Telmo Ramon Languiller-Tornesi (born 31 July 1957) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1999 to 2018, representing the electorates of Sunshine (1999–2002), Derrimut (2002–2014) and Tarneit (2014–2018). From December 2014, he was Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, but was forced to resign in March 2017 for claiming a second house allowance. While entitled to the allowance, it failed the test of public opinion and Languiller was forced to repay the allowance by the Premier. He currently serves as Melbourne Victory FC's  director of international relations.

Parliamentary career
From 1993 to 1996, Languiller was electorate officer for former Deputy Prime Minister Brian Howe, and became Chief of Staff for Andrew Theophanous in 1996 until 1999.

In 1999, he was selected as the Labor candidate for the safe seat of Sunshine, succeeding Ian Baker whom he had beaten in the preselection, and was duly elected. His seat was abolished in 2002 and replaced with Derrimut, which Languiller won. In 2002 he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Community Services, and he served as Acting Speaker since 2004. In 2006 he moved to the Parliamentary Secretary for Multicultural Affairs position, and then to Human Services in 2007.

Following the election of the Daniel Andrews Labor government at the 2014 state election, Languiller was elected Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.

In February 2017, The Age newspaper reported that Languiller had claimed $37,678 in second residence allowances to live in Queenscliff, a considerable distance from his western suburbs electorate of Tarneit. Languiller acknowledged that claiming the allowance had not met "community standards", and offered to repay the money. On 25 February, he resigned as speaker. In January 2018, Victoria Police announced it had conducted an investigation into the allowance claims of Languiller and deputy speaker Don Nardella, and found insufficient evidence to charge either man with an offence.

In August 2017, Languiller announced he was retiring from politics, and would not contest the next election in 2018.

Personal life
Languiller was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, but soon migrated to Australia. He attended high school at Flemington in Victoria, and received a Bachelor of Arts majoring in sociology and politics from Footscray Institute of Technology. He had previously worked as a labourer, a Spanish interpreter, and a trade unionist.

References

External links
 Parliamentary voting record of Telmo Languiller at Victorian Parliament Tracker

1957 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Victoria
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Speakers of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Victoria University, Melbourne alumni
Politicians from Montevideo
Uruguayan emigrants to Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian people of Uruguayan descent


Religion in Barbados is predominantly Christian. Religious freedom is established by law and generally enforced in practice, although some minority religious groups have complaints about  government practices that interfere with their beliefs.

Religious affiliations 1970 and 2010

The reference work Religions of the World provides the following data for Barbados:

Although Roman Catholics are missing from the above chart, the same reference book gives their percentage as 4 percent in 1980 and 4.2 percent in 2000.

The Rastafarian Movement was introduced to Barbados in 1975.

Religious freedom
The constitution of Barbados provides for the freedom of religion and prohibits discrimination based on creed.

There is a law against "blasphemous libel" but it is unenforced.

Religious groups are allowed to establish private schools and provide religious instruction, with some support from the government.

Religious groups are not required to register with the government, but may do so for tax purposes.

Rastafarians are unable to perform some religious rituals due to the illegality of cannabis. Representatives of the community have also objected to mandatory vaccinations for schoolchildren, and reported that Rastafarians face disproportionate scrutiny at security checkpoints, as well as facing some social discrimination.

Muslims in Barbados have objected to being forced to pose without head coverings for identification and passport photographs. According to the government, these measures are purely for security reasons.

See also
Anglican Church of Barbados
Bahá'í Faith in Barbados
Barbadian Jews
Hinduism in Barbados
Islam in Barbados
Methodism in Barbados
Roman Catholic Church in Barbados

References


The Jets' flagship radio station is WEPN, 1050 ESPN, with "The Voice of the Jets," Bob Wischusen as the play-by-play announcer and former Jet Marty Lyons as the color analyst. Wischusen, who joined WABC in 1997, took over the play-by-play role in 2002 after Howard David left the organization earlier in the year. Lyons would join Wischusen the same year after the team began a re-evaluation of the broadcasting booth that would result in the surprising firing of Dave Jennings, "a smart and credible analyst," after fourteen years in the booth.

WABC, which served three separate stints as the Jets' radio flagship, simulcasted WEPN's coverage over its airwaves from 2002 until 2008. Jets radio broadcasts have also been carried over WCBS, which also served two stints as the Jets' flagship and last carried games over the air in 1992, and WFAN, which aired games from 1993 through 1999.

Any preseason games not nationally televised are shown on WCBS-TV. Ian Eagle, who was previously the radio voice of the Jets, calls the action on those telecasts. SportsNet New York, which serves as the home of the Jets, airs over 250 hours of "exclusive, in depth" material on the team in high definition.

Notable past play-by-play announcers for the Titans/Jets include the legends Howard Cosell, Bob Murphy, Merle Harmon, Marty Glickman and Howard David, who has called the Super Bowl and the NBA Finals for Westwood One and ESPN Radio.

Broadcasters by year

 Spanish language stations

 WADO (2000-2011)
 WEPN (2012-2018)
 WADO / WQBU (2019)

 Spanish language announcers

 Clemson Smith Muñiz (2000-present; play-by-play)
 Oscar Benítez (2000-2019; color analyst)
 Roberto Abramowitz (2020; color analyst)

Radio affiliates

New York

New Jersey

California

References

American Football League announcers
Lists of National Football League announcers by team
Broadcasters


The beginnings of the postal history of Tonga can be traced to the Wesleyan missionaries, who landed in the islands in 1826, and sent regular communications back to London and Sydney from the day of their arrival. The Tongan Post Office was established in 1887, but even before then postage stamps featuring the image of King George Tupou I were produced in New Zealand.

Tin Can mail
In the early part of the 20th century, philatelists began seeking out postal cancellations from Niuafo'ou, a volcanic Tongan island. Since Niuafo'ou lacked a deep water harbor to accommodate ships, postal deliveries were received via the so-called "Tin Can Mail" system of having mail thrown overboard in biscuit tins and retrieved by local swimmers. To swim mail out, Tongans adopted the traditional fishing technique of using a buoyancy pole, called a fau, to swim out with a biscuit or kerosene tin to visiting ships. Using the pole for support the swim could take several hours. After a shark killed a Tongan swimmer in 1931, swimming was banned and canoes had to be used.
The specially marked Tin Can covers of the 1930s and 1940s became collectors items after an Englishman, Charles Ramsey, became the first and only white man to swim out with the mail. A German trader, Walter Quensell, cashed in on what had become a major tourist attraction with visiting cruise ships, by stamping all the mail and sending it on. There was great rivalry between the two men. Ramsay, who was an agent for Morris Hedstrom Ltd on the island, made 112 swims, many of them at night. Frequently, they lasted for hours in treacherous seas.
Ramsay started the practice in commercial innocence but Quensell, who was an agent for the rival trading company Burns Philp (South Seas) Pty Ltd was more shrewd. He set up a shed on the shore and cacheted the covers for the passengers on the cruise liners, in a totally unofficial but rather profitable operation. Ramsey, who had given romance and created world interest in the special mail service, was purposefully exploited by his commercial rival.
Quensell never made the swim himself, but his sister-n-law, Pauline Hoeft, a champion swimmer in Australia became the only woman to make the swim, occasionally helping the Tongans.

Self-adhesive stamps
In 1963, Tonga issued the world's first self-adhesive stamps, an event which was celebrated by philatelists. The stamps were also circular in shape and printed on embossed gilt-foiled paper, thus matching the design of the coins being commemorated. Subsequent philatelic issues employed other off-beat designs – including stamps shaped like hearts, birds and fruit – and Tonga continued to issue self-adhesive stamps printed on paper. Although several of the stamps were too big for placement on conventional first-class mailing envelopes, Tonga's unusual postage stamps have become popular with philatelists around the world.

Recent developments
In April 2008, the Tongan government announced the Tongan Post Office would be corporatized. However, the Tongan Post Office was not included in the 2008 effort to privatize other agencies and departments run by the government.

Niuafoʻou issues
Tonga has issued stamps for Niuafoʻou since 1983.

References

Further reading
 Melville, Fred J. Tonga. London: Melville Stamp Books, 1909, 65p.
 Proud, Edward. The Postal history of the British Solomon Islands and Tonga. Heathfield (E.Sussex): Proud-Bailey Co. Ltd, 2006 , 296p.
 Rosenblum, Alec A. The Stamps of Tonga: handbook. Melbourne: Orlo-Smith, 1935, 72p.

Tongan culture
Economy of Tonga
Tonga


The Miami Dolphins' flagship radio station is AM 560 WQAM. WQAM has previously carried Dolphins broadcasts during the 1997-04, and 2007-09 NFL Seasons. The radio broadcast team features Jimmy Cefalo providing play-by-play commentary and Joe Rose and Jason Taylor providing color commentary during regular season games. The Miami Dolphins Radio Network is a statewide network of radio stations in Florida.

Most preseason games are seen on WFOR (CBS) in Miami/Fort Lauderdale, WTVX (CW) in West Palm Beach/Fort Pierce, and WBBH (NBC) in Fort Myers with announcers Dick Stockton, Bob Griese, and Nat Moore.

ESPN reporter Hank Goldberg was a longtime color analyst on the Miami Dolphins Radio Network and hosted the Orange Bowl Express/Dolphin Express pre-game show on 610 WIOD.

Radio announcers

Preseason television announcers

Regular season television coverage

From their inaugural season in 1966 until the end of the 1988 season, the majority of the Dolphins' games were carried on WSVN, as it was the Miami area's NBC affiliate (NBC carried the AFL/AFC package from 1965–97). In 1989, after NBC purchased CBS affiliate WTVJ (then on channel 4), NBC programming, and thus the Dolphins games, moved there. Prior to that time, WTVJ starting in 1973 aired sold-out Dolphins home games in which they played an NFC opponent (CBS had the NFC package at that time). From 1989 through 1993, those games would air on WCIX (then on channel 6), which was bought by CBS.

In 1994, the NFC package moved to Fox, and WSVN (which became the Fox affiliate after the network purchases of WTVJ and WCIX) starting airing the Dolphins' interconference home games. In 1998, the AFC package moved to CBS and, locally, the former WCIX, now known as WFOR (as it had swapped dial positions with WTVJ three years earlier).

WPLG was the local carrier of Monday Night Football games through 2005. When the Dolphins play on Monday nights, they now air locally on WSFL-TV.

WFOR produces the local telecasts of the Dolphins' preseason games, pre-empting CBS programming which is shown on sister station WBFS-TV. The preseason games are simulcast in the adjacent West Palm Beach television market on area CW affiliate WTVX, which was a sister station of WFOR from 1997 until 2008; all regular-season games are currently telecast by that market's CBS affiliate WPEC.

References

Miami Dolphins
Miami Dolphins
broadcasters


This article is a list of the current Denver Broncos broadcasters. As of the start of the 2015 NFL season, the Broncos' flagship radio station is KOA 850 AM, a 50,000-watt station in Denver, Colorado owned by iHeartMedia. Dave Logan is the play-by-play announcer; he starred for the Colorado Buffaloes before beginning his NFL career, spent mostly with the Cleveland Browns. Rick Lewis is the color commentator. Preseason games not selected for airing on national television were briefly on KCNC, channel 4, which is a CBS owned-and-operated station, as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region, from 2004 through 2010. The games had for years previously been on KUSA, channel 9, an NBC affiliate, and in 2011, the team returned to KUSA, which has higher news ratings.

The first Broncos network was headed by KBTR; in the team's final season with that station, 1963, there were 15 affiliates. KTLN (known as KTLK beginning in 1969) took over for the rest of the decade; 53 stations were on the network in KTLK's final season of 1969. KOA's first season as network flagship was 1970.

Radio affiliates

Broncos Radio Network

Colorado

Kansas

Nebraska

New Mexico

Nevada

Oklahoma

South Dakota

Texas

Wyoming

References

Denver Broncos
Denver Broncos

National Football League on the radio
Denver Broncos lists


The pink whipray (Pateobatis fai) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, with a wide but ill-defined distribution in the tropical Indo-Pacific from southern Africa to Polynesia. It is a bottom dweller that generally inhabits shallow water under  deep, in sandy areas associated with coral reefs. Individuals exhibit a high degree of fidelity to particular locations. The pink whipray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long, with a broad-angled snout and a very long, whip-like tail without fin folds. It has only a few small thorns on its back and is uniform brownish to grayish pink in color, becoming much darker past the tail sting. This large ray can reach  across and over  long.

Gregarious in nature, the pink whipray has been known to form large active and resting aggregations, and associate with other large ray species. It preys mainly on prawns, but also consumes other benthic invertebrates and bony fishes. This species is aplacental viviparous, in which the unborn young are nourished by histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. Across much of its range, substantial numbers of pink whiprays are caught incidentally by a variety of fishing gear and marketed for meat, skin, and cartilage. It is also of importance to ecotourism, being attracted to visitors with bait. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species under Least Concern, due to its wide distribution that includes relatively protected areas, such as northern Australia. However, its population in Southeast Asia is likely declining under heavy fishing pressure, and there it has been assessed as Vulnerable.

Taxonomy

The pink whipway was described by American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Alvin Seale in the 1906 volume of Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, on the basis of a specimen  across collected off Apia, Samoa. The specific epithet fai means "stingray" in the native languages of Samoa, Tonga, Futuna, and Tahiti. Another common name for this species is Tahitian stingray. In 2004, Mabel Manjaji grouped H. fai with H. gerrardi, H. jenkinsii, H. leoparda, H. toshi, H. uarnak, and H. undulata in the uarnak species complex.

Description

The pectoral fin disc of the pink whipray is diamond-shaped and thick at the center, measuring about 1.1–1.2 times wider than long. The outer corners of the disc are angular. The snout forms a very obtuse angle, with the tip barely protruding. The small, widely spaced eyes are followed by larger spiracles. There is a short and broad curtain of skin with a finely fringed posterior margin between the long, thin nostrils. The mouth is fairly small and surrounded by prominent furrows; the lower jaw has a small indentation in the middle. There are two large central and two tiny lateral papillae on the floor of the mouth. The teeth are small and arranged into pavement-like surfaces. Five pairs of gill slits are located beneath the disc. The pelvic fins are small and narrow.

The tail is extremely long and thin, measuring at least twice the disc length when intact. It lacks fin folds and usually bears a single serrated stinging spine. Adults have small, rounded dermal denticles covering the central dorsal surface of the disc, beginning in front of the eyes and extending to cover the entire tail; there are also small, sharp thorns on the midline, which become densest at the base of the tail. Juveniles are either smooth-skinned or have a sparser covering of flat, heart-shaped denticles. This species is uniform grayish to brownish pink above, becoming dark gray to black on the tail past the sting, and uniformly light below. It grows to at least  across and over  long. Its maximum weight on record is .

Distribution and habitat

The exact range of the pink whipray is unclear due to confusion with the Jenkins' whipray (H. jenkinsii). It is believed to be common throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, probably occurring all around Indian Ocean periphery from South Africa to northern Australia, from the year 2014 appears in the Red Sea. Its range extends to the Pacific Ocean, northward to the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, and Iriomote, and eastward to various islands including Micronesia, the Marquesas Islands, and Samoa.

The pink whipray has been recorded from as deep as , but is usually found from the intertidal zone to a depth of . This bottom-dwelling species prefers sandy flats, lagoons, and other soft-bottomed habitats, often near cays and atolls in coral reefs. It tends to be found closer to shore during the warm season. Genetic and telemetry studies across Polynesian islands have found that individual rays tend to remain within a local area, with very little between-island movement.

Biology and ecology

Small to large gatherings of pink whiprays have been observed over sandy flats and coral reefs in Shark Bay, on the Great Barrier Reef, and in the Caroline Islands. When resting, up to ten individuals may pile atop one another, sometimes mixing with other species. On Ningaloo Reef, it has been seen "riding" on larger species of rays. The pink whipray feeds primarily on decapod crustaceans, but also takes cephalopods, and teleost fishes. In Shark Bay, penaeid prawns are by far the dominant prey type for rays of all sizes. At Rangiroa Atoll in French Polynesia, sizable feeding aggregations are known to form at night in shallow water. However, at Moorea it tends to be a solitary forager with a large home range.

Like other stingrays, the pink whipray is aplacental viviparous, with the mother supplying her developing embryos with nutrient-rich histotroph ("uterine milk") through specialized uterine structures. The newborns measure  across. Shark Bay may be a nursery area for this species. Males reach sexual maturity at  across, while the maturation size for females is unknown. Known parasites of the pink whipray include the monogeneans Heterocotyle capricornensis, Monocotyle helicophallus, M. spiremae, M. youngi, Merizocotyle australensis, Neoentobdella parvitesticulata, and Trimusculotrema heronensis, the tapeworm Prochristianella spinulifera, and the isopod Gnathia grandilaris.

Human interactions
Though not highly dangerous to humans, the pink whipray's venomous sting makes it difficult to handle when it is thrashing in a fishing net. Usually, it must be thrown overboard before the rest of the catch can be sorted. Throughout Indonesia and Malaysia, and probably elsewhere in its range, this species is a regular incidental catch of coastal fisheries using tangle nets, bottom trawls, gillnets, seine nets, and to a lesser extent longlines. When retained, the meat, skin, and cartilage are utilized. Fishing activity in Southeast Asia is intense and largely unregulated, and this large ray may be more vulnerable to depletion than its smaller relatives because of its slower reproductive rate. The population in the Arafura Sea is thought to have been particularly affected by an Indonesian fishery targeting wedgefishes (Rhynchobatus), and Indonesian fishers are also increasingly operating illegally in Australian waters. Off northern Australia, the pink whipray is caught incidentally by the Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF), but bycatch levels have likely fallen significantly since the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) and Bycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs) became compulsory in 2000.

The pink whipray is valuable to ecotourism at sites in the Maldives, French Polynesia, and elsewhere; they are attracted to visitors in large numbers by the promise of food. The government of the Maldives has taken steps to preserve ray ecotourism by banning all exports of ray products in 1995. In 2005, stingray ecotourism at Moorea brought in over €500,000. However, a 2008 study of Moorea whiprays found a negative effect of ecotourism in the form of bite and impact injuries, stemming from artificially high ray density and interactions with boat traffic at the feeding sites. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the pink whipray as Vulnerable overall. Although the species has a wide distribution that includes refuge regions with few conservation threats such as the population off northern Australia. By contrast the Southeast Asian population is heavily fished.

References

External links
 Fishes of Australia : Pateobatis tai

Pateobatis
Fish of the Indian Ocean
Fish of Indonesia
Marine fish of Northern Australia
Vulnerable biota of Africa
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
Vulnerable fauna of Oceania
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Alvin Seale
pink whipray


Determining the number of clusters in a data set, a quantity often labelled k as in the k-means algorithm, is a frequent problem in data clustering, and is a distinct issue from the process of actually solving the clustering problem.

For a certain class of clustering algorithms (in particular k-means, k-medoids and expectation–maximization algorithm), there is a parameter commonly referred to as k that specifies the number of clusters to detect. Other algorithms such as DBSCAN and OPTICS algorithm do not require the specification of this parameter; hierarchical clustering avoids the problem altogether.

The correct choice of k is often ambiguous, with interpretations depending on the shape and scale of the distribution of points in a data set and the desired clustering resolution of the user. In addition, increasing k without penalty will always reduce the amount of error in the resulting clustering, to the extreme case of zero error if each data point is considered its own cluster (i.e., when k equals the number of data points, n). Intuitively then, the optimal choice of k will strike a balance between maximum compression of the data using a single cluster, and maximum accuracy by assigning each data point to its own cluster. If an appropriate value of k is not apparent from prior knowledge of the properties of the data set, it must be chosen somehow. There are several categories of methods for making this decision.

Elbow method

The elbow method looks at the percentage of explained variance as a function of the number of clusters:
One should choose a number of clusters so that adding another cluster doesn't give much better modeling of the data.
More precisely, if one plots the percentage of variance explained by the clusters against the number of clusters, the first clusters will add much information (explain a lot of variance), but at some point the marginal gain will drop, giving an angle in the graph. The number of clusters is chosen at this point, hence the "elbow criterion".
In most datasets, this "elbow" is ambiguous, making this method subjective and unreliable.
Percentage of variance explained is the ratio of the between-group variance to the total variance, also known as an F-test. A slight variation of this method plots the curvature of the within group variance.

The method can be traced to speculation by Robert L. Thorndike in 1953.
While the idea of the elbow method sounds simple and straightforward, other methods (as detailed below) give better results.

X-means clustering

In statistics and data mining, X-means clustering is a variation of k-means clustering that refines cluster assignments by repeatedly attempting subdivision, and keeping the best resulting splits, until a criterion such as the Akaike information criterion (AIC) or Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is reached.

Information criterion approach
Another set of methods for determining the number of clusters are information criteria, such as the Akaike information criterion (AIC), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), or the deviance information criterion (DIC) — if it is possible to make a likelihood function for the clustering model.
For example: The k-means model is "almost" a Gaussian mixture model and one can construct a likelihood for the  Gaussian mixture model and thus also determine information criterion values.

Information–theoretic approach
Rate distortion theory has been applied to choosing k called the "jump" method, which determines the number of clusters that maximizes efficiency while minimizing error by information-theoretic standards. The strategy of the algorithm is to generate a distortion curve for the input data by running a standard clustering algorithm such as k-means for all values of k between 1 and n, and computing the distortion (described below) of the resulting clustering. The distortion curve is then transformed by a negative power chosen based on the dimensionality of the data.  Jumps in the resulting values then signify reasonable choices for k, with the largest jump representing the best choice.

The distortion of a clustering of some input data is formally defined as follows: Let the data set be modeled as a p-dimensional random variable, X, consisting of a mixture distribution of G components with common covariance, . If we let  be a set of K cluster centers, with  the closest center to a given sample of X, then the minimum average distortion per dimension when fitting the K centers to the data is:

This is also the average Mahalanobis distance per dimension between X and the closest cluster center . Because the minimization over all possible sets of cluster centers is prohibitively complex, the distortion is computed in practice by generating a set of cluster centers using a standard clustering algorithm and computing the distortion using the result. The pseudo-code for the jump method with an input set of p-dimensional data points X is:

 JumpMethod(X):
     Let Y = (p/2)
     Init a list D, of size n+1
     Let D[0] = 0
     For k = 1 ... n:
         Cluster X with k clusters (e.g., with k-means)
         Let d = Distortion of the resulting clustering
         D[k] = d^(-Y)
     Define J(i) = D[i] - D[i-1]
     Return the k between 1 and n that maximizes J(k)

The choice of the transform power  is motivated by asymptotic reasoning using results from rate distortion theory. Let the data X have a single, arbitrarily p-dimensional Gaussian distribution, and let fixed , for some  greater than zero. Then the distortion of a clustering of K clusters in the limit as p goes to infinity is . It can be seen that asymptotically, the distortion of a clustering to the power  is proportional to , which by definition is approximately the number of clusters K. In other words, for a single Gaussian distribution, increasing K beyond the true number of clusters, which should be one, causes a linear growth in distortion. This behavior is important in the general case of a mixture of multiple distribution components.

Let X be a mixture of G p-dimensional Gaussian distributions with common covariance. Then for any fixed K less than G, the distortion of a clustering as p goes to infinity is infinite. Intuitively, this means that a clustering of less than the correct number of clusters is unable to describe asymptotically high-dimensional data, causing the distortion to increase without limit. If, as described above, K is made an increasing function of p, namely, , the same result as above is achieved, with the value of the distortion in the limit as p goes to infinity being equal to . Correspondingly, there is the same proportional relationship between the transformed distortion and the number of clusters, K.

Putting the results above together, it can be seen that for sufficiently high values of p, the transformed distortion  is approximately zero for K < G, then jumps suddenly and begins increasing linearly for K ≥ G. The jump algorithm for choosing K makes use of these behaviors to identify the most likely value for the true number of clusters.

Although the mathematical support for the method is given in terms of asymptotic results, the algorithm has been empirically verified to work well in a variety of data sets with reasonable dimensionality. In addition to the localized jump method described above, there exists a second algorithm for choosing K using the same transformed distortion values known as the broken line method. The broken line method identifies the jump point in the graph of the transformed distortion by doing a simple least squares error line fit of two line segments, which in theory will fall along the x-axis for K < G, and along the linearly increasing phase of the transformed distortion plot for K ≥ G. The broken line method is more robust than the jump method in that its decision is global rather than local, but it also relies on the assumption of Gaussian mixture components, whereas the jump method is fully non-parametric and has been shown to be viable for general mixture distributions.

Silhouette method

The average silhouette of the data is another useful criterion for assessing the natural number of clusters. The silhouette of a data instance is a measure of how closely it is matched to data within its cluster and how loosely it is matched to data of the neighboring cluster, i.e., the cluster whose average distance from the datum is lowest. A silhouette close to 1 implies the datum is in an appropriate cluster, while a silhouette close to −1 implies the datum is in the wrong cluster. Optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms are useful in determining the number of clusters that gives rise to the largest silhouette.
It is also possible to re-scale the data in such a way that the silhouette is more likely to be maximized at the correct number of clusters.

Cross-validation

One can also use the process of cross-validation to analyze the number of clusters. In this process, the data is partitioned into v parts. Each of the parts is then set aside at turn as a test set, a clustering model computed on the other v − 1 training sets, and the value of the objective function (for example, the sum of the squared distances to the centroids for k-means) calculated for the test set. These v values are calculated and averaged for each alternative number of clusters, and the cluster number selected such that further increase in number of clusters leads to only a small reduction in the objective function.

Finding number of clusters in text databases
In text databases, a document collection defined by a document by term D matrix (of size m×n, where m is the number of documents and n is the number of terms), the number of clusters can roughly be estimated by the formula

where t is the number of non-zero entries in D. Note that in D each row and each column must contain at least one non-zero element.

Analyzing the kernel matrix
Kernel matrix defines the proximity of the input information. For example, in Gaussian radial basis function, it determines the dot product of the inputs in a higher-dimensional space, called feature space. It is believed that the data become more linearly separable in the feature space, and hence, linear algorithms can be applied on the data with a higher success.

The kernel matrix can thus be analyzed in order to find the optimal number of clusters. The method proceeds by the eigenvalue decomposition of the kernel matrix. It will then analyze the eigenvalues and eigenvectors to obtain a measure of the compactness of the input distribution. Finally, a plot will be drawn, where the elbow of that plot indicates the optimal number of clusters in the data set. Unlike previous methods, this technique does not need to perform any clustering a-priori. It directly finds the number of clusters from the data.

The gap statistics
Robert Tibshirani, Guenther Walther, and Trevor Hastie proposed estimating the number of clusters in a data set via the gap statistic.
The gap statistics, based on theoretical grounds, measures how far is the pooled within-cluster sum of squares around the cluster centers from the sum of squares expected under the null reference distribution of data.
The expected value is estimated by simulating null reference data of characteristics of the original data, but lacking any clusters in it.
The optimal number of clusters is then estimated as the value of k for which the observed sum of squares falls farthest below the null reference.

Unlike many previous methods, the gap statistics can tell us that there is no value of k for which there is a good clustering.

The gap statistics is implemented as the clusGap function in the cluster package in R.

References

Further reading
Ralf Wagner, Sören W. Scholz, Reinhold Decker (2005): The Number of Clusters in Market Segmentation, in: Daniel Baier, Reinhold Decker; Lars Schmidt-Thieme (Eds.): Data Analysis and Decision Support, Berlin, Springer, 157–176.

External links
 Clustergram – cluster diagnostic plot – for visual diagnostics of choosing the number of (k) clusters (R code)
 Eight methods for determining an optimal k value for k-means analysis – Answer on stackoverflow containing R code for several methods of computing an optimal value of k for k-means cluster analysis
 Partitioning and Clustering: How Many Classes? Free seminar paper available on HAL server, id=hal-02124947: two non-parametric methods are presented (bibliographic references are supplied), one for numerical variables (works with an array of distances, not necessarily Euclidean), one for categorical variables (optimal partitioning; works also with signed dissimilarities).

Cluster analysis
Clustering criteria
Articles with example pseudocode


The following is a synopsis of radio and television broadcast outlets for the Kansas City Chiefs, a franchise from the National Football League.

Radio

From 1989 until the end of the 2019 season, Cumulus Media's KCFX (101.1), a.k.a. "101 The Fox", broadcast all Chiefs games on FM radio under the moniker of The Chiefs Fox Football Radio Network, one of the earliest deals where an FM station served as the flagship station of a team radio network. Since 1994, Mitch Holthus has served as play-by-play announcer. Former Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson served alongside Holthus for color commentary but starting in the 2016 season, Dawson's role was slowly minimized as he announced his retirement from broadcasting. The Chiefs and KCFX was the longest FM radio broadcast partnering tenure in the NFL.

With the start of the 2020 season, WDAF-FM (106.5 FM) became the flagship of the Chiefs network, with sister station KCSP (610 AM) carrying surrounding analysis and team interview programming as well as selected simulcasts of live games, and the Audacy app streaming coverage of all games online on desktops/laptops only. Games are available via the app, but only within the Chiefs' market which is western Missouri and eastern Kansas. Games are also available outside of the team market, as with all 32 teams, through a subscription to NFL+. The network's personnel, outside those exclusively contracted to Cumulus, were expected to be retained with the new Entercom contract.

Radio affiliates
Chiefs games are primarily broadcast in Missouri and Kansas where most of the team's fans live. Games are broadcast in a total of 13 states, including Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Nebraska, New Mexico, Arkansas, Texas, and South Dakota. In total, 63 cities outside of Missouri and Kansas broadcast games. Stations in major cities are listed below.

Television

CBS and Fox are the main stations that broadcast Chiefs games that aren't primetime. The team's primary markets outside of Kansas City include the metropolitan areas of Wichita and Omaha.

Prior to the 1994 season, WDAF was the primary station for the Chiefs as an NBC affiliate (they aired on KMBC when ABC had the AFL package through 1964), since NBC had the AFC package. The inter-conference home games aired on KCTV starting in 1973 (when the NFL allowed local telecasts of home games). After week one of the 1994 season, WDAF switched to Fox (which got the NFC package), and has aired the Chiefs' inter-conference home games since. The bulk of the team's games moved to KSHB through the end of the 1997 season. Since that time, they have aired on KCTV, save for the 2015 Week 17 game vs. the Oakland Raiders, which aired on WDAF when the NFL cross-flexed the game from CBS to FOX.

Preseason game affiliates
Preseason games are broadcast throughout the majority of the states of Missouri and Kansas, as well as portions of Nebraska, Iowa, Oklahoma and Arkansas. Nearby major cities besides Kansas City with broadcasts include Wichita, Des Moines, Tulsa, and Lincoln.

References

Broadcasters

Kansas City Chiefs
Kansas City Chiefs
broadcasters


This is a complete list of the operas and operettas of the French composer Charles Lecocq (1832–1918).

Genres
Lecocq wrote 21 opéras comiques, 12 opéras bouffes, eight opérettes, two 'opérettes bouffes'. two 'opérettes de salon', two 'saynètes', and one each of the following: 'bluette bouffe', 'comédie-musicale', 'féerie', 'folie parée et masquée', 'opéra monologue', 'pantomime', 'scéne', 'vaudeville' and 'vaudeville-opérette'.

List

References
Notes

Sources
Lamb, Andrew (1992), "Lecocq, Charles", vol. 2, p. 1120, in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London) . Also available as "Lecocq, Charles. Works" at Oxford Music Online (subscription required).
Opérette page on Lecocq, accessed 14 April 2009

Lists of operas by composer
Lists of compositions by composer


Yevgeni Valeryevich Alkhimov (; born 11 February 1977) is a Russian professional football official and a former player. He is the director of sports for FC Ural Yekaterinburg, where he played from 2006 to 2008.

Playing career

He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2001 for FC Fakel Voronezh.

He is the best Russian Football National League scorer ever.

Honours
Russian First Division top scorer: 2005 (24 goals), 2006 (25 goals).

References

1977 births
Living people
People from Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
FC Salyut Belgorod players
Russian Premier League players
FC Volgar Astrakhan players
FC Sokol Saratov players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Chita players
Sportspeople from Zabaykalsky Krai


The Las Vegas Raiders Radio Network is an American radio network composed of 52 radio stations which carry English-language coverage of the Las Vegas Raiders, a professional football team in the National Football League (NFL). Las Vegas market stations KRLV (920 AM) and KOMP (92.3 FM) serve as the network's two flagships. The network also includes 50 affiliates in the U.S. states of Nevada, California, Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Kansas, Minnesota, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas and Utah: 34 AM stations, sixteen of which supplement their signals with a low-power FM translator and one repeated over an HD Radio FM digital subchannel; and 16 full-power FM stations, four of which supplement their signals with a low-power FM translator. Jason Horowitz is the current play-by-play announcer, while Lincoln Kennedy serves as color commentator; George Atkinson and Jim Plunkett offer pre- and post-game commentary. Compass Media Networks is responsible for producing and distributing the network to these aforementioned terrestrial radio stations.

Complementing this coverage, Las Vegas market station KENO (1460 AM) serves as the flagship of a secondary radio network carrying Spanish-language coverage of the Raiders. This network includes 8 affiliates in the U.S. states of Nevada and California: 5 AM stations and 3 FM stations. Harry Ruiz is the current Spanish-language play-by-play announcer with Ernesto Amador serving as color commentator.

In addition to traditional over-the-air AM and FM broadcasts, network programming airs on SiriusXM satellite radio; and streams online via SiriusXM Internet Radio, TuneIn Premium, and NFL+.

History
From 2004 to 2009, the flagship was KSFO (560 AM) in San Francisco with a network of thirty radio stations in Hawaii, Oregon, Nevada, New Mexico, and British Columbia. During most of the 1970s, KGO (810 AM) was the flagship station.

Bill King—the "Voice of the Raiders"—called the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders from 1966 to 1992. He called approximately 600 games. The Raiders awarded him all three rings. King left after the 1992 season. It's Bill's radio audio heard on most of the NFL Films highlight footage of the Raiders. King's color men in Oakland included former San Francisco 49ers tight end Monty Stickles and Scotty Stirling, a sports writer for the Oakland Tribune. Many of the years, KGO 810 did promos as "Raider Radio 81". King's call of the Holy Roller has been labeled (by Chris Berman, among others) as one of 5 best in NFL history. King died in October 2005 from complications after surgery. Scotty Stirling, an Oakland Tribune sportswriter, served as the "color man" with King. The Raider games were called on radio from 1960 to 1962 by Bud (Wilson Keene) Foster and Mel Venter and from 1963 to 1965 by Bob Blum and Dan Galvin.

Until their dismissal prior to the 2018 season, Greg Papa was the voice of the Raiders with former Raiders quarterback and head coach Tom Flores doing commentary from 1997 until 2017. From 2018 until 2022, Brent Musburger was the voice of the Raiders.

Station list

Asterisk (*) indicates HD Radio broadcast.
Blue background indicates low-power FM translator.

Spanish-language stations

 **Station has a concession from the IFT to serve Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, but services the San Diego–Tijuana market.

References

External links
 Raiders Radio Network
 SiriusXM.com: Las Vegas Raiders
 TuneIn.com: Las Vegas Raiders
 NFL Game Pass

Las Vegas Raiders
Las Vegas Raiders
National Football League on the radio
Las Vegas Raiders lists


Konstantin Gennadyevich Garbuz (; born 19 February 1988) is a Russian professional footballer.

Club career
He made his debut in the Russian Premier League for FC Rostov on 26 November 2006 in a game against FC Lokomotiv Moscow.

References

1988 births
People from Biysk
Sportspeople from Altai Krai
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Tekstilshchik Kamyshin players
FC Rostov players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Tyumen players
FC Irtysh Omsk players
FC Sokol Saratov players
PFC Spartak Nalchik players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Tosno players
FC Tambov players
FC Dynamo Barnaul players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Russian Second League players


Radio

The Chargers' official flagship station in 2020 is now KYSR 98.7 FM For the previous two seasons, their radio flagship was KFI 640 AM in Los Angeles, commonly known as "KFI AM 640". Chargers daily updates, and specialty shows, will continue to air on FOX Sports 570 KLAC. The broadcast team consists of Play-by-play announcer Matt "Money" Smith and former NFL scout Daniel Jeremiah comprise the broadcast team with KFI morning co-host Shannon Farren serving as sideline reporter. Past Chargers radio broadcasters have included Josh Lewin, Ralph Lawler, Stu Nahan, Tom Kelly, Lee "Hacksaw" Hamilton, Dan Rowe, Ted Leitner, Hank Bauer, and Nick Hardwick. Bauer served seventeen seasons (1998–2014) as the radio color analyst; however, the Chargers and then flagship KIOZ decided not to renew his contract, and was replaced by Curtis Conway starting with the 2015 season.

P.A. announcer

Eric Smith the public address announcer of all Clippers basketball games and former Dodgers baseball announcer games, serves as the P.A. announcer of all Charger home games at SoFi Stadium. Smith replaced legendary P.A. announcer Bruce Binkowski, who went on to become the executive director of the Holiday Bowl and Poinsettia Bowl games.

With the Chargers return to Los Angeles in 2017, the team became a beneficiary of league scheduling policies. Both the Chargers and the Los Angeles Rams share the Los Angeles market, which is on the West Coast of the United States. This means that the Chargers cannot play home games, road division games against the Denver Broncos or Oakland Raiders, or interconference road games against the NFC West (in seasons that the AFC West and NFC West meet in interconference play) in the early 10:00 a.m. Pacific time slot. In addition, they cannot play interconference home games at the same time or network as the Rams. As a result, both teams generally will have more limited scheduling options, and will also benefit by receiving more prime-time games than usual. Thus, regardless of the previous season's record, the Chargers will receive a disproportionate number of Sunday Night, Monday Night and/or Thursday Night games, compared to the rest of the league.

Previously when the team was in San Diego its main flagship was KIOZ. The previous Los Angeles flagship was KLAC/570, in Los Angeles and Orange County, which like KIOZ, KLSD, and several other Charger radio affiliates, is owned by iHeartMedia. Prior to that KSPN/710  was the Los Angeles affiliate and before that, KMPC/1540 for several years.

As of 2014, the Chargers also stream their radio broadcasts on their official mobile application (through iOS and Android devices) as well as on their website.

Radio affiliates

Chargers Radio Network

English

Spanish

References

Los Angeles Chargers
Los Angeles Chargers
broadcasters


Graciela Beltrán (born December 29, 1974) is a Mexican-American singer. She began singing in the Los Angeles area at the age of six at restaurants and parties. According to MTV she is "widely known as one of regional Mexican music's most influential female voices. Beltran is credited with helping to form the genre, as well as solidifying a woman's place in it."

Beltrán was included on the album Las Reinas Del Pueblo, with famous Mexican-American singer Selena, which has sold over 5 million copies worldwide.

Early life
While some sources give her place of birth as Sinaloa, in a small town called Costa Rica, Beltrán stated in an interview that she was born on U.S. soil. She began her music career entertaining the neighbors whom were her first followers. She has faced various family tragedies including the kidnapping of her brother whose body was never found, the murder of her brother-in-law and was even a witness to her step-father's killing when she was nine.

It was in Los Angeles where Beltrán's music career took off when she first stepped onto a professional stage. Under the name Gracielita Beltran, she began recording albums of norteño, banda and mariachi music with local musicians. Four years later, Beltran was noticed by record execs at EMI, who offered to produce her next record. "Baraja de Oro" was one of the first singles from the six albums Beltran recorded with EMI. At the 8th and 9th Lo Nuestro Awards, Beltran was nominated for Regional Mexican Female Singer of the Year.

Career

Aside from the many awards, Graciela Beltrán is also proud of the many professional collaborations she has participated in during her career. These include duets with Ednita Nazario, Emilio Navaira, Los Tucanes de Tijuana, Chalino Sánchez, Adán Sánchez, Banda Machos, Grupo Modelo, Conjunto Primavera and recently with El Chapo de Sinaloa. Her compilation album with Selena, , titled Las Reinas Del Pueblo has sold 5 million copies worldwide. She has also worked with well-known and respected producers such as Juan Carlos Calderon, K.C. Porter, Bebu Silvetti, Los Cuates Omar y Adolfo Valenzuela and Joan Sebastian. She has shared the stage with Vicente Fernández among many other successful artists. In 2006, Graciela was the special guest for the Cinco de Mayo celebrations that year after year are held at the White House, in this occasion, she shared her talent and music in front of the President of the United States George W. Bush. She has racked up five film appearances and a discography with 20 original titles, the latter half of them with the Mexican Univision label. Her career consists of appearances in Sábado Gigante, Siempre en Domingo and various shows around the world.

After nearly four years of absence in the Recording Industry Graciela Beltran returned in 2014 with her own record label and three new productions One Album Excitos with Mariachi "Homenaje A La Voz Ranchera, Another Album with Banda Sinaloense with All new songs and finally a CD/DVD with Live Banda Sinaloense, Mariachi and Pop/Rock group.

Currently, 2013-2014 Promoting her New Upcoming Albums in her Extensive Tour in the U.S. and Mexico has been Accompanied by her Banda Sinaloense and Mariachi.

2004 Premio Las Palmas de Oro como "La mejor cantante de música de Banda en México".

2004 Premio Micrófono de Oro como "Cantante juvenil más destacada en música de Banda", otorgado por la Asociación Nacional de Locutores en México y La Fundación Guillermo Romo.

Cintas Acuario Records
2007 Premio Lo Nuestro A La Trayectoria por sus 20 años en la música Regional Mexicana.

As of 2017, Beltrán has released 26 albums throughout her career.

Discography
Albums
1987: Gracielita Beltrán
1988: Gracielita Beltrán – 16 exitos'''
1989: La Estrellita de Sinaloa1989: Revelación Ranchero1989: La Pochita de Sinaloa1990: Gracielita Beltrán con la Banda Culiacán1991: Graciela Beltrán - Voy a morir por ti - con Mariachi
1992: Juntos Cantan a México con Mariachi con Chalino Sánchez
1993: Mis Mejores Canciones – 17 Super Exitos1993: Graciela Beltrán con la Banda Santa Cruz1994: 12 Super Exitos1995: Tesoro1995: Las Reinas del Pueblo con Selena
1995: Te Sigo Extrañando a dúo con Grupo Modelo - Single
1996: Mi Corazón Es Tuyo1996: Graciela Beltrán y Los Tucanes de Tijuana - Single
1997: Tuya - con Mariachi
1998: La Reina Del Pueblo con Banda y Mariachi1998: Robame Un Beso - Producido por Joan Sebastian
1998: Graciela Beltrán con Banda – Grandes y Nuevos Exitos1998: Navidad Para Mi Pueblo - Junto con otros artistas
1999: Graciela Beltrán con Banda – Grandes y Nuevos Exitos Volumen 21999: La Reina Del Pueblo con Banda2000: La Reyna Del Pueblo 20002001: Para Mi Pueblo2001: Esto Es Lo Nuestro2002: A Los Grandes2003: No Me Arrepiento De Nada2003: Graciela Beltrán – La Historia - Incluye 10 Videos
2004: Mi Otro Sentimiento2006: Rancherisimas con Banda2007: Promesas No2007: Mujeres Bravas2008: Una Reina En Hollywood2009: La Reina De La Banda2014: Homenaje A La Voz Ranchera
2017: Évitame La Pena

Filmography
 1990 Ni Parientes Somos as Herself
 1991 El Corrido De Los Perez as Herself
 1994 La Reina de las Bandas as Herself
 1994 La Quebradita as Herself
 2014 Tongue Tied as Marielena

References

External links

 Graciela Beltrán at Gente PV

American women pop singers
1974 births
Living people
American banda musicians
American mariachi musicians
Hispanic and Latino American women singers
Tejano pop musicians
American musicians of Mexican descent
Fonovisa Records artists
Women in Latin music
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
American Latin pop singers
20th-century American singers


Rancho Santa Ana del Chino was a  Mexican land grant in the Chino Hills and southwestern Pomona Valley, in present-day San Bernardino County, California.

It was granted to Antonio Maria Lugo in 1841 by Mexican Alta California Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado.  The name literally means "Santa Ana of the Fair Hair," though there have been statements that the ranch was named for a mission mayordomo, or foreman, who had curly hair, "chino" being also a Spanish word for "curly".

The rancho site included the present day cities of Chino and Chino Hills.

History
In 1841, Antonio Maria Lugo was granted rights the Rancho Santa Ana del Chino on what had been part of the San Gabriel Mission lands used for grazing mission horses and cattle until the California missions were secularized by the Mexican government in the mid-1830s and their lands made available for private settlement.

Almost immediately after taking possession and building an adobe house on what is now Boys' Republic in the city of Chino Hills, Lugo turned over the management of the ranch to his son-in-law, Isaac Williams (1799–1856.) Williams, born near Scranton, Pennsylvania, had resided in Ohio and Missouri before moving to New Mexico about 1823. He remained there for several years and then joined a fur trapping expedition to California in 1832, led by Ewing Young. Williams settled in Los Angeles, became known as Julian by the locals, and worked as a merchant before marrying Maria de Jesus Lugo in 1839. After bearing three children, Maria de Jesus died in childbirth in 1842. The following year, an additional three square leagues (for a total of eight square leagues) was granted by Governor Micheltorena to Williams.

While at the Chino ranch, Williams successfully grazed thousands of cattle for the hide and tallow trade, taking these products to the crude harbor at San Pedro Bay. William Heath Davis, in his autobiography, discusses 1846–1847 trade with Williams and a visit to the ranch in that latter year.

Battle Of Chino
A notable event during the American war with Mexican California was the so-called "Battle of Chino," in which Williams and American and European compatriots, such as Benjamin D. Wilson, John Rowland, Michael White and others were surrounded by Mexican Californios defending their homeland. One of the leaders of the defenders was Williams' brother-in-law, Jose del Carmen Lugo, who ordered that the Williams house be set on fire to force the surrender of those trapped inside. The captured men were then taken to Paredon Blanco, now Boyle Heights, and held there for several weeks before being released on pledges to act peaceably. Wilson blamed Williams for too easily capitulating to the Californios and was instrumental in denying Williams state recognition for his later kindnesses to migrants coming to California. A California Historical Landmark plaque has been installed at a fire department training facility in Chino Hills adjacent to the Boys Republic property to commemorate the battle.

Statehood
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the original negotiated version of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored, but this provision was removed at the insistence of President James Polk and the United States Congress. As the Gold Rush brought great wealth to Williams via the beef trade with the many thousands of migrants arriving to California, there were also substantial problems with squatters on Spanish and Mexican-era grants. Consequently, Congress passed a California land claims act in March 1851 and a claim for Rancho Santa Ana del Chino was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1853, and the grant, including the  of the original rancho and the additional  with the "Addition to the Rancho Santa Ana del Chino", was patented to Isaac Williams' daughter, Maria Merced Williams de Rains in 1869.

Shootout
After Williams' death in September 1856, Rancho Santa Ana del Chino was left to his two daughters, Merced Rains and Francisca Carlisle. The rancho became one of the stagecoach stations of the Butterfield Overland Mail in 1858, the same year Merced and her husband, John, sold their interest to Francisca and her husband Robert and purchased the nearby Rancho Cucamonga, where they lived until Rains' murder four years later. Carlisle was, in fact, accused by some of the murder of his brother-in-law, though the crime was never solved. While the Carlisles assumed full control of Chino, Robert Carlisle, embroiled in a dispute with the King family of El Monte, accusing Under Sheriff Andrew J. King of not doing enough to solve the Rains murder and for interfering in his management of the widow's estate. After attacking and wounding Andrew King, Carlisle was accosted in July 1865 by King's brothers, Frank and Houston, in the crowded saloon of Los Angeles' Bella Union Hotel, once owned by John Rains. A massive shootout led to the deaths of Carlisle and Frank King, the wounding of Houston King and wounds suffered by others.

Carlisle's widow, Francisca, continued ownership of the ranch until 1881, with parts being leased out to several persons and the remainder managed by Joseph Bridger, husband of an out-of-wedlock daughter, named Victoria Regina Williams of Isaac Williams and Maria Antonia Apis. They had three other children together, Constance E. born in 1848, a son Feliciano born in 1850 who died very young and another daughter Refugio born in 1852. Bridger built an adobe house on what is now Los Serranos Country Club in Chino Hills and served as ranch foreman from 1865 until his death in 1880. Victoria and Joseph had 8 children all on the Chino Rancho. Laurabella born 1866, Robert Rains born 1867, Thomas Joseph born 1868, Josefina born 1871, Albert James 1874, Anita R. born 1875, George Frederick born 1876 and Constance Helen born 1878.

Francisca Carlisle, meantime, married Scotch-born doctor, Frederick McDougal, who was a Los Angeles police chief and, from 1876 until his death in 1878, the city's mayor. Francisca later married Edward Jesurun and lived in Los Angeles and then Palo Alto, near San Francisco, where she died in 1926.

Buying The Whole Grid
In 1881, Richard Gird, a Tombstone, Arizona miner, purchased Rancho Santa Ana del Chino and "Addition to Santa Ana del Chino" from Francisca Williams Carlisle McDougal. Gird purchased additional lands, until his holdings included , and for a number of years devoted the rancho to the raising of livestock. In 1887, amidst a massive growth boom in the region known as the "Boom of the Eighties," he subdivided the land  into small ranches and  into the town site of Chino.

Gird had many major plans for the Chino area, including a sugar beet factory, a railroad, a refinery for oil produced near La Puente by the Puente Oil Company, and many others. He also secured a forty-acre site for a University of California agricultural station branch that operated for several years and then moved to Riverside, forming the basis for today's University of California, Riverside campus. Unfortunately, the failure of the Boom of the Eighties by 1890, and the devastating national depression after 1893, severely impacted Gird financially.

Chino Prison And Hills
Rancho Santa Ana del Chino was sold in 1893 to a San Luis Obispo real estate magnate and then, within two years, to a British syndicate. By 1900, a new syndicate of San Francisco and Los Angeles capitalists acquired the ranch and created a company to reconfigure the Chino townsite and work with the remainder of the ranch. In 1910, Chino was incorporated, and in 2010 celebrated its centennial.

Over the years, sales of portions of the old ranch accelerated, although major development did not come to the area until well after World War II. The state acquired land for use as prisons for men, women, and juveniles. Another notable addition was the Chino Airport. Significant suburban development, however, did not come until the late 1980s and beyond and, in 1991, the new city of Chino Hills was carved out of the western portion of the old ranch.

Historic sites of the Rancho
 Pasinogna, California – Tongva settlement. This Indian village, identified by name by Hugo Reid in his seminal work on local tribes in 1852, was not, however, specified by location.
 Lugo/Williams Adobe – Jose Maria Lugo in 1841 built a large adobe home on the Rancho where Boys Republic is in Chino Hills. The home was occupied later by Isaac Williams and his heirs and then by lessor H. J. Stewart as of 1874. The skirmish known as the 'Battle of Chino' of the Mexican–American War occurred on September 26–27, 1846, during which 24 Americans led by Benjamin D. Wilson, who were hiding in the adobe house, were captured by a group of about 50 Californios.
 The Joseph Bridger adobe survived until the property became Los Serranos Country Club in 1925, though the structure was later razed.

References

Santa Ana del Chino
Santa Ana del Chino
Chino Hills (California)
Chino, California
Chino Hills, California
Pomona Valley
Butterfield Overland Mail in California
California Historical Landmarks
1841 establishments in Alta California
Stagecoach stops in the United States


, the Bengals flagship radio stations are WCKY, "ESPN 1530" and 102.7 WEBN, with WLW AM 700 joining in following the end of the Reds' season. Dan Hoard and former Bengals offensive lineman Dave Lapham, who started in 1985, form the announcing team. Most preseason and regular season games, are telecast on WKRC-TV, channel 12, the CBS affiliate. Mike Watts and Anthony Muñoz are the TV announcers for the preseason games, with Mike Valpredo as the sideline reporter. Games that feature an NFC opponent playing at Paul Brown Stadium will be televised on WXIX, channel 19, the local Fox affiliate. WLWT-TV airs games when the Bengals are featured on Sunday Night Football.

Past
Phil Samp was the Bengals original play-by-play announcer from 1968–1990. Ken Broo (1991–1995), Paul Keels (1996), Pete Arbogast (1997–2000) and Brad Johansen (2000–2010) have also done radio play-by-play for the Bengals. Steve Physioc was also one of the voices of the Bengals.

Bengals radio announcers

Cincinnati Bengals
Cincinnati Bengals

broadcasters


This is a list of all current broadcasters of content related to the Tennessee Titans, a National Football League franchise based in Nashville, Tennessee, United States.

Radio

The Titans' flagship radio station is Nashville-based, but Gallatin-licensed Fox Sports Radio affiliate WGFX. Mike Keith is the team's play-by-play announcer, having taken over those duties starting with the team's inaugural season as the Tennessee Titans in 1999. He served as the color commentator in 1998, the team's final year as the Tennessee Oilers. Former Titans linerback coach and Cardinals head coach Dave McGinnis is the current color commentator. He replaced former Titans tight end Frank Wycheck in 2017. Wycheck had replaced Pat Ryan starting with the 2005 NFL season. Larry Stone is the Titans Radio gameday host. The Titans Radio Network is broadcast on some 70 other stations.

Until 2011, the team long resisted placing any of its game broadcasts on Sirius XM Radio, the only team to do so.  However, Titans broadcasts are also available on the Internet-based FieldPass.

Television

Locally produced news-magazine programs
Titans All Access is the 30-minute program devoted to the Titans providing behind-the-scenes footage of the games, and a preview of their next matchup. It initially airs on weekends during football season on Fox affiliate WZTV, with replays airing on   affiliate CW affiliate WZTV-DT2 and MyNetworkTV affiliate WUXP. The program is also broadcast on the internet via the team's YouTube channel.

In addition, WKRN, Nashville’s ABC affiliate, airs another locally-produced sports show, Titans on 2, which is a weekly show that provides the coach an opportunity to talk about the team's latest match-up and looks forward to the upcoming match-up. The show also features a different Titans player every week.

Past television game coverage
From 1990 until 1994, and again in 1997, Raycom Sports had broadcast rights to preseason games. WKRN, along with WMC-TV/Memphis, and WVLT-TV/Knoxville, were the three stations that ran those broadcasts in the 1997 preseason.

Current game coverage on television

All preseason games are broadcast over the Titans Preseason Network, which is a seasonal network with Nashville ABC affiliate WKRN-TV serving as the flagship. WKRN also has local over-the-air broadcast rights to any of the Titans’ appearances on ESPN’s Monday Night Football.

Since the start of the 1998 NFL season, the CBS Television Network is in charge of the AFC road games and most all-AFC games on Sunday afternoons. Anytime the Titans play host to an NFC team at Nissan Stadium, the team’s home venue, the game(s) are aired on Fox.

In the event of a Sunday night game assigned to the Titans regular season schedule, NBC provides nationwide coverage for the NBC Sunday Night Football games, including WSMV, which also has over-the-air simulcasting duties for any Titans game broadcast exclusively on NFL Network, including that network’s Saturday game specials in the latter few weeks of the season.

Starting in 2014, CBS began simulcasting the NFL Network’s Thursday Night Football games for weeks 2-9 of the regular season. Therefore, if the Titans appear in any Thursday Night Football games within those eight weeks of the season, the game will not only be on the NFL Network, but it’ll also be seen nationally on CBS, regardless of market area. Until 2014, any of the team’s appearances on TNF not simulcast on CBS are locally simulcast on Fox affiliate WZTV. In 2016, the TNF simulcast deal has extended to include NBC for weeks 11-16, with CBS remaining to simulcast TNF for weeks 2-6. From the 2018 to 2021 NFL seasons, TNF simulcasts are broadcast on Fox for weeks 2-14.

Additionally, in Canada, all of the Titans appearances on Monday Night Football are simulcast nationwide on ESPN’s Canadian sister cable channel, TSN and its French language counterpart, RDS, Réseau des sports. Sometimes, when the Titans are to appear in a late Sunday afternoon game against any NFL team based along the Canadian border (i.e. Seattle Seahawks, Detroit Lions, Buffalo Bills), the CTV Television Network may pick up Canadian broadcast rights to those games on a regional basis. All Canadian NFL broadcasts on CTV and TSN are subject to Simultaneous substitution. In some instances, anytime a Sunday regional coverage game involving the Titans on CBS or Fox that are broadcast on any local affiliates in Seattle, Buffalo, or Detroit, can be viewed anywhere in Canada via cable or Satellite television, as most of Canada’s cable and satellite television providers carry American television signals from those markets.

Television affiliates

Notes

See also
History of the Tennessee Titans
Tennessee Titans
Titans Preseason Football
Titans Radio Network
National Football League on television

References

External links
Titans Radio
Titans All Access
Tennessee Titans official website

broadcasters
Tennessee Titans announcers
American Football League announcers
Houston Oilers announcers


The 1988 College Football All-America team is composed of college football players who were selected as All-Americans by various organizations and writers that chose College Football All-America Teams in 1988. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recognizes five selectors as "official" for the 1988 season. They are: (1) the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA); (2) the Associated Press (AP) selected based on the votes of sports writers at AP newspapers; (3) the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA); (4) the United Press International (UPI) selected based on the votes of sports writers at UPI newspapers; and (5) the Walter Camp Football Foundation (WC).  Other notable selectors included Football News, the Gannett News Service, Scripps Howard (SH), and The Sporting News (TSN).

Offense

Quarterbacks

 Troy Aikman, UCLA (CFHOF)  (UPI-1, WC, GNS, TSN)
 Steve Walsh, Miami  (AP-1, FWAA, GNS)
 Rodney Peete, USC (AP-2; AFCA, GNS, SH)
 Major Harris, West Virginia (AP-3; GNS)

Running backs

 Barry Sanders, Oklahoma State  (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Anthony Thompson, Indiana (UPI-1, AP-2; FWAA, WC, TSN)
 Tim Worley, Georgia (AP-2; AFCA, FWAA, WC, GNS, SH)
 Darren Lewis, Texas A&M (AP-1, GNS, TSN)
 Cleveland Gary, Miami (Fla.) (AP-3; FN)
Tony Boles, Michigan (AP-3)

Wide receivers

 Hart Lee Dykes, Oklahoma State (AP-1, UPI-1, WC, SH, TSN)
 Jason Phillips, Houston (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, FWAA, SH)
 Erik Affholter, USC (AFCA, AP-2, TSN)
 Clarkston Hines, Duke (AP-2, FWAA)
 Naz Worthen, North Carolina State (GNS)
 Andre Rison, Michigan State (GNS)
 Boo Mitchell, Vanderbilt (AP-3)
 Kendal Smith, Utah State (AP-3)

Tight ends

 Marv Cook, Iowa (AFCA, AP-2, UPI-1, GNS)
 Troy Sadowski, Georgia (WC)
 Wesley Walls, Mississippi (AP-1)
 Walter Reeves, Auburn (TSN)
 Charles Arbuckle, UCLA (SH)
 Scott Galbraith, USC (AP-3)

Centers

 Jake Young, Nebraska (AP-1, FWAA)
 John Vitale, Michigan (UPI-1, AP-2; WC)
 Jeff Uhlenhake, Ohio State (TSN)
 Bern Brostek, Washington (GNS)
 Jeff Garnica, North Carolina (AP-3)

Offensive guards

 Anthony Phillips, Oklahoma (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC)
 Mike Utley, Washington State (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, FWAA, SH)
 Mark Stepnoski, Pittsburgh (AFCA, AP-2; FWAA, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Steve Wisniewski, Penn State (AFCA, GNS, TSN)
 Rick Phillips, West Virginia (AP-2 [OT]; SH)
 Joe Wolf, Boston College (AP-2)
 Freddie Childress, Arkansas (AP-3)
 John Stroia, West Virginia (AP-3)

Offensive tackles

 Tony Mandarich, Michigan State (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Andy Heck, Notre Dame (AP-1, UPI-1, TSN)
 Pat Tomberlin, Florida State  (AP-2, WC, SH)
 Tom Ricketts, Pittsburgh (GNS)
 Kevin Haverdink, Western Michigan (AP-3)
 Jim Thompson, Auburn (AP-3)

Defense

Defensive ends

 Bill Hawkins, Miami  (AFCA, WC, SH)
 Frank Stams, Notre Dame (AP-1, UPI-1)
 Trace Armstrong, Florida (GNS, TSN)

Defensive tackles

 Mark Messner, Michigan (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Tracy Rocker, Auburn (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Wayne Martin, Arkansas (AP-1, UPI-1, FWAA, TSN)
 Tim Ryan, USC (FWAA)
 Dave Haight, Iowa (WC)
 Benji Roland, Auburn (TSN [NG])

Linebackers

 Broderick Thomas, Nebraska (AFCA, AP-1 [DE], FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Derrick Thomas, Alabama (CFHOF) (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
 Michael Stonebreaker, Notre Dame (CFHOF) (AP-1, FWAA, WC, GNS, SH)
 Keith DeLong, Tennessee (AP-1 UPI-1, GNS, TSN)
 Percy Snow, Michigan State (TSN)
 Carnell Lake, UCLA (FWAA)
 Britt Hager, Texas (AFCA, SH)
 Jerry Olsavsky, Pittsburgh (AFCA)

Defensive backs

 Deion Sanders, Florida State (CFHOF)  (AFCA, AP-1, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH)
 Donnell Woolford, Clemson (AFCA, FWAA, UPI-1, WC, GNS, SH, TSN)
  Darryl Henley, UCLA (AFCA, UPI-1, WC, SH, TSN)
 Louis Oliver, Florida  (AFCA, AP-1, WC, SH)
 Markus Paul, Syracuse (AP-1, FWAA, TSN)
 Mark Carrier, USC (UPI-1)
 Greg Jackson, LSU (GNS)
 Bubba McDowell, Miami (Fla) (GNS)

Special teams

Kickers

 Kendall Trainor, Arkansas  (AFCA, AP-1, UPI-1, WC, SH, TSN)
 Chris Jacke, UTEP (FWAA, GNS)

Punters

 Keith English, Colorado (AP-1, UPI-1, WC, GNS, TSN)
 Pat Thompson, BYU (AFCA, FWAA, SH)

Returners

 Tyrone Thurman, Texas Tech (AP-1)
 James Henry, Southern Mississippi (TSN)

Key

Official selectors

Other selectors

See also
 1988 All-Big Eight Conference football team
 1988 All-Big Ten Conference football team
 1988 All-Pacific-10 Conference football team
 1988 All-SEC football team

References

All-America Team
College Football All-America Teams


Aleksei Yuryevich Yepifanov (; born 21 July 1983) is a former Russian professional footballer. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 2002 for FC Rotor Volgograd.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Russian men's footballers
FC Rotor Volgograd players
FC Ural Yekaterinburg players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Baltika Kaliningrad players
FC Zvezda Irkutsk players
FC Sodovik Sterlitamak players
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FK Atlantas players
JK Sillamäe Kalev players
Russian Premier League players
A Lyga players
Meistriliiga players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania
Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Estonia
Expatriate men's footballers in Estonia
Men's association football defenders
FC Amkar Perm players
FC Avangard Kursk players
FC Sever Murmansk players


The New Theatre was an Off-Broadway theatre in New York City that was active during the 1960s and 1970s. Co-founded by Sybil Christopher and located at 154 E 54th St, the theatre opened in 1964 with the American premiere of Ann Jellicoe's The Knack. Several notable productions premiered at the theatre including Mary Rodgers's The Mad Show (1966) and Roderick Cook's musical revue of Noël Coward songs Oh, Coward! (1972). The theatre closed in 1974.

External links
New Theatre at the Off-Broadway database

1964 establishments in New York City
1974 disestablishments in New York (state)
Off-Broadway theaters


Advent Film Group (Advent) is an independent Christian film production and distribution company founded in 2007 by George D. Escobar and Michael Snyder. The company trains young Christians to be filmmakers. Advent's films include the 2009 drama Come What May, which starred Kenneth Jezek and his wife, Karen Jezek, and the 2014 drama Alone yet Not Alone, which was a work-for-hire project for Enthuse Entertainment.

Advent Film Group has been endorsed by Michael Farris, founder and chancellor of Patrick Henry College (PHC); Graham Walker, president of PHC; and Michael Smith, president of Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA).

History

Founding
When George Escobar (former Vice President of Product Development for Discovery, Executive Director for AOL/Time Warner) attended the 2006 San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival, he met and spoke with Stephen Kendrick, co-founder of Sherwood Pictures (Courageous, Fireproof, Facing the Giants). In January 2007, Escobar founded Advent Film Group, basing out of northern Virginia.

Come What May
Their first feature film, Come What May (formerly Moot Courting), was a collaborative effort between Advent and PHC. The story follows two PHC students who attempt to overturn Roe v. Wade at the American Collegiate Moot Court Association National Championship. Forty homeschooled students served on the cast and crew alongside a handful of industry professionals. Students learned not only about production, but also the business, legal, financial, marketing, and distribution process involved in making and releasing a full-length movie.

Come What May was released on DVD in the spring of 2009, and, due to its strong anti-abortion message, quickly became a popular film for church screenings.

Alone yet Not Alone
Advent's first for-hire project was Alone yet Not Alone, produced by Enthuse Entertainment and co-produced by Advent founders, George Escobar (who also co-wrote and co-directed the film) and Michael Snyder. Alone yet Not Alone is based on the true story of Barbara and Regina Leininger, who were taken captive by the Delaware Indians in 1755 during the French and Indian War. The novelization of the story, upon which the film is based, was written by a descendant of the Leiningers, Tracy Leininger Craven. Principal photography took place at historical locations in Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania.

Alone yet Not Alone received a limited release on September 27, 2013, on 11 screens across the country through a unique distribution platform, Seazty, founded in 2013. Seatzy posts information and trailers about its films on its website, encouraging movie-goers to reserve tickets several weeks in advance. If 500 tickets are pre-sold in a certain area, Seatzy uses the guaranteed ticket sales to entice a local theater into showing the movie for at least one week. In this limited, week-long release, Alone Yet Not Alone garnered one of the best per-screen averages for an independent, faith-based film, due to its pre-sold tickets.

In January 2014, Alone yet Not Alone received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song. The titular song, written by 10-time Emmy Award-winning composer, Bruce Broughton (who previously received an Oscar nomination for Silverado) and Dennis Spiegel, is sung by quadriplegic inspirational speaker, Joni Eareckson Tada. Two weeks after the nomination, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences rescinded the nomination, claiming Broughton had violated ethics rules by emailing voters about the song prior to the nomination. The controversial decision by the Academy drew some accusations that the film was targeted for being both small-budget and Christian, as proponents of other Oscar-nominated projects have engaged in similar behavior to no consequence.

Alone yet Not Alone received a wide release on June 13, 2014, across 103 screens nationally, finishing fourteenth in nationwide box office sales on its opening weekend and third in average per screen box office sales.

Current projects

Hero
Advent’s most recently released film is Hero (formerly One Good Man). Co-written and directed by Manny Edwards, the family-friendly movie follows Little League coach Joe Finn (Burgess Jenkins), whose broken relationship with his son fills him with determination to make a difference in the lives of the fathers and sons in his town. He forms a youth baseball team designed to involve both fathers and sons in a common effort; Joe’s persistent actions affect everyone from the local prison inmates to fathers and sons in neighboring towns.

Eighty cast and crewmembers, along with 250 families and volunteers, converged on Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for three weeks of principal photography and a week for pickups and reshoots.

The Screenwriters
The Screenwriters (formerly Writers’ Block) is a full-length feature film and the inaugural film of Advent’s Advent Associates Film Program, which seeks to advance the careers of young filmmakers by putting those who have worked on previous Advent productions in leadership positions. The story follows two 1940s screenwriters, down-and-out veteran, Stu Harvey (Jeff Rose ), and eager newcomer, Chip Leninskovich (Jason Burkey ), who have 24 hours to write a full-length screenplay or be fired. The screenplay was written by 18-year-old Elizabeth Stinnette based on a story by George Escobar  and filmed in Purcellville, Virginia on a production budget of $20,000.

Filmography
Alone yet Not Alone (2014)
Hero (2014)
The Screenwriters (post-production)
Red September (in development)

References

External links
 Official website

Film production companies of the United States
Christian film production companies


The Huanchaca mouse or Huanchaca akodont  (Juscelinomys huanchacae) is a rodent species in the family Cricetidae. It is known from savannas in an area at an elevation of  in Serrania Huanchaca, Noel Kempff Mercado National Park in eastern Bolivia.

Description
The Huanchaca mouse is a fairly uniform olive-brown colour, the pelage being about  in length along the spine. The individual hairs on the back and flanks have grey bases, dark shafts and either black or yellowish tips. The ventral pelage is grey or yellowish buff. The sides of the muzzle and the chin are pale and the ears are well clad with short, pale-tipped hairs and fringed with pale-coloured hairs. The feet are clad with dark hairs with whitish tips. The tail is well-covered with stiff, dark-coloured hairs on the upper surface and paler hairs underneath.

Distribution and habitat
This mouse is endemic to eastern Bolivia. It has a rather small range, with  between the most widely separated of the four localities from which it is known, all of which are in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park. The type locality is in wet, tussocky savanna with scattered dwarf trees on the Huanchaca Plateau at . Other localities include better-drained grassland with shrubs and trees on the slopes below the plateau at .

Ecology
The Huanchaca mouse feeds on invertebrates, such as ants and insect larvae, and on some plant material. Females are often pregnant or lactating in the late dry season or at the start of the rainy season, but it may breed over a longer period as little sampling has taken place at other times of year. Litter sizes range from one to three. This mouse is quite easy to trap in a Sherman trap, but seems very prone to shed its tail, with many specimens having short tails or stumps. There seem to be large population swings; for example, in one location, the previously-present animal apparently disappeared for three years before reappearing. Such changes in population size  may lead to local extinctions.

Status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has described the conservation status of this species as "data deficient", because there is insufficient information available to make a proper assessment. The rough grassland where it occurs is threatened by cattle grazing, and some surrounding areas are being cultivated for the production of biofuels, putting the future of this mouse at risk.

References

External sources

 Animal Diversity Web

Juscelinomys
Rodents of South America
Mammals of Bolivia
Endemic fauna of Bolivia
Mammals described in 1999


Anders Blewett (born August 18, 1980 in Great Falls, MT) is an attorney and a Montana Democratic politician.  He was elected to the Montana House of Representatives in 2008 and the Montana Senate in 2010.

Blewett is an associate attorney at the law firm of Hoyt and Blewett PLLC, where he specializes in representing injured individuals in cases involving railroad FELA, railroad crossings, insurance bad faith, safe place to work, insurance, nuisances, environmental pollution,  medical malpractice, and wrongful death.
He is currently a resident of Great Falls, Montana.

Legislation
Among the bills Blewett sponsored which have passed into law include House Bill 315 which reduces taxes for low income retirees on pensions and “The Fair Arbitrators Act” which reforms Montana’s arbitration process by requiring arbitrators to make enhanced disclosures relating to conflicts of interest and prior arbitrations.  Blewett was also a co-sponsor of the 2009 Montana Stream Access Law.  The law, which protects the public's right to access Montana's rivers and streams from public bridges, was widely viewed as one of the most important bills passed in the 2009 legislature.

Since his election in 2008, Blewett has advocated for the removal of BNSF railcars from Montana's Missouri River corridor. His efforts have been supported by the editorial board of the Great Falls Tribune.  In April 2010, BNSF indicated it would remove half of the stored railcars from the Missouri River Corridor.

Blewett has also introduced legislation which would impose stricter penalties on owners of vicious dogs in rural areas.

Football career
Blewett played football at Harvard University where he lettered two years and started at placekicker on Harvard’s 2001 Ivy League Championship team.  He also played arena football for the Billings Outlaws helping the Outlaws win the 2006 National Indoor Football League Championship.

Family politics
Anders Blewett is the fourth member of his family to serve in the Montana House of Representatives.  Blewett’s grandfather, Alex Blewett Jr., a  Republican from Great Falls, served in the Montana House of Representatives as a Republican in 1961 and 1963.  In 1963, he served as Republican Majority Leader of the State House.  In 1964, he unsuccessfully challenged Democratic incumbent Mike Mansfield for the U.S. Senate.  Blewett’s great grandfather, Alexander Blewett Sr., a Republican from Butte, served in the Montana House of Representatives in 1931, 1943, 1945, 1947, and 1951.   Blewett’s great uncle, Paul Friedl, a Democrat from Glasgow, served in the Montana House of Representatives in 1939 and 1941.

References

External links
House of Representatives – Anders Blewett official MT State Legislature website
Hoyt and Blewett Law Firm homepage

Living people
Members of the Montana House of Representatives
Montana state senators
1980 births
Politicians from Great Falls, Montana
Harvard University alumni
University of Montana alumni
Harvard Crimson football players
Billings Outlaws players


PBCC may refer to:

 Plymouth Brethren Christian Church
 Palm Beach Community College
 Pakistan Blind Cricket Council
 PowerBASIC Console Compiler
 Punjab Boards Committee of Chairmen, see Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rawalpindi
 Parkersburg Correctional Center, see West Virginia Division of Corrections
 Putney Bridge Canoe Club


The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) is an RKO Radio Pictures film starring Preston Foster and directed by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack, creators of the original King Kong. Although inspired by the novel of the same name by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the film has nothing to do with the book. Indeed, a Foreword appearing after the film's opening credits states, "Although...the characters and plot have no relation to those in the novel by Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, acknowledgement is made of his description of Pompeii which has inspired the physical setting of this picture." This story of Marcus, a man whose life is touched at various points by Christ and his followers, is impossible, because of the dates. Flavius is a small boy when Jesus heals him and a young man when Vesuvius erupts in 79 AD—46 years later. According to TCM, few critics complained about it at the time.

Plot
In the time of Jesus Christ, blacksmith Marcus is content with his life, beautiful wife Julia and six-month-old son Flavius. When Julia and their child are run down by a chariot in the streets of Pompeii, Marcus spends the little money he has to pay for a doctor and medicine. Needing more, in desperation, he becomes a gladiator. He wins his fight, but his wife and child still die. Blaming his poverty, he becomes an embittered professional gladiator and grows wealthier with each victory. Marcus adopts Flavius, a boy whose father Marcus killed in the arena. An injury ends Marcus career as a gladiator and he takes a job working for Cleon, a slave trader.

Marcus raids an African village for slaves, where a father battles Marcus raiders until his young son's life is threatened and he is forced to surrender. Marcus identifies with the father's grief at being unable to protect his son. He stops slaving and turns to trading instead.

Marcus rescues a fortune teller, who foretells that Flavius will be saved by the greatest man in Judea. Marcus and Flavius travel to Jerusalem to see the man that Marcus thinks fits that description: Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor. At an inn along the way, a man tells him that the greatest man is staying in the stable, but Marcus does not believe him.

Pilate employs Marcus to lead a band of cutthroats to raid the chief of the Ammonites. Marcus comes away with many fine horses and much treasure, but finds that Flavius has been thrown from a horse and is near death. Marcus takes the boy to a noted healer and begs for his help. The healer is Jesus, who saves Flavius's life. When Marcus later reports back to Pilate with his share of the treasure, he finds Pilate has sentenced Christ to death.

As Marcus leaves the city, one of the apostles begs him to rescue Jesus, carrying his cross through the streets, but Marcus refuses. As Marcus and Flavius leave Jerusalem, they see three crosses on Calvary behind them.

Years pass. Marcus has grown wealthy as the head of the arena in Pompeii. One day, Marcus welcomes Pontius Pilate as a guest to his lavish home. When Flavius, now a young man, mentions his childhood memories of being healed by a man who preached love and compassion, Marcus assures him that there was no such person. The still-remorseful Pilate insists there was such a man, but he crucified him. The memory of the three crosses on the hill comes flooding back to Flavius.

Flavius is arrested and sentenced to die for secretly helping slaves escape from his father's arena. As he is herded into the arena to fight with the others, Mount Vesuvius erupts. As Marcus wanders stunned through the streets, he sees the jailer who refused to release Flavius trying to free his own son from the rubble. The dying man begs Marcus for mercy for his son. Marcus angrily refuses, but then remembers begging Jesus for mercy for Flavius and rescues the boy. Marcus sees his faithful servant Burbix leading a group of slaves carrying his treasure on litters. He orders them to use the litters to rescue the injured instead. As they get to a ship, Marcus sees that one of those saved is Flavius and offers a prayer of thanksgiving. The prefect and his men try to get through a gate to take the ship for themselves. Marcus holds the gate shut, giving the boat enough time to get away at the cost of his life. He has a vision of Christ reaching out to him just before he dies.

Cast
 Preston Foster as Marcus
 Alan Hale as Burbix
 Basil Rathbone as Pontius Pilate
 John Wood as adult Flavius
 David Holt as young Flavius
 Louis Calhern as Prefect (Allus Martius)
 Dorothy Wilson as Clodia, a slave Flavius rescues and falls in love with
 Frank Conroy as Gaius Tanno
 William V. Mong as Cleon, The Slave Dealer
 Murray Kinnell as Simon, The Judean Peasant
 Henry Kolker as Warder
 Edward Van Sloan as Calvus
 Zeffie Tilbury as The Wise Woman
 Ward Bond as Murmex of Carthage, the gladiator who defeats Marcus
 Edwin Maxwell as The Augur
 Jason Robards Sr. as The Tax Gatherer
 Wyrley Birch as Leaster
 Gloria Shea as Julia

Production
According to a blurb in the January 23, 1934, issue of The New York Times, the film was originally supposed to be filmed in color.

Reception
The Last Days of Pompeii appeared to be a moderate box-office success upon its release in 1935, but RKO ultimately lost $237,000 after the film's first theatrical run. However, the picture finally made a profit for the studio following its 1949 re-release, when it shared a double bill with the re-release of another 1935 production, Cooper and Schoedsack's adventure fantasy film She.

Andre Sennwald reviewed the picture for The New York Times in October 1936, praising  the "historical fable" as "an entertaining fiction of its own…" despite the fact that History makes Mr. Foster quite an ancient gaffer and his adopted son a romantic juvenile of advanced years…(The) authors bring the catastrophic date forward about thirty years, a kindness for which we should be grateful since… (the film) is a shade too long for complete comfort. Although it is persuasively staged and excitingly narrated, the work is rather more absorbing in its straightforward melodrama than in the later phases when the defiant gladiator is getting religion. In its discussion of Pilate the film… declares that Pilate was forever haunted by the memory of the innocent and kindly man who died on Calvary. In one of the film's most effective scenes the stricken procurator tells Marcus's idealistic son about the Galilean and concludes his recital with the cold remark, "I crucified Him." The picture always remains in good taste. This is, in fact, an ably managed historical work up to the time when it begins to bludgeon the moral and to drag in a foolish little romance. But the hero of the occasion is Basil Rathbone, whose Pilate is a fascinating aristocrat, scornful in his hauteur and sly in his reasoning.

In October 2003, writing for TCM Jay S. Steinberg observed. "There are plenty of flavorful supporting efforts in the film, including those of Louis Calhern as the treacherous prefect, but Rathbone essentially walks away with the picture in a role that took all of a week to shoot. In turns contemptuous and conflicted, Rathbone gave Pilate perhaps the richest shadings of anyone to ever assay the part onscreen."

Some of the footage of Rome was re-used in the 1952 George Bernard Shaw adaptation Androcles and the Lion.

References

External links

1935 films
1930s historical drama films
American historical drama films
American black-and-white films
Films based on The Last Days of Pompeii
Films directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack
Films directed by Merian C. Cooper
Films set in ancient Rome
Films set in the Roman Empire
Films set in 79 AD
Pompeii in popular culture
RKO Pictures films
American disaster films
Films about volcanoes
Films about gladiatorial combat
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
1935 drama films
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


Galgorm is a townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, about 1 km west of Ballymena. It is part of the civil parish of Ahoghill. Administratively, it is in the Borough of Ballymena.

The townland encompasses the village of Galgorm and much of the area between Ballymena and Galgorm itself. It is bordered by the townlands of Artibrannan to the north, Lisnafillon and Fenaghy to the west and Ballykennedy to the south. It is on the River Main. The village itself sits predominantly where the Galgorm Road, Sand Road and Fenaghy Roads meet and it has a small number of independent businesses and shops

On the outskirts of Galgorm and just prior to the old Moravian settlement of Gracehill sits the old Gallahers/JTI plant, which when vacated became an extension of Wrightbus, a major employer in the Ballymena Area. Wrightbus was taken over by JCB in early 2020 and remains a large employer in the area

The majority of the townland is from a Protestant background and for the best part is a residential extension of Ballymena, a central Northern Ireland shopping town. The townland has two separate Orange Order lodges, Galgorm Loyal Orange Lodge and Galgorm Parks Loyal Orange Lodge

The boundaries for the townland are the previous estate boundaries of Galgorm Castle which was constructed in 1618 by Sir Faithful Fortescue and is recognised as one of the finest examples of early Jacobean architecture in Ireland. Fortescue sold it in 1645 to Dr. Alexander Colville, from whom it passed to his son Sir Robert Colville, and later by descent to Earl Mount Cashell. The grounds and castle have been used for filming and TV projects, including The Frankenstein Chronicles featuring Sean Bean. The castle itself is now on the site of Galgorm Castle Golf Club, home to the Northern Ireland Open.

In September 2020, the course hosted the Irish Open after the event was rescheduled and moved from Mount Juliet Golf & Spa Hotel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

References

Townlands of County Antrim
Irish Open (golf) venues


The Connecticut State Universities (CSU) are part of the Connecticut State Colleges & Universities, the largest public higher education system in Connecticut, and the second largest in New England. The four comprehensive state universities enroll almost 35,000 students and 180,000 alumni. The first of the universities to be founded was Central Connecticut State University, established in 1849 as a normal school for teacher education. Over time the other three institutions were founded as normal schools and in 1959 they were converted into state colleges to reflect their expanded mission. From their founding until 1965, they were overseen by the Connecticut State Department of Education.  In 1965 the General Assembly transferred control of the then-colleges to an independent board of trustees. In 1983, the four institutions were converted into universities, together constituting the Connecticut State University System.

The universities are governed by the Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education, established in 2011 to license and accredit the institutions and their programs, approve budgets, support planning, and coordinate technology operations. The president of the Board is Mark E. Ojakian. The Connecticut State University System Foundation, provides financial support from private donations to assist the missions of the universities.

The system publishes a regular magazine, Universe, highlighting the academic and civic initiatives of the universities, and a semi-annual journal of contemporary literature and essays known as the Connecticut Review that was founded in 1967 by the Board of Trustees.

The four universities – Central, Eastern, Southern and Western – offer graduate and undergraduate programs in more than 160 subject areas.  Ninety-three percent of students are in-state residents and 86% of system graduates reside in Connecticut after graduation. The universities have experienced steady growth in recent years, as full-time enrollment is currently at an all-time high, and overall enrollment is at the highest level in the past two decades.

Campuses

History
Central Connecticut is the oldest public institution of higher education in Connecticut. It was established in 1849 as a "normal school", an institution whose sole purpose was to train teachers. The three other CSU institutions also were established as normal schools: Eastern Connecticut in 1889, Southern Connecticut State University in 1893 and Western Connecticut in 1903.

In 1959, the four institutions were renamed "state colleges" to reflect their expanded curricula and missions.

Twenty-four years later, in 1983, the colleges became universities in recognition of their greater mission and strategies. Today, the Connecticut State University System is the largest public university system in Connecticut.

From 1849 to 1965, the four institutions were administered by the Connecticut State Department of Education. On July 30, 1965, the state General Assembly created the Board of Trustees to oversee the colleges and to guide them to more effectively to serve the public. The Connecticut State University System was established in 1983, bringing together the four state universities under a single board of trustees.

Public Act 11–48 and Public Act 11–61 enacted in 2011 consolidated governance under the Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education, which serves as the board of trustees when required under statute. The Connecticut University System remains a legal entity under Connecticut law, but the four institutions are considered to be a part of the larger system of the Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (ConnSCU).

See also
List of colleges and universities in Connecticut
Connecticut Community Colleges
University of Connecticut

References

External links

Catalog of the CSU Libraries and Connecticut State Library

Public university systems in the United States
Public education in Connecticut

.
Educational institutions established in 1849
1849 establishments in Connecticut