Fan Tat (范逸) also known as Phạm Dat or Fan Yi was the King of Champa, then known as Lin-yi, from 284 to 336.  In 284, the King sent the first Cham envoy to the Chinese Emperor's Court.   He died in 336, and was succeeded by his commander in chief.  Fan came to the throne after a protracted campaign led by his predecessor Fan Hsiung who led attacks on the Chinese province of Jiaozhi.

The son of Fan Hiong, Fan Yi employed Fan Wen, a Chinese knowledgeable in the martial arts, including city fortifications.

References

Kings of Champa
4th-century Vietnamese people
3rd-century Vietnamese people


Caravia La Baxa is one of two parishes in Caravia, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

The parroquia  is  in size, with a population of 254 (INE 2007).

Village and hamlets
 Carrales
 Duesos
 Duyos
 El Valle
 El Visu
 La Espasa

References

Parishes in Caravia


James Tamou (born 13 December 1988) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played as a  and represented  Australia and the New Zealand Maori at an international level. Tamou spent most of his career with the North Queensland Cowboys and was a member of their 2015 NRL Grand Final winning side

Later in his career, he also played for the Penrith Panthers, who he captained to the 2020 NRL Grand Final, and the Wests Tigers where he also captained. He also played at representative level for the NRL Allstars, NSW City, and New South Wales in the State of Origin series.

Background

Tamou was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand. He is of Cook Island-Māori (Muaūpoko) and (Ngā Rauru) and is also of Danish descent.

He began playing junior rugby league in Levin for the Levin Knights in New Zealand. At the age of 13, Tamou moved with his family to Australia. He then played his junior rugby league for the Paddington Tigers and attended Matraville Sports High School in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs.

Playing career
In 2007, he was the Sydney Roosters Jersey Flegg Cup Player of the Year and was selected to play for the Junior Kiwis. Tamou played for the Roosters' NYC team in 2008 and was one of the club's best performers, before signing for the North Queensland Cowboys for the 2009 season.

In 2008, he represented New Zealand Maori, when they played Indigenous Dreamtime team in the 2008 World Cup curtain raiser, playing off the interchange bench in the 34–26 loss at Sydney Football Stadium.

2009
In round 8, Tamou made his NRL debut against the Parramatta Eels where he played off the interchange bench and scored a try in North Queensland's 18–28 loss at Parramatta Stadium. He finished his debut year in the NRL with 12 matches and two tries.

2010
In 2010, Tamou was named the North Queensland club's most improved player of the year, after playing in 19 matches and scoring a try. His good form was rewarded that year, when he re-signed with North Queensland for a further three years. On 16 October, Tamou once again represented New Zealand Māori when they faced England before the start of the 2010 Four Nations tournament.

2011
On 12 April, Tamou and teammate Blake Leary were suspended by the North Queensland club for one game for "breaking team alcohol rules". Tamou later played a major part in North Queensland's surge to the finals, finishing the season with him playing in 23 matches and scoring two tries. He averaged 108 metres per game. In September, Tamou was selected in  New Zealand's train-on squad for the Four Nations, although he was not selected in the final squad.

2012
In April, despite just weeks earlier expressing his desire to represent New Zealand, Tamou pledged his allegiance to Australia and New South Wales. Tamou had received phone calls from then New South Wales coach Ricky Stuart and captain Paul Gallen about making the switch. On 20 April, Tamou made his Australian international in the Anzac Test, playing off the interchange bench in the 20–12 win at Eden Park. On 22 May, Tamou made his State of Origin debut for New South Wales, starting at prop in the Blues 10–18 loss at Docklands Stadium in Melbourne. Tamou played in all three games of the series.

The 2012 NRL season was a breakout year for Tamou, playing in 24 matches and scoring two tries as well as averaging more metres per game than any other prop in the NRL. On 13 October, Tamou played for Australia in the trans-Tasman test, where he started at prop and scored a try in the 18–10 victory. On 10 December, Tamou re-signed with the Cowboys, keeping him at the club to the end of the 2016 season.

2013
On 19 April, Tamou was selected for Australia in the Anzac Test, starting at prop in the 32–12 win at Canberra Stadium in what was the first test match ever played in Canberra. In game 1 of the 2013 State of Origin series, Tamou was selected for New South Wales and started at prop in a 14–6 victory over Queensland at ANZ Stadium. Less than a week later, Tamou was fined $20,000 by the NRL and suspended for two NRL matches for drink driving and driving unlicensed in Townsville on 11 June. He was suspended for the second Origin match. Tamou returned in game 3, where New South Wales lost 12–10, resulting in Queensland winning the series 2–1.

In the club's elimination final match against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Tamou played his 100th NRL match in the 20–18 loss at Sydney Football Stadium. Tamou finished the year with 22 appearances for North Queensland.  In October, he played for Australia in the World Cup, playing in 6 matches and scoring a try in the tournament. Tamou started at prop in the Kangaroos 34–2 World Cup Final victory over New Zealand at Old Trafford in Manchester.

2014
In February, Tamou was a member of North Queensland's victorious Auckland Nines side and was named in the Team of the Tournament. On 2 May, Tamou played in the 2014 Anzac Test against New Zealand, playing off the interchange bench in the 30–18 win. For the 2014 State of Origin series, Tamou played in all 3 matches in the Blues 2–1 series win, resulting in New South Wales winning its first series win since the 2005. In round 20, against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, Tamou injured his neck, resulting with him being sidelined for a month. He returned in round 24. Tamou finished the season with him playing in 21 matches and scoring one try. He underwent neck surgery at the end of the season, ruling him out of Australia's Four Nations campaign.

2015
Early into the season, rumours were floating around about Tamou was going to offloaded from North Queensland to the Canberra Raiders after his bad performances in the Cowboys first 3 losses off the season, but later on Tamou returned to his best form when North Queensland went on their 11 match winning streak. On 3 May, Tamou played in the Anzac Test, playing off the interchange bench in the 12–26 loss. In the 2015 State of Origin series, Tamou played in all three matches, starting at prop for the Blues in their 2–1 series loss. On 4 October, Tamou was a member of North Queensland's 2015 NRL Grand Final winning side, starting at prop and scoring a try in the side's 17–16 victory over the Brisbane Broncos. Tamou finished his successful year with him playing in 24 matches and scoring two tries.

2016
On 2 February, Tamou played for North Queensland in the Auckland Nines. On 21 February 2016, Tamou was a member of the Cowboys' World Club Challenge winning side, starting at prop in the side's 38–4 victory over the Leeds Rhinos at Headingley Stadium. On 6 May 2016, Tamou played for Australia against New Zealand, playing off the interchange bench in the 16–0 win at Hunter Stadium. On 16 June 2016, it was announced that Tamou had signed a four-year deal with the Penrith Panthers. In the 2016 State of Origin series, Tamou played in all 3 matches for New South Wales in their 2–1 series loss. Tamou finished his last year with the North Queensland Cowboys with him playing in 25 matches and scoring two tries in the 2016 NRL season.

2017
In February 2017, Tamou was named in Penrith's 2017 NRL Auckland Nines squad. In round 1 of the 2017 NRL season, Tamou made his club debut for the Penrith Panthers against the St George Illawarra Dragons, where he started at prop in the 10–42 loss at Jubilee Oval.

2018
In 2018, Tamou was not selected in the NSW Blues State of Origin squad for the second year in a row despite Penrith being on top of the table after 13 rounds and the player showing good form.

Tamou played a total of 25 games for Penrith in 2018 as the club qualified for the finals but were eliminated by Cronulla in week two of the finals series.

2019
Tamou made a total of 24 appearances for Penrith in the 2019 NRL season as the club finished a disappointing 10th place and missed out on the finals for the first time since 2015.

2020
Tamou played 22 games for Penrith in the 2020 NRL season as the club won the Minor Premiership and went on a 17-game unbeaten run to reach the 2020 NRL Grand Final.  Tamou captained Penrith in the final where they lost to Melbourne 26–20.  This would be Tamou's final game for the side as he had signed a contract to join the Wests Tigers in 2021.

2021
In round 1 of the 2021 NRL season, he made his debut for Wests Tigers  in a 30–12 loss against Canberra.
Tamou played a total of 19 games for the Wests Tigers in the 2021 NRL season as the club finished 13th and missed the finals.

2022
In round 23 of the 2022 NRL season, Tamou was sent off for dissent in Wests Tigers record 72–6 loss against the Sydney Roosters at the Sydney Cricket Ground.in the 2022 NRL season as the club finished bottom of the table and claimed the Wooden Spoon for the first time.

2023
Tamou signed a one-year deal to return to the North Queensland Cowboys for the 2023 NRL season, playing his first game off the bench in the side's round 1 win over the Canberra Raiders. Tamou's next appearance came in North Queensland's round 4 win over the Gold Coast Titans, where he scored a try but sustained a lisfranc injury and was sidelined for 21 weeks.
On 17 August, Tamou announced he had played his final game for the North Queensland club and would retire effective immediately.

Achievements and accolades

Individual
North Queensland Cowboys Most Improved: 2010
North Queensland Cowboys Players' Player: 2012

Team
2013 Rugby League World Cup: Australia - winners
2014 NRL Auckland Nines: North Queensland Cowboys – winners
2015 NRL Grand Final: North Queensland Cowboys – winners
2016 World Club Challenge: North Queensland Cowboys – winners

Statistics

NRL
 Statistics are correct to the end of round 10 in the 2023 season

State of Origin

International

Personal life
Tamou and his wife, Brittney Tamou, have four sons, Brooklyn, Barclay, Bronx and Boston.

Tamou is the cousin of Huddersfield Giants player Kenny Edwards.

References

External links
Penrith Panthers profile
North Queensland Cowboys profile

1988 births
Living people
Australia national rugby league team players
Junior Kiwis players
New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players
New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
New Zealand Māori rugby league team players
New Zealand people of Danish descent
North Queensland Cowboys players
Northern Pride RLFC players
NRL All Stars players
Penrith Panthers captains
People educated at Matraville Sports High School
Rugby league props
Rugby league players from Palmerston North
Wests Tigers captains


Neptunium(IV) oxide, or neptunium dioxide, is a radioactive, olive green cubic crystalline solid with the formula NpO2. It  emits both α- and γ-particles.

Production
Industrially, neptunium dioxide is formed by precipitation of neptunium(IV) oxalate, followed by calcination to neptunium dioxide.

Production starts with a nitric acid feed solution containing neptunium ions in various oxidation states.  First, a hydrazine inhibitor is added to slow any oxidation from standing in air.  Then ascorbic acid reduces the feed solution to predominantly neptunium(IV):

2Np5+ + C6H8O6 → 2Np4+ + C6H6O6 + 2H+
Np6+ + C6H8O6 → Np4+ + C6H6O6 + 2H+
Addition of oxalic acid precipitates hydrated neptunium oxalate…

Np4+ + 2H2C2O4 + 6H2O → Np(C2O4)2.6H2O(v) + 4H+
…which pyrolyzes when heated:

Np(C2O4)2.6H2O  Np(C2O4)2  NpO2 + 2CO(g)

Neptunium dioxide can also be formed from precipitation of neptunium(IV) peroxide, but the process is much more sensitive.

Purification

As a byproduct of nuclear waste, neptunium dioxide can be purified by fluorination, followed by reduction with excess calcium in the presence of iodine. However, the aforementioned synthesis yields a quite pure solid, with less than 0.3% mass fraction of impurities. Generally, further purification is unnecessary.

Other properties

Neptunium dioxide contributes to the α-decay of 241Am, reducing its usual half-life an untested but appreciable amount. The compound has a low specific heat capacity (900 K, compared with uranium dioxide's specific heat capacity of 1400 K), an abnormality theorized to stem from its 5f electron count. Another unique trait of neptunium dioxide is its "mysterious low-temperature ordered phase". Mentioned above, it references an abnormal level of order for an actinitde dioxide complex at low temperature. Further discussion of such topics could indicate useful physical trends in the actinoides.

Uses

The neptunium dioxide complex is used as a means of stabilizing, and decreasing the "long term environmental burden" of neptunium as a nuclear fission byproduct. Actinoide-containing nuclear waste will commonly be treated so that various AnO2 (where An = U, Np, Pu, Am, etc.) complexes form. In neptunium dioxide, neptunium is of reduced radio toxicity compared with elemental neptunium and is thus more desirable for storage and disposal. Neptunium dioxide has also been shown to contribute to increased decay rates of radioactive elements, an application which is currently being explored.

Neptunium dioxide is also used experimentally for research into nuclear chemistry and physics, and it is speculated that it could be used to make efficient nuclear weapons. In nuclear reactors, neptunium dioxide can also be used as the target for plutonium bombardment.

Furthermore, a patent for a rocket powered by neptunium dioxide is held by Shirakawa Toshihisa, but there is little information available into research and production associated with such a product.

References

Neptunium compounds
Oxides
Fluorite crystal structure


Sober Island is a rural community on the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. The community is situated on Sober Island. Sober Island Pond is located in the middle of the island. The community is about  south of Sheet Harbour. It is connected to the mainland by Sober Island Road. There are no numbered highways on Sober Island.

References

External links
Explore HRM
Sober Island Destination Nova Scotia
Sober Island Brewing Co

Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


Photographic grey, also known as works grey, was a paint scheme commonly applied to steam locomotives during the period before colour photography became commonplace. It was applied to allow sharper, more detailed images of the locomotive to be recorded. The first photographs of railways and their locomotives were made by private individuals, but by the 1860s the railway companies themselves were keen to create official photographs of the highest quality possible of their latest designs, which led to the adoption of photographic grey in railway photography.

Use

Railway companies wished to record their latest locomotives for use in publicity material and advertisements, and as a technical record of their work. This was especially the case in the United Kingdom, where all but the smallest of the  'pre-grouping' companies owned their own locomotive works and designed and built their own railway engines. For the numerous private locomotive builders it was especially important to have high-quality photographs of their latest builds to showcase to potential customers. Existing customers had also been promised photographs as part of the documentation package for their new locomotives, and this could include such specific instructions as having a bowler-hatted man precisely six feet tall standing alongside, as a scale measure. The practice of taking extensive photographs of locomotives by their makers seems to have developed first by Beyer, Peacock & Company in Manchester from 1856, by the local photographer James Mudd. Mudd also developed the practice of 'whiting out' large areas of distracting backgrounds, by painting over them on the negative.

Most companies used dark green or red liveries, with virtually all goods locomotives painted all-over black to reduce the need for regular and time-consuming cleaning. These dark colours provided poor levels of detail with the glass-plate camera technology of the time, especially when the camera was placed at a suitable distance to cover the entire locomotive in one shot. Early film emulsions were orthochromatic, insensitive to red light, and so the many red or reddish liveries would appear an indistinct black.

The solution was to paint the entire locomotive a mid-grey (usually approximate to the modern shade of slate grey). This light colour reproduced well on the photographic plates and picked out the shadows and shading produced by the various components (such as the valve gear and wheel spokes) allowing them to be recorded in detail. Often a variant of the company's standard livery (such as the lining or company name and crest) would be applied in a darker shade of grey to complete the picture's use for publicity.

To add to the detail recorded, once the negative had been processed the background behind the locomotive would often be inked out to provide a crisp view of the outline and shape.

Works grey also served the function of being a primary undercoat of paint, allowing the locomotive to be used for test runs and checks to find any faults or required modifications before undergoing the expensive and often time-consuming process of being painted in a full livery.

Decline

When photographic film of a suitable sensitivity became commonplace in the 1920s the use of photographic grey for railway photography began to decline, as photographs could record suitable levels of detail on a locomotive as well as a shining, freshly applied company livery. With colour photography, the exact opposite of photographic grey was used. Locomotives were painted in colour schemes that would grab the attention of those seeing them in colour photographs and in films, which led to brightly coloured prototype diesel locomotives in the 1950s and 1960s such as the British Rail DP1 and HS 4000 Kestrel.

In 2008, when the newly built Peppercorn Class A1 steam locomotive Tornado was completed, it was painted in photographic grey. This was not primarily for photographic reasons, but to allow the testing and checking of the locomotive and also to continue the tradition of new locomotives being unveiled in works grey. Following the completion of tests, Tornado was painted in an official livery of British Railways apple green in December 2008.

Other uses
Objects other than locomotives have been painted in photographic grey in order to allow the maximum amount of detail to be recorded. The White Star Line's third Olympic class ocean liner, the Britannic was painted photographic grey during her construction and for her launch. The first ship of the class, the Olympic, had been painted all-over white for her launch to produce the same effect.

References

External links

Photographic techniques
Rail transport photography
Steam locomotive technologies


Tyne Yard (TY) is a railway yard in Birtley, England, on the East Coast Main Line, operated by DB Cargo UK. The yard is the major freight yard of the North East, with the majority of rail freight movements in Tyne and Wear from around Great Britain passing through the yard.

History

Tyne marshalling yard was part of the 1955 modernisation plan by British Railways, and was opened up to traffic in 1963. Part of the southern end of the yard was built on the former  railway station.

The yard is  south of Newcastle upon Tyne railway station, between Team Valley and the town of Birtley. It is visible from trains passing on the adjacent East Coast Main Line, with the yard located on the western side of the line. , it is a major hub for the Network Rail High Output renewals programme. At least one High Output train is based here at any time. , there is a High Output Ballast Cleaner (HOBC) and Track Replacement System (TRS) serviced and maintained in the down primaries.

The yard has nine staging sidings, seven of which are under overhead lines, engineering sidings, carriage sidings, three departure roads, and the primaries which house the Network Rail centre and virtual quarry / spoil heap. The old signal box was demolished in 2015, the radio mast sometime before this.

There is a Freightliner train crew depot here which is for the signing on of Freightliner train crew based in Tyne Yard.

The yard also acts as a servicing point for railtours visiting the region, and the Smithy Lane road bridge over the northern end of the Yard is a popular location for railway photography.

The Angel of the North is visible from the yard and main line on the high ground to the East.

From 2019, the yard was used as a storage location for Class 800/801 Azumas of LNER and also of Class 802 Paragons of Hull Trains.

See also
 List of rail yards
 Rail transport in Great Britain

References

Sources

Depot Codes

External links

Rail yards in the United Kingdom
Railway depots in England
Transport in Tyne and Wear


The Gambino Family was an American hip hop group  founded by Master P in 1997, named after the Gambino crime family. The four members of the group were Lil Gotti (after John Gotti), Malachi, Pheno and Reginelli (after Marco Reginelli).

Biography
The Gambino Family made their debut mainstream appearance in 1997 on the soundtrack to I'm Bout It on the song "Why They Wanna See Me Dead". After appearing on numerous No limit releases in 1998, including Steady Mobb'n's Black Mafia, Soulja Slim's Give It 2 'Em Raw and Fiend's There's One in Every Family, the group's debut album entitled Ghetto Organized was released on October 20, 1998. Though it found big success on the Billboard charts, peaking at #17 on the Billboard 200 and #3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In 1999 Malachi and Reginelli formed the group Young Guns, appearing on Lil Soldiers' Boot Camp album and Master P's Only God Can Judge Me. They joined TRU Records in 2000, appearing together on C-Murder's Trapped In Crime, and on C-Murder's albums: Reginelli on www.cp-3.com, Malachi on Tru Dawgs and Screamin' 4 Vengeance.

Members
Lil Gotti (birth name Jonathan Miller)
Melchoir
Pheno (birth name Edward Jamal Bell Jr.)(deceased)
Reginelli

Discography

Albums

Singles

As lead artist

See also
 No Limit Records
 No Limit Records discography
 Beats by the Pound

References

American hip hop groups
Southern hip hop groups
No Limit Records artists
Gangsta rap groups


Taylors Head  is a rural community on the Eastern Shore of the  Halifax Regional Municipality in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.

References
Explore HRM
Taylors Head Destination Nova Scotia

Communities in Halifax, Nova Scotia


Grey willow or gray willow may refer to:

Salix atrocinerea, a species of willow native to Europe commonly called grey willow
Salix cinerea, a species of willow native to Europe and western Asia, also occasionally called grey sallow
Salix glauca, a species of willow native to northern North America, Europe and Asia


Amelia Cathedral (, Cattedrale di Santa Firmina) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Amelia in the province of Terni, Umbria, Italy. It was formerly the seat of the Bishop of Amelia, in existence from not later than the 5th century, but since 1983 has been a co-cathedral in the Diocese of Terni-Narni-Amelia.

Amelia Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Firmina, was built originally in 872. That building was destroyed by the troops of Emperor Frederick II in the 13th century, and was rebuilt in Gothic style. That building too was destroyed, by a fire in 1629, and was reconstructed in Baroque form. The present façade of pink cotto was completed only in the 19th century, after a destructive earthquake in 1822.

The cathedral has a Latin cross groundplan and a single nave. The relics of Saints Firmina and Olimpiade, the patron saints of the city, are preserved here. In a side-chapel are two Turkish banners captured at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.

A number of notable works of art are housed here, including a depiction of the Last Supper (1538) painted by Giovanni Francesco Perini, the tomb of the Geraldini (1476) by Agostino di Duccio, a Madonna and Child attributed to Antoniazzo Romano, the Chapel of the Farattini containing among other items the funerary monument of Baldo Farrattini (bishop of Amelia 1558-62) by Ippolito Scalza, and works by Niccolò Circignani, Federico or Taddeo Zuccari, and a modern copy of the stolen original of a "Martyrdom of Saint Firmina" by Lavinia Fontana. There is also an organ from 1600.

The campanile of the cathedral was erected in 1050 using fragments of Roman buildings.

Notes

Sources and external links
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Amelia
 Catholic Hierarchy: Diocese of Amelia
 Description of Amelia Cathedral and contents

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy
Amelia
Neoclassical architecture in Umbria
Neoclassical church buildings in Italy


A spin model is a mathematical model used in physics primarily to explain magnetism. Spin models may either be classical or quantum mechanical in nature. Spin models have been studied in quantum field theory as examples of integrable models. Spin models are also used in quantum information theory and computability theory in theoretical computer science. The theory of spin models is a far reaching and unifying topic that cuts across many fields.

Introduction
In ordinary materials, the magnetic dipole moments of individual atoms produce magnetic fields that cancel one another, because each dipole points in a random direction. Ferromagnetic materials below their Curie temperature, however, exhibit magnetic domains in which the atomic dipole moments are locally aligned, producing a macroscopic, non-zero magnetic field from the domain. These are the ordinary "magnets" with which we are all familiar.

The study of the behavior of such "spin models" is a thriving area of research in condensed matter physics. For instance, the Ising model describes spins (dipoles) that have only two possible states, up and down, whereas in the Heisenberg model the spin vector is allowed to point in any direction. In certain magnets, the magnetic dipoles are only free to rotate in a 2D plane, a system which can be adequately described by the so-called xy-model.

The lack of a unified theory of magnetism forces scientist to model magnetic systems theoretically with one, or a combination of these spin models in order to understand the intricate behavior of atomic magnetic interactions . Numerical implementation of these models has led to several interesting results, such as quantitative research in the theory of phase transitions.

Quantum
A quantum spin model is a quantum Hamiltonian model that describes a system which consists of spins either interacting or not and are an active area of research in the fields of strongly correlated electron systems, quantum information theory, and quantum computing. The physical observables in these quantum models are actually operators in a Hilbert space acting on state vectors as opposed to the physical observables in the corresponding classical spin models - like the Ising model - which are commutative variables.

See also

 ANNNI model
 Bethe ansatz
 Ising model
 Classical Heisenberg model
 Quantum Heisenberg model
 Hubbard model
 J1 J2 model
 Kuramoto model
 Magnetism
 Majumdar–Ghosh model
 Potts model
 t-J model
 Quantum rotor model
 Spin
 Spin stiffness
 Spin waves
 XY model
 Yang–Baxter equation
 Z N model

References

Bibliography

 R.J. Baxter, Exactly solved models in statistical mechanics, London, Academic Press, 1982

External links
Introduction to classical and Ising Spin Models
Quantum Field Theory of Many-Body Systems
Institute of Quantum Information Caltech

Magnetism
Statistical mechanics


Hato Petera College (formerly called St Peter's Māori College) was an integrated, co-educational college in Northcote Central, Auckland, New Zealand for students from Year 9 to Year 13. It existed for 90 years, opening on 3 June 1928 and closing on 31 August 2018. The school had a strong Catholic and Māori character. It was located on part of the land originally given by Sir George Grey, Governor of New Zealand, to Bishop Pompallier, the first Bishop of Auckland, in 1849 for education purposes.

The school was established and staffed in 1928 by the Mill Hill Fathers and later the Marist Brothers provided staff. Hato Petera College was the only Māori Catholic co-educational learning institute. In 2016 the school roll was 35, but, following the closure of the boarding facilities in 2017, the roll plummeted. A commissioner was appointed by the Minister of Education to manage the school while consultations to decide its future took place. In June 2018, the school was facing imminent closure and it was officially closed on 31 August 2018.

History

The land
A  area of land was purchased by Governor Sir George Grey from " ... Ngāti Paoa and their related tribes of Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Tamatera, and Ngāti Whānaunga, Te Kawerau and Ngāti Whātua. Eruera Maihi Patuone, the Ngāpuhi chief was also concerned in the sale because his wife at that time was Riria, a member of the Hauraki tribes." The Governor set aside  of the purchase for educational purposes. Of this, —"the Roman Catholic Endowment Block"—was given to Bishop Pompallier "for the education of the children of subjects of both races, and of children of other poor and destitute perons being inhabitants of the islands of the pacific". Pompallier endeavored to carry out this intention. The area which became the site of the college was an area of . The area was partly occupied by a girls' orphanage which burnt down in 1913. A large house was also existing on the site in 1928 and this became the residence of the Mill Hill Fathers.

St Peter's Catechist School
Hato Petera College (then called Saint Peter's Catechist School but officially known as St Peter's Rural Training School) was founded as a school to train boys as catechists to assist Mill Hill priests in the Māori mission. The catechist tradition was created in New Zealand by Bishop Pompallier and many Māori catechists were trained at his St Mary's Seminary which began its existence near the present site of Hato Petera College. The Mill Hill priests came to New Zealand in 1886 to work amongst Māori. The value of catechists was soon recognised when it became apparent that there were not enough priests to carry out this task and that their formal training was necessary. The school was opened on 3 June 1928 by Bishop Cleary, the sixth Catholic Bishop of Auckland. This was with an enrolment of 13 students (Taniere Erihe, George Harris, Nahi Horomona, Akutina Karehana, Hakopa Karora, Petera Mahuta, Kamira Matini, Denis Murphy, Hare Parenara, Timoti Rewi, Gabriel Tohiraukura, Wiremu Tuiri, Kaperiere Waipouri). They were taught by two Dutch priests, Fathers Edward Bruning (Pa Eruera) and John Spierings (Pa Hoane) and two lay teachers (Mr Calloway and Mr Priestly). The intention was to train the boys to become men of prayer to give religious instruction and to help in other religious duties. They were chosen by the priests of the mission to be given the necessary training in Catholic Doctrine. The school was to support itself from its farm as no fees were charged.  The first Rector was Father Bruning (1928-1929). He was succeeded by the Austrian, Father Joseph Zenna (Pa Hohepa) (1930-1933). From 1933 to 1960, the Rector was the Dutchman Dean Martin Alink (Pa Matene) ) who himself physically constructed much of the college as well as being the superior of the Mill Hill mission in New Zealand. He remained at the college until his death in 1964.

Hato Petera College
By the 1940s, it was becoming apparent that the school needed to fulfil a wider educational role for Māori youth than to be just a school for catechists. In 1946 the school was registered as a secondary school. The Marist Brothers, who had expressed a wish to be involved in Māori education on their own property near the school, instead agreed to provide staff for the secondary school from that year. At the end of 1969 the Mill Hill Fathers withdrew from the college and its administration was in the hands of the Marist Brothers from January 1970. The college changed its name from "St Peter's Māori College" to "Hato Petera College" in 1972.

Integration, co-education and closure
In 1982, the proprietor of the college (the Catholic Bishop of Auckland) signed an integration Agreement with the Minister of Education and the college entered the State education system. The college became co-educational in 1993. The school was closed on 31 August 2018.

Ethos

Enrolment
Hato Petera College was established to support Maori Catholic children of modest backgrounds. A student's Māori-Catholic background, Māori socio-economic background, and " connection through history to the " were among the factors considered in accepting an enrolment. This approach was established by the integration agreement between the New Zealand Government and the Bishop of Auckland, the proprietor of the college, under the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act 1975 (as it was - later under the Education Act 1989). The enrolment of non-Catholic students at the school was limited to 5 per cent of the total roll.

Special character
The college's special character nurtured students as Maori Catholic in living and learning the values of Jesus Christ through religious education (compulsory at all year levels) ceremonies and observances which valued the college's patron saints, Hato Petera (St Peter), Hato Hohepa (St Joseph, patron saint of the Mill Hill Fathers), Hato Maherino (St Marcellin Champagnat, founder of the Marist Brothers) and  Māori (Māori ancestors). The curriculum also included "the pillars that derive from the vision" of St Marcellin and the Marist Brothers "and followers of his charism – his spirituality." These were: Presence, Simplicity, Family spirit, in the way of Mary and Love of work. They were integrated with the "core Māori values" into religious instruction, ceremonies, observances and procedures of college life. These core values were: Tapu (dignity), Mana (honour), Tika (truth), pono (integrity) and Aroha (love). As well as participation in the college's religious education programme, all students were required to participate in the Te Reo Maori me ona Tikanga (Māori-language and culture) programme.

Marae, Whare Karakia and Kāinga noho
At the centre of school life were particular institutions, Te Kamaka Marae, Whare Karakia and Kāinga Noho. The school Marae, Te Kamaka Marae, had its own Kaumatua and Kuia and assisted all to be immersed in Te Reo and ona Tikanga. The Whare Karakia (school chapel) hosted morning and evening Karakia or prayers, the Rosary and Sunday Mass to which all whanau and the local community were invited. The chapel was originally built in 1957 and was opened by Archbishop Liston on 26 October of that year. It represented a considerable financial effort by the small St Peter's Maori College old boys association (as the ex-pupils association was called then) which raised £859 for the project. The college's boarding facilities or Kāinga noho attempted to be a "home away from home" for the students who were supported by Mātua Atawhai (kāinga parents).

Te Hikioi (academic mentoring)
The college assisted students with Te Hikioi, a programme aimed at Year 10 to Year 13 students, which involved structured after-school sessions taking place twice a week. It paired kura pupils with second and third year tertiary students from AUT University to encourage effective exam preparation, homework assistance and positive study habits. This mentoring was designed to encourage academic values to help students reach their tertiary, and higher education, aspirations.

Staff
In 2012, Hone Matthews commenced his term as Principal of the college. In Term 2 of the same year, Rev Te Hira Paenga was welcomed to the school as the new Associate Principal. Already in place at this time were Mrs Rose Silay, as Deputy Principal and Director of Religious Observances and Shanan Halbert as Operational Manager. The Kaumatua of the school was Matua Pouro Kanara, from Motuti in the Hokianga.

Vocational pathways
In 2012, the college entered into a contractual agreement to support the development of a new Health Sciences Academy, aimed at increasing the number of Maori tertiary students intending to work towards a career in health.  In 2015 three other Umanga were established as part of the schools alignment to the Ministry of Education's "Vocational Pathways" kaupapa.  There were four academies:
- Te Umanga Oranga (Health and social services) - Te Aniwa Tutara, Kaiarataki/Kaiako
- Te Umanga Tu Taua (Defence services) - Ngahiwi Walker, Kaiarataki
- Te Umanga Business and Hospitality - Aroha Kelly, Kaiarataki
- Te Umanga Hangarau. Te Hira Paenga, Kaiarataki/Kaiako.

Sport
The college offered a full range of sports for its students on its large  campus and at nearby facilities.

Closure
Until the end of 2016, the college offered full-time boarding for enrolled students. It then became a day school. In April 2018, it had only one remaining student. By June 2018, the roll had increased to five students, but the college faced imminent closure. On 31 August 2018, the Catholic Bishop of Auckland (the college's proprietor) and the Minister of Education cancelled the college's integration agreement under the Education Act 1989 and it was officially closed.

Continuing use and future
The Bishop of Auckland, as the owner of the land, indicated that he would like it to continue to be used for educational purposes consistent with the original deed of gift from the Crown. In 2023 the site was managed for the Catholic Diocese of Auckland by the Interim Governance Group (IGG). The school buildings were being used for alternative education, another area for housing and social services, and the school playing fields for sports. A monthly Mass in Maori was celebrated in the old school chapel. The IGG was working on a precinct plan to develop a "bigger picture plan for the site".

Notable alumni

 Toby Curtis  (1939 – 2022) -  educator and Māori leader.
 Ralph Hotere (1931–2013) ONZ, (Te Aupōuri) - artist
 Walter Little - All Black - fly-half/centre (1990–1998)
 Angus Macfarlane, (Te Arawa) - Māori academic and teacher/kaiako
 Paratene Matchitt, (Whanau-a-Apanui, Te Whakatōhea and Ngati Porou) - sculptor and painter
 Lance O'Sullivan, (Te Rarawa, Ngati Hau and Ngati Maru) - doctor, New Zealander of the Year 2014
 Wiremu Te Awhitu (1914–1994), (Ngāti Hauaroa and Ngāti Maniapoto) - first Māori Catholic priest
 Ratahi Tomuri - designer
 Ranginui Walker (1932–2016), DCNZM, (Te Whakatōhea) - Māori academic and writer

See also
 Roman Catholicism in New Zealand
 Māori people
 Jean Baptiste Pompallier
 St Mary's Seminary
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Auckland

References

Sources

 Pat Gallager, The Marist Brothers in New Zealand Fiji & Samoa 1876-1976, New Zealand Marist Brothers' Trust Board, Tuakau, 1976.
 Hato Petera College (St Peter’s Maori College): golden jubilee, 1928-1978, Hato Petera College, Auckland, 1978. ("Golden Jubilee")
 E.R. Simmons, A Brief History of the Catholic Church in New Zealand, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland, 1978 and In Cruce Salus, A History of the Diocese of Auckland 1848 - 1980, Catholic Publication Centre, Auckland 1982.
 Michael King, God's farthest outpost : a history of Catholics in New Zealand, Viking, Auckland 1997.
 W. Tuerlings M.H.M, Mill Hill and Māori Mission, Mills Hill Fathers (?), Auckland (?), 2003.
 Nicholas Reid, James Michael Liston: A Life, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 2006.

External links

Educational institutions established in 1928
Boarding schools in New Zealand
North Shore, New Zealand
Marist Brothers schools
Catholic secondary schools in Auckland
1928 establishments in New Zealand
2018 disestablishments in New Zealand
Defunct schools in New Zealand
Educational institutions disestablished in 2018
Māori schools in New Zealand


Warren Eugene Tolman (born October 23, 1959) is an American politician who has served as a member of both houses of the Massachusetts General Court. He was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1998, and was a candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 2002, and Massachusetts Attorney General in 2014.

Legal and political career
The seventh of eight children and first in his family to graduate from college, Tolman received a Bachelor's Degree in Economics from Amherst College and a Juris Doctor from Boston College Law School. Between college and law school, Tolman worked as a United Parcel Service driver and as a substitute teacher in the Watertown Public Schools.  He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1990 and the Massachusetts Senate in 1994. As a lawmaker, Tolman worked on tightening campaign finance laws and ethics statutes and was a leader in the 1990s movement to curb tobacco use and oppose the political influence of the cigarette industry. During his time in the Court, Tolman became known for his criticism of the Big Dig and his conflicts with House Speaker Thomas Finneran.  In 1998, Tolman ran for lieutenant governor as the running mate of Democratic nominee Scott Harshbarger. Though Harshbarger lost to Republican Paul Cellucci, Tolman was cited as an asset to his campaign. From 1987 to 1999 he was an attorney with Burns & Levinson LLP.

In 2002, he became an Of Counsel for Holland & Knight.  He has argued in court for reforms of the indigent defense law in Massachusetts. He routinely appears as a political pundit on the Fox 25 Morning News. He left the law firm in 2013 and became Senior Vice President for EnTrust Global.

2002 gubernatorial election
Tolman ran for governor in 2002 on a platform that included reform of the Big Dig project and a single-payer state health care program.  However, he attracted the most attention for his efforts in regard to Massachusetts's Clean Elections law, which had been passed by a 2-1 margin in 1998 by Massachusetts voters and was not funded by the legislature.

Tolman was a plaintiff on a lawsuit, ultimately successful, to force the state to provide funding under the law.  In order to be eligible for public campaign financing in case the law passed, he abided by its mandates limiting campaign contributions to no more than $100.  He had previously supported the law as a senator. It was eventually repealed. Tolman has since ascribed some of his electoral difficulties to the delay in funding.

2014 Attorney General campaign
On November 7, 2013, Tolman declared his candidacy for the office of Massachusetts Attorney General. He has vowed to unleash smart gun technology in Massachusetts, saving lives from accidental gun shootings, curbing illegal gun trafficking, and protecting police officers from having their gun turned against them. In December, Tolman penned an op-ed in the Boston Globe announcing his intention to use the state’s consumer protection statute to require gun manufacturers to utilize existing personalized gun technology for all weapons sold in the Commonwealth.

Tolman prioritized bringing colleges and universities together to take action on campus sexual assault, standing up for consumers, and ending the state's opiate abuse crisis. He would enhance the Attorney General’s focus on domestic violence with the creation of an Office on Violence Against Women within the Civil Rights Division, tasked with implementing law enforcement and prevention policies and providing oversight and leadership in the effort to end violence against women. In June, Warren Tolman earned the endorsement of the Massachusetts Democratic Party at the annual state convention.

Tolman faced off against former Assistant Attorney General Maura Healey in the primary.  Tolman was endorsed by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick and Boston Mayor Marty Walsh as well as all four living former Massachusetts Attorneys General.  Tolman was defeated by Healey in the primary election and Healey went on to become Massachusetts Attorney General. Tolman endorsed Healey after the primary and campaigned for her.

Personal life
Tolman grew up in Watertown, Massachusetts in a working-class family and attended public schools in Watertown, MA, including Watertown High School.

His father, David, served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and later worked as a railroad conductor for 40 years.  His mother, Marie, worked part-time as a telephone operator while taking care of her 8 children.  They begin their family in Boston Public Housing at Fidelis Way in Brighton.  Former Massachusetts State Senator and current Massachusetts AFL-CIO President Steven Tolman is his brother.

Tolman is married to his high school sweetheart and fellow Watertown native Carolyn Tolman; they have three children.

References

External links

Massachusetts lawyers
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1959 births
Living people
People from Watertown, Massachusetts
Amherst College alumni
Boston College Law School alumni
Holland & Knight people
Watertown High School (Massachusetts) alumni
21st-century American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians


C Me Dance is a 2009 American Christian thriller film, written and directed by Greg Robbins. It was produced by Uplifting Entertainment, distributed by Freestyle Releasing, and was released on April 3, 2009. It has been endorsed by the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society and The Dove Foundation. It has had songs written by Lincoln Brewster, Eowyn, Stephanie Fraschetti and Terri Shamar.

Plot

The story centers around a teenage girl named Sheri, whose desire is to join the Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre. At 17, fulfilling her dream, she discovers she has a leukemia. Sheri rebels against her father and God, causing her father to seek to keep his daughter close to God, to soften her heart, and to live out her dream before dying, all while he anguishes over losing his daughter so young. While praying to God to ask for strength and clear direction for her remaining days, God blesses Sheri so she is able to bring people to Christ against their will.

Filming
The film was shot in October 2008 in Pittsburgh and Carnegie, Pennsylvania.

Release
C Me Dance premiered on April 2, 2009, at the Hollywood Theaters in Washington, Pennsylvania, and opened the following day in at least 150 theaters in twelve U.S. states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Tennessee.

Reception
The film's reviews were overwhelmingly negative. It has a 0% approval rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on six reviews. Galen Holley of the Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal said, "C Me Dance is a darker, riskier movie that tends more toward mysticism than Christian social commentary," but did also say, "[C Me Dance is] creatively ambitious and bold." Luke Thompson of L.A. Weekly wrote that the film "plays like a fake Christian movie Troy McClure might end up starring in on an episode of The Simpsons, though it’s apparently for real". Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times was also negative towards the film, saying, "it's fine to know your audience and cater to its entertainment needs, but even the most devout viewer subjected to Robbins' ham-fisted film might think, 'OK, now tell me something I don't already know'." The Huffington Post included the film in its article "The 9 Worst Movies Ever Made."

References

External links

 C Me Dance review at ChristianCinema.com
 C Me Dance review at The Dove Foundation

2009 films
2000s thriller films
American thriller films
Films about evangelicalism
Films about ballet
Films shot in Pittsburgh
The Devil in film
Films about cancer
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


The Brisbane Magistrates Court building is located at 363 George Street, Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. The building is one of the many locations in the state that houses the Magistrates Court of Queensland.

Location and features
The building is a modern, purpose-built facility which currently contains 26 courtrooms. These include a dedicated Murri Court, two Coroners courts and four Small Claims hearing rooms. The building has the capacity to expand to 39 courtrooms.

Construction started in September 2002 and the building was opened on 16 November 2004 by the Premier, Peter Beattie. The total budget for the project was 135.5 million.

The building was designed to provide improved support for victims and their families, and to vulnerable witnesses.

It also contains a range of environmentally sustainable design initiatives including economy-cycle air conditioning, energy efficient lighting, rainwater tanks that hold 46 000 litres of water for use on external landscaping, motion sensors that lower air-conditioning and lighting when rooms are unoccupied, extensive use of passive sun control and low energy glass, solar hot water, and waste streaming systems.

Public art
The Brisbane Magistrates Court building is one of the largest infrastructure projects to incorporate the Queensland Government's Art Built-in policy, which requires two per cent of the capital works budget to be spent on art projects within the development. The building features a range of public artworks including sculptures, murals and paintings.

References

External links
Urban design review of Brisbane Magistrates Court

Buildings and structures in Brisbane
Courthouses in Queensland
Government buildings completed in 2004
Philip Cox buildings


The Harvest Auto Racing Classic was a series of three automobile races held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Saturday September 9, 1916. The meet, held four months after the 1916 Indianapolis 500, featured a 20-mile race, a 50-mile race, and a 100-mile race. The main event, a 100-mile Championship Car race, paid points towards the 1916 AAA National Championship. Johnny Aitken won all three races, two of which had a margin of victory of less than a car length.

The event was a unique footnote in the history of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Between 1911 and 1993, the Harvest Auto Racing Classic was the only time an official race other than the Indianapolis 500 was contested at the track. It as also the last event held at the facility prior to the United States involvement in World War I. The track would shut down for two years (1917–1918) during the war, and reopened in 1919.

Race background

The 1916 Indianapolis 500 was held on May 30, 1916. Under unique circumstances, the race was scheduled for 300 miles rather than the traditional 500-mile distance. World War I was escalating abroad, but the United States had not yet entered the war. Parallel to that, Speedway president Carl G. Fisher was in an ongoing feud with the local hoteliers, and at the same time was under a false impression that fans thought that 500 miles was too long of a race. He believed in the idea that fans may better enjoy a shorter event, and thus the race was shortened to a 300-mile distance. After a lackluster reception, the decision was quickly reversed, and the Memorial Day classic was to revert to 500 miles for 1917. The 1917 Indianapolis 500 was scheduled, however, Speedway management understood that the race may be cancelled on account of the United States entering the war.

For 1916, the AAA Contest Board established and recognized an official points-paying National Championship of drivers. Between the years of 1904 and 1919, although AAA sanctioned many races, an official national championship was only awarded in 1905 and 1916. In an effort to bolster the 1916 season, it was decided to add a second race meet at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. After hosting multiple race meets in 1909 and 1910, starting in 1911 the Indianapolis 500 would be the only race held annually. This second race meet would be the first time in five years that another race would be held at the famous and well-equipped Brickyard.

The event was seen by Carl Fisher as an opportunity for the Speedway to generate gate revenue, particularly if the 1917 Indianapolis 500 were to be cancelled, which it ultimately was. It was the last time a race other than the Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway until the Brickyard 400 began in 1994.

The race was given the title the Harvest Auto Racing Classic, a reference to the harvest season of late summer/early autumn. The event was originally planned for Labor Day weekend, however, the new board track in Cincinnati took the Labor Day date. To avoid a conflict, and to attract a stronger field, Indianapolis chose to run the weekend after. The race was scheduled for Saturday September 9, which also conveniently fell after the close of the Indiana State Fair. The meet would consist of three races, a 20-mile race, a 50-mile race, followed by a 100-mile race. The first two races would be non-points races, while the 100-mile race would pay AAA championship points. The track would be made available for practice and testing for a couple days prior to race day. To entertain fans, a band contest was included as part of the festivities.

Race rules
All three races of the Harvest Auto Racing Classic were run under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board, and were contested with the same cars that ran in the Indianapolis 500 and other national championship events. Drivers could participate in one, two, or all three of the races. Each race was scored independently, and respective results in each race had no bearing on subsequent races. Separate cash prizes were posted for each of the three races. Riding mechanics were utilized.

Officials decided not to have a pace car for the first two shorter races. For the 20-mile and 50-mile races, the field would be lined up about 50 yards north of the start/finish line. When the signal was given, the field conducted a rolling start to the stripe. For the 100-mile race, it was decided to utilize a pace car. The field circulated for one unscored warm-up lap, and started the race from a flying start, in the same manner as the Indianapolis 500.

Entry list
As many as 25 entries were expected, however, the final entry list consisted of only twenty cars, and that number later dwindled. More than one entry withdrew from the weekend, some after suffering irreparable damage at Cincinnati. The short field was considered a disappointment for the event, as it mirrored the low turnout experienced in May. No elimination trials were held, ostensibly due to the small field of entries, and due to the fact that all cars had practiced over 95 mph. A blind draw was conducted mid-week for each of the three races to set the starting lineups. However, the grids were later adjusted based on car counts.

Dario Resta, the winner of the "500" back in May, did not enter after blowing the engine in his car at Cincinnati. Ralph DePalma, the 1915 "500" winner had skipped the 1916 race due to a dispute with management over appearance fees. DePalma and the track reconciled, and he submitted an entry, but since he blew his Mercedes engine at Cincinnati, it was unclear for a few days which car he would drive. Later in the week, DePalma was named to the Peugeot team owned by the Speedway, taking over the car of Charlie Merz. Also failing to arrive was William Muller, who suffered an engine failure at the Cincinnati race, and Gil Anderson who was seriously injured after a crash at Cincinnati.

Source:

Practice
The track was made available for participants to practice on Thursday September 6 and Friday September 7, as well as Saturday morning. By Wednesday, several of the participants were arriving from the Cincinnati race held the previous weekend. Hometown driver Johnny Aitken, the 1916 Indianapolis 500 pole-sitter, and winner on Monday at Cincinnati, entered the event as the favorite. George Buzane's team was the first entrant to arrive from Cincinnati. Frank Gavin and Josef Christiaens of the Sunbeam team also arrived Wednesday. Christiaens' car, however would later suffer a broken crankshaft during a practice run. Despite round the clock work, the team would be unable to rebuild the engine and Christiaens was forced to sit out all three races.

On Thursday September 7, Wilbur D'Alene became the first driver to take to the track. He completed a few practice laps, but no other drivers went out. On Friday September 8, Johnny Aitken led the speed chart with a lap of 98.9 mph. He ran three more fast laps, then parked his car for the day. Other cars taking practice laps were Dave Lewis, Josef Christiaens, and George Buzane. As practice continued, several drivers announced their intentions to skip the 20-mile and/or the 50-mile races, in favor of concentrating on the important 100-mile championship race. Eddie Rickenbacker and Tommy Milton decided only to race the 100-mile event, while Johnny Aitken and Ralph DePalma were among those who elected to attempt all three.

Light ticket sales during the week began to worry Speedway management. The Indiana State Fair closed on Friday, which the Speedway hoped would help bolster the Saturday crowd at  the track. Instead, it began to appear that the locals did not have the interest to attend the races so soon after the fair. On Friday, Speedway general manager Theodore E. "Pop" Myers announced that the start time for Saturday would be pushed back from 1:30 p.m. to 2 p.m. This would allow fans that had to work on Saturday morning additional time to travel to the track.

On Saturday morning, a final practice session and a band contest was held to entertain early-arriving spectators. Johnny Aitken ran a practice lap of 1 minute-31 seconds, matching his lap time from Friday. Also turning fast laps were Wilcox and Lewis. Art Klein was considering withdrawing due to engine trouble, and William Muller did withdraw. Driver Jack Gable was unable to arrive from Chicago to drive the Burman Special, which left as few as 14 cars ready to race in the garage area.

20 mile race
The competition for the day began with an 8-lap, 20-mile race at about 2 p.m. A mostly disappointing crowd of only 10,000-12,000 spectators arrived on a sunny, pleasant afternoon A total of ten cars lined up for a posted $1,000 prize purse. Some drivers, including Eddie Rickenbacker, elected to sit out the two shorter sprint races and instead save their machines for the 100-mile race to be held later in the day. Louis Chevrolet drew the pole position for the 20-mile race, and the field lined up in three rows. From a standing start about fifty yards north of the start/finish line, the field rolled en masse to the timing line, and flagman Charles Sedwick waved the red flag to start the race.

Johnny Aitken took the lead from the outside of the front row, with Louis Chevrolet in second and Howdy Wilcox in third. Pete Henderson dropped out on the first lap. Wilcox passed Chevrolet for second place on lap two, while Aitken continued to lead.

At the halfway point, Aitken and Wilcox were running nose to tail. The top two cars had stretched a lead of about 200 yards over Chevrolet in third place. On the final lap, Wilcox followed closely behind Aitken, but Aitken was able to hold off the challenge. Aitken won the race by 0.33 seconds, about one car length. Aitken collected $400 for first place, Wilcox received $300 for second, Chevrolet $200 for third, and Hughes $100 for fourth.

Source:

50 mile race
The second race of the day was a 20-lap/50-mile event, with a $2,000 posted purse. Nine cars lined up in the grid, and like the first race, rolled to the starting line from a standing start about 50 yards up the track. Howdy Wilcox took the lead at the start, and led for the first six laps. Johnny Aitken ran second, while Hughie Hughes was running fourth. Wilcox then made a pit stop to change two tires, handing the lead to Aitken. Wilcox lost a couple minutes in the pits, but still managed to finish the race in 6th place.

Two cars, Ralph DePalma and Art Klein, dropped out after 7 laps with dirty spark plugs. Klein was finished for the day, but DePalma would get his car ready for the 100-mile later in the afternoon.

Hughie Hughes became the story of the race, fiercely battling Aitken for the race lead. On lap 15, Hughes briefly took the lead, but on the backstretch Aitken was able to get back ahead. On the final lap, Hughes battled with Aitken for the win. Down the mainstretch, Aitken held off Hughes by 0.28 seconds at the finish line. The margin of victory was about four feet.

Winning his second race of the day, Aitken pocketed $700 for first place. Hughes won $500 for second. Louis Chevrolet, less than a second behind the first two cars, won $400 for third. Wilbur D'Alene received $300 for fourth, and Dave Lewis $100 for fifth.

Source:

100 mile race
The third event of the day was the 100-mile AAA national championship race. George Buzane drew the pole position, and the field lined up in rows of four. A total of $9,000 in prize money was posted, to be divided among the top seven finishers. The pace car took the field around for one unscored lap, and the race was started.

Johnny Aitken picked up where he left off in the first two races, and took the lead on the first lap. He held the lead for the first 23 laps. Eddie Rickenbacker, who sat out the first two races, started deeper in the field, but was running second as quickly as lap 4. Aitken and Rickenbacker ran 1st-2nd for the first 50 miles, with Aitken never pulling more than 100 feet out in front. Rickenbacker stayed within a second of the lead on the scoring serials until he took the lead on lap 24.

Tommy Milton, who also skipped the first two races of the day, dropped out on lap 8 with ignition trouble. Howdy Wilcox later quit after completing only 8 laps. Rickenbacker's lead was short-lived, as Aitken was back in front on lap 25. With Aitken and Rickenbacker battling at the front of the field, another close battle was going on for third and fourth. Hughie Hughes and Wilbur D'Alene were running close together for much of the race. Dave Lewis, running 5th much of the day, was holding off George Buzane for the first half. Buzane moved into 5th by the 28th lap.

Ralph DePalma, Pete Henderson, Omar Toft traded 7th, 8th, and 9th place between one another most of the race. None of the three were factors in the race, and each were running at least a lap down at the checkered flag. With Wilcox and Milton out, Jay McNey was the last car running in the field, He would be flagged after completing 38 of the 40 laps.

The final ten laps came down to a battle of survival between Johnny Aitken and Eddie Rickenbacker. On lap 33, Rickenbacker took the lead, then Aitken led laps 34–35. On lap 36, the steering arm on the right wheel of Aitken's car broke, rendering his car almost undriveable. Rickenbacker assumed the lead. As Aitken slowed, quickly Rickenbacker was out to nearly a half-lap lead. But with two laps to go, the right rear wheel on Ricknenbacker's car was wobbling badly. Coming out of turn four, the wheel collapsed, sending the car out of control. The car careened back and forth, and came to rest on the inside of the track. Rickenbacker and his riding mechanic George Henderson were narrowly avoided by four other cars, but emerged uninjured.

Over the final few laps, with Rickenbacker now out, the race between DePalma, Henderson, and Toft became a battle to see who would finish in the money. DePalma fell from 7th to 9th over the final eight laps, while Toft moved up from 9th to 7th. With four laps to go, Toft led Henderson by only 1.22 seconds. All three cars moved up one spot when they completed more laps than Rickenbacker, and Toft beat Henderson to the line to finish 6th by 2.65 seconds. DePalma finished 8th, 29.17 seconds behind Henderson, and out of the money in all three races for the day.

Aitken took the lead for good when Rickenbacker crashed out. He nursed his car around the final three laps with only one wheel attached to the steering linkage. Despite the crippled machine, he crossed the line 19 seconds ahead of second place Hughie Hughes. Aitken, accompanied by riding mechanic Maurice Becker, swept all three races for the day.

Source:

Final statistics and legacy
Johnny Aitken won $3500 for first place in the 100-mile race, bringing his total for the day to $4600. Hughie Hughes won $2000, and Wilbur D'Alene won $1200 for third. Rounding out the cash prizes were polesitter George Buzane (4th) with $1000, Dave Lewis (5th) with $600, Omar Toft (6th) with $400, and Pete Henderson (7th) with $300. It would Aitken's final race at Indianapolis, after compiling an all-time track record of 15 total race wins, a record that still stands as of 2022. Later in the year, Aitken was credited as co-winner of the American Grand Prize race, but died in 1918 of bronchopneumonia from the Influenza pandemic of 1918.

On March 23, 1917, Speedway management cancelled the 1917 Indianapolis 500, and halted all racing at the facility during both 1917 and 1918. The track was offered as a landing strip and maintenance/refueling station for military aircraft traveling between Wilbur Wright Field and Chanute Air Force Base. It was referred to as the Speedway Aviation Repair Depot, and the 821st Aero Repair Squadron was stationed there.

The AAA National Championship was suspended in both 1917 and 1918. There were, however, AAA races (non-championship races) conducted during the war years at other tracks. The Indianapolis 500 resumed after the war in 1919, but the Harvest Auto Racing Classic was not held again.

Legacy

During the 2018 and 2019 NASCAR Cup Series seasons, the Brickyard 400 was scheduled for the weekend where the Harvest Auto Racing Classic was conducted.  Each of the two September editions of the Brickyard included an Xfinity and Cup Series race each, and a dirt track race, the Bryan Clauson Classic.  All four races were moved to July in 2020.

On July 26, 2019, the SRO Motorsports Group announced that the Speedway will host a new road course event scheduled in October, the Intercontinental GT Challenge Indianapolis 8 Hour, along with the entire GT World Challenge America including TCR, GT3, and GT4 specification races.    Following the coronavirus pandemic related cancellations, on April 6, 2020, INDYCAR announced the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone IndyCar Series 2020 schedule alternations will include a third weekend to the schedule (one road course race during NASCAR weekend and one oval weekend for the Indianapolis 500), the IndyCar Harvest GP, as a road course race. Originally scheduled for a single race October 3, due to continuing cancellations of other events on the schedule, it was changed to a doubleheader, with races run on October 2 and October 3. Its naming pays tribute to the Harvest Auto Racing Classic, and the race will serve as a support event for the inaugural Indianapolis 8 Hour on the Intercontinental GT Challenge circuit. It was the second road course race at IMS for the 2020 season accompanying the GMR Grand Prix.  It was announced by the Stephane Ratel Organisation that the 8 Hours of Indianapolis will return in 2021, but the INDYCAR race will move to the NASCAR weekend in mid-August.

Notes

See also
1916 Indianapolis 500
1916 AAA Championship Car season
GMR Grand Prix

Works cited
The First Super Speedway - Indianapolis Harvest Classic
ChampCarStats.com - 1916 AAA National Championship Trail
Dill, Mark; "A Forgotten Classic;" 2006 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard Official Program; Indianapolis Motor Speedway; 2006.
Scott, D. Bruce; INDY: Racing Before the 500; Indiana Reflections; 2005; .
Galpin, Darren;  A Record of Motorsport Racing Before World War I.

References

Auto races in the United States
Motorsport in Indianapolis
1947 establishments in Indiana
1916 AAA Championship car season
1916 in Indiana
Recurring sporting events established in 1916
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1916
2020 establishments in Indiana
2020 in IndyCar
2020 in Indiana
Recurring sporting events established in 2020


The "Book of Pukei" is the earliest satire of the Book of Mormon. It was published in June and July 1830 by Abner Cole (under the pseudonym Obadiah Dogberry Esq.) in the Palmyra, New York newspaper The Reflector.

Synopsis
The first of two chapters deals with a character named "Walters the Magician", historically identified as Luman Walters, a treasure seeker and early convert to Smith's church.

Chapter 1 begins:
And it came to pass in the latter days, that wickedness did much abound, and the "Idle and slothful said one to another, let us send for Walters the Magician, who has strange books, and deals with familiar spirits; peradventure he will inform us where the Nephites, hid their treasure, so be it, that we and our vagabond van, do not perish for lack of sustenance".

Walters is described as "producing an old book in an unknown tongue, (Cicero's Orations in Latin,) from whence he read in the presence of the Idle and Slothful strange stories of hidden treasures and of the spirit who had custody thereof. "  The text describes Walters as leading treasure seeking adventures:

The Magician led the rabble unto a dark grove, in a place called Manchester, where after drawing a Magic circle, with a rusty sword, and collecting his motley crew of latter-demallions, within the centre, he sacrificed a Cock (a bird sacred to Minerva) for the purpose of propiciating the prince of spirits.

The treasure-seekers grow disillusioned, upon which "Walters the Magician [...] was sorely grieved, and said unto himself, lo! mine occupation is gone, even these ignorant vagabonds, the idle and slothful detect mine impostures. I will away and hide myself, lest the strong arm of the law should bring me to justice."   Walters thus "took his book, and his rusty sword, and his magic stone, and his stuffed Toad, and all his implements of witchcraft and retired to the mountains near Great Sodus Bay".

Chapter 2 begins: "And it came to pass, that when the mantle of Walters the Magician had fallen upon Joseph, sirnamed the prophet, who was the son of Joseph;". The story of the guardian spirit is satirically described:

I looked, and behold a little old man stood before me, clad, as I supposed, in Egyptian raiment, except his Indian blanket, and moccasins—his beard of silver white, hung far below his knees. On his head was an old fashioned military half cocked hat, such as was worn in the days of the patriarch Moses—his speech was sweeter than molasses, and his words were the reformed Egyptian.

The "spirit" tells Joseph that "thou art chosen to interpret the book, which Mormon has written, to wit, the gold Bible".   The spirit promises to give Joseph a breast plate and "an assistant, even Oliver, the pedagogue", a reference to Book of Mormon scribe Oliver Cowdery.

Notes

External links
Book of Pukei, Chapter 1 from the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Book of Pukei, Chapter 2 from the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

References
.

Mormonism-related controversies
Works based on the Book of Mormon
Cultural depictions of Joseph Smith
Latter Day Saints in popular culture
Works originally published in American newspapers
1830 documents
Satirical works
Works in the style of the King James Version
Works published under a pseudonym


Ghetto Organized is the only studio album by American hip hop group the Gambino Family. It was released on October 20, 1998, via No Limit Records and was entirely produced by Beats By The Pound. It features guest appearances from 241, Big Ed, C-Murder, Fiend, Full Blooded, Ghetto Commission, KLC, Mac, Magic, Master P, Mia X, Mo B. Dick, Mr. Serv-On, Mystikal, O'Dell, Porsha, QB, Silkk the Shocker and Snoop Dogg. The album peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and number 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart selling 160,000 copies in its first week, but the group never released a follow-up and have not been heard of since. The tracks "Studio B" and "Childhood Years" were released as promotional singles.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links

1998 debut albums
Gambino Family (group) albums
No Limit Records albums
Priority Records albums


This is a list of venues used for professional baseball in St. Louis, Missouri. The information is a compilation of the information contained in the references listed.

Sportsman's Park
Chronology of names:
St. Louis Base Ball Park, 1868-1874
Grand Avenue Park, 1874-1881
Sportsman's Park, 1881-1893
Old Sportsman's Park, 1893-1898
Athletic Park, 1898-1902
Sportsman's Park, 1902-1953
Busch Stadium (I), 1953-1966
Old Busch Stadium, 1966
Home of:
St. Louis Brown Stockings – National Association (1875) and National League (1876–1877)
St. Louis Browns – American Association (1882–1891) and as St. Louis Cardinals – NL (mid-1920 to mid-1966)
St. Louis Whites – Western Association (1888 part season)
St. Louis Browns – American League (1902–1953)
Location: 2911 North Grand Boulevard (east); 3623 Dodier Street (south), Spring Street (west), Sullivan Avenue (north)
Infield: Southeast corner (originally); Northwest corner (1902); Southwest corner (1909)
Currently: Herbert Hoover Boys' Club

Red Stocking Park a.k.a. Compton Park
Home of:
St. Louis Reds – National Association (1875)
St. Louis Whites – Western Association (1888 part season)
Location: South Compton Avenue (east, first base); railroad tracks and Chouteau Avenue (south, third base); Edwin Street and Theresa Avenue (west, left field); Spruce Street (north, right field); Scott Avenue and Gratiot Street T-ing into Compton from the east
Currently: MetroLink system repair shops – a few blocks south/southeast of the sites of Handlan's Park and Stars Park

Union Base Ball Park a.k.a. Lucas Park
Home of: St. Louis Maroons – Union Association (1884) / National League (1885–1886)
Location: Jefferson Avenue (west, first base); Howard Street (north, third base); 25th Street (east, left field); Cass Avenue (south, right field)
Currently: Industrial

Brotherhood Park
Home of: local St. Louis clubs and guest clubs from Players' League (1890)
Location: Russell Boulevard (north); Missouri Avenue (east); Jefferson Avenue (west)
Currently: residences and Jefferson Animal Hospital

Robison Field a.k.a. New Sportsman's Park, League Park, Cardinal Field
Home of: St. Louis Browns – renamed Cardinals – National League (1892 to mid-1920)
Location: 3852 Natural Bridge Avenue (north, third base); Vandeventer Avenue (west, first base); Prairie Avenue (east, left field); Lexington Avenue (south, right field) – a few blocks north-northwest of Sportsman's Park
Currently: Beaumont High School

St. Louis University Park
Chronology of names:
St. Louis University Park, 1910-1915
High School Field, 1915-1919
Old High School Field, 1919-1922
Opened: 1910
Closed: 1922
Home of:
St. Louis Terriers - Federal League (1913 - classified as independent minor league)
Location: Oakland Avenue, west of Kingshighway Boulevard
Currently: site of St. Louis University High School

Handlan's Park
Chronology of names:
Handlan's Park, 1899-1914
Federal League Park, 1914-1917
Handlan's Park, 1917-1919
High School Field, 1919-1924
St. Louis University Field, 1924-1928
Handlan's Park, 1928-1929
Opened: 1899
Closed: 1929
Home of:
St. Louis Terriers – Federal League (1914–1915)
St. Louis Giants (1920–1921 some games) and St. Louis Stars (1920s some games) – Negro National League
Location: Grand Avenue (west, first base); Laclede Avenue (north, third base); Theresa Avenue (east, left field) (approximates Grand Forest Drive); Clark Avenue (south, right field); Market Street (farther south)
Currently: buildings on campus of St. Louis University, and cut through by Forest Park Avenue ramps to and from I-64

Kuebler's Park or Giants Park (I)
Home of: St. Louis Giants – Negro Leagues (ca.1906–1919)
Location: Prescott Avenue (southwest, first base); Pope Street (northwest, third base); Bulwer Avenue (northeast, left field); Clarence Street (southeast, right field)
Currently: Industrial area

Athletic Park
Home of: St. Louis Giants – Negro Leagues (ca.1910–1913)
Location: North Garrison Ave (west); North Market Street (left); Glasgow Avenue (east); Magazine Street (south)
Currently: nursing home

Giants Park (II) renamed Metropolitan Park ca.1934
Home of:
St. Louis Giants – Negro National League (1920–1921 most games)
St. Louis Stars (II) – Negro American League (1937)
Location: North Broadway (southwest, first base); E Clarence Avenue (northwest, third base); Prescott Avenue (northeast, left field); E Holly Avenue (southeast, right field)
Currently: Industrial area

Stars Park
Home of: St. Louis Stars – Negro National League (mid-1922 to 1931)
Location: 130 South Compton Avenue (west); Laclede Avenue (north); North Market Street (south) – a few blocks east from Handlan's Park
Currently: Baseball field for Harris–Stowe State University

Busch Memorial Stadium
Home of: St. Louis Cardinals – NL (mid-1966 to 2005)
Location: 250 Stadium Plaza (west, third base); Spruce Street (south, first base); Walnut Street (north, left field); Broadway (east, right field)
Currently: Plaza area for the new ballpark

Busch Stadium (III)
Home of: St. Louis Cardinals – NL (2006–present)
Location: 700 Clark Street (north, left field); Broadway (east, right field); Interstate 64 (south, first base); Stadium Plaza / South 8th Street (west, third base); – immediately southwest of Busch Memorial Stadium site (overlapping in left/center field)

See also
Lists of baseball parks

Sources
Peter Filichia, Professional Baseball Franchises, Facts on File, 1993.
Phil Lowry, Green Cathedrals,  several editions.
Michael Benson, Ballparks of North America, McFarland, 1989.
Joan M. Thomas, St. Louis' Big League Ballparks, Arcadia, 2004.
Baseball Memories, by Marc Okkonen, Sterling Publishing, 1992.
The Federal League of 1914–1915, by Marc Okkonen, SABR, 1989.

External links
Sanborn map showing a Giants ballpark, 1908
Sanborn map showing Athletic Park, 1909
Info about St. Louis Giants
More info about St. Louis Giants
Still more info about St. Louis Giants
Kuebler's Park

St. Louis

Baseball parks


James William Duncan (July 1, 1871 – October 16, 1901) was a Major League Baseball player.

Biography
He was born on July 1, 1871, in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania.

Duncan played baseball in the minor leagues from 1895 to 1899. He was picked up by the National League's Washington Senators in July 1899; but after batting just .234 in 14 games, he was released. He then played the rest of the season for the worst major league team in history, the 1899 Cleveland Spiders. He had a .229 average in 105 at-bats. Duncan never played again after the 1899 season ended.

Two years later at the age of 30, Duncan drowned during a fishing trip on October 16, 1901, in Foxburg, Pennsylvania.  According to a newspaper report, "In company with two friends, he went out in a row boat to fish, taking a quantity of dynamite to kill the fish. It is supposed that the boat was overturned by the explosion of the dynamite. Nothing was heard of the party for a few days when the bodies were found." He was buried in Grove Hill Cemetery in Oil City, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

1871 births
1901 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Cleveland Spiders players
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Jamestown (minor league baseball) players
Franklin Braves players
Twin Cities Twins players
Portland (minor league baseball) players
Springfield Ponies players
Springfield Maroons players
New Britain Rangers players
Rome Romans players
Toronto Canucks players
Paterson Giants players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Deaths by drowning in the United States
19th-century baseball players
People from Saltsburg, Pennsylvania
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania


Morel is a French surname.

Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 51.3% of all known bearers of the surname Morel were residents of France (frequency 1:719), 13.1% of Paraguay (1:306), 11.5% of the Dominican Republic (1:505), 7.4% of Argentina (1:3,188), 4.4% of the United States (1:45,440), 2.4% of Canada (1:8,346), 1.3% of Switzerland (1:3,389), 1.1% of Brazil (1:102,307) and 1.1% of Honduras (1:4,484).

In France, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:719) in the following regions:
 1. Réunion (1:180)
 2. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (1:389)
 3. Normandy (1:408)
 4. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (1:414)
 5. Brittany (1:479)
 6. Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1:582)
 7. Hauts-de-France (1:586)
 8. French Guiana (1:677)

In Paraguay, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:306) in the following departments:
 1. Caazapá Department (1:158)
 2. Paraguarí Department (1:182)
 3. San Pedro Department (1:192)
 4. Canindeyú Department (1:249)
 5. Amambay Department (1:263)

People
 Alfred Morel-Fatio (1850–1924), French hispanist
 Antoine Léon Morel-Fatio (1810–1871), French painter
 Bénédict Morel (1809–1873), Austrian-French psychiatrist
 Brent Morel (born 1987), American major league baseball player
 Camille de Morel (1547-1611), French poet and writer
 Carlos Morel (1813–1894), Argentine painter
 Carlos Morel (born 1987), Argentine footballer
 Cecilia Morel (born 1954), former First Lady of Chile
 Charlotte Morel (born 1972), professional French triathlete
 Christopher Morel (born 1999), Dominican baseball player
 Claudio Marcelo Morel Rodríguez, Paraguayan footballer
 Clément Morel (born 1984), French tennis player
 Clement or Clemens Morel (fl. 1534–1552), (probably a single) French composer
 Edmund Dene Morel (1873–1924), Franco-British journalist and politician
 Edmund Morel (1840–1871), English-born railway engineer
 Fernando Morel (born 1958), Argentine retired rugby union player
 François Morel (1926–2018), Canadian composer, pianist, conductor and music educator
 François Morel (born 1959), French actor and filmmaker
 François M. M. Morel (born 1944), French-born biogeochemist
 Gaël Morel (born 1972), French film director
 Guillaume Morel (1505–1564), French classical scholar
 Guy Morel (1933–2006), Seychellois businessman
 Jean Baptiste Morel (1662–1732), Flemish painter
 Jean-Baptiste Morel (1854–1927), French politician
 Jérémy Morel (born 1984), French footballer
 Jorge Morel (1931–2021), Argentine classical guitarist and composer
 Juan Morel Campos (1857–1896), Puerto Rican composer
 Lely Morel (1909–2013), Argentine film actress
 Léonard Morel-Ladeuil (1820–1888), French goldsmith and sculptor
 Manuel Armoa Morel (born 2002), Argentine volleyball player
 Marie-Rose Morel (1972–2011), Belgian politician
 Martín Morel (born 1980), Argentine retired footballer
 Olivier Morel de La Durantaye (1640–1716), colonial officer in New France
 Pierre Morel (born 1964), French cinematographer and film director
 Richard Morel (fl. 1995– ), American singer, songwriter, remixer and record producer
 Salomon Morel (1919–2007), Polish-Jewish commander of the Zgoda concentration camp in Świętochłowice
 Sophie Morel (born 1979), French mathematician
 Thierry Morel, French art historian and curator
 Tom Morel (1915-1944), French Resistance Fighter
 Yoryi Morel (1906–1979), painter from the Dominican Republic

Fictional characters
 Claudette Morel, a character in the 2016 online multiplayer horror game Dead by Daylight

See also
 Morell (name)

References

French-language surnames
Surnames of French origin
Surnames from given names


A penumbral lunar eclipse will take place on Monday, March 25, 2024. It will be visible to the naked eye as 95.57% of the Moon will be immersed in Earth's penumbral shadow.

Visibility
It will be fully visible from most of the Americas, will be seen rising over Australia and eastern Asia, and setting over western parts of Africa and Europe.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2024
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 25 March.
 A total solar eclipse on 8 April.
 A partial lunar eclipse on 18 September.
 An annular solar eclipse on 2 October.

Lunar year series

Saros series

It is part of Saros cycle 113.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 120.

Tritos series
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of April 25, 2013
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of February 22, 2035

Tzolkinex
 Preceded: Lunar eclipse of February 11, 2017
 Followed: Lunar eclipse of May 7, 2031

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
 Saros cycle 113

2024-03
2024-03
2024 in science


A partial lunar eclipse will take place on Wednesday, 18 September 2024, the second of two lunar eclipses in 2024 and the final partial lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros 118.

Visibility
It will be completely visible over western parts of Africa and Europe, South and eastern North America, will be seen rising over the rest of North America, and setting over the rest of Africa and Europe.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2024
 A penumbral lunar eclipse on 25 March.
 A total solar eclipse on 8 April.
 A partial lunar eclipse on 18 September.
 An annular solar eclipse on 2 October.

Lunar year series

Saros series
It is part of Saros cycle 118.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 125.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

References

External links
Saros cycle 118

2024-09
2024-09
2024 in science


Scylla Gaffrée Nogueira Médici (4 October 1907 – 25 January 2003) was the First Lady of Brazil between 1969 and 1974 and the wife of Brazilian President Emílio Garrastazu Médici.

With her husband, she had two sons: Sérgio and Roberto. As a Brazilian first lady, Scylla was discreet. Her husband died in 1985. Scylla Médici died of natural causes, in a public hospital, aged 95, in Rio de Janeiro on 25 January 2003.

References

1907 births
2003 deaths
First ladies of Brazil
People from Bagé


A total lunar eclipse will take place on Friday, March 14, 2025, the first of two total lunar eclipses in 2025. The Moon will take place near apogee during this eclipse, making it appear smaller than usual. The second eclipse will take place on 7-8 September 2025, happening near perigee. Occurring only 3.4 days before apogee (Apogee on 17 March 2025), the Moon's apparent diameter will be 5.4% smaller than average.

This lunar eclipse marks the beginning of another almost tetrad, with 3 total lunar eclipses and a deep partial lunar eclipse (greater than 90%), with others being 07 Sep 2025 (T), 03 Mar 2026 (T) and 28 Aug 2026 (P).

Visibility
It will be completely visible from the Americas, will be seen rising over New Zealand and eastern Asia, and setting over western Europe and western Africa.

Related eclipses

Eclipses of 2025
 A total lunar eclipse on 14 March.
 A partial solar eclipse on 29 March.
 A total lunar eclipse on 7 September.
 A partial solar eclipse on 21 September.

Lunar year series

Saros series

It last occurred on March 3, 2007 and will next occur on March 25, 2043.

Metonic cycles (19 years)

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 130.

See also
List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

Notes

External links
Saros cycle 123

2025-03
2025-03
2025 in science