Piero Lulli (1 February 1923 – 23 June 1991) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 111 films between 1942 and 1977. He was the younger brother of actor Folco Lulli.

Selected filmography

 A Pilot Returns (1942) - De Santis
 Love Story (1942) - Gianni Castelli
 Knights of the Desert (1942)
 Uno tra la folla (1946) - Renato
 Tragic Hunt (1947) - L'autista
 L'eroe della strada (1948) - Paolo
 How I Lost the War (1948) - Ufficiale tedesco sul ponte
 Vertigine d'amore (1949) - Olivero / France: Ollivier Desmichels
 Cintura di castità (1950)
 Rapture (1950)
 Il sentiero dell'odio (1950)
 Song of Spring (1951) - Ugo
 Anna (1951) - Il dottor Manzi
 Operation Mitra (1951)
 Frontier Wolf (1952) - Guido
 Infame accusa (1953) - Marco
 Riscatto (1953) - Rizieri Chiari
 Viva la rivista! (1953)
 Core furastiero (1953) - Giovanni
 Condannata senza colpa (1953) - Barbe Zef
 La prigioniera di Amalfi (1954) - Carlo
 Acque amare (1954) - Leo Ferri
 Ulysses (1954) - Achilles
 Ultima illusione (1954) - Mario
 La campana di San Giusto (1954) - Bruno Visentini
 Di qua, di là del Piave (1954)
 Yalis, la vergine del Roncador (1955)
 Supreme Confession (1956) - Franz
 Pezzo, capopezzo e capitano (1958) - Franco
 Captain Falcon (1958) - Lupo
 I cattivi vanno in paradiso (1959) - Il sacerdote
 Wolves of the Deep (1959) - Teppista
 Il principe fusto (1960)
 The Huns (1960) - Seikor
 Vacanze in Argentina (1960)
 The Last of the Vikings (1961) - Hardak - uomo di Sveno (uncredited)
 Sword Without a Country (1961) - Benedetto
 Duel of the Titans (1961) - Sulpicius
 Hawk of the Caribbean (1962) - Manuel
 Samson Against the Sheik (1962) - Ramiro
 Julius Caesar Against The Pirates (1962) - Edom
 Passport for a Corpse (1962) - Piero
 Charge of the Black Lancers (1962)
 Gladiator of Rome (1962) - General Astarte
 The Fury of Achilles (1962) - Odysseus
 Attack of the Normans (1962) - Barton
 The Defeat of the Barbarians (1962) - Manfredi
 Duel at the Rio Grande (1963) - Herrero
 The Sign of the Coyote (1963) - Lenny
 Goliath and the Sins of Babylon (1963) - Pergasos
 The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules (1963) - Balthazar
 The Organizer (1963) - (uncredited)
 Revenge of the Musketeers (1963)
 Hercules and the Black Pirates (1964) - Rodrigo Sanchez
 Parias de la gloire (1964)
 The Triumph of Hercules (1964) - Euristeo
 The Two Gladiators (1964) - Cleandro
 Revolt of the Praetorians (1964) - Domiziano
 Giants of Rome (1964) - Pompeus
 The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules (1964) - Wrestler #3
 Gladiators Seven (1964) - Silone
 Bullet in the Flesh (1964) - Jonathan
 Buffalo Bill, Hero of the Far West (1965) - Red
 Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus (1965) - Thor
 Conqueror of Atlantis (1965) - Ramir
 Challenge of the Gladiator (1965) - Consul Metello
 Hands of a Gunfighter (1965) - Davy Castle
 Una ráfaga de plomo (1965)
 Savage Gringo (1966) - Bill Carter
 Kill, Baby, Kill (1966) - Inspector Kruger
 Per il gusto di uccidere (1966) - Collins
 Rojo (1966) - Lasky
 Fury of Johnny Kid (1967) - Sheriff Cooper
 Kitosch, the Man Who Came from the North (1967) - Major Zachary Backer
 Adios, Hombre (1967) - Luke Brabham
 Django Kill (1967) - Oaks
 Cjamango (1967) - El Tigre
 The Dirty Outlaws (1967) - Sam
 Gente d'onore (1967)
 Ringo, il cavaliere solitario (1968) - Daniel G. Samuelson
 Un diablo bajo la almohada (1968) - Rafael
 Vengeance Is My Forgiveness (1968) - John Kildare
 Pistol for a Hundred Coffins (1968) - Jurago
 God Made Them... I Kill Them (1968) - Sheriff Lancaster
 All on the Red (1968) - Laszlo
 OSS 117 – Double Agent (1968) - Heindrich Van Dyck - un rappresentante dell'ONU
 Pistol for a Hundred Coffins (1968) - J. Texas Corbett
 Find a Place to Die (1968) - Paul Martin
 Dead Men Don't Count (1968) - Sheriff Bob Watson
 Hell Commandos (1969) - Col. Kreuzfeld
 The Forgotten Pistolero (1969) - Francisco
 Eros e Thanatos (1969)
 The Avenger, Zorro (1969) - Buck
 Sartana's Here… Trade Your Pistol for a Coffin (1970) - Samuel Spencer
 Chapaqua (1970) - Major / Captain Garrett
 When Heroes Die (1970) - Erwin Rommel
 Cloud of Dust... Cry of Death... Sartana Is Coming (1970) - Grand Full
 My Dear Killer (1972) -  Alessandro Moroni
 The Boldest Job in the West (1972) - Jeremias
 Come fu che Masuccio Salernitano, fuggendo con le brache in mano, riuscì a conservarlo sano (1972) - Fra' Jeronimo
 My Name is Nobody (1973) - Sheriff
 The Fighting Fist of Shanghai Joe (1973) - Stanley Spencer
 Il figlio della sepolta viva (1974) - Amadeus
 Young Lucrezia (1974) - Ludovico Maria Sforza 'il Moro'
 Carambola's Philosophy: In the Right Pocket (1975) - Colonel
 Zwei tolle Hechte – Wir sind die Größten (1975) - Minstrel / El Moro
 Nazi Love Camp 27 (1977) - General at the Nazi Brothel

References

External links

1923 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Italian male actors
Italian male film actors
Male actors from Florence
Male Spaghetti Western actors


Thomas Irwin (1 July 1873 – 22 February 1956) was an Irish Gaelic footballer, hurler, referee and Gaelic games administrator who played in various positions for both Cork senior teams.

One of the earliest dual players at the highest levels, he first played in 1892 and was a regular member of both teams until his retirement in 1902. He won one All-Ireland hurling medal, three Munster hurling medals and three Munster football medals.

At club level Irwin was a multiple county club championship medalist with Redmond's and Nils.

In retirement from playing Irwin served as a dual inter-county referee at the highest levels while also serving as a Gaelic games administrator with the Cork County Board.

References

1873 births
1956 deaths
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final referees
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
Dual players
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county hurlers
Gaelic football referees
Hurling referees
Nils Gaelic footballers
Redmond's hurlers


John McEnroe was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Joakim Nyström.

Ivan Lendl won in the final 7–6, 6–4, 6–1 against Tim Mayotte.

Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.

Draw

References
1985 Buick WCT Finals Draw (Archived 2009-05-07)

Singles


The National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501(c)(6), located in Washington, DC. NABR was formed in 1985 when the Association of Biomedical Research merged with the National Society for Medical Research The NABR advocates for the continued use of animals in biomedical research albeit in as humane a manner as possible.

About NABR

NABR reports to provide the unified voice for the scientific community on legislative and regulatory matters affecting laboratory animal research over its 30-year history. NABR has worked to ensure that biomedical research using animals remains possible, acting on behalf of approximately 300 public and private universities, medical and veterinary schools, teaching hospitals, voluntary health agencies, professional societies, pharmaceutical and biotech companies, and other animal research-related interests. These members are involved directly in the use of animals in biomedical research, committed to the responsible and humane use of these animals, and dependent upon innovations in medical research to advance the agenda of curing disease.

The association is the only national, nonprofit organization dedicated solely to advocating for a public policy that recognizes what has been described as the vital role that animals play in biomedical research. Its advocacy activities have included representing the views of its members to Congress through encouraging supportive legislation, providing comments on pending proposals, presenting testimony at Congressional hearings, and serving as an information source for Congressional staff and constituents.

The association has actively supported and promoted the humane care and treatment of laboratory animals in biomedical research, training, and education, and its members practice the “Three Rs” in these endeavors:
that only as many animals as reasonably necessary be utilized (Reduce)
that any pain or distress animals experience be minimized (Refine)
that alternatives to the use of live animals be employed or developed wherever feasible (Replace)

The policy position by the biomedical research community that is represented by NABR, is that it is not now possible to completely replace the use of animals in biomedical research, and that the study of whole, living organisms is and will remain an indispensable element of biomedicine that is beneficial to both veterinary and human health. NABR's sister organization is the Foundation for Biomedical Research.

History

In 1979, the proposed Health Research Modernization Act established a National Center for Alternative Research. The legislation would have mandated that 30-50 percent of federal dollars currently spent on animal research be diverted to study alternatives. This legislative initiative provided the impetus to establish an organization that would educate lawmakers about animal research. In 1979, the "Research Animal Alliance", a group of companies and individuals seeking to protect animal research, formed in Boston, MA and successfully guided legislation that would affect the future of biomedical research relying on animal models.

In 1981 the RAA changed its name to the Association for Biomedical Research (ABR). Greater than 80 percent of members responded the first time ABR mobilized its membership for comments to the United States Congress on the use of animals in research.

In 1981 ABR President Dr. Edward C. Melby testified before Congress on the important role of animals in medical research. saying that "the peer review system of the major granting agencies, including the NIH, the editorial review process for originality of thought by scientific journals and the cost-effectiveness of private industry prevent most so-called unnecessary animal experiments.”
In September 1984, the ABR office relocated to Washington, D.C. in response to increasing congressional interest. In 1985, the ABR merged with the National Society for Medical Research to become the National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR). During debate on the 1985 reauthorization of the Farm bill, NABR successfully obtained modifications to the Animal Welfare Act amendments that aimed to provide a consistent and reasonable framework in which research facilities can operate.

In 1986, as an advocate of a strong national enforcement program of animal research facilities, the association joined with 100 scientific and animal welfare organizations to urge adequate funding for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

The association lead a broad-based coalition to the passage of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992. NABR also helped defeat several policies, including the Information Dissemination and Research Accountability Act", that it considered would have put obstacles in the way of research.

During reauthorization of the 2002 Farm bill, the association was successful in obtaining a statutory exemption under the Animal Welfare Act of coverage of rats, mice and birds used for research. The association argued that these species are covered under other protective guidelines, policies and regulations.

In 2006, NABR was central in the effort that lead to the enactment of the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA), which was signed into law on November 27, 2006 by President George W. Bush".

Since its inception, the association has represented the scientific community to policymakers. At times of increased animal activist campaigns against researchers by the animal rights movement, It worked to furnish legislators with facts from the biomedical research community, and educated them on the impact proposed changes would have on the progress of medical research. It led the biomedical community's participation in the legislative process, served as a resource for scientists targeted by the animal rights movement, and played a central role in assuring that federal laws met animal welfare and biomedical research needs.

References

External links
NABR website
FBR website

Animal rights
Health advocacy groups
American medical research
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations
Animal testing in the United States
1985 establishments in the United States
Organizations established in 1985


The Mecklenburg Class G 2, formerly Class VIII, were goods train locomotives with the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway. They were built for the route between Güstrow and Neubrandenburg with its steep inclines.

The engines had crossed Hall cranks (gekreuzte Hallschen Kurbeln), an outside frame, Gooch valve gear and a steam dome towards the front. The boilers on all the surviving engines were replaced between 1892 and 1897. In 1895 only four were still in the fleet. The last one was withdrawn around the turn of the 20th century.

See also
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg Friedrich-Franz Railway
List of Mecklenburg locomotives

References

0-6-0 locomotives
G 2
Railway locomotives introduced in 1864
C n2 locomotives
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik locomotives

Freight locomotives


Liviu Dorin Băjenaru (born 6 May 1983) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga III side CSM Focșani.

Career

FCSB
In June 2011, Băjenaru was traded to Steaua in exchange for Laurențiu Marinescu just a few days after Universitatea Cluj bought him from Gloria Bistrița.

In August 2011 was sold to Astra Ploiești, and one year after that he signed for Oțelul Galați.

Honours
Turris Turnu Măgurele
Liga III: 2018–19

CSA Steaua București
Liga III: 2020–21
Liga IV: 2019–20

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
Liga II players
Liga III players
FC Progresul București players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
FC Steaua București players
FC Astra Giurgiu players
CS Concordia Chiajna players
CS Gaz Metan Mediaș players
ASC Daco-Getica București players
AFC Turris-Oltul Turnu Măgurele players
CSA Steaua București footballers
CSM Focșani players
Footballers from Bucharest


In Greco-Roman geography, the Riphean Mountains (also Riphaean; , or ; ; Latin: Rhipaei or Riphaei montes) were a supposed mountain range located in the far north of Eurasia. The name of the mountains is probably derived from  ("wind gust"). The Ripheans were often considered the northern boundary of the known world. As such, classical and medieval writers described them as extremely cold and covered in perennial snow. Ancient geographers considered the Ripheans the source of Boreas (the North Wind) and several large rivers (the Dnieper, the Don, and the Volga). The location of the Ripheans, as described by most classical geographers, would correspond roughly with the Volga region of modern-day Russia.

History
Early references to the Ripheans appear in the writings of the Greek choral poet Alcman (7th century BC) and the Athenian playwright Sophocles (5th century BC). Many other ancient Hellenic writers mentioned the Ripheans, including Aristotle, Hippocrates, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Claudius Ptolemy. Ancient Roman writers also described the Ripheans in Latin literature: Plutarch, Vergil, and Pliny the Elder, among others. Late antique and early medieval writers, like Solinus, Martianus Capella, Orosius, and Isidore of Seville, ensured the Ripheans' continued place in geographic writing during the Middle Ages. These writers often disagreed on the exact location of the mountains, and a small minority of geographers (e.g. Strabo) doubted their existence entirely.  In antiquity, the inhabitants of the mountains were variously called Ripheans (e.g. Pomponius Mela) or Arimaspi (e.g. Pliny). Geographers sometimes located the home of the legendary Hyperboreans in the inaccessible regions north of the Ripheans. While the Riphean Mountains appear only in Greek or Greek-influenced geographies, the name of the mountains has sometimes been connected by Christian theologians with Riphath, son of Gomer in Genesis 10. The Book of Jubilees (8:12, 16, 28) also mentions a mountain range called Rafa, which some have cautiously linked to the Ripheans.

In late 15th-century western Europe, new access to Claudius Ptolemy's Geography led to many new maps of "Sarmatia," which notably featured the Riphean Mountains. In tandem with new contacts with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Renaissance humanists and ambassadors debated the existence of the Riphean Mountains in the first half of the sixteenth century. Some, like Maciej Miechowita and Paolo Giovio, argued that the mountains were non-existent. Others, like the ambassadors  and Sigismund von Herberstein, argued that the ancient Ripheans referred to the Ural Mountains, then recently explored by Muscovy. Over the course of the sixteenth century, the Ripheans gradually disappeared from western maps of eastern Europe, along with many other ancient claims about the region.

While people since the 16th century have tended to connect the Ripheans to the Ural Mountains, the original identity of the classical Ripheans remains unclear. The Alps, the Carpathians, and the Urals have all been suggested as the real-world inspiration for the Riphean Mountains.

Namesakes
The Montes Riphaeus mountain range on the Moon is named after the Riphean Mountains. Johannes Hevelius was the first astronomer to apply the Riphean label to a feature of the lunar landscape, but Johann Heinrich von Mädler is responsible for the current designation of the Montes Riphaeus.

The Riphean geochronological period was also named after the Riphean Mountains, in reference to the Ural Mountains.

See also
 Mountains of the Moon (Africa)
 Mountains of Kong

References

Asia in mythology
Classical geography
Mythological mountains
Book of Jubilees


The 1997–98 European Hockey League was the second edition of the European Hockey League. The season started on September 16, 1997, and finished on January 25, 1998.

The tournament was won by VEU Feldkirch, who beat HC Dynamo Moscow in the final.

A new points system was used in the first round of the tournament. The winner in regular time won 3 points; in case of a tie, an overtime is played, the winner in overtime won 2 points and the loser in overtime won 1 point.

First round

Group A

Group A standings

Group B

Group B standings

Group C

Group C standings

Group D

Group D standings

Group E

Group E standings

Group F

Group F standings

Quarterfinals

Final stage
(Feldkirch, Austria)

Semifinals

Third place match

Final

References
 Season 1998

1997–98 in European ice hockey leagues
European Hockey League


The 1986 Buick WCT Finals was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 16th edition of the WCT Finals, and was part of the 1986 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas in the United States from April 7 through April 14, 1986. Unseeded Anders Järryd won the singles title.

Final

Singles

 Anders Järryd defeated  Boris Becker 6–7(3–7), 6–1, 6–1, 6–4
 It was Järryd's first title of the year and the sixth of his career.

References

Buick WCT Finals
WCT Finals


The Abu Ghoshes (also written AbuGosh/ AbouGhawsh), known as "ancien seigneurs feodaux", are an old wealthy landowning family, who ruled the Jerusalem mountains and controlled the pilgrimage route from the coast to Jerusalem during the Ottoman Empire.

Origins of the family
Some historians are of the opinion that the Abu Ghoshes came from Eastern Europe. Others believe that their origins go back to the Crusaders who came to Jerusalem with Richard I of England in the 12th century AD, due to the fact that many of them have blond hair and blue eyes. Members of the family and some other historians hold the view that the clan originally came from the Arabian Peninsula. They were four Emirs of Yemen, who were brothers, when they arrived to Egypt. From Egypt they came to Palestine with the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman at the beginning of the Ottoman Empire and were entrusted with the control of the pilgrimage route to the holy places of Jerusalem, as documented in the Egyptian royal manuscripts.

The Abu Ghoshes were settled in the 16th century AD on the mountains of Jerusalem, about 10 km west of Jerusalem city, where they still reside now. It is established that the Abu Ghoshes became related, through marriage, to the Palestinian people who lived in the area at that time, as well as with the descendants of the Crusaders, who are known to have lived in the same region at the same time. Archaeological excavations have revealed that the site where the Abu Ghoshes live is one of the most ancient inhabited sites in the southern Levant. This site used to be "Kiryat Ye'arim", a Hebrew name meaning "Town of Forests". Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the site was called "kiryat al-Inab". In the 18th century this site took the name of the family "kiryat Abu Ghosh", and is now called Abu Ghosh, a small Muslim Palestinian town near Jerusalem. The majority of its inhabitants today are the descendants of the old feudal family of the 16th century.

History
At the beginning of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman entrusted the Abu Ghoshes with control of the route from the coast to Jerusalem and granted them official permission, a "farman", to impose a toll on all pilgrims and visitors entering Jerusalem. The churches of Jerusalem also paid an annual one-off tax to the Abu Ghoshes for their visitors.

Palestine was part of Great Syria, and like Syria it was governed by feudal families until the middle of the 19th century. The Abu Ghoshes were among the most well-known feudal families in Palestine, formerly governing over 22 villages. They had self-determination powers in the region. All power was in the hands of the Emir or Scheich (Lord) of Abu Ghosh. The Scheich was also called Zaim or Mutasallem (leader, governor). He dealt with all political, military, economic, social and legal matters. A dispute between two parties was solved by the Scheich and a judgement was made by him and executed with no right of appeal. Seeking revision was sometimes possible if allowed by the Scheich. Any person acting against the local laws or tradition was imprisoned. The Abu Ghoshes used an old crusader church as a prison. The relation between the Abu Ghoshes and the peasants of the villages was a patron-client relation.

According to tradition, any pilgrim or visitor to the holy sites passing through Abu Ghosh had to pay their respects to the Scheich. Some visitors to the holy lands wrote about Lady Stanhope (daughter of a British Lord, niece of the British Prime Minister William Pitt and a relative of Sir Sidney Smith who besieged Napoleon in Akko and had correspondence with the Scheich Ibrahim AbuGhosh) that when she visited Jerusalem in 1811 she stopped in Abu Ghosh to pay her respects to the Scheich. Scheich Ibrahim AbuGhosh found her an interesting woman, and he ordered a formal dinner and spent the night in her company. She came back the next year and the Scheich was delighted to see her again. The next morning, he insisted on escorting her with his guards and servants to Jerusalem.

The houses of the Abu Ghoshes were described by pilgrims and visitors as beautifully constructed stone houses, and the residence of the Scheich was described as "a true palace, a castle, a protective fortress."

In the 19th century, between 1834 and 1860, Abu Ghosh was attacked by military forces three times. The first attack was launched by the Egyptian military forces, led by Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali, in 1832-4 during the Egyptian occupation of Palestine (1831–1840). The castle of Abu Ghosh was destroyed during this campaign. The second attack was in 1853 during the civil war between feudal families under Scheich Ahmad AbuGhosh, who was 90 years old. He entrusted his nephew Mustafa with the military task force. The third attack on Abu Ghosh was made by the Ottoman military forces, helped and executed by British forces, during the military expedition against the feudal families in the 1860s, under Scheich Mustafa AbuGhosh. Almost all villages governed by the Abu Ghoshes were bombarded during this battle. Lord Mustapha AbuGhosh continued to control the Jerusalem mountains against the will of the Ottomans until he died in 1863.

The Ottoman Empire introduced reforms abolishing the feudal system and creating a centralized government with its main location in the Turkish capital. Powers were transferred from feudal families to a Turkish governor representing the Sultan, sitting in the city of Jerusalem. All villages and towns around Jerusalem were part of the Jerusalem District and each village was represented by an elected "Mukhtar".

At the beginning of the 20th century, a nephew of the Mukhtar of Abu Ghosh named Said AbuGhosh left Abu Ghosh and went to live on his own land, an estate made of 22,000 dunum between Abu Ghosh and the city of Ramla. He built a mansion in his estate near the village of al-Qubab using a German architect. He was known to have hundreds of peasants working in his estate, and offered his protection to all villagers in the region. He was known to have founded a "Sabeel", offering water and a resting place for free to travellers passing through on their way to Jerusalem. He married the daughter of a Turkish General in the Ottoman army who had his residence in the village of al-Qubab. Said AbuGhosh was loved and respected by the Abu Ghoshes for his contributions and the support he provided.

After the declaration of the British mandate on Palestine in 1920, the main concerns of Said AbuGhosh were the British occupation. He offered unlimited financial and military help to the Palestinian militants in order to fight the British. He was also known to have bought land in all parts of Palestine, in order to avoid land coming into the hands of the Jews, becoming one of the biggest landowners in Palestine at the time. The reason for preventing Jews from acquiring land were the rumours that were spreading about the Balfour Declaration of 1917, a promise given by the British government to the Jews to create a homeland in Palestine. Lord AbuGhosh died in 1936 and was buried in his estate.

See also
 Mustafa Dabbagh: Biladuna Filistin, Beirut 1965-1976

References

Families from the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Palestine
Palestinian families


In a cellular automaton, a finite pattern is called a sawtooth if its population grows without bound but does not tend to infinity. In other words, a sawtooth is a pattern with population that reaches new heights infinitely often, but also infinitely often drops below some fixed value. Their name comes from the fact that their plot of population versus generation number looks roughly like an ever-increasing sawtooth wave.

In rules with small replicators
For instance, in Rule 90, a one-dimensional elementary cellular automaton, the population size starting from a single live cell follows Gould's sequence, which has a self-similar sawtooth pattern. On each step whose number is a power of two, the population crashes from a high of the step number plus one to a low of only two live cells. As the population grows with this pattern, its live cells trace out the rows of a Sierpinski triangle. The sawtooth shape of this pattern can be used to recognize physical processes that behave similarly to Rule 90.
In Rule 90 and in many cellular automata such as Highlife, the sawtooth pattern is based on the existence of a small replicator, which in Rule 90 consists of a single live cell.

In Life
In Conway's Game of Life, replicators are large and difficult to construct. Instead,
the first sawtooth in Life was constructed by Dean Hickerson in April 1991 by using a loaf tractor beam. For a number of years the least infinitely repeating population of any known sawtooth was 262 ON cells, attained by a sawtooth found by David Bell on July 9, 2005.

Expansion factor
The expansion factor of a sawtooth is the limit of the ratio of successive heights (or equivalently, widths) of the "teeth" in plots of population versus generation number. Some sawtooths do not have an expansion factor under its standard definition because some sawtooths have growth that is not exponentially-spaced.

References

Cellular automaton patterns


Hydrogeology Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published eight times a year by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 1992 and is the official journal of the International Association of Hydrogeologists. The journal publishes papers on both theoretical and applied aspects of hydrogeology. Papers focus on integrating subsurface hydrology and geology with other supporting disciplines (such as geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, geobiology, surface-water hydrology, tectonics, mathematics, numerical modeling, economics, and sociology) to explain phenomena observed in the field. The journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.718. The editor-in-chief is Clifford I. Voss (United States Geological Survey).

References

External links

English-language journals
Geology journals
Hydrology journals
Academic journals established in 1992
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals


The 1960 Gator Bowl may refer to:

 1960 Gator Bowl (January), January 2, 1960, game between the Arkansas Razorbacks and the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
 1960 Gator Bowl (December), December 31, 1960, game between the Florida Gators and the Baylor Bears


Typewriter in the Sky is a science fantasy novel by American writer L. Ron Hubbard. The protagonist Mike de Wolf finds himself inside the story of his friend Horace Hackett's book. He must survive conflict on the high seas in the Caribbean during the 17th century, before eventually returning to his native New York City. Each time a significant event occurs to the protagonist in the story he hears the sounds of a typewriter in the sky. At the story's conclusion, de Wolf wonders if he is still a character in someone else's story. The work was first published in a two-part serial format in 1940 in Unknown Fantasy Fiction. It was twice published as a combined book with Hubbard's work Fear. In 1995 Bridge Publications re-released the work along with an audio edition.

Writers have placed the story within several different genres, including science fiction, a subgenre of science fiction called recursive science fiction, and fantasy. Masters of the Occult author Daniel Cohen noted the book contributed to Hubbard's reception among influential science fiction authors of the 1940s. It is regarded as classic science fiction by The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography in its entry on Hubbard, as well as by writer James Gunn, and publications including the Daily News of Los Angeles, and Chicago Sun-Times. Writers have placed Typewriter in the Sky within the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Authors Mike Resnick and Robert J. Sawyer classed the story within the science fiction subgenre recursive science fiction, and writer Gary Westfahl wrote that Hubbard may have been influenced by the 1921 Luigi Pirandello play within the recursive fantasy subgenre, Six Characters in Search of an Author. The book is listed in Fantasy: The 100 Best Books, and Rivals of Weird Tales: 30 Great Fantasy and Horror Stories from the Weird Fiction Pulps placed it among the best quality fantasy writing of the 20th century. Writers characterized the overarching theme within the book as dealing with an individual caught between two different worlds.

Typewriter in the Sky was generally well-received, and regular readers of Hubbard's stories at the time widely appreciated the work. Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas wrote in a 1951 review that the story was amusing though it could have used copy editing, and Groff Conklin described its concept as silly. The New York Times review the same year said it had a lively pace. Damon Knight was critical of the depiction of the protagonist's fate, and concluded the ending of the book made up for this defect. Books including The Classic Era of American Pulp Magazines and Pulp Culture: The Art of Fiction Magazines characterized the work as one of Hubbard's best stories. Adam Roberts pointed out Hubbard likely based the character of pulp fiction writer Horace Hackett on himself.

Subsequent to the story's publication, commentators have speculated that its influence impacted themes in later science fiction works. Paul Di Filippo wrote that the 1949 book What Mad Universe by Fredric Brown may have drawn from Hubbard's tale. Umberto Rossi asserted in a book on writer Philip K. Dick that Typewriter in the Sky likely influenced Dick's first published short story "Beyond Lies the Wub" (1951), in addition to his novel The Cosmic Puppets (1957). Harlan Ellison compared it to the 1985 film The Purple Rose of Cairo. Gary Westfahl likened the Typewriter in the Sky to the 2006 film Stranger than Fiction, going so far as to suggest the two had virtually an identical narrative.

Plot summary
The story begins in Greenwich Village, New York. The main character, Mike de Wolf, is a struggling pianist. His friend, Horace Hackett, is an author and popular pulp fiction writer. Hackett is portrayed in the book as a skilled writer able to quickly produce voluminous amounts of material for pulp magazines. Hackett writes under stress, as he is facing a deadline. Hackett attempts to persuade his book publisher that he has almost finished writing his latest novel, while in actuality he has already depleted his advance payment prior to coming up with an idea for a story. Hackett's publisher pressures him and he rapidly decides to place his friend Mike as the central character in his story.

Hackett writes about Mike as the villain in his book, a swashbuckling adventure story. Mike enters the bathroom of Hackett's basement-level apartment, and hears the sound of someone typing on a typewriter. After electrocuting himself, Mike loses consciousness. He subsequently awakens to find himself on a beach in the year 1640, as a character within his friend's novel. He inspects himself to find he has a saber attached to his person, and is wearing strange attire.

Mike learns he is regarded in this world as the villain, Spanish Admiral Miguel de Lobo, a "pirate potboiler". He knows that the villains in stories written by Hackett often do not come to a favorable end, and is therefore anxious to exit the situation safely. Mike recognizes the specific work into which he has been transported: a tale by his friend called "Blood and Loot". Assuming the role of the villain, Mike realizes he must face off against a formidable opponent in the story, its protagonist named Tom Bristol.

The story takes place on the high seas in the Caribbean during the 17th century during a conflict among colonists. When a major event occurs, Mike hears the sound of a typewriter in the sky. Mike's reality literally changes each time the author makes a change to the story. Mike realizes that during times when he hears the audible sounds of the typewriter, his actions and words are not of his own volition, and when such sounds are absent he is able to make decisions for himself. Mike falls in love with a woman in the story, and grows frustrated after realizing that she is just another of Hackett's fictional creations. At the end of the work, Mike returns to New York, and is left with lingering doubts whether he is still a character in someone else's story. He muses whether a "typewriter in the sky" is creating the world. Mike looks up into the sky in search of this mystical device or its controller: "Abruptly Mike de Wolfe stopped. His jaw slackened a trifle and his hand went up to his mouth to cover it. His eyes were fixed upon the fleecy clouds which scurried across the moon. Up there – God? In a dirty bathrobe?"

Publication history

Typewriter in the Sky was first published in 1940 as a two-part serial in Unknown Fantasy Fiction. The first part of the serial initially sold in 1940 for US$0.20. Master Storyteller: An Illustrated Tour of the Fiction of L. Ron Hubbard author William J. Widder said in an interview with Publishers Weekly that 1940 became an annus mirabilis for Hubbard, "a kind of year every author wants". Widder said in addition to Typewriter in the Sky, Hubbard's successful 1940 fiction stories published in Unknown included Fear, Final Blackout, and Death's Deputy. Hubbard first registered copyright for the book on May 15, 1951, and later renewed copyright on September 17, 1979. In 1951 it was published by Gnome Press as a combined work with Hubbard's Fear, and again in 1977 as Fear & Typewriter in the Sky, published by Popular Library. In the UK, the combined work was first published in 1952 as number 409 in the Cherry Tree Book series by Kemsley Newspapers Limited. The title for this 1952 UK edition was Typewriter in the Sky: An Adventure in Time.

Typewriter in the Sky was republished in 1995 by Bridge Publications. Science fiction author Kevin J. Anderson wrote an introduction to the 1995 edition of the book. The same year Bridge Publications released an audio edition read by Jim Meskimen. The audio edition was an abridged version of the story and ran two hours thirty minutes in duration. L. Ron Hubbard's literary agency Author Services Inc. announced that Typewriter in the Sky would be included in "a 12-volume series of 23 classic science fiction and fantasy novels and short stories" published by Easton Press of Norwalk, Connecticut in September 1995. In 2008 Heritage Auctions, Inc. valued a rare combined copy of Typewriter in the Sky and Fear at between US$100 and $200.

Genres
Daniel Cohen wrote in Masters of the Occult (1971) that works including Typewriter in the Sky, Fear, and Slaves of Sleep "moved Hubbard into the front rank of science fiction writers of the late 1940s." Writing in Dream makers: The Uncommon Men and Women Who Write Science Fiction (1983), Charles Platt called the book, "one of Hubbard's most well-known and playful pieces". The St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture (2000) described Typewriter in the Sky and Fear as Hubbard's "most famous stories" in the genre of science fiction. The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography (2003) in its biographical entry on L. Ron Hubbard characterized Typewriter in the Sky and Slaves of Sleep among classics in science fiction, as did The Riverside Dictionary of Biography (2004). The book was similarly described as a science fiction classic by author James Gunn in his book The Witching Hour (2003), and media publications including the Daily News of Los Angeles, and the Chicago Sun-Times. Eric Solstein and Gregory Moosnick placed the work within the Golden Age of Science Fiction.

In the book Resnick at Large (2003), authors Mike Resnick and Robert J. Sawyer cited Typewriter in the Sky as an example of the subgenre of science fiction – recursive science fiction, described as "science fiction about science fiction". In the work, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders (2005), Gary Westfahl commented, "Recursive fantasy fiction – that is, a fantasy about writing fantasy – is scarce. Luigi Pirandello's play Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) offered a non-genre model." Westfahl noted that Hubbard's book was "an early genre example, perhaps inspired by Pirandello". Umberto Rossi wrote in The Twisted Worlds of Philip K. Dick (2011) that Typewriter in the Sky included a game in the form of metafiction within its plot development.

Typewriter in the Sky is well regarded within the genre of fantasy; author David Wingrove noted in The Science Fiction Source Book (1984), "His [Hubbard's] best work is outstanding within the pulp tradition: "Typewriter in the Sky" is a fine fantasy about a man who gets trapped within a story written by a pulp writer". The book is listed in Fantasy: The 100 Best Books (1988), by James Cawthorn and Michael Moorcock. Robert E. Weinberg, Stefan R. Dziemianowicz, and Martin Harry Greenberg write in Rivals of Weird Tales: 30 Great Fantasy and Horror Stories from the Weird Fiction Pulps (1990) that Typewriter in the Sky is classed among stories published in Unknown which "still rank as some of the best fantasy produced in this century". A review of the book upon its 1995 re-release in the Spartanburg Herald-Journal characterized the story as both fantasy and science fiction, calling it a "classic science fiction fantasy adventure"; and placed it within the Golden Age of Science Fiction.  St. James Guide to Science Fiction Writers (1996) called the story "Hubbard's most successful fiction". Marco Frenschkowski wrote in a 1999 article for the Marburg Journal of Religion in a bibliography of L. Ron Hubbard, and called Typewriter in the Sky: " Classic fantasy tale about a man who discovers he is part of someone else's imagination." Writing in A Short History of Fantasy (2009), authors Farah Mendlesohn and Edward James characterized the book as "The best of Hubbard's stories" and noted that it "is better seen as a rationalized fantasy". In a 2009 article on Hubbard's writings, Booklist classed Typewriter in the Sky and Fear as among classics within science fiction and fantasy.

Themes
Alexei Panshin and Cory Panshin wrote in The World Beyond the Hill: Science Fiction and the Quest for Transcendence (1989), "Typewriter in the Sky can be understood as an old-fashioned alien exploration story, with a new basis of transfer from one world to another – the thoughts of an outside intelligence." Writing in a 1992 article for the journal Science Fiction Studies, David N. Samuelson pointed out that the literary conceit of "assuming human beings are necessary for the universe we know" predated Typewriter in the Sky as well as What Mad Universe (1949) by Fredric Brown. Authors Lionel Fanthorpe and Patricia Fanthorpe wrote in The World's Most Mysterious People (1998) that Hubbard accomplished a difficult task of writing about two different worlds at the same time, "even through the medium of fiction Hubbard succeeds in posing deep metaphysical questions about the mind's interpretation of experiential data, and its response to the questions about the nature of being." Writing in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1999), John Clute and John Grant characterized the work as the best of Hubbard's stories in the Arabian-fantasy theme. In their book Mysteries and Secrets of Time (2007), Fanthorpe and Fanthorpe place the book within the sub-topic of "the idea of being caught inside someone else's dream". In his 2011 book The Twisted Worlds of Philip K. Dick, author Umberto Rossi analyzed Hubbard's story and called it a parody intended to spoof the experiences of hack writers.

In her 1987 monograph work on Scientology Renunciation and Reformulation: a Study of Conversion in an American Sect, Harriet Whitehead wrote that the book helped Hubbard build on experience writing about a theme of "a hidden reality subjacent to the apparent one". Bent Corydon, author of L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?, named a chapter of the biography "Typewriter in the Sky". In their work Encyclopedia of New Age Beliefs (1996), authors John Ankerberg and John Weldon observed, "compare Scientology theory with L. Ron Hubbard's science-fiction works, e.g., Ole Doc Methusala, Slaves of Sleep, Death's Deputy, The Final Blackout, The Dangerous Dimension, The Tramp, Fear, King Slayer, and Typewriter in the Sky." In his 2011 work The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion, Hugh B. Urban compared Typewriter in the Sky character Horace Hackett's omnipotent abilities to Hubbard's subsequent ideas developed in the powerful spirit in Scientology doctrine, the Operating Thetan. Urban wrote: "perhaps the most striking element in Hubbard's early fiction that reappears in his later Scientology writings is his emphasis on the unlimited, even godlike power of the writer himself. For the writer has the all-creative power to generate entire universes out of his own imagination, to populate them, and to destroy them. The clearest example of this divine power of the author appears in Typewriter in the Sky (1940)". Urban notes that the “theme of superior men or supermen”
in works like Typewriter in the Sky is continued in Dianetics and Scientology.

Reception
Writing in the October 1951 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Anthony Boucher and J. Francis McComas wrote favorably of Typewriter in the Sky, and characterized it as "an entertaining adventure-farce badly in need of editing". Reviewing the same edition, Groff Conklin termed it "a silly idea inexpertly carried out". The New York Times reviewer Villiers Gerson found Typewriter to be "an ironic and jaunty adventure story." Damon Knight gave the book a mixed review, commenting, "The problem [of how de Wolf can 'change the story and avert his doom'] is a tough one, and Hubbard does not so much solve it as slide around it.... This weakness is more than compensated for by the ending of the story itself – Three immortal lines".

In a 1988 article for the Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, Harlan Ellison called the work "great pulp fiction I can still reread with pleasure". George Malko noted in Scientology: The Now Religion (1970) that Typewriter in the Sky was "eagerly welcomed by devoted fans". Michael Ashley wrote in Who's Who in Horror and Fantasy Fiction (1978), "Typewriter in the Sky (1940) is a rollicking farce of a man written into another's story". Everett F. Bleiler found it to be "a routine adventure story carried through competently, with a good central idea". Janrae Frank of The Washington Post commented, "Much of his best work of the '40s and '50s, Fear, Slaves of Sleep, Typewriter in the Sky, is written in exactly the same style and won reader polls at the time."

In his biography of the author, Bare-Faced Messiah (1987), Russell Miller characterized Typewriter in the Sky as one of Hubbard's works which "would come to be regarded as classics", along with Fear and Final Blackout. In a biography of Hubbard written by Kent State University professor Donald M. Hassler in The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (1988), he noted, "Typewriter in the Sky (1940/1951), which anticipates plot gimmicks now popular among experimental metafictionists, ought to be taken seriously by the critics who will evaluate his strange genius". In a review upon the 1995 re-release of the book, Ann Patterson-Rabon of the Spartanburg Herald-Journal concluded: "A short novel, 'Typewriter' is a perfect afternoon read: quick, fun and only as deep as you care to go." Sandy Bauers of Knight News Service called the 1995 audio publication of the work "swashbuckling fun".

Peter Haining wrote in The Classic Era of American Pulp Magazines, "Typewriter in the Sky, which first appeared in Unknown in 1940, is widely considered to be one of his best works." Pulp Culture: The Art of Fiction Magazines by Frank M. Robinson and Lawrence Davidson, listed Typewriter in the Sky among Hubbard's "best work". A 2005 Publishers Weekly review of Hubbard's novel The Ultimate Adventure wrote that it "may not measure up to the best of Hubbard's work from the pulp era", citing Typewriter in the Sky and Fear as higher quality novels. British writer Adam Roberts wrote of the book in his biography of Hubbard for the edited work Fifty Key Figures in Science Fiction, calling it a "neatly self-reflexive" story. Roberts noted the character of pulp fiction writer Horace Hackett was "a Hubbardian self-portrait".

Influence
In a review of the book What Mad Universe (1949), Paul Di Filippo of Sci Fi Weekly posited that the book's author Fredric Brown may have been influenced by Hubbard's story. Umberto Rossi wrote in The Twisted Worlds of Philip K. Dick (2011) that writer Philip K. Dick was likely influenced by Typewriter in the Sky. Rossi noted Typewriter in the Sky came out in a paperback format in 1951, and a year later Dick succeeded in getting his first short story, the tale "Beyond Lies the Wub" published. Rossi said Typewriter in the Sky was "the text that admittedly inspired" The Cosmic Puppets (1957) by Philip K. Dick. In the book Harlan Ellison's Watching (1989), by Harlan Ellison, Typewriter in the Sky is compared to Purple Rose of Cairo, "I bet if L. Ron Hubbard had written Purple Rose of Cairo they'd have given it a Hugo ... I mean, it is sort of a hip, updated version of Typewriter in the Sky." Gary Westfahl quoted Hubbard's work in a book of noteworthy science fiction quotations, Science Fiction Quotations: From the Inner Mind to the Outer Limits (2005).

Writing for Locus Online, Gary Westfahl compared the screenplay of the 2006 film Stranger than Fiction to Hubbard's story, and commented, "In taking its premise into this unlikely territory, the film provides a fascinating contrast to a classic fantasy novella with a similar theme, L. Ron Hubbard's Typewriter in the Sky (1940). A lawsuit alleging that screenwriter Zach Helm improperly stole his story from Hubbard could accurately state that both works have the same basic plot." In a review of Stranger than Fiction for Cinematical, Jette Kernion similarly compared the film's plot to Hubbard's story, noting that the two stories share "some strikingly similar plot elements". In a fictional recounting of Hubbard's accomplishments, followers of Scientology cite Typewriter in the Sky among works which "inspired millions", in the Obie Award-winning 2007 satirical musical written by Kyle Jarrow, A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant. Westfahl subsequently likened the 2009 television series FlashForward to the story, writing: "one can even regard FlashForward as a form of metaliterature involving characters in a work of fiction who discover that they are characters in a work of fiction being pushed toward a particular fate, with predecessors that include L. Ron Hubbard's Typewriter in the Sky (1940) and the film Stranger Than Fiction (2006)".

References

Further reading
Analog Science Fiction & Fact, Volume 112, Issues 1–4, p. 75 (1992)

External links

1940 American novels
Novels by L. Ron Hubbard
American science fiction novels
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in Unknown (magazine)
Novels about writers
1940 science fiction novels
Gnome Press books


Mastercastle is a heavy metal band formed in 2008 in Italy by the guitar player Pier Gonella and the singer Giorgia Gueglio.

History
Mastercastle was founded in January 2008 by the guitar player Pier Gonella and the singer Giorgia Gueglio. The pair had several music projects in the past and wanted to try something different. No fixed genre was chosen with the emphasis being on producing music in a natural way.

The result was a natural mix of the virtuoso guitar style of Pier with the individual female voice of Giorgia Gueglio which worked well together. The pair wrote a great number of songs and recorded a 4 songs promo to gain label interest. In the meantime the line-up was completed by the drummer Alessandro Bissa aka Bix and the bassist Steve Vawamas; their joining changed the initial project into a real band and the name Mastercastle was settled on for the new real band.

In July 2008 they sent the demo to Lion Music who offered a deal which leads us up to the release of Mastercastle's debut album The Phoenix on 17 April 2009. The album met with widespread critical acclaim and the video for "Princess of Love" rapidly clocked up over 100,000 views on YouTube. The band had also a deal with the label Spiritual Beast for a Japanese release.

In the meantime, the band started immediately writing new stuff for a new album. Another 4 songs demo was sent to Lion Music and they get another deal. With the great experience of the previous album, the band worked better than before and produced 12 tracks (2 instrumental). The new album Last Desire was released by Lion Music on 18 June 2010, followed by the videoclip Last Desire.

In 2011, during the composition of new staff, the band was included in the project Embrace the sun, a "benefic" cd produced by Lion Music and dedicated to the victims of the tsunami and earthquake that struck Japan in March 2011. The band donated the song Sakura (with the namesake videoclip)and the album was released in June 2011 including Jennifer Batten and many other musicians. Than the band finished the production of the new album that was released by Lion Music on 18 November 2011 with the title Dangerous Diamonds.

At the end of 2011 the band started working on the fourth album, at the beginning called Metals and the line up was changed by the new drummer John Macaluso (Malmsteen, James Labrie, 'Ark', 'Tnt')
.The album was released on 19 April by Lion Music with the title On Fire.

In 2014 the band signed a deal with Scarlet Records for the releasing of the fifth album, titled Enfer (De La Bibliothèque Nationale). The album is described by the band as their heaviest effort to date, while still maintaining their trademark sound and with a special mention for the strongest production the band have ever benefited from.

On 3 October 2014 the band announced by many webzines and social networks the release of the videoclip "Enfer", and the date of release of the album "Enfer De La Bibliothèque Nationale" for October 14.

On 28 June 2022 the band released the videoclip Who Cares for The Moon with Fabio Lione as special guest singer, and later the album Lighthouse Pathetic under the label "Diamonds Prod".

Discography

Studio albums
 2009 – The Phoenix
 2010 – Last Desire
 2011 – Dangerous Diamonds
 2013 – On Fire
 2014 – Enfer (De La Bibliothèque Nationale)
 2017 – Wine of Heaven
 2022 – Lighthouse Pathetic

Collaborations

 2011 – Embrace the Sun (guest in the track 14: Sakura)

References

External links

 Mastercastle – Official myspace site of the band
 Mastercastle interview for webzine Ice Vajal
 Mastercastle interview for "Behind the veil" webzine

Musical groups established in 2008
Italian heavy metal musical groups
Italian power metal musical groups
2008 establishments in Italy
Italian musical quartets
Scarlet Records artists


The Debus–Radziszewski imidazole synthesis is a multi-component reaction used for the synthesis of imidazoles from a 1,2-dicarbonyl, an aldehyde, and ammonia or a primary amine. The method is used commercially to produce several imidazoles.  The process is an example of a multicomponent reaction.

The reaction can be viewed as occurring in two stages.  In the first stage, the dicarbonyl and two ammonia molecules condense with the two carbonyl groups to give a diimine:

In the second stage, this diimine condenses with the aldehyde:

However, the actual reaction mechanism is not certain.

This reaction is named after Heinrich Debus and .

A modification of this general method, where one equivalent of ammonia is replaced by an amine, affords N-substituted imidazoles in good yields.

This reaction has been applied to the synthesis of a range of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids by using various readily available alkylamines.

References

Nitrogen heterocycle forming reactions
Name reactions
Multicomponent ring-condensations


Svend Erik Møller (7 November 1909 – 24 March 2002) was a Danish architect.

Møller used to work with the famous Danish architect and designer Arne Jacobsen. Together they won the competition to design the new City Hall in Aarhus, which was built from 1938 to 1942. At the same time they built another town hall in Søllerød. From 1955 to 1956 they built the City Hall in Rødovre. This was the first construction with a curtain wall in Denmark.

His description of Jacobsen's SAS Royal Hotel project as a "glass cigar box" was widely used later on.

References

Modernist architects from Denmark
1909 births
2002 deaths
Recipients of the Eckersberg Medal
People from Aarhus


The Journal of Materials Science is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of materials science. It was established in 1966 by Robert W. Cahn and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The journal incorporated Journal of Materials Science Letters in 2003 and Interface Science in 2004. The Editor-in-Chief is C. Barry Carter (University of Connecticut).

In 2012, the journal announced an annual "Cahn Prize" for best paper published in the journal, in honor of its founding editor.
In 2021, the journal announced a similar annual "Bonfield Prize" for best review paper published in the journal, in honor of a former Editor-in-Chief, William Bonfield. There are two more specialized sister journals, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine and Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.220, ranking it 82nd out of 293 journals in the category "Materials Science, Multidisciplinary".

See also
Journal of Materials Science Letters

References

External links

English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1966
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Materials science journals
Biweekly journals


Évariste may refer to:

Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard (1780–1850), French painter and sculptor
Évariste Boshab (born 1956), Congolese politician
Évariste Carpentier (1845–1922), Belgian painter
Evariste Djimasdé, Chadian footballer
Évariste Galois (1811–1832), French mathematician
Évariste Régis Huc (1813–1860), French missionary traveller
Évariste Jonchère (1892–1956), French sculptor
Évariste Kimba (1926–1966), Congolese journalist and politician
Pierre-Évariste Leblanc, KCMG (1853–1918), Quebec Conservative Party leader
Évariste Vital Luminais (1822–1896), French painter
Évariste Ndayishimiye (born 1968), Burundian politician
Évariste de Parny (1753–1814), French writer
Évariste Prat (1904–1970), French cross-country skier
Saint-Évariste-de-Forsyth, Quebec, municipality in Canada
Évariste, 2015 novel by François-Henri Désérable


Sarasota Music Festival is an American classical music festival held annually during the month of June in Sarasota, Florida, under the sponsorship of the Sarasota Orchestra. The festival was founded in 1965 by conductor Paul Wolfe, who remained director of the festival through the summer of 2006. After Wolfe's retirement, conductor and composer Robert D. Levin became the festival's director. In 1984 it was designated by the Florida State Legislature as the "Official Teaching and Performing Festival of the State of Florida." In 2016 Jeffrey Kahane was appointed the festival's Music Director.

Like the Aspen Music Festival and School and the Tanglewood Music Festival, the Sarasota Music Festival not only presents concerts by established artists but also consists of a summer music academy in which emerging professional musicians participate in performances, master classes and workshops designed to provide an intense training and networking experience. In 1984 the festival was designated by the Florida state legislature as the "Official Teaching and Performing Festival of the State of Florida". Every year the festival receives hundreds of applications from students in America's best music schools, such as the Colburn School of Music in Los Angeles, the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, the New England Conservatory, the Oberlin Conservatory in Ohio, the Juilliard School in New York City, the Shepherd School of Music of Rice University, and the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York. However, less than 60 students are chosen to participate in the program each year. Since the festival's debut 45 years ago, dozens of former festival students have gone on to join such prestigious American orchestras as the New York Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Likewise, former festival students are now on the faculty at most of the major conservatories and music schools throughout the United States.

Each year the festival hires roughly 40 guest artists to not only provide training to the students at the festival but also to perform in a series of public concerts at the Sarasota Opera House and the Beatrice Friedman Symphony Center throughout the month of June. Some of the faculty artists, such as violinist and conductor Joseph Silverstein, have been faculty members at the festival for decades. Former students at the festival who have since become faculty artists include violist Robert Vernon, violinist Ani Kavafian, oboist Allan Vogel, bassoonist Nancy Goeres, and cellist Timothy Eddy, among others. Students at the  festival are also given the opportunity to perform for the public as part of the festival's orchestra and in chamber music concerts.

References

Music festivals established in 1965
Music schools in Florida
Classical music festivals in the United States
1965 establishments in Florida
Recurring events established in 1965


Wall of Arms is the second studio album by the English indie band The Maccabees, released on 4 May 2009. The album was preceded by the single "Love You Better" on 27 April. The LP was produced by Markus Dravs, who has collaborated with Björk, Arcade Fire and Coldplay in the past.

Wall of Arms was also worked on in various cities including Liverpool and Paris, unlike their first long-player which was recorded in "dribs and drabs" according to frontman Orlando Weeks. The video to the album's first official single, "Love You Better", was uploaded exclusively to ClashMusic.com on 27 March ahead of a 27 April release. A review on the same website reads: "The Maccabees have made sure that no listener is going to leave the experience not feeling touched in some way – by the tonal dexterity, the lyrical openness, or something that’s not so obvious until the third or fourth listen." The album leaked on 26 April 2009.

The album's cover art was created by British artist Boo Ritson, using her technique of coating her subjects with high gloss emulsion and photographing the result.

Reception

Many professional critics have said that this album, especially the track "No Kind Words", shows a much darker and evolved sound than former album Colour It In:
"the five-piece have set about traversing the opposite path to recognition, by delivering a distinctly darker second long-player. This shift in tone was showcased early on by the free download single 'No Kind Words'; said song sits dead in the middle of this collection like the itch that you just can’t scratch, oddly pleasurable for all its irritation." - Clash
"Dismissed as lightweight by some, the band have used their debut as a platform for Wall of Arms, a far more accomplished album that toys with the dreaded 'm' word: maturity. Gone are the playful, youthful lyrics about toothpaste kisses and innocuous fleeting moments with the opposite sex." – musicOMH
Inevitably, comparisons were drawn to Arcade Fire's album Neon Bible, since Markus Dravs produced and used similar techniques on both records:
"If this all sounds a bit Arcade Fire, note that production credits go to Markus Dravs, who worked on Neon Bible. Thankfully, though, the sound of cynical bandwagon-jumping has been edited out of the mix. In its place are a collection of atmospheric, heartfelt pop songs that frequently fly off at unexpected angles" - The Guardian

Track listing
All tracks by The Maccabees
 "Love You Better" – 3:20
 "One Hand Holding" – 3:01
 "Can You Give It?" – 2:54
 "Young Lions" – 3:00
 "Wall of Arms" – 3:04
 "No Kind Words/Bag of Bones Part A" – 3:39
 "Dinosaurs" – 3:15
 "Kiss and Resolve" – 3:07
 "William Powers" – 3:30
 "Seventeen Hands" – 3:49
 "Bag of Bones Part B" – 4.41

iTunes extended version tracks
 12. "Empty Vessels" (Single Version) Featuring Roots Manuva – 3.13
 13. "Hearts that Strangle" – 1.32
 14. "Accordion Song" – 2.49
 15. "Sleep Tonight" – 4.04
 16. "I Drove All Night" – 3.46

Singles
 "No Kind Words"
 "Love You Better" (27 April 2009)
 "Can You Give It?" (6 July 2009)

Personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.

The Maccabees
 Orlando Weeks – vocals , accordion , background vocals
 Felix White – guitar , background vocals
 Hugo White – guitar , background vocals
 Rupert Jarvis – bass guitar , background vocals
 Sam Doyle – drums , background vocals

Technical
 Markus Dravs – production , mixer , synthesizer programming
 Iain Harvie – production , mixer
 Ruadhri Cushnan – mixer
 Bob Ludwig – mastering engineer
 John Davis – mastering engineer
 François Chevallier – engineer , programmer
 Ewan Davies – engineer

Additional musicians
 Jon Natchez – baritone saxophone , tenor saxophone
 Kelly Pratt – flugelhorn , trombone , trumpet
 Markus Dravs – keyboards , background vocals
 Katie Young – background vocals
 Laura-Mary Carter – background vocals
 Rosa Slade – background vocals

References

The Maccabees (band) albums
2009 albums


Kazuhiko Hosokawa (, born 28 December 1970) is a Japanese professional golfer.

Career
Hosokawa has won eight tournaments on the Japan Golf Tour and featured in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Rankings. He has also played in The Open Championship three times where his best performance came in 2000; finishing T70.

Professional wins (10)

Japan Golf Tour wins (8)

Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–4)

Japan Challenge Tour wins (1)
1994 Korakuen Cup (1st)

Japan PGA Senior Tour wins (1)
2021 Cosmohealth Cup Senior Golf Tournament

Results in major championships

Note: Hosokawa only played in The Open Championship.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied

Results in World Golf Championships

1Cancelled due to 9/11

"T" = Tied
NT = No tournament

References

External links

Japanese male golfers
Japan Golf Tour golfers
Sportspeople from Ibaraki Prefecture
1970 births
Living people
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people


The Fifth Summit of the Americas (VSOA) was held at Port of Spain in Trinidad and Tobago, on April 17–19, 2009.

Organizers planned for the Fifth Summit  to focus on a wide-ranging theme: "Securing Our Citizens' Future by Promoting Human Prosperity, Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability."

Overview
The Summits of the Americas are a continuing series of summits bringing together the leaders of North America, Central America, the Caribbean and South America.  The function of these summits is to foster discussion of a variety of issues affecting the western hemisphere. These high-level summit meetings have been organized by a number of multilateral bodies under the aegis of the Organization of American States.  In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summits of the Americas" conference program.

 December 9–11, 1994  -- 1st Summit of the Americas at Miami in the United States.
 December 7–8, 1996  -- Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development at Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia.
 April 18–19, 1998  -- 2nd Summit of the Americas at Santiago in Chile.
 April 20–22, 2001  -- 3rd Summit of the Americas, in Quebec City, Canada.
 January 12–13, 2004  -- Monterrey Special Summit of the Americas at Monterrey in Mexico.
 November 4–5, 2005  -- 4th Summit of the Americas at Mar del Plata in Argentina.

Agenda

The host nation's task in organizing the summit programme was a multi-faceted challenge.

The top issue at the summit was the current economic crisis, which also encompassed issues of access to increased credit and lending from multilateral banks, sub-regional banks and international development banks.  Other issues included promoting human prosperity, energy security and environmental sustainability.

Regional leaders had their first face-to-face meeting with United States President Barack Obama at the summit.

Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez used his first meeting with President Obama to argue in favor of lifting the US-led embargo of Cuba. Chávez also used the occasion to publicly present Obama with a copy of Eduardo Galeano's 1971 book Open Veins of Latin America.

Security
The host country's Office for Disaster Preparedness and Management (ODPM) planned to ensure that they would be prepared to deal with the consequences of natural or man-made hazards which might impact the delegates during the Summit of the Americas. The Ministry of National Security and OPDM worked together in anticipation of over 4,000 visitors.

Other American nations made security forces available during the international event.  Premier of Bermuda Ewart Brown offered to request 35 soldiers of the Bermuda Regiment to be sent, but the offer was declined as unnecessary.  In preparation for the summit, the Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) and the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) sent 124 officers for a three-week training program in Trinidad.  The Jamaican contingent was briefed and given all the necessary resources and equipment, and they were expected to bring back to Jamaica any good ideas and best practices which might be observed during the operation.

Heads of State and Government

Notes

References
 Prieto, Alfredo. "Everybody But Cuba,"Havana Times. April 15, 2009.

External links
 Summits of the Americas
 5th Summit of The Americas
 Summits of the Americas Follow-up System (SISCA)
 Follow-up and Implementation of Summits

Organization of American States
Politics of the Americas
Diplomatic conferences in Trinidad and Tobago
21st-century diplomatic conferences (Americas)
2009 in international relations
2009 in North America
2009 in South America
2009 in Trinidad and Tobago
Port of Spain
21st century in Port of Spain
April 2009 events in North America


Ivan Lendl was the defending champion but did not compete that year.

Anders Järryd won in the final 6–7, 6–1, 6–1, 6–4 against Boris Becker.

Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.

Draw

References
1986 Buick WCT Finals Draw

Singles


Les Miserables () is a 1948 Italian drama film directed by Riccardo Freda. It is based on the Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables and stars Gino Cervi as Jean Valjean, Valentina Cortese as Fantine and Cosette, and Hans Hinrich as Javert. After the financial success of Freda's previous film The Black Eagle, Freda worked a deal with Lux Film and began developing an adaptation of Les Misérables with Mario Monicelli, Vittorio Nino Novarese and Stefano Vanzina. The film was shot entirely in Rome.

Freda's version of the film ran for over three hours in length and was released as two separate films in Italy one week from another in January 1948. The film became the highest-grossing Italian film production of the year.

Plot

Caccia all'uomo
In France, Jean Valjean tries to steal a loaf of bread to feed his grandchildren, but is immediately taken by the police and sentenced to five years in prison, which becomes 18 due to his numerous attempts at escape. After his sentence is served, he is turned away by everyone, with the only positive gesture being given to the bishop of Digne, from whom he had stolen two candelabras, who convinces him to change his life. He then builds a new identity as Mr. Madeleine, and becomes a successful industrialist. During these years, however, Inspector Javert has never stopped looking for Valjean and constantly searches for him. Valjean reacts by attempting to flee, but first fulfills a promise he has made to Fantina, a young woman driven out of the factory after it is discovered she has given birth at a young age and has to take care of her daughter Cosetta. She is temporarily entrusted to Mrs. Thenardier who, despite the money received from Valjean, treats Cosetta as a slave.

Tempesta su Parigi
Fourteen years later, all the characters meet in Paris. Valjean has built a new identity like Leblanc and protects Cosetta, keeping her away from the world and unaware of their past. The Thenardier family runs an inn where Mario, the young revolutionary, is staying, and with whom their daughter is secretly in love. Mario flees from the police and hides in the Leblanc house, where he falls in love with Cosetta. Valjean is discovered by Thenardier, who intends to take revenge but is stopped by Javert.

During the revolutionary uprisings of 1832, the fate of the various characters is fulfilled. Mario is injured and brought by Valjean to his father's home, police minister also thanks to Javert, who finally understands his mistake and leaves him free, but kills himself by leaping into the Seine. Mario reconciles with his father, and he and Cosetta can fulfill their dream of a relationship. They plan to marry, which is halted when Thenardier reappears and dies after shooting Valjean.

Cast
 Gino Cervi as Jean Valjean
 Valentina Cortese as Fantine and Cosette (as an adult)
 Hans Hinrich as Javert
 Aldo Nicodemi as Marius
 Luigi Pavese as Thenardier
 Jone Romano as Mrs. Thenardier
 Gabriele Ferzetti as Tholomyes (uncredited)

Production
Due to the success of Riccardo Freda's film The Black Eagle, which was the second-highest-grossing film in Italy in 1946, Freda was able to adapt one of his favourite novels, Les Misérables by Victor Hugo. The film began thanks to Riccardo Gualino, the head of Italy's production company Lux Film. An Italian critic and film historian described Lux Film as "Italy's biggest and most ambitious production company" as of 1947, and that it had a "strongly focused policy that recalled those adapted by the Hollywood Majors." Freda described his relationship with Gualino positively, stating that their relationship went beyond a commercial deal, stating that the two "never talked about films, and discussed of art and literature instead. He was a very cultured person." He also said, "With Gualino, I used to sign a deal in five minutes. That is to say, he simply asked me 'Freda, what film do you want to make?' and that was that." Freda originally conceived of adapting the novel when on a taxi ride with fellow directors Mario Soldati, Renato Castellani and Guido Gatti. The four were brainstorming to find stories to adapt to film, with Freda suggesting Les Misérables, which the others were astonished at, feeling it would be impossible to turn into a film. The newspaper Corriere d'informazione spitefully commented on Freda's decision to adapt the story, stating that there was a lack of adventurousness in film makers and producers who were often adopting plays and books, with Arturo Lanocita stating, "The Bottom has been reached with director Riccardo Freda, who after thinking about it for a long time, decided to shoot the 39th version of Les Misérable, a novel which perhaps you've heard of."

For the second time in a row, Freda worked on the film's script with Steno and Mario Monicelli, and for the first time Vittorio Nino Novarese, who was an art director who had just started his work as a screenwriter. The trio's script makes specific changes to the story: Marius becomes the son of the Ministry of Police and in the end Jean Valjean is killed by Tenardier. Freda commented that he wanted Valjean to "be a hero, and not a character afflicted by his past. [...] I wanted a righter of wrongs, like the Black Eagle or later Casanova of Maciste." Freda recalled that "Adapting a novel I admired so much brought up insane problems, even more because the film was made in Italy", stating that among his films he "put the most of myself [in Les Miserables]". The film was shot entirely in Rome, and involved reconstructing early 18th-century Paris entirely in the studio.

Among the cast was Gino Cervi playing Jean Valjean, which was the third time he would work with Freda. Freda stated that Cervi would wear "a bourgeois dress with golden buttons. I explained to him that he should look miserable, since he had to steal bread to feed his nephew. But he wouldn't understand. He only thought of the female audience: he had appeared in rags, his career would have ended." Freda solved the problem by throwing talcum over Cervi's frock during takes to make it look old and ragged. Valentina Cortese reflected on her role in the film, stating that "Freda was a temperamental filmmaker: one day we were shooting a scene depicting the revolutionary uprisings, tomato sauce everywhere, shoots, extra running en masse, and Freda gave me a shove so as to push me into the frame under a restive horse. My God, what a scare!" Also among the cast was Marcello Mastroianni in his film debut as one of Marius' revolutionist friends.

Release
Freda's film had a running time of over three hours. It was submitted to the board of censors in December 1947 as two separate films, which were released in Italy within the space of one week. The first was titled Caccia all'uomo (), which opened on 21 January 1948, and the second was titled Tempesta su Parigi (), which opened  on 28 January. The film grossed a total of 375 million lire, making it the highest-grossing Italian film of 1948.

The film was also distributed abroad, including in France where it was titled L'évadé du bagne and cut to 110 minutes without consultation with Freda. The film was also released in the United States as Les Miserables in March 1952.

Reception
In the United States, Joe Phodna of the New York Herald Tribune reviewed an English-language dubbed version with a running time of about two hours, stating that it had "emphasis on movement rather than social significance" and that Gino Cervi's performance was solid but uninspired. A review in The New York Times found that Valjean and Javert became two-dimensional figures whose characters "rarely, if ever, come to life" The review also commented on Freda, stating that "the director has managed to extract some of the excitement and movement inherent in the book".

See also
 Adaptations of Les Misérables

References

Bibliography

External links

1948 films
1948 drama films
1940s historical drama films
Italian historical drama films
1940s Italian-language films
Italian black-and-white films
Films directed by Riccardo Freda
Films based on Les Misérables
Films set in France
Films shot in Rome
Films produced by Carlo Ponti
Lux Film films
1940s Italian films


The International Journal of Fracture is a scientific journal focused on fracture in materials science. Founded in 1965, it is published by Springer. The journal publishes original analytical, numerical and experimental contributions which provide improved understanding of the mechanisms of micro and macro fracture in all materials, and their engineering implications. The journal has an impact factor of 2.175 (2017)

External links
Official Website
Springer Science+Business Media
SpringerLink.com

English-language journals
Engineering journals
Academic journals established in 1965
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals


Capsaspora is a monotypic genus containing the single species Capsaspora owczarzaki. C. owczarzaki is a single-celled eukaryote that occupies a key phylogenetic position in our  understanding of the origin of animal multicellularity, as one of the closest unicellular relatives to animals. It is, together with Ministeria vibrans, a member of the Filasterea clade (see “Taxonomy” below). This amoeboid protist has been pivotal to unravel the nature of the unicellular ancestor of animals, which has been proved to be much more complex than previously thought.

Description
C. owczarzaki was originally described as an amoeba-like “symbiont” of the fresh-water snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The amoebae were obtained from the haemolymph of snails originally sampled in Puerto Rico.

C. owczarzaki’s life cycle comprises 3 different stages with three different cell types, which was reported only recently. Under culture conditions, C. owczarzaki’s filopodial cells crawl attached to the substrate, with active replication until the end of the exponential growth phase. Then, cells start to detach, retracting the branching filopodia and encysting. During this cystic phase, division is stopped. Alternatively, amoebae can actively aggregate to each other by unknown factors, forming a multicellular, aggregative structure and secreting an unstructured extracellular material that seems to prevent direct cell-cell contact.

C. owczarzaki cells, in the filopodial stage, were described as 3 to 5 μm amoebas with a nucleus ⅓ - ½ of the diameter of the cell (containing a central nucleolus), long branched filopodia, mitochondria with flattened cristae, numerous phagosomes, lipid vacuoles, glycogen granules and a Golgi apparatus. Cystic cells measure 4 to 5 μm with a double wall: the outer thin, irregular and loosely attached; and the inner thicker, smooth.

Taxonomy
C. owczarzaki is together with Ministeria vibrans a member of the Filasterea clade. This group is the sister group to a clade comprising Metazoa and Choanoflagellata, which together form the Filozoa (See Figure 1). C. owczarzaki was originally described as nucleariids. However, later molecular ribosomal phylogenies placed  C. owczarzaki somewhere closer to animals than the rest of nucleariids. Finally, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis with several opisthokont taxa clearly showed that  C. owczarzaki is not a nucleariid, but part of the Holozoa. This was later on corroborated by phylogenomic analyses, one of which  situated it as sister-group to Ministeria forming the Filasterea clade, which is the sister-group to Choanoflagellatea and Metazoa.

Applications
C. owczarzaki is of scientific interest because it is one of the closest unicellular relatives of multicellular animals. Its genome has recently been sequenced and shows several genes involved in metazoan multicellularity, such as integrins, metazoan transcription factors, and protein tyrosine kinases.  Moreover, it has relevance to human health because its host, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, is also the intermediate host of the digenean flatworm Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of widespread schistosomiasis in humans. C. owczarzaki not only parasitizes the intermediate host of S. mansoni but also attacks and kills the sporocysts of the flatworm living inside the snail.

References

Eukaryote genera
Monotypic eukaryote genera
Filasterea


The Phoenix is the debut album of Italian heavy metal  band Mastercastle.

History
The album was recorded in November and December 2008 at MusicArt studios (previously called Quakesound) (Genoa, Italy), but the composition began on July. The producer was Pier Gonella. For the song "Princess of love" was produced a videoclip.
After the release of the album (17 April 2009) the Japanese label Spiritual Beast offered a deal to release a Japanese edition of the album, that was published on 20 September 2009 with 2 bonus track. One of them is the cover of the song Alien Nation, written by the hard rock/heavy metal band Scorpions.

Lyrics
The Phoenix is not a concept album. All lyrics are written by Giorgia Gueglio and are mostly influenced by human nature as well as  forgotten tales and events. In particular the song Greedy Blade tells about the disaster of Vajont, a dam on the Italian Alps that after a landslide, created a giant wave that destroyed towns and villages in the valley.

Track listing
 "Words Are Swords"
 "Princess of Love"
 "Space"
 "My Screams"
 "Lullaby Noir"
 "The Phoenix"
 "Greedy Blade"
 "Dawn of Promises"
 "Memories"
 "Cradle of Stone"

Line up
 Giorgia Gueglio - voice
 Pier Gonella - guitars
 Steve Vawamas - bass
 Alessandro Bissa Bix - drums

References

External links
 Mastercastle - Official site of the band
 Mastercastle - Princess of Love videoclip

2009 debut albums
Mastercastle albums


Agnieszka is the Polish equivalent of the female given name Agnes.

Notable people with this name include:

Agnieszka Arnold, Polish documentary filmmaker
Agnieszka Baranowska (1819–1890), Polish playwright and poet
Agnieszka Bednarek (born 1986), international Polish volleyball player
Agnieszka Brustman (born 1962), female Polish chess master
Agnieszka Brzezańska (born 1972), artist based in Warsaw
Agnieszka Brugger (born 1985), German politician
Agnieszka Chylińska (born 1976), Polish rock singer and columnist
Agnieszka Domańska (born 1970), Polish ice dancer
Agnieszka Dowbor-Muśnicka (1919–1940), Polish WWII resistance fighter
Agnieszka Duczmal (born 1946), Polish conductor
Agnieszka Dulej (born 1983), Polish ice dancer
Agnieszka Dygant (born 1973), Polish actress
Agnieszka Graff (born 1970), Polish writer, translator, publicist, feminist and activist
Agnieszka Holland (born 1948), Polish film and TV director and screenwriter
Agnieszka Karpiesiuk (born 1982), Polish track and field sprinter
Agnieszka Kołakowska (born 1960), Polish philosopher, philologist, translator and essayist
Agnieszka Kotlarska (1970–1996), the first Polish winner of the Miss International beauty pageant
Agnieszka Niedźwiedź (born 1995), Polish mixed martial artist
Agnieszka Osiecka (1936–1997), Polish poet, lyricist, and journalist
Agnieszka Pachałko, the second Polish winner of the Miss International pageant
Agnieszka Perepeczko (born 1942), actress now living in Australia
Agnieszka Pilchowa (born 1888), one of the most famous Polish clairvoyants
Agnieszka Pogroszewska (born 1977), Polish hammer thrower
Agnieszka Radwańska (born 1989), WTA Tour top 10 Polish tennis player
Agnieszka Siwek (born 1962), Polish track and field sprinter
Agnieszka Truskolaska (1755–1831), Polish actress, opera singer and theatre director
Agnieszka Włodarczyk (born 1980), Polish actress and singer
Agnieszka Warchulska (born 1972), Polish actress
Agnieszka Wieszczek (born 1983), Polish female freestyle wrestler
Agnieszka Wojtowicz-Vosloo, filmmaker and writer

Polish feminine given names
Feminine given names


Computational Mechanics is a monthly scientific journal focused on computational mechanics. It is published by Springer and was founded in 1986. The journal reports original research in computational mechanics. It focuses on areas that involve the rational application of mechanics, mathematics, and numerical methods in the practice of modern engineering.

Areas covered include solid and structural mechanics, multi-body system dynamics, constitutive modeling, inelastic and finite deformation response, and structural control. The journal also covers fluid mechanics and fluid-structure interactions, biomechanics, free-surface and two-fluid flows, aerodynamics, fracture mechanics and structural integrity, multi-scale mechanics, particle and meshfree methods, transport phenomena, and heat transfer. Lastly, the journal publishes modern variational methods in mechanics in general.

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.014.

References

External links

English-language journals
Engineering journals
Computer science journals
Academic journals established in 1986
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals


The 1987 WCT Finals was a season-ending men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the 17th edition of the WCT Finals and was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was played at the Reunion Arena in Dallas, Texas in the United States from April 7 through April 13, 1987. The best eight players on the Grand Prix circuit qualified for the tournament. Winners of a Grand Slam tournament automatically qualified. Unseeded Miloslav Mečíř won the title.

Final

Singles

 Miloslav Mečíř defeated  John McEnroe 6–0, 3–6, 6–2, 6–2
 It was Mečíř's 4th singles title of the year and the 7th of his career.

References

WCT Finals
WCT Finals


Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal) is a Pentecostal Christian denomination founded in North Carolina in 1969 by Johnnie Draft and Wallace Snow. Both these men had been members of the Church of God (Apostolic) prior to establishing this church. The only difference between the Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal) and that from which it was founded is its organization, a centralized church polity. Authority is vested in the executive board, which owns all the church property.  This was a departure from the organization the Church of God (Apostolic) had, where an Overseer and an "International General Assembly" governs the church and its property. The Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal) left the Church of God (Apostolic) under Overseer Charles W. Conn.

See also
 Apostolic Assemblies of Christ
 Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus
 Apostolic Brethren
 Apostolic Church (denomination)
 Apostolic Faith Church
 Apostolic Gospel Church of Jesus Christ
 Apostolic Pentecostalism
 Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost
 International Apostolic Fellowship
 List of Christian denominations#Apostolic Churches – Irvingites

 Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God

References

Pentecostal denominations in North America
Christian organizations established in 1969
Christian new religious movements


Veljko (Cyrillic script: Вељко) is a masculine given name of Slavic origin. It may refer to:

FK Hajduk Veljko, Serbian football club based in Negotin, Serbia
Hajduk Veljko Petrović (1780–1813), Vojvoda of the First Serbian Uprising rebellion against the Ottoman Empire
Veljko Čubrilović (1886–1915), involved in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Veljko Popić (born 2005), Serbian war hero
Veljko Bakašun (1920–2007), Croat water polo player
Veljko Bulajić (born 1928), Yugoslavian film director and actor from Montenegro
Veljko Despot, born March 4, 1948, in Belgrade
Veljko Kadijević (born 1925), former General of the Army in the Yugoslav People's Army
Veljko Milatović (1921–2004), Montenegrin Communist partisan, politician, statesman
Veljko Nikitović (born 1980), Serbian footballer who currently plays for Górnik Łęczna
Veljko Paunović (born 1977), former Serbian footballer
Veljko Petković (born 1977), Serbian volleyball player
Veljko Petrović (poet) (1884–1967), leading Post-Modernist Serbian poet
Veljko Stanojević (1892–1967), Serbian painter
Veljko Uskoković (born 1971), Montenegrin water polo player
Veljko Vlahović (1914–1975), Montenegrin member of the Yugoslav Communist Party from 1935

See also
Veljković
Veljkovo

Slavic masculine given names
Serbian masculine given names
Masculine given names


Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati (new spelling: Cokorda Gde Raka Sukawati), (15 January 1899 in Ubud, Gianyar, Bali – 1967) was the only President of the State of East Indonesia from 1946 to its disestablishment in 1950. He served from 1946 until the dissolution of the East Indonesian State in 1950. His title, Tjokorda Gde, signalled that Soekawati belonged to the highest ksatria (one of the four noble castes in Bali). He had two wives, the first a Balinese, Gusti Agung Niang Putu, who gave him a son named Tjokorda Ngurah Wim Sukawati. In 1933, he married a French woman named Gilbert Vincent, who gave him two children.

Biography

Early life and education
Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati was born on 15 January 1899 in the city of Ubud on the island of Bali, then part of the Dutch East Indies and now part of the Gianyar district of the Indonesian province of Bali. Balinese by ethnicity, he belonged to the Balinese caste of ksatria, corresponding to the Indian kshatriyas, as indicated by the component "Tjokorda" in his name. Sukawati family from the beginning of the XIX century ruled Ubud, the principality of Gianyar; the latter, in turn, depended on the Dutch administration. Sukawati's father, Tjokorda Gede Sukawati, was the ruler of Ubud at the time of his son's birth.

In his young years, Soekawati attended a school for Indonesian officials. In 1918, as a candidate Indonesian civil servant, he was an official Indonesian candidate appointed by the Bandung auditors. At the end of the same year he was mantri police (a title for native officials) to Denpasar. In 1919, he had political ambitions and was promoted to Punggawa (district) of his birthplace Ubud. In 1924 he was elected member of the Volksraad, which he held until 1927. Then, in the same year, he was a member of the board of delegates of the Volksraad. At the end of 1931 At the end of 1931, he abdicated in favor of his younger brother, Tjokorda Gde Agung Soekawati, and went to study in Europe. At the end of 1931 he left for Europe on a study assignment and first acted as head of the Balinese section of the Dutch exhibition at the international colonial exhibition in Paris. He then went to the Netherlands for his actual study assignment, which included the study of cooperative systems in agriculture and livestock breeding, about which he submitted a report on his return to the Indies in 1932. Until 1931 Sukawati remained a member of the board of delegates and until the Japanese invasion he remained a member of the Volksraad.

Political activities
After his return in 1932, he took a seat on various committees, such as the Agrarian Committee - where he, together with Prof. Logemann, dealt with the problem of Indonesian fundamental rights, among other things. Moreover, after his return from Europe, he was made available as a resident of Bali and Lombok and was also charged with the administration of justice in Boeleleng-Bandoeng and Karangaseni. A year after the Japanese capitulation, he started his political career. In July 1946, he was delegated to Malino , where he was chairman of the contact committee. At this conference he was also elected as a member of the advisory board for Borneo and East Indonesia. At the Denpasar Conference, he again chaired the General Committee. At the end of August 1946, he stayed in the Netherlands for a short time, together with the sultan of Pontianak, Syarif Hamid II, to give information about the Conference of Malino.

President of East Indonesia

Between 18 and 24 December 1946, Soekawati attended the conference in Denpasar and was chosen as interim president of the State of the Great East, soon renamed the State of East Indonesia. The conference also led to the formation of the Provisional Parliament of East Indonesia. The "Republic of Indonesia" saw it as a puppet state of the Netherlands, at least until Prime Minister Anak Agung gde Agung, through his so-called "Synthese-politics" (cooperation with the Republic), succeeded in securing the recognition of the Sukarno / Hatta government as a future "co-state" in the (federated) United States of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS). However, the mistrust remained. This is because the Dutch participated in the administration of East Indonesia, especially in the beginning, and that the KNIL was prominent. The latter was necessary, because in certain places, such as in South Sulawesi, there was a lot of unrest, caused by 'pemudas' (youths). The first governments were characterized by fraud and corruption, but that changed under Prime Minister Agung. When the Netherlands transferred sovereignty to the RIS in 1949, the state ran into problems. The Republic sent troops to Sulawesi, against which former KNIL commander Andi Aziz led the Makassar Uprising. Sukawati was probably part of the plot, but that has never been proven. Thought was given to the declaration of an independent state of East Indonesia, but that initiative failed because the Netherlands did not want to cooperate. The uprising ended, parliament dismissed the government and dissolved the state. The new East Indonesian Cabinet was pro-Republican and advocated the integration of East Indonesia into the unitary Indonesian Republic. On 21 April 1950, he successfully negotiated East Indonesia's integration into a unitary Republic of Indonesia, heeding majority support for a unitary state. Sukawati had no choice but to merge into the unitary state of Indonesia and therefore voted positively when Sukarno proclaimed Indonesia a unitary state on 17 August 1950. Sukawati played an important role in the process of peaceful reintegration of the State of East Indonesia into the Republic of Indonesia.

Personal life
Soekawati had a Balinese wife, Gusti Agung Niang Putu, of which a son was born Tjokorda Ngurah Wim Sukawati. In 1933 Tjokorda Raka married a French woman named Gilberte Vincent with whom he had two sons.

References

Further reading
 Hoe de Baliër zich kleedt (1926),p. 12

1899 births
1967 deaths
Balinese people
Indonesian Hindus
Indonesian politicians
Politicians from Bali
People of the Indonesian National Revolution
People from Gianyar Regency
Politicians from the State of East Indonesia


Mordechai Gazit (: September 5, 1922 - May 29, 2016) was an Israeli diplomat. He served as an adviser to Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir, ambassador to France, and Director-General of the Israeli Foreign Ministry.

Biography
Mordechai Weinstein (later Gazit) was born in  Istanbul, Turkey to a family of Ukrainian Jews. His younger brother was Shlomo Gazit. The family immigrated to Palestine when he was a child.

At 14, he joined the Haganah, and completed an officer's course in 1943. In 1946, he was chosen to participate in the first class of the Institute of Advanced Studies, a diplomatic school set up by the Jewish Agency to train a generation of professional diplomats for the future Jewish state.

Gazit received a master's degree in archaeology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Military career
During the 1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, Gazit commanded a Haganah unit that was sent to hold Al-Qastal after its capture by Palmach commandos on April 3, 1948. During a lull in the fighting, a Haganah sentry under Gazit's command shot and killed Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, the commander of the Army of the Holy War. Gazit personally examined the body and took his papers. Although Gazit's Haganah unit was later pushed out of Kastel by an Arab counterattack, Husayni's death had a devastating effect on Arab morale.  He fought in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War as an intelligence officer and company commander in the Etzioni Brigade, participating in fighting in the Jerusalem area. He led an effort to resupply the besieged Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem's Old City, and was severely wounded in the fighting.

Diplomatic career
In 1949, he joined the Israeli Foreign Ministry and was posted as a secretary at the Israeli Embassy in London. He later served in Rangoon, and in various senior positions within the Israeli Foreign Ministry. He was Deputy Director-General of the Immigrant Absorption Ministry from 1969 to 1970, and ambassador to France from 1976 to 1979.

Gazit rejected the argument that Israel missed an opportunity to make peace with Egypt from 1970 to 1973 after Anwar Sadat became Egypt's president. He also rejected the claim that Jordan's King Hussein warned Meir about the impending Arab attack on Israel in 1973.

References

Further reading
 Israeli Diplomacy and the Quest for Peace (London: Frank Cass, 2002)
 “The Genesis of US-Israel Military – Strategic Relationship and the Dimona Issue,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 3 (July 2000), pp. 413–422.
 The Peace Process 1969-1973: Efforts and Contacts (Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1983)

1922 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of Israel to France
Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
Turkish Ashkenazi Jews
Haganah members
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Burials at Yarkon Cemetery
Turkish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine