St Philip's Church is a Church of England parish church in Hove, in the city of Brighton and Hove, England. It was opened in 1895 and consecrated in 1898 on New Church Road, near Aldrington's parish church of St Leonard's. It has come under threat of closure but is still active as of 2012. It is a Grade II listed building.

History
The road now named New Church Road is the old route between the ancient villages of Hove and Aldrington. There was some Roman and Saxon activity at Aldrington, but severe decline set in during the 18th and 19th centuries, such that only one person was living there by 1831. The rapid residential growth of Hove in the mid-19th century stimulated development in Aldrington from around 1850, however, and St Leonard's Church was rebuilt from its ruined state to serve the area. By 1894, Aldrington and Hove had merged, and the population of Aldrington alone exceeded 2,200. It was decided that a chapel of ease was needed to serve the area east of St Leonard's Church. Its rector bought land from the Duke of Portland in November of that year and commissioned Sir George Gilbert Scott's son John Oldrid Scott to design a church.

Building work took less than a year: the first service at St Philip's took place on 28 October 1895. The consecration ceremony was not held until 29 May 1898, however. By that date, £5,492.15s.10d (£ in ) had been spent on construction and the land. It was extended at a cost of about £4,000 (£ in ) between 1909 and 1910, at which point the deeds transferring ownership of the land from the Duke of Portland to the rector of St Leonard's Church was found to be invalid. A new arrangement was drawn up and the church became the property of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In 1912 it gained its own benefice and parish, which still exists as of 2012 and which has had ten vicars since its creation.

Another extension was added in 1941: architecture firm Tetley and Felce designed and added a porch. The west end of the church was converted into a hall in 1956; a large (300 sq ft) Sussex-themed mural was painted on the dividing wall by the muralist Augustus Lunn in 1957 and 1958.

The church received national attention in its centenary year when an edition of the long-running BBC Radio programme Any Questions? was recorded there. On 10 March 1995, three major political figures and The Spectator deputy editor Anne Applebaum took part in a debate and answered questions from the audience. The programme was broadcast live on BBC Radio 4. Former Conservative Prime Minister Sir Edward Heath, Labour minister and SDP founder Roy Jenkins and former Labour minister Gerald Kaufman were on the panel.

Architecture

St Philip's Church is considered a good example of Oldrid Scott's architectural techniques. Architecturally it is broadly Gothic Revival in the Decorated style, and is distinguished by its impressive use of building materials of various colours and types. Knapped flintwork, limestone, Bath Stone and red brickwork are combined in complex patterns all over the exterior; the extension of 1909–1910 was consistent with this, and is indistinguishable from the older section.

In its current form, the church consists of a 6½-bay nave (of which the three westernmost bays form the church hall), aisles on the north and south sides, chancel with chamfered arch, apsidal Lady chapel with a lead roof, porch, vestry, clerestory and small flèche. Charles Eamer Kempe, an important stained glass designer of the Victorian era, provided the window at the east end and one in the south aisle, and many of the other windows (most of which are lancets) also contain stained glass. Local firm Cox & Barnard supplied three of these: designer Anthony Gilbert provided a window in the south chapel in 1955, depicting Saint George and commemorating parishioner George Howell; in 1960 Paul Chapman designed another window in the same part of the church, in memory of William Cheverton – it depicts Saint Cecilia holding a musical instrument and crowned with "an unusual halo resembling yellow laurel leaves interspersed with roses" – and in the same year, a window commemorating Halcyon Ann Lopez and depicting the virtue of Charity was installed in the south side of the nave. A new bell was cast for the church in 1961.

Holy Cross Church

In 1903, the Bishop of Chichester Ernest Wilberforce opened a mission hall to serve the northern part of St Leonard's and St Philip's parish. The Holy Cross Church, as it was called, then became part of St Philip's parish in 1912, but gained its own parish in 1932 and is now linked to the Bishop Hannington Memorial Church. The building had been used as a church hall and social venue as well as a place of worship until 1932. Although the vicar of St Philip's later acquired land for a new hall, no such facility was ever built, which encouraged the conversion of part of the church into a hall in 1956.

The church today
English Heritage made the church a Grade II listed building on 2 November 1992.

In 2000 the Brighton and Hove Deaneries Pastoral Strategy Review Group was established on the instruction of the Diocese of Chichester to consider the future of churches in the two deaneries. The group's report, published in June 2003, recommended the closure of St Philip's Church and its conversion to alternative uses. This conclusion was based on its proximity to St Leonard's Church (whose status as an ancient parish church gave it more importance within the deanery) and the inability of the churches to cover their maintenance and other costs. As of 2012, the church is still open, and offers two services every Sunday. The parish is bounded by Portland Road, Westbourne Street, Westbourne Place, the seafront, Wish Road and Coleman Avenue on the borders of Hove and Aldrington.

See also
Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove: S
 List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove

Notes

Bibliography

External links

19th-century Church of England church buildings
Church of England church buildings in Brighton and Hove
Churches completed in 1895
Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove
Hove, St Philip's Church


Events in the year 1993 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Harald V
 President of the Storting – Kirsti Kolle Grøndahl (Labour Party)
 Prime Minister – Gro Harlem Brundtland (Labour Party)

Events
 30 April – The registered partnership civil union law is passed.
 1 August – The registered partnership civil union law comes into effect, granting same-sex couples the same rights as married couples, except for the right to adopt or marry in a church.
 6 August – Kim Friele and Wenche Lowzow commit to the first civil union partnership under the new law.
 10 August – Black metal musician Varg Vikernes murders Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth, another black metal musician. Vikernes gets sentenced to 21 years in prison (maximum sentence under Norwegian law).
 20 August – Negotiations concerning agreements between the government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) are conducted secretly in Oslo and eventually conclude with the signing of the first agreement in the Oslo Accords between by Foreign Minister Shimon Peres for Israel, Mahmoud Abbas for the PLO and Secretary of State Warren Christopher for the United States.
 13 September – The 1993 Parliamentary election takes place. The Labour Party wins a plurality of seats, and Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland remains in office.
 11 October – The Norwegian publisher William Nygaard was shot three times outside his home in Dagaliveien in Oslo. Suspects of the assassination attempt are Islamists who reacted to Nygaard publishing the Norwegian edition of Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses.
 27 October – Widerøe Flight 744, a De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, crashes in Overhalla, Norway on approach to Namsos Airport, killing both pilots and four passengers; the crash is also known as the Namsos Accident.

 Alta Museum receives the European Museum of the Year Award.

Sports
24 November–5 December 1993 – The 1993 World Women's Handball Championship is held in six Norwegian cities.

Music

Film

Notable births

6 January – Malin Falch, cartoonist.
14 January – Gyda Enger, ski jumper.
18 January – Nicolai Næss, footballer.

8 February – Gustav Magnar Witzøe, businessman
17 February – Emil Jonassen, footballer.

11 March – Marius Lode, footballer.
13 March – Simen Hegstad Krüger, cross-country skier.
20 March – Prableen Kaur, politician.

4 April – Daniel Berntsen, footballer.
12 April – Andreas "Tix" Haukeland, musician and producer.
20 April – Celine Sivertsen, handballer.
26 April – Tiril Bue, yacht racer.

4 May – Eivind Tangen, handball player.
4 May – Chris Holsten, singer.
4 May – Sander Skogli, ice hockey player.
18 May – Thomas Valkvæ Olsen, ice hockey player.
18 May – Fredrik Oldrup Jensen, footballer.
26 May – Gustav Valsvik, footballer.
30 May – Sean McDermott, footballer.

1 June – Jenny Langlo, singer.
3 June – Ståle Sandbech, snowboarder.
5 June – Maria Thorisdottir, footballer.
6 June – Andrine Hegerberg, footballer.
8 June – Kristine Nøstmo, footballer.
22 June – Heidi "Kamferdrops" Musum, singer.

15 July – Håvard Nielsen, footballer.
19 July – Henrik Gjesdal, footballer.

6 August – Steffen Søberg, ice hockey player.
8 August – Emilie Enger Mehl, politician.

9 August – Madelen Haug Hansen, ice hockey player.
10 August – Sondre Turvoll Fossli, cross-country skier.
11 August – Fredrik Midtsjø, footballer.
19 August – Kristoffer Barmen, footballer.
28 August – Oliver Berg, footballer.
31 August – Hege Løken, handballer.
31 August – Tina Røe Skaar, taekwondo practitioner.

2 September – Vegard Bjerkreim Nilsen, cross-country skier.
29 September – Maren Skjøld, alpine skier.

3 October – Eirik Wollen Steen, footballer.
28 October – Espen Andersen, Nordic combined skier.

8 November – Mathias Trettenes, ice hockey player.

5 December – Andreas Heier, ice hockey player.
17 December – Sondre Holst Enger, cyclist.

Full date unknown
Rohey Taalah, singer
Annie Winquist, alpine skier

Full date missing
Katrine Tjølsen, chess player.

Notable deaths

12 January – Margit Tøsdal, politician (born 1918).
22 January – Knut Isachsen, politician (born 1906).
25 January – Nils Kristen Jacobsen, politician (born 1908)
28 January – Erik Herseth, yacht racer and opera singer (born 1892).
31 January – Frithjof Ulleberg, footballer (born 1911).

7 February – Erling Dekke Næss, shipowner and businessman (born 1901).
11 February – Tove Stang Dahl, legal scholar (born 1938).
15 February – Eva Bull Holte, painter and printmaker (born 1922).
23 February – Walter Fyrst, film director (born 1901).
25 February – Sonja Mjøen, actress (born 1898).
27 February – Johan Hambro, journalist (born 1915).
28 February – Marie Foss, conductor (born 1907).

5 March – Egil Borgen Johansen, archer (born 1934).
9 March – Norveig Karlsen, gymnast (born 1922).
9 March – Knut Brinchmann-Hansen, politician (born 1911).
12 March – Gunnar Haukebø, painter (born 1909).
16 March – Asbjørn Andersen, politician (born 1941).
17 March – Thorstein Treholt, politician (born 1911).
17 March – Eilif Dahl, botanist (born 1916).
18 March – Arne Durban, sculptor (born 1912).
19 March – Bjarne Holst, painter (born 1944).
22 March – Yngvar Hagen, zoologist (born 1909).
28 March – Per Sonerud, politician (born 1915).
31 March – Jens Christian Mellbye, legal scholar (born 1914).

1 April – Kristian Bjørn, cross-country skier (born 1919).
4 April – Terje Rollem, resistance member (born 1915).
8 April – Ingeborg Hoff, philologist (born 1911).
17 April – Torstein Eckhoff, civil servant and legal scholar (born 1916, died in Denmark).
19 April – Erling Hauger, author (born 1899).
19 April – Kristian Kristiansen, physician (born 1907).
20 April – Osvald Harjo, resistance member (born 1910).

1 May – Odd Frithjof Fladstad, politician (born 1907).
3 May – Bjørn Rørholt, engineer, military officer and resistance member (born 1919).
3 May – Per Mellesmo, politician (born 1919).
4 May – Knut Skinnarland, sculptor (born 1909).
11 May – Magli Elster, lyricist (born 1912).
19 May – Brynjulf Bull, barrister and politician (born 1906).
21 May – Hans Gaare, politician (born 1942).

7 June – Nils Johan Rud, writer and editor (born 1908).
16 June – Sverre Holth, theologian (born 1902).
17 June – Moy Herborg Regina Nordahl, politician (born 1907).
19 June – Liv Marit Tokle, politician (born 1942).
21 June – Doro Ording, painter (born 1922).
24 June – Odd Sagør, politician (born 1918).
30 June – Iver Johan Unsgård, politician (born 1903).

2 July – Hans Andreas Ihlebæk, journalist (born 1930).
5 July – Ola Mørk Sandvik, architect (born 1911).
7 July – Ove Arbo Høeg, botanist (born 1898).
18 July – Kristoffer Rein, politician (born 1912).
22 July – Ivar Stokke, wrestler (born 1911).
24 July – Erik Langdalen, architect (born 1925).
30 July – Sigmund Søfteland, speed skater (born 1923).
30 July – Jostein Nyhamar, editor (born 1922).

1 August – Oskar Mendelsohn, writer (born 1912).
10 August – Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth, guitarist and record label owner (born 1968).
13 August – Gunnar Lunde, writer (born 1944).
15 August – Hans Nordahl, footballer (born 1918).
21 August – Thor Fossum, politician (born 1916).

2 September – Ingvar Moe, writer (born 1936).
3 September – Henrik Selberg, mathematician (born 1906).
8 September – Tor Skjønsberg, resistance leader and businessperson (born 1903).
12 September – Gunvor Smolan, politician (born 1926).
14 September – Erling Asbjørn Kongshaug, rifle shooter (born 1915).
16 September – Torkel Opsahl, legal scholar (born 1931, died in Switzerland).
21 September – Sverre Johannessen, alpine skier (born 1921).
25 September – Else Christie Kielland, painter and art historian (born 1903).
27 September – Olav T. Halle, politician (born 1913).

14 October – Harald Hennum, footballer (born 1928).
19 October – Gidske Anderson, writer (born 1921).

1 November – Marius Sandvei, philologist (born 1905).
6 November – Willy Johansson, glass designer (born 1921).
7 November – Gunnar Bull Gundersen, writer (born 1929).
9 November – Per Tønseth, judge (born 1914).
12 November – Gunvor Snekvik Knaben, botanist (born 1911).
18 November – Arvid Fladmoe, composer and conductor (born 1915).
27 November – Einar Landvik, ceoss-country skier (born 1898).
28 November – Johan Vestly, illustrator (born 1923).
28 November – Eilif Armand, actor (born 1921).
29 November – Karsten Buer, harness racer (born 1913).

2 December – Paal Brekke, writer (born 1923).
6 December – Jørgen Mathiesen, landowner and businessperson (born 1901).
6 December – Hans Jacob Meyer, sculptor and ship-owner (born 1907).
7 December – Hakon Solem, yacht racer (born 1908).
19 December – Aagot Børseth, actress (born 1898).
19 December – Julius Hougen, radio presenter (born 1906).
19 December – Bjørn-Willy Mortensen, printmaker (born 1941).
22 December – Inga Tamnes, alleged psychic (born 1923).
23 December – Øyvind Øyen, actor (born 1905).
24 December – Kaare Halvorsen, painter (born 1926).
24 December – Jakob Sigurd Holmgard, politician (born 1929).
26 December – Simen Skjønsberg, journalist and writer (born 1920).
27 December – Cissi Cleve, opera singer and composer (born 1911).
31 December – Inger Margrethe Gaarder, children's writer (born 1926).

Full date missing
Olav Torpp, traffic engineer and civil servant (born 1907)
Sigurd Senje

See also

References

External links


Gerard MacLochlainn (born 1954) is a Sinn Féin politician from Derry, Northern Ireland, where he was a councillor. He chaired several of the council's major committees including regional and cross border committees. His writings were widely circulated in his now deceased wife (Valerie June "Val" Cardwell)'s native Wales and several of his prison letters are held in the National Library of Wales.

Life
Born in Derry in 1954, MacLochlainn attended Brow of the Hill Christian Brothers School and St Columb's College, both in that city. In 1980, MacLochlainn was arrested and charged with conspiracy to cause explosions and possession of explosives. He was sentenced to six years in prison.

MacLochlainn was at the centre of a controversy in October 1984 when he was a guest to the House of Commons of Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn, along with another former IRA prisoner, Linda Quigley, to discuss prison conditions. A decade later, as Sinn Féin's then representative in London, he was in the first delegation to meet with the British Labour Party front bench in December 1994.

MacLochlainn was part of the campaign to free the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six. He represented Sinn Féin at the Inaugural Meeting of the Kurdish Parliament in Exile in the Hague and addressed that conference alongside parliamentarians from around the world.

In 2011, he condemned a bomb attack in Derry carried out by dissident republicans.

Elected representative
A leading Sinn Féin Councillor in Derry, he is the party spokesperson on environmental matters and has been chair of the Environmental Services Committee, ERNACT (European Region Network for the Application of Communications Technology), and represents the City on the North West Regional Waste Management Committee.

A strong supporter of the Palestinian cause, MacLochlainn was one of the leaders of the campaign against the Israeli embargo of Gaza. He proposed and gained acceptance of a city policy   of a boycott of Israeli goods until an end to the embargo. On 26 May 2009, he crossed Rafah into the Gaza Strip with the Hope For Gaza convoy of medical aid. As deputy leader of the European Hope Convoy, MacLochlainn helped to deliver some 25 ambulances, a kidney dialysis machine, medicine and several wheel chairs. He met with Ismail Haniya, Palestinian prime minister and leader of Hamas in Gaza.

References

1954 births
Living people
Sinn Féin politicians
Politicians from Derry (city)
Irish republicans
Date of birth missing (living people)
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict


KTZT may refer to:

 KTZT-CD, a television station (channel 29) licensed to serve Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
 Belle Plaine Municipal Airport in Belle Plaine, Iowa (ICAO code KTZT)


The Albertville-Realschule is one of seven secondary schools and one of the two Realschules in Winnenden in the Rems-Murr-Kreis in Baden-Württemberg. It gained notoriety because of the Winnenden school shooting that occurred on March 11, 2009.

The Schule was previously called Realschule Winnenden I im Bildungszentrum II and was renamed Albertville-Realschule after the twinning with Albertville in the French Alps in 1980. 580 pupils in 20 classes were lectured by 32 teachers at the Realschule in 2009.

The school has been offering a student exchange program with the Collège La Combe de Savoie in Albertville since 1981 and with the Vörösmarty Mihaly Gimnázium in Budapest since 2007.

On March 11, 2009, a 17-year-old apprentice and former student of the school ran amok in the school, killing twelve people, including nine students and three teachers, before fleeing. After killing three pedestrians, the shooter committed suicide after having a brief shootout with police.

External links

Official Site

References

Schools in Baden-Württemberg
Educational institutions established in 1961
1961 establishments in Germany


"Surfing with the Alien" is the title track from Surfing with the Alien, the second studio album by guitarist Joe Satriani, released in 1987 through Relativity Records.

The song refers to the comic book character, Silver Surfer. The song was considered the 30th greatest guitar solo ever by readers of Guitar World magazine, and is one of Satriani's most prominent shred-style tracks. It is included as downloadable content in the "Guitar Virtuoso Track Pack" for the 2007 music video game, Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, and a downloadable single for the Rock Band game series.

Satriani made the melody one morning he went to record. He plugged a wah-wah pedal and a Tubedriver into his 100-watt Marshall and he decided to use an Eventide 949s. Then they recorded the song and the solo in about half hour. But the Eventide broke down and they couldn't recreate the original effect. They decided to leave the original version and make another one.

References

1987 songs
1980s instrumentals
Joe Satriani songs
Songs about comics
Songs about fictional male characters


The Black Loch is a small freshwater loch or reservoir in the Falkirk council area, Scotland. It is near the village of Limerigg and close to the boundary with North Lanarkshire.

The surface area of the Black Loch was enlarged in the early 1790s. A small canal was cut at the western side, so that run off from the moss would feed the loch and a dam built to enclose a larger volume of water which was required by the Monkland Canal at Woodhall. Therefore, this loch or reservoir to be more precise is not only the source of the North Calder Water but also an important source of the water supply for the Monkland Canal and further downstream, the Forth and Clyde Canal at Glasgow. The loch is now used for fly fishing, swimming, kayaking and paddle boarding.

References

Buildings and structures in Falkirk (council area)
Protected areas of Falkirk (council area)
Lochs of Falkirk (council area)
Freshwater lochs of Scotland
Reservoirs in Falkirk (council area)
Lakes of Falkirk (council area)


Events in the year 1856 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar I

Events
 1218 July  The 7th Scandinavian Scientist Conference is held in Oslo.

Arts and literature

Notable births

11 January – Christian Sinding, composer (died 1941)
17 January – Jens Bratlie, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (died 1939)
11 February – Torje Olsen Solberg, politician
13 March – Hans G. Jensen, tailor, trade unionist and politician (died 1922)
23 March – Johan Nordhagen, artist (died 1956)
24 June – Haldor Johan Hanson,  Norwegian-American hymn writer, publisher and author. (died 1929)
21 July – Anne Bolette Holsen, teacher and proponent for women's rights (died 1913).
6 August – Anton Johan Rønneberg, politician (died 1922)
11 September – Otto Jensen, bishop, politician and Minister (died 1918)
9 December – Gerhard Gran, literary historian, professor, magazine editor, essayist and biographer (died 1925)

Full date unknown
Kristofer Kristofersson Hjeltnes, horticulturist and politician (died 1930)
Jacob Marius Schøning, politician and Minister (died 1934)

Notable deaths
26 February - Teis Lundegaard, farmer, shipowner, politician and representative at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly (born 1774)
1 July – Peder Jensen Fauchald, politician (born 1791)
15 September – Severin Løvenskiold, nobleman and politician (born 1777)

Full date unknown
Andreas Aagaard Kiønig, judge and politician (born 1771)
Nicolai Johan Lohmann Krog, politician and Minister (born 1787)
Niels Andreas Thrap, politician (born 1793)

See also

References


The Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages (also Barrier Islands–Batak languages or Sumatran languages) are a group of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken by the Batak and related peoples in the interior of North Sumatra and by the Nias, Mentawai people, and others on the Barrier islands (Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Islands Regency) off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.

Classification
The languages of the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup are:

Gayo
Batak languages
Simeulue
Nias–Sikule
Mentawai
Enggano (?)

This subgroup was first proposed by Lafeber (1922), who called it "Batak-Nias". Nothofer (1986) presented lexical and phonological evidence in support of this subgroup, calling it "Barrier Islands–Batak".

The position of the highly divergent Enggano language is controversial. Both Lafeber (1922) and Nothofer (1986) include Enggano as a probable daughter language. This is rejected by Edwards (2015) who considers Enggano a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Recent research by Smith (2017) however supports the inclusion of Enggano within his tentative "Sumatran" subgroup, which is an extended version of Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands that further includes the Nasal language spoken in Bengkulu in southwestern Sumatra. Smith's proposal is supported by Billings & McDonnell (2022) who classify the Sumatran languages as follows:

Batak languages
 Northern Barrier Islands (Simeulue)
 Central Barrier Islands (Sikule, Nias)
 Mentawai
Gayo
Nasal
Enggano

As phonological evidence for the inclusion of these languages with the Sumatran subgroup they propose:

Mergers
PMP *j, *g > Proto-Sumatran *g
PMP *z, *d > Proto-Sumatran *d
PMP *ñ, *n > Proto-Sumatran *n
PMP *R, *r > Proto-Sumatran *r
PMP *h > Proto-Sumatran zero

Shift (sound change)
PMP *q > Proto-Sumatran *h

Lexicon
Edwards (2015: 78) provides the following table comparing body part vocabulary items across various languages of the Barrier Islands. Edwards (2015: 89) considers the aberrant Enggano language as not part of the Barrier Islands-Batak languages.

Proto-Sumatran lexical innovations listed by Billings & McDonnell (2022) are:

References

Sumatran languages
North Sumatra


Since 1972 is the second solo album by American drummer Josh Freese. It was released on March 24, 2009 on Freese's own label, Outerscope.

Pricing plans
Inspired by the value-added packages offered by collaborator Trent Reznor for the 2008 Nine Inch Nails album The Slip, Freese implemented a value-added purchase plan for the album with various premium options. For example, people who paid $50 got a congratulatory phone call, while people who paid $20,000 got two songs recorded about them.

Track listing

Personnel
Josh Freese - all instruments and vocals (except where noted below)
Additional musicians
Warren Fitzgerald - guitar solo on "Blood On Your Knuckles"
Jason Freese - saxophone solo on "It's Fucked Up"
Stone Gossard - bass guitar on "Who Am I To Say, Really?"
Michael Landay - guitar solo on "Point Some Fingers"
Phil Parlapiano - piano and harmonica on "I Wanna Cheat On My Girlfriend"
Skerik - Fender Rhodes keyboard on "Who Am I To Say, Really?"
Lyle Workman - guitar solo on "Get Away With It"

References

2009 albums
Josh Freese albums
Glam rock albums by American artists


Naked Willie is an album from American country music artist Willie Nelson. This album was released on March 17, 2009, on the Legacy Recordings label. The album include remixes of recordings from 1966 to 1970, stripped-down without orchestration or background vocals. The concept of the album is similar to the Beatles' Let It Be... Naked project released several years before Naked Willie. This album was released in some countries under the alternative title Stripped or Willie Stripped.

Track listing
All songs written by Willie Nelson except as noted.
 "Bring Me Sunshine" (Sylvia Dee, Arthur Kent) – 2:11
 "Following Me Around"  – 2:42
 "The Ghost"  – 2:34
 "Happiness Lives Next Door"  – 2:36
 "I Just Dropped By"  – 3:19
 "Jimmy's Road"  – 2:37
 "I Let My Mind Wander"  – 2:53
 "If You Could See What's Going Through My Mind"  – 2:55
 "Johnny One Time" (Dallas Frazier, A.L. Owens) – 2:48
 "The Local Memory"  – 1:50
 "The Party's Over"  – 2:26
 "Where Do You Stand"  – 2:10
 "When We Live Again"  – 2:15
 "What Can You Do To Me Now"  – 3:27
 "I'm A Memory"  – 2:29
 "Sunday Morning Coming Down" (Kris Kristofferson) – 5:50
 "Laying My Burdens Down"  – 3:01

Chart performance

External links
 Willie Nelson's Official Website
 Record Label
 Liner Notes: Mickey Rapahel on Willie Nelson's 'Naked Willie'
 MySpace Blogs

2009 remix albums
Willie Nelson remix albums


Bruce Duane Robbins (born September 10, 1959) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher for the Detroit Tigers from 1979 to 1980. Robbins, a left-handed batter, also threw left-handed.

Early life
Robbins attended Blackford High School in Hartford City, Indiana. The Tigers drafted him out of high school in the 14th round of the 1977 amateur draft.

References

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

1959 births
Baseball players from Indiana
Birmingham Barons players
Bristol Tigers players
Detroit Tigers players
Evansville Triplets players
Lakeland Tigers players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Living people
Major League Baseball pitchers
Montgomery Rebels players
People from Portland, Indiana


War Is Me, Pt. 1: Battle Decisions is the third album released by rapper Mr. Serv-On. It was released on June 20, 2000, through independent label, Lifetown Entertainment and featured production by former Beats By the Pound member, Craig B. Coming off the success of his previous album, Da Next Level, Mr. Serv-On left No Limit Records and went independent. Without the promotion of his previous albums, this album only peaked at #75 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.

Track listing
"Intro"- 1:26
"Whatcha Want Ha"- 3:41 (Featuring KLC)
"War Is Me"- 3:35
"Say Boo"- 2:30
"Head-N-Shoulders 2000"- 3:28
"Last Dayz"- 4:41
"Life-N-Loss"- 4:25
"Slab-N-Slim"- :41
"Believe Me"- 3:22 produced by Warlok (Lok Akim) Featuring Warlok(Lok Akim), Kaetana
"Get Up off Me"- 2:31
"My City"- 3:12
"Woo-Nah"- 3:32
"What They Do"- 2:33 (Featuring Three 6 Mafia, Fiend)
"Therapy"- 4:01
"Thug's Diary"- 5:04
"Calm Down Na"- 3:32
"Gott 'Em Gott Em"- 3:06 (Featuring Big Ed)
"Ghetto Ms."- 3:15
"Born 2 Die"- 3:46
"This Here, That There"- 2:52
"Help, Help"- 2:55
"Tequila Dreams"- 2:50

2000 albums
Mr. Serv-On albums
Gangsta rap albums by American artists


The 2S25 Sprut-SD (Russian: 2С25 «Спрут-СД»; 2S25 "Octopus-SD") is a self-propelled anti-tank gun developed and to be manufactured by the Volgograd Tractor Plant to meet the requirements of the VDV. In mid-2001, the Volgograd tractor plant revealed that the development of the 2S25 had lasted several years.

The Sprut-SD is designed to defeat tanks, hard-skinned material and enemy manpower by airborne and amphibious landing forces, as well as by specially designated units of ground forces. Its main armament, the 2A75, is capable of firing APFSDS, HE-Frag, HEAT and ATGM ammunition. This allows the 2S25 firepower to be as powerful as a main battle tank and as maneuverable and amphibious as airborne infantry combat vehicles. The 2S25 can be used by units of ground forces and naval infantry as a light amphibious tank.  the only operators of the 2S25 are the Russian airborne troops with 24 of these vehicles in service.  the South Korean and Indian militaries have expressed interest in acquiring the 2S25 Sprut-SD.

History

In the early 1990s, the Volgograd tractor plant created a new self-propelled tank destroyer based on a modified prototype light tank classified as Object 934. The plant was also the designer and manufacturer of the BMD-1, BMD-2, BMD-3 and latest BMD-4 airborne combat vehicles that are used by the Russian Air Assault Divisions. After the completion of the chassis modification, it received the index "Object 952". The turret was developed in Yekaterinburg artillery plant number 9. In mid-2001, it was stated that the Volgograd tractor plant had been working on the 2S25 for about seven years. Recent information has indicated that production of the BMD-4 airborne combat vehicle has been transferred to the Kurgan Machine Construction Plant, where production of the BMP-3 armored fighting vehicle and its variants are currently undertaken for the local and export markets. As far as it is known, production of the 2S25 self-propelled anti-tank gun is still being carried out at the Volgograd tractor plant. One of its first trials took place on May 8, 2001, on the "Prudboy" tank firing range located North Caucasian military district for the representatives of the power ministries of Russia and foreign military and diplomatic corps from 14 other countries of Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa and South America.

According to Russian information, the Russian Army placed an initial contract for 15 2S25 SPATG in three batches of five vehicles each in 2005. This was followed by a second batch of 45 units with the total requirement being for up to 85–110 units. However, there were only four batteries (24 vehicles) in service with the airborne forces as of 2009. In 2010, the cancellation of further procurement was announced as well as the termination of release due to a fire caused by a fuel leakage on one of the vehicles after a military parade on Red Square. The cancellation of further purchases was later denied by VDV commander Vladimir Shamarov in an interview with RIA Novosti military commentator Ilya Kramnik. In February 2016 serial production was expected to start in 2018, but is  still being prepared.

Description

The 2S25 is based on the chassis of the BMD-3 Infantry fighting vehicle, which is also produced by the Volgograd tractor factory and is in service with the Russian airborne troops. Notable distinctions from the BMD-3 are the armament, the fire control system and the addition of two wheels to each side of the vehicle; which increases the number to seven on each side. The crew is located at the front of the chassis. The turret and ammunition occupies the middle of the vehicle, while the engine-transmission compartment is towards the rear. The driver has a hatch on the front deck; the commander and gunner have hatches on the turret deck. In the stowed position, the commander sits to the right of the driver, while the gunner sits to the left. Each crew member has available built-in roof observant instruments with the day and night channels. Standard equipment includes an electronic NBC protection system to ensure survivability of the crew in case of nuclear fallout.

Armament

The 2S25 Sprut-SD is equipped with a two-man turret armed with a 125 mm anti-tank gun. The gun is fitted with an autoloader, which ensures the high rate of fire of 6−8 rounds per minute with both conventional projectiles and rounds with guided missiles. It is completely stabilized in the vertical and horizontal planes and conducts fire with the same 125 mm separate case ammunition loadings that are used for the 2A46 smoothbore tank gun installed on Russian main battle tanks. With the fire control system featuring this stabilization of the elevation and azimuth, it also includes a laser rangefinder and a ballistic computer that provides ever-changing data about the target. The two-plane stabilization of the commander's sight is aligned with the laser sight for aiming the 125 mm shells onto the laser rangefinder.

The main armament of the 2S25 is a 125 mm smoothbore 2A75 tank gun, which is a derivative of the 125 mm 2A46 tank gun. The angles of elevation and depression for the anti-tank gun are +15° and −5° respectively. When aimed towards the stern of the vehicle, the elevation and depression of the gun changes to +17° and −3° respectively. Given the need to install a gun to a substantially lighter chassis, designers created a new recoil device with a new ejector and thermal insulation jacket; it lacks a muzzle brake. The 2A75's ammunition includes laser guided missiles like the 9M119 Svir, which have a maximum range of 4 km, for defeating armored targets. Reloading the main gun is completed by means of a horizontal autoloader mounted behind the turret. It can carry 40 rounds for the main armament, with 22 ready to use in the autoloader. In case the autoloader is no longer intact, manual loading is possible at the cost of a substantially longer reload time. A coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun mounted to the left side of the main armament serves as the secondary armament of the 2S25; equipped with one tape of 2000 rounds.

Mobility

The weight of the 2S25 is 18 tonnes, which is comparable to that of infantry fighting vehicles. Like the BMD-3, the 2S25 features hydropneumatic suspension with a variable height clearance of 190–590 mm, which can be altered within 6–7 seconds to reduce visibility. Hydropneumatic suspension provides high smoothness while driving and dampens recoil of the main gun. Suspension on each side consists of seven single rollers, four support rollers, rear wheel drive and a front-mounted steering wheel. There are hydraulic track adjusters in assistance for greater mobility. In the engine-transmission compartment, multi-fuel diesel engine 2V-06-2S installed, which develops a power of 510 hp (380 kW). It features an automatic transmission that has five gears forward and five gears reverse.

While driving, the 2S25 can reach a top speed of  on an even road; the average speed being 45−50 km/h (28-31 mph) when driving off-road. The vehicle exerts a ground pressure of 0.36 to 0.53 kg/cm2 depending on the type of tracks. It can overcome vertical obstacles as tall as  and cross  trenches. Like many other Russian armored fighting vehicles, the Sprut-SD is completely amphibious and moves with the help of two water jets that allow it to reach a speed of 8–10 km/h depending on the state of the currents. To increase the buoyancy, wheels are equipped with airtight chambers and powerful water pumps; extracting water from the lower chassis. The vehicle is sea worthy and can cross water obstacles without preparation in a sea state of up to 3. While waterborne, the 2S25 retains the capability of firing the gun within a ±35° sector towards the front of the chassis.

Protection

The hull of the 2S25 self-propelled anti-tank gun is composed of welded aluminium armor with a composite skin to maintain a light weight. Through the frontal arc, 40° left and right of the frontal armor provides protection against attack from 23 mm weapons at 500 m (550 yd) and against small arms fire and shell splinters through the remainder of the vehicle. Two banks of three smoke-grenade dischargers are mounted towards the rear on each side of the turret as countermeasures to infrared weapons.

Variants

 Sprut-SDM1: New version with fire-control system and remote weapon station. Also received shells with remote detonation.

Deployment

Possessing a high power-to-weight ratio of 28.3 hp/tonne, the 2S25 can operate in high altitudes of up to 4000 m, while the installed rubber-clad shoes or snow-riding tracks expand the vehicle's capabilities in various climates. According to the manufacturer, the 2S25 can also be employed as a light amphibious tank by rapid deployment forces, airborne, marine and special purpose units. With its low weight, it can become essential in mountains and swamps regions, where heavy equipment cannot travel. The 2S25 is designed to be parachuted from aircraft such as the Il-76 with the crew inside, allowing nearly immediate combat readiness upon landing to provide high firepower alongside paratroopers.

The tank destroyer Sprut-SD is tasked specifically with seeking out and destroying enemy tanks and armoured fighting vehicles, whether from an entrenched position or actively hunting. The relatively large gun provided with such a mobile, airborne chassis allows paratroopers both significant fire support and sustained contact when engaging hard targets, such as entrenchments, fortifications and concrete structures (an often difficult task for airborne or light infantry). While amphibious, it can climb onto ships under its own power during a combat mission.

Operators

 Russian airborne troops – 24 vehicles were in service during 2009 with further orders being cancelled in 2010. In 2013, the Russian airborne troops ordered a new 125 mm self-propelled gun to replace 2S25, based on the BMD-4 chassis with a 2A46M-5 125 mm gun. In August 2022, the Russian state conglomerate Rostec stated that tests were completed and production facilities for mass production were being prepared. In August 2023, it was announced that the gun was ready for series production.

See also
 BMD-4
 T-90
Type 15 tank
General Dynamics Griffin II
Sabrah Light Tank
ST-2

References

External links

Light tanks of Russia
Tank destroyers
125 mm artillery
Airborne tanks
Volgograd Tractor Plant products
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s


Herbert Jenner-Fust (14 August 1841 - 11 November 1940) was an English cricketer who played for Gloucestershire County Cricket Club. He was born at Beckenham in Kent in 1841 and died in Falfield in Gloucestershire in 1940 aged 99.

Jenner-Fust made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1875 season, against Yorkshire. From the tailend, he scored a single run in the first innings in which he batted, and a duck in the second.

Amongst Jenner-Fust's cricket-playing relatives were his brothers-in-law John Dyke, Percyvall Dyke and Thomas Dyke, his cousin Edwin Dyke, his father Herbert Jenner, his nephew Evan Nepean and his uncles Charles Jenner and Henry Lascelles Jenner.

References

1841 births
1940 deaths
Cricketers from Beckenham
English cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers


Warren D. Maxwell (born 15 December 1952) is a British retired competitive ice dancer. His partner was Janet Thompson. They are the 1977 World silver medalists. They represented Great Britain at the 1976 Winter Olympics, where they placed 8th.

Competitive highlights

References

Sports-reference profile

1952 births
British male ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Great Britain
Living people
World Figure Skating Championships medalists


Dyo Potamoi (Greek: Δυο Ποταμοί or Δύο Ποταμοί, literally 'Two Rivers',  or  İki Dere) is an abandoned hamlet in Cyprus, east of Kapouti. De facto, it is under the control of Northern Cyprus.

Dyo Potamoi has been abandoned since 1964. In 1960, it had 40 inhabitants, all of them Turkish Cypriots.

References

Communities in Nicosia District
Populated places in Güzelyurt District
Former populated places in Cyprus


Giro del Friuli is a road bicycle race held annually in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy. The first edition took place in 1974. From 2005 to 2008 the race was suspended, but it returned in 2009 as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.

Winners

UCI Europe Tour races
Cycle races in Italy
Sport in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Recurring sporting events established in 1974
1974 establishments in Italy


Janet A. Thompson (born 15 March 1956 in Ealing, London) is an English retired competitive ice dancer. Her partner was  Warren Maxwell. They are the 1977 World silver medalists. They represented Great Britain at the 1976 Winter Olympics, where they placed 8th.

Competitive highlights

References

External links

1956 births
English female ice dancers
Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Great Britain
Living people
World Figure Skating Championships medalists


Walter Wilson was a footballer who played for Mansfield Town, Burslem Port Vale, and Nelson.

Career
Wilson played for Mansfield Town before joining Burslem Port Vale in July 1894. After playing only five Second Division games in the 1894–95 season, he left the Athletic Ground and was transferred to Nelson in December 1894.

Career statistics
Source:

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Men's association football midfielders
English men's footballers
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Nelson F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Latvia national football team managers
Place of birth missing


Pemba Airport  is an airport in the Zanzibar Archipelago located on Pemba Island. It is also known as Karume Airport and Wawi Airport. It is located approximately  southeast of Chake-Chake, the capital of the island. The Zanzibar government is looking into the possibility of renaming the airport to Thabit Kombo Jecha in recognition of his role in the Zanzibar Revolution.

The Pemba non-directional beacon (Ident: PA) is located on the field.

Airlines and destinations

Accidents and Incidents
 On 24 January 2014, a ZanAir LET-410 skidded off the runway on landing and impacted a group of bushes, causing substantial damage. There were no reported injuries, and the cause was determined to be a brake failure.

See also

 List of airports in Tanzania
 Transport in Tanzania

References

External links

Airports in Zanzibar
Pemba Island


Joseph or Joe Crawford may refer to:

Joey Crawford (born 1951), American basketball referee
Joe Crawford (basketball) (born 1986), American basketball player
Joe Crawford (baseball) (born 1970), American baseball player
Joseph Crawford (trade unionist) (1910–?), British trade unionist
Joseph Edmund Crawford (1877–1964), Ontario political figure
Joseph H. Crawford Jr. (born 1932), American science fiction collector
Buddie Petit (1890–1931), American musician born Joseph Crawford
Black Hawk (lacrosse) (or Joe Crawford), a Canadian lacrosse player on the Mohawk team in the 1904 Olympics


Oversight (foaled 1906 in Calvados Lower Normandy) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred by American sportsman William Kissam Vanderbilt at his Haras du Quesnay stud farm, he was out of the mare, First Sight, a daughter of the 1893 English Triple Crown champion, Isinglass. His sire was Halma, winner of the 1895 Kentucky Derby whom Vanderbilt bought in 1901 in the United States from Charles Fleischmann Sons.

Racing from age two through four, Oversight won important French races such as Prix du President de la Republique and the Prix Jean Prat before being retired to stud where he was not successful as a sire.

References

Sources consulted
 Oversight's pedigree and partial racing stats

1906 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in France
Racehorses trained in France
Thoroughbred family 5-d
Vanderbilt family
Byerley Turk sire line


The National Field of Honour () is a military cemetery for Canadian and Allied Veterans and their loved ones. It is located in Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Last Post Fund.

On June 8, 2007, the National Field of Honour was designated a National Historic Site of Canada.

History
The National Field of Honour was founded and is maintained by the Last Post Fund, a charitable organization founded by Arthur Hair in 1909.

The Last Post Fund's mission is to ensure that no Veteran is denied a dignified funeral and burial, as well as a military gravestone, due to insufficient funds at time of death. Its primary mandate is to deliver the Veterans Affairs Canada Funeral and Burial Program which provides funeral, burial and grave marking benefits for eligible Canadian and Allied Veterans. In addition to delivering the Funeral and Burial Program, the Last Post Fund supports other initiatives designed to honour the memory of Canadian and Allied Veterans.

The National Field of Honour was consecrated on September 21, 1930. As of 2010, more than 22,000 burials and interments have been made here. The National Field of Honour is distinct among Canadian military cemeteries in that all the headstones are laid flush with the ground. All Veterans whether they were Generals or Privates lie beside each other as equals. There are among them 16 war graves of World War II which are registered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

The National Field of Honour is opened to visitors from Monday to Friday, 8am to 4pm, but anyone can come and stroll the grounds over the weekend.  As you stroll through the National Field of Honour, you will notice that each street is named to honour distinguished Canadian Veterans. There are also three commemorative circles which have been built to honour different war heroes. A new Columbarium has been added to the cemetery and Veterans' ashes can be placed into the Columbarium walls. A water garden has also been recently donated and in the summer you can sit beside the pond and examine beautiful flowers. There are benches all around the Field for visitors to relax and enjoy the landscape of history.

Memorials

The Gate of Remembrance

The entrance to the National Field of Honour is through the Gate of Remembrance, a medieval arch flanked by twin towers. The south tower houses an ecumenical chapel. The Gate was built in 1937 at a cost of $11,850, $5000 of which was donated by the city of Pointe-Claire, taking 13 weeks to complete. The Gate of Remembrance serves as a memorial to all those who made the supreme sacrifice for their country. It has served a number a purposes through the years once as the home of the groundskeep and for a time housed the Last Post Fund archives. The chapel was added in 1973, with funds given by former LPF director Bruce Brown. The architect of the Gate of Remembrance is Harold J. Doran and was built by Francis King. Harold J. Doran is often recognized as the architect of Benny Farm in NDG, built in 1946–47, a social housing project for World War II veterans.

Currie Circle

Currie Circle is dedicated to the memory of Sir Arthur Currie. Standing in the midst is the Cross of Remembrance. Sir Arthur commanded the Canadian Corps in World War I, and went on to serve as the principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University as well as president of the Last Post Fund from 1924 to 1932. He died in 1933 and is buried at Mount Royal Cemetery. On June 30, 1947 Last Post Fund Founder Arthur Hair was the first to be interred in the grounds surrounding the cross, which are reserved for the burial of Last Post Fund officials. This Plot is known as the Directors' Circle.

Arthur Hair Reception Center

This building is named after the founder of the Last Post Fund. It is now a reception and interpretive center where visitors can learn more about the Field and what the Veterans here have accomplished for their country. Names of all the soldiers are also kept here if you wish to find a relative.

The Flagstaff

An impressive 22-metre (73) foot metal flagstaff was a gift from a Canadian Steamship Line. It was erected by the Dominion Bridge Company in 1930.

The Commonwealth War Graves Memorial (The Quebec Memorial)

The Commonwealth War Graves Commission was established in England by royal charter in 1917, eight years after the inception of the Last Post Fund. Formed by Major General Sir Fabian Ware, it marks and maintains the graves of Commonwealth service personnel who were killed in action or died of other causes in the two World Wars, and builds memorials to those who have no known grave and keeps records and registers, including a record of the Civilian War Dead. These two like-minded organizations collaborated closely for many years to bring an end to grave recycling by cemeteries which reused old grave plots. Thanks to LPF and CWGC advocacy, this practice is no longer permitted in Québec.

The Quebec Memorial, consisting of two granite blocks, was erected to commemorate Canadian service personnel of both World Wars who were buried in Quebec Province but whose graves could no longer be marked or maintained.  It lists the names of 49 from World War I and 43 from World War II.

Air Force Memorial

This monument was donated in 2003 by Flight Lieutenant Howard Ripstein, a former director of the Québec Branch of the Last Post Fund. It is a metal propeller on a granite plinth, in memory of Veterans of the Canadian and Allied Air Forces.

Army Memorial

This is a pair of duel six-inch cannons in commemoration of the memory of Canadian and Allied soldiers who made the supreme sacrifice. It was donated by the Canadian Army in 1999.

Navy Memorial

An anchor dedicated to serve as a memorial for Canadian and Allied sailors. It was donated by the Canadian Forces' Longue Pointe Garrison in 1998.

De Salaberry Circle and Veterans' Memorial

This circle is named after Lieutenant Colonel Charles-Michel de Salaberry (1778–1829), the distinguished commander of the Canadian troops who halted the advance of invading American forces during the Battle of The Châteauguay on 26 October 1813, during the War of 1812. A French-Canadian nobleman, he served in the British Canadian army and commanded the troops in Lower Canada at the time.  In the midst of this circle stands the Veterans' Memorial, dedicated to the memory of all Canadian military men and women who died in World War I, World War II and the Korean War.

D'Urban Circle

This plot contains the oldest graves in the National Field of Honour, those of soldiers who fought in campaigns in Canada and around the world as long ago as the 18th century.  These include the Fenian Raids, the Napoleonic Wars, including the battle of Waterloo, and the War of 1812. These Veterans were originally interred at the Papineau Military Cemetery in downtown Montreal, which was used by British Forces from 1814 to 1869. That cemetery lay in the path now used by the access road for the Jacques Cartier Bridge.  Relocating the remains of some 1,797 burials prior to the construction of the bridge in 1944, and preserving the headstones, was the most formidable single project in the history of the Last Post Fund. The first burials had taken place 130 years earlier. Identifying those interred proved difficult because of the poor state of the records and deterioration of the headstones. Fortunately, in May 1944, Sydney Ham voluntarily transcribed all of the information from the headstones and through long, difficult research compiled a comprehensive roster of those buried in the Papineau Cemetery. The magnitude of his contribution to preserving the memory of these Veterans' contributions to Canadian history cannot be overstated. During a five-day period, all the remains were exhumed and, together with the headstones now surrounding the circle, were transferred to the National Field of Honour with dignity and full military honours.  The transfer was completed on July 21, 1944.

At the center of this circle stands an obelisk dedicated to Sir Benjamin D'Urban, commander of the British Forces in North America who died in Canada in 1849. This General and colonial administrator is chiefly remembered for his frontier policy as governor in the Cape Colony (now in South Africa, where the city of Durban is named in his honour). As a soldier, D'Urban began his service in 1793 and fought in the Napoleonic Wars where he won distinction in the Peninsular War as a quartermaster general. The obelisk is the National Field of Honour's largest monument. It was erected by his former comrades to mark his grave at the Papineau Military Cemetery and moved here when that cemetery relocated in 1944.

Jewish Section and Monument

This section of the National Field of Honour was consecrated in accordance with the tenets of the Jewish faith to permit Jewish veterans to be buried here. The monument is dedicated to the memory of Canadian and Allied Jewish Veterans who made the supreme sacrifice.

The Peace Circle

The Peace Circle was dedicated in 1997, after Canada changed its designation of Veterans to include those who had served on duty around the world in the service of peace. The Peace Monument was designed by the artist Jean Bernard, a World War II Royal Canadian Air Force Veteran. Atop a simple block of pink granite is perched a white dove which symbolizes peace. The words "Paix & Peace" are inscribed in the granite. This monument was funded by donation through Veterans Affairs Canada, the Royal Canadian Legion Quebec Command, the Montreal division of the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires and the ABN-AMRO Bank of Canada.

The Water Garden

The water garden was funded in part by the Ferguson Foundation, and it is intended to mirror the tranquillity of the Peace monument. By August the water lilies are beautifully blooming and benches are in place for visitors to enjoy the view.

The Columbarium

The Columbarium has been recently added to meet a growing need for Canadian Veterans and their spouses. This is being achieved with a twelve-unit Columbarium, offering a choice of over eight hundred exterior niches for cinerary urns. It is an impressive monument with benches for visitors to sit and relax.

Future Plans

There are plans for continuing development and expansion on this site. For 2011, plans have been drawn to build a new modernized Arthur Hair Reception centre to meet the growing demands of technology which have yet to be filled. Canada still has many veterans of the Second World War, Korean War and other actions their Armed Forces have participated in, and continue to participate in around the world today.

Notable burials

 Lieutenant Colonel Clarence S. Campbell OBE QC (1905–1984), president of the National Hockey League (1946–1977)
 Lieutenant-General Sir Benjamin d'Urban, GCB, KCH, KCTS
 Jack Gelineau BEM
 Private Leo Major DCM and Bar
 Lieutenant Colonel Coulson Norman Mitchell VC MC
 Air Vice Marshal Clifford McEwen

Bibliography
The Last Post Fund. History of the National Field of Honour.2011, http://www.lastpostfund.ca/EN/home.php.

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.  "List of Designations approved on June 8, 2007 by the Minister of the Environment". Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. 2007-06-08. http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/designation1a_e.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

Durflinger, Serge. Lest We Forget. Montreal: Last Post Fund, 2000.

Last Post Fund, QC Branch http://www.lastpostfund.ca/EN/foh.php

The Last Post Fund, Memorial Chapel, http://www.lastpostfund.ca/EN/foh.php#Memorialchapel

Durflinger, M, Serge. Lest We Forget. Montreal: Last Post Fund, 2000.

Clarkson, Ashley. Gate of Remembrance. The Last Post Fund, August, 2010. http://www.lastpostfund.ca/EN/documents/TheGateofRemembrance.pdf

Footnotes

External links
 Official site

Cemeteries in Quebec
Buildings and structures in Pointe-Claire
National Historic Sites in Quebec
Canadian military memorials and cemeteries


John Hugh Granville Randolph (20 January 186621 March 1936) was the Bishop of Guildford (a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Winchester) and then Dean of Salisbury in the Church of England in the first decades of the 20th century.

Randolph was born into an ecclesiastical family: his father was a priest, Leveson Randolph. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was ordained into the priesthood in 1890. His first post was a curacy in Margate, after which he was Vicar of All Saints’, Westbrook, then St Mark's, North End, before his appointment to the episcopate.

In late 1908/early 1909, Cecil Boutflower, Bishop of Dorking, a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Winchester, departed for Japan; Boutflower had taken the See of Dorking only because George Sumner (Bishop of Guildford) did not resign his See; on Boutflower's resignation, Sumner was persuaded to resign the See of Guildford (by the time of Randolph's consecration). Therefore, Randolph was appointed as successor to both suffragans: to Boutflower in duties and Sumner in the see. He was consecrated on 21 February 1909, by Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth Palace Chapel. Between the erection of the Diocese of Guildford on 1 May 1927 and his installation as Dean of Salisbury, he had no official post, but gave assistance to the bishops of Winchester, of Guildford and of Portsmouth. He became a Doctor of Divinity (DD).

References

1866 births
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Bishops suffragan of Guildford
Deans of Salisbury
1936 deaths


The Rappers Delight Club was a rotating group of American elementary and middle school rappers from Silver Spring, Maryland. The group is most notable for their appearance in British funk/rock band The Go! Team’s second album, Proof of Youth, on the song "Universal Speech".

History
The Rappers Delight Club was named after the Sugar Hill Gang song,  "Rapper's Delight". It was also the name of a learn-to-rap project taught at Glenallan Elementary School as part of an after-school program led by high school teacher David Goldberg and audio engineer Joseph Mitra. The group ranged from ages five to twelve. They all wrote their own material and rap over music samples that are used as the backbone for their raps. The group members rapped about kid-related topics such as soccer, football, playing on the playground, shopping, etc.

The group has sampled music from Sufjan Stevens, Jens Lekman, The Go! Team and the theme music from Sesame Street's segment Elmo's World. They appeared in The Go! Team’s "Universal Speech" in 2007 for their second album, Proof of Youth, which they recorded their own remix later. In 2009, the group recorded "I Don't Wanna Grow Up...Yet", sampling singer-songwriter Tom Waits' "I Don't Wanna Grow Up" from his 1992 album Bone Machine. The group's last recording to date was "You'd Better Ask Somebody", recorded in 2010, before all of their music was accidentally deleted from MySpace, the group's former music host, in a botched server migration.

Discography

Songs
"You'd Better Ask Somebody", 2010
"I Don't Wanna Grow Up...Yet", 2009
"Universal Speech" (with The Go! Team), 2007
"Universal Speech (RDC Remix)", 2007
"Tick Tock", 2006
"We’re Not Done", 2006
"Hum", 2006
"When We Were Kids", 2006 (versions 1 and 2)
"First Ladies Anthem", 2006

References

External links
The Rappers Delight Club at MySpace

American hip hop groups
Child musical groups
Musical groups from Maryland
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
American children's musical groups
Education in Maryland


The Este culture or Atestine culture was an Iron Age archaeological culture existing from the late Italian Bronze Age (10th-9th century BC, proto-venetic phase) to the Roman period (1st century BC). It was located in the present territory of Veneto in Italy and derived from the earlier and more extensive Proto-Villanovan culture. It is also called "civilization of situlas", or Paleo-Venetic.

The culture is named after a proto-urban settlement in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). The city of Este was originally situated on the river Adige, which changed its course in 5th century; it was a center of metalworking. The settlement evolved in the beginning of the 1st century BC at the cross-way of important traffic routes. Essentially only the cremation cemeteries with their rich burial goods remained.

Este culture existed next to the Villanovan Culture in the Bologna area and the Golasecca culture in the West of the Po Valley. It was influenced by the Urnfield culture parallel to the Hallstatt period. Este had artistic and technical influence on the Hallstatt region to the north and Etruscan-Grecian elements to the south. Este was the center of the so-called situlae art. In particular, the situla decorated with animals and ribbons of human figures are characteristic of this culture. The most significant of these is the Benvenuti-Situla (600 BC).

The evolution of the bronze foil works can be traced to the end of the 4th century BC. Este culture survived the invasion of the Celts until it was absorbed into the Roman Empire.

Several archaeological discoveries provide evidence that Este was an important centre of Venetic culture from the 7th to the 4th century BC. They had a large shrine to the god or goddess Reitia and a school for scribes. Archaeologists found next to small bronze statues, tools, vases and money, some 200 inscriptions in the Venetic script and the so-called Alphabet Tablets.

The Veneti formed a buffer between the Illyrians, whose tribal area was located in the Balkans to the East of Trieste, and the Celts in the Po Valley. The Este had their own language and culture which became increasingly influenced by the Greek culture. The Veneti continued the tradition of the Este culture after the latter's disappearance.

Four historical phases are distinguished: Este I (from 900-750 BC); Este II (from 750-575 BC), which has an individual character; Este III (from 575-350 BC), the climax corresponding to Certosa; and Este IV (from 350-182 BC), showing Celtic influences.

Gallery

Literature
 Daniel Glyn (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie der Archäologie. (Enzyclopedia of Archaeology). Published by Joachim Rehork. Nikol, Lübbe 1996, . (German)
 Douglas Q. Adams: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis, 1997, p. 183 f.
 Dal paleolitico alla civiltà atestina / a cura di Raffaello Battaglia // Storia di Venezia / Centro internazionale delle arti e del costume. - Venezia : Centro internazionale delle arti e del costume, 1958 - Vol.1, p. 79-177 : ill. (Italian)
 Bermond Montanari 1999: G. Bermond Montanari, Gli strumenti musicali nell'arte delle situle. In: Protostoria e storia del "Venetorum Angulus". Portogruaro – Quarto d'Altino – Este – Adria, 16-19 ottobre 1996. Convegno di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, Atti, 20 (Pisa/Roma 1999) 487-499. (Italian)
Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1980: E. Di Filippo Balestrazzi, Nuovi confronti iconografici e un'ipotesi sui rapporti fra l'area delle situle e il mondo orientale. In: Este e la civiltà paleoveneta a cento anni dalle prime scoperte. Atti del XI Convegno di studi etruschi e italici, Este - Padova 27 giugno - 1 luglio 1976 (Firenze 1980) 153-170. (Italian)

References

See also
Adriatic Veneti
Polada culture
Euganei
Canegrate culture
Golasecca culture
Prehistoric Italy

10th-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments
Archaeological cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Italy
Iron Age cultures of Europe
History of Veneto
Prehistoric Italy


Health Forecasting may refer to:

 Health Forecasting (UCLA), improving population health and reducing/eliminating health disparities by modeling how the future health of populations and sub-populations can be improved by implementation of effective evidence-based public health policies and programmatic interventions.
 Health Forecasting, a new healthcare discipline initiated by the Met Office and the National Health Service in the United Kingdom.


Richard A. Bean is the past chair of the KCTCS Kentucky Community and Technical College System's Board of Regents.

In March 2009, he presided over the board's decision to eliminate tenure for new hires to the state's community college system. He supported the move by noting that it would allow greater flexibility in hiring and firing instructors as student demand varied.

Bean also led the board's decision to raise tuition for students while freezing salaries for faculty and staff in 2008. He defended the decision saying that "KCTCS is doing what the majority of households across that state are doing ... we are tightening our belts..."

In 2007, Bean responded to an outcry over the salary paid to the KCTCS system's president, Michael McCall, saying that McCall's $610,000 salary was "totally and absolutely justified."

Bean is a life director of the Home Builders Association of Kentucky. Now retired, he was a senior vice president of BB&T Bank and Chase Bank in Louisville.

References

American bankers
Living people
People from Kentucky
Year of birth missing (living people)


Warner Norcross + Judd LLP is a corporate law firm with over 230 attorneys serving clients in nine offices throughout Michigan.  Among the largest law firms in Michigan, Warner works in virtually all areas of business law.

Practice areas
Key practice areas include litigation, corporate law, labor and employment law, employee benefits law, environmental law, financial services, real estate and construction, health care and trusts and estates. The firm has also developed several niche practice areas, including automotive suppliers, brownfield financial incentives, mining, family office and closely held businesses.

History

Warner traces its roots to May 1, 1931, when three attorneys from West Michigan joined forces to launch the law firm in Grand Rapids.   David A. Warner, George S. Norcross and Siegel W. Judd brought varied business and legal experience to Warner Norcross + Judd, which handled a broad range of corporate work, including securities, reorganizations, real estate transactions and bankruptcies.

Notable attorneys and alumni

U.S. Congressman Hal Sawyer
U.S. Congressman Guy Vander Jagt
Honorable Robert J. Jonker, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan
Wolverine World Wide CEO Blake Krueger
Bill Schuette, former U.S. Congressman and Michigan Court of Appeals judge, former Michigan Attorney General
John H. Logie, former Grand Rapids Mayor
John J. Bursch, former Michigan Solicitor General

Significant litigation and transactions

Taco Bell trademark litigation, $30.1 million judgment
Amway, $26 million litigation win over non-compete, non-solicit and trade secret claims
Windsor-Detroit Bridge Authority, $4.4 billion public-private partnership (P3)

Honors and awards

108 attorneys listed in Best Lawyers in America 2023
13 attorneys recognized as Lawyers of the Year in individual practice areas around Michigan by Best Lawyers 2023
42 attorneys listed in Michigan Super Lawyers 2022
18 attorneys listed as Rising Stars by Michigan Super Lawyers 2022
Listed as a Leading Michigan law firm in several practices areas by Chambers USA 2022
6 attorneys recognized by Chambers USA 2022
21 attorneys recognized as 2023 Top Lawyers by  Magazine
Named as a Best Medium Workplace by Great Place to Work®.
Cool Places to Work, Crain's Detroit Business
101 Best Places to Work, Grand Rapids and Metro Detroit

References

External links
Warner Norcross + Judd website

Law firms established in 1931
Companies based in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Law firms based in Michigan
1931 establishments in Michigan


A jaw abnormality is a disorder in the formation, shape and/or size of the jaw. In general abnormalities arise within the jaw when there is a disturbance or fault in the fusion of the mandibular processes. The mandible in particular has the most differential typical growth anomalies than any other bone in the human skeleton. This is due to variants in the complex symmetrical growth pattern which formulates the mandible.

The mandible in particular plays a significant role in appearance as it is the only moving part of the facial skeleton. This has a large impact upon an individual's ability to speak, masticate and also influence their overall aesthetic and expressive features of the face. In turn the maxilla faces the same issues if any abnormalities in size or position were to occur. The obvious functional disabilities that arise from jaw abnormalities are very much physically seen as previously stated, but when considering these individuals it must be kept in mind that these conditions may well affect them psychologically; making them feel as though they are handicapped.  It is also of the utmost importance when correcting these mandibular anomalies that the teeth result in a good occlusion with the opposing dentition of the maxilla. If this is not done satisfactorily occlusal instability may be created leading to a plethora of other issues. In order to correct mandibular anomalies it is common for a complex treatment plan which would involve surgical intervention and orthodontic input.

Signs and symptoms
Individuals with jaw abnormalities have both functional and aesthetic impairment.

Misalignment of teeth creates difficulties in head and neck functions related to chewing, swallowing, breathing, speech articulation and lip closure/posture.

Affected individuals may also experience TMJ pain and dysfunction, which negatively affect the quality of life.

A proportion of affected individuals also have psychological problems.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of a jaw deformity is a structured process, linking the undertaking of a history, physical examination of the patient, and appraisal of diagnostic studies. This process may involve more than a single discipline of Dentistry – in addition to orthodontic and surgical needs, some patients may also require periodontal, endodontic, complex restorative, and prosthetic considerations.

It involves the chief presenting complaint of the patient, which allows the clinician to understand the patient's perception of the problem – what they think the problem is and what they would like corrected. The patient may find eating difficult or may have problems with speech or the appearance of the teeth or face. However, patients may be hesitant to discuss dissatisfaction with their appearance because they may feel that it is more acceptable to present a functional problem to the clinician. For this reason it is important to reassure patients that their aesthetic problems and the effects of these are perfectly valid concerns. In children, psychological development can be affected due to teasing if they have abnormal appearance of teeth or face. Correction of the abnormality can be extremely beneficial to the patient. The benefits can manifest themselves in many ways including improved peer relationships and social confidence. Motivation on the patient's part is necessary if they are going to undergo lengthy orthodontic treatment and major surgery. In addition, they need to be well informed so that they may give valid consent. In terms of history, the family history and perhaps obstetric history may be relevant, especially when features of a syndrome are present.

A medical and dental history is obtained for completeness. The medical history includes questions on the general health of the patient, to assess contraindications to treatment of jaw abnormality. Special emphasis is placed on diseases and medication which cause altered metabolism, that may affect growth and tissue reactions. Allergies are checked (specifically nickel allergies), so that treatment appliances with nickel-containing materials like stainless steel can be replaced with other materials to avoid the risk of allergic reactions. Questions on family history are also relevant, as malocclusions, growth and development may be expressions of genetic patterns. The dental history investigates if the patient has had any previous dental trauma, or past dental experiences, which can serve as a gauge to patient compliance with treatment.

Examination
The assessment of facial form includes the evaluation of facial soft tissue and dentition. As the human skeleton is not visibly perceptible, bone deformity is inferred and evaluated by facial appearance and dentition. To obtain a 3D assessment of the patient, the skeletal pattern must be measured in different planes: anterior-posterior, vertical, and transverse. This allows for an accurate assessment of the size, position, orientation, shape, and symmetry of the jaws.

The anterior-posterior skeletal pattern measures the relationship of the lower jaw to the upper jaw. This is judged with the patient seated upright, head in a neutral horizontal position, and teeth in gentle occlusion. It can be classified into the following classes:

 Class I: The ideal relationship whereby the upper jaw lies 2-4mm in front of the lower jaw
 Class II: Upper jaw lies more than 4mm in front of the lower jaw
 Class III: Upper jaw lies less than 2mm in front of the lower jaw, or in more severe cases, the lower jaw may be in front of the upper jaw.

The vertical dimension can be measured by facial thirds, with ideal facial aesthetics showing equality between each vertical third. The face is divided into thirds – hairline to glabella; glabella to subnasale; and subnasale to the lowest part of the chin. Two other clinical indicators can be assessed when analysing vertical dimensions, namely the Frankfort Mandibular Planes Angle (FMPA) and the Lower Facial Height (LFH) – both of which are each recorded as either average, increased, or decreased.

 FMPA: This is estimated by the point of intersection between the lower border of the mandible and the Frankfort Horizontal plane.
 LFH: The face is divided into thirds, and the proportion of the lower third of the face is compared to the rest.
The transverse relationship is a measure of jaw or facial asymmetry. It checks for the alignment of the soft tissue nasion, the middle part of the upper lip at the vermillion border, and the chin point. If present, it is necessary to distinguish between a false and true asymmetry. A false asymmetry arises due to occlusal interferences, which results in a lateral displacement of the mandible, producing a cross-bite in the anterior/buccal region. Elimination of the displacement will return the mandible to a centric position. On the other hand, a true asymmetry indicates unequal facial growth on the left or right side of the jaws. Elimination of any occlusal cross-bites is not only difficult, but unlikely to improve the facial asymmetry. The assessment of the transverse components of the facial width is best described by the "rule of fifths", which sagittally divides the face into five equal parts:

 Each transverse fifth should be an eye distance in width.
 The middle fifth is marked by the inner canthus of both eyes.
 The medial three-fifths of the face is marked from the outer canthus of the eye frames
 The outer two-fifths of the face is measured from the lateral canthus to lateral helix of the ear, which represents the width of the ears.

Tests
It is insufficient to derive at a diagnosis of jaw deformity solely based on the clinical examination. Hence, additional information is gathered from diagnostic tests, which may include dental model analyses and radiographic imaging studies.

 Dental Model Analyses - Study models for analysis can be made by taking dental impressions, or by 3D intra-oral scanning. They allow for the appraisal of shape and size of jaws and teeth. This can be valuable for the long-term evaluation of development and for the follow-up of treatment results. Depending on the type of jaw abnormality, a face bow record for transfer on to the articulator, can sometimes be appropriate for the patient.
 Radiographs - Radiographic investigations should be based on individual needs and used in conjunction to the clinical examination. As with all other dental radiographs, the benefit gained for the patient with the radiograph must be weighed against the radiation dosage of taking it. In the assessment of jaw abnormalities, the most common radiographs taken used to be the dental panoramic tomography and lateral cephalometry. With the advancement in technology, the use of 3D imaging e.g. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has gained popularity for the use of radiographic examinations of facial bones for purpose of planning complex orthognathic surgery, especially involving significant facial asymmetry. A 3D facial construction model can be utilised in more complex malocclusion to help plan management.

Classification

Size

 Micrognathia

Mandibular micrognathia is the condition when lower jaw is smaller than normal. Failure of the ramus to develop will give rise to micrognathia. Micrognathia can be classified as either congenital or acquired. Clinical appearance of some patients with congenital type of mandibular micrognathia can have a severe retrusion of the chin but by actual measurements, the mandible maybe be found to be within the normal limits of variation. This maybe because a posterior placing of the condylar head with regard to the skull or to a steep mandibular angle resulting in an evident jaw retrusion. The acquired type of micrognathia occurs after birth and usually is an effect of a disturbance to temporomandibular joint. Growth of mandible depends on the normally developing condyles and the muscle function For example, trauma or infection that affect mastoid, middle ear or the joint will result in ankylosis of temporomandibular joint leading to mandibular micrognathia.

 Macronagthia

Macronagthia is a condition of abnormally large jaws. The jaw size is usually proportion to the increase in skeleton size. It is usually due to excessive growth of the mandible and can have features including reverse maxillary to mandibular relationship, reverse overjet or absence of overbite. It can also be clinically presented when the glenoid fossa and condylar head is more anteriorly placed, causing mandibular prognathism. Macronagthism can be associated with other medical conditions :-

1.     Paget's disease where there is overgrowth of the maxilla, cranium and mandible

2.     Acromegaly, an endocrine disease, can present with enlargement of bones with growth potential such as the mandible, thickened soft tissues and facial features and spade-like hands

 Macrogenia or Microgenia

Macrogenia and microgenia occur when there is a normal skeletal relationship but the chin, skeletal and soft tissue components, failed to develop in proportion to the skeletal base, resulting in marked protrusive (macrogenia) or retrusive (microgenia) facial profile. Microgenia can be presented when there is inadequate bone depth at the apex of lower anteriors or the base of mandible and vice versa.

Position

 Transverse

A transverse jaw position is known as Laterognathia. This term describes a lateral bite in the lower jaw  and is often associated with a unilateral crossbite at an early age  This can lead to bone development of an asymmetrical mandibular ramus resulting in asymmetry in the whole of the lower face. Treatment of laterognathism is either possible with orthodontic tooth movement or a surgical relocation of the lower jaw.

 Vertical

One of the ways in which a jaw can develop abnormally is in the vertical dimension. Abnormal growth can occur in the maxilla and the mandible. The jaw is usually loosely used to refer to the mandible (considered the lower jaw). However, the maxilla is also a jaw and should thus be referred to in this respect as well.

The vertical jaw abnormalities relating to the mandible are in relation to excessive vertical growth and excessive horizontal growth, measured by the maxillary-mandibular plane angle (MMPA). The vertical jaw abnormalities relating to the maxilla are in relation to excessive downward displacement (EDD) and insufficient downward displacement (IDD). These terms used to previously be known as vertical maxillary excess and deficiency. This nomenclature changed because excess and deficiency typically refer to size. Whereas when assessing this clinically, one would measure the distance between the central incisors and the upper lip, which, in fact, denotes position rather than size. Therefore, in order to ‘harmonize with geometry’, EDD and IDD are now used widely.

Vertical and Horizontal Mandibular Excess:

Simply put, excessive vertical growth is the term used for when the mandible is considered ‘too far down. Whereas in excessive horizontal growth the opposite applies, where the mandible is growing in a more horizontal pattern, in relation to the maxilla. The primary cause of the above two abnormalities in adolescents is due to accelerated and slow mandibular growth. Resulting in either a longer lower face height appearance (vertical growth) or a shorter one (horizontal growth). The length between the columella (base of the nose) and menton (base of the chin) is the variable measurement. This is in relation to the length between the glabella (between eyebrows) and the columella. In a normal case, these lengths would be equal or without a major discrepancy. However, in excess vertical and horizontal growth, the proportions vary and do not equal.

The development of the mandible is such that it ossifies in two primary ways; endochondrally and intramembranously. Almost the entire mandible is formed via intramembranous ossification, with just the condyle ossifying endochondrally. This allows the condyle to resist forces exerted on it. One way in which a vertical jaw abnormality can occur is if the condylar growth process is damaged, and thus the intramembranous growth continues along the posterior condylar margin, becoming predominant, thus resulting in a high angle type.

Assessing a patient for vertical and horizontal excess

The Maxillary Mandibular Plane Angle (MMPA) is important in assessing a patient for vertical jaw abnormality. The important landmarks are the Frankfurt plane and the Mandibular plane. The Frankfurt plane is a line charted from the upper border of external auditory meatus to the lower border of the orbit. It is similar to the ala-tragus line however should not be confused with it. Whereas the Mandibular angle is a line measured along the natural lower border of the patient's mandible. The intersection of the Frankfurt and Mandibular plane is what determines the pattern of vertical growth. If the intersection occurs behind the occiput i.e. decreased angle, then the patient is considered to have horizontal growth. On the other hand, if the intersection occurs in front of the occiput, then the patient is considered to have vertical growth. The normal range is considered to be between 25 and 30 degrees in a typical Caucasian person. Those with excess vertical jaw growth are most often seen having an anterior open bite, as the mandible is growing away from the maxilla. Whereas those with excessive horizontal growth are seen as having an overbite.

Excessive Downward Displacement and Insufficient Downward Displacement

Here on, we will use interchangeably the terms vertical maxillary excess and deficiency with excessive and insufficient downward displacement. In order to understand its manifestations, we need to account for key landmarks such as:

· Columella (CM)– The tissue that links the nasal tip to the nasal base, separating the nares. The inferior margin of the nasal septum

· Subnasale (SN) – the junction of the upper lip and the columella

· Stomion Superios (Sts) – the lower most point on the vermillion of the upper lip

· Stomion (Sto) – The point of contact, when lips are competent, in the midline, between the top and bottom lip

· Stomion Inferious (Sti) – the upper most point on the vermillion of the lower lip

· Soft tissue mention (Me) – The most inferior point on the soft tissue outline of the chin

The measurements of the upper lip and lower lip for each patient are ascertained by using the aforementioned landmarks. The length of the upper lip is measured from Sn to Sts. In a typical male and female this measures to 24mm and 21mm respectively (REF). The length of the lower lip is measured from Sti to Me. In a typical male and female this measures to 50mm and 46.5mm respectively.

When considering EDD and IDD, the class of the skeletal base is a good adjunct. In other words, EDD and IDD can either appear camouflaged or apparent given the skeletal base and the soft tissue profile accompanying it. For example, the drape of the upper lip can mask the maxillary deficiency to such an extent that it presents as a normal soft tissue profile (REF). Para-nasal hollowing is a key indicator of underlying maxillary deficiency. It is most common in class III patients, but can also present in some class II cases, with bilateral maxillary retrusion.

Assessing a patient for vertical and horizontal excess:

Arguably the main observation to carry out in a patient to assess maxillary excess or deficiency is the upper incisor/gum show when at rest and smiling. In other words, the relationship between the upper lip and upper central incisors when at rest and smiling.  Ensure the patient's head posture is correct and the lips are at rest to establish the resting lip line. Similarly, to assess the incisor/gum show on smiling, the patient needs to fully smile to allow the upper lip to rise to its maximum height. The average showing of the incisors when the lips are at rest is 1/3 of its clinical crown height. With maxillary excess, more than 1/3 of the incisors would show. When the patient smiles, maxillary excess would manifest as the entire clinical crown and a portion of the gums showing as well. This is regarded as a ‘gummy smile.’

As alluded to previously, the paranasal region is important to consider when assessing a patient for IDD or EDD. Observing the patient from the side view allows a clearer perspective. A lack of bony support for the soft tissues in this region will subsequently produce the depression, known as paranasal hollowing. This indicates a low level antero-posterior maxillary deficiency. Maxillary deficiency usually manifests as an increased naso-labial angle, although this is not a credible indication due to factors such as a short upper lip and/or proclined incisors.

Another method to predict if a patient has maxillary deficiency is by the ‘scleral show and eyelid shape.’ The lower eyelid normally rests at the inferior border of the iris, without any sclera showing. If there is any sclera showing, then this is a good sign of infraorbital rim deficiency and maxillary antero-posterior deficiency, two manifestations that are usually seen in Class III patients.

Orientation
When a jaw is abnormally oriented, malrotations occur. These malrotations are classified according to the axis on which the abnormal rotation occurs. When a jaw is malrotated around the transverse facial axis, it is said to have abnormal pitch. When malrotated around the anteroposterior axis, the jaw has an abnormal roll, a condition also known as cant.  Finally, when a jaw is malrotated around the vertical axis, it has abnormal yaw. It can occur in maxilla and/or mandible and could result due to abnormal growth of the jaws in itself or as compensatory growth.

Shape
Shape refers to figure, the geometric characteristic of an object that is not size, position, or orientation 5.  A jaw with abnormal shape is said be distorted.

Completeness
Completeness means the wholeness of the jaw. When failure of tissues to fuse together that are forming early in pregnancy, defect can happen and jaw is incomplete. For example, cleft lip and palate when one of the jaw's embryological processes failed to fuse together or the agenesis of the condylar process of the mandible, which may be seen in hemifacial microsomia. Clinically, cleft palate  presents as opening in the palate that can affect the front palate only or extending from the front to the back palate. Cleft lip is presented clinically with opening of the upper lip which can be a small slit on the upper lip or large opening connected to the nose. The cleft can be unilateral on the upper lip or bilaterally. Cleft lip can happen together with cleft palate.

Palatal clefts are one of the most common congenital abnormalities which occur in 1:2500 live births. Embryologically, palate formation takes place in two stages, with the primary palate formed after 6th week followed by secondary palate formation between sixth and eighth weeks. The palate will fuse with the medial nasal process to form the roof of the mouth in order to complete the developmental process. However, if this process is incomplete that is when developmental defect occur. Initially, it is just a common oro-nasal cavity within the embryo with nothing to separate the nose and mouth cavity. This space is occupied with tongue. The primary palate formed when medial nasal prominences fused together to form the intermaxillary segment to demarcate the oral from the nasal components. The formation of secondary palate starts with the growing of tissues vertically and mesially forming the right and left lateral palatal shelves. On the week 8, the tongue will be withdrawn downwards and the right and left lateral palatal shelves will be rapidly elevated, flipped into a horizontal orientation and fuse together from the front to the back two. The right and left lateral palatal shelves contact or fuse with each other at the midline to form the secondary palate two.

A lot of growth factors are actively involved in the signalling to the tissues during craniofacial development. These growth factors function to control the cells proliferation, survival and apoptosis. Some of the growth factors that can be implicated in the facial development resulting in craniofacial defect are BMP, FGF, Shh, Wnt and endothelins. One of the environmental factors that has been identified in mice study to have link to cleft lip is teratogen which can interfere the molecular signalling between the growth factors. However, the exact mechanism is still not clear. Another environmental factors that has been actively involved in studies to prevent cleft lip and palate occurrences is the intake of folic acid during pregnancy. 0.4 mg folic acid intake per day has been shown to reduce one third risk of cleft lip (with or without cleft palate) in babies. However, it seems had no apparent effect on the risk of cleft palate alone. There are also studies in mice and dogs reported the protective effect of folic acid supplementation to prevent cleft lip palate occurrence.

Treatment
Jaw abnormalities are commonly treated with combined surgical (orthognathic surgery) and orthodontic treatment. The procedure is carried out by oral and maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists in close collaboration.

In most cases, the orthodontist will first align the teeth with braces or other appliances, which may worsen the occlusion until after the surgery. This is carried out to show the full degree of abnormality, and to create sufficient space for full correction in the bones.

Orthognathic surgery, also known as corrective jaw surgery, is performed to normalise dentofacial deformity and reposition part/all of the upper and/or lower jaws to improve occlusion stability and facial proportions. It is the 'mainstay treatment for patients who are too old for growth modification and for dentofacial conditions that are too severe for either surgical or orthodontic camouflage.'

The surgery usually involves gaining access to the bone from inside the mouth, revealing and moving the bone into a correct functional position, and fixing it in position with metal plates and screws. These plates are most often left in the bone, but at times require removal due to infection, which would require another operation.  Most orthognathic surgeries are performed inside the mouth without any external scarring.

Mandibular surgery

There are numerous surgical techniques available to correct the position of the mandible. The most popular of these techniques is the sagittal split osteotomy which "enables the body of mandible to be moved forwards or backwards by sliding the split ramus and angle". This provides a lot of bone overlap for healing. Damage to the inferior alveolar bundle is avoided by sectioning the buccal and retromolar cortex of the mandible and the cancellous bone is carefully split. After the mandible has been repositioned, screws or mini-plates can be used to fix the mandible directly. This is instead of fixing it indirectly with intermaxillary fixation (IMF).

Genioplasty

Reduction or augmentation of the chin may be carried out either on its own or as part of a mandibular or maxillary orthognathic operation.

Maxillary surgery
The Le Fort classification (which is used for fracture description) generally describes the surgical techniques which are used for maxillary surgery.

References

External links

Jaw disorders


Løren station is an underground rapid transit station of the Oslo Metro and the newest on the subway network. Serving the Oslo, Norway, neighborhood of Løren in the borough of Grünerløkka, the station is the only situated on the Løren Line. Designed by Arne Henriksen, the station is situated  underground. Construction of the station began in 2013 and was completed in 2016. The station is estimated to have 6,000 daily passengers. It is served every fifteen minutes by trains running along the adjoining Ring Line via the Løren Line to the Grorud Line.

History
The Løren Line is designed to allow higher capacity through the metro system by some trains from the Grorud Line bypassing the Common Tunnel and instead running through the Ring Line. After the Ring Line was completed in 2006, five alternatives were proposed in 2007, which considered various ways to connect the Grorud Line and the Ring Line. Variations included building part of the line with single track and whether or not to construct a station at Løren. The latter would increase the price, but would give the area a significantly better transit service. As of 2007 the area was only served by a bus every twenty minutes. Funding of the Løren Line was secured as part of Oslo Package 3

The Løren, Hasle and Økern area is undergoing a major redevelopment. While the area previously has had some residential areas and has mostly been dominated by industry, it has now been designated a primary site for urban development in Oslo. The area has a potential for 25,000 residences and 2.5 million square meters (25 million sq ft) of commercial area. Oslo Municipal Council approved in May 2013 the construction of 730 apartments in the immediate vicinity of the station. The zoning plan allow the line was passed on 14 December 2011. The winner of the 2012 architecture competition was MDH Arkitekter and Arne Henriksen. Their proposal was backed by structural engineers Aas-Jakobsen. Løren Station was built with the cut-and-cover method, doubling as a crossection.

Facilities
Løren Station is situated in the Løren neighborhood of Bjerke. The station is situated  below the surface in the redevelopment area of Lørenbyen. The station has an area of  and has an entrance from each end.

Service
Service commenced on 3 April 2016. The station is served by line 4 of the Oslo Metro which runs every 15 minutes. It connects both to the Grorud Line and around the Ring Line and to the Common Tunnel. As the only station on the network, passengers from Løren will have to change trains to reach the city center (unless taking a detour around the Ring). Løren Station is estimated to receive six thousand daily passengers, making it among the ten busiest on the metro network.

References

Oslo Metro stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 2016
Grünerløkka
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 2010s


For details of museums in the United Kingdom, see:

List of museums in England
List of museums in Northern Ireland
List of museums in Scotland
List of museums in Wales

See also
List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning museums
List of British railway museums
National museums of the United Kingdom
List of museums
List of the most-visited attractions in the United Kingdom


A Heartbeat Behind was the second full-length album by the now defunct British post-hardcore band The Hurt Process. It was released on Golf Records on 31 May 2005 and featured ten original tracks. The band released only one single from this album, My Scandinavian Ride, the video for which garnered some airplay in the UK on channels such as Scuzz TV and Kerrang! TV

Track listing

Anchor (3:40)
You Don't Get Gold For Second Place (3:39)
A Heartbeat Behind (4:14)
A Mind with Two Faces (4:46)
My Scandinavian Ride (3:48)
Boogie Nights In Michigan (3:40)
Take to You (4:18)
The Night Before The Morning After (3:34)
Delicious 53 (3:34)
Reading into It (5:47)

2005 albums
The Hurt Process albums
Golf Records albums