Igor Yakovlevich Birman (July 25, 1928 – April 6, 2011) was a Russian-American economist. He received his Ph.D. in 1960. He authored a number of books translated into four languages and some 200 articles in professional periodicals and also in the popular press (Izvestia, Literaturnaya gazeta, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post).

Biography
Birman was born in Moscow in 1928. He graduated from the Statistical Institute in 1949, and earned a Ph.D. in Economics (кандидат экономических наук)in 1960. He was Director of Planning in three factories, worked in scientific institutes, and was a member of the commission on economic reform (1965).

In 1974 Birman emigrated to the United States, where was employed chiefly as a consultant on the Soviet economy for The Pentagon and taught at two universities. He argued against economic estimates made by the CIA and Sovietologists, particularly, the size of the economy, comparative level of living, share and size of military expenditures, deficit of the state budget, etc. Together with Valery Chalidze he edited the magazine «Russia».

Birman is best known for having criticized U.S. economists specializing in the Soviet Union (sovietologists) and CIA analysts for misunderstanding Soviet reality.  Birman argued that the CIA overestimated the size of the Soviet economy and that the Soviets were spending as much as 30% of their GNP on the military. In an article in the Washington Post published On October 27, 1980, he said that the Soviet economy was in a state of crisis. According to one analyst, "Outside critics had often attacked the CIAʼs operational side but never its analysis, and certainly not from the political Right. …… In 1986, the CIAʼs analysts insisted that the Soviet economy was about to expand… Three years later, the Soviet Union collapsed." With the opening up of the Soviet Union and its records, Birman's assertions were supported by Soviet economists themselves.

Though his predictions turned out to be correct,  American academics were skeptical of his assertions, and his work was not published in the major journals.
Birman was criticized for not relying on Western economic theory and mathematical models in conducting his analyses of the Soviet economy.

Instead, he advocated for including data from what he called "anecdotal economics," relying in part on his visceral understanding of the Soviet Union, lived experience, simple logic, and intuition that could not be quantified or modeled.

Igor Birman died on April 6, 2011 at his home in Rockville, MD. He was survived by his wife of 53 years Albina Tretyakova Birman; his children Julia Shildkret (George), Dina Birman (Ed Trickett), and Igor Birman (Elysa); and grandchildren Mark Shildkret, Michelle Keinan, Nicholas Trickett, Alexander Trickett, Ashley Birman, and Zoey Birman.

Books by Igor Birman
 Транспортная задача линейного программирования. М.: Экономиздат, 1959
 Оптимальное программирование, М.: Экономика, 1968 / нем. издание: Lineare Optimierung in der Okonomie. Berlin: Verlag Die Wirtschaft, 1971
 Методология оптимального планирования. М.: Мысль, 1971 /in Czech. Прага: 1974/
 Secret Incomes of the Soviet State Budget. The Hague ; Boston : Martinus Nijhoff, 1981. ;  0908094086;  0908094000 (bibliography pp. 270–272)
 Экономика недостач. Нью-Йорк: Chalidze publications, 1983.
 To Build Anew (рус.: Строить заново). Benson, Vermont : Chalidze Publ., 1988
 Personal Consumption in the USSR and USA. N.Y. : St. Martin Press, 1989.  (Библиография: стр.191-251)
 Productivity of the Soviet Economy Before Perestroika. Dump Eurospan, 1991.
 Величина советских военных расходов: методический аспект. Стокгольм: : Inst., 1991
 Реформа экономики абсурда: к собственной собственности. М.: Пик, 1991
 Я — экономист (о себе любимом). Новосибирск: Экор, 1966; (2-е издание - М.: Время, 2001).
 Уровень русской жизни (а также американской) (The level of Russian living and American as well).М.:Научный мир, 2004 (2-е изд. — М.: Экономика, 2007), ,
 Капиталистический манифест (Capitalist manifesto). M.: 2010

and co-authored and edited several books, for example:
Notes on input-output analysis in the USSR. (в соавт. с Альбиной Третьяковой) Durham, N. C., 1975
 Статистика уровня жизни населения России (в соавторстве с Л.Пияшевой). М.:1997;
 Математические методы и проблемы размещения производства (Mathematical methods and problems of production territorial allocation). М.: Изд-во эконом. лит-ры, 1963;
 Оптимальный план отрасли (Optimal Plan of a Branch) M.: Ekonomizdat, 1970; etc.

Selected articles

 Birman, I. (1980; October 27).  The Way to Slow the Arms Race.  Washington Post, Op-Ed, P. A15

 Birman, I. (1986). The Soviet Economy: Alternative Views, Russia, 12

 Аномальное полузнайство.- В: Свободная мысль. М.: 1997 сентябрь
 Письмо в редакцию (по поводу статьи Тремля и Кудрова). - В: Вопросы статитики. М.: 1998, No. 4.
 Уровень русской жизни (недопроизнесенный доклад). - В: Nota Bene, Иерусалим: 2006, No. 13.
 Избытчность - норма нормальной экономики. - В: Экономическая наука современной России. М.; 2007, No. 4.

Literature about Birman

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American economists
Soviet economists


Since at least the 1970s, many Irish political scandals relating to miscarriage of justice, dereliction of duty and corruption by public officials have resulted in the establishment of extra-judicial Tribunals of Enquiry, which are typically chaired by retired High-Court judges and cannot make judgements against any of the parties. Since 2004 many such scandals have been investigated by the less costly but less transparent Commissions of Investigation. Many Irish scandals, however, have not resulted in trials or public enquiries.

1970s
 1970 The Arms Crisis: Division in Irish Cabinet when two ministers arranged to import arms for the IRA in Northern Ireland
 1974 Dublin and Monaghan Bombings Investigation: Aborted Garda investigation into alleged MI5 collusion in bombings of Dublin and Monaghan (reported 2007)
 1976 Thundering Disgrace: Defence Minister, Paddy Donegan refers to Uachtarán na hÉireann, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh as a "Thundering Disgrace" in an address to troops and receives no sanction from Taoiseach, Liam Cosgrave

1980s
 1981 The Stardust Fire enquiry: Fire in night-club with pad-locked fire doors results in 48 deaths. Following a 12-day investigation, nobody is held accountable
 1982 The "GUBU" Affair: Attorney General flies abroad as fugitive double-murderer is arrested in his apartment
 1983 The phone tapping scandal: FF Justice Minister orders Gardaí to "tap" the phones of political journalists"
 1984 The Kerry Babies case: Gardaí in Kerry concoct fantastical infanticide charges against a young woman and her family

1990s
 1990 The Duffy Tape: FF Presidential candidate, Brian Lenihan Snr, admits attempting to influence a decision of the out-going president to dissolve the Dáil in 1982
 1991 Beef Export Credit Insurance scheme: ITV World in Action exposes practices of Goodman International Ltd. and other Irish Beef exporters insured directly by the Irish Government
 1994 BTSB anti-D scandal: Anti-D immunoglobulin contaminated with Hepatitis C was given to pregnant mothers since the 1970s. BTSB seeks to minimize compensation by delaying and contesting applications of terminally ill victims
 1994 Guinness Mahon/Ansbacher Cayman: Des Traynor's off-shore numbered bank account scheme for Ireland's Rich and Famous (reported 2002)
 1995 HIV/Hep. C contaminated haemophilia factors: BTSB and NHTC continue to provide haemophiliacs with untreated blood products after risks of HIV and Hepatitis infections were known since mid-1980s
 1996 Carlos Salinas de Gortari disgraced former president of Mexico is reported to be living in exile in Ireland and moving in the best social circles
 1996 Award of 2nd mobile network licence: While evaluating bidders, the Dept. of Transport, Energy and Communications held exclusive negotiations with the Esat Digifone consortium whose selection was prematurely announced by the minister
 1996 Soldier "K"'s Army deafness claim: Compensation claim for hearing damage that that triggered a flood of similar claims that eventually cost the Department of Defense in excess of €290M
 1997 The Corrupt rezoning of land for development in County Dublin: An advert offering a £10k reward for information on planning corruption results in the state's longest-running public inquiry
 1996 Ben Dunne's largesse: Ben Dunne  Jnr.'s unorthodox payments to politicians Charles Haughey, Minister Michael Lowry and others emerge in a report his sister commissioned from Price-Waterhouse.
 1998 AIB bogus off-shore bank accounts : AIB facilitated DIRT Tax evasion by allowing Irish residents to have bogus "off-shore" accounts

2000s
 2000 Abbeylara siege and shooting: 27-year-old John Carthy with history of psychiatric illness shot dead by the Garda Emergency Response Unit after a 25-hour siege at his home
 2000 The Moriarty Tribunal investigates allegations of corruption on the part of Charlie Haughey and Michael Lowry
 2000 FÁS expenses scandal: FÁS executives spent hundreds of thousands of euro on lavish holidays to the USA under the guise of promoting a Science Challenge programme
 2005 Jailing of the Rossport Five: Five Co. Mayo Farmers who refuse to allow Shell Ireland lay a gas pipeline across their land are jailed for contempt of court
 2008 Personal Finances of Bertie Ahern: Following criticism by both the Mahon and Moriarty tribunals, the former Taoiseach's personal finances come under scrutiny by the media
 2008 Anglo Irish Bank hidden directors' loans Directors of Anglo Irish Bank borrowed over €100M to buy shares in the Bank and would temporarily transfer the loans to other financial institutions so they would not appear in their audited accounts
 2009 Resignation of Ceann Comhairle John O'Donoghue in a controversy over expenditure on overseas travel when he served as a minister and later as speaker at Dáil Éireann.

2010s
 2010 RTE Prime Time Report on Symphysiotomy: It is estimated that 1,500 women unknowingly and without consent underwent an outdated obstetric procedure in the Republic of Ireland between 1944 and 1987
 2011 Double Irish, Dutch Sandwich & Green Jersey: Massive corporation Tax avoidance schemes facilitated by the Irish tax code enabling profit shifting to low-tax regimes
 2013 Garda Penalty Points Cancellation: Garda "whistleblowers" allege that Gardaí across the state were favouring certain speeding drivers by cancelling (or failing to register) thousands of penalty points
 2014 GSOC "Bugging" Investigation: The Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (GSOC) engaged UK security contractor Verrimus to "sweep" their offices.
 2014 Central Remedial Clinic Salary Top-Ups: Senior executives of CRC receive a statutory salary of over €100k from the HSE, which they “top-up” from charitable funds to more than double their salaries
 2014 Garda whistleblower scandal: Two Gardaí who made separate "protected" disclosures complaining about poor standards in the force were ostracized by colleagues and superiors and subjected to a smear campaign by various agencies of the state
 2016 U.S. vulture funds paying no Irish Taxes US distressed debt funds file Irish company CRO accounts with large profits on Irish investments (made from 2012 onwards), but no Irish tax payments
 2016 Console Charity scandal: Founder of suicide charity Paul Kelly, his wife Patricia and son Tim, had run up a bill of almost €500,000 on the Charity's credit card to pay for a luxury car, foreign holidays, designer clothes, and tickets to major sporting events
 2017 Bogus Garda Breath Tests: The Garda was forced to admit that half of the two million alcohol breath tests it claimed were carried out on motorists between 2012 and 2016, were bogus.
 2018 CervicalCheck cancer scandal: Hundreds of women whose Cervical Smear tests were incorrectly reported have since developed full cancer. HSE delays engagement to minimize compensation
 2019 CSO Report on Irish Defense Forces:  Report shows that 85% of Irish military personnel earn less than the average industrial wage.

2020s
 2020 "Golf Gate": During the Covid-19 pandemic, the Oireachtas Golf Society hosts a post-tournament dinner at Clifden Hotel, in apparent breach of regulations. Ultimately the District Court dismissed all charges against the only four people who were prosecuted.
 2021 Mother and Baby Homes Commission Report: Commission of Investigation into Mother and Baby Homes publishes its long-delayed, final report omitting and redacting the testimonies of many survivors
 2021 Dept. of Health autism dossiers: RTÉ Investigates documentary interviews a whistleblower alleging that the Dept. of Health was secretly gathering information from private consultations about the families, parents and siblings of children with autism
 2021 Katherine Zappone controversy: a gathering is held in breach of Covid-19 regulations at the Merrion Hotel
 2021 Bóthar Charity embezzlement: Four managers of the Irish livestock charity accused of misappropriating €1.1M in funds
 2021 Inner City Helping Homeless: Charities Regulator winds up the company after founder and CEO is accused of sexually assaulting homeless men
 2021 Mica scandal: Decades-long failure to regulate building materials results in thousand of homes crumbling in counties Donegal, Roscommon, Mayo and Clare and brings mass protests to the streets of Dublin
 2021 The "Women of Honour" scandal: RTE radio documentary exposes institutional bullying, misogyny and sexual violence within the Irish Defense Forces.

References

+


The Brave Adventures of Lapich (), also known as The Marvellous Adventures of Lapich the Apprentice, is a 1913 novel by Croatian children's author Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić.

Synopsis
In the story, a poor young orphan called Lapitch works as the apprentice for the Scowlers - a mean-mannered shoemaker, and his kind-hearted wife. After Master Scowler blames him for the wrong size of a customer's shoes, Lapitch leaves a note and runs away from home. Later joined by Bundaš, the Scowlers' dog, he sets off on a seven-day adventure, during which he meets Gita, a circus performer, and encounters a local thief known as the Black Man and his henchman named Grga.

Reception
The novel received its first favorable review in October 1913 from Antun Gustav Matoš, the renowned Croatian writer, and has since received a number of enthusiastic assessments by literary historians, earning it the status of the "premiere Croatian children's novel".

Lapitch has been translated into all of Europe's major languages, as well as in Esperanto, Japanese, Vietnamese, Persian and Bengali among others. The Czech edition of the novel, completed during Brlić-Mažuranić's lifetime, was illustrated by Josef Lada.

Movie adaptation(s) based on the story
 In 1997, the Croatia Film company released an animated feature adaptation, Lapitch the Little Shoemaker.
 In 2013, the Maydi Film & Video released a live action adaptation of this Croatian classic, The Brave Adventures of a Little Shoemaker adapted and directed by Silvije Petranović, which scored the top position on the list of the most watched children’s films since 1990.

More information about the translations of the novel into foreign languages is available online.

References

Sources

External links

Hlapic.org
HAVC (Croatian Audio Visual Centre)
Ivanomania

1913 Croatian novels
Children's novels
Croatian novels adapted into films
Novels set in Croatia
Novels about orphans
1913 children's books
Children's books set in Croatia


Scott Yancey Avett (born June 19, 1976) is one of the lead singers and founding members of the folk-rock band, The Avett Brothers.  Avett primarily plays the banjo but also plays harmonica, drums, piano, acoustic guitar and electric guitar for the band based out of Concord, North Carolina.  In 2008, their album, The Second Gleam, reached the ten spot on Billboard.com's Top Independent Albums Chart. Avett is also an accomplished artist and printmaker. His work has been displayed in exhibitions at the Envoy Gallery in New York City and the North Carolina Museum of Art.

Background and education
Scott Avett was born in 1976 in Cheyenne, Wyoming to Jim Avett and Susan (Gleason) Avett of Concord, North Carolina.
Scott's paternal grandparents were Reverend Clegg Avett, a Methodist minister, and Martha (Hogan) Avett, a former concert pianist. Scott is the middle of three children. His sister, Bonnie, the oldest, was born in 1973. His brother Seth, the youngest, was born in 1980. His father owned a welding business in Concord, and his mother taught elementary school. Jim Avett is now a recording artist with Ramseur Records and often sings gospel songs with his daughter Bonnie and with his sons at The Avett Brothers shows. Scott Avett enrolled at East Carolina University, and he earned a bachelor's degree in communications in 1999 as well as a bachelor of fine arts degree in painting the following year.

The Avett Brothers

Scott and his brother Seth Avett were involved with their respective bands during their college years. Scott played with Nemo in Greenville. and Seth played with the Charlotte-based band Margo (Scott has been quoted classifying Margo's music as "melodic rock"). The brothers, along with guitarist/founding member John Twomey, merged the bands while maintaining the name Nemo in 1998. The Avett Brothers were formed during the Nemo days with fellow Nemo guitarist/founding member John Twomey. During this time, the name was changed to The Avett Brothers, and Nemo and The Avett Brothers continued touring as separate bands. Bob Crawford later joined that band in 2001 when Twomey quit both bands and Nemo dissolved. Scott has a more baritone voice, compared to his brother. In 2003, The Avett Brothers were introduced to Dolph Ramseur, the owner of Ramseur Records, an independent record label in Concord, North Carolina.

Artwork
Scott began to paint seriously in 1999 under the direction of professor and mentor Leland Wallin. In 2002, Scott opened an art gallery in Concord, North Carolina. In addition to oil-on-canvas portraits, Scott is an accomplished printmaker. Scott specializes in creating relief prints. Scott's artwork was featured at the Envoy Gallery in New York City from July through August in 2008. Scott's work also was featured in an exhibit titled Scott Avett: INVISIBLE at the North Carolina Museum of Art in Raleigh North Carolina from October 26, 2019, to January 19, 2020.

Avett painted the cover artwork for By the Way, I Forgive You, the 2018 album of long-time friend Brandi Carlile.

Personal life
In 2003, Scott Avett married his wife, Sarah, who gave birth to a baby girl, Eleanor, in late October 2008. In April 2011, it was announced that two shows in Texas would be postponed due to the birth of his second child, a son named Maxwell. Avett revealed the sex of his baby in London when he re-wrote the lyrics to his song "Murder in the City" which originally was released in 2007. The original lyrics were "make sure my sister knows I loved her, make sure my mother knows the same" and they were changed to "make sure my daughter knows I loved her, make sure her mother knows the same.". A second son, Luke, was born in March 2015. In July 2016 at a show near Seattle, Scott sang "make sure my girls know I love them, make sure my boy knows the same, always remember there is nothing worth sharing like the love that let us share our name."

Scott Avett is the grandson of Reverend Clegg W. Avett (1914–1976), a Methodist minister whose sermons influenced Scott's faith.

References

1976 births
Living people
People from Cheyenne, Wyoming
East Carolina University alumni
Folk musicians from Wyoming
Folk musicians from North Carolina
Musicians from North Carolina
American rock musicians
The Avett Brothers members


Stefan Dimitrov (born October 8, 1984, in Veliko Tarnovo) is a Bulgarian footballer .

Career

Early career in Bulgaria
Dimitrov spent his early career in his native Bulgaria. Raise in the youth teams of his hometown club, Etar Veliko Tarnovo, he made his debut with Etar's first team at the age of 16. Dimitrov subsequently played four seasons with Etar in the Bulgarian B Group prior to his move to the United States. He played sparingly for Etar, appearing in 4 league matches during the 2003–04 season and three league matches during the 2004–05 season.

College
When Dimitrov's father won the green card lottery, the family relocated to New York City. Dimitrov played with an amateur Bulgarian team in Queens, New York before enrolling in and playing college soccer for Concordia College. Dimitrov was the leading scorer in the NCAA Division II Men's Soccer 2008 regular season with 23 goals in 17 games. He was also named to the 2008 Daktronics NCAA Division II Men's Soccer All-America Second Team and named the 2008 East Coast Conference Offensive Player of the Year.

Professional
Dimitrov was signed by Chicago Fire in March 2009, after being invited to try out with the team by head coach Denis Hamlett. He made his MLS debut on 13 June 2009, as a late substitute in a game against D.C. United.

Dimitrov was released by Chicago on August 27, 2010. He played for the New York Pancyprian-Freedoms in the US Open Cup in 2011, before signing for New York Cosmos U-23 in 2011 and was selected as one of the U-23 players to participate in the Paul Scholes testimonial match between New York Cosmos and Manchester United.

On January 31, 2013, Dimitrov signed with the Cosmos for their inaugural season in the NASL.  Two months later, he was loaned out to Fort Lauderdale Strikers for the Spring season.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
Bulgarian expatriate men's footballers
Bulgarian emigrants to the United States
FC Etar (Veliko Tarnovo) players
Chicago Fire FC players
Brooklyn Knights players
New York Cosmos (2010) players
Fort Lauderdale Strikers players
New York Pancyprian-Freedoms players
Soccer players from New York City
Sportspeople from Veliko Tarnovo
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
USL League Two players
North American Soccer League (2011–2017) players
Cosmopolitan Soccer League players
Men's association football forwards


Oliver Bascom (June 13, 1815 – November 7, 1869) was an American businessman and politician from New York.

Life
He was born in West Haven, Rutland County, Vermont, the son of Josiah Bascom (1786–1863) and Betsey (Bottom) Bascom. The family removed to Whitehall, Washington County, New York, in 1824. He entered the transportation and forwarding business as a clerk, and in 1841 opened his own company. On January 4, 1842, he married Almira Tanner (born 1822), and they had seven children. In 1851, he formed a partnership, Bascom, Vaughan & Co., which later became the Northern Transportation Line. In 1862, he retired from this company, and went to California. Upon his return a short time later, he engaged in farming and the lumber business.

He was Supervisor of the Town of Whitehall in 1851, 1852, 1864 and 1865.

In November 1868, he was elected on the Democratic ticket as a Canal Commissioner, and took office on January 1, 1869.

He died ten months into his term.

Sources
Biographical Sketches of John T. Hoffman and Allen C. Beach (pages 106f)
The Fitch Gazetteer: An Annotated Index to the Manuscript History of Washington County, New York by Kenneth A. Perry (Heritage Books, 1999, , )
The Late Canal Commissioner Bascom in NYT on November 9, 1869
History of Washington Co., New York by Crisfield Johnson (1878; pg. 475 and 491)

1815 births
1869 deaths
People from Whitehall, New York
Erie Canal Commissioners
People from West Haven, Vermont
New York (state) Democrats
Town supervisors in New York (state)
19th-century American politicians


Cue was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1901 to 1930.

The district was located in the Western Australian outback. Upon its creation in 1900 it included the towns of Cue, Day Dawn, Mainland, Austin, Cuddingwarra, Gabanintha and Tuckanarra. It was held by the Labor Party for all but the first term of its existence.

Members for Cue

Election results

References

Cue
1901 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1901
1930 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1930


John A. Greason (July 29, 1851 – July 22, 1889) was an American professional baseball player from Washington, D.C. who pitched a total of seven games for the  Washington Blue Legs of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players.  In his short one-season career, he started and completed all seven of his games, had a 1–6 win–loss record and a 5.86 ERA.

References

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
19th-century baseball players
Washington Blue Legs players
Baseball players from Washington, D.C.
1851 births
1889 deaths


Mario Valenzuela Osuna (born March 10, 1977) is a former professional baseball outfielder.

Career
Valenzuela played for the Chicago White Sox minor league affiliates, beginning in 1996 at the age of 19 by playing in the  Rookie League and eventually achieving Triple-A level in 2004.

In the Mexican Baseball League, Valenzuela played for the Saraperos de Saltillo (2005 - 2008), the Diablos Rojos del México (2009 - 2014), and the Guerreros de Oaxaca (2014 - 2017).

In 2006, Valenzuela played for Team Mexico in the World Baseball Classic, finishing the tournament batting .250 with a home run and one run batted in.

For the 2009 World Baseball Classic edition, he joined Team Mexico as a replacement player for the injured Erubiel Durazo, going hitless in four at bats.

Valenzuela officially retired from professional baseball on January 26, 2018.

External links

Career statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference or MiLB.com

1977 births
Living people
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Baseball players from Baja California Sur
Birmingham Barons players
Bristol White Sox players
Burlington Bees players
Charlotte Knights players
Diablos Rojos del México players
Great Falls White Sox players
Guerreros de Oaxaca players
Gulf Coast White Sox players
Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Mexican League baseball right fielders
Saraperos de Saltillo players
Winston-Salem Warthogs players
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players
People from Mulegé Municipality


BFC Meteor 06 is a German association football club from the city of Berlin. Established 1 June 1906, the team appeared intermittently in first division play in the 1920s and early 1930s and was a second tier fixture throughout the 1950s.

History

Berliner Fußball-Club Meteor was an undistinguished side in its early years, playing in lower tier city competition. In 1918, during World War I, the team briefly played as part of the combined wartime side Kriegsvereinigung Meteor/Roland Berlin with Roland 04 Berlin. They went on to play half a dozen seasons in the Oberliga Berlin (I) between 1922 and 1932, but were never able to place better than seventh. During World War II, the team was again partnered with another club, and spent the 1944–45 season as part of Kriegspielgemeinschaft Meteor/NNW Berlin alongside SV Norden-Nordwest Berlin.

Following the war, occupying Allied authorities disbanded most organizations throughout the country, including sports and football associations. New clubs were soon established and the former memberships of Meteor and Reinickendorfer Fußball-Club Alt-Holland were re-organized as Sportgemeinshaft Schäfersee Berlin. Some time in 1948 the club was renamed SG Blau-Gelb Wedding before Meteor was reformed as a separate side in April 1949 with Alt-Holland following suit in 1950.

Meteor joined the Amateurliga Berlin (II) in the 1952–53 season where they competed as a middling side. They were sent down in 1960 and rejoined the Amateurliga Berlin, now a third tier circuit following the formation of the Bundesliga and Regionalliga (II), in 1963. The performance of the team improved and after a second-place result in 1968 they advanced to the Regionalliga for a two-year turn. Another second-place finish in 1971 returned Meteor to second division play for a single season. A last place finish in the Amateurliga in 1974 saw the club slip away to lower-tier competition.

References

External links
Official team site
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables

Football clubs in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1906
Football clubs in Berlin
BFC Meteor 06


Selvarajan Yesudian or Selva Raja Yesudian (February 25, 1916, in Madras – October 26, 1998, in Zürich) was a yoga teacher and author. He is in particular known for a book he co-authored with Elisabeth Haich: Sport és Jóga - Budapest 1941, Sport und Yoga 1949, in English-speaking countries released as Yoga and Health.

Life
Selvarajan Yesudian arrived in Hungary from India in 1937 and founded Europe's first yoga school in Budapest with Elisabeth Haich (in Hungarian: Haich Erzsébet) in 1941. After World War II in 1948 they had to close their school, when the communist regime came to power in the Soviet occupied country, and fled to Switzerland. They settled and founded their new yoga school there, which became well known and had an international reputation in the following decades; many yoga students from Germany visited him to learn about yoga.

Bibliography

 SelvaRajan Yesudian, Elisabeth Haich, Sport és jóga (Eng: Sport and yoga), Budapest, 1941, 1942, 1992, 2001, 2004.
 ———, Jóga és az Európai Önnevelés (Eng: Yoga and European self-education), Urbányi-Nyomda Budapest, 1943.
 ———, Elisabeth Haich, Mi a jóga? (Eng: What is yoga?), 1943, 2006. ill. in the title of: Rádzsa jóga 1996.
 ———, Jóga-sport dióhéjban, Budapest.
 ———, Sorsunk és a jóga, Budapest.
 ———, Az erő, egészség és fiatalság megőrzésének módja ősi hindu lélegző- és testgyakorlatok útján, Budapest.
 ———, Jóga hétről hétre. Gyakorlatok és meditációk egész évre Budapest.
 ———, Elisabeth Haich, Sport und Yoga, 1949.
 ———, Yoga in den zwei Welten; Thielle, 1951.
 ———, Elisabeth Haich, "Yoga and Health"  1953 Harper and Brothers, NYC.
 ———, Yoga im heutigen Lebenskampf; Thielle, 1954.
 ———,  Der Tag mit Yoga; Stuttgart 1959.
 ———, Selbsterziehung durch Yoga, Eduard Fankhauser, 1961, Thielle, 1961.
 ———, Yoga und Schicksal; Stuttgart, 1962.
 ———, Raja-Yoga; Thielle 1966.
 ———, Hatha-Yoga; München, 1971.
 ———, Elisabeth Haich, Hatha-yoga: Übungsbuch. Fortsetzung von Sport und Yoga Drei-Eichen-Verlag, 1971.
 ———, Steh auf und sei frei: Gedanken und Gespräche über Yoga, 1989.
 ———, Elisabeth Haich, "Sport en Yoga, (Hatha-Yoga)"; N. Kluwer, Deventer, 1957.

References

External links

 Yesudian Yoga Homepage

1916 births
1998 deaths
Indian yoga teachers
20th-century Hungarian people
20th-century Swiss people


A taxi or taxicab is a vehicle for hire with a driver.

Taxi may also refer to:

Film and TV

Film
 Taxi!, a 1932 film starring James Cagney
 Taxi (1953 film), a 1953 American film starring Dan Dailey
 Taxi!, a 1970 South African film starring Tony Jay
 Taxi!!!, a 1978 made-for-TV drama
 Taxi (1996 film), a 1996 Spanish film directed by Carlos Saura
 Taxi (film series), French action-comedy movies
 Taxi (1998 film), a 1998 film directed by Gérard Pirès
 Taxi 2, a 2000 sequel to the above film, directed by Gérard Krawczyk
 Taxi 3, a 2003 sequel to the above films, directed by Gérard Krawczyk
 Taxi 4, a 2007 sequel to the above films, directed by Gérard Krawczyk
 Taxi 5, a 2018 sequel to the above films, directed by Frank Gastambide
 Taxi (2004 film), American remake of the 1998 film, directed by Tim Story
 Taxi (2015 film), a 2015 Iranian film, directed by Jafar Panahi which is also known as Taxi Tehran

Television
 Taxi (TV series), an American sitcom that originally aired from 1978 to 1983
 Taxi! (British TV series), a British television comedy-drama series with Sid James (1963–64)
 Taxi Brooklyn, a French-American television series inspired by the Taxi franchise

Music
 Taxi (Romanian band), a Romanian pop band
 Taxi (Portuguese band), a Portuguese rock band
 Taxi (Gibraltar band), a Gibraltarian pop rock band

Albums
 Taxi (Bryan Ferry album), a 1993 album by Bryan Ferry
 Taxi (Nikos Karvelas album), 1983

Songs
 "Taxi Cab", a song by American musical duo Twenty One Pilots
 "Taxi" (song), a 1972 song by Harry Chapin
 "Taxi", a 1983 song by J. Blackfoot
 "Taxi Cab", a 2010 song by Vampire Weekend from their album Contra
 "El Taxi", a 2015 song by Osmani García ft. Pitbull and Sensato from Pitbull album Dale
 "Taxi", a 2020 song by the Nova Twins

Other uses
 Taxi (book), a 2007 collection of stories by the Egyptian writer Khaled al-Khamissi
 Taxi (chocolate), a chocolate biscuit
 Taxi (pinball), a pinball machine
 Taxiing, moving an aircraft on the ground under its own power

See also
 TAXI (disambiguation)
 Taxi Driver (disambiguation)
 Taxi Taxi (disambiguation)
 Taxicab geometry
 Taxicab number
 Taxis, in biology, is a behavioural response
 Taxis, in rhetoric, see Dispositio
 Thurn und Taxis, German princely family, key player in the postal services of 16th-century Europe
 Rádio Táxi, a pop rock band from Brazil
 Taxis (biology)


Davenport House may refer to:

United Kingdom
Davenport House, Duntisbourne Abbots, Gloucestershire, England
Davenport House, Worfield, Shropshire, England

United States
Davenport House (Franklin Township, Michigan)
Davenport House (New Rochelle, New York)
Davenport House (Creswell, North Carolina)
Davenport House (Greer, South Carolina)
Hanford Davenport House, New Canaan, Connecticut
Deacon John Davenport House, Stamford, Connecticut
Isaiah Davenport House, Savannah, Georgia
Davenport-Bradfield House, Sheridan, Indiana
Lispenard-Rodman-Davenport House, New Rochelle, New York


Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom deriving from Greek mythology, which has been associated with the proverbial advice "to choose the lesser of two evils". Several other idioms, such as "on the horns of a dilemma", "between the devil and the deep blue sea", and "between a rock and a hard place" express similar meanings. The mythical situation also developed a proverbial use in which seeking to choose between equally dangerous extremes is seen as leading inevitably to disaster.

The myth and its proverbial use

Scylla and Charybdis were mythical sea monsters noted by Homer; Greek mythology sited them on opposite sides of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Calabria, on the Italian mainland. Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on the Calabrian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily. They were regarded as maritime hazards located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa. According to Homer's account, Odysseus was advised to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool.

Because of such stories, the bad result of having to navigate between the two hazards eventually entered proverbial use. Erasmus recorded it in his Adagia (1515) under the Latin form of evitata Charybdi in Scyllam incidi (having escaped Charybdis I fell into Scylla) and also provided a Greek equivalent. After relating the Homeric account and reviewing other connected uses, he went on to explain that the proverb could be applied in three different ways. In circumstances where there is no escape without some cost, the correct course is to "choose the lesser of two evils". Alternatively it may signify that the risks are equally great, whatever one does. A third use is in circumstances where a person has gone too far in avoiding one extreme and has tumbled into its opposite. In this context Erasmus quoted another line that had become proverbial, incidit in Scyllam cupiēns vītāre Charybdem (into Scylla he fell, wishing to avoid Charybdis). This final example was a line from the Alexandreis, a 12th-century Latin epic poem by Walter of Châtillon.

The myth was later given an allegorical interpretation by the French poet Barthélemy Aneau in his emblem book Picta Poesis (1552). There one is advised, much in the spirit of the commentary of Erasmus, that the risk of being envied for wealth or reputation is preferable to being swallowed by the Charybdis of poverty: "Choose the lesser of these evils. A wise man would rather be envied than miserable." Erasmus too had associated the proverb about choosing the lesser of two evils, as well as Walter of Châtillon’s line, with the Classical adage. A later English translation glossed the adage's meaning with a third proverb, that of "falling, as we say, out of the frying pan into the fire, in which form the proverb has been adopted by the French, the Italians and the Spanish." Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable also treated the English proverb as an established equivalent of the allusion to falling from Scylla into Charybdis.

Cultural references

The story was often applied to political situations at a later date. In James Gillray's cartoon, Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis (3 June 1793), 'William Pitt helms the ship Constitution, containing an alarmed Britannia, between the rock of democracy (with the liberty cap on its summit) and the whirlpool of arbitrary power (in the shape of an inverted crown), to the distant haven of liberty'. This was in the context of the effect of the French Revolution on politics in Britain. That the dilemma had still to be resolved in the aftermath of the revolution is suggested by Percy Bysshe Shelley's returning to the idiom in his 1820 essay A Defence of Poetry: "The rich have become richer, and the poor have become poorer; and the vessel of the state is driven between the Scylla and Charybdis of anarchy and despotism."

A later Punch caricature by John Tenniel, dated 10 October 1863, pictures the prime minister Lord Palmerston carefully steering the British ship of state between the perils of Scylla, a craggy rock in the form of a grim-visaged Abraham Lincoln, and Charybdis, a whirlpool which foams and froths into a likeness of Jefferson Davis. A shield emblazoned "Neutrality" hangs on the ship's thwarts, referring to how Palmerston tried to maintain a strict impartiality towards both combatants in the American Civil War. American satirical magazine Puck also used the myth in a caricature by F. Graetz, dated November 26, 1884, in which the unmarried president-elect Grover Cleveland rows desperately between snarling monsters captioned "Mother-in-law" and "Office Seekers".

Victor Hugo uses the equivalent French idiom (tomber de Charybde en Scylla) in his novel Les Misérables (1862), again in a political context, as a metaphor for the staging of two rebel barricades during the climactic uprising in Paris, around which the final events of the book culminate. The first chapter of the final volume is entitled "The Charybdis of the Faubourg Saint Antoine and the Scylla of the Faubourg du Temple".

By the time of Nicholas Monsarrat's 1951 war novel, The Cruel Sea, however, the upper-class junior officer, Morell, is teased by his middle-class peer, Lockhart, for using such a phrase. Nevertheless, the idiom has since taken on new life in pop lyrics. In The Police's 1983 single "Wrapped Around Your Finger", the second line uses it as a metaphor for being in a dangerous relationship; this is reinforced by a later mention of the similar idiom of "the devil and the deep blue sea". American heavy metal band Trivium also referenced the idiom in "Torn Between Scylla and Charybdis", a track from their 2008 album Shogun, in which the lyrics are about having to choose "between death and doom".

In 2014 Graham Waterhouse composed a piano quartet, Skylla and Charybdis, premiered at the Gasteig in Munich. According to his programme note, though its four movements "do not refer specifically to the protagonists or to events connected with the famous legend", their dynamic is linked subjectively to  images connected with it "conjoured up in the composer's mind during the writing".

See also
Catch-22 (logic)
Dilemma
Hobson's choice
Lesser of two evils principle
Morton's fork
Out of the frying pan into the fire

References

External links
Odyssey in Ancient Greek and translation from Perseus Project, with hyperlinks to grammatical and mythological commentary

Dilemmas
English-language idioms
Phrases and idioms derived from Greek mythology


Hydrofluoroethers (HFE) are a class of organic solvents. As non-ozone-depleting chemicals, they were developed originally as a replacement for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and PFCs. They are typically colorless, odorless, tasteless, low toxicity, low viscosity, and liquid at room temperature. The boiling point of HFEs vary from 50 °C to nearly 100 °C. Although 3M first developed HFEs, other manufacturers have begun producing them.

Applications
Industrial uses are many and varied, including:
 Vapor de-greasing solvent
 Refrigerant and heat-transfer fluid
 Anhydrous fluid cleaner
They are sometimes applied as blends such as HFE 7100, which is a mixture of methyl nonafluorobutyl ether (methoxyperfluorobutane) and methyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether.

3M produces hydrofluoroether compounds under the names Novec 7000, 7100, 7200, 7300, 7500, and 7700 as liquid coolants for many applications including full immersion cooling of computer electronics.

Environmental Impact
Due to high molecular weights, HFEs remain in the atmosphere for less than two weeks, being absorbed into the ground rather than remaining dissolved in the atmosphere. Although HFEs are greenhouse gases, the EPA does not regulate their use due to the short atmospheric lifetimes and zero ozone depletion potential compared to alternative chemicals.

See also
Immersion cooling
Liquid dielectric
Novec 649 and 774
Fluorinert

External links
Heat transfer applications using 3M Novec Engineered Fluids

References

Coolants
Ethers
Liquid dielectrics
Organofluorides


A taxi, also known as a taxicab or simply a cab, is a type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride. A taxicab conveys passengers between locations of their choice. This differs from public transport where the pick-up and drop-off locations are decided by the service provider, not by the customers, although demand responsive transport and share taxis provide a hybrid bus/taxi mode.

There are four distinct forms of taxicab, which can be identified by slightly differing terms in different countries:
 Hackney carriages, also known as public hire, hailed or street taxis, licensed for hailing throughout communities
 Private hire vehicles, also known as minicabs or private hire taxis, licensed for pre-booking only
 Taxibuses, also come in many variations throughout the developing countries as jitneys or jeepney, operating on pre-set routes typified by multiple stops and multiple independent passengers
 Limousines, specialized vehicle licensed for operation by pre-booking

Although types of vehicles and methods of regulation, hiring, dispatching, and negotiating payment differ significantly from country to country, many common characteristics exist. Disputes over whether ridesharing companies should be regulated as taxicabs resulted in some jurisdictions creating new regulations for these services.

Etymology

The word taxicab is a compound word formed as a contraction of taximeter and cabriolet. Taximeter is an adaptation of the German word Taxameter, which is itself a variant of the earlier German word Taxanom. Taxe /ˈtaksə/ is a German word meaning "tax", "charge", or "scale of charges". The Medieval Latin word taxa also means tax or charge. Taxi may ultimately be attributed to Ancient Greek τάξις from τάσσω meaning "to place in a certain order," as in commanding an orderly battle line, or in ordaining the payment of taxes, to the extent that  (taxidi), meaning "journey" in Modern Greek, initially denoted an orderly military march or campaign. Meter is from the Greek  (metron) meaning "measure." A cabriolet is a type of horse-drawn carriage; the word comes from French cabrioler ("to leap, caper"), from Italian capriolare ("to somersault"), from Latin capreolus ("roebuck", "wild goat"). In most European languages that word has taken on the meaning of a convertible car.

The taxicabs of Paris were equipped with the first meters beginning on 9 March 1898. They were originally called taxibread, then renamed taximètres on 17 October 1904.

Harry Nathaniel Allen of The New York Taxicab Company, who imported the first 600 gas-powered New York City taxicabs from France in 1907, borrowed the word "taxicab" from London, where the word was in use by early 1907.

A popular but erroneous account holds that the vehicles were named after Franz von Taxis from the house of Thurn and Taxis, a 16th-century postmaster for Philip of Burgundy, and his nephew Johann Baptiste von Taxis, General Postmaster for the Holy Roman Empire. Both instituted fast and reliable postal services (conveying letters, with some post routes transporting people) across Europe.

History

Hackney carriages

Horse-drawn for-hire hackney carriage services began operating in both Paris and London in the early 17th century. The first documented public hackney coach service for hire was in London in 1605. In 1625 carriages were made available for hire from innkeepers in London and the first taxi rank appeared on the Strand outside the Maypole Inn in 1636. In 1635 the Hackney Carriage Act was passed by Parliament to legalise horse-drawn carriages for hire. Coaches were hired out by innkeepers to merchants and visitors. A further "Ordinance for the Regulation of Hackney-Coachmen in London and the places adjacent" was approved by Parliament in 1654 and the first hackney-carriage licences were issued in 1662.

A similar service was started by Nicolas Sauvage in Paris in 1637. His vehicles were known as fiacres, as the main vehicle depot apparently was opposite a shrine to Saint Fiacre. (The term fiacre is still used in French to describe a horse-drawn vehicle for hire, while the German term Fiaker is used, especially in Austria, to refer to the same thing.)

Hansoms

The hansom cab was designed and patented in 1834 by Joseph Hansom, an architect from York as a substantial improvement on the old hackney carriages. These two-wheel vehicles were fast, light enough to be pulled by a single horse (making the journey cheaper than travelling in a larger four-wheel coach) were agile enough to steer around horse-drawn vehicles in the notorious traffic jams of nineteenth-century London and had a low centre of gravity for safe cornering. Hansom's original design was modified by John Chapman and several others to improve its practicability, but retained Hansom's name.

These soon replaced the hackney carriage as a vehicle for hire. They quickly spread to other cities in the United Kingdom, as well as continental European cities, particularly Paris, Berlin, and St Petersburg. The cab was introduced to other British Empire cities and to the United States during the late 19th century, being most commonly used in New York City.

The first cab service in Toronto, "The City", was established in 1837 by Thornton Blackburn, an ex-slave whose escape when captured in Detroit was the impetus for the Blackburn Riots.

Modern taxicabs

Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. In London, Walter Bersey designed a fleet of such cabs and introduced them to the streets of London on 19 August 1897. They were soon nicknamed 'Hummingbirds' due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made. In the same year in New York City, the Samuel's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs. The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company.

The modern taximeter was invented and perfected by a trio of German inventors; Wilhelm Friedrich Nedler, Ferdinand Dencker and Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn. The Daimler Victoria—the world's first gasoline-powered taximeter-cab—was built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897 and began operating in Stuttgart in 1897. Gasoline-powered taxicabs began operating in Paris in 1899, in London in 1903, and in New York in 1907. The New York taxicabs were initially imported from France by Harry N. Allen owner of the Allen-Kingston Motor Car Company. Their manufacturing took place at Bristol Engineering in Bristol, Connecticut where the first domestically produced Taxicabs were built in 1908, designed by Fred E. Moskovics who had worked at Daimler in the late 1890s. Albert F. Rockwell was the owner of Bristol and his wife suggested he paint his taxicabs yellow to maximise his vehicles' visibility. Moskovics was one of the organizers of the first Yellow Taxicab Company in New York.

Taxicabs proliferated around the world in the early 20th century. The first major innovation after the invention of the taximeter occurred in the late 1940s, when two-way radios first appeared in taxicabs. Radios enabled taxicabs and dispatch offices to communicate and serve customers more efficiently than previous methods, such as using callboxes. The next major innovation occurred in the 1980s when computer assisted dispatching was first introduced.

As military and emergency transport

Paris taxis played a memorable part in the French victory at First Battle of the Marne in the First World War. On 7 September 1914, the Military Governor of Paris, Joseph Gallieni, gathered about six hundred taxicabs at Les Invalides in central Paris to carry soldiers to the front at Nanteuil-le Haudouin, fifty kilometers away. Within twenty-four hours about six thousand soldiers and officers were moved to the front. Each taxi carried five soldiers, four in the back and one next to the driver. Only the back lights of the taxis were lit; the drivers were instructed to follow the lights of the taxi ahead. The Germans were surprised and were pushed back by the French and British armies. Most of the taxis were demobilized on 8 September but some remained longer to carry the wounded and refugees. The taxis, following city regulations, dutifully ran their meters. The French treasury reimbursed the total fare of 70,012 francs. The military impact of the soldiers moved by taxi was small in the huge scale of the Battle of the Marne, but the effect on French morale was enormous; it became the symbol of the solidarity between the French army and citizens. It was also the first recorded large-scale use of motorized infantry in battle.

The Birmingham pub bombings on 21 November 1974, which killed 21 people and injured 182, presented emergency services with unprecedented peacetime demands. According to eyewitness accounts, the fire officer in charge, knowing the 40 ambulances he requested were unlikely to be available, requested the Taxi Owners Association to transport the injured to the nearby Birmingham Accident Hospital and Birmingham General Hospital.

Vehicles

Taxi services are typically provided by automobiles, but in some countries various human-powered vehicles, (such as the rickshaw or pedicab) and animal-powered vehicles (such as the Hansom cab) or even boats (such as water taxies or gondolas) are also used or have been used historically. In Western Europe, Bissau, and to an extent, Australia, it is not uncommon for expensive cars such as Mercedes-Benz to be the taxicab of choice. Often this decision is based upon the perceived reliability of, and warranty offered with these vehicles. These taxi-service vehicles are almost always equipped with four-cylinder turbodiesel engines and relatively low levels of equipment, and are not considered luxury cars. This has changed though in countries such as Denmark, where tax regulation makes it profitable to sell the vehicles after a few years of service, which requires the cars to be well equipped and kept in good condition.

Cities like London and Tokyo have implemented specific regulations like London's Conditions of Fitness that dictate size, fuel efficiency, emissions, and accessibility standards far stricter than that for private vehicles. Much like the NY Checker cabs of the 60s-80s, the unique attributes of the city often make the vehicles built to fit those requirements ubiquitous to its livery fleets, and often becomes an iconic image of the city itself.

Although New York City's efforts to implement new regulations has stumbled in its efforts to mandate both a hybrid and wheelchair-accessible vehicle, London and Tokyo's efforts have yielded unique vehicles such the LEVC TX and Toyota JPN Taxi that meet and exceed modern emissions and accessibility requirements for the future, and will hopefully soon extend to other cities as older models get rotated out of the bigger cities and into smaller markets. Modifications of existing minivans such as the Mercedes Vito London Taxi and the Nissan NV200 have been introduced as a stopgap measures to fill the need for alternative products, however their acceptance by drivers is yet to be seen.

Wheelchair-accessible taxicabs

In recent years, some companies have been adding specially modified vehicles capable of transporting wheelchair-using passengers to their fleets. Such taxicabs are variously called accessible taxis, wheelchair- or wheelchair-accessible taxicabs, modified taxicabs, or "maxicabs".

Wheelchair taxicabs are most often specially modified vans or minivans. Wheelchair-using passengers are loaded, with the help of the driver, via a lift or, more commonly, a ramp, at the rear of the vehicle. This feature is however a subject for concern amongst Licensing Authorities who feel that the wheelchair passenger could not easily exit the vehicle in the event of accident damage to the rear door. The latest generation of accessible taxis features side loading with emergency egress possible from either of the 2 side doors as well as the rear. The wheelchair is secured using various systems, commonly including some type of belt and clip combination, or wheel locks. Some wheelchair taxicabs are capable of transporting only one wheelchair-using passenger at a time, and can usually accommodate 4 to 6 additional non-disabled passengers.

Wheelchair taxicabs are part of the regular fleet in most cases, and so are not reserved exclusively for the use of wheelchair users. They are often used by non-disabled people who need to transport luggage, small items of furniture, animals, and other items. Because of this, and since only a small percentage of the average fleet is modified, wheelchair users must often wait for significantly longer periods when calling for a cab, and flagging a modified taxicab on the street is much more difficult.

Other

Taxicabs in less developed places can be a completely different experience, such as the antique French cars typically found in Cairo. However, starting in March 2006, newer modern taxicabs entered the service operated by various private companies. Taxicabs differ in other ways as well: London's black cabs have a large compartment beside the driver for storing bags, while many fleets of regular taxis also include wheelchair accessible taxicabs among their numbers (see above). Although taxicabs have traditionally been sedans, minivans, hatchbacks and even SUV taxicabs are becoming increasingly common. In many cities, limousines operate as well, usually in competition with taxicabs and at higher fares.

Recently, with growing concern for the environment, there have been solar powered taxicabs. On 20 April 2008, a "solar taxi tour" was launched that aimed to tour 15 countries in 18 months in a solar taxi that can reach speeds of 90 km/h with zero emission. The aim of the tour was to spread knowledge about environmental protection.

Livery

Most taxi companies have some sort of livery on the vehicle, depending on the type of taxi (taxi, cab, private hire, chauffeur), country, region and operator.

Hiring

Most places allow a taxi to be "hailed" or "flagged" on the side of the street as it is approaching. Another option is a taxi stand (sometimes also called a "cab stand," "hack stand," "taxi rank," or "cab rank"). Taxi stands are usually located at airports, railway stations, major retail areas (malls), hotels and other places where a large number of passengers are likely to be found. In some places—Japan, for example—taxi stands are arranged according to the size of the taxis, so that large- and small-capacity cabs line up separately. The taxi at the front of the line is due (barring unusual circumstances) for the next fare.

Passengers also commonly call a central dispatch office for taxis. In some jurisdictions, private hire vehicles can only be hired from the dispatch office, and must be assigned each fare by the office by radio or phone. Picking up passengers off the street in these areas can lead to suspension or revocation of the driver's taxi license, or even prosecution.

Other areas may have a mix of the two systems, where drivers may respond to radio calls and also pick up street fares.

Passengers may also hire taxicabs via mobile apps. While not directly involving the call center, the taxis are still monitored by the dispatcher through GPS tracking. Many taxicab companies, including Gett, Easy Taxi, and GrabTaxi provide mobile apps.

Dispatching

The activity of taxi fleets is usually monitored and controlled by a central office, which provides dispatching, accounting, and human resources services to one or more taxi companies. Taxi owners and drivers usually communicate with the dispatch office through either a 2-way radio or a computer terminal (called a mobile data terminal). Before the innovation of radio dispatch in the 1950s, taxi drivers would use a callbox—a special telephone at a taxi stand—to contact the dispatch office.

When a customer calls for a taxi, a trip is dispatched by either radio or computer, via an in-vehicle mobile data terminal, to the most suitable cab. The most suitable cab may either be the one closest to the pick-up address (often determined by GPS coordinates nowadays) or the one that was the first to book into the "zone" surrounding the pickup address. Cabs are sometimes dispatched from their taxi stands; a call to "Top of the 2" means that the first cab in line at stand #2 is supposed to pick someone up.

In offices using radio dispatch, taxi locations are often tracked using magnetic pegs on a "board"—a metal sheet with an engraved map of taxi zones. In computerized dispatch, the status of taxis is tracked by the computer system.

Taxi frequencies are generally licensed in duplex pairs. One frequency is used for the dispatcher to talk to the cabs, and a second frequency is used to the cabs to talk back. This means that the drivers generally cannot talk to each other. Some cabs have a CB radio in addition to the company radio so they can speak to each other.

In the United States, there is a Taxicab Radio Service with pairs assigned for this purpose. A taxi company can also be licensed in the Business Radio Service. Business frequencies in the UHF range are also licensed in pairs to allow for repeaters, though taxi companies usually use the pair for duplex communications.

Taxi dispatch is evolving in connection to the telecom sector with the advent of smart-phones. In some countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK and USA, smartphone applications are emerging that connect taxi drivers directly with passengers for the purpose of dispatching taxi jobs, launching new battles for the marketing of such apps over the potential mass of Taxi users.

Taxi fares are set by the state and city where they are permitted to operate. The fare includes the 'drop', a set amount that is tallied for getting into the taxi plus the 'per kilometer' rate as has been set by the city. The taxi meters track time as well as distance in an average taxi fare.

Drivers and companies

In the United States, a nut is industry slang for the amount of money a driver has to pay upfront to lease a taxi for a specific period of time. Once that amount is collected in fare, the driver then begins to make a profit. A driver "on the nut" is trying to earn back the initial cost. This varies from city to city though, in Las Vegas, Nevada, all taxicabs are owned and operated by the companies and all drivers are employees (hence no initial cost and earn a percentage of each fare). So "on the nut" simply means to be next in a taxi stand to receive a passenger.  Additionally, some cab companies are owned cooperatively, with profits shared through democratic governance.

Regulatory compliance and training

Australia
Different states have different regulations for taxi driver registration and compliance:
 New South Wales: There is an annual taxi licence determination which sets the maximum number of taxis allowed in specified areas. To be eligible you must have a taxi licence which is available from ABLIS. The industry body is the NSW Taxi Council and it provides a pathway to becoming a taxi driver.
 Northern Territory: Apply for a Commercial Passenger Vehicle licence (H endorsement) and ID card.
 Queensland: Apply for a driver authorisation.
 South Australia: Apply for South Australian driver accreditation with the SA government then complete training with a registered training provider.
 Tasmania
 Victoria: Drivers apply to the Taxi Services Commission to get a driver accreditation
 Western Australia

New Zealand
New Zealand taxi drivers fall under the definition of a Small Passenger Service Vehicle driver. They must have a P (passenger) endorsement on their driver licence. Until 1 October 2017, all drivers wanting to obtain a P endorsement had to complete a P endorsement course, but that requirement was removed as a result of lobbying by Uber who had been flouting the law.

Drivers must comply with work-time rules and maintain a logbook, with the onus on training falling on companies and drivers since the P endorsement course was abandoned.

The New Zealand Taxi Federation is the national advocacy group for taxi companies within New Zealand.

Navigation

Most experienced taxi drivers who have been working in the same city or region for a while would be expected to know the most important streets and places where their customers request to go. However, to aid the process of manual navigation and the taxi driver's memory (and the customer's as well at times) a cab driver is usually equipped with a detailed roadmap of the area in which they work. There is also an increasing use of GPS driven navigational systems in wealthier countries.

In London, despite the complex and haphazard road layout, such aids have only recently been employed by a small number of 'black cab' taxi (as opposed to minicab) drivers. Instead, they are required to undergo a demanding process of learning and testing called The Knowledge. This typically takes around three years and equips them with a detailed command of 25,000 streets within central London, major routes outside this area, and all buildings and other destinations to which passengers may ask to be taken.

Environmental concerns

Taxicabs have been both criticized for creating pollution and also praised as an environmentally responsible alternative to private car use.

One study, published in the journal Atmospheric Environment in January 2006, showed that the level of pollution that Londoners are exposed to differs according to the mode of transport that they use. When in the back seat of a taxicab people were exposed the most, while walking exposing people to the lowest amount of pollution.

Alternative energy and propulsion

In Australia, nearly all taxis run on LPG, as well as the growing fleet of hybrids. Argentina and the main cities of Brazil have large fleets of taxis running on natural gas. Many Brazilian taxis are flexible-fuel vehicles running on sugarcane ethanol, and some are equipped to run on either natural gas or as a flex-fuel. At least two Brazilian car makers sell these type of bi-fuel vehicles.

Malaysia and Singapore have many of their taxicabs running on compressed natural gas (CNG).

San Francisco became in 2005 one of the first cities to introduce hybrids for taxi service, with a fleet of 15 Ford Escape Hybrids, and by 2009 the original Escape Hybrids were retired after  per vehicle. In 2007 the city approved the Clean Air Taxi Grant Program in order to encourage cab companies to purchase alternative fuel vehicles, by providing incentives of US$2,000 per new alternative fuel vehicle on a first-come, first-served basis. Out of a total of 1,378 eligible vehicles (wheelchair-accessible taxi-vans are excluded) 788 are alternative fuel vehicles, representing 57% of the San Francisco's taxicab fleet by March 2010. Gasoline-electric hybrids accounted for 657 green taxis and compressed natural gas vehicles for 131.

As of mid-2009 New York City had 2,019 hybrid taxis and 12 clean diesel vehicles, representing 15% of New York's 13,237 taxis in service, the most in any city in North America. At this time owners began retiring its original hybrid fleet after  per vehicle. Two attempts by the Bloomberg Administration to implement policies to force the replacement of all New York's 13,000 taxis for hybrids by 2012 have been blocked by court rulings.

Chicago is following New York City's lead by proposing a mandate for Chicago's entire fleet of 6,700 taxicabs to become hybrid by 1 January 2014. As of 2008 Chicago's fleet had only 50 hybrid taxicabs. In 2008 Boston mandated that its entire taxi fleet must be converted to hybrids by 2015. Arlington, Virginia also has a small fleet of 85 environmentally friendly hybrid cabs introduced in early 2008. The green taxi expansion is part of a county campaign known as Fresh AIRE, or Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emissions, and included a new all-hybrid taxi company called EnviroCAB, which became the first all-hybrid taxicab fleet in the United States, and the first carbon-negative taxicab company in the world A similar all-hybrid taxicab company, Clean Air Cab, was launched in Phoenix, Arizona in October 2009.

In Japan, electric taxicabs are becoming increasingly popular. In 2009, battery-swap company Better Place teamed with the Japanese government to trial a fleet of electric taxis with the Better Place battery-swap system in Yokohama. In 2010, the taxi company Hinomaru Linousine Company launched two Mitsubishi i MiEV electric taxicabs in Tokyo. Both taxicabs had female drivers and were branded under ZeRO TAXI livery.

Hybrid taxis are becoming more and more common in Canada, with all new taxis in British Columbia being hybrids, or other fuel efficient vehicles, such as the Toyota Prius or Toyota Corolla. Hybrids such as the Ford Escape Hybrid are slowly being added to the taxicab fleet in Mexico City.

Other cities where taxi service is available with hybrid vehicles include Tokyo, London, Sydney, Rome and Singapore. Seoul introduced the first LPI hybrid taxi in December 2009. The internal combustion engine runs on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel.

In 2010 Beijing, China introduced electric taxis. A trial run began in March 2010 with taxis being cheaper than their regular gasoline counterparts.

International trade association
The Taxicab, Limousine & Paratransit Association (TLPA) was established in 1917 in the United States, and is a non-profit trade association of and for the private passenger transportation industry. Today its membership spans the globe and includes 1,100 taxicab companies, executive sedan and limousine services, airport shuttle fleets, non-emergency medical transportation companies, and paratransit services.

In April 2011, TLPA announced a nationwide "Transportation on Patrol" initiative. The TOP program gives local police departments the materials they need to train volunteer taxi drivers to be good witnesses and watch out for criminal behavior.

Occupational hazards
Taxicab drivers are at risk for homicide at a far higher rate than the general working population in the United States (7.4 per 100,000 and 0.37 per 100,000, respectively). In efforts to reduce homicides, bulletproof partitions were introduced in many taxicabs in the 1990s, and in the 21st century, security cameras were added to many taxicabs. Security cameras have been shown to be more effective when implemented by cities and not taxicab companies. Cab drivers also work together to protect one another both from physical threats and passengers who refuse to pay.

Also, in some countries, it is reported that taxi drivers involve in more unsafe driving behaviors. Taxi drivers' feelings about their occupation, including traffic chaos, social prestige, economic pressure, and job satisfaction, may impact on the subsequent driving behaviors.

Regulation

Support of deregulation
Supporters of taxicab deregulation may argue that deregulation causes the following benefits:
 lower prices, because more taxis are competing on the market;
 lower operating costs, incentivized by the competition;
 the competition adds quality and the pressure to enhance one's reputation;
 new innovations such as shared-ride markets and special services for disabled people, new market niches;
 the demand for taxi services increases, as the prices fall and the quality improves.

However, there appears to be a consensus that taxi deregulation has been less impressive than advocates had hoped. Possible reasons include overestimation of what deregulation could deliver and insufficiently thorough deregulation Some also emphasize that the strong cab-driver subculture, itself, ("The Last American Cowboys"), provides its own form of informal regulation.

Deregulation advocates may claim that the taxi service level increases most in the poorest sections of the city. The effect is highest in peak hours and bad weather, when the demand is highest.

Deregulation advocates also may claim that, in a deregulated environment:
black market taxis become legal, possibly eliminating their problems,
 cities save money, as they do not have to plan and enforce regulation.

In nearly all deregulating cities the number of taxis increased, more people were employed as drivers, and deregulation advocates claim needs were better satisfied.

Existing taxi companies may try to limit competition by potential new entrants. For example, in New York City the monopoly advantage for taxi license holders was $590 million in the early 1980s. The city has 1400 fewer licenses than in 1937. Proponents of deregulation argue that the main losers are the car-less poor and disabled people. Taxi owners form a strong lobby network that marginalizes drivers and taxi users. It also pays local government officials to uphold taxi regulation. The regulators usually do not wish to rise against the taxi-owner lobby. The politicians do not want taxi drivers to have a negative opinion of them.

Taxi deregulation proponents claims that immigrants and other poor minorities suffer most from taxi regulation, because the work requires relatively little education. Regulation makes entrance to the taxi business particularly difficult for them. People who are elderly, disabled, housewives and poor use taxis more often than others.

According to Moore and Rose, it is better to address potential problems of deregulation directly instead of regulating the number of taxi licences. For example, if the regulators want to increase safety, they should make safety statutes or publish a public list of safe taxi operators.

Proponents of deregulation also claim that if officials want to regulate prices they should standardize the measures rather than command prices. For example, they may require that any distance tariffs are set for the first 1/5 miles and then for every subsequent 1/3 miles, to make it easier to compare the prices of different taxis. They should not prohibit other pricing than distance pricing. Deregulation advocates claim that regulators only have a very limited information on the market.

Black market taxis often have problems with safety, poor customer service, and fares. This situation is made worse because customer who patronize such taxis cannot complain to the police or media. However, proponent of taxi deregulation argue that when these illegal taxis become legalized, their behavior will improve and complaints to officials about these formerly illegal taxis would be allowed.

Taxi companies claim that deregulation may lead to an unstable taxi market. However, one pro-deregulation study by Kitch, Isaacson and Kasper claims that the previous argument is a myth because it ignores the U.S. free taxi competition up to 1929.

Airport taxis as a special case
Some deregulation proponents are less opposed to airport taxi regulation than to regulation of other taxi services. They argue that if an airport regulates prices for taxis in its taxi queues, such regulation has fewer disadvantages than citywide regulation. An airport may determine prices or organize different queues for taxi services of different qualities and prices. It can be argued whether rules set by the owner of an airport are regulation or just a business model.

Partial deregulation as a failure
Proponents of deregulation argue that partial deregulation is the cause of many cases of deregulation failing to achieve desirable results in United States cities. Many U.S. cities retained regulations on prices and services while allowing for free entrance to taxi business. Deregulation advocates argue that this prevented market mechanisms from solving information problems because new entrants have found it difficult to win new customers using new services or cheap prices. Also, ride-sharing has often been prohibited.

Often officials have also prohibited pricing that would have made short rides in sparsely populated areas profitable. Thus drivers have refused to take such customers. Therefore, partial deregulation is not always enough to enhance the situation. One study claims that deregulation was applied to a too small area.

In the taxi regulation report by U.S. FTC it was concluded that there are not grounds for limiting the number of taxi companies and cars. These limitations cause a disproportionate burden on low income people. It is better to increase the pay for unprofitable areas than to force the taxis to serve these areas.

According to the report, the experience on free entry and price competition are mainly positive: prices have fallen, waiting times were shortened, the market shares of the biggest companies have fallen, and city councils have saved time from licensing and fare setting. However, the airports should either set their own price ceilings or allow for price competition by altering the queue system.

Opposition to deregulation
Opponents of taxi deregulation argue that deregulation will result in high taxi driver turnover rates which may cause the number of less-qualified taxi drivers to increase, dishonest business practices such as price gouging (especially on airport routes) and circuitous routing, and poor customer service.

A Connecticut General Assembly report argues that deregulation fails to cause price decreases because taxi passengers typically do not price comparison shop when searching for taxicabs, and that fares usually increased with deregulation because the higher supply of taxis caused drivers' earning potential to decrease. This report claims that deregulation resulted in dramatically increased taxi supply, especially at already overserved airport locations, fare increases in every city, and an increase in short-trip refusals by taxicab drivers.

This report argues that deregulation has led to undesirable results in several American cities. Seattle deregulated taxis in 1980, resulting in a high supply of taxicabs, variable rates, price gouging, short-haul refusals, poor treatment of passengers. As a result, Seattle re-regulated in 1984, reinstating a restriction on taxicab licenses and fare controls. In St. Louis, deregulation produced a 35% rise in taxi fares, and taxicab drivers complained of waiting hours at airports for customers at taxicab stands. Taxicab companies claimed they increased fares in order to make up for lost competition resulting from the increased supply of taxis. As a result, the St. Louis City Council froze new taxicab licenses in 2002.

A study of the deregulation of taxis in Sweden in 1991 showed that the taxicab supply increased, but average fares also increased in almost all cases. Specifically, average fares per hour increased for all trips. Average fares also increased for fares calculated by distance (per kilometer) in almost every category studied – for all customer-paid trips in municipalities of all 3 sizes (small, medium, and large) and increased for municipality-paid trips in small and large municipalities; fares only decreased for municipality-paid trips in medium-sized municipalities that were calculated per kilometer. Deregulation also resulted in decreased taxicab productivity and decreased taxi-company revenues. This study concluded that deregulation resulted in increased fares especially in rural areas and the authors argued that the increased fares were due to low taxi company revenues after deregulation.

Taxi companies claim that deregulation would cause problems, raise prices and lower service level on certain hours or in certain places.

The medallion system  has been defended by some experts. They argue that the medallion system is similar to a brand-name capital asset and enforces quality of service because quality service results in higher ridership, thus increasing the value of owning the medallion. They argue that issuing new medallions would decrease the medallion value and thus the incentive for the medallion owner to provide quality service or comply with city regulations. They also argue that the medallion may be preferable to alternate systems of regulation (such as fines, required bonds with seizures of interest payments on those bonds for violations, or licensing of all would-be taxis with revocation of that license for violations) because fines are difficult to collect, license revocation may not be a sufficient deterrent for profitable violations such as price cheating, and because using penalties on bond interest payments give regulators an incentive to impose penalties to collect revenue (rather than for legitimate violations). Medallions do not earn interest and thus inappropriate seizures of interest by regulators is not possible.

Results of deregulation in specific localities
The results of taxi deregulation in specific cities has varied widely.

A study of taxi deregulation in nine United States cities found that the number of taxi firms increased, but large incumbent firms continued to dominate all but one of the nine cities. The taxi prices did not fall in real terms, but increased in every city studied. Turnover was concentrated among small operators (usually one-cab operators); little turnover occurred among medium and large new firms and no exit by a large incumbent firm occurred since deregulation. Productivity decreased by at least one-third in all four cities for which sufficient data was obtainable; the authors argued that decreases of this magnitude in productivity have serious economic consequences for taxi drivers, by shifting the industry from employee drivers to lease drivers and causing the average taxi driver to earn a lower income. Innovation in service did not occur in the deregulated cities because such innovations (especially shared-ride service) were doubted by taxi operators to be justified by demand and because the operators viewed that they would cause a net decrease in revenue. Discounts were offered in certain deregulated cities; however, these discounts were small (10% typically) and were also offered in some regulated cities. The study found a lack of service innovation and little change in level of service despite the increased number of taxicabs.

In Japan, taxi deregulation resulted in modest decreases in taxi fares (primarily among long-distance trips); however, Japanese taxi fares are still very high (still the highest in the world). Also, taxi driver incomes decreased, and the earnings of taxi companies also decreased substantially. Deregulation failed to increase taxicab ridership enough to compensate taxi companies for those losses. The burden of deregulation fell disproportionately on taxi drivers because taxi companies increased the number of taxis rented to drivers (to make more money from rental fees), which resulted in stiff competition among drivers, decreasing their earnings. Transportation professor Seiji Abe of Kansai University considered deregulation to be a failure in the Japanese taxi industry (despite what he considers success in other Japanese industries).

In the Netherlands, taxi deregulation in 2000 failed to reach policy objectives of strengthening the role of the taxi in the overall Dutch transport system. Instead, the deregulation resulted in unanticipated fare increases (not decreases) in large cities, and bad driver behavior became a serious problem. Local authorities had lost their say in the market due to the deregulation, and thus were unable to correct these problems.

In South Africa, taxi deregulation has resulted in the emergence of taxi cartels which carry out acts of gun violence against rival cartels in attempts to monopolize desirable routes. In South Africa, taxis were deregulated in 1987, resulting in fierce competition among new drivers, who then organized into rival cartels in the absence of government regulation, and which used violence and gangland tactics to protect and expand their territories. These "taxi wars" have resulted in between 120 and 330 deaths annually since deregulation. These taxi cartels have engaged in anticompetitive price-fixing.

In New Zealand taxi deregulation increased the supply of taxi services and initially decreased the prices remarkably in big cities, whereas the effects in smaller cities were small.

In Ireland, taxi deregulation decreased waiting times so much that the liberalization became very popular among the public. The number of companies was increased and the quality of cars and drives did not fall. Some have argued that the regulation should be completely abolished, not just cut down. Minister Alan Kelly held a review of Ireland's taxi industry after Ireland's national broadcaster RTÉ broadcast an investigation into the taxi industry 10 years after de-regulation.

In Finland taxi fares rose 13% after 2018 deregulation.

See also

 Air taxi: aircraft
 Carry On Cabby film
 Illegal taxicab operation
 Pet taxi
 Rickshaw
 Taxicab number
 Transportation network company
 Vehicle for hire
 Zémidjan, a type of taxi found in Benin.

Bibliography

References

External links


The Children's Book of the Year Award: Older Readers has been presented annually since 1946 by the Children's Book Council of Australia (CBCA). Note: from 1946 to 1986 this award was known as "Book of the Year".

The Award "will be made to outstanding books of fiction, drama, or poetry which require of the reader a degree of maturity to appreciate the topics, themes and scope of emotional involvement.  Generally, books in this category will be appropriate in style and content for readers in their secondary years of schooling."

Award winners

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Commended books

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

See also

 List of CBCA Awards
 List of Australian literary awards

External links
 CBCA Awards History

References

Awards established in 1982
Children's Book Council of Australia
1982 establishments in Australia
Children's literary awards
English-language literary awards


Andrea Jean James (born January 16, 1967) is an American transgender rights activist, film producer, and blogger.

Education
James grew up in Franklin, Indiana, and attended Wabash College, where she majored in English, Latin, and Greek. After graduating in 1989, she obtained an M.A. in English language and literature from the University of Chicago.

Career
After college, James worked in advertising, first for several years at the Chicago Tribune, then for a decade at DDB Chicago. It was while working there that she transitioned. She became involved in consumer activism, with an interest in medical and academic fraud. In 1996 she created Transsexual Road Map, a consumer website for the transgender community, and later set up HairFacts and HairTell, a website and discussion forum about hair removal.

James moved to Los Angeles in 2003 and co-founded Deep Stealth Productions with her roommate, author and entertainer Calpernia Addams, to create content marketed to transgender people. They filmed an instructional video, Finding Your Female Voice, to offer voice coaching to trans women, and in 2004 produced and performed in the first all-transgender cast of The Vagina Monologues, debuting a new piece created by Eve Ensler for the occasion. James was also a co-producer of and appeared in Beautiful Daughters, a documentary film about the event.

In 2004 James founded the nonprofit GenderMedia Foundation. The following year she was a script consultant for Transamerica (2005), helping actress Felicity Huffman prepare for her role as a trans woman. She appeared in the HBO documentary Middle Sexes: Redefining He and She (2005), and in 2007 directed a 7-minute film, Casting Pearls. She was a consulting producer for, and appeared in, the reality-dating television series Transamerican Love Story on the Logo digital channel in 2008. In 2009 she directed another short film, Transproofed.

James was appointed in 2007 to the Board of Directors of TransYouth Family Allies, a nonprofit that supports transgender youth and their families, and in 2008 to the Board of Directors of Outfest, where she was involved in the restoration of the documentary Queens at Heart. In 2012 she co-founded Thought Moment Media. She directed the 2015 Showtime concert film Alec Mapa: Baby Daddy.

Writing and activism

James writes about consumer rights, technology, pop culture, and LGBT rights. She has contributed to Boing Boing, QuackWatch, eMedicine, The Advocate, The Huffington Post and Wikipedia.

Together with Lynn Conway and Deirdre McCloskey, James was a driving figure in protests—described in 2007 as "one of the most organized and unified examples of transgender activism seen to date"—against J. Michael Bailey's book The Man Who Would Be Queen (2003). In the book, Bailey argues that there are two forms of transsexualism: one a variant of male homosexuality, and the other a male sexual interest in having a female body, a taxonomy critics see as inaccurate and damaging. James argued that the book is a cure narrative, framed by one case report about a six-year-old child, that exemplifies the academic exploitation of transgender people.

The dispute became heated when James posted a page on her website containing photographs of Bailey's children, alongside sexually explicit captions that quoted or parodied material in Bailey's book. Bailey accused her of harassment, as did Alice Dreger, a colleague of Bailey's at Northwestern University; Dreger tried to stop James from speaking at the campus about the controversy. James responded that the page was intended to echo what she saw as Bailey's disrespect toward gender variant children.

See also
 List of Wikipedia people

References

External links

 "Andrea James", The Huffington Post.
 James, Andrea (December 3, 2007). "Don't Tick Off Trans". The Advocate.

1967 births
American non-fiction writers
LGBT film producers
Living people
American LGBT rights activists
LGBT people from Indiana
Transgender actresses
Transgender women writers
American transgender writers
American transgender actors
University of Chicago alumni
Wabash College alumni
Wikipedia people
Writers from Indiana
People from Franklin, Indiana
Film producers from Indiana
21st-century American LGBT people


If You Could See Me Now is an album by Oscar Peterson's quartet, recorded in November 1983.

Reception

The Penguin Guide to Jazz described the album as "a thin set altogether". A reviewer for The Washington Post highlighted "Limehouse Blues", describing it as "fueled by some of the most dynamic and daring excursions this quartet has ever put on record." The album won the Juno Award for Best Jazz Album in 1987.

Track listing
 "Weird Blues" (Miles Davis) – 6:42
 "If I Should Lose You" (Ralph Rainger, Leo Robin) – 6:18
 "On Danish Shore" (Oscar Peterson, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen) – 8:28
 "L' Impossible" (Peterson) – 6:00
 "If You Could See Me Now" (Tadd Dameron, Carl Sigman) – 7:26
 "Limehouse Blues" (Philip Braham, Douglas Furber) – 6:02

Personnel

Performance
 Oscar Peterson – piano
 Joe Pass – guitar
 Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen – double bass
 Martin Drew – drums

References

1983 albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Pablo Records albums
Juno Award for Best Jazz Album albums


The Symphony No. 7 in F major, Pastoral, Op. 77, was completed by Alexander Glazunov on July 4, 1902. It is dedicated to Mitrofan Belyayev.

It is in four movements:
Allegro moderato
Andante
Scherzo: Allegro giocoso
Finale: Allegro maestoso

References

External links

Symphonies by Alexander Glazunov
1902 compositions
Compositions in F major


The 2002 WAC men's basketball tournament was held in the Reynolds Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  The winners of the tournament were the #1 seeded Hawaii Warriors.

Bracket

* - denotes overtime period

References

WAC men's basketball tournament
Tournament
WAC Men's Basketball


Cristhian Presichi Mendoza (born July 28, 1980 in Mexicali, Baja California) is a Mexican professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent.

Career
In the 2009 World Baseball Classic edition, he was selected to Team Mexico in place of the injured Alfredo Amézaga. He had one hit in six at bats, that hit being a long home run over the Cuban veteran pitcher Pedro Luis Lazo.

On April 5, 2011, Presichi signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican League. On May 18, 2011, he was assigned to the Acereros de Monclova. On April 19, 2012, the Acereros traded Presichi to the Olmecas de Tabasco for Omar De La Torre. On March 22, 2013, Presichi was assigned to the Broncos de Reynosa. On July 14, 2016, Presichi was traded to the Rieleros de Aguascalientes. He was released by the Rieleros on June 20, 2019. On June 29, 2019, Presichi signed with the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna. Presichi did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. On November 23, 2020, Presichi was released by the Algodoneros.

References

External links
Career statistics and player information from MiLB.com

1980 births
Living people
Acereros de Monclova players
Águilas de Mexicali players
Algodoneros de Guasave players
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna players
Arizona League Mexico Stars players
Baseball players from Baja California
Broncos de Reynosa players
Charros de Jalisco players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball outfielders
Mexican League baseball second basemen
Mexican League baseball third basemen
Mexican people of Italian descent
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Sportspeople from Mexicali
Rieleros de Aguascalientes players
Saraperos de Saltillo players
2009 World Baseball Classic players


Clyde River is a  community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Shelburne municipal district of Shelburne County. It borrows its name from the Clyde River which flows through the community, which was in turn adopted from the famous Scottish river. The area was settled by New England Planters about 1667 and later by Loyalists after 1783. Lumbering and farming were the initial industries. In 1847 there were 15 Mi'kmaq families living in the Clyde River area.

See also
 List of communities in Nova Scotia

References

Communities in Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
General Service Areas in Nova Scotia


also known as  , (1305–1340) was the brother of Nitta Yoshisada in the early fourteenth century, and supported the Southern Court of Emperor Go-Daigo in the Nanboku-chō period, capturing Kamakura with his brother from the Hōjō clan in 1333.

Both Nitta brothers survived the Siege of Kanegasaki (1337) by fleeing to Somayama.

After his brother died, he fled to various parts of Japan including Mino, Owari, and Yoshino.

In 1339, under orders from the new Emperor Go-Murakami, he captured Shiba Takatsune's fortress at Kuromaru.  He died while on campaign in Iyo.

References

Further reading
 McCullough, Helen Craig (1959). "The Taiheiki. A Chronicle of Medieval Japan." 1959. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, .
 Papinot, E. (1910). "Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan. 1972 Printing. Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, .

Nitta clan
1305 births
1340 deaths
Samurai


Fairview Presbyterian Church may refer to:
Fairview Presbyterian Church (Lawrenceville, Georgia)
Fairview Presbyterian Church (Fountain Inn, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP in South Carolina


Kabongo is a town in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also the seat of the current muLopwe (Grand Chief or King) of the Kabongo lineage of the Baluba royal line, Kumwimba Kabongo Kansh'imbu. It is within a few miles of the historical capital of the Luba Kingdom.

Transport
It is served by a station on a branch of the national railway network.

See also
 Railway stations in DRCongo

References

Populated places in Haut-Lomami


A conditional variance swap is a type of swap derivative product that allows investors to take exposure to volatility in the price of an underlying security only while the underlying security is within a pre-specified price range.  This ability could be useful for hedging complex volatility exposures, making a bet on the volatility levels contained in  the skew of the underlying security's price, or  buying/selling variance at more attractive levels given a view on the underlying security.

History
Regular variance swap were introduced first, and became a popular instrument for hedging against the effect of volatility on option prices.  Thus, the market for these securities became increasingly liquid, and pricing for these swaps became more efficient.  However, investors noticed that to a certain extent the price levels for these variance swaps still deviated from the theoretical price that would have resulted from replicating the portfolio of options underlying the swaps using options pricing formulas such as the Black–Scholes model.  This was partly because the construction of the replicating portfolio includes a relatively large contribution from out-of-the-money options, which can often be illiquid and result in a pricing discrepancy in the overall swap.  Conditional swaps mitigate this problem by limiting the hedge to strikes within an upper and lower level of the underlying security.  Thus, the volatility exposure is limited to when the underlying security lies within this corridor. Another problem in replicating variance swaps is that dealers rarely use a large collection of options over a large range to hedge a variance swap due to transaction costs and the cost of managing a large number of options. A conditional variance swap is attractive as it is easier to hedge and better fits the payoff profile of hedges used in practice.

Notes

Derivatives (finance)
Swaps (finance)