"Imma Put It on Her" is the first single from the American R&B boy band Day26's second studio album, Forever in a Day. It features Diddy and Yung Joc. Willie Taylor, Robert Curry, & Que share lead vocals, with Brian Angel and Big Mike providing ad libs.

Song information
The song was produced by Blaze "The Champ" and was released digitally on iTunes on March 31, 2009, with a pre-order of the album Forever in a Day. Though a leaked version of the song containing only Day26 had been leaked in late February 2009, the updated album version features Diddy and Yung Joc. The song was written by Day26.

Music video
A video for the song was shot in early March 2009 in Miami, Florida, with director Rage and was released on April 2, 2009, on Day-26.com and Mtv.com. It ranked at #77 on BET's Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2009 countdown.

Official versions
Album version
Radio Edit
Instrumental
Capo Decina Remix

Chart information
Since its release on the iTunes Store, the song has reached #5 on the R&B/Soul chart and #55 on the Top 100 Songs chart.

The single entered the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number 98 on the issue date of April 11, 2009. The following week it entered on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 11 which equates to 111 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song went on to peak at #79 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #29 on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Airplay charts.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2008 singles
Sean Combs songs
Yung Joc songs
Bad Boy Records singles
Music videos directed by Dale Resteghini

pt:Got Me Going


"Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind" is a song written by Sanger D. Shafer and Darlene Shafer, and recorded by American country music artist George Strait.  It was released in September 1984 as the lead-off single and title track from his album of the same name.  It reached number one on the country music charts in the United States, and number 10 in Canada.

Content
The song is about a guy back in Fort Worth, Texas. He’s enjoying a few beers and thinking about his former woman who’s now with someone else in nearby Dallas. The guy wonders if she ever thinks of him and the good times they had together.

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a 'B' grade, saying that it "has a great opening line" and a "more confident vocal and a Texas-centric focus certainly would’ve made it stand out back in 1984."

Other versions
Moe Bandy recorded the song for his 1977 album I'm Sorry for You My Friend. Keith Whitley recorded the song also in 1984, and released it to radio as a non-album track. It received moderate airplay.

Chart positions

References

1984 singles
Moe Bandy songs
George Strait songs
Songs about Texas
Songs written by Sanger D. Shafer
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles
1977 songs


Barros  is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in the Asturian city of Langreo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain and a parish of the same name. It is located between the districts of Riaño and La Felguera.

Villages

Population
Its population is about 1,000 inhabitants, and covers an area of 2.63 km².

Feasts
Barros celebrates its feast in honor of the Immaculate Conception in August.

Facilities
In Barros, the Stephen Hawking Neurological Disability Center is being completed. Barros has a train stop for the Cercanías Asturias RENFE, from the C-2 line, and bus lines that connect to Oviedo, Avilés, Gijón and the rest of the Nalón Valley. Its inhabitants are called pozaricos. Economic development is by means of the valley and La Felguera coal extraction industries. In Barros there is still an old mine,  el Pozo Barros, and its limits is the old Nitrastur Factory.

Parishes in Langreo
Langreo


Ernest John Campbell (23 September 1903 – 13 July 1993) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. Born in Chatham Township, Ontario, he was a farmer by career.

He was first elected at the Lambton—Kent riding in the 1957 general election and re-elected there in the 1958 election. He was defeated by John Burgess of the Liberal party in the 1962 election.

References

1903 births
1993 deaths
Farmers from Ontario
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs


James Drummond Erskine III (April 7, 1919 – March 21, 2009) was an American character actor. He appeared in more than 75 films during his decades long acting career, which spanned over 50 years.

Erskine became known in his later life for a series of cameo appearances on various television shows, including a running gag on the Late Show with David Letterman in which he parodied an aging Regis Philbin beginning in 2008.

Biography

Early life
Erskine was born in 1919 in Manhattan. He attended private schools before enrolling at the University of Virginia.

Erskine left college at the beginning of World War II in order to enlist in the United States Army. He volunteered to serve in the Army's first airborne unit beginning in 1942. He was trained in the proper ways to jump and operate a glider at Fort Benning, Georgia. Erskine served in the Army as a trainer with the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, the same regiment which would later be the subject of Band of Brothers, a History Channel documentary. The 506th Regiment was based in Currahee Mountain, Georgia, during the war.

He suffered a broken hip in a maneuver jump accident in Tennessee and was told that he wouldn't be able to jump again. Erskine was able to recover and rejoin his Regiment in the European theater. Erskine participated in some of the largest battles of World War II, including the Battle of the Bulge.

Erskine left the U.S. Army after the end of World War II as a lieutenant colonel.

Career
Erskine worked for the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in both the United States and Liberia following the end of the war. He simultaneously pursued his acting career while continuing to work for Firestone.

Erskine ultimately appeared in more than 75 films during his career, as well as many television and stage productions, over more than 50 years. Erskine once barely lost a role in a play to actor Charlton Heston, reportedly due to the dramatic way Heston descended a flight of stairs during casting. "He wouldn't just walk down the stairs – he'd leap," Erskine later remarked in an interview with Newsday.

He was often cast as Abraham Lincoln due to his "chiseled features", including a one-time appearance on the Alcoa Show during the 1950s.

Erskine again became known to viewers in 2008 when he appeared as an aging Regis Philbin on the Late Show with David Letterman.

Erskine had also worked for Guidepost magazine, an interfaith publication started by Norman Vincent Peale.

Death
Drummond Erskine died on March 21, 2009, at the age of 89. He was a resident of Cold Spring Harbor, New York, at the time.

Erskine was survived by his sister, Alison Farrar, of Lyme, New Hampshire, as well as three generations of nieces and nephews, who called him "Uncle Drummy." His memorial service was held at  St. John's Episcopal Church in Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

Filmography

References

External links

1919 births
2009 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male stage actors
Male actors from New York (state)
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of World War II
Male actors from Manhattan
People from Cold Spring Harbor, New York
20th-century American male actors


Quién como tú (English Who like you) is the fifth studio album by Mexican pop singer Ana Gabriel. It was released on November 17, 1989. The album was nominated to the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in 1990, but lost to José Feliciano's ¿Por Qué Te Tengo Que Olvidar? (Why do I have to forget you?). The album was awarded "Pop Album of the Year" at the 1991 Lo Nuestro awards. The album reached number one in the Billboard Latin Pop Albums staying in the chart for 48 weeks.

Track listing
Tracks:
 Quién Como Tú - 03:35
 Baila El Reggae - 03:36
 Ni Un Roce (Nem Um Toque) - 04:32
 En la Oscuridad - 03:56
 Adiós Tristeza (Bye Bye Tristeza) - 04:18
 Algo (Something) (George Harrison) - 03:19
 Hice Bien En Quererte [Lambada] Version Corta - 04:04
 Sólo Quiero Ser Amada - 03:30
 Déjame Sola - 03:30
 Fui Yo - 05:10

Singles
 Quién como tú reached #1 on Hot Latin Tracks.
 Ni Un Roce reached #4 on Hot Latin Songs.
 Hice Bien En Quererte

Commercial performance
Quién Como Tú reached number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums, making it her second album to top the chart.

See also
List of number-one Billboard Latin Pop Albums from the 1980s

References

1989 albums
Ana Gabriel albums


Cyclochila australasiae is a species of cicada and one of Australia's most familiar insects. It is distributed through coastal regions of southeastern Australia. Green specimens are commonly known as green grocers and yellow ones as yellow mondays.

It is one of the loudest insects in the world.

Taxonomy
Cyclochila australasiae was first described as Tettigonia australasiae in 1805 by amateur zoologist Edward Donovan, who reported that  it was common in New South Wales and many specimens had been collected and sent to England. Ernst Friedrich Germar named it Cicada olivacea in 1830. It was the second Australian species of cicada described after the double drummer (Thopha saccata).

It was formerly commonly known as the Great Green Cicada; in addition, the various colour forms have different vernacular names, including Yellow Monday for a common yellow morph; Chocolate Soldier for a rare dark tan form; Blue Moon for a rare turquoise form; and Masked Devil for its red-orange form. The names for the green and yellow forms have been recorded since at least 1896. Australian entomologist Walter Wilson Froggatt reported that the green form was known as green Monday (alongside yellow Monday for the yellow form) in his 1907 work Australian Insects.

Description
Cyclochila australasiae measures about  in length, with a wingspan of . Diverse colour forms are seen, the most common being predominantly green or brownish yellow. It has red eyes. The exuvia, or discarded empty exoskeleton of the nymph form, is commonly seen on tree trunks in gardens and bushland during the summer months.

The loud calls of the male are heard over the summer months; harsh and high-pitched, these may reach 120 decibels. The sound is made by the rapid buckling of the timbal ribs, and amplified by resonation in an air sac; the frequency is around 4.3 kHz. Calls occur in the afternoon and dusk of warm days.

Distribution and habitat
Cyclochila australasiae is found from Kroombit Tops in southeastern Queensland through eastern New South Wales and Victoria to the Grampians, and through to Mount Gambier in southeastern South Australia. It is common along the Great Dividing Range, and is also found in the Warrumbungles. It is commonly seen (and heard) around Sydney and Melbourne, the Blue Mountains and Gippsland. In Brisbane, it is only encountered at elevations above 300 m (1000 ft). It was associated with the white stringybark (Eucalyptus globoidea) in a study at three sites in western Sydney.

Life cycle

Their median total life cycle length is around six to seven years, this being from egg to a natural adult death. Most of this spent as a nymph. The cicada spends seven years in nymph form drinking sap from plant roots underground before emerging from the earth as an adult.  The adults, who live for six weeks, fly around, mate, and breed over the summer.

In popular culture
Live cicadas are often collected by climbing trees and can be kept temporarily as pets in shoeboxes. They cannot easily be kept for longer than a day or two, given that they need flowing sap for food.

The Green grocer cicada is now the topic of a popular Australian children's book, "Cecil Singer Cicada" (Michelle Cox) released in January 2020.

The lifecycle of the Cicada was also referenced in the children's book Cicada (2018) by Shaun Tan.

The Yellow Monday form is referenced in Clive James' epic poem "The River in the Sky" (2018).

References

Cicadinae
Hemiptera of Australia
Insects described in 1805


Levels and Degrees of Light is the debut album by Muhal Richard Abrams which was released on the Delmark label in 1968 and features performances of three of Abrams' compositions by Abrams, Anthony Braxton, Leroy Jenkins, Charles Clark, Gordon Emmanuel, Maurice McIntyre, Thurman Barker and Leonard Jones with vocals by Penelope Taylor and a poetry recitation by David Moore.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Brian Olewnick calling it "a landmark album that launched the first in a long line of beautiful, musical salvos from the AACM toward the mainstream jazz world...  This is a milestone recording and belongs in the collection of any modern jazz fan". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3 stars stating "Levels and Degrees of Light would be a slightly difficult record to place in a blindfold test. It is certainly not untypical of the Chicago experimentation of the period, except it seems much less chaotic, much more responsive to European tradition". The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide said the album "features an intriguing first side with wordless vocal and several AACM stalwarts...but falls apart in the poorly recorded wall of sound that covers side two".

Track listing
All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams except as indicated
 "Levels and Degrees of Light" - 10:33
 "The Bird Song" (Abrams, David Moore) - 23:00
 "My Thoughts Are My Future - Now and Forever" - 9:43

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams: piano, clarinet
Anthony Braxton: alto saxophone
Maurice McIntyre: tenor saxophone
Leroy Jenkins: violin
Gordon Emmanuel: vibraphone
Charles Clark: bass
Leonard Jones: bass
Thurman Barker: drums
Penelope Taylor: vocals
David Moore: poet (track 2)

References

1968 debut albums
Muhal Richard Abrams albums
Delmark Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Koester


The California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (CALRA)  is a landmark statute in United States labor law that was enacted by the state of California in 1975, establishing the right to collective bargaining for farmworkers in that state, a first in U.S. history.

The goal of the Act is to "ensure peace in the agricultural fields by guaranteeing justice for all agricultural workers and stability in labor relations." The Act, part of the California Labor Code, explicitly encourages and protects "the right of agricultural employees to full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, to negotiate the terms and conditions of their employment, and to be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers of labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection."

The Act established rules and authorized regulations similar to those of National Labor Relations Act, a federal law which formally protected the collective bargaining rights of most American workers except farm and domestic workers. The California Agricultural Labor Relations Board (ALRB) administers the Act.  The ALRB has two functions: To conduct, oversee, and certify representation elections, and to investigate unfair labor practice (ULP) charges and pursue remedies.  Administrative law judges and agency staff adjudicate most cases, with the five-member Board serving as a final arbiter.

Background
Collective bargaining rights for most hourly workers in the United States were first given legal protection in 1933 by Section 7a of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Although NIRA did not specifically exempt agricultural laborers from the protection of the Act, the Roosevelt administration—eager to win over farm-state members of Congress—argued that farmworkers were excluded. When the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was enacted in 1935, it, too, specifically exempted agricultural workers due to pressure from the "farm bloc" in Congress. Although a number of attempts were made in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s to organize farm laborers, these efforts were unsuccessful.

In August 1966, the National Farm Workers Association and Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, two unrecognized and relatively minor labor unions claiming to represent farm workers in California, merged to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (the predecessor organization to the United Farm Workers). Adopting the philosophy of pacifism in the face of often violent reaction to its organizing efforts and engaging in strikes, hunger strikes, boycotts and secondary boycotts (including the particularly successful Delano grape strike), marches, rallies, and cutting-edge public relations campaigns, the United Farm Workers (UFW) began organizing large numbers of agricultural laborers into unions. In some cases, the UFW even won recognition and negotiated contracts.

Impetus for legal action

The Salad Bowl strike

A series of violent strikes and inter-union jurisdictional battles set the political stage for passage of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act. By 1969, the UFW was on the verge of winning the four-year-old Delano grape strike. But as the Delano grape strike seemed to be ending, an attempt by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters to organize farm laborers in the Salinas Valley in California led to the costly "Salad Bowl strike." Six thousand drivers and packing workers represented by the Teamsters struck on July 17, 1970, winning a contract on July 23 under which growers gave the Teamsters, not the UFW, access to farms and the right to organize workers into unions. Secret talks between the UFW and the Teamsters led to an agreement to return jurisdiction over the field workers to the farm union, but the agreement collapsed on August 23 and 7,000 UFW workers struck the Salinas Valley growers. Violence, sporadic at first but increasingly widespread, began to occur in the fields. On December 4, federal marshals arrested and jailed César Chávez. Two days later, an anti-union mob nearly rioted when former Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete Rafer Johnson and Ethel Kennedy, widow of slain Senator Robert F. Kennedy visited Chávez in jail. The two unions signed a new jurisdictional agreement reaffirming the UFW's right to organize field workers,

Worsening violence of the jurisdictional dispute
The Teamsters resumed their dispute with the UFW in December 1972, which led to further extensive disruptions in the state agricultural industry, mass picketing, mass arrests, and extensive violence. Many growers signed contracts with the Teamsters on April 15, and thousands of UFW members began picketing in the fields. Mass arrests jailed more than 1,700 UFW members by late July (some county jails had three times the number of detainees they were legally capable of holding), and UFW members accused law enforcement officers of beating detainees.

Soon organizing battles between the two unions became violent. "Flying squads" of Teamsters began attacking UFW supporters in broad daylight in the Coachella Valley. The violence worsened when the dispute moved into the Delano vineyards. Seventy farm workers were attacked on July 31, a UFW picketer was shot on August 3, five firebombs were thrown at UFW picket lines on August 9, two UFW members were shot on August 11, and a UFW picketer was shot to death on August 16. Finally, a tentative agreement was reached on September 27, 1973; the Teamsters again agreed to leave jurisdiction over farm field workers to the UFW.

The new agreement did not last long. On November 7, just 41 days later, the Teamsters union said it would not repudiate the contracts it had signed. But the UFW now had too few resources and membership to do much about it. The UFW deployed its best strategic weapon, the boycott, and kept up the push for a national boycott of grapes, wine and lettuce. The Teamsters reiterated their pledge to uphold their contracts in November.

By late 1974, many observers concluded that the UFW was no longer a viable force.  It called a few small strikes, defied court injunctions to stop picketing, and continued pushing its national boycotts.  But in July, it was forced to end picketing at some grape fields near Delano. The Teamsters were in no better position to win organizing battles. It had opened a major organizing drive in March 1974  and established a regional farm workers' local in June, but the effort was in chaos by November. Newspaper columnists, however, began wondering in June whether the UFW had any capacity to fight, and by February 1975 had concluded the union had no future.

The Modesto march and the push for legislation
The ongoing fight between the Teamsters and UFW and its effect on UFW's organizational viability led César Chávez to seriously consider legal reform as a solution to his union's problems. Chávez had rejected legislative solutions in the past by arguing that a truly successful union movement must be built from the ground up rather than rely on top-down activity. But Chávez began to reconsider this stand in light of the attacks by the Teamsters. Additionally, the time seemed right for a legislative program: Jerry Brown, long an avid supporter of the UFW, had been elected Governor of California in November 1974. Brown had even hired LeRoy Chatfield, a former high-level UFW staffer, as one of his key aides.

Once in office, however, Brown's support for the UFW cooled. The UFW knew it had to make a strong political showing in order to push Brown and the California State Legislature to act.

The UFW considered more mass picketing, more rallies, and more boycotts, but the union was worried that it had lost the support of farm workers and the public and that such events would point out the weakness of the union rather than its strength. Instead, the UFW settled on a 110-mile (180 km) march by a small group of UFW leaders from San Francisco to the E & J Gallo Winery in Modesto. The organizers envisioned a small but dramatic march that would not require large numbers of participants. Just a few hundred marchers left San Francisco on February 22, 1975. But more than 15,000 people joined them en route by the time they reached Modesto on March 1.

The spontaneous, spectacular success of the Modesto march garnered significant media attention, and proved that the UFW still had the support of farm workers.

Legislative history of CALRA
The dramatic success of the Modesto march energized the farm labor movement in California. Governor Brown quickly began pushing for labor law reform. Grower resistance never emerged, as many employers were reluctant to continue the fight against the UFW. "The grape boycott scared the heck out of the farmers, all of us," said one major grower, and employers did not want another UFW boycott.

Previous legislative efforts
Several previous efforts to enact legislation protecting collective bargaining rights for farm workers had emerged in California between 1969 and 1975, but all had failed. César Chávez had briefly supported labor law reform in California in April 1969, and Conservative Republican State Senator George Murphy had sponsored a bill backed by Republicans and growers the same year to guarantee the right to organize, imposed secret-ballot elections, and restricted the right to strike and to engage in boycotts. But the Murphy bill, as well as a less restrictive bill in the State Assembly, died. Murphy introduced an even more restrictive bill in 1970, but that too failed.

The first positive sign for labor law reform came in 1971.  An association of major growers agreed to support legislation which provided for recognition of farm worker unions in January 1971. The State Senate narrowly approved a bill opposed by the UFW, but the Assembly killed the measure. Based on the support for the growers in the State Senate, the growers backed a ballot measure, Proposition 22, which would have guaranteed the right to organize but placed heavy restrictions on the right to strike, boycott, and picket. California's then-Secretary of State, Jerry Brown, sued to have Proposition 22 removed from the ballot amid allegations of signature fraud on the approving petition, violation of child labor laws (children as young as six years old were alleged to have been paid to collect signatures), and bribery. The measure went down to defeat.

The next legislative push came in 1973. The American Farm Bureau Federation, the nation's largest association of farmers and a representative of many California growers, proposed amending the federal National Labor Relations Act to permit agricultural workers to organize. The change led California Governor Ronald Reagan to introduce a bill in the California state legislature that would permit agricultural field workers to unionize under secret ballot elections as well as ban secondary boycotts. But the state Assembly did not pass the bill. However, Jerry Brown—declaring that a "bloody civil war" existed in the Central Valley—came out in favor of a legislative solution in August 1973. Brown, a longtime labor attorney who had met César Chávez in 1968, had long supported the UFW and helped introduce UFW leaders to Hollywood stars, directors, and studio heads in order to help the union win critical support in the entertainment industry.

Brown's public support and his impending run for governor (which was widely anticipated) led Chávez to make a stronger push for labor law reform in 1974. Chávez and John F. Henning, Executive Secretary-Treasurer of the California Labor Federation (the state body of the AFL-CIO, wrote the bill and first-term Chicano Assemblyman Richard Alatorre (D-Los Angeles) introduced the bill. But Governor Ronald Reagan led opposition which killed the bill.

Passage
Jerry Brown's election as governor significantly improved the chances of passing a bill in 1975. Two of the 26 paragraphs of Brown's inaugural address were devoted to the need for farm labor legislation, Assembly Speaker Leo T. McCarthy voiced his support for the legislation.

The bill which would eventually become CALRA was introduced in both chambers of the state legislature on April 10, 1975. Top UFW staff member Dolores Huerta acted as the farm worker union's chief lobbyist. With McCarthy, some growers, and the UFW behind the bill, a key State Senate committee approved the bill on May 7. Key labor unions (including the Teamsters), arguing that card check rather than secret ballot elections should be the bill's preferred method of resolving unionization disputes, opposed the bill. Nonetheless, a key State Assembly committee approved it on May 12, despite attempts by some Teamster members to intimidate legislators into opposing the bill. The opposition was countered by the UFW, which held rallies to support the bill, and agreement was reached on May 19 on a compromise bill.<ref>"Parade Here Backs Efforts by Chavez To Unionize Farms." New York Times. May 11, 1975; Bernstein, Harry. "McCarthy Joins Unions in Seeking Farm Bill Change." Los Angeles Times. May 15, 1975; Bernstein, Harry. "Pact on Farm Bill Rejected by Teamsters." Los Angeles Times. May 17, 1975; "2,800 Rally at Capitol to Back Farm Measure." Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1975; Bernstein, Harry. "Agreement Reached on Farm Labor Bill." Los Angeles Times. May 20, 1975.</ref>

By that time, however, the deadline for passing a bill out of its chamber of origination had passed, and Governor Brown was forced to call a special session of the legislature to pass the farm labor bill. A Senate committee approved the bill on May 21, the full Senate passed the bill on May 26, two Assembly committees reported the bill on May 27, and the Assembly passed the bill and set it to Governor Brown for his signature on May 29. Just 50 calendar days were needed to pass the bill.  Governor Brown signed the legislation into law on June 4, 1975.

Structure of the Act
The Act defines agriculture to include farming (which includes cultivation and tillage of soil; dairy production; cultivation, growing, and harvesting of agricultural or horticultural commodities; raising livestock, bees, furbearing animals, or poultry; and/or forestry or lumbering operations), and includes all activities incidental to or in conjunction with agriculture (such as preparation for market, transportation, or storage). Employees are defined in the Act, but the definition excludes anyone engaged in construction, painting, building repair, or land moving operations unrelated to the preparation of land for cultivation.

The Act establishes a five-member Agricultural Labor Relations Board (ALRB), whose five-year terms are staggered so that one member's term ends on January 1 of each year. The ALRB must issue a written report on its activities to the Governor and Legislature each year, may establish officers or offices and delegate all or part of its authority to such on an as-needed basis, and has extensive investigatory, subpoena, and enforcement powers.

The Act defines unfair labor practices for both employers and labor unions. Section 1154 (d) of the Act bans strikes (including recognition strikes) by workers who have not selected an organization as their labor representative through the procedures outlined by the Act, but protects secondary picketing and publicity only if the labor union is the certified bargaining representative or has not lost an election at the worksite in the past 12 months and only if the publicity or picketing does not induce others to engage in strikes. Section 1154.5 explicitly bans hot cargo agreements. The Act also requires bargaining in good faith.

The Act outlines procedures similar to those of the National Labor Relations Act for electing a representative labor organization. Only secret ballot elections are permitted. The Board has the right to determine the correct bargaining unit, and an election is triggered only when a petition signed by a majority of current workers is presented. There are several bars to holding an election (including the existence of an existing certified labor organization, an election was held and lost within the previous 12 months, and an election was held but no contract executed within the previous 12 months).

To encourage the adoption of collective bargaining agreements, the Act (as amended) provides for the declaration of an impasse, mandatory and binding 30-day mediation and conciliation, review of the mediator's report, and court review of binding mediation. The Act contains a "make-whole" remedy for bad-faith bargaining intended to encourage employers to bargain in good faith. Under this provision, the ALRB can "take affirmative action including...making employees whole, when the Board deems such relief appropriate, for the loss of pay resulting from the employer's refusal to bargain".

Implementation
Governor Brown nominated the ALRB's first five members (a Catholic bishop, a farmer, a member of La Raza Unida Party, a former UFW official, and a former Teamsters attorney) on June 23, 1975, just 18 days after signing the Act into law. The ALRB had an initial budget of $1.5 million ($6.46 million in 2009 inflation-adjusted dollars).

CALRA went into effect on August 28, 1975. Draft regulations governing the operation of the Board and secret ballot organizing elections were issued 10 days earlier, but did not address the controversial issue of whether union organizers would have access to the workplace (e.g., fields)."Farm Election Rules Released." Los Angeles Times. August 19, 1975. The ALRB issued rules giving organizers access to fields on August 29, and the UFW filed for the first union elections under the Act on September 1. But a federal district court enjoined the Board from implementing its worksite access rules on September 3—putting a halt to some ballot-counting in several elections. By the end of the first week of elections, the UFW had won 22 bargaining units and the Teamsters 13, while growers had alleged the UFW had committed unfair labor practices in several elections. The California Supreme Court lifted the ban on union organizers in the fields on September 18, and the ALRB issued its first formal ULP complaints (against two growers) the next day.

The inexperience of the Board and its agents, the large number of court challenges to the new law, the large number of elections held, and the large number of alleged violations of the law led to significant delays in voting, ballot-counting, and enforcement. A special panel of attorneys and investigators was named by Governor Brown on October 4 to help alleviate the backlog, and strengthened penalties for anyone found guilty of committing a ULP were put in place on October 16 to help reduce the number of violations.

Impact of the law
By the end of January 1976, the ALRB had received 604 election petitions, conducted 423 elections involving over 50,000 workers (80 percent of elections had objections filed), received 988 ULP charges, issued 254 citations for violations of the Act, and issued 27 decisions. Between 1975 and 1984, unions won 88 percent of all elections, but between 1984 and 2003 won less than 50 percent of elections. By 1994, however, two-thirds of all elections had been held in the Act's first three years, and since 1978 about half of all elections had been decertification elections.

Despite the large number of union elections, CALRA's effect on union membership seems mixed at best. Much of this evidence focuses on the UFW, assumed to be the prime beneficiary of the Act. Membership in the UFW fell from a high of more than 70,000-60,000 in 1972 to a low of 6,000-5,000 in 1974, but rose to just 18,000 by 1977."Rendering to Cesar." Time. September 22, 1975. The Teamsters, however, had more than 55,000 farm worker members by 1977. The UFW had only six major collective bargaining agreements by 1994 (one vegetable grower, four citrus growers, one mushroom grower, and a host of small nurseries). However, one study concludes that mass importation and use of illegal immigrants—not flaws in CALRA—are holding down additional collective bargaining gains. Others conclude (on the basis of anecdotal evidence) that the Teamsters have signed sweetheart deals with perhaps as many as 375 growers, holding down membership gains for the UFW.Bacon, David. The Children of NAFTA: Labor Wars on the U.S./Mexico Border. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004. ; Rosales, Francisco Arturo. Chicano!: The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Houston, Tex.: Arte Publico Press, 1997. ; Lifsher, Marc. "UFW Seeks New Way to Organize." Los Angeles Times. September 14, 2007. Others criticize the ALRB for being politicized.  Critics point to the change in the Board in 1980, when George Deukmejian, the new Republican governor of California, replaced the Brown board with allegedly pro-grower members, leading to low union confidence in the Board's impartiality and a severe decline in the number of election petitions brought before the board.

One positive outcome has been the end of jurisdictional warfare between the UFW and Teamsters. The UFW signed an agreement with the Teamsters in March 1977 in which the UFW agreed to seek to organize only those workers covered by CALRA, while the Teamsters agreed to organize all other agricultural workers. The agreement also led the UFW to end its boycott of lettuce, grapes, and wine in February 1978. Why did the two unions sign the agreement? UFW officials claimed the Teamsters were on the verge of losing a jurisdictional battle for 50,000 workers being decided by the ALRB, but at least one press report indicated that the scandal-scarred union wished to burnish its public image.

It is also not clear whether CALRA has had a beneficial effect on the Californian economy. One study concluded that the Act actually resulted in a net economic loss: Higher prices were being charged for produce, farm worker earnings and land values had actually dropped. However, another analysis has concluded that these economic effects are minimal compared to the reduction in poverty which has occurred.

The Act's "make-whole" provision has also come under scrutiny. Although the make-whole provision's goal is laudable, it is argued, the Board's decisions have led to litigation that lasts for years and mitigate the impact of any awards.

Efforts at revision
A number of efforts to revise CALRA have been made over the years.  The first significant effort came in 2000, when Democratic Governor Gray Davis vetoed an effort to expand CALRA's reach to stablehands at the state's horse racing tracks.

A major revision was enacted in 2002. A rising number of impasses in collective bargaining appeared to be frustrating the purpose of CALRA. The UFW backed two bills which would impose binding arbitration and mediation on unions and employers if an impasse was declared.Greenhouse, Steven. "Farm Union Bill Holds Peril for California Leader." New York Times. August 9, 2002. The bills passed the state legislature in August 2002, and Governor Davis signed them into law in October. Growers filed suit in state court to have the amendments declared unconstitutional, but a state appeals court upheld the revisions in 2006.

Another attempt to revise the law in 2007 was also unsuccessful.  The UFW backed a bill which would allow card check unionization, arguing that large majorities of workers signed union authorization cards but then were intimidated into voting against the union during the election process.  The growers argued that the UFW was either duping or intimidating workers into signing union authorization cards, and that the secret ballot voting revealed the true feelings of workers. But the bill did not pass either chamber.

Footnotes

References

Further reading

 Flores, Lori A. Grounds for Dreaming: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the California Farmworker Movement (Yale University Press, 2016). xvi, 288 pp.
 Pawel, Miriam The Union of Their Dreams: Power, Hope, and Struggle in Cesar Chavez's Farm Worker Movement'' (Bloomsbury Press, 2009, ISBN 1596914602). 384 pp.
"The Agricultural Labor Relations Board." Agricultural Personnel Management Program, University of California, Berkeley.
The Fight in the Fields: César Chávez and the Farmworkers' Struggle, a documentary film which covers, in part, the UFW-Teamster struggle and enactment of CALRA

External links
California Agricultural Labor Relations Board (ALRB)

United States labor legislation
Agricultural labor in the United States
Agr
Agr
Labor relations in the United States
United States agriculture legislation
United Farm Workers
Jerry Brown
Agr
Agr
1975 in labor relations
1975 in American law


Kosawat Wongwailikit (, born February 17, 1988), simply known as Tae (), is a Thai retired professional footballer who plays as a defender.

External links
 Profile at Goal

1988 births
Living people
Kosawat Wongwailikit
Kosawat Wongwailikit
Men's association football central defenders
Kosawat Wongwailikit
Kosawat Wongwailikit
Kosawat Wongwailikit
Kosawat Wongwailikit


Sivalenka Sambhu Prasad (26 January 1911 – 8 June 1972)  was a journalist and Indian National Congress politician, who took over the Daily News Paper Andhra Patrika (Daily Telugu language Newspaper), Andhra Sachitra Vara Patrika (Telugu Language Weekly Magazine) and Bharathi (Telugu Language Monthly covering classical Literature)  which were published from Chennai City (then Madras) which was the capital of Composite State of Madras (Madras Presidency) from his father-in-law Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao, the founder of Andhra Patrika group of publications in 1903, inventor of "Amrutanjan", a pain balm with natural ingredients, in 1893 and a freedom-fighter. After taking over he led the group of publications from 1938 to 1972. Rao also bequeathed all properties and Amrutanjan business to Sambhu Prasad, which he ran along with publications. During Sambhu Prasad's lifetime there were many important events in India, including the Second World War, the Independence of India, and much of the life, and the death, of Mahatma Gandhi. He was called "Ayyavaru" (Teacher and Guru) by his employees.
The centenary of his birth was celebrated in 2011 by a function was attended by dignitaries and journalists, including Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Konijeti Rosaiah.

Early life
Sambhu Prasad was born to S. Sivabrahmam in the then Madras Presidency. He graduated from the Viswa Bharathi University and joined the Indian independence movement. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.

Education
Sivalenka Sambhuprasad graduated from the Santiniketan school founded by Rabindranath Tagore.

Member of Parliament
Sambhu Prasad was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952 and served from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956. He subsequently served a term in the Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh States.

Family
Sambhu Prasad married Kamakshamma (daughter of Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Desodharaka Nageswara Rao Pantulu Garu). They had two sons and three daughters.

First Son Sivalenka Radhakrishna ;
First Daughter Leela Bhramara ( born in 1935- named in memory of Sambhu Prasad's Teacher in Shantiniketan School Smt Leela Mazumdar and Sambhu Prasad's mother Smt Bhramaramba, Married to Digavalli Sitarama Rao Son of Digavalli Subba Rao, the then Head of Medical Department of Andhra State;
Second Daughter Nageswaramma( born in 1938- named in memory of the maternal grandfather Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao and Father in law of Sambhu Prasad and Founder of Andhra Patrika Publications and Amrutanjan as she was born on the same night Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao died in 1938. Married to Pasumarthi Satyanarayana Murthy, son of Pasumarthi Sivaprasada Vekat Rao )
Third Daughter Sivalenka Ramayamma ( named in memory of Maternal Grandmother Smt Ramayamma and wife of  Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao)
(Second Son)Sivalenka Nageswara Rao (Named In Memory of Maternal Grandfather  Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao)

Death

 Sambhu Prasad died on Thursday 8 June 1972 at Chennai.

References

External links

1911 births
1972 deaths
Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu
Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu


Sumanya Purisai (, born 5 December 1986) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Uthai Thani.

Club career
Purisai played for Osotsapa in the 2007 AFC Champions League group stages, scoring one goal. Purisai moved to Buriram FC in 2011, and won the 2011 Thai Division 1 League with them. After that he moved to Buriram United FC, expectations were high for him in Buriram United. He was not very successful with Buriram United, resulting in a move to Chainat Hornbill. Purisai was Chainat Hornbill's starting eleven, he regained his confidence in Chainat Hornbill. He continued to perform well in Chainat Hornbill. The 2013 Thai Premier League was Purisai's year as he scored and assisted many goals for Chainat Hornbill.

International career
He played for the Thailand national under-23 football team at the 2009 Southeast Asian Games. He scored an unofficial penalty against Denmark League XI in the 2012 King's Cup
He was part of the 2012 AFF Suzuki Cup, and he replaced Datsakorn Thonglao after Datsakorn suffered a groin injury during the tournament. In 2018 he was called up by Thailand national team for the 2018 AFF Suzuki Cup.

International Goals
Scores and results list Thailand's goal tally first.

Honours

Club
Buriram
 Thai Division 1 League (1): 2010
Port
 Thai FA Cup (1): 2019
BG Pathum United
Thai League 1 (1): 2020–21
 Thailand Champions Cup (1): 2021

International
Thailand
 AFF Championship (1): 2022

References

External links

 Sumanya Purisai profile at Bangkok United website

1986 births
Living people
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Men's association football midfielders
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
Sumanya Purisai
2019 AFC Asian Cup players


Saint-Hilaire-de-Dorset is a parish municipality in the Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality in the Chaudière-Appalaches region of Quebec, Canada.

The municipality is named after Hilary of Poitiers and the county of Dorset in England.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Saint-Hilaire-de-Dorset had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

Commission de toponymie du Québec

Incorporated places in Chaudière-Appalaches
Parish municipalities in Quebec


Kabfah Boonmatoon (, born March 12, 1987), simply known as Fah (), is a Thai retired professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Thai League 2 club  Ayutthaya United.

International career

In November 2009 he was called up to the Thailand squad for the 2009 Southeast Asian Games.

International

References

External links
 Profile at Goal

1987 births
Living people
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Men's association football midfielders
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Kabfah Boonmatoon
Kabfah Boonmatoon


Louis Barillet (1880 – 1948) was a French artist, known for his work in stained glass.  Among those with whom he collaborated were Théodore-Gérard Hanssen and Jacques Le Chevallier.  His windows may be seen in the church of Notre-Dame-des-Missions-du-cygne d'Enghien and in the Saint-Sauveur de Bellême Church.

References

French stained glass artists and manufacturers
People from Alençon
1880 births
1948 deaths


Ciañu is one of eight parishes (administrative divisions) in Langreo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

List of towns

References

Parishes in Langreo
Langreo


Ben Goddard (October 17, 1942 – June 15, 2018) was a political consultant and founding partner of First Tuesday, Goddard Claussen, Goddard Global, and Goddard Gunster.  He is widely regarded as the godfather of issue advocacy advertising and is credited with creating the genre of national issue advocacy advertising with the Harry & Louise campaign, paid for by private health insurance companies to help defeat the Clinton health care plan of 1993.

Career and accomplishments
He was president of the International Association of Political Consultants, and was a featured columnist in The Hill newspaper, providing reviews and comments on campaign messages and strategies.

Notable Goddard campaigns include Harry & Louise, the Pacific Life Whales, and Prop 187 in California. According to the Goddard Gunster website, Goddard has received dozens of awards for creativity, including a television Emmy, and his commercials are part of the Smithsonian Institution permanent collection.

In the 1970s and 1980s Goddard served as a media consultant to candidates for state and national office including Jimmy Carter, Gary Hart, Mo Udall and Bruce Babbitt.

In addition to his work in the United States, Goddard also created the first political advertising in the Soviet Union to preserve Boris Yeltsin's free-market reforms.

Goddard married Louise Caire Clark, the actress who played Louise in his Harry & Louise ad campaign. He died on June 15, 2018, following "years of challenging and debilitating medical issues".

References

American advertising people
1943 births
2018 deaths
The Hill (newspaper) journalists
Businesspeople from Idaho
American political consultants


The gens Vibia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Although individuals named Vibius appear in history during the time of the Second Punic War, no members of this gens are found at Rome until the final century of the Republic.  The first of the Vibii to obtain the consulship was Gaius Vibius Pansa in 43 BC, and from then until imperial times the Vibii regularly filled the highest offices of the Roman state.  The emperors Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus each claimed descent from the family.

Origin
The nomen Vibius is a patronymic surname, derived from the praenomen Vibius, which must have belonged to an ancestor of the gens.  The name is generally regarded as an Oscan praenomen, and it is found extensively in Campania, but it was also used in Latium, and appears at Rome from a very early period, being used by the patrician Sestii, and occasionally by members of several prominent plebeian families.  The Vibian gens itself was probably Oscan.

Praenomina
The main praenomina of the Vibii were Gaius, Lucius, and Quintus.  A family of imperial times used the praenomen Titus, while individual examples of Aulus and Sextus are known.

Branches and cognomina
The cognomina of the Vibii under the Republic were Pansa and Varus, each of which occurs on coins.  Both surnames derive from the physical characteristics of the persons to whom they originally applied; Pansa translates as "splay-footed", while Varus is "knock-kneed".

Members

 Vibius Accuaeus, a native of Accua, a village in Apulia, led a cohort of Paelignian soldiers in the Roman army in 212 BC, during the Second Punic War, and fought with conspicuous bravery.  It is not certain whether Vibius was his praenomen or his nomen.
 Vibius Paciacus, or perhaps Pacianus, gave refuge to Crassus, who had fled to Hispania to escape the proscriptions of Marius and Cinna in 86 BC.
 Gaius Vibius C. f. Pansa, a moneyer, and the adoptive father of the consul Pansa Caetronianus.
 Vibius, a man who bore a great resemblance to Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, and was frequently mistaken for the general.
 Lucius Vibius, an eques, leader of the publicani at Syracuse in the time of Verres.
 Sextus Vibius, a resident of Larinum, was murdered by Oppianicus.
 Vibius Cappadox, a resident of Larinum, whom Aulus Cluentius Habitus was accused of having poisoned.
 Vibius Curius, one of the commanders of Caesar's cavalry at the beginning of the Civil War.  Several of Pompeius' generals went over to Caesar, and were accepted by Curius.  He is probably the same Vibius who gave Cicero the books of the poet Alexander Lychnus.
 Gaius Vibius C. f. C. n. Pansa Caetronianus, consul in 43 BC, led the Roman forces against the supporters of Marcus Antonius at the Battle of Forum Gallorum, where he gained the victory thanks to the assistance of his colleague, Aulus Hirtius.  Pansa was mortally wounded in the fighting, and died soon afterward.
 Gaius Vibius C. f. C. n. Postumus, consul suffectus from the Kalends of July in AD 5.  In AD 10, he helped quell a revolt of the Dalmatae, for which he received the triumphal ornaments.  He was governor of Asia from 12 to 15.
 Aulus Vibius C. f. C. n. Habitus, consul suffectus from the Kalends of July in AD 8.
 Manius Vibius Balbinus, governor of Gallia Narbonensis from AD 15 to 17.
 Gaius Vibius Rufus, consul suffectus in AD 16.
 Gaius Vibius Serenus, one of the accusers of Marcus Scribonius Libo in AD 16.  He was governor of Hispania Ulterior in 23, when he was condemned and exiled to the island of Amorgus in the Cyclades, on a charge of vis publica, riot or revolt, but in reality because he was an enemy of Sejanus.  He was recalled the following year, after his own son accused him of plotting against Tiberius, but was subsequently returned to Amorgus.
 Gaius Vibius C. f. Marsus, consul suffectus from the Kalends of July in AD 17, and probably governor of Africa around AD 20.  He was later accused of being one of the accomplices of Albucilla, but escaped condemnation by the death of Tiberius in 37.  He was governor of Syria in 47.
 Vibia Laelia, the daughter of the consul Marsus and his wife Laelia, married Publius Plautius Pulcher.
 Gaius Vibius C. f. Serenus, accused his exiled father of having plotted against Tiberius, together with Caecilius Cornutus, a former praetor.  Cornutus took his own life before trial, but the elder Serenus vehemently proclaimed his innocence, and under torture his slaves supported him.  The younger Serenus became a notorious delator, but his accusation of Gaius Fonteius Capito was not believed.
 Vibius Fronto, commander of the cavalry in Cilicia, captured Vonones, the deposed King of Parthia, during the latter's flight to Armenia in AD 19.
 Gaius Vibius Rufinus, consul suffectus in AD 40 or 41, and governor of Germania Superior from about 42 to 45.
 Vibia, or Vibidia, the wife of Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus, consul in AD 32, was exiled by Claudius in AD 53, along with her son, Lucius Arruntius Furius Scribonianus, on a charge of having consulted astrologers to determine the date of the emperor's death.
 Lucius Vibius (L. f.) Secundus, probably the elder brother of Quintus Vibius Crispus.
 Quintus Vibius (L. f.) Crispus, afterward Lucius Junius Quintus Vibius Crispus, a wealthy orator of considerable talent, was consul suffectus under Nero in AD 63 or 64, proconsul of Africa in 72 and 73, and consul for the second time in AD 74, with the future emperor Titus, from the Ides of March to the Ides of May.  He received a third consulship under Domitian, in 82 or 83.  Tacitus suggests that he gained his fortune as a delator in the reign of Nero.
 Quintus Vibius Q. f. (L. n.) Secundus, consul suffectus from the Kalends of March to the Kalends of May in AD 86.
 Titus Vibius Catienus Sabinus, husband of a Maria N. f. Modia. Possibly identical with Titus Catienus Sabinus who was proconsul of Cyprus in 43.
 Lucius Vibius Sabinus consul suffectus some time in the latter part of the first century, married Salonia Matidia, the niece of Trajan, and was the father of the empress Vibia Sabina.
 Lucius Vibius Lentulus, fiscal secretary under Trajan, was the first known eques to hold the position, which had formerly been entrusted to freedmen.
 Gaius Vibius Maximus, governor of Egypt from AD 103 to 107.
 Vibia, the wife of Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus, consul in AD 112, and mother of Titus Sextius Lateranus, consul in 154.
 Titus Vibius Varus, consul suffectus from the Kalends of September in AD 115.
 Vibia L. f. Sabina, daughter of the consul Lucius Vibius Sabinus, became the wife of Hadrian, and Roman empress from AD 117 to her death, about 136.
 Vibia L. f. (Matidia), possibly a sister of empress Sabina proposed by some historians.
 Quintus Vibius Gallus, consul in AD 119.
 Gaius Julius Lupus Titus Vibius Varus Laevillus, quaestor in Asia in AD 132.
 Titus Vibius Varus, consul in AD 134.
 Titus Clodius Vibius Varus, consul in AD 160.
 Vibia Perpetua, said to have been a young mother, martyred as a Christian at Carthage in AD 203.
 Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus, had been consul and governor of Moesia Superior, was proclaimed emperor in AD 251.  He was slain in August, 253, as Aemilian marched on Rome.
 Gaius Vibius C. f. Volusianus, the son of Trebonianus Gallus, was proclaimed emperor alongside his father, following the death of Hostilian in 251.  Volusianus was slain along with his father in 253.
 Vibia Galla, the daughter of Trebonianus Gallus.
 Vibius Passienus, according to Trebellius Pollio, proconsul of Africa during the reign of Gallienus.  He is said to have proclaimed Titus Cornelius Celsus, a former military tribune, emperor, during the unrest of AD 265.  The rebellion was quashed, and Celsus slain, within a week. The historicity of the entire episode is doubted by modern scholars.
 Vibius Sequester, the author of a treatise naming and briefly describing various geographical features found in Roman poets, including rivers, springs, lakes, woods, swamps, and mountains.  He may have borrowed from Servius, which would place him in the fifth century.
 Vibius, the engraver of a carnelian intaglio depicting Othryades.

See also
 List of Roman gentes

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Verrem, Pro Cluentio.
 Gaius Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War).
 Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
 Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.
 Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
 Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).
 Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (Quintilian), Institutio Oratoria (Institutes of Oratory).
 Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, Historiae, Dialogus de Oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory).
 Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
 Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
 Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
 Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History).
 Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome).
 Sextus Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus (On the Caesars), Epitome de Caesaribus (attributed).
 Zosimus, Historia Nova (New History).
 Jordanes, Getica.
 Joannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Epitome of History).
 Anne Claude de Caylus, Recueil d'Antiquités Égyptiennes, Étrusques, Greques, Romaines et Gauloises (Collection of Egyptian, Etruscan, Greek, Roman, and Gallic Antiquities), Paris (1752–1755).
 Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
 Desiré-Raoul Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, Firmin Didot Frères, Paris (1832).
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
 Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1854).
 René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
 George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
 Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, Oxford University Press (1939), Ammianus and the Historia Augusta, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1968).
 Anthony R. Birley, Marcus Aurelius, B. T. Batsford, London (1966).
 E. Mary Smallwood, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian, Cambridge University Press (1966).
 G. V. Sumner, "The Lex Annalis under Caesar", in Phoenix, vol. 25, No. 3 (1971).
 Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 24, pp. 290–311 (1974), "The Fasti for the Reign of Claudius", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 28, pp. 407–426 (1978), "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
 Guido Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p" (List of the Prefects of Egypt from 30 BC to AD 299), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 17 (1975).
 A.L.F. Rivet, Gallia Narbonensis, Batsford, London (1988).
 Olli Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire, Societas Scientiarum Fenica, Helsinki (1992).
 Werner Eck, Paul Holder, and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 194 (2010).
 Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy, Cambridge University Press (2012).
 Emily Hemelrijk and Greg Woolf, Women and the Roman City in the Latin West, Brill (2013).

Roman gentes
Roman gentes of Samnite origin


Jacques Le Chevallier (July 26, 1896 – 1987) was a French glassmaker, decorative artist, illustrator, and engraver.  He was mobilized during World War I; after the war he became a master artisan in the studio of Louis Barillet, with whom he remained until 1945. His collaborators there included Théodore-Gérard Hanssen.

Biography
His father was a representative in the architecture circles and his mother an art teacher in Paris.

As a child, Le Chevallier attended the École natione des Arts décoratifs between 1911 and 1915 where he was a student of Paul Renouard and Eugene Morand. Although mobilized during World War I, Le Chevallier eventually became a master artisan in 1920 in the studio of Louis Barillet with whom he remained until 1945.

Le Chevallier was a member of the Société des artistes décorateurs and secretary of the Salon d'Automne, in which he sometimes participated in as an artist doing paintings and watercolors. He was also one of the 25 founding members of the Union des Artistes Moderne (UAM) in 1929.

In 1948, Le Chevallier organized the Centre d’Art sacré in collaboration with Maurice Rocher and has been a lecturer in stained glass windows at the École supérieure des Beaux-Arts.

Works
He is among others known for his production of luminaries during the 1920s and 1930s.  He used industrial materials to create lamps designed for individuals in general or to be used in well-defined architectural projects.

Le Chevallier also created a number of stained glass windows in the studio of Louis Barillet, 15 Square de Vergennes, for the French Pavilion at the Exposition international des Arts décoratifs de 1925 in Paris.

He worked on the windows of churches and chapels in France, Belgium and Switzerland (Doullens, La Roche-Posay, Noireau Conde-sur-, Notre Dame du Cap Lihou, Saint-Sauveur de Bellême Church, Saint-Hilaire-du-Harcouët, Bourg-en-Bresse ) and cathedrals ( Notre-Dame de Paris, Saint-Maurice d'Angers, Saint-Pierre de Beauvais, Saint-Jean de Besançon, Saint-Etienne de Toulouse, Cathedral of Laon, Soissons Cathedral) and abroad in the framework of the Second Reconstruction. He also made the windows of the Church of Our Lady (Liebfrauenkirche) in Trier

Among his finest achievements are the works done with the help of his son Borny (Metz) for the Church of Saint-Pierre de Pingusson.

Expositions
Several exhibits are devoted to Le Chevallier in 2007–2008. They include:

 Piscine de Roubaix
 Musée départemental de l'Oise in Beauvais
 la Fondation Solange Bertrand in Montigny-lès-Metz
 15 Square de Vergennes in Paris.

References

French engravers
French illustrators
French decorative artists
French stained glass artists and manufacturers
1896 births
1987 deaths
20th-century engravers
20th-century French printmakers


Amos Simon Cottle (1766–1800) was an English translator and poet. His publications include, Icelandic poetry or The Edda of Sæmund which was first printed in 1797 with Robert Southey as a co-author.

Life
The elder brother of the author Joseph Cottle, he was born in Gloucestershire. He received a classical education at Mr. Henderson's school at Hanham, near Bristol, and subsequently as a mature student at Magdalene College, Cambridge, taking his B.A. degree in 1799. He died at his chambers in Clifford's Inn on 28 September 1800.

Works
His principal work is Icelandic Poetry, or the Edda of Saemund, translated into English verse, Bristol, 1797. It is not stated whether the translation is made from the original Icelandic or from a Latin version; it is not faithful nor vigorous. It is preceded by a critical introduction, and a poetical address from Southey to the author, which contains the panegyric of Mary Wollstonecraft, ‘who among women left no equal mind.’ She died on 10 September 1797, and Cottle's preface is dated on 1 November.

His final work, the blank-verse epic poem Alfred the Great (written in twenty-four books, after the Iliad and Odyssey), was published in London in the year of his death.

Other poems of Cottle, including one on missionary enterprise and a Latin ode on the French conquest of Italy, were published with his brother's Malvern Hills.

References

Attribution

1766 births
1800 deaths
English male poets
Translators of the Poetic Edda
18th-century English translators


The setor (Tajik: сетор) is a stringed musical instrument played in the eastern regions of Tajikistan, within the Pamiri culture.  It is a much larger instrument than the Iranian setar, and more closely resembles the Uzbek tanbur or Indian sitar.  The setor has metal strings and is played with wire fingerpicks.

The body of the setor is made like a dutar, with separate ribs. The soundboard is made of softwood, with soundholes drilled into it. The neck is wide and hollow, with a straight pegbox. There are generally 10 metal strings, including a few extra drone strings starting from pegs half way on the left side of the neck. The frets are wound-on nylon or gut.

See also
Setar
Sitar
Baglama
Chitrali sitar

References

Tajik musical instruments
String instruments


Lada is one of eight parishes in Langreo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

Lada has a population of 3.500 inhabitants. In Lada, the German enterprise Bayer produce the world 100% acetylsalicylic acid for the aspirin. Lada has also an important  thermal power station. Until the Spanish industrial conversion, Lada hosted a lot of little factories.

Parishes in Langreo
Langreo


Edmund William Berridge (1843–1923) was a medical doctor in London, homoeopathist in the United States and occultist. He joined the Golden Dawn in May 1889, taking the magical name "Respiro" and the motto Resurgam (I shall rise again). He was also a follower of Thomas Lake Harris.

In the book Moonchild written by Aleister Crowley, Berridge is grossly depicted as Dr Balloch, a professional abortion provider. Earlier, in 1911, Berridge testified in court on the matter of Crowley's reputation.

The Golden Dawn

Berridge was an active member of the Isis-Urania lodge and according to biographer Francis King, he was the only senior Adeptus who remained loyal to Mathers during the revolt in 1900. He wrote (under a pseudonym) a series of articles for the Unknown World, an occult magazine published by A.E. Waite. It was Berridge who introduced Waite to the Golden Dawn.

Berridge was appointed by Mathers, as his London representative. In his autobiography (Shadows of Life and Thought), Waite explains that a few of the members approached him to allege that the temple was badly mismanaged, and had soon died out. As King indicates, this might not be true at the time. The temple became active as early as 1903 and was still flourishing in 1913, with twenty-three members.

Many of the members of the Golden Dawn wrote knowledge lectures, called flying rolls. During his time in the Isis-Urania Temple he wrote two of their knowledge lectures and collaborated on a third. On December 11, 1892, he issued flying roll number 5 titled Some Thoughts on the Imagination. On January 12, 1894, he issued flying roll number 24 titled Horary Figure, derived from a lecture he gave on the subject of horary astrology.

Bibliography
Complete repertory to the homoeopathic materia medica. 1873, reprinted in 1994 by B. Jain Publishers

References

Sources

1843 births
1923 deaths
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
19th-century British medical doctors
British expatriates in the United States


The ITTF World Youth Championships is an annual table tennis competition for juniors under 19 and under 15. From 2003 to 2019, the World Junior Table Tennis Championships was held for juniors under 18. The ITTF changed the U18 age group into U19 in 2020, and implemented the new World Youth Championships for U19 and U15 in 2021. The World Youth Championships is currently composed of two team events and five individual events in each of the U19 and U15 age groups.

Editions

 2020 World Junior Table Tennis Championships was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Medals

World Junior Table Tennis Championships (2003–2019)

 2003, 2004 and 2005 have not share bronze medals in team events.

ITTF World Youth Championships (2021–2022)

See also
Table tennis at the Youth Olympic Games
World Table Tennis Championships
World Para Table Tennis Championships

References

External links
World Youth Championships
ITTF Results Ranking and Statistics

table tennis
Table tennis competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 2003
Annual sporting events


In computational geometry and computer science, the minimum-weight triangulation problem is the problem of finding a triangulation of minimal total edge length. That is, an input polygon or the convex hull of an input point set must be subdivided into triangles that meet edge-to-edge and vertex-to-vertex, in such a way as to minimize the sum of the perimeters of the triangles. The problem is NP-hard for point set inputs, but may be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy. For polygon inputs, it may be solved exactly in polynomial time. The minimum weight triangulation has also sometimes been called the optimal triangulation.

History
The problem of minimum weight triangulation of a point set was posed by , who suggested its application to the construction of triangulated irregular network models of land countours, and used a greedy heuristic to approximate it.   conjectured that the minimum weight triangulation always coincided with the Delaunay triangulation, but this was quickly disproved by , and indeed  showed that the weights of the two triangulations can differ by a linear factor.

The minimum-weight triangulation problem became notorious when  included it in a list of open problems in their book on NP-completeness, and many subsequent authors published partial results on it. Finally,  showed it to be NP-hard, and  showed that accurate approximations to it can be constructed efficiently.

Complexity
The weight of a triangulation of a set of points in the Euclidean plane is defined as the sum of lengths of its edges.  Its decision variant is the problem of deciding whether there exists a triangulation of weight less than a given weight; it was proven to be NP-hard by . Their proof is by reduction from PLANAR-1-IN-3-SAT, a special case of the Boolean satisfiability problem in which a 3-CNF whose graph is planar is accepted when it has a truth assignment that satisfies exactly one literal in each clause. The proof uses complex gadgets, and involves computer assistance to verify the correct behavior of these gadgets.

It is not known whether the minimum-weight triangulation decision problem is NP-complete, since this depends on the known open problem whether the sum of radicals may be computed in polynomial time. However, Mulzer and Rote remark that the problem is NP-complete if the edge weights are rounded to integer values.

Although NP-hard, the minimum weight triangulation may be constructed in subexponential time by a dynamic programming algorithm that considers all possible simple cycle separators of  points within the triangulation, recursively finds the optimal triangulation on each side of the cycle, and chooses the cycle separator leading to the smallest total weight. The total time for this method is .

Approximation
Several authors have proven results relating the minimum weight triangulation to other triangulations in terms of the approximation ratio, the worst-case ratio of the total edge length of the alternative triangulation to the total length of the minimum weight triangulation. In this vein, it is known that the Delaunay triangulation has an approximation ratio of , and that the greedy triangulation (the triangulation formed by adding edges in order from shortest to longest, at each step including an edge whenever it does not cross an earlier edge) has an approximation ratio of . Nevertheless, for randomly distributed point sets, both the Delaunay and greedy triangulations are within a logarithmic factor of the minimum weight.

The hardness result of Mulzer and Rote also implies the NP-hardness of finding an approximate solution with relative approximation error at most O(1/n2). Thus, a fully polynomial approximation scheme for minimum weight triangulation is unlikely. However, a quasi-polynomial approximation scheme is possible: for any constant  a solution with approximation ratio  can be found in quasi-polynomial time exp(O((log n)9).

Heuristics
Because of the difficulty of finding the exact solutions of the minimum-weight triangulation, many authors have studied heuristics that may in some cases find the solution although they cannot be proven to work in all cases. In particular, much of this research has focused on the problem of finding sets of edges that are guaranteed to belong to the minimum-weight triangulation. If a subgraph of the minimum-weight triangulation found in this way turns out to be connected, then the remaining untriangulated space may be viewed as forming a simple polygon, and the entire triangulation may be found by using dynamic programming to find the optimal triangulation of this polygonal space. The same dynamic programming approach can also be extended to the case that the subgraph has a bounded number of connected components and the same approach of finding a connected graph and then applying dynamic programming to fill in the polygonal gaps surrounding the graph edges has also been used as part of heuristics for finding low-weight but not minimum-weight triangulations.

The graph formed by connecting two points whenever they are each other's nearest neighbors is necessarily a subgraph of the minimum-weight triangulation. However, this mutual nearest neighbor graph is a matching, and hence is never connected. A related line of research finds large subgraphs of the minimum-weight triangulation by using circle-based β-skeletons, the geometric graphs formed by including an edge between two points u and v whenever there does not exist a third point w forming an angle uwv greater than some parameter θ. It has been shown that, for sufficiently small values of θ, the graph formed in this way is a subgraph of the minimum-weight triangulation. However, the choice of θ needed to ensure this is smaller than the angle  for which the β-skeleton is always connected.

A more sophisticated technique called the LMT-skeleton was proposed by . It is formed by an iterative process, in which two sets of edges are maintained, a set of edges known to belong to the minimum-weight triangulation and a set of edges that are candidates to belong to it. Initially, the set of known edges is initialized to the convex hull of the input, and all remaining pairs of vertices form candidate edges. Then, in each iteration of the construction process, candidate edges are removed whenever there is no pair of triangles formed by the remaining edges forming a quadrilateral for which the candidate edge is the shortest diagonal, and candidate edges are moved to the set of known edges when there is no other candidate edge that crosses them. The LMT-skeleton is defined to be the set of known edges produced after this process stops making any more changes. It is guaranteed to be a subgraph of the minimum-weight triangulation, can be constructed efficiently, and in experiments on sets of up to 200 points it was frequently connected. However it has been shown that on the average for large point sets it has a linear number of connected components.

Other heuristics that have been applied to the minimum weight triangulation problem include genetic algorithms branch and bound, and ant colony optimization algorithms.

Variations
A polygon triangulation of minimal weight may be constructed in cubic time using the dynamic programming approach, reported independently by  and . In this method, the vertices are numbered consecutively around the boundary of the polygon, and for each diagonal from vertex i to vertex j that lies within the polygon, the optimal triangulation is calculated by considering all possible triangles ijk within the polygon, adding the weights of the optimal triangulations below the diagonals ik and jk, and choosing the vertex k that leads to the minimum total weight. That is, if MWT(i,j) denotes the weight of the minimum-weight triangulation of the polygon below edge ij, then the overall algorithm performs the following steps:
For each possible value of i, from n − 1 down to 1, do:
For each possible value of j, from i + 1 to n, do:
If ij is an edge of the polygon, set MWT(i,j) = length(ij)
Else if ij is not an interior diagonal of the polygon, set MWT(i,j) = +∞
Else set MWT(i,j) = length(ij) + mini < k < j MWT(i,k) + MWT(k,j)
After this iteration completes, MWT(1,n) will store the total weight of the minimum weight triangulation. The triangulation itself may be obtained by recursively searching through this array, starting from MWT(1,n), at each step choosing the triangle ijk that leads to the minimum value for MWT(i,j) and recursively searching MWT(i,k) and MWT(j,k).

Similar dynamic programming methods may also be adapted to point set inputs where all but a constant number of points lie on the convex hull of the input, and to point sets that lie on a constant number of nested convex polygons or on a constant number of lines no two of which cross within the convex hull.

It is also possible to formulate a version of the point set or polygon triangulation problems in which one is allowed to add Steiner points, extra vertices, in order to reduce the total edge length of the resulting triangulations. In some cases, the resulting triangulation may be shorter than the minimum weight triangulation by as much as a linear factor. It is possible to approximate the minimum weight Steiner triangulation of a point set to within a constant factor of optimal, but the constant factor in the approximation is large.

Related problems that have also been studied include the construction of minimum-weight pseudotriangulations and the characterization of the graphs of minimum-weight triangulations.

Notes

References

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External links
Minimum Weight Triangulation using an LMT Skeleton source code'

NP-hard problems
Triangulation (geometry)
Computer-assisted proofs


Riaño () is one of six parishes (administrative divisions) in Langreo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The residential area of Riaño was built on the existing farmland in the area during the 1960s, in order to decongest the urban core of Langreo. Today, about 5000 people live in the parish.

In 1978 a hospital, the Hospital Valle del Nalón, was opened in the parish. Riaño also has a medical center, a library, a sports center, two public schools and a geriatric facility. It is located three kilometres from la Felguera.

Parishes in Langreo
Langreo


Bruce R. Hoffman (born 1954) is an American political analyst. He specializes in the study of terrorism, counter-terrorism, insurgency, and counter-insurgency. Hoffman serves as the Shelby Cullom and Kathryn W. Davis Senior Fellow for Counterterrorism and Homeland Security on the Council on Foreign Relations, and is a professor at the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University, where he directs its Center for Jewish Civilization. In addition, he is the Professor Emeritus and Honorary Professor of Terrorism Studies at the University of St Andrews, and is the George H. Gilmore Senior Fellow at the U.S. Military Academy's Combating Terrorism Center.

Hoffman began an interest in the study of international relations while an undergraduate at Connecticut College. He received his graduate education at the Oxford University, earning his doctorate in 1986. Hoffman has since held multiple professorships and appointments. In May 2022, Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin appointed Hoffman as a commissioner on the Commonwealth of Virginia's Commission to Combat Antisemitism.

Education
Hoffman matriculated at Connecticut College, receiving a Bachelor of Arts with honors in government and history in 1976. While a freshman at Connecticut College in 1972, he became interested in the study of terrorism after watching the Munich Massacre unfold during the 1972 Olympic Games.

Upon graduating, Hoffman studied international relations at New College, Oxford, where he obtained a Bachelor of Philosophy and Master of Philosophy. In 1986, he completed his Doctor of Philosophy in international relations at St Antony's College, Oxford. His dissertation was entitled "Jewish Terrorist Activities and the British Government in Palestine, 1939–1947" and was supervised by Michael Howard with assistance from Bernard Wasserstein.

Career
In 1981, Hoffman joined the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California. He left RAND in 1994 when he was appointed senior lecturer (and, subsequently, reader) in international relations at the University of St Andrews. In 1994, he co-founded (with Professor Paul Wilkinson) and was the first director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) at St Andrews, where he was also chairman of the Department of International Relations (1994–1998).

Hoffman left St Andrews at the end of 1998 to return to RAND as director of RAND's Washington Office (1998–2006), vice president for external affairs at RAND (2001–2004), and acting director of the Center for Middle East Public Policy (2004). He also held the RAND Corporate Chair in Counterterrorism and Counterinsurgency (2006–2006). Hoffman served as a commissioner on the 9/11 Review Commission, which examined the Federal Bureau of Investigation's ability to counter terrorism, radicalization and cyber crime. The commission's unclassified final report was released on March 25, 2015. He was scholar-in-residence for counterterrorism at the Central Intelligence Agency between 2004 and 2006; an adviser on counterterrorism to the Office of National Security Affairs, Coalition Provisional Authority, Baghdad, Iraq in 2004, and from 2004 to 2005 an adviser on counterinsurgency to the Strategy, Plans, and Analysis Office at Multi-National Forces-Iraq Headquarters, Baghdad. Hoffman was also an adviser to the Iraq Study Group (2006).

Hoffman was a visiting fellow at All Souls College, Oxford, in 2009. Hoffman has been a public policy fellow and a distinguished scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., and is currently a Global Wilson Fellow. He was also a visiting professor at S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, where he was the S. Rajaratnam Professor of Strategic Studies for 2009 and the William F. Podlich Distinguished Fellow and visiting professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in 2016. Since 2006, Hoffman has taught at the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism at the Interdisciplinary Center (now Reichman University) in Herzliya, Israel.

Publications
Hoffman's publications include "Holy Terror": The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative (1993). The renowned British historian of intelligence, Professor Christopher Andrew, writes in his book, Secret World: A History of Intelligence, that "Bruce Hoffman, the academic terrorism expert who most clearly identified the future threat from Holy Terror, did so largely because he took a much longer-term view than most intelligence agencies."

Hoffman's own books include: Inside Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998; 2nd expanded and revised edition 2006; 3rd expanded and thoroughly revised edition, September 2017); The Failure of Britain's Military Strategy in Palestine, 1939–1947 (Bar-Ilan, Israel; Bar-Ilan University Press,1983); and, Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle For Israel, 1917–1947 (New York: Knopf, 2015 and New York: Vintage, 2016).

Anonymous Soldiers was awarded the Washington Institute for Near East Studies' Gold Medal for the best book on Middle Eastern politics, history and society published in 2015 and was also named the Jewish Book of the Year for 2015 by the Jewish Book Council. It was cited by both the Kirkus Review and the St. Louis Times-Despatch as one of the "Best Books of the Year, 2015" and was a New York Times Book Review "Editors' Choice." Columbia University Press recognized Inside Terrorism as one of the 25 notable books published by the press in its 125-year-long history. His latest book is "God, Guns, and Sedition: Far Right Terrorism in America" which will be published by Columbia University Press in December 2023.

Hoffman is the editor-in-chief of the scholarly journal, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism which Google Scholar has ranked as the number one most cited journal for both 2021 and 2022 in the "Military Studies" category; and, the series editor of Columbia Studies in Terrorism and Irregular Warfare, published by Columbia University Press. He co-edited with Fernando Reinares The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).

Hoffman was a regular contributor to The Atlantic Monthly. He was a featured author for the cover of the January 2002 issue ("The Hard Questions—Must We Torture?: A Nasty Business") and was the author of the June 2003 cover story, "The Logic of Suicide Terrorism." Between 2001 and 2006 Hoffman wrote six other articles and reviews for that magazine. Since 2008, Hoffman has also contributed fourteen articles to the hardcopy and online versions of The National Interest, and was also the author of the January/February 2009 cover story, "Obama's Angels: Can Hillary & Co. Keep Us Safe?—The Age of Woman."

Hoffman has been profiled in The New Yorker by Nicolas Leman ("Letter From Washington: What Terrorists Want—Rethinking the fight against bin Laden," October 29, 2001); in the Los Angeles Times ("Putting Theory Into Practice," November 18, 2001); the Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin ("Die Dunkle Seite Der Macht: Bruce Hoffman its der machtigste Politikberater der Welt—Bruce Allmachig/The Dark Side Of Power: Bruce Hoffman is the most powerful political adviser in the world—Bruce Almighty," November 12, 2004); and, was the subject of a front-page article in the New York Sunday Times Week in Review, titled, "A Not Very Private Feud Over Terrorism" (June 8, 2008). He was among the students and faculty at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service profiled in the school's alumni magazine (pp. 12–19) for their role in assisting Afghans to flee their country after the Taliban seized control of Afghanistan in August 2021

Hoffman is also president and CEO of The Hoffman Group, an international counterterrorism executive education, training, and consultancy.

Hoffman was cited by Washingtonian magazine in its March 2021 cover story as among the "250 Most Influential People" "who'll be playing the biggest roles in federal Washington's policy debates of the next few years." He was listed in the "National Security And Defense" category. He was named one of "Washington DC's 500 Most Influential People" by Washingtonian magazine in both its May 2022   and May 2023 special supplements, again in the "National Security And Defense" category.

Awards

In November 1994, the director of Central Intelligence awarded Hoffman the United States Intelligence Community Seal Medallion—the highest level of commendation given to a non-government employee which recognizes work that distinctly benefits the interests and national security of the United States.

In 1998, Hoffman became the first recipient of the Santiago Grisolía Chair and first winner of the Prize for Excellence in the Study of Violence award by Queen Sofia Centre for the Study of Violence, Valencia, Spain.

Hoffman was a World Economic Forum Fellow (2003-2005); an honorary degree recipient and inductee into the Garfield Society from Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio in 2006; and, was a fellow and C. V. Starr Distinguished Visitor at the American Academy of Berlin, Germany that same year. In 2016, Hoffman was awarded the Harriet Buescher Lawrence '34 Prize to Connecticut College Alumni for Leadership or Inspiring Others for Good Through Direct Service by the Connecticut College Alumni Association, New London, CT. In May 2021, Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service Academic Council gave Hoffman the School of Foreign Service Faculty of the Year Award. He played goalkeeper in 1979 and 1980 for the Israeli National Field Hockey Team.

References

External links

 Curriculum Vitae

Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
Connecticut College alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
1954 births
Living people
Experts on terrorism
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers


Young at Heart/Wise in Time is an album by pianist/composer Muhal Richard Abrams released by the Delmark label in 1970 that featured an LP side-length solo piano composition and Abrams accompanied by Leo Smith, Henry Threadgill, Lester Lashley and Thurman Barker on the other side.

Reception

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow calls the album "Fascinating music, it is recommended strictly for the open-eared listener who does not demand that all jazz swing conventionally".  The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3½ stars stating "Young/Wise combines the definitive Abrams solo performance of the period with a group of tracks of burning intensity". The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide said it has "a long example of Abram's reflective piano and a tighter group performance by an excellent AACM quintet".

Track listing
All compositions by Muhal Richard Abrams
 "Young at Heart" - 29:20
 "Wise in Time" - 21:52

Personnel
Muhal Richard Abrams: piano
Henry Threadgill: alto saxophone (track 2)
Leo Smith: trumpet, flugelhorn (track 2)
Lester Lashley: bass (track 2)
Thurman Barker: drums (track 2)

References

1970 albums
Muhal Richard Abrams albums
Delmark Records albums
Albums produced by Bob Koester