Raymond Oliver Dreher Jr. (born February 14, 1967), known as Rod Dreher, is an American expatriate writer and editor living in Hungary. He was a columnist with The American Conservative for 12 years, ending in March 2023, and remains an editor-at-large there. He is also author of several books, including How Dante Can Save Your Life, The Benedict Option, and Live Not by Lies. He has written about religion, politics, film, and culture in National Review and National Review Online, The Weekly Standard, The Wall Street Journal, and other publications.

He was a film reviewer for the South Florida Sun-Sentinel and chief film critic for the New York Post. His commentaries have been broadcast on National Public Radio's All Things Considered, and he has appeared on CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, Court TV, and other television networks.

Early life and education
Dreher was born on February 14, 1967, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He was named after his father, Ray Oliver Dreher, a local landowner and parish sanitation official.

Dreher was raised in the small town of St. Francisville, the parish seat of West Feliciana Parish north of Baton Rouge. However, he transferred to Louisiana School for Math, Science and the Arts in Natchitoches at the age of sixteen, where he was part of the school's first graduating class in 1985. In 1989 he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from Louisiana State University.

Career
Dreher began his career as a television critic for The Washington Times, and later worked as chief film critic for the New York Post and editor for the National Review. In 2002, Dreher wrote an essay that explored a subcategory of American conservatism he defined as "granola conservatism", whose adherents he described as "crunchy cons". He defined these people as traditionalist conservatives who believed in environmental conservation, frugal living, and the preservation of traditional family values, while also expressing skepticism towards aspects of free-market capitalism. He portrayed "crunchy cons" as being generally religious (typically traditionalist Roman Catholics, conservative Protestants, or Eastern Orthodox). Four years later, Dreher published a book expanding on the themes of this manifesto, Crunchy Cons: How Birkenstocked Burkeans, Gun-Loving Organic Gardeners, Evangelical Free-Range Farmers, Hip Homeschooling Mamas, Right-Wing Nature Lovers, and Their Diverse Tribe of Countercultural Conservatives Plan to Save America (or At Least the Republican Party).

From 2006, Dreher maintained a Beliefnet blog entitled "Crunchy Con"; the blog was renamed "Rod Dreher" in 2010, with a shift in focus from political to cultural topics. During this time, Dreher worked as an editorial writer and columnist for The Dallas Morning News, which he left in late 2009 to become the publications director for the John Templeton Foundation. On August 20, 2011, Dreher announced on Twitter that he was leaving the Templeton Foundation in order to return to full-time writing. In 2013, Dreher published a book titled The Little Way of Ruthie Leming, about his childhood in Louisiana and his sister's battle with cancer. In 2015, Dreher published How Dante Can Save Your Life, a memoir about how reading Dante's Divine Comedy helped him after his sister's death. Dreher began writing a blog for the American Conservative in 2008; in 2017, the blog received on average more than a million page views per month.

In March 2023, funding for Dreher's blog at The American Conservative was withdrawn. According to Vanity Fair the departure was prompted by a withdrawal of support for Dreher by philanthropist Howard Ahmanson Jr. who, per Vanity Fair, single-handedly funded Dreher's salary at the website in an unusual arrangement which also allowed Dreher to publish without an editor. Ahmanson had become dissatisfied with the tone of Dreher's posts, describing them as "too weird", citing as the prime example one particular blog post where Dreher reminisced about a Black elementary-school classmate of his, who had an unusual-looking uncircumcised penis that Dreher described as a "primitive root wiener". Dreher said he intends to continue blogging on Substack and may also contribute to The American Conservative with editorial oversight.

The Benedict Option

From 2015 to 2021 Dreher wrote about what he calls the "Benedict Option", the idea that Christians who want to preserve their faith should segregate themselves to some degree from "post-Obergefell" society, which he sees as drifting further away from "traditional Christian values" (particularly those regarding sex, marriage, and gender). Dreher says that Christians should try to form intentional communities, such as the Bruderhof Communities, or the School for Conversion. The phrase "Benedict Option" was inspired by Alasdair MacIntyre's 1981 book After Virtue, and refers to the sixth-century monk Benedict of Nursia. Dreher's book on the subject, The Benedict Option, was published by Sentinel in 2017.

Reviews for The Benedict Option ranged from the laudatory to the highly critical. David Brooks of The New York Times described it as "the most discussed and most important religious book of the decade," while also expressing concern that "by retreating to neat homogeneous monocultures, most separatists will end up . . . fostering narrowness, prejudice and moral arrogance." Rowan Williams, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote that the prominence the book gives to "same-sex relations," as opposed to "poverty, racism and war," "reinforces the common perception that the only ethical issues that interest traditional Christians are those involving sexual matters." Nonetheless, Williams suggested that "The book is worth reading because it poses some helpfully tough questions to a socially liberal majority, as well as to believers of a more traditional colour." Russell Moore, the president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, described Dreher's book as "brilliant, prophetic, and wise," while Alan Levinovitz, a religious scholar at James Madison University, described it as "spiritual pornography," the soul of which "is not love of God; it is bitter loathing of those who do not share it." Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito cited The Benedict Option in a court ruling in favor of the freedom of hiring by two religious schools on July 3, 2020.

Various conferences and symposia have discussed the Benedict Option as an idea, as have Christian theologians and commentators. The Reformed philosophical theologian James K. A. Smith, for instance, has written a number of critical responses to the idea, including one in which he argues that the world Dreher laments the loss of "tends to be white. And what seems to be lost is a certain default power and privilege." Dreher has repeatedly called these charges "motivated reasoning" on his blog. The Catholic writer Elizabeth Bruenig has argued that Dreher's strategy of "withdrawing from conventional politics is difficult to parse with Christ's command that we love our neighbors," while the Christian literary scholar Alan Jacobs has responded to these and other criticisms of The Benedict Option. The writer Leah Libresco has published a guide to the practical aspects of building "BenOp communities."

Dreher's experience as a 2021 fellow at Hungary's Danube Institute and his observation of Viktor Orbán's government persuaded him that Christian conservatives could in fact still win and wield substantial political power. "Orbán was so unafraid, so unapologetic about using his political power to push back on the liberal élites in business and media and culture," Dreher told The New Yorkers Andrew Marantz in 2022. "It was so inspiring: this is what a vigorous conservative government can do if it's serious about stemming this horrible global tide of wokeness." Dreher also argued that the U.S. Republican Party needs "a leader with Orbán's vision—someone who can build on what Trumpism accomplished, without the egomania and inattention to policy, and who is not afraid to step on the liberals' toes."

Political views

Views on sexuality, sexual assault, and gender
Dreher holds to what he describes as biblical Christian teaching on sexuality and gender, including on the sinfulness of same-sex sexual relations and the naturalness of male–female difference. While some writers have praised Dreher's insights into the fundamental nature of the social changes caused by the sexual revolution, others have argued that Dreher has not sufficiently grappled with the problem of how conservative Christians should live alongside those whose lifestyles they disapprove of and have criticized the language Dreher has used to describe gay people. Dreher has published numerous articles expressing alarm at the growing visibility of transgender people in American society, which he sees as part of a "technology-driven revolution in our view of personhood." He has been described in The Guardian as "a man who appears to view fomenting transgender panic more as a vocation than a job."

In September 2018, during Brett Kavanaugh's U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearing, Dreher sided with those conservatives who minimized the importance of an alleged sexual assault by Kavanaugh when he was 17. Dreher tweeted: "I do not understand why the loutish drunken behavior of a 17 year old high school boy has anything to tell us about the character of a 53 year old judge."

Views on race and immigration
In a 2014 blog post titled "Tips for Not Getting Shot by Cops," Dreher wrote that Michael Brown was shot by police in part because Brown was a "lawbreaker" who "hung out with lawbreakers," although "None of this means that Wilson was justified in using deadly force against Brown" and "it doesn't mean that there aren't big problems with policing in Ferguson."

Dreher is a critic of large-scale immigration to the United States and Europe; he has defended the concept of Western civilization and condemned identity politics associated with race. In 2001, Dreher published an article mocking the funeral celebrations of the African-American singer Aaliyah, and subsequently reported having received threatening phone calls from people with "black accents". (Dreher later expressed regret for his comments on the funeral.) In June 2018, Dreher compared African immigration to Europe to a "barbarian invasion". Subsequent to the Christchurch mosque shootings of March 2019, Dreher strongly condemned the shooter's actions and aspects of his ideology, but also commented that the shooter had "legitimate, realistic concerns" about "declining numbers of ethnic Europeans" in Western countries; as a result of these comments, multiple scholars criticized the University of Wollongong's Ramsay Center for Western Civilization for inviting Dreher as a speaker. Dreher has said that his concerns about immigration stem from sympathy for the less well-off, whom he argues are most negatively affected it, and by a desire to preserve Western cultural traditions.

In January 2018, Dreher attracted criticism for his qualified defense of Donald Trump's comments regarding "shithole countries" (he defended the content of the comments while criticizing their vulgarity), and in particular, for his suggestion that readers would object to section 8 housing being built in their neighborhoods because "you don't want the destructive culture of the poor imported into your neighborhood." In response to those remarks, Sarah Jones of the progressive commentary magazine The New Republic described Dreher as having a "race problem." Her article also referred to Dreher's comments on Jean Raspail's 1973 novel Camp of the Saints. Dreher has strongly criticized the novel's use of derogatory language to describe non-Westerners and called the book bad, both aesthetically and morally. However, Dreher has also referred to the "valuable" and "prophetic" lessons that can be drawn from the work, including from Raspail's argument, which Dreher presents as potentially correct, that "the only way to defend Western civilization from these invaders [non-Western immigrants] is to be willing to shed their blood." He has also drawn parallels between the migrant crisis described in the book and contemporary immigration to Europe and the United States. Dreher replied to Sarah Jones by calling her a "social justice warrior" and "propagandist." Dreher's comments on section 8 housing were defended by the columnist Damon Linker, who wrote: "Every time a wealthy liberal enclave takes a NIMBY position on affordable housing, it shows he [Dreher] has a point about the need for greater honesty on these issues".

Views on international affairs
Dreher has been a consistent critic of the role of Islam in international affairs, but has shifted in his view of the efficacy of foreign military interventions. Subsequent to the September 11 attacks, Dreher published numerous articles that were critical of Islam, including one in which he praised the anti-Islamic Italian writer Oriana Fallaci's anti-Islamic book, The Rage and the Pride, as containing "much truth" to "shock awake a noble civilization hypnotized by multiculturalist mumbo-jumbo"; he also noted that the book contained a "few ugly parts". In 2002, Dreher described the assassinated Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn as a "martyr in the war on political correctness." Dreher supported the Iraq War in 2003, but later came to believe that the invasion was a mistake; he now supports a non-interventionist foreign policy. He was critical of US President Donald Trump's decision to order missile strikes in Syria in April 2017.

Dreher has expressed support for various conservative and neo-nationalist governments and parties in Europe. He has praised the French Front National politician Marion Maréchal-Le Pen. He has written that although Francisco Franco and his regime were not "without sin", he is "glad that Franco won" the Spanish Civil War, due to the Red Terror carried out by the Second Spanish Republic. In 2020, Dreher attended a conference of nationalist politicians and thinkers in Rome that included Orbán, Marechal-Le-Pen, and Giorgia Meloni.

Views on Hungary and Viktor Orbán
Dreher has written supportively of the government of Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, whom Dreher first met at a religious-liberty conference in Budapest in 2019. In 2021, Dreher was given a paid fellowship by the Danube Institute, a conservative think tank based in Budapest and funded by Orbán's government. While many international observers believe that Orbán's premiership has been responsible for the erosion of democracy, human rights, an independent judiciary, press freedom, and the rule of law in Hungary, Dreher commented that "I was there about ten days before I realized that eighty, ninety per cent of the American narrative about the country just isn't true." Observing Orbán's government, Dreher found "so inspiring ... what a vigorous conservative government can do if it's serious about stemming this horrible global tide of wokeness." Dreher identified as instructive for U.S. conservatives Orbán's belief "in national sovereignty, not globalism. He's not opposed to transnational alliances and organizations, but he believes that it's important for people to keep and defend their own traditions and ways of life. That entails controlling immigration." Discussing Orbán's anti-LGBT+ policies, Dreher stated, "We are living, right now, through an ongoing societal catastrophe with gender confusion and transgenderism. Viktor Orbán wants to save his nation from this ideological toxin and does not hesitate to use the power of the state to do so, even if it might violate the spirit of liberalism." Orbán famously asserted in a 2014 speech that "The new state that we are building in Hungary is an illiberal state." Comparing dynamics in Hungary to those in America, Dreher said, "We all seem to be barreling towards a future that is not liberal and democratic but is going to be either left illiberalism, or right illiberalism. If that's true, then I know which side I'm on: the side that isn't going to persecute me and my people."

Dreher has played a key role in encouraging other members of the American conservative movement to engage with Hungary and to look toward Orbán's political strategy and governance as a model. In 2021, Dreher invited Tucker Carlson, whom Dreher calls "the most important conservative figure in America," to visit Hungary. After Carlson replied that he was already considering a visit but that the trip had become entangled in red tape, Dreher personally spoke to Hungarian government ministers and one of Orbán's closest advisers to assure them that "Tucker was somebody who could be trusted." Carlson subsequently spent a week in Hungary taping episodes of his Fox News series Tucker Carlson Tonight, during which Carlson conducted a one-on-one interview with Orbán and praised him as the only elected leader on Earth who "publicly identifies as a Western-style conservative." Subsequently, the American Conservative Union hosted its first conference in Europe, CPAC Hungary, in Budapest in May, 2022, with Dreher in attendance.

Dreher has stated that the U.S. Republican Party needs "a leader with Orbán's vision" and has written favorably about American candidates and elected officials whose words and actions echo Orbán's. In 2022, speaking to Andrew Marantz of The New Yorker he said, "Seeing what [J. D.] Vance is saying, and what Ron DeSantis is actually doing in Florida, the concept of American Orbánism starts to make sense. I don't want to overstate what they'll be able to accomplish, given the constitutional impediments and all, but DeSantis is already using the power of the state to push back against woke capitalism, against the crazy gender stuff." By contrast, Dreher's close friend and fellow conservative writer Andrew Sullivan has spoken critically of U.S. conservatives' admiration for Orbán: "If these people think the extreme left is hijacking American society in dangerous ways, then, yes, I agree. ... But to go from that to 'Let's embrace this authoritarian leader in this backwater European country, and maybe try out a version of that model with our own charismatic leader back home'—I mean, that leap is just weird, and frankly stupid."

Political endorsements
On November 1, 2020, Dreher recommended that "unsafe state readers" of his blog vote for Donald Trump, while noting that he planned to vote for the American Solidarity Party because his state is already "safely in Trump's hands." In October 2020, Dreher tweeted that the American Solidarity Party enabled him, for the first time, to vote "for a party [he] actually [believes] in." He also later appeared on MSNBC's Morning Joe and said that he is a supporter of the American Solidarity Party, and on the same day, published an article endorsing Brian Carroll of the American Solidarity Party.

In 2008, 2012 and 2016, Dreher declined to endorse a candidate for president.

In the 2015 and 2019 Louisiana gubernatorial elections, Dreher voted for Democrat John Bel Edwards citing his views on abortion, guns, and economics.

Postliberalism

Dreher has been associated with a recent political movement that has been alternatively labelled "postliberalism," "anti-liberalism," "national conservatism," or "the new nationalism." The movement has been defined in connection with a manifesto titled "Against the Dead Consensus," published in First Things in March 2019, which Dreher was a signatory to, and which argues that the "pre-Trump conservative consensus failed to retard, much less reverse, the eclipse of permanent truths, family stability, [and] communal solidarity," and "too often bowed to a poisonous and censorious multiculturalism"; the manifesto argues for a conservatism of national, communal, and familial solidarity. Critics of the movement have compared its proponents to the intellectual defenders of fascism in the 1930s, while those sympathetic to the movement have argued that "there is nothing shameful about love of one's own, the impulse that links individual self-regard and love of family to affection for one's own neighborhood, town or city, state, and political community as a whole (the nation)."

Controversies
In the early 2010s, Dreher involved himself in a controversy surrounding Metropolitan Jonah, then serving as the primate of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA), who had encountered resistance in his attempts to involve the OCA more heavily in political issues, such as abortion and gay marriage. Dreher started an anonymous website called OCA Truth, which published alleged private information about an opponent in the controversy. Dreher's connection with the website was exposed when emails connected to the website were leaked. Dreher later described his involvement in the affair as "foolish".

In May 2017, Dreher published, without context, remarks of Professor Tommy Curry of Texas A&M University, quoting a single sentence from the remarks misleadingly to suggest that Curry had incited violence against white people. Curry was subsequently subjected to a wave of racist abuse and intimidation. Dreher said that he did not seek comment from Curry prior to publishing his blog post, and Curry received the support of his faculty colleagues and university president.

In January 2020, Dreher was named in a lawsuit brought by the parents of Kayla Kenney, a 15-year-old girl whose private Instagram images he posted to his blog allegedly without parental permission, and against whom he made allegations of sexual harassment, based on anonymous sources, that are denied by the girl and her family. The lawsuit accuses Dreher of defamation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and invasion of privacy.

Personal life
Dreher married Julie Harris Dreher in 1997. Dreher announced publicly through his blog the couple had begun the divorce process in April 2022. The couple had three children together. Dreher lived in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Raised a Methodist, he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1993, and subsequently wrote widely in the Catholic press. Covering the Catholic Church's sex abuse scandal, starting in 2001, led him to question his Catholicism, and on October 12, 2006, he announced his conversion to Eastern Orthodoxy. At the time, Dreher had argued that the scandal was not so much a "pedophile problem," but that the "sexual abuse of minors is facilitated by a secret, powerful network of gay priests," known as the "Lavender Mafia."

In 2022, following his separation from his wife, Dreher moved to Budapest, Hungary, where he lives in what he has described as a self-imposed "exile".

Father and uncle and the Ku Klux Klan
FBI documents uncovered in 2022 named Rod's father Ray Dreher as a leader (Exalted Cyclops) of the Ku Klux Klan, a revelation which Dreher described as "proof of a terrible story that I had long suspected was true, but hoped against hope was not." Ray Dreher Sr. and his brother, Murphy Dreher Jr., were close to local U.S. Representative and noted Klansman John Rarick; all three men belonged to the same Masonic lodge.

Bibliography

Books

Essays

 Dreher, Rod (April 22, 2002). "The Gay Question: Amid the Catholic Church's current scandals, an unignorable issue." National Review.
 — (September 30, 2002). "Crunchy Cons: Picking up organic vegetables in your National Review tote bag." National Review.
 — (June 10, 2010). "Orthodoxy and Me." Journey to Orthodoxy.
 — (June 26, 2015). "Orthodox Christians Must Now Learn To Live as Exiles in Our Own Country." Time Magazine.

See also
 Resident Aliens

Notes

References

External links
 Rod Dreher on Substack
 Articles at American Conservative
  Articles at European Conservative

1967 births
Living people
20th-century Methodists
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
21st-century Roman Catholics
American Christian democrats
American columnists
American foreign policy writers
American male bloggers
American bloggers
American male journalists
American male non-fiction writers
American political journalists
American political writers
Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Methodism
American critics of Islam
The Dallas Morning News people
Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States
Former Methodists
Journalists from Texas
Louisiana State University alumni
Non-interventionism
People from St. Francisville, Louisiana
The Wall Street Journal people
The Weekly Standard people
Writers from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Writers from Dallas


State v. Reid, 194 N.J. 386, 954 A.2d 503 (N.J. 2008), was a criminal court case in which the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that Internet service provider (ISP) subscribers have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the identifying information they provide to ISPs.  This case has helped place New Jersey at the forefront of the states committed to providing their residents with broader privacy protections than those available under federal law.

The issues under the court's consideration were: 1) do ISP subscribers have a protected privacy interest in their subscription information; 2) how is it proper for law enforcement officials to gain access to that information; and 3) what is the proper remedy when law enforcement officials gain access to that information by unlawful means?

Case background

Facts

Shirley Reid, an employee of Jersey Diesel, had been away from her job on disability leave. Reid returned to work on the morning of August 24, 2004 and had an argument with Timothy Wilson, the company's owner, about her temporary light duty assignment.  At 9:57 a.m., someone accessed Jersey Diesel's account on website of its supplier Donaldson Company, Inc..  At 10:07 a.m., that person changed the account's password and changed the shipping address to a non-existent address.

Donaldson contacted Wilson to notify him of the change made to his company's account.  The supplier provided Wilson with the IP address of the user who accessed Jersey Diesel's account.  Wilson then contacted the ISP, Comcast, who refused to disclose the identity of the user without a subpoena.  Suspecting Reid because she was the only employee who knew the company's username and password, Wilson reported the occurrence to the Lower Township Police Department on August 27.

Comcast revealed Reid to be the subscriber a week after being served with a subpoena duces tecum by the Lower Township Municipal Court on September 7.  On the basis of that information, Reid was arrested on October 9 and indicted for second-degree computer theft on February 22, 2005.

Procedural history

Upon her indictment, Reid filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained by means of the municipal subpoena on grounds that the subpoena was an unconstitutional violation of Reid's "right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures."  The trial court granted this motion.

The New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division affirmed, finding the subpoena invalid for three reasons: 1) it was issued without connection to any judicial proceeding; 2) it was returnable the day it was issued; and 3) the Municipal Court did not have the jurisdiction to issue subpoenas related to an indictable offense.  Though the Appellate Division found a protected privacy interest in ISP subscriber information, it did not set a clear standard for the judicial process by which such information could properly be obtained by law enforcement.

The State appealed the Appellate Division's ruling to the New Jersey Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court

The court held: 1) ISP subscribers do have a reasonable expectation of privacy regarding their subscriber information; 2) law enforcement officials seeking to access that information must obtain a grand jury subpoena based on a finding of relevance; and 3) protected information gathered without following the proper judicial procedure must be suppressed under the exclusionary rule.

I.  New Jersey Privacy Law

Before proceeding to the factual analysis, the court laid out the current state of privacy law in New Jersey as it relates to subscriber information.  Though it acknowledged the similarities in language between the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the equivalent provision in the New Jersey State Constitution, the court clarified that the search and seizure protections in New Jersey are broader.  Federal case law does not recognize a privacy interest in information exposed to third parties such as banks, telephone companies, and ISPs; however, New Jersey recognized such in interest in State v. Hunt, where the court held that citizens have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the disclosure of their telephone billing records, and in State v. McAllister, which recognized bank account holders' privacy interest in their bank records.

The New Jersey Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance Control Act ("Wiretap Act") also provides more expansive protection than federal law, allowing disclosure of ISP subscriber information only when law enforcement obtains a grand jury or trial subpoena or subpoena issued by the New Jersey State Commission of Investigation. However, the statute only provides for the recovery of civil damages and attorney's fees if a subscriber's information is wrongfully disclosed.

II.  Privacy Expectation for ISP Subscribers

Rejecting the State's comparison of IP addresses to the unprotected return addresses on envelopes, the court ruled that there is a reasonable expectation of privacy for ISP subscribers regarding their personal information.  The difference, the court reasoned, is that return addresses are not required to mail a letter, yet IP addresses are required to go online.  Disclosure to third parties, when required to obtain service, does not waive the expectation that the disclosed information not be shared with other individuals or entities.

In its argument that no expectation of privacy exists for ISP subscribers, the State cited State v. Evers as precedent.  In Evers, a deputy sheriff in California obtained a search warrant against AOL's corporate headquarters in Virginia to learn the identities of individuals who had emailed him after his undercover infiltration of a pedophilia-themed chat room.  The court upheld the validity of the search warrant against the privacy claims of a New Jersey man who had emailed the deputy a pornographic image.

The New Jersey Supreme Court rejected the State's use of Evers as justification for the subpoena issued in the present cases.  Distinguishing Evers, the court noted that federal, rather than New Jersey laws, were applied in that case because the warrant was issued by a California police department for the records of a Virginia-based business, with no involvement by New Jersey authorities.  Therefore, Evers has no bearing on privacy law in the state of New Jersey.

The court also highlighted the notion that the reasonableness of the expectation of privacy in this case is dependent upon the evolution of technology.  Currently, there is no way for an individual to obtain another's ISP subscriber information without contacting the ISP itself, so it is reasonable for one to expect that information to remain private.  Though there are websites like Whois that provide IP address locater services, they usually provide only the name and location of the ISP rather than of an individual, because most people obtain their IP address through an ISP.  Yet, the court imagined that if a program allowing individuals to identify each other without having to contact ISP providers became widely available, then it would likely no longer be reasonable to expect anonymity in one's online activities.

III.  Proper Procedure for Accessing ISP Subscriber Information

Holding that a grand jury subpoena, not a municipal subpoena, is the appropriate means by which law enforcement may gain access to ISP records, the court clarified the Appellate Division's finding that "some means of proper judicial process" is required to force disclosure.

In following the principles laid out in McAllister, which held that a grand jury subpoena is required to obtain bank records in a criminal investigation, the court found "no material difference" between ISP subscriber information and bank records, as both types of records reveal personal information worthy of protection.

Though the defendant and amici curiae, the Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers of New Jersey (ACDL) and the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey (ACLU), argued that notice of the subpoena must also be given to the subscriber, the court again deferred to McAllister, where it ruled that notice is not constitutionally required in order for law enforcement to obtain bank records through a grand jury subpoena.

The court also followed McAllister in holding that a showing of relevance, rather than probable cause, is the proper evidentiary standard on which the grand jury subpoena should be based. Noting that a grand jury is an investigative body that must be able to "issue subpoenas to gather information", the court found that requiring a grand jury to have probable cause before issuing a subpoena would defeat the very purpose of its existence.

IV.  Consequences of Violating ISP Subscriber Privacy

Citing State v. Lee, the court held that "evidence discovered, directly or indirectly, as a result of a constitutional violation must be suppressed" under the exclusionary rule.  Expanding the subscriber rights established in the Wiretap Act, the court held that a subscriber whose records had been wrongfully obtained has the right to bring a motion to suppress.

Though the court held that the suppression of the evidence would be fatal to the indictment in its current form, it found that the State could go forward by moving to dismiss the indictment, re-serving Comcast with a grand jury subpoena, and seeking a new indictment.  Unlike the information revealed through coerced confessions, the information contained in subscriber records is not permanently corrupted by police misconduct.  As a result, the information may be re-obtained following the proper judicial procedures.

Reactions

Privacy advocates have hailed this decision as yet another in an increasingly long line of New Jersey cases that have provided privacy protections beyond those provided by the U.S. Constitution.  New Jersey's version of the 4th Amendment extends protection to bank records, phone records, and ISP records, an approach which, according to computer crime expert Orin S. Kerr, "regulates what needs to be regulated and does so with as much privacy protection as needed but no more."

Though many privacy scholars and advocates were satisfied with the court's decision in this case, some were disappointed that the court did not go a step further by requiring notice to the IP subscriber.  Others believe that the requirement of a grand jury subpoena does not go far enough to prevent unreasonable searches and seizures; a few commentators have advocated that the court require law enforcement to obtain a search warrant based on a finding of probable cause before accessing ISP subscriber records.

See also
Internet Service Provider
IP address
Internet privacy
Fourth Amendment
Search and seizure
Exclusionary rule

References

Supreme Court of New Jersey
United States Internet case law
New Jersey state case law
2008 in United States case law


Gabriel Jessie Corfield Weston (born 15 July 1970 in London) is an English surgeon, author and television presenter.  Her memoir entitled Direct Red: A Surgeon's Story was published in February 2009. It was long-listed for the Guardian First Book Award in September 2009 and won the PEN/J Ackerley Award for Autobiography in May 2010. She was one of the four presenters of the early series of the BBC Two medical series Trust Me, I'm a Doctor.

Education and medical training
Weston was educated at Windlesham House School, Sussex and Bedales School, Hampshire, both co-educational independent schools, followed by the University of Edinburgh, where she gained an MA degree in English. Despite her only scientific qualification being one O level in biology, at the age of 23, Weston decided to re-train as a doctor and attended medical school in London from 1993.  She qualified as a doctor in 2000 and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 2003.

Author
In February 2009, Weston's book Direct Red: A Surgeon's Story, a set of 14 short stories chronicling her experiences training and practising as a surgeon, was published by Jonathan Cape in the UK. Elizabeth Day wrote in The Observer: "I can't remember reading a book that absorbed me so completely, that was so riveting and yet so exact, that so cherished the beauty of language even when using it to convey the ugliest extremes of disease".

On 6 June 2013, Weston's first novel Dirty Work was published by Jonathan Cape.  The novel explores the taboo subject of abortion.  The Daily Telegraph wrote: "Weston brings passion to everything she does, and she is immersed in a subject that will always hold people in thrall. Everyone is obsessed with hospital dramas such as ER, House and Casualty. They provoke a thrill, the thrill of our own mortality. Weston’s books underpin that drama with integrity and a sense of nobility."

Personal life
Gabriel Weston is the daughter of former British Ambassador to the United Nations Sir John Weston. She is married to the Australian consultant vascular physician Alexander ("Ander") Cohen with whom she has four children and lives in London.  She continues to practise as a part-time surgeon.

Publications
Direct Red: A Surgeon's Story. London:  Jonathan Cape, 2009.
Dirty Work.  London:  Jonathan Cape, 2013.

Sources

Living people
1970 births
English surgeons
English women writers
People educated at Bedales School
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
People educated at Windlesham House School
British women memoirists
British memoirists


Christian Florus Balduin Dahl (October 6, 1834 – June 3, 1891) was a Danish composer and conductor.  He spent a portion of his career with Den Kongelige Livgarde.  He was the son of a musician at Tivoli Gardens.

References

Male composers
Danish conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
1834 births
1891 deaths
19th-century Danish composers
19th-century conductors (music)


Mummy Laid an Egg: or, Where do Babies Come From? is a children's book by English author Babette Cole. It was published in 1994 and won the British Illustrated Children's Book of the Year in that year.

It has also been published as Mommy Laid an Egg in the United States.  Under that title it was listed as number 82 in the American Library Association's "100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000".

Plot introduction
The book is a sex education book for young children, and Publishers Weekly'''s reviewer said that Cole "unleashes her endearingly loony sense of humor on the subject of the birds and the bees, and the result is, as expected, hilarious." In the book a couple of parents attempt to explain the facts of life to their two children, who respond to their apparently ignorant parents by explaining matters to them, with stick-figure illustrations.

Translations
Translations into Welsh (Wy Mam! (Mummy Laid an Egg!)), Spanish (Mama Puso Un Huevo! : O Como Se Hacen Los Ninos'') and Greek (Η μαμά γέννησε ένα αυγό!) have also been published.

References

Children's non-fiction books
British picture books
1994 children's books
Children's books about sex education


The 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade () is a joint tactical unit of Serbian Air Force and Air Defence.

History

Yugoslavia
The origins of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade dates back to 25 November  1962, when 250th Air Defense Missile Regiment of Yugoslav Air Force was established in Belgrade with the task of defending the capital. Between 1962 and 1980, the 250th Air Defense Missile Regiment was armed with S-75 Dvina high-level air defense system and its structure was composed of four rocket and one rocket-technical battalions. In 1966 1st and 2nd Missile battalions, rocket-technical battalions and part of regiments command were sent to the Soviet Union for missile shooting with Soviet Air Defence Forces units at "Ashuluk" shooting ground near Astrakhan. This was the first time that a Yugoslav People's Army unit went abroad for its task execution, so the preparation for shooting is dedicated to the special attention.

The 250th Air Defense Missile Regiment changed its name to 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade in 1980 as a result of its expansion with four rocket and one rocket-technical battalions of the S-125 "Neva" medium-range air defense system. The next reorganization of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade took place in 1992 when it incorporated that unit acquired the 350th Air Defense Missile Regiment (armed with S-125M Neva-M) which has been relocated from Slovenia following that country's independence from the rest of Yugoslavia. When Yugoslav People's Army was officially dissolved in May 1992, the unit joined the newly formed Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro as part of Air Defense Corps of Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro. In period from 1994 to 1996 missile battalion armed with S-75 Dvina air defense system were disband.

1999 Nato bombing

When FR Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) came under NATO attack (Operation Allied Force) in 1999, the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade was armed only with the Neva-M medium-range air defense system. Its units performed 111 maneuvers, held 88 fire positions, relocated its equipment to more than 100 locations and was attacked from the air with bomb and missile strikes more than 100 times.

On March 27, the 3rd Battery under command of Colonel Zoltán Dani shot down a stealth F-117 Nighthawk using a modification of the Neva-M system. The F-117 Nighthawk, flown by USAF Lt. Colonel Dale Zelko and with the markings AF 82 806 HO, crashed in the vicinity of the village of Buđanovci, near Ruma. It was believed to be the first confirmed shootdown of a stealth technology aircraft.

On May 2, a USAF F-16CJ Fighting Falcon, flown by USAF Lt. Colonel David L. Goldfein, commander of the 555th Fighter Squadron (who served as the Chief of Staff of the Air Force from 2016 to 2020) was shot down by the 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade close to the village of Nakučani, near Šabac. This shootdown was also the work of the 3rd Battery, though due to the shift schedule, Dani was not present. Major Boško Dotlić oversaw the shootdown.

Reorganization and modernization
In 2004 the 450th Air Defense Missile Regiment, armed with Neva-M missile system, ceased to exist after it was previously transferred from the town of Kraljevo (where it was deployed for 12 years after being relocated from North Macedonia in 1992) to the Belgrade area where it was integrated into the structure of the 250th Air Defense Missile Brigade.

One battery (six units) of the Pantsir S1 was delivered in 2020, while 2 batteries of Pantsir-S1M are on order.

In 2020, the purchase of the HQ-22 was announced, first time that any Chinese medium and long range surface-to-air missile system had been exported to a European country. In 2022 four batteries of FK-3 has been delivered and was assigned to the 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade i.e. its newly-formed 2nd Air Defence Missile Battalion.

Missions
Brigade performs the following tasks:
 Air defense
 Responding to incidents in national airspace
 Participation in international military exercises
 Support actions and countering possible terrorist acts from the air

Structure
The 250th Air Defence Missile Brigade consists of three rocket missile air defense battalions, three self-propelled rocket missile air defense battalions and a command battery. The command of the brigade is based at Banjica in Belgrade. The HQ-22 batteries of the 2nd Battalion are deployed mainly to protect wider area around the capital, Belgrade, but also wider areas around the strategically important air bases of Niš Air Base and Lađevci Air Base, with battery of Pantsir-S1 serves as close-range protection of HQ-22 batteries. Two "Neva" battalions are deployed around Belgrade, the 1st battalion at Jakovo and 3rd battalion one at Zuce, while three "Kub-M" battalions are deployed near the cities of Niš, Novi Sad and Kragujevac.

Command Battery
1st Air Defence Missile Battalion (equipped with S-125 Neva)
2nd Air Defence Missile Battalion (equipped with HQ-22)
3rd Air Defence Missile Battalion (equipped with Pantsir S1 and S-125 Neva)
230th Air Defence Self-Propelled Missile Battalion (equipped with 2K12 Kub)
240th Air Defence Self-Propelled Missile Battalion (equipped with 2K12 Kub)
310th Air Defence Self-Propelled Missile Battalion (equipped with 2K12 Kub)

Equipment

The main equipment of a brigade consists of various land-based SAM systems. Four batteries of Chinese-made HQ-22 long-range system and one battery of medium-range Russian-made Pantsir S1 are the backbone of the brigade and the whole air-defence component of the Serbian Armed Forces. Other systems include older Soviet-made surface-to-air missile systems S-125M1T "Neva" and 2K12 "Kub M", both modernized during the 2010s. The "Neva" systems have been modernized to S-125M1T standard with an upgraded digital radar P-12 which enables operation from a location 500m away from the radar cabin.

Supporting equipment include surveillance and surveillance-acquisition radars with semi-active radar homing composite guidance or radio-command guidance for HQ-22, P-12 and P-18 for "Neva", reconnaissance-radar station P-40 with 1RL-128D-1 reconnaissance-aviation radar and PRV-16B altitude measurement radar for "Kub".

Traditions

Anniversary
The anniversary of the unit is celebrated on November 24, in memory of the day when the 250th Air Defense Missile Regiment was formed in 1962.

Patron saint
The unit's slava or its saint's feast day is saint Stefan Dečanski known as Mratindan.

Decorations
 Order of the National Hero (2000)

Sources

External links
250th Air Defence Missile Brigade Web Page

Brigades of Serbia
Brigades of Yugoslav Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1962
Air defence brigades


Kasper Bai (born 1974) is a Danish songwriter, composer, arranger and guitarist.  He was born in Hjørring, studied at the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus, and now lives and works in Copenhagen.  He is known for his Jazz/Classical crossover orchestral pieces and his modern use of the Danish "Vise" form.  His ensembles include the Kasper Bai Orchestet, the Kasper Bai Kvartet and Cordelia.

References
Website of Kasper Bai
Cordelia homepage
Myspace page for Kasper Bai

Danish guitarists
1974 births
Living people
Royal Danish Academy of Music alumni
People from Hjørring
21st-century guitarists


"You Made Me Believe in Magic" is the title of a 1977 international hit single by the Bay City Rollers, taken from their album It's a Game. The recording, a mid-tempo disco-styled pop tune featuring strings and horns, had its greatest impact in North America, where it was issued as the album's lead single in May 1977 to reach number 10 on the US Hot 100 in Billboard magazine that August. "You Made Me Believe in Magic" was the Bay City Rollers' third US Top 10 hit; the follow-up single "The Way I Feel Tonight" (#25) would mark the group's final Hot 100 appearance.

Outside the US, "You Made Me Believe in Magic" was typically issued as its parent album's second single, serving as a less successful followup to the "It's a Game" single: this was true in Australia (No. 36), Germany (No. 25), New Zealand (No. 39) and the UK (No. 34), where "You Made Me Believe in Magic" was the Bay City Rollers' twelfth and final chart hit. In Canada, however, the song enjoyed its greatest international popularity, where it peaked at number five, and ranks as the 68th greatest hit of 1977.

Chicago radio superstation WLS, which gave the song much airplay, ranked "You Made Me Believe in Magic" as the 27th most popular hit of 1977.  It reached as high as number 2 on their survey of July 30, 1977.

Track listing
1. "You Made Me Believe in Magic" – 2:41
2. "Dance Dance Dance" – 3:29 (US/Canada)
| "Are You Cuckoo" – 4:02 (UK)

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Bed & Breakfast version

You Made Me Believe In Magic is the debut single by German boy band Bed & Breakfast. It was released in 1995.

Music Video
The music videos shows that the were in a cultural city and dancing at the desert.

Charts
The song reached 68 in the GfK Entertainment charts.

Cover versions
"You Made Me Believe In Magic" was also performed on the hit comedy American Pie.

"You Made Me Believe In Magic" was covered by Hong Kong legendary pop singer, Leslie Cheung, in one of his earliest album, "Day Dreamin'", in 1978.  The album failed commercially and making this LP super rare.  The resale price of the original album "Day Dreamin'" could reach over USD1,500.

Credits
 Written by Len Boone
 Cover photo photography by Arista
 Production by Jimmy Ienner (track B)
 Production and engineering by Harry Maslin (track A)

Notes
 (P) 1977 Arista Records.

Made in Germany.
EMI Electrola GmbH, Köln.
Printed by Druckhaus Maack KG, 5880 Lüdenscheid.

GEMA
LC 3484

References

External links
 Lyrics of this song

1977 singles
Bay City Rollers songs
1977 songs
Song recordings produced by Harry Maslin
Arista Records singles
Pop ballads


Tynedale FM was the call sign of Tynedale Community Radio based in Hexham in Northumberland. The project grew from concept in March 2008 to fruition later that year, thanks to volunteers who put together the station for its first Trial Broadcast Ofcom RSL Licence 28 November 2008 to 24 December 2008 on 87.7 FM. A second RSL was in mid-2009.

Located in the former Gilesgate Swimming Pool, the station secured a second trial (RSL) broadcast in summer 2009. Working practices became unsustainable, with a significant change of personnel shortly afterwards.
A move was made to the Queens Hall centre in late 2010 where a studio was set up in the basement and streaming went on line via Sun FM. The studio, although free, was not practical and the station moved to a site in the now converted "old swimming pool" of the grammar school.

References

External links
Tynedale FM

Community radio stations in the United Kingdom
Radio stations in North East England


Ivan Lendl was the defending champion but did not compete that year.

Slobodan Živojinović won in the final 7–6, 6–3, 6–4 against Richard Matuszewski.

Seeds

  Tim Mayotte (semifinals)
  Andrés Gómez (semifinals)
  Darren Cahill (second round)
  John Fitzgerald (second round)
  Slobodan Živojinović (champion)
  John Frawley (first round)
  Eric Jelen (second round)
  Joey Rive (first round)

Draw

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

External links
 1988 Swan Premium Open draw

Singles


Francesca Martinelli (born 13 March 1971) is an Italian ski mountaineer.

Martinelli was born in Milan. She started ski mountaineering in 1980 and competed first in the Gara dell'Adamello race in 2003. Two years after she became a member of the Italian national team.

Selected results
 2004:
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Cristina Favre-Moretti)
 2nd, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 2005:
 2nd, European Championship relay race (together with Gloriana Pellissier and Christiane Nex)
 6th, European Championship vertical race
 6th, European Championship single race
 7th, European Championship team race (together with Astrid Renzler)
 2006:
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Chiara Raso, Roberta Pedranzini and Gloriana Pellissier)
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 2007:
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, European Championship relay race (together with Gloriana Pellissier and Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, Mountain Attack race
 1st, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 2nd, European Championship combination ranking
 4th, European Championship single race
 9th, European Championship vertical race
 2008:
 1st, World Championship long distance race
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, Mountain Attack race
 1st, Dolomiti Cup team (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 2nd, World Championship vertical race
 2nd, World Championship combination ranking
 2nd, World Championship relay race (together with Gloriana Pellissier, Roberta Pedranzini and Elisa Fleischmann)
 3rd, World Championship single race
 2009:
 1st, European Championship team race (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, European Championship relay race (together with Gloriana Pellissier and Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, Tour du Rutor (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, Mountain Attack race
 2nd, European Championship single race
 2nd, European Championship combination ranking
 3rd, European Championship vertical race
 3rd, Dachstein Xtreme
 2010:
 1st, World Championship relay race (together with Silvia Rocca and Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st, World Championship team race (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 2nd, World Championship combination ranking
 3rd, World Championship vertical race
 3rd, World Championship single race
 2011:
 2nd, World Championship team race (together with Roberta Pedranzini)
 1st and course record, Sellaronda Skimarathon (together with Roberta Pedranzini)

Pierra Menta

 2006: 1st, together with Roberta Pedranzini
 2007: 1st, together with Roberta Pedranzini
 2008: 2nd, together with Roberta Pedranzini
 2009: 1st, together with Roberta Pedranzini
 2010: 1st, together with Roberta Pedranzini
 2011: 2nd, together with Roberta Pedranzini
 2012: 1st, together with Roberta Pedranzini

Trofeo Mezzalama

 2007: 1st, together with Gloriana Pellissier and Roberta Pedranzini
 2009: 1st, together with Laëtitia Roux and Roberta Pedranzini
 2011: 1st, together with Roberta Pedranzini and Gloriana Pellissier

Patrouille des Glaciers

 2010: 2nd, together with Roberta Pedranzini and Silvia Rocca

External links

 Francesca Martinelli at skimountaineering.org

References

1971 births
Living people
Italian female ski mountaineers
World ski mountaineering champions
Alpine skiers from Milan


The climate of Wales refers to the weather conditions prevailing in Wales in general or over a long period.

Wales has warmer temperatures throughout the year than Northern Ireland and Scotland and has milder winter minima than England, but cooler winter maxima than Northern Ireland. Wales is wetter throughout the year than Northern Ireland and England, but has fewer rainy days than Northern Ireland; meaning that rainfall tends to be more intense. Wales is also drier than Scotland in every month apart from May, June and December, and there are fewer days with rain than in Scotland. Sunshine totals throughout the year are more than that of Scotland and Northern Ireland, but less than that of neighbouring England. May is the sunniest month, averaging 186.8 hours.

Climate

Sunshine
The south-western coast is the sunniest part of Wales, averaging over 1700 hours of sunshine annually, with Tenby, Pembrokeshire, its sunniest town. The dullest time of year is between November and January and the sunniest between May and August. The least sunny areas are the mountains, some parts of which average less than 1200 hours of sunshine annually.

Wind
The prevailing wind is south-westerly. Coastal areas are the windiest, gales occur most often during winter, on average between 15 and 30 days each year, depending on location. Inland, gales average fewer than six days annually.

Daylight hours
Wales experiences long summer days and short winter days result of northerly latitudes (between 53° 43′ N and 51° 38′ N). Aberystwyth, at the midpoint of the country's west coast, has nearly 17 hours of daylight at the summer solstice. Daylight at midwinter there falls to just over seven and a half hours.

Geographic variations
The country's wide geographic variations cause localised differences in sunshine, rainfall and temperature. Average annual coastal temperatures reach  and in low lying inland areas,  lower. It becomes cooler at higher altitudes; annual temperatures decrease on average approximately  each  of altitude. Consequently, the higher parts of Snowdonia experience average annual temperatures of .

Temperature
Temperatures in Wales remain higher than would otherwise be expected at its latitude because of the North Atlantic Drift, a branch of the Gulf Stream. The ocean current, bringing warmer water to northerly latitudes, has a similar effect on most of north-west Europe. As well as its influence on Wales' coastal areas, air warmed by the Gulf Stream blows further inland with the prevailing winds. At low elevations, summers tend to be warm and sunny. Average maximum temperatures range between . Winters tend to be fairly wet, but rainfall is rarely excessive and the temperature usually stays above freezing. Spring and autumn feel quite similar and the temperatures tend to stay above  – also the average annual daytime temperature.

Rainfall
Rainfall patterns show significant variation. The further west, the higher the expected rainfall; up to 40 per cent more. At low elevations, rain is unpredictable at any time of year, although the showers tend to be shorter in summer. The uplands of Wales have most rain, normally more than 50 days of rain during the winter months (December to February), falling to around 35 rainy days during the summer months (June to August). Annual rainfall in Snowdonia averages between  (Blaenau Ffestiniog) and  (Snowdon's summit).

Snow
The likelihood is that it will fall as sleet or snow when the temperature falls below  and snow tends to be lying on the ground there for an average of 30 days a year. Snow falls several times each winter in inland areas but is relatively uncommon around the coast. Average annual rainfall in those areas can be less than .

Climate data for Wales

Climate chart

This climate chart provides an overview of the climate in Wales during a year period. The letters in the top row stand for months: January, February, etc. The bars and numbers convey the following information: The blue bars represent the amount of precipitation (rain, snow etc.) that falls in each month. The blue numbers are the amount of precipitation in either millimeters (liters per square meter) or inches. The red numbers are the average daily high and low temperatures for each month, and the red bars represent the average daily temperature span for each month. The thin gray line is 0 °C or 32 °F, the point of freezing, for orientation.

Record temperatures for Wales
Below is a list of record temperatures for Wales according to the UK Met Office.

See also

 Environment Wales
 Environmental issues in Wales
 Renewable energy in Wales

References

Climate of Wales
Climate by country


Events in the year 1914 in Norway.

Incumbents
Monarch – Haakon VII
Prime Minister – Gunnar Knudsen

Events

 May 5 – November 11 – The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's Constitution.

Popular culture

Sports

25 June – Aalesunds FK football club was founded.

Music

Film

Literature
Vaaren, novel by Sigrid Undset.
 The Olav Duun novel Tre venner (Three Friends) was published.

Births

4 January – Fredrik Stabel, illustrator and satirical writer (died 2001).
31 January – Hans Martin Gulbrandsen, canoeist (died 1979)
4 February – Tore Holthe, rear admiral (died 1973)
3 March – Håkon Johnsen, politician (died 1991)
7 March – Knut Bergsland, linguist (died 1998)
7 March – Arne Jensen, banker (died 2002)
18 March – Trygve Haugeland, politician and Minister (died 1998)
20 March – Lilly Bølviken, judge (died 2011)
9 April – Ottar Fjærvoll, politician (died 1995)
28 April – Johan Møller Warmedal, politician (died 1988)
29 April – Erling Evensen, cross country skier and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1998).
26 May – Edel Eckblad, actress (died 1994)
2 June – Alfred Thommesen, ship owner and politician (died 1988)
8 June – Kåre Siem, musician and writer (died 1986).
13 June – Olav Aase, politician (died 1992)
16 June – Otto Dahl, politician (died 1978)
17 June – Halvor Thorbjørn Hjertvik, politician (died 1995)
26 June – Arnfinn Severin Roald, politician (died 1983)
30 June – Magnar Hellebust, politician (died 2008)
5 July – Toralf Westermoen, engineer, pioneer for the development of high speed craft (died 1986)
6 July – Inga Lovise Tusvik, politician (died 1992)
11 July – Gøril Havrevold, actress (died 1992).
23 July – Reidar Kvammen, international soccer player (died 1998)
23 July – Alf Prøysen, writer and musician (died 1970)
9 August – Leif Hamre, military officer and children's writer (died 2007).
18 August – Oddvar Sponberg, race walker (died 1975)
24 August – Rolf Holmberg, soccer player and Olympic bronze medallist (died 1979)
24 August – Ivar Iversen, canoeist (died 2012).
21 September – Else Hagen, visual artist (died 2010).
30 September – Bjarne Flem, politician (died 1999)
6 October – Thor Heyerdahl, ethnographer and adventurer (died 2002)
27 October – Rolv Ryssdal, judge (died 1998)

Full date unknown
Undis Blikken, female speed skating pioneer and World Champion (died 1992)
Sigurd Engelstad, genealogist and archivist (died 2006)
Arnholdt Kongsgaard, ski jumper (died 1991)
Gotfred Kvifte, physicist (died 1997)
Jens Christian Mellbye, judge (died 1993)
Gunnar Randers, physicist (died 1992)
Øistein Strømnæs, intelligence officer (died 1980)
Anne Margrethe Strømsheim, resistance member (died 2008)

Deaths

21 January – Theodor Kittelsen, artist (born 1857)
3 February – Johannes Skar, educator and folklorist (b. 1837).
19 April – Frederik Collett, painter (born 1839)
11 September – Edvard Larsen, triple jumper and Olympic bronze medallist (born 1881)
1 October – Kitty Lange Kielland, painter (born 1843)
30 October – Johan Christopher Brun, pharmacist and politician (born 1838)

Full date unknown
Niels Stockfleth Darre Eckhoff, architect (born 1831)

See also

References

External links

Norway
Norway


Bonnie's Kitchen 1 is Bonnie Pink's first greatest hits album released under the Pony Canyon label on December 17, 1999.

Track listing
Heaven's Kitchen (from Heaven's Kitchen)
It's Gonna Rain! (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Do You Crash? (from Heaven's Kitchen)
 (Non-album song)
He (from Evil & Flowers)
 (Non-album song)
Your Butterfly (from Evil & Flowers)
 (from Evil & Flowers)
Lie Lie Lie (from Heaven's Kitchen)
Surprise! (Non-album song)
 (from Blue Jam)
 (from Blue Jam)
Maze of Love (from Blue Jam)
 (Previously Unreleased)
One Night with Chocolate (Non-album song)

Bonnie Pink albums
Pony Canyon albums
1999 compilation albums


USS Aniwa (ID-3146) was a steel-hulled, single-screw cargo ship that served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919.

Construction, acquisition, and commissioning
Aniwa was a Design 1015 ship built under a United States Shipping Board contract and completed as SS Aniwa in 1918 at Oakland, California, by the Moore Shipbuilding Company. She was earmarked for U.S. Navy World War I service with the naval registry Identification Number (Id. No.) 3146. She departed her builder's yard for final sea trials on the morning of 25 July 1918 and arrived at San Francisco, California, that afternoon. On the morning of 26 July 1918, Aniwa was commissioned as USS Aniwa'.

United States Navy service
World War IAniwa moved to the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California, on 27 July 1918 to take on stores and embark the balance of her crew. She moved on to Port Costa, California, on 31 July 1918 and loaded a cargo of flour. Underway for the United States East Coast on 7 August 1918, Aniwa transited the Panama Canal on 23 August 1918 and, after clearing Cristóbal, Panama Canal Zone, early on 24 August 1918, shaped course for New York City. She reached Brooklyn, New York, on the afternoon of 4 September 1918.

Earlier in 1918, United States Ambassador to Russia David R. Francis had urged the sending of shiploads of foodstuffs to Archangel in North Russia for a three-fold purpose: (1) to feed the local Russian population whose flow of provisions had been interrupted by the Czech Legion's occupation of the Trans-Siberian Railway; (2) to provide for the Allied representatives in the city of Vologda, Russia, should they retire northward; and (3) to create a favorable image of the United States in Russia. Accordingly, shortly after midday on 15 September 1918, Aniwa headed out to sea with her cargo of flour in a convoy bound ultimately for Archangel.Aniwa arrived off the mouth of the Dvina River on 11 October 1918 and ascended the river on 12 October 1918. At 17:45 hours that day she made fast alongside the British merchant ship SS Grofe Castle, which in turn was moored to a wharf at Archangel. Aniwa immediately posted watches bow and stern to protect Aniwa and her cargo. On 14 October 1918, four soldiers—a corporal and three privates—reported to Aniwa to serve as an armed guard.

An outbreak of influenza in Archangel curtailed shore leave for Aniwas crew during certain periods of the ship's stay there. It even struck Aniwas hospital corpsman, who had to be sent ashore for treatment in the American Red Cross hospital. To fill the gap created by his illness, the ships' doctors of U.S. Navy cargo ship USS West Gambo (ID-3220) and U.S. Navy cruiser USS Olympia (Cruiser No. 6) visited Aniwa and ministered to her sick.

Unloading operations proceeded nearly without incident. However, on the afternoon of 23 October 1918, two Russian stevedores, obviously feeling the shortage of foodstuffs ashore, were caught trying to leave the ship with small quantities of Aniwas cargo of flour. Then, on 5 November 1918, a sling broke, dropping a bale of hemp on a Russian stevedore. Fortunately, he was not badly hurt and was soon on his way to a Russian hospital for treatment.Aniwa got underway for the United States in ballast on the morning of 10 November 1918 with a small number of passengers embarked. World War I ended the following day.

PostwarAniwa reached Brooklyn on 8 December 1918. Shifting to Bush Terminal at Brooklyn soon thereafter, she loaded 6,905 tons of general cargo and underwent a few minor repairs.

Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service, Aniwa cleared the port of New York shortly after midday on 29 December 1918 bound for Gibraltar. As the days wore on, the weather remained fairly rough, with the ship rolling easily in the long swells, and she took water forward and aft; a leak in the after storeroom occupied the attention of at least one man for nearly an entire day on 7 January 1919. Soon thereafter, problems with her condenser and boilers forced her to put into the Azores on 10 January 1919 for voyage repairs.

Underway again on 28 January 1919, Aniwa reached Gibraltar on 4 February 1919 and remained there for a short while before resuming her voyage to Genoa, Italy, where she arrived on the morning of 11 February 1919.

Inept cargo handling during unloading operations at Genoa caused much damage to the shipment of foodstuffs that Aniwa had carried from New York. Finally, in early March, after having discharged all that she had brought, she took on ammunition from the U.S. Navy tugs USS Nahant (SP-1250) and USS Penobscot (SP-982) for transportation back to the United States, and then loaded ballast for the return trip. She departed Genoa on the morning of 17 March 1919.

After touching briefly at Gibraltar on 23 March 1919 and 24 March 1919 to pick up passengers, Aniwa arrived off Tompkinsville at Staten Island, New York on 15 April 1919. There, she unloaded the ammunition. She soon moved to the pier at East 19th Street in New York City. She was decommissioned there on 21 April 1919, and her name was struck from the Navy List the same day.

Later career
Turned over to the United States Shipping Board for operation, the ship, once again as SS Aniwa, continued carrying cargo, now under civilian auspices. During the remainder of 1919 she called at Mobile, Alabama; Liverpool, England; and Newport News, Virginia.Aniwa'' was laid up in 1923 and remained inactive until being discarded due to age and deterioration during the fiscal year 1930.

References

Department of the Navy: Naval Historical Center: Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: Aniwa (American Freighter, 1918). Served as USS Aniwa (ID # 3146) in 1918-1919
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive Aniwa (ID 3146)

Design 1015 ships
Ships built in Oakland, California
1918 ships
Design 1015 ships of the United States Navy
World War I cargo ships of the United States


Nanjing Massacre denial is the denial of the fact that Imperial Japanese forces murdered hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers and civilians in the city of Nanjing during the Second Sino-Japanese War, an extremely controversial episode in the history of Sino-Japanese relations. Most historians accept the findings of the Tokyo tribunal with respect to the scope and nature of the atrocities which were committed by the Imperial Japanese Army after the Battle of Nanjing. In Japan, however, there has been a debate over the extent and nature of the massacre with some historians attempting to downplay or outright deny that the massacre took place.

Estimates of the death toll vary widely, ranging from 40,000 to 200,000. Some scholars, notably revisionists in Japan, have contended that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all. These revisionist accounts of the killings have become a staple of Japanese nationalist discourse. The massacre is also only briefly mentioned in some Japanese school textbooks. Scholars have also said that the Japanese version of the Wikipedia article () emphasizes revisionist narratives.

Some Japanese journalists and social scientists, such as Tomio Hora and Katsuichi Honda, have played prominent roles in countering Nanjing Massacre denialism in the decades after the killings. Nonetheless, denialist accounts, such as those of Shūdō Higashinakano, have often created controversy in the global media, particularly in China and other East Asian nations.

Relations between Japan and China have been complicated as a result, as denial of the massacre is seen in China as part of an overall unwillingness on Japan's part to admit and apologize for its aggression, or a perceived insensitivity regarding the killings.

National identity
Takashi Yoshida asserts that, "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations [China, Japan and the United States] to preserve and redefine national and ethnic pride and identity, assuming different kinds of significance based on each country's changing internal and external enemies."

Japan
In Japan, interpretation of the Nanjing Massacre is a reflection upon the Japanese national identity and notions of "pride, honor and shame". Takashi Yoshida describes the Japanese debate over the Nanjing Massacre as "crystalliz[ing] a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or ... stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression." In some nationalist circles in Japan, speaking of a large-scale massacre at Nanjing is regarded as Japan bashing' (in the case of foreigners) or 'self-flagellation' (in the case of Japanese)".

China (People's Republic of China)
David Askew, an associate professor of law at Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, characterizes the Nanjing Massacre as having "emerged as a fundamental keystone in the construction of the modern Chinese national identity". According to Askew, "a refusal to accept the 'orthodox' position on Nanjing can be construed as an attempt to deny the Chinese nation a legitimate voice in international society".

Taiwan (Republic of China)

Former Taiwanese President Lee Teng-hui had, on numerous occasions, claimed that the Nanjing Massacre was purely propaganda perpetrated by the Chinese communists and which could be placed into the same category as "fictitious history". The Taiwanese leader spent the first 22 years of life in Taiwan under Japanese rule, and served as a military officer when the island-nation was still under Japanese rule. In general, attitudes in Taiwan towards Japan are more positive than in the PRC due to the longer and less harsh Japanese administration of Taiwan compared to the Japanese occupation in the PRC. Furthermore, the geopolitical alignment of Taiwan and Japan against the PRC mean that the perception of Japan is less influenced by Japanese actions in WWII and more influenced by contemporary Japanese cultural exports.

Issues of definition

The precise definition of the geographical area involved, duration of the massacre, as well as who is to be considered and counted among the victims, forms a major part of both the definition of the massacre and the arguments of denialists. Among the most extreme denialists, casualty claims range from several dozen to several hundred.<ref>Denialists say that few civilians were killed, and that the massacre is a fabrication. Nankin gyakusatsu' no kyokù" (The "Nanking Massacre" as Fabrication).</ref> Masaaki Tanaka, a denialist, engaged in academic misconduct to support his claim that the massacre was a fabrication and death tolls were low. However, figures within the range of 50,000–300,000 are typically articulated among more sophisticated and mainstream historians. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East estimated at least 200,000 casualties and at least 20,000 cases of rape.

The common revisionist viewpoint, made by denialists such as Higashinakano Shudo, is that the geographical area of the incident should be limited to the few square kilometers of the city, and they typically estimate the population to be about 200,000–250,000. However, this geographic definition is almost universally unheard of outside of revisionist circles. Their use of 200,000–250,000 civilians also only includes those in the Nanjing Safety Zone, which does not include everyone inside of the city.

Most historians include a much larger area around the city, including the Xiaguan district (the suburbs north of Nanjing city, about 31 km2 in size) and other areas on the outskirts of the city. In 2003, Zhang Lianhong estimated that the population of greater Nanjing was between 535,000 and 635,000 civilians and soldiers just prior to the Japanese occupation. In 2008, he revised his estimate to 468,000–568,000. Some historians also include six counties around Nanjing, known as the Nanjing Special Municipality. With the six surrounding counties included, the population of Nanjing is estimated to be more than 1 million.

The duration of the incident is naturally defined by its geography: the earlier the Japanese entered the area, the longer the duration. The Battle of Nanjing ended on December 13, when the divisions of the Japanese Army entered the walled city of Nanjing. The Tokyo War Crime Tribunal defined the period of the massacre to the ensuing six weeks. More conservative estimates say the massacre started on December 14, when the troops entered the Safety Zone, and that it lasted for six weeks.

Most scholars have accepted figures between 50,000 and 300,000 dead as an approximate total. Revisionists in Japan, however, have contended at times that the actual death toll is far lower, or even that the event was entirely fabricated and never occurred at all.

History and censorship during the war

During the war, Japanese media and newspapers typically portrayed a positive view of the war in China. Reports on the massacre were generally muted, and newspaper reports and photos typically emphasized cooperation between Chinese civilians and Japanese soldiers. Massacre denialists claim that the news published in the Japanese media and newspapers were "true" and "reliable" stories. However, most mainstream historians counter that it is well known that the  (Cabinet Information Bureau), a consortium of military, politicians and professionals created in 1936 as a "committee" and upgraded to a "division" in 1937, applied censorship of all the media of the Shōwa regime and that this office held a policing authority over the realm of publishing. Therefore, the Naikaku Jōhōkyoku activities were proscriptive as well as prescriptive. Besides issuing detailed guidelines to publishers, it made suggestions that were all but commands. From 1938, the print media "would come to realize that their survival depended upon taking cues from the Cabinet Information Bureau and its flagship publication, , designers of the 'look' of the soldier, and the 'look' of the war".

Article 12 of the censorship guideline for newspapers issued on September 1937 stated that any news article or photograph "unfavorable" to the Imperial Army was subject to a gag. Article 14 prohibited any "photographs of atrocities" but endorsed reports about the "cruelty of the Chinese" soldiers and civilians.

Owing to the censorship, none of the hundred Japanese reporters in Nanjing when the city was captured wrote anything unfavorable to their countrymen. In 1956, however, Masatake Imai, correspondent for the  who reported only about the "majestic and soul-stirring ceremony" of the triumphal entry of the Imperial Army, revealed he witnessed a mass execution of 400 to 500 Chinese men near Tokyo Asahis office. "I wish I could write about it", he told his colleague Nakamura. "Someday, we will, but not for the time being. But we sure saw it", Nakamura answered.

Shigeharu Matsumoto, the Shanghai bureau chief of , wrote that the Japanese reporters he interviewed all told him they saw between 2,000 and 3,000 corpses around the Xiaguan area and a reporter, Yuji Maeda, saw recruits executing Chinese prisoners of war with bayonets.

Jiro Suzuki, a correspondent for the , wrote, "When I went back to the Zhongshan Gate, I saw for the first time an unearthly, brutal massacre. On the top of the wall, about 25 meters high, the prisoners of war were rounded up in a line. They were being stabbed by bayonets and shoved away off the wall. A number of Japanese soldiers polished their bayonets, shouted to themselves once and thrust their bayonets in the chest or back of POWs."

Historian Tokushi Kasahara notes, "Some deniers argue that Nanjing was much more peaceful than we generally think. They always show some photographs with Nanjing refugees selling some food in the streets or Chinese people smiling in the camps. They are forgetting about Japanese propaganda. The Imperial Army imposed strict censorship. Any photographs with dead bodies couldn't get through. So photographers had to remove all the bodies before taking pictures of streets and buildings in the city ... Even if the photos were not staged, the refugees had no choice but to fawn on the Japanese soldiers. Acting otherwise meant their deaths".

Revived international interest in the Nanjing Massacre

Iris Chang's 1997 book, The Rape of Nanking, renewed global interest in the Nanjing Massacre. The book sold more than half a million copies when it was first published in the US, and according to The New York Times, received general critical acclaim. The Wall Street Journal wrote that it was the "first comprehensive examination of the destruction of this Chinese imperial city", and that Chang "skillfully excavated from oblivion the terrible events that took place". The Philadelphia Inquirer wrote that it was a "compelling account of a horrendous episode that, until recently, has been largely forgotten". The text, however, was not without controversy. Chang's account drew on new sources to break new ground in the study of the period. Japanese ultra-nationalists maintained that the Nanjing Massacre was a fabrication which sought "to demonize the Japanese race, culture, history, and nation".

Massacre affirmation vs. massacre denial

Takashi Hoshiyama characterizes opinion in Japan about the Nanjing Massacre as "broadly divided into two schools of thought: the massacre affirmation school, which asserts that a large-scale massacre took place, and the massacre denial school, which asserts that, a certain number of isolated aberrations aside, no massacre took place".

Hijacking of the debate by layperson activists

David Askew asserts that the debate over the Nanjing Massacre has been hijacked by "two large groups of layperson activists".

Japanese perspectives on the massacre

Japanese affirmationists not only accept the validity of these tribunals and their findings, but also assert that Japan must stop denying the past and come to terms with Japan's responsibility for the war of aggression against its Asian neighbors. Affirmationists have drawn the attention of the Japanese public to atrocities committed by the Japanese Army during World War II in general and the Nanjing Massacre in particular in support of an anti-war agenda.

The most extreme denialists, by and large, reject the findings of the tribunals as a kind of "victor's justice" in which only the winning side's version of events are accepted. Described within Japan as the Illusion School (), they deny the massacre and argue that only a few POWs and civilians were killed by the Japanese military in Nanjing. More moderate denialists argue that between several thousand and 38,000–42,000 were massacred.Hata Ikuhiko 1993

Prominent Japanese denialists

Shudo Higashinakano
Massacre denialists such as Higashinakano argue that the Nanjing Massacre was a fabrication and war-time propaganda spread by the Chinese Nationalists and Communists. He argues that the activities of the Japanese military in Nanjing were in accordance with international law and were humane. Among other claims, he has denied that there was execution of POWs in uniform, and cited anecdotes claiming that Chinese POWs were treated humanely by Japanese soldiers. However, Higashinakano has also claimed at times that the executed POWs were illegitimate combatants, and so their execution was legitimate under international law. Higashinakano believes some several thousand "illegitimate combatants" may have been executed in such a fashion.

What Higashinakano believed is against the articles of Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which was ratified by Japan and China. Japan violated the spirit and the letter of the laws of war. For example, according to historian Akira Fujiwara, on August 6, 1937, deputy minister of Military of Japan notified Japanese troops in Shanghai of the army's proposition to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners. This directive also advised staff officers to stop using the term "prisoner of war". During the massacre, Japanese troops in fact embarked on a determined search for former soldiers, in which thousands of young men were captured, most of whom were killed. In another case, Japanese troops gathered 1,300 Chinese soldiers and civilians at the Taiping Gate and killed them. The victims were blown up with landmines, then doused with petrol before being set on fire. Those that were left alive afterward were killed with bayonets. F. Tillman Durdin and Archibald Steele, American news correspondents, reported that they had seen bodies of killed Chinese soldiers forming mounds six feet high at Nanjing's Yijiang Gate in the north. Durdin, who was working for the New York Times, made a tour of Nanjing before his departure from the city. He heard waves of machine-gun fire and witnessed the Japanese soldiers gun down some two hundred Chinese within ten minutes. Two days later, in his report to the New York Times, he stated that the alleys and street were filled with civilian bodies, including women and children.

A claim that Harold Timperley, whose report formed the basis of the Tribunal's findings, was reporting only hearsay, and that thus, the figure of 300,000 dead was "unreal", drew a response from Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, who suggested that Higashinakano's assertions and conclusion were not "sensible":

Higashinakano has also at times denied the occurrence of mass rape on the part of Japanese troops, at times ascribing it to Chinese soldiers, and at other times simply denying its occurrence. The occurrence of rape during the massacre is testified to by John Rabe, elected leader of the Nanjing Safety Zone, who writes:

Minnie Vautrin, a professor at Ginling College, wrote in her diary on that day, "Oh God, control the cruel beastliness of the Japanese soldiers in Nanking tonight", and on the 19th, "In my wrath, I wished I had the power to smite them for their dastardly work. How ashamed women of Japan would be if they knew these tales of horror."

Vautrin also wrote in her diary that she had to go to the Japanese embassy repeatedly from December 18 to January 13 to get proclamations to prohibit Japanese soldiers from committing crimes at Ginling because the soldiers tore the documents up before taking women away.

Xia Shuqin, a woman testifying that she had been a massacre victim, sued Higashinakano for defamation for a claim made in a book written in 1998 that the murder of her family had been performed by Chinese, rather than Japanese, soldiers. On 5 February 2009, the Japanese Supreme Court ordered Higashinakano and the publisher, Tendensha, to pay 4 million yen in damages to Xia. According to the court, Higashinakano failed to prove that she and the girl were different persons, and that she was not a witness of the Nanjing Massacre, as Higashinakano had claimed in his book.

Masaaki Tanaka
Masaaki Tanaka was discredited after it was proven that he engaged in academic misconduct by altering several hundred places of an important document.

In his book The Fabrication of the 'Nanjing Massacre''', Masaaki Tanaka alleges that there was no indiscriminate killing in Nanjing and that the massacre was a fabrication manufactured by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) and the Chinese government for the purpose of propaganda. He alleged that the Tokyo Tribunal was "victor's justice" and not a fair trial; that there were 2000 deaths for the entirety of the massacre; and that many civilians were killed by the Chinese military.

Japanese Wikipedia

The Japanese Wikipedia, the fourth largest Wikipedia edition, has been criticized for promoting denialist or revisionist narratives about the Nanjing Massacre. Scholars have compared and contrasted the article on the massacre (as well as other World War II–era topics) across various languages. In a 2018 book, Florian Schneider of Leiden University noted that a 2015 version of the Japanese article attempted to imply that the rape and murder of Chinese civilians had occurred in the context of apprehending Chinese defectors. Schneider also noted that there were few to no images on the article; instead it contained a single image of Japanese soldiers checking Chinese prisoners for weapons. In a 2019 paper, Karl Gustafsson of Stockholm University noted that the first paragraph of the Japanese article expressed doubt about the details of the incident and "thereby portrays the Japanese military less negatively". In a 2021 article published in Slate magazine, Yumiko Sato similarly reported that the article read, "The Chinese side calls it the Nanjing Massacre, but the truth of the incident is still unknown", and identified a lack of pictures on the article. The Japanese Wikipedia editor and academic  agreed that revisionism was an issue, but corrected some technical aspects of Sato's arguments.

See also
2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
Racism in Japan
Sino-Japanese relations
Japanese history textbook controversies
List of war apology statements issued by Japan
Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
Japanese nationalism
Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre
Shintaro Ishihara
Nippon Kaigi
Japanese war crimes
Genocide denial
Holocaust denial
Holocaust trivialization
Armenian genocide denial
Historical negationism

Notes and references

Bibliography

Academic sources

Denialist sources

Denial
Genocide denial
Anti-Chinese sentiment
Japanese nationalism


Budapest Week was the first independent English-language newspaper in Budapest, Hungary, founded in March 1991. The weekly periodical served the expatriate population and larger English-speaking population in Hungary.

The paper's founders were Rick Bruner, Steve Carlson, Richard W. Bruner, Tibor Szendrei, and Blake Steinberg. Budapest Week was Hungary's first independent English language newspaper after the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. It was followed by competitors, notably The Budapest Sun and The Budapest Business Journal. There was a newspaper that resembled Budapest Week and its role in the social movement of the expatriate scene there at the time in the popular novel Prague by Arthur Phillips.

Peter Freed backed the paper financially in 1992 and remained its owner until the paper ceased printing around 2000. BudapestWeek.com is an infrequently updated web site affiliated with the newspaper's legacy.

References

1991 establishments in Hungary
2000 disestablishments in Hungary
Defunct newspapers published in Hungary
Defunct weekly newspapers
English-language press in Hungary
Newspapers published in Budapest
Newspapers established in 1991
Publications disestablished in 2000
Weekly newspapers published in Hungary


Frans Bak (born 7 February 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark) is a Danish composer, choral conductor, saxophonist, and pianist. He is a graduate of the Royal Danish Academy of Music and has worked as a jazz performer and composer of film music. In 1994, he founded the composer's association Den 3. Vej. He plays saxophone, keyboards, and piano.

Career
Bak was a member of the bands Blast, Buztop, Santa Cruz, Det Glatte Lag, and Jazzgruppe 90. He was the leader of a quartet and of a big band that included Bob Berg and Randy Brecker. He recorded with Hans Ulrik on the album Fusion.

He wrote the score for the Danish television series Forbrydelsen and American remake, The Killing on AMC. He worked on Lilyhammer on NRK1/Netflix starring Steven Van Zandt, the British adaption of the Ruth Rendell novel Thirteen Steps Down and in 2015 the first series of Doctor Foster for the BBC.

Bak has scored commercials, short films, and feature films, including three Academy Award-nominated shorts: Ernst & The Light, Sweethearts?, and Helmer & Son.

In 2016 Bak released the album Sound of North which featured new compositions plus selections from The Killing. He went on to perform the album live in Beijing's Danish Cultural Centre in March 2017.

In 2020 Bak released the album PIANO. He discovered the piano he learned to play on as a child in a Copenhagen music shop window for sale, and bought it. Playing on this piano again, he revisited his childhood years and his love of creating simple and beautiful piano melodies.

Discography
 Hymn to the Rainbow (L+R, 1992)
 Live in Copenhagen (Olufsen, 1993)
 Natsange (Stunt, 1999)
 Bossa Nuts (Stunt, 2011)
 The Killing (Decca, 2012)
Doctor Foster OST (Drama Republic, 2015)
 The Sound of North (Mercury Classics, 2016)
 Conspiracy of Silence OST (Spinnup, 2018)
Piano (Dharma Records, 2020)

Film scores
 Huller i suppen (1988)
 Lad isbjørnene danse (1990)
 Casanova (1990)
 Karlsvognen (1992)
 Sidste time (1995)
 Operation Cobra (1995)
 Davids bog (1996)
 Albert (1998)
 Hatten i skyggen (2002)
 Forbrydelsen (2007)
 Forbrydelsen II (2009)
 Den som dræber (2011)
 The Killing (2011)
 Lilyhammer (2011)
 Min søsters børn alene hjemme (2012)
 The Killing season 2 (2012)
 Thirteen Steps Down (2012)

References

External links

 Silvana Malta & Frans Bak - Bossa Nuts (Sundance Music)

1958 births
Living people
21st-century male musicians
21st-century pianists
21st-century saxophonists
Danish film score composers
Danish jazz pianists
Danish saxophonists
Male composers
Male film score composers
Male jazz musicians
Male pianists
Male saxophonists