia Currat and Annick Rey
 2006: 4th, together with Laëtitia Currat and Laëtitia Roux
 2008: 5th ("seniors I" class ranking), mixed team together with Sophie Dusautoir Bertrand and Rico Elmer
 2010: 1st, together with Nathalie Etzensperger and Émilie Gex-Fabry

Pierra Menta

 2008: 8th, together with Laëtitia Currat
 2010: 4th, together with Gabrielle Magnenat
 2011: 3rd, together with Gabrielle Magnenat

References

1983 births
Living people
Swiss female ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
People from Entremont district
People from Bagnes
Skiers from Valais


In United States patent law, a machine is one of the four principal categories of things that may be patented. The other three are a process (also termed a method), an article of manufacture (also termed a manufacture), and a composition of matter. In United States patent law, that same terminology has been in use since the first patent act in 1790 (with the exception that processes were formerly termed "arts").

In In re Nuitjen, 500 F.3d 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2007), the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said:

To this it might be added that the parts must interact (usually dynamically) with one another, for otherwise they might be parts of an article of manufacture. It has been considered grounds for rejecting or invalidating a machine claim as being directed to a "mere aggregation" if the parts were merely associated with one another without interacting functionally. An illustration of a mere aggregation would be the "combination" of a bathtub and a pencil sharpener. More recently, the "mere aggregation" ground of invalidity for a machine claim has been subsumed under obviousness.

Examples of machines are steam engines, sewing machines, and TV sets. Electronic circuits have usually been considered machines, although they may lack moving parts.

See also
 Machine-or-transformation test—test of patent-eligibility requiring transformation of article or implementation with "particular machine"
 Printed matter (patent law)

References

United States patent law


"Aristotle and the Gun" is a time travel and alternate history science fiction story by American writer L. Sprague de Camp.

Publication history
The story was first published in the magazine Astounding Science-Fiction for February, 1958, and first appeared in book form in de Camp's collection A Gun for Dinosaur and Other Imaginative Tales (Doubleday, 1963). It later appeared in the paperback edition of the collection published by Curtis Books in 1969, and the subsequent de Camp collections Aristotle and the Gun and Other Stories (Five Star, 2002), and Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp (NESFA Press, 2005), as well as the anthologies Alpha Three (Ballantine Books, 1972), Space Mail, Volume II (Fawcett Crest, 1982), Analog: Writers' Choice (Davis Publications, 1983, Robert Adams' Book of Alternate Worlds (Signet Books, 1987), The Legend Book of Science Fiction (Legend, 1991), Modern Classics of Science Fiction (St. Martin's Press, 1992), Roads Not Taken: Tales of Alternate History (Del Rey Books, 1998), and Futures Past (Ace Books, 2006). The first stand-alone edition of the story was published in paperback by Positronic Publishing in April, 2013. The story has also been translated into German.

Plot summary
The lonely and misanthropic scientist Sherman Weaver has a central role in a secret US government project to build a time machine. The project succeeds, and a prototype device is constructed. However, before it can be tested, the government, alarmed at Weaver's report that small changes in history might have profound consequences and completely change the present-day world, decides to abort the project. Weaver is ordered to dismantle the machine, but rather than obey, he takes matters into his own hands by using the machine to project himself back to the era of Philip II of Macedon. There, he hopes to meet Aristotle.

Believing that the influential ancient philosopher's lack of interest in experiment retarded scientific progress through much of subsequent history, Weaver aims to nudge the savant in what he considers the proper direction. His intention is to create a different 20th century dominated by super-science, hundreds of years in advance of ours.

Weaver pretends to be a conventional traveler from India. Equipped with modern marvels, he attempts to demonstrate to his new acquaintance, Aristotle, the value of experimentation in furtherance of knowledge. His task is complicated by the malicious mischief of Aristotle's students, the coterie of young Prince Alexander (subsequently Alexander the Great), and by coming under suspicion of being a spy for the Great King of Persia against whom Philip is preparing to go to war. Ultimately forced to defend himself with a handgun he has brought, Weaver is on the point of being executed for espionage and murder, but he is snapped back into the present, as the effects of his time projection wear off.

Weaver finds himself in a world very different from the one he left but not in the way he hoped. Aristotle, convinced that the tedious accumulation of experimental knowledge is beneath the dignity of civilized philosophers and that it is a waste of time attempting to catch up to "India" in that regard, turns out to have come down strongly against the notion in his writings. The result is a backward present of petty states, roughly at the level of late medieval principalities in our own history, considerably behind Weaver's original timeline in technology. His own United States is not even a dream, with its physical confines being controlled by various Amerindian nations influenced by the civilization of the Old World but having long since thrown off any subjection to it. Enslaved in one such state, Weaver is delivered from endless drudgery only after many years, when his scholarly talents are finally recognized.

The narrative of the story is set forth by Weaver in a lengthy letter to an acquaintance curious as to his remarkable background in which he concludes that he would have done better to leave well enough alone.

Reception
Critic P. Schuyler Miller called the story "even better" than de Camp's "A Gun for Dinosaur" in its recreation of Aristotle's Macedonia as seen through modern eyes, and its twist in the alternate time-track theme." Don D'Ammassa rated the piece one of de Camp's "best stories", and placed it among those "of particular note" among de Camp's "many memorable short stories." Roland Green, writing for Booklist, called it of "outstanding merit" and one of the author's "vintage short pieces." To Tom Easton, it "is a classic exposition of the time-travel paradox," and de Camp "always one of my favorite SF&F writers." Harry Turtledove called the story "a fine specimen of the for-want-of-a-nail story: a small change in the past producing enormous ramifications as the centuries roll by," with "things [not] so easy as the [protagonist] thought they would be ... a common theme in de Camp's work."

Importance
"Aristotle and the Gun" is one of de Camp's most notable works. Like his first significant work of alternate history, the novel Lest Darkness Fall (1939), the story posits a world changed as the result of time travel, and like his other major work in the field, "The Wheels of If" (1940) it reveals the long-term consequences of the historical change.

For de Camp himself, however, its publication marked the beginning of a lengthy departure from the science fiction field, and pointed the way to the historical novels of the ancient world he would write during the next ten years, beginning with An Elephant for Aristotle (1958), which serves as an interesting counterpoint to the present story. The development is indeed to some degree foreshadowed in the present story itself, with its meticulously researched depiction of the Classical Greek and Hellenistic milieu for which de Camp clearly had strong interest and empathy and also when seen through the eyes of its own native-born denizens and without a time traveler in attendance. De Camp would write no more science fiction until 1977.

References

Alternate history short stories
Short fiction about time travel
Short stories by L. Sprague de Camp
1958 short stories
Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact
Short stories set in the 4th century BC


Korshavn may refer to:

 Korshavn Bay, a bay of northeastern Funen in Denmark
 Korshavn, Norway, a fishing village in the municipality of Hvaler in Østfold county, Norway
 Korshavn, or Korshamn, a fishing village in the municipality of Lyngdal in Vest-Agder county, Norway
 Korshavn Chapel, or Korshamn Chapel, a church in the municipality of Lyngdal in Vest-Agder county, Norway


Aram Ter-Ghevondyan (; , also often seen written in Western sources as  Ter-Ghewondyan or Ter-Łewondyan; July 24, 1928 – February 10, 1988) was an Armenian historian and scholar who specialized in the study of historical sources and medieval Armenia's relations with the Islamic world and Oriental studies. His seminal work, The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia, is an important study on the Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia. From 1981 until his death, Ter-Ghevondyan headed the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Armenian Academy of Sciences and he additionally held an honorary doctorate from the University of Aleppo and was an associate member of the Tiberian Academy of Rome.

Life

Education
Ter-Ghevondyan was born in Cairo, Egypt to an Armenian family which had fled from the town of Marash in the Ottoman Empire during the massacres of the Armenian genocide. In the late 1940s, his family repatriated to Soviet Armenia and there he was immediately admitted to Yerevan State University. Ter-Ghevondyan graduated from the university's department of philology  of Oriental languages in 1954. Pursuing higher studies, he was accepted to the Oriental Studies Department at Leningrad State University. There, he met the renowned Armenian scholars Hrachia Acharian and Joseph Orbeli. He was especially fond of the guidance and advice Orbeli provided him with, as he repeatedly remarked after he had completed his studies, "Once more, fortune had smiled upon me, [for] my adviser was Academician Hovsep [Joseph] Orbeli." He defended his dissertation, The Emirate of Dvin from the Ninth to Eleventh Centuries, and was awarded his kandidat nauk in 1958.

Academic career
As a scholar who was fluent in Arabic, Ter-Ghevondyan had a profound interest in the history of the medieval Arab caliphates and emirates. From 1958 to 1981, he worked at the Institute of History at the Armenian Academy of Sciences (AAS) with a special emphasis in philology, historiography and the study of historical sources. His first significant work devoted to Bagratuni Armenia's relations with the Islamic world was The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia () and was published in 1965. The book was highly praised and found to be of such great importance that it was translated from Armenian into English by American Byzantine scholar Nina Garsoïan, and later into Arabic by Aleksan Keshishyan. Ter-Ghevondyan's doctoral work centered on the political and cultural links between Armenians and Arabs during the medieval era and he defended his dissertation once more and received his doktor nauk in 1977. Titled Armenia and the Arab Caliphate, Ter-Ghevondyan's work was published by the AAS in the same year.

In 1981, thanks to Ter-Ghevondyan's efforts, the institute of Oriental Studies at the AAS was established and he was appointed to be the inaugural holder of the chair for the study of primary sources. He continued on with his research and in the same year, he completed the translation of the excerpts of the work of the 13th-century Arab chronicler Ibn al-Asir, as part of a series initiated by the AAS to translate historical sources about Armenia and Armenians from their original languages into Armenian. He translated from classical to modern Armenian, wrote the introductions and commentaries on, in 1982 and 1983 respectively, the works of Armenian historians Ghevond (History) and Agatangeghos (History of Armenia). In 1983, Ter-Ghevondyan became a professor at Yerevan State University and taught the courses "Ancient and Medieval History of the Arab World" and "An Introduction to Arabic Philology."

Due to his death in February 1988, many of Ter-Ghevondyan's works were left unpublished. His monograph, Armenia in 6th to 8th Centuries, was published posthumously in 1996. He was the author of over 100 articles and a regular contributor to the Arab-related entries in the Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (1974–1987) and wrote numerous chapters in the second and third volumes of the History of the Armenian People (vol. ii, 1984; vol. iii, 1976).

Published works
 Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965.
 The Arab emirates in Bagratid Armenia translated from armenian and edited by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976
  "Chronologie de la ville de Dvin (Duin) aux 9e et 11e siècles." Revue des Études Arméniennes. N.S. 2, 1965
 "Le Prince d’Arménie à l’époque de la domination arabe." Revue des Études Arméniennes. Tome III, 1966.
 "La survivance de la division administrative Kust-i-Kapkoh sous le califat."  Revue des Études Arméniennes. N.S. 5, 1968.
 "Սասունի 749-752 թթ. անհայտ ապստամբությունը Խալիֆայության դեմ." ("The Obscure Rebellion of Sasun in 749-752 Against the Caliphate"). Patma-Banasirakan Handes. № 3, 1971.
 Армения и apaбcкий Халифат[Armenia and the Arab Caliphate]. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1977.
 L'Armenie et la conquete arabe," in Armenian Studies/Études Arméniennes in Memoriaum Haig Berbérian. Dickran Kouymjian (ed.) Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1986.
 Հոդվածների Ժողովածու (Collection of Articles). With introduction by Vahan Ter-Ghevondyan. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, 2003.
"The Armenian Rebellion of 703 Against the Caliphate" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Books and Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.

Notes

1928 births
1988 deaths
Writers from Cairo
Islam and politics
Scholars of medieval Islamic history
Historians of the Middle East
20th-century Armenian historians
Soviet historians
Yerevan State University alumni
Egyptian people of Armenian descent
Egyptian emigrants to the Soviet Union


Brock Gill (born January 6, 1975) is an illusionist, stunt artist and evangelist based out of Nashville, Tennessee.

Early years
Gill attended East Texas Baptist University and had a reputation for having spontaneous church services in the open air quad on campus, baptizing people in the campus fountain.

At age 22 Gill felt led to become an illusionist and evangelist when working the graveyard shift at a saw mill in Texarkana. With ear plugs in and no one to talk to, he started praying, which led to his ministry. A youth pastor at the church in Texarkana where he was doing ministry took him to a magic shop. The man behind the counter did a simple trick, awakening something in Gill.

Personal life
Gill is married to Aundrea “Auny" Gill. Gill and Auny met in 1997 while attending East Texas Baptist University where she was studying to become a child psychologist. The two married on May 8, 1999, at her father’s church in Shepherd, Texas.

The couple originally resided in Texas, later moving into a motorhome as they traveled the United States evangelizing through illusion. They now reside in Nashville, Tennessee.

Career
In 1994, Gill started his career ministering through illusion.

Gill has shared the stage with many well known speakers, worship leaders, and artists such as Franklin Graham, Luis Palau, John Piper, David Nasser, Adrian Rogers, Toby Mac, Audio Adrenaline, Third Day, Relient K, Jaci Velasquez, Skillet, Mercy Me, Casting Crowns, and others.

He has performed for such organizations as Focus On The Family, BigStuf Camps, Student Life, Superwow, and on tours such as Winter Jam (2004), The Louis Palau Association’s Livin’ It with Stephen Baldwin, and Christ in Youth’s Believe tour (2001). He has appeared on multiple television programs like The GMA Dove Awards (2006), The Harvest Show, At Home Live, and Fox News Channel’s Fox and Friends and in numerous other media outlets including Passageway.com, Crosswalk.com, Baptist Standard, Christian Single, On Course Magazine, and radio programs across the country.

Gill is also a part of Freedom Experience, a nationwide city tour that combines action sports, music, and illusion.

In 2017 Gill performed with the Newsboys, Sidewalk Prophets, Blanca, Derk Minor, and Seventh Time Down as part of the Big Church Night Out tour.

Filmography
In 2005, Gill hosted Miracles of Jesus, a three-hour documentary produced by the BBC and aired on the Discovery Channel.

Gill has released four full-length DVDs: Close-Up and Personal (2002) and Hidden Agenda (2005), each produced by Jupiter Project, the Dove Award-winning creators of Third Day’s The Offerings Experience and Michael W. Smith’s Worship. Standing Room Only (2006) features big stunts, such as "the bullet catch," as well as pro skateboarder Tim Byrne, X-Games gold medalist freestyle motocross rider Kevin Johnson, and other artists. His latest DVD, Alive on Stage, is available to watch on Hulu. The videos are designed to be practical evangelism tools, because they always feature a Gospel presentation.

Organizations
Caliber Outreach is a non-profit organization founded by Gill that sends creative evangelists out into the world. The organization provides evangelism training for those looking to share their faith, strengthen churches in their evangelistic efforts, and strategically advance the gospel throughout creative methods. Students come from the United States and other countries.

Gill and his wife Auny have also partnered with other non-profit groups such as Compassion International, Soles 4 Soles and Parties With a Purpose.

References

Further reading
 "The minister of magic" by Trudy Walz, The Hackensack Record (Sept 19, 2003)
 "Revealing miracles" by John Gerome, Associated Press (Dec 17, 2005)
 "Illusionist seeks miracles of Jesus" by Ken Beck, The Nashville Tennessean (Dec 20, 2005)
 "Illusionist performs magic with a message" by Jim Vorel, The Decatur Herald & Review (March 30, 2012)

People from Nashville, Tennessee
American magicians
Living people
East Texas Baptist University alumni
American evangelists
American stunt performers
1975 births


Richard Anthony Charlesworth (8 January 1932 – 15 April 2008) was an English jazz clarinettist, saxophonist and bandleader.

Biography
Charlesworth was born and brought up in Sheffield and attended King Edward VII School. At 16, he became a clerk in the Ministry of Labour and was in due course transferred to London. He bought a clarinet and started playing jazz as a hobby in 1952-53. He was entirely self-taught, but became good enough to play clarinet and saxophone in a dance band and perform with jazz bands in south London including Jim Weller’s Jazzmen. He formed his first group in 1956 while still doing his day job, and his 'Dick Charlesworth's Jazzmen' won the South London Jazz Band Championship in 1957. Charlesworth's group was signed by the Melodisc label, and they recorded an EP in December 1957 and produced an album for Doug Dobell's 77 Records.

Charlesworth left the Civil Service in 1959 and became a professional musician. He signed a recording contract with EMI and his group was remarketed as 'Dick Charlesworth's City Gents'.  This was the time when light jazz was popular in the British charts as typified by Acker Bilk and Kenny Ball, also attired in distinctive costumes. Charlesworth's group sported pin stripes and bowler hats, and had a Latin motto, Dum vivimus vivamus, (“While we live, let us enjoy life”). Their only chart single was "Billy Boy",which reached 43 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1961. The City Gents often appeared on television including The Morecambe and Wise Show and Sunday Night at the London Palladium. Charlesworth sang the title song of a comedy film, In the Doghouse, starring Leslie Phillips and featured in his own 15 minute musical short in 1963.

However the British pop scene changed significantly in the early sixties and jazz went out of vogue. Charlesworth broke up his band, and from 1964 to 1969 worked for P & O fronting a band on the cruise liners Canberra and Orsova. He then settled in Mojacar, in Spain where he ran a music bar until he returned to Britain in 1977. He was active on the London jazz scene until the early 2000s. He worked with many artists including Keith Smith, Rod Mason, Alan Littlejohn and Denny Wright. He appeared on the BBC Radio series, Jazz Score, a quiz show which encouraged its participants to relate anecdotes about their lives in jazz.

In his later years, Charlesworth lived in Thames Ditton, Surrey, and played a residency at the George and Dragon pub every Tuesday with his band "The Dick Charlesworth's Fraternity Four", and also at various other local pubs. The Dick Charleworth's Fraternity Four included Alan Dandy (piano), John Rodber (bass guitar) and Don Cook (drums) and they released their final recording in August 2004.

Charlesworth died following a heart attack in April 2008, at the age of 76.

References

1932 births
2008 deaths
English jazz clarinetists
People educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield
People from Thames Ditton


List of presidents of the National Assembly of Togo.

Below is a list of office-holders:

References

Politics of Togo
Togo, National Assembly