The Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO), known in English as the Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient, was established in Rome in 1995, as the result of the merging of  (IsMEO) with the Istituto Italo-Africano (IIA). It closed in 2012. Its museum collection is now overseen by the Polo Museale del Lazio.

Before it closed in 2012, the institute was active in the field of cultural promotion aimed at fostering fruitful relations between Italy and the African and Asian countries. The aims of the Institute were: to establish and implement study and research projects; to promote cultural and scientific collaboration initiatives through the exchange of information, experience and knowledge among researchers and specialists; to implement cooperation, consultancy and assistance projects, with special regard to the conservation and promotion of the heritage of the Asian countries and to carry out missions and archaeological campaigns in these countries; to carry on publishing activities alone or in collaboration with other institutions, or with publishers; to enter into conventions or agreements providing for joint activities with universities, academies, cultural and research institutions in Italy and abroad.  It was presided over since its inception by Gherardo Gnoli.

Documentary assets and museum collections

The IsIAO library was divided into two sections: 'African' and 'Oriental'. It contained some two thousand five hundred periodical publications (five hundred of which still extant), as well as other rare items such as manuscripts, xylographs, editions, maps and photographs.

The Photograph Library: The African section was inherited from the Ministry of Italian Africa. It comprises some five-hundred thousand photographic prints and twenty thousand negatives. The Oriental section houses some five-hundred thousand photographs shot during missions organized by the institute. Approximately twelve thousand derive from Giuseppe Tucci’s expeditions in the Himalayan region, including unique photographs of Tibetan monuments that no longer exist.

The Map Library housed three thousand geographic maps (a total of fourteen thousand sheets), inherited from the Map Department of the Ministry of Italian Africa. The collection, which covers the final two decades of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, is the largest of its kind in Italy. Former Italian colonies covering the territories of present-day Eritrea, Somalia, Libya, and Ethiopia are heavily represented.

The Museum Collections: The Oriental collections were the property of the Institute, but were deposited in the 'Giuseppe Tucci' National Museum of Oriental Art in Rome. They consisted of materials uncovered during archaeological excavations, including a major collection of Gandhara art. The African collections, which were conserved by the Institute, included Ethiopian paintings, wooden sculptures, furnishings, local craftwork, and archaeological finds, along with documents and curios belonging to Italian explorers and works of Italian artists who were active in the former colonies.

Courses of African and Oriental languages and culture

Courses offered at IsIAO were a consolidated tradition dating back to 1934, when — under the presidency of Giovanni Gentile and the vice-presidency of Giuseppe Tucci — IsMEO was already running courses in Chinese language and in Japanese language in Rome. In 1951, the so-called ‘Practical three-year courses of Oriental languages and cultures’ was formally instituted. The courses offered include Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hindi, Indonesian etc.

Publishing activities

Starting in the 1950s, IsIAO published more than 500 titles including monographs, critical editions of manuscripts written in oriental languages, excavation reports, conference proceedings and reviews.
Editorial series include:
Serie Orientale Roma (101 titles)
Reports and Memoirs (41 titles)
Restorations (7 titles)

Periodicals include:
Africa, a quarterly in Italian, French and English (published 63 issues 1947–2008)
East and West, a quarterly published in English (published 59 issues from 1950 to 2009)

The Institute's Media Store website went online in September 2008, where the IsIAO publisher catalogue could be consulted and purchased.

Correspondents
In order to carry on its research and other activities, IsIAO  built up an international network of agreements and memoranda with other European and Asian institutions, and had a number of international corresponding research fellows. Countries in which IsIAO was active included Afghanistan, People's Republic of China, Georgia, Japan, Jordan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mali, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yemen.

See also

References

Bibliography
 Tekeste Negash, Bibliography of Italian-language materials found in the Istituto-Italo-Africano in Rome, Italy, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, 1978.
 Calzini Gysens, L'Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente in Missioni Archeologiche Italiane: La ricerca archeologica, antropologica, etnografica, (a cura di) Direzione generale delle relazioni culturali, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 1997.

issued by the institute
 Claudio Cerreti, La raccolta cartografica dell'Istituto Italo-Africano. Presentazione del fondo e guida alla consultazione, Istituto Italo-Africano, 1987.
 Carla Ghezzi, La letteratura africana nella biblioteca dell'Istituto italo-africano: catalogo delle opere di autori africani e dei testi acquisiti dal 1976 al 1991, Istituto Italo-Africano, Roma, 1993.
 Silvana Palma, L'Africa nella collezione fotografica dell'Isiao. Il fondo Eritrea-Etiopia, Roma-Napoli, Isiao_Università di Napoli "L'Orientale", 2005. (Catalog of photographs of Ethiopia and Eritrea, from a collection of 35,000)

External links

 ISIAO via Wordpress, through 2012
 H-Net, May 13, 2014
 Open Library. Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente

Research institutes in Italy
Cultural organisations based in Italy
Rome Q. III Pinciano
1995 establishments in Italy
2012 disestablishments in Italy


Siyancuma Municipality () is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:

Politics

The municipal council consists of thirteen members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Seven councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in seven wards, while the remaining six are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021  no party obtained a majority of seats on the council.
The following table shows the results of the election.

References

External links
 Official website

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality


Emthanjeni Municipality (; ) is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Emthanjeni is a Xhosa word meaning "vein", symbolising the importance of an underground water supply system to the area. It is also a translation of the name of the municipality's seat, De Aar.

Main places
The 2011 census divided the municipality into the following main places:

Politics

The municipal council consists of fifteen members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Eight councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in eight wards, while the remaining seven are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of nine seats on the council.

The following table shows the results of the election.

References

External links
 Official website

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality


Umsobomvu Municipality (; ) is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

Main places
The 2011 census divided the municipality into the following main places:

Politics

The municipal council consists of thirteen members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Seven councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in seven wards, while the remaining six are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of seven seats on the council.
The following table shows the results of the election.

References

External links
 Official website

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality


Flint Park was a theme park located in the city of Flint, Michigan, USA.  The park was located next to Flint Park Lake (also known as Devil's Lake) on the north side of the city.  The park, settled on 40 acres of land next to the  lake, opened on May 30, 1921 and closed down in 1961.  The amusement park was torn down in late 1963 or early 1964.

History
On August 26, 1919, a plan for the park was brought before the city of Flint by the Flint Park & Amusement Co.  The proposal was that a large amusement park and recreational area would be built on  of the Matthew Davison farm beside Flint Park Lake near Stewart Avenue and Dupont Street.  The budget for it was for more than $250,000.  Some of the features proposed were a dance hall, an area for festivals and sports, a place for opera concerts, a skating rink, and a playground for children.  The proposal stated that the park was to be absolutely of high class in its entertainments and no questionable amusements would be permitted.

The plan was approved by the city and in 1921 the park opened after the extension of the Stewart Avenue streetcar line.  Flint Park was opened up under the management of E.E. Berger.

A fire destroyed a portion of the concession stands and damaged two of the rides in July during the first season, but the park was still successful.  For many seasons, new rides and recreational areas were appearing.  A lagoon was added to the lake for boaters and there was an area added for swimming.  In 1924, picnic areas and a baseball diamond were added.

There were a couple deaths and some injuries during the park's time.  A rider was killed while standing up on the roller coaster.  The other fatality was due to someone falling down the stairs of the beer garden.  A second fire occurred in 1941.

The deadly tornado that hit Flint in 1953 did not leave Flint Park unscathed either.  The roller coaster needed to be repaired after it was badly damaged by the winds from the tornado.  The roller coaster was repaired by Pat Anger, who maintained Flint Park after moving to the area in 1938 with his family.  He rebuilt the first hill and gave it more height.

By the late fifties, even with more attractions added and ownership was now in the hands of S.S. Gorne, vandalism started to increase.  On March 31, 1961, the decision to not reopen was made public by the owners.  Flint Park, which operated for nearly 40 years, was eventually demolished.

List of Rides
Roller Coaster  called the Jack Rabbit
The Whip
Old Mill Water Ride
Ferris wheel
Dodgem Bumper Cars
Octopus
Mercury Flyer Miniature Train
Live Pony Merry-Go-Round
Miniature Train Ride
Traver Tumble-Bug

List of Shows
Howdy Wilcox (musician)
Nick and his Cornhuskers (musician)
Los Aeros Acrobatics Group
Ella Fitzgerald
World's Largest Sideshow
Rollercapades

References

External links

Flint Park Lake Park at Genesee County Parks

Defunct amusement parks in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Flint, Michigan
1921 establishments in Michigan
Demolished buildings and structures in Michigan
1961 disestablishments in Michigan


Siyathemba Municipality () is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:

Politics

The municipal council consists of eleven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Six councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in five wards, while the remaining five are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 no party obtained a majority of seats on the council.
The following table shows the results of the election.

References

External links
 Official website

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality


Thembelihle Municipality (), formerly known as Oranje-Karoo Municipality, is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. Thembelihle is a Xhosa word meaning "good hope".

History
At the end of the apartheid era, in the area that is today the Thembelihle Municipality, there were municipal councils for Hopetown and Strydenburg which were elected by the white residents, while the coloured residents of Steynville (Hopetown) and Strydenburg were governed by management committees subordinate to the white councils. The remaining rural areas were served by the Bo-Karoo Regional Services Council.

After the national elections of 1994 a process of local government transformation began, in which negotiations were held between the existing local authorities, political parties, and local community organisations. As a result of these negotiations, the existing local authorities were dissolved and transitional local councils (TLCs) were created for each town. The Strydenburg municipality and management committee were replaced by a TLC in September 1994, and the Hopetown municipality and Steynville management committee were replaced by a TLC in March 1995. The transitional councils were initially made up of members nominated by the various parties to the negotiations, until May 1996 when elections were held. At these elections the Bo-Karoo District Council was established, replacing the Bo-Karoo Regional Services Council. Transitional representative councils (TRCs) were also elected to represent the areas not included in the TLCs on the District Council; the area that was to become Thembelihle Municipality was part of the Oranje-Karoo TRC, except for Orania which had a separate TRC.

At the local elections of December 2000 the TLCs and TRCs were dissolved and the Oranje-Karoo Municipality (renamed Thembelihle in June 2001) was established as a single local authority. The Orania TRC challenged its dissolution in the Kimberley High Court, and under a settlement with the provincial government this TRC retained its powers and functions indefinitely pending further negotiations. Orania residents are entitled to vote in elections for the Thembelihle council, and 21% of registered voters in Orania cast a ballot in the 2021 elections, but  they did not receive any municipal services from Thembelihle.

Geography
The municipality covers an area of  on the left (south) bank of the Orange River, approximately  south of the provincial capital Kimberley. In the census of 2011 it had a reported population of 15,701 inhabitants in 4,140 households, giving a population density of . The principal town is Hopetown (pop. 10,259), which is situated on the Orange River. Other settlements are Strydenburg (pop. 2,987) situated  to the south-west of Hopetown, and Orania (pop. 2,377 at 2021) situated on the Orange River  to the south-east of Hopetown. The remainder of the municipality is rural, mostly used for farming of sheep and goats while intensive irrigated agriculture occurs along the Orange River. The main transport links in the municipal area are the N12 national road and the De Aar–Kimberley railway line, both of which pass north-south through the municipality.

According to the census, the main spoken language in the municipality is Afrikaans, which is home language of 89% of residents. It is followed by isiXhosa (5%), English and Setswana (1% each). 71% of residents identified themselves as Coloured, 15% as Black African, and 13% as White. 31% of residents were under the age of 15.

Politics

The municipal council consists of eleven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Six councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in six wards, while the remaining three are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received.

For most of the time since its creation in 2000 Thembelihle has been governed by the African National Congress (ANC), which won outright majorities in the 2000, 2006 and 2011 municipal elections. The opposition took control of the council in December 2011, however, after ANC lost a by-election to an independent candidate. The independent, former ANC member Danny Jonas, became the new mayor of the municipality supported by the Congress of the People and the Democratic Alliance. Jonas later joined the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF).

In the election of 3 August 2016 the ANC regained control of the municipality, winning a majority of four seats on the council.

The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

References

External links
 Thembelihle Local Municipality

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality


Kareeberg Municipality () is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. The name originates from a mountain range in the region, the Karee Mountains.

Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:

Politics

The municipal council consists of  eleven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Six councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in six wards, while the remaining five are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021  no party obtained a majority of seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election.

By-elections from November 2021
The following by-elections were held to fill vacant ward seats in the period from the election in November 2021.

References

External links
 Official website

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality
Karoo


Renosterberg Municipality (; ) is a local municipality within the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality, in the Northern Cape province of South Africa.

Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:

Politics

The municipal council consists of nine members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Five councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in five wards, while the remaining four are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of five seats on the council.

The following table shows the results of the election.

References

External links
 Official website

Local municipalities of the Pixley ka Seme District Municipality


Gianfelice "Gianni" Bonagura (27 October 1925 – 8 October 2017) was an Italian actor and voice actor.

Life and career
Born in Milan, Bonagura was active on film, stage, television and radio. He appeared in 40 films between 1950 and 2001. He arrived at the threshold of a degree in philosophy, then in 1946 he abandoned his studies to attend the Silvio d'Amico National Academy of Dramatic Arts. Essentially a stage actor, Bonagura became popular in the second half of the fifties as a radio actor, protagonist of vignettes together with Nino Manfredi and Paolo Ferrari.  In cinema and television, he was only used as a character actor, with the exception of the role of Dr. Watson in the 1968 RAI television series Sherlock Holmes.

Bonagura also worked as a voice actor. He occasionally dubbed over the voices of Danny De Vito, Mel Brooks and Ian Holm. One of his most popular dubbing roles includes providing the Italian voice of Palpatine's alter ego, Darth Sidious in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. In his animated roles, he dubbed the voices of Uncle Waldo in The Aristocats and Mr. Snoops in The Rescuers.

Death
Bonagura died in Milan on 8 October 2017, 19 days before his 92nd birthday.

Partial filmography

 Against the Law (1950)
 Fugitive in Trieste (1951)
 Susanna Whipped Cream (1957) - Un complice del ladro
 Femmine tre volte (1957) - Cesare, il sindicalista
 Carmela è una bambola (1958) - The Prosecutor
 The Employee (1959) - Amedeo - Totocalcio Accountant
 Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti (1960) - Pippetto aka Father Filippo
 Le signore (1960)
 Le pillole di Ercole (1960) - Un medico al congresso di gerontologia
 The Passionate Thief (1960)
 Behind Closed Doors (1961) - L'avvocato difensore
 Damon and Pythias (1962) - Phylemon
 Le pillole di Ercole (1962) - Cerrocchi
 I cuori infranti (1963) - Filippini (segment "E vissero felici")
 I soldi (1965)
 Marcia nuziale (1966) - Veterinario Coribaldo
 Che notte ragazzi! (1966) - Direttore dell'albergo
 La notte è fatta per... rubare (1967) - Notaio Jacques Gaspard
 Les cracks (1968) - Pifarelli
 Sherlock Holmes (1968, TV Mini-Series) - Dr. Watson
 The Adventures of Pinocchio (1971) - The Coachman (voice)
 In Prison Awaiting Trial (1971) - Avv. Sallustio Giordana
 La Tosca (1973) - Sciarrone
 My Darling Slave (1973) - Balzarini
 The Great Kidnapping (1973) - Il commissario Zenoni
 Il figlioccio del padrino (1973) - RAI-TV General Manager
 Sex Pot (1975) - Receptionist
 Segni particolari: bellissimo (1983) - Professore
 I Am an ESP (1985) - De Angelis
 Grandi magazzini (1986) - Dott. Gruber
 Mia moglie è una bestia (1988) - Professore di scienze naturali
 Tre colonne in cronaca (1990) - Petroni
 In the Name of the Sovereign People (1990) - Pio IX
 Prestazione straordinaria (1994) - Mercantoni
 Ferdinando and Carolina (1999) - Austrian Ambassador
 Padre Pio: Miracle Man (2000, TV Movie) - Padre Benedetto

References

External links

1925 births
2017 deaths
Male actors from Milan
Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni
Italian male film actors
Italian male voice actors
Italian male television actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male radio actors
20th-century Italian male actors


The Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims is an IMO treaty that was concluded in London in November 1976. It entered into force in 1986 and superseded the 1957 Brussels Convention of the same name. As of October 2016, 54 states are party to the convention.

Parties
Although 65 states have ratified the convention, it has only 54 state parties because a number of ratifying states have denounced the convention. New Zealand has ratified the convention and will cease to be a party in October 2017.

See also
 Peracomo Inc. v. TELUS Communications Co. Canadian case concerning the Convention

Notes

References
Hill, C. (1995), Maritime Law, 4th ed, LLP Reference Publishing, London
Griggs, P., Williams, R.(1998), Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, 3rd ed, LLP Reference Publishing, London

Admiralty law treaties
Treaties concluded in 1976
Treaties entered into force in 1986
1976 in London
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Algeria
Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
Treaties of Azerbaijan
Treaties of the Bahamas
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of the People's Republic of China
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
Treaties of the Cook Islands
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of Dominica
Treaties of Egypt
Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of France
Treaties of Georgia (country)
Treaties of East Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Guyana
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of India
Treaties of Iran
Treaties of Jamaica
Treaties of Kiribati
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Liberia
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of the Marshall Islands
Treaties of Mauritius
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Mongolia
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Nigeria
Treaties of Niue
Treaties of the Polish People's Republic
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Saint Lucia
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Sierra Leone
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Syria
Treaties of Tonga
Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Tuvalu
Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
Treaties of Vanuatu
Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
International Maritime Organization treaties
Treaties extended to Greenland
Treaties extended to the Caribbean Netherlands
Treaties extended to Bermuda
Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to Montserrat
Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Liability treaties
Treaties extended to British Honduras
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong


Vietnam-Australia School, Hanoi (VAS Hanoi) is a semi-international school established in pursuant to decision No 1452/QD-UBND dated 13 April 2007 of the People’s Committee of Hanoi.

VAS Hanoi follows the Vietnamese Curriculum in preschool, primary, secondary and high school. All sections of the school are located together on the one campus, in My Dinh 1 residential area.

With 12 years of development, VAS Hanoi is one of the leading semi-international schools in Vietnam with nearly 1200 students.

In 2013, VAS Hanoi was one of the first two schools in Hanoi to be recognized as Cambridge International School registered number VN235 by Cambridge Assessment International Education. The school has been qualified to teach three international Cambridge programs: Cambridge Primary, Cambridge Lower Secondary and Cambridge Upper Secondary – IGCSE.

In 2019, VAS Hanoi becomes the first school in Vietnam to be accredited as "Cambridge Assessment English Partnership School" by Cambridge Assessment English.

Experienced native English teachers from a variety of English-speaking nations are selected by Australian strategic partner Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney – PLC Sydney school, trained annually both at home and abroad, and committed to long-term,  full-time employment at VAS Hanoi.

Education model

Vietnamese curriculum (MOET)
VAS Hanoi follows the Vietnamese curriculum in preschool, primary, secondary and high school.

Cambridge curriculum
VAS Hanoi was one of the first two schools in Hanoi to be recognized as a Cambridge International School, registered number VN235 in 2013. To be accredited, VAS Hanoi underwent a strict process of evaluation of its teachers, curriculum and facilities. The school has been qualified to teach three international Cambridge programs:
 Cambridge Primary
Cambridge Lower Secondary
Cambridge Upper Secondary - IGCSE

At VAS Hanoi Preschool, children study with native-speaking teachers from 15–17 periods per week.

Co-curriculum
 After school, students participate in sports, arts, social activities, economy and language. These clubs are managed by Vietnamese and foreign teachers and some invited coaches.
 Sporting competitions, language nights, art exhibitions and performances are organized within the school.
 Each year, VAS Hanoi hosts visits of students from Australian schools. The school also sends groups of students to Australia and creates opportunities for its students to work with charity projects, sporting and music events.
 Communication in English is encouraged within the school campus.

Partner school
PLC Sydney is an Australian private school established in the late 1880s on the UK model. In recent years, they both have continuously been in the top group in the New South Wales HSC School ranking.

References

Educational institutions established in 2007
Schools in Hanoi
Australia–Vietnam relations
2007 establishments in Vietnam


And a Whole Lotta You! is the second studio album by American rock and roll band Hi-Fives. The album was released on 1997 by Lookout!.

Track listing
 "It's Up to You" – 1:51
 "It Begins with You" – 1:32
 "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry Over You" – 1:31
 "Time Is Now" – 1:48
 "No-No" – 1:20
 "All I Want to Know" – 1:36
 "Words Of Love" – 2:02
 "Bad Connection" – 1:40
 "I'll Take You There" – 1:49
 "Say What You Want" – 1:31
 "You Can" – 2:23
 "Black and Blue" – 1:53
 "A Whole Lotta You" – 1:45
 "Peaquod" – 1:52
 "Shhh!" – 1:46
 "Tainted Love" – 1:36

Personnel
 Chris Imlay – Guitar and Vocals
 John Denery - Guitar and vocals
 Jess Hilliard - Bass guitar
 Denny Seelig - Drums

References

The Hi-Fives albums
1997 albums


Agostino "Tino" Buazzelli (13 September 1922 – 20 October 1980) was an Italian stage, television and film actor. He appeared in 46 films between 1948 and 1978.

After a diploma in education, Buazzelli enrolled the  in Rome, graduating in 1946. He made his debut the following year, in the Maltagliati-Gassman stage company. He made his film debut in 1948, in Riccardo Freda's . Buazzelli's major successes relate to theatre, notably several stage works played at the  in Milan between the 1950s and 1960s, and his performance of Brecht's Life of Galileo (1963) is referred to as the peak of his career. Buazzelli had also a significant television success as Nero Wolfe in a series of television films in which he starred between 1969 and 1971.

Partial filmography

 The Mysterious Rider (1948) – Josef, Count Ipatieff's servant (uncredited)
 Guarany (1948)
 The Flame That Will Not Die (1949)
  (1949)
 Margaret of Cortona (1950) – Rinaldo degli Uberti
 The Outlaws (1950) – Marshall Fulvio
 Stormbound (1950) – the sergeant
 Against the Law (1950) – the police commissioner
 Totò Tarzan (1950) – Spartaco
 The Transporter (1950) – Dimitri
 Bluebeard's Six Wives (1950) – Ladislao Tzigety / Bluebeard
 The Count of Saint Elmo (1951) – Baron Annibale Cassano
 The Crowd (1951)
 The Tired Outlaw (1952) – Paco
  (1952) – Arturo
 Captain Phantom (1953) – Damian Pinto
 The Most Wanted Man (1953) – Parker
 Angels of Darkness (1954)
 Neapolitan Carousel (1954) – Captain Spaccatrippa
 Cardinal Lambertini (1954) – Count Davia
 Toto in Hell (1955) – the secretary devil
  (1955) – judge Menghin
  (1960) – Tiberius / uncle Anthony
  (1960) – Quirino Lanfranchi
 Ghosts of Rome (1961) – Friar Bartolomeo from Roviano
  (1963) – Claudio
  (1963)
  (1963) – Baron Friedrich von Tellen (segment "")
 Ça ira - Il fiume della rivolta (1964)
 Thrilling (1965) – the shrink (segment "")
 A Maiden for a Prince (1965) – the Duke of Mantua
 After the Fox (1966) – Siepi
 Devil in the Brain (1972) – Doctor Emilio Bontempi

References

External links

1922 births
1980 deaths
People from Frascati
Italian male film actors
Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni
20th-century Italian male actors
Italian male stage actors
Italian male television actors


Manveen Sandhu (1962–2009) was a Punjabi Indian artist, educationist, culture promoter and a peace activist. She was the creator and director of Punarjyot, an NGO focused on the preservation and promotion of Punjabi heritage. She also founded the Saanjh: Amritsar-Lahorioe festival to promote cultural interaction and better understanding between the cities of Amritsar & Lahore.

Sandhu was posthumously awarded the Kalpana Chawla award for promotion of art, culture and education. She produced several plays in an effort to revive the composite culture of Punjab, which had suffered a setback after the partition of India. She had also encouraged Pakistan-based artists and was instrumental in organising several joint cultural shows under the aegis of Saanjh and Punarjyot. She was married to Shivinder Singh Sandhu and had two children.

Career
Sandhu authored the book, Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Personalitas Extraordinaire which chronicles the life and times of the Ranjit Singh, who was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. Her research was instrumental in bringing a fair representation to Moran Sarkar, the dancing girl who Maharaja Ranjit Singh married in 1802.

Manveen Sandhu was also the principal of Spring Dale Senior School, and was noted for her exemplary integration of the Multiple Intelligences into the curriculum.

Her efforts to further education were recognised by Indian Ministry of Human Resource Development, which conferred the National Award 2008 on her under its scheme of National Award to Teachers. Kirat Sandhu and Sahiljit Sandhu received the award on her behalf from the Vice-President of India on Teacher's Day – 5 September 2009.

Death
She died in a road accident along with her husband, Dr. Shivinder Sandhu, on 11 January 2009 while on the way from Bikaner to Amritsar.

References

1962 births
2009 deaths
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
20th-century Indian women writers
Activists from Punjab, India
Punjabi people
Women writers from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian biographers
Indian women biographers


Keratoprosthesis is a surgical procedure where a diseased cornea is replaced with an artificial cornea. Traditionally, keratoprosthesis is recommended after a person has had a failure of one or more donor corneal transplants. More recently, a less invasive, non-penetrating artificial cornea has been developed which can be used in more routine cases of corneal blindness.  While conventional cornea transplant uses donor tissue for transplant, an artificial cornea is used in the keratoprosthesis procedure. The surgery is performed to restore vision in patients with severely damaged cornea due to congenital birth defects, infections, injuries and burns.

Keratoprotheses are made of clear plastic with excellent tissue tolerance and optical properties.  They vary in design, size and even the implantation techniques may differ across different treatment centers. The procedure is done by ophthalmologists, often on an outpatient basis.

The idea of artificial cornea was first proposed in 1789 by French ophthalmologist Guillaume Pellier de Quengsy.

Types
Although many keratoprostheses have been developed, only four models are currently in commercial use: the Boston keratoprosthesis, osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP), AlphaCor and the KeraKlear artificial cornea.

Indications
Indications for penetrating keratoprotheses include the following:

 Treatment of patients whose vision is less than 20/200 in the affected eye.
 Patients with failed corneal transplant using donor cornea and have little or no vision left.
 Patients with non-autoimmune diseases, congenital birth defects and other ocular problems.
 Patients who do not have access to corneal transplant tissue

Indications for non-penetrating keratoprostheses include the following:

 Keratoconus
 Corneal Dystrophies
 Corneal scars not related to active inflammation in the eye
 Corneal edema
 Limbal stem cell deficiency (e.g. Aniridia)
 Failed corneal transplants with a non-inflammatory original diagnosis (e.g. keratoconus)

Pre-operative examination
In most cases, the patient meets the ophthalmologist for eye examination and other tests weeks or months preceding surgery.  During the meeting, the ophthalmologist will examine the eye and diagnose its condition.  The doctor will also record the history of the patient's health and other previous eye treatments, if any.  The doctor will discuss the risks and benefits of the surgery.  If the patient elects for the surgery, the doctor will have the patient sign an informed consent form.  The doctor may also perform physical and lab examinations, such as an X-ray, an EKG, a slit lamp test, an ultrasound B-scan, or an A-scan.

The surgery date and time is also set, and the patient will also be told where the surgery will take place.  The patient can also make any other queries regarding the procedure.

Patient selection

 Vision should not be better than 20/200.
 Blink and tear mechanisms should be reasonably intact.
 Retina should be in place and there should not be extreme optic nerve cupping.
 Consider shunt if patient has advanced stage of glaucoma.

Procedure

On the day of the procedure, the patient will arrive to the hospital or laser center where the surgery is to be performed.  After a brief physical examination, the patient will be taken to the operating room. General anesthesia or local anesthesia is given before the surgery begins.

An eyelid speculum is used to keep the eye open throughout the surgery.  Some lubrication may be used to prevent the eye from drying.  Depending on the type of keratoprosthesis used, the surgery may involve a full thickness replacement of the cornea or the placement of an intralamellar implant. For the Alphacor a manual incision is used to create a corneal pocket and a punch is used to create an opening through the posterior cornea into the anterior chamber. The Alphacor is then inserted into the corneal pocket to allow for bio-integration after several months, a second procedure is used to remove part of the anterior cornea to allow light to reach the retina. In the case of the KeraKlear, the intralamellar pocket is created with a femtosecond laser or a corneal pocket making microkeratome. The posterior cornea is left intact.

Typically, there is a follow-up session few days after surgery, when patients' complaints are addressed and modifications are made, if needed.

Since keratoprosthesis surgeries are evolving, constant attempts are being made to improve the outcome of the surgery.  Also, the material and design used in the artificial cornea may vary and as a result of this, there can be minor variations in surgical procedure as well.

The surgery is done on an outpatient basis with the patient returning home the same day.

Risks

Though the rate of success with keratoprosthesis is high, in rare cases, certain serious complications could occur.

 Glaucoma and extrusion of the implant are serious complications that could occur.
 Sudden vitritis can cause a drastic reduction in vision.  However, it is possible to treat this condition through antibiotics or by a minor laser surgery.
 Inflammation of the eye tissue could occur.  This condition is also treatable.

Usage of keratoprosthesis is typically considered when multiple donor corneal transplants have failed for a patient. A Cochrane Review found no controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of artificial corneas with donor corneas for repeat corneas transplantations.

Prognosis
The primary purpose of keratoprosthesis is to improve vision in patients with complex ocular diseases who are at high risk for donor graft failure.  After an impressive success record with keratoprosthesis in adults, the procedure is used to treat young patients with severe ocular deformities.

Economics
Keratoprosthesis is continuously evolving with newer generation materials that seek to improve treatment outcomes.  However, the cost of surgery is on the expensive side and can typically run up to    $35,000 in the US.  In order to obtain surgical treatment at a lower cost, many patients choose to get the treatment done from popular medical tourism destinations like India and Singapore where the cost of treatment may be as little as one fourth the cost as in the US or UK.

References

External links
 http://www.stronghealth.com/services/ophthalmology/aboutus/keratoprosthesis.cfm
 http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases/60-AlphaCor-Surgical-Approaches-Artificial-Cornea-Implant.htm
 http://www.masseyeandear.org/for-professionals/physician-resources/keratoprosthesis/care/
 http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=article&o=31194
 http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/Department/News/KeratoprosthesisInformation%20.pdf
 http://www.masseyeandear.org/specialties/ophthalmology/cornea-and-refractive-surgery/keratoprosthesis/
 http://www.dukeeye.org/specialties/cornea/artificial_cornea-faq.html

Implants (medicine)
Ophthalmology


Ljubica Ostojić (20 March 1945 – 29 May 2021) was a Bosnian poet, writer and playwright from Bosnia and Herzegovina. She wrote in Croatian and taught dramaturgy at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo.

Early life and education
Born in Belgrade, she moved with her parents in the same year to Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

She obtained an Arts degree with a major in comparative literature and theatrology from the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo.

Career
As a young poet, she was associated with a group of Sarajevan poets known as Sudbonosni dječaci (the 'Destined boys') developing as literary and intellectual circle around Mak Dizdar and Duško Trifunović, with other distinguished poets of her generation such as: Abdulah Sidran, Stevan Tontić, Rajko Petrov Nogo, Radovan Karadžić, Ivan Kordić, Drago Jovanović, Predrag Finci etc.

Ljubica Ostojić worked as a dramaturg at the Youth Theatre in Sarajevo. She was a professional writer, playwright and long-time theatrical critic for local newspapers and specialised journals, such as Odjek or Književna revija, and from 1994 lectured at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo where she held the title of Professor.

Ljubica Ostojić wrote scripts for dramas on radio and TV, critical and essay texts on theatre, literature and visual arts. She has also adapted numerous texts for performance in the theatre.

Her poems and texts have been translated into English, Albanian, German, Macedonian, French, Slovene, Turkish, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Greek, and Hungarian.

Awards and memberships
She was a member of the Association of Writers of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1974 and PEN Club of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2007.

In addition, she earned several awards throughout her career, including:

 The award of the publisher Svjetlost for the best book of 1974.
 The award of the publisher Veselin Masleša for the best book of 1985.
 The award "Luka Pavlović" from the Association of Theatrical Critics and Theatrologists of Bosnia-Herzegovina for 1990–91.
 The award "Golden Brooch" for culture by the weekly magazine Žena for 1998.
 The international award "Grozdanin kikot" – for her contribution to the development of drama education in 2000.
 The Golden Laurel Wreath for her contribution to the art of theater, given by the MESS festival in 2012.

Selected works

Poetry
 Vrijeme za Ukras (The Time for Adornment) Svjetlost: Sarajevo 1969 (as Ljubica Ostojić-Finci).
 Ispod Drvlja I Kamenja (Under the Timbers and Stones) Svjetlost: Sarajevo 1973.
 Morska Pjesmarica  (Songbook of the Sea), Veselin Masleša: Sarajevo 1985.
 Smrtna Pjesmarica (Songbook of Death), Svjetlost: Sarajevo 1999.

Drama texts
 Kočoperitis izvjesne mlade dame u pubertetu (The Over-Enthusiasm of a Certain Young Lady in her Puberty) Zajednica prof. pozorišta BiH: Sarajevo 1985.
 Ružno pače (The Ugly Duckling) Zajednica prof. pozorišta BiH: Sarajevo 1991.
 Rijeka čudotvornica (The Miraculous River), in Tmača Art 45-46 (2008), pp. 102–121 (English and Croatian publications).
 Sve se nekako preživi osim smrti (One can survive everything except death) in Prst: Zbirka savremene drame 2, ed. by V. Bošković. Hartefakt Drama: Belgrade 2012, pp. 275–345.

Books for children and youth
 Tu stanuje Danijelova priča (Here Lives the Story of Danijel), Svjetlost: Sarajevo 1974.
 Dječak s ključem oko vrata (The Boy with a Key around his Neck) Veselin Masleša: Sarajevo 1986.
 Svjetlucanja (Glowings) Sarajevo Publishing: Sarajevo 2003.
 Princeza Ariel I Yo (Princess Ariel and Yo), Bosanska Riječ: Tuzla 2010.

Theatrical works
 Pour une anthologie imaginaire du théâtre contemporain en Bosnie-Herzégovine, in Revue des Études Slaves 77/1-2 (2006), pp. 67–77.
 War and Theatre, Intercultural Education (with S. Djulic) in European Journal	for Intercultural Education 10/3 (1999), pp. 313–318.

References

Further reading
 C. Hawkesworth, Voices in the Shadows: women and verbal art in Serbia and Bosnia, Central European University Press: Budapest 2000, pp. 261–262.
 N. C. Lee, The Singers of Lamentation: cities under siege, from Ur to Jerusalem and Sarajevo, Brill: Leiden 2002, pp. 2–3, 91.
 I. Kajan, 'Dječiji ludistički roman Ljubice Ostojić', in Život: Journal for Literature and Culture (Sarajevo) 55/2 (2008), pp. 86–90.
 V. Premec, 'Iz poetike Ljubice Ostojić', in Novi Izraz: Journal for Literature and Art (Sarajevo) 45-46 (July–December 2009), pp. 204–210.
 M. Salihbeg Bosnawi, 'Ova se, poezija / iznutra, prstenuje', Esej u povodu', in "Skupa", Eseji, Sarajevo 2009, pp. 90–110.

External links
Author's page on The Association of Writers of Bosnia-Herzegovina website (in Croatian)
Author's page on The P.E.N. society of Bosnia-Herzegovina (in Croatian)

1945 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Sarajevo
Writers from Belgrade
Bosnia and Herzegovina poets
Bosnia and Herzegovina women poets
Croat writers from Bosnia and Herzegovina
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina writers
20th-century Bosnia and Herzegovina women writers
21st-century Bosnia and Herzegovina writers
21st-century Bosnia and Herzegovina women writers


Paths of Glory is a novel by English author Jeffrey Archer based on the story of George Mallory who died attempting to climb Everest in the 1920s. It was published by St. Martin's Press on 3 March 2009. It fictionally supports the claims that George Mallory, an Englishman, was the first to conquer Mount Everest – before Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.

Controversy
The novel caused a controversy in New Zealand, with major newspaper The Dominion Post calling it an insult to Sir Edmund Hillary, as the story portrays Mallory as successfully reaching the summit of Mount Everest.

Characters
 George Mallory: Professor and climber
 Ruth Mallory: Thackeray Turner's daughter and George's wife
 Reverend Leigh Mallory: George's father
 Annie Mallory: George's mother
 Avie Mallory: George's sister
 Mary Mallory: George's sister
 Trafford Mallory: George's brother
 Guy Bullock: George's best friend
 Mr. Graham Irving: George's teacher
 A. C. Benson: George's teacher at Cambridge
 Geoffrey Winthrop Young: Chairman of the Alpine Club and George's climbing mentor
 George Finch: George's Australian rival at mountain climbing
 Andrew O'Sullivan: Teacher, George's colleague at Charterhouse
 Mr. Thackeray Turner: School governor at Charterhouse
 Marjorie and Mildred Turner: Mr Turner's daughters
 Sandy Irvine: George's final climbing partner
 Mr. Arthur Hinks: Secretary Everest committee
 Brigadier General Bruce: General posted in India
 Sir Edward Norton: Climber
 Howard Somervell: Climber
 Professor Noel Odell: Climber
 Captain John Noel: Climber
 Claire, Beridge and John Mallory: George's children.

Film adaptation
In June 2021, it was announced that a film adaptation of Paths of Glory was in development for a production start in January 2022, with Ewan McGregor, Mark Strong, and Sam Heughan set to star as Mallory, Hinks, and Finch, respectively. Doug Liman will direct and produce the project, with Sheldon Turner writing the screenplay under the title Everest and HanWay Films handling international sales and distribution. Juno Temple joined the cast in September as Ruth Mallory.

References

2009 British novels
Novels by Jeffrey Archer
Mount Everest in fiction
Mountaineering books
Novels set in Tibet
Macmillan Publishers books


The Phone is an Australian reality television show, based on the Dutch version of the same name.

Format
The Phone is a reality series that finds contestants right off the street. The two contestants are two people who answer one of two ringing phones placed in separate locations. Once a person answers the phone, they are asked by the 'Cluemaster', played by Justin Melvey, if they would like the chance to win $25,000.

If they accept they are a contestant in the game which starts immediately. The contestant is given instructions to go to a nearby location and complete a task. It is usually at their first task they meet the other contestant who has answered the other phone. From that point, the two strangers become a team.

The team must complete a series of tasks in order to gain four memory cards, which are used later. They learn of their tasks by following instructions the Cluemaster gives them via phone calls or SMS. Once the tasks have been completed the team is told to insert all the cards they have collected into a computer with each card revealing an image on screen showing their final destination. Therefore, the more memory cards the team has, the more pictures they receive and the easier it is to work out their final location.

If the team has difficulty completing a task, or wish to buy another memory card, the Cluemaster can take away money from the briefcase, which can range from $1,000 to $5,000.

Once they have reached the final destination the two contestants are told they are no longer a team and only one of them can win the cash inside a briefcase. The first to answer three multiple choice questions correctly can get the briefcase. Once a contestant has the briefcase of cash the Cluemaster asks them if they would like to share the money with their former teammate. In some episodes the Cluemaster will only allow an even split of the money.

Broadcast
The Phone began airing on subscription channel FOX8 on 19 January 2009. The first episode premiered to 108,000 viewers, the tenth highest rating show for the week on subscription television, and eighth highest rating non-sport program. Its rebroadcast 2 hours later on FOX8+2 was watched by 43,000 viewers.

Similarities to other programs
The Phone has been compared to The Bourne Identity, 24, The Mole and The Amazing Race based on the tasks performed and how teams go about completing them.

References

External links
Official site

2000s Australian game shows
2009 Australian television series debuts
2009 Australian television series endings
2000s Australian reality television series
Fox8 original programming
Telephony in popular culture
Television shows set in Sydney
Television shows set in Melbourne
Television shows set in Gold Coast, Queensland
Television shows set in Tasmania


Paul Couture (April 15, 1833 – November 30, 1913) was a dairy farmer and political figure in Quebec. He represented Chicoutimi—Saguenay in the House of Commons of Canada from 1887 to 1891 as an Independent member.

He was born in Saint-Charles, Bellechasse County, Lower Canada. In 1857, he married Philomène Boulanger. He operated a butter and cheese factory at Laterrière; Couture established this facility in 1883 with his brother Octave as a model facility to educate others in the region in the production of butter. He was also involved in the production of wool.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1889 AJ Gemmill

1833 births
1913 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec


Tim Burke may refer to:
Tim Burke (ice hockey) (born 1955), American ice hockey player/coach
Tim Burke (baseball) (born 1959), Major League Baseball pitcher
Tim Burke (biathlete) (born 1982), American biathlete
Tim Burke (gridiron football), American football coach
Tim Burke (visual effects supervisor) (born 1965)
Tim Burke (wrestler) (1960–2011), American professional wrestler
Tim Burke (golfer) (born 1986), American golfer
Timothy Burke (businessman), contractor and railroad owner
Timothy Burke (politician) (1866–1926), member of the Wisconsin Legislature


Attilio Dottesio (16 July 1909 – 12 February 1989) was an Italian film character actor and singer. He appeared in 170 films between 1940 and 1985.

Born in Brescia, Dottesio began his career in France, where first he obtained some success as a pop singer and later debuted as an actor in the film The Pearls of the Crown directed by Sacha Guitry.  Back in Italy, he attended the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, then he began an intense career as a character actor. His first Italian film was La peccatrice by Amleto Palermi (1940). In 1955, he had his only experience as a director, with the documentary film Amazzonia terra sconosciuta.

Selected filmography

 The Pearls of the Crown (1937)
 The Sinner (1940)
 The Hero of Venice (1941)
 The Taming of the Shrew (1942)
 The Man with a Cross (1943)
 Giacomo the Idealist (1943)
 The Charterhouse of Parma (1948)
 The Wolf of the Sila (1949)
 Ring Around the Clock (1950)
 Cavalcade of Heroes (1950)
 Against the Law (1950)
 Wolves Hunt at Night (1952)
 Prisoner in the Tower of Fire (1952)
 It's Never Too Late (1953)
 Barrier of the Law (1954)
 Vanina Vanini (1961)
 Terror of the Steppes (1964)
 30 Winchester per El Diablo (1965)
 Diamonds Are a Man's Best Friend (1966)
 No Diamonds for Ursula (1967)
 Shango (1970)
 A Barrel Full of Dollars (1971)
 Heroes in Hell (1973)
 Death Smiles at a Murderer (1973)
 Return of Shanghai Joe (1975)
 Cuore di cane (1976)
 SS Experiment Camp (1976)
 I'm Photogenic (1980)

External links

References

1909 births
1989 deaths
Italian male film actors
Actors from Brescia
20th-century Italian male actors
Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia alumni


Burundu is a rural village in Kakamega County of the former Western Province in Kenya.

It is part of the West Kabras ward of Malava Constituency and Kakamega County Council.

The people of Burundu are the Kabras, a subgroup of the Luhya.

The main economic activity is sugar cane farming as a cash crop. Maize and sweet potatoes are grown for subsistence use. Cattle, sheep, goats, chicken and ducks are all reared on small scale.

There is only one public primary school: Burundu Primary School. There is no secondary school, most children go to neighbouring villages' schools. The village is sparsely populated, with most people literate. Some of the prominent scholars from this village include Dr Shikuku Musima Mulambula, a senior lecturer at Moi University, Department of Educational Psychology, and Mr. Chemuku Wekesa, who works as a research scientist at Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Coast Eco-Region Research Programme. Mr. Chemuku Wekesa has a Master of Science degree in forest ecology from Egerton University and B.Sc. degree in forestry from Moi University.

The village has famous traditional medicine-men and traditionalists, including Mr. Murunga Joseph Mulambula, who is also a teacher. Some very old herbs species still exist on the banks of River Lusumu bordering Burundu to the South.

The former Kenyan footballer Jonathan Niva came from Burundu village. His funeral officially agitated the love of reggae music among the youth of this village.

The extra high voltage (132 kV ) transmission line  from Owen Falls, Jinja, Uganda crosses Burundu village on its way to Nairobi via a sub-station at Kesses, near Eldoret. There is a power sub-station in neighbouring Musaga village, that connects the whole of Western Kenya to the national grid. The village is, however, not supplied with electricity.

Road network coverage is good, but trailers transporting sugar cane mess them when sugar cane is harvested. Mobile phone network coverage is provided by Zain, Yu and Safaricom that have base stations in Nambacha and Muhuni.

References

Populated places in Western Province (Kenya)
Kakamega County


The service–profit chain is the central concept in a theory of business management which links employee satisfaction to customer loyalty and profitability. It was proposed in an article in the Harvard Business Review in 1994 by James L. Heskett,  W. Earl Sasser, and Leonard Schlesinger, and was later the subject of the book The Service Profit Chain – How Leading Companies Link Profit and Growth To Loyalty, Satisfaction and Value, published in 1997 by three of the same authors.

See also
Customer knowledge

References

Customer service
Services marketing


Mukundraj (IAST: Mukundarāja) was one of the earliest Marathi literary figures poet. Some earlier scholars dated him to the 12th century.

Scholars do not have unanimity among them about the place where Mukundraj mostly lived. He was probably born at Pauni in Bhandara district. There is a samadhi (monument) of Mukundraj at Ambajogai in the Beed district of Maharashtra Marathwada.

Mukundraj belonged to the Nath sect, and was a follower of the Adi Shankaracharya's Advaita philosophy. He wrote the religious compositions Vivek Sindhu (IAST: Vivekasindhu) and Paramamrut (IAST: Paramamṛta). Some earlier scholars dated Vivekasindhu to 1188, and believed it to be the first work of literature in Marathi language. However, Mukundraj is now generally dated to 12th century or later: the Vivekasindhu was likely written after other Marathi works such as Lilacaritra and Dnyaneshwari.

References

Bibliography

Marathi-language poets
Marathi-language writers
14th-century Indian poets
People from Bhandara district
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Indian male poets
Poets from Maharashtra


The Bishop of Tinnevelly was the Ordinary of the Anglican Church in Tinnevelly, Tamil Nadu, India, from its inception in 1896 until the foundation of the Church in India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon in 1927; and after that head of one of its Dioceses.

In October 1896, Tinnevelly was separated from the Diocese of Madras and Rev. Samuel Morley was ordained as the first Bishop of the newly formed diocese.

Under the British, the area was known as Tinnevelly; since independence, the Tamil spelling of Tirunelveli is normally used.

Bishops of Tinnevelly
 Samuel Morley, 1896-1913.
 Arthur Acheson Williams, 1905-1914.
  Edward Harry Mansfield Waller 1915-1923.
  Norman Henry Tubbs, 1923-1928.
 Frederick Western 1929-1938
  Stephen Charles Neill 1939-1944.
 George Selwyn 1945-1953.
 Augustine Jebaraj  1953-1970
 Thomas Garrett 1971-1974
 Daniel Abraham 1975-1984
  Jason Dharmaraj 1985-1999
 Jeyapaul David 2000-2009
 JJ Christdoss 2009-2020
 Barnabas Argst 2021 onward

References

Anglican bishops of Tinnevelly
1896 establishments in British India


Dame Janne Haaland Matláry (born 27 April 1957) is a Norwegian political scientist, writer, and politician, who formerly represented the Christian Democratic Party. Since 2012 she has been a member of the Conservative Party. She is Professor of international politics at the University of Oslo, and served as State Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1997–2000.

Life and career
She claimed the Christian democratic ideology was incompatible with the socialist ideology.

She spoke at the Humanum interreligious colloquium, in 2014. The event, held at the Vatican, was centered on discussions of marriage and the family.

Affiliations
She is a member of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace and of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, and a consultor of the Pontifical Council for the Family. In 2001 she was made a Dame in the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. She is also member of IESE's International Advisory Board (IAB).

Family
Janne Haaland is married to Dr. Matláry, a physician of Hungarian origin who came to Norway as a refugee. The couple has four children.

Writings
Political Factors in Western European Gas Trade (NUPI rapport). Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt, Oslo 1985; ISBN B0006EOPL0
Norway's New Interdependence with the European Community: The Political and Economic Implications of Gas Trade (NUPI rapport). Utenrikspolitisk Institutt, Oslo 1990; ISBN B0006EVW8E
Energy Policy in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, 1997;
Intervention for Human Rights in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002;
Values and Weapons: From Humanitarian Intervention to Regime Change? Palgrave Macmillan, 2006;
Faith through Reason. Gracewing Publishing, 2006; , preface by Joseph Ratzinger.
When Might Becomes Human Right. Gracewing, 2007;
European Union Security Dynamics: In the New National Interest. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009;

References

External links
Staff page at Oslo University.
Author page at Macmillan.
Matlary's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
"Norwegian Saga: The Conversion of Janne Haaland Matlary. New Book by a Former Foreign-Affairs Official", Zenit, 3 May 2004.
"Nurturing a New Feminism", Zenit, 22 May 2001.
"More Women Leaders Needed at the Vatican" by Carol Glatz, Catholic News Service, 15 Dec. 2008.

1947 births
Living people
Christian Democratic Party (Norway) politicians
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Dames of Malta
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
Norwegian political scientists
International relations scholars
Norwegian Roman Catholics
Norwegian state secretaries
People from Mandal, Norway
University of Oslo alumni
Women political scientists


Nneka is an Igbo It can also be a shortened version of the Igbo name Nnemkadi. The following people have the name:
 Nneka (singer) or Nneka Egbuna, Nigerian-German singer and songwriter
 Nneka Egbujiobi, Nigerian-American lawyer
 Nneka Abulokwe, British Nigerian tech and digital governance entrepreneur
 Nneka J. Adams, Canadian-based Nigerian actor, film writer, and movie producer
 Nneka Isaac Moses, Nigerian presenter, fashion designer, and the co-founder and managing director of the African cultural show, Goge Africa
 Nneka Ogwumike, American basketball player with the WNBA's Los Angeles Sparks
 Nneka Okpala, New Zealand athlete
 Nneka Onuorah, American director and producer
 Nneka Onyejekwe, Romanian volleyball player with Voléro Zürich
 Nneka Ukuh, Nigerian track and field athlete

Igbo given names


Renato Malavasi (8 August 1904 – 7 October 1998) was an Italian film actor. He appeared in 135 films between 1921 and 1985.

Selected filmography

 The Golden Vein (1928)
 The Song of Love (1930)
 Lowered Sails (1931)
 The Private Secretary (1931)
 Resurrection (1931)
 A Woman Between Two Worlds (1936)
 King of Diamonds (1936)
 To Live (1937)
 Star of the Sea (1938)
 For Men Only (1938)
 A Thousand Lire a Month (1939)
 The First Woman Who Passes (1940)
 La zia smemorata (1940)
 Two on a Vacation (1940)
 Kean (1940)
 Caravaggio (1941)
 The Brambilla Family Go on Holiday (1941)
 A Husband for the Month of April (1941)
 The Hero of Venice (1941)
 Idyll in Budapest (1941)
 Sad Loves (1943)
 A Living Statue (1943)
 The Walls of Malapaga (1949)
 Against the Law (1950)
 Variety Lights (1950)
 Feathers in the Wind (1950)
 Ring Around the Clock (1950)
 Beauties on Motor Scooters (1952)
 Final Pardon (1952)
 Deceit (1952)
 Cavalcade of Song  (1953)
 Disowned (1954)
 House of Ricordi (1954)
 Desperate Farewell (1955)
 The Courier of Moncenisio (1956)
 I 2 deputati (1968)
 Who Killed the Prosecutor and Why? (1972)
 Return of Shanghai Joe (1975)

References

External links

1904 births
1998 deaths
Italian male film actors
20th-century Italian male actors


Larry Burns may refer to:

 Larry Burns (1911–1983), Northern Irish actor, appeared in Count Five and Die
 Larry Burns, Canadian hockey player, played in 1960 Memorial Cup
 Larry Burns (General Motors) (21st century), American executive for General Motors
 Larry Alan Burns (born 1954), U.S. federal judge
 Larry Burns (The Simpsons), fictional character


Ricardo Cortés (born 24 January 1980) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2009. He held the IBA Americas super middleweight title.

Professional career
On February 1, 2008 Cortes lost by first round knockout to top Light Middleweight prospect Alfredo Angulo.

References

External links

Boxers from Michoacán
Light-middleweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
1980 births
Living people
Mexican male boxers


Morten Knutsen (born 27 November 1977) is a Norwegian football coach and former player.

Career
Knutsen started his career in the Arendal-based club IK Grane, and went on to the largest club in the region, IK Start. He made his debut in Tippeligaen in 1996. He then signed for Norway's best team at the time, Rosenborg BK, ahead of the 2000 season. He played 24 games and scored seven goals in his first season, but then only played ten games in 2001. In 2002 he was loaned to Start, where he played 19 games and scored four goals. After a poor 2003 season with only two appearances for Rosenborg, he caught the interest of Odd Grenland in late 2003. He joined the team free of cost, playing 21 out of 26 league games in 2004, and scoring the winning goal in extra time when Odd Grenland beat FK Ekranas in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Cup 2004–05. In 2005, however, he only played five games. His time at Odd was marred by injury problems, and in 2006 he only played for the club's B team.

He retired from football in February 2007, but already in March he signed for FK Arendal on a pay-per-game contract. He stated that although he had given up playing in the Tippeligaen, the 2. divisjon (third tier) might be a suitable arena. However, he almost immediately sustained a serious knee injury, losing the rest of the 2007 season. In the 2008 season he trained the junior team of IF Trauma, at the same time playing for the men's senior team. He also functioned as caretaker coach for the senior team while the head coach was off sick. In late 2008 he was announced as the new head coach of Trauma, effective from 2009.

Knutsen is married, has children, and resides on Tromøya.

Honours
Rosenborg
Tippeligaen: 2000

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
Sportspeople from Arendal
Footballers from Agder
Norwegian men's footballers
Men's association football wingers
Eliteserien players
IK Start players
Rosenborg BK players
Odds BK players
FK Arendal players
Arendal Fotball players
Norwegian football managers


The Valley of Hinnom, Gehinnom or Gehenna is a historic valley surrounding Ancient Jerusalem from the west and southwest that has acquired various theological connotations, including as a place of divine punishment in Jewish eschatology.

The valley surrounds the Old City of Jerusalem and the adjacent Mount Zion from the west and south. It meets and merges with the Kidron Valley, the other principal valley around the Old City, near the Pool of Siloam which lie to the southeastern corner of Ancient Jerusalem. It is also known as Wadi er-Rababi ( "valley of the Rebab"). The northwestern part of the valley is now an urban park.

The place is first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as part of the border between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin (Joshua 15:8). During the late First Temple period, it was the site of the Tophet, where some of the kings of Judah had sacrificed their children by fire (Jeremiah 7:31). Thereafter, it was cursed by the biblical prophet Jeremiah (Jeremiah 19:2–6).

In later Jewish rabbinic literature, "Gehinnom" became associated with divine punishment in Jewish Apocalypticism as the destination of the wicked for the expiation of their sins. The term is different from the more neutral term Sheol, the abode of the dead. The King James Version of the Bible translates both with the Anglo-Saxon word hell.

Etymology
The Hebrew Bible refers to the valley as the "Valley of the son of Hinnom" (), or "Valley of Hinnom" (). In Mishnaic Hebrew and Aramaic, the name was contracted into Gēhīnnom ( or ).

The name "Gehenna" (; ; Aramaic: ܓܼܼܗܲܢܵܐ, Gihanna) derives from an alternative Biblical Hebrew form which survived into Aramaic, and was altered by way of the Greek and Syriac transliteration found in the New Testament.

Geography

The exact location of the Valley of Hinnom is disputed. George Adam Smith wrote in 1907 that there are three possible locations considered by historical writers:
 East of the Old City (today identified as the Valley of Josaphat)
 Within the Old City (today identified as the Tyropoeon Valley): Many commentaries give the location as below the southern wall of ancient Jerusalem, stretching from the foot of Mount Zion eastward past the Tyropoeon to the Kidron Valley. However the Tyropoeon Valley is usually no longer associated with the Valley of Hinnom because during the period of Ahaz and Manasseh, the Tyropoeon lay within the city walls and child sacrifice would have been practiced outside the walls of the city.
 Wadi ar-Rababi: Dalman (1930), Bailey (1986) and Watson (1992) identify the Wadi ar-Rababi, which fits the description of Joshua that Hinnom valley ran east to west and lay outside the city walls. According to Joshua, the valley began at En-rogel. If the modern Bir Ayyub is En-rogel, then Wadi ar-Rababi, which begins there, is Hinnom.

Archaeology

Child sacrifice at other Tophets contemporary with the Bible accounts (700–600 BCE) of the reigns of Ahaz and Manasseh have been established, such as the bones of children sacrificed at the Tophet to the goddess Tanit in Phoenician Carthage, and also child sacrifice in ancient Syria-Palestine. Scholars such as Mosca (1975) have concluded that the sacrifice recorded in the Hebrew Bible, such as Jeremiah's comment that the worshippers of Baal had "filled this place with the blood of innocents", is literal. Yet, the biblical words in the Book of Jeremiah describe events taking place in the seventh century in the place of Ben-Hinnom: "Because they [the Israelites] have forsaken Me and have made this an alien place and have burned sacrifices in it to other gods, that neither they nor their forefathers nor the kings of Judah had ever known, and because they have filled this place with the blood of the innocent and have built the high places of Baal to burn their sons in the fire as burnt offerings to Baal, a thing which I never commanded or spoke of, nor did it ever enter My mind; therefore, behold, days are coming", declares the Lord, "when this place will no longer be called Topheth or the valley of Ben-Hinnom, but rather the valley of Slaughter". J. Day, Heider, and Mosca believe that the Moloch cult took place in the valley of Hinnom at the Topheth.

No archaeological evidence such as mass children's graves has been found; however, it has been suggested that such a find may be compromised by the heavy population history of the Jerusalem area compared to the Tophet found in Tunisia. The site would also have been disrupted by the actions of Josiah "And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley of the children of Hinnom, that no man might make his son or his daughter to pass through the fire to Molech." (2 Kings 23). A minority of scholars have attempted to argue that the Bible does not portray actual child sacrifice, but only dedication to the god by fire; however, they are judged to have been "convincingly disproved" (Hay, 2011).

The concept of Gehinnom

Judaism

Hebrew Bible
The oldest historical reference to the valley is found in Joshua 15:8,  which describe tribal boundaries. The next chronological reference to the valley is at the time of King Ahaz of Judah who sacrificed his sons there according to . Since Hezekiah, his legitimate son by the daughter of the High Priest, succeeded him as king, this, if literal, is assumed to mean children by unrecorded pagan wives or concubines. The same is said of Ahaz's grandson Manasseh in . Debate remains as to whether the phrase "cause his children to pass through the fire" referred to a religious ceremony in which the Moloch priest would walk the child between two lanes of fire, or to literal child sacrifice wherein the child is thrown into the fire.

The Book of Isaiah does not mention Gehenna by name, but the "burning place" () in which the Assyrian army is to be destroyed, may be read "Topheth", and the final verse of Isaiah which concerns those that have rebelled against God ().

In the reign of Josiah a call came from Jeremiah to destroy the shrines in Topheth and to end the practice (, ). It is recorded that Josiah destroyed the shrine of Moloch on Topheth to prevent anyone sacrificing children there (). Despite Josiah's ending of the practice, Jeremiah also included a prophecy that Jerusalem itself would be made like Gehenna and Topheth (, ).

A final purely geographical reference is found in  to the exiles returning from Babylon camping from Beersheba to Hinnom.

Targums (Aramaic translations)

The ancient Aramaic paraphrase-translations of the Hebrew Bible known as Targums supply the term "Gehinnom" frequently to verses touching upon resurrection, judgment, and the fate of the wicked. This may also include addition of the phrase "second death", as in the final chapter of the Book of Isaiah, where the Hebrew version does not mention either Gehinnom or the Second Death, whereas the Targums add both. In this the Targums are parallel to the Gospel of Mark addition of "Gehenna" to the quotation of the Isaiah verses describing the corpses "where their worm does not die".

Rabbinical Judaism (with apocryphal/pseudo-religious texts)
The rabbis use only the term "Gehinnom", which derives directly from the Hebrew, and never "Gehenna," which is the Greek transliteration. Gehenna is not mentioned in the Torah in the sense of "hell". Nevertheless, some rabbinic texts maintain that God created Gehenna on the second day of Creation (Genesis Rabbah 4:6, 11:9). Other texts claim that Gehenna was part of God's original plan for the universe and was actually created before the Earth (Pesahim 54a; Sifre Deuteronomy 37). The concept of Gehenna was likely inspired by the biblical notion of Sheol. The original picture of Sheol is not the first-century "Eternal Lake of Fire" Gehenna as the place of punishment or destruction of the wicked and does not occur frequently in classic rabbinic sources. Gehenna is likened to Sheol, where the wicked go to suffer when they are judged. The Mishnah names seven Biblical individuals who do not get a share in Olam Ha-Ba, lit. "the world-to-come": Jeroboam, Ahab, Menasseh, Doeg the Edomite, Ahitophel, Balaam, and Gehazi. According to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, Menasseh got a share in Olam Ha-Ba. Midrash Konen places Ahab in the fifth department of Gehenna, as having the heathen under his charge. Absalom was consigned to the 7th circle of Gehenna, and according to the description of Gehenna by Joshua ben Levi, who, like Dante, wandered through hell under the guidance of the angel Duma, Absalom still dwells there, having the rebellious heathen in charge; and when the angels with their fiery rods run also against Absalom to smite him like the rest, a heavenly voice says: "Spare Absalom, the son of David, My servant"(). His half brother Amnon was said to be possibly consigned to the 2nd circle of Gehenna. Amon of Judah sinned very much, but his name was not placed on the list of the kings excluded from the world to come out of respect for his son Josiah; however a midrashic fragment reads: "No sin is more grievous than idolatry, for it is treason against God. Yet even this has been forgiven upon sincere repentance; but he that sins from a mere spirit of opposition, to see whether God will punish the wicked, shall find no pardon, although he say in his heart, 'I shall have peace in the end (by repenting), though I walk in the stubbornness of my evil heart'" (). Such a one was Amon, the son of Manasseh, for the (apocryphal) Scripture says: "And Amon reasoned an evil reasoning of transgression and said: 'My father from his childhood was a great transgressor, and he repented in his old age. So will I now walk after the lust of my soul and afterward return to the Lord.' And he committed more evil in the sight of the Lord than all that were before him; but the Lord God speedily cut him off from this good land. And his servants conspired against him and slew him in his own house, and he reigned two years only." It is noteworthy that this very midrashic fragment casts light upon the emphatic teaching of the Mishnah (Yoma, viii. 9): "Whosoever says, 'I will sin and repent thereafter,' will not be granted the time for repentance." In the Aggadah. Jehoiakim is still undergoing punishment for his sins. Although the Babylonian Talmud does not include him among those who have no place in the world to come (cf. Sanh. 103b), the Jerusalem Talmud cites him as an example of one who has forfeited his place in heaven by publicly transgressing the law. Jair, a Judge of Israel, was punished with kareth by the Lord for forcing men to prostrate themselves before an altar of Baal: "Hear the words of the Lord ere thou diest. I appointed thee as prince over my people, and thou didst break My covenant, seduce My people, and seek to burn My servants with fire, but they were animated and freed by the living, the heavenly fire. As for thee, thou wilt die, and die by fire, a fire in which thou wilt abide forever." Thereupon the angel burnt him with a thousand men, whom he had taken in the act of paying homage to Baal."

The worst part of Gehenna is called Tzoah Rotachat. Achan is held up by the rabbis as a model of the penitent sinner; because his public confession and subsequent punishment saved him from eternal doom in Gehenna. "Every culprit before he is to meet his penalty of death", says the Mishnah Sanh. vi. 2, "is told to make a public confession, in order to be saved from Gehenna's doom". Thus Achan confessed to all his sins when he said: "Of a truth I have sinned against the Lord, the God of Israel, and thus and thus I have done." That his avowal saved him from eternal doom may be learned from Joshua's words to Achan: "Why hast thou troubled us? So may the Lord trouble you this day," which are taken to mean "in the life that now is, so that thou mayest be released in the life to come" (Sanh. 43b-44; see also Ḳimḥi on Josh. v. 25).'

The specific rabbinical term for heresies, or religious divisions due to an unlawful spirit, is minim (lit. 'kinds [of belief]'; the singular min, for "heretic" or "Gnostic," is coined idiomatically, like goy and am ha'aretz; see Gnosticism). The law "You shall not cut yourselves" (לא תתגדדו) is interpreted by the rabbis: "You shall not form divisions [לא תעשו אגודות אגודות], but shall form one bond" (after , A. V. "troop"). Besides the term min (מין) for "heretic," the Talmud uses the words ḥitzonim (outsiders), apikoros, and kofer ba-Torah, or kofer ba-ikkar (he who denies the fundamentals of faith); also poresh mi-darke tzibbur (he who deviates from the customs of the community). It is said that all these groups are consigned to Gehinnom for all eternity and have no possibility of a portion in the world to come.

The traditional explanation that a burning rubbish heap in the Valley of Hinnom south of Jerusalem gave rise to the idea of a fiery Gehenna of judgment is attributed to Rabbi David Kimhi's commentary on  (). He maintained that in this loathsome valley fires were kept burning perpetually to consume the filth and cadavers thrown into it. However, Hermann Strack and Paul Billerbeck state that there is neither archaeological nor literary evidence in support of this claim, in either the earlier intertestamental or the later rabbinic sources. Also, Lloyd R. Bailey's "Gehenna: The Topography of Hell" from 1986 holds a similar view.

There is evidence however that the southwest shoulder of this valley (Ketef Hinnom) was a burial location with numerous burial chambers that were reused by generations of families from as early as the seventh until the fifth century BCE. The use of this area for tombs continued into the first centuries BCE and CE. By 70 CE, the area was not only a burial site but also a place for cremation of the dead with the arrival of the Tenth Roman Legion, who were the only group known to practice cremation in this region.

In time it became deemed to be accursed and an image of the place of destruction in Jewish folklore.

Eventually the Hebrew term Gehinnom became a figurative name for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism. According to most Jewish sources, the period of purification or punishment is limited to only 12 months and every Sabbath day is excluded from punishment, while the fires of Gehinnom are banked and its tortures are suspended. For the duration of Shabbat, the spirits who are serving time there are released to roam the earth. At Motza'ei Shabbat, the angel Dumah, who has charge over the souls of the wicked, herds them back for another week of torment. After this the soul will move on to Olam Ha-Ba (the world to come), be destroyed, or continue to exist in a state of consciousness of remorse. Gehenna became a metonym for "Hell" due to its morbid prominence in Jewish religious texts.

Maimonides declares, in his 13 principles of faith, that the descriptions of Gehenna, as a place of punishment in rabbinic literature, were pedagogically motivated inventions to encourage respect of the Torah commandments by mankind, which had been regarded as immature. Instead of being sent to Gehenna, the souls of the wicked would actually get annihilated.

Christianity

Ethiopian Orthodox Old Testament
Frequent references to "Gehenna" are also made in the books of Meqabyan, which are considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

New Testament
In the King James Version of the Bible, the term appears 13 times in 11 different verses as Valley of Hinnom, Valley of the son of Hinnom or Valley of the children of Hinnom.

In the synoptic Gospels the various authors describe Jesus, who was Jewish, as using the word Gehenna to describe the opposite to life in the Kingdom (). The term is used 11 times in these writings. In certain usage, the Christian Bible refers to it as a place where both soul (Greek: ψυχή, psyche) and body could be destroyed () in "unquenchable fire" ().

Christian usage of Gehenna often serves to admonish adherents of the religion to live righteous lives. Examples of Gehenna in the Christian New Testament include:
 Matthew 5:22: "....whoever shall say, 'You fool', shall be guilty enough to go into Gehenna."
 Matthew 5:29: "....it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to be thrown into Gehenna."
 Matthew 5:30: "....better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go into Gehenna."
 Matthew 10:28: "....rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul [Greek: ψυχή] and body in Gehenna."
 Matthew 18:9: "It is better for you to enter life with one eye, than with two eyes to be thrown into the Gehenna...."
 Matthew 23:15: "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you... make one proselyte...twice as much a child of Gehenna as yourselves."
 Matthew 23:33, to the Pharisees: "You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you escape the sentence of Gehenna?"
 Mark 9:43: "It is better for you to enter life crippled, than having your two hands, to go into Gehenna into the unquenchable fire."
 Mark 9:45: "It is better for you to enter life lame, than having your two feet, to be cast into Gehenna."
 Mark 9:47: "It is better for you to enter the Kingdom of God with one eye, than having two eyes, to be cast into Gehenna."
 Luke 12:5: "....fear the One who, after He has killed has authority to cast into Gehenna; yes, I tell you, fear Him."

Another book to use the word Gehenna in the New Testament is James:
 James 3:6: "And the tongue is a fire,...and sets on fire the course of our life, and is set on fire by Gehenna."

New Testament translations
The New Testament also refers to Hades as a place distinct from Gehenna. Unlike Gehenna, Hades typically conveys neither fire nor punishment but forgetfulness. The Book of Revelation describes Hades being cast into the lake of fire (). The King James Version is the only English translation in modern use to translate Sheol, Hades, Tartarus (Greek ταρταρώσας; lemma: ταρταρόω tartaroō), and Gehenna as Hell. In the New Testament, the New International Version, New Living Translation, New American Standard Bible (among others) all reserve the term "hell" for the translation of Gehenna or Tartarus (see above), transliterating Hades as a term directly from the equivalent Greek term.

Treatment of Gehenna in Christianity is significantly affected by whether the distinction in Hebrew and Greek between Gehenna and Hades was maintained:

Translations with a distinction:
 The fourth century Ulfilas (Wulfila) or Gothic Bible is the first Bible to use Hell's Proto-Germanic form Halja, and maintains a distinction between Hades and Gehenna. However, unlike later translations, Halja (Matt 11:23) is reserved for Hades, and Gehenna is transliterated to Gaiainnan (Matt 5:30), which surprisingly is the opposite to modern translations that translate Gehenna into Hell and leave Hades untranslated (see below).
 The late fourth century Latin Vulgate transliterates the Greek Γέεννα "gehenna" with "gehennæ" (e.g. Matt 5:22) while using "infernus" ("coming from below, of the underworld") to translate ᾅδης (Hades]).
 The 19th century Young's Literal Translation tries to be as literal a translation as possible and does not use the word Hell at all, keeping the words Hades and Gehenna untranslated.
 The 19th century Arabic Van Dyck distinguishes Gehenna from Sheol.
 The 20th century New International Version, New Living Translation and New American Standard Bible reserve the term "Hell" only for when Gehenna or Tartarus is used. All translate Sheol and Hades in a different fashion. For a time the exception to this was the 1984 edition of the New International Version's translation in Luke 16:23, which was its singular rendering of Hades as Hell. The 2011 edition renders it as Hades.
 In texts in Greek, and consistently in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the distinctions present in the originals were often maintained. The Russian Synodal Bible (and one translation by the Old Church Slavonic) also maintain the distinction. In modern Russian, the concept of Hell (Ад) is directly derived from Hades (Аид), separate and independent of Gehenna. Fire imagery is attributed primarily to Gehenna, which is most commonly mentioned as Gehenna the Fiery (Геенна огненная), and appears to be synonymous to the lake of fire.
 The New World Translation, used by Jehovah's Witnesses, maintains a distinction between Gehenna and Hades by transliterating Gehenna, and by rendering "Hades" (or "Sheol") as "the Grave". Earlier editions left all three names untranslated.
 The word "hell" is not used in the New American Bible, except in a footnote in the book of Job translating an alternative passage from the Vulgate, in which the word corresponds to Jerome's "inferos," itself a translation of "sheol." "Gehenna" is untranslated, "Hades" either untranslated or rendered "netherworld," and "sheol" rendered "nether world."

Translations without a distinction:
 The late tenth century Wessex Gospels and the 14th century Wycliffe Bible render both the Latin inferno and gehenna as Hell.
 The 16th century Tyndale and later translators had access to the Greek, but Tyndale translated both Gehenna and Hades as same English word, Hell.
 The 17th century King James Version of the Bible is the only English translation in modern use to translate Sheol, Hades, and Gehenna by calling them all "Hell."

Many modern Christians consider Gehenna to be a place of eternal punishment.  Annihilationist Christians, however, imagine Gehenna to be a place where sinners are tormented until they are eventually destroyed, soul and all. Some Christian scholars, however, have suggested that Gehenna may not be synonymous with the lake of fire, but a prophetic metaphor for the horrible fate that awaited the many civilians killed in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.

Islam
The name given to Hell in Islam, Jahannam, directly derives from Gehenna. The Quran contains 77 references to the Islamic interpretation of Gehenna (جهنم), but does not mention Sheol / Hades (abode of the dead), and instead uses the word "Qabr" (قبر, meaning grave). In Muslim tradition, graves are considered gates to the otherworld, both paradise and hell. Muslim authors proposed that Hell co-exist with the contemporary world somewhere underground, and tried to locate an entrance to hell, and proposed that one of its gates lies in the Valley of Hinnom.

Jahannam itself is only the name of the upper most layer of hell, preserved for Muslim sinners. Even those who uphold the eternity of hell believe that Jahannam will be eventually destroyed.

See also
 Araf (Islam)
 Christian views on Hell
 Heaven in Judaism
 Heaven in Christianity
 Jahannam, the realm of punishment for the evil in Islam
 Jannah, the final abode of the righteous in Islam
 Jewish eschatology
 Hell in the arts and popular culture
 Gehenna (disambiguation)
 Gehenna (comics)
 Gehenna (Dungeons & Dragons) game
 Gehenna (World of Darkness) game
 Matarta
 Outer darkness, New Testament term
 Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)
 Spirits in prison, New Testament term
 Tzoah Rotachat, location in Gehenna (Gehinnom) where the souls of Jews who committed certain sins are sent for punishment
 World of Darkness (Mandaeism)
 World of Light

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

External links

 Short guide to today's Valley of Hinnom, with biblical story
 Columbia Encyclopedia on the Valley of Hinnom
 Biblical Proper Names on the Valley of Hinnom
 Gehenna from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
 The Jewish view of Hell on chabad.org
 Olam Ha-Ba: The Afterlife Judaism 101
 What Is Gehenna?  Ariela Pelaia, About religion, about.com
 What is Gehenna Like?: Rabbinic Descriptions of Gehenna  Ariela Pelaia, About religion, about.com
 A Christian Universalist perspective from Tentmaker.org
 A Christian Conditionalist perspective on Gehenna from Afterlife.co.nz

Christian cosmology
Christian eschatology
Geography of Jerusalem
Hebrew Bible valleys
Hell (Christianity)
Islamic eschatology
Jahannam
Jewish eschatology
Jewish underworld
Religious cosmologies
Afterlife places
Valleys of Israel
Book of Jeremiah
Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible


Francis Burton may refer to:
Francis Burton (1696–1744), member of parliament for Coleraine, and for Clare
Francis Burton (died 1832) (c. 1744–1832), MP and Justice of Chester
Francis Burton, 2nd Baron Conyngham (c. 1725–1787), Irish peer and politician
Francis Burton (Ennis MP) (died 1714), Irish politician
Francis G. Burton (1840–1915), British engineer and accountant
Francis H. Burton (1817–1872), Ontario businessman and political figure
Francis Nathaniel Burton (1766–1832), Canadian politician
Francis Robert Burton (1840–1915), public servant in South Australia

See also
Frank Burton (disambiguation)
Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890), British explorer


Paolo Panelli (15 July 1925 – 18 May 1997) was an Italian comedian and film actor. He appeared in 55 films between 1948 and 1996. He was married to Bice Valori.

Selected filmography

 Guarany (1948)
 Arrivederci, papà! (1948)
 Vertigine d'amore (1949)
 Flying Squadron (1949) - Allievo
 Against the Law (1950) - Tremolino
 Hearts at Sea (1950) - Leone - un allievo ufficiale
 Paris Is Always Paris (1951) - Nicolino Percuoco
 The Last Sentence (1951) - Michele
 Wife for a Night (1952) - Gualteri
 Solo per te Lucia (1952) - Tonino Moriconi
 I Chose Love (1953)
 Voice of Silence (1953)
 Scampolo 53 (1953)
  Laugh! Laugh! Laugh! (1954) - Innamorato litigioso
 Bella, non piangere! (1955) - Il soldato balbuziente
 Submarine Attack (1955)
 La moglie è uguale per tutti (1955) - Vincenzo
 Folgore Division (1955)
 I pinguini ci guardano (1956)
 Terrore sulla città (1957)
 I dritti (1957) - Peppino, il barista
 Le dritte (1958) - Ercole Scatola
 Mia nonna poliziotto (1958) - Ernesto
 Tough Guys (1960) - Hercule Robinot
 Le signore (1960) - Attilio Brando
 I Teddy boys della canzone (1960) - Paolino
 The Assassin (1961) - Paolo
 Akiko (1961) - Felice
 Cronache del '22 (1961)
 The Shortest Day (1962) - (uncredited)
 Siamo tutti pomicioni (1963) - The Sicilian Husband (segment "Pomicioni di provincia")
 I marziani hanno 12 mani (1964) - X1
 I Kill, You Kill (1965) - Marchese Achille Pozzuoli (segment "La danza delle ore")
 Amore all'italiana (1966) - Ettore / l'arbitro / Amleto
 Me, Me, Me... and the Others (1966) - Photographer
 Rita the Mosquito (1966) - Peppino
 Perdono (1966) - Aldo - father of Federico
 Gli altri, gli altri... e noi (1967)
 Zum Zum Zum - La canzone che mi passa per la testa (1969) - Paolo
 Zum zum zum n° 2 (1969) - Nane'
 Gli infermieri della mutua (1969) - Alvaro il benzinaio
 Nel giorno del Signore (1970) - Cliente osteria
 Mezzanotte d'amore (1970) - Paolo De Barberis
 Count Tacchia (1982) - Alvaro Puricelli
 Sing Sing (1983) - Augusto Mastronardi (first story)
 Questo e Quello (1983) - Doctor (segment "Quello... col basco rosso")
 Grandi magazzini (1986) - Evaristo's father
 Quelli del casco (1988)
 Splendor (1989) - Signor Paolo
 Towards Evening (1990) - Galliano, the hairdresser
 Parenti serpenti (1992) - Grandfather Saverio

References

External links

1925 births
1997 deaths
Italian male film actors
Male actors from Rome
Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni
20th-century Italian male actors
Italian male comedians
Comedians from Rome


Magic Lantern is keystroke logging software created by the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).  Magic Lantern was first reported in a column by Bob Sullivan of MSNBC on November 20, 2001 and by Ted Bridis of the Associated Press.

Methodology
Magic Lantern can reportedly be installed remotely, via an e-mail attachment or by exploiting common operating system vulnerabilities, unlike previous keystroke logger programs used by the FBI.  It has been described as a virus and a Trojan horse.  It is not known how the program might store or communicate the recorded keystrokes.

Purpose
In response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed in 2000 by the Electronic Privacy Information Center, the FBI released a series of unclassified documents relating to Carnivore, which included the "Enhanced Carnivore Project Plan".  Sullivan's confidential source said that redacted portions of that document mention "Cyber Knight",

Example deployment method
The FBI intends to deploy Magic Lantern in the form of an e-mail attachment. When the attachment is opened, it installs a trojan horse on the suspect's computer. The trojan horse is activated when the suspect uses PGP encryption, often used to increase the security of sent e-mail messages. When activated, the trojan horse will log the PGP password, which allows the FBI to decrypt user communications.

Spokesmen for the FBI soon confirmed the existence of a program called Magic Lantern.  They denied that it had been deployed, and they declined to comment further.

Antivirus vendor cooperation
The disclosure of the existence of Magic Lantern sparked a debate as to whether anti-virus companies could or should detect the FBI's keystroke logger.

Concerns include uncertainties about Magic Lantern's full potential and whether hackers could subvert it for purposes outside the jurisdiction of the law.

Bridis reported that Network Associates (maker of McAfee anti-virus products), had contacted the FBI following the press reports about Magic Lantern to ensure their anti-virus software would not detect the program. Network Associates issued a denial, fueling speculation as to which anti-virus products might or might not detect government trojans.

CNET News has surveyed 13 security companies about their contacts with and level of cooperation with law enforcement authorities. None of them confirmed that their products cover up malware installed by the government.

Graham Cluley, a technology consultant from Sophos, said "We have no way of knowing if it was written by the FBI, and even if we did, we wouldn't know whether it was being used by the FBI or if it had been commandeered by a third party". Another reaction from this came from Marc Maiffret, chief technology officer and cofounder of eEye Digital Security who states: "Our customers are paying us for a service, to protect them from all forms of malicious code. It is not up to us to do law enforcement's job for them so we do not, and will not, make any exceptions for law enforcement malware or other tools."

When asked if Magic Lantern would need a court order to deploy, FBI spokesman Paul Bresson would not comment, stating: "Like all technology projects or tools deployed by the FBI it would be used pursuant to the appropriate legal process." Proponents of Magic Lantern argue the technology would allow law enforcement to efficiently and quickly decrypt messages protected by encryption schemes. Implementing Magic Lantern does not require physical access to a suspect's computer, unlike Carnivore, a predecessor to Magic Lantern, since physical access to a computer would require a court order.

Following the media coverage of Magic Lantern, F-Secure (a Finnish anti-virus company), announced their policy on detecting government spying programs: "F-Secure Corporation would like to make known that we will not leave such backdoors to our F-Secure Anti-Virus products, regardless of the source of such tools. We have to draw a line with every sample we get regarding whether to detect it or not. This decision-making is influenced only by technical factors, and nothing else, but within the applicable laws and regulations, in our case meaning EU laws. We will also be adding detection of any program we see that might be used for terrorist activity or to benefit organized crime. We would like to state this for the record, as we have received queries regarding whether we would have the guts to detect something obviously made by a known violent mafia or terrorist organization. Yes we would."

See also

Backdoor (computing)
Carnivore (software)
Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier, a more recent FBI tool
ECHELON
FOXACID
Main Core
MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer
Policeware
PRISM (surveillance program)
R2D2 (trojan)

References

Further reading
Amanda So and Christopher Woo.  "The Case for Magic Lantern: September 11 Highlights the Need for Increased surveillance," Harvard Journal of Law and Technology. v15, p521. (discusses the legal framework surrounding the use of keystroke loggers in law enforcement)
 FBI sought approval to use spyware against terror suspects. Magic Lantern reloaded

External links
 EPIC site
 Carnivore questions
 CNBC - first press story about Magic Lantern
 Early wire report (AP) on USA Today, 21 November 2001
 Article from San Francisco Chronicle, 28 November 2001
 CNET News - Feds use key logger to thwart PGP, Hushmail

Federal Bureau of Investigation
Computer law
Surveillance
Spyware
Spyware used by governments