The International Teletraffic Congress (ITC) is the first international conference in networking science and practice. It was created in 1955 by Arne Jensen to initially cater to the emerging need to understand and model traffic in telephone networks using stochastic methodologies, and to bring together researchers with these considerations as a common theme. Up through World War II, teletraffic research was done mainly by engineers and
mathematicians working in telephone companies. Most of their work was published in local or company journals. In 1955, however, the field acquired a formal, international, institutional structure, with the organization of the
first International Teletraffic Congress (ITC).

Over the years, it has broaden its scope to address a wide spectrum ranging from the mathematical theory of traffic processes, stochastic system modelling and analysis, traffic and performance measurements, network management, traffic engineering to network capacity planning and cost optimization, including network economics and reliability for various types of networks. ITC served as a forum for all theoretical fundamentals and engineering practices for large-scale deployment and operation of telecommunications networks. Since its inception, ITC witnessed the evolution of communications and networking: the influence of computer science on telecommunication, the advent of the Internet and the massive deployment of mobile communications and optics, the appearance of peer-to-peer networking and social networks, the ever increasing speed and flexibility of new communication technologies, networks, user devices, and applications, and the ever changing operation challenges arising from this development. ITC documented this evolution with contemporary measurement studies, performance analyses of new technologies, recommendations for provisioning and configuration, and greatly contributed to the methodological toolbox of network scientists.

Today, with its conferences, specialist seminars, regional seminars, training courses and publications, the ITC aims at a worldwide forum for all questions related to network and service performance, management, and assessment, both present and futuristic. The notion of traffic is broadly used to encompass data traffic from the MAC layer all the way to application traffic in the application layer. The scope of ITC is thus ranging all issues embedding operations, design, planning, economics and performance analysis of current and emerging communication networks and services, to be addressed by applying a variety of tools from different fields, such as Stochastic Processes, Information theory, Control theory, Signal and Processing, Game theory and optimization techniques, Statistical methodologies and Artificial Intelligence techniques. The target audience of such issues is experts from research organizations, universities, equipment vendors and suppliers, network operators, service providers, system integrators and international technical organizations, guaranteeing a well-balanced contribution from theory, application, and practice. The general goal remains to bring researchers and practitioners together toward operational understanding of all types of current and future networks.

The ITC is ruled by the International Advisory Council (IAC) which gathers a number of technical experts, from universities and the research arms of key corporations in the industry, from countries having a strong tradition in teletraffic development. The IAC responsibilities are to disseminate information on teletraffic which is of interest for the whole community and:

to select the locations of Plenary Congresses and to ensure their high-level technical programme
to support Specialist Seminars on specific topics of current interest
to promote Regional Seminars for the dissemination of teletraffic concepts in developing countries
to facilitate the liaison activity with the ITU through participation in the standardization process and in the Development Programme

The technical program and the organization of each ITC event remains within the responsibilities of the hosting country, but with significant IAC support to guarantee that the event is consistent with the quality standards established during the previous congresses.

The ITC Plenary Congresses were scheduled tri-annually from 1955 until 1995 when the interval became bi-annual to account for the ever-accelerating development of network technologies, products and services and the associated dramatic increases in network demands. Similarly, to better cover the impact of dramatic changes undergoing in the field of computer and communication systems, networks and usage, it has been decided to hold the Plenary Congress on an annual basis from 2009.

Content
Teletraffic science is the traditional term for all theoretical fundamentals and engineering practices to describe data flows in telecommunication networks, the performance of the usage of network resources, procedures for sizing of resources and engineering the networks for given traffic load and quality of service requirements. For more than 50 years of the 20th century, traffic or teletraffic has been identified primarily with telephone networks. With the huge development of computers, stored program control of network nodes and computer communication, the traditional teletraffic science field naturally extended to computer networks, mobile and wireless/optical networks, and for a wide spectrum of new applications. The convergence between the voice network, the Internet, the television and mobility raised new questions that request new models and tools to be developed. In addition, the development of community networks, home networking, multiple access networking technologies, and the advent of pervasive and ambient communications dictates new challenges to be addressed.
Today, ITC addresses the emerging paradigms such as an increasing diversity of distributed applications and services over various media like mobile/optical networks, enabling new markets and economy.

ITC has steered the evolutions in communications since its creation in 1955 and remains at the forefront of innovation regarding modeling and performance. The scientific roots of communications traffic are based on the theory of probability and stochastic processes, modelling and performance evaluation. Modelling is the key for the mathematical description and quantitative performance analysis. Traffic flows are described by stochastic processes with complex dependencies which have to be validated by traffic measurements. Modelling also includes operational properties of resource control reflected by service strategies such as queueing disciplines, admission control, and routing. The results of such performance analyses are used for resource dimensioning (sizing), resource management, and network optimization while providing targeted Quality of Service. Teletraffic science is closely related to methods of operation research (queueing theory, optimization, forecasting) and computational sciences (simulation technology distributed systems).

In this context, ITC represents a wide community of researchers and practitioners and is regularly organizing events like Congresses, Specialist Seminars and Workshops in order to discuss the latest changes in the modelling, design and performance of communication systems, networks and services.

The evolution of technologies of the 20th century
ITC has been witnessing the change of communication and networking technologies which are reflected in the proceedings and programs of the congresses. The specialist seminars and the motto of the congresses thereby reflect the hot topics of that time and the evolution. Selected topics of the 70's, 80's and 90's were
 1998: Traffic Issues related to Multimedia and Nomadic Communications
 1995: Traffic Modeling and Measurement in Broadband and Mobile Communications
 1990: Broadband Technologies: Architectures, Applications, Control and Performance
 1986: ISDN Traffic Issues
 1984: Fundamentals of Teletraffic Theory
 1977: Modeling of SPC Exchanges and Data Networks

Recent topics in the 21st century
With the rise of the Internet, new networking paradigms and technologies but also new challenges emerged:
 2020: Teletraffic in the era of beyond-5G and AI
 2019: Networked Systems and Services
 2018: Teletraffic in the Smart World
 2017: Ubiquitous, software-based, and sustainable networks and services
 2016: Digital Connected World
 2015: Traffic, Performance and Big Data
 2014: Towards a Sustainable World
 2013: Energy Efficient and Green Networking
 2010: Multimedia Applications - Traffic, Performance and QoE
 2009: Network Virtualization - Concepts and Performance
 2008: Future Internet Design and Experimental Facilities
 2008: Quality of Experience
 2002: Internet Traffic Engineering and Traffic Management

Arne Jensen Lifetime Achievement Awards
The Arne Jensen Lifetime Award has been created in memory of Arne Jensen, Founder of the International Teletraffic Congress (ITC) and Chair of the International Advisory Council (IAC) from its inception in 1955 until 1991. The Award is presented at ITCs to an individual who has provided exceptional contribution to traffic modeling, control and performance, and dedication to the teletraffic community.

 ITC 32 (Osaka, 2020): Hiroshi Saito
 ITC 31 (Budapest, 2019): Ulf Körner
 ITC 30 (Vienna, 2018): Luigi Fratta
 ITC 29 (Genoa, 2017): Hans van den Berg
 ITC 28 (Würzburg, 2016): Phuoc Tran-Gia
 ITC 27 (Ghent, 2015): Prosper Chemouil
 ITC 26 (Karlskrona, 2014): Onno J. Boxma
 ITC 25 (Shanghai, 2013): -none-
 ITC 24 (Cracow, 2012): Debasis Mitra
 ITC 23 (San Francisco, 2011): Villy-Baek Iversen
 ITC 22 (Amsterdam, 2010): James W. Roberts
 ITC 21 (Paris, 2009): Paul J. Kühn

Before ITC 21, the Award was referred to as IAC Lifetime Achievement Awards. The prize was established at the ITC 15 in Washington in 1997.
 ITC 20 (Ottawa, 2007): Jim O’Shaughnessy
 ITC 19 (Beijing, 2005): Minoru Akiyama, Clemens Pratt
 ITC 18 (Berlin, 2003): Leendert Cornelis (Leen) Kosten, Pierre Le Gall, Ryszard Syski
 ITC 15 (Washington D.C., 1997): J.W. Cohen, P.J. Burke, Alfred Descloux

ITC Conferences and Proceedings
The proceedings of the ITC conferences are available in the ITC Digital Library: http://itc-conference.org/itc-library.html

See also
Communication
Teletraffic engineering
Global Communications Conference

References

Sources
Official ITC website

Teletraffic


Churchdown railway station was situated on the main line between Gloucester and Cheltenham Spa.  It served Churchdown and surrounding areas.

History

thumb|Up holiday express from Torbay near Churchdown in 1957
The railway line between Cheltenham and  opened on 4 November 1840, the final section of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (B&G) which had been authorised in 1836. At first, there were no intermediate stations, but on 9 August 1842 the first station at Churchdown was opened by the B&G; it proved to be temporary, being closed again on 27 September. Less than a year later, on 22 August 1843, a station opened closer to Cheltenham at nearby . Both stations were built in response to request from the residents of Badgeworth for a station closer than Cheltenham or Gloucester; Churchdown was the first choice of the railway company since it was closer to the half-way point between the two towns.

The permanent station at Churchdown was opened on 2 February 1874, and was the joint property of the Midland Railway (successor to the B&G) and the Great Western Railway, who had shared the line since 1847.

The station closed on 2 November 1964, as part of the reshaping of British Railways  or more commonly known as the Beeching Axe by Dr Beeching.

The site of the station is  from Derby. Little remains of the station itself next to what is now Station Close, but through traffic continues on the line.

References

Further reading

Disused railway stations in Gloucestershire
Former Midland Railway stations
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1842
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1842
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1874
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
Beeching closures in England
1842 establishments in England


was a Japanese medical doctor during the Russo-Japanese War noted for his work with the Red Cross.

Biography
Mikami was born in the village of Sai on the northern tip of Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture. His family had been doctors to the Morioka Domain of the Nambu clan for eight generations in the Edo period. In 1884, accompanied by his father Shikei, he went to Tokyo, where he enrolled at the Mita English School. While studying, Mikami was strongly influenced by the literature scholar, Shiken Morita. He quit school and became a reporter for the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper. After his father died in 1893, he resumed his medical studies, enrolling in the Tokyo Saisei Gakusha vocational school the following year. Two years later he passed the two examinations that allowed him to become a medical doctor.

In 1902, Mikami returned to his home village of Sai to devote himself to his medical practice. However, only two years later the Russo-Japanese War began, and Mikami volunteered for the Imperial Japanese Army, where he was assigned to the IJA 3rd Army’s Eighth Division as a medic. In January 1905, he was assigned to a field unit in Manchuria.
When his field hospital was surrounded by the Russian army and under threat of attack, Mikami made a crude hand-made flag with the Red Cross symbol from white triangular bandages and pieces of a red blanket. On seeing the flag, the Russians did not attack. Mikami was able to care for the wounded from both sides. The incident was popularized by the Red Cross as tangible proof of the humanitarian Geneva Convention.

After the Russo-Japanese War ended, Mikami commuted between Sai and Tokyo, committing himself to further study and his medical practice. He read a wide variety of books including medicine, politics, religion, history and literature. He mastered French with only a dictionary in order to realize his childhood dream of reading Les Misérables in its original language. He remained active in supporting the efforts of the Japanese Red Cross until his death in 1963.

In 1963, when the International Red Cross celebrated its hundredth anniversary in Geneva, Switzerland Mikami's flag was put on display.
Mikami’s Edo-period house in Sai Village has been preserved as a local history museum, and is open to the public from April 29 – October 31 annually.

References
Sai Village Board of Education. The Hand-Made Red Cross Flag Which Saved Lives. pamphlet
 Japanese Red Cross Society

People associated with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Japanese people of the Russo-Japanese War
1869 births
1964 deaths
Japanese military doctors
People of Meiji-period Japan
People from Aomori Prefecture


Since spam occurs primarily because it is so cheap to send, a proposed set of solutions require that senders pay some cost in order to send spam, making it prohibitively expensive for spammers.

Stamps

Some gatekeeper would sell electronic stamps and keep the proceeds. Or a micropayment, such as electronic money would be paid by the sender to the recipient or their ISP, or some other gatekeeper.

Proof-of-work systems

Proof-of-work systems such as hashcash and Penny Black require that a sender pay a computational cost by performing a calculation that the receiver can later verify.  Verification must be much faster than performing the calculation, so that the computation slows down a sender but does not significantly impact a receiver. The point is to slow down machines that send most of spam—often millions and millions of them. While every user that wants to send email to a moderate number of recipients suffers just a few seconds' delay, sending millions of emails would take an unaffordable amount of time.  This approach suffers when sender maintains a computation farm of their own or from zombies.

Bonds or Sender-at-risk

As a refinement to stamp systems is the method of requiring that a micropayment only be made (or some other form of penalty imposed) if the recipient considers the email to be abusive.  This addresses the principal objection to stamp systems: popular free legitimate mailing list hosts would be unable to continue to provide their services if they had to pay postage for every message they sent.

In 2004 Bill Gates announced that Microsoft was working on a solution requiring so-called “unknown senders”, i.e. senders not on the Accepted List of the recipient to post “the electronic equivalent of a” stamp whose value would be lost to the sender only if the recipient disapproves of the email.  Gates said that Microsoft favors other solutions in the short-term, but would rely on the contingent payment solution to solve the spam problem over the longer run. Microsoft, AOL as well as Yahoo! have recently introduced systems that allow commercial senders to avoid filters if they obtain a paid or pre-paid certificate or certification, which is lost to the sender if recipients complain.

This approach suffers when a user initially signs up for a legitimate mailing list, but then later decides they do not want to receive the e-mail any further. Lazy users will simply click the "This is Spam" button on their e-mail client, rather than going through the formal unsubscription process that is detailed at the bottom of each message. The end-user gets the same effect either way, but without realizing the consequences that the list host may now face. However, companies now implementing the penalty approach when certifying (and withdrawing certification from) commercial senders have learned to account for this problem by setting appropriate complaint thresholds.

The intent of all such "sender-at-risk" solutions, which impose a significant cost to the sender only if the recipient rejects the message subsequent to receiving the email, is to deter spam by making it economically prohibitive to send unwanted email messages, while allowing legitimate emailers to send messages at little or no expense.

Suing spammers

Anti-spam activist  Daniel Balsam attempts to make spamming less profitable by bringing lawsuits against spammers. While this approach is financially sustainable for the activist, it is questionable whether it actually reduces spam, either for the activist or for anyone else.

References

Spam filtering
Spamming
Anti-spam


Events in the year 1859 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar I (until 8 July); then Charles IV

Events

8 July – Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (as Charles IV)

Arts and literature

Notable births

28 January – Ambrosia Tønnesen, sculptor (died 1948).
5 April – Harald Smedal, politician and Minister (died 1911)
15 May – Olav Bjørkum, politician (died 1936)
23 June – Daniel Isaachsen, physicist (died 1940)
29 June – Ragnvald Bødtker, engineer (died 1946)
30 July – Christian Sparre, politician (died 1940)
4 August – Knut Hamsun, author, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (died 1952)
29 August – Thomas Vigner Christiansen Haaland, politician (died 1913)
7 October – Thorleif Frederik Schjelderup, businessperson (died 1931)
11 November – Belle Gunness, serial killer
15 November – Bjørn Bjørnson, actor and theatre director (died 1942)
15 November – Christopher Hornsrud, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (died 1960)
17 November – Fredrik Stang Lund, politician and Minister (died 1922)
23 December – Sigurd Ibsen, author and politician (died 1930)
27 December – Bernt Holtsmark, politician (died 1941)
27 December – Minda Ramm, novelist, translator and literary critic (died 1924).

Notable deaths

14 February – Ole Rasmussen Apeness, district sheriff, soldier, and farmer (b. 1765)
26 May – Engebret Soot, canal engineer (born 1786)
7 June – Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen, businessperson (born 1801)
27 August – Catharine Hermine Kølle, adventurer and painter (born 1788)
29 October – Nils Landmark, jurist, farmer and politician (born 1775)
19 December – Niels Arntzen Sem, politician (born 1782)
23 December – Even Hammer Holmboe, politician (born 1792)

Full date unknown
Michael Sevald Aamodt, politician (born 1784)

See also

References


Only Living Witness was an American metal band from Boston, Massachusetts, formed in 1989 by members of dissolved thrash metal band Formicide. Across two studio albums, they developed a groove-oriented hardcore punk-influenced heavy metal sound. The band split up in 1995.

Career
The band was formed in 1989 in Boston, Massachusetts, by Jonah Jenkins (vocals) and Eric Stevenson (drums, ex-Formicide). Stevenson's brother Kevin (guitar) and former Formicide bandmate Roy Costa (bass) completed the lineup. In 1991, Kevin Stevenson and Costa were replaced by Craig Silverman and Chris Crowley. Kevin Stevenson and Costa went on to form The Shods.

Only Living Witness released a few demos before being signed by Century Media Records. Their debut album, Prone Mortal Form, was released in 1993. The band performed concerts in 14 countries including Sweden, England, France, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic. In 1996, their follow-up CD Innocents was released, but the band had already split up.

Following the band's dissolution in 1995, Jonah Jenkins went on to perform the vocal duties in Miltown, Milligram and Raw Radar War. Guitarist Craig Silverman went on to play in bands Blood for Blood, Ramallah, Slapshot, and Agnostic Front.

Only Living Witness briefly reformed in 2008 for four reunion shows: June 14 and 21 at The Middle East in Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 22 in Clinton, Massachusetts, and the final show on August 30 in Eindhoven, Netherlands.

Eric Stevenson, the band's main composer and drummer, died on August 9, 2011, at the age of 43.

Legacy

Only Living Witness would prove to be influential to the wave of metalcore acts that also came out of Massachusetts some years later, like Killswitch Engage, Shadows Fall and Unearth.

In 2014, Shadows Fall's cover of the Only Living Witness song "December" was used in the soundtrack of the film Let's Be Cops.

Members
 Jonah Jenkins – vocals (1989–1995)
 Eric Stevenson – drums (1989–1995)
 Kevin Stevenson – guitar (1989–1991)
 Roy Costa – bass (1989–1991)
 Craig Silverman – guitar (1991–1995)
 Chris Crowley – bass (1991–1995)

US Reunion, Clinton, MA and Netherlands show 2008
Bob Maloney – bass guitar

Clinton, MA and Netherlands show 2008
Benny Grotto – drums

Discography

Demos
1990  Self-titled demo (audio cassette)

1992  Prone Mortal Form demo (audio cassette)

Singles
1991
 Complex Man 7" limited press of 1,000 copies (Look Again Records)

1995
 Freaklaw 7" limited press of 3,000 copies (Chainsaw Safety Records)

Compilation appearances
1991
 Planned Obsolescence compilation (RRRecords)
Have contributed with the track Bad Blood

1993
 East Coast Assault compilation (Too Damn Hype Records)
Have contributed with the track Twitching Tongues

1994
 Case Closed?: An International Compilation of Husker Du Cover Songs (Snoop Records)
Have contributed with the track Too Far Down

1995
 Bloodlines: The Seeds of Rebellion compilation (Century Media Records)
Have contributed with the track Deed's Pride

 Boston Hardcore '89-'91 (Taang! Records)
Have contributed with the track Bad Blood

References

Heavy metal musical groups from Massachusetts
Musical groups established in 1989


Leon Clarke (born 1985) is an English footballer.

Leon Clark(e) may also refer to:

 Leon Clarke (American football) (1933–2009), American football player
 Leon Pierce Clark (1870–1933), American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
 Leon Clark (basketball), American basketball player

See also
 William Leon Clark (1911–2005), Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force


Vince or Vincent Clark (or Clarke) may refer to:

Vince Clarke (born 1960), English musician
Vince Clarke (cricketer) (born 1971), English cricketer
Vin¢ Clarke (1922–1998), British science fiction fanwriter and editor
Vinnie Clark (born 1969), American football cornerback
Vince Clark, the main character in the British sitcom 15 Storeys High

See also
Vincent


{{Infobox person
| name        = Adolph Freiherr von Braun
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| image       = Aloys von Braun.jpg
| image_size  =
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| birth_name  =
| birth_date  =
| birth_place = Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia
| death_date  =
| death_place = Markt Aussee, (Bad Aussee), Austria
| death_cause =
| known       =
| nationality = Austrian
| occupation  = Director of the Emperor’s Cabinet’s Chancellery
|party        =
| spouse      = Friederike, Louise Borgnis
| children    =
| footnotes   =
}}

Adolph Aloys Freiherr von Braun  (17 June 1818 – 4 March 1904) was a diplomat and statesman who became one of the closest collaborators of the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria.  He was the Privy Councillor and Director of the Emperor’s Cabinet’s Chancellery (Hofrat und Chefs der Kabinetskanzlerei) from 1865-1899.

Education
Von Braun was born in a suburb of Bubna in Prague, Kingdom of Bohemia (today the Czech Republic).  He attended primary and high school in Prague and Pilsen, graduated with highest honours, and received the “Ring of the Emperor”.

1842 : Graduated in Law and Political Science at the Universities of Prague and Vienna.

1843 – 1848 : Studied at the University of Rome obtaining degrees in Mineralogy, Church Law and Italian.

Diplomatic career

1842 : Began internship at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Vienna.

1848 : Franz Joseph I succeeds his uncle Ferdinand I as Emperor of Austria at the age of 18. Count Felix Schwarzenberg, statesman who restored the Habsburg Empire as a European power following the revolution of 1848 appointed Minister President and Foreign Minister.1849 : Appointed Legation Attaché to Switzerland (Bern and Zurich)).

1849 : In April, Braun appointed Presidential Secretary of the Minister President and Foreign Minister of Austria, Count Felix Schwarzenberg.

1850-1851 :  Accompanied the Foreign Minister to conferences in Dresden and other German courts and was entrusted with special missions at this crucial historic moment for the Empire.

1851 :  Appointed as Legation Secretary to the Presidential Embassy in Frankfurt am Main as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Austria to Frankfurt am Main, Hessen Darmstadt and Hessen-Nassau.

1856  :  Promoted to the full tenure of Chargé d’Affairs (Geschäftsträger) at the Embassy in Frankfurt am Main.

1859 : Promoted to the rank of Legation Counsellor. Responsibilities as Chargé d’Affairs were extended to the Princely Courts of Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, Waldeck and Hessen-Homburg and to a special mission at the Grand Duchy of Baden.

1861 : Interim Head of the Office of German Affairs in Vienna before moving back to Frankfurt in August of the same year.

Work with Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria

1863 : Appointed Presidential Secretary of the Emperor during the Congress of the German Princes in Frankfurt am Main.

1865 : Called back to Vienna and appointed by the Emperor to become Privy Councillor and Director of His Cabinet’s Chancellery. Took oath on Nov.10, 1865. The very private relation between him and the Monarch commanded his absolute secrecy. At the end of 1865 his career as a diplomat ended and he took permanent residence in Vienna.

1866 : Battle of Königrätz, on 3 July – Defeat of the Austrian Monarchy against the Prussians. Dissolution of the German Confederation.1867 : Franz Joseph I became Constitutional Emperor1867 : The Emperor and his wife Elisabeth were invited by Napoleon III to visit the Paris World Exhibition (autumn). Braun was part of the retinue.

1867 : The Emperor’s brother Ferdinand Maximilian (Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico) was shot in Mexico.1869 : Napoleon III invited the Emperor Franz Joseph I to the opening of the Suez Canal  (planned by  Austrian Engineer Alois Negrelli and built by French Ferdinand de Lesseps). Braun traveled in the retinue of the Emperor who made the first pilgrimage of a Habsburg Monarch to the Holy Land since Friedrich III in 1430.  The route went through Constantinople, Jerusalem, Jaffa to Egypt.

1870 : Franz Joseph I revoked the Concordat with the Vatican.

1874 : Traveled with the Emperor to St.Petersburg to visit Tsar Alexander II of Russia.

1879 : Silver Wedding Anniversary of the Emperor.1889 : Death of Crown Prince Rudolf in Mayerling together with Baroness Mary Vetsera. von Braun wrote on behalf of the Emperor to the mother of 18-year-old Vetsera on 19 July 1889 to announce the tragic event and forward the Emperors condolences. (Letter in the Vienna National Library)

1898 : Assassination of the Empress Elisabeth in Geneva, Switzerland.1899 : von Braun went into retirement in December, at age 81.

Titles and decorations

1850-1851 : Received Knights Cross of the Albert Order (King of Saxony) and the Order of the Royal Württemberg Crown.

1861 : Received the Order of the Iron Crown Third Class for the services rendered that year.  Knighted (Ritter) (4.1.1861)

1863:  Knight’s Cross of the Order of Leopold.

1867 : Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold (Privy Councillor).

1868 : Distinguished with the title of k.k. Wirklichen Geheimen Rates.

1873 : Received knighthood and the Commander Cross of the Hungarian Royal Order of St.Stephan from the Emperor. Receives the title of Baron (Freiherr) (4.7.1873)

1975 : Honorary citizen of Bad Aussee, Austria.

1881 : Braun was appointed Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Kanzler des Goldenen Vlies) until his death.

1884 : “Braungasse” (Braun street) in Bad Aussee

1887 : Order of the Iron Crown first class.

1894 : Honorary Citizen of the city of Plan in Bohemia.

1896 : Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold.

1899 : Grand Cross with Diamonds of the Imperial Austrian Order of Leopold, one of the only four recipients of this honour.

1899 : Honorary Member of the Association of  Visual Artists of Vienna.

Further Interests
Braun's fondest interests were the study of natural sciences and particularly astronomy and mineralogy.  His fine collection of minerals and meteorites was donated to the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum) after his death. In one last transaction before the collapse of the Monarchy, the museum manages to purchase over the years 1906-07 the magnificent collection of Staatsrath Freiherr von Braun (totaling more than 2,500 items, doublets not included).

He was in close relation with the Austrian Geological Society and when the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition ended, one of the discovered islands was named after him “Braun Island”. This name can be found in old maps of the time.

His passion for music began in early childhood, and he proved to be an excellent pianist, singer and composer . In 1867, during an official reception offered by Napoleon III in the castle  Compiègne near Paris, Braun was asked by Empress Eugénie to play the piano and to sing.  Princess Pauline de Metternich describes this moment in her book “My years in Paris”. (""... The Empress asked Baron Braun, our Emperor's chef de cabinet to give us a concert. She had heard it told that he had a beautiful bariton voice. When the Emperor saw this he asked me what her intentions regarding Baron Braun were. I answered his Majesty: "Sire, the Empress has asked him to sing." The Emperor leapt up and with real terror in his voice begged me: " I hope after all that he will not accept!" I answered, not without some cruelty: "But certainly, Sire, he has the most beautiful voice in the world and sings admirably." - "Not possible," answered the Emperor "It would be heart-breaking were he to make a fool of himself!" I tried to reassure his Majesty to the best of my ability. The Baron Braun did not'' make a fool of himself; he sang most beautifully and was applauded enthusiastically by everyone present. The Emperor was immensely relieved, and apparently delighted by this discovery."" )

He developed personal relationships and correspondence with musicians such as Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana. The whole family was intensely involved in the musical life.  They had a permanent Loge at the Vienna State Opera (Loge 13 Parterre).

Braun spoke fluent German, Czech, French, Italian and English and had extensive knowledge of the numerous languages spoken in the Austrian Empire.

Personal life
 Parents:  Wenzel Braun (1785-1826) and Constantia Fidelis Slanzowsky (b.1788)
 1858: married (6.4. 1858) Friederike Louise Borgnis, the daughter of Carl Hieronymus Borgnis and Philippine Elisabeth Emma b. Thurneisen. The marriage took place at the Hauskapelle of the Frankfurt Federal Palace with the hand-written consent of the Emperor.
 Five sons: Carl Adolph von Braun (b. 1859, Frankfurt am Main), Franz von Braun (b. 1861, Frankfurt am Main), Aloys (Louis) Ernst Hugo Gabriel von Braun (b.30.01.1864, Frankfurt am Main - d. 02.09.1937, Klagenfurt), Ernst von Braun (b. 1866, Vienna), Alexander von Braun (b. 1874, Vienna)
 Resided in Prague and Vienna, Frankfurt am Main, Vienna, Bad Aussee (Austria), Schwanegg Waldgut bei Mitterndorf (Austria). The family lived in Vienna very near the Hofburg at the “Stöckl der Belaria” in a comfortable old house next to the Court Stables.
 Social life for von Braun in Vienna was very restricted by his position with the Emperor, but guests were numerous at summer house in Bad Aussee. Among the guests were Kübeck, Schmerlin, Beck, Paar, Hohenlohe, Trautmannsdorf, Kesselstadt, Papay, Hoyos, Simony, Haymerle, Schratt, Hübner, Gabillon, Montenuovo, Andrian, Warsberg, Dumreicher, Graf  Taafe, Ceschi, and others.
 1897: Death of wife Louise Friederike Borgnis
Von Braun died on 4 March 1904 in Markt Aussee (Bad Aussee) where he was buried.

References

 Andreas Enderlin-Mahr "Adolf von Braun: Habsburgs mächtigster Beamter?"
  (1894.) "Handbuch des allerhöchsten Hofes und des Hofstaates seiner K." ("Handbook of the Supreme Court and courtiers of His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty.") Wien. Accessed October 2011.
  Der Bagdasarian, Nicolas (1976.) "The Austro-German rapprochement, 1870-1879: from the Battle of Sedan to the Dual Alliance." Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. Accessed October 2011.
 “Erinnerungen an meinen Grossvater Adolf Freiherr von Braun” by Carl-Maria Freiherr von Braun (Geneva, 1989)
 “Ein Bilderbogen aus meinem Leben”  by Carl Maria Freiherr von Braun, in collaboration with Muriel von Braun, Geneva 1997
 Diaries of Aloys Ernst von Braun (1864-1937), son of Adolf Aloys von Braun
 Neues Wiener Abendblatt  - Wien, Samstag 5.Marz 1904 -
 Letters in the Vienna National Library :
 “Figures et Souvenirs 1859-1871” by Princess Pauline de Metternich, Austrian Ambassador to France.
 Naturhistorisches Museum – Vienna, Austria.

19th-century Austrian people
Austrian diplomats
Barons of Austria
Habsburg Bohemian nobility
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Politicians from Prague
1818 births
1904 deaths


Robert Clayton may refer to:
Robert Clayton (bishop) (1695–1758), Irish Protestant bishop
Robert Clayton (City of London MP) (1629–1707), Lord Mayor of London, MP for the City of London and for Bletchingley
Robert Clayton (cricketer) (1844–1901), Welsh cricketer
Sir Robert James Clayton (1915–1998), British electronics engineer and executive
Robert N. Clayton (1930–2017), Canadian-American National Medal of Science laureate
Rob Clayton, American painter, one of the Clayton Brothers
Bob Clayton (1922–1979), American game show host
Bob Clayton (footballer), Australian rules footballer
Clayton baronets:
Sir Robert Clayton, 2nd Baronet, of Adlington (1746–1839)
Sir Robert Clayton, 3rd Baronet, of Marden (c. 1740–1799), MP for several seats
Sir Robert Alan Clayton-East-Clayton, 9th Baronet Clayton, of Marden (1908–1932)
Sir Robert Alan Clayton East-Clayton, 5th Baronet of Hall Place, Maidenhead (1908–1932)
Sir Robert Clayton, 13th Baronet of Marden (1975-)

See also
Clayton (surname)


Christianity is the largest religion in Cape Verde, with Roman Catholics having the most adherents. Different sources give varying estimates on the relative sizes of various Christian denominations. More than 94% of the population of Cape Verde is Christian, with almost 85% being Roman Catholic. About 5% of the population is Protestant. The largest Protestant denomination is the Church of the Nazarene.  Other groups include the Church of the Nazarene, the Assemblies of God,  Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, independent Baptists and various other Pentecostal and evangelical groups.

See also
Religion in Cape Verde
Roman Catholicism in Cape Verde
Freedom of religion in Cape Verde
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Cape Verde

References

Religion in Cape Verde


Paul Clifford is an 1830 novel.

Paul Clifford may also refer to:

Paul Clifford, member of the British band, The Wonder Stuff
Paul Clifford (cricketer) (born 1976), cricketer


This article is related to roads in Cape Verde. There are three categories of national roads (EN1, EN2, EN3), rural roads (ER) and municipal roads (EM). Municipal roads are managed by the municipalities, the national and rural roads are managed by the Instituto de Estradas. The total length of the national road network is 1,113 km; the total length of the municipal road networks is 537 km. Of the national roads, 36% (by length) is asphalted. EN1 are first class national roads, EN2 are second class national roads and EN3 are third class national roads. Next is the first two letters which represent the island abbreviation, then the number. Only national roads are listed below.

Boa Vista

Brava

Fogo

Maio

Sal

Santiago

Santo Antão

São Nicolau

São Vicente

See also
 Transport in Cape Verde
 List of countries by road network size
 List of roads and highways

References

External links
- Instituto de Estradas (Institute of Roads)'s website

Roads


The Manila City Hall () is the official seat of government of the City of Manila, located in the historic center of Ermita, Manila. It is where the Mayor of Manila holds office and the chambers of the Manila City Council is located. It was originally intended to be a part of a national government center envisioned by Daniel Burnham in the 1900s. Although the dream plan was not fully implemented, some buildings for the proposed government center were constructed, including the Old Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts), and the Agriculture and Finance Buildings (presently the National Museum of Anthropology and National Museum of Natural History).

History

The Manila City Hall during 1901 was made up of Oregon-pine which covered one third of the area used by the current building. After 31 years of occupancy, City Engineer Santiago Artiaga suggested to reinforce the floor of the weakened structure supporting the session hall used by the municipal board and avoid the accommodation of too many people along the corridors and in the hallway. Eventually, the old city hall was demolished.

In the 1930s, a new City Hall was constructed, which had uniform windows on all sides. This was designed by Antonio Toledo, the same architect who built the Finance and Old Legislative Buildings which were both adjacent to the new City Hall. Finished in 1941 right before World War II, it was another of the structural casualties of the War, heavily damaged (but still intact) by bombardment during the Battle and subsequent Liberation of Manila in February 1945. With the aid of the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army and the city government, City Hall was reconstructed, though did not follow the original plans. Among the deviations were an added fifth-floor attic from the south entrance until the location of the east–west side entrances to accommodate additional offices, and additional windows in some areas which were formerly shelling damages.

The National Museum of the Philippines declared the Manila City Hall as an Important Cultural Property on June 27, 2019. A marker for the declaration by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines was unveiled on September 18, 2023 at the Manila City Hall grounds.

Architecture
Antonio Toledo was the architect responsible for the design of the current Manila City Hall which exhibits a Neoclassical style. Juan Arellano's design, which had an Art Deco style, was supposed to be used for the city hall but Arellano quit the project and was replaced by Toledo. Shortly after its construction, the city hall had a floor area of  and had around 200 rooms.

The building sits on a trapezoidal shape of the lot in between the Legislative and Post Office buildings. Due to the monotony of the building envelope, one cannot distinguish the principal facade from the main entrance properly. The south entrance has a balcony emphasized by three arches resting on Corinthian columns while the north rear has the same design treatment with the east and west sides, but has pediments all throughout and a tall, octagonal clock tower capped by a dome.

Clock Tower

The clock tower, also designed by Antonio Toledo which was completed during the 1930s is the largest clock tower in the Philippines, reaching close to  in elevation. It stands out during nighttime when the whole of the tower lights up. Every hour, they rung the bell three times continued by a melody. It has now become the icon for the city of Manila.

Renovation of the clock tower was first proposed by 6th district Councilor Lou Veloso in 1996. Renovation only started years later, during the time of Mayor Lito Atienza. The second time was after Joseph Estrada won in 2013. He had the clocks upgraded and digitalized so that it will always be synchronized with the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) for Philippine Standard Time. Under the Estrada administration, there were plans to establish a coffee shop in the clock tower and the first two floors of the tower had been turned into spacious halls. It was also adorned with LED lights that shifted colors. These were changed into stationary white light after Isko Moreno took over as Mayor in 2019.

In mid-2020, the portions of the clock tower in red, including the faces of its three clocks, were painted gold. Formerly a storage room, the interior was renovated to contain an art gallery, coffee shop, and a museum featuring an exhibit of historical events. It was opened to the public on December 27, 2021. It later became known as the Manila Clock Tower Museum and was formally inaugurated and declared as a prime tourist spot in June 2022.

Proposal for a new city hall

In 2015, WTA Architecture + Design Studio envisions the Manila Arts and Cultural District centered around the Manila Metropolitan Theater, which was preparing to undertake its restoration works at that time. The proposed civic center calls for a New Manila City Hall, repurposing of the Park and Ride Building, a Central Park, an extension of the Manila City Library and the construction of a New Parking Building. Parts of the Old City Hall will be converted into a lifestyle mall with cafes and restaurants at the inner courtyard, while public transaction services will be moved to the ground floor.

During the campaign period  for the 2019 local elections, mayoral candidate Isko Moreno promised to build a new City Hall beside the current City Hall should he win the mayoralty race. He pointed out that the current City Hall cannot accommodate anymore additional office space or traffic. In his proposal, the current City Hall will be maintained but will be converted to other uses. After winning the election, Moreno joined President Rodrigo Duterte’s delegation for four days in Tokyo, Japan for prospective investors in order to boost his 10-year Infrastructure Plan for Manila which includes the construction of the New City Hall, among others.

References

External links

 Manila City Government – Official website

Buildings and structures in Ermita
City and municipal halls in the Philippines
Neoclassical architecture in the Philippines
Government buildings completed in 1939
Hexagonal buildings
Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila
Local government buildings in Metro Manila
Reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines
20th-century architecture in the Philippines


Hudson Bay may refer to:

In geography
 Hudson Bay, a large body of water in northeastern Canada, also known as Hudson's Bay
 Hudson Bay drainage basin, the drainage basin of Hudson Bay
 Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan, a town in Saskatchewan, Canada
 Rural Municipality of Hudson Bay No. 394, the surrounding rural municipality
 Hudson Bay Regional Park, a park in Saskatchewan
 Hudson Bay (electoral district), a territorial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada
 Hudson Bay (N.W.T. electoral district), a former territorial electoral district in the Northwest Territories Legislature
 Hudson Bay, one of the five colonies of New France, apparently becoming Rupert's Land in 1763

In transportation
 Winnipeg – Churchill train, formerly known as the Hudson Bay

Other
Hudson's Bay (department store) A Canadian retail store

See also
Hudson's Bay (disambiguation)


Orcustus is the first full-length album by the Norwegian black metal band Orcustus. It was released by Southern Lord in March 2009.

Track listing
"Coil" – 5:13
"Of Sophistry, Obsession and Paranoia" – 8:49
"Conversion" – 5:21
"Jesus Christ Patricide" – 7:45
"Death and Dissolution" – 4:42
"Ego Sum Chaos" – 6:03
"Asphyxiokenisis" – 3:50

Credits
Orcustus
Taipan (Christer Jensen) – vocals, guitar (2–4 & 6)
Dirge Rep (Per Husebø) – drums, invocation (2), spoken word (7)

Bass guitarists
Infernus – (1, 4–7)
Tormentor – (2), guitar (1, 2, 5–7),
Vrangsinn – (3)

Backing vocals
Radek – (1, 4 & 5)

Other notes
The music was written between 2003 and 2007 by Taipan and lyrics by Dirge Rep between 2003 and 2007.

It was recorded and produced at Misantrof Studios by Vrangsinn and Orcustus in 2007. Vocals were recorded at Slimecave Studios by Radek and Taipan in 2007 and 2008. The album was mixed at Conclave Studios by Bjørnar E. Nilsen and Taipan in 2008. Graphic art and layout are by Dirge Rep.

References

External links
Southern Lord

2009 albums
Orcustus albums
Southern Lord Records albums


The MITRA Youth Buddhist Network (formerly the MITRA Intervarsity Buddhist Network) is a network of Buddhist youth organisations in Australia. Predominantly situated in Sydney, Australia, MITRA's current members are UniBodhi (Sydney University Buddhist Society), MacBuddhi (Macquarie University Buddhist Society), and UTS (University of Technology, Sydney) Buddhist Society.

The name of the network MITRA, stems from a Sanskrit word meaning "friend".

Since 2004, MITRA has held Buddhist annual conferences which brings together a range of international and local speakers and topics.

MITRA Buddhist Conferences
The MITRA Youth Buddhist Network has, since 2004, organised an annual Buddhist conference. Traditionally held in July, except for 2010 which was held in May to coincide with the Buddhist Festival Month celebrations run by the Buddhist Council of New South Wales.

The MITRA Buddhist Conference is convened by a member, or members, of MITRA inviting local and international learned speakers to give talks and lead discussions at the Conference. Run and managed entirely by volunteers, the MITRA Buddhist Conference relies on the goodwill of the community in keeping the Conference sustainable. Between 2004 and 2009, the food for the Conference was donated by the community including the Friends of Mitra, a conglomerate of elder lay Buddhists, and local Sydney vegetarian restaurants.

2010 Buddhism: Unplugged
The "Buddhism: Unplugged" 2010 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the Sydney Masonic Centre. The theme explored the world of different Buddhist practices and "back to basic" principles which all Buddhist schools of thought accept and promote.

This year the MITRA Youth Buddhist Network collaborated with the Buddhist Council of New South Wales to be a partner of the inaugural Buddhist Festival Month celebrations.

2009 Having Enough ... Finding Spiritual Wealth
The "Having enough ... Finding spiritual wealth" 2009 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the University of Technology, Sydney. The theme explored happiness in the midst of the financial hardships of the Global Financial Crisis.

2008 Wisdom For A Modern World
The "Wisdom for a Modern World" 2008 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the University of Technology, Sydney. The theme explored how the wisdom of Buddhism can be experienced in all aspects of our lives even in our chaotic modern world we can find a peace and tranquility awaiting those who seek it.

A DVD of the Conference is available which includes footage of all 6 talks including Venerable Robina Courtin's explanation of transforming the mind, Venerable David Lungtok on Emptiness, Venenerable U Vamsarakkhita on "The Buddha's Teaching - Simple, Practical and Powerful" and Venerable Shravasti Dhammika on "2500 Years of Evolving Truth". Profits from DVD sales will be donated to Venerable Sister Yeshe Chodron's Kalyanamitra Foundation which delivers social services to the poor regions of India.

2007 Change Your Mind, Change The World
The "Change your mind, Change the world" 2007 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music. Talks included Venerable Heng Sure's insight on whether "Buddhist Activism" is an oxymoron, Venerable Yuan Zhi's on "Love" - is it all you need? Venerable Christine Roberts on "Changing your mind" a discussion between AACAP's Dr Eng Kong Tan and Venerable Ayya Sucinta about the "Therapist's couch and the meditation cushion".

2006 Stop Chasing ... Look Within
The "Stop Chasing...Look Within Mitra" 2006 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the Women's College at Sydney University. Talks included Ajahn Brahm's entertaining discussion on whether the West needs Buddhism, Venerable Thich Phuoc Tan on how to be a "Socially Engaged Buddhist" and Venerable Thubten Dondrup's moving talk on how to deal with suffering.

2005 Illuminate The Path
The "Illuminate the path" 2005 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at St George Girls High School.

2004 Open Mind Open Heart
The "Open Mind Open Heart" 2004 MITRA Buddhist Conference was held at the Patrician Brothers Holy Cross College.

References

External links
 Official website

Buddhist organisations based in Australia
Buddhist youth organizations
Religious organizations established in 2002


John Meredith (1863 - 30 November 1920) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Swansea and won four caps for Wales. Outside rugby, Meredith later became a literary adjudicator in Eisteddfodau.

Rugby career
Meredith was first selected for Wales on 4 February 1888 in the opening game of the Home Nations Championship against Scotland at Rodney Parade. Meredith was one of seven new caps in the Welsh squad, and one of five in the pack, which included fellow Swansea teammates W.H. Howell and T. Williams. Wales won the game thanks to a single try from Thomas Pryce-Jenkins and Meredith was reselected for the next game of the tournament, played away to Ireland at Lansdowne Road. Although the team was more stable in its selection, with the same eight forwards playing, Ireland won comfortably and for eight of the Welsh team it was their last Championship match.

Meredith found himself dropped for the next season's Championship but unlike most of the 1888 team, found himself back in the Welsh team when he was chosen to play in the opener of the 1890 Championship against Scotland. Played at the Cardiff Arms Park, Wales lost the game and the following game to England was expected to follow the same pattern. Wales had never beaten the English, but the England team had missed the last two seasons after an argument with the Scottish Rugby Union and this was their first Championship game of the tournament. Now under the captaincy of Arthur Gould, Meredith was part of a victorious Wales team, thanks to a clever try from William Stadden. Although part of the winning team, Meredith was never reselected for Wales with Tom Graham taking Meredith's place.

International matches played
Wales
 1890
 1888
 1888, 1890

Bibliography

References

1863 births
1920 deaths
Rugby union forwards
Rugby union players from Swansea
Swansea RFC players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players


Herbert Rose may refer to:

 Herbert Rose (artist) (1890–1937), Australian painter and etcher
 H. J. Rose (1883–1961), British classical scholar

See also
 Bert Rose (1919–2001), football executive
 Herbert Rose Barraud (1845–1896), portrait photographer


This is an alphabetical list of radio stations in Cape Verde.

List of radio stations

National stations
 RCV - Radio Cabo Verde
 RCV+ - Radio Cabo Verde Jovem - youth network

Regional stations
 Rádio Atlântico
 Praia FM - the first FM station in Cape Verde, based in the capital city
 Rádio Praia - based in the capital city
 Rádio Comunitário do Voz de Ponta d'Água - based in a Praia neighborhood
RCSM - Rádio Comunitaria de Santa Maria - FM 98.0 - based in Sal Island
 Radio Morabeza - Portuguese-speaking radio station with some English programming (93.7 FM for the Barlavento Islands and 90.7 FM for the Sotavento Islands)

Defunct/former stations
 Rádio Barlavento - once broadcast in the Barlavento Islands, aired from 1955 to 1975
 Rádio Clube do Mindelo - once broadcast throughout the island of São Vicente, aired from 1947 to 1955
 Rádio Colonial Portuguesa - existed between the mid 1930s until independence in 1975
 Rádio Voz de São Vicente - once aired from 1975 to the 1990s, replaced with RTC afterwards

International radio stations
RDP África - Portuguese based radio station which includes news and sports from Portugal - availability is on satellite
Radio Cabo Verde International - Radio on line web site http://www.radiocaboverdeinternational.com/

Outside Cape Verde
 Rádio Atlântico - Cape Verdean station broadcast in the Netherlands, based in Rotterdam

See also
 Telecommunications in Cape Verde
 Media of Cape Verde
 List of television stations in Cape Verde


Jalan FELDA New Zealand, Federal Route 1485, is a federal road in Pahang, Malaysia.

At most sections, the Federal Route 1485 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.

List of junctions and towns

Malaysian Federal Roads


In 1910 Haakon VII serves his sixth year as King of Norway. On 1 February Wollert Konow takes over as Prime Minister after Gunnar Knudsen, who has held this position since 1908.

The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections on 30 April. In Finnmark the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line opens this year, and the Bøkfjord Lighthouse outside Kirkenes is completed. The Norwegian Institute of Technology is opened in Trondheim, as well as the accociated Student Society in Trondheim. The factory Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik is founded. Also the Solør Line between Flisa and Elverum opens this year.

Several of the most difficult summits in Norway are first ascended in 1910. The climbing of Stetind in Nordland by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup is followed by the same group's first ascent of Svolværgeita and Trakta in the Lofoten archipelago. There are now 278 newspapers in Norway. Among the new newspapers is Tidens Tegn, founded by Ola Thommessen, and the cultural magazine Kunst og Kultur is founded by Harry Fett and Haakon Shetelig.

In February anarchist writer Hans Jæger dies, and Nobel Laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson dies in April. Politicians Stousland, Sunde, Ullmann and Segelcke die this year. In January later Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli is born, and later government minister Jens Haugland is born in April. The popular comedian Leif Juster is born in February this year. Folk musician Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa is born in May, poet and actor Claes Gill is born in October, and Jens Book-Jenssen, the best-selling Norwegian artist in Norway in the 20th century, is born in November. Footballers and 1936 Olympic medalists Magnar Isaksen and Magdalon Monsen are born this year, as is illustrator Borghild Rud, professor of anatomy Alf Brodal and historian Ingrid Semmingsen.

Incumbents
Monarch – Haakon VII
Prime Minister – Gunnar Knudsen (until 1 February); Wollert Konow

Events

15 February – Norsk Gjærde- og Metaldukfabrik established.
30 April – The Parliament passes a resolution about universal suffrage for women in municipal elections.
29 May – Nationalforeningen mot tuberkulose founded.
13 July – The railway line Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn opened.
30 July – First ascent of Stetind, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup.
1 August – First ascent of Svolværgeita, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup.
3 August – First ascent of Trakta, by Bryn, Rubenson and Schjelderup.
15 September – Norwegian Institute of Technology (Norges Tekniske Høgskole, (NTH)) is opened in Trondheim.
4 December – The railway line from Flisa to Elverum opened.
Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country.
Bøkfjord Lighthouse is established at the mouth of Bøkfjorden, outside Kirkenes.

Full date unknown
Eidsvold TF founded
Hornindal IL founded
Mjøndalen IF founded
Stjørdal IL founded
IL Varden founded
Vestfossen IF founded

Popular culture

Sports

26 March – The sports club Grane SK (now: Bærum SK) is founded
29 May – The sports club Stenkjær FK founded
2 July – Norges Rigsforbund for Idræt is founded.

Music

Film

Literature
5 April – First issue of the newspaper Fjordenes Tidende.
5 May – First issue of the newspaper Tidens Tegn.

Full date unknown
The periodical Kunst og Kultur established.
The Olav Duun novel Nøkksjøliga (The Slope by Nøkk Lake) was published.
 The Knut Hamsund play Livet i Vold (In the Grip of Life), was published.

Notable births

10 January – Kitty Petrine Fredriksen, politician (died 2003)
11 January – Trygve Bratteli, twice Prime Minister of Norway (died 1984)
14 January – Chris Bruusgaard, midwife (died 2000)
18 January – Jens Henrik Nordlie, military officer (died 1996)
18 January – Oddmund Hoel, politician (died 1983).
22 January – Petter Mørch Koren, politician (died 2004)
25 January – Alf Brodal, professor of anatomy (died 1988)
1 February (in Great Britain) – Birger Tvedt, physician (died 2002)
4 February – Asbjørn Lindhjem, politician (died 1994)
6 February – Gunnar Syverstad, resistance member (died 1945).
9 February – Rønnaug Alten, actress (died 2001)
14 February – Leif Juster, comedian, singer and actor (died 1995)
15 February – Odd Granlund, media personality (died 1982)
18 February – Randi Monsen, illustrator (died 1997)
24 February – Parelius Hjalmar Bang Berntsen, politician (died 1995).
1 March – Torgeir Svendsen, politician (died 1981)
13 March – Sverre Nordby, football goalkeeper (died 1978)
15 March – Rolf Johannessen, football defender (died 1965)
20 March – Edmund Fjærvoll, politician (died 1975).
20 March – Borghild Rud, illustrator (died 1999)
27 March – Ludvig Olai Botnen, politician (died 1987)
29 March – Ingrid Semmingsen, historian (died 1995)
16 April – Jens Haugland, politician and Minister (died 1991)
19 April – Magdalon Monsen, soccer player and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1953)
22 April – Lars L'Abée-Lund, police (died 1991)
27 April – Johan Melander, banker (died 1989)
28 April – Åsmund Sveen, writer (died 1963)
3 May – Sigbjørn Bernhoft Osa, folk musician, fiddler (died 1990)
9 May – Lorentz Brinch, barrister, military officer, resistance member and politician (died 1953)
14 May – Sverre Holm, sociologist (died 1996)
15 May – Onar Onarheim, businessperson (died 1988)
28 May – Helga Dagsland, nurse educator (died 2003)
2 June – Per Hurum, sculptor (died 1989)
3 June – Christian Hartmann, composer (died 1985)
12 June – Finn Brudevold, odontologist (died 2006)
14 June – Erling Engan, politician (died 1982)
19 June – Lilli Gjerløw, archivist (died 1998)
21 June – Ole Martin Ystgaard, dairy leader (died 1970)
23 June – Arthur Mørch Hansson, diplomat (d. 1969)
26 June – Ole Otto Paus, general and diplomat (died 2003)
4 July – Erling Viksjø, architect (died 1971)
9 July – Torrey Mosvold, entrepreneur (died 1995)
27 July – Per Fossum, alpine skier (died 2004)
27 July – Lorentz Nitter, physician (died 1997)
31 July – Svein Helling, sports shooter (died 1978).
7 August – Ingeborg Lyche, civil servant (died 1990)
11 August – Sigmund Selberg, mathematician (died 1994)
11 August – Arne Selberg, engineer (died 1989)
26 August – Finn Halse, writer (died 1980)
13 September – Olav Mosebekk, artist (died 2001)
30 September – Osvald Harjo, resistance member (died 1993)
7 October – Halfdan Gran Olsen, rower (died 1971)
12 October – Ferdinand Finne, artist (died 1999)
13 October – Claes Gill, author, poet and actor (died 1973)
13 October – Magnar Isaksen, footballer (died 1979)
24 October – Sverre Marstrander, archaeologist (died 1986)
26 October (in Madagascar) – Alex Johnson, clergyman (died 1989)
5 November – Eigil Helland-Hansen, travel agent (died 1997)
7 November – Bjarne Daniel Solli, politician (died 1989)
9 November – Bernhard Paus, orthopedic surgeon and Freemason Grand Master (died 1999).
12 November – Arvid Johansen, politician (died 1996)
14 November – Jens Book-Jenssen, singer, revue artist and theatre director (died 1999)
21 November – Erik Braadland, diplomat and politician (died 1988)
1 December (in Copenhagen) – Per Palle Storm, sculptor (died 1994)
12 December – Aslaug Låstad Lygre, poet (died 1966)
13 December – Leif J. Wilhelmsen, philologist and politician (died 1976)
16 December – Ivar Johansen, bobsledder (died 1984)
18 December – Edvard Magnus Edvardsen, politician (died 2000)
21 December – Ole J. Malm, physician (died 2005)
26 December – Roar Hauglid, art historian (died 2001)
27 December – Karl Olsen, civil servant (died 1999)
30 December – Erling Nilsen, boxer (died 1984)

Full date unknown
Ole Arntzen, Businessman and Milorg leader (died 1973)

Notable deaths

8 January – Christian Fürst, architect (born 1860)
8 February – Hans Jæger, writer, philosopher and anarchist political activist (born 1854).
24 February – John Anderson, Norwegian-American publisher (born 1836).
7 April – Theodor Nilsen Stousland, politician (born 1842).
26 April – Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (born 1832).
20 May – Oscar Wergeland, painter (born 1844).
2 July (in Germany) – Elias Sunde, politician and Minister (born 1851).
19 July – Carl August Gulbranson, businessperson and politician (born 1831)
30 August – Viggo Ullmann, educator and politician (born 1848).
16 September John Utheim, teacher and politician (born 1847)
24 October – Toini Topelius, Finnish journalist who settled in Norway (born 1854)
25 October – Lorentz Henrik Müller Segelcke, politician and Minister (born 1829).
9 November – Hans Larsen Saakvitne, farmer, bailiff and politician (born 1839)
15 November – Emil Schreiner, philologist and educator (born 1831).
11 December – Lars Olsen Skrefsrud, missionary and language researcher in India (born 1840).
19 December – Anders Daae, prison director (born 1838)
19 December U. V. Koren, Norwegian-American author, theologian and church leader (born 1826)
24 December Gudbrand Gregersen de Saág, Norwegian-Hungarian bridge engineer, architect and member of the Hungarian nobility (born 1824).
29 December – Henrik Thrap-Meyer, architect (born 1833).

Full date unknown
Axel Nicolai Herlofson, fraudster (born 1845)
Johan Vaaler, inventor (born 1866).

See also

References

External links

Norway
Norway


Events in the year 1888 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Oscar II
Prime Minister – Johan Sverdrup

Events
In the Norwegian parliamentary election the Conservative Party of Norway wins the most seats

Arts and literature

Notable births

1 January – Kristian Albert Christiansen, politician (died 1966).
7 January – Thorstein Johansen, rifle shooter and Olympic gold medallist (died 1963)
12 January – Jon Andrå, politician (died 1966)
16 January – Harald Pedersen, metallurgist (died 1945).
20 January – Tor Lund, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1972)
4 February – Gunnar Nordbye, United States federal judge (died 1977)
16 February – Ferdinand Bie, long jumper and Olympic gold medallist (died 1961)
16 February – Aldor Ingebrigtsen, politician (died 1952)
21 February – Knut Gysler, equestrian (died 1967).
4 March – Knute Rockne, American football player and coach (died 1931)
5 March – Ivar Skjånes, politician (died 1975)
9 March – John Bjørnstad, rowing coxswain (died 1968).
24 March – Olof Jacobsen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist
28 March – Harald Smedvik, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1956)
2 April – Nicolai Kiær, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (died 1934)
4 April – Aanund Bjørnsson Berdal, engineer (died 1981).
10 April – Alfred Madsen, engineer, newspaper editor, trade unionist and politician (died 1962)
12 April – Ejnar Tønsager, rower (died 1967)
14 April – Rasmus Birkeland, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1972)
14 April – Edvard Christian Danielsen, military officer (died 1964).
10 May – Thore Michelsen, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1980)
13 May – Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen, politician (died 1967)
27 May – Ole Aarnæs, high jumper (died 1992)
3 July – Harald Eriksen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1968)
23 August – Ivar Asbjørn Følling, physician (died 1973)
1 September – Gabriel Thorstensen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1974)
29 September – Johannes Andersen, long distance runner (died 1967)
4 October – Oscar Mathisen, speed skater (died 1954)
15 October – Leif Erichsen, sailor and Olympic silver medallist (died 1924)
16 October – Ivar Kristiansen Hognestad, politician (died 1973)
24 October – Anders Haugen, ski jumper (died 1984).
15 November – Harald Sverdrup, oceanographer and meteorologist (died 1957)

Full date unknown
Torgeir Anderssen-Rysst, politician and Minister (died 1958)
Sverre Grette, judge (died 1959)
Lars Høgvold, ski jumper (died 1961)
Jørg Tofte Jebsen, physicist (died 1922)
Per Mathias Jespersen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist
Gustav Smedal, jurist and irredentist activist (died 1951)

Notable deaths

9 January – Theodor Peterson, businessperson and politician (born 1839)
17 June – Hans Jensen, businessperson (born 1817)
22 June – Edmund Neupert, pianist and composer (born 1842)
1 July – Vilhelm Frimann Christie Bøgh, archivist (born 1817)
25 October – Theodor Kjerulf, geologist and poet (born 1825)

Full date unknown
Erik Eriksen, ice sea captain (born 1820)
Nicolai Friis, politician (born 1815)
Christen Knudsen, ship-owner (born 1813)
Ole Richter, lawyer, politician and Prime Minister of Norway (born 1829)
Sjur Aasmundsen Sexe, mineralogist (born 1808)

See also

References


Bentein Baardson (born 6 November 1953 in New York City) is Norwegian actor, instructor and theatre director.

He was born in New York, and is the son of Brynjolv Baardson.

Bentein Baardson graduated from Teaterhøyskolen in 1975. He has set up plays at a number of theatres, including Nationaltheatret, Det Norske Teatret, Den Nationale Scene and Agder Teater. He was theatre director at Rogaland Teater from 1986 to 1989, leading Agder Teater from its opening in 1991 to 1994, was art director for the opening and closing ceremonies at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, and theatre director at Den Nationale Scene from 1998 to 2001. In 2005 he directed the gala concert at Oslo Konserthus in connection with the 1905 jubilee. Baardson was the artistic and executive director of the 2006 Ibsen Year.

In 1980, Bentein Baardson  was awarded the first Per Aabels ærespris, an annual honorary award which is named for respected Norwegian comic actor, Per Aabel. In 1998, Baardson received the Anders Jahres kulturpris, an honorary award named for Norwegian shipping magnate, Anders August Jahre. He was decorated Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav in 2000. He has been appointed member of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. Managing Director in Kilden Performing Arts Centre from February 2012.

References

1953 births
Living people
Norwegian theatre directors
Norwegian male stage actors
Members of the Norwegian Academy


The Adam RA-15 Major was a French sporting plane developed and produced in the decade after World War II.

Development
The RA-15 was developed in 1948 as a higher-powered successor to the Adam RA-14 Loisirs, utilising a number of refinements including a plywood-covered fuselage and an enlarged rudder. It was a side-by-side two-seater with dual controls, wooden construction and a fabric-covered two-spar wing which folded for storage in hangars. The Major was designed to use any flat-four engine in the 65-75 h.p. range.

Production and operational history
A small series of Majors was produced in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The basic RA-15 was fitted with the 75 h.p. Regnier 4D-2 engine and the RA-151 had the 75 hp Continental C75 engine. Two Majors were still active in 1965.

Variants
RA-15 Major
RA-17 a modified single seat crop dusting variant of the RA-15.
Maranda BM3Canadian production of the RA-17 by the Maranda Aircraft Company

Specification (RA-15)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1940s French civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948


Physiological condition or, more often "physiological conditions" is a term used in biology, biochemistry, and medicine. It refers to conditions of the external or internal milieu that may occur in nature for that organism or cell system, in contrast to artificial laboratory conditions. A temperature range of 20-40 degrees Celsius, atmospheric pressure of 1, pH of 6-8, glucose concentration of 1-20 mM, atmospheric oxygen concentration, earth gravity and electromagnetism are examples of physiological conditions for most earth organisms.

Physiology


The European Championships of Ski Mountaineering were the European championships for national ski mountaineering teams from 1992 to 2009. They were held biannually and were separated into men's and women's competitions.

The first championships were sanctioned by the Comité International du Ski-Alpinisme de Compétition (CISAC). After the CISAC was merged with the International Council for Ski Mountaineering Competitions (ISMC) of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA), the competitions are held biannually by the ISCM. Since 2008, when the ISMC merged into the International Ski Mountaineering Federation (ISMF) the championships have been sanctioned by the ISMF. The original 9th edition, in 2009 decided to be held in Claut, Italy, in the end was held as the 6th edition of the World Championships.

European championships since 1999
 IV 2001 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering:
 Team races "Seniors": January 27, 2001, Miage-Contamines-Somfy, France
 Individual races: March 4, 2001, Jaca, Spain
 Team races "Juniors" and "Espoirs": April 1, 2001, Adamello, Italy
 V 2003 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, March 28, 2003 to March 30, Tatra Mountains, Slovakia
 VI 2005 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, March 1, 2005 to March 5, 2005, Andorra
 VII 2007 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, March 24, 2007, to March 28, 2007, Avoriaz, Morzine, France
 VIII 2009 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, February 19, 2009 to February 24, 2009, Alpago, Tambre, Italy
 IX 2012 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, February 4, 2012 to February 10, 2012, Pelvoux, Massif des Écrins, France
 X 2014 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, February 14, 2014 to February 16, 2014, Arinsal-Arcalís, Vallnord, Andorra''
XI 2016 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, February 5, 2016 to February 7, 2016, Salvan/Les Marécottes, Switzerland
XII 2018 European Championship of Ski Mountaineering, February 22, 2018 to February 25, 2018, Nicolosi, Italy

References

Ski mountaineering
Ski mountaineering competitions
Skiing competitions in Europe


Events in the year 1866 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles IV

Events

 5 March – The official inauguration of the Parliament of Norway Building ().

Arts and literature
Erika Nissen, pianist, makes her concert debut in Berlin

Births

January to June
5 January – Johan Gjøstein, educator, newspaper editor and politician (died 1935)
21 January – Olaus Alvestad, educator and newspaper editor (died 1903)
15 March – Johan Vaaler, inventor (died 1910)
25 April – Aasulv Olsen Bryggesaa, politician and Minister (died 1922)
29 April – Kristian Prestgard, editor of Decorah-Posten (died 1946)
10 May – Thorolf Holmboe, painter (died 1935)
24 June – Peter Karl Holmesland, jurist and politician (died 1933)

July to December
29 July – Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland, architect (died 1926)
12 August – Johan Opsahl, politician
2 September – August Herman Halvorsen, politician (died 1929)
13 September – Ole Østmo, rifle shooter and Olympic medallist (died 1923)
28 October – Peter Collett Solberg, businessperson and politician (died 1934)
1 November – Betzy Kjelsberg, politician and feminist (died 1950)
29 November – Johan Friele, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1927)
2 December – Ingvald Anker Andersen, politician

Full date unknown
Simon Christian Hammer, writer and journalist (died 1932)
Sigbjørn Obstfelder, writer (died 1900)

Deaths
20 March – Rikard Nordraak, composer (born 1842)
24 November – Peder Christian Hersleb Kjerschow, bishop (born 1786)

Full date unknown
Nicolai Benjamin Cappelen, jurist and politician (born 1795)
Louise Brun, actor (born 1831)
Conradine Birgitte Dunker, socialite and writer (born 1780)
Ole Paulssøn Haagenstad, politician (born 1775)
Jørgen Fredrik Spørck, military officer and politician (born 1787)

See also

References


Foul Play Suspected is a  1935 crime novel by British writer John Wyndham.  It was published by Newnes under the pen name of John Beynon.

The novel's protagonist, Detective-Inspector Jordon, also appears in two other 1930s novels by Wyndham, which remain unpublished: Murder Means Murder and  Death Upon Death.

References

British detective novels
Novels by John Wyndham
1935 British novels
Works published under a pseudonym
George Newnes Ltd books


USS Dapdap (YFB-684) was a United States Navy working launch in service from 1908 to 1942.

History
Dapdap (YFB-684), a working launch, was attached to the United States Asiatic Fleet at Naval Station, Cavite, Philippine Islands, or the 16th Naval District from 1908 to 1942.

Dapdap was lost, 2 January 1942, to Japanese forces during the conquest of Luzon Island.  She earned one battle star.

She was stricken from the Navy List on 24 July 1942.

References

World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
1908 ships


Events in the year 1913 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Haakon VII
Prime Minister – Jens Bratlie (until 31 January), then Gunnar Knudsen (from 31 January)

Events

 11 June - Female suffrage is enacted in Norway.
 Municipal and county elections are held throughout the country.

Popular culture

Sports

29 July – Vålerengens IF was founded.

Music

Film

Literature
 The Knut Hamsund novel Børn av Tiden (Children of the Age), was published.
 The Olav Duun novel Sigyn, Sommareventyr was published.

Arts
5 October – Det Norske Teatret's first play.

Notable births

13 January – Karl J. Brommeland, politician (died 1999)
20 January – Odd Frantzen, soccer player and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1977)
11 February – Margrete Aamot Øverland, resistance member (died 1978)
20 February – Johan Støa, politician (died 1973)
23 February – Gunnar Fredrik Hellesen, politician (died 2005)
24 February – Kai Holst, resistance fighter (died 1945)
10 March – Anna Sofie Herland, politician (died 1990)
13 March – Harald Magne Elstad, judge (died 2003)
15 March – Gerd Nyquist, novelist (died 1984)
17 March – Olaf Trampe Kindt, barrister (died 1995)
1 April – Peder Ree Pedersen, politician (died 1976)
3 April – Per Borten, Prime Minister of Norway (died 2005)
10 April – Ragnar Horn, politician (died 2002)
19 April – Edvard Kaurin Barth, resistance member and zoologist (died 1996)
21 April – Arne Sæter, politician (died 1973)
25 April – Harald Noreng, literary researcher and lexicographer (died 2006)
1 May – Sigurd Valvatne, naval officer (died 2004).
11 May – Wilhelm Münter Rolfsen, lawyer.
12 May – Harry Johan Olai Klippenvåg, politician (died 1994)
12 May – Reidar Strømdahl, politician (died 2006)
22 May – Karsten Buer, harness racing coach (died 1993)
12 June – Helge Sivertsen, discus thrower, politician (died 1986)
23 June – Sverre Hansen, international soccer player and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1974)
14 July – Kåre Martin Hansen, politician (died 1985)
27 August – John Larsen, rifle shooter, Olympic gold medallist and World Champion (died 1989)
17 September – Jarl Johnsen, boxer (died 1986)
27 September – Petter Jakob Bjerve, politician (died 2004)
1 October – Otto Øgrim, physicist and author (died 2006)
2 October – Alf Sanengen, resistance member, chemist, research administrator (died 1991)
18 October – Arne Skouen, film director and journalist (died 2003)
23 October – Odd Eidem, writer, journalist and literary critic (died 1988)
22 November – Olav Bruvik, politician (died 1962)
2 December – Knut Myrstad, politician (died 2001)
25 December – Arvid Nilssen, actor, revue artist and singer (died 1976)

Full date unknown
Arne B. Mollén, sports official (died 2000)

Notable deaths

9 January – Hjalmar Johansen, polar explorer (born 1867)
27 January – Robert Collett, zoologist (born 1842)
8 February – Thore Torkildsen Foss, politician (born 1841)
9 May – Evald Rygh, banker, politician (born 1842)
10 May – Andreas Aubert, art historian (born 1851)
1 June – Anne Bolette Holsen, teacher and proponent for women's rights (born (1856).
5 July – Johannes Christiansen, politician (born 1850)
15 July – Thomas Vigner Christiansen Haaland, politician (born 1859)
26 July – Wilhelm Christopher Christophersen, diplomat (born 1832)
10 September – Haaken C. Mathiesen, landowner and businessperson (born 1827)
23 October – Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Sr., bishop (born 1853)

Full date unknown
Anton Christian Bang, politician (born 1840)
Fritz Trampe Flood, merchant (born 1826)
Anna Sofie Jakobsen, missionary to China (born 1860)
Birger Kildal, politician (born 1849)
Theodor Løvstad, musician, magazine editor (born 1843).
Kristian Mauritz Mustad, politician (born 1848)

See also

References

External links

Norway
Norway


Tyttenhanger House is a 17th-century country mansion, now converted into commercial offices, at Tyttenhanger, near St Albans, Hertfordshire. It is a Grade I listed building.

History
The Tyttenhanger estate was owned by the Abbey of St Albans until the Dissolution of the Monasteries and was then granted by the Crown in 1547 to Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Trinity College, Oxford. Pope died without issue in 1559 and left the estate to his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Walter Blount of Blounts Hall, Staffordshire. On her death it passed to her nephew Sir Thomas Pope Blount (1552–1638), who was High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 1598.

Blount's nephew, Sir Henry Blount (1602–1682), High Sheriff in 1661, demolished Pope's manor house and built the present mansion on the site in 1654/5. The house which was altered and extended in the 18th century presents an impressive entrance front of three storeys with attics and nine bays. The central five bays topped by a belfry, are flanked by projecting two bayed wings

The adjacent stable block, also of 17th-century origin, now converted to residential use, is a Grade II listed building.

Sir Henry's son Thomas Pope Blount (1649–1697) was created the first of the Blount baronets in 1680. On the death of the third Baronet in 1757 the estate passed to his niece and heiress Catherine Freeman, whose daughter married Charles Yorke, second son of the first Earl of Hardwicke and whose grandson Philip become the third Earl. Field-Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander (1891-1969), who after successfully managing the British 1st Army in North Africa and Italy, from 1941 lived at Tyttenhanger House.

The family retained ownership until 1973 when the house was converted for use as commercial offices.

References

Grade I listed buildings in Hertfordshire
Country houses in Hertfordshire
Grade I listed houses
1655 establishments in England


Dainik Statesman is a Bengali daily newspaper run by The Statesman group with its central office being The Statesman House at Chowringhee. Dainik Statesman started circulation from 28 June 2004.

The newspaper became more popular after the Singur and Nandigram clashes since 2006 when The Statesman group and more specifically the Bengali version, Dainik Statesman presented the views of those opposed to land-acquisition whereas the ABP group was more interested in presenting the views of those who were for land being acquired forcibly. Special issues of this paper are - Khetkhamar, Gallery, Biggan o Projukti, Sorir o Sastho, Bitorko , Berano, Bongodarpan, Anno Bhabna Porshi desh, Boier Ondore Biswobarta, Khushir Uran, Silpo o Banijjo. Every Saturday entertainment related special issue - Binodon, Sunday special - Bichitra are also very popular to daily readers.

References

External links

 Dainik Statesman Epaper

Newspapers published in Kolkata
Bengali-language newspapers published in India
Culture of Kolkata
Newspapers established in 2004
2004 establishments in West Bengal


Øraker is a light rail station on the Oslo Tramway.

Located at Øraker in Ullern, it was opened in 1924, when the Lilleaker Line was extended to Jar.

In February 2009, the part of the line west of Lilleaker station was closed due to upgrades on the Kolsås Line. The curtailing of the line eliminated Øraker station for the time being, disappointing the area residents.

On 1 December 2010 the Station was reopened after extensive work being done to the next station Jar.

References

Oslo Tramway stations in Oslo
Railway stations opened in 1924
1924 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Wymondham High Academy is a state-funded co-educational academy school in the English county of Norfolk  It can be found near the centre of the town of Wymondham, to the west of Norwich. It has around 1,650 pupils aged 11 to 18. The principal is Mr Chris Smith.

In 2017, the Academy received a 'good' report from Ofsted.

Campus
The school is divided into 4 blocks: North (English, Geography, I.T), South (Sciences, Music, Drama), Middle (Maths, Languages, RE) and, from 2013, East (Art, History). There is also a relatively small social sciences block, used exclusively by the sixth form. Neighbouring Wymondham Leisure Centre is used for its physical education facilities.

House system
The House system was set up in 1975. There are currently four houses:

 Abbey: Named after Wymondham Abbey. House colour: purple.
 Cheshire: Named after Leonard Cheshire, founder of Leonard Cheshire Disability. House colour: yellow.
 Ellis: Named after local naturalist Ted Ellis, after whom the Ellis Foundation was named. House colour: green.
 Macmillan: Named after Douglas Macmillan, founder of Macmillan Cancer Support. House colour: red.

New history and art block
In 2012, the school received a £3 million grant from Norfolk County Council to build a new Art and History block. It was built by contractors R G Carter Ltd and was completed in July 2013, covering 1,336 sq/m in total.

Notable alumni
 Maddie Brooks, North Florida Ospreys tennis team member
 Mark Mitchell, silver medal winning figure skater

References

External links
 Wymondham High School website

Academies in Norfolk
Secondary schools in Norfolk
Wymondham, Norfolk


Catherine of Hungary (died 1355) was a daughter of King Charles I of Hungary. Her mother is uncertain. She was a member of the House of Anjou and was a Hungarian princess.

Family
Some believe Catherine's family are unknown. Though it is most likely she was daughter of Charles.

Her paternal grandparents were Charles Martel of Anjou and Klementia of Habsburg. If her mother was Maria of Bytom, first wife of Charles then her maternal grandparents would be Casimir, Duke of Bytom and his wife Helena.

After the death of Catherine's mother, her father Charles married Beatrix of Luxemburg, daughter of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and sister of King John I of Bohemia, probably in September 1318. On her death, Catherine's father married Elisabeth of Poland. Some believe that Elisabeth was Catherine's mother rather that Maria. If Elisabeth was Catherine's mother, then Catherine would be half Polish, as her maternal grandparents would be Władysław I the Elbow-high and Jadwiga of Greater Poland.

Catherine had one sister, Elisabeth of Hungary, who married Boleslaw Opolski. Her brother was King Louis I of Hungary.

Marriage and later life
In 1338, Catherine herself married Henry II of Świdnica, son of Bernard of Świdnica and his wife Kunigunde of Poland. The couple had one daughter, Anna von Schweidnitz, who married Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and was mother of Wenceslaus, King of the Romans and Elizabeth of Bohemia.

Catherine was widowed in between 1343 and 1345. Catherine brought up and educated her daughter Anna at Visegrád in Hungary. At the age of 11, Anna had been promised to Wenceslaus, newborn son and heir apparent of Charles IV. After the infant Wenceslaus and his mother Anna of the Palatinate died, the now-widowed Emperor asked to marry Anna himself.

The planned marriage was part of the strategies devised by Charles and his now-deceased father John to gain control of the Piast Duchies of Silesia as vedlejší země ("neighboring countries") for the Kingdom of Bohemia. Catherine's brother, Louis I, king of Hungary and future King of Poland, was able to assist them by renouncing rights to Schweidnitz in favor of the House of Luxemburg.

After this, it is unknown what happened to Catherine. She died in 1355, about ten years after her husband. Her daughter died in childbirth in 1362. Catherine's grandson, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, died in 1419, extinguishing Catherine's line of descent.

References

1355 deaths
House of Anjou-Hungary
Hungarian princesses
Year of birth unknown
14th-century Hungarian people
14th-century Hungarian women
Daughters of kings


William Martin Melville Henderson (born 3 May 1956) is a Scottish former footballer who played in Scotland, England, and the United States. A forward, he scored 52 goals in 244 league games in a ten-year career in the Football League and the Scottish Football League.

He started his career at Rangers in 1974, and went on to win the Premier Division title in 1975–76 and 1977–78, as well as the Scottish Cup in 1976. He was loaned out to Hibernian, before joining American club Philadelphia Fury in 1978. He then spent three years with Leicester City, winning the Second Division title in 1979–80. He joined Chesterfield in 1981, before being traded to Port Vale in October 1983. However, he was sacked the next year after failing to report for training, and later played for Spalding United and Bourne Town.

Career
Henderson started his career with Jock Wallace's Rangers, scoring 13 goals in 33 appearances in the 1975–76 season after getting his first goal in a 2–1 defeat to Hearts at Ibrox. He was a member of the 1976 Scottish Cup winning first XI, helping "Gers" beat Hearts 3–1 at Hampden Park in front of 85,354 spectators. Rangers also won the Premier Division title. However, he scored only one goal in 12 games in 1976–77 as Rangers finished second in the league. He played just twice in the 1977–78 season, and was loaned out to Eddie Turnbull's Hibernian. He scored one goal in six Premier Division games for "Hibs" during his loan spell at Easter Road.

Henderson moved to the United States to play in the North American Soccer League for Philadelphia Fury in 1978. He scored three goals in 17 games at Veterans Stadium for Alan Ball's side. He then moved to England to play for Leicester City in the 1978–79 season, who were managed by his former boss Jock Wallace. He scored six league and cup goals for the "Foxes" in the 1979–80 season, as City won the Second Division title. He scored four goals in the 1980–81 campaign, as Leicester were relegated straight back out of the First Division. He scored 16 goals in 100 league and cup appearances in his three years at Filbert Street.

Henderson moved on to Frank Barlow's Chesterfield, who finished 11th in the Third Division in 1981–82 before dropping out of the division in last place in 1982–83. He scored 23 goals in 87 league games at Saltergate. He joined Port Vale in exchange for Bob Newton and £8,000 in October 1983. He was partnered with Eamonn O'Keefe, and scored seven goals in 28 games in the 1983–84 season. The "Valiants" were relegated into the Fourth Division and manager John McGrath lost his job and was replaced by his assistant John Rudge. Henderson was not a popular player with fans, as he had arrived in exchange for a popular player and the club failed to win in his first 18 games. He then failed to turn up for pre-season training at Vale Park for the next season and the club cancelled his contract. He moved on to non-League with Spalding United and Bourne Town.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Rangers
Scottish Football League Premier Division: 1975–76 & 1977–78
Scottish Cup: 1976

Leicester City
Football League Second Division: 1979–80

References

Footballers from Kirkcaldy
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Rangers F.C. players
Hibernian F.C. players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Philadelphia Fury (1978–1980) players
Leicester City F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Spalding United F.C. players
Bourne Town F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
English Football League players
1956 births
Living people


Cape Verde is an archipelago, and its islands are historically divided into two groups, or regions:

 Barlavento (meaning literally Windward), including Santo Antão, São Vicente, Santa Luzia, São Nicolau, Sal and Boa Vista, in the northern side.
 Sotavento (meaning literally Leeward), including Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava, in the southern side.

In addition to the historical regions, the islands can also be divided by geographical features, resulting in:
 A group of dry, very flat, and geologically old islands (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio), lying to the east and closer to the African coast (which makes them a target for sand from the Sahara desert, resulting in long sandy beaches, typically used for beach tourism), and
 A group of rocky, volcanic, agricultural islands more to the west. Their orography is rougher because they're geologically newer, and the westernmost islands (such as Santo Antão) tend to be the most mountainous.

Geography of Cape Verde
Cape Verde


The Game at Radio City was played on August 5, 2004, at Radio City Music Hall in New York, New York. This game is not considered a standard All-Star Game.

In order to allow players to participate in the 2004 Summer Olympics, the WNBA took a month-long break. However, prior to the teams heading to Athens, the WNBA hosted an exhibition game between the U.S. Olympic Team and a team of WNBA stars.  Every player on the Olympic team was also an WNBA player.  The WNBA squad consisted of American players, with the exception of Mwadi Mabika who was from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Her country's women's basketball team did not qualify for the Olympics that year.)

The Game

Rosters

1 Injured
2 Injury replacement
3 Injured at time of game, but no replacement selected

Coaches
The coach for the USA Olympic Team was Houston Comets coach Van Chancellor. The coach for the WNBA Team was Detroit Shock coach Bill Laimbeer.

References

WNBA All-star Game, 2004
Women's National Basketball Association All-Star Game
Radio City Music Hall
2004 in sports in New York City
2004 in New York City
Basketball competitions in New York City


Mark A. Raider is an American historian.  He is a professor of modern Jewish history at the University of Cincinnati.

Raider received his B.A. from the University of California at Santa Cruz and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Brandeis University.  He has previously served as chair of the Judaic Studies Department at the University at Albany, SUNY and was founding director of its Center for Jewish Studies. He moved to Cincinnati in 2006.

Books
Raider is the author of The Emergence of American Zionism (1998).

His edited volumes include:
 The Essential Hayim Greenberg: Essays and Addresses on Jewish Culture, Socialism, and Zionism (2017)
 Nahum Goldmann: Statesman Without a State (2009)
 American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise, with Shulamit Reinharz (2005)
 The Plough Woman; Records of the Pioneer Women of Palestine — A Critical Edition, with Miriam B. Raider-Roth (2002)
 Abba Hillel Silver and American Zionism, with Jonathan D. Sarna and Ronald W. Zweig (1997)

References

Historians of Jews and Judaism
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
University of Cincinnati faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Brandeis University alumni
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
American male non-fiction writers