The Legal Intelligencer is the oldest daily law journal published in the United States, and serves the legal community of Philadelphia and surrounding areas. The paper was founded in 1843 by Philadelphia attorney Henry E. Wallace.

The newspaper is published Monday through Friday, and covers legal news, decisions, court calendars, and legislation, and provides analysis and insight in columns written by leading professionals. It is also the newspaper of record for legal notice filings, such as sheriff's sales and incorporation notices, in Philadelphia County. The newspaper publishes a number of special issues, including its "PaLaw 100" rankings of Pennsylvania's 100 largest law firms.

History

Founding

In 1843, Philadelphia lawyer Henry E. Wallace had a goal of providing his fellow practitioners with current information on judicial and legal activities, and especially news of the auditors' meetings through which much of the routine of the law was then conducted.

On Saturday, Dec. 12, 1843, to be exact, Wallace launched the first issue of The Legal Intelligencer. "Intended as a medium for all legal notices," as the introduction for the first issue stated, the newspaper was designed "to remove an inconvenience which from the want of such a paper, has long been felt by the bar and suitors."

The principles behind Wallace's publication still stand – to provide the legal community and other interested parties with current information on judicial and legal activities that can't be found in any other medium. Although the nature of law and publishing has changed, and The Legal Intelligencer has changed with it, the commitment of the paper to the bar is as strong as ever.

Henry E. Wallace, James H. Robbins, Edward P. Allinson and Walter E. Rauffenbart are just a few of the names of those who have guided The Legal from its first office at 117 Race Street to its current address at 1617 JFK Blvd., Suite 1750, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103. Henry Wallace was admitted to the bar in 1836, he had an active practice, but still found time to establish the Pennsylvania Law Journal in 1842.

Responding to a proclamation on Nov. 25, 1843, by the District Court for the City and County of Philadelphia that "it had been represented by the court by the petitioned of many members and the bar of this court that it would be more convenient and would give more certain notices to them of the proceedings before auditors appointed to distribute the proceeds of sales upon the process of this court if notices were given in The Legal Intelligencer." Wallace established a weekly publication schedule on Saturday evening for the newspaper.

The District Court directed that whenever an auditor proceeding occurs then  "advertisement be made twice successively in The Legal Intelligencer published in Philadelphia and also for 10 successive days in one paper in the city of Philadelphia." Similar rules were promptly adopted by the Orphans' Court and the Court of Common Pleas. Besides these notices, Wallace undertook to give an abstract of the real estate to be sold by the sheriff. In those days, sheriff's sales were held at intervals of approximately two weeks at the Philadelphia Exchange, usually between 6:30 and 8 p.m.

Publication of the paper remained in Wallace's hands for about three years, although the publication date changed from Thursdays to Wednesdays and then permanently (for 85 years) to Friday evenings. It then changed to the control of James H. Robbins. In 1845 the name of David Webster appeared as co-publisher with Wallace. A year later, Robbins replaced Webster as co-publisher. Over the next five years, the newspaper's office changed from Race Street to 66 S. 6th Street to 125 Walnut Street and then to 9 Sansom Street. Ownership of the paper changed hands again to King and Baird.

It is unclear how Robbins' connection with the paper was severed, but in the spring of 1855 Wallace's name reappeared as editor and he continued to edit the paper he had founded until February 23, 1879, when he died. At this time, Dallas Sanders and Henry C. Titus continued to co-edit the paper.

As changes in ownership and editorial occurred, so did the breadth of coverage provided by the journal. Register of wills listings, trial listings, texts of bills introduced in the state Legislature, state court argument lists and lists of new lawyers passing the bar exam were published. One of the most important features of the paper, the reporting of full-text opinions and condensed digests of important decisions also began. These are all prominent features of the paper today.

In 1861, The Legal Intelligencer, as designated by William H. Seward, secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln, printed orders and resolutions enacted during the first session of the 37th Congress. Edward P. Allinson of the law firm Page Allinson & Penrose became publisher in 1891, and a year later James C. Monaghan, a former state reporter for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, joined the staff.

20th century

On February 1, 1901, Howard W. Page, son of S. Davis Page Jr., Allinson's law partner, took over publication of the paper and became general and state editor. On April 10, 1903, the latter post was assumed by Martin V. Bergen. He continued to function in that capacity until 1917, when he was succeeded by Meredith Hanna, who later became deputy prothonotary of the Courts of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County.

In 1922, Hanna was succeeded in turn by Albert B. Weimer, who, like James Monaghan was an official state reporter. On February 6, 1925, Albert Branson Maris, later a federal judge, became Philadelphia editor.

By 1926, the publication office was removed to the Land Title Building. Howard Page died on March 15, 1933, and the members of the Page family, on whose behalf he had carried on the business, organized a Pennsylvania corporation under the Title of The Legal Intelligencer.

Maris was elected president and Joseph N. Rauffenbart, who had been connected with the business for nearly 10 years, became treasurer.

In 1933 a major change took place and The Legal Intelligencer became a daily paper, the start of the modern era of the newspaper. On September 5, the weekly publication was superseded by daily publication.

In 1936, Maris resigned all connections with the paper when he was appointed to the federal judiciary. The newspaper changed its address to 222 N. 15th Street where its business and editorial offices and all of its printing facilities were brought under one roof.

Editors came and went over the next 40 years, but one name remained constant – Walter E. Rauffenbart. He joined the paper when his father was treasurer and general manager and Maris was still president.

Under Rauffenbart's direction, the paper's business expanded into other areas of legal publishing, including court rules and a wider coverage of court opinions for publication in the statewide District and County Reports, a publication The Legal Intelligencer began producing in 1892.

Rauffenbart also worked closely with the Philadelphia Bar Association, and helped originate the Shingle in 1937, a magazine now known as The Philadelphia Lawyer .  Rauffenbart retired from active management of the newspaper in 1977 and died in 1998.

Another name synonymous with the Legal for 45 years was that of Ida M. Hess, who joined the paper in 1933 as a secretary and worked her way up to becoming managing editor of the paper, a position she held for 20 years. She retired in 1987, but continued to consult with the paper until her death.

Packard Press, then known as Philadelphia Printing Properties Inc. acquired The Legal Intelligencer and its affiliated publications in the early 1970s, when Phillip J. Kendall became publisher and offices were maintained at 66 N. Juniper Street until moved to a larger facility in the early 1980s to 10th and Spring Garden streets.

By this time, The Legal Intelligencer was not just a newspaper, but part of the publishing division of Packard Press. Other publications included the Pennsylvania Law Journal-Reporter, (no relation to Henry Wallace's first publication) founded in 1977 (with founding editor Karen Porter),  later renamed Pennsylvania Law Weekly in 1993,  Pennsylvania District and County Reports, which began publishing in 1923 and continues today with full-text opinions and analysis from Pennsylvania's trial courts; court rules services; Dorland's Medical Directory and other professional publications. The General Managers of the Publishing Division during the late 1970s and early 1980s were, respectively, Stanley A. Greene and Karen Porter.

In 1984, Brian R. Harris was named managing editor of The Legal Intelligencer and Sheryl S. Chernoff was named editor in chief. Harris went on to become editor in chief three years later.

When the city's two daily newspapers went on strike in 1985, the Legal printed a daily, four-page supplement providing general news of the day, business news and even TV listings.

In 1988, under publisher Joseph H. Weiss, the Legal underwent a major format revision. By hiring additional staff reporters and news services the Legal set out to be more than just a recorder of court depositions, but a full-fledged journalistic endeavor. Reporters covered important decisions and events in the legal and judicial communities and more information was provided in a timely fashion on significant national issues as well.

The Legal and the rest of the publishing division of Packard Press was acquired by Legal Communications Ltd. on August 23, 1989. Under the guidance of Richard R. Groves, president and publisher, the Legal continued to make improvements to its editorial content and service to the profession.

In 1992, for example, an editorial board was established featuring 20 prominent members of the legal community who meet monthly to discuss the important legal issues of the day and put their collective thoughts into a singular voice through a published editorial.

Groves left the publication in 1993, and Jane Seagrave was named publisher.

Website
In 1995, Zan Hale was named managing editor, and Harris went on to help create www.palawnet.com, an Internet web site that combined the contents of all of the publications produced by The Legal Intelligencer and its affiliate publications.

In 1998, the Delaware Law Weekly was established, which serves the Delaware legal market in much the same way that the Pennsylvania Law Weekly serves the Pennsylvania market.

Later that year, Legal Communications, Ltd., was sold to American Lawyer Media, American Lawyer Media publisher of The National Law Journal and the American Lawyer magazine, American Lawyer as well as regional newspapers throughout the country. American Lawyer Media later changed its name to ALM. The Dorland's directories division was not included in that sale.

In 1999, Seagrave left the publication, and Marjorie Weiner was named publisher. In 2001, Hale left the publication, and Tracy Blitz Newman was named editor.

The paper continued to increase its coverage of the business of law during this time, while the palawnet.com website was absorbed into the national law.com network. The site later re-emerged as the website for The Legal Intelligencer, in 2003, while a joint venture with the Jenkins Law Library, retained many of the features of the old palawnet.com web site.

When Newman left the publication in 2002, Hank Grezlak, who started at the publication as a reporter in 1993 and later went on to run the books, directories and legal notice business of the publication, was named editor in chief and associate publisher.

Marjorie Weiner left the publication in 2005, and has since died. She was replaced by John Mason, who was then  elevated to a post in the ALM corporate office in New York in 2007.

In 2007, Hal Cohen was named publisher, replacing Mason. Later that year, ALM was sold to Incisive Media.

In 2008, ALM was broken off from Incisive Media, once again becoming ALM.

Awards

Keystone Press Awards

1996 First Place, Investigative Reporting, Hank Grezlak, Pennsylvania Law Weekly (for a series of articles pointing out how often the Commonwealth Court was being overturned by the Supreme Court and the problems caused by the Supreme Court splitting evenly 3-3 in cases because of a missing justice)
1997 Second Place, News Beat Reporting, Hank Grezlak, Pennsylvania Law Weekly
2006 First Place, Investigative Reporting, Asher Hawkins and Melissa Nann Burke, The Legal Intelligencer (for a series of articles investigating the money fueling judicial campaigns)

Schnader Print Media Awards

2000 Second Place, Daily, The Legal Intelligencer, Danielle Rodier, beat coverage
2000 First and Second Place, Weekly, for The Legal Intelligencer Suburban
2001 First Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly, Ruth Bryna Cohen, feature
2002 First Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly, Lori Litchman
2003 Second Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly, Chris Lilienthal, beat coverage
2004 First Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly, Chris Lilienthal, beat coverage
2005 First Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly, Chris Lilienthal, beat coverage
2006 Second Place, Daily, The Legal Intelligencer, Hank Grezlak, beat coverage
2006 First Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly
2007 First Place, Weekly, Pennsylvania Law Weekly, Dan Cummins
2008 Second Place, Daily and Weekly, Hank Grezlak, editorial/commentaries

References

External links

The Legal Intelligencer at the HathiTrust
Keystone Press Awards

Legal newspapers
Legal history of the United States
Publications established in 1843
Newspapers published in Philadelphia
ALM (company)
1843 establishments in Pennsylvania
Daily newspapers published in Pennsylvania


Events in the year 1885 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II
Prime Minister: Johan Sverdrup

Events

Norwegian parliamentary election is won by the Liberal Party of Norway.
26 February – A speed skating duel at Frognerkilen between Axel Paulsen and Renke van der Zee was attended by between 20,000 and 30,000 spectators.

Arts and literature

Fra Kristiania-Bohêmen, novel by Hans Jæger

Births

January to March
8 January – Anders Hove, politician (died 1978)
8 January – Anders Tjøstolvsen Noddeland, politician (died 1960)
16 January – Kristian Østervold, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (died 1960)
27 January – Gunnar Grantz, Olympic rower (died 1941).
1 February – Rasmus Hatledal, topographer and military officer (died 1963)
26 February – Odd Isaachsen Willoch, naval officer (died 1940)
11 March – Per Mathiesen, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1971)
17 March – Einar Strøm, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (died 1964)

April to June
4 April – Daniel Johansen, track and field athlete (died 1967)
26 April – Hans Peter Elisa Lødrup, journalist, newspaper editor, non-fiction writer and politician (died 1955).
27 May – Kristian Johan Bodøgaard, politician (died 1971)
2 June – Tollef Tollefsen, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1963)
2 June – Carl Julius Alvin Westerlund, politician (died 1952)
15 June – Ole Landmark, architect (died 1970)
24 June – Olaf Holtedahl, geologist (died 1975)

July to September
28 July – Jens Martin Arctander Jenssen, politician (died 1968)
17 August – Alfred Høy, manager of Meraker Smelteverk (died 1970).
29 August – Paul Martin Dahlø, politician (died 1967)
12 September – Lars Sverkeson Romundstad, politician (died 1961)
29 September – Karl Johan Fjermeros, politician (died 1972)

October to December
13 October – Viggo Brun, mathematician (died 1978)
17 November – Christian Ludvig Jensen, barrister, politician and organizational leader (died 1978).
23 November – Sverre Gjørwad, politician (died 1969)
26 November – Ole Jensen Rong, politician (died 1953)
6 December – Helge Klæstad, judge (died 1965)
9 December – Søren Hans Smith Sørensen, ship-owner and politician (died 1973)

Full date unknown
Olav Gullvåg, playwright, novelist, poet and editor (died 1961)
Magnhild Haalke, novelist (died 1984)
Alf Jacobsen, sailor and Olympic gold medallist
Arne Kildal, librarian and civil servant (died 1972)
Lars Magnus Moen, politician and Minister (died 1964)
Ulrik Olsen, politician and Minister (died 1963)

Deaths
13 May – Christian Torber Hegge Geelmuyden, navy officer and politician (born 1816)
12 September – Oluf Steen Julius Berner, politician (died 1809)

Full date unknown
Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, writer and scholar (born 1812)
Nils Jønsberg, priest and politician (born 1808)

See also

References


John Edgar "Eddie" Hubble (born April 6, 1928; died in summer 2016) was an American jazz trombonist.

Hubble was born in Santa Barbara, California, and learned trombone from his father, who was also a professional trombonist in the Los Angeles area. Hubble moved to New York City in 1944, and by the late 1940s had played with Bob Wilber, Buddy Rich, Doc Evans, Alvino Rey, and Eddie Condon. He played with his own ensemble from the late 1940s, recording for Savoy Records in 1952. He played with a Dixieland jazz ensemble known as The Six in 1953, and worked with Muggsy Spanier in the 1960s, playing in Ohio and Connecticut. He also worked with the World's Greatest Jazz Band. Despite being seriously injured in a car crash in 1979, he was soon back playing, including for international tours.

References

American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
1928 births
Living people
21st-century trombonists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
World's Greatest Jazz Band members
People from Santa Barbara, California
Musicians from Santa Barbara, California


The 1995 Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark was the fifth race of the 1995 Speedway Grand Prix season. It took place on 9 September in the Speedway Center in Vojens, Denmark.

Starting positions draw

The Speedway Grand Prix Commission nominated Lars Gunnestad as Wild Card.

Heat details

The intermediate classification

See also
 Speedway Grand Prix
 List of Speedway Grand Prix riders

References

External links
 FIM-live.com
 SpeedwayWorld.tv

Speedway Grand Prix of Denmark
D
1995


The Brondyffryn Trust was a charity for autistic children based in Wales.

The trust was formed by parents and governors at Ysgol Plas Brondyffryn, a school for autistic children in Denbigh, Wales, in 2002, to raise money for residential facilities and a support centre for parents with autistic children.  It sought to raise £1.3 million for the residential facilities and £2.2 million to build a 16 plus college and parent centre. By May 2003, the Trust had raised £500,000 enabling work to begin on the residential phase of the project. Building was expected to begin in 2004, but following a failure to agree a partnership agreement with the local governing body Denbighshire County Council, by which the Trust would have financed the building of the residential centre and the furnishings while Denbighshire County Council would help to run the centre, the Trust was dissolved in March 2004.

References

Charities based in Wales


Events in the year 1833 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Charles III John

Events
4 August - Norderhov Spareindretning, Ringerikes first bank is established (today it is known as SpareBank 1 Ringerike Hadeland).

Arts and literature

Births
5 January – Sophus Bugge, philologist (d.1907)
29 June – Peter Waage, chemist and professor (d.1900)
6 July – Christian Andreas Irgens, politician (d.1915)
10 August – Peter Laurentius Larsen, Norwegian-American Lutheran Educator (d. 1915 in America)
6 November – Jonas Lie, novelist (d.1908)

Full date unknown
Hans Olsen Hafsrød, politician
Peder Johan Pedersen Holmesland, politician
Nils Pedersen Igland, farmer and politician (d.1898)
Jacob Thurmann Ihlen, politician (d.1903)
Jacob Otto Lange, politician and Minister (d.1902)
Oluf Rygh, archeologist, philologist and historian (d.1899)
Peter Olrog Schjøtt, philologist and politician (d.1926)

Deaths

 7 April – Jørgen Aall, ship-owner and politician (b.1771)

Full date unknown
Ole Olsen Evenstad, politician (b.1766)
Niels Treschow, philosopher and politician (b.1751)

See also


Rama Krishna Sithanen, GCSK, MP (born Tamil: இராம சித்தனன் Hindi: राम कृष्ण सिथनेन on 21 April 1954) is a former finance minister of Mauritius and vice-prime minister of Mauritius and has held the office between 1991 and 1995 when Sir Anerood Jugnauth was Prime Minister and from 2005 to 2010 Navin Ramgoolam's Cabinet.

In 2011, Dr Sithanen worked as Director of Strategy at the African Development Bank. In the same year he took up the role of Chairman and Director of International Financial Services ("IFS"), a large management company in Mauritius. In 2016, he became the Chairman of Sanne Group PLC's Mauritius branch, following its acquisition of IFS. Between 2013 and 2017, he chaired the Rwanda Development Board. In 2022, Apex Group, a global financial solution provider, acquired Sanne Group PLC and in 2023 Dr Sithanen has become Independent Director and Chairperson of Apex Group's Mauritius group of companies.

Background and education

Dr Sithanen comes from a modest background, due to poverty he was forced to abandon school to work at an early age. However, later on, young Rama took back his studies and went to London School of Economics to read economics and completed a Bsc (Econ) First Class Honours and a Msc (Econ) with distinction. Later on, during his mandate as Finance minister he obtained a PhD in Politics at the age of 51, while his thesis was 'An examination of alternative electoral systems for Mauritius' from Brunel University.

Honours
He was honored by the President and was promoted to the highest rank in the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean and received the grade of Grand Commander and therefore use the prefix Hon. and post nominal GCSK.

References

External links
 brunel.ac.uk
 labourparty.mu
 apexgroup.com

Members of the National Assembly (Mauritius)
1954 births
Living people
Mauritian people of Indian descent
Militant Socialist Movement politicians
Mauritian Hindus
Mauritian people of Tamil descent
Labour Party (Mauritius) politicians
Ministers of Finance of Mauritius
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean
Vice Prime Ministers of Mauritius


Owen F. "Spider" Clark (September 16, 1867 – February 8, 1892) was a professional baseball player. He played two seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB): 1889 for the Washington Nationals of the National League and 1890 for the Buffalo Bisons of the Players' League. While he was primarily an outfielder, he played every position at least once, including one game as a pitcher for the Bisons. He was the first MLB player nicknamed "Spider."

Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Clark started playing professional baseball in 1887. Signed by the Nationals in 1889, he made his MLB debut on May 2. An injury to his catching hand limited his playing time, but he appeared in 38 games for the team, batting .255. The team ceased to exist after the 1889 season, but Clark joined the Bisons of the newly formed Players' League for 1890. According to Sporting Life, his skill as a first baseman made him a favorite of the fans. He appeared in 69 games with Buffalo, batting .265, but his second season would be his last. Diagnosed with tuberculosis in late 1890, he missed the 1891 season because of the disease and died of it on February 8, 1892.

Early life
Owen F. Clark was born on September 16, 1867, in Brooklyn, New York. His parents had immigrated to the United States from Ireland. The young Clark loved playing baseball. He would play the game at actual playing fields in Brooklyn, as well as on the street. It was in these settings that he developed the skills that would help him one day to play at the major league level.

Minor leagues (1887-88)
Clark began playing baseball professionally in 1887 with the Nashville Blues of the Southern League, though he only appeared in three games with them. In 1888, he played for two teams: the Manchester Maroons of the New England League as well as the Hazelton Pugilists of the Central League. Clark could play multiple positions, and spectators noticed that he appeared everywhere on the baseball diamond except on the pitcher's mound during his minor league career.

Washington Nationals (1889)
The Washington Nationals, a team in the National League (NL), signed Clark for the 1889 season, putting him in the major leagues for the first time. He made his debut with the team on May 2. During the year, he was primarily used as a catcher, though he played in the outfield and at all the infield positions except for first base. It was as a catcher that he suffered a strange injury. According to the May 8, 1889 issue of Sporting Life:

The injury cost him playing time but did not keep him out for the rest of the season; Clark would play 38 games that season. He recorded a batting average of .255 with 19 runs scored, 37 hits, three home runs, 22 runs batted in, and eight stolen bases. With the Nationals in 1889, Clark also became the first major league player with the nickname of "Spider," a moniker he received because of his thin build and his excellent range as a fielder.

Buffalo Bisons (1890)
After the 1889 season, the Nationals folded. In 1890, Clark signed with the Buffalo Bisons. This team participated in the newly created Players' League. Formed to challenge baseball's reserve clause, the league enticed players to join by promising them part ownership in the teams. It was formed in direct opposition to the NL; Buffalo was the only team not in a city that already had an NL team.

With Buffalo, Clark was used mostly as an outfielder, but he played every position at least once during the season, even pitching in one game. An August 9 story in Sporting Life related that "Owen Clark's first base playing has caught the crowds. He is deservedly a favorite." For the second year in a row, Clark injured his hand while catching, this time splitting a finger while facing the Cleveland Infants. However, he managed to get into 69 games for the Bisons, as opposed to 38 the year before. His last game with the ball club came on October 4. Clark batted .265 with 45 runs scored, 69 hits, two home runs, 25 RBI, and eight stolen bases.

Death and career statistics
The Players' League went defunct after just one season, and the Bisons franchise followed suit. In late 1890, Clark was diagnosed with tuberculosis. This prevented him from playing for any team in 1891. He died of the disease on February 8, 1892, in Brooklyn. His grave is located at the Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York.

Clark played 107 total games during his two seasons in the major leagues. He batted .262, with 64 runs scored, 106 hits, five home runs, 47 RBI, and 16 stolen bases.

References

External links

Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball outfielders
Washington Nationals (1886–1889) players
Buffalo Bisons (PL) players
Nashville Blues players
Hazleton Pugilists players
Manchester Maroons players
Baseball players from Brooklyn
1867 births
1892 deaths
19th-century baseball players
American people of Irish descent
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)


Minimal intervention dentistry is a modern dental practice designed around the principal aim of preservation of as much of the natural tooth structure as possible. It uses a disease-centric philosophy that directs attention to first control and management of the disease that causes tooth decay—dental caries—and then to relief of the residual symptoms it has left behind—the decayed teeth. The approach uses similar principles for prevention of future caries, and is intended to be a complete management solution for tooth decay.

History

Classical restorative dentistry has traditionally followed the century-old approach of GV Black in classification and treatment of tooth decay. This was based on very limited knowledge at the time about the pathology of the underlying dental caries disease, and the need to specially prepare a cavity to repair a lesion (decayed area) with the limited available materials. Therefore, the only approach was to treat the symptoms—to remove the decay and restore the tooth surgically. Modern science has since allowed for better understanding of the pathology, thus opening the door for new methodologies and approaches to treatment. The practice of minimal intervention dentistry was designed to utilise these new possibilities by implementing a disease-centric philosophy to management of tooth decay. While advances in dental science are of course used in mainstream dental practice, MI dentistry has redesigned the treatment guidelines beginning with a new classification of caries lesions. This classification was intended to reflect the possibility of curing the disease and remineralising (hardening) early lesions before irreversible damage has been done. It was first published by Mount and Hume in 1997 and has subsequently been revised.

Some see minimally invasive dentistry as merely a philosophical change, but since the practice has been in mainstream discussion in the late 1990s, it has acquired some respectable international academic backing.

Approach to restorative dentistry

The approach of minimal intervention dentistry is centred on management of the dental caries disease responsible for tooth decay, first controlling and curing the disease, then restoring the tooth, filling only where necessary, and finally prevention from future caries.

Treatment: controlling and curing

Classical dietary and oral hygiene techniques of reducing sugar content and eating frequency, and removing plaque by effective brushing, are still very important practices for treatment as well as prevention. Also, biochemical techniques can be used to treat the bacterial infection directly. Agents such as chlorhexidine can help fight gum disease and thus reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth that are responsible for tooth decay. After a wave of empirical studies on the efficacy of Xylitol (a sugar alcohol) a consensus report in the British Dental Journal considered it to give a reduction in the risk of caries. There is also increasing use of newer technologies such as photo-activated disinfection and treating with ozone.

There is also an aspect of minimising the effect of the caries to control the symptoms of decay. Constant remineralisation (hardening) with continuous application of fluoride toothpaste is highly common practice that reduces the impact of the caries on decay. Changing the biochemical properties of saliva, potentially through the use of appropriate drugs, can help the buffering capacity of the saliva to resist changes in pH caused by plaque acid, resisting the acid attack caused by the active caries.

Restoration

Decay is the process or result of demineralisation (softening) of an area of dental tissue, creating a decayed lesion on the tooth. The process of restoring decay begins with an analysis of the decayed lesions together with their location and severity, with particular regard to the state of reversibility. Where decay is reversible, it is referred to as non-cavitated decay, where healing is possible by the hardening process of remineralisation. Where a cavity has formed from excessive demineralisation, the decay has reached the point of no return where the tooth structure has been lost and the decay is permanent and non-reversible. In this situation of cavitated decay, the cavity will have to be filled to restore the tooth. Minimal intervention dentistry is focused on filling only cavitated regions, leaving non-cavitated decay to be remineralised, thus restoring the tooth while removing as little of the tooth structure as possible, enhancing the strength and aesthetics of the restoration. Classifications of the location and severity of decay are made in order to establish guidelines for suitable treatment methods.

Identification and classification of carious lesions

The minimal intervention approach to classification was originally introduced by GJ Mount and RW Hume in “A new classification for dentistry”, and later modified by other journal articles and books mainly by Mount and Hume. This classification aims to provide a useful guide to the clinical approach required in treatment, depending on the characteristics of the lesion. The first stage is to determine cavitation, then followed by determining the restorative approach to any cavitated areas, with suitable treatment for remineralisation of the non-cavitated areas.

Remineralisation of non-cavitated lesions

Various techniques exists for remineralisation, varying from simple application of fluoride to using special substances for filling materials that interact with the tooth to aid the process from within. Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) have been shown to undergo ion exchange with the surrounding tooth structure, and also engage in fluoride feeding. Research by Prof. Hien Ngo and others has shown that these methods can in practice heal some non-cavitated lesions.

Prevention

The same methods for cure of the disease can be used for prevention, as well as other techniques such as the use of fissure sealants in high risk individuals.

Further reading

Preservation and Restoration of tooth structure. 2nd edition (2005), Mount GJ, Hume WR

 Glass ionomer launched. British Dental Journal 195, 113 (2003)
 The Hall Technique

References

External links
 www.midentistry.com  midentistry corp. — publish The MI Compendium online (database of MI related systematic reviews) and the Journal of Minimum Intervention in Dentistry (JMID).

Dentistry branches


Andrijana Stipaničić (born 18 September 1981 in Rijeka) is a Croatian biathlete. She is the first female Croatian biathlete to win points in World Cup by winning 39th place in 15 km Individual at Biathlon World Championships 2009.

References

External links
 Profile at International Biathlon Union

1981 births
Sportspeople from Rijeka
Croatian female biathletes
Living people
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Croatia


Events in the year 1813 in Norway.

Incumbents
 Monarch: Frederick VI

Events
 5 January - Denmark-Norway declared bankruptcy and a new state bank, the Rigsbank, was created.
 1 May - Christian Frederick is appointed Steward of Norway.
 2 October - The Norwegian Students' Society was established.

Arts and literature
 The Norwegian journal Historisk-philosophiske Samlinger (Historical-Philosophical Collections) final issue was published.

Births
 23 January – Camilla Collett, writer and feminist (d.1895)
 18 February – Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, priest and politician (d.1891)
 5 August – Ivar Aasen, philologist, lexicographer, playwright and poet (d.1896)
 19 November – Augusta Smith, actor and opera singer (d.1900)

Full date unknown
 Christen Knudsen, ship-owner (d.1888)
 Jørgen Moe, bishop and author (d.1882)
 Christian Tønsberg, bookseller, publisher and writer (d.1897)

Deaths
 12 August – Matz Jenssen, businessperson (b.1760)

See also


Doak Island is an island located within Coronation Gulf, south of Victoria Island, in the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is approximately  above sea level.

It was named after Corporal William Andrew Doak, a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.  Doak was killed by his Inuit prisoner, Alikomiak, in 1922 at Kugluktuk. Alikomiak and his fellow prisoner Tatimagana were the first Inuit to be executed for murder under Canadian law.

Other islands in the vicinity include Bate Island, Murray Island, Edinburgh Island, and Takhoalok Island, as well as the Sesqui Islands.

References

Islands of Coronation Gulf
Uninhabited islands of Kitikmeot Region


Limnophila is a genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae. It is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. Species are known commonly as marshweeds.

These are annual or perennial herbs. They grow in wet habitat, such as marshes, and some are aquatic. Some species are glandular and aromatic. Plants of the genus vary in form, from erect to prostrate, and with branching or unbranched stems. Submerged leaves are whorled; aerial leaves are whorled or oppositely arranged. The leaves are lance-shaped or pinnate, and the blades have smooth or serrated edges. Some species have flowers solitary in the leaf axils, and others have flowers in inflorescences. The sepals are arranged in a tubular calyx, and the corolla is tubular or funnel-shaped. The corolla has a lower lip with three lobes and an upper lip that is unlobed or double-lobed.

Cabomba caroliniana, a plant in a different family, is noted for having leaves that resemble those of Limnophila.

Systematics

There are about 40 species in the genus.

Species include:
Limnophila aquatica
Limnophila aromatica – swampleaf, rice paddy herb
Limnophila bangweolensis
Limnophila barteri
Limnophila borealis
Limnophila ceratophylloides
Limnophila chinensis – finger grass
Limnophila connata
Limnophila dasyantha
Limnophila erecta
Limnophila heterophylla
Limnophila indica – Indian marshweed
Limnophila repens
Limnophila rugosa
Limnophila sessiliflora – ambulia
Limnophila tenera

References

Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae genera


Community Legal Advice is a government-funded advice service set up by the Legal Services Commission as part of the Community Legal Service. It aims to help people in England and Wales deal with civil legal problems, and is part of the legal aid programme in those nations.

It comprises a telephone helpline, advice centres and a series of advice leaflets. Its services also previously included an informational website whose functions were taken over by the Ministry of Justice site in February 2011. See: www.legalservices.gov.uk/public/community_legal_advice_helpline.asp

Until November 2008 the service was known as Community Legal Service Direct, and before that as "Just Ask!"

Telephone helpline
The Community Legal Advice telephone helpline gives specific, independent advice to people living on benefits or low income.

Community Legal Advice covers six legal areas:

 Debt
 Welfare benefits and tax credits
 Housing
 Employment
 Education
 Family

Website
The Community Legal Advice website provided self-help information and tools to help people deal with common legal problems themselves. It included advice on areas of law not covered by the telephone helpline such as consumer law, health and social care. By February 2011 (like the online services of the Department for Constitutional Affairs in 2007), it was absorbed by the Department of Justice website.  The original CLA site remains readable in "snapshots" in the National Archives.

Community Legal Advice Centres
The Legal Services Commission also operates walk-in Community Legal Advice Centres. Centres give free, generalized, face-to-face legal advice at an initial appointment and further specialized advice for people eligible for legal aid.

Five Community Legal Advice Centres have been opened in
 Derby
 Gateshead
 Hull
 Leicester
 Portsmouth

Centres are jointly funded by the Legal Services Commission and local councils.

References

External links
 Community Legal Advice - Online Advice
 Community Legal Advice website at gov.uk

Law of the United Kingdom
Solicitors
Crisis hotlines
Advice organizations


Events in the year 1882 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch: Oscar II

Events

 The 1882 Parliamentary election takes place.

Arts and literature

Births

January to June

6 January – Lise Stauri, educator (died 1949).
25 January – Conrad Christensen, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (d.1951)
4 February Birger Meidell, politician (d.1958)
5 February – Karl Ouren, Norwegian-American artist (d.1943)
19 February – Hans Ystgaard, politician and Minister (d.1953)
27 February – Nils Selmer Hauff, bookseller (d.1963)
11 March – Gunnar Kaasen, musher, delivered diphtheria antitoxin to Nome, Alaska in 1925, as the last leg of a dog sled relay that saved the city from an epidemic (d.1960)
12 March – Jakob Nilsson Vik, politician and Minister (d.1960)
2 May – Aagot Nissen, actress (d.1978)
5 May – Carl Alfred Pedersen, gymnast and triple jumper (d.1960)
20 May – Sigrid Undset, novelist, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1928 (d.1949)
10 June – Nils Økland, Esperantist and teacher
13 June – Hans Dons, naval officer and the first Norwegian to fly in Norway (d.1940)
25 June – Sigurd Asserson, civil servant (d.1937)
28 June – Peder Alsvik, politician (d.1964)
29 June – Ole Singstad, civil engineer in America (d.1969)

July to December
6 July – Arnstein Arneberg, architect (d.1961)
5 August – Trygve Schjøtt, sailor and Olympic gold medallist (d.1960)
13 August – Rolf Lefdahl, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (d.1965)
20 August – Jens Isak de Lange Kobro, politician and Minister (d.1967)
25 August – Carl Fredrik Holmboe, engineer (d.1960)
30 August – Erling Kristvik, educator (died 1969).
12 September – Ragnvald Blix, illustrator (d.1958)
26 October – Per Bakken, Nordic skier (d.1958)
2 November – Oscar Engelstad, gymnast and Olympic bronze medallist (d.1972)
12 November – Nils Dahl, middle-distance runner (d.1966)
16 November – Nils Opdahl, gymnast and Olympic gold medallist (d.1951)
23 November – Hans Johan Jensen, politician
30 November – Frithjof Olsen, gymnast and Olympic silver medallist (d.1922)
16 December – Olav Bjørnstad, rower and Olympic bronze medallist (d.1963)
25 December – Fredrik Rosing Bull, inventor/designer of improved punched card machines (d.1925)

Deaths
15 January - Aslak Reiersson Midhassel, politician (born 1798)
19 January - Rasmus Tønder Nissen, politician (born 1822)
22 March – Peter Wessel Wind Kildal, businessman (born 1814)
27 March – Jørgen Moe, bishop and author (born 1813)
10 April – Anton Wilhelm Brøgger, printer (born 1820)
27 June – Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary (born 1817)

See also

References


Antikrist () is the only opera by Danish composer Rued Langgaard. It was composed in 1921–23 and reworked in 1926–30, but despite several attempts by the composer to have it performed, the work was not premiered until many years after Langgaard's death. Today, it is considered Langgaard's principal work and is included in the Danish Culture Canon; it was the first Danish opera recorded on DVD in 2002.

Background
The first version of Antikrist was completed in 1923 and submitted to the Royal Danish Theatre that year. It was rejected then and several times later because of censorship problems.

In 1926 the composer began a complete rewrite of the work. The text, which had been the overriding reason for the rejection, was radically rewritten. The new version was completed in 1930, after which Langgaard again tried to get it accepted at the Royal Theatre. It didn't help; it was rejected and was turned back again in 1935, again with the text as the primary criticism.

Langgaard  was slightly more successful in getting the work accepted by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation, where the conductor Launy Grøndahl worked on the opera in 1940. The work however was not performed until 1980 by the Danish National Symphony Orchestra under Michael Schønwandt. The first recording was made in 1988 by Ole Schmidt and the Copenhagen Philharmonic.

Plot
The opera has a non-traditional plot structure split between two acts, with three scenes in each act. The subject of the opera is the biblical figure of the Antichrist, and the consequences of the Antichrist's activities on Earth. It begins with the Antichrist being sent into the world and ends with the Antichrist's final destruction. In between these two structural points, each scene illustrates an aspect of the Antichrist in the world.

Act 1
The prologue starts with Lucifer, sung by a Baritone, raising the Antichrist out of the pit and God, who is represented by a speaking voice, allowing the Antichrist to act on the Earth for a period of time.

Scene 1, titled The Light of the Wilderness, features a tenor singing the part of the Spirit of Mystery and a mezzo-soprano sing the spirit's echo. The scene focuses on the apathetic state of the world and looks forward to the dawning of a new age of hope.

Vainglory, the title of Scene 2, is primarily focused on a tenor playing the Mouth Speaking Great Things and espouses a populist slogan characterized by faith in the progression of society.

In Scene 3, Despair, Despondency (Despair), once again sung by a tenor, sings of pessimism and cynicism that functions as humankind's cross under the age of the Antichrist.

Act 2
The second act starts with Lust, which features a soprano as the Great Whore (Babel), a tenor playing the Scarlet-Coloured Beast, and a mixed choir representing humanity. The two figures elaborate on egocentric hedonism worshiped by humankind.

The Great Whore and the same tenor who played the Scarlet-Coloured Beast, now playing the Lie, feature in Scene 5 Every Man Against His Neighbouralong with a bass representing Hate, accompanied by a mixed choir representing demons. The Lie and the Great Whore argue over truth and power, while Hate intervenes in their squabble, while the world begins to perish.

The final scene Perdition features a Mystical Voice, sung by a baritone, who curses the Antichrist, while God destroys the Antichrist. This is followed by the Ephphatha Chorus, sung by the choir, where God gives peace harmony and insight to creation.

Recordings
Antikrist was premiered as a scenic opera in 1999 at the Tiroler Landestheater Innsbruck, on the initiative of the Danish conductor Niels Muus. Three years later the opera was premiered in Denmark in a collaboration between DR and the Royal Theatre. The performance that took place in the Riding School at Christiansborg in 2002 was released on DVD in 2005. In September 2015, Antikrist was performed at the annual Langgaard Festival in Ribe.

References

Compositions by Rued Langgaard
Danish-language operas
1923 operas
Operas
Danish Culture Canon
Fictional depictions of the Antichrist


Arah Jagir is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography

According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 335.

History

Like in many villages in the Mirpur region, many villagers have immigrated to the United Kingdom. The Gakhar tribe makes up the bulk of the village population.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


Abudulahpur is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

Demography

According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 215.

History

Like in many villages in the Mirpur region, many villages have immigrated to the United Kingdom. The Gakhar tribe makes up the bulk of the village population.

References

Populated places in Mirpur District


The Census of Coral Reefs (CReefs) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that surveys the biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems internationally.  The project works to study what species live in coral reef ecosystems, to develop standardized protocols for studying coral reef ecosystems, and to increase access to and exchange of information about coral reefs scattered throughout the globe.

The CReefs project uses the implementation of autonomous reef-monitoring structures (ARMS) to study the species that inhabit coral reefs.  These structures are placed on the sea floor in areas where coral reefs exist, where they are left for one year. At the end of the year, the ARMvS is pulled to the surface, along with the species which have inhabited it, for analysis.

Coral reefs are thought to be the most organically different of all marine ecosystems.  Major declines in key reef ecosystems suggest a decline in reef population throughout the world due to environmental stresses. The vulnerability of coral reef ecosystems is expected to increase significantly in response to climate change. The reefs are also being threatened by induced coral bleaching, ocean acidification, sea level rise, and changing storm tracks. Reef biodiversity could be in danger of being lost before it is even documented, and researchers will be left with a limited and poor understanding of these complex ecosystems.

In an attempt to enhance global understanding of reef biodiversity, the goals of the CReefs Census of Coral Reef Ecosystems were to conduct a diverse global census of coral reef ecosystems. And increase access to and exchange of coral reef data throughout the world. Because coral reefs are the most diverse and among the most threatened of all marine ecosystems, there is great justification to learn more about them.

References

External links

Biological censuses
Marine biology


The Marshall House was an inn that stood at 480 King Street (near the southeast corner of King Street and South Pitt Street) in Alexandria, Virginia. At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, the house was the site of the killing of Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth during the Union Army's takeover of Alexandria. Ellsworth was a popular and highly prominent officer and a close friend of President Abraham Lincoln.

Ellsworth was the first conspicuous Union Army casualty and the first officer killed in battle during the war. He was shot by the inn's proprietor James W. Jackson after removing a Confederate flag from the roof of the inn. Jackson was immediately killed after he killed Ellsworth.  Ellsworth's death became a cause célèbre for the Union, while Jackson's death became the same for the Confederacy.

History

Ellsworth, a young Illinois lawyer who was a friend of the Lincoln's and founder of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment known as the "Fire Zouaves", was killed at the Marshall House on May 24, 1861 (the day after Virginia's secession was ratified by referendum) during the Union Army's take-over of Alexandria. During the month before the event, the inn's proprietor, James W. Jackson, had raised from the inn's roof a large Confederate flag that President Lincoln and his Cabinet had reportedly observed through field glasses from an elevated spot in Washington. Jackson had reportedly stated that the flag would only be taken down "over his dead body".

Before crossing the Potomac River to take Alexandria, soldiers serving under Ellsworth's command observed the flag from their camp through field glasses and volunteered to remove it. Having seen the flag after landing in Alexandria, Ellsworth and seven other soldiers entered the inn through an open door. Once inside, they encountered a man dressed in a shirt and trousers, of whom Ellsworth demanded what sort of a flag it was that hung upon the roof.

The man, who seemed greatly alarmed, declared he knew nothing of it, and  that he was only a boarder there. Without questioning him further, Ellsworth sprang up the stairs followed by his soldiers, climbed to the roof on a ladder and cut down the flag with a soldier's knife. The soldiers turned to descend, with Private Francis E. Brownell leading the way and Ellsworth following with the flag.

As Brownell reached the first landing place, Jackson jumped from a dark passage, leveled a double-barreled gun at Ellsworth's chest and discharged one barrel directly into Ellsworth's chest, killing him instantly. Jackson then discharged the other barrel at Brownell, but missed his target. Brownell's gun simultaneously shot, hitting Jackson in the middle of his face. Before Jackson dropped, Brownell repeatedly thrust his bayonet through Jackson's body, sending Jackson's corpse down the stairs.

Ellsworth became the first Union officer to die while on duty in the Civil War. Brownell, who retained a piece of the flag, was later awarded a Medal of Honor for his actions.

Ellsworth's body was taken back across the Potomac to Washington, D.C. and was laid in state in the East Room at the White House. Immediately after the incident, thousands of Union supporters rallied around Ellsworth's cause and enlisted, and "Remember Ellsworth" became a patriotic slogan. The 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment called itself the "Ellsworth Avengers" as well as "The People's Ellsworth Regiment". Confederates meanwhile hailed Jackson as a martyr to their cause.

Soldiers and souvenir hunters carried away pieces of the flag and inn as mementos, especially portions of the inn's stairway, balustrades and oilcloth floor covering. After the war ended, the Marshall House served as a location for a series of small businesses, but still attracted tourists from both the North and the South.  Largely reconstructed after an 1873 fire that an arsonist caused, the building was torn down around 1950.

The City of Alexandria has erected a wayfinding sign near the southeast corner of King Street and South Pitt Street. The sign relates the history and significance of the Marshall House, together with historical photographs and other information.

Historical marker

In 1999, sociologist and historian James W. Loewen noted in his book Lies Across America that the Sons of Confederate Veterans had placed a bronze plaque on the side of a Holiday Inn that had been constructed on the former site of the Marshall House. Loewen reported that the plaque described Jackson's death but omitted any mention of Ellsworth. Adam Goodheart further discussed the incident and the plaque (which was then within a blind arch near a corner of a Hotel Monaco) in his 2011 book 1861: The Civil War Awakening.

The plaque called Jackson the "first martyr to the cause of Southern Independence" and said he "was killed by federal soldiers while defending his property and personal rights ... in defence of his home and the sacred soil of his native state". In full, it read:

In 2013, WTOP reported that some Alexandria residents were advocating the removal of the plaque, but that city officials had no control over the matter as the plaque was on private property. However, in December 2016, Marriott International purchased The Monaco, added it to its boutique Autograph Collection and renamed it as "The Alexandrian".  By October 2017, the plaque was removed from The Alexandrian and had given it to the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

Artifacts
During and after the Marshall House incident, relics associated with Ellsworth's death became prized souvenirs. President Lincoln kept the captured Marshall House flag, with which his son Tad often played and waved. The New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center in Saratoga Springs now holds in its collections most of the flag, as well as Ellsworth's uniform. The uniform contains a hole through which a slug apparently entered.

The Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. holds in its collections a fragment of the flag, a blood-stained piece of oilcloth and a scrap of red bunting that remain from the encounter at the Marshall House.  Bates College's Special Collections Library in Lewiston, Maine holds another fragment of the flag.

In 1894, Brownell's widow was offering to sell small pieces of the flag for $10 and $15 each. A fragment of the flag that Brownell had given to an early mentor at the time of Ellsworth's funeral was sold during the 21st century after being retained by the mentor's family for many years.

The Fort Ward Museum and Historic site in Alexandria displays the kepi that Ellsworth wore when he was killed, patriotic envelopes bearing his image, most of a star from the flag that is still stained with Ellsworth's blood, and the "O" from the Marshall House sign that a soldier took as a souvenir.

See also
 Travis Triangle

Notes

References

External links

American Civil War sites
Houses in Alexandria, Virginia
Demolished buildings and structures in Virginia


Bob Woodruff (b. 1961) is an American television journalist.

Bob Woodruff is also the name of:

Bob Woodruff (American football) (1916–2001), American college football player and coach
Bob Woodruff (singer) (born 1961), American country music singer and songwriter

See also
Robert Woodruff (disambiguation)


Becker's sign, or Becker's phenomenon, is the presence of visible (through an ophthalmoscope) pulsation of retinal arteries, found in patients with aortic insufficiency or Graves' disease.

The sign was named after Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker.

See also
 Corrigan's pulse
 De Musset's sign
 Muller's sign
 Quincke's sign
 Traube's sign
 Duroziez's sign
 Hill's sign
 Mayne's sign

References

Medical signs


The GlaxoSmithKline Prize and Lecture is awarded by the Royal Society of London "for original contributions to medical and veterinary sciences published within ten years from the date of the award". Sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline, the medal is awarded with a gift of £2500. The medal was first awarded in 1980 to César Milstein "in recognition of his pioneering the production of monoclonal antibodies from hybrid cell lines and initiating their application worldwide in many fields of biology and medicine", and has since been awarded 13 times.

List of recipients
Source: Royal Society

See also

 List of medicine awards

References

Awards of the Royal Society
GSK plc
Medicine awards
Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom


Bonnie Clearwater (born 1957) is an American writer and art historian. She is the director and chief curator of Nova Southeastern University's Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale. Previously, Clearwater was the director and chief curator of Museum of Contemporary Art, North Miami. She has a particular interest in the work of Mark Rothko.

Clearwater studied art history at NYU then attended graduate school at Columbia University, where she studied modern and medieval art, graduating with a master's degree in the late '70s. Clearwater went on to be personal curator for Leonard Lauder for six years while she then curated the Rothko Foundation in New York City from 1980, and she was then the program director of the Lannan Foundation in Los Angeles from January 1986. In the early '90s, she moved to Miami where she saw potential for an exciting, emerging art scene. Clearwater became head curator of the MOCA North Miami in 1994, and programs director in 1997.

Some of Clearwater's publications include "The Rothko Book: Tate Essential Artist Series," "Julian Schnabel: Versions of Chuck," and "Roberto Juarez: A Sense of Place."

Clearwater is originally from Rockland County, N.Y. She is married to Jim Clearwater, who runs the art-book publishing company Grassfield Press.

References

External links
 (also in Spanish)
 (requires RealPlayer)

 (MP4 video)

1957 births
Living people
American art historians
American art curators
American women curators
American women historians
Writers from Miami
Directors of museums in the United States
Women museum directors
Historians from New York (state)
Women art historians
People from Rockland County, New York
Columbia University alumni
New York University alumni
Historians from Florida
21st-century American women


Ullevål Hageby is a residential area and garden city in borough Nordre Aker of Oslo, Norway. All housing in the area is part of the housing cooperative Oslo Havebyselskap. The area borders on Ullevål University Hospital to the east, Blindern in the west, and Berg to the north.

History
The area was built between 1918 and 1926, and consists of 116 buildings with 653 apartments, making it the largest garden city in the country. It was intended for the working class, as an attempt to create healthy housing with more space, and with a small plot of garden for each house. However, when the apartments were sold, people with a middle-class background ended up as buyers, and today the area has among the highest prices in the city. The neighborhood is the setting of the 2014 Norwegian TV drama Kampen for tilværelsen.

The land originally belonged to Store Ullevål gård, bought by the City of Oslo in 1909. All buildings are made of bricks, and consists of single dwellings, row housing and duplexes.

English garden city

In 1913, Oscar Hoff (1875–1942) won a contest to build Ullevål Hageby, and created a residential area that was a total departure from the squared buildings of the early days of industrialism. Already in 1910, "light, air, and green trees" became the ideal, 20 years prior to functionalism's take-over of this motto. Ullevål Hageby made an indelible mark on the way houses were built thereafter.

The area is based on the Ebenezer Howard's garden city concept launched in the book Tomorrow from 1898 and Garden Cities of Tomorrow from 1902. The idea was to launch small, self-sufficient units outsite the large cities. The main architect was Oscar Hoff, supplemented by Adolf Jensen and architect and chief city planner Harald Hals. In 1925, the Ullevål Hageby Line of the Oslo Tramway was extended to John Colletts plass.

From the time Ullevål hageby was completed, the gardens have reflected changing garden ideals. Today the gardens are mainly for recreational use, while in the first years after Ullevål hageby was constructed, the cultivation of fruit and vegetables was also important.

Tram
The Ullevål Hageby Line (Norwegian: Ullevål Hageby-linjen) is a light rail section of the Oslo Tramway. It runs from Stortorvet in the city center of Oslo, Norway to Rikshospitalet. It passes through the areas of St. Hanshaugen, Ullevål Hageby and Blindern before reaching Gaustad. It serves major institutions such as Oslo University College, Bislett Stadion, Ullevål University Hospital, the University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet. The line is served by route 17 and 18 by Oslo Sporvognsdrift using SL95 trams, while the tracks are owned by Kollektivtransportproduksjon.

References

Further reading

Neighbourhoods of Oslo


The Loggia dei Militi  (Italian: "Soldiers' Loggia") is a historical building in Cremona, northern Italy. As reported by an inscription on its façade, it was built in 1292.

On the façade is reported the blazon (Gonfalone) of the City of Cremona: four lions that respectively represent the four city gates: Ariberta, Pertusia, San Lorenzo and Natali.

The Loggia was the seat of assemblies for the local "Società dei Militi". It is constituted by two rectangular rooms. Under the portico is the coat of arms of Cremona, composed by two Ercoli that held the main blazon of the city (According to the legend, Ercole was the founder of Cremona). The coat of arms was moved here from the Margherita Gate when the latter was demolished in 1910.

Notes

External links
Page at cremonanet

Buildings and structures completed in 1292
Buildings and structures in Cremona
Loggias in Italy


Ernst Jacobson (31 January 1889, in Stockholm – 8 February 1963, in Stockholm) was a Swedish chess master.

He took 8th at Copenhagen 1916 (the 9th Nordic Chess Championship, Paul Johner won), took 2nd at Stockholm 1916, tied for 7-8th at Göteborg 1920 (B-tournament, Johner won), took 3rd and won ahead of Karl Berndtsson and Gustaf Nyholm at Jönköping 1921, and took 4th at Uppsala 1923 (Allan Nilsson and Anton Olson won).

He thrice represented Sweden in Chess Olympiads at London 1927, The Hague 1928, and Hamburg 1930, and played in friendly matches Germany vs. Sweden (1922) and Stockholm vs. Leningrad (1926).

References

1889 births
1963 deaths
Swedish chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Sportspeople from Stockholm
20th-century Swedish people


Chilkat weaving is a traditional form of weaving practiced by Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and other Northwest Coast peoples of Alaska and British Columbia. Chilkat robes are worn by high-ranking tribal members on civic or ceremonial occasions, including dances.

Background

The name derives from the Tlingit people of the Chilkat (Jilkháat) region near Klukwan, Alaska on the Chilkat River. The Nisga'a are reputed to have invented the technique, according to some Tlingit weavers, though this is not attested in Tsimshian sources. Chilkat weaving can be applied to blankets, robes, dance tunics, aprons, leggings, shirts, vests, bags, hats, and wall-hangings. Chilkat clothing features long wool fringe that sways when the wearer dances. Traditionally chiefs would wear Chilkat robes during potlatch ceremonies.

Chilkat weaving is one of the most complex weaving techniques in the world. It is unique in that the artist can create curvilinear and circular forms within the weave itself. A Chilkat robe can take a year to weave. Traditionally mountain goat wool, dog fur, and yellow cedar bark are used in Chilkat weaving. Today sheep wool might be used. The designs used Northwest Coast formlines, a traditional aesthetic language made up of ovoid, U-form, and S-form elements to create highly stylized, but representational, clan crests and figures from oral history—often animals and especially their facial features. Yellow and black are dominant colors in the weavings, as is the natural buff color of the undyed wool. Blue can be a secondary color.
Looms used in Chilkat weaving only have a top frame and vertical supports, with no bottom frame, so the warp threads hang freely. The weaver works in vertical sections, as opposed to moving horizontally from end to end. Consequently, many designs are broken into vertical columns. As with most Northwest Coast art, these columns are bilaterally symmetrical.

Revival

In the 1990s, only an estimated six people still practiced true Chilkat weaving, but today the technique is enjoying a revival. Kaagwaantaan Clan, Ghooch Hít woman Jennie Thlunaut (1891–1986) was a celebrated Chilkat weaver, whose knowledge of formline design was so thorough, she was able to create her own designs following the traditional rules. Thlunaut trained Ghaanaxhteidí Clan woman Anna Brown Ehlers and T’akhdeintaan Clan woman Clarissa Rizal. Rizal and others worked to train a new generation of weavers, and since that time more individuals have begun weaving in the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian communities.

These tribes also create Ravenstail weavings and button blankets.

See also
 Lily Hope
 Ursala Hudson
 Clarissa Rizal
 Jennie Thlunaut
 Northwest Coast art
 Native American art

Notes

References

Jones, Zachary R. (2019). “A Life Painted in Yarn: A Biography of Tlingit Chilkat Weaver Clara Newman Benson.” Alaska History Vol. 34, no. 2 (Fall 2019): 26-43.

External links

Northwest Coast art
Culture of the Pacific Northwest
Weaving
Haida
Tlingit culture
Tsimshian
Indigenous textile art of the Americas


The Benaize (; ,  or ) is a  long river in the Creuse, Haute-Vienne, Vienne and Indre departments, central France. Its source is near La Souterraine. It flows generally northwest. It is a left tributary of the Anglin, into which it flows north of Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize.

Departments and communes along its course
This list is ordered from source to mouth:
Creuse: La Souterraine
Haute-Vienne: Arnac-la-Poste
Creuse: Vareilles
Haute-Vienne: Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles, Mailhac-sur-Benaize, Cromac, Jouac, Saint-Martin-le-Mault
Indre: Bonneuil, Tilly
Haute-Vienne: Lussac-les-Églises
Vienne: Coulonges, Brigueil-le-Chantre, Thollet La Trimouille Liglet
Indre: Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize

References

Rivers of France
Rivers of Creuse
Rivers of Haute-Vienne
Rivers of Vienne
Rivers of Indre
Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine


The following contains a list of trading losses of the equivalent of US$100 million or higher. Trading losses are the amount of principal losses in an account. Because of the secretive nature of many hedge funds and fund managers, some notable losses may never be reported to the public. The list is ordered by the real amount lost, starting with the greatest.

This list includes both fraudulent and non-fraudulent losses, but excludes those associated with Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme (estimated in the $50 billion range) as Madoff did not lose most of this money in trading.

See also
 Rogue trader

 Derivative (finance)
 Silver Thursday
 Sumitomo copper affair

References

Lists by economic indicators
Stock market-related lists

International trade-related lists


Rod Frawley and Francisco González were the defending champions but they lost in the first round to Peter McNamara and Paul McNamee.

Peter Fleming and John McEnroe won in the final 4–6, 6–1, 6–2 against Tim Gullikson and Johan Kriek.

Seeds

  Peter Fleming /  John McEnroe (champions)
  Gene Mayer /  Sandy Mayer (semifinals)
  Peter McNamara /  Paul McNamee (quarterfinals)
  Tom Gullikson /  Butch Walts (quarterfinals)

Draw

External links
1980 Custom Credit Australian Indoor Championships Doubles Draw

Doubles


Daniel Leonid Slotnick (1931–1985) was an American mathematician and computer architect. Slotnick, in papers published with John Cocke in 1958, discussed the use of parallelism in numerical calculations for the first time. He later served as the chief architect of the ILLIAC IV supercomputer. He was the principal investigator on a DARPA contract in the early 1970s that produced the ILLIAC IV and the ARPANET. It was a fairly large operation, with its own building on the UIUC campus, originally called the Center for Advanced Computation but which is now the Astronomy Building. ILLIAC IV was constructed by Burroughs Corporation, using some special chips made by Fairchild Semiconductor. Because of campus unrest due to the Vietnam war, and the Mansfield amendments the ILLIAC IV was completed and installed at Ames Research Center instead of UIUC, and Slotnick's Darpa contract was not renewed. In 1985, when IDA and NSA formed their supercomputing research facility in the DC area, Slotnick's widow donated his library to them. In 1987 the first issue of The Journal of Supercomputing contained a tribute to Slotnick.

ARPANET
Most of the development of the ARPANET took place at MIT's Lincoln Labs and BBN Technologies. However it was planned that ILLIAC IV would be on the network, and some work was funded by Slotnick's DARPA contract. For example, a standard character set was established, and also the Purdy Polynomial, a secure hash function to protect passwords on ARPANET. Ironically, when the ILLIAC IV project was moved to Ames Research Center, the computer could only be accessed by telephone.

Awards
He was awarded the AFIPS Prize in 1962 and was elected an IEEE Fellow in 1976.

References

1931 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Burroughs Corporation people
Computer architects
Researchers in distributed computing
Fellow Members of the IEEE


George II Šubić of Bribir (;  1275 – Klis, 15 December 1328) was Croatian nobleman, a member of the Šubić noble family, who ruled from the Klis Fortress.

Early life
George II Šubić was son of Paul I Šubić of Bribir, who was the most powerful Croatian nobleman at the end of the 13th century and beginning of the 14th century. After the capture of his brother Mladen II Šubić, George II became the head of the Šubić family with support of his two remaining brothers: Gregory I Šubić and Paul II Šubić.

Career
When George I died in 1303, his nephew George II succeeded him as ruler in Dalmatia. When Paul I died in May 1312, Mladen II succeeded as Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia, and he shared out his cities to his brothers: Gregory received Šibenik and Bribir, while George II received Omiš, Nin and Klis.

George II tried to retake the land and influence that his brother, Mladen II Šubić, had lost in the last war over Bosnia. But he didn't claim Bosnia, instead, he pursued the conquest of lands in Croatia, which had been taken from Šubić's by Prince Nelipac. Stjepan II Kotromanić again changed allegiances and started to fight again for the Šubićs. In the summer of 1324 Prince Nelipac and George II clashed near the waterfalls of Krka. Stjepan II gave considerable support to the Šubićs, but he did not dare involve himself into the fight. Šubić's party was defeated near Knin, and George II himself was captured by Prince Nelipac some time after the battle. Stjepan had attempted to liberate George II from imprisonment, but all attempts had failed. He died in 1328.

Issue
Juraj II Šubić had five children:

 Paul III (d. 1356), married Venetian noblewoman Catherine Dandolo
 Katarina, married count Ivan Jurišić
 Božidar or "Deodat" (d. 1348), count of Bribir 1345–47
 Mladen III (d. 1348), ruled Klis in 1330–48, married Serbian princess Jelena Nemanjić
 Jelena (ca. 1306–1378) who married Regent of Bosnia Vladislav Kotromanić in Klis, and gave birth to the first Bosnian King Tvrtko I.

References

13th-century Croatian people
14th-century Croatian people
Šubić
Year of birth unknown
1328 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Subic
Subic
Subic
Subic


Ernest Dudley Hare (5 December 1900, Highgate, London - 1981, London) was an English stage and film actor.

Filmography

References

Who's Who in the Theatre: Hare, Ernest Dudley

English male stage actors
1981 deaths
1900 births
English male film actors
20th-century English male actors


San Michele is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic church located in the city of Cremona, region of Lombardy, Italy.

History
According to tradition, it would have been built by the Lombards, who venerated the archangel St Michael, although its existence is documented from the 8th century, prior to Lombard rule of Cremona.

In the 11th century a new basilica was built. In the 13th century it received a new campanile (belfry), and the naves were vaulted with pointed arches. In the crypt are elements dating to the early Middle Ages crypt, one of which attributed to the Lombard age. The apse, as well as the other church of San Vincenzo in Cremona, resembles that of the Nonantola Abbey.

The church includes a statue portraying "St Michael Subjugating the Beast" and located to the right of the high altar.

Sources

13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Michele
Romanesque architecture in Cremona


Antanas Maceina (27 January 1908 – 27 January 1987) was a Lithuanian philosopher, existentialist, educator, theologian, and poet.

Developed philosophy of culture of Stasys Šalkauskis, adjusted Christian philosophy and existentialism, accented an importance of native language to education.

References

1908 births
1987 deaths
People from Prienai District Municipality
Lithuanian educators
Lithuanian Catholic poets
Christian existentialists
20th-century Lithuanian philosophers
20th-century Lithuanian poets


Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust manages over 40 nature reserves covering nearly  north of London, in Hertfordshire and the historic county of Middlesex, part of which is divided between the London boroughs of Barnet, Enfield, Harrow and Hillingdon. It has over 21,000 members, and is one of 46 Wildlife Trusts across the UK. It is a Registered Charity, with its Registered Office in St Albans, and had an income in the year to 31 March 2014 of over £1.5 million.

The trust's activities include managing nature reserves, advising landowners on how to manage their land for wildlife, commenting on planning applications, advising planning authorities and campaigning to protect wildlife. The trust also encourages people to be active volunteers helping to maintain nature reserves.

The first preparatory meeting of what was to become the trust was held on 16 November 1963, and the Hertfordshire & Middlesex Trust for Nature Conservation was incorporated on 9 October 1964. By 1970 it had twenty reserves and in the same year it took over management of its first Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), Blagrove Common. In 1987 it changed its name to the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust. In 2007 it purchased Amwell Quarry, and started restoration which has now made the site internationally important for its wetland birds.

Two of the trust's nature reserves are Ramsar sites, internationally important wetland reserves; fifteen are SSSIs, and five are Local Nature Reserves. The first site was Fox Covert, donated by Mr Fordham of Letchworth on the trust's foundation in 1964. The largest is King's Meads, at ; this is water meadows where 265 wildflower species have been recorded, and it is an important site for over-wintering European stonechats. The smallest is Alpine Meadow at 0.8 hectares, which has been designated an SSSI as an example of unimproved chalk grassland.

Nature reserves

Key

Designations
LNR = Local Nature Reserve
Ramsar = Internationally important wetland site
RIGS = Regionally Important Geological Site
SPA = Special Protection Area
SSSI = Site of Special Scientific Interest

Access
 YES   = Free public access to all or most of the site
 NO   = No public access
 PO   = Access with permit only
 NF   = No footpaths
 VO   = Viewing only
 WTO  = Wildlife Trust members only

Sites formerly managed by the trust
Barkway Chalk Pit
Broad Colney Lakes
Darland's Lake Nature Reserve
Hill End Pit
Marshalls Heath
Pryor's Wood
Rowley Green Common
Sawbridgeworth Marsh
Telegraph Hill

See also
List of Local Nature Reserves in Hertfordshire
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire

Notes

References

External links

Wildlife Trusts of England
Charities based in Hertfordshire
Middlesex

Hertfordshire-related lists


Bernhard Vechtel (31 July 1920 – 21 August 1975) was a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Vechtel was credited with 108 aerial victories in a total of 860 combat missions, all on the Eastern Front.

Career
Vechtel was born on 31 July 1920 in Vohren, present-day part of Warendorf, at the time in the Province of Westphalia in the Weimar Republic. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders" (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 2 May 1942. There, he was assigned to the 10. Staffel (10th squadron) which was subordinated to the IV. Gruppe (4th group) of JG 51. At the time, 10. Staffel was headed by Leutnant Horst Haase while IV. Gruppe was commanded by Hauptmann Johann Knauth and based at an airfield in Vyazma on the Eastern Front. During May, the Gruppe was briefly withdrawn from combat for a period of maintenance and equipment overhaul at Smolensk. They were then sent to Dugino where it was tasked with providing fighter cover over the left flank of Army Group Center in vicinity of the 9th Army.

On 30 July 1942, the Soviet Kalinin Front launched the First Rzhev–Sychyovka Offensive Operation with the objective to crush the Rzhev salient held by the 9th Army. Vechtel claimed his first aerial victory on 2 August 1942 over an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft northeast of Rzhev.

He claimed JG 51s 8000th aerial victory of the war on 1 May 1944. He was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe () on 3 January 1944, the German Cross in Gold () on 28 January 1944, and later received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 27 July 1944. On 28 August, IV. Gruppe moved to Modlin Airfield located approximately  northwest of Warsaw. Here, the Gruppe predominately flew combat missions to the area north and northeast of Warsaw. On 1 September, Vechtel was shot down and wounded by anti-aircraft artillery in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 163631—factory number)  northwest of Wyszków.

Squadron leader
On 11 December 1944, Vechtel was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 14. Staffel of JG 51, also a squadron of IV. Gruppe. He replaced Oberleutnant Horst Walther who was transferred. At the time, the Gruppe was commanded by Major Heinz Lange and was based at Modlin. Soviet forces launched the Vistula–Oder Offensive on 12 January 1945. Two days later, Soviet forces reached Modlin, forcing VI. Gruppe to move to Danzig-Langfuhr, present-day Wrzeszcz, Poland. On 25 March 1945, Vechtel was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 99th Luftwaffe pilot to have shot down 100 aircraft. On 1 May, JG 51 received the order to relocate to Flensburg in northern Germany. Some of the pilots decided for themselves that the war was lost and deserted, including Vechtel. On 2 May, he refused to fly to Flensburg and led a Schwarm close to his hometown Warendorf near Münster. There, he arrived with two other pilots, a third pilot was shot down and captured by British forces.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Vechtel was credited with 108 aerial victories. Spick also lists Vechtel with 108 aerial victories claimed in 860 combat missions, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and also state that he claimed 108 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. However, not all of his claims can be verified through the archives.

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 47682". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area  in size.

Awards
 Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 3 April 1944 as Feldwebel and pilot
 German Cross in Gold on 28 January 1944 as Feldwebel in the 10./Jagdgeschwader 51
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944 as pilot and Fahnenjunker-Oberfeldwebel in the 10./Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
1920 births
1975 deaths
People from Warendorf (district)
Military personnel from North Rhine-Westphalia


Ordinary Man is the tenth studio album by Irish folk artist, Christy Moore. It features songs like "Ordinary Man", "St. Brendan's Voyage" and "Another Song is Born".
The album featured songs by Peter Hames, Johnny Mulhearn, Hugh McDonald, Colm Gallagher and Floyd Red Crow Westerman; as well as some backing vocals by Enya on "Quiet Desperation", "Sweet Music Roll On" and "The Diamondtina  Drover" and some fine uilleann pipes work by Liam O'Flynn. The original release of the album featured the song "They Never Came Home" which Moore wrote for the victims and families of the Stardust fire. The song was quickly removed from the album because the lyrics were found to be libelous.

Summary
Ordinary Man, as the name suggests, was an album for the working man. The songs and music reflected the economic atmosphere of Ireland and of Great Britain at the time. The title song, "Ordinary Man", was written by Grimsby musician Peter Hames and depicts a factory worker losing his job as the plant closes down, and his struggle to survive. The album also has a strong link to Moore's Irish roots with songs like "St. Brendans Voyage" and "Delirium Tremens" both relating directly to Ireland.
Dónal Lunny played a major part in the album, writing much of the music for the songs. A long time friend of Moore, Lunny was also a member of Planxty and has worked closely with him for many years. The other former bandmates from Planxty who worked on the album were Andy Irvine and Liam O'Flynn. And Moving Hearts bandmate of both Moore and Lunny, Noel Eccles, lent some percussion aid to a couple of songs.

Songs and music
The songs and music are linked with the economic climate of Ireland at the time, the general dissatisfaction at government and still retains close links with Irish Music. Arty McGlynn, is the guitar mastermind on most of the songs on the album but the title song was written by Peter Hames and "Delerium Tremens" was written by Moore himself—"DTs" was perhaps the most memorable song from the album. It is a satirical song, directed towards the leaders in Irish politics and culture. Some of the people mentioned in the song include:
Charles Haughey, at the time Fianna Fáil leader
Ruairi Quinn, at the time a Labour TD, later the party leader
Dick Spring, at the time Labour Party leader
Roger Casement, he was captured bringing German guns to Ireland for the 1916 Rising
Alice Glenn, Fine Gael politician and moral crusader,

"St. Brendan's Voyage", another Christy Moore composition, depicts St. Brendan The Navigator and his journey in an unconventional way.

The original release of the album featured the song "They Never Came Home", which Moore wrote for the victims and families of the Stardust fire which took place on 14 February 1981, in Dublin. The song heavily criticizes the Irish government and the owners of the nightclub. At the time of the album's release an investigation into the fire had  concluded that the cause was most likely arson, a finding which was heavily contested by survivors and families of the victims. However, that meant that in Ireland the song lyrics were found to be libelous and the song was quickly removed from the album.

Track listing
Side one

"Sweet Music Roll On" (Graham Lyle, Tom McGuinness)
"Delirium Tremens" (Christy Moore)
"Ordinary Man" (Peter Hames)
"Matty" (Johnny Mulhearn)
"The Reel in the Flickering Light" (Colm Gallagher)
"The Diamondtina (sic) Drover" (Hugh McDonald)

Side two
"Blantyre Explosion" (traditional, arr. Moore/Lunny/McGlynn)
"Hard Cases" (Johnny Mulhearn)
"Continental Ceili" (Johnny Mulhearn, Christy Moore)
"St. Brendan's Voyage" (Christy Moore)
"They Never Came Home" (Christy Moore) †
"Quiet Desperation" (Floyd Red Crow Westerman)

† later pressings replaced "They Never Came Home" with "Another Song is Born", due to a lawsuit.

Personnel
Christy Moore: lead vocals, guitars
Dónal Lunny: guitars (1,4,6,7,8,9,12), keyboards (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,12), mandolins (4,8,12), bouzouki (4,8,10,11,12), vocals(911)
Arty McGlynn: guitars (1,3,4,6,7,8,9,12), pedal steel(3)
Enya Ní Bhraonáin: vocals (1,6,12)
Liam Óg O'Flynn: uilleann pipes (1,7,9,12), tin whistle (12)
Andy Irvine: mandolin (8,10), uncredited harmonica (4)?
Noel 'Nollaig' Bridgeman: accordion (6,8,9)
Noel Eccles: percussion (3), chimes (5)
Tony Molloy: bass (3)
Nicky Ryan: vocals (9)

Production
Recorded at Aigle Studio, Dublin
Produced by Dónal Lunny
Engineers: Philip Begley, Nicky Ryan

Liner notes
"My gratitude to Dónal Lunny for the tender loving care he gave to this album and for his inspiration and encouragement in all things at all times." ~ Christy Moore, June 1985

References

1985 albums
Christy Moore albums


Walmart Labs (formerly named Kosmix and @WalmartLabs) became part of Walmart Global Tech, the technology and business services organization within Walmart. Venky Harinarayan and Anand Rajaraman founded Kosmix in 2005. In April 2011, Walmart acquired Kosmix and formed @WalmartLabs, a research division, out of it. In 2016, Walmart combined Walmart Labs and its information systems division (ISD) into one team called Walmart Technology. In August 2020, Walmart Technology launched its new identity as Walmart Global Tech as part of a new technology and shared services organization within the world's largest retailer.

History

Kosmix
Harinarayan and Rajaraman were co-founders of Junglee, the first shopping search engine which was acquired by Amazon.com in 1998. They later created Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk and started an early-stage VC fund, Cambrian Ventures, that backed several companies later acquired by Google.

Kosmix expanded its focus from vertical to a horizontal search engine in June 2008, covering all subjects. For a key word or topic that a user enters, "Kosmix gathers content from across the Web to build a sort of multimedia encyclopedia entry on the fly. The company has built a taxonomy of nearly five million categories on a wide range of topics. The taxonomy includes millions of connections mapping the relationship among those categories."

Growth
In June 2007, Kosmix announced a partnership with Revolution Health, in which Revolution Health will utilize Kosmix to enhance content searches on RevolutionHealth.com.

Truveo announced in September 2007 that the company's video search engine is being used by Kosmix to present topic-relevant videos on its health site RightHealth, giving users a starting point to explore health topics.
As of March 2008, Kosmix' market-share had grown 730% year-over-year. RightHealth was the #2 health site on the Web, according to Hitwise. Kosmix launched a personal news site called MeeHive in March, 2008 which is similar to Google News or My Yahoo!, but allows users to customize their interests to a greater degree. Meehive was shut down in October 2010. Kosmix launched tweetbeat in June 2010 as it entered the social media arena.

In October 2009, Kosmix acquired Cruxlux, an engine designed to take any two people, places, or things and tell the user how they are connected. Cruxlux was founded in 2007 by Guha Jayachandran and Curtis Spencer and was in private beta at the time of the acquisition. The terms of the deal are mostly unknown, other than that it was made in both cash and stock.

In April 2011, Kosmix announced a partnership with Ask The Doctor, in which their website AskTheDoctor.com would provide Q & A format medical content for Kosmix's website RightHealth.

Acquisition by Walmart
Kosmix was acquired by Walmart in April/May 2011 and became @WalmartLabs for a rumored amount of $300 million. In June 2012, Harinarayan and Rajaraman announced that they would be leaving the company to take some time off, with no immediate plans.

In June 2013, Walmart bought predictive intelligence startup Inkiru to add analytics capabilities. In June 2018, Walmart announced it would hire 2,000 additional employees into Walmart Labs to improve the company's online grocery shopping platform. In July 2019, it acquired health tech startup FloCare and B2B wholesale trading platform BigTrade to bolster its customer service.

Walmart Global Tech
Walmart Global Tech develops and manages the foundational technologies on which Walmart Inc.'s customer experiences are built, including cloud, data, enterprise architecture, DevOps, infrastructure and security. The tech organization powers Walmart Inc. and its business units, including Walmart U.S., Sam's Club and Walmart International. It is also an enterprise services organization that develops solutions to help 2.3 million Walmart and Sam’s Club associates work and live better. Walmart Global Tech is led by Suresh Kumar, Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer and Chief Development Officer for Walmart Inc.

Notes

External links

Digital marketing companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in California
Companies based in Mountain View, California
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Walmart brands
2011 mergers and acquisitions


Eruptive vellus hair cysts (or EVHC) are small lesions that occur most often in the chest wall, abdomen and extremities, often with a crusted surface. EVHC may occur randomly, or it can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; sporadic cases usually appear at 4–18 years of age. The cysts appear similar clinically to steatocystoma multiplex, as well as acneiform eruptions and milia. Histopathology is the basis of diagnosis. Retinoids, surgery, and lasers are used as treatment modalities.

Signs/symptoms
Eruptive vellus hair cysts are small lesions that occur most often in the chest wall, abdomen and extremities, often with a crusted surface. It was first described in 1977. The cysts appear similar clinically to steatocystoma multiplex, as well as acneiform eruptions and milia.

Cause
EVHC may occur randomly, or it can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The condition affects males and females equally, and sporadic cases usually appear at 4–18 years of age.

Diagnosis
Histopathology is the basis of diagnosis. Stratified-squamous epithelium with a granular layer that surrounding a cystic space filled with laminated keratin and a variable number of vellus hair cysts is seen to be present. It can be difficult to distinguish from other skin conditions, including molluscum contagiosum and acne vulgaris but can be corroborated with histopathology.

Associations
It can be associated with Steatocystoma multiplex.

Treatment
Therapeutic techniques that are safe and effective are rare, with incision and drainage being the primary form of treatment when sporadic regression does not occur. The primary indication for treatment is cosmesis. Retinoids, surgery, and lasers are used as treatment modalities.

See also
 Steatocystoma simplex
 Milia
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Further reading

Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts


Gautier le Leu (born 1210?), sometimes referred to as Gautier le Long, was a French minstrel who wrote in the middle of the 13th century. He is one of the most important authors of fabliaux, six of which are attributed to him (mostly on erotic and scatological topics) and also wrote two dits, a poem of proverbs, and a longer narrative poem. He is thought to have originated from the County of Hainaut, in what is today Belgium. He may have received clerical training in Orléans or Cologne.

Works attributed to Gautier le Leu

Fabliaux
"Sot Chevalier" (also known as "Aventure d'Ardennes")
"Deus Vilains"
"Fol Vilain"
"Les Sohais"
"Connebert" (also known as "Le prestre ki perdi les colles")
"Prestre taint" (authorship disputed)

Dits
"Du Con"
"Des Cons"

Proverbe
"Dieu et lou Pescour"

"Romans"
"Veuve" (called "romans" by the author; usually classified as a fabliau also)

References

 31–82.

 45–49.

13th-century French poets
Year of birth uncertain
French male poets