Sperm chemotaxis is a form of sperm guidance, in which sperm cells (spermatozoa) follow a concentration gradient of a chemoattractant secreted from the oocyte and thereby reach the oocyte.

Background
Since the discovery of sperm attraction to the female gametes in ferns over a century ago, sperm guidance in the form of sperm chemotaxis has been established in a large variety of species Although sperm chemotaxis is prevalent throughout the Metazoa kingdom, from marine species with external fertilization such as sea urchins and corals, to humans, much of the current information on sperm chemotaxis is derived from studies of marine invertebrates, primarily sea urchin and starfish.  As a matter of fact, until not too long ago, the dogma was that, in mammals, guidance of spermatozoa to the oocyte was unnecessary. This was due to the common belief that, following ejaculation into the female genital tract, large numbers of spermatozoa 'race' towards the oocyte and compete to fertilize it.

Research during the 1980s caused this belief to be taken apart when it became clear that only few of the ejaculated spermatozoa — in humans, only ~1 of every million spermatozoa — succeed in entering the oviducts (Fallopian tubes) and when more recent studies showed that mammalian spermatozoa do respond chemotactically.

Sperm chemotaxis in non-mammalian species

In sperm chemotaxis, the oocyte secretes a chemoattractant, which, as it diffuses away, forms a concentration gradient: a high concentration close to the egg, and a gradually lower concentration as the distance from the oocyte increases. Spermatozoa can sense this chemoattractant and orient their swimming direction up the concentration gradient towards the oocyte. Sperm chemotaxis was demonstrated in a large number of non-mammalian species, from marine invertebrates to frogs.

Chemoattractants

The sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species vary to a large extent. Some examples are shown in Table 1. So far, most sperm chemoattractants that have been identified in non-mammalian species are peptides or low-molecular-weight proteins (1–20 kDa), which are heat stable and sensitive to proteases. Exceptions to this rule are the sperm chemoattractants of corals, ascidians, plants such as ferns, and algae (Table 1).

Table 1. Some sperm chemoattractants in non-mammalian species*

Taken from reference.

Species specificity

The variety of chemoattractants raises the question of species specificity with respect to the chemoattractant identity. There is no single rule for chemoattractant-related specificity. Thus, in some groups of marine invertebrates (e.g., hydromedusae and certain ophiuroids), the specificity is very high; in others (e.g., starfish), the specificity is at the family level and, within the family, there is no specificity. In mollusks, there appears to be no specificity at all. Likewise, in plants, a unique simple compound [e.g., fucoserratene — a linear, unsaturated alkene (1,3-trans 5-cis-octatriene)] might be a chemoattractant for various species.

Behavioral mechanism
Here, too, there is no single rule. In some species (for example, in hydroids like Campanularia or tunicate like Ciona), the swimming direction of the spermatozoa changes abruptly towards the chemoattractant source. In others (for example, in sea urchin, hydromedusa, fern, or fish such as Japanese bitterlings), the approach to the chemoattractant source is indirect and the movement is by repetitive loops of small radii. In some species (for example, herring or the ascidian Ciona) activation of motility precedes chemotaxis. In chemotaxis, cells may either sense a temporal gradient of the chemoattractant, comparing the occupancy of its receptors at different time points (as do bacteria), or they may detect a spatial gradient, comparing the occupancy of receptors at different locations along the cell (as do leukocytes). In the best-studied species, sea urchin, the spermatozoa sense a temporal gradient and respond to it with a transient increase in flagellar asymmetry. The outcome is a turn in the swimming path, followed by a period of straight swimming, leading to the observed epicycloid-like movements directed towards the chemoattractant source.
The particular mechanism by which sea urchin sperm cells sense the temporal gradient has been recently identified as a natural implementation of the well-known adaptive controller known as extremum seeking.

Molecular mechanism

The molecular mechanism of sperm chemotaxis is still not fully known. The current knowledge is mainly based on studies in the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, where binding of the chemoattractant resact (Table 1) to its receptor, a guanylyl cyclase, activates cGMP synthesis (Figure 1). The resulting rise of cGMP possibly activates K+-selective ion channels. The consequential hyperpolarization activates hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. The depolarizing inward current through HCN channels possibly activates voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, resulting in elevation of intracellular Ca2+. This rise leads to flagellar asymmetry and, consequently, a turn of the sperm cell.

A model of the signal-transduction pathway during sperm chemotaxis of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Binding of a chemoattractant (ligand) to the receptor — a membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase (GC) — activates the synthesis of cGMP from GTP. Cyclic GMP possibly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) K+-selective channels, thereby causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. The cGMP signal is terminated by the hydrolysis of cGMP through phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity and inactivation of GC. On hyperpolarization, hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels allow the influx of Na+ that leads to depolarization and thereby causes a rapid Ca2+ entry through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (Cav), Ca2+ ions interact by unknown mechanisms with the axoneme of the flagellum and cause an increase of the asymmetry of flagellar beat and eventually a turn or bend in the swimming trajectory. Ca2+ is removed from the flagellum by a Na+/Ca2+ exchange mechanism. (Taken from ref.)

Sperm chemotaxis in mammals

Following the findings that human spermatozoa accumulate in follicular fluid and that there is a remarkable correlation between this in vitro accumulation and oocyte fertilization, chemotaxis was substantiated as the cause of this accumulation. Sperm chemotaxis was later also demonstrated in mice and rabbits. In addition, sperm accumulation in follicular fluid (but without substantiating that it truly reflects chemotaxis) was demonstrated in horses and pigs. A key feature of sperm chemotaxis in humans is that this process is restricted to capacitated cells — the only cells that possess the ability to penetrate the oocyte and fertilize it. This raised the possibility that, in mammals, chemotaxis is not solely a guidance mechanism but it is also a mechanism of sperm selection. Importantly, the fraction of capacitated (and, hence, chemotactically responsive) spermatozoa is low (~10% in humans), the life span of the capacitated/chemotactic state is short (1–4 hours in humans), a spermatozoon can be at this state only once in its lifetime, and sperm individuals become capacitated/chemotactic at different time points, resulting in continuous replacement of capacitated/chemotactic cells within the sperm population, i.e., prolonged availability of capacitated cells. These sperm features raised the possibility that prolonging the time period, during which capacitated spermatozoa can be found in the female genital tract, is a mechanism, evolved in humans, to compensate for the lack of coordination between insemination and ovulation.

Chemoattractants

In humans, there are at least two different origins of sperm chemoattractants. One is the cumulus cells that surround the oocyte, and the other is the mature oocyte itself. The chemoattractant secreted from the cumulus cells is the steroid progesterone, shown to be effective at the picomolar range. The chemoattractant secreted from the oocyte is even more potent. It is a hydrophobic non-peptide molecule which, when secreted from the oocyte, is in complex with a carrier protein Additional compounds have been shown to act as chemoattractants for mammalian spermatozoa. They include the chemokine CCL20, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), specific odorants,<ref>Spehr, M., Gisselmann, G., Poplawski, A., Riffell, J.A., Wetzel, C.H., Zimmer, R.K. and Hatt, H. (2003) Identification of a testicular odorant receptor mediating human sperm chemotaxis'. Science 299, 2054–2058.</ref> natriuretic peptide type C (NPPC), and allurin, to mention a few. It is reasonable to assume that not all of them are physiologically relevant.

 Species specificity

Species specificity was not detected in experiments that compared the chemotactic responsiveness of human and rabbit spermatozoa to follicular fluids or egg-conditioned media obtained from human, bovine, and rabbit. The subsequent findings that cumulus cells of both human and rabbit (and, probably, of other mammals as well) secrete the chemoattractant progesterone is sufficient to account for the lack of specificity in the chemotactic response of mammalian spermatozoa.

 Behavioral mechanism

Mammalian spermatozoa, like sea-urchin spermatozoa, appear to sense the chemoattractant gradient temporally (comparing receptor occupancy over time) rather than spatially (comparing receptor occupancy over space). This is because the establishment of a temporal gradient in the absence of spatial gradient, achieved by mixing human spermatozoa with a chemoattractant or by photorelease of a chemoattractant from its caged compound, results in delayed transient changes in swimming behavior that involve increased frequency of turns and hyperactivation events. On the basis of these observations and the finding that the level of hyperactivation events is reduced when chemotactically responsive spermatozoa swim in a spatial chemoattractant gradient it was proposed that turns and hyperactivation events are suppressed when capacitated spermatozoa swim up a chemoattractant gradient, and vice versa when they swim down a gradient. In other words, human spermatozoa approach chemoattractants by modulating the frequency of turns and hyperactivation events, similarly to Escherichia coli bacteria.

 Molecular mechanism

As in non-mammalian species, the end signal in chemotaxis for changing the direction of swimming is Ca2+. The discovery of progesterone as a chemoattractant led to the identification of its receptor on the sperm surface – CatSper, a Ca2+ channel present exclusively in the tail of mammalian spermatozoa.Lishko, P.V., Botchkina, I.L. and Kirichok, Y. (2011) Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm. Nature 471, 387–391. (Note, though, that progesterone only stimulates human CatSper but not mouse CatSper. Consistently, sperm chemotaxis to progesterone was not found in mice.) However, the molecular steps subsequent to CatSper activation by progesterone are obscure, though the involvement of trans-membrane adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase A as well as soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, inositol trisphosphate receptor and store-operated Ca2+ channel was proposed.

 Physiology

Chemotaxis is a short-range guidance mechanism. As such, it can guide spermatozoa for short distances only, estimated at the order of millimeters. It is, therefore, believed that, in mammals, sperm chemotaxis occurs in the oviduct, close to the oocyte. First spermatozoa may be chemotactically guided to the oocyte-cumulus complex by the gradient of progesterone, secreted from the cumulus cells. In addition, progesterone may inwardly guide spermatozoa, already present within the periphery of the cumulus oophorus. Spermatozoa that are already deep within the cumulus oophorus may sense the more potent chemoattractant that is secreted from the oocyte and chemotactically guide themselves to the oocyte according to the gradient of this chemoattractant. It should be borne in mind, however, that this scenario may be an oversimplification. In view of the increasing number of different chemoattractants that are being discovered, the physiology of chemotaxis in vivo might be much more complex.

References

 Further reading
 Michael Eisenbach (with contribution from Joseph W Lengeler) (2004). "Chemotaxis." Imperial College Press, London.
 Michael Eisenbach and Laura Cecilia Giojalas (2006). "Sperm guidance in mammals - an unpaved road to the egg". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.'' 7, 276–285.
 Alvarez, L., Friedrich, B.M., Gompper, G., Kaupp. U.B. (2013). "The computational sperm cell". Trends in Cell Biol.

Cell biology


Nguyễn Ngọc Độ (born 1 November 1934 in Thanh Chương District in Nghệ An Province) was a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 pilot of the Vietnamese People's Air Force. He flew with the 921st fighter regiment and tied for fourth place amongst Vietnam War fighter aces with six kills.

The following kills are known to be credited to him by the VPAF while flying the MiG-21 PFL Fishbed D model:
 30 April 1967, a USAF F-105F (serial number 59-1726, 354th Tactical Fighter Squadron, pilot Thorness, RWO Johnson, POWs; a second F-105(D) claimed by Do's wingman Nguyễn Văn Cốc in this same flight);
 05 May 1967, an F-105D (pilot Shively, POW, US claims shot down by AAA);

 20 July 1967, an American F-4 Phantom II (shared kill with Phạm Thanh Ngân; pilot Corbitt, RWO Bare, KIA);
 02 August 1967, an F-105 (not confirmed by the US);
 16 September 1967, a USAF RF-101C (serial number 56-0180, 20th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, pilot Patterson, rescued, US claims AAA);

 05 February 1968, an F-105D, (pilot Lasiter, POW, US confirms this loss dated 04 Feb., 1968, likely due to time-zone difference).

See also
 List of Vietnam War flying aces

References

Bibliography

 Toperczer, Istvan, MiG Aces of the Vietnam War, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 2015; .

External links
 Toperczer, Istvan, MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War, Osprey Combat Aircraft #29, 2008;

North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
North Vietnamese Vietnam War flying aces
Living people
1934 births


Qiqihar Medical University () is an institution for higher education, founded in 1946 and located in Qiqihar city of Heilongjiang province in northeast China.

History and Today
Qiqihar Medical University (QMU), located in the hometown of world-famous red-crowned cranes, stands by the scenic Nenjiang River and is a regular university of Heilongjiang Province. Founded in 1946, the University has a history of more than 65 years.

Staff
Currently, QMU boasts a staff of 3,489 including 856 professors as well as associate professors and more than 66.8% teachers with master's degrees. The number of enrollment is more than 15,000. The undergraduate education program offers 25 specialties and disciplinary orientations covering the full spectrum of medicine as well as four other disciplines: science, engineering, law and managing.

The University possesses 26 research institutes and academic associations, in which there are the Post-doctoral Research Workstations, the Research and Development Lab and the Key Constructing Lab of Provincial Universities.

Facilities
The Library of QMU has a collection of 800,000 volumes of books and provides CD-ROM Retrieval System and Electronic Reading Section. 3 Journals are sponsored by the University— Journal of Qiqihar Medical University, Chinese Modern Nursing, and Nervous Diseases and Mental Hygiene, which are issued domestically and abroad. Chinese Modern Nursing is the national publication and the others are the provincial publication. The headquarters of the Periodical Press is located in Beijing. Besides, the University has already established the campus network system with 3,970 kinds of online teaching resources.

The University has 9 affiliated hospitals and 27 teaching and training hospitals.

International Cooperations
QMU has established interscholastic relationships with universities nationally, regionally and internationally, such as Union Medical University, Kanazawa Medical University of Japan, Russia Chita State Medical College, Our Lady of Fatima University of the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo College of the Philippines, University of Cape Town and Assumption University of Thailand etc.,. Meanwhile, the University has recruited foreign teachers and enrolled international students, some of whom are from South Asia. Teachers and students of QMU have been sent to go to the Philippines for further study.

References

Universities and colleges established in 1946
Universities and colleges in Heilongjiang
Education in Qiqihar
1946 establishments in China


Pseudohemiodon amazonus is a species of armored catfish endemic to Brazil where it occurs in the lower Amazon basin.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Fish of Brazil
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Fish described in 1941


Thomas Conway (born 7 November 1933) was an English footballer who played as an inside-forward for Port Vale and Leek Town in the 1950s.

Career
Conway graduated through the Port Vale juniors to sign professional forms in May 1951. After making his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Rotherham United at Millmoor on 27 August 1955, he became a regular in the side. He scored his first goal in the Football League on 3 September, in a 3–0 win over Swansea Town at Vale Park, and later claimed goals against Fulham and Nottingham Forest before he lost his first team place in December that year. He scored four goals in 15 Second Division appearances in the 1955–56 season, before he was transferred to non-League Leek Town in the summer of 1956.

Career statistics
Source:

References

1933 births
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Port Vale F.C. players
Leek Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Living people


Pseudohemiodon apithanos is a species of armored catfish endemic to Ecuador where it occurs in the San Miguel River basin. (Kasaraset)  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Ecuador
Taxa named by Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker
Taxa named by Han Nijssen
Fish described in 1978


Pseudohemiodon devincenzii is a species of armored catfish native to Argentina and Uruguay where it is found in the Uruguay River basin.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Argentina
Fish of Uruguay
Fish described in 1950


La Riera is one of 13 parishes (administrative divisions) in the Colunga municipality, within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

References

Parishes in Colunga


Pseudohemiodon laminus is a species of armored catfish endemic to Peru where it is found in the upper Amazon basin.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Freshwater fish of Peru
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Fish described in 1868


Einer Viveros Torres  (born 31 December 1970) is a former Colombian football player.

Club career
Viveros began and spent most of his career with Unión Magdalena. He also played for Deportes Tolima and Deportivo Pasto, where he participated in the Copa Libertadores.

See also
Football in Colombia
List of football clubs in Colombia

References

External links
Profile at GolGolGol

1970 births
Living people
Colombian men's footballers
Unión Magdalena footballers
Deportes Tolima footballers
Independiente Santa Fe footballers
Deportivo Pasto footballers
Atlético Huila footballers
Deportes Quindío footballers
Men's association football defenders
Sportspeople from Cesar Department


Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu (born 1934 in Nam Sách District in Hải Dương Province) was a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 pilot of the Vietnamese People's Air Force (VPAF); he flew with the 921st Fighter Regiment first with the MiG-17 before transitioning into the MiG-21, and is tied for fourth place amongst Vietnam War fighter aces with six kills.

Contrary to popular accounts in U.S. text, Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu preferred flying the MiG-21 into combat over the MiG-17, stating that: "for me personally, I preferred the MiG-21 because it was superior in all aspects of climb, speed and armament. The Atoll missile was very accurate and I scored four kills with the Atoll... in general combat conditions I was always confident of a kill over an F-4 Phantom when flying a MiG-21."

The following kills are officially acknowledged and credited to him by the VPAF:
 20 September 1965, an American F-4 Phantom II (shot-down the F-4 while flying a MiG-17);
 07 July 1966, a USAF F-105D Thunderchief (pilot Tomes, POW, credited to Chieu's wingman Tran Ngoc Siu, first victory over piloted American fighter with the MiG-21);
 17 July 1967, a USN F-8 Crusader;
 23 August 1967, a USAF F-4D (pilot Tyler, POW, RWO Sittner, KIA);
 07 October 1967, a USAF F-105F Wild Weasel (pilot Howard, RWO Shamblee, both rescued);
 29 October 1967, an F-4 Phantom (not confirmed by the US).

See also
 List of Vietnam War flying aces
 Weapons of the Vietnam War

References

Bibliography

 Toperczer, Istvan, MiG-21 Aces of the Vietnam War, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 2015; .

North Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War
North Vietnamese Vietnam War flying aces
Living people
1934 births


Pseudohemiodon laticeps is a species of armored catfish native to Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay where it occurs in the Uruguay, Paraná and Paraguay River basins.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Fish of Argentina
Fish of Brazil
Fish of Paraguay
Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan
Fish described in 1904


A by-election was held for the Legislative Assembly of Queensland district of Chatsworth on 20 August 2005. It was triggered by the resignation of sitting Labor member and Deputy Premier Terry Mackenroth.

The by-election was held to coincide with the Redcliffe by-election on the same day. Both contests resulted in the Labor Party losing the seat to the rival Liberal Party. Michael Caltabiano was elected as the new member for Chatsworth.

Background

Terry Mackenroth first entered parliament at the 1977 state election and held the seat of Chatsworth at every election thereafter. When Labor came to power in 1989, Mackenroth became a minister under the premiership of Wayne Goss and remained so until the downfall of the Goss government in 1996. When Labor returned to power under the leadership of Peter Beattie in 1998, Mackenroth was once again made a minister. From 2000 onwards he served as Deputy Premier under Beattie, and from 2001 he was Treasurer.

On 25 July 2005, Mackenroth announced his retirement from politics. He had been planning to wait until the following month, but the retirement of fellow Labor MP Ray Hollis and the resulting cabinet reshuffle caused him to bring forward his own resignation.

Candidates

Labor chose school teacher Chris Forrester to defend the seat they'd held for the previous 28 years.

The Liberal Party chose Brisbane City Councillor—and so-called "factional warrior"—Michael Caltabiano as their candidate. Caltabiano held the council ward of Chandler, which overlapped with the state seat of Chatsworth.

Results

Aftermath
The by-election win of Michael Caltabiano, along with that of Terry Rogers in Redcliffe, was a flip for the Liberal Party, who increased their numbers in the Legislative Assembly from five to seven. However, the Liberal Party's hold on these two seats did not last long; both returned to the Labor fold at the 2006 state election.

Labor's unsuccessful candidate for the Chatsworth by-election, Chris Forrester, had initially been chosen to contest Chatsworth again at the 2006 state election. However, he was dumped in favour of media personality Chris Bombolas closer to the election. It was believed that Forrester would be chosen as Labor's candidate for the seat of Bonner at the 2007 federal election instead. However, he lost party preselection to local councillor Kerry Rea. Both Bombolas and Rea went on to win their respective election contests.

See also
List of Queensland state by-elections

References

2005 elections in Australia
Queensland state by-elections
2000s in Queensland


Pseudohemiodon platycephalus is a species of armored catfish native to Argentina and Brazil, particularly in the Paraguay River basin.  This species can grow to  in length SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Fish of Argentina
Fish of Brazil
Taxa named by Rudolf Kner
Fish described in 1853


Pseudohemiodon thorectes is a species of armored catfish endemic to Bolivia where it is found in the Mamoré River basin.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References

Loricariini
Fish of South America
Fish of Bolivia
Endemic fauna of Bolivia
Taxa named by Isaäc J. H. Isbrücker
Fish described in 1975


Sonia Ahmed (Urdu: سونیا احمد) (born 23 August 1980) as Sonia Iqbal Ahmed, is a Kuwait-born Canadian Pakistani and founder of Miss Canada Pakistan Inc., now known as Miss Pakistan World, Mr. Pakistan World and Mrs. Pakistan World that were first held in 2002 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

She established the Miss Pakistan pageant on the soil of Pakistan in 2020 and crowned the first girl in Pakistan and in 2021, she established the Miss Trans Pakistan pageant. Since 2020, the pageant is held in Lahore, Pakistan.

Biography
Sonia Ahmed was born in Kuwait to Arain Punjabi father from Lahore, Punjab and mother is from Karachi, Sindh. She spent her childhood in Kuwait and did her high school and university in Ottawa, Ontario. She graduated from the University of Ottawa. Ahmed is a certified accountant. She views herself as a patriot and progressive Pakistani working to liberate Pakistani women by opening different avenues and showcase the beauty and talent of the new Pakistani generation. She is known to create the pageant industry of Pakistan through Miss Pakistan World, Mrs. Pakistan, Miss Earth Pakistan, Miss Grand Pakistan, Miss Pakistan Universal, Ms. Pakistan, Mr. Pakistan and Miss Trans Pakistan events.

Career

Pakistan's pageant industry
In 2002, Ahmed created a beauty pageant called Miss Canada Pakistan and changed its name to Miss Pakistan World in 2006. She created Mrs. Pakistan World in 2007, for married women of Pakistani descent. She created Mr. Pakistan World in 2011, and moved the event to New Jersey, USA in 2014. From 2002-2019 the Miss Pakistan pageant was held in Toronto, Ontario.

Ahmed has sent contestants to pageants like Miss Grand International, Miss Earth, Miss International, Miss Supranational and many mid level and minor competitions around the world. Her participation as the National Director of Pakistan created the pageant industry for Pakistan through Miss Pakistan World, Miss Grand Pakistan, Mrs. Pakistan World, Miss Earth Pakistan and Miss Trans Pakistan.

During Covid, the pageant was virtually brought in Lahore, Pakistan and since then has been held in Pakistan. In 2020, Ahmed, brought the pageant to Lahore, Pakistan where the first Miss Pakistan World was crowned on the soil of Pakistan, Areej Chaudhary. Since 2020, the pageant is held in Lahore, Pakistan.

Another history was made in Lahore, Pakistan on May 25, 2021. Ahmed created the first Miss Trans Pakistan for trans women of Pakistani descent and the first trans girl to be crowned was Shyraa Roy. On 31st, January 2022, the Mr. and Miss Pakistan ceremoney was held in Lahore, Pakistan and 6 winners were crowned. On May 31, 2023 along with the other winners, the second Miss Trans Pakistan was crowned, Alina Khan. This was the fourth Miss Pakistan event organized by Ahmed on the soil of Pakistan.

Entering film work
In 2014, Ahmed filmed her first documentary, "I Shall Dance," under her production company, Touchgate Global Inc., which was released in September 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Filmography

Controversies
Ahmed faced opposition on her holding the pageant from some conservative sections of the community. However the opposition soon ended.   In August 2010, Ahmed was criticized for going ahead with the 8th annual Miss Pakistan World during the month of Ramadan and while Pakistan faced a humanitarian crisis due to widespread flooding.

See also
 Miss Pakistan World
 Mrs. Pakistan World
 Miss Trans Pakistan
 Miss Earth Pakistan
 Miss Grand Pakistan
 Miss Pakistan Universal

References

External links

 ANI Interview
 Official Sonia Ahmed Site
 Toronto Star Article

1980 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Karachi
Businesspeople from Ottawa
Businesspeople from Toronto
Canadian businesspeople of Pakistani descent
Canadian people of Pakistani descent
Canadian people of Punjabi descent
Pakistani expatriates in Kuwait
Pakistani Sunni Muslims
Pakistani women
Punjabi people
Punjabi women
University of Ottawa alumni
Immigrants to Canada


Peter Lennox-Kerr (1927 – 22 July 2007) was an internationally known British textile journalist.

Life

He was an expert reporting on the development of synthetic fibres.
He died in Derbyshire, on 22 July 2007.

Bibliography
 Index to man-made fibres of the world (editor)
 Flexible textile composites 1973
 The World Fibres Book 1972. Textile Trade Press
 Deskbook of World Fibers, McGraw-Hill, 1981,

References

1926 births
2007 deaths
British male journalists


This article details the fixtures and results of the Laos national football team.

Key

Key to matches
Att. = Match attendance
(H) = Home ground
(A) = Away ground
(N) = Neutral ground

Key to record by opponent
Pld = Games played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
GF = Goals for
GA = Goals against

Results

External links
Laos » Fixtures & Results at worldfootball.net

References

Results