The Special Capital Region of Jakarta in Indonesia is divided into 5 administrative cities and one regency, which in turn are divided into districts, (), and subsequently subdistricts (). In total, there are 44 districts and 267 subdistricts in Jakarta, a number that has remained constant since the most recent administrative change in 2001. South Jakarta and East Jakarta are tied with the largest number of districts with 10 each, while the Thousand Islands Regency has the least with just 2.

Central Jakarta
Central Jakarta consists of 8 districts and 44 subdistricts with area code 10110 to 10750. The list is as follows:
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North Jakarta
North Jakarta consists of 6 districts and 32 subdistricts with area code 14110 to 14470. The list is as follows:
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East Jakarta
East Jakarta consists of 10 districts and 65 subdistricts with area code 13110 to 13960. The list is as follows:
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West Jakarta
West Jakarta consists of 8 districts and 56 subdistricts with area code 11710 to 11850. The list is as follows:
</onlyinclude>

South Jakarta
West Jakarta consists of 10 districts and 65 subdistricts with area code 12110 to 12980. The list is as follows:
</onlyinclude>

Thousand Islands
</onlyinclude>

References

Jakarta
Districts


Sexually Transmitted Infections is a peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes original research, descriptive epidemiology, evidence-based reviews and comment on the clinical, public health, translational, sociological and laboratory aspects of sexual health, HIV and AIDS, from around the world. It also publishes educational articles, letters, a blog and podcasts.

It is the official journal of the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH).

Its editor-in-chief is Anna Maria Geretti (Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK).

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Web of Science Core Collection: Science Citation Index, Science Citation Index Extended; BIOSIS Reviews; Current Contents: Clinical Medicine, Life Sciences, MEDLINE (Index Medicus), PubMed Central (BMJ Open Access Special Collections), Google Scholar, Scopus, Excerpta Medica/EMBASE and CINAHL.

External links

 British Association for Sexual Health and HIV
 Australasian Chapter of Sexual Health Medicine

Sexology journals
Microbiology journals
BMJ Group academic journals
Academic journals established in 1925
English-language journals
8 times per year journals


The Women's 500m Time Trial is one of the 9 women's events at the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, held in Pruszków, Poland.

23 Cyclists from 20 countries participated in the contest. The Final was held on 25 March.

World record

Final

References

Women's 500 m time trial
UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Women's 500 m time trial


The Concept Ice Vehicle or CIV was a bio-fuelled, propeller-powered vehicle that was  developed for the Andrew Regan / Andrew Moon bid to cross the Antarctic in 2009. The Expedition was rescheduled to November 2010 and the Ice Vehicle was re-engineered and renamed the Winston Wong Bio-Inspired Ice Vehicle BIV. Professor Winston Wong is the sponsor of the Moon Regan Transantarctic Expedition 2010.
The Expedition has several key objectives: to show that the right motorised vehicles can operate successfully and efficiently in the Antarctic, to successfully complete a transantarctic crossing and to help researchers at Imperial College London gather useful data on vehicle emissions, the performance of biofuels and human performance under extreme conditions.
Few ground vehicles have, to date, been successful there; researchers who work across the continent tend to rely on air travel, which may be more environmentally damaging.

Development
The CIV was originally designed and engineered by Kieron Bradley - chassis designer for the Lotus Formula One team. Later changes and modifications were undertaken by the Expedition team and engineers at Imperial College London.

Specifications
Suspension: all-round independent suspension to cope with rough terrain and sastrugi
Engine: R259 oilhead BMW motorcycle engine, running on E85 bio-ethanol
Dimensions: 4.5m long x 4.5m wide
Weight: 690 kg
Top speed: 84 mph

Testing
The CIV underwent pre-expedition testing in Sweden in March 2009.

See also
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914-1917
Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1955-1958

References

External links
 TransantarticExpedition.com
 http://www.gizmag.com/lotus-deploys-unique-concept-ice-vehicle-to-the-antarctic/9849/

Snowmobiles


Charles W. Gehrke (18 July 1917 in New York City, New York – 10 February 2009 in Columbia, Missouri) was an American chemist, researcher and business entrepreneur.

Biography and career
Gehrke was born in New York City to a German immigrant mother (Louise Mader Gehrke) and a laborer father (Heinrich Gehrke).  The family moved to Ohio when Charles was young.  His father suffered from alcohol abuse, and when Charles was 10 years old, local police put the father on a train and told him that he would face jail for physically abusing his family if he ever returned.  Left with five small children, the mother took cleaning jobs in the nearby town (Coshocton), and the two older boys (Hank, born 1916 and Charles) worked as much as possible as field hands, often taking care of their infant brother as they worked.

Gehrke received a B.A. degree (1939), a B.S. degree in Education (1941) and an M.S. degree in Bacteriology (1941) from Ohio State University.

Gehrke served as professor of Chemistry and "chairman of the Chemistry Department" (he provided the title to a biographer in 2008, then explained that he was the only member of the department) at Missouri Valley College, whose students were largely junior officers in the United States Navy (1941–1945).  When World War II wound down he returned to OSU, instructing in Agricultural Biochemistry and working on a Ph.D.  He received the degree in 1947.  He joined the University of Missouri's Agriculture Department (1949) and remained there until retiring (1987).  At his retirement he held the titles "Professor of Biochemistry", "manager of the Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories", and "director of University Interdisciplinary Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry facility."  After retiring, Gehrke served as scientific coordinator for the Cancer Research Center in Columbia (1987-1989).

While still at MU Gehrke co-founded (with David Stalling and Jim Ussary) a company devoted to development and manufacture of chromatography instruments, Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories Inc. (ABC Labs) based in Columbia, Missouri.  In 2015, ABC Labs was bought out by EAG Laboratories, and in 2017, the firm was purchased by Eurofins. The company presently provides pharmaceutical and environmental services, and employs more than 300 people.

Gehrke met future wife Virginia Horcher at OSU.  They married Christmas Day (25 December) 1941 at Zanesville, Ohio, and she died on their anniversary day 65 years later (2006).  They had three children, two of whom survived their parents.

Gehrke published 270 peer-reviewed articles and authored or edited 9 books.  He was working on another two books at his death which were set to be published in summer and fall 2009.

Gehrke's group developed a GC method of analyzing amino acids in biological samples.

He was asked by NASA to analyze some of the Moon rocks returned by the Project Apollo missions in the 1970s, to identify any traces of extraterrestrial life.  Gehrke was chosen because of his extensive experience in the field of amino acids.  The instrument that his group used to examine the lunar materials is now housed in the Smithsonian Museum's National Air and Space Museum.  Gehrke provided this service to NASA (along with one other researcher) from 1969 to 1974.  Gehrke never lost his fascination with extraterrestrial biology; he was active in organizing conferences and working with researchers on space explorations and the future of humankind in space until he was over 80 years old.

A book outlining his life, From the Melon Fields to Moon Rocks, was published in March 2017.

Awards and honors
The Charles W. Gehrke Proteomics Center at the University of Missouri at Columbia was named in honor of Professor Gehrke.
received the Harvey W. Wiley Award from the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1971)
elected President of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1982)
received the M.S. Tswett Chromatography Memorial Medal Award from the Soviet Academy of Sciences
received the International Dal Nogare Chromatography Award
received the Ohio State University Alumni Professional Achievement Award
received the University of Missouri Senior Faculty Research Award
received the National American Chemical Society Spencer Award
member of the American Chemical Society since 1943
received the 2000 Chromatography Award from the American Chemical Society

References

20th-century American chemists
Scientists from Columbia, Missouri
University of Missouri faculty
1917 births
2009 deaths


Donald "Flash" Gordon (July 17, 1920 – January 4, 2010) was an American naval aviator and flying ace, having shot down at least seven Japanese aircraft during World War II. He was a fighter pilot in the United States Navy and a recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Biography
Gordon's first recorded kill was during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands. Flying a Grumman F4F Wildcat and out of ammunition he flew straight towards a Nakajima B5N that had just launched a torpedo towards , forcing it into the ocean. Enterprise, despite being damaged in earlier attacks, was able to dodge the torpedo. On January 30, 1943, again flying a Wildcat and heading the Enterprise fighter group, nicknamed the 'Grim Reapers', Gordon shot down at least two Mitsubishi G4Ms who were heading for Enterprise and the damaged cruiser . Although G4M torpedoes sunk Chicago, only two out of eleven G4Ms survived the encounter with the Grim Reapers, the rest were shot down.

Quotation
I never had a dogfight. I usually got head on or tail on.  They never saw us coming. That's the way to fight a war.

See also

Battle 360° television series that aired on History (American TV channel)
List of World War II aces from the United States
Naval aviation

References

1920 births
2010 deaths
United States Navy pilots of World War II
American World War II flying aces
Aviators from Kansas
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)


Christopher Ronnie (born 1961/62) is a British businessman and convicted fraudster, chief executive officer of JJB Sports from June 2007 to March 2009, when he was fired for failing to disclose the sale of his stake in the company within the required four days. In February 2009, Ronnie's lawyers said that he "has always maintained that he has not knowingly breached any disclosure obligations in relation to his shareholding" and stated Ronnie had "tendered a letter of resignation conditional upon reaching an agreement on the terms of a settlement." JJB rejected this resignation as no agreement had been met.

Ronnie had previously worked for Umbro, Sports Direct International, Pentland Group and Blane Leisure Limited.

In October 2010 Ronnie held discussions with DW Sports about purchasing the retail business from Dave Whelan's company. However, DW decided not to sell the business and issued a statement to that effect.

2014 fraud conviction
Ronnie appeared at Westminster Magistrates' Court in London on Wednesday 4 April 2012 charged with fraud, theft and money laundering. He appeared alongside a clothing manufacturer who was a key supplier to the sports retailer during Ronnie's tenure as chief executive of JJB between August 2007 and March 2009. The two arrests were the culmination of a three-year investigation by the Serious Fraud Office, which said investigations into possible offences committed by other suspects were ongoing.

On 20 November 2014, Ronnie was convicted of three counts of fraud and two of furnishing false information. He was sentenced in December 2014 to four and a half years in jail, and banned indefinitely from acting as a company director.

References

20th-century births
Living people
20th-century English criminals
British people convicted of fraud
English chief executives
English prisoners and detainees
Place of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
Year of birth missing (living people)


This is a list of association football or soccer clubs in South Africa
For a complete list see :Category:Soccer clubs in South Africa

A
Addington F.C.
African Wanderers
African Warriors F.C.
African Winners F.C.
Ajax Cape Town F.C.
Als Puk Tawana
AmaZulu F.C.
Arcadia Shepherds F.C.
Atlie FC
Avendale Athletico

B
Baroka F.C.
Batau F.C.
Battswood F.C.
Bay Academy
Bay Stars F.C.
Bay United F.C.
Bid Boys F.C.
Bidvest Wits F.C.
Bizana Pondo Chiefs F.C.
Black Leopards F.C.
Blackburn Rovers FC (South Africa)
Blackpool F.C. (South Africa)
Bloemfontein Celtic F.C.
Bloemfontein Young Tigers
Bush Bucks F.C. (2007)

C
Cape Town City F.C. (2016)
Cape Town City F.C. (NFL)
Cape Town Spurs F.C.
Carara Kicks F.C.
Casric Stars F.C.
Celtic Colts
Chippa United F.C.

D
Durban City F.C. (2009)
Durban Stars F.C.
Durban United F.C.
Dynamos F.C. (South Africa)

E
East London United F.C.

F
F.C. Cape Town
FC AK
FC Buffalo (South Africa)
Free State Stars F.C.

G
Garankuwa United F.C.
Germiston Callies F.C.

H
Hanover Park F.C.
Highlands Park F.C.
Hellenic F.C.
Hungry Lions F.C.

I
Ikapa Sporting F.C.

J
JDR Stars F.C.
Jomo Cosmos F.C.

K
Kaizer Chiefs F.C.

L
Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.
Louisvale Pirates
Lusitano F.C.

M
M Tigers F.C.
Maluti FET College F.C.
Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.
Magesi F.C.
Maritzburg F.C.
Maritzburg United F.C.
Marumo Gallants F.C.
Mbombela United F.C.
Michau Warriors
Mighty Birds
Milano United F.C.
Milford F.C.
Mitchells Plain United F.C.
MM Platinum F.C.
Moroka Swallows F.C.
Mother City F.C.
Mpumalanga Black Aces F.C.
Nathi Lions F.C.
NMMU F.C.

O
Orlando Pirates F.C.
Orbit College F.C.
OR Tambo Cosmos

P
Parkhurst Academy
Platinum Stars F.C.
Polokwane City F.C.
Polokwane United FC
Port Elizabeth Blackpool
Pretoria
Pretoria Callies F.C.

R
Rabali Blackpool
Rangers F.C. (Johannesburg)
Real Madrid (South Africa)
Richards Bay F.C.
Roses United F.C.
Royal AM

S
Santos F.C. (South Africa)
Saxon Rovers F.C.
Sekhukhune United F.C.
Sivutsa Stars F.C.
Sobantu Shooting Stars
Stellenbosch F.C.
SuperSport Tottenham Hotspur Academy
SuperSport United F.C.

T
Tembu Royals FC
Thanda Royal Zulu F.C.
TS Galaxy F.C.
Tshakhuma Tsha Madzivhandila F.C.

U
United FC (South Africa)
University of Pretoria F.C.
Upington City F.C.
Uthongathi F.C.

V
Vakhegula Vakhegula F.C.
Vasco da Gama (South Africa)
Venda F.C.

W
Western Province United F.C.
Wits University F.C.

References

clubs
South Africa
Football clubs


Live at Planet Rock Xmas Party is the first of a planned series of 'official bootlegs' by Northern Irish rock band The Answer. It was recorded live at the Islington Academy in London on 11 December 2007 for the radio station Planet Rock. During the concert Paul Rodgers joined the band on stage to sing two songs, "I'm a Mover" and "The Hunter", from his former band Free's debut album Tons of Sobs with the group.

The CD was limited to only 1,500 copies and was exclusively available for purchase through the band's website and at live concerts.

Track listing

Personnel
Cormac Neeson - Lead vocals
Paul Mahon - Guitar
Micky Waters - Bass
James Heatley - Drums
Paul Rodgers - Guest vocals on track 6 and track 9

References

The Answer (band) albums
2008 live albums


Minuscule 425 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 457 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1330.
Formerly it was designated by 67a.

Description

The codex contains the text of the Acts of the Apostles, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles on 159 parchment leaves (). The Epistle to the Hebrews is placed after Epistle to Philemon. The text is written in one column per page, in 29-31 lines per page.

It contains Prolegomena, tables of the  (tables of contents) before each sacred book, subscriptions at the end of each book, Synaxarion, Menologion, and numbers of  at the end of each book.
It is elegantly but inaccurately written.

Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V.

History

The manuscript was written by one Leo at Constantinople. It was brought from Constantinople to Vienna by Augier Busbecq together with the codex 421 and many other manuscripts. It was examined by Treschow, Alter, and Birch.
Alter used it in his edition of the Greek New Testament (vol. 2, pp. 689–740). C. R. Gregory saw it in 1881.

The manuscript was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794-1852).

The manuscript is currently housed at the Austrian National Library (Theol. gr. 221) in Vienna.

See also

 List of New Testament minuscules
 Biblical manuscript
 Textual criticism

References

Further reading

Greek New Testament minuscules
11th-century biblical manuscripts


Bethapudi is a village in Bapatla district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Repalle mandal of Tenali revenue division.

Government and politics

Bethapudi gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. The elected members of the gram panchayat is headed by a sarpanch.

See also
List of villages in Guntur district

References

Villages in Guntur district


Snowshoe Peak is a mountain in the U.S. state of Montana. At , it is the highest peak in the Cabinet Mountains of Northwestern Montana and Idaho.

Climate

See also

List of mountain peaks of North America
List of mountain peaks of the United States
List of Ultras of the United States

References

External links

 "Snowshoe Peak, Montana" on Peakbagger
 "Snowshoe Peak" on Summitpost

Mountains of Lincoln County, Montana
Mountains of Montana
Mountains of Sanders County, Montana
Kootenai National Forest


Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures, it is the sequel to Iron Man (2008) and the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux, the film stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell, Mickey Rourke, and Samuel L. Jackson. Six months after Iron Man, Tony Stark resists calls from the United States government to hand over the Iron Man technology, which is causing his declining health. Meanwhile, Russian scientist Ivan Vanko (Rourke) uses his own version of the technology to pursue a vendetta against the Stark family.

Following the critical and commercial success of Iron Man in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel. In July, Theroux was hired to write the script and Favreau was signed to return as director. Downey, Paltrow, and Jackson were set to reprise their roles from Iron Man, while Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes. In the early months of 2009, Rourke (Vanko), Rockwell, and Johansson filled out the supporting cast. Filming took place from April to July 2009, mostly in California as in the first film, except for a key sequence in Monaco. Unlike its predecessor, which mixed digital and practical effects, the sequel primarily relied on computer-generated imagery to create the Iron Man suits.

Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on April 26, 2010, and was released in the United States on May 7, as part of Phase One of the MCU. The film received praise for its action sequences and performances, although critics deemed it to be inferior to the first film. The sequel grossed over $623.9 million at the worldwide box office, making it the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2010. It received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. A sequel, Iron Man 3, was released on May 3, 2013.

Plot
In Russia, the media covers Tony Stark's disclosure of his identity as Iron Man. Ivan Vanko, whose father Anton Vanko—a former Stark Industries employee—has just died, sees this and begins building a miniature arc reactor similar to Stark's.

Six months later, Stark has become a media superstar and resists pressure to turn over his armored suits to the government. To continue the legacy of his father Howard, he re-institutes the Stark Expo in New York City's Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. Stark learns that the palladium core in the arc reactor that keeps him alive and powers the armor is slowly poisoning him, and he cannot find a substitute. Growing increasingly reckless and despondent about his impending death, and choosing not to tell anyone about his condition, Stark appoints his assistant Pepper Potts as CEO of Stark Industries and hires Stark employee Natalie Rushman to replace her as his assistant.

Stark competes in the Monaco Historic Grand Prix, where he is attacked in the middle of the race by Vanko, who wields electrified whips powered by his arc reactor. Stark dons his armor and defeats Vanko, but the suit is severely damaged. Vanko explains that he intended to prove to the world that Iron Man is not invincible. Impressed by Vanko's performance, Stark's rival, Justin Hammer, fakes Vanko's death while breaking him out of prison and asks him to build a line of armored suits to upstage Stark, though Vanko decides that unmanned drones are a better idea. During what he believes is his final birthday party, Stark gets drunk while wearing the Iron Man suit.

Disgusted, Stark's best friend, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes, dons Stark's prototype armor and tries to restrain him. The fight ends in a stalemate, and Rhodes confiscates the armor for the U.S. Air Force. Nick Fury, director of S.H.I.E.L.D., approaches Stark, revealing that "Rushman" is agent Natasha Romanoff and that Howard Stark was the S.H.I.E.L.D. founder whom Fury knew personally. Fury explains that Vanko's father and Stark invented the arc reactor together, but when Anton tried to sell it, Stark had him deported. The Soviets sent Anton to the Gulag.

Fury gives Stark some of his father's old material. In a diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo, Stark finds a diagram of the atomic structure of a new element. With the aid of his A.I., J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark determines it can replace his arc reactor's current palladium core, and successfully synthesizes it. When he learns that Vanko is still alive, he goes to Hammer's expo. As Hammer unveils Vanko's armored drones, they are led by Rhodes in a heavily weaponized version of the prototype armor, dubbed "War Machine". Just as Stark arrives to warn Rhodes, Vanko takes remote control of all the drones and Rhodes' armor and attacks Stark. Hammer is arrested for breaking Vanko out of prison while Romanoff and Stark's bodyguard Happy Hogan go after Vanko at Hammer's factory.

Vanko escapes, but Romanoff returns control of Rhodes' armor to him. Together, Stark and Rhodes defeat Vanko and his drones. Vanko dies by suicide by blowing up his suit along with the defeated drones. At a debriefing, Fury informs Stark that because of his difficult personality, S.H.I.E.L.D. intends to use him only as a consultant. Stark and Rhodes receive medals for their heroism. In a post-credits scene, S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson reports the discovery of a large hammer at the bottom of a crater in a desert in New Mexico.

Cast

 Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man: A billionaire who escaped captivity in Afghanistan with a suit of armor he created, he now struggles to keep his technology out of the government's hands. Downey and Favreau, who had been handed a script and worked from it on the first movie, conceived part of the film's story themselves. On Stark being a hero, Downey said, "It's kind of heroic, but really kind of on his own behalf. So I think there's probably a bit of an imposter complex and no sooner has he said, 'I am Iron Man–' that he's now really wondering what that means. If you have all this cushion like he does and the public is on your side and you have immense wealth and power, I think he's way too insulated to be okay." Downey put on 20 pounds of muscle to reprise the role. Six-year-old Davin Ransom portrays Tony Stark as a child.
 Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts: Stark's closest friend, budding love interest, and business partner; Pepper is promoted to CEO of Stark Industries. On her character's promotion, Paltrow opined, "When we start Iron Man 2 Pepper and Tony are very much in the same vibe... as the movie progresses, Pepper is given more responsibility and she's promoted and it's nice to see her sort of grow up in that way. I think it really suits her, the job fits her really well." Paltrow expressed excitement about working with Johansson.
 Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes / War Machine: An officer in the U.S. Air Force and Tony Stark's close personal friend who later operates the War Machine armor. Cheadle replaces Terrence Howard from the first film. Cheadle had only a few hours to accept the role and did not even know what storyline Rhodes would undergo. He commented that he is a comic book fan, but had not previously participated in comics-themed films due to the scarcity of black superheroes. Cheadle said he thought Iron Man was a robot before the first film came out. On how he approached his character, Cheadle stated, "I go, what's the common denominator here? And the common denominator was really his friendship with Tony, and that's what we really tried to track in this one. How is their friendship impacted once Tony comes out and owns 'I am Iron Man'?". Cheadle said his suit was  of metal, and that he could not touch his face while wearing it. Cheadle signed a six-picture deal.
 Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow: An undercover spy for S.H.I.E.L.D. posing as Stark's new assistant. Johansson dyed her hair red before she landed the part, hoping that it would help convince Favreau that she was right for the role. On why she chose the role, Johansson said, "the Black Widow character resonated with me... [She] is a superhero, but she's also human. She's small, but she's strong... She is dark and has faced death so many times that she has a deep perspective on the value of life... It's hard not to admire her." She stated that she had "a bit of a freak-out moment" when she first saw the cat-suit and worked closely with the stunt team to learn how to fight in it in order to "sell it". During promotion for Black Widow (2021), Johansson said the character was hyper-sexualized in Iron Man 2, specifically referring to dialogue that described her as "a piece of something, like a possession", but at the time she felt this was "like a compliment". Though she was grateful to have been a part of the film, she was more grateful that the character's portrayal had evolved to convey a more positive message by the time of Black Widow.
 Sam Rockwell as Justin Hammer: A rival weapons manufacturer. Sam Rockwell was considered for the role of Tony Stark in the first film, and he accepted the role of Hammer without reading the script. He had never heard of the character before he was contacted about the part, and was unaware Hammer is an old Englishman in the comics. Rockwell said, "I worked with Jon Favreau on this film called Made. And Justin Theroux, who wrote the script, is an old friend of mine, they sort of cooked up this idea and pitched it to Kevin Feige. What they did, they were maybe going to do one villain like they did with Jeff Bridges, but then they decided to split the villains. And really Mickey [Rourke] is the main [villain], but I come to his aid." Rockwell described his character as "plucky comic relief, but he's got a little bit of an edge".
 Mickey Rourke as Ivan Vanko / Whiplash: A Russian physicist and ex-convict who builds a pair of arc reactor-based electric whips to exact vengeance on the Stark family. The character is an amalgamation of Whiplash and Crimson Dynamo. Rourke visited Butyrka prison to research the role, and he suggested that half of the character's dialogue be in Russian. He also suggested the addition of tattoos, gold teeth and a fondness for a pet cockatoo, paying for the teeth and bird with his own money. Rourke explained that he did not want to play a "one-dimensional bad guy", and wanted to challenge the audience to see something redeemable in him. Not knowing anything about computers, Rourke described pretending to be tech-savvy as the hardest part of the role.
 Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury: Director of S.H.I.E.L.D.; Jackson signed a nine-film contract to play the character. On the subject of his character not seeing any action in the film, Jackson said, "We still haven't moved Nick Fury into the bad-ass zone. He's still just kind of a talker."

The director, Jon Favreau, reprises his role as Happy Hogan, Tony Stark's bodyguard and chauffeur, while Clark Gregg and Leslie Bibb reprise their roles as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson and reporter Christine Everhart, respectively. John Slattery appears as Tony's father Howard Stark and Garry Shandling appears as United States Senator Stern, who wants Stark to give Iron Man's armor to the government. Favreau stated that Shandling's character was named after radio personality Howard Stern. Paul Bettany again voices Stark's computer, J.A.R.V.I.S. Olivia Munn originally appeared as an unnamed character who was subsequently cut from the film. Favreau then gave her the role of Chess Roberts, a reporter covering the Stark expo. Yevgeni Lazarev appears as Ivan Vanko's father, Anton Vanko, Kate Mara portrays a process server who summons Tony to the government hearing, and Stan Lee appears as himself (but is mistaken for Larry King).

Additionally, news anchor Christiane Amanpour, political commentator Bill O'Reilly, Tesla Motors CEO Elon Musk, and Oracle Corporation CEO Larry Ellison appear as themselves. Adam Goldstein also appears as himself, and the film is dedicated to his memory. Favreau's son Max appears as a child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone. In 2017, Spider-Man: Homecoming director Jon Watts said that he had suggested to Feige that they retroactively establish this child to be the introduction of a young Peter Parker / Spider-Man to the MCU, an idea that Feige agreed was plausible, and which Spider-Man actor Tom Holland also supported.

Production

Development

Jon Favreau said it was originally his intent to create a film trilogy for Iron Man, with Obadiah Stane (Jeff Bridges) becoming Iron Monger during the sequels. After a meeting between Favreau and various comic book writers, including Mark Millar, Stane became the main villain in Iron Man. Millar argued that the Mandarin, whom Favreau originally intended to fill that role, was too fantastical. Favreau concurred, deciding, "I look at Mandarin more like how in Star Wars you had the Emperor, but Darth Vader is the guy you want to see fight. Then you work your way to the time when lightning bolts are shooting out of the fingers and all that stuff could happen. But you can't have what happened in Return of the Jedi happen in A New Hope. You just can't do it." Favreau also discussed in interviews how the films' version of Mandarin "allows us to incorporate the whole pantheon of villains". He mentioned that S.H.I.E.L.D. would continue to have a major role.

During development, Favreau said the film would explore Stark's alcoholism, but it would not be "the 'Demon in a Bottle' version". While promoting the first film, Downey stated that Stark would probably develop a drinking problem as he is unable to cope with his age, the effects of revealing he is Iron Man, and Pepper getting a boyfriend. Downey later clarified that the film was not a strict adaptation of the "Demon in a Bottle" storyline from the comic book series, but was instead about the "interim space" between the origin and the "Demon" story arc. Shane Black gave some advice on the script, and suggested to Favreau and Downey that they model Stark on J. Robert Oppenheimer, who became depressed with being "the destroyer of worlds" after working on the Manhattan Project. An early version for the film's story involved Justin Hammer creating different villains in addition to Whiplash, like Ghost, but the idea was discarded. Ghost debuted in the MCU years later in Ant-Man and the Wasp.

Pre-production
Immediately following Iron Mans release, Marvel Studios announced that they were developing a sequel, with an intended release date of April 30, 2010. In July 2008, after several months of negotiating, Favreau officially signed on to direct. That same month, Justin Theroux signed to write the script, which would be based on a story written by Favreau and Downey. Theroux co-wrote Tropic Thunder, which Downey had starred in, and Downey recommended him to Marvel. Genndy Tartakovsky storyboarded the film, and Adi Granov returned to supervise the designs for Iron Man's armor.

In October 2008, Marvel Studios came to an agreement to film Iron Man 2, as well as their next three films, at Raleigh Studios in Manhattan Beach, California. A few days later, Don Cheadle was hired to replace Terrence Howard. On being replaced, Howard stated, "There was no explanation, apparently the contracts that we write and sign aren't worth the paper that they're printed on sometimes. Promises aren't kept, and good-faith negotiations aren't always held up." Entertainment Weekly stated Favreau did not enjoy working with Howard, often re-shooting and cutting his scenes; Howard's publicist said he had a good experience playing the part, while Marvel chose not to comment. As Favreau and Theroux chose to reduce the role, Marvel came to Howard to discuss lowering his salary—Howard was the first actor hired in Iron Man and was paid the largest salary. The publication stated they were unsure whether Howard's representatives left the project first or if Marvel chose to stop negotiating. Theroux denied the part of the report which claimed the size of the role had fluctuated. In November 2013, Howard stated that, going into the film, the studio offered him far less than was in his three-picture contract, claiming they told him the second will be successful, "with or without you," and, without mentioning him by name, said Downey "took the money that was supposed to go to me and pushed me out."

In January 2009, Rourke and Rockwell entered negotiations to play a pair of villains. A few days later, Rockwell confirmed he would take the role, and that his character would be Justin Hammer. Paul Bettany confirmed that he would be returning to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Marvel entered into early talks with Emily Blunt to play the Black Widow, though she was unable to take the role due to a previous commitment to star in Gulliver's Travels. Samuel L. Jackson confirmed that he had been in discussions to reprise the role of Nick Fury from the first film's post-credits scene, but that contract disputes were making a deal difficult. Jackson stated, "There was a huge kind of negotiation that broke down. I don't know. Maybe I won't be Nick Fury."

In February, Jackson and Marvel came to terms, and he was signed to play the character in up to nine films. Downey and Rourke discussed his part during a roundtable discussion with David Ansen at the 2009 Golden Globes, and Rourke met with Favreau and Theroux to discuss the role. Rourke almost dropped out because of Marvel's initial salary offer of $250,000, but the studio raised the offer, and in March, Rourke signed on. Later that same day, Scarlett Johansson signed on to play the Black Widow. Her deal included options for multiple films, including potentially The Avengers. Prior to her casting, Johansson had also researched other Marvel characters she could play, including the Blonde Phantom and the Wasp. In April, Garry Shandling, Clark Gregg, and Kate Mara joined the cast.

Filming

Principal photography began April 6, 2009, at the Pasadena Masonic Temple, with the working title Rasputin. The bulk of the production took place at Raleigh Studios, though other locations were also used. Scenes were filmed at Edwards Air Force Base from May 11 through May 13. The location had also been used for Iron Man, and Favreau stated that he felt the "real military assets make the movie more authentic and the topography and the beauty of the desert and flightline open the movie up". The Historic Grand Prix of Monaco action sequence was shot in the parking lot of Downey Studios, with sets constructed in May and filming lasting through June. Permission to film in Monaco prior to the 2009 Monaco Grand Prix had initially been awarded, but was later retracted by Bernie Ecclestone. The filmmakers shipped one Rolls-Royce Phantom there and filmed a track sequence in which race cars were later digitally added. Tanner Foust took on the role of driving Stark's racing car. Also in June, it was reported that John Slattery had joined the film's cast as Howard Stark. Olivia Munn was also cast, in an unspecified role.

A massive green screen was constructed at the Sepulveda Dam to film a portion of the Stark Expo exterior, with the rest either shot at an area high school or added digitally. To construct the green screen, hundreds of shipping containers were stacked, covered in plywood and plaster, and then painted green. For the conclusion of that climactic scene, which the crew dubbed the "Japanese Garden" scene, a set was built inside Sony Studios in Los Angeles. Filming lasted 71 days, and the film's production officially wrapped on July 18, 2009. A post-credits scene depicting the discovery of a large hammer was filmed on the set of Thor, and some of it was reused in the film. Jon Favreau revealed that the scene was filmed with anamorphic lenses to match Thor, and was directed by Kenneth Branagh, the director of Thor.

Post-production
In January 2010, IMAX Corporation, Marvel, and Paramount announced that the film would receive a limited release on digital IMAX screens. It was not shot with IMAX cameras, so it was converted into the format using the IMAX DMR technology. The film underwent reshoots in February. Olivia Munn's original role was cut, but she was given a new role during the reshoots.

Janek Sirrs was the film's visual effects supervisor, and Industrial Light & Magic did the majority of the effects, as it did on the first film. ILM's visual effects supervisor on the film, Ben Snow, said their work on the film was "harder" than their work on the first, stating that Favreau asked more of them this time around. Snow described the process of digitally creating the suits:

ILM created 527 shots for the film, using programs such as Maya. Perception worked on over 125 shots for the film. They crafted gadgets, such as Tony Stark's transparent LG smartphone, and created the backdrops for the Stark Expo as well as the computer screen interfaces on the touch-screen coffee table and the holographic lab environment. In total, 11 visual effect studios worked on the film.

Music

A soundtrack album featuring AC/DC was released by Columbia Records on April 19, 2010, in at least three different versions: basic, special and deluxe. The basic edition includes the CD; the special edition contains a 15-track CD, a 32-page booklet and a DVD featuring interviews, behind-the-scenes footage, and music videos; and the deluxe includes a reproduction of one of Iron Man's first comic book appearances. Only 2 songs on the soundtrack actually appear in the movie. Although not included on the soundtrack album the film includes songs by The Average White Band, The Clash, Queen, Daft Punk, 2Pac and Beastie Boys.

The film score was released commercially as Iron Man 2: Original Motion Picture Score on July 20, 2010, featuring 25 tracks. John Debney composed the score with Tom Morello, with composer Richard M. Sherman of the Sherman Brothers contributing the Stark Expo theme song, "Make Way for Tomorrow Today".

Marketing

At the 2009 San Diego Comic Con, a five-minute trailer for the movie was shown. Actors portraying Stark Industries recruiters handed out business cards with an invitation to apply. A website for Stark Industries went online, with an attached graphic of a "napkin memo" from Stark to Potts announcing that Stark Industries no longer made weapons. Another section featured an online application. It was confirmed that the first theatrical trailer would premiere in front of Sherlock Holmes (another Robert Downey Jr. film). This trailer was released online on December 16, 2009. A new trailer was shown by Robert Downey Jr. on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on March 7 after the Academy Awards. Promotional partners included Symantec, Dr Pepper, Burger King, 7 Eleven, Audi, LG Electronics and Hershey.

Author Alexander C. Irvine adapted the script into a novel, also titled Iron Man 2, that was released in April 2010. Prior to the film release, Marvel Comics released a four-issue miniseries comic book titled Iron Man vs Whiplash, which introduced the film's version of Whiplash into the Marvel Universe. A three-issue prequel miniseries titled Iron Man 2: Public Identity was released in April.

An Iron Man 2 video game was released by Sega on May 4, 2010, in North America, written by The Invincible Iron Man scribe Matt Fraction. The Wii version was developed by High Voltage Software and all console versions were published by Sega, while Gameloft published the mobile game. The game's Comic-Con trailer showed that the Crimson Dynamo was set to appear as a villain. Cheadle and Jackson voice their respective characters in the games. The trailer revealed that A.I.M, Roxxon Energy Corporation, and Ultimo (depicted as a man named Kearson DeWitt in a large armor suit) are enemies in the game as well as revealing that the wearer of the Crimson Dynamo armor is General Valentin Shatalov. The game received "generally unfavorable" reviews, with a Metacritic score of 41% for both the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions.

Release

Theatrical
Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California, on April 26, 2010, and was released in 6,764 theaters (48 IMAX) across 54 countries between April 28 and May 7, before going into general release in the United States on May 7, 2010. In the United States, it opened at 4,380 theaters, 181 of which were IMAX. The international release date of the film was moved forward to increase interest ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup association football tournament. Iron Man 2 is part of Phase One of the MCU.

Home media
On September 28, 2010, the film was released by Paramount Home Entertainment on DVD and Blu-ray. The film was also collected in a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled", which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on April 2, 2013.

Reception

Box office
Iron Man 2 earned $312.4 million in the United States and Canada, as well as $311.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $623.9 million. Since the film was included in a predetermined legacy distribution deal that was signed before The Walt Disney Company purchased Marvel, Paramount Pictures distributed the film and collected 8% of the box office, while the remaining portion went to Disney.

Iron Man 2 earned $51 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $7.5 million from Thursday previews), for a total weekend gross of $128 million, which was the fifth-highest opening weekend ever, at the time, behind The Dark Knight, Spider-Man 3, The Twilight Saga: New Moon, and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest. It also had the highest opening for a 2010 movie and Paramount's highest opening weekend. The film yielded an average of $29,252 per theater. IMAX contributed $9.8 million, which was the highest opening weekend for a 2D IMAX film, surpassing Star Trek's previous record of $8.5 million. Iron Man 2 is the third-highest-grossing film of 2010 in the United States and Canada, behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland.

Iron Man 2 launched in six European markets with number-one openings on Wednesday, April 28, 2010, for a total of $2.2 million. It earned $100.2 million its first five days from 53 foreign markets, for a strong average of $14,814 per site. IMAX Corporation reported grosses of $2.25 million, surpassing the previous record-holder for an IMAX 2D release, 2009's Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen ($2.1 million). It was the seventh-highest-grossing film of 2010 internationally, behind Toy Story 3, Alice in Wonderland, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, Inception, Shrek Forever After, and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.

Critical response

The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of , with an average score of , based on  reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "It isn't quite the breath of fresh air that Iron Man was, but this sequel comes close with solid performances and an action-packed plot." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average rating of 57 out of 100, based on 40 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on a scale of A+ to F, the same score as its predecessor.

Brian Lowry of Variety stated, "Iron Man 2 isn't as much fun as its predecessor, but by the time the smoke clears, it'll do". Anthony Lane of The New Yorker said, "To find a comic-book hero who doesn't agonize over his supergifts, and would defend his constitutional right to get a kick out of them, is frankly a relief". David Edelstein of New York Magazine wrote, "It doesn't come close to the emotional heft of those two rare 2s that outclassed their ones: Superman II and Spider-Man 2. But Iron Man 2 hums along quite nicely". Roger Ebert gave it 3 stars out of 4, stating, "Iron Man 2 is a polished, high-octane sequel, not as good as the original but building once again on a quirky performance by Robert Downey Jr". Frank Lovece of Film Journal International, a one-time Marvel Comics writer, said, "In a refreshing and unexpected turn, the sequel to Iron Man doesn't find a changed man. Inside the metal, imperfect humanity grows even more so, as thought-provoking questions of identity meet techno-fantasy made flesh."

Conversely, Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter stated, "Everything fun and terrific about Iron Man, a mere two years ago, has vanished with its sequel. In its place, Iron Man 2 has substituted noise, confusion, multiple villains, irrelevant stunts and misguided story lines."

Accolades

Sequel

After the release of Iron Man 2, Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay Paramount at least $115 million for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3 and The Avengers. Iron Man 3 was released on May 3, 2013. Shane Black directed the film, from a screenplay by Drew Pearce. Downey, Paltrow, Cheadle, and Favreau reprised their roles, while Ben Kingsley played Trevor Slattery, Guy Pearce played Aldrich Killian, and Rebecca Hall played Maya Hansen.

See also
 List of films featuring powered exoskeletons
 "What If... the World Lost Its Mightiest Heroes?", an episode of the MCU television series What If...? that reimagines some events of this film

Notes

References

External links

 Stark Expo viral marketing website (archived)

2010 science fiction action films
2010 science fiction films
2010s adventure films
2010s American films
2010s English-language films
2010s superhero films
American films about revenge
American science fiction action films
American science fiction adventure films
American sequel films
Drone films
Films about technological impact
Films directed by Jon Favreau
Films scored by John Debney
Films set in California
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Monaco
Films set in New Mexico
Films set in Queens, New York
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Monaco
Films with screenplays by Justin Theroux
IMAX films
Iron Man (film series)
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One films
Paramount Pictures films


Jean Hepburn, Lady Darnley, Mistress of Caithness, Lady Morham (died 1599) was a Scottish noblewoman and a member of the Border clan of Hepburn. Her brother was James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, the third husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. Jean's first husband was John Stewart, 1st Lord Darnley, an illegitimate half-brother of Queen Mary, which made Jean a double sister-in-law of the queen. Jean married three times. She was also Lady of Morham, having received in 1573 the barony of Morham and lands which had belonged to her mother, Lady Agnes Sinclair and was forfeited to the Crown subsequent to her brother, the Earl of Bothwell's attainder for treason.

Life
Lady Jean Hepburn was born at Crichton Castle, Midlothian, Scotland, the daughter of Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell and Lady Agnes Sinclair. Her parents obtained a divorce sometime before 16 October 1543, and Jean's mother was henceforth styled Lady Morham until her death in 1572.

Jean's paternal grandparents were Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell and Agnes Stewart, and her maternal grandparents were Henry Sinclair, 3rd Lord St. Clair and Margaret Hepburn.

Lady Jean was sometimes known as Jane or Janet. She was sometimes called the "Mistress of Bothwell". In January 1560, the English agent Thomas Randolph wrote that he knew some scandal concerning Jean, 'a mirrie matter, worthe the reporting,' but gave no further detail.

Her brother was James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who would achieve notoriety as the third husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. He married firstly in February 1566, Lady Jean Gordon, a wealthy Highlands heiress, who was the sister of George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly. Bothwell and Jean were divorced on 7 May 1567, and eight days later, he married Queen Mary.

On 8 October 1573 at Edinburgh, a Tack was made to Jean Hepburn of the lands and barony of Morham which had originally belonged to her mother, and had been forfeited to the Crown subsequent to her brother the Earl of Bothwell's attainder for treason.

Marriages and children
Jean Hepburn was "handfasted" to Robert Lauder younger of the Bass, on 24 July 1566, but the marriage was not completed.

On 4 January 1562, Jean Hepburn married John Stewart, an illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland by his mistress Elizabeth Carmichael. The wedding was celebrated at Crichton Castle and the festivities afterwards were hosted by her brother, the Earl of Bothwell. Queen Mary attended the wedding along with her other illegitimate half-brother and chief adviser James Stewart, Earl of Moray. The English diplomat Thomas Randolph heard there was "much good sport and pastimes".

John Stewart was created 1st Lord Darnley that same year. They had three children:
 Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell (December 1562 – 4 November 1613 Naples, Italy), who married Lady Margaret Douglas, daughter of David Douglas, 7th Earl of Angus and Margaret Hamilton, by whom he had six children.
 Christian Stewart, who was appointed to rock the cradle of James VI in 1568.
 Marjorie Stewart, who married (1) William Sinclair of Underhoull, Unst, (2) William Bruce of Symbister

John Stewart died in November 1563. Jean Hepburn married secondly John Sinclair, Master of Caithness, by whom she had five children:
 George Sinclair, 5th Earl of Caithness (c. 1566 – February 1643), married 29 July 1585 Lady Jean Gordon, daughter of George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly and Lady Anne Hamilton, by whom he had five children.
 Sir James Sinclair, married Elizabeth Stewart, by whom he had four children.
 Sir John Sinclair (died after 21 December 1627), married Janet Sutherland, by whom he had one son.
 Bessie Sinclair (died after 19 July 1574), married George MccLellan.
 Marie Sinclair (died after 20 February 1582), who married Sir John Home of Coldenknowes, their grandson was James Home, 3rd Earl of Home.

In 1567, following the Earl of Bothwell's abduction of Queen Mary to Dunbar Castle where he held her in captivity until she agreed to marry him, Jean Hepburn served as one of the queen's companions along with Janet Beaton, Bothwell's former mistress, and her sister, Margaret Beaton, Lady Reres. The queen was very fond of her former sister-in-law Jean, and gave her presents of a sequined crimson petticoat and a taffeta cloak. Shortly afterwards on 15 May, Queen Mary's disastrous marriage to Bothwell took place, making Jean Hepburn once again the sister-in-law of the queen.

Jean and her second husband, the Master of Sinclair, were divorced on 17 July 1575. He died in September 1575 in captivity after being imprisoned by his father following a quarrel.

In 1578, Jean married her third husband, Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas, a diplomat and political intriguer. He was involved in the conspiracy to assassinate Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and was present at the Kirk o'Field on the night of the murder. In 1581, warned of his impending arrest for complicity in Lord Darnley's murder, he fled from Jean Hepburn's tower-house at Morham to England. On 21 November 1581, he was forfeited by an Act of Parliament. At his trial on 26 May 1586, he was acquitted of the murder.

Jean died in 1599 at Caithness. Her will was probated on 27 July 1599.

References
 Antonia Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, Dell Publishing Co., Inc., New York, March 1971, originally published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969
 N. Brysson Morrison, Mary, Queen of Scots, The Vanguard Press, New York, 1960

Notes

16th-century Scottish women
1599 deaths
History of the Scottish Borders
16th-century Scottish people
Daughters of Scottish earls
Year of birth unknown


Zion Pinyan (, born 1951) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Likud between 2009 and 2013.

Biography
Born in Morocco, Pinyan made aliyah to Israel in 1956. He trained to be a Hebrew and Maths teacher, and worked in education, eventually becoming principal of Tiberias High School. He has also lectured in mathematics at Ohalo College.

He served as a member of the city's local council for twenty years, of which fifteen (1989 to 1994) was spent as deputy mayor. He chaired the committee for Planning and Construction of Tiberias and it Environs and served as a director of the neighborhood restoration project in Tiberias and the Galilee, as well as chairing the Tiberias community centers.

Prior the 2006 Knesset elections he was placed twenty-fourth on the Likud list, but missed out on a seat as the party won only 12 seats. For the 2009 elections he won twenty-second place on the Likud list, and entered the Knesset as the party won 27 seats.

For the 2013 elections Pinyan was placed 65th on the joint Likud Yisrael Beiteinu list, losing his seat as the alliance won only 31 seats.

Pinyan currently lives in Tiberias and is married with six children.

References

External links

1951 births
Living people
Deputy mayors of places in Israel
Members of the Knesset with disabilities
Israeli educators
Israeli Jews
Israeli politicians with disabilities
Jewish Israeli politicians
Likud politicians
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Moroccan emigrants to Israel
20th-century Moroccan Jews
Academic staff of Ohalo College
People from Tiberias
Educators with disabilities


Wayfarers is a pencil and paper role-playing game (RPG) released in the fall of 2008 by the Ye Olde Gaming Companye (YOGC). It was created by Jimmy T. Swill and Gregory Vrill. The names Jimmy Swill and Gregory Vrill are used within the book as names for example characters.

Wayfarers is a swords and sorcery fantasy RPG, and it references the Wizards of the Coast (WoTC) Open Gaming License (OGL) and System Reference Document (SRD), an open source document allowing publishers to employ material from the d20 system version of the Dungeons & Dragons RPG, which is published by the WoTC. In addition, the YOGC publishes Wayfarers under its own Open Gaming License.

Wayfarers is similar in style and form to the first edition of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson, but has a classless skill-based player character creation system and employs character proficiencies similar to those in the 2nd edition of AD&D by David "Zeb" Cook.

Despite referencing the WoTC SRD, Wayfarers is not true to the mechanics of D&D as games such as Labyrinth Lord, OSRIC, and Swords & Wizardry which also reference the SRD, and due to their similarities to this source material are often called retro-clones or simulacra. As an example, unlike D&D, armor in Wayfarers reduces damage, and there is no Armor Class. It has been suggested that Wayfarers is a 're-imagining' of D&D, wherein the game evolved towards a class-less, level-less approach like GORE. The game is sold in hardcover, paperback and PDF. The YOGC and the "YOGC community" produces a publication called the "Wayfarers Guild Journal" that supplements the game, with the first issue published 01/19/09.

Wayfarers was revised and released by Mongoose Publishing in March 2012.

References

Fantasy role-playing games
Role-playing games introduced in 2008


Håkan Andersson, nicknamed Håkan Bråkan, is the younger brother of Sune Andersson, the main character in the Swedish Sune series, a series of books. Sune finds Håkan very annoying, having given him the nickname "Håkan Bråkan" which roughly translates to Håkan the Troublemaker.

Since 1998, these are also spin-off-books with Håkan as the main character. In December 2003, Håkan became the main character in Sveriges Television's Christmas calendar, a TV-series with the same name.

Spinoff books

References

External links
 Känner du familjen Andersson?

Child characters in literature
Male characters in literature
Literary characters introduced in 1983
Spin-offs
Book series introduced in 1998


The Bristol Seely was entered into an Air Ministry competition for safe civil aeroplanes held in 1920. It was a single-engine biplane with accommodation for one passenger. After the competition, the single Seely was used as a testbed for the Bristol Jupiter engine development programme.

Development
The 1920 civil aeroplane competition emphasised safety in terms of a short takeoff and slow landing speed as well as useful load and economy. The rules of the competition were released in July 1919 and Bristol decided that a modification of the Tourer was their best hope. The single passenger was enclosed in a cabin immediately behind the pilot's open cockpit, with a raised roof and windows in the decking where the second seat in the Tourer had been. In addition, the fuselage was deepened by dropping the lower longerons and floor to the lower wing spar. Ahead of the pilot, the fuselage bays were built from steel rather than wood spars. The single-axle main undercarriage carried wheels with disc brakes; there was a central skid to prevent nosing over and fenders under the wingtips. The tailskid was steerable and sprung.

The Seely was a three-bay biplane with greater wing area than the Tourer, with ailerons on both upper and lower wings. The rudder was horn-balanced and the fin area generous. For the competition, it was powered by a water-cooled upright inline 240 hp (180 kW) Siddeley Puma with a large nose radiator behind the wooden two-blade propeller.

There were only two other aircraft in the competition, held at RAF Martlesham Heath in August 1920, the Westland Limousine and the Sopwith Antelope. In the end, the Westland was the winner.

After the competition, Bristol retained the Seely for general duties until 1923, when it was converted into a testbed for Jupiter development, being purchased by the Air Ministry for use with the Royal Aircraft Establishment. It was fitted with a 435 hp (324 kW) Jupiter III nine-cylinder radial engine driving a steel two-bladed Leitner-Watts propeller. The Jupiter had an exhaust-driven supercharger  to enhance high-altitude performance, raising the Seely's service ceiling from 18,000 ft (5,490 m) with the Puma to 24,000 ft (8,230 m). At these altitudes, the enclosed cabin provided the observer with welcome relief from the elements.

The name
Seely is not a common English word, nor does it seem to be a place name. The Oxford English Dictionary has an entry for it marked as obsolete, except in dialect: like many words it lost its positive meanings as time went by, but in Early English (c.1200) it could mean either punctual, or fortunate /blessed. These are desirable characteristics of an airliner, though it is not known if Bristol had this in mind.

Alternatively, the name may be in honour of Jack Seely who was Secretary of State for War from June 1912 to March 1914. He is credited with a keen interest in the infant Royal Flying Corps, founded in May 1912.

Specifications (Puma)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British airliners
Seely


Kelly Knox (born 1984) is a British fashion model. She has been voted one of the most influential disabled people in the UK, and is one of the few fashion models in the world with a physical disability. Knox became one of the first models with a disability to star at London Fashion Week in 2017.

Early life
Kelly Knox was born in Enfield, North London and raised in both Enfield and Poplar, East London. She was born without a left forearm but, from the age of seven, refused to wear a prosthetic arm and since then has never used a prosthesis.

Career
In 2008, she was the winner of the BBC Three Reality TV show, Britain's Missing Top Model. One of eight disabled women contestants, among her competitors were two deaf women, a wheelchair user and a woman with one leg. As the winner of Britain's Missing Top Model, she won a photoshoot with top fashion photographer, Rankin, and a feature in Marie Claire magazine.
Unlike Britain's Next Top Model, a modelling contract was not part of the prize, but she was offered an introduction to Take 2 Models (London) who signed her after the show but shortly after went into administration. She has since been signed to a number of modelling agencies.

In August 2023, Knox was signed to Base Models agency.

Television
Knox has featured in two series of Gok Wan's How to Look Good Naked television series.  She has also appeared on television in Celebrity Ready Steady Cook with Jonathan Phang, and has modelled and been interviewed on This Morning and BBC Breakfast.

In 2013, she starred as a lead actress in the second series of Channel 4's hidden camera series I'm Spazticus, that seeks to change perceptions of disabilities.

In 2020, she appeared as a celebrity judge on the second episode of Sky TV's Rankin's 2020, in his search for the best photographers, capturing the spirit of that extraordinary year in pictures taken by members of the public.

Modelling
She has modelled in catwalk shows such as London Fashion Week and in September 2016, she walked on Carrie Hammer's runway as part of New York Fashion Week., and walked in the 'Trends for 2013 Fashion Show' for Procter & Gamble Beauty 'Vision House' in Beijing. She has featured in advertising campaigns for VO5 and Samsung. Knox continued to break fashion barriers in 'Tenk Nytt' or 'Think New' advertising campaign for Oslo City.

In April 2013, it was announced that Knox would feature in the latest campaign for high-street store Debenhams, the first high street chain to use disabled models in its campaigns. Knox's photo was featured in British Vogue magazine in April 2013. The imagery supposedly "celebrates diversity in the retail sector".

Magazines include: Marie Claire UK (2008), a cover for Diva (2010) and Marie Claire China (2013). Knox was interviewed for Australian disability magazine Link, for their October 2014 issue. Knox featured in Fabulous Magazine, Feb 2016. She has appeared twice on the cover of Grazia magazine, in 2020 and in 2018.

She has worked in the UK, United States, Germany, China, Norway and Pakistan.

Knox shot for exclusive Parisian Fashion brand Yperlab in October 2014.

In 2018, Knox fronted a modelling campaign for Primark. In 2021, she fronted Asda's new maternity campaign.

Campaign Work
In 2008, Knox launched a charity auction of celebrity shoes to raise money for landmine victims in aid of the Mines Advisory Group. She also worked with youth and education charity Raleigh. In 2013, Knox became an ambassador for Reach Charity, the association for children with upper limb deficiency.

In 2013, Knox presented a short video for United Response creative disability project 'Postcards from the Edges', to encourage other people affected by disability to create a postcard of their own to express what is important to them.

As part of the London College of Fashion's Better Lives Seminar on 10 March 2014, she spoke about "Ableism in Fashion".

On three occasions (2014, 2016 and 2017), Knox was voted one of the top 100 most influential people with a disability by the Shaw Trust and  listed in the Power 100.

In early 2016 she co-founded the Diversity Not Disability campaign to promote equal opportunities for models with disabilities.

In 2016 Knox was shortlisted for Celebrity of The Year at The National Diversity Awards.

Knox was interviewed by Lou Stoppard at Nick Knight's Showstudio.com as part of their Prosthetics: Conversations, talking about the fashion industry's treatment of diverse bodies and her decision not to wear a prosthetic arm.

Knox is an ambassador (2016) for Parallel London and Disability Confident. In 2018, she was invited to give a TED (conference) talk in Glasgow.

References

External links

Living people
Models from London
People from Enfield, London
1984 births
English people with disabilities
English female models
Models with disabilities


Tetrapteryx may refer to:

Tetrapteryx capensis, junior synonym of Anthropoides paradiseus, the blue crane
The Tetrapteryx stage, a theoretical stage in the evolution of bird flight proposed by William Beebe