Chinese people in the Netherlands form one of the largest overseas Chinese populations in continental Europe. In 2018 official statistics showed 92,644 people originating from the People's Republic of China (PRC) (including Hong Kong) and Republic of China (ROC), or people with at least one such parent. However, these statistics do not capture the whole size of the Chinese community, which since its earliest days has included not just migrants from China, but people of Chinese ethnicity drawn from among overseas Chinese communities as well.

Migration history
Early Chinese labour migration to the Netherlands was drawn primarily from two sources: peddlers from Qingtian, Zhejiang who began arriving in the country after World War I, and seamen of Guangdong origin drawn from among the British Chinese community; the latter had initially been brought in as strikebreakers in 1911. During the Great Depression, many of the seamen were laid off and also took to street peddling, especially of  (peanut cakes); the Dutch referred to them as "" ("peanut man"). Their numbers dropped as a result of voluntary outmigration and deportations; by World War II, fewer than 1,000 remained.

Another group of early ethnic Chinese in the Netherlands were students; they were largely not from China, however, but were instead drawn from among Chinese communities in the Dutch East Indies. From a group of 20 in 1911, their numbers continued to increase, interrupted only by World War II; in 1957, out of the roughly 1,400 ethnic Chinese from Indonesia in the Netherlands, 1,000 were students. In 1911, these students established the Chung Hwa Hui, which was in contact with various Chinese organizations and political parties in Europe. Largely of Peranakan origin, the students tended to speak Indonesian local languages as their mother tongues, and had already done their early education at Dutch-medium schools. However, with increasing tensions in Indonesia–Netherlands relations in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the number of students dropped off sharply.

Though the number of Chinese students from Indonesia dropped off, tens of thousands of ethnic Chinese were forced to leave the country due to the violent political situation in Indonesia in 1965. Most went to China, the United States, or Australia, but those who had been educated in Dutch preferentially chose the Netherlands as their destination; there are no exact statistics, but the migrants themselves estimate that about 5,000 arrived during this period. As with the students, these migrants tended to speak no Chinese, with Indonesian languages as their mother tongues and Dutch as their academic language. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Hong Kong also became a significant source of Chinese migrants to the Netherlands, with about 600 to 800 per year, falling off to around 300 to 400 per year by the late 1980s.

Also in the 1980s, the Netherlands began to become a popular choice for students from mainland China. Factors which influenced this popularity included the tuition fees, which were relatively lower than those in the United Kingdom, and the ease of obtaining a student visa as compared to the United States. In the beginning, these were PRC government-financed students, consisting of top students selected by examination, and gained admission at prestigious Dutch universities such as Leiden University. However, in the 1990s, more privately financed students, students on Dutch scholarships, and short-term exchange students began to arrive. By 2002, embassy figures showed roughly 4,000 PRC students in the Netherlands.

Demographic characteristics
, figures from the Netherlands' Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek showed:
Persons born outside of the Netherlands:
41,533 mainland China-born persons (19,466 men, 22,067 women)
9,757 Hong Kong-born persons (4,808 men, 4,949 women)
83 Macau-born persons (31 men, 52 women)
2,254 Taiwan-born persons (830 men, 1,424 women)
Persons born in the Netherlands:
17,564 persons with at least one parent born in China (9,002 men, 8,562 women)
8,440 persons with at least one parent born in Hong Kong (4,300 men, 4,140 women)
36 persons with at least one parent born in Macau (18 men, 18 women)
531 persons with at least one parent born in Taiwan (273 men, 258 women)
Totalling 80,198 persons. This represents growth of 92.8% compared to the population in 1996, the earliest year for which statistics are available. However, the various groups within the population show sharply differing growth trends. The number of persons of mainland Chinese background grew by 152% over that same period, with both overseas-born and Dutch-born segments showing a similar level of growth. In contrast, the number of persons of Hong Kong background has shown only mild growth, entirely due to natural increase rather than additional migration; in fact the stock of Hong Kong migrants fell by 5.6% during the same period.

There is also migration of Surinamese Hakkas to the Netherlands who constitute about 10% of the Chinese population.

The Chinese in the Netherlands are not particularly geographically concentrated; more than half work in the restaurant trade, and because they prefer to open Chinese restaurants where they have less competition, they tend to spread out to towns all over the country. Amsterdam has a Chinatown, but it is purely a commercial district, rather than a mixed-use residential/commercial district as in Chinatowns in other countries. Rotterdam and The Hague also have similar districts.

Integration and community

Chinese students themselves, comparing the Netherlands to the United States, state that the Netherlands offers a peaceful and not-particularly-challenging life, but fewer opportunities; one popular saying among them is that excellent students find the Netherlands too small to fulfill their ambitions, and leave of their own volition, while average and below-average students are forced out of the country entirely.

Chinese in the Netherlands are often perceived to be "snakeheads", participating in smuggling Chinese migrants from Eastern Europe to the United Kingdom. In the 1980s, the Dutch government, considering the poor Dutch language abilities and lack of integration by many members of the Chinese community, began to consider officially recognising them as a disadvantaged minority, similar to Moroccan or Turkish migrants. This proved to be extremely controversial among the Chinese community; the widespread discussions in Dutch media of the problems in the community led to public perception of the Chinese as illegal migrants working for low pay and incapable of solving their own community problems, strongly embarrassing members of older generations who had stressed "invisibility and self-reliance". In the end, the government did not grant the Chinese official minority status as the Chinese did not want government subsidies and minority status. However, stereotypical mainstream views only strengthened, especially as a result of several heavily publicised tragedies such as the 2000 Dover incident, in which 58 Chinese migrants suffocated in a refrigerated container on their way from the Netherlands to Dover, England.

There are also some intra-community tensions between recent expatriates, especially students, and the older overseas Chinese. The latter are largely Cantonese-speaking, while the former use Mandarin as their lingua franca. The divide shows up most clearly in the education of children; few international students send their children to the schools established by the old overseas Chinese, deriding them as low-quality schools "for the children of the restaurant families" and employing low-quality teachers. In contrast, the old overseas Chinese describe the students as arrogant, and view themselves as the "real representatives of the Chinese community in the Netherlands".

The descendants of Indonesian-speaking Chinese tend to stay out of such conflict; having largely entered the liberal professions  they also look down on the "restaurant Chinese", but in return other Chinese often view them as not "really Chinese". They rarely join any of the associations set up by other Chinese migrants or their descendants, instead preferring their own associations.

Notable Dutch people of Chinese descent

 Oen Giok Khouw (1874–1927), landowner and philanthropist
 Loa Sek Hie (1898–1965), politician and landowner
 Zhong Song (1900–1995), former officer of the National Revolutionary Army
 Thung Sin Nio (1902–1996), women's rights activist, physician, economist, and politician
 Teddy Yip (1907–2003), businessman and Formula One team owner
 Chung Mon (1918–1975), businessman and criminal
 Dolf Wong Lun Hing (1921–2017), sculptor and illustrator
 Thé Tjong-Khing (born 1933), illustrator
 Guillaume Lo-A-Njoe (born 1937), visual artist
 Fong Leng (born 1937), fashion designer
 William Man A Hing (born 1937), jurist and visual artist
 Carry-Ann Tjong Ayong (born 1941), writer
 Anton Foek (born 1941), radio and television producer and journalist
 John Lie A Fo (born 1945), visual artist
 Roy Ho Ten Soeng (born 1945), politician
 Lilian Gonçalves-Ho Kang You (born 1946), human rights activist
 Ing Yoe Tan (1948–2020), politician
 Sandra Reemer (1950–2017), singer and television presenter
 Chiu Yen-Ming (born 1951), writer and painter
 Ang Kiem Soei (born 1952), criminal
 Varina Tjon-A-Ten (born 1952), politician
 Khee Liang Phoa (born 1955), politician
 Tschen La Ling (born 1956), football player
 Tsui Tin-Chau (born 1958), teacher and radio presenter
 Lulu Wang (born 1960), writer
 Chow Yiu-Fai (born 1961), professor and lyricist
 Yang Bin (born 1963), businessman and criminal
 Ricardo Moniz (born 1964), football player and manager
 Humberto Tan (born 1965), radio and television presenter, journalist, and writer
 Fiona Tan (born 1966), visual artist
 Robert Oey (born 1966), film director
 Monika Sie Dhian Ho (born 1967), political scientist
 Aron Winter (born 1967), football player and manager
 Peng Zhaoqin (born 1968), chess player
 Lee-Roy Echteld (born 1968), football player and manager
 Won Yip (born 1969), businessman and media personality
 Roland Duong (born 1970), television program creator
 Mei Li Vos (born 1970), politician and trade unionist
 Chun Wei Cheung (1972–2006), rower
 Li Jiao (born 1973), table tennis player
 Etienne Shew-Atjon (born 1974), football player
 Katja Schuurman (born 1975), singer, actress, and television presenter
 Jennifer de Jong (born 1976), model and actress
 Yao Jie (born 1977), badminton player
 Birgit Schuurman (born 1977), singer and actress
 Huidji See (born 1981), pool and billiards player
 Eric Pang (born 1982), badminton player
 Ho-Pin Tung (born 1982), racing driver
 Cerezo Fung a Wing (born 1983), football player
 Li Jie (born 1984), table tennis player
 Calvin Jong-a-Pin (born 1986), football player
 Evita Tjon A Ten (born 1986), visual artist and singer
 Chloe Yuen (born 1987), actress and television presenter
 Diana Wang (born 1990), singer and actress
 Virgil van Dijk (born 1991), football player
 Eva Lim (born 1992), figure skater
 Yasmin Verheijen (born 1994), model and interior designer
 Martin Oei (born 1996), pianist
 Arianne Hartono (born 1996), tennis player
 Ian Gouw (born 1997), actor
 Ebbie Tam (born 1997), actress
 Tahith Chong (born 1999), football player
 Wang Jingyu (born 2001), dissident and commentator
 Nathan Tjoe-A-On (born 2001), football player
 Daniel Au Yeong (born 2003), football player
 Kian Fitz-Jim (born 2003), football player
 Ryan Leijten (born 2003), football player

See also
 Chinese Indonesians

 China–Netherlands relations
 Netherlands–Taiwan relations

References

Notes

Sources

Klaas Stutje, 'The Complex World of the Chung Hwa Hui: International Engagements of Chinese Indonesian Peranakan Students in the Netherlands, 1918-1931.' Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 171.4 (2015): 516-542.

Further reading

External links

 The Chinese of Amsterdam, a webpage from the International Institute of Social History

Asian diaspora in the Netherlands
Netherlands
Chinese diaspora in Europe

Ethnic groups in the Netherlands


Break On Through is the fourth album by German pop singer Jeanette. It was released by Universal Records in 2003 in German-speaking Europe. A limited deluxe edition of the album was also released in 2003, including bonus tracks as well as music videos. The following year, a platinum edition reissue of the album issued, including additional songs.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links

2003 albums
2004 albums
Jeanette Biedermann albums


Chinese(-)Dutch or Dutch(-)Chinese may refer to:
People's Republic of China–Netherlands relations (c.f. "a Chinese Dutch treaty")
Chinese people in the Netherlands
Dutch people in China; see also :Category:Dutch expatriates in China
People with dual citizenship of the Netherlands and the People's Republic of China or the Republic of China

See also
Dutch Indochina, an uncommon alternative name for the Dutch East Indies


John Eric Smith (29 July 1934 – 12 June 1991) was a Scottish professional footballer, who played as a right half for Celtic, Leeds United and Greenock Morton in the 1950s and 1960s. He was capped twice for the Scotland national football team and later managed Morton, Hamilton Academical and Sharjah FC.

Playing career
Smith began his professional career at Celtic in the 1954–55 season and gained two caps for the Scotland national football team in 1959. He did not win any major honours during his spell, finishing on the losing side in the 1956 Scottish Cup Final - Celtic won two Scottish League Cups in the period, but Smith was not selected for either final.

He joined Leeds United in 1960 when the club was in decline, and performed heroically during the 1961–62 season when Leeds battled against relegation to the Third Division. Smith's career at Elland Road ended when he suffered a double-fracture of the leg during a home game against Chelsea in September 1962. He joined Morton in 1964 where he played for two seasons and later became manager.

Managerial career
Smith managed Morton briefly in 1972 and then managed Hamilton Academical for five seasons from 1972–73 to 1977–78. He then briefly managed Sharjah FC in the United Arab Emirates in 1978. He then managed Cypriot club Pezoporikos Larnaca from 1986 to 1989. The club won the 1987–88 Cypriot First Division and then entered the 1988–89 European Cup, where they were beaten in the first round by Swedish champions IFK Gothenburg.

Honours
Celtic
Scottish Cup: Runners-up 1955–56
Glasgow Charity Cup: 1958–59

Morton
Renfrewshire Cup: 1965–66

Pezoporikos Larnaca
Cypriot First Division 1987–88

Career statistics

Leeds United

References

External links

1934 births
1991 deaths
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Celtic F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Scotland men's international footballers
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Scottish expatriate football managers
Scottish football managers
Greenock Morton F.C. managers
Hamilton Academical F.C. managers
Pezoporikos Larnaca FC managers
Scottish Football League representative players
Scottish Football League managers


Azim Jah (27 May 1802 – 14 January 1874) was the brother of Azam Jah, the eleventh Nawab of the Carnatic and uncle of Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan, the twelfth and last Nawab of the Carnatic. He held the title Nawab of Arcot from 1867 to 1874.

Early life

Azim Jah was the younger brother of Azam Jah, the eleventh Nawab of the Carnatic. He became the heir-apparent and regent when Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan succeeded Azam Jah on the former's death in 1825. Azim Jah served as the regent from 1825 to 1842 during Ghouse Khan's minority. In 1842, Ghouse Khan was formally installed as the monarch.

Claim to the throne

Ghouse Khan ruled as the Nawab of the Carnatic from 1825 to 1855. On his death in 1855, the throne became vacant and in the absence of a legitimate male heir to Ghouse Khan, the state was formally annexed by the British according to the Doctrine of Lapse. Azim Jah protested claiming that he was the legitimate successor to the throne but met with little success.

Assumption of the title "Amir-i-Arcot"

After protracted negotiations and court cases, finally, in 1867, Azim Jah was granted the title of Nawab of Arcot or Amir-i-Arcot by Queen Victoria and given a political pension. The Letters Patent issued by the Queen was formally presented to Azim Jah at a banquet held by the Governor of Madras on 12 April 1871.

As Kalas Mahal or the Chepauk Palace, the official residence of the princes of the Carnatic had been taken over by the British in 1859, Azim Jahn constructed a new residence, the Amir Mahal, in Royapettah.

Death

Azim Jah died in 1874. He was succeeded to his title by his son Zahir-ud-Daula.

References

1874 deaths
19th-century Indian Muslims
Nawabs of India
Year of birth unknown
1802 births


Stylianos "Steve" Giatzoglou (alternate spellings: Yatzoglou, Yantzoglou; Greek: Στυλιανός "Στηβ" Γιατζόγλου; born 11 December 1949), is a Greek American professional basketball coach, and the president of the Union of Greek Basketball Athletes. He's also a former basketball player, having competed professionally in the Greek Basket League. During his playing career, his nickname was "The Lion".

Playing career

College career
Giatzoglou played college basketball at Connecticut College, under the name Steve Young.

Professional career
Giatzoglou's pro career was noted for his successes with the Greek Basket League club Olympiacos. He's considered today as one of the greatest players in the club's history. With Olympiacos, he won 2 Greek League championships and 4 Greek Cups. He was the Greek Cup Finals Top Scorer in 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980. He also played with the Greek club PAOK.

In the top-tier level Greek League, he scored a total of 6,044 points, which is the 10th most total points scored in the competition, since the 1963–64 season.

National team career
Giatzoglou made his debut with Greece national basketball team on 6 May 1973. He played in 115 games, scoring a total of 1,468 points, for a scoring average of 12.8 points per game.

Giatzoglou played in 3 EuroBasket tournaments with Greece's national team : in 1973, 1975, and 1979. His last game with the Greek national team was on 18 February 1981, in a friendly game against the Bulgarian national basketball team.

Coaching career
As a basketball head coach, Giatzoglou worked in several clubs in Greece, including: Olympiacos, Sporting, Iraklis, Aris, AEK, Pagrati, Peristeri, Gymnastikos S. Larissas, Aigaleo, and Kavala. In 2014, Giatzoglou was hired as assistant coach to work in South Korea, with the Goyang Orions of the Korean Basketball League. In 2015, Giatzoglou returned to Greece to coach Kavala.

Awards and accomplishments

Pro career
 10th all-time leading scorer of the Greek Basketball Championship, with 6,044 total points scored in the Greek A National League (1963–64 season to present).

Olympiacos
2× Greek League Champion: (1976, 1978)
4× Greek Cup Winner: (1976, 1977, 1978, 1980)
4× Greek Cup Finals Top Scorer (1977–1980)

Greek national team
1972 Balkan Championship:
1974 Balkan Championship:
1976 Balkan Championship:
1979 Mediterranean Games:
1979 Balkan Championship:
1980 Balkan Championship:

Personal life
In October 2016, Giatzoglou endorsed the Neo-Nazi political party Golden Dawn, and attended the celebration of their newspaper's 1,000th issue.

In 2020, he joined the Greek nationalist party Greeks for the Fatherland as a party executive.

References

Additional sources
Legends of the Legend : Steve Giatzoglou at the Olympiacos website
Steve Giatzoglou, FIBA website
Steve Giatzoglou, FIBA Europe website
Τα “κανόνια” του ελληνικού Πρωταθλήματος: Στιβ Γιατζόγλου

1949 births
Living people
AEK B.C. coaches
Aigaleo B.C. coaches
American men's basketball players
American people of Greek descent
Aris B.C. coaches
Connecticut College Camels men's basketball players
Connecticut College alumni
Greek basketball coaches
Greek men's basketball players
Greek Basket League players
Gymnastikos S. Larissas B.C. coaches
Iraklis Thessaloniki B.C. coaches
Kavala B.C. coaches
Olympiacos B.C. coaches
Olympiacos B.C. players
Pagrati B.C. coaches
P.A.O.K. BC players
Peristeri B.C. coaches
Point guards
Shooting guards
Sporting B.C. coaches
Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Greece
Mediterranean Games medalists in basketball


Bishop Francis Carroll High School was founded in 1969, by the Congregation of Christian Brothers, a Catholic religious order founded by Edmund Ignatius Rice, as a secondary school whose purpose was to provide inexpensive education to young men of Liberia. The school was also intended to serve as a minor seminary, which would attract Liberians to the Catholic priesthood.

Grassfield was chosen as the location after a meeting between Bishop Francis Carroll, the Brother Superior of the Christian Brothers, and the management of the Liberian American and Swedish Mining Company (LAMCO). Grassfield had served as the first operational site of LAMCO, when the company began mining operations in Liberia. Now that they were moving to Yekepa, they decided to lease their facilities at Grassfield to the Christian Brothers.

The history of Carroll High School can be divided into four periods: The Grassfield Days, The Yekepa Days, The War School and the Post-War Carroll High. The Grassfield Days cover 1969-1979, the Yekepa Days 1980-1990, and War School covers 1991- 1997. The post war Carroll High period began after the national elections in Liberia in 1997 and covers through to the present day.

The Grassfield Days
In January 1969, three Brothers, the late Br. Doherty (1st principal), Br. Fogarty, Dean of Boys and Br. Chincotta, Music Director, arrived to start an all-boys boarding school in the interior of Liberia. Later that year, 70 students enrolled at the school and the school population grew to as many as 500 during this period. The campus consisted of 40 family bungalows and wooden homes, equipped with hot and cold-water facilities, a rarity in those days. In addition to taking first place in the national exams for ten consecutive years, the school became known for its staging of rock operas including Jesus Christ Superstar, Joseph and his Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat, Godspell, Tommy, Rock and Ipi Ntombi.

The Yekepa Days
The second phase of CHS's history began with the transfer of the school from Grassfield to Yekepa. The school was transformed from an all-boys boarding school, to a co-educational day school. Many of the musicians in Liberia attribute the CHS influence to their success. Before the war, Cobras were instrumental in starting musical groups around the country including the Cuttington Music Society and the University of Liberia's band. In 1990, the school was closed due to the outbreak of the civil war.

The War School
The school was opened several times during the fourteen-year period of the civil war, but its continued existence was always threatened by the harassments, intimidation and destruction that came with the war.

Post-war Carroll High School
Presently, the school is in operation in Yekepa. The staff consists of Liberians.

 The school colors are navy blue and sky blue.
 The school mascot is the Cobra.
 The motto is Ad Astra Per Ardua (To the Stars Through Hard Work).

References

Schools in Liberia
Nimba County
1960s establishments in Liberia
Educational institutions established in 1969
Congregation of Christian Brothers secondary schools


Lincoln Depot is located in Springfield, Illinois.  It is so called because Abraham Lincoln's bittersweet 1861 Farewell Address to Springfield was delivered here as he boarded the train to Washington D.C. at the beginning of his presidency.

History
The depot was constructed by The Great Western Railroad in 1852. It was damaged by fire in 1857, which required extensive remodeling. The Great Western Railroad merged with several other small railroads to form the Toledo, Wabash, and Western Railroad, which later became the Wabash Railroad. The company moved its Springfield passenger operations to a building located at Tenth and Washington Streets and operated the old building as a freight house.  A second story was added in 1900.

The Depot was sold when the Wabash consolidated its operations in Decatur, Illinois. The building housed a variety of businesses, and was used as a warehouse or storage space. It was purchased by a local group in the 1960s with the intention of restoring it as a historic site. This group operated the Depot as a museum from 1965 to 1976.  Displays included a mix of artifacts, including Lincoln and non-Lincoln items.

Fire again damaged the building in December 1968.  Arson was suspected in the severely damaged building, but was not proven.  Some parts of the structure, dating to Lincoln's time, survived.

The building was again restored, and Sangamon State University operated the Depot from 1977 to 1980.  The operation was financed through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.  With the renovations, the University implemented a new purpose for the site.  Though still operated as a museum, it was also used as training in site management and interpretation for History majors.

The University had to discontinue operations due to lack of funding.  Copley Press, owners of the depot and the immediately neighboring State Journal-Register newspaper, took on the management of the building.  The building was purchased by local attorney Jon Gray Noll in 2012.  After extensive renovation, the Noll Law Office moved its operation to the mezzanine and 2nd floor in March, 2013.  The first floor has reopened as a tourist site.  It is now operated by the combined efforts of The Noll Law Office and the Lincoln Home National Historic Site.  The National Park Service Rangers provide interpretation during the open season.

Lincoln

The depot, located just two blocks from the Lincoln Home, was the location from which Lincoln gave his Farewell Address to his fellow Springfield citizens.  On a dark, gloomy morning in 1861, citizens of Springfield assembled at the station to see Lincoln off.  The office was used as a reception room, and his friends and neighbors filed past, taking his hand.  As the train pulled in, he mounted the rear platform.  Before his journey to Washington D.C., he delivered an impromptu and emotional farewell address.

A video, narrated by Scott Simon, is shown on the second floor.  It describes Lincoln's 12-day journey to Washington.

On the anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth in 1956, the Depot was used as a backdrop for a reenactment of Lincoln's farewell to Springfield. Lincoln was portrayed by G. William Horsley of Springfield.

The speech was recalled by Lincoln's Washington DC pastor at his funeral on April 19, 1865: "I speak what I know, and testify what I have often heard him say, when I affirm that that guidance and mercy were the props on which he humbly and habitually leaned; they were the best hope he had for himself and for his country. Hence, when he was leaving his home in Illinois, and coming to this city to take his seat in the executive chair of a disturbed and troubled nation, he said to the old and tried friends who gathered tearfully around him and bade him farewell, "I leave you with this request: pray for me." They did pray for him; and millions of other people prayed for him; nor did they pray in vain. Their prayer was heard, and the answer appears in all his subsequent history; it shines forth with a heavenly radiance in the whole course and tenor of his administration, from its commencement to its close. God raised him up for a great and glorious mission, furnished him for his work, and aided him in its accomplishment."

Historic Site
A historical marker was erected at the station in 1966. It is located at the intersection of Monroe Street and 10th Street. It reads:

"From this building on February 11, 1861 Abraham Lincoln departed Springfield, Illinois to assume the Presidency of the United States. After bidding farewell to a number of friends, he delivered a brief, spontaneous and moving farewell address to the crowd, estimated at 1,000, from the rear platform of the train."

Marker series. This marker is included in the Lincoln 1861 Inaugural Train Stops marker series.

The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 25, 2014.

References

Visit Springfield Site
Abraham Lincoln Online
National Park Service
Historic Marker Database

Abraham Lincoln
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1852
National Register of Historic Places in Springfield, Illinois
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
1852 establishments in Illinois
Springfield
Former railway stations in Illinois


Katsina United Football Club is a Nigerian football club based in the town of Katsina, Katsina State.

History
Founded in 1994, they were promoted to the Nigerian Premier League in 1997, placing 12th in their debut season but were disbanded after relegation in 2001. The Katsina State Government began plans to resurrect the team in April 2008. The club was reestablished in 2009 and was renamed "Spotlights FC", they debuted in the Nigeria National League for their first year.
In February 2016, the team reverted to their original name, Katsina United. In October 2016, Katsina United won promotion back to the Nigeria Professional Football League, returning 15 years after they were last relegated.

Stadium
They played the first half of their first season after re-establishment at the Sardauna Memorial Stadium in Gusau while Katsina Township Stadium was being renovated. The club later moved to the new all-seater Muhammadu Dikko Stadium in Katsina.

Achievements
Nigerian FA Cup: 0
Runners-up: 1995, 1996, 1997

Nigeria National League: 1
Champions: 2016

Performances in CAF competitions
African Cup Winners' Cup: 1 appearance
1996 – Quarter-Finals

CAF Cup: 1 appearance
2001 – Withdrew Second round

Team
As of 30 December 2020

References

Football clubs in Nigeria
Association football clubs established in 1994
1994 establishments in Nigeria

Sport in Katsina State


The Montoya Sisters, AKA Las Hermanas Montoya, were a Latin music singing group consisting of four sisters; Mercedes, Ofelia, Emilia, and Esther.

History
The sisters were born to immigrant parents who moved to the United States in 1928. Mercedes was born in Mexico, and the remaining siblings were all born in California. Their parents, Salvador, a railroad worker, and mother, Concepción eventually moved the family of ten to San Jose, California. The girls formed their own local singing group in the area, and with the advent of radio, began performing on live shows, opening many local new radio stations. At one of these live sessions, an executive from the Bacardi Radio Hour, a popular radio show in Mexico City, heard their voices and immediately asked them to perform on the show.

Career
The four sisters arrived in Mexico City in 1948 and performed as a quartet and enjoyed steady work on a weekly live radio show on station XEW and were under contract as the featured act at "El Patio", which at the time was the number one nightclub in Mexico City, Mercedes eventually returned to the United States to marry. In 1950 the sisters were approached by the "Mambo King" Pérez Prado to go on a world tour that included Japan, Europe, and South America, and signed on as RCA Victor recording artists that same year. The group went on to work with some of the era's biggest Latin music performers and toured with names such as Celia Cruz, Billy Eckstine, and Nat King Cole. The fifties produced a number of sister acts in the United States such as the Lennon Sisters, the Andrews Sisters, and the McGuire Sisters. The Montoya Sisters seemed to fill the Latin music niche for a sister act. From 1950 to 1957 the girls were busy performing, recording as RCA Victor artists, and had parts in two movies. They also did command performances for several world leaders such as Prince Rainier of Monaco and King Farouk of Egypt. Through their recording career, they released many songs with many Latin band leaders such as Luis Arcaráz, Rafael de Paz, Lucho Bermúdez, and Chucho Navarro. The Sisters hit gold with their million-selling single "Mucho Mucho Mucho". In 1957 Emilia (Emily) left the group to marry. Esther and Ofelia continued the group as a duet until 1969.

Members

Mercedes Montoya Carlos
Born: September 24, 1926
Years Active: 1948–1950
Died: July 6, 2014

Ofelia Montoya Vazquez
Born: November 20, 1927
Years Active: 1948–1969
Died: October 11, 1993

Emilia Montoya Sanchez
Born: May 2, 1929
Years Active: 1948–1957
Died: August 21, 2008

Esther Montoya
Born: September 8, 1930
Years Active: 1948–1969
Died: January 13, 2017

Hit records

Mucho Mucho Mucho; RCA/Victor with Pérez Prado Orchestra
Penita Contigo; RCA/Victor with Pérez Prado Orchestra
Cha Cha Cha Chavela; RCA/Victor with Rafael de Paz
Que Siga La Pachanga; RCA/Victor Rafael de Paz

Discography

Las Hermanas Montoya, Con las Orquestras RCA
Hermanas Montoya, Que Siga La Pachanga OTRA
Hermanas Montoya, El Trio ideal de la Cancion Moderna RCA/Victor

Filmography
Viajera (1952) with Fernando Fernández and Rosa Carmina
Alice in Wonderland (1951) (Spanish version) Voices of Singing Flowers

RCA Victor artists
Latin music musicians


Grace is a 2009 American horror film written and directed by Paul Solet. It is based on the 2006 short film of the same name. The short film was used to obtain funding for the feature version.

Michael Matheson (Stephen Park) and his pregnant wife Madeline (Jordan Ladd) are involved in a car accident. Michael dies, and doctors tell Madeline that her unborn child is dead, too. Madeline, desperate after trying to have a child for years, decides to carry her baby to term anyway. The child, a girl, initially appears stillborn. After a while, though, she seems to revive, and Madeline names her "Grace". It soon becomes clear something is wrong with the baby. She develops unhealthy smells, attracts flies, and craves blood.

Plot
After two unsuccessful attempts to have a child, Michael and Madeline Matheson succeed the third time. They consult Madeline's midwife ex-girlfriend, Patricia, to perform an unorthodox delivery.

One night, Michael and the unborn baby are killed in a car accident . Madeline refuses to begin induction of labor, so Patricia allows Madeline to carry to term. Although initially stillborn, the baby is miraculously alive. Madeline names the baby Grace.

Back at Madeline's home, Grace is attracting flies due to her putrid scent. Madeline also realizes that Grace is unable to digest breast milk as she keeps vomiting. Whilst Madeline is nursing a crying Grace, she realizes that the child is feeding from her bleeding breast.

Meanwhile, Vivian, Michael's domineering mother, wants to visit Grace, but Madeline refuses to answer her calls. She visits Dr. Richard Sohn, an obstetrician she recommended. She convinces him to visit Madeline while looking to collect proof that she is an unfit mother.

Madeline continues to nurse Grace with her blood, which weakens her to the point that she allows Dr. Sohn into her home. He hears Grace cry weakly and starts to her crib. Fearing that he will take Grace away, Madeline kills Dr. Sohn.

Vivian arrives just as Madeline finishes draining Dr. Sohn's blood into a baby bottle. After exploring the house, Vivian agrees to leave, but instead finds Grace in her crib, and the bottle of blood broken on the floor. Madeline tries to pursue her, but Vivian is able to grab Grace and flee, discovering Dr. Sohn's body in the process. Vivian arms herself with a hammer; Madeline confronts her, and Vivian beats Madeline unconscious, but not before Madeline rips out part of Vivian's throat with her teeth. They are discovered by Patricia, who sees Grace drinking from Vivian's blood.

Some time later, Patricia is driving a motor home through the desert. She pulls over and goes to the back to check on Madeline, who's nursing Grace. She asserts that as long as Madeline keeps eating the proper diet, they can continue feeding and raising Grace. Madeline informs her that Grace has begun teething, revealing her mutilated breast.

Cast
 Jordan Ladd as Madeline Matheson
 Gabrielle Rose as Vivian Matheson
 Samantha Ferris as Dr. Patricia Lang
 Malcolm Stewart as Dr. Richard Sohn
 Serge Houde as Henry Matheson
 Stephen Park  as Michael Matheson

Production
Shooting began on April 21, 2008, in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Release
Grace premiered at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.  It was released in the US on August 14, 2009.

Reception
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 70% of 30 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.63/10 and the site's consensus reads: "Though not entirely effective as a conventional horror flick, Grace is still a graphic, disturbing, and artful exploration of twisted maternal instinct".  Metacritic rated it 52/100 based on six reviews. Jon Anderson of Variety called it "a satirical creepfest that mines modern motherhood for all its latent terrors". Doris Toumarkine of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Grace whimpers a bit like Rosemary's Baby and gurgles occasionally like The Exorcist, but the video look and bare-bones craftsmanship all scream B movie." Mike Hale of The New York Times described it as a "chilly and slow-moving horror film, which plays with ideas of mother love, obsessive child rearing and liberal spinelessness, adding a helping of trendy vampirism."  Michael Ordona of the Los Angeles Times called it "a horrifying meditation on the unbreakable union of mother and child". S. James Snyder of Time Out New York rated it 1/5 stars and wrote, "Paul Solet's gyno-horror flick is certainly twisted but only slightly unnerving; the movie is about as gripping as one might expect given that its infant monster is both mute and cradle-bound." Ed Gonzalez of The Village Voice wrote that Grace is creepy but questioned the point of the film.

References

External links

 Grace at FEARnet

2009 films
2009 horror films
American supernatural horror films
American vampire films
American pregnancy films
LGBT-related horror films
Features based on short films
2009 LGBT-related films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Paul Solet
2000s American films


Pattonomys is a genus of rodent in the family Echimyidae, named after American mammalogist James L. Patton.
It contains the following species:
 Bare-tailed armored tree-rat (Pattonomys occasius)
 Speckled spiny tree-rat (Pattonomys semivillosus)

Phylogeny
Pattonomys is the sister genus to Toromys. These taxa are closely related to Echimys, Phyllomys, and Makalata, reflecting the fact that Pattonomys occasius and Toromys grandis have formerly been placed in Makalata by some authorities. In turn, these five genera share phylogenetic affinities with a clade containing the bamboo rats Dactylomys, Olallamys, Kannabateomys together with Diplomys and Santamartamys.

References

Echimyidae
Rodent genera
Mammals described in 2005
Taxa named by Louise H. Emmons


Sir Zahir-ud-Daula Bahadur GCSI (died 16 June 1879) was the titular Nawab of Arcot from 1874 to 1879.

Early life

Zahir-ud-Daula was the son of Azim Jah, the first Nawab of Arcot and cousin to Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan, the twelfth and last Nawab of the Carnatic.

Reign

Zahir-ud-Daula was recognized as the titular Nawab of Arcot or Amir-i-Arcot on the death of his father Azim Jah in 1874. In 1876, he moved the official residence to the Amir Mahal. He also participated in the Delhi Durbar of January 1877, during which the proclamation of Queen Victoria as the Empress of India was made. Zahir-ud-Daula was awarded the GCSI and the honour of a 15-gun salute.

Death

Zahir-ud-Daula died in 1879 and was buried with state honours.

References

Indian Muslims
1879 deaths
Nawabs of India
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Year of birth missing


Ayke (, Äike) is a lake in the Ayteke Bi District, Aktobe Region, Kazakhstan.

Geography
The lake is located on the Kazakhstan–Russia border. The border runs roughly from north to south and the largest part of the lake is in Kazakhstan, with only a small sector in the NW part within Russia. Ayke has an area of about . The Kazakh village of Ayke is located on the eastern lakeshore. Lake Shalkar-Yega-Kara lies about  to the southwest, on the other side of the border, and lake Kulykol  to the NNE.

See also
List of lakes of Kazakhstan

References

Ayke
Ayke
Kazakhstan–Russia border
Ayke
Ayke
Endorheic lakes of Asia


Graydon Parrish (born April 3, 1970) is a realist painter living in Austin, Texas. He is both trained in and an exponent of the atelier method which emphasizes classical painting techniques.

Life
Graydon Parrish was born in Phoenix, Arizona, but spent the majority of his childhood in East Texas. His parents, collectors of American and European nineteenth-century art, exposed him to painting at a young age and influenced his choice to pursue an academic figurative style.

Parrish attended the Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and graduated in 1988. Unable to find further classical art training, he learned of the newly formed New York Academy of Art in the summer of that year created by Andy Warhol and Stuart Pivar.  There, Parrish joined other students who have become leading figures in the classical art revival, including Jacob Collins, founder of the Grand Central Academy of Art where Parrish is now an instructor. At the New York Academy, Parrish met his mentor Michael Aviano, a student himself of illustrator and muralist Frank J. Reilly. Since then Parrish has remodeled color theories by Albert Munsell and Josef Albers to fit traditional painting methods. In some ways, he and his colleagues share the reformist attitude of the Stuckist movement in England and are likewise often at odds with mainstream critical taste.

After graduating from the New York Academy with an MFA in painting, Parrish went on to study at Amherst College, earning an additional B.A. and majoring in independent studies. His large thesis painting, Remorse, Despondence and the Acceptance of an Early Death, an allegory of the early AIDS epidemic, helped earn Parrish summa cum laude honors and was purchased by the trustees for the Mead Art Museum. Parrish went on to show both at Hirschl and Adler Galleries in New York and Galerie Benamou in Paris, where he still exhibits. His subjects were mainly allegories and nudes. In 2001, the Tyler Museum of Art purchased "Victory", a nude inspired by the antique bronze "An Athlete Crowning Himself" in the J. Paul Getty Museum. Parrish's nudes are also informed by his research in French 19th-century art. With Gerald M. Ackerman, a leading expert in the field, he has revised and annotated the Cours de Dessins by Jean-Léon Gérôme and Charles Bargue.

In 2002, Douglas Hyland, the director of the New Britain Museum of American Art, approached Parrish to create an allegorical tribute to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The completed painting, The Cycle of Terror and Tragedy, is over 18 feet long and is one of the largest realist paintings ever created in America. It has become somewhat controversial, both for its unabashedly academic style inspired by Jacques-Louis David and William Bouguereau and for its highly symbolic content, said to express the cycle of denial and tragedy. It has been compared and contrasted with Pablo Picasso's Guernica and Théodore Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa, both also comments on catastrophes.  Today it hangs in the Chase Wing of the New Britain Museum of Art next to figurative pieces by Julie Heffernan and Chuck Close. It has become a regular destination and subject of debate for New England residents.

From 1994 to 2008 Parrish maintained a studio in Amherst, Massachusetts, sharing a home with Amherst College professor Donald S. Pitkin, anthropologist and author of The House that Giacomo Built: History of an Italian Family 1898-1978. Pitkin's ideas of community and family influenced Parrish's subsequent works, including his current Freedom Red project, a synthesis of art and activism which donates proceeds to HIV/AIDS charities. In 2008, he relocated to Austin, Texas to be near his family, teach, and contribute to the growing independent Austin art scene, including Arthouse at the Jones Center, the Blanton Museum of Art and the Austin Museum of Art.

Work
Graydon Parrish's style is classical realism. Parrish counts among his contemporary influences realist painters Odd Nerdrum, Jacob Collins, Steven Assael, Christopher Pugliese and Daniel Sprick, as well as Bridget Riley.

Parrish's collectors include Christopher Forbes, Michael Huffington, Diane Sawyer, Robert and Chris Emmons, Rita and David Traff, Vernon and Amy Faulconer, Therèse Garner, Lloyd and Renée Greif, and Paul and Melinda Sullivan. His public collections include the Mead Art Museum in Amherst, Massachusetts, the Austin Museum of Art in Austin, Texas, the Blanton Museum of Art, Austin Texas, the Tyler Museum of Art in Tyler, Texas, and the New Britain Museum of American Art in New Britain, Connecticut.

References

External links
Graydonparrish.com, the artist's official website

The Great American Nude
Grand Central Academy of Art
Skotia Gallery
"Technique as Influence" lecture at the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, March 2010
Lecture on Bouguereau at the Clark Museum, Williamstown, MA, March 2012

1970 births
20th-century American painters
American male painters
21st-century American painters
Painters from Texas
Living people
Artists from Phoenix, Arizona
Painters from Arizona
New York Academy of Art alumni
Amherst College alumni
20th-century American male artists
21st-century American male artists


Pálmi Jónsson (June 3, 1923 – April 4, 1991) was an Icelandic businessman and entrepreneur born in Hofsós, Iceland who founded the large Icelandic supermarket chain Hagkaup, and pioneered the inception of Kringlan the first indoor shopping mall in Iceland. He was the father of Sigurður Gísli, Jón, Ingibjörg Stefanía Pálmadóttir, and Lilja Sigurlína, who collectively inherited Hagkaup when he died.

References

Palmi Jonsson
1991 deaths
1923 births


The multislice algorithm is a method for the simulation of the elastic scattering of an electron beam with matter, including all multiple scattering effects. The method is reviewed in the book by John M. Cowley, and also the work by Ishizuka. The algorithm is used in the simulation of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) micrographs, and serves as a useful tool for analyzing experimental images. This article describes some relevant background information, the theoretical basis of the technique, approximations used, and several software packages that implement this technique. Some of the advantages and limitations of the technique and important considerations that need to be taken into account are described.

Background

The multislice method has found wide application in electron microscopy and crystallography. The mapping from a crystal structure to its image or electron diffraction pattern is relatively well understood and documented. However, the reverse mapping from electron micrograph images to the crystal structure is generally more complicated. The fact that the images are two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional crystal structure makes it tedious to compare these projections to all plausible crystal structures. Hence, the use of numerical techniques in simulating results for different crystal structure is integral to the field of electron microscopy and crystallography. Several software packages exist to simulate electron micrographs.

There are two widely used simulation techniques that exist in literature: the Bloch wave method, derived from Hans Bethe's original theoretical treatment, and the multislice method. This article focuses on the multislice method for simulation of dynamical diffraction, including multiple elastic scattering effects. Most of the packages that exist implement the multislice algorithm along with Fourier analysis to incorporate electron lens aberration effects to determine electron microscope image and address aspects such as phase contrast and diffraction contrast. For electron microscope samples in the form of a thin crystalline slab in the transmission geometry, the aim of these software packages is to provide a map of  the crystal potential, however this inversion process is greatly complicated by the presence of multiple elastic scattering.

The first description of what is now known as the multislice theory was given in the classic paper by Cowley and Moodie. In this work, the authors describe scattering of electrons using a physical optics approach without invoking quantum mechanical arguments. Many other derivations of these iterative equations have since  been given using alternative methods, such as Greens functions, differential equations, scattering matrices or path integral methods, see for instance the book by Lianmao Peng, Sergei Dudarev and Michael Whelan.

A summary of the development of a computer algorithm from the multislice theory of Cowley and Moodie for numerical computation was reported by Goodman and Moodie. They also discussed in detail the relationship of the multislice to the other formulations. Specifically, using Zassenhaus's theorem, this paper gives the mathematical path from multislice to 1. Schrödinger equation,  2. Darwin's differential equations, widely used for diffraction contrast Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image simulations - the Howie-Whelan equations, 3. Sturkey's scattering matrix method. 4.  the free-space propagation case, 5. The phase grating approximation, 6. A new "thick-phase grating" approximation, which has never been used, 7. Moodie's polynomial expression for multiple scattering, 8. The Feynman path-integral formulation, and 9. relationship of multislice to the Born series. The relationship between algorithms is summarized in Section 5.11 of Spence (2013), (see Figure 5.9).

Theory

The form of multislice algorithm presented here has been adapted from Peng, Dudarev and Whelan 2003. The multislice algorithm is an approach to solving the Schrödinger equation:

In 1957, Cowley and Moodie showed that the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically to evaluate the amplitudes of diffracted beams. Subsequently, the effects of dynamical diffraction can be calculated and the resulting simulated image will exhibit good similarities with the actual image taken from a microscope under dynamical conditions. Furthermore, the multislice algorithm does not make any assumption about the periodicity of the structure and can thus be used to simulate HREM images of aperiodic systems as well.

The following section will include a mathematical formulation of the multislice algorithm. The Schrödinger equation can also be represented in the form of incident and scattered wave as:

where  is the Green's function that represents the amplitude of the electron wave function at a point  due to a source at point .

Hence for an incident plane wave of the form  the Schrödinger equation can be written as

We then choose the coordinate axis in such a way that the incident beam hits the sample at (0,0,0) in the -direction, i.e., . Now we consider a wave-function  with a modulation function  for the amplitude. Equation () becomes then an equation for the modulation function, i.e.,

.

Now we make substitutions with regards to the coordinate system we have adhered, i.e.,

where .

Thus

,

where  is the wavelength of the electrons with energy  and  is the interaction constant. So far we have set up the mathematical formulation of wave mechanics without addressing the scattering in the material. Further we need to address the transverse spread, which is done in terms of the Fresnel propagation function

.

The thickness of each slice over which the iteration is performed is usually small and as a result within a slice the potential field can be approximated to be constant . Subsequently, the modulation function can be represented as:

We can therefore represent the modulation function in the next slice

where, * represents convolution,  and  defines the transmission function of the slice.

Hence, the iterative application of the aforementioned procedure will provide a full interpretation of the sample in context. Further, it should be reiterated that no assumptions have been made on the periodicity of the sample apart from assuming that the potential  is uniform within the slice. As a result, it is evident that this method in principle will work for any system. However, for aperiodic systems in which the potential will vary rapidly along the beam direction, the slice thickness has to be significantly small and hence will result in higher computational expense.

Practical considerations

The basic premise is to calculate diffraction from each layer of atoms using fast Fourier transforms (FFT) and multiplying each by a phase grating term. The wave is then multiplied by a propagator, inverse Fourier transformed, multiplied by a phase grating term yet again, and the process is repeated. The use of FFTs allows a significant computational advantage over the Bloch Wave method in particular, since the FFT algorithm involves  steps compared to the diagonalization problem of the Bloch wave solution which scales as  where  is the number of atoms in the system.  (See Table 1 for comparison of computational time).

The most important step in performing a multislice calculation is setting up the unit cell and determining an appropriate slice thickness. In general, the unit cell used for simulating images will be different from the unit cell that defines the crystal structure of a particular material. The primary reason for this due to aliasing effects which occur due to wraparound errors in FFT calculations. The requirement is to add additional “padding” to the unit cell has earned the nomenclature “super cell” and the requirement to add these additional pixels to the basic unit cell comes at a computational price.

To illustrate the effect of choosing a slice thickness that is too thin, consider a simple example. The Fresnel propagator describes the propagation of electron waves in the z direction (the direction of the incident beam) in a solid:

Where  is the reciprocal lattice coordinate, z is the depth in the sample, and  is the wavelength of the electron wave (related to the wave vector by the relation ). In the case of the small-angle approximation ( 100 mRad) we can approximate the phase shift as . For 100 mRad the error  is on the order of 0.5% since . For small angles this approximation holds regardless of how many slices there are, although choosing a  greater than the lattice parameter (or half the lattice parameter in the case of perovskites) for a multislice simulation would result in missing atoms that should be in the crystal potential.

Additional practical concerns are how to effectively include effects such as inelastic and diffuse scattering, quantized excitations (e.g. plasmons, phonons, excitons), etc. There was one code that took these things into consideration through a coherence function approach  called Yet Another Multislice (YAMS), but the code is no longer available either for download or purchase.

Available software

There are several software packages available to perform multislice simulations of images. Among these is NCEMSS, NUMIS, MacTempas, and Kirkland . Other programs exist but unfortunately many have not been maintained (e.g. SHRLI81 by Mike O’Keefe of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and Cerius2 of Accerlys). A brief chronology of multislice codes is given in Table 2, although this is by no means exhaustive.

ACEM/JCSTEM

This software is developed by Earl Kirkland of Cornell University. This code is freely available as an interactive Java applet and as standalone code written in C/C++. The Java applet is ideal for a quick introduction and simulations under a basic incoherent linear imaging approximation. The ACEM code accompanies an excellent text of the same name by Kirkland  which describes the background theory and computational techniques for simulating electron micrographs (including multislice) in detail. The main C/C++ routines use a command line interface (CLI) for automated batching of many simulation. The ACEM package also includes a graphical user interface that is more appropriate for beginners. The atomic scattering factors in ACEM are accurately characterized by a 12-parameter fit of Gaussians and Lorentzians to relativistic Hartree–Fock calculations.

NCEMSS

This package was released from the National Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy. This program uses a mouse-drive graphical user interface and is written by Roar Kilaas and Mike O’Keefe of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. While the code is no longer developed, the program is available through the Electron Direct Methods (EDM) package written by Laurence D. Marks of Northwestern University. Debye-Waller factors can be included in as a parameter to account for diffuse scattering, although the accuracy is unclear (i.e. a good guess of the Debye-Waller factor is needed).

NUMIS

The Northwestern University Multislice and Imaging System (NUMIS) is a package is written by Laurence Marks of Northwestern University. It uses a command line interface (CLI) and is based on UNIX. A structure file must be provided as input in order to run use this code, which makes it ideal for advanced users. The NUMIS multislice programs use the conventional multislice algorithm by calculating the wavefunction of electrons at the bottom of a crystal and simulating the image taking into account various instrument-specific parameters including  and convergence. This program is good to use if one already has structure files for a material that have been used in other calculations (for example, Density Functional Theory). These structure files can be used to general X-Ray structure factors which are then used as input for the PTBV routine in NUMIS. Microscope parameters can be changed through the MICROVB routine.

MacTempas

This software is specifically developed to run in Mac OS X by Roar Kilaas of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. It is designed to have a user-friendly user interface and has been well-maintained relative to many other codes (last update May 2013). It is available (for a fee) from here.

JMULTIS

This is a software for multislice simulation was written in FORTRAN 77 by J. M. Zuo, while he was a postdoc research fellow at Arizona State University under the guidance of John C. H. Spence. The source code was published in the book of Electron Microdiffraction. A comparison between multislice and Bloch wave simulations for ZnTe was also published in the book. A separate comparison between several multislice algorithms at the year of 2000 was reported.

QSTEM

The Quantitative TEM/STEM (QSTEM) simulations software package was written by Christopher Koch of Humboldt University of Berlin in Germany. Allows simulation of HAADF, ADF, ABF-STEM, as well as conventional TEM and CBED. The executable and source code are available as a free download on the Koch group website.

STEM-CELL

This is a code written by Vincenzo Grillo of the Institute for Nanoscience (CNR)  in Italy. This code is essentially a graphical frontend to the multislice code written by Kirkland, with more additional features. These include tools to generate complex crystalline structures, simulate HAADF images and model the STEM probe, as well as modeling of strain in materials. Tools for image analysis (e.g. GPA) and filtering are also available.
The code is updated quite often with new features and a user mailing list is maintained. Freely available on their website.

DR. PROBE

Multi-slice image simulations for high-resolution scanning and coherent imaging transmission electron microscopy written by Juri Barthel from the Ernst Ruska-Centre at the Jülich Research Centre. The software comprises a graphical user interface version for direct visualization of STEM image calculations, as well as a bundle of command-line modules for more comprehensive calculation tasks. The programs have been written using Visual C++, Fortran 90, and Perl. Executable binaries for Microsoft Windows 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems are available for free from the website.

clTEM
OpenCL accelerated multislice software written by Adam Dyson and Jonathan Peters from University of Warwick. clTEM is under development as of October 2019.

cudaEM
The code cudaEM is a multi-GPU enabled code based on CUDA for multislice simulations developed by the group of Stephen Pennycook.

References

Microscopy
Mathematical modeling


William Scott (8 October 1825 – 29 March 1917) was a Church of England priest and became the colonial astronomer for New South Wales.

Background
Scott was born at Hartland, Devon, brought up at Braunton near Barnstaple, and educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton. In 1844 he went up as a scholar to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.

After a college fellowship Scott was given a mathematical lectureship in 1850. Made a deacon in 1849, he was ordained as a priest in 1850 by Bishop Turton of Ely and worked as a curate in the Cambridge slums of Barnwell.

Scott married a widow Elizabeth Anne Yonge, née Roberts on 8 November 1851. She had three sons by her first husband and the family responsibilities resulted in Scott becoming a mathematics coach (his first interest had always been in mathematics). He built up a useful connections at the university and later published a small textbook on plane co-ordinate geometry.

Australia
In April 1856 Scott took the position of colonial astronomer in New South Wales. Scott arrived with his family in Sydney in October 1856 to find the astronomical works were somewhat neglected. He supervised the building of the Sydney Observatory at Dawes Point, ensured the appointment of an observatory board and established the keeping of meteorological records throughout the colony.

By 1859 Scott was making systematic observations and in 1861 the acquisition of an equatorial telescope enabled him to expand his work. Scott planned a magnetic survey of the colony and reported that, despite the shortage of staff and equipment, 'the establishment is now complete in every respect'.

On 31 October 1862 Scott resigned as astronomer giving the reason as ill health, also reported as failing eyesight. However, it seems likely that the reasons were the departure of his patron Governor Denison and public criticism of his refusal to produce 'showy results'. He found it difficult to adapt to colonial life but succeeded the Rev. W. H. Savigny as headmaster of the Cook's River collegiate school, which he removed to Elswick House, Leichhardt, and in 1865 took over from Savigny as warden of St Paul's College, Sydney (Australia's oldest University College). It was a quiet time at the college and his plans were hampered by the slow rate of university expansion, the competition of the new Presbyterian College of St Andrew and the Church's refusal to recognize education at St Paul's as sufficient training for the ministry. He continued as mathematical examiner for the university and twice deputized for the professor of mathematics. In 1867–74 he was honorary secretary of the Royal Society of New South Wales and treasurer in 1874–78. In 1874 he read a paper to the society on 'The transit of Venus as Observed at Eden' which was published in its Proceedings. In the 1870s he preached frequently on the relation of religion to new scientific ideas but his public activities were not matched by any considerable energy at St Paul's. In 1878 criticism by the college council caused him to resign.

Scott had earlier expressed an element of scepticism about revealed religion and had criticized the Sydney clergy. However, he took eagerly to a country ministry at Gunning, Bungendore and Queanbeyan and later became a canon of St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn, and examining chaplain for Bishop Thomas. He revisited England in 1888 and lived in retirement on his return. Scott died at Chatswood and is buried in the Gore Hill Cemetery. Scott's estate was valued for probate at the considerable sum of £7500.

Bibliography
G. B. Airy, Autobiography, W. Airy ed. (Cambridge, 1896);
A. Fisher, The Register of Blundell's School, vol 1 (Exeter, 1904);
R. T. Wyatt, The History of the Diocese of Goulburn (Syd, 1937);
Colonial astronomer papers, Votes and Proceedings (Legislative Assembly, New South Wales), 1856–57, 21, 1858–59, 1, 841, 843, 1859–60, 4, 1047, 1861, 2, 395, 1861–62, 2, 1371, 1865, 1, 915;
Royal Society of New South Wales, Proceedings, 51 (1917), 6;
K. J. Cable, 'The founding of St Paul's College', Pauline, 1967, no 65;
Sydney Morning Herald, 31 March 1917;
Scott letters (copies, State Library of New South Wales);
Council minutes 1865–78 (St Paul's College, University of Sydney)

Sources

Australian Anglican priests
19th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century Australian astronomers
19th-century Australian mathematicians
1825 births
1917 deaths
People from Braunton
People educated at Blundell's School
Burials at Gore Hill Cemetery