The Chañares Formation is a Carnian-age geologic formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, located in La Rioja Province, Argentina. It is characterized by drab-colored fine-grained volcaniclastic claystones, siltstones, and sandstones which were deposited in a fluvial to lacustrine environment. The formation is most prominently exposed within Talampaya National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site within La Rioja Province.

The Chañares formation is the lowermost stratigraphic unit of the Agua de la Peña Group, overlying the Tarjados Formation of the Paganzo Group, and underlying the Los Rastros Formation. Though previously considered Ladinian in age, U-Pb dating has determined that most or all of the Chañares Formation dates to the early Carnian stage of the Late Triassic.

The Chañares Formation has provided a diverse and well-preserved faunal assemblage which has been studied intensively since the 1960s. The most common reptiles were proterochampsids (Chanaresuchus, Tropidosuchus, and Gualosuchus), which lived alongside true archosaurs such as Lewisuchus, Lagerpeton, Marasuchus, Gracilisuchus, and Luperosuchus. Cynodonts were abundant, represented by the medium-sized traversodontid Massetognathus, as well as smaller carnivores such as Chiniquodon and Probainognathus. The largest animal in the ecosystem was the giant dicynodont Dinodontosaurus. An older faunal assemblage, distinguished by the large erpetosuchid Tarjadia, has been discovered in the earliest part of the formation. The formation as a whole is considered one of the best sources of Carnian-age tetrapods in South America, along with the slightly younger Ischigualasto Formation which lies above the Los Rastros Formation.

Geology
The Chañares Formation is the lowermost unit of the Agua de la Peña Group, representing the onset of the first syn-rift phase of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin. It unconformably overlies red fluvial (river) sediments of the Tarjados Formation of the Paganzo Group, and is conformably overlain by greenish lake and delta sediments of the Los Rastros Formation. The Chañares Formation has also had an interesting history with the lower part of the Ischichuca Formation. This sequence of sediments on the western edge of the basin has occasionally been considered to take priority over the Chañares Formation and the lower part of the Los Rastros Formation. However, this is rare due to the historical significance of the Chañares Formation. As a result, some authors restrict the Ischichuca Formation to a few layers of lake and delta sediments between the Chañares and Los Rastros formations, while others reject using it in the first place.

The Chañares formation was originally thought to be deposited during the Ladinian stage of the Middle Triassic. However, Uranium-Lead radiometric dating by Marsicano et al. (2016) later found that a large portion of the formation was deposited in the early Carnian (237–234 Ma), near the start of the Late Triassic. 2020 U-Pb dating of the overlying lower Los Rastros Formation yielded an age of 234.47 ± 0.44 Ma, making the vast majority of the Chañares Formation lowermost Carnian. Nevertheless, the Ladinian-Carnian boundary may still lie within the first few meters of the formation, despite the primary fossiliferous sections being well-supported as early Carnian in age.

The formation is primarily sandstone, siltstone, and claystone, arranged in a specific sequence of facies. A distinct and uneven unconformity separates the base of the Chañares Formation from the underlying Tarjados Formation. In the field, this unconformity can be identified by a high-relief layer of chert at the top of the Tarjados Formation.

Fluvial olive-grey facies
Above this unconformity lies the oldest section of the Chañares Formation, a package of olive-grey fluvial sediments. As one goes up the section, increasingly finer beds of sandstone and siltstone are interlayered with coarser lenses, corresponding to periodic sheet floods along braided rivers. Weakly-developed palaeosols can be found within this section, filled with root traces, pebbles and small brown calcareous nodules. Winding systems of burrows have also been found in this section, likely created by small cynodonts.

Though fossils are relatively uncommon in the lower fluvial beds of the Chañares Formation, they are taxonomically and taphonomically distinct from those of succeeding layers. The most common remains are from large dicynodonts (possibly referable to Dinodontosaurus), the large erpetosuchid Tarjadia, and small non-massetognathine cynodonts closely related to Aleodon and Scalenodon. This ecosystem has been termed the Tarjadia Assemblage Zone, in order to distinguish it from the slightly younger classic Chañares assemblage. No radiometric dating has been done on this section, but it may contain the Ladinian-Carnian boundary based on dates obtained within the younger facies.

Fossiliferous bluish facies
Above the olive-grey fluvial beds is the most fossiliferous and well-studied portion of the formation. This section is characterized by wide and massive layers of very fine bluish-grey sandstone, siltstone, and claystone. These layers have a high concentration of volcanic ash and debris, ranging from glassy shards at the base to weathered bentonites at the top. Nearby volcanic eruptions likely impacted the local climate and river systems, shifting the depositional regime from a stable braided fluvial system to one dominated by shallow floodplains and lahars. Marsicano et al. (2016) obtained a CA-TIMS U-Pb age of 236.1 ± 0.6 Ma from a siltstone bed immediately below the first major fossil layer within the bluish facies. Ezcurra et al. (2017) later studied a slightly older sandstone bed using LA-MC-IMP-MS U-Pb dating. They found a date of 236.2 ± 1.1 Ma from a cluster of the three youngest zircons.

The most productive and historically relevant fossil beds of the Chañares Formation lie within these volcaniclastic layers. The layers are replete with massive calcareous concretions, some up to 2 meters in width. They commonly preserve articulated skeletal material, often complete skeletons from multiple taxa in a single concretion. Well-preserved fossils found within concretions typically represent smaller taxa, which were buried rapidly after death. Volcanic catastrophes such as lahars, ash falls, or pyroclastic flows are the preferred cause of these rapid mass mortality events. More fragmentary fossils are also occasionally found outside of concretions, much like fossils of the underlying Tarjadia AZ. Fossils found outside concretions are typically from large animals, and were probably buried more slowly (albeit still fairly rapidly) by gradual processes.

The classic Chañares fauna, recently codified as the Massetognathus-Chanaresuchus Assemblage Zone, is characteristic of this section of the formation. The largest components of the ecosystem include dicynodonts (namely Dinodontosaurus) and indeterminate carnivorous paracrocodylomorphs, similar to taxa from the underlying Tarjadia AZ. By far the most common fossils belong to three species of cynodonts: Massetognathus pascuali, Probainognathus jenseni, and Chiniquodon theotonicus.These three species comprise nearly 3/4ths of the fossils found in the formation, with almost half of the total fossils in the formation referred to Massetognathus alone. Reptile fossils are less prevalent but more diverse, with the most common belonging to the proterochampsid archosauriform Chanaresuchus. Other notable taxa include Lagerpeton, Lagosuchus, and Lewisuchus, which were among the oldest ornithodirans, elaborating on the ancestry of dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Several communal latrines are known from the bluish facies, preserving dicynodont coprolites filled with plant remains.

Upper member
The olive-grey fluvial section and the bluish-grey volcaniclastic section collectively form the lower member of the Chañares Formation. They are overlain by an upper member, which is practically devoid of body fossils. The upper member is generally similar to the bluish facies in appearance, with wide beds of fine-grained volcaniclastic sediments with a pale grey color. Unlike the bluish facies, concretions and body fossils are absent, having been replaced by Taenidium worm burrows. These burrows likely indicate that the environment had transitioned into a lacustrine (lake) ecosystem by the time that the upper member was deposited. Some outcrops preserve a few sandstone and conglomerate beds near the top of the upper member. These indicate that the depositional regime continued to shift towards the deltaic environment of the overlying Los Rastros Formation. The coarser beds also contain a few rare body fossils from fish and tetrapods. A white tuff near the base of the upper member has been dated to 233.7 ± 0.4 Ma, while a zircon cluster from a sandy tuff at the top of the formation was dated to 233.6 ± 1.1 Ma.

Paleobiota
Plant remains and palynomorphs preserved in the dicynodont coprolites were described in 2018. Though it is difficult to determine the affinities of the larger plant fragments, the palynomorphs are more conclusive. They belong to a broad range of plants, most abundantly pollen from umkomasiales (a type of seed fern), and in smaller portions from podocarpean and voltzialean conifers. Spores from humid-loving groups such as bryophytes, lycopsids, true ferns, and algae were also present but rare. The palynomorph taxa generally resemble those of the Dicroidium flora which is common in other late Ladinian-early Carnian units. More precisely, the flora is intermediate between the temperate Ipswich flora of far southern Gondwana, and the hot, subtropical Onslow flora which developed  along the southern shore of the Neotethys. This transitional character is also observed in the flora of the nearby Ischigualasto Formation, as well as the Flagstone Bench Formation of Antarctica. Curiously, the Los Rastros Formation, which was deposited between the Chañares and Ischigualasto Formations, preserves a typical Ipswich flora. This likely indicates that all three formations lie at a latitude which allows them to quickly shift between the different floras during small climatic changes.

Tetrapod burrows, likely produced by small eucynodonts, have been described from the lower section of the formation.

Therapsids

Reptiles

Fish

See also

 Ischigualasto Formation
 Los Rastros Formation
 Santa Maria Formation
 Omingonde Formation

References

Bibliography

The Chañares Triassic reptile fauna

Geologic formations of Argentina
Triassic Argentina
Shale formations
Tuff formations
Fluvial deposits
Lacustrine deposits
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of South America
Paleontology in Argentina
Geology of La Rioja Province, Argentina


Belgrave Football Club, nicknamed The Magpies, competes in the Outer East Football Netball League. Belgrave had competed in the YVMDFL since 1966 where it was a founder member. After winning the 2012 Division 2 Premiership Belgrave return to Division 1 for the first time in years.
A very disappointing year in 2016, saw Belgrave drop back down into Division 2. The club rallied and won the premiership in both the Senior and Reserve Grades, however the club again struggled to remain competitive during the 2018 season, finishing a disappointing second last. With the YVMDFL merging leagues with the SFL to create the AFL Outer East competition, Belgrave have the opportunity to regroup and rebuild.

History

Humble beginnings (1909–1944)
Belgrave enjoyed early success in the Evelyn Football Association (EFA) winning their first premiership in 1911. Despite finals appearances in the Scoresby District Football Association Belgrave had to wait more than three decades for their elusive second premiership.

Golden era (1945–1965)
In 1945 Belgrave joined the Mountain District Football Association. This move proved to be the start of Belgrave's golden era. Between 1948 and 1954 Belgrave played in every grand final winning premierships in 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1954. Among the key members of these premiership winning combinations were the Argoon brothers, Don and Keith, Alan Burt, Ted Fitton, Jack Graham, Les Hayes, Mick James, Jack McSween, Jack Needs, Denis O'Donohue, John Skelton, Jack Paterson, Don Pitts, Ron Prendergast, Harry Preston, Fred Rafton, Hugh Robertson, Jim Stump, Jack Hill, and John Taylor.

YVMDFL (1966–2005)
The Belgrave U'16 team won the premiership in 1968 .
The Senior team won back to back First Division Premierships in 1975 and 1976.
Between 1990 and 1995 Belgrave won four Under 18's premierships. These successes ultimately culminated in a 1999 YVMDFL Division 2 Grand Final victory led by club Best and Fairest winner Ben "Fidgey" Fidge. This was followed with finals appearances in Division 1 and the Magpies remained in this division until 2006.

Recent history (2006–2018)
2008 saw Belgrave consider a move to the Eastern Football League beginning in the 2009 season. This followed local rivals Belgrave South's transition there after 2007. The EFL offered greater potential sponsorship income and more teams in closer proximity than the YVMDFL. The move was supported by many players and stakeholders but fell through due to factors outside Belgrave's control. Since the failed move many of the club's most talented players have left the club. The exodus has however given many fringe and reserves players the chance to prove their talent. The exodus allowed the club to rebuild from the bottom up. The renovation of the club's ground in 2010 was a starting point. 2012 saw Ben Collins take the reins with best mate Sean Stanton and the combination guided the club to a big win in that years Grand Final, thumping Yarra Glen to the tune of 7 goals. Redemption was sweet for all the true 'Belgrave' people who stood by the club during the dark times of years previous. A strong season in 2013 saw the pies go down to eventual Premier, Woori Yallock, by 2 goals in the Preliminary Final. Lean years again set in seeing the club relegated again at the end of the 2016 season. A solid year followed in 2017 and the club secured promotion back into Division 1 with a massive come from behind win against Yarra Glen. Trailing by 11 goals midway during the second quarter, the club rallied and ran out 4 goal winners.

2022 and Beyond
The introduction of the AFL Outer East Competition gives Belgrave the chance again to reset. Darren Hamilton takes over as Senior Coach and under his guidance, the young playing group have embraced the game plan and structures. The young group, led by seasoned veterans, will be hoping to make their way back up the ladder in season 2023 and beyone.

Jumper
Traditionally wearing a black and white striped jumper with magpie ensign. In 2009, Belgrave's Centenary year, it converted to a black jumper featuring a magpie ensign with white and yellow trim. The club transitioned to a black and white stripe with magpie insignia for the 2010 season before a new Port Adelaide magpie style jumper was introduced for the 2018 season. For the 2022 season and beyond, the club, wanting to move away from some troubled times, have reverted back to the black and white stripes with magpie ensign jumper design.

Rivalries

Upwey-Tecoma
Undoubtedly Belgrave's most fierce rivalry is with their local nemesis, the Upwey-Tecoma Tigers. Upwey was originally formed by disgruntled ex-Belgrave players and have since gone on to become the most successful YVMDFL club winning 11 premierships to Belgrave's 2. 2013 saw the clubs play each other in Division 1 for the first time since 2006. Belgrave struggled again seeing some score-lines blow out against Upwey. With Upwey Starting the new competition in the Premier Division, the rivalry has again been put on hold.

Belgrave South
Following Upwey is the rivalry with neighbors, the Belgrave South Saints. In 2008 Belgrave South moved to the stronger Eastern Football League thus no longer play Belgrave in competitive matches.

Notable former players
 Mick Dodson (Australian of the Year)
 John Rombotis (Richmond)
 Alan Dale (Essendon, St Kilda)
 Jack Graham (South Melbourne)
 John Taylor Jnr (West Adelaide, Glenelg)
 Leigh Osborne (Gold Coast Suns)
 Darren Crocker (North Melbourne)

Club records
YVMDFL Division 1 Premierships
 2 (1975, 1976)
YVMDFL Division 1  - Reserve Premierships
 1 (1974)
YVMDFL Division 1 U'16 Premierships
 1 (1968)
YVMDFL Division 2 Premierships
 3 (1999, 2012, 2017)
YVMDFL Division 2 Reserve Premierships
 4 (1984, 1990, 1991, 2017)
YVMDFL Division 2 Under 18 Premierships
 7 (1982, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995)
Evelyn Football Association Premierships
 1 (1911)
Mountain District Football League Premierships
 6 (1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954)

Individual records

Footnotes

References
SportingPulse
Full Points Footy

External links
Official Website of the Belgrave Football Club

Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
1909 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1909
Sport in the Shire of Yarra Ranges


Bayview, Washington  may refer to:

Bayview, Island County, Washington, an unincorporated community in Island County
Bayview, Pierce County, Washington, an unincorporated community in Pierce County
Bay View, Washington, a census-designated place in Skagit County


A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of a monoamine neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitter. Many drugs induce their effects in the body and/or brain via the release of monoamine neurotransmitters, e.g., trace amines, many substituted amphetamines, and related compounds.

Types of MRAs
MRAS can be classified by the monoamines they mainly release, although these drugs lie on a spectrum.

 Selective for one neurotransmitter
 Serotonin releasing agent (SRA)
 Norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA)
 Dopamine releasing agent (DRA)
 Non-selective, releasing two or more neurotransmitters
 Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA)
 Serotonin–norepinephrine releasing agent (SNRA)
 Serotonin–dopamine releasing agent (SDRA)
 Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA)

Mechanism of action

MRAs cause the release of monoamine neurotransmitters by various complex mechanism of actions.  They may enter the presynaptic neuron primarily via plasma membrane transporters, such as the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT). Some, such as exogenous phenethylamine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine, can also diffuse directly across the cell membrane to varying degrees. Once inside the presynaptic neuron, they may inhibit the reuptake of monoamine neurotransmitters through vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and release the neurotransmitters stores of synaptic vesicles into the cytoplasm by inducing reverse transport at VMAT2. MRAs can also bind to the intracellular receptor TAAR1 as agonists, which triggers a phosphorylation cascade via protein kinases that results in the phosphorylation of monoamine transporters located at the plasma membrane (i.e., the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and serotonin transporter); upon phosphorylation, these transporters transport monoamines in reverse (i.e., they move monoamines from the neuronal cytoplasm into the synaptic cleft). The combined effects of MRAs at VMAT2 and TAAR1 result in the release of neurotransmitters out of synaptic vesicles and the cell cytoplasm into the synaptic cleft where they bind to their associated presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors. Certain MRAs interact with other presynaptic intracellular receptors which promote monoamine neurotransmission as well (e.g., methamphetamine is also an agonist at σ1 receptor).

Effects

Monoamine releasing agents can have a wide variety of effects depending upon their selectivity for monoamines.  Selective serotonin releasing agents such as fenfluramine and related compounds are described as dysphoric and lethargic in lower doses, and in higher doses some hallucinogenic effects have been reported. Less selective serotonergic agents that stimulate an efflux in dopamine, such as MDMA are described as more pleasant, increasing energy, sociability and elevating mood. Dopamine releasing agents, usually selective for both norepinephrine and dopamine have psychostimulant effect, causing an increase in energy, and elevated mood. Other variables can significantly affect the subjective effects, such as infusion rate(increasing positive effects of cocaine), and expectancy.  Selectively noradrenergic drugs are minimally psychoactive, but as demonstrated by ephedrine may be distinguished from placebo, and trends towards liking.  They may also be ergogenic, in contrast to  reboxetine which is solely a reuptake inhibitor.

Selectivity
MRAs act to varying extents on serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Some induce the release of all three neurotransmitters to a similar degree, like MDMA, while others are more selective. As examples, amphetamine and methamphetamine are NDRAs but only very weak releasers of serotonin (~60- and 30-fold less than dopamine, respectively) and MBDB is a fairly balanced SNRA but a weak releaser of dopamine (~6- and 10-fold lower for dopamine than norepinephrine or serotonin, respectively). Even more selective include agents like fenfluramine, a selective SRA, and ephedrine, a selective NRA. The differences in selectivity of these agents is the result of different affinities as substrates for the monoamine transporters, and thus differing ability to gain access into monoaminergic neurons and induce monoamine neurotransmitter release via the TAAR1 and VMAT2 proteins.

As of present, no selective DRAs are known. This is because it has proven extremely difficult to separate DAT affinity from NET affinity and retain releasing efficacy at the same time. Several selective SDRAs are known however, though these compounds also act as non-selective serotonin receptor agonists.

Activity profiles

See also
 Monoamine reuptake inhibitor
 Release modulator

References

External links

TAAR1 agonists
VMAT inhibitors


The New Zealand Rocketry Association is a model rocketry organisation based in Auckland, New Zealand. The NZRA holds launches and meetings bi-monthly at its Taupiri launch site, an hour south of Auckland, and has an annual launch day. Launch clearance from the Civil Aviation Authority is required for all launches, to ensure there are no aircraft flying through the area.

Altitude Records
The NZRA holds altitude records within New Zealand for each class of rocket motor, from A-N (except for M), for both single stage and multistage/cluster rockets. Every record, as of October 2023, is listed below:

Currently highest altitude record within New Zealand was set by Martin Aspell and Joel Schiff, of , on 20 February 2011, with a N1000W motor. The previous highest record was set by Phil Vukovich, of , on 6 September 2008.

References

External links
NZRA website

Clubs and societies in New Zealand
Model rocketry


St Hilda's Church of England High School is a secondary school with a sixth form, located in Croxteth Drive, Sefton Park, Liverpool, England. As of 2022-23, The school has been Co-educational since 2015. St Hilda’s spent many years as an all girls school, but in September 2015 the school began to enrol boys into the lower years after the completion of the new £15 million building.  The sixth form has been coeducational for many years.

History

St Hilda's was established as a girls' school in 1894 by Emily 'Mother Emily' Ayckbaum. Mother Emily's strong views on Christianity remain part of the school ethos. The Community of the Sisters of the Church opened "Sefton Park School" on 1 May 1894 with 17 pupils.  By 1905, the roll had risen to 377, and the name changed to "Arundel Central School" in 1924.  After the 1944 Education act, the name became "St Hilda's C of E Secondary Commercial Technical School", and, eventually, "St Hilda's C E High School" before its move to a new building in Croxteth Drive, Sefton Park, in 1967 when there were 361 pupils including 32 in the sixth form.

The Diocese persuaded St Hilda's to become comprehensive in 1980 with a four-form intake, and numbers have subsequently increased to 863 with a large sixth form.  On becoming Grant Maintained in January 1995, the school began a building programme to improve its educational facilities, and this continued after returning to Voluntary Aided status with the addition of a Drama Studio and new library, officially opened on 15 April 2005.

For ninety years, St Hilda's only had women headteachers until 1980 when Mr Dawson arrived at the school, serving one of the longest periods.  In 1997 he retired, leaving the school in the care of headteacher Christopher Yates.  In 2009 Yates retired and Eleanor Benson, the former head of the sixth form, became acting headmistress.  In 2016 Jo Code became headmistress.

In September 2015 the school became a coeducational school with 56 boys and 94 girls in that year's intake.

References

Secondary schools in Liverpool
Church of England secondary schools in the Diocese of Liverpool
Educational institutions established in 1894
1894 establishments in England
Voluntary aided schools in England


Kristen Marie Graczyk (born June 27, 1983) is an American former soccer forward and defender who played for FC Gold Pride of Women's Professional Soccer.  Her brother, Mike Graczyk, is a goalkeeper and played for San Jose Earthquakes in Major League Soccer.

Graczyk played for the Connecticut Huskies from 2001 to 2004 and she played a big part in the Huskies run to the 2003 National Championship game.  Graczyk scored the match winning goal in overtime against Central Connecticut to help the Huskies advance in the 2003 NCAA Tournament.  Gracyzk scored both goals for the Huskies in their 2-0 College Cup victory over Florida State in 2003 to advance to the National Championship game.  Her first goal was a header to the near post off of a cross from nine yards.  Her second goal sealed the game for the Huskies.  She had a ball played to her in front of the box that she drilled into the back of the net.  Graczyk also scored both goals for the Huskies in their win over Notre Dame in the 2004 BIG EAST Tournament Championship Game.  Graczyk found the ball just outside the box and nailed a left footed shot from about 20 yards out to tie the game for the Huskies with about 18 minutes left in the second half.  Graczyk headed in a Karyn Riviere cross at 86:48 to give the Huskies a 2–1 victory to earn their Second BIG EAST Tournament Championship and give the Huskies their automatic berth into the NCAA Tournament.

Gracyzk was the 2003 BIG EAST Offensive Player of the Year and was an All-American in 2003 & 2004.  She is UConn's third leading scorer, finishing her career with 57 Goals and 32 Assists for 146 career points.  Her 26 career points (10 Goals and 6 Assists) in the NCAA Tournament is a school record.

Graczyk got her start with Chicago Cobras of the W-League.  In her first season with the club, she appeared in 10 games, netting 6 goals.  In her second, and final season with the club, she appeared in 13 games, scoring 16 goals before moving on to Hampton Roads Piranhas for the 2005 season.  The next season brought another change in teams, this time signing with SoccerPlus Connecticut of Women's Premier Soccer League.

She was invited to train with FC Gold Pride of Women's Professional Soccer in 2009.  She made the final roster and played an integral role with the club in its first year. She retired from soccer in January 2011 after FC Gold Pride folded.

References

External links

 FC Gold Pride player profile
 SoccerPlus Connecticut player profile
 New Mexico assistant manager profile

1983 births
Living people
UConn Huskies women's soccer players
American women's soccer players
FC Gold Pride players
Women's association football defenders
Women's association football forwards
Hampton Roads Piranhas players
USL W-League (1995–2015) players
Women's Premier Soccer League players
Women's Professional Soccer players
Chicago Cobras players


Hitachi Rail STS SpA (from Hitachi Rail Signalling and Transportation Systems) or Hitachi Rail STS (previously Ansaldo STS) is a transportation company owned by Hitachi with a global presence in the field of railway signalling and integrated transport systems for passenger traffic (railway/mass transit) and freight operations. Hitachi Rail STS plans, designs, manufactures, installs and commissions signaling systems, components and technologies for the management and control of newly built or upgraded railways, transit and freight lines worldwide.

Headquartered in Genoa, Italy, it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hitachi. It was previously listed on the Borsa Italiana and was a component of the benchmark FTSE Italia Mid Cap Index.

Providing design, manufacture, installation, integration and maintenance of a wide range of train control systems and equipment, Hitachi Rail STS employs 4,327 people worldwide as of 2018.

History

1853–2006: Ancestor companies
The company’s namesake comes from the Italian company Gio. Ansaldo & C., was founded in 1853 in Genoa, Italy by Giovanni Ansaldo. Gio. Ansaldo & C. began as a steam locomotive producer, which diversified into shipbuilding and electrical and nuclear energy production.

In 1881, the US company Union Switch & Signal (US&S) was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from the assets of the Interlocking Switch & Signal Company (interlocking controls) and the Union Electric Signal Company. The latter was founded by the American engineer and inventor William Robinson, the father of track circuit systems. In 1988 US&S was acquired by Ansaldo STS,  operating independently until 2009, when it became "Ansaldo STS USA", the North American subsidiary of Ansaldo.

In Europe, Ansaldo STS expanded acquiring the French company Compagnie des Signaux pour Chemins de fer (CSE) in 1996. Founded in 1902 by Fernand Cumont with the support of the financial group Empain, CSE built the first lines of the Paris metro: the maintenance of these lines continues until today. In 1920 CSE (independent since 1912) was renamed into Company and Business Electrical Signals (CSEE), concentrating on rail signaling and electrical manufacturing, contributing to create SAGEM and later (1996) entering in the Ansaldo Signal group.

In 1993 the parent company Ansaldo SpA was merged into the Finmeccanica holding, a state-owned entity privatized during the same year. In 2001, Ansaldo SpA’s transportation business was separated and divided into three companies: AnsaldoBreda (rolling stock manufacturer); Ansaldo Segnalamento Ferroviario (signaling and rail traffic control automation); Ansaldo Trasporti Sistemi Ferroviari (transport systems design construction and maintenance). Ansaldo Segnalamento Ferroviario became the parent company of Ansaldo Signal (railway signalling), the owner of Union Switch & Signal and CSEE.

2006–2019: Ansaldo STS
The company was founded as "Ansaldo STS" in 2006 through the merger of Ansaldo Trasporti Sistemi Ferroviari and Ansaldo Signal. It began trading on the Milan Stock exchange, with 60% of its shares publicly held and 40% owned by Finmeccanica S.p.A. Both companies had their roots in the Ansaldo engineering conglomerate which was gradually absorbed by Finmeccanica. Ansaldo Trasporti Sistemi Ferroviari was created in 2000, acquiring certain units of Ansaldo Trasporti (which had been fully integrated into Finmeccanica) the following year. The creation of Ansaldo STS was followed by a partial IPO in March 2006.

On 24 February 2015 Hitachi acquired Finmeccanica’s 51% shareholding and initiated a tender offer for the remaining shares of the company. In the occasion
of the Ordinary General Shareholders’ Meeting on 2 November, Hitachi Rail Italy Investment completed the acquisition of the 40% of the share capital of Ansaldo STS. During the first meeting of the new board of directors, chaired by Alistair Dormer, Stefano Siragusa was confirmed as chief executive officer and general manager of the company, with the powers to manage the company and the group.

In March 2015, after the public tender offer launch on the society and after the purchase of other shares at 10.5 euros each, Hitachi Rail Italy Investments arrived at 50.7% of the share capital. Hitachi has a long term goal of integrating the company to provide a range of cars and signaling products and a manufacturing footprint in Europe.

Stefano Siragusa, chief executive officer and general manager of the company, resigned on 31 March 2016 and remained in charge until 13 May 2016 when, on the occasion of the shareholders’ general meeting the new board of directors were elected. On 24 May, the new Board appointed Andrew Barr as the new chief executive officer and general manager of Ansaldo STS. Andrew Barr was also granted the operational powers necessary for the management of the company and the group.

In October 2018, Hitachi agreed to buy Elliot Management's remaining 32% shareholding.  Hitachi subsequently made a takeover offer for the remaining shares. On 22 January 2019 Hitachi announced it had gained a 99% shareholding.

Since 2019: Hitachi Rail STS
Ansaldo STS was officially delisted from Borsa Italiana and renamed Hitachi Rail STS on 30 January 2019.

Operations
The company's operations are split into two divisions: Freight Rail and Passenger Railway / Mass Transit. Major projects involving Hitachi Rail STS and its predecessor companies include the Copenhagen Metro, where it is responsible for the provision of rolling stock, Automatic Train Control, SCADA and other services; and signalling on LGV Est in France and High Speed 1 in the United Kingdom. The company also managed projects for signalling, train control and/or maintenance for the Metro systems of Paris, Los Angeles, Rome, Milan, Hong Kong, Naples, Shenyang, India,  and Thessaloniki.

High-Speed rail
Hitachi Rail STS commissioned the first high-speed rail signaling system (TVM) for the first LGV line in France, in 1981, connecting Paris and Lyon. In 2005, Hitachi Rail STS set another landmark with the first high speed line running on ERTMS Level 2 (European Rail Traffic Management System) between Rome and Naples, Italy.

As of 2013 over half of all high speed lines worldwide (excluding Japan) are equipped with Hitachi Rail STS signaling.

Main Lines and freight
In Europe, the company played a key role in the development and upgrade of ERTMS (level 1 and 2), leading to the interoperability of different countries' rail networks.

In the United States Hitachi Rail STS has supported the freight rail industry, dating back over 130 years. Hitachi Rail STS has products and systems with every Class I railroad in North America.

In Australia Hitachi Rail STS has been in business for more than 20 years and has most recently developed automated train management technology (AutoHaul) to support fully autonomous heavy-haul, long-distance rail systems and advanced signalling and telecommunications systems featuring satellite positioning, data radio & WiMax.

Mass transit
Hitachi Rail STS's transit control systems build upon traditional signaling technology, i.e.:
Communications Based Train Control (CBTC)
A continuous, two way radio-based communication between wayside and carborne controllers used to determine train position and enforce movement authorities.  The communication between adjacent zones, interlockings and carborne controllers supports safe optimized headways and maximizes system capacity.
Driverless Automatic Train Control (ATC)
Driverless ATC.  Hitachi Rail STS delivered the first fully driverless train control equipment to be certified under the strict European Cenelec safety standards on the Copenhagen (Denmark) Metro in 2002, winning subsequent contracts in Rome, Milan, Brescia, Thessaloniki, Riyadh, Taipei, and Honolulu.
Conventional metros and light rail
Hitachi Rail STS provides technology for traditional track circuit profile-based metro systems to "drive-on-sight" street running light rail systems to the major urban centers across the United States, Europe and other countries.

Planning and supervision
Computer Aided Dispatching (CAD) system was developed by Union Switch & Signal at the Union Railroad Company in Duquesne, Pennsylvania, in 1966 starting the computer-aided dispatching in the industry.

Today Hitachi Rail STS adopts the Optimizing Traffic Planner as a late successor of the 1966 CAD. OTP is an advanced planning engine that solves complex logistics problems under changing operating conditions to maximize capacity and increase average velocity. Computational agents respond in real-time to updated CAD and field data, issuing new movement plans that account for current conditions and all operating rules and constraints.

Applied off-line, OTP can minimize inherent conflict within a new timetable before the timetable is used in service. Applied on-line, OTP can produce significant capacity gains across a large freight oriented network.

Components
The company provides on-board and wayside components and systems, such as interlocking (MicroLok II), track circuits, switch machines (M-style), traditional and LED signals, Eurobalise, vital relays, hot wheel detectors, highway crossing mechanisms.

See also

 Hitachi Rail Italy

References

Companies formerly listed on the Borsa Italiana
Engineering companies of Italy
Gio. Ansaldo & C.
Italian brands
Leonardo S.p.A.
Manufacturing companies established in 2006
Multinational companies headquartered in Italy
Railway signalling manufacturers
2006 establishments in Italy
Hitachi Rail


During World War II, the Waffen-SS recruited significant numbers of non-Germans, both as volunteers and conscripts. In total some 500,000 non-Germans and ethnic Germans from outside Germany, mostly from German-occupied Europe, were recruited between 1940 and 1945. The units were under the control of the SS Führungshauptamt (SS Command Main Office) beneath Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler. Upon mobilisation, the units' tactical control was given to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces).

History of the Waffen-SS

The Waffen-SS (Armed SS) was created as the militarised wing of the Schutzstaffel (SS; "Protective Squadron") of the Nazi Party. Its origins can be traced back to the selection of a group of 120 SS men in 1933 by Sepp Dietrich to form the Sonderkommando Berlin, which became the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH). In 1934, the SS developed its own military branch, the SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT), which together with the LSSAH, evolved into the Waffen-SS.  Nominally under the authority of Heinrich Himmler, the Waffen-SS developed a fully militarised structure of command and operations. It grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions during World War II, serving alongside the Heer (army), while never formally being a part of it. Adolf Hitler did not want the Waffen-SS integrated into either the army or the state police. Instead it was to remain an independent force of military-trained men at the disposal of the Führer.

Recruitment and conscription
In 1934, Himmler initially set stringent requirements for recruits. They were to be German nationals who could prove their Aryan ancestry back to 1800, unmarried, and without a criminal record. Recruits had to be between the ages of 17 and 23, at least  tall ( for the Leibstandarte). Recruits were required to have perfect teeth and eyesight and provide a medical certificate. By 1938, the height restrictions were relaxed, up to six dental fillings were permitted, and eyeglasses for astigmatism and mild vision correction were allowed. Once World War II began in Europe, the physical requirements were no longer strictly enforced. Following the Battle of France in 1940, Hitler authorised the enlistment of "people perceived to be of related stock", as Himmler put it, to expand the ranks. A number of Danes, Dutch, Norwegians, Swedes, and Finns volunteered to serve in the Waffen-SS under the command of German officers. Non-Germanic units were not considered to be part of the SS directly, which still maintained its strict racial criteria; instead they were considered to be foreign nationals serving under the command of the SS.

Not all members of the SS-Germanischen Leitstelle (SS-GL) or the RHSA stressed the nationalistic tenets of the Nazi state with respect to the war and occupation but instead looked to pan-Germanic ideas that included disempowering the political elites, while at the same time, integrating Germanic elements from other nations into the Reich on the basis of racial equality. One of the leaders of the SS-GL, Dr. Franz Riedweg (an SS-Colonel), unambiguously emphasized:
"We must be clear about the fact that Germanic politics can only be resolved under the SS, not by the state, not by the bulk of the party!...We cannot build Europe as a police state under the protection of bayonets, but must shape the life of Europe according to greater Germanic viewpoints."

Recruitment began in April 1940 with the creation of two regiments: Nordland (later SS Division Nordland)  and Westland (later SS Division Wiking). As they grew in numbers, the volunteers were grouped into Legions (with the size of battalion or brigade); their members included the so-called Germanic non-Germans as well as ethnic German officers originating from the occupied territories. Against the Führer's wishes—who forbade using military units of so-called "racially inferior" persons—the SS added foreign recruits and used them to flexibly overcome manpower shortages. Some of these foreign Waffen-SS units were employed for security purposes, among other things.

After Germany invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, recruits from France, Spain, Belgium, the territory of occupied Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Balkans were signed on. By February 1942, Waffen-SS recruitment in south-east Europe turned into compulsory conscription for all German minorities of military age. From 1942 onwards, further units of non-Germanic recruits were formed. Legions were formed of men from Estonia, Latvia as well as men from Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, and Cossacks. However, by 1943 the Waffen-SS could no longer claim to be an "elite" fighting force overall. Recruitment and conscription based on "numerical over qualitative expansion" took place, with many of the "foreign" units being good for only rear-guard duty.

A system of nomenclature developed to formally distinguish personnel based on their place of origin. Germanic units would have the "SS" prefix, while non-Germanic units were designated with the "Waffen" prefix to their names. The formations with volunteers of Germanic background were officially named Freiwilligen (volunteer) (Scandinavians, Dutch, and Flemish), including ethnic Germans born outside the Reich known as Volksdeutsche, and their members were from satellite countries. These were organised into independent legions and had the designation Waffen attached to their names for formal identification. In addition, the German SS Division Wiking included recruits from Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Estonia throughout its history. Despite manpower shortages, the Waffen-SS was still based on the racist ideology of Nazism. Early in 1943, the Waffen-SS accepted 12,643 of the 53,000 recruits it garnered in western Ukraine and by 1944 the number reached as high as 22,000.

Recruitment efforts in 1943 in Estonia yielded about 5,000 soldiers for the 20th Estonian SS Division. In Latvia, however, the Nazis were more successful, as, by 1944, there were upwards of 100,000 soldiers serving in the Latvian Waffen-SS divisions. Before the war's end, the foreigners who served in the Waffen-SS numbered "some 500,000", including those who were pressured into service or conscripted. Historian Martin Gutmann adds that some of the additional forces came from "Eastern and Southeastern Europe, including Muslim soldiers from the Balkans."

Post-war

During the Nuremberg Trials, the Waffen-SS was declared a criminal organisation for its major involvement in war crimes and for being an "integral part" of the SS. Conscripts who were not given a choice as to joining the ranks and had not committed "such crimes" were determined to be exempt from this declaration.

Belgian collaborator Léon Degrelle escaped to Spain, despite being sentenced to death in absentia by the Belgian authorities. About 150 Baltic soldiers from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia who fought against the Soviets and escaped to Sweden were extradited to the Soviet Union in 1946.

The men of the XV SS Cossack Corps found themselves in Austria at the end of the war and surrendered to British troops. Though they were given assurances that they would not be repatriated, the Cossack prisoners of war were nonetheless forcibly returned to the Soviet Union. Most along with their families were executed for treason.

After the war, members of Baltic Waffen-SS units were considered separate and distinct in purpose, ideology and activities from the German SS by the Western Allies. During the 1946 Nuremberg trials, Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians who were drafted into the Waffen-SS were determined not to be criminals for having been "wedged between, and subject to, the dictates of two authoritarian regimes."

Amid the 11,000 Ukrainian members of the former SS Galizien, who had fled westwards to surrender—replete in their German SS uniforms—to the British in Italy, only 3,000 of them were repatriated to the Soviet Union. The rest remained temporarily lodged at Rimini as displaced persons, many of whom became British or Canadian citizens as a result of Cold War expediency.

Foreign Waffen-SS units recruited by Nazi Germany

Albania
Total: 6,500 to 8,000
 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS "Skanderbeg" 7,000
 Police Self-Defence Regiment Sandschak

Belarus
 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarusian)
 Waffen-Grenadier-Brigade der SS (Weißruthenische Nr. 1)

Belgium
Total: 18,000 (about "evenly divided between Flemings and Walloons")
 SS-Freiwilligen Legion Flandern (1941): 875
 SS-Freiwilligen-Standarte Nordwest
 5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien
 6th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Langemarck
 27th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division "Langemarck"
 28th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division "Wallonien"
 Flemish volunteers in the 5th SS Division "Wiking"

Bohemia and Moravia
Total: 77. Created after mid-March 1945, never saw combat
 St. Wenceslas Company

Bulgaria
Total: 700
 Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Bulgarian)
 Bulgarian volunteers in the .

Caucasian peoples
 Kaukasische Waffen-Verbände der SS

Croatia
 German-Croatian SS Police and Gendarmerie
 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS "Handschar" (1st Croatian)
 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS "Kama" (2nd Croatian)
 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division "Prinz Eugen"
 IX Waffen Mountain Corps of the SS (Croatian)

Denmark
Total: 6,000
 Free Corps Denmark (1941): 1,164
 Danish volunteers in the Waffen-SS, the majority of them in the SS Division Wiking and the SS Division Nordland

Estonia
Total: 20,000 officially entered in the Waffen-SS
 Estonian Legion
 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)
 3rd Estonian SS Volunteer Brigade

Finland
Total: 1,180 to 3,000
 Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS
 Finnish SS-Company

France
Total: 9,000
 SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade France: 1,688 (30 June 1944)
 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS "Charlemagne" (1st French) 7,340
 Bretonische Waffenverband der SS (80 men)

Hungary
Total: 20,000
 SS-Regimentsgruppe Ney: 3,100
 1st Hungarian SS-Ski Battalion
 22nd SS Volunteer Cavalry Division "Maria Theresa"
 25th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Hunyadi (1st Hungarian)
 26th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Hungarian)
 33rd Waffen Cavalry Division of the SS (3rd Hungarian)

Iceland
Approximately about 20 to 40 Icelanders served in the Waffen SS, including Björn Sveinsson Björnsson, son of the first president of Iceland Sveinn Björnsson (1944–1952). Most of the Icelandic volunteers fought in the 5th SS Panzer-Division "Wiking", or in the SS Nordland Division

India
Total: 4,500
 Indian Volunteer Legion of the Waffen SS (from 1944)

Italy
Total: 15,000
 Italienische Freiwilligen Legion
 1er Sturmbrigade, Italienische Freiwilligen Legion
 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS
 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian)

Latvia
Total: 60,000 to 80,000
 VI SS Army Corps (Latvian)
 Latvian Legion
 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)
 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)

Netherlands
Total: 20,000 to 25,000
 SS Freiwilligen Legion "Niederlande" (1941): 2,559
 SS-Freiwilligen-Standarte "Nordwest"
 SS Volunteer Grenadier Brigade "Landstorm Nederland"
 4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade "Nederland"
 5th SS Volunteer Wiking Division Standarte "Westland"
 23rd SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division "Nederland"
 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division "Landstorm Nederland"

Norway
Total: 6,000
 SS Freiwilligen Legion "Norwegen" (1941): 1,218
 SS-Schijager-Batalljon "Norwegen"
 SS-Volunteer-Panzer-Grenadier Regiment 23 "Norge" (as part of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division "Nordland")
 Norwegian volunteers in the 5th SS Panzer Division "Wiking"

Romania
Total: 250,000–300,000
 Romanian volunteers in the Waffen-SS
 Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Romanian)
 Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (2nd Romanian)

Russia
 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS "RONA" (1st Russian)
 Kaminski Brigade, also known as Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA

Serbia
 Serbian Volunteer Corps (absorbed in 1944)

Spain
Total: 300
 Spanische-Freiwilligen-Kompanie der SS 101: 240
 Spanische-Freiwilligen-Kompanie der SS 102

Sweden
 Waffen-SS Abteilung "Sveaborg"
 Historians estimate between 100 and 300 Swedish volunteers joined Waffen-SS units, including the 5th SS Panzer Division "Wiking", and the III Germanisches Panzer Korps, among others.

Switzerland
In total, approximately 1,300 Swiss volunteers joined the Waffen-SS.

Turkic peoples
 Osttürkische Waffen-Verbände der SS
 Tataren-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment der SS
 Waffen-Gebirgs-Brigade der SS (Tatarische Nr. 1)

Ukraine
Total: 20,000
 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)
 Ukrainian volunteers in the 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
 Ukrainian volunteers in the Dirlewanger Brigade.

United Kingdom
Total: 54
 British Free Corps

See also

 List of Waffen-SS units
 Non-Germans in the German armed forces during World War II
 Waffen-SS in popular culture
 Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 SS veterans in Britain hold secret reunions: The Telegraph, 5 May 2002.


Charles "Boomer" Bowen Nicholl (19 June 1870 – 9 July 1939) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Cambridge University and Llanelli. Nicholl played for Wales on fifteen occasions during the 1891 and 1896 Home Nations Championships, and was part of the historic 1893 Triple Crown winning team.

Nicholl was recognised as an 'uncompromising' forward and was described as "The most distinguished member of the least distinguished college ... fond of smoking and a connoisseur of exhilarating beverages, in which strength rather than delicacy of bouquet is a predominant feature"

Early life
Nicholl was born in Llanegwad, Carmarthenshire in 1870 to Thomas Beynon Nicholl; he was educated at Llandovery College before graduating to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1890. He was awarded his BA in 1893, but did not complete his MA until 1906. While at Cambridge he won five sporting Blues, four in rugby between 1890 and 1893, and one in athletics in 1893. After leaving university Nicholl became Assistant Master at Blairlodge School for two years before spending four-year at Aravon School in Bray.

In 1902 Nicholl was ordained a deacon at Lincoln Cathedral and the next year took his orders as a priest. From 1902 through to 1908 he was the Curate of Grantham, and in 1902 was also the Assistant Master at The King's School, Grantham, a post he held until 1910. From 1908 to 1910 he became the Rector of Wyville. In 1910 he took on the position of Head Master of The King's School, Grantham, but during this period, until 1917 he took no further religious posts. On leaving Grantham he took the post as Rector of Clayhidon, a position he held until his death in 1939.

Rugby career
Nicholl first came to note as a rugby player while studying at Llandovery College. The college already had a history of providing young talent, with Charles Lewis representing his country while still at Llandovery. Nicholl won a place at Cambridge University, and in 1890 was chosen to represent the university rugby team. He was described as an 'outstanding forward' for the Cambridge pack, and represented the team for four years, captaining the side in the 1892/93 season.

While still at Cambridge, and before his international career began, Nicholl became one of the founding members of the Barbarians. And although Nicholl did not play in the first ever Barbarian game, he represented the team during the first tour and served as a committee man for the club.

After losing the two opening matches of the 1891 Home Nations Championship, the Wales selection committee brought in four new forwards into the Welsh pack to face Ireland on 7 March. Three, Tom Deacon and John and David Samuel, were from Swansea RFC; with Nicholl taking the remaining position. Played at Stradey Park, the game was only decided by a goal conversion from Billy Bancroft, giving Wales the victory and Ireland the wooden spoon. From that match, Nicholl became a regular fixture in the Welsh pack. Of his 15 caps for Wales he only missed one international match over a 16-game run, taking in five Home Nations Championships. Most notably, Nicholls was part of the 1893 team which saw Wales not only win the Championship, but lift the Triple Crown for the first time in the country's history. The next year's tournament saw Nicholl play the first two matches against England and Scotland, but then miss the final game away to Ireland, his place taken by Neath's Fred Hutchinson. Nicholl played in all three matches of the 1895 Championship, but 1896 saw a shift in the selection tactics employed by the Welsh Rugby Union. After a humiliating defeat by England in the opening game of the 1896 Championship the selectors decided to discard many of the forward players who had served Wales over the past four seasons, including Triple Crown winners like Wallace Watts and Arthur Boucher, favouring a new type of player emerging from the South Wales coalfields. Dubbed the 'Rhondda forward', these players were selected from tough manual workers who could not only scrummage and jump, but could take and respond to a more physical game. Although a product of the university system, Nicholl was well known for his hard style of play, and survived until the end of the season but was replaced by Llwynypia's Dick Hellings in 1897.

International matches played
Wales
 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896
 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895, 1896
 1891, 1892, 1893, 1895, 1896

Bibliography

References

1870 births
1939 deaths
20th-century Welsh Anglican priests
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Barbarian F.C. players
Blackheath F.C. players
Cambridge University R.U.F.C. players
Glasgow District (rugby union) players
Llanelli RFC players
London Welsh RFC players
People educated at Llandovery College
Rugby union forwards
Rugby union players from Carmarthenshire
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players
Welsh schoolteachers
West of Scotland FC players


María Dolores González (born March 2, 1959) is a Mexican professional wrestler, known by her ringname Lola González, who has competed in the Universal Wrestling Association and the World Wrestling Association for over three decades. At one time one of the most popular female tecnicos in Mexico, she dominated the UWA World Women's Championship during the mid-to late 1980s holding the title a record four times. She is the real-life sister of luchadora Leslie González and ex-wife of wrestler Fishman.

Professional wrestling career
She occasionally toured the United States with the National Wrestling Alliance and, in Gene and Mike LeBell's NWA Hollywood promotion, was the last NWA California Women's Champion before the promotion closed in 1982. That same year, she had a brief stint in World Class Championship Wrestling defeating Irma Gonzales at the "Fritz Von Erich Retirement Show" at the Texas Stadium on June 4, 1982. She made two more appearances for the promotion defeating La Pantera Sureña at the August 1982 "Wrestling Star Wars" supercard and faced Vicki Carranza for the "Mexican Women's" Title at the June 1983 "Wrestling Star Wars" supercard at the Reunion Arena.

González also visited Japan appearing with the Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling during the late 1980s. In a match to decide the first JWP Pacific Coast Tag Team Champions, she and La Bruha challenged but were beaten by Miss A and Xóchitl Hamada in Tokyo on October 24, 1987. On October 22, 1988, González entered a championship tournament for the IWA World Women's title in Edmonton, but was eliminated by Rhonda Sing in the opening rounds. She later lost the WWA Women's Championship to Singh in Hungary in December 1991.

On April 30, 1993, she teamed with Vicky Caranza and La Rosa in a trios tag team match against Martha Villalobos, Pantera Sureña and Wendy at the first Triplemanía hosted at the Plaza de Toros in Mexico City, Mexico. The following year, she and Martha Villalobos teamed against La Monster and Magnificent Mimi in a best of three falls match at the AAA "Night of Champions" and was pinned by La Monster for the third fall. The event took place on August 6, 1994, at the Los Angeles Sports Arena and attended by an estimated 8,000 people.

González returned to Mexico and, on November 19, 1995, entered a championship tournament for the TWF Women's Championship. She defeated Bambi in the opening round, Chikako Shiratori in the semi-finals and Bison Kimura in the finals to win the title. She held the title for nearly a year until losing to Lioness Asuka in a best of three falls match at the CMLL 63rd Anniversary Show on September 20, 1996. At the CMLL 64th Anniversary Show the next year, González faced Asuka defeating her and La Diabólica in a tag team match with Lady Apache.

At Reina de Reinas 2001 in Veracruz, González participated in the 14-women tournament but was eliminated prior to the finals. She similarly failed to reach the finals at Reina de Reinas 2006 and 2007.

On March 10, 2006, she teamed with Cinthia Moreno, Martha Villalobos and Miss Janeth in an 8-woman match at Rey de Reyes (2006) against Chikayo Nagashima, La Diabolica, Tiffany and Carlos Amano and lost the match via disqualification. Later that year, she won the EWWC Women's Championship and defended the title at El Hijo del Santo's Todo x el Todo supercard in Naucalpan against Xochitl Hamada winning via disqualification.

Championships and accomplishments
Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F.
Mexican National Women's Championship (2 times)
JDStar
TWF World Women's Championship (1 time)
NWA Hollywood
NWA California Women's Championship (1 time, last)
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Women's Championship (4 times)
World Wrestling Association
WWA World Women's Championship (1 time)
Other championships
Occidente Women's Championship (1 time)
EWWL Women's Championship (1 time)

Luchas de Apuestas record

References

External links
Lola González at Cagematch.net
Lola González at WrestlingData.com
Profile Card: Lola González
Lola González at Luchawiki

1959 births
20th-century female professional wrestlers
21st-century female professional wrestlers
Living people
Mexican female professional wrestlers
People from Ciudad Juárez
Professional wrestlers from Chihuahua (state)
Stampede Wrestling alumni


The smoothskin scorpionfish (Coccotropsis gymnoderma) is a species of ray-finned fish, a waspfish belonging to the subfamily Tetraroginae of the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Coccotropsis. This species is endemic to the seas off South Africa.

Taxonomy
The smoothskin scorpionfish was first formally described as Tetraroge gymnoderma in 1906 by the Scottish-born South African zoologist John Dow Fisher Gilchrist with the type localities given as Cape St. Blaize, Baird Island Lighthouse, False Island, Rockland Point, Seal Island and  Fish Hook Bay in South Africa. In 1927 Keppel Harcourt Barnard placed T. gymnoderma in the new monotypic genus Coccotropsis. Coccotropsis has been placed in its own monotypic subfamily, Coccotropsinae, by some authorities but is included in the subfamily Tetraroginae within the Scorpaenidae in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World however other authorities place that subfamily within the stonefish family Synanceiidae, while other authorities classify this subfamily as a family in its own right. The genus name is a compound of  Coccotropus, a genus within the family Aploactinidae  and opsis, which means "appearance",  so the name means that this taxon is similar to Coccotropus but differs, among other features, in having three anal-fin spines and four anal-fin rays. The specific name, gymnoderma, means "naked skin" an allusion to this species' apparently scale-less, naked skin.

Description
The smoothskin scorpionfish is a small, well-camouflaged fish, it has between 14 and 16 spines and 5 or 6 soft rays in its dorsal fin and 3 spines and between 3 and 6 soft rays in its anal fin. It has an orange body with a distinctive cream patch to the rear. The fish  may reach 50 mm in total length. The head has a pleated, wrinkled appearance and the dorsal fin has spines. The head may occasionally be pinkish.

Distribution and habitat
The smoothskin scorpionfish is only found off the South African coast from the Cape Peninsula to Algoa Bay in 9–110 m. It is endemic to this region.

Ecology
This fish is common on reefs but is seldom spotted due to its cryptic colouring and sedentary habits. It is usually not solitary. In keeping with other members of the waspfish family, it is extremely venomous and contact should be avoided. Little is known about the life history or ecology of this scheme.

Gallery

References

Tetraroginae
Marine fish of South Africa
Fish described in 1906


The isomeric shift (also called isomer shift) is the shift on atomic spectral lines and gamma spectral lines, which occurs as a consequence of replacement of one nuclear isomer by another. It is usually called isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines and Mössbauer isomeric shift respectively. If the spectra also have hyperfine structure the shift refers to the center of gravity of the spectra. The isomeric shift provides important information about the nuclear structure and the physical, chemical or biological environment of atoms. More recently the effect has also been proposed as a tool in the search for the time variation of fundamental constants of nature.

Isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines
The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines is the energy or frequency shift in atomic spectra, which occurs when one replaces one nuclear isomer by another. The effect was predicted by Richard M. Weiner in 1956, whose calculations showed that it should be measurable by atomic (optical) spectroscopy (see also). It was observed experimentally for the first time in 1958. The theory of the atomic isomeric shift is also used in the interpretation of the Mössbauer isomeric shift.

Terminology
The notion of isomer also appears in other fields such as chemistry and meteorology. Therefore, in the first publications devoted to this effect the name nuclear isomeric shift on spectral lines was used. Before the discovery of the Mössbauer effect, the isomeric shift referred exclusively to atomic spectra; this explains the absence of the word atomic in the initial definition of the effect. Subsequently, the isomeric shift was also observed in gamma spectroscopy through the Mössbauer effect and was called Mössbauer isomeric shift. For further details on the history of the isomeric shift and the terminology used, see.

Isotopic versus isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines
Atomic spectral lines are due to transitions of electrons between different atomic energy levels E, followed by emission of photons. Atomic levels are a manifestation of the electromagnetic interaction between electrons and nuclei. The energy levels of two atoms, the nuclei of which are different isotopes of the same element, are shifted one with respect to the other, despite the fact that the electric charges Z of the two isotopes are identical. This is so because isotopes differ by the number of neutrons, and therefore the masses and volumes of two isotopes are different; these differences give rise to the isotopic shift on atomic spectral lines.

In the case of two nuclear isomers, the number of protons and the number of neutrons are identical, but the quantum states and in particular the energy levels of the two nuclear isomers differ. This difference induces a difference in the electric charge distributions of two isomers and thus a difference δφ in the corresponding electrostatic nuclear potentials φ, which ultimately leads to a difference ΔE in the atomic energy levels. The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines is then given by

where ψ is the wave function of the electron involved in the transition, e its electric charge, and the integration is performed over the electron coordinates.

The isotopic and the isomeric shift are similar in the sense that both are effects in which the finite size of the nucleus manifests itself and both are due to a difference in the electromagnetic interaction energy between the electrons and the nucleus of the atom. The isotopic shift had been known decades before the isomeric shift and provided useful but limited information about atomic nuclei. Unlike the isomeric shift, the isotopic shift was at first discovered in experiment and then interpreted theoretically (see also ). While in the case of the isotopic shift the determination of the interaction energy between electrons and nuclei is a relatively simple electromagnetic problem, for isomers the problem is more involved, since it is the strong interaction, which accounts for the isomeric excitation of the nucleus and thus for the difference of charge distributions of the two isomeric states. This circumstance explains in part why the nuclear isomeric shift was not discovered earlier: the appropriate nuclear theory and in particular the nuclear shell model were developed only in the late 1940s and early 1950s. As to the experimental observation of this shift, it also had to await the development of a new technique, that permitted spectroscopy with isomers, which are metastable nuclei. This too happened only in the 1950s.

While the isomeric shift is sensitive to the internal structure of the nucleus, the isotopic shift is (in a good approximation) not. Therefore, the nuclear physics information that can be obtained from the investigation of the isomeric shift, is superior to what can be obtained from isotopic-shift studies. The measurements through the isomeric shift of e.g. the difference of nuclear radii of the excited and ground state constitute one of the most sensitive tests of nuclear models. Moreover, combined with the Mössbauer effect, the isomeric shift constitutes at present a unique tool in many other fields besides physics.

The nuclear shell model
According to the nuclear shell model, there exists a class of isomers, for which, in a first approximation, it is sufficient to consider one single nucleon, called the "optical" nucleon, to get an estimate of the difference between the charge distributions of the two isomer states, the rest of the nucleons being filtered out. This applies in particular for isomers in odd-proton–even-neutron nuclei, with nearly closed shells. Indium-115, for which the effect was calculated, is such an example. The result of the calculation was that the isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines, although rather small, turned out to be two orders of magnitude bigger than a typical natural line width, which constitutes the limit of optical measurability.

The shift measured three years later in Hg-197 was quite close to that calculated for In-115, although in Hg-197, unlike in In-115, the optical nucleon is a neutron instead of a proton, and the electron–free-neutron interaction is much smaller than the electron—free-proton interaction. This is a consequence of the fact that the optical nucleons are not free, but bound particles. Thus the results could be explained within the theory by associating with the odd optical neutron an effective electric charge of Z/A.

The Mössbauer isomeric shift
The Mössbauer isomeric shift is the shift seen in gamma-ray spectroscopy when one compares two different nuclear isomeric states in two different physical, chemical or biological environments, and is due to the combined effect of the recoil-free Mössbauer transition between the two nuclear isomeric states and the transition between two atomic states in those two environments.

The isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines depends on the electron wave function ψ and on the difference δφ of electrostatic potentials φ of the two isomeric states.

For a given nuclear isomer in two different physical or chemical environments (different physical phases or different chemical combinations), the electron wave functions are also different. Therefore, on top of the isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines, which is due to the difference of the two nuclear isomer states, there will be a shift between the two environments (because of the experimental arrangement, these are called source (s) and absorber (a)). This combined shift is the Mössbauer isomeric shift, and it is described mathematically by the same formalism as the nuclear isomeric shift on atomic spectral lines, except that instead of one electron wave function, that in the source ψs, one deals with the difference between the electron wave function in the source ψs and the electron wave function in the absorber ψa:

The first measurement of the isomeric shift in gamma spectroscopy with the help of the Mössbauer effect was reported in 1960, two years after its first experimental observation in atomic spectroscopy. By measuring this shift, one obtains important and extremely precise information, both about the nuclear isomer states and about the physical, chemical or biological environment of the atoms, represented by the electronic wave functions.

Under its Mössbauer variant, the isomeric shift has found important applications in domains as different as atomic physics, solid-state physics, nuclear physics, chemistry, biology, metallurgy, mineralogy, geology, and lunar research. For further literature, see also.

The nuclear isomeric shift has also been observed in muonic atoms, that is, atoms in which a muon is captured by the excited nucleus and makes a transition from an atomic excited state to the atomic ground state in a time shorter than the lifetime of the excited isomeric nuclear state.

References

Spectroscopy


The Lizonne (), also called the Nizonne, is a  long river in the Dordogne and Charente departments in southwestern France. Its source is near Morelière, a hamlet in Sceau-Saint-Angel. It flows generally southwest. It is a right tributary of the Dronne, into which it flows between Saint-Séverin and Allemans.

Part of its course forms part of the border between the Dordogne and Charente departments.

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
 Dordogne: Sceau-Saint-Angel, Saint-Front-sur-Nizonne, Champeaux-et-la-Chapelle-Pommier, Rudeau-Ladosse, Saint-Sulpice-de-Mareuil, Puyrenier, Beaussac, Les Graulges, Sainte-Croix-de-Mareuil, Combiers, La Rochebeaucourt-et-Argentine,
 Charente: Édon,
 Dordogne: Champagne-et-Fontaine,
 Charente: Blanzaguet-Saint-Cybard, Gurat,
 Dordogne: Vendoire,
 Charente: Vaux-Lavalette, Salles-Lavalette,
 Dordogne: Nanteuil-Auriac-de-Bourzac,
 Charente: Palluaud,
 Dordogne: Bouteilles-Saint-Sébastien, Saint-Paul-Lizonne,
 Charente: Saint-Séverin,
 Dordogne: Allemans,

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Charente
Rivers of Dordogne
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine


Aladár Virág (born 19 February 1983 in Debrecen) is a Hungarian football player who played for Balmazújvárosi FC.

External links
HLSZ
Atromitos Yeroskipou

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Debrecen
Hungarian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Diósgyőri VTK players
Debreceni VSC players
Nyíregyháza Spartacus FC players
Győri ETO FC players
Rákospalotai EAC footballers
Atromitos Yeroskipou players
Anagennisi Deryneia FC players
Balmazújvárosi FC players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Cypriot First Division players
Cypriot Second Division players
Hungarian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Camel is a color that resembles the color of the hair of a camel.

The first recorded use of camel as a color name in English was in 1916.

The normalized color coordinates for camel are identical to fallow, wood brown and desert, which were first recorded as color names in English in 1000, 1886, and 1920, respectively.

Fashion

Camel is the color of a specific type of overcoat known as a polo coat or camel-hair coat.  In a 1951 Collier's magazine fashion article, it is said camel colored polo coats are proper to wear in the summer, in the country and in the U.S. South, but navy blue overcoats are proper to wear in the city and in autumn, winter and spring.

See also
 List of colors

Notes

References

Bibliography

Citations

Shades of brown


Perales de Tajuña is a town and municipality of Spain located in the Community of Madrid. It is about 40 km to the southeast of Madrid in the area known as the Comarca de Las Vegas. The municipality covers 48.92 km,2 and it has a population of 2,738 inhabitants and a population density of 55.97 inhabitants/km2. To the north it borders with Arganda del Rey and Campo Real, to the east with Tielmes, to the south with Villarejo de Salvanés, and to the west with Morata de Tajuña and Valdelaguna.

Demographics

Education

In Perales de Tajuña there is one public nursery school and one infant and primary school, also public.

Architecture

Religious
 Parish church of Our Lady of the Castle
 Hermitage of San Isidro

Historical
 Town Hall
 Remains of watchtown and walls
 Ruins of Hermitage of San Sebastián
 Ruins of old hermitage of San Isidro
 Telegraph Tower-Fortress

Nature
 Risco de las Cuevas (Cliff caves)
 Prado de Arriba (Top field)

Fountains
 Mariblanca fountain
 Round fountain
 Barracks fountain
 Lagasca fountain
 Butrera fountain

Festivities
 San Blas, third of February
 Our Lady of the Castle, first Sunday of May
 San Isidro, fifteenth of May
 Town festival, month of August

Communications
Perales de Tajuña is well connected by road to Madrid and all the surrounding towns.
 From Madrid: R-3 (toll motorway) or A-3 (dual carriageway); Exits 33A, 35 or 41
 From Arganda del Rey: the old N-III
 From Campo Real: M-220
 From Morata de Tajuña: M-302
 From Tielmes, Carabaña, Orusco, Ambite: M-204
 From Valdelaguna: M-317
 From Villarejo de Salvanés: A-3, Exit 41

References

External links

 Official webpage of Perales de Tajuña Town Council in Spanish
 Madrid Region Statistical Office in Spanish

Municipalities in the Community of Madrid


Germany–Libya relations are bilateral relations between the Central European state of Germany and the North African state of Libya. Germany is represented in Libya with an embassy in Tripoli (currently closed) and a diplomatic office in Benghazi, while Libya has an embassy in Berlin (currently closed). The relationship between these countries was tense in the late 1980s following a bombing incident, but improved since with increasingly close co-operation especially on economic matters. However, during the 2011 Libyan civil war, Germany sided politically with the National Transitional Council, which it recognized as Libya's legitimate government after severing ties with Muammar Gaddafi's regime.

History
German involvement in Libya dates back to at least the Western Desert Campaign, when Libya was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy.

Libya was later blamed for the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing after telex messages had been intercepted from Libya to the Libyan East Berlin embassy congratulating them on a job well done.

In 1997, Germany was Libya's second "most important trading partner."  As David E. Long and Bernard Reich write, "Libya's relations with Western Europe--especially those with Germany...with which Libya has extensive business dealings--have been better than its relations with the United States....Libya also exports its light, sweet crude to Western Europe, primarily to Germany..."

In 2004, a delegation led by Germany's deputy foreign minister visited Libya. During the visit they met the Libyan President to discuss bilateral ties and mutual collaboration. Another issue discussed was landmines planted by the German Army during World War II. Xinhua reported that this meeting also resulted in "the inking of big deals in the energy sector, ushering in a brand-new relationship between Libya and Germany."

In 2020, Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that Germany would host peace talks between Libya's fighting parties.

References

 German Deputy Foreign Minister Visited Libya

Libya
Bilateral relations of Libya


Lutica is a genus of zodariid spiders that occurs only in North America on both the mainland California coast and the Channel Islands. Lutica abalonea is known from the coast west of Oxnard, California, Lutica clementea is known from San Clemente Island, Lutica maculata is known from Santa Rosa Island, and Lutica nicolasia is known from San Nicolas Island. It is believed that there is another species found on San Miguel Island, though it has not been described due to lack of adult specimens.

These spiders are found living in coastal sand dunes in and around clumps of foliage. Unlike many spiders, Lutica build web tubes that are covered in sand. These tubes are used to detect prey, such as Coelus globosus, when they cross the tube, similar to the hunting style of purseweb spiders. Lutica also do not balloon as most spiders do but rather stay fairly close to their initial locations in their dune environment and non-reproductive terrestrial migration is uncommon.

Species
Lutica comprises 4 species:
Lutica abalonea Gertsch, 1961 — USA
Lutica clementea Gertsch, 1961 — USA
Lutica maculata Marx, 1891 — USA
Lutica nicolasia Gertsch, 1961 — USA

References

Further reading

External links
Image(s) of Lutica spider

Zodariidae
Spiders of North America
Endemic fauna of California
Endemic spiders of the United States
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
Natural history of Ventura County, California
Araneomorphae genera


Apple's Bonjour Sleep Proxy service is an open source component of zero-configuration networking, designed to assist in reducing power consumption of networked electronic devices.

A device acting as a sleep proxy server will respond to Multicast DNS queries for another compatible device which has gone into low power mode. The low-power-mode device remains asleep while the sleep proxy server responds to Multicast DNS queries. When the sleep proxy server sees a query which requires the low-power-mode device to wake up, the sleep proxy server sends a special wake-up-packet ("magic packet") to the low-power-mode device. Finally, communication parameters are updated via Multicast DNS, and normal communications proceed.

Apple refers to the service as Bonjour Sleep Proxy in its support documents. The service supports the Wake on Demand feature, first offered in Mac OS X Snow Leopard.

Details

Address resolution protocol

The sleep proxy service responds to address resolution protocol requests on behalf of the low-power-mode device:
When a sleep proxy sees an IPv4 ARP or IPv6 ND Request for one of the sleeping device's addresses, it answers on behalf of the sleeping device, without waking it up, giving its own MAC address as the current (temporary) owner of that address.

This may appear confusing to network administrators who are not expecting the behaviour of changing MAC addresses.

Wireless magic packet

In case the low-power-mode device is communicating via Wi-Fi, the wake-up-packet is sent via Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WMM). This was not possible in previous implementations of Wake on LAN (WoL). The wireless hardware must be updated enough to include WMM support. Apple provides instructions for checking compatibility with this feature for Macintosh computers.

Supported services and examples

The sleep proxy service is able to advertise any Bonjour-supported services, while the host computer sleeps. Some examples of supported services are:

 File sharing: a host supporting the sleep proxy service, which offers file services, may go to sleep as needed. When someone needs to access shared files, the host will wake up automatically.
 iTunes library sharing: the computer hosting the iTunes library may go to sleep, and will automatically wake when someone wishes to browse the iTunes library from a different PC.
 Printer sharing: a printer may be connected and shared from a computer supporting sleep proxy service. The computer can go to sleep when not in use, but will wake when needed to service a print job being sent from a different computer.
 SSH: a computer offering SSH access may go to sleep, and awaken via the sleep proxy service when an SSH login is initiated.
 Desktop sharing: similar to above examples.

Implementations
Implementations on a local area network can be seen with Bonjour Browser.

 Apple AirPort Express with firmware version 7.4.1 or 7.4.2
 Apple AirPort Extreme with firmware version 7.4.1 or 7.4.2
 Apple AirPort Time Capsule
 Apple TV (all generations)
 HomePod (2018)
 HomePod mini (2020)
 Computers running Mac OS X Snow Leopard act as a Bonjour sleep proxy server when Internet sharing is enabled.

References

External links
 , see Mosaics tab for figures
 , see Mosaics tab for figures
 , see Mosaics tab for figures
 Fscklog.com: Snow Leopard und 2009er Macs: Wake on WLAN (German, Deutsch)
 Macrumors.com: A Closer Look at Snow Leopard's Wake on Demand Feature
 opensource.apple.com: Open-source mDNS implementation including the sleep proxy service
 UC San Diego: SleepServer: A Software-Only Approach for Reducing the Energy Consumption of PCs within Enterprise Environments 22 June 2010. Usenix 2010.
 Microsoft Research: Sleepless In Seattle No Longer 22 June 2010. Usenix 2010.
 Stuart Cheshire has a page describing steps for troubleshooting Sleep Proxy Service

Apple Inc. software
Computer configuration
Domain Name System
Link protocols
Network protocols
Windows communication and services


William Hyde Rice (July 23, 1846 – June 15, 1924) was a businessman and politician who served in the Kingdom of Hawaii, during the Kingdom's Overthrow, and in the following Republic of Hawaii and Territory of Hawaii governments. He collected and published legends of Hawaiian mythology.

Life
William Hyde Rice was born at Honolulu, Hawaii on July 23, 1846. His father was William Harrison Rice (1813–1862), and mother was Mary Sophia Hyde; both were Protestant missionary teachers at Oahu College (later Punahou School). At an early age Rice began to amass knowledge of Hawaiian culture, myths and legendsalong with his fortune. Like his father, he was a student of Hawaiian legends, especially the myth of Pele.

In 1854 the family moved to Līhuʻe on the island of Kauaʻi. His father became manager of a sugarcane plantation, and in 1856, his father completed the first irrigation system for sugar for the Lihue Plantation in East Kauaʻi.
He attended a boarding school at Kōloa, run by Reverend Daniel Dole.
He then attended Oahu College, and Braton's College in Oakland, California. In Honolulu, on October 17, 1872, he married Mary Waterhouse (1847–1933), and had eight children:
 Son William Henry Rice was born June 24, 1874, married Mary Agnes Girvin on June 8, 1897, managed Līhuʻe ranch, and then became deputy sheriff in 1900 and sheriff of Kauaʻi county in 1905. He died in 1945.
 Son Charles Atwood Rice was born September 12, 1876, and married Grace Ethel King (1880–1940) on June 20, 1899. He served in the legislature of the Territory of Hawaii as representative from 1905 to 1911, and then in the Territorial Senate from 1913 through 1937. He died in 1964, and his daughter Juliet Rice Wichman (1901–1987) was co-founder of the Kauaʻi Museum.
 Son Arthur Hyde Rice (July 25, 1878 – November 2, 1955) married 1905 to Elizabeth "Bessie" Smith Forest (1883–1969)
 Daughter Mary Eleanor Rice (November 25, 1880 – January 22, 1923), married Walter Henry Scott (1873–1931).
 Daughter Anna Charlotte Rice (called "Daisy") (August 5, 1882–1948), and married 1903 to Ralph Lyman Wilcox (1876–1913) (who inherited part of Grove Farm from uncle George Norton Wilcox and grandson of missionary David Belden Lyman).
 Son Harold Waterhouse Rice (November 10, 1883 – June 5, 1962), attended Princeton for one year, and married Charlotte McKinney Baldwin (1884–1938) on December 7, 1907. She was daughter of Alexander & Baldwin founder Henry Perrine Baldwin. He was elected to the Territorial Senate for Maui from 1919 through 1947.
 Son Philip de la Vergne Rice (July 22, 1886 – January 14, 1974), married 1911 to Flora Flinn Benton (1891–1971) became Chief Justice for the Territory of Hawaii.
 Daughter Emily Dorothea Rice (September 30, 1889 – April 6, 1979) married 1910 to Leo Lloyd Sexton, MD. (1879–1966)

In 1872, 26-year-old Rice formed Kipu Plantation and Lihue Ranch, purchasing the Kipu parcel from Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani for $3,000 to breed cattle and fine horses. His family became one of the top ten private landowners on the island.

Rice served in the Hawaiian House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872 and from 1882 to 1884, and in the Senate from 1886 to 1890. Rice helped to draw up the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii (known as the "Bayonet Constitution") and was one of the 13 committeemen who forced King David Kalakaua to sign it. He was appointed the last of the Governors of Kauai in 1891 by Queen Liliʻuokalani, whom he later helped to overthrow and place under house arrest, participating in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893. Rice then served his childhood friend Sanford B. Dole, son of his school-master, who was named president of the new Republic of Hawaii, in the Senate from 1895 to 1898.

Rice spoke the Hawaiian language as his first language and published a valuable collection of Hawaiian legends, a reprint of which is available online from the Bernice P. Bishop Museum's Special Publications section.

William Hyde Rice died June 15, 1924. Charles Atwood Rice took over the business at that time. Charles would serve in the legislature of the Territory of Hawaii from 1905 to 1937.
Still in the Rice family, Kipu Ranch offers ranch tours to visitors.

Family tree

See also
 Sugar plantations in Hawaii

References

External links
 "History of Kipu Ranch" on About.com
 Kipu Ranch tours

|-

1846 births
1924 deaths
Hawaiian Kingdom politicians
Businesspeople from Hawaii
Governors of Kauai
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Representatives
People from Kauai


Oliver Sheppard  (10 April 1865 – 14 September 1941) was an Irish sculptor, most famous for his 1911 bronze statue of the mythical Cuchullain dying in battle. His work was also part of the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics and the 1928 Summer Olympics.

Family
Sheppard was born at Old Town, Cookstown, County Tyrone, to Simpson Sheppard, a sculptor, and Ellen White, of Ormond Quay, Dublin.

Sheppard was based in Dublin for almost all of his life, having travelled widely across Europe. He lived with his wife Rosie and their children in Howth and later at 30 Pembroke Road in central Dublin.  Rosie died in 1931.

Education
His main influence was the Frenchman Édouard Lantéri who taught him at the Royal College of Art in London, and then at the Dublin Metropolitan School of Art (DMSA) in Dublin (now the NCAD), where he later became a lecturer.

Teaching
From 1902 to 1937 Sheppard taught sculpture at the DMSA, that was renamed the National College of Art in 1936 (today the NCAD). His annual stipend was £250 but for this he only had to lecture on three mornings a week, allowing him plenty of time for work on commissioned projects. Among his students were sculptors James Power and Kathleen Cox.

As a prominent sculptor Sheppard was a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy, the Royal Dublin Society, and was made a governor of the National Gallery of Ireland from 1925–41.

He was generally critical of the low standards of sculpture in Ireland: "For the last sixty years or so thousands of figures and groups have been executed in Dublin for ecclesiastical purposes, and, with one or two exceptions ... was not up to a reasonable standard. The making of a work of art hardly entered into it at all. The sculptor, well trained and properly encouraged, should collaborate with the architect."

Sheppard also exhibited works at European exhibitions in his lifetime, occasionally winning prizes.

Prominent works

 1901; imaginary statue of "Inis Fáil", seeing Ireland as an "island of destiny".
 1905; statue of a pikeman at Wexford, recalling the rebels in the 1798 rebellion.
 1908; Another pikeman statue at nearby Enniscorthy.
 1909; bust of the poet James Clarence Mangan in St Stephen's Green, Dublin.
 1911; The "Dying Cuchulain" is Sheppard's most iconic piece, inspired in part by the success of "Cuchulain of Muirthemne", the translation by Lady Gregory of most of the Tain saga that was published in 1902.
 1920; war memorials for the Irish solicitors and barristers who had died in the First World War (1914–18), which includes a bust of Major Willie Redmond.
 1922, bronze plaque in memory of Dr. James Little at the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland.
 1926; bust of his lifelong friend George Russell, best known as "Æ".
 1930; busts of John Joly at Trinity College Dublin and the Royal Dublin Society.
 1935; Aida, a bust now at the Crawford Gallery in Cork.
 1935; Installation of The "Dying Cuchulain" at the GPO, Dublin, that had been the rebels' headquarters in 1916, at the request of Éamon de Valera, President of the Executive Council (prime minister) at that time. The statue has had a continuing impact, and in 1966 a 50th anniversary commemoration special coin was struck with an image of it.

Political influence and opinion
Sheppard was in the minority of Irish Protestants who supported independence, starting with support for the Irish Parliamentary Party in the 1880s, when he was an art student.

In 1890–1910 he was a part of the Celtic Revival movement, and, from his works such as Inis Fáil, was admired by his student William Pearse. Through him he met his brother Patrick Pearse who later helped launch the Easter Rising in 1916. While most of the Revival's artists were writers, playwrights and poets, Sheppard could claim to be the main sculptor working on themes similar to theirs.

After the Anglo-Irish war (1919–21) he said: "They thought me too old to fight but I have tried to help in other ways. My politics are simple. I have always thought that this country should be a free country."

Sheppard's opinions were not overly dogmatic, considering his work on the war memorials in 1920.

Coin designs
In the mid-1920s the first series of Irish Free State coinage was planned, and was finally launched in 1928. Sheppard was one of the designers short-listed but his designs were not accepted.

See also
 Protestant Nationalist

References and sources
Notes

Sources
 History Ireland article on his main memorial statue in Wexford of the 1798 rebellion (1998)
 Professor John Turpin biography
 Online biography
  John Turpin; 2-part article on Sheppard in the Dublin Historical Record (1995) vol.18, parts 1 & 2. ISSN 0012-6861.

External links

Irish sculptors
Irish Protestants
1865 births
1941 deaths
People from Cookstown
Alumni of the National College of Art and Design
20th-century sculptors
19th-century sculptors
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Irish male sculptors
Artists from County Tyrone
Artists from County Dublin


Bob Hewitt and Frew McMillan won in the final 6–4, 4–0 after Brian Gottfried and Raúl Ramírez were forced to retire.

Seeds

Draw

External links
 1976 Fischer-Grand Prix Doubles draw

Doubles


Oscar Hedstrom (12 March 1871 – 29 August 1960) was a co-founder of the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company.

Childhood and adolescence
Carl Oscar Hedström was born in the parish of Lönneberga, Hultsfred Municipality, Kalmar County, Småland, Sweden. His family emigrated in 1880 to the United States, and settled in Brooklyn, New York City. As a boy, he spent much time riding a bicycle around the city, and was fascinated by its mechanical design.

Career
At age 16, Hedstrom started working at a small engineering workshop in the Bronx, New York, where he learned to manufacture watch cases and components. He worked as an apprentice in several small workshops, until he was 21 when he obtained journeyman status.

On two wheels

In his spare time Hedstrom built high-quality bicycles that were lighter and more durable than standard bikes. He rented a workshop space in Middletown, Connecticut where he designed and cast engines from his own patterns. He also designed and build a concentric carburetor. While his reputation as a bicycle designer grew, he started to build tandem bicycles with gasoline engines. These were called pacers, and were used to split the wind for racing cyclists. The motorized pacers of that time functioned poorly, but Hedstrom's design quickly gained a reputation as being very reliable.

At this time he came into contact with the former cyclist George M Hendee from Springfield, Massachusetts, who now manufactured bicycles and sponsored contests. Hendee was dissatisfied with the pacers available, and asked Hedstrom to take one of his to Springfield. Hendee was so impressed that he asked Hedstrom to develop a prototype for a mass-manufactured motorized bicycle.

The first Indian prototype was then built and completed on May 25, 1901 by Hedström at the old Worcester Cycle Manufacturing Company in Middletown, Connecticut, and the first public demonstration was held on Cross Street in Springfield, Massachusetts at 12:00 noon on Saturday June 1, 1901.

Indian  Company

The cooperation between Hedstrom and Hendee resulted in the Indian  Company. Hedstrom's design was innovative, and successful. Oscar Hedstrom resigned from the Indian  Company on 24 March 1913 after a disagreement with the board regarding dubious practices to inflate the company's stock values. George Hendee resigned in 1916. Hedstrom resided on his estate on the banks of the Connecticut River until he died in 1960.

Notes

References

1871 births
1960 deaths
People from Hultsfred Municipality
American motorcycle designers
Indian Motorcycle designers
Swedish emigrants to the United States