Stream power, originally derived by R. A. Bagnold in the 1960s, is the amount of energy the water in a river or stream is exerting on the sides and bottom of the river. Stream power is the result of multiplying the density of the water, the acceleration of the water due to gravity, the volume of water flowing through the river, and the slope of that water. There are many forms of the stream power formula with varying utilities, such as comparing rivers of various widths or quantifying the energy required to move sediment of a certain size. Stream power is closely related to other criteria such as stream competency and shear stress. Stream power is a valuable measurement for hydrologists and geomorphologists tackling sediment transport issues as well as for civil engineers, who use it in the planning and construction of roads, bridges, dams, and culverts.

History
Although many authors had suggested the use of power formulas in sediment transport in the decades preceding Bagnold's work, and in fact Bagnold himself suggested it a decade before putting it into practice in one of his other works, it wasn't until 1966 that R. A. Bagnold tested this theory experimentally to validate whether it would indeed work or not. This was successful and since then, many variations and applications of stream power have surfaced. The lack of fixed guidelines on how to define stream power in this early stage lead to many authors publishing work under the name "stream power" while not always measuring the entity in the same way; this led to partially failed efforts to establish naming conventions for the various forms of the formula by Rhoads two decades later in 1986. Today stream power is still used and new ways of applying it are still being discovered and researched, with a large integration into modern numerical models utilizing computer simulations.

Derivation
It can be derived by the fact that if the water is not accelerating and the river cross-section stays constant (generally good assumptions for an averaged reach of a stream over a modest distance), all of the potential energy lost as the water flows downstream must be used up in friction or work against the bed: none can be added to kinetic energy. Therefore, the potential energy drop is equal to the work done to the bed and banks, which is the stream power.

We know that change in potential energy over change in time is given by the equation:where water mass and gravitational acceleration are constant. We can use the channel slope and the stream velocity as a stand-in for : the water will lose elevation at a rate given by the downward component of velocity . For a channel slope (as measured from the horizontal) of :where  is the downstream flow velocity. It is noted that for small angles, . Rewriting the first equation, we now have:Remembering that power is energy per time and using the equivalence between work against the bed and loss in potential energy, we can write:Finally, we know that mass is equal to density times volume. From this, we can rewrite the mass on the right hand sidewhere  is the channel length,  is the channel width (breadth), and  is the channel depth (height). We use the definition of dischargewhere  is the cross-sectional area, which can often be reasonably approximated as a rectangle with the characteristic width and depth. This absorbs velocity, width, and depth. We define stream power per unit channel length, so that term goes to 1, and the derivation is complete.

Various Forms

(Total) Stream power
Stream power is the rate of energy dissipation against the bed and banks of a river or stream per unit downstream length. It is given by the equation:where Ω is the stream power, ρ is the density of water (1000 kg/m3), g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2), Q is discharge (m3/s), and S is the channel slope.

Total Stream Power
Total stream power often refers simply to stream power, but some authors use it as the rate of energy dissipation against the bed and banks of a river or stream per entire stream length. It is given by the equation:where Ω is the stream power, per unit downstream length and L is the length of the stream.

Unit (or Specific) Stream power
Unit stream power is stream power per unit channel width, and is given by the equation:where ω is the unit stream power, and b is the width of the channel. Normalizing the stream power by the width of the river allows for a better comparison between rivers of various widths. This also provides a better estimation of the sediment carrying capacity of the river as wide rivers with high stream power are exerting less force per surface area than a narrow river with the same stream power, as they are losing the same amount of energy but in the narrow river it is concentrated into a smaller area.

Critical Unit Stream Power
Critical unit stream power is the amount of stream power needed to displace a grain of a specific size, it is given by the equation:where τ0 is the critical shear stress of the grain size that will be moved which can be found in the literature or experimentally determined while v0 is the critical mobilization speed.

Relationships to other variables

Size of displaced sediment
Critical stream power can be used to determine the stream competency of a river, which is a measure to determine the largest grain size that will be moved by a river. In rivers with large sediment sizes the relationship between critical unit stream power and sediment diameter displaced can be reduced to:While in intermediate-sized rivers the relationship was found to follow:

Shear stress
Shear stress is another variable used in erosion and sediment transport models representing the force applied on a surface by a perpendicular force, and can be calculated using the following formulaWhere  is the shear stress, S is the slope of the water, ρ is the density of water (1000 kg/m3), g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2).

Shear stress can be used to compute the unit stream power using the formulaWhere V is the velocity of the water in the stream.

Applications

Landscape evolution

Stream power is used extensively in models of landscape evolution and river incision. Unit stream power is often used for this, because simple models use and evolve a 1-dimensional downstream profile of the river channel. It is also used with relation to river channel migration, and in some cases is applied to sediment transport.

Predicting flood plain formation
By plotting stream power along the length of a river course as a second-order exponential curve, you are able to identify areas where flood plains may form and why they will form there.

Sensitivity to erosion
Stream power has also been used as a criterion to determine whether a river is in a state of reshaping itself or whether it is stable. A value of unit stream power between 30 and 35 W m−2 in which this transition occurs has been found by multiple studies. Another technique gaining popularity is using a gradient of stream power by comparing the unit stream power upstream to the local unit stream power () to identify patterns such as sudden jumps or drops in stream power, these features can help identify locations where the local terrain controls the flow or widens out as well as areas prone to erosion.

Bridge and culvert design
Stream power can be used as an indicator of potential damages to bridges as a result of large rain events and how strong bridges should be designed in order to avoid damage during these events. Stream power can also be used to guide culvert and bridge design in order to maintain healthy stream morphology in which fish are able to continuing traversing the water course and no erosion processes are initiated.

See also

 Hydrology
 Geomorphology
 Erosion
 Sediment transport
 Shear stress
 Hydrogeomorphology
 Deposition (geology)
 Water slope

References

Geomorphology
Water streams


The Fabulous Baron Munchausen () is a 1962 Czechoslovak romantic adventure film directed by Karel Zeman, based on the tales about Baron Munchausen. The film combines live-action with various forms of animation and is highly stylized, often evoking the engravings of Gustave Doré.

A digital restoration of the film premiered on 5 September 2016 at the Telluride Film Festival in the United States.

Plot
The film begins with footsteps leading to a pond. The camera continually moves upwards to show the flight of butterflies, birds, and a progression of historical aircraft ending with a rocket ship travelling through space and landing on the Moon.

The astronaut/cosmonaut leaves his spacecraft and sights other footsteps on the Moon leading him to an old phonograph, then a crashed rocket with a plaque reading Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon. Taken to a dinner table, the surprised space traveller meets the characters from Verne's book, as well as two other figures associated with fictional Moon voyages: Cyrano de Bergerac and Baron Munchausen. Inviting him to their table, the characters believe that the cosmonaut is a man actually from the Moon, and kindly treat him as a small child.

The Baron decides to take him to Earth in a fanciful airship held up by a herd of winged horses. The Baron dresses the spaceman, called "Tony" in the English dubbed version and "Tonik" in the original Czech, in 18th-century costume where they land in the 18th-century Ottoman Empire, in Constantinople. Speaking in an unintelligible voice that he calls the "language of diplomacy", the Baron presents Tonik to the Sultan. However, Tonik's lack of knowledge of diplomatic protocol and his falling in love with Princess Bianca, a damsel in distress held prisoner by the Sultan, leads to a series of romantic and fanciful adventures that transform the modern scientific space traveller into a hero rivalling the Baron.

Among the exciting and satiric adventures are sword and sea battles with the Turks, being swallowed by a giant fish, and ending the conflict between two warring kingdoms.

Cast

Miloš Kopecký as Baron Munchausen
Jana Brejchová as Princess Bianca
Rudolf Jelínek as Tony
Rudolf Hrušínský as The Sultan
Karel Höger as Cyrano de Bergerac
Eduard Kohout as General Ellemerle
Jan Werich as Ship's Captain
František Šlégr as Pirate Captain
Otto Šimánek as Michel Ardan
Naděžda Blažíčková as Court Dancer
Karel Effa as Adjutant
Josef Hlinomaz as Spanish General
Zdeněk Hodr as Nicole
Miloslav Holub as Enemy General
Miroslav Homola as Chess Player
Václav Trégl as Sailor
Bohuš Záhorský as Admiral
Richard Záhorský as Barbicain

Reception
The film was released internationally throughout the 1960s, including a 1964 American dub under The Fabulous Baron Munchausen.

Howard Thompson of The New York Times described it as "a delectable oddity with a perky, intriguing music track," and writer Harlan Ellison termed it a "charming and sweethearted 1961 Czech fantasy filled with loopy special effects."

César Santos Fontenla of Triunfo called the film "a masterpiece" and added: "the film is undoubtedly the most exciting experiment so far in animation and in combining different techniques ... The Méliès influence is present throughout the film, which reaches the same level of poetry as the works of that old master." Le Mondes film blog called Zeman's technique "perfectly fitted" (parfaitement adaptée) to the Baron Munchausen stories, and described the result as "endowed with a splendid sense of humor and very inventive" (doté d’un bel humour et très inventif). The film historian Peter Hames described Baron Prášil as "perhaps [Zeman's] finest film."

When the film was screened at the British Film Institute in the 1980s, it served as an influence for Terry Gilliam, who was then making his own version of the Munchausen stories, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. According to Gilliam:

British magazine Home Cinema Choice voted The Fabulous Baron Munchausen the best digitally restored film of 2017, defeating such films as The Thing, The Wages of Fear and Mulholland Drive.

The restored version of the film is about six minutes shorter and omits 27 scenes compared to the original footage.

References

External links

1962 films
Baron Munchausen
Czech adventure films
Czech romantic films
1960s Czech-language films
Czechoslovak animated films
Films directed by Karel Zeman
Films set in the 18th century
Films set in Istanbul
Films set in 18th-century Ottoman Empire
Films with live action and animation
1960s romantic fantasy films
1960s stop-motion animated films
Films with screenplays by Jiří Brdečka
Films with screenplays by Karel Zeman
Films based on From the Earth to the Moon
Czech animated adventure films
Czech animated fantasy films
Czech animated romance films


John Redmond Reservoir is a reservoir on the Neosho River in eastern Kansas. Built and managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, it is used for flood control, recreation, water supply, and wildlife management.  It borders the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge to the northwest.

History
The Neosho River valley flooded more than 50 times in the 30 years leading up to 1950 when the U.S. Congress authorized the flood control project that later became John Redmond Dam and Reservoir. It was authorized and awaiting construction during the Great Flood of 1951 which inundated downtown Burlington and Strawn where some locations had floodwater  deep.

Originally, Congress authorized the project under the Flood Control Act of 1950 as Strawn Dam in reference to Strawn, the town located where the reservoir is today. Strawn was relocated  to the east on higher ground and renamed New Strawn at the time the dam was constructed. In 1958, Congress renamed the project John Redmond Dam and Reservoir in honor of the late John Redmond, the publisher of the Burlington Daily Republican who had been a long-time advocate for flood control and water conservation along the Neosho River. Redmond had died in 1953.

The design and construction of the project was conducted by the Tulsa District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at a total cost of $29,264,000. The dam began to undergo construction on June 18, 1959 and went into service on November 17, 1964, several weeks before final completion, in order to protect the Neosho River valley from the expected winter and spring floods.

During the Great Flood of 1993, floodwaters reached up to the top of the dam's release gates. The reservoir reached capacity in July 1993, necessitating the first release of the spillway.

Geography
John Redmond Reservoir is located at  (38.2250209, -95.7766537) at an elevation of . It lies east of the Flint Hills on the Osage Plains in east-central Kansas. The entirety of the reservoir lies within Coffey County.

The reservoir is impounded at its southeastern end by John Redmond Dam. The Neosho River is both the reservoir's primary inflow from the northwest and outflow to the southeast. Smaller tributaries include Hickory Creek and Kennedy Creek from the north as well as Buffalo Creek and Otter Creek from the west.

U.S. Route 75 runs generally north-south east of the reservoir. 12th Road, a paved county road, runs east-west south of the reservoir. Another paved county road, Embankment Road, runs northeast-southwest along the top of the dam.

There are several settlements on or near the reservoir. The largest, Burlington, lies roughly  southeast of the dam on the Neosho River. New Strawn is located immediately east of the reservoir at the northeast end of the dam. Ottumwa, which is unincorporated, sits on the reservoir's north shore.

Hydrography
The surface area, surface elevation, and water volume of the reservoir fluctuate based on inflow and local climatic conditions. In terms of capacity, the Corps of Engineers vertically divides the reservoir into a set of pools based on volume and water level, and the reservoir is considered full when filled to the capacity of its conservation pool. When full, John Redmond Reservoir has an approximate surface area of , a surface elevation of , and a volume of . When filled to maximum capacity, it has a surface elevation of  and a volume of .

The streambed underlying the reservoir has an elevation of .

Infrastructure
John Redmond Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam that stands  above the streambed and  long. At its crest, the dam has an elevation of . A  section of the dam at its northeast end is a concrete spillway that empties into the Neosho River channel. The spillway is an ogee weir controlled by 14  by  tainter gates. When the reservoir is filled to maximum capacity, the spillway has a discharge capacity of . Additional outlet works include two  low-flow pipes with a capacity of  at the spillway crest. An intake building for the Wolf Creek Generating Station is located below the dam. This serves as a secondary cooling source for the plant. The maximum capacity of the river channel below the dam is .

Management
The Tulsa District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manages John Redmond Dam and Reservoir for the purposes of flood control, recreation, water quality control, and water supply. The Corps oversees recreational activities both on the reservoir surface and in the parks around it.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages  of land along the river northwest of the reservoir as the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge. In addition, the Corps of Engineers has licensed the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWP) to manage  on the reservoir's southwest shore as the Otter Creek Wildlife Area. The Wildlife Area includes approximately  of riparian land,  of cropland, and  of native grassland.

John Redmond Reservoir serves as a reserve water supply for the Wolf Creek Generating Station located  east. During construction of the facility, a second reservoir, Coffey County Lake, was created to serve as a water source so a cooling tower would not be required. The water level of the Lake is kept above a mandatory level by pumping water from John Redmond when needed.

Parks and recreation
The Corps of Engineers manages three parks at the reservoir:  Dam Site Park, Riverside East Park, and Riverside West Park. Dam Site Park is located at the northeast end of the dam on the reservoir's eastern shore. Riverside East Park and Riverside West Park lie immediately below the dam on both sides of the Neosho River. Both Dam Site and Riverside West host boat ramps. Dam Site and Riverside East each include hiking trails. All three parks include camping and picnic facilities. In addition, the Corps manages three recreation areas which also provide boat ramps:  the Otter Creek Recreational Area, located on the western shore at the southwest end of the dam, and the Strawn and Hartford Areas, both located upstream in the Flint Hills Wildlife Refuge. The Otter Creek Area occupies  and is open for off-road vehicle use. Lastly, the Corps manages the Hickory Creek trail on the reservoir's north shore. The trail is open to hiking, horseback riding, and mountain biking.

John Redmond Reservoir is open for sport-fishing. Hunting is allowed, with restrictions, on the public land around the reservoir including in the Flint Hills Refuge.

Wildlife

Fish species resident in the reservoir include channel and flathead catfish, crappie, walleye, and  white bass. One invasive species, the zebra mussel, is also present. Game animals living on land around the reservoir include bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbits, mourning doves, prairie chickens, squirrels, turkeys, and whitetail deer.

See also

 List of Kansas state parks
 List of lakes, reservoirs, and dams in Kansas
 List of rivers of Kansas

References

External links
  Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
 John Redmond Reservoir, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
  John Redmond/Otter Creek Wildlife Area, Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks & Tourism

Protected areas of Coffey County, Kansas
Dams in Kansas
Reservoirs in Kansas
State parks of Kansas
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Dams completed in 1964
Bodies of water of Coffey County, Kansas


Baron Prášil is the Czech name for the historical and literary character Baron Munchausen.

The name may also refer to:

 Baron Prášil (1940), a comedy film starring Vlasta Burian
 Baron Prášil (1961), a film by Karel Zeman


Charles Fremont "Pruner" West (January 25, 1899 – November 20, 1979) was an American track athlete, college football player and coach, and physician. He played football and ran track at Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. He was the first African American to play quarterback in a Rose Bowl. West served as the head football coach at Howard University in Washington, D.C. in 1928 and again from 1934 to 1935, compiling a record of 12–7–2.

Personal
West was born in 1899 to William B. and Hannah Thomas from Washington County, Pennsylvania. He was the third of four children. The family moved from their farm in Burgettstown to Washington, Pennsylvania in 1911. West's father opened a drug store that later was turned into a grocery store and was elected to Washington City Council. West's nickname, Pruner, came from a mispronunciation of "Peruna" a cough syrup sold by his father.  Charles was an outstanding athlete at Washington High School and was scouted by Pittsburgh Pirates. Rumors circulated that he had outraced a horse and wrestled the family bull to the ground.

Career at Washington & Jefferson

In 1920, he entered Washington & Jefferson College, where he played football and threw javelin for the track and field team. He was captain of track team in 1924.  At the time, he was one of a few African-American players in private colleges.

He was the halfback and the backup quarterback for the 1921 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team, but took over the starting quarterback job after the game against Pittsburgh, a position he held the rest of the season. That January, he became the first African American quarterback to play in the Rose Bowl and led his team to a hard-fought, scoreless tie against the California Golden Bears.

On November 24, 1921, W&J arrived via train in Wheeling, West Virginia to play the West Virginia Mountaineers amid chants of "Kill the nigger," in reference to West.  The crowd was unable to tell which W&J player was him, as Pruner was a relatively light-skinned African American.  West was the last member of the team off the train and told the confused crowd, "We didn't bring him with us this time."  Following the 13–0 victory, Pruner visited a Wheeling drug store that displayed a sambo-type doll with the tag "West" in an ambulance.  West introduced himself to the drug store owner and asked for the display "after [he] was done with it." The embarrassed store owner gave it to him on the spot.

In a similar incident, Washington and Lee traveled to Washington for a game, but refused to play against West, as it was against their "tradition."  Robert M. Murphy sent the Washington and Lee team, who knew that West was on the roster when they scheduled the game, a message saying, "W&J does not play without Pruner West."  Washington & Lee balked and went home with their "guarantee" and a 1–0 forfeit loss amid catcalls and a "near riot" at the train station.  It became known later that Murphy knew that West had a sprained ankle and would not have been able to play anyway, but he refused to honor W&L's request.

Pruner missed the first half of the November 4, 1922 game against Lafayette at the Polo Grounds with his arm taped to his side. He returned for the second half to spark a 14-point comeback to win, 14–13. Walter Camp named him as an All-American honorable mention in 1923.

Coaching and medical career
West signed with the Akron Pros of the National Football League (NFL), but quit to attend medical school at Howard University in Washington, D.C., where he also coached football. He was an assistant coach under head coach Louis L. Watson in 1925. West succeeded Watson as head coach in 1928. West was in turn succeeded by Tom Verdell in 1929, but returned as head coach in 1934 and 1935. He practiced medicine in Alexandria, Virginia for many years.

West and his wife, Laverne, had two children: Linda West Nickens and Nathaniel West. He was an excellent skeet and trap shooter and loved hunting and fishing. In 1978, West was awarded the Distinguished Alumni Service Award from W&J. He died in 1979.

Legacy
West was inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame on May 6, 1979.

In 2011, his role in the advancement of African Americans in collegiate sports was recognized in a joint W&J/West Virginia University ceremony at the U. Grant Miller Library.  A large photo of West's throwing a javelin is displayed at the W&J Hall of Fame at Cameron Stadium.

At the 2017 Rose Bowl Game, West was inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame.

Head coaching record

References

External links

1899 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American physicians
American football halfbacks
American football quarterbacks
American male javelin throwers
Akron Pros players
Howard Bison football coaches
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football players
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
Howard University alumni
Sportspeople from Alexandria, Virginia
People from Washington County, Pennsylvania
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Physicians from Virginia
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
African-American male track and field athletes
20th-century African-American physicians
20th-century African-American sportspeople


Parks and Recreation is an American television series created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur. It has been billed as a companion piece to Daniels' and Schur's other comedy, The Office.

Produced and broadcast by NBC, Parks and Recreation is filmed in the same mockumentary style as The Office and follows Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler), a mid-level bureaucrat in the Parks and Recreation Department in the fictional town of Pawnee, Indiana. Inspired by local nurse Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones), Leslie vows to turn a vacant lot with a large pit into a beautiful park. The show's original line-up was Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford, an administrator; Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson, head of the Parks and Recreation department and Leslie's superior; Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate, an intern; Jim O'Heir as Jerry Gergich and Retta as Donna Meagle, other employees of the Parks and Recreation department; Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer, Ann's boyfriend who was injured in the pit; and Paul Schneider as Mark Brendanawicz, a city planner. Schneider left the series after the second season and was replaced by Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt and Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger, state auditors tasked with evaluating the Parks and Recreation department. In the sixth season, Jones and Lowe left while Billy Eichner joined as series regular, Craig Middlebrooks.

The series ran for 125 episodes over seven seasons from April 9, 2009, until February 24, 2015, with a special episode aired on April 30, 2020.

Series overview

Episodes
Average episode runtime is 21–22 minutes without commercials. † denotes a longer 25–28 minute episode while  denotes a "double-length" 42-minute episode.

Season 1 (2009)

Season 2 (2009–10)

Season 3 (2011)

Season 4 (2011–12)

Season 5 (2012–13)

Season 6 (2013–14)

Season 7 (2015)

Special episode (2020)
In April 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, NBC announced they would air a new, special episode of the series, centered on Leslie trying to stay connected with the other residents of Pawnee during social distancing. The series' cast returned for the special, which benefited Feeding America's COVID-19 response.

Ratings

References

External links

Pawnee, Indiana

Parks and Recreation


Turbulent diffusion is the transport of mass, heat, or momentum within a system due to random and chaotic time dependent motions. It occurs when turbulent fluid systems reach critical conditions in response to shear flow, which results from a combination of steep concentration gradients, density gradients, and high velocities. It occurs much more rapidly than molecular diffusion and is therefore extremely important for problems concerning mixing and transport in systems dealing with combustion, contaminants, dissolved oxygen, and solutions in industry.  In these fields, turbulent diffusion acts as an excellent process for quickly reducing the concentrations of a species in a fluid or environment, in cases where this is needed for rapid mixing during processing, or rapid pollutant or contaminant reduction for safety.

However, it has been extremely difficult to develop a concrete and fully functional model that can be applied to the diffusion of a species in all turbulent systems due to the inability to characterize both an instantaneous and predicted fluid velocity simultaneously.  In turbulent flow, this is a result of several characteristics such as unpredictability, rapid diffusivity, high levels of fluctuating vorticity, and dissipation of kinetic energy.

Applications

Atmospheric diffusion  and pollutants
Atmospheric dispersion, or diffusion, studies how pollutants are mixed in the environment. There are many factors included in this modeling process, such as which level of atmosphere(s) the mixing is taking place, the stability of the environment and what type of contaminant and source is being mixed. The Eulerian and Lagrangian (discussed below) models have both been used to simulate atmospheric diffusion, and are important for a proper understanding of how pollutants react and mix in different environments. Both of these models take into account both vertical and horizontal wind, but additionally integrate Fickian diffusion theory to account for turbulence. While these methods have to use ideal conditions and make numerous assumptions, at this point in time, it is difficult to better calculate the effects of turbulent diffusion on pollutants. Fickian diffusion theory and further advancements in research on atmospheric diffusion can be applied to model the effects that current emission rates of pollutants from various sources have on the atmosphere.

Turbulent diffusion flames
Using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) processes, there has been on-going research on the effects of turbulent diffusion in flames. Main areas of study include combustion systems in gas burners used for power generation and chemical reactions in jet diffusion flames involving methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and nitrogen (N2). Additionally, double-pulse Rayleigh temperature imaging has been used to correlate extinction and ignition sites with changes in temperature and the mixing of chemicals in flames.

Modeling

Eulerian approach
The Eulerian approach to turbulent diffusion focuses on an infinitesimal volume at a specific space and time in a fixed frame of reference, at which physical properties such as mass, momentum, and temperature are measured. The model is useful because Eulerian statistics are consistently measurable and offer great application to chemical reactions.  Similarly to molecular models, it must satisfy the same principles as the continuity equation below (where the advection of an element or species is balanced by its diffusion, generation by reaction, and addition from other sources or points) and the Navier–Stokes equations:

where  = species concentration of interest,  = velocity
t= time, = direction,  = molecular diffusion constant,  = rate of  generated reaction,  = rate of  generated by source.
  Note that   is concentration per unit volume, and is not mixing ratio () in a background fluid.

If we consider an inert species (no reaction) with no sources and assume molecular diffusion to be negligible, only the advection terms on the left hand side of the equation survive. The solution to this model seems trivial at first, however we have ignored the random component of the velocity plus the average velocity in uj= ū + uj’ that is typically associated with turbulent behavior.  In turn, the concentration solution for the Eulerian model must also have a random component cj= c+ cj’. This results in a closure problem of infinite variables and equations and makes it impossible to solve for a definite ci on the assumptions stated.

Fortunately there exists a closure approximation in introducing the concept of eddy diffusivity and its statistical approximations for the random concentration and velocity components from turbulent mixing:

where Kjj is the eddy diffusivity.

Substituting into the first continuity equation and ignoring reactions, sources, and molecular diffusion results in the following differential equation considering only the turbulent diffusion approximation in eddy diffusion:

Unlike the molecular diffusion constant D, the eddy diffusivity is a matrix expression that may vary in space, and thus may not be taken outside the outer derivative.

Lagrangian approach
The Lagrangian model to turbulent diffusion uses a moving frame of reference to follow the trajectories and displacements of the species as they move and follows the statistics of each particle individually. Initially, the particle sits at a location x’ (x1, x2, x3) at time t’. The motion of the particle is described by its probability of existing in a specific volume element at time t, that is described by Ψ(x1, x2, x3, t) dx1 dx2 dx3  =  Ψ(x,t)dx   which follows the probability density function (pdf) such that:

Where function Q is the probably density for particle transition.

The concentration of particles at a location x  and time t can then be calculated by summing the probabilities of the number of particles observed as follows:

Which is then evaluated by returning to the pdf integral

Thus, this approach is used to evaluate the position and velocity of particles relative to their neighbors and environment, and approximates the random concentrations and velocities associated with turbulent diffusion in the statistics of their motion.

Solutions
The resulting solution for solving the final equations listed above for both the Eulerian and Lagrangian models for analyzing the statistics of species in turbulent flow, both result in very similar expressions for calculating the average concentration at a location from a continuous source.  Both solutions develop a Gaussian Plume and are virtually identical under the assumption that the variances in the x,y,z directions are related to the eddy diffusivity:

where

q= species emission rate, u = wind speed, σi2 = variance in i direction.

Under various external conditions such as directional flow speed (wind) and environmental conditions, the variances and diffusivities of turbulent diffusion are measured and used to calculate a good estimate of concentrations at a specific point from a source. This model is very useful in atmospheric sciences, especially when dealing with concentrations of contaminants in air pollution that emanate from sources such as combustion stacks, rivers, or strings of automobiles on a road.

Future Research

Because applying mathematical equations to turbulent flow and diffusion is so difficult, research in this area has been lacking until recently. In the past, laboratory efforts have used data from steady flow in streams or from fluids, that have a high Reynolds number, flowing through pipes, but it is difficult to obtain accurate data from these methods. This is because these methods involve ideal flow, which cannot simulate the conditions of turbulent flow necessary for developing turbulent diffusion models. With the advancement in computer-aided modeling and programming, scientists have been able to simulate turbulent flow in order to better understand turbulent diffusion in the atmosphere and in fluids.

Currently in use on research efforts are two main non-intrusive applications. The first is planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), which is used to detect instantaneous concentrations at up to one million points per second. This technology can be paired with particle image velocimetry (PIV), which detects instantaneous velocity data. In addition to finding concentration and velocity data, these techniques can be used to deduce spatial correlations and changes in the environment. As technology and computer abilities are rapidly expanding, these methods will also improve greatly, and will more than likely be at the forefront of future research on modeling turbulent diffusion.

Aside from these efforts, there also have been advances in fieldwork used before computers were available. Real-time monitoring of turbulence, velocity and currents for fluid mixing is now possible. This research has proved important for studying the mixing cycles of contaminants in turbulent flows, especially for drinking water supplies.

As researching techniques and availability increase, many new areas are showing interest in utilizing these methods. Studying how robotics or computers can detect odor and contaminants in a turbulent flow is one area that will likely produce a lot of interest in research. These studies could help the advancement of recent research on placing sensors in aircraft cabins to effectively detect biological weapons and/or viruses.

See also
Turbulence
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Air pollution dispersion terminology
List of atmospheric dispersion models
Fundamentals of Stack Gas Dispersion
Diffusion flame
Fick's laws of diffusion
Planar laser-induced fluorescence
Particle image velocimetry
False diffusion

References

External links
https://share.sandia.gov/crf/article.php?id=144   -Turbulent Diffusion Flame Research
http://www.shodor.org/master/environmental/air/plume/index.html -Gaussian Plume Model Calculator
http://courses.washington.edu/cewa567/Plumes.PDF - Turbulent Diffusion and Gaussian Plume Model from University of Washington

Fluid dynamics


Springdale is an old rural community of Brampton, Ontario, Canada  covering  in the northern part of the city. It is generally bounded by Countryside Drive to the north, Bovaird Drive to the south, Heart Lake Road to the west, and Airport Road to the east. Springdale is sometimes referred to Singhdale due to its large population of Sikh Canadians, who make up 39.6% of the community's population and often have the last name Singh.

History

The present-day area of Springdale was located in the northeast part of the southern half of Chinguacousy Township before the township was amalgamated into the city of Brampton in 1974.

The eastern part of present-day Springdale along Airport Road was the site of the hamlet of Stanley’s Mills, established in 1820. By 1860, the hamlet, characterized by an important milling industry, consisted of "three mills, a wagon shop, a blacksmith, tailor, seamstress, inn, store, post office, and Methodist church." The sole remaining vestige of the hamlet is the designated heritage site at 10416 Airport Road, a Gothic revival brick residence built circa 1860 and associated with the Alderson family, among Brampton’s earliest settlers. The Aldersons operated a mill in the 1860s and 1870s on the creek to the south of the present house.

Two other designated heritage sites are along Torbram Road and reflect the area’s rural and agricultural past. The Elliott Farmhouse, of a vernacular Ontario Gothic style, was built about 1865. The Elliott Homestead, of a Gothic Revival style, was built in 1876 and is linked to the former Harrison Methodist Church a kilometre south.

Springdale as the suburban community it is today was planned in the 1980s, and construction began in 1991. The $5 billion “town within a city,” planned to be completed around 2005, would house 75,000 people in 22,000 homes on a 4,000-acre site. The project was said to include "a hospital, 17 churches [and places of worship], 13 public and nine separate schools, a public library, two fire stations, a police station, a public transit terminal, 45 community parks, a large regional shopping centre, 18 plazas, and three low-rise office complexes," as well as over 700 acres of park space or open green space and 120 kilometres of paved bike paths. As part of the "green" focus for Springdale, developers also gave the community’s eight different neighbourhoods a distinct geographical theme, such as mountains, tundra, grasslands, forests, deserts, and so on, and named the streets to reflect that particular environment.

Politics
Springdale is split in federal and provincial representation between Brampton North and Brampton East. Brampton North covers the area west of Torbram Road, south of Sandalwood Parkway; and west of Bramalea Road, north of Sandalwood Parkway. Brampton East covers the area east of those lines.

Infrastructure

Brampton Civic Hospital, opened in 2007, is located in the area, along with two fire stations and a paramedic station.

Trinity Common Mall is a large shopping plaza in the area and includes a Cineplex movie theatre and transit terminal.

Recreation
The Save Max Sports Centre, formerly Brampton Soccer Centre, opened in 2007.

The Springdale branch of the Brampton Library opened in 2018.

Demographics

According to the 2016 Census, the top six mother tongues in the L6R forward sortation area (which is largely the area of Springdale) are English (36.3%), Punjabi (34.4%), Gujarati (3.6%), Urdu (2.8%), Tamil (2.6%), and Hindi (2.5%).

Immigrants make up 59.7% of residents in the area, compared to 52.3% for the city. Among the immigrant population, the top six places of birth are India (55.8%), Jamaica (6.6%), Guyana (4.9%), Pakistan (4.3%), Sri Lanka (4.3%), and the Philippines (3%).

Education
There are numerous elementary and middle schools, and four secondary schools in the area.

Peel District School Board
Elementary and middle schools

Carberry Public School
Eagle Plains Public School
Fernforest Public School
Great Lakes Public School
Hewson Public School
Larkspur Public School
Lougheed Middle School
Mountain Ash Public School
Robert J. Lee Public School
Shaw Public School
Springdale Public School
Stanley Mills Public School
Sunny View Middle School

Secondary schools

Harold M. Brathwaite Secondary School
Louise Arbour Secondary School
Sandalwood Heights Secondary School

Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Blessed Michael J. McGivney Catholic School
Father Clair Tipping School
Good Shepherd Elementary School
Our Lady of Providence School
St. Isaac Jogues Elementary School
St. Marguerite d'Youville Secondary School

Notable people
Ayo Akinola - professional soccer player
Anthony Bennett - professional basketball player
Nakas Onyeka - professional Canadian football player
Tristan Thompson - professional basketball player

References

Neighbourhoods in Brampton
Ethnic enclaves in Canada
Little Indias
Sikh enclaves


Jordan Jones (born 29 June 1990) is an Australian rules footballer
previously listed with the Williamstown Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) for season 2017-2018 and also previously listed with West Perth Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) from 2012-2016.
He previously played for the West Coast Eagles in the Australian Football League (AFL). Jones was selected at pick 52 in the 2008 AFL Draft with West Coast's 4th round selection. He made his debut for the Eagles at the end of the 2010 season, playing two games, before being de-listed at the end of the 2011 season.

Junior football
Jones moved from his home in Melbourne to Ocean Grove in 2000.
Jones played his junior football for the Ocean Grove/Collendina Cobras and Ocean Grove Football Club. He played for Ocean Grove's senior side by the time he was 17. Jones proved his worth at a young age by being selected in the Vic Country team for the 2006 AFL Under 16 Championships. He was named in the best in Vic Country's Round 2 loss to Vic Metro.

Basketball career
Jones excelled at both basketball and football, so knew that later in life he would have to make a choice. He played as a point guard, captaining the Vic Country Under 16 national championship-winning side in 2005. It was however after he had a basketball carnival one week and a football carnival two weeks later, where he realised that juggling the two was too hard, and he chose football where he played for the Geelong Falcons.

Senior football career

Geelong Falcons career
Jones played for the Geelong Falcons in the TAC Cup, the premier U/18s competition in Victoria. He played 10 matches in 2007, and had played 14 matches in 2008 before injuring his shoulder in the latter half of the season.

2008 U/18 National Championships
Jones was selected in the Vic Country team for the 2008 AFL Under 18 Championships. He was a consistent performer and played in all 5 matches. He played especially well in one match against Western Australia where he "controlled precedings" across centre half-back. Jones kicked a goal and was named in the best in the final match of the tournament against Tasmania.

2008 Draft selection
Jones was selected by  using their fourth round pick, no. 52. There was doubt over whether he would be picked, as he tore his shoulder muscle in a match playing for Vic Country, which destroyed his second half of the season for the Falcons. Falcons regional manager Michael Turner gave him a "60% chance" of being drafted in 2008. ,  and  all showed interest in Jones, however it was West Coast who ended up selecting him.

Peel Thunder career
Jones wa allocated to play for the Peel Thunder Football Club in the West Australian Football League (WAFL). Jones has played 10 games so far this season, wearing #17. Arguably his best game for the season so far was in Round 12 against East Fremantle, where he collected 23 disposals and 9 marks.

West Coast Eagles career
Jones made his senior debut for the West Coast Eagles at the end of the 2010 season. He did not play a game for the club in 2011, and was de-listed at the end of the season. He joined the West Perth Football Club in January 2012, signing a two-year contract.

Statistics

Geelong Falcons

Vic Country

Peel Thunder

References

1990 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Geelong Falcons players
Peel Thunder Football Club players
West Coast Eagles players
West Perth Football Club players
Williamstown Football Club players


The 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 ING Magyar Nagydíj 2009) was a Formula One motor race held on 26 July 2009 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród,  north of Budapest, Hungary. It was the tenth race of the 2009 FIA Formula One World Championship. The 70-lap race was won by  world champion Lewis Hamilton for McLaren-Mercedes, after starting from fourth place on the grid. The  world champion Kimi Räikkönen finished second for Ferrari, with Red Bull Racing's Mark Webber finishing third. Championship leader Jenson Button had a poor race to finish seventh, losing ground to Webber in the championship.

Hamilton's win was his first since the 2008 Chinese Grand Prix, which was also the last time he had appeared on the podium. The result also marked the first time that a car equipped with a regenerative brake system (KERS) had won a race. Räikkönen's second place was Ferrari's best result of the season so far, but his teammate Felipe Massa suffered a serious accident during the second part of the Saturday afternoon qualifying session which left him with a fractured skull. The race also saw the debut of World Series by Renault racer and 2008 British Formula Three champion Jaime Alguersuari, who became the youngest Formula One driver in the championship's 59-year history, at the age of 19 years and 125 days, and the first to be born in the 1990s. However, Alguersuari's record has been broken since Max Verstappen debuted in 2015. He replaced the fired Sébastien Bourdais at Scuderia Toro Rosso.

Background
Heading into the weekend, Jenson Button led the Drivers' Championship on 68 points for Brawn GP, 21 points clear of Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel. Vettel's teammate Mark Webber, who signed a new one-year contract before the race weekend, was 1.5 points behind Vettel and an equal number ahead of Button's teammate Rubens Barrichello.

Brawn GP also held the lead in the Constructors' Championship, with a lead of 19.5 points from a resurgent Red Bull Racing, who were a further 48 points clear of Toyota. Toyota held an advantage of only 1.5 points over defending champions Scuderia Ferrari.

Webber won the previous race in Germany from pole position, to claim his first win at the 130th attempt. Despite an early drive-through penalty assessed for a dangerous manoeuvre to keep the Brawn GP car of Barrichello behind him at the start, the Australian driver had enough time in hand to rejoin out front and win by nearly ten seconds from Red Bull Racing teammate Vettel.

Felipe Massa was third, to earn his first podium of the 2009 season to date. Championship leader Button could only muster a fifth-place finish, after being overhauled by the one-stopping Williams of Nico Rosberg, who finished fourth having started fifteenth.

Prior to the race, the Hungarian Grand Prix had produced different winners for each of the last seven years, with Heikki Kovalainen (McLaren-Mercedes; 2008), Lewis Hamilton (McLaren–Mercedes; 2007), Button (Honda; 2006), Kimi Räikkönen (McLaren–Mercedes; 2005), Michael Schumacher (Ferrari; 2004), Fernando Alonso (Renault; 2003) and Barrichello (Ferrari; 2002) taking the chequered flag. The Hungaroring had also been the scene of the maiden victories of Button, Alonso and Kovalainen.

Much of the talk prior to the weekend was about the appointment of Jaime Alguersuari to replace Sébastien Bourdais at Scuderia Toro Rosso. Alguersuari did not have any circuit testing experience in a Formula One car, and had only undertaken straight-line aerodynamic tests the week before the Grand Prix, in Faenza. Felipe Massa felt that Alguersuari—who had 118 prior single-seater races under his belt, with 17 wins—was too young and inexperienced to be driving a contemporary Formula One car. Mark Webber and Jenson Button also expressed their fears about Alguersuari driving at the Hungaroring. However, Sebastian Vettel came to the support of the Spaniard, saying that he should take his time to build up speed.

Practice

Three practice sessions were held before the race; the first was held on Friday morning and the second on Friday afternoon. Both sessions lasted 1 hour and 30 minutes with weather conditions dry throughout, the air temperature at , and the track temperature at . for session one. Session two saw the air temperature at , and the track temperature at . The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted an hour, and was also dry throughout, with the air temperature at , and the track temperature at . McLaren were the pace-setters in both Friday practice sessions, with Kovalainen topping the first and Hamilton topping the second.

Apart from the upturn in McLaren's performance, the usual Friday pace-setters were also competitive, with Williams drivers Nico Rosberg and Kazuki Nakajima both setting times that were good enough for top five positions in both sessions. The Red Bull of Mark Webber was also in the top five in both sessions, as he continued his recent good form.

Brawn GP implemented their usual strategy of running with fuel during Friday practice sessions. In the first session, Jenson Button was tenth and Rubens Barrichello was thirteenth. In the second session, Barrichello improved to seventh place, while Button dropped back to thirteenth. That said, Button's lap time was only 0.727 seconds off the fastest time of Hamilton, in an extremely tight session.

Jarno Trulli was the top Toyota in both sessions, finishing up sixth and eighth, beating teammate Timo Glock, who was fourteenth and tenth. Renault had a mixed session, with Alonso and Nelson Piquet Jr. struggling to get the ideal setup for the car. Alonso was seven tenths of a second off in both sessions, while Piquet improving to just a tenth and half behind his teammate. Massa and Räikkönen posted times good enough for P7 and P8 in the first session, but were adrift in the second session, with neither driver in the top ten, which left the Ferrari drivers disappointed with the lack of pace.

BMW Sauber were another team to struggle in practice, with times some six tenths of a second off the pace, which left both drivers unhappy with the setup. Nick Heidfeld's time in the second session was their best showing, ending up in ninth position. Force India outpaced Toro Rosso in both sessions, with both cars lapping within a second of the best times. Giancarlo Fisichella (16th and 17th) and Adrian Sutil (18th and 16th) were both confident that they could improve on those times on Saturday. Sébastien Buemi found himself doing much of the setup work for the Italian outfit, improving his lap time by eight tenths of a second, between sessions. Alguersuari produced a solid performance in both sessions, but still ranked last in both sessions. Each driver completed 82 laps over the two sessions.

McLaren again topped the times during the Saturday practice session with Hamilton posting the best time. Heidfeld was a surprise second for BMW Sauber, with Nico Rosberg in third. Kovalainen was fourth, ahead of the Toro Rosso of Buemi and the Toyota of Glock. Glock's session was far from trouble-free, as his Toyota developed a hydraulic leak during its first flying lap. He returned to the track just before the end of the session, to record the sixth best time. Only seven tenths of a second split Heidfeld in second from Barrichello's Brawn in thirteenth. At one point, Jaime Alguersuari was as high as second position, before falling down to 18th by the end. Both Force Indias lapped slower than the teenager, with Sutil also having an incident, misjudging turn eight and hit the barrier.

Qualifying

The qualifying session on Saturday afternoon was split into three parts. The first part ran for 20 minutes, and cars that finished the session 16th or lower were eliminated from qualifying. The second part of qualifying lasted 15 minutes and eliminated cars that finished in positions 11 to 15. The final part of qualifying determined the positions from first to tenth, and decided pole position. Cars which failed to make the final session could refuel before the race, so ran lighter in those sessions. Cars which competed in the final session of qualifying were not allowed to refuel before the race, and as such carried more fuel than in the previous sessions. Weather conditions for the session saw the air temperature at , and the track temperature at .

The first part of qualifying saw Rosberg top the times, with a lap of 1:20.793, towards the end of the session. Hamilton and Webber were the only other drivers to record laps in the 1:20s. Alguersuari, who was 19th with several minutes remaining, slowed out of turn 12 with a hydraulic failure that left him unable to return to the pits. He fell to 20th and last on the grid, after Sutil (who moved up to 18th) lapped quicker than he did. The two were joined on the sidelines by the BMW Saubers of Heidfeld and Robert Kubica, and the second Force India of Fisichella.

After a seven-minute break, the second part of the qualifying session got underway. With just a second covering the fifteen remaining drivers, many drivers set their quickest laps in the final few minutes of the session. As the session ended, the Ferrari of Massa, who was sixth at the time, was involved in a serious accident at turn four. Replays showed debris striking his Schuberth helmet, 1 inch above the left eye, when he was travelling at . The impact knocked him unconscious, with his car straying towards the grass verge on the inside of turn four. The onboard footage from his car showed that he had his feet on both the accelerator and the brake pedals. The Ferrari decelerated at a force of between 0.6 and 1.4g and impacted with the barrier at . After the car imbedded itself in the tyre barrier, the engine could be heard still revving on the limiter, indicating that Massa's foot was still pressing the accelerator and that he was thus unconscious. This accident came just six days after FIA Formula Two Championship driver Henry Surtees was fatally injured after being struck on the head by a wheel bouncing across the circuit at the Brands Hatch track in the United Kingdom, and provoked some discussion about the safety of open cockpit racing cars. The debris, a spring from the rear suspension damper (weighing around 800 grams), was suspected of having come from the car of Barrichello, who had reported that something had come loose minutes beforehand. Brawn confirmed the part had indeed come from Barrichello's car, and changed the same part on teammate Button's car ahead of the race. It was also subjected to an inspection during the third qualifying session, leaving Button with only one run for qualifying, due to the lengthy inspection.

Despite Massa's accident, some drivers improved their times towards the end of the session as they had passed the zone before the accident, meaning that Massa fell to eighth position. Button and Nakajima both progressed into the third part of qualifying, with their times set despite the yellow flag at turn four for Massa's accident. Barrichello's problem meant that he and the Brawn team missed out on the top ten shootout for the first time this season. He was joined on the sidelines by Buemi, Glock, Nelson Piquet Jr. and Trulli. Even though Massa's time was quick enough to progress to Q3, his crash ruled him out of any further participation in the session. He was slowly extricated from his damaged Ferrari, and taken to the infield medical centre, where he was stabilised before being airlifted to hospital. This meant that there were only nine drivers in the final part of qualifying, which was delayed by twenty minutes due to the lengthy amount of time taken to remove Massa, repair the tyre barrier and check the track for any further debris.

With qualifying nearing its conclusion, the official timing system malfunctioned, leaving the drivers bemused in the pit lane afterwards, asking each other their times for comparisons. The problem was later revealed by Formula One Management and LG as being a broken cable. When the timing system came back online, Fernando Alonso discovered that he had set the fastest time, recording his first pole since the 2007 Italian Grand Prix. Joining him on the front row was Vettel, with Webber and Hamilton on row two. On row three were Rosberg, who was top when the system went down, and defending race-winner Kovalainen. When the cars' starting weights were released post-qualifying, Alonso was light compared to all those around him. He was some 17.5 kg lighter than Vettel, and at the extreme, 27 kg lighter than Button, who qualified eighth.

Ferrari latterly confirmed that Massa would miss the Grand Prix due to his accident. He suffered a head cut, bone damage to his skull and a concussion, and remained under observation in intensive care, in the Állami Egészségügyi Központ military hospital in Budapest. He underwent successful surgery for the injuries he suffered in his accident. This meant that for the first time since the 2005 United States Grand Prix, a field of fewer than 20 drivers took part in a Grand Prix. It was also the first time that Ferrari fielded only one car in the race since the 2002 French Grand Prix when Rubens Barrichello failed to start due to ignition problems.

Qualifying classification
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"

 – Felipe Massa was injured in the second phase of qualifying and therefore did not set a time for Q3.
 – Owing to Massa's inability to start the race, all cars behind him moved up one place to close the gap.

Race
The conditions on the grid were dry before the race, the air temperature at , and the track temperature at . The formation lap for the race began at 14:00 local time (UTC+2), with the race beginning a couple of minutes later. Alonso retained his pole position lead into the first corner, followed by a fast-starting Hamilton, Webber, Räikkönen and Vettel, who had made a slow start from the "dirty" side of the grid. Hamilton and Räikkönen nearly touched on the run to turn one, which in effect slowed the Finn slightly and allowed Webber to maintain third. Hamilton ran slightly wide on the exit of the first corner, which allowed Webber to challenge him. The counter-effect caused Räikkönen and Vettel to stack up, with the German's Red Bull making slight contact with the rear of the Ferrari. Vettel lost further places to Rosberg and Kovalainen as a result of the incident. Räikkönen would latterly be investigated after the race for both of his first lap incidents. At the end of the first lap, Sutil came into the pits from 19th place with water pressure problems. The problem was terminal and he became the first retirement of the afternoon. Alonso started to pull away from the field, setting his fastest lap of the race (1:23.529) on lap four.

Positions remained static until the start of lap five. Hamilton pressured Webber in turn one, and with the aid of the KERS button, overtook the Australian before turn two. Once clear of Webber, Hamilton started to cut into the gap that Alonso had built up at the front. Alonso's Renault was suffering from graining on its rear tyres (when the tyres shed little bits of rubber before sticking to the tread of the tyre, effectively separating the tyre from the track surface very slightly), and also a fuel pump problem, which forced him to change to a different fuel setting on the car. Alonso pitted on lap twelve, and was stationary for 6.4 seconds. However, he was released with his front right wheel incorrectly attached, causing the wheel-mounted brake duct or "spinner" to rotate while the wheel was turning. The duct then fell off and disintegrated at turn four, as Alonso continued to go round the circuit. The wheel then parted from the car at turn nine, and Alonso drove the car back to the pits on three wheels. The missing wheel was replaced, enabling him to continue in the race, but he returned to the pits on the following lap, as the earlier fuel pump problem proved terminal.

With Hamilton extending his lead to almost six seconds—including his fastest lap of 1:22.479 on lap sixteen—Räikkönen and Webber both pitted on lap nineteen. Räikkönen was at a standstill for 8.3 seconds, while a slight problem with the fuel rig cost Webber valuable seconds. He was eventually released just as the Ferrari was trundling down the pit lane. The two cars just avoided a collision, which almost caused the Red Bull to career into a number of the Williams mechanics, who were standing in the pit lane at the time. Hamilton pitted the following lap, but was slightly delayed by Rosberg's Williams, which had entered the pit lane as Hamilton was about to exit the McLaren pit box. This promoted Kovalainen into the lead, followed by Vettel but both drivers pitted at the end of lap 21, to hand the lead back to Hamilton. Vettel's sluggish pit-stop cost him track position, as he filtered out behind Rosberg.

During Hamilton's stint on a second set of super-soft tyres, he was told by race engineer Phil Prew to look after his tyres as he had a comfortable gap of 15 seconds over Räikkönen. Championship leader Button, who was heavily fuelled at the start, had improved up to second by the time of his first stop on lap 25. Vettel was struggling with his car, and was passed for eighth position by Barrichello on lap 27. He then reported to his race engineer Guillaume Rocquelin that something was broken on his car. He pitted at the end of the lap from eleventh position, having lost more places, and his pit crew routinely replaced the nosecone and took a detailed look at the rear suspension. He rejoined a lap down before retiring on lap 30. Debutant Alguersuari made his first Formula One pit stop on lap 28, when running in thirteenth place. Glock also moved into the points-scoring positions at this stage of the race by using the strategy of a long 32-lap first stint. Buemi spun at turn two on lap 38, and subsequently rejoined the circuit behind his teammate Alguersuari.

Hamilton was left unchallenged for the rest of the race, making his final pit stop on lap 46, and came home to win his first race as World Champion. This was his first victory since the 2008 Chinese Grand Prix, his tenth in total, and also the first time that he had won at a circuit twice, having won at nine different circuits previously. This was also the first occasion on which a KERS car had won a Grand Prix; Räikkönen (in another KERS car) came in second, setting his fastest lap on the final lap. Webber finished third, a result which moved him into second in the championship standings past Vettel. Webber also recorded the first fastest lap of his career, with a lap of 1:21.931 on lap 65. Rosberg finished fourth for the third race in succession, heading home Kovalainen, Glock, Button and Trulli rounded out the top eight point scorers. Outside the point-scoring positions were Nakajima, Barrichello (the first time that a Brawn car had finished a race outside the points), Heidfeld, Piquet, Kubica, Fisichella and the Toro Rossos of Alguersuari and Buemi. With Button's seventh place, his lead in the drivers' championship over Webber was cut by four points, to 18.5 points.

Post-race

The top three finishers appeared on the podium and in the subsequent press conference, where Hamilton was overjoyed at being back at the front of the field: "It’s an incredible feeling to be back here after what feels such a long time away and with such a struggle with me and my team. But as I said on the in lap I am just so proud of the guys, as I go into the factory and I see how hard everyone is pushing. Everyone wants to win just as much as I do and they never gave up. They have never given up which is something very rare to see in such a large group of people. I am very, very proud of them. We didn’t expect to win this weekend. Undoubtedly we have caught up quite a bit but we never felt we had the pace to win. But the car felt fantastic and it is incredibly special to get back up here, not only on the podium, but to get a win. It is amazing."

Räikkönen also achieved his best result of the 2009 season to date, but was unaware that the moves that he made at the start of the race were under investigation, to be looked at after the race.

Webber's podium finish moved him into second place in the championship standings. He was surprised, however, at the way proceedings played out, describing his result as "a little bit of a surprise. I think we expected to be a little bit quicker after our running on Friday but to be honest we knew these guys would be around us. It was a pretty difficult venue for us and we knew that we didn’t have the advantage maybe that we had in the last few events. All in all for me I am still pretty happy to get the result we did. I think we had a better chance to fight Kimi if maybe we did a slightly different pit stop and maybe chose a different tyre but that was my call. I was worried about how long the length of the stint was and it was quite difficult to know which tyre to put on but overall we still have a lot of positives. We are still up here. We haven’t been blown away by any means. We are in the hunt and we can take our car to a lot of venues and be competitive, so our guys and Renault have a lot to be proud of. We are still very much a force, so it is still a positive day for us."

Two hours after the race's conclusion, representatives of Ferrari, Red Bull and Renault were summoned to see the race stewards due to the various incidents that occurred during the race. Ferrari and Räikkönen were cleared of any wrongdoing in either of his incidents with race-winner Hamilton and Vettel on the first lap of the race. Red Bull were given a reprimand for the second race running, due to the unsafe release of Webber into the direct path of Räikkönen in the pit lane, at the first round of pit stops. Red Bull had been in a similar situation at the , when Vettel was released unsafely into the path of Kazuki Nakajima during qualifying, and the team were given a €10,000 fine. Renault received the harshest punishment of the three incidents, in the form of a suspension from the next race of the season, the . The race stewards felt that Renault "knowingly released car no. 7 [Alonso] from the pitstop position without one of the retaining devices for the wheel-nuts being securely in position, this being an indication that the wheel itself may not have been properly secured. Being aware of this, [Renault] failed to take any action to prevent the car from leaving the pitlane. [Renault] failed to inform the driver of this problem or to advise him to take appropriate action given the circumstances, even though the driver contacted the team by radio believing he had a puncture, resulting in a heavy car part detaching at Turn 5, and the wheel itself detaching at Turn 9." which was in breach of Articles 3.2 and 23.1.i in the Sporting Regulations. Within half an hour of the decision, Renault filed the mandatory cost of €6,000 to appeal against the decision. The International Court of Appeal heard the case on August 17; the Monday before the European Grand Prix and the court upheld bid for the suspension to be overturned. The team was fined $50,000 for the breach of the regulations in Hungary, and were allowed to race at Valencia.

Massa's condition continued to improve over the course of the weekend, the Brazilian having been sedated in a coma for 48 hours. After being visited by Ferrari and Fiat president Luca Cordero di Montezemolo and also Rubens Barrichello, doctors from the Állami Egészségügyi Központ military hospital released a statement saying that Massa could make a full recovery. Massa could be released from hospital within a week to ten days, depending on how well he progresses. Massa's doctor, Dino Altmann, also told the media that he is certain that Massa will race again, having stated that the trauma suffered by the Brazilian was not as bad as first thought, and that his condition has improved rapidly, taking his first steps since the crash, when he left the intensive care unit. Massa left hospital on August 3, returning home to Brazil to recuperate. He checked into the Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein in São Paulo for a series of medical tests that would allow him to recuperate at home, rather than in hospital. All the results of the tests for abnormalities came back negative, and Massa was given the all-clear to continue his recuperation.

Rumours began circulating that any one out of Ferrari advisor Michael Schumacher, and the team's two test drivers Luca Badoer and Marc Gené would be replacing Massa for the European Grand Prix, and the succeeding events. On July 29, Schumacher agreed to drive the car until Massa was fit enough to return, subject to medical tests. However, Schumacher called off his return on August 11, due to a lingering neck injury which he had suffered six months earlier, while testing a Honda CBR1000RR motorcycle at Circuito Cartagena. Badoer replaced Massa in Valencia, and competed in his first Grand Prix since . The gap of nine years, nine months and 24 days was the second-longest gap between Grands Prix competed, with only Jan Lammers (ten years, three months; when he returned to Formula One in ), having a lengthier spell between races.

The Hungarian Grand Prix was also the last race for Renault's Nelson Piquet Jr. as he parted company with the team on August 3, 2009 and he would not race in a Formula One Grand Prix again. Romain Grosjean was announced as his replacement, with his GP2 Series team Barwa Addax signing up Davide Valsecchi to replace him; ending his title aspirations.

Race classification

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

Constructors' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

See also
 2009 Hungaroring GP2 Series round

References

External links

Official Hungarian Grand Prix results from
FIA (archived)
Formula1.com (archived)

Hungarian
Hungarian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Hungarian Grand Prix


Pabulatrix is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Pachetra is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Achille Guenée in 1841. Its only species, Pachetra sagittigera, the feathered ear, was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1766. It is found in central and southern Europe, east to the Ural, north to southern England, Sweden and Finland. Southwards it is found from Anatolia, central Asia and the Altai up to Mongolia. It is also present in North Africa.

Technical description and variation

The wingspan is 32–45 mm. Forewing grey suffused with darker grey and brown; claviform stigma variable in size, blackish; upper stigmata large, white edged with grey centres, sometimes wholly white: submarginal line diffusely pale, preceded by black wedge-shaped marks; hindwing dirty grey, with darker cellspot, postmedian line, and submarginal cloud; in vestigialis Esp. there is a prominent white patch at base of costa of forewing; — ravida Esp. is a rarer form in which the median and marginal areas are both reddish brown; — pyrenaica Oberth. [now ssp.], from the Pyrenees, is a melanic form in which the forewings are suffused all over with blackish grey; — bombycina Ev., from the Ural Mts., is smaller and darker, with the median and submedian veins finely white; both the upper stigmata much smaller, white edged, the reniform not kidney shaped but narrow with the white lateral edges parallel, the lower end flat, not curved, and according to Eversmann running inwards along the median vein; on the other hand ab. incana Mill, is a quite pale form; yet another form, from the Sila Mts., Calabria, seems to require a name ab. grisescens nov. [Warren]. The 6 males seen, rather smaller than typical fulminea, are dark grey suffused with fuscous, without any admixture of brown or ochreous; the upper stigmata grey with white outlines, the claviform black; the underside is whitish powdered with grey, the cellspots large; an outer line on both wings. Syrian specimens, according to Hampson, have the hindwing white, and the veins only brown.

Biology
Adults are on wing from May to July. There is one generation per year.

Larva grey brown, mottled with dark; dorsal line yellowish, black edged; a series of oblique brown subdorsal stripes; lateral lines narrowly brown. The larvae feed on various grasses, including Festuca ovina, Poa and Gramineae species.

Subspecies
Pachetra sagittigera sagittigera
Pachetra sagittigera melanophaea (North Africa)
Pachetra sagittigera britannica (Britain), presumed extinct

References

External links

Lepiforum e.V.
Schmetterlinge-Deutschlands.de

Hadenini
Moths of Europe
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel
Monotypic moth genera


Pachyagrotis is a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family, first described by Charles Boursin in 1953. The type species is Pachyagrotis ankarensis .

Species
Species accepted in the genus according to IRMNG are:
 Pachyagrotis ankarensis Rebel, 1933
 Pachyagrotis benigna Corti, 1926
 Pachyagrotis flagrans Püngeler, 1925
 Pachyagrotis libanotica Corti & Draudt, 1933
 Pachyagrotis tischendorfi (Püngeler, 1925)
 Pachyagrotis wichgrafi'' Corti & Draudt, 1933

References

Noctuinae


Pachycoa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Pachyplastis is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Pachyplastis apicalis, is found in the Brazilian state of Amazonas. Both the genus and species were first described by Felder in 1874.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Pachypolia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Pachypolia atricornis Grote, 1874

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Pachypolia at funet

Cuculliinae


Pachythrix is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Pachythrix axia (Turner, 1941)
 Pachythrix chlorophylla (Zilli, 2020)
 Pachythrix esmeralda (Warren, 1912)
 Pachythrix hampsoni (Nye, 1975)
 Pachythrix mniochlora (Meyrick, 1889)
 Pachythrix smaragdistis (Hampson, 1908)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Pachythrix at funet

Hadeninae


Paectes is a genus of moths of the family Euteliidae erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818.

Description
Palpi upturned, reaching just above vertex of head. Thorax smoothly scaled. Abdomen with tufts on first segment and very long, with a large anal tubular tuft especially in male. Forewing with nearly straight costa, rectangular apex, obliquely curved outer margin and near base lobed inner margin. in most species, antennae of male bipectinated and tibia hairy. And in some, antennae of male pectinated for two-thirds of length and fore tibia with a tuft of long hair from femur-tibia joint.

Species
 Paectes abrostolella Walker, 1866
 Paectes abrostoloides Guenée, 1852
 Paectes acutangula Hampson, 1912
 Paectes arcigera Guenée, 1852
 Paectes asper Pogue, 2013
 Paectes costistrigata Bethune-Baker, 1906
 Paectes cyanodes Turner, 1902
 Paectes declinata Grote, 1879
 Paectes delineata Guenée, 1852
 Paectes fuscescens Walker, 1855
 Paectes longiformis Pogue, 2012
 Paectes lunodes (Guenée, 1852)
 Paectes medialba Pogue, 2013
 Paectes nana (Walker, 1865)
 Paectes nubifera Hampson, 1912
 Paectes obrotunda Guenée, 1852
 Paectes oculatrix Guenée, 1852
 Paectes pygmaea Hübner, 1818 (syn: Paectes flabella (Grote, 1879))
 Paectes silvaini Barbut & Lalanne-Cassou, 2005
 Paectes similis Pogue, 2013
 Paectes sinuosa Pogue, 2013
 Paectes tumida Pogue, 2013

References

External links

Euteliinae


Paetica is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Paida is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Karl Jordan in 1896. Its only species, Paida pulchra, was first described by Roland Trimen in 1863. It is found in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe.

References

Noctuidae
Monotypic moth genera


Palaeagrotis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Palaeagrotis inops (Lederer, 1853)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Palaeagrotis at funet

Noctuinae


Palaechthona is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1926. Its only species, Palaechthona hypoleuca, was first described by Paul Dognin in 1914. It is found in Peru.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Palaeocoleus is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae described by Robinson in 1975. Its only species, Palaeocoleus sypnoides, was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1886. It is found in Fiji.

References

Moths described in 1886
Herminiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Palaeoplusia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Plusiinae


Palaeosafia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Palaeosafia hoenei, is found in Yunnan, China. Both the genus and the species were first described by Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt in 1950.

References

Catocalinae
Monotypic moth genera


Palpidia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1898.

Taxonomy
The genus was previously classified in the subfamily Calpinae of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Palpidia cocophaga (Franclemont, 1949) Cuba
Palpidia melanotricha Hampson, 1907 Jamaica
Palpidia pallidior Dyar, 1898 Florida

References

Moth genera
Scolecocampinae


Palpirectia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae. Its only species, Palpirectia videns, is found in China. Both the genus and the species were first described by Emilio Berio in 1977.

References

Herminiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Palponima is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Palthisomis is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae erected by William Schaus in 1916. Its only species, Palthisomis baresalis, was first described by Francis Walker in 1916. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

References

Herminiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Palura is a taxonomic synonym that may refer to:

Palura  = Corgatha, a genus of moths
Palura  = Symplocos, a genus of plants


Palyna is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Species
Palyna metagona Walker, 1858 Amazon region
Palyna praegrandis Guenée, 1852 French Guiana
Palyna semilunaris Guenée, 1852 French Guiana

References

Calpinae


Pamirorea is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Pamparama is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Pamparama acuta (Freyer, 1838)

References
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
 Pamparama at funet.fi

Cuculliinae


Panarenia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Panarenia subhirsuta, is known from Peru. Both the genus and the species were first described by Schaus in 1916.

References

Herminiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Panchrysia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Panchrysia aurea (Hübner, 1803)
 Panchrysia dives Eversmann, 1844
 Panchrysia ornata Bremer, 1864
 Panchrysia tibetensis Chou & Lu, 1982
 Panchrysia v-argenteum Esper, 1794

References
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
 Panchrysia at funet.fi

Plusiini


Pancra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hypeninae


Pandesma is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Species
 Pandesma anysa Guenée, 1852
 Pandesma decaryi (Viette, 1966)
 Pandesma fugitiva Walker, 1858
 Pandesma muricolor Berio, 1966
 Pandesma partita Walker, 1858
 Pandesma quenavadi Guenée, 1852
 Pandesma robusta Walker, [1858]
 Pandesma submurina Walker, 1865

References

Pandesmini
Moth genera
Taxa named by Achille Guenée
Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval


Panemeria is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae.

Species
These four species belong to the genus Panemeria:
 Panemeria lateralis
 Panemeria tenebrata (Scopoli, 1763) (small yellow underwing)  (Europe)
 Panemeria tenebromorpha Rakosy, Hentscholek & Huber, 1996
 Panemeria viehmanni

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Panemeria at funet

Hadeninae


Pangrapta is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818.

Species
Pangrapta acolesis Viette, 1958 Madagascar
Pangrapta adoxopis (Turner, 1908) northern Queensland
Pangrapta adusta (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta albipuncta Gaede, 1940 Cameroon
Pangrapta albirenalis Gaede, 1940 Malawi
Pangrapta albiseriata Hampson, 1926 Borneo
Pangrapta albistigma (Hampson, 1898) India (Meghalaya)
Pangrapta argyrographa (Mabille, 1893) Madagascar
Pangrapta aroa Bethune-Baker, 1906 New Guinea
Pangrapta athemonalis (Walker, [1859]) Borneo
Pangrapta aviusalis (Walker, [1859]) Borneo
Pangrapta camerunia Hampson, 1926 Cameroon
Pangrapta cana (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta chilana (Swinhoe, 1902) Borneo
Pangrapta cinerea (Butler, 1889) India (Himachal Pradesh)
Pangrapta costaemacula Staudinger, 1888 south-eastern Siberia
Pangrapta costinotata (Butler, 1881) Japan
Pangrapta cryptoleuca Hampson, 1926 New Guinea
Pangrapta curtalis (Walker, [1866]) Shanghai
Pangrapta decoralis Hübner, 1818 Nova Scotia, New York, Georgia, Florida
Pangrapta dentilineata (Leech, 1900) western China
Pangrapta dialitha Hampson, 1926 Borneo
Pangrapta disruptalis (Walker, [1866]) Shanghai
Pangrapta dulcis Berio, 1956 Zaire
Pangrapta elassa Hampson, 1926 Ghana
Pangrapta enigmaria (Swinhoe, 1905) India (Meghalaya)
Pangrapta eucraspeda Hampson, 1926 Cameroon
Pangrapta fauvealis Viette, 1965 Madagascar
Pangrapta ferrugineiceps (Hampson, 1896) Bhutan
Pangrapta flavomacula Staudinger, 1888 south-eastern Siberia
Pangrapta franeyae Viette, 1979 Madagascar
Pangrapta grisangula (Hampson, 1891) India (Tamil Nadu)
Pangrapta griseola Staudinger, 1892 south-eastern Siberia
Pangrapta hampsoni Viette, 1966 Madagascar
Pangrapta holophaea Hampson, 1926 Singapore
Pangrapta hylaxalis (Walker, [1859]) Borneo, Nias
Pangrapta hyriona (Hampson, 1926) Borneo
Pangrapta indentalis (Leech, 1889) Japan
Pangrapta ingratata (Leech, 1900) western China
Pangrapta laevis Berio, 1956 Zaire
Pangrapta loricalis Geyer, 1837
Pangrapta lunulata Seitz, 1915 south-eastern Siberia
Pangrapta macariana Hampson, 1926 Singapore
Pangrapta mandarina (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta marmorata Staudinger, 1888 south-eastern Siberia
Pangrapta melacleptra Hampson, 1926 Mozambique
Pangrapta mesacta Hampson, 1926 Bhutan
Pangrapta metagona (Walker, 1864) Borneo
Pangrapta minor Sugi, 1982 Japan
Pangrapta molybdina Hampson, 1926 India (Meghalaya)
Pangrapta nigra (Bethune-Baker, 1906) New Guinea
Pangrapta obscurata (Butler, 1879) Japan
Pangrapta ornata (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta pannosa (Moore, 1882) India (Meghalaya, West Bengal)
Pangrapta parsimonalis (Walker, [1859]) Borneo
Pangrapta parvula (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta pelidna Hampson, 1926 China (Hupeh)
Pangrapta pensilis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 Japan
Pangrapta perturbans (Walker, 1858) Bangladesh
Pangrapta pexifera Hampson, 1926 Madagascar
Pangrapta pictipennis (Hampson, 1895) Trivandrum
Pangrapta plumbilineata Wileman & West, 1929 Taiwan
Pangrapta porphyrea (Butler, 1879) Japan
Pangrapta pratti Bethune-Baker, 1906 New Guinea
Pangrapta pulverea (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta rufia Schaus, 1894 Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)
Pangrapta saucia (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta seriopuncta Hampson, 1926 Sierra Leone
Pangrapta shivula (Guenée, 1852) Bangladesh
Pangrapta similistigma Warren, 1913
Pangrapta sphragis Möschler, 1880 Suriname
Pangrapta squamea (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta suaveola Staudinger, 1888 south-eastern Siberia
Pangrapta taenaria Möschler, 1880 Suriname
Pangrapta talusalis (Walker, [1859]) India
Pangrapta textilis (Leech, 1889) Korea
Pangrapta thetys Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 Brazil (Amazonas)
Pangrapta tipula (Swinhoe, 1893) Shan States
Pangrapta transducta Hampson, 1926 Myanmar
Pangrapta trilineata (Leech, 1900)
Pangrapta trimatesalis (Walker, [1859]) Bangladesh
Pangrapta umrosa Leech, 1900
Pangrapta vaga (Walker, 1865) Bangladesh
Pangrapta variegata Rothschild, 1920 Sumatra
Pangrapta vasava (Butler, 1881) south-eastern Siberia, Japan
Pangrapta yoshinensis Wileman & West, 1929 Japan
Pangrapta bicornuta Galsworthy, 1997 Hong Kong

References

Pangraptinae
Moth genera


Pangraptella is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1926. Its only species, Pangraptella herbitecta, was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1913. It is found in Mexico.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Panilla is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Frederic Moore in 1885.

Description
Palpi obliquely porrect (extending forward), fringed with long hair below, and with long hair from their base. Third joint minute. Antennae ciliated in male. Metathorax with a slight tuft. Abdomen with dorsal tufts at base. Tibia fringed with long hair in male and spineless. Coxa of forelegs with long hair tufts. Forewings are short with round apex.

Species
 Panilla aroa Bethune-Baker, 1906
 Panilla dispila Walker, 1865
 Panilla spilotis Meyrick, 1902

References

Calpinae
Moth genera


Panolis is a moth genus in the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Panolis exquisita Draudt, 1950
 Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 Panolis japonica Draudt, 1935
 Panolis pinicortex Draudt, 1950
 Panolis variegatoides (Poole, 1989)
 Panolis ningshan sp. nov.
 Panolis estheri

References

 Panolis at funet
 Phylogeny, Systematics and Biogeography of the Genus Panolis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence

Orthosiini


Panopoda is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Species
 Panopoda carneicosta Guenée, 1852 – brown panopoda moth
 Panopoda repanda Walker, 1858 – orange panopoda moth
 Panopoda rigida J. B. Smith, 1903
 Panopoda rufimargo Hübner, 1818 – red-lined panopoda moth

References

Eulepidotinae
Moth genera


Pansemna is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Pansemna beryllodes (Turner, 1903)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Pansemna at funet

Hadeninae


Pantydia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

Species
 Pantydia andersoni (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874)
 Pantydia bicolora (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
 Pantydia canescens Walker, 1869
 Pantydia capistrata Lucas, 1894
 Pantydia diemeni Guenée, 1852
 Pantydia dufayi Laporte, 1975
 Pantydia klossi (Rothschild, 1915)
 Pantydia metaphaea Hampson, 1912
 Pantydia metaspila Walker, [1858]
 Pantydia scissa (Walker, 1865)
 Pantydia sparsa Guenée, 1852

Former species
 Pantydia discisigna (Hampson, 1894) (Anomis)
 Pantydia dochmosticha Turner, 1933
 Pantydia orthosiodes (Walker, 1865)

References

External links

Euclidiini
Moth genera


Feng Feng () (born December 22, 1968) is a Chinese assistant coach and a retired football player.

Club career
Feng Feng would start his football career with the Bayi Football Team before he had the chance to join his hometown team Guangzhou Apollo in 1994. With his new team he would experience full professionalism and his most productive period of his whole career when he was part of the squad that came runners-up in the 1994 league title. After several further seasons without improving upon the runners-up position Feng was allowed to leave for Sichuan Quanxing and then nearing the end of the career he would decide to move to his wife's hometown of Chengdu where he joined second tier club Chengdu Wuniu where he eventually retired.

Coaching career
After he retired Feng would go to the United Kingdom and study in Sheffield to become a coach. When he finished he would gain a position at Sheffield United as an assistant coach of the youth team. When Sheffield United purchased one of Feng's previous clubs Chengdu Wuniu many expected his connections with the team would see him promoted to the Head coach position, however he took over the assistant coach of the renamed Chengdu Blades where he has remained despite seeing several other managers come and go. After a short spell in Shenzhen Ruby, Feng became the assistant coach of China League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave on 3 January 2013.

Honours
As a player

Guangzhou Apollo
Chinese Jia-A League Runner-up: 1994

References

External links
Player profile at sodasoccer.com

1968 births
Living people
Chinese men's footballers
People from Foshan
Footballers from Foshan
Bayi Football Team players
Guangzhou F.C. players
Sichuan First City F.C. players
Chengdu Tiancheng F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Guangzhou City F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches


Panula is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Species
Panula inconstans Guenée, 1852
Panula sororcula Draudt & Gaede, 1944

References

Melipotini
Moth genera


Paonidia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae erected by Edward Meyrick in 1902. Its only species, Paonidia anthracias, was first described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1897. It is found in New South Wales, Australia.

References

Hypeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Papaipema is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by John B. Smith in 1899.

Species
Listed alphabetically:
 Papaipema aerata (Lyman, 1901)
 Papaipema angelica (Smith, 1899) – angelica borer
 Papaipema apicata Dyar, 1912
 Papaipema appassionata (Harvey, 1876) – pitcher plant borer
 Papaipema araliae Bird & Jones, 1921 – aralia shoot borer
 Papaipema arctivorens Hampson, 1910 – northern burdock borer
 Papaipema astuta Bird, 1907 – yellow stoneroot borer
 Papaipema aweme (Lyman, 1908) – aweme borer
 Papaipema baptisiae (Bird, 1902) – indigo stem borer
 Papaipema beeriana Bird, 1923 – (Beer's) blazing star borer
 Papaipema birdi (Dyar, 1908) – umbellifer borer
 Papaipema cataphracta (Grote, 1864) – burdock borer
 Papaipema cerina (Grote, 1874) – golden borer
 Papaipema cerussata (Grote, 1864) – ironweed borer
 Papaipema circumlucens (Smith, 1899) – hops stalk borer
 Papaipema dribi Barnes & Benjamin, 1926 – rare borer
 Papaipema duovata (Bird, 1902) – seaside goldenrod borer
 Papaipema duplicatus Bird, 1908 (alternative spelling Papaipema duplicata) – dark stoneroot borer
 Papaipema eryngii Bird, 1917 – rattlesnake-master borer
 Papaipema eupatorii (Lyman, 1905) – Joe-Pye-weed borer or eupatorium
 Papaipema furcata (Smith, 1899) – ash tip borer
 Papaipema harrisii (Grote, 1881) – heracleum stem borer
 Papaipema impecuniosa (Grote, 1881) – aster borer
 Papaipema inquaesita (Grote & Robinson, 1868) – sensitive fern borer
 Papaipema insulidens (Bird, 1902) – ragwort stem borer
 Papaipema leucostigma (Harris, 1841) – columbine borer
 Papaipema limata Bird, 1908
 Papaipema limpida (Guenée, 1852) – vernonia borer
 Papaipema lysimachiae Bird, 1914 – loosestrife borer
 Papaipema marginidens (Guenée, 1852) – brick-red borer
 Papaipema maritima Bird, 1909 – giant sunflower borer or maritime borer
 Papaipema nebris (Guenée, 1852) – stalk borer
 Papaipema necopina (Grote, 1876) – sunflower borer
 Papaipema nelita (Strecker, 1898) – coneflower borer
 Papaipema nepheleptena (Dyar, 1908) – turtle head borer
 Papaipema pertincta Dyar, 1920 – groundsel borer
 Papaipema polymniae Bird, 1917 – cup plant borer
 Papaipema pterisii Bird, 1907 – bracken borer
 Papaipema rigida (Grote, 1877) – rigid sunflower borer
 Papaipema rutila (Guenée, 1852) – mayapple borer
 Papaipema sauzalitae (Grote, 1875) – figwort stem borer
 Papaipema sciata Bird, 1908 – Culver's-root borer
 Papaipema silphii Bird, 1915 – silphius borer
 Papaipema speciosissima (Grote & Robinson, 1868) – osmunda borer or regal fern borer
 Papaipema stenocelis (Dyar, 1907) – chain fern borer
 Papaipema sulphurata Bird, 1926 – water-willow stem borer
 Papaipema unimoda (Smith, 1894) – meadow-rue borer
 Papaipema verona (Smith, 1899) – verona borer

References

Apameini


Papestra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Papestra biren (Goeze, 1781)
 Papestra brenda (Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)
 Papestra cristifera (Walker, 1858)
 Papestra invalida (Smith, 1891)
 Papestra quadrata (Smith, 1891)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Papestra at funet

Hadenini


Papuacola is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

Species
Papuacola albisigillata (Warren, 1903) New Guinea, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Borneo
Papuacola costalis (Moore, 1883) Andamans, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Moluccas, New Guinea, Queensland, Bismarcks, Solomons, Fiji, Rotuma, New Caledonia, Samoa
Papuacola gemina (Fabricius, 1794) India, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, Sulawesi, New Guinea

References

Calpinae


Parabagrotis is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae.

Species
Parabagrotis cupidissima (Grote, 1875)
Parabagrotis exertistigma (Morrison, 1874)
Parabagrotis formalis (Grote, 1874)
Parabagrotis insularis (Grote, 1876)
Parabagrotis sulinaris Lafontaine, 1998

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Parabarrovia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Parabarrovia keelei Gibson, 1920
 Parabarrovia omilaki Lafontaine, 1998
 Parabarrovia ogilviensis Lafontaine, 1988

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Parabarrovia at funet

Noctuinae


Parabole is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Parabole rectilinea Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Parabole at funet

Xyleninae


Parabrachionycha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Parabrachylomia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae


Parabryophila is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Paracaroides is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Paracaroides befasy  Viette, 1960
Paracaroides behara 	Viette, 1960
Paracaroides janineae 	Viette, 1958
Paracaroides louveli 	Viette, 1969
Paracaroides pauliani	Viette, 1958
Paracaroides pratti Kenrick, 1917
Paracaroides sublota 	(Mabille, 1900)
Paracaroides vaovao  Viette, 1972

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae
Noctuoidea genera


Paracarsia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Paracarsia antitermina, is found in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Both the genus and species were first described by George Hampson in 1926.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Clues is the self-titled debut album by Clues, and its only album before disbanding in 2010. It was released on May 19, 2009 on Constellation Records., after having leaked onto the internet on April 5, 2009.

The track "Cave Mouth" quotes the melody to Jeff Buckley's "New Year's Prayer."

Track listing
 "Haarp" – 3:23
 "Remember Severed Head" – 2:59
 "Approach the Throne" – 4:16
 "In the Dream" – 3:53
 "You Have My Eyes Now" – 4:11
 "Perfect Fit" – 3:26
 "Elope" – 5:10
 "Cave Mouth" – 3:58
 "Crows" – 3:20
 "Ledmonton" – 4:22
 "Let's Get Strong" – 3:31

Personnel
 Alden Penner – band
 Brendan Reed – band
 Lisa Gamble – band
 Nick Scribner – band
 Thierry Amar – guest
 Noah Cannon – guest
 Nathan Gage – guest
 Ben Howden – guest
 Louisa Sage – guest
 Radwan Moumneh – recording
 Mark Lawson – recording
 Efrim Menuck – recording
 Harris Newman – recording

References

External links
 Clues on Constellation Records

2009 debut albums
Clues (band) albums
Constellation Records (Canada) albums


Paracentropus is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Parachabora is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Warren in 1889.

Species
 Parachabora abydas Herrich-Schäffer, [1869]
 Parachabora pseudanaetia Dyar, 1918
 Parachabora triangulifera Hampson, 1901
 Parachabora umbrescens Dyar, 1927

References

Calpinae
Moth genera


Parachaea is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

Species
Parachaea despagnesi Guenée, 1852
Parachaea macaria Cramer, 1777

References

Calpinae


Parachalciope is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1913.

Species
Parachalciope agonia Hampson, 1913
Parachalciope albifissa (Hampson, 1910)
Parachalciope benitensis (Holland, 1894)
Parachalciope binaria (Holland, 1894)
Parachalciope deltifera (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874)
Parachalciope emiplaneta Berio, 1954
Parachalciope euclidicola (Walker, 1858) (syn: Parachalciope furcifera (Hampson, 1902))
Parachalciope inornata (Holland, 1894)
Parachalciope longiplaga Hampson, 1913
Parachalciope mahura (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) (syn: Parachalciope ditrigona (Hampson, 1910))
Parachalciope mixta Rothschild, 1921
Parachalciope monoplaneta Hampson, 1913
Parachalciope rotundata Gaede, 1936
Parachalciope trigonometrica Hampson, 1913

References

Catocalinae