George Georgescu (September 12, 1887 – September 1, 1964) was a Romanian conductor.  The moving force behind the Bucharest Philharmonic Orchestra for decades beginning shortly after World War I, a protégé of Artur Nikisch and a close associate of George Enescu, he received honors from the French and communist Romanian governments and lived to make recordings in the stereo era.

Education and career as soloist

Georgescu was born in the river port of Sulina, Tulcea County, Romania on September 12, 1887.  His father, Leonte, was head of customs, and his mother, Elena, was the daughter of the captain of the port.  As Leonte took up positions in various ports along the Danube, the family moved to Galaţi and then Giurgiu.  In Galaţi, the toddler George found and, placing it between his legs like a cello, began playing a violin that his father had won in a raffle; Leonte, who did not want his son to be a "fiddler", was not pleased, but nonetheless Georgescu began violin lessons at age five.  Later, he would transfer his attention to the cello.  While in elementary school, he composed a waltz that impressed the school's music teacher, who thereafter called on George as a substitute school choir director.

At age 18 Georgescu left from home and entered the Bucharest Conservatory as a student of the double bass; the teachers there, quickly recognizing his musical gifts, arranged for his transfer to the cello class of Constantin Dimitrescu.  As Georgescu's father refused to provide financial support for musical studies, Georgescu supported himself by singing in a church choir and playing in an operetta orchestra.  When the conductor of the latter ensemble, Grigore Alexiu, was abruptly taken ill, the players chose Georgescu to take his place, giving Georgescu the opportunity to make his first impression as an orchestra conductor.

Following his graduation in 1911, Georgescu moved to Berlin, having unexpectedly won a grant to study there through his performance in a recital at the Romanian Athenaeum.  He enrolled in the Berlin Hochschule für Musik and continued his studies of cello with the prominent cellist Hugo Becker, as well as entering into studies of composition and conducting.  Becker, much sought as a teacher, was reluctant at first, but in time, through Georgescu's persistence, recognized that Georgescu had the makings of an unusually fine, if not yet sufficiently disciplined, cellist.  Later, Georgescu would credit Becker as the most important formative influence in his musical development.  Georgescu began his professional career soon thereafter, replacing Becker in 1910 as cellist in the Marteau Quartet.  He performed throughout Europe with this group for the next four years.

Career change and the Interwar Years

Georgescu's career as a cellist came to an end late in World War I.  He was interned for a time in Berlin as an enemy alien; although the local artistic community quickly obtained his release, Georgescu was still obligated to contact the police twice daily.  More seriously, as he traveled to an engagement in 1916, a railway carriage door was closed on his hand, causing a painful injury that ultimately precluded his further performance on the cello.  As that chapter in his life closed, however, a new one opened; Richard Strauss and Arthur Nikisch both advised him to take up conducting, advice that he quickly followed after coaching with the latter.  Not long after a private appearance as conductor at the home of Franz von Mendelssohn, Georgescu made his public debut in that capacity on February 15, 1918, leading the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony, Grieg's Piano Concerto, and Richard Strauss's Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks.  There followed a year of performances with that ensemble, notable, inter alia, for including Claudio Arrau's Berlin debut.

Return to Romania

Georgescu continued his association with the Berlin Philharmonic through 1919, but in early 1920 he answered a patriotic call and returned to Romania.  Dimitrie Dinicu, conductor of the Bucharest Philharmonic, had fallen seriously ill and asked Georgescu to replace him.  Acceding to that request, Georgescu on January 4, 1920, led the first of what would be 22 concerts that year and hundreds over the next four decades with the orchestra.  During this Romanian debut, the young maestro made a great impression on the Romanian king and queen, Ferdinand I and Maria, who were both in attendance.  King Ferdinand was honorary president of the Philharmonic Society; Georgescu was named artistic director of that body a year after his debut with the orchestra, by virtue of which appointment he became its permanent conductor.  In 1922, pursuant to a directive from King Ferdinand to expand the orchestra by recruiting elite musicians from abroad, Georgescu traveled to Vienna, and through ensuing auditions he built the orchestra up to a hundred members.

Back in Bucharest, Georgescu rehearsed and trained the enlarged ensemble to a high standard, sufficient to attract internationally celebrated guest conductors such as Richard Strauss, Bruno Walter, Felix Weingartner, Oskar Nedbal, and Gabriel Pierné; notable soloists who played with the orchestra included Yehudi Menuhin, Pablo Casals, Alfred Cortot, Wilhelm Backhaus, Jacques Thibaud, Arthur Rubinstein, and Georgescu's young countryman Dinu Lipatti.  Repertoire was wide-ranging.  Naturally, it included works of Romanian composers such as Marcel Mihalovici, Paul Constantinescu, Mihail Jora, and especially Georgescu's friend Georges Enescu.  Otherwise, it ran the gamut from traditional masterworks in the central tradition to modern works by the likes of Richard Strauss, Maurice Ravel, Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, and Vincent d'Indy.  In 1926, during a visit to Paris, Georgescu developed an association with Les Six, further cementing his credentials as an exponent of modern literature.  In recognition of his achievements, the French government created him an Officer of the Légion d'honneur.

Georgescu—who by the end of his first year in Bucharest had already demonstrated strong command of choral works, particularly Beethoven's Ninth Symphony—did not restrict his musical activities to orchestral music; he immersed himself in many facets of Romanian musical life.  In the first few years after assuming the Philharmonic's helm, he also organized the first Romanian ballet school.  Moreover, from 1922 to 1926, 1930 to 1933, and 1939 to 1940 he led the Romanian Opera in Bucharest.  As at the Philharmonic, he directed a wide-ranging repertoire, which, in addition to a heavy emphasis on the works of Wagner, included Romanian works and more conventional fare such as Bizet's Carmen; Gounod's Faust; Verdi's Aida; Puccini's Tosca, Manon Lescaut, and La bohème; Mozart's The Magic Flute; Beethoven's Fidelio; Richard Strauss's Salome; Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov; and Tchaikovsky's Queen of Spades.  Celebrated guest singers included the likes of Aureliano Pertile, Maria Cebotari, Tito Schipa, and Feodor Chaliapin; numbered among the conductors Georgescu invited to lead the opera company were Pietro Mascagni, Hugo Reichenberger, Felix Weingartner, and Clemens Krauss.  At the other musical extreme, Georgescu enjoyed meeting with an informal group of friends who played the cimbalom for evenings of folk music.

Activities abroad

Although from 1920 Georgescu always centered his activities in Romania, and particularly on the Bucharest Philharmonic, he was also active abroad, over time building an enviable international reputation.  As early as 1921, he conducted a series of concerts in France to enthusiastic reviews; he would return in 1926 and again in 1929, in the latter instance substituting for an indisposed Willem Mengelberg.  One year after his first series of French appearances, he took the Bucharest Philharmonic to Istanbul and Athens.  Georgescu also made guest appearances in Barcelona, where he performed at the invitation of Pablo Casals, and in Vienna, where his interpretation of music by Richard Strauss drew approbation from the formidable critic Julius Korngold.  The most colorful of his ventures abroad, however, was his first visit to the United States in 1926.

Georgescu had taken a leave of absence from the Bucharest Philharmonic and settled in Paris, nominally to rest from his strenuous exertions of the immediately preceding years, although he nonetheless conducted concerts there with the Concerts Colonne orchestra.  When he went to the train station to pay his respects to Queen Maria of Romania, who was passing through the city en route to the United States, she insisted that he should go there as well, even though he had no engagements and no reputation there through which to obtain any.  As luck would have it, however, in New York he took up lodgings in close proximity to and made the acquaintance of Arthur Judson, manager of the New York Philharmonic and representative of, among others, Arturo Toscanini, who then shared the New York Philharmonic podium with Mengelberg.  Thus, when issues of health compelled Toscanini to cancel his remaining appearances beginning in late 1926, Judson immediately thought of Georgescu as a potential replacement, albeit an unknown quantity.  After obtaining reassurance from Richard Strauss, Judson recommended Georgescu for the position, and in December 1926 Georgescu made his US debut with the New York Philharmonic, scoring a critical success in music of Smetana, Schubert, and Richard Strauss.  He would continue to conduct the orchestra for some months thereafter.  Moreover, as in Romania, Georgescu offered his services in the cause of opera during his American sojourn.  On January 20, 1927, he conducted a single performance of La bohème with the Washington National Opera, a struggling semi-professional company active in the US capital from 1919 to 1936 and not to be confused with the present company of the same name.  Probably recruited at short notice because of Jacques Samossoud's abrupt departure from the company over a contract dispute, Georgescu received favorable notice in The Washington Post, which likened his style of conducting to that of Leopold Stokowski.  Later, making his return to Europe, Georgescu traveled on the same ship as Toscanini, and the two former cellists developed a friendship.

If Georgescu went to America as an unknown quantity, his success there further enhanced his reputation at home, leading to numerous engagements throughout Europe over the next two decades.  Of particular note, on January 6, 1933, he was the conductor of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra when Henryk Szeryng made his formal debut at age 14 playing Brahms's Violin Concerto.  In November 1935, the two would again perform that work in Szeryng's Romanian debut, this time with the Bucharest Philharmonic.  The next day they repeated the performance at the royal palace for Queen Maria.

Georgescu also took his home orchestra on tour again, this time to the Eastern Mediterranean.  Nor did he neglect his labors in the opera pit during travels abroad.  He led performances of the unrevised Boris Godunov, then very much a novelty, in Italy, and he led Aida and La bohème in Berlin.

Personal life

Georgescu was attractive to women, and for a time in 1920 even exchanged love letters with Elisabeth, eldest daughter of Queen Maria, although for reasons of state their relationship was quashed.  In 1933, by now already a widower, Georgescu married Florica Oroveanu.  She was the adoptive daughter of the Minister of Public Works Constantine Busila and descended from Romanian aristocracy. Aged only 18, she was 25 years Georgescu's junior, and the marriage took place only after the couple overcame three years of opposition by her family.  Tutu Georgescu, as she was known, would remain Georgescu's wife and staunch supporter for the rest of his life and would publish two volumes of memoirs devoted to preserving the memory of his art.  Recognized as a musicologist in her own right, she outlived him by more than four decades, dying in 2008 at age 95.

World War II and its aftermath

Romania's entry into World War II as an ally of Nazi Germany did little to slow Georgescu's activities at home or abroad.  Georgescu took the Bucharest Philharmonic on a tour of Nazi-occupied countries to considerable critical acclaim.  In 1942, he and the orchestra were recorded for the first time on the new medium of magnetic tape; the works performed were Enescu's First Symphony and two Romanian Rhapsodies.  A year later, Georgescu presided over the concert debut of the Romanian pianist and composer Valentin Gheorghiu, then 15 years old.

Georgescu's fortunes, a largely unbroken string of successes for the preceding quarter century, would take a dramatically unfavorable turn in 1944, when Romania abruptly switched sides, joining the Allies.  On the strength of his participation in the Nazi cultural and propaganda machine, the authorities branded Georgescu a collaborator and barred him "for life" from conducting in Romania.  Succeeding him at the Bucharest Philharmonic, after two brief caretaker regimes, was Constantin Silvestri, whose conducting talents Georgescu himself had discovered a few years earlier.  Moreover, the government confiscated property from Tutu's family and in the fall of 1944 arrested Constantin Busila, her adoptive father, who was convicted to prison as a war criminal and would die in prison five years later.

Later career

Only in 1947 would Georgescu begin to reconstruct his life and career as, with the intercession of his friend George Enescu, he was named director of the National Radio Orchestra of Romania, ironically the same ensemble with which Silvestri had made his conductorial debut.  At this time Georgescu also directed the Iaşi "Moldova" Philharmonic Orchestra, and his international career began to revive with invitations to conduct in Prague and Kiev.  He also again began associating with opera, advocating the revised edition of Paul Constantinescu's O noapte furtunoasa after its 1951 premiere during the Romanian Music Week.  As their fortunes stabilized, the Georgescus opened their house to shelter destitute families and reached out to assist friends in distress.

Georgescu's exile from the Bucharest Philharmonic ended when Silvestri stepped down in 1953, leading to an invitation on December 11 for Georgescu to return as director.  In 1955, he presided over the orchestra's name change to honor his friend George Enescu, who had recently died an exile in France; henceforth, the orchestra would be the George Enescu Philharmonic.

In many ways, upon his return to the Philharmonic, Georgescu picked up where he had left off a decade earlier.  He continued his painstaking work of orchestra building; his constant efforts to attract internationally recognized soloists, which led to collaborations with the likes of David Oistrakh, Sviatoslav Richter, and Yehudi Menuhin; and his advocacy for younger Romanian talent, including Lola Bobescu, Valentin Gheorghiu, Ştefan Gheorghiu, Radu Aldulescu, Ştefan Ruha, and Ion Voicu.  Voicu, whom Mengelberg had first elevated from orchestral player to soloist in dramatic circumstances, gave his first performance with the Philharmonic in 1949 under Georgescu's direction, and when he performed with the same forces in Belgrade in 1957, the cheering audience refused to leave the hall until threatened with firehoses; he would go on to become the orchestra's director for a decade beginning in 1972.

Georgescu's activities abroad, both with and without the Philharmonic, were not limited to Belgrade.  Under his renewed direction, the orchestra traveled to Finland; Sweden; the Soviet Union; Berlin; Dresden; Vienna; and Athens, where it performed to great acclaim at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus.  It received a 25-minute ovation when it performed at the 1956 Autumn Festival in Warsaw, devoted to contemporary works.

Georgescu kept up an active schedule of guest appearances with orchestras in countries such as Italy, England, France, and Poland.  In Hungary, Georgescu conducted for the first time in the presence of Zoltán Kodály; upon hearing Georgescu in Prague, Evgeny Mravinsky hailed him as a leading exponent of Beethoven and Tchaikovsky.  In 1960, Georgescu returned to the United States, and on December 13, 14, and 15 of that year he conducted the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C.  The program included Prokofiev's Symphony No. 1, Enescu's Romanian Rhapsody No. 1, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.  The same US tour included engagements with the Cleveland and Philadelphia Orchestras and the New York Philharmonic.  Three years later, Georgescu made his British debut at the Royal Festival Hall.

Not all of Georgescu's notable activities were conductorial.  Before the American tour, for instance, Georgescu had already taken part in an event that greatly affected the United States.  In 1958 he served as a member of the jury of the newly created International Tchaikovsky Competition, which, in a decision made more dramatic by the tensions of the Cold War, awarded first prize to the young American Van Cliburn.  Although Cliburn's performance, featuring Tchaikovsky's First Piano Concerto, is best remembered, having been commemorated shortly after the event in a best-selling contemporary record, the Russians also arranged a concert for their visitor Georgescu with fellow jurist Sviatoslav Richter.
Also in 1958, Georgescu, as a tribute to George Enescu, organized the first George Enescu Festival, which remains a major Eastern European music festival and competition.  Highlights included a performance of Bach's Concerto for Two Violins with Yehudi Menuhin and David Oistrakh as soloists and a staging of Enescu's sole opera, Œdipe, with Silvestri conducting.

Georgescu considered himself primarily a performing musician and did not pursue an academic career.  Nonetheless, from 1950 to 1953 he did accept a position teaching the conducting class at the Bucharest Conservatory, where he had himself been a student nearly half a century earlier.  His greater influence doubtless was through his support of young Romanian artists and his ceaseless efforts to build Romanian musical institutions of international caliber.  Over the course of his career, he presided over the Romanian premieres of more than 400 works from the international literature and world premieres of more than 100 Romanian compositions, and he opened the way for other Romanian musicians, including Mihail Jora and Jonel Perlea.  The Romanian government recognized his contributions by awarding him the Romanian State Prize in 1949 and 1957 and naming him a People's Artist of the Romanian People's Republic in 1954.

His last concert brought Georgescu full circle as he led the George Enescu Philharmonic in Berlin, the site of his conducting debut, in a program featuring violinist Christian Ferras.  He was already suffering the debilitating effects of a heart attack, and his end was not far off.  Georgescu died in a Bucharest hospital on September 1, 1964.

George Georgescu Contest

In honor of Georgescu's memory, teachers at the Arts High School in Tulcea started organizing a Contest for Performing Artists in his name in 1992; it has taken place annually ever since.  At first it was open only to Romanian music school and high school students, but in 1995 it was opened to international students as well and has come to be regarded as an important fixture on the Romanian musical landscape.  Organizers include the Romanian Ministry of Education and Youth, the School Inspectorate of Tulcea County, the Tulcea County Council, the Tulcea Mayoralty, and surviving members of Georgescu's family.

Recordings

Like his countryman Sergiu Celibidache, Georgescu found the process of making phonograph records uncongenial.  The tedium of interruptions, retakes, trials to accommodate the setup of equipment, and the like were at odds with his temperament, which found greatest expressiveness when given free rein in the presence of an audience; moreover, he was concerned about the need for perfection when performances were fixed in a permanent medium.  Unlike Celibidache, however, Georgescu did not benefit from extensive release of concert tapings; indeed many of his postwar broadcast tapes were erased.  Thus, little of his art has been preserved in recordings.

Georgescu was represented during the 78 RPM era, when, for instance, he recorded Enescu's Poema Romana for HMV (AN 301, 12-inch).  Unfortunately, death preempted plans, mediated by Toscanini's daughter Wally, for Georgescu to make records in 1963 and 1964 for RCA Victor.  Therefore, the centerpiece of his recorded legacy is a complete stereo cycle of Beethoven symphonies with the George Enescu Philharmonic recorded by Electrecord in 1960, with later LP issues as Intercord 976 and Lingen Köln 1124; a compact disc release on Lys 485-490 apparently was dubbed from the Electrecord LPs.  Though some collectors believe that the Lingen Koln issue is a separately recorded set done on tour, and not a re-issue of the Electrecord series, as they do not sound like the same performances, even allowing for transfer variability. Also of importance, given his closeness to the composer, is the recording of Enescu's First Symphony; after a performance of this work under Georgescu's direction in 1925, Enescu wrote Georgescu a letter marking the occasion as only the third or fourth time in his career that he had been understood.  Otherwise, at least in the English-speaking world, Georgescu's name appears on CD primarily in connection with other, better-remembered musicians, as in his direction of the USSR State Orchestra partnering Sviatoslav Richter in a performance of Schumann's Piano Concerto in A Minor.

Quotations

References

External links
George Georgescu English-language biography
 Georgescu discography (text in French).

1887 births
1964 deaths
People from Sulina
Romanian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Romanian classical cellists
Musicians from Bucharest
Ballet conductors
Music directors (opera)
National University of Music Bucharest alumni
Romanian collaborators with Nazi Germany
Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century male musicians
20th-century cellists


The 2009–10 season of the Belgian Pro League (also known as Jupiler Pro League for sponsorship reasons) was the 107th season of top-tier football in Belgium. The season began on 31 July 2009 with the first matches of the regular season, and ended in May 2010 with the last matches of the playoff round. Standard Liège were the defending champions.

The competition underwent a significant overhaul for this season by reducing the number of teams and, for the first time in the history of the league, introducing a playoff system to determine the Belgian champions.

On April 18, 2010, Anderlecht became champions as a result of a 1–2 victory in Bruges against one of their main rivals, Club Brugge.

Changes from 2008–09

Structural changes
The league size has been reduced from eighteen to sixteen teams. Further, the competition has been split into two stages, a conventional season and playoffs.

The participating clubs will first play a conventional round-robin schedule for a total of 30 matches. After the conclusion of those matches, the team ranked 16th will be directly relegated to the Belgian Second Division, while every other team will play in a playoff round according to its league table position.

The first six teams will play in the Championship playoff. Points earned during the regular season are halved with an odd number of points being rounded up. The round will be played on a round-robin schedule. The winner of this round has won the Belgian championship and will participate in the third qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League. The runners-up will also play in the third qualifying round of the Champions League, while the third-placed team will enter the third qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League. Finally, the fourth-placed team will have to compete in a single match (called Testmatch) against the winner of the Europa League playoff (see below) for one spot in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League.

The teams finishing seventh through fourteenth will play in the Europa League playoff and start with zero points. The round will be played in two groups, with teams in positions 7, 9, 12 and 14 comprising Group A, and the remaining teams comprising Group B. Each group will be played on a round-robin schedule. The winners of these groups will then compete in a two-legged series to earn the right to play against the fourth-placed team of the Championship playoff for one spot in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League.

The 15th-placed team will participate in the Relegation playoff, along with the teams ranked second through fifth in the Belgian Second Division. The winners of the playoff will earn a place in the 2010–11 Belgian First Division.

Team changes
 Mons and Tubize were relegated.
 Sint-Truiden was promoted.
 Roeselare beat Dender, Lierse and Antwerp in the playoffs and was thus allowed to remain in the league. Dender was relegated while Lierse and Antwerp remained in the second division.

Team information

Stadia and locations

Personnel and sponsoring

Managerial changes

During summer break

During the season

Regular season

Financial troubles of Mouscron
During the season, Mouscron got into financial trouble. This caused months of debate and several law procedures, with the fate of Mouscron changing from week to week. The board of Mouscron finally accepted the bankruptcy of Mouscron on 28 December 2009. At that point, the last two matches of Mouscron had already been forfeited as many players refused to play due to wages from November and December not being paid; three forfeits in a row would have also caused immediate elimination and relegation to the Belgian Third Division.

As a result of the bankruptcy and relegation, Mouscron's record was expunged.

League table

Positions by round
Note: The classification was made after the weekend (or midweek) of each matchday, so postponed matches were only processed at the time they were played to represent the real evolution in standings. The postponed matches are:
 Matchday 19: Mechelen vs. Germinal Beerschot of 18 December, Charleroi vs. Standard and Anderlecht vs. Club Brugge  of 20 December. The matches will be played in the beginning of February, between the 24th and 25th matchday.
 Matchday 22: Club Brugge vs. Westerlo of 16 January which was played during the 24th matchday on 30 January.
 Matchday 23: Cercle Brugge vs. Charleroi of 23 January (as a result of the first leg of the quarter final of the Belgian Cup between Anderlecht and Cercle Brugge being played on this date). The new date for this match is 24 February, between matchdays 27 and 28.
 Matchday 24: Sint-Truiden vs. Westerlo of 30 January (as a result of the postponement of the match Club Brugge vs. Westerlo to this date) is postponed to 3 February, which is between matchdays 24 and 25. Because of snowfall, both Roeselare vs. Genk and Charleroi vs. Lokeren were postponed. The match Charleroi vs. Lokeren was originally scheduled to be played on February 10 between matchdays 25 and 26, but was postponed again because of more snow  and will now be played on March 10 between matchdays 28 and 29. Roeselare vs. Genk was rescheduled to 24 February, between matchdays 27 and 28.
 Matchday 26: Yet again snow caused several matches to be postponed, in this case Mechelen-Genk, Cercle Brugge-Lokeren, Charleroi-Anderlecht and Germinal Beerschot-Zulte-Waregem. All matches were rescheduled to be played during the weekend of the 29th matchday, on March 6 and 7.
 Matchday 29: Due to the rescheduling of several matches to the first weekend of March, when this matchday was to be played, the whole matchday was postponed one week. With both Anderlecht and Standard Liège still playing in the UEFA Europa League on Thursdays, all matches will be played on Sunday 14 March at 20:00.
 Matchday 30: With matchday 29 moved to 14 March, matchday 30 was also rescheduled, to Sunday 21 March.

On top of that, the results of Mouscron were annulled between matchdays 20 and 21, causing many shifts between those matchdays. Also, for the rest of the season, there will be no point at which all teams have played the same number of matches, until at the end.

Results
Note: All Mouscron results listed below were expunged after the club had to declare bankruptcy during the season. They are listed here for information purposes. Matches which were to be competed after Mouscron's exemption have been shaded.

Championship playoff
The points obtained during the regular season were halved (and rounded up) before the start of the playoff. Thus, Anderlecht started with 35 points, Club Brugge with 29, Gent with 25, Kortrijk 23 and both Sint-Truiden and Zulte-Waregem started with 21.

Playoff table

Positions by round

Results

Europa League playoff

Group A

Group B

Europa League playoff final
The winners of both playoff groups will compete in a two-legged match. The winners on aggregate will compete in another match (called Testmatch) against a team from the championship playoff (see below). If both teams are tied after two matches, the away goals rule will be applied. Should both teams still be tied afterwards, thirty minutes of extra time will be played and, if necessary, a penalty shootout will be conducted.

Genk won 5–2 on aggregate.

Testmatches Europa League
The fourth-placed team from the championship playoff and the winners of the Europa League playoff competed for one spot in the third qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League.

Note: The spot in the second qualifying round of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League was taken by Cercle Brugge, who was the runners-up of the 2009–10 Belgian Cup to Champions League-qualified Gent.

Genk won 5–3 on aggregate.

Goalscorers
The list of goalscorers is split up: first there is the list of goalscorers during the regular competition, deciding the official title of league 'topscorer', which was won by Romelu Lukaku. After this, the goalscorers in the play-offs are listed below in a second list. Because not all teams get equal matches in the playoffs, the goals during the playoffs did not count to determine the top scorer and therefore there are two separate lists.

Regular competition

Top goalscorers

Other scorers
8 goals (6 players)

 Mahamadou Dissa (Roeselare)
 Julien Gorius (Mechelen)
 Oleg Iachtchouk (Cercle Brugge)
 Ibou (Kortrijk)
 Jaycee (Mouscron)
 Aloys Nong (Mechelen)

7 goals (5 players)

 David de Storme (Mechelen)
 Tom De Sutter (Anderlecht)
 Aleksandr Jakovenko (Westerlo)
 Chris Makiese (Zulte Waregem)
 Marvin Ogunjimi (Genk)

6 goals (11 players)

 Joseph Akpala (Club Brugge)
 Thomas Buffel (Cercle Brugge (2) and Genk (4))
 Cephas Chimedza (Sint-Truiden)
 Dieter Dekelver (Westerlo)
 Miloš Marić (Gent)
 Ivan Perišić (Club Brugge)
 Kevin Roelandts (Zulte Waregem)
 Wesley Sonck (Club Brugge)
 Matías Suárez (Anderlecht)
 Bjarni Viðarsson (Roeselare)
 Jelle Vossen (Genk (0) and Cercle Brugge (6))

5 goals (11 players)

 Randall Azofeifa (Gent)
 Leon Benko (Kortrijk)
 Mehdi Carcela-Gonzalez (Standard Liège)
 Adnan Čustović (Gent)
 Tosin Dosunmu (Germinal Beerschot)
 Karel Geraerts (Club Brugge)
 Habib Habibou (Charleroi)
 Roland Juhász (Anderlecht)
 Mbaye Leye (Gent)
 Dániel Tőzsér (Genk)
 Axel Witsel (Standard Liège)

4 goals (17 players)

 Franck Berrier (Zulte Waregem)
 Mario Carević (Lokeren)
 Davy De Beule (Kortrijk)
 Igor De Camargo (Standard Liège)
 Joeri Dequevy (Roeselare)
 Samir El Gaaouiri (Roeselare)
 Jonathan Legear (Anderlecht)
 Sherjill MacDonald (Germinal Beerschot)
 Dieumerci Mbokani (Standard Liège)
 Vadis Odjidja-Ofoe (Club Brugge)
 Reynaldo (Anderlecht (0) and Cercle Brugge (4))
 Nikita Rukavytsya (Roeselare)
 Sulejman Smajić (Lokeren)
 Bertin Tomou (Westerlo (3) and Roeselare (1))
 Ronald Vargas (Club Brugge)
 Jonathan Wilmet (Sint-Truiden)
 Stef Wils (Gent)

3 goals (19 players)

 Elyaniv Barda (Genk)
 Frederik Boi (Cercle Brugge)
 Fabien Camus (Genk)
 Steven de Petter (Westerlo)
 Stijn De Smet (Gent)
 Karel D'Haene (Zulte Waregem)
 Peter Delorge (Sint-Truiden)
 Vincent Euvrard (Sint-Truiden)
 Bernt Evens (Westerlo)
 Nicolás Frutos (Anderlecht)
 Torben Joneleit (Genk)
 Christophe Lepoint (Gent)
 Maxime Lestienne (Mouscron (3) and Club Brugge (0))
 Zlatan Ljubijankič (Gent)
 Sanharib Malki (Germinal Beerschot (2) and Lokeren (1))
 Ondřej Mazuch (Anderlecht)
 Adnan Mravac (Westerlo)
 Roberto Rosales (Gent)
 Tomo Šokota (Lokeren)

2 goals (38 players)

 Jonathan Aspas (Mouscron)
 Karim Belhocine (Kortrijk)
 Maxime Biset (Mechelen)
 Bojan Božović (Cercle Brugge)
 João Carlos (Genk)
 Daniel Chávez (Club Brugge)
 Grégory Christ (Charleroi)
 Laurent Ciman (Kortrijk)
 Philippe Clement (Germinal Beerschot)
 Cyriac (Standard Liège)
 Mohamed Dahmane (Club Brugge)
 Wilfried Dalmat (Standard Liège)
 Nabil Dirar (Club Brugge)
 Olivier Doll (Lokeren)
 Ederson (Genk (0) and Charleroi (2))
 Steffen Ernemann (Zulte Waregem)
 Guillaume François (Mouscron (2) and Germinal Beerschot (0))
 Guillaume Gillet (Anderlecht)
 Ibrahima Gueye (Lokeren)
 Moussa Koita (Genk)
 Robert Maah (Mouscron)
 Marcel Mbayo (Lokeren)
 Mohamed Messoudi (Kortrijk)
 Carlos Moreno (Mouscron)
 Geoffrey Mujangi Bia (Charleroi)
 Joachim Mununga (Mechelen)
 Stefan Nikolić (Roeselare)
 Vuza Nyoni (Cercle Brugge)
 Hervé Onana (Sint-Truiden)
 Abdelmajid Oulmers (Charleroi)
 Anthony Portier (Cercle Brugge)
 Mats Rits (Germinal Beerschot)
 Serhiy Serebrennikov (Cercle Brugge)
 Bernd Thijs (Gent)
 Jelle Van Damme (Anderlecht)
 Romeo Van Dessel (Mechelen)
 Ludwin Van Nieuwenhuyze (Zulte Waregem)
 David Vandenbroeck (Charleroi (0) and Kortrijk (2))

1 goal (60 players)

 Antolin Alcaraz (Club Brugge)
 Alex (Sint-Truiden)
 Arnor Angeli (Standard Liège)
 Lucas Biglia (Anderlecht)
 Maxime Brillault (Charleroi)
 Yoni Buyens (Mechelen)
 Brecht Capon (Kortrijk)
 Issame Charaï (Sint-Truiden)
 Cédric Ciza (Anderlecht (0) and Charleroi (1))
 Alessandro Cordaro (Charleroi)
 Hans Cornelis (Cercle Brugge)
 Daniel Cruz (Germinal Beerschot)
 Koen Daerden (Club Brugge (0) and Standard Liège (1))
 Kevin De Bruyne (Genk)
 Steven Defour (Standard Liège)
 Jef Delen (Westerlo)
 Boubacar Dialiba (Mechelen)
 Ryan Donk (Club Brugge)
 Chemcedine El Araichi (Mouscron)
 Hassan El Mouataz (Lokeren)
 Rachid Farssi (Westerlo)
 Felipe (Standard Liège)
 Jimmy Hempte (Kortrijk)
 Abdul-Yakuni Iddi (Mechelen)
 Jonas Ivens (Mechelen)
 Kanu (Anderlecht)
 Dejan Kelhar (Cercle Brugge)
 Mahamoudou Kéré (Charleroi)
 Cheikhou Kouyaté (Anderlecht)
 Sven Kums (Kortrijk)
 Ivan Leko (Germinal Beerschot (0) and Lokeren (1))
 Ellenton Liliu (Westerlo)
 Emil Lyng (Zulte Waregem)
 Eliaquim Mangala (Standard Liège)
 Stijn Meert (Zulte Waregem)
 Tomislav Mikulić (Standard Liège (0) and Germinal Beerschot (1))
 Damir Mirvić (Roeselare)
 Jarno Molenberghs (Westerlo)
 Ernest Nfor (Zulte Waregem)
 Denis Odoi (Sint-Truiden)
 Orlando (Charleroi (0) and Genk (1))
 Nebojša Pavlović (Kortrijk)
 Luigi Pieroni (Gent)
 Sébastien Pocognoli (Standard Liège)
 Giuseppe Rossini (Mechelen)
 Berat Sadik (Zulte Waregem)
 Nils Schouterden (Sint-Truiden)
 Tony Sergeant (Cercle Brugge)
 Tim Smolders (Gent)
 Tom Soetaers (Kortrijk (0) and Mechelen (1))
 Jérémy Taravel (Zulte Waregem)
 Bavon Tshibuabua (Germinal Beerschot)
 Glenn Van Asten (Westerlo)
 Günther Vanaudenaerde (Westerlo)
 Daan van Gijseghem (Mouscron (1) and Club Brugge (0))
 Joris Van Hout (Westerlo)
 Marc Wagemakers (Sint-Truiden)
 Marcin Wasilewski (Anderlecht)
 Samuel Yeboah (Genk)
 Yoav Ziv (Lokeren)

Own goals (12 players, 12 goals)

 Frederik Boi (Cercle Brugge, goal scored for Anderlecht)
 Steve Colpaert (Zulte Waregem, goal scored for Mechelen)
 Dominic Foley (Cercle Brugge, goal scored for Genk)
 Eliaquim Mangala (Standard Liège, goal scored for Anderlecht)
 Eric Matoukou (Genk, goal scored for Mouscron)
 Anthony Portier (Cercle Brugge, goal scored for Kortrijk)
 Roberto Rosales (Gent, goal scored for Kortrijk)
 Jurgen Sierens (Roeselare, goal scored for Anderlecht)
 Tiago Silva (Genk, goal scored for Zulte Waregem)
 Moussa Traoré (Standard Liège, goal scored for Anderlecht)
 Jelle Van Damme (Anderlecht, goal scored for Club Brugge)
 Bram Vandenbussche (Roeselare, goal scored for Kortrijk)

Playoff goalscorers

Championship playoff
30 games, 83 goals ( per game)
5 goals (4 players)

 Christian Benteke (Kortrijk)
 Mbark Boussoufa (Anderlecht)
 Matías Suárez (Anderlecht)
 Jelle Van Damme (Anderlecht)

4 goals (1 player)
 Adnan Čustović (Gent)

3 goals (6 players)

 Davy De Beule (Kortrijk)
 Guillaume Gillet (Anderlecht)
 Dorge Kouemaha (Club Brugge)
 Christophe Lepoint (Gent)
 Ernest Nfor (Zulte Waregem)
 Ivan Perišić (Club Brugge)

2 goals (9 players)

 Randall Azofeifa (Gent)
 Elimane Coulibaly (Gent)
 Peter Delorge (Sint-Truiden)
 Nabil Dirar (Club Brugge)
 Yassine El Ghanassy (Gent)
 Christophe Grondin (Gent)
 Mbaye Leye (Gent)
 Kevin Roelandts (Zulte Waregem)
 Sébastien Siani (Sint-Truiden)

1 goal (20 players)

 Joseph Akpala (Club Brugge)
 Ziguy Badibanga (Anderlecht)
 Ludovic Buysens (Sint-Truiden)
 Bart Buysse (Zulte Waregem)
 Mario Cantaluppi (Zulte Waregem)
 Thomas Chatelle (Anderlecht)
 Tom De Sutter (Anderlecht)
 Peter Delorge (Sint-Truiden)
 Ryan Donk (Club Brugge)
 Roland Juhász (Anderlecht)
 Maxime Lestienne (Club Brugge)
 Zlatan Ljubijankič (Gent)
 Ondřej Mazuch (Anderlecht)
 Luigi Pieroni (Gent)
 Nils Schouterden (Sint-Truiden)
 Jeroen Simaeys (Club Brugge)
 Wesley Sonck (Club Brugge)
 Jérémy Taravel (Zulte Waregem)
 Bernd Thijs (Gent)
 David Vandenbroeck (Kortrijk)

Own goals (2 players, 3 goals)
 Miguel Dachelet (2) (Zulte Waregem, goals scored for Sint-Truiden and Club Brugge)
 Ryan Donk (Club Brugge, goal scored for Anderlecht)

Europa League Playoff
24 games, 73 goals ( per game)
5 goals (1 player)
 Dominic Foley (Cercle Brugge)

4 goals (1 player)
 Elyaniv Barda (Genk)

3 goals (3 players)

 Julien Gorius (Mechelen)
 Ellenton Liliu (Westerlo)
 Dieumerci Mbokani (Standard Liège)

2 goals (12 players)

 Lens Annab (Westerlo)
 Igor De Camargo (Standard Liège)
 Daniel Cruz (Germinal Beerschot)
 Omer Golan (Lokeren)
 Faris Haroun (Germinal Beerschot)
 Aleksandr Jakovenko (Westerlo)
 Joachim Mununga (Mechelen)
 Marvin Ogunjimi (Genk)
 Killian Overmeire (Lokeren)
 Tom Soetaers (Mechelen)
 Tomo Šokota (Lokeren)
 Samuel Yeboah (Genk)

1 goal (31 players)

 Maxime Biset (Mechelen)
 Frederik Boi (Cercle Brugge)
 Thomas Buffel (Genk)
 Fabien Camus (Genk)
 Grégory Christ (Charleroi)
 Alessandro Cordaro (Charleroi)
 Hans Cornelis (Cercle Brugge)
 Kevin De Bruyne (Genk)
 Steven de Petter (Westerlo)
 Antun Dunković (Mechelen)
 Ibrahima Gueye (Lokeren)
 Oleg Iachtchouk (Cercle Brugge)
 Dawid Janczyk (Germinal Beerschot)
 Ivan Leko (Lokeren)
 Sanharib Malki (Lokeren)
 Eric Matoukou (Genk)
 Benjamin Mokulu (Lokeren)
 Andréa Mbuyi-Mutombo (Standard Liège)
 Aloys Nong (Mechelen)
 Jérémy Perbet (Lokeren)
 Jaime Alfonso Ruiz (Westerlo)
 Tony Sergeant (Cercle Brugge)
 Jérémy Serwy (Charleroi)
 Cyril Théréau (Charleroi)
 Moussa Traoré (Standard Liège)
 Katuku Tshimanga (Lokeren)
 Joris Van Hout (Westerlo)
 Nico Van Kerckhoven (Westerlo)
 Günther Vanaudenaerde (Westerlo)
 Justice Wamfor (Germinal Beerschot)
 Axel Witsel (Standard Liège)

Source: sporza.be and Sport.be

Season statistics
Regular competition records beaten or equalized during playoff games are listed as such.

Scoring
First goal of the season: Cephas Chimedza for Sint-Truiden against Standard Liège, 24 minutes (31 July 2009).
First own goal of the season: Frederik Boi (Cercle Brugge) for Anderlecht, (8 August 2009).
First hat-trick of the season: Milan Jovanović for Standard Liège against Roeselare (15 August 2009).
First penalty kick of the season: Axel Witsel (missed) for Standard Liège against Sint-Truiden, 90 minutes (31 July 2009).
Fastest goal in a match: 58 seconds – Sherjill MacDonald for Germinal Beerschot against Roeselare (28 November 2009).
Goal scored at the latest point in a match: 90+7 minutes – Arnor Angeli for Standard Liège against Kortrijk (26 September 2009).
Winning goal scored at the latest point in a match: 90+4 minutes - Cyril Théréau for Charleroi against Germinal Beerschot (16 August 2009)
Widest winning margin: 5 Goals

Mouscron 0–5 Lokeren (12 December 2009).
Germinal Beerschot 0–5 Anderlecht (29 January 2010).

Playoffs: 6 goals - Anderlecht 6-0 Zulte Waregem (28 March 2010)
Playoffs: AA Gent 5-0 Zulte Waregem (18 April 2010)

Most goals in a match by one team: 5 Goals

Roeselare 1-5 Standard Liège (15 August 2009)
AA Gent 5-1 Roeselare (12 September 2009)
KV Mechelen 2-5 AA Gent (4 December 2009)
Mouscron 0–5 Lokeren (12 December 2009)
Sint-Truiden 5-2 KV Mechelen (26 December 2009)
Germinal Beerschot 0–5 Anderlecht (29 January 2010).

Playoffs: 6 goals - Anderlecht 6-0 Zulte Waregem (28 March 2010)
Playoffs: Lokeren 5-3 Cercle Brugge (31 March 2010)
Playoffs: AA Gent 5-0 Zulte Waregem (18 April 2010)
Playoffs: 6 goals - AA Gent 6-2 Club Brugge (8 May 2010)

Most goals in one half: 5 goals

AA Gent 5-1 Roeselare (1-0 at half-time) (12 September 2009)
Sint-Truiden 5-2 KV Mechelen (3-2 at half-time) (26 December 2009)
Charleroi 2-3 Standard Liège (0-0 at half-time) (4 February 2010)

Playoffs: 6 goals - Lokeren 3-3 Westerlo (0-0 at half-time) (10 April 2010)
Playoffs: Anderlecht 6-0 Zulte Waregem (1-0 at half-time) (28 March 2010)
Playoffs: Lokeren 5-3 Cercle Brugge (2-1 at half-time) (31 March 2010)

Most goals in one half by a single team: 4 goals

AA Gent 5-1 Roeselare (12 September 2009)
Germinal Beerschot 4-1 Sint-Truiden (7 November 2009)
Roeselare 0-4 AA Gent (30 December 2009)
Westerlo 4-0 Charleroi (20 February 2010)

Playoffs: 5 goals - Anderlecht 6-0 Zulte Waregem (28 March 2010)
Playoffs: AA Gent 6-2 Club Brugge (8 May 2010)

Most goals in a match by one player: 3 goals

Milan Jovanović for Standard Liège against Roeselare (15 August 2009).
Dawid Janczyk for Lokeren against Mouscron (12 December 2009).

Elimane Coulibaly for AA Gent against Roeselare (30 December 2009)
Cyril Théréau for Charleroi against Lokeren (10 March 2010)

Discipline
First yellow card of the season: Marc Wagemakers for Sint-Truiden against Standard Liège, 28 minutes (31 July 2009).
First red card of the season: Ibrahima Gueye for Lokeren against Zulte Waregem, 22 minutes (1 August 2009).
Card given at latest point in a game: Bojan Jorgacevic (yellow) at 90+5 minutes for AA Gent against Racing Genk (15 August 2009)
Most yellow cards in a single match: 9
Zulte Waregem 2-2 Racing Genk - 4 for Zulte Waregem (Bossut, D'Haene, Roelandts and NFor), 5 for Racing Genk (Verhulst, João Carlos (2), Tòth and Koita) (8 August 2009)
AA Gent 2-1 KV Mechelen - 3 for AA Gent (Thompson, Suler and Maric), 6 for KV Mechelen (Van Hoevelen, Persoons (2), Mununga, Vrancken and Ghomsi) (9 August 2009)
Sint-Truiden 2-0 Standard Liège - 3 for Sint-Truiden (Delorge, Alex and Onana), 6 for Standard Liège (Goreux, Ramos, Nicaise, Carcela-González, Jovanović and De Camargo) (29 November 2009)
Playoffs: 10 - Kortrijk 1-2 AA Gent - 6 for Kortrijk (Capon, Vandenbroeck, Pavlović, Kums and Vrancken (2)), 4 for AA Gent (Leye, Ljubijankič, Lepoint and Rosales) (28 March 2010)
Playoffs: Zulte Waregem 2-0 Club Brugge - 5 for Zulte Waregem (Buysse, Meert, Ernemann, Matton and Hyland), 4 for Club Brugge (Alcaraz, Blondel, Odjidja and Kouemaha) (14 April 2010)
Playoffs: 11 - Sint-Truiden 1-1 AA Gent - 4 for Sint-Truiden (Euvrard, Mennes (2), and Onana), 7 for AA Gent (Leye, Myrie, Smolders (2), Čustović, Coulibaly and El Ghanassy) (5 May 2010)
Playoffs: Zulte Waregem 1-2 Kortrijk - 4 for Zulte Waregem (Colpaert, Meert, Ernemann and NFor), 5 for Kortrijk (Hempte, De Beule, Belhocine, Benteke and Messoudi) (8 May 2010)

Source: sporza.be and Sport.be

See also
 2009–10 in Belgian football
 List of Belgian football transfers summer 2009

References

Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian
1


The ninth legislative assembly election of Tamil Nadu was held on 21 January 1989. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won the election and its leader M. Karunanidhi, became the Chief Minister. It was his third term in office. The DMK was in power only for a short term, as it was dismissed on 31 January 1991 by the Indian Prime minister Chandra Shekhar using Article 356 (Otherwise) of the Indian Constitution.

Background

Split in AIADMK
After the death of M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R) in December 1987, his wife V. N. Janaki Ramachandran took over as Chief Minister. She lasted less than a month in power. The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) split into two factions, one led by Janaki and the other by J. Jayalalithaa. The undivided AIADMK legislature party had a strength of 132 including the Speaker P. H. Pandian. 97 of them supported the Janaki faction while 33 backed the Jayalalithaa group. Speaker Pandian was a supporter of Janaki. He did not recognize the Jayalalithaa group as a separate party. On 28 January 1988, Janaki sought a vote of confidence in the Assembly. The Jayalalithaa group abstained from the assembly and Pandian disqualified all of them. Earlier in December 1986, 10 MLAs of the DMK had been expelled from the Assembly by Pandian for their participation in the anti-Hindi agitation of 1986, bringing down the strength of the house to 224. The disqualification of the 33 MLAs of the Jayalalithaa group by P.H.Pandian further reduced the assembly's strength to 191. This enabled Janaki to win the vote of confidence with the support of only 99 members (with 8 opposing votes and 3 neutrals). Other opposition parties boycotted the vote - only 111 members were present during the motion. Though she won the vote of confidence, her government was dismissed by prime minister Rajiv Gandhi on 30 January citing the disruptions in the assembly. After a year of President's rule, elections were again held in January 1989. Both the AIADMK factions claimed to be the official AIADMK and requested the election commission to grant the "two leaves" symbol of the AIADMK to them. However, the election commission refused to recognize either of them as the official AIADMK and temporarily froze the "two leaves" symbol on 17 December 1988. Instead it awarded the "cock" symbol to the Jayalalithaa faction (AIADMK(J)), while the Janaki faction (AIADMK(JA)) was given the "two doves" symbol.

Coalitions
The Tamil Nadu unit of the Indian National Congress initially decided to ally with the Jayalalithaa faction. This move was opposed by actor and Congress leader Sivaji Ganesan. On 10 February 1988, he left the party along with his supporters to form a new party Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani. Ganesan's party allied itself with the Janaki faction. Eventually, the Congress also contested the elections alone.

The DMK was part of the Janata Dal led National Front. The front initially included both the Communist Party of India (CPI) and Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM). However, in the election only Janata Dal and CPM had a seat sharing agreement with the DMK. The CPI allied itself with the AIADMK(J).

This election attracted unusually high level of attention at the national level. It was seen as a precursor for the General election of 1989, a test of Rajiv Gandhi's popularity and P.H.Pandian's popularity as a speaker claiming Sky High Powers. The Tamil Nadu Congress (under G. K. Moopanar) was contesting elections alone after a gap of twelve years and Rajiv Gandhi campaigned extensively making multiple campaign visits to Tamil Nadu. V. P. Singh and Jyoti Basu, the national leaders of Janata Dal and CPM respectively also campaigned for the DMK led front in Tamil Nadu.

Seat allotments

DMK Front

AIADMK (Jayalalithaa) Front

†: The four seats that were delayed were contested by a united AIADMK front (AIADMK(J) & AIADMK(JA)), under the leader Jayalalithaa in a bye-election.

AIADMK (Janaki) Front

Congress

Voting and results
The election for 232 constituencies was held on 21 January 1989. The turnout among registered voters was 69.69%. Elections could not be held for two constituencies -Marungapuri and Madurai East - due to technical reasons. For these two elections were conducted later on 11 March 1989. Since the two AIADMK factions had merged in February 1989 under the leadership of Jayalalitha, the Election Commission restored the "Two Leaves" symbol to the unified AIADMK for these elections. The unified AIADMK won both the seats.

Results by Pre-Poll Alliance

|-
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Alliance/Party
!style="width:4px" |
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Change†
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Popular Vote
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote %
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Adj. %‡
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|DMK+ alliance
! style="background-color: " |
| 169
| +137
| 9,135,220
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| 37.9%
|-
|DMK
! style="background-color: #FF0000" |
| 150
| +126
| 8,001,222
| 33.2%
| 38.7%
|-
|CPI(M)
! style="background-color: #000080" |
| 15
| +10
| 851,351
| 3.5%
| 36.5%
|-
|JNP
! style="background-color: #FFFF00" |
| 4
| +1
| 282,647
| 1.2%
| 29.1%
|-
! style="background-color:#009900; color:white"|AIADMK(J)+ alliance
! style="background-color: " |
| 30
| -5
| 5,393,857
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| 22.4%
|-
|AIADMK(J)
! style="background-color: lime" |
| 27
| -6
| 5,098,687
| 22.2%
| 25.0%
|-
|CPI
! style="background-color: #0000FF" |
| 3
| +1
| 295,170
| 1.2%
| 21.3%
|-
! style="background-color:gray; color:white"|Others
! style="background-color:gray" |
| 33
| -132
| 9,160,163
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"| 38.0%
|-
|INC
! style="background-color: #00FFFF" |
| 26
| -37
| 4,780,714
| 19.8%
| 21.8%
|-
|AIADMK(JA)
! style="background-color: olive" |
| 2
| -95
| 2,214,965
| 9.2%
| 12.2%
|-
|IND
! style="background-color: #666666" |
| 5
| +1
| 2,164,484
| 9.0%
| 9.1%
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Total
! style="background-color: " |
| 232
| –
| 24,111,468
| 100%
| style="text-align:center;" | –
|-
|}
Sources: Election Commission of India

Analysis
The split in the AIADMK and the Congress contesting alone split the opposition votes, while the DMK retained its vote bank and won a comfortable majority. Janaki Ramachandran, contesting from Andipatti, lost to DMK's P. Asayan by less than a 5000 vote margin, in a four-way contest between AIADMK (Janaki), AIADMK (Jayalalithaa), Congress, and DMK.

Cabinet

See also
 Elections in Tamil Nadu
 Legislature of Tamil Nadu
 Government of Tamil Nadu
|Ninth
|1989-91
|S. Krishnamoorthy
|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|-

Footnotes

External links
 Election Commission of India

State Assembly elections in Tamil Nadu
1980s in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu


Fox's sign is a clinical sign in which bruising is seen over the inguinal ligament. It occurs in patients with retroperitoneal bleeding, usually due to acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis.

Named after London surgeon John Adrian Fox after he reported 2 fatal cases of non-traumatic ecchymosis in the upper outer aspect of the thigh as a diagnostic sign of retroperitoneal haemorrhage.

Often incorrectly eponymously attributed to the American dermatologist George Henry Fox (1846-1937) despite JA Fox's paper being published in 1966.

References

External links

Medical signs


George Henry Fox (8 October 1846 – 1 August 1937) was an American dermatologist, medical school professor and Civil War veteran.

Biography
George Henry Fox was born on 8 October 1846 in Ballston Spa, New York.

He received his medical degree in 1869 from the University of Pennsylvania, and studied in Berlin, London, Paris and Vienna. He was professor of dermatology at the New York Medical College for Women, Starling Medical College in Columbus, Ohio, Columbia University and the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital.

He died on 1 August 1937 of a heart attack at his home, 145 East Fifty-fourth Street in Manhattan, New York City. His funeral was held at Universal Chapel on May 6, 1937.

See also
 Fox–Fordyce disease

External links

References

American dermatologists
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
New York Medical College faculty
Columbia University faculty
1846 births
1937 deaths


The Timoric languages are a group of Austronesian languages (belonging to the Central–Eastern subgroup) spoken on the islands of Timor, neighboring Wetar, and (depending on the classification) Southwest Maluku to the east.

Within the group, the languages with the most speakers are Uab Meto of West Timor, Indonesia and Tetum of East Timor, each with about half a million speakers, though in addition Tetum is an official language and a lingua franca among non-Tetum East Timorese.

Languages

Hull (1998) & van Engelenhoven (2009)
Geoffrey Hull (1998) proposes a Timoric group as follows:

Timoric A ("Extra-Ramelaic", Fabronic; whatever is not Ramelaic)
West: Dawan (Uab Meto)–Amarasi, Helong, Roti (Bilba, Dengka, Lole, Ringgou, Dela-Oenale, Termanu, Tii)
Central: Tetun, Bekais, Habu
North: Wetar, Galoli
East: Kairui, Waimaha, Midiki, Naueti
Timoric B ("Ramelaic", near the Ramelau range)
West: Kemak, Tukudede
Central: Mambai
East (Idalaka): Idaté, Isní, Lakalei, Lolein

Van Engelenhoven (2009) accepts Hull's classification, but further includes Makuva and the Luangic–Kisaric languages (Kisar, Romang, Luang, Wetan, Leti) in the Eastern branch of Timoric A.

Taber (1993)

In a lexicostatistical classification of the languages of Southwest Maluku, Taber (1993:396) posits a "Southwest Maluku" branch of the Timoric languages, that comprises all languages of the area, except for West Damar and the Babar languages.

Timoric
(other branches on Timor)
Southwest Maluku
East Damar
Wetar: Talur, Wetar cluster (Aputai, Perai, Tugun, Iliun)
Kisar-Roma: Kisar, Roma
Luang: Leti, Luang, Wetan
TNS (Teun-Nila-Serua): Teun, Nila-Serua (Nila, Serua)
(other branches of CMP, including Babar languages and West Damar)

Edwards (2018, 2019)

Edwards (2018, 2019) divides the languages of Timor and Southwest Maluku into three branches:

Helong
Central Timor: Kemak, Tokodede, Mambae, Welaun
"Timor-Wetar-Babar"

The latter subgroup includes all other languages grouped by Hull as Timoric, as well all languages of Southwest Maluku (including the Babar languages). Within "Timor-Wetar-Babar", Edwards proposes a Rote-Meto branch, with languages spoken on Rote Island and in West Timor.

Rote-Meto
West Rote-Meto
Dela, Oenale
Dengka-Meto
Dengka, Lelain
Meto
Nuclear Rote
Tii, Lole
Termanu, Ba'a, Korbafo, Bokai, Talae, Keka
Bilbaa, Diu, Lelenuk
Rikou, Landu, Oepao

References

 Hull, Geoffrey. 1998. "The basic lexical affinities of Timor's Austronesian languages: a preliminary investigation." Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor 1:97–202.
 Taber, Mark (1993). "Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku." Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Winter, 1993), pp. 389–441. University of Hawai'i.

External links
LexiRumah (part of the Lesser Sunda linguistic databases)
Reconstructing the past through languages of the present: the Lesser Sunda Islands
The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts (Revised 24.8.2004) Geoffrey Hull

Languages of Indonesia
Languages of East Timor


John Smith was a footballer from England.

Career
Smith played for Scotswood and Derby County, before joining Port Vale in August 1932. He never made his mark at The Old Recreation Ground, and played just six Second Division games during the 1932–33 season. He was given a free transfer to Carlisle United in May 1933.

Career statistics
Source:

References

English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Derby County F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
English Football League players
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing


Peter Thomas Button  (9 October 1929 – 20 November 1987) was a pioneering rescue helicopter pilot in Wellington, New Zealand.

Career
Button established the firm Capital Helicopters in 1975 and made his aircraft available for use in emergencies. He was a witness of the sinking of the inter-island ferry  in 1968, and is thought to have had the idea of a rescue helicopter service as a result of this experience. The hilly terrain of Wellington means that helicopters are often used for building and arboriculture work due to the difficulty of site access, which meant that the pilots at Capital Helicopters were particularly skilled in precision flying, and thus suited to rescue work. Thanks to a sponsorship deal in the early eighties Button was able to dedicate one of his helicopters solely to rescues. Since Button established the service there has been a rescue helicopter service in Wellington, for most of that period under the name of the Westpac Rescue Helicopter.

In the 1982 Queen's Birthday Honours, Button was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to search and rescue operations.

In  Button contested the  electorate for the New Zealand Party. He finished third out of six candidates, winning 20.4% of the vote.

Lady Elizabeth II rescue
On 2 July 1986, the police launch Lady Elizabeth II capsized in heavy seas at the entrance to Wellington Harbour whilst on a training mission. Despite the appalling conditions Button and his son Clive managed to save two of the four crew members, skipper Constable Jim McLean and crew member Constable Rod Heard. Crew members Constable Glen Hughes and Senior Sergeant Phil Ward both died in the accident. A photograph of the rescue shows his helicopter hovering in the troughs with its rotors below the peaks of the oncoming waves, estimated to be  high. As a result of his actions Peter Button attained the status of a hero in Wellington, and was known by the nickname 'Saint Peter'. On 18 November 1987, Governor General Paul Reeves awarded Button the Queen's Gallantry Medal for his part in the rescue of the crew from the Lady Elizabeth II.

Shortly after the Lady Elizabeth II rescue it was announced that a tender for the provision of helicopter services to the local harbour authority, which wished to fly harbour pilots out to ships before they reached the harbour entrance, had gone to a rival firm. The future of Capital Helicopters was placed in jeopardy as a result of the firm's failure to win this contract, and there was a public outcry that Button's efforts were not being recognised by a body that was often reliant on his volunteer efforts.

Death
On 20 November 1987, two days after receiving his Queen's Gallantry Medal, Button was piloting Bell JetRanger ZK-HKF on a flight with local photographer Ronald Woolf and property developer Dion Savage. Police called in the helicopter to assist tracking Peter Carr, an offender who had escaped from Rimutaka Prison. During the search Button's helicopter drifted into high voltage transmission lines, lost both rotor blades, and crashed in Churton Park killing all three on board. Ironically Button had been the helicopter pilot who assisted when the lines were first built. The crash also cut power to much of the Wellington Metropolitan area for several hours.

At Button's funeral on 25 November, 13 helicopters paid tribute with a flyby. A few years after his death a street in Johnsonville, Peter Button Place, was named in his honour.

References

External links
 The Life Flight Trust
 Television news coverage of the accident and Button’s funeral

1929 births
1987 deaths
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in New Zealand
New Zealand aviators
Year of birth uncertain
Helicopter pilots
New Zealand Party politicians
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1984 New Zealand general election
New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand recipients of the Queen's Gallantry Medal
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1987


Anne Benjaminsen (; born 25 March 1964) is a Finnish ski-orienteering competitor and World Champion.

She participated at the 1988 World Ski Orienteering Championships in Kuopio, and won a gold medal in the relay with the Finnish team, with the teammates Sirpa Kukkonen and Virpi Juutilainen. She placed fifth in the classic distance, and eight in the short distance.

Personal life
Benjaminsen is married to Norwegian orienteer Vidar Benjaminsen. Norwegian figure skater Juni Marie Benjaminsen and Norwegian orienteer Andrine Benjaminsen are their children.

See also
 Finnish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

Finnish orienteers
Female orienteers
Ski-orienteers
1964 births
Living people
Finnish expatriates in Norway


Minchumina Airport  is a state-owned public-use airport serving Lake Minchumina, in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is also known as Lake Minchumina Airport. In the past, the airport used MHM IATA code.

Scheduled passenger service at this airport is subsidized by the United States Department of Transportation via the Essential Air Service program.

Facilities and aircraft
Minchumina Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of 678 feet (207 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 3/21 with a gravel surface measuring 4,200 by 100 feet (1,280 x 30 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 1,140 aircraft operations, an average of 95 per month: 96% general aviation and 4% air taxi.

Airlines and destinations

The following airline offers scheduled passenger service:

Statistics

References

Other sources

 Essential Air Service documents (Docket DOT-OST-2008-0237) from the U.S. Department of Transportation:
 Ninety-Day Notice (July 29, 2008: of Tatonduk Outfitters Limited d/b/a Everts Air Alaska intent to terminate subsidy-free air service between Fairbanks, and Lake Minchumina, Alaska.
 Order 2008-8-3 (August 6, 2008): prohibiting Tatonduk Outfitters, Ltd., d/b/a Everts Air Alaska, from suspending service at Lake Minchumina, Alaska, and requesting proposals by August 22 from carriers interested in providing replacement essential air service (EAS).
 Order 2008-9-21 (September 16, 2008): Selecting Tatonduk Outfitters, Ltd. d/b/a Everts Air Cargo, to provide subsidized essential air service at Lake Minchumina, Alaska, for the two-year period from October 27, 2008, through October 31, 2010, at an annual rate of $42,560.
 Order 2010-7-14 (July 16, 2010): selecting Warbelow's Air Ventures, Inc., to provide essential air service (EAS) at Lake Minchumina, Alaska, at an annual subsidy rate of $62,400. The selection extends from November 1, 2010, through October 31, 2012.
 Order 2010-7-20 (July 27, 2010): grants Lake Minchumina's Petition for Reconsideration of Order 2010-7-14 and rescinds Order 2010-7-14 selecting Warbelow's Air Ventures, Inc. On reconsideration, we select Wright Air Service, Inc., Option 2, for $93,080 annual subsidy, to provide essential air service (EAS) to Lake Minchumina, Alaska.
 Memorandum (August 3, 2010): The startup date for Wright Air Service in Order 2010-7-20 should be November 1, 2010, not October 1, 2010. Wright's contract will run for two years, through October 31, 2012.
 Order 2012-10-14 (October 11, 2012): re-selecting Wright Air Service, Inc., to provide Essential Air Service (EAS) at Lake Minchumina, Alaska, for $102,300 annually for two nonstop round trips per week to Fairbanks – one with a 9-seat IFR Certified aircraft (Cessna 208 or Piper Navajo) and one with 4-seat single-engine piston aircraft (Cessna 206 or Beech Bonanza) – through October 31, 2014.

External links
 Alaska FAA airport diagram (GIF)

Airports in the Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska
Essential Air Service


The Oswego City School District is a school district in Oswego, New York, serving the students of the city of Oswego and the towns of Oswego, Minetto, and Scriba. The district promotes itself with the slogan "Where the Learning Never Ends," a play on the city of Oswego's slogan, "Where the Water Never Ends."

The current Superintendent of Schools is Dr. Dean Goewey. Aimee Callen is the current Board of Education president, with James Bell as current vice president. Brian Chetney, Thomas DeCastro, Brandon Lagoe, Lynda Sereno, and Samuel Tripp are also members of the board.

Schools
The schools operated by the district are:
 Oswego High School (9-12)
 Oswego Middle School (7-8)
 Fitzhugh Park School (K-6)
 Charles E. Riley School (K-6)
 Kingsford Park School (K-6)
 Frederick Leighton School (K-6)
 Minetto School (K-6)

Trinity Catholic School (K-6) and Oswego Community Christian School (K-12) are served by the district's buses but are not operated by the district.

Statistics
The Oswego City School District served 3,789 students as of 2016, with a student to teacher ratio of 12.2-1. In 2016, 37% of Oswego High School seniors graduated with a Regents Diploma, and 35% graduated with an Advanced Regents Diploma.

References

External links
 Official Site for the District

School districts in New York (state)
Education in Oswego County, New York
Oswego, New York


Hedwig of Legnica () (ca. 1351 – 1 August 1409) was a Polish princess and member of the Piast dynasty, in the Legnica branch. By marriage Hedwig was Duchess of Żagań.

She was the fourth child and only daughter of Wenceslaus I, Duke of Legnica and his wife Anna, daughter of Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn.

Life
Hedwig married Henry VI the Elder, Duke of Głogów-Żagań, on 10 February 1372. Their union was an unhappy one; after the premature death of their only daughter, the ducal couple became formally separated. Hedwig remained in Żagań and Henry VI moved to Krosno Odrzańskie, where he died on 5 December 1393.

Despite their many years of estrangement, in his will Henry VI left all his lands to Hedwig as her dower. These included the towns of Żagań, Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin. Hedwig ruled over the lands until 1403, when she renounced her rule over them on behalf of Henry VI's nephews.

References

Chronological Dates in Stoyan

1350s births
1409 deaths
Polish Roman Catholics
Piast dynasty


Francis Taylor (1845 – 1 September 1915) was an English brewer and Liberal and Liberal Unionist politician.

Taylor was the third son of Alfred Lombe Taylor of Diss, Norfolk. The Taylor family had property in Diss and had an interest in "Taylor and Dowson's" one of the brewers in the town. Taylor became a partner in the brewery and inherited the interests of his father in the town, living at the Manor House in Mount Street.

In 1885 Taylor was elected as Member of Parliament for South Norfolk as a Liberal, and in 1886 became a Liberal Unionist. He held the seat until 1898 when he retired through ill-health. He died in Diss on 1 September 1915.

References

External links

1845 births
1915 deaths
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
People from Diss, Norfolk


William Saunders, CMG (June 16, 1836 – September 13, 1914) was a Canadian agriculturalist, entomologist and pharmacist. He was a pioneer in Canadian agricultural science, led the establishment of the Experimental Farm System and served as its first director for almost 25 years.

Biography
Saunders was born in Crediton, England, the son of James Saunders and Jane (Wollacott) Saunders. His father was a shoemaker and Methodist preacher. In 1848, when Saunders was twelve years old, the family emigrated to Canada and settled in London, Ontario. Saunders had little or no formal education in London but was instead apprenticed to a local druggist, John Salter. In 1855 when he was only nineteen, Saunders opened his own pharmacy which he eventually expanded into a wholesale pharmaceutical business that specialized in medicinal extracts made from plants.

Saunders became a well-known and influential part of the pharmaceutical community in Canada and the United States. In 1867 he was a founding member and later president of the Canadian Pharmaceutical Society. He was an active member of the American Pharmaceutical Association, serving as president in 1877-1878. In 1871 he helped establish the Ontario College of Pharmacy and served as president for two years. He also lectured on materia medica (pharmacology) at the University of Western Ontario.

Saunders' interest in plants and their medicinal properties led him to the study of entomology with a focus on applications in agriculture. He befriended Charles Bethune who shared his interest in insects and together they helped found the Entomological Society of Canada in 1863.  In 1868 they began publishing the Canadian Entomologist, a journal to which they were the sole contributors for the initial two issues. Bethune was the editor for the first five years and then Saunders served as editor until 1886.  Both the society and the journal were the first of their kind in Canada to focus on entomology and their influence extended to the United States, where many entomologists were members of the Canadian society and published in the journal. In 1883 he published Insects Injurious to Fruits, which served as the standard text on the subject in North America for 25 years.

Saunders' most important contributions were made in the field of horticulture. In 1869 he bought a small farm near London, planted fruit-trees, and began experiments in hybridization. The results of his work were published by the Fruit Growers' Association of Ontario, another organization in which he was involved.  By 1880 Saunders was regarded as the leading authority on agriculture and horticulture in Canada. Consequently, in 1885, when the Canadian government was considering ways to improve agricultural output, they asked Saunders to investigate the feasibility of implementing an experimental farm system similar to the model used in the United States. Saunders visited several experimental farms in America and delivered his recommendations the following year.

The government accepted Saunders' recommendations on the establishment of experimental farms and appointed him director in 1887. For the next 25 years Saunders led research into horticulture, forestry, and animal husbandry. The focus was on practical solutions to the problems faced by Canadian farmers. In particular, the experimental farms produced improved varieties of grain, livestock and fruit trees that were adapted to the Canadian climate. He began the work that was completed by his son Charles E. Saunders to develop the important wheat cultivar 'Marquis'.  Among the high-profile individuals who reviewed his experimental farms are included Peter Kropotkin, the author of Fields, Factories, and Workshops.

He retired in 1911 when his health began to fail. In gratitude for his service, the Department of Agriculture sent him on a year-long tour of Europe. Shortly after his return to Canada he died on September 13, 1914.

He belonged to many scientific societies and received many honors. He was one of the original members of the Royal Society of Canada, the recipient of honorary degrees from Toronto and Queen's Universities, and in 1905 was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

Family
Saunders was married to Sarah Agnes Robinson and the two of them had 6 children together. Sarah also had an interest in botany, collecting and creating a herbarium of rare plant specimens that subsequently became part of the National Herbarium of Canada.

Publications
Saunders published more than 200 scientific papers, articles and books in his lifetime. The breadth of his interests is reflected in the diversity of topics including entomology, forestry, horticulture, and pharmaceuticals. Titles include:
 Introduction and Dissemination of Noxious Insects
 Importance of Economizing and Preserving our Forests
 Influence of Sex in Hybridizing Fruits
 Early Ripening Cereals
 Increased Production of Farm Crops by Early Sowing
 Entomology for Beginners
 Grape Phylloxera, Phylloxera vastatrix
 On Extractum Cannabis Indicae
 On the Insect Enemies of Drugs
 Insects Injurious to Fruits

Notes

References

1836 births
1914 deaths
Canadian pharmacists
Canadian entomologists
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
People from Crediton
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Immigrants to the Province of Canada


Corine Mauch (born 28 May 1960) is an American-born Swiss politician who currently serves as Mayor of Zurich since 2009. She previously served on the city council of Zürich between 1999 and 2008 for the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (of which she was a member since 1990). Mauch is the first female and first openly lesbian person to be elected mayor of the city.

Early life and education
Mauch was born 28 May 1960 in Iowa City, Iowa to Samuel Mauch, an engineer and Ursula Mauch (née Widmer), an educator who later would serve on the National Council (Switzerland). She had two younger brothers and spent her first years growing up in Boston, Massachusetts, where her father completed a PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Later the family moved back to Switzerland settling in Oberlunkhofen. Mauch graduated from ETH Zurich with a diploma in agricultural economics and also completed studies in sinology at the University of Zurich. She also holds a Master of Public Administration of University of Lausanne.

Political career
Mauch was elected mayor in March 2009, after ten years on the city council. In the first round of balloting, she finished in second place, barely 1,300 votes behind Kathrin Martelli, the candidate of the Free Democratic Party. In the second round, she received 41,745 votes, beating Martelli by 58 percent to 42. In the March 2018 elections, Mauch received 63,139 votes, and she was re-elected as mayor of Zürich until her terms ends in 2022.

Personal life
Since 2014, Mauch is legally married to her long-time partner Juliana Maria Müller. Mauch began the procedure to renounce her United States citizenship in 2012; her office confirmed media reports of the renunciation in April 2013.

References

External links

  Corine Mauch's website

1960 births
Living people
ETH Zurich alumni
Lesbian politicians
LGBT mayors
Swiss LGBT politicians
Swiss lesbians
Women mayors of places in Switzerland
Mayors of Zürich
Former United States citizens
American emigrants to Switzerland
People from Aargau
Swiss city councillors
20th-century Swiss women politicians
20th-century Swiss politicians
21st-century Swiss women politicians
21st-century Swiss politicians
21st-century Swiss LGBT people


Valentina Rendón Escobar is a Colombian actress, singer and writer.

Rendón studied industrial design at the Universidad Autónoma de Manizales but, after winning a scholarship offered by RCN TV, went to live to Bogotá to become an actress. She was the lead voice of the pop group Luna verde. Her television debut was in the 1996 series Copas amargas. After several supporting roles on television, her first lead role was in the 1999 telenovela Tabú. She would appear in several telenovelas, series and perform on theatre. She also participated and won the Colombian version of Dancing with the Stars, Bailando por un sueño.

Rendón starred in the 2006 film La voz de las alas.

As of 2009, she stars in the Caracol TV telenovela Bermúdez, opposite Víctor Hugo Cabrera. She also appeared in the 2009 Venezuelan film Venezzia, whose script she wrote with Jörg Hiller.

Filmography
Deliver Us from Evil (2014, film)
Happy Fists (2014, film)
Allá te espero (2013, telenovela, RCN TV) as Cecilia Restrepo Jaramillo
Venezzia (2009, film) as Graciela
Bermúdez (2009, telenovela, Caracol TV) as Silvia Vargas (lead role)
Cómplices (2008, telenovela, Caracol TV) as Francisca
Decisiones (2007, anthology series, RTI Colombia/Telemundo)
Marido a sueldo (2007, telenovela, Teleset/RCN TV) as Tatiana Alvarado
¿De qué tamaño es tu amor? (2006, telenovela, Teleset/RCN TV) as Sara (lead role)
La voz de las alas (2006, film)
Mesa para tres (2004, telenovela, Caracol TV) as Claudia
Punto de giro (2003, mini-series, RCN TV) as Diana
La lectora (2002, TV series, RCN TV) as Lulú
Pobre Pablo (2000, telenovela, RCN TV) as Cindy Mercedes Casilimas
Tabú (1999, telenovela, Tevecine/Canal Uno) as Carolina (lead role)
Me llaman Lolita (1999, telenovela, RCN TV) as Sol Ángela
Hilos invisibles (1998, TV series, Telecolombia/Canal Uno)
O todos en la cama (1996, sitcom, RCN TV/Canal A) as Laura
Copas amargas (1996, TV series, Coestrellas/Canal A) as Silvana Mejía

References

External links
 Official website
Colarte

21st-century Colombian actresses
21st-century Colombian women singers
Colombian pop singers
Colombian telenovela actresses
Colombian television actresses
Living people
Colombian stage actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)


"Some Things Never Change" is a song written by Walt Aldridge and Brad Crisler and recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw.  It was released in April 2000 as the fourth single from McGraw's album A Place in the Sun.  While it went to number 1 in Canada, it peaked only at number 7 in the US, and was the only single from the album not to reach number 1 in the US. It also peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that the single, "offers a pretty, lilting melody, understated acoustic instrumentation, and another nice performance from McGraw." She proceeds saying that what McGraw lacks in vocal gymnastics he has always, "more than made up for in personality, and the current single is no exception." However, she states that "while the melody tends to grow on you, there's not a whole lot going on otherwise that makes this track grab attention." Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song a C grade, saying that it "goes nowhere lyrically or melodically, and there isn’t a drum beat or steel guitar hook around to save it.", and that the song is such an "easy listening number that’s so easy to listen to, it might put you to sleep."

Chart positions
"Some Things Never Change" debuted at number 47 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 15, 2000.

Year-end charts

References

2000 singles
1999 songs
Tim McGraw songs
Songs written by Walt Aldridge
Song recordings produced by Byron Gallimore
Song recordings produced by Tim McGraw
Song recordings produced by James Stroud
Curb Records singles
Country ballads
Songs written by Brad Crisler


LINPAC Group Limited was founded in 1959 in Lincolnshire, England, as Lincolnshire Packaging - to produce paper packaging for local fresh food producers. It is now an international business valued at almost £500,000,000, providing mainly plastic packaging and supply chain manufacturing and services business. The company is based in Featherstone, West Yorkshire, England, and in 2015 had 2,500 employees worldwide.

LINPAC Group comprises three main divisions:
 LINPAC Packaging (formerly LINPAC Plastics), formed in 1969.
 LINPAC Allibert (created in 2007 from the merger of Allibert with LINPAC Materials Handling).
 Ropak Packaging (acquired in 1995).

Viscount Plastics, acquired in 2001, was sold in 2012.

The company manufactures food packaging, returnable transit packaging (RTP), rigid plastic containers, cartridges, bulk storage tanks, bulk containers, medical containers, spill control products, and GRP gratings and structures. It also provides services related to these products - including design and manufacture - and asset management.

LINPAC is a private company (ranked 37th in The Times Top Track 100 list of private UK companies 2010) and is owned by a consortium of banks.

LINPAC's founders include Evan Cornish, who died in 2002. The Evan Cornish Foundation now supports, among other causes, the Louth & District Hospice.

LINPAC's Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code is 70100: Activities of head offices.

References

External links
 LINPAC website

Companies based in Wakefield
Packaging companies of the United Kingdom


West Timor may refer to:
The Austronesian Timor–Babar languages
The Papuan Alor–Pantar languages plus Bunak


Tim Murphy (born 1953 in Blackrock, County Cork) is a former Irish hurling manager and former player. He played hurling with his local club Blackrock and succeeded Martin Coleman as goalkeeper on the Cork senior inter-county team for one season in 1980.  He was subsequently replaced by Ger Cunningham.

Murphy later served as coach of the Blackrock senior hurling team.

References

1952 births
Living people
Blackrock National Hurling Club hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
Hurling goalkeepers
Hurling managers


David Vanderbilt is a professor of physics at Rutgers University researching condensed-matter physics since 1991, and named Board of Governors Professor of Physics in 2009. He received his B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1976 and his Ph.D. from MIT in 1981 studying under John D. Joannopoulos. He received the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics in 2006. The Aneesur Rahman prize is the highest honor given by the American Physical Society for work in computational physics. In 2013 he was elected to the National Academy of Science.

References

External links
 Research page from Rutgers University Physics department

American people of Dutch descent
21st-century American physicists
Rutgers University faculty
Living people
Computational physicists
Swarthmore College alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Physical Society


Nick Denis (born October 11, 1983) is a retired Canadian professional mixed martial artist.  A World Victory Road, Aggression Fighting Championship, King of the Cage and UFC veteran, Denis is best known for being a former KOTC Canada Bantamweight Champion, semi-finalist in the Sengoku Featherweight Tournament and his Knockout of the Night victory in his debut fight in the UFC.

Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Denis made his MMA debut in his native Canada in October 2006. He debuted for the King of the Cage Canada promotion and quickly became their Bantamweight champion.

In 2009, Denis made his international MMA debut for the World Victory Road promotion. He fought in the Sengoku Featherweight Grandprix, making it to the semifinal round.

More recently, he fought against Bellator veteran Nick Mamalis who he defeated via KO (suplex and chokeslam) in the second round.

Ultimate Fighting Championship
In early December 2011, it was announced that Denis had signed a multi-fight deal with the UFC.

In his UFC debut, Denis faced Joseph Sandoval on January 20, 2012 at UFC on FX: Guillard vs. Miller.  He was successful, defeating Sandoval with a series of standing elbows.

Nick was expected to face Johnny Bedford at UFC on Fox 3 on May 5, 2012.  However, Bedford was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Roland Delorme. He lost to Delorme by rear-naked choke at 4:59 of an action-packed first round where both fighters were rocked until Delorme rallied and submitted Denis.

In November 2012, Nick announced his retirement from the sport of MMA in a post on his blog, citing research of Chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Denis is frequently quoted and his research is the subject of many discussions on media outlets including MMA Live, The New York Daily News and The Joe Rogan Experience.

Personal life
Denis studied at the University of Ottawa, earning a Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry. Nick also invested part of his "Knockout of the Night" win bonus in purchasing land, owning a large part of land in North Stormont, Ontario, Canada. A fan of board games, Denis has recently designed an algorithm for efficiently playing SeaFall.

Championships and accomplishments
King of the Cage
KOTC Canada Bantamweight Championship (One time)
One successful title defense
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Knockout of the Night (One time) vs. Joseph Sandoval

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–3
| Roland Delorme
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFC on Fox: Diaz vs. Miller
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:59
| East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–2
| Joseph Sandoval
| KO (elbows)
| UFC on FX: Guillard vs. Miller
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:22
| Nashville, Tennessee, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–2
| Nick Mamalis
| KO (suplex and chokeslam)
| Wreck MMA: Unfinished Business
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:03
| Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–2
| Yuji Hoshino
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku Raiden Championships 12
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:47
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Sean Quinn
| KO (punches)
| Wreck MMA: Fights for the Troops
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:42
| Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–1
| Jason Townes
| TKO (knee and kick to the body)
| AMMA 1: First Blood
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:26
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–1
| Marlon Sandro
| KO (punches)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:19
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Seiya Kawahara
| TKO (punches)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 7
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:36
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Josh Kyrejto
| KO (punch)
| KOTC: Excalibur
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:59
| Edmonton, Alberta Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Josh Gallant
| KO (punches)
| KOTC: Brawl at the Mall 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:14
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Dave Scholten
| TKO (punch to the body)
| KOTC: Brawl at the Mall 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 0:23
| Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Chris Myra
| TKO (punches)
| KOTC: Capital Chaos
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:40
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Jean-Robert Monier
| Submission (armbar)
| KOTC: Freedom Fight
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:33
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Justin Darbyson
| KO (punches)
| APEX: A Night Of Champions
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:24
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|

See also
List of male mixed martial artists
List of KOTC champions
List of Canadian UFC fighters

References

External links

Sengoku profile for Nick Denis

Living people
Canadian male mixed martial artists
Bantamweight mixed martial artists
Featherweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Kyokushin kaikan
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
1983 births
Sportspeople from North Bay, Ontario
Canadian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Canadian male karateka
University of Ottawa alumni
Canadian biochemists
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters


Gerson Levi Mayen Villavicencio (born 9 February 1989) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primera División club Águila. Born in the United States, he plays for the El Salvador national team at international level.

Career

Youth
Mayen attended Manual Arts High School, and started playing soccer when he was young with a club named Gilbert Lindsay Youth Soccer Club, then with the club soccer with Alta Loma Arsenal where he won four Cal South State Cups, four Regional Championships and three National Championships.  Mayen also won two Golden Boot awards.  Rather than opting to play collegiate soccer, Mayen joined the Chivas USA U-18 team.

Professional
Mayen was signed to a full professional contract by Chivas USA on 27 March 2008, after training with the club throughout preseason. He did not make an appearance with the first team in his rookie season, but made 12 appearances in the MLS Reserve Division, playing primarily as a defender and defensive midfielder. He made his professional debut on 29 March 2009, in Chivas's game against FC Dallas.

On 6 August 2010, Chivas USA sent Mayen, along with teammate Chukwudi Chijindu, on loan to USSF Division 2 Professional League side Miami FC. Mayen returned to Florida in July 2011 when he was loaned to NASL club Fort Lauderdale Strikers.

Mayen was traded with Justin Braun to MLS expansion side Montreal Impact for James Riley and allocation money on 23 November 2011. However, Mayen was waived by Montreal on 1 March, prior to the start of the 2012 season.

International

United States
Mayen has made one appearance for the United States U-20 men's national soccer team, in the Campos Verdes International Tournament in Portugal in 2008. Mayen was also named to the 2009 Under 20 World Cup in Egypt where he started and played 90 minutes against Germany.

El Salvador
On July 5, 2011, Mayen was given permission by the FIFA to be part of the El Salvador team. "After a thorough review of the documentation submitted by the Salvadoran Football Federation, the judge concluded that the player Gerson Mayen Villavicencio meets the objective conditions stipulated in Article 18, paragraph 1 of the Regulations Applicable Statutory of the FIFA: in particular, the player Gerson Mayen has never played an international "A" match in an official competition representing the U.S. Soccer Federation," reads the resolution of FIFA.
Mayen made his international début at the 2013 Copa Centroamericana, coming on as substitute at the 86' minute in El Salvador 1–1 draw with Honduras.

Statistics

International goals
Scores and results list El Salvador's goal tally first.

Honours
 Santa Tecla
 Primera División (1): Clausura 2015, Apertura 2016

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Salvadoran men's footballers
Chivas USA players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (2006–2016) players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers players
LA Laguna FC players
C.D. FAS footballers
Santa Tecla F.C. footballers
American sportspeople of Salvadoran descent
Citizens of El Salvador through descent
Major League Soccer players
USSF Division 2 Professional League players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
USL League Two players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
El Salvador men's international footballers
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Soccer players from California
Salvadoran expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Homegrown Players (MLS)


Alex  Zunger is a theoretical physicist, research professor, at the University of Colorado Boulder. He has authored more than 150 papers in Physical Review Letters and Physical Reviews B Rapid Communication, has an h-index over 150, number of citations over 113,000 (Google Scholar). He co-authored one of the top-five most cited papers ever to be published in the Physical Review family in its over 100 years' history.

Work and career
Zunger received his B.Sc, M.Sc, and Ph.D. education at Tel Aviv University in Israel and did his post-doctoral training at Northwestern University with Arthur J. Freeman and (as an IBM Fellow) at the University of California, Berkeley, working with Marvin L. Cohen.

Zunger’s research field is the condensed matter theory of real materials. He developed pseudopotentials for first-principles electronic structure calculations within the framework of density functional theory (1977), co-developed the momentum-space total-energy method with Marvin L. Cohen (1978), co-developed what is now the most widely used exchange and correlation energy functional and the self-interaction correction with John Perdew (1981), and developed a novel theoretical method for simultaneous relaxation of atomic positions and charge densities in self-consistent local-density approximation calculations (1983). In 1990, Zunger and colleagues at NREL proposed the special quasirandom structures approach to generate disordered structures of solid-state materials, which has since become a community standard. He also developed novel methods for calculating the electronic properties of semiconductor quantum nanostructures. These atomistic methods have enabled Zunger and his team to discover a range of many-body effects underlying the fundamental physics of the creation, multiplication, and annihilation of excitons.

His work has contributed greatly to the fundamental understanding of a wide range of materials phenomena in photovoltaic utilization of solar energy materials. The foundational methods he developed in the quantum theory of solids now form an essential integral part of the worldwide activities in the broad field of first-principles calculations of solid-state materials.

In recent years, Zunger has focused on developing methods for solving the inverse band structure problem, which was first proposed in 1999 by Franceschetti and Zunger in a publication in the journal Nature. Their proposed approach involves the use of ideas from quantum mechanics as well as genetic algorithms to search for atomic configurations that have a desired target property. Zunger advocates the goal to study real materials rather than their idealized version to achieve realistic prediction outcomes by computational methods, this would require proper theoretical account of disorder, doping, defects, etc. This has been the direction throughout his and colleagues' works on the doping effects in quantum materials and polymorphism in photovoltaic materials.

Organizations and honors
In 1978, Zunger established NREL’s Solid-State Theory Group, which he headed until 2011. He has been an NREL Research Fellow, is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, and was the first director of the DOE Basic Energy Sciences “Center for Inverse Design”. He has also trained 77 post-doctoral fellows. He is the recipient of the inaugural 2011 Materials Theory Award  of the Materials Research Society (On the Inverse Band Structure method ), the Hume-Rothery Award of the TMS (on the foundational theory of alloys); the 2010 Tomassoni Prize and Science Medal of the Scola Physica Romana (for Density Functional advances), the 2009 Gutenberg Research Award from Johannes Gutenberg University (on highly correlated physics); the 2001 John Bardeen Prize from TMS (on spontaneous ordering in semiconductor alloys), and the 2001 Rahman Award of the American Physical Society (on the foundations of first-principles pseudopotentials, the total energy in momentum space and the LDA exchange-correlation functional).  In 2011, he moved from NREL to the University of Colorado where he is working in the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI).

Publications

The impact of Zunger’s work is partially reflected by the very high number of citations his papers have received (over 113,000, according to the ISI Web of Science) and by his high “h-index” of 150 (i.e., 150 of his papers have been cited each at least 150 times). He is the author of the fifth-most-cited paper in the 110-year history of Physical Review (out of over 350,000 articles published in that journal). The chart shows the number of citations to articles published by Zunger for each of the last 20 years.

References

External links
Introduction to matter by design
APS 2001 Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics Recipient
Tommasoni Awards 2010
Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz
TMS Recipient: 2001 John Bardeen Award

21st-century American physicists
Living people
Northwestern University fellows
University of California, Berkeley people
University of Colorado faculty
Computational physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)


Minor Alpízar Campos (born 27 September 1953) is a former Costa Rican footballer.

Club career
Alpízar played for Ramonense in the Primera Division de Costa Rica and won the 1981 league title with Herediano.

International career
Alpízar made several appearances for the Costa Rica national football team, and was part of squads that played at the 1980 and 1984 Olympic Games held in Los Angeles.

References

1953 births
Living people
Costa Rican men's footballers
Costa Rica men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Costa Rica
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
A.D. Ramonense players
C.S. Herediano footballers

Men's association football defenders


Uzi Landman (May 1944) is an Israeli/American computational physicist, the Fuller E. Callaway Professor of Computational Materials Science at the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Career
He earned a B.Sc. in chemistry at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem in 1965, an M.Sc. in chemistry from the Weizmann Institute in 1966 and a D.Sc. from the Israel Institute of Technology in 1969. His research interests included surface and materials science, solid state physics and nanoscience.

He joined the faculty of Georgia Tech in 1977 as an associate professor of physics and made professor in 1979, In 1988 he was promoted to regents professor of physics, a title he still holds. In 1992 he became director of the Center for Computational Materials science, at Georgia and in 1995 appointed Fuller E. Callaway endowed Chair in Computational Materials Science.

Honors and awards
In 1989 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for applications of numerical simulation modeling of both the status structure and nonequilibrium dynamics of solid surfaces, interfaces, and small clusters"

In 2000 he was awarded the Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology by the Foresight Institute.

In 2005 he received the Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics, which is the highest honor given by the American Physical Society for work in computational physics. He was also awarded the 2008 Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientists.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Scientists from Tel Aviv
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Weizmann Institute of Science alumni
21st-century American physicists
Scientists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Computational physicists
Georgia Tech faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society