Chrysopera is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by George Hampson in 1894. Its single species, Chrysopera combinans, was first described by Francis Walker in 1857. It is found from in the Indo-Australian tropics of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, China east to New Guinea, Queensland, the Solomon Islands and Fiji.

Description
Palpi upturned and smoothly scaled, where the second joint reaching vertex of head and third joint long and slightly curved. Antennae serrate and fasciculated in male. Thorax and abdomen smoothly scaled. Tibia spineless, and not clothed with long hair. Forewings with somewhat rounded apex.

A characteristic feature is yellowish apex to the hindwing and grey patch at the apex of the forewing costa.

References

External links
Noctuoid moths of Western Ghats.

Catocalinae
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1857
Monotypic moth genera


Chrysorithrum is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Chrysorithrum amata Bremer & Grey, 1853
 Chrysorithrum flavomaculata Bremer, 1861

References
 Chrysorithrum at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Calpinae


Chubutiana is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Chubutiana nigripes, is found in Chubut Province of Argentina. Both the genus and species were first described by Paul Köhler in 1952.

References

Cuculliinae
Monotypic moth genera


Chusaris is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. It was erected by Francis Walker in 1859.

Description
Palpi long and porrect (extending forward), where the second joint fringed with scales above. Third joint slender and naked. Thorax smooth. Abdomen with a tuft on basal segment. Legs slender and naked. Forewings long and narrow with depressed and acute apex. Slight raised tufts found at middle and end of cell. Forewings with veins 6 and 7 arise from angle of cell and veins 8 to 10 stalked. Hindwings with veins 3 and 4 stalked and vein 5 from middle of discocellulars. Veins 6 and 7 stalked.

Species
Chusaris albilineata Holloway, 2008
Chusaris albipunctalis Rothschild, 1915
Chusaris bisinuata Hampson, 1898
Chusaris compripalpis Strand, 1920
Chusaris dinawa Bethune-Baker, 1908
Chusaris dubiosa Strand, 1919
Chusaris figurata (Moore, [1885])
Chusaris griseisigna Holloway, 2008
Chusaris idaeoides (Hampson, 1891)
Chusaris indigna (Wileman & West, 1930)
Chusaris indistincta (Rothschild, 1920)
Chusaris maculalis Walker, [1866]
Chusaris meterythrina Hampson, 1898
Chusaris microlepidopteronis (Strand, 1920)
Chusaris mulumaculata Holloway, 2008
Chusaris nigrisigna Hampson, 1902
Chusaris nigromaculata (Wileman, 1915)
Chusaris obliquisignata Holloway, 2008
Chusaris olearia Bethune-Baker, 1908
Chusaris opisthospila Turner, 1909
Chusaris bifasciata Holloway, 2008
Chusaris paucimaculata (Hampson, 1893)
Chusaris puncticilia (Hampson, 1891)
Chusaris purpurisigna Holloway, 2008
Chusaris renalis (Moore, 1882)
Chusaris retatalis Walker, [1859]
Chusaris retataloides Holloway, 2008
Chusaris rhynchinodes Strand, 1915
Chusaris roseolactea (Rothschild, 1915
Chusaris setocircularis Holloway, 2008
Chusaris signicosta (Walker, [1863])
Chusaris sordida (Wileman & South, 1917)
Chusaris venata Warren, 1914
Chusaris violisigna Holloway, 2008

References

Calpinae


Chutapha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Chytolita is a monotypic litter moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. Its only species, Chytolita morbidalis, the morbid owlet moth or morbid owlet, was first described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It is found in large parts of North America, from coast to coast in the north and south to North Carolina, Texas and Florida in the west. The habitat consists of deciduous woods and edges.

The wingspan is 29–35 mm. The forewings are pale grayish white with diffuse, brownish or orangish lines. The hindwings are even paler with faint grayish veins. Adults are on wing from May to August. There seems to be one generation per year.

The larvae feed on the leaves of various deciduous trees and have been reared on dandelion, grass, hazel and lettuce. There are also records for dead leaves, including dried white oak leaves.

Taxonomy
Chytolita petrealis is now considered a synonym of C. morbidalis because DNA barcode analysis has revealed little barcode variation among specimens of both forms examined across a wide geographic range. The smaller, darker "petrealis" form was known by the common names lesser gray chytolita, stone-winged owlet or lesser luteous snout.

References

Moths described in 1854
Herminiinae
Moths of North America
Monotypic moth genera


Chytonidia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was described by Schaus in 1914.

Taxonomy
Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms gives this name as a synonym of Leucosigma H. Druce, 1908.

Species
Chytonidia albiplaga Hampson, 1914
Chytonidia chloristis Schaus, 1914
Chytonidia variegata Wileman, 1914

References

Acronictinae


Chytonix is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Chytonix albiplaga Hampson, 1914
 Chytonix albonotata Staudinger
 Chytonix costimacula Wileman, 1915
 Chytonix elegans Schaus 1911
 Chytonix hastata (Moore 1882)
 Chytonix palliatricula (Guenée, 1852)
 Chytonix sensilis Grote, 1881 (=Chytonix ruperti Franclemont, 1941)
 Chytonix subalbonotata Sugi
 Chytonix umbrifera (Butler, 1889)
 Chytonix variegata Wileman, 1914
 Chytonix variegatoides Poole, 1989
 Chytonix vermiculata (Snellen, 1880)

Former species
 Chytonix divesta is now Oligia divesta (Grote, 1874)

References
 Chytonix at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cidariplura is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1879.

Species
Cidariplura albolineata (Bethune-Baker, 1908) New Guinea
Cidariplura atayal Wu et al., 2013 Taiwan
Cidariplura brevivittalis (Moore, 1867) Bengal, Japan, Taiwan
Cidariplura butleri (Leech, 1900)
Cidariplura chalybealis (Moore, 1867) Darjeeling
Cidariplura dinawa (Bethune-Baker, 1908) New Guinea
Cidariplura dubia (Butler, 1889) Dharmsala
Cidariplura gladiata Butler, 1879 Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan
Cidariplura ilana Wu et al., 2013 Taiwan
Cidariplura maraho Wu et al., 2013 Taiwan
Cidariplura modesta (Leech, 1900) western China
Cidariplura nigristigma (Leech, 1900) Sichuan
Cidariplura ochreistigma (Leech, 1900)
Cidariplura olivens (Bethune-Baker, 1908) New Guinea
Cidariplura perfusca (Swinhoe, 1895) Malaysia
Cidariplura shanmeii Wu et al., 2013 Taiwan
Cidariplura signata (Butler, 1876) Japan, Korea, China

References

External links
Wu, Shipher, et al. (2013). "Review of the genus Cidariplura Butler, 1879 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Herminiinae) in Taiwan with descriptions of four new species". Zootaxa 3746.1: 143–160.

Hypeninae


The following is a list of judges for United States district courts in Missouri. Missouri currently holds two courts: Eastern and Western. These district-level courts are part of the first tier of the U.S. federal judicial system; cases can be appealed to the Eighth Circuit. District court judges are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate.

District of Missouri
A single district court for the District of Missouri was established by Congress on March 16, 1822. The district was subdivided into Eastern and Western districts on March 3, 1857. Between these dates, there were only two judges who served the district. The first, James H. Peck, was impeached but acquitted, and served a total of fourteen years on the bench. The succeeding judge, Robert William Wells, was assigned to the Western District when the District of Missouri was divided.

Eastern District
Jean Constance Hamilton, appointed by George H. W. Bush in 1990, was the first female judge appointed to the District. The first African American to serve was Clyde S. Cahill Jr., who was appointed by Jimmy Carter in 1980. No Hispanic judges have served on this court. Over the history of the District, five of its judges have been elevated to the Eighth Circuit - Elmer Bragg Adams, John Caskie Collet, Charles Breckenridge Faris, Amos Madden Thayer and William Hedgcock Webster.

Western District

Thirty six judges have been appointed to the Western District of Missouri over the course of its existence. Of those, the most noted is Charles Evans Whittaker, who served on the court only briefly before being elevated to the Eighth Circuit, and then to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Notes

References

Missouri
United States district court judges


Vin Choi Kay-Chun (born 23 May 1984) is a Hong Kong actor under TVB.

Biography
After graduating from high school in 2001, Vin entered a contest hosted by TVB Weekly and won first place. He enrolled in the 18th TVB artists training course in 2002 and took on a few tiny roles.

Vin's first major role happened in the series Sunshine Heartbeat, where he played Fong Lik.

In 2007, Vin took on another major role in the series Best Selling Secrets as Luk Chit.

Filmography

TV series

TV Show Host
After School ICU 放學ICU (TVB)

References
Best Selling Secrets Cast

External links
Official TVB Blog

Hong Kong male television actors
1984 births
Living people
TVB actors
21st-century Hong Kong male actors


Cingalesa is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Cingalesa strigicosta, is found in Sri Lanka. Both the genus and species were first described by George Hampson, the genus in 1894 and the species in 1893.

Description
Palpi upturned, where the second joint reaching vertex of head, the third joint minute. Thorax and abdomen tuftless. Forewings with vein 6 absent, veins 8 to 10 stalked. Hindwings with stalked veins 3, 4 and 6, 7.

References

Acontiinae
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1893
Monotypic moth genera


Cirphis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cirrhia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Genus Details

Cuculliinae


"Joanne" is a song written and performed by Michael Nesmith, his only Top 40 hit song as a solo artist. The single was issued by RCA Records in mid 1970, from the album Magnetic South, the first album released by Nesmith and The First National Band after he left The Monkees. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 21 on the Billboard Top 100 on 3 October 1970. It went to No. 4 in Canada, No. 3 in Australia,
 and No. 1 in New Zealand. In the U.S., it was the most successful solo chart hit for any member of The Monkees.

"Joanne" was the second single issued from Magnetic South, following the release of "Little Red Rider" (which did not chart).  On the B-side of "Joanne", the track "One Rose" appears. RCA later reissued "Joanne" backed with "Silver Moon", as a single in its 45 rpm "Gold Standard Series".  "Silver Moon" was originally  issued as a single from Nesmith's next album Loose Salute,  released in November, 1970.

"Joanne" was a staple on all of Nesmith's solo concert tours and has appeared on all four of his live albums: Live At The Palais, Live at the Britt Festival, Movies of the Mind, and Live At The Troubador.  Nesmith would also spoof "Joanne" on his home video, Elephant Parts, with the song "Rodan".

The song was covered by Andy Williams on his 1970 album, The Andy Williams Show.

Personnel
 Michael Nesmith – vocals, rhythm guitar
 O.J. "Red" Rhodes – pedal steel guitar
 John Ware – drums
 John London – bass
 Earl P. Ball – piano

Chart history

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1970 singles
Songs written by Michael Nesmith
Andy Williams songs
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Country rock songs
1970 songs
RCA Victor singles


Cirrhophanus is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872.

Species
Cirrhophanus dubifer Dyar, 1907 Mexico
Cirrhophanus dyari Cockerell, 1899 Arizona, western Texas, northern Mexico
Cirrhophanus hoffmanni Hogue, 1963
Cirrhophanus magnifer Dyar, 1907 Mexico
Cirrhophanus nigrifer Dyar, 1907 Mexico
Cirrhophanus pretiosa (Morrison, 1875) Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Arkansas
Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote, 1872 Missouri, from (New York, New Jersey - Florida) - to (Kansas, Texas)

Former species
 Cirrhophanus papago is now Eulithosia papago (Barnes, 1907)
 Cirrhophanus plesioglauca is now Eulithosia plesioglauca (Dyar, 1912)

References

Stiriinae


Cirrodes is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cirrodiana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cirrodistis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cirroedia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Cisaucula is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae described by Todd in 1910. Its only species, Cisaucula peruviana, was first described by Herbert Druce in 1910. It is found in Peru.

References

Agaristinae
Monotypic moth genera


Cissusa is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

Species
 Cissusa inconspicua (Schaus, 1894)
 Cissusa indiscreta H. Edwards, 1886
 Cissusa mucronata Grote, 1883
 Cissusa spadix Cramer, 1780
 Cissusa valens H. Edwards, 1881

Former species
 Cissusa subtermina (Smith, 1900)

References

External links
 Cissusa at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Mustelin, T. (2006). Zootaxa 1278: 1-47.
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Melipotini
Moth genera


Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States is a book written by historian Kenneth T. Jackson and published in 1985. Extensively researched and referenced, the book takes into account factors that promoted the suburbanization of the United States, such as the availability of cheap land, construction methods, and transportation, as well as federal subsidies for highways and suburban housing.

Introduction
Jackson attempts to broadly interpret the American suburban experience, which he views as unique. He states that "the United States has thus far been unique in four important respects that can be summed up in the following sentence: affluent and middle-class Americans live in suburban areas that are far from their work places, in homes that they own, and in the centre of yards that by urban standards elsewhere are enormous. This uniqueness thus involves population density, home-ownership, residential status, and journey-to-work." His working definition of suburbs has four components: function (non-farm residential), class (middle and upper status), separation (a daily journey-to-work), and density (low relative to older sections). Also dominant in the book is the notion that the wealthy began the flight from the city first—something that the middle classes eventually emulated as city tax rates gradually increased to pay for resulting urban problems—as the poorer classes remained in the older central urban areas.

Suburbs as substandard
From ancient times, the city's primary function was as a central meeting place to conduct business.
Jackson argues that before 1815 and the industrial revolution, every major city was a "point" on a map that could be walked from edge to centre in two or three hours. Cities had five characteristics:
 High population density or "congestion", comparable to New York City in the 1980s: 35,000-75,000 residents per square mile.
 Sharp distinction between country and city. In Europe the demarcation was a literal wall of defense (nowadays city walls may have been replaced by a ring road or business boulevard).
 Mixture of functions with neighborhoods: without industrial factories, neighborhoods mixed commercial and residential activities.
 Short distances between work and residence; most people had to walk to work, and often lived and worked in the same building.
 Centrality of culture and elite residences. The upper classes lived within walking distance of work and cultural activities, while the poor laborers lived on the periphery of the urban areas along with the undesirable smells of trades like animal skin tanning and soap-making.
“Suburbs, then, were socially and economically inferior to cities when wind, muscle, and water were the prime movers of civilisation… Even the word suburb suggested inferior manners, narrowness of view, and physical squalor."

Transportation innovation
Between 1815–1875, however, the situation began to change in the United States. With new transportation alternatives such as the steam ferry, omnibus, the commuter railroad, the horsecar, the elevated railroad, and the cable car came "an exodus that would turn cities inside out and inaugurate a new pattern of suburban affluence and centre despair."

The steam locomotive in the mid 19th century provided the wealthy with the means to live in bucolic surroundings, to socialize in country clubs and still commute to work downtown; these were the railroad suburbs. However, "railroad commuting was not only expensive but… the steam engine generated speed slowly [so] that railroad suburbs were usually discontinuous and separated by …open space."

After the American Civil War came the Age of the Trolley bringing commuting to the middle class and expanding the city. The "extraordinary prosperity and vitality of most urban cores between 1890 and 1950 cannot be understood without reference to the streetcar systems… by the turn of the century, a 'new city,' segregated by class and economic function and encompassing an area triple the size of the older walking city had clearly emerged… [so that] by 1904 inventor Frank Sprague could reasonably claim: "The electric railway has become the most potent factor in our modern life." "In 1890, the number of passengers carried on American street railways (including cable and elevated systems) was more than two billion per year, or more than twice that of the rest of the world combined." Tracks "radiated out from the centre like spokes [forcing] anyone using public transit to rely on the central business district."

The influence of the automobile was initially slow, so that even "as late as 1918 the War Industries Board could regard the shutdown of the entire [automobile] industry as a mere inconvenience." However, "of even greater significance …was the truck [which] could do four times the work of a horse-drawn wagon which took up the same street space." Building roads to facilitate the "removal of horses from cities was widely considered a proper object for the expenditure of public funds. Indeed, the private car was initially regarded as the very salvation of the city, a clean and efficient alternative to the old-fashioned, manure-befouled, odoriferous, space-intensive horse." This effort was so successful that "as Sinclair Lewis' popular 1922 novel Babbitt indicated, the private car had become no longer a luxury, but a necessity of the American middle class."

Flight from the city
"The changing ethnic composition of the urban population also increased middle-class antipathy to the older neighborhoods, as Poles, Italians, Russians, and assorted Eastern and Southern Europeans, most of them Jews or Catholic, poured into the industrialised areas after 1880. Although only one-third of all Americans lived in cities in 1890, two-thirds of all immigrants did. By 1910, about 80 percent of all new arrivals at Ellis Island were remaining in cities, as were 72 percent of all of those 'foreign born'. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, mayors in New York, Chicago, and Boston were being elected by immigrant votes, and the possibility was raised that urban official might be unwilling to use the police against labor radicals, most of whom came from Europe.

Jackson examined the New Deal's contributions to public housing and concludes that "the result, if not the intent, of the public housing program of the United States was to segregate the races, to concentrate the disadvantaged in inner cities, and to reinforce the image of suburbia as a place of refuge for the problems of race, crime, and poverty." By grading certain areas based on "desirability" i.e., more recently constructed and lacking of minorities, the government, through Home Owners Loan Corporation encouraged middle class white flight from the city. Meanwhile, the Federal Housing Administration "helped to turn the building industry against the minority and inner-city housing market, and its policies supported the income and inner-city housing market." FHA avoided providing mortgages to those in ethnic or minority neighborhoods, further promoting white flight.

"To this fear were added specific programs to tax property so as to create public improvements and jobs to benefit working class voters. The observation of Lord Bryce that municipal government was 'The conspicuous failure of the United States' was often quoted. The import of such projections was not lost on middle-class families, who often took the opportunity that low price and good transportation afforded to move beyond city jurisdictions."

Lure of the suburbs
"Throughout the nineteenth century… American cities annexed adjacent land and grew steadily… the predominant view in the nineteenth century was the doctrine of forcible annexation." However that would change toward the end of the century: "the first really significant defeat for the consolidation movement came when Brookline spurned Boston in 1874. [Thereafter] virtually every other Eastern and Middle Western city was rebuffed by wealthy and independent suburbs."

By the turn of the 19th century, a middle class expectation of having residential space had emerged, which Jackson attributes to work of Andrew Jackson Downing, Calvert Vaux, and Catharine Beecher. "Family came to be a personal bastion against society, a place of refuge, free from outside control," with "the emerging values of domesticity, privacy, and isolation reach[ing] fullest development in the United States. The big, mean city, with its confidence men and squalor, did not promise the same haven as the suburbs. The "ideal house came to be viewed as resting in the middle of a manicured lawn or picturesque garden."

In 1833 in newly rebuilt Chicago, a new type of building appeared, 'balloon frame,' that "would absorb most of the population growth of the United States over the next one hundred and fifty years." A "new structure could be erected more quickly by two men than the [European-style] heavy timber frame by twenty… [so that] many poorly paid immigrant groups had homeownership rates as high [as] white Americans." "For the first time in the history of the world, middle class families in the late nineteenth century could reasonably expect to buy a detached home on an accessible lot… the real price of shelter in the United States was lower than in the Old World."

Intended to spur housing construction after the Great Depression, President Roosevelt's Federal Housing Administration established minimum standards for home construction and low down-payment amounts, and home loans amortized for the full-term of 20 to 30 years. Before that, "first mortgages were limited to one-of or two-thirds of the appraised value of the property", and loans had to be renewed every five years and interest rates were subject to revision every renewal.

After World War II, encouraged by the emergence of new cities of wartime production and government assistance for veterans, increasing numbers of Americans could afford to buy homes. Given the massive growth of affordable dwellings accessible by the highway and train, families flocked to planned towns such as Levittown where all the details such as schools and public works were already in place so that builders could erect as many as thirty homes a day to meet demand. Most importantly, the decentralization of post-World War II American cities led to the self-sufficiency of the suburbs around the urban core, both as the place of work and place of dwelling.

Conclusion
"Recent changes in Europe support the thesis that suburbanization is a common human aspiration and its achievement is dependent upon technology and affluence. Since William Levitt erected his first houses outside Paris in 1965, the European landscape has become littered with all the trappings of suburban America." "For better or worse, the American suburb is a remarkable and probably lasting achievement."

However, due to the energy inefficiency of the suburb, Jackson believed that the "long process of suburbanization, which has been operative in the United States since about 1815, will slow over the next two decades and that a new kind of spatial equilibrium will result early in the next century."

Academic journal reviews

Awards
Crabgrass Frontier won both the Bancroft Prize, given by Columbia University for the year's best work of history, and the Francis Parkman Prize, awarded by the Society of American Historians.

Other research on the subject
Other writers and academics have written on the subject of the increasing suburbanization of the USA. For instance, some social scientists point out the role played by racism. During World War I, the massive migration of African Americans from the South resulted in an even greater residential shift toward suburban areas. The cities became seen as dangerous, crime-infested areas, while the suburbs were seen as safe places to live and raise a family, leading to a social trend known in some parts of the world as white flight. This phenomenon runs counter to much of the rest of the world, where slums mostly exist outside the city, rather than within them. With the increasing population of the older, more established suburban areas, many of the problems which were once seen as purely urban ones have manifested themselves there as well. These social scientists suggest that the historical processes of suburbanization and decentralization are instances of white privilege that have contributed to contemporary patterns of environmental racism.

One team of writers have analysed the building of the Interstate Highway System, and have concluded that it and other policies of the Federal government played a significant role in American suburbanization. The building of an efficient network of roads, highways and superhighways, and the underwriting of mortgages for suburban one-family homes, had an enormous influence on the pace of suburbanization. In effect, the government was encouraging the transfer of the middle-class population out of the inner cities and into the suburbs, sometimes with devastating effects on the viability of the city centres. However, some argue that the effect of Interstate Highway Systems on suburbanization is overstated. Researchers holding this view believe city centre populations would have declined even in the absence of highway systems, contending that suburbanization is a long-standing and almost universal process. They primarily argue that as incomes rise, most people want the range and choice offered by automobiles. In addition, there is no significant evidence directly linking the development of highway systems to declining urban populations.

References
Notes

1985 non-fiction books
American history books
20th-century history books
Urban planning in the United States
History of urban planning
Oxford University Press books
Bancroft Prize-winning works


Cladenia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Cladenia mocha, is found in Suriname. Both the genus and the species were first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1880.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Cladocerotis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Cladocerotis optabilis (Boisduval, [1837])

References
 Cladocerotis at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Clapra is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1880.

Species
Clapra asthenoides Möschler, 1880
Clapra atalanta Schaus, 1912
Clapra deucalion Schaus, 1914
Clapra ero Möschler, 1880
Clapra marginata Warren, 1889
Clapra oculata Schaus, 1914
Clapra punctulosa Walker, 1865
Clapra uzza Schaus, 1911

References

Calpinae


Clapronia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Clapronia albicilia, is found in Guyana. Both the genus and the species were first described by George Hampson in 1926.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Clara is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Clara monsalvei, is found in Chile. Both the genus and the species were first described by Victor Hugo Ruiz-Rodriguez in 1989.

Other sources give this name as either a species group of Hadena Schrank, 1802 or a subgenus of Jochroa Felder, 1874.

References

External links
Original description:

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera
Endemic fauna of Chile


Sally Watson (January 28, 1924 – March 11, 2022) was an American author best known for her English Family Tree series, which encompasses generations of a family with roots in England and Scotland, and branches that stretch to early America. Other books are set in such places as Ancient Egypt and early modern Israel, and she also wrote two memoirs.

Biography
Watson was born in Seattle, Washington and attended Reed College. She began writing fiction in 1953; while doing so she worked for Great Books and co-wrote the audio-visual reading course, Listen and Learn with Phonics. In 1964 she moved to England, where she lived for 24 years, writing meticulously researched juvenile historical fiction featuring feisty and adventurous heroines, such as Jade, published by Henry Holt and Company. Her other activities included Scottish highland dance, teaching Judo, in which she earned a black belt, and Mensa International. The publishing climate for juvenile fiction eventually changed, and by the mid-1970s her books had gone out of print.

Watson eventually returned to the United States, taking up residence in Santa Rosa, California, where she became active in feral cat rescue organizations. All the while her fans were pleading for her books to be republished; eventually Image Cascade reprinted many of the novels. Sally has continued to add to her English family tree series and has also published several young adult novels set in Ancient Egypt. Her most recent books are Tailwavers, a story for all cat lovers, told in part through a series of letters, The Next Pharaoh, a novel continuing her Egyptian history, Return of the Exiles, set during the rebirth of Israel, and Dance to a Different Piper, a memoir covering the first 30 years of her long and productive life.

Watson died on March 11, 2022, in her hometown of Santa Rosa, California, at the age of 98.

Bibliography

English family tree series

The historical novels Sally Watson has laid in Great Britain and America are separate and complete, yet are united by a family tree.  They romp across four centuries, from 1582 London to 1892 Northern California.  No one gets a starring role twice, but main characters sometimes reappear in another book in a relatively minor role as grandparent, sibling, cousin, lover or even a wayward eyebrow.  The predominant family trait seems to be producing and marrying strong-willed women. Though the protagonists range in age from eleven to adult, and some are specifically juvenile and others definitely adult, the characterization, vocabulary, and plotting are appropriate to all ages from—say—eleven up.

Highland Rebel (1954)
Mistress Malapert (1955)
Witch of the Glens (1962)
Lark (1964)
The Hornet's Nest (1968)
Jade (1969)
Linnet (1971)
The Outrageous Oriel (2006) (Young adult)
Loyal and the Dragon (2008) (Young adult)
Castle Adamant (2009) (Young adult)

Juvenile historical novels

To Build a Land (1957)
Poor Felicity (1961)
Other Sandals (1966)
The Mukhtar's Children (1968)
Magic at Wychwood (1970)
The Wayward Princess (2006)
The Delicate Pioneer (2007) (slight revision of "Poor Felicity")

Adult novels
The Ivory Cat (2007)
The Missing Queen (2008)
The Angry Earth (2009)
The Next Pharaoh (2012)
Return of the Exiles (2014)

Autobiographical Works
Tailwavers (2010)
Dance to a Different Piper (2015)

Honors

To Build a Land won the Woodward Annual Award in 1959.

Witch of the Glens was on the Horn Book Magazine honor list in 1963.

The Mukhtar's Children was named as a Horn Book Magazine Fanfare Best Book of the Year in 1968 .

Magic at Wychwood was recommended by Library Journal in 1970.

Linnet was a Junior Literary Guild selection in 1971.

References

External links

Sally Watson Homepage
Image Cascade autobiography
Eggen & Lance Chapel Obituary
Santa Rosa Press Democrat article
Bay News article
Salon.com article
Review of Jade
Review of Mistress Malapert

1924 births
2022 deaths
American children's writers
Reed College alumni
Writers from Seattle


Clargia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Clargia bonema, is found in French Guiana. Both the genus and the species were first described by Schaus in 1916.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Claterna is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Francis Walker in 1858. Its only species, Claterna cydonia, was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1775.

Description
Species are similar to Episparis, differ in the palpi having a longer third joint and ciliated antennae in the male. Hindwings with angled outer margin instead of being produced to a point. Female with the outer margin of both wings very slightly angled.

The species shows slight sexual dimorphism. In the male, the apex in forewings is more produced, whereas in the female the apex is slightly angled. Body is greyish, tinged with brownish on the forewings and more mauve on the hindwings in both sexes. Caterpillars are known to feed on Mussaenda species.

Distribution
It is found in the Indian subregion and from Sri Lanka, to New Guinea.

References

Calpinae
Moths of Asia
Moths described in 1775
Monotypic moth genera


Claudaxylia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Clavipalpa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Clavipalpula is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
Clavipalpula alboradiata Köhler, 1947
Clavipalpula aurariae (Oberthür, 1880)

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Clemathada is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cleoceris is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Cleoceris scoriacea.

References

 Cleoceris at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Cleonymia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Cleonymia affinis (Rothschild, 1920)
 Cleonymia baetica (Rambur, 1837)
 Cleonymia chabordis (Oberthür, 1876)
 Cleonymia diffluens (Staudinger, 1870)
 Cleonymia fatima (A. Bang-Haas, 1907)
 Cleonymia jubata (Oberthür, 1890)
 Cleonymia korbi (Staudinger, 1895)
 Cleonymia marocana (Staudinger, 1901)
 Cleonymia opposita (Lederer, 1870)
 Cleonymia pectinicornis (Staudinger, 1859)
 Cleonymia vaulogeri (Staudinger, 1899)
 Cleonymia versicolor (Rothschild, 1920)
 Cleonymia warionis (Oberthür, 1876)
 Cleonymia yvanii (Duponchel, 1833)

References
 Cleonymia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Cleophana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Cuculliinae


Cleptomita was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873.

It is considered by The Global Lepidoptera Names Index and Butterflies and Moths of the World to be a synonym of Polypogon. It is considered by Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms to be a synonym of Zanclognatha.

References

Herminiinae


Clethrorasa is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Clethrorasa micropuncta (Holloway, 1989) — from Borneo and Sumatra.
 Clethrorasa pilcheri (Hampson, 1896) — from North East Himalaya, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo.

Characteristics
All species of this small genus of oriental noctuid moths are characterized by striking pale cream forewings with a black discal mark and single or paired black marks round the margin. The thorax is similarly marked. The hindwings and abdomen are gray, marginally or apically colored cream of the forewings' ground.

References
 Clethrorasa at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae
Moths of Borneo


Cloniatarphes is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Cloniatarphes carunalis, is found in Brazil. Both the genus and the species were first described by Schaus in 1916.

References

Herminiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Closteromorpha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References

Hadeninae


Clytie  is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1823.

Species
Subgenus Clytie

Clytie arenosa
Clytie delunaris
Clytie devia
Clytie euryphaea
Clytie gracilis
Clytie gyulaii
Clytie haifa
Clytie illunaris
Clytie micra
Clytie omana
Clytie rungsi
Clytie sabaea
Clytie sancta
Clytie scotorrhiza
Clytie sublunaris
Clytie syriaca
Clytie terrulenta
Clytie tropicalis

Subgenus Hypoglaucitis
Clytie distincta
Clytie infrequens

References

Ophiusini
Moth genera


Clytoscopa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Clytoscopa iorrhoda Turner, 1931
 Clytoscopa serena Turner, 1931

References
 Clytoscopa at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acontiinae


Cnodifrontia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Coarica is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Coarica fasciata, is known from India, Thailand and China. Both the genus and species were first described by Frederic Moore in 1882.

References

Calpinae
Moths of Asia
Monotypic moth genera


Cobalos is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Cobalos angelicus Smith, 1899
 Cobalos franciscanus Smith, 1899

References
 Cobalos at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Cobubatha is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It was erected by Francis Walker in 1863.

Species
 Cobubatha albiciliatus Smith, 1903
 Cobubatha dissociata Dyar, 1912
 Cobubatha dividua Grote, 1879
 Cobubatha hippotes Druce, 1889
 Cobubatha inveterata Dyar, 1914
 Cobubatha ipilla Dyar, 1916 (syn: Cobubatha rustica Dyar, 1918)
 Cobubatha lixiva Grote, 1882 (syn: Cobubatha basicinerea Grote, 1882, Cobubatha lixinites Dyar, 1912)
 Cobubatha megaplaga Dyar, 1912
 Cobubatha melor Dyar, 1912
 Cobubatha melorista Dyar, 1912
 Cobubatha metaspilaris Walker, 1863 (syn: Cobubatha punctifinis Hampson, 1910)
 Cobubatha numa Druce, 1889
 Cobubatha ochrocraspis Hampson, 1910
 Cobubatha orthozona Hampson, 1910 (syn: Cobubatha antonita Dyar, 1911, Cobubatha victrix Dyar, 1912)
 Cobubatha plumbifusa Dyar, 1912

References

Acontiinae


Edwin Palmer Hoyt (August 5, 1923 – July 29, 2005) was an American writer who specialized in military history.  Until 1958, Hoyt worked in news media, after which he produced non-fiction works.

Early life
He was born in Portland, Oregon to the publisher Edwin Palmer Hoyt (1897–1979) and his wife, the former Cecile DeVore (1901–1970). A younger brother, Charles Richard, was born in 1928. Hoyt attended the University of Oregon from 1940 to 1943.

Career
In 1943, Hoyt's father, then the editor and publisher of The Oregonian, was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as the director of the Domestic Branch, Office of War Information. The younger Hoyt served with the Office of War Information during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. In 1945 and 1946, he served as a foreign correspondent for The Denver Post (of which his father became editor and publisher in 1946) and the United Press, reporting from locations in China, Thailand, Burma, India, the Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and Korea.

Edwin Hoyt subsequently worked as an ABC broadcaster, covering the 1948 revolution in Czechoslovakia and the Arab-Israeli conflict. From 1949 to 1951, he was the editor of the editorial page at The Denver Post. He was the editor and publisher of the Colorado Springs Free Press from 1951 to 1955, and an associate editor of Collier's Weekly in New York from 1955 to 1956. In 1957 he was a television producer and writer-director at CBS, and in 1958 he was an assistant publisher of American Heritage magazine in New York.

Starting in 1958, Hoyt became a full-time writer, and for a few years (1976 to 1980) he served as a part-time lecturer at the University of Hawaii. In the 40 years since his first publication in 1960, he produced nearly 200 published works. While Hoyt wrote about 20 novels (many published under the pseudonyms Christopher Martin and Cabot L. Forbes), the vast majority of his works are biographies and other forms of non-fiction, with a heavy emphasis on World War II military history.

Hoyt died in Tokyo, Japan on July 29, 2005, after a prolonged illness. He was survived by his wife Hiroko, of Tokyo, and three children, Diana, Helga, and Christopher, all residing in the U.S.

Selected works
 Jumbos and Jackasses: A Popular History of Political Wars. New York: Doubleday (1960)
 One Penny Black: The Story of Stamp Collecting. Duell, Sloan & Pearce (1965)
 The House of Morgan. Dodd, Mead & Company (Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 66-24266) (1966)
 The Last Cruise of the Emden: The Amazing True WWI Story of a German-Light Cruiser and Her Courageous Crew. London: Andre Deutsch (1967)
 2001: Lyons Press,
 The Army Without A Country. Macmillan: New York (1967)
 The American Attitude: The Story of the Making of Foreign Policy in the United States. Abelard (1970)
 Leyte Gulf: The Death of the Princeton. Lancer Books (1972)
 Raider Wolf: The Voyage of Captain Nerger, 1916 - 1918. NY: Paul S. Eriksson, Inc. (1974)
 Blue Skies and Blood: The Battle of the Coral Sea. VT: Eriksson (1975)
 Alan Watts: The Rise and Decline of the Ordained Shaman of the Counterculture, (under pseudonym David Stuart) Chilton Book Co, PA (1976)
 U-Boats Offshore: When Hitler Struck America. NY: Stein & Day (1978)
 McCampbell's Heroes:  The Navy's Most Celebrated Carrier Fighters of the Pacific War, reprint, NY:  Avon.
 Storm over the Gilberts:  War in the Central Pacific:  1943, NY:  Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978, reprint, NY:  Avon, 1983,  .
 To the Marianas:  War in the Central Pacific:  1944, reprint, NY:  Avon.
 Closing the Circle:  War in the Central Pacific:  1945, reprint, NY:  Avon.
 USS Constitution: The Exciting Story of Old Ironsides, Pinnacle Books INC, NY (1976)
 The Men of the Gambier Bay, VT: Paul S. Eriksson, Inc. (1979)
 Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire. Macmillan (1981)
 The Pusan Perimeter. NY: Stein and Day (1984)
 On To The Yalu. NY: Stein and Day (1984)
 The Militarists: The Rise of Japanese Militarism Since WW II. New York: D.I. Fine (1985)
 Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, 1853 to 1952. NY: McGraw (1986)
 Hitler's War (1988)
 The GI's War: The Story of American Soldiers in Europe in WW II. McGraw-Hill (May 1988)
 The Rise of the Chinese Republic. McGraw-Hill (1989)
 Hirohito: The Emperor and the Man. NY: Praeger (1992) ;
 Angels of Death: Goering's Luftwaffe. NY: Forge (1994)
 Mussolini's Empire: The Rise and Fall of the Fascist Vision. NY: John Wiley & Sons (1994)
 Inferno: The Firebombing of Japan, March 9 – August 15, 1945. Madison Books (2000)
 The Last Kamikaze: The Story of Admiral Matome Ugaki. NY: Praeger (2008)

References

"Edwin P(almer) Hoyt, Jr." in Contemporary Authors Online (2009). Gale Publishing. Retrieved October 4, 2009.

1923 births
2005 deaths
Historians of World War I
Historians of World War II
Historians of the Korean War
American naval historians
American male non-fiction writers
American military writers
People of the United States Office of War Information
The Denver Post people


Cocytia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species, Cocytia durvillii, an uncommon day-flying moth found in lowland areas of the Moluccas, Aru, and New Guinea. The species has clear wings bordered with black, with an orange patch at the base of each forewing and long antennae, thicker at the outer end. Both the genus and species were first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1828.

Subspecies
Cocytia durvillii durvillii (Papua New Guinea)
Cocytia durvillii chlorosoma Butler, 1875 (Aru)
Cocytia durvillii aurantiaca Rothschild, 1897 (Tenimber)
Cocytia durvillii ribbei Druce, 1884 (Aru)
Cocytia durvillii veitschi Butler, 1884 (Batchian)

References

Cocytiini
Moths described in 1828
Monotypic moth genera


Codalithia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1979.

Species
Codalithia quincuncialis Holloway, 1979 New Caledonia
Codalithia subtilis Holloway, 1979 New Caledonia

References

Acontiinae


Codonodes is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1907.

Species
Codonodes louisiada Hampson, 1926
Codonodes rectigramma Hampson, 1907

References

Calpinae


Coelophoris is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Paul Mabille in 1900.

Species
Coelophoris andasy Viette, 1965
Coelophoris ankasoka Viette, 1965
Coelophoris comorensis Viette, 1981
Coelophoris lakato Viette, 1965
Coelophoris lucifer Viette, 1972
Coelophoris marojejy Viette, 1965
Coelophoris pluriplaga Viette, 1956
Coelophoris sogai Viette, 1965
Coelophoris trilineata Mabille, 1900

References

Calpinae


Coeloturatia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae described by Strand in 1928. Its only species, Coeloturatia patanei, was first described by Turati in 1926. It is found in Libya.

References

Acontiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Coenagria is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Coenagria nana (Staudinger, 1892)

References
 Coenagria at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


John N. Doggett III is an American award-winning Professor of Instruction at the McCombs School of Business of The University of Texas at Austin (UT).  Doggett was born in San Francisco, California on October 26, 1947 and raised in Pasadena and Los Angeles, California.

Doggett teaches MBA courses about entrepreneurship, global competition, and sustainability.  Doggett is a former Chair of the University Faculty Advisory Committee on Budgets.  Doggett is also the Academic Director of the UT Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders – Leadership in Business Institute.

Doggett spent several weeks during the first decade of the 21st century as a visiting professor teaching courses in entrepreneurship and global competition at Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo, Japan, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, IMADEC University in Vienna, Austria, Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand and Porto Business School, in Porto, Portugal.

Doggett has taught courses on entrepreneurship and venture capital in Austria, Chile, China, Ghana, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Portugal, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand.  He has extensive experience working with companies and trade associations in a wide range of industries, including electric utilities, oil, gas, and coal, manufacturing, retail, transportation, software and non-profit.

Doggett is a serial entrepreneur.  From 1983 to 1993 he created and managed an international economic development management consulting company that worked with clients in 25 countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Central America and the Middle East.  At its peak, his firm had 30 employees and offices in Austin, Texas and Accra, Ghana.  Doggett then co-founded a Spanish Language Sports Television Programming company that had a three year exclusive contract with the National Football League to produce programs about NFL football in Spanish.  At its peak, in 1996, his firm broadcast programs in 54 cities in the US, Northern Mexico and Puerto Rico.

From 1998-1998, Doggett was the host of The John Doggett Show on KVET-AM in Austin, Texas.  Doggett's radio talk show was one of the most influential afternoon talk shows in Central Texas.  In January 1997, Texas Monthly called Mr. Doggett a “Hot Radio Personality” “who allows listeners to disagree with him without cutting them off.”   In March 1997 the New York Times published two articles about The John Doggett Show.  In August 1997, C-SPAN simulcast Mr. Doggett’s show nationally. In February 1998, Talker’s Magazine selected Mr. Doggett as one of the 100 Most Influential Talk Show Hosts in America.  Doggett's show ended when his radio station dropped talk and became a 24-hour sports station.

Doggett is a co-author of When We Are the Foreigners: What Chinese Think about Working with Americans.  Doggett also was a co-executive producer of Shakespeare on the Range, a short film about Louisiana prisoners learning how to become actors in the stage play Macbeth.

Doggett was a columnist for WorldNetDaily until December 2002. In 1997, Headway Magazine selected him as one of the 20 Most Influential Black Conservatives in America. The following year, Talkers Magazine selected him as one of the 100 Most Influential Radio Talk Show Hosts in America.

In 1991, Doggett testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee on behalf of Clarence Thomas, during Thomas' SCOTUS confirmation hearings.https://www.c-span.org/video/?22288-1/thomas-hearing-day-3-part-5 (Thomas, who had been nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court by then-President George Herbert Walker Bush, had been accused of sexual harassment by law professor Anita Hill.)

Doggett is an alumnus of Claremont McKenna College, where he was the founder of the Black Student Union.

Doggett is also an alumnus of Yale Law School, and Harvard Business School.  Doggett and his wife have been married since February, 2001.

See also
Black conservatism in the United States

References

External links

American columnists
African-American non-fiction writers
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Texas
African-American radio personalities
21st-century African-American lawyers
American lawyers
21st-century African-American academics
21st-century American academics
American educators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
McCombs School of Business faculty
Claremont McKenna College alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Harvard Business School alumni


Coenipeta is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae.

Species
 Coenipeta bibitrix Hübner, 1823
 Coenipeta colliquens Hübner, 1818
 Coenipeta medina Guenée, 1852
 Coenipeta tanais (Cramer, 1775)

References
 Coenipeta at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Omopterini
Noctuoidea genera


Coenobela is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

Species
Coenobela joha H. Druce, 1898
Coenobela paucula Walker, 1858

References

Calpinae


Coenobia  is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Coenobia orientalis Sugi, 1982
 Coenobia rufa (Haworth, 1809)

References
 Coenobia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Coenophila is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Coenophila opacifrons Grote, 1878
 Coenophila subrosea – rosy marsh moth (Stephens, 1829)

References
 Coenophila at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Coenotoca is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Coenotoca subaspersa Walker, [1865]
 Coenotoca unimacula Lower, 1903

References
 Coenotoca at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Agaristinae


Coeriana is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1858.

Species

References

Calpinae


Cofimpacia is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1979.

Species
Cofimpacia chusaroides Holloway, 1979
Cofimpacia luteata Holloway, 1979
Cofimpacia violacea Holloway, 1979

References

Calpinae


Cola is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914.

Species
Cola nabis Dyar, 1914
Cola nagadeboides Strand, 1919

References

Calpinae


Colbusa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Francis Walker in 1865. There are three species:
 Colbusa discrepans (Karsch 1896)
 Colbusa euclidica Walker 1865
 Colbusa restricta Hampson 1918

References

Catocalinae


Colnettia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Colnettia brinoni, is found in New Caledonia in the south-west Pacific Ocean. Both the genus and the species were first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1979.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Colobochyla is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae.

Taxonomy
The genus has previously been classified in the subfamily Phytometrinae of Erebidae or the subfamily Calpinae of the family Noctuidae. The genus is tentatively classified in the Hypeninae but needs further phylogenetic analysis to determine its proper subfamily placement.

Species
 Colobochyla interpuncta (Grote, 1872) – swamp belle moth, yellow-lined owlet
 Colobochyla mabillealis (Viette, 1954)
 Colobochyla platizona (Lederer, 1870)
 Colobochyla saalmuelleralis (Viette, 1954)
 Colobochyla salicalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – lesser belle moth
 Colobochyla similis Warren, 1915

References

 Colobochyla at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Denis & Schiffermüller (1775). Ank. Syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener. Geg.
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hypeninae
Moth genera


Colocasidia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Colodes is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Colonsideridis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Colpocheilopteryx is a monotypic moth genus of the family Euteliidae. Its only species, Colpocheilopteryx operatrix, is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Both the genus and species were first described by Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren, the genus in 1865 and the species five years earlier in 1860.

The Global Lepidoptera Names Index considers the generic name to be a synonym of Eutelia.

References

Euteliinae
Monotypic moth genera


Cometaster is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1913. Its only species, Cometaster pyrula, the faint owl moth or ying-yang moth, was first described by Carl Heinrich Hopffer in 1857.

Distribution
It is found in Eastern and Southern Africa, mainly in Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Biological control agent
In October 2004, as part of a biological control project, larvae of this moth from South Africa were released in Queensland, Australia, in order to keep under control the type of acacia Acacia nilotica subsp. indica, a major invasive species in the Mitchell Grass Downs.

References

External links

"The host range and biology of Cometaster pyrula; a biocontrol agent for Acacia nilotica subsp. indica in Australia"

Moths described in 1857
Hypopyrini
Lepidoptera of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Lepidoptera of Malawi
Lepidoptera of Mozambique
Lepidoptera of South Africa
Lepidoptera of Zambia
Lepidoptera of Zimbabwe
Monotypic moth genera
Moths of Sub-Saharan Africa


Cometera is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuidae


Comodoria is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Comodoria splendida, is found in Chubut Province of Argentina. Both the genus and species were first described by Paul Köhler in 1952.

References

Cuculliinae
Monotypic moth genera


Complutia is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Complutia transversa, is found in Honduras. Both the genus and the species were first described by Francis Walker in 1869.

References

Calpinae
Monotypic moth genera


Compsenia is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by Paul Dognin in 1914.

Species
Compsenia area (H. Druce, 1891) Panama
Compsenia catagrapha Schaus, 1916 French Guiana
Compsenia furtiva Dognin, 1914 Colombia
Compsenia gracillima (Herrich-Schäffer, 1870) Cuba
Compsenia insulalis Schaus, 1916 Cuba
Compsenia plumbea (Schaus, 1913) Costa Rica

References

Herminiinae


Compsotata is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Louis Beethoven Prout in 1907.

Species
Compsotata corneliae Behounek & Beck, 2012 Ethiopia
Compsotata elegantissima (Guenée, 1852) Zaire, Kenya, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa
Compsotata janmoullei (Kiriakoff, 1954) Zaire

References

Cuculliinae


WINH may refer to:

 WINH (FM), a radio station (91.9 FM) licensed to serve Hinckley, Minnesota, United States
 WWVR (FM), a radio station (98.5 FM) licensed to serve Paris, Illinois, United States, which held the call sign WINH from 2006 to 2009


Concana is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1858.

Species
 Concana intricata Schaus, 1911 Costa Rica
 Concana lecta Schaus, 1911 Costa Rica
 Concana mundissima Walker, [1858] Florida, Antilles to Brazil
 Concana permixta Schaus, 1912 Costa Rica

References

Calpinae
Noctuoidea genera


Condate  is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae.

Taxonomy
The genus has previously been classified in the family Noctuidae.

Species
Condate angulina
Condate arenacea
Condate consocia
Condate costiplagiata
Condate fabularis
Condate flexus
Condate hypenoides
Condate orsilla
Condate purpurea
Condate purpureorufa
Condate retrahens
Condate rufistigma
Condate snelleni

References

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Boletobiinae
Noctuoidea genera


Condica is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1856.

Species
 Condica abstemia (Guenée, 1852)
 Condica agnata (Felder, 1874)
 Condica albigera Guenée, 1852
 Condica albigutta (Wileman, 1912)
 Condica albolabes (Grote, 1880)
 Condica albomaculata (Moore, 1867)
 Condica albopicta (Graeser, 1892)
 Condica andrena (Smith, 1911)
 Condica aroana (Bethune-Baker, 1906)
 Condica atricuprea (Hampson, 1908)
 Condica atricupreoides (Draeseke, 1928)
 Condica begallo (Barnes, 1905)
 Condica capensis (Guenée, 1852)
 Condica charada (Schaus, 1906)
 Condica cinifacta (Draudt, 1950)
 Condica circuita (Guenée, 1852)
 Condica claufacta (Walker, 1857)
 Condica concisa Walker, 1856
 Condica conducta (Walker, [1857])
 Condica confederata (Grote, 1873)
 Condica cupentia (Cramer, [1779])
 Condica cyclica Hampson, 1908
 Condica cyclioides (Draudt, 1950)
 Condica discistriga Smith, 1894
 Condica dolorosa (Walker, 1865)
 Condica egestis (Smith, 1894)
 Condica enigmatica (Turati & Krüger, 1936)
 Condica fuliginosa Leech, 1900
 Condica griseata (Leech, 1900)
 Condica hippia (H. Druce, 1889)
 Condica hypocritica Dyar, 1907
 Condica illecta (Walker, 1865)
 Condica illustrata Staudinger, 1888
 Condica leucorena (Smith, 1900)
 Condica lineata (H. Druce, 1889)
 Condica luxuriosa (Dyar, 1926)
 Condica mersa Morrison, 1875
 Condica mobilis (Walker, [1857])
 Condica morsa (Smith, 1907)
 Condica orta Barnes & McDunnough, 1912
 Condica palaestinensis Staudinger, 1894
 Condica pallescens Sugi, 1970
 Condica paraspicea de Joannis, 1928
 Condica parista (Schaus, 1921)
 Condica parva (Leech, 1900)
 Condica pauperata (Walker, 1858)
 Condica praesecta (Warren, 1912)
 Condica punctifera (Walker, [1857])
 Condica pyromphalus (Dyar, 1913)
 Condica roxana H. Druce, 1898
 Condica roxanoides Angulo & Olivares, 1999
 Condica scherdlini (Oberthür, 1921)
 Condica serva (Walker, 1858)
 Condica subaurea (Guenée, 1852)
 Condica sublucens (Warren, 1912)
 Condica subornata (Walker, 1865)
 Condica sutor (Guenée, 1852)
 Condica temecula (Barnes, 1905)
 Condica tibetica Draudt, 1950
 Condica vacillans (Walker, 1858)
 Condica vecors Guenée, 1852
 Condica videns Guenée, 1852
 Condica violascens Hampson, 1914
 Condica viscosa (Freyer, 1831)

References

Condicinae


Conicofrontia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Conicofrontia dallolmoi Berio, 1973
 Conicofrontia diamesa (Hampson, 1920)
 Conicofrontia sesamoides Hampson, 1902

References
 Conicofrontia at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Conicophoria is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Conicophoria formosana, is found in Taiwan. Both the genus and species were first described by Shōnen Matsumura in 1929.

Taxonomy
Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms gives this name as a synonym of Sesamia Guenée, 1852.

References

Acronictinae
Monotypic moth genera
Taxa named by Shōnen Matsumura


Conisania is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Conisania agrotoides Hacker & Speidel, 1992
 Conisania albina (Staudinger, 1896)
 Conisania andalusica (Staudinger, 1859)
 Conisania arida (Lederer, 1855)
 Conisania arterialis (Draudt, 1936)
 Conisania capsivora (Draudt, 1933)
 Conisania cervina (Eversmann, 1842)
 Conisania clara Ronkay, Varga & Gyulai, 1997
 Conisania dentirena Ronkay, Varga & Gyulai, 1997
 Conisania egenoides Boursin, 1966
 Conisania euxoides Hreblay & Ronkay, 1999
 Conisania evestigata (Draudt, 1936)
 Conisania hadulina (Draudt, 1934)
 Conisania lahoulicola Harcke & Varga, 1990
 Conisania leineri (Freyer, 1836)
 Conisania leuconephra (Draudt, 1950)
 Conisania literata (Fischer de Waldheim, 1840)
 Conisania luteago (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
 Conisania mienshani (Draudt, 1950)
 Conisania oxyptera Gyulai & Varga, 1998
 Conisania poelli Stertz, 1915
 Conisania renati (Oberthür, 1890)
 Conisania ronkayi Yoshimoto, 1998
 Conisania roseipicta (Draudt, 1950)
 Conisania suaveola (Draudt, 1950)
 Conisania suavis (Staudinger, 1892)
 Conisania vargai Hreblay & Ronkay, 1999
 Conisania verhulsti Gyulai & Ronkay, 1995
 Conisania vidua (Staudinger, 1888)
 Conisania xanthothrix Boursin, 1960

References
 Conisania at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadenini


Mark Arthur Ciavarella Jr. (born March 3, 1950) is an American convicted felon and former President Judge of the Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, who was involved, along with fellow judge Michael Conahan, in the "Kids for cash" scandal in 2008, for which he was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison in 2011.

Biography
Ciavarella was a lifelong resident of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, having been raised in the East End section of the city and attending St. Mary's High School. After graduating from the local King's College he attended Duquesne University School of Law, receiving his J.D. degree in 1975. Ciavarella entered private legal practice, becoming a partner in the firm of Lowery, Ciavarella and Rogers. From 1976 to 1978, he was city solicitor and then from 1978 until 1995, he served as solicitor for the city zoning board. In 1995, he ran for judge in Luzerne County on the Democratic ticket and was elected to a ten-year term. He was re-elected to a second ten-year term in 2005. Ciavarella was also active in several civic and Catholic organizations. He was married to the former Cindy Baer and the couple have three children. They separated on September 15, 2010, and in May 2013, she filed for divorce.

"Kids for cash" scandal

Ciavarella pleaded guilty on February 13, 2009, pursuant to a plea agreement, to federal charges of honest services fraud, wire fraud and tax evasion in connection with receiving $2.6 million in kickbacks from Robert Powell and Robert Mericle, the co-owner and builder respectively, of two private, for-profit juvenile facilities of PA Child Care. In exchange for these kickbacks, Ciavarella sentenced children to extended stays in juvenile detention for offenses as minimal as mocking a principal on Myspace, trespassing in a vacant building, and shoplifting DVDs from Wal-mart. More specifically, the crimes charged were: conspiracy to deprive the public of the "intangible right of honest services", or corruption, and conspiracy to defraud the United States by failing to report income to the Internal Revenue Service. Ciavarella tendered his resignation to Governor Ed Rendell on January 23, 2009, prior to official publication of the charges.

The plea agreement witnessed by defense attorneys Albert Flora and William Ruzzo called for Ciavarella to serve up to seven years in prison, pay fines and restitution, and accept responsibility for the crimes. However, Ciavarella denied that there was a connection between the juvenile sentences he rendered and the kickbacks he received. In part because of this denial, on July 30, 2009, Judge Edwin M. Kosik of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania rejected the plea agreement. He ruled that Ciavarella had continued to deny that there was a "quid pro quo" between his receipt of money and his jailing of juveniles, instead characterizing the money as a "finder’s fee" despite what Judge Kosik felt was the weight of the government's evidence. Attorneys for the judge and his co-conspirator, Michael Conahan, brought a motion requesting reconsideration of the judge's rejection of the plea agreement. The motion was denied on August 24, and Ciavarella and Conahan withdrew their guilty pleas, resulting in the case going to trial.

On September 9, 2009, a federal grand jury in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, returned a 48-count indictment against Ciavarella and Conahan, which included racketeering, fraud, money laundering, extortion, bribery, and federal tax violations. Both judges were arraigned on the charges on September 15, 2009. Ciavarella and Conahan entered pleas of not guilty to the 48-count indictment, and remained free on $1 million bail, despite federal prosecutors contentions that their bail should be raised since they now faced the possibility of substantially more prison time and that there was evidence of their attempts to shield assets.

On February 18, 2011, a jury in federal court found Ciavarella guilty of racketeering. This charge stemmed from Ciavarella accepting $997,000 in illegal payments from Robert Mericle, the real estate developer of PA Child Care, and attorney Robert Powell, a co-owner of the facility. Ciavarella was also on trial for 38 other counts including accepting numerous payments from Mericle and Powell as well as tax evasion.

On August 11, 2011, Kosik sentenced Ciavarella to 28 years in federal prison. Ciavarella appealed his conviction and sentence to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. On May 24, 2013, the Third Circuit vacated one count of the indictment against Ciavarella, but upheld all other charges, as well as his sentence. The Third Circuit refused to reconsider on July 24, 2013. The Supreme Court, which rarely accepts such cases, declined to hear the appeal in 2014, although Ciavarella could file a post-conviction relief motion before U.S. District Court within one year. With good behavior, he could be released in fewer than 24 years, when he would be 85. Ciavarella initially served his sentence at Federal Correctional Institution, Pekin in Pekin, Illinois.

He is registered as inmate 15008–067 at the Federal Correctional Institution at Ashland, Kentucky. His projected release date is June 18, 2034.

On January 9, 2018, federal judge Christopher C. Conner threw out Ciavarella's convictions for racketeering, conspiracy to commit racketeering, and conspiracy to commit money laundering on appeal. Conner upheld Civarella's contention that his attorneys failed to raise statute of limitations claims on those charges. He ordered a new trial on those counts, but allowed the honest services fraud convictions to stand. On January 24, 2020, prosecutors formally notified the court that they would not seek to retry Ciaverella on these three counts. In response, Ciavarella's defense attorneys sought a reduction of his prison sentence, which was rejected.

On October 1, 2019, Ciavarella was disbarred on consent from the practice of law by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Civil lawsuits
Ciavarella is a defendant in a class action lawsuit filed by the Juvenile Law Center on behalf of the juveniles who were adjudicated delinquent by him despite not being represented by counsel or advised of their rights. He has moved to dismiss this lawsuit as it pertains to him based on judicial immunity. He is also named as a defendant in three other lawsuits, however, all four lawsuits have been consolidated into one master class action lawsuit which was filed in June and then amended in late August 2009.

The plaintiffs, in a 75-page court filing on September 9, 2009, argued that the actions of Ciavarella and Conahan should not be "fully shielded by absolutely judicial immunity or legislative immunity", because their actions went beyond their judicial and administrative duties.

Review of judicial rulings
The Pennsylvania Supreme Court, using its rarely invoked power of "King's Bench jurisdiction", appointed Senior Judge Arthur Grim as special master to review all of Ciavarella's juvenile sentences. On March 11, 2009, Grim recommended that all adjudications handed down by Ciavarella between 2003 and 2008 be thrown out. Grim concluded that the kickbacks and Ciavarella's disregard for the juveniles' rights meant that no one who appeared before him had received an impartial hearing. On March 26, 2009, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court accepted Grim's recommendations and threw out hundreds of Ciavarella's juvenile convictions on the grounds that the defendants' rights had been violated.

In early 2009, the Wilkes-Barre daily newspaper The Citizens' Voice accused Judge Ciavarella of improperly concealing a conflict of interest when he rendered a $3.5 million defamation judgment against the paper, and it moved to have the case reopened. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court appointed Lehigh County President Judge William H. Platt to conduct hearings into the matter. After two days of testimony that July, Judge Platt recommended that the verdict be vacated and a new trial be conducted. His recommendation was partially based on the fact that Ciavarella admitted that he wrongly presided over cases involving clients of Robert J. Powell, an attorney who paid Ciavarella and Conahan more than $770,000 in kickbacks.

In June 2009, attorneys from Laputka, Bayless, Ecker & Cohn, a Hazleton law firm, appealed a $3.4 million legal malpractice verdict and wished to supplement the record to indicate that Ciavarella should not have presided over the case and should have recused himself because of his relationship with Powell, who was the opposing attorney.

In early August 2009, the state Supreme Court ordered Luzerne County President Judge Chester Muroski to review a land dispute case that was dismissed by Ciavarella to determine if the ruling was tainted. First National Community Bank had loaned Ciavarella $848,000 and Conahan sat on the bank's board of directors. Ciavarella dismissed a lawsuit by Emil Malinowski against the bank, a ruling which was upheld by the state Superior Court.

Dr. Ki Bum Lee, M.D. requested that a malpractice suit against him by Debra Sharkey be dropped. In court papers filed in early September 2009, Dr. Lee's attorney, Michael Badowski, said Dr. Lee should also be awarded damages after information surfaced regarding Ciavarella, William Sharkey, the former court administrator, and Sharkey's attorney, Robert Powell. Badowski alleged that Sharkey's first cousin and Ciavarella's co-defendant, Judge Michael Conahan, assigned Ciavarella to the malpractice case and that, because of the conflict of interest, Ciavarella had continually ruled against the doctor. The lawsuit, originally filed in October 1997, claimed Lee committed malpractice during Debra Sharkey's hysterectomy.

Judge Thomas L. Ambro of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled, in March 2019, that Mark Ciavarella is not entitled to a new trial which would have followed the precedent set by the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2016 ruling in McDonnell v. United States. McDonnell v. United States altered the definition of 'official acts' as they relate to bribery.

In his opinion, Judge Ambro stated that "Ciavarella’s bribery-related actions still satisfy even a post-McDonnell understanding of ‘official act.’ If sentencing hundreds of juvenile offenders to excessive terms of incarceration is not an ‘official act,’ then nothing is."

Pension fight
Ciavarella, whose resignation from the bench took effect on March 16, 2009, submitted an application for pension benefits that same day, seeking to withdraw a lump sum of $232,051 that included $51,699 in interest and to begin receiving $5,156 in monthly pension benefits.
However, Ciavarella agreed to a federal injunction freezing his pension benefits on or about May 27, 2009. The injunction was requested by the U.S. Attorney's office in order to apply the benefits to restitution to the victims.

Subsequently, the State Employees' Retirement System (SERS) denied pension benefits to Ciavarella, reversing its earlier position that he was eligible to receive benefits until he was sentenced. SERS ruled that the former judge's guilty pleas to fraud and conspiracy in February provided sufficient grounds to deny the benefits. The agency based its determination on the Pension Forfeiture Act, which allows for the denial of benefits to anyone convicted of certain crimes related to their public employment. SERS also refused to repay Ciavarella the $234,000 that he had contributed to the retirement system because the state Department of Public Welfare claimed that he and Conahan are liable for $4.3 million in alleged overpayments it made to two juvenile detention centers.

References

External links
 Luzerne County Judges, The Times-Leader, Wilkes-Barre daily newspaper article collection
 , Juvenile Law Center
 Documentary film about case - Kids for Cash

1950 births
Living people
Disbarred Pennsylvania lawyers
Politicians from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Democrats
People convicted of racketeering
People convicted of honest services fraud
King's College (Pennsylvania) alumni
Duquesne University alumni
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Pennsylvania politicians convicted of crimes
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
21st-century American criminals
Judges convicted of crimes
Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas


A graphite lined stamp is a postage stamp on which vertical lines of electro-conductive graphite are printed on the reverse. Graphite lined stamps were used in the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1960 as an experiment in the automation of mail sorting.

Usage and appearance
In the United Kingdom, graphite lines were used exclusively on five stamps of the Wilding series from December 1957. They appear as one or two black lines printed vertically under the gum. The two lined stamps were to identify fully paid mail, which eventually became first class mail, while stamps with only one line paid the printed matter rate, or second class mail as it eventually became. On the two lined stamps, the bands are usually found widely spaced so that one appears at either side of the stamp, but they may also be found close together due to printing errors on the one and a half pence stamp. Several other errors of misplaced graphite lines are also known and not all are included in the Stanley Gibbons catalogue.

The use of graphite lines was developed by British Post Office scientists in conjunction with the stamp printers Harrison & Sons of High Wycombe and the stamps were first used in an experimental machine at Southampton. The machine used scanners to detect the graphite lines and to face the letters so that the stamp was always in the top right corner. The machine could also sort the letters according to the number of graphite lines on the stamps so that fully paid and printed matter stamps were separated. The machine then cancelled the letters. This was the first time that this had been done automatically.

From November 1959, graphite lined stamps were issued with phosphor bands printed on the front of the stamp. Ultimately, graphite band marking was superseded by the use of phosphor band marking which was a more effective form of mail sorting and only phosphor bands remained on Wilding stamps after .

Graphite
The term graphite refers to the substance Naphthadag or Deflocculated Acheson's Graphite, which was graphite in a solution of naphtha. This graphite substance went under the brand name dag, which was a registered trademark of Acheson Colloids Ltd. The substance is still a product of the firm today.

Forgeries
Graphite lined stamps have become very collectable and often command high prices. This has attracted forgers, however, most forgeries are easily identified by comparison with a genuine stamp. Crucially, on the genuine stamps the lines appear underneath the gum.

Notes and references

Further reading
Great Britain Concise Stamp Catalogue 2008, Stanley Gibbons, London, 2008. .
"A View of Wildings" by Rob Tibbenham in The GBPS Newsletter, No.268, March/April 2001.

External links
Pictures of typical graphite lined stamps.

Postage stamps of the United Kingdom
Postal system of the United Kingdom
Philatelic terminology


Conistra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1821. There are three subgenera, Orrhodiella, Dasycampa and Peperina.

Species

 Conistra acutula (Staudinger, 1891)
 Conistra albipuncta (Leech, 1889)
 Conistra alicia Lajonquiére, 1939
 Conistra anonyma Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998
 Conistra ardescens (Butler, 1879)
 Conistra ardescentina Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998
 Conistra asiatica Pinker, 1980
 Conistra aulombardi Hreblay, 1992
 Conistra castaneofasciata (Motschulsky, 1860)
 Conistra chaijami Hacker & Weigert, 1986
 Conistra daubei (Duponchel, [1839])
 Conistra dora Hreblay, 1992
 Conistra elegans Hörhammer, 1936
 Conistra eriophora (Püngeler, 1901)
 Conistra erythrocephala (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – red-headed chestnut
 Conistra filipjevi Kononenko, 1978
 Conistra fletcheri Sugi, 1958
 Conistra gabori Hreblay, 1992
 Conistra gallica (Lederer, 1857)
 Conistra grisescens Draudt, 1950
 Conistra intricata (Boisduval, 1829)
 Conistra kasyi Boursin, 1963
 Conistra ligula (Esper, 1791) – dark chestnut
 Conistra metallica Hreblay & Ronkay, 1998
 Conistra metria Boursin, 1940
 Conistra nawae Matsumura, 1926
 Conistra plantei Rungs, 1972
 Conistra politina (Staudinger, 1888)
 Conistra ragusae (Failla-Tedaldi, 1890)
 Conistra rubiginea (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) – dotted chestnut
 Conistra rubiginosa (Scopoli, 1763) – black-spot chestnut
 Conistra rubricans Fibiger, 1997
 Conistra staudingeri (Graslin, 1863)
 Conistra takasago Kishida & Yoshimoto, 1979
 Conistra torrida (Lederer, 1857)
 Conistra vaccinii (Linnaeus, 1761) – chestnut
 Conistra veronicae (Hübner, [1813])

References

External links

Cuculliinae
Moth genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner


Conochares was a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae, it is now considered a synonym of Ponometia.

Former species
 Conochares acutus Smith, 1905
 Conochares altera Smith, 1903
 Conochares arizonae H. Edwards, 1878
 Conochares catalina Smith, 1906
 Conochares elegantula Harvey, 1876
 Conochares rectangula McDunnough, 1943

References
 Conochares at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acontiinae
Obsolete arthropod taxa


is a video game where a player controls a young female person who has to take care of a pet dog.

Summary

The object of the game is to nurture the dog from puppyhood into adulthood and even into old age. There are many breeds of pets and there are several different kinds of young female avatars to control. First, the player must give the master a name; this is followed by giving the dog a name. Names be inserted using either hiragana, katakana or using the ASCII letters traditionally given to most European languages; this applies to both naming the dog and the owner.

Dogs must be taken for walks and given plenty of physical exercises, training in addition to lessons that teach them discipline. If neglected, the dog will hold his head up in the air and refuse to take orders from the player. Competition from the computer player's dog provides a reason for the player to give her dog adequate training and discipline without making the pet overly tired or hungry.

Pet Club: Inu Daisuki! is a part of the Japan-exclusive Kid's Gear line of video games for the Game Gear.

References

1996 video games
Game Gear games
Game Gear-only games
Japan-exclusive video games
Raising sims
Video games about dogs
Video games developed in Japan
Virtual pet video games
Single-player video games


Conochuza is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Conochuza lineola, is known from the Seychelles (Aldabra island). Both the genus and species were first described by Emilio Berio in 1962.

References

Amphipyrinae
Monotypic moth genera


Conosema is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

Species
Conosema alfura (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874) Sulawesi
Conosema pratti (Bethune-Baker, 1908) New Guinea

References

Calpinae
Noctuoidea genera


Conservula is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874.

Description
Its eyes are naked and without lashes. The proboscis is fully developed. Palpi upturned and reaching vertex of head, thickly scaled where the third joint minute. Antennae simple in both sexes. Metathorax with tufts which are well developed in the American species, slight in other regions. Abdomen without tufts. Tibia spineless. Forewings with non-crenulate cilia.

Species
 Conservula alambica Gaede, 1915
 Conservula ancillottoi (Berio, 1978)
 Conservula anodonta (Guenée, 1852)
 Conservula anthophyes (D. S. Fletcher, 1963)
 Conservula cinisigna de Joannis, 1906
 Conservula clarki Janse, 1937
 Conservula comoriensis (Viette, 1979)
 Conservula furca (D. S. Fletcher, 1961)
 Conservula indica (Moore, 1867)
 Conservula malagasa Gaede, 1915
 Conservula minor Holland, 1896
 Conservula rosacea (Saalmüller, 1891)
 Conservula scriptura (Rougeot & Laporte, 1983)
 Conservula simillima Berio, 1966
 Conservula sinensis Hampson, 1908
 Conservula subrosacea (Viette, 1958)
 Conservula v-brunneum (Guenée, 1852)

References

Caradrinini


Constantargyris is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Constantiodes is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Constantiodes pyralina, is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Oman, Saudi Arabia and Somalia. Both the genus and species were first described by George Hampson in 1916.

References

Hadeninae
Monotypic moth genera


Convercala is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Herbert Beck in 1996. Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms gives this name as a synonym of Catocala.

References

Catocalinae


Copablepharon is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Copablepharon absidum (Harvey, 1875)
 Copablepharon alaskensis Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon albisericeum Blanchard, 1976
 Copablepharon atrinotum Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon canarianum McDunnough, 1932 (syn: Copablepharon contrastum McDunnough, 1932)
 Copablepharon canarianum canarianum McDunnough, 1932
 Copablepharon canarianum contrasa McDunnough, 1932
 Copablepharon columbia Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon flavum Fauske & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon fuscum Troubridge & Crabo, 1996
 Copablepharon gillaspyi Blanchard, 1976
 Copablepharon grandis (Strecker, 1878)
 Copablepharon longipenne Grote, 1882
 Copablepharon michiganensis Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon michiganensis serraticornis (Blanchard, 1976)
 Copablepharon mustelini Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon mutans Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon nevada Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon opleri Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon pictum Fauske & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon robertsoni Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon sanctaemonicae Dyar, 1904
 Copablepharon serratigrande Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon serratum McDunnough, 1932
 Copablepharon spiritum Crabo & Fauske, 2004
 Copablepharon spiritum bicolor Crabo & Fauske, 2004
 Copablepharon spiritum lutescens Crabo & Fauske, 2004
 Copablepharon viridisparsa Dod, 1916
 Copablepharon viridisparsa hopfingeri (Franclemont, 1954)
 Copablepharon viridisparsa gilvum Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon viridisparsa ravum Crabo & Lafontaine, 2004
 Copablepharon viridisparsa viridisparsa Dod, 1916

Former species
 Copablepharon album is now Protogygia album (Harvey, 1876)

References
 Copablepharon at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuinae


Copanarta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1895.

Species
 Copanarta aurea (Grote, 1879) (syn: Copanarta nigerrima (J. B. Smith, 1903))
 Copanarta sexpunctata (Barnes & McDunnough, 1916)

References

Cuculliinae


Cophanta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Cophanta funestalis Walker, 1864
 Cophanta occidentalis Hampson, 1910

References

 Cophanta at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Acontiinae


Copibryophila is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae. Its only species, Copibryophila angelica, is found in the US state of California. Both the genus and species were first described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1900.

References

Acontiinae
Monotypic moth genera


Copifrontia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Hadeninae


Fever Ray is the debut solo studio album by Fever Ray, an alias of Karin Dreijer of Swedish electronic music duo the Knife. It was released on 12 January 2009 by Rabid Records. The album spawned four singles: "If I Had a Heart", "When I Grow Up", "Triangle Walks" and "Seven".

Critical reception

Fever Ray was lauded by music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 81, based on 27 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim".

Graeme Thomson of The Observer described the album as "an astonishingly stark record" that is "[b]uilt on the barest of electronic bones and brought to life through [Dreijer]'s almost primal vocals, the songs search for a spiritual pulse amid soulless modernity." Ian Mathers of PopMatters stated the album is "not only as good as Silent Shout but [it's also] clearly akin to the sound [they] and [their] brother Olof perfected on that record", concluding, "Nothing that Fever Ray does is as immediate or soaring as a track like 'Marble House' but Fever Ray makes up for the lack of highs by being an even more all-enveloping experience than the last few Knife records." Similarly, John Doran of the NME commented that Fever Ray "has none of the immediacy of albums such as the Knife's Silent Shout, with its playful eclecticism and heavier, dancefloor-leaning beats. Most importantly, it doesn't have a killer hit single in the style of 'Heartbeats'", adding that in order to "fully appreciate this beautiful and understated gem, [...] it's important to relinquish all desires for another 'Heartbeats' and enter fully into the world of Fever Ray." Doran also called the album "magnetic and rewarding" and compared it to the likes of Kate Bush, Underworld and Yellow Magic Orchestra.

Pitchforks argued that, in contrast to the Knife's "plasticky percussions and goofy synth sounds", Fever Ray "brims with fragile, more finely articulated sounds" and "moves at roughly the same pace and with the same general tone, rendering some of the songs indistinguishable at first, but committed listens will reveal this to be as nuanced and as rich of a production as anything either Dreijer has done." The A.V. Clubs Chris Martins viewed it as being "countless times more claustrophobic and creepy than Silent Shout" and stated that "[t]he vocal transformer is such a huge part of what [Dreijer] does—androgynizing [their] words to accompany the cold music, mimicking the synth warbles and sustained tones that abound." The Independent critic Rupert Howe expressed, "Even beyond the gothic imagery and glacial electronics, this mesmeric solo project shares much with the Knife's last album Silent Shout", including "surreal lyrics" and "weird vocal treatments which pitch [Dreijer]'s voice down to a baleful masculine groan". Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine found that the album is "built upon contrasts. Most notably, [Dreijer]'s Fever Ray persona draws attention to [their] work as half of the Knife [...] Whereas the Knife is ostensibly a dance act, Fever Ray emphasizes tone over rhythm." In a review rated 7.5 out of 10, XLR8R wrote that it "retains real emotional heft" and compared it to the likes of Madonna, Siouxsie and the Banshees and PJ Harvey.

Alexander Tudor wrote for Drowned in Sound that "minimal beats on each track prove to have been constructed with incredible attention to detail, as are the smooth synth washes, and electronic simulacra of birdcall or animal noises. The tempo may be nightmarishly unvaried, track after track, but it's composed of glitches [and] bouncing balls", citing "Keep the Streets Empty for Me" as the album's best track. In a review for AllMusic, Heather Phares opined that "Fever Ray's mix of confessional lyrics and chilly, blatantly synthetic and often harsh sounds make this album as successful an electronic singer/songwriter album as Björk's Homogenic." Phares continued, "With almost tangible textures and a striking mood of isolation and singularity, Fever Ray is a truly strange but riveting album." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian felt that the album's "dolorous chords and stately rhythms recall the Cure, circa Faith, the glacial pace makes you think of the Blue Nile", noting that, "as unlikely a step as Fever Ray may seem for one of electronic music's most enigmatic figures, the results are triumphant." BBC Music's Chris Jones called the album "bloody marvellous", while observing "a vague sense of holding pattern here rather than massive innovation. Without brother Olof as a guiding hand on the droning sequencers the tunes fall a bit by the wayside", but wrote that "this very tiny drawback doesn't stop Fever Ray from being the kind of brilliant album that it may not make sense to play if you're prone to nightmares."

Accolades
The Guardian named Fever Ray the second best album of 2009, calling it "[g]lacial, creepy and impish" and commenting, "Between the cavernous synths, the echoes and loops, the polyrhythms and snarling vocal processing, [Dreijer] managed to capture the feeling of being totally alone while also projecting a childlike wonder." It was ranked the second best album of 2009 and twenty-fourth best album of the 2000s decade by Resident Advisor. The Sunday Times named Fever Ray the third best album of 2009 by a new artist and wrote that [Dreijer] "responded to motherhood with an album of glacial sonic architecture, its unforgiving expanses conjuring up sleep-deprived mental churning", dubbing it an "electro classic". NME, Drowned in Sound and Pitchfork all placed the album at number nine on their respective lists of the Top 50 Albums of 2009, with the latter noting that "[w]hat's made [Dreijer]'s work even better is how [their] videos and performances amplify the music's sense of dread and mystery."

The album was listed at number sixteen on PopMatters' The Best 60 Albums of 2009, and the website opined, "Alternately chilly and warm, wistful and foreboding, expansive and claustrophobic, Fever Rays peculiarity and bleak magnificence holds us in its thrall." Online music service Rhapsody included Fever Ray at number twenty-two on its list of The 25 Best Albums of 2009. Slant Magazine named it the twenty-fourth best album of 2009, stating that [Dreijer] "challenges the conventions of dance music with [their] distorted vocals and macabre imagery" the album "emerges as an unsettling, impossible-to-shake record that suggests the aftermath of when 'pop' truly bursts". iTunes US named Fever Ray the best electronic album of 2009 as part of its Rewind 2009 roundup. It was included on AllMusic's Favorite Albums of 2009 and Favorite Electronic Albums of 2009 lists.

In 2010, Fever Ray won the P3 Guld award for Dance Artist of the Year, and was nominated for Newcomer of the Year and Pop Artist of the Year. The same year, the singer won a Manifestgalan for Best Live Artist and received a Beatport Music Award nomination for Best Electronica Artist.

Track listing

Deluxe edition

Personnel
Credits for adapted the liner notes of Fever Ray.

Musicians
 Fever Ray – vocals
 Cecilia Nordlund – vocals
 Hampus Lundgren – double bass

Technical personnel
 Fever Ray – mixing, production, recording
 Christoffer Berg – mixing ; production, recording
 Henrik Jonsson – mastering
 Van Rivers & The Subliminal Kid – mixing, production, recording

Artwork
 Martin Ander – cover design

Charts

As of October 2009 it has sold 23,000 copies in United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Release history

References

2009 debut albums
Fever Ray albums
Mute Records albums


Copitarsia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1906.

Species
Copitarsia anatunca Angulo & Olivares, 1999 Chile
Copitarsia anguloi Castillo, 1991 Chile
Copitarsia basilinea Köhler, 1958 Argentina (Mendoza), Chile
Copitarsia belensis (Köhler, 1973) Argentina
Copitarsia clavata (Köhler, 1952) Argentina (Chubut)
Copitarsia consueta (Walker, 1857)
Copitarsia corruda Pogue & Simmons, 2008 Peru
Copitarsia decolora (Guenée, 1852) Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile
Copitarsia fleissiana (Köhler, 1958) Argentina (Neuquen)
Copitarsia fuscirena (Hampson, 1910) Argentina (Mendoza)
Copitarsia gentiliana (Köhler, 1961) Argentina (Neuquen)
Copitarsia gibberosa Pogue, 2014 Chile, Argentina (Neuquen, Rio Negro)
Copitarsia gracilis (Köhler, 1961) Argentina
Copitarsia heydenreichii (Freyer, [1850])
Copitarsia humilis (Blanchard, 1852) Chile
Copitarsia incommoda (Walker, 1865) Colombia, Peru, Costa Rica, Argentina
Copitarsia lacustre Angulo & Olivares, 2009 Chile
Copitarsia maxima (Köhler, 1961) Argentina (Neuquen)
Copitarsia mimica Angulo & Olivares, 1999 southern Argentina
Copitarsia murina Angulo, Olivares & Badilla, 2001 Chile
Copitarsia naenioides (Butler, 1882) Chile, Argentina
Copitarsia patagonica Hampson, 1906 Patagonia
Copitarsia purilinea (Mabille, 1885) Patagonia
Copitarsia roseofulva (Köhler, 1952) Bolivia, Chile
Copitarsia sulfurea (Köhler, 1973) Argentina (Neuquen)
Copitarsia tamsi (Giacomelli, 1922) Argentina
Copitarsia turbata (Herrich-Schäffer, [1852])
Copitarsia vivax (Köhler, 1952) Argentina (Chubut)

References

 Pogue, M. G. & Simmons, R. B. (2008). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101 (4): 743-762.

Cuculliinae


Copitype is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1906.

Species
Copitype pagodae (Alphéraky, 1892) Tibet
Copitype potalae Ronkay & Varga, 1998

References

Cuculliinae


Copivaleria is a monotypic moth genus of the family Noctuidae erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. Its only species, Copivaleria grotei, or Grote's sallow, was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1874. It is found in eastern North America, including Ontario, Tennessee, New York and Maryland.

The wingspan is about 35 mm. Adults are on wing from April to May.

The larvae feed on Fraxinus species.

Taxonomy
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index considers this genus name to be a synonym of Psaphida Walker, 1865.

References

External links

Psaphidinae
Moths of North America
Monotypic moth genera


Coranarta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

Species
 Coranarta carbonaria (Christoph, 1893)
 Coranarta cordigera (Thunberg, 1792)
 Coranarta luteola (Grote & Robinson, 1865)
 Coranarta macrostigma (Lafontaine & Mikkola, 1987)
 Coranarta restricta Yela, 2002

References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Coranarta at funet

Hadenini