Melrose Place is an American drama television series that aired on The CW from September 8, 2009, to April 13, 2010. The series is a revival of the 1990s Fox series of the same name and is the fifth series in the Beverly Hills, 90210 franchise. The show follows the lives of a group of young adults living at the fictitious Melrose Place apartment complex in West Hollywood, California. Smallville producers Todd Slavkin and Darren Swimmer were showrunners of the series.

The series was met with mixed reviews from critics. Due to low ratings, it was cancelled by The CW on May 20, 2010, after one season.

Development
After successfully relaunching the franchise with 90210 in 2008, there was considerable speculation as to whether The CW planned to create a new version of Melrose Place in a similar vein. An article in E! Online reported the possibility of a new version of Melrose in September 2008, though The CW declined to confirm any such project at that time. Some weeks later, The CW and CBS Paramount Network Television (successor-in-interest of Spelling Television and therefore the legal rights holders to Melrose Place) said they were "exploring the possibility" of creating a new version of the series, to potentially debut in the 2009–2010 TV season and targeting their "prized demographic: young women." Original series creator Darren Star also confirmed that discussions had taken place, but nothing was official. On October 31, 2008, Entertainment Weekly writer Michael Ausiello reported that One Tree Hill creator Mark Schwahn had been approached about running what was being called "Melrose Place 2.0". The Hollywood Reporter confirmed on December 14, 2008, that Schwahn was in negotiations to write the initial script for the potential series.

In January 2009, The CW's head of entertainment, Dawn Ostroff, discussed the network's plans to develop a Melrose Place update, stating that she had yet to identify a writer, and that the proposed project would include both returning and new characters. She noted that the original Melrose Place series which began in 1992 started "at a time not unlike what we're going through now ... they talked about the building being foreclosed on, people not having jobs. It took place in a very similar time, a time when the economy was in a downturn." Ostroff also told reporters that unlike the original series, the new version would try to capture life in the Los Angeles Melrose neighborhood. When asked whether the new series would be the "earnest Melrose of season one or the nutty Kimberly-blowing-up-the-apartment-complex of later years," Ostroff explained, "In the beginning you've got to get invested in the characters, but I also think it can't be so dramatic and sleepy that not enough is going on. Our fans really love that heightened drama as you can see when you watch One Tree Hill and Gossip Girl. So the job is to get them emotionally invested in the people and then do storytelling and have twists and turns and surprises you wouldn't have expected."

On January 19, 2009, with Mark Schwahn now officially off the project, Ausiello reported that The CW were talking with Darren Swimmer and Todd Slavkin (showrunners of The CW's Smallville) about helming the new Melrose Place. On February 6, 2009, Ausiello confirmed that Swimmer and Slavkin were officially hired as the show runners of the spin-off, and discussed some of the new show's characters that were yet to be cast.

The Hollywood Reporter reported on February 23, 2009, that The CW had officially greenlit a pilot episode for the new Melrose Place written by Swimmer and Slavkin, which would "follow the original formula and chronicle a new group of twenty-somethings dwelling in Los Angeles' perpetually trendy Melrose neighborhood." Academy Award winner Davis Guggenheim (An Inconvenient Truth) was announced as the director and executive producer of the pilot.

The new series, ultimately just titled Melrose Place like its 1990s predecessor, premiered on The CW on September 8, 2009.

Casting

Ausiello's February 6, 2009, character preview introduced the series' seven new characters: David Patterson, son of the previous version's Jake Hanson  "with the taut abs and thick black book to prove it;" his "omnisexual sometime lover" Ella Flynn, "a PR whiz whose tongue is as sharp as her stilettos;" Jonah Miller, an aspiring filmmaker; Riley Richmond, his "sickly-sweet schoolteacher fiancee;" Auggie Kirkpatrick, a "hunky hippie" and recovering alcoholic; "straight-arrow" med student Lauren Bishop, forced by hard times to "trade sexual favors for financial ones;" and Violet Foster, a small-town teen who is "fresh off the turnip truck" but knows how to "play the sex kitten" when necessary.

On February 25, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter reported that the first actor cast in the new series was Michael Rady, whose character Jonah was compared to Andrew Shue's Billy Campbell from the original Melrose Place. Variety announced on February 27, 2009, that Katie Cassidy had landed the role of Ella, whom Ausiello had previously compared to Heather Locklear's Amanda Woodward. On March 9, 2009, Ausiello reported that singer/actress Ashlee Simpson-Wentz had been cast as Violet, and quoted an unnamed inside source saying that talks with Locklear to reprise her role were "looking good." The Hollywood Reporter announced on March 17, 2009, that Jessica Lucas had won the role of Riley. The next day Entertainment Weekly broke the story that despite The CW "aggressively pursuing" her, Locklear had passed on the Melrose Place update, purportedly because "There wasn't a way to bring her back that made sense." On March 24, 2009, Colin Egglesfield was cast as Auggie, and Stephanie Jacobsen as Lauren. The Hollywood Reporter reported on April 3, 2009, that Shaun Sipos had landed the final regular role in the series – Jake's son David – now described as a rich kid whose "bad-boy behavior has cut him off from the family's money."

On April 5, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter broke the story that Laura Leighton would be joining the series as her original Melrose Place character Sydney Andrews. Though Sydney had seemingly been killed off in 1997 at the end of the original show's fifth season, the new pilot finds her alive and now the landlord of the titular apartment complex. TV Guide noted that Leighton would also continue in a recurring capacity should the updated Melrose Place be picked up. People reported on April 6, 2009, that Melrose Place original cast member Thomas Calabro would also reprise his series-long role as the duplicitous Dr. Michael Mancini, now established as the father of new character David (Sipos).

Ashlee Simpson-Wentz's portrayal of the scheming Violet Foster was criticized by both critics and fans who found her very loathsome, and she was reportedly disliked by fellow cast members. It was announced in October 2009 that Simpson-Wentz and Colin Egglesfield would be leaving the series after the conclusion of the "Sydney Andrews murder mystery" storyline.

Production
Ausiello reported on May 19, 2009, that the series had been picked up by The CW. Presenting its 2009–2010 season schedule on May 21, 2009, The CW announced its intention to air Melrose Place after 90210 on Tuesday nights, in the same way their parent shows had been paired when the original Melrose Place debuted on Fox in July 1992. Ostroff added that there would likely be some character crossover between the two shows. Sipos's, Cassidy's, and Jacobsen's characters had also been renamed "David Breck," "Ella Simms," and "Lauren Yung" in the press release.

With the series in production, the Los Angeles Times noted on August 30, 2009, that the new Melrose Place intends to reflect life in Los Angeles beyond the way the original did by filming "everywhere from skid row to Sunset Boulevard and using popular venues, such as the Cinerama Dome and Walt Disney Concert Hall, as well as opulent mansions in Malibu and the so-called bird streets of the Hollywood Hills." Executive producers Slavkin and Swimmer both grew up in Los Angeles, and wanted to update the series "in a really cool, relevant way and not just slap the name Melrose Place on it." Concerned about repeating the same difficulties which occurred when incorporating original series characters in the 90210 update, The CW's Ostroff was drawn to Slavkin and Swimmer's intent to "create a new world but also hang on to what was special about Melrose originally ... I wanted to make sure that we used the old characters in the right way, in a way that made sense to the new characters as well." Swimmer added, "We felt the only way to incorporate the old characters into the new show was for it to feel like it was part of the story and came from the story."

On September 23, 2009, Variety reported that The CW had ordered an additional six scripts for the series, despite its ratings thus far being a "disappointment." On October 21, 2009, The CW officially ordered five more episodes of the series, bringing the total to eighteen. A day later in an interview with Ausiello, Slavkin and Swimmer announced that Egglesfield, Simpson-Wentz, and Leighton would leave the series once the murder mystery is resolved in episode 12. Egglesfield told E! Online that his departure was a network decision driven by the show's weak ratings, and that his character Auggie would not be killed off.

Guest stars
People reported on June 18, 2009, that Josie Bissett, who portrayed Michael's ex-wife and Sydney's older sister Jane Mancini in the original series, would guest star in at least one episode. Taylor Cole was next booked to guest star as David's ex-girlfriend, followed by Taryn Manning as a singer whose music video is directed by Jonah. The next day, Entertainment Weekly reported that original series star Daphne Zuniga would be returning as photographer Jo Reynolds for at least two episodes. On July 17, 2009, E! Online announced that actress Brooke Burns had been cast as Vanessa, wife of Dr. Michael Mancini and mother of his younger son Noah. That same day, TV Guide Magazine reported that actor Victor Webster had also been cast as Caleb, Ella's gay publicist boss. On July 20, 2009, E! Online reported that actress Kelly Carlson had been cast as a madam who convinces Lauren to work for her as part of her prostitution ring.

On August 19, 2009, E! Online announced that actress Jenna Dewan would appear on the series for at least two episodes as Kendra Wilson, a movie development executive who has her eyes on Jonah. Later that week, E! Online confirmed that Locklear was again in talks to join the update as her original series character Amanda. On August 31, 2009, former LA Laker Rick Fox announced he would be guest-starring on the series as an LA club owner. A rep for Melrose Place later confirmed the news to Access Hollywood, stating that Fox would appear in the eighth episode.

On September 22, 2009, The CW announced that Heather Locklear would finally join the update in its tenth episode. Show runners Slavkin and Swimmer were quoted as saying "We're ecstatic to have the chance to bring Amanda Woodward back to Melrose Place. Heather's involvement in the show is something we've been working on for some time, as we couldn't imagine creating and producing this show without the iconic character's inclusion." Ausiello revealed that Locklear would play Ella's boss at WPK, calling it "a genius move that will pit the show's former and current vixens against one another." On October 9, 2009, TV Guide reported that actor Billy Campbell had been cast as a powerful billionaire who would be involved with Amanda and first appear in episode thirteen. On October 27, 2009, Ausiello reported that actor Nick Zano was in talks to join as a pseudo-replacement for Colin Egglesfield's Auggie. Zano later confirmed his casting in an interview with the Entertainment Weekly columnist, revealed that he would play a doctor who works with Lauren and moves into the Melrose apartment complex, and that his role is recurring.

Cancellation
Lagging ratings caused frequent speculation that the show would not be brought back for a second season. TV by the Numbers, a site that publishes television ratings to the public, repeatedly  stated that the show had not hit its target audience and was likely to be cancelled. After the season finale, series producer Darren Swimmer left a statement on his Twitter account saying, "Melrose Place: Thnx for the love, fans. Honestly, a season 2 looks like it ain't gonna happen. All signs say no, but no official word yet." On May 18, 2010, two days before the new CW line-up was to be released, Swimmer left another message about the fate of the show: "I think it's fair to say we won't be renewed for next season. It was a great run. Mad props to everyone involved with the show & our fans!" The CW officially canceled the series on May 20, 2010.

Plot
On May 21, 2009, Ausiello reported that Leighton's character Sydney dies in the pilot and sets off a murder mystery, but noted that the actress would continue to appear in multiple episodes of the season through flashbacks. The Los Angeles Times later confirmed that Sydney would be found dead in the first 10 minutes of the premiere episode, a turn of events which means "anything could happen" in the new series, according to executive producer Slavkin. "It will feel nostalgic, but it's not the old Melrose," Slavkin said. The Times added that initial episodes would revolve around the interrelationships of the apartment complex's seven residents and the theme that "no one is exactly who they seem," with Sydney's murder solved mid-season. As the series opens, new Melrose Place resident Violet finds Sydney floating dead in the courtyard pool. Student doctor Lauren reluctantly accepts cash for sex to pay her medical school tuition, as aspiring filmmaker Jonah is offered a directing deal in exchange for his silence about a famous director's indiscretion. David, Sydney's ex-lover and the police's initial suspect in her death, is bailed out of jail by bisexual publicist Ella, who provides a false alibi and has her own reasons for wanting Sydney out of the way. While David steals a valuable painting from his own father Michael Mancini in the dark of night, sous chef Auggie — seemingly the resident most upset by Sydney's death — burns a bloody chef's uniform.

Holding onto her job puts pressure on Ella, whose efforts to further secret crush Jonah's career do not help his relationship with his new fiancée Riley. Lauren is compelled to continue prostituting herself, and while Sydney's sister Jane's attempt to blackmail Ella fails, she follows through on her promise to clue in the police on Ella's motives for Sydney's murder. Violet is revealed to be Sydney's secret daughter, and schemes to both get close to Auggie, and punish Michael for mistreating Sydney.

Cast and characters

Main
 Katie Cassidy as Ella Simms, a publicist who began her career under the guidance of Sydney Andrews, the new landlady of 4616 Melrose Place. Ella's close friendships with some of the other tenants, David and Jonah, are highlighted with some sexuality. Ambitious, scheming, and at times devious, Ella eventually comes into her own as a confident woman in show business. This is shown by her willingness to use her sexuality to get things done by seducing both men and women. Prior to Sydney's untimely death, Ella's relationship with her mentor had soured. She had a brief relationship with Jonah, after his broken engagement to Riley.
 Colin Egglesfield as August "Auggie" Kirkpatrick, a chef and part-time surfer with a history of alcoholism, which has adversely affected his life to the point that it once got him in a fight which killed his girlfriend. This landed him in an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting with Sydney, with whom he had a brief relationship. With Sydney's help, he is able to overcome this. He later tries to help Sydney when she also becomes addicted to drugs. After Sydney's death, Auggie turns to Riley for comfort. When this does not work out, he begins a relationship with Violet (originally unaware that she is Sydney's long-lost daughter) and eventually leaves California with her.
 Stephanie Jacobsen as Lauren Yung, Ella's roommate and a cash-strapped medical student of Dr. Mancini. With the obsession to be a medical doctor at any cost, she reluctantly turns to prostitution in order to pay her tuition. Lauren's first client was a man who offered her a huge sum of money to have sex with him. He later becomes her "pimp", recommending her to one of his friends. After she rendered her services to a man she met at a certain hotel bar, she is confronted by Wendi, a madam who has made a deal with the hotel, who threatens her if she ever sees her there again. Lauren is eventually employed by Wendi, and her new job has become invasive of her personal life, to the point that her friends see less and less of her. When Michael Mancini threatens to reveal her secret to the hospital, she comes clean to her friends about her profession which she quits soon after and enters into a romance with David.
 Jessica Lucas as Riley Richmond, an elementary schoolteacher who is engaged to Jonah. In addition to her being wary of Jonah's friendship with Ella, she also has some feelings for her jogging partner, Auggie.
 Michael Rady as Jonah Miller, a good-natured friend of Ella's who works in the IT department of her agency and is also an aspiring filmmaker. His close friendship with Ella is only one of the problems in his relationship with his fiancée, Riley.
 Shaun Sipos as David Breck, another friend of Ella's and Michael Mancini's son with an unnamed woman. He had a brief relationship with his landlady, Sydney, prior to her untimely death. He is also, possibly, the biological father of Noah, the son of his father's recently deceased wife, Vanessa. David later has an intimate relationship with Ella's roommate, Lauren. Although they eventually ended breaking up, they both remain with strong feelings for each other. Often unemployed, David supports himself by performing robberies of houses in wealthy neighborhoods and selling the items he steals on the black market thanks to his criminal contact Amir. He later uses his ill-gotten money to buy the restaurant Coal as a means of going legal and legitimate.
 Ashlee Simpson-Wentz as Violet Foster, a young woman new to California and struggling to fit in with the other tenants of Melrose Place. While she quickly becomes friends with some of them, none of them know that she came to California to find her biological mother. It turned out that her biological mother is Sydney, who rejected her at first but later wanted to get to know her. Violet's reunion with her mother is cut short when Sydney is found murdered in the pool. She later finds out about her mother's turbulent relationship with Dr. Michael Mancini, whom she approaches to apply as the nanny of his son, Noah. Being just as scheming and manipulative as her biological mother, Violet eventually has an affair with Michael and even blackmails him with a recording of their one night stand. She reveals to him that she is Sydney's daughter and that she wants to get back at him for treating her mother badly. In searching for her mother's murderer, Violet finds out that Michael's wife, Vanessa, had previously confronted Sydney about her affair with Michael. Sydney's insinuation that Vanessa's son with Michael, Noah, was actually fathered by Michael's estranged son, David (who also had a brief relationship with Sydney), drove Vanessa to kill her. Violet then confronts Vanessa, resulting in a fight in the pool, and ultimately, Vanessa's death. Her drug-addicted adoptive brother came to California, and it was revealed they'd been secretly sleeping together unbeknownst to their parents. She then dated Auggie Kirkpatrick, eventually leaving California with him.

Recurring
 Laura Leighton as Sydney Andrews
 Thomas Calabro as Dr. Michael Mancini
 Nicholas Gonzalez as Detective James Rodriguez
 Victor Webster as Caleb Brewer, Ella's boss at WPK
 Jason Olive as Detective Drake
 Brooke Burns as Vanessa Mancini, Michael's newest wife
 Ethan Erickson as Chef Marcello, Augie's boss at Coal
 Kelly Carlson as Wendi Mattison, Lauren's madame employer
 Heather Locklear as Amanda Woodward
 Nick Zano as Drew Pragin, an intern at Wilshire Hospital and Riley's newest love interest

Guest
 Adam Kaufman as Toby Shepard
 Niall Matter as Rick Paxton
 Cameron Castaneda as Noah Mancini, Michael and Vanessa's five-year-old son
 Josie Bissett as Jane Andrews
 Daphne Zuniga as Jo Reynolds
 Billy Campbell as Ben Brinkley, Amanda's billionaire boyfriend
 Wendy Glenn as Melissa Saks, Ella's flirt

Episodes

Reception

U.S. Nielsen ratings

Critical
Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker gave the pilot a B, stating that "it remains to be seen whether the new Melrose will become as giddily addictive as its predecessor — but it's off to a promisingly dizzy start." The Los Angeles Times compared the update to the original, noting that "Camp has given way to noir, soap has morphed into mystery, and acting and dialogue have become more sophisticated while alcoholism, drug addiction, infidelity and even murder remain among the permanent residents of the fictitious 4616 Melrose Place." The Hollywood Reporter stated, "It's all brand new and shiny but comfortably familiar and keenly calculated. The pleasures abound within the walls of the new 'MP,' but be warned: You'll want to take a shower afterward." Melrose Place was the No. 1 trending topic on Twitter for about an hour on its debut night, and its ratings put it in second place among its core young adult audience in the 9 pm hour.

Metacritic gave the episode a Metascore of 57, signifying mixed reviews, a weighted average based on a select 23 critical reviews.

International syndication
Melrose Place began airing in 26 countries in Latin America on November 10, 2009, via Sony Entertainment Television. Episodes were aired in English, and are subtitled in Spanish, Portuguese, or French.

Home media
As of October 26, 2010, Amazon's CreateSpace manufacture-on-demand (MOD) program began exclusively selling Melrose Place: The DVD Edition. This is a 6-disc set (740 minutes) with the entire run of the show, plus bonus cast interviews.

References

External links

2009 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American LGBT-related drama television series
2010s American LGBT-related drama television series
American primetime television soap operas
American television soap operas
American sequel television series
Beverly Hills, 90210 (franchise)
Bisexuality-related television series
The CW original programming
English-language television shows
Serial drama television series
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows filmed in Los Angeles
Television shows set in Los Angeles


Eric Sidney Sogard (born May 22, 1986) is an Czech-American former professional baseball infielder. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Oakland Athletics, Milwaukee Brewers, Toronto Blue Jays, Tampa Bay Rays, and Chicago Cubs.

Sogard attended Arizona State University and played college baseball for the Arizona State Sun Devils. His nickname "Nerd Power" was given to him by Athletics fans, who liked his play style and distinct glasses.

Early life
Sogard's parents are Anna Vodicka Sogard and Bruce R. "Rudy" Sogard. Anna was born near Prague and moved to the United States with her family when she was 12 years old. Rudy was also a collegiate baseball player and set the home run record for DePauw University in 1975 while playing third base. Sogard is the brother of Alex Sogard.

High school
Sogard attended Thunderbird High School in Phoenix. He played for the Chicago Cubs and Philadelphia Phillies scout teams in 2002 and 2003. He was the 2003 Arizona Republic'''s NW Valley H.S. Baseball Player of the Year, the Region Player of the Year, and 1st Team All-State shortstop. He repeated as All-State shortstop in 2004, and represented Arizona in the 2003 and 2004 Sunbelt Classic Baseball Series. Sogard broke numerous Thunderbird school batting records, including highest batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage. In addition, Sogard was a star midfielder on Thunderbird's 2002 state runner-up (21–2) soccer team.

College
Sogard received both academic and athletic scholarships from Arizona State University. He was ranked as the number 7 high school prospect in Arizona in 2004. He majored in kinesiology at ASU.

Sogard was a two-time All-American as a Sun Devil in 2006 and 2007, and was a 1st Team All-Pac-10 selection both years as well. He was also the 2007 Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year. He played many positions in 2006 but stayed at second base for ASU in 2007. In 2006, Sogard had a slugging percentage of .625, third-best in the Pac-10, and an OPS of 1.057, fourth-best in the Pac-10. In 2007, he was second in the Pac-10 in average (.394) and runs (74), and third in walks (39) and on-base percentage (.488). In 2007, Sogard became one of only a few ASU players ever to hit .400 for an entire season, with at least 100 hits.

Sogard finished with the 15th-highest career batting average in ASU baseball history at .371. He is a member of the ASU All-Decade Team of 2000–09.

 Professional career

 San Diego Padres organization
Sogard was the first Sun Devil to be selected in the 2007 Major League draft, going in the second round, 81st overall, to the San Diego Padres. With Lake Elsinore in 2008, he led the California League in doubles (42) and on-base percentage (.394). He was a Baseball America'' High Class A All-Star, and a California League mid-season and post-season All-Star. He was also selected for the Topps' Class-A All-Star Team. In 2009, playing for the San Antonio Missions in AA, Scout.com ranked Sogard as one of the top hitting prospects in the Padres organization. He was named a Texas League mid-season All-Star at second base/designated hitter.

Oakland Athletics

On January 16, 2010, Sogard was traded along with Kevin Kouzmanoff to the Oakland Athletics in exchange for Scott Hairston and Aaron Cunningham. In 2010, he was an MiLB.com Organization All-Star with the Oakland organization. Sogard ended the 2010 season as one of Sacramento's more consistent players, earning a promotion to Oakland in September. In 2011, he was a Pacific Coast League mid-season All-Star at shortstop with Sacramento. He had the highest fielding percentage in the league. He spent the second half of the season with Oakland in the majors. On August 23, 2011, Sogard hit his first career home run off then-Yankees pitcher Bartolo Colón.

The A's entered spring training in the beginning of the 2013 season with a battle over the everyday second baseman job. Sogard was put into the competition along with Scott Sizemore, who was returning after missing the entire 2012 season, Jemile Weeks, Adam Rosales, Andy Parrino, and Jed Lowrie. Lowrie was first put into the competition and promised an everyday job but instead took over everyday shortstop due to the struggles and injury of Hiroyuki Nakajima. Sogard then won the second base battle as he was the opening day starting second baseman.

Sogard finished a close second in the contest, voted on by fans, to be named the "Face of MLB" in February 2014. Mets third baseman David Wright won.

In April 2016, Sogard underwent surgery on his left knee. He played in only two games for the Stockton Ports on rehab assignment. He was sent outright to Triple-A after the 2016 season and elected to become a free agent.

Milwaukee Brewers
On December 15, 2016, Sogard signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers that included an invitation to spring training. In Sogard's first game with the Brewers, he hit a three-run home run. He finished the season playing in 94 games, establishing career highs in home runs (3), walks (45) and batting average (.273). The following season, Sogard played through injury, hitting a career worst .134 in 94 at bats. He was released by the team on July 10, 2018. He resigned a minor league deal on July 27, 2018. Sogard was released again by the Brewers on September 1, 2018.

Toronto Blue Jays

On December 21, 2018, Sogard signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays and was invited to spring training. He battled against Richard Ureña for the utility infielder spot on the opening day roster, but was ultimately sent to Triple-A affiliate Buffalo following the conclusion of spring training. Sogard had his contract selected on April 15, 2019. He made his debut with the team the next day, collecting three hits in a 6–5 win over the Minnesota Twins. Sogard saw success during his stint with the Blue Jays, hitting .300 and recording an OPS of .840 in 73 games.

Tampa Bay Rays

On July 28, 2019, the Blue Jays traded Sogard to the Rays for two players to be named later. The PTBNL were later named as Edisson Gonzalez and Curtis Taylor. He hit .266 in 37 games.

Return to Milwaukee
On December 20, 2019, Sogard signed a one-year deal with the Milwaukee Brewers reuniting with his former team. Sogard hit his first career walk-off against the Pittsburgh Pirates on August 29, 2020 with a two-run home run in the ninth inning, resulting in a 7–6 victory for the Brewers. He finished the shortened season hitting .209/.281/.278 with 10 RBIs and 10 runs scored in 43 games.

Chicago Cubs
On March 3, 2021, Sogard signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs organization that included an invitation to Spring Training. On March 28, 2021, Sogard was selected to the 40-man roster. Although a position player, Sogard recorded 5 pitching appearances in 2021, including 3 in a 10 game losing streak. In 78 games with the Cubs, Sogard hit .249/.283/.314 with 1 home run and 12 RBI. He was designated for assignment by the Cubs on July 23. He was released by the Cubs on July 28.

International career
Sogard was announced as a player on the Czech Republic national baseball team’s roster for the 2023 World Baseball Classic. He was the only player on the team with MLB experience.

Personal life
Sogard's younger brother, Alex, is a former professional baseball player, who is now the head baseball coach at Wright State University.

Sogard married his wife Kaycee in October 2011. They have five children together.

Sogard's cousin Nick Sogard plays in the Boston Red Sox' farm system.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American people of Czech descent
Arizona State Sun Devils baseball players
Baseball players from Phoenix, Arizona
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago Cubs players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Eugene Emeralds players
Fort Wayne Wizards players
Lake Elsinore Storm players
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third basemen
Milwaukee Brewers players
Oakland Athletics players
Portland Beavers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Sacramento River Cats players
San Antonio Missions players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Stockton Ports players
Latter Day Saints from Arizona
2023 World Baseball Classic players


The Bullom languages are a small group of Mel languages spoken in Sierra Leone, including along the Bullom Shore. They were historically sometimes referred to as one language or dialect continuum, divided into Southern Bullom (Krim and Sherbro) and Northern Bullom (Bullom So). The languages are:
Bom (Krim), Bullom So (Mmani), Sherbro.

They are closely related to Kissi.

References

Languages of Sierra Leone
Mel languages


Koeppe's nodules are small nodules seen at the inner margin of the iris in patients with granulomatous anterior uveitis, which occurs in conditions such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. The nodules are composed of epithelioid cells and giant cells surrounded by lymphocytes.

Koeppe's nodules are named after Leonhard Koeppe.

References

External links
 Image at EyeNet Magazine of the American Academy of Ophthalmology

Medical signs
Ophthalmology


Xuxa is a Brazilian singer, actress, and television show hostess.

Xuxa may also refer to:
Xuxa (TV series), a children's show
Xuxa (album), an album by the entertainer
Xuxa: The Mega-Marketing of Gender, Race, and Modernity, 1993 book
Fernando Scherer or Xuxa, Brazilian Olympic swimmer
Cássio Luís Rissardo or Xuxa, (born 1981), Brazilian footballer

See also
Susan (given name)


Albert Rosen (14 February 192423 May 1997) was an Austrian-born and Czech/Irish-naturalised conductor associated with the National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland, the Wexford Festival, the National Theatre in Prague and J. K. Tyl Theatre in Plzeň (Pilsen). He had a strong affinity with the works of Czech composers such as Smetana, Dvořák, Martinů and Janáček.

Biography
Albert Rosen was born in 1924 in Vienna. His mother was Czech, while his father's family was Austrian-Jewish. After Anschluss of Austria in 1938 they moved to Bratislava, and after the Slovak version of Nuremberg Laws came to force in September 1941, he escaped discrimination and genocide via the Danube and the sea to Israel (then Mandatory Palestine). There he worked in the Shaʽar HaGolan kibbutz, manually and as an amateur chorus master, until 1945, when he returned to Bratislava.

In 1946–1947 he studied piano, composition and conducting at the Vienna Academy of Music with Joseph Marx and Hans Swarowsky, and continued to study conducting at the Prague Conservatory under  and Alois Klíma (1947–1948). He started his career in J. K. Tyl Theatre in Plzeň (Pilsen) as a correpetiteur, assistant conductor and chorus master (1949–1952) and conductor (1953–1959), participating on the production of 11 operas, 19 ballets and, as the composer of stage music, 17 dramas. In 1960 he was engaged by National Theatre in Prague, to be appointed in 1964 the chief conductor of Smetana Theatre, the National Theatre's opera stage. He held this position until 1971, conducting 11 ballets and 9 opera productions.

In 1965 he came to Ireland for the first time to conduct the National Symphony Orchestra (under its former name, the Radio Telefís Éireann Symphony Orchestra) at the Wexford Festival. This led to his regular appearances at the festival – until 1994 he conducted 18 Wexford productions, more than anyone else. In 1969 he became the orchestra's chief conductor, until he became principal guest conductor in 1981. In 1994 he was honoured with the title Conductor Laureate of the orchestra.

His operatic repertoire included standard works such as Carmen (Bizet), Tosca and Madama Butterfly (Puccini), Il trovatore and Don Carlos (Verdi), Lohengrin (Wagner), Lucrezia Borgia (Donizetti), Otello and L'italiana in Algeri (Rossini), Káťa Kabanová (Janáček), La Wally (Catalani), The Bartered Bride (Smetana), and Salome (Richard Strauss),

He also conducted unusual works such as Smetana's The Two Widows and The Kiss, Dvořák's Rusalka, The Devil and Kate and The Jacobin, Janáček's Jenůfa, Prokofiev's The Gambler, Massenet's Don Quichotte, Peter Cornelius's Der Barbier von Bagdad, Britten's The Turn of the Screw, Franco Alfano's La leggenda di Sakùntala, Heinrich Marschner's Hans Heiling and Der Templer und die Jüdin, Engelbert Humperdinck's Königskinder, Mascagni's Il piccolo Marat, Ruggero Leoncavallo's La bohème, Giordano's La cena delle beffe, and less known operas by Martinů and Janáček.

In October 1978, in Dublin and Cork, he conducted the National Symphony Orchestra in only the second and third performances of André Tchaikowsky's 2nd Piano Concerto, Op. 4, which were the first performances with the composer as soloist (Radu Lupu had played in the world premiere in 1975 in London). He was to have recorded the work in 1982, again with Tchaikowsky at the piano, but the composer became ill and the recording was cancelled. His other work with the NSO included standard orchestral repertoire as well as major pieces such as Messiaen's Turangalîla-Symphonie and Mahler's Eighth Symphony (Symphony of a Thousand). In 1992, the orchestra toured ten cities in Germany, having a major success with Die Fledermaus in Stuttgart.

Albert Rosen made his American debut at San Francisco Opera in 1980, in Janáček's Jenůfa. In Australia, he was chief conductor of the West Australian Symphony Orchestra from 1983 until 1985, and the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra in 1986. He conducted the British premiere of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Christmas Eve with English National Opera in 1988. He became music director of the Irish National Opera in 1993.

He often conducted the National Youth Orchestra of Ireland during the 1990s, in challenging works such as the tone poems and An Alpine Symphony of Richard Strauss. Other opera orchestras he conducted included those of the Welsh National Opera, Scottish Opera, Vancouver Opera, San Diego Opera, and the Dublin Grand Opera Society.

He became an Irish citizen by naturalisation.

His own conducting students included John Finucane.

Albert Rosen died in Dublin on 23 May 1997, aged 73, of lung cancer.

Discography
 Antonín Dvořák: The Devil and Kate. Wexford Festival Opera 1988. Kultur Video 2005 (DVD)
 Peter Racine Fricker: Symphony No. 2 Op. 14, Comedy Overture Op. 32. BBC Northern Symphony Orchestra. BBC/Lyrita 2017 (CD)
 Leoš Janáček: Jenůfa. Orchestra and Chorus of the San Francisco Opera, October 1, 1980. Gala 2004 (2 CDs)
 David Lumsdaine: Hagoromo and other orchestral works. The West Australian Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Diego Masson (1) and Albert Rosen (2–4). Australian Broadcasting Company 1991 (CD)

References

External links
 The Independent, 28 May 1997
 The Irish Times, 30 May 1997

 Albert Rosen as guest conductor at the Roudaki Hall, Tehran, April 1977
 Archive of the National Theatre in Prague
 Database of the Theatre Institute in Prague
 Opera in Ireland
 Recording of the Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 35 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky with the Korean violinist Kyung-Wha Chung and the RTÉ Orchestra, Dublin 1972
 Recording of the Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61 by Ludwig van Beethoven with the Korean violinist Kyung-Wha Chung and the RTÉ Orchestra, Dublin 1972
 Recording of Symphony No 1 (1984) by John Kinsella with the RTÉ Orchestra
 Recording of Symphony No 2 (1988) by John Kinsella with the RTÉ Orchestra
 Photographs from the RTÉ Archive: 1968, 1972a, 1972b, 1976

1924 births
1997 deaths
Male conductors (music)
Austrian emigrants to Czechoslovakia
Czech conductors (music)
Czech Jews
Irish conductors (music)
Irish Jews
RTÉ Performing Groups
Austrian emigrants to Ireland
Pupils of Joseph Marx
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Austrian people of Czech descent
Musicians from Vienna
Musicians from Bratislava
Naturalised citizens of Ireland
Irish people of Czech descent
Czechoslovak emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
20th-century Irish Jews
Prague Conservatory alumni


El Pao is the name of several towns in Venezuela:

 El Pao, Anzoátegui, also known as El Pao de Barcelona, in the state of Anzoátegui, elevation 222m,
 El Pao, Barinas in the state of Barinas, elevation 40m,
 El Pao, Cojedes in the state of Cojedes, elevation 132m,
 El Pao, Monagas in the state of Monagas, elevation 892m,
 El Pao, Trujillo in the state of Trujillo, elevation 1231m,

References


St. Ann's Warehouse is a performing arts institution in Brooklyn, New York City. It began when the St. Ann's and the Holy Trinity Church on Montague Street was converted into a venue for classical music in 1980. Initially known as Arts at St. Ann's, proceeds from the stage's performances were used to aid in renovating the building.

In 2000 it relocated to a former spice milling factory in Dumbo, Brooklyn, where it has served as a stage for musicians such as David Bowie, Lou Reed, Joe Strummer, Aimee Mann, Nick Cave, Rufus Wainwright and John Cale.  Theatrical shows have included the Bertholt Brecht/Kurt Weill musical The Seven Deadly Sins, starring Marianne Faithfull. The current building can accommodate audiences of up to 1500 people.

St. Ann's Warehouse moved to the historic Tobacco Warehouse in Brooklyn Bridge Park in 2015.

1980s

The original home of Arts at St. Ann's (now St. Ann's Warehouse) was the National Historic Landmark St. Ann's and the Holy Trinity Church on Montague Street in Brooklyn Heights. For 21 years, St. Ann's presented a broad array of concert and theater performances in the church's Gothic Revival sanctuary. In addition, the organization raised approximately $4 million for the building's restoration, including its historic stained glass windows by William Jay Bolton, which were the first made in America.

From its inception, St. Ann's has earned a reputation as a consistent innovator, forging multi-disciplinary theatrical collaborations, thematic multi-artist concert presentations, and new works for puppet theater.

Beginning in 1980, much of St. Ann's early programming was based on classical music — choral and opera programs, noonday organ recitals, performances by Tashi, The Academy of Ancient Music, and others. St. Ann's had a surprising and defining early success with its staging of the first American puppet opera, Amy Trompetter's production of Rossini's The Barber of Seville, with the Brooklyn Opera Society in 1983. Trompetter's production was revived on its 20th anniversary at St. Ann's Warehouse in 2003. In 2007, it played again to sold-out houses in a new German version at the Festspielhaus St. Polten just outside Vienna, Austria.

The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, under Artistic Director Charles Wadsworth, offered preview concerts at St. Ann's from 1981–1983, which then led to Bach Cantata Sundays under the direction of the Society's cellist, Fred Sherry. The seven-year cantata series proved instrumental in forming St. Ann's genre-defying approach to music programming and helped build the reputation of The Orchestra of St. Luke's, then a new band.

In 1985, Bread and Puppet Theater was invited to stage Bach's Cantata #4 ("Christ lag in Todesbanden") as part of the series. By 1988, the program included the American Premiere of John Cale's The Falklands Suite. The following year, St. Ann's and the Brooklyn Academy of Music instigated the reunion of Cale and Lou Reed by commissioning Songs for Drella, their celebrated song cycle in remembrance of Andy Warhol.

Intrigued by the range and ambition of St. Ann's performances, artists began to take increasing interest and helped to further St. Ann's international reputation under the leadership of founding Artistic Director Susan Feldman and Program Director Janine Nichols. In 1989, record producer Hal Willner brought Marianne Faithfull to St. Ann's for a pair of concerts: a retrospective released by Island Records as "Blazing Away" and "definitive" performances as Anna in the Brecht/Weill masterwork, The Seven Deadly Sins (NY Times).

1990s
The Seven Deadly Sins lead to the sextet, Hudson Shad, and the award-winning production of Susan Feldman's In the Time of the Comedian Harmonists (1992), which went on to enjoy a long life as Band in Berlin, co-directed by Pat Birch, Associate Director and Choreographer Jonathan Cerullo, including a brief stint on Broadway in 1999.

On the occasion of its 10th anniversary, Rolling Stone dubbed St. Ann's "the guiding light in New York's avant-rock scene."

In 1991, Willner and St. Ann's presented the first of its thematic multi-artist performances, Greetings from Tim Buckley, which inspired the late Jeff Buckley. This was followed by several Halloween programs, including Nevermore: Readings from Edgar Allan Poe and the Harry Smith Project in 1999, which featured Nick Cave, Van Dyke Parks, Rufus Wainright, Thurston Moore, and others.

St. Ann's enjoyed further success with thematic concerts led by music director Peter Holsapple, including Bryter Layter: Music of Nick Drake (1997), Listen Listen: Music of Sandy Denny (1998) and Songs of the Century (1999) with Beth Orton and Jimmie Dale Gilmore.

Other events that took place in the old building were St. Ann's commissions of Bill Frisell Plays For Buster Keaton (1992–1993), scores for six of the master's silent films; August Wilson & the Blues (1996), which brought together the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright with the musician Olu Dara, and David Greenberger's The Duplex Planet Radio Hour, produced for WNYC-FM in 1994. St. Ann's finally closed the door on St. Ann's Church in 2000 with Roy Nathason's jazz suite, Fire at Keaton's Bar and Grill, featuring Elvis Costello and Deborah Harry, and cartoonist Art Spiegelman's Three Panel Opera: Drawn to Death.

2000s
After moving to an old spice milling factory at 38 Water Street in Dumbo shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001, Arts at St. Ann's became St. Ann's Warehouse. Highlighted by performances that mix theater and rock and roll, the programming featured multiple collaborations with The Wooster Group: To You, The Birdie (2002), Brace Up! (2003), House/Lights (2005), The Emperor Jones (2006) and Hamlet (2007), Ridge Theater's Jennie Richee (2003), Decasia (2004); Joe Strummer's final New York appearances (2002), David Bowie (2002), Aimee Mann (2004), as well as intimate concerts with Laurie Anderson and Lou Reed (2002), Oscar Wilde's Salome: The Reading (2002) with Al Pacino, directed by Estellle Parsons, and the 20th anniversary production of Amy Trompetter's puppet opera, The Barber of Seville (May 2003), conducted by Kristjan Järvi with the Absolute Ensemble.

In 2004, St. Ann's and Artistic Director, Susan Feldman, were honored by the Village Voice Obie Committee with the Ross Wetzsteon Memorial Award for the development of new work, recognizing St. Ann's Warehouse as "a sleek venue where its super-informed audience charges the atmosphere with hip vitality." Productions included Mabou Mines' DollHouse, directed by Lee Breuer; Dan Hurlin's lyrical puppet masterwork, Hiroshima Maiden, Cynthia Hopkins' alt-country opera Accidental Nostalgia, and Turning with live video by Charles Atlas and music by Antony of Antony and the Johnsons.

In 2005 St. Ann's welcomed London's Royal Court Theatre with its productions of Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis, directed by the James MacDonald, and Poland's TR Warszawa production of Risk Everything directed by Grzegorz Jarzyna. That year, St. Ann's produced a series of live, onstage "sound plays" with Sirius Satellite Radio, South Bank Centre, and UCLA Live!, called Theater of the New Ear, a collaboration between composer Carter Burwell and filmmakers Charlie Kaufman and the Coen Brothers' Sawbones, Hope Leaves the Theater. "Sawbones" featured Steve Buscemi, John Goodman, Marcia Gay Harden, Philip Seymour Hoffman, John Slattery, Brooke Smith, and "Hope" featured Hope Davis, Peter Dinklage, and Meryl Streep. A second Charlie Kaufman play, "Anomalisa", which played at UCLA Live! only starred Jennifer Jason Leigh], Tom Noonan, and David Thewlis.

St. Ann's celebrated its 25th Anniversary with a new presentation of Roy Nathanson's Fire at Keaton's Bar & Grill, featuring Deborah Harry, Lou Reed, Laurie Anderson, Antony, Chocolate Genius, Nellie McKay, Theo Bleckmann, Dan Zanes, and others.

In 2006/2007, St. Ann's produced two World Premieres: Lou Reed's Berlin, directed by Julian Schnabel, which traveled to the Sydney Festival, Australia and subsequently toured 14 European cities in summer 2007; and Part 2 of Cynthia Hopkins' Accidental Trilogy, Must Don't Whip 'Um. St. Ann's received four Drama Desk Award nominations for its productions of Les Freres Corbusier's Hell House and Daniel Kramer's Woyzeck in 2006. The season ended with Hal Willner's Rogues Gallery Live, a gala benefit concert, featuring Bryan Ferry, Gavin Friday, Lou Reed, Laurie Anderson, Janine Nichols, Jennie Muldaur, Kembra, Baby Gramps, Antony, and others.

Recent years have seen St. Ann's Warehouse activate two found warehouse spaces as popular, versatile theaters in DUMBO, where the organization has established itself as an international center  for such innovative companies as the National Theatre of Scotland, Kneehigh and Druid Theaters, Poland's TR Warszawa, as well as American masters, The Wooster Group and Mabou Mines.  It has become an artistic home to such theater makers as Enda Walsh ("The Walworth Farce", "Penelope", "Misterman" with Cillian Murphy); John Tiffany and Steven Hoggett (the acclaimed "Black Watch" and "Let the Right One In"), director Emma Rice ("Brief Encounter", "Tristan & Yseult") and Grzegorz Jarzyna, whose outdoor "Macbeth" was staged in a former Tobacco Warehouse on the waterfront.  In 2014, St. Ann's began the development of that same Tobacco Warehouse as a permanent home for the next fifty years. The new St. Ann's Warehouse opened its doors in Fall 2015. The Marvel Architects-designed structure won a 2016 American Institute of Architects New York Chapter Design Award.

Taylor Mac presented A 24-Decade History of Popular Music in which judy presents a 24-hour performance that covers popular music in the United States from 1776–2016. This presentation received a Special Citation from the Obie Awards presented by the American Theatre Wing. This production was also a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama.

The Intersection of Theater and Rock and Roll

Throughout its existence, St. Ann's has presented a wide variety of concerts, including rock, jazz, world and roots music especially, and using its rising reputation to introduce new and overlooked artists to growing audiences. Among the most memorable performances include: Les Mysteres Des Voix Bulgares (1988), Aaron Neville's first solo shows (1988–1989), Marta Sebestyen with Muzikas (1989), Richard Thompson, Dr. John, Garth Hudson, Vic Chesnutt, Peter Blegvad, Victoria Williams, Jimmy Scott, Robin Holcomb, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Del McCoury, and the World Saxophone Quartet with Fontella Bass.

Aaron Neville, David Byrne and Richard Thompson, Emmylou Harris, Rosanne Cash, and Jackson Browne performed benefit concerts. Rare performances by Terry Allen, Michael Ventura and Butch Hancock,  John Cale and Bob Neuwirth, Jeff Buckley and Mary Margaret O'Hara also took place, as well as St. Ann's production of David Byrne's orchestral music for "The Forest" at Town Hall in 1992.

St. Ann's has also featured blues artists. In 1989, The Mississippi Delta Blues Festival featured some rare New York performances. The Piano Blues Who's Who (1990) explored the rhythmic distinctions between New Orleans and Chicago blues traditions. A celebration of the Music of the Mississippi Hill Country, featuring Lucinda Williams and Othar Turner, among others, was the debut performance at St. Ann's Warehouse in 2001.

St. Ann's has also long been a patron of puppetry. For years, Bread and Puppet Theater appeared annually. Mabou Mines' director Lee Breuer staged the first Peter and Wendy at St. Ann's in 1992. Janie Geiser and Dan Hurlin were the prime movers behind The Lab, St. Ann's experimental haven for artists working in puppet theater. The Lab will be celebrating its 20th anniversary in 2017. Now under the direction of Matt Acheson, The Lab concludes each spring with Labapalooza!, a mini-festival of new works developed by Lab participants.

Between its years at the Church and in the warehouses in DUMBO, St. Ann's programming has continued at the intersection where theater meets Rock and Roll. Whereas Music led the programming in the Church, Theater has taken the lead in the warehouses. However, while the balance may have shifted and the canvas expanded, the rock and roll heart of the programming remains at the center of St. Ann's sensibility and its artists.

References

 NY Times
 The Village Voice
 Alliance for the Arts
 New York Magazine
 St. Ann's Warehouse

External links

Theatre companies in New York City
Music venues in Brooklyn
Theatres in Brooklyn
Brooklyn Bridge Park
1980 establishments in New York City


Donald Tyrone Veal (born September 18, 1984) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. Veal played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago White Sox, and Atlanta Braves. He was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the 2nd round of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft and is currently a minor league pitching coach for the White Sox.

Playing career

Chicago Cubs
Veal was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the second round, 68th overall, of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft out of Pima Community College in Tucson, Arizona. Veal had previously pitched in the Pac-10 for the University of Arizona, before transferring. Veal made his professional debut with the rookie-level AZL Cubs, and also played for the Low-A Boise Hawks, posting a 1-3 record and 3.18 ERA in 11 games between the two teams. Veal split the 2006 season between the Single-A Peoria Chiefs and the High-A Daytona Cubs, accumulating an 11-5 record and 2.16 ERA with 174 strikeouts in 154.1 innings of work. Veal spent the 2007 season with the Double-A Tennessee Smokies, registering an 8-10 record and 4.97 ERA in 28 appearances. Veal returned to Tennessee the following season and pitched to a 5-10 record and 4.52 ERA with 123 strikeouts in 145.1 innings pitched.

Pittsburgh Pirates

On December 11, 2008, Veal was left unprotected by the Cubs, and was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 2008 Rule 5 draft. Veal made his MLB debut on April 7, 2009, pitching one inning and allowing one run while striking out the side. He spent the 2009 season on the Pirates' major league roster gaining experience in the bullpen, largely in a late-inning mop-up role, recording a 7.16 ERA in 19 appearances in his rookie year. Veal took part in the 2009 Arizona Fall League as a starting pitcher for the Scottsdale Scorpions.

Veal began the 2010 season with the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, but was sidelined with an arm injury in late May. It was further diagnosed that he would require Tommy John surgery and missed the remainder of the season. On December 2, 2010, Veal was non-tendered by the Pirates and became a free agent. On December 10, Veal re-signed with Pittsburgh on a minor league contract. He was assigned to the High-A Bradenton Marauders as he began his rehab from Tommy John. Veal split the 2011 season between the GCL Pirates, Bradenton, the Double-A Altoona Curve, and Indianapolis, logging a 4.22 ERA in 19 games between the four teams. On November 2, 2011, Veal elected free agency.

Chicago White Sox
On November 10, 2011, Veal signed a major league contract with the Chicago White Sox. He was assigned to the Triple-A Charlotte Knights to begin the season. Veal was recalled to the big leagues on July 19, 2012. Veal made 24 appearances out of the bullpen for Chicago in 2012, posting a 1.38 ERA in 13.0 innings of work. In 2013, Veal pitched in 50 games for the White Sox, logging a 4.60 ERA with 29 strikeouts in 29.1 innings pitched. The following year, Veal struggled to a 7.50 ERA in 7 games for the Chicago before he was designated for assignment on April 17, 2014. He was sent outright to Charlotte, where he finished the year. In 37 Triple-A appearances, Veal recorded a 4-5 record and 5.94 ERA with 49 strikeouts in 50.0 innings of work. On November 3, he elected free agency.

Atlanta Braves
On November 10, 2014, Veal signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves organization. He was assigned to the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves to begin the season. Veal was selected to the major leagues on April 30, 2015. Veal was designated for assignment by Atlanta on May 5 after giving up 4 runs in 3.1 innings of work.

Veal was re-selected to the active roster on May 27. He was again designated for assignment on June 1 after struggling to a 14.54 ERA across 5 appearances. Veal was released by the Braves on June 8.

Long Island Ducks
On July 10, 2015, Veal signed with the Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. In 20 appearances with the Ducks, Veal pitched to a 1.45 ERA with 26 strikeouts in 18.2 innings pitched. He became a free agent after the year.

Texas Rangers
On December 30, 2015, Veal signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers organization. Veal allowed two runs in an inning of work in spring training and was released by the Rangers on April 6, 2016.

Coaching career
On February 3, 2021, Veal was named the rehab pitching coach of the Chicago White Sox for the 2021 season. Since 2022, he is pitching coach for the Triple-A Charlotte Knights.

Pitching style
Veal throws mainly two pitches—a four-seam fastball at 91–94 mph, used to set up a curveball at 77–79 mph. He also throws a small amount of changeups to right-handed hitters, as well has a handful of two-seam fastballs. , Veal's excellent curve has resulted in most of his strikeouts carries a whiff rate of 49%, as well as a ground ball/fly ball ratio of 7:1.

See also
Rule 5 draft results

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Baseball players from Jackson, Mississippi
African-American baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago White Sox players
Atlanta Braves players
Arizona League Cubs players
Pima Aztecs baseball players
Boise Hawks players
Peoria Chiefs players
Daytona Cubs players
Tennessee Smokies players
Altoona Curve players
Indianapolis Indians players
Bradenton Marauders players
Gulf Coast Pirates players
Charlotte Knights players
Mesa Solar Sox players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Gwinnett Braves players
Long Island Ducks players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


Promesas (Promises) is 21st studio album recorded by Mexican performer José José, It was released by RCA Ariola in 1985 (see 1985 in music). It was written, produced and arranged by Spanish producer Rafael Pérez-Botija. This album became the second number-one set on the Billboard Latin Pop Albums by the artist and at the Grammy Awards of 1987 the single "Pruébame" was nominated for Best Latin Pop Performance, losing to "Le Lo Lai" by José Feliciano. For this album the singer received two Billboard awards: Top Latin Artist and Top Latin Album of 1985. The album managed to sell more than 18 million records sold worldwide, making it the most successful Latin album of all time. The album was awarded a Plutonio album, being the first singer to obtain it.

Track listing

Personnel
Rafael Pérez Botija — Arranger, director, realization
Tito Saavedra — Engineer
Joel Soiffer — Engineer

Chart performance

See also
List of best-selling Latin albums

References

1985 albums
José José albums
RCA Records albums
Spanish-language albums


Ann Arbor Railroad may refer to:

Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976), one of the bankrupt railroads that was reorganized in 1976
Ann Arbor Railroad (1988), a shortline railroad that operates the south end of the former Ann Arbor Railroad (1895-1976)


Cabo Frio International Airport  is the airport serving Cabo Frio, Brazil.

The airport is operated by Aeropart.

History
The airport was built by the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro in partnership with the Brazilian Air Force. It was inaugurated in 1998 as a facility specialized in cargo transportation.

In September 2007 the first enlargement was completed, including a new terminal and enlargements of the runway and apron.

In June 2010 the second phase of enlargement works was inaugurated, including access roads, enlargement of the cargo terminal, apron, new administration offices and a dedicated terminal for Petrobras to operate flights to its offshore oil platforms of the Campos basin.

Since October 3, 2011 the airport is administrated by the private company Libra Aeroportos, using the name Costa do Sol Operadora Aeroportuária, as a concession from the Municipality of Cabo Frio.

During holidays the airport often receives charter flights from Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay.

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Scheduled cargo

Access
The airport is located  from downtown Cabo Frio.

See also

List of airports in Brazil

References

External links

Airports in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Airports established in 1998
1998 establishments in Brazil


The Barnstable County Correctional Facility is the county jail for Barnstable County. It was opened in 2004, replacing an earlier structure from the 1930s. The building also houses the Barnstable County Sheriff's Office. Sheriff, James M. Cummings hired former Massachusetts 10th district congressional candidate, Jeff Perry as "special sheriff" on 25 January 25, 2011. The facility is located within the established boundaries of Massachusetts Military Reservation, though it is outside the gated and fenced security perimeter and is thus accessible by the general public.

References

External links
Sheriff's office homepage

2004 establishments in Massachusetts
Bourne, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
County government buildings in Massachusetts
Government buildings completed in 2004
Prisons in Massachusetts


The Ann Arbor Railroad  is a Class III Railroad that operates fifty miles of track from Toledo, Ohio, to Osmer, Michigan. The railroad is operated by Watco and is based in Howell, Michigan. Prior to Watco's purchase of the railroad in 2013, the railroad was operated by the Ann Arbor Acquisition Corporation from 1988 to 2013, by the Michigan Interstate Railway from 1977 to 1988, and as a privately owned enterprise prior to 1977.

Current Operations
The Ann Arbor Railroad operates  of track between its main terminal, Ottawa Yard, in Toledo, Ohio, and Ann Arbor, Michigan, the interchange point with the Great Lakes Central Railroad and Norfolk Southern. A branch line known as the Saline Branch stretches four miles from Pittsfield, Michigan, to Saline, Michigan. The Saline Branch has been used in the past to serve the Faurecia Automotive Components Plant located in Saline, Michigan, but is not currently being used in revenue service.  The Ann Arbor Railroad also leases and operates an industrial lead in Toledo owned by the Norfolk Southern. Much of what the railroad transports is "bridge traffic" and is received at either end of the railroad and transported for interchange with another railroad at the opposite terminal. A variety of different cargoes are transported ranging from grain to liquefied petroleum gas to wooden poles.  In Toledo, the railroad serves Chrysler transporting finished vehicles from the Toledo Complex.

Hallett Tower, the only remaining operational interlocking tower in Ohio, ceased operation in September 2019 with all dispatching duties being shifted to the dispatch center in Pittsburg, Kansas. While the tower itself is still standing, it is now being utilized by the signal dept.

The Ann Arbor Railroad is headquartered in Howell, Michigan. Its main business is serving manufacturers, especially the automobile industry.

Historical Operations
For 1895 to 1977, see Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)
For 1977 to 1988, see Michigan Interstate Railway

Current roster

Interchanges
Toledo, Ohio:
Norfolk Southern
CSX
Canadian National
Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway
Osmer, Michigan:
Great Lakes Central Railroad
Milan, Michigan:
Norfolk Southern
Diann, Michigan:
Canadian National
Indiana & Ohio Railway

References

Michigan railroads
Ohio railroads
Railway companies established in 1988
Transportation in Livingston County, Michigan
Transportation in Monroe County, Michigan
Transportation in Benzie County, Michigan
Transportation in Toledo, Ohio
Transportation in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Watco


I Love Dixie Blues (subtitled So I Recorded Live in New Orleans) is a live album by American country singer Merle Haggard and The Strangers, released in 1973.

Background
Haggard had originally planned on releasing a studio-themed album called I Love Dixie Blues - test pressings and cover art had been prepared - but changed his mind, opting to rerecord some of the tracks live in New Orleans. The album was Haggard's third live LP in four years and features his usual backing band The Strangers augmented by a small horn trio named the Dixieland Express. The album is noteworthy for featuring several songs originally recorded by Emmet Miller, a minstrel show performer and recording artist from Georgia whose high falsetto and yodel-like voice had been a major influence on country stars like Jimmie Rodgers, Bob Wills, and Hank Williams, and it is likely that Williams became aware of "Lovesick Blues" from Miller's 1928 version.

The album produced three hit singles, the first being the #1 hit "I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me," which sees Haggard return to the subject of the Vietnam War, this time from the perspective of a POW. The other singles include the honky-tonk blues "The Emptiest Arms in the World," which peaked at number 3, and "Everybody's Had the Blues," another number one that also rose to #62 on the pop chart, his first appearance there since the single "Carolyn" in 1971.

Reception

I Love Dixie Blues... was released in July 1973 and topped the Billboard country albums chart.  In his 2013 biography Merle Haggard: The Running Kind, David Cantwell wrote the album "is a thrilling document, loose and lively in a way Haggard had rarely been even at his finest.  The addition of the Dixieland Horns gives the songs drives and character without sounding quaint..."

Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote "Haggard's gamble works quite well, since the brass section never feels like it's grafted onto the core band—they sound integrated, unlike his previous experiments with dixieland horns." Music critic Robert Christgau wrote "The care Haggard put into his Jimmie Rodgers and Bob Wills tributes was palpable; this live-in-New Orleans-with-horns affair is slovenly."

Track listing
"Hammin' It Up" (Norman Hamlet) – 2:00
"Everybody's Had the Blues" (Merle Haggard) – 3:35
"Big Bad Bill (Is Sweet William Now)" (Jack Yellen, Milton Ager) – 2:50
"I Forget You Every Day" (Haggard) – 2:52
"I Ain't Got Nobody" (Spencer Williams, Roger Graham, Dave Taylor) – 2:52
"Carolyn" (Tommy Collins) – 2:45
"Champagne" (Roy Nichols, Norman Hamlet, Biff Adams) – 1:47
"Lovesick Blues" (Irving Mills, Cliff Friend) – 2:37
"The Emptiest Arms in the World" (Haggard) – 3:19
"Nobody Knows I'm Hurtin'" (Haggard) – 1:50
"Intro to "Way Down Yonder in New Orleans" – 0:57
"Way Down Yonder In New Orleans" (Henry Creamer, J. Turner Layton) – 2:04
"Okie from Muskogee" (Haggard, Eddie Burris) – 3:00
"I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me" (Haggard) – 2:45
"Finale" – 1:01

Personnel
Merle Haggard– vocals, guitar

The Strangers:
Roy Nichols – lead guitar
Norman Hamlet – steel guitar, dobro
 Bobby Wayne – guitar
Dennis Hromek – bass, background vocals
Biff Adam – drums

with
Mark Yeary - piano
Johnny Gimble – fiddle
Bonnie Owens – vocals

and
The Dixie Land Express – horns

Chart positions

References

Merle Haggard live albums
1973 live albums
Capitol Records live albums
Albums produced by Ken Nelson (United States record producer)


Josiah Sandford Brigham (August, 1818 – June 10, 1892) was an American-born physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Missisquoi in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1867 to 1875 as a Conservative.

He was born in St. Albans, Vermont, the son of Elbridge Brigham, and was educated at the St. Albans Academy, at Vermont Medical College and McGill University. He was admitted to practise as a doctor in 1848 and practised in Philipsburg. He was also owner of several sawmills. Brigham served as governor for the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lower Canada. He was mayor of Philipsburg and warden for Missisquoi County. Brigham ran for reelection in 1881 but was defeated. He died in Philipsburg at the age of 73.

References

1818 births
1892 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec
McGill University alumni


The history of Brown University spans  years. Founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the third-oldest institution of higher education in New England. At its foundation, the university was the first in the U.S. to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation. Brown's medical program is the third-oldest in New England while its engineering program is the oldest in the Ivy League.

The university was one of the early doctoral-granting U.S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding masters and doctoral studies in 1887.

In 1969, Brown adopted its Open Curriculum—which has since come to define the university's approach to undergraduate education. In 1971, Brown's coordinate women's institution, Pembroke College, was fully merged into the university.

Establishment

Charter

Early petitions
Brown University's origin dates to 1761, when three residents of Newport, Rhode Island, drafted a petition to the colony's General Assembly:The three petitioners were Ezra Stiles, pastor of Newport's Second Congregational Church and future president of Yale University; William Ellery, Jr., future signer of the United States Declaration of Independence; and Josias Lyndon, future governor of the colony.

According to Stiles' biographer, Edmund Morgan, the young minister saw in Newport's religious diversity "an opportunity to join with Christians of other denominations in a project which would exemplify their common faith in free inquiry.... a college in which the major religious groups of the colony should unite in the pursuit of knowledge."

The editor of Stiles's papers observes, "This draft of a petition connects itself with other evidence of Dr. Stiles's project for a Collegiate Institution in Rhode Island, before the charter of what became Brown University." There is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles:

Philadelphia Baptists

The Philadelphia Association of Baptist Churches offered the impetus for establishing a college in Rhode Island—home of the mother church of their denomination. While the Baptists had established Hopewell Academy in 1756, they remained unrepresented among the colonial colleges. The Congregationalists had Harvard and Yale, the Presbyterians had the College of New Jersey and the Episcopalians had the College of William and Mary and King's College. Isaac Backus, a historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, wrote of the October 1762 resolution taken at Philadelphia:

Writing a charter
James Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, who agreed to write the Charter for the college. Stiles's first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that their denomination would be underrepresented in the College Board of Fellows. An amended charter, which secured the Baptists' control of both branches of the College's Corporation was passed by the House of Magistrates and the Upper House on March 2 and 3, 1764 in East Greenwich.

Dismayed by this move towards sectarianism, Stiles declined a seat on the College's Corporation, writing that Baptists had seized "the whole Power and Government of the College and thus by the Immutability of the numbers establishing it a Party College." Stiles continued to work towards his vision of a non-sectarian institution after Brown's establishment, presenting in 1770, a petition for the establishment of another college in Newport.

The charter had more than sixty signatories, including the brothers John, Nicholas and Moses of the Brown family, who would later inspire the College's modern name following a gift bestowed by Nicholas Brown, Jr. The college's mission, as stated in the charter, was to prepare students "for discharging the Offices of Life with usefulness & reputation" by providing instruction "in the Vernacular and Learned Languages, and in the liberal Arts and Sciences." The charter's language has long been interpreted by the university as discouraging the founding of a business school or law school. Brown continues to be one of only two Ivy League colleges with neither a business school nor a law school, the other being Princeton.

At the time of its creation, Brown's Charter was a uniquely progressive document. Other colleges had curricular strictures against opposing doctrines, while Brown's Charter asserted, "Sectarian differences of opinions, shall not make any Part of the Public and Classical Instruction." The charter additionally "recognized more broadly and fundamentally than any other the principle of denominational cooperation." The oft-repeated statement that Brown's Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership is inaccurate; other college charters were similarly liberal in that particular.

In September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the Corporation—the college's governing body—was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, and Thomas Eyres secretary. The Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees should be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—"and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations."

Founding
The college was founded as Rhode Island College, on the site of the First Baptist Church at the corner of Main and Miller Streets in Warren, Rhode Island. James Manning was sworn in as the College's first president in 1765 and remained in the role until 1791. The College's first commencement was held in Warren in September 1769. The original church building was burned to the ground by British and Hessian soldiers in 1778; the present First Baptist Church of Warren stands on the original site.

In 1769, the erection of a building for the College was proposed, raising the question of whether Warren should serve as the College's permanent location. Among the requirements for the College's location were a place of "clear and wholesome air... where the morals of the inhabitants [were] not corrupted ... civil and religious liberty [was] encouraged ... there [were] assemblies of the different denominations" and labor and building materials were readily available. East Greenwich was proposed first but soon eclipsed by Providence, which was desired for its central location, cost of living, schoolhouses, and public library. Since wealthy Newport could likely raise more money to support the College than Providence, James Manning suggested in an anonymous letter that the Brown family contribute to the cost of erecting a building.

In 1770, the College moved to its present location in Providence. This move was protested by residents of Newport; In February 1770 William Ellery reportedly discussed the potential establishment of a rival college in Newport with Ezra Stiles.

Following its move to Providence, the College was temporarily located on the second floor of the Old Brick Schoolhouse. During this time, a debate ensued between Providence's East and West sides over where the College should be located.

Building a campus

After relocating to Providence, work began on establishing a permanent campus for the College, an effort that culminated in the construction of University Hall.

In 1770, John and Moses Brown purchased a four acre lot on the East Side of Providence on behalf of the school. The majority of the property fell within the bounds of the original home lot of Chad Brown, an ancestor of the Browns and one of the original proprietors of Providence Plantations. A building committee, organized by the Corporation, developed plans for the College's first purpose-built edifice, finalizing a design on February 9, 1770.

On February 17 the building committee placed a notice in the Providence Gazette soliciting donations of timber and other materials. Among the effort's benefactors were Prominent Newport merchant and slave trader Aaron Lopez. The workforce involved in the construction of the building was diverse, reflecting the ethnic and social admixture of colonial Providence's population. Slaves, free people of color, indigenous people, and white laborers—both skilled and unskilled—worked to erect the structure. Construction began on March 26, 1770; the roof of the building was raised in October of the same year 1770.

Funding

At the time of its founding, tuition at Brown was $12 a year. This amount was insufficient to cover the new college's expenses, so its trustees looked to benefactors for funding. In 1766, Rev. Morgan Edwards traveled to Europe to "solicit Benefactions for this Institution." During his year and a half stay in the British Isles, the reverend secured $4,300 in funding. Among the benefactors who contributed to this sum were Thomas Penn and Benjamin Franklin. A similar trip to the American South was later taken by Rev. Hezekiah Smith, who raised an additional $1,700.

Brown family
Nicholas Brown, a slave trader, his son Nicholas Brown, Jr. (class of 1786), John Brown, Joseph Brown, and Moses Brown were instrumental in moving the College to Providence, constructing its first building, and securing its endowment. Joseph became a professor of natural philosophy at the College; John served as its treasurer from 1775 to 1796; and Nicholas Jr. succeeded his uncle as treasurer from 1796 to 1825.

On September 8, 1803, the Corporation voted, "That the donation of $5000 Dollars, if made to this College within one Year from the late Commencement, shall entitle the donor to name the College." The following year, the appeal was answered by College treasurer Nicholas Brown, then a Junior. In a letter dated September 6, 1804, Brown committed "a donation of Five Thousand Dollars to Rhode Island College, to remain in perpetuity as a fund for the establishment of a Professorship of Oratory and Belles Letters." In recognition of the gift, the Corporation on the same day voted, "That this College be called and known in all future time by the Name of Brown University." Over the years, the benefactions of Nicholas Brown, Jr., totaled nearly $160,000 and included funds for the building of Hope College (1821–22) and Manning Hall (1834-35).

In 1904, the John Carter Brown Library, founded on the private collection of John Carter Brown, son of Nicholas Brown, Jr., was established as an independently funded research library on Brown's campus.

The Brown family was involved in various business ventures in Rhode Island, and accrued a portion of wealth through the Triangle Trade. The family itself was divided on the issue of slavey. John Brown had unapologetically defended slavery, while Moses Brown and Nicholas Brown Jr. were fervent abolitionists. Under the tenure of President Ruth Simmons, the University in 2003 established a steering committee to investigate these ties and recommend a strategy to address them.

American Revolution

Revolutionary sentiment is recorded early in Brown's history. At the College's first commencement in 1769, President Manning and the candidates for graduation dressed in clothes manufactured in America in protest of British trade laws. The class of 1775 organized a similar protest six years later, delivering a petition to the College's Corporation communicating that they were "deeply affected with the Distresses of our oppressed Country, which now most unjustly feels the baneful Effects of arbitrary power."

Brown's first Chancellor, Stephen Hopkins served as a Delegate to the Colonial Congress in Albany in 1754 and to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776. He was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence on behalf of the state of Rhode Island. At the time of his signature of the Declaration of Independence, Stephen Hopkins served as both the Chief Justice of Rhode Island and Brown's Chancellor.

With British vessels patrolling Narragansett Bay in the fall of 1776, the College library was moved out of Providence for safekeeping. During the subsequent American Revolutionary War, Brown's University Hall was used to house French and other revolutionary troops led by General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau during the wait to commence the celebrated march of 1781 that led to the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. The building functioned as barracks and hospital from December 10, 1776, to April 20, 1780, and as a hospital for French troops from June 26, 1780, to May 27, 1782.

In addition to Stephen Hopkins, a number of other founders of the College  played significant roles in the American revolutionary effort and subsequent establishment of the United States. Among these were John Brown who led the Gaspee Affair, Chief Justice Joshua Babcock who served as a major general in the state militia, and William Ellery who acted as a signatory to the Declaration of Independence. Another founder, John Gano, served as a chaplain during the war and allegedly baptized General and future President George Washington.

James Mitchell Varnum, who graduated with honors in Brown's first graduating class of 1769, served as one of General George Washington's Continental Army brigadier generals and later as major general in command of the entire Rhode Island militia. Varnum is also noted as the founder and commander of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, regarded as the first Black battalion in U.S. military history. David Howell, who graduated with an A.M. in 1769, served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1785. In 1783, the Comte de Rochambeau and James Mitchell Varnum joined George Washington, Alexander Hamilton and several other distinguished officers as founding members of the Society of the Cincinnati.

Late 18th Century

In 1786, the Rhode Island General Assembly unanimously elected College President James Manning to serve as its delegate in the 7th Congress of the Confederation. In the role, Manning served on the Grand Committee, which proposed fundamental amendments to the Articles of Confederation. In A History of the Baptists, President Manning is reported to have played an inspirational role in persuading the Massachusetts ratifying convention to adopt the United States Constitution.

George Washington visited the College in August of 1790. The newly elected president was accompanied by George Clinton and Thomas Jefferson, among others.

In 1800, enrollment at the College passed 100 students.

19th Century

Medical school

Brown University first organized a medical program in 1811, with the appointment of three professors: Solomon Drowne, William Ingalls, and William Bowen. Preceded by medical programs at Harvard University and Dartmouth College, Brown was the third college in New England to offer instruction in medicine.

After assuming office in 1827, Brown's fourth president, Francis Wayland, called for all faculty to reside on campus. Through a residency policy, Wayland intended to increase the supervision of the student body and improve discipline. In March of 1827, the Corporation of Brown University resolved that, in order to receive a salary, all faculty would be required to reside on the school's campus. Serving as voluntary clinical faculty, the medical school's physicians refused to jeopardize their practices in order to comply with the policy. Accordingly, President Wayland suspended the fledgling medical program, suggesting that medical education might be reinstated at a later date. Between its establishment in 1811 and suspension in 1827, 87 students graduated from the school.

Expansion
The early 19th century saw the start of Brown's expansion beyond University Hall. In 1822, the university constructed its second building, Hope College. Funded by Nicholas Brown Jr., the structure was designed to complement its predecessor. The construction of Hope College was succeeded by that of Manning Hall in 1834 and Rhode Island Hall in 1840. Together, these four buildings formed a row formation that later came to define the layout of Brown's central campus.

Engineering
In 1847, Brown established its engineering program, making it the first school in the Ivy League to do so. The program is also noted as third-oldest civilian engineering program in the United States.

Brown's first African-American students, George W. Milford and Inman E. Page, were admitted in the fall of 1873.

Women at Brown

Brown began to admit women when it established a Women's College in Brown University in 1891, which was later named Pembroke College in Brown University. The College of Brown University merged with Pembroke College in 1971 and became co-educational.

20th century

The Plastic Age
In 1924, Brown professor Percy Marks published his first novel, The Plastic Age which detailed the decadence and depravity of campus life during the Jazz Age. The novel painted an unflattering picture of partying, boozing, sex, anti-Semitism, and other bad behavior perpetrated by Brown students including S. J. Perelman, who was a student of Marks. In response, the campus humor magazine The Brown Jug (which was edited by Perelman) honored Marks with a banquet.

New curriculum

In 1850, Brown President Francis Wayland wrote: "The various courses should be so arranged that, insofar as practicable, every student might study what he chose, all that he chose, and nothing but what he chose." The adoption of the New Curriculum in 1969, marking a major change in University's institutional history, was a significant step towards realizing President Wayland's vision. The curriculum was the result of a paper written by Ira Magaziner and Elliot Maxwell entitled "Draft of a Working Paper for Education at Brown University." The paper came out of a year-long Group Independent Study Project (GISP) involving 80 students and 15 professors. The group was inspired by student-initiated experimental schools, especially San Francisco State College, and sought ways to improve education for students at Brown. The philosophy they formed sought to "put students at the center of their education" and to "teach students how to think rather than just teaching facts."

The paper made a number of suggestions for improving education at Brown, including a new kind of interdisciplinary freshman course that would introduce new modes of inquiry and bring faculty from different fields together. Their goal was to transform the survey course, which traditionally sought to cover a large amount of basic material, into specialized courses that would introduce the important modes of inquiry used in different disciplines.

Following a student rally in support of reform, President Ray Heffner appointed the Special Committee on Curricular Philosophy with the task of developing specific reforms. These reforms, known as the Maeder Report (after the chair of the committee), were then brought to the faculty for a vote. On May 7, 1969, following a marathon meeting with 260 professors present, the New Curriculum was passed. Its key features included the following:
 Modes of Thought courses aimed at first-year students
 Interdisciplinary University courses
 Students could elect to take any course Satisfactory/No Credit
 Distribution requirements were dropped
 The University simplified grades to ABC/No Credit, eliminating pluses, minuses and D's. Furthermore, "No Credit" would not appear on external transcripts.

Except for the Modes of Thought courses, a key component of the reforms which have been discontinued, these elements of the New Curriculum are still in place.

Additionally, due to the school's proximity and close partnership with the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Brown students have the opportunity to take up to four courses at RISD and have the credit count towards a Brown degree. Likewise, RISD students can also take courses at Brown. Since the two campuses are effectively adjacent to each other, the two institutions often partner to provide both student bodies with services (such as the local Brown/RISD after-hours and downtown transportation shuttles). In July 2007 the two institutions announced the formation of the Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, which allowed students to pursue an A.B. degree at Brown and a B.F.A. degree at RISD simultaneously, taking five years to complete this course of study. The first students in the new program matriculated in 2008.

As recently as 2006, there has been some debate on reintroducing plus/minus grading to the curriculum. Advocates argue that adding pluses and minuses would reduce grade inflation and allow professors to give more specific grades, while critics say that this plan would have no effect on grade inflation while increasing unnecessary competition among students and violating the principle of the New Curriculum. Ultimately, the addition of pluses and minuses to the grading system was voted down by the College Curriculum Council.

Medical School

In 1972, Brown re-established its medical school, which had been suspended since 1827. Brown's contemporary program in medicine, the program awarded its first degrees to a graduating class of 58 students in 1975. In 1991, the program was renamed Brown University School of Medicine and in 2000 again renamed Brown Medical School. In January 2007, entrepreneur Warren Alpert donated $100 million to Brown Medical School, tying Sidney Frank for the largest single monetary contribution ever made to the University. In recognition of the gift, Brown Medical School was renamed to The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University.

21st Century

Slavery and Justice

In 2003, then-Brown University President Ruth Simmons appointed the "Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice" which was composed of faculty members, university administrators and undergraduate and graduate students to investigate and prepare a report concerning the university’s "historical relationship to slavery and the transatlantic slave trade". The committee researched and gathered information on the history of Brown University, drawing on both published sources and historical archives. Members of the committee also sponsored more than thirty public programs, including lectures, panel discussions, forums, film screenings, and two international conferences exploring the experience of other societies and institutions which have "grappled with legacies of historical injustice". More than a hundred speakers were invited to speak at these events, including historian John Hope Franklin and survivor of modern slavery Beatrice Fernando. The final report, released by the committee in October 2006, detailed Brown University's connection to both the slave trade and abolitionism. The report began by noting the work conducted by the members of the committee, then detailing the university's connection to slavery and the slave trade, placing such historical developments into a wider context, analyzing the debate in the U.S. over reparations for slavery, and ended the report by noting that Simmons "did not ask the steering committee to try to resolve the debate, and [made it clear] that the committee would not determine whether or how Brown might pay monetary reparations" but instead informed them that their goal was to provide "factual information and critical perspectives” to enable Brown alumni (and the U.S. at large) to "discuss the historical, legal, political, and moral dimensions of the controversy [over slavery] in reasoned and intellectually rigorous ways". Members of the committee included several recommendations for Brown University to undertake in the report.

In February 2007, Brown University published an official response to the report, detailing the steps they would undertake in response to the committee's findings. One of these steps was the creation of a permanent endowment in the amount of $10 million to establish a "Fund for the Education of the Children of Providence". The endowment was stated "to be overseen by the Corporation of Brown University, and allocation of funds from the endowment will be determined by the University with input from the Superintendent of Providence Schools". Other steps included commissioning a revision of the official history of Brown University "so that it presents a more complete picture", undertaking steps to strengthen the university's Department of Africana Studies and relationships with Tougaloo College and other historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs).  In a press release, Simmons noted that "One of the clearest messages in the Slavery and Justice Report is that institutions of higher education must take a greater interest in the health of their local communities, especially Kindergarten through 12th-grade education. Lack of access to a good education, particularly for urban schoolchildren, is one of the most pervasive and pernicious social problems of our time. Colleges and universities are uniquely able to improve the quality of urban schools. Brown is committed to undertaking that work."

On March 2011, Brown University published an official update to their response to the Slavery and Justice Report, tracking the progress on each of the eleven steps proclaimed in the 2007 response. In the update, Brown University noted that progress was underway in regards to each of the steps proposed, and that the university had provided assistance to HBCUs affected by Hurricane Katrina. All records relating to the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice are maintained at the John Carter Brown Library, the Rhode Island Historical Society and the Brown University Archives.

Slavery Memorial

Another part of the Response of Brown University to the Report of the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice was the decision to build a memorial "to recognize [Brown's] relationship to the transatlantic trade and the importance of this traffic in the history of Rhode Island." To carry out the task of creating such a memorial, President Simmons appointed the Commission on Memorials in 2007, a 10-member committee of persons affiliated with Brown University and citizens from the Providence and Rhode Island area. This group published a report in 2009, entitled the Report of the Commission on Memorials that outlined its general plan and recommendations for the construction of Brown's Transatlantic Slave Trade Memorial. In this report, the committee listed "several points of importance to the mission and purpose of commemoration projects. These include[d]: capturing the full extent of the history and the present-day implications of that history; addressing the lingering effects of slavery that manifest themselves in disparate social and economic conditions; reflecting the pervasiveness of the trade and its enduring impact; engaging ongoing debate and deliberation about human atrocities; helping people understand where they "fit" in this legacy; opening people's minds to the importance of confronting difficult questions; portraying this history as an American issue, challenge, and opportunity; addressing the ubiquitous nature of such trauma and the need to learn how to recover from such events; connecting to newer groups of immigrants coming into the country; [and] capturing individual stories connected to the legacy of slavery."

In 2014, the university erected a memorial on the Quiet Green to acknowledge the institution's connection to the trans-Atlantic slave trade and memorialize the Africans and African-Americans, both enslaved and free who were instrumental in the building of the school. The memorial, designed by contemporary sculptor, Martin Puryear, resembles a massive ball and chain, half submerged in the ground.

Brown's response to the Report of the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice was published in the year marking the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade by the British Empire in the reign of King George III following a lengthy campaign by the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and the successor Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, as reported by the Oxford Today magazine and presented at Rhodes House in Oxford.

Expansion

In the first two decades of the 21st century, Brown established two new divisions. In 2010, Brown established its division of engineering as a new school of engineering. In 2013, Brown transitioned the Alpert Medical School's Department of Community Health into an independent school of public health.

In August of 2011, Brown's Alpert Medical School opened a new campus in Providence's Jewelry District.

Presidents of Brown University

The current president of the University is Christina Hull Paxson. She is the 19th president of Brown University and succeeded Ruth J. Simmons, the first African American president of an Ivy League institution. According to a November 2007 poll by The Brown Daily Herald, Simmons enjoyed a more than 80% approval rating among Brown undergraduates.

See also

History of Providence, Rhode Island
History of Rhode Island
List of presidents of Brown University
List of Brown University people

Notes

References

Brown University
Brown University