Félix Samuel Rodríguez de la Fuente (March 14, 1928 – March 14, 1980) was a Spanish naturalist and  broadcaster. He is best known for the highly successful and influential TV series, El Hombre y la Tierra (1974–1980). A graduate in medicine and self-taught in biology, he was a multifaceted charismatic figure whose influence has endured despite the passing years.

In 1960, he became one of King Saud of Arabia's personal falconers after impressing the Saudi Government with two attractive specimens on behalf of Franco, which allowed him to become popular and produce his first documentary programme, Señores del espacio (1965). His knowledge covered areas such as falconry and ethology, emphasizing the study of wolves. Rodríguez de la Fuente also served as expedition guide and photographer on safaris in Africa, lecturer and writer, and contributed greatly to environmental awareness in Spain at a time when Conservationism was unheard of in the country. He has thus been credited as "the father of environmentalism" in Spain. His impact was not only national but also international and it is estimated that his television programmes, which were broadcast in many countries, have been seen by millions.

He died in Alaska the day he turned 52, while shooting a documentary about the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, when the Cessna 185 aircraft carrying him along with two Spanish cameramen and the American pilot crashed, killing all on board.
After his death, Spanish singing duet Enrique y Ana recorded the single “Amigo Felix” (Our Friend Felix) to pay homage to Rodriguez, the song is about all the members of the Animal Kingdom grieving his death, as a representation of his love for animals and all Nature.

Early years

Félix Samuel Rodríguez de la Fuente was born in Poza de la Sal (Burgos, Spain) on March 14, 1928. He was the son of Samuel Rodríguez and Marcelina de la Fuente Ibáñez. He had a younger sister, Mercedes. His father was the town notary, and avid reader and a lover of the Spanish language. His household was somewhat intellectual for a small Castillian village. He was schooled at home due to the Civil War (1936 - 1939) and his father's opposition to early schooling. Felix's adventures in the surrounding natural world were continuous until he was ten. He would describe his birthplace as a "human community living in harmony with the landscape" that shaped his "zoomorphic universe." This environment had a deep impact on his future sensitivity, and his anthropological and philosophical approach to his career as a naturalist.  He spent the summers in Santander (Cantabria, Spain), where his father was appointed as a notary. He deepened his knowledge of zoology. During a family outing he observed a falcon capturing a duck. This experience prompted his interest in falconry. He began his formal education in 1938 as a boarder at the religious school Sagrados Corazonistas de Vitoria. There, he longed for the summer and his lost freedom.

In 1946, on the advice of his father, he began studying medicine at the University of Valladolid. The first year, excited after seven years at boarding school and the leisure offered by city, he only registered for the three easiest courses and performed poorly as a student. In later years, he used to lock himself up a month before the exams in order to focus on his studies. His speaking abilities allowed him to stand out in the oral exams. He was also a university athlete, once winning the 400 metres college championship. During this year, the biologist José Antonio Valverde became very influential. Valverde gained international attention after fighting the plans of the Ministry of Agriculture to dry out the Guadalquivir marshes, which eventually led to the creation of Doñana National Park. In addition, Valverde shared his passion for falconry, which had not been practiced in Spain for over 150 years. Félix was determined to recover it. He researched treatises from the Middle Ages such as El libro de la caza de las aves by López de Ayala and El libro de la caza by Don Juan Manuel. In 1954, he was one of the signatories of the founding charter of the Spanish Ornithological Society.

In 1957, he graduated in dentistry in Madrid, receiving the Landete Arago Bernardino award, named after the pioneer of the specialty in Spain. For two years, he worked as a dentist in the clinic of Dr. Baldomero Sol in Madrid, but always part-time so that he could pursue his passion for falconry. However, after his father's death in 1960, he abandoned dentistry  to pursue falconry and science journalism. In 1961 he was a consultant for the film The Cid, shot in Spain. In 1964, thanks to his growing international contacts with scientists, Rodríguez de la Fuente presented a study on the then state of peregrine falcons in Spain at the International Congress for the Protection of Birds of Prey held in Caen, (France).  That year, he also published his first book, The Art of Falconry.

Public Acclaim

Between 1970 and 1974, his first documentary series, Planeta Azul, would gain him public acclaim, especially in Spanish-speaking countries. In December 1973, he began his Radio Nacional de España radio series, La Aventura de la Vida, which was broadcast every Thursday for seven years amounting to over 350 episodes. He frequently contributed to the programmes Planeta agua and Objetivo: salvar la naturaleza. During these years, he took up a number of conservationist causes. He initiated a campaign for the rescue of animals under the threat of extinction, most notably the wolf, which probably owes its survival in the Iberian peninsula to him. Wolves are now extinct in most countries in Western Europe; the remaining populations in central Spain struggled for survival. His work inspired appreciation and respect for the wolf, but at the cost of confrontation with shepherds and hunters. He also campaigned for the protection of the brown bear, the lynx, the golden eagle and the imperial eagle and sought to preserve various Spanish habitats such as the dunes of El Saler, the Doñana National Park, the Tablas de Daimiel National Park, the Monte de El Pardo, and the Gallocanta lake.
Throughout the 1970s he undertook various publishing projects such as the Wildlife Salvat Encyclopedia (1970-1973) compiled by a team of young biologists including Miguel Delibes de Castro, Javier Castroviejo, Cosme Carlos Morillo, and Vallecillo, among others. Completing weekly 24-page booklets of the encyclopedia was a challenge which lasted three years.  In Spain, the encyclopaedia sold eighteen million volumes. It was subsequently translated into fourteen languages and published in five continents, becoming a major reference work - Delibes recalled years later finding the encyclopedia among the shelves of museums of natural sciences throughout Europe. Rodríguez de la Fuente also published the Salvat Encyclopedia of the Iberian and European Fauna coordinated by Joaquín Araujo, and the books El Hombre y la Tierra, Los cuadernos de campo, as well as the encyclopedia, La Aventura de la Vida, published posthumously.

El Hombre y la Tierra

Between 1973 and 1980 he created his most famous documentary series, El Hombre y la Tierra (Spanish for The Man and the Earth) which was divided into three parts: the Iberian, South American, and North American series. The Iberian series consisted of three parts and an unfinished fourth part. The South American series was filmed in 1973 in Venezuela in the Llanos, Orinoco, and Amazon basins. Originally conceived as an eight-episode production, enough material was filmed for eighteen episodes.  Unfortunately, only the episodes of Canada and Alaska of the American series were filmed due to his premature death. The complete series included 124 episodes, most of them shot in Spain. They used 35 mm film, which posed significant logistic and technical challenges at the time. The series gained international recognition. Its memorable soundtrack composed by Antón García Abril soon became recognizable to all. Notable accomplishments of the series included the filming of species for the first time, such as the Pyrenean desman. Using imprinted animals that had become accustomed to human presence, but retained their natural behavioral patterns, his team filmed stunning images. Among them, wolf hunting sequences and the golden eagle capturing a mouflon are notorious. The sequences shot with wolves required him to become a member of the pack during the imprinting process. The series was broadcast in many countries gaining large audiences. In Spain, it was awarded (Premio Ondas, Antena de Oro) and internationally (Monte Carlo Television Festival).  It is noteworthy that the episodes did not include a pre-filming script: Felix improvised the development of each chapter.  In April 1980, the city of Burgos awarded him the Gold Medal of the City posthumously.

Death

On March 4, 1980 Félix presented in the Centro Cultural de la Villa (Madrid) a document entitled Global Strategy for the Protection of Biodiversity and Sustainable Growth issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature before the king and queen of Spain as special guests. He flew to Alaska on the 10th along with the film crew of El hombre y la tierra to cover the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race. The team hired pilot Tony Oney and his partner Warren "Ace" Dodson. Most of the team travelled in Oney's small Cessna. Oney's plane sustained a small oil leak. Felix, who was afraid of flying, decided only at the last minute to fly in Dodson's aircraft. Shortly before take off he commented "what a beautiful place to die." After taking off from Unalakleet, the two planes initiated a route toward the Pacific coast. After a short while, one of the ski boots of Dodson's plane came loose causing the plane to become unbalanced and to crash. Because of insufficient altitude, the experienced pilot was unable to steady the plane. All passengers, including Televisión Española cameraman Teodoro Roa and the assistant Alberto Mariano Huéscar, died in the accident. Oney landed nearby and was the first to reach the site of the crash. The exact location of the tragedy was Shaktoolik, an Inuit settlement about 25 kilometers from the coast of the Bering Sea, not far from Nome, Alaska. This area had long lived in Felix's imagination since his readings of Jack London as a teenager.

Alaska police recovered the bodies, which were then deposited in the morgue at Nome to be repatriated to Spain shortly after. Rodríguez de la Fuente had been slightly ill earlier that week as a result of a painful toothache, but twelve hours before his death he was in good health and making plans for two new films: one on the albatross of Cordova, Alaska, and another on the Aleutian Islands.

While in North America, Rodríguez de la Fuente and his team had become popular in the Canadian Yukon: in Dawson City, Whitehorse, and Yellowknife; and in Alaska: in Nome, Anchorage, and Fairbanks. The headline of one of the local newspaper read: "Farewell to the Spanish Jack London."

According to the American register of aviation accidents, the crash took place at 12:30, March 14, 1980, Alaska local time. That day was his 52nd birthday. News of the accident was released in Spain a few hours later, early in the morning of March 15. His death shocked the country.

Felix was buried in the cemetery of his hometown of Poza de la Sal (Burgos, Spain) with thousands in attendance. In June 1981, at the request of his widow, Marcelle Parmentier, his remains were exhumed and transferred to Burgos cemetery. The pantheon was designed by architect Miguel Fisac and sculptor Pablo Serrano. The controversial transfer was made at night to prevent confronting the inhabitants and authorities of Poza de la Sal who wished his remains to stay at his birthplace.

His legacy

Comic strip
At the height of his popularity, in 1970, Carlos Guirado made an educational celebrity comic starring De La Fuente, titled Una aventura con Félix, el amigo de los animales. It was published in Super Pulgarcito.

Philosophy

Felix's philosophy was founded in an evolutionary view of living organisms. Through evolution, species adapt and improve, but also gain in beauty, which he claimed was a byproduct of evolutionary fitness. However, he thought that the optimal fitness of humans had passed. Felix believed that the ideal epoch of humanity was the Hunter-gatherer culture during the Magdalenian era (Upper Palaeolithic, 15,000 years ago). During this period humans achieved great ecological and cultural success, while living harmoniously with nature. He believed that "the Neolithic initiated a culture of abuse and subjugation that continues to this day." He proposed to recover cultural elements from our Paleolithic past: behaviors that lie at the core of our species and that we crave for.

Inspired by authors such as Teilhard de Chardin and Remy Chauvin, Rodríguez de la Fuente came to conceive of a future in which humans lived in harmony with nature and themselves. The development of collective thinking and creativity, the prioritization of the individual's leisure time to promote self-development, and the promotion of an appreciation for nature were keystones in his philosophy.

His philosophy could be labelled as a form of vitalist humanism aimed at generating healthy individuals engaged in a continuous improvement of society. Felix emphasized that a generalized appreciation for nature requires an accurate reconstruction and awareness of natural history. Felix believed that modern individualism is detrimental to the development of cooperative patterns of behavior, which would only be possible in small communities of 5,000 individuals or less.

He was well aware of the catastrophic prospects of a civilization resting upon individual achievement, eternal economic growth, and destruction of the environment. Felix had a deep appreciation for scientific research. He hoped that science would eventually lead to cultural evolution and yield the fruits of animistic thought: man and nature understood as a single living community.

This philosophy provides some context to his interest in falconry: a form of hunting not involving deception, or supreme advantage over nature (cf., fire arms hunting).

Rodríguez de la Fuente Foundation

Starting in 2004 the foundation that bears his name has taken on the challenge to disseminate Rodríguez de la Fuente's legacy. The foundation promotes a number of conservation initiatives. Their mission statement is "to promote awareness and social involvement to create positive changes that encourage a more harmonious relation between 'man and earth'" The current president is Rodriguez de la Fuente's widow, Marcelle Parmentier. Their three daughters Odille, Leticia, and María de las Mercedes are members of the board of directors.

Award and tribute

From 1986 to 2009, Spain's Ministry of Environment gave the Felix Rodríguez de la Fuente Award for Natural Conservation to recognize ecological contributions by individuals and organizations.

On 14 March 2010, Google celebrated Felix Rodriguez de la Fuente’s Birthday with a doodle.

Norwegian Air Shuttle

As of June 2018, Rodríguez de la Fuente is one of the faces of Scandinavian airline Norwegian, where his face is remembered in the tail of two planes of the company. According to the airline, "Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente was the ultimate environmental promoter in the Spain of his time, and his role was key in creating a clear ecological conscience in the country, at a time when words such as ecology or conservationism were almost unknown."

Gallery

References

External links

 Fundación Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente
 El Hombre y la Tierra - RTVE.es

Spanish television presenters
Spanish naturalists
1928 births
1980 deaths
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
20th-century naturalists


William Collins White (5 March 1895 – 28 November 1974) was a Scottish football goalkeeper who played for Heart of Midlothian and Southampton during the 1920s and 1930s.

Football career

Scotland
White started his football career at Hamilton Academical. In 1923 he joined Heart of Midlothian where his younger brother John was already playing. During his time with "Hearts" he made four appearances for the Scottish League. He became "idolised" at Tynecastle and his departure in July 1928 "infuriated" the Hearts' fans.

Southampton
White joined Southampton for a transfer fee of £800, of which £375 was contributed by the Southampton Supporters Club, replacing Tommy Allen who had moved on in the summer. White was described as "very much a student of the game", who concentrated for the full 90 minutes of every game. He made his debut away to Hull City on 25 August 1928 and his arrival helped restore confidence in a defence that had leaked 77 goals in the previous season. He only missed two matches in the 1928–29 season at the end of which the "Saints" achieved their highest league finish to date, fourth in the Second Division, with 60 goals conceded.

In the following season, White retained his place but the defence again conceded goals regularly, including four or more in six matches, ending the season with a "goals against" total of 76, and a seventh-place finish. In September 1930, he lost his place to Bert Scriven and although White regained his place in goal for the last eight matches of the season, Scriven claimed the No. 1 shirt on a permanent basis in September 1931.

At the end of the 1931–32, White left Southampton for a brief (non-playing) spell with Aldershot, who had recently been elected to the Third Division South. In his four years at The Dell, White made a total of 103 appearances.

Career after football
On his retirement from football, White returned to Southampton to take over the Greyhound Inn in Cossack Street, before returning to Scotland, where he later worked as a foreman in a tube-steel works in Glasgow. He died in Glasgow on 28 November 1974.

Family
Willie was one of four brothers who played top-class football – John was an inside-forward with Albion Rovers, Heart of Midlothian and Leeds United, Thomas was also with Hearts and Alloa Athletic, and James with Albion Rovers, Motherwell and in the United States. All four brothers played together for Hearts in the Lord Provost's Rent Relief Cup final of 1923 which their side won through two goals from Jock.

See also
List of Scottish football families

References

1895 births
1974 deaths
Footballers from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Southampton F.C. players
Aldershot F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Football League representative players


Ebenezer Presbyterian Church may refer to:

 Ebenezer Presbyterian Church (Keene, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
 Ebenezer Academy, Bethany Presbyterian Church and Cemetery, Houstonville, NC, listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
 Ebenezer Presbyterian Church (New Bern, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
 Ebenezer Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, Jenkinsville, SC, listed on the NRHP in South Carolina
Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu, Accra, Ghana
 Ramseyer Memorial Presbyterian Church, Ghana


Sidney Harold Tanenbaum (October 8, 1925 – September 4, 1986) was an American professional basketball player. He was twice a consensus first-team All-American (in 1946 and 1947) and twice a Haggerty Award winner (1946 and 1947). He went on to play professionally for the New York Knicks and the Baltimore Bullets.

Early life
Tanenbaum was born in Brooklyn, New York, grew up in its Brownsville neighborhood, and was Jewish. He was an all-scholastic player at Thomas Jefferson High School. He met his wife, Bobbie Wolfson, in college when he was a junior.

Basketball career
A 6' 0" guard/forward, Tanenbaum played college basketball at New York University, where he was captain of the team in 1947, and was a two-time All-American and two-time Haggerty Award winner as the outstanding player in the metropolitan area. He also won the 1947 Bar Kochba Award, which honored him as the best Jewish American athlete in the nation, and was named first team All-Met in all four of his varsity seasons.<ref name=autogenerated2>"Tanenbaum, Sidney Harold", Jewish Virtual Library</ref> Wilbur Wood, the sports editor of the New York Sun, wrote of Tanenbaum in 1947: "He is the finest all-around basketball performer ever to don Violet livery." He left NYU as the school's all-time leading scorer, with 992 points.  NYU annually awards its top student-athlete the Sid Tanenbaum Memorial Award.

Tanenbaum played two seasons (1947–49) in the Basketball Association of America as a member of the New York Knicks and Baltimore Bullets. On February 11, 1949, the New York Knicks traded him to the Baltimore Bullets for Connie Simmons. He scored 633 points in 70 games and tallied 162 assists. He was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame, and in 1997 into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame.

Personal life
After his basketball career, Tanenbaum lived in Woodmere, New York, with his wife Barbara and sons Steven and Michael (an optometrist). He owned a machine shop specializing in metal spinning and stamping in Far Rockaway, Queens, known as the Able Metal Spinning and Stamping.

Murder
Tanenbaum was murdered on September 4, 1986, aged 60, when he was stabbed to death by a local 37-year-old woman in his shop. Police described Tanenbaum as "something of a benefactor in his neighborhood" who often gave money to people living in the streets. According to reports, he was stabbed because he decided to stop lending money to his attacker after assisting her many times in the past, and when he turned his back she attacked him. His killer, Molly Dotsun, was sentenced to 21 years in prison.

The basketball courts at the park in North Woodmere, New York, are named after Tanenbaum. Since 1986, they have hosted the Sid Tanenbaum Memorial Basketball Tournament that raises scholarship money for students in the Five Towns.

BAA career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

See also
List of select Jewish basketball players

References

External links
Sid Tannenbaum at Jews in Sports''

1925 births
1986 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Baltimore Bullets (1944–1954) players
Deaths by stabbing in New York (state)
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish men's basketball players
Male murder victims
Murdered American Jews
NYU Violets men's basketball players
New York Knicks players
Basketball players from Brooklyn
People from Woodmere, New York
Sportspeople from Hempstead, New York
Basketball players from Nassau County, New York
Guards (basketball)
20th-century American Jews


Ghent Historic District may refer to:
(sorted by state, then city/town)

 Ghent Historic District (Ghent, Kentucky), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Carroll County, Kentucky
 Ghent Historic District (New Bern, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Craven County, North Carolina
 Ghent Historic District (Ghent, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Summit County, Ohio
 Ghent Historic District (Norfolk, Virginia), NRHP-listed


This is a list of chapters of the manga series  written by Kanata Konami. It was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Morning from 2004 to 2015. The manga is about a kitten  and follows her little adventures.

Kodansha publish the first tankōbon on November 22, 2004 and have been doing so annually. The final 12th volume was published on June 23, 2015. Each volume contains several short stories, broken down into 18 chapters, each a few pages long.

Volume list

References

Chi's Sweet Home


Lohani, also known as Nuhani, is a Pashtun tribal sub-group from among the Lodi tribe. Lohani tribes had also made earlier deeper incursions into India, as far as Bihar, and settled therein during the days of the Lodi dynasty.

History

Earliest mentions of the Lohani
The earliest mention of the Lohani tribes comes in the form of an inscription written on a tablet from 1496 AD in Bihar during the days of the Lodi dynasty. The inscription records the construction of a certain gate by Darya Khan Nuhani who is thereafter mentioned as one of the ''governors of the kingdom". The Lohani tribes were also mentioned by the Mughal Emperor Babur in his memoirs, the Baburnama, as Nuhani Afghans around 1529 AD.

References

Pashtun tribes
Pashto-language surnames
Pakistani names


Johnny Ray Rodríguez  —better known simply as Johnny Ray— is an actor, comedian and dancer of Puerto Rican descent. Ray is known for his character of Petraca in the comedy Minga y Petraca and for his imitation of Iris Chacón.

Career
From sitcoms to soap operas, plays, musicals, CD recordings, standup comedy, dance and film, this native New Yorker from the Bronx is a major force in the entertainment industry of Puerto Rico. As a performer in San Juan, Telemundo acted as his first big arena to showcase his many talents. Starring in TV shows such as: "No Te Duermas", (Don't Fall Asleep) "Esto No Es Un Show", (This Is Not A Show) and "Minga Y Petraca", has placed Johnny Ray high up the ranks with fans and critics alike.

With his award-winning TV show, "Esto No Es Un Show", his skills as a producer, director, writer and choreographer, were always put to the test as he turned out a new episode week after week. He wrote, directed and starred in the made-for-TV movie, "Vamo' a Escascararnos" which aired on Telemundo and can now be seen on YouTube.

As a comedian and entertainer, Johnny Ray recently had critics and audiences raving about his 7 sold-out performances for his amazing stage show, 'Esto Si Es Un Show', (This IS a Show) at the prestigious 'Center for the Performing Arts Luis A. Ferré' in San Juan, Puerto Rico. August of this year, 2016, marks his return to this important venue with 'Esto Sí Es Un Show II'.

In LA his acting credits include, 'Crazy Ex-Girlfriend', 'Weeds', 'Disney's Princess Protection Program', 'Journey of a Female Comic', 'The Hot Tamales' and 'Locos y Contentos'. He's also appeared in commercials for both Spanish and English markets.

Johnny Ray produced and starred in the film, "The Three Bilinguals" and is about to direct a 'horror thriller' he wrote for the big screen called, 'The Thing Inside'.

In his spare time, Johnny works for Universal Studios and is also a certified personal fitness trainer.

Rodriguez also worked as a special make-up artist on the movie, "Vampiros".

Filmography

References

External links

Johnny Ray Rodríguez on the Internet Movie Database
Johnny Ray Rodríguez on Facebook
Johnny Ray Rodríguez on MySpace

American male film actors
American actors of Puerto Rican descent
Living people
Puerto Rican television personalities
Puerto Rican LGBT singers
Puerto Rican LGBT entertainers
Entertainers from the Bronx
Year of birth missing (living people)


County Monaghan was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

Members of Parliament
1613 Sir Edward Blaney and Sir Bryan McMahon
1634–1635 Artoge McMahon (died and replaced 1634 by Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney) and Collo McBrien McMahon (replaced 1634 by Nicholas Simpson)
1656 Protectorate Parliament Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney
1660 Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney & Oliver Ancketil
1661–1666 Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney and John Foster

1692–1801

References

Historic constituencies in County Monaghan
Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


Peter Eric Warr (18 June 1938, Kermanshah, Iran – 4 October 2010, Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France) was a British businessman, racing driver and a manager for several Formula One teams, including Walter Wolf Racing, Fittipaldi Automotive, and Team Lotus.

Early life
Warr served a period of National Service as an officer in the Guards Division of the British Army, after training at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. Following demobilisation he moved into business. Warr joined Lotus Cars in 1958 as a salesman, soon switching to sister company Lotus Components where he handled sales of the company's customer racing cars, quickly rising to become Managing Director. During this period he also enjoyed a career as a racing driver, driving the same Lotus 18 Formula Junior cars that he sold during his day job. As a driver he did not reach Formula One, but he won a Formula Junior race in a Lotus 20 on the 4.8-mile south circuit at the Nurburgring on 28 April 1962, and is famous as the first winner of the Japanese Grand Prix in 1963, driving one of his employer's Lotus 23 sportscars.

Motorsport management
Warr was selected by Colin Chapman in late 1969 to be Team Lotus' Competitions Manager in Formula One, and helped mastermind Jochen Rindt and Emerson Fittipaldi's World Championships in  and , respectively. At the end of 1976 Warr moved to the new team set up by Canadian oil magnate Walter Wolf, and oversaw a very successful first year in which Jody Scheckter won three races and challenged for the World Championship.  Wolf's fortunes flagged and at the end of 1979 was merged with the Copersucar Fittipaldi team. By mid 1981 Chapman had enticed Warr back to Lotus, where he would remain until 1989.

After Chapman's death, Warr took over the role of the team boss. He hired a young Ayrton Senna to partner Elio de Angelis against the wishes of John Player & Sons (JPS), the team's main sponsor, which wanted to keep Nigel Mansell. After the very wet 1984 Monaco Grand Prix, in which Mansell crashed out of the lead, Warr famously stated that "he'll never win a Grand Prix as long as I have a hole in my arse". Mansell went on to become one of the most successful British Formula One drivers of all time, with 31 race wins and becoming the only driver ever to hold F1 and CART titles at the same time.

As Lotus team manager, Warr signed Japanese giant Honda for use of their turbocharged engines in  to replace the turbo Renault engines the team had been using since  after the French manufacturer pulled out of F1 at the end of . As part of the deal to get the Honda engines, which at the time were the best in Formula One, Lotus agreed to sign Honda test driver Satoru Nakajima as Ayrton Senna's teammate. Also gone from the cars was the famous Black and Gold of sponsors JPS, replaced by the Yellow and Blue of Camel cigarettes.

After a poor start to the 1989 season, Warr was asked to stand down as Lotus boss and was replaced by Rupert Mainwaring and Peter Collins. The change in Lotus team management took place before the ninth round in Germany.

Warr died suddenly of a heart attack on 4 October 2010, in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, France. The sport's commercial rights holder and former Brabham team principal, Bernie Ecclestone, paid tribute to Warr's importance to Formula One, saying that "he helped me to build it to what it is today".

Warr's book My view from the pit wall was unfinished when he died. Journalist Simon Taylor added a prologue and commentary and it was published by Haynes Publishing in 2012.

References

People from Kermanshah
1938 births
2010 deaths
English motorsport people
English racing drivers
Formula One team principals
Lotus Cars
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst


Thelmuth Harris Wilhelm Woutersz (19 July 1939 - 16 November 2003) was a prominent Sri Lankan diplomat and civil servant, who served as the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Sri Lanka. He had served as Sri Lankan Ambassador to People’s Republic of China, Italy & Yugoslavia.

Education
Wilhelm Woutersz was educated at the Royal College Colombo. He then pursued further studies at the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya graduating in 1961 with Bachelor of Arts in  English literature, western classics and European history.

Diplomatic career

For a short while after graduating, he joined the tutorial staff of S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia before joining the Ceylon Civil Service in 1962 and transferred to the Ceylon Overseas Service in 1965.

After joining the Foreign Service he served in India, Germany, Pakistan and Bangladesh before being appointed Ambassador to Yugoslavia (1986–1991) where he was the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. Thereafter he was posted as ambassador to the People’s Republic of China (1993–1997) with concurrent accreditation as ambassador to Mongolia. Having served as director of various divisions and a Director General in the Foreign Ministry, he was appointed to the post of Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (known as Foreign Secretary) in 1997 and held the post till 1999, in this capacity he served as the head of the Foreign Service.

In 1999 he was sent as  Sri Lanka’s ambassador in Italy and the Holy See and was concurrently ambassador to Greece and high commissioner to Cyprus and Malta. During his tenure he had been Sri Lanka’s accredited permanent representative to the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and had served as the chairman of the Group of 77 (G77) Conference as chairman of the Rome Chapter from 1999 to 2002. In 2003 upon his return after completing his tenure, he retired from the Foreign Service. Wilhelm would serve as president of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon until suffering from a debilitating stroke and tragic death with his loving wife Desiree Frederick Rita Hills at his bedside. For those who were fortunate to have the rare honor to have known Wilhelm would know what it was to bask in his generosity, compassion and enjoy his intellectual wit. He is fondly remembered and forever missed.

External links
Wilhelm Woutersz, Dutch Burgher Union President BY J. B. Muller

References

1939 births
2003 deaths
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of the University of Ceylon (Peradeniya)
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to China
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Greece
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Italy
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Mongolia
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to the Holy See
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Yugoslavia
Burgher people
Sri Lankan civil servants
Burgher educators
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to Cyprus
High Commissioners of Sri Lanka to Malta
People associated with S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Permanent secretaries of Sri Lanka
Representatives of Sri Lanka to the Food and Agriculture Organization
Sri Lankan Christians
World Food Programme people
Sri Lankan officials of the United Nations
Sri Lankan expatriates in India


This list includes properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Craven County, North Carolina. Click the "Map of all coordinates" link to the right to view an online map of all properties and districts with latitude and longitude coordinates in the table below.

Current listings

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Former listing

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See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina
List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina

References

Craven County


Homoneura is a genus of small flies of the family Lauxaniidae.

Species
H. abnormis Gao & Yang, 2004
H. aequalis (Malloch, 1914)
H. aldrichi Miller, 1977
H. americana (Wiedemann, 1830)
H. apicomata Shi & Yang, 2009
H. arizonensis Miller, 1977
H. bakeri Miller, 1977
H. bergenstammi Czerny, 1932
H. biconcava Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. birdi Miller, 1977
H. bispina (Loew, 1861)
H. bistriata (Kertész, 1915)
H. biumbrata (Loew, 1873)
H. brevis Gao & Yang, 2004
H. californica Miller, 1977
H. canariensis (Becker, 1908)
H. chelis Carles-Tolra, 1996
H. christophi (Becker, 1895)
H. cilifera (Malloch, 1914)
H. clavata Miller, 1977
H. columnaria Shi & Yang, 2009
H. conjuncta (Johnson, 1914)
H. consobrina (Zetterstedt, 1847)
H. convergens Shi & Yang, 2009
H. cornuta Sasakawa, 2001
H. crickettae Miller, 1977
H. curva Miller, 1977
H. denticuligera Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. dilecta (Rondani, 1868)
H. disciformis Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. disjuncta (Johnson, 1914)
H. elliptica Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. ericpoli Carles-Tolra, 1993
H. flabella Miller, 1977
H. flavida Shi & Yang, 2009
H. fratercula (Malloch, 1920)
H. fraterna Loew, 1861)
H. fuscibasis (Malloch, 1920)
H. guangdongica Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. harti (Malloch, 1914)
H. hospes Allen, 1989
H. houghii (Coquillett, 1898)
H. imitatrix (Malloch, 1920)
H. immaculata (de Meijere, 1910)
H. inaequalis (Malloch, 1914)
H. incerta (Malloch, 1914)
H. interstincta (Fallén, 1820)
H. jiangi Gao & Yang, 2004
H. johnsoni Miller, 1977
H. knowltoni Miller, 1977
H. kortzasi Tsacas, 1959
H. lamellata (Becker, 1895)
H. lamellata Becker, 1895)
H. latissima Shi & Yang, 2009
H. licina Séguy, 1941
H. limnea (Becker, 1895)
H. littoralis (Malloch, 1915)
H. longicomata Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. longispina Gao & Yang, 2004
H. mallochi Miller, 1977

H. media Miller, 1977
H. mediospinosa Merz, 2003
H. melanderi (Johnson, 1914)
H. minor (Becker, 1895)
H. modesta (Loew, 1857)
H. nebulosa Sasakawa, 2011
H. nigrimarginata Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. nigritarsis Shi & Yang, 2009
H. notata (Fallén, 1820)
H. nubila (Melander, 1913)
H. nubilifera (Malloch, 1920)
H. occidentalis (Malloch, 1920)
H. octostriata Czerny, 1932
H. ocula Miller, 1977
H. ornatipes (Johnson, 1914)
H. patelliformis (Becker, 1895)
H. pernotata (Malloch, 1920)
H. philadelphica (Macquart, 1843)
H. picea Wulp, 1891
H. picta (de Meijere, 1904)
H. psammophila Miller, 1977
H. pufujii Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. quadrifera Shi, Wang & Yang, 2011
H. remmi Papp, 1978
H. semicircularis Shi & Yang, 2009
H. serrata Gao & Yang, 2002,
H. setitibia Shewell, 1940
H. setula Miller, 1977
H. severini Shewell, 1939
H. sheldoni (Coquillett, 1898)
H. shewelli Miller, 1977
H. singularis Yang, Hu & Zhu, 2002
H. tenera (Loew, 1846)
H. tenuispina Loew, 1861)
H. tesquae (Becker, 1895)
H. thalhammeri Papp, 1978
H. tianeensis Gao & Yang, 2004
H. tianlinensis Gao & Yang, 2004
H. tortifurcata Shi & Yang, 2009
H. transversa (Wiedemann, 1830)
H. trochantera Miller, 1977
H. truncata Miller, 1977
H. unguiculata (Kertész, 1913)
H. utahensis Miller, 1977
H. wheeleri Miller, 1977
H. yinggelingica Shi & Yang, 2009
H. zhangae Shi & Yang, 2009

References

Lauxaniidae
Schizophora genera
Taxa named by Frederik Maurits van der Wulp


Shida () is a neighborhood in Daan District, Taipei, Taiwan. It is located adjacent to the southern end of Yongkang Street. It houses the main campus of National Taiwan Normal University (國立臺灣師範大學; hence the name of the neighborhood), making it an area with a high percentage of both Taiwanese and international students. Shida is primarily served by Taipei Metro Guting Station.

Places in Shida
National Taiwan Normal University
Shida Night Market

Neighbourhoods in Taipei


The Student Committee of Solidarity () was a student group created in Kraków in 1977 whose purpose was opposition to the Communist government in Poland. The committee was formed in the aftermath of the murder of Stanisław Pyjas, a student activist, probably killed by members of the communist Secret Services.

The funeral of Pyjas turned into a student demonstration in the streets of Kraków (later called the "Black Procession"), the largest of its kind in Kraków since the March events of 1968.
In the autumn of 1977 similar committees formed in other cities; Warsaw, Gdańsk, Poznań and Wrocław, as well in Szczecin in 1978. The student organizations were generally associated with the Komitet Obrony Robotnikóws (KOR) and carried out their activities mostly, but not exclusively, in academic settings. Where it proved possible, students associated with the committees also supported workers' organizations. The committees printed underground newspapers, organized petitions regarding living standards in student housing and demanded the replacement of communist controlled student groups by independent ones. Another purpose of the committees was to report on the kind of abuses by the communist Secret Services that had led to Pyjas' murder. In a more or less spontaneous ways, the Student Committees of Solidarity led to formation of Independent Students Unions, particularly by 1980.

Many activists of the committees later, after fall of communism in Poland, became well known public figures, among others; Bronisław Wildstein, Bogusław Sonik, Liliana Batko-Sonik, Lesław Maleszka, Róża Thun, Ludwik Dorn, Magdalena Modzelewska, Elżbieta Majewska, and Jacek Rakowiecki

References

External links
Collection of photographs from an exposition on the 30th anniversary of formation of organization

1977 establishments in Poland
Student societies in Poland


The House of Sidamoni () was a noble family (tavadi) in Georgia, their principal line known as Aragvis Eristavi (არაგვის ერისთავი) by virtue of being eristavi (“dukes”) of Aragvi from 1578 to 1743. They were also known as Sidamonidze (სიდამონიძე), Sidamonishvili (სიდამონიშვილი), and Sidamon-Eristavi (სიდამონ-ერისთავი). The family produced several important figures in Georgian politics, culture, and science.

History

The family claimed descent from the medieval kings of Alania. They originally lived in the village of Vanati on the Little Liakhvi River and, through the loyal service rendered to the Georgian kings of Kartli, rose in the ranks of nobility (aznauri) in the mid-16th century. In the 1578s, they secured the help of the Dukes of Ksani and took control of the Aragvi valley, being recognized as the eristavi (“duke”) of Aragvi by the crown in 1578.

The Eristavi of Aragvi pursued an aggressive, expansionist policy which resulted in important territorial acquisitions at the expense of other noble houses of Georgia. They were considered among the six "undivided" houses of the Kingdom of Kartli, which outranked those that had succumbed to the weakening division of their dynastic allods. Their loyalty to the crown was not permanent. In 1743, King Teimuraz II dispossessed the Sidamoni family of their duchy and his successor Erekle II forced them into retirement to Kakheti where they were granted a smaller estate and confirmed as Princes Sidamonishvili.

After the Russian annexation of Georgia in 1801, the Sidamonishvili attempted to restore their erstwhile titles and patrimonial estates in the Aragvi valley, but to no avail. Under the Russian rule, the three Sidamoni lines were received among princely nobility of the empire: two as Princes Eristov-Aragvsky (; 1828) and one as Princes Sidamon-Eristov (Сидамон-Эристов; 1826).

After the Soviet invasion the family was forced to leave Georgia, as they were likely to be placed in Siberian Gulags had they stayed.

See also
 Andrew Eristoff
 Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff
 Simon Sidamon-Eristoff
 Valerian Sidamon-Eristavi
 Victor Eristavi
 Ephraim II of Georgia

References

Sidamoni
Georgian-language surnames


'Sligo was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until 1800.

Members of Parliament
1613–1615 Henry Andrews and Edward Southworth
1634–1635 Arthur Jones and Edward Southworth
1639–1645 Keane O'Hara and Thomas Radcliffe (expelled)
1661–1666 Sir Henry Tichborne and Samuel Bathurst

1689–1801

References

Historic constituencies in County Sligo
Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masatoshi Kawahara. The story follows a young Karate practitioner named Tsukumo Mutsu, 40th master of the deadly Mutsu Enmei Ryu style. It was serialized in Kodansha's Monthly Shōnen Magazine from April 1987 to November 1996. The individual chapters were collected and published into 31 tankōbon volumes published between October 1987 and May 1997.

A prequel series, Mutsu Enmei-ryū Gaiden: Shura no Toki also ran in Monthly Shōnen Magazine, premiering in July 1989 and running until November 2005. Its chapters were published in 15 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha. It was adapted into a 26-episode anime series by Media Factory and Studio Comet that aired from April 6, 2004, until September 28, 2004, and is licensed for release in North America by Media Blasters.

Shura no Mon received the 1990 Kodansha Manga Award for the shōnen category, and has sold over 30 million copies. Two other spin-off series, Shura no Mon: Daini Mon and Shura no Mon: Fudekage, were published from 2010 to 2015 and 2010 to 2014, respectively.

Media

Manga
Written and illustrated by Masatoshi Kawahara, Shura no Mon was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Magazine from April 1987 to November 1996. The individual chapters were collected and published in Japan in 31 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha between October 8, 1987, and May 16, 1997.

A prequel series, , began serialization in the same magazine in July 1989 where it ran until November 2005. It was collected and published in 15 tankōbon volumes between February 13, 1990, and January 17, 2006. Five aizōban volumes of the series were also released between March 19, 2004, and July 21, 2004.

In 2010, a sequel and a spinoff series started in Monthly Shōnen Magazine:  and . The first was serialized from November 2010 to January 2015, and compiled into 16 volumes published from March 19, 2011, and April 17, 2015. The second one transformed Shura no Mons into a soccer manga. It was published from December 2010 to December 2014, and its eight volumes were released from June 17, 2011, to January 16, 2015.

Anime
Three of the story arcs from the prequel series were adapted into a 26-episode anime series by Media Factory and Studio Comet. It premiered on TV Tokyo on April 6, 2004, and ran until September 28, 2004. Media Blasters licensed the series for distribution in North America.

Video games
Only the Mega Drive game of the same name was released Japan and South Korea.

Reception
Shura no Mon received the 1990 Kodansha Manga Award for the shōnen category.

As of April 2015, the complete series had sold over 30 million copies in Japan.

References

External links
Kodansha - Shura no Mon

1987 manga
1989 manga
2004 anime television series debuts
2010 manga
Karate in anime and manga
Kodansha manga
Martial arts anime and manga
Shōnen manga
TV Tokyo original programming
Winner of Kodansha Manga Award (Shōnen)


At Harvard University, the Committee on Degrees in Social Studies is a committee that runs the honors-only, interdisciplinary concentration in social science subjects for undergraduate students. Founded in 1960, it reflects the belief that the study of the social world requires an integration of the disciplines of history, political science, sociology, economics, anthropology, and philosophy. All students are required to complete a senior thesis.

Founders
Stanley Hoffmann, an authority on international relations;
Alexander Gerschenkron, an eminent economic historian;
H. Stuart Hughes, a specialist in European intellectual history;
Barrington Moore Jr., a political sociologist writing about Soviet society and revolutions;
Robert Paul Wolff, a student of political and social theory, who became head tutor for the first year of the program

Chairs
David S. Landes 1981–1993
Charles Maier 1993–1997
Seyla Benhabib 1997–2001
Grzegorz Ekiert 2001–2006
Richard Tuck 2006–

Notable alumni
Chuck Schumer, senior U.S. Senator from New York and current Senate Majority Leader, 1971
Bill Ackman, American investor and hedge fund manager, CEO of Pershing Square Capital Management, 1988
E.J. Dionne, Washington Post columnist, 1973
Ajit Pai, Chairman of the FCC, 1994
Dean Wareham, musician (Galaxie 500, Luna), 1985
Tom Morello, musician (Rage Against the Machine, The Nightwatchman, and Audioslave), 1986
Merrick B. Garland, Attorney General of the United States, judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (and Obama Supreme Court Associate Justice nominee), 1974
Mickey Kaus, journalist, blogger, and 2010 Senate candidate, 1973
Michael Kremer, developmental economist, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, 1985
Mark Whitaker, former Editor of Newsweek, 1979
Adam Cohen, journalist and author, 1984
Dean Norris, actor, 1985
Joshua Redman, jazz musician, 1986
Ben Mezrich, author, 1991
Lucy H. Koh, federal judge, 1990
Charles Sabel, MacArthur Fellow and noted political economist at Columbia University
Jason Furman, Chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisors (CEA)
Emily Chang, the anchor and executive producer of Bloomberg Technology, 2002
Holden Karnofsky, co-founder of GiveWell and Open Philanthropy, 2003

Footnotes

External links
Committee on Degrees in Social Studies
Social Studies and ‘The Harvard Problem’
Social Studies -- It's Just Like Grade School!

Harvard University


Lóránd Szatmári (born 3 October 1988) is a Romanian-born Hungarian football player.

Club career
On 29 July 2022, Szatmári signed with Szeged-Csanád.

References

External links
 Lóránd Szatmári profile at magyarfutball.hu

 Channel4
 UEFA
 Hivatasos Labdarugok Szervezete

1988 births
People from Petroșani
Romanian sportspeople of Hungarian descent
Living people
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Pécsi MFC players
LFA Reggio Calabria players
US Avellino 1912 players
SS Monopoli 1966 players
MTK Budapest FC players
US Salernitana 1919 players
Paksi FC players
Mezőkövesdi SE footballers
Puskás Akadémia FC players
Győri ETO FC players
Vasas SC players
Szeged-Csanád Grosics Akadémia footballers
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Nemzeti Bajnokság II players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Hungarian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Italy


The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (1951) is a reconstruction of the chronology of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah by Edwin R. Thiele. The book was originally his doctoral dissertation and is widely regarded as the definitive work on the chronology of Hebrew Kings. The book is considered the classic and comprehensive work in reckoning the accession of kings, calendars, and co-regencies, based on biblical and extra-biblical sources.

Biblical chronology
The chronology of the kings of Israel and Judah rests primarily on a series of reign lengths and cross references within the books of Kings and Chronicles, in which the accession of each king is dated in terms of the reign of his contemporary in either the southern Kingdom of Judah or the northern Kingdom of Israel, and fitting them into the chronology of other ancient civilizations.

However, some of the biblical cross references did not seem to match, so that a reign which is said to have lasted for 20 years results in a cross reference that would give a result of either 19 or 21 years. Thiele noticed that the cross references given during the long reign of King Asa of Judah had a cumulative error of 1 year for each succeeding reign of the kings of Israel: the first cross-reference resulted in an error of 1 year, the second gave an error of 2 years, the third of 3 years and so on. He explained this pattern as a result of two different methods of reckoning regnal years: the accession year method in one and the non-accession year method in the other. Under the accession year method, if a king died in the middle of a year, the period to the end of that year would be called the "accession year" of the new king, whose Year 1 would begin at the new year. Under the non-accession year method the period to the end of the year would be Year 1 of the new king and Year 2 would begin at the start of the new year. Israel appears to have used the non-accession method, while Judah used the accession method until Athaliah seized power in Judah, when Israel's non-accession method appears to have been adopted in Judah.

In addition, Thiele also concluded that Israel counted years starting in the spring month of Nisan, while Judah counted years starting in the autumn month of Tishri. The cumulative impact of differing new years and different methods of calculating reigns explained, to Thiele, most of the apparent inconsistencies in the cross references.

Unknown to Thiele when he first published his findings, these same conclusions that the northern kingdom used non-accession years and a spring New Year while the southern kingdom used accession years and a fall New Year had been discovered by Valerius Coucke of Belgium some years previously, a fact which Thiele acknowledges in his Mysterious Numbers.

Conclusions
Based on his conclusions, Thiele showed that the 14 years between Ahab and Jehu were really 12 years. This enabled him to date their reigns precisely, for Ahab is mentioned in the Kurk Stele which records the Assyrian advance into Syria/Israel at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC, and Jehu is mentioned on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III paying tribute in 841 BC. As these two events are dated by Assyrian chronology as being 12 years apart, Ahab must have fought the Assyrians in his last year and Jehu paid tribute in his first year.

Thiele was able to reconcile the Biblical chronological data from the books of Kings and Chronicles with the exception of synchronisms between Hoshea of Israel and Hezekiah of Judah towards the end of the kingdom of Israel and reluctantly concluded that at that point the ancient authors had made a mistake. Oddly, it is at that precise point that he himself makes a mistake, by failing to realize that Hezekiah had a coregency with his father Ahaz, which explains the Hoshea/Hezekiah synchronisms. This correction has been supplied by subsequent writers who built on Thiele's work, including Thiele's colleague Siegfried Horn, T. C. Mitchell and Kenneth Kitchen, and Leslie McFall.

Thiele's method in arriving at his chronology has been contrasted with the analytical method employed by Julius Wellhausen and other scholars who follow some form of the documentary hypothesis. Wellhausen taught that the chronological data of the books of Kings and Chronicles were artificially put together at a date much later than the events they were ostensibly describing and were basically not historical. This was a necessary consequence of his a priori assumption that the biblical books as we have them today were the work of late-date editors who could not possibly have known the correct history of the times they were writing about. Theodore Robinson summarized this position as follows: "Wellhausen is surely right in believing that the synchronisms in Kings are worthless, being merely a late compilation from the actual figures given."

Wellhausen's methodology in interpreting the Scriptures and the history of Israel has therefore been classed by RK Harrison as a deductive approach; that is, one that starts with presuppositions and derives a historical reconstruction from those presuppositions. A necessary consequence of this approach has been that no general agreement has been reached on the chronology of the Hebrew kingdom period as calculated by authors who adopted this method. "The disadvantage of the deductive approach is that nothing is settled for certain; the results obtained are as diverse as the presuppositions of the scholars, since diverse presuppositions produce diverse results." In contrast, Thiele's method of determining the chronology of the Hebrew kings was based on induction, that is, making it a matter of first priority to determine the actual methods used by ancient scribes and court recorders in recording the years of kings, as described above. Thiele's inductive method, then, was based on inscriptional evidence from the ancient Near East, and not on the presuppositions followed by liberal scholarship. It is Thiele's method that has produced the determinative studies for the chronology of the kingdom period, not the presupposition-based method, so that even those interpreters who continue in late-date theories for the authorship of Scripture have recognized the credibility of Thiele's scholarship in determining the date for the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon, as cited above. The work of Thiele and other textual scholars who have followed an inductive (evidence-based) approach is therefore significant in providing an alternative to the methods of the documentary hypothesis, and the success of that approach has been seen as theologically significant in supporting a high view of the inspiration of Scripture, particularly regarding its integrity in the abundant and complex historical data related to the kingdom period.

If the chronological data of the MT [ Masoretic text ] were not authentic—the actual dates and synchronisms for these various kings—then neither Thiele nor McFall nor anyone else could have constructed a chronology from them that in every case is faithful to the original texts and in every proven instance is consistent with Assyrian and Babylonian chronology. This mathematical demonstration should sit in judgment over the various theories of text formation: If a theory of text formation cannot explain how the chronological data of the MT has produced a chronology that in every respect seems authentic for the four centuries of the monarchic period, then that theory must be rejected as another example of a presupposition-based approach that cannot meet the rational criteria for credibility.

Chronology of the Hebrew kings according to Thiele's work

Reception

Thiele's chronological reconstruction has not been accepted by all scholars, nor has any other scholar's work in this field. Yet the work of Thiele and those who followed in his steps has achieved acceptance across a wider spectrum than that of any comparable chronology, so that Assyriologist DJ Wiseman wrote “The chronology most widely accepted today is one based on the meticulous study by Thiele,” and, more recently, Leslie McFall: “Thiele’s chronology is fast becoming the consensus view among Old Testament scholars, if it has not already reached that point.” Although criticism has been leveled at numerous specific points in his chronology, his work has won considerable praise even from those who disagree with his final conclusions.  Nevertheless, even scholars sharing Thiele's religious convictions have maintained that there are weaknesses in his argument such as unfounded assumptions and assumed circular reasoning.

This citation, from a critic of Thiele's system, demonstrates the difference mentioned above between the deductive approach based on presuppositions and an inductive approach based on data, not a priori assumptions. Thiele is criticized here for basing his theories on data or evidence, not on presuppositions.

Despite these criticisms Thiele's methodological treatment remains the typical starting point of scholarly treatments of the subject, and his work is considered to have established the date of the division of the Israelite kingdom. This has found independent support in the work of J. Liver, Frank M. Cross, and others studying the chronology of the kings of Tyre. Thiele's work has found widespread recognition and use across various related scholarly disciplines. His date of 931 BCE, in conjunction with the synchronism between Rehoboam and Pharaoh Shishak in 1 Kings 14:25, is used by Egyptologists to give absolute dates to Egypt's 22nd Dynasty, and his work has also been used by scholars in other disciplines to establish Assyrian and Babylonian dates. Criticism of Thiele's reconstruction led to further research which has refined or even departed from his synthesis. Notable studies of this type include work by Tadmor and McFall.

Scholarly attitudes towards the Biblical record of the Israelite monarchies from the late nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century were largely disparaging, treating the records as essentially fictional and dismissing the value of the regnal synchronisms. In contrast, modern scholarly attitudes to the monarchical chronology and synchronisms in 1 and 2 Kings has been far more positive subsequent to the work of Thiele and those who have developed his thesis further, a change in attitude to which recent archaeology has contributed.

References

External links
 Tabular summary of Thiele's chronologies

1951 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
History books about Israel
History books about Judaism
Religious studies books
Chronology
Books about the ancient Near East


Jorge Ricardo Preloran (May 28, 1933 – March 28, 2009) was an Argentine filmmaker and a pioneer in ethnobiographic film making.

Life and career
Preloran was born in Buenos Aires to an Argentine father and an Irish American mother. He made a short film, Venganza, in 1954, and left Argentina to enroll at UCLA, graduating with a film studies major in 1961. Holding dual citizenship, he served with the U.S. military in West Germany.  He began a career as a filmmaker in 1961, when the Tinker Foundation offered him a grant to make several films on the gauchos of Argentina.  Preloran sought to redefine the genre of ethnographic films, moving away from depicting their subjects as exotic or primitive, striving to make films that, as he told Americas magazine, "do not use the people about whom they are made."

From 1963-1969 Preloran produced educational films and films on Argentine folklife at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán in Tucuman, Argentina. He also began to work in a style of ethnographic film known as ethnobiography, in which "the filmmaker gets closer to the subject to give a portrait of the subject as well as their culture and practices."

His 1969 film Hermógenes Cayo (Imaginero) was recently listed as one of the ten best Argentine films of all times.  In making this film, he spent months with the subject (artist Hermógenes Cayo) prior to shooting, and followed many of the subject's suggestions in the actual film-making. This relationship between filmmaker and subject was to be repeated through his career. Preloran made over 50 films in his lifetime, working in Argentina, the United States, Ecuador, and elsewhere.

His 1980 film Luther Metke at 94 was nominated for the 1981 Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.

Preloran taught at the School of Theater, Film and Television at UCLA from 1976 to 1994. In 2007 he donated his life's work to the Human Studies Film Archives, Smithsonian Institution, where his films are being preserved and made available for research.  Preloran died in Culver City in 2009, at age 75.

Filmography
 Venganza (1954)
 At Three O'Clock (1956)
 The Unvictorious One (1957)
 Mackinac Island (1958)
 This Is U.C.L.A. (1959)
 Death, Be Not Proud (1961)
 The Llanero (El Llanero) (1962)
 The Gaucho of Corrientes (El Gaucho Corriento) (1963)
 The Gaucho of the Pampas (El Gaucho de las Pampas) (1963)
 The Gaucho of Salta (El Gaucho de Salta) (1963)
 The Argentine Gaucho, Today (El Gaucho Argentino, Hoy) (1963)
 Costa Patagónica (1963)
 Costumbres Neuquinas (1963)
 La Patagonia Argentina (1963)
 Anfibios, Reproduccion y Desarrollo (1964)
 Potential Dinamico de la Republica Argentina (1964)
 La Biologia Experimental (1965)
 Dinosaurs — The Age of Reptiles (1965)
 El Estudio de los Vegetales (1965)
 Reptiles Fosiles Triasicos de la Argentina (1965)
 Máximo Rojas, Monturero Criollo (1965)
 Trapiches Caseros (1965)
 Feria en Simoca (1965)
 Casabindo (1966)
 Ocurrido en Hualfín (1966) (Co-directed by Raymundo Gleyzer)
 Quilino (1966)
 Viernes Santo en Yavi (1966)
 Purmamarca (1966)
 Claudia y Yo (1966)
 El Tinkunaco (1967)
 Salta y Su Fiesta Grande (1967)
 Un Tejedor de Tilcara (1967)
 Artesanias Santiagueñas (1968)
 Chucalezna (1968)
 Iruya (1968)
 Medardo Pantoja, Pintor (1968/1983)
 La Feria de Yavi (1969)
 Fiestas en Volcan Higueras (1969)
 Señalada en Juella (1969)
 Hermógenes Cayo, Imaginero (1970)
 Damacio Caitruz (Araucanians of Ruca Choroy ) (1971)
 El Grano Dorado (1971/1981)
 Manos Pintadas (Painted Hands) (1971/1981)—A documentary film about the Cueva de las Manos.
 The Red-Tailed Comet (1971) (Edited by Preloran; Photography by Francisco Contino)
 Remate en Estancia (1971)
 Claudia (1972)
 Valle Fertil (1972)
 The Ona: Life and Death in Tierra del Fuego (1973) (Photography and Editing by Preloran; Directed by Ann Chapman and Ana Montes de González)
 Cochengo Miranda (1974/1979)
 Los Hijos de Zerda (Zerda's Children) (1974/1978)
 The Warao People (Los Guarao) (1974)
 La Iglesia de Yavi (1977)
 La Maquina (The Pump) (1978)
 Luther Metke at 94 (1979) (Co-directed by Steve Raymen)
 Castelao (1980)
 Héctor di Mauro, Titeritero (Héctor di Mauro, Puppeteer) (1980)
 Mi Tia Nora (My Aunt Nora) (1983) (Screenplay by Mabel Preloran)
 Zulay Frente al Siglo XXI (Zulay Facing the 21st Century) (1989)
 Patagonia, en Busca de su Remoto Pasado (seven-part series) (1993)
 Obsesivo (Obsessive) (1994)

References

Further viewing
 Rivera, Fermín. (Director). (2009). Traces and Memory of Jorge Prelorán [Video file]. Documentary Educational Resources. Retrieved June 23, 2021, from Kanopy.

External links

 Jorge Preloran Collection at Human Studies Film Archives, Smithsonian Institution

1933 births
2009 deaths
Film people from Buenos Aires
Argentine people of Irish descent
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Argentine expatriates in the United States
Argentine film directors
American documentary filmmakers


The Sumpa () were a tribe living in northeastern Tibet from ancient times. Chinese historical sources refer to them as "Qiang", a term for people living in what is now southwest China, and their actual ethnic identity is not known. Their territory was absorbed by the Tibetan Empire in the late 7th century, after which point they gradually lost their independent identity.

The Sumpa identified as the people known to the Chinese as the Supi 蘇毗 or Sunpo 孫波.

Origins and territory
The Tangshu, chap. 221b, says that the people of the country of Supi (Sumpa) were originally of Western Qiang descent. The Qiang had been in the region for a very long time - they were the main foreign enemies of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE). It has been suggested by Christopher I. Beckwith that their name may have derived from an Indo-European root meaning 'charioteer'.

After they were annexed by the Tibetans they took the name of Sunpo (= Sumpa). They were the largest of the tribes in the region and consisted of some 30,000 family units. Their territory extended from the border of the Domi people to the east as far as the Houmangxia (or Houmang Gorge) Pass in the west.

The location of the Supi/Sumpa kingdom in the 7th–8th centuries in northeastern Tibet stretched from the southern bank of the Yak River (Chinese: Tongtian River - known in Tibetan as the Chu-dmar, the largest upper course of the 'Bri-chu or Yangtze River) in the east about 1,400 li (roughly 452 km) southwest to the Houmangxia Pass (= the Ta-tsang-la) and ranged  at times as far as Khotan.

The Sumpa were considered part of the Tibetan kingdom as early as the 6th century CE, in the time of Songtsen Gampo's father Namri Songtsen, and are thought to have spoken a Tibetan dialect.

History
The Sumpa/Supi are associated with the Supiya of Kharosthi documents of about 300 CE from the Tarim Basin. They are described as being among the invaders of the Kingdom of Khotan ('the red-faced (Tibetans), Huns, Chinese, Supiya'). To the Khotanese, who had been a settled people for about a thousand years, they appeared as savage and uncouth. They are also mentioned as having been in Niya and Cherchen.

The Supi have also been closely associated with mysterious "Kingdoms of Women" during the Sui dynasty (581-617 CE). "A queen of the Suvarṇagotra in the western 女國 Niu-kuo [Pinyin: Nüguo] of women was called in Chinese Su-p'i, which may indicate a woman of the Supīya."

The Tibetan Annals record that the Tibetans took the territory of Śo-čhigs of the Sumpa in 692 and in 702 the Emperor Tridu Songtsen and his Council made an inspection of Sumpa territory. According to documents from Dunhuang the Advisor, Mangporje, brought "the whole country of the Sumpa under tribute" under Songtsen Gampo probably c. 627.

Although the original annexation of the Sumpa by the Chinese appears to have been basically peaceful, and the Sumpa were gradually assimilated into the general Tibetan population, there were occasional tensions between the two groups. The Old Tibetan Chronicle says that Myang Mangporje advised Songtsen Gampo against attacking the Sumpa, who had been among his father Namri Songtsen’s feudatory states. "Instead he offered protection for their flocks, wherefore, in the words of the Chronicle, ‘all their households were naturally captured as subjects.’"

Along with the 'Asha (Tuyuhun) they were rapidly absorbed by the Yarlung Dynasty during the 7th and 8th centuries CE. After their submission to the Tibetans from the Yarlung Valley, they were stationed in Minyak or modern Amdo, to guard the eastern frontier against the Chinese.

According to Tangshu 221b; during the Tianbao era (742–755), the Sumpa king, Molingzan, wanted to submit to the Chinese Empire with all his people, but he was killed by the Tibetans. His son Xinuo, accompanied by some dignitaries, sought refuge in Longyou in Gansu. The Governor sent them with an escort to the capital where the Emperor, Xuanzong (reigned 712–756 CE), treated them with great honours. The Xin Tangshu 216a places the submission of the son of the Supi king in 755. It gives his name as Xinuoluo and says that he was granted the title of Huaiyi ("he who cherishes justice") Prince, and was given the family name of Li. It adds, "The Supi are a powerful tribe."

Evidence from documents on woodslips found near modern-day Hotan shows that "Tibetan armies, including previously subjugated Sumpa and Zhangzhung elements" were stationed along the Southern Silk Route from the mid-eighth to mid-ninth century CE. A major administrative division or "horn" of Tibet (there were six altogether), was named "Sumpa-ru". It was in northeastern Tibet (Amdo) near Miran, and soldiers were sent from there to man camps at Mazar-tagh and Miran in the southern Tarim Basin.

Footnotes

Further reading
 Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "Ëast of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan." In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.

Ancient peoples of China
Former countries in Asia
Former monarchies of Asia
Tang dynasty
Tibet


Christopher Larkin is an American conductor who is best known for his work within the field of opera. He was associate conductor of the Houston Grand Opera for a number of years, where he notably conducted the world premieres of Mark Adamo's Little Women and Michael Daugherty’s Jackie O. He is also the former music director of the New York City Opera National Company. As a guest conductor, Larkin has worked for numerous opera houses including Wexford Festival Opera, Santa Fe Opera, Washington National Opera, Portland Opera, Florentine Opera, Opera Pacific, Opera Carolina, and Boston Lyric Opera among many others. He has also worked as an assistant conductor and vocal coach for the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera, Opera Company of Philadelphia, Vancouver Opera, and the Canadian Opera Company.

References

External links
Pinnacle Arts Management, Biography: Christopher Larkin, Conductor
Portland Opera, Christopher Larkin - Conductor

American male conductors (music)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians


The People's Party () was a political party in Guatemala. The party was led by Jorge García Granados, and functioned as his personal political vehicle. García had been a leader in the 1944 October Revolution. The party opposed the government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán. It disappeared after the 1954 coup.

References

Defunct political parties in Guatemala
Guatemalan Revolution


The Party of the Guatemalan Revolution (, PRG) was formed in June 1952 during the Guatemalan Revolution to unite the non-Communist parties which were supporting the administration of Jacobo Árbenz. These included the Popular Liberation Front, the National Renovation Party, the Revolutionary Action Party, and the Socialist Party. The Communist Guatemalan Party of Labour (PGT) was opposed to the formation of the PRG, fearing that it would undermine their influence in the government. The PAR and the PRN later withdrew. Although the PRG continued in existence until the overthrow of the President Árbenz, it had failed to achieve its original purpose of opposing Communist efforts to gain a predominant voice in the Árbenz government. It was disbanded after the coup d'état of 1954.

Bibliography
 Communism in Guatemala, 1944-1954. by Ronald M. Schneider Published in 1979, Octagon Books (New York).
 Political parties of the Americas : Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies / edited by Robert J. Alexander. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1982.
 Political and agrarian development in Guatemala by Susan A. Berger Published in 1992, Westview Press (Boulder).
 A case history of communist penetration: Guatemala. by United States. Dept. of State. Office of Public Services. Published in 1957, (Washington).
 Gleijeses, Piero, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944-1954, Princeton, 1991.
 Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture: 2nd ed. 2008.

Defunct political parties in Guatemala
Guatemalan Revolution
Socialist parties in Guatemala


Anthony Wotton (c. 1561 – 1626) was an English clergyman and controversialist, of Puritan views. He was the first Gresham Professor of Divinity. Christopher Hill describes him as a Modernist and Ramist.

Life
He was born in London about 1561, and was educated at Eton College; he then was elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge, being admitted on 1 October 1579. His tutor was William Temple.  He graduated B.A. in 1583, and proceeded M.A. in 1587. He was made B.D. in 1594, and in the same year he disputed with John Overall at Cambridge before Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, who made him his chaplain. On the death of William Whitaker in the following year Wotton wrote some eulogistic verses, and became a candidate for the regius professorship of divinity vacated by Whitaker; though Wotton was highly commended for his disputation, Overall was elected by the votes of the younger Cambridge men, who preferred Overall's moderate high-church views to Wotton's puritanism.

In March 1596, on the establishment of Gresham College, Wotton was appointed its first professor of divinity. He held the post less than two years, vacating it and his fellowship at King's on his marriage, on 27 October 1598, to Sybell, aged 28, daughter of William Brisley of Isleworth, Middlesex.

Wotton now became lecturer at All Hallows, Barking, a post which he held till his death; all his books are dated from his house on Tower Hill. He failed to obtain further preferment, because of his views, but he became a well-known and popular preacher. In 1604 he was suspended by John Bancroft, his prayer that "the king's eyes might be opened" being taken as an insinuation that the king was blind. The suspension did not last long.

Wotton died on 11 December 1626 in his house on Tower Hill.

Controversy with Walker
In 1611 George Walker (1581?-1651) accused him of Socinianism; this led to a 'conference' of learned divines, which ended in Wotton's vindication. The controversy went on till 1615, and in 1641, long after Wotton's death, Walker repeated his accusations. This provoked Mr. Anthony Wotton's Defence (Cambridge, 1641, published under the name of Thomas Gataker, who, however, only wrote the postscript, the Defence being by Wotton's son, Samuel (see below). Walker replied in A True Relation of the cheife Passages between Mr. Anthony Wotton and Mr. George Walker in ... 1611, and in the Yeares next following ... till 1615 (London, 1642, 4to).

Family
His eldest son, Anthony, born in 1599, died young. The second, Samuel, born on 30 August 1600, was educated at Eton, and elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge; graduated M.A. in 1629, and subsequently D.D., and was presented by the provost of Eton to the rectory of West Wrotham, Norfolk, on 29 April 1640. He died on 4 February  1680–1. Besides the Defence of his father, he translated Pierre de la Ramée's Logic, which was published by his father in 1626 as The Arte of Logicke gathered out of Aristotle (London, 8vo), and was dedicated to James, Viscount Doncaster. The third son, John, also fellow of King's and vicar of Weedon, Northamptonshire, was ejected for refusing the 'engagement' in 1650, and died about 1659.

Works
Wotton was author of:

A Defence of Perkins's Booke called "A Reformed Catholicke" against the Cauils of a Popish Writer, one B. P. or W. B., (i.e. William Bishop, bishop of Chalcedon) in his "Deformed Reformation," London, 1606, a substantial work of six hundred pages dedicated to the Earl of Salisbury. See William Perkins.
 A Trial of the Romish Clergies Title to the Church. By Way of Answer to a Popish Pamphlet written by one A. D. and entitled "A Treatise of Faith," London, 1608. This provoked A Reply made unto Mr. Anthonie Wotton and Mr. John White (see John White), by A. D., no place, 1612.
Sermons upon a Part of the first Chapter of the Gospel of St. John, preached in the Parish Church of All Hallows, Barking, in London, London, 1609.
Runne from Rome, or a Treatise shewing the Necessitie of separating from the Church of Rome, London, 1624: 2nd edit. 1636: in this work Wotton seeks to confute Cardinal Bellarmine.
De Reconciliatione Peccatoris libri v., Basle, 1624.

References

1561 births
1626 deaths
Clergy from London
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
16th-century Puritans
17th-century English Puritans
17th-century Anglican theologians
16th-century Anglican theologians


John Blankenchip (November 14, 1919 – April 1, 2009) was a director, theater designer, and professor at the School of Theatre at the University of Southern California.

References

1919 births
2009 deaths
American theatre directors
University of Southern California faculty


Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University of Humanities () in Moscow, Russia is a coeducational theological university for the laity affiliated with the Russian Orthodox Church. The university, established in 1991, is Russia's first theological graduate-level school for the lay men and women, unlike traditional Orthodox seminaries preparing male students for ordination. It is the only Orthodox institution in Russia that is accredited to issue generally accepted diplomas. Ten departments of the university provide education in theology, history, teaching, missionary practice, religious arts and music, economics, social services and information management. Basic theology studies are mandatory for students of all departments. Admission does not require adherence to Orthodox faith or any religious tests, except for the icon school where applicants should demonstrate skills in traditional Orthodox art.

The university traces its roots to Orthodox missionaries Vsevolod Shpiller (1902–1984) and hieromonk Paul (Troitsky). In the end of the 1980s their alumni set up evening courses of theology that merged in a unified institution in 1991 and, with support of Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow, acquired state accreditation as a university in 1992. The university is closely associated with the Brotherhood of Merciful Saviour, which traditionally provided teaching staff and premises to the university.

For years, the university operated on premises leased from other colleges or on the parish church properties, notably the church of Saint Nicholas in Kyzneci(Zamoskvorechye District) operated by the Brotherhood. In the 2000s the university obtained the rights to the former Bishopric House that prior to the October Revolution housed the Orthodox Open University and is now (2009) in the process of rebuilding the run-down building into its new, permanent, campus.

The university has been continuously chaired by one of its founders, and the founding member of the Brotherhood of Merciful Saviour, Revd. Vladimir Vorobyov (born 1941) since 1991. Rector of the university is, as of 2009, an ex officio member of the Local Council (pomestny sobor) of the Russian Orthodox Church. Vladimir Vorobyov also chairs the department of religion and culture at the Ministry of Internal Affairs Academy.

The university selects its staff primarily from ordained Russian Orthodox clerics and lay academicians; guest speakers may come from other denominations (most often Roman Catholic Church). University staff was actively engaged in the 2007 public controversy on the alleged Orthodox clericalisation of school education, opposing the nonsectarian approach of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 2006 the late Patriarch Alexey, speaking in favor of increased Orthodox presence in public schools, proposed Saint Tikhon's university as the source of qualified lay  teachers of the Basics of Orthodox Culture course recommended by the Church.  In 2018 topped the list of the most demanded humanitarian universities in Russia.

The university celebrates its holiday on November 18, the day of Saint Tikhon's ascension to the Patriarchy in 1917.

Notable alumni
See also :Category:Saint Tikhon's Orthodox University people
 Aleksandr Konovalov, envoy of the president of Russian Federation
 Metropolitan Nicholas of Akhalkalaki (Georgian Orthodox Church)

References

Universities in Moscow
Educational institutions established in 1991
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Russian Orthodox Church
1991 establishments in Russia


Christian Andrew William Thompson  (born 1978), also known as Christian Bumbarra Thompson, is a contemporary Australian artist. Of Bidjara heritage on his father's side, his Aboriginal identity has played an important role in his work, which includes photography, video installations and sound recordings. After being awarded the Charlie Perkins Scholarship, to complete his doctorate in Fine Arts at Oxford University, he has spent much time in England. His work has been extensively exhibited in galleries around Australia and internationally.

Early life, influences and education
Thompson was born in Gawler, South Australia, north of Adelaide, and trained as an artist in Toowoomba, Queensland. He is of Bidjara (Aboriginal Australian people of central southwestern Queensland) and Chinese Australian heritage on his father's side, Kunja (Gunya) language group. He also has Irish, Norwegian and Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Thompson's great-great-grandfather is King Billy of Bonny Doon Lorne, a senior tribesman of the Bidjara people who reigned for many years over the district.

Thompson had an itinerant childhood, following his father's career in the RAAF, and lived in Darwin, Wagga Wagga, Raymond Terrace, Toowoomba, and Adelaide, along with his three brothers. He spent his formative years and family holidays in Barcaldine and in the bush learning the culture and traditions of his father's people from his grandmother and great aunts. Many of his family members were creative artists, so he "grew up surrounded by creative people". He was greatly encouraged by his art teacher.

He undertook his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Toowoomba at the University of Southern Queensland, and in 1999 he relocated to Melbourne to undertake his Honours in Fine Art at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology.

While studying at Toowoomba and Melbourne, Thompson was heavily inspired by Fluxus artists George Maciunas and Yoko Ono, as well Andy Warhol and many others. He grew up immersed in music and culture of the 1980s and '90s and identified strongly with punk music.

He was an active member of the Melbourne art community, exhibiting his own work and curating group exhibitions. He undertook a curatorial internship at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image, and was on the curatorial group for shows Contemporary Commonwealth at the National Gallery of Victoria and the Australian Centre for the Moving Image. He established the MHUL Workshop, an annual workshop for young Indigenous artists from across Australia.

In 2009 he completed a Masters of Theatre degree at the DasArts, part of the Amsterdam School of the Arts. In 2010 he transferred to the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford, after being awarded the Charlie Perkins Scholarship, to complete his doctorate (Doctorate of Philosophy (Fine Art)}. He was one of the first two Indigenous Australians to attend Oxford.

He moved to London some time after his time at Oxford. He said in 2014 that "a third of my life experiences and memories [were] attached to Europe", after his time in the Netherlands and England, and he had a worldview, which influenced his work. As his mother's family was from Bampton, Oxfordshire, he also grew up surrounded by British television shows, and he looked to England rather than the United States, as many young people of his age did.

Career
Thompson meditated on the relationship between form and performance, and his early works focused on the relationship to the human form. He later moved into photography and video as a means to capture the performative qualities of his textile-based sculptures and elaborate costumes.

Thompson established himself in 2002 in the Australian art world with his first series, Blaks Palace, a series of photographs and giant oversized sweaters. Thompson's most notable works include his series Emotional Striptease, The Gates of Tambo and more recently his series Australian Graffiti, which are held in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia and the Art Gallery of New South Wales and AAMU in Utrecht, the Netherlands. His work deals with the nature of identity as an ever-evolving and uncharted terrain, bringing together a variety of seemingly disparate forms and themes. He undertook his first major public art project through the Future Arts Research program at the Arizona State University, Dartmouth College, and Massey University International Art Residency, Wellington, New Zealand.

His series of photographs Lost Together was made in the Netherlands where Thompson undertook a residency program at DasArts developing his live performance work which brought together his Bidjara and European heritage, combining classical music, traditional rhythms and lyrical narratives into richly textured, lilting and evocative arrangements. His sound based work is concerned with the innate lyricism of his traditional language and the expression of this in contemporary traditional and experimental musical forms. His work has appeared in various national and international publications including Frieze, Art and Australia, Art Monthly, Realtime, Art Review, Vogue magazine and in Susan Bright's book Auto Focus published by Thames & Hudson. Thompson was also shortlisted and highly commended for the Kate Challis RAKA Award and in 2011 for the Blake Prize and the Basil Sellers Art Prize.

Exhibitions and gallery holdings
He has presented his photographs, videos and performance work in numerous solo and group exhibitions nationally and internationally. He was the first Aboriginal studio artist at Gertrude Street Contemporary Art Spaces 2006–2007, Melbourne. In 2008 he began international residencies at DasArts Advanced Studies for Performing Arts, Amsterdam, and Arizona State University in the United States. His work is held in many public and private collections in Australia and overseas, including the National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Queensland Art Gallery, the Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection of the University of Virginia, the Peter Klein Collection (Eberdingen, Germany), Latrobe Regional Gallery (Morwell, Australia),  (Utrecht, the Netherlands), Myer Collection (Melbourne, Australia), City of Melbourne Collection, the Pat Corrigan Collection, Artbank, Cate Blanchett and Andrew Upton collection and private collections.

His work was included in the 17th International Biennale of Sydney The Beauty of Distance - Songs of Survival in a Precarious Age, curated by David Elliot, and the 2018 Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art Before and After Science. curated by Sarah Tutton and Charlotte Day.

His 2010 series King Billy is held by the Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts. The work a tribute to his great-great-grandfather, King Billy of Bonnie Doon Lorne.

In 2011 Thompson undertook international residencies at the Australia Council for the Arts Greene street Studio in New York and the Fonderie Darling Studio in Montreal. His work Gamu Mambu from the Sydney Biennale was included in a major exhibition of Korean and Australian art at the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia.

Thompson's video work HEAT 2010 was included in the National Gallery of Australia's 2nd National Indigenous Art Triennial: unDISCLOSED in 2012.

His 2011 video work Dhagunyilangu, meaning brother, employs a British male opera singer to interpret the song written in Bidjara, one of many Aboriginal languages which have been lost during colonisation. It was  included in the TarraWarra Biennial in Melbourne as well as the Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford University in 2012, as part of the photographic series, We Bury Our Own. He said in 2015 that the impact of this series on other artists and academics had been the most rewarding thing for him in his career to date.

In 2014 he became the first recipient of the Massey University International Arts Residency in  Wellington, New Zealand He collaborated with James Young, former collaborator of Nico, and recorded his own version of Dhagunyilangu and created a video work of himself singing in Bidjara. The video work titled Refuge is part of a larger series of works titled Eight Limbs shown at the Te Whare Hera Gallery, Wellington, in 2014.

In January 2015, Oxford's Trinity College took down the old paintings in its dining room for the first time in over 400 years to display an exhibition of Thompson's work.

The first survey of his work, an exhibition called Ritual Intimacy, presented in association with Monash University Museum of Art (MUMA) and curated by Hetti Perkins and Charlotte Day], was mounted at UNSW Art & Design Galleries in Paddington from May to July 2018. after being mounted at MUMA, Griffith University Art Museum in Brisbane and the Samstag Museum of Art in Adelaide.

From May 2018 he worked on his first virtual reality project, under the Australian Centre for the Moving Image Mordant Family VR Commission. It was mounted at ACMI in May 2019, titled Bayi Gardiya (Singing Desert). In the seven-minute installation, Thompson sings in the Bidjara language, which had been lost but is being revived. Thompson is the first recipient of the Mordant Family Commission VR, a three-year program worth  to support artists who have never worked in VR before.

Recognition
2010: Awarded the inaugural Charlie Perkins Scholarship to the University of Oxford to undertake his Doctorate of Philosophy (Fine Art), and was among the first cohort of Australian Aboriginal people to attend Oxford University in its 900-year history.
2010: Shortlisted for the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards, run by the Art Gallery of Western Australia.
2012: Honourable mention, William and Winifred Bowness Photography Prize
2012: Finalist, The Anne Landa Award
2016: ACME Studio London Residency, Australian Council for the Arts
2017: Awarded the inaugural Mordant Family VR Commission at ACMI
2018: Made an Officer in the General Division of the Order of Australia in the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia), for "outstanding service to the visual arts as a sculptor, photographer, video and performance artist, and as a role model for young Indigenous artists".
2019: Research affiliate, Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford

References

Further reading

External links

1978 births
Living people
Australian Aboriginal artists
Australian contemporary artists
Australian performance artists
Australian photographers
Bidjara (Warrego River)
People from Gawler, South Australia
Officers of the Order of Australia


MIX is a high-performance, indexed, on-disk email storage system that is designed for use with the IMAP protocol.  MIX was designed by Mark Crispin, the author of the IMAP protocol.  Server support for it has been included in releases of UW IMAP since 2006, Panda IMAP, and Messaging Architects Netmail.  MIX is also supported directly by the Alpine e-mail client.

Design

MIX mailboxes are directories containing several types of files, including a metadata file, an index file, a dynamic status data file, a threading/sorting cache file, and a collection of files containing message content.   MIX mailboxes can also contain subordinate mailboxes, which are implemented as sub directories within the MIX directory.

The MIX format was designed with an emphasis on very high scalability, reliability, and performance, while efficiently supporting modern features of the IMAP protocol.  MIX has been used successfully with mailboxes of 750,000 messages.

The base level MIX format has four files: a metadata file, an index file, a status file, and some set of message data files.  The metadata file contains base-level data applicable to the entire mailbox; i.e., the UID validity, last assigned UID, and list of keywords.  The index file contains pointers to each unexpunged message in the message data files, along with flags, size, and IMAP internaldate data.  The status file contains per-message flags and keywords.

All these files may be hidden files in a directory (with the directory name being the name of the mailbox). Thus a directory
with gigabytes of mail in it may appear to be empty if examined with tools that don't show hidden files. This is a common source of confusion for system administrators encountering MIX for the first time.

By design, it is possible to recover the mailbox into a usable state if any of these files is lost or corrupted.  For example, it is possible to rebuild the index file by reading each of the data files, with no consequence other than the possible "unexpunging" of an expunged message that had not yet had its space recovered.

Another important part of the MIX design is that no file is modified unless the data specific to that file is altered; thus a flag change alters the status file but not the metadata or index files.  This reduces the impact of any system event that corrupts a file write in progress.

Each file also has a "modification sequence" which is incremented each time the file is changed.  When a MIX implementation updates from a file, if the modification sequence is unchanged, it closes the file at once without reading it further.  In addition, each status file entry also has a modification sequence, which permits lossless synchronization of multiple consumer message flag/keyword updates/

Extensions

MIX allows for implementation-specific extensions.  All MIX implementations must be interchangeable at the base level, but are not required to implement extensions and must tolerate the absence of extensions.

The UW IMAP and Panda IMAP implementations of MIX have a sort cache file that contains data used by the IMAP SORT and THREAD operators.  This permits these operators to load most (if not all) of the data they need without having to parse it from message data.

The Messaging Architects implementation of MIX has extended mailbox metadata (currently used to hold the mailbox's display name), message metadata (used for multiple purposes including a JSON representation of the message structure), and a global modification sequence (thus permitting a fast check for mailbox update without having to check the modification sequence in multiple files).  Messaging Architects' implementation also has a "virtual mailbox" or stubbing capability, in which a message in a mailbox is actually a pointer to a message in another mailbox.

Comparisons with other mail storage formats

MIX can be considered a hybrid between the maildir (single message per file) and mbox (single file per mailbox) types of email storage formats.

Versus maildir

MIX has a similarity to maildir, in that MIX mailboxes are directories rather than single files.

Unlike maildir, however, MIX supports an index file for fast opens and mailbox scanning.  Where maildir stores each message in its own file on disk, MIX can aggregate messages into message files, according to the configured size limit for a message file.  Messages larger than the size limit are not aggregated.  A MIX directory will tend to have a smaller number of files than a corresponding maildir mailbox as a result, which can be advantageous on certain operating systems.  MIX has support for efficient retrieval and modification of metadata and status information.

MIX also aggregates multiple smaller messages into single data files of up to 1MB in size (larger messages get a data file to themselves).  This reduces the number of nodes required in the directory, which is important for performance and scalability.
The MIX mailbox format requires more rigorous locking support from the operating system than maildir, and was explicitly not designed to support being written to over NFS.

Maildir, on the other hand, was designed to work in an NFS environment.  Maildir enjoys wider client, server, and tool support than MIX.

Versus mbox

MIX enjoys considerable optimization versus the common mbox mail format.  MIX has a binary index to accelerate scanning and retrieval of messages, whereas mbox requires full linear scans to extract messages.  Like maildir, and unlike mbox, MIX supports mail boxes that contain both messages and subordinate mailboxes.  MIX supports multiple clients concurrently reading and writing to individual mailboxes, which can not be achieved with mbox.

On the other hand, the mbox format is far more widely supported than MIX.  mbox is a ubiquitous mailbox file format, and is often used as a greatest common factor exchange format.

See also
Maildir
mbox

External links
 University of Washington MIX format definition

References

Email storage formats