Four police officers in Oakland, California, were fatally shot on March 21, 2009, by Lovelle Mixon, a convicted felon wanted on a no-bail warrant for a parole violation. Mixon shot and killed two police officers of the Oakland Police Department during a routine traffic stop. After escaping on foot to the nearby apartment of his sister, Mixon shot and killed two police SWAT team officers attempting to apprehend him. Mixon was killed as other officers on the team returned fire.

This was the deadliest attack on California police officers since the Newhall massacre in 1970, when four California Highway Patrol officers were shot and killed by two men in Santa Clarita. The killing of four police officers in Lakewood, Washington, in November 2009 equaled it; and both were surpassed by a mass shooting in Dallas, Texas, in July 2016 that killed five police officers.

Events

Traffic stop on MacArthur Boulevard
On March 21, 2009, at 1:08pm. PDT, Mixon was pulled over in a routine traffic stop, while driving a 1995 Buick sedan; two motorcycle officers, Officer John Hege and Sergeant Mark Dunakin, stopped him for a traffic violation on 74th Avenue and MacArthur Boulevard in East Oakland, one block from Eastmont Town Center and an Oakland Police Department (OPD) substation. After reviewing Mixon's driver's license, Sergeant Dunakin became suspicious that it was fake and signaled to his partner, Officer Hege, to arrest Mixon. Mixon leaned out of the vehicle's side window, and opened fire with a semi-automatic pistol without warning, shooting both officers twice. After the officers collapsed, he got out of the car, approached them, and fired execution-style directly into their backs. He briefly stood over the bodies before fleeing on foot. Witnesses reported Mixon as having fired six shots. Neither officer returned fire. Witnesses said Mixon fled westward into the surrounding neighborhood on 74th Avenue southbound.

Some witnesses called 911, while others ran to the officers and started providing comfort and CPR until ambulances arrived. By the time they did, Sergeant Dunakin had died, and Officer Hege was found to be mortally wounded, having been shot behind the left ear.

Mixon's family members were aware of his criminal activity. He was a convicted felon wanted on a no-bail warrant for a parole violation. According to a cousin, Mixon had recently purchased the handgun (illegal for a felon on parole), as well as the Buick he had been driving when stopped. Mixon was talking with his uncle on a cell phone when stopped and said he would call back. "But he was probably thinking about that piece he had in the car", said his cousin Curtis Mixon, 38, "and he wasn't about to go back to jail."

Manhunt for the shooter
An intense manhunt for Mixon was conducted, with participation by some 200 officers from the OPD, the Alameda County Sheriff's Office, the BART Police Department, the California Highway Patrol, and several agencies from various cities. He was described to police as a black male wearing all-black clothing and wire-rimmed sunglasses. Nearby streets were cordoned off, and an entire area of East Oakland was closed to traffic. However, due to the absence of senior Oakland police officers, positions in the new command post were self-assigned by the on-scene commanders, who were overwhelmed by the citywide response. It took 90 minutes for senior officers to arrive at the scene and take control of the manhunt. Eventually, after a search on the Buick was conducted, Mixon was formally identified as the suspect in the MacArthur Boulevard shooting.

As police descended on the neighborhood, a local woman walked up to MacArthur Boulevard to see what the commotion was about. She noticed the burgundy Buick, and recalled seeing Mixon in the car during the previous few days. She also knew that Mixon's sister lived in a two-bedroom, ground-level apartment on 74th Avenue, just a block from where the motorcycle officers were shot. Although she knew her life would be in danger if she were labeled a "snitch", the woman decided to give this information to an officer she recognized. The information was then relayed to Lieutenant Christopher Mufarreh, who was investigating Mixon's possible whereabouts independently, by an off-duty police lieutenant. Without consultation or coordination with his superiors, Mufarreh ordered a SWAT team to converge on the scene.

Upon meeting up with the off-duty lieutenant and the woman who reported Mixon's current position, Mufarreh didn't believe the latter's credibility as an eyewitness, as she didn't see Mixon directly enter the apartment, and dismissed her statement. However, at the same time, another eyewitness had come forward with a valid account of seeing Mixon enter the apartment, although Mufarreh was unaware of that, as he had not reported back to the lieutenant who received the statement. Mufarreh ordered a perimeter to be set up around the apartment, while the first members of the SWAT team arrived at the scene.

At 2:38 p.m., Mufarreh decided to have the SWAT team enter and clear the ground floor of the apartment before sending in a tracking dog. However, the full SWAT team had yet to be assembled. Sergeant Daniel Sakai was then reassigned by Mufarreh from his previous position as canine coordinator to the SWAT team.

Unknown to the SWAT team, following the MacArthur Boulevard shooting with the pistol, Mixon had managed to secure an SKS carbine with a fixed bayonet, likely stored in his sister's apartment.

Police eventually concluded that the lives of people in the three-story apartment building might be at risk, so they couldn't afford to barricade the building and wait. They determined that due to the location of Mixon's sister's apartment within the building, there was no way to ensure that other residents could safely be brought through the single front entry door to the street. Mufarreh decided to send in the SWAT officers prematurely, assessing that the threat level was low due to a high unlikelihood that Mixon would actually be present inside the apartment. Tactical commander Captain Rick Orozco approved of Mufarreh's plan.

Shootout on 74th Avenue
At 3:02 p.m., SWAT team officers raided the apartment, breaking down the door while throwing nonlethal shock (flashbang) grenades.

At the time of the raid, the room was poorly illuminated. Sergeant Pat Gonzales entered the room first, followed by Sergeant Ervin Romans. As Romans entered, he was ambushed by Mixon, who shot him through the wall and door of a bedroom he was hiding in, mortally wounding him. Gonzales was then shot and wounded in the shoulder, although he continued to lead the team inside the bedroom. None of the officers had yet managed to fire their weapons due to the poor lighting of the room. They were momentarily surprised by a young girl who had been wounded in her leg by the flash grenade who screamed loudly and fled from the bathroom.

As Romans was evacuated, one of the other SWAT officers then spotted Mixon beside the bedroom door, equipped with the SKS rifle, and fired at him. Mixon was forced to retreat inside the room and close the door. The team moved towards the bedroom and partially forced the door open. As he managed to get inside, Sakai was shot and mortally wounded by Mixon. Gonzales rushed into the room next and tripped on the floor, falling in front of Mixon. Mixon shot at Gonzales while he was falling and could have struck Gonzales in the head, although the bullet was deflected by Gonzales' tactical helmet, which protected him from injury. Spotting Mixon, Gonzales opened fire and was joined by Alameda County Sheriff's Deputy Derek Pope; Mixon was felled by the barrage of gunfire and died from his wounds at 3:20 p.m.

Victims
During this incident, four policemen were killed in the line of duty, and a fifth officer was injured.

Killed
Motorcycle Sergeant Mark Dunakin, age 40, had been with the OPD since 1991.
Motorcycle Officer John Hege, age 41, had been with the OPD since 1999.
SWAT Sergeant Ervin Romans, age 43, had been with the OPD since 1996.
SWAT Sergeant Daniel Sakai, age 35, had been with the OPD since 2000.

Officers Dunakin, Romans, and Sakai died on the day of the shooting, while Officer Hege died from his injuries three days later.

Injured
 SWAT Sergeant Pat Gonzales was shot through the left shoulder and had a second bullet ricochet off his helmet.

Perpetrator
Lovelle Shawn Mixon (September 11, 1982 – March 21, 2009), a 26-year-old resident of Oakland, was identified as the assailant. He was born in San Francisco. Mixon wielded a 9mm semiautomatic handgun during the MacArthur Boulevard killings, and an SKS rifle during the shootout in the 74th Avenue apartment shootout.

Mixon had an extensive criminal history. Beginning at age 13, he was arrested multiple times for battery, and by age 20 was serving a Corcoran state prison sentence following a felony conviction for assault with a deadly weapon and armed robbery in San Francisco. After he was paroled, Mixon went in and out of prison. When the shootings happened, he was living in East Oakland at his grandmother's house and was wanted on a no-bail arrest warrant for violating his current parole conditions. On March 20, 2009, the day before the shootings. Had Mixon been arrested for his parole violation, he would have faced at most six months in jail.

Mixon had also been the primary suspect in a previous murder case. However, due to lack of evidence he had been charged only with lesser violations, which included possession of drug paraphernalia, forgery, identity theft, attempted grand theft, and receiving stolen property.

Aftermath

Racial tensions
Some race-related issues surfaced following the shootings. Since Mixon was black and the slain officers were  of White and/or Asian descent, several community leaders voiced concern that the confrontation might lead to increased tensions between Oakland's black community and the OPD. Although many Oakland citizens had stepped forward to help at the scene of the motorcycle police shootings, about 20 bystanders had taunted police as they gathered at the scene. Citing their cause as resistance to police brutality, Uhuru House activists, who promote a form of Pan-Africanism they refer to as "African internationalism" , handed out flyers in the neighborhood where Mixon was shot, inviting people to a rally where they might "uphold the resistance of Brother Lovelle Mixon". The San Francisco Bay View, which identifies itself as a "National Black Newspaper," suggested that the killing of four police officers was a victory for "the people" and referred to Lovelle Mixon's death as a "murder". Approximately 60 people attended the March 25 Uhuru House rally in support of Mixon. The demonstrators marched down MacArthur Boulevard, some carrying signs proclaiming "genocide". On the other hand, Caroline Mixon, a cousin of Lovelle Mixon, paid a public tribute to the Oakland police, thanking them for "serv[ing] and protect[ing] the city of Oakland."

Timeline
March 22 – California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger ordered flags at the state capitol flown at half-staff in honor of the slain officers.
March 23 – Officer John Hege's organs were harvested. After Hege was transferred to the hospital, doctors determined that his brain lacked sufficient activity to sustain life.  He was the only one of the four fatally shot officers who was a registered organ donor, and he had to be deemed officially brain dead before his organs could legally be harvested. As a result, he was kept on life support awaiting the official declaration of brain death and subsequent organ harvesting. Hege was pronounced officially brain dead on March 22. His organs were harvested on March 23, he was disconnected from life support that evening, and he died afterwards. His organ and tissue donations saved four lives and enhanced 50 others.
March 24 – A vigil was held by the City of Oakland at the site of the shootings. At least 1,000 people attended, including Mayor Ron Dellums, Police Chief Howard Jordan, and Lieutenant Governor John Garamendi.
March 24 – Mixon's sister, Enjoli Mixon, in whose apartment the shooting occurred, appeared in a Fremont court after being arrested on a bench warrant stemming from an October, 2008 misdemeanor drug charge.
March 25 – United States Congressman Jerry McNerney gave a speech on the floor of the House of Representatives honoring the four slain police officers.
March 25 – A vigil for Mixon, sponsored by the Uhuru Movement, was held along Oakland's MacArthur Boulevard, close to where the shootings occurred. It was attended by Mixon's mother, his wife, some of his family members, and approximately 60 other people.
March 27 – A public funeral for the four officers was held at Oakland's Oracle Arena. It was attended by at least 21,000 people (see below).
March 31 – Approximately 500 people attended the funeral service for Mixon. The service included family members, friends, singers and poets, and it was held at Fuller Funerals on International Boulevard in Oakland. A Nation of Islam minister asked everyone to remember that they were gathered to support Mixon's family, and one family member spoke of how Mixon had strayed from God.
March 31 – Several hundred people gathered in the early evening at an event organized by Pastors of Oakland, which is composed primarily of black ministers. Caroline Mixon, a cousin of Lovelle Mixon, publicly praised the Oakland Police Department for serving and protecting the people of Oakland. Rev. Doug Stevens exhorted those gathered to live as if they were already in heaven, "without regard to color or class".
April 10 – The Oakland Athletics paid tribute to the four slain officers at Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in a special ceremony before its home opener against the Seattle Mariners. A's players donned Oakland Police caps for the ceremony and debuted "OPD" patches on their white home uniforms, which were worn for the remainder of the 2009 season.
May 4 – A state laboratory associated with the Oakland Police Department reported that Lovelle Mixon's DNA linked him to the rape of a 12-year-old girl on February 5, 2009, and also proved that he robbed and raped two young women on the morning of the shootings. Based on this latest revelation, California State's Attorney General Jerry Brown, former Mayor of Oakland, stated that Mixon had been "a one-man destruction force". Sgt. Dom Arotzarena, president of the Oakland Police Officers Association, lamented that this new information "doesn't bring the guys back ... all it says is, to his supporters, this is who you're supporting. Congratulations for supporting a monster."

Police officers' funeral
On the morning of March 27, 2009, thousands of Oakland citizens filled the overpasses and streets near the Oracle Arena in a show of support for the Oakland Police Department and the slain officers. By the time the service started at 11:00 a.m. PDT, the arena was filled to its capacity of 19,000, including the entire 800-strong Oakland police force; an overflow of at least 2,000 persons spilled over into the adjacent Oakland Coliseum. Police officers from around the state and nation, as well as a contingent from Canada, attended the event.

Speakers included Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Senators Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, and Attorney General Jerry Brown. Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums attended; however, he was asked not to speak at the funeral by at least two of the slain officers' families, and he honored this request. Congresswoman Barbara Lee, Lt. Gov. John Garamendi, Mayor Gavin Newsom of San Francisco and Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa of Los Angeles also attended but did not speak. Oakland Police Department Chaplain, Father Jayson Landeza, read a letter of sympathy and support from President and First Lady Barack and Michelle Obama. Relatives, friends, and fellow officers delivered eulogies to the four slain officers, praising their heroism, humanity, and selfless service to the people of Oakland.

A tribute came from Oakland Police Captain Edward Tracey, commander of the SWAT team that cornered Mixon. "These were my men ... [T]hey died doing what they loved: riding on motorcycles, kicking in doors, serving on SWAT", he said. Capt. Tracey thanked the witnesses who called 911 and attempted to aid Sergeant Dunakin and Officer Hege, "To the citizens who called 911 last Saturday to report our officers down and the brave man ... I hope you hear me, sir ... the brave man who provided CPR to our fallen heroes, we thank you, we thank you from the bottom of our hearts. Your actions let us know that they, that these officers, did not die in vain. That the people, that they were there to serve, were the ones that helped them in the end." The "brave man" he was thanking was Clarence Ellis, who had used his own coat to tamponade the arterial blood spurting from Sergeant Mark Dunakin's neck.

Referring to press coverage that attempted to link the killing of the officers to the January 1, 2009, slaying of Oscar Grant (by a B.A.R.T. police officer, not an Oakland PD officer), retired Oakland Police Department Lieutenant Lawrence Eade admonished the press: "For those who manipulate the story, may your careers be extremely difficult until you tell the truth... This is not about your ratings, this is about a tragic loss... The citizens are not arming themselves against the police, there is no war between us and you cannot create one!"

Other tributes
A portion of Interstate 580 (California) is now called the Sgt. Daniel Sakai Memorial Highway.
On March 21, 2012, the third anniversary of the shootings, the Keller Avenue Bridge on Interstate 580 (California); I-580 was designated as the Sergeant Mark Dunakin, Sergeant Ervin Romans, Sgt. Daniel Sakai and Officer John Hege Memorial Bridge.
In honor of fallen soldiers and first responders, Crossfit has created what are referred to as "Hero WOD's" (Hero Workout Of The Day). The workout titled "Danny" after Daniel Sakai, is a 20 Minute AMRAP of 30 Box Jumps, 20 Push Press, and 30 Pull-up's (115lb RX)

See also

List of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in the United States
 List of homicides in California
Newhall incident

Notes

References

External links

Killer of 4 officers wanted to avoid prison, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Doomed SWAT sergeants didn't expect an AK-47, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Review could bring changes in officer training, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Woman says she pointed police to Oakland killer, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Mark Dunakin - a cop committed to Oakland, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
John Hege - always the first to respond, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Ervin Romans - compassionate SWAT veteran, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Daniel Sakai - quick learner was a rising star, San Francisco Chronicle, March 23, 2009
Fourth Oakland officer involved in Saturday's shootings dies, San Francisco Chronicle, March 22, 2009
4th Oakland cop dies following shootouts that killed 3 other officers, parolee, San Jose Mercury News, March 22, 2009
Family's account of Oakland parolee who killed the four police officers, San Francisco Chronicle, March 22, 2009
Fourth Oakland officer shot in parolee's rampage is brain-dead, Los Angeles Times, March 22, 2009

2009 in California
2009 murders in the United States
2000s in Oakland, California
American police officers killed in the line of duty
Assassinated police officers
Attacks in the United States in 2009
Burials in Alameda County, California
Crimes in Oakland, California
Deaths by firearm in California
Law enforcement in California
March 2009 crimes in the United States
Mass murder in 2009
Murder in the San Francisco Bay Area
Oakland Police Department
Spree shootings in the United States


Martin Riz (born September 16, 1980) is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 2004:
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Carlo Battel, Graziano Boscacci and Guido Giacomelli)
 8th, World Championship vertical race
 2007:
 2nd, Scialpinistica del Monte Canin (together with Mirco Mezzanotte)
 4th, Trofeo Mezzalama (together with Tony Sbalbi and Alain Seletto)
 7th, Pierra Menta (together with Jean Pellissier)
 2008:
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Dennis Brunod, Manfred Reichegger and Denis Trento)
 1st, Ski Alp Val Rendena
 2009:
 3rd, Sci Alpinistica dell'Adamello

External links
 Martin Riz at Skimountaineering.org

References

1980 births
Living people
Italian male ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions


Marko Vejinović (born 3 February 1990) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Eerste Divisie club Heracles Almelo. Having started his professional career with AZ, with whom he won the Dutch Championship, he went on to play for Heracles Almelo, Vitesse, Feyenoord, AZ, Arka Gdynia, ADO Den Haag and Tianjin Jinmen Tiger.

Club career

Early years
Vejinović  started playing football at the age of seven at a small Dutch club by the name of Zeeburgia. Ajax scouts immediately recognized his talent, where he consequently spent the next seven years playing for the youth team at Ajax. He continued his career later at FC Utrecht and then at AZ Alkmaar.

Vejinović made his debut in the Eredivisie with AZ on 22 March 2009, in a 0–0 draw at home against Feyenoord. AZ won the league championship that season.

After he refused to extend his contract, he left Heracles Almelo as a free agent in summer 2013.

Vejinović returned to Heracles on 4 July 2022, signing a two-year contract with an option for an additional year.

International career
Of Bosnian-Serbian descent, Vejinović is eligible to play for the Netherlands, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia.

On 2 November 2015, he was called up to the provisional senior Netherlands squad for friendlies against Wales and Germany. The following day he stated he was unsure whether he would accept the invitation. On 9 November 2015, having chosen to accept the invitation, he said he never doubted his choice.

Personal life
Vejinović is a Dutch citizen of Bosnian Serb descent. In 2015, he married a Dutch woman named Sophie.

Honours
AZ
 Eredivisie: 2008–09

Feyenoord
 Eredivisie: 2016–17
 KNVB Cup: 2015–16

References

External links

 Marko Vejinovic at Voetbal International  –
 Marko Vejinovic at OnsOranje  –

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Amsterdam
Men's association football midfielders
Dutch men's footballers
Eredivisie players
Ekstraklasa players
Chinese Super League players
AZ Alkmaar players
Heracles Almelo players
SBV Vitesse players
Feyenoord players
AVV Zeeburgia players
Arka Gdynia players
Tianjin Jinmen Tiger F.C. players
Dutch people of Serbian descent
Dutch people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Netherlands men's youth international footballers
Netherlands men's under-21 international footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in China


Even So was the seventh studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Bonnie Pink, released on the Warner Music Japan label on May 12, 2004.

Track listing

Charts

Album

Singles

References

2004 albums
Bonnie Pink albums
Albums produced by Tore Johansson
Warner Music Japan albums


James Scott Mayer (born September 23, 1955) is the fifth and current Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Northwest Texas in The Episcopal Church. He was elected after two ballots in an electing convention at St. Paul's on the Plains Church in Lubbock, Texas on November 22, 2008, and was consecrated as Bishop of Northwest Texas on March 21, 2009.  Prior to his election as Bishop of Northwest Texas, Mayer served as Rector of the Church of the Heavenly Rest in Abilene, Texas.

Biography
James Scott Mayer was born in 1955 in Dallas, Texas. His family moved to Lubbock soon after his birth. He and his two younger brothers grew up in Lubbock and, subsequently, Fort Worth, where Mayer graduated from Southwest High School in 1973. He received his BBA Degree in Management from Texas Tech University in 1977. Mayer then went to Houston, where he worked in sales for the Wayne Bull Company, and married Katherine in 1978. The next year they moved to the Dallas area where Scott was associated with the Ralph E. Russell Company as a manufacturers' representative.

An Episcopalian since birth, Mayer reports that he sensed a call to ordained ministry for some time, but wrestled with it for several years. In his words, he finally "gave up" and entered the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest in 1989. There he was interested in Theology and Ethics. His own theology was shaped by Anglican theologians F.D. Maurice, former Archbishop of Canterbury William Temple, and John Macquarrie. He graduated with a Master of Divinity degree in 1992.

In June 1992 he was ordained a deacon by the Rt. Rev. Donis Patterson, V Bishop of Dallas. In March 1993 he was ordained a priest by the Rt. Rev. James Stanton, VI Bishop of Dallas. He first served as a curate at St. James Episcopal Church in Texarkana, Texas. He was then called to the Church of the Heavenly Rest as an associate rector in 1994. In November 1995 he was called to be rector of that same parish. He remained as rector of that parish until he was elected from a field of four nominees in November 2008 as Bishop of Northwest Texas. Mayer was the only candidate for bishop from within the Diocese, the rest serving elsewhere in The Episcopal Church.

Mayer is married to Katherine Mayer and they have two children: Diane and Daniel.

See also

 List of Episcopal bishops of the United States
 Historical list of the Episcopal bishops of the United States

References
Press Release on Mayer's Election The Diocese of Northwest Texas
Information on Candidates for Bishop The Diocese of Northwest Texas
Biography at former parish The Church of the Heavenly Rest
Northwest Texas diocese elects J. Scott Mayer as bishop Matthew Davies, Episcopal Life Online, November 22, 2008.
Holy Role: The Rev. James Scott Mayer is ordained new bishop of Episcopal Diocese for Lubbock area Jeremy Henderson, Avalanche Journal, May 22, 2009

External links
Episcopal Diocese of Northwest Texas

1955 births
American Episcopalians
American Episcopal priests
Living people
American religious leaders
Episcopal bishops of Northwest Texas


Aneliya Georgieva Atanasova (, born 1 July 1982), better known mononymously as Anelia (), is a Bulgarian pop-folk singer. She gained popularity in Bulgaria with her second single "Погледни ме в очите" (Look Me in the Eyes), released in 2002. Throughout her career, 23 of her singles have topped the Bulgarian music charts which makes her one of the most successful recording female artists in Bulgarian music. In 2012, for the first time in her career, Anelia won the Artist of the Year award at the Annual Music Awards of Planeta TV.

Biography
Anelia Georgieva Atanasova was born in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria on 1 July 1982, to Svetla and Georgi Atanasov. The family members on her maternal side were professional musicians. She has an older sister, Radost.

Discovered as a talent in the elementary school while she was in second grade by her teacher Slavka Ivanova, she started performing on several occasions singing folk songs. At the age of 12 she became a part of trio "Гласовити Тракийчета". In 1994 the band had recorded and released a compilation of Thracian songs through a record company Balkanton. After that she was singing in the small chorus of ensemble "Загорче". At the age of 19, she was signed up to the Payner Music, the biggest pop-folk company in Bulgaria. In 1996 Anelia was accepted as a first student in her grade in "Philip Kutev" music school with a score of 100% on the Bulgarian instrument Gadulka. Later on, she won many awards for her skills on the instrument. In 1997, her father died. When asked if she had three wishes, Anelia answered with "I don’t have three wishes- I have only one. That is for my father to see how far I’ve come and to share my success with him.”

In the second course of her studying, Anelia began singing more and training her voice to improve her singing technique. In her third year at the school, she began singing in public bars in her native city. In the summer of 2005, Anelia was accepted in "Pancho Vladigerov" as number one in her grade for pop and jazz.

Professional career
In 2002 she recorded her first song "Чужди устни" (English: "Stranger’s lips") . Her second song recorded for Payner "Погледни ме в очите" ("Look me in the eyes") became an instant hit in Bulgaria. It became one of the fastest selling singles in the Bulgarian music history and is still the most successful single of Anelia.

In December 2002 she released her first album. The album Погледни ме в очите had become her all-time best-selling album. According to her official website up to 100,000 copies of the album had been sold by year 2003. All the songs were co-written and co-produced with Todor Dimitrov. Dimitrov was also her manager, until the end of their cooperation in 2007.

In April 2004 Anelia released her second album. Не поглеждай назад ("Don't look back") sold over 60,000 copies and brought hits like "Обичай ме" ("Love me"), "Искам те" ("I want you"), "Две тела" ("Two bodies") and "Една минута" ("One minute"). The song "Обичай ме" was dedicated to now her ex-husband, Konstantin Dinev.
In March 2005 her first DVD compilation was released. In August, Anelia released her third studio album Всичко води към теб ("Everything leads to you"). The single "Everything leads to you" became the biggest summer hit in the BG. In 2006 she released her fourth album, called Пепел от рози ("Rose ashes"). "Пепел от рози" produced hits like "До зори" ("By dawn"), Само за миг ("Only for a moment"), Вятър в косите ти ("Wind in your hair") and "Щом си до мен" ("When you are by my side").

On her fifth studio album Единствен ти (One And Only You), released in 2008, she cooperated with Tencho Yanchev and Ivan Ivanov. The album features a new musical direction for Anelia into a pop dance music genre rather than chalga. The song "Все едно ми е" shows electronic, house and club music influences, other songs like Забранявам си (I forbid you) or Единствен ти surprise with a more up-beat, electronic arrangements.

Her next album "Добрата, лошата (The good one, the bad one) was released in March 2010. Especially for his new album, the singer made a new, provocative and very avant-garde photo shoot with photographer Velislava Kaymakanova. "Добрата, лошата" features rich variety of music styles but remains faithful to its pop-folk background.
The production has been promoted with very successful singles like  "Две неща" ("Two things") featuring Eliyah and "Обичам те" (I love you). "Две неща" has reached Number 1 in "Nov Folk Hit Folk 30" November and "Signal Plus Top 50" charts. The next Anelia's single – "Ако с теб не съм" ("If I'm not with you") peaked Noof "Planeta Hit 50". In the beginning of June 2010, Anelia promoted her new single – "Four seconds", the first single after the release of the album. The songs features Gamzata, the most famous Bulgarian trumpeter. The video clip was shot by Nikolay Nankov, an award-winning Bulgarian director.

Her next single "Раздялата" (The break-up) was released in November 2010. The video was also shot by Nikolay Nankov. The song was also remixed by the Bulgarian arranger Maga.
In March 2011, her next single – "That's how I like you" (Така ме кефиш) was uploaded at her official Facebook profile, following by the release of the video for the song.

On 28 September 2012, Anelia's official Facebook page was hacked, after which it was deleted from the web, with its nearly 100 000 fans. Administrators restored the page, but the process took almost a month. In the second half of October that page came online again.

Visual and musical changes
On 3 June, Anelia announced that she will sing "Погледни ме в очите" (Look me in the eyes) and "Готов ли си" (Are you ready) at the concert of Alexander Levski in Sofia on 9 June for the 20th anniversary of Payner and the start of the new television channel "Planeta HD". On 8 June Anelia was a guest on "The Ivan and Andre Show" on Nova TV. Anelia revealed that before her singing career, she worked as a barman. Later on she appeared on "The Slavi Show" and "The Day is Amazing" on bTV and again on "The Ivan and Andrey Show", 3 months after her first appearance. 3 months later, Anelia was on her way to America and Canada for her first prezokanako tour where she played twelve concerts. The tour had great success which led Anelia to win the award of "International Pop Folk".

On 31 December Anelia was a guest on "The Slavi Show" as a part of the new year program and she sang her hit "Четири Секунди" (Four Seconds). At the beginning of 2011, Anelia went on a vacation to the Dominican Republic She became nominated for 2 awards for "Singer of the Year" on Planeta TV in 2010 and for her song "Four Seconds". Later on she recorded a duet with singer Preslava and Elena which resulted in her receiving and award. Later on Anelia and Gumzata won the award for "Hit of the summer", which the singer has won twice during her career. On 4 March 2011 on her official Facebook page, a link to her newest song "Така ме кефиш  (How you excite me) was posted. On the 3rd of April, the changes to her video clip for the song were previewed and later on during the end of August, Anelia announced that she would create an album with the first 10 years of her onstage titled “The Best" during 2012.

10 years on stage
2012 marks the 10 years that Anelia has been active onstage. On 14 May, her music video for her song "Яко ми действаш" (You work me cool) was out. Her clip with Ilian for their duet "Не Исках да те Нараня" (I didn't want to hurt you) later previewed on 25 June. The song was so popular that for 5 weeks it stayed in the Top 50 on Radio "Signal Plus". On 31 August, her new song "Да ти Викна ли Такси" (Should I call you a Taxi) was leaked, and the video for the song was soon released on 11 September. The new song quickly rose to the top again as "The Most Prestigious Song" on radio "Signal Plus".

Anelia invited Dani Milev and his band to be a part of her special "10 year" concert. During her concert she sang one of her biggest hits which captured the hearts of the public. "For me it's an honour, so many people support my music and myself. The audience is the best critique for how we have ended the job with the team that we work with" Anelia says about her concert. 30 songs were played at the concert with over 20 dancers present. "It was very hard for me with the team to choose the songs, because during the 10 years that I have been singing, I have sung so many beautiful songs so I wanted every song to be presented" Anelia says of the song choices.

A little before the concert was arranged completely, Anelia was planning a project with the singer Maria Illieva, but towards the end of 2012, many waited for the clip of the project.

2013

On 31 January 2013, the new 3 albums of Payner hits titled "The Golden Hits" hit the stores and Anelia is chosen as No. 6 out of all Payner singers. Her biggest hits during her 11 years of activity are put on the albums.

In April 2013 the next single – "I and You" was aired on TV Planeta. A mixture of dubstep, dance, pop and folk, the song received positive reviews from public and critics and stayed on the top spot of all the famous folk charts in Bulgaria.
The premiere of "I want you, I'm going crazy" was on 17 June.

Awards and nominations

– Awards –
 2003 – Debut of the year ["Nov folk" magazine awards]
 2003 – First award at "Trakia Folk 2003"
 2003 – Most prosperous young act ["Nov folk" magazine awards]
 2004 – Best album ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2004 – Best album ["Nov folk" magazine awards]
 2004 – Most Beautiful Bulgarian woman ["Кой" magazine]
 2005 – Hit of the summer /for "Everything leads to you"/ ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2006 – Most stylish woman haircut [Pantene Beauty Awards]
 2006 – Special award of the "Actavis" group ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2007 – Best duet /for "Forever" with Miro/ ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2007 – Best videoclip /for "Forever" with Miro/ ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2007 – Best show act of "Plazza dance center" ["Нов фолк" magazine awards]
 2007 – Best love duet /for "Forever" with Miro/ [Love awards of "Романтика" radio]
 2008 – Miss "Pretty woman" ["OK" magazine coronation]
 2008 – Woman of the Year in category "Scene/Music" ["Грация" magazine awards]
 2008 – Award for special achievements in music for 2008 ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2008 – Best album ["Нов фолк" magazine awards]
 2008 – Best album [Love awards of "Романтика" radio]
 2009 – Pop hit of the year ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2009 – Best duet /for "Two things" with Ilian/ ["Нов фолк" magazine awards]
 2009 – Best act of "Аdventure" programme [Love awards of "Романтика" radio]
 2010 – Hit of the summer /for "Four seconds"/ ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2010 – Best album and Vocal Mastery ["Нов фолк" magazine awards]
 2011 – Hit of the summer /for "Trial and Error" / ["TV Planeta" Awards]
 2011 – The Best selling album on internet and iTunes / Игри за Напреднали / ["TV Planeta" Awards]
 2011 – Hit na Godinata / for "Trial and error" / ["Нов фолк" magazine awards]
 2012 – Best duet /for "I did not want to hurt" with Ilian/ ["TV Planeta" awards]
 2012 – Best Female ["TV Planeta" awards]

On tour
In 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 Anelia take place in the biggest music event in Bulgaria – the summer tour of the folk stars, called "Planeta Prima/Derbi". Each summer, for about 3 weeks, between 8 and 11 of the biggest stars in Bulgaria are crossing the country and singing their hits in front of hundreds of thousands. In 2005, which is the only year, when Anelia missed the tour, she was preparing her third album.
Recently a recording of one of her concerts leaked and was posted on YouTube suggesting that Anelia was drunk while performing. In 2010, Anelia announced that she will take part in the Seventh summer tour of Payner.

Style
Style magazine Tiatolo.bg described Anelia as the most stylish and the best dressed pop-folk singer of Bulgaria.
Apart from other chalga starlets, Anelia's style is characterized by careful choice of accessories and not too heavy make-up. Anelia is known for her long, black hair which became her trademark. She was chosen a face for Pantene in 2005.
In 2008 the singer constantly surprised the public by switching from the pastel-oriented girl next door to a more diva style. On the Pop-Folk Awards 2009 she showed up in visibly shorter hair. On most of her videos Anelia is wearing greyish-colour contact lenses. Her natural eye colour is dark brown.

Personal life
In 2003 Anelia married the owner of the Vihren Sandanski Football Club Konstantin Dinev. However their marriage ended in divorce. One of the songs from Anelia's album "Единствен ти" describes break-up of the couple.
The singer has one child, a girl named Ivon (born 29 December 2003). Her daughter was featured in the official video for the song "Продължавам" ( "I carry on") and her voice was recorded on the song "Не търси вината" (Don't seek guilt).

In July 2009, while driving her BMW SUV, Anelia had an accident on a highway to Burgas. Her car was severely damaged, yet the singer suffered only minor injuries and trauma.

Album chart performance

Discography

Studio albums
 2002: Погледни ме в очите (Look into my eyes)
 2004: Не поглеждай назад(Don't look back)
 2005: Всичко води към теб (Everything leads to you)
 2006: Пепел от рози (Ash of roses)
 2008: Единствен ти(Only you)
 2010: Добрата, лошата (The good, the bad)
 2011: Игри за Напреднали(Games for advanced)
 2014: Феноменална (Phenomenal)
 2018: Дай ми още (Give me more)

Trivia
 The previous president of Bulgaria, Georgi Parvanov is a fan of her music and has invited her to perform in many concerts.
 She is 173 cm tall.
 Before she raised to fame as a professional singer, she was singing in clubs in Switzerland.
 As a girl, she has trained rhythmic gymnastics.
 She has worked as a barwoman before her first recordings.

References

External links

 Anelia on Facebook
 Anelia' YouTube Channel
Anelia on Instagram
Anelia on Signal.bg
Anelia's concert dates

1982 births
Living people
21st-century Bulgarian women singers
Bulgarian folk-pop singers
Musicians from Stara Zagora
Payner artists
Bulgarian pop musicians


Denis Trento  (born 2 June 1982 in Aosta) is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Selected results
 2006:
 8th, World Championship vertical race
 2007:
 1st, European Championship relay race (together with Dennis Brunod, Manfred Reichegger and Guido Giacomelli)
 2008:
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Dennis Brunod, Manfred Reichegger and Martin Riz)
 2009:
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Matteo Eydallin)
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Matteo Eydallin
 1st, Trofeo "Rinaldo Maffeis" (together with Matteo Eydallin)
 2nd, Dachstein Xtreme
 9th, European Championship single race
 2010:
 1st, Trophée des Gastlosen (ISMF World Cup), together with Guido Giacomelli
 2011:
 1st, World Championship team race, together with Matteo Eydallin
 1st, World Championship relay, together with Manfred Reichegger, Robert Antonioli and Matteo Eydallin
 5th, World Championship vertical, total ranking
 6th, World Championship single race
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Matteo Eydallin
 2012:
 6th, European Championship team, together with Matteo Eydallin

Pierra Menta

 2006: 4th, together with Tony Sbalbi
 2007: 5th, together with Tony Sbalbi
 2009: 2nd, together with Matteo Eydallin
 2011: 3rd, together with Matteo Eydallin
 2012: 2nd, together with Matteo Eydallin

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2005: 6th, together with Nicola Invernizzi and Alain Seletto
 2007: 3rd, together with Manfred Reichegger and Dennis Brunod
 2009: 1st, together with Manfred Reichegger and Matteo Eydallin

External links
 Denis Trento bei Skimountaineering.org

References

1982 births
Living people
Italian male ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
Sportspeople from Aosta
Ski mountaineers of Gruppo Sportivo Esercito


The Pipeline was one of the earliest American Internet service providers. It was founded in December 1993 in New York City by the science and technology writer James Gleick and computer programmer Uday Ivatury, who had met at the Manhattan Bridge Club and shared an interest in online bridge. Both men believed that a graphical user interface would make the Internet more widely accessible than the command-line Unix commands that were then generally necessary.

When the Pipeline was established, the major online services of the day—America Online, CompuServe, and Prodigy—provided their users with no access or very limited access to the internet. Many users welcomed Pipeline as "AOL for the Internet". The software was distributed in the then-popular Book + CD format.

The Pipeline was noted for its point-and-click user interface, which made e-mail, chat, Usenet, the World Wide Web, FTP, and other Internet features easily accessible to users. Gleick and Ivatury licensed the Pipeline software through InterCon Systems Corporation to more than 15 other Internet service providers, including Ireland On-Line and Caltech.

The Pipeline was purchased in February 1995 by PSINet, which expanded Pipeline service nationwide. Another feature introduced by PSInet was flat pricing for unlimited Internet usage.

In July 1996, PSINet sold its consumer Internet operations, including the Pipeline, to MindSpring. MindSpring discontinued the use of the Pipeline brand, although former Pipeline customers could continue to use their e-mail addresses in the Pipeline domain. Three years later, MindSpring merged with EarthLink. Earthlink, too, allows former Pipeline customers to use their Pipeline e-mail addresses.

References

Defunct Internet service providers
1993 establishments in New York City
1996 disestablishments in the United States
EarthLink


The Ivor Preece Field on Rugby Road, Binley Woods, Warwickshire is the home ground of Broadstreet Rugby Club, designed by SR Davis architects with the sports ground designed by Peter Jones Associates, Quantity Surveyors Bucknall Austin,  project managed by Falcon House Project Management.

The first game played here was on 1 March 2001 with the official opening in August 2002. The official opening day saw world cup winning captain Martin Johnson open the club and grounds. This saw a select presidents team take on the current first XV. The ground is named in honour of Ivor Preece (1920–87), who played for and captained Coventry R.F.C. and the England national rugby union team in the 1950s and was president of Broadstreet RUFC.

The  allow up to five rugby matches and one football match to be played with two of the rugby pitches floodlit. The rugby club and facilities plays host to all manor of rugby sides on varying levels. Not only Broadstreet RFC the grounds owners, but Coventry And District Union, Warwickshire RFU, Midlands RFU for training sessions and full games and previously Premiership side Wasps for training and Premiership Rugby Shield matches.  In early 2008 for England Deaf Rugby Union in their matches against The Welsh Deaf Rugby Union in February and March saw the visit of The Scottish Deaf Rugby Union XV.

The grounds have also played host to local football sides and the Coventry Cassidy Jets American football team.

External links
 Official Site
 Official site Broadstreet RFC
 England Deaf Rugby Union Site

Rugby union stadiums in England
Sports venues in Warwickshire
Sports venues completed in 2002
2002 establishments in England


Tuhami al-Wazzani (1903–1972) was a Moroccan historian from Tétouan. He is especially well known for his autobiography Al-Zawiyya. This book was first published in episodes in the magazine Al-Rif (founded by him August 27, 1936), beginning in 1939. Al-Wazzani translated Cervantes' Don Quixote into Arabic.

References

Francisco Rodríguez Sierra, "Apuntes para un acercamiento sistémico a la obra de Tuhami al-Wazzani: la zagüía entre la autobiografía y la novela", in: Al-Andalus Magreb: Estudios árabes e islámicos, , Nº 12, 2005, pags. 129-146
Francisco Rodríguez Sierra, "La traducción del Quijote al árabe del tetuaní Tuhami al-Wazzani", in: Don Quijote por tierras extranjeras: Estudios sobre la recepción internacional de la novela cervantina / coord. por Hans Christian Hagedorn, 2007, , pags. 141-152

20th-century Moroccan historians
Moroccan autobiographers
Moroccan translators
1903 births
1972 deaths
People from Tétouan
20th-century translators


The U80601 was a 16-bit microprocessor made in 1989-1990 by Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt in the former German Democratic Republic  of  East Germany. It was manufactured in NMOS technology and encased in a PLCC or ceramic (CLCC) package (first samples).

This Central Processing Unit (CPU) was a near-identical copy of the Intel 80286 microprocessor. Because it was manufactured in East Germany it was not within Intel's legal power to stop it from being made or sold.

The U80600 system included the following chips:

 U80601: CPU (equiv. to Intel 80286)
 U80606: Bus controller (equiv. to Intel 82288)
 U80608: Error detection and correction (equiv. to Intel R8206)
 U80610: Memory controller for 16 kbit to 256 kbit DRAMs (equiv. to Intel R8207)

Planned, but never released:

 U80612: Clock generator (equiv. to DS80612, SAB82284)
 U80613: FPU (equiv. to Intel 80287 floating point math coprocessor)
 U80614, U80617, U80619: Rolanet 2 network controller (similar to Ethernet, IEEE 802.3)
 U80620: Integrated peripheral controller (CHIPS or SAB82C206)
 U80621: VGA graphics controller (equiv. to Tseng Labs ET3000)
 U80622: RAMDAC (equiv. to Inmos IMSG171P50)

Kombinat Mikroelektronik microprocessors
16-bit microprocessors


Cockburn Sound was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1901 to 1904.

Located south of Fremantle, the district existed for one term. In that time, it was represented by Opposition politician Francis McDonald.

Members

Election results

Cockburn Sound
1901 establishments in Australia
Cockburn Sound
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Cockburn Sound


The Minister of Education was a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa responsible for overseeing the Department of Education, including South Africa's schools and universities.

On 10 May 2009 newly elected president Jacob Zuma split the education portfolio into that of the Minister of Basic Education and that of the Minister of Higher Education and Training.

Ministers with responsibility for Education

Post-apartheid period

See also
 Department of Education (South Africa)

References

External links
 Ministry of Education
 Department of Education

Education

Lists of political office-holders in South Africa


Lawrence Davies (born 3 September 1977) is a Welsh former professional footballer who played as a striker. He made 17 appearances in the Football League, and represented his country at youth level.

Career
Davies was born in Abergavenny, Wales. He began his football career in England as a trainee with Leeds United, and played for Wales youth's 1995 Milk Cup-winning team, before moving on to Bradford City in 1997. He made his Football League debut while on loan at Third Division club Darlington in December 1997, and made four First Division appearances for his parent club later that season. A loan spell at Hartlepool United in 1998 was interrupted by injury, and he moved on in February 1999 to Brighton & Hove Albion, where he appeared in eight Third Division matches, mainly as a substitute. He then returned to Wales where he played for Welsh Premier League clubs Barry Town, Carmarthen Town and Cwmbrân Town.

References

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Abergavenny
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's youth international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Leeds United F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Barry Town United F.C. players
Carmarthen Town A.F.C. players
Cwmbrân Town A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Cymru Premier players


Robert Charles Tyler (December 4, 1832 – April 16, 1865) was a Confederate Brigadier General during the American Civil War. He was the last general killed in the conflict.

He commanded the 15th Tennessee Infantry at Belmont and Shiloh, and then led the 15th-37th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry into battle at Chickamauga. Commanding a brigade at Missionary Ridge, he lost a leg. He was killed at the Battle of West Point, Georgia, one of the last battles of the war, defending an earthworks named Fort Tyler after him.

Early life
Robert Charles Tyler was born Reuben Cutler Tyler, December 4, 1832, the son of Reuben and Elizabeth Billings Tyler of Hardwick, Massachusetts. The father was a farmer and deacon of the local Congregationalist church. He's living with his parents in Hardwick in 1850, but by 1852 he moved to Yolo County, California, being listed as a "farmer," born Massachusetts,
on the 1852 California state census. By 1855 he's living in Sonoma County, California, and is being sued for debts. He served as a first lieutenant in William Walker's filibustering army and fought in Nicaragua during the Campaign of 1856–57. About this time he started being referred to as "R. Charles" or "Robert Charles" Tyler, perhaps in order to evade his California creditors. Briefly settling to Baltimore, he worked there as a clerk in 1859. Just prior to the Civil War moved to Memphis, Tennessee working as a clerk. In 1859 he helped organize the Knights of the Golden Circle, being chosen quartermaster general at the KGC's 1860 national convention. In 1860 KGC founder George W. Bickley helped "Reuben C. Tyler" of Baltimore, and other KGC officers, obtain passports, possibly in connection with another filibustering attempt.

Missing or conflicting sources make both his early life and his military career in the early civil war years unsure.

Civil War
When the American Civil War erupted, Tyler joined the Confederate Army as a private in Company D of the 15th Tennessee Infantry Regiment, and was promoted to Quartermaster Sergeant the same date. Within early 1861 Tyler was promoted to the position of Regimental Quartermaster, and is said to have been Quartermaster-General on the staffs of Generals Benjamin F. Cheatham and Gideon Pillow with the rank of captain and later as major. Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel shortly before the Battle of Belmont as his predecessor resigned, Tyler commanded the regiment during the battle as Colonel Charles M. Carroll was absent. Tyler retained command of the regiment till the Battle of Shiloh. Losing three horses under him, he was wounded himself on April 7. His services were officially noted by Tyler's brigade commander, Brigadier Bushrod Johnson.

Stationed at Corinth the 15th Tennessee reorganized, and Tyler was elected to become Colonel of the regiment. Partially due to his wounds, by order of General Braxton Bragg he served as Provost-Marshal General of the Army of Tennessee during the Confederate Heartland Offensive. After the Battle of Stones River, the depleted 15th Tennessee was consolidated with the 37th Tennessee Infantry Regiment and Tyler was selected by General Bragg to command the 15th-37th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry Regiment, which he led into the Battle of Chickamauga. Capturing four guns on September 19, Tyler was slightly wounded in the assault on the next day.

When after the battle Brigadier William B. Bate was elevated to division command, Tyler took command of the brigade. Tyler then had command not only his own 15-37th Tennessee, but also the 10th, 20th and 30th Tennessee Regiments, as well as the 1st Tennessee Battalion, the 4th Georgia Battalion and the 37th Georgia Regiment. In the ensuing Chattanooga Campaign Tyler's (Bate's) brigade was posted on Missionary Ridge, right in the center of the Confederate second line near Bragg's headquarters. During the Battle of Missionary Ridge the brigade initially held its position against Wagner's brigade, but was dislodged by the flanking attack of Hazen's brigade. Trying to rally his fleeing men Tyler was shot in the left leg and was carried from the field.

The wound eventually led to the amputation of his leg and bound him to use crutches for the rest of his life. For his physical recovery, he transferred into a hospital at West Point, Georgia, and was still there when he received a promotion to brigadier general on February 23, 1864. Though his brigade was renamed to Tyler's Brigade, he never commanded the unit in the field. Instead he stayed in Georgia and later in 1864 commanded a camp near Macon where dismounted cavalrymen, stragglers and shirkers were organized into infantry. When the area was evacuated in late 1864 Tyler returned to West Point as commander of Fort Tyler, a small square earthwork with two field guns and a large 32-pounder gun. He held the position during winter, guarding the railroad bridges over the Chattahoochee River with a small detachment of convalescent soldiers, invalids and militiamen.

Battle of West Point
On the morning of April 16, 1865, seven days after Robert E. Lee's surrender, one of the brigades of Wilson's Cavalry Corps, commanded by Colonel Oscar Hugh La Grange and accompanied by a battery of artillery, attacked Fort Tyler. The battle raged on through most of the day as the outnumbered Confederates under command of General Tyler attempted to hold their fort. Around noon, during a stalemate, Tyler looked out onto the battlefield and was shot by a sniper positioned in a nearby cottage – which Tyler had refused to burn earlier because he knew the owner and did not believe the person could afford the loss. Reputedly another soldier shot at the same time, splitting his crutches.

General Tyler is buried on the Fort Tyler Cemetery at West Point, like the other fallen defenders of Fort Tyler. He rests in a joint grave together with a longtime friend, Captain Celestino Gonzalez of the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Allardice, Bruce, "Out of the Shadows" (Robert C. Tyler)." Civil War Times Illustrated (1995).
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

 Lenz, Richard. "The Battle of Fort Tyler." In The Civil War in Georgia, An Illustrated Traveler's Guide. Lenz Design & Communications Inc, 1995. http://www.sherpaguides.com/georgia/civil_war/sidebars/battle_of_fort_tyler.html.

 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901. (Principally prepare by Robert N. Scott) .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .

External links

1832 births
1865 deaths
Military personnel from Baltimore
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Confederate States of America military personnel killed in the American Civil War


Angela Fusco is a Canadian actress.

Early life and education
Fusco was born in Toronto in 1944. She earned a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Toronto.

Career
The daughter of violinist Frank (Francesco) Fusco, she began her career as a child doing programs for children and adults on CBC Radio and television. In her teens, she spent three seasons at the Stratford Festival gaining experience under directors such as Michael Langham and Jean Gascon, and working with Douglas Rain, John Colicos and Kate Reid. After graduating from university, Angela performed in theatres, including the National Arts Centre, the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Theatre Calgary, Alberta Theatre Projects, the Citadel Theatre, Sudbury Theatre Centre and Young People’s Theatre. She played Alicia in Lady Audley’s Secret at the Shaw Festival.

Her mezzo soprano voice has brought her roles in musical theatre, including the Dora Award-winning Colette, The Colours of Love, which was written especially for her. Angela also garnered acclaim playing Mother Superior in Nunsense, and ran for nine months in the hit 1940s revue, Blue Champagne. As well as a season at the Blyth Festival in 1995, some of her Toronto theatre appearances include the Actors Repertory Company’s 2003 Dora Award-winning production of Edward Bond’s The Sea and a remount of the 2002 Fringe Festival hit The Terrible False Deception.

For four years Angela hosted the CBC classical music program Listen to the Music. She also hosted Music for an Afternoon on CJRT, and has appeared as guest host on the CBC radio programs Sunday Morning, Stereo Morning, Saturday Afternoon at the Opera, and Arts National.
Fusco has done television and radio commercials and narrations, including TVO's Read All About It!. She was the voice of Mrs. Claus in the 2018 animated feature Elliot the Littlest Reindeer.

Fusco combined her theatrical and musical abilities to perform narration with music for several projects with Peggy Hills’s Chamber Music Society of Mississauga. These have included A Butterfly in Time, The Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen all of which were recorded. A Butterfly in Time was nominated for a Juno Award in 2005.

Her later career film and television credits include Alliance Atlantis’s The Morrison Murders and an episode of The Listener. Angela has also played principal roles in The Third Miracle with Ed Harris, Focus with William H. Macy, and in New Blood with John Hurt.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1944 births
Living people
Canadian film actresses
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Canadian stage actresses


William McCutcheon (second ¼ 1870 – 3 July 1949) was a Welsh international rugby wing who played club rugby in the union code for Swansea, and represented Oldham (Heritage No. 23) under the league code. McCutcheon was capped for the Wales national rugby union team seven times between 1891 and 1894. In 1893 he was a member of the first Welsh Triple Crown winning team.

Rugby career
McCutcheon joined Swansea in 1886, but in 1888 moved to Oldham. While at Oldham, McCutcheon joined Oldham Rugby Union Club but still travelled to Wales, turning out for Swansea when he could. At Oldham he played on the opposite wing to fellow Swansea player David Gwynn, who had also moved to the area. In 1889 McCutcheon was selected for the Lancashire county, again playing alongside Gwynn, and during the 1889/90 season he was part of the team that won the Championship County.

McCutcheon began playing rugby with Swansea playing as a full-back but was brought onto the wing. It was as a wing that McCutcheon was selected to represent Wales when he was chosen for the second game of the 1891 Home Nations Championship. Played away to Scotland at Raeburn Place, McCutcheon was one of three new Welsh caps in the game, the others being Ralph Sweet-Escott at half-back and David Daniel in the pack. Wales lost the game 15–0, and McCutcheon lost his place in the next game to Tom Pearson, who McCutcheon himself had replaced the game before. At the end of the 1890/91 season he was again part of a Championship County winning team with Lancashire.

During the 1892 Championship, McCutcheon was back in the Wales team, and played in the two opening games, both under the captaincy of Arthur Gould. It was a terrible campaign for the Welsh squad, losing all three games of the tournament, though McCutcheon did not make the away trip to Lansdowne Road to face Ireland. During the 1893 Championship McCutcheon was given his first full campaign, playing in all three games. In a complete turn around from the prior season, Wales won all their matches lifting the Triple Crown for the first time in the country's history. In the second game of the tournament, in a match away to Scotland, McCutcheon scored the only international points of his career with one of three tries from the Welsh three-quarters, the other two tries coming from Bert Gould and Norman Biggs. McCutcheon played just one more international game for Wales in the opener of the 1884 Home Nations Championship, at Birckenhead to England. Wales were beaten heavily on an icy pitch, and the next game McCutcheon was again replaced by Pearson.

During the 1893/94 season, while with Oldham, McCutcheon won the Club Championship title. In 1895, Oldham was one of 21 English clubs that broke away from the union code, becoming professional. McCutcheon stayed with the club adopting the league code and therefore severing links with the amateur game. After he stopped playing rugby McCutcheon became a prominent union referee in Lancashire, after gaining permission from the Welsh Rugby Union and in 1924 he became the President of Oldham Rugby League Football Club, a post he held until 1926.

International matches played
Wales
 1892, 1893, 1894
 1893
 1891, 1892, 1893

References

Bibliography

External links
 Ospreys website William McCutcheon profile
 Search for "McCutcheon" at rugbyleagueproject.org
 Statistics at orl-heritagetrust.org.uk

1870 births
1949 deaths
Oldham R.L.F.C. players
Rugby league players from Swansea
Rugby union players from Swansea
Rugby union wings
Swansea RFC players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh cricket umpires
Welsh rugby league players
Welsh rugby union players
Welsh rugby union referees


The Vickers Type 123 was a 1920s British single-seat biplane fighter designed and built by Vickers Limited as a private venture. The only Type 123 was later modified into the Type 141 but, not winning any orders, it was scrapped in 1930.

Design and development
The Type 123 was a conventional biplane powered by a 400 hp (298 kW) Hispano-Suiza T52 (Hispano 12 Jb) engine, built at Weybridge Aerodrome in 1926. It was registered as G-EBNQ in February 1926 and first flew on 11 September 1926. In 1927 it had a 480 hp (358 kW) Rolls-Royce F.XI engine fitted and was redesignated Type 141. It competed unsuccessfully in an Air Ministry fighter procurement competition in January 1928. It was then modified as a fleet fighter to meet Specification 21/26 and carried out trials on  in June 1929. Without winning any orders the aircraft was scrapped in 1930.

Specifications (Type 123)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1920s British fighter aircraft
Type 123
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926


is a Japanese actress.

Career
Born in Tokyo, she studied at Waseda University but left before graduating. On stage, she participated in Shoji Kokami's troupe, Daisan Butai, and also appeared in plays directed by Yukio Ninagawa and Hideki Noda. She has appeared in over fifty Japanese TV dramas, including Brother Beat and the Onsen e ikō series.

TV programs
Yo ni mo Kimyona Monogatari (Fuji TV)
Odoru Daisosasen (1997 Fuji TV)
Onsen e Iko (1999–2004, TBS)
Naniwa Kinyudo 4 (1999, Fuji TV)
Brother Beat (2005, TBS)

References

1963 births
Japanese actresses
Living people
Actors from Kobe


"You" is a song by American R&B singer Jesse Powell and appeared on Powell's first two albums, Jesse Powell and 'Bout It.

The song, released as a single in 1999, became the biggest hit of his career, peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100.

Music video
The official music video was directed by Steve Wills.

Year-end charts

References

External links

1999 songs
1999 singles
Jesse Powell songs
Silas Records singles
Songs written by Jesse Powell
1990s ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads


Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval () is a 2009 Indian Tamil-language thriller film directed by Bhuvanai Kannan. The film stars Kanal Kannan, fame Bharathi, Khushbu, Livingston, and K. S. Ravikumar. The film was released on 30 January 2009.

Plot
A sequence of murder takes place in the city and a cop steps in to investigate them. Meanwhile, Shiva leaves a mental asylum. It is concluded that a lunatic is behind all these murders. Siva (Kanal Kannan) manages to enter the house of a film director (Livingston). His wife is all alone. She suspects him to be the mentally-challenged man on murder trail. Meanwhile, the police zeroes in on a psychiatrist doctor (Khushbu) to be responsible for the murder. In the court, she spills the beans that a young girl who had a disturbed childhood was indeed responsible for the deaths, she is shown to have been molested by a police officer, her first adoptive father. Shiva eventually discovers that it was none other than the film director's wife. What the noble-hearted Shiva does to bring her back to normal life forms the rest.

Cast
Kanal Kannan as Siva
Bharathi as Meera
Khushbu as Radha
Livingston
K. S. Ravikumar
Sethu
Meenakshi
Shathiga
Babilona
Roshika
T. P. Gajendran
Mohan V. Raman
Naren
Nambiraj
Natesh
Siddharth

Production
The film marked the debut of Kanal Kannan as lead actor. Thakkali Srinivasan was initially chosen to be the director but was replaced midway through production by a debutant director, Bhuvanai Kannan.

Soundtrack
Soundtrack was composed by newcomer Bala.
"Sei Sei" – Karthik, Madhumitha
"Pichavaram" – Tippu
"Konjam" – Harish Raghavendra, Chinmayi
"Rojavanam" – Anuradha Sriram

Critical reception
The Hindu wrote "The script lacks cohesion and many questions remain unanswered. Every main character has a past and the director’s bid to weave them into the story results in utter confusion."

References

2009 films
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian thriller films
2009 directorial debut films
2009 thriller films


The results of the Taekwondo Competition for men and women at the 2003 Pan American Games, held from August 13 to August 16, 2003, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. There were a total number of 53 male and 45 female competitors.

Men's competition

– 58 kg

– 68 kg

– 80 kg

+ 80 kg

Women's competition

– 49 kg

– 57 kg

– 67 kg

+ 67 kg

Medal table

See also
Taekwondo at the 2004 Summer Olympics

References
 Sports 123
 WTF Results

P
2003
Events at the 2003 Pan American Games


The R363 road is a regional road in Ireland linking Newbridge, County Galway to the R362 west of Athlone. It passes through Ballynamore Bridge where it crosses the River Shiven. It then crosses the River Suck into County Roscommon at Ballyforan and goes through Dysart, County Roscommon before terminating.

The road is  long.

See also
Roads in Ireland
National primary road
National secondary road

References
Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport

Regional roads in the Republic of Ireland
Roads in County Roscommon
Roads in County Galway


Maria Theresa Short (died 15 January 1869) was a Scottish  entrepreneur who increased public access to scientific equipment in Edinburgh in the 19th century. She was born and died in Edinburgh.

The Short Family

In the early 18th century, the Short family were scientific instrument makers in Edinburgh's Southside. In 1776, their son, Thomas Short leased some land on Calton Hill and built a Gothic House to display his instruments to the public.

As a condition of his lease, the local council demanded that female relatives of Thomas could not inherit the building and its contents. When he died in 1788, his wife and children did not inherit it.

Short’s Observatory – Calton Hill

In 1827, Maria Theresa Short returned from the West Indies claiming to be Thomas Short's daughter. She claimed his Great Telescope, which was housed in the City Chambers, for her inheritance.

She set up a Popular Observatory, which she opened in a wooden hut next to the Nelson Monument on Calton Hill. After continuous disagreements with the local council, the Lord Provost called for the observatory to be pulled down. Despite her protests, this was done in 1851.

Short’s Observatory – Castlehill

On 26 April 1843, Maria married Robert Henderson, at Saint Cuthbert's, Edinburgh, and in 1852 bought the Laird of Cockpen's townhouse on Castlehill, now known as Old Town, Edinburgh. With the help of sponsors she added an extra two floors and a viewing platform with a dome housing a camera obscura. The building is nowadays known as the Outlook Tower.

In the 1861 census, she and her husband were recorded as living in the tower. She was noted as being 58 years old, but if she had really been the daughter of Thomas Short she would have needed to be 82. Therefore, it seems unlikely that she was actually his daughter.

In 1869, she died, "aged about 70" (likely inaccurate) in the Outlook Tower. Her widower continued to run the attraction until it was taken over by Patrick Geddes in 1892.

See also
 Patrick Geddes
 Outlook Tower

References

Sources
 Brück, Mary, Women in Early British and Irish Astronomy: Stars and Satellites, Springer, 2009, pp 20–22
 Gilbert W M, Edinburgh in the 19th Century, J and R Allan, 1901
 Wallace, Veronica. “Maria Obscura”, Edinburgh Review 88 (1992): 101–109.

External links
 The Astronomical Society of Edinburgh: A Guide to Edinburgh's Popular Observatory
 Brück, Mary, "Not just computers and companions" Astronomy & Geophysics, Volume 50, Issue 4, August 2009, Page 4.38
 Camera Obscura & World of Illusions - Our Story

1869 deaths
19th-century Scottish women
Scottish women in business
History of Edinburgh
Year of birth unknown


Lauren Albanese (born October 1, 1989, in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American inactive tennis player.

She began her professional career in 2006. Her highest WTA singles ranking is 158, which she reached on June 15, 2009. Her career high in doubles is 213, which she reached on February 28, 2011.

ITF finals

Singles (3–10)

Doubles (5–8)

External links

1989 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida
Tennis people from Florida
21st-century American sportswomen


Charles Emery Cate (1831–1916) was the 19th-century developer of Hammond's Crossing, which became Hammond, Louisiana, USA.

Originally from New England, Cate donated $500, bricks and lumber, and the land for the construction of the city's oldest church – Grace Memorial Episcopal Church – and established a factory in Hammond for the manufacture of shoes worn by the Confederate troops during the American Civil War.

The factory, which was destroyed by Union troops during a skirmish in 1864, was on the current site of Hammond's Cate Square, a city park.  The church continues, having been founded after the war. Its meeting place stands on West Church Street near the Canadian National Railway depot and Hammond Amtrak station, from which it is unmistakably visible to the west.

Charles Emery Cate is the eponym for Cate Street in the city center (a historic district) and the Charles Emery Cate Teacher Education Center (see inset) at Southeastern Louisiana University.

See also
History of Hammond, La.
National Register of Historic Places listings in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana

References

External links

People from Hammond, Louisiana
Southeastern Louisiana University
1831 births
1916 deaths
19th-century American Episcopalians


Andy Fanshawe (1963 in Cheshire – Lochnagar 1992) was a British mountaineer.

Biography
He started climbing as a student at Wilmslow County Grammar School for Boys. Whilst studying geology at Imperial College London, he led his first expedition to the Ecuadorian Andes where he made first British ascents within the El Altar massif as well as assisting David Kirke of the Dangerous Sports Club glide from the summit of Chimborazo.
In 1986, he was made a National Officer of the British Mountaineering Council. Shortly after his appointment, he led a bold traverse of Chogolisa and Bride Peak in the Karakoram which was later documented in his book Coming Through. The book also gave an account of his ascent of Menlungtse with Chris Bonington and Alan Hinkes in 1988. Other climbing achievements included winter ascents of the Croz Spur on the Grandes Jorasses and the Eiger North Face.

On 14 March 1992, he fell while climbing Eagle Ridge in Lochnagar, the Cairngorms, claiming his life. At his funeral, Chris Bonington gave the eulogy.

His book Himalaya Alpine-style, co-authored with Stephen Venables, was published after his death in 1995.

The Andy Fanshawe Memorial Trust
His widow Caroline and a group of friends established The Andy Fanshawe Memorial Trust after his death which provides grants to allow disadvantaged young people to experience the outdoors. The Trust also acts as a memorial to Jane Thomas, who died in the Cairngorms in 1994.

Notable ascents
1988 Menlungtse West (7023 m) FA via West Ridge. Summit attained with Alan Hinkes (UK), with Chris Bonington (UK), David Breashears and Steve Shea (both USA) in support.

References

Further reading
 Fanshawe, Andy, Coming Through: Expeditions to Chogolisa and Meniungtse, Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 1990, ()
 Venables, Stephen and Fanshawe, Andy, Himalaya Alpine Style: The Most Challenging Routes on the Highest Peaks, Baton Wicks, 1999, ()

External links
 Andy Fanshawe Memorial Trust

1963 births
1992 deaths
English mountain climbers
Alumni of Imperial College London
Mountaineering deaths
People from Wilmslow
Sport deaths in Scotland


Stefanus "Steve" Orateng Mogotsi (born 26 December 1961) is a Namibian politician and former featherweight boxer.

A member of SWAPO, Mogotsi won a seat in the Regional Council of Omaheke Region in 2004. He was subsequently selected to the 3rd National Council of Namibia. The seat, representing Kalahari Constituency, had been held by the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance since 1992.

Early life and education
Mogotsi was born in Aminuis, Omaheke Region. He was a featherweight boxing champion and a winger for the Namibian rugby union team in 2011. He joined SWAPO in 1978, while studying at St. Joseph's High School in Döbra.

Career
He became increasingly involved in politics when he worked at Consolidated Diamond Mines (CDM) in Oranjemund, ǁKaras Region. At CDM, Mogotsi became the shop steward for the Mineworkers Union of Namibia.

In 1994, Mogotsi moved permanently back to Omaheke Region, the region of his birth, to become a full-time commercial farmer and building contractor.

In 1998, Mogotsi contested the Kalahari constituency, but lost to the DTA candidate. Six years later, Mogotsi won the seat.

In 2005, he was selected to the cabinet of Hifikepunye Pohamba as Deputy Minister of Works, Transport and Communication following the resignation of Paulus Kapia. With this appointment Mogotsi became the first ethnic Tswana to serve in any Namibian cabinet.

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Omaheke Region
Tswana people
SWAPO politicians
Government ministers of Namibia
Members of the National Council (Namibia)
Namibian businesspeople
Featherweight boxers
Namibian male boxers


The SPIKE algorithm is a hybrid parallel solver for banded linear systems developed by Eric Polizzi and Ahmed Sameh

Overview
The SPIKE algorithm deals with a linear system , where  is a banded  matrix of bandwidth much less than , and  is an  matrix containing  right-hand sides. It is divided into a preprocessing stage and a postprocessing stage.

Preprocessing stage
In the preprocessing stage, the linear system  is partitioned into a block tridiagonal form

Assume, for the time being, that the diagonal blocks  ( with ) are nonsingular. Define a block diagonal matrix
,
then  is also nonsingular. Left-multiplying  to both sides of the system gives

which is to be solved in the postprocessing stage. Left-multiplication by  is equivalent to solving  systems of the form

(omitting  and  for , and  and  for ), which can be carried out in parallel.

Due to the banded nature of , only a few leftmost columns of each  and a few rightmost columns of each  can be nonzero. These columns are called the spikes.

Postprocessing stage
Without loss of generality, assume that each spike contains exactly  columns ( is much less than ) (pad the spike with columns of zeroes if necessary). Partition the spikes in all  and  into

 and

where , ,  and  are of dimensions . Partition similarly all  and  into

 and

Notice that the system produced by the preprocessing stage can be reduced to a block pentadiagonal system of much smaller size (recall that  is much less than )

which we call the reduced system and denote by .

Once all  and  are found, all  can be recovered with perfect parallelism via

SPIKE as a polyalgorithmic banded linear system solver
Despite being logically divided into two stages, computationally, the SPIKE algorithm comprises three stages:
 factorizing the diagonal blocks,
 computing the spikes,
 solving the reduced system.
Each of these stages can be accomplished in several ways, allowing a multitude of variants. Two notable variants are the recursive SPIKE algorithm for non-diagonally-dominant cases and the truncated SPIKE algorithm for diagonally-dominant cases. Depending on the variant, a system can be solved either exactly or approximately. In the latter case, SPIKE is used as a preconditioner for iterative schemes like Krylov subspace methods and iterative refinement.

Recursive SPIKE

Preprocessing stage
The first step of the preprocessing stage is to factorize the diagonal blocks . For numerical stability, one can use LAPACK's XGBTRF routines to LU factorize them with partial pivoting. Alternatively, one can also factorize them without partial pivoting but with a "diagonal boosting" strategy. The latter method tackles the issue of singular diagonal blocks.

In concrete terms, the diagonal boosting strategy is as follows. Let  denote a configurable "machine zero". In each step of LU factorization, we require that the pivot satisfy the condition

.

If the pivot does not satisfy the condition, it is then boosted by

where  is a positive parameter depending on the machine's unit roundoff, and the factorization continues with the boosted pivot. This can be achieved by modified versions of ScaLAPACK's XDBTRF routines. After the diagonal blocks are factorized, the spikes are computed and passed on to the postprocessing stage.

Postprocessing stage

The two-partition case
In the two-partition case, i.e., when , the reduced system  has the form

An even smaller system can be extracted from the center:

which can be solved using the block LU factorization

Once  and  are found,  and  can be computed via

,
.

The multiple-partition case
Assume that  is a power of two, i.e., . Consider a block diagonal matrix

where

for . Notice that  essentially consists of diagonal blocks of order  extracted from . Now we factorize  as

.

The new matrix  has the form

Its structure is very similar to that of , only differing in the number of spikes and their height (their width stays the same at ). Thus, a similar factorization step can be performed on  to produce

and

.

Such factorization steps can be performed recursively. After  steps, we obtain the factorization

,

where  has only two spikes. The reduced system will then be solved via

.

The block LU factorization technique in the two-partition case can be used to handle the solving steps involving , ...,  and  for they essentially solve multiple independent systems of generalized two-partition forms.

Generalization to cases where  is not a power of two is almost trivial.

Truncated SPIKE
When  is diagonally-dominant, in the reduced system

the blocks  and  are often negligible. With them omitted, the reduced system becomes block diagonal

and can be easily solved in parallel .

The truncated SPIKE algorithm can be wrapped inside some outer iterative scheme (e.g., BiCGSTAB or iterative refinement) to improve the accuracy of the solution.

SPIKE for tridiagonal systems
The first SPIKE partitioning and algorithm was presented in  and was designed as the means to improve the stability properties of a parallel Givens rotations-based solver for tridiagonal systems. A version of the algorithm, termed g-Spike, that is based on serial Givens rotations applied independently on each block was designed for the NVIDIA GPU .  A SPIKE-based algorithm for the GPU that is based on a special  block diagonal pivoting strategy is described in .

SPIKE as a preconditioner
The SPIKE algorithm can also function as a preconditioner for iterative methods for solving linear systems. To solve a linear system  using a SPIKE-preconditioned iterative solver, one extracts center bands from  to form a banded preconditioner  and solves linear systems involving  in each iteration with the SPIKE algorithm.

In order for the preconditioner to be effective, row and/or column permutation is usually necessary to move "heavy" elements of  close to the diagonal so that they are covered by the preconditioner. This can be accomplished by computing the weighted spectral reordering of .

The SPIKE algorithm can be generalized by not restricting the preconditioner to be strictly banded. In particular, the diagonal block in each partition can be a general matrix and thus handled by a direct general linear system solver rather than a banded solver. This enhances the preconditioner, and hence allows better chance of convergence and reduces the number of iterations.

Implementations
Intel offers an implementation of the SPIKE algorithm under the name Intel Adaptive Spike-Based Solver . Tridiagonal solvers have also been developed for the NVIDIA GPU
 and the Xeon Phi co-processors. The method in   is the basis for a tridiagonal solver in the cuSPARSE library. The Givens rotations based solver was also implemented for the
GPU and the Intel Xeon Phi.

References

Further reading

Numerical linear algebra


Wormald is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Three English cricketers:
 Alfred Wormald (1855–1940)
 Edward Wormald (1848–1928)
 Philip Wormald (b. 1963)

Four British historians:
 Jenny Wormald (1948-2015)
 Patrick Wormald (1947–2004)
 B. H. G. Wormald (1912-2005)
 Francis Wormald (1904-1972)

Other well-known people:
 Kevin Wormald, (b. 1996) Chilean weightlifter
 Ethel Wormald (1901–1993), English politician
 Frank Wormald (1868–1915), English soldier
 Harry Hugh Wormald (1879–1955), English phytopathologist and mycologist
 Kenny Wormald (b. 1984), American dancer and actor
 Leslie Wormald (1890–1965), English rower
 Nick Wormald, (b. 1953) Australian mathematician
 Steven Wormald (b. 1946), Canadian-British Antarctic explorer and meteorologist
 Thomas Wormald (1802–1873), English surgeon
Chris Wormald (b.1968) English civil servant

See also
 Wormald Ice Piedmont, a peak on Adelaide Island, near Antarctica
 Wormald International, formerly Wormald Brothers, an Australian company


"You Better Wait" is a song by American singer-songwriter Steve Perry from his second solo studio album, For the Love of Strange Medicine (1994). The ballad was released as the first single from the album on June 28, 1994. The song peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached number one in Canada on the week of September 19, 1994.

Music video
The music video was filmed in late August 1994 in the Grand Canyon area.

Track listings
US CD single
 "You Better Wait" (long version) – 4:52
 "Forever Right or Wrong (Love's Like a River)" – 4:29
 "If You Need Me, Call Me" – 5:49
 "One More Time" – 3:30
 "You Better Wait" (single version) – 3:34

US cassette single and Japanese mini-CD single
 "You Better Wait" (single edit)
 "Stand Up (Before It's Too Late)"

European maxi-CD single
 "You Better Wait" (radio edit) – 3:34
 "You Better Wait" (LP version) – 4:52
 "Stand Up (Before It's Too Late)" – 4:49

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

1990s ballads
1994 singles
1994 songs
Columbia Records singles
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs written by Steve Perry
Steve Perry (musician) songs
Sony Music Entertainment Japan singles


The Triptis–Marxgrün railway is a branch line in Germany that runs through the states of Thuringia and Bavaria, and which was originally built and operated by the Prussian state railways. It ran from Triptis via Ziegenrück, Bad Lobenstein and Blankenstein to Marxgrün. The only section still in service today is the stretch of line between Ebersdorf-Friesau and Blankenstein. The Thuringian section is also called the  Oberlandbahn ("Oberland railway"); the Bavarian section the Höllentalbahn ("Hell Valley Railway").

History

Planning and construction
The legal basis for the construction of the Höllental Railway was a state treaty between the German states of Bavaria, Reuss Junior Line and Prussia of 30 January 1897. From 1908 there was a through route from Bavaria to Saalfeld via the Hockeroda–Unterlemnitz railway.

Opening dates:
 Triptis–Ziegenrück: 17 December 1894
 Ziegenrück–Unterlemnitz–Lobenstein (Thür.): 16 September 1895
 Lobenstein (Thür.)–Lemnitzhammer Güterbahnhof (Gbf): 1 December 1896
 Lemnitzhammer Gbf–Blankenstein (Saale): 15 July 1897
 Blankenstein (Saale)–Marxgrün: 15 August 1901

The boundary between the jurisdiction of the Royal Bavarian State Railways and the Prussian state railways crossed the line shortly before the station at Marxgrün at kilometre post 68.24, calculated from the original start of the route in Triptis. This spot also marked the subsequent boundary between the Reichsbahn divisions of Erfurt and Regensburg.

Second World War
During the Second World War, the Triptis–Marxgrün railway was used as an alternative route for north–south traffic, because it was a long way from centres of population that were vulnerable to bombing raids. In order to increase the capacity of the line, a further two crossing stations were established during the war. Even Adolf Hitler's special train regularly used this route on the way from Berlin to Berchtesgaden. During the day the train was stored in the Kesselfels tunnel to protect it from bombing, because for safety reasons the train only ran at night. During these times no other traffic moved on the line.

Division of Germany
After the occupation of Thuringia by the Red Army in June 1945 the Bavarian-Thuringian state border became the demarcation line between the American and Soviet-occupied zones in Germany. As a result, railway traffic across the border ceased on 3 June 1945. The boundary between the two railway divisions was later adjusted to align with the state border which later became the Inner German Border.

Triptis–Blankenstein in Thuringia
The northern section of the line continued to be important for passenger and goods services into the 1990s. In the timetable the route was listed as KBS 534 Triptis–Lobenstein (Thür). The rest of the line to Blankenstein was part of route no. KBS 565 Saalfeld–Lobenstein (Thür)–Blankenstein.

There were hardly ever any through trains between Triptis or Saalfeld and Blankenstein in GDR times. The station of Blankenstein ended up in the out-of-bounds area immediately adjacent to the so-called Staatsgrenze West (i.e. Inner German Border), which required police checks to be carried out on all passengers. For that reason, special trains ran between Lobenstein and Blankenstein. This way of operating continued until the political changes or Wende in East Germany in 1990.

On 24 May 1998 the state of Thuringia withdrew passenger services between Triptis and Unterlemnitz. Since then only the section from Unterlemnitz to Blankenstein has been worked; by Regionalbahn trains on the Saalfeld–Blankenstein route. At the end of that year, goods traffic between Triptis and Ebersdorf-Friesau also ceased. From that time on Ebersdorf-Friesau station, with its siding to a large sawmill, was served from Saalfeld. That meant the line between Triptis and Lobenstein was de facto empty of traffic. Shortly before its closure, however, several heavy load transporters passed through to the transformer station of Remptendorf. On 1 January 2005 this section was closed, however the tracks have yet to be lifted.

The German Regional Railway (Deutsche Regionaleisenbahn or DRE) has rented the closed section between Triptis and Ebersdorf-Friesau, initially until 31 December 2009 with the aim of preserving the trackbed. An important step in this regard was the decision of the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig over an urgent appeal by the DRE, that the railway overbridge over the A9 motorway (BAB 9) at Mossbach would not be torn down as part of the widening of that motorway.
However the reactivation of the line will not be supported by the Thuringian state parliament, because "the Remptendorf–Triptis section … is not important for transportation". In spite of that, at the end of October 2008, the DRE was able to agree with the Deutsche Einheit Fernstraßenplanungs- und Baugesellschaft mbH (DEGES) a  railway crossing agreement that will see the demolition and subsequent rebuilding of the railway bridge over the BAB 9 in 2009.

In the current 2007/2008 Deutsche Bahn timetable the line from Triptis to Bad Lobenstein is number KBS 556.

Lichtenberg–Marxgrün in Bavaria

On the Bavarian side after the Second World War the only significant use of the line between Lichtenberg and Marxgrün was for local goods traffic. Since 23 May 1971 even that was withdrawn and the line closed. Shortly before Hölle station the siding of Wiede was installed which for a long time was used to transport carbonic acid made at the Wiede acid works served by the siding.

The dismantling of the track in the Höllental began in September 1982. On 30 October 1987 services to the firm of Wiede ended and the rest of the line was lifted. The bridges in the Hölle Valley were not demolished, but the tunnel was walled up for safety reasons.

After its final closure in 1971 a Lokalbahn working group (Lokalbahn-Arbeitsgemeinschaft or LAG) was founded in Hof, one goal of which was to organise a museum railway on the Hölle Valley railway. The home of the LAG was the engine shed at Marxgrün. Here there was already a 1937 steam engine from the Regensburg sugar factory. The maintenance of the line exceeded the financial means of the LAG. The locomotive shed in Marxgrün has meanwhile been cleared. The building is in a very dilapidated state.

The timber-framed station building in Hölle was to have been preserved and used as a guest house for visitors to the spa town. These plans, produced in 1977, could not however been put into effect. The building was finally demolished and the station yard turned into a car park.

I the former station of Lichtenberg there is an information centre for the Franconian Forest Nature Reserve, where a functioning model of the Höllentalbahn, in 1:87 (H0) scale, can be viewed. The layout is looked after by the MEC 01 Münchberger Eisenbahnfreunde e.V.. In front of Lichtenberg station, on a short piece of track, an old industrial locomotive (Lok 3; Cfl; Babelsberg 1969/219189; FLC - 92061) from the Rosenthal Cellulose and Paper Factory (ZPR) in Blankenstein as well as several coaches and wagons recall the days of the train in the Hölle Valley.

Currently the  Deutsche Regionaleisenbahn is striving to take over the Höllentalbahn (Blankenstein–Marxgrün). (as at 06/2008)

Prospects

The Höllental Railway Network Initiative wants to reactivate the line through the Höllental in order to generate an effective railway link between Thuringia and Bavaria, especially for goods traffic.

The Rosenthal Cellulose and Paper Factory in Blankenstein has a major interest in closing the gap in the network in the direction of Bavaria. Because 63% of its production is already transported by rail, this proportion would be further increased if there were a direct railway link to the south. The firm has therefore organised a transport conference to develop the infrastructure in the southern Saale-Orla-Kreis on 9 December 2008.

On 16 December 2008, the town of Naila demanded that the reactivation of the route between Marxgrün and Blankenstein be included in the regional plan for Upper Franconia-East (Oberfranken-Ost). This was founded in order to improve rail traffic between Bavaria and Thuringia especially with regard to tourism and goods traffic for the logging industry.
Counter-arguments include the fact that the Hölle valley was declared a nature reserve in 1997.

Locomotives

There were Prussian locomotives on the Hölle Valley railway in the early years:
 G 2 - goods train, tender locomotive
 G 3 (BR 53.70) - goods train, tender locomotive
 G 5.1 (BR 54.0) / G 5.1 (BR 54.2) / G 5.3 (BR 54.6) / G 5.4 (BR 54.8) / G 5.5 (BR 54.10) - goods train, tender locomotive
 G 8 (BR 55.16) - goods train, tender locomotive
 P 2 - passenger train, tender locomotive
 T 9.3 (BR 91.3) - goods train, tank locomotive
 T 11 (BR 74.0) - passenger train, tank locomotive
 T 12 (BR 74.4) - passenger train, tank locomotive
 T 13 (BR 92.5) - goods train, tank locomotive
 T 14 (BR 93.0) - goods train, tank locomotive
Later the following standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotiven) were employed:
 BR 64 - passenger train, tank locomotive (only Hof-Bad Steben)
 BR 86 - goods train, tank locomotive
Diesel locomotives also found their way into the Hölle valley towards the end:
 BR V60 (260) - shunter
 BR V100 (211) – mixed locomotive
 BR Köf III (331-333) – station pilot

References

Sources
 Horst W. Bauer, Vom Paradies in die Hölle, in Hp1 - Eisenbahnmodellbau heute Ausgabe Nr. 17/2001, Willy Kosak Verlag, Neuhaus (Pegnitz) 2001
 Stefan Winkler, Einmal Hölle und Zurück, Sonderausgabe des Eisenbahnjournals 1/93
 Siegfried Bufe, Eisenbahn in Oberfranken, Bufe-Fachbuch-Verlag, München 1982,
 Ralf Roman Rossberg, Grenze über deutschen Schienen, Eisenbahn-Kurier Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 1980,
 Deutsche Reichsbahn / Horst-Werner Dumjahn, Die deutschen Eisenbahnen in ihrer Entwicklung 1835 - 1935, Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1935 / Nachdruck mit Vorwort von Horst-Werner Dumjahn: Dumjahn Verlag, Mainz 1984,

External links

 Fahrplan 189g Saalfeld–Marxgrün (1944)
 thüringer Oberlandbahn und Höllentalbahn
 www.hoellennetz.de Initiative zur Wiederbelebung der fränkischen Höllentalbahn
 www.sormitztalbahn.de Link Höllentalbahn
 Bilder der Tunnelportale

Model railway
 Spur 2 Modellbahnanlage und Dokumentation der Strecke
 Spur 1 Modellbahnanlage in Belgien
 H0-Modellbahnanlage MEC 01 Münchberg

Branch lines in Bavaria
Railway lines in Thuringia
Franconian Forest
Buildings and structures in Saale-Orla-Kreis
Buildings and structures in Hof (district)


Foilbacks, in vintage jewellery, is the practice of inserting metal foil behind gemstones or faux gemstones, to enhance their sparkle and reflective properties. When this foil darkens or peels, these gemstones are often considered dead or lacking in sparkle.  Modern jewelers seldom use foiling behind actual gemstones, but faux gems are made in a similar fashion even today.

References

Jewellery making
Jewellery components


was a Japanese composer credited with composing the Japanese national anthem "Kimigayo".

Life and career
He held several positions in the royal court starting in his youth. He moved to Tokyo after the Meiji Restoration and in 1875 helped carry out 1875 orders to fuse Western musical theory with Japanese theory. The final version of the anthem was first played for Emperor Meiji for his birthday, on 3 November 1880.

Sources conflict over who composed the music. Historian Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney writes, "The composer is nominally identified as Hayashi Hiromori, a musician at the Imperial Court, but Oku Yoshiisa, who worked under Hayashi, is believed to have composed the music, with some rearrangement by Franz Eckert (1852–1916)." The melody that Hayashi was credited for replaced an arrangement by John William Fenton, a visiting Irish military band leader, that was rejected in 1870. The Court then adopted a new melody composed by Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi. The composer is often listed as Hiromori Hayashi, who was their supervisor and Akimori's father. Akimori was also one of Fenton's pupils. The German musician Franz Eckert applied the melody with Western style harmony.

References

1831 births
1896 deaths
19th-century Japanese composers
19th-century Japanese male musicians
19th-century Japanese people
Japanese composers
Japanese male composers
National anthem writers


Otis Massey (May 26, 1891 – September 1968) was mayor of Houston, Texas from January 1943 to 1946. He was married to Mayme Kiser, they had two daughters, Dorothy and Marion. Massey was the first mayor of Houston to serve under the city manager form, rather than the city commission form of government. As mayor, he supported a proposal to sell 133 acres of land to the M.D. Anderson Foundation in December 1943. This land would be developed into hospitals in the Houston Medical District. He proclaimed May 22, 1946 to be National Maritime Day in Houston.

References

1891 births
1968 deaths
Mayors of Houston
20th-century American politicians


Jason Maurice Anderson (born April 29, 1980) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League (NFL). He was with the Houston Texans for 2 seasons (2004–2005) but only saw action in 1 game in 2005.

External links
Pro-Football-Reference

1980 births
Living people
Players of American football from Palmdale, California
American football running backs
Palmdale High School alumni
South Dakota Coyotes football players
Houston Texans players
Amsterdam Admirals players