The Biblioteca Riccardiana is an Italian public library under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture, located inside the Palazzo Medici Riccardi at 10 Via de’ Ginori in Florence, in the neighborhood comprising the Mercato Centrale and the Basilica di San Lorenzo. Its main feature is preserving books collected by members of the Riccardi family and making them available in the very same rooms that were originally dedicated to that purpose. So, still today the library boasts the magnificent bookshelves, neatly carved and gilded, that create the atmosphere of a late-seventeenth-century patrician library, whose main features have all been kept intact.

Adjacent to this library is the Biblioteca Moreniana; although attached to one another, these libraries have a different history. They are also two separate entities from an administrative point of view, as the Moreniana is under the aegis of the Florence City Council.

A history of the library and its rooms
The Biblioteca Riccardiana is housed on the back side of what was originally the Palazzo Medici (later and still today known as Palazzo Medici-Riccardi). The palace was purchased by Gabriello Riccardi (1606-1675) in March 1659. The entrance to the library is on Via de’ Ginori.

Replacing the family of the Tuscan grand dukes as owners of a building as rich in history as Palazzo Medici was a sort of consecration for the Riccardi, who came from humble origins and had only recently attained their noble status. At a time when the Riccardi’s patrimony was inferior only to that of the Medici, Francesco di Cosimo (1648-1719) decided to invest the formidable sum of 115,000 “scudi” to restore, enlarge, and decorate the palace that his family had just bought.  That led first to a complete change in the Riccardi’s life and eventually to their financial collapse.

Marquis Francesco decided to readapt some rooms on the back side of the palace (on what is today Via de’ Ginori) to create a sort of “private museum” bringing together the various family collections that had hitherto been preserved in the family house on Via Gualfonda (in the building that is now 4 Via Valfonda in Florence). Those collections consisted of medallions, bronzes, gems, cameos, ivories, and works of goldsmithery as well as the library that Francesco’s great-uncle Riccardo Romolo (1558-1612) had started putting together. The works commissioned by Francesco went on for about thirty years; they were temporarily stopped around 1670 (to purchase some adjacent apartments necessary to enlarge the palace) and then resumed at a fast pace. In 1689, when those works (including the façade on the Via Larga) were not finished yet, the gallery painted by Luca Giordano was inaugurated. The occasion was an event that involved the whole city, that is, the lavish celebrations for the wedding between Ferdinando de’ Medici (the grand duke’s eldest son) and Violante Beatrice of Bavaria.

The artists in charge of restoring and enlarging the palace were – in chronological order – Ferdinando Tacca, Pier Maria Baldini, and Giovanni Battista Foggini. The latter was also entrusted with designing the interiors, while it fell to Luca Giordano (one of the most admired painters of the time, nicknamed “Speedy Luca” because of his ability at painting quickly) to decorate the ceilings of the main areas, i.e., the hall and the library.

The gallery and the library (the latter corresponding to what is now the reading room in the “Biblioteca Riccardiana”) were initially conceived as a single unit. For this reason, they share the same decorative program. The hall (which should be considered as a late Baroque Wunderkammer) served as a majestic vestibule leading to the library.  The frescos by Giordano follow the program designed by Senator Alessandro Segni (scholar, secretary to the Accademia della Crusca, admired man of letters and tutor to Francesco). The fresco in the hall depicts the various stages in human life and its consequences (either rewards or punishments); the scenes represent human beings engaged in diverse activities, the personifications of the four seasons, and mythological figures against a natural background. The theme in the library’s vault instead is the path to wisdom, understanding, and knowledge. The title of this scene – which was also painted by Luca Giordano (1685) – is “The Mind Understands the Truth”. In comparison with the fresco in the hall, this work is less complex and with a small number of figures, i.e., the personification of Divinity at the top, a naked maiden (the Truth), Theology, the Mind between the Science and the Philosophy at the bottom. The underlying meaning is as follows: understanding (which the Riccardi family promotes) allows human beings to raise above their natural state, thus ascending towards the light of truth. The latter is connected both with faith (thanks to Theology) but also with science, which we can reach in our earthly life through research and the use of human intelligence.
Francesco Riccardi also chose the furnishings and the kind of wood to be used for the furniture. To this purpose he hired two Florentine artisans, Tommaso and Giuseppe Stecchi, who had both to provide the wood and build the bookshelves. For the hall where he would give his parties, instead, Francesco had a series of wardrobes come from Rome and placed next to mirrors painted by Anton Domenico Gabbiani, Bartolomeo Bimbi, and Pandolfo Reschi.
In 1691 the two rooms inside the library today known as “Sala Esposizione” and “Sala Catalogo” were also painted to continue the decorative program that had until then involved only the most important areas inside the building. In both cases the topic addressed by the frescos is human destiny. The painters entrusted with decorating those rooms were Tommaso Nasini (1663-1746) and his cousin Giuseppe Nicola (1657-1736). The fresco in the Sala Esposizione is known as “Hercules at the Crossroads” (or “Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides”), while the one in the Sala Catalogo shows “Jove Striking the Giants with His Thunderbolt”.
The Biblioteca Riccardiana was further enlarged in the second half of the XVIII century, after the subdeacon Gabriello Riccardi (1705-1798) purchased more real estate property in 1786. A true bibliophile, Gabriello commissioned – in neoclassical style – what is now the director’s office, which he dedicated to the Muses and Minerva. Allusions to classical culture can also be seen in the ceiling corners, whose four painted cameos hint at ancient works in semiprecious stones with portraits of famous philosophers and poets such as Cicero, Virgil, Homer, and Plato. The imposing bookshelves covering the walls on both levels of the director’s office and the adjacent Sala Esposizione also date from those same years; access to the second floor is through a stairway placed behind a revolving set of bookshelves.
When the Riccardi went bankrupt in the early XIX century the family library and the museum were auctioned. In view of the auction, a catalogue (titled Inventario e stima della Libreria Riccardi) was published in 1810 and circulated both in Italy and in the main cities north of the Alps. Two years later, at the auction, a group of bookdealers (Piatti, Pagani, Todini, and Casini) bought the whole library collection for 98,000 “franchi.” They soon tried to sell it to the City of Florence for 130,000 “franchi.” Eventually an agreement was reached for 110,000 “franchi” to be paid within three years’ time. Having received permission to spend this sum from the Ministry of Interior Affairs, on April 29, 1813, the city council announced that the library had been purchased.
Consequently, no fewer than 3,590 manuscripts, 617 incunables and rare editions as well as 18,257 printed volumes became public property. The two Riccardi librarians – Francesco Fontani and Luigi Rigoli – were put in charge of the newly acquired book collection; they were to serve for free and make the library accessible to the public. In 1815, at the time of the so-called “Restauration Period,” the library became property of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and passed under its control. Nevertheless, its public nature was preserved and on October 9 that year it was once again opened to the public. Things, however, were far from simple, especially after one of the two librarians mentioned in Gabriello Riccardi’s will – Fontani – passed away in 1819. At that point, the only librarian left in charge of the Riccardiana – Rigoli – had to oppose a project aimed at merging that library with the Biblioteca Marucelliana.
In 1876 the “prefetto” of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze was tasked to manage the Riccardiana as well. He continued to serve in this role until 1884. Eventually, in 1898, the director of the Biblioteca Laurenziana was assigned to oversee the Riccardiana too. After World War I the Riccardiana was closed for over twenty years, until 1942, when it opened again as a separate library, provided with its own administration. Like all state libraries, it fell under the Italian Ministry of Culture (specifically, the department known as “Direzione Generale Biblioteche e Diritto d’Autore”).

The making of the book collections

The library boasts a considerable number of books, consisting of both printed volumes and manuscripts; the latter preserve many texts that have not been either published or properly catalogued yet. It is thus not unusual to make new discoveries when reading those sources. The Riccardiana currently houses 4,460 bound manuscripts and 5,620 unbound folios, which include collections once owned by such scholars as Giovanni Lami, Giovan Battista Fagiuoli, Lorenzo Mehus, and Mario Pieri. As for its printed books, the Riccardiana holds a collection of 73,342 volumes, including 725 incunables and 3,880 sixteenth-century editions.
The manuscript collection shows how the Biblioteca Riccardiana has managed to bring together a large number of extraordinary private libraries (mostly Florentine and Tuscan ones dating from the XV and the XVI centuries) that the Riccardi family bought over a long period of time. In doing so, the Riccardi purchased significant portions of book collections that originally belonged to such famous figures as Ficino, Landino, Bracciolini, Crinito, Fonzio, Nicodemo Francesco Tranchedini, and Benedetto Varchi or important families like the Pandolfini, Minerbetti, Nesi, Adimari, and Medici.
An inventory dating from 1632 informs us that the Riccardi library at the time consisted of almost 500 books (including both manuscripts and printed editions). A major change occurred when over 5,000 printed books and 249 manuscripts were added to the library at the death of Vincezio Capponi in 1688. That addition was part of the dowry of his daughter Cassandra, who married Francesco Riccardi; this increased the family’s book collection substantially. Meanwhile Francesco, in addition to receiving the former Capponi library, increased his own family’s collection by purchasing many books, mostly during his grand tour and while living in Rome from 1699 to 1705. Once back in Florence in the Via Larga family building, he commissioned the inventories of his own museum collections. The book catalogue was prepared in 1706 by the first Riccardi librarian, the priest Filippo Modesto Landi (d. 1756), who in 1733 was succeeded by Giovanni Lami (1679-1770). Eventually, Lami published in several instalments – between 1744 and 1756 – what can be considered the first alphabetical catalogue of the Riccardi manuscripts.
Cosimo’s four sons took after their grandfather Francesco regarding the passion for books. This was particularly the case with Gabriello (1705-1798). A clergyman – and, more specifically, a subdeacon – Gabriello played an extraordinary role both in increasing and preserving the family library. First of all, he decided to separate the library’s destiny from that of its various collections; to that purpose, he made the library economically self-sufficient and open to the public during regular working hours, also allowing that some books be checked out.
Gabriello also reorganized the Biblioteca Riccardiana as we still see it today. As for the books that were given on loan to scholars from 1737 onwards, one can find detailed information in a handwritten register that is till preserved in the library (MS Ricc. 3481). Gabriello not only bought books but also paid close attention to their looks by having them bound by artisans whom he knew personally and held in high esteem for their skills. Also, Gabriello’s privileged relations with religious communities – due to his clergyman status – made it easier for him to purchase books frequently.
The books that Gabriello bought were never classified separately; instead, they were all added to the existing collection. For this reason, unlike most public libraries, the Biblioteca Riccardiana is still today organized as a single collection and its books are not catalogued according to several different inventories. The current manuscript list is basically still the same as the one registered in the 1810 Inventario e stima. On that occasion the two book collections making up the Riccardi library (one started by Francesco, the other by Gabriello) were merged – regardless of their origins – and organized according to the following progressive series:

 Ricc. 1-98: Greek and Hebrew manuscripts
 Ricc. 99-166: Greek and Latin manuscripts
 Ricc. 167-220: Arabic manuscripts
 Ricc. 221-1001: Latin manuscripts
 From Ricc. 100on onwards: Italian Classics manuscripts

From 1810 to the present the manuscript collection has been enlarged thanks to both acquisitions; it now consists of 4.460 exemplars.

The drawings collection

The Biblioteca Riccardiana owns 276 drawings. The sketches and the illustrations still preserved in the library are as the remnants of a patrimony that was originally a lot larger and richer, being part of that collection of famous paintings that made the Riccardi family understandably proud. Some figure drawings are by Giovanni Battista Foggini, Giulio Campi, Bernardino Poccetti, Jacopo Chimenti (also known as “L’Empoli”), Anton Domenico Gabbiani, Giuseppe Zocchi, Pier Dandini, Jacopo Chiavistelli and other seventeenth-century Florentine masters , as well as architecture sketches by Domenico Cresti (also known as “Il Passignano”), the Valeriani brothers (Giuseppe and Domenico) and others.

Donations

Over time the library’s patrimony has increased thanks to both acquisitions and donations. Among the latter are the 134 volumes of precious miscellaneous materials that once belonged to Giuseppe Del Rosso (donated in 1831), Mario Pieri’s 55 manuscripts and his correspondence (1852), the rich collection of political papers bequeathed by Abramo Basevi in 1873, the letters (mostly on political and literary matters) thet Leopoldo Galeotti left to the Biblioteca Riccardiana in his 1879 will.

Among the twentieth-century donations are Niccolò Rodolico’s correspondence and books (which finally reached the library in 2019 after spending many years in deposit), those that once belonged to Renato Fucini and Giovanni Rosadi as well as the letters of Eleonora Duse and the drawings of Itala (also known as Mippia) Fucini.

The Riccardiana also owns the Collezione Segré and the Collezione Uzielli (mostly focused on Francis Petrarch and geography, respectively). Finally, the library preserves the collection that was once owned by fashion designer Sestilia Chiostri and her two sisters; it consists of drawings, sketches, photocopies, croquis, and photographs pertaining to this fashion firm’s activities from the 1920s to the 1970s.

The library’s most precious works
Among the most remarkable works are fourteen nineteenth-century tablets in a Polynesian language (MS Ricc. 4125); written on both sides of a tree bark, they report magic/religious formulas. Also, particularly noteworthy are three scrolls (in Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew, respectively, now MSS Ricc. I-III). MS. Ricc 1071 contains one of the earliest books of Tuscan cuisine; it was dedicated to “pleasure seeking fraternity” known as I Dodici Ghiottoni (The Twelve Gluttons). Other manuscripts contain texts handwritten by Petrarch, Boccaccio and by some of the greatest Renaissance humanists (such as Pico della Mirandola, Leon Battista Alberti, Marsilio Ficino, and Agnolo Poliziano) or by famous artists like Piero della Francesca and Bartolomeo Ammannati.

No less impressive is the collection of theatrical texts, which features charming stage sketches, including some that were specially made for Grand Duke Ferdinand III (MS Ricc. 2444), script notes for actors, comedy plots and other such extremely rare materials that help us shed light on staging techniques, theater production, and a number of related matters. The Dante section of the Biblioteca Riccardiana is also conspicuous, including such manuscripts as Ricc. 1005 (also known as “Riccardiano Braidense”), that is, a Bolognese copy of the Divine Comedy – decorated with miniatures – consisting of the first two books, i.e., Hell and Purgatory (Paradise is preserved at the Biblioteca Braidense in Milan instead) with Jacopo della Lana’s commentary; MS Ricc. 1035 (for which see the brief description below) and MS Ricc. 1040, a fifteenth-century exemplar whose first page features a famous portrait of Dante, showing those physical traits that tradition has always ascribed to him.

In addition to manuscripts, the Riccardi also collected precious incunables, such as Manuel Chrysoloras’ Erotemata (maybe the first book ever to be printed in Greek), and famous editions, including Savonarola’s Bible (Ed. Rare 640) filled with notes written in his own hand.

Manuscripts

 Archimedes’ Treatises (Ricc. 106): This manuscript gathers several treatises by Archimedes. The over 200 marginal drawings illustrating them (including sketches of various kinds of spirals) are in Piero della Francesca’s hand, thus attesting this famous artist’s attention to classical authors.

 The “Atlantic Bible” (Ricc. 221): This handwritten copy of the Scriptures from the first decade of the XII century is also known as “Atlantic Bible” because of its extraordinary size (908 x 415 mm). It belongs to the class of the so-called Roman and Umbro-Roman “giant Bibles”, the best-known among them being those of Saint Cecilia, the Pantheon, Todi, and the Biblioteca Angelica.

 Frederick II’s Psalter (Ricc. 323): Dating from ca. 1235-1237, this copy was commissioned by Emperor Frederick II for his third wife. Its illuminations, in typical southern Italian style, are characterized by precise outlines in the Byzantine fashion coupled with shiny colors and an abundance of gold in the decoration.

 The Sant Margaret and Saint Agnese Legends (Ricc. 453): Produced in Bologna in the late XIII century by a bookshop specialized in the making of precious codices, this small yet extremely refined exemplar must have been commissioned by members of the highest rank.
 The Virgilio Riccardiano (Ricc. 492): It is the most famous manuscript of the Biblioteca Riccardiana, whose book collection it entered no later than 1706. Transcribed by “Nicolaus Riccius Spinosus” – one of the best-known copyists of fifteenth-century Florence – and illuminated by Apollonio di Giovanni and members of his workshop, it contains Virgil’s major poems (i.e., that is, the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Aeneid). More precisely, the lower margins of the manuscript are decorated with 88 miniatures (19 of which are incomplete) illustrating the texts.

 Dante’s Divine Comedy in Giovanni Boccaccio’s hand (Ricc. 1035): Dating from the 1360s, this copy of Dante’s main poem is transcribed by Boccaccio, who also decorated it with seven drawings – in the lower margins of the folios – depicting scenes from Hell.
 Dante’s Rhymes (Ricc. 1040): Written between 1440 and 1450, the first folio of this codex (f. Iv) features a famous portrait of Dante, showing the facial features that Boccaccio ascribed to him, maybe basing himself on a funerary mask of the poet.
 Cookbook or Recipes for Making Good Dishes (Ricc. 1071): Dating from the first quarter of the XIV century, it is regarded as the oldest Italian cookbook. It now contains 57 recipes; yet, originally, it must have had at least 72.
 Giuliano de’ Medici’s Abacus or Mathematical Treatise (Ricc. 2669): This precious manuscript was commissioned by Lorenzo “The Magnificent” for his son Giuliano, the future Duke of Nemours. As a Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation) this text gives fundamental information to learn about commerce. Yet, in addition to being a schoolbook that teaches the basics on a specific subject, this text conveys a subtler message, as it praises the house of Medici through coats-of-arms and sketches alluding to scenes from Florentine daily life that have to do with the main local trades. As such, the illuminations decorating this manuscript provide precious information on the techniques and utensils that were used in Florence in the second half of the XV century.
 Francesco Ghisolfo’s Nautical Atlases (Ricc. 3615-3616): These richly decorated masterpieces of nautical cartography, reporting the two atlases produced by Genoese cartographer Francesco Ghisolfo, belonged to the Medici family. They probably date from the first half of the XVI century. MS Ricc. 3616 was originally made for the Martellis but it was eventually donated to Francesco I de’ Medici (son of Cosimo I) with an accompanying dedication and a laudatory sonnet. MS Ricc. 3615, instead, bears on the cover a coat of arms under a cardinal’s hat; it may refer either to Ferdinando de’ Medici (who was elected cardinal in 1563) or Giovanni de’ Medici. Ghisolfo probably drew inspiration for his atlases from the more than seventy nautical maps that Battista Agnese’s workshop produced in Venice from 1536 to 1564.
 Handwritten copy of Machiavelli’s The Prince (Ricc. 2603): Transcribed by Biagio Buonaccorsi (d. 1521), this manuscript is one of earliest handwritten copies of Machiavelli famous treatise before the 1532 editio princeps.
 Architecture treatise or Bartolomeo Ammannati’s drawing notebook (Ed. rare 120): Put together in the course of the XIX century without following any precise chronological order, these 114 folios are covered with drawings, sketches, and notes in Ammannati’s own hand that address subjects as diverse as math, geometry, architecture, studies on fortresses, and measurement systems. All of them were meant as projects for the Medici family, some of which were eventually realized. Among Ammannati’s various studies collected in this volume is one for a bust of Grand Duke Cosimo I (c.45r) wearing a classicize.

Printed books

 Life of Francesco Sforza (Ed. rare 428): A magnificent copy of this biography, dedicated to the emperor, displaying a richly decorated frontispiece.
 Bible with Girolamo Savonarola’s notes (Ed. rare 640): Preserved in the monastery of Santa Lucia at Camporeggi until the second half of the XVIII century, this small text (decorated with blue and red initials for each section) bear many small glosses by Savonarola. In view of the sermons that he would give, the famous Dominican preacher used to cover with tiny notes the margins of his own liturgical books and copies of the Bible.

 Dante’s Divine Comedy (Ed. rare 691): It is the first Florentine edition of Dante’s main poem with Cristoforo Landino’s commentary and 21 woodcuts based on Sandro Botticelli’s drawings. Most likely, Botticelli is also the author of a drawing (a winged female figure holding an armillary sphere, probably to be identified with Urania) in a refined small copy of the Fiore di virtù (Ricc. 1711, f. 1v) illuminated by Antonio di Niccolò.

Directors

 Alessandro Bulgarini (1859-1875)

 1876-1898: The Biblioteca Riccardiana is under the aegis of the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. The Riccardiana head librerians are Prospero Viani (1884-1888) and Salomone Morpurgo (1888-1898).
 1898 – 1 March 1942: From an administrative point of view, the Biblioteca Riccardiana merges with the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana.
 March 1942 – April 1953: Irma Merolle Tondi.
 May 1953 – December/January 1954/1955: Giovanni Semerano.
 January/February 1955 – September 1956: Alberto Giraldi.
 October 1956 – May/June 1967: Berta Maracchi Biagiarelli.
 June 1967 – November 1970: Irma Merolle Tondi.
 December 1970 – May 1973: Antonietta Morandini.
 June 1973 – May 1983: Maria Jole Minicucci (on leave from 1974 to 1976).
 1983 – 1985: Carla Guiducci Bonanni.
 1985 – 1986: Maria Jole Minicucci.
 1986 – 1995: Maria Prunai Falciani.
 1996 – 2015: Giovanna Lazzi.
 2015 – 2018: Fulvio Silvano Stacchetti.
 2018 – present: Francesca Gallori.

Gallery

References

Bibliography

 C. Acidini Luchinat, I restauri nel Palazzo Medici Riccardi. Rinascimento e Barocco, Cinisello Balsamo, Silvana ed., 1992.

 N. Barbolani di Montauto, Pandolfo Reschi, Florence, 1996.

 G. Bartoletti, La Libraria privata del Marchese Suddecano Gabriello Riccardi. Il fondo manoscritti, Florence, Florence University Press, 2017.

 G. Biagi, Notizie storiche, bibliografiche e statistiche della Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze nel MDCCCXCVIII, Rome, 1900.

 La Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze. L’ambiente, le collezioni, i servizi, ed. G. Lazzi, Florence, Polistampa, 2009.

 Biblioteche Riccardiana e Moreniana in Palazzo Medici Riccardi, eds. G. Cipriani, G. Lazzi and V. Fraticelli, Fiesole, 1998.

 F. Büttner, “All’usanza moderna ridotto”: gli interventi dei Riccardi, in G. Cherubini – G. Fanelli eds., Il Palazzo Medici-Riccardi di Firenze, Florence, 1990, pp. 150-152.

 I Danti riccardiani: parole e figure, exhibition catalogue (Florence, Biblioteca Riccardiana, 26 November – 30 December 1988), eds. G. Lazzi – G. Savino, Florence, Polistampa, 1996.

 I disegni della Biblioteca Riccardiana di Firenze, exhibition catalogue, ed. M. Chairini, Florence, 1999.

 M. Gregori, Gli specchi dipinti della Galleria Riccardi, in "Paragone", XXIII, 1972, 267, pp. 74-82.

 Inventario e stima della Libreria Riccardi, available online in PDF format at riccardiana.firenze.sbn.it

 G. Lando Passerini, Il palazzo mediceo riccardiano e i suoi recenti restauri, Turin, Unione Tipografico Editrice, 1913.

 P. Malanima, I Riccardi di Firenze. Una famiglia e un patrimonio nella Toscana dei Medici, Florence, L.S.Olschki, 1977.

 R. Millen, Luca Giordano in Palazzo Riccardi, in "Paragone", 1974, 289, pp. 22-46.

 R. Millen, Luca Giordano in Palazzo Riccardi. 2. The Oil Sketches, Florence-München 1976, pp. 295-312.

 R. Millen, Palazzo Medici into Palazzo Riccardi: The Extension of a Facade along Via Larga, in "Mitteilungen des Kunsthistorisches Institues in Florenz", 31, 1987, 1, pp. 81-120.

 Miniatura viva: codici, facsimili, miniatori di oggi, exhibition catalogue (Florence, Biblioteca Riccardiana, 31 May – 26 July 2013), ed. G. Malafarina, Padua, 2013.

 M.J. Minicucci, Amor di libro e mondanità nel palazzo dei Riccardi, in Miscellanea di studi in onore di Anna Saitta Revignas, Florence, L.S.Olschki, 1978.

 M.J. Minicucci, Una biblioteca all’incanto: la Riccardiana, Florence, 1979.

 M.J. Minicucci, Il marchese Francesco Riccardi. Studi giovanili, esperienze di viaggio, attività diplomatica del fondatore della Biblioteca Riccardiana, Florence, L.S.Olschki, 1985.

 M.J. Minicucci, Per la storia della Biblioteca Riccardiana. Il bibliotecario Luigi Rigoli e un progetto inattuato, in Atti e memorie dell’Accademia toscana di scienze e lettere La Colombaria, 52, 1987, pp. 203-226.

 M.J. Minicucci, Un tesoro disperso: il museo riccardiano, in Atti del Terzo Congresso Internazionale degli Amici dei Musei (Florence, 6-11 giugno 1978), Florence, 1980, pp. 114-121.

 S. Morpurgo, I codici Riccardiani della Divina Commedia, Rome, 1893.

 Il Palazzo Medici-Riccardi di Firenze, eds. G. Cherubini – G. Fanelli, Florence, Giunti, 1990.

 M. Prunai Falciani, La Biblioteca Riccardiana, in Biblioteche d’Italia, Rome, 1991, pp. 93-103.

 M. Prunai Falciani, La Biblioteca Riccardiana da biblioteca di famiglia a biblioteca pubblica, in Beni librari, committenza e artisti nelle collezioni fiorentine, Florence, 1987, pp. 205-217.

 M. Prunai Falciani, Fatti e misfatti riccardiani. Un secolo e mezzo di restauri, in Accademie e biblioteche d’Italia, 56, 1988, 3, pp. 5-16.

 I Riccardi a Firenze e in villa. Tra fasto e cultura, exhibition catalogue, Florence, 1983.

 B. Santi, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Florence, Becocci, [1983].

 Stanze segrete: gli artisti dei Riccardi. I ricordi di Luca Giordano e Oltre, exhibition catalogue (Florence, Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, 15 aprile - 17 luglio 2005), eds. C. Giannini and S. Meloni Trkulja, Florence, 2005.

External links
 Biblioteca Riccardiana  official website
 Digital Display Case
 Catalogs
 Catalog of printed matter
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 BNCF Opac
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 Anagrafe delle Biblioteche Italiane
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Libraries established in 1600


Alan Mackenzie (born 8 August 1966 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a Scottish former footballer. Mackenzie played for a number of Scottish clubs most notably for Cowdenbeath and Raith Rovers.

Mackenzie holds the record of being the first Clyde player to score at Broadwood Stadium, scoring the first goal at their new ground in 1994.

In 1996, he moved to Australia where he scored Perth Glory's first ever goal in their first match on 13 October 1996 in the National Soccer League.

MacKenzie also played in the West Australian State League for Bayswater City SC, where he won the Premier League Player of the Year award in 2000, and Inglewood United.

He later moved back to Scotland for a stint with Whitburn Junior F.C.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Berwick Rangers F.C. players
East Stirlingshire F.C. players
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Clyde F.C. players
Perth Glory FC players
Scottish Football League players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Whitburn F.C. players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Australia


Ronald Gene Rightnowar (born September 5, 1964) is an American former major league baseball player who played for one year—1995—for the Milwaukee Brewers.

Rightnowar is known for having been a replacement player who crossed picket lines during spring training in 1995 while the 1994 Major League Baseball strike was still going on.

Early life and education
Rightnowar graduated from Whitmer High School in Toledo.  He also attended and played baseball at Eastern Michigan University.

Minor-league career
After college, Rightnowar was signed by the Detroit Tigers as an amateur free agent on September 30, 1986. In 1987, Rightnowar began his minor-league career by spending the entire season pitching for the Fayetteville Generals in the Class A South Atlantic League. Rightnowar went 7-7 for Fayetteville (which was in its first season of existence), making 39 appearances, striking out 65, walking 37, saving 6 games and posting a 4.96 earned run average.

In 1988, Rightnowar was promoted to the Lakeland Flying Tigers in the High-A Florida State League, where he went 2–0 in 17 games with 32 strikeouts and just 11 walks in 49⅓ innings pitched. Rightnowar also posted a 1.46 ERA.

In 1989, Rightnowar advanced to AA ball, pitching for the London Tigers and going 2–8 with a 5.00 ERA in 36 appearances. Rightnowar saved five games that season.

The following year, Rightnowar divided his time between three Detroit Tigers minor-league teams: London (2-2, 3.25 ERA, 33 strikeouts, 9 walks, 4 saves, 44⅓ innings pitched and 23 games), the Class-A Niagara Falls Rapids (1-0, 0.00 ERA, 9 strikeouts, 1 walk, 7 innings pitched in just one appearance), and the AAA Toledo Mud Hens (4-5, 4.74 ERA, 28 strikeouts, 10 walks, 6 saves, 38 innings pitched in 28 games).

In 1991, Rightnowar divided his time between London (2-1, 3.91 ERA, 18 strikeouts, 8 walks, 3 saves, 25⅓ innings pitched in 15 appearances) and Toledo (1-1, 3.94 ERA, 5 strikeouts, 15 walks, 3 saves, 29⅔ innings pitched in 23 games).

The following year, Rightnowar played solely for his hometown Mud Hens and continued his role as a middle reliever, posting a 3–2 record but a high 6.16 ERA. He pitched 57 innings in 34 games, picking up three saves, striking out 33 and walking 18.

In 1993, Rightnowar began the season with Toledo again, going 2–2 with a 3.55 ERA in 58-1/3 innings pitched.  Appearing in 22 games, Rightnowar struck out 32, walked 19 and saved one game. On August 28, 1993, the Detroit Tigers traded Rightnowar to the Milwaukee Brewers for a player to be named later. With the trade, Rightnowar joined the Brewers' AAA New Orleans Zephyrs minor-league club for the remaining week of the minor-league season, pitching in four games and posting an 0–0 record with a 10.38 ERA.  Rightnowar also struck out eight and walked two in 8-2/3 innings pitched.

In 1994, Rightnowar's pitching improved dramatically, as he played a full season for the Zephyrs. He went 8–2 with a 2.25 ERA in 51 games, pitching 88 innings, striking out 79, walking just 21 and saving 11 games. Unfortunately, Rightnowar did not receive a September call-up, because major-league baseball players went on strike on August 12, 1994.

Replacement baseball

As the 1995 baseball season neared, Rightnowar was asked by the Brewers' coaches if he would be interested in being a replacement player in the 1995 season. "The major-league coaching staff made it clear that I needed to pitch," Rightnowar told the Ottawa Citizen later in 1995. "They said they needed to see me and see what I could offer the club."

The 234-day players strike ended before the 1995 baseball season ever officially began.  While Rightnowar did pitch in some spring-training games (which was enough for the major-league baseball players union to classify Rightnowar and all such players as strike-breakers), he was sent down to the Brewers' AAA New Orleans minor-league team once the strike ended, and started the 1995 season pitching for New Orleans.

Major-league debut and career

After Cal Eldred went on the disabled list for the rest of the season, the Brewers promoted Rightnowar to the major leagues on May 19, 1995. He was to be the first replacement player to join the Brewers' big-league club that season. Before he even threw a pitch, Rightnowar was given a frosty reception from the major-leaguers. "My first day, everyone was kind of cold toward me," Rightnowar told the Ottawa Citizen in 1995. "I understood. I respect their right to be angry. But then I called the leaders on the club and asked to speak to the team. I wanted to tell them my side of the story."

Rightnowar allowed that there was some bitterness for him in what should have been a happy moment. "It really stunk, to be honest with you," Rightnowar told the Toledo Blade in 2005. "From the time I was 8 or 9 years old, I had dreamed of what the day would be like if, and when, I ever made it to the big leagues. I figured it would be a real special day in my life, just like the day I got married. But I felt awful. They were all giving me the cold shoulder."

Ultimately, Rightnowar explained his reasons for crossing the picket lines.  "For about 20 minutes, they fired questions and took shots at me," he told the Blade. "I told them they could call me 'scab' or whatever. But I told them I hoped they respected my decision.  This was my one shot and I knew it."

On May 20, 1995, Rightnowar made his major league debut, working 2⅓ innings of scoreless relief against the Texas Rangers. On May 22, 1995, Rightnowar won his first big-league game against the Cleveland Indians, pitching two innings of relief and giving up one earned run. "That first major-league victory - man, what a great feeling!" Rightnowar told reporters after the game. "This is really special."

Rightnowar stayed with the Brewers until August 5, 1995, when he was sent down to the AAA New Orleans Zephyrs. He finished his season with New Orleans with a 1–1 record and a 2.67 ERA. Rightnowar also struck out 22, walked 9, saved 10 games, and pitched in 30⅓ innings in 25 games.

Rightnowar rejoined the Brewers on September 6, 1995, returning to the team's 40-man roster once New Orleans' season ended and major-league teams were able to expand their rosters. Rightnowar ended his Brewers season—and, ultimately, his major-league career—with a 2–1 record, a 5.40 ERA, 22 strikeouts, 18 walks, and one save in 36-2/3 innings pitched in 34 games.  His one MLB save came on June 7, 1995. Rightnowar went 1 scoreless inning to close out a 6-3 Brewers win over the Twins.

Retirement

On October 16, 1995, Rightnowar was granted free agency. No major-league teams showed an interest in Rightnowar after the 1995 season, so he retired.

After major-league baseball

In 1997, Rightnowar was hired as admissions director at Toledo Christian Schools. He also has co-owned a sports training center and coached a nine-team travel baseball league.  He is currently a mortgage originator at Genoa Bank in Genoa, Ohio.

References

External links

Retrosheet
Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1964 births
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Caribes de Oriente players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Eastern Michigan Eagles baseball players
Fayetteville Generals players
Lakeland Flying Tigers players
Living people
London Tigers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Niagara Falls Rapids players
Baseball players from Toledo, Ohio
Toledo Mud Hens players


Jean-Baptiste Cervoni Soveria (29 August 1765 – Eckmühl 22 April 1809) became a general officer in the French army during the French Revolutionary Wars and was killed in action in 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Revolution

Born a Corsican in 1765, Cervoni enlisted in the French army as a private in the Royal Corsican Regiment in 1783. His father forced him to quit the military in 1786 to study law. In 1792 Cervoni rejoined the army as a sous-lieutenant in a cavalry unit. He served as aide to General Raphael Casabianca. He distinguished himself at the Siege of Toulon in 1793. During the siege he was wounded twice and promoted to chef de battalion and later chef de brigade. At this time he may have been associated with Representative of the People Antoine Christophe Saliceti, a fellow Corsican. He was also a friend of the Bonaparte family. Promoted to general of brigade on 14 January 1794, he was posted to the Army of Italy. Under the command of André Masséna, he fought at the Battle of Loano in November 1795.

In the spring of 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte took command of the army of Italy. At the beginning of the Montenotte Campaign on 10 April, Cervoni's 3,500-man brigade was attacked by 10,000 Austrians led by Johann Beaulieu at Voltri (now a suburb of Genoa). Cervoni "conducted a masterly withdrawal to the west, eluding the trap." Bonaparte quickly counterattacked, compelled the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont to make peace, and forced the Austrians to retreat. During the pursuit of the Austrian army, Cervoni helped rally the troops at the Battle of Lodi. Later, he fought at the Siege of Mantua and the battles of Lonato, Castiglione, Arcola, and Rivoli.

Empire

Cervoni was named general of division in February 1798. After putting down a revolt in Rome, he commanded a military division that included four departments in southwest France. On 14 June 1804, he became a commandant in the Légion d'honneur. Named chief of staff to Marshal Jean Lannes in 1809, he joined the forces massing against the Austrian Empire. On 22 April a cannonball took Cervoni's head off during the Battle of Eckmühl. CERVONI is engraved on column 17 of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

References

Books
 Boycott-Brown, Martin. The Road to Rivoli. London: Cassell & Co., 2001.
 Chandler, David. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1979.
 Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998.

External links
 The Names of 660 persons inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
 Cervoni by Martin Boycott-Brown

Footnotes

French generals
Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
French military personnel killed in the Napoleonic Wars
French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1765 births
1809 deaths
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe


Maharaja Sir Harendra Kishore Singh was the last ruler of Bettiah Raj. He was born in 1854 and succeeded his father, the Rajendra Kishore Singh Bahadur, in 1883. In 1884 received the title of Maharaja Bahadur as a personal distinction and a Khilat and a sanad from the hands of the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Augustus Rivers Thompson. He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire on 1 March 1889. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Bengal in January 1891. He was also a member of The Asiatic Society

References

Hindu monarchs
19th-century Indian monarchs
Indian maharajas
1854 births
1893 deaths
Indian knights
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
History of Bihar
Bengal Presidency
People from Bihar


William Romaine Govett (3 October 1807 – 22 August 1848) was a painter and assistant surveyor in the Surveyor-General's Department of New South Wales after whom Govetts Leap was named.

Background
Govett was born at Tiverton in Devon and educated at Blundell's School.

He was appointed assistant surveyor in the Surveyor-General's Department of New South Wales on 10 July 1827 and reached Sydney in December 1828. Part of his work included surveying on the old Bathurst road, during which he discovered Govett's Leap in the Blue Mountains, which was named in his honour by the Surveyor-General of New South Wales (Major Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell).

Mitchell described Govett in his report on the department in 1832 as a 'wild young man who needed control, who had come to the colony ignorant of surveying but with much natural talent had become perhaps the ablest delineator of ground in the department, and who was remarkably clever at dealing with unexplored country'.

Govett was sent to the Hawkesbury River in February 1829, where many farms required measurement, but in 1833 his career ended abruptly when the department was reduced. Govett returned to England in March 1834 with a letter of recommendation from Mitchell to the British government.

After his return to England Govett lived at Tiverton, where he wrote several articles on New South Wales which were published in The Saturday Magazine between 7 May 1836 and 2 September 1837 under the title Sketches of New South Wales. They dealt with such topics as the nature of the country he had helped to survey, the habits of the Aboriginals, and life in Sydney; they were illustrated with twelve paintings by Govett, which were later advertised for sale by G. Michelmore & Co.
William Romaine Govett
England and Wales, Marriage Registration Index, 1837–1920
marriage:	1838	Tiverton, Devon, England
other:	Elizabeth Ann Tanner
Govett seems to have undergone a personal crisis after his return and considered going abroad again to make a fresh start but died on 22 August 1848 in London.

The State Library of New South Wales holds a portrait of Govett by an unknown artist (Reference GPO 1 – 18552).

Bibliography
Gentleman's Magazine, 1848; Sydney Gazette, 17 Sept, 28 Dec 1827; Australian, 7 Mar 1834; Truth (Sydney), 2 Feb 1919, 10 Apr 1927; W. R. Govett, Scrapiana (State Library of New South Wales); W. R. Govett, notes and sketches (State Library of New South Wales); manuscript catalogue under Govett (State Library of New South Wales).

Sources

1807 births
1848 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century Australian artists
English expatriates in Australia
English surveyors
Australian surveyors
People from Tiverton, Devon
Australian people of English descent
19th-century English male artists


The Goss Ministry was a Ministry of the Government of Queensland, led by Labor Premier Wayne Goss. It commenced on 7 December 1989, five days after the Cooper Ministry, led by Premier Russell Cooper of the National Party, was defeated at the 1989 election. The Goss Ministry was followed by the Borbidge Ministry on 19 February 1996 following the loss by Labor of the Mundingburra by-election two weeks earlier, which deprived the Government of its majority.

First Ministry
On 7 December 1989, a ministry of 18 cabinet ministers was sworn in. It served until the reconstitution of the Ministry on 16 December 1991 following the departure of Terry Mackenroth and Ken McElligott from the Ministry.

The list below is ordered by decreasing seniority within the Cabinet, as indicated by the Government Gazette and the Hansard index.

First Ministry (reconstituted)
The following served from 16 December 1991 until the new Ministry was constituted on 24 September 1992 after the 1992 election:

Second Ministry
On 24 September 1992, a ministry of 18 cabinet ministers was sworn in. It served until a major redistribution of portfolios on 21 February 1995.

The list below is ordered by decreasing seniority within the Cabinet, as indicated by the Government Gazette and the Hansard index.

Second Ministry (reconstructed)
On 21 February 1995, a reshuffle of portfolios took place after Pat Comben's departure from the ministry to resume his studies and enter the Anglican Church, with Warren Pitt being appointed in his place. The ministers below served until a new Ministry was constituted on 31 July 1995 following the 1995 election.

Third Ministry
On 31 July 1995, a new ministry of 18 cabinet ministers was sworn in, returning Ken McElligott to the ministry and replacing four who had retired at the election. It served until the defeat of the Government in a vote of no-confidence on 19 February 1996 following the Mundingburra by-election.

References
 All information about ministries was sourced from Ministries from December 1989, extracted from the Queensland Parliamentary Handbook.
 All information about events was sourced from the "Australian Political Chronicle" in various instalments of the Australian Journal of Politics and History.

Queensland ministries
Australian Labor Party ministries in Queensland


Like every other nation in the Horn of Africa excluding the mostly Christian Ethiopia, polygamy is legal under Djibouti law and has been found in Djiboutian culture for centuries. However, like most countries, such as Libya, legally and traditionally, a man may have up to only four wives at a time.

External links

Polygamy in Africa
Djibouti
Society of Djibouti
Women's rights in Djibouti


The Battle of Salt River Canyon, the Battle of Skeleton Cave, or the Skeleton Cave Massacre was the first principal engagement during the 1872 Tonto Basin Campaign under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Crook. It was part of the Yavapai War from 1871 to 1875 against the Yavapai people, a Native American tribe in Arizona.

Battle
On December 28, 1872, Crook's men encountered the Yavapai stronghold at Skeleton Cave, located in the Salt River Canyon northeast of present-day Phoenix, Arizona. Crook's force was composed of 130 troopers from the 5th Cavalry Regiment led by Captain William H. Brown and another thirty Apache scouts.

The army took up a position around the mouth of Skeleton Cave and surprised a Yavapai band when they were dancing in celebration over a recent raid. Surrounding the cave, the soldiers opened fire. Some of Brown's men aimed for the roof of the cave, as the Yavapai band refused to surrender. Others, who were personally accompanied by Crook, rolled rocks and boulders down from the cliffs above. One warrior escaped the last volley by crawling on his belly. Realizing that he got out of the cave safely, he jumped on a large stone and let out a war cry, while firing at the soldiers' position. He was shot by a soldier from approx. 800 yards away, hitting the warrior in the chest and killing him. About 75 dead were found in the cave, including a number of women and children. No warriors survived the massacre. The women and children survivors were captured and taken to Camp Grant. Among the dead within the cave was Chief Nanni-chaddi, who had said that no soldier would ever find his stronghold there. This stronghold was only known to the Yavapai and Tonto Apache. Apache scouts led the Army to the stronghold, betraying their own people. Crook followed up this massacre, with another at Turret Peak several weeks later, both considered victories by the Government.  The Apaches soon made peace at Camp Verde in 1873 though some skirmishing continued into 1875.

References

Conflicts in 1872
Battle of Salt River Canyon
Apache Wars
Battles involving the Apache
Battles involving the United States
Battle of Salt River Canyon
History of United States expansionism
19th-century military history of the United States
Battle of Salt River Canyon
December 1872 events


Legend of the Shadowking is the sixth full-length album by the German power metal band Freedom Call. It was released on 1 February 2010 via SPV.

Track list

Credits
Chris Bay – vocals, guitar
Lars Rettkowitz – guitar
Samy Saemann – bass guitar
Dan Zimmermann – drums

References

Freedom Call albums
2010 albums
SPV/Steamhammer albums


Dudson is a British company that manufactured tableware, glassware and porcelain, in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent. It is one of the oldest brands of its industry in England, founded in 1800.

The former pottery works is the location of the Dudson Centre and the Dudson Museum.

History
The company was founded in Hanley by Richard Dudson in 1800. In its early years it produced a variety of domestic ware. In the 1880s James Thomas Dudson, great-grandson of the founder, identified a need to serve specifically the hospitality market, in view of the increase in travel created by the railways, and made significant changes in production. By 1891 the company, concentrating on this market, produced a particularly strong type of vitrified china, developed by James's father.

The company became the oldest privately owned family business in the UK tableware industry. Ian Dudson, of the Dudson family, has served as the Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire since 2012.

Closure
Dudson went into administration on 4 April 2019.  PwC cited "A deterioration in sales and increased costs" as a reason for the closure.

The local pottery company Churchill China bought the rights to the brand and two of its most popular ranges, "Harvest" and "Evo" in April 2019 and began manufacturing immediately in its own factory. On 6 June 2019 Churchill relaunched the Dudson brand with the "Harvest" and "Evo" collections already in stock.

Dudson Centre and Museum

The pottery works on Hanover Street in Hanley were established in the 1820s, and were modified and expanded in later years. They are Grade II listed buildings.

The factory site is now the location of the Dudson Centre, where there are conference facilities, catering and office space for voluntary organisations. Ian Dudson is Chair of the Trustees of the Centre.

The Dudson Museum, housed in the bottle kiln of the former factory, displays on two floors examples produced by the company. There are information boards and more than 1,300 exhibits, showing the range of products and evolving tastes during the 19th century, and innovative shapes and brightly coloured pottery for hotels and restaurant chains in more recent years.

References

External links

 Official website

Ceramics manufacturers of England
Staffordshire pottery
Museums in Stoke-on-Trent


is a simmered dish in Japanese cuisine. A nimono generally consists of a base ingredient simmered in shiru stock & seasoned with sake, soy sauce, and a small amount of sweetening. The nimono is simmered in the shiru over a period of time until the liquid is absorbed into the base ingredient or evaporated. The base ingredient for a nimono is typically a vegetable, fish, seafood, or tofu, or some combination of these. The shiru stock for a nimono is generally dashi. Other than sake and soy sauce, the stock can be further flavored by mirin, sugar, salt, vinegar, miso, or other condiments.

Types

 , also : fish, but sometimes vegetables, simmered in a mixture of miso and dashi
 : beef and potato stew, flavoured with sweet soy
 : fish poached in a broth of sweetened dashi, sometimes with miso, also referred to as . The dish first appears in cookbooks in the early 18th century
 : chunks of pork belly stewed in soy, mirin and sake with large pieces of daikon and whole boiled eggs. The Okinawan variation, using awamori, soy sauce and miso, is known as rafuti.
 : Okinawan dish of pork stewed with bone
 : one pot
 : a winter one pot
 : simmered vegetables (i.e. carrots, taros, lotus root, konnyaku, etc.), simmered-down in soy sauce and water until the liquid is almost gone, almost to dryness.

See also
Japanese cuisine
Acqua pazza
Pot-au-feu
Eintopf
Irish stew

References

Bibliography

Japanese cuisine
Japanese soups and stews


Sysax FTP Automation is a secure file transfer automation program for the Windows operating system. It consists of a script generation wizard, script editor and debugger, and a task scheduler. It also contains a secure command-line FTP client program called sysaxftp.exe which is a secure drop-in replacement for the ftp.exe command line program. In addition to FTP, secure file transfer using SSL/TLS (FTPS) and SSH2 (SFTP) are supported. The software is certified for Windows Vista, and tested to be compatible with Windows 7. The software is also certified for Windows Server 2012 and runs on all 32- and 64-bit editions of Windows from Windows 2000/Windows XP to Windows 8/Windows Server 2012. The Personal edition of the software is free for non-commercial use.

Features
 Protocols supported include FTP, FTPS, and SFTP
 Support for public key authentication and client-side SSL certificates
 Support for email notification
 Open PGP Encryption and decryption support
 Supports file resuming for both uploads and downloads
 File compression and decompression
 Command line FTP tool and FTP scripting
 Script generation wizard and script editor with integrated debugger
 Task Scheduler that runs as a Windows Service
 Certified for Windows Vista
 Certified for Windows Server 2012

See also
Comparison of FTP client software
Sysax Multi Server

References

External links
Official website
Sysax FTP Automation User Forum
Sysax FTP Automation FAQ

FTP clients


Ashlu Creek is a short and swift river-like creek in British Columbia.  It is a tributary of the Squamish River and enters it about 24.3 km northwest of Squamish.

Course

Ashlu Creek, often called the "Ashlu River" (due to its size) or "the Ashlu", begins at the outlet of an unnamed lake east of Mount Crerar.  From there all the way to its mouth, it flows southeast.  Starting at Ashlu Falls is 3.9 km long Ashlu Canyon has several big rapids and large drops making it one of the best kayaking locations in the area.  It ends about 2.1 km above the river's mouth.

Hydroelectricity
A 49 megawatt run-of-river hydro installation below the canyon went online December 2009. A diversion weir 5 km above the power house feeds water down a bored tunnel to the site. It is owned by Innergex Renewable Energy and is expected to produce 265,000 MWh annually.

Tributaries

Ashlu Creek's only major tributary is Tatlow Creek, which flows northeast from remote Tatlow Lake and joins the Ashlu about 15.8 km below its source. It does have several much smaller tributaries though:

Shortcut Creek
Snafu Creek
Endell Creek
Red Mountain Creek
Pykett Creek
Coin Creek
Stuyvesedt Creek
Roaring Creek
Pokosha Creek
Rob Creek
Cassetta Creek
Mowitch Creek
Sigurd Creek

See also

List of British Columbia rivers

References

Sea-to-Sky Corridor
Rivers of the Pacific Ranges
Canyons and gorges of British Columbia
New Westminster Land District


Lucjan Kydryński (January 6, 1929 in Grudziądz – September 9, 2006 in Warszawa) was a Polish journalist and writer, radio and TV program host.

His activities include writing satire for Przekrój, being the host of the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole and Sopot Festival.

On September 14, 2006, Polish President Lech Kaczyński posthumously awarded Lucjan Kydryński with the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for his contributions to Polish culture.

Family
Wife: Halina Kunicka, singer, son: Marcin Kydryński, music journalist, producer, composer, songwriter, Anna Maria Jopek, musician and singer, wife of Marcin Kydryński.

Bibliography
Przejazdem przez życie...: kroniki rodzinne, Kraków, 2005, Wydawnictwo Literackie,
 Przewodnik operetkowy: wodewil, operetka, musical
 Marek i Wacek – historia prawdziwa, 1990,
Przewodnik po filmach muzycznych, 2000, Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne,
Gershwin, 1998, Polskie Wydawnictwo Muzyczne,
Jan Strauss, Polskie Wydawnictwa Muzyczne, 1979
Opera na cały rok, Kraków, 1989

References

1929 births
2006 deaths
People from Grudziądz
Polish male writers
Polish radio journalists
Polish television journalists
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
20th-century Polish journalists


The flag of Acadiana () represents the Acadian (Cajun) ethnic region of southern Louisiana. It consists of two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red (bottom) bearing three white fleurs de lis and a gold castle, respectively, and a white isosceles triangle at the hoist, within which is a gold five-pointed star. It was designed in 1965 and officially adopted July 5, 1974. The flag is referred to as the Acadiana flag or Cajun flag.

History
The flag was designed in 1965 by Dr. Thomas J. Arceneaux of the University of Southwestern Louisiana (present day University of Louisiana at Lafayette), who derived it from the Southwestern Louisiana Institute seal. He was an early proponent of the Louisiana French Renaissance Movement, a movement designed to renew interest and pride in the French-Acadian heritage, language, and culture of Louisiana. On July 5, 1974, the State Legislature passed House Concurrent Resolution No. 143 adopting Dr. Arceneaux's design as the official flag of Acadiana.

Symbolism
The various symbols on the flag were each chosen to represent a special aspect of Cajun culture and history. The golden star surrounded by a field of white serves as a symbol of Acadian exiles in America and alludes to their Roman Catholic heritage. The fleurs de lis set against a background of blue represent the French ancestry of the Cajuns. The golden castle set upon a field of red represents Spanish colonial rule of Louisiana, the rule during which the exiled Acadians arrived.

Proposed replacements
While Acadiana derives its name from its Acadian/Cajun population, it is also a legally defined region of 22 parishes which contain large non-Cajun populations. In most Acadiana parishes, African Americans make up between 20 and 40 percent of the population; one parish, St. John the Baptist Parish, is majority African American.

Some residents have expressed concerns that the flag, by highlighting French and Spanish heritage, excludes the region's large Black population. In 2018, University of Louisiana professor Rick Swanson proposed two potential replacement Acadiana flags. One recolors the white triangle yellow and the gold star green to represent the West African origins of most local African Americans. The second reorients the three fields into vertical stripes.

Swanson's proposal generated fierce pushback. He responded that the flag was meant to represent the region, not the Cajun ethnic group: "We’re unique in the sense that we have a very strong regional identity, but we don’t have a flag that was designed specifically for the purpose of representing all of the heritages that contribute to that unique regional identity."

See also
 List of flags by design
 Flag of Acadia

References

External links

1974 establishments in Louisiana
Flag
Flag
Ethnic flags
Flags introduced in 1965
Flags of Louisiana
Louisiana culture


Akkerwoude () is a former village in the Frisian municipality of Dantumadiel. On 1 January 1971 Akkerwoude, Dantumawoude and Murmerwoude were combined to form Damwâld. Akkerwoude was the most western village of the three. Akkerwoude was built around a church. The current church dates from 1849. This church was built on the same site of an earlier church from the thirteenth century.

In 1889 a dairy cooperative factory "Dokkumer Wâlden and omstreken" was established. This dairy factory was set up on the initiative of doctor Van der Sluis, the school master in Woudstra. In 1969, the dairy factory merged with Noordoostergo  at Dokkum and the factory in Akkerwoude closed its doors.

Populated places in Friesland
Dantumadiel


Gorey (also known as Newborough) was a constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons until its abolition on 1 January 1801.

History
In the Patriot Parliament of 1689 summoned by James II, Gorey was represented with two members.

Members of Parliament, 1620–1801
1634–1635: Sir Adam Loftus and Roger Lorte
1639–1649: Sir Adam Loftus and William Plunkett
1661–1666: Sir Walter Plunkett and John Kichiugman

1689–1801

Notes

References

Bibliography

Constituencies of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801)
Gorey
Historic constituencies in County Wexford
1620 establishments in Ireland
1800 disestablishments in Ireland
Constituencies established in 1620
Constituencies disestablished in 1800


The 1998 World Figure Skating Championships were held in Minneapolis, USA from March 29 through April 5. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Medal tables

Medalists

Medals by country

Competition notes
Due to the large number of participants, the men's and ladies' qualifying groups were split into groups A and B.

Results

Men

Referee:
 Walburga Grimm

Assistant Referee:
 Charles Foster

Judges:
 Gavril Velchev
 Frank Parsons
 Elfriede Beyer
 Lucy J. Brennan
 Seppo Kurtti
 Prisca Binz-Moser
 Ingelise Blangsted
 Agnes Morvai
 Odile Guedj

Substitute judge:
 Fabio Bianchetti

Ladies

Referee:
 Ronald Pfenning

Assistant Referee:
 Gerhardt Bubnik

Judges:
 Julianna Beke
 Alfred Korytek
 Marianne Oeverby
 Hideo Sugita
 Rafaella Loccatelli
 Christa Gunsam
 Jacqueline Itschner
 Susan Heffernan
 Liliana Strechova

Substitute judge:
 Wendy Langdon

Pairs

Referee:
 Sally-Anne Stapleford

Assistant Referee:
 Marie Lundmark

Judges:
 Maria Zuchowicz
 Jiasheng Yang
 Hugh Graham
 Igor Prokop
 Gьnther Teichmann
 Robert Worsfold
 Ubavka Novakovic-Kytinoy
 Susan Lynch
 Alain Miguel

Substitute judge:
 Vladislav Petukhov

Ice dancing

Referee:
 Ann Shaw

Assistant Referee:
 Ludmila Mikhailovskaya

Judges:
 Katalin Alpern
 Elena Buriak
 Monika Zeidler
 Yury Balkov
 Isabella Micheli
 Armelle Van Eybergen
 Patricia S. French
 Irina Absaliamova
 Janet Coton

Substitute judge:
 Evgenia Karnolska

External links
 1998 Worlds results

World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships
International figure skating competitions hosted by the United States
Sports competitions in Minneapolis
March 1998 sports events in the United States
April 1998 sports events in the United States
1998 in sports in Minnesota
1990s in Minneapolis


The Coquitlam Reds are a youth baseball team located in the city of Coquitlam, British Columbia. The team was founded in 1977, and joined the B.C. Premier Baseball League in 1999.

Bill Green has been the manager of the Reds since 1985, and is a member of the Major League Baseball Scouting Bureau. The team plays their home games at Mundy Park.

The Reds' most famous alumnus is former Major League All-Star and National League MVP Larry Walker. In a 2013 interview with the Vancouver Province, Walker discussed his time with the Reds:

I think it got me prepared for what I was getting into. It’s quite a few years ago now, but I believe we were playing like 65 games and that was a big deal back then. It got me prepared for doing a cannonball into the world of pro baseball."

More recent Reds players include third baseman Shawn Bowman (drafted by the New York Mets in 2002), Matt Rogelstad (signed by the Seattle Mariners in 2003), outfielder Rene Tosoni (drafted by the Minnesota Twins in 2005), and pitcher Curtis Taylor (drafted by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2016).

References

External links
 Official Website
 Coquitlam Reds page on BCPBL website

Sport in Coquitlam
Baseball teams in British Columbia
Amateur baseball teams in Canada
Baseball teams established in 1977
1977 establishments in British Columbia


Mount Ord may refer to:

 Mount Ord (Arizona)
 Mount Ord (Texas)
 Ord Peak, a sub-peak of Mount Baldy (Arizona)
 Little Mount Ord in Maricopa County, Arizona


Patrick J. Filley (June 26, 1922 – April 13, 2000) was an American college football player, coach, and university administrator.

Filley was born in 1922 in South Bend, Indiana. His father E. J. Filley was an Indiana native and a laborer. His mother Rose (McHugh) Filley was also an Indiana native and a housewife. He grew up in South Bend and attended that city's Central High School, playing football and competing as a middleweight for the wrestling team.

In the fall of 1940, Filley enrolled at Notre Dame University.  In his four years as a football player at Notre Dame, the Irish lost only five games.  Filley was twice selected captain of the Notre Dame football team, including the 1943 national championship team.  He was a consensus All-American at the guard position in 1943.

Filley was hired as an assistant coach at Cornell University in March 1945. He served for 29 years as a coach and administrator at Cornell,  He was first hired as the freshman team football coach. In 1955, he became an administrator, having responsibility over the years as assistant to the athletic director, ticket manager, athletic business manager, associate director of athletics in charge of operations, and associate athletic director in charge of scheduling. He was inducted into the Cornell Athletic Hall of Fame in 1988.

Filley died in Winter Garden, Florida, in 2000 at age 77.

References

1922 births
2000 deaths
American football guards
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Cornell Big Red football coaches
All-American college football players
People from Winter Garden, Florida
Players of American football from Orange County, Florida
Coaches of American football from Indiana
Players of American football from South Bend, Indiana


Halymenia a genus of a macroscopic red algae that grows in oceans worldwide.

Species have been found in cold temperate areas but the highest diversity is found in warm temperate and tropical regions. For example, 41 names have been reported for the Indo-Pacific (Guiry & Guiry, 2011). Silva et al. (1996) listed 22 names (including two varieties) for the Indian Ocean.

Species
It includes the following species:

Halymenia abyssicola E.Y.Dawson
Halymenia actinophysa M.A.Howe
Halymenia angusta (J.Agardh) De Toni
Halymenia asymmetrica Gargiulo, de Masi & Tripodi
Halymenia bifida E.Y.Dawson
Halymenia brasiliana S.M.P.B.Guimarães & M.T.Fujii
Halymenia californica G.M.Smith & Hollenberg
Halymenia carnosa
Halymenia cerratei C.O.Acleto
Halymenia chiangiana I.A.Abbott & Kraft
Halymenia clathrata E.C.Oliveira, Pinheiro-Vieira & R.E.Norris
Halymenia cromwellii I.A.Abbott
Halymenia curvicornis J.Agardh
Halymenia dilatata Zanardini
Halymenia dubia Bory de Saint-Vincent
Halymenia duchassaingii (J.Agardh) Kylin
Halymenia durvillei Bory de Saint-Vincent
Halymenia echinophysa F.S.Collins & M.A.Howe
Halymenia elongata C.Agardh
Halymenia fasciata Bory de Saint-Vincent
Halymenia fimbriata Zanardini
Halymenia flabellata F.Schmitz
Halymenia floresii (Clemente) C.Agardh
Halymenia floridana J.Agardh
Halymenia foliacea W.R.Taylor
Halymenia formosa Harvey ex Kützing
Halymenia gardneri (Kylin) P.G.Parkinson
Halymenia hancockii W.R.Taylor
Halymenia harveyana J.Agardh
Halymenia hawaiiana Hernández-Kantun & A.R.Sherwood
Halymenia hollenbergii I.A.Abbott
Halymenia hvarii Ercegovic
Halymenia imbricata Dickie
Halymenia integra M.A.Howe & W.R.Taylor
Halymenia jelinekii Grunow
Halymenia kraftii Womersley & J.A.Lewis
Halymenia kuetzingii A.J.K.Millar
Halymenia lacerata Sonder
Halymenia latifolia P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex Kützing
Halymenia lubrica Suhr
Halymenia maculata J.Agardh
Halymenia megaspora E.Y.Dawson
Halymenia microcarpa (Montagne) P.C.Silva
Halymenia mirabilis D.L.Ballantine & H.Ruiz
Halymenia muelleri Sonder
Halymenia multifida Zanardini
Halymenia naegelii Kützing
Halymenia nukuhivensis N'Yuert & Payri
Halymenia plana Zanardini
Halymenia platycarpa (Harvey ex Grunow) J.Agardh
Halymenia pluriloba Ercegovic
Halymenia polyclada A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp
Halymenia porphyraeformis Parkinson
Halymenia porphyroides Børgesen
Halymenia pseudofloresii F.S.Collins & M.A.Howe
Halymenia purpurascens
Halymenia pusilla Sonder
Halymenia refugiensis E.Y.Dawson
Halymenia rhodymenioides Ercegovic
Halymenia rosea M.A.Howe & W.R.Taylor
Halymenia santamariae W.R.Taylor
Halymenia schizymenioides Hollenberg & I.A.Abbott
Halymenia stipitata I.A.Abbott
Halymenia tenera M.A.Howe
Halymenia tenuispina Kützing
Halymenia tondoana O.DeClerck & Hernández-Kantun
Halymenia utriana W.R.Taylor
Halymenia venusta Børgesen
Halymenia vinacea M.A.Howe & W.R.Taylor

References

Florideophyceae
Red algae genera
Taxa named by Carl Adolph Agardh


Rob Hill is a music producer and engineer as well as a songwriter and musician, based in Los Angeles California.
Rob's production credits include: Everlast (musician), Korn, Soul Assassins, Xzibit, Wu-Tang Clan, Cypress Hill, Queen,  Jackson Browne, the Cars, R.E.M.,  Zayra Alvarez, Northern State, Fuel (band), "Skinhead " Rob Aston, Psycho Realm, Tim Armstrong, Molotov (band), Depswa, Tourettes (band), Transplants (band), and many more...

Rob Hill worked with Elliot Scheiner on a 5.1 remix of the great R.E.M. classic "Document", where he was the digital engineer, and editor. Album includes "End of the World" and "The One I Love". He also worked on the surround remix of the 1st the Cars record "Cars"with hits like "My Best Friend's Girlfriend" and "Just What I Needed" where Rob recaptured the tracks in original producer Roy Thomas Baker's Arizona Studio from his Stevens 40 track 2" tape machine.

Rob has worked with some of the biggest names in music production, e.g. Phil Ramone, Elliot Scheiner, Greg Ladanyi, Frank Fillapetti, Michael Beinhorn, Ed Cherney, etc...

discography
2002: A Night at the Opera (Queen album) [DTS] by Queen 2002: Untouchables [Bonus DVD] by Korn 2003: Dust by DJ Muggs 2003: Leave the Light On (Beth Hart album) by Beth Hart 2003:	Natural Selection by Fuel (band) 2003: Take a Look in the Mirror [Bonus DVD] by Korn2003: Take a Look in the Mirror [Clean] by	Korn 2003: Take a Look in the Mirror by Korn2004: 1st Infantry (album) [Clean] by The Alchemist (producer) 2004: 1st Infantry (album) by The Alchemist (producer) 2004: All City [Clean] by Northern State (band) 2004: All City 	by Northern State (band) 2004: Found by Todd Proctor2004: Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 [Clean] by Korn2004: 	Greatest Hits, Vol. 1 by Korn2004: Ruleta [2004] by Zayra Alvarez 2004: Till Death Do Us Part (Cypress Hill album)  [Clean] by Cypress Hill 2004: Till Death Do Us Part (Cypress Hill album)  by Cypress Hill2004: What's Your Number? [CD 2] by Cypress Hill2004: White Trash Beautiful [Import CD] by	Everlast (musician)2004: White Trash Beautiful by Everlast (musician)2005: 1st Infantry (album) [Deluxe] by	The Alchemist (producer)2005: 1st Infantry (album) [Instrumental] by The Alchemist (producer) 2005: Grandmasters (album) by DJ Muggs/GZA the Genius2005: Greatest Hits from the Bong [Clean] by	Cypress Hill 2005: Greatest Hits from the Bong by Cypress Hill 2005: A Night at the Opera (Queen album)[30th Anniversary CD/DVD] by Queen (band)2005: Running on Empty (album) [Expanded Edition] by Jackson Browne2005: S.P.I.T. by	Supernatural 2005: Urban Survival Syndrome by Mitchy Slick2006: Grandmasters (album): Instrumentals by DJ Muggs/GZA the Genius2006: Ruleta [2006] by Zayra Alvarez2007: Grandmasters (album) Remix by DJ Muggs/GZA2007: Treason Songs by Tourettes (band)2008: Alienigma [Bonus Track] by Agent Steel2008: Etched in Blood by	The Dreaming2011: Kiss of Death by Mignon (musician)2012: Na Chasti by Lumen (band)2012: Beast For Love by Dance Hall Pimps (band)

References

External links

American audio engineers
American record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Maroona is the junction station between what is the main western railway line and the branch line to Portland, Victoria, Australia. A number of sidings are provided at this station which are still in use. The platform and station building remain at Maroona with track access still available to one side of the platform.

References
Vicrail Maroona
Vicsig Maroona

Disused railway stations in Victoria (state)


The 1992 World Figure Skating Championships were held at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Arena in Oakland, California, USA from March 24 to 29. Medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

Medal tables

Medalists

Medals by country

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

External links
 results

World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships
International figure skating competitions hosted by the United States
World Figure Skating Championships
International sports competitions in California
World Figure Skating Championships
20th century in Oakland, California
Sports competitions in Oakland, California


Alan Marley is a former association football player who represented New Zealand.

Marley made his full All Whites debut in a 4–1 win over New Caledonia on 17 September 1972 and ended his international playing career with 12 A-international caps and 3 goals to his credit, his final cap in a 0–2 loss to Iraq on 13 March 1973. Marley only missed one A-international game between debut and his last selection and scored in three successive games in a four-day period in February 1973. Marley finished his playing days with the successful Brisbane Premier League side North Star FC. Before a falling out with the North Star coach saw him sign for Mt.Gravatt Hawks. Which was coached by Marley's former Qld State teammate Ian Steele for the remainder of the 1986 season.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
New Zealand men's association footballers
New Zealand men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
1973 Oceania Cup players


Ummed Sagar Bandh is a dam near Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India. It is located near Kaylana Lake. The dam supplies water to Jodhpur.

It was built during the reign of Maharaja Ummed Singh, in the year 1936.

List of lakes in India
List of lakes in India

References

Canals in Rajasthan
Jodhpur district
Dams completed in 1936
1936 establishments in India
20th-century architecture in India


The Freemasons' Tavern was established in 1775 at 61–65 Great Queen Street in the West End of London. It served as a meeting place for a variety of notable organisations from the 18th century until it was demolished in 1909 to make way for the Connaught Rooms.

History

In 1769, the Premier Grand Lodge of England decided to build a Central Hall. A building was purchased in Great Queen Street in 1775 and Thomas Sandby was tasked with building a hall in the garden. The original house became the tavern with a second house providing office space for the Freemasons. In 1813 the Premier Grand Lodge and rival Ancient Grand Lodge of England merged to form the United Grand Lodge of England.

The hall was not only used for Masonic purposes, but also became an important venue in London for a variety of meetings and concerts. Organisations using the hall included:
 Political Economy Club
 African Institution
 British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the World Anti-Slavery Convention in 1840
 British and Foreign Bible Society
 Highland and Island Emigration Society
 The Football Association (FA) held its first meeting here on 26 October 1863

Connaught Rooms

In 1909 the Grand Lodge demolished most of the Freemasons' Tavern and replaced it over succeeding decades with a new building designed by H. V. Ashley and Winton Newman, who also designed the adjoining Freemasons' Hall. The new building, costing £30,000, was named the Connaught Rooms after the Lodge's Grand Master, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.

After a further renovation by Friendly Hotels (later the Real Hotel Company) in the 1980s it reopened as the New Connaught Rooms, a hotel and conference centre. The art deco Grand Hall can seat 800 conference delegates. When the Real Hotel Company collapsed in 2009, Principal Hayley Group bought the venue, renamed it the Grand Connaught Rooms, and in 2016 placed it in its De Vere brand. In 2010 it became Grade II* listed.

References

External sites

Freemasonry
Covent Garden
Demolished buildings and structures in London
Buildings and structures demolished in 1909


Hamilton is a railway station located on the Ararat - Portland railway in the city of Hamilton, Victoria, Australia. Today the station is now used only for through trains, and the large station building is used only to serve bus passengers, although the disused platform remains in reasonable condition.

History
The railway to Hamilton opened in October 1877, in December that year the line was extended south to the final terminus of Portland. Hamilton  became a major railway station with extensive freight facilities and was the junction for several branch lines:
 To Coleraine opened in 1888.
 To Penshurst and Koroit in 1890.
 To Cavendish in 1915, extended to Balmoral in 1920.

The first two branch lines left the main line at Coleraine Junction, located a short distance south of Hamilton station itself.

By 1934 the station had a main platform facing the main line, opposite a crossing loop, and a dock platform at each end of the main platform. The goods yard had six roads opposite the platform, servicing a goods shed and stock yards. At the down end of the platform was a number of additional sidings, along with a turntable. A signal box and auxiliary frame controlled the signals in the area. By 1958 the yard had been expanded to 10 roads with a larger goods shed, a weighbridge also being provided.

Rationalisation of the station began in 1967 where the signal box was removed; the branch lines to Coleraine and Koroit were closed in 1977, the branch to Balmoral following suit in 1979. The last passenger train between Ararat and Portland was on 12 September 1981, operated by a DRC railcar.

In 1987 a large number of sidings were removed including the carriage docks, in 1988 all signals were removed leaving a minimum of sidings in the yard. The line from Maroona to Portland was closed for conversion from broad to standard gauge in March 1995, being reopened to traffic two months later. Today the station has a platform facing the main line, with two goods sidings opposite the platform.

In March 2010 the State Government announced a $3.97 million grant for the construction of a rail loading facility alongside the Iluka Resources mineral sand separation plant (some distance south of the railway station) for the transport of heavy mineral concentrate extracted from the Iluka mine site at Ouyen and transported via the standard gauge Murtoa - Hopetoun railway. The facility may also be used by the existing El Zorro service carrying containerised processed mineral sands from Portland to Melbourne.

A Victorian Railways K class steam locomotive is plinthed in a nearby park: it is made up of K177's frames and coupled wheels, K174's pony truck and boiler, and K159's tender.

References

External links
Hamilton station Vicrail

Disused railway stations in Victoria (state)
Railway stations in Australia opened in 1877
Railway stations closed in 1981
Hamilton, Victoria


Beverly, Washington, United States, is a small unincorporated community  along the banks of the Columbia River in central Washington state.  The community, which consists of a few hundred residents, is a few miles downriver from Wanapum Dam and is nestled at the base of Sentinel Gap, a water gap in the Saddle Mountains that predates the Columbia River.

History
Beverly was named around 1905 by H.R. Williams, after Beverly, Massachusetts.

Beverly played host to hundreds of railroad workers from 1905-1920s when the Milwaukee Railroad was being built. The Milwaukee constructed a million-dollar bridge across the Columbia just north of Beverly, which was completed in 1909. Supplies to build the bridge were shipped via steamboat from points upstream, and were hauled in on other rail lines. The bridge took nearly two years to complete.

Beverly's early success depended partially on steep grades on the railroad, which meant helper locomotives were required to drive the trains. Colorful brochures were printed and distributed back east by companies touting Beverly's long growing season and sheltered location.

In 1977, the Milwaukee Road filed bankruptcy, and in the early 1980s Washington State removed the rail from east of Beverly to a junction near Royal City, although the hundred-year-old black iron bridge still stands today crossing the river.

During World War II and continuing up to the 1980s, thousands of rail cars moved thorough Beverly en route to the nearby Hanford facility. During that time the station in Beverly (now vacated) was remodeled and enhanced. Sometime in the late 1990s to early 2000s, the train station was demolished.

Beverly today
Beverly remains unincorporated, although it does have its own ZIP code.  The old post office was burned down in 2003 due to arson, the only arson of a post office in the last 50 years in Washington State.  Today, the community is served by a temporary post office building. The building was intended to serve Washington communities in the event of forest fires and other such calamities. The current mobile facility has been in place the last six years to serve the 99321 ZIP code.

Although residents have lobbied to keep their post office, residents in the nearby town of Mattawa have suggested that the post office combine the historical ZIP code with Mattawa's.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Beverly has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

See also
Beverly Railroad Bridge

References

Unincorporated communities in Grant County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Washington (state) populated places on the Columbia River


Heywood railway station is a disused station on the Portland railway line in the town of Heywood, in the state of Victoria, Australia. The last passenger train between Ararat and Portland was on 12 September 1981, operated by a DRC railcar. The platform and station building are still in place at Heywood, although in a disused condition. Some of the former yard remains as unconnected broad gauge track, with power connections also provided to a work camp area. The former goods shed was removed by October 1983, and the through line was converted to standard gauge in 1995.

A line known as the Mount Gambier-Heywood railway line was opened between Heywood and Mount Gambier in 1917. Service was suspended on 11 April 1995, due to the standardisation of the Maroona – Portland line and is pending for standard gauge conversion.

References

External links
Heywood

Disused railway stations in Victoria (state)


McMaster University has graduated 35 Olympic athletes, and produced eight Olympic coaches, two Olympic
administrators and two Olympic officials.

McMaster Olympic athletes

  C.J. Sylvannus "Syl" Apps '36 (Athletics 1936 - Berlin)
  Grey McLeish '37 (Rowing 1936 - Berlin)
  Betty (Taylor) Campbell '37 (Athletics 1932 - Los Angeles, 1936 - Berlin)
  Catherine (Miller) Ray '38 Athletics 1940 - Tokyo / Helsinki - cancelled due to World War II)
  James Donald McFarlane '53 (Athletics 1952 - Helsinki)
  Barry Ager '62 (Basketball - Summer Olympics 1960 - Rome)
  Dr. Jack Gauldie '64 (Waterpolo 1972 - Munich)
  Sara (Barber) Jenkins '64 (Swimming 1956 - Melbourne, 1960 - Rome)
  Fred Heese '65 (Canoe 1964 - Tokyo)
 Tony Powell '67 (Athletics 1972 - Munich)
 Marjorie Homer-Dixon '73 (Kayak 1968 - Mexico City, 1972 - Munich)
 Steven Mitruk '73 (Gymnastics 1968 - Mexico City, 1972 - Munich)
 David Hart '74 (Waterpolo 1972 - Munich, 1976 - Montreal)
 Rick Puglise '74 (Waterpolo 1972 - Munich, 1976 - Montreal)
 Carol Love '75 (Rowing 1976 - Montreal)
 George Steplock '76 (Waterpolo - 1972 Munich, 1976 Montreal)
 Paul Pottier '79 (Waterpolo 1976 - Montreal, 1984 Los Angeles)
 Craig Martin '82 (Football (Soccer) - 1984 - Los Angeles)
 Paula Schnurr '87 (Athletics 1992 Barcelona, 1996 - Atlanta)
 Paul Ragusa '97 (Wrestling 1996 - Atlanta)
 Larry Cain '89 (Canoe 1988 - Los Angeles, 1988 - Seoul, 1992 - Barcelona)
 Andrea (Page) Steen '89 (Athletics 1984 - Los Angeles)
 Bill Trayling '89 (Canoe 1988 - Seoul - alternate)
 Christopher Woodcroft '89 (Wrestling 1988 - Seoul, 1992 - Barcelona)
 Calum McNeil '91 (Wrestling - 1992 Barcelona - Competed for the United Kingdom)
 Mark Heese '92 (Beach Volleyball 1996 - Atlanta, 2000 - Sydney, 2004 - Athens)
 Lawrence Holmes '92 (Wrestling 1984 - Los Angeles, 1988 - Seoul)
 Susan Palmer-Komar '92 (Cycling 1996 - Atlanta, 2004 - Athens)
 Greg Woodcroft '93 (Wrestling 1996 - Atlanta)
 Tim Bethune '95 (Athletics 1984 - Los Angeles)
 Gavin Maxwell '95 (Canoe 1996 - Atlanta)
 Alan Nolet '96 (Gymnastics 1988- Seoul, 1992 - Barcelona, 1996 - Atlanta)
 Janet Cook '02 (Swimming 2000 - Sydney - alternate)
 Howard Dell '02 (Bobsleigh 1988 - Calgary)
 Joanne Malar '02 (Swimming 1992 - Barcelona, 1996 - Atlanta, 2000 - Sydney)
 Adam van Koeverden '07 (Kayak 2004 - Athens, 2008 - Beijing)
 Chelsey Gotell '09 (Swimming 2004 - Athens, 2008 - Beijing, Paralympics)

Note: Dr. Norman Lane, a McMaster Professor of Mathematics, competed in two Olympic Games (Canoe 1948 - London, 1952 - Helsinki).

Coaches

 Fred Wach (Fencing - unknown)
 Nick Cipriano (Wrestling - 1988 Seoul, 1992 Barcelona, 1996 Atlanta)
 Dave O'Donnell (Fencing - 1988 - Seoul)
 Claus Wolter '80 (Rowing - 1988- Seoul)
 Andrew Cole (Swimming - 1996 - Atlanta, 2000 - Sydney)
 Gaye Stratten (Swimming 1996 - Atlanta)
 Barry Shepley '86 (Triathlon - 2000 Sydney)
 Margot (Verlaan) Page '87 (Hockey - 2006 Turino)

Administrators

 Doug Howard (Wrestling - Manager - 1976 - Montreal)
 Martha (Arnott) Deacon '81 (Badminton - Team Leader - 2000 - Sydney)
 Frank Corning 65' (Wrestling - Manager Olympics, Los Angeles - 1984, Barcelona - 1992, Atlanta - 1996)

Officials

 Dr. Ron Foxcroft '01 (Basketball - 1976 - Montreal)
 Janice Deakin '83 (Basketball - 1996 - Atlanta)

Olympic athletes, coaches and officials
Lists of Olympic competitors by university
Lists of Olympic competitors for Canada


Portland: there were two former railway stations in the town of Portland, Victoria Australia.

History
The original station was north of the town centre, and this remained the principal station even after the extension to Pier station, on the waterfront, was opened on 26 May 1883. From 1 March 1897, the original station was renamed Portland North while the 1883 station became plain Portland until it closed on 6 May 1968. Then the North site (which had been rebuilt with a modern passenger building) again became the sole station and goods yard.  The change was due to alterations to the local rail facilities as part of the modernisation of the Port of Portland.

The last passenger train between Ararat and Portland ran on 12 September 1981, operated by a DRC railcar.

All signals at the closed station were abolished in 1986. The signal panel, which was located at the Portland Harbour Junction, was relocated to the depot building during that time.

References

External links
 Portland Vicrail
 Portland Vicsig

Portland, Victoria


The 1981 World Figure Skating Championships, was 71st edition of World Figure Skating Championship were held in Hartford, Connecticut, United States from March 3 to 8. At the event, sanctioned by the International Skating Union, medals were awarded in men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

The ISU Representative was Olaf Poulsen and the ISU Technical Delegate was Josef Dědič.

The judging system was modified since 1980. For the singles events, the short program was worth 20% and the free skating 50% while the value of compulsory figures was reduced to 30% of the final result. The rank in each category was multiplied with a factor and these three numbers were added to the total score. The factor for the compulsory figures was 0.6, for the short program 0.4 and for the free skating 1.0. The rank within these three categories were judged according to the 6.0-judging system. In pairs, the short program had the factor 0.4 and the free skating 1.0. The ranks within the two pair categories were also judged according to the 6.0-judging system.

Medal tables

Medalists

Medals by country

Results

Men

Referee:
 Donald H. Gilchrist

Assistant Referee:
 Elemér Terták

Judges:
 Walburga Grimm
 Junko Hiramatsu
 Monique Georgelin
 Gerhard Frey
 Maria Zuchowicz
 Sergei Kononykhin
 Linda Petersen
 Hugh C. Graham jr.
 Geoffrey Yates

Substitute judge:
 Bojan Lipovšćak

Ladies

Referee:
 Sonia Bianchetti

Assistant Referee:
 Charles U. Foster

Judges:
 Tjaša Andrée
 Ludwig Gassner
 Karl-David Runeskog
 Jane Sullivan
 Kuniko Ueno
 Helga von Wiecki
 Marie Lundmark
 Eugen Romminger
 David Dore

Substitute judge:
 Pamela Davis

Pairs

Referee:
 Benjamin T. Wright

Assistant Referee:
 Martin Felsenreich

Judges:
 Maya Reinhart
 Jacqueline Kendall-Baker
 Walburga Grimm
 Dorothy MacLeod
 Pamela Davis
 Liudmila Kubashevskaya
 Maria Zuchowicz
 E. Newbold Black IV.
 Eugen Romminger

Substitute judge:
 Junko Hiramatsu

Ice dancing

Sources
 Result list provided by the ISU

World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships
World Figure Skating Championships
International figure skating competitions hosted by the United States
Sports competitions in Hartford, Connecticut
20th century in Hartford, Connecticut
World Figure Skating Championship
World Figure Skating Championship


John Wesley Hardrick (September 21, 1891 – October 18, 1968) was an American artist. He painted landscapes, still lifes and portraits.

Early life and family origins
Hardrick's grandfather, Shephard Hardrick, was a land-owning farmer in Kentucky who fled to Indianapolis with his family in 1871 due to activities of The Night Riders, a forerunner of the Ku Klux Klan. Hardrick's parents were Shephard Hardrick, Jr., and Georgia Etta West, who were married on October 10, 1888 and lived on South Prospect Street in Indianapolis, Indiana. He displayed at talent as a young man, learning to paint with watercolors at the age of eight without instruction. As a young teen, he studied with Otto Stark at Manual High School which is now used as offices by Eli Lilly and Company. He entered drawings at the Indiana State Fair while in high school, winning several awards. At the age of nineteen, he entered fifty-three paintings and drawings, receiving eight awards which included several first prizes. This gave Hardrick sufficient notoriety that he began to receive a formal art education after enrolling in October, 1910 in the Herron School of Art in Indianapolis, studying there with William Forsyth until 1918. In order to finance his education, Hardrick worked at the Indianapolis Stove Foundry
 and sold newspapers.

He married Georgia Anna Howard in 1914. They had children, Rowena, Raphael, Georgia, and Rachel.

Career
By 1917, Hardrick's local reputation was such that he and William Edouard Scott were featured in the Tenth Annual Exhibition of Works by Indiana Artists at the Herron School of Art, both men receiving critical praise. By 1924, he and Hale Woodruff shared a studio at 542½ Indiana Avenue. Unfortunately, his financial situation was such that by 1925 he was working in the family trucking business and had started a carpet cleaning business to help support his family, but despite these time constraints he still found time to paint. Commenting on a 1927 exhibition at the Pettis Gallery in Indianapolis, one review stated that his work had seemed to grow and mature in those two years. That same year Hardrick and Woodruff were among those featured at the Art Institute of Chicago's exhibition of African-American artists. In addition, that year he received a $100 honorarium and second-place bronze medal from the Harmon Foundation. It was presented to him by mayor Ert Slack during a ceremony which honored the achievements of local African-Americans as part of the city's sixth annual Inter-Racial Sunday. This led to a fund drive to purchase one of his best-known paintings, Little Brown Girl.

The Great Depression came just when it seemed Hardrick was poised to reap the rewards for his work and dedication. Hardrick continued to paint and exhibit. On December 18, 1933, Hardrick applied for a Civil Works Administration Public Works of Art Project program and was selected for the project planning committee.

In 1934, he was awarded a commission from the WPA to paint a mural for Crispus Attucks High School. The mural, titled Workers, portrayed 3 African-American foundry workers pouring molten metal, a subject Hardrick would have been familiar with due to his own work in a foundry. It was presented to the high school principal Russell Lane, who refused to install the mural due to its depiction of the laborers and his concern that it would dampen student aspirations.

By 1940 Hardrick's declining health prevented him from working in the family business and he began driving a taxi. He would often sell paintings out of the trunk and, while driving around, see a subject he would ask to paint. If a man or woman agreed, he would drive them to his studio and complete the portrait in a few hours.

In 1941, his wife Georgia died and Hardrick moved to his parents' house on Prospect Street with three of his children, Raphael, Georgia, and Rachel. He used the attic for a studio. By 1943 his daughters had married and he left. In 1946, his friends Rufus and Emily Wharton offered him their basement as a studio and residence, which he accepted. He continued to paint until unable due to advancing Parkinson's disease. When he died on October 18, 1968, he was a nationally recognized artist in spite of living his whole life in Indianapolis.

Art
Hardrick's first exhibition was in 1904 at the age of 13 at the Negro Business League convention and he also exhibited his work in 1904 at the Indiana State Fair.

His first major exhibition was at Allen Chapel, A.M.E. Church in 1914. In 1928 he also painted a mural at the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Indianapolis entitled "Christ and the Samaritan Woman at the Well."

Hardrick's work was showcased at the 10th Annual Exhibition of Works by Indiana Artists in 1917. Hale Woodruff and Hardrick shared a studio for a time in the 1920s at 541 Indiana Avenue and in 1927 exhibited together at the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1927, Hardrick received a Bronze Award from the Harmon foundation for his painting, Portrait of a Young Girl. Beginning in 1928, Hardrick received grants from the Harmon Foundation for 5 years. His art was included in the Second Annual Exhibition of Contemporary Negro Art in San Diego, California in 1929. Also in 1929, his work was displayed at the Smithsonian Institution. He and worked as a Works Progress Administration muralist in 1933-34. In 1933 he received a blue ribbon at the Indiana State Fair for his portrait Mammy.

His work was also displayed in the Hoosier Salon at Marshall Field Art Gallery in Chicago, Illinois in 1929, 1931, and 1934.

From July 4-September 2, 1940, Hardrick's work was included as part of the Exhibition of the Art of the American Negro (1851–1940) in the Tanner Art Galleries in Chicago, Illinois.

Hardrick's works include certain holdings at the Indianapolis Museum of Art including:
Little Brown Girl, created in 1927 (which was purchased by Indianapolis African-American citizens and donated to the IMA in 1929, and re-acquired in 1993).
Winter Landscape, created in 1945  and Untitled Landscape

Hardwick's art is also owned by the Indiana State Museum. It was exhibited February 1-March 16, 1977 as part of the Woodruff, Hardrick, and Scott exhibition. It was also exhibited earlier, on March 23-April 4, 1929 as part of the Exhibition of Fine Art by Negro Artists.

Certain of Hardrick's works are lost, including Lady X and murals painted for a WPA commission for local Indianapolis schools. The story of the loss of Lady X reveals the strained finances of Hardrick in 1933. The Harmon Foundation had been exhibiting the piece and returned it to Hardrick via Railway Express. The artist was unable to pay the freight charges to retrieve the work, and records of its present location are unavailable.

Memorial
John Wesley Hardrick is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.

A building on the campus of Indianapolis University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) is also named after the artist.

Workers mural re-imagined
In 2021 Norwood, a historic neighborhood where Hardrick and his family once own land, was slated for a project where a morgue and forensics facilities would be constructed on land once owned by John Hardrick. Though opposition from Norwood residents the plan for the morgue and forensics facilities was cancelled and in it's place a plan for a public park replaced it. Within this park, a community center would be built and a mural would be created by Kaila Austin which would re-imagine Hardrick's Workers which was created in 1934 for the Crispus Attucks High School that was never installed and has since been lost.

Important events in the life of John Wesley Hardrick

References

Further reading
 Hampton, R. Kumasi, The great migration the evolution of African American art, 1790–1945, 2000.
 Taylor, William E., A shared heritage art by four African Americans, 1996 .
 Bearden, Romare and Henderson, Harry, A History of African-American Artist from 1792 to present, 1993.
 Pierce, Richard B., Polite protest: the political economy of race in Indianapolis, 1920–1970, 2005

External links

20th-century American painters
American male painters
1891 births
1968 deaths
Artists from Indianapolis
Herron School of Art and Design alumni
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
People of the New Deal arts projects
Works Progress Administration workers
20th-century African-American painters
20th-century American male artists